cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiologic responses to prolonged electrically stimulated leg-cycle exercise in the spinal cord injured.

This study determined the physiologic responses to prolonged functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) leg-cycle exercise in seven quadriplegic and seven paraplegic subjects. Each subject completed 30 minutes of continuous FNS leg cycling during which open-circuit spirometry, impedance cardiography, auscultation, and fingertip capillary blood sampling were used to assess metabolic and hemodynamic responses. Compared with resting values, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), pulmonary ventilation, heart rate (HR), left ventricular stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (Qt), and blood lactate (La) concentration were significantly (p less than .05) elevated, whereas plasma volume, bicarbonate concentration, and pH were significantly decreased in both groups during prolonged FNS leg-cycle exercise. Mean arterial pressure remained unchanged in quadriplegic and paraplegic subjects during the prolonged FNS leg-cycle exercise bout. Persons with quadriplegia elicited significantly lower MAP and tended to have lower SV and Qt responses than persons with paraplegia, probably due to a higher degree of sympathetic dysfunction and circulatory hypokinesis during FNS leg-cycle exercise. All other physiologic variables responded similarly between groups. We speculate that the relative increases observed for HR (33% to 60%), SV (45% to 69%), and Qt (113% to 142%) during prolonged FNS leg-cycle exercise create a sufficient cardiac-volume load to promote central cardiovascular conditioning in persons with both quadriplegia and paraplegia. The La accumulation (4.7 to 5.2 mmol.L-1) in the spinal cord injured during prolonged FNS leg cycling is unusually high for the power output attained (5.2W and 6.1W for quadriplegia and paraplegia, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Deaths from unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide during or within 1 year of pregnancy in Philadelphia.

Objectives. To understand the effect of unintentional injuries (e.g., drug overdose), suicide, and homicide on pregnancy-associated death (death during or within 1 year of pregnancy).Methods. We analyzed all cases of pregnancy-associated death among Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, residents from 2010 to 2014, examining cause of death, contributing factors, and history of health care use.Results. Approximately half (49%; 42 of 85) of pregnancy-associated deaths were from unintentional injuries (n = 31), homicide (n = 8), or suicide (n = 3); drug overdose was the leading cause (n = 18). Substance use was noted during or around events leading to death in 46% (31 of 67) of nonoverdose deaths. A history of serious mental illness was noted in 39% (32 of 82) of nonsuicide deaths. History of intimate partner violence (IPV) was documented in 19% (15 of 77) of nonhomicide deaths. Regardless of cause of death, approximately half of all decedents had an unscheduled hospital visit documented within a month of death.Conclu...
Goal conflict and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis

Abstract Goal conflict has long been an important aspect of motivation theories, but the results of research on the relationship between goal conflict and psychological well-being have been inconsistent. A meta-analytic review of the literature (k = 54) was conducted to examine this association. Higher levels of goal conflict are related to lower levels of positive psychological outcomes and greater psychological distress, though this relationship is stronger for distress outcomes. Other moderators that produced significant differences in effect sizes were whether a goal matrix was used to assess goal conflict, whether unipolar or bipolar assessment of goal conflict was used, and whether adult or student samples were studied. This meta-analysis provides evidence that goal conflict has a negative association with psychological well-being.
HER2 expression and response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma.

e15145 Background: Targeting HER2 overexpression with trastuzumab in metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EGA) improves survival with clinical trials currently examining the impact of HER2 in...
Adding adaptive intelligence to sensor systems with MASS

In sensor systems, tracking gradual drift in a non-stationary environment is a challenging problem. The problem, a phenomenon also known as concept drift, is made even more difficult if the streaming data only consists of unlabeled data after initialization. This scenario is typically referred to as extreme verification latency (EVL), and is common in many sensor applications. In our previous work, we introduced a framework called COMPOSE (COMPacted Object Sample Extraction), which can handle the extreme verification latency problem, provided that the drift is limited. In this paper, we introduce a derivative of COMPOSE called MASS (Modular Adaptive Sensor System) as a solution to extreme verification latency in streaming sensor data, regardless of the particular application. To analyze the performance of MASS, the classification accuracy and execution time were compared to several variations of COMPOSE on synthetic benchmark datasets. The algorithm was then implemented on an Arduino sumo robot, where the objective was to keep the robot within a specific zone based on drifting data returned by the reflectance sensor.
One-Dimensional van der Waals Material Tellurium: Raman Spectroscopy under Strain and Magneto-Transport

Experimental demonstrations of one-dimensional (1D) van der Waals material tellurium (Te) have been presented by Raman spectroscopy under strain and magneto-transport. Raman spectroscopy measurements have been performed under strains along different principle axes. Pronounced strain response along the c-axis is observed due to the strong intrachain covalent bonds, while no strain response is obtained along the a-axis due to the weak interchain van der Waals interaction. Magneto-transport results further verify its anisotropic property, which results in dramatically distinct magneto-resistance behaviors in terms of three different magnetic field directions. Specifically, phase coherence length extracted from weak antilocalization effect, Lϕ ≈ T–0.5, claims its two-dimensional (2D) transport characteristics when an applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the thin film. In contrast, Lϕ ≈ T–0.33 is obtained from universal conductance fluctuations once the magnetic field is along the c-axis of Te, which ind...
Judicial Wellness: The Ups and Downs of Sitting New York Judges

This article is about the stresses New York judges suffer, how New York judges manifest stress (including bullying, depression, alcoholism, chemical dependency, gambling, and suicide), and how New York judges can cope with and overcome judicial stress.
Introduction to Information Literacy in the Life Sciences

Information literacy (IL) has been building a solid foundation in higher education for many decades, and collaborations between librarians and science discipline faculty continue to proliferate. This opening chapter to IL in the life sciences provides some context, covering the importance of IL in general and as applied to lifelong learning and educational accreditation, including international standards and efforts. It briefly discusses the history of IL and how essential it has become worldwide as society continues to travel through the digital revolution and touches on the movements to metaliteracy and transdisciplinary research. In framing IL efforts in the sciences for the chapters that follow, this introduction describes how collaboration between librarians and discipline faculty benefits students by increasing their skill sets to process and digest complex layers of information and by refining their ability to search and verify information. Examples of successful collaborations are mentioned as are ways to use primary literature to improve students’ literacy skills.
In vitro Assays for Eukaryotic Leading/Lagging Strand DNA Replication.

The eukaryotic replisome is a multiprotein complex that duplicates DNA. The replisome is sculpted to couple continuous leading strand synthesis with discontinuous lagging strand synthesis, primarily carried out by DNA polymerases e and δ, respectively, along with helicases, polymerase α-primase, DNA sliding clamps, clamp loaders and many other proteins. We have previously established the mechanisms by which the polymerases e and δ are targeted to their ‘correct’ strands, as well as quality control mechanisms that evict polymerases when they associate with an ‘incorrect’ strand. Here, we provide a practical guide to differentially assay leading and lagging strand replication in vitro using pure proteins.
The Stature of Man: Population Bomb on Spaceship Earth

The “Anthropocene” gives a new name to a phenomenon a long time in the making. This chapter suggests the aesthetic and epistemological ramifications of this epochal designation are likewise newly visible, but not altogether new. The chapter delineates the forms and functions of a set of cultural texts of the 1940s–70s that prefigure the scalar analytics envisioned by recent discussions of climate change in the humanities. Reading Richard Matheson’s The Shrinking Man with exhortations to population control by Fairfield Osborne, William Vogt, Paul Ehrlich, and the Club of Rome, Lubin charts a genealogy of parametric planetarity to recast contemporary Anthropocene criticism in terms of a precursive concern about the hubris of humankind growing out of proportion to a fragile planetary ecology.
Adolescent smokers' response to reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes: Acute effects on withdrawal symptoms and subjective evaluations.

Abstract Background Mandating a reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes to a minimally addictive level could dramatically reduce smoking rates in the US. However, little is known about the effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes in adolescents. Methods Following overnight abstinence, adolescent daily smokers (ages 15–19, n = 50) reported on their craving, withdrawal, and positive and negative affect pre- and post- ad lib smoking of one cigarette containing varying nicotine content (15.8, 5.2, 1.3 and 0.4 mg/g of tobacco) in the laboratory and reported their subjective evaluations of each cigarette. Carbon monoxide (CO) boost from pre- to post-cigarette was calculated to determine if lower-nicotine cigarettes led to differential acute changes in toxicant exposure. Results All four nicotine cigarette types significantly reduced abstinence-induced craving, withdrawal, and negative affect (all p’s Conclusions These results suggest that lower nicotine cigarettes might result in reduced abuse liability compared to higher nicotine content cigarettes due to reduced positive subjective effects, while still reducing withdrawal, in adolescents. These results highlight the potential feasibility of this policy approach and support continued research on how a nicotine reduction policy may affect adolescent smoking patterns.
Quality Assurance, Patient and Provider Safety

Learn about the need for and history of patient safety Discuss anesthesia-related patient safety data Understand national initiatives to improve patient safety
ColotypeR: A tool to classify colon cancers by consensus molecular subtype and subtype-specific risk of recurrence.

632Background: Colon cancer is highly heterogeneous in prognosis and response to treatment. The consensus molecular subtypes (CMS1-4, and mixed) partition colon cancers into distinct groups. CMS4 t...
Impact of Protein and Carbohydrate Supplementation on Musculoskeletal Injuries in Army Initial Entry Training Soldiers

This project investigated whey protein and/or carbohydrate supplementation effects on musculoskeletal injury (MSI) outcomes. Four groups of Initial Entry Training soldiers consumed either: (1) one protein (38.6 g, 293 kcal); (2) one carbohydrate (63.4 g, 291 kcal); (3) two protein (77.2 g, 586 kcal); or (4) two carbohydrate servings/day (126.8 g, 582 kcal) after physical training and before bed, or before bed only. Odds Ratio, Chi-square and Wilcoxon ranked-sum test compared supplementation/no supplementation, number of servings, and protein/carbohydrate for MSI and limited/missed duty rates and limited/missed training days. Non-matched pairs group averages were compared to 2015/2016 historical data. Non-supplemented soldiers were approximately 5× more likely to sustain a MSI (χ2 = 58.48, p < 0.001) and 4× more likely to miss training (χ2 = 9.73, p = 0.003) compared to two servings. Non-supplemented soldiers missed five additional training days compared to two servings (W = 6059.5, p = 0.02). Soldiers consuming one serving were approximately 3× more likely to sustain a MSI than two servings (χ2 = 9.55, p = 0.002). There was no difference in limited/missed duty rates or limited/missed training days between consuming one or two servings. There was no difference between consuming one serving versus no supplementation or protein versus carbohydrate supplementation for any outcome variable. Soldiers consuming 2 servings/day of protein or carbohydrate had lower MSI rates, limited/missed duty rates, and limited/ missed training days compared to non-supplemented soldiers.
Termination of Diapause in the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major pest of cotton (Gossypium spp. (Malvales: Malvaceae)) in Mexico, South America, and South Texas in the United States. The ability of the boll weevil to survive extended cotton-free periods has been key to its persistence as a pest despite intensive control efforts. However, the mechanism facilitating survival has been subject to debate. Whereas adult diapause has long been considered the principal survival mechanism, some authors have characterized the dormancy as a quiescence. We induced dormancy in the weevil and examined whether food type, enforced starvation, or induced flight influenced termination of the dormancy. Providing dormant adult weevils a diet favoring reproduction for 7-14 d prompted a modest termination response in female weevils and virtually no response in males. Some weevils starved ≥21 d resumed reproduction after exposure to a favorable diet, but most weevils remained dormant. Induced flight followed by exposure to a favorable diet prompted >50% of the weevils to terminate the dormancy. Patterns of feeding and oviposition were also useful in interpreting the termination response. These results indicate that the dormancy exhibited by the weevil is a diapause of variable intensity rather than a quiescence. A conceptual model recognizing population heterogeneity in diapause induction and intensity is consistent with reports of host-free survival and accommodates perceived differences in boll weevil ecology among temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions. This model provides a framework that will be valuable to research, management, and eradication efforts in the tropics and subtropics.
Fluorescence Marker-Assisted Isolation of Cas9-Free and CRISPR-Edited Arabidopsis Plants

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has successfully introduced modifications at target DNA sequences in many plant species including Arabidopsis. After the target gene is edited, the CRISPR/Cas9 construct needs to be removed to ensure genetic stability and to gain any regulatory approval for commercial applications. However, removal of the transgenes by genetic segregation, backcross, and genotyping is very laborious and time-consuming. The methods we report here allow fast and effective isolation of transgene-free T2 Arabidopsis plants with the desired modifications at the target genes. We express a fluorescence protein mCherry under the control of a seed-specific promoter At2S3 and placed the cassette into the CRISPR/Cas9 vector. Therefore, we can use mCherry as a proxy for the presence of Cas9, and we are able to visually isolate the Cas9-free Arabidopsis plants with heritable mutations at the T2 generation. We targeted two sites in the ABP1 gene to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Investigation of the transmission measurements of different clothing types at sub-terahertz for reflection imaging

Transmission measurements of 11 different garments composed of different materials and different thickness under different conditions were measured. The setup consisted of a 100 Gigahertz camera system which used an IMPATT diode (66mW power output) as the source, a 32x32 image sensor array (1.5x1.5mm pixels, 1 nW/√Hz Noise Equivalent Power) focused with PTFE lens (50mm focal length). The camera system was configured for reflection imaging by placing the source emitter and imaging array at an off-axis angle and focused on a large flat mirrored surface. To simulate reflection of the emitted signal off human skin after transmission through the garments, we placed the garments over the mirrored surface. We then calculated the transmission loss, in terms of signal strength (amplitude), as the ratio of the recorded images with and without the garments. The materials and make-up of the garments were recorded, such as colors, accents, and thickness. To increase the realism of the data, we added several conditions for each garment transmission recording that included overlapping wrinkles and multiple garment layers. We were able to confirm transmission results reported from other research groups, but found that variations such as wrinkles and multiple layers can change the transmission ratios significantly.
De-noising GNSS-Reflectometry Measurements from a Freshwater Surface

Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a form of bi-static radar in which the GNSS signal reflected off a surface can be used to remotely sense the surface from which it reflects. It is a low-cost, all-weather sensing method in which a GNSS receiver specifically measures what would typically be considered multipath rather than rejecting it. This technique has the potential to be extremely useful in monitoring phase changes between water and ice in the crysophere, as the signal scattered power and Doppler shift is function of the surface conditions. The power collected as a function of time delay and Doppler shift is often represented on a Delay-Doppler Map (DDM).
The association between N-methylnaltrexone, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical cystectomy.

To assess the impact of N-methylnaltrexone, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, on the post-operative recovery of patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical cystectomy by a single surgeon (KC) prior to (control group) and after (treatment group) the routine use of N-methylnaltrexone. Kaplan–Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to quantify time to flatus, bowel movement, and discharge. Daily mean opioid use, daily pain assessment rating, and episodes of severe pain (7–10/10) were compared. Gastrointestinal-related complications, including ileus, emesis, and/or need for post-op nasogastric tube placement, and 30-day readmissions were also compared between groups. Charge capture data were compared between groups to analyze cost impact. 29 patients each in the control and treatment group met inclusion criteria. Patients receiving N-methylnaltrexone had reduced length of stay compared with no N-methylnaltrexone (median 4 vs. 7 days, p < 0.01). Time to flatus and bowel movement, however, were similar. In a multivariable analysis controlling for possible confounders, however, the improvement in length of stay associated with N-methylnaltrexone use did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.11). Episodes of severe pain and composite gastrointestinal-related complications were reduced in the N-methylnaltrexone group (44.8% vs. 10.3%, p < 0.01). The reduction in length of stay was associated with approximately $10,500 in cost savings per patient. In this study, N-methylnaltrexone was associated with reduced length of stay, fewer episodes of severe pain, and reduced costs. These results provide the impetus for further study.
Role of cerebrovascular autoregulation in neurovascular coupling (Conference Presentation)

Cerebrovascular Autoregulation failure is known to allow drastic changes in cerebral blood flow in cases of extreme Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) or Intracranial Pressure (ICP). Brain pathologies (such as traumatic brain injury, hydrocephalus, stroke, etc.) which alter CPP and ICP are also known to show impaired neurovascular coupling. We analyzed these characteristic changes in neurovascular coupling in a model to develop a non-invasive diagnostic marker of autoregulation failure using EEG, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy.
A Lagrangian particle-tracking approach to modelling larval drift in rivers

The migration of larval fish from spawning to rearing habitat in rivers is not well understood. This paper describes a methodology to predict larval drift using a Lagrangian particle-tracking (LPT)...
Meeting Report: 68th Montagna Symposium on the Biology of Skin "Decoding Complex Skin Diseases: Integrating Genetics, Genomics, and Disease Biology".

The 68th Montagna Symposium on the Biology of the Skin was held from 10 to 14 October 2019 at Salishan Lodge in Gleneden Beach, Oregon. The theme of the meeting was "Decoding Complex Skin Diseases: Integrating Genetics, Genomics, and Disease Biology." The meeting emphasized the integration of multiple themes and disciplines to better understand some of the most common skin diseases, ranging from psoriasis to alopecia areata to vitiligo to lupus erythematosus to atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Promising therapeutic strategies are emerging for all of these diseases, providing clues for ways to connect the bench to the bedside. A common thread was the success of GWASs, which have highlighted the importance of regulatory signals versus coding variation. These diseases also share an environmental component linked to immune system function. Hence, beyond GWASs, this meeting focused on gene regulatory mechanisms, the single-cell revolution, in vivo systems for dissection of disease pathogenesis, and the relationship between genetics and environment in the context of host defense. We concluded with a translational roundtable designed to explore how these interrelated fields can best be directed toward long-term disease control and, ultimately, a cure.
Publication Bias in Gastrointestinal Oncology Trials Performed over the Past Decade.

Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evidence-based practice, but their development and implementation is resource intensive. We aimed to describe modern RCTs in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer and identify predictors of successful accrual and publication. Materials and methods ClinicalTrials.gov was queried for phase III GI cancer RCTs opened between 2010 and 2019 and divided into two cohorts: past and recruiting. Past trials were analyzed for predictors of successful accrual and the subset with ≥3 years follow-up were analyzed for predictors of publication. Univariate and multivariable (MVA) logistic regression were used to identify covariates associated with complete accrual and publication status. Results A total of 533 GI RCTs were opened from 2010 to 2019, 244 of which are still recruiting. In the "past" trials cohort (235/533) MVA, Asian continent of enrollment was a predictor for successful accrual, whereas trials with prolonged enrollment (duration longer than median of 960 days) trended to failed accrual. Predictors for publication on MVA included international enrollment and accrual completion. Sponsorship was not associated with accrual or publication. Notably, 33% of past trials remain unpublished, and 60% of trials that were closed early remain unpublished. Conclusion Accrual rate and the primary continent of enrollment drive both trial completion and publication in GI oncology. Accrual must be streamlined to enhance the impact of RCTs on clinical management. A large portion of trials remain unpublished, underscoring the need to encourage dissemination of all trials to, at a minimum, inform future trial design. Implications for practice Two-thirds of gastrointestinal (GI) oncology phase III randomized controlled trials successfully accrue. However, one-third of these trials are unpublished, and more than half of trials which close early are unpublished. The strongest predictors for publication are successful accrual and international collaborations. Initiatives to optimize the trial enrollment process need to be explored to maximize the potential for trials to engender progress in clinical practice. Moreover, we have identified a significant publication bias in the realm of GI oncology, and the field should promote reporting of all trials in order to better inform future trial questions and design.
Foreclosing on community

Communities across the nation continue to struggle with the long-term effects of the housing market crash and resulting foreclosure crisis of 2006-2007. In Cook County, which includes the city of Chicago and several surrounding suburbs, foreclosure and resulting vacant buildings continue to pose complex problems even as foreclosure rates slow and the market begins to level out. In Chicago, a long history of racial residential segregation and the sub-prime lending crisis has concentrated the effects of foreclosure in African-American and minority communities. Why is this true? And what does it mean for the future of the city and surrounding suburbs?
People die in six ways and each is politics: Infrastructure and the possible

Critical infrastructure services determine where people can survive and what they can do with their survival. This fact conditions political possibilities at a fundamental level but remains underexplored in the literature. Those who wish to extend the boundaries of political action, or to win protections and the possibility of a new political community for themselves and others, should focus a substantial part of their energies and attention on developing alternative infrastructure systems for supporting human life. Without such systems, political action – no matter how revolutionary or ingenious – will ultimately find itself constrained by its position within the zones of survivability established by existing forms of infrastructure and by the hierarchies and configurations of power linked with those forms of infrastructure. As a result, those who wish to change current political and economic conditions should think of the capacity to take care of everyone as a condition for such change rather than its result.
A Bottom Shear Modulus Profiler: Inverse Analysis of the Field Data on Wave-Induced Bottom Motion

Accurate information on the shear modulus profile within the seabed is essential for modeling bottom interactions of acoustic wave propagation in the shallow ocean. Such information is also important for design of offshore structures and for modeling bottom interactions of gravity water waves. Conventional methods using penetrometers, vanes and bore holes are costly and time consuming. They are often impossible in severe environments such as in the Arctic and are impractical for covering a large area of the seafloor. To help ease this situation, a concept of a bottom shear modulus profiler has been developed.
The Al 2 O 3 -Sio 2 System: Logical Analysis of Phenomenological Experimental Data

Presence or absence of (αAl2O3 as a source of Al2O3 molecules in the starting materials used for determining the phase equilibria in the SiO2/Al2O3 system is shown to be responsible for reported differences in phase diagrams. Equilibrium amounts of Al2O3 molecules dissolved in alumino-silicate liquids from αAl2O3 as a source are determined by the bond strength of the source. Under a balance, or saturation of the liquid with (αAl2O3, the liquid molecular structure does not become saturated with clusters of Al2O3 molecules. Monophasic starting materials, however, can provide sufficient less strongly held Al2O3 molecules to possibly saturate the alumino-silicate liquid molecular structure. The significance of this condition is that a cooling alumino-silicate liquid precipitates (αAl2O3 spontaneously only when its atomic structure becomes saturated with clusters of Al2O3 molecules. However, when the free energy of the liquid relative to Al2O3 becomes equal to the free energy necessary to dissolve αAl2O3, precipitation of αAl2O3 can not occur spontaneously but precipitation can occur on introduction of “seeds” or nucleating agents of αAl2O3. Discussions of these phenomena relative to thermodynamic stability are presented in the text.
The Role of Uninformed Investors in an Optimal IPO Mechanism, or What Google Did Right and Facebook Did Wrong

This paper explores optimal ways for a firm to sell its initial public offering (IPO) to a mix of informed and uninformed investors through an intermediary. The informed investors are assumed to behave as an "exclusive club" by colluding to protect their private information about the IPO value. I argue that uninformed investors' profit provides a benchmark for informed investors, resulting in an endogenous constraint that affects the issuer's revenue. I conclude that higher revenues are achieved with higher numbers of uninformed investors participating in an IPO. Furthermore, the intermediary serves as the only credible provider of information about uninformed investors' realized demand to informed investors. This increases the issuer's expected revenue, and provides a rationale for substantial commissions paid to the intermediary. The above implications could be stylistically interpreted in the context of IPOs by Google and Facebook.
The effect of antimetabolites on the growth of Endamoeba histolytica. I. Purine and pyrimidine analogs.

Abstract Various purine and pyrimidine analogs were amebicidal. The inhibition of Endamoeba histolytica by these compounds was reversed by purines and pyrimidines. Some new synthetic pyrimidine amides had greatest antiamebic activity. It is proposed that these analogs act as antimetabolites and block nucleic acid metabolism in the amebae.
Tide‐Induced Residual Flow

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the mechanisms by which tide-induced residual flow is generated in shallow bays and channels.
Nutritional support of patients with intravenous hyperalimentation

Abstract Intravenous hyperalimentation is a method of nutritional support with demonstrated effectiveness in maintaining a positive nitrogen balance, achieving tissue synthesis, and promoting anabolism. Meticulous placement and maintenance of the indwelling subclavian vein catheter and administration of nutrient solution is essential if safe long-term intravenous catheterization is to be achieved. Complications associated with this technique include: traumatic injuries secondary to insertion, infection and sepsis, hyperosmolar nonketotic hyperglycemia, and electrolyte disturbances. Its use should be restricted to those patients with severe alimentation disorders.
Tails of unconventional myosins.

In addition to the conventional myosins (class II) required for processes such as muscle contraction and cytokinesis, the myosin superfamily of actin-based motor proteins includes at least 14 ‘unconventional’ classes. These unconventional myosins are defined by myosin-like head (motor) domains attached to class-specific tail domains that differ greatly from those of myosin-II. The unconventional myosins account for almost two-thirds of the 28 or more myosin genes currently believed to be expressed in humans and 80–90% of the ∼10 or more myosin genes expressed in a typical nonmuscle cell. Although these members of the myosin superfamily have not been as intensively investigated as the conventional myosins, unconventional myosins are known or believed to power many forms of actin-based motility and organelle trafficking. The presence of signaling domains such as kinase domains, SH3 domains, PH domains or GTPase-activating domains in the tails of unconventional myosins indicates that these proteins can also be components of signal transduction pathways. Since several classes of the myosin superfamily have been found only in lower eukaryotes or plants (VIII, XI, XIII and XIV), in this review we will focus on the structures and properties of the unconventional myosins found in multicellular animals (excluding classes I and V, which have been reviewed elsewhere recently). Special attention will be focused on the three classes of unconventional myosins that can cause deafness in mouse or humans when mutated. In addition, we discuss the discovery of a pair of intriguing domains, the Myosin Tail Homology 4 (MyTH4) and FERM (band 4.1, Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin) domains, that are present in the tails of otherwise very different myosins as well as a plant kinesin-like protein. Recent progress in the identification of novel unconventional myosins will also be summarized.
Light scattering as a diagnostic for protein crystal growth—A practical approach

Abstract Static and dynamic light scattering are discussed as particularly useful tools for studying various aspects of protein crystal growth. Specific applications for prenucleation assays as well as for monitoring postnucleation growth processes are presented. Protein–protein interactions determined by light scattering, which serve as a predictor for favorable crystallization conditions as well as for protein solubility behavior, are detailed. Several precautions regarding the practical aspects of light scattering and interpretation of data are also discussed.
Patient outcomes following defibrillation with a low energy biphasic truncated exponential waveform in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Primary objective: To determine the outcome of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation as the presenting rhythm while using automated external defibrillators (AEDs) that delivered non-escalating, impedance-compensated low-energy (150 J) shocks. Materials and methods: AEDs delivering low-energy biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) shocks were employed in an emergency medical services (EMS) system in which first-arriving personnel — police, firefighters or paramedics — delivered the initial shocks. Patients were classified according to their response to shocks: restoration of sustained spontaneous circulation (ROSC) without need for epinephrine and other advanced life support (ALS) interventions; and ALS, those requiring epinephrine in all instances. The primary end-point was neurologically-intact discharge survival. Secondary end-points were ROSC with shocks only and the call-to-shock time interval. Results: Of 42 patients with VF arrest treated with BTE shocks, 35 were bystander-witnessed. Of these 35, 14 (38%) regained a sustained ROSC on-scene with shocks only, needing no epinephrine for ROSC. All 14 survived to discharge home. Of the remaining 21 patients needing ALS intervention, only two (9.5%) survived to discharge. Overall, 16/35 patients (46%) survived to discharge home, an outcome comparable to our experience with patients treated with escalating high-energy monophasic waveform shocks. Conclusions: Low-energy (150 J) non-escalating biphasic truncated exponential waveform shocks terminate VF in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with high efficacy; patient outcome is comparable with that observed with escalating high-energy monophasic shocks. Low-energy shocks, in addition to high efficacy, may confer the advantage of less shock-induced myocardial dysfunction, though this will be difficult to define in the clinical circumstance of long-duration VF provoked by a pre-existing diseased myocardial substrate.
Molecular model for telomeric heterochromatin in yeast

A molecular model for the formation of yeast core telomeric heterochromatin has been proposed recently. The RAP1 protein provides the specificity for the localization of heterochromatin through its recognition of telomeric DNA sequences. Its complexing with silencing information regulators (SIR2, SIR3 and SIR4) and histones H3 and H4 generates a folded-back DNA structure. This not only represses adjacent genes through SIR-protein-histone interactions, but also enables condensation and protection of the telomeric end. The SIR2 and SIR4 levels at the core differ from those in the extended telomeric heterochromatin produced when the limiting protein, SIR3, is overexpressed.
Heterogeneity and dynamics of muscle fiber water in marine crustaceans

1. The properties of myoplasmic water in three species of marine crustaceans (Callianassa californiensis, Cancer antennarius, andPachygrapus crassipes) were studied using a variety of techniques. The fraction of total muscle water which acts as solvent for potassium was determined by comparing the total apparent fiber K+ concentration with a K+ concentration determined from a K+ activity measurement (K+ ion-selective microelectrodes). For each of the sea water acclimated crustaceans about 35% of the total muscle fiber water is non-solvent for free potassium. 2. The kinetics of3H2O uptake by isolated muscle from sea water acclimatedCallianassa indicates that 20% of the myoplasmic water has reduced diffusional mobility. The uptake of14C-dimethylsulfoxide also indicated that about 20% of the muscle fiber water is non-solvent for this solute. Osmometric experiments on single, isolatedCallianassa muscle fibers indicate that 35% of the fiber volume (or about 15% of the fiber water) is osmotically inactive. 3. It is concluded that muscle fiber water of these organisms is heterogeneous, consisting of at least two phases: a normal phase (60% to 80% of the total fiber water) which is limited by the plasma membrane and has electrochemical properties of the extracellular milieu; and an abnormal phase which is speculated to be associated with myofilament protein. 4. The dynamics of these phases were examined by measuring the potassium solvent volumes of fibers fromCallianassa andCancer which had been acclimated to various salinities. Changes in muscle fiber hydration, which accompany salinity adaptation, are not simply due to changes in the size of the solvent volume alone. Osmometric experiments on single fibers from 35% and 150% sea water acclimatedCallianassa also suggest that the osmotically inactive volume can gain or lose water. 5. It is hypothesized that the observed participation of the abnormal phase may result from changes in the equilibrium between myofilament protein and its surface associated water, and these changes may be related to alterations in cell osmolyte levels, particularly nitrogenous solutes which mediate osmotic adaptation.
Derivation and Long-Term Culture of Transgene-Free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Synthetic Substrates

We describe a platform to derive, culture, and differentiate genomically stable, transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) on a fully synthetic polymer substrate made of a grafted zwitterionic hydrogel: poly2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (PMEDSAH). Three independent transgene-free iPSC lines derived in these conditions demonstrated continuous self-renewal, genomic stability, and pluripotency in vitro and in vivo after up to 9 months of continuous in vitro culture on PMEDSAH-grafted plates. Together, these data demonstrate the strength this alternative platform offers to generate and maintain human iPSCs for regenerative medicine.
Electron propagator calculations on the discrete spectra of ArH and NeH

Abstract Electron propagator calculations on the electron affinities of ArH + and NeH + are performed at the equilibrium bond lengths of these cations. Several neutral state energies with 2 Σ + and 2 Π symmetry are calculated with basis sets that include many diffuse s and p functions. Certain features in experimental spectra are assigned to transitions between E 2 Π ( n =3) and A 2 Σ + ( n =2) Rydberg states.
Back to the Black Belt: Racial Environment and White Racial Attitudes in the South

In this study, I look at the relationship of black population and white racial attitudes in the contemporary South. Merging county-level census data with individual-level N.E.S. data from the 1980s to create a variable tapping "racial environment," I also use this study to test the validity of a group conflict theory of racial-political attitudes. I find that racial environment has a strong and consistent effect on racial-political attitudes, but little-to-no effect on measures of prejudice. Moreover, this racial environment effect is pronounced among those most affected by black political progress (southern Democrats evaluating Jesse Jackson). Contrary to a symbolic racism approach to the study of racial-political attitudes, these three findings support the contention that threat, in the form of group conflict, influences political positions on racial issues.
Establishment size, employment, and the gender wage gap

Abstract This study analyzes the allocation of professional males and females in large establishments, and the effects of employment in large establishments on the wages of men and women. The results of this study show that professional women are disproportionately employed in large establishments. Although professional women earn higher wages in large establishments, the gender wage gap is significant in large establishments despite using detailed controls for worker and human capital characteristics. One factor contributing to the significant gender wage gap may be the unequal access and returns to supervisory jobs for women in large establishments.
Broad and Narrow Conceptual Tuning in the Human Frontal Lobes

Previous work has implicated prefrontal cortices in selecting among and retrieving conceptual information stored elsewhere. However, recent neurophysiological work in monkeys suggests that prefrontal cortex may play a more direct role in representing conceptual information in a flexible context-specific manner. Here, we investigate the nature of visual object representations from perceptual to conceptual levels in an unbiased data-driven manner using a functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation paradigm with pictures of animals. Throughout much of occipital cortex, activity was highly sensitive to changes in 2D stimulus form, consistent with tuning to form and position within retinotopic coordinates and matching an automated measure of shape similarity. Broad superordinate conceptual information was represented as early as extrastriate and posterior ventral temporal cortex. These regions were not completely invariant to form, suggesting that form similarity remains an important organizational constraint into the temporal cortex. Separate sites within prefrontal cortex represented broad and narrow conceptual tuning, with more anterior sites tuned narrowly to close conceptual associates in a manner that was invariant to stimulus form/position and that matched independent similarity ratings of the stimuli. The combination of broad and narrow conceptual tuning within prefrontal cortex may support flexible selection, retrieval, and classification of objects at different levels of categorical abstraction.
Psychological Factors, Immunocompetence, and Health of Breast-Feeding Mothers and Their Infants

We investigated whether the use of humor as a coping device and psychological hardiness were related to IgA levels in the saliva and breast milk of mothers, and if these factors were related to the incidence of upper respiratory infection (URI) in the mothers and their newborns. Nineteen mothers volunteered to participate and met the qualifications; however, only 17 completed all phases of the study. Prior to the birth of their child, mothers filled out demographic questionnaires and the psychological inventories. Saliva and milk samples were taken within 1 week after delivery, and follow-up questionnaires were mailed out 2 months after delivery. Coping humor was inversely related to URI incidence in both the mothers and the infants. Hardiness was directly related to coping humor and inversely related to URI incidence in the infants. Older mothers had higher coping humor and hardiness scores and fewer URIs in themselves and their infants.
Characteristics of the fretting fatigue damage threshold

Abstract It has been found that different variables, such as normal pressure and maximum fatigue stress, affect the fretting fatigue damage threshold, but the degree to which the fretting fatigue damage threshold is influenced by these variables varies from material to material. This is evidenced by the fact that increasing the maximum fatigue stress and keeping the rest of the variables constant through the test caused the damage threshold of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy to disappear, but did not change the damage threshold of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. Increasing the normal pressure from 20.7 to 34.5 MPa and keeping other test variables constant, caused the damage threshold of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy to change from 30% to 20% of fretting fatigue life. An explanation is given for this behavior by presenting a model that links the fretting fatigue damage threshold to fretting-induced damage that is capable of nucleating cracks.
Dry-column chromatographic purification of aflatoxin precursors

The toxic and carcinogenic properties of aflatoxins are well understood, but little is known about the biological activity of the anthraquinone precursors of aflatoxin. This paper describes a dry column chromatographic method for preparing averantin, averufin, norsolorinic acid and versicolorin A from mycelial extracts of blocked mutants of Aspergillus parasiticus in quantities suitable for toxicological testing.
Laser Angioplasty of Totally Occluded Superficial Femoral Arteries Via a Percutaneous Popliteal Approach

Percutaneous laser hot-tip recanalization of totally occluded superficial femoral arteries has previously been dependent on access to the superficial femoral artery via the common femoral artery. Certain subsets of disease do not permit this approach and thus make patients ineligible for this nonsurgical option. In order to extend the benefits of laser angioplasty to these patients, we have investigated the applicability of percutaneous popliteal artery puncture as an access point from which superficial femoral artery percutaneous laser balloon angioplasty can be performed. Twenty-one procedures were performed on 20 patients with total superficial femoral artery occlusions. Eighteen had successful recanalization (85%). All 18 recanalized vessels were patent at 3 weeks post procedure. Minor complications which did not require surgical or medical intervention occurred in nine patients. We concluded that a percutaneous popliteal approach to laser angioplasty of a totally occluded superficial femoral artery can be safe and effective in selected patients.