cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of populations and genetic diseases: mixing it up

Abstract Inherited Disorders and their Genes in Different European Populations, Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy, 6–11 February 1998.
Competitive titration in living sea urchin embryos of regulatory factors required for expression of the CyIIIa actin gene.

Previous studies have located some twenty distinct sites within the 2.3 kb 5' regulatory domain of the sea urchin CyIIIa cytoskeletal actin gene, where there occur in vitro high-specificity interactions with nuclear DNA-binding proteins of the embryo. This gene is activated in late cleavage, exclusively in cells of the aboral ectoderm cell lineages. In this study, we investigate the functional importance in vivo of these sites of DNA-protein interaction. Sea urchin eggs were coinjected with a fusion gene construct in which the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene is under the control of the entire CyIIIa regulatory domain, together with molar excesses of one of ten nonoverlapping competitor subfragments of this domain, each of which contains one or a few specific site(s) of interaction. The exogenous excess binding sites competitively titrate the available regulatory factors away from the respective sites associated with the CyIIIa.CAT reporter gene. This provides a method for detecting in vivo sites within the regulatory domain that are required for normal levels of expression, without disturbing the structure of the regulatory domain. We thus identify five nonoverlapping regions of the regulatory DNA that apparently function as binding sites for positively acting transcriptional regulatory factors. Competition with a subfragment bearing an octamer site results in embryonic lethality. We find that three other sites display no quantitative competitive interference with CyIIIa.CAT expression, though as shown in the accompanying paper, two of these sites are required for control of spatial expression. We conclude that the complex CyIIIa regulatory domain must assess the state of many distinct and individually necessary interactions in order to properly regulate CyIIIa transcriptional activity in development.
Influence of Na^+, Dicarboxylic Amino Acids, and pH in Modulating the Low-Calcium Response of Yersinia pestis

The virulence of yersiniae is promoted in part by shared approximately 70-kb plasmids (pCD in Yersinia pestis and pYV in enteropathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica) that mediate a low-calcium response. This phenotype is characterized at 37 degrees C by either bacteriostasis in Ca(2+)-deficient medium with expression of pCD/pYV-encoded virulence effectors (Yops and LcrV) or vegetative growth and repression of Yops and LcrV with > or =2.5 mM Ca(2+) (Lcr(+)). Regulation of Yops and LcrV is well defined but little is known about bacteriostasis other than that Na(+) plus l-glutamate promotes prompt restriction of Y. pestis. As shown here, l-aspartate substituted for l-glutamate in this context but only Na(+) exacerbated the nutritional requirement for Ca(2+). Bacteriostasis of Y. pestis (but not enteropathogenic yersiniae) was abrupt in Ca(2+)-deficient medium at neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7.0 to 8.0), although increasing the pH to 8.5 or 9.0, especially with added Na(+) (but not l-glutamate), facilitated full-scale growth. Added l-glutamate (but not Na(+)) favored Ca(2+)-independent growth at acidic pH (5.0 to 6.5). Yops and LcrV were produced in Ca(2+)-deficient media at pH 6.5 to 9.0 regardless of the presence of added Na(+) or l-glutamate, although their expression at alkaline pH was minimal. Resting Ca(2+)-starved Lcr(+) cells of Y. pestis supplied with l-glutamate first excreted and then destroyed l-aspartate. These findings indicate that expression of Yops and LcrV is necessary but not sufficient for bacteriostasis of Ca(2+)-starved yersiniae and suggest that abrupt restriction of Y. pestis requires Na(+) and the known absence of aspartate ammonia-lyase in this species.
Restoration of finger function in hemiparetic stroke patients using goal-directed therapy: coordination station

The goal of this project was to develop a device that provides interactive, goal-directed finger therapy to individuals with hemiparetic stroke. The specific design requirements of the device were that it be safe, easy to use, adaptable to varying abilities, and able to record accurate force measurements. The device developed meets all of the design requirements, allowing hemiparetic stroke patients to perform repetitive, therapeutic exercises. We hypothesize that this type of therapy will lead to higher functional gains in stroke survivors, by re-establishing coordinated control over the finger muscles in the affected hand. The device can be used by therapists to track functional gains in hand function, and can be used at the clinic or at home.
Two heuristics to the share-of-choice product line design problem

Two heuristics are proposed in this paper to solve the problem of constructing an optimal product line using partworth estimates from conjoint analysis. The objective of this NP-hard problem is to choose a level for each attribute to construct a product line so that the line’s share-of-choice is maximised. Existing solution approaches include heuristics that have been only tested on small simulated problems and an exact method that requires long run times when tested on a large commercial problem. Computational results demonstrate that one of our heuristics is capable of finding near optimal solution to large simulated and commercial problems in seconds. The performance of the other heuristic fluctuates with the degree of consumer heterogeneity in a sample.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Restricts Gammaherpesvirus Replication in Primary Immune Cells

Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish a lifelong infection and are associated with cancer. In spite of the high seroprevalence of infection, the risk factors that predispose the host toward gammaherpesvirus-induced malignancies are still poorly understood. Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is a tumor suppressor that is also involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. On the basis of its biology, IRF-1 represents a plausible host factor to attenuate gammaherpesvirus infection and tumorigenesis. In this study, we show that IRF-1 restricts gammaherpesvirus replication in primary macrophages, a physiologically relevant immune cell type. In spite of the known role of IRF-1 in stimulating type I IFN expression, induction of a global type I IFN response was similar in IRF-1-deficient and -proficient macrophages during gammaherpesvirus infection. However, IRF-1 was required for optimal expression of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase, a host enzyme that restricted gammaherpesvirus replication in primary macrophages and contributed to the antiviral effects of IRF-1. In summary, the current study provides an insight into the mechanism by which IRF-1 attenuates gammaherpesvirus replication in primary immune cells, a mechanism that is likely to contribute to the antiviral effects of IRF-1 in other virus systems. IMPORTANCE Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) is a transcription factor that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses and functions as a tumor suppressor. IRF-1 restricts the replication of diverse viruses; however, the mechanisms responsible for the antiviral effects of IRF-1 are still poorly understood. Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that are associated with the induction of several malignancies. Here we show that IRF-1 expression attenuates gammaherpesvirus replication in primary macrophages, in part by increasing expression of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H). CH25H and its product, 25-hydroxycholesterol, restrict replication of diverse virus families. Thus, our findings offer an insight into the mechanism by which IRF-1 attenuates the replication of gammaherpesviruses, a mechanism that is likely to be applicable to other virus systems.
Microsoft Natural Language Understanding System and Grammar Checker

The Natural Language Processing (NLP) group at Microsoft Research has been working for over five years on the development of a broad-coverage NL understanding system. In the last two years, the NLP group has been joined by the World Languages Research group, whose current mission is to extend the NLP group's technology to both European and Far-Eastern languages, and by the Natural Language Development group, which is responsible for transferring the technology into Microsoft products.
Some remarks on the Gaussian beam summation method

Summary. Recently, a method using superposition of Gaussian beams has been proposed for the solution of high-frequency wave problems. The method is a potentially useful approach when the more usual techniques of ray theory fail: it gives answers which are finite at caustics, computes a nonzero field in shadow zones, and exhibits critical angle phenomena, including head waves. Subsequent tests by several authors have been encouraging, although some reported solutions show an unexplained dependence on the ‘free’ complex parameter e which specifies the initial widths and phases of the Gaussian beams. We use methods of uniform asymptotic expansions to explain the behaviour of the Gaussian beam method. We show how it computes correctly the entire caustic boundary layer of a caustic of arbitrary complexity, and computes correctly in a region of critical reflection. However, the beam solution for head waves and in edge-diffracted shadow zones are shown to have the correct asymptotic form, but with governing parameters that are explicitly e-dependent. We also explain the mechanism by which the beam solution degrades when there are strong lateral inhomogeneities. We compare numerically our predictions for some representative, model problems, with exact solutions obtained by other means.
The U(1) Problem

A detailed analysis of the problems associated with the conserved U(1) axial-vector current in quark-gluon models is presented. It is shown that such models involve a light isoscalar pseudoscalar boson, with a mass less than $\sqrt{3}{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$. The existence of this boson would produce a strong off-shell variation in the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ matrix element, thus invalidating the usual conclusions about the rate and energy dependence of this decay. Following Kogut and Susskind, it is proposed that the light Goldstone boson is actually a dipole, with positive- and negative-metric parts, which cancel in matrix elements of gluon-gauge-invariant operators but not in operators such as the U(1) current. It is shown that the masses of the observable pseudoscalar bosons and the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ decay rate are then just as they would be in a theory without the U(1) symmetry, and in fair agreement with experiment. The application of current algebra to theories with charmed quarks is briefly discussed.
Fairness and classifications

The growing trend in computer systems towards using scheduling policies that prioritize jobs with small service requirements has resulted in a new focus on the fairness of such policies. In particular, researchers have been interested in whether prioritizing small job sizes results in large jobs being treated "unfairly." However, fairness is an amorphous concept and thus difficult to define and study. This article provides a short survey of recent work in this area.
Eyes Wide Shut: Erasing Women's Experiences From the Clinic to the Courtroom

In his decade-long exploration of female sexuality, Sigmund Freud professed to be on a mission to answer the elusive question: "What do women want?" Unfortunately, the 19th-century psychiatrist was unable to separate that question from the one he ultimately answered: "What do men want women to want?" In some sense, Freud's inquiries provide an apt metaphor for the medical profession's stance toward female experience. When confronted with the difference presented by the female body as well as women's unique life experiences, the medical field has responded with approaches that range from bemusement to hostility to intense indifference. Although the pernicious effect of gender bias on healthcare delivery is well-known, less attention has been paid to its secondary effects. Disinterest in or hostility to the female experience leads to an informational vacuum that allows for the development of ideas, theories, and assumptions founded on cognitive bias, rationalization, and wishful thinking rather than empirically-based knowledge. These biases, then, are imported into the legal field where they undergird juridical movements that serve to disadvantage women. This essay explores how, in the medical context, the stunted development of knowledge about women, becomes, in the legal context, a dangerous thing. In examining the interplay between medical and social science information and legal dogma, this essay will discuss how bodies of knowledge are selectively pursued, exploited, or ignored in the service of patriarchal assumptions that achieve expression in legal responses to emerging social dilemmas. Selective information flows between the medical and legal professions result in untoward consequences in a wide variety of settings. Here, we limit our focus to two such untoward consequences. The first part of the essay discusses the impoverished medical discourse on female sexuality and how inattention to female sexual fulfillment has led to legal rules that disproportionately affect women's expression as sexual beings. The second part examines available social science data detailing the distinction between psychological and genetic parenthood and shows how that data has been ignored in favor of judicial presumptions that privilege men and disadvantage women in disputes over frozen embryos. A close look at these contested arenas of sexuality and reproduction demonstrates the difficulty of charting women's progress toward equality. On the surface, in both law and medicine, norms of gender equity command facial allegiance. Medicine disavows its earlier efforts to exclude women from the profession, while law proffers the equal protection doctrine as proof that sexist behavior can be rooted out in a zero-tolerance legal culture. Under the waterline, though, unconscious beliefs and stereotypes hold sway. These unruly currents lead to rationalizations and cognitive errors that elude rigorous examination, but affect women at work, at home, and in the bedroom.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in the Nervous System of Aplysia californica : II. Effect of serotonin and dopamine

Serotonin and dopamine, both likely transmitter substances in Aplysia, stimulated formation of adenosine-3',5' monophosphate (cAMP) in ganglia, connectives, and identified nerve cell bodies. This widespread distribution suggests that receptors for the response are localized throughout the nervous system, as is adenyl cyclase. Both synthesis of cAMP-(3)H from precursor previously labeled in incubations with adenine-(3)H and total content of cAMP were stimulated up to 15-fold. The acetylcholine analogue carbachol, glutamate, norepinephrine, and histamine were inactive. Full stimulation occurred within 2-4 min of applying serotonin; the extent of the effect was half maximal at 6micro serotonin. Even in the continued presence of serotonin, the increased cAMP diminished with time. When serotonin was removed, tissue remained refractory for 15-20 min; sensitivity returned after 25 min. Serotonin stimulated cAMP after removal of extracellular Na, K, or Cl and in isotonic sucrose, with all extracellular ions removed. Elevating Mg, which blocked the stimulation of cAMP caused by synaptic activity, did not affect the response to serotonin. Thus the response appeared to be independent of transmitter release and of changes in synaptic potentials and current flow. The role of cAMP in neuronal functioning remains to be determined. Conditions which markedly increased cAMP in neurons, however, did not affect the rate of RNA synthesis, nor did they alter the distribution of phosphorylated adenine or uridine nucleotides.
"Pseudosarcoma" of the mucous membranes in the head and neck.

Pseudosarcomatous tumours of the upper aerodigestive tracts have been reviewed. Because of the differences in cellular make-up of these tumours, no single histogenic theory can be applied. Therapy should be dictated more by clinical stage than by histologic interpretation of the composition of the tumours.
A sequential approach for optimal broadcast scheduling in packet radio networks

An important problem that arises in the design of packet radio networks is that of scheduling access to the high speed communications channel in such a way as to avoid interference while keeping the frame length to a minimum. The broadcast scheduling problem is known to be NP-hard and to date, this problem has been formulated as a nonlinear discrete optimization problem for a given frame length, and solved via heuristic approaches by parametrically varying the length of the frame. This paper presents a linear integer programming formulation for the composite problem of maximizing channel utilization while minimizing the length of the frame. It then introduces a solution approach based on solving two relatively easier (though still NP-complete) integer programs in succession. Computational experiments are conducted on a set of benchmark cases and additional randomly generated problem instances. Results show that this sequential integer programming approach is very effective, solving all the problems optimally within a few seconds. These results imply that optimal solutions can be identified in very little time for problems of realistic size, and that heuristic approaches will be needed only when problems get much larger than those considered in the literature to date.
Joint effects of habitat configuration and temporal stochasticity on population dynamics

Habitat configuration and temporal sto- chasticity in the environment are recognized as important drivers of population structure, yet few studies have examined the combined influence of these factors. We developed a spatially explicit simulation model to investigate how stochasticity in survival and reproduction influenced population dynamics on landscapes that differed in habitat configuration. Landscapes ranged from completely contiguous to highly fragmented, and simulated populations varied in mean survival probability (0.2, 0.4, 0.8) and dispersal capacity (1, 3, or 5 cells). Overall, habitat configuration had a large effect on populations, accounting for (80% of the variation in population size when mean survival and dispersal capacity were held constant. Stochasticity in survival and reproduction were much less influential, accounting for\1-14% of the variation in population size, but exacerbated the negative effects of habitat fragmentation by increasing the number of local extinctions in isolated patches. Stochasticity inter- acted strongly with both mean survival probability and habitat configuration. For example, survival stochasticity reduced population size when survival probability was high and habitat was fragmented, but had little effect on population size under other conditions. Reproductive stochasticity reduced pop- ulation size irrespective of mean survival and habitat configuration, but had the largest effect when survival probability was intermediate and habitat was well connected. Stochasticity also enhanced the variability of population size in most cases. Contrary to expec- tations, increasing dispersal capacity did not increase population persistence, because the probability of finding suitable habitat within the dispersal neigh- borhood declined more for the same level of dispersal capacity when fragmentation was high compared to when it was low. These findings suggest that greater environmental variability, as might arise due to climate change, is likely to compound population losses due to habitat fragmentation and may directly reduce population size if reproductive output is compromised. It may also increase variability in population size.
Parents are accurate reporters of their preschoolers' fruit and vegetable consumption under limited conditions

Abstract Objective To assess the accuracy of parents as reporters of both their own and their 2- to 5-year-old children's fruit and vegetable intake. Design Observational study with a 1-meal intake assessment by an independent observer, followed by a telephone survey to determine the previous day's consumption using a 29-item fruit, juice, and vegetable food frequency questionnaire. Setting Two separate meal assessments in community-based settings. Participants A convenience sample of 61 parent-child dyads from Eastern Missouri was recruited from a school health fair and the Parents as Teachers program. The mean age of the parents was 31.1 years, and 91% were female. The mean age for children was 39.0 months, and 60% were female. Variables Measured Parent and child fruit and vegetable intake. Analysis Interobserver agreement using a kappa statistic. Results Parents accurately reported their children's intake on most fruits and vegetables (kappa = 0.59-0.61). Parents were the least accurate in recalling the consumption of raisins from oatmeal cookies (kappa = 0.05) and 100% juice (kappa = 0.17). Conclusions and Implications Parents can serve as accurate proxies to report fruit and vegetable consumption by their preschoolers on a food frequency questionnaire used to determine intake for the previous day. This can be a helpful evaluation method for research involving young children.
Dynamical Analysis of Outflow from Tornado-Producing Thunderstorms as Revealed by ATS III Pictures

Abstract Detailed synoptic and dynamic analyses of outflow from tornado-producing thunderstorms of 23 April 1968 were made by using conventional rawinsonde data combined with ATS III pictures. It was found that the pre-existing flow at the cirrus level over storm areas changed dramatically into outflow as the storms developed. When the storms reached their mature stage, the horizontal dimensions of the outflow increased to ∼500 km, Detailed analyses of rawinsonde data inside the outflow area revealed the existence of a mid- tropospheric warm core accompanied by a significant field of convergence below the 700-mb surface. Quantitative analysis of the thermodynamical and dynamical aspects of the outflow field showed that the outflow was induced and maintained by convective warming.
Lessons From The Current Financial Crisis: Should Credit Rating Agencies Be Re-Structured?

Credit rating agencies are considered the gatekeepers to the financial markets; however, these agencies have come under increasing attack in the past few years by investors, regulators and the business community. The United States Senate has accused the credit rating agencies of flawed methodology, weak oversight by regulators, conflicts of interest and a total lack of transparency. The Senate review concluded that the problems with the credit rating agencies were responsible for contributing to the housing bubble by awarding AAA ratings to complex, unsafe asset backed securities and other derivatives, thereby magnifying the financial shock when the housing bubble finally burst. In this article, we will explore how the credit rating agencies obtained, and, as many feel, misused their power. In addition, we will outline currently proposed legislative and regulatory solutions.
Review of the genus Onchopelma Hesse, with descriptions of new species (Diptera: Mythicomyiidae)

The genus Onchopelma Hesse is reviewed and a key to species is given. Four new species are described and illustrated: Onchopelma brevifasciatum, sp.n., O. irwini, sp.n., O. majus, sp.n., and O. nitidum, sp.n. Seven species are currently known in the genus, which occurs only in Namibia and South Africa.
Process and Measurement Noise Estimation for Kalman Filtering

The Kalman filter gain can be extracted from output signals but the covariance of the state error cannot be evaluated without knowledge of the covariance of the process and measurement noise Q and R. Among the methods that have been developed to estimate Q and R from measurements the two that have received most attention are based on linear relations between these matrices and: 1) the covariance function of the innovations from any stable filter or 2) the covariance function of the output measurements. This paper reviews the two approaches and offers some observations regarding how the initial estimate of the gain in the innovations approach may affect accuracy.
Analysis on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of severe cases infected by EV71

Objective To explore the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of serious cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) infected by EV71, in oreder to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of HFMD. Methods Information was collected by questionaires through consulting medical cases. Data was input by Epidata, and analysed by software SAS 9. 13. Result 201 severe cases were investigated. 84. 65% of the cases were below 3 years old. The youngest one was 5 months and the oldest one was 8 years old. The ratio for male and female was 2.2: 1. 85.08% of the cases were distributed sporadically. 51.74% of them lived in rural, 29. 36% of them lived in urban and 19.9% of them lived at the fringe area of rural and urban. 81.59% of the cases became serious between 1 and 4 days after infected.100% cases had fever and 99. 95% of them had a rash. 96. 52% of them had nerve system symptoms. The main complications were virulent spinal encephalitis, pneumonia and breathing exhaustion. 98.01% of the patients were recovered or cured. Conclusion The cases aged below 3 years old are high risk persons.Rural area and the fringe area of rural and urban are the key area for disease control. 1-4 days after onset is the key period to prevent complications. Key words: Enteroviras; Hand foot and mouth disease
How Has Elderly Migration Changed in the Twenty-First Century? What the Data Can— and Cannot —Tell Us

Interstate elderly migration has strong implications for state tax policies and health care systems, yet little is known about how it has changed in the twenty-first century. Its relative rarity requires a large data set with which to construct reliable measures, and the replacement of the U.S. Census long form (CLF) with the American Community Survey (ACS) has made such updates difficult. Two commonly used alternative migration data sources—the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Statistics of Income (SOI) program of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)—suffer serious limitations in studying the migration of any subpopulation, including the elderly. Our study informs migration research in the post-2000 era by identifying methodological differences between data sources and devising strategies for reconciling the CLF and ACS. Our investigation focusing on the elderly suggests that the ACS can generate comparable migration data that reveal a continuation of previously identified geographic patterns as well as changes unique to the 2000s. However, its changed definition of residence and survey timing leaves us unable to construct a comparable national migration rate, suggesting that one must use national trends in the smaller CPS to investigate whether elderly migration has increased or decreased in the twenty-first century.
Electrophysiological properties of neurons in guinea pig bronchial parasympathetic ganglia.

Active and passive membrane membrane properties of parasympathetic neurons were examined in vitro in a newly localized ganglion on the right bronchus of the guinea pig. Neurons could be classified ...
Alpha Variability for Prediction of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Can Be Improved with Quantitative Measurement (P3.119)

OBJECTIVE:To validate an objective measure of alpha variability for the prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia. BACKGROUND:Increasingly, quantitative EEG measures are being used to facilitate monitoring in the neurointensive care unit for patients in whom the bedside examination cannot be relied upon to identify subtle but important clinical changes. For example, alpha variability has been shown to predict delayed cerebral ischemia in comatose subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with reasonable sensitivity and excellent specificity. However, the measure, as currently published, relies upon visual inspection of graphs and may be subject to interrater variances in interpretation. The current work thus reviews the use of alpha variability in a tertiary care center and proposes a more objective approach. DESIGN/METHODS:Alpha variability ratings as reported by visual inspection were compared to quantitatively measured variance in percent alpha. The correlations between either of these measures and the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischemia or vasospasm by radiographic criteria was examined. RESULTS:Records were reviewed for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage over a 2 year period. There was good correlation between reported alpha variability and percent alpha variance. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting delayed cerebral ischemia were improved with quantitative measurement of alpha variability. CONCLUSIONS:The results support continued use of alpha variability as a tool for detection of delayed cerebral ischemia. The reliability and predictive value of the test may be improved by utilizing a quantitative measure of variability, such as percent alpha variance. Study Supported by: University of Pennsylvania, Penn Epilepsy Center Disclosure: Dr. Williams has nothing to disclose.
Water Footprint Quantification of Machining Processes

Owing to the limited availability of fresh water, industrial water usage is expected to attract more and more attention. In this paper, Scope 1 water footprint is defined as direct water usage, Scope 2 is indirect water usage associated with energy consumption, and Scope 3 is the embodied water content of all other resources consumed by manufacturing. We discuss a variety of issues associated with Scope 1 and Scope 2 water footprints, with focus on three major machining processes: turning, milling and drilling. Special attention is paid to the local and regional impacts from water withdrawal and consumption.
Large Eddy Simulation for an array of turbines with Extremum Seeking Control

Large Eddy Simulations of the flow past an array of three aligned turbines have been performed using two different control strategies: constant torque gain and the Extremum Seeking Control. An off-design tip speed ratio has been chosen as initial condition for each turbine. It is shown that the turbines controlled with constant torque gain do not reach their optimum tip speed ratio. On the other hand, turbines controlled with ESC reach, to a close approximation, the tip speed ratio which maximizes their power production. The power produced by the array controlled with ESC is about 10% larger than that obtained with constant torque gain. Power spectral densities of the wind velocity in the wake of the turbines are presented to discuss how to select the proper dithering frequency.
Costimulatory Blockade and Use of mTOR Inhibitors: Avoiding Injury Part 2

Kidney transplantation immunosuppression relies on a calcineurin inhibitor backbone. Calcineurin inhibitors have reduced early-acute rejection rates but failed to improve long-term allograft survival. Their nephrotoxicity has shifted the focus of investigation to calcineurin inhibitor–free regimens. Costimulation blockade with belatacept, a second generation, higher avidity variant of CTLA4-Ig, has emerged as part of a calcineurin inhibitor–free regimen. Belatacept has demonstrated superior glomerular filtration rate compared with calcineurin inhibitors albeit with an increased risk of early and histologically severe rejection. Focus on optimizing the belatacept regimen to reduce the acute rejection rate while maintaining superior renal function is underway. Belatacept has also been utilized as part of a calcineurin inhibitor–free conversion strategy in stable renal transplant recipients and has demonstrated superior improvement in glomerular filtration rate with conversion vs calcineurin inhibitor continuation. Additional work is underway to better define the role of belatacept in patients on calcineurin inhibitors with allograft dysfunction not due to rejection.
The Private World of Sharing and Cooperation

Connectivity builds bridges between individuals’ private space and threatens notions of identity and privacy. While the notion of privacy as anonymity is relatively new from a historical point of view, the constitutional guarantees pertain to lines of control over what we share, when we share and with whom we share. Anonymity implies the absence of any form of identity so the requirement is not one of erasing identity but rather preserving that identity in a secure and undisturbed form. People don’t want to vanish into obscurity, they want to be known as obscure, private individuals. There is, however, the reality that DCT has swamped our ability to create privacy shields and that transparency may be the new normal.
Differentiated eliteness: socialization for academic leadership

ABSTRACTThis article examines how different forms of eliteness are reflected and produced in discursive practices in texts and participant testimonials published on two websites describing American university leadership development programs. It emphasizes the way that these practices operate to thematize and differentiate forms of eliteness (academic vs. administrative) that have a long tradition of being represented as antithetical forms of knowledge, expertise and ways of life, and to socialize participants with claims to one kind of eliteness to another. Through the examination of the use of titles, characterizations of program participants as pedagogical subjects, narratives of personal transformation and “skills discourses” [Urciuoli, B. 2008. “Skills and Selves in the New Workplace.” American Ethnologist 35 (2): 211–228.], the analysis shows how discourse is implicated in the production and reproduction of neoliberal subjects and perspectives on institutional functions and roles.
Clinical presentation of hepatotoxicity-associated crizotinib in ALK-positive (ALK+) advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

7598 Background: Severe hepatotoxicity has been observed with most receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Crizotinib, a first-in-class oral inhibitor of ALK, was recently FDA approved for the treatment (tx) of advanced (ALK+) NSCLC. We provide a review of hepatotoxicity in the crizotinib clinical development program. Methods: Relevant tx-emergent adverse event (AE) reports from 2 pooled single-arm trials in patients (pts) with ALK+ NSCLC who received crizotinib 250 mg BID (n=588) up to Jun 2011 were reviewed. Five reports of severe hepatotoxicity received through Dec 13, 2011 were also evaluated. Results: Incidence of elevation in ALT and AST lab values by CTCAE grade are shown in the table. Additionally, 16 all-grade (7 grade 3 or 4) cases of pertinent hepatic events have been reported. Transaminase elevations generally occurred in the first 2 months of tx and were usually reversible. Pts usually resumed tx at a lower dose without recurrence; however, 4 (<1%) required permanent discontinuation from tx. Fiv...
Methane Transport through Simulated Landfill Covers with a PE Geofilm or Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol, LLDPE, or PVC Geomembrane

AbstractMethane transport was evaluated using column tests for simulated interim cover profiles composed of soil only or soil over a geomembrane (GM). Tests were conducted with a co-extruded GM of ...
Factors Associated with Stillbirth Autopsy in Georgia and Utah, 2010-2014: The Importance of Delivery Location.

Objective This article determines whether demographic, delivery, and medical factors are associated with stillbirth autopsy performance in Georgia and Utah. Study Design This study used fetal death certificates from 2010 to 2014 to determine which factors are associated with stillbirth autopsy performance in Georgia and Utah. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression with a predicted margins approach. Results The stillbirth autopsy rate was low in both states: 11.9% in Georgia ( N = 5,610) and 23.9% in Utah ( N = 1,425). In Utah, the autopsy rate significantly declined during the study period ( p = 0.01). Stillbirths delivered outside of large metropolitan areas were less likely to receive an autopsy (medium/small metropolitans: prevalence ratio GA [PR] = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–0.68 and PR UT = 0.48, CI: 0.38–0.59; nonmetropolitans: PR GA = 0.57, CI: 0.43–0.75 and PR UT = 0.37, CI: 0.21–0.63). In Georgia, autopsies were less common among stillbirths of Hispanic (vs. white) women (PR = 0.57, CI: 0.41–0.79), at earlier (vs. later) gestational ages (PR = 0.59, CI: 0.51–0.69), and of multiple birth pregnancies (PR = 0.71, CI: 0.53–0.96). Conclusion Despite strong evidence supporting the value of stillbirth autopsies, autopsy rates were low, especially outside metropolitan areas, where approximately half of stillbirths were delivered.
Update on the medicinal management of phytobezoars

The purpose of this review article is to provide the clinician with complete information concerning available medicinal agents for the management of phytobezoars. Data sources were obtained by a Medline search from 1966 to present. All citations containing references to patients with a phytobezoar treated with medicinal agents were selected and reviewed for treatment regimen, number of patients treated, length of therapy, success rate, and adverse effects. A total of 36 patients with phytobezoars were reviewed. Papain was successful in treating 87% (13 of 15) and cellulase in 100% (19 of 19) of the patients. Adverse effects reported in the papain group were gastric ulcer, esophageal perforation, and hypernatremia; the cellulase group did not report any adverse effects. Papain and cellulase appeared to be effective in the management of phytobezoars in the small number of patients studied. However, controlled clinical trials are needed to compare the safety and efficacy of the two agents.
God's Economy?: Experimental Effects of Religious Messaging on Catholic, Evangelical and Non-Religious Voters

Are progressive religious messages on economic policies relevant to American voters? If such messages are relevant, can they persuade religious voters to support progressive causes? And what impact could such relevance and persuasion have on partisan politics? In the fall of 2011, two Ohio ballot measures on economic issues (public employee collective bargaining and health care) offered an opportunity to investigate these questions. Early in the ballot campaigns, we conducted a set of experiments embedded within a telephone survey to test the impact of progressive religious messages on white Evangelical, white Catholic, and unaffiliated voters. We find a positive impact of progressive religious messaging on both ballot measures. The impact was more consistent among white Evangelicals, where evidence for the relevance of religious messages was strong, but evidence of persuasion was weaker. The impact was less consistent among white Catholics, with no evidence for the relevance of religious messages, but stronger evidence for persuasion. In both religious traditions, important differences occurred with regard to frequency of worship attendance, and to a lesser extent, partisanship. At the same time, there is no evidence for a negative reaction to progressive religious messages unaffiliated voters.
A unified framework for stochastic optimization

Abstract Stochastic optimization is an umbrella term that includes over a dozen fragmented communities, using a patchwork of sometimes overlapping notational systems with algorithmic strategies that are suited to specific classes of problems. This paper reviews the canonical models of these communities, and proposes a universal modeling framework that encompasses all of these competing approaches. At the heart is an objective function that optimizes over policies that is standard in some approaches, but foreign to others. We then identify four meta-classes of policies that encompasses all of the approaches that we have identified in the research literature or industry practice. In the process, we observe that any adaptive learning algorithm, whether it is derivative-based or derivative-free, is a form of policy that can be tuned to optimize either the cumulative reward (similar to multi-armed bandit problems) or final reward (as is used in ranking and selection or stochastic search). We argue that the principles of bandit problems, long a niche community, should become a core dimension of mainstream stochastic optimization.
Millennials' Fashion Consumption: Who Are Fashion Opinion Leaders in Social Media?

This study was explored how millennials identified fashion opinion leaders in social media and their influence on millennial fashion consumption. Thematic analysis of qualitative data from 76 female college students revealed factors of identifying fashion opinion leaders in social media: (1) bloggers' personal characteristics and (2) Platform characteristics used by bloggers. Opinion leaders provided fashion product information (i.e., product reviews and locations), confirmation of purchases (i.e., relieving post purchase dissonance), and styling advice (i.e., introducing and inspiring new trends) which helped followers purchase products or follow a similar style the opinion leaders endorsed. Also, millennials use interact with opinion leaders in social media for entertainment, social interaction/communication, wanting to be on trend, fear of missing out on trends, easy/convenient to use, and routine behavior. It helps to understand what makes millennials visit opinion leaders on social media.
Engaging Community Members in Providing Support for the Dying and the Bereaved: Activities in Social Work Community Practice:

In this practice note, the authors describe three main community engagement strategies around empathy in times of suffering: (1) raising public awareness about the value of community support in tim...
GPX1 Localizes to the Nucleus in Prostate Epithelium and its Levels are not Associated with Prostate Cancer Recurrence

Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) is an extensively studied selenium-dependent protein that reduces hydrogen and lipid peroxides to water. Because of its antioxidant function and its responsiveness to dietary intakes of selenium, an essential trace element whose levels are inversely associated with prostate cancer risk, GPX1 levels were assessed in a prostate cancer tissue microarray, comparing cases of recurrent prostate cancer following prostatectomy to non-recurrent controls. While GPX1 is generally considered as a protein that resides in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria, we detected strong nuclear staining by immunofluorescence using GPX1-specific antibodies. Nuclear localization of GPX1 was also observed in both primary prostate epithelial cells and the immortalized prostate-derived cell line RWPE-1, but not in LNCaP or PC3 prostate tumor-derived cell lines. Quantification of GPX1 levels in the entire cell, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus did not indicate any association of either its levels or subcellular distribution with prostate cancer recurrence. While GPX1 levels may not have an impact on survival among men with prostate cancer, the data indicates that this extensively characterized protein may have a novel function in the nucleus of prostate epithelial cells.
Assessment of Pharmaceutical Company and Device Manufacturer Payments to Gastroenterologists and Their Participation in Clinical Practice Guideline Panels

Importance Payments from pharmaceutical and device manufacturers to physicians may influence the advice physicians give patients and peers. Objectives To investigate the nature and amounts of monetary and other benefits that gastroenterologists received and to determine the participation of those receiving benefits in the formulation of clinical practice guidelines. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study analyzed information from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments database, including all reports about payments that pharmaceutical and device manufacturers gave to adult or pediatric gastroenterologists in 2016. PubMed was used to examine the professional affiliations and publication records of top payment recipients. Panelists of clinical guidelines who also received personal financial rewards listed in the Open Payments database were identified. Main Outcomes and Measures Payments made to gastroenterologists by pharmaceutical company and device manufacturers. Results Of 15 497 gastroenterologists, 13 467 (86.9%) received a total of 432 463 payments accounting for a total expenditure of $67 144 862. Direct financial payments for consultations, talks, or other services were made to 2055 physicians and were responsible for 4.2% of payments (18 179 of 432 463), but for 62.7% of total expenditures ($42 086 207 of $67 144 862). Although a significant number of submissions were for food and beverages, they constituted only a small amount of total expenditure. For gastroenterologists treating adult patients, 10 products were linked to 63.8% of payments (11 221 of 17 588) related to direct financial rewards and 37.1% of the total expenditures ($24 892 643 of $67 144 862). Twenty-nine of 36 clinical practice guidelines included panelists who had received honoraria or consultation fees from industry sources, with amounts exceeding $10 000 in 8 of them (22%). Conclusions and Relevance Most gastroenterologists accept meals or gifts from industry, with 2055 of 15 497 gastroenterologists receiving direct payments and 8 of 36 clinical practice guidelines panelists having received more than $10 000. Considering the known impact of such benefits on prescribing patterns and other professional behaviors, policy makers should consider revising regulations governing interactions with industry and disclosure formats alerting others to their potential biasing impact.
Teaching with Understanding While Teaching for Understanding.

This manuscript focuses on the experiences of a science teacher educator’s initial engagement in reconceptualization of the construct of equity in classrooms through the use of praxis. What might equity look like if conceptualized as a dynamic interaction between teacher and individual students? Utilizing a critically situated perspective, this work explores the evolution of mutual and reciprocal understanding between a white male teacher educator and one student. It then questions the outcomes produced by this exploration. This work provides an example of how separating equity into two components—equity as interactive, and equity as complex and dynamic, may help pre-service teachers (PSTs) and practicing teacher educators negotiate meaning through discussion on a long-term basis. By utilizing a concrete conceptualization of equity, and examples for discussion, findings can inform PSTs, teacher educators, and practicing teachers of a starting point for de/reconstructing personal conceptualizations of equity in classrooms.
Exploring the Use of a Dual Language Assessment Task to Assess Young English Learners

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to create and prototype a dual language assessment task that allows young English learners to use their entire cadre of linguistic resources (language and non-...