cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using § 1983 to Enforce Title VI's Section 602 Regulations

This article explores when Section 1983 suits may be used to enforce agency regulations, and especially Title VI's disparate impact regulations. If a court finds that a federal statute creates a distinct "right" and that the plaintiff is an intended beneficiary of that right, there is a presumption that the right is enforceable under section 1983. The burden is then on the defendant to show that Congress expressly prohibited a suit under section 1983 or implicitly did so by enacting a comprehensive remedial scheme that is incompatible with a section 1983 suit. Furthermore, courts have recognized that a valid section 1983 cause of action may exist even where there is no private right of action under the same statutory provision. The federal circuits have split regarding whether agency regulations by themselves may create "rights" that are enforceable though section 1983 suits or may only "define" statutory rights that are enforceable under section 1983. Even in circuits that do not allow regulations alone to serve as the basis of a section 1983 suit, there is a reasonable argument that section 602 regulations merely assist to define the anti-discrimination right that Congress intended to create in Title VI, and, therefore, that the disparate impact standards in those regulations are enforceable under section 1983. Furthermore Title VI and its administrative enforcement scheme are not incompatible with section 1983 actions. Because there are different tests for enforcing a statutory right under section 1983 than through a private right of action, arguably a Section 1983 suit could be used to enforce Title VI's disparate impact regulations even if courts reject an implied private right of action to enforce those same regulations. A section 1983 suit could supplement a Title VI action by allowing suits against state officials in their individual capacities and permitting plaintiffs to raise constitutional claims that may offer additional remedies beyond those limited remedies established in Title VI's administrative regulations.
Expectancies and Behavior Change

Envision an unattractive, wary, poorly educated client encountering a pessimistic, burned-out counselor who dreads coming to work each morning. Then contrast that scenario with that of an attractive, trusting, well-educated client meeting an enthusiastic, confident counselor who is glad to be of help. Both intuition and research results (Garfield, 1978) predict that therapeutic change is more likely in the latter case than in the former, but why exactly is that so? A number of explanations are possible, but this chapter focuses on the possibility that change is more likely in the second scenario because both counselor and client expect it to occur. Their expectations may influence the outcome of therapy by leading to behavior that produces desirable changes that, in the absence of those expectations, would not have occurred. In short, the belief that change will occur may be a powerful component in psychological therapy.
Electronic Structure, Charge Transfer Excitations and High Tc Superconductivity in Transition Metal Oxides

This lecture describes and discusses the electronic structure and properties of the new high Tc transition metal oxides (La2-xMxCuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7−δ) as determined from highly precise all-electron local density calculations. The important contributions of charge transfer excitations make excitons a likely candidate for their high Tc.
CONTROLLABILITY OF SYSTEMS WHICH GENERATE SOLVABLE LIE ALGEBRAS AND THE ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS IN NONLINEAR FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on controllability of systems that generate solvable Lie algebras and the associated problems in nonlinear functional analysis. It presents a nonlinear control system where an admissible control is an element from the closed unit ball. This chapter discusses the decomposition for Lie algebras solvable at a point and presents the properties for the reduced system. The methods used for dimension n = 2 are special and do not extend to higher dimensions. In the chapter, the notion of Lie algebras solvable at a point is used to extend the basic idea.
Molecular biology of wound tumor virus.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular details of wound tumor virus (WTV) transmission by insect vectors. The products of the WTV in vitro transcription reaction remain sensitive to ribonuclease digestion after incubation under conditions that would permit annealing of complimentary strands. This finding indicates that the transcripts are single-stranded and of the same polarity. A prerequisite to understanding the molecular biology of a virus is the identification of its primary gene products. If a virus is to be transmitted efficiently by an insect vector, it generally must not affect the vector adversely. For viruses that are transmitted in a propagative manner, mechanisms have evolved to allow efficient multiplication in the vector cells with no deleterious effects on cell functions. Attempts to understand the fine details of WTV transmission led to the establishment and utilization of a continuous cell culture system derived from the leafhopper vector. The complex process of biological transmission of WTV involves the acquisition of the virus by the leafhopper during feeding on an infected plant; sequential infection of the vector's filter chamber and ventriculus, hemolymph, and salivary glands; and passage of the virus to uninfected plants via the salivary fluid during subsequent feeding.
Should the lap band be removed to treat pseudoachalasia

Obesity is currently the second largest cause of preventable death in the United States and is a devastating disease. Rates of incidence and associated complications of obesity rise exponentially every year. There are now more morbidly obese individuals in the United States than the total population of Australia. All of the currently available bariatric procedures are effective in helping morbidly obese patients lose weight and keep it off. All bariatric procedures have their drawbacks and challenges, though. They include leaks after bypass and sleeve procedures, band slippage and erosions, malnutrition after biliopan-creatic diversion, weight regain, and failure. Most patients do well following bariatric procedures for management of obesity and go on to have a good quality of life.
Cartel Organization, Price Discrimination and the Trans-Atlantic Passage, 1899-1911

This paper studies the operation of trans-Atlantic passenger shipping cartels during the period 1899-1911 and its effects on passenger traffic. We systematically document and categorize cartel agreements on the basis of key aspects of internal organization. Then, we exploit the variation in internal organization across markets and over time to investigate whether any specific organizational aspects were more effective in reducing flows from competitive levels. We find some evidence that the assessment of fines for violations of the agreement enhanced collusion, but no evidence that the posting of bonds (to guarantee the fines) or the formation of pooling arrangements had any incremental effect. We also take advantage of the richness of the data on passenger flows to show that collusion had a smaller effect on first and second-class passenger flows relative to third class service. Finally, we provide estimates of consumer substitution across passenger classes due to collusion and show that such substitution was small but non-negligible, especially during periods of normal cartel operation. Our study has broader implications for the theory of collusion, and on how collusion affects the quality, rather than the quantity, of products purchased by consumers.
PHARMACOLOGICALLY INDUCED BIDIRECTIONAL CHANGE IN SENSITIVITY OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DOPAMINE RECEPTORS

ABSTRACT We have shown that bidirectional changes in the sensitivity of dopamine receptor cells, as measured by dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase, number of specific dopamine binding sites, and behavioral response to dopamine agonists, can be produced by manipulation of ligand supply. This receptor sensitivity modification (RSM) may permit the development of new treatments for disorders involving the dopaminergic system.
Simulations of interfacial processes: recent advances in force field development

Interfacial systems are ubiquitous and important to myriad processes of interest such as protein-protein interactions and catalysis of reactions. Investigating interfacial systems at the molecular level presents unique challenges to both experiments and molecular simulations. The challenges in molecular simulations of interfacial systems range from scalability of quantum simulations to transferability of empirical force fields in classical simulations. In this article, we focus on the advances in force field development to study interfacial systems using protein-surface interactions and heterogeneous catalysis as case studies. We also discuss the emerging role of machine learning in force field development. We conclude by providing our perspective on accelerating the progress in force field development through concerted efforts for data collection and standardization of parameter fitting protocols for extending the force fields to new interfacial systems.
Impact of satellite linked radio transmitting (SLRT) tags on the dorsal fin of subadult and adult white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)

Satellite linked radio transmitting (SLRT) tags provide long-term, high accuracy, near real-time tracking data for marine wildlife. Adult white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias Linnaeus, 1758) in the northeastern Pacific at both Guadalupe Island, Mexico and Southeast Farallon Island, USA were tagged with SLRT oval and inline finmout tags. These tags provided up to 7.4 yrs of tracking data. A previous study showed structural dorsal fin damage for SLRT tagged juvenile and subadult white sharks off South Africa. Sharks tagged in the northeastern Pacific were resighted between 1 and 11 yrs post tagging and included 10 adults and 2 subadults. Sharks that were resighted did not exhibit significant fin deformation, although in one case the oval finmount tag did cause bending of the dorsal fin due to tag shape, weight, and placement of the tag on the dorsal fin. Four inline tags came off after deployments of at least 2.2 to 3.7 yrs (based on date of last message received), and two of these caused a tear to the trailing edge of the dorsal fin upon release. Overall, SLRT tags provided long-term tracking data and there was no apparent impact on the behavior or migration cycles of the sharks. Serious dorsal fin deformation seems to occur in the case of juvenile and subadult white sharks where the fin is rapidly growing and thus for tracking juvenile white sharks, alternate methods should be considered.
Acoustic Localization Using Spatial Probability in Noisy and Reverberant Environments

In realistic acoustic sound source localization scenarios, we often encounter not only the presence of multiple simultaneous sound sources, but also reverberation and noise. We propose a novel multi-source localization method based on the spatial sound presence probability (SSPP). The SSPP can be computed using prior knowledge of the anechoic relative transfer functions (RTFs), which incorporate magnitude and phase information, and makes the approach general for any device and geometry. From the SSPP we can not only obtain multiple simultaneous sound source direction estimates, but also their spatial presence probability. The SSPP can be used for a probabilistic update of the estimated directions, and can further be used to determine the dominant sound source. We demonstrate the robustness of our method in challenging non-stationary scenarios for single- and multi-speaker localization in noisy and reverberant conditions. The proposed method still localizes a sound source at 8 m with an average error below 7°.
Atypical Mycobacterial Infections After Plastic Surgery Procedures Abroad: A Multidisciplinary Algorithm for Diagnosis and Treatment.

Background The recent rise in medical tourism, especially for cosmetic procedures, has been mirrored by an increase in the incidence of infections with Mycobacterium abscessus, which is an atypical mycobacterium that is ubiquitous in aquatic environments. M. abscessus soft tissue infections arise from the use of improperly sterilized water and surgical equipment during surgical procedures, and these infections have devastating consequences if not promptly treated. M. abscessus infections are notoriously difficult to diagnose and properly treat, and therefore, we illustrate a typical case presentation and provide a comprehensive diagnostic and treatment algorithm. Methods Of the patients who have presented to our hospital for treatment of cutaneous M. abscessus infections, a representative patient's story was included to illustrate the typical presentation and treatment timeline. The current literature on M. abscessus infections was reviewed, and this literature and the clinical experience of our plastic surgery and infectious disease teams were used in the creation of a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for M. abscessus infections. Results M. abscessus infections can have an incubation period of months, and the classic presenting signs include purulent drainage, violaceous nodules, and subcutaneous abscesses at the site of a recent surgery. A key finding is persistence of the infection despite debridement and empiric antibiotic treatment. Cultures grown on mycobacterial-specific growth media are considered the diagnostic criterion standard, but high clinical suspicion is enough to warrant the initiation of treatment. Treatment itself consists of surgical drainage and debridement in combination with multidrug antibiotic regimens that typically include amikacin, a macrolide, and a carbapenem or cephalosporin antibiotic, with the option for macrolide and fluoroquinolone maintenance therapy. Conclusions M. abscessus cutaneous infections present with unique history and physical examination findings and often require complex diagnostic workups and treatment plans. Increased provider awareness of the management and potential complications of M. abscessus is crucial to the improvement patient outcomes, as is a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates primary care providers, pathologists, plastic surgeons, and infectious disease specialists.
Cell-specific and athero-protective roles for RIPK3 in a murine model of atherosclerosis

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) was recently implicated in promoting atherosclerosis progression through a proposed role in macrophage necroptosis. However, RIPK3 has been connected to numerous other cellular pathways, which raises questions about its actual role in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, RIPK3 is expressed in a multitude of cell types, suggesting that it may be physiologically relevant to more than just macrophages in atherosclerosis. In this study, Ripk3 was deleted in macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or globally on the Apoe-/- background using Cre-lox technology. To induce atherosclerosis progression, male and female mice were fed a Western diet for three months before tissue collection and analysis. Surprisingly, necroptosis markers were nearly undetectable in atherosclerotic aortas. Furthermore, en face lesion area was increased in macrophage- and endothelial-specific deletions of Ripk3 in the descending and abdominal regions of the aorta. Analysis of bone-marrow-derived macrophages and cultured endothelial cells revealed that Ripk3 deletion promotes expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and E-selectin in these cell types, respectively. Western blot analysis showed upregulation of MCP-1 in aortas with Ripk3-deficient macrophages. Altogether, these data suggest that RIPK3 in macrophages and endothelial cells protects against atherosclerosis through a mechanism that likely does not involve necroptosis. This protection may be due to RIPK3-mediated suppression of pro-inflammatory MCP-1 expression in macrophages and E-selectin expression in endothelial cells. These findings suggest a novel and unexpected cell-type specific and athero-protective function for RIPK3.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Evaluation of existing patient educational materials and development of a brochure for women with dense breasts.

Abstract Objectives In this pilot study, we developed and assessed acceptability of a brochure for women with dense breasts. Material and methods We measured Flesch-Kincaid Readability of 22 existing breast density educational materials. We then developed a brochure and tested it in two populations of women: 44 safety net hospital patients and 13 Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium stakeholders. Results Average grade score of existing materials was 10.0 (range: 5.5–12.7). Our brochure had a grade score of 5.9, and patients reported it was easy to understand. Conclusion Our plain language brochure could improve patient understanding following mandatory dense breast notification.
In Vivo Evaluation of a Decellularized Pericardium-polymer Biohybrid Composite for Use as a Cardiovascular Tissue Substitute

Objective: Glutaraldehyde (GA) fixed bovine pericardium (BP) is the current gold standard for fabrication of bioprosthetic heart valves, despite their poor durability, lack of growth, risk of calci...
4 – Creative experiences

Performers attempt to realize that which looms just outside of our grasp. This effort propels them to actively explore themselves and the work they are to perform. In great performances, the audience and the performers are acutely aware that they share in the creation of an illusion, a shadow of reality, and yet, the illusion is also an experience that is vibrantly alive and real. This chapter outlines common creative processes that manifest within performers. As interpreters, they embody the essence of being human rather than mirroring what humans do. Performers are trained to extract meaning from the works to be performed and they infuse their sensibilities into the expression of these works. The seeming constraints of the works are also doorways for further self-exploration.
On the cross sections for electron transfer, ejection and excitation in coincidence with a hole in a specific shell

A singles (or doubles) measurement of, say, direct ionization has contributions from all events in which one (or two) electrons are ejected, including events in which additional electrons are excited, ejected, or captured. In such inclusive measurements the contributions from events in which more than the minimum required number of electrons are active can become quite significant for reactions induced by multiply charged ions. The sum of the projectile-ion induced “singles” cross sections for direct ionization, electron transfer, and excitation equals that for vacancy production in the target. We show, however, that the analogous sum of “doubles” cross sections for these processes in coincidence with a hole in a particular shell of the target (i.e. with an Auger electron or X-ray) is greater than the “singles” cross section for production of a vacancy in that shell, except in the limit of very weak interactions (exclusively single-electron transitions). The derivation is given in the independent Fermi particle representation, but the result appears to be general. Singles cross sections can be expressed entirely by terms in which only single electron transitions explicitly appear. Doubles (2-fold coincidence) cross sections require also “DET” terms in which double electron transitions appear. The DET terms are responsible for the excess in the coincidence sum mentioned above. Illustrative calculations for He2+ and C6+ on Ne show the quantitative importance of the DET terms for direct ionization as well as electron transfer. No direct ionization-hole coincidence experiment has been done yet, to our knowledge; it would provide a valuable test of the theory.
Health Care Providers' Understanding of Health Care Beliefs and Preferences in Anabaptist Communities

Anabaptist communities are among the fastest growing communities in the United States. Reviews of medical and sociological literature consistently demonstrate that members of Anabaptist communities hold health care beliefs and preferences that differ from the mainstream culture. However, the professional health care literature is lacking in information regarding health care providers' understanding of health care beliefs and preferences in Anabaptist groups. The purpose of this study was to explore the understanding of Anabaptist patients' health care beliefs and preferences as well as lessons learned from providers who have experience delivering health care for this culturally diverse population. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to collect data with a sample of health care providers (N = 18) selected via purposive sampling. The study participants provided informed consent to be interviewed and videotaped responding to a set of semi-structured interview questions. The videotaped interviews were transcribed before thematic analysis was conducted independently and then collectively by a group of three researchers familiar with Anabaptist health care practices. Through thematic analysis, seven themes were identified among the participants relating to their understanding of the beliefs and preferences of Anabaptist community members they served.
Colonization of Islands by Humans: A Biogeographical Perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a worldwide summary of island colonization by preindustrial peoples and a history of who colonized what and when. It describes three geometrical properties of islands that affect the probability of settlement: (1) island distance, (2) configuration, and (3) area. This leads to the question of whether islands were reached accidentally or on purpose and to the theory of autocatalysis as a suggested key to waves of island colonization. Island distributions in the world's various oceans affected the degree to which the people living around those oceans developed maritime skills. The chapter then explores some consequences of competition between human populations occupying islands. It also discusses three phenomena that may develop as an island is colonized: (1) niche shifts, (2) beachhead bottlenecks, and (3) degradation of island environments.
Frailty Is Independently Associated With Worse Outcomes After Elective Anatomic Lung Resection.

Background Frailty has been widely recognized as a predictor of postoperative outcomes. Given the paucity of standardized frailty measurements in thoracic procedures, this study aimed to determine the impact of coding-based frailty on clinical outcomes and resource use after anatomic lung resection. Methods All adults undergoing elective, anatomic lung resections (segmentectomy, lobectomy, pneumonectomy) from 2005 to 2014 were identified using the National Inpatient Sample. Patients were categorized as either frail or nonfrail on the basis of the presence of any frailty-defining diagnoses defined by the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups. Multivariable models were used to assess the independent association of frailty with in-hospital mortality, nonhome discharge, complications, duration of stay, and costs. Results Of an estimated 366,357 hospitalizations for elective lung resection during the study period, 4.4% were in frail patients. Patients who underwent pneumonectomy or were treated at low-volume hospitals were more commonly frail. Relative to nonfrail patients, frailty was associated with increased unadjusted mortality (9.1% vs 1.7%; P Conclusions Frailty exhibits a strong association with inferior clinical outcomes and increased resource use after elective lung resection, particularly pneumonectomy. This readily available tool may improve preoperative risk assessment and allow for better selection of treatment modalities for frail patients with pulmonary disorders.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Alkoxide Transfer Reactivity of Dimeric Tl2(OR)2 Complexes

Reaction of LiOCtBu2Ph with TlPF6 forms the dimeric Tl2(OCtBu2Ph)2 complex, a rare example of a homoleptic thallium alkoxide complex demonstrating formally two-coordinate metal centers. Characterization of Tl2(OCtBu2Ph)2 by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography reveals the presence of two isomers differing by the mutual conformation of the alkoxide ligands, and by the planarity of the central Tl–O–Tl–O plane. Tl2(OCtBu2Ph)2 serves as a convenient precursor to the formation of old and new [M(OCtBu2Ph)n] complexes (M = Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn), including a rare example of T-shaped Zn(OCtBu2Ph)2(THF) complex, which could not be previously synthesized using more conventional LiOR/HOR precursors. The reaction of [Ru(cymene)Cl2]2 with Tl2(OCtBu2Ph)2 results in the formation of a ruthenium(II) alkoxide complex. For ruthenium, the initial coordination of the alkoxide triggers C–H activation at the ortho-H of [OCtBu2Ph] which results in its bidentate coordination. In addition to Tl2(OCtBu2Ph)2, related Tl2(OCtBu2(3,5-Me2C6H3))2 was also synthesized, characterized, and shown to exhibit similar reactivity with iron and ruthenium precursors. Synthetic, structural, and spectroscopic characterizations are presented.
A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis of Raoultella planticola Bacteriuria

Introduction Raoultella planticola is an aerobic gram-negative rod predominantly found in soil and aquatic environments. The typical reservoirs of Raoultella spp. include the gastrointestinal tract and the upper respiratory tract. It usually causes pneumonia, biliary tract infections, and bacteremia. Urinary tract infection (UTI) secondary to R. planticola is an uncommon entity. Less than 10 cases of R. planticola-associated UTIs in adults have been published in the literature to date. Objective This is a single institution retrospective study undertaken to identify the epidemiology, patient characteristics, clinical spectrum, predisposing risk factors and the outcome of patients with UTI caused by R. planticola. Results A total of 37 R. planticola isolates were identified in urine samples over a 5-year study period. The mean age of the patient population was 77 years. The most common comorbidity was diabetes mellitus, which was present in 16 patients. Only 3 patients had a history of steroid use, an immunosuppressive condition, or were on chemotherapy. The most common presenting complaint was altered mental status followed by fever. Resistance to ampicillin was found in 35 isolates which seems to be an intrinsic characteristic of Raoultella spp. and 2 isolates were multidrug-resistant, but still susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The average length of stay was 3 days, and the average duration of antibiotic administration was 8 days. Ciprofloxacin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic (9 patients). The severity of infection ranged from simple cystitis in 15 patients to urosepsis in 2 patients and septic shock in 2 patients. There were no mortalities in our cohort. Conclusion Our study revealed that patients with R. planticola UTI had higher proportion of diabetes mellitus, renal failure compared to the general population. Our study also confirms the intrinsic resistance to ampicillin of Raoultella spp., which has been documented previously in the literature.
Isolation, purification and protein content of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that serves many functions including protein synthesis, processing (folding, glycosylation, quality control) and trafficking, lipid and xenobiotic metabolism, calcium homeostasis and intracellular signaling (4, 12, 14). Morphologically the ER is composed of a continuous network of flattened saccules or cisternae, tubules and the nuclear envelope which together extend throughout the cell (2, 20). ER is usually divided into rough (RER) and smooth (SER) by the presence or absence of membrane bound ribosomes on the external surface that are engaged in protein synthesis.
Response to ''Comment on Metallic Mineral Resources in the Twenty-First Century: I. Historical Extraction Trends and Expected Demand'' by D. A. Singer and W. D. Menzie

Singer and Menzie (2010, p. 24) state: ‘‘The pattern of increasing per-capita consumption with increasing income...defines a growth curve, which may be modeled by a logistic function...’’. Menzie et al. (2005, p. 46) write: ‘‘This pattern defines a growth curve that may be modeled by a logistic function...’’, and then state that they used this function to estimate future levels of copper consumption for the twenty most populous countries, for the year 2020. In their comment, Singer and Menzie (2015) suggest that I may have misinterpreted these statements as implying that they have said that future metal consumption can be modeled by a logistic function of time. There is no misinterpretation. The function that they present (e.g., Singer and Menzie 2010, Eq. 2.1) is a function of time. The variable P (population) in the authors equation is a function of time, and the same is true of the variable i in their equation, that stands for percapita GDP. These facts make consumption, C, a function of time too. Whether time is an explicit variable in the function, or is introduced as a hidden variable that controls the behavior of another variable (or variables), that is (are) explicitly shown in the function, the goal is the same: one is attempting to predict per-capita consumption as a function of time. The authors use the word future, they comment on metal consumption in the year 2020, and they plot Cu consumption as a function of time (Singer and Menzie 2010, Fig. 2.7; Menzie et al. 2005, Figs. 2–7). Singer and Menzie (2010) and Menzie et al. (2005) appear to have used GDP and population estimates generated by the UN (see Singer and Menzie 2009) in order to estimate 2020 copper consumption with a logistic function. Those UN estimates must have been generated by functions of time. Moreover, Singer and Menzie (2010, p. 25) discuss growth of world copper consumption in terms of annual growth rate, i.e., of the first derivative of consumption relative to time. One can only differentiate a variable relative to another variable that it is a function of. Singer and Menzie (2015) also state that ‘‘...direct use of time as a predictor of metal consumption doesn t make sense...’’. I prefer to base scientific arguments on data and rigorous mathematical arguments, rather than on ‘‘sense’’. None of the references given by Singer and Menzie (2015), nor any other publications that I am aware of, proves that worldwide metal consumption of any metal follows a logistic function, nor a Kuznets curve, nor, for that matter, any other specific functional relationship, regardless of whether time appears in the function explicitly or as a hidden variable. Conclusions are derived either from philosophical considDepartment of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. To whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: alpatino@uga.edu
Clinical Trials: Ensuring Quality and Standardization

Well-designed and implemented clinical trials provide the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine and surgery. Ensuring the safety of participants in these trials is of paramount importance to retain the confidence of the public in human subjects research. Prior to initiating a clinical trial, the surgical trialist is advised to familiarize themselves with the regulatory documents and processes within the Belmont Report, good clinical practice, and an institutional review board as well as the structure of a protocol which includes standardized case report forms and adverse event reporting. At the start and conclusion to a trial, the principal investigator should refer to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist and flow diagram to provide accurate performance and documentation of the outcomes.
A Retrospective Analysis of STEM Career Interest Among Mathematics and Science Academy Students

Data reflecting Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) dispositions and reported reasons for interest in STEM were gathered in April 2013 from 342 high school students participating in a residential mathematics and science academy on a university campus. Student participants were enrolled in a program where finish their last two years of high school in conjunction with their first two years in college. Analysis of these data indicated that factors influencing student interest in STEM and STEM careers include the studentâ€™s own self-motivation, support from a parent or family member, science and mathematics coursework offered in school, and exposure to a high quality, motivating teacher. STEM career interest can be reasonably well predicted from a linear combination of four measures of STEM dispositions, but weightings of predictors and total variance accounted for differ for females when compared to males.
Sewing clothes and sorting cashew nuts: Factories, families, and women in Beira, Mozambique

Abstract This paper compares two groups of factory women in Beira, Mozambique. It demonstrates that garment workers had several advantages over cashew workers, in part as a result of their family economic background, which tended to be working class rather than peasant. The garment workers had better access to formal education, generally married later and more happily, and enjoyed a more stable and comfortable working environment. Both groups benefited from the laws of the new socialist government that supported working women. Yet the ability of the garment workers to hire domestic help meant they had a distinct advantage in providing for their families during a time of war and disruption.
Games: Trust and Investment

Trust and investment games are experimental methods for assessing behaviorally the presence of trust and reciprocity. Keywords: trust; reciprocity; investment; investment game; emotions
EFFECT OF URIC ACID ON RIBOFLAVINE PRODUCTION BY INTESTINAL COLIFORM BACTERIA

Lau, H. S. (University of Kentucky, Lexington), and R. F. Wiseman. Effect of uric acid on riboflavine production by intestinal coliform bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 87:337–340. 1964.—Cultures of Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, and Paracolobactrum species, isolated from human feces and from intestinal contents of rats, were tested for riboflavine synthesis in a chemically defined medium. Riboflavine was assayed by a fluorometric method and by microbiological assay. When uric acid was added to the synthetic medium at levels ranging from 10 to 750 μg/ml, it inhibited the production of riboflavine, but did not affect the growth of the bacteria. As the amount of uric acid in the medium was increased from 10 to 750 μg, there was a corresponding decrease in the amount of riboflavine produced. Some disappearance of uric acid was observed in the cultures. These results suggest that uric acid, or its degradation products, may have acted as an antimetabolite or an enzyme inactivator in the biosynthesis of riboflavine.
Nuclear energy for the third millennium

The major energy sources of today are expected to last for only a small fraction of the millennium starting in the year 2000. In the plans of most people, nuclear energy has been ruled out for four separate reasons: 1. The danger of radioactivity from a reactor accident or from reactor products during a long period after reactor shutdown; 2. The proposed fuels, U-235 and also Pu-239, as obtained by presently available procedures will serve only for a limited duration; 3. Energy from nuclear reactors will be more expensive than costs of present alternatives; 4. The possibility of misusing the products for military purposes is an unacceptable danger.
Introductory Remarks on the History and Current Applications of Tcs

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the history and current applications of Transcranial B-mode ultrasonography (TCS). TCS is a noninvasive imaging technique that was initially developed for evaluating cerebrovascular disorders, particularly arterial stenosis and occlusion. Since the mid-1990s, TCS has evolved to enable visualization of brain parenchymal structures and it has been applied to Parkinson's disease (PD) and other movement disorders. Various studies have suggested that TCS might be useful as a diagnostic tool both for clinical and for preclinical PD. A recent study followed a group of individuals with subtle parkinsonian signs and found that SN hyperechogenicity was highly predictive of the eventual diagnosis of PD. Taken together, TCS has begun to emerge as a potentially important tool in the early and potentially preclinical detection of PD and current studies are underway to further test this concept. TCS also appears to have value in the assessment of other movement disorders and even restless legs syndrome (RLS). TCS has distinct advantages as a diagnostic tool as it is inexpensive, noninvasive, and widely available. TCS, however, has its own limitations. It is dependent on the quality of the temporal acoustic bone window, ultrasound system, and, most importantly, the experience of the investigator.
Immunogenetic Studies of Drosophila Melanogaster. III. Further Evidence of Genic Interaction in the Determination of Antigenic Specificity.

Page 154, line 17 for " M-5/+; +/+; Payne Dfd ca/1(3)F " read " M-5/M-5; +/+; Payne Dfd ca/1(3)F ". Page 166, line 34 (in literature cited) insert Wright, S., 1948 On the roles of directed and random changes in gene frequency in the genetics of populations. Evolution 2: 279-294
History of Dynamics of Machines and Mechanisms from Leonardo to Timoshenko

In this paper we review the use of dynamic analysis in the evolution of machine and mechanism design. Our thesis is that the application of analytical methods in dynamics to machines and mechanisms lagged behind the application of these methods to non-machine areas of science and engineering such as planetary dynamics and structural dynamics. The early works of Mertzalov, Den Hartog and Timoshenko are reviewed.
The Effect of Alkalosis on Intracellular Calcium Concentrations[Ca++]i in Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells |[bull]| 1602

Background: The signaling mechanisms mediating alkalosis-induced pulmonary vasodilation are poorly understood. We have recently shown that an increase in pH from 7.4 to 7.7 stimulates cyclooxygenase (COX) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity resulting in a 2-fold increase in cGMP and a 5-fold increase in prostacyclin production in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (EC) in culture. Objective: To test the hypothesis that alkalosis causes an increase in [Ca++]i by stimulating K+ channel activity resulting in membrane hyperpolarization. As EC do not have voltage-gated Ca++ channels, Ca++ entry in EC depends upon the electrochemical driving force. Methods: Bovine pulmonary microvascular EC were loaded for 1 hour at room temperature with 5 μM fura-2 AM and 0.01% Pluronic F127. Cultures were rinsed of free fura-2 and placed on the stage of an inverted microscope for measurement of[Ca++]i using a dual wavelength fluorescent imaging system(Intracellular Imaging, Inc.). Excitation wavelengths were altered between 340 and 380 nm and emission fluorescence was measured at 510 nm. Intracellular Ca++ concentrations were computed from Ca++ calibration curves generated from Ca++ standard solutions and the 340/380 ratios using the InCyt IM2 image acquisition and analysis software.Results: Basal [Ca++]i was 52 ± 22 nM. There was a pH-dependent increase in [Ca++]i: pH 9.0 caused an abrupt 7-fold increase, while pH 7.7 caused a 2.2-fold increase over basal levels. The pH-dependent increase in [Ca++]i was abolished in Ca++-free medium. TMB-8, an inhibitor of IP3-mediated Ca++ release, had no effect on the alkalosis-induced increase in[Ca++]i but abolished the Ca++ transient induced by bradykinin. Depolarization of membrane potential with an isotonic KCl buffer(50 mM) abolished the increase in [Ca++]i mediated by alkalosis. Pretreatment of EC for 15 min with tetraethylammonium (TEA) partially inhibited the alkalosis-induced increase in [Ca++]i.Conclusion: Alkalosis induces a pH-dependent increase in[Ca++]i in pulmonary microvascular EC, which is dependent upon the presence of extracellular Ca++. The alkalosis-induced increase in[Ca++]i is linked to K+ channel activation, as it is inhibited by membrane depolarization and partially blocked by TEA. These studies support the hypothesis that alkalosis mediates vasodilation by activating K+ channels, hyperpolarizing EC membrane potential, resulting in increased [Ca++]i, which ultimately activates Ca++- dependent enzymes, such as COX and NOS.
The Social Information Processing Model of Task Design: Conflicting Cues and Individual Differences

This research experimentally investigated the social information processing (SIP) model of task design in a realistic work setting. Subjects were hired from the community for temporary part-time clerical work and were exposed to positive cues from a supervisor, positive cues from a supervisor and negative cues from a coworker, or no social cues. Results suggest that although social cues may have little impact on perceived task characteristics, they are an important influence on other task-role perceptions. In addition, the research demonstrated the varying effect of social cues over time, indicated offsetting effects of conflicting cues, and offered little support for individual needs as moderating variables.
Validation of 3-D finite element analysis for predicting the density distribution of roll compacted pharmaceutical powder

Abstract This study compares the density results from three-dimensional FEM simulations of a roll compaction process to those measured experimentally. Unlike previous studies, the experiments were performed with an air-powered piston feeder configuration that applied a known, uniform stress on the powder. All model boundary conditions were based on experimentally-measured values. To further improve model accuracy, the simulations also utilized density-dependent stress–strain constitutive parameters to describe the powder mechanical behaviors. Results show that the FEM model results agree well with the corresponding experimental data. Important experimental trends are successfully captured by the simulations, including the ribbon width-wise density distribution and the observation that the average ribbon density was independent of the inlet stress when the system was operated at conditions that allowed the roll gap to ‘float’. Further, as a result of cantilevered roll shaft supports, the experimental rolls were not perfectly parallel so the ribbon width-wise density distribution was slightly asymmetrical against the roll half-width. Incorporating non-parallel roll configurations in the FEM simulations resulted in an asymmetrical ribbon density distribution similar to the experimental observations.
HIV-1 gp41 six-helix bundle formation occurs rapidly after the engagement of gp120 by CXCR4 in the HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion process.

The onset of cell fusion mediated by HIV-1 IIIB Env is preceded by a lag phase of 15−20 min. Fusion mediated by the CD4-independent HIV-1 Env 8x, which is capable of interacting directly with CXCR4, proceeds with a greatly reduced lag phase. We probed the intermediate steps during the lag phase in HIV-1 IIIB Env-mediated fusion with Leu3-a, an inhibitor of attachment of gp120 to CD4, AMD3100, an inhibitor of attachment of gp120 to CXCR4, and C34, a synthetic peptide that interferes with the transition of gp41 to the fusion active state. Inhibitions of fusion as a function of time of addition of C34 and of AMD3100 were equivalent, indicating that engagement of gp120 by CXCR4 and formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle follow similar kinetics. The initial steps in fusion mediated by the CD4-independent Env 8x are too rapid for these inhibitors to interfere with. However, when 8x Env-expressing cells were incubated with target cells at 25 °C in the presence of AMD3100 or C34, prior to incubation at 37 °C, the...
Transient Modeling of Synchronous Machine-Transformer-SCR Bridge

A rigorous mathematical model of a synchronouschine-machine-transformer-thyristor bridge unit is presented in state-space form with coefficients that are explicit functions of standard parameters. The developed model has a minimum order for each of the various operation modes of the bridge, and its form is such that it can be readily interfaced with any type of dc network connected to the bridge. In addition, the model has the capability to consider different types of transformer winding connections. In a digital simulation, the explicit form of the state model eliminates the need of matrix inversions at each integration step. This and the use of the ?, s reference frame result in a high computing efficiency and accuracy. As an illustration, simulation results are shown of a case study where the unit is part of a high-power pulse generating system.
A Combinatorial Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem

(1995). A Combinatorial Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 48-49.
Min-transitivity of fuzzy leftness relationship and its application to decision making

Abstract We show that the fuzzy leftness relationship Left(A,B) between two intervals A and B on a line, which we had recently defined for modeling spatial relationships, satisfies the min-transitivity property. The previous definitions of leftness given by Krishnapuram et al. and Miyajima et al. do not have this property. The min-transitivity property plays an important role in fuzzy decision making based on Orlovsky's result. We give several general schemes for constructing concrete min-transitive relations based on our Left(A,B) for use in fuzzy decision making.
Coherent X-ray imaging and microscopy opportunities with a diffraction-limited Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) synchrotron source

A proposed Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) x-ray source at Comell would be a 5-7 GeV synchrotron facility based on the energy-recovery principle with a superconducting linac. Because of its ultra-small round electron source and ultra-short but flexible bunch structure, the ERL has the potential to produce subpicosecond ultra-bright diffraction-limited hard x-ray beams that are superior to those from existing storage rings, and would enable new scientific experiments that are difficult or impossible to perform today. In this paper, we discuss the transverse coherence properties of the ERL source and show how these properties could benefit various x-ray microscopy applications that require a highly coherent and intense x-ray beam. These applications include full coherent illumination of wide-aperture zone-plate optics for scanning x-ray microscopy, diffraction-limited coherent phase-contrast microscopy and tomography, fully coherent hard x-ray diffraction microscopy, and large-coherence-area x-ray holography techniques.
New Delayed-Neutron-Emitting Isotope: Be 12

Delayed neutrons with a half-life of 11.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 msec have been observed in the GeV-energy proton irradiation of targets of ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ and heavier nuclei but not from ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ and lighter nuclei. This new activity has been assigned to ${\mathrm{Be}}^{12}$. Cross sections for production of this nuclide from ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$, F, Na, and Al have been measured. From cross-section systematics, it is estimated that delayed neutrons are emitted in about 7% of the decays. Upper limits for the delayed-neutron branches of ${\mathrm{He}}^{8}$ and ${\mathrm{B}}^{13}$ have been set at 3 and 0.3%, respectively.
A New Beam Condenser Design for Studies on Solutions and Single Crystals with a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

The need for accurate absorption data on small single crystals has led to the development of a new optical beam condenser design for UV-Vis spectroscopy. This design is based on the style of beam condensers used in IR spectrophotometers as opposed to the standard light pipes and lens focusing devices. The six-mirrored unit focuses the slit image on samples as small as 300 μm. The design and standardization of the beam condenser unit are presented.