cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In search of a more perfect heteroarchy:Vermont, civil unions and the harm of "separate-but-equal".

Abstract This article focuses on the Vermont civil union solution to the state Supreme Court's mandate in Baker v. State(1999). Using non-subordination theory, the author argues that rather than being a legal victory for lesbians and gay men, the Vermont law integrally contributes to the maintenance of an imbalance of power between heterosexuals and lesbians and gays. The article analyzes the rhetorical strategy employed by lawmakers to respond to what they perceived and portrayed as a menace posed by same-sex marriage and demonstrates that lawmakers reinforced apprehensions surrounding lesbian and gay identity and asserted the familiar heterosexist narrative in an effort to quell the threat posed by Baker. The article concludes that the legislature's genuine motivation behind civil unions was validating their own and their constituents' misplaced fears regarding gay and lesbian identity, and pacifying those fears by denying equal marriage rights to gays and lesbians in an attempt to appear responsive to ...
Induction of Astrocyte Differentiation by Endothelial Cells

Here we have investigated the mechanisms that control astrocyte differentiation within the developing rat optic nerve. Astrocytes are normally generated by astrocyte precursor cells within the embryonic optic nerve. We show that there is a close temporal and spatial correlation between endothelial and astrocyte differentiation. We tested the potential role of endothelial cells in inducing astrocyte differentiation by developing an immunopanning method to highly purify endothelial cells from developing optic nerves. We show that the purified endothelial cells, but not other embryonic optic nerve cell types, strongly induce the differentiation of purified astrocyte precursor cells into astrocytes in vitro. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptors have been implicated previously in astrocyte differentiation in vivo. We show that purified endothelial cells express LIF mRNA and that their ability to induce astrocyte differentiation is prevented by a neutralizing anti-LIF, but not anti-ciliary neurotrophic factor, antiserum. These findings demonstrate a role for endothelial cells in inducing astrocyte differentiation. The induction of astrocyte differentiation by endothelial cells makes sense phylogenetically, anatomically, and functionally, because astrocytes evolved concurrently with brain vasculature and ensheathe capillaries throughout the brain. The ability to purify and culture astrocytes and endothelial cells should provide an excellent model system for future studies of blood-brain barrier development.
The Neighborhood, Personal Identity, and Group Affiliations

People have lived in communities since prehistoric times. Whether in caves or clustered settlements, congregate shelter has had the same survival qualities found in the flocks, prides, schools, gaggles, and herds of animal species. The survival functions of communities in contemporary times is much more complex than in the past and in many ways is less well understood. This Chapter deals with affiliations with others and the role they play in neighborhood life. It will consider the variety of neighborhood types and their functions from a perspective that includes the physical surroundings, individual development, and social group identity. By looking at the lives of two kinds of people that depart from conventional life-styles, neighboring will be examined in light of the profound social and cultural diversity that marks the fabric of the urban experience.
Effects of Vowel Height and Vocal Intensity on Anticipatory Nasal Airflow in Individuals With Normal Speech

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of vowel height and vocal intensity on the magnitude of anticipatory nasal airflow in normal speakers when producing vowel-nasal-vowel (VNV) s...
Information, Education, and Indoctrination: The Federation of American Scientists and Public Communication Strategies in the Atomic Age.

Immediately following World War II, atomic scientists and their colleagues in other disciplines formed the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) and dedicated themselves to increasing public knowledge about atomic energy and the need for international control. FAS scientists began their campaign with faith in the role a well-informed public could play in a democracy. Recognizing their inexperience in public relations, scientists sought the assistance of social scientists and PR experts to help them communicate their message effectively. Confronting in their advisors’ recommendations a radically different conception of how to reach the public, FAS scientists faced a choice: relinquish their cherished self-image as objective experts and embrace techniques of indoctrination, or maintain their focus on informing or educating the public. Examining the Federation’s dilemma sheds new light upon the changing motivations and public communication strategies of scientists in post-World War II America.
Identification of two prokineticin cDNAs: recombinant proteins potently contract gastrointestinal smooth muscle.

The motility of gastrointestinal tract is regulated by classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and humoral agents. Two novel human cDNAs have been cloned based on their sequence similarity to a frog skin secretion protein, Bv8, and a nontoxic protein of mamba snake venom. These human cDNAs encode two secreted proteins of 86 and 81 amino acids. Northern blot hybridization has revealed that these cDNAs are expressed in gastrointestinal tract, particularly the stomach. Recombinant proteins with authentic N-terminal sequences have been produced in Escherichia coli and refolded into functional proteins by careful control of protein aggregation. Mass spectrometry has confirmed the formation of five pairs of disulfide bonds. The refolded recombinant proteins potently contract gastrointestinal smooth muscle with EC50 values in the subnanomolar range. The contractile effects of the recombinant proteins are specific for gastrointestinal smooth muscle, because they have no effect on vascular or respiratory smooth muscle. To reflect their potent and specific effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells, we have named these recombinant proteins prokineticins. Ligand binding studies with iodinated prokineticin revealed the presence of a high-affinity site in ileal smooth muscle. The displacement of specific binding by GTPγS suggests that the prokineticin receptor may belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Experiments with verapamil and nifedipine revealed that calcium influx is essential for the contractile activity of prokineticins on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. In summary, we have identified two novel endogenous regulators of gastrointestinal motility. The availability of recombinant prokineticins should provide novel therapeutic agents for disorders involving impaired gastrointestinal motility.
Upstream G gamma-globin and downstream beta-globin sequences required for stage-specific expression in transgenic mice.

Abstract The human G gamma-globin and beta-globin genes are expressed in erythroid cells at different stages of human development, and previous studies have shown that the two cloned genes are also expressed in a differential stage-specific manner in transgenic mice. The G gamma-globin gene is expressed only in murine embryonic erythroid cells, while the beta-globin gene is active only at the fetal and adult stages. In this study, we analyzed transgenic mice carrying a series of hybrid genes in which different upstream, intragenic, or downstream sequences were contributed by the beta-globin or G gamma-globin gene. We found that hybrid 5'G gamma/3'beta globin genes containing G gamma-globin sequences upstream from the initiation codon were expressed in embryonic erythroid cells at levels similar to those of an intact G gamma-globin transgene. In contrast, beta-globin upstream sequences were insufficient for expression of 5'beta/3'G gamma hybrid globin genes or a beta-globin-metallothionein fusion gene in adult erythroid cells. However, beta-globin downstream sequences, including 212 base pairs of exon III and 1,900 base pairs of 3'-flanking DNA, were able to activate a 5'G gamma/3'beta hybrid globin gene in fetal and adult erythroid cells. These experiments suggest that positive regulatory elements upstream from the G gamma-globin and downstream from the beta-globin gene are involved in the differential expression of the two genes during development.
Observations of the Neutral Hydrogen in the Barred Spiral Galaxies NGC 3992 and NGC 4731

We report observations of the atomic hydrogen properties of the barred spiral galaxies NGC 3992 and NGC 4731. These systems were observed in 1980 and 1981 with the VLA telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. In Table 1 we list the systemic parameters of interest.
Assessment of Epstein-Barr virus association with pediatric non-hodgkin lymphoma in immunocompetent and in immunocompromised patients in Argentina.

Abstract Context.—Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been classically associated with 3 malignancies, Burkitt lymphoma, B-cell lymphoproliferative syndromes, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and more recently with Hodgkin disease, T-cell lymphomas, and gastric and breast carcinomas, as well as with leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma associated with immunosuppression. Objective.—To compare EBV expression in Argentine tumor samples with those reported elsewhere, we analyzed EBV expression in an Argentine pediatric population with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and correlated these results with clinical course and outcome. Methods.—We studied EBV presence by latent membrane protein-1 protein labeling by immunohistochemistry, by in situ hybridization, and by polymerase chain reaction for Epstein-Barr–encoded RNAs (EBERs) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded non-Hodgkin lymphoma tissue samples (collected retrospectively) from 32 pediatric patients at Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital from 1993 to 2000. Results.—Eight out of the...
Live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) induces different mucosal T cell function in nonsmokers and smokers.

Abstract Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory infections, including influenza. To explore the effect of smoking on influenza-induced responses within the nasal mucosa, we have developed a protocol using inoculation with live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccine followed by sampling of the nasal mucosa. Mucosal cell populations were harvested through superficial biopsy of the nasal inferior turbinate pre and post LAIV inoculation and analyzed using flow cytometry. The majority of nasal biopsy CD45 + immune cells at baseline were CD3 + T lymphocytes. Following LAIV, these lymphocytes increased in nonsmokers but not in smokers. A subset of individuals was negative for helper T cell marker CD4 and cytotoxic T cell marker CD8 but positive for the γδ T cell receptor (TCR). Increases in γδ TCR + cells were greater in nonsmokers, than in smokers. Thus, LAIV-induced changes in CD3 T as well as γδ T lymphocyte percentages are suppressed in smokers compared to nonsmokers.
A systematic review of publications assessing reliability and validity of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2004–2011

Background In recent years response rates on telephone surveys have been declining. Rates for the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) have also declined, prompting the use of new methods of weighting and the inclusion of cell phone sampling frames. A number of scholars and researchers have conducted studies of the reliability and validity of the BRFSS estimates in the context of these changes. As the BRFSS makes changes in its methods of sampling and weighting, a review of reliability and validity studies of the BRFSS is needed.
Effect of alumina on enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali silicate glasses

article The enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali (Na2O and K2O) silicate glasses containing various concentrations of alumina was determined using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. For glasses with a constant alkali concentration, the enthalpy of mixing was found to become less negative with alumina addition. Consistent with our previous results on the enthalpy of mixing of alumina-free mixed alkali silicate glasses, the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing exhibited a good correlation with the molar volume mismatch of the corresponding two single alkali glasses as well as with the extent of conductivity mixed alkali effect, e.g. excess activation energy of conductivity, ΔE. The reduction of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing with alumina addition can be attributed to the reduction of non-bridging oxygen and ionic field strength. Combining the present results with results obtained earlier, the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing for all mixed alkali (Na2O and K2O) silicate glasses with and without alumina was expressed by a simple function of a modified Tobolsky parameter, which takes into account the alkali concentration and the difference in cation- to-effective anion distances. The enthalpy of mixing data of the mixed alkali glasses was then compared with reported experimental data on the conductivity of mixed alkali aluminosilicate glasses. What appears to be conflicting experimental data can be understood in terms of the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing and we can conclude that the mixed alkali effect is closely correlated with the negative enthalpy of mixing. © 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Lung cancer complicating pregnancy: case report and review of literature.

Lung cancer during pregnancy is rare. Herein we describe a case of metastatic cancer of the lung in a 36- year-old pregnant patient whose initial complaint was pain in the left thigh. Management of this neoplasm during pregnancy depends on the gestational age of the fetus and the potential operability of the tumor. Surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiation management considerations are discussed.
Loyalty, the Internet and the weather: the changing nature of marketing information systems?

The use of IT in the customer service transaction has revolutionised the potential for data collection associated with customers and transactions. Two key tools in this transformation are loyalty cards and electronic or e‐shopping over the Internet. How can the customer and transaction data collected through these arenas be fully utilised? This article reviews the development of the significance of customer databases in marketing. It then considers the fundamental marketing questions, and contributions of the different types of marketing information systems. Loyalty cards and e‐shopping can be used to provide answers to some of the fundamental marketing questions, and also to provide input to each of the different types of marketing information systems. Loyalty cards are part of a service experience which is facilitated by information technology, whereas in e‐shopping the human service agent is supplanted by the computer. In both contexts, data may be gathered as part of the transaction. These data can be used to inform operational, tactical and strategic decision making, and, in general, the development of the relationship with the customer.
Multiple consoles: a basis for communication growth in large systems

The intent of this paper is to discuss the development of multiple consoles which on the surface appears to be a simple and straightforward concept. This concept, however, should not be considered an ending in itself, it should be viewed as a basis from which a communication network can grow. Justification for more than one console is supported to show that multiple-consoles are necessary components in most if not all large systems. Beyond the basic and obvious requirements of a multiple console environment lie many different philosophies concerning the utilization of consoles, some of which are explored in this paper.
The Scattering Properties of Natural Terrestrial Snows versus Icy Satellite Surfaces

Our comparisons of the single particle scattering behavior of terrestrial snows and icy satellite regoliths to the laboratory particle scattering measurements of McGuire and Hapke demonstrate that the differences between icy satellite regoliths and their terrestrial counterparts are due to particle structures and textures. Terrestrial snow particle structures define a region in the single particle scattering function parameter space separate from the regions defined by the McGuire and Hapke artificial laboratory particles. The particle structures and textures of the grains composing icy satellites regoliths are not simple or uniform but consist of a variety of particle structure and texture types, some of which may be a combination of the particle types investigated by McGuire and Hapke.
Energy Dependence of the Pseudorapidity Distributions in Proton-Nucleus Collisions between 50 and 200 GeV/ c

Pseudorapidity distributions for proton-nucleus interactions are presented. The data cover twelve nuclei ranging from carbon to uranium and three incident proton momenta, 50, 100, and 200 GeV/c.
Smectic-C order, in-plane domains, and nematic reentrance in a microscopic model of liquid crystals.

A microscopic model of liquid crystals, with frustrated dipolar, van der Waals, and benzene-ring steric hindrance interactions, yields reentrant phase diagrams with the sequence nematic--smectic-${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{d}--}$nematic--smectic-${\mathit{A}}_{1--}$smectic-C. The Lindemann criterion of melting is adapted to liquid crystals and Monte Carlo simulation is used. The smectic-${\mathit{A}}_{1}$ and -C phases occur in two versions, one pointing to in-plane domain formation. Layer tilting is found to be due to permeation-rotation lock-in. The model yields three types of smectic-C phases distinguished by tilt saturation.
Evidence for nucleosome depletion at active regulatory regions genome-wide.

The identification of nuclease-hypersensitive sites in an active globin gene1 and in the 5′ regions of fruit fly heat shock genes2 first suggested that chromatin changes accompany gene regulation in vivo. Here we present evidence that the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, nucleosomes, are depleted from active regulatory elements throughout the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome in vivo. We found that during rapid mitotic growth, the level of nucleosome occupancy is inversely proportional to the transcriptional initiation rate at the promoter. We also observed a partial loss of histone H3 and H4 tetramers from the coding regions of the most heavily transcribed genes. Alterations in the global transcriptional program caused by heat shock or a change in carbon source resulted in an increased nucleosome occupancy at repressed promoters, and a decreased nucleosome occupancy at promoters that became active. Nuclease-hypersensitive sites occur in species from yeast to humans and result from chromatin perturbation3,4,5. Given the conservation of sequence and function among components of both chromatin and the transcriptional machinery, nucleosome depletion at promoters may be a fundamental feature of eukaryotic transcriptional regulation.
Thiamine in the aging house fly, musca domestica L

Abstract Reared on a diet of powdered whole milk, sugar, and water, male house flies show a marked increase in thiamine phosphate levels from the time of emergence to a maximum of 13 μg/g. by the fourth day. This is followed by a more gradual, but progressive, decline to a minimal level of 3 μg/g on the 22nd day of adult life. Thiamine phosphate levels of adult female thoraces likewise increase following emergence but do not reach their peak level (about 12·5 μg/g) until the 7th to 8th day, following which there is a much slower decrease to a level of 9·3 μg/g on the 25th day of female adult life. The possible relationship between carbohydrate metabolism in thoracic flight muscle and thiamine phosphate levels in relation to age is discussed.
Coagulation With Hydrolyzing Metal Salts: Mechanisms and Water Quality Impacts

Coagulation is a critical—but highly complex—process in drinking water treatment. Variations in pH, temperature, source water composition, coagulant type, and other conditions collectively influence the process and confound efforts to quantitatively predict coagulation outcomes. Yet, qualitative understanding is possible through synthesis of the extensive literature. This review describes hydrolysis reactions of metal salts and summarizes variables that influence the characteristics of the resulting precipitates. Thereafter, properties of two key contaminants, turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM), are explored in the context of removal during coagulation. Finally, the significance of source water quality and co-occurring ions is described.
Cholesterol lowering with statin drugs, risk of stroke, and total mortality. An overview of randomized trials.

Objective. —To examine whether cholesterol lowering with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statin drugs) reduces the risks of stroke and total mortality. Data Sources. —We conducted a computerized literature search from 1985 through 1995 to identify all published trials testing statin drugs. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) data were added after the report was published in October 1996. Our search was limited to English-language articles and included published overviews containing relevant individual trials. Trial Selection. —Criteria for inclusion of randomized trials in the overview were (1) statin drugs alone used to reduce lipid levels rather than multifactorial interventions including another type of cholesterol-lowering drug and (2) inclusion of data on deaths and/or strokes. Data Extraction. —Data were extracted by 2 researchers, and only minor discrepancies, which were easily resolved by discussion, occurred. Principal investigators of the trials and their funding agencies were also contacted to secure any relevant data not included in the published reports. Data Ssynthesis. —A total of 16 individual trials including approximately 29 000 subjects treated and followed up an average of 3.3 years were included in the overview. The average reductions in total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol achieved were large—22% and 30%, respectively. A total of 454 strokes (fatal plus nonfatal) and 1175 deaths occurred. Those assigned to statin drugs experienced significant reductions in risks of stroke of 29% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14%-41%) as well as total mortality of 22% (95% CI, 12%-31%), which was attributable to a significant reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths of 28% (95% CI, 16%-37%). There was no evidence of any increased risk in non-CVD mortality (relative risk [RR], 0.93; 95% CI, 0.75-1.14). There was also no significant increase in risk of cancer (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.90-1.17). Conclusion. —This overview of all published randomized trials of statin drugs demonstrates large reductions in cholesterol and clear evidence of benefit on stroke and total mortality. There was, as expected, a large and significant decrease in CVD mortality, but there was no significant evidence for any increases in either non-CVD deaths or cancer incidence.
The success of structural genomics

The International Conference on Structural Genomics (ICSG 2011, http://www.icsg2011.org), held in Toronto Canada May 10–14, 2011 was a rich and exciting demonstration of how far structural genomics has come. Structural genomics has now matured into a field that includes both structure and the biology that structure enables. This has allowed targeting based on systematic approaches and on known biological importance and allows biochemical studies to be closely tied to structure determination. The wealth of purified proteins, clones, and chemical probes produced by structural genomics groups will enable a vast amount of follow-on research. The technologies, the structures, and the biology that were described at the meeting were at the cutting edge of science. Structural genomics has become a success.
Autonomic influences on regional cardiac [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake in paced dog heart.

Sixteen dogs were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and placed on positive pressure ventilation. Twelve animals were cardiac paced and four animals were non-paced controls. In four of the paced animals, the left cut peripheral end of the cervical vagus was stimulated electrically. In another four animals, the decentralized left stellate ganglion was stimulated efferently. The four remaining paced animals were controls. The animals were injected i.v. with a single bolus of [14C] 2-deoxyglucose, 100 μCi/kg. After 45 minutes of periodic stimulation, the hearts were removed, sectioned and prepared for autoradiography. Cardiac pacing significantly (p < 0.02) decreased systolic blood pressure, and significantly increased (p < 0.05) glucose utilization by all regions of the heart, with the exception of the left ventricular endocardium and the left ventricular papillary muscles. Vagal efferent stimulation elicited significant (p < 0.05) decreases in glucose utilization in both the right atrium and right ventricle. Conversely, efferent stellate ganglion stimulation had no effect on the glucose utilization of any regions of the myocardium studied. This study demonstrates that both cardiac pacing and cardiac vagal efferent neuronal stimulation can produce distinct changes in regional myocardial glucose utilization.
Production of volatiles by degradation of lipids during manufacture of black tea

Abstract During manufacture of black tea, lipids are degraded to volatile constituents. Cis-3-hexenal was present in appreciable amounts in the various parts of fresh shoots and decreased in the second leaves during manufacture. There was a simultaneous increase in trans-2-hexenal. Linalol and methyl salicylate also increased appreciably during rolling and fermentation. Most of the volatiles were lost during the firing process. The above trend was borne out by the ‘potential’ of the leaves for the production of volatiles as indicated by the increased amounts of volatiles produced by homogenizing the tissue in water against controls homogenized in 0.1 N acid. The C6-aldehydes present in the headspace of withered shoots increased significantly following mechanical damage. The major fatty acids of the lipids in the various parts of the shoots were linolenic, linoleic, palmitic, oleic and stearic acids. The ratio of linoleic to linolenic acid in the stems was much higher than that of the leaves or buds and this was reflected in its higher 'potential for formation of hexanal. During withering and rolling of the second leaves, the unsaturated fatty acids showed substantial losses compared with the saturated acids. It is suggested that the enzymic breakdown of membrane lipids initiate the formation of volatile carbonyl compounds which are partly responsible for the flavour of black tea.
Concise syntheses of enantiomerically pure protected 4-hydroxypyroglutamic acid and 4-hydroxyproline from a nitroso-cyclopentadiene cycloadduct

O-TBS-protected methyl trans-4-hydroxypyroglutamate and methyl trans-4-hydroxyproline ester were synthesized from nitroso-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder cycloadducts. Enzymatic resolution of the key intermediate, 4-amino-cyclopent-2-enol, provides access to both L- and D- amino acids.
Antagonistic substrate binding by a group II intron ribozyme.

In this study, the thermodynamic properties of substrate-ribozyme recognition were explored using a system derived from group II intron ai5gamma. Substrate recognition by group II intron ribozymes is of interest because any nucleic ac?id sequence can be targeted, the recognition sequence can be quite long (>/=13 bp), and reaction can proceed with a very high degree of sequence specificity. Group II introns target their substrates throug?h the formation of base-pairing interactions with two regions of the intron (EBS1 and EBS2), which are usually located far apart in the secondary structure. These structures pair with adjacent, corresponding sites (IBS1 and IBS2) on the substrate. In order to understand the relative energetic contribution of each base-pairing interaction (EBS1-IBS1 or EBS2-IBS2) to substrate binding energy, the free energy of each helix was measured. The individual helices were found to have base-pairing free energies similar to those calculated for regular RNA duplexes of the same sequence, suggesting that each recognition helix derives its binding energy from base-pairing interactions alone and that each helix can form independently. Most interestingly, it was found that the sum of the measured individual free energies (approximately 20 kcal/mol) was much higher than the known free energy for substrate binding (approximately 12 kcal/mol). This indicates that certain group II intron ribozymes can bind their substrates in an antagonistic fashion, paying a net energetic penalty upon binding the full-length substrate. This loss of binding energy is not due to weakening of individual helices, but appears to be linked to ribozyme conformational changes induced by substrate binding. This coupling between substrate binding and ribozyme conformational rearrangement may provide a mechanism for lowering overall substrate binding energy while retaining the full information content of 13 bp, thus resulting in a mechanism for ensuring sequence specificity.
Distance education: has technology become a threat to the academy?

Recent discussions regarding technology-assisted distance education have given rise both to enthusiastic predictions about how this form of instruction will transform higher educational institutions and to widespread fears about the threats that this technology poses to the student-teacher relationship and to the profession of university teacher in general. A review of opinions regarding distance education and computer technology in academia suggests a continuum of positions, ranging from the expectation that dramatic and even cataclysmic changes will lead to the eventual dissolution of the university to an envisioning of only minor changes in the academy’s objectives and methods. In the present paper, this continuum is used as an organizing scheme to present the positions of several well-known advocates for and against the use of distance education and information technology. It is argued that the accreditation process will ultimately determine the degree to which distance education replaces traditional classroom instruction and that this process can be influenced by faculty involvement in decisions about the use of technology in the classroom.
Immigration composition and population policy.

This paper reviews the current immigration policy and the effects of that policy on demographic and economic characteristics of recent immigrants. The quality of the data on immigration is also discussed. The Immigration Act of 1965 introduced major changes into immigration policy such as the elimination of the national origins system and the making of family reunions a major goal of immigration policy. The age structure stage in the family life cycle and other socioeconomic variables are related to the fertility of the immigrants and their offspring and thus have a long-term impact on population size and composition. Data on annual immigrants are collected tabulated and published by the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of Justice. The US has not collected emigration data since 1958. Estimates are made by the Bureau of the Census from reports of countries receiving the US emigrants. Data on immigrants who have left the US is also missing. The foreign-born women have recently had lower fertility rates than native-born women. The number and characteristics of immigrants have to be taken into account in population projections and estimates and social demographic and political implications need to be investigated and weighed in the formulation of policy. Better immigration data are needed however to achieve this goal.
Additivity of Clothing Cues in First Impressions.

The theory of information integration was used to predict that in first impression situations, clothing/physical appearance cues, like adjective trait descriptions, have differential importance depending upon the type of judgment elicited. One hundred four college aged females viewed and responded to slides of colored line drawings of female stimulus persons. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. In accord with the theory, it was predicted and found that a linear combination of people's impressions of the stimulus person with one of the clothing/physical appearance cues together with people's impressions of the stimulus person with another of the clothing/physical appearance cues in every case significantly predicted (p < .001) people's impressions of the stimulus person with the two cues combined. Significance of the research and avenues for future research are explored.
Kinematic correlates of speaking rate changes in stuttering and normally fluent adults.

Articulatory kinematics were analyzed to determine if adults who stutter are generally poorer at speech movement pattern generation and if changing speech rate affects their stability in the same w...
Exchange nailing for aseptic nonunion of femoral shaft: a retrospective cohort study for effect of reaming size.

Background Exchange nailing has been the favored method to treat aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft. The recommended amount of over-reaming is at least 2 mm. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effectiveness of nonunion treatment is greatly reduced with less than 2 mm of over-reaming. Methods Aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft were treated by exchange nailing with 1 mm (n = 37) or at least 2 mm (n = 44) of over-reaming. Union rates, union periods, and complications were compared. Indications for exchange nailing were aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft with an inserted intramedullary nail, shortening of less than 1.5 cm, and a fracture gap of less than 5 mm. Results After a mean follow-up of 3.6 years (range, 1.1-7.1 years), union rates were 31 (91.2%) of 34 nonunions with over-reaming of 1 mm and 37 (92.5%) of 40 nonunions with over-reaming of 2 mm or more (p = 0.32). The mean union periods were 4.4 months (range, 2.5-8 months) and 4.4 months (range, 3-8 months), respectively (p = 0.83). Except for persistent nonunions, no significant complications occurred. Conclusions Exchange nailing can be considered the first choice to treat aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft. The diameter of the new intramedullary nail should be as large as possible to reinforce the mechanical strength of the repair. The osteogenic potential stimulated by the reaming of cancellous bone graft was similar with over-reaming of 1 mm and with over-reaming of 2 mm or more.
Ovarian cancer. Current outlook on this deadly disease

The lifetime risk of ovarian cancer in the US population is about 1.4%. The risk is increased in women who have a strong family history of the disease. Unfortunately, no accurate screening tests are available. Transvaginal sonography and CA-125 determinations can be valuable in selected patients. Attempts at prevention with oral contraceptive use and indicated or prophylactic oophorectomy should be seriously considered. Conservative treatment is appropriate in selected patients with early-stage ovarian cancer. However, because the majority of patients present with advanced disease, maximum cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy is usually required. Such an approach results in a high incidence of initial clinical remission and can prolong survival to 2 or 3 years. Eventually, however, relapse and death often occur in spite of additional therapy. Another operation may be needed for secondary cytoreduction or palliation. Bowel obstruction, recurrent ascites, and pleural effusion are often terminal events.
Tipping Point Forewarnings in Climate Change Communication: Some Implications of an Emerging Trend

Prominent British and American sources now seek to structure public understanding of climate change by issuing “tipping point” forewarnings of danger with increasing frequency. This emerging trend announces a shift in the way we are likely to perceive and respond to climate change dangers. This paper reviews key statements to suggest a significant dimension of this trend is its enrollment of epidemiological terminology to communicate urgent and uncertain threats. First, key events in the popular employment of epidemiological and public health models of explanation are reviewed. Second, the author discusses the climate change “debate” to illuminate the limitations involved in treating climate change as a public issue detached from other problems involving atmospheric science. Third, the author reconstructs the tipping point tendency in this context. The essay concludes that the use of this concept signals a broader trend toward epidemiological models of explanation likely to activate public health styles o...
IBM zEnterprise redundant array of independent memory subsystem

The IBM zEnterprise® system introduced a new and innovative redundant array of independent memory (RAIM) subsystem design as a standard feature on all zEnterprise servers. It protects the server from single-channel errors such as sudden control, bus, buffer, and massive dynamic RAM (DRAM) failures, thus achieving the highest System z® memory availability. This system also introduced innovations such as DRAM and channel marking, as well as a novel dynamic cyclic redundancy code channel marking. This paper describes this RAIM subsystem and other reliability, availability, and serviceability features, including automatic channel error recovery; data and clock interface lane calibration, recovery, and repair; intermittent lane sparing; and specialty engines for maintenance, periodic calibration, power, and power-on controls.
The Scope and Promising Future of Social Economics1

This essay explores the future potential for Social Economics. Since the beginning of modern economics, the mainstream has been steered by what might be called a material progress vision, whereby the generally unacknowledged pesumption is that economic growth will make the good life possible. Accordingly, such potential components of human welfare as more creative and fulfilling work, greater equality in the distribution of opportunity, wealth and income, and a greater degree of community can be more or less ignored for the present. Less guided by this vision, and unfettered by a pretense of value-neutrality, Social Economics does not view such components of welfare as subsidiary to economic growth. Instead, it is more focused upon the wholeness of social life, more concerned with the full requisites of the good and just society. By drawing upon recent work in psychology, sociology, and especially happiness research, Social Economics is found to offer a more promising orientation towards future economic c...
Stump removal and fertilization of five Phellinus weirii-infested stands in Washington and Oregon affect mortality and growth of planted Douglas-fir 25 years after treatment

Abstract Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. causes laminated root rot (LRR), a major disease affecting growth and survival of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir) and other commercially important conifer species throughout the Pacific Northwest. Stump removal or nitrogen (N) fertilization, or both, have been suggested as management strategies for some root diseases but have not been tested previously for LRR in a replicated field study. Independent studies, using the same experimental design, were established in five Douglas-fir stands in Oregon and Washington. The stands were surveyed preharvest and postharvest (clearcut). Each P. weirii-infected entity (standing dead or down trees and stumps) was marked, and the location of its center was mapped. In each clearcut, a 2 × 4 set of factorial treatments of stump removal in combination with N fertilization was applied to 0.04 ha circular plots and replicated five to seven times. Treatments, applied in the fall, included stump removal with a bulldozer (either all stumps removed or the plot left undisturbed) and broadcast fertilization with ammonium nitrate (0, 336, 672, or 1345 kg N ha−1). Douglas-fir seedlings were planted in the winter following treatment application. When the stand was considered established, each plot was thinned to a spacing of about 2.4 m inter-tree spacing and the trees tagged. Diameter at breast height, total height, and mortality of trees were recorded every 2–5 years. A total of 7827 tagged trees on 239 plots were observed for up to 27 growing seasons following treatment. Stumping caused a significant reduction in seedling mortality due to LRR at all five study areas. The mean LRR-caused mortality on stumped and nonstumped plots was 2.4 and 9.1%, respectively. Fertilization did not cause a significant change in LRR-caused mortality of seedlings at any of the study areas. Nitrogen fertilization before planting increased growth of Douglas-fir seedlings but only in some stands. Nitrogen fertilizer can have a positive residual effect on growth of Douglas-fir for at least 23 years. Effects on soil of heavy equipment used in stumping operations did not reduce subsequent Douglas-fir survival or growth. There was a mean reduction in wood volume of 24.8% in areas where LRR was observed compared to areas where it was not found.
Numerical control of the Stefan problem: Maximum melting

Abstract The single phase Stefan problem is considered in two dimensions. We determine the heat flux applied to the boundary as a function of time so that the maximum amount of the solid is melted. Here, the heat flux is bounded as well as the time and boundary integral of the heat flux. A variation of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to approximate the optimal heat flux. This scheme has been implemented on the Cray Y-MP, and vectorization and multiprocessing issues are discussed.
Lung Transplantation for Fibrotic Lung Diseases

Abstract The underlying disease of a candidate for lung transplantation, especially advanced pulmonary fibrosis, can cause particular and dramatic difficulties. Pulmonary fibrosis is the end-result of a variety of pathological diseases and their associated processes. This article summarizes the diagnosis and management of some of the more common causes of fibrosis, outlines their natural histories and treatment outcomes, and describes the trade-off of pulmonary fibrosis for lung transplantation. Four main categories of end-stage fibrosis are discussed: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis from systemic diseases or drugs, and occupationalor environmental-related pulmonary fibrosis. Each group will be covered systematically and the options and indications for lung transplantation will be addressed.
When not being superior may not be good enough

1. Doberneck RC, Mittelman J. Reappraisal of the problems of intra-abdominal abscess. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1982;154(6):875-879. 2. Pitcher WD, Musher DM. Critical importance of early diagnosis and treatment of intra-abdominal infection. Arch Surg. 1982;117(3):328-333. 3. Koperna T, Schulz F. Prognosis and treatment of peritonitis. Do we need new scoring systems? Arch Surg. 1996;131(2):180-186. 4. Fry DE, Garrison RN, Heitsch RC, Calhoun K, Polk HC Jr. Determinants of death in patients with intraabdominal abscess. Surgery. 1980;88(4):517-523. 5. Deck KB, Berne TV. Selective management of subphrenic abscesses. Arch Surg. 1979;114(10):1165-1168. 6. Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ, Meakins JL, et al. Surgical infection stratification system for intra-abdominal infection. Arch Surg. 1985;120(1):21-29. 7. Koperna T, Schulz F. Relaparotomy in peritonitis: prognosis and treatment of patients with persisting intraabdominal infection. World J Surg. 2000;24(1):32-37. 8. Seiler CA, Brugger L, Forssmann U, Baer HU, Buchler MW. Conservative surgical treatment of diffuse peritonitis. Surgery. 2000;127(2):178-184. 9. Christou NV, Barie PS, Dellinger EP, Waymack JP, Stone HH; Surgical Infection Society Intra-abdominal Infection Study. Prospective evaluation of management techniques and outcome. Arch Surg. 1993;128(2):193-198. 10. Penninckx FM, Kerremans RP, Lauwers PM. Planned relaparotomies in the surgical treatment of severe generalized peritonitis from intestinal origin. World J Surg. 1983;7(6):762-766. 11. van Ruler O, Mahler CW, Boer KR, et al; for the Dutch Peritonitis Study Group. Comparison of on-demand vs planned relaparotomy strategy in patients with severe peritonitis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;298(8):865-873. 12. Ohmann C, Yang Q, Hau T, Wacha H; Peritonitis Study Group of the Surgical Infection Society Europe. Prognostic modelling in peritonitis. Eur J Surg. 1997; 163(1):53-60.
How good is the collective model

Abstract We use Hartree-Fock RPA theories of 208 Pb as a testing ground for collective models of the inelastic scattering transition densities. For isoscalar transitions, the standard collective model and the Tassie model both provide excellent descriptions of the transition density to the strongest states. For the isovector dipole mode, we find two states. The lower state has a transition density resembling the Steinwedel-Jensen model, while the upper state has a transition density resembling the Goldhaber-Teller model. The energetics of the collective states, as summarized in heuristicly derived sum rules, are quite close to the results of the RPA calculations.
Task and Ability Analysis as a Basis for Examining Content and Construct Comparability in Two EFL Proficiency Test Batteries.

This paper describes the content analysis undertaken as part of the Cambridge- TOEFL comparability study, the purpose of which is to examine the compara bility of two EFL test batteries.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group E Binding Factor Recognizes a Broad Spectrum of DNA Damage

Abstract Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E binding factor (XPE-BF) is a damaged DNA binding protein that is deficient in a subset of patients from complememtation group E of xeroderma pigmentosum. The protein recognizes various forms of DNA damage including some cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, 6-4 photoproducts, cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II) adducts, and single-stranded DNA. We now show that is also recognizes damage induced by nitrogen mustard, N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine, and depurination, but has no detectable affinity for DNA adducts generated by trans -diamminedichloroplatinum(II), 4- nitroquinoline - N -oxide, 8-methoxypsoralen, or enzymatically methylated cytosine and adenine. The failure to recognize 4-nitroquinoline- N -oxide and 8-methoxypsoralen adducts is consistent with previous reports that XPE cells carry out wild-type levels of repair synthesis after DNA damage by those drugs. These results demonstrate that XPE-BF is a versatile damage recognition protein, but suggest that other proteins must contribute to the recognition of DNA lesions for the human excision repair pathway.
Aircraft observations of regional transport of ozone in the northeastern United States

Abstract A regional-scale aircraft sampling program was conducted during August 1979 to obtain data for validation of a regional-scale photochemical air quality simulation model and for studying the physical and chemical processes important in long-range transport of O3 and O3 precursors throughout the diurnal cycle. Three aircraft were deployed in a Lagrangian sampling mode to obtain continuous measurements of O3, oxides of nitrogen, nephelometer scattering coefficient, and grab samples to be analyzed later for hydrocarbon species. The analysis reported herein is for a 24 h period during which relatively high O3 concentrations, generated within urban plumes, were transported from Ohio to the NE Corridor.