cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doing, Undoing, or Redoing Gender? Learning from the Workplace Experiences of Transpeople

Drawing from the perspectives of transgender individuals, this article offers an empirical investigation of recent critiques of West and Zimmerman’s “doing gender” theory. This analysis uses 19 in-depth interviews with transpeople about their negotiation and management of gendered interactions at work to explore how their experiences potentially contribute to the doing, undoing, or redoing of gender in the workplace. I find that transpeople face unique challenges in making interactional sense of their sex, gender, and sex category and simultaneously engage in doing, undoing, and redoing gender in the process of managing these challenges. Consequently, I argue that their interactional gender accomplishments are not adequately captured under the rubric of “doing gender” and suggest instead that they be understood as “doing transgender.” This article outlines the process of and consequences of “doing transgender” and its potential implications for the experience of and transformation of gender inequality at ...
The Use of Quaternary Narcotic Antagonists in Opiate Research

Quaternary ammonium derivatives of narcotic antagonists are commonly used in determining sites of action of opiates in the central nervous system and the periphery because it is widely assumed that they do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, in contrast to their relatively non-polar tertiary counterparts. However, these compounds possess several unique pharmacological properties which have not been taken into consideration in the design of numerous investigations. This article reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the pharmacology of the quaternary narcotic antagonists, examines their use in physiological and behavioral studies of action of opiates, and proposes guidelines for the design of experiments involving these compounds.
EPIBATIDINE ANALOGS SYNTHESIZED FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF NICOTINIC PHARMACOPHORES-A REVIEW.

- In 1992 Daly and co-workers reported the isolation of a new natural product, epibatidine. Future studies showed that epibatidine was an nAChR ligand with analgesic potency 200-400 times greater than that of morphine. However, its potential as a new drug was limited by its toxic side effects, probably resulting from its activity at a number of nAChR subtypes. Epibatidine's unique structure and potent activity made it an ideal lead structure for the development of nAChR ligands with reduced side effects and better nAChR subtype selectivity. This review presents the synthetic methods we have used to synthesize a number of epibatidine agonists, antagonists, and mixed agonists/antagonists to better characterize the α4β2 nAChR pharmacophore and hopefully provide compounds that have potential for treating nicotine addiction.
Effects of biodiesel–gasoline blends on gasoline direct-injection compression ignition (GCI) combustion

Abstract Combustion effects of two levels of biodiesel addition (5% and 10%) to gasoline are compared to neat gasoline while using a partially premixed, split-injection combustion strategy in this study. Tests were performed on a single-cylinder direct-injection light-duty diesel engine, with biodiesel proportion in fuel blends, injection timing, and intake temperature adjusted to investigate their influences on UHC, CO, soot, and NOx emissions as well as combustion phasing. Stable combustion was achieved for all three fuels at 3 bar IMEP and 5.5 bar IMEP conditions. Biodiesel content at the 5% and 10% levels significantly reduced ignition delay and therefore advanced the phasing of combustion compared with operation on neat gasoline. It was concluded that the reduced ignition delays resulted from the increased cetane numbers of the blended fuels leading to reduced intake temperature requirements. The varied ignition delay times among the three fuels are inferred to have a significant impact on mixture strength and therefore on UHC emissions. CO oxidation is shown to be enhanced by increased bulk gas temperatures. NOx emissions are shown to increase as start of second injection command is retarded. Intake temperature requirements were reduced by 15 °C and 30 °C for the 5% and 10% blends respectively compared with neat gasoline at a matched phasing condition. Neat gasoline had higher spatial averaged bulk gas temperatures at this matched phasing condition resulting in higher NOx emissions as well as lower UHC and CO. Oxidation of CO was not enhanced by increased oxygen content of the biodiesel blends.
Analysis and Design of Voltage Regulator With Adaptive FET Modulation Scheme and Improved Efficiency

This paper presents a load adaptive voltage regulator that achieves high efficiency extended to light and heavy load regions. The presented method is named as adaptive field effect transistor modulation (AFM) since multiple field effect transistors (FETs) with different characteristics (different sizes) are applied in parallel such that the number of driven FETs and their respective gate driving voltage are adaptive to load current. The capability of adaptive modulation of FETs' parasitic charges and resistances along with adaptive gate driving voltage allows the optimization of equivalent FET characteristics over a wide load range. Moreover, the AFM operation under load dynamic conditions is studied and a scheme is proposed. The AFM operates at a fixed switching frequency for almost the entire load range. Therefore, it has no impact on the operation and the dynamic performance of a conventional buck VR, and it is easy to implement. In this paper, the concept, design and theoretical analysis of the AFM are discussed and verified experimentally. Even though the simulation and experimental works design example given in this paper is for lower power and low voltage converter with discrete components for demonstration purposes, the AFM may have better improvement in higher power and/or higher voltage applications and in integrated voltage regulators.
When is a CPA as Important as Your ERA? A Comprehensive Evaluation and Examination of State Tax Issues on Professional Athletes

Although Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution establishes the dual sovereignty of the states and the federal government,1 states in the past rarely taxed nonresidents on personal income. This all changed as increased fiscal pressures faced by many state and local governments at the end of the last century led to increased enforcement against athletes of nonresident tax laws that in most instances have been on the books for many years.2 Nonresident taxation on professional athletes gained national attention in the early 1990s. Philadelphia began enforcing its city tax on nonresidents, specifically athletes, while Illinois retaliated against California’s nonresident tax on Michael Jordan and his Chicago Bulls teammates following their 1991 National Basketball Association (NBA) Championship against the Los Angeles Lakers. Despite the publicity received from both Philadelphia’s and Illinois’s implementation of a nonresident tax, state court cases have shown that California had been taxing nonresident athletes as early as 1968, while New York has been doing so since 1971.3 Professional athletes make an attractive target for state tax collectors because of their high salaries. For example, Major League Baseball (MLB) average player’s salary has increased from $512,804 in 1989 to $3,154,845 this year.4 This increased revenue, as well as the fact that athletes are easy to identify by the simple use of a box score and schedule has caused the
PARSING THE LOB CORPUS

This paper presents a rapid and robust parsing system currently used to learn from large bodies of unedited text. The system contains a multivalued part-of-speech disambiguator and a novel parser employing bottom-up recognition to find the constituent phrases of larger structures that might be too difficult to analyze. The results of applying the disambiguator and parser to large sections of the Lancaster/Oslo-Bergen corpus are presented.
Co-regulation of ocular dominance plasticity and NMDA receptor subunit expression in glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 knock-out mice

Experience can shape cortical circuits, especially during critical periods for plasticity. In visual cortex, imbalance of activity from the two eyes during the critical period shifts ocular dominance (OD) towards the more active eye. Inhibitory circuits are crucial in this process: OD plasticity is absent in GAD65KO mice that show diminished inhibition. This defect can be rescued by application of benzodiazepines, which increase GABAergic signalling. However, it is unknown how such changes in inhibition might disrupt and then restore OD plasticity. Since NMDA dependent synaptic plasticity mechanisms are also known to contribute to OD plasticity, we investigated whether NMDA receptor levels and function are also altered in GAD65KO. There are reduced NR2A levels and slower NMDA currents in visual cortex of GAD65KO mice. Application of benzodiazepines, which rescues OD plasticity, also increases NR2A levels. Thus it appears as if OD plasticity can be restored by adding a critical amount of excitatory transmission through NR2A-containing NMDA receptors. Together, these observations can unify competing ideas of how OD plasticity is regulated: changes in either inhibition or excitation would engage homeostatic mechanisms that converge to regulate NMDA receptors, thereby enabling plasticity mechanisms and also ensuring circuit stability.
The Effect of C-Arm Position on Radiation Exposure During Fixation of Pediatric Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus.

Background: Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a pediatric supracondylar fracture of the humerus requires operating directly next to the C-arm to hold reduction and perform fixation under direct imaging. This study was designed to compare radiation exposure from two C-arm configurations: with the image intensifier serving as the operating surface, and with a radiolucent hand table serving as the operating surface and the image intensifier positioned above the table. Methods: We used a cadaveric specimen in this study to determine radiation exposure to the operative elbow and to the surgeon at the waist and neck levels during simulated closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a pediatric supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Radiation exposure measurements were made (1) with the C-arm image intensifier serving as the operating surface, with the emitter positioned above the operative elbow; and (2) with the image intensifier positioned above a hand table, with the emitter below the table. Results: When the image intensifier was used as the operating surface, we noted 16% less scatter radiation at the waist level of the surgeon but 53% more neck-level scatter radiation compared with when the hand table was used as the operating surface and the image intensifier was positioned above the table. In terms of direct radiation exposure to the operative elbow, use of the image intensifier as the operating surface resulted in 21% more radiation exposure than from use of the other configuration. The direct radiation exposure was also more than two orders of magnitude greater than the neck and waist-level scatter radiation exposure. Conclusions: Traditionally, there has been concern over increased radiation exposure when the C-arm image intensifier is used as an operating surface, with the emitter above, compared with when the image intensifier is positioned above the operating surface, with the emitter below. We determined that, although there was a statistically significant difference in radiation exposure between the two configurations, neither was safer than the other at all tested levels. Clinical Relevance: In contrast to traditional teaching regarding radiation exposure, neither C-arm configuration—with the image intensifier serving as the operating surface or with the image intensifier positioned above a radiolucent hand table—was shown to be clearly safer for pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture fixation.
Using moment invariants to analyze 3-D color textures

We introduce an image model for color texture based on spatial correlation functions defined both within and between color bands. We show that three dimensional geometric transformations of a surface in the scene produce corresponding transformations in these correlation functions. From this analysis, we derive invariants of color correlation functions that can be computed efficiently and used for geometry invariant recognition. We show experimentally that these invariants are effective for recognition in situations where neither color distributions nor gray scale texture are sufficient. Following recognition, the estimated color correlation functions can be used to recover the three dimensional location and orientation of surfaces. The color texture invariants can be used in the recognition of three dimensional objects, the segmentation of images of three dimensional scenes, and the searching of image databases. >
Source location privacy against laptop-class attacks in sensor networks

Sensor networks may be used in many monitoring applications where the locations of the monitored objects are quite sensitive and need to be protected. Previous research mainly focuses on protecting source location against mote-class attackers who only have a local view of the network traffic. In this paper, we focus on how to protect the source location against laptop-class attackers who have a global view of the network traffic. This paper proposes four schemes---naive, global, greedy, and probabilistic---to deal with laptop-class attacks. The naive solution uses maintenance messages sent periodically to hide real event reports. The global and greedy solutions improve the naive solution by reducing the latency of event delivery without increasing communication overhead. The probabilistic solution further improves the performance by reducing communication overhead without sacrificing location privacy. Experiments show that the probabilistic solution is practical for providing source location privacy against a laptop-class attacker.
The use of dynamic contexts to improve casual internet searching

Research has shown that most users' online information searches are suboptimal. Query optimization based on a relevance feedback or genetic algorithm using dynamic query contexts can help casual users search the Internet. These algorithms can draw on implicit user feedback based on the surrounding links and text in a search engine result set to expand user queries with a variable number of keywords in two manners. Positive expansion adds terms to a user's keywords with a Boolean "and," negative expansion adds terms to the user's keywords with a Boolean "not." Each algorithm was examined for three user groups, high, middle, and low achievers, who were classified according to their overall performance. The interactions of users with different levels of expertise with different expansion types or algorithms were evaluated. The genetic algorithm with negative expansion tripled recall and doubled precision for low achievers, but high achievers displayed an opposed trend and seemed to be hindered in this condition. The effect of other conditions was less substantial.
Variability in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Resident Case Log System practices among orthopaedic surgery residents.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Resident Case Log System is designed to be a reflection of residents’ operative volume and an objective measure of their surgical experience. All operative procedures and manipulations in the operating room, Emergency Department, and outpatient clinic are to be logged into the Resident Case Log System. Discrepancies in the log volumes between residents and residency programs often prompt scrutiny. However, it remains unclear if such disparities truly represent differences in operative experiences or if they are reflections of inconsistent logging practices. The purpose of this study was to investigate individual recording practices among orthopaedic surgery residents prior to August 1, 2011. Orthopaedic surgery residents received a questionnaire on case log practices that was distributed through the Council of Orthopaedic Residency Directors list server. Respondents were asked to respond anonymously about recording practices in different clinical settings as well as types of cases routinely logged. Hypothetical scenarios of common orthopaedic procedures were presented to investigate the differences in the Current Procedural Terminology codes utilized. Two hundred and ninety-eight orthopaedic surgery residents completed the questionnaire; 37% were fifth-year residents, 22% were fourth-year residents, 18% were third-year residents, 15% were second-year residents, and 8% were first-year residents. Fifty-six percent of respondents reported routinely logging procedures performed in the Emergency Department or urgent care setting. Twenty-two percent of participants routinely logged procedures in the clinic or outpatient setting, 20% logged joint injections, and only 13% logged casts or splints applied in the office setting. There was substantial variability in the Current Procedural Terminology codes selected for the seven clinical scenarios. There has been a lack of standardization in case-logging practices among orthopaedic surgery residents prior to August 1, 2011. ACGME case log data prior to this date may not be a reliable measure of residents’ procedural experience. This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy Editor reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during one or more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors.
Atomic transition probabilities - Ultraviolet multiplets of Zn I, II and Cd I, II

Radiative lifetime for atomic transitions in UV multiplets of zinc and cadmium atoms and ions measured using phase shift method
Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Induces Apoptosis via Signaling through PKR, Fas, and Daxx

Matrix (M) protein mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) are promising oncolytic agents for cancer therapy. Previous research has implicated Fas and PKR in apoptosis induced by other viruses. Here, we show that dominant-negative mutants of Fas and PKR inhibit M protein mutant virus-induced apoptosis. Most previous research has focused on the adapter protein FADD as a necessary transducer of Fas-mediated apoptosis. However, the expression of dominant-negative FADD had little effect on the induction of apoptosis by M protein mutant VSV. Instead, virus-induced apoptosis was inhibited by the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the adapter protein Daxx. These data indicate that Daxx is more important than FADD for apoptosis induced by M protein mutant VSV. These results show that PKR- and Fas-mediated signaling play important roles in cell death during M protein mutant VSV infection and that Daxx has novel functions in the host response to virus infection by mediating virus-induced apoptosis.
Brief Report: Factors Associated with Asthma Management Self-Efficacy Among 7th and 8th Grade Students

Objective Examine correlates of asthma self-management among 12,154 adolescents with physiciandiagnosed asthma. Methods All 7th and 8th grade students in North Carolina completed a survey to assess asthma prevalence and self-management behaviors among those with asthma. Results Adolescents who were allowed to carry their inhaled medication at school, shown how to use a peak flow meter, and had access to more asthma care resources were more confident that they could prevent an asthma exacerbation. Adolescents who were allowed to carry their inhaled medication at school and who had a private doctor were more confident that they could control their symptoms. Adolescents taking anti-inflammatory medicine were less confident that they could prevent an exacerbation and control their symptoms. Conclusions Various indicators of autonomy and control were associated with greater self-efficacy for managing asthma. Adolescents who require anti-inflammatory medicines would benefit from additional intervention efforts to improve their asthma management self-efficacy.
A GPU implementation of inclusion-based points-to analysis

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have emerged as powerful accelerators for many regular algorithms that operate on dense arrays and matrices. In contrast, we know relatively little about using GPUs to accelerate highly irregular algorithms that operate on pointer-based data structures such as graphs. For the most part, research has focused on GPU implementations of graph analysis algorithms that do not modify the structure of the graph, such as algorithms for breadth-first search and strongly-connected components.In this paper, we describe a high-performance GPU implementation of an important graph algorithm used in compilers such as gcc and LLVM: Andersen-style inclusion-based points-to analysis. This algorithm is challenging to parallelize effectively on GPUs because it makes extensive modifications to the structure of the underlying graph and performs relatively little computation. In spite of this, our program, when executed on a 14 Streaming Multiprocessor GPU, achieves an average speedup of 7x compared to a sequential CPU implementation and outperforms a parallel implementation of the same algorithm running on 16 CPU cores.Our implementation provides general insights into how to produce high-performance GPU implementations of graph algorithms, and it highlights key differences between optimizing parallel programs for multicore CPUs and for GPUs.
Continuity of Instantaneous Wave Overtopping Discharge with Application to Stream Power Concepts

During nine small-scale laboratory experiments simulating combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on a trapezoidal levee, time series measurements of flow thickness and velocity were acquired at a location on the levee crest and at a location on the landward-side slope. Flow thickness and velocity were combined to estimate time series of the instantaneous discharge. Comparisons of the calculated overtopping discharge time series at the two locations revealed that the time series of instantaneous discharge was the same at both locations with the only difference being a short phase lag. Individual peaks of the discharge time series were examined, and an empirical expression was determined for the root-mean-squared discharge peak. The largest discharge peaks were overestimated by the Rayleigh distribution. For locations on the landward-side slope where the friction slope is approximately the same as the levee slope, it is possible to derive a stream power probability density function based on the overtopping discharge cumulative exceedance probability. The stream power probability density function may be a useful tool for assessing erosion potential of overtopped earthen levees.
Cord blood intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) in full-term intrauterine growth restricted pregnancies

Objective: To prospectively investigate cord blood concentrations of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein-[I-FABP, a useful marker in the early detection of necrotizing enterocolitis-(NEC)] in full-term intrauterine-growth-restricted-(IUGR, associated with NEC, regardless of gestational age) and appropriate-for-gestational-age-(AGA) pregnancies. We also aimed to determine cord blood I-FABP concentrations in IUGR cases with abnormal versus normal antenatal Doppler results and investigate a possible association with feeding intolerance or NEC.Methods: I-FABP concentrations were determined by ELISA in 154 mixed arteriovenous cord blood samples from IUGR (n = 50) and AGA (n = 104) singleton full-term infants.Results: Cord blood I-FABP concentrations did not differ between IUGR and AGA groups, as well as between IUGR infants with normal versus abnormal(however, lacking absent/ reversed end-diastolic umbilical artery flow) antenatal Doppler results. No infant presented with feeding intolerance or NEC. Customiz...
Solving factored MDPs with hybrid state and action variables

Efficient representations and solutions for large decision problems with continuous and discrete variables are among the most important challenges faced by the designers of automated decision support systems. In this paper, we describe a novel hybrid factored Markov decision process (MDP) model that allows for a compact representation of these problems, and a new hybrid approximate linear programming (HALP) framework that permits their efficient solutions. The central idea of HALP is to approximate the optimal value function by a linear combination of basis functions and optimize its weights by linear programming. We analyze both theoretical and computational aspects of this approach, and demonstrate its scale-up potential on several hybrid optimization problems.
Algorithms for Vanilla Options

Vanilla options are standard European calls and puts on the underlying asset. Before we discuss algorithms for barrier and American options we illustrate uncertain volatility for portfolios of vanilla options with an example.
Internal migration and citizenship in India

ABSTRACTImmigrants and the process of incorporation can elucidate what it means to be a member of a national citizenry and sociopolitical community. However, relatively little scholarship has focused on the potential of internal migration to highlight citizenship outcomes. This article presents fieldwork from Mumbai and Kolkata to show that citizenship status, rights, and belonging are more restrictive for Indian citizens who are internal migrants than for those who are not. It argues that development factors alone are insufficient explanations for citizenship outcomes in India, and shows that internal migrants experience a lesser citizenship status and curtailed citizenship rights because they are migrants rather than because of their impoverishment or because of the limited capacity of the state.
A COMPARISON OF SURVIVAL AND REPAIR OF UV-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE IN CULTURED INSECT VERSUS MAMMALIAN CELLS

Survival and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) were measured in a cultured insect cell line, TN-368, and a cultured mammalian cell line, V-79-4, following exposure to several fluences of ultraviolet light. TN-368 cells were approximately seven times more resistant to the lethal effects of UV than V-79 cells, as determined by colony formation. The amount of UDS per unit amount of DNA is about the same in both cell types 4 hr after 10-50 J/m2 UV irradiations.
Variability in the substance use disorder exclusion criterion in antidepressant efficacy trials

Abstract Background Substance use disorders are the most commonly excluded psychiatric disorder in antidepressant efficacy trials (AETs). In a recent review of AETs we noticed variability in the definition of the substance use disorder exclusion criterion. In the present report we examined in greater detail the variability in defining the substance use disorder exclusion criterion, the potential impact of this variability on excluding patients from an AET, and whether the definition of the criterion has changed in the past 20 years. Methods We identified 170 AETs published during the past 20 years and compared the studies published during the past 5 years (n=56) to the studies published during the 15 prior years (n=114). Results Substance abuse was more frequently used as an exclusion criterion than substance dependence. Six time frames have been used as the basis of exclusion, the most frequent being the past 12 months. The time frame had a greater impact on the number of patients who would be excluded than the abuse/dependence distinction. The definition of the substance use exclusion criterion was no different in the studies of the past 5 years compared to the prior 15 years. Limitations A limitation of the present analysis is that it was based on published placebo-controlled studies of antidepressants. Conclusion Studies varied in whether abuse or dependence was the basis of exclusion, whether alcohol or illicit drugs or both were the basis of exclusion, and the time frame of the disorders' presence. We raise the question of whether the routine exclusion of patients with a substance use disorder should be reflected in a product's label.
Investigation of Turbulent Square Jet Using PANS Method

*† Rectangular turbulent jets (RTJ’s) offer several advantages over conventional circular jets in matters of mixing (entrainment) efficiency and depth of penetration into the ambient. In this paper, we perform partially-averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) simulations of a square jet at various scales of resolution. PANS results are compared with the mean streamwise velocity (MSV) of experimental data. Qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data is good. This paper demonstrates that PANS is capable of capturing jet physics. In the future, we will extend this work to include rectangular jets of various aspect ratios.
An inhibitory corticostriatal pathway.

The striatum is located beneath the cerebral cortex, where it contributes to processes including learning and movement. The Spanish anatomist Ramon y Cajal, working in the early 20th century, was the first to observe individual neurons extending from the cortex to the striatum. Cajal published drawings of these neurons in his now celebrated anatomical papers, but knew little about their properties. In the 1980s, advances in techniques for labeling individual cells made it possible to study these neurons in detail. The results suggested that the pathways are exclusively excitatory: that is, the cortical neurons always increase the activity of their partners in the striatum. However, this result made it difficult to explain why electrically stimulating the cortex can sometimes reduce or inhibit the activity of the striatum. To reconcile these facts, most people assumed that inhibition must occur when excitatory cortical neurons activate networks of inhibitory cells within the striatum itself. Rock et al. now challenge this view by providing anatomical and physiological evidence for the existence of long-range inhibitory pathways from the cortex to the striatum in the mouse brain. These inhibitory neurons project from the auditory and motor regions of the cortex, and contain a substance called somatostatin. These neurons form connections with a specific type of striatal neuron called medium spiny neurons, which in turn project to other brain regions outside the striatum. The inhibitory cortical neurons can alter the activity of the medium spiny neurons, and can therefore directly control the output of the striatum. The discovery that the striatum receives both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from cortex suggests that the timing and relative strength of these inputs can affect the activity of the striatum. Future experiments should examine whether this is a general mechanism by which sensory stimuli can influence the processes controlled by the striatum, such as movement.
The Study on Promoting International Competitiveness of China's Tourism Trade in Services

The paper constructs the paradigm of China's international competitiveness of tourism trade in services from five specific factors——tourism supply,demand from tourists,tourism environment,main body in tourism services,auxiliary and involved factors.On the base of that,it indicates the current situation and existing problems of China's international competitiveness of tourism trade in services.For promoting China's international competitiveness of tourism trade in services,the paper provides some suggestions as follows:to develop tourism resources by the principle of protection,development and innovation;to stimulate domestic tourism demand and to open up overseas markets;to enhance tourism enterprises' competitive advantage;to strengthen the building of supporting tourism industry and industrial chain;to fully play the supporting role of mediating factors on the tourism economy.
Increased Expression of MuRF1 Is Associated with Radiation-induced Laryngeal Muscle Atrophy

BACKGROUND Laryngeal muscles play an important role in breathing, sound production and trachea protection against food. Laryngeal dysfunctions during radiotherapy for head and neck cancers are common. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the early effect of radiation on the laryngeal muscles in vivo and possible mechanisms involved in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old female C57bl/ mice received neck irradiation with a single dose of 25 Gy and bilateral thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles of mice were collected at day 3, 7 and 10 post-irradiation for evaluating muscle size, myosins, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition and MuRF1 protein levels. RESULTS A significant reduction in the size of muscle fibers and myosins in the TA muscles were observed at days 3, 7, 10 after radiation (p<0.05). The loss of IIB myosin was more severe than that of IIA/X myosins at day 7 post-irradiation (75% vs. 64%). MuRF1 protein level was markedly increased at day 7 and 10 after radiation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Radiation induced an acute muscle fiber atrophy and myosin loss in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. MuRF1 may play an important role in the radiation-induced protein degradation in the laryngeal muscles and warrants further investigation.
The chronic myeloproliferative disorders: an historical perspective.

Abstract To comprehend the present and chart an informed course for the future, it is essential to be aware of the past. Fifty years ago, William Dameshek introduced the conceptual construct of myeloproliferative disorders, a watershed event in the evolution of thought regarding that peculiar cluster of similar marrow conditions. The four major disorders that comprise the myeloproliferative group, polycythemia vera, chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, and essential thrombocythemia, have interesting and instructive histories. This narrative review explores some of the most noteworthy episodes in those stories, from first descriptions to current understanding.
Nutrition for Marathon Running

Marathon runners can uniquely benefit from nutritional strategies that support their training responses and/or maximize their performance during the actual race. Promising strategies during marathon training include the adequate provision of dietary energy, macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein), and selected micronutrients (e.g., iron) to meet the increased requirements of prolonged distance running. Nutritional and training approaches aimed at increasing fat oxidation rates or facilitating weight loss may be associated with negative effects and should therefore be conducted with care. During the actual marathon race, runners can benefit from carbohydrate loading strategies that serve to maximize pre-race muscle glycogen storage capacity. Consumption of carbohydrates, fluid, and sodium can prevent preemptive fatigue due to nutrient depletion, and caffeine supplementation can provide ergogenic effects during prolonged running. Because the responses to these nutritional interventions can vary substantially among individuals and require fine tuning depending on factors such as performance level, environmental conditions, designated running pace, propensity for gastrointestinal discomfort, and availability of aid stations during the race, marathon runners are highly encouraged to familiarize themselves with these strategies prior to utilizing them in a competitive setting.
Temporal objectness: Model-free learning of object proposals in video

Intrinsic natures of different appearance between sub-regions of objects and non-objects in optical flows lead to more visual consistency for object proposals. Hence, visual variations in different sub-regions in video sequences over time is a good indicator for likeliness of objects. We propose a method that dynamically measures the objectness of each proposal by exploiting temporal consistency within each optical flow. We develop a block-based feature representation using object's spatial property and define an objectness measure using the temporal changes of this spatial representation. As a result, the proposed temporal objectness learns good object proposals over a short period (e.g., less than 1 second). The proposed method is model-free and can be used to simultaneously learn and track object proposals without training. Experiments on a video dataset shows that the proposed approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of precision-recall.
Rationale and study design of a patient-centered intervention to improve health status in chronic heart failure: The Collaborative Care to Alleviate Symptoms and Adjust to Illness (CASA) randomized trial

While contemporary heart failure management has led to some improvements in morbidity and mortality, patients continue to report poor health status (i.e., burdensome symptoms, impaired function, and poor quality of life). The Collaborative Care to Alleviate Symptoms and Adjust to Illness (CASA) trial is a NIH-funded, three-site, randomized clinical trial that examines the effect of the CASA intervention compared to usual care on the primary outcome of patient-reported health status at 6months in patients with heart failure and poor health status. The CASA intervention involves a nurse who works with patients to treat symptoms (e.g., shortness of breath, fatigue, pain) using disease-specific and palliative approaches, and a social worker who provides psychosocial care targeting depression and adjustment to illness. The intervention uses a collaborative care team model of health care delivery and is structured and primarily phone-based to enhance reproducibility and scalability. This article describes the rationale and design of the CASA trial, including several decision points: (1) how to design a patient-centered intervention to improve health status; (2) how to structure the intervention so that it is reproducible and scalable; and (3) how to systematically identify outpatients with heart failure most likely to need and benefit from the intervention. The results should provide valuable information to providers and health systems about the use of team care to manage symptoms and provide psychosocial care in chronic illness.
A Generalized Inverse Binomial Summation Theorem and Some Hypergeometric Transformation Formulas

A generalized binomial theorem is developed in terms of Bell polynomials and by applying this identity some sums involving inverse binomial coefficient are calculated. A technique is derived for calculating a class of hypergeometric transformation formulas and also some curious series identities.
Predicting impacts of urbanized stream processes on biota: high flows and river chub (Nocomis micropogon) nesting activity

This study quantified the impact of high stream flows on reproductive activities of river chub (Nocomis micropogon). Using observed relationships between flow and reproductive activities, the number of predicted damaging flow events was compared between streams with extant river chub populations and urbanized streams. Monitoring the survivorship of river chub nests during 2013–2014 (N = 101) revealed consistent relationships between interval peak flow measured at flow gauges and the integrity of river chub nests within sites. Flow-mediated disruption of nests was frequent, and interval peak flows were significantly correlated with nest erosion rates. Logistic regression between fate of river chub nests and standardized peak flow (Qs) during monitoring intervals identified thresholds of peak flow corresponding to complete and partial destruction of river chub nests. Observed thresholds were used to predict the frequency of potentially damaging flows in urbanized versus river chub study streams, based on archival flow monitoring data. Repeated measures analysis revealed that the frequency of flows predicted to result in the loss of all nests was significantly higher in urbanized streams (F = 122.2; df = 1; P < 0.001 ). While key life history information needs to be determined to fully understand the impacts of high flows on river chub population dynamics, results indicate the disruption of nests through frequent high flows as a mechanism for the reduction of this important species in urbanized areas. Improved understanding of the interactions between stream processes and biota will aid in the design of specific stream protection and restoration strategies.
Origins of the Unfavorable Activation and Reaction Energies of 1-Azadiene Heterocycles Compared to 2-Azadiene Heterocycles in Diels–Alder Reactions

The reactivities of butadiene, cyclopentadiene, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and their 1-aza- and 2-aza-derivatives in Diels–Alder reactions with ethylene and fumaronitrile were investigated with density functional theory (M06-2X/6-311G(d,p)). The activation free energies for the Diels–Alder reactions of cyclic 1-azadienes are 10–14 kcal mol–1 higher than those of cyclic 2-azadienes, and the reaction free energies are 17–20 kcal mol–1 more endergonic. The distortion/interaction model shows that the increased activation energies of cyclic 1-azadienes originate from increased transition state distortion energies and unfavorable interaction energies, arising from addition to the nitrogen terminus of the C═N bond.
Liver transplantation in adults: An analysis of costs and benefits at the University of Pittsburgh

Orthotopic liver transplantation in humans has come of age. After 20 yr of experimental effort in animals and human beings, this procedure has reached such a level of success that it has been reviewed by a National Institutes of Health consensus development conference (June 20-23, 1983) where the following conclusion was reached: “liver transplantation is a therapeutic modality for end stage liver disease that deserves broader application.” Moreover, the conference made the statement that the procedure should be applied both to children and adults who have “irreversible liver injury” and “who have exhausted alternative medical and surgical treatments and are approaching the terminal phase of their illness” (1). The specific indications for the procedure in adults have been identified previously (l-4). Although fulminant hepatic failure due to toxin or drug exposure may warrant liver transplantation, the rapid progression of the disease and the multisystem organ failure that is associated with the condition frequently precludes application of the procedure for this indication. Specifically, the logistic and technical problems of donor procurement and life support required in such cases, until transplantation is possible, make this condition an unlikely frequent cause for the procedure. The following is a cost-benefit analysis of liver transplantation as applied to a single institution, the
Strain field formation in plastic bonded explosives under compressional punch loading

An inert simulant for one type of explosive formulation was subjected to low rate compressional punch deformation to determine the presence of potential strain initiation mechanisms. The presence of certain types of strain initiation mechanisms may lead to unintentional ignition in some explosive formulations. Laser induced fluorescence speckle photography was used to determine the magnitude and direction of the developing strain field during testing. Post-test SEM analyses was used to determine damage mechanisms occurring within the material. The magnitude and direction of the plastic flow lines show that a dead zone forms in the strain field immediately under the punch in agreement with Prandtl's slip-line solution of the punch problem. However, material flow patterns diverge from Prandtl's solution for other regions. Large shear strains also occur in the specimen, leading to the formation of slip bands in the hard phase constituent.
Detecting necessary and sufficient parts for assembling a functional weapon

Continuing our previous research to visually extract and visually and conceptually match weapons, this study develops a method to determine whether a set of weapon parts visually extracted from images taken from different scenes can be assembled as a firing weapon. This new approach identifies potential weapons in the ontology via tracing detected necessary and sufficient parts through their meronymic relation to the whole weapon. A fast algorithm for identifying potential weapons that can be assembled from a given set of detected parts is presented.
Open ends and means: Inquiry as a link between formal music concepts and informal music learning

There is currently considerable interest in strengthening the connections between formal music education and informal, self-motivated music practices. Participants in this study were adults who were self-motivated to learn formal music concepts, but had encountered barriers to doing so independently. The study offered them individual online tutoring, with the goal of better understanding the barriers that may arise when adults try to use open online resources for independent learning. Nine out of 11 long-term participants attained or made appreciable progress toward their goals. Activities that reflected their immediate goals and employed familiar tools and concepts appeared to be crucial to participants’ development of useful connections between informal learning situations and the relevant formal concepts, with implications for music education as well as for open online education.
Efficient DLPNO–CCSD(T)-Based Estimation of Formation Enthalpies for C-, H-, O-, and N-Containing Closed-Shell Compounds Validated Against Critically Evaluated Experimental Data

An accurate and cost-efficient methodology for the estimation of the enthalpies of formation for closed-shell compounds composed of C, H, O, and N atoms is presented and validated against critically evaluated experimental data. The computational efficiency is achieved through the use of the resolution-of-identity (RI) and domain-based local pair-natural orbital coupled cluster (DLPNO–CCSD(T)) approximations, which results in a drastic reduction in both the computational cost and the number of necessary steps for a composite quantum chemical method. The expanded uncertainty for the proposed methodology evaluated using a data set of 45 thoroughly vetted experimental values for molecules containing up to 12 heavy atoms is about 3 kJ·mol–1, competitive with those of typical calorimetric measurements. For the compounds within the stated scope, the methodology is shown to be superior to a representative, more general, and widely used composite quantum chemical method, G4.
Fast Correction of Network Parameter Errors

In this letter, a fast network parameter error correction scheme is proposed based on recent findings on parameter error identification. Compared to the widely applied augmented state estimation approach, it is computationally very efficient and numerically stable, and requires very modest coding effort. Simulation results in the New England power system show that it produces reliable results in the presence of both strongly correlated errors and Gaussian measurement noise.
Exploring attribution theory and bias

Courses: This activity can be used in a wide range of classes, including interpersonal communication, introduction to communication, and small group communicationObjectives: After completing this activity, students should be able to: (1) define attribution theory, personality attribution, situational attribution, and attribution bias; (2) provide examples of both personality and situational attributions; and (3) recognize why and when each type of attribution is used. This activity provides students an opportunity to explore attribution theory and attribution bias in a low-stakes setting, where the ultimate goal is a deeper understanding of the theory itself. Therefore, this activity is typically not treated as a graded assignment, but rather an opportunity for exploration and discussion.