cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of acoustic properties of microalgae and implications for the performance of ultrasonic harvesting systems

Abstract Microalgae are a promising feedstock for biofuel production, but difficulties associated with harvesting suspended cultures contribute to the high costs of algal feedstock production. Ultrasonic harvesting has been identified as a potential low-cost technique, but limited data are available on the response of microalgae cells in the presence of an acoustic field. The acoustic radiation force acting on a cell depends upon cell size and the acoustic contrast factor (ACF) of the cell in the media. The ACF depends upon the density and compressibility of the cell and the media. Cell size and ACF were measured for Microchloropsis gaditana, Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The average ACFs, which were determined by measuring the densities and sound velocities of suspensions containing varying concentrations of cells in growth media, were 0.04 (range = 0.03–0.05) for M. gaditana, 0.02 (range = 0.01–0.04) for N. oculata, 0.05 (range = 0.04–0.07) for P. tricornutum, and 0.05 (range = 0.049–0.053) for C. reinhardtii. The ratio of the acoustic radiation force to the drag force would be highest for C. reinhardtii cells due to their larger effective radius (5.6 μm compared to 1.9–2.7 μm for the other species). The effective ACF of C. reinhardtii was also evaluated by recording the motion of cells in the presence of an acoustic field, using particle tracking velocimetry, and then modeling the recorded motion using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The result (ACF = 0.04) demonstrated agreement with the density/sound velocity meter method. Experiments with starch null sta6 mutant C. reinhardtii cells demonstrated that the effective ACF can transition from positive to zero and eventually become negative as microalgae cells accumulate lipids. The dynamic nature of the ACF represents an opportunity and a challenge for acoustic harvesting of algal cells.
Mitochondrial changes in axonal dystrophy produced by vitamin E deficiency.

Diverse mitochondrial abnormalities constitute one of the conspicuous ultra-structural features of the dystrophic axons that develop in rats maintained on a vitamin E deficient diet. The alterations include enlargement accompanied by pleomorphism, swelling, derangement in the structure of cristae and two types of intramitochondrial deposits. Many of these changes are also observed in other types of cell injury and therefore cannot be considered a specific manifestation of vitamin E deficiency or axonal dystrophy. However, the non-autophagic dissolution of mitochondria leading to the accumulation of unbounded masses of granular dense material appears characteristic of the conditions of chronic neuronal injury that result in dystrophic axon formation.
The Importance of Processor Architecture

Current-day multiprocessors represent the general belief that processor architecture is of little importance in designing parallel machines. In this Chapter, the fallacy of this assumption will be demonstrated on the basis of the two fundamental issue of latency and synchronization.
Highly Excited Bound and Low-Lying Resonance States of H2O†

A theoretical study of the highest bound states and some of the lowest energy resonance states of water in its ground electronic state, X = 11A‘, and with zero total angular momentum, is presented. The majority of our calculations correspond to the even symmetry block with respect to hydrogen atom exchange. An accurate ab initio based potential surface is employed. The Lanczos method, applied to a large grid representation of the Hamiltonian, is shown to be a straightforward method for obtaining the bound state energy levels. Selected eigenfunctions are also determined and several of those near the dissociation threshold are quite extended. Resonance states just above the dissociation threshold are characterized with the aid of damped Chebyshev iterations. Among the resonances observed are those with hyperspherical and local mode character.
Chapter 4. Relationship of Environmental Nitrogen Metabolism to Human Health

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sources and forms of nitrogen in the diet, human requirements for nitrogen, metabolism, and potential harmful and/or beneficial effects of certain forms of nitrogen and nitrogen metabolites in the body on human health. The need by humans to produce and consume food and other agricultural products is increasing with a growing population leading to increased human demands for nitrogen to produce food and other products. Therefore it is important to consider the impact of human intake, metabolism, and excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds will have on both humans and the environment. Protein was shown to be an essential source of nitrogen for humans. Other nitrogen-containing compounds were shown to impact human health as well, in both potentially deleterious and beneficial ways. Therefore it is important to continue to analyze and recognize the impact that nitrogen-containing compounds have on humans and the impact that will occur on the environment as the human population continues to grow.
The Political and Civic Engagement of Undocumented Immigrants

The data will be an extremely valuable resource for faculty, graduate students, and undergraduates interested in studying issues ranging from perceptions of crime and corruption; political behaviors like voting and protesting; attitudes toward democracy, governments, and political institutions; and even migratory behavior and experiences. This data has been the basis of scores of articles in professional journals, and has been the basis of hundreds of MA theses, Ph.D. dissertations; and books; but only faculty and students at official repositories have free access to the data. UU students and faculty will now have free and unlimited access for at least the next two years, with a good chance that the library will make a permanent purchase of the data after that.
The case of Mrs. Purl: Using a learning trajectory as a tool for teaching

Researchers have hypothesized and, in some cases, shown that hypothetical learning trajectories (LT)s can be effective tools in teaching, but implementation, across individual teachers, varies. From the literature base, we have identified six ways researchers have hypothesized teachers might be able to use LTs in their work as teachers: formatively assess students over time, attend to student thinking, provide appropriate differentiation, design and modify mathematical tasks, choose appropriate learning goals, and relate lesson goals to broader curriculum goals. To gain greater insight from the teachers’ perspective, we followed one teacher, Mrs. Purl, and chronicled her efforts in using the LT to design and enact student interviews and lessons. During data collection, Mrs. Purl participated in in-the-moment noticing in which she noted events during interviews or instruction that she found significant. Following interviews and lessons, Mrs. Purl was asked to reflect on each of the events and describe what she noticed, what she could infer about student understanding, and instructional implications. Using literature on teacher noticing, we qualitatively analyzed each of the three components and then related them back to the ways in which researchers have hypothesized teachers might be able to use learning trajectories. Findings suggest that the LT supported Mrs. Purl in attending to students’ thinking, designing and modifying mathematical tasks, and choosing appropriate learning goals, but she did not refer to the LT to provide differentiation, formatively assess students over time, or relate lesson goals to broader curriculum goals.
Continuously variable atomic structure in monatomic metallic glasses through active icosahedral dynamics below glass transition temperature

As a ubiquitous structural feature in metallic glasses, icosahedral clusters are known to be arrested below the glass transition temperature (Tg), and correspondingly, the atomic structure of a solid metallic glass is generally fixed, even though interatomic spacing varies slightly with temperature. Here, we report our discovery from large molecular dynamics simulations that icosahedral clusters in monoatomic metallic glasses (e.g., Ta, V) are capable of adapting their population and geometry to changing temperature in a wide range spanning more than 1000° below Tg. This enables variation of the atomic structure of the metallic glasses directly in the solid state and provides an opportunity to tailor the materials' performance in functional devices, despite precautions needed to avoid undesired crystallization. The surprising discovery of active icosahedral dynamics far below Tg has important implications for the physical understanding of glassy metallic systems.As a ubiquitous structural feature in metallic glasses, icosahedral clusters are known to be arrested below the glass transition temperature (Tg), and correspondingly, the atomic structure of a solid metallic glass is generally fixed, even though interatomic spacing varies slightly with temperature. Here, we report our discovery from large molecular dynamics simulations that icosahedral clusters in monoatomic metallic glasses (e.g., Ta, V) are capable of adapting their population and geometry to changing temperature in a wide range spanning more than 1000° below Tg. This enables variation of the atomic structure of the metallic glasses directly in the solid state and provides an opportunity to tailor the materials' performance in functional devices, despite precautions needed to avoid undesired crystallization. The surprising discovery of active icosahedral dynamics far below Tg has important implications for the physical understanding of glassy metallic systems.
Enabling Homochirality and Hydrothermal Stability in Zn4O-Based Porous Crystals

The [Zn4O]6+ cluster is well-known to form the archetypal MOF-5 topology with dicarboxylate ligands. Here we report two new materials (CPM-300 and -301) that show dramatic alteration of topological and chemical behaviors of [Zn4O]6+ clusters. In CPM-300, [Zn4O]6+ untypically forms the MIL-88/MOF-235 type framework with a small pentane-ring-based chiral dicarboxylate. In contrast, in CPM-301, when mediated by [Zn9(btz)12]6+ clusters (btz = benzotriazolate), the MOF-5 topology is regenerated with the same chiral ligand, albeit with alternating [Zn4O]6+ and [Zn9(btz)12]6+ clusters. Importantly, both CPM-300 and CPM-301 are homochiral, hydrothermally stable in boiling water and alcohol, and thermally stable to 440 °C or higher. It is concluded that small methyl groups on the chiral ligand is sufficiently powerful to shield [Zn4O]6+ clusters from degradation by water, even at high temperatures. These results reveal a promising platform for the development of a new class of cluster-based homochiral and hydrothe...
Identifying bias in cold season temperature reconstructions by beetle mutual climatic range methods in the Pliocene Canadian High Arctic

Abstract Well-preserved beetle elytra from the fossil and subfossil record are used by palaeoclimatologists to estimate past temperatures. Beetle-derived estimates of temperature across the Pliocene Arctic are consistently lower than those derived from other palaeoclimate proxies. Here we test if that pattern is attributable to either the modern dataset or specific mutual climatic range method (MCRM). We used a global dataset of observations (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) for modern beetles as opposed to a North American regional dataset, and a consistent MCRM for comparison to vegetation-derived estimates, termed CRACLE (Climate Reconstruction Analysis using Coexistence Likelihood Estimation), rather than different MCRM methods for each analysis. Beetle-derived estimates from one site, Beaver Pond, are consistently much lower than the vegetation-derived estimates, stable isotope results from flora and fauna, and summer temperatures from bacterial tetraethers. The reanalysis of beetle data produced a small reduction in proxy estimate mismatch overall. We found good agreement among proxy estimates of maximum temperature of the warmest month for two of the three sites in the Canadian Arctic, but increasingly poorer agreement for warmest quarter, coldest quarter and minimum temperature of the coldest month. This pattern may be due to beetles' avoidance mechanisms and a climate space different from modern calibration sets during the Pliocene. Beetle derived temperature estimates, especially cold season, should be interpreted with caution when reconstructing palaeoclimates.
Proof-Carrying Smart Contracts

We propose a way to reconcile the apparent contradiction between the immutability of idealized smart contracts and the real-world need to update contracts to fix bugs and oversights. Our proposal is to raise the contract’s level of abstraction to guarantee a specification \(\varphi \) instead of a particular implementation of that specification. A combination of proof-carrying code and proof-aware consensus allows contract implementations to be updated as needed, but so as to guarantee that \(\varphi \) cannot be violated by any future upgrade.
Dance movement psychotherapy with people with learning disabilities: out of the shadows, into the light, 1st Edition

From birth, each person encounters unique experiences and holds individualised perspectives on the world around them. For those born with learning disabilities, these experiences are equally singul...
Modulating Integrin αIIbβ3 Activity through Mutagenesis of Allosterically Regulated Intersubunit Contacts

Integrin αIIbβ3, a transmembrane heterodimer, mediates platelet aggregation when it switches from an inactive to an active ligand-binding conformation following platelet stimulation. Central to regulating αIIbβ3 activity is the interaction between the αIIb and β3 extracellular stalks, which form a tight heterodimer in the inactive state and dissociate in the active state. Here, we demonstrate that alanine replacements of sensitive positions in the heterodimer stalk interface destabilize the inactive conformation sufficiently to cause constitutive αIIbβ3 activation. To determine the structural basis for this effect, we performed a structural bioinformatics analysis and found that perturbing intersubunit contacts with favorable interaction geometry through substitutions to alanine quantitatively accounted for the degree of constitutive αIIbβ3 activation. This mutational study directly assesses the relationship between favorable interaction geometry at mutation-sensitive positions and the functional activity of those mutants, giving rise to a simple model that highlights the importance of interaction geometry in contributing to the stability between protein-protein interactions.
Effect of Protein Isotope Labeling on the Catalytic Mechanism of Lactate Dehydrogenase

We investigate how isotopic labeling of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) affects its function. LDH is of special interest because there exists a line of residues spanning the protein that are involved in the transition state (TS) of the chemical reaction coordinate (so-called promoting vibration). Hence, studies have been carried out on this protein (as well as others) using labeled protein (so-called heavy protein) along with measurements of single turnover kcat yielding a KIE (=kcatlight/kcatheavy) aimed at understanding the effect of labeling generally and more specifically this line of residues. Here, it is shown that 13C, 15N, and 2H atom labeling of hhLDH (human heart) affects its internal structure which in turn affects its dynamics and catalytic mechanism. Spectral studies employing advanced FTIR difference spectroscopy show that the height of the electronic potential surface of the TS is lowered (probably by ground state destabilization) by labeling. Moreover, laser-induced T-jump relaxation kinetic spectroscopy shows that the microsecond to millisecond nuclear motions internal to the protein are affected by labeling. While the effects are small, they are sufficient to contribute to the observed KIE values as well or even more than promoting vibration effects.
Biomechanical Comparison of Two Locking Plate Constructs for the Stabilization of Feline Tibial Fractures.

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of locking compression plate (LCP) and conical coupling plate (CCP) constructs for the stabilization of experimentally induced gap fractures in cat tibiae. Materials and Methods Pelvic limbs were harvested from eight cat cadavers. Paired tibiae were stripped of all soft tissues, and randomly assigned to the LCP or CCP stabilization group. An eight-hole 2.7 mm LCP or a six-hole 2.5 mm CCP was applied to the medial surface of each tibia. A 1-cm segment of the tibia was excised centrally beneath the plate. The specimens were potted, then tested in non-destructive four-point craniocaudal and mediolateral bending, followed by non-destructive axial compression. Each construct was subsequently loaded to failure in axial compression. Bending and axial stiffness, yield load and failure load were calculated for each specimen. Results The LCP constructs were significantly stiffer than the CCP constructs when subjected to non-destructive bending and axial loading. Craniocaudal bending stiffness was significantly greater than mediolateral bending stiffness for both constructs. Yield load and failure load were significantly greater for LCP constructs compared with CCP constructs. Clinical Significance LCP may be a more suitable implant for stabilizing complex diaphyseal tibial fractures in cats. Additional supplemental fixation should be considered when using CCP to stabilize unreconstructed diaphyseal tibial fractures in cats. Further clinical investigation of both implants is recommended.
College Students’ Sense of Belonging: A National Perspective:

In a nationally representative sample, first-year U.S. college students “somewhat agree,” on average, that they feel like they belong at their school. However, belonging varies by key institutional...
Role of elimination diet in the management of proteinuria

This article address issues on what is an elimination diet? What is the scientific background and the evidence for it? The use of elimination diet in gastrointestinal diseases and in IgA nephropathy. In this article, I share my experience on elimination diet in the clinical practice and an ongoing clinical study, the pitfalls and my advices.
Communication Skills in the Age of COVID-19.

COVID-19 has placed enormous stress on hospitals and health care providers worldwide. Limitations in hospital capacity may result in difficult decisions in how life-sustaining technologies are allo...
A closer look at the natural history and recurrence patterns of high-grade truncal/extremity leiomyosarcomas: A multi-institutional analysis from the US Sarcoma Collaborative

Abstract Background/objective Natural history and outcomes for truncal/extremity (TE) soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is derived primarily from studies investigating all histiotypes as one homogenous cohort. We aimed to define the recurrence rate (RR), recurrence patterns, and response to radiation of TE leiomyosarcomas (LMS). Methods Patients from the US Sarcoma Collaborative database with primary, high-grade TE STS were identified. Patients were grouped into LMS or other histology (non-LMS). Primary endpoints were locoregional recurrence-free survival (LR-RFS), distant-RFS (D-RFS), and disease specific survival (DSS). Results Of 1215 patients, 93 had LMS and 1122 non-LMS. In LMS patients, median age was 63 and median tumor size was 6 cm. In non-LMS patients, median age was 58 and median tumor size was 8 cm. In LMS patients, overall RR was 42% with 15% LR-RR and 29% D-RR. The 3yr LR-RFS, D-RFS, and DSS were 84%, 65%, and 76%, respectively. When considering high-risk (>5 cm and high-grade, n = 49) LMS patients, the overall RR was 45% with 12% LR-RR and 35% D-RR. 61% received radiation. The 3yr LR-RFS (78vs93%, p = 0.39), D-RFS (53vs63%, p = 0.27), and DSS (67vs91%, p = 0.17) were similar in those who did and did not receive radiation. High-risk, non-LMS patients had a similar overall RR of 42% with 15% LR-RR and 30% D-RR. 60% of non-LMS patients received radiation. There was an improved 3yr LR-RFS (82vs75%, p = 0.030) and DSS (77vs65%,p = 0.007) in non-LMS patients who received radiation. Conclusions In our cohort, patients with LMS have a low local recurrence rate (12–15%) and modest distant recurrence rate (29–35%). However, LMS patients had no improvement in local control or long-term outcomes with radiation. The value of radiation in these patients merits further investigation.
Rumford’s Experiments on the Materiality of Light

Rumford’s experiments on the heat generated during the boring of cannons, from which he argued for the “inexhaustible” creation of heat by friction, were cited and used by James Prescott Joule many years later to calculate roughly a mechanical equivalent of heat.2 I shall suggest in what follows that the fact that this work was so cited and used by a later work that itself provided the reference point for even later research is a key factor in the growth of science.
One pot facile transformation of CO2 to an unusual 3-D nano-scaffold morphology of carbon.

An electrosynthesis is presented to transform CO2 into an unusual nano and micron dimensioned morphology of carbon, termed Carbon Nano-Scaffold (CNS) with wide a range of high surface area graphene potential usages including batteries, supercapacitors, compression devices, electromagnetic wave shielding and sensors. Current CNS value is over $323 per milligram. The morphology consists of a series of asymmetric 20 to 100 nm thick flat multilayer graphene platelets 2 to 20 µm long orthogonally oriented in a 3D neoplasticism-like geometry, and appears distinct from the honeycomb, foam, or balsa wood cell structures previously attributed to carbon scaffolds. The CNS synthesis splits CO2 by electrolysis in molten carbonate and has a carbon negative footprint. It is observed that transition metal nucleated, high yield growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is inhibited in electrolytes containing over 50 wt% of sodium or 30 wt% of potassium carbonate, or at electrolysis temperatures less than 700 °C. Here, it is found that a lower temperature of synthesis, lower concentrations of lithium carbonate, and higher current density promotes CNS growth while suppressing CNT growth. Electrolyte conditions of 50 wt% sodium carbonate relative to lithium carbonate at an electrolysis temperature of 670 °C produced over 80% of the CNS desired product at 85% faradaic efficiency with a Muntz brass cathode and an Inconel anode.
Augmented seizure susceptibility and hippocampal epileptogenesis in a translational mouse model of febrile status epilepticus.

Objective Prolonged fever-induced seizures (febrile status epilepticus [FSE]) during early childhood increase the risk for later epilepsy, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Experimental FSE (eFSE) in rats successfully models human FSE, recapitulating the resulting epileptogenesis in a subset of affected individuals. However, the powerful viral and genetic tools that may enhance mechanistic insights into epileptogenesis and associated comorbidities, are better-developed for mice. Therefore, we aimed to determine if eFSE could be generated in mice and if it provoked enduring changes in hippocampal-network excitability and the development of spontaneous seizures. Methods We employed C57BL/6J male mice, the strain used most commonly in transgenic manipulations, and examined if early life eFSE could be sustained and if it led to hyperexcitability of hippocampal networks and to epilepsy. Outcome measures included vulnerability to the subsequent administration of the limbic convulsant kainic acid (KA) and the development of spontaneous seizures. In the first mouse cohort, adult naive and eFSE-experiencing mice were exposed to KA. A second cohort of control and eFSE-experiencing young adult mice was implanted with bilateral hippocampal electrodes and recorded using continuous video-electroencephalography (EEG) for 2 to 3 months to examine for spontaneous seizures (epileptogenesis). Results Induction of eFSE was feasible and eFSE increased the susceptibility of adult C57BL/6J mice to KA, thereby reducing latency to seizure onset and increasing seizure severity. Of 24 chronically recorded eFSE mice, 4 (16.5%) developed hippocampal epilepsy with a latent period of ~3 months, significantly different from the expectation by chance (P = .04). The limbic epilepsy that followed eFSE was progressive. Significance eFSE promotes pro-epileptogenic network changes in a majority of C57BL/6J male mice and frank "temporal lobe-like" epilepsy in one sixth of the cohort. Mouse eFSE may thus provide a useful tool for investigating molecular, cellular, and circuit changes during the development of temporal lobe epilepsy and its comorbidities.
19.1 Optical Phased-Array FMCW LiDAR with On-Chip Calibration

Light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors provide high resolution and high accuracy for diverse applications such as autonomous vehicles and three-dimensional imagers. Over the past few years, there has been significant development towards compact, low-power, and low-cost realization of lidars. Recently, silicon-based large-scale optical phased arrays operating at around 1550nm [1 –4] along with their application in lidar [5] [6] have been demonstrated. A major challenge associated with large-scale optical phased arrays is the inevitable mismatches across the array that necessitate array calibration. At present, all large-scale arrays are calibrated by using an external optical detector for measuring focused far-field beam spot intensity [3] or infrared image sensors for measuring the far-field radiation patterns in the lab [1] [2] [6]. This solution, which requires an external detector at a far-field distance, naturally does not lend itself to large-scale field deployment of optical phased arrays for commercial applications with a compact form factor.
Absence seizures and their relationship to depression and anxiety: Evidence for bidirectionality.

Absence seizures (AS), presenting as short losses of consciousness with staring spells, are a common manifestation of childhood epilepsy that is associated with behavioral, emotional, and social impairments. It has also been suggested that patients with AS are more likely to suffer from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes human and animal models that investigated mood disorders and AS. Of the 1019 scientific publications identified, 35 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. We found that patients with AS had greater odds of developing depression and anxiety when compared to controls (odds ratio = 4.93, 95% confidence interval = 2.91-8.35, p < .01). The included studies further suggest a strong correlation between AS and depression and anxiety in the form of a bidirectional relationship. The current literature emphasizes that these conditions likely share underlying mechanisms, such as genetic predisposition, neurophysiology, and anatomical pathways. Further research will clarify this relationship and ensure more effective treatment for AS and mood disorders.
On chip detection of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor secreted from dopaminergic cells under magnetic stimulation.

Abstract Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a small protein potently promoting the survival of dopaminergic and motor neurons. GDNF can be secreted from different types of cells including the dopaminergic neural cell line, N27. N27 cells, a rat dopaminergic neural cell line, is regarded as a suitable in vitro model for Parkinson's disease (PD) research. For PD treatment, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a noninvasive therapeutic method, showed beneficial clinical effects, but the mechanism for its benefit is not understood. Because GDNF is a potent neurotrophic factor, it is of great value to evaluate if GDNF secretion from N27 cells can be affected by magnetic stimulation (MS). However, the current methods for detecting GDNF are time-consuming and expensive. In this paper we outline the detection of GDNF secretion from N27 cells by ultrasensitive nanopore thin film sensors (nanosensor) for the first time. As low as 2 pg/mL GDNF can be readily detected by the nanosensor. Furthermore, we show that MS can promote GDNF secretion from N27 cells. Specifically, the GDNF concentration in N27 cell-conditioned media under MS treatment shows statistically significant increase up to 2-fold after 5 days in vitro in comparison with the control. This nanosensor along with the in vitro PD model N27 cells provides a low-cost, easy-to-use, sensitive approach for studying potential cell biological mechanisms of the clinical benefits of MS on PD.
Preparing Anesthesiology Residents for Operating Room Communication Challenges: A New Approach for Conflict Resolution Training.

Background The hierarchical culture in high-stake areas such as operating rooms (ORs) may create volatile communication challenges. This unfunded exploratory study sought to establish whether a conflict resolution course was effective in preparing anesthesiology residents to handle and deescalate disagreements that may arise in the clinical environment, especially when challenging a surgeon. Methods Thirty-seven anesthesiology residents were assessed for ability to deescalate conflict. Nineteen had completed a conflict resolution course, and 18 had not. The 2-hour course used 10 videotaped vignettes that showed attending anesthesiologists, patients, and surgeons challenging residents in a potentially confrontational situation. Guided review of the videos and discussions was focused on how the resident could optimally engage in conflict resolution. To determine efficacy of the conflict resolution course, we used simulation-based testing. The setting was a simulated OR with loud music playing (75-80 dB) under the control of the surgeon. The music was used as a tool to create a potential, realistic confrontation with the surgeon to test conflict resolution skills. The initial evaluation of the resident was whether they ignored the music, asked for the surgeon to turn it off, or attempted to turn it off themselves. The second evaluation was whether the resident attempted to deescalate (eg, calmly negotiate for the music to be turned off or down) when the surgeon was scripted to adamantly refuse. Two trained observers evaluated residents' responses to the surgeon's refusal. Results Of the residents who experienced the confrontational situation and had not yet taken the conflict resolution course, 1 of 5 (20.0%; 95% CI, 0.5-71.6) were judged to have deescalated the situation. In comparison, of those who had taken the course, 14 of 15 (93.3%; 95% CI, 68.1-99.8) were judged to have deescalated the situation (P = .002). Only 2 of 19 (10.5%; 95% CI, 1.3-33.1) of those who completed the course ignored the music on entering the OR versus 10 of 18 (55.6%; 95% CI, 30.8-78.5) who did not complete the course (P = .004). Conclusions This study suggests that a conflict resolution course may improve the ability of anesthesiology residents to defuse clinical conflicts. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of a novel, simulation-based assessment of communication skills used to defuse OR confrontation.
Epistemic justice for the dead

The classics of social theory have a peculiar status: our current list is the product of past academic strategizing, and the list of favored classics has changed. Currently there is a process of re...
Venous stenting for idiopathic intracranial hypertension: lessons learned from a high-volume practice

In recent years, venous sinus stenting (VSS) has emerged as an effective surgical treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) with concomitant venous sinus stenosis. Meta-analyses of small series of VSS have demonstrated an excellent safety profile with improvement in headaches, pulsatile tinnitus, papilledema, and visual symptoms in the majority of patients.1 This has led to a rapid growth of VSS being performed with few practitioners having substantial experience. This fact is concerning for several reasons. First, little is known about the pathophysiology of the stenosis or why it might recur following stenting, other than untested theories.2 3 Second, more realistic series suggest that as many as 60% of patients with IIH have symptoms that persist or recur after VSS.4 Third, major complications, including death, occur in about 2% of treated patients.5 These complications are largely avoidable and can potentially be minimized by thoughtful patient selection and safe procedural techniques. Yet recommendations for the selection of patients and performance of VSS are quite limited,6 with little published advice or educational resources available for surgeons interested in performing these procedures. The purpose of this manuscript is to present lessons learned from a high-volume VSS practice to aid neurointerventionalists in caring for patients with IIH. My personal experience includes over 150 VSS stent procedures and over 400 cerebral venogram procedures over a 5-year period (roughly 30 and 80 procedures annually, respectively). Admittedly, there is little scientific evidence supporting most of the principles presented, but for those learning points where some data exist, references are included. In many instances, alternative strategies not discussed in this paper may be equally (or more) effective; there are many ways to take good care of patients. As such, the views expressed in this commentary are strictly my own and should not be considered …
Kilometer-scale larval dispersal processes predict metapopulation connectivity pathways for Paramuricea biscaya in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Fine-scale larval dispersal and connectivity processes are key to species survival, growth, recovery and adaptation under rapidly changing disturbances. Quantifying both are required to develop any effective management strategy. In the present work, we examine the dispersal pattern and potential connectivity of a common deep-water coral, Paramuricea biscaya, found in the northern Gulf of Mexico by evaluating predictions of physical models with estimates of genetic connectivity. While genetic approaches provide estimates of realized connectivity, they do not provide information on the dispersal process. Physical circulation models can now achieve kilometer-scale resolution sufficient to provide detailed insight into the pathways and scales of larval dispersal. A high-resolution regional ocean circulation model is integrated for 2015 and its advective pathways are compared with the outcome of the genetic connectivity estimates of corals collected at six locations over the continental slope at depths comprised between 1000 and 3000 meters. Furthermore, the likely interannual variability is extrapolated using ocean hindcasts available for this basin. The general connectivity pattern exhibits a dispersal trend from east to west following 1000 to 2000-meter isobaths, corresponding to the overall westward near-bottom circulation. The connectivity networks predicted by our model were mostly congruent with the estimated genetic connectivity patterns. Our results show that although dispersal distances of 100 km or less are common, depth differences between tens to a few hundred meters can effectively limit larval dispersal. A probabilistic graphic model suggests that stepping-stone dispersal mediated by intermediate sites provides a likely mechanism for long-distance connectivity between the populations separated by distances of 300 km or greater, such as those found in the DeSoto and Keathley canyons.
Honouring Culture and Language: Culturally Responsive Teaching in Social Work Education in English medium Instruction

Language comprehension, practice competence, and cultural identity are common issues within social work instructional environments that use English medium instruction. Eliminating the language of a culture from instruction can also eliminate sociocultural understandings and create disconnects for adapting social work practice to local communities. A culturally responsive teaching approach incorporates the student’s cultural background in teaching. Two social work instructors used reflective journaling to describe their application of culturally responsive teaching within United Arab Emirates social work courses that used English medium instruction. Their descriptions indicated that culturally responsive teaching provided opportunities to identify gaps in student learning and adapt teaching and learning to the local context.
Grit is Negatively Associated with Body Weight, Body Mass Index and Disinhibition and Positively Related to Cognitive Eating Restraint

Grit, the perseverance and passion for pursing long-term goals, may be a personality trait of interest in weight management as grit may be related to body weight (BW) modification through the control of food intake. This study explored the association between grit and cognitive eating restraint (CER), disinhibition and hunger, three factors known to affect BW regulation. Eighty women [mean±SD age: 31.4±8.2 y, BW: 76.2±19.1 kg, body mass index (BMI): 27.9±6.9 kg/m2] completed the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and Eating Inventory (EI) upon enrolling in a 1-year weight gain prevention trial. Grit-S scores ranged from 2.0 to 4.6 (1-5 scale); the average Grit-S score was 3.4±0.7. EI scores for CER (0-21 items), disinhibition (0-16 items) and hunger (0-14 items) ranged from 2-17, 1-14 and 0-13, respectively, with average scores of 9.1±3.5, 7.6±3.2 and 5.6±2.8, respectively. Pearson's correlation was used to examine the relationship between Grit-S score and BW, BMI, CER, disinhibition and hunger. Grit was negativel...
TIMI grade flow, mortality, and the GUSTO-III trial

Thrombolytic therapy dates back to animal studies performed in the early 1940s, although clinical trials did not begin until the early 1980s. Many large, placebo-controlled trials conclusively recorded improved survival with thrombolytics in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, only recently did clinical trials compare tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and streptokinase (SK), and only one study showed a difference in mortality between them. This discrepancy, in part, led to the open-artery hypothesis that early and sustained infarct-related artery patency improves outcome. This theory was tested in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO-I) study. The angiographic substudy of GUSTO-I provided strong evidence for the relationship between 90-minute thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade 3 flow and lower mortality. However, despite significantly higher 90-minute TIMI grade 3 flow (54% vs 32%) with accelerated tPA versus SK plus intravenous heparin, the absolute difference in mortality rate was less than 1%. The recently completed GUSTO-III trial compared accelerated tPA with reteplase (rPA). Based on the open-artery hypothesis and previous data showing an absolute difference of 15% in 90-minute TIMI grade 3 flow between the agents, it was anticipated that mortality would be lower with rPA than with accelerated tPA. The GUSTO-III study showed no significant difference in 30-day mortality for the agents (7.47% vs 7.24%, p=0.61), respectively. These results raise questions about the validity of the hypothesis: if 90-minute TIMI grade 3 flow is such a strong predictor of mortality, why is there not a greater difference in mortality rates for thrombolytic agents?
Reductions in REDD1 expression correspond to enhanced rates of protein synthesis following eccentric contractions (1163.16)

Resistance exercise induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy due to enhanced rates of protein synthesis. Signaling through mTORC1 plays a vital role in integrating signals generated by resistance exerci...
Pricing Behaviour of the Monopolistic and Duopolistic Firms in the Long Run with Heterogeneous Products

Scholars have compared the pricing behaviour where a monopolist in the short run produces heterogeneous products 1 and 2, and a duopolist i produces goods i (i = 1, 2), where there are exogenous shocks to marginal cost and/or industry demand. This pricing behaviour is short run in that no entry is considered. However, this paper considers whether the existence of a potential entrant producing heterogeneous goods affects the pricing behaviour of the established monopolist under the same random shocks.
The Time Divide

Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Trends in Work, Family, and Leisure Time 1. Overworked Americans or the Growth of Leisure? 2. Working Time from the Perspective of Families Part II: Integrating Work and Family Life 3. Do Americans Feel Overworked? 4. How Work Spills Over into Life 5. The Structure and Culture of Work Part III: Work, Family, and Social Policy 6. American Workers in Cross-National Perspective with Janet C. Gornick 7. Bridging the Time Divide 8. Where Do We Go from Here? Appendix: Supplementary Tables Notes References Index
Local presentation of substrate molecules directs axon specification by cultured hippocampal neurons.

Axon specification is a crucial, early step in neuronal development, but little is known about how this event is controlled in vivo . To test the hypothesis that local presentation of growth-promoting molecules can direct axon specification, we cultured hippocampal neurons on substrates patterned with stripes of poly-l-lysine and either laminin (LN) or the neuron–glia cell adhesion molecule (NgCAM). Although undifferentiated neurites contacted both substrates equally, axons formed preferentially on LN or NgCAM. Time-lapse studies revealed that changes in the growth pattern of a cell indicative of axon specification began almost immediately after the growth cone of one of the neurites of the cell contacted LN or NgCAM. When cells were plated on alternating stripes of LN and NgCAM, cells with their somata on LN usually formed axons on NgCAM, whereas those with somata on NgCAM preferentially formed axons on LN. This suggests that the change from one axon-promoting substrate to another also provides a signal sufficient to specify the axon. These results demonstrate that contact with preferred substrate molecules can govern which neurite becomes the axon and thus direct the development of neuronal polarity.
Regulatory dendritic cell infusion prolongs kidney allograft survival in nonhuman primates.

We examined the influence of regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg), generated from cytokine-mobilized donor blood monocytes in vitamin D3 and IL-10, on renal allograft survival in a clinically relevant rhesus macaque model. DCreg expressed low MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but comparatively high levels of programmed death ligand-1 (B7-H1), and were resistant to pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced maturation. They were infused intravenously (3.5–10 × 106/kg), together with the B7-CD28 costimulation blocking agent CTLA4Ig, 7 days before renal transplantation. CTLA4Ig was given for up to 8 weeks and rapamycin, started on Day −2, was maintained with tapering of blood levels until full withdrawal at 6 months. Median graft survival time was 39.5 days in control monkeys (no DC infusion; n = 6) and 113.5 days (p < 0.05) in DCreg-treated animals (n = 6). No adverse events were associated with DCreg infusion, and there was no evidence of induction of host sensitization based on circulating donor-specific alloantibody levels. Immunologic monitoring also revealed regulation of donor-reactive memory CD95+ T cells and reduced memory/regulatory T cell ratios in DCreg-treated monkeys compared with controls. Termination allograft histology showed moderate combined T cell- and Ab-mediated rejection in both groups. These findings justify further preclinical evaluation of DCreg therapy and their therapeutic potential in organ transplantation.
Chemical Flexibility of P-Glycoprotein for Interaction with Substrates and Modulators

P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1) is an ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter, which plays a major role in the development of multidrug resistance in cancer cells. This transporter pumps out from cells a variety of anti-cancer drugs using the energy from ATP hydrolysis. One of the most important features of Pgp is its ability to recognize multiple chemically dissimilar compounds. Although the highly flexible structure of Pgp can explain, in part, this broad substrate specificity, this phenomenon is poorly understood. With the aim to get insight into the mechanism and molecular basis of the polyspecificity, we have modeled the structure of human Pgp using the X-ray structure of mouse Pgp as a template, and docked substrates and modulators in the pocket where the QZ59-peptide inhibitors bind mouse Pgp. Single, double and triple mutants with substitutions of residues at the drug-binding site, Y307, F343, Q725, F728, M949, Y953, F978, V982 and A985, with Cys in a cys-less Pgp, were expressed in insect and mammalian cells using baculovirus expression system. All the mutant proteins were expressed at cell surface to same extent as the cys-less wild-type Pgp. Several compounds including cyclosporine A, tariquidar, valinomycin and nilotinib lose partially or completely the ability to inhibit the photolabeling of mutant Pgps with the transport substrate [125I]-Iodoarylazidoprazosin, indicating these drugs cannot bind at their primary binding site. However, the drugs can still modulate the ATP hydrolysis of the mutant Pgps, indicating that they bind at alternate sites. The transport of fluorescent substrates in HeLa cells overexpressing these mutants is also not significantly altered, showing that the alternate sites are active for transport. These results are thus revealing an exceptional chemical flexibility of Pgp, in addition of its structural flexibility, for interaction with substrates and modulators.
Embedded-atom-method effective-pair-interaction study of the structural and thermodynamic properties of Cu-Ni, Cu-Ag, and Au-Ni solid solutions

The structural and thermodynamic properties of Cu-Ni, Cu-Ag, and Au-Ni solid solutions have been studied using a computational approach which combines an embedded-atom-method (EAM) description of alloy energetics with a second-order-expansion (SOE) treatment of compositional and displacive disorder. It is discussed in detail how the SOE approach allows the EAM expression for the energy of a substitutional alloy to be cast in the form of a generalized lattice-gas Hamiltonian containing effective pair interactions with arbitrary range. Furthermore, we show how the SOE-EAM method can be combined with either mean-field or Monte Carlo statistical mechanics techniques in order to calculate short-range-order (SRO) parameters, average nearest-neighbor bond lengths, and alloy thermodynamic properties which include contributions from static displacive relaxations and dynamic atomic vibrations. We demonstrate that the contributions to alloy heats of mixing arising from displacive relaxations can be sizeable, and that the neglect of these terms can lead to large overestimations of calculated phase-transition temperatures. The effects of vibrational free-energy contributions on the results of composition-temperature phase diagram calculations are estimated to be relatively small for the phase-separating alloy systems considered in this study. It is shown that within the SOE approach displacive effects can act only to displace the peakmore » in the Fourier-transformed SRO parameter away from Brillouin-zone-boundary special points and towards the origin. Consistent with this result, we show that the unusual SRO observed in diffuse scattering experiments for Au-Ni solid solutions can be understood as arising from a competition between chemical and displacive driving forces which favor ordering and clustering, respectively. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less