cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resilience of a heavily logged grove of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in Kings Canyon National Park, California

Abstract The Big Stump Grove of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) Buchholz) was heavily logged between 1883 and 1889 and the stand naturally regenerated from seed following logging. In 1968, as part of a 100% sequoia tree inventory, all living sequoias (n = 3587) and dead trees and stumps (n=588) were measured (diameter at breast height, dbh) and mapped. A comparison of pre- to post-logging (85 years later in 1968) stand characteristics showed the estimated basal area of 56.7 m2 ha−1 in the pre-cut 1883 Big Stump Grove was very similar to the population mean basal area of 30 other giant sequoia groves (with more than 30 trees) in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Sequoia density in 1968 was 1.5 times higher than the population mean, and over 45% of the basal area had been recovered after only 85 years. Assuming most re-establishment occurred over roughly a 9 year period (1883–1892), the diameter growth rate of trees less than 1.95 m dbh, averaged 6.1–6.8 mm year−1 but greatly varied as the 24 trees in the 1.8 m size class had a mean diameter growth rate of 21–24 mm year−1. Data generated by dividing the grove into 0.25 ha contiguous plots indicated that only about 3.3 ha of the pre-cut 1883 grove did not have sequoia regeneration whereas 16.5 ha of the 1968 grove had sequoia regeneration but no sign of logs or stumps. The proportion of only-regeneration plots was significantly greater (P
Deficits in E2-dependent control of feeding, weight gain, and cholecystokinin satiation in ER-alpha null mice

To test the role of gene expression of the classical ER (ER alpha) in the inhibitory effects of E on food intake and body weight, we ovariectomized and administered E2 benzoate (75 pg/d) or vehicle to wild-type (WT) mice and mice with a null mutation of ER alpha (alpha ERKO). Mice were ovariectomized at age 9 wk, at which time there was no significant effect of genotype on food intake or body weight. During an 18-d test after recovery from ovariectomy, vehicle-treated WT mice increased daily food intake and gained more body weight than E2-treated WT mice, whereas food intake and body weight gain were not different in E2- and vehicle-treated alpha ERKO mice. Carcass analysis revealed parallel changes in body lipid content, but not water or protein content. Because an increase in the potency of the peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK) satiation-signaling system mediates part of E2's influence on feeding in rats, the influence of ip injections of 250 microg of the selective CCK(A) receptor antagonist devazepide was then tested. Devazepide increased 3-h food intake in E2-treated WT mice, but was ineffective in both groups of alpha ERKO mice. Furthermore, ip injections of 4 microg/kg CCK-8 increased the number of cells expressing c-Fos immunoreactivity in the nuclei of the solitary tract of E2-treated WT mice more than it did in vehicle-treated WT mice, whereas E2 had no such effect in alpha ERKO mice. Thus, ER alpha is necessary for normal responsivity of food intake, body weight, adiposity, and the peripheral CCK satiation-signaling system to E2 in mice, and ER beta is not sufficient for any of these effects. This is the first demonstration that ER alpha gene expression is involved in the estrogenic control of feeding behavior and weight regulation of female mice.
Photodissociation of heptane isomers and relative ionization efficiencies of butyl and propyl radicals at 157 nm.

We report an ion imaging and time-of-flight mass spectroscopy study of the photodissociation of a variety of heptane isomers using 157 nm dissociation and ionization. Time-of-flight mass spectra show that C3H7 + C4H9 is the dominant detected product channel following one-color 157 nm dissociation/ionization of heptanes. The results further allow determination of the relative ionization efficiencies of 1- and 2-butyl and propyl radicals at 157 nm. Momentum matching for the two radical products indicates that, for the C3–C4 products, neutral dissociation followed by ionization is the main source of the detected signals. The images show isotropic angular distributions and the translational energy distributions peak at very low energy, with only ∼0.3 eV or 8% of the available energy appearing in translation. This is consistent with dissociation from the ground state or low-lying triplet states following non-radiative electronic relaxation.
Calculation of Local Elastic Constants at a Metallic Grain Boundary

A new atomistic-simulation method for calculating the full local elastic-constant tensor in terms of local stress and local strain for inhomogeneous systems is described. Results of simulations of an isolated high-angle twist grain boundary are presented. A dramatic reduction in resistance to shear parallel to the grain boundary is observed, and its relation to structural disorder is discussed.
The Impact of Congregational Characteristics on Conflict-Related Exit*

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of congregational characteristics on conflict-related exit. Using a conflict theoretical perspective, this article explores factors that put congregations at a higher risk of developing conflict-related exit, including the characteristics of their leaders, the social composition of their members, and their theological perspectives. Multivariate analysis of data from the National Congregations Study (NCS) shows that the probability of conflict-related exit is lower among congregations with older leaders and racially and economically homogeneous members, and is higher among congregations involved with the charismatic movement. A possible connection between some organizational characteristics and local congregational culture models developed by Becker is discussed.
The IRF-2 DNA binding domain facilitates the activation of the class II transactivator (CIITA) type IV promoter by IRF-1.

IFN-γ induced transcription of class II transactivator (CIITA), a major regulator of MHC class II gene expression, is directed by the CIITA type IV promoter. The IFN-γ activation of the CIITA type IV promoter is mediated by STAT1 and IRF-1, which bind to the GAS and IRF-E of the promoter, respectively. We and others have determined that IRF-2, another member of the IRF family, also activates the CIITA type IV promoter, by binding to the IRF-E. Also, IRF-2 cooperates with IRF-1 to activate the promoter. DNA binding analyses determined that IRF-1 and IRF-2 can co-occupy the IRF-E of the CIITA type IV promoter. To further understand the mechanism of IRF-1 and IRF-2 cooperativity in the activation of CIITA type IV promoter, we characterized the binding of IRF-1 and IRF-2 to the CIITA IRF-E and mapped the domains of IRF-2 required for the cooperative transactivation. Off-rate experiments revealed that the IRF-2/IRF-E complex was more stable than the IRF-1/IRF-E complex and that the affinity of IRF-1 for the IRF-E was increased when IRF-1 co-occupied the IRF-E with IRF-2. Deletion analysis of functional domains of IRF-2 revealed that a previously described latent activation domain of IRF-2 was essential for IRF-2 transactivation and participated in cooperative activation of the CIITA promoter by IRF-1 and IRF-2. However, the DNA binding domain of IRF-2 was sufficient for cooperativity with IRF-1 in the activation of the CIITA type IV promoter. DNA binding assay demonstrated that, like the full-length IRF-2, the IRF-2 DNA binding domain could co-occupy the CIITA IRF-E with IRF-1.
Disarmament, Arms Control, and Peace in the Nuclear Age: Political Objectives and Relevant Research

The present paper differentiates the political objectives of nuclear disarmament, nuclear arms control, and peace, and it selectively reviews psychological research relevant to each of these areas. The term nuclear disarmament—originally intended to indicate the complete elimination of nuclear weapons—is now commonly used to describe the reduction of any militarily operational nuclear weapons. Nuclear arms control, or the regulation of the nuclear arms race, includes attempts to (a) reduce the perceived probability that nuclear weapons will be used; (b) limit damage in the event that nuclear weapons are used, intentionally or unintentionally; (c) reduce the economic burden posed by various weapon systems; or (d) improve international relations through military restraint. In contrast to nuclear arms control and nuclear disarmament, there is no generally accepted definition of peace in the nuclear age. Peace has been defined variously as (a) the prevention or cessation of armed conflict, (b) a state of active cooperation, or (c) a condition resulting from the absence of unmet needs.
Initial growth of Cu films on oxygen covered W(110)

Abstract The growth of Cu films on the p(2 × 1)O-W(110) and (1 × 1)O-W(110) surfaces has been monitored using specular He scattering. Deposition at temperatures below 200 K leads to rough films on both surfaces. Deposition at T > 300 K leads to phase separation of Cu and O on the p(2 × 1)O-W(110) surface. Deposition at 300 K on the higher oxygen coverage surface leads to films which are nearly as smooth as these deposited on clean W(110). Deposition at 800 K leads to needle-like crystallite formation without an initial continuous film.
Association Between Maternal Mood and Oxytocin Response to Breastfeeding

Abstract Background: Postpartum depression is associated with reduced breastfeeding duration. We previously hypothesized that shared neuroendocrine mechanisms underlie this association. We sought to measure the association between maternal mood and neuroendocrine response to breastfeeding. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of women recruited during pregnancy who intended to breastfeed. Baseline depression and anxiety history were assessed with a structured clinical interview. We measured mood symptoms using validated psychometric instruments, and we quantified affect and neuroendocrine responses to breastfeeding during laboratory visits at 2 and 8 weeks postpartum. Results: We recruited 52 women who intended to breastfeed, among whom 47 completed 8-week follow-up. Duration and intensity of breastfeeding through 8 weeks were similar among mothers with lower versus higher anxiety and depression scores. In the third trimester, oxytocin was inversely correlated with Edinburgh Postnatal Depress...
Heavy-meromyosin-decorated actin filaments: A simple method to preserve actin filaments for rotary shadowing

Abstract It has become accepted that deep-freeze-drying at or below −90°C is necessary to preserve the structure of supramolecular assemblies such as actin filaments (AFs) for metal shadowing. This has kept the metal shadowing technique from widespread use in the study of proteins complexed with AFs because of the limited availability of the apparatus for deep-freeze-drying. I report here that adsorption to freshly cleaved mica, treatment with buffered uranyl acetate in glycerol solution, rinsing, and removal of liquid eliminate the need of freeze-drying to preserve the structure of AFs. This technique, in combination with metal shadowing, was applied to the study of AFs decorated with heavy meromyosin (HMM). It was observed that (1) when HMM molecules are associated with single AFs in the majority of cases only one head of each HMM molecule makes contact at the point furthest from the neck region; (2) binding of HMM causes bundling of AFs, probably by the two heads of each molecule binding different filaments; and (3) the binding of HMM to the bundled AFs appears to be more stable than that to a single AF. This method of specimen preparation requires no freeze-drying and is therefore easily applicable to other large protein complexes.
Superconductivity in the Presence of Magnetic Exchange Fields

The upper-critical-field behavior of type-II superconductors in the presence of strong magnetic exchange fields is reported. In regimes where the exchange fields are temperature dependent the critical-field displays a nonmonotonic dependence on temperature as predicted by de Gennes and Sarma.
Changes in catecholamine neuronal uptake and receptor binding in the brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)

Abstract In these studies we have characterized differences between spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar/Kyoto (WKY) rats with respect to rates of neuronal uptake of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), and β-adrenergic receptor (dihydroalprenolol; [3H]DHA) binding in the central nervous system. We find that SHR have greater rates of NE uptake in the frontal cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus and pons-medulla during early development, and that these changes are accounted for, at least in the cerebral cortex, by an increased Vmax of the NE uptake mechanism. In addition, we find a decrease in the Bmax for [3H]DHA binding, suggestive of down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors of this region. In contrast to the results for NE uptake, we have measured significant decreases in DA uptake in the frontal cortex of the SHR at several postnatal ages. Decreases in DA uptake were also observed in the striatum of SHR although these changes were found only in animals approximately 6 weeks of age. From these results we have suggested that NE neurons projecting to a number of brain regions have elevated functional activity, while more regionally selective decreases in dopaminergic functional activity are characteristic of the SHR. We have further proposed that these changes in catecholamine neurons of the central nervous system may play an important role in the development of both the hypertension and behavioral hyperactivity exhibited by these animals.
Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UVB-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and other inflammatory mediators in UVB-exposed skin and skin tumors of SKH-1 hairless mice.

The purpose of this study was to determine the chemopreventive mechanism of dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) against ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced skin tumor development in mice. Six-to-seven-week-old SKH-1 hairless mice were subjected to photocarcinogenesis protocol, and exposed to UVB radiation (180 mJ/cm2) three times/week for 24 weeks. Mice were fed a standard AIN76A control diet with or without supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs; 0.2% or 0.5%, w/w). At the termination of the experiment, mice were sacrificed, and skin and skin tumor samples were harvested and subjected to the analysis of biomarkers related to inflammation using immunostaining, western blot analysis, ELISA and real-time PCR. Dietary GSPs inhibited UVB-induced infiltration of proinflammatory leukocytes and the levels of myeloperoxidase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin (PG) E2, cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the skin and skin tumors compared to non-GSPs-treated UVB irradiated mouse skin and skin tumors. GSPs also significantly inhibited the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.01), IL-1β (P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P < 0.001), in UVB-exposed skin and skin tumors. The results from this study clearly suggest that dietary GSPs inhibit photocarcinogenesis in mice through the inhibition of UVB-induced inflammation and mediators of inflammation in mouse skin.
TRYPTASE MEDIATES HYPERRESPONSIVENESS IN ISOLATED GUINEA PIG BRONCHI

Abstract Hyperresponsiveness of airway smooth muscle to allergens and environmental factors has long been associated with the pathophysiology of asthma. Tryptase, a serine protease of lung mast cells, has been implicated as one of the mediators involved in the induction of hyperresponsiveness. As a consequence, tryptase inhibitors have become the subject of study as potential novel therapeutic agents for asthma. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a naturally occurring protein of human airways which exhibits anti-tryptase activity. To assess the potential therapeutic utility of SLPI in asthma, its effects were evaluated using in vitro and ex vivo models of airway hyperresponsiveness and compared with the effects of the small molecule tryptase inhibitor APC-366. Our results demonstrate that SLPI inhibits tryptase-mediated hyperresponsiveness in vitro and attenuates the hyperresponsiveness observed in airway smooth muscle from antigen-sensitized animals subjected to antigen exposure. The small molecule tryptase inhibitor APC-366 has a similar inhibitory effect. Thus, tryptase appears to be a significant contributor to the development of hyperresponsiveness in these models. To the extent that tryptase contributes to the development and progression of asthma, SLPI may posses therapeutic potential in this disease setting.
Control of wetting with hyperbolic metamaterials and metallic films

We show that wetting of MgF 2 films can be affected by gold films and metamaterial substrates separated from the water droplet by as much as several tens on nanometers.
The Transformation of America’s Penal Order: A Historicized Political Sociology of Punishment1

Comparative historical methods are used to explain the transformation of the U.S. penal order in the second half of the 20th century. The analysis of multiple state-level case studies and national-level narratives suggests that this transformation has three distinct, but interconnected, historical periods and reveals that the complex interaction between national and state-level politics and policy helps explain the growth in imprisonment between 1970 and 2001. Specifically, over time, national political competition, federal crime control policy, and federal court decisions helped create new state-level political innovation and special interest groups that compelled lawmakers to increasingly define the crime problem as a lack of punishment and to respond by putting more people in prison for longer periods of time. In turn, state-level developments facilitated increasingly radical crime control politics and policies at the national level that reflected historical traditions found in Sun Belt states.
Capsid Components of the Parvovirus H-1

SummaryDisruption of purified H-1 virions with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and mercaptoethanol (ME) at 100° and pH 7.2 results in the appearance of one major and two minor migrating components on polyacrylamide gels. Molecular weights of 92, 000 (A), 72,000 (B), and 56,000 (C) were determined for the three moieties by coelectrophoresis of the dissociated virus with reference proteins of known molecular weight. Electrophoretic separation of 14C- or 3H-labeled virus polypeptides showed the relative amount of each radioactive component to be 15% (A), 75% (B) and 10% (C) of the total viral protein. Elution of the components from the gels, followed by hemagglutination assay against guinea pig red blood cells, indicated that component B was the antigenic component and structural protein. Amino acid analyses of H-1 virions revealed an overall acidic nature of the protein (acidic/basic amino acids = 1.75).The authors thank Miss Barbara Madden for technical assistance and Mr. Chad Shepis, University of Vermont, f...
ALMSC: An Application layer multicast based SIP conference model

We present the design of session initiation protocol (SIP) conference based on application layer multicast. Based on the character of SIP conference, we offered a new algorithm to create an application layer multicast tree. In this application layer multicast tree, the two key factors of both bandwidth and delay in streaming media are taken into consideration. The simulation and the experiments show that the design is practical and has a great improvement on the video quality and scalability
Risk of Preeclampsia in Second-Trimester Triploid Pregnancies

Abstract Objective: To determine the magnitude of the risk and the predictive clinical characteristics for development of preeclampsia when triploidy is diagnosed in the second trimester. Methods: A retrospective analysis of databases maintained by the cytogenetics laboratories at the University of Iowa and University of North Carolina was performed to identify all cases of triploidy. We examined the karyotype, maternal serum screening (particularly the hCG level), ultrasound results, and evidence of maternal hypertensive disease. Results: Seventeen cases of triploidy were identified between 1987 and 1996. Preeclampsia or hypertension complicated six of these cases with onset between 15 and 22.5 weeks’ gestation. In these six cases, the serum hCG level was extremely high. Serum screening results were available in seven cases in which preeclampsia did not develop, and the hCG levels were under 0.09 multiples of the median in five of the seven cases. In all six cases in which preeclampsia or hypertension developed, there was sonographic evidence of placentomegaly. Sonographic findings in 16 of 17 cases revealed fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, fetal anomalies, placentomegaly, or a combination of these. Conclusion: In our series of pregnancies complicated by triploidy, the risk of developing preeclampsia or hypertension in the second trimester was 35%. It appears that elevated serum hCG levels and placentomegaly are associated with a higher risk of preeclampsia but low hCG levels are not. This information is important in counseling patients who are hesitant to terminate a pregnancy purely for a fetal abnormality, even if the anomaly is lethal.
Association of weight status with mortality in adults with incident diabetes.

Context Type 2 diabetes in normal-weight adults (body mass index [BMI] Objective To test the association of weight status with mortality in adults with new-onset diabetes in order to minimize the influence of diabetes duration and voluntary weight loss on mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants Pooled analysis of 5 longitudinal cohort studies: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, 1990-2006; Cardiovascular Health Study, 1992-2008; Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, 1987-2011; Framingham Offspring Study, 1979-2007; and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2002-2011. A total of 2625 participants with incident diabetes contributed 27 125 person-years of follow-up. Included were men and women (age >40 years) who developed incident diabetes based on fasting glucose 126 mg/dL or greater or newly initiated diabetes medication and who had concurrent measurements of BMI. Participants were classified as normal weight if their BMI was 18.5 to 24.99 or overweight/obese if BMI was 25 or greater. Main Outcome Measures Total, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality. Results The proportion of adults who were normal weight at the time of incident diabetes ranged from 9% to 21% (overall 12%). During follow-up, 449 participants died: 178 from cardiovascular causes and 253 from noncardiovascular causes (18 were not classified). The rates of total, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality were higher in normal-weight participants (284.8, 99.8, and 198.1 per 10 000 person-years, respectively) than in overweight/obese participants (152.1, 67.8, and 87.9 per 10 000 person-years, respectively). After adjustment for demographic characteristics and blood pressure, lipid levels, waist circumference, and smoking status, hazard ratios comparing normal-weight participants with overweight/obese participants for total, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality were 2.08 (95% CI, 1.52-2.85), 1.52 (95% CI, 0.89-2.58), and 2.32 (95% CI, 1.55-3.48), respectively. Conclusion Adults who were normal weight at the time of incident diabetes had higher mortality than adults who are overweight or obese.
Nanoplate Model for Platelike Nanomaterials

A plate model is developed for nanostructured materials possessing platelike geometry, such as ultrathin films. The dispersion relations of a three-layered nanomaterial are analyzed with both the nanoplate model and the lattice model to show the effectiveness of this nanoplate model. Cylindrical bending of a three-atom-layered nanoplate is analyzed with the nanoplate model, the lattice model, and the continuum Mindlin plate theory. It is found that the nanoplate model predicts the deflection in good agreement with the lattice model. The continuum Mindlin plate theory tends to underpredict the deflection. This result indicates that, if the continuum plate theory is used to extract the Young's modulus of a nanomaterial, the value could be significantly underestimated.
Effectiveness of mental health services.

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry - Vol. 40 - N° 1 - p. 2-3
Acquired Cutis Laxa Associated With Heavy Chain Deposition Disease Involving Dermal Elastic Fibers

Importance Acquired cutis laxa is a rare cutaneous manifestation of hematologic malignancy. We report a case of γ heavy chain deposition disease (HCDD) associated with acquired cutis laxa, renal involvement, and hypocomplementemia and propose a mechanism of elastic fiber degradation in the skin of this patient with HCDD. Observations To determine the localization of immunoglobulin heavy chains and complement activation in the skin of a patient with HCDD, we examined her skin biopsy specimens under light and electron microscopy. Analysis demonstrated the deposition of γ heavy chain and complement components C1q and C3 on the surfaces of dermal elastic fibers, indicating complement fixation by the deposited heavy chains. Electron microscopy revealed finely granular electron-dense deposits coating the surfaces of frayed dermal elastic fibers. Conclusions and Relevance The pathogenesis of cutis laxa in this condition is poorly understood. We hypothesize a mechanism of elastic tissue destruction by complement fixation with resultant activation of the complement cascade ultimately causing elastolysis. Based on our findings and those of other reports, we propose that skin heavy chain deposition can serve as a marker of plasma cell secretory activity in HCDD, although further studies are needed.
Some comments on a class of simultaneous inference procedures in ancova

Methods for constructing simultaneous confidence intervals for contrasts of treatment effects in analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models are discussed and compared. A simple procedure is given by which, under a normality assumption made on the covariates, any method appropriate in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) may be applied to a corresponding ANCOVA by means of a simple adjustment of the required critical values. Some properties of this procedure are noted.
A Comparison of the Carathéodory and Filippov Solution Sets

Abstract Two fundamental questions are addressed. First, under what conditions are the Caratheodory and Filippov solution sets of x ′= f ( x ) the same? Second, in the case in which the solution sets are not the same, what is the nature of a solution that is of one type but not the other?
Cellular tropism exhibited by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2)

Background HTLV-1 predominantly transforms CD4+T cells in vitro and induces leukemia and neurological disease in vivo, whereas HTLV-2 shows a preference for CD8+T cell transformation in vitro with limited in vivo pathology. To better understand cellular tropism of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 early after in vivo infection we determined proviral load and gene expression kinetics of these viruses in purified CD4+ and CD8+T cells from newly infected rabbits.
The Need for Hispanic Nurses in Nevada An Underrepresented Ethnic Group in the Nursing Workforce

The article highlights that, until 2008, Nevada had one of the fastest growing populations in the nation and that, in fact, Hispanics comprise at least one quarter of the total number of residents living there. Despite the fact that Hispanics will be one of the largest minorities not only in Nevada but also in the United States by 2050, few Hispanics enter the nursing profession. To better understand this phenomenon, this article identifies barriers, which may present challenges for Hispanics to become nurses. It is hoped that from this increased awareness, strategies can be developed to overcome this disparity in the nursing profession.
Preservation of Late Amazonian Mars ice and water-related deposits in a unique crater environment in Noachis Terra: Age relationships between lobate debris tongues and gullies

Abstract The Amazonian period of Mars has been described as static, cold, and dry. Recent analysis of high-resolution imagery of equatorial and mid-latitude regions has revealed an array of young landforms produced in association with ice and liquid water; because near-surface ice in these regions is currently unstable, these ice-and-water-related landforms suggest one or more episodes of martian climate change during the Amazonian. Here we report on the origin and evolution of valley systems within a degraded crater in Noachis Terra, Asimov Crater. The valleys have produced a unique environment in which to study the geomorphic signals of Amazonian climate change. New high-resolution images reveal Hesperian-aged layered basalt with distinctive columnar jointing capping interior crater fill and providing debris, via mass wasting, for the surrounding annular valleys. The occurrence of steep slopes (>20°), relatively narrow (sheltered) valleys, and a source of debris have provided favorable conditions for the preservation of shallow-ice deposits. Detailed mapping reveals morphological evidence for viscous ice flow, in the form of several lobate debris tongues (LDT). Superimposed on LDT are a series of fresh-appearing gullies, with typical alcove, channel, and fan morphologies. The shift from ice-rich viscous-flow formation to gully erosion is best explained as a shift in martian climate, from one compatible with excess snowfall and flow of ice-rich deposits, to one consistent with minor snow and gully formation. Available dating suggests that the climate transition occurred >8 Ma, prior to the formation of other small-scale ice-rich flow features identified elsewhere on Mars that have been interpreted to have formed during the most recent phases of high obliquity. Taken together, these older deposits suggest that multiple climatic shifts have occurred over the last tens of millions of years of martian history.
Metrizably fibered generalized ordered spaces

Abstract In this paper we characterize generalized ordered spaces that are metrizably fibered in terms of certain quotient spaces and in terms of the existence of special open covers. We apply our results to give a new characterization of perfect generalized ordered spaces that have a σ -closed-discrete dense subset and to give examples of GO-spaces that are, or are not, metrizably fibered.
Supercharging with Trivalent Metal Ions in Native Mass Spectrometry

Addition of 1.0 mM LaCl3 to aqueous ammonium acetate solutions containing proteins in their folded native forms can result in a significant increase in the molecular ion charging obtained with electrospray ionization as a result of cation adduction. In combination with m-nitrobenzyl alcohol, molecular ion charge states that are greater than the number of basic sites in the protein can be produced from these native solutions, even for lysozyme, which is conformationally constrained by four intramolecular disulfide bonds. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that the conformation of ubiquitin is not measurably affected with up to 1.0 M LaCl3, but ion mobility data indicate that the high charge states that are formed when 1.0 mM LaCl3 is present are more unfolded than the low charge states formed without this reagent. These and other results indicate that the increased charging is a result of La3+ preferentially adducting onto compact or more native-like conformers during ESI and the gas-phase ions subsequently unfolding as a result of increased Coulomb repulsion. Electron capture dissociation of these high charge-state ions formed from these native solutions results in comparable sequence coverage to that obtained for ions formed from denaturing solutions without supercharging reagents, making this method a potentially powerful tool for obtaining structural information in native mass spectrometry.
Legal and Familial Recordkeeping: Chancery Court Records and Charlotte Smith's The Old Manor House

Emphasizing the Romantic period's new legal recordkeeping practices, this essay traces Charlotte Smith's reliance on and critique of legal records in The Old Manor House (1793). Smith's novel connects legal structure to family structure, depicting a family misshapen by legal misrepresentation. In order to understand Smith's use of legal records, this essay focuses on the family “account” and examines late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century legal commentaries, treatises, and case reports. Extending this exploration to the manuscript legal record, this essay also uncovers account journals and ledgers held in the Chancery Court archives. As these materials reveal, both Smith and the law are united in imagining an ideal left unachieved: both seek an organized record of the family, as such a record offers the promise of organizing the family itself
The light reactions: a guide to recent acquisitions for the picture gallery.

The past two years have brought major additions to the steadily growing collection of molecular pictures of the components of the photosynthetic apparatus: new structural work on photosystem II (PSII; [Biesiadka et al., 2004][1]; [Ferreira et al., 2004][2]) and of light-harvesting complex II (LHCII
What is clinical significance

This paper summarizes the clinical trial designs for therapies to reverse probing depth or control the progression of periodontitis, therapies to be used as an adjunct to scaling and root planning, as well as regenerative therapies. The apporach to statistical significance is summarized and compared to clinical significance.
Optimal band imaging system: a new tool for enhancing the duodenal villous pattern in celiac disease

Background The optimal band imaging (OBI) system is a new technology that can select better spectral images decomposed from ordinary endoscopic images. This technology, first introduced as "FUJI Intelligent Color Enhancement," enhances the contrast of the mucosal surface without the use of dyes. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the potential of OBI for predicting the duodenal villous morphologic characteristics in patients with suspected celiac disease. Design This study was designed as an open, prospective, single-center trial. Duodenoscopy was performed with a high-resolution magnification view, in association with OBI spectral processing. Duodenal villous patterns were evaluated and classified as normal, partially atrophic, or markedly atrophic. The endoscopic results were then compared with the histologic diagnosis. Setting Endoscopy unit at the A. Gemelli University Hospital of Rome, Italy. Patients Sixty-one patients undergoing upper endoscopy for clinical history of malabsorption or serologic suspicion for celiac disease were included in the study. Results From OBI sets using red, green, and blue wavelength combinations that ranged from 400 to 580 nm, the endoscopist was able to find marked villous atrophy of the duodenum in 16 subjects, partial villous atrophy in 9 subjects, and normal villi in the remaining 36 subjects. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the OBI-based duodenoscopy were 100% accurate in the evaluation of villous patterns. Conclusions High-resolution magnification endoscopy with OBI allows clear visualization of the duodenal villous pattern. The OBI system may play a potential role in optimizing the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopy in celiac disease.
Prioritizing the school environment in school violence prevention efforts

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated an association between characteristics of the school environment and the likelihood of school violence. However, little is known about the relative importance of various characteristics of the school environment or their differential impact on multiple violence outcomes. METHODS: Primarily African-American students (n = 27) from Baltimore City high schools participated in concept mapping sessions, which produced interpretable maps of the school environment's contribution to school violence. Participants generated statements about their school environment's influence on school violence and, with the assistance of quantitative methods, grouped these statements according to their similarity. Participants provided information about the importance of each of these statements for the initiation, cessation, and severity of the violence that occurs at school. RESULTS: More than half of the 132 statements generated by students were rated as school environment characteristics highly important for the initiation, cessation, and/or severity of school violence. Participants identified students' own actions, expectations for disruptive behavior, and the environment outside the school as the characteristics most important for the initiation and increased severity of violence that occurs in school. Participants had a more difficult time identifying school environment characteristics important for the cessation of school violence. CONCLUSION: This study provides support from students for the role of the school environment in school violence prevention, particularly in preventing the initiation and reducing the severity of school violence. Schools can utilize the information presented in this article to begin discussions with students and staff about prioritizing school environment changes to reduce school violence. Language: en
A Smart Device for Harnessing Energy From Aerodynamic Flow Fields

In this work, inspired by music playing harmonicas, we conduct a conceptual investigation of a coupled aero-electromechanical system for wind energy harvesting. The system consists of a piezoelectric cantilever unimorph structure embedded within an air chamber to mimic the vibration of the reeds in a harmonica when subjected to air flow. In principle, when wind blows into the air chamber, the air pressure in the chamber increases and bends the cantilever beam opening an air path between the chamber and the environment. When the volumetric flow rate of air past the cantilever is large enough, the energy pumped into the structure via the nonlinear pressure forces offset the intrinsic damping in the system setting the beam into self-sustained limit-cycle oscillations. These oscillations induce a periodic strain in the piezoelectric layer which produces a voltage difference that can be channeled into an electric load. Unlike traditional vibratory energy harvesters where the excitation frequency needs to match the resonant frequency of the device for efficient energy extraction, the nonlinearly coupled aero-elasto dynamics of this device guarantees autonomous vibration of the cantilever beam near its natural frequency as long as the volumetric flow rate is larger than a certain threshold. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the ability of this device to harvest wind energy under normal wind conditions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
How to Combine Chance and Determinism: Thinking about the Future in an Everett Universe*

I propose, in the context of Everett interpretations of quantum mechanics, a way of understanding how there can be genuine uncertainty about the future notwithstanding that the universe is governed by known, deterministic dynamical laws, and notwithstanding that there is no ignorance about initial conditions, nor anything in the universe whose evolution is not itself governed by the known dynamical laws. The proposal allows us to draw some lessons about the relationship between chance and determinism, and to dispel one source of the tendency among Everettians to introduce consciousness as a primitive element into physical description.
Control mechanism performance criteria for an above-knee leg prosthesis

Abstract A primary requirement of an above-knee leg prosthesis is that it enables the amputee to walk with a normal appearing walking pattern. The leg motion during the swing and stance phase of level walking should approximate that of a non-amputee. To accomplish this, a control mechanism is added to the conventional leg prosthesis. This study is concerned with the performance of the mechanism during the swing phase. The normal walking pattern for a normal man was obtained from the literature for average, tall, medium, and short men. The data, consisting of tabulated experimental data for the linear and angular displacements of the normal leg, were smoothed and differentiated twice to obtain velocities and accelerations. A mathematical model was chosen that typifies the current mechanical-hydraulic mechanisms. The physical constants were calculated from data collected from many sources. The force, velocity, and power were calculated for the control mechanism.
Plume opacity related to particle mass concentration and size distribution

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of the in-stack light transmittance, particle mass concentration and particle size distribution were conducted on a hogged fuel boiler, a Kraft recovery furnace and a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The experimental data were utilized to evaluate a technique for predicting paniculate mass concentration based on the particle characteristics. The predicted relationship between in-stack transmittance and particulate mass concentration was in good agreement with the experimental measurements for the hogged fuel boiler and the pulverized coal-fired boiler. The discrepancy noted in the predicted relationship for the Kraft recovery furnace may have been caused by measurement problems associated with low particulate mass concentrations or uncertainties in a value for the average particle density. An approach is presented for estimating the transmittance across a given light path based on the ratio of the specific volume to light extinction coefficient for monodisperse particle size increments. Figures are provided for determining this ratio for a wide range of particle sizes and refractive indices. The results of this study indicate the importance of using the actual particle size distribution for predicting the relationship between transmittance and mass concentration. An example problem is presented to illustrate the application of the calculation technique.
Genetic analysis of cell adhesion

Cellular adhesion is what keeps cells together in multicellular organisms. Cells adhere to each other, to extracellular matrices, and to the substratum. Biochemical analyses of these processes have suggested some of the types of surface molecules which may be involved, but definitive evidence must rely on effective reconstruction of functional membranes or genetic alteration of the pertinent genes. Together these approaches may give us a better understanding of how cells sort out and form tissues during development.
Ferrohydrodynamic pumping in spatially traveling sinusoidally time-varying magnetic fields

In this paper, we present a numerical method to simulate the dynamics of ferrofluids in spatially traveling, sinusoidally time-varying magnetic fields. Actuation using traveling waves involves magnetic body forces and torque on the magnetic moment of nanoparticles, both of which affect the overall pumping.
Empirical investigation of one OPEC country's successful non-oil export performance

Abstract This study examines Indonesian non-oil export success between 1975 and 1994, with a focus on the role of exchange rate management and trade policy in export performance across sectors. To examine the link between export quantity and changes in policy, I estimate structural export supply functions that are derived from utility and profit maximization behavior. The results indicate that non-oil exporters respond positively to improved price incentives, including exchange rate devaluation, with the strongest impact in textiles, garments, and sawnwood. The study offers a richer description than previous work of the relationship between price incentives and export performance.
Segmentation-based view synthesis for multi-view video plus depth

In this paper, we present a novel view synthesis algorithm for three-dimensional video. The proposed algorithm is based on segmentation using multi-level thresholding method. Recently, numerous techniques have been suggested which use a 2-D color image and the per-pixel depth map of the scene to create virtual views of the scene from any viewing position. However, inaccuracy in the depth maps cause annoying visual artifacts in depth-based view synthesis. In the proposed method, the depth maps are first preprocessed to avoid the errors caused by wrong depth values. Then, the color images are segmented according to the depth values and the regions belonging to different segments are warped independently. To further enhance the quality of the synthesized views, a multi-level thresholding based ghost removal algorithm and a novel hole filling algorithm have been proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed methods achieve an average PSNR gain of 0.98 dB for the multi-view test sequences and also improve the subjective quality of the synthesized views.
SU-E-T-556: Integration of Lung Blocks in the Inverse Planning Process of Modulated Arc Total Body Irradiation Using Cone Beam CT.

Purpose: The sizing and placement of lung blocks for total‐body irradiation (TBI) is critical to prevent lung toxicities and maintain effective treatments. During modulated‐arc TBI (MATBI) treatment, the patient is stationary near the floor while open‐field beams with varying exposures are delivered. The inverse planning process currently aims for a uniform dose to the body, without accounting for the presence of lung blocks. This study investigates the possibility of including the effect of these blocks in the MATBI optimization process. Methods: Dosimetric comparisons were performed using a water tank and a simple stack of solid water slabs. Lungs blocks made of cerrobend were fabricated and imaged using on‐board megavoltage CBCT (MVCBCT). The reconstructed MVCBCT images were precisely registered with the reference CT for inverse planning. The cerrobend blocks were contoured in the planning system and the density was overridden to 9.3 g/cm3. Simulated doses in Pinnacle were compared to ion chamber, diode array and gaf‐chromic film measurements obtained at 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 cm depths. Specific optimization objectives on the lungs were tested on 5 patients including a lung re‐treatment. Results: The maximum difference between ion chamber measurements and the treatment planning predictions was 2.4%. The measurements profiles with the diode array correlated reasonably well ( 10%) on the surface. Lung blocks reconstructed with MVCBCT were structuraly accurate without significant metal artifacts. A comparison of MATBI plans on patients shows that inclusion of lung blocks during optimization can reduce hot and cold areas in the lungs and the sternum. Conclusion: Reasonable predictions of the lung block transmission can be obtained following the developed technique using megavoltage CBCT. Thus, lung blocks can be included in the MATBI inverse planning process, which can help prevent complications and local failure.