cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symptom correlates of blood pressure: a replication and reanalysis.

Although normative studies have traditionally found that blood pressure (BP) fluctuations are asymptomatic, recent research by Pennebaker et al.[(1982). Psychophysiology19: 201-210] has suggested that systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes are, in fact, highly correlated with idiosyncratic patterns of symptoms within individuals. The present study was designed as a conceptual replication of those findings and as an initial attempt to develop a standardized clinical procedure for assessing symptom-BP relationships. Eleven normotensive male subjects participated in a series of 16 brief tasks. The first eight tasks were “mental” stressors (e.g., WAIS-R subtests), while the second eight were “physical” stressors (e.g., breath-holding, running in place). Following each task or baseline, blood pressure was measured and subjects rated the degree to which they were experiencing each of nine symptoms (e.g., racing heart, sweaty hands). For each subject, simple symptom-BP correlations were computed across the 16 measurement periods. High symptom-SBP correlations were obtained only for the physical task period. It is argued that the magnitudes of the correlations reported by Pennebaker et al.(1982) were spuriously inflated by the inclusion of strenuous physical exercise, and a reanalysis of the data from that study supports this contention. The clinical value of assessing idiosyncratic symptom-blood pressure relationships seems doubtful.
Synthesis of permethylated α-d-mannosylacetic acid, a new type of bioconjugate

Abstract A concise stereoselective 3-step conversion of methyl α- d -mannopyranoside to α- d -2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-mannosylacetic acid is described. After methylation of the alcohol functions, an allylation is performed. The resulting alkene undergoes oxidative cleavage to the acid, an alkylated C-sugar, appropriate for attachment to peptides or other drug candidates for solubility enhancement.
Neurotensin receptor binding abnormalities in the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia and affective disorders.

Abstract Background: Convergent evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies of schizophrenia have implicated the mesial temporal lobe as a primary site of pathological change in this disorder. We have previously reported decreased neurotensin receptor density in layer II of the intermediate entorhinal cortex (ERC) in schizophrenia, a finding seen elsewhere but not seen in more caudal ERC. Methods: To study neuroanatomic and diagnostic specificity, we measured the density of neurotensin receptors in the intermediate and caudal ERC and hippocampal formation of schizophrenic, affective disorder control subjects, and normal control subjects. Slide-based radioligand binding was used to perform these studies. Results: Not only schizophrenic but also affective disorder subjects had decreased neurotensin receptor density in layer II of the intermediate ERC. Affective disorder subjects had significantly decreased neurotensin receptor density in layers V/VI of the intermediate ERC, and schizophrenic subjects trended in the same direction. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate region-specific changes in neurotensin receptor binding levels in the mesial temporal lobe; however, there is no clear diagnostic specificity for these changes, because they were seen to varying degrees in both schizophrenia and affective disorders.
Effective treatment with α1-protease inhibitor of chronic cutaneous vasculitis associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency

The primary serum proteinase inhibitor is alpha 1-antitrypsin, and deficiency of this enzyme has been associated with a variety of systemic and cutaneous disorders. We report cutaneous vasculitis in a 49-year-old man with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. His condition persisted despite treatment with colchicine, prednisone, and antibiotics but has been controlled by the administration of alpha 1-protease inhibitor.
Polymer vesicles in vivo: correlations with PEG molecular weight.

Abstract PEG-modified lipid vesicles have already shown considerable utility in delaying vesicle clearance from the circulation. They are, however, limited in their ability to stably integrate high molar ratios of PEG–lipid due to the high curvature and micellar preference of the very large hydrophilic PEG chain. Polymersomes, by contrast, are vesicles composed entirely of PEG-based block copolymer amphiphiles that are not only more proportionately designed, but also have already been shown to considerably broaden the range of vesicle properties (e.g. stability). Here, polymersomes composed of varying length copolymer chains were injected into rats and found to have in vivo circulation times, τ1/2, up to about two-fold longer than PEGylated, or Stealth, liposomes. The dependence of τ1/2 on PEG molecular weight is nonetheless limited by uptake into the liver and spleen—as with liposomes. In vitro incubations of polymersomes in plasma indicate gradual opsonization through plasma protein adsorption, such that, when vesicles are held in an optical trap and presented to a phagocyte, rapid engulfment occurs only after incubation times of similar magnitude to τ1/2. The stealthiness introduced to liposomes through PEGylation is thus extended here with completely synthetic polymersomes.
Spontaneous copolymerizations initiated by tetramethylene intermediates: A new interpretation of charge‐transfer initiation

Spontaneous addition and polymerization reactions between olefins of different electron densities result in a wide variety of small molecules and polymers. The small molecules include cyclobutanes, 1-butenes, and pyrans; the polymers can be homopolymers and/or alternating copolymers. Tetramethylenes are proposed as key intermediates in most of these reactions. The tetramethylenes, generated by bond-forming initiation, are hybrids of 1,4-biradical and zwitterionic forms. The character is mostly determined by the substituents at the terminals. Zwitterionic character is favored by strong donors such as alkoxy and dialkylamino groups at the carbenium ion end, and strong acceptors such as two cyano groups at the carbanion end. Biradical character is favored by acceptor groups such as diester and cyanoester at the acceptor end, and aryl and vinyl as donor groups. Zwitterionic tetramethylenes initiate ionic homopolymerization, while biradical tetramethylenes initiate alternating copolymerization. This unifying concept of bond-forming initiation is extended to spontaneous addition and polymerization reactions of hetero-atom acceptor molecules and 7,7,8,8-tetrasubstituted quinodimethanes. Finally, compounds possessing labile σ-bonds (mainly halogens and peroxides) fit the general scheme. In a few cases, coupling of tetramethylenes may contribute to polymer formation. Ion-radical pairs, charge-transfer complexes, and adventitious impurities are excluded as significant initiators. The bond-forming initiation has been thoroughly discussed in a recent paper by Hall [1].
NDE reliability and SAFT-UT final development☆

Abstract The Evaluation and Improvement of NDE Reliability for Inservice Inspection of Light Water Reactors (NDE Reliability) program at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) was established by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to determine the reliability of current inservice inspection (ISI) techniques and to develop recommendations that will ensure a suitably high inspection reliability. This is a progress report covering the programmatic work from October 1987 through September 1988. The program for Validation and Technology Transfer for SAFT-UT is designed to accomplish the final step of moving research results into beneficial application. Accomplishments for FY88 in Synthetic Aperture Focusing of Ultrasonic Test data (SAFT-UT) under this program are discussed in this paper. The information is treated under the copies of Code Activities, Field Validation, and Seminars.
Process in family groups

This paper distinguishes process in family groups from process in nonrelated psychodynamic groups. The meaning of process in family groups is elaborated and illustrated in a series of case examples. The author also describes issues pertinent to the treatment of family groups as differentiated from nonrelated groups, including issues around countertransference and termination.
Effects of Brief Sensory Deprivation and Somatic Concentration on Two Measures of Field Dependence

An experiment was performed to substantiate the indirect evidence that brief sensory deprivation (SD) has different effects on two measures of field dependence, the rod-and-frame test (RFT) and the...
Supramolecular polymers: Molecular machines muscle up.

A supramolecular polymer made of thousands of bistable [c2]daisy chains amplifies individual nanometric displacements up to the micrometre-length scale, in a concerted process reminiscent of muscular cells.
Teaching Administrative Ethics with Help from Jefferson

by the attributes set forth here. They are passive, parochial, and initially uncommitted to political science. Yet, in the face of the important challenges that will confront them once they leave higher education, it is crucial that they become more active problem-solvers, open their horizons to other parts of the world, and develop a sense for how politics is important to human beings everywhere. We must do a better job of training thinkers and doers, rather than treating our students as merely passive vessels for the receiving of facts.
Toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of four organophosphorus insecticides to four species of flies.

The toxicity. the in vitro and in vivo anticholinesterase activity, and the correlation between toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of 4 chemically related organophosphorus compounds to 4 species of flies: the house fly, Musca domestica L.; an anthomyiid fly, Fannia pusio (Wiedemann); a blow fly, Chrysomya megacephala (F.); and a flesh fly, Parasarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy), were investigated. The compounds used were: SD 8280 (2-chloro-1-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate); SD 9020 ( O -[2-chloro-l-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-vinyl] O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate) ; SD 8436 (2-Ghloro-1-(2, 4-dibromophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) ; and SD 8211 (2-chloro-l-(2, 5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate). In general, all the compounds showed high insecticidal activity. P. argyrostoma was the most resistant species to the insecticides and C. megacephala the most susceptible. The natural activity of the head cholinesterase based on the actual head weights of M. domestica, C. megacephala , and P. argyrostoma was comparable. The head cholinesterase of F. pusio was more active than that of the other 3 species. The in vivo cholinesterase inhibition showed great variation in percent inhibition, and the rates at which maximum inhibition and recovery of inhibited enzyme occurred. Rapid reactivation of inhibited cholinesterase was observed in surviving and dead flies of all species. In general, inhibition was always higher and recovery was less complete in the dead flies than in the corresponding living flies. However, in C. megacephala treated with SD 8436 and SD 8211 mortality occurred only after reactivation, since the maximum inhibition in the dead flies was less than that in the living flies. The results of this study indicated that the most toxic compounds were not always the most effective cholinesterase inhibitors. There is little or no correlation between toxicity and in vitro or in vivo inhibition.
Variability in tumor necrosis factor-α, nitric oxide, and xanthine oxidase responses to endotoxin challenge in heifers: Effect of estrous cycle stage ☆

The severity of host response to some disease agents differs between sexes and this dimorphism has been attributed to the immunomodulating effects of steroid hormones. Our objective was to determine in heifers whether the phase of estrous cycle affected immune response mediators after endotoxin challenge (LPS, 2.5microg/kg BW, i.v.). Sixteen beef heifers (426+/-9kg) were reproductively synchronized with the two-injection protocol of dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse, Pfizer) to establish diestrus and estrus stages of the estrous cycle. Heifers were challenged with LPS on day 3 (E, estrus; n=8) or day 10 (D, diestrus, n=8) after the last i.m. injection of Lutalyse. In all heifers, plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) peaked 2h after LPS treatment (P<0.01) and returned to basal level by 7h. However, the integrated TNF-alpha response (area under the time x concentration curve, AUC) was greater in E than in D (P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of nitrate+nitrite (NO(x), an estimate of NO production) increased (P<0.01) in all heifers at 7 and 24h after LPS; plasma NO(x) AUC after LPS was greater in E than D (P<0.01). Plasma xanthine oxidase activity (XO, a mediator of superoxide production) responses were also greater in E than D (P<0.05). A companion LPS challenge study in steers validated that the protocol for and use of Lutalyse did not affect any of the immune parameters studied in heifers in response to LPS. Results indicate that the underlying physiological attributes of the estrus and diestrus phases of the estrous cycle constitute a major source of variability in the magnitude of proinflammatory response to bacterial toxins like LPS.
Comparative Quality Characteristics of Chymosin Extracts Obtained by Ultrasound Treatment

An ultrasound method was developed for increased efficiency of chymosin extraction. Ultrasound extraction was carried out with a Tekmar sonic disrupter, and control extraction was by shaking. Use of ultrasound resulted in increase in activity and decrease in nitrogen content, thus increasing the specific activity of chymosin extracts. Proteolytic activity of experimental chymosin was higher at 15 and 20°C, but lower at 35 and 40°C than that of controls. Chymosin extracts obtained by ultrasound treatment were darker, less green, less blue, and more turbid than controls. Ultrasound treatment did not affect activation energies for proteolytic activity, total viable cell counts, or storage stability of chymosin extracts.
Is Radiation Necessary for Treatment of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of Bone? Clinical Results With Contemporary Therapy

Background Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) of bone is a rare musculoskeletal malignancy accounting for fewer than 7% of bone cancers. Traditionally, we have treated patients who have NHL of bone with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, but the role of radiotherapy in disease management and patient functional outcomes after treatment have not been well studied. We investigated the survival advantage of radiotherapy in a large cohort of patients with NHL of bone and assessed associated patient complications of radiotherapy.
Gas volume quantitation during argon ion laser ablation of atheromatous aorta in blood and 0.9% saline media with an optically shielded catheter.

Abstract Using an optically shielded fiber optic laser catheter, the amount of gas produced when firing an argon ion laser into 0.9% saline solution or blood alone and into atheromatous aorta in either a blood or 0.9% saline medium was quantitated. Energies from 0.25 to 4 joules (J) were used at powers of 2, 5, and 8 W. We found that total volume of gas produced is small not only at equilibrium (0.3 +/- 0.1 microliter/J when firing in blood alone and also when ablating aorta in blood or saline media) but also at peak (2.5 +/- 0.2 microliters/J firing in blood alone and 1.0 +/- 0.1 microliter/J or 0.9 +/- 0.1 microliter/J when ablating aorta in saline or blood, respectively). Because these volumes are small, a clinically significant event from a gas embolus is unlikely during intravascular laser ablation of atheromatous plaque in the energy and power range studied. No gas was quantitated when firing the argon ion laser into 0.9% saline solution alone. The peak gas volume when firing in blood alone was significantly greater than that produced in the other chamber environments. This is thought to be due to increased absorption of argon laser light by hemoglobin. The gas volumes produced by lasing aorta in 0.9% saline or blood were not statistically different.
QED for a fibrillar medium of two-level atoms

We consider a fibrillar medium with a continuous distribution of two-level atoms coupled to quantized electromagnetic fields. Perturbation theory is developed based on the current algebra satisfied by the atomic operators. The one-loop corrections to the dispersion relation for the polaritons and the dielectric constant are computed. Renormalization-group equations are derived that demonstrate a screening of the two-level splitting at higher energies. Our results are compared with known results in the slowly varying envelope and rotating-wave approximations. We also discuss the quantum sine-Gordon theory as an approximate theory.
Complex Adaptive Systems Framework to Assess Supply-Side and Demand-Side Management for Urban Water Resources

AbstractThe availability of water resources in many urbanizing areas is the emergent property of the adaptive interactions among consumers, policy, and the hydrologic cycle. As water availability becomes more stressed, public officials often implement restrictions on water use, such as bans on outdoor watering. Consumers are influenced by policy and the choices of other consumers to select water-conservation technologies and practices, which aggregate as the demand on available water resources. Policy and behavior choices affect the availability of water for future use as reservoirs are depleted or filled. This research posited urban water supply as a complex adaptive system (CAS) by coupling a stochastic consumer demand model and a water supply model within an agent-based modeling (ABM) framework. Public officials were simulated as agents to choose water conservation strategies and interbasin transfer strategies, and consumers were simulated as agents, influenced by various conservation-based programs to...
Photoionization spectrum of the B2A′ state of HCO

Abstract Formyl radicals, excited to specific rovibrational levels of the strongly bent B 2 A ′ state are photoionized to form vibrationally excited states of the linear cation by the absorption of a tunable pulse of ultraviolet light from a second laser. Strong and essentially continuous photoionization spectra, which appear at intervals lying 7000 and 12 000 cm−1 above the adiabatic threshold, establish that formyl radicals can be efficiently ionized with a large geometry change at both energies. Non-Franck–Condon intensities suggest multiquantum pathways for vibrational autoionization.
Averroes on Psychology and the Principles of Metaphysics

Dans le cadre du debat medieval sur la reception d'Aristote par Averroes, l'A. etudie la relation entre la psychologie philosophique et la science de la metaphysique etablie par Averroes afin d'elaborer une doctrine coherente de l'intellect materiel separe dans ses commentaires du «De anima» et de la «Metaphysique». Expliquant la reference aristotelicienne a la theologie et examinant la fonction de cette derniere dans le domaine de la physique, Averroes montre que les principes de la metaphysique sont definis par la psychologie consideree comme branche de la philosophie de la nature
Economic Effects of Bargaining in the Dairy Industry

Abstract Milk producers have recently obtained relatively large increases in milk prices. Producer cooperatives have the power and incentives to negotiate with handlers for additional class I price increases. In this study a computer model was used to simulate the operation of the Federal order market system over time under higher Class I prices for the purpose of drawing inferences about the short and longer term effects of negotiated premium prices. The results indicate that sizable income gains for producers could be obtained from higher Class I prices. However, if producers use present bargaining strategies to seek higher prices there may be undesired consequences for the industry since present strategies (a) ignore geographical differences in the response of consumers and producers to milk price increases and (b) ignore differences in the ability of processors with different size plants to pay negotiated premiums. Aggregate returns to producers could be increased and the competitive position of medium-size milk processing plants might be strengthened if price negotiators took account of the differential effects of present bargaining strategies.
Bilateral Indirect and Direct Arterial Pressures

Bilateral determinations of the blood pressures were made nonsimultaneously and simultaneously by the indirect method under basal conditions on 447 patients. In this group 26.6 per cent of the paired measurements by the nonsimultaneous indirect method exhibited systolic differences of 10 mm. Hg or greater and 15 per cent exhibited diastolic differences of this magnitude, whereas only 5.3 per cent of the measurements by the simultaneous indirect method had systolic differences and only 4 per cent had diastolic differences of this degree. This indicates that bilateral determinations of blood pressure must be performed simultaneously on patients being examined for possible inequalities of blood pressure. Bilateral differences in blood pressure obtained by the simultaneous indirect and simultaneous direct methods in 14 normal subjects and 53 selected patients were compared. In the normal subjects, 3 of the 42 paired indirect measurements and none of the paired direct measurements in either the radial or brach...
Analysis of heterogeneous fluorescence decays in proteins. Using fluorescence lifetime of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate to probe apomyoglobin unfolding at equilibrium

Abstract The solvatochromic fluorescent dye 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) is one of the popular probes of protein folding. Folding kinetics is tracked with ANS fluorescence intensity, usually interpreted as a reflection of protein structure—the hydrophobicity of the binding environments. Such simplistic view overlooks the complicated nature of ANS–protein complexes: the fluorescence characteristics are convoluted results of the ground state populational distribution of the probe–protein complex, the structural changes in the protein and the excited state photophysics of the probe. Understanding of the interplay of these aspects is crucial in accurate interpretation of the protein dynamics. In this work, the fluorescence decay of ANS complexed with apomyoglobin at different conformations denatured by pH is modeled. The fluorescence decay of the ANS–apomyoglobin complex contains information on not only apomyoglobin structure but also molecular populational distributions. The challenge in modeling fluorescence decay profiles originates from the convolution of heterogeneous binding and excited-state relaxation of the fluorescent probe. We analyzed frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime data of ANS-apomyoglobin with both maximum entropy methods (MEM) and nonlinear least squares methods (NLLS). MEM recovers a model of two expanding-and-merging lifetime distributions for ANS–apomyoglobin in the equilibrium transition from the native (N) through an intermediate (I-1) to the acid-unfolded state UA. At pH 6.5 and above, when apomyoglobin is mostly populated at the N-state, ANS–apomyoglobin emits a predominant long-lifetime fluorescence from a relaxed charge transfer state S1,CT of ANS, and a short-lifetime fluorescence that is mainly from a nascent excited-state S1,np of ANS stabilized by the strong ANS–apomyoglobin interaction. Lowering the pH diminishes the contribution from the S1,np state. Meanwhile, more protein molecules become populated at the UA state, which exhibits a short lifetime that is not distinguishable from the S1,np state. At pH 3.4, when the population of the UA becomes significant, the short-lifetime fluorescence comes predominantly from ANS binding to the UA. Further lowering the pH leads to more exposure of the bound ANS. The long lifetime shifts toward and finally merges with the short lifetime and becomes one broad distribution that stands for ANS binding to the UA below pH 2.4. The above expanding-and-merging model is consistent with F-statistic analysis of NLLS models. The consistency of this model with the knowledge from the literature, as well as the continuity of the decay parameters changing upon experimental conditions are also crucial in drawing the conclusions.
A new flow calorimeter designed for operation to 450°C and 50 MPa

Abstract A new isothermal flow calorimeter for measuring heats of mixing of two fluids at high temperatures is described. The primary use of the calorimeter is for the study of reactions in high-temperature aqueous solutions. The calorimeter was designed for operation to 450°C and 50 MPa for both exothermic and endothermic processes. Platinum-rhodium alloy tubing was used in the calorimeter to resist corrosion by electrolyte solutions under extreme experimental conditions. Preheating of the solutions was achieved by submerging coils of the tubing in a salt bath. An automatically controlled pulsed heater and a constant heat-leak path were used to maintain the reaction zone at a constant temperature. An all-liquid pressure control system was added for operations at higher pressures. Energy effects from 0.0025 to 2 J s−1 can be measured to a precision of ± 1.5% or ± 0.0005 J s−1, whichever is greater. The calorimeter was tested by measuring heats of dilution of aqueous solutions of NaOH at 300°C (9.3 MPa) and of NaCl at 300°C (9.3 MPa) and 350°C (17.6 MPa).
Branch-and-Bound Outer Approximation Algorithm for Sum-of-Ratios Fractional Programs

In this article, a branch and-bound outer approximation algorithm is presented for globally solving a sum-of-ratios fractional programming problem. To solve this problem, the algorithm instead solves an equivalent problem that involves minimizing an indefinite quadratic function over a nonempty, compact convex set. This problem is globally solved by a branch-and-bound outer approximation approach that can create several closed-form linear inequality cuts per iteration. In contrast to pure outer approximation techniques, the algorithm does not require computing the new vertices that are created as these cuts are added. Computationally, the main work of the algorithm involves solving a sequence of convex programming problems whose feasible regions are identical to one another except for certain linear constraints. As a result, to solve these problems, an optimal solution to one problem can potentially be used to good effect as a starting solution for the next problem.
A cybernetic modeling framework for analysis of metabolic systems

Abstract We present a cybernetic perspective of metabolic systems, designed to take full account of regulatory processes, which profoundly influence the course of metabolism through dependence not only on the organism's genomic constitution, but also on abiotic environmental influences. The cybernetic perspective relies on proposing “mechanisms” of choice behavior by which biological systems drive enzyme syntheses and allosteric processes for chemical reactions that promote perceived local or global cellular objectives. This article is an exposition of the framework, attempting to show how experimental data can be used to facilitate model identification. Such an approach is proposed with the view to exploit detailed cellular measurements such as metabolite and mRNA or enzyme levels. We present a modular approach that originates with the metabolic network to be modeled and systematically breaks it down into smaller regulatory units which can be modeled using previously established cybernetic competitions [Kompala, D. S., Ramkrishna, D., Jansen, N. B., & Tsao, G. T. (1986). Investigation of bacterial growth on mixed substrates: experimental evaluation of cybernetic models. Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 28 , 1044–1055; Straight, J. V., & Ramkrishna, D. (1990). Regulation of complex growth dynamics—substitutable and complementary processes. Abstracts of the papers of The American Chemical Society , 200 , 4-BIOT]. Experimental data can assist in rapid formulation of numerous specific combinatorial alternatives suggested by the metabolic network. Methods are discussed within this continuously evolving framework for the identification of cybernetic models from data with illustrative examples.
A Review of Anets: A Model of Cognitive Complexity of Displays

The ANETS model for representing and measuring the degree of the cognitive complexity of visual displays is described in general. Moreover, the results from several studies are described briefly that address the model's predictive power, the reliability of model usage, and the relationship to perceptual measures of display quality. Finally a model-based approach for interface design is discussed as possible and desirable.
Diversity and Distribution of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Permanently Frozen Lake Fryxell, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

The permanently frozen freshwater Lake Fryxell, located in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, exhibits an ideal geochemistry for microbial sulfate reduction. To investigate the population of sulfate-reducing bacteria in Lake Fryxell, both 16S rRNA gene and metabolic primer sets targeting the dsrA gene for the dissimilatory sulfite reductase alpha subunit were employed to analyze environmental DNA obtained from the water column and sediments of Lake Fryxell. In addition, enrichment cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria established at 4°C from Lake Fryxell water were also screened using the dsrA primer set. The sequence information obtained showed that a diverse group of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes of the domain Bacteria inhabit Lake Fryxell. With one exception, the enrichment culture sequences were not represented within the environmental sequences. Sequence data were compared with the geochemical profile of Lake Fryxell to identify possible connections between the diversity of sulfate-reducing bacteria and limnological conditions. Several clone groups were highly localized with respect to lake depth and, therefore, experienced specific physiochemical conditions. However, all sulfate-reducing bacteria inhabiting Lake Fryxell must function under the constantly cold conditions characteristic of this extreme environment.
Structure of HIV-1 capsid assemblies by cryo-electron microscopy and iterative helical real-space reconstruction.

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), combined with image processing, is an increasingly powerful tool for structure determination of macromolecular protein complexes and assemblies. In fact, single particle electron microscopy 1 and two-dimensional (2D) electron crystallography 2 have become relatively routine methodologies and a large number of structures have been solved using these methods. At the same time, image processing and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of helical objects has rapidly developed, especially, the iterative helical real-space reconstruction (IHRSR) method 3 , which uses single particle analysis tools in conjunction with helical symmetry. Many biological entities function in filamentous or helical forms, including actin filaments 4 , microtubules 5 , amyloid fibers 6 , tobacco mosaic viruses 7 , and bacteria flagella 8 , and, because a 3D density map of a helical entity can be attained from a single projection image, compared to the many images required for 3D reconstruction of a non-helical object, with the IHRSR method, structural analysis of such flexible and disordered helical assemblies is now attainable. In this video article, we provide detailed protocols for obtaining a 3D density map of a helical protein assembly (HIV-1 capsid 9 is our example), including protocols for cryo-EM specimen preparation, low dose data collection by cryo-EM, indexing of helical diffraction patterns, and image processing and 3D reconstruction using IHRSR. Compared to other techniques, cryo-EM offers optimal specimen preservation under near native conditions. Samples are embedded in a thin layer of vitreous ice, by rapid freezing, and imaged in electron microscopes at liquid nitrogen temperature, under low dose conditions to minimize the radiation damage. Sample images are obtained under near native conditions at the expense of low signal and low contrast in the recorded micrographs. Fortunately, the process of helical reconstruction has largely been automated, with the exception of indexing the helical diffraction pattern. Here, we describe an approach to index helical structure and determine helical symmetries (helical parameters) from digitized micrographs, an essential step for 3D helical reconstruction. Briefly, we obtain an initial 3D density map by applying the IHRSR method. This initial map is then iteratively refined by introducing constraints for the alignment parameters of each segment, thus controlling their degrees of freedom. Further improvement is achieved by correcting for the contrast transfer function (CTF) of the electron microscope (amplitude and phase correction) and by optimizing the helical symmetry of the assembly.
Removal of protein-bound toxins from critical care patients.

AbstractThe coma which develops during acute hepatic failure has been attributed to the accumulation of toxic metabolites, since coma is potentially fully reversible without residual sequelae and there are no important structural changes in the brain of these patients [1]. Removal of these toxins might accelerate arousal and thereby improve survival by preventing cerebral edema and other complications of coma. Ultimately these complications are often the cause of death in many instances of acute hepatic failure, even in patients whose livers are beginning to regenerate [2].
Inside the Hollywood Fan Magazine: A History of Star Makers, Fabricators, and Gossip Mongers AnthonySlide. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2010.

Inside the Hollywood Fan Magazine: A History of Star Makers, Fabricators, and Gossip Mongers Anthony Slide. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2010. Modern Screen, Photoplay, and Silver Screen - these titles evoke memories of the golden age of fan magazines. The earliest fan magazine was The Motion Picture Story Magazine, which was first published on a monthly basis beginning in February 1911 by Eugene V. Brewster and J. Stuart Blackton. Geared toward a female audience, fan magazines emphasized glamor, and most of their writers were women. The rise of the fan magazines paralleled the rise of the star system, with the golden age of the fan magazines occurring during the decades of the 1920s through the 1940s. Likewise, the end of the studio system paralleled the decline in the readership of fan magazines. Independent scholar, Anthony Slide, author of numerous books on popular entertainment, has written the first full-length treatment on the history of the fan magazine genre. He states that the purpose of this book is to provide "a definitive history of the fan magazine from its pioneering days, through the golden years, to its decline into sleaze and titillation in the 1960s and later" (10). Divided into thirteen chapters, the book examines the origins of the fan magazine and offers a decade by decade glimpse at its content and evolution. Slide explores the relationship between the fan magazines and the movie studios, who determined what the fan magazines would publish and write. He notes that, in some instances, the fan magazine writers were also employed by the stars or by the studios where these stars were contract players. Slide provides an analysis of Photoplay, which was the most famous of all the fan magazines and was considered to be the standard by which the other fan magazines were judged. He also discusses the legacy of its renown publisher, James R. Quirk, who was regarded as the father of the fan magazines. He profiles pioneering fan magazine writers Adele Whitely Fletcher, Gladys Hall, and Adela Rogers St. Johns, the most famous fan magazine writer who was known as the "Mother Confessor of Hollywood." Other prominent individuals featured include publishers, George T. (Thomas) Delacorte, Jr., Wilford H. Fawcett, and Benarr Macfadden; editors Lester C. Grady, Ernest V. Heyn, and Ruth Waterbury; fan magazine writers Delight Evans, Herbert Howe, and Dorothy Manners; and gossip columnists Sheilah Graham, Hedda Hopper, and Louella Parsons. …
Jacques Demy's Les Parapluies de Cherbourg: A national allegory of the French-Algerian war

If the French-Algerian War remained for decades a ‘war without a name’, as Bertrand Tavernier and Patrick Rotman suggested in their so-titled 1992 documentary, for many years it was also considered...
A Preliminary Screening Instrument for Early Detection of Medical Child Abuse

Objective: The goal of this research was to develop a screening instrument for early identification among hospitalized children of medical child abuse (MCA). Methods: We developed a preliminary screening instrument for the early identification of MCA. Items were chosen based on published characteristics of MCA, including caregiver, patient, and illness information. Each item in the instrument was scored with 1 point if positive. This instrument was tested by reviewing the hospital charts of child protective services–confirmed MCA patients and comparing the results with charts of children with admissions for apnea, vomiting/diarrhea, and seizures who were not diagnosed with MCA. Nineteen cases and 389 controls were used for analysis. We used receiver operating characteristic curves, starting with items most highly associated with MCA in our sample. Predictive values and strengths of association were assessed by using χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate. Results: From an initial 46 questions, we determined that 26 items showed a statistically significant difference between cases and control patients. From these, an instrument with 15 items maximized the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and a score of ≥4 had a sensitivity of 0.947 and a specificity of 0.956 (P Conclusions: This chart review screening instrument identified differences in characteristics of children, caregivers, and illness during hospitalization that may allow for earlier detection of MCA and referral for further assessment to the multidisciplinary team.
Should Scoring Rules be Effective

A scoring rule is a reward function for eliciting or evaluating forecasts expressed as discrete or continuous probability distributions. A rule is strictly proper if it encourages the forecaster to state his true subjective probabilities, and effective if it is associated with a metric on the set of probability distributions. Recently, the property of effectiveness which is stronger than strict properness has been proposed as a desideratum for scoring rules for continuous forecasts, for reasons of "monotonicity" in keeping the forecaster close to his true probabilities, since in practice the forecast must be chosen from a low-dimensional set of "admissible" distributions. It is shown in this paper that what effectiveness implies, beyond strict properness, is not a monotonicity property but a transitivity property, which is difficult to justify behaviorally. The logarithmic scoring rule is shown to violate the transitivity property, and hence is not effective. The L1 and L∞ metrics are shown to allow no effective scoring rules. Some potential difficulties in interpreting admissible forecasts are also discussed.
Development of a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Neuropathogenic Strains of Equine Herpesvirus-1

This communication reports the development and performance assessment of a rapid diagnostic test for identifying horses actively infected with the neurovirulent pathotype of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). The test is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay that uses EHV-1 pathotype-specific TaqMan(R) reporter probes for discrimination between neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 in equine blood or nasal swabs. The diagnostic performance of the new technique was evaluated by testing specimens collected from 234 horses involved in recent outbreaks of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy at three separate thoroughbred racetracks and one large riding/boarding stable. Side-by-side comparison of the EHV-1 pathotyping results yielded by the new single-step, PCR-based allelic discrimination technique (24-hour turn-around-time) with those generated by a multi-step, conventional nested PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified DNA (4-day turn-around-time) revealed complete agreement between the 2 test methods. The ability to rapidly identify horses infected with neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 using a single-step, PCR-based method has significant implications for future diagnostic evaluation of suspect animals.
Patterns in Medieval Trade: The Commerce of Amalfi Before the Crusades

The long and glorious commercial history of Amalfi, which began some time about the middle of the eighth century, came to an abrupt end on November 24, 1343. On that day a raging storm accompanied by a tidal wave destroyed the lower town and swallowed all the harbor installations, including the famed sea fortifications. From that blow Amalfi never recovered. The present lovely resort appears as a most unlikely setting for a republic which was once a great maritime town in the western Mediterranean.
Association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection and diabetes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.

Abstract Background Asians have a higher prevalence of both diabetes (diabetes mellitus) and chronic hepatitis B virus infection compared to Caucasians. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hepatitis B virus infection was associated with diabetes mellitus among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical records of 411 Asian and 424 Pacific Islanders seen at our medical centre over a 5-year period. Diabetes mellitus was defined by the presence of two or more random blood glucose levels ≥200 mg/dL, an ICD-9 diagnostic code of diabetes mellitus, or use of medications for diabetes mellitus. Hepatitis B virus infection was defined by a positive HBsAg test. Results Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 223 of the 835 subjects (26.7%), whereas hepatitis B virus infection was diagnosed in 56 (13.8%) of the 407 subjects tested for HBsAg. Overall, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in patients with hepatitis B virus than in those without hepatitis B virus (58.9% vs. 33.3%, P Conclusions Hepatitis B virus infection is strongly associated with diabetes mellitus among Asian Americans, but not in Pacific Islanders, whereas hepatitis C virus infection was associated with diabetes mellitus in both ethnic groups.
Age-dependent cerebrovascular dysfunction in a transgenic mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy

The Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of human cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by age-dependent cerebrovascular deposition of amyloid-beta (Abeta) starting from 9 months of age and progressively worsening to involve most pial arterioles by 18 months; soluble Abeta levels are elevated long before vascular deposition takes place in this model. It has been suggested that elevated soluble Abeta levels alone are sufficient to impair cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation thereby contributing to the early progression of Alzheimer's disease. Using laser speckle flowmetry through an intact skull, we studied the impact of elevated soluble Abeta levels and vascular Abeta deposition on a wide range of CBF responses to evaluate vasodilation and vasoconstriction in young or aged Tg2576 mice. Nineteen-month-old Tg2576 with severe vascular Abeta deposits showed an attenuated hyperaemic response during hypercapnia and whisker stimulation compared to wild-type littermates. The anticipated increase in CBF due to isoflurane anaesthesia was also suppressed, as were the typical hypoperfusion responses during cortical spreading depression and alpha-chloralose anaesthesia. The responses of 8-month-old Tg2576 with elevated soluble Abeta levels, but without vascular Abeta deposition, did not differ from age-matched controls. In conclusion, our data suggest that vascular Abeta deposition is associated with impaired vasodilator as well as vasoconstrictor responses to a wide range of stimuli. These responses do not differ from controls when studied non-invasively prior to vascular Abeta deposition, thus challenging the view that elevated soluble Abeta levels are sufficient to cause cerebrovascular dysfunction.
Cosmos, Self, and History in Baniwa Religion: For Those Unborn

Cosmos, Self, and History in Baniwa Religion: For Those Unborn. Robin M. Wright Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. xi. 314 pp., maps, figures, photographs, notes, bibliography, index.
Multigenerational effects of adolescent morphine exposure on dopamine D2 receptor function.

Rationale The use and misuse of prescription opiates in adolescent populations, and in particular, adolescent female populations, has increased dramatically in the past two decades. Given the significant role that opioids play in neuroendocrine function, exposure to opiates during this critical developmental period could have significant consequences for the female, as well as her offspring.
Detection and Mitigation of Second-Trip Echo in Polarimetric Weather Radar Employing Random Phase Coding

This study presents a new identification and mitigation scheme of second trip contamination for pulsed Doppler polarimetric weather radars with the ability of random phase coding. This scheme can be easily implemented in a magnetron radar without any hardware changes. For relatively weak contamination, identification and mitigation are based on a multilag processing method, which uses multiple lags of both the auto- and cross-correlation functions to estimate radar moments. For relatively strong contamination, instantaneous phase variations of horizontal and vertical polarization channels are combined into a simple fuzzy-logic scheme to complete the identification. Data from the C-band OU-PRIME radar are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for identification and mitigation of second-trip echoes.
Implementable distributed model predictive control with guaranteed performance properties

This article describes an implementable distributed MPC framework with guaranteed nominal stability and performance properties. The proposed distributed MPC framework consists of three main components (i) distributed estimator (ii) centralized/distributed target calculation (iii) distributed regulator. State estimation for distributed MPC is addressed using the well established Kalman filtering framework. Disturbance models are employed to eliminate steady-state offset due to modeling errors/unmeasured disturbances. Algorithms with well defined properties are advanced for distributed target calculation and distributed regulation. Incorporation of the proposed distributed MPC framework provides a means to achieve optimal systemwide control performance employing subsystem-based MPCs.