cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New development alternatives or business as usual with a new face? The transformative potential of new actors and alliances in development

The state, market and civil society constitute the three main institutional domains of the ‘development’ landscape. Perceptions of these three actors have evolved over time alongside conceptualisations of what constitutes and best promotes ‘development’. The array of contributions in this special issue points towards a worrying implication for the transformative potential of development activities and interventions. While the new diversity in actors and alliances brings new opportunities for development, we see the majority placing the responsibility for development in the hands of the state and market. Furthermore, the hollowing out of civil society – apparent from the lack of priority given to it in the Global South and the promotion of development as ‘responsible consumerism’ in the North – represents a missed opportunity for consolidating the progress made in the commitment to poverty reduction since the UN Millennium Declaration. Reaching greater transformative potential would require focusing as muc...
Meiofaunal Colonization of Artificial Substrates in an Estuarine Embayment

. Artificial substrates were used to investigate the cryptic meiofauna of a Louisiana estuary. Three types of collectors were used as artificial habitats in colonization studies. Mesh collectors (composed of a plastic thread, approximately 74 m long, woven into a pad) and bottle brushes (with approximately 4400 plastic bristles per brush, each 2.5 mm long) were colonized equally well by meiofauna; Hester-Dendy plates with less structural complexity were colonized at a slower rate, especially by copepods. Nematodes and harpacticoid copepods were always the two most abundant meiofaunal taxa collected. Mesh collectors were retrieved in July and December after a 2-week colonization period to examine seasonal trends. Starting in December, a long-term colonization study was also performed to determine if an equilibrium abundance could be achieved; artificial substrates were collected after 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Meiofauna achieved high abundances (means ranged from 1000 – 20,000 individuals per collector) on artificial substrates regardless of season, and abundance was related to supply, water flow and capture efficiency of the substrates as well as behavior of the meiofauna. Copepod species diversity was low (6 species were observed in July and 11 in December). Diversity and evenness were significantly different between July and December, and among the three collections in the long-term study. The copepod species assemblage qualitatively differed between July and December. Our data suggest that an abundant and dynamic but understudied meiofaunal assemblage is present in this estuarine embayment. This assemblage is not associated with macroalgae but rather related to presence of hard substrates and seasonally abundant filamentous microalgae.
Argon Laser Treatment of Trichiasis

The argon laser was used to treat trichiasis in 44 patients over a five-year period. During follow-up intervals of between one month and more than four years (mean, 13 months), ablation of misdirected cilia was accomplished with one treatment in 26 patients (59%). No complications were observed. Laser is less effective than cryotherapy for destroying aberrant eyelashes, but cryotherapy is less precise and incites greater posttreatment inflammation. Argon laser treatment is a useful option when only a few, scattered eyelashes require ablation or in patients with disorders such as ocular pemphigoid, in which the stimulation of inflammation is undesirable.
Norepinephrine Homogeneously Inhibits α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate- (AMPAR-) Mediated Currents in All Layers of the Temporal Cortex of the Rat

The primary auditory cortex is subject to the modulation of numerous neurotransmitters including norepinephrine (NE), which has been shown to decrease cellular excitability by yet unclear mechanisms. We investigated the possibility that NE directly affects excitatory glutamatergic synapses. We found that bath applications of NE (20 microM) decreased glutamatergic excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) in all cortical layers. Changes in the kinetics of synaptic EPSCs, invariance of pair pulse ratio and of the coefficient-of-variation, together with the decrease of responses to pressure-application of AMPA (500 microM), indicated the postsynaptic nature of the adrenergic effect. Pharmacological experiments suggested that the NE-induced depression of EPSCs is caused by the activation of alpha1 adrenoceptors, PLC, and a Ca(2+)-independent PKC. We speculate that the decrease in temporal cortex excitability might promote a posterior-to-anterior shift in cortical activation together with a decrease in spontaneous background activity, resulting eventually in more effective sensory processing.
Catechols stimulate ferricyanide reduction in chloroplast photosystem II.

Abstract In isolated chloroplasts ( Spinacia oleracea ), where electron transport to Photosystem I is blocked by the plastoquinone antagonist, dibromothymoquinone, lipophilic catechols in concentrations of 50–150 μM stimulate ferricyanide reduction in Photosystem II and associated O 2 evolution. Non-permeating catechols, such as Tiron, are unable to stimulate this reaction. Those quinones, such as 2,5-dimethylbenzoquinone, which act as class III electron acceptors, do not lead to stimulation of ferricyanide reduction in Photosystem II or stimulation of associated O 2 evolution, when electron transport to Photosystem I is blocked by dibromoquinone. Stimulation of ferricyanide reduction is not observed in Tris-treated chloroplasts, implying that electron donation to Photosystem II by catechols is not responsible for the stimulation. Various mechanisms for this stimulation in class II chloroplasts are discussed.
Dielectric properties of boracites and evidence for ferroelectricity

Abstract The dielectric constants of Ni-Cl, Ni-Br, Co-Br and Co-I boracites have each a maximum at a temperature which coincides with that of a phase transformation we have observed optically. Motion of ferroelectric domain walls under an applied electric field has been sought for in Ni-Cl boracite and found to occur at temperatures as far as 80° below that of the phase transition.
Development of a literature monitoring system for clinical engineers

The production of an annotated bibliography of literature pertinent to clinical engineering is discussed. Dissemination of this bibliography by one or more of four alternatives is also discussed. Steps that will be taken to ensure timely dissemination of information are described. >
Analyzing Ca2+ Dynamics in Intact Epithelial Cells Using Spatially Limited Flash Photolysis

The production of saliva by parotid acinar cells is stimulated by Ca(2+) activation of Cl(-) and K(+) channels located in the apical plasma membrane of these polarized cells. Here we describe a paradigm for the focal photorelease of either Ca(2+) or an inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (InsP(3)) analog. The protocol is designed to be useful for investigating subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics in polarized cells with minimal experimental intervention. Parotid acinar cells are loaded with cell-permeable versions of the caged precursors (NP-EGTA-AM or Ci-InsP(3)/PM). Photolysis is accomplished using a spatially limited, focused diode laser, but the experiment can be readily modified to whole-field photolysis using a xenon flash lamp.
Assessment of febrile neonates according to low risk criteria for serious bacterial infection

Objective: It is propounded that febrile neonates with low risk criteria (LRC) can be carefully observed without parenteral antimicrobial therapy; but yet, reliability of LRC to exclude serious bacterial infection (SBI) is uncertain. Methods: The records of all febrile term neonates, seen in the emergency room and admitted in neonatal ward of 17 Shahrivar children's hospital of Rasht, Iran from January 2004 to January 2009 were reviewed. All of them underwent full sepsis workup. The prevalence of SBI in total population and LRC positive and negative neonates were calculated Findings: A total of 202 records of previously healthy febrile neonates were evaluated. SBI was shown in 38 (18.8%). The most common type of SBI was urinary tract infection (UTI). Sixty-two (31%) neonates had LRC, and only one (1.6%) had SBI (UTI with E. coli). SBI was significantly more common in neonates without LRC (26.6% versus 1.6%, P<0.001). The negative predictive value (NPV) of LRC to exclude SBI was 98.4% (95%confidence interval: 96.7% to 100%). Conclosion: These findings suggest that LRC may be relied upon to exclude SBI in febrile neonates. We propose that all febrile neonates be admitted, ill or LRC negative neonates should undergo a full sepsis work up and be administered systemic antibiotics immediately. LRC positive neonates should be under close observation.
Effect of sample tilt on nanoindentation behaviour of materials

Analysis of nanoindentation is based on the elastic solution of a rigid indenter perpendicularly penetrating a flat contact surface. In reality, nanoindentation is often performed on a tilt sample surface due to sample tilt mounting or the existing roughness of a polished or raw surface. In this study, finite element simulations as well as nanoindentation experiments on a fused-quartz sample with different tilt angles were carried out to investigate the influence of sample tilt on nanoindentation behaviour of materials. It was found that sample tilt results in increases in the indentation load, contact area and contact stiffness at the same penetration depth. The contact area increase caused by sample tilt cannot be accounted for by Sneddon's equation, commonly used in nanoindentation analysis. This results in a significant underestimation of indentation projected contact area, which in turn leads to an overestimation of the mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation.
Pronator teres transfer to correct pronation deformity of the forearm after an obstetrical brachial plexus injury

A pronation deformity of the forearm following an obstetric brachial plexus injury causes functional and cosmetic disability. We evaluated the results of pronator teres transfer to correct their deformity in 14 children treated over a period of four years. The mean age at surgery was 7.6 years (5 to 15). The indication for surgery in each case was impairment of active supination in a forearm that could be passively supinated provided that there was no medial contracture of the shoulder and normal function of the hand. The median follow-up was 20.4 months (8 to 42). No patient was lost to follow-up. Qualitative results were also assessed. The median active supination improved from 5° (0° to 10°) to 75° (70° to 80°) with no loss of pronation. A passively correctible pronation contracture can be corrected safely and effectively by the transfer of pronator teres.
Modulated sea surface radar scatterers at moderate grazing angles

The role of sea clutter spikes in the SAR imaging of sandbanks at 20° grazing angle and HH polarization is investigated. Experimental data is presented and analysed to obtain statistical properties of the spike intensities based on K distributions. The phase statistics are also investigated using a three channel ATI and the velocities of the spikes measured and shown to be consistent with metre scale gravity waves.
Extraction of Sources of Tremor in Hand Movements of Patients With Movement Disorders

This paper proposes an efficient method to acquire sources of tremor in patients with movement disorders based on blind source separation of convolutive mixtures. The extracted sources indicated neural activities that might be generated in the central nervous system. Four patients with essential tremor were tested in a set of movement tasks. Subjects wore a data glove that measured finger movements of the hand. The experimental data were then fed to a convolutive-mixture model, which revealed sources that imbibed in them the tremor frequency components of 2--8 Hz. Time--frequency analysis of these sources might be of potential help to clinicians to devise tasks that can manifest visible tremor from patients.
M theory as a matrix model: A conjecture

We suggest and motivate a precise equivalence between uncompactified 11-dimensional $M$ theory and the $N=\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit of the supersymmetric matrix quantum mechanics describing $D0$ branes. The evidence for the conjecture consists of several correspondences between the two theories. As a consequence of supersymmetry the simple matrix model is rich enough to describe the properties of the entire Fock space of massless well separated particles of the supergravity theory. In one particular kinematic situation the leading large distance interaction of these particles is exactly described by supergravity. The model appears to be a nonperturbative realization of the holographic principle. The membrane states required by $M$ theory are contained as excitations of the matrix model. The membrane world volume is a noncommutative geometry embedded in a noncommutative spacetime.
Exploring the Relationships of Grading, Sizing, and Anthropometric Data

Grading is the process used to accomplish the sizing of manufactured clothing. The focus of our research was to question the belief that the foundation for grading is size measurements that are bas...
The effect of anthropogenic habitat usage on the social behaviour of a vulnerable species, Cyclura nubila

With the increasing human population world-wide, animals and humans are sharing more habitat. In this study, we consider the consequences of this habitat usage overlap on the behaviour patterns and social structure of a threatened species. Specifically, we used focal animal samples to collect data on the Cuban rock iguana, Cyclura nubila, in six field sites. Three of these sites are subject to considerable anthropogenic habitat usage, whereas three are in relatively low anthropogenic usage areas. Individuals in high anthropogenic usage sites were more closely assembled, with more males and females sharing a smaller amount of space. These animals exhibited even more aggressive behaviour and social interactions than expected when taking into account the larger number of possible interactants. High anthropogenic usage sites also had more male‐male interactions and fewer males interacting with females. We suggest that social and mating system changes have occurred. Ramifications of these recent changes in the behavioural repertoires on the long-term survival of the species are discussed.
IDENTIFYING CONTAGION RISK IN THE INTERNATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM: AN EXTREME VALUE THEORY APPROACH

In this article, we use the extreme value theory framework to analyse contagion risk across the international banking system. We test for the likelihood that an extreme shock affecting a major, systemic global bank would also affect another large local or foreign counterpart, and vice versa. Our results reveal several key trends among major global banks: contagion risk among banks exhibits ‘home bias’, individual banks are affected differently by idiosyncratic shocks to their major counterparts and banks are affected differently by common shocks to the real economy or financial markets. In general, bank soundness seems more susceptible to common (macro and market) shocks when the global environment is turbulent; this may have important implications for global financial stability especially during stressful periods. Not surprisingly, our findings also suggest that bank contagion risk has risen over time, which emphasizes the need for continuing collaboration on cross-border supervision and crisis management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marketing Professors’ Perspectives on the Cost of College Textbooks: A Pilot Study

Textbooks are an integral component of the higher education process. However, a great deal of concern about the high costs of college textbooks has been expressed by those inside and outside of higher education. The authors focus on the results of a pilot study of a survey of marketing professors’ criteria and use of textbooks and their reactions to some of the changes that have been implemented or may be implemented by universities, state legislatures, and publishers to combat these cost escalations. Findings indicate that respondents appear to have strong resistance to university, legislative, and publisher actions that infringe on their options in selecting textbooks and how long they would have to use a specific textbook before replacing it with a newer edition. This was particularly true of a university policy requiring low-cost textbooks be adopted, requiring instructors to keep textbooks for all classes for at least 3 years, requiring publishers to send an invoice after a 30-day review period, and ...
Estimation of probabilities from sparse data for the language model component of a speech recognizer

The description of a novel type of m-gram language model is given. The model offers, via a nonlinear recursive procedure, a computation and space efficient solution to the problem of estimating probabilities from sparse data. This solution compares favorably to other proposed methods. While the method has been developed for and successfully implemented in the IBM Real Time Speech Recognizers, its generality makes it applicable in other areas where the problem of estimating probabilities from sparse data arises.
Iron-Sulfur Flavoprotein (Isf) from Methanosarcina thermophila Is the Prototype of a Widely Distributed Family

A total of 35 homologs of the iron-sulfur flavoprotein (Isf) from Methanosarcina thermophila were identified in databases. All three domains were represented, and multiple homologs were present in several species. An unusually compact cysteine motif ligating the 4Fe-4S cluster in Isf is conserved in all of the homologs except two, in which either an aspartate or a histidine has replaced the second cysteine in the motif. A phylogenetic analysis of Isf homologs identified four subgroups, two of which were supported by bootstrap data. Three homologs from metabolically and phylogenetically diverse species in the Bacteria and Archaea domains (Af3 from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Cd1 from Clostridium difficile, and Mj2 from Methanococcus jannaschii) were overproduced in Escherichia coli. Each homolog purified as a homodimer, and the UV-visible absorption spectra were nearly identical to that of Isf. After reconstitution with iron, sulfide, and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) the homologs contained six to eight nonheme iron atoms and 1.6 to 1.7 FMN molecules per dimer, suggesting that two 4Fe-4S or 3Fe-4S clusters and two FMN cofactors were bound to each dimer, which is consistent with Isf data. Homologs Af3 and Mj2 were reduced by CO in reactions catalyzed by cell extract of acetate-grown M. thermophila, but Cd1 was not. Homologs Af3 and Mj2 were reduced by CO in reactions catalyzed by A. fulgidus and M. jannaschii cell extracts. Cell extract of Clostridium thermoaceticum catalyzed CO reduction of Cd1. Our database sequence analyses and biochemical characterizations indicate that Isf is the prototype of a family of iron-sulfur flavoproteins that occur in members of all three domains.
Reaction enthalpies as selection criteria for tribological coatings

A wide range of coatings are used for a variety of applications. Selection criteria for these coatings include coating-substrate adhesion, hardness, melting temperature, coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch, corrosion resistance, and cost. A factor often ignored is the possibility of reaction between the coating and the other surface which it contacts during use. This is especially important when frictional forces produce enough heat to locally melt asperities or even cause friction welding, as that heat will enhance the likelihood of chemical reactions at the interface. One aspect of this is to consider the reaction enthalpies between coatings and the surfaces they contact during operation. We explore the use of reaction enthalpies between coatings and opposing surfaces as a criteria for selecting coatings. Simple thermodynamic calculations are presented for several couples of coating - opposing surfaces. Conclusions are drawn about the relevance based on experimental evidence.
Diversity and Prevalence of PorA Types in Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B in the United States, 1992–1998

Two hundred eighty-one sporadic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B isolates, collected through active laboratory-based surveillance, were selected to be analyzed by PorA variable region (VR) typing to determine the prevalence of PorA types in the United States. A substantial number of distinct VR types were identified, 31 in VR1 and 41 in VR2. A total of 73 different PorA types were found, and 76. 7% of these types comprise nonprototype sequences in VR1, VR2, or both. The most prevalent PorA types were P1.7,16-20 (previously P1.7, 16i), P1.22,14, P1.22-1,14 (previously P1.22a,14), P1.7,16, P1.7-1,1 (previously P1.7d,1), P1.19,15, and P1.17,16-3 (previously P1.B,16d). No correlation was observed between the PorA types and geographic origin of the isolates. These data may aid in the design of an efficacious outer membrane protein-based vaccine by identifying the most appropriate PorA types for vaccine formulation. Studies are needed to fully evaluate the extent of cross-protection in humans among the variants and prototypes in each PorA VR family.
Acute Exposure Research with Organic Solvents: The NIOSH Experience

Des travaux sur les effets aigus chez l'etre humain de l'exposition aux solvants ont ete menes par l'Institut National de la Sante et de la Securite au Travail depuis sa fondation (1970). Les recherches ont porte sur les milieux confines ou non et de gros efforts ont ete faits pour diffuser nos connaissances sous forme de conferences, d'ateliers, de bulletins d'information, de documents normatifs et de publications des recherches experimentales. Les recherches en milieu confine se sont d'abord focalisees sur les effets neurocomportementaux subcliniques qui peuvent apparaitre chez les travailleurs suite a une exposition professionnelle. On a etudie la combinaison des solvants entre eux et l'association avec des drogues, la cafeine et l'alcool. II faudrait a l'avenir s'interesser non seulement aux caracteristiques physiologiques, neurocomportementales et biochimiques de base des effets de l'exposition aux solvants, mais aussi a d'autres variables qui peuvent etre importantes dans l'evaluation des risques sur le lieu de travail. Ces variables regroupent la charge de travail physique, l'exposition a plusieurs solvants associes, l'exposition conjointe a des agents physiques et chimiques, l'interaction entre de medicaments absorbes pour traiter des troubles chroniques et l'exposition a un milieu chimiquement pollue. Research on the acute effects of solvent exposures in humans has been supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health since the establishment of the Institute in 1970. Both extramural and intramural laboratory and field research has been undertaken, and there have also been extensive efforts to disseminate resultant information about the acute effects of solvent exposures. Information dissemination has included conference and workshop proceedings, current intelligence bulletins, criteria documents, and journal publications of research experiments. NIOSH intramural research has concentrated primarily on the subclinical neurobehavioural effects that may occur in workers in response to workplace exposures. The experiments have studied solvent combinations, and solvents combined with drugs, caffeine, and alcohol. Future research on the acute effects of solvent exposures should concentrate not only on basic pharmacokinetic, physiological, and neurobehavioural characterisations of effects, but on other variables that may be of consequence in assessing workplace risks. These variables include: physical workload, exposures to combinations of solvents, combined exposures to chemical and physical agents, and interactions between chemical exposures and medications used to treat chronic medical problems.
The Umweltmulti Arrives: Greenpeace and Grass Roots Environmentalism in West Germany

From the mid-1970s, Greenpeace began to expand its influence beyond its original base in North America. As it did so, it encountered an array of environmentalist and social movement cultures in the various countries in which it sought to set up branches. This article focusses on the establishment of the West German branch in the early 1980s. It analyses the friction Greenpeace — by then an increasingly professional organisation with a hierarchical structure — caused when it entered a West German environmentalist culture that was committed to grass roots democracy and consensus politics.
How U.S. children's hospitals use social media: A mixed methods study.

Abstract Background Social media provide new channels for hospitals to engage with communities, a goal of increasing importance as non-profit hospitals face stricter definitions of community benefit under the Affordable Care Act. We describe the variability in social media presence among US children's hospitals and the distribution of their Facebook content curation. Methods Social media data from freestanding children's hospitals were extracted from September–November 2013. Social media adoption was reviewed for each hospital-generated Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google+ and Pinterest platform. Facebook page (number of Likes) and Twitter account (number of followers) engagement were examined by hospital characteristics. Facebook posts from each hospital over a 6-week period were thematically characterized. Results We reviewed 5 social media platforms attributed to 45 children's hospitals and 2004 associated Facebook posts. All hospitals maintained Facebook and Twitter accounts and most used YouTube (82%), Google+ (53%) and Pinterest (69%). Larger hospitals were more often high performers for Facebook (67% versus 10%, p Conclusions Social media adoption by US children's hospitals was widespread. Implications Beyond its traditional marketing role, social media can serve as a conduit for health education, engagement with communities, including community benefit.
Developing Education: Goals and Outcomes of French-Funded Catholic Schools in Benin and Senegal, 1946 - 1975

Starting in 1946, the French government invested an unprecedented amount of money in its overseas territories through FIDES, a French acronym for Investment Funds for Economic and Social Development. Catholic schools were among the projects financed. Focusing on Benin and Senegal, this paper analyzes the stated goals and justification for such an investment. It compares this rationale to the educational outcomes of the schools as experienced by the students who attended them, as well as reported by officials. Throughout the late colonial and early independence era, education remained a crucial arena for debating how best to shape changing societies. Based upon archival research in France, Senegal, and Benin, as well as interviews with former students, this paper demonstrates that unintended consequences as well as differing local circumstances in Benin and Senegal greatly influenced the evolution of Catholic education. This paper considers how a growing international community of development “experts,” Catholic organizations, as well as local actors shaped these debates and influenced policy. These actors help explain some of the shifts and continuities that occurred after independence, when FIDES changed names and became Cooperation.
Core Competencies in Geriatric Dentistry Fellowship Programs: a Delphi Study

Purpose/Objectives The healthcare workforce is challenged with preparing for the increasing number of older persons and complexities of their healthcare needs. Fellowship trained geriatric dentists are charged with the task of addressing the dental needs of this vastly growing cohort.The purpose of this study is to formulate a set of competencies for Geriatric Dental Fellowship Training Programs. Methods The Delphi technique—a series of three rounds of anonymous questionnaires to obtain the opinions of experts without bringing them together. Results In Round 1, we proposed 45 competencies based on findings in previous literature. In Round 2, there were 19 respondents whose edits narrowed our list to 39 competencies proposed by the participants. In Round 3, based on group consensus we formulated a final list of 42 competencies. Conclusion Utilizing the Delphi process, a panel of geriatric dental experts identified a set of core competencies for curriculums in dental fellowship programs.
Accommodating the Administrative State: The Interrelationship between the Chevron and Nondelegation

Accommodating the Administrative State: The Interrelationship Between the Chevron and Nondelegation Doctrines addresses the interrelationship between two of the more prominent doctrines in administrative law - the nondelegation doctrine and the Chevron doctrine. The article argues that even though the Chevron doctrine has come under intense criticism, it is the logical result of how the nondelegation doctrine has evolved since the late 1930s. During the constitutional revolution of the New Deal, the Court adopted a deferential model of the nondelegation doctrine, enabling Congress to delegate broad regulatory powers to administrative agencies. This deferential model has become so accepted by the courts that not once since the New Deal has the nondelegation doctrine been used to strike down a congressional enactment. The Chevron doctrine, however, has not been so universally accepted. This doctrine contradicts traditional legal principles by giving to administrative agencies the power to interpret the statutes they administer, hence requiring courts to defer to agencies on questions of law. Many critics argue that Chevron violates separation of powers, since it gives to the executive branch a power traditionally exercised by the judiciary. Contrary to this position, the article argues that Chevron is a necessary and logical extension of the generally accepted nondelegation doctrine. In essence, both doctrines have become necessary to support and sustain the modern administrative state.
Mars Recon naissance Orbiter: The History of Supporting the Phoenix Lander

The Mars Phoenix Lander arrived at Mars in May of 2008. Relying exclusively upon the Mars 2001 Odyssey spacecraft and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to transmit operations data to and from Earth, the Phoenix project recently concluded a highly successful mission, having confirm ed the presence of water ice on the surface of Mars . Al most al l of the scientific and operational data acquired by the vehicle was relayed to Earth by the two orbiting assets. This report outlines some of the experiences of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter project in pr eparing for the arrival of Phoenix at Mars and the support provided to the lander after arrival. Strategies and lessons for successfully operating a relay network are iterated w ith discussion on the successes and failure s of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbite r project and the remainder of the “Mars Network” to implement them. Finally, results of the operational experience are tabulated and discussed. I. The 2008 Mars Relay Network URING the middle of 2008 , there w ere six spacecraft at Mars that could communica te with each other in a “relay network,” as in Fig . 1. The twin Mars Exploration Rovers ( MERs ), Spirit and Opportunity, arrived at Mars in January 2004, and they have been relaying data to Earth via the Mars 2001 Odyssey orbiter since that time. The Mars Express Orbiter has been in orbit at Mars since just before the arrival of the rovers and has performed several relay tests with the m, but has not served as a primary relay asset. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) arrived at Mars in 2005 and has rece ntly concluded its primary science mission , but it has not to date been providing primary relay support for either of the rovers . Most recently, the Phoenix lander arrived in May of 2008 and utilized both Odyssey and MRO for primary relay operations durin g its five month mission . This paper outlines the experience of the MRO project as it relates to preparing for the arrival of the Phoenix lander at Mars, recording data as transmitted from the lander during its entry, descent, and landing (EDL) on Mars; an d serving as a relay asset to Phoenix throughout its surface mission. The challenges of clearly defining the interface s between the projects, the test strategy and schedule for ensuring these interfaces, and the actual support plans will be outlined. In addition, the as -flown experience of supporting the Phoenix lander during its mission, along with technical issues that were encountered and addressed will be discussed. Interspersed throughout this paper are lessons that were initially documented shortly after Spirit and Opportunity landed on Mars about ways to improve relay operations. The reader is encouraged to review that earlier report (see Ref. 2) to learn more about the context in which the lessons were generated. This paper will comment on those lessons with an eye towards further improvement for future Mars relay network activities. Finally, several new lessons that were learned from the 2008 experience will be outlined.
Relation of the Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection to Various Strategies for Its Control

This paper reviews functionally important insights into the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The major sequela of this infection is early and progressive involvement of the immune system, with widespread immune dysfunction. This pathogenetic feature has a major impact on strategies for control of the infection. The immunosuppression caused by the virus leads to higher levels of viral replication and enhanced potential for development or selection of variant viruses, including forms that are more virulent or even drug resistant. Therefore, control of HIV infection and disease may require antiviral agents and CD4 receptor competitors as well as recombinant DNA-derived lymphokines and subunit vaccine immunotherapies. To be successful, such therapies must work to counter infection in monocytes and nonlymphoid cells as well as in T4 lymphocytes. Because many limbs of the immune system are affected by HIV infection, the complexities of this pathogen can be unraveled only by the careful study of immune functions during the disease and of effective interventions to control infection and disease and to restore immune functions.
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in South African Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Mechanism of Resistance to β-Lactam Antibiotics

Multiply antibiotic-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae appeared in South Africa in 1977. In these organisms resistance to chloramphenicol is caused by an inducible, drug-inactivating enzyme; however, the basis for resistance to other antibiotics is unknown. Pneumococci with increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics do not produce beta-lactamases, a finding indicating the presence of intrinsic resistance to these drugs. One approach to the understanding of the mechanism of this resistance was to study the pattern of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in the South African pneumococci. With the use of highly radioactive penicillin to label PBPs in vivo, it was found that the South African pneumococci have a PBP pattern that differs from that of the sensitive laboratory strain R6 in several respects. Differences include (1) a lack of PBPs la and lb; (2) the presence of a new, faster moving protein (lower molecular weight), named PBP lc; (3) an apparent decrease in the affinity of PBP 2a for [3H]penicillin; and (4) a lack of PBP 2b. Taking advantage of the fact that penicillin resistance is a property acquired in a stepwise process, a series of isogenic and progressively more resistant transformants was constructed. DNA from the resistant South African strain 8249 of S. pneumoniae was used as the donor in a series of transformations for which the recipients were either strain R6 or transformants of organisms with lower levels of resistance. In vivo labeling of the PBPs of these transformants revealed a gradual shift from a pattern similar to that of the sensitive strain (in the transformants of lower resistance) to a pattern resembling that of the highly resistant donor strain (in the transformants of higher resistance) as the level of penicillin resistance increased.
The Revolutionary Black Novels of Martin R. Delany and Sutton Griggs

From the outset of the Black experience in America there has existed a plethora of interpretations of what role blacks do have in the operation and values of the country, as well as of how blacks should respond to the country and its laws and institutions-and ambivalence has always prevailed. The early arguments (white initiated, but, in part, black endorsed) ran: slavery is not the best of conditions, and it is, indeed, trying to be considered a cipher in the eyes of both social convention and the law, but there is an opportunity to have a religious experience [read: Christian experience] which otherwise would be lacking in black lives. It never was a good argument, of course, and it broke down for most people, black and white, who could think at all by the turn of the nineteenth century. But later a more perplexing ambivalence emerged-made more perplexing by the fact that, following Emancipation, blacks did seem to have some options-oppression (social, political, economic, and legal) on one hand, as against the promise (and occasional actuality) of opportunity in all of those areas, on the other. Was open revolt still called for? If so, to what specific end? Or should America and her various corruptions simply be abandoned? If so, in favor of what new geographical location? Or was perpetual "in-house" agitation against injustice the most practical course of action? Obviously, given the relatively few revolts and the relatively few blacks who have abandoned America-historically, most black Americans have chosen this last option. It is probably equally accurate to say, however, that many of the best black minds have argued, with conviction and logic, the wisdom of the other positions. Two such thinkers and writers were Martin R. Delany, a physician and social theorist, and Sutton Griggs, a Baptist minister and race lecturer. What these men have in common is that they wrote the only two revolutionary novels written by black Americans in the nineteenth century, Delany's Blake; or, The Huts of America (published serially, intermittently, between 1859 and 1862), and Griggs's Imperium in Imperio (1899). The theories of black revolution in the novels, however, take substantially different directions. Delany, writing before the Emancipation Proclamation,
The Drift From Convention to Crime Exploring the Relationship Between Co-Offending and Intermittency

This article conceptualizes intermittency in the form of Matza’s drift and assesses the relationship between co-offending and intermittency to determine whether the gap between offenses is influenced by a situation of company. Using the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort, we explore the age/intermittency curve for the entire sample and lifetime co-, solo-, and mixed offenders to determine whether co-offending during the life-course influences intermittency. We devote particular attention to lifetime mixed offenders, who exhibit variation between co-offending and solo-offending, by using survival analysis to predict the risk of re-offending (i.e., time to re-offense) when the immediately prior offense was a co-offense. Findings suggest that lifetime mixed offenders have the shortest average gaps between offenses. Among mixed offenders, an immediately prior co-offense is related to a significantly lower risk of re-offending (longer time between offenses). The results do not support a relationship between a situ...
Bragg Reflection and Phonon Folding Effects on Hopping Magnetoconductance in Superlattices

Transport in quantum microstructures (QMS) manifests such fundamental phenomena as quantum interference and electron localization. QMS can be designed to achieve arbitrary spectra of electronic states and are flexible to geometrical confinement providing new windows for technological innovation(see e.g.[1]). In the present paper we investigate the conductance mechanisms in Quantum Box Superlattices (QBSL), with discrete transverse spectrum, an demonstrate that a set of minima (antiresonances) occurs in the current-voltage characteristics. This effect may arise i) owing to the Bragg reflection (momentum selection rule for the interaction of acoustic phonons with the Wannier-Stark (WS) localized electrons) and ii) due to the gaps in folded phonon spectrum. We find that due to the electron localization in high electric field the longitudinal magnetoresistance of superlattices is negative is negative over substantial range of magnetic field.
Reading the Requerimiento Performatively: Speech Acts and the Conquest of the New World

I later asked Dr. Palacios Rubios, in 1516 (because he had composed the Requerimiento), if the Christian conscience was appeased by the Requerimiento, and he told me yes, if I had given it as the R...
Analysis on Influencing Factors of Blood Pressure of Workers with High Temperatures Exposure in Iron and Steel Enterprises

[Objective] To analyze the related risk factors of hypertension for high temperature operation workers, and provide scientific basis for controlling it.[Methods] A total of 1252 workers engaged in steel making, continuous casting, rolling, crane as the high temperature group, and 351 workers of the shop management, scheduling as the control group. 10 indicators of environmental factors, lifestyle factors, work experience, physical examination, etc, which might harm the blood pressure of operating workers, were selected and quantitatively classified.[Results] The prevalence of hypertension among workers with high temperature exposure was 12.23%. Factor analysis showed that high temperature and operating time, ECG and gender factors have relations with the prevalence of hypertension.[Conclusion]The main blood pressure influencing factors of workers with high temperature exposure are time, temperature and gender.
A study of renal carbonic anhydrase.

Renal carbonic anhydrase from the dog and rat is found chiefly in the supernatant fraction. Based on molar activity and inhibition kinetics, the cytoplasmic enzyme has properties closely akin to the human red cell fraction C, which may be taken as a prototype for most vertebrate tissue and red cell enzymes. The data show that acetazolamide and allied drugs can readily inhibit >99% of cytoplasmic enzyme in vivo at low (5-20 mg/kg) doses. A smaller but definite concentration of enzyme is found in microsomes; on the basis of present criteria this enzyme is different from that of the supernatant. Although somewhat higher concentrations of drugs are necessary for inhibition of microsomal enzyme, these are still within the range attainable in vivo . Physiological manifestations of the system are discussed.
A Generic Framework for Engaging Online Data Sources in Introductory Programming Courses

This paper presents work on a code framework and methodology to facilitate the introduction of large, real-time, online data sources into introductory (or advanced) Computer Science courses. The framework is generic in the sense that no prior scaffolding or template specification is needed to make the data accessible, as long as the source uses a standard format such as XML, CSV, or JSON. The implementation described here maintains minimal syntactic overhead while relieving novice programmers from low-level issues of parsing raw data from a web-based data source. It interfaces directly with data structures and representations defined by the students themselves, rather than predefined and supplied by the library. Together, these features allow students and instructors to focus on algorithmic aspects of processing a wide variety of live and large data sources, without having to deal with low-level connection, parsing, extraction, and data binding. The library, available at http://cs.berry.edu/big-data, has been used in an introductory programming course based on Processing.
Hemodynamics and Microcirculation

This chapter presents various problems related to hemodynamics and microcirculation, which include the fraction of the TPR due to the kidneys when about 20% of the cardiac output at rest goes to the kidneys; and the aggregate resistance of the arterioles assuming Poiseuille flow when there are 1 х 10 7 arterioles, the diameter is 50 х 10 -4 cm, length is 1 cm, and viscosity of blood is 3 х 10 -3 Pa s.
Modifying Dendritic Structure After Function

Neurons develop highly specialized dendritic architecture for certain operations of information processing in the brain. In this chapter, we review the development and regulation of characterized patterns of dendritic morphology and arrangement of bipolar neurons in the auditory brainstem, an excellent example of highly specialized dendritic architecture for their function in temporal coding and coincidence detection. We describe dramatic dynamics of the dendrites in both developing and mature systems and discuss the role of afferent synaptic input in influencing both the size of dendritic tree and the pattern of dendritic arborizations. The unique dendritic structure of these neurons provides an advantageous model for further understanding of the specific roles of neurotransmission, calcium signaling, protein synthesis, and cytoskeletal regulation in this important form of brain dynamics. Importantly, these neurons are highly conserved structurally and functionally across vertebrates including humans, emphasizing stereotyped dendritic regulation that is evolutionarily conserved for fundamental information processing operations in the vertebrate brain.
Unique Extrancranial-to-Intracranial Neovascularization Found on Diagnostic Angiography Prior to Skull Base Atypical Grade 2 Meningioma Resection: A Case Report and Hypothesis

Meningiomas are common intracranial tumors that can have a complex arterial supply. In a patient with a recurrent large left clinoid aypical grade 2 meningioma, diagnostic angiography revealed left proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and reconstitution of the MCA circulation from the left middle meningeal artery. Consequently, the planned surgical approach was adjusted to preserve the left external carotid artery circulation in a difficult meningioma resection. This case illustrates a role for preoperative angiography in surgical planning of patients with complex skull base tumors involving intracranial vascular structures and highlights the unique neovascularization that often occurs as meningiomas parasitize the exracranial blood supply.