cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of sodium bicarbonate on sprint performance: relationship to dosage.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the minimum oral dosage of bicarbonate needed to significantly elevate blood bicarbonate and the influence of induced alkalosis on performance in high-intensity, short-duration exercise. Nine endurance-trained cyclists performed four 2-min sprints on separate occasions using an isokinetic cycle ergometer (Fitron, Cybex, Inc.). One hour before each test, the cyclists consumed either a placebo (A), a solution of 0.10 g NaHCO3.kg-1 body weight (B), a solution of 0.15 g NaHCO3.kg-1 body weight (C), or a solution of 0.20 g NaHCO3.kg-1 body weight (D) in random order. Arterialized venous blood was taken before (PRE) and after (POST) ingestion, and 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 min following the 2-min bike sprint. The results showed a significant increase in POST blood bicarbonate, and the elevation was incrementally related to the dosage. There was, however, no significant improvement in performance. Total work (mean +/- SE) for each treatment (N.m per 2 min) were: A, 47,267 (+/- 2,472); B, 47,004 (+/- 3,094); C, 46,312 (+/- 2,964); and D, 47,190 (+/- 2,621). The results of this study show that incremental doses of NaHCO3 of 0.20 g.kg-1 and below produce incremental elevations in blood bicarbonate but do not produce improvements in performance for a sprint bout lasting 2 min.
ELECTRON POLARIZATION IN ALLOWED BETA-TRANSITIONS WITH COULOMB CORRECTIONS

Fur Fermi-, Gamow-Teller- und gemischte Ubergange wird die Polarisation der Elektronen mit Coulomb-Feld-Wellenfunktionen fur das Elektron und Zweikomponententheorie fur das Neutrino berechnet. Die Coulomb-Korrekturen andern an einer vollstandigen Polarisation nichts auser der Richtung. Fur reine Fermi-Ubergange findet man unter Vernachlassigung der Coulomb-Korrekturen, das die Elektronenpolarisation ein Einheitsvektor antiparallel zum Impuls des Neutrinos im Ruhsystem des Elektrons ist. Bei reinen Gamow-Teller-Ubergangen wird die Elektronenpolarisation in Abhangigkeit von Polarisationsgrad und “degree of alignment” des Ausgangskernes angegeben. Man findet z. B. fur vollstandig orientierte Kerne im Co60-Fall (J′=J−1), das die Elektronenpolarisation unabhangig von der Neutrinorichtung ist. Bei gemischten Ubergangen (J′=J) und vollstandig orientierten Kernen findet man nur im Neutron-Fall (J′=J=1/2) vollstandige Polarisation der Elektronen. Es werden auch einfach unique verbotene Gamow-Teller-Ubergange betrachtet und dabei wird keine vollstandige Elektronenpolarisation gefunden, auch wenn die Ausgangskerne zu 100% polarisiert sind. In einem Anhang wird die Rechnung fur die unique verbotenen Ubergange ausfuhrlich gebracht (als Beispiel fur die Anwendung von Racah-Algebra).
Performance criteria for bioaerosol samplers

Abstract At an international workshop held in 1991 in North Carolina, USA, air sampling professionals, instrument manufacturers and representatives of regulatory agencies discussed the development of performance criteria for air sampling instruments used to collect bioaerosols (i.e., airborne particles of biological origin). The workshop participants recommended that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) form a study group to review published reports on bioaerosol sampler performance, and that this group consider the applicability to bioaerosol sampling of standards and criteria that other agencies have developed for similar air sampling instruments. The workshop participants also recommended that the study group review the procedures that aerobiologists use to collect and identify airborne pollen, microorganisms and other biological materials, and encourage the development of training programs in bioaerosol sampling. Because of the interest voiced at the workshop, members of ACGIH's Bioaerosol and Air Sampling Procedures Committees have formed a subcommittee to consider performance criteria for bioaerosol samplers. As part of their efforts, the study group is assembling a glossary of terms used in connection with this work, collecting information on instruments available commercially and compiling a database of literature on the subject. The study group seeks to learn about the activities of other agencies and associations working on the same and related topics, and to cooperate with them in providing information and guidance to developers, manufacturers and users of bioaerosol samplers.
Who's the Boss? One-Way Conversations between Bacteria

Bacteria communicate via extracellular signals. Most signaling studied so far has been bidirectional. A recent study shows that when Bacillus subtilis build a multicellular biofilm, some conversations are unidirectional.
Acute and chronic ethanol does not affect incisional pain in neonatal rats

We have previously found that in post-natal day 7 rats withdrawal from acute and chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure lowers mechanical thresholds during withdrawal and exacerbates spontaneous pain responses to an inflammatory injury 4 days post-withdrawal. These findings suggested alterations in somatosensory pathways following EtOH exposure during the third trimester developmental equivalent. In this study we wanted to determine whether EtOH exposure during the third trimester equivalent exacerbates mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia produced by an incisional model of post-operative pain at post-natal day 21. The extent and duration of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia following incision was measured and found to be unaffected by prior EtOH exposure.
Near-field mass transfer in geologic disposal systems: A review

A primary purpose of performance assessment of geologic repositories for radioactive waste is to predict the extent to which radioactive species are released from the waste solids and are transported through geologic media to the environment. Reliable quantitative predictions must be made of rates of release of radionuclides from the waste into the rock, transport through the geologic media, cumulative release to the accessible environment, and maximum concentrations in ground water and surface water. Here we review theoretical approaches to making the predictions of near-field release from buried waste solids, which provide the source terms for far-field release. The extent to which approaches and issues depend on the rock media and on regulatory criteria is discussed. 53 refs., 2 figs.
Epidemiology of HIV infection in large urban areas in the United States

Background While the U.S. HIV epidemic continues to be primarily concentrated in urban area, local epidemiologic profiles may differ and require different approaches in prevention and treatment efforts. We describe the epidemiology of HIV in large urban areas with the highest HIV burden. Methods/Principal Findings We used data from national HIV surveillance for 12 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) to determine disparities in HIV diagnoses and prevalence and changes over time. Overall, 0.3% to 1% of the MSA populations were living with HIV at the end of 2007. In each MSA, prevalence was >1% among blacks; prevalence was >2% in Miami, New York, and Baltimore. Among Hispanics, prevalence was >1% in New York and Philadelphia. The relative percentage differences in 2007 HIV diagnosis rates, compared to whites, ranged from 239 (San Francisco) to 1239 (Baltimore) for blacks and from 15 (Miami) to 413 (Philadelphia) for Hispanics. The epidemic remains concentrated, with more than 50% of HIV diagnoses in 2007 attributed to male-to-male sexual contact in 7 of the 12 MSAs; heterosexual transmission surpassed or equaled male-to-male sexual transmission in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC. Yet in several MSAs, including Baltimore and Washington, DC, AIDS diagnoses increased among men-who-have sex with men in recent years. Conclusions/Significance These data are useful to identify local drivers of the epidemic and to tailor public health efforts for treatment and prevention services for people living with HIV.
Endplate channel actions of a hemicholinium-3 analog, DMAE.

The effect of the hemicholium-3 analog, DMAE, on endplate currents (EPC) was investigated in the transected cutaneous pectoris muscle of the frog using a conventional two-microelectrode voltage clamp. At a low concentration (5 μM), DMAE produced a long-lasting decrease in the rate constant of decay (α) and an increase in the peak current amplitude (Ip). At higher concentrations (10–100 μM), DMAE produced biphasic changes characterized by a transient, marked decrease of α and increase of Ip followed by a long-lasting marked increase of α and decrease of Ip. When DMAE was removed from the bath recovery from block was asymmetrical in that α recovered more quickly than did Ip. Pretreatment with neostigmine or collagenase partially antagonized the initial effects without affecting the steady state effects of DMAE, indicating that the initial effects of DMAE may be, at least in part, due to inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The drug reverses the normal voltage dependence of α without altering the single exponential nature of decay of the EPC. The inward EPC was more markedly blocked than outward EPC, resulting in a highly non-linear current-voltage relation with Ip decreasing with increasing hyperpolarization. This effect may indicate that DMAE causes a voltage-dependent block of closed acetylcholine-activated ion channels.
MODELING LOW-VOLUME ROAD EROSION

Low-volume roads are recognized as one of the primary sources of sediment in many watersheds. The authors have carried out research on the details of the complex soil erosion processes occurring on low-volume roads for more than 10 years. An overview of their research summarizes the results of numerous past and ongoing field and computer modeling studies on road erosion processes and the effects of road design on road erosion. The authors have found that insloping and outsloping effects on roads are often overshadowed by the effects of rutting. Most soil erosion on roads is from concentrated flow in ruts or ditches. Adding gravel increases hydraulic conductivity and reduces erosion. Road erosion rates can also be decreased by reducing tire pressure or by removing roads. The authors are developing applications of the Water Erosion Prediction Project model as user-friendly erosion prediction tools for road managers. Further work is required to quantify the effects of current management techniques on water quality and to develop new low-impact road design and management technology.
Development and calibration of real-time PCR for quantification of airborne microorganisms in air samples

This manuscript describes the coupling of bioaerosol collection and the use of real-time PCR (RT-PCR) to quantify the airborne bacteria. The quantity of collected bacteria determined by RT-PCR is compared with conventional quantification techniques, such as culturing, microscopy and airborne microorganism counting by using optical particle counter (OPC). Our data show that an experimental approach used to develop standard curves for use with RT-PCR is critical for accurate sample quantification. Using universal primers we generated 12 different standard curves which were used to quantify model organism Escherichia coli (Migula) Catellani from air samples. Standard curves prepared using a traditional approach, where serially diluted genomic DNA extracted from pure cultured bacteria were used in PCR reaction as a template DNA yielded significant underestimation of sample quantities compared to airborne microorganism concentration as measured by an OPC. The underestimation was especially pronounced when standard curves were built using colony forming units (CFUs). In contrast, the estimate of cell concentration in an air sample by RT-PCR was more accurate (� 60% compared to the airborne microorganism concentration) when the standard curve was built using aerosolized E. coli. The accuracy improved even further (� 100%) when air samples used to build the standard curves were diluted first, then the DNA extracted from each dilution was amplified by the RT-PCR—to mimic the handling of air samples with unknown and possibly low concentration. Therefore, our data show that standard curves used for quantification by RT-PCR needs to be prepared using the same environmental matrix and procedures as handling of the environmental sample in question. Reliance on the standard curves generated with cultured bacterial suspension (a traditional approach) may lead to substantial underestimation of microorganism quantities in environmental samples. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Polarization of the nucleic acid bases in aqueous solution

Abstract We present calculations of the absolute free energy of solvation of five nucleic acid bases and five methylated nucleic acid bases using a recently developed local-field SCF procedure in which the electronic structure and geometry are both optimized in the presence of solvent. The calculated solvation free energies are increased 23%–24% by the aqueous-phase relaxation.
Social networks--are they good for your health? The era of Facebook and Twitter.

Sir, Since its introduction in 2005, the social networking web site Facebook has grown at an unprecedented rate, to over 500 million active users. This and other networking web sites (e.g. Twitter and MySpace) have heralded a new era in how individuals socially interact. Indeed, in 2010 alone there were two major film productions (‘The Social Network’ and ‘Catfish’) highlighting the ever-growing fascination and popularity of social networking. However, despite the now ubiquitous use of social networking web sites, there has been little consideration as to how this use may impact human health. There is good reason to examine how social phenomena impact health. Having satisfying social interaction is an innate psychological need. Meeting our social needs produces vitality, whereas chronic social disconnectedness is pathophysiologically damaging, both in humans and animals.1–3 The effects are not dissimilar to that …
Detergent activation of the ATPase activity of chloroplast coupling factor 1.

Abstract The activation of the ATPase activity of coupling factor 1 (CF 1 ) from chloroplasts by several detergents was studied. Further evidence that detergent micelles are important in the activation of Ca 2+ -ATPase was obtained. Maximal activation of Ca 2+ -ATPase was achieved with short-chain alkyl-β- d -glucopyranoside (alkylglucosides) detergents. Treatment of CF 1 with hexylglucoside or heptylglucoside followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography caused nearly total removal of the ϵ subunit of the enzyme, whereas treatment with decylglucoside caused less ATPase activation and less loss of the ϵ subunit. The ATPase activity of detergent-activated CF 1 was inhibited by purified ϵ subunit. Detergents that form small micelles appear to be most effective in removing the ϵ subunit and in activating the Ca 2+ -ATPase of CF 1 . When present during assay, the alkylglucosides also induce a Mg 2+ -ATPase activity in CF 1 . Octyland nonylglucoside are most effective in promoting this reaction. If, however, CF 1 deficient in the ϵ subunit was used, even decylglucoside elicited rapid Mg 2+ -ATPase hydrolysis. It is concluded that removal of the ϵ subunit, although necessary for the expression of Mg 2+ -ATPase, is not sufficient. The detergents that cause maximal displacement of the ϵ subunit are less effective in inducing Mg 2+ -ATPase activity. The selective removal of subunits from CF 1 by specific detergents points to potential problems with the use of these detergents in the solubilization of oligomeric membrane proteins.
Does the exchange rate matter to bilateral trade between Korea and Japan? Evidence from commodity trade data

Abstract This study examines the short- and long-run effects of exchange rate changes on trade flows in the context of disaggregating industry data of bilateral trade between Korea and Japan. For this purpose, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach is used. Results show that Korea's exports and imports are relatively sensitive to the bilateral exchange rate in the short-run, but less responsive in the long-run. It is also found that income in the two countries has significant impacts on the bilateral trade flows in both the short- and long-run. Finally, exchange rate uncertainty and Japanese FDI to Korea are found to have little impacts on Korea's trade with Japan in the short- and long-run.
Self-Defense and the Use of Force: Breaking the Rules, Making the Rules, or Both?

This article examines shifts in international law regarding the use of force—the jus ad bellum —that emerged in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and subsequently were invoked in part by the United States and United Kingdom to justify military intervention in Iraq. These shifts import some elasticity—in time, space, and place—into the preexisting legal understanding of self-defense. To be sure, the general consensus that supported the use of force in Afghanistan as a legitimate exercise of self-defense has diluted as the use of that force expanded into other theaters of operation. It is therefore unsurprising that considerable controversy envelops claims by some states that international law entitles them to use force in self-defense in a preemptory manner. This article explores the articulation of this and other justifications for the military intervention in Iraq. It also unpacks the difficult question whether these entitlements are constitutive of inchoate legal rules or simply deviations from the still operational old rules. Moreover, this article encourages scholars and students of international law and relations to consider why a movement is afoot to change the rules and how this affects the architecture of collective security. To facilitate this process of reflection, this article explores the policy implications of retaining the old rules or adopting the newly alleged rules.
An empirical exploration of the world oil price under the target zone model

Abstract This paper investigates the behavior of the world oil price based on the first-generation target zone model. Using anecdotal data during the period of 1988–1999, we found that OPEC has tried to maintain a weak target zone regime for the oil price. Our econometric tests suggest that the movement of the oil price is not only manipulated by actual and substantial interventions by OPEC but also tempered by market participants’ expectations of interventions. As a consequence, the non-linear model based on the target zone theory has very good forecasting ability when the oil price approaches the upper or lower limit of the band.
The theory of planned behaviour in medical education: a model for integrating professionalism training

CONTEXT Teaching and evaluating professionalism remain important issues in medical education. However, two factors hinder attempts to integrate curricular elements addressing professionalism into medical school training: there is no common definition of medical professionalism used across medical education, and there is no commonly accepted theoretical model upon which to integrate professionalism into the curriculum. OBJECTIVES This paper proposes a definition of professionalism, examines this definition in the context of some of the previous definitions of professionalism and connects this definition to the attitudinal roots of professionalism. The problems described above bring uncertainty about the best content and methods with which to teach professionalism in medical education. Although various aspects of professionalism have been incorporated into medical school curricula, content, teaching and evaluation remain controversial. We suggest that intervening variables, which may augment or interfere with medical students' implementation of professionalism knowledge, skills and, therefore, attitudes, may go unaddressed. DISCUSSION We offer a model based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), which describes the relationships of attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioural control with behaviour. It has been used to predict a wide range of behaviours, including doctor professional behaviours. Therefore, we propose an educational model that expands the TPB as an organisational framework that can integrate professionalism training into medical education. We conclude with a discussion about the implications of using this model to transform medical school curricula to develop positive professionalism attitudes, alter the professionalism social norms of the medical school and increase students' perceived control over their behaviours.
Sport, Heroes and Myth

A myth is a symbolic structure which expresses moral and aesthetic values; it is the realm through which ultimate reality is mediated to man. Ernst Cassirer notes that one of the central qualities ...
But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation

The emergence of a new paradigm of inquiry (naturalistic) has, unsurprisingly enough, led to a demand for rigorous criteria that meet traditional standards of inquiry. Two sets are suggested, one of which, the “trustworthiness” criteria, parallels conventional criteria, while the second, “authenticity” criteria, is implied directly by new paradigm assumptions.
QUALITY OF SERVICE FOR INTERRUPTED-FLOW PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES IN "HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL" 2000

The objective of the research described in this paper was to develop the basis for revised operational analysis procedures for transportation facilities with pedestrian users where flow is interrupted by traffic control devices. The paper commences with some background information on pedestrian walking speeds at signalized crossings and on pedestrian noncompliance at these locations. Then both new and revised level-of-service (LOS) tables are provided for analyzing various types of interrupted-flow pedestrian facilities. Results are detailed of a review and synthesis of American and international literature as part of a Federal Highway Administration study of pedestrian and bicycle facilities conducted by North Carolina State University between 1995 and 1998. The year 2000 edition of the U.S. Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) will incorporate, either directly or indirectly, most of the revised and synthesized information described in this paper. The research team recommends that the HCM include some backgroun...
Thermal diagnostics for monitoring welding parameters in real time

The use of sensors in arc welding processes is typically complicated by the intense light and electrical noise emanating from the arc. In consumable electrode processes, data acquisition is further complicated by the generation of metal spatter. The objective of the current work was to develop noncontacting diagnostic techniques for monitoring temperatures during arc welding. The purpose of the diagnostics was to provide experimental data for both weld model input and computer model verification for gas metal arc (GMA) welding. These techniques have also been applied to gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A look behind trend data in industrialization

Abstract Trend data show the overall, aggregate picture of industrial development; they do not provide explanations nor show processes underlying trends in global industrialization. Examination of processes that occur within industrialization reveals aspects that are obscured by trend data, in particular, the Involvement of transnational corporations (TNCs) in industrialization and environmental impacts. Knowledge of processes occurring behind development practices may help to formulate policies addressing problems that are associated with industrialization, such as greenhouse gas emissions and national accountability. A greater understanding of the processes of industrialization may help to identify problems and find solutions that have both global and regional effects.
Critical Theory and Beyond: Further Perspectives on Emancipatory Education.

Although emancipatory education and a critical theory of education are only rarely addressed in adult education, they provide rich opportunities for discussing primary issues of adult education. Th...
Partner violence among women before, during, and after pregnancy: multiple opportunities for intervention.

Objectives Although partner violence during pregnancy has serious consequences for women’s health, little is known about how physical partner violence may change throughout pregnancy transitions. Even less is known about changes in sexual and psychological partner violence throughout pregnancy transitions. In addition, few research studies on pregnancy and partner violence have examined these changes among both victimized women (i.e., women who report physical partner violence at the beginning of their pregnancies) and comparison women (i.e., women who do not report physical partner violence during this same time period). Methods This longitudinal research study investigated 76 women’s experiences with partner violence beginning 1 year before their pregnancies, and continuing throughout their pregnancies until 1 year after delivery. Four structured interviews were administered to participants, and information was collected concerning the women’s partner violence experiences. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the violence rates experienced by the victimized women relative to the comparison women at each time period. Results The results show that partner violence rates do change throughout pregnancy transitions, and that these changes are seen for both victimized and comparison women. Conclusions Pregnant and postpartum women are in need of comprehensive services that promote both their health and safety. This study offers care providers clinical implications for their work with pregnant and postpartum women, as well as policy and research recommendations.
Interdependence of active Na+ and Cl− transport by the isolated urinary bladder of the teleost, Pseudopleuronectes americanus

The relationship between transepithelial Na+ and Cl- active transport from the mucosal toward the serosal surface was studied by ion substitution experiments in the isolated, perfused urinary bladder of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. The tissue behaves as a simple ohmic resistance of about 1000 ohm-cm2 which was not significantly changed by perfusion of the lumen (mucosal surface) with Na-free or Cl-free solutions. Trans-epithelial electrical potential difference and short-circuit current were reversed (mucosa positive to negative) by Cl-free perfusion but unaltered by Na-free medium. Short-circuit current did not agree with isotopically measured net Na+ and Cl- flux in either control or ion-substituted medium. Cl-free perfusion depressed net Na+ flux more than 50% and a similar effect was seen on net Cl- flux upon Na-free perfusion. A kinetic analysis of the relationship of Na+ or Cl- flux to the concentration of Na+ or Cl- in the perfusate in the presence and absence of Cl- or Na+, respectively, indicated that Cl-free medium acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of Na+ transport, and the effect of Na-free medium on Cl- transport could be interpreted similarly. This inter-dependence of Na+ and Cl- transport was taken as an indication of co-transport of these two ions. Amiloride (10(-4) M) seemed to inhibit a component of Na flux distinct from the Cl-dependent flux. It had no effect on Cl- transport.
Substance use and withdrawal: Neuropsychological functioning over 8 years in youth

This study prospectively examined neuropsychological (NP) functioning associated with adolescent substance use and withdrawal. Participants were youths with histories of substance use disorders (n = 47) and demographically comparable youths with no such lifetime histories (n = 26). They were followed with NP testing and substance involvement interviews at 7 time points spanning 8 years, from ages 16 to 24, on average. After controlling for recent use, age, education, practice effects, and baseline NP functioning, substance use over the 8-year follow-up period significantly predicted performances on tests of memory and attention at Year 8. Additionally, withdrawal symptoms during the follow-up predicted visuospatial and attention scores at Year 8. Findings suggest that use and withdrawal may differentially impact neurocognitive functioning during youth, with heavy use leading to learning, retention, and attentional difficulties, and withdrawal leading to problems with visuospatial functioning.
Modeling of Wall Friction for Multispecies Solid-Gas Flows

Recently, we have developed a one-dimensional, two-phase, multiparticle computational model that includes particle-particle interaction for solid-gas flows in a variable-area duct. Furthermore, relatively simple expressions were derived to account for momentum transfer due to collision between particles. However, if one assumes that all the solid particles are of one species (i.e., have the same size and shape), the term accounting for particle-particle interaction will vanish in the one-dimensional model. In this case, the solid particles would asymptotically reach a velocity equal to the gas velocity regardless of the size or density of the particle. Practically, however, the solid particles do not actually attain the gas velocity, and a velocity slip exists between the solid phase and the gas phase. The main reason for this is the effect of friction between the particles and the duct walls. The impact of the particles on the wall gives rise to an increased wall friction and causes more pressure drop along the duct. Three different models dealing with the representation of the equivalent friction factor, f/sub pg/, for solid-gas suspensions are investigated in the text of the full paper. They are, however, discussed here briefly. 5 refs.
The heat capacity of PrCo2 and NdCo2 between 8 and 300°K☆

Abstract Heat capacities of PrCo2 and NdCo2 are presented for the temperature region extending from 8 to 300°K and the resistivity-temperature behavior of NdCo2 is given for the same temperature range. These materials are both ferromagnetic at helium temperatures. The heat-capacity data show that the magnetic order in both compounds is lost in two stages. The nature of the two stages for PrCo2 is not clear: For NdCo2 the results indicate that ferromagnetism exists only for T
Essential structural requirements for specific recognition of HIV TAR RNA by peptide mimetics of Tat protein

The pharmacological disruption of the interaction between the HIV Tat protein and its cognate transactivation response RNA (TAR) would generate novel anti-viral drugs with a low susceptibility to drug resistance, but efforts to discover ligands with sufficient potency to warrant pharmaceutical development have been unsuccessful. We have previously described a family of structurally constrained β-hairpin peptides that potently inhibits viral growth in HIV-infected cells. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of an inhibitory complex revealed that the peptide makes intimate contacts with the 3-nt bulge and the upper helix of the RNA hairpin, but that a single residue contacts the apical loop where recruitment of the essential cellular co-factor cyclin T₁ occurs. Attempting to extend the peptide to form more interactions with the RNA loop, we examined a library of longer peptides and achieved > 6-fold improvement in affinity. The structure of TAR bound to one of the extended peptides reveals that the peptide slides down the major groove of the RNA, relative to our design, in order to maintain critical interactions with TAR. These conserved contacts involve three amino acid side chains and identify critical interaction points required for potent and specific binding to TAR RNA. They constitute a template of essential interactions required for inhibition of this RNA.
The presence of IPV in foster care cases: Examining referrals for services, reunification goals, and system responsibility

The co-occurrence of child maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) is estimated to range from 30 to 60% and IPV can negatively affect reunification for children in foster care. The purpose of this descriptive study is to assess the co-occurrence, reunification goals, and referrals for services related to IPV by foster care case managers. The study relies on survey data from 165 case managers in three geographic areas of one Midwestern state. Data from focus groups of case managers and supervisors (n = 64) are also used to uncover any barriers related to IPV services and reunification. The results indicate that overall, few referrals for IPV services are made by foster care case managers for children and adult perpetrators, although more referrals are made for adult victims and perpetrators when reunification is the goal. Focus group results reveal that a lack of available, affordable, and beneficial services were among the barriers cited for the low number of referrals for IPV services. Building resources and IPV services that are viewed as necessary and beneficial to children and families is essential to increasing a family's safety and improving the well-being of all members.
Spectroscopically and kinetically distinct conformational populations of sol-gel-encapsulated carbonmonoxy myoglobin. A comparison with hemoglobin.

We have used sol-gel encapsulation protocols to trap kinetically and spectroscopically distinct conformational populations of native horse carbonmonoxy myoglobin. The method allows for direct comparison of functional and spectroscopic properties of equilibrium and non-equilibrium populations under the same temperature and viscosity conditions. The results implicate tertiary structure changes that include the proximal heme environment in the mechanism for population-specific differences in the observed rebinding kinetics. Differences in the resonance Raman frequency of ν(Fe-His), the iron-proximal histidine stretching mode, are attributed to differences in the positioning of the F helix. For myoglobin, the degree of separation between the F helix and the heme is assigned as the conformational coordinate that modulates both this frequency and the innermost barrier controlling CO rebinding. A comparison with the behavior of encapsulated derivatives of human adult hemoglobin indicates that these CO binding-induced conformational changes are qualitatively similar to the tertiary changes that occur within both the R and T quaternary states. Protein-specific differences in the time scale for the proposed F helix relaxation are attributed to variations in the intra-helical hydrogen bonding patterns that help stabilize the position of the F helix.
Therapeutic Implications of the Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

A growing body of evidence indicates that subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive and maintain many types of human malignancies. These findings have important implications for the development and evaluation of oncologic therapies and present opportunities for potential gains in patient outcome. The existence of CSCs mandates careful analysis and comparison of normal tissue stem cells and CSCs to identify differences between the two cell types. The development of CSC-targeted treatments will face a number of potential hurdles, including normal stem cell toxicity and the acquisition of treatment resistance, which must be considered in order to maximize the chance that such therapies will be successful.
Power Reconstructed: Reclaiming the Foundations of Power

The purpose of this article is to attempt to reclaim the concept of foundations of power as a framework of analysis and as an approach to influencing policy. The first section briefly re-examines the policy area that developed in the late 20th century United States and suggests that it was an illusion based on a small area of consensus and a large supply of federal funds. The next section questions the ability to find a new consensus. The policy arena of the previous century has fragmented into multiple sites that make a new common foundation difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. The last section considers postmodernism as a heuristic device for understanding and influencing public policy. In doing so it is possible to reconstruct the concept of the foundations of power.
Studies on Cyanogenic Glycoside of Sorghum Vulgare.

isolated and characterized the compound from Sorghum vulgare Pers., reported that the glycoside was abundant in young plants but was absent in mature plants and in the seed (5). These observations suggested that this tissue might be suitable for investigating the biosynthesis of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and HCN. This paper describes experiments designed to test the usefulness of Sorghutm vulgare as an experimental material and defines the conditions used in subsequent biosynthetic studies (4).
The pigment of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

WHILE culturing cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus 1, white cells, resistant to lysozyme, were often produced in liquid media containing relatively high carbohydrate. Resistant cells remained Gram-positive and were not lysed by lysozyme in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid2. Optimal concentrations of cultural sodium chloride for growth improved the yellow colour of the organisms3. These observations suggested a relationship of the yellow pigment to the polysaccharide substrate of lysozyme.
Aliasing effects in thermal images of four-bar patterns below and above the Nyquist limit

A new virtual thermal image-processing model is introduced in this paper. This visualization program is based on earlier modeling work focused on predicting the minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD), which is a standard performance measure for forward looking infrared radar (FLIR) imaging systems. Relevant filtering, noise and sampling processes are included in the visualization model. In this paper it will be demonstrated and explained that aliasing effects in thermal images of four-bar patterns cannot in general be adequately modeled as noise. In particular, the simulation experiments demonstrate that aliasing can have a noticeable visual enhancing effect at spatial bar frequencies less than the Nyquist limit.
THE PROPOSED TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM: POTENTIAL HIGHWAY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC ∗

(1971). THE PROPOSED TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM: POTENTIAL HIGHWAY TO THE NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 15-18.
Translation of mouse testis poly(A)+ mRNAs for testis-specific protein, protamine 1, and the precursor for protamine 2.

Abstract Since previous studies have suggested that the mammalian protamine mRNAs are translated poorly in cell-free systems, we directly measured the efficiency of translation of mouse protamine 1 mRNA. We found that mouse testis poly(A)+ mRNA stimulates the synthesis in the wheat germ and reticulocyte cell-free systems of three prominant translation products which can be resolved by electrophoresis through acid urea polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea. These translation products have been identified as testis-specific protein, protamine 1, and the precursor to protamine 2 by several criteria, including labeling with amino acids, [35S]cysteine, and [3H]leucine, which are known to be specific to some of these proteins from the nucleotide sequences of recombinant DNAs. Surprisingly, the mobility of the testisspecific protein translation product is slightly reduced and the mobility of both protamine translation products is drastically reduced unless the extracts of cell-free translations are coelectrophoresed with the appropriate carrier. The fraction of [35S]cysteine- labeled protamine 1 translation product was compared with the fraction of testis poly(A)+ mRNA as protamine 1 mRNA which we measured in dot blots with the use of an SP6 RNA polymerase transcript for protamine 1. The results demonstrate that protamine 1 mRNA is translated only slightly less efficiently than the average testis poly(A)+ mRNA.
The genetic control of tristyly in Oxalis section Ionoxalis

Progeny ratios from crosses utilising six tristylous species of Oxalis section Ionoxalis indicate that expression of style forms in this section is generally controlled by two loci which are tightly linked. In diploid species one locus controls the expression of the short style form versus non-short, while the second locus controls the expression of the mid and long style forms. The short allele is epistatic to the mid-long locus, where mid is dominant to long. Control of tristyly is similar in polyploid species, although linkage cannot be detected because of chromosome duplication. Fixation or loss of the mid-long locus would allow the remaining short versus non-short locus to segregate equal numbers of shorts and longs, thus providing a genetic basis for control of distyly.
An accurate hyperbolic system for approximately hydrostatic and incompressible oceanographic flows

It is well known that severe restrictions on accuracy and stability arise when using a numerical model based on the Eulerian equations to compute the low frequency motions of physical oceanography. We show that the loss of accuracy is due to the extreme skewness of the system. Although the system can be transformed to symmetric hyperbolic form, the diagonal transformation matrix contains factors that produce mathematical estimates indicating loss of accuracy and this occurs in practice. The stability restriction is just a result of the multiple time scales present in the system, i.e. the presence of sound waves. We discuss three alternatives to overcome these restrictions.
Vapour—liquid equilibrium of nitrogen—oxygen mixtures and air at high pressure☆

Abstract The vapour liquid equilibrium surface of the binary mixture nitrogen—oxygen is correlated over an extended critical region with the Leung-Griffiths model as modified by Rainwater and Moldover. No single comprehensive experimental measurement of the coexistence surface is available. However, several different experiments along isopleths, isotherms and isobars collectively provide enough data to make possible the development of a reasonable correlation. The model is optimized to modern data and is shown to be consistent with pioneering measurements done before 1930, to within experimental and temperature-scale uncertainties. It is shown that air in the critical region can be accurately modelled as a nitrogen—oxygen binary mixture by including the small argon component with oxygen. Ancillary equations for the saturation properties of air as functions of temperature are also constructed.
Resting heart rate variability in men varying in habitual physical activity.

MELANSON, E. L. Resting heart rate variability in men varying in habitual physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 1894–1901, 2000.PurposeThe aims of this study were 1) to assess day-to-day stability of resting heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy adults; 2) to determine w
“I Can Provide for My Children”: Korean Immigrant Women’s Changing Perspectives on Work Outside the Home

Whether immigrant women’s introduction to paid labor empowers them with greater autonomy or exacerbates their oppression has been debated variously in the scholarship on gender and migration. In this paper, the author examines Korean immigrant women’s perspectives on work outside the home after migration. Based on in-depth interview data, the paper emphasizes Korean women’s own interpretations of work and motherhood, and highlights the ways in which they define and redefine work in relation to other aspects of their post-migration experiences. The analysis finds that income producing work is not empowering in and of itself, but contingent upon other post-migration challenges such as economic downward mobility and women’s changed roles as working mothers. Furthermore, women’s perception of work fluctuates over time. The findings suggest that paid work should not be simply interpreted as an empowering change, but the linkage between work and other aspects of immigrant women’s post-migration realities needs to be more closely examined.
Parallelizing the Cellular Potts Model on graphics processing units

Abstract The Cellular Potts Model (CPM) is a lattice based modeling technique used for simulating cellular structures in computational biology. The computational complexity of the model means that current serial implementations restrict the size of simulation to a level well below biological relevance. Parallelization on computing clusters enables scaling the size of the simulation but marginally addresses computational speed due to the limited memory bandwidth between nodes. In this paper we present new data-parallel algorithms and data structures for simulating the Cellular Potts Model on graphics processing units. Our implementations handle most terms in the Hamiltonian, including cell–cell adhesion constraint, cell volume constraint, cell surface area constraint, and cell haptotaxis. We use fine level checkerboards with lock mechanisms using atomic operations to enable consistent updates while maintaining a high level of parallelism. A new data-parallel memory allocation algorithm has been developed to handle cell division. Tests show that our implementation enables simulations of > 10 6 cells with lattice sizes of up to 256 3 on a single graphics card. Benchmarks show that our implementation runs ∼80× faster than serial implementations, and ∼5× faster than previous parallel implementations on computing clusters consisting of 25 nodes. The wide availability and economy of graphics cards mean that our techniques will enable simulation of realistically sized models at a fraction of the time and cost of previous implementations and are expected to greatly broaden the scope of CPM applications.
High temperature gas proportional detector techniques and application to the neutrino mass limit using 163Ho

Abstract The search for massive neutrinos in the ultra-low energy electron capture decay of 163Ho prompted the design construction and operation of a high temperature, high resolution gas proportional detector to measure “calorimetrically” electron capture events from the decay of gaseous organometallic sources of 163Ho. This technique, widely suited to other low energy nuclear decay measurements, is generally applicable to most metallic isotopes. The construction, techniques and performance details of this nuclear detection approach are described. The specific experiment with 163Ho permits measurements of low energy N and M-shell capture events used to set the current best 225 eV (2σ) limit on the electron neutrino mass in electron capture. The present status of the measurements of 163Ho nuclear properties is summarized.
Association of Fetal Junctional Rhythm and Respiratory Arrhythmia Detected by Magnetocardiography

Magnetocardiographic recordings from a fetus at 34 weeks' gestation with a complex heart malformation revealed an unusual fetal arrhythmia, where the rhythm was observed to alternate between extended periods of sinus and junctional rhythms. Fetal heart rate measurement showed that the junctional rhythm was strongly associated with respiratory arrhythmia. We hypothesize that changes in autonomic balance due to the onset and cessation of fetal breathing movements were largely responsible for the rhythm alternations. To our knowledge this is the first report of a fetal junction rhythm and the first observation of fetal respiratory arrhythmia during nonsinus rhythm.