cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sill effects on physical dynamics in eastern Long Island Sound

This study investigates how Mattituck Sill influences circulation patterns and physical dynamics in eastern Long Island Sound, a major estuary on the U.S. east coast. Observations show there is pronounced across-estuary transport in the area and suggest there may be subtidal anticyclonic flow around the sill. Model runs, with and without sill bathymetry, exhibit this across-estuary transport and anticyclonic circulation. Comparison between these runs indicates that the sill intensifies the anticyclonic circulation. This study finds the sill does not exert internal hydraulic control during neap, mean, or spring tidal conditions. Nevertheless, along-estuary exchange is reduced over the sill and across-estuary fluxes are increased. The Connecticut River plume enters close to the estuary mouth. The sill deflects more of the plume waters towards the mouth, causing less freshwater to take the long looping route through the estuary. The subtidal circulation balance around the sill indicates a barotropic balance between the tidal advection of tidal vorticity and friction. The subtidal vorticity balance indicates the net effect of tidal advection of relative vorticity is balanced with frictional curl associated with lateral speed gradients and vorticity dissipation. Previously developed scalings based on the circulation balance (Nature 290:549–555, 1981), frictional vorticity generation mechanisms (Deep-Sea Res 28:195–212, 1981), and tidal diffusion of potential vorticity (J Phys Oceanogr 29:821–827, 1999) are applicable to Mattituck Sill and predict circulation with a similar magnitudes to model results.
Sartre : From Phenomenology to Marxism

As debate continues1 we hope to shed some light on the development of Sartre's thought by returning to his philosophical beginnings, to his phenomenology, confident that it is here, in its origins, that we will find what has always been the very center of his thought.
Egocentric spatial framework effects from single and multiple points of view

In three experiments, we tested the one-place, one-perspective rule formulated by Franklin, Tversky, and Coon (1992). This rule proposes that subjects take a neutral, external perspective when they must use multiple viewpoints to make decisions about the locations of objects in memorized scenes. We compared responding from a single viewpoint with responding from two viewpoints. In Experiments 1 and 2, we used a sentence verification procedure, and in Experiment 3, we compared a true-false verification procedure with a six-alternative forced-choice procedure. Under these various conditions, we observed egocentric spatial framework effects in that above-below judgments were faster than front-back judgments and front-back judgments were faster than right-left judgments. When responding from two points of view in a single place, our subjects took multiple intrinsic perspectives rather than one neutral external perspective as proposed by the one-place, one-perspective rule.
Solitons and four-wave mixing

We develop the formalism for studying transient four-wave-mixing phenomena in a Raman medium, and apply it to the study of solitary-wave propagation. We consider the problems of second-Stokes generation, anti-Stokes scattering, and two-pump Raman scattering.
Enterohepatic regulation and metabolism of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in hypothyroid rats

Several steady state indices of thyroid hormone distribution, metabolism, excretion, and absorption were measured in intact hypothyroid and euthyroid rats, to explore the role of intestines and enterohepatic pathways in the dynamic regulation of whole-body thyroid hormone in these two states. Ten rats were studied, 5 normal control (N) and 5 rendered hypothyroid (3.48 vs. 19.8 ng/ml TSH) by surgical thyroidectomy 3.5 weeks earlier (HYPO). High specific activity 125I-labeled T3 (T3*) was infused at the same constant rate for 7 days from osmotic minipumps implanted sc. Daily urine and feces, and seventh-day cardiac and portal venous blood, bile, and whole intestinal contents were assessed. Bowel and feces were homogenized, extracted, and chromatographed, along with serum, bile, and urine samples. Bile, bowel, and fecal extract samples were also hydrolyzed with aryl-sulfatase and/or beta-glucuronidase and chromatographed to identify conjugates and determine total T3* in all fluid and tissue samples. In the N...
Comparative Study of Phasing, Atmospheric Skip Entry, and Simple Plane Change Maneuvers

A suite of maneuvers comprising planar phasing, out-of-plane skip entry, and simple plane changes is simulated for a notional transatmospheric, lifting reentry vehicle with lift-to-drag ratio of six. By comparing the relative performance of each maneuver by overflying geographically diverse sample ground targets, it is demonstrated that skip entry maneuvers require a total ΔV less than 0.5 km/s. For select targets and a single initial reference orbit, simulation results demonstrate a significant savings in ΔV expenditure for skip entry compared with the simple plane change alternative. Overall, the simulated skip entry maneuvers consistently provide responsive mission execution in terms of ground target time of arrival, with maximum deceleration and stagnation heat flux less than 1.0g and 1000 kW/m2, respectively.
Publication Patterns of The Personnel and Guidance Journal/Journal of Counseling & Development: 1978 to 1993

The purposes of this study were (a) to identify the primary institutional sources of articles to The Personnel and Guidance Journal/Journal of Counseling & Development from 1978 to 1993 (Volumes 57–71); (b) to identify the primary individual contributors to this journal during the survey period; (c) to identify and compare the program affiliations of individual contributors by editor during the survey period; and (d) to speculate as to whether the study results, collectively, indicate a trend toward more psychologists than counselors contributing to this journal. A total of 1,843 articles were reviewed. Of the 2,198 authors, 69% were academicians and 31% were practitioners. The data suggest that there has been a clear pattern of more psychologists than counselors contributing to this journal.
Time Series Analysis of Particle Tracking Data for Molecular Motion on the Cell Membrane

Biophysicists use single particle tracking (SPT) methods to probe the dynamic behavior of individual proteins and lipids in cell membranes. The mean squared displace- ment (MSD) has proven to be a powerful tool for analyzing the data and drawing con- clusions about membrane organization, including features like lipid rafts, protein islands, and confinement zones defined by cytoskeletal barriers. Here, we implement time series analysis as a new analytic tool to analyze further the motion of membrane proteins. The experimental data track the motion of 40 nm gold particles bound to Class I major histo- compatibility complex (MHCI) molecules on the membranes of mouse hepatoma cells. Our first novel result is that the tracks are significantly autocorrelated. Because of this, we developed linear autoregressive models to elucidate the autocorrelations. Estimates of the signal to noise ratio for the models show that the autocorrelated part of the motion is significant. Next, we fit the probability distributions of jump sizes with four different models. The first model is a general Weibull distribution that shows that the motion is characterized by an excess of short jumps as compared to a normal random walk. We also fit the data with a chi distribution which provides a natural estimate of the dimension d of the space in which a random walk is occurring. For the biological data, the estimates satisfy 1 <d <2, implying that particle motion is not confined to a line, but also does not occur freely in the plane. The dimension gives a quantitative estimate of the amount of nanometer scale obstruction met by a diffusing molecule. We introduce a new distribution and use the generalized extreme value distribution to show that the biological data also have an excess of long jumps as compared to normal diffusion. These fits provide novel estimates of the microscopic diffusion constant. Previous MSD analyses of SPT data have provided evidence for nanometer-scale con- finement zones that restrict lateral diffusion, supporting the notion that plasma membrane organization is highly structured. Our demonstration that membrane protein motion is au- tocorrelated and is characterized by an excess of both short and long jumps reinforces
College-educated Asian stay-at-home mothers in U.S.

Using a mixed method approach of secondary data analysis and in-depth interviews, this thesis investigates college-educated Asian stay-at-home mothers’ (SAHMs) sociodemographic characteristics, motivations for staying home, and their authentic experiences caring for their children in the United States. It demonstrates how a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods helps to improve understanding of less common but emerging social groups and phenomena. Using 2010 ACS PUMS data, I found noncitizenship status to be a significant factor that contributed to college-educated Asian mothers’ staying at home. In-depth interviews revealed that the motivations for college-educated Asian mothers to stay at home were based on a combination of mothers’ social psychological and external factors. Social psychological factors included their immense love and great sense of responsibility for children and family, the high value they placed on parental care and their children’s education, their preference for a free and easy lifestyle, and their strong belief in Christianity. External factors included their husband’s supportive attitude, lack of help with childcare, high cost of daycare, limited opportunity for employment, and supportive social culture for SAHMs. The relative contribution of internal and external factors cannot be determined with this study and more research is needed to disentangle these factors.
The Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Its Impact on Willingness to Participate in Biomedical Studies

Purpose The origins of the phrase ‘legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (TSS)’ lie in the widely held belief that Blacks are more reluctant than Whites to participate in biomedical research studies because of that infamous study. This paper is the first to address the validity of the ‘legacy’, a key issue in subject recruitment, in a multi-city, multi-racial, large-scale random survey using a detailed questionnaire. Methods The Tuskegee Legacy Project (TLP) Questionnaire, which contains two validated scales, the Likelihood of Participation (LOP) Scale and the Guinea Pig Fear Factor (GPFF) Scale, was administered via random-digit dial telephone interviews to respondents aged 18 years and older in three U.S. cities: Tuskegee, AL; Birmingham, AL; and Hartford, CT. Awareness of the TSS was measured as a yes/no response to two separate questions asking if they had ‘ever heard of the TSS’ while detailed knowledge of the TSS was assessed by a set of seven questions. Results Response rates, by city, ranged from 49–70% and yielded 327 Black and 499 White respondents. Awareness of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was significantly higher in Blacks than Whites within each city, and ranged from a high of 93.3% for Blacks in Tuskegee, AL, to a low of 41.9% for Whites in Hartford, CT. While adjusted analyses (age, sex, education and income) revealed no association (p Conclusion As these data show no association between awareness of TSS and willingness to participate (albeit in Blacks, awareness was associated with an increased wariness), the long-held belief about the ‘legacy’ of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study that Blacks would be less willing to participate in biomedical studies is not supported by this study.
Intelligent information retrieval lifecycle architecture based clustering genetic algorithm using SOA for modern medical industries

Modernization of medical industries experiences numerous challenges. The modernization requires an innovative solution to determine diagnosis of diseases and the best treatment. This solution discovers related diseases to doctors' original diagnosis and quickly reassesses the situation if their diagnosis is incorrect. It also should eliminate unnecessary treatments and testing. It shortens time spent in hospitals for patients. This research, as reported in this paper focuses on creating such a solution in the form of an Intelligent Information Retrieval Lifecycle Architecture Based Clustering Extended Genetic Algorithm Using Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). The purpose of the solution is to develop concepts and techniques based on the architecture to accelerate processing time of information retrieval at lower cost. The solution provides medical tasks that support strategic decision making and operational business processes. In a SOA environment, the study of this research develops new intelligent concepts of integrating approaches of search methodologies, information retrieval, clustering, genetic algorithm, and intelligent agents. A prototype is created and examined in order to validate the concepts.
Ultrasound-guided adult hip injections.

PURPOSE The authors believe that ultrasound as a primary method of image guidance for performing hip aspirations is underutilized, and the authors report their experience in performing ultrasound-guided hip injections in 358 patients, using a free-hand technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of all adult ultrasound-guided hip injections performed at the authors' institution over a four-year period was performed. RESULTS Retrospective review of an ultrasound database revealed 358 adult hip aspirations/injections were performed at the authors' institution from October 2000–October 2004. All procedures were performed using a longitudinal, anterior approach and without the use of a needle guide. There were no reported cases of inadvertent vascular or femoral nerve puncture. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the largest reported series of sonographically-guided adult hip aspirations/injections without the use of a needle guide. The authors believe that ultrasound as a primary method of image guidance for performing hip aspirations is underutilized. The absence of radiation and relatively short procedure time of ultrasound-guided hip injections are favorable factors to both the authors' referring clinician population as well as the patients.
Equine amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal ulceration and keratomalacia in three horses.

Purpose Amniotic membrane has antifibrotic, anti-angiogenic and antiprotease properties. This retrospective study was designed to investigate the use of equine amniotic membrane transplants (AMT) at preserving vision, maintaining the structural integrity of the globe and maximizing cosmesis in equine eyes with corneal ulceration and severe keratomalacia. Methods Equine amnion had previously been aseptically harvested from a 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare during an elective Cesarean section. Sections of amnion were stored at -80 degrees C and thawed as needed. Records of equine cases at the University of Florida with keratomalacia that received an AMT without adjunctive conjunctival grafting were examined. Clinical description, details of medical and surgical treatment, globe survival and visual outcome were documented. Etiologies were determined by cytology, culture or histology. Results Three horses with corneal ulceration and severe keratomalacia received an AMT without conjunctival graft between December 2002 and April 2003. Pseudomonas spp. were cultured from all three eyes, with evidence of a concurrent fungal infection in two eyes. The three ulcers were 50, 72, and 76% of corneal diameter, and each one worsened in the face of aggressive medical therapy. In all three cases, the AMT sloughed over a 4 to 6-week period. At last follow-up, all three eyes receiving AMT were comfortable and receiving no medication, with light perception and an inconsistent location-dependent menace response. All three horses returned to their prior work. Conclusions Results of a small number of equine AMT suggest that amnion can be used successfully to preserve both globe structure and limited vision, as well as optimize cosmesis, in horse eyes with corneal ulceration and severe keratomalacia.
State-of-the-art W-band extended interaction klystron for the CloudSat program

This paper reviews the NASA/JPL CloudSat extended interaction klystron (EIK) requirements, design, performance, and development of a long life model for the ESA/NASDA EarthCARE program plus a Ka-band extended interaction klystron for the NASA/JPL Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) mission. The key enabling technology for these missions is a high-power, space-qualified, 94 GHz EIK, that has been developed and fabricated by CPI under contracts from ESA, JPL and CSA. Two flight models were delivered to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which is responsible for the instrument payload. This EIK is the first space-qualified high-power W-band amplifier.
TNF-α mediates SDF-1α–induced NF-κB activation and cytotoxic effects in primary astrocytes

Stromal-derived cell factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha; CXCL12) and its receptor, CXCR4, are constitutively expressed on neuroepithelial cells and are believed to be involved in both development and pathological processes, such as AIDS-associated neurologic disorders. Here, we demonstrate that SDF-1 alpha activates NF-kappa B, stimulates production of chemokines and cytokines, and induces cell death in primary astrocytes, effects that depend on ongoing secretion of TNF-alpha. SDF-1 alpha upregulated TNF-alpha mRNA and protein secretion, as well as TNF receptor 2 expression. TNF-alpha treatment mimicked SDF-1 alpha induction of NF-kappa B, IL-1 alpha/beta, and RANTES, as well as cell death; neutralizing antibodies against TNF-alpha opposed these responses. We also found that SDF-1 alpha activated Erk1 and Erk2 (Erk1/2) MAPK in a biphasic fashion. Early Erk1/2 activation was stimulated directly by SDF-1 alpha and late activation was mediated by TNF-alpha. PD98059 suppression of early Erk1/2 activation correlated with reduction of SDF-1 alpha-induced TNF-alpha expression. Late Erk1/2 activation was involved in TNF-alpha-stimulated NF-kappa B activation and cytokine induction. SDF-1 alpha was induced in reactive CXCR4-positive astrocytes near axotomized spinal cord motor neurons, consistent with autocrine SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling in these cells. We propose that these novel effects of SDF-1 alpha are relevant to the pathogenic and developmental roles of SDF-1 alpha in the CNS.
Monosomal Karyotype Predicts Adverse Prognosis in Patients Diagnosed With Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: A Single-Institution Experience

Abstract Introduction Cytogenetic abnormalities have a significant prognostic effect in many hematologic neoplasms. Monosomal karyotype (MK), a newly recognized cytogenetic category, has been reported to be a marker of poor prognosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and myelofibrosis, but its effect in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) remains relatively unknown. Patients and Methods A retrospective study of cases diagnosed with CMML found a total of 262 patients. Patient characteristics, cytogenetic data, and survival were analyzed. Results Cytogenetic analysis found diploidy in 167 patients (64%). Trisomy 8 was the most frequent cytogenetic abnormality at 8% (22), followed by complex karyotype (CK) at 5% (14), − 7 at 4% (10), and MK at 3% (7, of which 6 [86%] were also CK). Median overall survival was statistically significantly worse in MK-positive cases than in MK-negative cases (MK + vs. MK − ). Patients with MK + only or CK + MK + did worse than any other group. Conclusion MK is a rare entity but can predict statistically significantly shorter overall survival among all other cytogenetic categories.
Ultraviolet characterization of integrating spheres

We have studied the performance of polytetrafluoroethylene integrating spheres in the ultraviolet (UV) region with wavelengths as short as 200 nm. Two techniques were used for this study; first, the spectral throughput of an integrating sphere irradiated by a deuterium lamp was analyzed by a monochromator. Second, a UV laser beam was directed into an integrating sphere, and spectrally dispersed laser induced fluorescence was studied. Significant absorption and fluorescence features were observed in the UV region and attributed to the contamination in the integrating sphere. We demonstrate that integrating spheres are easily contaminated by environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from engine exhaust. Baking of the contaminated integrating sphere can reverse some but not all of the effects caused by contaminants. The implications for using integrating spheres for UV measurement are discussed.
Development and Evaluation of Web-Based Animated Pedagogical Agents for Facilitating Critical Thinking in Nursing

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Web-based animated pedagogical agents on critical thinking among nursing students. A pedagogical agent or virtual character provides a possible innovative tool for critical thinking through active engagement of students by asking questions and providing feedback about a series of nursing case studies. This mixed methods experimental study used a pretest, posttest design with a control group. ANCOVA demonstrated no significant difference between the groups on the Critical Thinking Process Test. Pre-and post-think-alouds were analyzed using a rating tool and rubric for the presence of eight cognitive processes, level of critical thinking, and for accuracy of nursing diagnosis, conclusions, and evaluation. Chi-square analyses for each group revealed a significant difference for improvement of the critical thinking level and correct conclusions from pre-think-aloud to post-think-aloud, but only the pedagogical agent group had a significan...
Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: four case reports, review of literature, and immunohistochemical evaluation.

Abstract Context.—Metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is relatively rare and is seldom considered a complication in the routine treatment and follow-up of patients with BCC. Although multiple studies have tried to distinguish aggressive from nonaggressive BCCs, to our knowledge, no consistent clinical, histopathologic, or immunohistochemical features have yet been reported. Objective.—To report 4 cases of metastatic BCCs and to evaluate these in addition to known nonmetastatic BCCs with specific immunostains in an attempt to find distinct morphologic or immunohistochemical patterns that could be helpful in identifying aggressive BCCs. Design.—We reviewed 4 cases of metastatic BCCs and recorded the clinical and morphologic findings. We then searched our archives for 14 cases of BCC that followed the usual nonaggressive course. We evaluated these 18 cases with immunohistochemical stains for Ki-67, p53, and bcl-2. Results.—In metastasizing BCC, Ki-67 staining was slightly higher in metastatic sites than in...
Starbursts at intermediate redshifts

In this work I present the survey which is searching for the rise in the volume-averaged star formation rate at intermediate redshifts (z To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
P3HT:PCBM polymer solar cells with TiO2 nanotube aggregates in the active layer†

P3HT:PCBM polymer solar cells with a very small amount of TiO2 nanotube aggregates (0.002 mol per 100 mL) in the active layer have been fabricated. Although in dye-sensitized solar cells nanotube aggregates have been shown to increase light absorption of devices, it was found that TiO2 nanotube aggregates reduced the absorbance of the active layer in our case. However, its positive role on the charge collection and transportation maintained the EQE the same as a conventional P3HT:PCBM device and improved the electron mobility from 5.71 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 to 7.22 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1. The final devices showed a 15% increase in power conversion efficiency compared to conventional P3HT:PCBM devices. The effects of TiO2 nanotube aggregates on the morphology of the active layer were studied by AFM.
Pretreatment predictors of time to cancer specific death after prostate specific antigen failure.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Whether pretreatment factors that predict for time to prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure also predict for time to prostate cancer specific death after PSA failure for patients with competing causes of mortality treated during the PSA era was the subject of this study.Materials and Methods: Of 415 men with a median age of 73 years who underwent external beam radiation therapy between 1988 and 2001 for clinically localized prostate cancer 160 (39%) experienced PSA failure and 96 (23%) died. In 46 men (48%) the cause of death was prostate cancer. Cox regression multivariable analyses (multivariable analysis) were performed to evaluate the ability of the pretreatment PSA and centrally reviewed biopsy Gleason score to predict time to prostate cancer specific death after PSA failure.Results: When analyzed as categorical variables using multivariable analysis, biopsy Gleason score 4 + 3 (p = 0.02), 8 to 10 (p = 0.02) disease and a pretreatment PSA greater than 20 ng./ml. (p = 0.03) were sig...
Estimating historical in-lake alkalinity generation from sulfate reduction and its relationship to lake chemistry as inferred from algal microfossils

Sediment cores were used to estimate in-lake alkalinity generation resulting from sulfate reduction relative to inferred changes in lakewater pH and trophic status over the last century in three Connecticut lakes. Despite being situated in geological settings with crystalline bedrock and thin, poorly buffered soils, and being impacted with high rates of acidic precipitation, none of the study lakes have declined in inferred pH based on scaled chrysophyte and diatom remains. In fact, the pH of one of the lakes, Coventry Lake, has significantly increased over the last century. Over the last 44 to 69 years the amount of sulfur stored in the sediments from each lake increased from ~two to three times resulting in mean rates of alkalinity generation ranging from 78 to 145 meq m−2 yr−1, significantly higher than the 45 to 48 meq m−2 yr−1 of hydrogen ions falling directly on the lake surfaces. In-lake alkalinity generation resulting from sulfate reduction has been sufficient to neutralize all of the acid falling directly onto the lake surfaces, as well as between 9% and 25% of the acid deposited onto the surrounding watersheds. Despite the increased importance of in-lake alkalinity generation, our findings support the hypothesis that significant amounts of alkalinity are also being generated in the catchments of the study lakes. The bulk of the increases in stored sulfur in all three lakes were as Fe sulfides and not in the form of organic sulfur, suggesting that the increases were the result of dissimilatory bacterial reduction of sulfate. As a result of the large increases in storage of Fe sulfides the ratio of total iron to chromium reducible sulfur (Fe:CRS) has declined in all cores over time. Despite the overall decline in Fe:CRS in recent sediments, values are still largely above 3 in more recent sediments of two of the lakes. However, values of Fe:CRS have dropped below 1 in surface sediments of Uncas Lake, suggesting that in-lake loading of phosphorus may be responsible for a recent shift in the algal flora towards a slightly more eutrophic condition.
Pharmacoepidemiology: The Future

Like all other futures, the future of pharmacoepidemiology is not entirely clear. Major forces exist that are driving the agenda for pharmacoepidemiology. This article reviews and weighs these factors and the roles of the major related actors. Like all health futures, that of pharmacoepidemiology can be positively influenced by responsible contributions, particularly by the pharmaceutical community.
A protein RNase inhibitor (RNasin) expresses anti-angiogenic properties in mice

Angiogenin is a protein which in addition to its ability to induce angiogenesis can function as a ribonuclease [1].1 First described and isolated by Vallee and his collaborators, it has since been fully sequenced and subjected to extensive biochemical analysis. Angiogenin is a potent angiogenesis-inducing molecule. Angiogenin shows selective ribonuclease activity, readily breaking down tRNA but yielding larger intermediate fragments than pancreatic ribonulease A when acting on 18S or 28S RNA. Angiogenin has been synthesized by recombinant technology and site-specific mutagenesis studies have been carried out to help identify those moieties significant for ribonuclease and angiogenic activity of the molecule. Interestingly, while in most instances the efficacy of angiogenin as an angiogenesis inducer and as a ribonuclease were correlated, mutants have now been identified which show an increase in ribonuclease activity with a concomitant decrease in angiogenic activity. Recently, Vallee and his colleagues have suggested that the Rnase active site is required but not sufficient for angiogenic activity and that a second site on the molecule is required in addition [2]. What mechanism allows angiogenin to act as an inducer of new blood vessel formation is not known, although binding studies suggest that angiogenin can act directly on endothelial cell targets.
How Can Placement Policy Improve Math Remediation Outcomes? Evidence From Experimentation in Community Colleges:

Changing placement policy may help to improve developmental education student outcomes in community colleges, but there is little understanding of the impacts of these reforms. We take advantage of...
Role of Surveying in Civil Engineering Education

Despite the increasing complexity of many surveying operations, this subject area in civil engineering education is receiving less and less attention in the schools. New curricula are being evolved in which surveying instruction continues to be progressively abbreviated. The various factors affecting the purpose and scope of contemporary surveying instructional patterns for civil engineering students are examined and comment is made on the wisdom of displacing traditional surveying courses with courses in measurements. With a look into the future, suggestions are made for optimum use of instructional time still allotted to surveying with respect to the typical role of the graduate civil engineer on field construction operations of all types. The extension of current curriculum planning trends calling for further limitations on surveying instruction seems destined to lead to the virtual elimination of almost all surveying in many first-line, scientifically orientated civil engineering curricula of the near future. Attention should be given to the desirability of offering 5-yr professional engineering curricula providing major training in surveying and limited instruction in certain elements of civil engineering.
Nature and probable origin of conjugated histamine excreted after ingestion of histamine.

Conclusions1. The observation that a histamine derivative appears in the urine of dog and man after oral histamine administration is confirmed.2. The histamine derivative can be effectively separated from histamine by paper chromatography.3. The histamine derivative is identical with acetyl histamine as shown by paper chroma tography.4. Acetyl histamine is readily formed from histamine added to feces of dog and man.5. It is suggested that histamine is acetylated in the intestinal contents to acetyl histamine which is partially absorbed from the intestinal tract and excreted in the urine as well as in the feces.
Cognitive and interpersonal factors in borderline personality disorder

Three findings emerged from the past year on cognitive and interpersonal factors associated with borderline personality disorder.Social perceptions and perhaps self-criticism distinguish depression of patients with borderline personality disorder from those with affective disorders without borderline personality disorder. Patients with borderline personality disorder report more ongoing childhood sexual abuse involving multiple perpetrators and penetration. Dialectical behavior therapy produced modest improvement in interpersonal functioning of women with borderline personality disorder.
State Policy in the British Depressed Areas: An Experiment in Regionalism

by friendship and regional pride and morale. The disappearance of the frontier, the halting of immigration, and cessation of great western movements of population into unsettled country, have given us, even in the more recently settled areas, a more stable and less restless population which, while mobile, yet increasingly feels a more permanent tie to a given region. Finally, while our political feelings are getting away from the particularism and centralization by states, they cannot go over easily to a complete Federal centralization as an alternative; the region more and more becomes an area of political consciousness as well as of administration. The matter can be summarized by saying that a regional "sense of community" is developing. We are thinking of our relationships with others in terms of the regions which we inhabit; here are elicited our basic interests; here is the ideal tangible areal unit to which we can attach our loyalties.' The psychic overtones of this intcrmediate areal unit are increasingly distinct and must be considered by all who are concerned with attitudes and opinion.
High-Spatial-Resolution Diffusion Length Measurements in Polycrystalline GaAs

A technique for making rapidly-scanned, high-spatial resolution measurements of minority-carrier diffusion length is applied to the characterization of polycrystalline GaAs. Measurements on a large-grained n-type epitaxial layer show gradual variations of hole diffusion length from 0.1µm to l.lµm across the wafer as well as occasional small step changes at grain boundaries. By trading resolution for speed, the technique would be well suited to the nondestructive evaluation of large-area epitaxial layers.
IS EXERCISE CORTISOL RESPONSE OF ENDURANCE ATHLETES SIMILAR TO LEVELS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME?

Several theories exist as to the mechanism causing the development of the Overtraining Syndrome in athletes. One theory proposes hypercortisolemic states (e.g., "pseudo" Cushing's Syndrome type-condition) brought on by intensive exercise training and the stress of sporting competitions results in neuroendocrine dysfunctions and subsequent physiological compromise. We wondered whether stressful exercise could provoke changes in cortisol to the magnitude of that seen in Cushing's Syndrome patients. Therefore we conducted a study to determine if the cortisol levels in highly trained endurance athletes in response to a stressful exercise bout compared to that found in Cushing Syndrome patients. Cortisol levels were examined in physically active men at rest, and after intensive, prolonged exercise (~85 min at 75% VO2max) and compared to that of Cushing's patients at rest. Results showed exercise does significantly (p<0.001) and substantially elevate cortisol to near Cushing's Syndrome levels. However, the cortisol response to exercise in athletes is highly transient and abates rapidly. The present findings support that cortisol responses to exercise such as what endurance athletes might encounter in their sporting competition (or during an intensive exercise training session) can elevate cortisol to the levels seen in Cushing Syndrome patients (i.e., for only a short period of time). (Biol.Sport 22:209-214, 2005)
Mexico's other wars: epidemies, disease and public Health in Guanajuato, Mexico, 1810-1867

Cet article, "Les autres guerres du Mexique" se refere aux campagnes contre les maladies, les epidemies qui sevissaient au Mexique entre 1810 et 1867, alors que le pays accedait a l'independance et devait effectuer la difficile consolidation de la nation. Il s'agissait de controler et d'eradiquer les maladies avec pour objectif politique d'obtenir que la population civile soit productive. Dans ce but, les hommes politiques organiserent des le debut du XIXe siecle un systeme de sante publique, etatique, national et municipal et legifererent. Les progres realises contribuerent a la croissance demographique. Cela fut evident pour l'Etat et la ville de Guanajuato ou la population a la fin de notre periode est presque le double de ce qu'elle etait au debut et ce, malgre les conflits armes qui affecterent la region.
Conceptualizing Innovation in Higher Education

Higher education is currently confronted by global forces that necessitate innovative research, innovative pedagogies, and innovative organizational structures. For these reasons, we suggest that a theoretical understanding of innovation is imperative for higher education’s continued development in the twenty-first century. Grounded in the innovation literature from a variety of academic disciplines, this chapter outlines a conceptual framework in five sections. First, we delineate four imminent trends in higher education that may compel innovative responses. Afterwards, working definitions of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship are generated through the clarification of several terms that are related to innovation. Next, we discuss the concepts of sustainable and disruptive innovation by demonstrating how change and innovation has been a consistent fixture of higher education since its inception. Then, we consider three dimensions of innovation – diversity, intrinsic motivation, and autonomy – that positively impact the ability of individuals working within higher education to be innovative. Finally, we address three additional concepts – time, efficiency, and trust – that are important for a thorough consideration of innovation within an institutional setting.
Pediatric Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), which originates from thyroid parafollicular C cells, accounts for 3 to 5% of thyroid malignancies. MTC occurs either sporadically or in an inherited autosomal dominant manner. Hereditary MTC occurs as a familial MTC or as a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and B syndromes. A strong genotype-phenotype correlation has been observed between hereditary MTC and germ-line "gain of function" mutations of the RET proto-oncogene. Most cases of pediatric MTC are hereditary whereas sporadic MTC is rare in children and is usually diagnosed in adults. Therefore, MTC in children is most often diagnosed in the course of a familial genetic investigation. The standard treatment of MTC mainly requires surgery involving total thyroidectomy and central neck node dissection before extrathyroidal extension occurs. To prevent MTC development in hereditary syndromes, prophylactic thyroidectomy is performed in presymptomatic patients. An appropriate age at which the surgery should take place is determined based upon the data from genotyping, serum calcitonin measurements, and ultrasonography. For the treatment of advanced MTC cases, the broad spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors vandetanib and cabozantinib, which also inhibit RET, are used although they are not always effective.
Greater Healthful Dietary Variety Is Associated with Greater 2-Year Changes in Weight and Adiposity in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) Trial

BACKGROUND Greater healthful dietary variety has been inversely associated with body adiposity cross-sectionally; however, it remains unknown whether it can improve long-term weight loss. OBJECTIVE This study prospectively examined associations between healthful dietary variety and short-term (6 mo) and long-term (2 y) changes in adiposity in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS Lost) weight-loss trial completed in 2007. METHODS Healthful dietary variety was assessed from 24-h recalls with the use of the US Healthy Food Diversity index among participants aged 30-70 y with overweight/obesity (n = 367). Changes in the index between baseline and 6 mo were divided into tertiles representing reduced (T1), stable (T2), or increased variety (T3). Body weight and waist circumference (WC) were measured every 6 mo, and the percentage of body fat and trunk fat were measured at 6 mo and 2 y. Associations between changes in variety and short-term and long-term changes in adiposity were analyzed by use of multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models and repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Regardless of dietary arm, T3 compared with T2 was associated with greater reduction in weight (-8.6 compared with -6.7 kg), WC (-9.1 compared with -6.1 cm), and body fat at 6 mo (β = -4.61 kg, P < 0.05). At 2 y, individuals in T3 compared with those in T2 or T1 maintained greater weight loss [-4.0 (T3) compared with -1.8 kg (T2 and T1), P = 0.02] and WC reduction [-5.4 (T3) compared with -3.0 (T2) and -2.9 cm (T1), P = 0.01]. Total body fat and trunk fat reductions were similarly greater in T3 than in T2. CONCLUSIONS Increasing healthful food variety in energy-restricted diets may improve sustained reductions in weight and adiposity among adults with overweight or obesity on weight-loss regimens. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00072995.
A subspace learning approach for high dimensional matrix decomposition with efficient column/row sampling

This paper presents a new randomized approach to high-dimensional low rank (LR) plus sparse matrix decomposition. For a data matrix D ∈ RN1×N2, the complexity of conventional decomposition methods is O(N1N2r), which limits their usefulness in big data settings (r is the rank of the LR component). In addition, the existing randomized approaches rely for the most part on uniform random sampling, which may be inefficient for many real world data matrices. The proposed subspace learning-based approach recovers the LR component using only a small subset of the columns/rows of data and reduces complexity to O(max(N1,N2)r2). Even when the columns/rows are sampled uniformly at random, the sufficient number of sampled columns/rows is shown to be roughly O(rµ), where µ is the coherency parameter of the LR component. In addition, efficient sampling algorithms are proposed to address the problem of column/row sampling from structured data.
Chimpanzee Model of HIV-1 Infection

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a chimpanzee model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. These HIV- 1-infected chimpanzees are housed in animal Biosafety Level 2 facilities with restricted access. Animals can be housed singly, in pairs or in larger social groups, depending on the experimental protocol and the compatibility of individual animals. HIV- 1 does not appear to be transmitted easily between chimpanzees that are housed together and do not engage in sex. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are separated from whole blood or buffy-coat preparations by Ficoll-diatrizoate gradient centrifugation. After activation for 2–3 days by the addition of phytohemagglutinin, PBMC are washed and resuspended in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FBS, 10 units interleukin-2/ml, and either diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran or polybrene to facilitate virus entry into cells. If a particular strain of HIV-1 can infect chimpanzees, successful infections are generally established in 100% of animals inoculated i.v. with at least 10 TCID 50. Before any procedure, including virus inoculation and routine blood collection, chimpanzees are anesthetized by intramuscular (i.m.) injection of ketamine hydrochloride at a concentration of 10–15 mg/kg of body weight. Minor surgical procedures are performed routinely on HIV-l-infected chimpanzees, the most frequent being biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. Other procedures include rectal or cervical biopsies and bone marrow aspirates. For such procedures, the dose of ketamine can be decreased by 50% and combined with xylazine.
The Politics of Student Voice: Conceptualizing a Model for Critical Analysis

For 2 years we worked with a high school class focused on social justice education where students conducted their own research in order to develop policy solutions for issues of injustice that mattered most to them. This class helped initiate school level interest in how student voice can be integral to school improvement and policy processes. However, we observed how the full potential of students’ voice in school policy was not realized due, primarily, to the politics of power. For our study we use critical policy analysis (CPA) as a method to reveal the politics of student voice as it pertains to power and school policy. We also conduct a CPA of our work with the social justice class to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the politics of student voice in schools. Finally, this chapter is different from traditional co-authored papers in that we seek to honor the politics of student voice by including two students, as co-authors and a legitimate source of knowledge, one that is often times overlooked or dismissed.
Modelling and energy management of an HCCI-based powertrain for series hybrid and extended range electric vehicles

Low temperature combustion (LTC) engines show promise for fuel economy improvement, however, these engines suffer from limited operating range. In this study, a specific type of LTC engine, known as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), is used in a series hybrid and extended range electric vehicle (E-REV) powertrain to investigate the ultimate fuel saving of a purely dedicated HCCI mode powertrain. Three types of energy management control (EMC) strategies including rule-based, dynamic programing (DP), and model predictive control (MPC) are designed and implemented. The simulation results show 17.7% fuel economy improvement in series HEV and 18.0% fuel economy improvement in E-REV compared to a conventional HEV using an SI engine in urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) driving cycle. In addition, simulation results show that the HCCI fuel economy improvement increases in the driving cycles with greater base average power.
Trump’s Impact: The End of Sameness

In his startling run for president, Donald Trump dared to question the official orthodoxy that all races and ethic groups are the same. He is correct in that most seriously poor, many immigrants, and the radicals we face overeas all come from outside the West. Thus, according to world cultures research, they are much less individualist and more conformist than most Americans. This cultural difference goes far to explain the major challenges the United States faces both at home and abroad. But Trump’s bold challenge offers no easy solutions.
Violence, displacement and democracy in post-conflict societies: evidence from Mali

ABSTRACTThis article examines the political crisis in Mali, 2012–2013, to test the impact of violent conflict on public attitudes to democracy. In post-conflict situations, democracy building depends on interim steps to restore trust among citizens and to address national reconciliation and transitional justice. According to the results of a custom-designed opinion survey, recent experiences of violence and displacement in Mali have undermined both interpersonal and interethnic trust as well as public confidence that elected governments can resolve national conflicts. While internal displacement is frequently accompanied by violence against property, violence against persons increases popular demand for a retributive brand of transitional justice. Nonetheless, the Malian experience suggests that citizens in post-conflict societies – including those displaced from their homes – still yearn to live in a peaceful and unified country and have not abandoned a widespread preference for democracy.