cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-speed Internet use and academic gratifications in the college residence

Abstract A multimethod exploration of undergraduates' high-speed Internet use in residence halls took a uses-and-gratifications approach (U & G) and revealed Internet use as integral to students' lives. Students' negative comments about Internet distractions from academic work led to identification of an individual difference variable, internal locus of control of academic effort, as potentially predictive of student variations in use. A random survey (n=364) revealed positive perceptions of Internet use for academics was weakly but significantly associated with internal locus of control for academic effort. Time spent instant messaging (IM) was negatively correlated with the ability to avoid Internet distractions and concentration on academic work. Strategies are needed to help undergraduates gain control over high-speed Internet use to meet their academic goals.
Knowledge in the service of children and youth: A personal introduction

This is a very personal introduction to a topic that means a great deal to me. As a scientist I am in the knowledge business if nothing else. As a citizen I seek to serve. In my heart it is children and youth who are most dear. It may be presumptuous to say so, but I think we have only begun to seriously and effectively harness knowledge in the service of children and youth. As my colleagues make clear in succeeding discussions, the utilization and dissemination of research-based knowledge concerning children and youth has very low genuine priority in the activities of social scientists, policy makers and practitioners. The funds are not there; nor is the will; nor the methodology. This volume contains some of what precious little we really have. My purpose in this introduction is to create an intellectual climate in which to read the topical discussions that follow. Therefore, I have taken the liberty of presenting a word sketch; a montage of impressions, data, concepts, and personal experiences. The Scottish master poet Robert Burns wrote, “Oh wad some power the giftie gie us/To see ourselves as others see us.” Indeed, how do others see us? Over the past few years there have been numerous indications of how the general public sees us (or at least how the literate public sees us). The New Yorker magazine often publishes cartoons with a cutting edge pointed in our direction. One offers two aging academic types, one of whom says “One thing J’ll say for us . . . science.” we never stooped to popularizing Another presents a bookshelf containing a set of vol-
Predicting Criminal Recidivism Following Drug Court: Implications for Drug Court Practice and Policy Advocacy

This study evaluated a drug court located in Texas. Participants that had a violation within the first 30 days of drug court, and terminated participants were most likely to recidivate. Implications for drug court practice and policy advocacy are discussed.
Decreased Metallation and Activity in Subsets of Mutant Superoxide Dismutases Associated with Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Over 90 different mutations in the gene encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause approximately 2% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cases by an unknown mechanism. We engineered 14 different human ALS-related SOD1 mutants and obtained high yields of biologically metallated proteins from an Sf21 insect cell expression system. Both the wild type and mutant "as isolated" SOD1 variants were deficient in copper and were heterogeneous by native gel electrophoresis. By contrast, although three mutant SOD1s with substitutions near the metal binding sites (H46R, G85R, and D124V) were severely deficient in both copper and zinc ions, zinc deficiency was not a consistent feature shared by the as isolated mutants. Eight mutants (A4V, L38V, G41S, G72S, D76Y, D90A, G93A, and E133 Delta) exhibited normal SOD activity over pH 5.5-10.5, per equivalent of copper, consistent with the presumption that bound copper was in the proper metal-binding site and was fully active. The H48Q variant contained a high copper content yet was 100-fold less active than the wild type enzyme and exhibited a blue shift in the visible absorbance peak of bound Cu(II), indicating rearrangement of the Cu(II) coordination geometry. Further characterization of these as-isolated SOD1 proteins may provide new insights regarding mutant SOD1 enzyme toxicity in ALS.
Heterogeneity in Geochemical Expression of Subaerial Exposure in Limestones, and Its Implications for Sampling to Detect Exposure Surfaces

Abstract Replicate sampling along stratigraphic horizons in one outcrop of Ordovician limestones of the Nashville Dome reveals considerable variation in δ13C, δ18O, and Sr concentration among seemingly identical samples. Ten vertical transects were sampled, each consisting of samples taken at 10 cm intervals from 2 m below to 1 m above the M4–M5 sequence boundary of Holland and Patzkowsky (1997, 1998). The 10 transects were each 2 m apart. The resulting 10 replicate and thus seemingly interchangeable samples from each horizon have ranges of δ13C as great as 2.4‰ and ranges of δ18O as great as 2.8‰, and Sr concentrations that vary by as much as a factor of four. Variance is great both just below and just above surfaces of subaerial exposure. As a result, maxima in variance in δ13C, as well as or (in some cases) instead of minima in mean δ13C, can be used to test such surfaces for exposure. Maxima in variance and minima in mean δ13C may be found either below a surface of subaerial exposure in the meteorically altered sediment, or above that surface in the transgressive lag where reworked pre-exposure sediment is mixed with unaltered post-exposure sediment. The large variances and ranges found in this study, and the dissimilarity of geochemical profiles from the 10 vertical transects, indicate that single samples of stratigraphic horizons, and thus single vertical transects, can yield misleading characterizations of stratigraphic variation of geochemical parameters. Instead, replicate sampling along horizons better characterizes isotopic and elemental variation through stratigraphic sections than does existing single-sample strategies, and it will be more useful in future testing of surfaces of subaerial exposure. For example, the replicate geochemical data used in this project confirm the presence of three surfaces of subaerial exposure, whereas only two had been recognized as exposure surfaces before. Data from replicate samples also make unnecessary the use of arbitrary criteria for inferring exposure, such as the predetermined numerical cutoffs used by Railsback et al. (2003).
Support for Legislative Term Limitations in California: Group Representation, Partisanship, and Campaign Information

This study uses opinion data to assess the basis of public support for California's term limit initiative (Proposition 140). We test if support was higher among members of demographic groups underrepresented in the state's legislature, if support displays a partisan bias, and if campaign contacts are associated with opinions. Ethnic and racial characteristics display little association with support; however women and younger voters were more supportive. Partisanship and campaign effects appear to have played an important role in shaping support for the initiative.
A Human Capital-Based Theory of Postmarital Residence Rules

In premodern societies, the residence of a newly wedded couple is often decided by custom. We formulate a theory of optimal postmarital residence rules based on contracting problems created by the nature of premarriage human capital investments. We argue that a fixed postmarital residence rule may mitigate a holdup problem by specifying marriage terms and limiting possibilities for renegotiation; the trade-off is that the rule may prohibit beneficial renegotiation of postmarital location. A point of interest of our approach is that the magnitude and direction of transfers accompanying marriage are endogenous. We apply our theoretical results to understanding cross-cultural postmarital residence patterns. We find some predictive ability in variables related to outside options, control over the environment, and potential degree of social control.
Insertion eines Osmiumnitrids in Bor-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen

Wenn Arylborane mit dem Osmium(IV)-Nitridokomplex [{HB(pz)3}Os(N)Cl2] reagieren, binden sie nicht nur an das N-Atom, sondern eine der B-C-Bindungen wird gespalten, und die Phenyl- sowie die Boryleinheit werden separat an das N-Atom im Produkt (z. B. 1; X=Ph; Y=Ph, OBPh2) gebunden. Die anschliesende Hydrolyse fuhrt zur Spaltung der B-N-Bindung und zur Bildung der Anilidospezies [{HB(pz)3}Os(NHPh)Cl2]. pz = Pyrazolyl.
Schooling in the Kovno Ghetto: Cultural Reproduction as a Form of Defiance.

When Soviet forces entered the Kovno Ghetto (Lithuania) on 1 August 1944 they found a scene of mass destruction. What happened at Kovno was a reflection of the extent of the Final Solution, where the goal was to extinguish not only the Jews, but their entire culture. While the Final Solution was instituted throughout Europe, this paper will focus on the inhabitants of the Kovno Ghetto. As they faced extermination, Kovno Jews risked their lives to create detailed records including: lists and accounts of people killed, diagrams of the camp, artwork, journals, and photographs of the events in the camp. One act of defiance chronicled in the photographs and writings was the hidden school system that the Jews conducted to exercise one of the few powers they possessed, the power to preserve their culture. The history of clandestine schools is outlined using the diary of Avraham Tory, excerpts of the diaries of students, historical information provided by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and other his...
Advances in oral cancer detection using optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new modality capable of cross sectional imaging of biological tissue. Due to its many technical advantages such as high image resolution, fast acquisition time, and noninvasive capabilities, OCT is potentially useful in various medical applications. Because OCT systems can function with a fiber optic probe, they are applicable to almost any anatomic structures accessible either directly, or by endoscopy. OCT has the potential to provide a fast and noninvasive means for early clinical detection, diagnosis, screening, and monitoring of precancer and cancer. With an imaging depth range of 2-3 mm, OCT diagnostics are particularly suitable for the oral mucosa. Currently, it is difficult to detect premalignant and malignant oral lesions due to their often multifocal nature and need for repeated biopsies. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of OCT for the diagnosis of multiple stages of oral cancer progression. In this paper, we present not only conventional 2-D OCT images, but also 3-D volume images of normal and precancerous lesions. Our results demonstrate that OCT is a potential tool for cancer detection with comprehensive diagnostic images.
Cryptanalysis and Improvement of EC2C-PAKA Protocol in Cross-Realm

Byun et al. proposed a cross-realm client-to-client password-authenticated key exchange (C2C-PAKE) protocol in ICICS'02. The protocol enables two clients in different realms to agree on a common session key by using different passwords. In this paper, we analyze Byun et al.'s new efficient client-to-client password-authenticated key agreement (EC2C-PAKA) protocol of 2007, and show that the efficient protocol is vulnerable to password-compromise impersonation attack. In addition, we present an improved client-to-client password-authenticated key agreement protocol in cross-realm based on public-key. By analyzing the security attributes and performances, we show that our improved protocol can resist many attacks and is more efficient.
Domestic lending when financial markets are integrated: Is it all for real?

Recent episodes of strong growth in banks' credit to the private sector have been accompanied by large appreciations of the real exchange rates. I conjecture that such appreciations have been associated with cross-country interest rate differentials, and integrated financial markets generated increases in domestic liquidity. I also conjecture that real exchange rates alter the relative values of domestic and foreign collateral goods and thus they affect total financing available to a country. I use panel data for 91 countries from 1970 to 2000 to investigate the association between cross-country interest rate differentials, real exchange rate levels and private sector credit growth, through dynamic panel data techniques.
The Synthesis and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Fluorinated Arachidonic Acid: Implications for Imaging Neuroinflammation

Arachidonic acid (AA) is found in high concentrations in brain phospholipids and is released as a second messenger during neurotransmission and much more so during neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity. Upregulated brain AA metabolism associated with neuroinflammation has been imaged in rodents using [1-14C]AA and with PET in Alzheimer disease patients using [1-11C]AA. Radiotracer brain AA uptake is independent of cerebral blood flow, making it an ideal tracer despite altered brain functional activity. However, the 20.4-min radioactive half-life of 11C-AA and challenges of routinely synthesizing 11C fatty acids limit their translational utility as PET biomarkers. Methods As a first step to develop a clinically useful 18F-fluoroarachidonic acid (18F-FAA) with a long radioactive half-life of 109.8 min, we report here a high-yield stereoselective synthetic method of non-radioactive 20-19F-FAA. We tested its in vivo pharmacokinetics by infusing purified nonradioactive 19F-FAA intravenously for 5 min at 2 doses in unanesthetized mice and measured its plasma and brain distribution using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Prevent youth assault by assaulting firearm violence.

For decades, firearm injuries have been a leading cause of death, acquired disability, emotional anguish, and fear for our children and their families. Counting is easy: >32 000 deaths and 84 000 nonfatal shootings occurred in the United States in 2013.1 Among the average of 320 shootings per day were 48 children aged <19 years or 130 youth aged <25 years. What is harder to enumerate is the impact on affected siblings, cousins, neighbors, and classmates, as well as the classmates—children who may have witnessed the event or experience it in the retelling. Too many feel scared and alone. A portion will arm themselves, for “protection.” Thus, our children will be terribly harmed or will do terrible harm, or both, largely as a result of easy access to firearms. In a 2-year longitudinal study reported in this issue of Pediatrics , Carter et al2 examined the risk of subsequent gun violence among 2 groups of young drug-using subjects who presented to an urban emergency department. Although the authors found that those presenting initially … Address correspondence to Judy Schaechter, MD, MBA, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Mailman Center for Child Development, 1601 NW 12th Ave, Miami, FL 33136. E-mail: jschaechter{at}miami.edu
Supervisor Intervention with Troubled Workers: A Social Identity Perspective

Supervision has evolved from managing and directing workers to supporting workers. Supervisors are key people that workers go to for assistance with personal problems. This article reviews the contributions of various theoretical models to our understanding of supervisor intervention with troubled workers and identifies factors that have been left unexplored in the research. From this analysis, I explain how social identity theory may provide a framework that overcomes many of the limitations of the existing knowledge in this area. Social identity theory has the potential to capture the more personal aspects of the helping process between supervisors and workers that go beyond workers' job performance and productivity, including supervisors' beliefs and attitudes, personal experiences, and social identification with the organization and the work group.
iRemember: a personal, long-term memory prosthesis

We present a wearable, computational memory aid capable of ubiquitous recording and associated retrieval tools for use during memory failures. We describe a study in which one of the authors recorded everyday conversations with colleagues for two years and subsequently evaluated the effectiveness of the retrieval tools for remedying simulated memory problems. Results suggest early validation of the memory retrieval approach (i.e., searching for memory triggers) towards alleviating certain classes of memory problems.
Keyboard reaction force and finger flexor electromyograms during computer keyboard work

This study examines the relationship between forearm EMGs and keyboard reaction forces in 10 people during keyboard tasks performed at a comfortable speed. A linear fit of EMG force data for each person and finger was calculated during static fingertip loading. An average r2 of .71 was observed for forces below 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). These regressions were used to characterize EMG data in force units during the typing task. Averaged peak reaction forces measured during typing ranged from 3.33 N (thumb) to 1.84 N (little finger), with an overall average of 2.54 N, which represents about 10% MVC and 5.4 times the key switch make force (0.47 N). Individual peak or mean finger forces obtained from EMG were greater (1.2 to 3.2 times) than force measurements; hence the range of r2 for EMG force was .10 to .46. A closer correspondence between EMG and peak force was obtained using EMG averaged across all fingers. For 5 of the participants the force computed from EMG was within +/-20% of the reaction force. For the other 5 participants forces were overestimated. For 9 participants the difference between EMG estimated force and the reaction force was less than 13% MVC. It is suggested that the difference between EMG and finger force partly results from the amount of muscle load not captured by the measured applied force.
Transporters and Their Impact on Drug Disposition

OBJECTIVE:To review the recent advances in knowledge about human transporters and their effect on drug disposition.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1996–March 2005) was performed to identify pertinent literature on human transporters and their impact on drug disposition. Additional articles were identified from a manual search of the references of retrieved articles.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Based on the identified studies, data were extracted on the impact of transporters on drug absorption, distribution, and elimination.DATA SYNTHESIS:The pharmacokinetic disposition of drugs is known to be influenced by metabolic enzymes, kidney function, and transporters. Recent research on human transporters has greatly advanced our understanding of their diversity and importance in drug disposition. In particular, members of the multidrug resistance family of transporters (MDR, MRP) are present in organs and tissues throughout the body and are known to significantly affect the absorption, distribution, and el...
Two-phase flow and transport

This chapter reviews latest experimental and modeling efforts towards developing a basic understanding of two-phase flow physics in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Both hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells and proton exchange membrane based direct methanol fuel cells are discussed. As an important example of materials characterization, wetting characteristics of gas diffusion layers are examined and the techniques of measuring contact angle are discussed. Next, a comprehensive physico-chemical modeling framework of combining electrochemistry with two-phase transport is presented along with select numerical examples for both hydrogen and direct methanol fuel cells. The current state of the computational efficiency of these comprehensive models is indicated. A critical need for model validation against detailed data of the current distribution is demonstrated, and a new technique of measuring the current distribution using a segmented flow plate and a multi-channel potentiostat is presented. Finally, areas for future research into two-phase transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and the associated cathode flooding are pointed out. Keywords: two-phase flow; electrode flooding; gas diffusion layer; wetting properties; current distribution measurement; computational fuel cell dynamics; direct methanol fuel cells
An extensible information model for shared scientific data collections

An information model is defined to support sharing of composite-media scientific data. The model consists of data objects and links. Data objects are associated with descriptorswhich contain all the metadata related to the object. A novel aspect of the information model is that both the data and metadata associated with a data object can be in structured or semistructured form. The links in the model are typed, and contain several built-in types such as resolution and derivation link types, to adequately model object relationships in scientific data. The model is extensible in the sense that users are allowed to define new object types and new link types. At the San Diego Supercomputer Center, we are currently investigating issues in providing the necessary infrastructure to implement this model. ©1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Influence of Right Ventricular Filling Pressure on Left Ventricular Pressure and Dimension

The effects of alterations in the diastolic filling pressure of the right ventricle on left ventricular (LV) geometry and filling pressure were studied in six isolated, supported canine hearts. This experimental preparation permitted graded increments in right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic pressure while LV cardiac output, heart rate, and mean aortic pressure were held constant. Endocardial radiopaque markers were placed in the ventricular septum, the anterior wall, the posterior wall, and the free wall in a plane perpendicular to the aortoapical axis. LV end-diastolic dimensions were recorded by x-ray cinematography at 60 frames/sec. The effects of varied RV end-diastolic pressure (0-16 mm Hg) on LV end-diastolic pressure and dimensions were studied at several LV cardiac outputs (780-2880 ml/min) and at several initial LV end-diastolic pressures (1-18 mm Hg). Increments of 5 mm Hg in RV end-diastolic pressure increased LV end-diastolic pressure 2.3 mm Hg. The septum-to-free wall distance decreased by 4.5% from the control distance, but the anterior-to-posterior dimension increased by 4.4%.Thus, LV end-diastolic pressure and LV end-diastolic dimensions were significantly related to RV end-diastolic pressure; LV end-diastolic geometry was increasingly distorted at elevated RV end-diastolic pressure. These data suggest that the high RV filling pressures that characterize certain diseases can secondarily alter LV filling pressures and geometry.
Intraoperative MRI in pediatric neurosurgery—an update

Since the advent of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (ioMRI) at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in 1994, ioMRI has spread widely and in many different forms. This article traces the developmental history of ioMRI and reviews the relevant literature regarding it’s effectiveness in pediatric neurosurgery. While of considerable expense, current trends in healthcare essentially mandate the use of ioMRI in a growing number of cases.
Rabbit Models for Studying Human Infectious Diseases.

Using an appropriate animal model is crucial for mimicking human disease conditions, and various facets including genetics, anatomy, and pathophysiology should be considered before selecting a model. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are well known for their wide use in production of antibodies, eye research, atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. However, a systematic description of the rabbit as primary experimental models for the study of various human infectious diseases is unavailable. This review focuses on the human infectious diseases for which rabbits are considered a classic or highly appropriate model, including AIDS (caused by HIV1), adult T-cell leukemia–lymphoma (human T-lymphotropic virus type 1), papilloma or carcinoma (human papillomavirus) , herpetic stromal keratitis (herpes simplex virus type 1), tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), and syphilis (Treponema pallidum). In addition, particular aspects of the husbandry and care of rabbits used in studies of human infectious diseases are described.
Mapping the distributions of C3 and C4 grasses in the mixed-grass prairies of southwest Oklahoma using the Random Forest classification algorithm

Abstract The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a new method to map the distributions of C 3 and C 4 grasses at 30 m resolution and over a 25-year period of time (1988–2013) by combining the Random Forest (RF) classification algorithm and patch stable areas identified using the spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS. Predictor variables for RF classifications consisted of ten spectral variables, four soil edaphic variables and three topographic variables. We provided a confidence score in terms of obtaining pure land cover at each pixel location by retrieving the classification tree votes. Classification accuracy assessments and predictor variable importance evaluations were conducted based on a repeated stratified sampling approach. Results show that patch stable areas obtained from larger patches are more appropriate to be used as sample data pools to train and validate RF classifiers for historical land cover mapping purposes and it is more reasonable to use patch stable areas as sample pools to map land cover in a year closer to the present rather than years further back in time. The percentage of obtained high confidence prediction pixels across the study area ranges from 71.18% in 1988 to 73.48% in 2013. The repeated stratified sampling approach is necessary in terms of reducing the positive bias in the estimated classification accuracy caused by the possible selections of training and validation pixels from the same patch stable areas. The RF classification algorithm was able to identify the important environmental factors affecting the distributions of C 3 and C 4 grasses in our study area such as elevation, soil pH, soil organic matter and soil texture.
Collection and Use of Indigenous Human Remains: A Survey of Statutes and Case Law in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

This is a survey of legislation and case law regarding the collection and use of indigenous human remains in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Where available, Indigenous Code and Customary law is included. This piece focuses on statutes and case law that relate to Indigenous Peoples’ interests when human remains are discovered, anticipated to be discovered, or excavated. It does not include issues regarding repatriation of those remains that are in the custody of non-indigenous people or entities like museums.
RADIOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEMS AND RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS

Radioactive waste systems for handling gaseous, liquid, and solid wastes generated at light and pressurized water reactors are described. (TFD)
Infection-mediated resistance to cell fusion by inactive Sendai virus.

SummaryThe development of resistance to extrinsic fusion by Sendai virus in cells infected with myxoviruses or paramyxoviruses can be attributed to the destruction of sialo-glycoprotein receptors by newly synthesized viral neuraminidase incorporated in the cell membrane and inaccessible to antibody. Infection with any of the viruses which lack neuraminidase does not influence susceptibility to extrinsic fusion by Sendai virus, even though the cell membrane may undergo specific chemical and morphological alterations during viral maturation and release.
‘Merely an above-average product of the Soviet nomenklatura’? Assessing leadership in the Cold War's end

As the Cold War recedes, it becomes increasingly difficult to imagine what might have been and to objectively assess the contribution of Gorbachev's leadership and his legacy. Quite apart from the loss of a historic opportunity to build a radically different post-Cold War international relations, it is that the West did so in large measure out of an inability to understand that this was what, at least by 1989–1990, was central to Gorbachev's diplomacy. By focusing on our victory of superior power, and ignoring the role of Gorbachev's ideas, we ensured that what followed would indeed continue to be dominated by power politics. Once again, realism helps create the world it purports only to describe. By spurning Gorbachev's potentially greatest legacy as a twentieth-century leader, we ensured that this legacy would indeed be considerably less that it might have been.
Acquired Degenerative Changes of the Intervertebral Segments at and Supradjacent to the Lumbosacral Junction: A Radioanatomic Analysis of the Discal and Nondiscal Structures of the Spinal Column and Perispinal Soft Tissues

A review of the imaging features of normal and degenerative anatomy of the spine on medical imaging studies shows features that have been largely overlooked or poorly understood by the imaging community in recent years. The imaging methods reviewed included computed tomography (CT) with multiplanar reconstructions and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A routine part of the MRI examination included fat-suppressed T2 weighted fast-spin- or turbo-spin-echo acquisitions. As compared to the normal features in asymptomatic volunteers, alterations in the observed CT/MRI morphology and MR signal characteristics were sought in symptomatic individuals. Findings in symptomatic subjects which departed from the normal anatomic features of the posterior spinal elements in asymptomatic volunteers included: rupture of the interspinous ligament(s), neoarthrosis of the interspinous space with perispinous cyst formation, posterior spinal facet (zygapophyseal joint) arthrosis, related central spinal canal, lateral recess (subarticular zone) and neural foramen stenosis, post erior element alterations associated with various forms of spondylolisthesis, and perispinal muscle rupture/degeneration. These findings indicate that the posterior elements are major locations of degenerative spinal and perispinal disease that may accompany or even precede degenerative disc disease. Although not as yet proven as a reliable source of patient signs and symptoms in all individuals, because these observations may be seen in patients with radicular, referred and/or local low back pain, they should be considered in the evaluation of the symptomatic patient presenting with a clinical lumbosacral syndrome. Imaging recommendations, in addition to the usual close scrutiny of these posterior spinal elements and perispinal soft tissues on CT and MRI, include the acquisition of high-resolution multiplanar CT reconstructions, and fat-suppressed T2 weighted fast-spin- or turbo-spin-echo sequence MRI in at least one plane in every examination of the lumbar spine. © 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Epidemiological Characteristics and Preventive Strategies of Rabies from 1997 to 2007 in Guangzhou City

Objective To analysis the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in Guangzhou and to design the preventive strategies. Method A retrospective descriptive epidemiological analysis of rabies between 1997 and 2007 was conducted. Result 44 cases of rabies,involving 32 males and 12 females in Guangzhou between 1997 and 2007,were reported. The age was ranged from 7 to 80-year-old. Most of them were rural residents and students. A high attack rate was recorded in summer and autumn. The incidence was increased from 9 cases (1997 to 2004) to 35 cases (2005-2007),with a peak of incidence in 2007 (14 cases). Most of the cases were reported from Zengcheng District,and there was a tendency of spreading out to the nearby districts. Conclusion Domestic dogs living in the rural area were the major source of infection. Immunization rate of these animals was low and the cost of rabies vaccines for human use was high.Non-standard post-exposure treatment was the cause of the increase in disease incidence. Comprehensive preventive measures,such as increasing the vaccination rate of domestic dogs,controlling the infection sources and strengthening of the education program,may reduce the disease incidence.
An Improved One-Dimensional Analysis Model for Ramjet

In order to establish a kind of suitable ramjet model which does not depend on the experimental data and it can be used to solve the multiple regions of transonic,the existent one-dimensional flow analysis models for ramjet were classified,summarized and comparatively analyzed. The results show that one-dimension models relied on the experimental static pressure data were difficult to meet the computing needs of the actual performance calculation. The isotonic section assumption could be removed,the empirical formula of core flow could be replaced with friction term and the transonic region could be solved by defining a new variable. According to this,an improved one-dimensional flow model for ramjet was established,which could get rid of the needs of the experimental data and solve the multiple regions of transonic. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data,the total pressure error was within 5.2%. Compared with other model's results,the maximum difference in total temperature was 1.3% and the maximum difference in Mach number was 2.7%. The results show good agreement in static pressure,Mach number,total pressure,total temperature etc. The consistent results demonstrate that this improved method can be used for ramjet performance calculation.
Role of Kynurenine Pathway in Neuro-oncology

Despite decades of research, both primary and metastatic brain tumors remain intractable clinical problems. While the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan metabolism has been well explored in other cancer types, there are few studies of human brain tumors. The rate-limiting enzymes of the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine (both forms of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2)) have been studied predominantly in gliomas with in vitro methods, in vivo animal studies, and ex vivo tissue studies of surgically resected specimens. In these studies, IDO1 has been shown regulated by interferon-γ (as in other cancer types) and TDO2 by the glucocorticoid receptor. IDO and TDO2 have also been positively correlated with tumor grade and negatively correlated with patient survival in glioma. One seminal study also identified KYN as an activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (not previously shown in any other cancer types). Therefore, the KYN pathway may represent new opportunities for treatment strategies for brain tumors.
Interstitial lung disease in children.

Interstitial lung disease in children is a heterogeneous group of disorders of both known and unknown causes that share a common histologic characteristic (i.e., inflammation of the pulmonary interstitium that may resolve completely, partially, or progress to derangement of alveolar structures with varying degrees of fibrosis). The inflammatory process, evoked as a result of injury to alveolar epithelium and/or the endothelium, is responsible for alveolar wall thickening that is the histologic marker of ILD. This article extrapolates some of the known pathogenic mechanisms of ILD from adult and animal models and applies this information for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of ILD in children. The clinical manifestations vary and are often subtle and nonspecific. There is no consensus on specific criteria for the clinical diagnosis of ILD in children. There are no pathognomonic laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of ILD in children other than the characteristic findings on histologic examination of the lung. It is important to make the diagnosis early to minimize lung damage. Therapy is directed toward the reduction of the inflammatory response to minimize or prevent the progression to fibrosis. ILD suffers from lack of uniform guidelines for diagnostic evaluation, therapy, and prognostic indicators essential for critical monitoring of disease activity. No one medical center has enough cases of ILD in children to allow objective evaluation of a significant number of cases with adequate longitudinal follow-up to determine guidelines for optimal management and to identify accurate prognostic indicators. The organization of a multicenter approach will guide us towards a better understanding of ILD in children.
Ciprofloxacin and imipenem resistance and cross-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A single institution experience

We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the resistance and cross-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Our results highlight the importance of the judicious use of antibiotics, particularly fluoroquinolones, amidst the limited arsenal of effective antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the risk of cross-resistance induction.
The Primal Scene: The Enigma of Knowing

ABSTRACTThis article explores the ways in which the privileging of the Oedipus complex in psychoanalysis has signaled a forgetting of the primal scene. Through a close reading of Bion’s Cogitations (1992) and Pasolini’s film Oedipus Rex (1967), this article examines the Oedipus myth in relation to the primal scene as represented by Oedipus’s encounter with the Sphinx, hence establishing the Oedipus myth as the ultimate story about the acquisition of knowledge. Drawing on Bion, Laplanche, Faimberg, and others, this article grapples with the paradoxes involved in the process of “getting to know something,” querying the limits of knowing and not knowing, and the nature of such knowledge.
Nanoporous Polymer-Infiltrated Nanoparticle Films with Uniform or Graded Porosity via Undersaturated Capillary Rise Infiltration

In this work, we present the fabrication of nanoporous polymer-infiltrated nanoparticle films (PINFs) with either uniform or graded porosity based on undersaturated capillary rise infiltration (UCaRI) and study the processing-structure-property relationship of these nanoporous PINFs. The UCaRI process involves first generating a bilayer film of a randomly packed nanoparticle layer atop a polymer layer, such that the volume of the polymer is less than the void volume in the nanoparticle packing. Subsequently, the bilayer film is annealed above the glass transition temperature of the polymer to induce polymer infiltration into the voids of the nanoparticle packing. Using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and molecular dynamics simulations, we observe that the polymer transport occurs in two stages: capillarity-induced infiltration, followed by gradual spreading, likely via surface diffusion. By varying the annealing time, UCaRI enables the generation of graded or uniform nanoporous PINFs. We also show that these nanoporous PINFs have tunable optical and mechanical properties, which can be tailored simply by changing the nanoparticle to polymer layer thickness ratio in the initial bilayer. The UCaRI approach is versatile and widely applicable to various polymers, which allows generation of nanoporous PINFs for multiple applications.
Deprovincializing Trump, decolonizing diversity, and unsettling anthropology

After Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 US presidential election, there was widespread public and scholarly outcry that particularized this historical moment. But the tendency to exceptionalize Trump obscures how his rise reflects long-standing political and economic currents, both domestically and globally. By contrast, the effort to deprovincialize Trump effectively locates his electoral win within broader historical, political, and economic assemblages of which it is but one part. This entails examining how colonial and racial legacies shaped perceptions of the 2016 election, as well as the role of anthropology in the contemporary political landscape.
Developing scientists in Hispanic substance use and health disparities research through the creation of a national mentoring network.

AbstractHispanics are disproportionately affected by substance use and related health harms yet remain underrepresented across scientific disciplines focused on researching and addressing these issues. An interdisciplinary network of scientists committed to fostering the development of social and biomedical researchers focused on Hispanic substance use and health disparities developed innovative mentoring and career development activities. We conducted a formative evaluation study using anonymous membership and conference feedback data to describe specific mentoring and career development activities developed within the national network. Successful mentoring initiatives and career development activities were infused with cultural and community values supportive of professional integration and persistence. Mentoring initially occurred within an annual national conference and was then sustained throughout the year through formal training programs and informal mentoring networks. Although rigorous evaluation...
A regularized variable selection procedure in additive hazards model with stratified case-cohort design

Case-cohort designs are commonly used in large epidemiological studies to reduce the cost associated with covariate measurement. In many such studies the number of covariates is very large. An efficient variable selection method is needed for case-cohort studies where the covariates are only observed in a subset of the sample. Current literature on this topic has been focused on the proportional hazards model. However, in many studies the additive hazards model is preferred over the proportional hazards model either because the proportional hazards assumption is violated or the additive hazards model provides more relevent information to the research question. Motivated by one such study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, we investigate the properties of a regularized variable selection procedure in stratified case-cohort design under an additive hazards model with a diverging number of parameters. We establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of the penalized estimator and prove its oracle property. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed method with a modified cross-validation tuning parameter selection methods. We apply the variable selection procedure to the ARIC study to demonstrate its practical use.
Nucleotides and Nucleosides

Publisher Summary This chapter describes phosphorolysis, hydrolysis, deamination, and the enzymatic synthesis of nucleotides and nucleosides. In the case of polysaccharides and sucrose, both phosphorolytic and hydrolytic types of cleavage have been recognized; they are hydrolysis and base transfer reactions. The hydrolytic mechanism, first demonstrated with a partially purified enzyme preparation from bakers' yeast, degrades uridine to uracil and D-ribose. Another enzyme has been purified from autolysates of dried bakers' yeast which catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of purine ribosides, both natural and synthetic. Nucleoside phosphorylase is also present in yeast autolysates, but it is completely separated from the hydrolytic enzyme by fractionation with ammonium sulfate at pH 4.6. Ribonuclease is a specific pyrimidine nucleotide ester diesterase, whose mode of cleavage is indicated by unbroken lines. The deamination of nucleosides and nucleotides occurs in many plant, bacterial, and animal tissues. A number of specific deaminases are known, and some of them have been used as analytical reagents in biochemical studies. In theory, nicotinamide mononucleotide does not have any known coenzyme function but is an intermediate in the formation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide. It can be synthesized by the direct phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside.
Noble gas signatures in snow

Abstract Noble gas concentrations in water are ideal probes to study surface and groundwater dynamics by providing indications of flow paths, connectivity between aquifers, and water residence times. Recent studies have pointed out anomalies in noble gas concentrations derived from groundwater in fractured systems, likely due to the presence of rapid infiltration and preferential flow paths. It has been suggested that such anomalies originate from conditions at high altitude when rainwater has had insufficient time to equilibrate with surface conditions. Potential sources also include snow, never previously investigated for its noble gas composition. In order to document the noble gas signature in snow, noble gas concentrations and isotopic ratios were measured in samples collected between 2013 and 2016. Here, we outline a methodology for measuring noble gases in collected snow samples that involves a two-step procedure where He and Ne are measured independently from Ar, Kr and Xe. Our results show that snow has elevated He concentrations with depleted concentrations of other noble gases with respect to air-saturated water (ASW). However, samples collected in 2013 show significant He and Ne depletion compared to those collected in 2014, 2015 and 2016. We suspect that, despite the well-controlled conditions of storage, the 2013 batch sample might have significantly re-crystalized, leading to a reduction in the characteristic diffusion length scale of the snow crystal structure. In addition, He and Ne concentrations display relatively low variability among all measured samples ( 40%). Our results confirm that He and Ne, which have small atomic radii, are likely dissolved within the ice/snow crystal lattice itself while the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr and Xe) are likely accommodated by fluid inclusions, including air and quenched liquid water inclusions. Consequently, the smaller variability recorded in light noble gases may be due to the fact that He and Ne are hosted within plentiful host sites within the snow crystal lattice structure, whereas heavy noble gases rely on the presence of comparatively rare fluid inclusions.
Values, Identity, and Social Translucence: Neurodiverse Student Teams in Higher Education

To successfully function within a team, students must develop a range of skills for communication, organization, and conflict resolution. For students on the autism spectrum, these skills mirror the social, communicative, and cognitive experiences that can often be challenging for these learners. Since instructors and students collaborate using a mix of technology, we investigated the technology needs of neurodiverse teams comprised of autistic and non-autistic students. We interviewed seven autistic students and five employees of disability services in higher education. Our analysis focused on technology stakeholder values, stages of small-group development, and Social Translucence -- a model for online collaboration highlighting principles of visibility, awareness, and accountability. Despite motivation to succeed, neurodiverse students have difficulty expressing individual differences and addressing team conflict. To support future design of technology for neurodiverse teams, we propose: (1) a design space and design concepts including collaborative and affective computing tools, and (2) extending Social Translucence to account for student and group identities.