cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bound‐exciton effects in the photocurrent spectrum of CdS single crystals

The effects of infra-red quenching, oxygen surface coverage, heat treatment, and additional intrinsic illumination on the spectral dependence of photoconductivity of Class I CdS crystals are presented. Profound changes in the near-band-edge photoconductivity when measured near 77 °K were observed. In particular, additional infra-red caused almost complete quenching in the near-band-edge region. Additional intrinsic illumination (4500 A) caused an enhancement in this region that was over and above the sum of the separate contributions. Oxygen surface coverage was found to cause a quenching of the photoconductivity in this region while having little effect on the intrinsic photoconductivity. Heat treatment restored the photoconductivity. These results are attributed to a modification of the charge character of various centers located in the near-surface region to which excitons can become bound. Der Einflus von Ultrarottilgung, Sauerstoffadsorption, Temperung und zusatzlicher Belichtung auf die spektrale Verteilung der Photoleitung wird untersucht. Ausgepragte Anderungen der Photoleitung im Bereich der Bandkante wurden beobachtet (77 °K). Ultrarotbestrahlung verursacht nahezu vollstandige Tilgung nahe der Bandkante. Zusatzliche Grundgitterbelichtung (4500 A) verursacht eine Verstarkung in diesem Spektralbereich, die die Summe der Komponenten ubersteigt. Sauerstoffabsorption bewirkt eine Tilgung in diesem Bereich, hat aber geringen Einflus im Gebiet der Grundgitterphotoleitung. Eine Temperung bringt die Photoleitung auf den ursprunglichen Wert zuruck. Die Ergebnisse werden einer Anderung des Ladungscharakters von Zentren zugeschrieben, die nahe der Oberflache liegen und an denen Exzitonen gebunden werden konnen.
Energetics and Kinetics of Defects and Impurities in Silicon from Atomistic Calculations

In this paper, we discuss concepts and examples of ab-initio calculations to understand the energetics and kinetics of defects and impurities in silicon. We focus on how to determine equilibrium distributions and diffusion and reaction constants, where modem methods such as the nudged elastic band method allow a systematic and reliable search for the minimum-energy migration paths and barriers. We show that once the saddle point is determined, the underlying harmonic transition state theory also allows to calculate the prefactors. The discussed examples include nitrogen diffusion and the influence of defects on interface segregation of dopants.
Solutions of Hamilton–Jacobi Equations and Scalar Conservation Laws with Discontinuous Space–Time Dependence

Abstract We establish a unique stable solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi equation u t + H ( K ( x , t ), u x )=0, x ∈(−∞,∞), t ∈[0,∞) with Lipschitz initial condition, where K ( x , t ) is allowed to be discontinuous in the ( x , t ) plane along a finite number of (possibly intersecting) curves parameterized by t. We assume that for fixed k , H ( k , p ) is convex in p and lim p→±∞ ∣ H(k,p) p ∣=∞ . The solution is determined by showing that if K is made smooth by convolving K in the x direction with the standard mollifier, then the control theory representation of the viscosity solution to the resulting Hamilton–Jacobi equation must converge uniformly as the mollification decreases to a Lipschitz continuous solution with an explicit control theory representation. This also defines the unique stable solution to the corresponding scalar conservation law u t +( f ( K ( x , t ), u )) x =0, x ∈(−∞,∞), t ∈[0,∞) with K discontinuous.
Systems negotiation training

The paper presents a model developed in the U.S./Mexico border area for teaching persons the art of using their personal assets to gain access to highly impersonal social systems. The model focuses on the use of small group dynamics and psychodrama using articulated videotape feedback in the development of effective job-seeking behaviors. The model training format was used over a three-year period to train approximately three thousand persons ranging from incarcerated Mexican Nationals to college graduates in the art of accessing social systems. Most of the participants in the programs viewed themselves as ‘victims’ of powerful social systems and initially saw themselves as having no control over their lives. The model was successful in demonstrating to the participants the aspects of the human interaction process they indeed had control over and, that by exerting this control in a structured fashion, they could net positive results.
Type XI and II Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats: Characterization of Inbred Strains of Rats for Arthritis-Susceptibility and Immune-Responsiveness to Type XI and II Collagen

To determine the relationship between susceptibility to bovine type XI and II (BXI and BII) collagen-induced arthritis, we immunized 14 inbred and one outbred strains of rats with BXI and BII. Susc...
WHISTLER TURBULENCE FORWARD CASCADE VERSUS INVERSE CASCADE: THREE-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE-IN-CELL SIMULATIONS

We present the results of the first fully three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of decaying whistler turbulence in a magnetized, homogeneous, collisionless plasma in which both forward cascades to shorter wavelengths, and inverse cascades to longer wavelengths are allowed to proceed. For the electron beta β e = 0.10 initial value considered here, the early-time rate of inverse cascade is very much smaller than the rate of forward cascade, so that at late times the fluctuation energy in the regime of the inverse cascade is much weaker than that in the forward cascade regime. Similarly, the wavevector anisotropy in the inverse cascade regime is much weaker than that in the forward cascade regime.
How to write a problem solving in clinical practice paper

An overview of the concept of problem solving in clinical practice, and how to go about writing an article to be submitted.
Practical and innate carbon–hydrogen functionalization of heterocycles

It is shown that zinc sulphinate salts can be used to transfer alkyl radicals to heterocycles, allowing for the mild, direct and operationally simple formation of medicinally relevant carbon–carbon bonds while reacting in a complementary fashion to other innate carbon–hydrogen functionalization methods. Nitrogen-rich heterocycles feature widely in pharmaceuticals, and their synthesis has been simplified by a series of advances in transition-metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions. However, the development of practical and selective C–H functionalization methods that do not rely upon pre-functionalized starting materials is an underdeveloped area. Here the authors report that zinc sulphinate salts can be used to transfer alkyl radicals to heterocycles, allowing for a mild, direct and operationally simple formation of medicinally relevant C–C bonds while reacting in an orthogonal fashion to other innate C–H functionalization methods. Nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds have had a profound effect on human health because these chemical motifs are found in a large number of drugs used to combat a broad range of diseases and pathophysiological conditions. Advances in transition-metal-mediated cross-coupling have simplified the synthesis of such molecules; however, C–H functionalization of medicinally important heterocycles that does not rely on pre-functionalized starting materials is an underdeveloped area1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Unfortunately, the innate properties of heterocycles that make them so desirable for biological applications—such as aqueous solubility and their ability to act as ligands—render them challenging substrates for direct chemical functionalization. Here we report that zinc sulphinate salts can be used to transfer alkyl radicals to heterocycles, allowing for the mild (moderate temperature, 50 °C or less), direct and operationally simple formation of medicinally relevant C–C bonds while reacting in a complementary fashion to other innate C–H functionalization methods2,3,4,5,6 (Minisci, borono-Minisci, electrophilic aromatic substitution, transition-metal-mediated C–H insertion and C–H deprotonation). We prepared a toolkit of these reagents and studied their reactivity across a wide range of heterocycles (natural products, drugs and building blocks) without recourse to protecting-group chemistry. The reagents can even be used in tandem fashion in a single pot in the presence of water and air.
Minimally invasive treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation therapy.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous ablation methods for the treatment of metastatic pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs). Materials and Methods From May 2001 to November 2009, 10 patients (mean age 45 years) with metastatic PCCs and PGLs were identified and treated with percutaneous ablation. All patients were given appropriate medication before the ablation procedure. Vital signs were monitored before, during, and after the procedure. There were 47 tumor ablations performed using radiofrequency (RF) ablation, cryoablation, or ethanol injection as determined by tumor location. Results In all patients, all metastatic lesions amendable to percutaneous ablation were treated; for 2 of 10 patients, all known metastases were treated. Successful ablation without evidence of recurrence was achieved in 56% (15 of 27) of primarily treated lesions in patients with available follow-up imaging. The time to disease progression after ablation was 7.2 months ± 4.0. Amelioration of breakthrough hypertensive symptoms or metastasis-related pain was achieved in two of two patients and four of four patients, respectively, at clinical follow-up. Comparison of intra-arterial blood pressure before, during, and after the procedures showed statistically significant differences in these median blood pressures ( P = .004–.05). Major complications occurred after 2 of 18 (11%) ablation sessions, including one unplanned increase in level of patient care and one periprocedural death from complications related to bowel perforation. Conclusions Local control of metastatic PCCs and PGLs with percutaneous ablation can play an important role in disease management when the lesions are unresectable surgically, and there is potential for prolongation of patient function or amelioration of metastasis-related symptoms.
A Closer Look at Religiosity Among Family Caregivers

This article addresses the relationships between the dimensions of religiosity and positive appraisal of caregiving among African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Caucasian family caregivers for older adults. Data analysis of 69 subjects revealed a negative correlation between non-organizational religiosity and positive appraisal of care among African American caregivers and a positive correlation between organizational religiosity and positive appraisal of care among Hispanic caregivers. Findings from this analysis challenges the overall assumption that religiosity increases positive appraisal of caregiving. Rather, the nature and outcomes of family caregiving are different for various ethnic groups.
Internal field measurements and second neighbor effects in ordered Fe-Si alloys

Abstract The internal field shifts due to second nearest neighbor Fe atoms of the D sites (8-NN Fe) in ordered Fe-Si alloys have been well resolved in pulsed NMR measurements. The frequency dependence of the Si sites is attributed to the volume dependence of the magnetization.
Respiratory Monitoring Equipment and Detection of Respiratory Events

This article examines the current sleep laboratory tools available for diagnosing sleep disordered breathing. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each modality and the current state of monitoring in adults. It is important to consider that the use of more than one device may be required in identifying an sleep disordered breathing event. The precision of classifying a given event is dependent on the accuracy of the data generated by a given monitor and how those data are integrated by the scoring algorithm that is employed. The authors also provide a brief discussion of advanced signal processing in existing and emerging technology.
Spectral Characteristics Of The UCSB Free-Electron Laser

The far-infrared free-electron laser operating at the University of California at Santa Barbara is described The free-electron laser (FEL) at the University of California at Santa Barbara has been in operation since August 1984. It is a far-infrared laser driven by long pulses of electron beam originating in an electrostatic accelerator with a beam recovery system. The main thrust and funding for this project have been motivated, so far, by the need for a tunable, high-power, coherent source in this region in areas such as condensed-matter physics, biology, chemistry and medicine as well as the development of an electrostatic-accelerator driven FEL. It is now being used routinely for research in these fields.
On the Strength of the Hemispheric Rule and the Origin of Active-region Helicity

Vector magnetograph and morphological observations have shown that the solar magnetic field tends to have negative (positive) helicity in the northern (southern) hemisphere, although only ~60%-70% of active regions appear to obey this "hemispheric rule." In contrast, at least ~80% of quiescent filaments and filament channels that form during the decay of active regions follow the rule. We attribute this discrepancy to the difficulty in determining the helicity sign of newly emerged active regions, which are dominated by their current-free component; as the transverse field is canceled at the polarity inversion lines, however, the axial component becomes dominant there, allowing a more reliable determination of the original active-region chirality. We thus deduce that the hemispheric rule is far stronger than generally assumed, and cannot be explained by stochastic processes. Earlier studies have shown that the twist associated with the axial tilt of active regions is too small to account for the observed helicity; here, both tilt and twist are induced by the Coriolis force acting on the diverging flow in the emerging flux tube. However, in addition to this east-west expansion about the apex of the loop, each of its legs must expand continually in cross section during its rise through the convection zone, thereby acquiring a further twist through the Coriolis force. Since this transverse pressure effect is not limited by drag or tension forces, the final twist depends mainly on the rise time, and may be large enough to explain the observed active-region helicity.
An investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the macro-interface in selectively reinforced aluminium castings

The ring groove areas of squeeze-cast Al-12% Si alloy pistons can be selectively reinforced with Saffil (Al2O3) fibres or SiC whiskers to provide local high temperature strength and wear resistance. Since the reinforced region and the unreinforced alloy typically have different coefficients of thermal expansion, cyclic residual stress may occur at the macro-interface between them when it experiences thermal cycling. This could conceivably result in fatigue induced damage at the macro-interface, making it susceptible to failure. To investigate this, the strength of the macro-interface has been measured before and after thermal cycling using bimaterial tensile samples. Prior to thermal exposure, samples typically failed at the macro-interface with an average strength less than that of the unreinforced alloy alone. The low initial strength has been attributed to several factors, including poor alloy-reinforcement bonding and an accumulation of brittle particles or other material at the macro-interface. After being thermally cycled 1000 times between 50 °C and 275 °C or given an equivalent isothermal exposure, samples typically failed in the unreinforced alloy or at the macro-interface with average strengths less than those measured prior to thermal exposure. However, there was no clear evidence that fatigue induced damage had occurred as a result of thermal cycling and the strength drop associated with thermal exposure has been attributed to alloy overageing.
Mechanical and optical characterization of a photoviscoplastic material

The mechanical and optical properties of a polyester blend over a wide range of strain rates has been investigated for loading and unloading. The mechanical behavior, while being complex, was modeled adequately with a generalization of the four-parameter viscoelastic model. The optical behavior has at least a three-phenomenological coefficient dependence on the mechanical variables. Further, the stress birefringence is of opposite sign to that of the deformation.
Validity of the aldosterone-renin ratio used to screen for primary aldosteronism.

Objective To determine whether the calculated ratio of plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) to plasma renin activity (PRA), a proposed screening test for primary aldosteronism, provides a renin-independent measure of circulating aldosterone that is suitable to judge whether PAC is inappropriately elevated relative to PRA. Subjects and Methods This study consisting of 221 black and 276 white subjects with previously diagnosed essential hypertension was conducted between 1996 and 2000. Antihypertensive drugs were withdrawn for at least 4 weeks; PAC and PRA were measured while subjects were supine and then seated after 30 minutes of ambulation. The seated measurements were repeated after 4 weeks of oral diuretic therapy with hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d). Results The variation in the aldosterone-renin ratio was strongly and inversely dependent on PRA ( R 2 = 0.71; P −1 ·h −1 ; P 2 ; P −1 ·h −1 ; P =.007) was associated with a decrease in the mean ratio (from 25.8±38.1 to 16.4±31.6 h·10 2 ; P Conclusion In patients with previously diagnosed essential hypertension, calculation of the aldosterone-renin ratio does not provide a renin-independent measure of circulating aldosterone that is suitable for determining whether PAC is elevated relative to PRA. Because elevation of the aldosterone-renin ratio is predominantly an indicator of low PRA, its perceived value in screening for primary aldosteronism most likely derives from additional diagnostic tests being done in patients with low-renin hypertension.
A Pillar For Successful Business School Accreditation: Conducting The Curriculum Review Process A Systematic Approach

The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) describes their accreditation as the hallmark of business education. According to information at BestBizSchools.com (n.d.), AACSB accreditation represents the highest standard of achievement for business schools worldwide. Being AACSB accredited means a business school is able to continuously pass a strict set of standards that ensure quality. As of December 2010, only 5%, or 607, of the academic business programs globally were accredited by AACSB. This number represents schools in 38 countries where the majority of programs incorporate both undergraduate and graduate education covering business, accounting, or both. An institution must be a member of AACSB in order to apply for accreditation. It is important to note, however, that membership does not imply that the program is accredited (The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, n.d.-a). Recent emphasis demanding external validation on the quality of Business Schools has resulted in the promotion of AACSB accreditation as the de facto quality standard. Earning this quality seal of approval, business programs can verify they have met the 21 AACSB standards that cover strategic, participant, and assurance of learning achievements and processes. Programs with AACSB accreditation are encouraged to promote the standard using it to externally validate their quality and to market their programs to external groups including students, employers, and contributors (The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, n.d.-b). Despite established standards, no single approach to meeting standards for accreditation is suggested by AACSB. Rather, varying approaches to meeting standards should be developed to fit individual programs of institutions (Bryant & Scherer, 2009). This position by AACSB underscores its recognition of the diversity across accredited programs and allows educators wide latitude in developing and implementing approaches to excellence. Small programs are not disadvantaged so long as their students, faculty, graduates, and the employers who hire them receive the quality outputs that help them meet the external competitive requirements (Olian, 2007). In recognition of member institutions diversity, the AACSB has established the Affinity Group program where school administrators from schools sharing similar characteristics can interact, exchange ideas, and present views on a wide range of issues (Olian, 2007). This allows AACSB member schools, who have varying missions and constituents, to find and link with other programs of a similar nature where creativity and synergy can more easily occur. The AACSB wants the accreditation process to help facilitate creativity in designing business school strategies rather than being viewed as an impediment to a programs push to quality (Romero, 2008).
Surface labeling studies of normal and dystrophic myogenic cells in culture

Surface protein topographies of cultured normal and genetically dystrophic embryonic chick breast muscle cells and fibroblasts were compared by external labeling and size distribution analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gradient slab gel electrophoresis. Four labeling techniques were evaluated and all were found to be specific for the cell surface. Using radioiodination of tyrosine residues and periodate-barotritide labeling of sialic acid residues, no reproducible abnormalities could be detected in any of the dystrophic cell types--fibroblasts, fusion-inhibited differentiated myoblasts, and multinucleated differentiated myotubes. However, comparison of 3-day-old cultures of normal fusion-inhibited differentiated myoblasts with fused myotubes revealed that increased iodination of protein classes with nominal molecular weights of 230,000 and 88,000 was evident in the myoblasts. In addition, large structural differences were detected between differentiated myoblasts and myogenic cells grown in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a potent tumor promoter and reversible inhibitor of myogenic differentiation.
Facial pain, cervical pain, and headache.

Purpose of Review: This review discusses the role of musculoskeletal structures of the jaw and neck in perpetuating or triggering primary headache. Because treatments aimed at these structures often reduce headache, a better understanding of their role in headache is needed. Recent Findings: Central sensitization may result in changes in the afferent pathways, making communication from cervical and temporomandibular nociceptive neurons to the trigeminal nucleus possible. This provides the pathophysiologic basis for directing therapy to the neck or temporomandibular joint to alleviate primary headache. Summary: Clinicians should recognize the significant role that musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck play in the perpetuation of headache and the importance of evaluating every patient for temporomandibular disorders and cervical abnormalities.
Adaptive power control with MMSE multiuser detectors

Power control algorithms assume that the receiver structure is fixed and iteratively update the transmit powers of the users to provide them with an acceptable quality of service while minimizing the total transmitter power. Multiuser detection on the other hand optimizes the receiver structure with the assumption that the users have fixed transmitter powers. In this study, we combine the two approaches for a CDMA cellular system and propose an iterative and distributed power control algorithm which iteratively updates the transmitter powers and receiver filter coefficients of the users. We show that the algorithm converges to a minimum power solution for the powers, and an MMSE multiuser detector for the filter coefficients.
Concept Formation in Political Science: An Anti-Naturalist Critique of Qualitative Methodology

This article offers an anti-naturalist philosophical critique of the naturalist tendencies within qualitative concept formation as developed most prominently by Giovanni Sartori and David Collier. We begin by articulating the philosophical distinction between naturalism and anti-naturalism. Whereas naturalism assumes that the study of human life is not essentially different from the study of natural phenomena, anti-naturalism highlights the meaningful and contingent nature of social life, the situatedness of the scholar, and so the dialogical nature of social science. These two contrasting philosophical approaches inspire, in turn, different strategies of concept formation. Naturalism encourages concept formation that involves reification, essentialism, and an instrumentalist view of language. Anti-naturalism, conversely, challenges reified concepts for eliding the place of meanings, essentialist concepts for eliding the place of contingency, and linguistic instrumentalism for eliding the situatedness of the scholar and the dialogical nature of social science. Based on this philosophical framework, we subject qualitative concept formation to a philosophical critique. We show how the conceptual strategies developed by Sartori and Collier embody a reification, essentialism, and instrumentalist view of language associated with naturalism. Although Collier's work on concept formation is much more flexible and nuanced than Sartori's, it too remains attached to a discredited naturalism.
EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING OF WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) ON THE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN THE MICHIGAN WILD DEER POPULATION

A retrospective study was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 1995 to 1997 was associated with the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in free-ranging deer in northeastern Michigan. Bovine TB prevalence data were obtained from an ongoing surveillance program, while data relating to supplemental feeding and other risk factors were collected via in-person interviews. A multivariable Poisson regression modeling approach was used to test the stated hypothesis while controlling for other risk factors. Of the 389 potential participants, 59% agreed to participate in the study. Results showed that supplemental feeding of deer was associated with bovine TB in white-tailed deer. Specific risk factors associated with increasing risk for bovine TB were locating feed sites in areas with high levels of hardwood forests (O.R.=1.8, 95% C.I.=1.3–2.4), other large-scale feeding sites in the area (O.R.=1.1, 95% C.I.=1.0–1.2), the number of deer fed...
Measurements of pressure and force fields on building models in simulated atmospheric flows

Abstract Measurements and analyses of space-time structure of random pressure fields and associated area-averaged loads acting on prismatic building models in simulated atmospheric flows are presented. The objective of this study is three-fold: first, a broadening of our understanding of wind induced surface pressure fluctuations around buildings; second, gaining insight into the aerodynamics of prisms immersed in turbulent boundary layer flows, e.g., sensitivity of the surface pressure field to changes in the intensity of the far-field turbulence; and third, gathering knowledge-base concerning the spectral description of integral loads on buildings and their respective correlations. This paper briefly describes the salient features of this project.
Content Based Image Retrieval using a Descriptors Hierarchy

Content based image retrieval (CBIR), a technique which tries to find a set of images similar to a given example. Low level descriptors can be used to represent and index images. The main problem of CBIR is the gap between these descriptors and abstract concepts. The proposal present in this paper resembles the search process within a set of objects. First, objects can be found in a collection by looking general features and discarding those objects that do not fit into these features to reduce the search space. Next, another more specific feature can help to find these objects in the reduced search space. This work proposes the arrangement of low level descriptors into a hierarchy. This arrangement has to be done considering the detail of information that descriptor gives. Finally, descriptors on each level of the hierarchy are used to index images in the search space and a filter to reduce it has to be executed. This process is repeated until the low level of the hierarchy is reached. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach compared with the traditional ones and reveal it as a good option to implement CBIR systems.
Leadership: Three Approaches to Learning

This paper describes three approaches to teaching leadership at the advanced level for adult learners. The three approaches address competence or skill building and authenticity or self-development. Each approach offers a variety of materials to draw from and provides concrete examples of learning activities.
Improved Global and Locomotor Development Folowing Surgery for Sagittal Synostosis

Twenty eight children with sagittal synostosis (SS) were assessed pre- and postoperatively and their psychomotor development was compared with that in 28 normal controls and with 13 children with SS without surgical intervention, in a prospective longitudinal design study at St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
Seeking Antifungal Drug Synergies: The search for synergy starts with direct comparisons of chemical pairs but extends to gene disruption strain collections

Vaccines and antibiotic treatments have generated amazing successes in our battle against infectious diseases. However, diseases such as AIDS and SARS emerge, while diseases such as tuberculosis continue to be important public health problems. Thus we need to identify new means and approaches to deal with infectious diseases. One promising approach against pathogens is to use drug combinations, borrowing from a strategy that works so well against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. While single compounds proved ineffective because HIV develops resistance so rapidly, the simultaneous use of several drugs that target different viral processes changes HIV infection from a death sentence to a chronic disease—less than an ideal outcome, but a great improvement for the patient.
Abstract 2239: Buthionine sulfoximine enhanced melphalan cytotoxic activity against multiple myeloma cell lines

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm of terminally differentiated antibody secreting B cells commonly treated with myeloablative doses of the alkylating agent melphalan (L-PAM) and supported by stem cell transplantation (SCT). Relapse after SCT is common and a second SCT with L-PAM for patients achieving less than a complete response or at time of relapse is usually only modestly effective. Glutathione (GSH) is ubiquitous intracellular tripeptide that acts as antioxidant and protects cells against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and xenobiotics. Conjugation of GSH to alkylating agents is known to be one mechanism of melphalan resistance. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) inhibits synthesis of GSH and enhances the activity of melphalan in preclinical and clinical studies of neuroblastoma. The potent hematopoietic toxicity of BSO + L-PAM led us to conduct an ongoing phase I trial in recurrent neuroblastoma of escalating L-PAM + BSO given with SCT. To explore the potential for a similar trial in MM, we have undertaken preclinical studies of BSO + L-PAM in MM. We determined if buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) enhanced the activity of melphalan (L-PAM) against MM cell lines. In-vitro cytotoxicity mediated by BSO (0-400 micro molar) alone and in combination with L-PAM (0-50 micro molar) was assessed in a panel of six MM cell lines in both “standard cell culture conditions” (20% O2) and “bone marrow level hypoxia” (5% O2) using the DIMSCAN digital image fluorescence assay. Single-strand DNA (ssDNA) damage by F7-26 antibody, apoptosis by TdT labeling (TUNEL) and mitochondrial depolarization by JC-1 were measured by flow cytometry. At clinically achievable concentrations, BSO consistently caused two to four logs synergistic enhancement of L-PAM cytotoxicity (combination index Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2239. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2239
ENHANCED HAND FUNCTION ASSESSMENT USING PRESSURE MAPPING AND LOW COST MOTION CAPTURE

Hand injuries affect our ability to manipulate objects, and existing tools are useful in determining if patients have difficulty performing tasks. The Jebsen–Taylor Hand Function Test (JTT), is a widely used test for functional motor assessment that reflects activities of daily living. But current tools, including the JTT, do not measure compensatory behavior. This study aimed to investigate the use of a low cost motion capture system to evaluate compensatory behavior of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patents during a JTT assessment. Youth and Older control groups were used as a basis for comparison of RA patient performance. Results of the JTT itself illustrated how RA patient can perform some tasks more quickly than control groups. However, the JTT only evaluates completion times of each task, not how the participant performed the activity. Including Range of Motion measurements during this JTT assessment indicated that there are significant differences in the Range of Motion of RA patients in comparison to ...
KINKING IN FIBROUS COMPOSITES UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSIVE LOADING

An energy approach for the evaluation of the compressive strength of fibrous composites due to kinking is considered in this paper. The model is based on energy balance of the kinked laminate carried out using the approximate stress field of a shear lag type of analysis. The model is used to predict the compressive strength of such laminates. The effect of laminate geometry, lziyup configuration as well as the relation between kink initiation and kink propagation are studied. The model reflects the abrupt nature of failure and the reduction of compressive strength with the increase of specimen's gauge length. Comparisons with experimental measurements show good agreement, with the predictions being conservative estimates.
Prolactin-Secreting Microadenoma Masked By A Herbal Product, Vitex Agnus-Castus

ABSTRACT Objective: This case involves the presentation of a pituitary microadenoma that was confounded by the patient's use of an herbal product which led to a delay in diagnosis. Methods: Clinical presentation, biochemical features, imaging, and impact of an herbal product, Vitex agnus-castus (VAC), on the presentation of a case of pituitary microadenoma. Results: We present a case of pituitary microadenoma in a 28-year-old female who had initially presented with oligomenorrhea, galactorrhea, and mild elevation of prolactin (PRL) levels. Evaluation in the endocrinology office revealed a complete resolution of symptoms and normalization of labs indicating only a transient elevation of PRL levels. A detailed history, which included the use of over the counter medications (VAC), revealed a potential contributor to the patient's symptomatic improvement in the interim. Ceasing supplementation with the herb led to the recurrence of patient symptoms and a rebound elevation of PRL. A complete workup showed radi...
Review and prospect of power line carrier communication during the 30 years of reform and opening up

This paper reviews the development of power line carrier communication from the aspects of technology,application and quality during the 30 years reform and opening up.It introduces the achievements obtained,describes the development prospects under the "11th Five-Year Plan for Communication Development" of State Grid Corporation of China.The improvement direction of power line carrier communication technology is also pointed out in the paper.
The Influence of Stressor Exposure and Psychosocial Resources on the Age–Anger Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis

Objectives: This study examined the processes linking age, stressor exposure, psychosocial coping resources, and two dimensions of anger proneness (i.e., experienced anger and expressed anger). Method: Longitudinal change regression analysis of data from a two-wave community panel study including a sample of people aged 18 to 93 (N = 1,473) is performed. Results: Age is significantly associated with declines in both experienced anger and expressed anger over the 3-year study period. These associations are substantially mediated by the lower levels of chronic stressors and discrimination-related stressors experienced among older adults. In contrast, self-esteem amplifies the association between age and expressed anger. Discussion: These findings clarify the circumstances in which age matters most for changes over time in the experience and expression of anger. They highlight how certain forms of stressor exposure and psychosocial resources are linked with anger proneness and in ways that vary by age.
Diffuse, Erythematous, Scaly Eruption.

A male smoker with a history of alcohol abuse presented with a mildly pruritic rash on his back that spread to his scalp, trunk, and extremities, including the palms and soles.
The Propagation Problems and Their Solutions

The purpose of this chapter is to present a mathematical formulation and solution of the propagation problems that are studied in the subsequent chapters. The basic physical concepts and results are summarized in §1. The remaining sections develop the mathematical theory, together with rigorous proofs or references to the literature. The case of an unlimited fluid is treated here. The changes needed to treat semi-infinite and finite layers are indicated at the end of Chapter 3.
Innovating inequity: if race is a technology, postracialism is the genius bar

ABSTRACTIn this essay I posit race as a kind of technology, one that creates parallel universes and premature death, requiring routine maintenance and upgrade. I suggest that David Theo Goldberg’s Are We Postracial Yet? is a story of innovation that expertly exposes the trade secrets of the social production of race. I argue that not only are technological and social innovation metaphorically linked; technoscience is also one of the most effective conduits for reproducing racial inequality, and so I extend Goldberg’s analysis to address the central role of science and technology in modern statecraft and racecraft. Finally, if postracial innovators are busily refurbishing racism to remake inequality, then those who seek radical transformation in the other direction, towards freedom and justice, must re-examine the default settings, rather than the routine breakdowns, of social life.
Chinesische Social Media im Überblick

Weltweit gibt es mittlerweile viele Arten von Social Media. In Deutschland nutzen viele Menschen bekannte Social Media wie Wikipedia, Facebook, WhatsApp und YouTube. Das weltweit groste soziale Netzwerk Facebook ist zwar in China nicht erreichbar, existieren jedoch chinesische Pendants wie Qzone und Renren. Vielen Verantwortlichen in deutschen Unternehmen fehlt vor der Entscheidung fur die Einfuhrung von Social Media Marketing die Ubersicht, insbesondere uber die Social-Media-Landschaft in dem betreffenden Fremdland. Kein Wunder also, dass viele Marketingmanager sich schwer tun, Social Media Marketing in auslandischen Markten erfolgreich einzufuhren. Dieses Kapitel dient als Wegweiser und zeigt, welche relevanten Social Media in China wofur geeignet sind.
Molecular Mechanism by which Two Lysine Substitutions Alter Na/K-Pump Stoichiometry to Confer High-Salinity Adaptation in Brine Shrimp

In most animal cells, the Na/K pump maintains a large electrochemical gradient for Na+ across the plasma membrane by extruding 3 Na+ and importing 2 K+ per ATP molecule hydrolyzed. When adapted to high salinity, brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) express a pump that has two asparagine-to-lysine substitutions within the normally conserved ion-binding region. To address the molecular mechanisms by which these substitutions may be advantageous, we used two-electrode voltage clamp to evaluate the functional effects of the equivalent substitutions (N333K and N785K) in the Xenopus Na/K pump α subunit. Compared to wild-type, the apparent affinity for K+-activation of pump current without Na+o was reduced 10-fold by N785K, but nearly unaffected by N333K or N333K/N785K. In contrast, both individual mutants displaced the center of the charge-voltage curve measured with Na+o, without K+o, by −80 mV, reflecting a 16-fold decrease in Na+o affinity (20 mV shift per 2-fold change), whereas N333K/N785K induced only a ∼ -40 mV shift. Molecular dynamic simulations (3.3 μs) of these mutants based on the available crystal structures provide an explanation of the effects of individual and concurrent mutations and how these residues are coupled. Simulations of N333K/N785K with a single Na+ or K+ removed from the structures restored ion-binding site stability, consistent with a previous proposal of altered stoichiometry (Jorgensen and Amat, 2008, J. Memb. Biol. 221: 39-49, 2008). To directly assess stoichiometry, we measured 86Rb+ (a K+ congener) uptake in voltage-clamped oocytes and found that, for every charge extruded, wild-type pumps imported 2.11 ± 0.07 (n=40) Rb+, as expected, while N333K/N785K imported 1.01 ± 0.05 (n=13) Rb+. This reduced 2 Na:1 K stoichiometry is essential for the brine shrimp to maintain a larger Na+ gradient than other animals. NSF MCB-1515434.
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Glycoprotein Quality Control in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Is Controlled by the E2 Ub-Conjugating Enzyme UBC6e

Summary ER-associated degradation (ERAD) is essential for protein quality control in the ER, not only when the ER is stressed, but also at steady state. We report a new layer of homeostatic control, in which ERAD activity itself is regulated posttranscriptionally and independently of the unfolded protein response by adjusting the endogenous levels of EDEM1, OS-9, and SEL1L (ERAD enhancers). Functional UBC6e requires its precise location in the ER to form a supramolecular complex with Derlin2. This complex targets ERAD enhancers for degradation, a function that depends on UBC6e's enzymatic activity. Ablation of UBC6e causes upregulation of active ERAD enhancers and so increases clearance not only of terminally misfolded substrates, but also of wild-type glycoproteins that fold comparatively slowly in vitro and in vivo. The levels of proteins that comprise the ERAD machinery are thus carefully tuned and adjusted to prevailing needs.
Phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 may not always represent its kinase activity in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia with or without ischemic preconditioning

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 protein requires a dual phosphorylation at conserved threonine and tyrosine residues to be fully activated under normal physiological conditions. Thus, ERK1/2 kinase activity is often defined by the quantity of phosphorylated kinase. However, this may not accurately represent its true activity under certain pathological conditions. We investigated whether ERK1/2 kinase activity is proportional to its phosphorylation state in a rat focal ischemia model with and without rapid ischemic preconditioning. We showed that phosphorylated-ERK1/2 protein levels were increased 2.6±0.07-fold, and ERK1/2 kinase activity was increased 10.6±1.9-fold in animals receiving ischemic preconditioning alone without test ischemia compared with sham group (P<0.05, n=6/group), suggesting that phosphorylated-ERK1/2 protein levels represent its kinase activity under these conditions. However, preconditioning plus test ischemia robustly blocked ERK1/2 kinase activity, whereas it increased phosphorylated-ERK1/2 protein levels beyond those receiving test ischemia alone, suggesting that phosphorylated-ERK1/2 protein levels were not representative of actual kinase activity in this pathological condition. In conclusion, protein phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 do not always correspond to kinase activity, thus, measuring the true kinase activity is essential.
Urinary Catheterization: a Paradigm Shift in Difficult Urinary Catheterization

Background The urinary catheter is an ancient device for urinary drainage in patients. Placement of a urethral catheter is a common medical procedure that may have led to morbidity and mortality. Urethral catheterization is commonly performed by a nurse. Difficult catheter placement generates urology consultation. Difficult catheterization with a vision-guided urinary catheter may provide expedited and successful catheter placement by nursing personnel.
Radiographic comparison of adolescent athletes with elbow osteochondritis dissecans to ulnar collateral ligament injuries and controls.

Background There are excellent data supporting recommendations to prevent elbow injuries (osteochondritis dissecans [OCD] and ulnar collateral ligament [UCL] injuries), such as pitch count and pitch type in baseball, but anatomic risk factors have not been thoroughly examined. This study aimed to evaluate radiographic measurements in adolescents with elbow OCD lesions or UCL injuries and controls. Methods We retrospectively identified adolescent patients between 2011 and 2016 with isolated capitellum OCD, UCL tear, or normal elbows based on magnetic resonance imaging. Nineteen patients (mean age, 13.5 years) had isolated OCD defects of the capitellum, 8 patients (mean age, 16.9 years) had isolated UCL complete tear, and the remaining 16 patients (mean age, 14.6 years) were normal controls. Radiographic measurements from corresponding anterior-posterior elbow radiographs were taken, including carrying angle, distal humeral articular surface angle, and radial neck-shaft angle. On the lateral radiograph, anterior angulation of the articular surface of distal humerus was measured. Results Significant differences were observed in carrying angle between controls (15.7°) and OCD patients (11.6°; P = .03) as well as between controls and UCL patients (10.3°, P = .02), with the OCD and UCL patients tending to be in more varus. Significant differences were also found between controls (88.5°) and OCD patients (93.6°; P = .01) and between controls and UCL patients (93.3°; P = .03) in distal humeral articular surface angle, with OCD and UCL patients with increased valgus at the distal humerus articular surface. There were no significant differences between groups in radial neck-shaft angle or anterior angulation of articular surface of distal humerus. Conclusions Patients with OCD and UCL injuries have anatomic differences compared with normal controls that can be measured radiographically.
A Domain Independent Approach to Clinical Decision Support.

Continuing our work from the inaugural running of the Clinical Decision Support track in 2014, we submitted runs to the 2015 evaluation. Our approach this year was very similar to that used in 2014 (Xu et al., 2014). Our submitted runs were created using the JHU HAIRCUT retrieval engine, and featured use of character n-gram indexing and use of pseudo-relevance feedback. The main contribution is investigating the retrieval of scientific medical documents using a domain independent approach.