cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigations on epibenthic meiofauna. Il influence of microhabitat and macroalgae on abundance of small invertebrates on Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) (Polychaeta: Onuphidae) tube-caps in Virginia

Abstract Investigations were conducted in an intertidal sand-flat in Virginia to examine: 1. (1) the abundance and distribution of meiobenthos and small macrobenthos on tube-caps of the polychaete, Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) and 2. (2) whether abundance of animals was related to tube-cap density or small-scale habitat complexity. Twenty-nine tube-caps were collected during August 1981 and associated fauna enumerated. Nematodes, harpacticoid copepods, and juvenile and adult polychaetes were the most abundant taxa recovered from tube-caps ranging from 47 to 1048, 79 to 651, and 65 to 258 individuals per tube-cap respectively. Tube-cap morphology and density of selected taxa were distinctly different in Virginia compared to previous reports from a subtropical (Floridian) site. However, similar polychaete and amphipod species appeared to exploit the tube-cap habitat in both geographic areas. Polychaetes were the only taxa to display vertical zonation patterns on tubes, being found in significantly higher densities on distal ends of tube-caps. There was no significant difference in taxa density on tubes which occurred in aggregates of 4 × 0.01 m −2 or singly (1 × 0.01 m −2 ). Likewise no relationship was found between number of individuals of major taxa and habitat complexity (as measured by amount of shell hash in tube-caps and tube-cap surface area). Thus, quantification of structure, either on a small scale such as amount of shell or on a large scale as number of tubes, provided little insight into factors influencing taxa abundance in our system. Field experiments were performed to assess the influence of the macroalgae, Ulva sp., incorporated into tube-caps on the abundance of associated organisms. A 4.8 m × 2.4 m plot with two experimental treatments was established in our sand flat site during August to September 1980. Algae were continuously removed from tube-caps in one experimental treatment while algae on tube-caps were uncropped in the remaining treatment. After 3 wk there was a significantly higher number of copepods, ostracods, and polychaetes on tube-caps when algae were left intact. We suggest that the positive effect of algae on tube-cap fauna is due to algal amelioration of physical stress in the intertidal zone and/or provision of spatial heterogeneity.
Ray paths and caustics on a slightly oblate ellipsoid

We investigate the ray paths from a point-source S on a slightly oblate ellipsoidal shell. The caustics are found to form a 4-star, i.e. a regular, 4-cusped hypocycloid, centred on the point antipodal to S. The length-scale of the 4-star varies as ϵ cos 2 λ , where ϵ is the eccentricity and λ is the latitude of the antipodal point.
Synaptonemal complex karyotype of the pachytene spermatocytes and oocytes of the Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti)

SUMMARYThe complete synaptonemal complex karyotype of the pachytene spermatocytes and oocytes of the Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) are described. The species has unique polymorphisms of the X and Y. Multiple configurations of the XY bivalent were seen possibly resulting from an autosomal translocation to the sex chromosomes.
Convergence of iterated median rules

Abstract Application for the median rule to a digital image smooths spiky noise without blurring edges. It is natural to iterate the median rule in order to reduce the noise still further. One then desires to know whether repeated application of the median rule leads to convergence of the image. Suppose we apply iteratively a median rule with a symmetric neighborhood. If the rules are applied to the sites sequentially, then we prove that the iterated images converge. If, instead, the rules are applied in parallel, then the images are proved either to converge or to get trapped in a periodic orbit of period 2.
The Midnight Meal and Other Essays about Doctors, Patients, and Medicine

With wisdom and compassion, Dr. Jerome Lowenstein tells stories about relationships between medical students and their teachers, physicians and their colleagues, and physicians and their patients. He reflects on what doctors learn from treating chronic illness; how they respond to patients' needs for reassurance; how they bear the burden of treating patients with life-threatening or degenerative disease; whether the distinction between traditional and "alternative" medical treatment is ultimately beneficial or destructive; and many other issues. Dr. Lowenstein's ruminations on humanistic approaches to learning and practicing medicine will be treasured by physicians, medical students, and patients alike.
Modeling a Common-Source Amplifier Using a Ferroelectric Transistor

This paper presents a mathematical model characterizing the behavior of a common-source amplifier using a FeFET. The model is based on empirical data and incorporates several variables that affect the output, including frequency, load resistance, and gate-to-source voltage. Since the common-source amplifier is the most widely used amplifier in MOS technology, understanding and modeling the behavior of the FeFET-based common-source amplifier will help in the integration of FeFETs into many circuits.
In-situ measurements of radicals and particles in a selective silicon oxide etching plasma

Selective silicon oxide etching plasmas typically use fluorocarbon feedgases under polymerizing conditions to provide etch selectivity and anisotropy. This work reports in—situ measurements of radical and particle distributions in the CF4-CHF3 plasma, one of the commonly used feedgas mixtures for selective oxide etching relative to silicon. Laser-induced—fluorescence (LIF) is used to monitor trends in the concentration of CF radicals in the ground electronic and vibrational state. Mie scattering observed in the perpendicular direction gives information about particles in the plasma. The effects of addition of Ar diluent on radical concentrations and etch rates are also reported. The dependence of plasma particle contamination on the proportion of CHF3 in the feedgas mix and its correlation with gas phase radical concentration is measured. It is also shown that an interrupted plasma discharge results in a significant reduction in the gas phase particle formation as compared to a continuous discharge.
The timing of changes in girls' sexual cognitions and behaviors in early adolescence: a prospective, cohort study.

Abstract Purpose This small, prospective cohort study of 162 12- to 15-year-old girls examines timing of changes in sexual cognitions and behaviors (breast fondling, genital contact, and sexual intercourse) over a 1-year period. Methods Girls from community sites in New York City provided information about sexual experiences and related cognitions (arousability, sexual agency, abstinence attitudes, perceived parental and peer approval, and sexual self-esteem) in 2 interviews 1 year apart. Results Percentages who reported breast fondling, genital contact, and sexual intercourse (18%, 24%, and 6%) increased significantly over the year (42%, 44%, and 19%) and with age. For each behavior, analyses compared girls who did not report the behavior at either Time 1 or 2, those who reported by Time 2 but not 1, or those who reported at both time points. Girls with no breast fondling experience at either time point had stronger abstinence values, and lower arousability, agency, peer approval, and sexual self-esteem scores compared to girls who initiated breast fondling over the year (transitioners). Transitioners were markedly similar in sexual cognitions to girls with this experience before Time 1, suggesting that changes in sexual cognitions precede actual experience. A similar pattern was found between groups for genital contact. Few differences between groups by comparison were noted for sexual intercourse, which occurs later in the trajectory. Conclusions Sexual experiences that occur before intercourse (e.g., breast fondling) are central to research on sexual development and related to greater changes in girls’ sexual cognitions than is intercourse. Changes in cognitions precede, rather than follow, new sexual experiences.
Biological response to self-assembly of preadsorbed proteins at biointerfaces: significance, cellular activity and perspective

Protein adsorption is the first of a complex series of events that regulate cell adhesion and cellular activity and define the hallmark of biological reactions at the biointerface. In this regard, ...
RF frequency effects on molecular fragmentation

The chlorine contents of 40 kHz and 13.56 MHz RF silicontetrachloride and dichlorosilane plasmas were investigated using actinometric evaluation in a parallel-plate (stainless-steel disk electrodes, stainless-steel reactor) electrode and in an electrodeless (external electrodes and glass reactor) discharges, in the 50-500 W RF power and 100-500 mTorr pressure ranges. It was found that the frequency has a significant effect on the molecular fragmentation of dichlorosilane and a less important effect on the fragmentation of silicontetrachloride. This behaviour was related to the molecular structures of the two starting components. The plasma-induced surface chemistries and morphology changes were also investigated and related to the different chemistries driven under 40 kHz and 13.56 MHz frequency environments. Plasma-induced and frequency-controlled molecular fragmentation reactions can be envisaged based on these findings.
The Body Jerk of the Neonate

* Recommended for publication by F. C. Dockeray, and received in the Editorial Office on April 20, 1937.
Hemocytic encapsulation of implants in the tick Dermacentor variabilis.

Implants of Epon, inserted inDermacentor variabilis (Say) through incisions in the cuticle, were encapsulated by hemocytes. We followed this process at intervals of 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, and every 24 h thereafter up to 120 h. Degranulation of Type 1 granulocytes and coagulation of hemolymph were first seen at 1 h after implantation and were the earliest evidence of encapsulation. By 3 h after implantation, the degranulation and disintegration of granulocytes had formed a matrix at the Epon surface. From 6 h until encapsulation was completed, plasmatocytes and granulocytes continued to respond to degranulation and formed multiple cell layers around the Epon implant. The capsule was complete at 72 h after implantation. Completion was marked by decreasing degranulation, migration of hemocytes from the outermost layers of the capsule, and by the appearance of loosely attached hemocytes on the outer surface of the capsule. The most common junctional complex observed was gap junctions.
Preparation of high-resistivity silicon surface-barrier detectors for use a large reverse bias voltages

Abstract Surface-barrier detectors have been fabricated with high-resistivity n-type silicon (4 000 – 20 000 ohm·cm) which can operate at reverse biases up to 4000 volts with good energy resolution at room temperature. The best energy resolution obtained with a depletion region deep enough to stop 1 MeV electrons is 13.2 keV for a detector of 8 mm diameter. The best resolution at very high reverse bias is 22.4 keV at 3800 volts bias for a detector of 7 mm diameter. The deepest depletion region obtained is 3.5 mm with a 6 mm diameter 20 000 ohm·cm unit operating at 1800 volts reverse bias. Under these conditions the measured energy resolution for 1 MeV electrons is 35 keV. The conditions necessary for the production of surface barriers capable of withstanding these biases with low noise and low leakage current are discussed in detail.
Unexpected Costs of High Working Memory Capacity Following Directed Forgetting and Contextual Change Manipulations

Greater working memory capacity is usually associated with greater ability to maintain information in the face of interruptions. In two experiments, we found that some types of interruptions actually lead to greater forgetting among high-span people than among low-span people. Specifically, an instruction designed to change mental context resulted in significant forgetting for high-span people but minimal forgetting among the low-span people. Intentional forgetting instructions also resulted in greater forgetting among higher working memory capacity participants than among lower working memory capacity participants. A candidate explanation called the intensified context shift hypothesis is proposed which suggests that high-span people are more context dependent than low-span people.
Thyroid abnormalities in children of parents who have Graves' disease: possible pre-Graves' disease.

Abstract We have studied possible premonitory features of Graves' disease among offspring of parents who had this condition. One-hundred-fifty-three children of parents with Graves' disease were examined, as were 129 control children selected on the basis of a negative history for Graves' disease among first-degree relatives. Examination consisted of a physical examination, brief medical history, and determination of a variety of thyroid function and autoimmunity tests. Thirty-six percent of children of parents with Graves' disease had one or more abnormality, as compared to 24% of the control children. The incidence of abnormalities increased with age and were more common in females. The abnormalities in both groups were similar in variety and intensity, and differed mainly quantitatively in frequency. Half of the minor abnormalities detected in the thyroid, including firmness, enlargement, or lobulations, were accompanied by chemical abnormalities such as a high or low T4 level, abnormal thyroglobulin or triiodothyronine (T3) level, or the presence of antithyroid antibodies. One quarter of children having some minor abnormality in the thyroid had definite evidence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Bioassays for long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) were positive in 2 of 95 children of parents with Graves' disease, and in 1 of 49 control children. Assays for thyroid stimulatory immunoglobulins, cell-mediated immunity to thyroid antigens, and thyroglobulin immune complexes were negative. There was a clustering of abnormalities in certain families, suggesting that these families may be prone to develop subsequent clinical illness. During follow-up examination extending over 3 yr, a significant fraction of children lost or modified the original abnormality or developed a new abnormality. During observation, one child developed asymptomatic thyrotoxicosis, one developed exophthalmos, one developed vitiligo, and one had the onset of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The data suggest that there is a progressive evolution of abnormalities in thyroid function, and that these are especially common within certain families. It may be possible to determine from sequential examinations which children are at risk, with a high degree of probability of developing thyrotoxicosis. The abnormalities found in these children change from year to year and do not represent a necessarily progressive process. The data indicate the presence of a condition that may be called “Pre-Graves' Disease”, a dynamic state of disordered antithyroid immunity, which may lead to overt thyrotoxicosis in some children.
Induction and inactivation of catalase and superoxide dismutase of Escherichia coli by ozone.

Abstract Oxyradicals have been implicated in ozone (O 3 ) toxicity and in other oxidant stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of O 3 on the biosynthesis of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and Superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli to determine their role in the defense against ozone toxicity. Inhibition of growth and loss of viability were observed in cultures exposed to ozone. Results also showed an increase in the activities of catalase and Superoxide dismutase in cultures exposed to ozone, which was shown to be due to true induction rather than activation of preexisting apoproteins. Cessation of O 3 exposure resulted in 30 min of continual high rate of catalase biosynthesis followed by a gradual decrease in the level of the enzyme approaching that of control cultures. This decrease was attributed to a concomitant cessation of de novo enzyme synthesis and dilution of preexisting enzyme by cellular growth. Ozonation of cell-free extracts showed that superoxide dismutase and catalase are subject to oxidative inactivation by ozone. In vivo induction of these enzymes may represent an adaptive response evolved to protect cells against ozone toxicity.
Things Are Us! A Commentary on Human/Things Relations under the Banner of a ‘Social’ Archaeology

What work does the adjective ‘social’ in social archaeology do? What is the character of human/things relations under the rubric of social archaeology? We raise these questions in relation to the recent Companion to Social Archaeology by Meskell and Preucel. While the corrective of the ‘social’ has been extremely productive, in broaching these questions we enter very murky waters. Our task in this article is to show where meanings of the ‘social’ have broken down; our charge is to demonstrate how frames of reference in understanding people/things relations have become muddled. By building on the strength of archaeology with regard to things, we seek to revisit the question: what is it to be human?
Smart thermal processing of layered material structures for rapid prototyping applications

This paper focuses on the mathematical and computational aspects of the modeling and control of thermal manufacturing processes, with a dynamic and distributed-parameter nature. A generic numerical simulation model is first developed for thermal processing, with an embedded melt flow model to the conduction field description. This is linearized by small perturbations near the nominal process conditions, and yields a computationally efficient state space model with a sparse, diagonally banded structure in the system matrices. A multivariable controller with similar structure is then designed, and its independent gains are selected by optimization of the closed-loop thermal eigenvalues. This procedure can be implemented in real time by identification of the model and by adaptation of the controller parameters. This methodology is validated by computer simulation, emulating scan welding and thermal rapid prototyping applications.
Lead Poisoning: Using Transdisciplinary Approaches to Solve an Ancient Problem

Conservation medicine examines the linkages among the health of people, animals, and the environment. Few issues illustrate this approach better than an examination of lead (Pb) toxicity. Lead is cheap and there is a long tradition of its use. But the toxic effects of Pb have also been recognized for many years. As a result, western societies have eliminated or greatly reduced many traditional uses of Pb, including many paints, gasoline, and solders because of threats to the health of humans and the environment. Legislation in several countries has eliminated the use of lead shot for hunting waterfowl. Despite these advances, a great many Pb products continue to be readily available. For example, wildlife agencies recognize that angling and shooting sports deposit thousands of tons of Pb into the environment each year. In recent years, our knowledge of the lethal and sublethal effects of Pb has grown dramatically. This discussion reviews the effects of lead on wildlife, humans, and domestic animals. It also discusses the importance of bringing together all interest groups to find safe alternatives, to develop new educational and policy initiatives, to eliminate many current uses of Pb, and to clean up existing problems.
Growth response to hormones by a new rat ovary cell line.

SEVERAL endocrine cell lines established in recent years show a functional response to hormones in vitro1 but, except for one mammary cell line2, none of them exhibits the normal hormone requirement for growth in vivo. We have now isolated a rat ovarian cell line whose growth in vitro is markedly stimulated by bovine luteinizing hormone (LH-NIH-B7), a pituitary gonadotrophin and by dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid. This cell line provides the first permanent in vitro system for studying the growth stimulation of gonadal cells by hormones.
Vasopressor challenges during chronic MAOI or TCA treatment in anesthetized dogs.

Ten male mongrel dogs were treated in Phase I with tranylcypromine, 6 mg/kg IM b.i.d., for 21 days. Dogs were anesthetized at weekly intervals before, during, and up to four weeks after drug treatment with a combination of amylbarbital, 25 mg/kg, 1% enflurane in 70:30 N2O:O2 and fentanyl, 500 mcg. Bolus IV injections of norepinephrine, 0.1-0.6 mcg/kg, and ephedrine, 0.03-0.12 mg/kg were given while continuously recording arterial blood pressure, lead II of the ECG, heart rate, and rectal temperature. Awakening times were noted. In Phase II, the dogs were given imipramine, 25 mg/kg IM b.i.d., for 21 days. During Phase III, 14 days of tranylcypromine, 7 days of tranylcypromine plus imipramine, and 7 days of imipramine were administered. Anesthetic techniques were repeated in phases II and III. The fourth phase consisted of tranylcypromine injections, 6 mg IM b.i.d., and anesthesia with amylbarbital, 25 mg/kg, 2.5% enflurane in 70:30 N2O:O2. Vasopressor challenges were repeated during each phase of the study. Following induction of anesthesia and prior to fentanyl challenge, baseline blood pressures and heart rates did not differ from control in Phase I, II, and III of this study. Responses to norepinephrine during all of the tranylcypromine phases were not significantly different from control but ephedrine responses were prolonged, peaking by the second week of treatment. During Phase II, dysrhythmias occurred following norepinephrine and ephedrine with one lethality following norepinephrine, 0.2 mcg/kg. Responses to norepinephrine and awakening times were significantly greater during Phase II compared to Phase I. In Phase III, during the first week of combined therapy the responses to norepinephrine were significantly greater than any other week of this phase. During Phase IV, resting blood pressure and the ephedrine responses were significantly increased during tranylcypromine when the anesthesia regimen did not include fentanyl. These results suggest that during initial treatment with tranylcypromine or imipramine, cardiovascular responses to vasopressor challenges were predicted by the pharmacology of the antidepressant. During tranylcypromine phases, we did not observe exaggerated cardiovascular effects during anesthesia and vasopressor challenges as had been previously reported.
Interaction of flecainide with digoxin and propranolol

The effect of flecainide, 200 mg twice daily for 5 days, on steady-state plasma digoxin levels was determined in 15 healthy male subjects who received 0.25 mg of digoxin per day. The predose mean plasma digoxin level before flecainide administration on days 9 and 10 was 0.46 ng/ml, compared with 0.57 ng/ml on day 13 (p less than 0.05) and 0.49 ng/ml on day 15 (difference not significant [NS]) when flecainide was given concurrently with digoxin. The 6-hour postdose mean level for days 9 and 10 was 0.58 ng/ml, compared with mean levels of 0.62 ng/ml on day 13 (NS) and 0.65 ng/ml on day 15 (p less than 0.05). On average, predose and 6-hour postdose digoxin levels increased by 24 +/- 35% and 13 +/- 19%, respectively, during co-administration. A significant prolongation of the electrocardiographic PR interval in 6 of 15 subjects was noted on the combined drug dosage. This reverted to normal after cessation of drug administration. Vital signs showed no significant clinical change during the course of the study. Ten other healthy male subjects were given propranolol, 80 mg 3 times daily, or flecainide, 200 mg twice daily, alone or in combination. Effects on vital signs, exercise heart rate, electrocardiographic interval, M-mode indexes of ventricular function and plasma drug levels were monitored to determine effects of the study drugs when given separately or concurrently. Both drugs caused a decrease in blood pressure, with the systolic pressure affected more than the diastolic; the effects of propranolol and flecainide were additive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Aortoarteritis and sensorineural hearing loss in an adolescent black male

We describe an adolescent male having sudden onset of sensorineural hearing loss. Evaluation led to the discovery of marked aortoarteritis. This patient exhibited findings of both Takayasu arteritis and Cogan syndrome. This report emphasizes the importance of ensuring a thorough systemic evaluation in individuals having sudden hearing loss.
Challenges encountered during the implementation of the Integrated Information Center at the University of Minnesota

This article describes the significant challenges that were encountered during the implementation of the Integrated Information Center (IIC). These challenges were of three kinds: Those in the environment and beyond the control of the project, those in the mission of the project, and those inherent in the design of the IIC. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Botulinum Toxin a for Chronic Daily Headache: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Design Study:

Sixty patients with headaches of more than 15 days per month were recruited for this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) for chronic tension type and chronic migraine headaches. The primary efficacy point was the number of headache-free days as assessed by diary for 12 weeks after BTX injection. Secondary efficacy points included global impressions, the use of abortive headache medications, and palpation. After recruitment, subjects kept diaries for 4 weeks prior to randomization, at which time they received either 200 U of BTX or matching placebo and were followed. After the week-12 evaluation, patients were offered 200 U of BTX (open label), and were similarly followed for another 12 weeks. The mean days with headache of the 60 subjects (49 female, mean age 47 +/- 11 years) was 23 +/- 7 out of 30. Both groups were demographically similar (58 completed). Over a 12-week period after injections, headache-free days had improved in the BTX group from week 8 to 12 (P < 0.05), and strongly tended to improve over the entire 12-week period, 33 +/- 23 vs. 24 +/- 16 days without headache (P = 0.07), but did not meet the a priori significance criteria. The subject global impressions (P < 0.05), subject change in headache impressions (P < 0.005), and investigator global impressions (P < 0.001) all improved in the BTX group compared with placebo. Adverse events were mild and did not differ between groups. At week 24 (open label), headache-free days were less in the twice BTX injected group compared with the once injected group, 40 +/- 26 vs. 26 +/- 19 (P < 0.05). BTX may help chronic daily headache and appears to have a cumulative effect with subsequent injections. The treatment was very well tolerated.
Formation of surfactant and polyelectrolyte gel particles in aqueous solutions

Abstract Mixing of oppositely charged surfactants and polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions can lead to associative phase separation, where the concentrated phase assumes the form of a viscous liquid, gel, or precipitate. This phenomenon can lead to the formation of gel-like particles whose size and polydispersity can be controlled. Here we present phase behavior and structural studies of gel-like particles formed by mixing drops of N , N , N -trimethylammonium derivatized hydroxyethyl cellulose (JR-400) polyelectrolyte solution with oppositely charged anionic and catanionic surfactant solutions composed of sodium perfluorooctanoate (FC 7 ) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Gel formation apparently occurs due to the collapse of the polyelectrolyte chains upon the adsorption of surfactant. This process results in the release of simple ions and water, and yields dense gel-like beads. The diameter of these beads ranges approximately from 200 to 4000 μm. Both the effects of solution composition and the method of preparation are studied by optical and confocal microscopy, and are linked to the structure and stability of the bead. Our observations suggest that the structure of the resulting particles is governed by the solution composition and the method of preparation, while the particle stability is governed by phase behavior alone.
Biomaterials for Integration with 3-D Bioprinting

Bioprinting has emerged in recent years as an attractive method for creating 3-D tissues and organs in the laboratory, and therefore is a promising technology in a number of regenerative medicine applications. It has the potential to (i) create fully functional replacements for damaged tissues in patients, and (ii) rapidly fabricate small-sized human-based tissue models, or organoids, for diagnostics, pathology modeling, and drug development. A number of bioprinting modalities have been explored, including cellular inkjet printing, extrusion-based technologies, soft lithography, and laser-induced forward transfer. Despite the innovation of each of these technologies, successful implementation of bioprinting relies heavily on integration with compatible biomaterials that are responsible for supporting the cellular components during and after biofabrication, and that are compatible with the bioprinting device requirements. In this review, we will evaluate a variety of biomaterials, such as curable synthetic polymers, synthetic gels, and naturally derived hydrogels. Specifically we will describe how they are integrated with the bioprinting technologies above to generate bioprinted constructs with practical application in medicine.
Genetics of Cerebrovascular Disorders

Physicians must be able to recognize stroke caused by a mendelian or mitochondrial disorder. Some genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and Fabry disease have proven disease-specific treatments, whereas others have no effective treatment, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) and mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Proper diagnosis of a genetic disorder has prognostic value and prevents patient exposure to unnecessary and potentially harmful therapeutic agents and diagnostic tests. This article reviews the clinical and genetic features of some mendelian and mitochondrial disorders associated with ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and cerebrovascular malformations.
Heterocyclic amine content of pork products cooked by different methods and to varying degrees of doneness

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are known mutagens and animal carcinogens produced in meats cooked at high temperature. As pork is the second most frequently consumed meat in the United States, five predominant HCAs [2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4.5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)] were measured in various pork products, cooked by different techniques and to varying doneness levels. Pork chops and ham slices were pan-fried and oven-broiled; bacon was pan-fried, oven-broiled or microwaved; hot dogs were pan-fried, oven-broiled, grilled/barbecued or boiled; sausage links and patties were pan-fried. All the products were cooked to three levels of doneness: just until done, well done or very well done. HCA type and level varied substantially by pork product, cooking method and doneness level. The highest PhIP levels were found in well done and very well done oven-broiled bacon; for very well done 30.3 and 4.0 ng per gram of meat of PhIP and MeIQx, respectively. Pan-fried very well done sausage patties contained 5.4 ng of MeIQx per gram of meat, while sausage links contained 1.3 ng per gram of meat. MeIQx was formed in well done and very well done pan-fried but not broiled pork chops. Hot dogs or ham slices had low or undetectable levels of HCAs. These results demonstrate that epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between HCA intake and cancer risk need to incorporate type of meat, cooking method and degree of doneness/surface browning into questions to assess adequately an individual's HCA exposure.
Growth and Longevity of the Cui-ui and Longevity of Other Catostomids and Cyprinids in Western North America

Abstract Annulus formation on opercula of the cui-ui Chasmistes cujus in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, was validated over an 8-year interval. Many fish were old, as old as 41 years of age, As many as three annuli were hidden (covered by supporting bone) in older fish. Growth was rapid during the first 10 years, slow from 10 to 20 years, and extremely slow or nil after 20 years. Age and growth were strongly correlated for about the first 10 years of life, but less so when fish became sexually mature. Examination of opercula of 15 additional species of large catostomids and cyprinids of western North America revealed that they were older than had previously been thought.
A systematic histological study of palm fruits. VIII. Subtribe Dypsidinae (Arecaceae)

Analysis of the pericarp structure in the four genera of the palm subtribe Dypsidinae reveals tissues similar to those in other taxa within the pseudomonomerous Indo-Pacific arecoid palms, but generally in unspecialized configurations consistent with their presumed basal position within this group. Unique tissues within some members of genus Dypsis include thin-walled, tannin-filled fibers around the vascular bundles. Large-fruited members of the presumably related genera Lemurophoenix, Masoala, and Marojejya show more distinctive arrangements of protective tissues and are quite different from one another. Only Marojejya appears to be closely related to Dypsis. Lemurophoenix and Masoala, by possession of both unsheathed vascular bundles and bundles with heavy fibrous sheaths, show possible affinities with genera well-removed from Dypsis.
Random mutagenesis of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in yeast: identification of second-site mutations that restore function to a coupling-deficient mutant M3 receptor.

The M3 muscarinic receptor is a prototypical member of the class A family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). To gain insight into the structural mechanisms governing agonist-mediated M3 receptor activation, we recently developed a genetically modified yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which allows the efficient screening of large libraries of mutant M3 receptors to identify mutant receptors with altered/novel functional properties. Class A GPCRs contain a highly conserved Asp residue located in transmembrane domain II (TM II; corresponding to Asp-113 in the rat M3 muscarinic receptor) which is of fundamental importance for receptor activation. As observed previously with other GPCRs analyzed in mammalian expression systems, the D113N point mutation abolished agonist-induced receptor/G protein coupling in yeast. We then subjected the D113N mutant M3 receptor to PCR-based random mutagenesis followed by a yeast genetic screen to recover point mutations that can restore G protein coupling to the D113N mutant receptor. A large scale screening effort led to the identification of three such second-site suppressor mutations, R165W, R165M, and Y250D. When expressed in the wild-type receptor background, these three point mutations did not lead to an increase in basal activity and reduced the efficiency of receptor/G protein coupling. Similar results were obtained when the various mutant receptors were expressed and analyzed in transfected mammalian cells (COS-7 cells). Interestingly, like Asp-113, Arg-165 and Tyr-250, which are located at the cytoplasmic ends of TM III and TM V, respectively, are also highly conserved among class A GPCRs. Our data suggest a conformational link between the highly conserved Asp-113, Arg-165, and Tyr-250 residues which is critical for receptor activation.
Relative toxicity of para-substituted phenols: log KOW and pKa-dependent structure-activity relationships.

The toxic response of the majority of industrial chemicals which are nonreactive and non -ionic can be quantitatively modeled by the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (K/sub ow/) in a linear fashion following a log-log transformation of the data. The toxicity of phenols, however does not model by these same quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Earlier studies have shown that the addition of pKa as a second molecular descriptor improves the predictive capability of log K/sub ow/ QSAR. The predicted toxicity of phenol derivatives, which ionize poorly under the test conditions, is not significantly altered by using models in which pKa is not included. In an effort to systematically explore the extent to which such log K/sub ow/ and, log K/sub ow/ and pKa-dependent QSAR can be used to predict the biological activity of phenols, the first in a series of investigations was conducted using the rapid and inexpensive Tetrahymena population growth impairment assay to determine relative toxicity of 30 para-substituted derivatives.
Multiproduct Equilibrium Price Dispersion

Abstract The model of Burdett and Judd (Econometrica51 (1993), 955-969) is generalized to the case of may goods. Consumers choose the best price observed for each good. There are two classes of equilibria, those that involve constant expected profits for each good independently of price and those with increasing profits for each good in price. A continuum of the latter type always exists. These equilibria are qualitatively different than the unique equilibrium of the single-good case. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D83, D43, L13.
Minuteman: Forward projection of unmanned agents using the airborne internet

In future battlefield operations, autonomous agents such as unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) and unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs) will be projected to the forefront for intelligence, strike, search and rescue and other tactical operations. The agents will be organized in clusters in order to carry out such missions; different clusters may execute different missions simultaneously. During the mission, the unmanned agents are supported by sensors on the ground and in the air, and can receive commands and send information back to a command ship, say. It is clear that efficient communications between agents, and from agents to sensors and to command posts are critical to mission success. The goal of the Minuteman project is to develop the concept and initial prototype of an agile, dynamic, multi-layer "Internet in the sky" architecture that can deliver the "forward power" of the unmanned missions. The architecture consists of a high speed, wireless mobile backbone network (MBN) - with point-to-point wireless links. and local access networks feeding to backbone nodes. The design is extremely challenging because of the hostile environment, the need for QoS support and the unpredictable nature of the requirements. The focus of this paper is on scalable addressing and routing in such a multiplayer mobile environment where UAVs can fly at speeds exceeding several hundreds miles per hour. We exploit the fact that agents typically move in groups, and achieve scalability by keeping track of a "landmark" for each group. This is done using LANMAR, a land-mark ad hoc routing scheme. The LANMAR scheme originally developed for "flat" ad hoc networks extends naturally to a network with a physical backbone. Via simulation we show that LANMAR maintains robust, resilient. rapidly restored connectivity in the face of agent mobility.
Optical radar results and meteoric fragmentation

Recent optical radar experiments utilizing a ruby laser as the source of radiation have indicated the existence of a scattering layer in the upper atmosphere at an altitude between 110 and 140 km. The echoes have been tentatively interpreted in accordance with a model of meteoric fragmentation and have been related to other experimental results. By progressive fragmentation in its flight through the atmosphere, a meteoroid should show an enhancement of cross section which is responsible for those echoes. The atmosphere would be working as a ‘filter,’ and the average size distribution of micrometeorites would vary with the height.
Extension of the matrix bartlett's formula to the third order and to noisy models

This paper focuses on the extension of the asymptotic covariance of the sample covariance (denoted Bartlett's formula) of linear processes to third-order sample cumulant and to noisy linear processes. Thanks to a matrix polyspectral representation, closed-form expressions of the asymptotic covariance and cross covariance of the sample second and third moments are derived in a straightforward manner. As an application of these extended formulae, we enhance the sensitivity of the asymptotic performance of estimated ARMA parameters by an arbitrary third order-based algorithm to the spectrum of colored additive noise.
Requirements tracing: discovering related documents through artificial pheromones and term proximity

Requirements traceability is an important undertaking as part of ensuring the quality of software in the early stages of the Software Development Life Cycle. This paper demonstrates the applicability of swarm intelligence to the requirements tracing problem using pheromone communication and a focus on the common text around linking terms or words in order to find related textual documents. Through the actions and contributions of each individual member of the swarm, the swarm as a whole exposes relationships between documents in a collective manner. Two techniques have been examined, simple swarm and pheromone swarm. The techniques have been validated using two real-world datasets from two problem domains.
Mechanism of hypocoagulability in proton-irradiated ferrets

Purpose : To determine the mechanism of proton radiationinduced coagulopathy. Material and methods: Ferrets were exposed to either solar particle event (SPE)-like proton radiation at a predetermined dose rate of 0.5 Gray (Gy) per hour (h) for a total dose of 0 or 1 Gy. Blood was collected pre- and post-irradiation for a complete blood cell count or a soluble fi brin concentration analysis, to determine whether coagulation activation had occurred. Tissue was stained with an anti-fi brinogen antibody to confi rm the presence of fi brin in blood vessels. Results : SPE-like proton radiation exposure resulted in coagulation cascade activation, as determined by increased soluble fi brin concentration in blood from 0.7 – 2.4 at 3 h, and 9.9 soluble fi brin units ( p � 0.05) at 24 h post-irradiation and fi brin clots in blood vessels of livers, lungs and kidneys from irradiated ferrets. In combination with this increase in fi brin clots, ferrets had increased prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time values post-irradiation, which are representative of the extrinsic/intrinsic coagulation pathways. Platelet counts remained at pre-irradiation values over the course of 7 days, indicating that the observed eff ects were not platelet-related, but instead likely to be due to radiation-induced eff ects on secondary hemostasis. White blood cell (WBC) counts were reduced in a statistically signifi cant manner from 24 h through the course of the seven-day experiment. Conclusions : SPE-like proton radiation results in signifi cant decreases in all WBC counts as well as activates secondary hemostasis; together, these data suggest severe risks to astronaut health from exposure to SPE radiation.
The development of multiple-valued logic as related to computer science

Computer scientists are familiar with options in which there are no middle choices between true and false. The lack of such choices is inconvenient — even critical — for example, when determining whether the status of a computer system is go or no-go. Multiple-valued logic is concerned with these intermediate choices.
3,3 -Didecyl-5,5 -bis(4-phenylquinolin-2-yl)-2,2 -bithienyl

The structure of the title compound, C58H64N2S2, is primarily dictated by intermolecular van der Waals interactions of the di­decyl chains attached to the bi­thio­phene backbone. These interactions result in torsional strain on the aromatic plane, which disrupts conjugation.
Teletext for public information: Laboratory and field studies

This study of teletext is as instructive about the pitfalls and rewards of field research as it is about the utility of the technology itself.
Preparing and evaluating geospatial data models using X3D encodings for web 3D geovisualization services

There is an increasing demand of 3D geospatial models on the Web, representing geospatial data that consists of terrain elevation, buildings, vegetation, roads, and other spatial features. This paper presents an approach to support and improve the united effort of Web interoperability and 3D geospatial portrayal. Specifically, we focus on the method to generate 3D models using X3D encodings of both terrain and building geospatial data and how to efficiently and effectively visualize those 3D geospatial models together on a Web platform. In addition, we examine the advantages and disadvantages of various X3D encodings of geospatial data by conducting a performance evaluation using our functional Web 3D service. From the results of this evaluation, we distill guidelines for the generation of 3D geospatial models for Web 3D services. Through two case scenarios, we demonstrate how our Web 3D service can be integrated with other services; we show the integration of geo-referenced inventory data, geocoding and reverse geocoding information, and text-based or image-based annotations in ourWeb 3D service.
Tunable Optical Nanoantennas Incorporating Bowtie Nanoantenna Arrays with Stimuli-Responsive Polymer

We report on a temperature-responsive tunable plasmonic device that incorporates coupled bowtie nanoantenna arrays (BNAs) with a submicron-thick, thermosensitive hydrogel coating. The coupled plasmonic nanoparticles provide an intrinsically higher field enhancement than conventional individual nanoparticles. The favorable scaling of plasmonic dimers at the nanometer scale and ionic diffusion at the submicron scale is leveraged to achieve strong optical resonance and rapid hydrogel response, respectively. We demonstrate that the hydrogel-coated BNAs are able to sense environmental temperature variations. The phase transition of hydrogel leads to 16.2 nm of resonant wavelength shift for the hydrogel-coated BNAs, whereas only 3 nm for the uncoated counterpart. The response time of the device to temperature variations is only 250 ms, due to the small hydrogel thickness at the submicron scale. The demonstration of the ability of the device to tune its optical resonance in response to an environmental stimulus (here, temperature) suggests a possibility of making many other tunable plasmonic devices through the incorporation of coupled plasmonic nanostructures and various environmental-responsive hydrogels.
Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Prevention of Postsurgical Pain

Postsurgical pain is a common disorder which results from spasm of muscles or sphincters and peripheral nerves after surgery. Persistent postsurgical pain results in application of polypharmacy and may lead to lengthy hospitalization.