cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial adaptive filtering for LPI signal detection

Summary form only given, as follows. This paper presents two algorithms for jointly detecting and direction finding (DF) low probability of intercept (LPI) signals based upon spatial adaptive filtering concepts: adaptive event processing (AEP) for narrowband short duration (SD) signals and spatial spectral whitening (SSW) for wideband direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals. AEP jointly exploits spatial and temporal differences between consecutive observation intervals to null narrowband interference, evaluate an energy-based detection statistic, and upon detection compute a DF estimate of a newly turned-on signal. SSW exploits both spatial and spectral differences between the DSSS signal-of-interest (SOI), which has a constant direction of arrival (DOA) over a wide spectral extent, and strong spectrally localized interference to simultaneously form a decision statistic and a DF estimate. Aspects of both algorithms are discussed, and data obtained from a four element wideband array operating in the HF band is used to illustrate performance. >
Geochemistry of amino acids in some Florida peat accumulations—II. Amino acid distributions

Abstract Distributions of amino acids in some Florida peats have been compared with distributions in plants living now at the surface of the peats and in surface litter. Quantitative determinations were made by gas chromatography of volatile derivatives of both protein and non-protein amino acids. The latter. found also in mineral soils, are believed to represent bacterial cell constituents and/or anabolites. α,ϵ-diaminopimelic acid, a constituent of the mureide complex of bacterial cell walls, was found in peats and surface litter, as were other acids believed in soil ecosystems to result from the living processes of microorganisms. The protein amino acids in peats do not show a distinctive signature of any particular kind of organism, but the nature and concentrations of the non-protein acids support the inference that the higher plant constituents are extensively re-worked and that essentially all of the amino acid material in peats is microbial in proximate origin. Thus microbial amino acids appear to be quite significant participants in the input to coalification.
Redundancy, Third‐Party Government, and Consumer Choice: HIV/AIDS Nonprofit Organizations in New York City

This article addresses two questions: (a)Why were so many new nonprofit organizations in New York City created to “fight AIDS?” and (b) What are some consequences of this phenomenon? Drawing on redundancy theory as a partial explanation, it also considers the role of racial and ethnic politics and the impact of government contracting on the formation and growth of community-based organizations. For clients, the effect has been paradoxical: financial support of a large number of organizations led to a complex and fragmented delivery system offering some clients a range of choices but decreasing access for those less able to navigate a complex system.
Haloperidol-induced alteration in the physiological actions of group I mGlus in the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.

Abstract Excitatory glutamatergic inputs to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and subthalamic afferents to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are believed to play a key role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Previously, we have shown that activation of the group I mGlus in the STN and SNr induces a direct depolarization of the neurons in these nuclei. Surprisingly, although both group I mGlus were present in the STN and SNr, mGlu5 alone mediated the DHPG-induced depolarization of the STN, and mGlu1 alone mediated the DHPG-induced depolarization of the SNr. We now report that both mGlu1 and mGlu5 are coexpressed in the same cells in both of these brain regions, and that both receptors play a role in mediating the DHPG-induced increase in intracellular calcium. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the induction of an acute PD-like state using a 16 h haloperidol treatment produces an alteration in the coupling of the group I receptors, such that post-haloperidol, DHPG-induced depolarizations are mediated by both mGlu1 and mGlu5 in the STN and SNr. Therefore, the pharmacology of the group I mGlu-mediated depolarization depends on the state of the system, and alterations in receptor coupling may be evident in pathological states such as PD.
Limitations of oxygen transport to the cell.

Perhaps the major points to be made from this review are the following: 1. Transport of O2 from the environment to the mitochondrion is accomplished in a well-described but not yet well-understood sequence of diffusive and convective steps that are highly interactive and thus integrative in their outcome. 2. Thus, under conditions of O2-supply limitation of\(\dot V_{O_2 \max } \) in strenuous exercise in health,all transport steps affect the value of\(\dot V_{O_2 \max } \) reached, but the sensitivity of\(\dot V_{O_2 \max } \) (to changes in any step) is not the same for each step, and moreover, will vary with the quantitative conditions. It is time to abandon the very concept of a single limiting factor to\(\dot V_{O_2 \max } \). 3. O2 supply limitation of\(\dot V_{O_2 } \) is seen under two very different conditions that in fact are at the opposite ends of the spectrum of metabolic scope:\(\dot V_{O_2 \max } \) in strenuous exercise in health and basal\(\dot V_{O_2 } \) in severe disease. Analysis of the latter using lessons learned from the former may be valuable. 4. We are currently greatly limited in our understanding of supply limitation in disease, mostly because of unavailability of methods to assess organ-specific cellular metabolism and its relation to O2 supply in patients, essentially noninvasively — a research direction that needs much support.
Using U0126 to dissect the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade in the regulation of gene expression by endothelin-1 in cardiac myocytes

The hypertrophic agonist endothelin-1 rapidly but transiently activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade (and other signalling pathways) in cardiac myocytes, but the events linking this to hypertrophy are not understood. Using Affymetrix rat U34A microarrays, we identified the short-term (2-4 h) changes in gene expression induced in neonatal myocytes by endothelin-1 alone or in combination with the ERK1/2 cascade inhibitor, U0126. Expression of 15 genes was significantly changed by U0126 alone, and expression of an additional 78 genes was significantly changed by endothelin-1. Of the genes upregulated by U0126, four are classically induced through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by dioxins suggesting that U0126 activates the xenobiotic response element in cardiac myocytes potentially independently of effects on ERK1/2 signalling. The 78 genes showing altered expression with endothelin-1 formed five clusters: (i) three clusters showing upregulation by endothelin-1 according to time course (4 h > 2 h; 2 h > 4 h; 2 h approximately 4 h) with at least partial inhibition by U0126; (ii) a cluster of 11 genes upregulated by endothelin-1 but unaffected by U0126 suggesting regulation through signalling pathways other than ERK1/2; (iii) a cluster of six genes downregulated by endothelin-1 with attenuation by U0126. Thus, U0126 apparently activates the AhR in cardiac myocytes (which must be taken into account in protracted studies), but careful analysis allows identification of genes potentially regulated acutely via the ERK1/2 cascade. Our data suggest that the majority of changes in gene expression induced by endothelin-1 are mediated by the ERK1/2 cascade.
Effect of total lymphoid irradiation on IgE antibody responses in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus

Thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis and four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and nephritis were treated with total lymphoid irradiation because of severe disease refractory to other forms of treatment. Serum samples before and after irradiation were tested for changes in total serum IgE and for changes in specific IgE antibodies to ryegrass pollen, dust mite, cat dander, and Alternaria. There were no statistically significant changes in total or specific IgE from lymphoid irradiation in these patients. The therapy caused a significant decrease in circulating total lymphocyte and Leu-3 (helper/inducer) T-lymphocyte counts. Therefore, reduction in circulating levels of helper/inducer T cells does not appear to influence preexisting levels of IgE antibodies.
Inside the Beast's Cage: Gianni Amelio's Lamerica and the Dilemmas of Post-1989 Leftist Cinema

AbstractWith Gianni Amelio's Lamerica, we investigate the identity crisis of cinema engage in post-1989 Europe. We reflect on issues of cinematic realism, on the relationship between film and other audiovisual media, and on the condition of the migrant Eastern European worker. We inquire about cinema's progressive potential, about its power to represent the underrepresented, and we link these issues of cinematic representation to broader challenges facing the European Left in the age of global capitalism.
Germanium accumulation and toxicity in barley

Abstract The accumulation of germanium (Ge) by barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. ‘Arivat') grown at various Ge and pH levels was investigated because Ge is an industrially important metal and bioaccumulation of Ge is a potentially useful means of concentrating this trace metal. Six‐day‐old barley seedlings were grown in perlite and nutrient solution adjusted to a pH of 4.5, 6.0, or 7.5 supplemented with 20, 40,60, or 80 μM Ge for seven days. The plants were divided into roots and shoots after harvesting; the dry weight and Ge content of the individual organs were measured, as was the peroxidase activity in the distal 1 cm of the primary leaves. Barley seedlings accumulated Ge in the roots and shoots; the shoots accumulated Ge linearly as medium Ge concentration increased. The dry weight of the organs was not affected, although necrosis was observed in the primary leaves of the seedlings treated with Ge concentrations greater than 20μM. Peroxidase activity in the primary leaves also increased as the Ge levels in...
An interval-based approach to exhaustive and incremental interprocedural data-flow analysis

We reformulate interval analysis so that it can he applied to any monotone data-flow problem, including the nonfast problems of flow-insensitive interprocedural analysis. We then develop an incremental interval analysis technique that can be applied to the same class of problems. When applied to flow-insensitive interprocedural data-flow problems, the resulting algorithms are simple, practical, and efficient. With a single update, the incremental algorithm can accommodate any sequence of program changes that does not alter the structure of the program call graph. It can also accommodate a large class of structural changes. For alias analysis, we develop an incremental algorithm that obtains the exact solution as computed by an exhaustive algorithm. Finally, we develop a transitive closure algorithm that is particularly well suited to the very sparse matrices associated with the problems we address.
Collegiate year of eligibility, sex, and sports achievement motivation.

Summary The relations among year of eligibility, sex, and achievement motivation were investigated with 88 athletes representing three levels of collegiate eligibility (Year 1, Year 2/3, and Year 4) by sex. Participants were given Achievement Motivation subscales for Sporting Environments (approach-success practice, approach-success competition, failure-avoidance practice, failure-avoidance competition). A 3×2 analysis of variance showed significant main effects for year of eligibility and sex, and an interaction for age × sex for the failure-avoidance competition scores. Mean approach-success and failure-avoidance practice scores were not significantly different. Fear of failure may be less for male athletes in Year 4 of eligibility.
Dealing with Defaulters

The author discusses the use of small claims court for dealing with patrons who have overdue materials. Other solutions- multiple notices and billings, cablegrams, staff collectors- are dismissed as not cost-effective. Thc small claims court procedures for the state of Maryland are examined in detail. and the author's success through this method is documented. Similar successes in Maryland' and North Carolina are cited.
In situ, multiple-multiplier, laser ablation ICP-MS measurement of boron isotopic composition (δ11B) at the nanogram level

We present a new in situ, multiple electron-multiplier LA-ICP-MS technique for the analysis of boron isotopes (δ11B) at <1‰ 2σ precision and at the nanogram level. Sample materials analyzed were all natural and synthetic glasses, spanning a range of boron concentrations from 0.39 to 30.2 ppm and 11B/10B values from 4.0254 to 4.0799 (δ11B −6.08‰ to +7.35‰). The in situ analyses were duplicated at higher concentrations by solution analyses of chemically separated boron using conventional nebulization on the same ICP-MS system. Sample-standard switching between glass chips on an approximate 5-min cycle is used to monitor and correct for instrumental fractionation and drift. Instrumental fractionation of more than 100‰ in measured 11B/10B ratios is successfully corrected and the final 11B/10B values are up to 100-fold more accurate than the measured ratios. Reproducibility of <1‰ at 2σ are routinely produced at natural sample boron concentrations as low as 0.39 ppm. The amount of boron measured to produce these data is dependent on the boron concentration of the sample, and ranges from 0.014 μg at 30.2 ppm boron to 0.0008 μg at 0.39 ppm boron. These nanogram amounts of boron measured are approximately two orders of magnitude lower than conventional P-TIMS and solution multiple faraday ICP-MS methods which typically require 0.3–3.3 μg of boron. The advantages of this technique are the elimination of procedures for the chemical separation for boron, low instrument memory and background ( 100 000 cps for solutions), high sensitivity, small sample size, and spatial control on material analyzed. These characteristics will permit boron isotopic analysis on virtually any glass collection. The boron isotope compositions of four fresh MORB glass samples from the northern EPR (15–18°N) were determined using the laser ablation technique presented here. The results indicate a narrow range of boron compositions for these samples (δ11B −6.92‰ to −7.68‰), which overlap at the 2σ level. The light δ11B composition of these samples precludes substantial seawater (δ11B +39.5‰) contamination of their pre-eruptive MORB magmas.
Family fun–family tragedy: ATV-related deaths involving family members

All-terrain vehicle (ATV) riding is a very popular recreational activity, which has experienced increased participation worldwide since the early 1990s. In the USA alone, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) estimates that nearly seven million four-wheel ATVs were in use in 2004 with some 23 million riders.1 A 2005 statewide random digit dial telephone survey of 1243 West Virginia households provided evidence that ATV riding is a very popular and family-based event in all regions of the state. With a population slightly less than two million, 30% of sampled households own an ATV, and an estimated 460 000 ATVs are in use throughout West Virginia.2 As ATV riding has become an immensely popular family-oriented activity, the availability and use of ATVs has led to increased exposure to hazardous and unsafe conditions that have resulted in hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries nationally. In fact, the estimated number of deaths associated with ATVs has risen nearly 180% from 276 deaths in 1995 to 767 in 2004 (the most recent year for which annual fatality data are available from the CPSC). Estimated non-fatal injuries requiring emergency room treatment rose over 150% from 53 600 visits in 1996 to 136 700 in 2005.1 West Virginia’s 138 deaths during the period 2002–2005 accounted for over 6% of all ATV-related deaths in the country—second only to Kentucky’s 143 deaths.1 This proportion and ranking will probably increase with the 52 deaths recorded in the state in 2006 and an additional 19 through May 2007. Recreational riding often involves not only the driver/operator but passengers as well. There has been little attention directed towards passengers, however. A title and abstract review of over 120 ATV peer-review papers worldwide over the past two decades indicates that there have been no studies that have focused solely …
Long-wavelength excitations in a Bose gas at zero temperature

Abstract The long-wavelength excitations in a simple model of a dilute Bose gas at zero temperature are investigated from a purely microscopic viewpoint. The role of the interaction and the effects of the condensate are emphasized in a dielectric formulation, in which the response functions are expressed in terms of regular functions that do not involve an isolated single-interaction line nor an isolated single-particle line. Local number conservation is incorporated into the formulation by the generalized Ward identities, which are used to express the regular functions involving the density in terms of regular functions involving the longitudinal current. A perturbation expansion is then developed for the regular functions, producing to a given order in the perturbation expansion an elementary excitation spectrum without a gap and simultaneously response functions that obey local number conservation and related sum rules. Explicit results to the first order beyond the Bogoliubov approximation in a simple one-parameter model are obtained for the elementary excitation spectrum ω k , the dynamic structure function S ( k , ω), the associated structure function S m ( k ), and the one-particle spectral function A ( k , ω), as functions of the wavevector k and frequency ω. These results display the sharing of the gapless spectrum ω k by the various response functions and are used to confirm that the sum rules of interest are satisfied. It is shown that ω k and some of the S m ( k ) are not analytic functions of k in the long wavelength limit. The dynamic structure function S ( k , ω) can be conveniently separated into three parts: a one-phonon term which exhausts the f sum rule, a backflow term, and a background term. The backflow contribution to the static structure function S 0 ( k ) leads to the breakdown of the one-phonon Feynman relation at order k 3 . Both S ( k , ω) and A ( k , ω) display broad backgrounds because of two-phonon excitations. Simple arguments are given to indicate that some of the qualitative features found for various physical quantities in the first-order model calculation might also be found in superfluid helium.
A Review of “The intimate activism of Milk”

For the 2008 Oscars, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences took a new approach to announcing the nominees for the acting awards. Gone were the clips of their nominated performances, shown...
Inactivation of rat liver cytochrome P-450 by the suicide substrates parathion and chloramphenicol.

(1981). Inactivation of Rat Liver Cytochrome P-450 by the Suicide Substrates Parathion and Chloramphenicol. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 239-259.
Effect of sulfur in catalytic partial oxidation of methane over Rh–Ce coated foam monoliths

Abstract A potentially important technology to convert natural gas to syngas is catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) over precious metal catalysts. However, natural gas contains small amounts of sulfur compounds which can poison the catalyst. It is therefore of interest to investigate the effect of sulfur on the performance of CPO. In this work CPO experiments have been performed over Rh–Ce coated foam monoliths with CH3SH added to methane. The result of ppm levels of sulfur is a large ( ∼ 200 ° C) temperature increase, along with lower methane conversion and lower hydrogen selectivity. A doubling of the sulfur level from 14 to 28 ppm does not result in significant changes, showing that the effect saturates at a few ppm. The poisoning effect has been investigated by analyzing both effluent and spatially resolved data and is shown to be due to severe hindrance of steam reforming by adsorbed sulfur.
Effect of Na−K-ATPase inhibition on hydrogen ion and potassium secretion

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether in vivo inhibition of renal Na−K-ATPase affects renal H+ and potassium (K) secretion. Infusion of digoxin, furosemide, or ethacrynic acid into one renal artery of HCO3 loaded dogs caused similar increases in urine flow, fractional Na and Cl excretion, and fractional water excretion. Glomerular filtration rate and urinary HCO3 concentration fell comparably in all experiments. Maximal HCO3 reabsorption was not depressed by any of the drugs infused, however only digoxin inhibited renal Na−K-ATPase activity. Furthermore, unilateral digoxin infusion resulted in a marked depression in the urine to bloodpCO2 gradient (U-BpCO2) and prevented the rise in fractional K excretion secondary to HCO3 infusion observed in the contralateral control kidney. At all urinary HCO3 concentrations, U-BpCO2 was significantly higher in urine obtained from furosemide or ethacrynic acid infused kidneys than in urine obtained from digoxin infused kidneys. In addition, furosemide or ethacrynic acid administration markedly enhanced fractional K excretion in both kidneys. The systemic infusion of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM; pK 8.0) failed to return U-BpCO2 in the digoxin infused experimental kidneys to control levels, whereas THAM caused a marked rise in U-BpCO2 in the control kidney. These data demonstrate that the in vivo inhibition of renal Na−K-ATPase by digoxin causes a defect in the secretion of both H+ and K. This defect likely results from the dissipation of the Na dependent lumen negative potential difference (PD) by digoxin, since a lumen negative PD favors both H+ and K secretion in the collecting duct. Furthermore, these data do not support the notion that furosemide or ethacrynic acid affect tubular transport through the inhibition of renal Na−K-ATPase activity.
Are laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma incidence and patient mortality a function of ABO blood grouping? A retrospective study

Objective: Few studies have examined the association between ABO blood grouping and head and neck cancer. This retrospective review examined the association between blood group and laryngeal cancer incidence and patient mortality. Methods: Of 271 patients treated for squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma (1997–2002), 143 patients with supraglottic, glottic and subglottic tumours were included; 128 patients were excluded. The blood group characteristics of patients and healthy blood donors were compared. Results: There was no significant correlation between blood type and laryngeal carcinoma incidence or mortality. Type A blood was commoner in African Americans with laryngeal cancer than Caucasian patients, but not significantly so. As expected, five-year survival rates were lower in patients with more advanced stage cancer ( p Conclusion: Although our findings show no association between blood group and five-year survival, these results are inconclusive, and warrant further study of the association between blood type and laryngeal (and other) head and neck cancers.
Modulation of DNA synthesis in aortic smooth muscle cells by dinitrotoluenes

Studies were conducted to determine if in vivo exposure to dinitrotoluenes (DNT), which is associated with circulatory disorders of atherosclerotic etiology in humans, is associated with alterations of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) consistent with the atherogenic process. Sprague-Dawley rats (150-180 g) were injected IP for 5 days/week for 8 weeks with 2,4- or 2,6-DNT (0.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or medium chain triglyceride (MCT) oil. Histopathologic evaluation of aortae from animals exposed to either isomer showed dysplasia and rearrangement of SMC at all doses tested. Reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation was observed in primary cultures of aortic SMC from DNT-exposed animals relative to vehicle controls. This inhibitory response was maintained for up to two passages in culture after which a significant increase in thymidine incorporation was observed. Exposure of SMC from naive animals to DNT in vitro (1–100 µM) did not alter the extent of thymidine incorporation in cycling or growth-arrested cultures. In contrast, exposure to 2,4- or 2,6-diaminotoluene (DAT) (1–100 µM), carcinogens which share toxic metabolic intermediates in common with DNT, inhibited replicative DNA synthesis and stimulated unscheduled DNA synthesis in cycling and growth-arrested cultures of SMC, respectively. Our results suggest that modulation of DNA synthesis in aortic SMC by DNT metabolites generated in vivo contribute to the development of vascular lesions.
MULTIPLE LOOK ANGLE SAR RECOGNITION

The focus of this paper is optimizing the recognition of vehicles in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery by exploiting the azimuthal variance of scatterers using multiple SAR recognizers at different look angles. The variance of SAR scattering center locations with target azimuth leads to recognition system results at different azimuths that are independent, even for small azimuth deltas. Extensive experimental recognition results are presented in terms of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to show the effects of multiple look angles on recognition performance for MSTAR vehicle targets with configuration variants, articulation, and occlusion.
Single breath CO measurements normalized to 5% CO2 in Coombs' test positive neonates

A portable, prototype instrument that measures peak CO, CO2 and H2 concentrations of breath samples was evaluated on 58 antibody positive, blood group incompatible infants. The reproducibility of 108 duplicate breath CO determinations improved when the result was normalized (COn) for the simultaneously measured CO2 concentration (r = 0.97 versus r = 0.87). The average COn for 18 antibody positive, ABO incompatible infants who received phototherapy was 1.2 ppm higher than the average for 32 who did not receive phototherapy (p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between COn and the duration of phototherapy (r = 0.75). Sodium acetate infusion and breath H2 did not affect the COn results. In antibody positive infants, single breath CO to CO2 ratios provided more reproducible results than CO determinations that were not adjusted for the CO2 concentration. Therefore, a portable instrument that measures both gases on the same aliquot of exhaled air and that is not affected by H2 should have clinical utility as an indicator of heme catabolism and bilirubin production that is not distorted by hyper- or hypoventilation.
A unified method for the assay of uridine diphosphoglucuronyl-transferase activities toward various aglycones using uridine diphospho[U-14C]glucuronic acid

Abstract A method is described for the assay of UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity for various aglycones using UDP-[U 14 -C]glucuronic acid. The radioactive glucuronide conjugates formed during the reactions were separated from unmetabolized UDP-[U- 14 C]glucuronic acid, and from other uncharacterized radioactive products, by thin-layer chromatography. The conjugates were identified by comparison of their R f values on thin-layer chromatography with those of several authentic glucuronides, and by hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase in the absence or presence of d -saccharic acid-1,4-lactone, an inhibitor of β-glucuronidase. The procedure is general for the determination of the enzymic activity with various aglycones. It has been utilized for eleven aglycones and is capable of extension to many others.
An Efficient Computational Framework for the Analysis of Whole Slide Images: Application to Follicular Lymphoma Immunohistochemistry

Abstract Follicular lymphoma (FL) is one of the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States. Diagnosis and grading of FL is based on the review of histopathological tissue sections under a microscope and is influenced by human factors such as fatigue and reader bias. Computer-aided image analysis tools can help improve the accuracy of diagnosis and grading and act as another tool at the pathologist's disposal. Our group has been developing algorithms for identifying follicles in immunohistochemical images. These algorithms have been tested and validated on small images extracted from whole slide images. However, the use of these algorithms for analyzing the entire whole slide image requires significant changes to the processing methodology since the images are relatively large (on the order of 100k × 100k pixels). In this paper we discuss the challenges involved in analyzing whole slide images and propose potential computational methodologies for addressing these challenges. We discuss the use of parallel computing tools on commodity clusters and compare performance of the serial and parallel implementations of our approach.
On the aberration of light from a moving retroreflector

Abstract Laser ranging observations on a succession of spacecraft bearing corner retroreflector prisms have favored a model for velocity aberration that depends on the Fresnel–Fizeau frame-dragging effect in the material medium of the reflector. The present analysis, based manifestly on the principle of relativity, supports the classical medium-independent Bradley aberration model. Possibilities for resolving the conflict are discussed and a proposed improved experiment is outlined.
Quantifying Changes in Structural Design Needed to Account for Aftershock Hazard

AbstractAftershocks have the potential to cause severe damage to buildings and threaten life following a major earthquake. However, their effect on seismic hazards is not explicitly accounted for in modern building design codes, nor in emerging methodologies such as performance-based seismic design. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology that can quantify the changes that would be needed in the structural design of a building to account for aftershock (AS) hazards and illustrate it using a basic nonlinear model of a building. In other words, what changes to a structural design would be needed such that the building has the same collapse probability for the combined mainshock and aftershock (MS + AS) hazard as the collapse probability for the original building, subjected to the mainshock (MS) only? The total collapse probability is computed using a combination of seismic fragility results convolved with the two types of hazard curves, namely, a typical hazard curve and an AS hazard curve....
Transversely Driven Charge-Density Waves and Striped Phases of High- T c Superconductors: The Current-Effect Transistor

We show that a normal (single particle) current density ${J}_{x}$ transverse to the ordering wave vector ${2k}_{F}\stackrel{^}{\mathbf{z}}$ of a charge-density wave (CDW) has dramatic effects both above and below the CDW depinning transition. It exponentially (in ${J}_{x}$) enhances CDW correlations and exponentially suppresses the longitudinal depinning field. The intermediate longitudinal $I\ensuremath{-}V$ relation also changes, acquiring a linear regime. We propose a novel ``current-effect transistor'' whose CDW channel is turned on by a transverse current. Our results also have important implications for the recently proposed ``striped phase'' of the high- ${T}_{c}$ superconductors.
Defect and Damage Evolution Quantification in Dynamically-Deformed Metals Using Orientation-Imaging Microscopy

Orientation-imaging microscopy offers unique capabilities to quantify the defects and damage evolution occurring in metals following dynamic and shock loading. Examples of the quantification of the types of deformation twins activated, volume fraction of twinning, and damage evolution as a function of shock loading in Ta are presented. Electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) examination of the damage evolution in sweeping-detonation-wave shock loading to study spallation in Cu is also presented.
The ordering on permutations induced by continuous maps of the real line

Continuous maps from the real line to itself give, in a natural way, a partial ordering of permutations. This ordering restricted to cycles is studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a cycle to have an immediate predecessor. When a cycle has an immediate predecessor it is unique; it is shown how to construct it. Every cycle has immediate successors; it is shown how to construct them.
Sequence Homologies between Type 1 and Type 2A Protein Phosphatases

The Mr = 33,000 catalytic fragment of rabbit skeletal muscle type 1 protein phosphatase was digested with trypsin after reduction and alkylation. The resulting peptides were isolated, subjected to automated Edman degradation, and their sequences compared to the deduced peptide sequence of the bovine type 2A protein phosphatase cDNA. Of 10 tryptic peptides from the type 1 phosphatase that were sequenced, nine showed a high degree of homology with the type 2A phosphatase. This provides the first direct sequence comparison suggesting that the type 1 and type 2 protein phosphatases, distinguished functionally by their substrate specificities and sensitivity to inhibitors, make up part of afamily of closely related gene products with similar structures.
The differential diagnosis of coronary artery disease and gastrointestinal disorders

Abstract Symptoms resulting from diseases of the heart and those due to disorders of the gastrointestinal system are frequently so similar that it is difficult to determine which of the two systems is at fault. Both cardiac and upper gastrointestinal lesions may cause substernal or epigastric localization or both. The presence of a pre-existing cardiac or gastric disorder may further confuse the clinical picture. The most important conditions that closely simulate one another are defined and the pertinent differential diagnostic criteria outlined. Emphasis has also been directed to the possibility and importance of acute coronary disease occurring together with an acute ulcer of the stomach or duodenum caused by stress; this combination is frequently fatal unless recognized early and treated accordingly.
Spoken Language of Individuals With Mild Fluent Aphasia Under Focused and Divided-Attention Conditions

The spoken language of individuals with mild aphasia and age-matched control subjects was studied under conditions of isolation, focused attention, and divided attention. A picture-description task...
The Use of Contraction Mapping Principle in Robustness Study of Dynamic Feedback Schemes

In this work, Banach contraction mapping principle is used to assess the degree of stability robustness of linear, time varying systems when controlled by dynamic feedback controllers. The results are given for both continuous and discrete systems directly in terms of perturbation bounds, system and design parameters and are valid for various unstructured nonlinear perturbations and additive disturbances.
On slow thermal convection in a layer of fluid of variable viscosity

Abstract Since recent seismic results show quite conclusively that the viscosity of the Earth's mantle varies within limits of several orders of magnitude, a formulation of the problem of thermal convection must account for such variation. In the present analysis, viscosity is assumed to depend on depth as an exponential function. The problem is reduced to an ordinary linear differential equation (21) containing only one geometrical parameter, η, and one physical parameter B . For small values of the right-hand side of (21), the equation has an exponential solution. For greater values of the right-hand side numerical solutions can be derived.
Development of an automated ballast water treatment verification system utilizing fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of treatment efficacy

Methods for verifying ballast water treatments in foreign vessels are needed to protect the Great Lakes from the discharge of live non-native organisms or pathogens. A prototype automated viability test system using fluorescein diacetate (FDA), a membrane permeable fluorogen, to differentiate live from dead bacteria and algae is described. The automated fluorescence intensity detection device (AFIDD) captures cultured algae or organisms in Detroit River water (simulated ballast water) on 0.2 μm filters, backwashes them from the filter into a cuvette with buffer and FDA for subsequent fluorescence intensity measurements, and washes the filters with sterile water for serial automated reuse. Preliminary manual versions of these procedures were also tested. Tests of various buffers determined N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)taurine (BES) and 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) at pH 7.0 to be the best buffers, causing the least spontaneous FDA breakdown without inhibiting enzymatic activity. Fluorescence in the presence of live organisms increased linearly over time, and the rate of increase was dependent on the sample concentration. Following simulated ballast water treatments with heat or chlorine, the fluorescence produced by Detroit River samples decreased to near control (sterile water) levels. Automated measurements of FDA hydrolysis with a reusable filter backwash system should be applicable to near real-time remote-controlled monitoring of live organisms in ballast water.
Weed seedbank community responses to crop rotation schemes

Abstract Improved weed management strategies may be possible through rotational schemes which alter the weed seedbank community. This study investigated the effects of 2-year crop rotations with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), clover (Trifolium pratense L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), or sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) on weed seedbank density and diversity at three sites in New York. Weed seedbank density and diversity increased under all rotational schemes over the 2 years, but increases were generally lowest after sweet corn, in which tillage and herbicides were used. By the end of the second year, seed densities of individual weed species had changed to different extents in response to rotational crop. Most of the instances in which seed densities increased significantly were associated with rye. Although pre- and post-emergence herbicides plus tillage were used with sweet corn, weed seedbank densities were similar compared with the alfalfa and clover rotations, in which no herbicides nor tillage were used. Our results indicate that legumes could be a component in the sustainable management of weeds through manipulation of the seedbank. A rye cover crop did not appear to deter seed return nor recruitment to the seedbank as much as the legumes did.
Are we talking about the butterflies or a butterfy effect*?: comment on ‘No country is an island’

The recent report of the House of Commons' Select Committee on Science and Technology (House of Commons, 2005) states that the UK should carefully consider the impact of sex selection on other countries before an attempt is made to change or modify the legislation in UK. However, controversy exists among experts as well as the public on whether the issue should be discussed and evaluated within the British norms or from a wider multi-national perspective. This commentary is designed to discuss the possible impact of the UK's attitude on sex selection on other countries.
Effect of threonine and glycine concentrations on threonine aldolase activity of yogurt microorganisms during growth in a modified milk prepared by ultrafiltration.

To evaluate the combined effects of threonine and glycine concentrations during growth on threonine aldolase activity (EC 2.1.2.1) of yogurt microorganisms, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a modified milk growth medium was prepared using UF to deplete the free amino acid level. Threonine and glycine were added according to a 2x2x2 factorial design at 5 or 195 microg.ml(-1) along with a standard amino acid mixture. Acetaldehyde production and threonine aldolase activity were evaluated utilizing headspace gas chromatography. Results showed that threonine and glycine concentrations did not affect growth or titratable acidity. The high concentration of threonine in combination with low glycine in the growth medium resulted in increased acetaldehyde synthesis by both microorganisms. Conversely, high glycine with low threonine decreased acetaldehyde synthesis. High threonine and low glycine increased threonine aldolase activity of cell-free extracts from S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus, whereas high glycine and low threonine reduced threonine aldolase activity of both microorganisms.
Stability of an iterative dynamical system

Stability is a classical yet active research topic for dynamical systems. Certain operators such as de-noising filters, smoothing filters and many algorithms may be applied iteratively. In many cases, they can be modelled as a complex dynamical system. Due to the errors and noises in acquisition of data, the stability of analysis results is vital to the validity of the analysis. However, little is known about the stability of analysis results in these situations. In this paper, we propose a method for analyzing the stability under iterations of operator. First we give the definition of stability under iterations of operator. We model the dynamics as an complex dynamical system. We introduce the concepts of Fatou and Julia set. We establish the connection of stability to Fatou and Julia set. We define different concepts of quasi-stability including asymptotical, bounded quasi-stability, which generalize the notion of stability. We provide the necessary and sufficient condition for quasi-stability under iteration of affine operator. We present a few results for the quasi-stability based on the concept of Fatou and Julia Set. Finally, we provide the numerical example to illustrate the theory.
Atomic force microscopy of parallel DNA branched junction arrays

Abstract Background: The four arms of the Holliday junction are known to stack in pairs forming two helical domains whose orientations are antiparallel, but twisted positively by about 60°, based on electrophoretic, FRET and AFM measurements. Recent gel retardation studies suggest that a bowtie junction (containing 5′,5′ and 3′,3′ linkages in its crossover strands) may adopt a parallel conformation. Results: An AFM study of two-dimensional arrays produced by parallelograms of bowtie junctions shows that the angle between helical domains is in the range of −68±2°. We demonstrate by AFM that the domains are parallel by constructing V-shaped structures whose arms are separated by ∼68° and ∼112°. Conclusions: The arms of the bowtie junction are parallel rather than antiparallel. The parallel or antiparallel nature of the junction apparently is determined by the local structure of the junction, but the sign of the angle appears to be a consequence of interarm electrostatic interactions.
Molecular genetic mapping of Gby , a new greenbug resistance gene in bread wheat

The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rhodani), is one of the major insect pests of wheat worldwide and it is important to develop a basic understanding of the chromosomal locations of known and new greenbug resistance genes. Gby is a new greenbug resistance gene in the wheat line ‘Sando’s selection 4040’. A mapping population used in this study was derived from a cross of Sando’s 4040 and PI220127, a greenbug susceptible wheat land race from Afghanistan. A progeny test indicated that Gby is inherited as a single semi-dominant gene. A genetic linkage map consisting of Gby, Xgwm322 (a wheat microsatellite marker), XksuD2 (an STS marker) and 18 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci was constructed. We used DNA from Chinese Spring 7A deletion lines to show that the gwm332 and ksuD2 amplified fragments mapped in this study are located on a long arm of chromosome 7A. This suggests that Gby is located on wheat chromosome 7A. Gby was mapped to the area in the middle of the ‘island’ of putative defense response genes that are represented by RFLP markers (Xpsr119, XZnfp, Xbcd98 and Pr1b) previously mapped to the distal part of the short arm of wheat chromosome group 7. This region of chromosome 7A is characterized by a high recombination rate and a high physical density of markers which makes Gby a very good candidate for map-based cloning. The selection accuracy when the RFLP markers Xbcd98, Xpsr119 or XZnfp and Pr1b flanking Gby are used together to tag Gby is 99.78%, suggesting that they can be successfully used in marker assisted selection.
The impact of MOCVD growth ambient on carrier transport, defects, and performance of CdTe/CdS heterojunction solar cells

CdTe solar cells were fabricated by depositing CdTe films on CdS/SnO2/glass substrates in various metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth ambient with varying Te/Cd mole ratio in the range of 0.02 to 15. The short-circuit current density (Jsc) showed a minimum at a Te/Cd ratio of 0.1 and increased on both sides of this minimum. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) was found to be the highest for the Te-rich growth ambient (Te/Cd∼6)and was appreciably lower (600 mV as opposed to 720 mV) for the stoichiometric and the Cd-rich growth conditions. This pattern resulted in highest cell efficiency (12%) on Te-rich CdTe films. Auger electron spectroscopy revealed a high degree of atomic interdiffusion at the CdS/CdTe interface when the CdTe films were grown in the Te-rich conditions. It was found that the current transport in the cells grown in the Cd-rich ambient was controlled by the tunneling/interface recombination mechanism, but the depletion region recombination became dominant in the Te-rich cells. These observations suggest that the enhanced interdiffusion reduces interface states due to stress reduction or to the gradual transition from CdS to CdTe. The hypothesis of reduced defect density in the CdTe cells grown in the Te-rich conditions is further supported by the high effective lifetime, measured by time-resolved photoluminescence, and the reduced sensitivity of quantum efficiency to forward/light bias.
Resource relocation on asymmetric networks

The necessary information to optimally serve sequential requests at the vertices of an undirected, unweighted graph with a single mobile resource is a known result of Chung, Graham, and Saks; however, generalizations of this concept to directed and weighted graphs present unforeseen and surprising changes in the necessary lookahead for strategic optimization. A pair of edges of unequal weights and opposite orientation can serve to simulate a communication or transportation connection with asymmetric costs, as may arise in a transportation network from prevailing winds or elevation changes, or in a communication network from aDSL or a similar technology. This research explores the complications introduced by asymmetric connections within even very small networks. We consider the dynamic relocation problem on a two-vertex system and nd that, even in this simplest possible asymmetric graph, the necessary lookahead for optimal relocation may be arbitrarily large. This investigation also gives rise to a linear-time algorithm to determine the optimizing real-time response to any request sequence which uniquely determines an optimal response.