cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional lithologic variations in the Patagonian batholith

Abstract The Patagonian batholith, in the southern Andes of Chile, represents a major addition to the Pacific margin of the South American plate due to semi-continual subduction since the Late Jurassic. Plutonic ages range from 166 to 12 Ma, with an apparent peak around 100-70 Ma. Most of the batholith is composed of I-type, metaluminous, calc-alkaline rocks ultimately related to partial melting of mantle wedge material and/or subducted material. Tonalite (plus minor quartz diorite) is the dominant lithology (36% of 585 samples); other lithologic groups (granite, granodiorite + quartz monzodiorite, and diorite + gabbro) make up roughly equal proportions of the samples (18–25% each). Minor amounts of peraluminous rock suggest some amount of crustal recycling (contamination of mantle magmas or melting of continental crust). Most plutons are undeformed; foliated rocks crop out in Andean orogenic zones and locally along lineaments. Local, protracted, felsic to mafic progressions are probably related to intrusion geometry and erosion level rather than evolution of a single magma. Similarities with the Coastal batholith of Peru include size, the period of intrusion (mainly Cretaceous-Tertiary), and the general I-type, tonalitic character. Differences include no unidirectional migration in time, thinner and younger pre-batholithic crust, deeper level of erosion (generally mesozonal), and significant primary biotite in mafic rocks. These differences probably reflect different mechanisms of magmatic evolution and arc construction related to subduction kinematics and crustal setting.
Malignancy after retinoblastoma: Secondary cancer or recurrence?

The risk of second malignancy after retinoblastoma is reported to be as high as 20% at 10 years after initial diagnosis. This incidence may be an overestimate because of difficulties in distinguishing a second malignancy from recurrent tumor. We encountered a patient with bilateral retinoblastoma who developed a temporal mass 3.5 years after initial treatment for what had first been diagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma; further study suggested that it was recurrent retinoblastoma manifesting as primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) with multilineage differentiation. Chromosome 13 abnormalities were compatible with either rhabdomyosarcoma or recurrent retinoblastoma. To determine how often second malignancies in retinoblastoma patients may be confused with recurrent primary tumor, we reviewed our experience at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Of 43 retinoblastoma patients seen between 1951 and 1992, presumed second malignancies were documented in four, including the current case. Of the three other second tumors, one had both neural and skeletal muscle differentiation; another was diagnosed as rhabdomyosarcoma unclassifiable as embryonal or alveolar; the last was an osteosarcoma. Only the osteosarcoma was clearly a second neoplasm; two and perhaps three of the other cases may be recurrent retinoblastoma. The distinction between second malignancy and recurrent retinoblastoma may be difficult but is worth determining, because treatment may differ, depending on the correct designation.
Simulation Analysis of a Novel Magnetic Gear

Compared with mechanical gear, permanent magnetic gear has unique advantages which are high efficiency, noise free, zero friction, vibrationless, overload protection, etc. This paper introduced a novel coaxial magnetic gear with high speed radio and analyzed the efficient performance including peak torque, starting, braking, and no-loading procedures on the basis of calculating in finite element software Ansoft. The results prove that the novel magnetic gear is reasonable and efficient.
Interpreting vague utterances in context

We use the interpretation of vague scalar predicates like small as an illustration of how systematic semantic models of dialogue context enable the derivation of useful, fine-grained utterance interpretations from radically underspecified semantic forms. Because dialogue context suffices to determine salient alternative scales and relevant distinctions along these scales, we can infer implicit standards of comparison for vague scalar predicates through completely general pragmatics, yet closely constrain the intended meaning to within a natural range.
Power of the likelihood-ratio test of the general linear hypothesis in multivariate analysis

1-1. General background. In a basic paper on multivariate tests of linear hypotheses, Wilks (1932) applied the method of the likelihood ratio to the problem of testing the equality of mean vectors in k multivariate populations. The general approach of this early paper has been extended and expanded in the literature until, now, a procedure is available for testing multivariate linear hypotheses in a completely general form (see, for example, Anderson, 1958). For the problem of computing the power of these tests, however, no such general procedure exists. This is due to the fact that the noncentral distribution of the test criterion has not been expressed in a numerically feasible form. A first step towards the derivation of the non-central distribution, however, was taken when Anderson & Girshick (1944) attacked the problem of finding the distribution of the Wishart matrix in the non-central case. The result led Anderson (1946) to the derivation of the moments of the criterion for testing the hypothesis of the general multivariate regression problem (or rather the equivalent Wilks-Lawley hypothesis). Anderson's results were valid for a certain class of alternatives, which he called linear and planar. The moments for the linear alternative involve an infinite sum of expressions containing gamma functions and for the planar alternative, involve a triple infinite sum of the same type of expressions. This appears to be the extent of the progress on the problem of obtaining the power of the multivariate likelihood-ratio test of the general linear hypothesis.t
Isolation of cell cycle-dependent gamma ray-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell

A technique for the isolation of gamma ray-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants is described, which uses nylon cloth replica plating and photography with dark-field illumination to directly monitor colonies for growth after gamma irradiation. Two gamma raysensitive mutants were isolated using this method. One of these cells (XR-1) had a two-slope survival curve: an initial steep slope and then a flattening of the curve at about 10% survival. Subsequently, it was found that this cell is sensitive to gamma irradiation in G1,early S, and late G2phases of the cell cycle, whereas in the resistant phase (late S phase) its survival approaches that of the parental cells. The D37in the sensitive G1period is approximately 30 rads, compared with 300 rads of the parental cell. This mutant cell is also sensitive to killing by the DNA breaking agent, bleomycin, but is relatively insensitive to UV light and ethyl methane sulfonate, suggesting that the defect is specific for agents that produce DNA strand breakage.
TESTING SUNSCREENS USING SUNLIGHT AND PHOTOGRAPHY

SUMMARY.— A method to evaluate sunscreens in vitro is described. It employs light, photography and densitometry. The measurements are compared and analysed with the assurance that an equal amount of light bombards the sensor for an equal length of time, passing through a uniformly spread barrier of sunscreening material, to a film of uniform spectral sensitivity. The protection provided from mid-day sunlight and artificial erythemal light by 9 agents is compared and correlated.
Recent advances in the study of somatic mosaicism and diseases other than cancer

Somatic mosaicism is well appreciated as a cause of cancer and, possibly, aging. Somatic mosaicism as the cause of other diseases is becoming more appreciated. It is especially important in the causation of deforming diseases (e.g., Proteus syndrome; Sturge-Weber syndrome) which are not inherited because early developmental expression is lethal. It also known to make an important contribution to neurological, dermatological, hematological and other diseases (and probably all diseases but many in which it is harder to detect). There have been exciting recent advances in the detection of somatic mosaicism. In particular, for many diseases of somatic overgrowth in which somatic mosaicism as the sole cause was predicted, the gene somatically mutated has been found. A limited number of pathways seem involved in these disorders, some of which are also implicated in cancer.
Pressure blindness and the interocular transfer of size aftereffects

After observation of a stimulus composed of a top grating with large bar widths (low spatial frequency) and a bottom grating of narrow lines (high spatial frequency), a subsequently presented test grating of medium bar width appears to have a higher spatial frequency on the top half than on the bottom. Although this size aftereffect can be obtained dichoptically, this does not necessarily imply a central locus, since retinal input from the adapted eye could produce the effect. Ss were tested for the aftereffect in the adapted eye and for interocular transfer with and without pressure blinding the adapted eye. In this last condition, input from the adapted eye cannot reach the cortex. However, the aftereffect was equally present under all three conditions. This result suggests that size and frequency adaptation have a central locus.
Workplace Dispute Resolution in the Homecare Industry: The Triangle of Worker, Client, and Manager

Abstract This study explores contrary predictions of workers' dispute resolution strategies by examining three different types of homecare businesses: a conventional, hierarchical business that is run for profit; a hierarchically organized charity; and a worker-owned, worker-managed cooperative. Some literature asserts that the structure of the organization will impact how workers address their workplace disputes. However, other literature argues the structure and culture of the industry will have greater influence than organization on workplace dispute resolution. The data in this study imply that the industry effects had the greater impact in the homecare industry. Members of the worker cooperative did not exhibit different dispute resolution behaviors; workers at all three businesses described similar dispute resolution strategies. The triadic structure of the homecare industry (employee-patient-manager), the clients' physical dependency on service, and the intense loyalty of workers to clients obviate...
Technology indicators: Conceptual issues and measurement problems

Abstract This paper discusses some of the studies where attempts have been made to “measure” technological development for comparative purposes. Conceptual issues related to definition and measurement of “technology indicators” are presented here. The different indicators measure the different aspects of technology and consequently have different implication for policy issues at both macro and micro levels. Three approaches to research on technology indicators have been identified. The first approach initiated by the Gellman Research Associates in the United States uses literature as the primary source for defining the population of innovations. The second approach used by the researchers at the University of Sussex uses a large panel of experts to define population of innovations. The third approach used in many countries in Europe relies on surveys of firms. Problems associated with each approach are discussed to show how they can affect the validity of the findings. Some of the key findings from these studies in different countries are presented to indicate their policy implications.
Cell Biology Apps for Apple Devices

Apps for touch-pad devices hold promise for guiding and supporting learning. Students may use them in the classroom or on their own for didactic instruction, just-in-time learning, or review. Since Apple touch-pad devices (i.e., iPad and iPhone) have a substantial share of the touch-pad device market (Campbell, 2012), this Feature will explore cell biology apps available from the App Store. My review includes iPad and iPhone apps available in June 2012, but does not include courses, lectures, podcasts, audiobooks, texts, or other books. I rated each app on a five-point scale (1 star = lowest; 5 stars = highest) for educational and production values; I also provide an overall score.
Compost recipe development and weed seed viability evaluation with cranberry leaves

A small-pile demonstration study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of composting cranberry leaves on commercial cranberry farms in Southeastern Massachusetts. The recipe ratios tested were: 20:0:0 (cranberry leaves only), 10:10:2, and 10:10:1 (leaves:horse manure and bedding:fish hydrolysate). Both mixed recipes generated thermophilic temperatures (between 43-66°C for at least 20 d), conditions known to destroy many plant pathogens and weed seeds. Analysis of leaf samples indicated that all three recipes were more acidic than most other types of compost (values below pH 6). Nitrogen levels were at or below the low-end (0.45-0.75% N) of the typical level seen with most compost (1% N). The final C:N ratios (22:1 to 38:1) were within the acceptable range for many uses. The mixed piles attained thermophilic temperatures for sufficient duration to prevent germination of the seven species of weeds tested. Leaf residue levels for eight common cranberry pesticides were also determined. The insecticide, ch...
Management of Recurrent Superior Vena Caval Syndrome with an Externally Supported Femoral Vein Bypass Graft

Management of superior vena caval syndrome with an autogenous vein bypass graft can be complicated by occlusion of the bypass graft. The case of a patient with recurrent superior vena caval syndrome due to occlusion of a spiraled saphenous vein graft who was managed with a femoral vein graft supported externally by a sleeve of ringed polytetrafluoroethylene is presented. A venogram demonstrated patency of the graft 11 months postoperatively, and the patient remains free from clinically apparent superior vena caval obstruction 18 months postoperatively.
Assimilation of Synthetic Tropical Cyclone Observations into the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System

Abstract In June 1990, the assimilation of synthetic tropical cyclone observations into the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) was initiated at Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC). These observations are derived directly from the information contained in the tropical cyclone warnings issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the National Hurricane Center. This paper describes these synthetic observations, the evolution of their use at FNOC, and the details of their assimilation into NOGAPS. The results of a comprehensive evaluation of the 1991 NOGAPS tropical cyclone forecast performance in the western North Pacific are presented. NOGAPS analysis and forecast position errors were determined for all tropical circulations of tropical storm strength or greater. It was found that, after the assimilation of synthetic observations, the NOGAPS spectral forecast model consistently maintained the tropical circulations as evidenced by detection percentages of 96%, 90% ...
The evolutionary state of electrosurgery: where are we now?

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to discuss the evolutionary changes that have taken place in the area of electrosurgery. The distinct differences between devices along with disadvantages and ways of minimizing hazards will be analyzed. Recent findings Since the first surgical application of electricity in the 1880s, the use of radiofrequency current in surgery has grown. Although monopolar and bipolar energy form the backbone of electrosurgery, various modifications have been made to both the electrosurgical generators and the hand instruments. Much of the driving force behind these modifications has been the goal of minimizing possible complications while improving surgical efficiency. Recently, the ability to obtain vessel sealing has dramatically impacted clinical practice in open, laparoscopic, and vaginal surgery. Summary Current evidence demonstrates the effectiveness and safety of electrosurgical devices in gynecologic surgery. Technology has evolved to allow vessel sealing capability through various instruments. Critical to the successful use of these advanced electrosurgical devices is a thorough understanding of their individual differences and nuances in order to obtain the desired tissue effects. Further studies are needed to determine the most appropriate applications and surgical procedures for these devices.
A review of direct and indirect implications of laser land leveling as agriculture resource conservation technology in Punjab province of Pakistan

Drawing from the Conservation Model of Agriculture, this study reviews the direct and indirect benefits of laser land leveling in the Punjab province of Pakistan. A secondary research is done to analyze the direct impact of laser leveling on land productivity, irrigation water conservation, and irrigation water use efficiency in comparison to unleveled and traditionally leveled fields. Among the indirect outcomes, a humble effort is made to review the profits which the rural and national population of the country is accruing from the technology. A strong public commitment is found to transfer the benefits of the laser technology to the rural masses at the grassroots level. Various government initiatives such as provision of subsidized laser units to the farmers owing personal tractors and minimum of 25 acres of land, building capacity of these farmers to acquire skills for the successful operation of laser units and facilitating the availability of maintenance services for the laser technology have been well implemented. Farmers now across 31 districts of Punjab are efficiently utilizing the laser units to achieve the highest form of precision land leveling to enhance the land productivity, conserve irrigation water, boost the irrigated area, and increase the efficiency of fertilizers. Besides, these medium scale farmers after the procurement of laser units are also subletting the equipment to small scale farmers and hence, the benefits of laser technology are trickling down. Although, some farmers are confronting difficulties regarding the operational and maintenance cost of the laser units as either because of the price hike in diesel or the laser maintenance centre is situated far away from their farm fields and they have to take a journey of one to two days to access the maintenance service; overall the laser land leveling has been improving the agriculture economy of the most populated and area wise second largest province of the country.
The early evolution of cellular life

Recent progress in data collection and analysis has changed the study of origin of life from an area dominated by speculation into a field abundant with testable hypotheses. This review discusses advances in the following areas: the fossil recordsd; the 'retrodiction' of biochemical pathways; and contradictions between different molecular phylogenies. The latter indicates a limited number of horizontal gene transfers during the early evolution. However, these cases of horizontal gene transfer are so infrequent that they can be detected as exceptions in an otherwise coherent picture. Cases of horizontal gene transfer can be recognized within the background of the majority consensus of molecular markers. The fusion of separate lineages to form new species is revealed by the simultaneous horizontal transfer of several independent genes.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth: Psychologist, educator, feminist

The author examines a great research career, detailing the progress of ideas through the studies that engaged this great woman's mind. Hollingworth's heritage of straightforward questioning led her to challenge long‐held notions of human behavior. Such analysis as she engaged in led her to formulate investigations gathering hard data, into questions of woman's place in the world of achievement, the testing of intelligence, mental retardation, and eventually, education of the gifted.
Hyperspectral Microscopy of Explosives Particles Using an External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser

Using infrared hyperspectral imaging, we demonstrate microscopy of small particles of the explosives compounds RDX, tetryl, and PETN with near diffraction-limited performance. The custom microscope apparatus includes an external cavity quantum cascade laser illuminator scanned over its tuning range of 9.13-10.53 µm in four seconds, coupled with a microbolometer focal plane array to record infrared transmission images. We use the hyperspectral microscopy technique to study the infrared absorption spectra of individual explosives particles, and demonstrate sub-nanogram detection limits.
Some Interesting Central Asian Events on the Ms : mb Diagram

Summary Events from two small regions in Central Asia having nearly equal mb values are found to have a wide range of Ms values. One event from Tibet and one from South-eastern Kazakh, USSR have Ms: mb ratios typical of explosions. Several other events have borderline ratios. All of the events analysed are classified as shallow focus earthquakes by NOS (i.e. their focal depths are all listed at greater than 20 km in the Preliminary Determination of Epicenter catalogue). The Tibetan events are earth-quakes. The Kazakh event data exhibits a short-period complexity, in addition to an Ms: mb ratio, typical of an explosion. However, it cannot be classified as such because its short-period record also contains an apparent depth phase at a time lag corresponding to a focal depth of 22 km. The possibilities of the ‘depth phase’ being the result of multiple explosions or of the short-period complexity being the result of unusual source parameters cannot be differentiated with the available data. Discrimination of the event is further complicated by the fact that its Rayleigh wave is swamped by the surface wave of a much larger event from the Tonga Islands Region. The interfering event problem is not too serious here because the short period continental Rayleigh wave from the Kazakh event rides atop the long period oceanic surface wave from the Tonga event in such a way that the effects of each are visually separable.
Write barrier removal by static analysis

We present a new analysis for removing unnecessary write barriers in programs that use generational garbage collection. To our knowledge, this is the first static program analysis for this purpose. Our algorithm uses a pointer analysis to locate assignments that always create a reference from a younger object to an older object, then transforms the program to remove the write barriers normally associated with such assignments. We have implemented two transformations that reorder object allocations; these transformations can significantly increase the effectiveness of our write barrier removal algorithm.Our base technique assumes that the collector promotes objects in age order. We have developed an extension that enables the optimistic removal of write barriers, with the collector lazily adding each newly promoted object into a remembered set of objects whenever the compiler may have removed write barriers involving the object at statements that have yet to execute. This mechanism enables the application of our technique to virtually any memory management system that uses write barriers to enable generational garbage collection.Results from our implemented system show that our technique can remove substantial numbers of write barriers from the majority of the programs in our benchmark set, producing modest performance improvements of up to 6% of the overall execution time. Moreover, by dynamically instrumenting the executable, we are able to show that for six of our nine benchmark programs, our analysis is close to optimal in the sense that it removes the write barriers for almost all assignments that do not, in the observed execution, create a reference from an older object to a younger object. Finally, our results show that the overhead of our optimistic extension is negligible.
KOREAN TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENT SUCCESS IN MATHEMATICS: Concept versus procedure

This article examines the Korean classroom teachers' beliefs about mathematics education in elementary schools. Their perceptions about contributing factors to Korean students' high achievement scores in international comparative studies in the area of mathematics are explored. Elementary classroom teachers were surveyed using the researcher- made questionnaire (Teacher Perception about Mathematics Curriculum) and 141 teachers completed the questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed by a descriptive analysis. The results reveal that the majority of classroom teachers agreed that real life applications, processing skills, using concrete instructional manipulatives, and conceptual knowledge are very important in teaching children mathematics. Most of teachers participating in this study were aware of the fact that Korean students ranked in the top percentile in the international comparative students' mathematics achievement studies. The teachers claimed that Korean students still heavily focus on practice and drill computational skills, private lessons at the after school program and parents' high expectation of their child's education, and active involvement in his/her education generated the high scores in mathematics.
Anticoagulants: to bleed or not to bleed, that is the question.

Thromboembolic vascular diseases remain the main cause of death in Western industrialized societies. Anticoagulants retard the formation, growth, and embolization of thrombi and are effective agents in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disease. Anticoagulants in venous thromboembolism have been investigated extensively with rigorous randomized, controlled trials, while the roles for anticoagulants in arterial thromboembolism generally have evolved through natural history studies and empirical practice. Thus, many current guidelines for anticoagulant use in arterial disease are based on successful established routines and rational therapy. To effectively balance the efficacy and risks of anticoagulation, the vascular surgeon needs a thorough understanding of anticoagulant drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their proven and unproven indications. Since the first use of heparin in arterial surgery, a variety of new and different anticoagulants have become available, including low-molecular-weight heparins, heparin-like drugs, hirudins, and thrombin inhibitors. Despite their diverse actions, they all inhibit some portion of the plasma coagulation cascade, thus distinguishing them from platelet inhibitors or fibrinolytics. Every interference with the coagulation cascade carries a risk of minor, major, or fatal hemorrhage. To date, no drug or therapeutic strategy has succeeded fully in dissociating its antithrombotic effects from its risks of bleeding.
Use of Geometrically-Accurate Models to Predict Spent Nuclear Fuel Cladding Temperatures Within a Truck Cask Under Normal and Fire Accident Conditions

The temperature of spent nuclear fuel cladding within transport casks must be determined for both normal conditions of transport and hypothetical fire accident conditions to assure that it does not exceed certain limit conditions. In the current work a two-dimensional finite-element thermal model of a legal-weight truck cask is constructed that accurately models the geometry of the fuel rods and cover gas. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed that include buoyancy induced motion in, and radiation and natural convection heat transfer across the cover gas, as well as conduction in all solid components. Separate simulations are performed using helium or nitrogen cover gas. Stagnant-gas CFD (SCFD) simulations are preformed and compared to CFD simulations to determine the effect of gas motion. For normal conditions of transport, the peak clad temperature is determined for a range of fuel heat generation rates to determine the thermal dissipation capacity based on peak cladding and surface temperature, QC and QS. These are respectively, the fuel heat generation rates that bring the peak cladding temperature to 400°C, or the peak surface temperature to 85°C (their allowed limits for normal transport). Transient fire/post fire simulations are then performed for a range of fire durations to determine the critical durations for cladding Creep Deformation or Burst Rupture, DCD or DBR . These are the fire durations that bring the cladding temperature to 570°C or 750°C, respectively. When the cladding temperature is used to select the fuel heat generation rate, the thermal dissipation capacity is 3265 W/assembly when helium is the cover gas, which is 30% higher when nitrogen is used (due to helium’s higher thermal conductivity). When nitrogen is the cover gas, the critical fire durations for creep deformation and burst rupture are, respectively, 3.3 and 7.2 hours. These durations are 18% and 14% shorter for helium (because the allowed fuel heat generation rate is higher for helium). When the fuel heat generation is chosen based on the package surface temperature, for helium, the thermal dissipation capacity is 1040 W/assembly, and the critical fire durations for creed deformation and burst rupture are, respectively, 4.7 and 11.6 hours. The values for nitrogen are all within 4% of these values. The CFD and SCFD simulations give essentially the same results. This indicates that gas motion does not significantly affect the cladding temperature, and the future calculations may not need to incur the increased computation expense required to model that motion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Prostate cancer and the multiple primary malignant neoplasm syndrome

In an attempt to evaluate the relationship of prostate cancer to the multiple primary malignant neoplasm syndrome, 626 prostate cancer cases were reviewed. Patients with one malignant tumor appear to be no more at risk of developing a prostate cancer than individuals who have never had a tumor.
Gene expression of insulin-like growth factors and receptors in neoplastic prostate tissues: correlation with clinico-pathological parameters.

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been shown to regulate prostate cell growth in vitro and, possibly, in vivo. In this study we examined RNA expression of IGF ligands and their receptors in 23 paired benign and neoplastic prostate tissues. In addition to comparing gene expression of IGF ligands and receptors between benign and neoplastic tissue samples, we correlated IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFR-1, and IGFR-2 RNA levels in tumor samples with prognostic clinico-pathological parameters such as stage, grade, Gleason score, perineural or extraprostatic invasion. We found higher IGF-I RNA levels in benign vs. malignant tissues (p = 0.014), whereas IGF-II RNA expression was higher in tumors with high Gleason score (GS) (p = 0.045). Using the Spearman rank correlation test we also found a positive correlation between IGFR-2 RNA levels and GS (p = 0.01). No correlation was found between expression of IGF ligands and receptors and tumor grade, stage perineural invasion, or extrapros-tatic involvement. We conc...
Telomerase expression is sufficient for chromosomal integrity in cells lacking p53 dependent G1 checkpoint function

Secondary cultures of human fibroblasts display a finite lifespan ending at senescence. Loss of p53 function by mutation or viral oncogene expression bypasses senescence, allowing cell division to continue for an additional 10 – 20 doublings. During this time chromosomal aberrations seen in mitotic cells increase while DNA damage and decatenation checkpoint functions in G2 cells decrease.
The Vestey Cattle Enterprise and the Regime of Juan Vicente Gómez, 1908–1935

This article seeks to expand our understanding of the dynamics of the Gomez regime and of its treatment of foreign investment by examining its relationship with a large British enterprise engaged in ranching and frozen meat exports. The company and the regime established mutually beneficial relationships during the First World War, but when the tighter market conditions of the post-war period obliged the company to restrict its purchases of cattle from Gomez, he forced the company to end its exports. The regime's treatment of the Vestey enterprise thus offers a vivid contrast to its treatment of foreign oil companies.
"About This Map": An Interdisciplinary and Global Education Approach to Geography Education.

The migration of people along transnational paths, combined with the increased connectedness of billions of people through global media networks, requires reinvestment in a twenty-first century, mu...
Interplay between mass-impurity and vacancy phonon scattering effects on the thermal conductivity of doped cadmium oxide

Understanding the impact and complex interaction of thermal carrier scattering centers in functional oxide systems is critical to their progress and application. In this work, we study the interplay among electron and phonon thermal transport, mass-impurity scattering, and phonon-vacancy interactions on the thermal conductivity of cadmium oxide. We use time domain thermoreflectance to measure the thermal conductivity of a set of CdO thin films doped with Dy up to the saturation limit. Using measurements at room temperature and 80 K, our results suggest that the enhancement in thermal conductivity at low Dy concentrations is dominated by an increase in the electron mobility due to a decrease in oxygen vacancy concentration. Furthermore, we find that at intermediate doping concentrations, the subsequent decrease in thermal conductivity can be ascribed to a large reduction in phononic thermal transport due to both point defect and cation-vacancy scattering. With these results, we gain insight into the comple...
Growth and Structure of Microcrystalline Silicon by Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering

We have deposited microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) at low temperature by reactive dc magnetron sputtering. The structure and crystallinity of the films are analyzed by in situ spectroscopie ellipsometry. μc-Si growth occurs at deposition conditions with substrate temperature between 150 – 300 °C and hydrogen partial pressure above 4 mtorr. We have also observed that the deposition rate strongly affects the interface structure. At a rate of 21 A/min, a 230 A thick amorphous layer appears at the interface of film and glass substrate. The interface layer thickness decreases with deposition rate, and becomes undiscernible for growth rates ∼ 2 A/min. The thickness of the interface layer is also found to depend on substrates.
Effect of Prolonged Exercise on Polynuclear Count in Man

It is generally agreed that the white cell count in man increases to a considerable extent after severe exercise of short duration. This increase, however, does not involve any appreciable shift in the polynuclear count and is accordingly to be regarded as due to a redistribution of white cells from “organ reservoirs” rather than as the result of marrow activity.1 Hitherto no attempt has been made to find the effect of prolonged exercise on the polynuclear count, and it is with this point that this note is concerned.The experiment was carried out on 14 members of the Brown University football team, all in excellent physical condition, and all between the ages of 19 and 23. The first counts were made before the team went into training, and none of the subjects had been engaged in severe exercise for months previously. The “prolonged exercise” consisted of the usual 3-hour period 6 days a week of training and practice, including the weekly football game, and this continued from September 10th to November 24...
High thermoelectric performance via hierarchical compositionally alloyed nanostructures

Previous efforts to enhance thermoelectric performance have primarily focused on reduction in lattice thermal conductivity caused by broad-based phonon scattering across multiple length scales. Herein, we demonstrate a design strategy which provides for simultaneous improvement of electrical and thermal properties of p-type PbSe and leads to ZT ∼ 1.6 at 923 K, the highest ever reported for a tellurium-free chalcogenide. Our strategy goes beyond the recent ideas of reducing thermal conductivity by adding two key new theory-guided concepts in engineering, both electronic structure and band alignment across nanostructure–matrix interface. Utilizing density functional theory for calculations of valence band energy levels of nanoscale precipitates of CdS, CdSe, ZnS, and ZnSe, we infer favorable valence band alignments between PbSe and compositionally alloyed nanostructures of CdS1–xSex/ZnS1–xSex. Then by alloying Cd on the cation sublattice of PbSe, we tailor the electronic structure of its two valence bands (...
Risk assessment on subway tunnel engineering during construction process

To reduce the risk of subway tunnel construction process,the frame of risk assessment in the construction of subway tunnel was presented which dealt with risk identification,risk analysis,risk assessment,risk monitoring and risk management ways,etc.Risk matrix assessment rules were adopted to avoid dilution effect because of multiplication of risk probability and loss.With the construction of metro line No.2 in Nanjing as an example,the risk factors of subway tunnel was analyzed,the risk was quantified from the view of cost and time,and the risk management measures were put forward logther with quantified results and assessed rule of risk.The experience and conclusions can provide reference to risk assessment of subway tunnel engineering during construction process.
The Bellows Analogy in Laozi V and Warring States Macrobiotic Hygiene

The bamboo-slip medical manuscript entitled Yinshu (Pulling Book) from Zhangjiashan tomb 247, Hubei (burial dated ca. mid-second cen¬tury B.C.), includes a passage that uses the analogy of the bellows attested in received literature in Laozi V. In Yinshu the analogy is placed at the head of a macrobiotic technique. This article discusses the technique and argues that the bellows analogy most likely developed as part of the Warring States medical tradition of macrobiotic hygiene; that is, the bellows analogy in Laozi V was borrowed from medicine.
Gastrointestinal Helminths of Two Species of Skinks: Emoia veracunda and Prasinohaema flavipes (Squamata: Scincidae) from Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT: Forty scincid lizards, Emoia veracunda (emo skink; n = 7) and Prasinohaema flavipes (common green tree skink, n = 33) from Papua New Guinea were examined for gastrointestinal helminths. One species of Digenea, Saurokoilophilia kinsellai, and six species of Nematoda, Bakeria bakeri, Falcaustra papuensis, Parapharyngodon maplestoni, Skrjabinodon sheai, Abbreviata sp., and Rictulariidae gen. sp. were found. Individuals of P. maplestoni were the most abundant (n = 21); Rictulariidae gen. sp. had the highest prevalence (29%). Emoia veracunda and P. flavipes are infected by generalist helminths that have been found in other lizards from Papua New Guinea. Seven new host records are reported.
Weight loss surgery in adolescents corrects high-density lipoprotein subspecies and their function

Weight loss surgery in adolescents corrects high-density lipoprotein subspecies and their function
Treatment of Seizures Related to Eclampsia: A Multi-Center Retrospective Analysis, 1995-2015 (I5.009)

Objective: To identify factors associated with treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), in addition to magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), in women with eclamptic seizure. Background: Treatment of seizures attributed to eclampsia varies and is inconsistent. Best available evidence demonstrates that MgSO4 is superior to AEDs in the management of eclamptic seizures. However, AEDs are often prescribed. Design/Methods: Cases with clear documentation attributing seizure activity to eclampsia from 1995-2015 at two large urban academic medical centers were identified using ICD-9 codes and reviewed by a neurologist and obstetrician. Demographics and other potential covariates were analyzed, including the presence of prodromal symptoms prior to seizure activity, history of epilepsy or migraines, formal neurology consultation, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) on neuroimaging. Analyses focused on patterns of AED utilization among women with single versus multiple seizures with sub-analysis of initial seizure occurring antepartum or postpartum. Continuous and categorical variables were analyzed with student’s t-test, chi-square, and Fisher’s exact test. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression. Results: Of 93 cases of eclamptic seizures, 90 had complete data including treatment regimen. Overall, women with >1 seizure were more likely to receive an AED in addition to MgSO4 (OR 3.27 [95[percnt] confidence interval (CI) 1.38-7.76]). The likelihood of receiving AEDs was further increased in women with >1 seizure in the postpartum setting (OR 4.6 [95[percnt] CI 1.1-19.14]). Women with >1 seizure were also more likely to have a history of migraines, PRES on neuroimaging, and seizure activity postpartum. Discussion: In this retrospective cohort, women with >1 eclamptic seizure were more likely to receive an AED, especially if the first seizure occurred postpartum. Further prospective research is needed to determine the significance of this trend, particularly in the prevention of recurrent seizures in the antepartum/postpartum settings. Disclosure: Dr. Deck has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yarrington has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hoch9s spouse holds stock and/or stock options in Merck, Biogen Idec, and Regeneron. Dr. McElrath has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pennell has nothing to disclose.
It’s reticulated: Diabetes, atherosclerosis, and reticulated platelets

New research describes regulatory pathways for reticulated thrombocytosis in a mouse model of diabetes.
Abstract 506: Effects of High Salt Diet on Urine and Sodium Excretion in Db/db Mice

Cardiovascular diseases are among the complications of diabetes mellitus. People with hypertension are encouraged to reduce salt intake. Our working hypothesis is that diabetes will not cause sodiu...
Structural competency meets structural racism: race, politics, and the structure of medical knowledge.

The call for structural competency encourages medicine to broaden its approach to matters of race and culture so that it might better address both individual-level doctor and patient characteristics and institutional factors.
A protocol for obtaining DNA barcodes from plant and insect fragments isolated from forensic-type soils.

Soil is often collected from a suspect’s tire, vehicle, or shoes during a criminal investigation and subsequently submitted to a forensic laboratory for analysis. Plant and insect material recovered in such samples is rarely analyzed, as morphological identification is difficult. In this study, DNA barcoding was used for taxonomic identifications by targeting the gene regions known to permit discrimination in plants [maturase K (matK) and ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL)] and insects [cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI)]. A DNA barcode protocol suitable for processing forensic-type biological fragments was developed and its utility broadly tested with forensic-type fragments (e.g., seeds, leaves, bark, head, legs; n, 213) isolated from soils collected within Virginia, USA (n, 11). Difficulties with PCR inhibitors in plant extracts and obtaining clean Sanger sequence data from insect amplicons were encountered during protocol development; however, the final protocol produced sequences specific to the expected locus and taxa. The overall quantity and quality of DNA extracted from the 213 forensic-type biological fragments was low (< 15 ng/μL). For plant fragments, only the rbcL sequence data was deemed reliable; thus, taxonomic identifications were limited to the family level. The majority of insect sequences matched COI in both GenBank and Barcode of Life DataSystems; however, they were identified as an undescribed environmental contaminant. Although limited taxonomic information was gleaned from the forensic-type fragments processed in this study, the new protocol shows promise for obtaining reliable and specific identifications through DNA barcoding, which could ultimately enhance the information gleaned from soil examinations.
Control of runaway electron energy using externally injected whistler waves

One way of mitigating runaway damage of the plasma-facing components in a tokamak fusion reactor is by limiting the runaway electron energy under a few MeV, while not necessarily reducing the runaway current appreciably. Here, we describe a physics mechanism by which such momentum space engineering of the runaway distribution can be facilitated by externally injected high-frequency electromagnetic waves such as whistler waves. The drastic impact that wave-induced scattering can have on the runaway energy distribution is fundamentally the result of its ability to control the runaway vortex in the momentum space. The runaway vortex, which is a local circulation of runaways in momentum space, is the outcome of the competition between Coulomb collisions, synchrotron radiation damping, and runaway acceleration by the parallel electric field. By introducing a wave that resonantly interacts with runaways in a particular range of energies which is mildly relativistic, the enhanced scattering would reshape the vor...
The work of happiness: A response to De La Fabián and Stecher (2017):

Following is a critical response to De La Fabian and Stecher (2017). The authors contend that my book, Happiness as Enterprise (2014), is flawed in its attribution of the practice of positive psych...
Emerging reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HIV-1 infection.

Introduction: There are 36.7 million people living with HIV with 20.9 million having access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) remain th...
New and Renewed Breeding Methodology

Over the past 10,000 years, barley breeders and geneticists have developed increasingly complex breeding methods. The first selectors were incredibly successful at differentiating the major germplasm groups we still recognize: 2-row/6-row, malt/feed/food/forage, and winter/spring/facultative. They also left a legacy of genetic bottlenecks that breeders and pathologists labor to rectify. Over the years, breeding methods have diverged and rejoined, forming a veritable network of oxbows, backwaters, crosscurrents, and channels. Accelerated generation advance – via off-season nurseries and/or doubled haploids – remains a central feature of many programs. The big wave of fashionable marker-assisted selection has crested, leaving significant smaller sets behind for those actively engaged in implementation. Genomic selection is the current draw, with theory in hot pursuit of results. In this section of the conference, key papers highlight the diversity of breeding methods applied around the world.
X-ray Microholography, Exciting Possibility or Impossible Dream?

Bright, spatially coherent soft x-ray sources are now becoming available and high-resolution imaging of biological specimens by x-ray holography has been discussed as an exciting application for the new sources (Robinson, 1985; Underwood and Attwood, 1984; Solem and Baldwin, 1982; Solem and Chapline, 1984; Matthews et al, 1985). However, even with fully coherent sources, there are some severe limitations for 3-D imaging which make it questionable if x-ray holography will ever be of any practical use for the imaging of microscopic objects. The purpose of this note is to point out these difficulties and speculate about possibilities to alleviate the problem.