cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EphB Receptors Regulate Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis through the Recruitment/Phosphorylation of Focal Adhesion Kinase and RhoA Activation

Dendritic filopodia are small protrusions on the surface of neuronal dendrites that transform into dendritic spines upon synaptic contact with axon terminals. The formation of dendritic spines is a critical aspect of synaptic development. Dendritic spine morphogenesis is characterized by filopodia shortening followed by the formation of mature mushroom-shaped spines. Here we show that activation of the EphB receptor tyrosine kinases in cultured hippocampal neurons by their ephrinB ligands induces morphogenesis of dendritic filopodia into dendritic spines. This appears to occur through assembly of an EphB-associated protein complex that includes focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, Grb2, and paxillin and the subsequent activations of FAK, Src, paxillin, and RhoA. Furthermore, Cre-mediated knock-out of loxP-flanked fak or RhoA inhibition blocks EphB-mediated morphogenesis of dendritic filopodia. Finally, EphB-mediated RhoA activation is disrupted by FAK knock-down. These data suggest that EphB receptors are upstream regulators of FAK in dendritic filopodia and that FAK-mediated RhoA activation contributes to assembly of actin filaments in dendritic spines.
Electronic Coherence in δ -Pu: A Dynamical Mean-Field Theory Study

A combination of density functional theory and the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) is used to calculate the magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and the temperature dependence of the valence band photoemission spectra for $\ensuremath{\delta}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{Pu}$. We predict that $\ensuremath{\delta}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{Pu}$ has a Pauli-like magnetic susceptibility near ambient temperature, as in experiment, indicating that electronic coherence causes the absence of local moments. Additionally, we show that volume expansion causes a crossover from incoherent to coherent electronic behavior at increasingly lower temperatures.
Multiple Fiber Loop Strain Rosettes in a Single Fiber Using High Resolution Distributed Sensing

Simple, circular loops in a single optical fiber bonded to a metal test sample are used to form multiple strain gauge rosettes. Strain measurements are made using an optical backscatter reflectometer to detect changes in the phase of the Rayleigh Scatter of the fiber with 160-μm spatial resolution along the length of the fiber. Applied strain levels, as well as the axis along which the loads are applied, are measured. Thermal gradients are also detected. The high spatial resolution and strain sensitivity of this technique enable highly functional fiber rosettes formed of small diameter loops of unaltered low-bend-loss optical fiber. Using this technique, multiple rosettes can be formed in a single fiber to created distributed measurements of principal strains.
A new lower bound for flow shop makespan with release dates

In the paper, we consider the flow shop makespan problem with release dates. A new lower bound of the problem is presented. The new lower bound is asymptotically equivalent to the optimality solution, when the size of the problem goes to infinity. And a tight worst case performance ratio, m, of the optimal solution to the new lower bound is obtained. Specially, when the processing times of jobs are all equal, the new lower bound is just the optimal solution. At the end of the paper, computational results show the effectiveness of the new lower bound on a set of random test problems.
An enzymatic ion exchange model for active sodium transport.

An enzymatic ion exchange model for active sodium transport is described. Kinetic equations relating net flux to time, and to concentration difference across the actively transporting membrane are derived. The second of these equations is tested, using the isolated frog skin in the "short-circuit" apparatus of Ussing. Reasonable lineaxity, as predicted by this equation, is observed. The passive permeability coefficient for Na +, is calculated as 5.3 × 10-4 4- 5.3 × 10 -4 cm./hr. If cholinesterase is assumed to be the enzyme responsible for transport, the activity required to account for the observations reported here is 17.7 × 10-* mmoles/cm.*/hr. In a previous paper (8) the localization and characterization of frog skin cholinesterase were described. It was found that the enzyme was largely localized in the tda subcutanea and that it was of the butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) type. It seemed interesting to speculate on the possible role of this enzyme in the active sodium transport mechanism. Thomas (10) has recently proposed a model for ion transport involving a soluble enzymatic carrier. This model requires that the enzyme-substrate complex have ionbinding characteristics different from those of the free enzyme. This might occur if the pK, of groups in the neutral pH range is shifted, increasing (or decreasing) the net charge of the enzyme. Such pK shifts have been observed in cholinesterase by Dixon (3). Application of this scheme to the frog skin active transport mechanism presents the difficulty that the enzyme is apparently tightly bound to some component of the tda subcutanea. Homogenization in frog-Ringer's destroys some 50 per cent of the activity; the remainder was found associated with the particulate fraction.
Testing colour-appearance models: Guidelines for coordinated research

These guidelines provide an overview of the many issues involved in generating visual data that can be used to evaluate the performance of colour-appearance models. the three main sections of these guidelines outline the parameters that must be evaluated and controlled in experimental setups for colour-appearance experiments, suggested psychophysical techniques for gathering the data, and some suggested techniques for data analysis. Experimental parameters addressed include models to be tested, illumination conditions, background and surround conditions, types of stimuli to be used, and issues relating to viewing technique. the psychophysical techniques of magnitude estimation, matching, and direct model testing (paired comparison) are described. Data analysis techniques for the evaluation of colour-appearance scales, corresponding-colours data, and model performance scales are suggested.
Placental ratio in white and black women: Relation to smoking and anemia

In a study of 7,000 pregnancies it was found that, particularly in black women, hemoglobin levels were lower in smokers than in nonsmokers. This is the reverse of previously reported .findings in nonpregnant persons. At delivery, the mean ratio of placental weight to birth weight (placental ratio) was higher in the infants of smokers than of nonsmokers. This observation is discussed in the light of reported elevated placental ratios at high altitudes or after severe anemia of pregnancy. The relationships are complex, and are not uniform with respect to ethnic group.
A New Algorithm to Evaluate Maximum Power Supply Capability of Urban Distribution Netwrok

A model to solve maximum power supply capability of urban distribution network is proposed, which is based on linear programming model of DC power flow. In the proposed model the maximum load power is taken as objective function, and the power balance of network, rated capacity of all branches (including lines and transformers), power constraints at power source points and load points are basic constraint conditions. Taking the actual distribution network of a city in a certain domestic district for example, the effectiveness the proposed model are verified, and the accuracy of the proposed model is also verified by traditional power flow calculation method.
Eicosanoid Production and Growth Regulation in Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The role of eicosanoids in regulating intestinal epithelial proliferation and differentiation is unknown. For years clinicians have been aware that patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are at increased risk for development of ulcerations in the gastroenteric tract. These drugs are potent inhibitors of cyclooxygenase. Recent clinical studies indicate that NSAIDs may also affect intestinal polyp formation and/or the development of colon cancer in humans (1–6). One study demonstrated that colon polyp size and number decreased significantly in familial adenomatous polyposis patients treated with sulindac [a pro-drug which is converted to a cyclooxygenase inhibitor in the liver and colon] (5). In epidemiologic studies, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (like aspirin) have been shown to decrease the relative rate of colon cancer by about 40–50% in humans (1–4). The mechanism by which NSAIDs cause either polyp regression or lower the relative rate of colon cancer is unknown. The precise relationship between eicosanoid metabolism, intestinal epithelial growth regulation and carcinogenesis is presently an area of active investigation (2). We have recently reported that a mitogen inducible cyclooxygenase gene is activated in intestinal epithelial cells treated with growth factors or tumor promoters (7).
The ALISE statistics on continuing education: What the numbers don't tell us

This is the seventh year that I have compiled the continuing education (CE) data for the ALISE annual statistics.1 In many ways, the picture has stayed the same, with a small number of library and information science (LIS) schools generating the bulk of the activity. The most significant change has been in the increase of online delivery, but this has happened at a slower pace than in LIS degree programs. The ALISE data tell us who is doing what kind of CE and how much of it, and to some extent allow us to see who is reached and what resources are committed. On the other hand, it is not possible to understand much about how the programs operate and how successful they are by looking at the statistics. It was because of this difficulty in gaining insight into how CE actually works in library education that I began a series of profiles of CE programs in this column. The three programs that have been described are Toronto, Wisconsin-Madison, and Washington.2 They represent quite different models, and if I were to continue writing these profiles, I expect that I would uncover even more differences. The explanation for the variations has to do with the context in which the CE programs operate, both in regard to their universities' policies and their relationships with their constituencies. I do not possess sufficient case studies to permit me to draw conclusions about all the factors that shape the profile of an LIS CE program, but I can make some conjectures by combining interpretation of the annual statistics collected by ALISE, information obtained in the process of preparing the three profiles, and conversations with CE program directors over the years. For example, it is possible to make the following observations:
Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Ion Channels

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are directly activated by the binding of cGMP and/or cAMP, which are controlled by G-protein enzyme cascades. Their cousins, the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, are voltage-gated, but their voltage sensitivity is regulated by the binding of cAMP. Both CNG and HCN channels are members of the superfamily of voltage-gated cation channels. CNG channels have established roles in sensory transduction, but they are also found in many non-sensory tissues. HCN channels are best known for their pacemaking role in the cardiac sinoatrial node. Both CNG and HCN channels are excitatory, since their opening allows Na + and Ca 2+ entry. In the brain, both CNG and HCN channels are implicated in synaptic plasticity and other excitation processes, in addition to their pacemaking role in rhythmic neurons. There continues to be fast-moving research on these channels in the areas of structure/function, physiological roles, modulation, gating, permeation and development of pharmacological tools.
What the Green Grass Hides: Denial and Deception in Suburban Detroit

In The Virgin Suicides Jeffery Eugenides brings the American Gothic traditions of excess and psychological trauma to the affluent suburb of Grosse Point, Michigan. Set in the early 1970s, Eugenides uses the landscape of Detroit and its suburb to illustrate the deception of the perfect lawn and white picket fence image of the American Dream. The neighborhood denies the seething horrors hiding behind their landscape, but as the elm-lined window dressing is carried away, both characters and reader are left to see that there is no difference between the urban decay of Detroit in the background and the suburban deterioration of Grosse Point in the foreground.
Sexual temptation: substance abuse, no sex, safe sex, risky sex, and STDs

Background University students' substance abuse and risky sex contribute to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Purpose We develop and empirically test a formative theoretical model of sexual temptation involving substance abuse (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana), safe sexual behavior (use of condom/barrier for oral and vaginal intercourse), risky sexual behavior (unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners), and STDs: gonorrhea, HIV, and genital herpes. We simultaneously explore these constructs, controlling membership in social groups (fraternity/sorority, varsity athlete, and club sports) and perceived norm of substance abuse. Methods A total of 687 American university students completed the National College Health Assessment (NCHA). We use structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the goodness of fit between our formative theoretical model and actual data. Results Results reveal the following discoveries: membership in campus social groups is positively associated with STDs, whereas perceived norm of peer substance abuse is negatively related to STDs. Under the influence of substance abuse, we test three outcomes of sexual temptation as related to STDs. Those who have no sex do not contract STDs. For those who fall into temptation and have sex, substance abuse is more strongly related to risky sex which leads to STDs than safe sex which does not. Those engaging in risky sex have significantly higher cognitive impairment than those practicing safe sex. Conclusions Substance abuse contributes to STDs through risky sex only. Those having risky sex suffer higher cognitive impairment than those practicing safe sex. We provide novel implications to policy makers, practitioners, and researchers.
Plasma Level of NT-Pro-BNP In Children with Sickle Cell Disease Is Associated with Degree of Anemia and Left Ventricular Measures: The PUSH Study

Abstract 948 Background: Amino-terminal pro-brain type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a widely used clinical laboratory marker of left ventricular stress, although it is also known to be elevated in adults with right ventricular stress due to pulmonary hypertension associated with sickle cell disease (SCD) and other disorders. NT-proBNP is associated with early mortality in adults with SCD. Methods: Using a standard clinical laboratory assay, we measured NT-proBNP in 346 children (median age 12; IQR 7–16 years) with SCD enrolled in the Pulmonary Hypertension and the Hypoxic Response in SCD (PUSH) study, an ongoing, longitudinal and observational multicenter study of children with sickle cell disease. In order to adjust for age, a known confounding factor of NT-proBNP in young children, we compared the characteristics of children with the top quartile of NT-proBNP for each 3-year increment of age with those of children in the remaining three quartiles for that age increment. We examined several factors alone and as part of a logistic regression model. Results: In univariate analyses, high expression of NT-proBNP was associated with lower hemoglobin levels (median 83 vs. 87 gm/L, p=0.0006). The high NT-proBNP group also had a higher hemolytic component, a principal component-derived index of the common properties of the hemolytic markers reticulocyte count, serum lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin (median 0.5 vs. 0.7 relative units, p=0.021). The high NT-proBNP group had a higher prevalence of high left ventricular filling pressure, as indicated by the mitral inflow E wave to tissue Doppler E wave (E/Etdi) above 9.22 (13.1% vs. 2.9%, p 9.22 were independently associated with high NT-proBNP levels. Conclusions: After adjustment for age in children with SCD, upper quartile NTproBNP is independently associated with severity of anemia and echocardiographic markers of left ventricular size and diastolic filling pressure. At this age, they have not yet developed the association observed prominently in SCD adults between NT-proBNP and elevated pulmonary arterial pressures. Our data lends support to childhood being considered as a pre-symptomatic phase of pulmonary hypertension; which could be targeted for clinical trials of preventative strategies to prevent adult onset of pulmonary vascular changes associated with higher NT-proBNP and higher TRV. Hydroxyurea therapy is associated in our results from children with SCD with lower NT-proBNP, making it an attractive candidate for a trial in children with SCD to prevent pulmonary hypertension in adulthood. NT-proBNP in childhood SCD remains a marker of left ventricular measures, identifying this additional feature of cardiopulmonary risk. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Understanding Accommodations, Modifications, and Interventions

With a clear understanding of the terms, along with examples of their appropriate use, all educators can make wise decisions about the application of accommodations, modifications, and interventions.
Ethics Management for Public and Nonprofit Managers: Leading and Building Organizations of Integrity (3rd ed.)

For decades, the name of Donald C. Menzel has been associated with the study of ethics in the public and nonprofit sectors. While there are a number of excellent ethics scholars in the field of pub...
Designing for Collaborative Problem Solving in STEM Cyberlearning

Our global society is experiencing an extreme and urgent need for effective STEM problem solvers who are ready to tackle the grand challenges of the twenty-first century. However, indicators are also suggesting that curriculum for undergraduate STEM is overly prescriptive and not based upon authentic practices, and are thus not representative of the professions and unattractive to the widest possible population of students. To address this problem, this chapter conceptualizes collaborative problem solving as a core STEM practice and takes a design-based approach to the discussion of conceptual and empirical research on scaffolding the process with cyberlearning. Cyberlearning, or the use of networked learning technologies, can transform the scaffolding of both individual and collective cognition because it provides affordances for learners to engage in such important cognitive and metacognitive processes as problem definition, information discrimination, reasoning and argumentation, solution negotiation and evaluation. In addition to supporting learners’ cognitive processes, such as elaboration or problem categorization, cyberlearning environments scaffold metacognition—that is, planning, differentiating forms of knowledge and information, as well as monitoring, and reflective activities. Similar to the scaffolding of cognition, cyberlearning technologies allow designers to create supports for both individual learners’ metacognition (i.e., self-regulation) as well as team metacognition (i.e., socially shared regulation). The design-based approach we describe in this chapter leverages the complex interplay among cognition and metacognition to generate engaging and inclusive cyberlearning experiences. We begin by reviewing the existing theories that inform the complex process, then translate these theories into a design framework that defines a STEM learning environment based upon collaborative problem solving. Drawing from current examples, the design is instantiated as cyberlearning by aligning the needs of the activities and experiences with the affordances of contemporary technologies. We conclude the chapter with the implications of our approach for future research, teaching and assessment.
Final Gifts: Lessons Children Can Learn from Dogs About End-of-Life, Loss, and Grief

The death of a dog in the context of family offers valuable learning opportunities for children in the areas of end-of-life care, death and/or loss, and grief and bereavement. However, in order to maximize the opportunities presented, adults must engage thoughtfully in the process. Death, dying, and grief are not areas in which most develop expertise, and so families may need assistance in understanding the significance of a dog’s death, and the opportunities for growth and learning that are presented by the event. In this chapter, we will examine each of those areas (end-of-life care, death and/or loss, and grief and bereavement) as it relates to the death of a dog, and identify the implications for children and families.
A Nontemplated Route to Macrocyclic Dibridgehead Diphosphorus Compounds: Crystallographic Characterization of a "Crossed-Chain" Variant of in/out Stereoisomers.

Reactions of (O=)PH(OCH2 CH3 )2 and BrMg(CH2 )m CH=CH2 (4.9-3.2 equiv; m=4 (a), 5 (b), 6 (c)) give the dialkylphosphine oxides (O=)PH[(CH2 )m CH=CH2 ]2 (2 a-c; 77-81 % after workup), which are treated with NaH and then α,ω-dibromides Br(CH2 )n Br (0.49-0.32 equiv; n=8 (a'), 10 (b'), 12 (c'), 14 (d')) to yield the bis(trialkylphosphine oxides) [H2 C=CH(CH2 )m ]2 P(=O)(CH2 )n (O=)P[(CH2 )m CH=CH2 ]2 (3 ab', 3 bc', 3 cd', 3 ca'; 79-84 %). Reactions of 3 bc' and 3 ca' with Grubbs' first-generation catalyst and then H2 /PtO2 afford the dibridgehead diphosphine dioxides (4 bc', 4 ca'; 14-19 %, n'=2m+2); 31 P NMR spectra show two stereoisomeric species (ca. 70:30). Crystal structures of two isomers of the latter are obtained, out,out-4 ca' and a conformer of in,out-4 ca' that features crossed chains, such that the (O=)P vectors appear out,out. Whereas 4 bc' resists crystallization, a byproduct derived from an alternative metathesis mode, (CH2 )12 P(=O)(CH2 )12 (O=)P(CH2 )12 , as well as 3 ab' and 3 bc', are structurally characterized. The efficiencies of other routes to dibridgehead diphosphorus compounds are compared.
Teaching and Learning Religion with Nones: An Application of Judith Berling’s Pedagogy

This chapter explores how Judith Berling’s interreligious pedagogy can be applied to Nones, who do not have an affiliation with a particular religion yet manifest a desire for spirituality or religious wisdom. First, the author examines the literature on Nones in order to understand this group’s spirituality and suggests an epistemology of other religions for Nones, comparing two different models, one a very much Western, Christian, or colonial model, and the other an engaging and encountering approach. The author then suggests a way of teaching at a university, which is centered on the students’ desire for knowledge rather than on the educator’s predetermined curriculum or teaching plans.
MnO2 Reduction by Marine Mn2+ Oxidizing Bacteria from Around Hydrothermal Vents at a Mid-Ocean Spreading Center and from the Black Sea

Abstract Two Mn 2+ -oxidizing cultures from around Mussel Bed Vent on the Galapagos Rift and one from the Dead Sea were found to be capable of reducing MnO 2 when tested as growing cultures, suspensions and cell extract and using glucose as electron donor. The activity appeared to be inducible, was dependent on externally supplied glucose, occurred in air (aerobically) or under nitrogen (anaerobically). MnO 2 reduction by strain SSW 22 was inhibited by 10 −4 . Spent medium from an 11-h old culture of strain SSW 22 did not reduce MnO 2 .
Ethics of Clinical Oncology Research

Ever since the earliest days of cancer research, ethical issues have been integral. In 1891, a French physician, Victor Cornil, reported that to determine whether cancer was contagious, a small section of breast tumor removed from the breast of one woman was implanted in her contralateral noncancerous breast. The surgical resection and implant were conducted when the patient was anesthetized and without the patient’s consent. When this research study was initially reported it was condemned “as criminal.“ In 1892, another cancer surgeon, William Coley, was conducting studies to determine whether “artificial erysipelas” (induced inflammation) would have antineoplastic effects. In describing one patient with a sarcoma, he noted that initially the patient was most reluctant to undergo the treatment. But “after some deliberation he consented, and on the 21st of April 1892 I began inoculations.” Since that time, there has been substantial thought about the ethical issues involved in clinical oncology research, producing both more systematic analyses and important empirical data relevant to these issues. We delineate a general framework for analyzing the ethics of clinical research studies and then examine ethical issues involved in individual topics: (1) randomization and clinical equipoise; (2) informed consent; (3) Phase I oncology research; (4) stored biologic samples; (5) genetic testing; and (6) conflict of interest.
Behavioral Tests for Tinnitus in Animals

Tinnitus refers to the perception of sound in the absence of external sound. Although this can include the perception of internal sounds, it is most often used to designate the perception of sound in the complete absence of acoustic stimulation, which is the way it is used here (e.g., McFadden, 1982; Penner & Jastreboff, 1996). Of the various causes of tinnitus, the best known are exposure to loud sound and the ingestion of large doses of ototoxic drugs, such as salicylate, which is the active ingredient of aspirin, or quinine, which is a former treatment for malaria and a current flavor component of tonic water. Interest in tinnitus has increased in recent years, aimed primarily at finding a treatment, but understanding this disorder may also give some insight into the neurological basis of the perception of sound. Because carefully controlled studies of neurological disorders are best conducted with animals, this has created a need for a way to determine if an animal has tinnitus.
Supreme Court 2016–2017: A New Justice and a Term of Surprising Importance

The 2016–2017 Supreme Court session included rulings on professional practice issues and social justice matters. Two cases involved educational opportunities for handicapped children, and three cases involved psychological practice standards related to death penalty situations. Arbitration clauses in healthcare agreements were ruled binding. It was determined that both parents can be listed on birth certificates in same-sex families. Seventy percent of all rulings during the term were unanimous.
Apple Pay: Coolness and embarrassment in the service encounter

Abstract While Apple Pay as a payment method has become increasingly popular in the hospitality industry, there is scant research examining the psychological processes associated with its use. To address this gap, the present research investigates the interplay between payment method (Apple Pay vs. card payment) and service encounter outcome (success vs. failure) on consumer evaluations. The findings suggest that Apple Pay acts as a double-edged sword that affects satisfaction through distinct psychological processes depending on the service encounter outcome. In contrast to card payment, Apple Pay boosts satisfaction through an elevated sense of coolness in a successful encounter, whereas it diminishes satisfaction through a heightened sense of embarrassment in a failed encounter. Practical implications for managing technology-infused service encounters are discussed.
Clinical Reasoning: A 58-year-old woman with systemic scleroderma and progressive cervical cord compression.

A 58-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of progressive dysesthesias and weakness involving her hands as well as ambulatory dysfunction. She described a diffuse “tight band” of pain around her upper abdomen. There was no bladder dysfunction. Her history revealed systemic scleroderma diagnosed in 2001 characterized by Raynaud phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, pulmonary involvement resulting in pulmonary hypertension, and calcinosis cutis. There was no history of trauma or intervertebral disc disease. She was on immunosuppression with methotrexate and mycophenolate. Pulmonary hypertension was treated with bosentan.
Creation of an empiric tool to predict ECMO deployment in pediatric respiratory or cardiac failure.

Abstract Purpose To create a real-time prediction tool to predict probability of ECMO deployment in children with cardiac or pulmonary failure. Materials and methods Patients ≤18 years old admitted to an ICU that participated in the Virtual Pediatric Systems database (2009–2015) were included. Logistic regression models using adaptive lasso methodology were used to identify independent factors associated with ECMO use. Results A total of 538,202 ICU patients from 140 ICUs qualified for inclusion. ECMO was deployed in 3484 patients (0.6%) with a mortality of 1450 patients (41.6%). The factors associated with increased probability of ECMO use included: younger age, pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease, high-complexity cardiac surgery, cardiomyopathy, acute lung injury, shock, renal failure, cardiac arrest, use of nitric oxide, use of either conventional mechanical ventilation or high frequency oscillatory ventilation, and higher annual ECMO center volume. The area under the receiver operating curve for this model was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85–0.93). This tool can be accessed at https://soipredictiontool.shinyapps.io/ECMORisk/ . Conclusions Here, we present a tool to predict ECMO deployment among critically ill children; this tool will help create real-time risk stratification among critically ill children, and it will help with benchmarking, family counseling, and research.
Cancer Risk and Screening in Pediatric Patients

Although it remains uncommon in children, the topic of cancer is a frequent discussion point in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The body of literature regarding cancer in pediatric IBD is limited. Despite the lack of data regarding cancer in the pediatric IBD population and its rarity, considerations regarding the risk of cancer play important role in management. Cancer in pediatric IBD can occur as a result of disease activity or as an adverse effect of therapy. Prior to starting an immunomodulator or biologic, the risk of cancer secondary to therapy is a frequent discussion point for physicians and a serious concern for families. The subject has become exceedingly relevant as the use of immunomodulators and biologics in pediatric IBD is increasing. As such, pediatric patients remain at high risk for the future development of cancer, particularly as they experience a prolonged course of illness compared to patients diagnosed as adults. Although pediatric guidelines for screening are lacking, surveillance is important in this high-risk group. In this chapter, we will review the epidemiology of cancer in pediatric IBD, risk factors for malignancy, screening recommendations, treatment and modifications to therapy.
Learning to Talk: Colloquies and the Formation of Childhood Monastic Identity in Late Anglo-Saxon England

Children donated to monasteries by their parents in tenth- and eleventh-century England required not just education, but socialization from boyhood into their monastic identities. Colloquies, or conversational dialogues, taught the boys Latin, but also helped them to understand how to speak and act like monks. In order to illuminate a young child’s transition from home to monastery, Rebecca King Cerling examines two colloquies used in Benedictine monasteries to teach young oblates who they were as monks. The chapter follows the structure of the colloquies, which opened with quotidian concerns and then moved the students toward the practice of monastic patterns of speech including restraint and blessing.
Lack of impact of nil-per-os (NPO) time on goal-directed fluid delivery in first case versus afternoon case starts: a retrospective cohort study

Goal Directed Fluid Therapy (GDFT) represents an objective fluid replacement algorithm. The effect of provider variability remains a confounder. Overhydration worsens perioperative morbidity and mortality; therefore, the impact of the calculated NPO deficit prior to the operating room may reach harm. A retrospective single-institution study analyzed patients at UC Irvine Medical Center main operating rooms from September 1, 2013 through September 1, 2015 receiving GDFT. The primary study question asked if GDFT suggested different fluid delivery after different NPO periods, while reducing inter-provider variability. We created two patient groups distinguished by 0715 surgical start time or start time after 1200. We analyzed fluid administration totals with either a 1:1 crystalloid to colloid ratio or a 3:1 ratio. We performed direct group-wise testing on total administered volume expressed as total ml, total ml/hr., and total ml/kg/hr. between the first case start (AM) and afternoon case (PM) groups. A linear regression model included all baseline covariates that differed between groups as well as plausible confounding factors for differing fluid needs. Finally, we combined all patients from both groups, and created NPO time to total administered fluid scatterplots to assess the effect of patient-reported NPO time on fluid administration. Whether reported by total administered volume or net fluid volume, and whether we expressed the sum as ml, ml/hr., or ml/kg/hr., the AM group received more fluid on average than the PM group in all cases. In the general linear models, for all significant independent variables evaluated, AM vs PM case start did not reach significance in both cases at p = 0.64 and p = 0.19, respectively. In scatterplots of NPO time to fluid volumes, absolute adjusted and unadjusted R2 values are < 0.01 for each plot, indicating virtually non-existent correlations between uncorrected NPO time and fluid volumes measured. This study showed NPO periods do not influence a patient’s volume status just prior to presentation to the operating room for surgical intervention. We hope this data will influence the practice of providers routinely replacing calculated NPO period volume deficit; particularly with those presenting with later surgical case start times.
Volatile Alcohol Ingestion: A Good Ole Boy Drinking Ethylene Gly, Singin This’ll Be How I Get AKI

This chapter provides a review of toxic alcohol poisonings. We will discuss the biochemistry of these poisonings as it relates to diagnosis and management. In addition, we will compare and contrast the toxicities caused by ingestion of ethylene glycol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol.
Recent Advances in Mitigation of Whiskers from Electroplated Tin

Tin whiskers pose an electrical reliability risk in the form of potential short circuits. This problem was solved in the past by adding a few percent of Pb during Sn electroplating, but with the ban on Pb in Europe and elsewhere, it has resurfaced. While various mitigation strategies have been formulated based on known whisker growth mechanisms, the electronic industry is still awaiting a satisfactory solution to the whisker growth problem in Pb-free electronics. Recent advances in the understanding and mitigation of whiskers are reviewed herein. The effects of various alloying elements/dopants are discussed in terms of the mechanisms that impact whisker growth kinetics and mitigation. Most recently, indium addition to Sn has been found to eliminate whiskers with even better mitigation performance than Pb addition. The mechanisms are discussed, and the important role of indium on the surface oxide and subsurface enrichment is highlighted.
Rash to mTOR inhibitor everolimus: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

e19624 Background: Everolimus is an mTOR inhibitor approved for treatment of renal cell carcinoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and progressive neuroendocrine tumors of pancreatic origin. I...
Slowing COVID-19 transmission as a social dilemma: Lessons for government officials from interdisciplinary research on cooperation

To reduce transmission of COVID-19, public officials must help their communities resolve a series of novel social dilemmas. For instance, when social distancing becomes widespread, the likelihood of COVID-19 exposure decreases, thus tempting individuals to leave their homes while others stay sheltered. Yet, if all indulge that temptation, then rates of transmission will increase: everyone would have fared better by cooperatively staying at home. Past research has studied such social dilemmas to understand why cooperation occurs despite incentives that conspire against it. In this narrative review, we select relevant insights from this literature to inform COVID-19 response and we structure those insights around the response stages that government officials face. Together, the measures that we identify can ameliorate the social dilemmas born from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Importance of intraoperative dynamic spinal cord mapping (DSCM) during complex spinal deformity surgery.

Case report and review of literature. To illustrate the importance of “dynamic spinal cord mapping” (DSCM) in locating the site of neurophysiologic data loss during severe spinal deformity correction. During marked correction of severe spinal deformities, intra-operative neuromonitoring remains of paramount importance. This case illustrates the importance of a unique type of monitoring, particularly useful when obtaining correction at multiple sites. A patient with symptomatic, progressive, severe kyphoscoliosis underwent multiple periapical posterior column osteotomies, partial T8 and complete T9 vertebral column resections and T2 to L3 posterior segmental instrumented fusion. During correction maneuvers, complete loss of spinous process descending neurogenic evoked potentials occurred. A flexible epidural catheter was placed at different spinal levels to dynamically stimulate the spinal cord and map out the site of data loss corresponding to the area of neural compromise. Using DSCM, the site of data loss was identified to the apex of the proximal thoracic region cephalad to the VCR site. This was rectified by releasing correction at the proximal end of the construct, and neurophysiologic data promptly returned to baseline. Postoperatively the patient was neurologically intact. Dynamic spinal cord mapping helps map areas of neurophysiologic data loss permitting focused attention to the site of compromise to reverse the offending agent. This improves the chance for return of baseline data, avoiding the potential for permanent neurologic catastrophe for the patient. IV.
Genome-wide CRISPR synthetic lethality screen identifies a role for the ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP14 in DNA replication dynamics controlled by ATR

The DNA damage response is essential to maintain genomic stability, suppress replication stress, and protect against carcinogenesis. The ATR-CHK1 pathway is an essential component of this response, which regulates cell cycle progression in the face of replication stress. PARP14 is an ADP-ribosyltransferase with multiple roles in transcription, signaling, and DNA repair. To understand the biological functions of PARP14, we catalogued the genetic components that impact cellular viability upon loss of PARP14 by performing an unbiased, comprehensive, genome-wide CRISPR knockout genetic screen in PARP14-deficient cells. We uncovered the ATR-CHK1 pathway as essential for viability of PARP14-deficient cells, and identified regulation of DNA replication dynamics as an important mechanistic contributor to the synthetic lethality observed. Our work shows that PARP14 is an important modulator of the response to ATR-CHK1 pathway inhibitors.
Lateralized Connectivity between Globus Pallidus and Motor Cortex is Associated with Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease.

Abstract Freezing of gait (FoG) is a brief, episodic absence or marked reduction of forward progression of the feet, despite the intention to walk, that is common in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We hypothesized that not only motor, but higher level cognitive and attention areas may be impaired in freezers. In this study, we aimed to characterize differences in cortical and subcortical functional connectivity specific to FoG. We examined resting state neuroimaging and objective measures of FoG severity and gait from 103 individuals (28 PD + FoG, 36 PD − FoG and 39 healthy controls). Inertial sensors were used to quantify freezing severity and gait. Groups with and without FoG were matched on age, disease severity, cognitive status, and levodopa medication. MRI data was processed using surface-based registration. High-quality imaging data were used to characterize differences in connectivity specific to FoG using a pre-defined set of Regions of Interest (ROIs) and validated using whole-brain connectivity analysis. Associations between functional connectivity and objective measures of FoG were determined via predictive modeling using hold-out cross validation. We found that connectivity between the left globus pallidus (GP) and left somatosensory cortex and between two brain areas in the default and insular/vestibular networks exhibited significant differences specific to FoG and were also strong and significant predictors of FoG severity. Our findings suggest that the interplay among motor, default and vestibular areas of the left cortex are critical in the pathology of FoG.
The effect of time use and food cost on dietary quality.

Objective: To develop a questionnaire to measure food nutrition, food expenditures and time spent in food-related activities; and to assess the association between diet quality, time spent in food-related activities and food expenditures using data from a pilot study. Design: Cross-sectional study. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyse participants’ survey response behaviours and the relationship between food nutritional quality and time and money expenditures. Setting: Online survey using Qualtrics software in a public university located in West Texas, USA. Participants: Faculty and staff aged 18 years and older from a public university located in West Texas, USA Results: Combining questions from three survey instruments that collect data on food nutrition, food expenditures and time spent in food-related activities resulted in a thirty-page survey instrument. The median completion time of the survey instrument was about 30 min. Preliminary results suggest that time and money expenditures are associated with food quality but that their role is small relative to sociodemographic characteristics such as race and gender. Conclusions: Time and money expenditures are associated with food quality but their role is small relative to sociodemographic characteristics such as race and gender.
Simulation-based performance evaluation of model predictive control for building energy systems

Abstract The performance of model predictive control can be significantly affected by different choices of controller parameters such as the time intervals for model discretization and control sampling. Due to the lack of a systematic understanding on how these parameters affect the control performance, they are usually selected arbitrarily in practice. In this paper, the combined impacts of selected time intervals for model discretization and control sampling on the performance of model predictive control are comprehensively investigated for the first time through detailed simulations. The simulation results reveal that the time interval for model discretization has a much greater influence on the performance of model predictive control than that for control sampling by affecting the prediction performance, cost saving, and computation time simultaneously. In particular, there are three findings on the time interval for model discretization that are specific to the case studies considered herein. First, it affects the performance of multi-period prediction in a non-linear manner so that it is not always better to have a smaller time interval for model discretization. Second, it has four times greater influence on the resulting cost saving from model predictive control than the time interval for control sampling. Last, it affects the computation time significantly. The increase of the time interval for model discretization from 1 min to 5 min can reduce the computation time by roughly 96%. The proposed simulation-based performance evaluation sheds light on the importance of selecting appropriate time intervals for practical applications of model predictive control to building energy management.
Mediation and the police: Characteristics of complainants and mediation selection within a civilian police oversight agency in New York

Currently, few studies have examined mediation programmes within independent police oversight agencies. Moreover, analyses of these programmes primarily focus on the degree of citizen satisfaction. This study adds to the existing research by examining possible characteristics linked to mediation selection within independent police oversight agencies. Specifically, this study considers the long-standing tension experienced between the police and certain groups (e.g. minorities, youths and residents of disadvantaged communities) and attempts to determined which groups are more or less likely to meet with officers to resolve police complaints. The data (obtained from the New York City Civilian Complaint Review Board and United States Census of 2010) allow for an analysis of complainant demographic characteristics and neighbourhood characteristics linked to the complainants. Bivariate and multivariate analyses uncovered group differences in mediation selection. Particularly, the results of this study demonstrate that minorities are more likely to select mediation.
The international politics of amour propre: Revisiting Rousseau’s place in international relations theory:

Realism, constructivism, and liberal institutionalism share the assumption that states are rational and self-maximizing actors. While these theories disagree as to whether states prioritize militar...
Determining urban material activities with a vehicle-based multi-sensor system

The authors describe methods of estimating the naturally occurring radioactivity present in an urban environment based on a vehicle-borne measurement system comprising an array of NaI(Tl) detectors, LiDAR systems, and panoramic cameras.
The Future of Disc Golf

In this chapter, I review the book’s key ideas and use them to theorize the future of the sport. In the next two decades, disc golf will likely experience consistent growth driven partly by grassroots efforts and the availability of public resources. Barring the arrival of large-scale human and material resources, the movement will rely on its volunteer leadership, generous talent donations from insiders, partnerships with public parks, the development and cultural convergence of local disc golf groups, the mobilizing forces of identity, and its legitimacy as a socially redeeming sport and recreational activity. This chapter also considers the possibility of an alternative path forward that involves privatization and mass-market commercialization. While the business of disc golf may have been on the precipice of a new era of development in 2020, the most likely future involves elements of both grassroots and commercial growth. I conclude the book with a discussion of how these contrasting elements may create tension and conflict within the disc golf movement in the years to come.
Technologie, technischer Fortschritt und Außenhandelstheorie

Die reine Ausenwirtschaftstheorie fuhrt den internationalen Handel auf komparative Preisunterschiede zuruck. Diese Preisdifferenzen konnen auf international unterschiedlichen Praferenzstrukturen sowie auf international differierenden Produktionsbedingungen basieren. Letztere liegen einerseits in international unterschiedlichen Faktorausstattungsverhaltnissen und/oder international unterschiedlichen Produktionsfunktionen begrundet. In anderen Worten ausgedruckt, zentraler Analysegegenstand der Ausenhandelstheorie ist die Asymmetrie zwischen den Landern.