cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procedural Trends in the Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease by Insurer Status in New York State

Background Type or lack of insurance may affect access to care, treatment, and outcomes. We evaluated trends for surgical management of all peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in-hospital admissions by insurer status in New York State. Study Design Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) data were obtained and cross-referenced for diagnostic and procedure codes. Data from 2001 to 2002 were averaged and used as a baseline. Change in indication, volume of admissions, procedures, and amputations were calculated for the years 2003 to 2008 and were analyzed by insurer status. Results There were 83,949 admissions. Endovascular intervention (EVI) increased tremendously for all indications and was used equally in the insured and uninsured. Among critical limb ischemia admissions, patients with private insurance were significantly more likely to be admitted for rest pain and significantly less likely to be admitted for gangrene (p Conclusions EVI increased tremendously and was used without disparity across insurer status. Amputation declined steadily and may have been related to increased EVI or to decreased admission for gangrene. Advanced age, low socioeconomic class or minority status, and lack of insurance negatively affect presentation and limb salvage. Universal health care may be beneficial in improving outcomes but must address root causes for delayed presentation.
Commemoration and the Politics of Recognition: The Korean War Veterans Memorial

The struggle for recognition, Axel Honneth and Charles Taylor observe, can fragment social structures and undermine common culture or can promote solidarity and consensus. Nowhere is the integrativ...
Chronic sacral nerve stimulation prevents detrusor structural and functional changes associated with bladder outlet obstruction--a rat model.

Aims Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) can mediate structural and functional detrusor changes, which can lead to bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms. We investigate if sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) can prevent these structural and functional changes in a rat model of BOO. Methods 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats (250 gm) were divided into 4 groups: control (CTRL), BOO, SNS, and both (BOO/SNS). BOO was achieved by partially occluding the proximal urethra. SNS involved stimulating the S1–S4 dorsal roots with a unipolar S1 lead, 8 hours daily. Urodynamics were performed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Bladders were harvested, stained, and scored for detrusor hypertrophy and fibrosis (scale = 1–5). Results BOO caused an increase in mean voiding pressure (Pdet = 35 ± 2 mmHg vs. 23 ± 1 mmHg, p = 0.02), an increase in mean bladder capacity (C = 1230 ± 250 μl vs. 484 ± 60 μl, p = 0.03), and a decrease in mean volume at first non-voiding contraction (67 ± 16 μl vs. 110 ± 24 μl, p = 0.02) compared to CTRL. Addition of SNS neither significantly affected Pdet (30 ± 3 mm Hg vs. 35 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.2), nor C (630 ± 90 μl vs. 1230 ± 250 μl, p = 0.06) compared to BOO, but eliminated non-voiding contractions. Detrusor hypertrophy and fibrosis were both significantly greater in BOO vs. CTRL and vs. BOO/SNS. Conclusions Partial BOO caused functional and structural changes in the rat bladder. SNS in obstructed rats prevents these alterations, without adversely affecting detrusor contractility. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:783–788, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A pulsed resonance clocking for energy recovery

An energy efficient and area saving local clocking scheme using new resonant techniques is illustrated with a bank of 1024 flip-flops. Energy recovering pulsed resonant (PR) clocking is designed to drive explicit-pulsed negative setup time latches. A pre-driver that generates tracking pulses at each transition of clock for dual edge (DET) operation is robust across PVT. While both the pre-driver and driver use inductors for energy reduction and recycling, the inductor area is small enough to fit over the active circuitry resulting in 40% power and active area reductions. The pulsed resonance (PR) operation needs only 1/10 th the inductance of conventional LC resonant circuits. Monte Carlo simulations using 45nm device and interconnect models show that the design supports Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling from 2GHz@1.3V to 200MHz@0.5V.
Speaking of Bodies in Justice-Oriented, Feminist Teacher Education

The United States is a society that is simultaneously consumed and repulsed by the body; a society where obsession over a constructed “obesity” epidemic runs alongside obsession over thinness; a so...
Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Recognition of HLA-E: Utilizing a Nonclassical Window to Peer into Classical MHC

I want to thank Lewis Lanier, Miguel Lopez-Botet, Lorenzo Moretta, and James Forman for sharing with me prepublication manuscripts. I also want to thank Larry Pease for his helpful discussions and Bryce Binstadt and Kathy Brumbaugh for their critical reviews of the manuscript.
Complete basis set ab initio computational study of triplet oxygen atom reaction with ethane

Abstract An extensive computational study of the triplet potential energy surface for the oxygen atom reaction with ethylene was investigated. A few singlet reaction channels resulting in radical recombination or radical abstraction reactions were also explored. The feasibility of this reaction in the atmosphere with oxygen atom formed from ozone was discussed. The triplet–singlet energy gaps were evaluated for the products of these reactions.
Parametric computational study of isolated blade-vortex interaction noise

A parametric study was performed to quantitatively describe how the vortex core size, the vortex location, and the hover-tip Mach number MH affect blade-vortex interaction (BVI) noise. The effects of these parameters on BVI noise are determined using a rotor acoustic prediction program. The acoustic prediction program is based on the well-known Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation for acoustic pressure, wherein noncompact monopole terms model rotor blade thickness and distributed dipoles model local blade surface pressure. The dipole strengths are determined by an unsteady, three-dimensional, full-potentia l rotor code that models the aerodynamic interactions between a nonlifting rotor and a tip vortex generated by an upstream wing. The acoustic pressures were calculated for several observer positions in regions of intense acoustic radiation for a variety of blade-vortex proximities, orientations, hover-tip Mach numbers, and vortex-core sizes. This study has quantified the sensitivity of BVI noise to the dominant vortex and aerodynamic parameters. The sound pressure level (SPL) falls off as the inverse of the square of the miss distance between the vortex core and the rotor blade when the miss distance is greater than the core radius. Increasing the core radius is not as effective as increasing the miss distance when attempting to reduce BVI noise. As expected, this study shows that SPL decreases with an increase in the obliqueness of interaction. The calculations performed in this work indicate that SPL increases approximately as Af|. These results can be used to guide future research of BVI noise reduction.
Constructing a Child-Centered Dance Curriculum

(1992). Constructing a Child-Centered Dance Curriculum. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 63, Buyer's Guide Issue, pp. 39-48.
Influence of skidder traffic and canopy removal intensities on the ground flora in a clearcut-with-reserves northern hardwood stand in Minnesota, USA

Abstract We investigated the effects of skidder traffic intensity, soil disturbance intensity, and canopy removal intensity on the richness, diversity, composition, and cover of the entire ground flora (woody and herbaceous vegetation ≤2 m tall), various individual life forms, invasive/noxious species, and species with different requirements with respect to moisture, nutrients, heat, and light (synecological coordinates) in a mesic northern hardwood stand 6 years after a clearcut-with-reserves regeneration harvest removed 50–100% of the canopy. Skidder traffic was restricted to a network of trails and a global positioning system (GPS) tracked skidder movement to quantify the number of passes at pre-established sampling points along the anticipated soil disturbance gradient on and off skid trails. Soil disturbance intensity within the top 15 cm of soil was quantified by relativized resistance to penetration (RRP) compared to untrafficked plots; post-harvest increases in RRP ranged from 81 to 272%. Regression analysis and ordination revealed a pattern of increasing difference from pre-disturbance composition with increasing skidder traffic (i.e., forest floor disturbance), with increased RRP (i.e., soil compaction) and (less so) canopy removal intensity. The ground flora shifted from interior forest species such as Anemone quiquefolia , Aralia nudicaulis , Clintonia borealis , Maianthemum canadense , and Oryzopsis asperifolia to more ruderal, invasive/noxious, and disturbed-forest species such as Aster lateriflorus , Cirsium spp., Phleum pretense , Rubus idaeus , and Trifolium spp. The relative resistance of the initial ground flora to change (inverse of the distances between pre- and post-harvest samples in ordination space) was nonlinearly related to skidder traffic intensity and linearly related to RRP, indicating that the largest compositional changes occurred with the first few passes of the skidder. Mean plot scores for the synecological coordinates revealed that the post-harvest species were on average less demanding of water and nutrients; the opposite was true for light. Plots exposed to less skidder traffic and RRP had higher herb cover and higher nutrient scores; those with more skidder traffic and higher RRP levels had higher shrub cover and higher light scores. We conclude that protection of the ground flora from forest floor and soil disturbance requires careful planning of skid trail networks. Concentrating skidder traffic to a designated skid trail system can result in less area disturbed and spatially connected networks of larger, untrafficked remnant forest patches that may maintain species that are sensitive to forest floor and soil disturbance.
THE CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF TETRASODIUM DICOPPER(II)-dl-TARTRATE DECAHYDRATE

Abstract The crystal structure of the complex of Cu2+ and racemic tartaric acid formed in basic solution has been determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals of Na2[Cu-d,l-C4O6H2]·5H2O are monoclinic, a=9.290(4), b=10.894(5), c=11.556(5) A, and β=94.85(6)° the space group is P21/n. The structure has been refined to an R-factor of 0.040 on 1852 non-zero structure amplitudes measured on an automatic diffractometer. The structure consists of centrosymmetric dimeric tetranegative anions [Cu2 d-tartrate, l-tartrate]4-, with each Cu2+ ion forming a square planar complex with two ionized carboxyl and two ionized hydroxyl oxygen atoms. There is no fifth coordination to the Cu2+ ion. The Cu‒Cu distance within the dimer is 2.9869(7) A and the Cu2+ ions are slightly displaced (0.0617 A) from the plane through their four coordinating oxygen atoms towards the other half of the dimer. The crystal structure is completed by a rather complex organization of Na+ octahedra and water molecules. All the water molecules form hy...
Efficient identification of inhibitors targeting the closed active site conformation of the HPRT from Trypanosoma cruzi.

Abstract Background: Currently, only two drugs are recommended for treatment of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi , the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease. These compounds kill the trypomastigote forms of the parasite circulating in the bloodstream, but are relatively ineffective against the intracellular stage of the parasite life cycle. Neither drug is approved by the FDA for use in the US. The hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) from T. cruzi is a possible new target for antiparasite chemotherapy. The crystal structure of the HPRT in a conformation approximating the transition state reveals a closed active site that provides a well-defined target for computational structure-based drug discovery. Results: A flexible ligand docking program incorporating a desolvation correction was used to screen the Available Chemicals Directory for inhibitors targeted to the closed conformation of the trypanosomal HPRT. Of 22 potential inhibitors identified, acquired and tested, 16 yielded K i 's between 0.5 and 17 μM versus the substrate phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. Surprisingly, three of eight compounds tested were effective in inhibiting the growth of parasites in infected mammalian cells. Conclusions: This structure-based docking method provided a remarkably efficient path for the identification of inhibitors targeting the closed conformation of the trypanosomal HPRT. The inhibition constants of the lead inhibitors identified are unusually favorable, and the trypanostatic activity of three of the compounds in cell culture suggests that they may provide useful starting points for drug design for the treatment of Chagas' disease.
Testing assumptions of mark–recapture theory in the coral reef fish Lutjanus apodus

This study tested assumptions of the Cormack–Jolly–Seber capture–mark–recapture (CMR) model in a population of the tropical snapper Lutjanus apodus in the central Bahamas using a combination of laboratory and field studies. The suitability of three different tag types [passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag, T-anchor tag and fluorescent dye jet-injected into the fins] was assessed. PIT tags were retained well, whereas T-anchor tags and jet-injected dye were not. PIT tags had no detectable effect on the rates of growth or survival of individuals. The capture method (fish trapping) was found to provide a representative sample of the population; however, a positive trap response was identified and therefore the assumption of equal capture probability was violated. This study illustrates an approach that can be used to test some of the critical assumptions of the CMR theory and it demonstrates that CMR methods can provide unbiased estimates of growth and mortality of L. apodus provided that trap response is explicitly modelled when estimating survival probability.
Photorefractive effect of BaTiO 3 single crystals grown in inert atmospheres

BaTiO3 single crystals were grown by the top-seeded solution growth technique in inert atmospheres of nitrogen gas and of argon gas and in air. They were then annealed at 1200°C in air. These crystals, prepared from a mixture of 99.999% pure BaCO3 powder and 99.99% pure TiO2 powder, contained virtually equal amounts of transition-metal impurities (Fe, Co, Ni, etc.). The maximum beam-coupling gain of the two crystals grown in inert atmospheres was 6 cm−1, and that of the crystal grown in air was 3 cm−1; the sign of the beam-coupling gain of the crystals was positive. We found that the crystals grown in inert atmospheres exhibited high gains without having been doped with any transition-metal elements.
Reflections on 35 years of biological SRM production and analyses

During the author's 39 years with the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)/National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) as an employee, and since then as Guest Researcher, he has been intimately involved with biological Standard Reference Material (SRM) production and analyses. His involvement with biological reference materials started with the very first biological certified reference material (CRM), the SRM 1571, Orchard Leaves, initiated in 1968 and issued in 1971, through the latest material (SRM 1575a, Pine Needles - renewal), issued in 2003. In addition, for more than 20 years he was Technical Coordinator for botanical SRMs for the NBS/NIST Analytical Chemistry Division. This paper contains his historical reflections and highlights from those years, and includes the techniques used to obtain and process these materials, new developments and procedures that resulted in vastly improved reference materials, the application of high accuracy neutron activation analysis to the certification of these standards, and the trace element quality assurance vital to the accuracy of these standards.
Somatic responses in behavioral inhibition.

In the present study, skin conductance responses (SCRs) were measured postdecision and prefeedback in a go/no-go (GNG) task in which participants used response feedback to learn when to respond or not to respond to numeric stimuli. Like somatic markers in gambling tasks and somatic reactions to error monitoring in choice reaction time tasks, SCR patterns distinguished between correct and incorrect trials over time. These somatic reactions were disrupted by a reversal of GNG contingencies, and they were facilitated by pretraining of the stimulus—response mappings. In all cases, however, the somatic reactions appeared to be a product of competent decision making rather than a contributor to performance. Differential somatic responses to good and bad choices appear to be a robust and fairly general phenomenon, but researchers should be cautious in assuming that the somatic responses contribute to performance.
Coal char-fueled chemical looping combustion use different iron- based oxygen carriers☆

Solid-fueled chemical looping combustion (SF-CLC) is an advanced process for highly efficient coal combustion with in-situ CO2 capture. The key issue in the development of SF-CLC is the ability of the oxygen carrier (OC) material to improve the gasification rate and combustion efficiency. In this study five iron-based materials were investigated as OCs using a bench-scale fluidized bed reactor. These materials were ilmenite ore (N-FeOC-1), an industrial by- product based iron OC (N-FeOC-2), 50% Fe2O3 supported on Al2O3(S-FeOC-1), 50% Fe2O3 supported on 48% Al2O3 and 2% Na2O (S-FeOC-2), and the third OC with 2% Na2O being coated on the particle surface (S-FeOC-3). Char prepared from Eastern and Western Kentucky Coal (USA) and 50 vol% water vapour were used as the fuel and the gasification/fluidizing agent, respectively. The rate of char conversion and in-situ syngas conversion in SF-CLC were the primary focus of this study and an attempt at improvement was made by adding a small amount alkaline metal using various methods. It was found that N-FeOC-2 and S-FeOC-3 showed excellent performance. Additionally, the method of adding the alkaline metal (Na+) to SF-CLC system showed an important effect on the gasification rate and in-situ syngas conversion.
Studies with liquid membranes: Association of some metal ions with phospholipids

Abstract The relationships between cations (Li + , Na + , K + and Ca 2+ ) and phospholipids have been investigated by determining the concentrations of metal ions and phospholipids in the non-aqueous benzene layer above the of in water emulsions. Further evidence has been found for the binding of metal ions to lecithin. The binding of calcium to lecithin is much greater than what it is for monovalent cations. For a given cation (K + ) association with lecithin, different anions impar ability to phospholipid emulsions following the sequence SCN − > NO − 3 > Cl − F − . Monovalent cations have similar association with phosphatidyl serine as with lecithin. The binding between calcium and phosphatidyl serine however is far greater and results in the formation of an unstable water in oil emulsion.
ELIMINATING ARTIFACTS IN THE STUDY OF SINGULARITY/MIXEDNESS OF TASTE STIMULI

Taste stimuli with a single solute were not judged as tasting equally singular; this confirmed earlier results, except in this study the possibility of the results being caused by trigeminal effects was virtually eliminated. Binary mixtures were generally perceived as more mixed than single solute stimuli, indicating a degree of analytic mixing. However, a caffeine/KCl mixture was perceived as more singular tasting than some single solute stimuli, indicating a degree of synthetic mixing. A preliminary examination was made of the hypotheses that the perceived mixedness of a taste mixture might be determined by a summation of the mixedness of its components or alternatively by latency effects.
Pediatrics in the community: integrating community pediatrics into residency training.

1. Beth Rezet, MD 1. Associate Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Assistant Director Pediatric Residency Training Program, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 2. Benjamin D. Hoffman, MD 1. Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Director, Pediatric Residency Program, University of New Mexico 3. Jeffrey Kaczorowski, MD 1. Director, Community Pediatrics Training Initiative, American Academy of Pediatrics, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Since 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has asserted that pediatricians should “reaffirm their role as professionals in the community and prepare themselves for it, just as diligently as they prepare for traditional clinical roles.” (1) Furthermore, as of 2001, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Residency Review Committee for Pediatrics mandated, “there must be structured educational experiences that prepare residents for the role of advocate for the health of …
Isotropic stochastic flows and a related property of non-random potential flows

Sections 1 and 2 summarize some of the results of [2] and [8] about isotropic stochastic flows and their stability properties. In Sections 3 and 4, stability properties of isotropic flows and certain stirring processes are related to a mean shrinkage property of a randomly chosen small segment in deterministic potential flow with compact support in R2 or R3.
Performance enhancement in limited feedback precoded spatial multiplexing MIMO-OFDM systems by using multi-block channel prediction

Linear precoding plays an important role in the spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems which are considered one of the primary candidates for the physical-layer techniques in the next-generation wireless communication systems. It requires the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter to adapt the transmitted signal to the channel conditions. In most communication systems, the CSI is estimated at the receiver and fed back to the transmitter. However, the error performance in a precoded MIMO-OFDM system is significantly degraded due to the long feedback delay that causes the outdated CSI at the transmitter. In this paper, a novel approach using multi-block linear channel prediction is proposed to combat the feedback delay in a limited feedback precoded spatial multiplexing MIMO-OFDM system. The time-varying channel is modeled by autoregressive (AR) process, whose coefficients are obtained by linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) method. To increase prediction range, block-based channel samples are used to establish the AR model, and multiple blocks are employed to iteratively predict the CSI. Simulation results show that the performance degradation caused by large feedback delay can well be mitigated.
OWL-P: OWL for protocol and processes

We describe OWL-P (OWL for Processes and Protocols), a methodology and software tool for specifying and enacting interaction protocols among autonomous agents. We use the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) to specify interactions as rule-based commitment protocols, which are a departure from the traditional, rigid protocol specifications. Protocols in OWL-P allow flexibility during execution and honor agent autonomy because of their declarative nature and their use of commitments. OWL-P separates public protocols from an agents' private policies, thus allowing protocols to be reused across varying contexts. OWL-P is a design time tool for business process designers and is of interest to researchers in multiagent systems and software engineering.
Suppressor analysis points to the subtle role of the LAG1 ceramide synthase gene in determining yeast longevity

Individual yeast cells display a finite replicative capacity. LAG1 was identified as a gene that is differentially expressed during the yeast replicative life span and was shown to play a role in determining yeast longevity. This gene is not essential, but simultaneous deletion of LAG1 and its close homologue LAC1 is lethal. Lag1p and Lac1p have been found to be an essential component of ceramide synthase. In this study, multicopy suppressors of the lethality of a lag1delta lac1delta double mutant were isolated to help clarify the role of LAG1 in yeast longevity. The two multicopy suppressors YBR183w (YPC1) and YPL087w (YDC1) encode ceramidases unrelated to Lag1p and Lac1p, which were previously found to support the reverse reaction of ceramide synthesis. Multiple copies of YPC1 were much more efficient than YDC1 in rescuing cell growth. They were also much more effective in rescuing the life span of a lag1delta lac1delta double mutant, sustaining a life span approaching that obtained by the restoration of LAG1 expression. Neither deletion of LAC1 nor overexpression of YPC1 had a detectable effect on wild-type life span. However, the overexpression of LAG1 had a bimodal effect on longevity, with moderate expression resulting in increased longevity and with higher expression curtailing life span. These results suggest that subtle changes in ceramide/sphingolipid metabolism are important in determining yeast longevity. They also indicate that Lag1p plays a special role in this relationship. Homologues of Lag1p have been identified in higher eukaryotes, including human, raising the possibility that ceramide and other sphingolipid metabolites play a wider role in biological aging.
Mitochondrial respiration and redox coupling in articular chondrocytes.

Chondrocytes rely primarily on glycolysis to meet cellular energy needs, but recent studies implicate impaired mitochondrial function in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Our objectives were to investigate the ability of chondrocytes to upregulate mitochondrial respiration when challenged with a nutrient stress and determine the effect on mediators of chondrocyte oxidative homeostasis. Primary bovine chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in alginate beads. Mitochondrial respiration was stimulated by culturing cells with galactose-supplemented media for a period of 1 or 5 days. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by measuring metabolite and enzymatic biomarkers of glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism. Oxidative homeostasis was assessed by measuring (1) cellular glutathione content and redox homeostasis, (2) rates of nitric oxide and superoxide production, and (3) the abundance and activity of cellular anti-oxidant proteins, especially the mitochondrial isoform of superoxide dismutase (SOD2). The regulatory role of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) in mediating the metabolic and redox responses was evaluated by chemical stabilization with cobalt chloride (CoCl2). After 5 days of galactose culture, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase activity were reduced by 92% (P <0.0001) and 28% (P = 0.051), respectively. Conversely, basal oxygen consumption increased 35% (P = 0.042) without increasing mitochondrial content. Glutathione redox homeostasis was unaffected by galactose culture. However, the production of nitric oxide and superoxide and the expression and activity of SOD2 were significantly reduced after 5 days in galactose culture. Nuclear protein expression and gene expression of HIF-2α, a transcription factor for SOD2, were significantly downregulated (more than twofold; P <0.05) with galactose culture. CoCl2-mediated stabilization of HIF-2α during the initial galactose response phase attenuated the reduction in SOD2 (P = 0.028) and increased cell death (P = 0.003). Chondrocyte metabolic flexibility promotes cell survival during a nutrient stress by upregulating mitochondrial respiration and reducing the rate of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species production. These changes are coupled to a substantial reduction in the expression and activity of the mitochondrial anti-oxidant SOD2 and its pro-catabolic transcription factor HIF-2α, suggesting that an improved understanding of physiologic triggers of chondrocyte metabolic flexibility may provide new insight into the etiology of OA.
A New Species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a Biomechanical Analysis of Its Forelimb

A new species, Camptosaurus aphanoecetes, is named for a partial skeleton of ornithopod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. The specimen was originally described as Camptosaurus medius Marsh, 1894, and later referred to Camptosaurus dispar (Marsh, 1879). Comparison of the specimen with a large sample of C. dispar from Quarry 13 shows differences in the proportions and shape of various axial and appendicular elements. Based on the dorsoventrally depressed form of the ilium, Camptosaurus depressus Gilmore, 1909 (Lower Cretaceous of South Dakota) is assigned to the Barremian genus Planicoxa DiCroce and Carpenter, 2001, as Planicoxa depressa, new combination. The well-preserved, undistorted forelimb material of C. aphanoecetes allows for a biomechanical analysis. The range of motion is rather limited throughout the forelimb. The analysis supports the quadrupedal locomotion previously hypothesized for Camptosaurus Marsh, 1885, from limb ratios, fusion of the wrist, and presence of short digits.
Age Incidence and Schizophrenia: Part I. The Season of Birth Controversy

Distortions in incidence data are probably responsible for the apparent excess of schizophrenia among people born in winter. The widely held belief that the excess reflects a winter component in the etiology of schizophrenia is based on errors in the design and interpretation of seasonal studies.
Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest, north-eastern Madagascar: a conservation and livelihoods issue.

In the 2003 Durban Vision the Malagasy government committed to tripling the amount of protected areas in Madagascar by 2009. This extensive expansion needs to involve an assessment of the potential impacts on the people who rely on forest resources for subsistence. Wildlife for human consumption (bushmeat) is one such resource that has received great attention on mainland Africa but has largely been ignored in Madagascar until recently. In terms of biomass, hunting in Madagascar appears to be on a lesser scale compared to areas of mainland Africa. However, because of the life-history characteristics associated with hunted primate and carnivore species in Madagascar even small-scale hunting is a major threat to long-term conservation. In this study I used semi-structured interviews to quantify annual rates of bushmeat harvest in 14 villages adjacent to the Makira Forest in north-eastern Madagascar. Interviews revealed that 23 mammal species were hunted for consumption, providing a new insight into the scale and frequency of bushmeat use. Harvest data and life-history information were sufficient to allow quantitative assessments of sustainability for four species of lemur (black and white ruffed lemur Varecia variegata, indri Indri indri, eastern bamboo lemur Hapalemur griseus and white-fronted brown lemur Eulemur albifrons) and a species of the carnivore family Eupleridae (fossa Cryptoprocta ferox). Model results suggest hunting of these species is probably unsustainable. This research presents clear evidence that hunting is a major conservation and livelihoods issue in Madagascar and needs to be considered in the planning stages of protected area development to address better the needs of local people.
Fluid shear modulates the molecular interactions between polymorphonuclear leukocytes and colon carcinomas

This study compares the kinetics, adhesion efficiency, and molecular requirements of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) binding to two colon adenocarcinoma cell-lines, the ICAM-1-negative/sLe/sup x/-bearing LS174T and the ICAM-1-expressing/sLe/sup x/-low HCT-8 as a function of hydrodynamic shear rate (50-1600 sec/sup -1/). The efficiency of both PMN homotypic and PMN-colon carcinoma heterotypic interactions, defined as the fraction of collisions between respective cells that result in aggregation, decreases sharply at low shear. At higher shear, PMN homotypic efficiency remains relatively unchanged, while heterotypic efficiencies continue to decrease with PMN binding to LS174T cells being more efficient than to HCT-8 cells. The relative contributions of LFA-1 and Mac-1 as well as their respective ligands on HCT-8 cells to heterotypic aggregation were investigated in the presence of fluid shear.
Compact multiframe blind deconvolution

We describe a multiframe blind deconvolution (MFBD) algorithm that uses spectral ratios (the ratio of the Fourier spectra of two data frames) to model the inherent temporal signatures encoded by the observed images. In addition, by focusing on the separation of the object spectrum and system transfer functions only at spatial frequencies where the measured signal is above the noise level, we significantly reduce the number of unknowns to be determined. This “compact” MFBD yields high-quality restorations in a much shorter time than is achieved with MFBD algorithms that do not model the temporal signatures; it may also provide higher-fidelity solutions.
Effects of a smaller unit cell planar EBG structure on the mutual coupling of a printed dipole array

A new smaller unit-cell planar electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is proposed on low dielectric constant low-cost substrate (TMM: /spl epsiv//sub r/=4.5,thickness=25 mils) that has a stopband frequency at around 4 GHz. The proposed structure when placed in between a two-element printed dipole array results in over 13-dB reduction in mutual coupling and a significant improvement in antenna return loss bandwidth and gain pattern.
MicroRNAs miR-155 and miR-16 Decrease AID and E47 in B Cells from Elderly Individuals

Our research in the past few years has identified B cell-specific biomarkers able to predict optimal Ab responses in both young and elderly individuals. These biomarkers are activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), the enzyme of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation; the transcription factor E47, crucial for AID expression; and the ability to generate optimal memory B cells. Moreover, we have found that the increased proinflammatory status of the elderly, both in sera and intrinsic to B cells, negatively impacts B cell function. We have now investigated whether particular inflammatory microRNAs (miRs) contribute to decreased E47 and AID in aged B cells. Our data indicate that E47 and AID mRNA stability is lower in stimulated B cells from elderly individuals. We measured the expression of two miRs crucial for class switch recombination, miR-155 and miR-16, in human unstimulated B cells from young and elderly individuals with the rationale that increases in these before stimulation would decrease E47/AID upon cell activation. We found these miRs and B cell-intrinsic inflammation upregulated in aged unstimulated B cells and negatively associated with AID in the same B cells after stimulation with CpG. We propose that the downregulation of AID in aged human B cells may occur through binding of miR-155 to the 3'-untranslated regions of AID mRNA and/or binding of miR-16 to the 3'-untranslated regions of E47 mRNA, as well as at the transcriptional level of less E47 for AID. Our results indicate novel molecular pathways leading to reduced B cell function with aging.
NHE-1 Protein in Vascular Smooth Muscle and Lymphocytes From the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

The present study examined the abundance of NHE-1 protein in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), freshly isolated thymocytes, and fresh aortic tissue from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Two sets of affinity-purified antibodies (Ab[765-778] and Ab[698-711]) against different epitopes of the NHE-1 isoform of the Na+-H+ antiporter were used. Each set of antibodies recognized a major protein band at 105 to 110 kD that was more abundant in protein lysates prepared from cultured VSMCs from the SHR than those from WKY rats (Ab[765-778] 0.047 +/- 0.011 vs 0.010 +/- 0.002 O.D. units/10 microg protein, P<.001 for SHR and WKY, respectively; and Ab(698-711) 0.173 +/- 0.026 vs 0.087 +/- 0.028 O.D. units/10 microg protein, P<.05, for SHR and WKY, respectively). The increase in NHE-1 protein abundance in cultured VSMCs from the SHR was associated with a greater Vmax of the Na+-H+ antiporter as compared to those from WKY rats (17.93 +/- 2.07 vs 8.16 +/- 1.05 mmol H+/min, P<.001, respectively). In contrast to cultured VSMCs, there was no difference in the relative abundance of NHE-1 protein in fresh aortic tissue (0.075 +/- 0.018 vs 0.083 +/- 0.017 O.D. units/10 microg protein, from SHR and WKY, respectively) or in freshly isolated thymocytes (0.158 +/- 0.046 vs 0.226 +/- 0.054 O.D. units/10 microg protein, from SHR and WKY, respectively). We conclude that the increase in the Vmax of the Na+-H+ antiporter in cultured VSMCs from the SHR, compared to those from WKY rats, is due, at least in part, to increased levels of NHE-1 protein.
Fault tree analysis of prismatic lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl/sub 2/) battery cells - phase 1

This paper addresses and presents the initial key findings of a fault tree analysis, which was conducted in phase 1 of a project to address the reliability of prismatic lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl/sub 2/) battery cells. These types of battery cells are typically used in a large range of battery products, from OEM applications to military applications (Levy and Bro, 1987; Miles, 2001). Specialized high-power, high current, high rate lithium batteries, based upon nonaqueous liquid (i.e., thionyl chloride) cathodes can be found in aerospace and military applications where high energy density is required for critical mission requirements (Baldwin et al., 1990; Linden and Reddy, 2002; Miles, 2001; Vincent, 1999). The initial description of the fault tree analysis (i.e., the translation of the failure behavior of a physical system into a visual diagram) is covered in this paper. However, the "logic model" aspect of the FTA will be addressed in the future (i.e., in phase 2).
Top-Down Control of Visual Attention: A Rational Account

Theories of visual attention commonly posit that early parallel processes extract conspicuous features such as color contrast and motion from the visual field. These features are then combined into a saliency map, and attention is directed to the most salient regions first. Top-down attentional control is achieved by modulating the contribution of different feature types to the saliency map. A key source of data concerning attentional control comes from behavioral studies in which the effect of recent experience is examined as individuals repeatedly perform a perceptual discrimination task (e.g., "what shape is the odd-colored object?"). The robust finding is that repetition of features of recent trials (e.g., target color) facilitates performance. We view this facilitation as an adaptation to the statistical structure of the environment. We propose a probabilistic model of the environment that is updated after each trial. Under the assumption that attentional control operates so as to make performance more efficient for more likely environmental states, we obtain parsimonious explanations for data from four different experiments. Further, our model provides a rational explanation for why the influence of past experience on attentional control is short lived.
Environmental Effects on Poly-p- phenylenebenzobisoxazole Fibers. II. Attempts at Stabilization

Approaches to alleviate the environmental degradation of as-spun poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO AS) fibers by moisture, acidic conditions, and UV- visible radiation were implemented and tested for efficacy. The general approaches tested include: extraction and neu- tralization of residual phosphoric acid using supercritical carbon dioxide; the use of UV-visible light blocking coat- ings of exfoliated graphite, carbon black, and glassy tita- nium dioxide; and improvement of initial fiber properties by the application of forces tending to compact the fiber microstructure. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3819-3829, 2006
Special Issue on Computerized and High-Frequency Trading: Guest Editor's Note

Unlike established topics in finance, such as dividend policy, capital structure, or asset pricing, computerized and high-frequency trading is a new, emerging, and rapidly evolving area for the markets, regulators, and the public. The use of computers to facilitate high-speed and high-frequency trading continues to be a significant topic in the popular press and public policy debate, including very recently.1 While some are experts, many in academia are relatively unfamiliar with the relatively new and ever changing issues and research related to high-speed trading. Therefore, when the editors of The Financial Review (Robert A. and Bonnie F. Van Ness) asked me to be a guest editor for this special issue on computerized and highfrequency trading, I was not sure we should compile a “typical” special issue, which
Ge2Sb2Te5 Film Deposition and Properties

Magnetron sputter deposition of Ge2Sb2Te5 film is presented. Good thermal control of the wafer is found critical for maintaining process repeatability. In-situ wafer heating conditions have strong impact on as-deposited Ge2Sb2Te5 film properties such as resistivity, density, stress, composition, and microstructure. The effects of wafer bias and sputtering pressure are also discussed.
Spot-scanned pancreatic stereotactic body proton therapy: A dosimetric feasibility and robustness study.

Abstract Purpose We explored the dosimetric potential of spot-scanned stereotactic body proton therapy (SBPT) for pancreatic cancer. Methods We compared SBPT to stereotactic body intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SB-IMRT) in 10 patients. We evaluated 3 variables in SBPT planning: (1) 4 and 6 mm spot size; (2) single vs. multi-field optimization (SFO vs. MFO); and (3) optimization target volume (OTV) expansion. Robustness analysis was performed with unidirectional isocenter shifts of ±3 mm in x, y, and z and ±3% stopping power uncertainties. Results SBPT plans had lower V10Gy for the stomach and small and large bowels. Under static robustness, a 5 mm OTV and SFO-6 mm spot size represented the best compromise between target and normal structure. A 4-mm spot-size and 3 mm OTV resulted in significant target underdosing with deformable dose accumulation analysis. Conclusions This study provides a critical basis for clinical translation of spot size, optimization technique, and OTV expansion for pancreatic SBPT.
Regulation of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli. Anaerobic induction by nitrate.

We have previously demonstrated that iron plays an important regulatory role in the biosynthesis of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli (Moody, C.S., and Hassan, H.M. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12821-12825). In this study, we demonstrated that the effect of iron is at the transcriptional/translational level, whereas the effect of manganese is at the post-translational level. The anaerobic additions of nitrate or nitrate plus paraquat caused a positive change in the redox potential of the growth medium and concomitant induction of the manganese-superoxide dismutase in the cells. By using 59Fe, we were able to identify two unique proteins that were constitutively made, but contained iron only under conditions where the synthesis of manganese-superoxide dismutase was fully repressed. The presence of a multicopy plasmid carrying the manganese-superoxide dismutase gene resulted in the anaerobic expression of the gene presumably by neutralizing the limited number of repressor molecules found in the cells. In toto, the data support our previously proposed model for a negatively controlled operon where the repressor molecule is envisioned as an allosteric redox sensing protein. Conditions known to oxidize or to deplete the iron are also found to cause induction of the manganese-superoxide dismutase albeit the absence of dioxygen.
CRITICAL REVIEW OF HUMAN ISOLATES OF WANGIELLA DERMATITIDIS

We studied critically 26 isolates that had been called Wangiella dermatitidis (including Kano's type culture) and were variously described in the literature as causal agents of chromoblastomycosis, chromomycosis, or phaeohyphomycosis. Only 21 ofthe 26 proved to be W. dermatitidis, on the basis of colonial and microscopic morphology, thermotolerance, decomposition of tyrosine, and exoantigen tests. Eighteen of the 21 confirmed isolates were from Japan, two from Taiwan, and one from the U.S. The remaining five isolates were identified as Exophiala jeanselmei (2), E. moniliae (2), and Fonsecaea pedrosoi (1). We also reviewed the clinical aspects of the infections, their treatment, and the histopathologic appearance of the etiologic agents in 21 cases of phaeohyphomycosis. Wangiella dermatitidis should be recognized as a dermatotropic as well as a neurotropic agent among the pathogenic dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. The high case-fatality rate (48%) caused by W. dermatitidis clearly emphasizes that this mould is an important agent of systemic phaeohyphomycosis with a marked tendency to invade the central nervous system. In the case reports, the indiscriminate use ofthe term "sclerotic cells" to describe the tissue forms of these fungi was not in accord with their true nature. In tissue they developed dark-walled mycelium, spherical cells, with or without buds or toruloid hyphae, either alone or in various combinations. The absence of muriform cells clearly showed that the patients had developed phaeohyphomycosis, not chromoblastomycosis. We propose that the ambiguous and inappropriate term "sclerotic cells" be replaced by the more appropriate term "muriform cells" to describe precisely the tissue form of the causal agents of chromoblastomycosis.
Resistance in Lycopersicon and Solanum Species to the Potato Aphid

Solunum Pennellii Correll and segregates of 5 accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum (L.) Mul. were resistant to Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) in the greenhouse at Beltsville, Maryland. The entanglement of the aphids in the heavy vesture of glandular hairs prevented colonization of S. pennellii , but physiological incompatibility appeared to be the reason that aphids failed to colonize the segregates of L. peruvianum , which have a sparse vesture of glandular hairs.
The Value of Graduate Education in Clinical Laboratory Science

We surveyed graduates (1969-1994) of a master of science program in clinical laboratory science, focusing on placement, salary, and satisfaction with their education. We mailed 51 surveys and received 42 responses, with 35 (83%) graduates recommending this type of program to other medical technologists. Most respondents have positions in research, academia, or as department heads and supervisors. Several respondents shared their “postgraduation reactions”. We also include a review of the Directory of Graduate Programs for Clinical Laboratory Practitioners, which provides information about graduate program selection criteria and requirements across the United States. We strongly recommend graduate education in clinical laboratory science for those individuals who want greater professional satisfaction, personal fulfillment, and employment opportunities.