cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tapping women’s knowledge: Plant resource use in extractive reserves, acre, Brazil

Tapping into the vast pool of existing plant resource knowledge is the first step toward developing production systems that successfully balance ecological, economic, and cultural concerns in the newly formed extractive reserves in Acre, Brazil. Field research targeting extractive activities by women in the forest communities identified the most common species used by women, and documented specific information on the management, collection, and processing of these plants. The women demonstrate refined botanical knowledge and plant management skills, exploiting over 150 wild and domesticated species in their communities. They possess particular proficiency in processing plants, especially species used for food, spices, beverages, and medicines. Women also display a great desire to enter the market economy, and have begun to test potential market products on a small scale. As such they can play a key role in production, diversification, and development of economically valuable plant products, and ultimately in the success of the extractive reserves.
Enabling Components for Multi-Standard SoftwareRadio Base Stations

Receiver and transmitter technology is an enabling factor for the software radio concept, with analogue to digital conversion being the limiting performance factor. The requirement for common hardware for several different systems leads to parameterized modules and higher integration levels. Module definition is closely related to the architectural challenges of receiver design. Emerging multi-mode base stations favour larger hardware granularity. The software radio approach reduces the hardware complexity of a cell site from several racks of discrete single-channel radios to one or two shelves of open architecture modules. This paper presents critical functional blocks for wide-band multi-mode base stations based on the software radio concept. Major component specifications are reviewed showing the implications on system design. Functional and performance parameters for analogue to digital converters (ADCs), digital to analogue converters (DACs), digital down and up converters are illustrated using specific products. Applications are presented by revisiting existing transceiver architectures in the framework of next generation wireless standards.
The Geometry of CBED Patterns

This chapter describes the geometry of CBED patterns, and discusses the practical techniques used to assign a beam direction to each point in the central (000) disk. This “calibration” information is needed for all the techniques described in the remaining sections of this book. A thorough grasp of the figures in this chapter is absolutely essential for any understanding of the CBED technique. Experience shows that few electron microscopists understand the geometry of CBED patterns. This chapter and Chapter 9 are the most important chapters in this book.
Autonomy and public health: when the patient is a physician.

Any physician who is involved in patient care and who might have a serious transmissible disease has a duty to make this possibility known and to observe the appropriate cautions and treatment. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The State, Toleration, and Religious Freedom

This chapter offers a novel account of the rise of religious freedom. Religious and political power have been bound together since prehistory. As a consequence, there was an absence of religious freedom throughout most of history. Even when religious dissidents were not being persecuted for their beliefs, religious practice was not free. We investigate the motivations that led some states to persecute individuals for their religious beliefs and other states to abstain from persecution. We argue that the rise of modern states—states capable of enforcing general rules and the rule of law—made possible religious peace and the eventual rise of religious and other liberal freedoms.
Cigarette smoking intensity informs outcomes after open revascularization for peripheral artery disease

Abstract Objective Cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD). Existing literature often defines smoking history in broad categories of current, former, and never smokers, which may not sufficiently identify patients at the highest risk for poor outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of more informative categorization of smoking and to determine the association with important revascularization outcomes. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients undergoing open lower extremity revascularization for symptomatic PAD, defined as claudication (Rutherford 3) or critical limb ischemia (Rutherford 4-6), during a 5-year period (2013-2017). Smoking history, demographics, and comorbidities were abstracted from electronic health records from seven hospitals within our health care system. Smoking history was defined by intensity (packs/day), duration (years), pack-year history, and cessation time. Outcomes included major adverse limb events (MALEs), death, limb loss, and amputation-free survival. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each parameter adjusted for patients' demographics and comorbidities. Cumulative incidence is reported for outcomes at 30, 180, and 365 days of follow-up. Results We identified 693 patients undergoing open lower extremity revascularization for PAD (66% critical limb ischemia; 46% diabetes). The 1-year cumulative incidence of MALEs was 29.9% (95% CI, 26.4-33.9), whereas the 1-year incidence of death was 9.8% (95% CI, 7.5-12.7). The broad classification of current and former smokers identified no statistically significant differences in any measured outcomes. Patients who smoked more than one pack/day had 1.48 (95% CI, 1.01-2.16) times increase in risk of MALEs at 1 year compared with patients who smoked one or fewer packs/day. Patients who smoked more than one pack/day also had the highest 1-year amputation incidence (12.7%). Each of the four parameters was associated with increased risk of poor outcomes, although small sample size limited the precision of our estimates. Conclusions We found that smoking intensity is particularly informative of outcomes of patients undergoing open lower extremity revascularization for symptomatic PAD. These findings lay the groundwork for future research on relevant smoking history parameters and benefits of smoking reduction and cessation for clinicians to discuss with patients and to better understand and inform patients of intervention risks and expected outcomes.
Swallowing function after intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and chemotherapy for head and neck cancer

6046 Background: To evaluate the swallowing function of patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) + chemotherapy (CT) for HNSCC. Methods: Patients completing RT between 9/0...
Exploring Procedural Manipulations to Enhance Student Performance on SAFMEDS in Undergraduate Introduction to Behavior Analysis Courses

Research into the fluency-building tactic named Say All Fast Minute Every Day Shuffled (SAFMEDS) has implications for instruction at all academic levels. Several researchers have studied the effects of SAFMEDS in undergraduate courses; however, not all of the salient variables, or the relationships among variables, have been fully analyzed. The numerous procedural variations may pose specific challenges for college instructors who wish to implement SAFMEDS in their course design or for students who are attempting to use SAFMEDS on their own. We collected behavioral data across four semesters of undergraduate introductory behavior analysis courses. The effects of two procedural manipulations were evaluated in relation to undergraduate students’ performance frequencies on weekly checkouts with two or four decks of see term/say definition SAFMEDS. The authors describe how SAFMEDS were implemented and modified over the course of four semesters of instruction. SAFMEDS’ procedures were modified each semester based on student outcomes in the prior semester in an effort to improve our student outcomes and to assist other course instructors who might wish to utilize SAFMEDS in their university courses. An overview of the decision-making process and student outcomes allows for the authors to make recommendations for course instructors who employ SAFMEDS in their courses and suggestions for future research to improve our understanding of how SAFMEDS affect student performance.
One-year changes in self-reported napping behaviors across the retirement transition

Abstract Objective To estimate associations of retirement with self-reported frequency and duration of naps. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Population-based. Participants 1359 current and former Wisconsin state employees, aged 54-69. Measurements Four annual surveys mailed between 2010 and 2014 elicited employment status and nap characteristics. Changes in employment status and nap characteristics were identified from survey pairs measured 1 year apart (up to 3 survey pairs per subject). General linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to estimate changes in minutes napped per week (MNPW), weekly nap frequency, and individual nap duration as predicted by retirement transitions vs stable employment status. All models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, self-rated health, medical diagnoses, sleep problems, circadian preference, and change in nocturnal sleep duration. Results There were 3101 survey pairs in the analytic sample. Full retirement (transition from working ≥35 h/wk to not working for pay) over a 1-year period predicted a statistically significantly larger mean change in MNPW than stable employment status: mean (95% confidence interval) = +48 (+16, +80) MNPW. Associations between staged retirement transitions (from full-time to part-time work, or from part-time work to full retirement) and 1-year changes in MNPW were not statistically significant. The MNPW changes associated with full retirement were attributable to nap frequency increase of +0.4 (+0.1, +0.8) d/wk; nap duration did not change significantly. Conclusions Compared with stable employment status, full retirement is associated with an average 1-year increase of +48 MNPW. This change is attributable to a frequency gain of 0.4 d/wk napped. Changes in nap duration were negligible.
Serum Cystatin C as a Predictor of Early Outcomes and Long-Term Mortality in Contemporary LVAD Patients

Purpose Serum creatinine (sCr) is routinely used in the evaluation of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) candidates. However, the prognostic value of sCr may be limited by the high prevalence of sarcopenia in this population. Cystatin C (CysC) is an alternative marker of renal function, which is less dependent on muscle mass. We aimed to investigate the association of pre-LVAD CysC and sCr with early post-operative outcomes and long-term mortality. Methods CysC and sCr were concurrently measured prior to LVAD implant in 130 consecutive pts (age 59 ± 13, 15% F, 80% HM3) from 2/2016 to 8/2019. The primary endpoints were: 1) a composite of early post-LVAD outcomes, and 2) long-term mortality. The former included: i) death during index admission; ii) right ventricular failure (RVF) - need for right ventricular assist device or inotropic support ≥14 days; iii) acute kidney injury (AKI) - need for renal replacement therapy or sCr increase ≥4 mg/dL or ≥x3 times baseline. Secondary endpoints were the individual components of the composite endpoint and prolonged length of stay (pLOS), defined as LOS ≥ 30 d post-LVAD. Logistic and Cox proportional models regressed the endpoints on CysC and sCr. Results In pre-LVAD samples, median CysC and sCr were 1.40 (IQR: 1.10,1.87) mg/L and 1.39 (IQR: 1.07,1.79) mg/dL, respectively. The composite of early outcomes occurred in 72 (55%) pts: 10 (8%) in-hospital deaths, 43 (33.1%) RVF and 47 (36.2%) AKI. CysC outperformed sCr in the prediction of the composite of early post-LVAD outcomes. CysC, but not sCr, was associated with RVF and pLOS (Table). Death occurred in 20 (15%) pts over a median follow-up of 13 months. Pre-LVAD CysC, but not sCr was associated with an increased risk of long-term mortality (Table). Conclusion In a contemporary cohort of LVAD pts, pre-LVAD CysC was associated with early post-operative outcomes as well as with long-term mortality. The use of CysC in the pre-operative assessment of LVAD candidates may improve risk stratification compared to sCr.
African American online newspapers’ coverage of policy debate on the Affordable Care Act in 2017:

Using content analysis, this study examined the coverage on the repeal and replace efforts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2017 in three African American online newspapers—Afro.Com, AtlantaBlac...
Associations of Police Officer Health Behaviors and Subjective Well-Being

Abstract. Background: Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are responsible for maintaining public order and safety within communities. As a consequence of this obligation, LEOs are repeatedly exposed to...
Summer Wildflowers of the Northeast

Carol Gracie. 2019. Summer Wildflowers of the Northeast. (ISBN-13: 9780691199344, pbk). Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, U.S.A. (Orders: press.princeton.edu). $29.95 US/£25.00, 384 pp., 693 color illustrations, 7½" × 10".
News values and human values in mediated terrorism: Photographic representations of the 2015 Beirut and Paris attacks by global news agencies:

This study explores the photographic representations of two terrorist incidents, the 2015 Paris attacks and the Beirut bombings, produced by the leading global news agencies. The study conducts a c...
Case Study of Building Information Modeling Implementation in Infrastructure Projects

Building information modeling (BIM) has been advocated as a potential solution to many challenges of asset management, such as missing data, incompatible software, and unclear business process. How...
Random Selection and Counting Processes

In this chapter, we introduce the problem of selecting, by some chance mechanism, one of a class of random variables. Performance of the basic experiment results in both the selection of the random variable from the class and a determination of the value of the random variable selected.
Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy in gallium arsenide at 25 tesla

We have conducted pump-probe spectroscopy of bulk GaAs in the Split Florida-Helix at 15 K and 25 T. We observe an electronic rise followed by a slower decay with a superimposed oscillatory response.
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity is increased by dietary modification with psyllium hydrocolloid, pectin, cholesterol and cholestyramine in rats.

Sources of dietary fiber known to alter cholesterol metabolism and/or bile acid pool size were fed to rats, and activity of the rate-limiting step in bile acid synthesis, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, was measured. In the first experiment, semipurified diets containing 5% cellulose, psyllium hydrocolloid, pectin or oat bran as dietary fiber sources or 2% cholestyramine were fed to groups of 10 male Wistar rats for 4 wk. In the second experiment, groups of six rats were fed diets containing 5% cellulose, rice bran, oat bran or psyllium with and without 0.25% cholesterol. In the first experiment, the activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (pmol.min-1.mg protein-1) was highest in the cholestyramine-treated group (95.6 +/- 3.6), followed by groups fed psyllium (35.5 +/- 3.5) or pectin (36.0 +/- 4.5), which exhibited more than twice the enzyme activity of groups fed cellulose (16.9 +/- 1.9) or oat bran (12.3 +/- 2.0). In the second experiment, feeding cholesterol resulted in significantly higher enzyme activity when cellulose (65%), oat bran (118%) and rice bran (60%) were fed, but no difference in activity was observed when cholesterol was added to the psyllium-containing diet. Higher activity of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase when pectin or psyllium rather than cellulose was fed may explain the almost twofold higher bile acid pool sizes previously reported in response to feeding either of these fibers. These data support the hypothesis that the hypocholesterolemic effect of soluble fibers is modulated through increased synthesis and therefore pool size of bile acids.
Double-Strand Scissions in Bacteriophage T4 Deoxyribonucleic Acid as a Result of 32P Decay

Abstract Double-strand scissions produced by decay of 32P incorporated into T4 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were detected in cross-linked DNA and DNA containing 32P in only one strand of the double helix.
Lithopedion: report of an unusual case and notes on two other cases.

Abstract An unusual case of lithopedion has been presented, in which the patient had a double vagina and double cervix, with a single uterine cavity. A lithopedion was found in the cul-de-sac. Bilateral hematosalpinges were present. Organized placental tissue was found in one tube and a recent ectopic pregnancy in the other tube. Surgical removal of the lithopedion, both tubes, and cysts from both ovaries was successfully accomplished. Two other cases of lithopedion have been presented briefly, with the surgical and pathologic findings. In one of these the process was adherent to the anterior abdominal wall, sigmoid colon, and a few loops of small intestine. In the other case the lithopedion occupied the patient's right Fallopian tube. The first had been present in the abdomen for nine months after fetal death, and the other for four years after fetal death.
JAK2 associates with the beta c chain of the receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and its activation requires the membrane-proximal region.

Abstract The high-affinity receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) consists of a unique alpha chain and a beta c subunit that is shared with the receptors for interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-5. Two regions of the beta c chain have been defined; these include a membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain that is required for mitogenesis and a membrane-distal region that is required for activation of Ras, Raf-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and S6 kinase. Recent studies have implicated the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase JAK2 in signalling through a number of the cytokine receptors, including the IL-3 and erythropoietin receptors. In the studies described here, we demonstrate that GM-CSF stimulation of cells induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and activates its in vitro kinase activity. Mutational analysis of the beta c chain demonstrates that only the membrane-proximal 62 amino acids of the cytosolic domain are required for JAK2 activation. Thus, JAK2 activation is correlated with induction of mitogenesis but does not, alone, activate the Ras pathway. Carboxyl truncations of the alpha chain, which inactivate the receptor for mitogenesis, are unable to mediate GM-CSF-induced JAK2 activation. Using baculovirus-expressed proteins, we further demonstrate that JAK2 physically associates with the beta c chain but not with the alpha chain. Together, the results further support the hypothesis that the JAK family of kinase are critical to coupling cytokine binding to tyrosine phosphorylation and ultimately mitogenesis.
Glass ceramic bone implants. A light microscopic study

Glass ceramic implants containing 45% SiO2 with a Ca/P ration of 5 become firmly fixed to bone when placed in a cortical defect of an intact rat femur. The addition of fluoride ions to the implant prevents this fixation. The most significant difference between the two compositions is in their solubilites. The presence of high local concentractions of Ca and PO4 ions at the interface of the soluble non-fluoride containing implant, could account for the deposition of bone at its surface. It is not felt from these studies, however, that this model will be usable as a mass screening tecunique for evaluating materials variables. It is felt that other less laborous in vitro systems need to be devised.
Separating past and future autobiographical events in memory: Evidence for a reality monitoring asymmetry

After thinking about the past and imagining the future, how do people separate these real and imagined events in memory? We had subjects engage in past and future autobiographical elaboration, then later take memory tests that required them to recollect these earlier generated events. In Experiment 1, testing memory for previously generated past or future autobiographical events led to fewer source memory confusions than did an elaborative control task, suggesting that the distinctive features of autobiographical elaboration improved subsequent retrieval monitoring accuracy. In Experiment 2, we directly compared retrieval monitoring accuracy for previously generated past and future autobiographical events and found that subjects made fewer source confusions when searching memory for future events. This asymmetry suggests that the features characterizing future elaborations (e.g., cognitive operations) were used more effectively during reality monitoring than were the features characterizing past elaborations (e.g., perceptual details), and has implications for future-oriented theories of memory.
Effects of task structure on category priming in patients with Parkinson's disease and in healthy individuals.

Lexical decision tasks have been used to study both shifts of attention and semantic processing in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Whereas other laboratories have reported normal levels of semantic priming among PD patients, our laboratory has reported abnormally large levels. In this study, two experiments were performed to determine the influence of task structure on the extent of semantic priming during lexical decision-making and pronunciation tasks among PD patients and neurologically healthy controls. In Experiment 1, the effect of Prime Dominance (the ratio of category to neutral trials) on lexical decision-making was studied. Although equal numbers of word and nonword trials were presented, half of the PD patients and controls were studied under Category Prime Dominance (category : neutral prime ratio of 2:1) and half were studied under Neutral Prime Dominance (category : neutral prime ratio of 1:2). In Experiment 2, PD and control participants were studied on lexical decision-making and pronunciation tasks where twice as many words as nonword trials were presented, consistent with other studies from our laboratory. In Experiment 1, we found no group differences in the magnitude of priming and no effect of Prime Dominance. Moreover, the findings were similar in pattern and magnitude to results published by Neely (1977). In Experiment 2, we observed larger priming effects among PD patients than among controls, but only on the lexical decision (LD) task. These results support the hypothesis that abnormally large category-priming effects appear in LD studies of PD patients when the number of word trials exceeds the number of nonword trials. Furthermore, increased lexical priming in PD appears to be due to processes operating during the decision-making period that follows presentation of the lexical target.
Neural induction requires continued suppression of both Smad1 and Smad2 signals during gastrulation

Vertebrate neural induction requires inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the ectoderm. However, whether inhibition of BMP signaling is sufficient to induce neural tissues in vivo remains controversial. Here we have addressed why inhibition of BMP/Smad1 signaling does not induce neural markers efficiently in Xenopus ventral ectoderm, and show that suppression of both Smad1 and Smad2 signals is sufficient to induce neural markers. Manipulations that inhibit both Smad1 and Smad2 pathways, including a truncated type IIB activin receptor, Smad7 and Ski, induce early neural markers and inhibit epidermal genes in ventral ectoderm; and co-expression of BMP inhibitors with a truncated activin/nodal-specific type IB activin receptor leads to efficient neural induction. Conversely, stimulation of Smad2 signaling in the neural plate at gastrula stages results in inhibition of neural markers, disruption of the neural tube and reduction of head structures, with conversion of neural to neural crest and mesodermal fates. The ability of activated Smad2 to block neural induction declines by the end of gastrulation. Our results indicate that prospective neural cells are poised to respond to Smad2 and Smad1 signals to adopt mesodermal and non-neural ectodermal fates even at gastrula stages, after the conventionally assigned end of mesodermal competence, so that continued suppression of both mesoderm- and epidermis-inducing Smad signals leads to efficient neural induction.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF (7-MERCAPTOHEPTANOYL)THREONINE PHOSPHATE

The biosynthesis of (7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine phosphate (HS-HTP) has been studied in the methanogenic bacteria Methanococcus volta and Methanosarcina thermophila. Growth of these cells in medium containing [7,7-2H2]-7-mercaptoheptanoic acid, [3,4,4,4-threonine-2H4]-N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine, [7,7-2H2]-N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine, or DL-[3,4,4,4-2H4]threonine led to the generation of labeled HS-HTP containing a portion of the molecules with the same number of deuteriums as the precursor molecule. This result indicated that each of these labeled molecules can serve as a precursor for the biosynthesis of HS-HTP. Cell-free extracts of these methanogens were shown to carry out the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of N-(7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine to HS-HTP. These observations indicate that the biosynthesis of HS-HTP involves the coupling of mercaptoheptanoic acid with threonine to form (7-mercaptoheptanoyl)threonine, which is then phosphorylated to HS-HTP.
Effective management of chronic pain. The analgesic dilemma.

PreviewDespite the fact that pain is a common presenting complaint, its effective management remains an elusive goal surrounded by contradictions and controversy. In this article, Dr Stacey discusses the goals of chronic pain management and the treatment options available, with a focus on pharmacologic therapy and prescribing issues involving currently available analgesics.
Fiber-Optic Acoustic Sensor Based On The Sagnac Interferometer

A series of fiber-optic acoustic sensors based on the Sagnac interferometer are described. Features of these sensors include filtering of low-frequency signal components, use of a laser light source as an amplifier, and selection of the mechanism whereby the acoustic signature is impressed upon the light beams propagating in the fiber coil.
Resolving the role of actoymyosin contractility in cell microrheology.

Einstein's original description of Brownian motion established a direct relationship between thermally-excited random forces and the transport properties of a submicron particle in a viscous liquid. Recent work based on reconstituted actin filament networks suggests that nonthermal forces driven by the motor protein myosin II can induce large non-equilibrium fluctuations that dominate the motion of particles in cytoskeletal networks. Here, using high-resolution particle tracking, we find that thermal forces, not myosin-induced fluctuating forces, drive the motion of submicron particles embedded in the cytoskeleton of living cells. These results resolve the roles of myosin II and contractile actomyosin structures in the motion of nanoparticles lodged in the cytoplasm, reveal the biphasic mechanical architecture of adherent cells—stiff contractile stress fibers interdigitating in a network at the cell cortex and a soft actin meshwork in the body of the cell, validate the method of particle tracking-microrheology, and reconcile seemingly disparate atomic force microscopy (AFM) and particle-tracking microrheology measurements of living cells.
Initiatives to enhance maritime security at sea

Abstract There are myriad threats to maritime security, including hijacking, murder, narcotics trafficking, migrant smuggling, support for terrorist organizations and transport of dangerous weapons. To enhance maritime security, the principles of co-operation and flag state jurisdiction provide the legal foundation for ship boarding and enforcement. Such co-operation should include boarding states promptly seeking, and flag states promptly confirming, claims of nationality, and, where reasonable indications of illicit activity exist, authorizing boarding and search, or doing so themselves. Proposed amendments to the SUA Convention will clarify the Convention's role in combating violence at sea, require States to criminalize such behavior, and establish uniform standards for responding to maritime terrorism.
Bone china formulated with waste glass

AbstractAbstractBone china is known for its technical and aesthetical quality with distinguishable whiteness, brightness and high mechanical strength. In this work, the use of waste glass was investigated in a bone china composition. This makes the production of this porcelain even more interesting from the environmental point of view, since most of its raw materials are from recyclable sources. Potash feldspar was partially replaced by waste glass, and the technical and slip rheological properties, phase development and microstructure after firing of the ceramic bodies were evaluated. The results revealed that waste glass provides a reduction in firing temperature and large plateau for firing while maintaining the quality of the final porcelain, including thermal expansion and mechanical strength.
Negative effects of GM-CSF signaling in a murine model of t(8;21)-induced leukemia.

The t(8;21)(q22;q22) is common in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The RUNX1-ETO fusion protein that is expressed by this translocation is poorly leukemogenic and requires additional mutations for transformation. Loss of sex chromosome (LOS) is frequently observed in t(8;21) AML. In the present study, to evaluate whether LOS cooperates with t(8;21) in leukemogenesis, we first used a retroviral transduction/transplantation model to express RUNX1-ETO in hematopoietic cells from XO mice. The low frequency of leukemia in these mice suggests that the potentially critical gene for suppression of t(8;21) leukemia in humans is not conserved on mouse sex chromosomes. The gene encoding the GM-CSF receptor α subunit (CSF2RA) is located on X and Y chromosomes in humans but on chromosome 19 in mice. GM-CSF promotes myeloid cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. To determine whether GM-CSF signaling affects RUNX1-ETO leukemogenesis, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells that lack GM-CSF signaling were used to express RUNX1-ETO and transplanted into lethally irradiated mice, and a high penetrance of AML was observed in recipients. Furthermore, GM-CSF reduced the replating ability of RUNX1-ETO–expressing cells. These results suggest a possible tumor-suppressor role of GM-CSF in RUNX1-ETO leukemia. Loss of the CSF2RA gene may be a critical mutation explaining the high incidence of LOS associated with the t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation.
The role of therapist self-disclosure in psychotherapy: A qualitative review

Over 90% of therapists self-disclose to clients (Mathews, 1989; Pope, Tabachnick, & Keith-Spiegel, 1987; Edwards & Murdock, 1994), however, the implications of therapist self-disclosure are unclear, with highly divergent results from one study to the next. The goal of this paper was to review the empirical literature relevant to therapist self-disclosure, and provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the factors that affect, and are affected by, therapist self-disclosure. Findings are organized into an integrated model examining the who, what, when, why, and how of therapist self-disclosure. In addition, training implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Design of a Nanoscale Silicon Laser

The recent observation of optical gain from silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 opens an opportunity to develop a nanoscale silicon-based laser. However, the challenge remains to design and develop a laser architecture using CMOS-compatible materials. In this paper we present two designs for a waveguide laser in which silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 are used as the optical gain media. One design employs a SiO2 membrane containing encapsulated Si nanocrystals. Preliminary calculations given here show that a highly resonant laser cavity can be produced in a SiO2 membrane using sub-wavelength structures. This photonic crystal architecture, used to guide and contain the light, can be combined with a gain medium of optically active Si nanocrystals synthesized in the SiO2 membrane using ion implantation/thermal annealing to produce a Si-based laser. The laser cavity dimensions can be matched to the near-infrared wavelengths where optical gain has been observed from Si nanocrystals. The second design utilizes silicon nanocrystals embedded in a distributed-feedback laser cavity fabricated in SiO2. Lasing action over a broad wavelength range centered at ∼770 nm should be possible in both of these configurations.
Emergency department crowding and risk of preventable medical errors.

The objective of the study is to determine the association between emergency department (ED) crowding and preventable medical errors (PME). This was a retrospective cohort study of 533 ED patients enrolled in the National ED Safety Study (NEDSS) in four Massachusetts EDs. Individual patients’ average exposure to ED crowding during their ED visit was compared with the occurrence of a PME (yes/no) for the three diagnostic categories in NEDSS: acute myocardial infarction, asthma exacerbation, and dislocation requiring procedural sedation. To accommodate site-to-site differences in available administrative data, ED crowding was measured using one of three previously validated crowding metrics (ED Work Index, ED Workscore, and ED Occupancy). At each site, the continuous measure was placed into site-specific quartiles, and these quartiles then were combined across sites. We found that 46 (8.6%; 95% confidence interval, 6.4–11.3%) of the 533 patients experienced a PME. For those seen during higher levels of ED crowding (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1), the occurrence of PMEs was more than twofold higher, both on unadjusted analysis and adjusting for two potential confounders (diagnosis, site). The association appeared non-linear, with most PMEs occurring at the highest crowding level. We identified a direct association between high levels of ED crowding and risk of preventable medical errors. Further study is needed to determine the generalizability of these results. Should such research confirm our findings, we would suggest that mitigating ED crowding may reduce the occurrence of preventable medical errors.
Work Schedules and Body Rhythms

Abstract The human body changes its physiological functions throughout the 24-hour day. During waking hours, the body is prepared for physical work, while during the night sleep is normal. Attitudes and behavior also change rhythmically during the day. Work should be arranged to least disturb physiological, psychological, and behavioral rhythms to avoid negative health and social effects and to avoid reductions in work performance (Kroemer, Kroemer and Kroemer-Elbert, [20]).
Infertility Insurance Mandates and Fertility

Infertility is considered by the medical community to be a disease of the reproductive system. It currently affects over 6 million individuals, and one in ten couples cannot conceive without medical assistance. The psychological effects of infertility have been compared to the effects of other diseases such as cancer and heart disease (e.g., Anne T. Fidler and Judith Bernstein, 1999), and the financial costs of treatment can be quite large. However, only 25 percent of all health-plan sponsors provide coverage for infertility services. In response to a perceived need for coverage, legislation was introduced at the federal level in 2003 that would require health plans to provide infertility benefits. As the fraction of the population affected by infertility continues to rise, there are likely to be continued efforts to mandate coverage. Understanding the costs and benefits of these policies thus becomes increasingly important. The first component of a full analysis is to determine whether these mandates will actually have an effect on fertility. By reducing the price of infertility treatment, one might expect to see an increase in utilization of treatments. This could be true if the mandate expands access to individuals who previously could not afford treatment, or if individuals who were previously receiving treatment now choose to consume higher quantities (or a higher quality) of treatment. However, it is also possible that these mandates have no effect on access or on treatment consumed but simply provide windfall gains to those individuals who would have purchased treatment in the absence of insurance coverage. Finally, mandates may also have dynamic effects on the timing of births. Individuals could seek treatment earlier, which is beneficial from a medical perspective. Alternatively, individuals could further delay childbearing, with the knowledge that they will ultimately be covered. In this paper, I ask the first-order question of whether the mandated insurance coverage of infertility treatment has affected birth rates. As of 2003, 15 states have enacted some form of infertility insurance mandate. Using a differencein-differences approach, I exploit variation in the enactment of mandates both across states and over time and identify control groups that should not have been affected by infertility coverage. My results suggest that the mandates increase firstbirth rates for women over age 35 by 32 percent.
Crossed vortex bottle beam trap for single-atom qubits

We demonstrate trapping and quantum state control of single cesium atoms in a 532 nm wavelength bottle beam trap. The three-dimensional trap is formed by crossing two unit charge vortex beams. Single atoms are loaded with 50% probability directly from a magneto-optical trap. We achieve a trapping lifetime of up to 6 s and demonstrate fast Rabi oscillations with a coherence time of T2∼43±9 ms.
The effect of short-term exposure to pentachlorophenol and osmotic stress on the free amino acid pool of the freshwater amphipodGammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield

The effects of acute Stressors on the concentration of free amino acids (FAA) in the freshwater amphipodGammarus pseudolimnaeus was investigated. Forty-eight hours of exposure to acutely toxic concentrations of pentachlorophenol resulted in a significant decrease in the total FAA pool at the greater concentrations and a significant change in the FAA profile at the lesser concentration. Hyperosmotic conditions did not alter the FAA concentrations while hypoosmotic conditions caused a significant decrease in the total FAA pool. Pentachlorophenol exposure did not impair the ability of amphipods to resist hypoosmotic conditions; however, osmotic stress did influence the organisms ability to recover from toxicant exposure, as measured by changes in the concentration of FAA. The observed alterations in the concentration of total FAA in stressed amphipods is probably related to a disruption in the osmoregulatory ability of the organism. Changes in the FAA pool has potential as ininsitu biochemical indicator of toxicant-induced stress in freshwater invertebrates.
Fault tree and reliability relationships for analyzing noncoherent two-state systems

Abstract Recently, there has been interest in analyzing the noncoherent interactions that result from adversary theft of special nuclear material from reprocessing facilities. The actions of the adversary, acting in conflict with the reprocessing facility's material control and accounting system, may be viewed as a single noncoherent structure. This paper develops a basis for analyzing noncoherent structures by decomposing them into coherent subsystems. Both reliability and fault tree structure functions are used for this analysis. In addition, a bounding criterion is established for the reliability of statistically dependent noncoherent structures.
Cytomegalovirus in the Submandibular and Sublingual Glands of the Southern Grasshopper Mouse (Onychomys torridus torridus)

The infection observed within the submandibular and sublingual glands of the grasshopper mouse, Onychomys torridus torridus, is a cytoinegalovirus.
Gender differences in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A multihospital, community-based perspective

Objective: As part of a community-wide study examining temporal trends in the incidence and survival rates of acute myocardial infarction, we examined differences between the sexes in overall utilization rates and changes over time, therein, of various therapies used in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Design: Nonconcurrent prospective study. Patients: Three thousand three hundred sixty-one men and 2119 women hospitalized with validated acute myocardial infarction in 16 hospitals in the Worcester, Mass, metropolitan area during 1975, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1988, and 1990. Results: After controlling, by means of a logistic regression analysis, for a variety of patient-related factors that could affect physician prescribing patterns, women were significantly more likely to receive diuretics during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, whereas men were significantly more likely to receive antiplatelet agents, lidocaine, and other antiarrhythmic agents. No statistically significant differences were seen between men and women with regard to the use of anticoagulants, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, nitrates, and thrombolytic agents. Marked increases over time (1975 through 1990) were seen in the use of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, β-blockers, lidocaine, and nitrates in each of the sexes, while declines were seen in the use of digoxin and diuretics. Use of thrombolytic therapy increased between 1986 and 1990, whereas use of calcium channel blockers decreased over this period for both men and women. Conclusions: The results of this multihospital, population-based, observational study suggest that physician practice patterns in the pharmacologic treatment of men and women hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction are very similar. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:625-629)
Physical closeness and negative feelings

In a 2 by 2 design, 56 pairs of Ss argued or talked in a room which was either large or very small. Proximity in the small room was expected to increase arousal, which in turn would intensify either hostile feelings associated with arguing or friendly feelings associated with talking. Instead, verbal reports and palmar sweat measures suggested an affinity between proximity and arguing. Arguing is congruent with negative feelings aroused by proximity, and arguing may also allow Ss to focus upon intellectual content and thereby “escape” from an unpleasant interpersonal situation.
A log-linear approach to mining significant graph-relational patterns

Objects in many application domains can be characterized as link-based data, having both network (graph) information as well as structured information describing the nodes. Discovery of frequent patterns in this setting is vulnerable to problems that cannot occur in pattern mining on conventional data without network information. While patterns may appear to reflect novel characteristics of a combination of graph and node information, they may be expected based on patterns that could be found using conventional data mining techniques. We introduce a significance measure that identifies patterns that are unexpected based on node attributes in isolation and neighbor correlations. A statistical log-linear model is extended for this purpose and the structural symmetry of the link-based data is accounted for. Eliminating insignificant results reduces the output quantity by orders of magnitude. Efficiency is achieved by designing the pattern mining algorithm as a hybrid of conventional pattern mining and graph data mining. We demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the approach for yeast and for movie data.
Tolerance of selected weed species to broadcast flaming at different growth stages

Abstract Organic producers rank weeds as the most important pests that limit their crop production. In order to optimize the use of propane flaming as a weed control tool, the objective of this study was to test tolerance of selected weed species to broadcast flaming performed at different growth stages. Six annual species, including one grass [barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)] and five broadleaves [field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), kochia (Kochia scoparia), ivyleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and Venice mallow (Hibiscus trionum)] were flamed at three growth stages with six doses of propane. The propane doses applied were 0, 12, 31, 50, 68 and 87 kg/ha. Flaming treatments were applied utilizing a custom built flamer mounted on a four-wheeler moving at a constant speed of 6.4 km/h. Species response to propane were described by log-logistic models based on visual injury ratings and dry matter (DM) for each weed species. Overall response to flaming varied among species, growth stage and propane dose. Broadleaf weeds were more susceptible to flaming than the grass regardless of the growth stage. A dose of 76 kg/ha of propane was needed to obtain 90% DM reduction for 7-leaf (L) barnyardgrass compared to much lower doses of 40, 49, 55, 56 and 51 kg/ha propane for 8-L bindweed, 6-L kochia, 10-L morning glory, 7-L velvetleaf and 5-L Venice mallow, respectively. Moreover, the tolerance of both grassy and broadleaf weed species to broadcast flaming increased with increase in plant size. A 90% DM reduction in velvetleaf was obtained with 42, 56 and 102 kg/ha of propane for 5-L, 7-L and 16-L stages, respectively. The tested broadleaf weed species were effectively controlled (90% DM reduction) with propane dose of 30–60 kg/ha when flamed at early growth stages (3-L to 14-L), while the same dose of propane provided only 80% DM reduction in barnyardgrass when flamed at vegetative stages (4-L to 7-L). It was not possible to obtain 90% DM reduction in barnyardgrass when flamed at flowering stage with the propane doses tested in this experiment.
Achieving High Grades at ‘A’ Level English Literature: An Investigation into Factors that Contribute to Schools' Successes

AbstractThis article is drawn from a report produced for Suffolk schools concerning the factors that seem to underlie success at A level English Literature by able students. The report followed a small-scale survey in six schools which regularly do well in the proportion of high grades achieved, conducted as part of the ongoing monitoring of teaching and learning in English in the county. Through lesson observation, interview and the scrutiny of written work, a large number of possible factors explaining the success of these departments were considered. The factors of greatest significance included the subject expertise and commitment of staff, the balance of teaching methods used and pupils’ experience of a challenging English curriculum at KS4. The report’s conclusions and recommendations are of general interest to English departments and INSET providers nationally.