cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 9 – ANALYTIC GEOMETRY: THE CONIC SECTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concepts of analytic geometry, which was developed by Rene Descartes and in which he combined the techniques of algebra with those of geometry. Analytic geometry enables one to apply algebraic methods and equations to the solution of problems in geometry and, conversely, to obtain the geometric representations of algebraic equations. The chapter presents a formula for the coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment and discusses the use of distance and midpoint formulas as tools to illustrate the usefulness of analytic geometry by proving a number of general theorems from plane geometry. The power of the methods of analytic geometry is also very well demonstrated in a study of the conic sections. It is found in the course of that study that (a) a geometric definition can be converted into an algebraic equation and (b) an algebraic equation can be classified by the type of graph it represents.
Policing Los Angeles: race, resistance, and the rise of the LAPD

Scholarly studies of police departments have greatly expanded our understanding of law enforcement in recent years. These include histories of policing in Chicago, Houston, and New York City, among...
Congressional Budget Responses to the Pandemic: Fund Health Care, Not Warfare.

The coronavirus outbreak is not the first crisis to affect a large swath of the nation's population: the Great Depression, World War II, and the HIV epidemic did so previously. Of the national responses to each of these examples, perhaps the most relevant would be the Manhattan Project model, as proposed by Senator Edward J. Markey (D, MA) and Peter L. Slavin, MD, of Mass General Hospital.1 In 1943 the government diverted tens of billions of dollars from civilian programs to the project to build the atomic bomb. What the COVID-19 pandemic requires is the reverse: the diversion of a substantial chunk of the more than $700 billion appropriated for the Pentagon's military budget to the biomedical, public health programs desperately needed to limit the current coronavirus outbreak and prevent future pandemics. Congress needs to recognize the actual challenges to our national security and thereby sustain our people's health and promote a prosperous and just economy. We are not in danger of being invaded by Russians, Chinese, Venezuelans, or Iranians; we are in danger of having the fabric of our society undermined by our failure to invest in and protect our national health and welfare. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print November 19, 2020: e1-e2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306048).
Impact of different tuberculosis history at the onset of future multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A large, retrospective, population-based cohort study

Abstract Objectives The impact of tuberculosis (TB) history on the risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is not yet fully understood. We aimed to identify the impact of different TB history at the onset of future MDR-TB. Methods A large, retrospective, population-based cohort study was performed between 2005 and 2019. A multivariable Cox model was used to evaluate independent risk factors for MDR-TB for individuals with different previous TB history (PTBH), such as newly diagnosed TB history (NDTH) and re-treated TB history (RTH). Results Overall, 12 172 individuals with PTBH were included in this study. The main impacts of different PTBH at the onset of future MDR-TB were as follows: (a) low family income, high-risk occupation, TB patients with severe infection, extended or shortened treatment course, 2H3R3Z3E3/4H3R3 and frequency of sputum culture were significantly linked to incident MDR-TB only in individuals with NDTH (P Conclusion Early and differential surveillances, assessments and interventions for reducing the risk of MDR-TB among individuals with different PTBH play a key role.
Bacterial load slopes represent biomarkers of tuberculosis therapy success, failure, and relapse.

There is an urgent need to discover biomarkers that are predictive of long-term TB treatment outcomes, since treatment is expense and prolonged to document relapse. We used mathematical modeling and machine learning to characterize a predictive biomarker for TB treatment outcomes. We computed bacterial kill rates, γf for fast- and γs for slow/non-replicating bacteria, using patient sputum data to determine treatment duration by computing time-to-extinction of all bacterial subpopulations. We then derived a γs-slope-based rule using first 8 weeks sputum data, that demonstrated a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 89% at predicting relapse-free cure for 2, 3, 4, and 6 months TB regimens. In comparison, current methods (two-month sputum culture conversion and the Extended-EBA) methods performed poorly, with sensitivities less than 34%. These biomarkers will accelerate evaluation of novel TB regimens, aid better clinical trial designs and will allow personalization of therapy duration in routine treatment programs. Magombedze et al. propose a new method combining mathematical modeling and machine learning to derive early (within 2 months) effective predictive biomarkers from bacterial load slopes for tuberculosis long term treatment outcomes, thereby accurately predicting treatment failure and success.
Hydrogen as an energy vector

The feasibility of utilizing hydrogen as an energy vector is considered, with special attention given to means of hydrogen production. The state-of-the-art in thermochemical processes is reviewed, and criteria for the technical and economic feasibility of large-scale thermochemical water splitting processes are presented. The production of hydrogen from coal and from photolysis of water is discussed.
Pathways to Individuality: Evolution and Development of Personality Traits

In Pathways to Individuality, veteran researcher and scholar Arnold Buss examines the personality traits we share with other animals -- and those that set us apart from other animals, the social traits that make us distinctly human. Within those general social traits, there's much variability, as Buss explains in this new book, usually differentiated during the crucial periods of human development -- and that's what makes us individuals. Humans make up the only species that has an extended period of childhood -- we play and explore more than other animals -- during which our human traits become canalized and differentiated: Our early interactions with our social environment influence and sharpen the neural and behavioral pathways that distinguish our distinct individuality. In turn, we seek to influence those environments we are drawn to and that help shape our individuality. Drawing from his own published research over a half-century of teaching and writing on personality, Buss masterfully summarizes key theories and recent advances in the study of temperament (aggression, dominance, etc.), the self (self-conscious shyness, self-esteem, identity), and abnormal behavior and style as crucial dimensions in understanding personality and individual differences.
Bond strength and interactions of machined titanium-based alloy with dental cements

Abstract Statement of problem The most appropriate luting agent for restoring cement-retained implant restorations has yet to be determined. Leachable chemicals from some types of cement designed for teeth may affect metal surfaces. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength and interactions of machined titanium-based alloy with dental luting agents. Material and methods Eight dental luting agents representative of 4 different compositional classes (resin, polycarboxylate, glass ionomer, and zinc oxide-based cements) were used to evaluate their effect on machined titanium-6 aluminum-4 vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy surfaces. Ninety-six paired disks were cemented together (n=12). After incubation in a 37°C water bath for 7 days, the shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine (Instron) and a custom fixture with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Differences were analyzed statistically with 1-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (α=.05). The debonded surfaces of the Ti alloy disks were examined under a light microscope at ×10 magnification to record the failure pattern, and the representative specimens were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Results The mean ±SD of shear failure loads ranged from 3.4 ±0.5 to 15.2 ±2.6 MPa. The retention provided by both polycarboxylate cements was significantly greater than that of all other groups ( P Conclusions Cementation with polycarboxylate cement obtained higher shear bond strength. Some chemical interactions occurred between the machined Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface and polycarboxylate cements during cementation.
Effects of career orientation on retirement attitudes and retirement planning

Abstract The impact of career orientation and demographic variables on retirement attitudes, intended age of retirement, and retirement preparation is examined among a sample of university employees. Results indicate that occupational status is associated with unique patterns of career orientation as well as differences in anticipated age of retirement. Career orientation variables are observed to be stronger predictors than demographic characteristics of retirement attitudes, while the demographic factors are found to be more efficient in predicting retirement age and level of preparation. Use of career orientation variables in the retirement preparation process is discussed.
The GABAergic anterior paired lateral neuron suppresses and is suppressed by olfactory learning

GABAergic neurotransmitter systems are important for many cognitive processes, including learning and memory. We identified a single neuron in each hemisphere of the Drosophila brain, the anterior paired lateral (APL) neuron, as a GABAergic neuron that broadly innervated the mushroom bodies. Reducing GABA synthesis in the APL neuron enhanced olfactory learning, suggesting that the APL neuron suppressed learning by releasing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Functional optical-imaging experiments revealed that the APL neuron responded to both odor and electric-shock stimuli that was presented to the fly with increases of intracellular calcium and released neurotransmitter. Notably, a memory trace formed in the APL neuron by pairing odor with electric shock. This trace was detected as a reduced calcium response in the APL neuron after conditioning specifically to the trained odor. These results demonstrate a mutual suppression between the GABAergic APL neuron and olfactory learning, and emphasize the functional neuroplasticity of the GABAergic system as a result of learning.
Lessons Learned from Nonproliferation Successes and Failures

There have been a number of nuclear non-proliferation successes (Germany, Iraq, Taiwan, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Libya, Syria) and failures (USSR, France, China, India, Pakistan, probably Israel, North Korea [DPRK]), and at least one potential proliferator (Iran) whose future is uncertain. The successes are heterogeneous: some resulted from direct military or paramilitary action, while others followed changes in the political situation that removed the strategic rationale for or the willingness to pay the economic and political price of proliferation. The failures have in common a proliferator that perceived a compelling strategic need for nuclear weapons. Such countries resist outside pressures, and may reap the benefits of proliferation even if their weapons are untested. I consider the relevance of a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treat to proliferation in light of this history.
THE NATURE OF STANDARD CONTROL IN CHILDREN'S MATCHING‐TO‐SAMPLE1

In Experiment I, six preschool-aged children were given matching-to-sample training with two figures in which they were required to choose one of two comparison stimuli that was identical in shape to the standard stimulus. Following this training, they were given intermittent test trials in which a novel stimulus figure was substituted for the previously correct comparison stimulus. Five of the six subjects consistently chose the substituted stimulus during test trials. Experiment II replicated the findings of Experiment I with three other preschool-aged children. Experiment II also provided controls for the possibility that the subjects of Experiment I were selecting the substituted stimulus because of its novelty. The investigators concluded that eight of the nine subjects were exhibiting the type of control described by Berryman, Cumming, Cohen, and Johnson (1965) as S-delta responding.
Utilization of Landsat multispectral data in geobotanical investigations - The location of ironstone gravel in the Sam Houston National Forest, Texas

Practical techniques were developed and evaluated for deriving geobotanical information from LANDSAT MSS data acquired for a test site in the Sam Houston National Forest near Cleveland, Texas where gravel deposits exist in sufficient quantity that economical extraction would be feasible. A correlation was shown between a single spectral class and the presence of ironstone gravel. Field data indicates that this class relates to upland pine which was probably under stress as the result of a prolonged drought which was in progress at the time of data acquisition. It is suggested that the subsurface gravel produces a soil which has less field capacity for water retention, causing early appearance of water stress in the surface vegetation over these soils. In all areas within the QMC formation where this class occurred, gravel was located when borings were made.
Approximation schemes for viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi equations

Abstract Equations of Hamilton-Jacobi type arise in many areas of applications, including the calculus of variations, control theory and differential games. Recently M. G. Crandall and P.-L. Lions established the correct notion of generalized solutions for these equations. This article discusses the convergence of general approximation schemes to this solution and gives, under certain hypotheses, explicit error estimates. These results are then applied to obtain various representations as limits of solutions of general explicit and implicit finite difference schemes, with error estimates.
On the Modularity of Sequence Representation

Abstract A modular theory of motor control posits that the representation of an action sequence is independent of the effector (motor) system that implements the sequence. Three experiments tested this theory. Each used a variant of a method developed by Nissen and Bullemer (1987) in which subjects responded to visual signals occupying different spatial positions by pressing a key corresponding to each signal position. Sequence learning is indicated when reaction times to signals that follow a sequence become faster with practice than reaction times to random signals. The first experiment showed transfer of sequential learning of key pressing from the fingers to the arms, or vice versa. Similar transfer was found when a distraction task was added that likely blocked an attentional form of learning (cf. Curran & Keele, 1993). In a third experiment, much but not all of the sequential learning transferred from a situation in which the response was a key press to one with a vocal response, suggesting that at ...
Decoupling Religion and Ethnicity: Second-Generation Indian American Christians

Classic assimilation theory was based on the assumption of individualistic adaptation, with immigrants and their children expected to shed their ethnic identities to become Americans. In the sphere of religion, however, they could maintain their communitarian traditions through American denominations. In contemporary society, multiculturalism, spiritual seeking, and postdenominationalism have reversed this paradigm. First- and second-generation immigrants integrate by remaining ethnic and group-identified, but religion is viewed as a personal quest. This paper examines how this paradigm shift affects the ethnic and religious behavior of second-generation Americans. It is based on research among Malankara Syrian Christians belonging to an ancient South Indian community.
The research diagnostic criteria for endogenous depression and the dexamethasone suppression test: a discriminant function analysis.

Abstract Most studies examining the validity of the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for endogenous depression have been negative. RDC endogenous sub-typing is not associated with short- or long-term treatment outcome, family history of affective disorder, or premorbid personality disorder. Studies examining its relationship to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) are mixed; half report a significant association, and half do not. The RDC endogenous diagnosis may lack validity either because the criteria do not represent, or are not specific to, the endogenous subtype, or the diagnostic algorithm is inappropriate. In the present study, we conduct a discriminant function analysis on the 10 criteria for the endogenous subtype using DST results as the independent variable. We constructed a new diagnostic algorithm and cross-validated it on a second patient sample. In both samples the discriminant function classification was significantly associated with DST results, whereas the RDC algorithm was not.
Role of aluminum substitution on hydrogen diffusion in β-LaNi5−yAlyHx☆

Proton relaxation times measured by nuclear magnetic resonance pulse techniques were used to investigate hydrogen diffusion behavior in β-LaNi5−y AlyHx for 0 < y < 1.5. Aluminum substitution increases the activation energy Ea with a subsequent reduction in the apparent diffusion constants by more than two orders of magnitude relative to those for β-LaNi5H6 when y ⩾ 1. The values of the proton relaxation times T1 and T1ρ from high purity samples suggest that two types of jump processes with differing activation energies are probably involved.
Rotational components of the v10 = 1 and ground vibrational levels of propyne with 13C substitutions for the frequency range 17–75 GHz

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 13 C-substituted propyne was studied for the v 10 = 1 and ground vibrational states in the frequency range of 17 to 75 GHz for the naturally abundant species. Only a few of the ground vibrational components have been reported in the literature because of the weakness of the spectral lines. Those which have been reported were remeasured and the results presented for comparison with our own. The frequencies of 0 ≤ J ≤ 4 components were measured for naturally occurring 13 C species and these frequencies were used to produce a constant set which can be used to predict overall frequencies of spectral components in the ground, v 10 = 1, 2 up to an accuracy of a few hundred kilohertz, thus enabling ready assignment of the quantum sets. Previously obtained experimental data for the ground vibration available from the literature and our own data for the ground and v 10 = 1 are presented and compared with the frequencies obtained from a comprehensive equation derived from perturbation techniques.
The role of caregiver contingent responsiveness in promoting compliance in young children.

The purpose of this study was to examine relations between parents’ contingent responding and the behavior of their young children, in the context of other relevant parenting behaviors. Parents were observed interacting with their 3–6 year-old children during two laboratory tasks. Parent responses to child bids were classified into four mutually exclusive categories: contingent responses, non-contingent non-negative responses, negative responses, and no response. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine relations between contingent responsiveness and child compliance, after accounting for the quality of parent directives and parent negativity. Contingent responsiveness was uniquely associated with greater child compliance for mothers during both tasks and for fathers during one task. An interaction effect was found, indicating that fathers’ responsiveness during the second task was associated with greater child compliance in older, but not younger, children. Implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.
Lentivirus Immobilization to Nanoparticles for Enhanced and Localized Delivery From Hydrogels

Hydrogels can provide a controllable cell microenvironment for numerous applications in regenerative medicine, and delivery of gene therapy vectors can be employed to enhance their bioactivity. We investigated the delivery of lentiviral vectors from hydrogels, and employed the immobilization of lentivirus to hydroxylapatite (HA) nanoparticles as a means to retain and stabilize vectors within hydrogels, and thereby increase delivery efficiency. Entrapment of the vector alone within the hydrogel maintained the activity of the virus more effectively compared to the absence of a hydrogel, and release was slowed with an increasing solid content of the hydrogel. Association of the lentivirus with HA increased the activity of the complexes, with HA increasing the virus activity for 72 hours. Cells seeded onto lentivirus–HA-loaded hydrogels had a decreased number of infected cells outside of the hydrogel relative to the absence of HA. In vivo studies with collagen hydrogels loaded with lentivirus and HA-lentivirus demonstrated sustained and localized transgene expression for at least 4 weeks, with increased expression using the lentivirus–HA complex. This strategy of nanoparticle immobilization to stabilize and retain vectors is broadly applicable to hydrogels, and may provide a versatile tool to combine gene therapy and biomaterials for applications in regenerative medicine.
Conformal ZnO nanocomposite coatings on micro-patterned surfaces for superhydrophobicity

A conformal coating process is presented to transform surfaces with inherent micro-morphology into superhydrophobic surfaces with hierarchical surface structure using wet chemical spray casting. Nanocomposite coatings composed of zinc oxide nanoparticles and organosilane quaternary nitrogen compound are dispersed in solution for application. The coating is applied to a micro-patterned polydimethylsiloxane substrate with a regular array of cylindrical microposts as well as a surface with random micro-structure for the purpose of demonstrating improved non-wettability and a superhydrophobic state for water droplets. Coating surface morphology is investigated with an environmental scanning electron microscope and surface wettability performance is characterized by static and dynamic contact angle measurements.
Alveolar soft-part sarcoma of the hand

Alveolar soft-part sarcoma was first reported as a distinct clinical entity by Christopherson et al. in 1952.’ Its name is based on descriptive microscopic criteria and not histogenesis. We report a case of this unusual slow-growing soft tissue sarcoma in the hand.
What does the tube test measure

It is clear that the term “winning” fails to dissociate the behavior from the concept of dominance. We recommend that the behavior of advancing in the tube should be described as such without connotation of either dominance or winning, especially in the absence of information on how advancing in the tube relates to other social interactions.
Comparison of Chondrogenic Potential in Equine Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue and Bone Marrow

Objective To compare the chondrogenic potential of adult equine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (MSCs) or adipose tissue (ASCs).
Method for fabricating large-area X-ray filters

Abstract A simple, cost effective method for fabricating uniform, large-area filters from powder materials is described. The technique is particularly applicable to making pinhole and crack free, large-area filters for fluorescence measurements of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) using the Stern-Heald type filter-ion chamber assembly.
Prevention of HIV Infection among Injection Drug Users in Resource-Limited Settings

Injection drug use contributes to considerable global morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS and other infections due to blood-borne pathogens through the direct sharing of needles, syringes, and other injection equipment. Of approximately 16 million injection drug users (IDUs) worldwide, an estimated 3 million are HIV infected. The prevalence of HIV infection among IDUs is high in many countries in Asia and eastern Europe and could exacerbate the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. This review summarizes important components of a comprehensive program for prevention of HIV infection in IDUs, including unrestricted legal access to sterile syringes through needle exchange programs and enhanced pharmacy services, treatment for opioid dependence (ie, methadone and buprenorphine treatment), behavioral interventions, and identification and treatment of noninjection drug and alcohol use, which accounts for increased sexual transmission of HIV. Evidence supports the effectiveness of harm-reduction programs over punitive drug-control policies.
Legal Issues for HR Professionals Workplace Investigations

Employers have a duty to perform workplace investigations in situations involving a workplace incident that violates an employer’s rules, regulations, policies, or procedures. Workplace investigati...
The approach to stationarity in open reaction system.

Abstract It is shown that when the solute in question is being consumed, the total diffusion resistance for an open system represents an upper limit for the time at which (for small displacements from the steady state) the difference between the concentration and its steady-state value decays to 1 e of its initial value. This time depends upon the actual steady-state concentration except when the reaction rate is a linear function of the concentration.
Evaluating UV Absorbers and Antioxidants for Topical Treatment of Upholstery Fabrics

UV absorbers and antioxidants topically applied to upholstery fabrics to reduce fading, separately and in conjunction with soil repellent finish formulations containing UV absorbers, were evaluated in this study. Over fifty upholstery fabrics were initially evaluated and fourteen were selected for further study. The fabrics were then topically treated with commercially available soil repellent finishes (a fluorocarbon and a silicone finish) containing UV absorbers or immersion-treated with one of thirteen UV ab sorbers or antioxidants. Following light exposure, color changes were evaluated visually and instrumentally. The results showed that neither the fluorocarbon nor silicone- based soil repellent finishes containing UV absorbers significantly reduced fading in the upholstery fabrics. Furthermore none of the UV absorbers and antioxidants applied to the upholstery fabrics improved lightfastness properties substantially, so they cannot be recommended as additives to soil repellent finish formulations.
Attenuation by butalbital of capsaicin-induced c-fos-like immunoreactivity in trigeminal nucleus caudalis.

We examined the effects of butalbital (30, 100, and 1000 micrograms/kg) on the number of cells expressing c-fos-like immunoreactivity (c-fos-LI), a marker of neuronal activation, within lamina I, IIo of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and the nucleus of the solitary tract 2 hours after the intracisternal injection of capsaicin (0.1 mL; 15.25 mg/mL) or vehicle in urethane-anesthetized guinea pigs (N = 45). Robust c-fos-LI was observed within nuclei of cells in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis after capsaicin (329 +/- 35). Butalbital dose-dependently reduced the number of labeled cells to a maximum of 66% (1000 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.], P < .01) in lamina I, IIo but not within area postrema, medial reticular nucleus, or the nucleus of the solitary tract. Pretreatment with bicuculline (30 micrograms/kg i.p.) blocked the effect of butalbital, thereby suggesting the importance of the GABAA receptor to activation involved in the transmission of nociceptive information. Our studies suggest the possibility that GABAA receptors might provide an important therapeutic target in migraine and related headache disorders.
Predicting semantic annotations on the real-time web

The explosion of the real-time web has spurred a growing need for new methods to organize, monitor, and distill relevant information from these large-scale social streams. One especially encouraging development is the self-curation of the real-time web via user-driven linking, in which users annotate their own status updates with lightweight semantic annotations -- or hashtags. Unfortunately, there is evidence that hashtag growth is not keeping pace with the growth of the overall real-time web. In a random sample of 3 million tweets, we find that only 10.2% contain at least one hashtag. Hence, in this paper we explore the possibility of predicting hashtags for un-annotated status updates. Toward this end, we propose and evaluate a graph-based prediction framework. Three of the unique features of the approach are: (i) a path aggregation technique for scoring the closeness of terms and hashtags in the graph; (ii) pivot term selection, for identifying high value terms in status updates; and (iii) a dynamic sliding window for recommending hashtags reflecting the current status of the real-time web. Experimentally we find encouraging results in comparison with Bayesian and data mining-based approaches.
Hemocyte adhesion in the California mussel (Mytilus californianus): regulation by adenosine

On removal from the animal, molluscan hemocytes change from an aggregation-incompetent state to one in which they aggregate and stick avidly to foreign surfaces. Aggregation and substratum adhesion behaviors of Mytilus californianus (California mussel) hemocytes are inhibited reversibly and non-lethally by caffeine. We investigated the mechanistic basis of this inhibition by means of assays that determined the abilities of several compounds to compete or synergize with caffeine in achieving its effect. Adenosine and the adenosine receptor agonists 2-chloro-adenosine or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine reversed caffeine inhibition. In contrast, isobutyl-methyl-xanthine (both an adenosine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase) and the adenosine receptor antagonists cyclo-hexyladenosine and R-N6-phenyl-isopropyladenosine synergized with caffeine to inhibit hemocyte adhesion. Caffeine treatment reduced intracellular cAMP. Alterations in cAMP concentrations in response to caffeine with or without adenosine and adenosine analogues reflected alterations in adhesion behavior in the same drugs. R-N6-phenyl-isopropyladenosine plus caffeine yielded intracellular cAMP levels lower than those in cells treated with caffeine alone. However, both cAMP level and hemocyte adhesion increased when adenosine or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine replaced R-N6-phenyl-isopropyladenosine. This mollusc's hemocytes appear to express adenosine receptors that modulate phagocyte behavioral responses by altering second messenger transduction.
Chest-tube digital assessment after pulmonary resection: The crucial role of time-trend analysis and a new model to predict a persistent air leak

Let requires anastomoses of renal arteries. (2) T EVAR alone is associated with the risk of emboli, including lipid-laden plaques in the kidneys. (3) In follow-up, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scans are essential for detecting TEVAR-specific complications (e.g., endoleaks and migration). This requires the use of intravenous contrast agents, which is associated with contrast nephrotoxicity.
Parametric yield estimation considering leakage variability

Leakage current has become a stringent constraint in modern processor designs in addition to traditional constraints on frequency. Since leakage current exhibits a strong inverse correlation with circuit delay, effective parametric yield prediction must consider the dependence of leakage current on frequency. In this paper, we present a new chip-level statistical method to estimate the total leakage current in the presence of within-die and die-to-die variability. We develop a closed-form expression for total chip leakage that models the dependence of the leakage current distribution on a number of process parameters. The model is based on the concept of scaling factors to capture the effects of within-die variability. Using this model, we then present an integrated approach to accurately estimate the yield loss when both frequency and power limits are imposed on a design. Our method demonstrates the importance of considering both these limiters in calculating the yield of a lot.
The role of the coworker in reducing work–family conflict: A review and directions for future research

Abstract Work–family conflict can have a dramatic negative effect on organizational productivity. Accordingly, organizations are adopting initiatives aimed at assisting employees in achieving a balance between work and family (e.g., family-friendly work culture, supportive supervisors, work-family programs and policies, etc.). Research regarding the effectiveness of these approaches has largely ignored the role of peers/coworkers in the work–family interface. Coworkers have a unique opportunity to provide family-facilitative support as they have a clearer understanding of the nature of stressors faced by their fellow employees. Further, with the increasing prevalence of team-based organizational structures, coworkers are better prepared to offer instrumental and emotional assistance to a coworker struggling to balance conflicting work and family demands. We review the literature relevant to the role of coworker support in mitigating work–family conflict, and propose a number of potential moderators of the coworker support – work–family conflict relationship. Finally, we explore factors which may increase the likelihood that coworkers will offer vital emotional and instrumental family-facilitative support.
RNA synthesis in exponentially growing rat hepatoma cells I. A caution in equating pulse-labeled polyribosomal RNA with messenger RNA

Abstract Exponentially growing Novikoff rat hepatoma cells (line N1S1-67) were labeled with [5- 3 H]uridine for 20 min and then analyzed for the distribution of pulse-labeled RNA among various cellular fractions. When the cells are disrupted with minimum homogenization to break about 98% of the cells, about 94% of the pulse-labeled RNA is associated with the nuclear fraction, 1% with the free polyribosomes, 1% with a cytoplasmic membrane fraction containing the mitochondria and membrane-bound polyribosomes, and the remainder is soluble 4-S RNA. The pulse-labeled RNA associated with the free polyribosomes has a range of sedimentation coefficients from 10–30 S, the bulk being located in the 18-S area, whereas the pulse-labeled RNA present in the membrane fraction has a range of sedimentation coefficients from 6–30 S, the bulk being located in the 13-S area. Both types of RNA might represent mRNA. The proportion of total rapidly-labeled RNA associated with the free polyribosomes and the cytoplasmic membrane fraction, however, increases markedly with an increase in the number of strokes employed to disrupt the cells, but all of the excess labeled RNA recovered in these fractions sediments between 20 and over 70 S and thus resembles pulse-labeled nucleoplasmic RNA. It is suggested that repeated homogenization causes the release of some nucleoplasmic RNA into the cytoplasm and that this RNA cosediments in sucrose gradients with the cytoplasmic particulate matter. This conclusion is supported by the finding that upon sedimentation analysis of an artifical mixture of labeled phenol-extracted nuclear RNA and a cytoplasmic fraction from unlabeled cells a large proportion of the labeled nucleoplasmic RNA is recovered in the polyribosome region. Release of nucleoplasmic RNA seems to occur in the absence of obvious damage to the nuclei as judged from phase contrast microscopy.
Vibrio cholerae iron transport: haem transport genes are linked to one of two sets of tonB, exbB, exbD genes

Vibrio cholerae was found to have two sets of genes encoding TonB, ExbB and ExbD proteins. The first set (tonB1, exbB1, exbD1) was obtained by complementation of a V. cholerae tonB mutant. In the mutant, a plasmid containing these genes permitted transport via the known V. cholerae high-affinity iron transport systems, including uptake of haem, vibriobactin and ferrichrome. When chromosomal mutations in exbB1 or exbD1 were introduced into a wild-type V. cholerae background, no defect in iron transport was noted, indicating the existence of additional genes that can complement the defect in the wild-type background. Another region of the V. cholerae chromosome was cloned that encoded a second functional TonB/Exb system (tonB2, exbB2, exbD2). A chromosomal mutation in exbB2 also failed to exhibit a defect in iron transport, but a V. cholerae strain that had chromosomal mutations in both the exbB1 and exbB2 genes displayed a mutant phenotype similar to that of an Escherichia coli tonB mutant. The genes encoding TonB1, ExbB1, ExbD1 were part of an operon that included three haem transport genes (hutBCD), and all six genes appeared to be expressed from a single Fur-regulated promoter upstream of tonB1. A plasmid containing all six genes permitted utilization of haem by an E. coli strain expressing the V. cholerae haem receptor, HutA. Analysis of the hut genes indicated that hutBCD, which are predicted to encode a periplasmic binding protein (HutB) and cytoplasmic membrane permease (HutC and HutD), were required to reconstitute the V. cholerae haem transport system in E. coli. In V. cholerae, the presence of hutBCD stimulated growth when haemin was the iron source, but these genes were not essential for haemin utilization in V. cholerae.
Successful Selective Nonoperative Management of Abdominal Gunshot Wounds Despite Low Penetrating Trauma Volumes

Objective To determine whether selective nonoperative management of abdominal gunshot wounds (AGSW) is safe in trauma centers with a low volume of penetrating trauma. Design Retrospective study. Setting Academic level 1 trauma center with approximately 10% penetrating trauma. Patients All patients with anterior and posterior AGSW (January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2009), excluding tangential injuries, transfers, and deaths in the emergency department. Patients with hemodynamic instability or peritonitis received an urgent laparotomy. The remaining patients had selective nonoperative management. A delayed laparotomy was offered for worsening symptoms or worrisome computed tomography findings. Main Outcome Measures Hospital stay, complications, and mortality. Results Of 125 AGSW patients, 38 (30%) were initially managed by selective nonoperative management (25 of 99 anterior and 13 of 26 posterior AGSW patients). Seven selective nonoperative management patients received delayed laparotomy as late as 11 hours after admission. At the end, 30 of the 125 patients (24%) were successfully managed without an operation (20 of 99 anterior and 10 of 26 posterior AGSW patients). There were no predictors of delayed laparotomy and no complications or mortality attributed to it. Ten patients (8%) had a nontherapeutic laparotomy, and 3 of them developed complications. Conclusions Selective nonoperative management of AGSW is feasible and safe in trauma centers with low penetrating trauma volumes. Nearly 1 in 4 AGSW patients does not need a laparotomy, and nontherapeutic laparotomies are associated with complications. The volume of AGSW per se should not be an excuse for routine laparotomies. These data become particularly important because penetrating trauma volumes are decreasing around the country.
Effect of Moisture and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete

Abstract Concrete mechanical properties are determined under laboratory conditions of ideal air temperatures between 20 and 22 °C and relative humidity between 40% and 60%. This paper describes the development of concrete mechanical properties when cured under different environmental conditions. Tests to measure modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and split tensile strength were conducted at varying temperatures and humidity conditions to examine their effects on normal concrete. An environmental chamber was constructed in the laboratory using available materials. The chamber works in conjunction with a freezer to provide chilled air and a heat gun to provide hot air. The heating and cooling functions were controlled via a microcontroller. The moisture content in the concrete specimens was controlled by massing the specimens. The results indicate that concrete strength and modulus of elasticity are inversely related to temperature as well as moisture content in the concrete. Concrete modulus of elasticity was directly related to concrete compressive strength in both temperature and moisture testing. Mathematical formulas were developed for modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, tensile strength, and Poisson’s ratio.
Desvenlafaxine may accelerate neuronal maturation in the dentate gyri of adult male rats.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been linked to the effects of anti-depressant drugs on behavior in rodent models of depression. To explore this link further, we tested whether the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine impacted adult hippocampal neurogenesis differently than its primary active SNRI metabolite desvenlafaxine. Adult male Long Evans rats (n=5–6 per group) were fed vehicle, venlafaxine (0.5 or 5 mg) or desvenlafaxine (0.5 or 5 mg) twice daily for 16 days. Beginning the third day of drug treatment, the rats were given a daily bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; 50 mg/kg) injection for 5 days to label dividing cells and then perfused 2 weeks after the first BrdU injection to confirm total new hippocampal cell numbers and their phenotypes. The high desvenlafaxine dose increased total new BrdU + cell number and appeared to accelerate neuronal maturation because fewer BrdU + cells expressed maturing neuronal phenotypes and more expressed mature neuronal phenotypes in the dentate gyri of these versus vehicle-treated rats. While net neurogenesis was not increased in the dentate gyri of rats treated with the high desvenlafaxine dose, significantly more mature neurons were detected. Our data expand the body of literature showing that antidepressants impact adult neurogenesis by stimulating NPC proliferation and perhaps the survival of neuronal progeny and by showing that a high dose of the SNRI antidepressant desvenlafaxine, but neither a high nor low venlafaxine dose, may also accelerate neuronal maturation in the adult rat hippocampus. These data support the hypothesis that hippocampal neurogenesis may indeed serve as a biomarker of depression and the effects of antidepressant treatment, and may be informative for developing novel fast-acting antidepressant strategies.
Aranimermis aptispicula n. g., n. sp. (Mermithidae: Nematoda), a parasite of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida)

Aranimermis aptispicula n. g., n. sp. (Mermithidae: Nematoda) was found parasitizing spiders (Arachnida: Araneida) of several genera in Alabama, USA. This is the first description of adult mermithids from this group of hosts. Parasitized spiders were attracted to water when the parasites were ready to emerge. The shape of the vagina and spicules are unique and separate Aranimermis from other genera in the Mermithidae. ac]19840704
Transient Heat Transfer From a Particle With Arbitrary Shape and Motion

A singular perturbation analysis and Green's second theorem are used in order to obtain a general expression for the heat transfer from a particle at low Peclet numbers, when advection and conduction are heat transfer modes of comparable magnitude. The particle may have arbitrary shape, and its motion in the fluid is not constrained to be Stokesian. In the ensuring analysis, the governing equations for the temperature fields at short and long times are derived. The expressions are combined to yield a general equation for the temperature field and for the total rate of heat transfer. The final results for the rate of heat transfer demonstrate the existence of history integral, whose kernel decays faster than the typical history integrals of the purely conduction regime. As applications of the general results, analytical expressions for the Nusselt number are derived in the case of a sphere undergoing a step temperature change
Systematic approach to diagnosis and management of biphasic insulin allergy with local anti-inflammatory agents.

In this report, we present a patient with a rarely encountered form of biphasic insulin allergy refractory to a conventional desensitization procedure. We describe a systematic approach to this clinical problem with a set of insulin preparations containing antihistamine and/or corticosteroid to verify the type of hypersensitivity reaction and identify treatment options.The approach taken here may be of use for patients with similar conditions who require insulin for adequate diabetic management but who would otherwise be forced to discontinue insulin because of allergic reactions.
Fabrication and Characterization of Ionic Conducting Nanofibers

The electrospinning method was used to fabricate nanostructures of Nafion-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Nafion-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Depending on the ratio between the two polymers, nanospheres and/or nanofibers could be obtained in a reproducible manner. The Nafion-PVA mats were found to be more conductive than the Nafion-PEO ones, possibly because of their better mechanical properties when swollen by water. The fiber morphology was always found to be more conductive than the sphere morphology. However, all electrospun mats presented ionic conductivities slightly lower than extruded Nafion 115 or Nafion-PVA cast films.
An Automated Approach to Grammar Recovery for a Dialect of the C++ Language

In this paper we present the design and implementation of a fully automated technique for reverse engineering or recovering a grammar from existing language artifacts. The technique that we describe uses only test cases and a parse tree, and we apply the technique to a dialect of the C++ language. However, given test cases and a parse tree for a language or a dialect of a language, our technique can be used to recover a grammar for the language, including languages such as Java, C, Python or Ruby.
A focus on the synapse for neuroprotection in Alzheimer disease and other dementias

Synaptic dysfunction and failure are processes that occur early in Alzheimer disease (AD) and are important targets for protective treatments to slow AD progression and preserve cognitive and functional abilities. Synaptic loss is the best current pathologic correlate of cognitive decline, and synaptic dysfunction is evident long before synapses and neurons are lost. Once synaptic function fails, even in the setting of surviving neurons, there may be little chance of effectively interfering with the disease process. This review emphasizes the importance of preserving synaptic structure and function (i.e., “synaptoprotection”) in AD. Such “synaptoprotective” therapy will probably need to be administered at a critical early time point, perhaps years before onset of clinical symptoms.
The Sexual Division of Labor, Sexuality, and Lesbian/Gay Liberation: Toward a Marxist-Feminist Analysis of Sexuality in U.S. Capitalism

This paper explores the ways in which economic forces have contributed to the social construction of sexuality in the 19th-20th-century United States. It centers on the institution of the sexual division of labor, which is shown to construct both heterosexual marriage, as well as homosexual relations of differing types. The breakdown of the sexual division of labor in the 20th-century is shown to be related to the rise of the lesbian/gay liberation and feminist movements.