cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on the Time Constant of DC Component and Its Influence on Short-circuit Breaking Capacity of Circuit Breaker

By introducing the time constant of the direct current(DC) component, which is specified by the specification, and the derivation of the DC component, we concluded that the time constant of DC component will affect the short-circuit breaking capacity. We introduced the influences of the time constant of DC component are the structure, the parameters and the loss of the power system, as well as the type of the fault. Combined with an accident of a power plant and some other cases, we proved that time constant which is beyond the specification will affect the short-circuit breaking capacity, and may further affect the safety of the power system.
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Liquids

ABSTRACT Liquids apparently contain holes which are chiefly of molecular size. Such a hole confers gaslike properties on a molecule jumping into it. In addition each molecule-hole pair contributes a solid state degeneracy. With these ideas of the significant structures it has been possible to write down a partition function for the liquid which gives the thermodynamic and transport properties of the liquid over the entire volume temperature range. The results of applying the theory to normal liquids such as argon and methane, molten metals such as sodium and mercury and to molten salts such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride will be reported. More recently quantum liquids such as ortho, para and normal hydrogen and the corresponding kinds of deuterium have been successfully investigated and the thermodynamic properties calculated. These results as well as our calculations on the transport properties of these latter substances will also be reported. A discussion of how the significant structure theory is extended to water and to various solutions will also be discussed as extensively as time permits.
Enhancing Induction Motor Recovery in Microgrids via Adaptive Voltage Regulation

This study proposes an adaptive voltage regulation strategy for battery energy storage system (BESS) converters to enhance induction motor speed recovery within a fault-triggered islanded microgrid. This is implemented by adaptively setting the voltage regulator reference point after sensing the low voltage condition. This new autonomous control strategy outperforms conventional voltage regulation by enabling induction motors to achieve a higher electromechanical torque for successful fault ride-through.
State-resolved transport collision integrals for the O + O 2 system

A technique to compute vibrationally resolved transport collision integrals for atom-diatom systems directly from ab inito potential energy surfaces (PES) is presented. These calculations are performed for the oxygen systems employing the Varga et al. set of PES, and Guyta-Yos style fits to the data are provided. It is found that simple empirical models are often unable to capture the dependence of these collision integrals on the vibrational state of the molecule. Differences of up to 80% are observed between the model predictions and the values computed directly from the PES.
Eighth-year survival and growth of planted replacement tree species in black ash (Fraxinus nigra) wetlands threatened by emerald ash borer in Minnesota, USA

Black ash (Fraxinus nigra) is native to lowland forests of the western Great Lakes region, USA, where it often comprises a majority of trees. Like all native ash in North America, black ash is threatened by emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis), but the impacts from EAB mortality may be particularly severe in these forests given the foundational role of black ash at regulating ecosystem function. Compounding the problem is that associated tree species occur in low abundance and their abundance may be further reduced as habitat declines with climate change. These converging threats point to the need for silvicultural intervention to establish replacement tree species in anticipation of EAB invasion. Here we report on a large-scale management experiment from Minnesota, USA that includes different silvicultural approaches for establishing replacement tree species in black ash forests. Specifically, we examined eighth-year survival and growth of planted seedling in treatments that included clearcutting, group selection, uncut forest, and emulation of EAB mortality by girdling black ash. Species included nine that are native to the ecosystem, two from the next southern climate zone, and one exotic species, Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica). Among species and treatment combinations, survival was highest for American elm (Ulmus americana), averaging around 81% in uncut, group selection, and girdle treatments. Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), a species from the next southern climate zone, also had high survival in these treatments (ranging from 61% to 79%). Both species had survival under 60% in the clearcut treatment. Most native southern boreal species, as well as Manchurian ash, had low survival (0% to less than 40%) in most treatments. In the clearcut, girdle, and group selection treatments relative diameter and relative height growth was highest for balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), averaging, respectively, around 0.25 mm mm-1 yr-1 and 0.20 cm cm-1 yr-1, followed by swamp white oak and red maple (Acer rubrum). Non-native Manchurian ash had consistently low growth in all treatments compared to other species. All species had low growth rates in the uncut treatment. An integration of survival and diameter growth pointed to group selection as the treatment that provides the best balance between survival and growth. Our results indicate promising survival and growth of at least some replacement species, including several predicted to be future climate-adapted, as well as a silvicultural approach in group selection that is an effective method to regenerate these species
Intubating Without Muscle Relaxant

This chapter discusses on how to intubate a patient without neuromuscular blockade. While this is more commonly done in pediatric patients after achieving a deep plane of anesthesia, it is less commonly done in adult patients due to concern for laryngospasm and suboptimal views for intubation. The most common techniques involve use of a potent but short-acting narcotic such as alfentanil or remifentanil. Steps for performing intubation without paralytic are outlined below.
Abstract IA09: Using high-dimensional machine-assisted analysis for biomarkers detection and guidance of immunotherapy to cancer

The emergence of immuno-oncology (IO) agents has led to unprecedented successes in the treatment of deadly cancers and sometimes even cures. These agents act by “releasing the brakes” and thereby unleashing the full potential of cells that fight tumors. Sadly, not every patient benefits from these new treatments. We need to know who will benefit and who may not. Here we approached the problem by designing a customized workflow by using high-dimensional single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) combined with machine-learning bioinformatics for the in-depth characterization of single immune cells in predicting and monitoring immune responses. The analysis is data driven, can be adapted to high-throughput approaches, and can model arbitrary trial designs such as batch effects and paired designs. We tested our workflow on two studies: a) Predict response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma. In our discovery cohort peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 patients with stage IV melanoma before and after 12 weeks of anti-PD-1 therapy were analyzed. We observed a clear T-cell response on therapy. The most evident difference in responders before therapy was an enhanced frequency of CD14+ CD16+HLA-DRhi classical monocytes. We validated our results using conventional flow cytometry in an independent exploratory cohort of 31 patients before therapy. Finally, we correlated enhanced monocyte frequencies before therapy initiation with clinical response and could show association with lower hazard, extended progression-free and overall survival. b) Monitoring the immune response in anti-PD-1 immunotherapy-refractory non-small cell lung cancer to a novel combination immunotherapy of anti-PD-1 and an IL-15 superagonist. Twenty-one patients with non-small cell lung cancer who mostly were refractory to previous anti-PD-1 treatment received a novel combination therapy of IL-15 superagonist plus anti-PD-1. A response in the CD8+ T cell compartment was observed. Unexpectedly, our high-dimensional approach was able to detect and characterize a strong expansion of innate tumor-reactive effector NK cells starting around day 4 of therapy. Taken together, our unbiased artificial intelligence-driven immune workflow might support patient selection prior to therapy, select the right drug combination, and identify new druggable cell populations. Citation Format: Luis Cardenas, Silvia Guglietta, John Wrangle, Mark Rubinstein, Mark Robinson, Carsten Krieg. Using high-dimensional machine-assisted analysis for biomarkers detection and guidance of immunotherapy to cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA09.
Destination-Directed Trajectory Modeling, Filtering, and Prediction Using Conditionally Markov Sequences

In some problems, there is information about the destination of a moving object. An example is a flight from an origin to a destination. Such problems have three main components: an origin, a destination, and motion in between. We call such trajectories ending up at the destination destination-directed trajectories (DDTs) . Described by an evolution law and an initial probability density, a Markov sequence is not flexible enough to model DDT well. The future (including destination) of a Markov sequence is completely determined probabilistically by its initial density and evolution law. One class of conditionally Markov (CM) sequences, called the CM $_\text{L}$ sequence (it includes the Markov sequence as a special case), has the following main components: a joint density of two endpoints and a Markov-like evolution law. This article proposes modeling DDT as CM $_\text{L}$ sequences. We study the CM $_\text{L}$ sequence, its dynamic model, and its realizations, all for DDT modeling. We demonstrate that CM $_\text{L}$ sequences naturally model DDT, enjoy several desirable properties for DDT modeling, and can be easily and systematically generalized if necessary. In addition, we study DDT filtering and trajectory prediction based on a CM $_\text{L}$ model and compare them with those based on a Markov model. Several simulation examples are presented to illustrate DDT modeling and inference.
Improved Fecundity and Fertility Assay for Aedes aegypti using 24 Well Tissue Culture Plates (EAgaL Plates)

Mosquitoes represent a significant public health problem as vectors of various pathogens. For those studies that require an assessment of mosquito fitness parameters, in particular egg production and hatch rates at the individual level, conventional methods have put a substantial burden on investigators due to high labor intensity and laboratory space requirements. Described is a simple method using 24 well tissue culture plate with agarose in each well and digital imaging of each well to determine egg numbers and hatch rates at an individual level with substantially reduced time and space requirements.
Preparation, characterization, and structural studies of new ruthenium(II) and ruthenium(III) complexes incorporating pyrazole ligands

Abstract Multimetallic complexes containing disparate metals have been established to have practical utilities. We previously reported a strategy for preparing such species by using combinations of neutral pyrazole (Hpyz, C3N2H4) and anionic pyrazolyl ligands (pyz, C3N2H3–), and herein are reported several new complexes that should be capable of incorporating a second metal center. Two of the complexes, [Ru(1,5-cod)(Hpyz)3Cl][BPh4] and Ru(1,5-cod)(Hpyz)2(pyz)2 (cod = cyclooctadiene), were prepared from [Ru(cod)Cl2]2, while [Ru(tmeda)(Hpyz)2Cl2][BF4] (tmeda = tetramethylethylenediamine) was prepared from the neutral Ru(II) complex Ru(tmeda)(Hpyz)2Cl2 via one electron oxidation by the ferricinium ion. The first two complexes, one cationic and the other uncharged, involve Ru(II), while the tmeda complex involves Ru(III). All three species have been structurally characterized.
Strength-Based Approaches to Meeting Culturally Diverse Student Needs

A strengths-based approach to education is essential for successful school development in culturally diverse schools. Chapter 7 reflects that education lies in the pedagogical relations and provocations into the self-realizations and growth of young people. In this arena, provocation refers to intentions to provoke thoughts, ideas, and actions that help students to learn and grow. A provocation should be grounded in the child’s cultural background strengths. We explicitly worked with school teams to recognize the equal value of different cultures in their students’ ethnic and linguistic backgrounds and to lead in culturally responsive ways with regards to pedagogy, curriculum, data-analysis, education and community engagement. We drew on research to include positive perspectives of parents and families, communication of high expectations, learning within the context of culture, student-centered and culturally mediated instruction, reshaping the curriculum, and teacher as facilitator. Thus, culturally relevant teaching requires teachers to embrace diversity, build on strengths, and recognize that students learn in a variety of ways. It is the job of the leader to help teachers gain an understanding of those cultures, and how to incorporate that into their classrooms. Sample activities and case studies expand the concepts.
Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander ( Dicamptodon ensatus ): Impacts of current and historic landscape features

The California Floristic Province contains numerous ecological regions and a complex geological and geographical history that make it one of the worlds biodiversity hotspots. A number of wide-ranging taxa span across these regions and show complex patterns of dispersal, vicariance and lineage diversification, making localized small ranged species with lower levels of vagility essential to understanding the overall region. Here, we investigate the biogeography and population structure of the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) (Eschscholtz 1833), an endemic species localized to a narrow coastal region between two areas of biological significance in the California Floristic Province, the North Coast Divide and Monterey Bay. We sequenced one mtDNA fragment (control region) for 133 individuals and a subset of 38 individuals for the anonymous nuclear locus E16C7. We analyzed these sequences with phylogenetic, coalescent, Bayesian clustering, and population genetic approaches in order to infer population structure, phylogenetic structure, and biogeographic history. Additionally, we examined occurrence data with species distribution modeling to generate a habitat suitability map to aid our interpretation of geographic structure. Our analyses recovered 4 major mtDNA lineages, two of which are combined into 3 major lineages when nuDNA is examined. These 3 major lineages are bounded by 4 major current or past geological features; the North Coast Divide, the former Wilson Grove Embayment/current Petaluma Gap, San Francisco Bay, and Monterey Bay. Other low-vagility species linked to moist microclimates and forest habitat do share similarities with the genetic patterns of D. ensatus hinting at a larger role for the past Wilson Grove embayment and modern Petaluma Gap in California biogeography.
Assessing Driver Behavioral Adaptation to a Rural Intersection Driver Support System

Driver support systems have the potential to improve driving safety. However, most research only evaluates initial performance with the system and does not evaluate continued adaptation to the system to determine if the benefit continues or is negated by unintended use of the system. The efficacy of a previously evaluated rural intersection driver support system was examined in a simulated driving environment relative to system introduction, continued use, and potential positive transfer/carry over effects. Participants drove through a simulated rural intersection twelve times each day for a week with an intersection decision support system turned off during days one and five and turned on days two, three, and four. This experimental design allowed for an examination of the efficacy of the driver support system upon initial introduction, after continued use, and whether there were any carry-over effects. Results indicated drivers benefited from the rural intersection driver support system and that the benefit continued as exposure to the system continued. In addition, drivers continued to benefit from system use even after the system was no longer available. Results are discussed in terms of driver performance while using the system.
ANISOTROPIC STRENGTH OF COHESIONLESS SANDS

Natural soil deposits are generally anisotropic as well as heterogeneous. In order to provide a guideline for estimating a reasonable strength parameter applicable to such complex soils, plane strain tests on uniform-anisotropic, uniform-pseudoisotropic, layered-anisotropic, and layered-pseudoisotropic samples have been performed. Anisotropic strength response, caused by the anisotropic distribution of contact normals, should be expected even in a uniform mass of spheres. It is always necessary to assume that sand is generally anisotropic. Tests on samples prepared by the plunging-tapping method are advisable for obtaining a reasonable estimate of the mean strength for anisotropic sands.
Large Giant and Free-Running Laser Pulse Energy and Power Densities Through Optical Fibers

The surface threshold damage levels (STDL) and coupling efficiencies, e, (ratio of output-to-input energy) have been determined for single and multiple optical fibers of five manufacturers. For giant laser pulses of 30 nsec duration, the largest STDL's were observed in American Optical Company fibers for single and multiple laser shots with values of 48.2 and 31.6 J/cm 2 , respectively. For free-running laser pulses of 100 μsec duration, the largest STDL was observed in Corning Glass Works fibers for single laser shots with a value of 4.66 kJ/cm 2 . For multiple laser shots increased energy caused the initial damage sites in the binding or fiber cladding materials to increase in size and cause new sites in these materials at lower STDL's than for single laser shots. The giant laser pulses caused the most severe surface damage. There is no evidence to suggest that the observed decrease in e was caused by other than the increase in damage to the input surface of the fibers.
On-the-fly hierarchies for numerical attributes in data anonymization

We present in this paper a method for dynamically creating hierarchies for quasi-identifier numerical attributes. The resulting hierarchies can be used for generalization in microdata k-anonymization, or for allowing users to define generalization boundaries for constrained k-anonymity. The construction of a new numerical hierarchy for a numerical attribute is performed as a hierarchical agglomerative clustering of that attribute's values in the dataset to anonymize. Therefore, the resulting tree hierarchy reflects well the closeness and clustering tendency of the attribute's values in the dataset. Due to this characteristic of the hierarchies created on-the-fly for quasi-identifier numerical attributes, the quality of the microdata anonymized through generalization based on these hierarchies is well preserved, and the information loss in the anonymization process remains in reasonable bounds, as proved experimentally.
Fire and Explosion Resistant Systems

The first step in protection against explosions is to identify if there is a possibility of their occurring at the facility and to acknowledge that fact. This may be true for both internal and open-air explosions. Once it is confirmed, an estimate of their probability and severity should be defined by risk analysis. If the risk level is unacceptable, additional measures for prevention and mitigation should be implemented. Explosion suppression systems are being offered on the commercial market for small enclosures based on powder and halon extinguishing agents. These systems have some disadvantages that must be considered before being applied at any facility. A leak may continue for some time and the ignition source is usually not likely to dissipate. The reignition of the gas cloud is a huge risk with one-shot systems. For large enclosures, a large volume of the suppression agent is necessary, and therefore there is a point of diminishing returns for the protection system.
An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge: Reliabilism and virtue epistemology

In this chapter, we shall look at a fairly simply form of reliabilism and a form of “virtue epistemology.” Reliabilism holds, roughly, that whether a belief is epistemically justified is a function of its being the product of a reliable cognitive process. Virtue epistemologists hold, roughly, that a belief enjoys the positive epistemic status of being “apt” if it is the product of a truth conducive intellectual virtue. Both reliabilism and virtue epistemology maintain that beliefs enjoy some positive epistemic status, “justification” or “aptness,” in virtue of being the product of some truth conducive source, either a reliable process or an intellectual virtue. Reliabilism In his 1979 essay “What is Justified Belief?” Alvin Goldman provides us with an early and important version of reliabilism. He contrasts “faulty” belief producing processes, processes that typically produce unjustified beliefs, with those that typically produce justified belief. According to Goldman, faulty belief producing processes include such things as confused reasoning, wishful thinking, reliance on emotional attachment, mere hunch, guesswork, and hasty generalization. In contrast, justification conferring processes include standard perceptual processes, remembering, good reasoning, and introspection. Goldman notes that the faulty processes have something in common: “They share the feature of unreliability. They tend to produce error a large proportion of the time.” On the other hand, the justification conferring processes appear to share the feature of reliability . The beliefs that they produce are generally true.
Growth Deterrents of a Medieval Heritage: The Aachen-area Woolen Trades before 1790

The material progress of an area, large or small, depends upon its adaptability in facing up to the continuous pressures exerted the world economy. What determines such flexibility remains as yet, despite recent research on this matter, an open question. This investigation of the Aachen-area woolen trades provides no new answer. All it pretends to do is to stress those strategic aspects of the institutional setting which, by their influence upon demand and supply conditions, point to some of the issues that might have relevance for an understanding of this important problem.
Superresolution Near-field Readout in Phase-Change Optical Disk Data Storage.

Readout of a phase-change optical disk with a superresolution (SR) near-field structure (Super-RENS) is theoretically examined on the basis of three-dimensional, full-wave vector diffraction theory. Calculations have demonstrated that Super-RENS has a high spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit in readout. The read signal is dependent on the nature of SR, the layer structure of the disk, and the state of polarization of the incident laser beam. For the Super-RENS in which antimony is used for SR readout, the readout signal is quite small, and the estimated carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) is only ∼30 dB for marks of 300 nm. For the Super-RENS in which a metallic region is formed during readout, the read signal is large, and the CNR can be as high as 50 dB in reading 300-nm marks.
Evaluation of the effect of surface roughness on thin film thickness measurements using variable angle XPS

Abstract The effects of specimen surface roughness of XPS peak intensities can be experimentally observed by using the variable angle X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VAXPS) technique. Surface topography can be qualitatively revealed by calculating the film thickness of ultra-thin overlayer/substrate systems over a wide range of take-off angles. Results are presented for two systems, Al 2 O 3 /Al and SiO 2 /Si. Critical angles corresponding to differing levels of surface roughness are defined to ensure accurate quantitative analysis.
Hyperconjugation as it affects conformational analysis

Abstract A primer for the qualitative identification and quantitative analysis of hyperconjugative delocalization is presented. The particular focus is upon the influence of hyperconjugation as it affects conformational analysis. Computational methodologies are illustrated within the context of several diverse molecular systems: anomeric and reverse anomeric effects in 2-tetrahydropyranosylammonium, generalized anomeric effects in phosphorus-stabilized carbanions, and hyperconjugative effects in phosphorus- and silicon-based trigonal bipyramids. Hyperconjugation is shown to compete with apicophilicity in the final examples. Although the latter influence has long been accounted for in traditional conformational analysis of trigonal bipyramidal systems, the former has been less appreciated.
In vitro response of macrophage polarization to a keratin biomaterial.

Macrophage response to biomaterials is emerging as a major focus in tissue repair and wound healing. Macrophages are able to differentiate into two distinct states, eliciting divergent effects. The M1 phenotype is considered pro-inflammatory and up-regulates activity related to tissue destruction, whereas the M2 phenotype is considered anti-inflammatory and supports tissue remodeling. Both are necessary but a fine balance must be maintained as dysregulation of naive macrophages to M1 or M2 polarization has been implicated in several disease and injury models, and has been suggested as a potential cause for poor outcomes. Keratin biomaterials have been shown using different animal models to promote regeneration in several tissues. A potential common mechanism may be the general capability for keratin biomaterials to elicit beneficial inflammatory responses during the early stages of regeneration. In the present study, a keratin biomaterial was utilized in vitro to examine its effects on polarization toward one of these two macrophage phenotypes, and thus its role in inflammation. Exposure of a monocytic cell line to keratin biomaterial substrates was shown to bias macrophages toward an M2 phenotype, while a collagen control surface produced both M1 and M2 macrophages. Furthermore, keratin treatment was similar to the M2 positive control and was similarly effective at down-regulating the M1 response. Keratin biomaterial influenced greater production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and decreased amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The use of a keratin biomaterial in regenerative medicine may therefore provide additional benefit by regulating a positive remodeling response.
Systematic and simulation-free coarse graining of homopolymer melts: A structure-based study

We propose a systematic and simulation-free strategy for coarse graining of homopolymer melts, where each chain of Nm monomers is uniformly divided into N segments, with the spatial position of each segment corresponding to the center-of-mass of its monomers. We use integral-equation theories suitable for the study of equilibrium properties of polymers, instead of many-chain molecular simulations, to obtain the structural and thermodynamic properties of both original and coarse-grained (CG) systems, and quantitatively examine how the effective pair potentials between CG segments and the thermodynamic properties of CG systems vary with N. Our systematic and simulation-free strategy is much faster than those using many-chain simulations, thus effectively solving the transferability problem in coarse graining, and provides the quantitative basis for choosing the appropriate N-values. It also avoids the problems caused by finite-size effects and statistical uncertainties in many-chain simulations. Taking the simple hard-core Gaussian thread model [K. S. Schweizer and J. G. Curro, Chem. Phys. 149, 105 (1990)] as the original system, we demonstrate our strategy applied to structure-based coarse graining, which is quite general and versatile, and compare in detail the various integral-equation theories and closures for coarse graining. Our numerical results show that the effective CG potentials for various N and closures can be collapsed approximately onto the same curve, and that structure-based coarse graining cannot give thermodynamic consistency between original and CG systems at any N < Nm.
REDUCED ${\mathcal N} =2$ QUANTUM MECHANICS: DESCENDANTS OF THE KÄHLER GEOMETRIES

We discuss an ${\mathcal N} =2$ quantum mechanics with or without a central charge. A representation is constructed with the number of bosonic degrees of freedom less than one-half of the fermionic degrees of freedom. We suggest a systematic method of reducing the bosonic degrees of freedom called "dynamical reduction". Our consideration opens a problem of a general classification of nonstandard representations of ${\mathcal N} =2$ superalgebra.
The properties of Twitter network communications among teenagers

We study, quantitatively, for the first time, the traits of Twitter teenager networks. The results are compared with general population users, and show that teenagers behave uniquely. Teens tend to follow more users and increase friendships over time. They tend to friend individuals online who they already know offline. Teenagers also use Twitter as a news media and form supportive and dense communities. These results shed new light on the attributes of teenage communities. We can then utilize these ideas to find solutions to emerging problems involving the massive use of social media. For example, Twitter can be used as a positive tool for the prevention of bad habits among teens.
Two-channel perfect-reconstruction FIR QMF structures which yield linear-phase analysis and synthesis filters

Two perfect-reconstruction structures for the two-channel quadrature mirror filter (QMF) bank, free of aliasing and distortions of any kind, in which the analysis filters have linear phase, are described. The structure in the first case is related to the linear prediction lattice structure. For the second case, new structures are developed by propagating the perfect-reconstruction and linear-phase properties. Design examples, based on optimization of the parameters in the lattice structures, are presented for both cases. >
Facile cleavage of phenyl groups from BiPh3 in its reactions with Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2 and evidence for localization of π-bonding in a bridging benzyne ligand

Abstract Three new compounds were obtained from the reaction of Os 3 (CO) 10 (NCMe) 2 , 1 with BiPh 3 in a methylene chloride solution at reflux. These have been identified as Os 3 (CO) 10 (μ 3 -C 6 H 4 ), 3 , Os 3 (CO) 10 Ph(μ-η 2 - O CPh), 4 , and HOs 6 (CO) 20 (μ-η 2 -C 6 H 4 )(μ 4 -Bi), 6 . Two other products Os 2 (CO) 8 (μ-BiPh), 2 , and HOs 5 (CO) 18 (μ-η 2 -C 6 H 4 )(μ 4 -Bi), 5 were obtained previously from the reaction of Os 3 (CO) 11 (NCMe) with BiPh 3 . Cleavage of the phenyl groups from the BiPh 3 was the dominant reaction pathway and two of the products 3 and 4 contain rings but no bismuth. Each of the new compounds was characterized structurally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Compound 3 contains a triply-bridging benzyne (C 6 H 4 ) ligand that exhibits a pattern of alternating long and short C–C bonds that can be attributed to partial localization of the π-bonding in the C 6 ring. The localization in the π-bonding in the ring is supported by DFT calculations. Compound 4 contains a triangular cluster of three osmium atoms with a bridging benzoyl ligand and a terminally coordinated phenyl ligand. Compound 6 contains six osmium atoms divided into two groups of four and two and the two groups are linked by a spiro-bridging bismuth atom. The group of two osmium atoms contains a bridging C 6 H 4 ligand. When heated, compound 4 was converted into 3 and the compound Os 3 (CO) 10 (μ-η 2 -O CPh) 2 , 7 . Compound 7 contains two bridging benzoyl ligands.
Ridge Regression Based Development of Norris-Landzberg Acceleration Factors and Goldmann Constants for Leadfree Electronics

Goldmann Constants and Norris-Landzberg acceleration factors for lead-free solders have been developed based on ridge regression models (RR) for reliability prediction and part selection of area-array packaging architectures under thermo-mechanical loads. Ridge regression adds a small positive bias to the diagonal of the covariance matrix to prevent high sensitivity to variables that are correlated. The proposed procedure proves to be a better tool for prediction than multiple-linear regression models. Models have been developed in conjunction with Stepwise Regression Methods for identification of the main effects. Package architectures studied include, BGA packages mounted on copper-core and no-core printed circuit assemblies in harsh environments. The models have been developed based on thermo-mechanical reliability data acquired on copper-core and no-core assemblies in four different thermal cycling conditions. Packages with Sn3Ag0.5Cu solder alloy interconnects have been examined. The models have been developed based on perturbation of accelerated test thermo-mechanical failure data. Data has been gathered on nine different thermal cycle conditions with SAC305 alloys. The thermal cycle conditions differ in temperature range, dwell times, maximum temperature and minimum temperature to enable development of constants needed for the life prediction and assessment of acceleration factors. Norris-Landzberg acceleration factors have been benchmarked against previously published values. In addition, model predictions have been validated against validation datasets which have not been used for model development. Convergence of statistical models with experimental data has been demonstrated using a single factor design of experiment study for individual factors including temperature cycle magnitude, relative coefficient of thermal expansion, and diagonal length of the chip. The predicted and measured acceleration factors have also been computed and correlated. Good correlations have been achieved for parameters examined.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Pristane-induced arthritis in mice. III. Lymphocyte phenotypic and functional abnormalities precede the development of pristane-induced arthritis

Pristane injection caused mediastinal lymphadenopathy in arthritis-susceptible DBA/1 mice, but not in arthritis-resistant DBA/2 mice. Early DBA/1 mediastinal lymph node changes were characterized by the accumulation of surface Ig+ cells and a CD8+ (Lyt 2) lymphocyte population, causing an inversion of the CD4/CD8 ratio. Depressed mitogen responses and the appearance of a nonspecific suppressor cell population were coincidental with the CD8+ cell accumulation. Prior to the development of overt clinical arthritis, an expansion of CD4+ (L3T4) lymphocytes displaced CD8+ as the predominant phenotype in mediastinal node. Mitogen responses were restored and suppressor cell activity was abrogated concomitant with the expansion of the CD4+ cell population.
The Fear of Greatness

Abstract I consider Robert Faulkner's “case for greatness” in relation to egalitarianism and the fear of greatness that egalitarianism may justifiably inspire. I question how the “greatness” that Faulkner defends may be fostered—and whether we really do want to foster it after all.
Cell-free formation of protease-resistant prion protein

THE infectious agent (or 'prion') of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) such as scrapie resembles a virus in that it replicates in vivo and has distinct strains1, but it was postulated long ago to contain only protein2,3. More recently, PrPSc, a pathogenic, scrapie-associated form of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), was identified as a possible primary TSE agent protein4–6. PrPSc is defined biochemically by its insolubility and resistance to proteases7 and is derived post-translationally from normal, protease-sensitive PrP (PrPc)8,9. The conversion seems to involve conformational change rather than covalent modification10–13. However, the conversion mechanism and the relationship of PrPSc formation to TSE agent replication remain unclear. Here we report the conversion of PrPc to protease-resistant forms similar to PrPSc in a cell-free system composed of substantially purified constituents. This conversion was selective and required the presence of preexisting PrPSc, providing direct evidence that PrPSc derives from specific PrPc–PrPSc interactions.
S. Weir Mitchell and His Snakes: Unraveling the “United Web and Woof of Popular and Scientific Beliefs”

Although best known as a nineteenth-century neurologist and creator of the rest cure, S. Weir Mitchell was one of the first Americans to engage in large-scale animal experimentation. In 1860 he published Researches Upon the Venom of the Rattlesnake, and in 1886, in collaboration with Dr. Edward T. Reichert, he published Researches Upon the Venoms of Poisonous Serpents. Yet, Mitchell's pioneering work in scientific medicine remains a little known aspect of his career. This essay, based mainly on primary source material, tells the story of Mitchell's medical education and research on venomous snakes in order to reveal the ways myth and metaphor influenced medicine as it was becoming a science.
Relaxation studies using selective excitation double Mössbauer techniques

Abstract We have developed a technique for studying time dependent hyperfine interactions using selective excitation double Mossbauer (SEDM) procedures. The measured relaxation time between the two spin orientations of the iron atoms in α-Fe2O3 at the Morin transition is 1.1 ± 0.2 × 10-7 sec.
AlGaN/GaN MOS transistors using crystalline ZrO2 as gate dielectric

Epitaxial growth of ZrO 2 has been achieved on MOCVD-grown GaN(0001) templates by oxides molecular beam epitaxy using reactive H 2 O 2 for oxygen and organometallic source for Zr. Utilizing a low temperature buffer layer followed by high temperature insitu annealing and high-temperature growth, monoclinic (100)-oriented ZrO 2 thin films were obtained. The full width at half maximum of ZrO 2 (100) rocking curve was 0.4 arc degree for 30-nm-thick films and the rms roughness for a 5mm by 5 mm AFM scan was 4 a. The employment of epitaxial ZrO 2 layer in the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect trasnsistor as a gate dielectric has resulted in the increase of the saturation-current density and pinch-off voltage as well as in near symmetrical gate-drain I-V behavior.
Reform, democratization, and counter-insurgency: evaluating the US experience in Cold War-era Latin America

Current debate on US counter-insurgency doctrine is dominated by the notion that promoting ‘legitimacy’ and ‘good governance’ constitutes a central strategic imperative. This idea is hardly new; during the Cold War US officials often sought to encourage democratization and socio-economic reform as antidotes to revolution in Latin America. This article reviews four such cases – Venezuela during the first half of the 1960s, Guatemala throughout the 1960s, Nicaragua during the late 1970s, and El Salvador during the 1980s. The purpose is to bring a historical perspective to bear on current debates about the feasibility of US counter-insurgency strategy by evaluating the effectiveness of previous campaigns to promote improved governance in developing societies wracked by guerrilla violence.
Identification of an Aggregation-Prone Structure of Tau

The aggregation and deposition of normally soluble proteins is the hallmark of several devastating neurodegenerative disorders. For proteins such as tau in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, aggregation involves a transition from an intrinsically disordered monomer to a highly structured fiber. While understanding the role of these proteins in neurodegeneration requires elucidation of the structural basis of self-association, the conformational heterogeneity of disordered proteins makes their structural characterization inherently challenging. Here we use single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer to measure the conformational ensemble of tau in the absence and presence of heparin to identify critical conformational changes relevant to the initiation of aggregation. We find that different domains of tau display distinct conformational properties that are strongly correlated with their degree of disorder and that may relate to their roles in aggregation. Moreover, we observe that heparin binding induces a distinct two-state structural transition in tau characterized by a loss of long-range contacts and a concomitant compaction of the microtubule binding domain. Our results describe a conformational intermediate of tau that precedes the formation of aggregates and could serve as a target for tau-focused therapeutics.
The effect of finite link number on reptation models

Abstract The constitutive equations of Curtiss and Bird, and of Doi and Edwards are generalized to account for a finite number of links in the chain, without taking the continuous limit, in order to study the sensitivity of material functions to the infinite-link assumption. An analytic solution for the derived diffusion equation is found, allowing predictions for the stress tensor to be calculated. It is shown that the high frequency contributions of the memory functions are most strongly affected by the generalization. Predictions for small amplitude oscillatory shear flow, shear and first normal stresses at sudden inception of shear flow, and steady state viscosity and first normal stress are calculated for several values of the number of links, and compared with the predictions in the continuous limit found by Curtiss and Bird and by Doi and Edwards. We find that the material function predictions are most sensitive to the number of links at high frequency oscillations, and large values of the shear rate. At every step of the development, the results of Doi and Edwards, and of Curtiss and Bird can be recovered by taking the limit of an infinite number of links.
Dissertation Quality and Kerlinger's Methods Myth

Abstract In 1960, Fred N. Kerlinger proposed that educational research embrace a methods myth regarding the rationale, purpose, and methods of educational research. In this article, the context in which Kerlinger developed his perspectives on educational research, his perceptions of mythology in educational research, and the importance of the methods myth for education dissertations are explored. The authors also posit that underlying Kerlinger's methods myth are two other myths associated with the dissertation: scholarship and quality. Following the discussion of these myths are cautious recommendations for the dissertation research preparation of graduate students in education.
Encoding complex values using two DLP spatial light modulators

We present a method to encode complex values into three or four quantized complex values for wavefront modulation using two digital micromirror devices (DMDs). This encoding offers advantages to eliminate the twin image or suppress the zero order diffraction as well to improve hologram fidelity. The optical architecture utilizes a Michelson interferometer with a DMD in Littrow configuration replacing the mirrors to combine the two holograms with the desired phase shift. System performance was examined using numerical simulations and experimental measurements to explore different encoding methods for hologram reconstruction. Both ZOD and conjugate image suppression were demonstrated for different encoding schemes.
Nasal Dyspnea and Intermittent Epistaxis

A preteen boy presented to an allergist with a 1-year history of nasal dyspnea and intermittent epistaxis. The nasal dyspnea, initially on the right side, slowly progressed to complete, bilateral nasal obstruction. He was diagnosed as having environmental allergies and treated medically without improvement. He was referred to the pediatric otolaryngology clinic for treatment of a right nasal mass. Anterior rhinoscopy revealed awhite to gray-colored polypoid lesion in the right nare. Itwas firmand rubbery to palpation. The lesion deviated the nasal septum significantly to the left nasal sidewall and occluded both sides of the nasal cavity. Noncontrastcomputedtomographyrevealeda7.0 × 4.3 × 3.1–cm well-circumscribed, homogenous, expansile, soft-tissue mass obstructingthenasalcavity (Figure,A). Itappearedtooriginate fromthe right lateral nasalwall. Therewasnear-complete opacificationof the maxillaryandethmoidsinuses.Thenasal septumwasdisplaced,contacting the leftmedial maxillary wall. Therewas evidence of erosion of the rightmaxillary sinusmedial wall and adjacent air cells. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 4.2 (craniocaudal) × 7.2 (anterior to posterior) × 3.2 (transverse)–cmmass in the rightnasal cavity, extending into thenasopharynx (Figure,B-D). The mass was T1-weighted hypointense and T2-weighted hyperintense. Therewasmild tomoderate homogeneous enhancement of themass,awideningof thepyriformapertureandrightnasal choana, and no evidence of aggressive features. Magnetic resonance angiography did not show any clinically significant arterial enhancement or vascular supply to themass. What is your diagnosis? A B
Characteristics of Cloud Ice and Precipitation during Wintertime Storms over the Mountains of Northern Colorado

Abstract This article describe cloud ice and precipitation process in 17 wintertime storm systems that occurred over the mountains of northwestern Colorado. Surface, remote sensing and aircraft measurements are used to study cloud and precipitation characteristics. Ice particle concentrations; secondary ice particle production; and ice panicle growth, habits and aggregation are studied in the context of cloud system structure. The region of the cloud near cloud top was found to be a primary source region for ice particles in these clouds. Ice particle concentrations were found to increase over elevated topography and to increase at lower altitudes in deep cloud systems. Approximately 80% of the measured concentrations were within the range of 1-100 L−1, and 50% were less than 20 L−1. The activity of three secondary ice particle production mechanisms was evaluated. Fragmentation was found to be important in cloud systems that contained dendritic crystals. Evidence suggested that the Hallett-Mossop rime spl...
On optimal competitive contracting

We present an example of risk neutral bid-taker and bidders in which the bid-taker obtains a greater expected revenue from auctioning an inefficient contract than from auctioning an efficient contract. This occurs because in going from the efficient contract to an inefficient (but almost efficient) contract, the winning bidder's expected profit decreases faster than the value of the output produced under the contract (net of production costs) decreases. Therefore, the bid-taker's expected revenue—the value of the output less the winning bidder's expected profit—increases. The competitive letting of a contract introduces a factor not present when somehow letting a contract noncompetitively. In particular, changing the contract not only affects the efficiency of the contract, but also affects the amount of the contract's value that will be captured by the contract winner as profit. Therefore, for competitively let contracts, the optimal contract for the bid-taker to offer turns out less efficient than can b...
Folded microstrip antenna

A folded microstrip antenna is proposed to reduce the ground plane size required for efficient radiation, thus making the antenna more compact. The paper shows the quarter-wavelength folded microstrip antenna. The backside of a conventional microstrip antenna is used as a ground plane of the proposed antenna.