cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-dimensional parametric study of variability in multi-phase flow dynamics during geologic CO2 sequestration accelerated with machine learning

Abstract Successful geologic CO2 storage projects depend on numerical simulations to predict reservoir performance during site selection, injection verification, and post-injection monitoring phases of the project. These numerical simulations solve non-linear sets of coupled partial differential equations, while accounting for multi-phase fluid dynamics on the basis of constitutive equations that are embedded into the solution scheme. As a consequence, individual simulations often require tens to hundreds of hours to complete on high-performance computing clusters. Moreover, laboratory experiments reveal that parametric functions for capillary pressure and relative permeability exhibit substantial variability, even within the same rock type. This combination of computational expense and wide-ranging parametric variability means that there remains substantial uncertainty in the behavior of multi-phase CO2-water systems, particularly in the context of feedbacks between relative permeability and capillary pressure. To bridge this knowledge gap, we develop a novel workflow that utilizes physics-based numerical simulation to train an artificial neural network (ANN) emulator for interrogating the multivariate parameter space that governs both capillary pressure and relative permeability. With this approach, the ANN is trained to emulate both fluid pressure distribution and CO2 saturation, which are then interrogated quantitatively to generate parametric response surface mappings with high-fidelity resolution. Results from this study initially show that capillary entry pressure is the dominant control on both CO2 plume geometry and fluid pressure propagation when considering the combined effects of capillary pressure and relative permeability, particularly when phase interference is low and residual CO2 saturation is high. Moreover, the ANN emulator provides tremendous computational speed-up by computing 2691 individual simulations in several minutes; whereas, the same simulation ensemble would have required ~3 years of simulation time using only physics-based simulation methods (25,000 times speed up).
The antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from the Philadelphia area.

Since the early 1980’s, reports from North America, Australia, Japan and Europe have indicated that Streptococcus pyogenes strains are becoming increasingly resistant to several antimicrobial agents.1–6 In order to determine if an increase in antimicrobial resistance was present in S. pyogenes from the greater Philadelphia area isolates from eleven Philadelphia hospitals, were collected and tested against penicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampin, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin.
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Family Support for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Although the scientific community has recognized the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on development for over 40 years, the empirical study of positive behavioral interventions and family support programs for people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) has only just emerged over the last 10 to 15 years. In this time, dedicated researchers have developed innovative programs that have generally produced large effects and have been acceptable to children with FASD and their families. This body of work demonstrates that children with FASD can benefit from interventions that are appropriately tailored to their neurodevelopmental disabilities. Despite this progress, much work lies ahead to meet the significant needs of people with FASD. This review evaluates available sources of information, including theoretical and Lived Experience models, empirical evidence on existing programs, and best practice guidelines, to guide future research priorities and clinical practice. Three priorities for future intervention research are offered.
Indoor tanning facility density in eighty U.S. cities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the number of tanning facilities in select U.S. cities. The twenty most populated cities from each of 4 U.S. regions were selected for the sample. For each city, data on the number of tanning facilities, climate, and general demographic profile were collected. Data for state tanning facility legislation also were collected. A tanning facility density variable was created by dividing the city's number of facilities by its population size. The 80 cities had an average of 50 facilities each. Results of linear regression analysis indicated that higher density was significantly associated with colder climate, lower median income, and higher proportion of Whites. These data indicate that indoor tanning facilities are prevalent in the environments of U.S. urban-dwellers. Cities having the higher density profile may be logical targets for interventions promoting less or safer use of these facilities.
Family environment and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in adopted children: associations with family cohesion and adaptability

Background Positive family environments are crucial in promoting children's emotional and behavioural well-being, and may also buffer development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is highly heritable, but psychosocial factors in the family environment, particularly family cohesion and communication, may mediate genetic predispositions. The purpose of the current study is to examine the mediating influence of the adoptive family environment between pre-adoptive risk factors and youths' ADHD symptomatology at 14 years post adoption. Methods The data used in this study were obtained from the fourth wave of the California Long-Range Adoption Study (CLAS) (n = 449). Using structural equation modelling (SEM), family sense of coherence and family adaptability were tested as possible mediators between environmental and biological predictors and ADHD symptomatology. Predictors included birthweight, gender, age at adoption, adoption from foster care, transracial adoption status, ethnicity and having a previous diagnosis of ADHD. Results Results show that, while adoption from foster care is negatively associated with family functioning, higher family cohesion and adaptability mediate this influence on children's ADHD symptomatology. Older age of adoption directly predicts greater ADHD symptoms with no mediating influence of the family environment. Conclusions The mediating influence of the family environment between children's risk factors and ADHD symptoms suggests that family intervention strategies may be helpful in improving adopted children's outcomes. Once children are adopted, targeting family communication patterns and dynamics may be an additional part of developing an evidence-based, post-adoption services toolkit.
Molecular Sieve Studies of Interacting Protein Systems XI. ISOMERIZING SOLUTES

Abstract The behavior of isomerizing solutes on molecular sieve columns has been studied theoretically and experimentally. Solutions of the relevant transport equations predict the shape and movement of solute zones for such systems. An experimental investigation of one such system has been carried out: the reversible unfolding of hen egg lysozyme. Results of this study clearly illustrate the effects of finite reaction kinetics on the shapes of solute profiles. To elucidate the influence of chromatographic parameters on the solute profiles, numerical simulations have also been carried out based on the theoretical expressions derived. From these investigations some guidelines have been formulated to aid the design of optimal chromatographic systems for study of isomerizing proteins. In general the technique is best applied to systems with rate constants less than 3 hour-1.
Preserving the promise of our past presidents - precedence, progression, persistence

This article is a compilation of thoughts from many of the 39 past presidents of IEEE Control Systems Society, accompanied by some personal biographical information and reflections from other society members. Investigations to uncover even full names and years of service proved challenging; however, the IEEE CSS digital archive combined with some fruitful Internet searches - and a lot of patience and persistence - proved up to the task. This paper includes information on every past president as recognition of his or her commitment, dedication, and legacy.
Infection of Glial Cells by the Human Polyomavirus JC Is Mediated by an N-Linked Glycoprotein Containing Terminal α(2-6)-Linked Sialic Acids

The human JC polyomavirus (JCV) is the etiologic agent of the fatal central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). PML typically occurs in immunosuppressed patients and is the direct result of JCV infection of oligodendrocytes. The initial event in infection of cells by JCV is attachment of the virus to receptors present on the surface of a susceptible cell. Our laboratory has been studying this critical event in the life cycle of JCV, and we have found that JCV binds to a limited number of cell surface receptors on human glial cells that are not shared by the related polyomavirus simian virus 40 (C. K. Liu, A. P. Hope, and W. J. Atwood, J. Neurovirol. 4:49–58, 1998). To further characterize specific JCV receptors on human glial cells, we tested specific neuraminidases, proteases, and phospholipases for the ability to inhibit JCV binding to and infection of glial cells. Several of the enzymes tested were capable of inhibiting virus binding to cells, but only neuraminidase was capable of inhibiting infection. The ability of neuraminidase to inhibit infection correlated with its ability to remove both α(2-3)- and α(2-6)-linked sialic acids from glial cells. A recombinant neuraminidase that specifically removes the α(2-3) linkage of sialic acid had no effect on virus binding or infection. A competition assay between virus and sialic acid-specific lectins that recognize either the α(2-3) or the α(2-6) linkage revealed that JCV preferentially interacts with α(2-6)-linked sialic acids on glial cells. Treatment of glial cells with tunicamycin, but not with benzyl N-acetyl-α-d-galactosaminide, inhibited infection by JCV, indicating that the sialylated JCV receptor is an N-linked glycoprotein. As sialic acid containing glycoproteins play a fundamental role in mediating many virus-cell and cell-cell recognition processes, it will be of interest to determine what role these receptors play in the pathogenesis of PML.
On syntactic pattern recognition and stochastic languages

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses syntactic pattern recognition and stochastic languages. Emphasis is on the description of noisy and/or distorted patterns and the learning of grammar from the actual pattern samples. It has been demonstrated by several very simple examples and sometimes with rather heuristic justifications, that the use of probability information in syntactic pattern recognition would make the syntactic approach more flexible and attractive. It is expected that the use of probability information in syntactic analysis, would probably improve the efficiency and flexibility of the analysis procedure. The many different techniques used to solve pattern recognition problems may be grouped into two general approaches: (1) decision-theoretic or discriminant approach and (2) syntactic or linguistic approach. In the decision-theoretic approach, a set of characteristic measurements are extracted from the patterns; the recognition of each pattern, assignment to a pattern class is usually made by partitioning the feature space The area of syntactic pattern recognition, though very promising, is still in its infancy. Many problems, such as primitive selection, flexible, and powerful pattern description techniques, and efficient analysis and inference procedures still need to be solved.
The Time and Tape Complexity of Developmental Languages

The following results are established: (1) EDOL \( \subseteq \) DSPACE (log n) (2) EOL \( \subseteq \) DSPACE ((log n)2) (3) EDTOL \( \subseteq \) NSPACE (log n) (4) EDTOL \( \subseteq \) DSPACE (log n) if and only if NSPACE (log n) \( \subseteq \) DSPACE (log n)
NUDGE: a knowledge-based scheduling program

Traditional scheduling algorithms (using the techniques of PERT charts, decision analysis or operations research) require well-defined, quantitative, complete sets of constraints. They are insufficient for scheduling situations where the problem description is ill-defined, involving incomplete, possibly inconsistent and generally qualitative constraints. The NUDGE program uses an extensive knowledge base to debug scheduling requests by supplying typical values for qualitative constraints, supplying missing details and resolving minor inconsistencies. The result is that an informal request is converted to a complete description suitable for a traditional scheduler. To implement the NUDGE program, a knowledge representation language-FRL-0- based on a few powerful generalizations of the traditional property list representation has been developed. The NUDGE knowledge base defined in FRL-0 consists of a hierarchical set of concepts that provide generic deseriptions of the typical activities, agents, plans and purposes of the domain to be scheduled. Currently, this domain is the management and coordination of personnel engaged in a group project. NUDGE constitutes an experiment in knowledge-based, rather than power-based AI programs. It also provides an example of an intelligent support system, in which an AI program serves as an aid to a decision maker. Finally, NUDGE has served an experimental vehicle for testing advanced representation techniques.
A Guide to the Proper Use of Factor Analysis in the Conduct and Reporting of Research: Pitfalls to Avoid

Suggestions for proper procedures to use and pitfalls to avoid are offered to prospective authors of manuscripts on studies using factor analysis methods.
Differences Between Miami's Form-Based Code and Traditional Zoning Code in Integrating Planning Principles

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Form-based codes (FBCs), by definition, put more emphasis on built-form characteristics than do traditional zoning codes. Several municipalities are adopting FBCs as an alternative to Euclidean (traditional) zoning codes to achieve certain objectives; however, the extent to which these codes differ in integrating important planning and design criteria has not been examined. We use a case-study method and evaluate the extent to which the FBCs adopted by the City of Miami (Miami 21), as compared with the city's previous code (Ordinance 11000), reflects the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) criteria. We evaluate the contents of these codes on a 5-point scale for their concordance with LEED-ND criteria. The results indicate that Miami 21 generally goes beyond Ordinance 11000 in reflecting LEED-ND criteria; however, some of the important criteria, such as mixed-income diverse communities and certified green building, d...
A reverse KREBS cycle in photosynthesis: consensus at last

The Krebs cycle (citric acid or tricarboxylic acid cycle), the final common pathway in aerobic metabolism for the oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids, is known to be irreversible. It liberates CO2 and generates NADH whose aerobic oxidation yields ATP but it does not operate in reverse as a biosynthetic pathway for CO2 assimilation. In 1966, our laboratory described a cyclic pathway for CO2 assimilation (Evans, Buchanan and Arnon 1966) that was unusual in two respects: (i) it provided the first instance of an obligate photoautotroph that assimilated CO2 by a pathway different from Calvin's reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin 1962) and (ii) in its overall effect the new cycle was a reversal of the Krebs cycle. Named the 'reductive carboxylic acid cycle' (sometimes also called the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle) the new cycle appeared to be the sole CO2 assimilation pathway in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum (Evans et al. 1966) (now known as Chlorobium limicola forma thiosulfatophilum). Chlorobium is a photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium that grows anaerobically in an inorganic medium with sulfide and thiosulfate as electron donors and CO2 as an obligatory carbon source. In the ensuing years, the new cycle was viewed with skepticism. Not only was it in conflict with the prevailing doctrine that the 'one important property ... shared by all (our emphasis) autotrophic species is the assimilation of CO2 via the Calvin cycle' (McFadden 1973) but also some of its experimental underpinnings were challenged. It is only now that in the words of one of its early skeptics (Tabita 1988) 'a long and tortuous controversy' has ended with general acceptance of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle as a photosynthetic CO2 assimilation pathway distinct from the pentose cycle. (Henceforth, to minimize repetitiveness, the reductive pentose phosphate cycle will often be referred to as the pentose cycle and the reductive carboxylic acid cycle as the carboxylic acid cycle.) Aside from photosynthetic pathways which are the focus of this article, CO2 assimilation is also known to sustain autotrophic growth via the acetyl-CoA pathway (Wood et al. 1986). Our aim here is to discuss (i) the findings that led our group to the discovery of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle, (ii) the nature and resolution of the controversy that followed, and (iii) the possible evolutionary implications of the cycle as an ancient mechanism for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation that preceded the pentose cycle and served as a precursor of the Krebs cycle in aerobic metabolism.
Return to work: a critical aspect of care coordination for younger dual eligibles.

Abstract Background Annual health care costs for dual eligibles now top $300 billion. Many dual eligibles are under age 65 and their needs differ significantly from retired elderly dual eligibles. For younger dual eligibles, successful return to work is an important objective for coordinated care. Objectives To assess relative rates of dual eligibility by age group and program enrollment (SSDI or OASI), and to identify the prevalence among these subgroups of factors associated with return to work. Methods Population estimates and logistic regression analysis of the 2010 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS). Results Although they make up only 16% of the total Medicare beneficiary population, disabled workers under age 65 constitute 42% of all dual eligibles. SSDI beneficiaries under age 45 have 20 times greater odds of receiving Medicaid benefits compared to retirees (AOR = 19.8, 95% CI = 16.2–24.2). The youngest dual eligible adults are more likely to work, have fewer chronic conditions, and report better health status than other dual eligibles. However, they are more likely to report problems with obtaining health care and be dissatisfied with the quality of the care they receive. Conclusions Dual eligible workers with disabilities are an important target population for coordinated services because of their high lifetime program costs – many will receive SSDI, SSI, Medicare, and Medicaid benefits for decades. Return to work and continued employment are important policy objectives for younger dual eligibles and should provide the greatest return in terms of reduced dependence on federal disability programs.
Metalloporphyrin Mixed-Valence π-Cation Radicals: Solid-State Structures

The synthesis and structural characterization of three mixed-valence π-cation radical derivatives of (octaethylporphinato)metal(II) species, [M(OEP•/2)]2+, (M = Ni, Cu, and (Zn,H2)), are reported. The species thus have the same formal ring oxidation level as the photooxidized special pair of photosynthetic reaction centers. The complexes display unique binuclear structures with cofacial porphyrin rings with mean plane separations of 3.20−3.32 A, ring center to ring center distances of 3.50−3.55 A, and lateral shifts between the two rings of 1.16−1.53 A. These inter-ring geometries are distinctly different from either those of “classical” π-cation radical derivatives or those of dimers formed by neutral species. The different inter-ring geometries suggests that there are inherent inter-ring geometries that depend principally on the oxidation level of the porphyrin rings.
Surveillance of Overdose-related Emergency Department Visits in Rhode Island

We determined if the Rhode Island Real-time Outbreak and Disease Surveillance (RODS) system identified an increase in emergency department (ED) overdose visits during a known cluster of illicit-drug overdose deaths in RI and characterized ED overdose visits. When stratified by ED there was a significant increase in overdose chief complaints from one ED during March - May 2013 compared to the previous year. This coincides with the cluster of drug overdose deaths in March 2013. Despite most chief complaints for overdose not specifying cause, syndromic surveillance systems provide an existing platform that could be used to better assess ED overdose visits.
Stability of cylindrical bodies in the theory of surface diffusion

Abstract Perturbation arguments and finite element calculations are employed to study the nonlinear partial differential equations governing morphological changes induced by curvature-driven diffusion of mass in the surface of an axially symmetric body. Isotropy of surface properties is assumed. Second- and higher-order perturbation analyses indicate that the familiar result of the linear theory of small amplitude longitudinal perturbations of a cylinder to the effect that a long cylinder is stable against all perturbations with spatial Fourier spectra containing only wavelengths less than the circumference of the cylinder does not hold in the full nonlinear theory. The perturbation analyses yield criteria for determining when longitudinal perturbations with high wave-number spectra grow in amplitude, after an initial decay followed by an incubation time, and result in break-up of the body into a necklace of beads. The principal conclusions of the formal perturbation analyses are found to be in good accord with numerical solutions obtained by finite element methods.
Interstrain variation in cardiac and respiratory adaptation to repeated ozone and particulate matter exposures

Increased ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes, as demonstrated by epidemiology studies. Several studies have investigated the role of ...
Insect eggs exert rapid control over an oxygen-water tradeoff.

In terrestrial environments, the exchange of respiratory gases exacts a water cost: obtaining oxygen or carbon dioxide requires losing water. Insect eggs should be especially sensitive to this trad...
Top 10 Research Questions Related to Assessing Physical Activity and Its Contexts Using Systematic Observation

Numerous methods are available to assess physical activity (PA) but systematic observation (SO) excels in being able to provide contextually rich data on the setting in which the activity occurs. As SO is particularly useful for determining how activity is influenced by the immediate physical and social environments, its use is becoming more popular. Observation tools have the advantages of flexibility, high internal validity, low inference, and low participant burden, while their disadvantages include the need for careful observer training and recalibration, inaccessibility to certain environments, and potential participant reactivity. There is a need for both scientists and practitioners to have additional information on observation techniques and systems relative to making environmental and policy decisions about PA, and in this article, we describe concepts and identify questions related to using SO in researching PA behavior. We present 10 general questions in 3 sections, including those related to: ...
Assessing the effectiveness of marine CO2 disposal

Abstract We consider the relative effectiveness of systems for collection and marine disposal of CO2 from fossil fuel fired power plants using comparisons of the trend with time of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere from systems with and without marine disposal. The retention time for CO2 increases rapidly with depth of disposal, from a few years in the mixed layer up to several centuries as the depth increases beyond 1000 m, suggesting that deep oceans should be considered as potential storage sites for CO2. However, CO2 collection and disposal consumes energy and produces extra CO2. We show that some of this extra this CO2 reaches the atmosphere, so that atmospheric concentrations from systems with marine disposal ultimately exceed those from systems without controls. In some circumstances they do so rapidly, making marine disposal less favorable than direct atmospheric release. Global Warming Potential can be used to compare systems. This highlights the difficult issues involved in determining what time scales are important in considering options to reduce concerns about global warming.
COMPARATIVE REPRODUCTIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF NORTHERN BOBWHITE AND SCALED QUAIL TO WATER DEPRIVATION

Abstract We compared reproductive and physiological responses of captive female northern bobwhite ( Colinus virginianus ) and scaled quail ( Callipepla squamata ) under control and water deprivation conditions. Scaled quail required less food and water to reproduce successfully under control conditions than northern bobwhite. Additionally, in scaled quail, serum osmolality levels and kidney mass were unaffected by water deprivation, whereas in northern bobwhite, serum osmolality levels increased and kidney mass declined. This finding indicates that scaled quail may have osmoregulatory abilities superior to those of northern bobwhite. Under control conditions, northern bobwhite gained more body mass and produced more but smaller eggs than scaled quail. Under water deprivation conditions, northern bobwhite lost more body mass but had more laying hens with a higher rate of egg production than scaled quail. Our data suggest that northern bobwhite allocated more resources to reproduction than to body maintenance, while scaled quail apparently forego reproduction in favor of body maintenance during water deprivation conditions.
Subproblem Analysis of Shift Behavior in the Gorilla: A Transition from Independent to Cognitive Behavior*

Two gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) were trained on a series of two-dimensional problems, each problem involving an extradimentsional shift after original learning, then an intradimensional shift, followed by another extradimensional shift. The results indicated that during the early problems the subjects appeared to solve the problems as independent subproblems, i.e., using non-conceptual behavior. However during the last two or three problems the subjects appeared to shift to a conceptual mode of behavior. These data are interpreted as further evidence of the cognitive capacity of the gorilla.
The blood bank “black box” debunked: pretransfusion testing explained

An ABO-incompatible red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (i.e., transfusion of RBCs with A or B antigens to a recipient with the corresponding antibodies) is fatal in 10% of cases[1][1] and is the main cause of death from transfusion. Errors leading to an ABO-incompatible transfusion can occur at any
Effect of repeated laparoscopic surgery on the bovine estrous cycle.

Abstract The effects of repeated laparoscopic surgery on the length of the bovine estrous cycle, estrus, ovulation and corpus luteum function were determined after one estrous cycle of normal duration (18 to 24 days). Five, Angus x Hereford cows were subjected to laparoscopy on days 5, 13, 18 and 20 (estrus = day 0) of the subsequent cycle. Blood was collected daily during the cycle in which laparoscopy was performed (surgical cycle) and during the next cycle (postsurgical cycle). Lengths of the surgical and postsurgical cycles (22.3 ± .5 days and 21.5 ± .6 days, respectively) did not differ (P>.05) from that of the presurgical cycle (21.8 ± .2 days). Average concentrations (ng/ml) of LH and progesterone in serum were similar during the surgical and postsurgical cycles (1.2 ± .1, 2.2 ± .2 vs 1.3 ± .2 and 2.3 ± .1). Progesterone concentrations remained above 1 ng/ml for 17 and 16 days during the surgical and postsurgical cycles, respectively. A pre-ovulatory rise in LH, along with estrus and ovulation was confirmed in all animals. Follicular development, characterized by follicular volume, increased progressively from days 5 to 20, with the largest increase occurring between days 13 and 18. These results indicate that laparoscopy, used at the times and frequency specified, does not alter reproductive function of cyclic cows and can provide information on ovarian activity.
Reactions of KrH+ and O2H+ with CH4, C2H4, C2H6 and NH3

Abstract Rate constants and product distributions are reported for the reactions of KrH+ and O2H+ with methane, ethylene, ethane, and ammonia. The reactions for relaxed KrH+ and O2H+ yield product distributions identical to those reported for H3+. A polarization-stripping model is used to rationalize the conversion of a significant fraction of the heat of reaction into translational energy of the reaction products.
Caregiver-Child Interactions in Japan, Taiwan, and the United States

This study reports the results of an investigation of the contact stimulation between caregivers and their children in 409 dyads (38 in Japan; 100 in Taiwan; and 271 in the United States). An instrument was used to record quantitative and qualitative data of the dyads in the three countries. A time-sampling procedure of 1 minute of observation and 1 minute of recording, with a minimum of 15 minutes and a maximum of 30 minutes, per dyad was used for data collection. The findings indicate significant differences at thep = 0.0001 level among the three cultural groups on the following variables: proximity, clothing, soothing, playing with the child, reading to the child, holding the child, and behavior toward a sleeping child.
1084 UNUSUAL LABORATORY FINDINGS IN ECHOVIRUS-11 MENINGITIS

Echovirus 11(E-11) was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 22 children in a 1980 summer outbreak of meningitis. Seventeen(77%) were 300/mm3 and 14% had >500/mm3(range 0-2250). 59% had ≥50% polymorphonuclears(P) and 24% had >90% P. None had CSF glucose 75mg/dl. Three patients(pts) had entirely normal CSF. In 86% peripheral WBC was 5000-15000/mm3; only 3 had >75% P but 20% had absolute band count >500/mm3 Four pts( 50 cells/mm3 and the two youngest(age 2 wk) still had >50% P after 1 and 3 days. CSF findings were compared with data from pts with bacterial meningitis(B). Cell count >500/mm3, glucose ≤45mg/dl, and protein >75mg/dl were statistically associated with B. However, 14% of E-11 pts had at least one of these findings and 20% of B pts had none of these findings. CSF P >75% was as frequent in E-11 pts as in B pts. Peripheral WBC 15000/mm3 and absolute band count >500/mm3 were statistically associated with B but 38% of E-ll pts had one of these abnormalities. Certain CSF findings in our pts have not been reported for E-11 and are uncharacteristic of viral meningitis: 1) leukocyte response more characteristic of bacterial meningitis: CSF P >90%, persistence of CSF P beyond 24 hrs, peripheral band count >500, and 2) entirely normal CSF.
Second-Order Weak Processes and Weak-Interaction Cutoff

The problem of the weak-interaction cutoff $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ has been studied with the universal current-current theory (UFI) and the intermediate-vector-boson (IVB) model, using the Bjorken technique to treat the high-energy behavior and the "hard meson" technique of Weinberg and Schnitzer. With these methods, the most divergent contributions to the second-order weak decay ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{{K}_{S}}^{0}$ mass difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}m$ are essentially independent of strong interaction. From ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ decay, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\lesssim}35\ensuremath{-}100$ BeV, and from $\ensuremath{\Delta}m$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\simeq}3\ensuremath{-}4$ BeV. With this latter value of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, the predicted rate of ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ is reduced to a value obtained by B\'eg treating this process as first-order in weak and second-order in electromagnetic interaction. The B\'eg calculation is redone with the algebra of currents, and the soft-kaon contribution to ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ is calculated with both the UFI and IVB models. A possible origin of the low value of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ deduced from $\ensuremath{\Delta}m$ is discussed.
Reversal by sodium chloride of envelope protein changes related to DNA replication and cell division of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Further evidence is presented here for previously reported connections between the syntheses of two envelope proteins X and Y, cell division and DNA replication, respectively. On addition of 1% NaCl to an Escherichia coli temperature-sensitive mutant at 41 °C (non-permissive temperature) the phenotype, inability to synthesize DNA but continued ability to divide at 41 °C in the absence of NaCl, becomes wild-type. The syntheses of proteins X and Y also are converted to the wild-type pattern by NaCl. Furthermore, inhibition of DNA synthesis by thymidine starvation at 41 °C in the presence of NaCl changes the cell envelope proteins as with the wild-type, in contrast to altered syntheses in the absence of NaCl. The effect of nalidixic acid on the mutant and a recA strain are also studied for changes in envelope proteins. All of these changes are consistent with the originally proposed relationships.
Evaluation of cervical mucosa in transmission bottleneck during acute HIV-1 infection using a cervical tissue-based organ culture.

Background: Although there are different strains of HIV-1 in a chronically infected individual, only one or limited virus strains are successfully transmitted to a new individual. The reason for this "transmission bottleneck" is as yet unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: A human cervical explant model was used to measure HIV-1 transmission efficiency of viral strains from chronic infections, and transmitter/founder variants. We also evaluated the genetic characteristics of HIV-1 variants in the inoculums compared to those transmitted across the cervical mucosa. Eight different HIV-1 isolates were used in this study, six chronic isolates and two transmitter/founder viruses. The transmission efficiency of the chronic and transmitter/founder virus isolates and the viral diversity of chronic isolates before and after viral transmission were assessed. The results indicate that transmitter/founder viruses did not display higher transmission efficiency than chronic HIV-1 isolates. Furthermore, no evidence for a difference in diversity was found between the inoculums and transmitted virus strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the sequences of variants in the inoculums and those present in transmitted virus intermingled irrespective of co-receptor usage. In addition, the inoculum and transmitted variants had a similar pairwise distance distribution. Conclusion: There was no selection of a single or limited number of viral variants during HIV-1 transmission across the cervical mucosa in the organ culture model, indicating that the cervical mucosa alone may not produce the transmission bottleneck of HIV-1 infection observed in vivo. © 2012 Shen et al.
ILT2/HLA-G interaction impairs NK-cell functions through the inhibition of the late but not the early events of the NK-cell activating synapse

Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the antitumoral responses through cytolytic function and cytokine production. Expression of HLA-G at the surface of tumoral cells confers a protection against NK-cell cytolysis through its interaction with the ILT2 inhibitory receptor. Even though the role of this interaction on the inhibition of NK-cell cytotoxicity is well established, its effect on the molecular events occurring at the NK/target-cell synapse is not well characterized. We found that the interaction of the inhibitory receptor ILT2 with HLA-G inhibited the polarization of NK-cell lytic granules and the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) as well as the accumulation of filamentous actin (F-actin) at the area of contact. However, it did not affect the recruitment of the activatory receptor CD2 at the NK/target-cell interface. Even though CD2 was accumulated to the NK-cell synapse, the interaction of ILT2 with HLA-G efficiently inhibited intracellular calcium mobilization and IFN-gamma polarized production of NK cells. These results indicate that while the ILT2/HLA-G interaction leads to the inhibition of NK-cell functions, it displays differential effects on cytoskeleton reorganization and CD2 localization at the NK-cell synapse.-Favier, B., LeMaoult, J., Lesport, E., Carosella, E. D. ILT2/HLA-G interaction impairs NK-cell functions through the inhibition of the late but not the early events of the NK-cell-activating synapse.
Immune system activation associated with a naturally occurring infection in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract Immune system activation correlated with a naturally occurring infection has been found in the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis . The microorganism thought to be the cause of this infection is coccobacilloid and approximately 1 μm in diameter. Since this microorganism does not grow on conventional bacterial media and it has been observed intracellularly, it may be an obligate intracellular bacterium. It has been found in Xenopus peripheral blood and in highly vascularized organs such as the spleen and liver. Splenomegaly is the only pathology thus far described for infected frogs; infection is not associated with increased morbidity or mortality. This infection has been found in all outbred frogs examined in shipments from one South African and three separate North American vendors, and has been transmitted to animals bred and raised in our laboratory. This infection has a profound effect on the immune system of Xenopus . Significant numbers of splenocytes from infected individuals exhibit morphology commonly associated with activated T lymphocytes. There is constitutive production of T-cell growth factor (TCGF) and both IgM and IgY. Freshly harvested splenocytes from infected animals proliferate in response to a TCGF-containing supernatant, indicating that they express receptors for TCGF, a trait exclusively exhibited by activated lymphocytes. These splenocytes also show an increase in the activation marker recognized by the monoclonal antibody FJ17.
The changing California wine industry

The growth of the California wine industry since Prohibition derives from a sound technical base and a deliberate attempt to improve quality.
The Development of a Patient-Centered Program Based on the Relaxation Response: The Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (3RP)

Background Chronic daily stress has significant physical, emotional, and financial implications; levels of stress are increasing in the US. Dr. Benson highlighted how the mind and body function together in one's experience of the stress response and proposed the existence of the relaxation response (RR). Objective The current paper describes the foundation and development of an 8-session multimodal treatment program for coping with chronic stress: the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (3RP). Methods We review the past decades of RR research, outline the development of the 3RP treatment, and provide an overview of the program's theory and content. Results Extensive research and clinical work have examined how eliciting the RR may combat stress through down-regulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Related to this work are the multidimensional constructs of resiliency and allostatic load. The 3RP is based on principles from the fields of stress management, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and positive psychology, and has three core target areas: (1) elicitation of the RR; (2) stress appraisal and coping; and (3) growth enhancement. An 8-week patient-centered treatment program has been developed, with the purpose of assisting patients with a variety of psychological and medical issues to better cope with chronic stress. Conclusions Mastery of the RR is theorized to maximize one's ability to benefit from multimodal mind body strategies. The goal of the 3RP is to enhance individuals' adaptive responses to chronic stress through increasing awareness and decreasing the physiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects of the stress response, while simultaneously promoting the effects of being in the RR.
Comparative effects of conventional vs. novel hormone replacement therapy on blood pressure in postmenopausal women.

Menopause is commonly characterized by an increase in blood pressure. Higher blood pressure may partially explain the elevated risk for cardiovascular events observed in postmenopausal women. There is a graded relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk which extends to levels of blood pressure well below 140/90 mmHg, the classical established blood pressure limit for the diagnosis of hypertension. Despite this knowledge and the wide availability of consensus treatment guidelines for hypertension, high blood pressure remains untreated or poorly treated in many postmenopausal patients. It is clear that novel and innovative population strategies for lowering blood pressure in postmenopausal women are warranted.Clinical trials suggest that oral estrogen administration may produce either a neutral effect or a small increase in blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Transdermal estrogen administration has not been studied as extensively but may produce a decrease in blood pressure. The mechani...
Stimulation of glutamate receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons causes Ca2+-dependent mitochondrial contraction

Abstract Cultured hippocampal neurons expressing mitochondrially-targeted enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (mito-eYFP) were used to quantitatively examine mitochondrial remodelling in response to excitotoxic glutamate. Mitochondrial morphology was evaluated using laser spinning-disk confocal microscopy followed by calibrated image processing and 3D image rendering. Glutamate triggered an increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ and mitochondrial depolarization accompanied by Ca 2+ -dependent morphological transformation of neuronal mitochondria from “thread-like” to rounded structures. The quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial remodelling revealed that exposure to glutamate resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial volume and surface area concurrent with an increase in sphericity of the organelles. NIM811, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition, attenuated the glutamate-induced sustained increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ and suppressed mitochondrial remodelling in the majority of affected neurons, but it did not rescue mitochondrial membrane potential. Shortening, fragmentation, and formation of circular mitochondria with decreased volume and surface area accompanied mitochondrial depolarization with FCCP. However, FCCP-induced morphological alterations appeared to be distinctly different from mitochondrial remodelling caused by glutamate. Moreover, FCCP prevented glutamate-induced mitochondrial remodelling suggesting an important role of Ca 2+ influx into mitochondria in the morphological alterations. Consistent with this, in saponin-permeabilized neurons, Ca 2+ caused mitochondrial remodelling which could be prevented by Ru 360 .
Model systems in agriculture: Lessons from worms

Summary Genomic tools are expanding the utility of organisms originally developed as models for biomedical research as a means to address complex agricultural problems. Conversely, agricultural pests are serving as models to help unravel questions of basic biology. Examples from C. elegans and root-knot nematode of this two-way exchange are discussed.
Magnetic Ordering Properties of Rare-Earth Ions in Strong Cubic Crystal Fields

A theoretical discussion of some of the effects resulting from the interplay between strong crystalline-field torques and weaker exchange torques acting on rare-earth ions is given. The crystalline field is supposed to have cubic symmetry. A semiclassical discussion of the effect of the crystalline field in determining easy directions, anisotropy, and the depression of ground-state ordered moment values for the rare-earth series is given and used to interpret the results of the exact calculations. It is shown that for some of the rare earths the crystalline field may be so large that no long-range magnetic order is possible at low temperatures. The theory is applied to the case of the rare-earth phosphides. Adjusting the exchange and crystalline-field parameters to yield the observed ordered moment values (and moment directions) of TbP and ErP, one predicts the HoP moment in agreement with the experimental value, and predicts that TmP will not order at all. The "holmium flopside" moment pattern is explained as being due to magnetic dipole forces. The ratio of the sixth-order component of the crystalline potential to the fourth-order component must be increased some five times over the naively computed value in order to reach agreement with experiment; however, an experimental indication of a possibly important noncubic component of the crystalline potential may change this value appreciably.
Inequalities for NBUE and NWUE Life Distributions

This paper presents a procedure for developing reliability inequalities for several known classes of failure distributions. The inequalities are rational functions of the moments and conditional tail moments of the underlying failure distribution. The introduction of four new classes of failure distributions based on the variance behavior facilitates the development of certain inequalities for the NBUE and NWUE distributions.
The Present Status and Potential of Kraft Lignin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Wood Adhesives

Abstract Kraft lignin (KL), a phenolic polymer formed during the kraft pulping process, is presently burned as a low value fuel. For decades, researchers have attempted to use KL as an inexpensive substitute for phenol in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins, but no one has produced a commercially satisfactory KL-PF resin. This paper reviews the literature on the present status of KL-PF adhesives and makes recommendations on needed research. Kraft lignin solutions are complex mixtures which have broad molecular weight distributions, high viscosities, relatively low reactivities, and low solubilities. Attempts to overcome these inherent problems include methylolation of lignin to improve reactivity, the use of co-solvents to improve solubility, and ultrafiltration to yield more homogeneous molecular weight fractions. Future research efforts need to focus on understanding the fundamental chemical and physical properties of kraft lignin and its resins. The search for an economic lignin-based wood adhesive should ...
Effects of various factors on occurrence of mitochondrial inclusions

Abstract In general, mitochondrial inclusions increase in numbers with the stage of development of the cell. However, certain metabolic conditions, such as those induced by X-irradiation (indirect effect), hatching, starvation, thyroxin treatment, increase of work load and treatment with estrogenic substances, result in rapid dissolution of the granules in the mitochondria of liver (but not in heart mitochondria). These findings suggest a similar response of the liver mitochondrion to a variety of original stimuli. It is considered that this response may be triggered by similar homeostatic signals to the liver cell under conditions which can vaguely be described as “stressful”. The mitochondrial inclusions may consist of substances which are of unique use to the mitochondrion or cell under such conditions.