cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and Electronic Effects in Perfluorobenzylated Perylenes

Abstract Synthesis of a new family of fluorous perylenes is reported here that involves direct substitution of perfluorobenzyl groups in a solution-phase copper-promoted high-temperature reaction. Formation of the molecules with up to five substituents was observed, and five major products with one, two, and three perfluorobenzyl groups were isolated with high purity. The isolated compounds were characterized spectroscopically, and in two cases, for mono- and bis-substituted perylenes, with single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The observed evolution of solid-state packing from herringbone packing to tight columnar π–π stacking upon gradual addition of perfluorobenzyl groups provides initial insight into the role of perfluorobenzyl groups, which have not previously been used for crystal engineering of organic semiconductor materials. Electronic effects studied by cyclic voltammetry reveal that the perfluorobenzyl group has an equally strong, if not stronger, electron withdrawing effect compared to a CF3 group, making it a viable alternative in molecular designs of organic electron acceptors.
Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Urological Malignancies: Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma

The engraftment of human tumor tissues into immunodeficient host mice to generate patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models has become increasingly utilized for many types of cancers. By capturing the unique genomic and molecular properties of the parental tumor, PDX models enable analysis of patient-specific clinical responses. PDX models are an important platform to address the contribution of inter-tumoral heterogeneity to therapeutic sensitivity, tumor evolution, and the mechanisms of treatment resistance. With the increasingly important role played by targeted therapies in urological malignancies, the establishment of representative PDX models can contribute to improved facilitation and adoption of precision medicine. In this review of the evolving role of the PDX in urothelial cancer and kidney cancer, we discuss the essential elements of successful graft development, effective translational application, and future directions for clinical models.
Social housing enhances acquisition of task set independently of environmental enrichment: A longitudinal study in the Barnes maze

Human studies suggest that healthy social relationships benefit cognition, yet little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms of this protective effect. In rodents, studies on acute isolation and environmental enrichment (EE) confirm the importance of social exposure. Despite the widely recognized importance of sociality, however, rodent models have yet to explore the independent contributions of social housing divorced of other forms of enrichment. This study dissociates the effects of social and physical enrichment on spatial learning and memory from adulthood to old age. Rats were placed in either single or group housing, provided with ample enrichment, and tested at three time points on several phases/versions of the Barnes maze (BM) (standard, retention probes, variable location, and reversal). We found that sustained social housing enhanced cognitive flexibility, as evidenced by superior acquisition of task set (standard BM), adaptability to a new task set (variable BM), and improved reversal learning (reversal BM). Long-term retention (BM retention probes) of spatial memory was unaffected by housing conditions. Recent studies from our lab, including this report, are the first to show that social housing confers cognitive benefits beyond those of physical enrichment. Importantly, our experimental design is ideal for exploring the neural underpinnings of this socially induced cognitive protection. Understanding how sociality influences cognition will be invaluable to translational models of aging, neuropsychiatric disease, and neurological injury.
Grid-Based Framework for Routability Analysis and Diagnosis With Conditional Design Rules

Pin accessibility encounters nontrivial challenges due to the smaller number of routing tracks, higher pin density, and more complex design rules. Consequently, securing design rule-correct routability has become a critical bottleneck for sub-10-nm IC designs (particularly in the detailed routing stage) costing days of runtime. To reduce turnaround time, IC designers demand new design methodologies to analyze the routing feasibility of a given layout architecture (e.g., conditional design rules, pin assignment patterns, etc). There are several conventional methods capable of assessing routability that consider pin accessibility. However, precise diagnosis of unroutable layouts remains an open problem for IC design practitioners. In this article, we propose two novel frameworks that: 1) efficiently analyzes design rule-correct routability via an integer linear programming (ILP)-derived Boolean satisfiability (SAT) formulation written in light-weight conjunctive normal form, on top of multicommodity flow theory and 2) precisely diagnose explicit reasons for design-rule violations (DRVs) in the form of human-interpretable explanations, while specifying conflicting design rules with a physical location. While covering a variety of conditional design rules, we have refined our formulation by using SAT encoding techniques, supernode simplification, Boolean constraint propagation-based preprocessing, etc. We demonstrate that our routability analysis framework produces design rule-correct routability assessment within 0.02% of ILP runtime on average. Also, our routability diagnosis framework precisely examines DRVs, revealing design-rule conflicts for a variety of pin layouts and switchboxes. We show our frameworks scalability by utilizing practical benchmarks ranging up to 40 000 grid-size layouts (i.e., 200 Htrack $\times $ 200 Vtrack), producing results within an hour.
Chemical permeation enhancers

Abstract Chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) are examined in this chapter. These compounds enhance transdermal drug delivery by perturbing the stratum corneum (SC) and/or other components of the skin. Skin penetration enhancers may boost SC diffusion coefficient of the drug or increase the vehicle drug effective concentration. They can also interact with keratin to increase transport through the corneocytes or improve the partitioning of drug in the SC. A diffusion-partition-solubility postulate regarding the mechanism of action of CPEs is also discussed. According to this postulate, the effects of CPEs are caused by the intercalation of CPEs with skin lipid bilayers which leads to disruption or fluidization. In addition, these enhancers are present as discrete phases in the intercellular lipid regions of the skin. Enhancers used for transdermal drug delivery include pyrrolidones, alcohols, esters, water, esters sulfoxides (such as dimethyl sulfoxide) and their derivatives, hydrocarbons, terpenes and derivatives, Azone and its analogs, amides (including urea and its derivatives), fatty acids, surfactants (nonionic, cationic, and anionic), oleodendrimers, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents. The chapter also focuses on a detailed description of this diverse and important group of compounds used for transdermal drug delivery enhancement.
An Update on the Global Burden and Socioeconomics of Scabies: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Introduction: Scabies represents a significant burden worldwide, but epidemiologically, how it relates to socioeconomic status, and impact of recent global interventions remains largely unknown.Methods: We analyzed global scabies trends from 2015 to 2017 in 195 countries worldwide through the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) database, including age-standardized prevalence rates, relationship to comorbidities, and age and sex patterns. We also compared scabies burden to a country’s socioeconomic status by using disability-adjusted life years and socio-demographic index, respectively. Results: The age-specific prevalence rate in 2017 demonstrated a right skewed distribution with a peak between 15 and 20 years of age, and a roughly equal male:female ratio across all ages. Scabies burden was higher in resource-poor countries. The world regions of Oceania, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and tropical Latin America had the greatest prevalence of scabies. The individual countries with highest scabies burden were Papua New Guinea (age-standardized DALYs 148.2), Solomon Islands (140.5), Kiribati (139.9), Timor-Leste (138.2) and the Maldives (134.9). A positive linear relationship exists between scabies burden and burden of rheumatic fever and bacterial skin disease.Conclusion: The burden of scabies is highest in children, adolescents, tropical climates, and low income countries. Rheumatic fever and bacterial skin disease burden is higher in areas where scabies burden is also higher. These global data may potentially serve as a purposeful measure for directing resources to improve the global burden of scabies.
Cataclysmic Variables and a New Class of Faint Ultraviolet Stars in the Globular Cluster NGC 6397

We present evidence that the globular cluster NGC 6397 contains two distinct classes of centrally concentrated UV-bright stars. Color-magnitude diagrams constructed from U -->336, B -->439, V -->555, and I -->814 data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 reveal seven UV-bright stars fainter than the main-sequence turnoff, three of which had previously been identified as cataclysmic variables (CVs). Light curves of these stars show the characteristic flicker of CVs as well as longer term variability. A fourth star is identified as a CV candidate on the basis of its variability and UV excess. Three additional UV-bright stars show no photometric variability and have broadband colors characteristic of B stars. These nonflickering UV stars are too faint to be extended horizontal-branch stars. We suggest that they could be low-mass helium white dwarfs, formed when the evolution of a red giant is interrupted, due either to Roche lobe overflow onto a binary companion or to envelope ejection following a common-envelope phase in a tidal-capture binary. Alternatively, they could be very low mass core-He-burning stars. Both the CVs and the new class of faint UV stars are strongly concentrated toward the cluster center, to the extent that mass segregation from two-body relaxation alone may be unable to explain their distribution.
Diffusion-controlled premixed flames

Steady laminar flow structures with mixing, chemical reaction, and normal strain qualitatively representative of turbulent combustion at the small scales are analysed. A contrived counterflow confi...
Budgeting Water Properly

A primary requirement for managing water effectively and sustainably is an accounting framework that registers the water that is available for use (supply) and the water that is being used (demand). A common accounting analogy is a water budget, or a water account. This note focuses on the water budgets of individual countries, defining concepts including renewable water, watershed, water withdrawal, water consumption, and dependency ratio. The note also includes data on the water budgets of Myanmar and Egypt. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0173 Dec. 16, 2019 Budgeting Water Properly A primary requirement for managing water effectively and sustainably is an accounting framework that registers the water that is available for use (supply) and the water that is being used (demand). A common accounting analogy is a water budget, or a water account, from which water can be drawn down (or not). Discussions of global water resources often focus on the stock of water, meaning how much water is available in oceans, glaciers, rivers, and so on, at a given moment in time. It is then argued that on a global scale, total freshwater use is but a fraction of the total available fresh water, and that there is little reason to worry about water scarcity because water is a renewable resource that is constantly replenished through the global water cycle. Studies of the global water stock are very useful, but to understand water stress, it may be more important to focus on water flows and to take a more local perspective. On a less-than-global scale, water may be less renewable. The flows of water are continuously replenished, and thus are available on a sustainable basis during a particular period of time, say a year. The concept of renewable water captures exactly that notion. The most natural unit to think of in a water budget is probably the watershed: an area of land that captures water and drains into a lake, stream, or river via streams or ditches, directly over the surface or through the ground. Precipitation, in the form of rain and snow, deposits water in the watershed, and then the water finds its way to the river. Agriculture, industry, and cities along the river withdraw water from it. For downstream users, it is critical to know what fraction of the water that upstream users withdraw is returned to the river. In the case of power plants, for example, a very high fraction of the water withdrawn will be returned, whereas in the case of agriculture (and in particular agriculture with, say, drip irrigation), only a small fraction of the withdrawn water is returned. . . .
Abstract 2087: Breast tissue-specific DNA methylation levels predicted by genetic variants in association with breast cancer

Aberrant DNA methylation (DNAm) contributes to the development of breast cancer. Both genetic and environmental factors influence DNAm levels in a tissue-specific fashion. Previously studies have reported that genetically predicted DNAm levels at CpGs were associated with breast cancer risk. However, the prediction models were built based on DNAm measured in blood, which may not be the most relevant tissue for breast cancer. In this study, we aim to build statistical models to predict breast tissue-specific DNAm levels using genetic data and DNAm sequencing data of normal breast tissue from healthy women (N=293). We applied these models to the GWAS data from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium that includes 46,785 breast cancer patients and 42,892 controls. We evaluated the association of genetically predicted breast tissue-specific DNAm levels at CpGs with breast cancer risk using MetaXcan. Due to our small sample size of normal breast tissue samples, we restricted our statistical models to those that were well-validated and highly correlated between predicted and measured DNAm levels (r≥0.6). We thus identified 45 CpGs that were significantly associated with breast cancer risk after correction for multiple testings, and many of these CpGs were also differentially methylation between breast tumor and normal tissue samples. Genes annotated to these CpG sites are enriched in Wnt signaling, cell cycle, and stem cell proliferation pathways, including known genes such as FGFR2, KLF4, CASC8, TERT, and EMBP1. We also identified novel putative DNAm markers for the development of breast cancer. Our study provides insight into tissue-specific genetic regulation of DNAm in normal breast tissue. Citation Format: Chunyan He, James Castle, Nan Lin, Jinpeng Liu, Chi Wang, Yunlong Liu. Breast tissue-specific DNA methylation levels predicted by genetic variants in association with breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2087.
Relentless villains or fervent netizens?: The alt-right community in Korea, Ilbe

Previous studies on the alt-right, a far-right movement based online, focus on its rise in Western countries. Alt-right communities have emerged more publicly in recent years and have contributed t...
Some Applications of Infinite-Dimensional Holomorphy to Mathematical Physics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some applications of infinite-dimensional holomorphy to mathematical physics. The concepts and results of infinite-dimensional holomorphy are important to mathematical physics whenever the physical systems under consideration involve an infinite number of degrees of freedom. The chapter surveys of the use of holomorphic functions of infinitely many variables for the quantization. The standard particle (or Fock) quantization is reviewed. The chapter describes infinite-dimensional (anti-) holomorphic wave quantizations that are preferable from a conceptual or mathematical point of view. The complex wave quantization of a (flat) Hilbert space has been studied. An interesting generalization to vector-valued Planck constants is related to harmonic analysis on nilpotent Banach Lie groups arising as distinguished boundaries of symmetric Siegel domains. For systems with interaction, the quantization of curved phase spaces of infinite dimension has also been considered, and the chapter provides an introduction to this promising field, based on the theory of symmetric Hilbert manifolds.
Chlorine dioxide for microbial decontamination of food.

Abstract: The food industry is continually striving to develop new preservation and sanitation techniques. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) can be used to control pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms and increase product shelf life. This chapter offers an overview of the use of ClO2 in food decontamination. A novel explanation of ClO2 oxidation action is given, the regulatory status of ClO2 is discussed, and current uses of ClO2 in the food industry are reported. Furthermore, relevant research results are presented including investigations concerning ClO2 applications for different environmental and food-contact surfaces and food matrices, are presented
Triage after hospitalization with advanced heart failure: the ESCAPE (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness) risk model and discharge score.

Objectives Identifying high-risk heart failure (HF) patients at hospital discharge may allow more effective triage to management strategies. Background Heart failure severity at presentation predicts outcomes, but the prognostic importance of clinical status changes due to interventions is less well described. Methods Predictive models using variables obtained during hospitalization were created using data from the ESCAPE (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness) trial and internally validated by the bootstrapping method. Model coefficients were converted to an additive risk score. Additionally, data from FIRST (Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial) was used to externally validate this model. Results Patients discharged with complete data (n = 423) had 6-month mortality and death and rehospitalization rates of 18.7% and 64%, respectively. Discharge risk factors for mortality included BNP, per doubling (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15 to 1.75), cardiopulmonary resuscitation or mechanical ventilation during hospitalization (HR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.12 to 5.78), blood urea nitrogen, per 20-U increase (HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.96 to 1.55), serum sodium, per unit increase (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87 to 0.99), age >70 years (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.51 to 2.17), daily loop diuretic, furosemide equivalents >240 mg (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 0.68 to 3.26), lack of beta-blocker (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.68 to 2.41), and 6-min walk, per 100-foot increase (HR: 0.955, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.00; c-index 0.76). A simplified discharge score discriminated mortality risk from 5% (score = 0) to 94% (score = 8). Bootstrap validation demonstrated good internal validation of the model (c-index 0.78, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.83). Conclusions The ESCAPE study discharge risk model and score refine risk assessment after in-hospital therapy for advanced decompensated systolic HF, allowing clinicians to focus surveillance and triage for early life-saving interventions in this high-risk population. (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness [ESCAPE]; NCT00000619 )
Vocabulary selection for high performance speech recognition

The performance of a speech recognizer can be enhanced by carefully selecting the words that form the vocabulary, for example, by maximizing the dissimilarity of words. This paper presents a method to select a set of words from a given large vocabulary, such that the minimum of the distances between all pairs of words (minimum interset distance) is maximum. To achieve speaker independence, and to keep the task manageable, the phonemic content of words is compared by a dynamic programming method. The selection of words, based on a word-distance matrix generated from the dynamic programming, consists of two steps: a vocabulary buildup step and an optimization step. As an example the method is tested on the vocabulary of letters of the English alphabet.
A ride with ferric chloride.

See also Eckly A, Hechler B, Freund M, Zerr M, Cazenave JP, Lanza F, Mangin PH, Gachet C. Mechanisms underlying FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis. This issue, pp 779-89.
Concluding Remarks — or — What I Did on My Coffee Break

Actually, I am glad of the short notice, because at least this didn’t spoil my breakfast. Not being up to the task of stuffing into a nutshell the many advances in observation, modeling, and understanding that were reflected in the talks, I will not single out any contribution, and not mention any names at all. And “we” will mean “all of us”.
Comparative photodynamic effect of rose bengal, Erythrosin B, and dihematoporphyrin ethers on lens epithelial cells

The proliferation of residual lens epithelial cells (LEC) is responsible for reopacification of the lens capsule and loss of visual acuity after cataract surgery. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using Di-Hematoporphyrin Ether (DHE) was shown to kill cultured LEC. We studied 2 synthetic photodynamic drugs: Rose Bengal (RB) and Erythrosin B (EB) to determine the minimal PDT parameters. LEC located on the anterior capsule of freshly explanted rabbit lenses were subcultured for the following studies: (1) Dye uptake was evaluated by cellular fluorescence. The minimum concentrations for RB and EB after 1 minute of exposure were 1 (mu) g/ml, and 50 (mu) g/ml; (2) Cytotoxicity was evaluated by reculturing the cells, and was detectable with concentrations of 200 (mu) g/ml RB or 2000 (mu) g/ml EB; (3) The PDT effect was evaluated using concentrations of 1 to 25 (mu) g/ml of RB and 1 to 2000 (mu) g/ml of EB. The minimum parameters for PDT of cultured LEC were 0.5 (mu) g/ml of RB and 10 (mu) g/ml of EB with a 60 second 0.5 W/cm2 irradiation using a 514.5 nm Argon laser. To mimic the in vivo setting, LEC attached to the anterior lens capsule were incubated with EB to evaluate dye uptake. The minimum parameters were 100 (mu) g/ml and 7 minutes of exposure. RB was found most effective and may be useful, but EB was found safer and has potential for conjugation with LEC antibodies for the prevention of secondary cataracts.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NASA low-speed centrifugal compressor for fundamental research

A new centrifugal compressor facility being built by the NASA Lewis Research Center is described; its purpose is to obtain 'benchmark' experimental data for internal flow code verification and modeling. The facility will be heavily instrumented with standard pressure and temperature probes and have provisions for flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry. The facility will accommodate rotational speeds to 2400 rpm and will be rated at pressures to 1.25 atm. The initial compressor stage for testing is geometrically and dynamically representative of modern high-performance stages with the exception of Mach number levels. Design exit tip speed for the initial stage is 500 ft/sec with a pressure ratio of 1.17. The rotor exit backsweep is 55 deg from radial. The facility is expected to be operational in the first half of 1985.
Phosphorylation of Tyrosine 397 in Focal Adhesion Kinase Is Required for Binding Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

We have shown previously that cell adhesion or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes the in vivo association of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) with phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. In vitro experiments indicated that this interaction was mediated by the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase and dependent on the tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK. Here we report data suggesting that the major autophosphorylation site of FAK (Tyr-397) is the binding site for the SH2 domains of p85 in vitro and is also required for the association of FAK with PI 3-kinase in vivo. We also show that Tyr-397 is responsible for the increased FAK:PI 3-kinase association upon PDGF stimulation, implying that no additional site of FAK was involved in its binding to PI 3-kinase after PDGF stimulation. Finally, we present evidence that the interaction of PI 3-kinase with Tyr-397 of FAK stimulates its activity. Together, these results suggest that FAK activation and autophosphorylation at Tyr-397 may lead to its association with PI 3-kinase through the SH2 domains of p85, which can subsequently activate PI 3-kinase during cell adhesion.
Improved conduction and increased cell retention in healed MI using mesenchymal stem cells suspended in alginate hydrogel

Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been associated with reduced arrhythmias; however, the mechanism of this action is unknown. In addition, limited retention and survival of MSCs can significantly reduce efficacy. We hypothesized that MSCs can improve impulse conduction and that alginate hydrogel will enhance retention of MSCs in a model of healed myocardial infarction (MI).
Impact of low-rank coal properties on advanced power systems

Abstract Advanced coal-fired combined-cycle power systems under development and demonstration have the potential to increase generating efficiency to approach 50%, reduce the cost of electricity by up to 20%, and meet stringent standards on emissions of SO x , NO x , fine particulates, and air toxic metals. Integrated gasification combined-cycle, pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, and externally fired combined-cycle systems rely on different high-temperature combinations of heat exchange, gas filtration, and sulfur capture to meet these requirements. The success of these systems when operated on low-rank coals depends importantly on the behavior of the ash. Deposits were analyzed from the riser and disengager sections of an experimental transport reactor development unit (TRDU) operating on a high-calcium Belle Ayr, Wyoming, subbituminous coal under gasification conditions for 107 cumulative hours, with short periods at oxidizing conditions during start-up and system upsets. Deposits appeared to have formed by the cementing action of low-melting-point calcium magnesium aluminosilicates derived from the finer coal ash. Depending on deposit location, aerodynamic classification appeared to have affected the proportion of finer material derived from coal ash to coarser particles from the zeolite-based start-up bed material. Bridging deposits from a test candle filter were similar in chemical composition to the finer ash.
Double-Outlet Right Atrium: Anatomic and Clinical Considerations

Background Double-outlet right atrium (DORA) is a condition in which the right atrium empties into both ventricles. Described are the anatomic and clinical findings of this rare anomaly and our experience with its surgical treatment. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all medical records and two-dimensional echocardiographic assessments, and the operative reports of patients with DORA were reexamined to identify the specific anatomic features and the relative adaptation of surgical technique. Results From January 1983 to November 2004, 12 patients with DORA underwent surgical treatment. The diagnosis was made in all cases by two-dimensional echocardiography. All patients had mild-to-moderate signs of arterial oxygen desaturation. All patients also had either a partial (n = 11) or a complete (n = 1) atrioventricular canal with or without other associated cardiac anomalies, including persistent left superior vena cava. Eleven patients survived the surgical repair, the only death occurred in a patient with Ellis Von-Creveld syndrome, with multiple skeletal malformations, severe chest hypoplasia, and respiratory distress. Conclusions DORA is a rare and peculiar cardiac anomaly with well-defined characteristics. Its recognition, best achieved by two-dimensional echocardiography, is crucial for a good surgical correction.
The rationales of interlocking nailing of the femur, tibia, and humerus : an overview

Interlocking nailing has been increasingly used to treat acute and chronic afflictions of long bones. Although the interlocking construct is similar, regardless of the anatomic area of application, the results and complications of this type of fixation in the femur, tibia, and humerus differ. This review compares the anatomy, biologic response to injury, and functional expectations of these 3 distinct long bones with respect to interlocking nailing. Final results seem related more closely to the bony anatomy and soft tissue injury than to any inherent success of interlocking techniques.
Spherically Symmetric Motions in General Relativity

I HAVE recently obtained certain exact solutions of Einstein's equations of general relativity which, so far as I can trace, have not been noticed before. They refer to a spherically symmetric mass of material in radial motion which may either be collapsing on to the central point (gravitational collapse) or be exploding from that point (spherical blast). The solutions are determined from three general conditions: (1) from a certain pre-assigned form for the coefficients of the metric; (2) from the existence of co-moving co-ordinates; (3) from the assumption that the stress is spatially isotropic. The results have analogies with the spherical blast waves of classical gas-dynamics1, but with the additional feature that the gravitational self-attraction of the material is a controlling element of the motion. A by-product of the investigation is the discovery of the class of solutions of Einstein's equations to which belongs a particular case2 obtained in 1933 by a different method.
THE GROWTH OF HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC CHILDREN DURING DIET INTERVENTION † 511

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nutrition education for hyperchlesterolemic children, 261 3.9-9.9 year old children with elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were randomly assigned to an innovative, home-based nutrition education program, standard nutrition counseling, or to an At-Risk Control group. A Not-At-Risk Control group of children with normal cholesterol levels was also recruited (n=81). Height, weight, skinfold measures and dietary intake were evaluated at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. At baseline the children were ingesting 29.2-29.9% and 11.1-11.7% calories as fat and saturated fat respectively. The intervention groups demonstrated significant decreases in fat and saturated fat intake after the interventions. At baseline, height z-score (ht-z) and weight z-score (wt-z) were associated with caloric intake, while weight-for-height median (WHM) was associated with fat intake. Wt-z, ht-z, WHM, and the sum of the four skinfolds (total skin) did not vary between the treatment groups over the year. No association between fat intake and wt-z, ht-z, WHM or total skin over time was observed. These results support the safety, with respect to sustaining comparable growth rates, of physician-initiated dietary intervention for hypercholesterolemic children.
Neuropeptide Y microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region phase shifts circadian rhythms in constant darkness

The geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT) is a projection from the intergeniculate leaflet to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The GHT exhibits neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity and appears to communicate photic information to the SCN. Microinjection of NPY into the SCN has been found to phase shift circadian rhythms of hamsters housed in constant light in a manner similar to the phase shifts produced by pulses of darkness or triazolam injections. In the present study, NPY was injected into the SCN of Syrian hamsters housed in constant darkness and was found to produce phase shifts similar to those seen in hamsters housed in constant light. Microinjections were not followed by wheel running during the subjective day (the time when NPY microinjections are followed by significant phase advances). These data suggest that NPY produces phase shifts by some mechanism other than by inducing wheel running or by inhibiting the response of SCN neurons to light and supports a role for NPY in nonphotic shifting of the circadian clock.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Transmembrane Helix Dissociation

In a typical single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) experiment with a transmembrane protein (TM), a protein surface loop or tail is grabbed by the atomic force microscope cantilever and helices unwind as the TM is pulled in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. This process is unrelated to the insertion of helical segments from the translocon into the bilayer in a direction parallel to the plane of the membrane. We now use molecular dynamics simulations (MD) to consider a SMFS experiment in which TMs are pulled apart in the plane of the lipid bilayer, so that the helix-helix interactions can be studied. Parallel-versus perpendicular-pulling energy. We calculated the work of separating the helices of the glycophorin A dimer in a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelle. Pulling perpendicular to the membrane plane requires about four times the work as parallel pulling to separate the helices. Point pulling. Using MD, we pulled Ala 82 of glycophorin A in a direction parallel to the membrane plane. For 150 ps, the two helices separated smoothly, essentially as rigid rods. However, both Ile 76 side chains remain in van der Waals contact, locking the dimer together. Further pulling unfolds the backbone around Ala 82, until the Ile 76 groups separate after 600 ps. Similar results were observed for a two-helix fragment of bacteriorhodopsin in an SDS micelle. Pulling on Ile 52, the helices separate smoothly for 150 ps. However, during this motion, Leu 13 and Leu 61 remain locked in van der Waals contact. We conclude that SMFS of helical membrane proteins pulled in the direction of the membrane plane would provide valuable information about the interactions that stabilize integral membrane proteins. Experimental implementation will require development of tethering groups compatible with bicelles.
Solid Lithium‐Silicon Electrode

Results of a preliminary investigation into the use of a solid Li--Si electrode in a high-temperature fused salt secondary battery are reported. A series of measurements was made to characterize the voltage plateaus and to identify the alloy compositions corresponding to each. Entropy calculations were also made by measuring the variations in the potential of the alloy electrode vs. pure liquid Li at temperatures between 360 and 440/sup 0/C. It is concluded that the Li--Si electrode is promising as an excellent anode material for high-energy-density batteries.
Finite temperature QCD and SU(3) spin systems

Abstract A three-parameter effective action for the Polyakov lines of finite temperature QCD is derived from Monte Carlo simulations of the underlying gauge theory, using both microcanonical demons and Schwinger-Dyson equations. The demon method proves more accurate. The dominant couplings are a positive fundamental and a negative adjoint nearest-neighbor coupling. The next-nearest-neighbor fundamental coupling is small and ferromagnetic, eliminating it as a mechanism for a possible second order deconfining transition.
Evolutionary conservation of H-Y ('male') antigen.

THE male specific (H-Y) antigen of mice was discovered with the observation that within certain inbred strains, females reject male skin grafts, whereas skin grafts exchanged between all other sex combinations are accepted1 (reviewed in ref. 2). It is now established that females sensitised with male skin grafts (or immunised with male spleen cells) produce antibody which is cytotoxic for sperm3 and dissociated male epidermal cells4. Using the sperm cytotoxicity test and the mixed haemadsorption-hybrid antibody (MHA˙HA) test, we demonstrated earlier5 that the H-Y antigen of mice is cross reactive or identical with antigen found in male rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and humans. Since then we have extended our survey to classes other than mammals, and we give evidence here for the occurrence of murine H-Y (or a cross reactive) antigen in the white leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) and in two amphibian species, the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis).
Measurement of Alveolar Gas Compression to Detect Mild Airway Obstruction

290 22nd ASPEN LUNG CONFERENCE CHEST, 77: 2, FEBRUARY, 1980 SUPPLEMENT 4 Knudson RJ, Armet DB, Lebowitz MD: Reevaluation of tests of small airways function. Chest 77:284, 1980 5 McCarthy DS, Spencer R, Greene R, et al: Measurement of “closing volume” as a simple and sensitive test for early detection of small airway disease. Am J Med 52:747-753, 1972 6 Cherniack RM, McCarthy DS: Reversibility of abnormalities of pulmonary function. In The Lung in the Transition between Health and Disease, Chapter 15 (Lung Biology in Health and Disease, Vol 12) (Macklem P. Permutt S, eds) New York, Marcel Dekker, 1979, pp 329-342
A wideband radiometer module for an unamplified direct detection scalable W-band imaging array

A W-band unamplified direct detection radiometer module is described that provides a wideband response and is scalable to large arrays. The radiometer design is intended to provide sufficient sensitivity for millimeter wave imaging applications with a goal of 2K noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) at a 30 Hz frame rate. This effort leverages previously reported device scaling to increase sensitivity. We present a radiometer module designed for 60 GHz RF bandwidth that utilizes HRL's antimonide-based backward tunnel diode. An impedance matching circuit with on- and off-chip elements, as well as ridged waveguide, provides a wideband match to the detectors. Modules were designed with two different microwave substrates: 125 micron thick quartz and 100 micron thick alumina. flip-chip bonding of the detectors is amenable to automated pick-and-place for high volume manufacturing. The modular nature of the array approach allows large arrays to be manufactured in a straightforward manner. We present the design approach along with both electromagnetic simulations and measured performance of the modules. This work was supported by phase II of DARPA's MIATA program.
Perturbation theoretic calculation of differential phase shifts in ferrite-loaded circularly cylindrical waveguides in the TE01 mode

The differential phase shift produced by a circumferentially magnetised tube of ferrite, coaxially located in a circular waveguide operating in circularly symmetric TE modes, is considered. General perturbational expressions are applied to approximate differential phase shifts. Numerical results are presented and compared to those obtained from an exact solution.
A prospective, randomized comparison of computed tomography with conventional diagnostic methods in the evaluation of penetrating injuries to the back and flank.

• We prospectively compared computed tomography with conventional diagnostic methods in the evaluation of penetrating injuries to the back and flank in 85 patients. Immediate laparotomy was performed in 24 patients because of physical findings, and these patients were not randomized. Nine unnecessary operations were performed in this group, and these nine patients had significantly higher hospital costs than patients in either randomized group. In the randomized patients, there were only three true-positive and three false-positive findings. Both computed tomographic evaluation (31 patients) and conventional evaluation (30 patients) were highly accurate and specific for injuries that required operation. Evaluation with computed tomography required a longer time to make a hospital disposition but required fewer diagnostic tests. Computed tomography can be useful in the assessment of penetrating injuries to the back and flank. ( Arch Surg . 1991;126:1115-1119)
c-Myc Is Required for the ChREBP-Dependent Activation of Glucose-Responsive Genes

Glucose regulates programs of gene expression that orchestrate changes in cellular phenotype in several metabolically active tissues. Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) and its binding partner, Mlx, mediate glucose-regulated gene expression by binding to carbohydrate response elements on target genes, such as the prototypical glucose-responsive gene, liver-type pyruvate kinase (Pklr). c-Myc is also required for the glucose response of the Pklr gene, although the relationship between c-Myc and ChREBP has not been defined. Here we describe the molecular events of the glucose-mediated activation of Pklr and determine the effects of decreasing the activity or abundance of c-Myc on this process. Time-course chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed a set of transcription factors [hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1alpha, HNF4alpha, and RNA polymerase II (Pol II)] constitutively resident on the Pklr promoter, with a relative enrichment of acetylated histones 3 and 4 in the same region of the gene. Glucose did not affect HNF1alpha binding or the acetylation of histones H3 or H4. By contrast, glucose promoted the recruitment of ChREBP and c-Myc and increased the occupancy of HNF4alpha and RNA Pol II, which were coincident with the glucose-mediated increase in transcription as determined by a nuclear run-on assay. Depletion of c-Myc activity using a small molecule inhibitor (10058-F4/1RH) abolished the glucose-mediated recruitment of HNF4alpha, ChREBP, and RNA Pol II, without affecting basal gene expression, histone acetylation, and HNF1alpha or basal HNF4alpha occupancy. The activation and recruitment of ChREBP to several glucose-responsive genes were blocked by 1RH, indicating a general necessity for c-Myc in this process.
Treatment of ipsilateral clavicle and sternoclavicular physeal fractures with locked plating

Ipsilateral clavicle and sternoclavicular (SC) physeal fractures or dislocations are rare injuries. Only 10 cases of double clavicle fractures have been previously reported in the literature. We report two additional patients with this complex injury, each with the characteristic vertical displacement of the medial clavicle demonstrated by three-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstructive imaging. A novel approach to treat these uncommon injuries and review of the literature is also presented.
Revisiting AMPA Receptors as an Antiepileptic Drug Target

In the 1990s there was intense interest in ionotropic glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets for diverse neurological disorders, including epilepsy. NMDA receptors were thought to play a key role in the generation of seizures, leading to clinical studies of NMDA receptor blocking drugs in epilepsy. Disappointing results dampened enthusiasm for ionotropic glutamate receptors as a therapeutic target. Eventually it became appreciated that another type of ionotropic glutamate receptor, the AMPA receptor, is actually the predominant mediator of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system and moreover that AMPA receptors are critical to the generation and spread of epileptic activity. As drugs became available that selectively target AMPA receptors, it was possible to demonstrate that AMPA receptor antagonists have powerful antiseizure activity in in vitro and in vivo models. A decade later, promising clinical studies with AMPA receptor antagonists, including the potent noncompetitive antagon...
Digitally tuned analogue integrated filters using R-2R ladder

A new technique for designing digitally tuned frequency selective analogue integrated circuits is proposed. The technique incorporates the R-2R ladder as a circuit element into the circuit design to provide precise frequency characteristics that can be tuned over a wide range. Two filters are described to illustrate the proposed approach. The proposed filters are used to implement the channel-select filter of a multi-standard direct conversion wireless receiver and the bandpass filter of a low IF frequency-hopping receiver.
Antioxidant mechanisms of Trolox and ascorbic acid on the oxidation of riboflavin in milk under light

Abstract Antioxidant activities and the mechanism of water-soluble Trolox and ascorbic acid on the oxidation of riboflavin in milk were studied. Trolox or ascorbic acid at 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm was added to milk with or without added 50 ppm riboflavin and stored under light at 27 °C. Headspace oxygen was analysed by GC and Trolox, ascorbic acid, and riboflavin were determined by HPLC. The headspace oxygen of milk with added 50 ppm riboflavin depleted faster than that of milk without added riboflavin ( p
Comparison of the cardiac output and stroke volume response to upright exercise in children with valvular and subvalvular aortic stenosis

Cardiac output and stroke volume were evaluated in 17 children (mean age 11.5 +/- 3 years) with discrete, membranous subvalvular (Group I, n = 7) and valvular (Group II, n = 10) aortic stenosis during submaximal and maximal (greater than 75% predicted maximal oxygen consumption) upright cycle ergometry. Patients with valvular aortic stenosis were further subdivided on the basis of their aortic valve gradient at rest determined by cardiac catheterization (Group IIA, gradient less than 40 mm Hg; Group IIB, gradient greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg). These patients were matched with 17 control subjects on the basis of age, sex, height and intensity of exercise during maximal exertion. Cardiac and stroke indexes were determined by the acetylene rebreathing method at each exercise level. Stroke volume index in Group I was significantly greater at rest when compared with that in control subjects (69 +/- 13 versus 53 +/- 11 ml/m2, alpha = 0.01, p less than 0.05) and that in patients in Group II (69 +/- 13 versus 47 +/- 12 ml/m2, alpha = 0.01, p less than 0.05). Patients with subvalvular aortic stenosis were unable to increase their stroke volume index from rest to submaximal exercise and also decreased their stroke volume index at maximal exercise levels. In contrast, patients with mild valvular aortic stenosis (Group IIA) displayed a normal exercise response. Patients with severe valvular aortic stenosis (Group IIB) had a blunted stroke volume response at rest and at each level of exercise, as well as signs of myocardial ischemia (ST segment depression) during maximal exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)