cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EJ/ras neoplastic transformation of simian virus 40-immortalized human uroepithelial cells: a rare event.

To determine if expression of mutant p21 ras could convert Simian Virus 40-immortalized human uroepithelial cell line (SV-HUC) to tumorigenicity, SV-HUC cells were transfected with pSV2- neo (a neomycin-resistant gene) or PREJ/ ras (c-HA- ras -1 with the 12th codon mutation and neo ). Seven independent G418-resistant clones (A→G) were isolated from each group (SV-HUC/ ras and SV-HUC/ neo ). SV-HUC/ ras clones were morphologically altered, while SV-HUC/ neo clones retained a typical SV-HUC epithelial morphology. Electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitated ras proteins detected altered p21 ras protein in four of seven SV-HUC/ ras clones at passage (P)2 and in five of seven clones at P12 posttransfection. The relative levels of ras p21 differed among the clones and appeared to increase with passage in culture. RNA and DNA dot blot analyses showed that clones with more abundant mutant p21 also had higher ras RNA levels and, in one case, increased ras gene copy number. No altered ras protein was detected in any SV-HUC/ neo clones. ras - and neo -transfected clones were tested for tumorigenicity at P2 posttransfection and again at P12 by four s.c. inoculations each into athymic nude mice. None of 56 inoculations of SV-HUC/ neo clones was tumorigenic. None of the SV-HUC/ ras clones at P2 gave rise to tumors at all four injection sites. However, two ras -transfected clones, SV-HUC/ ras -B and SV-HUC/ ras -F, produced one tumor each. One clone, SV-HUC/ ras -D which produced abundant mutant p21, was negative when inoculated at P2, but produced tumors in four of four sites when reinoculated after ten passages in vitro . All tumorigenic clones had detectable levels of mutant ras p21. However, the relative levels of altered p21 ras protein among the SV-HUC/ ras clones did not directly predict their tumorigenic potential, as several nontumorigenic SV-HUC/ ras clones had protein levels equal to or higher than the most tumorigenic clone (SV-HUC/ ras -D at P12). Cell lines established from the tumor explants exhibited higher ras gene copy numbers, higher RNA levels, and more abundant p21 than was seen in the clones at the time of inoculation. Therefore, increases in ras protein abundance occurred during tumor formation in vivo , as well as during passage of cells in culture, and such cells apparently had a selective growth advantage. However, expression of abundant mutant ras protein was not in itself sufficient for neoplastic transformation of SV-HUC. These data are consistent with a model of transformation in which mutant ras protein in combination with at least one additional, rare, and stochastically occurring event contributes to neoplastic transformation of SV-HUC and, in high abundance, provides cells with a selective growth advantage in vitro and in vivo .
How Do Cells Sense Oxygen

How do organisms sense the amount of oxygen in the environment and respond appropriately when the amount of oxygen decreases (a condition called hypoxia)? In their Perspective, Zhu and Bunn discuss new findings ( Ivan et al., Jaakkola et al.) that reveal how the HIF transcription factor, which switches on a group of hypoxia-response proteins, is itself regulated by changes in oxygen tension.
The engineering of experience

A deep shift in Western culture has occurred in the last 200 years. We have moved from lifestyles in which work, play, and other forms of experience are inextricably intertwined, to one in which most people separate their work life from a private (and often less societally valued) life of fun and play. Engineering has played a central role in this bifurcation, fulfilling a cultural desire to engineer human experience for optimal functionality.
Flower cluster and shoot thinning for crop control in French-American hybrid grapes

Overcropping of French-American hybrid winegrapes changes fruit composition and reduces vine vigor. Simulated mechanized methods of crop control involving entire shoot and cluster thinning were tested for Aurore, Chancellor, and Villard noir cultivars. The experimental design was a 3 x 2 factorial examining three thinning treatments (none, flower cluster, and shoot thinning) and two shoot-bearing positions (count and noncount). The "count" position was determined as shoots from canes and renewal spurs retained during balanced pruning, and "noncount" shoots were those from positions other than count nodes. Thinning treatments had little effect on cluster or berry weights, berries per cluster, or berry composition. Shoot thinning decreased cluster numbers for all three cultivars, but flower cluster thinning affected only red cultivars. The effects of thinning method and shoot position on fruit composition varied with cultivar. These preliminary data indicate that crop control of the cultivars studied can be accomplished by flower cluster thinning and shoot thinning; however, the response to thinning treatments varies with cultivar.
Joint effects of natural selection and recombination on gene flow between Drosophila ananassae populations.

We estimated DNA sequence variation in a 5.7-kb fragment of the furrowed (fw) gene region within and between four populations of Drosophila ananassae; fw is located in a chromosomal region of very low recombination. We analyzed gene flow between these four populations along a latitudinal transect on the Indian subcontinent: two populations from southern, subtropical areas (Hyderabad, India, and Sri Lanka) and two from more temperate zones in the north (Nepal and Burma). Furthermore, we compared the pattern of differentiation at fw with published data from Om(1D), a gene located in a region of normal recombination. While differentiation at Om(1D) shows an isolation-by-distance effect, at fw the pattern of differentiation is quite different such that the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms are homogenized over extended geographic regions (i.e., among the two populations of the northern species range from Burma and Nepal as well as among the two southern populations from India and Sri Lanka), but strongly differentiated between the northern and southern populations. To examine these differences in the patterns of variation and differentiation between the Om(1D) and fw gene regions, we determine the critical values of our previously proposed test of the background selection hypothesis (henceforth called F(ST) test). Using these results, we show that the pattern of differentiation at fw may be inconsistent with the background selection model. The data depart from this model in a direction that is compatible with the occurrence of recent selective sweeps in the northern as well as southern populations.
“Naked” Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccination Induces Recognition of Diverse Thyroid Peroxidase T Cell Epitopes

Recently, we observed that vaccination of BALB/c mice with thyroid peroxidase (TPO)-DNA in a plasmid is highly effective at inducing antibodies that interact with the immunodominant region recognized by human autoantibodies. We have now analyzed the TPO epitopes recognized by memory T cells in these animals. Splenocytes from TPO-DNA (not control DNA)-vaccinated mice responded to TPO protein antigen, as measured by interferon-gamma production. As a group, TPO-immunized mice recognized 35 of 55 overlapping synthetic peptides that encompass the 814-amino acid TPO ectodomain. In individual mice, between five and 10 peptides induced splenocyte responses. Two T cell epitopes were immunodominant, one of which is also recognized by patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. To explore a potential correlation between T and B cell epitopes, we analyzed serum TPO antibody epitopic fingerprints. No relationship was evident. However, the number of T cell epitopes recognized by individual mice was inversely proportional to recognition of an antibody epitopic subdomain. The diversity of TPO T cell epitopes is in striking contrast to the restricted number of TSH receptor (TSHR) peptides (four of 29) recognized by T cells, as is the paucity of antibodies in the same strain of mice vaccinated with TSHR-DNA. In conclusion, our data highlight differences for both antibody and T cell epitopic recognition in TPO- vs. TSHR-DNA-immunized BALB/c mice. These findings provide insight into mechanisms that may be involved in spontaneous immune responses to two major thyroid autoantigens in humans.
Modulation of preproenkephalin mRNA levels in brain regions and spinal cord of rats treated chronically with morphine

The effect of morphine tolerance/dependence and abstinence on the preproenkephalin (PPE) gene expression was determined in brain regions and spinal cord of the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered tolerant and physically dependent on morphine by SC implantation of six pellets, each containing 75 mg of morphine base, during a 7-day period. Placebo pellet-implanted rats served as controls. In tolerant rats, the pellets were left in place at the time of sacrifice whereas in abstinent rats, the pellets were removed 16 h prior to sacrificing. The levels of PPE mRNA were determined in brain regions (striatum, cortex, pons-medulla, hypothalamus, amygdala, and midbrain) and spinal cord. The levels of PPE mRNA increased significantly in the cortex (62%) and the spinal cord (352%) of morphine-tolerant rats when compared to placebo pellet-implanted control rats. In other brain regions, the levels of PPE mRNA in placebo and morphine-tolerant rats did not differ. On the other hand, in morphine-abstinent rats, the levels of PPE mRNA increased in the striatum (62%) and hypothalamus (34%) but were decreased in pons-medulla (68%), midbrain (51%), and spinal cord (36%) in comparison to the placebo controls. The results clearly demonstrate differential changes in enkephalin gene expression in brain regions and spinal cord of the abstinent and nonabstinent morphine-tolerant/dependent rats.
Write What You Don't Know: Teaching Creative Research

Creative writing instructors often overlook research as a specific and explicit classroom lesson. This essay details the various types of creative research, differentiating between ‘experiential’ and ‘traditional’ creative research methods. The essay then offers a characterisation exercise as a way to usefully integrate these methods into the introductory creative writing classroom, providing an example easily modifiable to various texts and genres.
Random-Field Critical Behavior and the Ginzburg Criterion

The Ginzburg criterion for crossover from classical to nonclassical critical behavior is derived in the presence of random fields. Experiments on dilute antiferromagnets in a field are examined, and the possibility of such a crossover is investigated. We also point out that the (necessarily) symmetric logarithmic divergence observed in birefringence measurements can be accompanied by a discontinuity, and a fitting form which allows for this and other corrections to scaling is proposed.
Stimulation of the synthesis of hepatic fatty acid synthesizing enzymes of hypophysectomized rats by 3,5,3′-l-triiodothyronine

Abstract The levels of hepatic fatty acid synthesizing enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase, are lowered to about one-tenth of the controls in hypophysectomized animals, whereas the lung enzymes decrease by only 25–30%. Administration of 3,5,3′- l -triiodothyronine to the hypophysectomized animals returns the hepatic and lung enzyme activities to the control values. Optimum levels are achieved at a dose of about 150 μg/100 g body wt and 3–4 days after triiodothyronine administration. The triiodothyronine response can be reduced by 80% with actinomycin-D or cycloheximide but not with hydrocortisone hemisuccinate. Antibody-antigen titrations and measurements of the rate of synthesis of fatty acid synthetase are indicative of increased synthesis of fatty acid synthetase and not of activation of the preexisting inactive species. These measurements provide evidence for the involvement of hormones other than insulin in the control of synthesis of fatty acid synthesizing enzymes.
The Use of E-supervision to Support Speech-Language Pathology Graduate Students during Student Teaching Practica

In the present feasibility study, e-supervision was used to provide university liaison supervision to speech-language pathology (SLP) graduate students enrolled in student teaching practica. Utilizing a mixed methodology approach, interview and survey data were compared in order to identify similarities and differences between in-person and e-supervision, and guide future practice. Results showed e-supervised graduate students perceived that they received adequate supervision, feedback, support, and communication. Further, e-supervision provided additional benefits to supervisors, children on the caseload, and universities. Despite the benefits, disadvantages emerged. Implications for future practice and limitations of the study were identified.
Microsurgical anatomy of the region of the foramen magnum

The anatomy needed to plan microoperative approaches to the region of the foramen magnum was examined in 25 cadaveric heads. The structures examined included the lower cranial and upper spinal nerves, the caudal brain stem and rostral spinal cord, the vertebral artery and its branches, the veins and dural sinuses at the craniovertebral junction, and the ligaments and muscles uniting the atlas, axis, and occipital bone. The transoral, transpalatal, labiomandibular, glossolabiomandibular, transsphenoidal, transcranial-transbasal, transcervical, and suboccipital operative approaches to the region are also reviewed.
Psychological distress among HIV+ adolescents in the REACH study: effects of life stress, social support, and coping

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effects of life events, social support, and coping on anxiety and depression among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents. It was hypothesized that higher levels of stressful events would be associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, but that this association would be moderated by satisfaction with social support and by adaptive coping. Methods: HIV-infected adolescents from 16 locations in 13 U.S. cities ( N = 230, median age 16.09 years, standard deviation 1.2, range 13–19; 77% females) were recruited into the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health (REACH) project. REACH is the first large-scale disease progression study of HIV + adolescents infected through sexual behavior or injection drug use. The adolescent assessment was conducted by audio-computer assisted self-interview. Least squares regressions were used to test hypotheses. Results: Life events with high impact were associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety. Frequently reported events included: being prescribed medications (74%), family financial problems (61%), and parental alcohol abuse (20%). Contrary to expectations, the buffering hypotheses of social support and adaptive coping were not supported. Satisfaction with social support and adaptive coping methods were both associated directly with lower levels of depression, but no association was detected between these two measures and anxiety. Conclusions: Although life event distress was directly associated with psychological distress, neither social support nor adaptive coping seemed to moderate this association. However, both satisfaction with support and adaptive coping were associated directly with depression in HIV-infected adolescents.
Perioperative Complications of Cardiac Surgery and Postoperative Care

The care of the cardiac surgical patient postoperatively is fraught with several complications because of the nature of the surgical procedure itself and the common comorbidities of this patient population. Most complications occurring in the immediate postoperative period are categorized by organ system, and their pathophysiology is presented. Current diagnostic approaches and treatment options are offered. Preventive measures, where appropriate, are also included in the discussion.
Using WorldView-2 to determine bottom-type and bathymetry

Observations taken from DigitalGlobe's WorldView-2 (WV-2) sensor were analyzed for bottom-type and bathymetry for data taken at Guam and Tinian in late February and early March of 2010. Classification of bottom type was done using supervised and unsupervised classification techniques. All eight of the multispectral bands were used. The supervised classification worked well based on ground truth collected on site. Bathymetric analysis was done using LiDAR-derived bathymetry in comparison with the multispectral imagery (MSI) data. The Red Edge (705-745 nm) band was used to correct for glint and general surface reflectance in the Blue (450-510 nm), Green (510-580 nm), and Yellow (585-625 nm) bands. For the Guam beach analyzed here, it was determined that the Green and Yellow bands were most effective for determining depth between 2.5 and 20 m. The Blue band was less effective. Shallow water with coral could also be identified.
Mathematical model to analyze phosphor layer heat transfer of an LED system

This study investigated the capability of a mathematical model in estimating the phosphor layer heat transfer of an LED system. The focus was on determining the temperature distribution based on light propagation in the phosphor layer. The mathematical model was built upon past work by Kang et al. and solved numerically with heat generation and transfer incorporated into the model. The model light propagation and heat generation was compared with past research and then used to simulate an experimental study in order to evaluate the solution from the present model and compare it with the temperature measurements of the experimental study. The solution to the temperature distribution using the mathematical model had good agreement with the experimentally measured temperature values using an IR thermal imaging camera. Then the model was used to predict the temperature distribution in the phosphor layer under different heat transfer conditions to provide insight that is difficult to observe in experimental studies due to practical limitations.
Adaptive green hosting

The growing carbon footprint of Web hosting centers contributes to climate change and could harm the public's perception of Web hosts and Internet services. A pioneering cadre of Web hosts, called green hosts, lower their footprints by cutting into their profit margins to buy carbon offsets. This paper argues that an adaptive approach to buying carbon offsets can increase a green host's total profit by exploiting daily, bursty patterns in Internet service workloads. We make the case in three steps. First, we present a realistic, geographically distributed service that meets strict SLAs while using green hosts to lower its carbon footprint. We show that the service routes requests between competing hosts differently depending on its request arrival rate and on how many carbon offsets each host provides. Second, we use empirical traces of request arrivals to compute how many carbon offsets a host should provide to maximize its profit. We find that diurnal fluctuations and bursty surges interrupted long contiguous periods where the best carbon offset policy held steady, leading us to propose a reactive approach. For certain hosts, our approach can triple the profit compared to a fixed approach used in practice. Third, we simulate 9 services with diverse carbon footprint goals that distribute their workloads across 11 Web hosts worldwide. We use real data on the location of Web hosts and their provided carbon offset policies to show that adaptive green hosting can increase profit by 152% for one of today's larger green hosts.
Perceptions of functional clothing by able‐bodied people: the other side

Functional clothing was examined as a factor in social interactions between physically disabled and non-disabled people. In the present study, the perceptions of able-bodied college students were compared with the evaluations of students with physical disabilities from a previous study. Seven line drawings of clothing with functional features were rated on semantic differential scales in a self-administered questionnaire. The non-disabled students were more positive than the disabled students on all of the scales for five of the seven styles. The able-bodied subjects also tended to use more global constructs when perceiving the styles than did their disabled counterparts, who were more likely to distinguish function as a separate dimension. Sex differences were found, with a tendency for the females to be more positive than the males in their ratings of the styles. Implications of the data and suggestions for further research are discussed.
U.S. Academic Library Spending, Staffing and Utilization during the Great Recession 2008–2010

Abstract The study analyzes the U.S. academic library spending, staffing and utilization trends during the “great recession” in the period 2008–2010. These trends are compared to similar trends during the period 1998–2008, one of the most robust economic periods in U.S. history. The data used in the study was from publicly available surveys from the National Center for Education Statistics. In general it was found that for both periods many similar trends persisted and were not significantly affected by macroeconomic conditions, and that U.S. academic libraries cannot be seen as a homogeneous group with similar investment and operating profiles. Between 2008 and 2010, growth among especially small to medium sized libraries has declined; while large libraries continue to expand their investments and grow, particularly in electronic services. The economic collapse that occurred in 2008 and the effects of which are still being distributed through the economy and society are having the same impact on all types and sizes of libraries, as many library trends are not influenced by the economic downturn of the period 2008–2010. The study describes the significant differences in the level and scope of spending, staffing, and utilization by size of library, and how the differences among small and large libraries became more accentuated in the period of the great recession.
Analytic continuation of quasi-periodic orbits from non-linear periodic modes

A new theory is formulated for the analytic continuation of quasi-periodic orbits from non-linear, periodic modes of a two degree-of-freedom system in rotating coordinates. Formal solutions of the equations of motion are developed in series expansions, with the non-linear modes as reference solutions. Conditions are determined on the existence and boundedness of the time-dependent coefficients of the velocity field. Boundedness properties of the orbits are specified by an orbit function derived from the Jacobi integral.
Incontinence and troublesome behaviors predict institutionalization in dementia

Factors predicting the early institutionalization of demented patients were studied in 143 outpatients using univariate and multivariate life-table methods. Four types of factors were evaluated for prognostic value: severity of functional impairment, behavioral disorders, individual patient characteristics, and type of caregiver. After follow-up of 19 +/- 12 months, 51 patients had been institutionalized. Increased global severity of dementia, the presence of troublesome and disruptive behaviors, and incontinence increased the likelihood of institutionalization. The best predictors of institutionalization were paranoia, aggressive behavior, and incontinence. Neither individual patient characteristics (age, education, and gender) nor caregiver relationship to the patient (male spouse, female spouse, and male or female child) influenced institutionalization. Since troublesome behavioral disorders are potentially treatable aspects of dementia leading to institutionalization, their management should be a major focus of therapy in dementia.
Pharmacological analysis of signal transduction pathways required for oxidative burst in chicken heterophils stimulated by a Toll-like receptor 2 agonist.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune response of avian heterophils. We previously used the pharmacological inhibitors genistein, verapamil, chelerythrine, and pertussis toxin to investigate the upstream signaling events involved in TLR2-mediated oxidative burst in chicken heterophils. Only chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, was found to significantly inhibit oxidative burst stimulated by the TLR2 agonist lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In the present study, we used selective pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the roles of phosphatidylinositol-3′-kinase (PI3-K), phospholipase C (PLC), calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC), extra-cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear translocation factor kappa B (NF-κB) on TLR2-mediated oxidative burst. U-73122 (a PLC inhibitor), wortmannin (a PI3-K inhibitor), PD 98059 (an ERK inhibitor), Go 6976 (a PKC inhibitor) and Bay 11-7082 (a NF-κB inhibitor) significantly decreased LTA-stimulated oxidative burst in heterophils by 77%, 30%, 36%, 78%, and 61%, respectively. Activated TLR2 utilizes PI3-K, PLC, PKC, ERK, and NF-κB as signaling factors that mediate the oxidative burst of chicken heterophils.
Feeding Lactating Dairy Cows Proteins Resistant to Ruminal Degradation

Abstract Sixty multiprious Holstein cows were fed treatment diets from 11 to 40 d postpartum with corn silage as the forage. Treatment diets each contained a different supplemental protein: 1) solvent soybean meal; 2) extruded soy product; 3) combination of corn gluten meal and distillers dried grains with solubles; and 4) a combination of protein sources from diets 2 and 3. Covariate adjusted means for milk (kg/d) and milk fat (%) for treatments 1 through 4 were 37.5, 3.14; 38.5, 3.19; 31.8, 3.45; and 35.2, 3.08. Milk protein content and DM intake were greatest for cows fed diet 1. In a second trial, 105 multiparous Holstein cows 13 d postpartum were placed on 7 treatment diets for 60 d. Treatments 1 to 5 contained equal amounts of corn silage and alfalfa silage as forage sources and contained either: 1) solvent soybean meal; 2) roasted soybean meal; 3) roasted soybeans; 4) roasted soybeans and urea; or 5) a mixture of corn distillers dried grains and corn gluten meal. Treatments 6 and 7 had alfalfa silage as the forage source and either 6) solvent soybean meal or 7) roasted soybeans as the supplemental protein. Feeding roasted soybeans with the alfalfa silage-based diets increased milk 2.0 kg/d, 4% FCM 4.6 kg/d, and fat .23 kg/d when compared with solvent soybean meal. Milk protein production was depressed by feeding a combination of distillers dried grains and corn gluten meal when compared with feeding diets containing soybean sources with the corn silage-alfalfa silage diets. Resistant protein sources may have greater value with diets containing alfalfa silage than with diets containing corn silage.
Comparative advantages of bipolar abraded skin surface electrodes over bipolar intramuscular electrodes for single motor unit recording in psychophysiological research.

Dual recordings of single motor unit (SMU) biopotentials were made utilizing abraded skin surface and intramuscular (IM) bipolar electrode placements. Time relationships and waveform isomorphy between the recorded potentials suggest that, within limits, surface electrode recording is a useful technique for registering certain muscle action potentials when intramuscular placements are not desirable. Pen records of good resolution were obtained, to supplement oscilloscope photographs, when the physiological signal was initially recorded on magnetic tape at high speed and then played back at low speed through a standard electroencephalograph-electromyograph oscillograph.
Schiff Base Derivatives of Anti-Inflammatory O-Substituted Hydroxylamines

Abstract The synthesis of 12 azomethine (Schiff base) derivatives by the reaction of various nitrobenzaldehydes and salicylaldehydes with the anti-inflammatory compounds, m -nitrobenzyloxyamine hydrochloride and 4-thiazolylmethoxyamine dihydrochloride, and with congeneric O -substituted hydroxylamines is described. These Schiff bases, which are structurally related to the naturally occurring pyridoxal derivatives, showed no activity in the carrageenininduced rat paw edema test. These compounds possessed no antimalarial activity and no activity against the L-1210 mouse lymphoid leukemia test system.
A methodological evaluation of public relations research

Abstract An examination of journal articles published from 1989 to 2007 reveals that although public relations scholars appear to have followed rigorous procedures, reporting on research protocols is inadequate in some quantitative and qualitative studies. Most areas of needed improvement concern sins of omission, not of commission.
UPS of Buckminsterfullerene and other large clusters of carbon

Abstract Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) are reported for mass-selected negative carbon clusters extracted from a pulsed supersonic beam. In the size range from 48 to 84 atoms, three clusters were found to be closed-shell species with appreciable HOMO-LUMO gaps: C 50 (0.3–0.6 eV), C 60 (1.5–2.0 eV), and C 70 (0.7–1.2 eV). UPS data for all other clusters revealed no appreciable HOMO-LUMO gap, indicating they are either open-shell species, or closed-shell species with small HOMO-LUMO gaps. Buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) was found to have the lowest electron affinity (2.6–2.8 eV) of any cluster. Agreement between these UPS data and electronic structure calculations strongly support the spheroidal shell model for C 60 .
Measurement of effective thermal conductivity of a glass fibreboard standard reference material

Abstract This paper describes the results of thermal conductivity measurements on NBS SRM 1450 glass fibreboard insulation (1970 lot) at temperatures from 87 K to 340 K. The measurements were performed in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen at a pressure near 84 kPa (630 mm Hg). The results are analysed and compared to NBS certification data and to literature data for similar material.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STUDENTS' VALUES AT TWO SCHOOLS '

116 undergraduates from a Christian liberal arts college (25 men and 91 women) and 91 undergraduates from a state university (34 men and 57 women) were given the Rokeach Value Survey. Two-sample t ...
A qualitative examination of patient awareness and understanding of type 2 diabetes and oral health care needs.

Abstract Aims The study examined awareness and understanding of the bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and oral health care in adult patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Focus groups were held with 30 participants with type 2 diabetes. Groups were comprised of African Americans ( n = 16), Hispanics ( n = 6), and Caucasians ( n = 8). A grounded theory approach was used to analyse and interpret findings. Results Participants were unaware of the relationship between type 2 diabetes and oral health but were concerned about the influence of poor oral health on quality of life. Having diabetes was reported as a potential challenge for the coordination and receipt of dental care. Patient-provider communication of diabetes and oral health needs were perceived to be inadequate. Conclusions Patients with type 2 diabetes are at-risk for poor oral health, yet have limited awareness and understanding of the specific oral health care needs and risks associated with type 2 diabetes. This lack of awareness and understanding of the relationship between diabetes and oral health may be an indicator of inadequate oral health literacy. Addressing the relationship between diabetes and oral health with patients may improve dental outcomes, increase quality of life, and promote oral health literacy in at-risk populations.
Exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography for evaluation of coronary artery bypass graft patency.

Abstract Thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is superior to planar imaging for localizing native coronary stenoses, but has not yet been studied for assessing graft patency late after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Accordingly, we studied 50 patients (40 males), aged 58 ± 9 years (mean ± SD), who presented for evaluation of angina (30 patients), atypical chest pain (20 patients), and other symptoms (9 patients), late after CABG (51 ± 47 months). Patients with prior myocardial infarction were excluded. The mean ejection fraction was 58 ± 17%. All patients underwent coronary angiography within 3 weeks of symptom-limited exercise thallium-201 SPECT. There were 119 grafts, of which 48 had >50% stenosis by angiography. Thallium-201 SPECT detected 40 of these 48 (83%) stenosed grafts. The sensitivity of thallium-201 SPECT for detecting any graft stenosis was higher than that of the exercise electrocardiogram in patients with typical recurrent angina (84% vs 24%, p
Last-observation-carried-forward imputation method in clinical efficacy trials: review of 352 antidepressant studies.

Study Objective. To determine the prevalence, over 40 years, of using the last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) imputation method in clinical trials, the association between use of LOCF and how the trials were conducted, and the extent of information about attrition and LOCF use in published reports. Design. Retrospective analysis of the reports of randomized antidepressant efficacy trials published over a 40-year period (1965–2004). Data Sources. MEDLINE database, Cochrane reviews, reference- and bibliography-based manual search, and publication list services. Measurements and Main Results. A total of 352 trials met the following criteria for analysis: antidepressant comparative efficacy trial, randomized design, patients with major depressive disorder, English-language article, published during 1965–2004, and first report of a trial. Design, attrition, and data analysis characteristics were recorded by investigators and trained assistants. Analyses included descriptive statistics of the trial size, duration, and number of patients who dropped out in LOCF versus non-LOCF studies, as well as the extent to which dropouts and the potential bias associated with attrition was discussed in the published report. The frequency of published antidepressant clinical trials increased from less than 1 trial/year (1965–1974) to 19 trials/year (1990–1994). Trials using the LOCF method were significantly larger than non-LOCF trials (p<0.01), and the proportion of subjects dropping out was significantly greater (p<0.05) in LOCF versus non-LOCF trials. The proportion of subjects dropping out remained relatively constant over time (˜30%) but was significantly greater among LOCF (30.9%) than non-LOCF (28.8%) trials (p<0.01). The LOCF study articles were more likely to report dropouts, but only 7% of these articles reported outcomes recorded for subjects before they dropped out. Less than 16% of articles discussed bias associated with dropouts, 6.8% discussed the direction of bias, and only about 2% suggested the magnitude of the bias. Conclusion. The percentage of clinical antidepressant trials using the LOCF method and the percentage of study subjects' data imputed by using LOCF increased many-fold during 1965–2004. Published reports of trials provided little information to allow readers to assess possible bias introduced by use of the LOCF method.
XV. The asymmetric emission of secondary rays

(1913). XV. The asymmetric emission of secondary rays. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 25, No. 145, pp. 144-150.
An Efficient Synthesis of (±)-Grandisol Featuring 1,5-Enyne Metathesis

An eight-step synthesis of (±)-grandisol features a key sequence involving a high-yielding, microwave-assisted enyne metathesis to yield a 1-alkenylcyclobutene that is semihydrogenated to yield a silyl-protected grandisol. Metathesis catalyst screens revealed an intriguing trend whereby substrate conversion correlated strongly with the identity of the ligands on the catalyst. In addition, new reactivity of 1-alkenylcyclobutenes toward hydrogenation is described.
IPA and Science: A Response to Jonathan Smith

Abstract This article is a response to Jonathan Smith’s attempted rebuttal to the accusations I had made that Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis’s (IPA’s) methodical procedures did not meet generally accepted scientific criteria. Each of Smith’s defenses was carefully examined and found to be lacking. IPA’s claim to have roots in contemporary phenomenological philosophy was found to be seriously deficient and its claim that it has a basis in hermeneutics was superficial. IPA’s hesitation to proclaim fixed methods makes the possibility of replication of IPA studies impossible and thus it makes the fulfillment of an important scientific criterion impossible. Its claim that its findings are subjective fails to meet the important scientific criterion of objectivity or even intersubjectivity. Consequently, the claims that I made in my original article were basically sustained and repeated.
SU‐E‐I‐179: Evaluation of a SPECT Camera with CZT Detectors and Multipinhole Collimator for Nuclear Cardiology Imaging

Purpose: This study was to evaluate performance characteristics and to validate cardiac imaging of patients on a newly installed SPECTcamera using CZT (Cadmium Zinc Telluride) solid state detector technology, and to compare the CZT camera with a NaI crystal based camera using both phantom data and patient studies. Methods: An Anthropomorphic Torso Phantom (Data Spectrum, Inc.) with a Cardiac Insert with Solid Defect in myocardium region was prepared for SPECTimaging using a CZT camera with multipinhole collimator (GE Discovery 530C). Tl‐201 and Tc‐99m were used individually to test energy response and together to check crosstalk in SPECTimaging. Phantom preparation included: 650 uCi Tc‐ 99m and 65 uCi Tl‐201 were injected to the heart insert to simulate myocardium ratio of 1.82 for each isotope respectively; 4 mCi Tc‐99m and 0.4 Tl‐201 were added to the phantom as background activity; two 500 cc saline bags were installed on the phantom to simulate breast attenuation. Same phantom was scanned on a regular SPECT using NaI crystal for comparison. Then twenty two patients were imaged on the CZT and on the NaI cameras respectively for clinical validation. Standard image acquisition and processing protocols were used for both phantom and patient studies. Results: Visual inspection on phantom images demonstrated that the CZT camera could provide same or better quality of images with lower dose and less time (half dose half time). Myocardium defect was clearly identified from Tc‐99m imaging and from Tl‐201 scan as well. There was no significant crosstalk when imaging Tc‐99m with presence of Tl‐201. Patient scans were consistent on both cameras. There were not different diagnoses using images from the two scanners. Conclusions: SPECTcamera with CZT detectors and multipinhole collimator demonstrated excellent performance characteristic especially on energy resolution and counting statistics. Those features allow lower dose and shorter acquisition time in clinical studies.
Localization of calcium in murine epidermis following disruption and repair of the permeability barrier.

Perturbation of the cutaneous permeability barrier results in rapid secretion of epidermal lamellar bodies, and synthesis and secretion of new lamellar bodies leading to barrier repair. Since external Ca2+ significantly impedes the repair response, we applied ion capture cytochemistry to localize Ca2+ in murine epidermis following barrier disruption. In controls, the numbers of Ca2+ precipitates in the basal layer were small, increasing suprabasally and reaching the highest density in the stratum granulosum. Barrier disruption with acetone produced an immediate, marked decrease in Ca2+ in the stratum granulosum, accompanied by secretion of lamellar bodies. Loss of this pattern of Ca2+ distribution was associated with the appearance of large Ca2+ aggregates within the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum. The Ca2+-containing precipitates progressively reappeared in parallel with barrier recovery over 24 h. Disruption of the barrier with tape stripping also resulted in loss of Ca2+ from the nucleated layers of the epidermis, but small foci persisted where the stratum corneum was not removed; in these sites the Ca2+ distribution did not change and accelerated secretion of lamellar bodies was not observed. Following acetone-induced barrier disruption and immersion in isoosmolar sucrose, the epidermal Ca2+ gradient did not return, and both lamellar body secretion and barrier recovery occurred. However, with immersion in isoosmolar sucrose plus Ca2+, the epidermal Ca2+ reservoir was replenished, and both secretion of lamellar bodies and barrier recovery were impeded. These results demonstrate that barrier disruption results in loss of the epidermal Ca2+ reservoir, which may be the signal that initiates lamellar body secretion leading to barrier repair.
Procalcitonin as a Biomarker in Respiratory Tract Infection

Serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels rapidly increase in patients with invasive bacterial disease. PCT levels increase faster than do C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, a rapid decrease in the PCT level is supporting evidence that the source of the bacterial infection is responding to clinical management. In patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, sequential PCT levels are useful as a guide to shorter courses of antimicrobial therapy. With use of emerging multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction platforms for the detection of viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens, it should be possible to critically assess whether an elevated serum PCT level is a valid biomarker of invasive bacterial infection.
Susceptibility to viral infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of epithelial cells.

Purpose of reviewThe aim is to understand how airway epithelial cells with compromised innate defense mechanisms enhance susceptibility to respiratory virus infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Recent findingsExacerbations associated with respiratory viruses are more severe and
Vito Volterra and viscoelasticity

Abstract The use of Vito Volterra's hereditary model for representing viscoelastic properties in dynamical systems is illustrated. Basically, the model is a series connection of m standard linear elements whose mathematical formulation is convenient for the solution of dynamical problems. Two examples are given: the dynamical response of a small hereditary wire; and uniaxial wave propagation in a hereditary bar. Another convenience of this model is the fact that the internal dissipation is easily formulated and the parameters may be easily adjusted to represent the actual dynamical response of any given material.
Chronic toxicity of N'pyridyl, N'benzyl, dimethyl-ethylenediamine monohydrochloride (pyribenzamine).

Abstract 1.1. Pyribenzamine administered to dogs for a prolonged period (one year) in doses of 50 mg. to 100 mg. daily had no effect on the general behavior of the animals. 2.2. Furthermore, the drug did not produce a febrile reaction nor did it impair the kidney or liver function. Hematopoiesis was not altered in these animals. 3.3. Moreover, no chronic toxic changes were noted in the three human subjects who were given 150 mg. of pyribenzamine daily for eighty days. Such limited studies in man, however, are not sufficient as yet to attest to the complete harmlessness of the drug.
Detection of viral proteins using human receptor functionalized carbon nanotubes

We present proof-of-concept experiments for developing a highly-sensitive and fast-response miniaturized single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (SWNT-FET) biosensor for electrically detecting adenovirus using ligand-receptor-protein specificity. SWNTs are mildly oxidized to form carboxylic groups on the surfaces without compromising the electronic integrity of the nanotubes. Then the human coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is covalently functionalized onto the nanotube surface via diimide-activated amidation process. Upon exposure of the device to adenovirus protein, Ad12 Knob (Knob), specific binding of Knob to CAR decreases the current that flows through the SWNT-FET device. For control experiment, the CAR-SWNT device is exposed to YieF, which is a virus protein that does not bind specifically to CAR, and no current change is observed. The biological activity of the CAR and Knob proteins that are immobilized on SWNTs has been confirmed by previous fluorescence studies [1]. AFM analysis is done to show height increase of a few nanometers at specific spots where the CAR-Knob complex are covalently linked to the nanotube surface. Therefore, our results show that the human receptor protein CAR does immobilize on SWNT surface while fully retains its biological activity. Moreover, the specific binding of CAR to its complementary adenovirus Knob can be electrically detected using individual SWNT-FET devices. These findings suggest that CAR-functionalized SWNT-FETs can ably serve as biosensors for detection of environmental adenoviruses.
Predicting macroscopic transport properties using microscopic image data

[1] We consider eight data sets obtained from synchrotron computed microtomographic experiments performed on natural and synthetic sandstones at the GSECARS 13-BM beam line at the Advanced Photon Source. Four data sets were collected on glass bead packs sintered to differing bulk densities; each of these data sets contains just over 225 million voxels (661 × 661 × 517), with voxel resolution of 3.34 μm. The other four data sets were collected from a single sample of natural sandstone. For the natural sandstone, three data sets were collected from different subvolumes within the sample, with these three data sets identical in size and resolution to those acquired for the sintered glass bead packs. A fourth data set was collected for one of the same subvolumes but at twice the resolution; this data set contains just over 1.6 billion voxels (1327 × 1327 × 920), with voxel resolution of 1.67 μm. Following processing to extract binary descriptions of the two-phase (solid and pore) structure, the image data are analyzed to calculate porosity and specific surface area. The binarized image data are applied directly in massively parallel numerical simulations of single-phase fluid flow performed using the lattice Boltzmann method; development of novel boundary conditions to facilitate efficient handling of these very large data sets is also described. The permeabilities predicted from 1 to 3 mm3 image volumes characterized at a length scale of ∼1.7–3.4 μm are compared to experimental measurements of intrinsic permeability performed at bench conditions on standard core-sized samples (25.4 mm in diameter × 50.8 mm in length, or ∼26 cm3). The macroscopic permeability computed from the image data agree remarkably well with the experimentally measured bulk permeability over several orders of magnitude range in permeability and equate to over 4 orders of magnitude scale-up. The results provide insight on the representative volume and length scales necessary to characterize geometrically complex porous media and predict fluid transport properties at the macroscale.