cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary Prevention of Atherothrombotic or Cryptogenic Stroke

A 65-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department at 10:00 a.m. with abrupt onset of slurred speech and right arm weakness the previous night and no improvement today. She has a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals a small acute ischemic lesion in the left basal ganglia. ### Initial Evaluation The diagnostic evaluation (Figure) after an acute ischemic stroke should be initiated urgently, because the highest risk period for recurrent stroke is the first few days after the initial event. Identification of the most likely cause as well as risk factors for recurrent ischemic events is the objective of this evaluation. An MRI1 of the brain is the most sensitive imaging study to detect an acute ischemic stroke. An MR angiogram (MRA) of the cervical and intracranial vessels can be included to help identify relevant cerebrovascular lesions. If MRI is not available, a computed tomography (CT) combined with CT angiogram (or cervical ultrasound) can be used for initial diagnostic assessment. Based on the results of the initial neuroimaging studies, the stroke can be classified into preliminary diagnostic categories: large vessel occlusion, small vessel occlusion, potential cardioembolic, or unknown/other.2 If there is no relevant large vessel lesion (such as an ipsilateral carotid stenosis) and the ischemic stroke does not appear to be lacunar (small maximal diameter and subcortical location), then additional evaluation to look for a cardioembolic source should be performed; diagnostic options include a 12-lead ECG, a transthoracic or transesophageal echo,3 and longer term cardiac monitoring for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. We will focus on prevention of recurrent stroke of atherothrombotic (noncardioembolic) origin. Figure. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm of atherothrombotic stroke. CT indicates computed tomography; CTA, CT angiogram; MRA, magnetic resonance angiogram; and MRI, MR imaging. ### Management of Risk Factors Risk factor modification is a key component of secondary stroke prevention; …
Integrated medical school ultrasound: development of an ultrasound vertical curriculum.

Background Physician-performed focused ultrasonography is a rapidly growing field with numerous clinical applications. Focused ultrasound is a clinically useful tool with relevant applications across most specialties. Ultrasound technology has outpaced the education, necessitating an early introduction to the technology within the medical education system. There are many challenges to integrating ultrasound into medical education including identifying appropriately trained faculty, access to adequate resources, and appropriate integration into existing medical education curricula. As focused ultrasonography increasingly penetrates academic and community practices, access to ultrasound equipment and trained faculty is improving. However, there has remained the major challenge of determining at which level is integrating ultrasound training within the medical training paradigm most appropriate.
On the performance of two-way relay channels using space–time codes

In this paper, we explore the advantages of network coding and space–time coding in improving the performance of two-way-relayed communications where two terminals absent of direct links exchange information through a single relay in between. Network coding allows embracing the interference from other terminals thereby turning it into a capacity boost. The application of space–time codes yields higher capacity by exploiting the spatial diversity. The joint performance of both techniques is studied in this paper. Specifically, we consider the class of decode-and-forward (DF) relaying strategy, evaluated in terms of symbol error rate using BPSK and QPSK modulations by both theoretical analysis and simulation. Based on our results, DF outperforms the amplify-and-decode and partial-decode-and-forward protocols. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (This work was partially presented at the IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), Boston, MA,October 2009 1.)
Parallel computing in the undergraduate curriculum

Computer science students need to understand parallel computing, since it may become an integral part of their own careers. The best way to accomplish this is to integrate parallel computing concepts throughout the entire curriculum, from the introductory level up. As parallel computing becomes a part of several courses, it need not displace large segments of material that are currently in these courses; each course can contribute a small amount to the overall objective of understanding parallel computing. The paper presents a sample curriculum.
Litter Size Influences Maternal but Not Paternal Care in Three Species of Voles, as Measured by Nest Attendance

Total parental expenditure of mammals and birds has been predicted to increase with litter or brood size, but data from rodents provide little support for this prediction. We examined the effects of natural variation in litter size on parental nest attendance in pine (= woodland), prairie, and meadow voles housed in seminatural environments. In all 3 species, mothers spent less time in the nest with large litters than with small; time spent in the nest by fathers was unaffected by litter size. We suggest that failure to meet the prediction of increased parental expenditure with increased litter size reflects basic differences in the manner in which mammals and birds feed altricial young.
Laser beam characterization results for a high-power cw Nd:YAG laser

In an effort to understand multimode laser beam propagation characteristics for better development of laser material processing applications, beam diagnostic experiments were performed on a 1800 watt cw Nd:YAG laser. Beam diameter data were acquired at approximately 12 positions along the beam optical axis about the minimum waist created by a long focal length single element lens at several power levels. These data were then used to evaluate the laser output beam characteristics using two differing techniques. For the ISO technique, two data points from the beam diameter data were used in determining the output laser beam characteristics. These points were the beam minimum waist diameter and the diameter at a point along the beam optical axis where the beam diameter had increased to approximately 0.7 times that of the beam minimum waist diameter. The second analysis technique involved fitting the entire data set to theoretical equations used to describe the multimode laser beam propagation and points from the fitted curve fit were then used to determine the output beam characteristics from the laser. For all power levels evaluated, calculated results predicting the laser beam minimum waist location were in agreement with measured values and more consistent using the curve-fit technique than the two-point evaluation technique.
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Is both a Substrate and a Potential Inhibitor of the Proteasome Complex

The hepatitis B virus X protein (HBX) is essential for the establishment of HBV infection in vivo and exerts a pleiotropic effect on diverse cellular functions. The yeast two-hybrid system had indicated that HBX could interact with two subunits of the 26S proteasome. Here we demonstrate an association in vivo of HBX with the 26S proteasome complex by coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization upon sucrose gradient centrifugation. Expression of HBX in HepG2 cells caused a modest decrease in the proteasome’s chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like activities and in hydrolysis of ubiquitinated lysozyme, suggesting that HBX functions as an inhibitor of proteasome. In these cells, HBX is degraded with a half-life of 30 min. Proteasome inhibitors retarded this rapid degradation and caused a marked increase in the level of HBX and an accumulation of HBX in polyubiquitinated form. Thus, the low intracellular level of HBX is due to rapid proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Surprisingly, the proteasome inhibitors blocked the transactivation by HBX, and this effect was not a result of a squelching phenomenon due to HBX accumulation. Therefore, proteasome function is possibly required for the transactivation function of HBX. The inhibition of protein breakdown by proteasomes may account for the multiple actions of HBX and may be an important feature of HBV infection, possibly in helping stabilize viral gene products and suppressing antigen presentation.
Improved soft de-mapping scaling for a constrained MMSE receiver in OFDM MIMO systems

Since different spatial streams in MIMO systems experience different SINRs, the soft bits of each spatial stream should be scaled according to its SINR. In this paper, we introduced the idea of soft demapping scaling according to SINR and proposed an improved scaling method using a constrained MMSE approach for OFDM MIMO systems. Based on IEEE 802.11n examples, good system performances are observed in various modulation and coding schemes using the proposed soft demapping scaling while computational efficiency is preserved.
Cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles: correlations between synthesis procedures, structural characteristics and magnetic properties

Cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles of size 10 to 15 nm have been synthesized in water-in-oil microemulsions (i.e., reverse micelles). When the Co/sup 2+//Fe/sup 2+/ molar ratio in the precursor solution reaches 1:1 and above, the resultant oxides are identified as having the cobalt ferrite structure. By increasing the Co/sup 2+//Fe/sup 2+/ molar ratio in the precursor from 1:1 to 2:1, the atomic ratio of Co:Fe in the resultant ferrite increases from 0.83 to 1.31. The Co site occupancy is also dependent on the Co/sup 2+//Fe/sup 2+/ molar ratio in the precursor. The materials are found to exhibit superparamagnetism. The blocking temperatures and coercivities are dependent upon the Co/sup 2+//Fe/sup 3+/ ratio, reaching values as high as 55 K and 7500 G at 10 K, respectively. The correlation between synthesis procedure, site occupancy and magnetic properties enables the control of materials properties through such synthesis.
The information discovery framework

This paper continues the movement from technology centered to human centered approaches in the study of tasks that involve finding, understanding, and using information, and tools that support these tasks. The iterative role of information as a stimulus to cognition is considered. The information discovery framework consists of a flowchart of connected human cognitive and digital computer states and processes. The purpose of the framework is to inform the design of tools for finding and using information. Divergent thinking laboratory tasks serve as an evaluation method.
Ranking and Winnowing Gross Earth Data for Inversion and Resolution

Summary It is proposed that the covariance matrix and the inner product matrix of FrechCt kernels be diagonalized simultaneously to provide greater flexibility and numerical stability in solving inverse problems and calculating tradeoff curves. The transformation that performs the simultaneous diagonalization is given. The simplified calculations for tradeoff curves are presented. Statement of the problem Let gi be a gross Earth functional with observed value 7, and FrechCt kernel Gi(x) so that a small change 6m(x) in the model m(x) produces a small change dg, in the functional g, 1
Optimisation of production and subcontracting strategies

We consider the problem of optimising production and subcontracting decisions in a supply chain manufacturing engineered products. The supply chain manager can use a combination of internal production capacities, available capacity at qualified subcontractors, make capital investments and process improvements to minimise costs associated with production and penalties for not meeting desired operational metrics. We formulate this as an optimisation problem that requires simultaneous solution of a mathematical programming problem and queuing network model. We propose an efficient iterative approach to solve this problem and conduct numerical studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Triose phosphate use limitation of photosynthesis: short-term and long-term effects

The triose phosphate use limitation was studied using long-term and short term changes in capacity. The TPU limitation caused increased proton motive force; long-term TPU limitation additionally reduced other photosynthetic components. Photosynthetic responses to CO2 can be interpreted primarily as being limited by the amount or activity of Rubisco or the capacity for ribulose bisphosphate regeneration, but at high rates of photosynthesis a third response is often seen. Photosynthesis becomes insensitive to CO2 or even declines with increasing CO2, and this behavior has been associated with a limitation of export of carbon from the Calvin–Benson cycle. It is often called the triose phosphate use (TPU) limitation. We studied the long-term consequences of this limitation using plants engineered to have reduced capacity for starch or sucrose synthesis. We studied short-term consequences using temperature as a method for changing the balance of carbon fixation capacity and TPU. A long-term and short-term TPU limitation resulted in an increase in proton motive force (PMF) in the thylakoids. Once a TPU limitation was reached, any further increases in CO2 was met with a further increase in the PMF but no increase or little increase in net assimilation of CO2. A long-term TPU limitation resulted in reduced Rubisco and RuBP regeneration capacity. We hypothesize that TPU, Rubisco activity, and RuBP regeneration are regulated so that TPU is normally in slight excess of what is required, and that this results in more effective regulation than if TPU were in large excess.
Effect of vitamin B12 on wound healing.

Summary1) These data show that B12 increased the tensile strength of wounds during the early phases of healing in rats fed balanced diets containing 19% or 25% protein. This effect was evident at least by the third day in the wounds studied, and it was most noticeable by the sixth day. 2) The wound's that were studied in the saline control and vitamin treated rats from the third to the eighth day showed no significant diffemnce in their healing rates at the eighth day. 3) The delayed healing rate and increased incidence of wound infection in rats that were protein depleted by, diet were not signifioantly altered by administration of vit. B12.
Test of the Δ S = Δ Q Rule in K e 3 Decay

We report here the results of a test of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=\ensuremath{\Delta}Q$ rule in ${K}_{e3}$ decay in which we observed \ensuremath{\sim} 1700 ${K}_{e3}$ decays in the sensitive region of 0.25 to 4.8 ${{K}_{S}}^{0}$ mean lifetimes. We find, where $X$ is the ratio of the $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}S}{\ensuremath{\Delta}Q}$ nonconserving to conserving amplitudes, $\mathrm{Re}X=\ensuremath{-}0.008\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.044$, $\mathrm{Im}X=\ensuremath{-}0.017\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.060$, and $|X|=0.019$. The origin lies on the 0.65-standard-deviation likelihood contour; hence we find no evidence for a violation of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}S=\ensuremath{\Delta}Q$ rule in ${K}_{e3}$ decay. $\ensuremath{\Delta}m={M}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{S} \mathrm{and} {\ensuremath{\tau}}_{S}$ were also measured, giving $\ensuremath{\Delta}m=(0.557\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.038)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}\ensuremath{\hbar}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{S}=(0.867\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.024)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec.
Lowering of Clathrate Hydrate Cohesive Forces by Surface Active Carboxylic Acids

The present work uses a micromechanical force apparatus to directly measure hydrate particle–particle cohesion forces in hydrocarbon systems containing various carboxylic acids. Measured cohesive forces provide fundamental insight to the balance between surfactant adsorption kinetics and interfacial thermodynamics in hydrate systems. These results are essential to the accurate prediction of hydrate aggregation in multiphase flow, as encountered in oil/gas production. The present data support the existence of the water capillary bridge between hydrate particles as an essential mechanism for hydrate cohesion in oil continuous systems. The results indicate that, while all surface active compounds tested decreased the water–oil interfacial tension, only some chemicals were effective at reducing the interparticle cohesion force. Through systematic measurements, the data yield new insight into how some acids may alter hydrate surface wettability. Polynuclear aromatic carboxylic acids were found to be highly eff...
Correlation of Hourly Suction Trap Collections of Culicoides Furens and C. Hollensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with Wind, Temperature and Habitat

Daily Right activity of Culicoides furens and C. Hollensis was monitored during peak seasonal abundance near salt marsh breeding sites by hourly collections with suction traps. Both species had 2 crepuscular peaks of activity. C. furens was mostly nocturnal, with a large peak of activity immediately after sunset; C. Hollensis was mostly diurnal with a large morning peak. Males accounted for only 9% of the C. furens and 3% of the C. Hollensis total catches. Wind (velocity and direction) and temperature were continuously measured during the hours of suction trap operation and correlated with insect capture. C. furens activity was correlated with wind velocity. C. Hollensis activity was correlated with wind direction and temperature. Many more C. furens specimens were trapped in the marsh than in the adjacent wooded area; C. Hollensis adults were trapped about equally in the 2 areas. C. furens remained active throughout the day in the wooded area but not in the marsh.
Should Early Prone Positioning Be a Standard of Care in ARDS With Refractory Hypoxemia

For the past 4 decades, the prone position has been employed as an occasional rescue option for patients with severe hypoxemia unresponsive to conventional measures applied in the supine orientation. Proning offers a high likelihood of significantly improved arterial oxygenation to well selected patients, but until the results of a convincing randomized trial were published, its potential to reduce mortality risk remained in serious doubt. Proning does not benefit patients of all disease severities and stages but may be life-saving for others. Because it requires advanced nursing skills and escalation of monitoring surveillance to deploy safely, its place as an early stage standard of care depends on the definition of that label.
Chapter 2 – A Different Perspective: Practical Outcome Evaluation

Any kind of mental health service needs to be evaluated on a scientific scale to establish the efficiency of services. This assessment needs to be done after the service cycle has been completed. Evaluations in the context of multiple perspectives, stakeholders and interests, comprehension, and utilization of the body of evidences establish the effectiveness of the outcomes. This chapter highlights various evaluation systems and programs that have been devised over the years. Out of the seven leading evaluation systems, the three proponents provide the most concrete results in terms of practical evaluation of outcomes. Previously, mental health outcome evaluations were always linked with in-laboratory and experimental approaches. Scientific procedures and behavioral evaluation are often in alignment in terms of procedures. Chemists and chemical engineers need to work in unison to develop an evaluation system that helps in proper understanding of outcomes of mental health services. Chemical engineers need to be given the initiation point by chemists to develop such sound evaluation systems that help in the betterment of the mental health care.
Effects of Testing Procedures on the Laboratory Determination of Swell Pressure of Expansive Soils

There is lack of agreement on laboratory procedures that should be used to measure swell pressure. In this study, effects of apparatus compressibility and applied initial net normal stress on measured swell pressure were revisited, with emphasis on undisturbed specimens. Samples covering a wide range of properties were collected from Texas and Arizona, and effects were explored by examination for consistency of trends in behavior for several “companion” sets of undisturbed specimens. Failure to account for apparatus compressibility results in unintended swell of the specimen, reducing the constant volume swell pressure by as much as half for specimens of this study. Applied initial net normal stress level also affects measured swell pressure. For specimens of this study, swell pressures measured at low initial net normal stress (token load) were found to be about 40%, on average, of swell pressures measured for specimens loaded initially equivalent to field overburden stress. This difference is believed to be primarily due to initial specimen compression. Commonly adopted sampling disturbance corrections to constant volume tests conducted at initial light confining stress (∼ 1–7 kPa) were investigated, and found to give inconsistent values of swell pressure. Comparisons of constant volume to load-back swell pressure are also presented. Findings suggest that application of an initial confining stress level corresponding to field conditions and application of apparatus compressibility corrections as the swell pressure develops are key to the consistent measurement of constant volume swell pressure, and that measured swell pressures from constant volume tests, when carefully performed, are more consistent than swell pressures estimated using methods to account for sampling disturbance.
Revisiting the role of the insula and smoking cue-reactivity in relapse: A replication and extension of neuroimaging findings.

Abstract Introduction The ability to direct smoking cessation treatment based on neuroscientific findings holds incredible promise. However, there is a strong need for consistency across studies to confirm neurobiological targets. While our prior work implicated enhanced insula reactivity to smoking cues in tobacco smoking relapse vulnerability, this finding has not been confirmed. Method Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we evaluated the pre-cessation brain reactivity to smoking vs. neutral cues in nicotine dependent smokers who were and were not able to maintain subsequent abstinence. Results Of the 23 (7 women) individuals assessed, 13 relapsed and there were no demographic differences between those who did and did not relapse. However, smokers who relapsed showed enhanced reactivity to smoking cues in the right insula and dorsal striatum, showing significant overlap between our current and prior work despite methodological differences, including the fact that our previous work only included women. Conclusion The current work supports our prior results and builds on the concept that the insula and dorsal striatum work in concert to maintain nicotine dependence. Specifically, dorsal striatal-mediated habitual responding may be triggered both by the external drug-associated cues, and the insula-mediated internal states that provide additional context motivating drug use. This replicated finding also mirrors preclinical work that finds the same individualized distinction, as only some rodents attribute incentive salience to drug cues and are more likely to reinstate drug seeking after extinction. To effectively treat addiction, these individual characteristics and their underlying neurobiological foundations must be considered.
Late-stage chemoselective functional-group manipulation of bioactive natural products with super-electrophilic silylium ions

The selective (and controllable) modification of complex molecules with disparate functional groups (for example, natural products) is a long-standing challenge that has been addressed using catalysts tuned to perform singular transformations (for example, C-H hydroxylation). A method whereby reactions with diverse functional groups within a single natural product are feasible depending on which catalyst or reagent is chosen would widen the possible structures one could obtain. Fluoroarylborane catalysts can heterolytically split Si-H bonds to yield an oxophilic silylium (R3Si+) equivalent along with a reducing (H-) equivalent. Together, these reactive intermediates enable the reduction of multiple functional groups. Exogenous phosphine Lewis bases further modify the catalyst speciation and attenuate aggressive silylium ions for the selective modification of complex natural products. Manipulation of the catalyst, silane reagent and the reaction conditions provides experimental control over which site is modified (and how). Applying this catalytic method to complex bioactive compounds (natural products or drugs) provides a powerful tool for studying structure-activity relationships.
Lessons Learned Using a Demonstration in a Large Classroom of Pharmacy Students

Objective. To create a demonstration that would enhance student understanding of the following acid/base concepts: the opposing effects of a weak acid and its conjugate base, the acidifying effects of carbon dioxide on blood pH, and the resistance of a buffered solution to changes in pH. Methods. The demonstrations were delivered to four different years of first-year pharmacy (P1) students in three different ways: as live in-class demonstrations, as a series of three short videos posted online, and as a series of three short videos used both in class and posted online. Quizzes were administered to each set of students and qualitative feedback solicited. Comparisons were made between the four classes that received the demonstrations and with two previous classes that had not received the demonstrations but had been given the same quiz questions. Results. Student feedback indicated difficulty seeing and understanding the live demonstrations, and the demonstration videos were not widely used when they were posted online. However, students provided positive feedback on demonstration videos when they were used in class in addition to being posted online. Using videos, performance increased on quiz items related to the learning objectives of the demonstrations, returning to levels seen in years prior to the decline in student performance. Conclusion. When delivered appropriately, a series of pH demonstrations appeared to improve student assessment performance.
Who Will Stop Contributingƒ Predicting Inactive Editors in Wikipedia

In this paper, we focus on English Wikipedia, one of the main user-contributed content systems, and study the problem of predicting which users will become inactive and stop contributing to the encyclopedia. We propose a predictive model leveraging frequent patterns appearing in user’s editing behavior as features to predict active vs. inactive Wikipedia users. Our experiments show that our method can effectively predict inactive users with an AUROC of 0.97 and significantly beats competitors in the task of early prediction of inactive users.
Animals with Soul

I argue that ensouled animalism—the view that we are identical to animals that have immaterial souls as parts—has a pair of advantages over its two nearest rivals, materialistic animalism and pure dualism. Contra pure dualism, ensouled animalism can explain how physical predications can be literally true of us. Contra materialistic animalism, ensouled animalism can explain how animals can survive death (without resorting to body snatching or body fissioning). Furthermore, ensouled animalism has these advantages without creating any problems beyond those already faced by animalism and by belief in souls. However, some animalists, including Eric Olson, think that animals cannot have immaterial parts. I present a sufficient condition for animal parthood that implies animals can have immaterial parts. Ensouled animalism is not only possible, but also doubly attractive.
Of Course the First Amendment Protects Google and Facebook (and It’s Not a Close Question)

It has become trendy in some circles to strategize how to negate Constitutional protection for Internet giants like Google and Facebook so that they can be more heavily regulated. As part of the Knight First Amendment Institute’s Emerging Threats series, Heather Whitney published a paper in this genre, Search Engines, Social Media, and the Editorial Analogy, questioning whether Google and Facebook were properly analogized to newspapers for First Amendment purposes. This short essay responds to Ms. Whitney's paper with two main points. First, the newspaper analogy isn't necessary to determine that Google and Facebook engage in speech and press activities. Second, stripping First Amendment from Google and Facebook would end badly for all of us.
Globalization and bioethics in health resources

Globalization is the term used to explain the exchange of goods and services around the globe. Economy, finances, technology, and information are diversified and spread all throughout the world at present. However, it is still being debated whether the global economic paradigm can be applied under considerations of justice and equity for healthcare systems or in the budget for research administration. This issue has become decisive, especially in countries where adequate development remains a pending public endeavor.
Political Polarization and the Markets vs. Government Debate

In this chapter, I suggest that political disagreements in the United States have been exacerbated by the conceptual scheme that we use to categorize economic/political systems. Public discussion about the proper role of markets and governments often presupposes the view that there are only two possibilities: capitalism and socialism. Even if we include the often omitted welfare state, the resulting three-way conceptualization omits many other possible political/economic systems. I suggest that a richer conceptual framework could help to diminish the U.S.’s polarized politics by making clear that we face a spectrum of many different options rather than a stark choice between capitalism and socialism. In this chapter, I label and describe four types of capitalism (anarcho-capitalism, minimal state capitalism, umpire state capitalism, and pragmatic capitalism) and three types of welfare state (emergency relief, opportunity, and decent level). My hope is that a richer vocabulary could increase awareness of multiple possibilities, improve public discussion, and help to diminish polarization.
Adulthood: Prosocial Behavior and Empathy

Prosocial behaviors, which are acts that are socially defined as generally beneficial to other people, are shaped by both cognitive (e.g., assessments of costs and rewards) and affective (e.g., arousal and emotion) processes. Empathy, an emotional response that stems from another person's need, is central to the affective processes. It can be measured using self-reports, nonverbal expressions, or psychophysiological indices. The strength and type of empathic response (e.g., experienced as sadness or concern) vary as a function of the closeness with the person in need, dispositional characteristics of the observer, and the nature of the situation. Empathic arousal interpreted as personally directed emotions, such as sadness or distress, promotes egoistically motivated prosocial behavior, with the primary goal of relieving this unpleasant state. In contrast, empathic arousal experienced as empathic concern produces altruistic motivation, with the primary goal of improving the other person's welfare. Although empathic arousal is most influential for spontaneous forms of prosocial action, developing a self-image of being empathic can facilitate longer-term commitments to helping and sustained volunteering. Thus empathy may represent a basic mechanism for translating genetic prosocial predispositions, which may have evolutionary benefits, into action.
Creeping flow past a sphere of a Reiner-Rivlin fluid

A variational principle for incompressible Reiner-Rivlin fluids proposed by Bird has been applied to creeping flow past a sphere of a fluid with constant coefficients of viscosity η and normal-stressη c . The drag coefficientf is found to be given byf = C/Re, whereC =C(η c v ∞/ηR). Available data in the literature for (apparently) Newtonian fluids show no indication of a non-zero normal-stress coefficient.
Association of decreased tumor DAB2IP and high-risk prostate cancer-specific survival.

e16553Background: Our pilot study, which analyzed DAB2IP expression in 46 patients' biopsies and had short follow up, showed that DAB2IP reduction correlates with worse outcome in patients with hig...
The Decline and Revival of a Living Wage

This chapter considers the decline in the elements of the political economy of a living wage, collective bargaining, social insurance and the minimum wage, along with the decline in Keynesian economics that took place after the 1960s and ended the hybrid system of redistributive economics. These declines carried with them a reduction in the living wage, not just as a term but as a level of income. This reduction of income brought back the use of the term a living wage as part of the lexicon of our day, with union leaders, politicians, academic economists and community organizers using the term widely and reviving its popularity. The new advocates for a living wage recognized the decline of the hybrid system of redistributive economics as part of the federal government’s responsibility under the Employment Act and began a grassroots movement to promote a living wage at the local level, starting in Baltimore in the early 1990s.
Ecological momentary assessment of various tobacco product use among young adults

Abstract Introduction Young adults are at high risk for using traditional and novel tobacco products. However, little is known about daily/weekly use patterns or psychosocial triggers for using various tobacco products. Methods This ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study examined timing, tobacco cravings, affect, social context, and other substance use (alcohol, marijuana) in relation to use of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and any tobacco product (i.e., cigarettes, ENDS, cigars, hookah), respectively. We also examined interactions between these predictors, sex, and race/ethnicity. From a longitudinal study of 3418 18–25 year-olds from seven Georgia colleges/universities, we recruited 72 reporting current tobacco use to participate in the 21-day EMA study; 43 participated, of which 31 completed ≥66% assessments and were analyzed. Cravings, affect, social context, and substance use were assessed daily across four four-hour windows. Results Of the 31 participants, average age was 21.10 years (SD = 1.95), 45.2% were female, and 71.0% non-Hispanic White; 71.0% used cigarettes, 58.1% ENDS, 38.7% cigars, and 25.8% hookah (25.6% used one product, 46.5% two, 27.9% ≥ three). Predictors of cigarette use included higher anxiety, greater odds of marijuana and alcohol use, and higher boredom levels among women. Predictors of ENDS use included being non-White and greater odds of marijuana use, as well as higher tobacco cravings among women and higher boredom among men. Predictors of any tobacco product use included being non-White, higher boredom levels, and greater odds of marijuana and alcohol use. Conclusions Distinct interventions may be needed to address use of differing tobacco products among young adults.
Developing a Rhetoric of Aesthetics: The (Often) Forgotten Link Between Art and STEM

Beauty, curiosity, wonder, awe, and the inherent pleasure of figuring things out are aesthetic attributes that scientists, mathematicians, and engineers often speak about when describing their motivations for engaging in STEM. In contrast, despite the robustness of evidence for the importance of the aesthetic, most arguments for learning science have focused on instrumental and functional reasons. Such an approach positions science as a tool, the value of which lies in its usefulness to externally constructed projects and goals. In this manner it trivializes the personal, affective, and humanistic nature of engaging with science and scientific ideas. In this chapter, we provide examples and an argument for a rhetoric of aesthetics that can be incorporated in a teaching. Building on a series of studies we have conducted, we offer a threefold, fractal framework that helps us integrate the aesthetic in STEM learning. The three frames in this rhetoric reside on the intersections of arts and STEM and can be seen as fuel to designing STEAM pedagogies. Finally, to move this framework into educational settings, we share several examples of how we have used this rhetoric to guide teacher professional development for STEM educators, by focusing their thinking and teaching on a more aesthetically driven STEAM view of learning.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Objectives/hypothesis To describe outcomes of a single institution experience with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Chart review was performed for patients who presented with clinically node negative cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck between December 2007 and May 2018. Patients who met high-risk criteria underwent SLNB and excision, with or without adjuvant therapy. Patients who underwent prior neck dissection were excluded. The main outcomes were SLNB result, lymph node spread, recurrence-free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival. Results Eighty-three patients underwent successful SLNB, and one patient underwent selective neck dissection for intraoperatively identified occult lymph node metastasis. Five patients (6%) had a sentinel node positive for tumor, of whom 4/5 received further treatment (neck dissection, radiation, and/or systemic therapy) with no further recurrence at the time of last follow-up. SLNB had a negative predictive value of 95% to 100%. Recurrent tumor at presentation, tumor arising from an area of chronic inflammation, and immunosuppression were significantly associated with increased risk of subsequent recurrence, with a mean follow-up of 19.9 months. Conclusions SLNB can be used to identify regional lymph node metastases in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with a high negative predictive value (95%-100%). Factors associated with recurrence were tumor being locally recurrent at presentation, arising from an area of chronic inflammation, and immunosuppression. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 130:108-114, 2020.
The Effects of Group Set-Up on Participation and Learning in Discussion Forums.

The present study investigated the effects of group set-up in a semester-long telecollaborative discussion forum project in second-semester German. In order to explore whether group set-up affects ...
Thermodynamics of spin-orbit-coupled bosons in two dimensions from the complex Langevin method

We investigate the thermal properties of interacting spin-orbit-coupled bosons with contact interactions in two spatial dimensions. To that end, we implement the complex Langevin method, motivated by the appearance of a sign problem, on a square lattice with periodic boundary conditions. We calculate the density equation of state nonperturbatively in a range of spin-orbit couplings and chemical potentials. Our results show that mean-field solutions tend to underestimate the average density, especially for stronger values of the spin-orbit coupling. Additionally, the finite nature of the simulation volume induces the formation of pseudocondensates. These have been observed to be destroyed by the spin-orbit interactions.
Screening Fecal Methanogens in Five Orders of Mammals

Animal waste has been studied as a potential fuel source via anaerobic digestion. Feces have also been used to inoculate biodigesters. Biodigesters are a waste treatment solution that use anaerobic digestion to convert organic matter into methane. They utilize microbes to break down organic matter into substrates which are then converted into methane as fuel. The final step’s productivity depends on the methanogen content of the biodigester. This study evaluated the feces of captive animals for use as a methanogenic inoculum. The aim was to assess the potential of different feces for methanogen contribution through a literature review and sample analysis via fluorescence microscopy to observe F420 autofluorescence. Coenzyme F420 is a fluorescent coenzyme involved in redox reactions in methanogens and is used in their identification and observation. The samples were from herbivores in the orders Rodentia (rodents), Lagomorpha (rabbits), Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates), Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates), and Diprotodontia (some marsupials). The literature review favored goats and sheep over the other animals in the study. The feces from each animal species tested were observed to have some methanogen presence, but the levels were low and differences were not discernible. Overall, the results of the sample analyses were inconclusive due to the scarcity of methanogens and obscuration due to foliage fragments. Keywords: Fecal, Methanogens, Coenzyme F420, Anaerobic digestion, Biodigester, Inoculum
Setting the Agenda: A Simulation of Deciding Tomorrow’s Front-Page

While the number of newspapers and the circulation of those remaining is decreasing, they are still the greatest contributor of new information into media ecosystems. Newspapers continue to pay an ...
THE IMMIGRATION EFFECTS OF TRADE PROTECTIONISM: EVIDENCE FROM OECD COUNTRIES

In the context of the current Presidential administration’s policy to reduce imports to the US and its restrictive attitudes toward immigration, it is relevant to investigate how imports and immigr...
InP-based Transceivers for Generation and Transmission of 800 Gbit/s Signals

We present our recent progress in coherent transmitters (Tx) and receivers (Rx) based on Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) on the InP platform. We demonstrate signal generation and transmission at 800 Gbit/s per optical channel.
Complement mediates neuroinflammation and cognitive decline at extended chronic time points after traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in progressive cognitive decline occurring for years after the initial insult, and for which there is currently no pharmacological treatment. An ongoing chronic inflammatory response after TBI is thought to be an important factor in driving this cognitive decline. Here, we investigate the role of complement in neuroinflammation and cognitive decline for up to 6 months after murine TBI. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to open head injury using a controlled cortical impact device. At 2 months post TBI, mice were moved to large cages with an enriched environment to simulate rehabilitation therapy, and assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1. vehicle (PBS), 2. CR2Crry (3 doses over 1 week), 3. CR2Crry (continuous weekly dose until the end of the study). The study was terminated at 6 months post-TBI for all groups. Motor and cognitive function was analyzed, with histopathological analysis of brain tissue. Measured at 6 months after TBI, neither of the complement inhibition paradigms improved motor performance. However, mice receiving continuous CR2Crry treatment showed improved spatial learning and memory compared to both mice receiving only 3 doses and to mice receiving vehicle control. Analysis of brain sections at 6 months after injury revealed ongoing complement activation in the control group, with reduced complement activation and C3 deposition in the continuous CR2Crry treatment group. The ipsilateral hemisphere of continuously treated animals also showed a decrease in microglia/macrophage and astrocyte activation compared to vehicle. There was also increased astrocytosis in the contralateral hippocampus of vehicle treated vs. naive mice, which was reduced in mice continuously treated with CR2Crry. This study demonstrates continued complement mediated neuroinflammation at extended chronic time points after TBI, and extends the potential treatment window for complement inhibition, which has previously been shown to improve outcomes after murine TBI.
Making the World Global: U.S. Universities and the Production of the Global Imaginary: by Isaac Kamola, Durham, North Carolina, Duke University Press, 2019, 304 pp., $104.95 (Hardcover), 27.95 (Softcover), ISBN 978-1-4780-0473-8

Globalization is no longer the buzz word that it once was. In the long aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, it may even be said that we are living in a moment of profound skepticism regarding th...
An Interesting Case of Critical Spontaneous Ureteral Rupture.

Spontaneous rupture of the ureter in an uncommon presentation. We present a case of an 85-year-old female patient with a past medical history significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia who presented to the emergency room (ER) due to abdominal pain and nausea. Computed tomography (CT) of abdomen and pelvis revealed proximal ureteral and ureteropelvic junction rupture with fluid within the left retroperitoneum and pelvis. No clear etiology was identified. The patient had a left percutaneous nephroureteral catheter tube (PNCT) placed in addition to being given broad-spectrum antibiotics for possible infection. She was noted to improve and was discharged with outpatient follow-up for tube removal. Our patient presented with a rupture of the ureter; however, the source remained elusive. CT scan assisted with the diagnosis but there is no evidence of hydronephrosis or mass. There are no clear treatment guidelines for spontaneous ureteral rupture as the presentation is rare. Treatment may involve percutaneous drainage and possibly antibiotics for concurrent infection. Surgical intervention may be required in cases where severe complications arise. Early diagnosis and management may prevent long-term morbidity and mortality.
Inflammatory and fibrotic mechanisms in NAFLD—Implications for new treatment strategies

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is comprised of either simple steatosis (non-alcoholic fatty liver) or a more advanced inflammatory and fibrogenic stage (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]). NASH affects a growing proportion of the global adult and pediatric population, leading to rising rates of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is a multifactorial disease that is part of a systemic metabolic disorder. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic underpinnings of NASH pathogenesis and established drivers of inflammation and fibrosis. Clarification of underlying fibrogenic and inflammatory mechanisms will advance the development of novel treatment strategies as there are no approved therapies at present. We discuss emerging experimental approaches and potential novel investigational strategies derived from animal models including the inflammasome, epigenetic reprogramming, Hippo signaling, Notch signaling, engineered T cells to remove fibrogenic HSCs, and HSC-specific targeting therapies. Recently completed and ongoing clinical trials and antifibrotics are discussed, illuminating the growing expectation that one or more therapies will yield clinical benefit in NASH in the coming years.