cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cormix: An Expert System for Mixing Zone Analysis

United States water quality policy includes the concept of a mixing zone, a limited area where initial dilution of a discharge occurs. Current practice in mixing zone analysis is plagued by a number of problems --mixing zone definitions vary widely; there is a diversity of discharge and site conditions; existing models focus on near-field mixing while legal definitions extend to greater distances; and there are a large number of permitting applications needing review. The Cornell Mixing Zone Expert System (CORMIX) is a series of software elements for analysis and design of submerged buoyant or nonbuoyant discharges containing conventional or toxic pollutants into stratified or unstratified waters, with emphasis on the geometry and dilution characteristics of the initial mixing zone. Subsystem CORMIX1 deals with single port discharges, CORMIX2 addresses multiport diffusers, and subsystem CORMIX3 analyzes surface discharges. The software is implemented on microcomputers using the MS-DOS operating system. It contains two key elements -- 1) a rigorous flow classification scheme that analyzes the near-field behavior of a discharge and 2), a collection of predictive elements for each discharge scenario. This paper describes the development philosophy underlining CORMIX, the capabilities of the three subsystems, and describes the procedure for obtaining the software.
Vitamin A and emphysema.

Within the last several years, research scientists and clinicians have been intrigued with the potential use of an active form of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), for the treatment and prevention of emphysema. The interest in this area can be largely attributed to the work of Massaro and Massaro (1996, 1997, 2000) in which they presented evidence that RA partially protects against and to some degree restores elastase‐induced emphysema in rats. The mechanism for this protective effect of RA is in part related to elastin metabolism. RA also inhibits inflammation, an upstream event that may lead to the development of emphysema. Although there is evidence of this protective effect in young rats and a mechanistic explanation, more studies are needed in humans in order to establish a role for vitamin A in protecting against emphysema. Too many unanswered questions remain to definitively state that vitamin A protects against this disease in humans. Nevertheless, the potential for this novel approach in prevention and treatment of emphysema is an exciting area of research.
Regulation of citrate synthesis in isolated rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract The regulation of the fate of acetyl units derived from the β-oxidation of l(-)-palmitylcarnitine was studied using isolated rat liver mitochondria. Citrate synthesis from acetyl-CoA was dependent upon the concentration of l-malate, the immediate precursor of oxalacetate in this system. The independence of the rate of citrate formation on the means used to stimulate respiration, e.g. ADP for coupled mitochondria and p-trifluoromethoxphenyl hydrazone of carbonyl cyanide (FCCP) for uncoupled mitochondria, indicated that the mitochondrial citrate synthase was insensitive to the energy charge of the mitochondria. Various concentrations of externally added ATP inhibited both the rates of oxygen consumption and citrate formation but caused little alteration in the ratio of these two rates indicating that citrate synthase was insensitive to the added nucleotide. An effort was made to assess the effect of changes in the intramitochondrial ATP level on the formation of citrate. Using 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone plus rotenone to stimulate respiration and to maintain a high intramitochondrial ATP level, linear rates of citrate formation and oxygen consumption were obtained. Addition of oligomycin caused a marked fall in ATP, no change in the rate of oxygen consumption, and no change in the rate of citrate formation suggesting that changes in the intramitochondrial ATP level did not effect a release of an inhibition of the citrate synthase. Addition of FCCP to this system caused a precipitous fall in ATP and an immediate and complete inhibition of citrate formation indicating an interruption in energized substrate transport into the mitochondria. Inclusion of the inhibitor, malonate, in the incubation medium of a citrate-synthesizing system prevented the formation of citrate when the mitochondria were coupled. Malonate seemed to compete with l-malate for entry into the mitochondria. Malonate did not prevent citrate formation in uncoupled mitochondria indicating that a relatively low level of uncoupler enhanced the permeability of the mitochondria for anionic substrates. Positive correlations were observed between the oxidation-reduction state of the mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides or the rate of respiration and the rate of citrate formation in an uncoupler titration and in a potassium concentration using valinomycin-treated mitochondria. It is concluded that the rate of citrate synthesis in isolated liver mitochondria depends mainly on the availability of the two substrates of the citrate synthase reaction, acetyl-CoA and oxalacetate.
Effects of Unintentional Denial of Service (DOS) Due to Push-to-Talk (PTT) Delays on Performance of CSMA/CA Based Adhoc Land Mobile Radio (LMR) Networks

Unintentional Denial of Service (DOS) problems occur in wireless networks such as Wi-Fi due to factors such as signal capture, interference and have been studied extensively in the literature. A similar problem manifests amongst nodes within a LMR network due to different PTT delay characteristics. We first present the typical PTT delay values and distributions followed by an analytical model to estimate the denial of service problem. The results obtained using the model and simulations show that the LMR nodes experience DOS due to collisions resulting from PTT delays. The results also show that there exists an asymmetry in the performance of individual nodes and the extent of this asymmetry is a function of total number of nodes in the system and the density of nodes with similar PTT delay profiles. These observations have implications in both performance and capacity planning of an adhoc LMR network.
Radio Recombination Lines from Planetary Nebulae

In general it has been very difficult to study the radio recombination lines from planetary nebulae primarily because of their very weak radio emission (Terzian 1973, 1978). Only in recent years it has been possible to detect these lines with adequate signal-to-noise ratios. The largest radio telescopes have been used for such observations with long integration times. Successful results have been obtained for Hnα lines with n ≤ 110, and only upper limits exist for lines originating from higher principal quantum levels.
As não-qualidades de Manuel de Freitas: uma leitura de 'Carpe Diem'

Este artigo intenta desconstruir a oposicao entre autor artifice e autor possesso como criterio avaliativo para a obra do poeta portugues contemporâneo Manuel de Freitas atraves da analise do poema “Carpe Diem”, do livro Beau Sejour , de 2003.
Sunlight and the skin.

Abstract Most of the significant diseases in which sunlight is a causative or contributing factor were discussed in detail. Conditions receiving greatest emphasis were sunburn, photosensitivity, aging, and carcinogenesis. Patient education, protection with clothing and sun screens, and the antimalarial drugs are considered to be the basis of therapy.
Update on primary central nervous system lymphoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary central nervous system lymphoma is a rare form of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is confined to the central nervous system and eye. Numerous studies examining this disorder have been published in the past 2 years. This review will discuss recent advances in the understanding of the pathology, radiographic appearance, and treatment of this disorder. RECENT FINDINGS Novel treatment regimens continue to be studied for newly diagnosed and recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma. As overall survival improves, the burden of late neurotoxicity has become more apparent. Neuropsychological testing of patients treated with chemoradiation shows significant cognitive deficits that can be attributed to whole brain irradiation. Standardization of phase II clinical trials across individual institutions remains an important goal within the oncology community. The International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group (IPCG) has proposed guidelines for the baseline evaluation and response criteria for clinical trials of the disorder. In addition, series of patients with uncommon histological variants of primary central nervous system lymphoma have been published. SUMMARY In 2005, the optimal treatment for primary central nervous system lymphoma remains undefined. Treatment of newly diagnosed disease should include methotrexate-based chemotherapy but the role of irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy remain unclear. Salvage therapy for progressive or recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma is an area of active interest but no standard recommendations exist at the present time. Future studies on the biology of recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma should help to clarify treatment options for these patients.
Hmos and Health Externalities: A Local Public Good Perspective:

This article introduces a health maintenance organization (HMO) model that characterizes HMO decisions on enrollment, utilization levels, and quality. Facing global budgets dependent on revenue raising capacity, HMOs must determine standards of care and the corresponding premiums to cover costs. Revenues are allocated among HMO providers by gatekeepers who are often subject to strict utilization controls. The authors' model identifies various uncompensated health and pecuniary externalities that may result from patient disenrollments, thereby affecting treatment costs. As a result of these externalities, HMOs may provide less than socially efficient levels of care, and they may also enroll less than socially efficient numbers of members. The model also predicts that HMOs may promote socially cost-inefficient treatment options for conditions in which multiple options are available.
Cu2+ and Zn2+ inhibit nitric-oxide synthase through an interaction with the reductase domain.

Abstract Cu2+ and Zn2+inhibit all of the NADPH-dependent reactions catalyzed by neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) including ferricytochromec reduction, NADPH oxidation, and citrulline formation. Cu2+ and Zn2+ also inhibit ferricytochromec reduction by the independent reductase domain. Zn2+ affects all activities of the full-length nNOS and the reductase domain to the same extent (estimated IC50 values from 9 to 31 μm), suggesting Zn2+ occupation of a single site in the reductase domain. Citrulline formation and NADPH oxidation by the full-length nNOS and ferricytochromec reduction by the reductase domain are affected similarly by Cu2+, with estimated IC50 values ranging from 6 to 33 μm. However, Cu2+ inhibits ferricytochrome c reduction by the full-length nNOS 2 orders of magnitude more potently, with an estimated IC50value of 0.12 μm. These data suggest the possibility that Cu2+ may interact with nNOS at two sites, one composed exclusively of the reductase domain (which is perhaps also involved in Zn2+-mediated inhibition), and another that includes components of both domains. Occupation of the second (higher affinity) site could then promote the selective inhibition of ferricytochromec reduction in full-length nNOS. Neither the inhibition by Cu2+ nor that by Zn2+ is dependent on calmodulin.
Passive immunity to murine plasmacytoma by rabbit antiidiotypic antibody to myeloma protein.

SummaryAntiidiotypic antisera to LPC-1 and MOPC-300 plasmacytoma globulins were produced in rabbits by immunization with the corresponding antigen and exhaustive immunoabsorption with normal BALB/c plasma and other myeloma globulins. IgG fractions of these antisera when given intraperitoneally on three consecutive days after tumor implantation, protected the animal specifically from the grafting of the corresponding plasmacytoma or induced regression of the tumors after their initial grafting and growth. In vitro cytotoxicity of the antisera to plasmacytoma cells was not demonstrated. Plasma of the antisera-treated normal BALB/c mice, though containing antiidiotypic antibody in high titers (320-640), was not cytotoxic to tumor cells. The inhibitory effect on tumor growth can be considered the result of passive immunization against plasmacytoma with xenogeneic humoral antibody.
Politically Speaking, Do Women Exist?

“Women are beginning to appear in the language of politics, but their emergence is halting and contradicts a number of long established habits.”
A Background Emission Correction System for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A simple system which corrects for both broad band absorption and broad band emission in thermally atomized atomic absorption spectroscopy is presented in this article.
Radiation induced lumbosacral plexopathy in gynecologic tumors: clinical findings and dosimetric analysis.

Abstract Purpose : Radiation-induced lumbosacral plexopathy is a rare complication of pelvic irradiation. Methods and Materials : We report four cases among 2,410 patients treated to the pelvis for carcinoma of the cervix and carcinoma of the endometrium. All patients received both external beam and intracavitary radiation. The total calculated dose to the lumbosacral plexus was on the order of 7300 cGy. Results : All 4 cases presented developed lumbosacral plexopathy. Conclusions : Although a few permanent lumbosacral lesions have been reported for patients treated with conventionally fractionated external beam, this syndrome is more often seen in patients treated with intracavitary irradiation for cervical or endometrial carcinoma.
HW/SW co-design for reconfigurable Ultrasonic System-on-Chip platform

Efficient partitioning of hardware and software is essential for an optimized system design with a reduced development time. A reconfigurable Ultrasonic System-on-Chip Hardware (RUSH) platform has been developed to allow flexibility in system development for real-time ultrasonic signal processing applications via hardware-software (HW/SW) co-design. In this paper, we analyze how the various components within the RUSH system are split into hardware and software. Hence RUSH provides an industry standard development platform for both hardware and software designers.
Demonstration of a Wavelength-Converter-Based 1550-nm Photon-Counting Receiver with Better Than 2 Incident Photon/Bit Sensitivity

We implemented a photon-counting optical receiver at 1550 nm with periodically-poled lithium niobate and a silicon Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode. We measured a sensitivity of 1.9 incident photons/bit at 18.8 Mb/s for a single detector.
Head-to-head: docetaxel challenges paclitaxel

Among the novel chemotherapeutic drugs introduced in the 1990s, the taxoids have emerged as the most powerful compounds in metastatic breast cancer. For a number of years, clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of the two taxoids, docetaxel (Taxotere | and paclitaxel (Taxol| and oncologists have long asked the question whether the two agents are clinically different. However, until this time, only indirect clinical comparisons of these agents had been performed, which were imprecise owing to differences in patient populations. The TAX 311 study is the first and only head-to-head randomised phase III study to compare directly the efficacy and safety of docetaxel and paclitaxel for patients with advanced breast cancer. An early study in patients with paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer revealed differences between the taxoids and now, with the results of the newly published TAX 311 trial, it is possible to make a definitive comparison of docetaxel and paclitaxel. As previously mentioned, paclitaxel was isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia) and docetaxel was, some years later, prepared from 10-deacetylbaccatin III, isolated from the needles of the European yew tree (Taxus baccata)[1]. Despite both compounds being members of the same class of cytotoxic agent, preclinical studies demonstrated that docetaxel had a number of advantages over paclitaxel. Compared with paclitaxel, docetaxel had a wider cell-cycle activity and demonstrated a greater affinity for the (5-tubulin binding site [2]. These effects were accompanied by greater uptake and slower efflux of docetaxel from tumour cells, resulting in longer intracellular retention time and higher intracellular concentrations than those achieved with paclitaxel[3]. Compared with paclitaxel, docetaxel demonstrated more potent induction of bcl-2 phosphorylation and exhibited up to a 12-fold increase in cytotoxic activity[2,4 6]. Also, growth inhibition in human epidermal growth t%ctor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cells was greater for docetaxel than for paclitaxel [7]. Lastly, the increased upregulation of thymidine phosphorylase observed with docetaxel and
Remains of the Progressive City? First Source Hiring in Portland and Chicago

Within urban scholarship, there is an ongoing interest in the potential for progressive alternatives to growth-oriented economic development. This article examines the experience of two U.S. cities...
Adrenocortical activity in fetal SHR and WKY rats.

There is increasing evidence that the intrauterine milieu and corticosteroid exposure play a role in the etiology of hypertension. We examined adrenocortical gene expression and circulating corticosteroids in the d 21 fetal spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its normotensive genetic control, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat. By RNase protection assays, we found no differences in the relative abundances of mRNAs for P450scc and P450c11β, and barely detectable P450c11AS mRNA in the adrenals of fetal SHR and WKY rats. P450c11B3 RNA was undetectable by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in both SHR and WKY fetuses. The zonal expression of P450c11 mRNA was comparable in SHR and WKY fetuses by in situ hybridization histochemistry. There were no significant differences in peripheral levels of aldosterone and corticosterone by radioimmunoassay in fetal SHR and WKY rats. Based upon the absence of distinct differences in the aspects of adrenocortical activity examined, it is unlikely that they are integral in the programming of hypertension in this model.
The diversity of allosteric controls at the gateway to aromatic amino acid biosynthesis

Present within bacteria, plants, and some lower eukaryotes 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAHPS) catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of a number of metabolites, including the three aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Catalyzing the first reaction in an important biosynthetic pathway, DAHPS is situated at a critical regulatory checkpoint-at which pathway input can be efficiently modulated to respond to changes in the concentration of pathway outputs. Based on a phylogenetic classification scheme, DAHPSs have been divided into three major subtypes (Iα, Iβ, and II). These subtypes are subjected to an unusually diverse pattern of allosteric regulation, which can be used to further subdivide the enzymes. Crystal structures of most of the regulatory subclasses have been determined. When viewed collectively, these structures illustrate how distinct mechanisms of allostery are applied to a common catalytic scaffold. Here, we review structural revelations regarding DAHPS regulation and make the case that the functional difference between the three major DAHPS subtypes relates to basic distinctions in quaternary structure and mechanism of allostery.
Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on Water and Saline Intake in the Mongolian Gerbil

Summary To establish the water balance regulatory ability of gerbils in response to a hypovolemic dipsogen, adult female gerbils (50-70 g) were injected subcutaneously with either a .9% NaCl vehicle or 10% or 30% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol (mol wt 20,000). At each injection level one-half of the Ss had access to water, the other to .9% NaCl after injection. There was a significant increase in fluid intake associated with injection doses and Ss drank significantly more when allowed saline to drink rather than water. In Experiment II under a similar set of manipulations, hematocrit values were obtained at 12 and 24 hours after injection and showed decreasing blood volume levels which apparently served as the thirst stimulus. The results were discussed in terms of the voluntary dehydration findings of Stricker on rats and thus demonstrated the similarity of gerbils and rats in response to extracellular insult.
Use of Veterans Affairs Medical Care by Enrollees in Medicare HMOs

To the Editor: Older people in the United States who use the medical services of the Veterans Health Administration are frequently also entitled to health care through Medicare. Although most do no...
Case study in bivariate Hermite interpolation

In this article we investigate the minimal dimension of a subspace of C^1(R^2) needed to interpolate an arbitrary function and some of its prescribed partial derivatives at two arbitrary points. The subspace in question may depend on the derivatives, but not on the location of the points. Several results of this type are known for Lagrange interpolation. As far as I know, this is the first such study for Hermite Interpolation.
NUCLEAR MATRIX INTERACTIONS WITHIN THE SPERM GENOME

Analysis of the haploid-expressed human PRM1 → PRM2 → TNP2 genic domain has revealed two regions of attachment to the sperm nuclear matrix. These sperm nuclear matrix attachment regions delimit the DNase I-sensitive domain of this haploid-expressed locus. The domain is intermediately associated with but not attached to the nuclear matrix. DNase I-sensitive genes within the mature sperm nucleus, such as protamine 1, protamine 2, transition protein 2, α-globin, and β-actin, display this intermediate affinity for the sperm nuclear matrix. This may denote their role in templating the male genome prior to fertilization, thus ensuring the formation of a viable male pronucleus during early embryonic development.
A comparison of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in the haemolymph of healthy Culex pipiens, Aedes taeniorhynchus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae and larvae parasitised by the mermithid Romanomermis culicivorax

Abstract Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in the haemolymph of healthy and infected larvae of Culex pipiens, Aedes taeniorhynchus and Anopheles quadrimaculatus were determined by enzymatic analyses and gas-chromatographic procedures. Pyruvate increased by over 100% in C. pipiens late fourth stage healthy larvae compared with early fourth stage larvae and α-ketoglutarate contents were reduced in the late fourth stage larvae of all three species. Malate was the predominant haemolymph acid with appreciable amounts of citrate and lactate. Haemolymph from larvae infected with Romanomermis culicivorax , compared with that from healthy larvae of C. pipiens and A. taeniorhynchus showed no change in succinate, but fumarate, malate and citrate concentrations were higher. Lactate and α-ketoglutarate concentrations were elevated in A. taeniorhynchus but remained unchanged in the other two species. Oxaloacetate was reduced to undetectable levels in C. pipiens and A. taeniorhynchus infected larvae. Lactate, succinate, malate, oxaloacetate and fumarate remained unchanged between healthy and infected A. quadrimaculatus larvae, but citrate and pyruvate were reduced. Pyruvate concentration was also reduced in C. pipiens infected larvae, but remained constant in A. taeniorhynchus .
High-spin members of the 4p-4h triaxial band in 40Ca

Abstract The states of 40Ca are described as mixtures of triaxial deformed intrinsic states. The few adjustable parameters are chosen to give good agreement for the low-lying energy levels. It is then found that the model can reproduce the energies of the high-spin states seen in heavy-ion scattering experiments at 9.9 MeV (8+) and 12.4 MeV (10+). The deviation of the energies of these states from the simple J(J+1)fs pattern can be explained as due to K-band mixing. Additional high-spin states are predicted at 15.8 MeV (12+) and 19.6 MeV (14+). Electromagnetic transition rates and other observables are generally in good agreement with experimental values.
A review of the biological effects of prazosin, including recent pharmacological findings

SummaryPrazosin has been shown to be a safe, effective, potent antihypertensive agent that lowers blood pressure in a variety of experimental models of hypertension in animals. Prazosin reduces blood pressure by reducing total peripheral resistance, not cardiac output, and no tolerance occurs to the antihypertensive effect of prazosin. Studies in dogs indicate that, like diazoxide, prazosin would be expected not to exaggerate orthostatic hypotension, at least not to the extent that subjective symptoms would limit its usefulness once tissue autoregulatory mechanisms had time to adjust to the lowered perfusion pressure. Unlike other peripherally acting agents, prazosin does not cause a tachycardia, neither does it increase plasma renin activity or sympathetic nerve traffic. Prazosin sensitizes baroreceptors, but this is not a unique property and will not satisfactorily explain the lack of tachycardia with this agent.The action of prazosin is confined to the periphery and no central mechanism of action has b...
Quiescent T cells and HIV: an unresolved relationship

The ability of HIV to infect quiescent CD4+ T cells has been a topic of intense debate. While early studies suggested that the virus could not infect this particular T cell subset, subsequent studies using more sensitive protocols demonstrated that these cells could inefficiently support HIV infection. Additional studies showed that the kinetics of infection in quiescent cells was delayed and multiple stages of the viral life cycle were marred by inefficiencies. Despite that, proviral DNA has been found in these cells presenting them as a potential viral reservoir. Therefore, a better understanding of the relationship between HIV and quiescent T cells may lead to further advances in the field of HIV.
ELEVATED CONCENTRATIONS OF CSF HOMOVANILLIC ACID IN REYE SYNDROME-A POSSIBLE RELATION TO CEREBRAL HYPOPERFUSION

Recent investigations suggest a relationship between braindopamine release and subsequent hypoperfusion. Such an association has important therapeutic implications since abundant pharmacological agents are available that could be utilized to modify central monoaminergic mechanisms. We have examined cerebral ventricular fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid(HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), the principal metabolites of dopamine and serotonin respectively, in 7 children with Reye syndrome. In these children, CSF was obtained during continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and compared with ventricular CSF from 6 children with communicating hydrocephalus. Maximum HVA (ng/ml, mean ± SEM) was significantly elevated in Reye syndrome averaging 1140 ± 313 compared to 267 ± 64.5 in controls (p 0.10). Peak HVA concentration occurred 1-2 days after the maximum blood NH3; however, there was no significant correiation between the maximum CSF concentration of either HVA or 5-HIAA and maximum blood NH3. ICP was increased in all children with Reye syndrome but there was no consistent pattern between HVA concentration and degree of ICP elevation. Our findings suggest a sequence of dopamine release (as reflected by elevations in HVA), cerebral vasoconstriction, and a resultant hypoperfusion in Reye syndrome.
Reflective Practice as a Tool to Teach Digital Professionalism

Rationale and Objectives Digital professionalism is increasingly being integrated into postgraduate medical education. We developed a small-group, reflective practice–based session incorporating radiology-specific cases to heighten residents' awareness about digital professionalism. Materials and Methods Case-based, radiology-specific scenarios were created for a small-group, reflective practice–based session on digital professionalism. Anonymous pre- and postsession surveys evaluating residents' use of social media and their thoughts about the session were administered to the radiology residents. Results Twenty-five of 38 (66%) residents responded to the presession survey with 40% (10/25) reporting daily social media use; 50% (12/24) witnessing an unprofessional posting on Facebook; and 8% (2/25) posting something unprofessional themselves. Of the 21 residents who attended the session, 13 (62%) responded to the postsession survey. Residents reported that the session added to their understanding of professionalism 3.92, 95% CI (3.57–4.27). As a result of the session, residents stated that they were more aware of protecting patient privacy and confidentiality on social media sites 3.92, 95% CI (3.47–4.37), and would take a more active role in ensuring professional use of social media as it relates to patient care 4.00, 95% CI (3.66–4.34). Conclusion Residents favorably viewed the reflective case–based session on digital professionalism as a means to be more aware of ways to avoid unprofessional interactions on the internet. Our results suggest that such reflective sessions are an effective method to educate residents on key concepts regarding digital professionalism.
Computational Modeling of Planar SOFC: Effects of Volatile Species/Oxidant Mass Flow Rate and Electrochemical Reaction Rate on Convective Heat Transfer

A three-dimensional computational simulation of an intermediate temperature planar, tri-layered solid oxide fuel cell is considered for steady incompressible fully developed laminar flow in the interconnect ducts of rectangular cross section, with uniform supply of volatile species (80% H2 + 20% H2O vapor) and oxidant (20% O2 + 80% N2) at the electrolyte surface. The governing equations of mass, momentum and energy conservation coupled with that for electrochemical species are solved computationally. The Darcy-Forchheimer model described the fuel and oxidant transport through the porous electrodes, where the flow is in thermal equilibrium with the electrolyte matrix. The anode-side triple phase boundary is computationally resolved to capture the electrochemical reaction that results in current and volumetric heat generation. Parametric effects of the interconnect design (contact area and channel size) on the variation of thermal-hydrodynamic and electrical performances of the cell are presented. These highlight the effect of the flow rate on the Nernst potential and, in turn, the variations in current density, temperature and mass/species distributions, flow friction factor, and convective heat transfer coefficient. Interconnect channels of different cross-section aspect ratio (width/depth ∼ 0.5–2.0) with electrode-interface-contract half widths for minimum and unchanged area specific resistance) are contrasted so as to evaluate the optimal overall electrical and convective cooling performance of the planar anode-supported SOFC.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The side-on copper(I) nitrosyl geometry in copper nitrite reductase is due to steric interactions with isoleucine-257.

Density functional theory calculations were used to investigate the binding mode of copper(I) nitrosyl (Cu(I)−NO) in copper nitrite reductase (CuNIR). The end-on Cu(I)−NO geometry (2) was found to ...
Orbital tumors in children

Abstract Unilateral proptosis in a young child can often be the presenting sign of an orbital mass. Appropriate management of these lesions requires a thorough knowledge of the types of orbital tumors which may present in the pediatric age group, as well as knowing the most appropriate work-up necessary to obtain an accurate diagnosis. This paper will describe a case of a 13-year-old African-American female who presented with uniocular proptosis, blackouts of her vision, dull aching pains in certain positions of gaze, resistance to retropulsion, and mild disc edema. An orbital mass was confirmed following a work-up which included an ultrasound of the orbit and a CT scan. The differential diagnoses included an orbital hemangioma or schwannoma. A diagnosis of a schwannoma involving the orbit was made following surgical removal of the lesion. A review of common orbital tumors seen in children will be presented in addition to the appropriate work-up and management of these lesions.
Effects of moderate water deficit (stress) on wheat seedling growth and plastid pigment development

Etiolated 6-day-old wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chris) seedlings were subjected to osmotic stress by an application of polyethylene glycol 12 h prior to the exposure to a continuous 72-h light period. The water potential of the primary leaf of stressed seedlings was between –9 and –14 bars throughout the light period. Stress impaired seedling growth, leaf unfolding, and the increase in leaf area. The imposed osmotic stress reduced total chlorophyll accumulation, particularly after 9 h light, suggesting that this is the approximate time period for the depletion of the protochlorophyll(ide) pool and the pool of an essential protochlorophyll(ide) precursor. The chlorophyll a/b ratio of extracts from stressed and non-stressed plants was the same during the 72-h greening period. Water deficit stress impaired carotenoid accumulation sooner than the impairment of chlorophyll production suggesting either a smaller carotenoid pool size of precursors or that the metabolic pathway of carotenoid synthesis was more sensitive to stress. Shifts from the usual plastid pigment absorbance maxima were not observed in these studies.
Vitamin D and prostate cancer

Current approaches to the management of prostate cancer include surgery, radiation therapy or hormonal manipulation either individually or in combination. Diet is increasingly being recognized as playing a role in many cancers including that of the prostate. There is now considerable evidence suggesting a role for vitamin D in prostate cancer. In this article, we have reviewed the current evidence supporting the use of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
Effects of Surface Modifications on the Peel Strength of Copper Based Polymer/Metal Interfaces with Characteristic Morphologies

Abstract This paper summarizes a study on the effect of changes in surface chemistry on the peel strength of copper/polymer interfaces. Two different surface topographics were created and evaluated, one produced by cleaning and etching in sodium persulfate, the other by etching then mechanically roughening using 180 grit sandpaper. Both surfaces were then oxidized in an alkaline/oxidizing treatment to form cupric oxide. Ion implantation and benzotriazole priming modified the surface chemistry of the cupric oxide samples. After lamination to form an epoxy/copper interface, peel strength measurements were taken. The results showed that ion implantation degraded the peel strength while priming with benzotriazole improved the peel strength compared with the unmodified cupric oxide. In a separate comparison study, peel strength measurements were taken on interfaces formed from copper oxides with the same oxide structure but with widely different gross morphologies, “As laminated” adhesive strength was virtuall...
Effect of sensorineural hearing loss on loudness discomfort level and most comfortable loudness judgments.

A simple up-down adaptive procedure was used to estimate the 50% point on the psychometric function for loudness discomfort level (LDL) and the two functions describing the range of most comfortabl...
Longitudinal Study of the Caries Susceptibility of Occlusal and Proximal Surfaces of First Permanent Molars

Ten- to 13-year-old children were examined annually for three years to determine the caries activity in the proximal and occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars. Almost every tooth with an unsound (carious or filled) proximal surface also had an unsound occlusal surface. Caries scores in proximal surfaces remained relatively constant and low. The percentage of teeth with occlusal caries or fillings increased throughout the study, even though the teeth had been erupted for seven to ten years by the end of the study. Within the age range studied, the time that teeth were in the mouth had little effect on the vulnerability of occlusal surfaces to caries attack.
Analysis of an offshore medium voltage DC microgrid environment — Part I: Power sharing controller design

The AC microgrid is proposed as a plug-and-play interface for various types of renewable generation resources. The fundamental microgrid requirements include the capability of operating in islanding mode and/or grid connected modes. The high-level technical challenges associated with microgrids include (1) operation modes and transitions that comply with IEEE1547 and (2) control architecture and communication. Proposed control layers and respective functions have been defined in the microgrid literature. These layers include the primary, secondary and tertiary control. In this work, the focus is on the design of a power management secondary control for an offshore DC microgrid serving induction motor drives. The power is managed through a secondary controller to adjust the power delivered through bidirectional DC/DC converters, which intertie with the inverters connected to the machine loads. Simulations in Matlab/Simulink demonstrate the system performance under a mechanical torque step change for one motor drive unit with other conditions fixed. Part I of the concept emphasizes the electrical layout and part II, a communication layout of the offshore platform is described.
Height, health, and income in the US, 1984--2005.

Abstract Height has been associated with better physical health when outcomes such as diabetes, heart disease, and obesity are considered, yet stature is rarely used in predicting comorbidities or as a proxy for physical health when analyzing outcomes such as income. Since height is a more exogenous measure than variables likely to be affected by lifestyle changes, such as obesity, observing labor market outcomes based on height may be revealing. In addition, gender and racial differences must be taken into account when analyzing the effects of height on physical health and labor market outcomes. This study utilizes the 1984–2005 samples of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in estimating trends in height over time by gender and race, and in analyzing the relationship between height and physical health and labor market outcomes in the United States. Trends show that height has not changed substantially at a time when physical health, as indicated by the incidence of obesity, Type II diabetes, and cholesterol, has deteriorated, and earnings disparities across racial gaps persist. Results at mean values for males indicate that being 10 cm taller is associated with a 14–47% increase in obesity, an 8–13% reduction in cholesterol prevalence, and a $1874–2306 income premium. For females, results indicate that being 10 cm taller is associated with an 8–18% reduction in cholesterol, a 14% reduction in diabetes for white females, and an $891–2243 earnings premium.
Computational implementation of a coupled plasma-neutral fluid model

Abstract This paper describes the computational transport of coupled plasma-neutral fluids in the edge region of a toroidally symmetric magnetic confinement device, with applications to the tokamak. The model couples neutral density in a diffusion approximation with a set of transport equations for the plasma including density, classical plasma parallel velocity, anomalous cross-field velocity, and ion and electron temperature equations. The plasma potential, gradient electric fields, drift velocity, and net poloidal velocity are computed as dependent quantities under the assumption of ambipolarity. The implementation is flexible to permit extension in the future to a fully coupled set of non-ambipolar momentum equations. The computational method incorporates sonic flow and particle recycling of ions and neutrals at the vessel boundary. A numerically generated orthogonal grid conforms to the poloidal magnetic flux surfaces. Power law differencing based on the SIMPLE relaxation method is modified to accomodate the compressible reactive plasma flow with a “semi-implicit” diffusion method. Residual corrections are applied to obtain a valid convergence to the steady state solution. Results are presented for a representative divertor tokamak in a high recycling regime, showing strongly peaked neutral and plasma densities near the divertor target. Solutions show large poloidal and radial gradients in the plasma density, potential, and temperatures. These findings may help to understand the strong turbulence experimentally observed in the plasma edge region of the tokamak.
The Dynamics and Heating of Active Region Loops

I examine the dynamics of active regions using spectra obtained by the Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on the Hinode spacecraft. I show the relationship between non-thermal velocities, Doppler outflows and downflows, intensities, and electron density for two representative active regions out of a group of 18 active regions examined. Results from the other active regions are summarized. Imaging spectra of these active regions were obtained from a number of different EIS raster observations. In the case of the outflows for the two representative regions, two-Gaussian fits were made to line profiles of Fe XII and Fe XIII to obtain quantitative information on high-speed components of the outflows. A three-Gaussian fit was made for the Fe XII line at λ195.119. The highest speed outflows occur in weak regions adjacent to the bright loops in active regions. They are weak (less than 5% of the intensity of the main spectral component in the brightest parts of active regions) and even in the extensive flow regions they are generally less than 25% of the intensity of the main component. The outflow regions are characterized by long or open magnetic field lines and I suggest that the apparent absence of these higher speed outflows in bright regions is due to abundant stationary plasma in the closed bright loop regions that mask or overwhelm the outflow signal.
Matchmaking of web services based on the DAML-S service model

DAML-S provides the means for a web service to advertise its functionality to potential users of the service. This brings to fore the issue of discovering an advertisement that best matches a request for a particular service---a process referred to as matchmaking. The algorithms that have thus far been proposed for matchmaking are based on comparisons of the requested and offered inputs and outputs. In this project, we extend these algorithms by taking into account the detailed process description of the service, thus leading to more accurate matchmaking.
C-terminal domain of the mitotic apparatus protein p62 targets the protein to the nucleolus during interphase.

Mitotic apparatuses from sea urchin embryos contain a protein (p62), previously shown to be required for mitotic progression. This protein localizes to the mitotic apparatus during cell division in urchin embryos and mammalian tissue culture cells. We show here by immunofluorescence that p62 is localized to the nucleus of mammalian cells during interphase and is highly concentrated in nucleoli. In addition, a fusion protein composed of full-length p62 and green fluorescent protein also localizes to nucleoli when expressed in COS-7 cells in culture. Analysis of the primary sequence of p62 reveals three distinct domains of the protein based on amino acid charge distribution: the acidic N-terminal domain, the basic C-terminal domain, and the central, M-domain, which contains alternating subdomains of clusters of acidic and basic residues. To identify the domain important for nucleolar localization during interphase, specific domains of p62 alone, or in combination with each other or with beta-galactosidase were fused to green fluorescent protein. Following confirmation of the fusion constructs by sequence analysis, the constructs were expressed in mammalian cells, expression was confirmed by immunoblotting, and the fusion proteins were localized via fluorescence microscopy. The data demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of p62 is both necessary and sufficient for the nuclear localization and nucleolar binding of p62 that is observed during interphase.
Primary central nervous system vasculitis with prominent leptomeningeal enhancement: a subset with a benign outcome.

Objective Primary central nervous system vasculitis (PCNSV) is an uncommon condition that affects the brain and spinal cord. This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical features and outcomes among patients with PCNSV who presented with prominent gadolinium meningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Through retrospective review using the Mayo Clinic medical records linkage system, we identified 101 consecutive patients with PCNSV based on brain biopsy or conventional angiography (or both) between January 1, 1983, and December 31, 2003. We evaluated data on demographics, clinical findings, laboratory studies, imaging, biopsy of brain or spinal cord (or both), treatment, and neurologic outcome. Results MRIs showed prominent leptomeningeal enhancement in 8 of 101 patients with PCNSV. In 6 of those 8, cerebral angiography or magnetic resonance angiography results were normal, but biopsy of the brain or spinal cord showed vasculitis in all 8. Granulomatous vascular inflammation was found in 6 specimens and was associated in 4 cases with vascular deposits of β-amyloid peptide. All 8 patients had a prompt response to therapy, with resolution of the MRI meningeal enhancement. Although 3 of the 8 patients had relapses during followup, the overall outcome was favorable. Patients with meningeal enhancement, compared with patients without enhancement, more commonly had substantial abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid (100% versus 58%; P = 0.02) and amyloid angiopathy (50% versus 12%; P = 0.03). Conclusion Prominent gadolinium leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI may point to a distinct subtype of PCNSV with small leptomeningeal artery vasculitis and rapid response to therapy.
Degrees of maturity: the complex structure and biology of flaviviruses

Flaviviruses are small enveloped virions that enter target cells in a pH-dependent fashion. Virus attachment, entry, and membrane fusion are orchestrated by the envelope (E) and pre-membrane (prM) proteins, the two structural proteins displayed on the surface of virions. Flaviviruses assemble as an immature non-infectious form onto which prM and E form trimeric spikes. During egress from infected cells, flaviviruses undergo dramatic structural changes characterized by the formation of a herringbone arrangement of E proteins that lie flat against the surface of the virion and cleavage of the prM protein by the cellular protease furin. The result is a relatively smooth, infectious mature virion. This dynamic process is now understood in structural detail at the atomic level. However, recent studies indicate that many of the virions released from cells share structural features of both immature and mature virus particles. These mosaic partially mature virions are infectious and interact uniquely with target cells and the host immune response. Here, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the biology and significance of partially mature flaviviruses.