cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imperfect Archives and the Historical Imagination

in 2000, i received the final set of readers’ reports for my first book, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. The book was a revision of my dissertation, in which I had charted a history of African American lives beginning in 1785, on the eve of emancipation. For the book, I added an additional 160-odd years of history, in response to having heard too many times the question ‘‘there were slaves in New York?’’ But the writing of that history, based on secondary sources, had been difficult—so much so that one of those first readers’ reports eighteen months before had urged me to excise those chapters on slavery, calling them ‘‘boring.’’ Determined to keep them, however, I had persisted in massaging the language and trying to figure out the central themes of that time. Thus, I was thrilled with the faint-praise language of that reader’s comments this time. The language was more clear; the connection between those years and the rest of my book elucidated. Still, this reader held out a higher standard for that time period: ‘‘one day, someone will figure out how to make this period come alive. . . . ’’ I knew I had done the best I could within my own powers; I too hoped that someone else would do a better job of researching and writing what I had discovered, too late, was a fascinating history of early New York. Neither I nor the anonymous reader could have imagined that, within five years, a museum exhibit would rise to the challenge. I was fortunate to be among the team of academic historians and museum professionals who came
Correct Integration Mediated by Integrase–LexA Fusion Proteins Incorporated into HIV-1

Fusion of wild-type or truncated integrase to a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, such as the Escherichia coli LexA repressor, results in an integration bias toward the recognition site of the DNA-binding protein in vitro . Integrase-defective HIV-1 could become integration-competent by supplying the fusion protein in trans . To understand the mechanism of complementation, the virus–host DNA junctions of cells infected with the integrase–LexA containing virus were sequenced. The characteristic hallmarks of wild-type integration were present, a 5′-TG/CA-3′ at the ends of the viral sequence and a 5-bp direct repeat in the immediately flanking cellular DNA. Experiments were also carried out to determine the mechanism by which the amino- or carboxy-terminal truncated integrase fused to LexA restored integration to the integrase-mutant viral clone. Complementation experiments using purified fusion proteins in vitro , or viruses encoding a C-terminal truncated integrase and containing various fusion proteins in trans , indicated that the truncated integrase–LexA proteins are inactive per se and they restore integration by forming mixed multimers with the virally encoded mutant integrase. Correct integration of retroviral DNA by the in trans method illustrates the feasibility of introducing integrase fusion proteins into retroviral vectors to achieve site-directed integration without interfering with the attributes of the integration reaction.
Raptor and visual logic©: a comparison of flowcharting tools for CS0

There are many challenges associated with introductory classes in computer science. For many students, this is their first experience with both programming and computer science. Increasing the level of success in this course will directly increase the number of students continuing towards graduation in computer science. As part of this introductory course, a number of tools and techniques are introduced. These include algorithms, flowcharts, pseudo-code, and a high level programming language. Choosing the correct mix of tools and techniques can increase the probability of student success. This paper compares two flowcharting tools, Raptor and Visual Logic©, as used in an introductory programming course for computer science majors. Raptor and Visual Logic© both allow students to create executable flowcharts. While both tools may be used in CS0, we believe that one is the preferred tool based on feature comparison.
School Satisfaction Among Low-Income Urban Parents

We examine the views of low-income urban parents toward their neighborhood school. Policymakers must understand the attitudes of these individuals, particularly because they represent some of the m...
Methods for Influencing Social Policy: The Role of Social Experiments.

Research methods in community psychology have grown more diverse since the Swampscott conference, but rigorous social experiments maintain a place among the multiplicity of methods that can promote community psychology values. They are particularly influential in policy circles. Two examples of social experiments to end homelessness for different populations illustrate their role. Both studies show that offering extremely poor and disenfranchised people autonomy and the resources they seek works better than “helping” them to overcome deficits in ways designed by well-meaning service providers. Experiments are neither the first nor the last method community psychologists should employ, but are a critical part of the field's armamentarium for systems change.
ACTH-Induced Subdural Hematoma

Subdural hematoma is reported in two infants with West syndrome treated with low-dose synthetic ACTH (0.01 mg; 0.4 IU/kg/day; total doses: 0.24 mg; 9.6 IU and 0.26 mg; 10.4 IU) at Shiga Medical Center for Children, Moriyama, Japan.
Social media influence on purchase intentions: instrument validation

This article focuses on the psychometric stability of the technology acceptance model (TAM) by Davis (1989) when applied to users of social media interacting in ways which may eventually lead to the purchase of environmentally sustainable apparel. The study used an online survey method with a sample size of 178. This research provides evidence that the instrument is a valid and reliable measure when being used in a social media context. Given this evidence, those specifically impacted by this research, which include but are not limited to communication managers and those responsible for online communities and social media policies, can confidently apply the TAM instrument for use in this arena. The acceptance of users engaging in online peer interaction through specific social media technology websites including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Pinterest has been validated and makes this study valid for future research considerations.
Modulation of CuO nanoparticles toxicity to green pea ( Pisum sativum Fabaceae) by the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid

The response of plants to copper oxide nanoparticles (nano-CuO) in presence of exogenous phytohormones is unknown. In this study, green pea (Pisum sativum) plants were cultivated to full maturity in soil amended with nano-CuO (10-100nm, 74.3% Cu), bulk-CuO (bCuO, 100-10,000nm, 79.7% Cu), and CuCl2 at 50 and 100mg/kg and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 10 and 100μM. Results showed that IAA at 10 and 100μM, averaged over all Cu treatments, reduced the number of plants by ~23% and ~34%, respectively. IAA at 10μM, nano-CuO at 50mg/kg, b-CuO at 50mg/kg, and CuCl2 at 100mg/kg reduced pod biomass by about 50%. Although some combinations of IAA, mainly at 100μM, with the Cu compounds altered nutrient accumulation in tissues, none of them affected pod elements. Conversely, without IAA, nano-CuO at 50mg/kg, increased pod Fe and Ni by 258% and 325%, respectively, while bCuO at 100mg/kg increased pod Ni by 275%, compared with control. With IAA at 10μM, nano-CuO (100mg/kg) and bCuO (50mg/kg) increased stem Cu by ~84% and ~78%. When IAA increased to 100μM, nano-CuO and bCuO reduced stem Ca by 32% and 37%, and Mg by ~35%. Results suggest that both the nano-CuO and bCuO could improve the nutritional quality of pea pods, while exogenous IAA combined with Cu-based compounds could impact green pea production since these treatments reduced the number of plants and pod biomass.
Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase mutations in patients with primary and metastatic pulmonary nodules.

B10 Background: Somatic mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) have been associated with tumor response to treatment with EGFR-TK inhibitors. These occur in approximately 13% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in the United States, but EGFR-TK mutation frequency in lung metastases from cancers originating in other organs is not well studied. Methods: DNA sequencing was performed on a cohort of rural Appalachian patients who presented with malignant pulmonary nodules. All patients with pulmonary nodules on CT-scan, suspicious for malignancies, were identified between September 2005 and April 2006 and prospectively consented to enroll on an institutional review board-approved study for genetic evaluation of their pulmonary nodules. Patients subsequently underwent diagnostic fine needle aspirates or tumor resection. Tumor DNA from the pulmonary nodules was evaluated by direct sequencing for mutations in exons 18, 19, 20 and 21 of EGFR-TK. All samples were evaluated in duplicate sequencing tests. Results: Consent for the study was obtained in 37 patients; whereas DNA sequencing was successful in 20 (17 patients did not have sufficient material for DNA sequencing). Eighty-five percent of the sequenced patients were tobacco smokers. EGFR-TK mutations were identified in 55% of the eleven patients with primary pulmonary nodules compared to 57% of the seven patients with metastatic nodules. Twelve of 20 evaluable samples (60%) displayed a previously reported silent mutation (G to A) in exon 20. The distribution was as follows: NSCLC (5/10), small cell lung cancer (1/1), renal cell cancer (1/1), breast cancer (1/2), Non Hodgkin lymphoma (0/1), carcionid (1/1), metastatic tonsillar cancer (1/2), non-diagnostic (1/1) and inflammation (1/1). Conclusions: Patients with metastatic pulmonary nodules have a similar mutation frequency to those with NSCLC. The exon 20 G to A mutation observed in rural Appalachians with primary pulmonary nodules is markedly higher than that reported in a previous large, multi-center study of NSCLC patients (50% vs. 3%, p
The making of a miscreant: tobacco smoke and the creation of pathogen-rich biofilms

We have previously reported that oral biofilms in clinically healthy smokers are pathogen-rich, and that this enrichment occurs within 24 h of biofilm formation. The present investigation aimed to identify a mechanism by which smoking creates this altered community structure. By combining in vitro microbial-mucosal interface models of commensal (consisting of Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Neisseria mucosa and Veillonella parvula) and pathogen-rich (comprising S.oralis, S.sanguis, S.mitis, A.naeslundii, N.mucosa and V.parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis, Dialister pneumosintes, Selenonomas sputigena, Selenominas noxia, Catonella morbi, Parvimonas micra and Tannerella forsythia) communities with metatranscriptomics, targeted proteomics and fluorescent microscopy, we demonstrate that smoke exposure significantly downregulates essential metabolic functions within commensal biofilms, while significantly increasing expression of virulence genes, notably lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagella and capsule synthesis. By contrast, in pathogen-rich biofilms several metabolic pathways were over-expressed in response to smoke exposure. Under smoke-rich conditions, epithelial cells mounted an early and amplified pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress response to these virulence-enhanced commensal biofilms, and a muted early response to pathogen-rich biofilms. Commensal biofilms also demonstrated early and widespread cell death. Similar results were observed when smoke-free epithelial cells were challenged with smoke-conditioned biofilms, but not vice versa. In conclusion, our data suggest that smoke-induced transcriptional shifts in commensal biofilms triggers a florid pro-inflammatory response, leading to early commensal death, which may preclude niche saturation by these beneficial organisms. The cytokine-rich, pro-oxidant, anaerobic environment sustains inflammophilic bacteria, and, in the absence of commensal antagonism, may promote the creation of pathogen-rich biofilms in smokers.
Arthroscopic Repair of an Isolated Subscapularis Tendon Rupture in an Adolescent Patient

Arthroscopic repair of an isolated subscapularis tendon rupture has been previously described in the adult population; however, the technique has yet to be described in a pediatric patient. In this Technical Note, we describe an arthroscopic repair of an isolated subscapularis tendon rupture with concomitant mini-open suprapectoral biceps tenodesis in an adolescent patient. Standard anterior and posterior portals are established with an accessory portal in the anterosuperior angle of the acromion. A 0-PDS suture is used to pass strands of suture tape through the inferolateral and superolateral aspects of the subscapularis tendon. Suture tape is passed through a suture anchor and the accessory portal and is fixated at the junction of the inferior one-third and superior two-thirds of the subscapularis tendon footprint and at the junction of the superior one-third and inferior two-thirds of the subscapularis tendon footprint. Following subscapularis tendon fixation, biceps tenodesis is performed through either a mini-open subpectoral or arthroscopic suprapectoral approach. This described technique allows for full visualization of the subscapularis tendon and lesser tuberosity. Additionally, this technique allows for accurate placement of suture anchors to maximize footprint coverage and appropriate graft tensioning.
Review of Classical Mechanics

The fundamental law for classical mechanics is the Newton’s second law which simply says that for a particle with finite mass, its time rate of change of momentum is proportional to the resultant force acting on this particle and the change is in the direction of the applied force. Mathematically, if the particle has mass m and velocity v which is a vector, then the momentum will be m v such that $$ \sum\limits_i {{{\mathbf{F}}_i}} = {\mathbf{F}} = \frac{d}{{dt}}m{\mathbf{v}} $$ (2.1) where F i are the applied forces and F is the resultant. If the mass of the particle is contant, then the second law can be written in the following familiar form: $$F = ma$$ (2.2) is the resulting acceleration.
The Mixing of the Genes: Intermarriage

Amerindian and Eastern Hemisphere genes have been mixing since at least the eleventh century. In that century Vikings under Leif Ericson reached northern Newfoundland and settled in what is now L’Anse aux Meadows (Morison 1971, Chapter 3). The Vikings referred to the natives whom they encountered, and of course fought, as Skraelings. It is uncertain whether these were the last of the Dorset Eskimo (the sagas describe them as attacking in skin boats) or the Beothuk Indians (Such 1978, p. 38). We cannot say for certain that Viking and native genes mixed, but we assume that they did. There are no Dorset Eskimo nor Beothuk alive today to give evidence.
Law and Artifice in Blackstone's Commentaries

William Blackstone is often identified as a natural law thinker for whom property rights were preeminent, but reading the Commentaries complicates that description. I propose that Blackstone’s concept of law is more concerned with human invention and artifice than with human nature. At the start of his treatise, Blackstone identifies security, liberty and property as “absolute” rights that form the foundation of English law. But while security and liberty are “inherent by nature in every individual” and “strictly natural,” Blackstone is only willing to say that “private property is probably founded in nature.” Moreover, Blackstone is clear that there is nothing natural about the right of inheritance, “a wise and effectual, but clearly a political, establishment.” Indeed, he critiques the assumption that a legal right as central and longstanding as inheritance must be somehow “natural,” observing that “we often mistake for nature what we find established by long and inveterate custom.” At the same time, Blackstone celebrates the many features of common law that have simply been made up. Blackstone’s unflinching formal, fictional, “as if” approach invests property law with a certain materiality. The only way to actualize a make-believe vision is to act it out, to embody it in formal doctrines and practices. In comparison, the modern realist approach to law as an instrument for policy is quite abstract. This leaves realist critics of Blackstonian formalism in the ironic position of arguing for a more transparent approach to law that winds up obscuring the constructive and constructed quality of the legal system that comes through loud and clear in the Commentaries. By openly celebrating legal fictions, Blackstone reveals the truth that law is a great fabrication, not some necessary reflection of the way things are, or should be.
The Tritope Model for restrictive recognition of antigen by T-cells ☆: II. Implications for ontogeny, evolution and physiology

Based on the Tritope Model of the TCR [Cohn, M., 2005c. The Tritope Model for restrictive recognition of antigen by T-cells. I. What assumptions about structure are needed to explain function? Mol. Immunol. 42, 1419-1443], a set of functional and evolutionary problems surrounding restrictive recognition of antigen are discussed. These include the origin of allele-specific recognition, the selection pressures for polygeneism and polymorphism, the TCR signaling interactions, the centrality of effector T-helper (eTh)-dependence for activation, the role of haplotype exclusion, "nonclassical" MHC-elements, alloreactivity versus xenoreactivity, etc. Further, a set of observations believed to support the Standard Model are reinterpreted.
Sutureless vasectomy, an improved technique: 1300 cases performed without failure.

Thirteen hundred bilateral, partial vasectomies have been performed for sterilization, without a failure. The procedure utilizes (1) a small, single incision; (2) no sutures; (3) cautery of each vas deferens lumen with a handheld, battery-operated, disposable, hot-wire cautery; and (4) sealing of the proximal vas deferens in its sheath with a single tantalum clip. No spermatic granulomas were noted using this technique.
Transference in Patients and Caregivers

Transference occurs in many relationships and personal interactions as well as in the therapeutic setting. Caregiving is a dynamic role. Transference issues arise from a highly interactive and comp...
Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Site Suitability Analysis Using AHP GIS method In Southern Algeria

This paper presents an application of geographic information system (GIS) combined with AHP (Analytic hierarchy process) approach in remote area, for mapping suitable areas for PV pumping ( the photovoltaic) plants in Ghardaia region –southern of Algeria. In order to select a different site suitable for the application, we use often Multi criteria evaluation methods, seven defined criteria have been analyzed, including solar radiation, altitude, water’s areas, waters lines, population vegetal cover, distance from roads and ground water. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach is mostly used to determine the normalized Weight in order that to establish their importance in the selection site. A siting suitability map was generated to identify those areas that are most suitable for solar PV pumping plant.
Study of electrical conductivity of the poly(3 hexylthiophene-2, 5-diyl) polymer in resonant Fabry-Perot cavities

Enhancing electrical conductance in organic semiconductors has been a focus of intense research over the last few decades. The improvement can be made by optimizing either the material or the device architecture. As it has been shown by Orgiu et al., strong coupling of organic molecules with a nanostructured plasmonic substrate can significantly improve the molecules’ electrical conductivity. We searched for the effect of strong coupling with a Fabry–Perot cavity on the conductivity of the semiconducting poly(3 hexylthiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3HT) polymer. Despite the observation of the strong coupling evidenced by a very large Rabi splitting of 1.0 eV, the increase of electrical conductivity with increase of the P3HT film thickness was primarily affected by an increase of the polymer’s order in thick P3HT films.
Introduction to and Discussion Summary of Lin Yaofu's "Toward a Version of China: The Taiwan Experience"

In the context of the Second International Conference on Humanistic Discourse, this text introduces Lin Yaofu's "Toward a Version of China: The Taiwan Experience" and reports on the central concerns that emerged in its discussion.
Inconclusive evidence for the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing transfusions, postoperative infection or hematoma formation after primary shoulder arthroplasty: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.

BackgroundTranexamic acid efficacy on clinically relevant adverse outcomes in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty has been contradictory. The aim of this review was to analyze whether tranexa...
A Guide to Recommending Fiber Supplements for Self-Care:

The health benefits of dietary fiber are extensive and wide-ranging, yet most Americans do not consume the recommended amount of fiber from their diet. Fiber supplements may be used as a means to augment a low-fiber diet. But which, if any, of the benefits of dietary fiber are achieved through supplementation? And are all fiber supplements equally effective? An evidence-based approach to recommending fiber supplements for self-care will be discussed.
The filtered self: selfies and gendered media production

In 2013, the Oxford English Dictionary selected ‘selfie’ as the word of the year. Since that time, selfies have been much discussed in the media and increasingly in academia. Selfie culture is gend...
1006 – UNDERSTANDING AND TARGETING SPLICEOSOMAL GENE MUTATIONS IN LEUKEMIA

A growing number of large-scale genomic studies of cancer have uncovered mutations that drive cancer by perturbing co- and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. These include alterations that impact each phase of RNA processing, including splicing, transport, editing, and decay of messenger RNA. The discovery of these events illuminates a number of novel therapeutic vulnerabilities generated by aberrant RNA processing in cancer, several of which have progressed to clinical development. Mutations in the spliceosomal genes SRSF2, U2AF1 and SF3B1 are commonly found in patients with leukemia and are among the most common class of genetic alterations in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), clonal hematopoiesis, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These mutations occur at highly restricted amino acid residues, are always heterozygous, and never co-occur with one another. Work from our group and others has identified that these mutations alter RNA splicing in a manner distinct from loss of function and drive development of aberrantly spliced mRNAs, a portion of which are required for disease maintenance. In contrast to splicing factors affected by hotspot mutations, functional alterations induced by loss of functions in the RNA splicing factor ZRSR2 are less understood. Most eukaryotes harbor two distinct pre-mRNA splicing machineries: the major spliceosome, which removes >99% of introns, and the minor spliceosome, which removes rare, evolutionarily conserved introns. Although hypothesized to serve important regulatory functions, physiologic roles for the minor spliceosome are not well understood. For example, the minor spliceosome component ZRSR2 is subject to recurrent, leukemia-associated mutations, yet functional connections between minor introns, hematopoiesis, and cancers are unclear. These events will be discussed and provide novel insights into the role of mutant splicing factors in the pathogenesis of leukemia.
Matching and Distinct Representatives

The material presented here really concerns n × m binary matrices [ai,j], i.e., matrices whose entries are all zeros or ones. However, several different interpretations of such matrices are useful for the applications as well as for a better understanding of the proofs.
Negative Perceptions of Young People Using E-Cigarettes on Instagram: An Experiment With Adolescents.

INTRODUCTION Although e-cigarette marketing on social media increases positive attitudes and experimentation, little is known about non-influencer e-cigarette portrayals of young people. AIMS AND METHODS High school adolescents (n = 928, 15-18) were recruited by Lightspeed Health for an online experiment and randomized to view an Instagram post with or without e-cigarette use. Outcomes were positive and negative perceptions (prototypes), social distance, and willingness to use. RESULTS Half (50%) of participants were susceptible to e-cigarette use. E-cigarettes shown (vs. not) led to less positive prototypes, p = .017, more negative prototypes, p = .004, and more social distance, p < .001. Negative prototypes and social distance were moderated by susceptibility (both p < .05); effects among non-susceptible adolescents only. Showing e-cigarettes did not impact willingness to use if offered. CONCLUSIONS Negative perceptions of e-cigarettes use challenge assumptions that vaping online is universally admirable. Highlighting unfavorable opinions of vaping or negative impacts for adolescents' social image are potential strategies for tobacco counter-marketing. IMPLICATIONS Despite daily use of visual-based social media by most adolescents, little is known about the influence of e-cigarette use among young people online. Adolescent negative perceptions and desired distance from non-influencers using e-cigarettes on Instagram indicate digital e-cigarette portrayals are not universally accepted. Negative impacts for adolescents' social image present a counter-marketing strategy.
Spectroscopic Manifestations of Indirect Vibrational State Mixing: Novel Anharmonic Effects on a Prereactive H Atom Transfer Surface.

The NH stretch region of the IR spectrum of methyl anthranilate is modeled in the S1 state to understand the connection between the absence of this fundamental in the fluorescence-dip infrared spectra of Blodgett et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2020, 22, 14077] and its relevance to the H atom dislocation that occurs upon electronic excitation. A set of coordinates are chosen that highlight the role of certain low-frequency modes. A Hamiltonian is developed in which a large-amplitude two-dimensional surface describing the H-bonded H atom is linearly and quadratically coupled to the remaining degrees of freedom which are treated at the harmonic level. The surface is calculated within the time-dependent density functional theory framework by using the B3LYP/6-311++(d, p) level of theory with dispersion. Our spectral results show that indirect couplings lead to massive intensity sharing over hundreds of wavenumbers. This sharing is predicted to be dramatically reduced upon deuteration. The spectral broadening mechanism is found to involve off-resonant doorway states that are themselves strongly coupled to states nearly degenerate with the NH stretch fundamental and represents a complementary mechanism to previous explanations based on Fermi resonance or the presence of Franck-Condon like combination bands with low-frequency motions. Consistent with the spectra predictions, time-dependent calculations show that if the NH stretch fundamental were excited with an ultrafast laser, it would decay within 40 fs. The competition between H atom dislocation and vibrational relaxation is discussed.
Legal Issues and Academic Accommodations in Higher Education

Colleges and universities are quite familiar with the academic and other needs of students with disabilities and most do an excellent job working with this population of students. However, students with autism differ from students with other disabilities in that their pervasive struggles present throughout all aspects of the higher education experience including cognitive, social, and regulatory domains. For most college personnel (faculty, administrators, and staff) the challenges lie in understanding that students with autism need to make a great effort to manage their social, executive, and self-regulatory functioning. College is a period of independence for all students but those who have difficulty establishing meaningful social interactions may especially be at risk. This chapter reviews some of the basis legal underpinnings of disability service in higher education and aims to better prepare colleges to improve service provision to students with autism. Most students with autism will have few (if any) conduct issues, however, for others, challenging behaviors can emerge on campus and in class. This is often due to inherent difficulty with communication, including processing verbal and nonverbal cues, understanding and anticipating social situations (“reading between the lines”), and identifying and extrapolating information/directions that are both implicit and explicit in nature. In class, students with autism may ask many questions, hold rigid or inflexible opinions, correct the professor, and/or monopolize the discussion. Elsewhere on campus interpersonal challenges and violation of behavioral and conduct codes can arise from lack of awareness of social norms, poor social skills, and social anxiety. Students on the autism spectrum who have spent their K-12 school career under the protective cloak of special education can encounter marked challenges as they transition to college, partly due to the change in applicable laws (from the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act to the Americans with Disabilities Act). Behavioral issues often create the most challenging scenarios for families who are accustomed to special education where consequences for infractions may be excused under a loophole called “manifestation determination” which does not exist in college.
Imaging appearance of residual HCC following incomplete trans-arterial chemoembolization on contrast-enhanced imaging

The aim of this study was to describe changes in contrast agent kinetics in HCC following incomplete trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and MRI/CT. Patients with residual HCC proven by biopsy, retreatment angiography, or 4–8 month MRI demonstrating tumor progression were identified. Pre-treatment and 4–6-week follow-up CE-MRI/CT and CEUS exams were collected for blinded reads by two experienced readers for each modality to evaluate arterial phase hyper-enhancement (APHE) and washout within the residual HCC. A third reader provided tie-breaking decisions for any disagreements. Contrast-enhanced imaging data were collected from 29 patients with residual HCC post-TACE. On CEUS, 84.2% of patients with baseline APHE demonstrated APHE post-TACE (p = 0.25). On CE-MRI/CT, 57.1% of patients with baseline APHE later demonstrated APHE (p = 0.004). As for washout, on CEUS 33.3% of patients with baseline washout retained washout post-TACE (p = 0.01), while on CE-MRI/CT only 18.8% of patients with baseline washout later demonstrated washout (p < 0.001). Among CEUS readers, reader agreement was 100% for baseline APHE, 66.7% for baseline washout (K = 0.35), 84.2% for post-TACE APHE (K = 0.35), and 57.9% for post-TACE washout (K = − 0.09). On CE-MRI/CT, reader agreement was 65.5% for baseline APHE (K = 0.19), 55.2% for baseline washout (K = 0.12), 48.3% for post-TACE APHE (K = − 0.07), and 58.6% for post-TACE washout (K = 0.04). Common diagnostic features of treatment-naive HCC like APHE and washout can be substantially altered by TACE and should be considered when diagnosing residual disease on contrast-enhanced imaging.
Modified scattering for a dispersion-managed nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We prove sharp $$L^\infty $$ decay and modified scattering for a one-dimensional dispersion-managed cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation with small initial data chosen from a weighted Sobolev space. Specifically, we work with an averaged version of the dispersion-managed NLS in the strong dispersion management regime. The proof adapts techniques from Hayashi and Naumkin (Am. J. Math. 120(2):369–389, 1998) and Kato and Pusateri (Differ Integral Equ 24(9–10):923–940, 2011), which established small-data modified scattering for the standard 1d cubic NLS.
Multilayer Transparent Top Electrode for Solution Processed Perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 Four Terminal Tandem Solar Cells

Halide perovskites (PVSK) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their high potential as a next generation solar cell material. To further improve perovskites progress toward a state-of-the-art technology, it is desirable to create a tandem structure in which perovskite may be stacked with a current prevailing solar cell such as silicon (Si) or Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 (CIGS). The transparent top electrode is one of the key components as well as challenges to realize such tandem structure. Herein, we develop a multilayer transparent top electrode for perovskite photovoltaic devices delivering an 11.5% efficiency in top illumination mode. The transparent electrode is based on a dielectric/metal/dielectric structure, featuring an ultrathin gold seeded silver layer. A four terminal tandem solar cell employing solution processed CIGS and perovskite cells is also demonstrated with over 15% efficiency.
Microwave spectrum and the gas phase structure of phthalimide

Abstract The microwave spectrum of phthalimide (PhI) was measured in the 4.8–9.5 GHz range using a Flygare-Balle type, pulsed-beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Rotational transitions were measured for the parent and all unique single 13C substituted isotopologues. The rotational (MHz), centrifugal distortion (kHz), and quadrupole coupling constants (MHz) were determined for the parent to be A = 1745.6655(10), B = 1199.3309(6), C = 711.0864(3), DJ = 0.012(7), DJK = −0.05(9), 1.5χaa = 2.719(11), and 0.25(χbb − χcc) = 1.236(3). Using the measured rotational constants of the isotopologues, a nonlinear least squares fit was performed to obtain the best fit gas phase structure. The inertial defect is Δ = −0.175 amu A2, indicating a planar structure for PhI. Calculations using B3LYP/aug-cc-pVQZ provided rotational constants which are much closer to the experimental values compared to the MP2/6-311++G∗∗ calculated values.
Racial, geographic, annual, and seasonal variations in birth weights

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Hiding behind High-Stakes Testing: Meritocracy, Objectivity and Inequality in U.S. Education.

This paper analyses how high-stakes, standardised testing became the policy tool in the U.S. that it is today and discusses its role in advancing an ideology of meritocracy that fundamentally masks structural inequalities related to race and economic class. This paper first traces the early history of high-stakes testing within the U.S. context, focusing on its deep-rooted connections with eugenics and IQ testing in schools. It then turns to the more recent history of high-stakes testing, highlighting the ways that race and class inequality, as well as the ideology of meritocracy, manifest in the United States today as part of a legacy of inequality.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Leptochromus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae)

Abstract The Neotropical genus Leptochromus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae) is revised, and a phylogenetic analysis of Clidicini is presented. Leptochromus includes five species distributed from Veracruz, Mexico to Manaus, Brazil. Leptochromus fulvescens Motschulsky, L. mexicanus (Sharp) and L. agilis (Sharp) are considered valid species. Leptochromus bicolor O'Keefe, sp.n. from Veracruz, Mexico and L. palaeomexicanus O'Keefe, sp.n. from Miocene amber from Chiapas are described. Male genitalia and antennae are illustrated for each of the extant species. Female genitalia, mouthparts and other morphological features are illustrated for the type species L. fulvescens. For the phylogenetic analysis of Clidicini, Palaeoleptochromus O'Keefe was placed as the sister taxon to Leptochromus, and Papusus Casey was placed as the sister taxon to Leptochromus +Palaeoleptochromus. Papusus is elevated from synonomy with Leptochromus and the biogeography of Clidicini is discussed.
Strategies for detecting rickettsiae and diagnosing rickettsial diseases

Rickettsial diseases and scrub typhus constitute a group of the oldest known vector-borne diseases. The cosmopolitan distribution of the vectors that transmit rickettsiae and orientiae leads to a worldwide prevalence of these diseases. Despite their significant historical status, detection and diagnosis of these diseases are still evolving today. Serological methods remain among the most prevalent techniques used for the detection/diagnosis of rickettsial diseases and scrub typhus. Molecular techniques have been instrumental in increasing the sensitivity/specificity of diagnosis, identifying new Rickettsia and Orientia species and have enhanced epidemiological capabilities when used in combination with serological methods. In this review, we discuss these techniques and their associated pros and cons.
Variations in Initial Composition of Orchardgrass as Related to Silage Composition and Feeding Value

Summary Eight lots of orchardgrass, representing a wide range in composition, were produced on areas either heavily fertilized or unfertilized with nitrogen. Fertilized grasses were higher in crude protein content, but lower in dry matter, nitrogen free extract (NFE) sugar, and ratio of sugar to protein than the unfertilized counterparts. Silages from fertilized grasses were higher in pH, butyric acid, and ammonia, and in some cases lower in feeding value than the companion silages from unfertilized grasses. Multiple regressions of silage quality criteria on original forage composition measurements and of dry matter consumption by dairy cattle on silage quality criteria were calculated. The peculiar characteristics and ensiling requirements of high-nitrogen grasses were discussed.
The effect of chitosan on the migration of neutrophil-like HL60 cells, mediated by IL-8

Research interest in chitosan stems in part from the demonstrated wound healing properties. The benefits of chitosan as a therapeutic agent appear to be paradoxical because chitosan also elicits neutrophil infiltration indicative of an inflammatory response. While the affinity between chitosan and neutrophils has been well documented, the underlying mechanism is unclear. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the consequences of chitosan-neutrophil interaction to explain neutrophil migration. To that end, transwell migration assays to chitosan of varying extent of acetylation were conducted using a differentiated model cell line (HL60-PMN) in order to assess the effect of chitosan chemistry and the resultant physical properties such as charge and hydrophobicity on neutrophil migration. As chitosan N-acetylation increased, neutrophil migration increased and chitosan became less positively charged and more hydrophobic. Moreover, HL60-PMN cells secreted the potent neutrophil chemokine IL-8, also known as CXCL8, when exposed to chitosan and IL-8 levels increased with N-acetylation, and migration was inhibited by anti-IL-8 antibodies. Collectively these results suggest that chitosan-neutrophil interaction is encouraged by material properties, results in IL-8 secretion, and causes migration of neutrophils to chitosan. The implication is that the wound healing properties of chitosan may be enhanced through the attenuation of overabundant neutrophils, and thus the inflammatory response, simply by changing chitosan N-acetylation.
Superstrings and the auxiliary field structure of supergravity

Abstract We construct the complete superfield of vertex operators corresponding to the four-dimensional N = 1 supergravity multiplet associated with the heterotic superstring. The supergravity fields are shown to consist of a graviton, gravitino, and two auxiliary fields and to form a new minimal supermultiplet. The role of R -invariance in new minimal supergravity is discussed.
Synthesis, Conformational Analysis, and Biological Activity of a Rigid Carbocyclic Analogue of 2′-Deoxy Aristeromycin Built on a Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Template #

Abstract A new chiral synthesis of the pseudosugar synthon (1R,2S,4R,5S)-1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-2-tert-butyloxy-4-hydroxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (12) is reported. This compound was used as a template for the construction of carbocyclic nucleoside 4, a conformationally rigid analogue of 2′-deoxyaristeromycin. The X-ray structure and 1H NMR analysis confirmed the exclusive North [2′-exo (2E)] conformation of 4 which is vastly different from that of other non-rigid carbocyclic nucleosides. Compound 4 showed good in vitro antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus and EBV with minimal cytotoxicity. #This manuscript is dedicated to Professor Yoshihisa Mizuno on the occasion of his 75th birthday.
On the isolation, ecology and taxonomy ofSaccharomycopsis guttulata

A simple procedure is described for the isolation of pure cultures ofSaccharomycopsis guttulata from rabbit feces. Sporulation occurs best on YM agar at 18°C., whereas vegetative growth takes place only between 35° and 40°C. On solid media growth occurs only in an atmosphere saturated with water vapor. Vegetative cells are diploid and uninucleate. Upon reduction division two to four nuclei could be observed after staining with Azure A, resulting in asci with one to four spores. Viability of the spores is low. In mass cultures, spores in some asci germinated after conjugation in pairs and in some, single spores germinated. During germination an exosporium is evident. A tentative life cycle has been proposed.S. guttulata is short lived at room temperature or above. However, at 5°C. a vegetative culture remains viable for about 2 months and a sporulating culture for at least six months. The ecology and natural cycle ofS. guttulata have been described and related to the habit of coprophagy in rabbits. A complete description ofS. guttulata is given, including its morphological and physiological properties. The genusSaccharomycopsis is considered to be valid.
WE-G-134-04: Four-Dimensional Dual Cone-Beam CT (4D-DCBCT): Preliminary Experimental Results

Purpose: One of the major challenges for clinical implementation of 4D‐CBCT is long scan time. This study aims to develop a 4D‐DCBCT technique to improve the efficiency of 4D imaging (for motion management in radiation therapy). Methods: A bench‐top DCBCT system, which consists of two orthogonal 40x30cm flat panel detectors and two conventional x‐ray tubes with two individual high‐voltage generators, sharing the same rotational axis, was used to develop the technique. The x‐ray source to detector distance was 150 cm and x‐ray source to rotational axis distance was 100 cm for both subsystems. The dual CBCT system utilized 110° of projection data from one detector and 90° from the other, as opposed to a single CBCT utilizing 200° of projection data per each detector. Motion phantom studies were conducted to validate the efficiencies by comparing 4D images generated from 4D‐DCBCT and 4D‐CBCT. First, a simple sinusoidal profile was used to confirm the scan time reduction. Next, both irregular sinusoidal and patient‐derived profiles were used to investigate the advantage of temporally correlated orthogonal projections due to a reduced scan time. Normalized mutual information (NMI) between 4D‐DCBCT and 4D‐CBCT was used for quantitative evaluation. Results: For the simple sinusoidal profile, the average NMI for ten phases between two single 4D‐CBCTs was 0.336, indicating the maximum NMI that can be achieved for this study. The average NMIs between 4D‐DCBCT and each single 4D‐CBCT were 0.331 and 0.320. For both irregular sinusoidal and patient‐derived profiles, 4D‐DCBCT generated phase images with less motion blurring when compared with single 4D‐CBCT. Conclusion: The 4D‐DCBCT provides an efficient 4D imaging technique for motion management. The scan time is approximately reduced by a factor of two. The temporally correlated orthogonal projections improved the image blur across 4D phase images.
Gender, religion and happiness

Abstract Using an infrequently used sample of 60 countries this paper attempts to gauge the importance of religion and gender on the levels of happiness across countries, after controlling for a set of quality of life variables. The results suggest that both religion which is represented by the degree of religious fractionalization, and gender as represented by the percentage of women in parliament, have important effects on the degree of happiness. Specifically the paper finds that higher levels of religious fractionalization reduce happiness, but greater representation of women in parliament robustly increase happiness levels.
Toxicological and ecological implications of biotransformation enzymes in the tropical teleost Chaetodon capistratus

Hepatic cytochromes P450 (phase I monooxygenases) and glutathione transferases (phase II conjugating enzymes) were investigated in Chaetodon capistratus (Linnaeus) collected in Florida and Belize in June and December 1991, respectively. These biotransformation enzymes play major roles in the detoxification of xenobiotics by converting lipophilic chemicals to more hydrophilic, readily excretable metabolites. Content of total microsomal P450 (0.501 to 0.821 nmol mg-1 microsomal protein) and rates of NADPH-cytochrome c (P450) reductase (270.7 to 330.2 nmol min-1 mg-1 microsomal protein) and glutathione transferase (2.81 to 3.12 μg min-1 mg-1 cytosolic protein) in these fish were greater than in most untreated fish species, i.e., fish that have not been exposed to PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) or PCBs (polycyclic biphenyls). Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) rates (0.029 to 0.171 nmol min-1 mg-1) were also comparable to those in most untreated marine fish. Immunoblot analysis with monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1-12-3 to scup P450E (the EROD catalyst and a teleost representative of the PAH-inducible CYP1A gene subfamily) showed slight amounts of cross-reacting protein in C. capistratus liver microsomes. Hepatic CYP1A content and EROD activity did not differ significantly between fish collected in Florida and Belize, suggesting that the two sites differed little in contamination by CYP1A inducers. Immunochemical analyses with polyclonal antibodies to scup P450B (a teleost representative of the CYP2B subfamily) and human CYP3A4 cross-reacted strongly with C. capistratus hepatic proteins. The CYP2B and CYP3A subfamilies in mammals are believed to have partially evolved in response to toxic dietary allelochemicals. C. capistratus regularly feeds on terpenoid-rich gorgonian corals, suggesting that biotransformation enzymes may be involved in the metabolism of dietary allelochemicals as well as anthropogenic xenobiotics in this species.