cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of a gas exchange system to measure active and passive chlorophyll fluorescence simultaneously under field conditions.

Solar-induced fluorescence (SIF) is a promising tool to estimate photosynthesis across scales; however, there has been limited research done at the leaf level to investigate the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis. To help bridge this gap, a LI-COR LI-6800 gas exchange instrument was modified with a visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectrometer to measure active and passive fluorescence simultaneously. The system was adapted by drilling a hole into the bottom plate of the leaf chamber and inserting a fibre-optic to measure passive steady-state fluorescence (F t , λ , analogous to SIF) from the abaxial surface of a leaf. This new modification can concurrently measure gas exchange, passive fluorescence and active fluorescence over the same leaf area and will allow researchers to measure leaf-level F t , λ in the field to validate tower-based and satellite measurements. To test the modified instrument, measurements were performed on leaves of well-watered and water-stressed walnut plants at three light levels and a constant air temperature. Measurements on these same plants were also conducted using a similarly modified Walz GFS-3000 gas exchange instrument to compare results. We found a positive linear correlation between F t , λ measurements from the modified LI-6800 and GFS-3000 instruments. We also report a positive linear relationship between F t , λ and normalized steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence (F t /F o ) from the pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer of the LI-6800 system. Accordingly, this modification will inform the link between spectrally resolved F t , λ and gas exchange-leading to improved interpretation of how remotely sensed SIF tracks changes in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
High Gain Wideband Log-Periodic Antenna with Directors and Perforation for 5G Application

Three configurations of substrate integrated printed log-periodic dipole array (PLPDA) antenna are presented. The antenna is designed at the ka-band for 5G applications. The antennas provide a peak gain of 12-14.5dBi with a bandwidth of about 59% (21-37GHz). First configuration, LPDA antenna backed by a flat ground, is proposed to reduce the back radiation and to improve the gain. Second configuration, directors are added to improve the gain (about 2.5 dBi) and reduce the back lobe further, but the return loss is increased. In the third configuration, the substrate is perforated to decrease the return loss. All of these proposed configurations of the substrate integrated printed LPDA antenna maintain fantastic front to back lobe ratio with low cross-polarization for the entire frequency 5G band.
Detection of Anomalies on Earthen Levees with And Without Feature Extraction Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery

Early detection of anomalies on earthen levees by a remote sensing approach could save time and cost versus direct assessment. In this paper, we implemented the support vector machine (svm) supervised classification algorithm with and without feature extraction. Features were extracted using grey level co-occurrence matrix (glcm) features using phase and magnitude imagery of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (polsar) for the identification of anomalies on levees. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated using fully quad-polarimetric l-band synthetic aperture radar (sar) imagery from the nasa jet propulsion laboratory’s (jpl’s) uninhabited aerial vehicle synthetic aperture radar (uavsar). The study area is a section of the lower mississippi river valley in the southern usa, where the us army corps of engineers maintains earthen flood control levees.
Facial Expression Recognition By Using a Disentangled Identity-Invariant Expression Representation

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) is a challenging task because many factors of variation such as pose, illumination, and identity-specific attributes are entangled with the expression information in an expressive face image. Recent works show that the performance of a FER algorithm can be improved by disentangling the expression information from identity features. In this paper, we present Transfer-based Expression Recognition Generative Adversarial Network (TER-G AN) that combines the effectiveness of a novel feature disentanglement technique with the concept of identity-invariant expression representation learning for FER. More specifically, TER-GAN learns a disentangled expression representation by extracting expression features from one image and transferring the expression information to the identity of another image. To improve the feature disentanglement process and to learn an identity-invariant expression representation, we introduce a novel expression consistency loss and an identity consistency loss that exploit expression and identity information from both real and synthetic images. We evaluated the performance of our proposed facial expression recognition technique by employing four public facial expression databases, CK+, Oulu-CASIA, MMI, BU-3DFE. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Muscle hypertrophy in cancer patients and survivors via strength training. A meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Abstract Background Muscle wasting has a negative effect on treatment toxicity and cancer prognosis. Resistance training appears to be a promising approach to counteract the loss of muscle mass. Methods Pubmed, Cochrane Library, SportDiscus and CINAHL. Randomized controlled resistance training trials with cancer survivros where eligible if lean body mass (LBM) or muscle mass were assessed. Results A total of 34 trials were included into the primary analysis. Compared to the control individuals, the intervention groups show a superiority in LBM of 0.85 kg (95 % CI = 0.26–1.43, p = .004). Isolated, the participants in the intervention groups show an increase in LBM of 0.51 kg (95 % CI = −0.05–1.06, p = .072); the control groups displayed a decrease of −0.59 kg (95 % CI= −1.04 to 0.06, p = .078). Supervision displayed an mediating role. Conclusions Resistance training can counteract the loss of muscle mass in cancer patients. Especially in a supervised setting.
Beyond Ethnicity: Applying Helms's White Racial Identity Development Model Among White Youth.

Research on racial identity among Youth of Color has expanded considerably in recent years, but a parallel examination of racial identity among white youth has not occurred, reiterating whiteness as normative. We applied Janet Helms's White Racial Identity Development (WRID) model among white U.S. youth (8-14 years old) to address this research gap. WRID centers racism and white supremacy, offering a framework to analyze white racial identity in the context of systemic inequity. Using longitudinal, qualitative analysis, we found age-related change over time, with some evidence of increasing resistance to racism. There was high participant variability, however, indicating that socio-cognitive abilities alone cannot predict anti-racist white identity development. We discuss implications for racial identity research and social justice-orientated developmental science.
Faith-Based Initiatives and Aging Services

* Preface (James W. Ellor) * Separation of Church and State: Impact of Faith-Based Services (James W. Ellor) * Micro Practice and Faith-Based Initiatives: The Role of Religious Congregations in the Social Service System (James W. Ellor) * Faith-Related Agencies and Their Implications for Aging Services (F. Ellen Netting) * Dialogue with Elizabeth Seale-Scott, Director, Center for Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (James W. Ellor and F. Ellen Netting) * Baptist Perspectives on Faith-Based Initiatives and Religious Liberty (Jon Singletary) * Wherefore the Faith-Based Initiatives: A Commentary and Analysis (Ronald H. Fields) * Managing Older Volunteers: Implications for Faith-Based Organizations (Nancy L. Macduff) * Faith Organizations and Ethnically Diverse Elders: A Community Action Model (Terry Tirrito and Gil Choi) * The Heritage of Religion and Spirituality in the Field of Gerontology: Don Clingan, Tom Cook, and the National Interfaith Coalition on Aging (James W. Ellor and Melvin A. Kimble) * Index * Reference Notes Included
In-Source Decay Characterization of Isoaspartate and β-Peptides.

Abstract Deamidation and the subsequent formation of isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) are common modifications of asparagine (Asn) residues in proteins. Differentiation of isoAsp and Asp residues is a challenging task owing to their similar chemical properties and identical molecular mass. Recent studies showed that they can be differentiated using electron capture dissociation (ECD) which generates diagnostic fragments c′ + 57 and z -57 specific to the isoAsp residue. However, the ECD approach is only applicable toward multiply-charged precursor ions and generally does not work for β-amino acids other than isoAsp. In this study, the potential of in-source decay (ISD) for characterization of isoAsp and other β-amino acids was explored. For isoAsp-containing peptides, ISD with a conventional hydrogen-donating matrix produced ECD-like c′ + 57 and z -57 diagnostic ions, even for singly charged precursor ions. For other β-amino acids, a hydrogen-accepting matrix was used to induce formation of site-specific a-14 ions from a synthetic β-analog of substance P. These results indicated that ISD can be broadly applied for β-peptide characterization.
1-Adamantanethiol as a versatile nanografting tool

Strategies to regulate the self-assembly of adsorbates to create surface structures with molecular-scale features and organization are of broad interest to nanoscience, biochemistry, and engineering. One approach utilizes molecules with tailored intermolecular interaction strengths and topologies to direct molecular self-assembly as exemplified by the adsorption of 1-adamantanethiol molecules on Au{111} substrates. 1-Adamantanethiolate self-assembled monolayers exhibit decreased packing densities and weaker intermolecular interaction strengths than n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers, which result in their complete displacement upon exposure to n-alkanethiol molecules. Herein, we explore the capabilities of the atomic force microscopy-based lithographic technique, nanografting, to fabricate chemical patterns comprised of 1-adamantanethiolate monolayers. Positive 1-adamantanethiolate patterns are generated by nanografting 1-adamantanethiol molecules into preexisting n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers, and negative 1-adamantanethiolate patterns are created by nanografting n-alkanethiol molecules into preexisting 1-adamantanethiolate self-assembled monolayers. The patterned 1-adamantanethiolate regions are displaced upon exposure to solutions of n-alkanethiol molecules. This two-step nanografting-displacement strategy minimizes pattern dissolution as 1-adamantanethiol molecules do not intercalate into the preexisting self-assembled monolayer during nanografting. 1-Adamantanethiol can be utilized create high-resolution sacrificial chemical patterns with feature sizes beyond those afforded other 1-adamantanethiol patterning strategies for applications such as resists for metallic and organic structures.
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming

Advances in, and links between, neurobiology and psychology as applied in the study of sleep and dreaming compared to the waking state are increasingly revealing significant evidence for the brain basis of consciousness. Keywords: brain–mind isomorphism; conscious states; consciousness; dreaming; REM sleep
Concurrent Language Support for Interoperable Applications

Current language mechanisms for concurrency are largely isolated to the domain of single programs. Furthermore, increasing interest in concurrent programming encourages further research into interoperability in multi-lingual, multi-program settings. This paper introduces our work on Synchronizing Interoperable Resources (SIR), a language approach to begin achieving such interpoperability with respect to concurrent language mechanisms.
Introduction to special section on Hydrologic Synthesis

The Hydrological Synthesis special section presentssynthesis topics that have the potential to revolutionize hydrologicalsciences in a manner needed to meet critical water challenges that we nowface. The special section also highlights topics that are important andexciting enough to compel researchers to engage in collaborativesynthesis activities. This introductory paper provides a brief overviewof nine papers that are included in this special section, which discussthe synthesis of tools, data, concepts, theories, or approaches acrossdisciplines and scales. The wide range of topics that are exploredinclude groundwater quality, river restoration, water management,nitrogen cycling, and Earth surface dynamics. Collectively, the specialsection papers illustrate that the challenge to deal effectively withcomplex water problems is not purely a scientific, technological, orsocioeconomic one; it is instead a complex, 21st century problem thatrequires coordinated synthesis.
Concerning Progress In The Philosophy Of Mathematics

Publisher Summary The chapter explores the advances that were made on the technical side of mathematical logic and of the foundations of mathematics over the past one hundred years. While their importance may, to some extent, remain a matter of opinion, especially if the judgment of the most zealous constructivists is considered, their correctness or acceptability is no more open to doubt than that of the established results of the classical branches of mathematics. The discussion of the philosophical foundations of mathematics remains full of fascination and challenges. The development of an adequate calculus of deduction has the longest history, while the emergence of a precise notion of computability represents, perhaps, one of the most impressive intellectual achievements of the time.
Nonlinearities in the undercooled properties of Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni21

Using electrostatic-levitator (ESL)-based containerless processing combined with non-contact measuring techniques, surface tension and viscosity have been measured for Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni21, using the o...
Membrane Compartments in Immune Cell Signaling and Trafficking

Cells of the immune system detect and respond to the presence of foreign antigens by signaling through an array of receptors, which include the multichain immune recognition receptor (MIRR) family. Stimulated changes in membrane architecture, which includes protein and lipid segregation within membranes as well as membrane trafficking, regulate these cellular responses. We provide a brief overview of MIRR signaling, which focuses on signaling through the IgE receptor in mast cells, and we highlight specific examples in which membrane compartmentalization plays a role in this signaling pathway. We summarize biochemical methods used to isolate and characterize membrane subdomains. Finally, we discuss cross-correlation microscopy methods, application of antigen-patterned surfaces, and fluorescence-based trafficking assays to study dynamics of stimulated proteins interactions and membrane trafficking.
Tolerability of Metronomic Administration of Lomustine in Dogs with Cancer

Background: Metronomic chemotherapy with alkylating agents has been shown to suppress tumor angiogenesis and prevent tumor recurrence in some settings. The use of adjuvant lomustine (1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea) administered in a metronomic fashion has not been evaluated in dogs. Hypothesis: Oral metronomic administration of lomustine will be well tolerated in dogs with spontaneously occurring malignant neoplasms. Animals: Eighty-one dogs with naturally occurring primary or metastatic tumors received metronomic administration of lomustine. Methods: Dogs were enrolled prospectively after cytological or histological diagnosis of a tumor that was unresectable, incompletely resected, refractory to chemotherapy, or metastatic. Dogs received once daily lomustine (2.84 mg/m2 PO). End points of the trial were clinical, hematologic, or biochemical evidence of toxicosis, tumor progression, or death. Results: Starting dosage (median) was 2.84 mg/m2 PO daily and treatment duration was 98 days (median, range, 1–770 days). The drug was discontinued in 22 dogs because of toxicoses. Toxicoses occurred in 13 dogs with gastrointestinal toxicosis, 4 dogs with thrombocytopenia, 3 dogs with increased alanine transaminase, 1 dog with neutropenia, and 1 dog with progressive azotemia. Eight dogs developed some degree of azotemia during treatment. Hepatotoxicosis was observed at a median of 265 days in 11 dogs. Thrombocytopenia was identified at a median of 432 days of administration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In dogs with metastatic or terminal neoplasms without renal compromise, metronomic administration of lomustine was well tolerated. This can provide a treatment strategy for dogs that do not have other standard-care treatment options, and warrants evaluation in primary therapy.
Structural and functional aspects of the multiplicity of Neu differentiation factors.

Abstract We used molecular cloning and functional analyses to extend the family of Neu differentiation factors (NDFs) and to explore the biochemical activity of different NDF isoforms. Exhaustive cloning revealed the existence of six distinct fibroblastic pro-NDFs, whose basic transmembrane structure includes an immunoglobulin-like motif and an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain. Structural variation is confined to three domains: the C-terminal portion of the EGF-like domain (isoforms alpha and beta), the adjacent juxtamembrane stretch (isoforms 1 to 4), and the variable-length cytoplasmic domain (isoforms a, b, and c). Only certain combinations of the variable domains exist, and they display partial tissue specificity in their expression: pro-NDF-alpha 2 is the predominant form in mesenchymal cells, whereas pro-NDF-beta 1 is the major neuronal isoform. Only the transmembrane isoforms were glycosylated and secreted as biologically active 44-kDa glycoproteins, implying that the transmembrane domain functions as an internal signal peptide. Extensive glycosylation precedes proteolytic cleavage of pro-NDF but has no effect on receptor binding. By contrast, the EGF-like domain fully retains receptor binding activity when expressed separately, but its beta-type C terminus displays higher affinity than alpha-type NDFs. Likewise, structural heterogeneity of the cytoplasmic tails may determine isoform-specific rate of pro-NDF processing. Taken together, these results suggest that different NDF isoforms are generated by alternative splicing and perform distinct tissue-specific functions.
DISEÑO DE UN PLAN DE MUESTREO SIMPLE POR ATRIBUTOS EN BUSCA DE UN OPTIMO SOCIAL

Los planes de muestreo simple son una de las herramientas empleada en la industria para aceptar o rechazar lotes. Normalmente, los parametros necesarios -riesgo del productor y riesgo del consumidor, y nivel aceptable de calidad y el nivel limite de calidad- son asignados por cada uno productor o consumidor buscando su beneficio personal. Tomar decisiones en esta forma no tiene en cuenta el dano que un producto no-conforme genera a la sociedad, por ejemplo el dano producido por una maquina defectuosa al operador. En el presente estudio desarrollamos un modelo que combina planes de muestreo simple por atributo con la carta de control del numero de productos no-conformes. El modelo maximiza el bienestar social encontrando politicas optimas de precio, tamano de muestra y numero de aceptacion. Esta metodologia permite identificar cambios inesperados en el proceso de produccion e implementar planes de recuperacion de clientes afectados por adquirir productos defectuosos. La aplicacion de esta metodologia en una empresa de confecciones mostro un incremento del 8% en el beneficio, cuando comparamos estos resultados con el proceso actual. Finalmente, nuestra metodologia tambien permite implementar planes de mejora continua.
Improving student learning with group assignments

Group assignments in a cooperative learning environment can improve student learning. The paper discusses the use of cooperative learning in a junior level electronics course where the students work in groups on both complex classroom problems and laboratory projects. The discussion outlines the types of assignments and presents an evaluation of the use of the cooperative learning method in this course. Although the paper focuses on the application of cooperative learning in an electronics course, the method and the types of assignments are appropriate for any problem solving course.
Physiology and pharmacology of olfactory bulb neurons in dissociated cell culture

Cells from olfactory bulbs of embryonic rats were grown in dissociated cell culture for up to 5 weeks. Both neurons and non-neuronal cells grew in these cultures, with a variety of neuronal populations appearing. A population of 20-25% of the neurons were GABAergic by the criterion of [3H]GABA uptake. Electrophysiologic measurements were made of the baseline activity of the cultured neurons. Cells showed a mean resting potential of 60.1 +/- 1.2 mV and a mean input resistance of 87.6 +/- 9.5 M omega. All cells were sensitive to microperfusion of GABA with half-maximal effect occurring at about 20 microM. Glutamate was universally excitatory but with variations in degree. Carnosine (beta-Ala-L-His), tested over the concentration range of 10 nM to 100 microM, had no effect on input resistance, resting potential, action potential shape, on-going synaptic activity or the responsiveness to either GABA or glutamate. These results are further evidence against a role for carnosine as the excitatory transmitter of the primary olfactory afferents.
Kidney microsomal metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3+.

Abstract Vitamin D3-deficient chick kidney microsomes in vitro metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to two polar metabolites by a pathway which may involve side-chain modification. Molecular oxygen and a source of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate are required for this metabolism. Kidney cytosol obtained from deficient chicks or kidney microsomes of vitamin D3-repleted chicks do not metabolize 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The two products are tentatively designated MIC-I and MIC-II.
The end groups of T7 mRNA

Of the five T7 early mRNAs, only two (molecular weights, 1 × 106 and 0.2 × 106 daltons), were found to terminate in a guanosine triphosphate residue at the 5′-terminus. The amount of pppGp found indicates that several copies of the smaller RNA may be present. These two results suggest that the T7 early mRNAs cannot all be derived by cleavage from a single larger precursor. Uridine was found to be the predominant nucleoside at the 3′-terminus.
Modified therapeutic community for homeless mentally ill chemical abusers: treatment outcomes.

This study compared homeless mentally ill chemical abuser (MICA) clients (n = 342), male and female, sequentially assigned to either of two modified therapeutic community programs (TC1 and TC2) and to a treatment-as-usual (TAU) control group. Follow-up interviews were obtained at 12 months postbaseline and at time F (on average more than 2 years postbaseline) on a retrieved sample of 232 (68%) clients and 281 (82%) clients, respectively. Outcome measures assessed five domains: drug use, crime, HIV risk behavior, psychological symptoms, and employment. Individuals in both modified TC groups showed significantly greater behavioral improvement than TAU at 12 months and time F, and the modified TC2, with lower demands and more staff guidance, was superior to modified TC1. Completers of both TC programs showed significantly greater improvement than dropouts and a subgroup of TAU clients with high exposure (i.e., more than 8 months) to other treatment protocols. The present findings support the effectiveness and longer term stability of effects of a modified TC program for treating homeless MICA clients.
Open Calcaneal Fractures: Assessment and Management

Open calcaneal fractures are obscure fractures. Typically, these injuries result in a high-energy, polytraumatized patient population. Initial management consists of irrigation and debridement. Secondary forms of management continue to evolve. High-energy fracture subtypes and severe soft tissue injuries portend an unsatisfactory outcome, despite appropriate management. Standards for the type and timing of treatment have not been established.
Penetration of corticosteroids into the lung: Evidence for a difference between methylprednisolone and prednisolone

Little is known about the penetration of corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone and prednisolone, into the lung, despite their common use in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. To compare methylprednisolone and prednisolone concentrations in the bronchoalveolar space, we administered these two corticosteroids in a randomized, crossover fashion to 17 adult rabbits. A loading dose was administered and was followed by a continuous infusion for 180 minutes to achieve steady-state plasma concentrations between 200 to 2000 ng/ml. Serial plasma samples were obtained during the infusions. Bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed at 180 minutes with sterile saline. Plasma and BAL fluid (BALF) were assayed for methylprednisolone and prednisolone concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. Corticosteroid concentrations were normalized to urea concentrations in plasma and BALF. Generally, BALF corticosteroid concentration increased as plasma concentration increased. At plasma concentrations greater than 800 ng/ml, BALF methylprednisolone concentrations increased exponentially, whereas the increase for prednisolone remained linear. BALF methylprednisolone was five times as high as that of prednisolone when plasma corticosteroid concentration was in the 2000 ng/ml range. With this continuous infusion technique, methylprednisolone has a higher degree of bronchoalveolar penetration than prednisolone, and these differences are greater at higher plasma concentrations.
Bottom fauna changes during artificial reservoir destratification

Abstract A 19 ha montane reservoir was kept vertically isothermal by aeration all year round. Four macrobenthic species were abundant during the study: Asellus intermedius (isopod), Chaoborus sp. (phantom midge), Hyalella azteca (amphipod), and Lumbriculus inconstans (annelid). Several species of Chironomidae were present and treated collectively. Hyalella significantly increased in abundance in shallow water during destratification. Chironomid larvae declined in abundance in the profundal zone during destratification in Winter and Summer. Asellus, Chaoborus , and Lumbriculus were not significantly altered in abundance during destratification.
The Mechanism of UVB Prevention of Graft versus Host Disease

We have previously demonstrated that Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation of Lewis donor bone marrow (BM) allografts prevents graft versus host disease (GVHD) in ACI recipients while allowing full engraftment. In a one-way GVHD model of parent to Lewis X BN (F1) rats, the site and mechanism of the action of UVB irradiation was assessed by adding nonirradiated isolated cell subsets, isolated by monoclonal antibodies (Mab) to cell surface markers, to the reconstituting UVB-irradiated bone marrow inoculum. GVHD was assessed primarily on clinical grounds by observation of posture, alopecia, skin erythema, and weight loss. The addition of nonirradiated spleen cells or non-UVB-irradiated T-cell subsets (both CD4 and CD8 positive) to the otherwise UVB-irradiated donor inoculum consistently resulted in acute GVHD. In contrast, UVB irradiation of these cells resulted in full engraftment without acute GVHD. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) assays confirmed responsiveness by BM transplanted hosts to third party stimulators while coculture assays failed to show any in vitro suppressor activity in the host. We conclude that UVB acts on both the T-lymphocyte and antigen presenting cell (APC) subsets to prevent acute GVHD. We also propose a model to explain tolerance based on clonal anergy produced by modified antigen presentation by UVB-irradiated APC's or by a modified response to processed antigen.
Antiproton-proton annihilation into electron-positron pairs and gamma-ray pairs

Experimental limits have been set on the cross sections for p+p→e++e- for antiprotons with incident momenta of 1.47 and 2.40 GeV/c. These results imply upper limits on the magnitude of the proton form factors for timelike four-momentum transfer of 5.1 and 6.6 (GeV/c)2. The reaction p+p→γ+γ has been studied at the same incident momenta. This process has apparently been observed for incident antiproton momentum of 1.47 GeV/c, while an upper limit for the two-photon annihilation cross section is found at 2.40-GeV/c incident momentum.
Ideal supercapacitor behavior of amorphous V2O5.nH2O in potassium chloride (KCl) aqueous solution

Amorphous a-V2O5·nH2O in mild KCl aqueous electrolyte proves to be an excellent electrode for a faradaic electrochemical capacitor. Cyclic voltammograms versus SCE give ideal capacitor behavior between 0.0 and +0.8 V at pH 6.67 and between −0.2 and +0.8 V at pH 2.32 with, respectively, a constant specific capacitance over 100 cycles of ca. 350 and 290 F/g, respectively. On short-circuit, a-V2O5·nH2O in 2 M KCl aqueous solution at pH 2.32 gave an initial current density of 0.28 A/cm2 and a total released charge of 4.5 C/cm2, which is to be compared with 0.32 A/cm2 and 11.1 C/cm2 for RuOOH·nH2O in 5.3 M H2SO4. Moreover, half the stored charge was released 1.6 times faster from the a-V2O5·nH2O electrode. These results demonstrate that the K+ ion can be used as the working ion in a faradaic capacitor, which frees the search for new materials from the constraint of working in a strong acid aqueous medium.
Cytotoxic effect of viruses on harding-passey melanoma in tissue culture

Abstract Harding-Passey melanoma grown in tissue culture was subjected to the effects of seven neurotropic viruses. A virus-tumor relationship was observed in that Neurovaccinia and Slovenia viruses demonstrated the ability to destroy the tumor after 72 hr, whereas the other viruses produced no adverse effect. The changing nature of the virus-tumor relationship was evident in that both Neurovaccinia and Slovenia virus lost their tumor-destroying capability after the third virus passage even though they retained the ability to produce lethal paralytic disease in mice.
The Use of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) in Children and Adolescents in the United States and Canada

The Use of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) in Children and Adolescents in the United States and Canada
Production of mouse mammary tumor virus by cultured cells in the absence and presence of hormones: assay by molecular hybridization.

Abstract We have studied the regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) gene expression by measuring the production of virus and the transcription of viral genes in cultured cells. To measure virus production, we have used a new assay based on the hybridization of labeled virus-specific DNA (cDNA) with RNA extracted from virus released into the growth medium. The assay is highly specific and more sensitive than other commonly used methods for measuring MMTV production. We have also measured the levels of virus-specific RNA in various cells by annealing MMTV cDNA with cell RNA. In cell lines and primary explants derived from mammary tumors of several strains of mice the amount of virus production correlates with the level of virus-specific RNA. This suggests that in these cells, transcriptional controls are of primary importance in regulating the production of MMTV. Experiments with dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) support this notion since cells treated with the hormone show parallel increases in virus production and intracellular virus-specific RNA. In contrast, a lymphoma cell line (S49) derived from a lymphoma induced by mineral oil in a BALB c mouse contains large quantities of MMTV-specific RNA yet produces extremely low levels of virus. In these cells, mechanisms other than transcriptional controls may be important in regulating virus production.
A Cable Based Active Variable Stiffness Module With Decoupled Tension

Variable-stiffness modules add significant robustness to mechanical systems during forceful interactions with uncertain environments. Traditionally, most existing variable stiffness modules tend to be bulky by virtue of their use of solid components making them less suitable for mobile applications. In recent times, pretensioned cable-based modules have been proposed to reduce weight. While passive, these modules depend on significant internal tension to provide the desired stiffness and stiffness modulation capability tends to be limited. In this paper, we present design, analysis and testing of a cable based active variable stiffness module that can be realized to achieve a large stiffness range. Controlled changes in structural parameters (independent of cable length actuation) now permits independent modulation of the perceived stiffness with desired tension. This capability is now systematically evaluated on a hardware-in-the-loop experimental setup and results are analyzed.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Generation and Evaluation of Lunar Dust Adhesion Mitigating Materials

Particulate contamination is of concern in a variety of environments. This issue is especially important in confined spaces with highly controlled atmospheres such as space exploration vehicles involved in extraterrestrial surface missions. Lunar dust was a significant challenge for the Apollo astronauts and will be of greater concern for longer duration, future missions. Passive mitigation strategies, those not requiring external energy, may decrease some of these concerns, and have been investigated in this work. A myriad of approaches to modify the surface chemistry and topography of a variety of substrates was investigated. These involved generation of novel materials, photolithographic techniques, and other template approaches. Additionally, single particle and multiple particle methods to quantitatively evaluate the particle-substrate adhesion interactions were developed.
Reliability of steel roof structures under snow loads

Abstract The collapse of roof structures under extreme snow loads can harm building occupants, leave building owners burdened by costs of repairs, and lead to loss of income, equipment or merchandise. This study investigates the reliability of two types of steel roofs: those supported by open web steel joists, and those supported by wide-flange steel sections. The reliability assessment considers uncertainty in snow and dead loading and in the capacity of the two types of roof systems through Monte Carlo simulation. Nonlinear models are used to quantify the capacity of the open web steel joist roofs. Reliability for both safety and serviceability is investigated. Results show that the reliability for the studied roof types is highly dependent on the location and seasonal snowfall patterns at the building location and the inclusion of serviceability deflection limits in design. Building geometry is not found to strongly influence the reliability assessments.
The role of recollected anxiety in parental adaptation to low birthweight infants

This article examines whether mothers' and fathers' recollections of anxiety surrounding the hospitalization and illness of their preterm/low birthweight infant affect their perceptions of their children several years after discharge. The sample consisted of 37 mothers and 26 fathers whose children were hospitalized in an intensive care nursery in a major university hospital. Parents completed a Nursery Follow-up Questionnaire and a Child Behavior Checklist. The findings indicate that parents' recollections of anxiety during their children's hospitalization have no bearing on their current perceptions of their children. Although mothers recalled having experienced more anxiety than fathers, mothers'. and fathers' perceptions of their children were not significatly different.
Biodistribution and PET imaging of [18F]-fluoroadenosine derivatives

Abstract Introduction Many fluorinated analogues of adenosine nucleoside have been synthesized and studied as potential antitumor and antiviral agents. Earlier, we reported radiosynthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-[ 18 F]fluoro-1-β-d-arabinofuranosyl-adenine ([ 18 F]-FAA) and 3′-deoxy-3′-[ 18 F]fluoro-1-β-d-xylofuranosyl-adenine ([ 18 F]FXA). Now, we report their in vivo studies including blood clearance, biodistribution and micro-PET imaging in tumor-bearing nude mice. Methods Tumors were grown in 6-week-old athymic nude mice (Harlan, Indianapolis, IN, USA) by inoculation of HT-29 cells, wild-type cells in the left flank and transduced cells with HSV-tk on the right flank. When the tumor was about 1 cm in size, animals were injected with these radiotracers for in vivo studies, including blood clearance, micro-PET imaging and biodistribution. Results Uptake of [ 18 F]FAA in tumor was 3.3-fold higher than blood, with highest uptake in the spleen. Maximum uptake of [ 18 F]FXA was observed in the heart compared to other organs. There was no tumor uptake of [ 18 F]FXA. Biodistribution results were supported by micro-PET images, which also showed very high uptake of [ 18 F]FAA in spleen and visualization of tumors, and high uptake of [ 18 F]FXA in the heart. Conclusion These results suggest that [ 18 F]FAA may be useful for tumor imaging, while [ 18 F]FXA may have potential as a heart imaging agent with PET.
Linkage analysis of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

Summary Twelve pedigrees were informative for linkage between the gene locus for the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome and the ABO, MNS, Rh, P, Kell, Lewis, Ddy, and Kidd blood group marker loci. Linkage with a recombination fraction less than θ= 0.1 was unlikely for any marker locus. The most favourable of the possible loose linkages, that between the syndrome locus and Rh locus, showed a 12% probability of linkage when the prior odds against two autosomel loci being on the same chromosome were taken into account. The other marker loci manifested probabilities averaging about 3%.
D1 Dopamine receptor-mediated substance P depletion in the striatonigral neurons of rats subjected to neonatal dopaminergic denervation: implications for self-injurious behavior

Abstract The present study examined the influences of dopamine (DA) receptor stimulation on enkephalin (Met5-enkephalin; ME) and tachykinin (substance P; SP) systems of basal ganglia of Sprague-Dawley rats, lesioned as neonates with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). It has been proposed that the neonatal 6-OHDA-lesioned rat could serve as a model for the DA deficiency and self-injurious behavior (SIB) observed in the childhood neurological disorder, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In agreement with earlier work, the present study found that the neonatal 6-OHDA treatment at 3 days of age, reduced DA and caused an increase in ME and a decrease in SP content in the striatum and substantia nigra, when tested as adults. Administration of the DA precursor, l -dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA), to lesioned animals, induced SIB; increased DA and DOPAC levels; produced a greater decrease (−64%) in SP levels in the striatum and substantia nigra than was observed with lesion alone (−28%). The l -DOPA-induced decrease in SP levels and the SIB observed in the lesioned animals were blocked by pretreatment with the D1 receptor antagonist, SCH-23390. Moreover, administration of the D1 receptor agonist, SKF-38393, but not the D2 agonist, LY-171555, to lesioned animals mimicked the l -DOPA responses in all respects, except that the agonists did not alter DA or DOPAC levels. None of the DA agonists or antagonists treatments affected lesion-induced increase in ME levels in the striatum. These results indicate for the first time, that SIB precipitated by DA agonists in neonatal dopaminergic denervated animals, is associated with a marked and selective decrease in SP in the striatonigral SP neurons. This process has two components: (a) a retarded development of the SP system due to neonatal dopaminergic denervation; and (b) a depletion of the remaining SP, presumably by enhanced release due to D1 DA receptor-mediated activation of striatonigral SP neurons.
The trajectories of charged particles moving at relativistic speeds inside particle separators – a fully symbolic solution

Predicting the motion of charged particles through electromagnetic fields is a very important feature in the design of particle accelerators since it provides the very important function of separating the particles according to their charge, mass and velocity (Gold and Nusinovich, 1997; Chu, 2004). In our paper we consider the general case when the electric field E and magnetic field B have an arbitrary orientation with respect to each other and the particles travel at relativistic velocities v. We will show how to remove all the difficulties associated with finding a set of symbolic solutions, thus avoiding any errors in using numerical approaches and getting the most elegant and precise solutions. Our paper is organised in three parts. The first part deals with the direct approach in solving the resulting system of differential equations and with the resulting mathematical difficulties associated with such an approach. We will show that such a frontal approach leads to unsolvable equations, even for the simpler case of orthogonal orientations of E, B and v. In the second part of the paper we develop a step-by-step methodology in solving symbolically the to date unsolved general problem for the case of arbitrary orientation between E and B while considering both E and B as uniform and static. In the last section of the paper we extend the solution to time-varying fields.
Particle size determination of film-forming latices by electron microscopy

Abstract It is difficult to use the electron microscope to measure the particle size of soft polymer latices such as polyvinyl acetate since the particles distort on drying. Bromination does not work with saturated polymers and a very large radiation dose is needed for crosslinking to harden the particles. A new method is described in which a small amount of styrene monomer is sorbed into the latex particles and polymerized in situ with about 1 MRad. of gamma radiation. Details of the method are described and an experimental check of the efficacy of the method is presented.
Ultrasonic monitoring under local anesthesia during removal of an embedded intrauterine contraceptive device.

This article describes a case in which an embedded IUD was successfully removed under ultrasonic guidance and local anesthesia. The patient a 32-year old gravida 2 para 2 was referred for hysteroscopic removal of a Lippes Loop IUD that had been in place for 9 years. The IUD string had been broken off during pelvic examination and a previous attempt to remove the IUD during dilatation and curettage under general anesthesia had failed. Real-time ultrasound examination located the IUD partially embedded in the posterior superior aspect of the uterine fundus without penetration through the myometrium. Under continuous ultrasonic visualization the portion of the IUD embedded in the uterine wall was dislodged with a Novak curette. Once the IUD was freed it was grasped with a long Kelly clamp at the level of the lower uterine segment and removed. Because of the ease of this procedure and the fact that it can be performed under local anesthesia (lidocaine as a paracervical block) it is recommended in cases where simple extraction by pulling is not possible.
AN INTEGRATED, INTERACTIVE MODEL OF ORGANISATIONAL CLIMATE, CULTURE AND EFFECTIVENESS

The concepts of organisational effectiveness, climate and culture are popular subjects in the literature, yet there is no consensus agreement even on their definitions. Climate and culture are sometimes used synonymously, and effectiveness is defined by a number of criteria. To compound the difficulty of examining these important constructs, they are dynamic, and they interact with each other. From an interactionist perspective, a model is developed depicting the relationships between effectiveness, climate and culture, with an emphasis on the contribution of climate and culture to organisational effectiveness. A preliminary validation study which uses an effective and an ineffective organisation with very different climates and cultures is reported.
The Social Is the Literary: Experiments in Radical Ethnography

Narrative Analysis: Studying the Development of Individuals in Society. Edited by Colette Daiute and Cynthia Lightfoot, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004. Performance Ethnography: Critical Pedagogy and the Politics of Culture. Editedy by Norman K. Denzin. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003. The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel About Ethnography. Edited by Carolyn Ellis. Walnut, CA: Altamira Press, 2004. Travels with Ernest: Crossing the Literary/Sociological Divide. Edited by Laurel Richardson and Ernest Lockridge. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 2004.
A 0–1 nonlinear programming model for coast guard fisheries law enforcement aircraft patrols

Abstract In response to increased foreign fishing activity near US coasts, the US Coast Guard developed a 0–1 nonlinear programming model of fisheries law enforcement aircraft patrols that identified the level of patrol required to maximize the expected value of the patrol effort. The model results were used to address the strategic questions of determining the required resource levels, to provide justification for additional resources in the budget process, and to establish performance guidelines. A nonlinear behavioral model of a fisherman's probability of violation that explicitly accounted for the deterrent effect of the aircraft patrols was the basis for calculating the expected value of a patrol. The model represented a major advance in characterizing program effectiveness for the fisheries law enforcement program, providing, for the first time, a quantified estimate of deterrence and a defensible analytic basis for determining aircraft needs.
Systemic flaws cannot be fixed with minor tweaks.

I read the article by Alberts et al. (1), about the malaise currently facing science and its solutions, with interest. I agree with the perceived problems, but the proposed solutions, although rational, are far too small to be called a rescue.
Afferent connections of the valvula cerebelli in two teleosts, the common goldfish and the green sunfish

The afferent connections of the valvula cerebelli were examined in one cypriniform teleost (Carassius auratus) and one perciform teleost (Lepomis cyanellus) with the use of horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde tracer. Both species have ipsilateral input to the valvula from the central pretectal and dorsal accessory optic nuclei, the dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei, the lateral nucleus of the valvula, the perilemniscal nucleus, and nucleus isthmi and contralateral input from the inferior olivary nucleus. In addition, Carassius has ipsilateral valvulopetal projections from the eminentia granularis, the praeeminential nucleus, and the isthmic primary sensory trigeminal nucleus, whereas Lepomis has bilateral (stronger ipsilaterally) valvulopetal projections from the nucleus of the locus coeruleus and the rostral corpus cerebelli. The topographical order of the cerebellopetal projections of the lateral nucleus of the valvula and inferior olive is also described, as are differential inputs to various subdivisions of the cerebellum in the two species. Information on valvulopetal projections in teleosts has thus far been limited to electroreceptive mormyrids. The present study shows that many valvular inputs related to electroreception in mormyrids have no homologue in Carassius and Lepomis. Finally, the present study indicates that the rostral part of the corpus cerebelli, but not the valvula cerebelli, in teleosts is the homologue of the anterior lobe of the corpus cerebelli in cartilaginous fishes. Thus, the valvula cerebelli is a shared derived feature (synapomorphy) of all ray-finned fishes.