cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Killing and the king: Numa's murder law and the nature of monarchic authority

The author makes the argument that the presence of a murder law during the Roman monarchy and the absence of such a law during the republic reflects the difference in the nature of authority in these two political institutions. The centralized authority of the monarchy demanded a control over the right to kill. An act of homicide practised by another infringed upon the king's authority and so a murder law was promulgated. When the Romans expelled their kings, authority devolved onto individual patres and this decentralized leadership under the republic meant that the act of homicide was no longer a matter of concern for the state.
Engineering algae for biohydrogen and biofuel production

There is currently substantial interest in utilizing eukaryotic algae for the renewable production of several bioenergy carriers, including starches for alcohols, lipids for diesel fuel surrogates, and H2 for fuel cells. Relative to terrestrial biofuel feedstocks, algae can convert solar energy into fuels at higher photosynthetic efficiencies, and can thrive in salt water systems. Recently, there has been considerable progress in identifying relevant bioenergy genes and pathways in microalgae, and powerful genetic techniques have been developed to engineer some strains via the targeted disruption of endogenous genes and/or transgene expression. Collectively, the progress that has been realized in these areas is rapidly advancing our ability to genetically optimize the production of targeted biofuels.
1‐dehydrohexestrol. Synthesis of a precursor for the preparation of tritium‐labeled hexestrol derivatives and its use in a new, convenient synthesis of tritium‐labeled o‐azido‐hexestrol

Erthro-1-dehydrohexestrol (4a), an analog of the nonsteroidal estrogen meso-hexestrol containing a double bond in the side chain, has been synthesized as a general precursor for the preparation of tritium-labeled hexestrol derivatives. It can be functionalized further as needed, and upon catalytic hydrogenation with tritium gas, it furnishes the desired erythro or meso diastereomer of the hexestrol derivatives. Its use is exemplified in the synthesis of 3H-o-azidohexestrol (9c) with high specific activity.
Global Output Feedback Stabilization of a Class of Nonlinear Systems With Multiple Output

This paper considers global output feedback stabilization of a class of upper-triangular nonlinear systems with multiple outputs. By coupling a finite-time convergent observer and a saturated homogeneous stabilizer, the global output feedback stabilization can be achieved without the homogeneous growth condition. The proposed techniques are also extended to more general complex nonlinear systems. Various examples, including a ball-and-beam mechanical system and a planar vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, are presented to illustrate the design.
Determining power system modal content of data motivated by normal forms

Models used to predict system response for disturbances often yield results that differ from recorded measurements. Engineers are tasked with improving system models to match important modal features of interest. These features are estimated from a given disturbance data set. The traditional linear system technique of Prony analysis has shortcomings when applied to nonlinear systems and noisy data. The work in this paper seeks to use knowledge of Normal forms analysis to improve upon Prony analysis in estimating modal content for nonlinear systems. Theory is presented and data from a three bus power system disturbance are analyzed.
Idiopathic hyperplasia of the adrenal gland behaving like an aldosterone producing adenoma

Primary hyperaldosteronism (adrenal adenoma and idiopathic hyperplasia) is a disorder with hypertension, hypokalemia, elevated serum aldosterone and suppressed plasma renin activity. Hyperplasia is managed medically whereas adenomas are treated surgically. Selective adrenal venous catheterization and aldosterone measurement is a useful tool in making the distinction in 95% of cases. We report a case of bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia of the adrenal glands adequately treated with medications for 6 years followed by worsening. Selective catheterization was consistent with a right sided adenoma. Surgical removal of the right adrenal gland alleviated her symptoms. Pathological examination showed focal nodular hyperplasia. We propose that in the course of the disease the focal hyperplastic nodule became autonomous and behaved like an adenoma. Monitoring of patients with adrenal hyperplasia for recurrence of symptoms is prudent as surgery is beneficial in patients who develop an autonomous nodule.
The necessity of using detailed kinetics in models for premixed combustion within porous media

Abstract Models for premixed combustion within porous inert media (PIM) are complicated by the highly nonlinear radiative exchange terms in the energy equation for the solid matrix in addition to the stiffness of the set of gas phase equations. Therefore, prior researchers have simulated the gas-phase reactions using single-step chemistry. In the present work, predictions are made using both single-step and multistep kinetics mechanisms. It is concluded that it is essential to use multistep kinetics if accurate predictions of the temperature distributions, energy release rates, and total energy release are sought. Obviously, this is also true if predictions of the composition profiles and emissions are sought. Single-step kinetics is shown to be adequate for predicting all the flame characteristics except the emissions for the very lean conditions under which equilibrium favors the more complete combustion process dictated by global chemistry. The first predictions of NO and CO emissions from PIM burners are presented and compared with experimental data. The model predicts the CO emissions very accurately and predicts the NO trend correctly but overpredicts the NO emissions for φ > 0.8. The present multistep PIM burner model does not accurately reproduce the data for the burning speed and NO emissions for nondilute mixtures. These discrepancies can be only partially attributed to experimental uncertainties and/or imprecise knowledge of the properties of the solid matrix. Thus, it is concluded that important aspects of the physical processes within PIM combustors are not well simulated at present.
Absence of vesicoureteral reflux after stone basket manipulation. Reflections on iatrogenic reflux.

Abstract Twenty-four patients were studied after cystoscopic basket manipulation for distal ureteral calculi. Voiding cystourethrograms or cystograms were obtained at varying intervals postoperatively to detect evidence of vesicoureteral reflux. Reflux did not develop in any of the patients. In comparison with other known causes of iatrogenic reflux, stone basket manipulation does not appear to interfere with anatomic factors which normally prevent incompetence of the ureterovesical valvular mechanism.
Computation and plotting of infiltration-advance isochrones for any source

Abstract The position and rate of change of the advance front due to surface water spreading on a flat surface is computed using a two-step approach. The size of the spreading pool is first calculated using a volume balance equation. The geometric shape of the pool area is then approximated using potential theory. This is simplified by using distributed point sources to represent the source. A combination of both techniques allows isochrones of the advance front from any source to be predicted. Site specific advance front velocity values are calculated from the constructed isochrones. An equation is also presented for the general rate of change of the pool area. Isochrones families, for a number of different shaped sources, are presented as is a discussion on the construction of streamlines. The isochrones lines are also used to define lines of constant infiltration opportunity time and constant cumulative infiltration. The combined technique offers a foundation on which to later add many of the processes associated with water spreading on the surface.
Synthesis of a highly tritiated photoaffinity labelled pheromone analog for the moth antheraea polyphemus

The synthesis of the tritiated sex pheromone of the saturniid moth Antheraea polyphemus was accomplished by stereospecific T2 reduction of (E)-hexadec-6-en-11-yn-1-yl acetate. The [11, 12-3H2]-(E, Z)-6, 11-hexadecadieny 1 acetate was then converted to the corresponding diazoacetate, a behaviorally active photoaffinity label for the A. polyphemus pheromone binding and receptor proteins. Synthesis of the enyne precursors is also described.
Generalist versus specialist strategies of plasticity: snail responses to predators with different foraging modes

SUMMARY 1. Phenotypic plasticity is a common adaptation to environmental heterogeneity, and theory predicts that the evolution of constitutive versus plastic strategies should depend on the frequency of alternative environments, the magnitude of constraints and the costs of plasticity per se. However, it is unclear how species should evolve when they experience more than two environments that favour divergent phenotypes, particularly when they have absolute constraints on their morphology. 2. We examined the plasticity of three freshwater snail species (Helisoma anceps, H. campanulata and H. trivolvis) in response to three environments: (i) no predator; (ii) shell-invading water bugs (Belostoma flumineum) and (iii) shell-crushing crayfish (Orconectes rusticus). We found distinct responses by each snail species to the predator treatments. Helisoma anceps starts with a relatively low, narrow and thick shell that becomes lower and thicker in response to crayfish but is unresponsive to water bugs. In contrast, H. campanulata starts with a relatively high, wide and thin shell that becomes lower and wider in response to water bugs but is unresponsive to crayfish. Helisoma trivolvis starts with a shell of intermediate height and width while the predators induce defences in different directions. 3. These results suggest that H. trivolvis has a generalist plastic strategy while H. anceps and H. campanulata have specialised plastic strategies orientated against a single type of predator at the potential cost of being unable to respond to others. 4. We then performed predation trials to determine predator preferences using a mixture of the three species. After 2 weeks of exposure to crayfish cues, H. anceps had higher survival than both H. trivolvis and H. campanulata with uncaged crayfish. After 2 weeks of exposure to water bug cues, both H. trivolvis and H. campanulata had higher survival than H. anceps with uncaged water bugs. When predation trials were conducted after 5 weeks of exposure to predator cues, H. trivolvis and H. campanulata reached a size refuge from both predators and this shifted predation pressure to H. anceps. 5. Collectively, these results suggest that closely related prey species with different absolute constraints in their morphology had different defences that are either specialised or generalised to alternative environments.
Astressin-amide and astressin-acid are structurally different in dimethylsulfoxide.

The C-terminally amidated CRF antagonist astressin binds to CRF-R1 or CRF-R2 receptors with low nanomolar affinity while the corresponding astressin-acid has >100 times less affinity. To understand the role of the amide group in binding, the conformations of astressin-amide and astressin-acid were studied in DMSO using NMR techniques. The 3D NMR structures show that the backbones of both analogs prefer an α-helical conformation, with a small kink around Gln26. However, astressin-amide has a well-defined helical structure from Leu27 to Ile41 and a conformation very similar to the bioactive conformation reported by our group (Grace et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104, 4858–4863). In contrast, astressin-acid has an irregular helical conformation from Arg35 onward, including a rearrangement of the side chains in that region. This structural difference highlights the crucial role of the C-terminal amidation for stabilization of astressin's bioactive conformation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 87: 196–205, 2007. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
MMPI Norms for Southern Adolescent Negroes

(1962). MMPI Norms for Southern Adolescent Negroes. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 277-282.
Micro-channel evaporator for space applications – 1. Experimental pressure drop and heat transfer results for different orientations in earth gravity

Abstract Boiling and condensation are being considered for operation of thermal control systems (TCSs) in future space vehicles to capitalize upon their high heat transfer coefficients and appreciable reduction in TCS weight and volume. A primary concern in designing these systems is a lack of technical knowhow on the influence of buoyancy and therefore body force on two-phase heat transfer in reduced gravity. In particular, there is keen interest in developing predictive tools for pressure drop and heat transfer and identifying the minimum coolant flow rate that would negate the influence of body force. Two-phase flow in micro-channels provides unique advantages to space systems by greatly increasing flow inertia for a given flow rate, which helps resist body forces effects. This study is the first part of a two-part study addressing the effectiveness of two-phase micro-channels at negating body force effects. Flow boiling experiments are conducted with FC-72 in a test module containing 80 of 231 μm wide × 1000 μm deep micro-channels in three different flow orientations: horizontal, vertical upflow and vertical downflow over broad ranges of mass velocity and heat flux. Also investigated are conditions that trigger two different types of two-phase flow instability. In addition, different flow regimes are identified with an aid of high-speed video imaging, and the flow regime data are compared to an exiting flow regime map and used to develop new relations for transition boundaries between regimes. Overall, the present study proves the existence of a mass velocity threshold above which identical heat transfer performances are achieved regardless of orientations.
Dual dependence on both Ca2+ and Mg2+ for electrical stability in cells of canine false tendon☆

Abstract When Ca2+ was omitted from the physiologic superfusing solution or when 3.0 mmol/l EGTA was added, cells in 20 canine right ventricular false tendons depolarized from −84±5 mV to −48±9 mV (mean ± 1 s.d. ). A similar response (from −83±5 mV to −43±9 mV) omission followed of Mg2+ alone or addition of 3.0 mmol/l calcium EDTA. In all trials the degree of depolarization reached a stable level within 30 min. Omission of both Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the superfusing solution resulted in depolarization from −83±5 mV to −38±11 mV within 19 min. Complete recovery of transmembrane potential from each of these several manipulations was seen within 30 min after resuming superfusion with control solution. In contrast to these observations, addition of 3.0 mmol/l disodium EDTA brought about depolarization from −84±5 mV to −1±5 mV within 5 min. Further-more, superfusion with disodium EDTA for 30 min resulted in permanently depolarized false tendon cells. Studies with electron microscopy demonstrated that La3+ was able to cross the sarcolemma of these cells. Thus, the removal of either Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone, or omission of both, produces a consitent but readily reversible depression of electrical activity. On the other hand, the chelation of both divalent cations causes more rapid and complete depolarization within 5 min and which was not reversible after 30 min. Physiological irreversibility was associated with abnormal permeability of the cells by lanthanum. Electrical stability in canine false tendon cells appears to be dependent on ready availability of both Ca2+ and Mg2+.
Education in Praxis: The Case Of Stetson University’s Microcredit Initiatives

Alexis de Tocqueville in his book Democracy in America in 1830 made the observation that the strength of American democracy lay in its spirited voluntary associations and emphasis on community. He declared however, that democracy and its manifestation of individualism, while a virtue, could become a vice when taken to extremes, especially in the form of hyper individualism. Putnam, a contemporary scholar, in his book Bowling Alone (2000), reveals that America has reached the vicious stage of its democracy where people are so preoccupied with their own concerns and successes that they have shut out of their consciences and consciousnesses the concerns of others in a society. Individuals’ preoccupation with financial and human capital accumulation has led to the corrosion of social capital – the connections and cooperation among people, and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness - considered by many social scientists as the raw material of society, and as vital as language, for a humane society (Cox, ...
Complete PP-waveform modelling for determining crust and upper mantle structure

SUMMARY We analyse the PP phase at upper mantle distances (25" to 60") to quantify its propagation characteristics and potential for determining crust and upper mantle velocity structure. Upper mantle distance PP waveforms are very complex, involving interference between a variety of arrivals traversing different depth ranges in the Earth. Even for laterally homogeneous structures, complete synthetic seismograms such as provided by reflectivity calculations are required to adequately model the full suite of arrivals that contribute to upper mantle PP phases. The complexity of PP waveforms can be exploited to extract crust and upper mantle structural information for relatively homogeneous paths. While PP-P differential traveltimes and PPlP amplitude ratios provide constraints on average upper mantle velocities above the transition zone, early PP coda, comprized of crustal reflections and conversions, and precursors to the PP phase, comprized of multiple Moho underside reflections, can provide information on crustal thickness and velocity gradients in the uppermost mantle. Positive velocity gradients below the crust generate large amplitude Moho underside reflections that are particularly visible for short-period and broad-band seismograms at distances from 25" to 38". We demonstrate the potential use of the PP phase for determining upper mantle structure by modelling long-period signals traversing relatively 'pure' paths across North America. A continuum of P-wave velocity models with varying lid structure is appropriate for the upper mantle beneath North America. The highest velocities are found beneath the northern Canadian shield, with the lid becoming progressively slower beneath the southern shield, continental platform and tectonically active regions, respectively. Most of the heterogeneity in P-velocity structure is concentrated above a depth of 250 km, although some data are consistent with models that are relatively slow at greater depths.
Repetitive Controller Design for Track Following of Hard Disk Drive Servo System

Recently repetitive controller has been applied in servo systems of hard disk drives (HDD) to remove the repeatable errors caused by rotating mechanism of spindle motors. However, most results of published articles are too complex to be implemented in industrial applications. In this paper, we present an improved design strategy for repetitive control of HDD by minimizing the power spectral density (PSD) of PES. An analytic solution is given with tolerable computation requirements and can be evaluated by software, even assembly languages. Simulations of track following of HDD servo are carried out based upon the theoretical derivations. The result shows that compared to single PID control, the proposed controller improves the performance of steady state response.
Two-year Carcinogenicity Study in Rats with a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor:

Administration of lersivirine, a nonnucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor, daily by oral gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats for up to 2 yr was associated with decreased survival, decreased body weights, and an increase in neoplasms and related proliferative lesions in the liver, thyroid, kidney, and urinary bladder. Thyroid follicular adenoma and carcinoma, the associated thyroid follicular hypertrophy/hyperplasia, hepatocellular adenoma/adenocarcinoma, altered cell foci, and hepatocellular hypertrophy were consistent with lersivirine-related induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. Renal tubular adenoma and renal tubular hyperplasia were attributed to the lersivirine-related exacerbation of chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN), while urinary bladder hyperplasia and transitional cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis and urinary bladder were attributed to urinary calculi. Renal tubular neoplasms associated with increased incidence and severity of CPN, neoplasms of transitional epithelium attributed to crystalluria, and thyroid follicular and hepatocellular neoplasms related to hepatic enzyme induction have low relevance for human risk assessment.
Efficient Backbone Construction Methods in MANETs Using Directional Antennas

In this paper, we consider the issue of constructing an energy-efficient virtual network backbone in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) for broadcasting applications using directional antennas. In directional antenna models, the transmission/reception range is divided into several sectors and one or more sectors can be switched on for transmission. Therefore, data forwarding can be restricted to certain directions (sectors), and both energy consumption and interference can be reduced. We develop the notation of directional network backbone using the directional antenna model, and form the problem of the directional connected dominating set (DCDS) which is an extreme case of the directional network backbone using an unlimited number of directional antennas. The minimum DCDS problem is proved to be NP-complete. A localized heuristic algorithm for constructing a small DCDS is proposed. Performance analysis includes an analytical study in terms of an approximation ratio and a simulation study on the proposed algorithms using a custom simulator.
The diffusion of two diagnostic technologies among hospitals in new york state

Using combined data from an independent survey by the American Hospital Association and the State of New York, the diffusion of two diagnostic technologies--the automated chemistry analyzer and the computed tomography (CT) scanner--among hospitals in New York State was analyzed. A linearized form of the logistic function was estimated using cumulative diffusion data for each. Diffusion patterns of both technologies fit the logistic curve well, with the coefficient of diffusion for the CT scanner being greater than that for the automated analyzer. Further analysis examined characteristics of early adopters of each technology. Similar hospital characteristics (e.g., high volume of admissions and medical school affiliation) were important in explaining early adoption of both technologies.
Why i am an eclectic (Not an integrationist)

Abstract Eclecticism is a complex set of structures and conceptions. Unsystematic eclecticism and integrationism are based mainly upon personal preference and subjective judgement, whereas systematic, prescriptive (technical) eclecticism is guided by the impact of patient qualities, clinical skills, and specific techniques. Fusionists arbitrarily blend what they consider helpful ingredients from two seemingly disparate orientations and end up in theoretical and clinical dead ends. Eventually, a unified theory is called for, together with a superordinate structure that will reconcile divergent points of view (integrationism). Nevertheless, our current pre-paradigmatic level ofunder-standing precludes such a synthesis at present. To pretend otherwise only breeds confusion worse confounded. Meanwhile, a problem-focused approach to therapy is recommended, one that eschews general labels and tries to reach consensus on the specification of goals, problems, strategies, and systematic measurements (technical ecl...
Central Nervous System Trauma

A. Brain is soft and readily disrupted; protection by rigid skull and cerebrospinal fluid jacket also makes possible generalized agitation following heavy blows and provides no room for brain swelling. B. Terms for craniocerebral trauma: 1. Missile injury — damage produced by moving object striking cranium; most often refers to bullet injury 2. Penetrating (open) injury — disruption (penetration) of cranial vault with opening through skin and cranial bones exposing damaged brain; most often associated with missile injury 3. Closed (non-penetrating) injury — damage to brain without disruption or skin over cranial vault; most often results from blunt trauma 4. Acceleration/deceleration injury — damage produced by movement of brain within confines of cranial vault; brain injury results from tearing during violent movement or from impact of striking interior of skull or dural folds 5. Compressive injury — damage resulting from compression of cranialvault with resultant fracture of bones and injury to underlying brain
MECHANISMS RECONCILING GREGARIOUS LARVAL SETTLEMENT WITH ADULT CANNIBALISM

Marine benthic invertebrates living in dense, intraspecific aggregations are important community members because they provide structural habitat for other species. Here, we determined the mechanisms that facilitate gregarious larval settlement and promote group living. Using suspension-feeding oysters (Crassostrea gigas) residing in large assemblages (“reefs”), experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions that simulated critical aspects of natural estuarine habitats. Oyster larvae were attracted to the scent of their conspecific elders. In still-water trials, they moved downward and settled after contacting a waterborne, adult chemical cue. Yet, mortality of larvae placed in the adult pallial cavity was very high (mean of 91.3%). This seeming paradox of larval attraction to adult cannibals was resolved via laboratory flume (2 cm/s and 6 cm/s flows) experiments. Suspension-feeding activity did not significantly affect flow speeds or directions. Moreover, weak (mean of 1.65 mm/s) adult ciliary currents effectively entrained phytoplankton but rarely captured larvae. In fact, only a small percentage (≤4.6%) of settlers was cannibalized in flume trials, even when they passed within 1 mm of the inhalant opening, or “gape” (a narrow slit between two valves). Larvae cued by conspecifics potentially attach to any portion of the shell surface, but there is a low probability that they will land in or near the inhalant opening. On juvenile and adult oysters, for example, the mean ratio of gape to shell surface area was only 0.025. Furthermore, in surveys of juvenile/adult oysters at nine field sites (Hood Canal and eastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA), the gape was ≤5.2% of the total plane surface area of the reef. Thus, an oyster larva settling onto a reef of suspension-feeding adults is unlikely to be cannibalized. Given this low mortality risk at settlement, future fitness payoffs (e.g., improved fertilization success) may drive the evolution of a gregarious settlement cue that promotes group living.
On the Scaling of Temperature-Dependent Effects

With ever increasing power density and temperature variations within chips, it is very important to correctly model temperature effects on the devices in a compact way and to predict their scaling. In this paper, it is first shown that the temperature dependences of the mobility and the saturation velocity need to be treated separately in modeling the current with the temperature effects. A new compact temperature- dependent model for the ON-current is presented based on the alpha-power law and is verified with BSIM3. Then, the scaling of the ON-current temperature dependence is discussed. It is also shown in this paper that the temperature effects will have an increasing impact on repeater-insertion methodology. Furthermore, the temperature-dependence scaling of the leakage current is analyzed. It is shown that its temperature dependence decreases with technology scaling, but temperature-aware power- reduction techniques will actually save larger fraction of the total power due to the increasing dominance of leakage power.
Fine-needle aspiration of renal cell carcinoma: Is accurate Fuhrman grading possible on cytologic material?

The Fuhrman grading system of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) consists of four grades based on nuclear size/contour and nucleolar conspicuousness. Fuhrman grading of histpathologic material is an independent prognostic parameter for RCC. Although widely used in surgical pathology, Fuhrman grading is not routinely performed on cytologic material. Thirty-three cases of renal fine needle aspirations (FNAs) with histologically proven RCC were retrieved from the cytopathology archives at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Fuhrman grade was determined independently and blindly by three faculty cytopathologists and compared with the Fuhrman grade of the subsequent surgical pathology specimen. The 33 resection specimens had the following Fuhrman grades: 0/33, grade I; 24/33 (73%), grade II; 9/33 (27%), grade III; and 0/33, grade IV. After Fuhrman grading was applied to the FNA material, diagnostic sensitivity was 83% for grade II versus 44% for grade III. The specificity and accuracy were 50 and 75%, respectively, for grade II versus 100% and 84% for grade III. Diagnostic sensitivity for grade II tumors ranged from 38 to 83%, grade III 44-62%. Diagnostic specificity for grade II tumors ranged from 50 to 78%, grade III 80-100%. Accuracy ranged from 48 to 75% for grade II and 75-87% for grade III. Using a two-tier grading model, accuracy improved to 84.2%. In our experience, Fuhrman grading of FNA specimens yielded variable results. There was only moderate agreement between cytopathologists, with an overall tendency to undergrade the tumor when compared with the resection specimen. Averaging the participants' grading and using a two-tier instead of four-tier system improved overall performance.
Virtual reality and parallel systems performance analysis

Scalable parallel systems are becoming the standard architecture for high-performance computing. However, achieving close to peak performance requires careful attention to a plethora of system details. Not only do hundreds of processors interact on a microsecond time scale, but also the space of possible performance optimizations is large, complex, and highly sensitive to both application behavior and system software. If the event frequency is high and the number of processors is large (in the hundreds), the aggregate data rate can be many megabytes/second. Moreover, for a fixed application problem size, both processor-interaction frequency and performance data volume can grow superlinearly with the number of processors. Finally, the relations of specific performance metrics to application performance can vary widely across applications and parallel architectures. To understand these relations while managing potentially large volumes of dynamic performance data, we have developed a data-immersive virtual environment, called Avatar, which explores performance data and provides real-time adaptive control of application behavior. >
Validation of the Antipyrine Method for Measuring Fetal Umbilical Blood Flow

Vinyl catheters were inserted into an umbilical vein, a hindlimb vein and either an umbilical or dorsalis pedis artery in 9 lamb fetuses with gestational ages of 110 to 147 days. The lambs were then delivered from the uterus, but placental flow was maintained. Cannulating electromagnetic flow transducers were inserted into both umbilical veins. Antipyrine solution was constantly infused into the hindlimb vein, and after equilibration, umbilical blood flow was calculated by the Fick method. The values for umbilical flow measured by the antipyrine technique were comparable with those recorded simultaneously with electromagnetic flowmeters. There was also no difference in antipyrine concentrations in the peripheral and main umbilical veins. The study thus validates the use of the Fick method with continuous antipyrine infusion for measuring fetal umbilical blood flow.
Inductive Effects on Molecular Ionization Potentials. III. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Aliphatic Amines

It is demonstrated that the ionization potentials of primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic amines correlate very well with the inductive and polar substituent constants, the only seriously deviating value being that for ammonia, itself. The correlation equation is found to be EI = 9.62 + 13.8 ΣσI.
Towards a real—time knowledge-based simulation system for diagnosing machine tool failure

A framework for diagnosing and characterizing the failure propagation of various components in a CNC (computer numerical control) machine tool using real-time knowledge-based simulation is discussed. The input data necessary for conducting simulation are obtained from a knowledge base structured using frames. Preventive maintenance and sudden failures are modeled. The implemented system provides an integrated environment for the maintenance supervisors to obtain early warnings about the expected failure times of different components and the stoppage time of the machine tool. The system also provides the capability of identifying the critical components susceptible to frequent failures. >
Early presentation of gait impairment in Wolfram Syndrome

Classically characterized by early onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, deafness, diabetes insipidus, and neurological abnormalities, Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is also associated with atypical brainstem and cerebellar findings in the first decade of life. As such, we hypothesized that gait differences between individuals with WFS and typically developing (TD) individuals may be detectable across the course of the disease. Gait was assessed for 13 individuals with WFS (min 6.4 yrs, max 25.8 yrs) and 29 age-matched, typically developing individuals (min 5.6 yrs, max 28.5 yrs) using a GAITRite ® walkway system. Velocity, cadence, step length, base of support and double support time were compared between groups. Across all tasks, individuals with WFS walked slower (p = 0.03), took shorter (p ≤ 0.001) and wider (p ≤ 0.001) steps and spent a greater proportion of the gait cycle in double support (p = 0.03) compared to TD individuals. Cadence did not differ between groups (p = 0.62). Across all tasks, age was significantly correlated with cadence and double support time in the TD group but only double support time was correlated with age in the WFS group and only during preferred pace forward (rs= 0.564, p = 0.045) and dual task forward walking (rs= 0.720, p = 0.006) tasks. Individuals with WFS also had a greater number of missteps during tandem walking (p ≤ 0.001). Within the WFS group, spatiotemporal measures of gait did not correlate with measures of visual acuity. Balance measures negatively correlated with normalized gait velocity during fast forward walking (rs = −0.59, p = 0.03) and percent of gait cycle in double support during backward walking (rs = −0.64, p = 0.03). Quantifiable gait impairments can be detected in individuals with WFS earlier than previous clinical observations suggested. These impairments are not fully accounted for by the visual or balance deficits associated with WFS, and may be a reflection of early cerebellar and/or brainstem abnormalities. Effective patient-centered treatment paradigms could benefit from a more complete understanding of the progression of motor and other neurological symptom presentation in individuals with WFS.
The Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Loneliness in an Elderly Population in Long-Term Care Facilities

Background. Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is claimed to have a variety of benefits, but almost all published results are anecdotal. We characterized the resident population in long-term care facilities desiring AAT and determined whether AAT can objectively improve loneliness. Methods. Of 62 residents, 45 met inclusion criteria for the study. These 45 residents were administered the Demographic and Pet History Questionnaire (DPHQ) and Version 3 of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). They were then randomized into three groups (no AAT; AAT once/week; AAT three times/week; n � 15/group) and retested with the UCLA-LS near the end of the 6-week study. Results. Use of the DPHQ showed residents volunteering for the study had a strong life-history of emotional intimacy with pets and wished that they currently had a pet. AAT was shown by analysis of covariance followed by pairwise comparison to have significantly reduced loneliness scores in comparison with the no AAT group.
Omnifluent English-to-French and Russian-to-English Systems for the 2013 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation

This paper describes Omnifluent TM Translate ‐ a state-of-the-art hybrid MT system capable of high-quality, high-speed translations of text and speech. The system participated in the English-to-French and Russian-to-English WMT evaluation tasks with competitive results. The features which contributed the most to high translation quality were training data sub-sampling methods, document-specific models, as well as rule-based morphological normalization for Russian. The latter improved the baseline Russian-to-English BLEU score from 30.1 to 31.3% on a heldout test set.
Heuristics for Power Savings

As discussed in Chapter 4, the optimization problems germane in the low-power CAOS-based synthesis process are NP-hard. Thus, heuristics are needed to solve these problems efficiently. In this chapter, we discuss a class of heuristics targeting the reduction of peak power and average dynamic power in the scheduling and allocation phases of the CAOS-based synthesis process. We show some numerical examples illustrating the use of such heuristics during CAOS-based synthesis.
On the Displacement of Single-Locus Polymorphisms

And where, along the evolutionary track, some mutant gene did arise which was advantageous in its heterozygous degree of expression but deleterious homozygously, that gene, though temporarily multiplied as a make-shift arrangement, would usually have become replaced, after a while, by mutant genes of less deviant expression, occupying the same or other loci, which gave an equivalent advantage when they were present homozygously. For such genes would make possible a more uniform, and therefore (when all individuals were averaged) a closer approach to the adaptational optimum.
Why a Regional Tribunal is Needed to Implement the CRPD

There can be no question that the existence of regional human rights courts and commissions has been an essential element in the enforcement of international human rights in those regions of the world where such tribunals exist. In the specific area of mental disability law, there is now a remarkably robust body of case law from the European Court on Human Rights, some significant and transformative decisions from the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and at least one major case from the African Commission on Human Rights. In Asia and the Pacific region, however, there is no such body. Although the ASEAN charter refers to human rights, that body cannot be seen as a significant enforcement tool in this area of law and policy. Many reasons have been offered for the absence of a regional human rights tribunal in Asia; the most serious of these is the perceived conflict between what are often denominated as “Asian values” and universal human rights. What is clear is that the lack of such a court or commission has been a major impediment in the movement to enforce disability rights in Asia. The absence of such a body has become even more problematical in the year since the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) has been ratified. Finally, there is now “hard law” clearly establishing the international human rights of persons with disabilities, but, without a regional enforcement body, we cannot be overly optimistic about the “real life” impact of this Convention on the rights of Asian and Pacific region persons with disabilities. The creation of a DRTAP would be a bold, innovative, progressive and important step on the path towards realization of those rights. It would also, not unimportantly, be - ultimately - a likely inspiration for a full regional human rights tribunal in this area of the world. In this paper, I first briefly discuss some of the important disability rights cases litigated in other parts of the world so as to demonstrate how regional tribunals can have a significant impact on the lives of persons with disabilities. Then, I briefly consider the “Asian values” dispute, and conclude that that leads to a false consciousness (since it presumes a unified and homogenous multi-regional attitude towards a bundle of social, cultural and political issues), and that the universality of human rights must be seen to predominate here. After that, I explain why the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a paradigm-shattering Convention that, truly, is the “first day of the rest of our lives” for anyone who does work in this area, and conclude by arguing why the creation of the DRTAP is timely, inevitable and essential, if the Convention is to be given true life.
Control of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Clustering Using Dual Solvent Exchange

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) have considerable promise for magnetic resonance imaging, drug/gene delivery, and hyperthermia applications. It has been shown recently that self-assembly of SPIOs into large superstructures can have a significant impact on their magnetic properties and functionality. In this work, we developed a novel method for controlling the clustering of SPIOs with two different core sizes (8 and 15 nm) by varying the amount of amphiphilic coating molecules used during the dual solvent exchange coating process. We show that hydrodynamic size and ${{T}_{2}}$ relaxivity can be increased using this approach, while the specific absorption rate (SAR) is decreased. These results demonstrate a new, simple method for triggering the self-assembly of SPIO clusters using commercially available and biocompatible phospholipid–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugates.
Intra-Arterial Hypertonic Saline Solution in Experimental Shock

ConclusionsThe findings of Davis and coworkers on the effect of administering a concentrated solution of sodium chloride have been corroborated. However, it seems apparent from our observations that the intra-arterial administration of 25% saline solution cannot be recommended as an emergency treatment for secondary shock. In spite of the immediate vasopressor response and in spite of the fact that the increased blood pressure may be maintained for a while, the final result of the injections is severe injury to the recipient.
Nonstandard Set Theory

Infinitely small and infinitely large quantities were systematically introduced into mathematics with the invention of calculus by Newton and Leibniz. The use of such quantities, however, was accompanied by logical contradictions, which mathematicians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were unable to resolve. Although the method of infinitesimals generally yielded correct results, no one ever succeeded in formulating a precise, noncontradictory set of rules governing these objects; and infinitesimal quantities were gradually displaced (at least, in pure mathematics) by the familiar e-d calculus. A mathematically sound model of infinitely small and infinitely large objects became possible only after advances in mathematical logic in the twentieth century. Nonstandard Analysis, developed by A. Robinson in 1960, not only provided foundations for the calculus of infinitesimals in the classical spirit but also enabled mathematicians to use "nonstandard" objects in ways that could not be attempted on the basis of vague, intuitive understanding alone. Since then, interesting applications were found in various branches of mathematics, mathematical physics, and economics. Robinson's exposition in [10] and its subsequent simplifications unfortunately involve the cumbersome apparatus of mathematical logic. Our aim here is to present methods of Nonstandard Analysis at a level of formalism customary in other branches of mathematics. We view nonstandard objects as ideal, imaginary elements adjoined to the universe of the standard mathematics and formulate a few simple and reasonably intuitive principles governing their behavior. We then show, on examples selected to illustrate a variety of nonstandard constructions, how nonstandard mathematics can be developed from these principles. The basic framework for Nonstandard Analysis is presented in ?? 1-3; this system was introduced in [3], where its relative consistency with respect to the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory is shown. We examine the real line and some concepts of general topology from our point of view in ??4-5; these results can be found in Robinson [10] and Luxemburg [7], [8]. Section 6 is devoted to nonstandard measure theory; our approach is basically that of Loeb [6] (except that we construct Loeb's extension in Theorem 3 of ?6 directly, rather than using Caratheodory's Theorem), with some ideas coming from Anderson [1]. The final ?7, part I, contains a more formal description of the logical foundations, and parts II and III discuss the relationship between our approach and the classical one based on higher-order nonstandard models, as well as some other axiomatizations of Nonstandard Analysis.
Combined Clostrdium Butyricum and Bifidobacterium Powders,live Combined with Racecadotril for Infantile Viral Diarrhea

Objective To investigate the efficacy of Changlekang(combined clostridium butyricum and bifidobacterium powders, live) and racecadotril in the treatment of infantile diarrhea. Methods A total of 120 infants with diarrhea were randomly treated with Combined clostrdium butyricum and bifidobacterium powders,live(control group, n =60) or in combination with racecadotril(observation group, n=60). The efficacy and time to symptom remission(improvement defecation, abatement of fever and cessation of diarrhea) were compared between the two groups. In addition, the symptom scores(diarrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distension and abnormal defecation) were measured before and after treatment for 72 hours. Results The total effective rate in observation group was significantly higher than that in control group(90.0% vs 75.0%,P0.05).The time to symptom remission in observation group was significantly shorter than that in control group(P0.05). There were no obvious differences in symptom scores between the two groups before treatment(P0.05).After treatment for 72 hours, symptom scores markedly decreased in both groups, and observation group had a significantly lower symptom scores than control group(P0.05). No obvious adverse reactions were found in both groups. Conclusion Changlekang combined with racecadotril is an effective, fast and safe treatment and leads to fewer adverse effects on infantile diarrhea.
Turbulence in Shallow Water Flow under Rainfall

The effects of the rainfall intensity, of the channel roughness and of the bed slope on the mean velocity and on the turbulence characteristics of shallow water flow were investigated. The mean and fluctuating velocities were measured by using constant-temperature hot-film anemometers which were equipped with specially designed cylindrical sensors. The friction factor values increased in the presence of rainfall for flows over both the smooth and rough boundaries. The mean velocity distributions were found to be logarithmic. Results of the special computations indicated that for flows with rainfall the energy content increased in the high frequency range and the spectra were modified compared to flows without rainfall. Macroscales of turbulence for flows with rainfall were found to increase whereas the microscales were found to decrease slightly toward the free surface in comparison with the macro and microscales for flows without rainfall.