cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is the best anesthetic for ICD implants

t m Propofol is the anesthetic agent most commonly used for patients undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement, largely due to its favorable pharmacokinetic profile resulting in rapid postoperative recovery. However, propofol’s pharmacodynamic properties are problematic: its profound respiratory depressant actions frequently cause apnea, and its vasodilatory and myocardial depressant effects cause hypotension. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Sayfo et al report an bservational study of proceduralist-directed, nurse-adminstered propofol anesthesia for ICD implants. They found a 0% incidence of “serious” and 39% incidence of “nonerious” adverse events (AEs). Furthermore, they identified subset of patients at greatest risk for complications, inluding patients with higher New York Heart Association unctional classes, those with lower left ventricular ejection raction, and those undergoing cardiac resynchronization herapy–defibrillator (CRT-D) implants and other long proedures. Pandya et al reported similar complication rates and risk factors for anesthesiologist-administered propofol anesthesia during ICD implants. These two studies raise the question: is propofol the best anesthetic for sicker patients undergoing complex ICD procedures? Alternative anesthetics possess better hemodynamic and respiratory profiles. Conscious sedation with narcotics and benzodiazepines has low risk during procedures that do not require repeated defibrillation testing. However, these drugs lack propofol’s advantageous pharmacokinetic profile and become problematic during prolonged procedures. In contrast, etomidate’s properties include not only hemodynamic stability in patients with valvular and ischemic heart disease, and minimal respiratory depression, but also rapid recovery after either a single dose or ontinuous infusion. In a prospective study of patients receivng etomidate for defibrillation threshold testing, there were no pisodes of hypotension or hypoxemia. Likewise, studies comparing propofol with etomidate have consistently found propofol more likely to produce hypotension, particularly in patients who are older, have ASA physical status 3, or have borderline hemodynamics.
Radiolabeled Benzoylcholine Derivatives as Possible Myocardial-Imaging Agents

Two radioiodinated analogs of benzoylcholine were investigated as possible myocardial-imaging agents. O-([2-125I]iodobenzoyl)choline and N-([2-125I]iodobenzoyl)cholamine were prepared by nucleophilic substitution of sodium [125I] iodide for stable iodine in O-(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-2-iodobenzoate and N-(N', N'-dimethyiaminoethyl)-2-iodobenzamide, respectively, and by methylation with methyl iodide. The in vivo distribution of each compound in mice was determined as a function of time. Favorable heart-to-blood and heart-to-lung ratios were obtained with N-([2-125I]iodobenzoyl)cholamine.
Microstrip patch antennas with frequency agility and polarization diversity over a wide frequency range

We present the design of a microstrip patch element with both frequency agility and polarization diversity over a wide frequency range. Conceptual verifications with hardware implementation using surface-mount lumped components was performed, and good agreement between measurements with simulations are presented. A measured frequency tuning ratio of 1.8:1 is presented for the circular polarization mode. The application areas are ground-based and satellite communication systems.
Impacts of zooplankton composition and algal enrichment on the accumulation of mercury in an experimental freshwater food web

Abstract There is a well documented accumulation of mercury in fish to concentrations of concern for human consumption. Variation in fish Hg burden between lakes is often high and may result from differences in Hg transfer through lower levels of the food web where mercury is bioconcentrated to phytoplankton and transferred to herbivorous zooplankton. Prior research derived patterns of mercury accumulation in freshwater invertebrates from field collected animals. This study provides results from controlled mesocosm experiments comparing the effects of zooplankton composition, algal abundance, and the chemical speciation of mercury on the ability of zooplankton to accumulate mercury from phytoplankton and transfer that mercury to planktivores. Experiments were conducted in 550-L mesocosms across a gradient of algal densities manipulated by inorganic nutrient additions. Enriched, stable isotopes of organic (CH 3 200 HgCl) and inorganic ( 201 HgCl 2 ) mercury were added to mesocosms and their concentrations measured in water, seston, and three common zooplankton species. After 2 weeks, monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations were two to three times lower in the two copepod species, Leptodiaptomus minutus and Mesocyclops edax than in the cladoceran, Daphnia mendotae . All three zooplankton species had higher MMHg concentrations in mesocosms with low versus high initial algal abundance. However, despite higher concentrations of inorganic mercury (Hg I ) in seston from low nutrient mesocosms, there were no significant differences in the Hg I accumulated by zooplankton across nutrient treatments. Bioaccumulation factors for MMHg in the plankton were similar to those calculated for plankton in natural lakes and a four-compartment (aqueous, seston, macrozooplankton, and periphyton/sediments) mass balance model after 21 days accounted for ∼18% of the CH 3 200 Hg and ∼33% of the 201 Hg added. Results from our experiments corroborate results from field studies and suggest the importance of particular zooplankton herbivores (e.g., Daphnia ) in the transfer of Hg to higher trophic levels in aquatic food webs.
Picture-Word Interference in Learning Disabled and Normal Children

The response latencies of learning disabled (LD) and normal control boys were compared on a picture-word interference task. A series of line drawings (pictures) with words imbedded in the center were presented. The embedded words either named the associated picture (C), were from the same category as the associated picture (IC), or were from a different category than the associated picture (IR). In separate conditions, the subjects' task was either to (a) name the word, (b) name the picture, (c) categorize the word, or (d) categorize the picture. Both LD and normal control boys exhibited greater interference effects (longer response latencies) when naming pictures (versus naming words) and when categorizing words (versus categorizing pictures). These results support Smith and Magee's (1980) two-process model of name and category activation. In addition, the LD boys experienced more interference than normal control boys whenever any irrelevant stimuli were present (IR and IU pairs). The nature of the atten...
Does Social Work Oppress Evangelical Christians? A “New Class” Analysis of Society and Social Work

This article argues that social work, informed by "new class" ideology, oppresses Evangelical Christians. The article discusses the rise of the "new class," along with its attendant ideology, which sanctions and legitimizes discrimination against Evangelicals and other people of faith. The role of social work, a "new class" profession, in the oppression of Evangelicals is profiled, and its inability to extend tolerance to this population is traced to its "new class" ideology, which inhibits it from functioning in accordance with its professed values and ethics. Consequently, the article suggests that social work is losing touch with numerous ethnic and religious minority groups, and unless the profession deconstructs the ideology that informs it, it will be unable to provide services to or facilitate dialogue among the increasingly diverse populations of North America.
Historic Civil Rights Case Offers Many Lessons in Negotiation

It is our personal belief that multiculturalism, in general, and the particular contribution of African-American people is not widely appreciated in the study of dispute resolution. We have found reexamination of the Montgomery bus boycott a provocative introduction. This case makes a compelling argument that at the core of the cultural heritage of blacks are values that enhance integrative bargaining around public disputes: (1) Strong respect for democracy; (2) A propensity for cooperation; (3) Respect for democratically established laws (even when they work to maintain oppression); and (4) Bias toward nonviolent forms of social action and political protest as a means to address grievances before policymakers.
A Method for Studying Differential Distractor Functioning

A method of analyzing test item responses is advocated to examine differential item functioning through distractor choices of those who answer an item incorrectly. The analysis, called Differential Distractor Functioning, uses log-linear models of a three-way contingency table to examine whether there is an interaction of population subgroup and option choice when ability is held constant. The analysis is explained and is exemplified in an analysis of the Verbal portion of a recent Scholastic Aptitude Test.
Negative autoregulation by Fas stabilizes adult erythropoiesis and accelerates its stress response.

Erythropoiesis maintains a stable hematocrit and tissue oxygenation in the basal state, while mounting a stress response that accelerates red cell production in anemia, blood loss or high altitude. Thus, tissue hypoxia increases secretion of the hormone erythropoietin (Epo), stimulating an increase in erythroid progenitors and erythropoietic rate. Several cell divisions must elapse, however, before Epo-responsive progenitors mature into red cells. This inherent delay is expected to reduce the stability of erythropoiesis and to slow its response to stress. Here we identify a mechanism that helps to offset these effects. We recently showed that splenic early erythroblasts, ‘EryA’, negatively regulate their own survival by co-expressing the death receptor Fas, and its ligand, FasL. Here we studied mice mutant for either Fas or FasL, bred onto an immune-deficient background, in order to avoid an autoimmune syndrome associated with Fas deficiency. Mutant mice had a higher hematocrit, lower serum Epo, and an increased number of splenic erythroid progenitors, suggesting that Fas negatively regulates erythropoiesis at the level of the whole animal. In addition, Fas-mediated autoregulation stabilizes the size of the splenic early erythroblast pool, since mutant mice had a significantly more variable EryA pool than matched control mice. Unexpectedly, in spite of the loss of a negative regulator, the expansion of EryA and ProE progenitors in response to high Epo in vivo, as well as the increase in erythropoietic rate in mice injected with Epo or placed in a hypoxic environment, lagged significantly in the mutant mice. This suggests that Fas-mediated autoregulation accelerates the erythropoietic response to stress. Therefore, Fas-mediated negative autoregulation within splenic erythropoietic tissue optimizes key dynamic features in the operation of the erythropoietic network as a whole, helping to maintain erythroid homeostasis in the basal state, while accelerating the stress response.
Ethnocentric frames across race : the media's role in activating ethnocentrism and public support for conflict abroad.

This study revisits Kinder's and Kam's (2007; 2009) studies that provided political scientists with a theoretical and operational definition of ethnocentrism-our tendency to partition the world into in-groups and out-groups. They assert that the activation of ethnocentrism hinges on elite framing and issue-attention. In addition, they have shown whites to be more ethnocentric than blacks, generally. This thesis begins with, and after conducting a framing experiment, accepts the hypothesis that the media frame news ethnocentrically and that frames have a greater effect on activating ethnocentrism, fear, and support for war across white Americans than black Americans. Furthermore, my empirical analysis of ethnocentrism's effects on support for war, across race and over time, demonstrates that ethnocentrism is significant in driving support for war (across white individuals) at its onset, but I suggest that ethnocentric considerations are supplanted over time by considerations of the costs, implications of war, and decreasing interest.
An inversion algorithm applied to SAR data to retrieve surface parameters

An inversion algorithm is used to retrieve surface parameters from airborne SAR data obtained over areas of low vegetation and bare soil fields. The algorithm is based on a nonlinear least-squares criterion, and allows the simultaneous inversion of all surface parameters through an iterative procedure. The algorithm is formulated in a manner to include the statistics of the unknown surface parameters and of radar measurements. The surface model can be chosen arbitrarily depending on each particular application and surface type. The authors have chosen a small perturbation model and described the surface in terms of its permittivity, rms surface height, and correlation length. The performance of the inversion algorithm is first evaluated by using synthetic data. The method is then applied to SAR data and the results are compared to ground-truth measurements where available. >
Warts and all: using student portfolio outcomes to facilitate a faculty development workshop

Abstract In 2004, the Department of Writing Studies at Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island, the U.S., began an assessment of student outcomes for two first-year writing courses (Fall 04 to Fall 05) to evaluate performance on previously established criteria. A study of the students’ Portfolio Assessment Sheets concluded that one pervasive problem was “Development” as determined partly by low A grades in the two courses. To engage the faculty (full-time and adjunct), the grades from Fall 04, Spring 05, and Fall 05 were presented during a Summer Workshop in June 2006. After analyzing a sample student essay, the 28 faculty participants discussed the implications of “Development” and evaluated the presentation itself. This case study of one college's participatory exercise in improving writing found some faculty resistance and some unintended results.
Comments on "The Heating of Slabs With Arbitrary Heat Inputs"

^|=0.II9 AT M^oo more closely with the experiment than those of Li and Geiger. This is expected since the effect of curvature is included in the present solution, as was also pointed out by Li and Geiger. The pressure coefficient at r = a has also been computed vs. 6. The results are in good agreement with those from experiments and theory of Li and Geiger near the stagnation point.
Neurotensin inhibits both dopamine- and GABA-mediated inhibition of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons.

Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter that plays an important role in a number of different physiological processes and disorders. There is substantial evidence that the neuropeptide neurotensi...
Enthalpy of Formation for Cu–Zn–Sn–S (CZTS) Calculated from Surface Binding Energies Experimentally Measured by Ion Sputtering

Herein, we report an analytical procedure to calculate the enthalpy of formation for thin film multinary compounds from sputtering rates measured during ion bombardment. The method is based on Sigmund’s sputtering theory and the Born–Haber cycle. Using this procedure, an enthalpy of formation for a CZTS film of the composition Cu1.9Zn1.5Sn0.8S4 was measured as −930 ± 98 kJ mol–1. This value is much more negative than the sum of the enthalpies of formation for the constituent binary compounds, meaning the multinary formation reaction is predicted to be exothermic. The measured enthalpy of formation was used to estimate the temperature dependence of the Gibb’s free energy of reaction, which appears consistent with many experimental reports in the CZTS processing literature.
The Occurrence of Mites in the Tracheal System of Certain Orthoptera

The initial discovery of this form of parasitism was made on August 13, 1914, by Mr. C. C. Hamilton, a student at the Kansas State Agricultural College. While examining a series of insects for internal parasites he found the tracheae of a grasshopper ( Hippiscus apiculatus Harris) infested with what appeared to be a mite. The unusualness of such a relation attracted attention at once and the problem of making an intensive study of the whole matter was turned over to the first author of this paper, then a graduate student in the Department of Entomology in the above mentioned institution and working under the direction of the second author. The study was carried on over two successive seasons, but later interrupted by the departure of both authors to other institutions. In the meantime Rennie and his associates (1921) announced the discovery in Great Britain of a new species of mite, Tarsonemus woodi Rennie, now known as Acarapis woodi Rennie, which inhabits the tracheal system of the common honeybee and which, according to all evidence available at the present time, is the causative agent of the well known Isle of Wight disease. This appears to be the first published record of mites inhabiting the tracheal system of an insect. The discovery of this unique form of parasitism and its causal relation to the Isle of Wight disease gave new interest to the earlier discovery of mites in the tracheal system of grasshoppers and during the past six months a complete re-examination of all of the original materials and records has been made. Although very incomplete in certain respects, it has seemed wise to publish an account of the principal results of this investigation in order to make available such facts as have been determined and to interest other investigators in extending knowledge of this form of parasitism.
Study on Development of Cassava Industry in Hunan Province

The current situation of cassava industry,the feasibility of developing cassava industry and the existent problems in the development of cassava industry in Hunan Province are analyzed.The developmental strategy for cassava industry in Hunan Province is put forward to provide reference for the development of cassava industry in Hunan Province.
Cryopreserved fetal human liver hematopoietic progenitor cells for repopulating immune-deficient mouse bone marrow.

BACKGROUND Experimental and clinical protocols are being developed for the cryopreservation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. However, the effect of these procedures on the potential for HPC to repopulate bone marrow is unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of cryopreservation on the ability of fetal human liver HPC, which include CD34+ cells and long-term culture-initiating cells, to repopulate immunodeficient non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mouse bone marrow. METHODS Groups of sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID mice were injected intravenously with cryopreserved or freshly isolated fetal human liver HPC. RESULTS Seven weeks after transplantation, flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow samples showed that mice that received the transplanted cells (either cryopreserved or freshly isolated) demonstrated both lymphoid and myeloid differentiation as well as the retention of a significant fraction of CD34+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Cryopreserved fetal human liver-derived HPC appear to be capable of initiating human cell engraftment in NOD/SCID mouse bone marrow and open the possibility of using cryopreserved fetal human liver HPC for gene manipulation, gene transfusion therapy, and transplantation purposes.
Women Faculty of Color in a Predominantly White Institution: A Natural Support Group

As women faculty of color in a Predominantly White Institution (PWI) we face a myriad of obstacles including marginalization, isolation, and the constant struggle to find balance between our person...
Emerging role for regulated in development and DNA damage 1 (REDD1) in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism

Since its discovery, the protein regulated in development and DNA damage 1 (REDD1) has been implicated in the cellular response to various stressors. Most notably, its role as a repressor of signaling through the central metabolic regulator, the mechanistic target of rapamycin in complex 1 (mTORC1) has gained considerable attention. Not surprisingly, changes in REDD1 mRNA and protein have been observed in skeletal muscle under various physiological conditions (e.g., nutrient consumption and resistance exercise) and pathological conditions (e.g., sepsis, alcoholism, diabetes, obesity) suggesting a role for REDD1 in regulating mTORC1-dependent skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Our understanding of the causative role of REDD1 in skeletal muscle metabolism is increasing mostly due to the availability of genetically modified mice in which the REDD1 gene is disrupted. Results from such studies provide support for an important role for REDD1 in the regulation of mTORC1 as well as reveal unexplored functions of this protein in relation to other aspects of skeletal muscle metabolism. The goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive review of the role of REDD1 (and its paralog REDD2) in skeletal muscle during both physiological and pathological conditions.
Beginnings of a Rural Sustainability Paradigm: The Arctic as Case in Point

Developing sociocultural, economic, and environmental strategies for sustainability is a major challenge facing the world’s rural and urban populations alike. Rural areas lag severely behind their urban counterparts in addressing sustainability milestones yet, as nexuses of biological, cultural and ethnic diversity, they play a crucial role in planetary sustainability. Therefore, there is great need for rigorous research with rural communities to define issues, exchange necessary knowledge and synthesize nascent initiatives exploring rural sustainability. This paper lays a framework for one possible research approach by reflecting on insights from a comparative case, involving long-term research in two arctic contexts: Viliui Sakha settlements of northeastern Siberia, Russia and Nunatsiavut settlements in Labrador Canada. Despite their location on opposite sides of the Arctic, communities in both regions struggle with contemporary issues of a changing climate, an unpredictable economic basis, outmigration of their young people to the urban areas and issues of environmental contamination from past and projected resource extraction.
Minimal complexity of Kochen-Specker sets does not scale with dimension

A Kochen-Specker (KS) set is a specific set of projectors and measurement contexts that prove the Bell-Kochen-Specker contextuality theorem. The simplest known KS sets in Hilbert space dimensions $d=3,4,5,6,8$ are reproduced, and several methods by which a new KS set can be constructed using one or more known KS sets in lower dimensions are reviewed and improved. These KS sets and improved methods enable the construction of explicitly critical new KS sets in all dimensions, where critical refers to the irreducibility of the set of contexts. The simplest known critical KS sets are derived in all even dimensions $d\ensuremath{\ge}10$ with at most nine contexts and 30 projectors, and in all odd dimensions $d\ensuremath{\ge}7$ with at most 13 contexts and 39 projectors. These results show that neither the number of contexts nor the number of projectors in a minimal KS set scales with dimension $d$.
Increasing Walking in the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport: The Walk to Fly Study

Objectives. To test the effectiveness of a point-of-decision intervention to prompt walking, versus motorized transport, in a large metropolitan airport.Methods. We installed point-of-decision prompt signage at 4 locations in the airport transportation mall at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (Atlanta, GA) at the connecting corridor between airport concourses. Six ceiling-mounted infrared sensors counted travelers entering and exiting the study location. We collected traveler counts from June 2013 to May 2016 when construction was present and absent (preintervention period: June 2013–September 2014; postintervention period: September 2014–May 2016). We used a model that incorporated weekly walking variation to estimate the intervention effect on walking.Results. There was an 11.0% to 16.7% relative increase in walking in the absence of airport construction where 580 to 810 more travelers per day chose to walk. Through May 2016, travelers completed 390 000 additional walking trips.Conclusio...
An ancient neurotrophin receptor code; a single Runx/Cbfβ complex determines somatosensory neuron fate specification in zebrafish

In terrestrial vertebrates such as birds and mammals, neurotrophin receptor expression is considered fundamental for the specification of distinct somatosensory neuron types where TrkA, TrkB and TrkC specify nociceptors, mechanoceptors and proprioceptors/mechanoceptors, respectively. In turn, Runx transcription factors promote neuronal fate specification by regulating neurotrophin receptor and sensory receptor expression where Runx1 mediates TrkA+ nociceptor diversification while Runx3 promotes a TrkC+ proprioceptive/mechanoceptive fate. Here, we report in zebrafish larvae that orthologs of the neurotrophin receptors in contrast to terrestrial vertebrates mark overlapping and distinct subsets of nociceptors suggesting that TrkA, TrkB and TrkC do not intrinsically promote nociceptor, mechanoceptor and proprioceptor/mechanoceptor neuronal fates, respectively. While we find that zebrafish Runx3 regulates nociceptors in contrast to terrestrial vertebrates, it shares a conserved regulatory mechanism found in terrestrial vertebrate proprioceptors/mechanoceptors in which it promotes TrkC expression and suppresses TrkB expression. We find that Cbfβ, which enhances Runx protein stability and affinity for DNA, serves as an obligate cofactor for Runx in neuronal fate determination. High levels of Runx can compensate for the loss of Cbfβ, indicating that in this context Cbfβ serves solely as a signal amplifier of Runx activity. Our data suggests an alteration/expansion of the neurotrophin receptor code of sensory neurons between larval teleost fish and terrestrial vertebrates, while the essential roles of Runx/Cbfβ in sensory neuron cell fate determination while also expanded are conserved.
Sample Entropy Identifies Differences in Spontaneous Leg Movement Behavior between Infants with Typical Development and Infants at Risk of Developmental Delay

We are interested in using wearable sensor data to analyze detailed characteristics of movement, such as repeatability and variability of movement patterns, over days and months to accurately capture real-world infant behavior. The purpose of this study was to explore Sample Entropy (SampEn) from wearable sensor data as a measure of variability of spontaneous infant leg movement and as a potential marker of the development of neuromotor control. We hypothesized that infants at risk (AR) of developmental delay would present significantly lower SampEn values than infants with typical development (TD). Participants were 11 infants with TD and 20 infants AR. We calculated SampEn from 1–4 periods of data of 7200 samples in length when the infants were actively playing across the day. The infants AR demonstrated smaller SampEn values (median 0.21) than the infants with TD (median 1.20). Lower values of SampEn indicate more similarity in patterns across time, and may indicate more repetitive, less exploratory behavior in infants AR compared to infants with TD. In future studies, we would like to expand to analyze longer periods of wearable sensor data and/or determine how to optimally sample representative periods across days and months.
The Impact of Aquatic Exercise on Sleep Behaviors in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often demonstrate disturbed sleep behaviors that negatively impact daytime behavior. The purpose of this study was: 1) To determine if participation in aquatic exercise improves sleep duration in children with ASD, and 2) to examine the social validity of the intervention. A within-subjects crossover design over an 8 week period was used. Participants were assigned to the intervention (aquatic exercise 2x/ week for 1 hour) or the control (no exercise) condition for 4 weeks; they then switched conditions for 4 weeks. Sleep habits were recorded using the EMFIT QS sleep monitor. The IRP-15 was administered to parents after completion of the intervention to establish social validity. Mean sleep duration for intervention versus control was compared using the Wilcoxon-Signed Ranks Test. Statistically significant improvements (p=0.012) in sleep duration were observed (intervention:Â 9.27 hours vs control 8.37 hours). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze IRP-15 data indicating the majority of parents strongly agreed that aquatic exercise had a positive effect on their childâ€™s sleep. Results suggest that participation in an aquatic exercise program may lead to improved sleep duration in children with ASD, and is a socially valid intervention.
Case 81: A Patient with a Transplanted Heart for Cholecystectomy

You are an attending anesthesiologist in a university hospital. Today, together with a resident, you are scheduled to anesthetize a 52-year-old man for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He is 160 lbs and 5′10″ tall. His past history is significant for a heart transplant for cardiomyopathy 3 months previously. He is back at work in an office but claims that he has a good exercise tolerance. He is afebrile. At present he takes immunosuppression medication with a low-dose prednisone. He is also on antifungal prophylaxis (itraconazole).
Hilara sp. (Diptera: Empididae; Empidinae): Mating System, Swarm Movements, and Inbreeding Avoidance

In a study spanning parts of nine years, an undescribed species of Hilara Meigen was observed to form mating swarms displaying complex behaviors. Typically, swarms were shaped like a flattened torus rotating rapidly about a horizontal axis. Many swarms also moved up and down and turned slowly back-and-forth about a vertical axis. Both up-and-down and turning movements were random in extent and direction, suggesting that they might arise as random, asymmetric density fluctuations within the swarms themselves. A rotating secondary swarm appeared intermittently inside one end of some primary swarms. Swarm membership changed continually as flies left one swarm to join another and as entire swarms coalesced. At one site the set of all swarms displayed properties not found in the swarms individually: spatial extension, daily dissipation and reconstitution over a period of weeks or months, reproductive potential, and gene flow. Such emergent properties qualify the set as a multicomponent swarm, an object heretofore known only in computer models. Hilara sp. appears to be protandrous, univoltine, and promiscuous. Generally, males paired preferentially with somewhat smaller females, but some small and medium-sized males paired with much larger females. Although males of nearly all known Hilara species present nuptial gifts of prey or other items to females, nuptial gifts were not observed at any time during the present study. Many characteristics of swarms of Hilara sp. can be understood as adaptations that reduce inbreeding.
A critical realist script for creative theorising in information systems

Research in information systems (IS) has been dominated by an epistemic script that leads to a variety of negative consequences related to the novelty, creativity, and nature of theory produced. Wh...
The Effects of Voice System Design Components on Driver Workload

In-vehicle voice control systems are standard in most new vehicles. However, despite auditory-vocal interaction allowing drivers to keep their hands on the steering wheel and eyes on the forward ro...
Bifurcation Theory for Odd Potential Operators

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the bifurcation theory for odd potential operators. It discusses the existence of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. It presents an assumption in which A and B are odd mappings from a real infinite-dimensional Banach space X into its dual X * . It also presents the eigenvalue problem for the pair ( A , B ), the problem of finding u є X , an eigenfunction satisfying some normalization conditions and a real number A , an eigenvalue, such that A ( u ) = λB ( u ). The chapter further presents an assumption in which B : X → X * is a strongly sequentially continuous odd potential operator, that is, B maps every weakly convergent sequence into a strongly convergent sequence and b ( u )
Structure and Function of the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor in Epithelial Cells

Publisher Summary A great deal of progress has been made in the last 15 years in the understanding of the structure and function of the pIgR. The complex cellular itinerary of the pIgR was first elucidated in rat liver, and has since been found to be similar in other tissues and cultured cells. The primary structure of the pIgR has been determined by cDNA cloning and/or direct protein sequencing from rabbit, rat, human, bovine, and murine sources. The receptors from all five species are approximately 65% homologous, although higher degrees of homology are observed in regions with conserved function. Newly synthesized receptors are transported to the basolateral cell surface where ligand is bound. It should be noted that all subsequent transport processes occur independently of receptor occupancy. Receptor/ligand complexes are then rapidly internalized in clathrin-coated pits and enter an acidic endosomal compartment, along with other receptors and their respective ligands. In the relatively low pH of this compartment many ligands dissociate from their receptors; however, IgA remains tightly bound under these conditions. Ultrastructural studies have revealed that the pIgR becomes sequestered in a subcompartment of the endosome, where it is packaged into transcytotic carrier vesicles. Transport of these vesicles to the apical cell surface appears to be facilitated by microtubules, as treatment of cells with nocodazole or other microtubule-depolymerizing agents substantially inhibits transport. At some point during the transport process, a disulfide bond forms between the receptor and one of the IgA monomers, linking them covalently. Upon arrival at the apical plasma membrane, the extracellular domain of the receptor is proteolytically cleaved, producing SC which, along with bound IgA, is released into secretions.
North American NoX Emission Inventories for Long Range Transport Model Evaluation

ABSTRACT The latest generation of long range transport models are beginning to include both sulfur and nitrogen oxide chemical cycles in order to predict among other things the deposition of acidic sulfates and nitrates. These models require more detailed emission inventories, particularly for NOX, than have been available in the past. Partly in response to this need and partly as a result of the Canada/U.S. Memorandum of Intent to develop a bilateral agreement on transboundary air pollution, both the U.S. and Canada have been developing inventories for several of the criteria pollutants, including SO2, NOX and particles. The present status of this effort will be given, along with maps showing the distribution of the source areas and source strengths. An application of the inventories of the Canada/U.S. modeling activities will also be given.
Technical Change Without Humans: Innovation in the Neoclassical Economic Theory

Those who are familiar with conventional economic theory, based on the neoclassical paradigm, may well ask whether this theory should be counted among the “sciences of humankind”. More than three decades ago, Kenneth Boulding provided an incisive answer to this question: Economics has been, and still largely is, a sunless astronomy of commodities, seeking an ever changing equilibrium in cycles not quite as regular as those of the planets, but still moved by differential equations rather than by men.1 If this astronomy had its Kepler, it would be the nineteenth-century French economist, Leon Walras, whose Elements d’economie politique pure laid the foundation for the imposing structure of neoclassical theory. This would, however, be the Kepler of the Mysterium cosmographicum of 1595, which was based on the assumption of circular planetary paths. For while Kepler was willing later to to revise his theory to accommodate the empirical observations of Tycho Brahe, which clearly pointed to elliptical paths, the neoclassical paradigm has largely remained immune to all evidence contradicting its assumptions and conclusions.
Characterization of muscles from boars, barrows, and gilts slaughtered at 100 or 110 kilograms: differences in fat, moisture, color, water-holding capacity, and collagen.

For characterization of ether-extractable fat content (EE), L * , a * , and b * color, and water-holding capacity (WHC), 12 muscles or muscle groups were dissected from 48 pork carcasses of boars, barrows, or gilts that were fed diets either at minimum (LO) or 1% above (HI) their protein requirements and slaughtered in two separate trials at 100 or 110 kg. In both trials across muscles, gilts and boars had lower (P .05) in WHC were seen in the 110-kg trial. In the 100-kg trial, gilts had lower L * ( P <.05) than boars and barrows, but in the 110-kg trial boars had lower L * (P <.05) than barrows and gilts. The lowest (P <.05) a * values were for boars in the 100-kg trial and for boars on LO diets in the 110-kg trial. In both trials, the serratus ventralis had more (P <.001) EE than all other muscles. In both trials, the semitendinosus had higher ( P <.001) L * and the longissimus had lower ( P <.01) a * and b * than all other muscles. The numerous differences observed among muscles may help identify optimal uses for the entire pork carcass.
Evaluation of health education interventions on Chinese factory workers' knowledge, practices, and behaviors related to infectious disease.

Abstract Background Workplaces are a common location for infectious disease transmission among adults. To provide recommendations regarding appropriate health promotion programs, we evaluated the impact of three different interventions on factory workers. Methods In a prospective intervention study carried out from October 2012 to June 2013, three factories were selected and each was assigned a different intervention method (i.e. self-study group, manager training group and interactional group discussion group). Participants were scored on their knowledge, behavior, and hygienic practices related to infectious disease prevention both before and after the intervention. Results A total of 1154 participants completed the survey before the intervention and 1111 completed the survey after. The sum infectious disease knowledge score in the manager training group was higher after the intervention (9.09/12) than before (8.63/12, t = 4.47, p Conclusions Overall, change in health behaviors and hygiene practices were not as affected compared to changes in knowledge after interventions related to infectious disease health promotion. Training managers who then interact with workers may be an effective and efficient way of educating workers on health issues.
DeepSeeNet: A Deep Learning Model for Automated Classification of Patient-based Age-related Macular Degeneration Severity from Color Fundus Photographs.

Purpose In assessing the severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) Simplified Severity Scale predicts the risk of progression to late AMD. However, its manual use requires the time-consuming participation of expert practitioners. Although several automated deep learning systems have been developed for classifying color fundus photographs (CFP) of individual eyes by AREDS severity score, none to date has used a patient-based scoring system that uses images from both eyes to assign a severity score. Design DeepSeeNet, a deep learning model, was developed to classify patients automatically by the AREDS Simplified Severity Scale (score 0–5) using bilateral CFP. Participants DeepSeeNet was trained on 58 402 and tested on 900 images from the longitudinal follow-up of 4549 participants from AREDS. Gold standard labels were obtained using reading center grades. Methods DeepSeeNet simulates the human grading process by first detecting individual AMD risk factors (drusen size, pigmentary abnormalities) for each eye and then calculating a patient-based AMD severity score using the AREDS Simplified Severity Scale. Main Outcome Measures Overall accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, Cohen’s kappa, and area under the curve (AUC). The performance of DeepSeeNet was compared with that of retinal specialists. Results DeepSeeNet performed better on patient-based classification (accuracy = 0.671; kappa = 0.558) than retinal specialists (accuracy = 0.599; kappa = 0.467) with high AUC in the detection of large drusen (0.94), pigmentary abnormalities (0.93), and late AMD (0.97). DeepSeeNet also outperformed retinal specialists in the detection of large drusen (accuracy 0.742 vs. 0.696; kappa 0.601 vs. 0.517) and pigmentary abnormalities (accuracy 0.890 vs. 0.813; kappa 0.723 vs. 0.535) but showed lower performance in the detection of late AMD (accuracy 0.967 vs. 0.973; kappa 0.663 vs. 0.754). Conclusions By simulating the human grading process, DeepSeeNet demonstrated high accuracy with increased transparency in the automated assignment of individual patients to AMD risk categories based on the AREDS Simplified Severity Scale. These results highlight the potential of deep learning to assist and enhance clinical decision-making in patients with AMD, such as early AMD detection and risk prediction for developing late AMD. DeepSeeNet is publicly available on https://github.com/ncbi-nlp/DeepSeeNet .
Platform for Teaching Hands-on End-to-End Anonymity Algorithms

This full paper presents an innovative approach in teaching anonymity algorithms. Teaching end-to-end anonymity algorithms, such as onion routing, has been a challenging task. This is primarily because of the inaccessibility of all the components that make up the end-to-end anonymity network. For example, an onion is the data structure formed by ”wrapping” a message with successive layers of encryption to be decrypted by as many intermediary computers as there are layers before arriving at its destination. The intent of the onion routing algorithms is to protect the privacy of its users as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their Internet activities from being monitored. In recent years, community research, specifically at the university level, into onion routing has ground to a halt and the limited resources for establishing private testing networks have fallen into a derelict state. The proposed solution is an elaborate walk-through, detailing the construction of an isolated onion routing network in which onion routing can be observed and verified in a controlled environment. Achieving this will require the configuration of several Directory Authorities, multiple nodes configured as Entry, Middle, and Exit relays, and the generation of a consensus. Once the consensus has been generated, the network will be able to build circuits across the nodes and fulfill the client’s requests for information. When a packet capturing tool is applied to the various entities, the life of the packet as it traverses the network will be observed. The product of this endeavor was the creation of a complete virtual environment and detailed documentation of the steps necessary to construct a private onion routing network that can be readily utilized by educators and students to teach and learn the innerworkings of the OR algorithms. Constructing an isolated OR network, where all the network traffic is observable, is an essential first step in peeling back the next layer of onion routing.
Reduced left ventricular diastolic function in women with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Women are two to three times more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with men after exposure to a major trauma, and PTSD is associated with increased risk for cardiovas...
On the Right Track: Meningeal Lymphatics Guide Angiogenesis during Tissue Repair in the Brain

Recent studies of brain meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells in mouse and zebrafish have raised interest in their function. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Chen et al. (2019) reveal new developmental roles for these cells in facilitating tissue repair and guiding vascular re-growth in the central nervous system.
Legal Administration for Socially Conscious Campuses: An Examination of Anti-Sexual Harassment Policies and Practices

Campus policies, practices, and procedures in furtherance of Title IX inadvertently present power and privilege imbalances and harm arising from administrators’ assumptions. These assumptions are often manifested through the unclear scope of protections and support, the negative effects from reporting or referral policies, lack of understanding about victimization and trauma, social biases on roles and perspectives, and implementation of criminal-like proceedings. There are, however, alternative approaches to supporting students and addressing legal administration. As this chapter explains, campus leaders, who seek a more social justice and equity-minded approach, may mitigate adverse effects by restoring values and demonstrating consistency through policies and procedures, reconsidering paradigmatic lens, adopting a trauma-informed care approach with a survivor goal, and establishing community intervention program strategies.
Analysis of the Stomal Microbiota of a Percutaneous Osseointegrated Prosthesis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study.

Percutaneous osseointegrated (OI) prostheses (POPs) are used to skeletally attach artificial limbs in amputees. While any permanent percutaneous interface is at risk of becoming infected by the resident microbiota colonizing the stoma, most of these patients remain infection-free. Avoidance of infection likely depends upon a mechanically and/or biologically stable skin-to-implant interface. The ultimate question remains, "why do some stomata become infected while others do not?" The answer might be found in the dynamic bacterial communities of the patient and within the stomal site itself. This study is an appendix to the first Food and Drug Administration approved prospective early feasibility study of OI prosthetic docking, in which, 10 transfemoral amputees were implanted with a unique POP device. In this analytical, longitudinal cohort study, each patient's skin and stomal microbiota were analyzed from the initial surgery to 1 year following the second-stage surgery. During each follow-up visit, three swab samples-stomal, device thigh skin and contralateral thigh skin-were obtained. DNA was extracted, and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes were amplified and sequenced to profile microbial communities. The stomal microbiota were distinct from the microbiota on the adjacent thigh skin and the skin of the contralateral thigh, with a significantly increased abundance of Staphylococcus aureus within the stoma. Early on stomal microbiota were characterized by high diversity and high relative abundance of obligate anaerobes. Over time, the stomal microbiota shifted and stabilized in communities of lower diversity dominated by Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and/or Staphylococcus spp. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2645-2654, 2019.