cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polymerization of olefins through heterogeneous catalysis XI: Gas phase sequential polymerization kinetics

A unique series of ethylene and propylene sequential polymerization experiments have been carried out in a stirred bed gas phase reactor using unsupported Stauffer AA catalyst (TiCl3· AlCl3). Several interesting kinetic results were observed. It was found that propylene causes rate enhancement for a subsequent ethylene polymerization but that ethylene causes a rate reduction for a subsequent propylene polymerization. Furthermore, the rate enhancement/reduction effect increases with the duration of the preceding polymerization. Chemical/kinetic effects were found to be the likely causes of both the rate enhancements and the rate reductions observed during sequential polymerization. It was also shown that enhanced monomer sorption caused by the presence of a more soluble component, such as a heavier comonomer, does contribute to rate enhancement during simultaneous copolymerizations, but is not a factor for sequential polymerizations. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Baculovirus Expression and Purification of Human and Rat Cytochrome P450 2E1

Abstract High-level expression of human and rat cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) was achieved using a baculovirus expression system. A full length cDNA encoding human CYP2E1 was cloned from a human liver cDNA library and sequenced using the dideoxy sequencing method. Insect cells were infected with the homologous recombinant baculoviruses containing the human and rat CYP2E1 cDNAs, respectively. The infected cells were harvested at a time when 450-nm peak intensities were at a maximal level and there was no 420-nm peak observed in the reduced CO difference spectrum. Both human and rat CYP2E1 were then purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a relatively rapid and efficient procedure. The specific contents of the purified human and rat CYP2E1 were 13.8 and 17.0 nmol/mg protein, respectively. The λ max of the reduced CO difference spectra of both purified rat and human CYP2E1 was found to be 451.5 nm. When the purified rat and human CYP2E1 were reconstituted with purified rat NADPH–P450 reductase and human cytochrome b 5 , they were able to metabolize several known CYP2E1 substrates: chlorzoxazone, p -nitrophenol, acet- aminophen, and carbon tetrachloride. Interestingly, cytochrome b 5 markedly stimulated the CYP2E1-mediated two-electron oxidation of the first three substrates, while it had almost no effect on the presumed one-electron reduction of carbon tetrachloride.
Corrosion fatigue crack growth of titanium alloys in aqueous environments

The rate of fatigue crack propagation for Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn and Ti-6 A1-4V in aqueous environments has been measured as a function of solution chemistry, frequency, and stress wave form. Depending on the specific encironment, three types of fatigue crack growth rate behavior have been observed as a function of frequency. Crack growth rates increase with decreasing frequency in distilled water, while addition of Na2SO4 produces frequency-independent behavior. In solutions containing chloride or bromide ions, a reversal in frequency-dependence takes place at ΔKscc. Below this transition ΔK level, crack growth rates decrease with decreasing frequency due to passive film formation at the crack tip. Above ΔKscc corrosion fatigue crack growth is due to SCC under cyclic loading. The ΔK transition in fatigue is lower than the static stress corrosion threshold because of repeated rupture of the passive film at the crack tip, approaching KIsco only for very slow cycling frequencies.
On limit functions and their natural boundaries in infinite compositions of entire functions

In this article, we consider infinite sequences {Φ n } of entire functions in the complex plane C defined as compositions of the form where each f n , n = 1, 2, … , is an entire function, and the limit functions Φ of such sequences. Under reasonable conditions on the sequence {f n }, and for the cases where Φ exists and is a nonconstant analytic function, one finds that the boundary of the domain where {Φ n } converges to Φ is in fact the natural boundary of Φ, and that this boundary satisfies certain “expansion” properties when considered under the composition of the f n 's. We also consider the case of constant limit functions Φ. In the final section we discuss the connection between the coefficients of a power series representation of a nonconstant limit Φ and the sequence {a n } of a one parameter family of entire functions f n (z) = f (a n,z ), whose composition as in (1) converges in some domain to Φ.
Inhibition of black spruce seedling growth by forest-floor substrates of central Newfoundland

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if seedbed substrates consisting of F and H organic matter and Ae and Bf mineral material inhibited seed germination and subsequent seedling growth of black spruce. The study was conducted with seedbed substrates collected from eight pure blackspruce stands of four age classes (15, 30, 45 and 60 years) in central Newfoundland. No significant effect on percentage germination or primary shoot growth of seedlings was obtained when grown on F and H organic matter, Ae and Bf mineral material. However, growth and development of primary roots was significantly reduced in the F and H organic matter and Ae mineral material compared to the controls (washed sand). The inhibitory effect increased with stand age. The affected seedlings did not produce normal primary roots with root hairs. The primary root cells of the affected seedlings were significantly broader and shorter compared to the control seedlings. Mineral material from the Bf horizon did not have any significant effect on primary root growth of black spruce seedlings.
The propagation of compressive and tensile waves in a fluid column

Abstract Compressive pulses ranging from 70 to 560μs in duration were propagated upward through a tube-held column of water with reflection at the free surface causing tensile waves. The propagation process for both tensile and compressive waves was studied. Tensile limits for the fluid were obtained for the above range of pulse durations. Details of the failure process were observed and are discussed.
Descriptive analysis of resistance exercise and metabolic syndrome.

Abstract Background Resistance exercise (RE) is an important mode of physical activity in the management of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, little is known about the patterns of RE participation among U.S. adults with and without MetS. Methods Utilizing data from 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we examined the association(s) between MetS and RE in a representative sample ( n = 7432) of the U.S. adult population. Results U.S. adults with MetS were found to be approximately 50% less likely to report engaging in RE compared to U.S. adults without MetS. Across all demographic categories those who did not meet the criteria for MetS reported engaging in significantly greater levels of RE compared to their counterparts with MetS. Furthermore, a potential inverse dose-response relationship was seen for engaging in RE and the prevalence of MetS. Conclusions In a diverse representative sample, significantly fewer U.S. adults with MetS report engaging in RE compared to adults without MetS. Engaging in two or more days per week of RE may attenuate MetS prevalence and risk estimates in U.S. adults.
Development of a continuous cell line from the insect egg parasitoid, Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae)

A cell line (IPLB-TpE1) was established from embryos of the hymenopteran parasitoid,Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Cultures contain a mixture of attached, elongate spindle-shaped cells and large aggregates of suspended cells. Chromosomes of the cells were typical ofTrichogramma species and isozyme characterization showed patterns similar toT. pretiosum adults, but distinctly different fromHeliothis zea, the lepidopteran host from which parasite eggs were obtained. The cells are capable of growth over a wide range of osmotic pressures with equal growth between 350 and 600 mOsm/kg. Optimal growth was obtained with a pH of 6.5. Doubling time at the 40th passage was 72 h and cultures are currently subcultured at weekly intervals.
Pressure Perturbations and Upslope Flow over a Heated, Isolated Mountain

Abstract Surface and upper-air data, collected as part of the Cumulus Photogrammetric, In Situ, and Doppler Observations (CuPIDO) experiment during the 2006 monsoon season around the Santa Catalina Mountains in southeast Arizona, are used to study the diurnal variation of the mountain-scale surface convergence and its thermal forcing. The thermal forcing is examined in terms of a horizontal pressure gradient force, which is derived assuming hydrostatic balance. The mountain is ∼30 km in diameter, ∼2 km high, and relatively isolated. The environment is characterized by weak winds, a deep convective boundary layer in the afternoon, and sufficient low-level moisture for orographic cumulus convection on most days. The katabatic, divergent surface flow at night and anabatic, convergent flow during the day are in phase with the diurnal variation of the horizontal pressure gradient force, which points toward the mountain during the day and away from the mountain at night. The daytime pressure deficit over the mo...
Convergent evolution of shell colour patterns in two Caribbean terrestrial prosobranch snails

Two species of helicinid land snails, the Jamaican endemic Eutrochatella pulchella and the Cuban endemic Viana regina, display a colour pattern of white spots on a greenish background. Microstructural and optical investigations of the shells have revealed that the colour patterns are non-homologous. In E. pulchella the white spots are associated with areas of granular shell structure, in which the crystals have an irregular, peak-like form. In V. regina, there is no structural modification of the shell mineral associated with the spots. Modification of the organic matrix is responsible for the appearance of spotting. In V. regina, the shell pigment is yellow and located in the inner part of the shell. It appears greenish as seen from the outside through the translucent shell. The pigment fluoresces yellow under ultraviolet light. The greenish shell pigment of E. pulchella is non-fluorescent and is uniformly distributed through the shell (except in the white spots). Since the colour patterns are non-homologous, their similarity must have arisen through convergent evolution. The adaptive value of the colour patterns is thus indicated. Both species live exposed on limestone rocks and their colour patterns (at least in the case of E. pulchella) cause them to be very cryptic. Predation by visually oriented predators (perhaps birds) is a probable cause of selection for shell colour pattern. The association of polymorphism with wide habitat breadth and of monomorphism with narrow habitat breadth is proposed. This relationship is seen in the two helicinid species, both of which show little within-population variation as compared with polymorphic snails (e.g. helicids), which occupy a wide range of habitats. The generally monomorphic character of populations of Jamaican snails may be a result of habitat specialization associated with the unusually high species diversity on the island (some 450 species in 11,400 km2). The need for studies on the relationship of shell colour and structure is pointed out.
A new definition of the critical current in low Tc superconductors based on the Ambegaokar-Halperin model

Abstract We report on a new way to determine Ic for low temperature superconductors. We have analyzed a series of I–V curves taken at 4.2 K in magnetic fields from 0 to 10 Tesla. Our results on multifilamentary NbTi wire in an Al matrix are used to illustrate this technique. The I–V curves are analyzed using a model based on the Ambegaokar-Halperin equation for a single Josephson junction. The critical current defined in this fashion is larger than that defined from the traditional E-field criterion.
Severe low-pressure cuff tracheal injury in burn patients

Two cases are presented of severe tracheal damage secondary to low-pressure high-volume endotracheal tube cuffs monitored carefully against over-inflation. Our patients' findings suggest that in the presence of tracheal inhalation injury or severe tracheal infection strict monitoring of pressures, though essential, does not preclude tracheal trauma from a low-pressure cuff, trauma to a degree generally ascribed only to high-pressure “stiff” cuffs. There is probably no arbitrarily safe level of cuff pressure in these patients; any amount of pressure is likely to further harm the tracheal wall and must be weighed into the risk-benefit equation for prolonged intubation.
FDDI and beyond-a network for the 1990s

Modern telecommunications are more and more often associated with optical fibre. What can this technology offer for computer networking?
Evaluation of a digitally integrated accelerometer-based activity monitor for the measurement of activity in cats

Abstract Objective To assess the correlation between data generated by an accelerometer-based activity monitor and the distance moved in cats. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Three, four-year-old, male, purpose-bred research cats, weighing between 5.1 and 5.9 kg. Methods Part I: Collar and harness mounted accelerometers were evaluated in three cats, comparing simultaneously collected accelerometer data with movement data from computer-analyzed video. Part II: Cats wore collar and harness mounted accelerometers, and data were recorded for 4 weeks to evaluate day-to-day and week-to-week variation in activity. Results Part I: 432 hours of simultaneous video and accelerometer data were collected. The correlation between accelerometer counts and distance moved was 0.82 overall. Agreement between collar and harness mounted accelerometers was excellent with only 6% of the differences in measurements lying outside the mean difference ± 2 standard deviations. The adjusted R2 for harness accelerometer output and 6% mobility was 0.75; for movement 0.84; and for mean velocity 0.83. Evaluation of video indicated eating, grooming and scratching created high accelerometer counts with little effect on movement. Part II: There was a significant effect of day on harness (p Conclusion Output from an acceleration-based digitally integrated accelerometer correlated well with distance moved and mobility in freely moving cats provided the mobility threshold in the analysis software was ≥6%. Clinical relevance Acceleration-based activity monitors may allow for objective measurement of improved mobility following analgesic treatment for conditions such as osteoarthritis.
Estrogen desensitizes 5-HT1A receptors and reduces levels of Gz, Gi1 and Gi3 proteins in the hypothalamus

The present study investigated whether estrogen would desensitize hypothalamic serotonin(1A) (5-HT(1A)) receptors by examining the neuroendocrine response to 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT(1A) agonist. Rats were ovariectomized, allowed to recover for 5 days, then given 2 daily injections of estradiol benzoate or vehicle (10 microg/day, s.c.). Twenty-four hours after the second injection, rats were challenged with a sub-maximal dose of 8-OH-DPAT (50 microg/kg, sc) or saline 15 min prior to sacrifice. 8-OH-DPAT produced a significant increase in plasma oxytocin, ACTH and corticosterone levels in ovariectomized rats. While estrogen treatment for 2 days did not alter basal hormone levels, it did significantly reduce the magnitude of oxytocin, ACTH and corticosterone responses to 8-OH-DPAT. The reduction in hormone responses was accompanied by a significant reduction in hypothalamic levels of G(z), G(i1) and G(i3) proteins (by 50%, 30% and 50%, respectively). These findings suggest that a reduction in these G proteins may contribute to the mechanisms underlying estrogen-induced desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptors. The desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptors has been suggested to underlie the therapeutic effects of antidepressant 5-HT uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Thus, the present results suggest that estrogen or estrogen-like substances in combination with SSRIs may prove effective in developing novel therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders in women.
‘Rehabilitating Charity’ in China: The Case of Project Hope and the Rise of Non-Profit Organizations

Beginning in the 1990s, the People's Republic of China has experienced explosive growth in the number of non-governmental organizations. This article examines one of the earliest and most influential Chinese NGOs, Project Hope, a charitable organization which solicits donations to help poor rural children stay in school. The success of Project Hope and the subsequent growth of the non-profit sector are surprising given that China arguably has no history of an organizational form like the Western donative-style charity. As such, this case offers a rare opportunity to examine the rise of a new organizational form. New institutionalist and social capital theoretical approaches will be used to analyse the social mechanisms underlying practice of donative-style charity. Chinese cultural practices of giving to the needy in the premodern era and under Mao Zedong's socialist state (1949–1978) will be explicated to reveal the resources and constraints emerging Chinese charities faced in the post-socialist era. Thi...
The utilization of international joint ventures by United States firms in high technology industries

Abstract Although international joint ventures have been widely studied for many years, very little is known about such alliances as used by high technology firms based in the United States. Therefore, this study surveys 9 U.S. high technology firms regarding 14 of their international joint ventures. The rationale for these alliances, the control of key resources, and the successfulness of high tech international joint ventures are explored. Based on this preliminary study, it appears that these operations, if established with a trustworthy partner, can be successful while requiring only minimal transaction costs and minimal control efforts.
Computerized acoustic cardiographic insights into the pericardial knock in constrictive pericarditis.

Background One of the clinical hallmarks of constrictive pericarditis is the pericardial knock, a high-pitched early diastolic heart sound. Making the clinical diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis is challenging, as is accurate auscultation of the pericardial knock. Hypothesis We sought to assess the utility of a computerized acoustic cardiographic device in the assessment of the pericardial knock in patients with constrictive pericarditis. Methods We report a case series in which computerized acoustic cardiography (Audicor, Inovise Medical Inc., Portland, OR) is performed in patients with constrictive pericarditis. Results Three patients with constrictive pericarditis underwent computerized acoustic cardiographic recordings at the time of cardiac catheterization. In each case, initial physical examination by the internist and referring cardiologist did not appreciate a pericardial knock. Acoustic cardiography demonstrated a high-pitched early diastolic sound in each case. Time-frequency representation analyses showed the high-frequency components of the pericardial knock sound. Repeat acoustic cardiography demonstrated resolution of the pericardial knock after pericardiectomy in two patients. Conclusions Non-invasive computerized acoustic cardiography can demonstrate the high-pitched pericardial knock in patients with constrictive pericarditis. This may aid the bedside assessment of patients with diastolic heart failure, improving the clinician's ability to appreciate the ausculatory findings in constrictive pericarditis. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The use of activation analysis and radiosulfate space to determine intracellular sodium.

Abstract Activation analysis of dog skeletal muscle by both β- and γ-counting is described. Sample bombardment was with slow neutrons produced with a 2-m.e.v. positive-ion accelerator. The mean sodium content was 38.08 ± 1.81 meq./kg. wet weight and the mean intracellular sodium was 15.61 ± 2.18 meq./kg.ICS.
4B-5 3-D Strain Imaging Using a Sparse Rectilinear 2-D Array

Under mechanical compression, tissue movements are inherently three-dimensional. 2-D strain imaging can suffer from decorrelation noise caused by out-of-plane tissue movement in elevation. With 3-D strain imaging, all tissue movements can be estimated and compensated, hence minimizing out-of-plane decorrelation noise. Promising 3-D strain imaging results have been shown using 1-D arrays with mechanical translation in elevation. However, the relatively large slice thickness and mechanical translation can degrade image quality. Using 2-D arrays, a better elevational resolution can be achieved with elevational focusing Furthermore, scanning with 2-D arrays is done electronically, which eliminates the need for mechanical translation. In this paper, we present our initial 3-D strain images of gelatin/agar phantoms using a 4 cm x 4 cm ultrasonic sparse rectilinear 2-D array operating at 5 MHz.
Trends in the Clinical Education of Medical Students: Implications for Pediatrics † 1916

Medical schools are introducing significant changes in the curriculum in response to contemporary educational imperatives. As PHASE I of this study, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) evaluated the clinical curriculum (including site visits)in 23 U.S. medical schools with recent curricular innovations. The major trends observed were: (1)early clinical experiences in community office-based generalist settings (longitudinal preceptorships), (2) community-oriented/population-based experiences, and (3) integrated generalist clerkships (multispecialty clerkships) involving family medicine, internal medicine and pediatrics. The major educational objectives for these changes were to: (1) utilize ambulatory sites rather than inpatient wards (the most mature trend), (2) emphasize prevention/wellness rather than diagnosis/treatment, (3) include a population-based as well as individual patient focus, (4) develop generalist office-based continuity experiences by restructuring or complementing traditional block clerkships, and (5) also provide interdisciplinary experiences with other health care disciplines(least mature trend). Supporting educational principles included student-directed learning and and additional student assessments of skills, attitudes and values. Our analysis of these curricular trends identified continuity of care and integration (horizontal and vertical) as the most important achievements. As PHASE II of this study, the core curriculum developed by the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics (COMSEP) was reviewed relative to these curricular trends and their implications for the discipline of pediatrics. Whereas the focus of the COMSEP objectives was related to the pediatric clerkship, the new trends dramatically blur the boundaries between preclinical and clinical education and provide multiple new opportunities for integrating pediatric-related content with basic sciences and with other core clinical specialties across the 4 years. Logistical and age-related limitations have often precluded inclusion of relevant child health content and participation by pediatric faculty in the overall curriculum. In summary, refining the clerkship-based COMSEP guidelines according to the new trends can extend clinical curricular opportunities for pediatrics beyond the traditional boundaries of the clerkship. The discipline of pediatrics will, as a consequence, be able to achieve full partnership in the planning, conduct and evaluation of the generalist clinical education of medical students relevant in any way to child health issues.
Phase Transfer Catalysis Preparation of Aryl Thioethers

Abstract Phase transfer catalyzed displacement of halogen from activated aromatic rings by thiophenoxide ion has formed aryl thioethers in good yield.
New Optical Depth-Profiling Technique by Use of the Multiple-Frequency Approach with Single ATR FT-IR Spectrum: Theoretical Development:

A new depth-profiling technique by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy by using the multiple-frequency approach has been developed. The technique utilizes spectral intensities at various frequencies of a single spectrum for the depth-profiling calculation. Any spectrum at an incident angle greater than the critical angle with an incident beam of known degree of polarization may be used. A multiple-reflection attachment can be used to obtain a spectrum with a high signal-tonoise (S/N) ratio and to perform real-time depth-profiling analysis. Neither an estimated profile nor any information about the profile is required for the calculation. The new technique consists of three calculation steps, including estimation of the volume-fraction profile by linear equations of absorptance, linear least-squares fitting of absorptance, and nonlinear fitting of reflectance. Simulated spectra with added white noise are used to verify the applicability of the newly developed technique. The accuracy and spatial resolution of the technique have been verified by various types of profiles and degrees of polarization.
Concurrent Viterbi Algorithm With Trace-Back

Abstract It is shown how the Viterbi algorithm and the Fast Fourier Transform can be described in terms ofthe same graph topology and different algebraic kernels. This similarity is exploited to show how a net- work of 2" processors, interconnected as an n- dimensional cube and with no shared memory, can beefficiently used to implement a concurrent Viterbi algorithm. The modularity of this approach allowsthe decoding of large constraint length codes with multi -chip VLSI systems operating at different degrees of parallelism. The interprocessor communication overhead is minimized by using the trace -back method, which completely avoids any survivor exchange or any global memory operation. Resultsare presented on the efficiency achieved for codes with constraint length up to 15 on a general purposehypercube computer, and comparisons are made with other parallel architectures. 1. Introduction Convolutional codes, combined with the Viterbi decoding algorithm 1, are among the most power-ful techniques to reduce the effect of random errors in digital communication systems.
Genetic association of cutaneous neonatal lupus with HLA class II and tumor necrosis factor α: Implications for pathogenesis

Objective Cutaneous neonatal lupus resembles subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), and photosensitivity is a common symptom. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) release by ultraviolet light–exposed keratinocytes may be exaggerated in SCLE patients who have the haplotype TNFα −308A;DRB1*03. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to seek genetic and histologic evidence for a role of TNFα in the pathogenesis of cutaneous neonatal lupus. Methods DNA was isolated from 83 children (22 with rash, 35 with congenital heart block [CHB], 26 unaffected siblings) and 58 mothers from the Research Registry for Neonatal Lupus. Results The −308A allele (associated with higher TNFα production), HLA–DRQB1*02, and HLA–DRB1*03 were each present in the majority of children with rash (64%, 68%, and 64%, respectively). The frequency of all 3 6p alleles occurring together in 1 individual was greater in children with rash than in children who had either CHB or no manifestation of neonatal lupus (59% versus 30%; P = 0.02). This association with neonatal lupus rash was equivalent to published findings in a cohort of patients with SCLE, but significantly greater than the association in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Prominent TNFα staining in the epidermis was observed in lesional skin from 3 children with rash, but not in skin from a healthy neonate. Conclusion Taken together, the finding of a genetic predisposition to generate increased levels of TNFα following tissue injury and the histologic demonstration of TNFα in the target organ support the notion that this inflammatory cytokine plays a role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous neonatal lupus. Furthermore, the results of these studies provide evidence of a biologic link between neonatal lupus and the rash of SCLE.
Preoperative and postoperative gait analyses of patients undergoing great toe-to-thumb transfer

Microvascular transfer of the great toe is a reliable method of thumb reconstruction for many patients, but the precise deficit incurred by elective amputation of the great toe has not been fully defined. Twelve patients who had this procedure were evaluated with preoperative and postoperative gait analyses and clinical examinations. The mean age was 29.3 years, with a mean clinical follow-up of 30.3 months, and a comparative follow-up gait study at a mean of 21.1 months postoperatively. Only one patient exhibited a significant motion change postoperatively, which was a reduction in ankle plantar-flexion at weight release of the operated foot (push-off). The average velocity, cadence, step length of the foot that had surgery performed, single and double limb stance times of each foot, and step width did not significantly change. There was only a slight average reduction in stride length at 4.6% ( p p
Organization of genetic variation in individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomeromycota) are thought to be the oldest group of asexual multicellular organisms. They colonize the roots of most land plants, where they facilitate mineral uptake from the soil in exchange for plant-assimilated carbon1. Cells of AM fungi contain hundreds of nuclei. Unusual polymorphism of ribosomal DNA observed in individual spores of AM fungi inspired a hypothesis that heterokaryosis—that is, the coexistence of many dissimilar nuclei in cells—occurs throughout the AM fungal life history2,3. Here we report a genetic approach to test the hypothesis of heterokaryosis in AM fungi. Our study of the transmission of polymorphic genetic markers in natural isolates of Glomus etunicatum, coupled with direct amplification of rDNA from microdissected nuclei by polymerase chain reaction, supports the alternative hypothesis of homokaryosis, in which nuclei populating AM fungal individuals are genetically uniform. Intrasporal rDNA polymorphism contained in each nucleus signals a relaxation of concerted evolution4, a recombination-driven process that is responsible for homogenizing rDNA repeats5. Polyploid organization of glomeromycotan genomes could accommodate intranuclear rDNA polymorphism and buffer these apparently asexual organisms against the effects of accumulating mutations.
Socialism and the revenue maximizing Leviathan

The driving force in the government's progress from a capitalistic system, to one with government ownership of capital and relative-wage allocated labor (socialism), to a system involving inframarginal taxation of labor and government ownership of capital (communism) is the government's desire to increase current revenues.1 Each step along the way sacrifices more private resource allocation and replaces it with direct governmental control. The government might well realize that it lacks the knowledge to replicate these lost private functions accurately. With the passage of time, and the appearance of potentially useful technological innovations, any ‘losses’ resulting from this lack of knowledge increase. These losses are an anticipated drain on future income. A decision-maker with a long time horizon and a secure position (a low discount rate) would find these prospective losses weighing heavily in his calculations, and might never take the first step beyond capitalism. A less fortunately placed decision-maker, facing domestic and foreign threats, may find that current revenue requirements (for internal and external defense and for ‘payments’ made to supporters) force him to mortgage the future for increased current revenue. This decision-maker may be tempted by socialism, not for any ethical or political reasons, but merely for the quick revenue returns it offers.
Filter‐Pack Installation and Redevelopment Techniques for Shallow Recharge Shaftsa

The potential for artificial ground-water recharge through shallow shafts is being conducted at the Leaky Acres Recharge Project in Fresno, California. The research is directed toward developing methods for constructing and placing filter-pack materials and procedures for periodically cleaning filter materials to regenerate initial intake rates. This report presents preliminary results of two differently constructed shallow shafts. Over a period of 94 days, 50.8 X 103 cu m (13.4 million gals) of screened canal water was recharged. Redevelopment with a submersible pump regenerated one shaft to 109 percent of its original intake rate. Piezometric observations indicated that most of the clogging occurred within the filter-pack material.
An experimental study of the impact of competition for Other People’s Money: the portfolio manager market

In this paper we experimentally investigate the impact that competing for funds has on the risk-taking behavior of laboratory portfolio managers compensated through an option-like scheme according to which the manager receives (most of) the compensation only for returns in excess of pre-specified strike price. We find that such a competitive environment and contractual arrangement lead, both in theory and in the lab, to inefficient risk taking behavior on the part of portfolio managers. We then study various policy interventions, obtained by manipulating various aspects of the competitive environment and the contractual arrangement, e.g., the Transparency of the contracts offered, the Risk Sharing component in the contract linking portfolio managers to investors, etc. While all these interventions would induce portfolio managers, at equilibrium, to efficiently invest funds in safe assets, we find that, in the lab, Transparency is most effective in incentivising managers to do so. Finally, we document a behavioral “Other People’s Money” effect in the lab, where portfolio managers tend to invest the funds of their investors in a more risky manner than their Own Money, even when it is not in either the investors’ or the managers’ interest to do so.
A Novel Chromatin Protein, Distantly Related to Histone H2a, Is Largely Excluded from the Inactive X Chromosome

Chromatin on the mammalian inactive X chromosome differs in a number of ways from that on the active X. One protein, macroH2A, whose amino terminus is closely related to histone H2A, is enriched on the heterochromatic inactive X chromosome in female cells. Here, we report the identification and localization of a novel and more distant histone variant, designated H2A-Bbd, that is only 48% identical to histone H2A. In both interphase and metaphase female cells, using either a myc epitope–tagged or green fluorescent protein–tagged H2A-Bbd construct, the inactive X chromosome is markedly deficient in H2A-Bbd staining, while the active X and the autosomes stain throughout. In double-labeling experiments, antibodies to acetylated histone H4 show a pattern of staining indistinguishable from H2A-Bbd in interphase nuclei and on metaphase chromosomes. Chromatin fractionation demonstrates association of H2A-Bbd with the histone proteins. Separation of micrococcal nuclease–digested chromatin by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation shows cofractionation of H2A-Bbd with nucleosomes, supporting the idea that H2A-Bbd is incorporated into nucleosomes as a substitute for the core histone H2A. This finding, in combination with the overlap with acetylated forms of H4, raises the possibility that H2A-Bbd is enriched in nucleosomes associated with transcriptionally active regions of the genome. The distribution of H2A-Bbd thus distinguishes chromatin on the active and inactive X chromosomes.
Tryptophan metabolism and corticosteroids in breast cancer.

Urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites, free cortisol, and corticosteroid sulfates, and plasma cortisol were determined in 30 breast cancer patients. Although, as a group, the patients with abnormal tryptophan metabolism excreted significantly higher levels of both free cortisol and corticosteroid sulfates than those with normal metabolism, there was no good correlation between urinary tryptophan metabolite excretion and the corticoids. Abnormal tryptophan metabolism was not accompanied by a high plasma cortisol. Patients with widespread metastases had elevated tryptophan metabolite excretions compared to those with early breast cancer or local recurrence, but the two groups did not differ in their plasma or urinary corticosteroid levels. It is concluded that increased adrenocorticosteroid secretion due to stress is not a major factor in producing abnormal tryptophan metabolism in breast cancer.
Investigation of field electron microscope tips bombarded with microparticles at limited field emission currents

Mo, Ta, W, and Re field electron microscope (FEM) tips, bombarded with microparticles at limited field emission currents (400 MΩ resistor in series with the FEM tip) were investigated by means of FEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two groups of tips could be distinguished: One group had a slight tip radius increase to a maximum of 2.5 μm and microcraters were formed along the tip shank. The other group had no detectable tip radius change; however, there was microcrater formation near the tip apex area. FEM patterns showed surface contamination clearly. Heating such contaminated tips and tips where phosphorescent material (Zn:Cd)S had been deposited in less than monolayer concentration by evaporation from a heating coil, resulted in similar sequences of FEM patterns. A new type of microcrater with smooth crater lips could be detected in both groups. These results support the combined microparticle-field emission mechanism [1], which was proposed earlier to be responsible for melting cap and microcrater formation.
A randomized, double-blind, hemodynamic evaluation of nifedipine and labetalol in preeclamptic hypertensive emergencies.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare the hemodynamic effects of orally administered nifedipine and intravenously administered labetalol in preeclamptic hypertensive emergencies. Study Design: Our study was a randomized, double-blind evaluation of nifedipine and labetalol in women with preeclampsia and a systolic blood pressure >170 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure >105 mm Hg. Nifedipine or labetalol and placebo were given, so patients received both tablet and intravenous solution. Hemodynamic parameters at dosing and at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes were recorded. Outcome measures were cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (Friedman test) with Dunn posttests, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the χ 2 test with the Yates correction. Significance was set at P Results: At dosing, the nifedipine group (n = 6) had a cardiac index of 3.08 ± 0.51 L/min per square meter. There was a 43% increase in the cardiac index after nifedipine administration ( P = .0008). There was no significant effect in the labetalol group ( P = .697). There was a significant decrease in the systemic vascular resistance index after nifedipine dosing ( P = .002) but no significant effect on this index after labetalol use ( P = .479). The mean arterial pressure was significantly affected in both groups as follows: nifedipine, P = .001; labetalol, P = .004. The postanalysis showed significance at 60 minutes for both. An insignificant increase in heart rate with nifedipine ( P = .147) and a significant decrease with labetalol ( P = .034) were noted. Conclusions: Nifedipine increases cardiac index, whereas labetalol may not do so. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:862-6.)
Quantitative fluid velocity measurements by automatic analysis of flow visualization images

The support of the Australian Research Grants Scheme is gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to Dr. L. W. B. Browne, Mr. D. A. Shah and Mr. D. K. Bisset for their contributions to the experiments and computations. We are also grateful to the Danish Science Research Council for providing travel expenses and the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Newcastle, for providing subsistence expenses during the visit of D. Britz.
Research Attitude and Productivity Among Faculty at Four-Year U.S. Institutions: A Socialization Perspective

This study examines factors that influence attitudes vis-a-vis research and research productivity among apparel and textile faculty at four-year U.S. institutions from a socialization perspective. ...
Cardiotoxicity Profile of Trastuzumab

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase HER2/ErbB2. This agent has shown a highly significant antitumour effect for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, and is now considered part of the standard regimens for the treatment of this disease in both the metastatic and adjuvant setting. Cardiotoxicity has been associated with trastuzumab, and this issue has now been studied and documented in a number of adjuvant trials for which data have now been released. Cardiotoxicity has been shown to be potentiated when the agent is used concurrently or sequentially with an anthracycline, and this has limited the use of trastuzumab in some patients. Determining the overall impact of trastuzumab is further complicated by the administration of other cardiotoxic agents such as the taxanes and cyclophosphamide as well as by pre-existing cardiac disease. The incidence of severe congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III or IV) was 0-3.9% in the trastuzumab arms versus 0-1.3% in the control arms in the five major randomized adjuvant trials. Only one cardiac death was related to trastuzumab whereas two cardiac deaths occurred in the control arms. Ejection fraction decline of >or=10% or 15% was reported in 3-34% of trastuzumab recipients in these trials. Patients affected by trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity do not exhibit the cellular death and distinctive ultrastructural myocardial changes seen on electron microscopy with anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. The cardiotoxicity of trastuzumab also differs from traditional chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in that it appears to be at least partially reversible, not related to the cumulative dose, and re-challenge is generally tolerated. There remain a number of uncertainties regarding the diagnosis and management of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity. While no formal guidelines or consensus statements exist at present regarding cardiac monitoring during use of trastuzumab, proposed recommendations include a careful assessment of ejection fraction prior to initiating trastuzumab, avoidance of concurrent administration of trastuzumab with anthracyclines, and regular monitoring of symptoms and cardiac function during and for several years after therapy. Increased vigilance is appropriate for higher risk patients.
Understanding the factors that contribute to ion interfacial behavior

Abstract Factors that affect ion behavior at the air–water interface from computer simulations are reviewed, specifically addressing those that influence ion induced dipoles, and the effect of charge delocalization. These are discussed in relation to how the molecular model influences them, such as how electrostatic damping influences the anion induced dipole, and how utilizing a multi-state model for hydronium and hydroxide ions influence their interfacial behavior by delocalizing their charges. Furthermore, the influence of ion pairing on interfacial behavior is discussed, focusing on how the presence of a cation influences halide and hydroxide ion interfacial free energies. For halides, a cation enhances its induced dipole and lowers its interfacial free energy, while for hydroxide, the presence of a cation reduces its propensity for the air–water interface.
Continence mechanisms of the Indiana pouch

The Indiana pouch is a large capacity, lowpressure continent urinary reservoir. The mechanism of continence in the Indiana pouch has been shown to be the result of several factors, including the natural resistance of the ileocecal valve, resistance produced by the plication or tapering of the ileal efferent limb, and peristalsis of the ileum. Continence in urinary diversions is reviewed with special emphasis on the mechanisms of continence in the Indiana pouch.
End-user place annotation on mobile devices: a comparative study

Advances in Location-Based Services (LBS) are opening opportunities for using the location of people, places, and things to augment or streamline interaction. While computers work with physical locations like latitude and longitude directly, people usually think and speak in terms of places, which adds personal, environmental and social meaning to a location. To address this conceptual mismatch, location-aware applications must incorporate the notion of place to achieve their full potential. In this paper, we investigate four techniques for collecting end-user place annotations interactively using cell phones. The results from a usability study suggest that while all the four methods receive similar preference ratings in understandability, the "photo memo plus offline editing" method is the most favorite approach in ease of use. In addition, users indicated their desire to adopt more than one place annotation method in location-aware applications.
Electrodermal discrimination of familiar but not unfamiliar faces in prosopagnosia.

Abstract It has been previously shown that prosopagnosics can electrodermally “recognize” faces they cannot verbally identify and with which they feel no familiarity. This study extended previous results by showing that electrodermal discrimination of faces exists only on a famous face identification task, and not on a matching-to-sample task involving unfamiliar faces. This suggests that electrodermal recognition reflects the activation of stored identity-specific information built up on the basis of past contact with faces, and provides a psychophysiological distinction between familiar and unfamiliar face processing. Implications for cognitive models of face recognition, and for understanding the nature of prosopagnosia, are discussed.
On the strength of a gravitational field

Abstract The notion of gravitational field strength is critically examined in this paper within the framework of the general theory of relativity. It is shown that this concept is strongly observer dependent in close analogy with electromagnetism. The results are applied to the linearized theory of gravitation in order to show that local Lorentz invariance in general precludes the possibility of a generally covariant analysis of gravitational perturbations.