cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papillary lung carcinoma with prominent "morular" component

Three cases of primary pulmonary papillary carcinomas with a prominent "morular" component involved 2 women and 1 man (age range, 25-68 years). The patients had symptoms related to the pulmonary mass, including chest pain, cough, and dyspnea. Radiographic evaluation of the thorax revealed the presence of a pulmonary mass. Surgical biopsies were obtained and reported as non-small cell carcinoma. All patients underwent lobectomy. Two tumors were located in the right upper lobe and 1 in the left upper lobe. The tumors were soft, white to tan, without evidence of necrosis or hemorrhage, and 2.5 to 3.5 cm in greatest diameter. The tumors were characterized predominantly by papillary architecture containing numerous "morules" composed of spindle cells without nuclear atypia or mitotic activity. Some morules were floating freely within papillary spaces; others seemed to detach from the papillary structures. Immunohistochemical studies of 2 tumors showed positivity for thyroid transcription factor-1, keratin, and carcinoembryonic antigen and negativity for thyroglobulin. The morules showed positive thyroid transcription factor-1 staining, weak keratin staining, and negative staining for smooth muscle actin, desmin, and HMB-45. These cases highlight an unusual phenomenon, that of primary papillary carcinomas of the lung with a prominent morular component.
Revisiting multimedia streaming in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks have been the subject of active research for a number of years. This paper investigates the feasibility of using such networks for transmitting multimedia streams. We observe that wireless network IO operations can be expensive (e.g., programmed IO cost, energy to operate wireless). Moreover, compared to nodes in infrastructure networks that either read or write network traffic, ad hoc traffic requires the intermediate node to perform many expensive network operations twice (read and then resend) and on behalf of other nodes. This observation raises an important question for the ad hoc community, should they a) demand that ad hoc routers support some minimum hardware resources (for example, full DMA support, twice the battery capacity)?, b) force an end-to-end resource management scheme that cooperatively reduces the network flow to half of what can be serviced by the weakest link? This would ensure that no intermediate node would see enough traffic to overwhelm them? or c) require that the local nodes protect themselves from transit traffic? This paper explores the last mechanism in order to provide some control over the resource consumed without a major revamp of existing operating systems or requiring special hardware. We implement our mechanism in the network driver and present encouraging preliminary results.
DNA crosslinking induced by 1,2-diaminocyclohexanedichloroplatinum(II) in murine leukemia L1210 cells and comparison with other platinum analogues

Abstract 1,2-Diaminocyclohexanedichloroplatinum(II) (DCDP) is an analogue of the clinically efficacious cancer chemotherapeutic drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP). DCDP is presently undergoing clinical trials at least in part because a cis-DDP-resistant murine leukemia L1210 cell line is sensitive to its action. The alkaline elution technique was used to measure DNA-protein and DNA-interstrand crosslinks induced by DCDP in sensitive and resistant L1210 cells. This was compared to the action of cis-DDP and its clinically ineffective isomer trans-DDP. The action of DCDP was similar to that for cis-DDP with maximum crosslinking occurring between 6 and 12 h after a 1 h treatment. Both cis-DDP and DCDP exhibited proportionately higher levels of interstrand crosslinking than trans-DDP. Near complete removal of both classes of DCDP-induced crosslinks was seen by 72 h. While the extent of crosslinking was different for each compound, little difference between the two cell lines was noted with respect to crosslinking by either DCDP or trans-DDP. These cell lines exhibit a 2-fold resistance to both DCDP and trans-DDP and at equitoxic doses of both drugs the resistant cells demonstrated twice the interstrand crosslinks that were seen in the sensitive cells. The extent of crosslinking related directly to the concentration of drug. When treated with equitoxic doses of DCDP, cis-DDP or trans-DDP, the resistant cells consistently exhibited more interstrand crosslinks than sensitive cells, suggesting the existence of a more critical cytotoxic lesion which was not detectable by the alkaline elution technique. These lesions could be either intrastrand crosslinks or monofunctional platination. Resistance must be due to a differential sensitivity to the lesions that form, which may be due to an altered capacity to repair the lesions.
Gender typing, importance of multiple roles, and mental health consequences for women

The present study examined the interactive influence of gender role typing and multiple role involvement with regard to specific mental health concerns among middle-class Caucasian women. As with previous research, depression and anxiety proved to be a function of gender role typing (feminine-typed and undifferentiated women displayed greater depression and anxiety relative to masculine-typed or androgynous women) with no differences attributable to multiple role involvement. For substance abuse, however, an interaction effect was obtained. Gender-typed (both masculine and feminine) women striving to excel across multiple roles engaged in greater substance abuse than women not gender typed (androgynous and undifferentiated); indeed, the latter displayed low risk comparable to women not similarly striving at multiple roles regardless of gender typing. A similar interaction previously has been reported with regard to disordered eating. These findings suggest that the lack of gender typing for women may enable them to cope more effectively with the conflicting demands of multiple roles and thereby reduce certain health risk behaviors (e.g., disordered eating and substance abuse), but that other mental health concerns (e.g., depression and anxiety) may not be similarly affected.
Modeling of Current Density Boundary Conditions for a Heterodimensional Contact of 3D-Metal to 2D-Semiconductor

We have investigated semi-classical carrier transport at the heterodimensional contact between a three-dimensional (3D)-metal and two-dimensional (2D)-semiconductor system. Formulated for easy inclusion in numerical device simulators, current density boundary conditions for the heterodimensional contact are theoretically derived for both electrons and holes. Unlike conventional metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors, in which planar surface electrodes are fabricated to establish contact with the semiconductor, a novel MSM device is considered by utilizing recessed electrodes that directly contact the 2D-quantum well. The newly derived current density boundary conditions have been incorporated in a commercial numerical device simulator to investigate the steady-state and transient behavior of a novel quantum-well MSM photodetector. Results for devices with 1-μm electrode spacing at 2 V DC bias indicate a nominal 3-dB bandwidth of 25 GHz and low dark currents in the quantum well of the order of a few femto-amps.
Recollection-based recognition eliminates the revelation effect in memory

The revelation effect refers to the tendency to call an item on a recognition test old if it is preceded by a cognitive task that involves the processing of a similar stimulus (Watkins & Peynircioglu, 1990). It has been proposed that the revelation effect occurs because of an increase in the familiarity of the test items in the revelation condition (Luo, 1993; Westerman & Greene, 1998). In the present experiments, the revelation effect was investigated in recognition tasks that were not based solely on the familiarity of the test items but, also, on a recall-like retrieval process. A revelation effect was not found on an associative-recognition task or on a plurality recognition task. The results of this study show that the revelation effect does not occur when the contribution of familiarity to recognition decisions is reduced by factors that encourage the recollection of the study episode.
Target problem (mis) matching: Predictors and consequences of parent–youth agreement in a sample of anxious youth

Parents and youth often report discrepant target problems upon seeking treatment for youth psychopathology, which can have important impact on therapy processes (e.g., dropout) and treatment outcomes, as entry-level attitudes have been found to be influential in ultimate use and benefit of treatment. The current study examined parent-youth agreement within an anxiety disordered sample by assessing demographic and diagnostic factors that may predict matching, as well as the impact of matching on attrition, treatment outcome, and parental satisfaction. Ninety-five youth with principal anxiety disorders received cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety at a university outpatient clinic. Youth and parents independently identified target problems during the pretreatment assessment. Target problems were coded into 25 qualitative categories representing diagnostic, symptom, and functional impairment domains, including diffuse anxiety, social anxiety, academic achievement, oppositional/behavior problems, sleep problems, suicidal ideation, and family functioning. The majority of parent-youth dyads (67.4%) agreed on at least one target problem. Although problems related to diffuse anxiety and social anxiety were reported most frequently, relatively low rates of agreement were found in these domains. Kappa values demonstrated higher levels of agreement for problems with specific fears, school attendance, and panic and lower levels of agreement for difficulties with worry, shame, and self-esteem. Further, youth diagnosed with comorbid externalizing disorders were less likely to agree with their parents on at least one target problem. No effects were found for gender, age, or number of diagnoses in predicting agreement. Target problem agreement did not significantly impact rates of attrition or diagnostic remission, but did predict some measures of parental satisfaction. Results suggest that disagreement on treatment goals exists even within a narrow treatment population and may predict important consumer variables such as satisfaction. Findings emphasize that initial goals disagreement warrants careful assessment and monitoring.
Early child care experiences and their association with family and child characteristics during middle childhood

Long-term correlates of early child care and maternal employment were examined in a representative sample of 333 6- to 12-year-old middle-class children. Intellectual, social, and behavioral development and parent-child relationships were related to nonparental infant care, center or preschool experiences, and maternal employment. Contextual analyses included child, parent, and family covariates related to choice of child care and children's development. Preschool and center day care was associated with slightly higher Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) Vocabulary scores and externalizing t scores on the Child Behavior Checklist. In addition, for African American children, center preschool experience was associated with 10-point-higher verbal intelligence scores and better ratings of positive behavioral attributes by parent and observers. Nonparental care during infancy and maternal employment patterns during the preschool years were not consistently related to the outcomes. The results of this study further support the growing consensus that the effects of early child care experiences must be considered in the context of parent, family, and child characteristics.
The uses of disorder: Personal identity and city life, Richard Sennet

(1973). THE USES OF DISORDER: PERSONAL IDENTITY AND CITY LIFE, Richard Sennet. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 13, No. 3-4, pp. 271-282.
Swatch fever: An allegory for understanding the paradox of collecting

The rise of the phenomenon referred to as “Swatch Fever,” collectors' seemingly insatiable desire for Swatch watches during the late 1980s to early 1990s, can be considered an allegory for collecting behavior in general. Using the dynamic progression of Swatch Fever, this article explores what motivates consumers to engage in collecting behavior. Based on this analysis as well as the current literature on collecting, the authors examine the paradoxical nature of collecting in order to add to the understanding of collecting as a phenomenon that is both rational and irrational, deliberate and uncontrollable, cooperative and competitive, passive and aggressive, and tension producing and tension reducing. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Management of severe childhood hypertension with minoxidil: A controlled clinical study†

The therapeutic efficacy of four antihypertensive regimens (minoxidil, propranolol, and hydrochlorothiazide; propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide; methyldopa and hydroch-orothiazide; and hydrochlorothiazide alone) was evaluated in one child with systolic hypertension and in eight children with systolic and diastolic hypertension. The mean blood pressure of 148/98+/-8/4 mm Hg observed during the hydrochlorothiazide control period fell to 142/88+/-8/4 mm Hg following methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide, 141/85+/-6/2 mm Hg following propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide, and 128/74+/-4/2 mm Hg following minoxidil, propranolol, and hydrochlorothiazide. The only side effect directly associated with administration of minoxidil was hypertrichosis. The effectiveness of minoxidil in the present study suggests that this drug offers an important adjunct to current antihypertensive therapy in children.
Unanticipated Consequences of Organizational Coalitions: Ecumenical Cooperation and Civil Rights Policy

A study of denominational participation in the National Council of Churches illuminates the processes by which organizations reap unanticipated consequences from their commitment to coalitions. This paper contends that NCC members experienced unanticipated involvement in the civil rights movement, resulting in loss of members and reduction of financial support, especially for those denominations with heavy commitment to the South. When an organization forms a coalition with others who do not share its environmental commitments, those commitments may be neglected, causing resistance from the organization's environment. Merton (1936) long ago identified the general sources of "unanticipated consequences of purposive social action," and Selznick (1949) applied this concept in organizational research, tracing unanticipated consequences to their source in organizational commitments.' There is, however, need for further knowledge both of the kinds of organizational commitments which produce unanticipated consequences and of the specific mechanisms which bring about such consequences. This paper reports an empirical study which throws light on the processes by which organizations may realize unanticipatt d consequences from their participation in, i.e., commitment to, coalitions. An organization joins a coalition expecting to gain some added resource for the implementation of organizational goals in an environment which may be indifferent or even hostile to those goals (Thompson and McEwen, 1958). Such resources include financial strength, creative personnel, public support, broader geographical representation, etc. To the extent that the coalition serves its purpose, members of the coalition become more secure in their environment. Even where specific goals of the coalition are achieved, however, there may be important unwanted consequences.2 For example, there may be negative repercussions for the pursuit of other goals or for the solution of crucial organizational problems. While gaining support from one element of the environment the organization may make itself vulnerable to another. Thus organizations by entering coalitions in search of security in their environment sometimes make themselves less secure.
Sequential bilateral central retinal vein occlusions in a cystic fibrosis patient with hyperhomocysteinemia and hypergamma-globulinemia

To report a case of sequential bilateral central retinal vein occlusions (CRVOs) in a cystic fibrosis patient with hyperhomocysteinemia and hypergammaglobulinemia over 6 years of follow-up. Observational case report of one patient. A 31-year-old man with a history of cystic fibrosis presented with a CRVO in his left eye, followed by a CRVO in his right eye 4 years later. His medical workup was significant for elevated levels of homocysteine and gamma globulins, which coincided with initiation of intravenous immunoglobulin preceding his second CRVO. The authors describe a case of sequential bilateral CRVOs in a cystic fibrosis patient with hyperhomocysteinemia and hypergammaglobulinemia over 6 years of follow-up and discuss the important role of these risk factors in retinal venous occlusive disease.
Going It Alone? Strategic Entry under Mixed Electoral Rules

Recent studies on strategic voting and entry in elections that combine plurality or majority and proportional representation (PR) have found candidate placement in single-member district (SMD) races to improve a party's PR performance. The primary implication of the existence of “contamination effects” is that parties have an incentive to nominate candidates in as many single-member districts as possible. Pre-electoral coordination in the majoritarian component of mixed electoral systems, however, is far from uncommon. In this article, we identify a number of institutional incentives that induce political parties to form pre-electoral alliances in spite of contamination effects. By identifying institutions that favor and hamper coordination, we seek to advance the understanding of PR-SMD interactions and to assess their implications for the design, classification, and empirical analysis of mixed electoral rules. Our statistical tests evaluate strategic entry in a diverse sample of countries.
Conductor Galloping Prediction Method Based on MEMs 3D Dynamic Displacement Sensors

Existed conductor galloping can only analyze the real-time state. There is no effective method to predict the conductor galloping state and alarm if necessary in the future. In order to solve the above problems, a new conductor galloping method based on the MEMs 3Ddynamic displacement sensing network has been proposed and realized. The MEMs dynamic displacement sensor is used to sense the distributed galloping information. The low-power wireless sensor network is deployed to transmit data back to the host quickly and realize the centralized treatment. The three-degree freedom model is built to analyze multi-dimensional displacement in the horizontal, vertical and torsional directions. Finally, the conductor galloping is predicted and early alarmed by using measured information sensed by sensors, the calculated data by mathematical model and some key parameters of future weather. The method proposed in this paper has been validated in practice. The predicted trajectory after 2 hours and the actual conductor galloping trajectory are basically identical. The deviation is less than 0.03 meters. This method realizes conductor galloping prediction. It strongly supports the operation and maintenance management of the transmission Line.
Abyssal current influence on the southwest Bermuda Rise and surrounding region

Abstract Echograms (3.5 kHz) and bottom photographs reveal that the northward flowing Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) has strongly influenced the modern depositional regime on the southwest Bermuda Rise. The spatial distribution of echo character types, the orientation and nature of current-controlled structures, and limited current meter data show that AABW flows with varying intensities along three primary pathways around and over the southwest Bermuda Rise. The main core of AABW flows clockwise around the eastern and western flanks of the southern Bermuda Rise, roughly parallel to the 5400 m isobath. This current bifurcates at 28°30′N, 69°W where a portion flows northeast over the southwest Bermuda Rise and the remainder continues north along the physiographic boundary between the southwest Bermuda Rise and the Hatteras Abyssal Plain. Secondary ribbons of AABW branch off the main core of AABW during its southerly journey along the southeastern Bermuda Rise, and flow west through fracture zones. Finally, a diffuse, northward flowing AABW sweeps the entire southwest Bermuda Rise. A progression of current-controlled bedforms occurs beneath the main path of the AABW reflecting the spatially varying current velocities and sediment supply. The main core of AABW flows west through the narrow Vema Gap creating erosional furrows along the border between the southwest Bermuda Rise and the Vema Gap. Current velocities greater than 20 cm s −1 are inferred from the bedforms in this region. Farther north along the southwestern edge of the Bermuda Rise, sediment waves become more prevalent. This transition from erosional to more depositional bedforms results from diminished current velocities (5–15 cm s −1 ) and increased sediment supply. Although some of these bedforms on the southwest Bermuda Rise appear to be relict, their orientation is consistent with current meter data and abyssal current direction inferred from bottom photographs.
HIV Risk Behavior among Delinquent and Mentally Ill Teens: Case Manager Perspectives.

An HIV knowledge survey and qualitative interview were administered to 20 case managers in community-based programs for troubled youth to assess HIV knowledge and their perception of client HIV risk behaviors. Participants had good HIV knowledge. Case managers perceived client youth to be at high risk for HIV infection due to unsafe sexual practices, survival sex, vulnerability to victimization, and homelessness. Teenaged girls were seen as being at higher risk than teenage boys. Clients with stable placements and involved caregivers were deemed at lower risk due to increased emotional and behavioral support. Few case managers provided HIV prevention services due to strained resources, insufficient training, and difficulty talking about sexuality. Implications for prevention are discussed.
Focused ion beam lithography

Abstract Lithography for microelectronics, that is, the exposure and development of resist, is already being carried out in research laboratories at dimensions well below 0.1 μm. In production the minimum dimensions are likely to approach 0.1 μm before the end of the decade. This review will examine the use of focused ion beams for ultrafine lithography. Minimum dimensions down to 0.015 μm have been reported as well as exposure of 0.25 μm thick resist with o.05 μm linewidth for the making of X-ray lithography masks. At this time there are only two techniques for writing original patterns (as opposed to replicating them) at 0.1 μm and below; electron beams and ion beams. Electron beams are at a mature state of development and have advantages in absence of shot noise and in fast deflection capability. Ion beams on the other hand have demonstrated absence of proximity effect and high resist sensitivity, i.e. potentially faster writing speed. The development of the gas field ion source promises hundredfold increase in current density of light ions (H2+, He …) in the beam focal spot. In addition, these light ion beams at high energy can be deflected at the speeds needed for lithography. Thus focused ion beam lithography is a serious candidate for future fine pattern writing.
Finding Jesus’s magic pineapple: or, improving science education by improving religious education

Natalie was then asked, ‘‘what if, anything, would have to happen for you to accept a religion?’’ She started to laugh and then replied, ‘‘Well, it would have to be something crazy … like if I were to say ‘Jesus put a pineapple on that table,’ and suddenly a pineapple appears out of nowhere’’. It did appear that science, via empirical evidence, provided a form of meaning that religion was unable to provide. (Hathcoat and Habashi 2013) While perhaps amusing, depressing, or maybe patronizing, Natalie’s understanding of the role of religion in American life, and how she sees it relating to science is, for those who study the relationship between science and religion in education, all too familiar. How Natalie came to see religion as exemplified by a parlor-trick turning Jesus, is as blind as the Creationist who cannot ‘‘see’’ the overwhelming evidence for evolution. We have, in the U.S., a strong scientific infrastructure, a highly religious population, and a system of education which does a poor job at engendering a civic literacy toward understanding and fostering dialogue between both. As I agree in this short paper, at least for science education’s sake, this breach should be stopped. It won’t be easy. Of both science and religious practice, there are those who see their commitment as one all-consumptive truth seeking, which we must, for the sake of both a civil society, and the practice of science education, step past. Expanding on issues identified in John Hathcoat and Janet Habashi’s work, I guide their framing of Americans’ understanding of science and religion toward pragmatic implications for science education. I aim my current analysis at the social effects of religious monism on science education, saving an equal statement of scientific monism for the future. Far from unabashed advocacy for religion due to personal faith, I advance this
Detection of Atomic Chlorine in Io’s Atmosphere with the Hubble Space Telescope GHRS

We report the detection of atomic chlorine emissions in the atmosphere of Io using Hubble Space Telescope observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS). The Cl I λ1349 dipole allowed and Cl I] λ1386 forbidden transition multiplets are detected at a signal-to-noise ratio of 6 and 10, respectively, in a combined GHRS spectrum acquired from 1994 through 1996. Oxygen and sulfur emissions are simultaneously detected with the chlorine, which allows for self-consistent abundance ratios of chlorine to these other atmospheric species. The disk-averaged ratios are Cl/O = 0.017 ± 0.008, Cl/S = 0.10 ± 0.05, and S/O = 0.18 ± 0.08. We also derive a geometric albedo of 1.0% ± 0.4% for Io at 1335 A, assuming an SO2 atmospheric column density of 1 × 1016 cm-2.
Does Interfacial Charge Transfer Compete with Charge Carrier Recombination? A Femtosecond Diffuse Reflectance Investigation of TiO2 Nanoparticles

The charge carrier dynamics of opaque, aqueous suspensions of Degussa P-25 TiO2 are probed with femtosecond time-resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Comparison of ultrafast pump−probe diffuse reflectance measurements of P-25 suspensions with dry P-25 powder and the transient absorption of transparent, aqueous Q-TiO2 solutions allows the observed kinetics to be assigned to charge carrier recombination. The electron−hole recombination kinetics are consistent with a second-order process as demonstrated by a laser fluence dependence study. Interfacial hole transfer dynamics of the P-25 TiO2/SCN- complex are probed as a function of thiocyanate ion concentration. A dramatic increase in the population of trapped charge carriers is observed within the first few picoseconds, demonstrating that interfacial charge transfer of an electron from the SCN- to a hole on the photoexcited TiO2 effectively competes with electron−hole recombination on an ultrafast time scale. The experimental dependence of the charge c...
Laser-induced thickness stretch motion of a transversely constrained irradiated slab

This paper is concerned with the dynamic response of a transversely constrained, but arbitrarily thick slab due to a Holobeam model 630-Q Nd pulsed laser irradiation normal to the surface of the slab. The laser beam is assumed to be Gaussian in space and time. The laser beam energy density is adjusted to cause heating of the slab, but to avoid phase change (melting) of the slab material. The initial thickness stretch motion occurs in a time period that is very small compared to the gross motion of the thick slab with edges far away from the laser beam effective diameter. Hence, during the initial stages of the thickness stretch motion, the transversely constrained irradiated slab is considered a one-dimensional problem through the thickness with a uniform laser irradiation over the effective laser beam diameter. Solutions are obtained for the time-dependent deformation and stress fields through the thickness of the slab within the framework of classical uncoupled dynamic thermoelasticity theory and classical methods in boundary value problems. The plots confirm a wave nature of deflections that various points through the thickness are undisturbed until the wave reaches the points. Also, interesting observations are made regarding sign reversals of the deflections and stresses that are useful for the designers.
Clustering through ranking on manifolds

Clustering aims to find useful hidden structures in data. In this paper we present a new clustering algorithm that builds upon the consistency method (Zhou, et.al., 2003), a semi-supervised learning technique with the property of learning very smooth functions with respect to the intrinsic structure revealed by the data. Other methods, e.g. Spectral Clustering, obtain good results on data that reveals such a structure. However, unlike Spectral Clustering, our algorithm effectively detects both global and within-class outliers, and the most representative examples in each class. Furthermore, we specify an optimization framework that estimates all learning parameters, including the number of clusters, directly from data. Finally, we show that the learned cluster-models can be used to add previously unseen points to clusters without re-learning the original cluster model. Encouraging experimental results are obtained on a number of real world problems.
Deflectometry using portable devices

Deflectometry is a powerful metrology technique that uses off-the-shelf equipment to achieve nanometer-level accuracy surface measurements. However, there is no portable device to quickly measure eyeglasses, lenses, or mirrors. We present an entirely portable new deflectometry technique that runs on any Android™ smartphone with a front-facing camera. Our technique overcomes some specific issues of portable devices like screen nonlinearity and automatic gain control. We demonstrate our application by measuring an amateur telescope mirror and simulating a measurement of the faulty Hubble Space Telescope primary mirror. Our technique can, in less than 1 min, measure surface errors with accuracy up to 50 nm RMS, simply using a smartphone.
A comparison of an adaptive two-sample test to the t-test and the rank-sum test

A two-sample test is proposed which has greater power than the commonly used tests for several stochastically ordered alternatives, including the shift alternative. The proposed test is an adaptive test which uses the order statistics within the two samples to determine a suitable score function for a rank test. This test is shown, by Monte Carlo studies, to maintain its significance level for many distributions and sample size configurations. The proposed test had the highest power or was within 5% of the highest power among the tests considered for 90.4% of the simulations. The corresponding percentages were 39.6% for the pooled t-test, 65.7% for the rank-sum test, 78.8% for the normal scores test, and 78.7% for the adaptive test of Hogg, Fisher, and Randies. These simulations also showed that Welch's t-test often failed to maintain its significance level.
Robust fast automatic skull stripping of MRI-T2 data

The efficacy of image processing and analysis on skull stripped MR images vis-a-vis the original images is well established. Additionally, compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires neuroimage repositories to anonymise the images before sharing them. This makes the non-trivial skull stripping process all the more significant. While a number of optimal approaches exist to strip the skull from T1-weighted MR images to the best of our knowledge, there is no simple, robust, fast, parameter free and fully automatic technique to perform the same on T2-weighted images. This paper presents a strategy to fill this gap. It employs a fast parameterization of the T2 image intensity onto a standardized T1 intensity scale. The parametric "T1-like" image obtained via the transformation, which takes only a few seconds to compute, is subsequently processed by any of the many T1-based brain extraction techniques to derive the brain mask. Masking the original T2 image with this brain mask strips the skull. By standardizing the intensity of the parametric image, preset algorithm-specific parameters (if any) could be used across multiple datasets. The proposed scheme has been used in a number of phantom and clinical T2 brain datasets to successfully strip the skull.
Synthesis and photochemical study of substituted heterohelicenes and related compounds

Helicenes with aryl electron-withdrawing or/and electron-donating groups at one/both end/s are potential candidates for second order nonlinear optical applications. We have prepared such helicenes and related compounds. A single crystal X-ray structure showed the structure and architecture of 2,7-di-1-naphthylbenzo[1,2-b:4,3-b'] dithiophene to be racemic chiral helixes. Both terminal aryl rings contribute to the π-π stacking. Theoretically, there are two synthetic routes (A and B) for the synthesis of 2-(4-methoxylphenyl)trithia-[5]-heterohelicene and 2-(4-methoxylphenyl)-9-(4-cyanophenyl)trithia- [5]-heterohelicene. Although route A is more complicated, it is more efficient because substituents improve solubility. Introducing an electron-donating group increases the yields of all reactions in A.
Preoperative chemoradiation downstages locally advanced ultrasound-staged rectal cancer.

Abstract Background : This prospective study assessed the effect of preoperative radiation and chemotherapy on the pathologic staging of advanced rectal cancer. Methods : Twenty patients with rectal cancer were treated with combined chemoradiation prior to operation, after pretreatment staging of all lesions with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). Perirectal fat invasion served as minimal criteria for preoperative neoadjuvant therapy. The pretreatment stage of these rectal lesions as defined by TRUS was then compared with the pathological stage of the surgical specimen following resection. Cancers were treated with high-dose radiation (45 to 54 Gy) in 19 of 20 patients. One patient received in excess of 60 Gy because of tumor characteristics. Chemotherapy consisted of 5-fluorouracil delivered as a continuous infusion or bolus therapy. Four to 8 weeks after neoadjuvant therapy, 13 abdominal perineal resections, 5 low anterior resections, and 2 completion proctectomies were performed. Results : Following resection, rectal cancer was downstaged in 14 of 20 patients. No tumor was present in the rectal wall in 8 of 20 patients. Complete pathological response was present in 7 of 20 patients. Local recurrence occurred in 2 of 20 patients. Disease-free survival in the remaining 17 of 20 patients ranges from 9 to 51 months (average 26). Conclusions : Preoperative chemoradiation in the surgical management of advanced rectal cancer results in demonstrable tumor downstaging.
Overgroups of irreducible linear groups, II

First published in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. Soc. 351 (1999), published by the American Mathematical Society
Pseudoporphyria: an atypical variant resembling toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Background:Pseudoporphyria has been attributed to both medication usage and chronic hemodialysis. Histologically, it is identical to porphyria cutanea tarda. It is most commonly seen as localized bullae on sun-exposed skin, often on the dorsum of the hands and fingers.Objectives:We describe a 31-year-old man with rapidly evolving bullae which became denuded, clinically suggestive of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Pseudoporphyria was proven histologically. However, our patient's eruption was not localized as small bullae but was widespread, with large bullae evolving into large, cutaneous, denuded erosions.Conclusions:We describe a previously unreported, generalized variant of pseudoporphyria that resembles toxic epidermal necrolysis. We provide a review of pseudoporphyria and compare our variant to toxic epidermal necrolysis and mimicking disorders.
A Continuum Mechanics Model of Adhesive Contact Based on the Lennard-Jones Potential

A continuum model of adhesive interaction between elastic surfaces is presented. Surface interaction between two elastic spheres is modeled by the Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential. The analysis is based on the equivalent system of a rigid sphere of reduced radius in close proximity with an elastic half-space of effective elastic modulus. The critical gap at the instant of the “jump-in” and “jump-out” contact instabilities is determined by an elastic solution of the half-space surface displacement. A finite element model, in which surface interaction is modeled by nonlinear springs of a prescribed force-displacement governed by the L-J potential, is also used to analyze adhesive surface interaction. The analytical model is validated by finite element results of the critical central gap at the instant of jumpin and jump-out instabilities for different values of the Tabor parameter.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Representing The Revolution: Public History and The Moncada Barracks in Santiago De Cuba

AbstractIs history still the handmaiden of the Cuban revolution, as Louis A. Perez argued 30 years ago? In this article we explore how historical narratives, specifically concerning the Moncada Barracks assault of 1953, are incorporated into Cuban political culture. The event—the opening salvo in the armed struggle against Fulgencio Batista—is arguably the most commemorated event in Cuban revolutionary history. A close examination of commemorative practices, especially the contents of three museum exhibits in Santiago de Cuba, show that an aura of religiosity is cultivated around the victims of Batista's backlash against the rebels. The exhibits work to link the Moncada assault with other key events in Cuban history and to reinforce the status of the Moncada generation as the canonical generation of Cuban history.
Coherence in the ac Josephson-Fiske effect

Abstract Pair transfer accompanied by photon emission does not demand the existence of a well-defined phase relationship between the two superconductors. This raises certain questions about the role of coherence in the ac Josephson-Fiske effect, which we discuss here.
Air-Break Magnetic Blow-Outs For Contactors and Circuit Breakers Both A-C. and D-C

Magnetic blow-outs have been used in contactors, circuit breakers and controllers for many years for rupturing both a-c. and d-c. power circuits, but their commercial use, particularly on alternating current has been largely confined to relatively low voltages. Oil circuit breakers and switches have been generally used for rupturing high-voltage a-c. power circuits, and their development has reached a high state of perfection. The air break has the advantage of avoiding the possibilities which attend the use of any inflammable material?like oil, with its possible gasification and explosion on heavy short circuits. While there are many different types of magnetic blow-outs this paper deals largely with the ``individual'' type, in which a blow-out coil is connected in series with each pair of current-rupturing contacts, since it is with this type that most of the progress and studies have been made in recent years. Contactors and circuit breakers with the ``individual'' type of blow-out are now used almost exclusively in the main d-c. power circuits of the 1500 and 3000-volt d-c. railway systems. Oil circuit breakers have been tried for this service, but they are rather unsatisfactory because there is no periodic zero point in the current wave at which the oil can form an insulating seal between contacts. The oil under d-c. arc conditions carbonizes rapidly and involves the possible danger from explosive gases. Recently the use of magnetic blow-out contactors on a-c. circuits has been extended to moderately high voltage and capacity. Short-circuit tests on a 6600-volt, 26,700-kv-a.
Dormancy Phenotype Displayed by Extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis within Artificial Granulomas in Mice

Mycobacterium tuberculosis residing within pulmonary granulomas and cavities represents an important reservoir of persistent organisms during human latent tuberculosis infection. We present a novel in vivo model of tuberculosis involving the encapsulation of bacilli in semidiffusible hollow fibers that are implanted subcutaneously into mice. Granulomatous lesions develop around these hollow fibers, and in this microenvironment, the organisms demonstrate an altered physiologic state characterized by stationary-state colony-forming unit counts and decreased metabolic activity. Moreover, these organisms show an antimicrobial susceptibility pattern similar to persistent bacilli in current models of tuberculosis chemotherapy in that they are more susceptible to the sterilizing drug, rifampin, than to the bactericidal drug isoniazid. We used this model of extracellular persistence within host granulomas to study both gene expression patterns and mutant survival patterns. Our results demonstrate induction of dosR (Rv3133c) and 20 other members of the DosR regulon believed to mediate the transition into dormancy, and that relMtb is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival during extracellular persistence within host granulomas. Interestingly, the dormancy phenotype of extracellular M. tuberculosis within host granulomas appears to be immune mediated and interferon-γ dependent.
Reanalysis and Correction of Bed-Load Relation of Meyer-Peter and Müller Using Their Own Database

The pioneering predictor of fluvial bed-load transport rate proposed by Meyer-Peter and Muller in 1948 is still extensively used in basic research and engineering applications. A review of the basis for its formulation reveals, however, that an unnecessary bed roughness correction was applied to cases of plane-bed morphodynamic equilibrium. Its inclusion followed a flow resistance parameterization in terms of the Nikuradse roughness height, which has been shown (well after the publication of their work) to be inappropriate for the characterization of mobile bed rough conditions in rivers. Removing the unnecessary correction and incorporating an improved correction of the boundary shear stress due to sidewall effects allow elucidation of the most parsimonious form of the bed-load relation of Meyer-Peter and Muller that is dictated by their own data set. The new predictor is presented in terms of two alternative power law forms. These amended forms show that, in the case of lower-regime plane-bed equilibrium transport of uniform bed sediment, the new estimates of volume bed-load transport rates are less than or equal to half the values that would be obtained with the original relation of Meyer-Peter and Muller in the absence of the unnecessary bed roughness correction. The meticulous database and clear analysis of the original work of Meyer-Peter and Muller greatly aided the present writers in their reanalysis, which liberally uses the hindsight offered by 58 years of subsequent research.
Hard X-Ray Microscope With Submicrometer Spatial Resolution.

A high-resolution hard x-ray microscope is described. This system is capable of detecting line features as small as 0.6 micrometer in width, and resolving line pairs 1.2 micrometers wide and 1.2 micrometers apart. Three types of two-dimensional image detectors are discussed and compared for use with hard x rays in high resolution. Principles of x-ray image magnification are discussed, based on x-ray optics and diffraction physics. Examples of applications are shown in microradiography with fiber reinforced composite materials (SiC in Ti3Al Nb) and in diffraction imaging (topography) with device patterns on a silicon single crystal. High-resolution tomography has now become a reality.
On the Syntax and Semantics of Evidentials

In some languages, every declarative sentence includes a morpheme specifying the speaker’s evidence or source of information. This article provides an overview of the central theoretical questions addressed in recent research on Evidential morphemes. First, I discuss the question of whether Evidentials constitute a coherent closed-class system, independent of other systems of grammar. Next, I briefly consider the evidence for an Evidential head in the syntactic representation. Finally, I review the ways in which Evidentials resemble and differ from epistemic modals.
Microtubules are not altered in the dystrophic chicken.

The association of an altered cytoplasmic microtubule complex in cells of the dystrophic chicken was investigated. Dystrophic chickens of lines 304 and 413 were compared with their genetically matched control, 412 (obtained from UC, Davis). Explants and trypsin-dissociated tissues were prepared from breast and heart muscles of chickens at 1, 3, 7, 14, 20, 40, 80 and 120 days ex ovo. The cells were cultured for 7 days and then processed for antitubulin immunofluorescence. Over 90% of the cells displayed an extensive cytoplasmic microtubule complex, although there was significant elevation of creatine phosphokinase in the dystrophic chickens after 20 days ex ovo. In both dystrophic and control preparations, one to two distinct functionally intact microtubule-organizing centers per cell were observed. Dystrophic and control chicken brain extracts demonstrated essentially the same extent of microtubule assembly as assayed by turbidity increase and protein in sedimentable polymer. SDS—PAGE revealed no significant differences in the microtubule proteins polymerized from the dystrophic and control brains. These results suggest that no significant alteration occurs in the structure, assembly or distribution of cytoplasmic microtubules in the cells of the dystrophic chicken.
Providing grades and feedback for student summaries by ontology-based information extraction

Automatic grading systems for summaries and essays have been studied for years. Most commercial and research implementations are based in statistical methods, such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), which can provide high accuracy on similarity between the essay and the graded or standard essays, but they can offer very limited feedback. In the present work, we propose a novel method to provide both grades and meaningful feedback for student summaries by Ontology-based Information Extraction (OBIE). We use ontological concepts and relationships to create extraction rules to identify correct statements. Based on ontology constraints (e.g., disjointness between concepts), we define patterns that are logically inconsistent with the ontology to create rules to extract incorrect statements. Experiments show that the grades given to 18 student summaries on Ecosystems by OBIE are correlated to human gradings. OBIE also provide meaningful feedback on the errors those students made in their summaries.
Satisficing feedback strategies for local navigation of autonomous mobile robots

A general approach to the local navigation problem for autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) is presented and its application to omnidirectional and conventionally steered wheelbases is described. The problem of driving an AMR to a goal in an unknown environment is formulated as a dynamic feedback control problem in which local feedback information is used to make steering decisions while the AMR is moving. To obtain a computationally tractable algorithm, a class of satisficing feedback strategies that generate reasonable, collision-free trajectories to the goal using simplified representations of the AMR dynamics and constrains is proposed. Realizations of the feedback strategy are presented and illustrated by simulation under the assumptions of perfect feedback information and zero servo error. Straightforward extensions of the approach to handle uncertainties in real systems are briefly described. >