cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ContextLabeler dataset: Physical and virtual sensors data collected from smartphone usage in-the-wild.

Abstract This paper describes a data collection campaign and the resulting dataset derived from smartphone sensors characterizing the daily life activities of 3 volunteers in a period of two weeks. The dataset is released as a collection of CSV files containing more than 45K data samples, where each sample is composed by 1332 features related to a heterogeneous set of physical and virtual sensors, including motion sensors, running applications, devices in proximity, and weather conditions. Moreover, each data sample is associated with a ground truth label that describes the user activity and the situation in which she was involved during the sensing experiment (e.g., working, at restaurant, and doing sport activity). To avoid introducing any bias during the data collection, we performed the sensing experiment in-the-wild, that is, by using the volunteers' devices, and without defining any constraint related to the user's behavior. For this reason, the collected dataset represents a useful source of real data to both define and evaluate a broad set of novel context-aware solutions (both algorithms and protocols) that aim to adapt their behavior according to the changes in the user's situation in a mobile environment.
Gender Disparities in Authorship of Invited Manuscripts During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Women have historically been under-represented in medical literature, particularly prominent in authorship of invited commentaries. With the instantaneous change in work environment forcing Americans to adapt to working at home, many theorize that women will be more adversely affected due to traditional concepts of women being more responsible for the home in addition to work responsibilities. Objective: Understand how women contributed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) literature early in the pandemic. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of manuscripts published in three high-impact U.S. medical journals from February to May 2020 was performed. We used log-binomial regression to examine for an association between COVID-19 status and likelihood of having at least one female first author, and evaluated for effect modification according to whether the manuscript was invited. Results: Among 980 manuscripts, 313 (31.9%) listed at least one female first author, 203 were written on COVID-19 (20.7%), and 144 (14.7%) were invited. There was no association between COVID-19 status and having at least one female first author overall (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-1.19). The relationship between COVID-19 status and first-author sex was 0.23 (95% CI 0.06-0.92) for invited manuscripts and 1.04 (95% CI 0.81-1.35) for noninvited manuscripts (p for interaction 0.02). Discussion: We demonstrate that women were not less likely to be first authors on COVID-19 manuscripts but were less likely to be first authors on invited COVID-19 manuscripts. Early career female researchers are the most vulnerable for inability to meet metrics for promotion, accounting for the continued under-representation of women in senior academic roles. COVID-19 has the potential to exacerbate this disparity.
The Effect of a Distal Centralizer on Cemented Femoral Stems in Arthroplasty Shown on Radiographs and SPECT/CT: A Case Report.

Case A 70-year-old female patient underwent total hip arthroplasty (HA) using a stem cemented line-to-line without centralizer. Postoperatively, she complained of load-dependent thigh pain. Conventional radiographs identified cortical overload because of a distal cement mantle discontinuity at the level of the stem's tip, confirmed by single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography scan (SPECT/CT). After cement-in-cement revision using a stem with centralizer, pain ceased rapidly. The cortical overload disappeared, as confirmed on a following SPECT/CT performed for low back pain. Conclusion In HA, the stem's tip may cause overload on the bone's cortex if the cement mantle is incomplete. Implanting a stem with centralizer avoids or cures this.
Determination of anisotropy constants via fitting of magnetic hysteresis to numerical calculation of Stoner–Wohlfarth model

Anisotropy constants of magnetic materials are typically determined through angle-resolved Ferromagnetic Resonance (ar-FMR) and torque magnetometry, which can be time consuming measurements, thus limiting their utility. The Stoner–Wohlfarth model can be used to numerically fit measured magnetic hysteresis curves to more easily determine these anisotropy constants. To demonstrate this, 10 nm bct FexCoyMnz single-crystal films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on MgO(001) substrates were investigated. The hysteresis behavior measured by vibrating sample magnetometry was least-squares fit against numerically calculated hysteresis curves generated from the Stoner–Wohlfarth model to extract the anisotropy constants. The cubic anisotropy of different compositions of FeCoMn films was at ∼104 J/m3, which is on the same order of magnitude of bct Fe and Co thin films measured by ar-FMR and torque magnetometry techniques.
Improving Column Generation for Vehicle Routing Problems via Random Coloring and Parallelization

We consider a variant of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) where each customer has a unit demand and the goal is to minimize the total cost of routing a fleet of capacitated vehicles from one or mu...
Molecular recognition by SH2 domains

In this chapter, we have described the biophysical investigations which have dissected the mechanisms of SH2 domain function. Due to nearly a decade and a half of investigation on SH2 domains, much about their binding mechanism has been characterized. SH2 domains have been found to have a positively charged binding cavity, largely conserved between different SH2 domains, which coordinates binding of the pTyr in the target. The ionic interactions between this pocket and the pTyr, in particular, between Arg beta B5 and the phosphate, provide the majority of the binding energy stabilizing SH2 domain-target interactions. The specificity in SH2 domain-target interactions emanates most often from the interactions between the residues C-terminal to the pTyr in the target and the specificity determining residues in the C-terminal half of the SH2 domain. However, the interactions in the specificity determining region of SH2 domains are weak, and hence single SH2 domains show only a modest level of specificity for tyrosine phosphorylated targets. Greater specificity in SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphorylated target interactions can be achieved by placing SH2 domains in tandem (as is often found) or possibly through specific localization of SH2 domain-containing proteins within the cell. Although a relatively good understanding of how SH2 domains function in isolation has been obtained, the ways in which SH2 domain binding is coupled to allosteric transmission of signals in larger SH2 domain-containing proteins are still not clear. Hence, the future should bring further investigations of the mechanisms by which SH2 domain ligation alters the enzymatic activity and cellular localization of SH2 domain-containing proteins.
GaAs performance in Si technology: SiGe HBTs for mixed analog-digital applications

Summary form only given. Reviews the short but successful history of SiGe HBTs, from the first functionality demonstration in 1987 to the performance of a 1 GHz, 12-bit DAC in 1993. Availability of 60 GHz Fmax bipolar devices in a fully integrated 0.5/0.25 um BiCMOS process, allows high performance mixed signal applications to be implemented in Si technology, achieving unmatched performance and functionality. The intrinsic performance of SiGe transistors has been extended to 115 GHz fT with an Early voltage of 110 V, demonstrating the potential for microwave analog applications.
Absence of immune phenomenon in gonadotropin-resistant hypogonadism.

Abstract Using immunofluorescent techniques an attempt was made to identify circulating antibody to pituitary in a group of hypogonadotropic hypogonadal women. Antibody could not be demonstrated, nor could antibody to gonadotropin be found in the serum of hypogonadal women who displayed relative refractoriness to HMG-HCG therapy.
Rapid swept-wavelength external cavity quantum cascade laser for open path sensing

A rapidly tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser system is used for open path sensing. The system permits acquisition of transient absorption spectra over a 125 cm−1 tuning range in less than 0.01 s.
OMG! 'Sexting': First Amendment Right or Felony?

The age old practice of "show me yours and I’ll show you mine" has taken on a new meaning in the modern era of cell phones and computers. The social networking opportunities afforded teenagers by texting has morphed into "sexting," a recent phenomenon involving the sending of nude or semi-nude pictures, often taken by the sender or a friend of the sender, via cell phone or other electronic device to another individual. As minors deal in "self-exploitation" through this activity, they create a difficult dilemma for society struggling to respond in an appropriate manner to children as they self-generate their own brand of child pornography. The historical treatment of freedom of speech and pornography by the US Supreme Court is reviewed in this article. The first case on sexting to make its way through the federal courts, Miller v. Skumanick, is also examined to explore the legal implications of this modern day dilemma along with possible solutions for addressing this issue.
Influence of Specimen Type and Loading Configuration on the Fracture Strength of SiC Layer in Coated Particle Fuel

Internal pressurization and diametrical loading techniques were developed to measure the fracture strength of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) silicon carbide (SiC) coatings in nuclear fuel particles. Miniature tubular and hemispherical shell specimens were used for both test methods. In the internal pressurization test an expansion load was applied to the inner surface of a specimen by use of a compressively loaded elastomeric insert (polyurethane). In the crush test a diametrical compressive load was applied to the outer surface(s) of a specimen. The test results revealed that the fracture strengths from four test methods obeyed Weibull's two-parameter distribution, and the measured values of the Weibull modulus were consistent for different test methods. The fracture strengths measured by crush test techniques were larger than those by internal pressurization tests. This is because the internal pressurization produces uniform stress distribution while the diametrical loading technique produces severely localized stress distribution. The test method dependence of fracture strength was explained by the size effect predicted by effective surface.
Genetic analysis of drinking behavior in World War II veteran twins.

The objective of the present study was to investigate longitudinal changes in drinking behaviors of adult male twins and model these changes as a function of genetic and environmental influences. Alcohol data available for World War II veteran twins, first surveyed in 1967–69 and followed up during 1983–85, were used to examine components of variability in measures of alcohol consumption. Multivariate biometric analyses of these data indicated 1) longitudinal stability of drinking behaviors in this cohort, 2) a significant contribution of genetic factors to the observed stability that accounted for more than 80% of the stable variation in frequency and in quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion, and 3) evidence for a significant contribution of shared environmental influences to drinking of specific beverages (e.g., wine). The implications of these results for issues of health in the elderly are considered. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MICROPROBING OF THE CHAIN SITE IN YBA2CU3O6+X BY COBALT-57 AS A FUNCTION OF THE OXYGEN CONTENT : SUPERCONDUCTOR-INSULATOR TRANSITION

Abstract An observation of the direct correlation between superconductivity and isomer shift of a Mossbauer probe is reported. The chain site in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+ x was microprobed by 57 Co as a function of oxygen content. The dominant four-fold oxygen-coordinated species A serves uniquely to sense the electronic environment at the chain site. The magnitude of the Mossbauer isomer shift, which is inversely related to the s-electron density at the 57 Fe nuclear probe, increases continuously with diminishing oxygen content and undergoes a sharp leveling off just below O 6.4 . This corresponds to superconductor (metal) to insulator transition observed by Cava and coworkers for a variety of parameters versus oxygen content. It has been attributed to an electronic charge transfer from the chain to the sheet site. The increase in isomer shift with diminishing oxygen content is indicative of a decrease in itinerant electron population in 4s orbitals and may reflect the charge transfer from the chain site.
Use of CAD/CAM Healing Abutment Immediately After Dental Implant Placement for the Non-Esthetic Zone: A Guided Soft Tissue Healing Technique.

Abstract A technique is described where a CAD/CAM healing abutment is placed the day of dental implant surgery. The CAD/CAM healing abutment is fabricated before dental implant surgery from the diagnostic cast. The contours of the healing abutment are based on the contours of a tentatively designed definitive prosthesis. The healing abutment allows the tissue to heal and obtain contours that will be compatible with the contours of the definitive prosthesis. Composite resin is placed at the access hole of the healing abutment at the day of surgery and the implant is allowed to osseointegrate. After osseointegration is achieved, final impression is made by using a custom CAD/CAM impression coping. The CAD/CAM impression coping has contours similar to the contours of the healing abutment and the definitive restoration. The definitive prosthesis is then fabricated. This technique allows guided tissue healing by utilizing a CAD/CAM healing abutment that has contours similar to the contours of the definitive prosthesis.
Performance of a three-dimensional unstructured mesh compressible flow solver on NVIDIA Fermi-class graphics processing unit hardware

SUMMARY We describe the performance of Chicoma, a 3D unstructured mesh compressible flow solver, on graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware. The approach used to deploy the solver on GPU architectures derives from the threaded multicore execution model used in Chicoma, and attempts to improve memory performance via the application of graph theory techniques. The result is a scheme that can be deployed on the GPU with high-level programming constructs, for example, compiler directives, rather than low-level programming extensions. With an NVIDIA Fermi-class GPU (NVIDIA Corp., Sta. Clara, CA, USA) and double precision floating point arithmetic, we observe performance gains of 4–5 × on problem sizes of 106– 107 tetrahedra. We also compare GPU performance to threaded multicore performance with OpenMP and demonstrate hybrid multicore-GPU calculations with adaptive mesh refinement. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
IMPACT OF TREATMENT MODALITIES ON HEALTH STATUS IN PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with impaired quality of life (HRQL) or health status. Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has variable impacts on HRQL, which may be influenced by the patient's tolerance of therapy. We aimed to determine the impact of nocturnal
Pathology of an Entomophthora infection in the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)

Abstract In laboratory pathogenicity tests with the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), Entomophthora coronata Kevorkian produced a mortality of 97 percent 84 hours after inoculation. Entomophthora virulenta Hall and Dunn was found to be nonpathogenic under similar conditions. In a virulence test against termites, two isolates of E. coronata showed no significant difference. Histological examination indicated that germ tube penetration of the integument resulted before death of the termite and apparently was not restricted to a particular site. In the digestive tract, germinating conidia of E. coronata were found penetrating the oesophageal wall but not the crop, midgut and hindgut. Invading hyphae first attacked the fat body and musculature and then rapidly destroyed the remaining tissue as early as 32 hours after inoculation.
Cationic shell-cross-linked knedel-like (cSCK) nanoparticles for highly efficient PNA delivery.

Peptide nucleic acids have a number of features that make them an ideal platform for the development of in vitro biological probes and tools. Unfortunately, their inability to pass through membranes has limited their in vivo application as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Herein, we describe the development of cationic shell-crosslinked knedel-like (cSCK) nanoparticles as highly efficient vehicles for the delivery of PNAs into cells, either through electrostatic complexation with a PNA•ODN hybrid, or through a bioreductively cleavable disulfide linkage to a PNA. These delivery systems are better than the standard lipofectamine/ODN-mediated method and much better than the Arg9-mediated method for PNA delivery in HeLa cells, showing lower toxicity and higher bioactivity. The cSCKs were also found to facilitate both endocytosis and endosomal release of the PNAs, while themselves remaining trapped in the endosomes.
Novel RPM technique to dismiss systematic variation for RO PUF on FPGA

Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a function that cannot be modeled as it utilizes the random process variations on a silicon chip to generate a unique bit stream of ‘1’s and ‘0’s (response bits) which can be used for authentication and cryptography applications. As PUF is highly rely upon process variations, the response bits generated are governed by the systematic process variation instead of the stochastic process variation, which will reduce the randomness in the response bits. In this paper we propose the novel Random Patch Mixer (RPM) technique to dismiss the systematic variation effect on the response bits generated. We applied the RPM technique on data obtained from 29 Spartan 3E FPGA chips. We showed that our RPM technique has successfully dismissed the systematic variation effect on the response bits generated from the ROPUF on FPGA. We also proved that the responses generated by applying the RPM Technique passed the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST statistical test for randomness.
The metabolism of pyrimidines by proteolytic clostridia.

Uracil was used by growing cultures of Clostridium sporogenes, and by proteolytic strains of C. botulinum types A and B. Uracil was not used by C. bifermentans; C. botulinum, type B (non-proteolytic); C. botulinum, type F (non-proteolytic); C. botulinum, type E; C. butyricum; C. cochlearium; C. difficile; C. histolyticum; C. oedematiens, type A; C. paraputrificum; C. scatologenes; C. septicum; C. sordellii; C. sticklandii; C. tertium; C. tetani; C. tetanomorphum; C. welchii, types A, B, C, E and 4 untyped strains. The growth of C. sporogenes was not increased by uracil; it was reduced to dihydrouracil. Experiments with washed cells of C. sporogenes showed that the uracil-reducing system was inducible. Washed cell suspensions incubated under hydrogen with uracil, thymine, iso-barbituric acid, 5-amino uracil and cytosine consumed 1 mole H2/mole pyrimidine. The reduction product of cytosine was dihydrouracil indicating that it was deaminated before reduction. The reduction products of the remaining pyrimidines were the corresponding dihydro derivatives. Extracts of C. sporogenes reduced uracil in the presence of NADPH2 but not NADH2.
Formation of SO3 in a Noncatalytic Combustor

The major contributor to corrosion and deposits in boilers and gas turbines has been recognized as the reaction of sulfur oxides, especially SO3 , in the combustion gas with furnace elements. One way to minimize these reactions is to reduce the quantity of SO3 formed. Factors affecting SO3 formation have been studied in a noncatalytic laboratory combustor, and results of the investigation show that SO3 in the combustion gas can be reduced by: (a) Reducing excess air, (b) burning fuel with a lower sulfur content, (c) preventing air leakage into the combustion system, and (d) covering catalytic surfaces, such as superheater tubes, with less catalytic protective coatings. Some experiments showed that iron-oxide coatings, which built up on iron surfaces, were highly catalytic for the production of SO3 under boiler-furnace-simulated conditions.
Frontotemporal dementia: A different kind of dementia

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an umbrella term for a number of uncommon illnesses, including Pick's disease, which affect the frontal and/or temporal lobes of the brain and produce a dementia syndrome that is quite characteristic but unfamiliar to most clinicians. It is the third most common cause of cortical dementia. An overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of FTD is provided with some specific information in relation to Pick's disease and a case example. Caregivers, in particular, need the education and support that could be provided by informed nurses.
Evaluation of fly ash as a soil amendment for the Atlantic Coastal Plain: I. Soil hydraulic properties and elemental leaching

A major limitation to crop yields in the Atlantic Coastal Plain is drought stress caused by the low moisture-holding capacities of the coarse-textured soils common to the area. Because coal fly ash is comprised primarily of silt and clay-sized particles, it has the potential, if applied at high enough rates, to permanently change soil texture and increase moisture holding capacity. A series of soil column studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of high rates of fly ash on soil hydraulic properties and elemental leaching of trace metals and boron. Fly ash from two Delaware power plants (EM=Edgemoor and IR=Indian River) was incorporated in a Hammonton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic, Typic Hapludults) at six rates (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40%, by weight). The effect of fly ash on soil moisture holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, and wetting front velocity was determined. Leachates from columns amended with 30% fly ash were analyzed for B, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn. Soil moisture holding capacity was increased from 12% in the soil alone to 25% in the soil amended with 30% fly ash. Boron and soluble salts leached rapidly from ash amended soils while only trace quantities of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn were detected in column leachates.
Large partition coefficients for trace elements in high-silica rhyolites

Abstract The partitioning of 25 trace elements between high-silica rhyolitic glass and unzoned phenocrysts of potassic and sodic sanidine, biotite, augite, ferrohedenbergite, hypersthene, fayalite, titanomagnetite, ilmenite, zircon, and allanite has been determined by INAA on suites of samples from the mildly peralkaline lavas and tuff of the Sierra La Primavera, Mexico, and the metaluminous, compo. sitionally zoned, Bishop Tuff, California. The partition coefficients are much larger than published values for less silicic compositions; the range of values among Primavera samples that differ only slightly in temperature or bulk composition approaches that previously reported from basalts to rhyodacites. Intrinsic temperature dependence of the crystal/liquid partitioning is apparently small. The high values of partition coefficients reflect principally the strongly polymerized nature of the alkali-aluminosilicate liquid, whereas the marked variability of values for partition coefficients is attributed to differences in the concentrations of complexing ligands and/or different degrees of melt polymerization. Great variation in the values of partition coefficients that are potentially applicable to early stages in the partial melting of crustal rocks complicates assessment of 1. (1) source regions for granitic melts and 2. (2) contributions by crustal-melt increments to andesites.
Velocity Fluctuations of a Hard-Core Brownian Particle

The velocity autocorrelation function $〈v(t)v(0)〉$ of a hard-sphere Brownian particle moving in an incompressible viscous fluid is calculated on the basis of hydrodynamics. The usually assumed exponential decay at long times is shown to be inconsistent with fluid mechanics. A $\mathrm{slower}\mathrm{decay}\ensuremath{\propto}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ as $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ is derived. This decay has been observed in molecular dynamic computations carried out by Alder and Wainwright.
Central and C-terminal domains of heterotrimeric G protein gamma subunits differentially influence the signaling necessary for primordial germ cell migration

Heterotrimeric G protein signaling is involved in many pathways essential to development including those controlling cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. One key developmental event known to rely on proper heterotrimeric G protein signaling is primordial germ cell (PGC) migration. We previously developed an in vivo PGC migration assay that identified differences in the signaling capacity of G protein gamma subunits. In this study we developed Gγ subunit chimeras to determine the regions of Gγ isoforms that are responsible for these differences. The central section of the Gγ subunit was found to be necessary for the ability of a Gγ subunit to mediate signaling involved in PGC migration. Residues found in the carboxy-terminal segment of Gγ transducin (gngt1) were found to be responsible for the ability of this subunit to disrupt PGC migration. The type of prenylation did not affect the ability of a Gγ subunit to reverse prenylation-deficient-Gγ-induced PGC migration defects. However, a version of gng2, engineered to be farnesylated instead of geranylgeranylated, still lacks the ability to reverse PGC migration defects known to result from treatment of zebrafish with geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitors (GGTI), supporting the notion that Gγ subunits are one of several protein targets that need to be geranylgeranylated to orchestrate the proper long-range migration of PGCs.
Extracting typical users' moving patterns using deep learning

When GPS devices are widely integrated into smart phones, researchers stand a big chance of collecting massive location information, that is necessary in studying users' moving behavior and predicting the next location of the users. Once the next location of a user can be determined, it can serve as input for many applications, such as location based service, scheduling users access in a mobile network or even home automation. One important task in predicting the next location is to identify typical users' moving patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel method to extract the patterns using deep learning. Experiment results show significant performance improvement of the proposed method compared to the classical principal component analysis method.
Effects of ionizing radiation on charge-coupled device structures

The effects of ionizing radiation on four different charge-coupled device structures have been investigated. Both shift registers and optical imaging devices have been considered. The electrical and imaging (where appropriate) performance of the devices were evaluated as a function of total gamma ray dose. The principal failure mechanisms have been identified for each particular device structure. Some conclusions about the relative radiation tolerance of the various device designs are drawn.
Complementarity between 3' terminal nucleotides of tRNA and primer binding site is a major determinant for selection of the tRNA primer used for initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription.

Abstract The initiation of reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exclusively utilizes tRNA Lys,3 as a primer. Previous studies have shown that HIV-1 could use alternative tRNAs, such as tRNA Ile or tRNA His , to initiate reverse transcription only if the primer binding site (PBS) was made complementary to the 3′ terminal 18 nucleotides of the cognate tRNA. However, upon in vitro culture, the viruses with a PBS complementary to the alternative tRNAs rapidly reverted to generate a PBS complementary to tRNA Lys,3 . To investigate the process of reversion, we have constructed defective proviral genomes that contain a PBS complementary to tRNA Ile or tRNA His . The genomes contain the gene for xanthine-guanosine phosphoribosyl transferase ( gpt ) in place of env. Cotransfection of these proviral genomes with a plasmid-encoding vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) results in viruses that undergo a single round of HIV-1 infection; successful infections are scored as cells resistant to the drug mycophenolic acid. Using this single-round infection system, we demonstrated that HIV-1 with a PBS complementary to tRNA Ile or tRNA His is three- to fivefold less efficient in replication as measured by production of drug-resistant cell colonies compared to the wild-type virus. These viruses predominantly used the cognate tRNA as primer in their initial round of replication, although we did obtain a single cell colony in which the PBS was complementary to tRNA Lys,3 . Using an HIV-1 provirus with a PBS complementary to yeast tRNA Phe , we established a single-round infection system in which the infectivity of this mutant HIV-1 relies on transfected yeast tRNA Phe . The results of our studies suggest that the mechanism for selection of the tRNA primer for initiation of reverse transcription relies primarily on the complementarity between the tRNA primerthe PBS.
Cation competition in the electrical double-layer at a well-defined electrode surface Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, La3+, tetramethylammonium, choline and acetylcholine cations at Pt(111) surfaces containing an ordered layer of cyanide

Abstract Immersion of the Pt (111) surface into aqueous KCN solution produced an ordered ionic layer, Pt (111)(2√3×2√3)R30°−KCN. The adlattice consisted of isolated adsorbed CN− anions surrounded by adsorbed HCN molecules, and a layer of K+ counter-ions. When immersed at open circuit into aqueous solutions of simple chloride salts this surface underwent cation exchange without loss or rearrangement of the CN−/HCN layer, based upon Auger spectroscopy and LEED. Experiments in which cations were made to adsorb competitively from mixtures of chloride salts revealed that a remarkable degree of selectivity exists in the interaction of cations with this CN− layer. Highly charged cations predominated, followed by cations of relatively small size and those least strongly hydrated. Strength of cation retention varied in the order: La3+ ≫ Ba2+ > Ca2+ ≫ Mg2+ ≫ K+ > Na+ = Cs+ > NH4+ > H+ ≫ Li+ ≫ NH4+. Quaternary ammonium cations (tetramethylammonium, choline, acetylcholine), even when present in large excess, were unable to compete with other cations for retention by the double-layer.
Dynamics of Human Spine in Jumps Using Lyapunov Exponents

Characterizing and quantifying the local dynamics of the human spine during various athletic exercises is important for therapeutic and physiotherapy reasons or athletic related effects on the human spine. In this study we computed the largest finite-time Lyapunov exponents for the spine of a human subject during an athletic exercise for several volunteers. The kinematic data was collected using the 3D motion capture system (Motion Realty Inc.). Four healthy male subjects were asked to perform two sets of 30 jumps. In order to draw a conclusion about the chaotic nature of the dynamics of the lumbar spine Lyapunov exponent spectrum was calculated for each volunteer which included four Lyapunov exponents, one negative, one very close to zero and two positive. Subjects 1, 2 and 4 registered a significant increase in the largest Lyapunov exponent from the first set jumps to the next. Subject 3 registered no change in the values of Lyapunov exponents. Nonlinear analysis of the human spine demonstrates the chaotic nature of the system. The computation of the largest Lyapunov exponents enables a more precise characterization of the dynamics of the human spine.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evaluation of microalgal clones for mass culture in a subtropical greenhouse bivalve hatchery: growth rates and biochemical composition at 30 °C

Abstract Eleven microalgal clones were screened for their ability to grow at temperatures of 30–35 °C as a preliminary test of their suitability for greenhouse mass culture in a bivalve hatchery located in the southeastern United States. Five potential candidate clones, Isochrysis aff. galbana (TISO), Isochrysis sp. (CISO), Chaetoceros muelleri (CHAET10), Tetraselmis suecica (TETRA1), and Ellipsoidon sp. (ELLIP1), were further characterized for growth rates and biochemical composition (particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, chlorophyll a, total protein, total carbohydrate, and major lipid classes) at various stages of batch culture at 30 °C. Experiments were conducted under two light regimes, which represent the approximate range of daily irradiance that can be achieved in the greenhouse mass culture facility. Only clone CHAET 10 showed good growth at 35 °C. Other clones may be suitable for mass culture at temperatures up to 32–33 °C. Total protein at 30 °C was highest for TISO and CISO. Changes in the relative proportions of protein, carbohydrate and lipid between batch culture phases were minor for the Isochrysis clones, while the proportion of carbohydrate increased in CHAET10 and TETRA 1 from exponential to stationary phases. Lipid production in clone ELLIP1 was strongly influenced by growth irradiance, with substantial production of triacylglycerols under higher light. The biochemical composition of microalgal clones, and hence the diet supplied to larval and juvenile bivalves, may be manipulated to some extent by control of the growth irradiance and the stage of batch culture at which the cells are harvested.
RNA polymerase mutants blocked in sporulation.

A class of RNA polymerase mutants of B. subtilis fails to sporulate. The same mutational alteration prevents the change in template specificity of the enzyme characteristic of sporulating wild-type cells, suggesting that this change plays an essential part in the sporulation process.
Macroeconomic fluctuations in the Eastern Caribbean: The role of climatic and external shocks

This article develops country-specific vector autoregressive (VAR) models with block exogeneity restrictions to analyze how exogenous factors affect business cycles in the Eastern Caribbean. It finds that external shocks play a key role, explaining more than half of macroeconomic fluctuations in the region. Domestic business cycles are especially vulnerable to changes in climatic conditions, with a natural disaster leading to an immediate and significant fall in output – but the effects do not appear to be persistent. Oil price and external demand shocks also contribute significantly to domestic macroeconomic fluctuations. An increase in oil prices (external demand) is contractionary (expansionary), and the effects dissipate up to three years after the shock.
The role of affect in consumers' temporal judgments

The role of time and mood as consumer behavior constructs has seen increasing independent attention over the past several years. Two studies on the impact of transient affective states on consumers' temporal judgments are reported. In accordance with the research hypotheses, both studies demonstrated strong mood effects on subject's time perception and orientation. The findings were validated across two different mood-inducing manipulations and supported the general theoretical foundation of the mediating roles of affective states on consumers' temporal judgments. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure of Malvalic Acid and Some Related C 18 and C 19 Cyclo propane Fatty Acids

IN recent years an interesting group of fatty acids containing a cyclopropane or a cyclopropene ring has been isolated from natural products or synthesized. This work followed the discovery by Hofmann et al. 1,2 of a biologically active C19H36O2 cyclopropane fatty acid, lactobacillic acid, in the lipides of Lactobacillus arabinosus and L. casei. Four more C19 acids of this type were synthesized3,4—the DL, cis and trans, 9-10 and 11-12, methylene octadecanoic acids. The crystal structures of two of these racemates have been studied5,6, namely, the DL trans 9-10 and DL cis 11-12, and shown to have the characteristic straight- and bent-chain configurations illustrated in the electron density Fourier projections in Figs. 1 and 2. From the similarity in the diffraction data, the other two racemates are believed to be structurally isomorphous7 in the trans and cis series, respectively. Of these, the DL cis 9-10 acid was shown7 to be identical with the dihydrosterculic acid obtained4 by hydrogenation of the sterculic acid8, C19H34O2, from the kernel oil of the tropical tree Sterculia foetida.
Simultaneous Infection With Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Other Respiratory Pathogens

• The presentation and subsequent course of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis may be atypical and unusually severe when simultaneous infection due to other pathogenic agents is present. During the past two years, nine of the 189 pediatric patients hospitalized with documented RSV infection were found to have the following simultaneous isolates from initial respiratory tract specimens: four adenovirus, four pneumococcus, one cytomegalovirus, and one Pneumocystis carinii. Noted complications attributable to the second pathogen included thrombocytopenia and anemia (cytomegalovirus), hepatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (adenovirus), and sepsis and osteomyelitis (pneumococcus). Three of the four patients with RSV and adenovirus died of severe respiratory failure despite mechanical ventilation; two of these patients received ribavirin therapy. Rapid identification of RSV is important but should not be a substitute for more comprehensive viral and bacterial evaluation. (AJDC1988;142:834-836)
A return to the social justice spirit of Alma-Ata

The article provides information on social justice and the Alma-Ata the declaration of the importance of primary health care for the world community adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care. The authors comment on medical care costs, health promotion, and the role of the World Health Organization.
Synthesis of Active Firefly Luciferase by in Vitro Translation of RNA Obtained From Adult Lanterns

Poly (A)+ RNA was isolated from the lanterns of adult fireflies, Photinus pyralis. The Poly (A)+ RNA was translated in a cell-free translation mixture from rabbit reticulocytes and the synthesis of enzymatically active firefly luciferase was demonstrated. The translation products were immunoprecipitated with anti-luciferase and then subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis. It was shown that a newly synthesized polypeptide exhibited an identical electrophoretic mobility as the purified enzyme.
Effects of ibuprofen and hypoxia on neutrophil apoptosis in neonates.

Background: Ibuprofen is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor that is effective in treating patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. However, recent trials have suggested that it may increase the risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis and chronic lung disease. Apoptosis of neutrophils is impaired in newborns, leading to reduced clearance of activated cells and possibly contributing to the susceptibility of infants to these inflammatory diseases. Objectives: In the present studies, we investigated the hypothesis that ibuprofen reduces neonatal neutrophil apoptosis in the setting of hypoxia or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: Neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from adult and cord blood and cultured in the presence or absence of ibuprofen (1.5 mM), hypoxia (2), and bacterial LPS (100 ng/ml). Apoptosis was quantified by measuring binding of FITC-Annexin V using flow cytometry. Cytokine concentrations in cell supernatants were measured by ELISA. Results: After 24 h, 20% of adult and 14% of neonatal neutrophils were apoptotic. Apoptosis was reduced by hypoxia in both adult and neonatal cells. Ibuprofen further reduced neutrophil apoptosis, but only when the cells were cultured in the presence of mixed leukocytes. This suggests that the effects of ibuprofen on apoptosis are dependent on soluble products secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We found that production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by neonatal leukocytes was significantly increased by ibuprofen, and was further increased following exposure to ibuprofen in the presence of LPS and hypoxia. In contrast, production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α was not affected by treatment with ibuprofen, and ibuprofen blocked induction of this chemokine by LPS. Conclusion: We conclude that the net effect of ibuprofen on neutrophils is antiapoptotic, especially in the presence of hypoxia or LPS. This effect may be mediated, in part, by increased production of TNF-α by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data suggest that treatment of infants with ibuprofen, in the presence of infection and/or tissue hypoperfusion/hypoxia, may contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases.
The social construction of infertility: the case of the matrilineal Nayars in south India.

This paper explores the relationship between central Kerala Nayar social constructions of fertility and gender, and the Nayar institution of matrilineality, one of the most extreme cases of matrilineality documented in the anthropological literature. The article shows that social responsibility and consequence are implicated in central Kerala Nayar constructions of infertility and that these are traced matrilineally. It is the duty of matrilineal kin to attend to the family god of fertility and to the needs of females of the matrilineage to see that they foster progeny in the kin group's best interests. When this responsibility is violated, powerful forms of negative consequences may transpire for all lineage members, in the idiom of curses of family fertility gods. In the ritual of pampin tullal performed to propitiate these gods, concepts of fertility are extended to include other, 'auspicious' forms of prosperity. In ritual, unattached Nayar women serve as proxy for the well-being of the matrilineage. These unattached women--infertile, unmarried, 'separated', and widowed--are, for the natal kin group, symbolic virgins (kanya), the life force (sakti) of which lineage members seek to harness for their well-being. The concept of fertility is thus extended to include marriage proposals, job offers, and other health and economic concerns of lineage members.
Application of synchronous cyclic capillary electrophoresis: Isotopic and chiral separations

A new conventional synchronous cyclic capillary electrophoresis system is used to separate isotopic and chiral compounds under various conditions. Because of its high resolving power, separations impossible with other techniques can now be accomplished. Up to 100 million plates can be reached with this system in a 15 h run time. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 439–449, 1999
Discriminative Models for Semi-Supervised Natural Language Learning

An interesting question surrounding semi-supervised learning for NLP is: should we use discriminative models or generative models? Despite the fact that generative models have been frequently employed in a semi-supervised setting since the early days of the statistical revolution in NLP, we advocate the use of discriminative models. The ability of discriminative models to handle complex, high-dimensional feature spaces and their strong theoretical guarantees have made them a very appealing alternative to their generative counterparts. Perhaps more importantly, discriminative models have been shown to offer competitive performance on a variety of sequential and structured learning tasks in NLP that are traditionally tackled via generative models, such as letter-to-phoneme conversion (Jiampojamarn et al., 2008), semantic role labeling (Toutanova et al., 2005), syntactic parsing (Taskar et al., 2004), language modeling (Roark et al., 2004), and machine translation (Liang et al., 2006). While generative models allow the seamless integration of prior knowledge, discriminative models seem to outperform generative models in a "no prior", agnostic learning setting. See Ng and Jordan (2002) and Toutanova (2006) for insightful comparisons of generative and discriminative models.
Surface creation on unstructured point sets using neural networks

We present a new point set surfacing method based on a data-driven mapping between the parametric and geometric spaces. Our approach takes as input an unstructured and possibly noisy point set representing a two-manifold in R^3. To facilitate parameterization, the set is first embedded in R^2 using neighborhood-preserving locally linear embedding. A learning algorithm is then trained to learn a mapping between the embedded two-dimensional (2D) coordinates and the corresponding three-dimensional (3D) space coordinates. The trained learner is then used to generate a tessellation spanning the parametric space, thereby producing a surface in the geometric space. This approach enables the surfacing of noisy and non-uniformly distributed point sets. We discuss the advantages of the proposed method in relation to existing methods, and show its utility on a number of test models, as well as its applications to modeling in virtual reality environments.
Pharmaceutical cost management and access to psychotropic drugs: The U.S. context

Abstract In recent years, prescription drug expenditures in the United States have increased rapidly. In 2003, spending on prescription medications totaled $179.2 billion dollars, or approximately 11% of national health expenditures [Smith, C., Cowan, C., Sensenig, A., Catlin, A., the Health Accounts Team. (2005). Health spending growth slows in 2003. Health Affairs , 24 (1) 185–194]. In response to rapid increases in prescription drug expenditures, both public and private payers of health care services have adopted strategies to try to contain drug costs, including drug formularies, prior authorization programs, cost sharing and utilization management. In this paper, I provide a background on prescription drug spending trends, financing, and access to medications; describe some of the tools used most commonly to manage prescription drug utilization; present results from the literature on the impact of these tools; and discuss some implications of this information for the new Medicare prescription drug benefit to be implemented in 2006 as well as for future prescription drug innovation.
The analysis of process queue time in a foundry environment

This paper focuses on the mechanics and statistical techniques that are utilized to measure the impact of Qtime on a yield or parametric measurement on the wafers for a single specific process. It covers the techniques that have been utilized by GLOBALFOUNDRIES to identify all of the processes that may contribute to negative effects of product quality due to the effects of Qtime. These methodologies do not contain any complex mathematical techniques but the simple and intuitive approach to this analysis approach has been demonstrated to be very effective.