cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Turning Process in Meandering Currents: A Case Study

Abstract As a meandering current changes its curvature vorticity, the lateral shear, the shearing deformation, the vertical shear, and the lateral temperature gradient also change. Changes in these parameters, together with their generating and conversion mechanisms, are called the turning process. The objectives are first to identify, in a situation where friction is negligible, the pertinent generating and conversion mechanisms generally, and second to assess their relative importance in the turning process for high-speed inertial currents with horizontal meander scales small compared to the radius of the earth. A conclusion is that in the dynamics of these high-speed currents, where vertical motion plays a central role, the beta effect is negligible. Instead, the turning process is dominated by the banking and the divergence mechanisms. The current banks as it turns and converts curvature vorticity to lateral shear vorticity. As a striking consequence of this conversion, the speed axis migrates lateral...
“It's a Metamorphosis”: Guiding the Voice Change at the American Boychoir School:

The purpose of the study was to describe and interpret a particular culture of boys with changing voices at the American Boy choir School by means of an ethnography. Themes that emerged were (1) th...
Relationships of RNA polymerase II genetic interactors to transcription start site usage defects and growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Transcription initiation by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) is an essential step in gene expression and regulation in all organisms. Initiation requires a great number of factors, and defects in this process can be apparent in the form of altered transcription start site (TSS) selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast). It has been shown previously that TSS selection in S. cerevisiae is altered in Pol II catalytic mutants defective in a conserved active site feature known as the trigger loop. Pol II trigger loop mutants show growth phenotypes in vivo that correlate with biochemical defects in vitro and exhibit wide-ranging genetic interactions. We assessed how Pol II mutant growth phenotypes and TSS selection in vivo are modified by Pol II genetic interactors to estimate the relationship between altered TSS selection in vivo and organismal fitness of Pol II mutants. We examined whether the magnitude of TSS selection defects could be correlated with Pol II mutant-transcription factor double mutant phenotypes. We observed broad genetic interactions among Pol II trigger loop mutants and General Transcription Factor (GTF) alleles, with reduced-activity Pol II mutants especially sensitive to defects in TFIIB. However, Pol II mutant growth defects could be uncoupled from TSS selection defects in some Pol II allele-GTF allele double mutants, whereas a number of other Pol II genetic interactors did not influence ADH1 start site selection alone or in combination with Pol II mutants. Initiation defects are likely only partially responsible for Pol II allele growth phenotypes, with some Pol II genetic interactors able to exacerbate Pol II mutant growth defects while leaving initiation at a model TSS selection promoter unaffected.
A Sickly‐Sweet Harvest: Farmworker Diabetes and Social Equality

Type II diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is used as a model in examining neuroendocrine and experiential linkages between social inequality and health outcome. Ethnographic, psychosocial, and biochemical data collected among Mexican-American migrant farmworkers reveal that diabetic workers spent more years in migrant labor (p < .01), and reported a greater number of stressful life events (p < .001), than nondiabetics. Body mass index (BMI) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, a regulating enzyme in the stress-responsive catecholamine system, may contribute to diabetes risk for some individuals; other pathways for neuroendocrine mediation of psychosocial stress are discussed. It is proposed that the oppressive life conditions of migrant farmworkers contribute to adverse health outcomes through specific physiological responses to life experiences.
Synthesis and properties of molecular imprints of darifenacin: The potential of molecular imprinting for bioanalysis

A molecularly imprinted polymer has been developed which subsequently demonstrated an ability to selectively retain darifenacin (UK-88, 525-S) from aqueous acetonitrile when used as a stationary phase in HPLC columns and as a packing in solid-phase extraction cartridges.
Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple

Generalized gradient approximations (GGA’s) for the exchange-correlation energy improve upon the local spin density (LSD) description of atoms, molecules, and solids. We present a simple derivation of a simple GGA, in which all parameters (other than those in LSD) are fundamental constants. Only general features of the detailed construction underlying the Perdew-Wang 1991 (PW91) GGA are invoked. Improvements over PW91 include an accurate description of the linear response of the uniform electron gas, correct behavior under uniform scaling, and a smoother potential. [S0031-9007(96)01479-2] PACS numbers: 71.15.Mb, 71.45.Gm Kohn-Sham density functional theory [1,2] is widely used for self-consistent-field electronic structure calculations of the ground-state properties of atoms, molecules, and solids. In this theory, only the exchange-correlation energy EXC › EX 1 EC as a functional of the electron spin densities n"srd and n#srd must be approximated. The most popular functionals have a form appropriate for slowly varying densities: the local spin density (LSD) approximation Z d 3 rn e unif
Rights rhetoric or rights realization: Victim empowerment NGOs in South Africa:

Concerns among international donors about aid effectiveness have led to important structural changes in how development assistance is delivered. Drawing its inspiration from rights-based approaches...
A modular approach on adaptive thresholding for extraction of mammalian cell regions from bioelectric images in complex lighting environments

ABSTRACT A modular approach on an adaptive thresholding method for segmentation of cell regions in bioelectric images with complex lighting environments and background conditions is presented in this paper. Preprocessing steps involve low-pass filtering of the image and local contrast enhancement. This image is then adaptively thresholded which produces a binary image. The binary image consists of cell regions and the edges of a metal electrode that show up as bright spots. A local region based approach is used to distinguish between cell regions and the metal electrode tip that cause bright spots. Regional properties such as area are used to separate the cell regions from the non-cell regions. Special emphasis is given on the detection of twins and triplet cells with the help of watershed transformation, which might have been lost if form-factor alone were to be used as the geometrical descriptor to sepa rate the cell and the non-cell regions. Keywords: bioelectric images, image segmentation, adaptive thresholding, cell segmentation, local contrast enhancement, watershed transformation, template matching
Effects of pneumoperitoneum on tumor implantation with decreasing tumor inoculum

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pneumoperitoneum on the rate of trocar-site implantation with decreasing inoculum of cancer cells. METHODS: A total of 0.5 ml of GW-39 human colon cancer cell suspensions at 1 percent (∼3.2×105 cells) and at 0.5 percent (∼1.6×105 cells; v/v) were injected into the abdomen of hamsters through a midline incision. Animals in each group were randomized to receive either pneumoperitoneum (1 percent=33; 0.5 percent=43) or not (1 percent=32; 0.5 percent=39). Gross and microscopic tumor implants were documented seven weeks later at four trocar sites. RESULTS: In the 1 percent group, pneumoperitoneum significantly increased trocar-site tumor implants from 50 to 71 percent (P<0.001). Pneumoperitoneum also resulted in the following: 1) more frequent involvement of all four concurrent sites (38vs. 10 percent;P<0.02); 2) more frequent palpable tumors (13vs. 5 percent;P<0.01); 3) larger tumor mass (2.1±0.6 gvs. 0.2±0.1 g;P<0.02). In the 0.5 percent group, pneumoperitoneum did not significantly increase trocar-site tumor implants, and it did not result in a larger tumor mass. The percent increase in trocar-site implants owing to pneumoperitoneum was influenced by the amount of tumor inoculum (21 percent in the 1 percent group; 10 percent in the 0.5 percent group). The mass of palpable tumor implants after pneumoperitoneum decreased with decreased inoculum: 1 percent =2.1±0.6 g; 0.5 percent=0.3±0.1 g (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Pneumoperitoneum significantly increased both tumor implantation rate and mass when ∼3.2×105 colon cancer cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity. These effects of pneumoperitoneum diminished with one-half as many tumor cells injected in the peritoneal cavity.
Toxoplasma rhoptry protein 16 (ROP16) subverts host function by direct tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6.

The obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, modulates host immunity in a variety of highly specific ways. Previous work revealed a polymorphic, injected parasite factor, ROP16, to be a key virulence determinant and regulator of host cell transcription. These properties were shown to be partially mediated by dysregulation of the host transcription factors STAT3 and STAT6, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenotype were unclear. Here, we use a Type I Toxoplasma strain deficient in ROP16 to show that ROP16 induces not only sustained activation but also an extremely rapid (within 1 min) initial activation of STAT6. Using recombinant wild-type and kinase-deficient ROP16, we demonstrate in vitro that ROP16 has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and is capable of directly phosphorylating the key tyrosine residue for STAT6 activation, Tyr641. Furthermore, ROP16 co-immunoprecipitates with STAT6 from infected cells. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that STAT6 is a direct substrate for ROP16 in vivo.
The fate of the generalist: Edward L. Walker (1914−1997) as a case study.

Psychology has become a field for specialists. I explore the fate of a generalist who did not fit this image, Edward L. Walker. Walker was president of both a regional society and a division of the...
Tangential flow separation and chemical enhancement to recover swine manure solids, nutrients and metals

Abstract A mobile unit of a tangential flow separator (TFS) system was installed at a swine farm. System performance was evaluated through tests conducted on 11 different occasions between February and August of 1997 with flushed wastes and lagoon liquid. The TFS unit consists of a lime slurry tank, a pre-floc mixing tank, a TFS tank, a thickening tank and associated pumps and flow meters with a processing capacity of 110 m3/d. Previously screened wastes were mixed with lime in the pre-floc tank, ferric chloride and polymer injected into the flow after pre-floc tank, and flow introduced to the TFS tank tangentially to the wall, creating a circular motion within the tank. The fluid dynamics tends to concentrate solids to the center of the tank where they settle to the bottom. Approximately 75% of incoming flow are discharged at the top as treated effluent, with reduced organic and nutrient content, and flow to a storage lagoon. The settled solids that accumulate at the bottom of the TFS tank flow into a thickening tank of similar design to the main unit in order to further concentrate the solid material (up to 5% total solids). System performance expressed as percentage reduction is better when flushed wastes are processed compared to lagoon liquid. Total phosphorus (Total-P) removal can be higher than 90% depending on the amount of chemicals used. The system can remove an average of 22% total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), 49% chemical oxygen demand (COD), 50% volatile solids (VS), 82% total suspended solids (TSS) and 87% copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Percentage reductions obtained with lagoon liquid are generally lower than with flushed wastes. However, the concentrations in effluent from the TFS system are lower for lagoon liquid than for flushed wastes. Typical concentrations of chemicals are about 2000 mg/l of hydrated lime, 400 mg/l of ferric chloride, and 20 mg/l of polymer. Chemical costs can be significant and must be balanced with improvements in effluent quality and potential economic value of sludge.
Multimedia in JM3 is a Win-Win for Authors and Subscribers

This PDF file contains the editorial “Multimedia in JM3 is a Win-Win for Authors and Subscribers” for JM3 Vol. 6 Issue 02
An electromyographic analysis of the elbow in pitching

Elbow injuries are common in baseball pitchers. Curve balls are thought to increase this risk, particularly if the athlete begins throwing this pitch at an early age. The purpose of this paper is to identify forearm muscle firing patterns during the pitching cycle in an effort to understand this etiology. Dynamic EMG was performed on eight collegiate pitchers to evaluate extensor digitorum communis, brachioradialis, flexor carpi radialis, flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, pronator teres, and supinator. Each subject threw a fast ball and curve ball, which were filmed at 450 frames per second and synchronized with the EMG. These signals were converted from analog to digital records. Results showed low to moderate activity in all muscles during all phases of the pitch. The function is probably positioning to accept the transfer of energy from the larger trunk and girdle structures. The most notable difference between the fast ball and curve ball is a slight increase in the extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis activity during late cocking, acceleration, and follow-through of the curve ball as compared to the fast ball. This difference, however, is not significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between the fast ball and the curve ball in the flexor-pronator group in any phase. We cannot substantiate that medial elbow problems are a result of an increase in the use of flexor muscles during the curve ball pitch.
From the Journal archives: Masseter muscle rigidity: a dose-related drug effect or an early manifestation of a rare potentially fatal pharmacogenetic disorder

Plumley MH, Bevan JC, Saddler JM, Donati F, Bevan DR. Dose-related effects of succinylcholine on the adductor pollicis and masseter muscles in children. Can J Anaesth 1990; 37: 15-20.
Relationship of stopped flow to steady state parameters in the dimeric copper amine oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha and the role of zinc in inhibiting activity at alternate copper-containing subunits.

The expression of a copper amine oxidase (CAO) from Hansenula polymorpha in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under differing culture conditions leads to the incorporation of varied levels of CAO-bound zinc. The presence of substantial amount of zinc results in two distinctive enzyme species, designated as the fast and slow enzymes. Both forms are rapidly reduced by substrate methylamine with a rate constant of 199 s-1 but behave remarkably differently in their oxidation rates; the fast enzyme is oxidized by dioxygen at a rate of 22.1 s-1, whereas the slow enzyme reacts at a rate of 1.8 × 10-4 s-1. The apparent kcat of the enzyme preparation is linearly proportional to the fraction of the fast enzyme, with an extrapolated value of 6.17 s-1 when the enzyme is 100% in its “fast” form. A comparison of rate constants for cofactor reduction and reoxidation steps, measured in stopped flow experiments, to the extrapolated kcat implicates additional steps in the steady state reaction. Measurement of the proportion of oxid...
Effects of fluorodeoxyuridine on growth and choline acetyltransferase activity in fetal rat brain cells in surface culture

Inhibition of DNA synthesis by 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine in cultures of rapidly growing fetal rat brain cells resulted in a marked decrease in the development of total activity and a stimulation of specific activity (pmoles\min\μg DNA) of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, a putative neuronal marker. Similar treatment of higher density, less rapidly dividing cultures of the same age resulted in no change in total activity development, although an increment in specific activity was again found. The findings appeared to be the result of inhibition of DNA synthesis by fluorodeoxyuridine, rather than secondary effects of the drug, and indicate either that the nucleotide analog specifically inhibited choline acetyltransferase gene expression in rapidly growing, but not in stationary cultures, or that cells capable of producing the enzyme activity were able to proliferate in culture. If the latter were true and if cells producing the enzyme were, in fact, neurons, it may be possible to clone untransformed neurons for in-depth study in a culture system.
An improved in vitro and in vivo Sindbis virus expression system through host and virus engineering

The Sindbis viral expression system enables the rapid production of high levels of recombinant protein in mammalian cells; however, this expression is typically limited to transient production due to the cytotoxicity of the virus. Limiting the lethality inherent in the Sindbis virus vector in order to enable long term, sustained expression of recombinant proteins may be possible. In this study, modifications to virus and host have been combined in order to reduce the cytopathic effects. Non-cytopathic replication competent viruses of two Sindbis viral strains, TE and 633, were developed using a non-structural protein (nsP) P726S point mutation in order to obtain persistent heterologous gene expression in infected Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cells and Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Cells infected with the P726S variant viruses were able to recover after infection, while cells infected with normal virus died within 3 days. The P726S mutation did not reduce the susceptibility of 5- and 14-day-old mice to 633 and TE viruses in vivo. In addition, animal survival with the P726S variant viruses was increased and GFP expression was sustained for at least 14 days while the 633 and TE infection resulted in short-term GFP expression or an earlier mortality. Modifications to the host BHK and CHO cells themselves were subsequently undertaken by including the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and a deletion mutant of Bcl-2 (Bcl-2Delta) as another method for limiting the cytopathic effects of the Sindbis virus. The inclusion of anti-apoptotic genes permitted higher production of heterologous GFP protein following Sindbis virus infection, and the combination of the TE-P726S virus and the CHO-Bcl-2Delta cell line showed the greatest improvement in cell survival. Sindbis virus infection also induced ER stress in mammalian cells as detected by increased PERK phosphorylation and ATF4 translation. Overexpression of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can protect cells against agents that induce ER stress, suppressed Sindbis virus-induced cell death in both BHK cells and in vivo studies in mice. Such findings show that viral and host modifications can improve cell survival and production of heterologous proteins, change viral behavior in vitro and in vivo, and assist in the development of new expression or gene delivery vehicles.
Crystal growth of a new tetragonal phase of ScTaO4

Abstract Crystal growth of ScTaO4 by the laser-heated pedestal method resulted in a new metastable phase with the tetragonal zircon structure rather than the stable wolframite phase. ScNbO4 grows as the wolframite phase but melts incongruently and was found to be much more difficult to grow by the same method.
Treatment of Neuropathic Orbital Pain with Gabapentin

We report and discuss a case of severe neuropathic orbital pain refractory to standard analgesics that responded well to treatment with the anticonvulsant gabapentin. Gabapentin may be a useful adjuvant analgesic in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Status of the Third NGNP Graphite Irradiation AGC-3 in the Advanced Test Reactor

The United States Department of Energy’s Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Program will irradiate up to six nuclear graphite creep experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The graphite experiments are being irradiated over an approximate eight year period to support development of a graphite irradiation performance data base on the new nuclear grade graphites now available for use in high temperature gas reactors. The goals of the irradiation experiments are to obtain irradiation performance data, including irradiation creep, at different temperatures and loading conditions to support design of the NGNP Very High Temperature Gas Reactor (VHTR), as well as other future gas reactors. The experiments each consist of a single capsule that contain six stacks of graphite specimens, with half of the graphite specimens in each stack under a compressive load, while the other half of the specimens are not be subjected to a compressive load during irradiation. The six stacks have differing compressive loads applied to the top half of diametrically opposite pairs of specimen stacks. A seventh specimen stack in the center of the capsule does not have a compressive load. The specimens are being irradiated in an inert sweep gas atmosphere with on-line temperature and compressive load monitoring and control. There are also samples taken of the sweep gas effluent to measure any oxidation or off-gassing of the specimens that may occur during initial start-up of the experiment.The first experiment, AGC-1, started its irradiation in September 2009, and the irradiation was completed in January 2011. The second experiment, AGC-2, started its irradiation in April 2011 and completed its irradiation in May 2012 [1]. The third experiment, AGC-3, is scheduled to start its irradiation in late November 2012 and complete in the late summer to fall of 2014. This paper will briefly discuss the design of the AGC-3 experiment and control systems, and present the irradiation results to date.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
4,5-methylenedithio-4',5'-propylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene (MPT) and 4,5-ethylenedithio-4',5'-propylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene (EPT)

Abstract Title electron donors, unsymmetrical analogs of Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene, are synthesized. The utility of 252 Cf Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry in the characterization and purity determinations is also reported.
Increased radiosensitivity of normal tissue fibroblasts in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and with Kaposi's sarcoma

Fibroblasts cultured from skin biopsies of patients with AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma were found to be more radiosensitive than fibroblasts from non-HIV-infected-sources. This supports clinical observations of overt sensitivity to radiotherapy in some AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma.
Role of adenosine in behavioral state modulation: A microdialysis study in the freely moving cat

There is considerable evidence to suggest that the activity of forebrain and mesopontine cholinergic neurons is intimately involved in electroencephalographic arousal. Furthermore, our previous in vitro investigation suggested that both cholinergic systems are under a powerful tonic inhibitory control by endogenous adenosine. We thus examined the in vivo effect, on electrographically defined behavioral states, of microdialysis perfusion of adenosine into the cholinergic zones of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of freely moving cats. Localized perfusion of adenosine into either the basal forebrain or the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus caused a marked alteration in sleep-wake architecture. Adenosine (300 microM) perfused into either the basal forebrain or laterodorsal tegmental nucleus produced a dramatic decrease in waking, to about 50% of the basal level. Perfusion into the basal forebrain resulted in a significant increase in rapid eye movement sleep, while slow wave sleep was unchanged. In contrast, adenosine perfusion into the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus produced an increase of both slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, the magnitude of which were proportional to the decrease in waking. Electroencephalographic power spectral analysis showed that adenosine perfusion into the basal forebrain increased the relative power in the delta frequency band, whereas higher frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta and gamma) showed a decrease. These data strongly support the hypothesis that adenosine might play a key role as an endogenous modulator of wakefulness and sleep. The decrease in wakefulness may be directly related to the inhibition of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and the laterodorsal tegmentum. The increase in rapid eye movement sleep is a novel but robust effect whose origin, at present, is uncertain. The observation that local perfusion of adenosine into either the basal forebrain or the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus dramatically decreases wakefulness suggests that these areas might represent a major site of action of the xanthine stimulants (adenosine antagonists) found in coffee and tea.
Pemphigus in domestic animals

Abstract Pemphigus has been recognized in humans for many years. The occurrence of pemphigus in domestic animals is a much more recent observation. In the dog, pemphigus vulgaris was first reported in 1975, 1,2 pemphigus vegetans in 1977, 3 pemphigus foliaceus in 1977, 4 and pemphigus erythematosus in 1980. 5 In the cat, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, and pemphigus erythematosus were reported in 1980. 5,6 Equine pemphigus foliaceus was reported in 1981. 7 The purpose of this article is to review pemphigus in domestic animals, compare the diseases with their human counterparts, and alert the physician to an exciting area for comparative dermatologic research.
Visualizing ex vivo radiofrequency and microwave ablation zones using electrode vibration elastography

Purpose: Electrode vibration elastography is a new shear waveimaging technique that can be used to visualize thermal ablation zones. Prior work has shown the ability of electrode vibration elastography to delineate radiofrequency ablations; however, there has been no previous study of delineation of microwave ablations or radiological–pathological correlations using multiple observers. Methods: Radiofrequency and microwave ablations were formed inex vivo bovine livertissue. Their visualization was compared on shear wave velocity and maximum displacement images.Ablation dimensions were compared to gross pathology. Elastographic imaging and gross pathology overlap and interobserver variability were quantified using similarity measures. Results: Elastographic imaging correlated with gross pathology. Correlation of area estimates was better in radiofrequency than in microwave ablations, with Pearson coefficients of 0.79 and 0.54 on shear wave velocity images and 0.90 and 0.70 on maximum displacement images for radiofrequency and microwave ablations, respectively. The absolute relative difference in area between elastographic imaging and gross pathology was 18.9% and 22.9% on shear wave velocity images and 16.0% and 23.1% on maximum displacement images for radiofrequency and microwave ablations, respectively. Conclusions: Statistically significant radiological–pathological correlation was observed in this study, but correlation coefficients were lower than other modulus imaging techniques, most notably in microwave ablations. Observers provided similar delineations for most thermal ablations. These results suggest that electrode vibration elastography is capable of imaging thermal ablations, but refinement of the technique may be necessary before it can be used to monitor thermal ablation procedures clinically.
Cox-2 expression, PGE2 and cytokines production are inhibited by endogenously synthesized n-3 PUFAs in inflamed colon of fat-1 mice

There is great interest in the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in promoting (n-6 class) or inhibiting (n-3 class) inflammation. Mammalian cells are devoid of desaturase that converts n-6 to n-3 PUFAs. Consequently, essential n-3 fatty acids must be supplied with the diet. We have studied the effect of endogenously produced n-3 PUFAs on colitis development in fat-1 transgenic mice carrying the Caenorhabditis elegans fat-1 gene encoding n-3 desaturase. Colonic cell lipid profile was measured by capillary gas chromatography in fat-1 and wild-type (WT) littermates fed standard diet supplemented with 10% (w/w) safflower oil rich (76%) in n-6 polyunsaturated linoleic acid (LA). Experimental colitis was induced by administrating 3% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Colitis was scored by histopatological analysis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression was evaluated by real time polymerase chain reaction. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) levels and cytokine production were determined by enzyme and microsphere-based immunoassays, respectively. The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in colonic cells of fat-1 mice were markedly lower (9.83±2.62) compared to WT (54.5±9.24, P<.001). Results also showed an attenuation of colonic acute and chronic inflammation in fat-1 mice with significant decreases in PGE(2) production (P<.01) and Cox-2 expression (P<.01). High levels of colitis-induced proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, monocytes chemotactic proteins 1, 2 and 3 (MCP 1,2,3), matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were down-regulated in DSS acutely and chronically treated fat-1 mice. The expression of fat-1 gene in the colon was associated with endogenous n-3 PUFAs production, decreased Cox-2 expression, increased PGE(2) and cytokine production.
Climate simulations using the GCRC 2-D zonally averaged statistical dynamical climate model

Abstract The two-dimensional statistical dynamical climate model, recently developed at the Global Change Research Center (GCRC 2D climate model) is presented and discussed. The model solves the 2-D primitive equations in finite difference form (mass continuity, Newton's second law, and the first law of thermodynamics) for the prognostic variables zonal mean density, zonal mean zonal velocity, zonal mean meridional velocity, and zonal mean temperature on a grid that has 18 nodes in latitude and 9 vertical nodes (plus the surface). The equation of state, p = ρRT and an assumed hydrostatic atmosphere, δp = − ρgδz , are used to diagnostically calculate the zonal mean pressure and vertical velocity for each grid node, and the moisture balance equation is used to estimate the precipitation rate. The performance of the model at simulating the two-dimensional temperature, zonal winds, and mass stream function is discussed here. The strengths and weaknesses of the model are highlighted and plans for future model experiments and improvements are given. The parameterization of the transient eddy fluxes of heat and momentum developed by Stone and Yao (1987 and 1990) are used with small modifications. These modifications are shown to improve the performance of the model at simulating the observed climate system as well as increase the model's computational stability.
Management Education and the Base of the Pyramid

Doing business at the base of the pyramid is a topic of increasing interest to business practitioners and academics. Base of the pyramid business offers the promise of great economic gains for companies and the possibility of a powerful new approach to alleviate poverty. At the same time, it may threaten local culture and independence while providing nowhere near the economic or societal advantages that some suggest. Business schools need to expose students to these issues, given their implications for business and society. Field-based education offers great potential for students to explore such issues. This article describes a program offering field-based education at base of the pyramid locations throughout the world and a means for extending the experience to other students through video-based electronic case simulations.
Parallel and vector conjugate gradient-like algorithms for sparse nonsymmetric linear systems

We describe a vector and parallel implementation on the IBM 3090-600/VF of two extension of the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm for nonsymmetric sparse linear systems, with arbitrary scarcity structure. For both methods, we consider preconditioning by a diagonal matrix and by an incomplete LU factorization.
Generalized Van Vleck perturbation theory study of chlorine monoxide

The second order generalized Van Vleck perturbation (GVVPT2) variant of multireference perturbation theory for molecular electronic structure theory was used to study the ground and first excited states of the atmospherically important molecule chlorine monoxide (ClO). Unlike multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) results, GVVPT2 shows that the A 2Π state has a local minimum, in agreement with experiment. This study supports the growing evidence that GVVPT2 can be used to study complex electronic structures, including those involving excited states and radicals.
Community Land Trust Homeowners: Past and Present Housing Experiences

Recent developments in the United States housing market suggest that shared-equity homeownership models, such as community land trusts (CLT), can provide a more sustainable path to homeownership for low-income individuals. This study used a qualitative, biographical approach to examine the experiences of 20 CLT homeowners from CLT organizations in two metropolitan areas in the southeastern United States. CLT homeownership offered a path from successful renter into CLT homeownership for the low-income participants in the study. The experiences include comments of the participants before and after becoming homeowners. Many of the participants entered homeownership later in life. Participants reported that they were able to make progress following financial setbacks from job loss, divorce, and health problems.
A survey on web use: how people access, consume, keep, and organize web content

We present the results from a preliminary survey concerning the relationship between web content type (contacted by passive delivery or active discovery) and behavior (access, consume, keep, and organize). From the results of the survey, we highlight content specific design suggestion for Tangible Web (TW), our cloud content repository system that enables users to clip, save, format, and organize web content.
Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI): a novel technique for the soft-ionization of organic compounds.

Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI) is demonstrated as a sensitive ionization technique involving minimal fragmentation of organic molecules. PERCI has been used successfully to softly and efficiently ionize both strongly UV absorbing and non-absorbing molecules. Tunable low energy (<1 eV) electrons are generated by focusing a pulsed UV laser on an aluminum photocathode in the presence of gas phase analyte. Negative ions are formed through a resonance electron capture process. Mass analysis is done using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. PERCI is demonstrated for a number of gas phase compounds and simple mixtures, including sulfur hexafluoride, nitrobenzene, nitrophenol, 2-pentanone, hexanal, heptanal, and octanal. In all cases the molecular ion (or [M−H]−) was observed to be the dominant peak. The 1σ limit of detection was estimated to be on the order of 106 molecules in the ionization region.
The mechanism of liquid-phase resistance to gas absorption in a packed column

The desorption of five sparingly soluble gases from water into air in a packed tower was studied at five different flow conditions. At 25°C. these systems represent a range of liquid-phase diffusivity from 1.4 × 10−5 to 6.3 × 10−5 sq. cm./sec. The mass transfer coefficient was found to vary as the 0.5 power of liquid-phase diffusivity in all cases. This result, obtained through the variation of diffusivity alone, is in agreement with the predictions of penetration theory and strongly suggests a penetration mechanism based on molecular processes and independent of eddy processes during a surface lifetime. A discussion of the nature of the diffusion and surface renewal process in flow over packing is included.
Altering molecular recognition of RNA aptamers by allosteric selection.

In a continuing effort to explore structural and functional dynamics in RNA catalysis, we have created a series of allosteric hammerhead ribozymes that are activated by theophylline. Representative ribozymes exhibit greater than 3000-fold activation upon effector-binding and cleave with maximum rate constants that are equivalent to the unmodified hammerhead ribozyme. In addition, we have evolved a variant allosteric ribozyme that exhibits an effector specificity change from theophylline to 3-methylxanthine. Molecular discrimination between the two effectors appears to be mediated by subtle conformational differences that originate from displacement of the phosphodiester backbone near the effector binding pocket. These findings reveal the importance of abstruse aspects of molecular recognition by nucleic acids that are likely to be unapproachable by current methods of rational design.
The Multiple Common Law Roots of Charitable Immunity: An Essay in Honor of Richard Epstein's Contributions to Tort Law

Professor Epstein has long promoted replacing tort-based malpractice law with a new regime based on contracts. In Mortal Peril, he grounded his normative arguments in favor of such a shift in the positive, doctrinal history of charitable immunity law. In this essay, in three parts, I critique Professor Epstein’s suggestion that a faulty set of interpretations in charitable immunity law led to our current reliance on tort for malpractice claims. First, I offer an alternative interpretation to Professor Epstein’s claim that one group of 19 and early 20 century cases demonstrates a misguided effort to protect donor wishes. Rather, I maintain that these cases make more sense when understood in the context of trust law. Second, I argue that another group of cases — cases based on indigent patients’ implied waivers of tort rights in exchange for charitable services — is not best understood as being based on implied contracts, as Professor Epstein claims. Rather, these cases are better understood as enforcing tort privileges that arise from the charitable status of the defendant. Finally, I critique Professor Epstein’s contention that a charity’s ability to waive immunity for some or all plaintiffs reveals that immunity doctrine more comfortably fits with contract theories than tort theories. ∗Jill R. Horwitz is Louis and Myrtle Moskowitz Research Professor of Business and Law, University of Michigan Law School. The author thanks Marion Fremont-Smith, Bruce Frier, Don Herzog, participants at the AALS Torts Group Section Meeting, and panel members (Jules Coleman, Joshua Getzler, John Goldberg, and Ben Zipursky) for helpful discussions and comments; Lia Ernst for excellent research assistance and editing; and, of course, Richard Epstein for his work. Brought to you by | University of Michigan Law School Authenticated | 141.211.57.203 Download Date | 12/11/13 5:06 PM
Silicone Oil Contamination and Electrical Contact Resistance Degradation of Low-Force Gold Contacts

Hot-switched low-force gold electrical contact testing was performed using a nanomechanical test apparatus to ascertain the sensitivity of simulated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) contact to silicone oil contamination. The observed cyclic contact resistance degradation was dependent on both closure rate and noncontact applied voltage. The decomposition of silicone oil from electrical arcing was hypothesized as the degradation mechanism
Preparation and infrared analysis of some dipeptide complexes of Zeise's salt

Abstract Di- and tri-peptides in general react with metals to form mono-, di- and tri-dentate complexes, utilizing amino-N, peptide-N or -O and carboxylate-O donor atoms. However, unusual complexes of LValLVal, L-Val-L-Leu and L-Leu-L-Val with Zeise's salt, K[PtC2H4Cl3]. H2O have been synthesized. X-ray analysis has shown that L-Val-L-Val has acted as a tetradentate ligand bonding to two Zeise's salt residues, [Pt(C2H4Cl]+. Both the peptide O and N, as well as the amino and carboxylate N and O atoms are donor atoms. Synthesis and infrared analysis of metal sensitive vibrations are discussed.
Emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobics

Abstract Individuals with small animal and blood-injection-injury (BII) phobias respond to phobia-relevant stimuli with both fear and disgust. However, recent studies suggest that fear is the dominant emotional response in animal phobics whereas disgust is the primary emotional response in BII phobics. The present study examined emotional responding toward pictures of spiders, surgical procedures, and two categories of general disgust elicitors (rotting food and body products) among analogue spider phobics, BII phobics, and nonphobics. Dominant emotional responses to phobia-relevant stimuli clearly differentiated the groups, as spider phobics were more likely to be classified as primarily fearful when rating pictures of spiders (74%), whereas BII phobics were more likely to be classified as primarily disgusted when rating pictures of surgical procedures (78%). Discriminant function analyses revealed that disgust ratings, but not fear ratings, of the phobic pictures were significant predictors of phobic group membership. Both phobic groups were characterized by elevated disgust sensitivity toward video and pictorial general disgust elicitors. Implications and suggestions for continued research examining fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobia are outlined.
Expression of type III hyperlipoproteinemia in an adolescent patient with hypothyroidism.

Disorders of lipid metabolism are well recognized as risk factors for the premature development of cardiovascular disease, 1 and several of these disorders can be diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. Although type III hyperlipoproteinemia has several characteristic clinical features, reports of this disorder in pediatric patients are rare? -9 Xanthoma striatum palmare, a yellow-orang e discoloration in the palmar creases, is virtually pathognomonic of type III hyperlipoproteinemia and is present !n 23% to 72% of adult patients reported from different series: 2 Other characteristic xanthomas may also be present, particularly tuberoeruptive lesions or, less commonly, tendon xanthomas. The laboratory diagnosis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia is based on several criteria. Plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are elevated, with the increase in cholesterol being found primari!y in the very low-density iipoprotein fractions; low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are usually normal or low. 1 The VLDL particles have a characteristic electrophoretic mobility, migrating closer to the/~ than the usual pre-/~ band, giving a "broad ~" appearance, 2 and the ratio of VLDL-cholesterol to total triglycerides is greater than 0.30. 2 In addition, concentrations of apolipoprotein E in plasma are elevated in type III hyperlipoproteinemia, 3 and separation of Apo E by isoetectric focusing usually discloses homozygosity of the Apo E2 allele, with an absence of the more common Apo E3 and E4 isoforms.3.10 The appearance of the Apo E2: E2 phenotype is the result of a codominant inheritance pattern and is present in about 1% of the general population. 3' 10 Our report describes the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of a 15-year-old girl with extensive planar and tuberous xanthomas caused by type III hyperlipoprotei-
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Satellite Communications Systems

Over the last ten years, the MITRE Corporation has been involved in the life cycle cost (LCC) evaluation of proposed and implemented systems for the AFSATCOM and MILSTAR Programs. In particular, LCC computer models have been created to represent the logistics structure and associated operation and support costs of airborne satellite communications systems. These LCC Models allow for the representation of differing equipment configurations on multiple platform types (both airborne and ground) and for variable platform deployments at bases worldwide. The LCC Models are also flexible enough to analyze differing maintenance concepts, including two versus three-level repair and centralized intermediate maintenance facilities. These LCC Models have been provided to contractors both for their in-house use in conducting LCC analysis and for reporting LCC results to the Government. The prime purposes these LCC Models have served are to: (1) Identify high LCC drivers in both equipment design and support concepts, (2) Serve as a LCC trade-off analysis tool, and (3) Provide a Government-approved and uniform framework for LCC analysis by competing contractors (i.e., avoiding "apples versus oranges" comparisons). Several specific examples of cost savings generated by this LCC analysis are illustrated, including an analysis of AFSATCOM support equipment deployment.
An Anglo-American Friendship: Allston and Coleridge

One of the most interesting and intense of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's various friendships, and one which especially affected the poet, sprang from his association with the American cosmopolite, Washington Allston. Though largely forgotten now, or ignored if remembered, Allston was an artist of great prominence in the first half of the nineteenth century, acclaimed in the United States as the foremost American painter. His writings—consisting mainly of a slender volume of verse, The Sylphs of the Seasons, and an Italian revenge tale, Monaldi—were also highly praised in journals and among the literati. But when the ‘historical style’, a term applied to romantic idealism in painting, went out of fashion, Allston's high standing as painter went with it; nor were his writings of the volume or quality to sustain a literary reputation. There exists no doubt, though, that Allston was the first skilled all-round American painter, for the simple reason that no American before him had painted competently such a broad range of subjects in the different genres. Neither is there any doubt as to Allston's influence upon contemporary artists and writers. He was a catalyst who seemed to stir others to expression wherever he went. His 1839 exhibition of paintings in Boston caused a mild sensation and was written about by Margaret Fuller, James Freeman Clarke, Oliver Wendell Holmes and Elizabeth Peabody. Washington Irving's story ‘The Wife’ in The Sketch-Book was based on Allston's married life.
Dynamics of knowledge creation in global participatory science communities: open innovation communities from a network perspective

Significant attention has been given to advancing cyber-infrastructures to support virtual engineering and science communities based on the proposition that virtual organizations can more effectively create and leverage knowledge due to diverse information, skills, and resources to enhance capacity to innovate. Yet, relatively little is known about desirable organizing processes in virtual open science communities. To this end, a simulation-based exploratory study is conducted to better understand the conditions that confer increased rates of innovation in such socio-technical systems. Three types of open science communities are identified and simulated using agent simulation as a method of inquiry. Simulation results show that centrality, as a measure of degree of connectedness, correlates with innovation output in exploratory and service communities up to a point. Also, utility-oriented communities have social network structures with low density and high centrality, which suggest high potential for innovation.