cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The chemometric resolution and quantification of overlapped peaks form comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography

The chemometric resolution and quantification of overlapped peaks from comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography (LCxLC) data are demonstrated. The LCxLC data is produced from an in-house LCxLC analyzer that couples an anion-exchange column via a multi-port valve with a reversed-phase column connected to a UV absorbance detector. Three test mixtures, each containing a target analyte, are subjected to partial LCxLC separations to simulate likely cases of signal overlap. The resulting unresolved target-analyte signals are then analyzed by the standard-addition method and two chemometric methods. The LCxLC analyses of a test mixture and its corresponding standard-addition mixture results in two data matrices, one for each mixture. The stacking of these two data matrices produces a data structure that can then be analyzed by trilinear chemometric methods. One method, the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM), uses a non-iterative eigenvalue-based approach to mathematically resolve overlapped trilinear signals. The other method, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), uses an iterative approach to resolve trilinear signals by the optimization of initial estimates using alternating least squares and signal constraints. In this paper, GRAM followed by PARAFAC analysis is shown to produce better qualitative and quantitative results than using each method separately. For instance, for all three test mixtures, the GRAM-PARAFAC approach improved quantitative accuracy by at least a factor of 4 and quantitative precision by more than 2 when compared to GRAM alone. This paper also introduces a new means of correcting run-to-run retention time shifts in comprehensive 2D chromatographic data.
Genetic diseases: Diagnosis by restriction endonuclease analysis*

We have summarized a number of different genetic disorders which can be diagnosed at the DNA level using restriction endonuclease fragment analysis. A whole spectrum of defects can be recognized: point mutations, deletions, additions, and crossing-over products or hybrid genes. These same restriction endonuclease techniques can enable different genes to be marked by polymorphism patterns. Thus, abnormal genes can be identified even if their exact DNA lesion is unknown or cannot be directly detected. The progress that has been made with the hemoglobinopathies and the experience from this group of single gene disorders should find application to other diseases as soon as specific probes become available.
Gastrointestinal Histoplasmosis in Children

Abstract Three children with documented gastrointestinal histoplasmosis are presented and the pertinent literature reviewed. One of the patients had coexistent active histoplasmosis and coccidiomycosis. In each case operation was necessary for management of emergent complications. In two of the patients, the enteritis resembled Crohn's disease both grossly and radiographically. These cases demonstrate the need for considering histoplasmosis as a cause of abdominal complaints, especially in endemic areas. They also document the effectiveness of Amphotericin B in treatment of gastrointestinal histoplasmosis.
Dechlorination of chlorophenols found in pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents by advanced oxidation processes.

Abstract Studies were conducted on the response of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol ( 1 ), 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-phenol ( 2 ) and 4,5-dichloroguaiacol ( 3 ) toward advanced oxidation processes, such as UV-, O 2 /UV-, H 2 O 2 /UV-, O 3 /UV- and O 3 –H 2 O 2 /UV-photolyses with irradiation of 254 nm photons. The compounds 1–3 are among the chlorophenols found in the Kraft-pulp bleach plant E-1 effluents. The studies were extended to treatment of these compounds with ozonation and O 3 –H 2 O 2 oxidation systems in alkaline aqueous solution. Except for the O 2 /UV-photolysis of 1 and H 2 O 2 /UV-photolysis of 2 , the dechlorination of 1–3 by O 2 /UV- and H 2 O 2 /UV-potolyses were less effective than the corresponding N 2 /UV-potolysis of 1–3 . Guaiacol-type chlorophenols were more readily able to undergo dechlorination than non-guaiacol type chlorophenols by N 2 /UV-, O 2 /UV- and H 2 O 2 /UV-potolyses. In addition, the efficiency for the dechlorination of 1–3 by N 2 /UV-, O 2 /UV- and H 2 O 2 /UV-potolyses appeared to be dependent upon the inductive and resonance effects of substituents as well as number and position of chlorine substituent in the aromatic ring of the compounds. The dechlorination of 2 by treatment with O 3 alone is slightly more effective than the corresponding the O 3 /UV-photlysis, whereas the dechlorination of 2 by treatment with the combination of O 3 and H 2 O 2 was slightly less effective than the corresponding O 3 –H 2 O 2 /UV-photolysis. In contrast, the dechlorination of 3 on treatment with O 3 alone was slightly less effective than the corresponding the O 3 /UV-photolysis, whereas the dechlorination of 3 on treatment with the combination of O 3 and H 2 O 2 was slightly more effective than the corresponding the O 3 –H 2 O 2 /UV-photolysis. In the dechlorination of 2 and 3 , chemical species derived from ozone and hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution were dominant reactions in the O 3 /UV- and O 3 –H 2 O 2 /UV-photolysis systems as in the O 3 and O 3 –H 2 O 2 oxidation systems. Possible dechlorination mechanisms involved were discussed on the basis of kinetic data.
Calmodulin-mediated activation of Akt regulates survival of c-Myc-overexpressing mouse mammary carcinoma cells.

c-Myc-overexpressing mammary epithelial cells are proapoptotic; their survival is strongly promoted by epidermal growth factor (EGF). We now demonstrate that EGF-induced Akt activation and survival in transgenic mouse mammary tumor virus-c-Myc mouse mammary carcinoma cells are both calcium/calmodulin-dependent. Akt activation is abolished by the phospholipase C-γ inhibitor U-73122, by the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, and by the specific calmodulin antagonist W-7. These results implicate calcium/calmodulin in the activation of Akt in these cells. In addition, Akt activation by serum and insulin is also inhibited by W-7. EGF-induced and calcium/calmodulin-mediated Akt activation occurs in both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic mouse and human mammary epithelial cells, independent of their overexpression of c-Myc. These results imply that calcium/calmodulin may be a common regulator of Akt activation, irrespective of upstream receptor activator, mammalian species, and transformation status in mammary epithelial cells. However, only c-Myc-overexpressing mouse mammary carcinoma cells (but not normal mouse mammary epithelial cells) undergo apoptosis in the presence of the calmodulin antagonist W-7, indicating the vital selective role of calmodulin for survival of these cells. Calcium/calmodulin-regulated Akt activation is mediated directly by neither calmodulin kinases nor phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase). Pharmacological inhibitors of calmodulin kinase kinase and calmodulin kinases II and III do not inhibit EGF-induced Akt activation, and calmodulin antagonist W-7 does not inhibit phosphotyrosine-associated PI-3 kinase activation. Akt is, however, co-immunoprecipitated with calmodulin in an EGF-dependent manner, which is inhibited by calmodulin antagonist W-7. We conclude that calmodulin may serve a vital regulatory function to direct the localization of Akt to the plasma membrane for its activation by PI-3 kinase.
Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of 8- through 10-year-old white- and African-American boys

The purpose of this study was to determine the typical speaking fundamental frequencies (SFF) and the standard deviations of the SFF (pitch sigmas) of African-American boys in comparison to white-American boys. A group of 90 boys, 45 from each racial group, aged 8 through 10 years, were recorded as they read a passage and as they described a picture. Analysis of these recordings indicated that no significant differences occurred among any of the groups for modal SFF. The across-race analysis of pitch sigma revealed that the 9- and 10-year-old African-American boys exhibited significantly greater variability in comparison to the age-matched white boys. When the pitch sigma data were analyzed within race, the 10-year-old African-American boys exhibited significantly greater variability than the younger African-American boys, while no differences were found among the white boys.
The glm log-rank test:general linear modeling of log-rank scores as a method of analysis for survival data

The use of general linear modeling (GLM) procedures based on log-rank scores is proposed for the analysis of survival data and compared to standard survival analysis procedures. For the comparison of two groups, this approach performed similarly to the traditional log-rank test. In the case of more complicated designs - without ties in the survival times - the approach was only marginally less powerful than tests from proportional hazards models, and clearly less powerful than a likelihood ratio test for a fully parametric model; however, with ties in the survival time, the approach proved more powerful than tests from Cox's semi-parametric proportional hazards procedure. The method appears to provide a reasonably powerful alternative for the analysis of survival data, is easily used in complicated study designs, avoids (semi-)parametric assumptions, and is quite computationally easy and inexpensive to employ.
PolyNOC — A polymorphic thread simulator for NoC communication based embedded systems

Integration of multiple processing cores and variegated custom hardware functional units in recent embedded system chips favor network-on-chip (NOC) communication architecture for optimal utilization of these components by applications. Application design paradigms for such embedded systems should aim to improve the overall user experience of the system instead of optimizing traditional design parameters such as power, speed or some combination of these. In this paper, a user satisfaction model is used to capture user experience for multimedia applications in an NOC based embedded system simulation tool. User satisfaction based scheduling for polymorphic implementation of video and audio application is compared against FCFS and EDF scheduling policies. Experiments demonstrate that polymorphism is an effective technique for optimal utilization of NOC resources that results in improved user satisfaction.
Role of Dimerization of the Membrane-associated Growth Factor Kit Ligand in Juxtacrine Signaling: The Sl17H Mutation Affects Dimerization and Stability—Phenotypes in Hematopoiesis

The Kit ligand (KL)/Kit receptor pair functions in hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis. KL is encoded at the murine steel (Sl) locus and encodes a membrane growth factor which may be proteolytically processed to produce soluble KL. The membrane-associated form of KL is critical in mediating Kit function in vivo. Evidence for a role of cytoplasmic domain sequences of KL comes from the Sl17H mutation, a splice site mutation that replaces the cytoplasmic domain with extraneous amino acids. Using deletion mutants and the Sl17H allele, we have investigated the role of the cytoplasmic domain sequences of KL in biosynthetic processing and cell surface presentation. The normal KL protein products are processed for cell surface expression, where they form dimers. Both Sl17H and the cytoplasmic deletion mutants of KL were processed to the cell surface; however, the rate of transport and protein stability were affected by the mutations. Deletion of cytoplasmic domain sequences of KL did not affect dimerization of KL. In contrast, dimerization of the Sl17H protein was reduced substantially. In addition, we have characterized the hematopoietic cell compartment in Sl17H mutant mice. The Sl17H mutation has only minor effects on hematopoiesis. Tissue and peritoneal mast cell numbers were reduced in mutant mice as well as in myeloid progenitors. Interestingly, long-term bone marrow cultures from Sl17H mice did not sustain the long-term production of hematopoietic cells. In addition, homing of normal hematopoietic progenitors to the spleen of irradiated Sl17H/Sl17H recipient mice was diminished in transplantation experiments, providing evidence for a role of Kit in homing or lodging. These results demonstrate that the membrane forms of KL exist as homodimers on the cell surface and that dimerization may play an important role in KL/Kit-mediated juxtacrine signaling.
A parametric study on probabilistic fracture of functionally graded composites by a concurrent multiscale method

This article reports the results of a parametric study on the fracture behavior of a crack in functionally graded materials. The study involves stochastic descriptions of particle and void numbers; location, size, and orientation characteristics; and constituent elastic properties; a concurrent multiscale model for calculating crack-driving forces; and Monte Carlo simulation for fracture reliability analysis. A level-cut, inhomogeneous, filtered Poisson field describes the statistically inhomogeneous microstructures of graded composites. Numerical results for an edge-cracked, graded specimen show that the particle shape and orientation for the same phase volume fractions have negligible effects on fracture reliability, even for graded materials with a high modular ratio. However, voids and the particle gradation parameter, if they exist or increase, can significantly raise the probability of fracture initiation. Limited crack-propagation simulations in graded composites containing brittle particles reveal that the fracture toughness of the matrix material can significantly influence the likelihood or the extent of crack growth.
What do we mean by accuracy in geomagnetic measurements

Abstract High accuracy is what distinguishes measurements made at the world's magnetic observatories from other types of geomagnetic measurements. High accuracy in determining the absolute values of the components of the Earth's magnetic field is essential to studying geomagnetic secular variation and processes at the core mantle boundary, as well as some magnetospheric processes. In some applications of geomagnetic data, precision (or resolution) of measurements may also be important. In addition to accuracy and resolution in the amplitude domain, it is necessary to consider these same quantities in the frequency and space domains. New developments in geomagnetic instruments and communications make real-time, high accuracy, global geomagnetic observatory data sets a real possibility. There is a growing realization in the scientific community of the unique relevance of geomagnetic observatory data to the principal contemporary problems in solid Earth and space physics. Together, these factors provide the promise of a ‘renaissance’ of the world's geomagnetic observatory system.
Category construction in preschool-aged children: The use of correlated attributes

We asked whether 3- and 4-year-old children structure new categories around clusters of correlated attributes, and whether such categories are derived through selective attention to attributes that are correlated or as a byproduct of sensitivity to overall similarity relations. Artificial animal categories were used. Sets of six exemplars were constructed in such a way that equal-sized categories could be formed on the basis of a pair of correlated attributes, or on the basis of either of two independently varying attributes. In Experiment 1, children were shown an array of six exemplars and asked to pick three that were from the same category as a standard. In Experiment 2, children were asked to indicate category membership through a series of yes/no judgments. Both 3- and 4-year-olds selected attributes that were correlated over attributes that varied independently as the basis for their category judgments. Categories appeared to be derived through attention to correlated attributes per se and not as a byproduct of sensitivity to overall similarity.
Bounds on the performance of a heuristic to schedule precedence-related jobs on parallel machines

We propose a heuristic procedure that constructs a schedule for N unit jobs with arbitrary precedence on m identical processors in parallel. The criterion is the minimization of the total weighted completion times. The procedure translates the optimal solution on one processor into a solution on the m-processors. Two bounds on the worst-ease performance of the procedure are derived, with the second being the stronger of the two, but at the expense of requiring slightly more computing effort. In view of the fact that the one-processor solutions may be hard to obtain, the proposed heuristic is applied to one processor near optimal solutions and the experimental results presented indicate that the heuristic performs equally well.
The sigE Gene Is Required for Normal Expression of Heterocyst-Specific Genes in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120†

ABSTRACT The filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. strain PCC 7120 produces specialized cells for nitrogen fixation called heterocysts. Previous work showed that the group 2 sigma factor sigE (alr4249; previously called sigF) is upregulated in differentiating heterocysts 16 h after nitrogen step-down. We now show that the sigE gene is required for normal heterocyst development and normal expression levels of several heterocyst-specific genes. Mobility shift assays showed that the transcription factor NtcA binds to sites in the upstream region of sigE and that this binding is enhanced by 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG). Deletions of the region containing the NtcA binding sites in PsigE-gfp reporter plasmids showed that the sites contribute to normal developmental regulation but are not essential for upregulation in heterocysts. Northern RNA blot analysis of nifH mRNA revealed delayed and reduced transcript levels during heterocyst differentiation in a sigE mutant background. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses of the sigE mutant showed lower levels of transcripts for nifH, fdxH, and hglE2 but normal levels for hupL. We developed a PnifHD-gfp reporter construct that showed strong heterocyst-specific expression. Time-lapse microscopy of the PnifHD-gfp reporter in a sigE mutant background showed delayed development and undetectable green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence. Overexpression of sigE caused accelerated heterocyst development, an increased heterocyst frequency, and premature expression of GFP fluorescence from the PnifHD-gfp reporter.
Synthesis and GC–MS analysis of angelates and tiglates as an aid to identification of these components in essential oils

One-hundred-and-forty-one angelates and tiglates were synthesized and their Kovats retention indices and mass spectra are presented. It is anticipated that the publication of these data will aid in the identification of angelates and tiglates from natural sources.
Vibrational mode-softening of alkanes on clean and modified Cu and Mo surfaces: absence of a simple correlation with thermal desorption temperatures

Although the strength of the CH…M interactions between alkanes and metal surfaces has often been correlated with the vibrational frequencies of so-called “softened” ν(CH) modes, this correlation is still considered to be controversial in many cases. In this letter, we report vibrational and thermal desorption results to demonstrate that there is no simple correlation between the softened ν(CH) frequencies and the thermal desorption temperatures of hydrocarbon molecules on Cu and Mo surfaces. In order to determine whether general trends exist, we have performed systematic studies in which we varied the nature of both alkane molecules and metal substrates. We have compared the degree of CH mode softening for different types of hydrocarbons, including linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes. We have also studied the effect of varying the substrate symmetry by comparing the adsorption of cyclohexane on Cu(100), Cu(110), and Cu(111). Furthermore, we have investigated the effect of chemical modification on the extent of mode softening by comparing the adsorption of normal cyclohexane (C6H12) on Cu(111) and Cu3Pt(111), and of deuterated cyclohexane (C6D12) on Mo(110) and carbide-modified Mo(110).
Recomputing Materialized Instances after Changes to Mappings and Data

A major challenge faced by today's information systems is that of evolution as data usage evolves or new data resources become available. Modern organizations sometimes exchange data with one another via declarative mappings among their databases, as in data exchange and collaborative data sharing systems. Such mappings are frequently revised and refined as new data becomes available, new cross-reference tables are created, and corrections are made. A fundamental question is how to handle changes to these mapping definitions, when the organizations each materialize the results of applying the mappings to the available data. We consider how to incrementally recompute these database instances in this setting, reusing (if possible) previously computed instances to speed up computation. We develop a principled solution that performs cost-based exploration of recomputation versus reuse, and simultaneously handles updates to source data and mapping definitions through a single, unified mechanism. Our solution also takes advantage of provenance information, when present, to speed up computation even further. We present an implementation that takes advantage of an off-the-shelf DBMS's query processing system, and we show experimentally that our approach provides substantial performance benefits.
Relationships between blood ethanol levels and ethanol-induced changes in cortical EEG power spectra in the rat

Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with chronic cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes and/or intravenous cannulas. After acute ethanol administration, dose-dependent linear declines in blood ethanol concentration were found. Ethanol-induced increases in EEG spectral power in the 0 - 4 Hz band persisted long after blood ethanol levels and declined to zero; therefore, we found no correlation. Acute ethanol administration also produced an initial drop in 8 - 13 Hz spectral power. Then, as blood ethanol levels declined, 8 - 13 Hz spectral power increased toward normal; a significant negative linear correlation was found.
PULSED-LASER STIMULATED FIELD EVAPORATION OF SILICON A PHOTOEXCITATION EFFECT AND CLUSTER ION FORMATION*

Pulsed-laser stimulated field evaporation produces cluster ions of 3 to 16 atoms per cluster. The magic numbers are 4, 5, 6 and 13 which correspond to small, higly symmetric units of atoms in a Si crystal. A photoexcitation effect has also been found.
Chemical contamination of thin oxides and native silicon for use in modern device processing

The characterization of native oxide residuals and contaminants during the clean-up of silicon substrates prior to oxide growth is crucial for the development of accurate growth algorithms. Studies of contaminant concentrations based on Auger analysis are reported, showing carbon to be the critical contaminant. A critical etching time is established, for which carbon content and residual native oxide thickness are minimal. Variations in refractive index with etching period and native oxide thickness are also reported, showing an increase in refractive index with increase in native oxide thickness. These results should prove useful in improving the accuracy of ellipsometric techniques, and will aid in growth algorithm development.
764 SEVERAL SEROTYPES OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI AND REOVIRUS-LIKE AGENTS IN PEDIATRIC DIARRHEA

764 SEVERAL SEROTYPES OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC E. COLI AND REOVIRUS-LIKE AGENTS IN PEDIATRIC DIARRHEA
Central Retinal Vein Obstruction With Lipid Exudate

• Four patients with a central retinal vein obstruction associated with excessive deposits of hard exudate are described. When compared with a control group of 15 consecutive patients with a central retinal vein obstruction, those with large amounts of hard exudate were noted to have significantly elevated triglyceride levels, poorer visual acuity, and increased degrees of retinal ischemia on fluorescein angiography.
An interim relative sea surface for the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract An estimate has been constructed of the sea surface, relative to the geoid, in the North Atlantic. The basis of the estimate is the surface geostrophic velocity determined from an inverse solution for the general circulation. The result is broadly consistent with previous surfaces based upon reference levels and with estimates of the longshore, deep‐sea pressure gradients inferred from continental shelf measurements.
SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS OF THIOPHENOL ON GOLD AS A NOVEL SUBSTRATE FOR SURFACE-ENHANCED INFRARED ABSORPTION

A unique method of obtaining surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectra for chemicals that will not chemically attach to a metal surface has been investigated. Surface enhancements are greatest for molecules that bind to metals. In order to achieve greater enhancement for those analytes that do not bind to SEIRA metals, we have investigated self-assembled monolayers as a means of linking analytes to a gold substrate. Monolayers of thiophenol were formed onto sputter-coated gold-silicon substrates. Analytes were deposited onto the thiophenol-coated gold-silicon wafers, and external reflection SEIRA spectra were then measured. Enhancement factors as high as 30-fold compared to those for conventional SEIRA substrates are demonstrated. The self-assembled monolayers on gold substrates are shown to change both relative intensities and band positions of the adsorbed analyte. These intensity changes and frequency shifts show strong interaction of selected analytes with the self-assembled monolayer. This study of phthalates and nitrosubstituted aromatic compounds demonstrates the usefulness of the technique. Spectral changes evident through the use of the thiophenol monolayer are discussed. Index Headings: Surface-enhanced infrared absorption; SEIRA; Self-assembled monolayers; Thiophenol; Gold substrates.
Surface properties of asteroids - A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry

Surface compositions of 110 asteroids are analyzed using data obtained by polarimetry and visible and near-IR spectrophotometry. A comparison of albedos and diameters determined by polarimetry and radiometry indicates that a slight upward revision of the radiometric albedo scale is necessary. Reliable adopted albedos and diameters are presented for 56 objects, and rough diameters are obtained for 52 additional objects. More than 90% of the asteroids are shown to fall into two broad groups (C and S) which are compositionally similar to carbonaceous and stony meteorites, respectively. C-type asteroids are found to predominate in the asteroid belt, and the largest of these (Ceres, Pallas, Hygiea, Davida) may be metamorphosed. It is shown that Vesta may be the only differentiated asteroid remaining intact in the belt. The results support the conclusions that asteroids and meteorites have similar classes of mineral assemblages, but the distribution of asteroid types contrasts with the distribution of major meteorite types found on earth.
The melting behavior of trinitrotoluene nanoconfined in controlled pore glasses

The depression of the melting temperature and heat of fusion of trinitrotoluene (TNT) confined in the nanoscale pores of controlled pore glasses (CPG) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. 8, 12, 16, 35, and 70 nm pore size CPG were used in the experiment. Both the melting temperature and the heat of fusion of confined nanocrystals decreased with decreasing pore size, which is consistent with previous studies on other materials. When plotting the melting temperature depression as a function of reciprocal pore diameter, an excellent linear fit could be applied to the experimental data points. From the slope of this linear fit, the solid–liquid interface energy of TNT was calculated according to the Gibbs–Thomson equation and found equal to 22.1 ± 0.4 mJ m−2. This is in reasonable agreement with the values calculated from the empirical Turnbull equation and the liquid layer model.
Hypnotic Relaxation Therapy for Treatment of Hot Flashes Following Prostate Cancer Surgery: A Case Study

This case study reports on a 69-year-old African American male who presented with hot flashes following a diagnosis of prostate cancer and subsequent prostatectomy. Measures include both self-reported and physiologically measured hot flash frequency and sleep quality. The intervention involved 7 weekly sessions of hypnotic relaxation therapy directed toward alleviation of hot flashes. Posttreatment self-reported hot flashes decreased 94%; physiologically measured hot flashes decreased 100%; and sleep quality improved 87.5%. At week 12, both self-reported and physiologically measured hot flashes decreased 95% and sleep quality improved 37.5% over baseline, suggesting hypnotic relaxation therapy may be an effective intervention for men with hot flashes following treatment for prostate cancer.
Origins Of Second Stokes Generation

We have investigated the growth, the pulse energy statistics, the spatial modes, and the spectra of the first and second Stokes light generated in transient stimulated Raman self-generator experiments in hydrogen and deuterium. In particular, we have observed two distinct regions of second Stokes growth. The first region is characterized by a low signal level due to 4-wave mixing. The second region appears to be one of stimulated growth seeded by spontaneous scattering at the second Stokes wavelength, an assumption supported by the rapid growth of the second Stokes signal and the observation of pulse energy statistics indicative of growth from noise. We have measured the second Stokes threshold as a function of gas pressure. At high pressures the threshold is consistent with measured first Stokes thresholds, indicating that the second Stokes is not being seeded by the second Stokes light generated from 4-wave mixing and is due entirely to stimulated scattering from quantum noise. At lower pressures, however, the second Stokes threshold is lowered, indicating some seeding of the stimulated process due to 4-wave mixing. This change in the effectiveness of seeding may be caused by changes in the coherence length of the non-phase-matched 4-wave mixing signal as the pressure is changed. Measurements of the first Stokes spectrum indicates that there is substantial spectral broadening at pump energies corresponding to the second Stokes threshold. This spectral broadening is larger for higher pressures. We postulate that the spectral broadening and shift are due to the AC Stark effect and that this may also reduce effective seeding by 4-wave mixing due to spectral mismatches.
The influence of norethynodrel on sialic acid content of the rat submandibular gland.

The influence of norethynodrel (the major component of the oral contraceptive Enovid) on the sialic acid content of the rat submandibular gland was studied. Sialic acid content was greatly reduced 70 days after ovariectomy. Tabulated results show that norethynodrel injected subcutaneously in daily doses of .075 and 3 mg for 10 days increased the concentration of glandular sialic acid in both intact and ovariectomized rats with a greater response at 3-mg doses. Total sialic acid content increased despite a decrease in the absolute weight of the submandibular gland in intact and ovariectomized rats receiving 3-mg doses. Evidence indicates that sialic acid content of the submandibular glands is dependent on ovarian secretions and that responses to norethynodrel are due to its estrogenic properties as revealed in its capacity to increase uterine weight in ovariectomized rats (from 75 mg for control rats to 237 mg at the 3-mg dosage).
Quadratic function fields with invariant class group

Abstract Emil Artin studied quadratic extensions of k ( x ) where k is a prime field of odd characteristic. He showed that there are only finitely many such extensions in which the ideal class group has exponent two and the infinite prime does not decompose. The main result of this paper is: If K is a quadratic imaginary extension of k ( x ) of genus G , where k is a finite field of order q , in which the infinite prime of k ( x ) ramifies, and if the ideal class group has exponent 2, then q = 9, 7, 5, 4, 3, or 2 and G ≤ 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, and 8, respectively. The method of Artin's proof gives G ≤ 13, 9, and 9724 for q = 7, 5, and 3, respectively. If the infinite prime is inert in K , both the methods of this paper and Artin's methods give bounds on the genus that are roughly double those in the ramified case.
Corticosterone: a critical factor in an opioid form of stress-induced analgesia

The finding that some opioid-mediated forms of stress-induced analgesia are antagonized by hypophysectomy and dexamethasone has led to the suggestion that beta-endorphin, released from the pituitary, may mediate these analgesic reactions. "Long-term analgesia" (an opioid-mediated form of stress-induced analgesia), which is blocked by dexamethasone and hypophysectomy, was also blocked by adrenalectomy and reinstated with corticosterone therapy. Corticosterone is proposed to play a permissive role in long-term analgesia and to be a critical hormone mediating this phenomenon.
PH-Independent, 520 mV open-circuit voltages of Si/methyl viologen 2+/+ contacts through use of radial n+p-Si junction microwire array photoelectrodes

The effects of introducing an n^+-doped emitter layer have been evaluated for both planar Si photoelectrodes and for radial junction Si microwire-array photoelectrodes. In contact with the pH-independent, one-electron, outer-sphere, methyl viologen redox system (denoted MV^(2+/+)), both planar and wire array p-Si photoelectrodes yielded open-circuit voltages, V_(oc), that varied with the pH of the solution. The highest V_(oc) values were obtained at pH = 2.9, with V_(oc) = 0.53 V for planar p-Si electrodes and V_(oc) = 0.42 V for vapor−liquid−solid catalyzed p-Si microwire array samples, under 60 mW cm^(−2) of 808 nm illumination. Increases in the pH of the electrolyte produced a decrease in V_(oc) by approximately −44 mV/pH unit for planar electrodes, with similar trends observed for the Si microwire array electrodes. In contrast, introduction of a highly doped, n^+ emitter layer produced V_(oc) = 0.56 V for planar Si electrodes and V_(oc) = 0.52 V for Si microwire array electrodes, with the photoelectrode properties in each system being essentially independent of pH over six pH units (3 < pH < 9). Hence, formation of an n^+ emitter layer not only produced nearly identical photovoltages for planar and Si microwire array photoelectrodes, but decoupled the band energetics of the semiconductor (and hence the obtainable photovoltage) from the value of the redox potential of the solution. The formation of radial junctions on Si microwire arrays thus provides an approach to obtaining Si-based photoelectrodes with high-photovoltages that can be used for a variety of photoelectrochemical processes, including potentially the hydrogen evolution reaction, under various pH conditions, regardless of the intrinsic barrier height and flat-band properties of the Si/liquid contact.
Room-temperature negative differential resistance in strained-layer GaAs-AlGaAs-InGaAs quantum well heterostructures

We report the first room‐temperature experimental observation of negative differential resistance in a strained‐layer double barrier resonant tunneling structure. Room‐temperature negative differential resistance (peak‐to‐valley ratio=1.4) was observed in GaAs‐AlGaAs‐InxGa1−xAs‐AlGaAs‐GaAs structure for indium compositions as high as x=0.09. We show that the onset of negative differential resistance can be adjusted by varying only the indium composition while holding all the other design parameters constant.
Building a research agenda: responding to the needs of Community and Migrant Health Centers.

: This article summarizes the results of an invitational conference designed to establish a research agenda for collaborative projects involving university-based health services researchers and staff (administrative and clinical) from Community and Migrant Health Centers (CIMHCs). More research related to CIMHCs needs to be developed, preferably by collaborative teams of researchers and CIMHC personnel. Specific research ideas are summarized, and five more detailed research proposals are presented. This is an especially important area that needs work, given the changes taking place in health care finance and the impacts of those changes on CIMHCs.
Shear Damage Mechanisms in a Woven, Nicalon‐Reinforced Ceramic‐Matrix Composite

The shear response of a Nicalon-reinforced ceramic-matrix composite was investigated using Iosipescu tests. Damage was characterized by X-ray, optical, and SEM techniques. The large inelastic strains which were observed were attributed to rigid body sliding of longitudinal blocks of material. These blocks are created by the development and extension of intralaminar cracks and ply delaminations. This research reveals that the debonding and sliding characteristics of the fiber-matrix interface control the shear strength, strain softening, and cyclic degradation of the material.
Understanding the alloresponse: New approaches to graft-versus-host disease prevention

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been the primary limitation to the wider application of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). GVHD occurs when donor T cells react to host antigens on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and attack host tissues, with sequential activation of donor T cells and monocytes/macrophages. The net effects of dysregulated cytokine production in this complex system are the severe inflammatory manifestations that we recognize as clinical acute GVHD. Long-term outcomes are also adversely affected by chronic GVHD, which has distinctive clinical and pathologic manifestations that mimic autoimmune disease, although its exact pathogenesis remains ambiguous. The ultimate goal for preventing GVHD is the induction of specific tolerance to host antigens, thereby maintaining favorable aspects of donor immunity. Tolerance may be achieved by costimulatory blockade, deletion of activated cells, suppression by regulatory T cells, and immune deviation. This report will focus on these mechanisms as they relate to the pathophysiology of acute GVHD.
Surface Microbes in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Changes with Routine Cleaning and over Time

Premature infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are highly susceptible to infection due to the immaturity of their immune systems, and nosocomial infections are a significant risk factor for death and poor neurodevelopmental outcome in this population. To investigate the impact of cleaning within a NICU, a high-throughput short-amplicon-sequencing approach was used to profile bacterial and fungal surface communities before and after cleaning. Intensive cleaning of surfaces in contact with neonates decreased the total bacterial load and the percentage of Streptococcus species with similar trends for total fungal load and Staphylococcus species; this may have clinical relevance since staphylococci and streptococci are the most common causes of nosocomial NICU infections. Surfaces generally had low levels of other taxa containing species that commonly cause nosocomial infections (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae) that were not significantly altered with cleaning. Several opportunistic yeasts were detected in the NICU environment, demonstrating that these NICU surfaces represent a potential vector for spreading fungal pathogens. These results underline the importance of routine cleaning as a means of managing the microbial ecosystem of NICUs and of future opportunities to minimize exposures of vulnerable neonates to potential pathogens and to use amplicon-sequencing tools for microbial surveillance and hygienic testing in hospital environments.
The functional morphology of the anterior masticatory apparatus in tree‐gouging marmosets (cebidae, primates)

Although all genera of Callitrichinae feed on tree exudates, marmosets (Callithrix and Cebuella) use specialized anterior teeth to gouge holes in trees and actively stimulate exudate flow. Behavioral studies demonstrate that marmosets use large jaw gapes but do not appear to generate large bite forces (relative to maximal ability) during gouging. Nonetheless, the anterior teeth of marmosets likely experience different loads during gouging compared to nongouging platyrrhines. We use histological data from sectioned teeth, μCTs of jaws and teeth, and in vitro tests of symphyseal strength to compare the anterior masticatory apparatus in Callithrix to nongouging tamarins (Saguinus) and other cebids. We test the hypotheses that (1) marmoset anterior teeth are adapted to accommodate relatively high stresses linked to dissipating gouging forces and (2) the mandibular symphysis does not provide increased load resistance ability compared with closely related nongouging platyrrhines. Differences in decussation between Callithrix and Saguinus are greatest in the anterior teeth, suggesting an increased load resistance ability specifically in incisor and canine enamel of Callithrix. Callithrix lower incisor crowns are labiolingually thicker suggesting increased bending resistance in this plane and improved wedging ability compared with Saguinus. Anterior tooth roots are larger relative to symphyseal bone volume in Callithrix. Anterior tooth root surface areas also are larger in marmosets for their symphyseal volume, but it remains unclear whether this relative increase is an adaptation for dissipating dental stresses versus a growth-related byproduct of relatively elongated incisors. Finally, simulated jaw loading suggests a reduced ability to withstand external forces in the Callithrix symphysis. The contrast between increased load resistance ability in the anterior dentition versus relatively reduced symphyseal strength (1) suggests a complex loading environment during gouging, (2) highlights the possibility of distinct loading patterns in the anterior teeth versus the symphysis, and (3) points to a potential mosaic pattern of dentofacial adaptations to tree gouging.
Trade Secrets as Private Property: Their Constitutional Protection

Trade secrets are an important form of property that receive constitutional protection against government expropriation under the takings clause. That level of protection is in the first instance determined by the nature of the taking. The common view is that trade secrets as intangible property can only be subject to a regulatory taking, so that the government actions are judged under a lenient rational basis standard. But this analysis is incorrect when the government not only restricts the way in which the holder of a trade secret may use its property, but also requires its disclosure to the world at large, for which a standard of strict scrutiny is appropriate. Once that is done, then the health and safety justifications for the particular disclosure, as well as the compensation, if any, provided have to be looked at more closely. Judged by this standard, the requirements for sharing trade secrets for pesticides governed by federal environmental statutes that was accepted in Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto should pass muster, but the efforts of Massachusetts for force disclosure of trade secrets about flavoring additives in cigarettes was correctly struck down Philip Morris v. Reilly, albeit not by treating it as a government occupation, but by ratcheting up scrutiny for regulatory takings as applied to intangibles.
An encapsulted dumbbell model for concentrated polymer solutions and melts I. Theoretical development and constitutive equation

Abstract The finitely extensible nonlinear elastic (FENE) dumbbell model used earlier for dilute polymer solutions may also be used for concentrated solutions and melts if the Brownian motion and hydrodynamic forces acting on the beads are made nonisotropic. This corresponds roughly to imagining that a dumbbell is constrained to move within a capsule-shaped region embedded in the surrounding fluid. The constitutive equation obtained (a modified convected Maxwell model) contains four parameters: σ and β specify the extent of anisotropy in Stokes' law and in the Brownian motion forces respectively; λ is a time constant; and b describes the finite extensibility of the dumbbell. When σ and β are set equal to unity, the dilute-solution constitutive equation is recovered. In this sense the molecular theory given here permits a description of polymeric liquids over the entire concentration range.
A Survey of Research in Deliberative Real-Time Artificial Intelligence

This paper surveys recent research in deliberative real-time artificial intelligence (AI). Major areas of study have beenanytime algorithms, approximate processing, and large system architectures. We describe several systems in each of these areas, focusing both on progress within the field, and the costs, benefits and interactions among different problem and algorithm complexity limitations used in the surveyed work.
Resisting ‘globalisation‐from‐above’ through ‘globalisation‐from‐below’

(1997). Resisting ‘globalisation‐from‐above’ through ‘globalisation‐from‐below’. New Political Economy: Vol. 2, Globlisation and the politics of resistance, pp. 17-24.
Posttranscriptional Control of Microbe-Induced Rearrangement of Host Cell Actin

ABSTRACT Remodeling of the host cytoskeleton is a common strategy employed by bacterial pathogens. Although there is vigorous investigation of the cell biology underlying these bacterially mediated cytoskeleton modifications, knowledge of the plasticity and dynamics of the bacterial signaling networks that regulate the expression of genes necessary for these phenotypes is lacking. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli attaches to enterocytes, forming pedestal-like structures. Pedestal formation requires the expression of the locus-of-enterocyte-effacement (LEE) and espFu genes. The LEE encodes a molecular syringe, a type III secretion system (T3SS) used by pathogens to translocate effectors such as EspFu into the host cell. By using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and cell biology approaches, we show that pedestal formation relies on posttranscriptional regulation by two small RNAs (sRNAs), GlmY and GlmZ. The GlmY and GlmZ sRNAs are unique; they have extensive secondary structures and work in concert. Although these sRNAs may offer unique insights into RNA and posttranscriptional biology, thus far, only one target and one mechanism of action (exposure of the ribosome binding site from the glmS gene to promote its translation) has been described. Here we uncovered new targets and two different molecular mechanisms of action of these sRNAs. In the case of EspFu expression, they promote translation by cleavage of the transcript, while in regard to the LEE, they promote destabilization of the mRNA. Our findings reveal that two unique sRNAs act in concert through different molecular mechanisms to coordinate bacterial attachment to mammalian cells. IMPORTANCE Pathogens evolve by horizontal acquisition of pathogenicity islands. We describe here how two sRNAs, GlmY and GlmZ, involved in cellular metabolism and cellular architecture, through the posttranscriptional control of GlmS (the previously only known target of GlmY and GlmZ), which controls amino sugar synthesis, have been coopted to modulate the expression of virulence. These sRNAs quickly allow for plasticity in gene expression in order for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to fine-tune the expression of its complex type III secretion machinery and its effectors to promote bacterial attachment and subsequent actin rearrangement on host cells. Pedestal formation is a very dynamic process. Many of the genes necessary for pedestal formation are located within the same operon to evolutionarily guarantee that they are inherited together. However, it is worth noting that within these operons, several genes need to yield more proteins than others and that these differences cannot be efficiently regulated at the transcriptional level.