cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genomic organization of the gene encoding the vanilloid receptor: evidence for multiple splice variants.

Abstract Vanilloid receptor subtype-1 (VR1) is a nonselective cation channel that is expressed in sensory neurons and is activated by multiple noxious stimuli. Rat Vr1, stretch-inactivated channel (SIC), and vanilloid receptor 5′ splice variant (VR.5′sv) have been hypothesized to be derived from a common VR gene. Characterization of the genomic structure encoding the 5′ portion of rat Vr1 confirmed that VR.5′sv is derived from the VR gene; however, SIC seemed to be derived from two related but independent genes. We also deduced the genomic organization of the human gene VR1 . Comparative studies of rat and human VR genes showed substantial conservation in genomic organization. The splice site flanking exon–intron 7 in rat and human VR1 diverged from the expected consensus sequence; this may help to explain the skipping of exon 7 within VR.5′sv and other VR splice variants.
Measurement Issues in the Alignment of Standards and Assessments

Abstract This study examined the impact of rater agreement on decisions concerning the alignment between the Golden State Examination in High School Mathematics (California Department of Education, 2001a) and the University of California (UC) Statement on Competencies in Mathematics Expected of Entering College Students (Academic Senate of the California State University, 1997). The UC faculty and high school mathematics teachers (N = 20) rated the mathematics items of the Golden State Examination relative to the expectations identified in the UC competency statement, identifying item features related to content and dimensionality. Raters assigned values for a primary topic, a secondary topic, item/topic centrality, and depth of knowledge. Agreement within these criteria was the basis of the assessment of alignment. Results showed considerable variability in judgments across raters and different pictures of alignment depending on the particular subset of raters providing the ratings. A few differences eme...
Nonjudgment as a moderator of the relationship between present-centered awareness and borderline features: Synergistic interactions in mindfulness assessment

The symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been characterized as deficits in mindfulness. Mindfulness can be defined as nonjudgmental, present-centered awareness. The present study investigates the theory that, consistent with this conceptualization, the extent to which acting with awareness predicts reduced BPD features and related dysfunction depends upon levels of nonjudgment. In a sample of 223 undergraduates, we calculated the interaction between awareness-based and nonjudging-based mindfulness skills using subscales of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Regression analyses demonstrated a significant effect of the interaction on several difficulties that are common in BPD: problems with relationships, emotion-related impulsivity, and anger rumination. For acting with awareness to benefit individuals with these difficulties, a less judgmental stance toward internal experiences may be necessary. These findings have significant treatment implications and demonstrate the importance of assessing mindfulness as a multifaceted, synergistic construct.
Causal Imprinting in Causal Structure Learning

Suppose one observes a correlation between two events, B and C, and infers that B causes C. Later one discovers that event A explains away the correlation between B and C. Normatively, one should now dismiss or weaken the belief that B causes C. Nonetheless, participants in the current study who observed a positive contingency between B and C followed by evidence that B and C were independent given A, persisted in believing that B causes C. The authors term this difficulty in revising initially learned causal structures “causal imprinting.” Throughout four experiments, causal imprinting was obtained using multiple dependent measures and control conditions. A Bayesian analysis showed that causal imprinting may be normative under some conditions, but causal imprinting also occurred in the current study when it was clearly non-normative. It is suggested that causal imprinting occurs due to the influence of prior knowledge on how reasoners interpret later evidence. Consistent with this view, when participants first viewed the evidence showing that B and C are independent given A, later evidence with only B and C did not lead to the belief that B causes C.
Cystic dysplasia of the testis: sonographic diagnosis and differentiation from testicular microlithiasis

Cystic dysplasia of the testis is an uncommon benign cause of an intratesticular mass in children. It is often associated with renal abnormalities, which reflects the close developmental association between the kidneys and testes. The diagnosis is usually suspected based on sonographic findings. We present a case of cystic dysplasia of the testis occurring in a boy with a multicystic dysplastic kidney, in whom the sonographic findings were initially misinterpreted as testicular microlithiasis.
Microscopic theory of spin-wave instabilities in parallel-pumped easy-plane ferromagnets

Spin-wave instabilities in parallel-pumped easy-plane ferromagnets are investigated using the S-theory formalism of Zakharov et al. The parameters in the theory are related to the interaction constants in a microscopic Hamiltonian with exchange anisotropy. A numerical study of two- and five-mode systems shows that the nonequilibrium stationary states are ones where all of the spin-wave pair correlation functions have the same phase. It is also found that the phases lock to a common value before the stationary state is reached. From the form of the equations it is argued that a similar result holds for a macroscopic number of modes. Results are presented for the stationary magnon population. The approach to a stationary state in the phase-locked regime is governed by two coupled first-order differential equations. When the equations are linearized about the fixed points, it is found that the approach to the stationary state involves purely exponential decay just above threshold and damped oscillatory decay at higher power levels. Possible experimental tests of the theory are discussed.
Purine pyrophosphorylase as a selective genetic marker in a mouse lymphoma, P388, in cell culture

It is possible to use the purine pyrophosphorylase in mammalian cell culture systems as a genetic marker in selecting small numbers of enzyme positive cells from large populations of pyrophosphorylase negative cells of the mouse lymphoma line P388 in medium containing amethopterin, hypoxanthine, glycine and thymidine. Conversely, it is readily possible to obtain pyrophosphorylase-deficient cells by treatment with 8-Azaguanine. We were unsuccessful in demonstrating DNA-mediated transformation using DNA from enzyme positive cells incubated with cells which were enzyme negative.
Interannual variation in air-sea CO2 flux in the Ross Sea, Antarctica : A model analysis

[1] Phytoplankton dynamics, primary production, and air-sea CO2 exchange in the Ross Sea over a 6-year period (1997–2003) were investigated using a combination of satellite remote sensing and numerical ecosystem modeling. Sea ice cover in the Ross Sea was highly variable during this time, with 3 years exhibiting a normal springtime retreat of the annual sea ice and 3 years exhibiting very heavy ice cover, particularly 2002–2003. Annual net primary production (NPP) during normal ice years ranged from 141 to 180 g C m−2 yr−1, dropping to 27.3–96.2 g C m−2 yr−1 during heavy ice years. The prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica was the phytoplankton taxa responsible for the bulk of the annual NPP, although diatoms increased in relative importance during heavy ice years. Reductions in surface water pCO2 due to phytoplankton CO2 fixation during spring and summer and the return of the annual sea ice in the autumn and winter (thus restricting gas exchange) made the Ross Sea a net sink for atmospheric CO2. The magnitude of the annual net flux of CO2 (FCO2) into the Ross Sea varied >twentyfold between years, from −0.07 mol C m−2 in 2002–2003 to −1.55 mol C m−2 in 1999–2000 (negative values denote flux from air to sea). In some regions, annual FCO2 was as high as −2.9 mol C m−2, with daily rates approaching −62 mmol m−2 d−1. These results rank the Ross Sea as one of the stronger ocean sinks for atmospheric CO2 and demonstrate the sensitivity of FCO2 in polar waters to changes in sea ice cover.
NONVANISHING OF HECKE L-FUNCTIONS FOR CM FIELDS AND RANKS OF ABELIAN VARIETIES

In this paper we prove a nonvanishing theorem for central values of L-functions associated to a large class of algebraic Hecke characters of CM number fields. A key ingredient in the proof is an asymptotic formula for the average of these central values. We combine the nonvanishing theorem with work of Tian and Zhang [TiZ] to deduce that infinitely many of the CM abelian varieties associated to these Hecke characters have Mordell–Weil rank zero. Included among these abelian varieties are higher-dimensional analogues of the elliptic $${{\mathbb Q}}$$ -curves A(D) of B. Gross [Gr].
An efficient and accurate new method for locating the F3 position for prefrontal TMS applications

The International 10-20 system is a method for standardized placement of electroencephalogram (EEG) electrodes. The International 10-20 system correlates external skull locations with the underlying cortical areas. This system accounts for variability in patient skull size by using certain percentages of the circumference and distances between four basic anatomic landmarks. This international 10-20 system has recently been used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research for locating specific cortical areas. In the treatment of depression (and some types of pain), the desired placement of the TMS coil is often above the left dorsalateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which corresponds to the F3 location given by the International 10-20 system. However, for an administrator with little experience with the International 10-20 system, the numerous measurements and calculations can be excessively time-consuming. In addition, with more measurements comes more opportunity for human error. For this reason, we have developed a new, simpler, and faster way to find the F3 position using only three skull measurements. In this article, we describe and illustrate the application of the new F3 location system, provide the formulas used in the calculation of the F3 position, and summarize data from 10 healthy adults. After using both the International 10-20 system and this new method, it appears that the new method is sufficiently accurate; however, future investigations may be warranted to conduct more indepth analyses of the method's use and potential limitations. This system requires less time and training to find the optimal position for prefrontal coil placement and it saves considerable time compared with the International 10-20 EEG system.
Regulation of protein phosphorylation in Dictyostelium discoideum.

We have examined the phosphorylation of the cyclic adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) cell surface chemotactic receptor and a 36 kDa membrane-associated protein (p36) in Dictyostelium discoideum. The activity of CAR-kinase, the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of the cAMP receptor, was studied in plasma membrane preparations. It was foud that, as in intact cells, the receptor was rapidly phosphorylated in membranes incubated with [γ32P] adenosine triphosphate (ATP) but only in the presence of cAMP. This phosphorylation was not observed in membranes prepared from cells which did not display significant cAMP binding activity. cAMP could induce receptor phosphorylation at low concentrations, while cyclic guanosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cGMP) could elicit receptor phosphorylation only at high concentrations. Neither ConA, Ca2+, or guanine nucleotides had an effect on CAR-kinase. It was also observed that 2-deoxy cAMP but not dibutyryl cAMP induced receptor phosphorylation. The data suggest that the ligand occupied form of the cAMP receptor is required for CAR-kinase activity. Although the receptor is rapidly dephosphorylated in vivo, we were unable to observe its dephosphorylation in vitro. In contrast, p36 was rapidly dephosphorylated. Also, unlike the cAMP receptor, the phosphorylation of p36 was found to be regulated by the addition of guanine nucleotides. Guanosine diphosphate (GDP) enhanced the phosphorylation while guanosine triphosphate (GTP) decreased the radiolabeling of p36 indicating that GTP can compete with ATP for the nucleotide triphosphate binding site of p36 kinase. This was verified using radiolabeled GTP as the phosphate donor. Competition experiments with GTPγS, ATP, GTP, CTP, and uridine triphosphate (UTP) indicated that the phosphate donor site of p36 kinase is relatively non-sepcific. The mechanism(s) by which GDP functions to alter p36 phosphorylation and the physiological significance of this event are currently under investigation.
On the ATP generation by Chromatium in darkness.

In Chromatium strain 6412 storage carbohydrate synthesized in the light, gradually disappeared in the dark. Simultaneously, poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) was produced, CO2 was released and intracellular elemental sulfur was reduced to sulfide. Expressed on a molar base, the ratio between storage carbohydrate monomer (as glucose) consumed, sulfur reduced, PHB monomer produced, and sulfide released was approximately 1 : 3 : 1 : 3. This indicates that sulfur acts electron acceptor in the conversion of storage carbohydrate to PHB. Assuming that in the dark storage carbohydrate is broken down to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway, whereafter PHB is synthesized from pyruvate via acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA, the conversion of storage carbohydrate to PHB results in a net gain of 3 ATP per glycosyl unit converted. Since Thiorhodaceae are photolithotrophs, these processes would provide the organisms with maintenance energy during dark periods. They also explain motility of Chromatium in the dark.
A cost-benefit framework for judicious enterprise network redesign

Recent works [1], [2] have shown the benefits of a systematic approach to designing enterprise networks. However, these works are limited to the design of greenfield (newly deployed) networks, or to incremental evolution of existing networks without altering prior design decisions. In this paper, we focus on redesigning existing networks, allowing for changes to existing decisions. Such redesign (migration) may be desirable from the perspective of improved network performance or lower complexity. However, the key challenge is that the costs of redesign may be high due to the presence of complex dependencies between network configurations. We consider these issues in the context of virtual local area networks (VLANs), an important area of enterprise network design. We make three contributions. First, we present a model to capture VLAN redesign costs. Such costs may arise from the need to reconfigure policies (e.g., security policies) to reflect the changes in VLAN design and ensure the continued correctness of the network. Second, we present a framework that enables operators to systematically determine the best strategies to redesign VLANs so the desired performance goals may be achieved while the costs of redesign are minimized. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using data obtained from a large-scale campus network.
Practice preferences of primary medical care and traditional internal medicine house officers

In an academic medical centre between 1980 and 1985, the attitudes, preferences and career goals of house officers in a primary medical care residency training programme were assessed at entry and at the end of each house officer year. Primary care trainees who went on to practise in a general medicine setting were compared to primary care trainees who subsequently received subspecialty training and also to traditional internal medicine trainees. House officers in the primary care programme generally maintained attitudes and preferences central to the practice of primary care, and scored significantly higher than traditional track house officers on attitudes and preferences compatible with the practice of medicine in a primary care setting. However, primary care house officers who later went into subspecialty training received scores similar to those of traditional track house officers on practice preferences relating to specialty care. There were no significant differences between primary care and traditional track house officers on standard measures of knowledge and clinical skill.
Spine formation and maturation of type 1 synapses on spiny stellate neurons in primate visual cortex

This study continues an investigation (Mates and Lund, '83a) of neuronal development in lamina 4C of macaque monkey striate visual cortex. The maturational history of the type 1 synaptic contacts on spine-bearing stellate neurons, which comprise 95% of the neurons of the lamina, is described. It is shown that type 1 contacts are initially found on the dendritic shafts; these contacts appear to be carried out on spine outgrowths. This leads to the adult condition where type 1 contacts are found only on the spine tips. A similar phenomenon has been reported for pyramidal neurons of the rat (reported during the course of this study by Miller and Peters, '81). In later maturation the spine and its type 1 contact may be lost; profiles found in the neuropil illustrate a process of shrinkage and detachment of both the type 1 axon terminals and postsynaptic dendritic spines in normal maturation. These findings provide an explanation for the marked increase and decrease in spine populations observed to occur on these neurons during normal maturation in an earlier study by Boothe et al. ('79).
Biomimetic spectro-temporal features for music instrument recognition in isolated notes and solo phrases

The identity of musical instruments is reflected in the acoustic attributes of musical notes played with them. Recently, it has been argued that these characteristics of musical identity (or timbre) can be best captured through an analysis that encompasses both time and frequency domains; with a focus on the modulations or changes in the signal in the spectrotemporal space. This representation mimics the spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF) analysis believed to underlie processing in the central mammalian auditory system, particularly at the level of primary auditory cortex. How well does this STRF representation capture timbral identity of musical instruments in continuous solo recordings remains unclear. The current work investigates the applicability of the STRF feature space for instrument recognition in solo musical phrases and explores best approaches to leveraging knowledge from isolated musical notes for instrument recognition in solo recordings. The study presents an approach for parsing solo performances into their individual note constituents and adapting back-end classifiers using support vector machines to achieve a generalization of instrument recognition to off-the-shelf, commercially available solo music.
Optimizing Access across Multiple Hierarchies in Data Warehouses

In enterprise data warehouses, different users in different business units often define their own application specific dimension hierarchies tailor made to their reporting and business performance monitoring needs. Due to resource constraints, only on a small number of these hierarchies are precomputed for performance optimization. Consequently aggregations over hierarchies without precomputations are often less responsive. We report on a performance problem in a very large banking enterprise where the large number of application specific hierarchies became a performance bottleneck. This paper proposes a novel solution for optimizing the performance of data warehouses with a large number of application specific hierarchies. We exploit the observation that dimension hierarchies in real data warehouses often contain significant overlaps. Our method detects common sub-structures among hierarchies and provides a rewriting algorithm to exploit any precomputations on these shared sub-structures. Our solution is applicable to data warehouses of large enterprises with a large number of business units and hence a large number of application specific hierarchies.
TWT VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR PULSED LOADS USING FM DEMODULATION

A high voltage linear post regulator is described which provides the cathode voltage for dual TWTls used in a pulsed radar system. Average power delivered to the load is 3.2KW. The TWT voltage is generated from a tetrode acting as a series pass regulating element, and placed relative to the HVDC input. Advantages of the design are its pulse-to-pulse recovery, low ripple, immunity to high voltage transients, and its use of an existing regulated HVPS input (also used elsewhere). Features of the design include the use of pulsed frequency modulation/ demodulation to obtain a high voltage (HV) isolated, analog signal for controlling the grid of the series pass tube. In addition a resistance bridge method of sensing TWT cathode, collector, and helix current is discussed.
Inventory methods for trees in nonforest areas in the great plains states

The US Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program collects information on trees in areas that meet its definition of forest. However, the inventory excludes trees in areas that do not meet this definition, such as those found in urban areas, in isolated patches, in areas with sparse or predominantly herbaceous vegetation, in narrow strips (e.g., shelterbelts), or in riparian areas. In the Great Plains States, little is known about the tree resource in these noninventoried, nonforest areas, and there is a great deal of concern about the potential impact of invasive pests, such as the emerald ash borer. To address this knowledge gap, FIA’s National Inventory and Monitoring Applications Center has partnered with state cooperators and others in a project called the Great Plains Initiative to design and implement an inventory of trees in nonforest areas. The goal of the inventory is to characterize the nonforest tree resource using methods compatible with those of FIA so a holistic understanding of the resource can be obtained by integrating the two surveys. The goal of this paper is to describe the process of designing and implementing the survey, including plot and sample design, and to present some example results from a reporting tool we developed.
Osteochondritis dissecans of the patella: Arthroscopic fixation with bioabsorbable pins

Osteochondritis dissecans of the patella is a relatively rare condition. Surgical treatment has been recommended for those patients who fail conservative treatment, or who present with mechanical symptoms or loose bodies. In an attempt to preserve the patellofemoral articulation, we describe a new technique to arthroscopically fix osteochondritic lesions of the patella using bioabsorbable pins. This technique avoids the morbidity of a formal arthrotomy as well as the complications associated with metallic hardware.
Local landscape composition and configuration around North American Breeding Bird Survey routes

Large-scale monitoring of avian species is often conducted by observers driving rural roads and highways. Surveys along roads allow for easy and reliable access over time and the ability to survey large geographic areas in a relatively short period of time. However, if the landscape directly adjacent to these roadside transects is not representative of the greater landscape inhabited by the bird species, then estimates of abundance along the route may not be accurate for the greater landscape. Moreover, inferences regarding abundance, distribution, population trend, and habitat use in the greater landscape may not be valid. Using land cover data from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), we recently conducted an assessment that revealed a satisfactorily high level of similarity in land cover composition between landscapes immediately adjacent to North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes (Buffer distance of 0.4 km on either side of route) and the larger landscapes (buffer distance of 10 km) in wh...
In the Spotlight: Biomedical Imaging

This article resumes on a selected set of topics and collects promising and recent research advances in the field of multimodal temporal data analysis, high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy, trends in computer-aided diagnosis and advances in cardiac diagnostic imaging. The first section briefly points to promising work on statistical models for tracking, detection, and segmentation in multimodal temporal imagery. Section III gives a brief snapshot of slice selective free induction decay (FID) acquisition for 7 tesla high-field MR imaging. Section IV outlines highlights in comparative validation of computer-aided diagnosis and associated image analysis algorithms spanning a variety of application domains from the heart to the eye. Lastly, Section V describes advances in the analysis of real-time three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiography for computing myocardial strain.
View-based human activity recognition by indexing and sequencing

A novel method for view-based recognition of human activity is presented. The basic idea of our method is that activities can be positively identified from a sparsely sampled sequence of few body poses acquired from videos. In our approach, an activity is represented by a set of pose and velocity vectors for the major body parts (hands, legs and torso) and stored in a set of multidimensional hash tables. We show that robust recognition of a sequence of body pose vectors can be achieved by a method of indexing and sequencing and it requires only few vectors (i.e. sampled body poses in video frames). We find that the probability of false alarm drops exponentially with the increased number of sampled body poses. We also achieve speed invariant recognition by eliminating the time factor and replacing it with sequence information. Experiments performed with videos having 8 different activities show robust recognition even for different viewing directions.
Addressing colorectal cancer disparities: the identification of geographic targets for screening interventions in Miami-Dade County, Florida

This paper describes an analysis of spatial clustering of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The objective was to identify geographically based targets for colorectal cancer screening interventions for Blacks and Hispanic Whites, two groups with demonstrated disparities in stage at diagnosis and mortality for CRC. The initial cluster detection analysis identified areas with high risk of late stage CRC, however, none of the results were statistically significant.The analysis was not based on an academic research question, but instead was an application intended to guide appropriate and targeted strategies for high risk populations. Only about 50% of the general population receives CRC screening, so, while all groups would benefit from increased CRC screening, high risk communities may potentially benefit the most. Because public health resources are limited, geographically targeting high risk populations for enhanced screening efforts is pragmatic public health policy.Despite the lack of statically significant results, we still needed to develop a helpful answer to the question, where should we market a screening intervention?The selected geographic areas must have real potential for attenuating excess CRC burden through increased screening efforts. Through evaluating a combination of clusters of late stage and overall CRC risk (two separate models of cluster detection), probable communities with low CRC screening uptake were identified. Although they did not meet statistical significance, they were determined to have public health importance.
Influence of α‐adrenergic receptor stimulation on splanchnic intravascular volume in conscious humans

The influence of selective alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation on total splanchnic intravascular volume and blood volume in individual splanchnic organs in humans has not been previously examined. The present study employed a previously validated quantitative radionuclide imaging technique, involving a gamma camera and Tc-99m labeled erythrocytes, to measure changes in total splanchnic, hepatic, splenic, and extrahepatosplenic volume during a 20-minute phenylephrine infusion (30-120 micrograms min-1 iv). Changes in total splanchnic volume were estimated from changes in total splanchnic radioactivity, blood radioactivity, and estimated in vivo tissue attenuation. Radionuclide-estimated total splanchnic volume increased 477 +/- 96 ml (P less than 0.0003) at the end of phenylephrine infusion. Hepatic volume increased 25 +/- 5% (P less than 0.0003), splenic volume decreased 46 +/- 7% (P less than 0.0003), and extrahepatosplenic volume decreased 15 +/- 2% (P less than 0.0003). Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures increased from 119 +/- 4 to 138 +/- 5 mmHg (P less than 0.0003) and from 83 +/- 1 to 96 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.0003), respectively. Heart rate decreased from 62 +/- 2 to 51 +/- 3 bpm (P less than 0.0003). Thus, in man, selective alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation is associated with an increase in splanchnic intravascular volume that is due to an increase in hepatic volume and occurs despite decreases in splenic and extrahepatosplenic volumes. This increase in total splanchnic volume would be associated with a decrease in venous return from the splanchnic vasculature to the right heart which would act to decrease cardiac output.
Gaining Admission into Graduate Programs in Psychology: An Update

This article provides advisers of psychology majors with updated information on criteria used by graduate selection committees. Information from the 569 U.S. graduate programs listed in Graduate Study in Psychology (American Psychological Association, 1993) was summarized. Undergraduate course preferences, the importance of nonobjective criteria (e.g., research and work experience), and the mean Graduate Record Examination scores and grade point averages of admitted students are presented for programs offering different types of training and degrees. For each of these criteria, program types showed differences.
Test of the Binding Threshold Hypothesis for olfactory receptors: explanation of the differential binding of ketones to the mouse and human orthologs of olfactory receptor 912-93.

We tested the Binding Threshold Hypothesis (BTH) for activation of olfactory receptors (ORs): To activate an OR, the odorant must bind to the OR with binding energy above some threshold value. The olfactory receptor (OR) 912-93 is known experimentally to be activated by ketones in mouse, but is inactive to ketones in human, despite an amino acid sequence identity of ∼66%. To investigate the origins of this difference, we used the MembStruk first-principles method to predict the tertiary structure of the mouse OR 912-93 (mOR912-93), and the HierDock first-principles method to predict the binding site for ketones to this receptor. We found that the strong binding of ketones to mOR912-93 is dominated by a hydrogen bond of the ketone carbonyl group to Ser105. All ketones predicted to have a binding energy stronger than EBindThresh = 26 kcal/mol were observed experimentally to activate this OR, while the two ketones predicted to bind more weakly do not. In addition, we predict that 2-undecanone and 2-dodecanone both bind sufficiently strongly to activate mOR912-93. A similar binding site for ketones was predicted in hOR912-93, but the binding is much weaker because the human ortholog has a Gly at the position of Ser105. We predict that mutating this Gly to Ser in human should lead to activation of hOR912-93 by these ketones. Experimental substantiations of the above predictions would provide further tests of the validity of the BTH, our predicted 3D structures, and our predicted binding sites for these ORs.
Energy and economy: Recognizing high-energy modernity as a historical period

This introduction to Economic Anthropology's special issue on “Energy and Economy” argues that we might find inspiration for a much more engaged and public anthropology in an unlikely place—19th century evolutionist thought. In addition to studying the particularities of energy transitions, which anthropology does so well, a more engaged anthropology might also broaden its temporal horizons to consider the nature of the future “stage” into which humanity is hurtling in an era of resource depletion and climate change. Net energy (EROEI), or the energy “surplus” on which we build and maintain our complex societal arrangements, is a key tool for anthropologists' as we bring our trademark cross-cultural, ethnographically grounded knowledge and perspectives to bear in examining the complex interplay of material infrastructures, energy flows, social organization, and culture. We are now mindful of the always already cultural nature of such circuitry and interactions—in ways obviously unavailable to our nineteenth-century forebears. And yet even as our energy futures are neither predetermined nor inevitable, neither are they as unfettered by material constraints as many have come to think. A robust anthropology of energy informed by awareness of the energetic basis of the historically specific moment in which we find ourselves seems poised to help us get beyond the developmentalist ideas of Morgan and Tylor and to overcome a seeming inability to think comprehensively about the human predicament in simultaneously general and particular terms. We have a chance in the space now opening to get beyond the antinomies—materialist—mentalist, infrastructure—superstructure, agency—structure, objective—subjective, and so on—that dominated much of twentieth-century anthropology.
Role of cosmic rays in the circumgalactic medium

We explore the impact of cosmic rays (CRs) on cosmological adaptive-mesh refinement simulations of a forming 10^12 Msolar halo, focusing on the circumgalactic medium (CGM), and its resulting low-redshift structure and composition. In contrast to a run with star formation and energetic feedback but no CRs, the CR-inclusive runs feature a CGM substantially enriched with CRs and with metals to roughly 0.1 Zsolar, thanks to robust, persistent outflows from the disk. The CR-inclusive CGMs also feature more diffuse gas at lower temperatures, down to 10^4 K, than the non-CR run, with diffuse material often receiving a majority of its pressure support from the CR proton fluid. We compare to recent observations of the CGM of L ~ L* galaxies at low redshift, including UV absorption lines within background quasar spectra. The combination of metal-enriched, CR-driven winds and large swaths of CR pressure-supported, cooler diffuse gas leads to a CGM that provides a better match to data from COS-Halos (for HI, SiIV, CIII and OVI) than the non-CR run. We also compare our models to recent, preliminary observations of diffuse gamma-ray emission in local group halos. For our lower CR-diffusion runs with kappa_CR in the range 0.3 to 1 x 10^28 cm^2/s, the CR enriched CGM produces an inconsistently high level of gamma emission. But the model with a relatively high kappa_CR = 3 x 10^28 cm^2/s provided a gamma-ray luminosity consistent with the extra-galactic gamma-ray background observed by FERMI and roughly consistent with preliminary measures of the emission from M31's CGM.
Metabolism of Myelin Constituents

As noted in Chapter 9 of Vol. I, the material usually referred to as myelin is a lamellar structure produced by glial cells and extruded in concentric layers around nerve axons. The chemical constituents listed in Table I and discussed more fully in the chapter previously referred to are associated in large macromolecular arrays, the exact structure of which are yet to be determined in detail. This lamellar material still must be considered part of the living cells and, as such, it must have associated with it at least a minimal metabolic activity for maintenance of its integrity. This deduction is obvious from the known facts of demyelinative processes that can be triggered by a variety of stimuli. Nevertheless, there has been a continuous controversy as to the importance and degree of these metabolic processes. This controversy has been caused by many factors germane to the study of myelin specifically, and these problems had to be clarified first. For example, the relatively slow metabolism of myelin was overemphasized by limited passage of metabolic precursors through the “blood-brain barrier”; the role of glial cells in elaborating myelin had to be elucidated; interrelationship of the myelin constituents in complex macromolecules was not at first fully appreciated; and so on.
Low Self-Control, Peer Rejection, Reactive Criminal Thinking, and Delinquent Peer Associations: Connecting the Pieces of the Crime Puzzle

The present series of studies were designed to test the control model of criminal lifestyle development which integrates aspects of low self-control, general strain, differential association, and criminal thinking. Participants for the first study were 411 boys from the Cambridge Study of Delinquency Development, and participants for the second study were 3817 children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child (NLSY-C) sample. In the first study (Cambridge), peer-rated popularity (peer rejection) and teacher-rated low self-control were cross-lagged, with results showing that while low self-control predicted peer rejection, peer rejection did not predict low self-control. In the second study (NLSY-C), findings revealed that (1) peer rejection predicted deviant peer associations but not vice versa, (2) delinquency and reactive criminal thinking mediated the peer rejection–peer delinquency relationship, and (3) negative affect (depression, anxiety, loneliness) alone did not mediate the peer rejection–peer delinquency relationship nor did it alter the indirect effects of delinquency and reactive criminal thinking on this relationship. The results of these two studies suggest that theoretical integration is possible and that reactive criminal thinking plays an important role in mediating relationships involving such traditional criminological variables as low self-control, strain created by peer rejection, and peer delinquency.
Understanding women's decision making power and its link to improved household sanitation: the case of Kenya

Women experience many motivational drivers for improving sanitation, but it is unclear how women9s role in household decision making affects whether a household opts for better sanitation. We analyzed the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008/2009 with a representative sample of 4,556 married and cohabiting women to examine the association between women9s decision making power in relation to that of partners and the type of sanitation facilities used by household members. The independent effects of respondents’ education, employment status, and socioeconomic status on the type of sanitation facilities were also explored. The direct measurement of women9s ability to influence sanitation practice was not available. To address this problem, this study used proxy measures of women9s decision making power in the household. The results of this study revealed that women9s decision making power for major household purchases was positively associated with households having better sanitation ( p
A Technical and Analytical Study of Two Silver Plates in the Collection of the J.Paul Getty Museum

Two silver plates in the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum were studied by non-destructive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, xradiography, optical metallography, electron microprobe analysis and lead isotopic composition. One plate depicts a scene of philosophical discourse (the ‘Philosopher plate’) and the other an aged fisherman with his catch (the ‘Fisherman plate’). Both plates have designs on the fronts made not by repousse but by a combination of working and annealing followed by carving to shape. Technical and analytical results are described which support the attribution of a date in the early centuries AD. There are several differences between the two plates, such as the way in which the footring has been made and attached. Both, however, have thick corrosion crusts and have suffered intergranular corrosion. Determination of trace elements, such as zinc and gold, together with the method of manufacture suggests that both plates are ancient. Lead isotopic data for the two plates is different, with the Philosopher plate showing a close relationship to other Byzantine objects, even though a Renaissance date had been suggested.
Microstructure and Segmental Dynamics of Polyurea under Uniaxial Deformation

Polyureas, formed by the rapid reaction between isocyanates and diamines, are attractive for various applications due to their outstanding mechanical properties, which can be tuned by varying component chemistry, molecular weight, and stoichiometry. Polyureas synthesized from a modified methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (Isonate 143 L) and polytetramethylene oxide-di-p-aminobenzoate (Versalink P1000) are widely utilized and investigated for energy absorbing applications such as impact mitigation and ballistic protection. In order to develop a more complete understanding of their mechanical response, we explore the effect of uniaxial strain on the phase separated microstructure and molecular dynamics. We utilize wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering to investigate amorphous segment and hard domain orientation, and broadband dielectric spectroscopy for interrogation of the dynamics. Uniaxial deformation was found to significantly perturb the phase-separated microstructure and chain orientation and result in ...
Comparison of ten entomopathogenic nematodes for control of sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera: Apionidae)

Ten entomopathogenic nematode species or strains in the families Stein-ernematidae and Heterorhabditidae-Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser), Agriotos, All, Breton, Italian, and Mexican strains; Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev), N27 strain; Steinernema intermedia (Poinar); Heterorhabditis bacteriophora , Poinar, HP88, and North Carolina strains; and an unidentified Heterorhabditis sp. FL2122 strain-were compared in the laboratory against the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.). Although all nematodes tested could kill sweetpotato weevils, there were differences among the nematodes. Larval LC50S were low for most nematodes tested (< 10 infective juveniles per insect). The heterorhabditid nematodes included the most virulent nematode (unidentified Heterorhabditis sp. FL2122 strain), and the least virulent nematode ( H. bacteriophora North Carolina strain). Heterorhabditid nematodes were more pathogenic to pupae than were steinemematid nematodes. Weevil adults were the least susceptible stage to nematode infection. With the exception of S. carpocapsae All strain, adult mortality was < 6% for all nematodes. Adult mortality by All strain ranged from 25 to 60% depending on the nematode concentration applied. Male weevils accounted for 96-100% of the adult mortality by All strain. Larval mortality from nematode infection increased significantly over a 4-d period for all nematodes with the exception of S. feltiae , which caused high mortality within 24 h. Heterorhabditid nematodes produced Significantly more infective juveniles per cadaver than did steinernematid nematodes. The importance of these data for selecting suitable nematodes for biological control of the sweetpotato weevil is discllssed.
ASSOCIATION OF ARRHYTHMIAS WITH OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATIONWIDE INPATIENT SAMPLE 2003-2011

Arrhythmias are relatively common in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); however, there are limited data on the association of various arrhythmias with outcomes in these patients. Patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of HCM were identified from the 2003-2011 Nationwide
My American Dream: The Interplay Between Structure and Agency in West African Immigrants' Educational Experiences in the United States.

This article presents findings of a qualitative, interpretive case study of the experiences of 1.5- and 2nd-generation West African immigrants who self-identify as pursuing the American Dream, defined by them as academic attainment and career success. Employing structuration theory, the authors examine the interplay between structures and agency in participants’ educational and professional decision making. Participants’ perspectives on the American Dream are filled with references to dominant narratives of hard work, economic success, and the power of formal education. At the same time, findings illuminate a conceptual shift in understanding the nature of hard work and personal freedom experienced in pursuit of the American Dream as participants recognized that as African immigrants, they had to work harder to achieve the Dream while highlighting the role and influence of family expectations and schooling structures. Their expanded notions of the Dream include understandings of individual agency, social ...
Spread and Influences of Potatoes in Shanxi Since the 19th Century

Thanks to Shanxi merchants, potatoes came into Shanxi from Russia or Kazakh Khanate (now Kazakhstan) in early 19th century. It played an important role in the development of social economy in Shanxi. This paper discusses the effect on the economy in Shanxi from the development of the mountainous district and business; and covers sending relief to a famine area, improving the use of land, changing people’s life style and improving the health of people.
Tessellation operating system: Building a real-time, responsive, high-throughput client OS for many-core architectures

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on the Tessellation operating system.
Physics of Fluid Transport in Hybrid Biporous Capillary Wicking Microstructures.

The mass transport capacity (i.e., the capillary limit,) of homogeneous wicks is limited by the inverse relation between the capillary pressure and permeability. Hybrid wicks with two or more distinct pore sizes have been proposed as alternative geometries to enhance the capillary limit. In this study, the impact of the two hybridization schemes—in-plane and out-of-plane—on the capillary transport of hybrid wicks is studied. Experimental data from in-plane hybrid wicks in conjunction with a theoretical model show that local changes in the curvature of the liquid–vapor meniscus (i.e., pore size) do not result in a higher mass flow rate than that of a comparable homogeneous wick. Instead, a global change in the curvature of the liquid–vapor meniscus (as occurring in out-of-plane hybrid wicks) is necessary for obtaining mass flow rates greater than that of a homogeneous wick. Therefore, the physics of capillary limit and dryout in out-of-plane hybrid wicks is investigated using a hybrid wick consisting of a ...