cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping of prosodic structure onto words and phrases in children's and adults' speech production

Direct recordings of lip and jaw movement were obtained to investigate how children and adults differentiate prosodic structure both within iambic and trochaic words and across word boundaries. It was hypothesised that children, especially those with less language skills, would be particularly likely to produce strong-weak (or trochaic) sequences. This experiment examined children's (both normally developing and specifically language impaired, aged 4–6 years) and adults’ productions of prosodic sequences that were controlled for syntactic and phonetic content, but that differed in rhythmic alternations, both within words (i. e., iambs vs. trochees) and across words (i. e., optimal strong-weak vs. stress gap or stress clash). To avoid final position effects, target words were in utterance internal position. Analyses included kinematic measures of prosodic structure (i. e., amplitude and duration of movements in weak vs. strong syllables; ratios of weak-to-strong movements). Consistent with prior work, weak...
Fraction Solid Measurements on Solidifying Melt

A new indirect method to measure fraction solid in molten metals is presented. The method is based on the phenomena that when a metal sample (solid or liquid) rotates in a magnetic field (or the magnetic field rotates around a stationary sample), circulating eddy currents are induced in the sample, which generate an opposing torque related to amount of solid phase in a solidifying melt between the liquidus and solidus temperatures. This new technique is applied for measuring fraction solid on commercial A319 aluminum alloy. The solidification curves obtained by the proposed method at different cooling rates are in good agreement with predictions made by the Scheil model.
VISUALIZATION OF LIMNOLOGICAL DATA AS TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTER GENERATED ANIMATIONS

DATA ANIMATOR is a software program to develop and display limnological data as computer generated animations. The purpose of the program is to visualize in a dynamical fashion a variety of data collected in lakes. Examples are originated from Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario. Data collected at different stations and different times are interpolated in space and in time. Lake topography and lake bathymetry files are used to relate data collected in the lake(s) with topographical features. A graphic user interface allows the user to choose two- or three-dimensional views, a viewpoint, fonts, colour palette, data and keyframes. A typical 1800 frame animation can be displayed in a minute at 30 frames per second. Rendering time is about 12 hours. Animations can be displayed on a monitor or transferred to video tape.
Oxidized phospholipid-induced inflammation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2

Oxidative tissue damage is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the precise mechanisms linking oxidative changes to inflammatory reactions remain unclear. Herein we show that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) translates oxidative tissue damage into inflammatory responses by mediating the effects of oxidized phospholipids. Intraperitoneal injection of oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-3-glycerophosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) resulted in upregulation of inflammatory genes in wild-type, but not in TLR2(-/-) mice. In vitro, OxPAPC induced TLR2 (but not TLR4)-dependent inflammatory gene expression and JNK and p38 signaling in macrophages. Induction of TLR2-dependent gene expression required reducible functional groups on sn-2 acyl chains of oxidized phospholipids, as well as serum cofactors. Finally, TLR2(-/-) mice were protected against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative tissue damage and inflammation, which was accompanied by accumulation of oxidized phospholipids in livers. Together, our findings demonstrate that TLR2 mediates cellular responses to oxidative tissue damage and they provide new insights into how oxidative stress is linked to acute and chronic inflammation.
Abstract 908A: RAD51C germline mutations in breast and ovarian cancer cases from high-risk families

Purpose: BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for approximately 80% of cases of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Additional genes involved in DNA repair have been identified as predisposing to breast cancer. One such gene RAD51C, essential for homologous recombination repair, has been reported to be a rare breast cancer susceptibility gene. Several pathogenic RAD51C mutations have been identified in BRCA1- and BRCA2-negative breast and ovarian cancer families but not in families with breast cancer alone. Methods: We performed complete sequencing of RAD51C in germline DNA of 286 female breast and ovarian cancer cases with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer. They had been previously tested for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 and were negative. We screened 133 breast cancer cases, 119 ovarian cancer cases, and 34 with both breast and ovarian cancer. The in-silico SIFT and Polyphen programs were used to predict possible pathogenicity of non-synonomous variants. Two-hybrid screening is currently being performed to assess functionality of four of the non-synonomous variants. Results: Fifteen DNA sequence variants were identified among the 286 cases; including four intronic, one 5’ UTR, one promoter, three synonymous, six non-synonymous variants. None were truncating. Of these variants, six have been previously identified and have rs numbers, whereas the remaining nine are novel. Nine of the variants were private (seen in one individual) and the other six were detected in more than one individual. Of the six non-synonomous variants, SIFT and Polyphen predicted that two were likely pathogenic, with predictions based on degree of conservation of the affected residue. An additional two non-synonomous variants are in important domains of the protein and may also be pathogenic. We are currently investigating potential functional importance of these four variants through yeast-two-hybrid assays. Conclusions: Our results provide further evidence that Rad51C is a breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility locus. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 908A. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-908A
Infinite Iteration of Matrix Semigroups I. Structure Theorem for Torsion Semigroups

Given these conditions, we must precisely define EGC, special, and line. We begin with EGC. If X is a finite nonempty set X*, the free monoid generated by X, is by definition EGC because, intuitively, concatenation of two finite strings is a transparent multiplication. However, subsemigroups, and especially homomorphisms of EGCs, need not be EGCs. Furthermore, if S is EGC, and some “simple” operations applied to S gives S’, it is “reasonable” to say S’ is also EGC. Thus, by definition, if S is EGC and R: B x A + S, then S’ = R(S) (the Rees’ matrix semigroup over S) (see Definition 4.16), is also EGC. Note that the local structure, e.g., Green relations, egg box pictures, etc., of R(S) can be “easily” computed from the local structure of S and from R. For similar reasons, if 2 and S are EGC, R: B x A + S, (Z, A) and (B, Z) are actions, and R(bz, a) = R(b, za) for all b E B, z E Z, a E A, then, by definition, Z + R(S) (see Definition 4.16) is also EGC. 422 0021-8693186 $3.00
Titanium Surface Modification Techniques for Implant Fabrication – From Microscale to the Nanoscale

This manuscript reviews about titanium surface modification techniques for its application in orthopaedic and dental implants. There are a few limitations in the long term prognosis of orthopaedic and dental implants. Poor osseointegration with bone, periimplant infection leading to implant failure and short term longevity demanding revision surgery, are to mention a few. Micro- and nanoscale modification of titanium surface using physicochemical, morphological and biochemical approaches have resulted in higher bone to implant contact ratio and improved osseointegration. With recent advances in micro, nano-fabrication techniques and multidisciplinary research studies focusing on bridging biomaterials for medical applications, TiO2 nanotubes have been extensively studied for implant applications. The need for titanium implant surface that can closely mimic the nanoscale architecture of human bone has become a priority. For such purpose, TiO2 nanotubes of different dimensions and architectural fashions at the nanoscale level are being evaluated. This manuscript discusses in brief about the in-vitro and in-vivo studies on titanium surface modification techniques. This manuscript also addresses the recent studies done on such nanotubular surfaces for the effective delivery of osteoinductive growth factors and anti bacterial/ anti inflammatory drugs to promote osseointegration and prevent peri-implant infection.
INTEGRIN-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN : A 50-KD PLASMA MEMBRANE ANTIGEN PHYSICALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH INTEGRINS

Phagocytosis by monocytes or neutrophils can be enhanced by interaction with several proteins or synthetic peptides containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence. Recently we showed that an mAb, B6H12, specifically inhibited this enhancement of neutrophil phagocytosis by inhibiting Arg-Gly-Asp binding to the leukocyte response integrin (Gresham, H. D., J. L. Goodwin, P. M. Allen, D. C. Anderson, and E. J. Brown. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:1935-1943). Now, we have purified the antigen recognized by B6H12 to homogeneity. Surprisingly, it is a 50-kD molecule that is expressed on the plasma membranes of all hematopoietic cells, including erythrocytes, which express no known integrins. On platelets and placenta, but not on erythrocytes, this protein is associated with an integrin that can be recognized by an anti-beta 3 antibody. In addition, both the anti-beta 3 and several mAbs recognizing the 50-kD protein inhibit Arg-Gly-Asp stimulation of phagocytosis. These data demonstrate an association between integrins and the 50-kD protein on several cell types. For this reason, we call it Integrin-associated Protein (IAP). We hypothesize that IAP may play a role in signal transduction for enhanced phagocytosis by Arg-Gly-Asp ligands.
Aviation System Performance Measures for State Transportation Planning

A proposed set of aviation system performance measures that have been defined to support multimodal transportation planning in California is presented. As part of the 1998 update of the California Transportation Plan (CTP), the California Department of Transportation has defined a framework of system performance measures that could be applied on a multimodal basis to assess the performance of the transportation system, support informed decision making, and establish a coordinated and consistent process for performance measurement throughout the state. The research that is described examined approaches to measuring the performance of the aviation system that have been adopted at a national level and in other states, as well as general principles for measurement of transportation system performance that emerged from a conference held in 1997 as part of the CTP update process. The range of considerations that arise in measuring the performance of the aviation system is discussed, and potential performance me...
Tests for the Visual Analysis of Response-Guided Multiple-Baseline Data

The authors present a method that ensures control over the Type I error rate for those who visually analyze the data from response-guided multiple-baseline designs. The method can be seen as a modification of visual analysis methods to incorporate a mechanism to control Type I errors or as a modification of randomization test methods to allow response-guided experimentation and visual analysis. The approach uses random assignment of participants to intervention times and a data analyst who is blind to which participants enter treatment at which points in time. The authors provide an example to illustrate the method and discuss the conditions necessary to ensure Type I error control.
Inside the Guru's Gate: ritual uses of texts among the Sikhs in Varanasi

Inside the Guru's Gate: ritual uses of texts among the Sikhs in Varanasi Kristina Myrvold Lund Studies in African and Asian Religions, Vol. 17 Lund University, 2007 536 pp., ISBN 978-91-074897-7-5 ...
Pre-soaking of seeds enhances pressure inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. on crimson clover, red clover, radish and broccoli seeds.

Abstract The application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at a level of 600 MPa at 20 °C to decontaminate crimson clover, red clover, radish and broccoli seeds inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella were evaluated. Salmonella was generally more pressure-resistant than E. coli O157:H7 on clover and radish seeds except on broccoli seeds where the trend was reversed. In addition, the application of HHP differentially affected seeds' germinability and the order of pressure tolerance of the seeds was such that red clover > crimson clover ≈ broccoli > radish seeds with final germination percentages ranging from 85–100% while their untreated counterparts had final germination percentages of 99–100%. Pre-soaking the different types of seeds in water for 30, 60 or 90 min at ambient temperature followed by HHP at 600 MPa for 2 or 5 min at 20 °C significantly (P 0.05) reduce the sprout yield. The treatment also resulted in a reduction of a 5 log initial load of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella to an undetectable level (neither pathogen was detected in 2-g seed samples after enrichment).
The Prediction of Cardiac Risk in Patients Undergoing Vascular Surgery

In an attempt to determine whether noninvasive cardiac testing could be used to assess cardiac risk in patients undergoing surgery for vascular disease, the authors studied 96 patients. Seventy-seven patients eventually underwent major vascular surgery with 11 (14%) experiencing a significant cardiac complication. Thallium imaging was much more likely to be positive (p less than 0.01) in patients with a cardiac complication; however, there was a significant number of patients with cardiac complications who had a positive history or electrocardiogram for myocardial infarction. When grouped by complication and history of infarction, thallium imaging, if negative, correctly predicted low cardiac risk in the group with a history of infarction. Thallium imaging, however, did not provide a clear separation of risk in those without a history of infarction. Age and coronary angiography, on the other hand, did reveal significant differences within the group without a history of infarction. The resting radionuclide ejection fraction followed a similar pattern to thallium imaging. It is concluded that a positive history of myocardial infarction at any time in the past is the strongest risk predictor in this population and that the predictive value of noninvasive testing is dependent on this factor. Considering these findings, a proposed scheme for assessing risk that will require further validation is presented.
Development of an HPV educational protocol for adolescents.

Study Objectives To develop an educational protocol about HPV and Pap tests for adolescents, to evaluate the protocol for understandability and clarity, and to evaluate the protocol for its effectiveness in increasing knowledge about HPV.
Segmentation of the Cascade Arc as indicated by Sr and Nd isotopic variation among diverse primitive basalts

Abstract In the central Oregon Cascades, extension of the arc has promoted eruption of primitive basalts that are of three types, calcalkaline (CAB), low K tholeiitic (LKT) and rare absarokitic (ABS) in the forearc. Based on a comparison with the distribution of primitive magma types and their 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic signature in the Cascades, we divide the arc into four segments that correspond to distinct tectonic settings and reflect mantle domains and melting regimes at depth. The segments are: 1) the North Segment from Mt. Meager to Glacier Peak; 2) the Columbia Segment from Mt. Rainier to Mt. Jefferson; 3) the Central Segment from the Three Sisters to Medicine Lake, and 4) the South Segment from Mt. Shasta to Lassen Peak. Calcalkaline basalts (CABs) are found all along the arc axis and are produced by fluxing of variable mantle domains by subduction-derived fluid. In the South Segment, the degree of fluxing and melting is greatest as indicated by high 87Sr/86Sr and Ba/Ce of CABs relative to other types of ambient basalt and is consistent with the greater abundance of high-Mg basaltic andesite, relative to other segments. High flux and abundant melt is enhanced by the presence of a slab window and subduction of the altered and deformed Gorda Plate. In the northern part of the arc, small degrees of flux melting are coupled with the presence of an enriched mantle component to yield abundant high-field strength element-enriched (HFSE-rich) basalts. Extension and higher heat flow favors the production of abundant low potassium tholeiites LKT in the Central Segment. A distinct shift in 87Sr/86Sr of low LKTs occurs between the Columbia and Central Segments (0.7028 vs. 0.7034, respectively), which we interpret as juxtaposition of mantle of accreted oceanic terranes, including the enriched large igneous province Siletz Terrane, with encroaching mantle related to the adjacent Basin and Range Province. The latter, although depleted, carries an enrichment signature from an older subduction history. The segmentation presented here for the Cascade Arc provides a framework for testing the relative influences of the downgoing slab, mantle heterogeneity, and the tectonics and make up of the upper place.
Relation between ordering and shear thinning in colloidal suspensions

Colloidal suspensions exhibit shear thinning and shear thickening. The most common interpretation of these phenomena identifies layering of the fluid perpendicular to the shear gradient as the driver for the observed behavior. However, studies of the particle configurations associated with shear thinning and thickening cast doubt on that conclusion and leave unsettled whether these nonequilibrium phenomena are caused primarily by correlated particle motions or by changes in particle packing structure. We report the results of Stokesian dynamics simulations of suspensions of hard spheres that illuminate the relation among the suspension viscosity, shear rate, and particle configuration. Using a recently introduced sampling technique for nonequilibrium systems, we show that shear thinning can be decoupled from layering, thereby eliminating layering as the driver for shear thinning. In contrast, we find that there is a strong correlation between shear thinning and a two-particle measure of the shear stress. Our results are consistent with a recent experimental study.
Concept dominance in short-term memory

Four groups of 16 Ss were presented with four kinds of list (one, high, low, and no dom) which differed as to the frequency with which the five nouns in a given list elicited a common descriptive adjective. There were two retention intervals (5 and 30 sec). The adjective-recall (AR) group was instructed to state the common adjective immediately after each list was presented. The recall-adjective (RA) group was similarly instructed to do so after attempted recall. The categorization groups (CR and RC) were instructed to classify new nouns. Number of nouns recalled was a function of time and dom level, one > high > low > no dom. The One vs. High and High vs. Low Dom by Time interactions were significant. Retention was poorest in group CR. Adjective identification and retention were correlated at the high and low dom levels after 30 sec. The lack of adjective forgetting suggested that whereas content may be forgotten over time, the storage location itself may not. Mediation and search model interpretations were offered.
TU-E-108-02: Dynamic Electron Arc Radiotherapy (DEAR): A Feasibility Study

Purpose: Electron beam therapy is under‐utilized in radiation treatment of cancer and has remained practically unchanged for decades. We propose a new technique, Dynamic Electron Arc Radiotherapy (DEAR) with synchronized couch motion. DEAR utilizes modulation in gantry rotation, dose rate, and intensity to create desirable dose distributions. This study investigates the feasibility of DEAR in terms of deliverability and dosimetry. Methods: DEAR plans were designed and delivered across various energies, doses, and dose rates on a cylindrical phantom. Deliverability was evaluated by verifying the accuracy of the MU, gantry, and couch axes: The agreement between planned and actual axes values recorded in the trajectory log during delivery was quantified by the root mean square error (RMSE). Subsequently, couch, gantry, and collimator velocities were derived and evaluated. Maximum velocities were verified by delivering 10 MU at 1000 MU/min while an axis covered a large distance/rotation, thus forcing a dose rate drop resulting in maximum velocity. Dosimetry was evaluated with radiographic film for static and DEAR plans by comparing in‐plane and cross‐plane beam penumbra (20–80%) to those calculated with the eMC algorithm in Eclipse v10. Dose homogeneity within target region was evaluated. Results: Trajectory log analysis of planned and actual axes values for DEAR plans had small RMSE (<0.1 MU, <0.1° gantry, <0.1 cm couch positions). Velocities for couch lateral, vertical, and gantry ranged from 0.1–1.1cm/s, 0.1–1.7cm/s, and 0.3– 6° /s, respectively. Maximum velocities agreed with manufacturer's specifications and were 3.8, 2, and 7.4cm/s for couch lateral, vertical, and longitudinal, respectively; and 2.9, 5.9, and 14.2°/s for couch rotational, gantry, and collimator, respectively. Dosimetric evaluation showed good agreement for the penumbrae (within 1 mm). Further, dose homogeneity was within ±2% of the mean dose. Conclusion: Preliminary findings show that DEAR has the potential to deliver electron beam therapy with high accuracy and dose homogeneity.
Targeting the NF-κB Pathway in Cancer Therapy

Most NF-κB inhibitors target the IKK complex, IκB proteins, or NF-κB transcription factors. The most promising classes of inhibitors include antioxidants, antiinflammatory compounds, natural compounds, statins, proteasome inhibitors, IKKβ inhibitors, biologics, gene therapy, and RNA interference. Targeting NF-κB is limited by intrinsic pathway complexity, cross-talk with other pathways, a lack of biomarkers, poor drug specificity, drug resistance, and difficulty with drug delivery. Future NF-κB targeting will be improved through better understanding of the pathway, more specific inhibitors, and multimodality therapies.
The dynamics of cyclin dependent kinase structure.

Abstract In the past year, several new crystal structures have provided exciting insights into the conformational changes underlying the regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases. We now understand the structural basis of many of the mechanisms by which cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated, including activation by cycling binding and phosphorylation, inhibition by the inhibitor p27, and binding by the CKS proteins.
(3,3) Resonance and nucleon pole for NN → NNπ at low and moderate energy

Abstract The nucleon pole as generated by soft-pion techniques and the (3,3) resonance pole of the isobar model are included in a relativistic treatment of pp → ppπ0 for low and moderate incident proton energies. The total and various differential cross section are calculated and found in agreement with experiment. Except for several well-known coupling constants this description is parameter-free.
A nuclear F-actin scaffold stabilizes ribonucleoprotein droplets against gravity in large cells

The size of a typical eukaryotic cell is of the order of ∼10 μm. However, some cell types grow to very large sizes, including oocytes (immature eggs) of organisms from humans to starfish. For example, oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis grow to a diameter ≥1 mm. They have a correspondingly large nucleus (germinal vesicle) of ∼450 μm in diameter, which is similar to smaller somatic nuclei, but contains a significantly higher concentration of actin. The form and structure of this nuclear actin remain controversial, and its potential mechanical role within these large nuclei is unknown. Here, we use a microrheology and quantitative imaging approach to show that germinal vesicles contain an elastic F-actin scaffold that mechanically stabilizes these large nuclei against gravitational forces, which are usually considered negligible within cells. We find that on actin disruption, ribonucleoprotein droplets, including nucleoli and histone locus bodies, undergo gravitational sedimentation and fusion. We develop a model that reveals how gravity becomes an increasingly potent force as cells and their nuclei grow larger than ∼10 μm, explaining the requirement for a stabilizing nuclear F-actin scaffold in large Xenopus oocytes. All life forms are subject to gravity, and our results may have broad implications for cell growth and size control.
Sensibility and Democratic Space

People have shared funds of sense that operate in every aspect of their lives. These complex sensibilities constitute a range of often contradictory dispositions and attunements that we can describe as sensible disorders. Further, sensibilities are available for multiple differential determinations from which the ability for self-reflection and intervention derives. 'Democratic space' is an appropriate name for the region of sensibilities. Rather than naming a grounding identity, 'democratic space' names a region without imperative, voice, or intention. Nothing that happens defines the region of determination. The paper describes a sense of democratic space that is distinguishable from other senses and points to dispositional and political aspects of that sense.
Multiple defects in overdoped Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ: effects on structure and superconductivity

Abstract It is shown that the superconducting and structural properties of Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6+ δ depend on at least two defects. The Tl/Cu ratio used during synthesis determines the concentration of a defect that is likely to be Cu substitution on the Tl site, based on previously published work that proves the existence of such a defect. The structure exhibits a smaller orthorhombic strain, or tetragonal symmetry, for high concentrations of this defect. T c tends to be lowered by this defect. An oxygen interstitial defect in the TlO double layer has a more pronounced effect on T c , allowing the compound to be overdoped as the concentration of this defect increases. Features in the diffraction data also suggest the existence of a third defect which may involve the filling of oxygen vacancies at an oxygen site in the structure during early stages of oxygenation.
Genetic Analysis of Coat Pattern Variation in Oldfield Mice (Peromyscus polionotus) of Western Florida

Coat color patterns were analyzed for wild-captured oldfield mice ( Peromyscus polionotus ) and their laboratory-reared progeny. Four major patterns of dorsal pigment distribution were recognized, together with two factors which modify these. Four head and facial pelage characters independent of dorsal patterns also were discerned. Five of these traits are due to dominant alleles at loci designated Pa, Pb, Tp, Rt , and An . One modifier is due to incomplete dominance at the Rs locus. These six loci are newly described in Peromyscus . Four other characters probably also have a single dominant gene mode of inheritance, but the data for these are not completely conclusive. Most of the pelage variation observed in natural populations of these mice can be accounted for by these loci.
Interspecies conservation and variation in peptidergic neurons

Abstract The degree of variation in structure of neurohypophyseal nonapeptides is reviewed and contrasted with the striking conservation in the structure of somatostatin across a range of vertebrate phylogeny. The distribution of neuropeptides has been most thoroughly studied in the central nervous system of the rat. Preliminary interspecies comparisons of the distribution of neuropeptides suggest that certain peptidergic elements found to be abundant in some species are poorly represented in the rat. Other peptidergic elements seem not to vary significantly between species.
A model of jejunoileal in vivo neural isolation of the entire jejunoileum: Transplantation and the effects on intestinal motility

Abstract The effects of intestinal transplantation on enteric physiology have not been well studied. Our aim was to determine the effect of jejunoileal transplantation on patterns of small intestinal motility. To avoid confounding effects of immune rejection or immunosuppression, we developed a model of autotransplantation in which all tissue connections to the entire jejunoileum were transected at the base of the mesentery except for the superior mesenteric artery and vein which were stripped meticulously of investing adventitia. After 3 weeks, motility was studied in eight dogs with intestinal electrodes during fasting, after meals of 50 and 500 g of liver, and during intravenous infusions of pentagastrin and cholecystokinin. During fasting, the characteristic interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) was present in both the innervated duodenum and the “autotransplanted” jejunoileum; however, temporal coordination between the two regions was abolished. Feeding 50 g of liver abolished the MMC in the duodenum, but not in the jejunoileum; in contrast, 500 g of liver interrupted the MMC in both regions. Exogenous pentagastrin and cholecystokinin inhibited the MMC for the duration of the infusions. These findings suggest that extrinsic nerves and/or intrinsic (enteric) myoneural continuity do not initiate fasting motor patterns in the jejunoileum but do regulate the temporal coordination of motor patterns between segments of small intestine. Postprandial inhibition of the MMC is only in part mediated by neural factors. After transplantation, motility is abnormal; the overall effects on enteric physiology remain unknown.
Detection of the lethal effects of T-2 mycotoxin on cells using a rapid colorimetric viability assay

A colorimetric method of determining cell viabilities in cultured cells is described. The system is based on the ability of mitochondrial enzymes in live but not dead cells to chemically reduce a tetrazolium salt (MTT) into a colored formazan dye which can be detected at 570 nm using a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer. 48 h Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures are used in the assay and the amount of colored product formed is directly proportional to cell number over a range of 0.39-12.5 X 10(4) cells/ml. The cytotoxic effects of T-2 mycotoxin can also be detected colorimetrically using this method. The toxin dose which inhibits formazan formation (50% endpoint = 14-16 ng/ml) is very comparable to that which inhibits cell viability (17 ng/ml), or protein and DNA synthesis (10 ng/ml). This system also works well with mitogen-stimulated primary lymphocyte cultures but these cells exhibit a much more sensitive response to T-2 effects having a 50% inhibition endpoint of 2 ng/ml. The assay is rapid to perform and gives a high degree of precision and could serve as a valid alternative to viability assays currently in use.
Using Multi-Attribute Decision Methods in Mathematical Modeling to Produce an Order of Merit List of High Valued Terrorists

The authors present a methodology and an example of preparing an order of merit list to rank terrorist based upon decision maker weights. This research used an old terrorist data set as our base data to keep the information unclassified. This data is used to demonstrate this methodology. The authors perform numerical iterative criteria weight sensitivity analysis to show the effects on the model’s outputs in changes in the weights. Through their analysis the most critical criterion is identified.
Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Advanced Heart Failure An Analysis of the Cytokine Database from the Vesnarinone Trial (VEST)

Background—Previous reports have shown that elevated circulating levels of cytokines and/or cytokine receptors predict adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. However, these studies were limited by small numbers of patients and/or they were performed in a single center. In addition, these studies did not have sufficient size to address the influence of age, race, sex, and cause of heart failure on the circulating levels of these inflammatory mediators in patients with heart failure. Methods and Results—We analyzed circulating levels of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF] and interleukin-6) and their cognate receptors in 1200 consecutive patients who were enrolled in a multicenter clinical trial of patients with advanced heart failure. This analysis constitutes the largest analysis of cytokines and cytokine receptors to date. Analysis of the patients receiving placebo showed that increasing circulating levels of TNF, interleukin-6, and the soluble TNF receptors were associated with increased mo...
Rethinking Institutions and Institutional Change in European Industrial Relations

This article traces the process of institutional change in industrial relations in Britain, France and Sweden over the last quarter-century in order to identify the mechanisms and forms of institutional change. These three cases demonstrate a high degree of institutional plasticity, and a greater convergence in industrial relations than comparisons of national institutions have tended to suggest. These findings in turn suggest the need to rethink both the role of institutions and the nature of institutional change in comparative political economy.
The Problem of Secondary Causation in Descartes: A Response to Des Chene

In this paper I address the vexed question of secondary causation in Rene Descartes' physics, and examine several influential interpretations, especially the one recently rpoposed by Dennis Des Chene. Iargue that interpreters who regard Cartesian bodies as real socondary causes, on the grounds that the modes of body include real forces, contradict Descartes' account of modes. On the other hand, those who deny that Descartes affirms secondary causation, on the grounds that forces cannot be modes of extension, commit Descartes to the problematic view that the undetermined and immutable will of God is the sole cause of determinate and variable motions. Des Chene's contextualist aproach to Descartes' texts leads him to an intermediate position that combines elements of both interpretations. However, in my view, Des Chene's interpretation likewise fails to resolve aparent tensions in Descartes' claims. i thus propose to separate the issue of force'. On the basis of this approach, and a study of Jesuit commenta...
Planform as Platform: An Approach to Air Vehicle Conceptual Synthesis

The current air vehicle systems engineering process encourages the rapid selection of a baseline design during concept exploration studies. Decision-making during these earlyphase studies often relies on a rational basis approach leveraging accepted design maxims, qualitative assessments, and limited quantitative studies based on fundamental equations from individual design disciplines. In many cases, this approach does not capture critical disciplinary interactions and nonlinearities, resulting in the selection of a baseline concept that cannot meet performance requirements. This paper presents an approach that is intended to facilitate improved concept synthesis based on hierarchical libraries of scalable planform configurations. The approach defines planform families a priori by topological, size, payload, and mission classes, with members of each family differing by continuous shape parameters. A selection process based on Pareto efficiency discovers planforms that optimize multidisciplinary performance metrics. To synthesize a design to meets specified requirements, a planform family is chosen, and an optimization algorithm coupled to a sizing and performance analysis determines the optimum configuration within the family based on minimum weight or other criteria. The advantage of this partitioned approach is that it casts the conceptual design process as a problem of selecting among vetted configuration elements. The selection of a planform defines a trusted “platform” for the design with compartmentalized complexity that reduces downstream programmatic risk.
SALAMANDER: A Distributed Sensor System for Aquatic Environmental Measurements

This report details a new distributed measurement system, "SALAMANDER, " which stands for serial amphibious linear arrays of micro and nano devices for environmental research. The SALAMANDER platform is designed for a wide range of users, from students to environmental researchers. Modular construction allows users to customize a high spatial density sensor array for fundamental and applied studies of sediment transport. We demonstrate integration of temperature, pressure, flow rate and optical turbidity sensors into a data collection system designed for a two-week battery life. Specifications are given for integrating new sensor types such as sample collectors and chemical sensors for determining the composition of sediment in this multi-year project.
The reliability of puff topography and subjective responses during ad lib smoking of a single cigarette.

INTRODUCTION Acute smoking behavior (i.e., puff topography) and subjective responses during the ad lib smoking of a single cigarette in the laboratory may provide useful measures of smoking reinforcement and reward, respectively. However, the reliability of such measures is not clear, leaving uncertain the utility of a single assessment of smoking behavior as an individual difference measure. METHODS Dependent smokers (N = 94) smoked normally prior to each of 4 laboratory sessions during which they were instructed to smoke 1 cigarette of their preferred brand in ad libitum and unblinded fashion and then rate it for subjective effects. Puff topography (puff number, total volume, and maximum volume) was assessed via portable Clinical Research Support System device. Subjective reward and perception were assessed by visual analog scales of "liking" and "how strong," respectively. The reliability of puff topography and subjective measures was determined across days by intra-class correlations (ICCs). Differences due to sex and nicotine dependence (high and low Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence score) were also examined. RESULTS Reliability was highly significant for each measure. ICCs were .70 for total puff volume, .60 for maximum puff volume, .73 for puff number, .64 for liking, and .78 for how strong. Reliability generally did not differ by sex or dependence, but absolute values for total volume and maximum puff volume were greater in men and in high dependent smokers. Liking was also greater in high dependent smokers. CONCLUSIONS Puff topography and subjective measures during the ad lib smoking of a single cigarette are highly reliable. Smoking responses during a single ad lib smoking session may be useful in identifying stable individual differences in smoking reinforcement and reward.
An Evaluation of Rearing Densities to Improve Growth and Survival of Hatchery Spring Chinook Salmon

Abstract We evaluated growth and survival of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha reared at varying densities at Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery, Oregon. For three consecutive brood years, density treatments consisted of low, medium, and high groups in 57.8-m3 raceways with approximately 16,000, 24,000, and 32,000 fish/raceway, respectively. Fish were volitionally released in both the autumn and spring to mimic the downstream migration timing of the endemic wild spring Chinook salmon stock. Just prior to the autumn release, the rearing density estimate was 4.24 kg/m3 for the low-density group, 6.27 kg/m3 for the medium-density group, and 8.42 kg/m3 for the high-density group. While weight gain did not differ among density treatments (P = 0.72), significant differences were found in median fork length (P < 0.001) for fish reared at different densities. Fish reared at high density exhibited the highest on-hatchery mortality rate during two brood years; however, differences in mortality rate ...
Decreased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in stunned myocardium.

Ultrastructural studies of stunned myocardium have shown disorganization and loss of extracellular collagen and increased collagenase activity early after ischemia and reperfusion. The interplay between matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) regulates the turnover of cardiac extracellular matrix fibrillar collagens. However, the gene expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in stunned myocardium is not known. Here, we determined whether altered expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 occurs in globally stunned hearts. An isolated nonworking rabbit heart preparation, perfused with a bovine erythrocyte suspension in modified Krebs solution, was used. Two groups were studied: the stunned group was subjected to 20 min of normothermic global ischemia followed by 120 min of normal reperfusion (n = 8), and the control group underwent 140 min of uninterrupted perfusion (n = 7). The developed pressures at the end of reperfusion for ischemic and control hearts were 67.0 +/- 2.73 and 83.1 +/- 1.52 mm Hg (P < 0. 006) respectively. Ribonuclease protection assays of total left ventricular RNA using riboprobes for MMP-1, TIMP-1, and 18S rRNA were performed. A significant decrease (twofold, P < 0.03) in TIMP-1 gene expression was found in the stunned hearts, while MMP-1 mRNA expression was unchanged. Thus, in early stunning, the decrease in TIMP-1 expression could tip the balance favoring enhanced metalloproteinase activity, promoting collagen turnover, and initiating extracellular matrix remodeling. This may contribute to delayed recovery from myocardial stunning.
Energy-aware user interfaces and energy-adaptive displays

This paper identifies, quantifies, and analyzes potential mismatch opportunities in workload, user needs, and current display properties. Across different usage classes, we consistently find that users typically do not stress the display's full properties, and they often associate screen usage with content that can be displayed with significantly lower energy consumption. We propose new display subsystems that use energy adaptivity in hardware and energy awareness in software to obtain dramatic display power savings - with typical improvements ranging from factors of 2 to 10 without compromising user acceptance. We show that user interfaces must be designed with energy in mind, and that such energy-aware interfaces can actually provide a good combination of energy benefits and greater ease of use by leveraging features that improve usability instead of simply providing a tradeoff.
Gadd45β mediates the protective effects of CD40 costimulation against Fas-induced apoptosis

In B lymphocytes, induction of apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) by Fas (CD95/APO-1) is suppressed by the triggering of CD40. This suppression controls various aspects of the humoral immune response, including antibody affinity maturation. The opposing effects of these receptors are also crucial to B-cell homeostasis, autoimmune disease, and cancer. Cytoprotection by CD40 involves activation of protective genes mediated by NF-κB transcription factors; however, its basis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that, in B cells, Gadd45β is induced by CD40 through a mechanism that requires NF-κB and that this induction suppresses Fas-mediated killing. Importantly, up-regulation of Gadd45β by CD40 precedes Fas-induced caspase activation, as well as up-regulation of other NF-κB–controlled inhibitors of apoptosis such as Bcl-xL and c-FLIPL. In the presence of Gadd45β, the Fas-induced apoptotic cascade is halted at mitochondria. However, in contrast to Bcl-xL, Gadd45β is unable to hamper the “intrinsic” pathway for apoptosis and in fact appears to block Fas cytotoxicity herein by suppressing a mitochondria-targeting mechanism activated by this receptor. These findings identify Gadd45β as a critical mediator of the prosurvival response to CD40 stimulation and provide important new insights into the apoptotic mechanism that is triggered by Fas in B cells.
Mapping a Quantitative Trait Locus Involved in Melanotic Encapsulation of Foreign Bodies in the Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae

A Plasmodium-refractory strain of Anopheles gambiae melanotically encapsulates many species of Plasmodium, whereas wild-type mosquitoes are usually susceptible. This encapsulation trait can also be observed by studying the response of refractory and susceptible strains to intrathoracically injected CM-Sephadex beads. We report the results of broad-scale quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of the encapsulation trait using the bead model system. Interval mapping using the method of maximum likelihood identified one major QTL, Pen1. The 13.7-cM interval containing Pen1 was defined by marker AGH157 at 8E and AGH46 at 7A on 2R. Pen1 was associated with a maximum LOD score of 9.0 and accounted for 44% of the phenotypic variance in the distribution of phenotypes in the backcross. To test if this QTL is important for encapsulation of Plasmodium berghei, F(2) progeny were infected with P. berghei and evaluated for degree of parasite encapsulation. For each of the two markers that define the interval containing Pen1, a significant difference of encapsulation was seen in progeny with at least one refractory allele in contrast with homozygous susceptible progeny. These results suggest that Pen1 is important for melanotic encapsulation of Plasmodium as well as beads.
Leukemia labialis: A rare presentation of leukemia cutis limited to the lips

To the Editor: Cutaneous leukemia typically presents as solitary or multiple papules, nodules or plaques.1,2 We report a patient with an atypical presentation of leukemia cutis as localized lip ulcers. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leukemia cutis presenting solely as ulcerative leukemia labialis. This unusual presentation led to a delay in diagnosis, and dermatologists should be aware of the possibility of isolated lip leukemic infiltration.
A Survey of Private Sector Respirator Use in the United States: An Overview of Findings

Limitations of previous surveys of respirator use led the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics to undertake a survey of respirator use and practices among U.S. private sector employers. The survey was mailed to 40,002 private sector establishments in August 2001; the responses were used to develop national estimates. Respirator use was required in 4.5% of establishments and for 3.1% of employees. Of the establishments requiring respirator use, 95% used air-purifying respirators and 17% used air-supplied respirators. Manufacturing; mining (including oil and gas extraction); construction; and agriculture, forestry, and fishing had the highest rates of establishment respirator use. Respirators were used most frequently to protect against dust/mist, paint vapors, and solvents. Large percentages of establishments requiring respirator use had indicators of potentially inadequate respirator programs. Of establishments requiring respirator use, 91% had at least one indicator of a potentially inadequate respiratory protection program, while 54% had at least five indicators. The survey findings suggest that large numbers of employers may not follow NIOSH recommendations and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) requirements for the selection and use of respirators, potentially putting workers at risk. The findings will aid efforts to increase the appropriate use of respirators in the workplace.