cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of pressure on the absorption edge of certain molecular compounds

The effect of pressure has been measured on the optical absorption edges of certain molecular crystals, including Hg2Cl2, Hg2Br2, Hg2I2, CI4, SnI4, CBr4, SnBr4 and CI3H. In general, the gap decreases with pressure at a rate which tends to accelerate with increasing pressure. The rate of shift of the edge depends strongly on the halogen involved, in contrast to ionic crystals where the shift of the edge depends largely on the structure and the cation. An extrapolation of the data indicates that by 300,000 atm most molecular iodides would have zero optical gap.
Intraoperative Hyperglycemia and Cognitive Decline After CABG

Background Neurocognitive dysfunction (NCD) continues to occur in a significant number of patients after cardiac procedures. The factors influencing its incidence and severity are not completely known. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia, which is known to exacerbate other forms of cerebral injury, may exacerbate NCD after cardiac operations. Methods A total of 525 patients having on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures underwent cognitive testing at baseline and 6 weeks postoperatively. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the relationship between NCD and intraoperative hyperglycemia (glucose ≥200 mg/dL). Diabetic and nondiabetic patients were analyzed separately to eliminate a possible confounding effects between diabetes and hyperglycemia. Results In the nondiabetic patients, even after controlling for age, years of education, and baseline cognitive function, hyperglycemia was associated with a decrease in cognitive function at 6 weeks ( p = 0.0351). Hyperglycemia had no effect on cognitive function in diabetic patients, however. Conclusions These findings suggest that in nondiabetic patients undergoing CABG operations, intraoperative hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of NCD.
V-waves, bow shocks, and wakes in supercritical hydrostatic flow

The structure of the bow shock, V-wave, and the related wave drag and wake in supercritical ambient flow are investigated for homogeneous hydrostatic single-layer flow with a free surface over an isolated two-dimensional (i.e. h(x, y)) obstacle. The two control parameters for this physical system are the ratio of obstacle height to fluid depth and the Froude number F = U/√gH. Based on theoretical analysis and numerical modelling, a steady-state regime diagram is constructed for supercritical flow. This study suggests that supercritical flow may have an upstream bow shock with a transition from the supercritical state to the subcritical state near the centreline, and a V-shock in the lee without a state transition. Unlike subcritical flow, neither a flank shock nor a normal lee shock is observed, due to the local supercritical environment. Both the bow shock and V-shock are dissipative and reduce the Bernoulli constant, but the vorticity generation is very weak in comparison with subcritical ambient flow. Thus, in supercritical flow, wakes are weak and eddy shedding is absent.Formulae for V-wave shape and V-wave drag are given using linear theory. Both formulae compare well with numerical model runs for small obstacles.These results can be applied to air flow over mountains, river hydraulics and coastal ocean currents with bottom topographies.
Modeling of Alpha-Case Formation and Its Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy Castings

Titanium (Ti) castings generally contain a hard surface layer of alpha-case (α-case) that is enriched of oxygen. For dental Ti prostheses, the hard and brittle α-case can be a significant fraction of the thickness of the entire work piece and must be controlled properly to ensure minimum properties. The objective of this article is to present a theoretical framework for predicting α-case formation in dental Ti castings as a function of cooling rate and the influence of α-case on the tensile ductility and wear resistance. First, a diffusion analysis is presented to describe the oxygen profile and microhardness distribution within the α-case in Ti castings of CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V. The reduction in tensile ductility by the α-case is then predicted using an existing tensile ductility model. Furthermore, the improvement in wear resistance by the α-case is predicted using a recent wear model. These results are then used to assess the feasibility of controlling the α-case thickness to optimize both tensile ductility and wear resistance in Ti castings.
Atomic Energy Its Release, Utilization, and Control

The PROCEEDINGS OF THE I.R.E. is publishing, in accordance with the policy of the Institute, a series of papers dealing with instrumentation and controls in the field of the production and utilization of fissionable materials. The members of the Institute present at the IRE West Coast Convention at Los Angeles in 1948 were fortunate in hearing a paper dealing with the broad aspects of atomic energy, delivered by a world-renowned physicist. The speaker was a Nobel prize winner, a pioneer in the field of studies of atomic structure and of cosmic rays, and a leader in physical research. The utilization to best advantage of fissionable materials available on earth is manifestly of major human importance. The following paper deals primarily with this subject, and is commended to the attention of the readers of the PROCEEDINGS OF THE I.R.E. -The Editor.
Chinese Nationalism and Sino–Japanese Relations

Contemporary Chinese nationalism has its roots in the country's nation-building and identity-forming movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to establish China's place in the community of nations. Today, nationalism in China can be characterized as falling into two major categories. On the one hand, there is nationalism embedded in patriotism with great pride in China's civilization, major achievements, and confidence in the country's future in embracing and meeting the challenges of globalization. On the other hand, there is the sentimental nationalism that reacts to what is perceived as injustice and insult done to China and has a strong victim mentality. The domestic discourse of nationalism can be influenced by government propaganda, intellectual debates, populous display of emotion and repulsion, or a mixture of all three. As China continues to grow in economic power and political influence, how nationalism is handled can have a significant impact on relations with its neighbors and beyond.
Polyaniline-related ion-barrier anticorrosion coatings: II. Protection behavior of polyaniline, cationic, and bipolar films

A polyaniline (PAn) containing coating layer leads to substrate corrosion in an environment of aggressive anions. A cationic coating results in delamination or blistering. A bipolar coating consisting of a PAn primer and a cationic topcoat inhibits both corrosion and delamination.
Imaging, imagining and representation: Muslim visual artists in NYC

This article is based on ethnographic fieldwork I conducted with Muslim visual artists in New York City. It assumes that art is a particular medium or media form that not only gives us insight into the processes of creative expression, but helps us understand the relationship between global media events and their localized practices. For Muslim visual artists, and Muslims in general, “9/11” has become a significant marker of time in thinking about issues of identity, belonging and representation. Even in the art worlds, the larger tropes of Islam/Muslims—terrorism, violence, veiling, patriarchy, the Middle East—become the normative frames and images within and against which Muslim artists do their work. I outline the ways Muslim artists as cultural producers are not only contesting art world boundaries in terms of new and emerging forms of identification, but also the various sites where they are being forged. Muslim artists explore new ways of thinking about being Muslim, not necessarily as a theological or aesthetic unity, but as a minority identification in the West/America. I focus on the work of two artists, Nigerian-born Fatimah Tuggar and Pakistani-born Shahzia Sikander.
Learning with dual heterogeneity: a nonparametric bayes model

Traditional data mining techniques are designed to model a single type of heterogeneity, such as multi-task learning for modeling task heterogeneity, multi-view learning for modeling view heterogeneity, etc. Recently, a variety of real applications emerged, which exhibit dual heterogeneity, namely both task heterogeneity and view heterogeneity. Examples include insider threat detection across multiple organizations, web image classification in different domains, etc. Existing methods for addressing such problems typically assume that multiple tasks are equally related and multiple views are equally consistent, which limits their application in complex settings with varying task relatedness and view consistency. In this paper, we advance state-of-the-art techniques by adaptively modeling task relatedness and view consistency via a nonparametric Bayes model: we model task relatedness using normal penalty with sparse covariances, and view consistency using matrix Dirichlet process. Based on this model, we propose the NOBLE algorithm using an efficient Gibbs sampler. Experimental results on multiple real data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Rotational sensorless scalar control of three-phase induction motors and its application to automotive electric power assist steering

A rotational position/velocity sensorless scalar control method for three-phase induction motors is described. Although voltage/frequency (V/f) scalar control requiring such a sensor appears quite frequently in the literature, a general scheme without rotational sensors using a scalar method is not common. The method described in this work is simple in terms of algorithm and computationally less demanding, and hence can be implemented with inexpensive microprocessors. To illustrate an application, the electric actuator assisted power steering for automobiles is considered where torque is the object of control. For this particular application with near-zero or zero speed operation in general, the scalar method described in this work is considered to be a competitive alternative to the rotational sensorless field-oriented control (FOC) method for induction motors. This is particularly due to the fact that the algorithm for position sensorless FOC is computationally quite intensive for such low-speed torque tracking operations when compared with the scalar method, and in general requires expensive digital signal processors. Although this work was undertaken with automotive steering applications in mind, the methodology can also be applied to other automotive and non-automotive applications where actuators are used.
Neuroprotective mode of action of resveratrol in central nervous system

Abstract Resveratrol has gained importance as a naturally available medicine for the prevention of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to its antioxidant properties, resveratrol also plays a significant role in neuronal differentiation through activation of SIRT1 and SIRT3. However, the receptor-mediated intracellular signal induced by resveratrol is yet to be determined. The mode of action of resveratrol presumably involves transcriptional regulation of the NF-κB family of proteins. It may also interact with the nuclear hormone receptor family, which includes estrogen receptors and vitamin D receptors in the brain. We found that resveratrol-enriched grape extract prevents paraquat-induced damage of hippocampal neurons and has the least effect on hippocampal cell damage. In this review article, we discuss the perspectives on therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol and its mode of action in neuronal cell growth and differentiation following brain inflammation and neurodegeneration.
Cryogenic performance of piezo-electric actuators for opto-mechanical applications

Space telescope designs driven by science goals such as the infrared observation of high-redshift galaxies and the infrared observation of objects that would otherwise be obscured by dust in the visible push the operating temperatures of the optics to cryogenic temperatures. Typical temperatures, 30 to 100 K are a challenging regime for actuators, but little information is available on the low-temperature performance of Piezo-electric actuator products currently on the market. Work is underway to measure actuator stroke and CTE, at low temperatures for typical PZTs, such as those available "off-the-shelf" from P.I. and Thorlabs.
PET Imaging of Very Late Antigen-4 in Melanoma: Comparison of 68Ga- and 64Cu-Labeled NODAGA and CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A Conjugates

Melanoma is a malignant tumor derived from epidermal melanocytes, and it is known for its aggressiveness, therapeutic resistance, and predisposition for late metastasis. Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4; also called integrin α4β1) is a transmembrane noncovalent heterodimer overexpressed in melanoma tumors that plays an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis by promoting adhesion and migration of cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated 2 conjugates of a high-affinity VLA-4 peptidomimetic ligand, LLP2A, for PET/CT imaging in a subcutaneous and metastatic melanoma tumor. Methods: LLP2A was conjugated to 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-(methane phosphonic acid)-8-(methane carboxylic acid) (CB-TE1A1P) and 2-(4,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl)pentanedioic acid (NODAGA) chelators for 68Ga and 64Cu labeling. The conjugates were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and verified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Saturation and competitive binding assays with B16F10 melanoma cells determined the affinity of the compounds for VLA-4. The biodistributions of the LLP2A conjugates were evaluated in murine B16F10 subcutaneous tumor–bearing C57BL/6 mice. Melanoma metastasis was induced by intracardiac injection of B16F10 cells. PET/CT imaging was performed at 2, 4, and 24 h after injection for the 64Cu tracers and 1 h after injection for the 68Ga tracer. Results:64Cu-labeled CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A and NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A showed high affinity to VLA-4, with a comparable dissociation constant (0.28 vs. 0.23 nM) and receptor concentration (296 vs. 243 fmol/mg). The tumor uptake at 2 h after injection was comparable for the 2 probes, but 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A trended toward higher uptake than 64Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A (16.9 ± 2.2 vs. 13.4 ± 1.7 percentage injected dose per gram, P = 0.07). Tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios from biodistribution and PET/CT images were significantly higher for 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A than 64Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A (all P values
Effect of salt on oxidative changes in pre- and post- rigor ground beef

Pre- and post-rigor beef was ground and salt was added to give 0·0, 0·5, 2·0 and 4·0% NaCl (w/w). Samples were removed after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h at 4°C and analyzed for pH, TBA numbers and percentages of reduced myoglobin (Mb), metmyoglobin (MMb) and oxymyoglobin (MbO(2)). After holding for 96 h the samples were cooked in a boiling water bath to an internal temperature of 80°C and held at 4°C for 48 h before TBA analysis. Pre-rigor grinding and salting reduced the post-mortem pH decline and the extent of meat discoloration as shown by the differences in the amount of MMb. The extent of lipid oxidation as measured by TBA numbers was not significantly different for the pre- and post-rigor ground salted meat samples, although salt accelerated oxidation during storage. Results demonstrated that pre-rigor grinding and salting of beef produces a more stable bright red color, which appears to be associated with a lower percentage of MMb and a higher ultimate pH in the pre-rigor salted meat.
A spectral analysis of two compact steep-spectrum sources

We have added new high-resolution VLA and VLBA data of two compact steep-spectrum sources (CSSs) (3C 67 and 3C 190) to existing data. We find both sources have a complex spectral structure that is not completely resolved with these data. A standard aging analysis of 3C 190 predicts an unusually steep injection index of -0.8 and a young age. If CSSs are found to have steep injection indices in general, then it suggests that they are not simply younger, smaller versions of large radio sources, but a different type of object. Another possibility is that the injection index is -0.5 and that the superposition of aged spectral components makes the injection index appear steeper. Whichever explanation is appropriate, interpretation of spectral data in such conventional terms as aging must be made cautiously.
A trans-Dominant Form of Gag Restricts Ty1 Retrotransposition and Mediates Copy Number Control

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces paradoxus lack the conserved RNA interference pathway and utilize a novel form of copy number control (CNC) to inhibit Ty1 retrotransposition. Although noncoding transcripts have been implicated in CNC, here we present evidence that a truncated form of the Gag capsid protein (p22) or its processed form (p18) is necessary and sufficient for CNC and likely encoded by Ty1 internal transcripts. Coexpression of p22/p18 and Ty1 decreases mobility more than 30,000-fold. p22/p18 cofractionates with Ty1 virus-like particles (VLPs) and affects VLP yield, protein composition, and morphology. Although p22/p18 and Gag colocalize in the cytoplasm, p22/p18 disrupts sites used for VLP assembly. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) affinity pulldowns also suggest that p18 and Gag interact. Therefore, this intrinsic Gag-like restriction factor confers CNC by interfering with VLP assembly and function and expands the strategies used to limit retroelement propagation. IMPORTANCE Retrotransposons dominate the chromosomal landscape in many eukaryotes, can cause mutations by insertion or genome rearrangement, and are evolutionarily related to retroviruses such as HIV. Thus, understanding factors that limit transposition and retroviral replication is fundamentally important. The present work describes a retrotransposon-encoded restriction protein derived from the capsid gene of the yeast Ty1 element that disrupts virus-like particle assembly in a dose-dependent manner. This form of copy number control acts as a molecular rheostat, allowing high levels of retrotransposition when few Ty1 elements are present and inhibiting transposition as copy number increases. Thus, yeast and Ty1 have coevolved a form of copy number control that is beneficial to both “host and parasite.” To our knowledge, this is the first Gag-like retrotransposon restriction factor described in the literature and expands the ways in which restriction proteins modulate retroelement replication.
Assessing Effective Coping with Bereavement in College Students: The Reactions to Loss Scale:

The predictive validity of the Reactions to Loss Scale (RTL) was assessed in two studies (N = 185 and 170) of college students who reported a recent loss and their feelings about and preoccupation with the loss. Across a 9–week interval, participants reported an increase in positive feelings about the loss event and a decrease in negative feelings, regret, and preoccupation with the loss. The Positive Reappraisal Scale of the RTL predicted increased positive feelings and a reduction of regret. Avoidance scale of the RTL predicted higher levels of regret and the Loss of Control scale predicted higher levels of negative affect (Study 2). This longitudinal data supports the validity of the Reactions to Loss scale and supports the value of assessing positive, resilient responses to a loss.
Charge Collection Microscopy of Single Crystal and Polycrystalline GaAs

This study demonstrates a new technique of measuring transport properties of minority carriers by varying the generation rate of the electron-beam induced carriers and measuring the amount of collected charge per incident electron. The technique is suitable. for measurements of very short diffusion length in bulk GaAs material and for measurements in polycrystalline, CVD grown GaAs layers containing grains that are smaller than the diffusion length. The diffusion length in single crystal GaAs measured at several values of electron-beam energy was.32µm. For l-2µm polycrystalline grains it was found that the diffusion length in the bulk of the. grain can remain high (8µm) but high recombination levels (up to 2 × 106 cm sec−1) prevail at the grain boundaries.
Meeting privacy challenges while advancing intelligent transportation systems

Abstract As transportation engineers and practitioners continue to advance the scope and breadth of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications, privacy is a primary concern of transportation agencies in the United States (US) when tracking people, vehicles and goods within the nation’s transportation grid. As a number of technologies have rapidly advanced, including photo enforcement, electronic tolling, vehicle-mile taxing, weigh-in-motion, and Connected Vehicle technologies, research examining the privacy implications of system applications has lagged. In a recent national survey to determine how state departments of transportation (DOTs) are meeting the privacy needs of the traveling public, it was determined that DOTs favor aggregating and masking data for protecting privacy of motorists while collecting travel times and speeds. For capturing video surveillance, abiding by legislation or agency policies was the preferred method of protecting privacy. Unfortunately, there are no national standards in the US for the privacy protection of travelers as most privacy information merely takes the form of poorly defined precepts. With the increasing use of ITS applications, which are becoming more interwoven into the US transportation grid, there is a need to develop a national policy and related standards to ensure the privacy protection of the traveling public to ensure broader acceptance of ITS applications. The findings presented in this paper aim to provide direction on how to address the current and future privacy challenges that face the transportation industry.
Jejunal perforation occurring in contact sports

Two cases of jejunal rupture following blunt trauma, occurring in participants of contact sports, have been reported. Additionally, a possible mechanism of injury is described. Language: en
Synthesis of Cage Compounds Containing Boron, Germanium, and Phosphorus Atoms

The 1:1 reactions of [(iPr2N)BP(H)B(NiPr2)PLi·DME] and [(tmp)BP(H)B(tmp)PLi·DME] (tmp = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino) with organylhalogermanes have been surveyed, and germyl-substituted diphosphadiboretanes of the type R2NBP(H)B(NR2)PGe(Cl)R‘2 (R2N = iPr2N, tmp; Ge(Cl)R‘2 = Ge(Cl)Me2 and Ge(Cl)Ph2) have been isolated and characterized. Subsequent dehydrohalogenation of these compounds with tBuLi gave the new bicyclic cage compounds P2(BNR2)2(GeR‘2) (R2N = tmp, R‘=Ph; R2N = tmp, R‘ = Me) and/or oligomers [−(R2N)BP(H)B(NR2)PGeR‘2−]n (R2N = iPr2N, R‘ = Me; R2N = tmp, R‘ = Me). In addition, the 2:1 reactions of [(R2N)BP(H)B(NR2)PLi·DME] with R‘2GeCl2 have been examined. In one case, the cage compound P2(BNR2)2GeR‘2 (R2N = tmp, R‘ = Ph) was obtained while a smaller alkyl group on Ge allowed formation of the bis(diphosphadiboretanyl)germanes [R2NBP(H)B(NR2)P]2GeR‘2 (R2N = iPr2N, tmp; R‘ = Me). Two P2(BNR2)2(GeR‘2)·Cr(CO)5 (complexes R2N = tmp, R‘ = Ph, Me) were isolated and characterized. The molecular structu...
How cochlear implants encode speech

Summary Current implant devices, and those soon to be available, have substantial untapped potential to improve the auditory experience of their recipients. It is likely that in the near future, recent findings on pitch and loudness perception, as well as techniques to better emulate the normal functions of the cochlea will result in much higher levels of prosthetic hearing fidelity than are possible today. As the performance of these remarkable devices continues to improve, the population of hearing-impaired individuals who can benefit from implantation is likely to increase significantly.
Inhibition of sensitization reactions induced by certain aldehydes.

Summary In the course of maximization testing in human subjects, three instances arose in which an individual aldehyde (phenylacetaldehyde, citral or cinnamic aldehyde) occurring widely in nature proved to be a skin sensitizer. However, the essential oil in which the aldehyde occurred naturally did not induce sensitization reactions, although the aldehyde was present in concentrations as high as 85%. It appeared that some other component(s) of the natural oil inhibited the induction or expression of senzitisation. As a test of this hypothesis, several terpenes and alcohols, found along with the particular aldehyde in the natural composition were combined with each of the aldehydes in question. It appears now to be a consistent finding that each of these aldehydes, although producing sensitization reactions when applied alone, produces no sensitization reactions in selected simple mixtures with other compounds.
Residential segregation, health behavior and overweight/obesity among a national sample of African American adults

We examined the role of residential segregation in 5+ daily fruit/vegetable consumption, exercise, and overweight/obesity among African Americans by linking data on the 11,142 African American adults in the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to 2000 census data on the segregation of metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Multi-level modeling revealed that after controlling for individual-level variables, MSA Segregation and Poverty contributed to fruit/vegetable consumption, MSA Poverty alone contributed to exercise, and MSA Segregation alone contributed to overweight/obesity. These findings highlight the need for research on the built-environments of the segregated neighborhoods in which most African Americans reside, and suggest that neighborhood disparities may contribute to health disparities.
C1-Weierstrass for compact sets in Hilbert space

Abstract The C 1 -Weierstrass approximation theorem is proved for any compact subset X of a Hilbert space H . The same theorem is also proved for Whitney 1-jets on X when X satisfies the following further condition: There exist finite dimensional linear subspaces H 1 ⊂H 2 ⊂⋯⊂ H such that ⋃ n ⩾1 H n is dense in span {X} and π n ( X )= X ∩ H n for each n ⩾1. Here, π n : H →H n is the orthogonal projection. It is also shown that when X is compact convex with span {X}= H and satisfies the above condition, then C 1 ( X ) is complete if and only if the C 1 -Whitney extension theorem holds for X . Finally, for compact subsets of H , an extension of the C 1 -Weierstrass approximation theorem is proved for C 1 maps H → H with compact derivatives.
Room temperature fatigue crack growth in cemented carbides

Abstract Fully compressive cyclic loads applied to notched plates of a WC-CO composite are found to result in stable Mode I fatigue crack growth at room temperature. Possible mechanisms leading to this compression fatigue effect are contemplated. A novel technique for fracture testing of cermets is recommended whereby fracture toughness values can be determined in bending or in tension after fatigue pre-cracking notched specimens in uniaxial cyclic compression.
Automating the development of scientific applications using domain-specific modeling

The present work describes an approach to simplify the development of scientific applications. The approach aims at hiding accidental complexities encountered when developing this kind of applications. This work focuses on the development of tools using concepts of domain engineering and domain-specific modeling which are modern software engineering methods for automating the development of software. As a proof of concept a tool that automates the development of Grid applications is presented as well as lessons learned from the initial development of the tool. This work is an attempt to contribute to the long term research goal of empowering users to create complex scientific applications without depending on the expertise of support teams or on hand-crafted solutions.
A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes

THE mechanism of deep-focus earthquakes has been a puzzle since their discovery almost 70 years ago1, 2, because brittle fracture and frictional sliding at depths in excess of 100–200 km would require unrealistic rock strengths3, 4. Rock strength does increase with pressure, but a few hundred MPa (equivalent to 10–20 km depth) suffices to inhibit most fracture, and elevated temperature activates ductile mechanisms that operate at stresses less than the fracture stength. A range of mechanisms has been proposed for deep earthquakes, including plastic instabilities5–7, shear-induced melting8–11 and instabilities accompanying recrystallization12, 13 or polymorphic phase transformation14–23. Each of these proposed mechanisms has exhibited certain inherent weaknesses (see Kirby22 for review and discussion). Here we report experimental observations of high-pressure faulting of metastable Mg2GeO4 olivine as it undergoes incipient transformation to a spinel 24, 25 structure. We present a model in which this faulting arises from the generation, propagation and linking-up of spinel-filled anticracks26. When applied to the olivine → spinel transformation in the Earth's mantle, the anticrack model27 satisfactorily accounts for the similarities and differences between shallow and deep earthquakes and removes the problems associated with frictional sliding.
Multiple Glycosphingolipids Determine the Tissue Tropism of Parvovirus B19

Infection with human parvovirus B19, the etiologic agent of fifth disease, is associated with numerous hematologic and nonhematologic complications. Recently, the receptor for parvovirus B19 was reported to be globoside (Gb4), a neutral glycosphingolipid (GSL) of red cell membranes. To ascertain if tissue Gb4 expression correlates with B19-associated disease, neutral GSLs from 16 human tissues were isolated and analyzed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and immunostaining with anti-Gb4 monoclonal antibodies or B19 empty capsids. Gb4 was identified as a major neutral GSL in 11 tissues, especially in those of mesodermal origin. In addition to recognizing Gb4, B19 capsid bound to several tissue-specific GSLs, including two complex globo series GSLs (SSEA-3, SSEA-4) and paragloboside (neolactotetraglycosylceramide), as was demonstrated in red cell, granulocyte, kidney, liver, and bowel tissue. There was good correlation between tissue-neutral GSL expression, B19 capsid binding, and the tissue tropism observed clinically in B19 parvovirus-associated disease.
Anti-Psychologism in Economics: Wittgenstein and Mises

Ludwig Wittgenstein's arguments for the conclusion that whatever counts as thought must embody logical principles can likewise be deployed to show that whatever counts as action must embody economic principles, a conclusion which in turn provides the basis for a defense of Ludwig von Mises' controversial claim that the laws of economics are a priori rather than empirical. The Wittgensteinian approach also points the way toward a transcendence of the intractable disputes among present-day Austrians over formalist versus hermeneutical, analytic versus synthetic, and impositionist versus reflectionist interpretations of economic method.
Family Impact Analysis of Section 6 (Sexual Transmission) of the Kenya HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act No. 14 of 2006

We have analyzed the impact of Section 6 of The Kenya HIV and AIDS Prevention Act on Kenyan families and especially within marriage. In 2006 Kenya passed two bills into law: The Kenya HIV and AIDS Prevention Act and The Sexual Offences Act. The latter addresses sexual offenses including rape, incest and other acts of sexual violence and relates to the Prevention Act in that HIV infection may be transmitted during a sexual offense. Section 6 of the Prevention Act focuses on the sensitive issue of secondary and tertiary transmission of HIV. Although protection is accorded to individuals living with HIV, this section of the law places responsibility on this group to reduce infections among positive individuals as well as the spread of infection between spouses {when only one partner is positive} by criminalizing recklessness leading to HIV infection. By asking questions proposed in the family impact analysis such as, does the law enhance family stability, and commitment or does it acknowledge diverse family forms, interdependence and target vulnerable groups, the framework allows us to examine the impact of Section 6 of the law on families. Under the FIA framework, the ability of The Prevention Act to enhance family functions, promote wellbeing, marital stability, commitment and responsibility is considered while taking into account the contextual realities in Kenya.
Monomer functionality effects in the anisotropic phase separation of liquid crystals

Abstract Holographic gratings formed through the anisotropic phase separation of liquid crystals show promise as switchable optical elements. In order to form useful elements, however, it is necessary to control the nanoscale morphologies within the grating films. In this manuscript, we evaluate the role of monomer functionality on the morphology and the electro-optical properties of both gratings and conventional scattering polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films. Both of these structures are formed using polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) of liquid crystals from a cross-linked polymer formed through free-radical photo-polymerization. Floodlit (uniform illumination) films and holographic gratings (from non-uniform illumination caused by the interference of two laser beams) were made using monomers with 2–5 acrylate groups, while keeping the LC concentration constant in the syrups. The morphologies of these films were examined using low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM). In all cases, very small LC domains were formed with little indication of growth or coalescence. Lowering monomer functionality reduced the volume fraction of phase-separated domains in the floodlit samples. For the grating samples, the local volume fraction and the LC domain sizes decreased substantially as the monomer functionality was decreased. Using detailed image analysis, differences in the anisotropy of the domains was also probed. A much stronger tendency to form anisotropically-shaped domains was observed for the higher functional syrups. These domain anisotropy differences are correlated with the number of reactive double bonds per monomer and are suggestive of local environmental differences exerted at the time of the domain formation.
Minimization of negative effects of time delay in smart grid system

Time delay has adverse effects on control systems in an electric power grid. This paper analyzes the time delay issues, and deals with the minimization of negative effects of time delays in smart gird system. The prediction method has been used to minimize the negative effects of time delay. The OPRT (optimal reclosing time) method to reclose circuit breakers are considered. 30ms and 300ms communication delays have been considered. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested in the IEEE nine-bus power system model. Both balanced and unbalanced permanent faults are considered. Simulations are performed using Matlab/Simulink software. The performance of the system considering time delays with and without the predictor has been compared. From the simulation results, it is shown that the proposed predictor performs well in minimizing the negative effects of time delays, and that the prediction method works more efficiently for a smaller time delay.
Continuous flow electrophoretic separation of proteins and cells from mammalian tissues

This paper describes an apparatus for continuous flow electrophoresis (CFE), designed to separate macromolecules and cells at conditions of microgravity. In this CFE, buffer flows upward in a 120-cm long flow chamber, which is 16-cm wide x 3.0-mm thick in the microgravity version (and 6-cm wide x 1.5-mm thick in the unit-gravity laboratory version). Ovalbumin and rat serum albumin were separated in space (flight STS-4) with the same resolution of the two proteins achieved at 25 percent total w/v concentration that was obtained in the laboratory at 0.2 percent w/v concentration. Rat anterior pituitary cells, cultured human embryonic kidney cells, and canine Langerhans cells were separated into subpopulations (flight STS-8) more effectively than in unit gravity, with comparable resolution having been achieved at 100 times the concentration possible on earth.
MRI Deep white matter hyperintensity in a psychiatric population

Abstract The authors evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of deep white matter hyper-intensity (DWMH) in 90 adult psychiatric inpatients in whom MRIs were clinically indicated and 25 age-matched, medically healthy controls. Forty-two percent of the psychiatric patients and 12% of the controls had evidence of DWMH on MRI. Both incidence and severity of DWMH were significantly correlated with age in both groups. Even after controlling for age in the psychiatric population, DWMH was significantly associated with hypertension, history of myocardial infarction or angina, abnormal electrocardiogram, and abnormal neurological examinations.
Microsatellite Instability in Keratoacanthoma

Background. Tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and from a subset of patients with the related Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) exhibit a novel type of genomic instability known as microsatellite instability (MIN). In general, this form of genomic instability results from mutations that inactivate DNA mismatch repair genes. The detection of MIN in a keratoacanthoma (KA) from a patient with MTS suggested that defective mismatch repair may play a role in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. Methods. Randomly selected paraffin embedded KA from 53 patients and paraffin embedded tumors from an additional 12 patients diagnosed with KA and colorectal carcinoma were examined for MIN at six loci. In addition, several KA were examined for mutations within the hMSH2 gene. Results. Six of the 53 randomly selected KAs had MIN at two or more loci. One of these six patients had HNPCC, whereas another had MTS. Two patients with KAs lacking MIN had colon tumors that exhibited widespread MIN, and one of these patients had MTS. Three of the 12 additional patients diagnosed with a KA and a colorectal carcinoma had at least one tumor that had MIN at two or more loci, and one of these patients had HNPCC. A 2-base pair somatic deletion in exon 3 of the hMSH2 gene was identified in one of the MIN+ KAs. Conclusions. Defective mismatch repair appears to play a role in the process of tumorigenesis in some KAs. Microsatellite instability in a KA or the cooccurrence of a colorectal carcinoma and a KA in a patient suggests that the patient may have either HNPCC or its phenotypic variant MTS.
What do we know and what don't we know about tamoxifen in the human uterus

Since its introduction in the early seventies, the list of indications for the use of the antiestrogen tamoxifen has been continuously expanded. Tamoxifen is now used for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and for long-term and often indefinite administration as an adjuvant therapy. Large clinical trials in three countries are now evaluating the efficacy of tamoxifen as a preventive agent. However, tamoxifen therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma. Laboratory and clinical data available to date on this controversial issue can be summarized as follows:
A Comparison of Second Language Learners and Monolinguals on Divergent Thinking Tasks at the Elementary School Level

RESEARCH STUDIES INTO the effect of introducing a foreign language into the elementary school curriculum have concurred that the addition of the second language has not impaired the general achievement or the native language progress of children. Johnson, Ellison, and Flores (1961, 1963) found no significant differences in native language skill areas between school children who had studied a second language and those that had not. In a similar study, Smith (1967) concluded that the addition of a foreign language to the fourth grade curriculum did not interfere with achievement in the basic skills tested. Potts (1967) also found no significant differences in first language reading proficiency or in general achievement. These investigations and reports of similar unpublished studies (Donoghue, 1965, 1969) indicated that the inclusion of a Foreign Language in the Elementary School (FLES) program did not produce negative interference in the learning of native language skills, nor did it reduce the extent of average gain in pupil achievement in the basic skills of the first language. Theoretical Framework The case for FLES has tended to rest upon "educational efficiency" (Andersson, 1969) and on the evidence that foreign language instruction was not detrimental to general achievement in the basic native language skills. However, the investigator feels that a unique contribution that FLES could make to the cognitive development of children is not being emphasized. Pilot studies by the present author (Landry, 1973a, 1973b) have hypothesized and supported the fact that experience with two languages at the elementary school level has significant effects upon creative functioning as measured by divergent thinking tasks. Other research studies support the possibility that second-language learning has a positive relationship with divergent thinking abilities. Riegel, Ramsey, and Riegel (1967) compared an American group who had learned Spanish in school to a Spanish group who went to an American school. Twenty-four American and twenty-four Spanish subjects gave restricted ssociations in English and in Spanish to 35 stimuli under seven different instructions. The
NAD in RNA: unconventional headgear.

Although widely assumed to bear a 5′-terminal triphosphate or monophosphate, recent evidence suggests that the 5′ end of bacterial RNA can sometimes bear a modification reminiscent of a eukaryotic cap. A new study has now identified Escherichia coli RNAs that begin with a noncanonical cap resembling the redox cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), as well as a cellular enzyme that can remove it. The biological function of such caps remains to be determined.
A study of the pressure‐volume‐temperature relationships of four related amorphous polymers: Polycarbonate, polyarylate, phenoxy, and polysulfone

The pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) relationships of bisphenol-A polycarbonate, polyarylate, and phenoxy were studied at pressures to 1800 kg/cm2 and in both the glassy and melt states. Earlier data on polysulfone are included in the analysis and discussion of the results. All four polymers contain the bisphenol-A residue in their repeat unit, together with a moiety of varying complexity, and are therefore somewhat related. At the glass transition, equations of the Ehrenfest type hold, provided the pressure dependence of the glass transition temperature is defined from the line obtained by intersecting the quasiequilibrium PVT relationship of the glass with the equilibrium PVT surface of the melt. The Prigogine-Defay ratio r = ΔκΔCp/TgVg(Δα)2 at P = O is unity within experimental error for all four polymers. The melt data were fitted successfully to the Simha-Somcynsky theory. Molecular parameters deduced from the reducing parameters vary in a reasonable manner among these four related polymers, lending support to the foundations of the theory.
Low Carbon Abundance in Type Ia Supernovae

We investigate the quantity and composition of unburned material in the outer layers of three normal Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia): 2000dn, 2002cr, and 2004bw. Pristine matter from a white dwarf progenitor is expected to be a mixture of oxygen and carbon in approximately equal abundance. Using near-infrared (NIR, 0.7-2.5 μm) spectra, we find that oxygen is abundant, while carbon is severely depleted with low upper limits in the outer third of the ejected mass. Strong features from the O I line at λrest = 0.7773 μm are observed through a wide range of expansion velocities ≈ × 103 km s-1. This large velocity domain corresponds to a physical region of the supernova with a large radial depth. We show that the ionization of C and O will be substantially the same in this region. C I lines in the NIR are expected to be 7-50 times stronger than those from O I, but there is only marginal evidence of C I in the spectra and none of C II. We deduce that for these three normal SNe Ia, oxygen is more abundant than carbon by factors of 102-103. Mg II is also detected in a velocity range similar to that of O I. The presence of O and Mg combined with the absence of C indicates that for these SNe Ia, nuclear burning has reached all but the extreme outer layers; any unburned material must have expansion velocities greater than 18 × 103 km s-1. This result favors deflagration to detonation transition (DD) models over pure deflagration models for SNe Ia.
Twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome: a model for the fetal origins of adult health

Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a complication of monochorionic, diamniotic twins that results from unbalanced blood flow from one to the other in utero. The increased rate of functional heart disease among the recipient twins in these pregnancies is a model for the theory of fetal origins of adult health. Potential mechanisms for heart disease include alterations in the hormonal environment within the fetal bodies, blood pressure-driven alterations in blood flow and blood vessel distensibility, abnormal differentiation of fetal myocardial cells and changes in coronary artery growth. Although there are no large studies showing adult consequences of this fetal physiological disturbance, paediatric problems certainly exist and predict an increased risk of adult disease.
A competitive, charter air-service planning model for student athlete travel

Abstract This paper presents a model for planning an air charter service for pre-scheduled group travel. This model is used to investigate the competitiveness of such an enterprise for student athlete travel in conference sports. The relevant demand subset to be served by a limited charter fleet is identified through a comparison with existing scheduled travel options. Further, the routing and scheduling of the charter aircraft is performed within the same framework. Through this modeling a method for formulating and accommodating continuous time windows and competitive market dynamics in strategic planning for a charter service is developed. Computational improvements to the basic model are also presented and tested. The model is applied to the Big Sky Conference for the 2006–2007 season, quantifying the benefits to the students from such a service and the change in expenditure associated with such a benefit for various assumptions about operations and value of time. The findings indicate the lack of spatial or sport based patterns for maximizing benefit, indicating the absence of simplistic “rules of thumb” for operating such a service, and validating the need for the model.
Constructing real and text worlds in responding to literature

Constructing Contexts In constructing the meaning of these realworld contexts, people envision social situations as representative of certain types of activities (Gumperz, 1992; Tannen, 1993). They conceive of certain events-class discussions, business meetings, ceremonies, celebrations, or trips-as romantic, cosmopolitan, competitive, provincial, exotic, spiritual, or corrupt, and these conceptions then guide their behaviors and expectations in these worlds. A dinner with a lover in a fancy restaurant is "romantic," a meeting of international scholars is "cosmopolitan," a soccer game is "competitive." Participants in these contexts associate certain types of social practices with being in a certain world. According to Schein (1985), these practices include: