cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical and clinical correlates of swing-phase knee flexion in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy who walk with flexed-knee gait.

Abstract Objective To identify clinical and biomechanical parameters that influence swing-phase knee flexion and contribute to stiff-knee gait in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) and flexed-knee gait. Design Retrospective analysis of clinical data and gait kinematics collected from 2010 to 2013. Setting Motion and gait analysis laboratory at a children's hospital. Participants Individuals with spastic CP (N=34; 20 boys, 14 girls; mean age ± SD, 10.1±4.1y [range, 5–20y]; Gross Motor Function Classification System I–III) who walked with flexed-knee gait ≥20° at initial contact and had no prior surgery were included; the more-involved limb was analyzed. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The magnitude and timing of peak knee flexion (PKF) during swing were analyzed with respect to clinical data, including passive range of motion and Selective Control Assessment of the Lower Extremity, and biomechanical data, including joint kinematics and hamstring, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscle-tendon length during gait. Results Data from participants demonstrated that achieving a higher magnitude of PKF during swing correlated with a higher maximum knee flexion velocity in swing (ρ=.582, P P =.003). In contrast, attaining earlier timing of PKF during swing correlated with a higher knee flexion velocity at toe-off (ρ=−.576, P P =.039), and a greater peak knee extension during single-limb support phase (ρ=−.354, P =.040). Conclusions Results indicate that the magnitude and timing of PKF during swing were independent, and their biomechanical correlates differed, suggesting important treatment implications for both stiff-knee and flexed-knee gait.
Dual-Channel Circuit Mapping Reveals Sensorimotor Convergence in the Primary Motor Cortex

Cortical cells integrate synaptic input from multiple sources, but how these different inputs are distributed across individual neurons is largely unknown. Differences in input might account for diverse responses in neighboring neurons during behavior. We present a strategy for comparing the strengths of multiple types of input onto the same neuron. We developed methods for independent dual-channel photostimulation of synaptic inputs using ChR2 together with ReaChR, a red-shifted channelrhodopsin. We used dual-channel photostimulation to probe convergence of sensory information in the mouse primary motor cortex. Input from somatosensory cortex and thalamus converges in individual neurons. Similarly, inputs from distinct somatotopic regions of the somatosensory cortex are integrated at the level of single motor cortex neurons. We next developed a ReaChR transgenic mouse under the control of both Flp- and Cre-recombinases that is an effective tool for circuit mapping. Our approach to dual-channel photostimulation enables quantitative comparison of the strengths of multiple pathways across all length scales of the brain.
Legislative Effectiveness and Legislative Life

We study an under-utilized source of data on legislative effectiveness, and exploit its panel structure to uncover several interesting patterns. We find that effectiveness rises sharply with tenure, at least for the first few terms even after controlling for legislators institutional positions, party affiliation, and other factors. Effectiveness never declines with tenure, even out to nine terms. The increase in effectiveness is not simply due to electoral attrition and selective retirement, but appears to be due to learning-by-doing. We also find evidence that a significant amount of "positive sorting" occurs in the legislature, with highly talented legislators moving more quickly into positions of responsibility and power. Finally, effectiveness has a positive impact on incumbents' electoral success, and on the probability of moving to higher office. These findings have important implications for arguments about term limits, the incumbency advantage, and seniority rule.
Multi-domain simulations of the time dependent Navier-Stokes equations: benchmark error analysis of some nesting procedures

This paper presents a benchmark error analysis of various approaches for treating multiple domain calculations within an anelastic finite difference model. One-way and two-way interactive nesting errors with and without temporal refinement are evaluated. The two-way interactive nesting approach is one where solutions between fine and coarse grid domains are matched through the simple post insertion of data. On the other hand, the equations can be matched by using the pressure defect correction approach. It is shown that, for the present model, the two-way interactive nesting method gives identical results to multi-domain solutions using the pressure defect correction approach. The present results indicate that in this type of analastic framework, a priori matching of the equations is equivalent to the a posteriori matching of the solutions. This result is attributed to the inflexible nature of the Neumann boundary conditions on the fine mesh pressure which need to be specified from the coarse mesh. Since a large number of meterological models employ the hydrostatic assumption, it is of interest to know of nesting errors attributable to this approximation. The results presented indicate essentially equivalent error levels for both the hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic systems of equations for the present case of airflow over an isolated mountain. It is shown how nesting technology can be used in a virtual sense to reduce the central memory requirements for large array sized numerical simulations. Nesting can be used in this sense to decompose the maximum memory working space required without affecting the results.
Lynch Syndrome from a surgeon perspective: retrospective study of clinical impact of mismatch repair protein expression analysis in colorectal cancer patients less than 50 years old

In clinical practice, unexpected diagnosis of colorectal cancer in young patients requires prompt surgery, thus genetic testing for Lynch Syndrome is frequently missed, and clinical management may result incorrect. Patients younger than 50 years old undergoing colorectal resection for cancer in the period 1994-2007 were identified (Group A, 49 cases), and compared to a group of randomly selected patients more than 50 (Group B, 85 cases). In 31 group A patients, immunohistochemical expression analysis of MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 was performed; personal and familial history of patients with defective MMR proteins expression was further investigated, searching for synchronous and metachronous tumors in probands and their families. Fifty-one percent of patients did not express one or more MMR proteins (MMR-) and should be considered Lynch Syndrome carriers (16 patients, group A1); while only 31.2% of them were positive for Amsterdam criteria, 50% had almost another tumor, 37.5% had another colorectal tumor and 68% had relatives with colorectal tumor. This group of patients, compared with A2 group (< 50 years old, MMR+) and B group, showed typical characteristics of HNPCC, such as proximal location, mucinous histotype, poor differentiation, high stage and shorter survival. The present study confirms that preoperative knowledge of MMR proteins expression in colorectal cancer patients would allow correct staging, more extended colonic resection, specific follow-up and familial screening.
Calorimetric and computational study of indanones.

Condensed phase standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation for 1-indanone, 2-indanone, and 1,3-indandione were derived from the standard molar enthalpies of combustion, in oxygen, at T = 298.15 K, measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry. The standard molar enthalpies of sublimation for 1-indanone and 2-indanone, at T = 298.15 K, were measured both by correlation-gas chromatography and by Calvet microcalorimetry leading to a mean value for each compound. For 1,3-indandione, the standard molar enthalpy of sublimation was derived from the vapor pressure dependence on temperature. The following enthalpies of formation in gas phase, at T = 298.15 K, were then derived: 1-indanone, −64.0 ± 3.8 kJ mol-1; 2-indanone, −56.6 ± 4.8 kJ mol-1; 1,3-indandione, −165.0 ± 2.6 kJ mol-1. The vaporization and fusion enthalpies of the indanones studied are also reported. In addition, theoretical calculations using the density functional theory with the B3LYP and MPW1B95 energy functionals and the 6-311G** an...
Numerical evaluation of the radiation from unbaffled, finite plates using the FFT

An iteration technique is described which numerically evaluates the acoustic pressure and velocity on and near unbaffled, finite, thin plates vibrating in air. The technique is based on Rayleigh’s integral formula and its inverse. These formulas are written in their angular spectrum form so that the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm may be used to evaluate them. As an example of the technique the pressure on the surface of a vibrating, unbaffled disk is computed and shown to be in excellent agreement with the exact solution using oblate spheroidal functions. Furthermore, the computed velocity field outside the disk shows the well‐known singularity at the rim of the disk. The radiated fields from unbaffled flat sources of any geometry with prescribed surface velocity may be evaluated using this technique. The use of the FFT to perform the integrations in Rayleigh’s formulas provides a great savings in computation time compared with standard integration algorithms, especially when an array processor can be used to implement the FFT.
The Effects of Taxiway Light Geometry, Color, and Location on Position Determination by Pilots

Lack of perspective cues or abundance of lights in airport taxiway areas have been problems leading to pilot disorientation when navigating on the airport surface. Possible human factors solutions include the introduction of perspective cues through shaped lights and the reduction of extraneous light signals with shielded lights. Thirty-two pilots participated in a laboratory simulation to evaluate the effects of taxiway light geometry, color, and location on determination of position. Two new systems (shielded and shaped lights) were tested against two traditional systems (blue edge lights and green centerline lights). Subjects had to determine their position on an airport map from static, out-the-cockpit views. Contrary to expectations, the two new systems did not lead to improved performance over the traditional systems in this simulation. In fact, the pattern of means suggested that performance was better with the traditional systems than with the new ones. In the case of the number of correctly ident...
SU-E-T-289: On the Use of a Diode Array for the Commissioning of Dynamically-Wedged Asymmetric Fields Generated by Varian EDW's in the Pinnacle Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To present a validation study of enhanced dynamic wedges (EDWs) implemented into Pinnacle3 treatment planning system (TPS) using a diode array, Monte Carlo(MC) simulation, and measurements. Method and Materials: Modeling of EDW dose distribution in the Pinnacle3 TPS is based on a combination of open‐field beam data and the Varian ‘Golden Segmented Treatment Table’ (GSTT) unique to each photon beam. To validate the EDW models, dose profiles of 6‐ and 10‐MV photon beams from a Clinac 2100C/D were measured in virtual water at depths from near‐ surface to 30 cm for a wide range of asymmetric field sizes and wedge angles using the Profiler‐2 diode array system. The EDW output factors for asymmetric fields were measured in solid water using a small‐volume cylindrical ionization chamber placed at a depth of 10 cm on the central axis. In addition, absolute doses on central axis at depths of 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm were measured in virtual water using a small‐volume cylindrical chamber for comparison with the collapsed‐cone convolution (CCC) calculations. The 6‐ and 10‐MV photon beams emerging from the treatment head of the Clinac 2100C/D were fully simulated using the Monte Carlo code BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc. This code was used to calculate the central‐axis percentage depth doses and dose profiles for the open and dynamically‐wedged fields in a water phantom. Results:The off‐axis dose profiles of various EDWs computed with the CCC dose model and MC simulations agreed with measured EDW dose distributions to an accuracy of better than 2%/2 mm. Measured EDW output factors used for MU calculations in Pinnacle3 TPS agreed with MC predictions within 1–2%. Conclusions: The utility of Profiler‐2 diode array system to measure dose profiles for commissioning of EDWs into the Pinnacle3 TPS has been demonstrated to have acceptable accuracy for clinical implementation.
Fortified Antibiotic Ointment in Bacterial Keratitis

We conducted experiments to determine the effectiveness of fortified antibiotic ointment in the treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis in rabbits. We evaluated gentamicin ointment (3, 10, 20, and 40 mg/g), gentamicin solution (3 and 10 mg/ml), and placebo, each given every 30 minutes. We also examined the effectiveness of fortified ointment given in extended treatment intervals. In short-term trials, commercial-strength gentamicin solution (3 mg/ml) was therapeutically superior (P
Template for Success: Using a Resident-Designed Sign-out Template in the Handover of Patient Care

Objective Report our implementation of a standardized handover process in a general surgery residency program. Design The standardized handover process, sign-out template, method of implementation, and continuous quality improvement process were designed by general surgery residents with support of faculty and senior hospital administration using standard work principles and business models of the Virginia Mason Production System and the Toyota Production System. Setting Nonprofit, tertiary referral teaching hospital. Participants General surgery residents, residency faculty, patient care providers, and hospital administration. Results After instruction in quality improvement initiatives, a team of general surgery residents designed a sign-out process using an electronic template and standard procedures. The initial implementation phase resulted in 73% compliance. Using resident-driven continuous quality improvement processes, real-time feedback enabled residents to modify and improve this process, eventually attaining 100% compliance and acceptance by residents. Conclusions The creation of a standardized template and protocol for patient handovers might eliminate communication failures. Encouraging residents to participate in this process can establish the groundwork for successful implementation of a standardized handover process. Integrating a continuous quality-improvement process into such an initiative can promote active participation of busy general surgery residents and lead to successful implementation of standard procedures.
Continuous Dielectrophoretic Separation of Multiple Particles in a Microfluidic Chip

We successfully demonstrate that DC dielectrophoresis can be utilized to separate particles of three dissimilar sizes simultaneously in a microfluidic chip. This continuous-flow separation is attributed to the particle size dependent dielectrophoretic force that is generated by the non-uniform electric field around a single insulating hurdle on the channel sidewall.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Bayesian Variable Selection in Semiparametric Proportional Hazards Model for High Dimensional Survival Data

Variable selection for high dimensional data has recently received a great deal of attention. However, due to the complex structure of the likelihood, only limited developments have been made for time-to-event data where censoring is present. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian variable selection scheme for a Bayesian semiparametric survival model for right censored survival data sets. A special shrinkage prior on the coefficients corresponding to the predictor variables is used to handle cases when the explanatory variables are of very high-dimension. The shrinkage prior is obtained through a scale mixture representation of Normal and Gamma distributions. Our proposed variable selection prior corresponds to the well known lasso penalty. The likelihood function is based on the Cox proportional hazards model framework, where the cumulative baseline hazard function is modeled a priori by a gamma process. We assign a prior on the tuning parameter of the shrinkage prior and adaptively control the sparsity of our model. The primary use of the proposed model is to identify the important covariates relating to the survival curves. To implement our methodology, we have developed a fast Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm with an adaptive jumping rule. We have successfully applied our method on simulated data sets under two different settings and real microarray data sets which contain right censored survival time. The performance of our Bayesian variable selection model compared with other competing methods is also provided to demonstrate the superiority of our method. A short description of the biological relevance of the selected genes in the real data sets is provided, further strengthening our claims.
Primary Hairy Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma of the Breast: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Hairy cell leukemia/lymphoma (HCL) is a rare B-cell neoplasm primarily involving spleen, bone marrow, and blood. However, other sites of primary involvement do occur and can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We present an unusual case of HCL involving predominantly the breast that was diagnosed as an incidental finding during an elective reduction mammoplasty in an otherwise healthy asymptomatic woman. Bone marrow performed for staging revealed limited involvement by HCL. Notably, there was no splenomegaly and/or involvement of other extramedullary sites. The peripheral blood revealed minimal involvement detected by flow cytometry. Extensive immunohistochemical studies supported by positive BRAF V600E mutational status confirmed the diagnosis of HCL. The patient remains asymptomatic without treatment one year following the diagnosis. This is the first case of a well-documented HCL presenting primarily in the breast in an asymptomatic patient. We review the literature on extramedullary, extrasplenic involvement by HCL and discuss the diagnostic challenges as well as the utility of immunohistochemistry and molecular studies in the diagnosis of atypical presentations of HCL.
Channel-adaptive complex K-best MIMO detection using lattice reduction

Lattice reduction (LR) aided detectors mitigate the exponentially increasing complexity of large multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems while achieving near-optimal performance with low computational complexity. In this paper, a channel-adaptive complex-domain LR-aided K-best MIMO detector is presented that reduces the gap between the K-best sphere decoding (SD) detector and the maximum likelihood (ML) optimal MIMO detector. While maintaining BER performance, computational complexity is reduced by 50% over a conventional complex domain K-best SD detector by implementing a new on-demand complex-domain candidate symbol selection algorithm. Two tunable variables in the candidate selection process are introduced to enable both coarse-grained and fine-grained adaptation of computational complexity to channel conditions.
Arousal-reducing effects of chronic stimulant use

A variety of studies withhabitual users of nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines have shown that administration of these stimulants has the paradoxical effect of lowering arousal states. Research on transmarginal inhibition shows that when subjects are presented with a succession of stimuli monotonically increasing in intensity, GSR and related arousal responses increase first and then begin to decline beyond a certain point of stimulus intensity. That is, following repeated exposure to intense stimuli, continued more intense stimulation has the effect of lowering arousal. Since stimulants subjectively heighten stimulus intensity, the transmarginal inhibition data provide a basis for explaining opposing effects of stimulants on arousal, depending on dose and frequency of use. It was hypothesized that when dose levels are low and usage is infrequent, arousal increases with stimulant intake. In contrast, when dose levels are high and frequent, arousal shows decrements with new intakes of stimulant. A new questionnaire measure of characteristic arousal was developed and correlated with subjects' reports of habitual levels of stimulant and sedative intake. Weekly total stimulant use correlated significantly and negatively with characteristic arousal level, providing support for the hypothesis. This lowered arousal of frequent stimulant users was not a confound of, or due to, concomitant frequent sedative use, since total stimulant and sedative use levels were uncorrelated.
The Importance of Reassessment: How Changes in the LSI-R Risk Score Can Improve the Prediction of Recidivism

The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) is a correctional assessment tool that identifies the individual risk and needs of criminal offenders. The predictive validity of the LSI-R has the support of numerous studies, large samples, and multiple meta-analyses. The dynamic nature of many of the items in the LSI-R suggests that offenders are capable of altering their likelihood for future reoffending. However, despite the hundreds of studies conducted on the LSI-R, there have been only two to investigate whether or not changes in LSI-R score were empirically related to recidivism (Raynor, 2007; Vose, Lowenkamp, Smith, & Cullen, 2009). The current study attempts to add to this literature by assessing the predictive and dynamic validity of the LSI-R. Furthermore, this study is the first to investigate the relationship between changes in LSI-R domain scores and recidivism. The results support the LSI-R as a valid instrument in predicting recidivism and suggest future research on risk/needs assessments sh...
Comparison of the Woodcock-Johnson Scales of Independent Behavior and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales in Infant Assessment:

A follow-up program for high-risk infants included the administration of the Short and Early Develop ment Forms of the Scales of Independent Behavior, the Survey Form of the Vineland Adaptive Behav...
Epigenetic programming of μ‐opioid receptor gene in mouse brain is regulated by MeCP2 and brg1 chromatin remodelling factor

The pharmacological action of morphine as a pain medication is mediated primarily through the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). With few exceptions, MOR is expressed in brain regions where opioid actions take place. The basis for this unique spatial expression of MOR remains undetermined. Recently, we reported that DNA methylation of the MOR promoter plays an important role in regulating MOR in P19 cells. In this study, we show that the differential expression of MOR in microdissected mouse brain regions coincides with DNA methylation and histone modifications. MOR expression could be induced by a demethylating agent or a histone deacetylase inhibitor in MOR-negative cells, suggesting that the MOR gene can be silenced under epigenetic control. Increases in the in vivo interaction of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) were observed in the cerebellum, in which the MOR promoter was hypermethylated and MOR expression was the lowest among all brain regions tested. MeCP2 is associated closely with Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder. We also established novel evidence for a functional role for MeCP2’s association with the chromatin-remodelling factor Brg1 and DNA methyltransferase Dnmt1, suggesting a possible role for MeCP2 in chromatin remodelling during MOR gene regulation. We conclude that MOR gene expression is epigenetically programmed in various brain regions and that MeCP2 assists the epigenetic program during DNA methylation and chromatin remodelling of the MOR promoter.
An expression for ring-baffle-slosh-damping under reduced gravity conditions

Liquid sloshing in liquid propellant containing orbiting vehicle stabilized by active control system, examining expression for ring baffle slosh damping under reduced gravity
Morphology and structure of silica agglomerates in silica‐reinforced silicone rubber

Light-scattering and optical microscope observations of silica-reinforced silicone rubber have shown that the filler is dispersed in a complex manner. Much of the original material appears agglomerated into particles several microns in size. These particles apparently further cluster to form agglomerates of about 20 μ in diameter. In an earlier paper in this series it was shown that the thermodynamic function fe/f (the fraction of the retractive force due to internal energy changes) was a measure of the reinforcement level. It is now proposed that the corresponding physical mechanism of reinforcement may have its origin in the large amounts of energy required to deform the filler particle agglomerates.
Unraveling the dynamics of ribosome translocation.

Translocation is one of the key events in translation, requiring large-scale conformational changes in the ribosome, movements of two transfer RNAs (tRNAs) across a distance of more than 20A, and the coupled movement of the messenger RNA (mRNA) by one codon, completing one cycle of peptide-chain elongation. Translocation is catalyzed by elongation factor G (EF-G in bacteria), which hydrolyzes GTP in the process. However, how the conformational rearrangements of the ribosome actually drive the movements of the tRNAs and how EF-G GTP hydrolysis plays a role in this process are still unclear. Fluorescence methods, both single-molecule and bulk, have provided a dynamic view of translocation, allowing us to follow the different conformational changes of the ribosome in real-time. The application of electron microscopy has revealed new conformational intermediates during translocation and important structural rearrangements in the ribosome that drive tRNA movement, while computational approaches have added quantitative views of the translational pathway. These recent advances shed light on the process of translocation, providing insight on how to resolve the different descriptions of translocation in the current literature.
Evaluation of the menisci of the knee joint using three-dimensional isotropic resolution fast spin-echo imaging: diagnostic performance in 250 patients with surgical correlation

Objective To compare the diagnostic performance of FSE-Cube, a three-dimensional isotropic resolution intermediate-weighted fast spin-echo sequence, with a routine magnetic resonance (MR) protocol at 3.0 T for detecting surgically confirmed meniscal tears of the knee joint in a large patient population.
Zinc-binding protein: relationship to short term changes in zinc metabolism.

A variety of functions has been suggested for metallothionein (MTN), a low molecular weight cytoplasmic metalloprotein. These include roles in detoxification of Cd, Hg or Zn (1 ,2) , hepatic storage of Zn and Cu (3), Cu absorption (4), and Zn metabolism ( 5 , 6). Recently we proposed a dual function for a Zn-binding protein (ZnBP), which is similar to MTN, in the homeostatic regulation of Zn metabolism. Synthesis of both mRNA and ZnBP appeared to be required for plasma Zn uptake into liver cells where ZnBP appeared to serve as a storage protein (7). Furthermore, we found that intestinal ZnBP bound newly absorbed dietary Zn and suggested the protein may serve to antagonize absorption by competing for Zn with an intracellular chelator in mucosal cells. In order for ZnBP to serve these functions, its synthesis and degradation must be readily responsive to a metabolic signal. Previously we demonstrated that parenterally administered Zn resulted in changes in serum Zn concentrations prior to changes in liver or intestinal ZnBP synthesis (8). It therefore appeared plausible that serum Zn may serve as a short-term metabolic modulator of Zn metabolism via its influence on ZnBP synthesis. The experiments described here demonstrate that the short-term response of liver and intestinal ZnBP formation is related to fluctuations in serum Zn which can be brought about by changes in dietary Zn level as well as parenterally administered Zn. Materials and methods. Weanling male rats (Sprague-Dawley , Madison, Wisconsin) were housed individually in stainless
Reasons for intracranial hypertension and hemodynamic instability during acute elevations of intra-abdominal pressure: observations in a large animal model☆

In previous studies we reported that an acute elevation in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is responsible for the elevation in intracranial pressure (ICP) and mean blood pressure (MBP). Thus far, the reasons for the increased ICP during an acute elevation in IAP and the combined effects of mcreased IAP and ICP on hemodynamics have not been reported Five large animals (swine) were studied Each animal served as its own control. A subarachnoid screw was placed for ICP monitoring The Jugular vein, femoral vein, and femoral artery were cannulated. ICP, MBP, central venous pressure above (CVPA) and below (CVPB) the diaphragm, and Paco2 were monitored after a pneumoperitoneum with CO2 was established at 5, 15, and 30 mm Hgof IAP Cavography was performed to evaluate the morphology of the inferior vena cava at different increments of IAP Measurements were obtamed in reverse Trendelenburg (group l), supine (group 2), and Trendelenburg (group 3) positions Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effects of IAP and positioning in separate models with different blood pressures as dependent variables Increased IAP signifiantly increased CVPA, CVPB, ICP, and MBP There were no changes m cerebral perfusion pressure. The change in position (from group 1 to group 3) slgnificantly increased CVPA and decreased the CVPB Cavograms performed on animals m the supine position with increased IAP showed a narrowing of the IVC at the level of the diaphragm Increases in IAP will increase ICP and MBP without altermg the cerebral perfusion pressure A mechanical effect mediated by compression of the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm with mcreased central venous pressure and decreased drainage from the lumbar plexus and central nervous system is responsible for this effect
A proposed new scale to identify the category of a Hurricane’s status

Abstract The present study is concerned with the relationship between wind speeds in a hurricane and the pressure or depression. We propose a new index for categorizing hurricane force winds. Our method is developed utilizing statistical procedures and modeling with molecular physics. Our results are compared with the commonly used Saffir–Simpson scale.
Millimeter-Wave Characteristics of Phase-Correcting Fresnel Zone Plates

A focusing element called the phase-correcting Fresnel zone plate is described, and its characteristics are given when used in the millimeter-wave region for imaging or frequency filtering in place of a lens. Two versions are discussed, one where alternate concentric annular grooves are cut in a single piece of low-loss dielectric, and a second where two (or more) dielectrics are used in alternate concentric rings. For the latter case, an appropriate choice of parameters produces a design of constant thickness (i.e., a flat disk), named the "planar lens." Design formulas and curves, as well as measured results, are given for both types, and an analytical description is derived for the far-field patterns. Compared with lenses, zone plates are simpler to construct and have lower absorption loss, thickness, and weight.
Viscoelastic properties of extrusion-cooked plant protein mixtures.

Abstract Mixtures of soy protein concentrate and maize gluten meal were made up of dry-weight-basis ratios: 75 25 , 50 50 and 25 75 . Moisture contents ranged from 20 to 40% (db). The mixtures were then extrusion-cooked at 145°C. Three die diameters (2·24, 3·0 and 4·24 mm) and screw speeds (60, 120 and 180 rpm) were used to generate shear rates at the die-wall of 200 to 5400 s−1. The extrudates were then loaded axially in simple compression at a constant deformation rate of 1 cm min−1 and the relaxation behaviour represented by a single Maxwell element with elastic element in parallel. The elastic constants were found to increase with the percentage of soy in the mixture, whereas the time constants were found to decrease. The initial moduli of elasticity were also greater with greater percentages of soy.
Selenosulfonation of allenes and subsequent rearrangement of the adducts: A facile synthetic route to β-arylsulfonyl-substituted allylic alcohols

Abstract Se -Phenyl areneselenosulfonates add readily to allenes in a highly regiospecific fashion (eq 3) to give 5 . Oxidation of the PhSe group in 5 to PhSe(O) is followed by [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to 6 and hydrolysis of 6 to the β-arylsulfonyl-substituted allylic alcohol 7 , thereby providing a simple, high-yield route to these interesting compounds.
Global intuitionistic analysis

Formulation d'une analyse intuitionniste globale dans la theorie des ensembles intuitionniste globale. Theorie des faisceaux et modele de faisceaux. Analyse globale
Human renal allograft rejection: molecular characterization

went one biopsy each; 18 recipients, two biopsies; and one patient underwent three renal biopsies. The biopsies were an earlier acute rejection episode to subsequent occurperformed to determine the basis for graft dysfunction. rence of chronic rejection. The possibility thus exists The biopsy tissues included in this study of intragraft gene that chronic rejection might be due to CTL-dependent expression were classified on the basis of the BanV working cellular eVector mechanism(s). We therefore deterclassification criteria [11]. The histological classification of mined whether intragraft expression of granzyme B the biopsy specimen was made without the knowledge of the mRNA or perforin mRNA is a correlate of chronic results of the molecular studies.
Exercise radionuclide angiography in patients with mitral stenosis: Value of right ventricular response☆

Abstract We observed 26 patients with mitral stenosis and 19 normal volunteers with exercise gated radionuclide angiography. Although no differences were seen between normal subjects and patients with mitral stenosis at rest in left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular ejection fraction, significant differences were found for exercise change in ejection fraction for both ventricles, exercise time, exercise workload, and the percent change in LV end-diastolic, LV stroke, and RV end-systolic counts (ESC). Because nearly all of the normals (1819) had a decrease in RVESC, patients with stenosis were divided into two groups according to whether RVESC increased or decreased. Significant differences were found between these two groups for age, New York Heart Association class, prevalence of atrial fibrillation, echocardiographic mitral valve area, and prognosis, that is, number undergoing catheterization and surgery. We conclude that exercise radionuclide angiography does yield information that has significant clinical and prognostic value in patients with mitral stenosis.
Deformation of Angle Profiles in Forward Kinematics for Nullifying End-Point Offset While Preserving Movement Properties

This work describes a new approach that allows an angle-domain human movement model to generate, via forward kinematics, Cartesian-space human movement representation with otherwise inevitable end-point offset nullified but much of the kinematic authenticity retained. The approach incorporates a rectification procedure that determines the minimum postural angle change at the final frame to correct the end-point offset, and a deformation procedure that deforms the angle profile accordingly to preserve maximum original kinematic authenticity. Two alternative deformation schemes, named amplitude-proportional (AP) and time-proportional (TP) schemes, are proposed and formulated. As an illustration and empirical evaluation, the proposed approach, along with two deformation schemes, was applied to a set of target-directed right-hand reaching movements that had been previously measured and modeled. The evaluation showed that both deformation schemes nullified the final frame end-point offset and significantly reduced time-averaged position errors for the end-point as well as the most distal intermediate joint while causing essentially no change in the remaining joints. A comparison between the two schemes based on time-averaged joint and end-point position errors indicated that overall the TP scheme outperformed the AP scheme. In addition, no statistically significant difference in time-averaged angle error was identified between the raw prediction and either of the deformation schemes, nor between the two schemes themselves, suggesting minimal angle-domain distortion incurred by the deformation.
SEXUAL-SELECTION MODELS FOR EXAGGERATED TRAITS ARE USEFUL BUT CONSTRAINING

SYNOPSIS. Science is driven by productive hypotheses and technology, but these may sometimes limit the questions posed. For instance, Fisherian runaway sexual selection and related hypotheses have helped us understand the evolution of exaggerated visual sexual dimorphism. Species with indistinguishable sexes, however, may use different behavioral mechanisms when pairing and thus possess different adaptations. In the monomorphic Midas cichlid ( Amphilophus citrinellum ), females chose large aggressive males in a restrained situation, as sexual selection predicts, but males did not choose. The nuchal hump of males swells coincidently with pair formation. However, overly large humps were shunned by females while the normal— size hump facilitated sex recognition. This species is polychromatic, and pairs mate assortatively by color in Nicaragua. Some have suggested the Midas cichlid might therefore show how sexual selection produces explosive speciation of cichlids in Africa. All females, however, are biased toward normal—color males. The color of gold morphs modulates aggressive responses of the other fish. All else equal, the benefit to gold in a fight equals 15% more weight than the opponent. Pair formation succeeds best when the typically smaller female of a pair is relatively more aggressive than the male. The pair combination, gold male with normal female, is difficult to produce; making the female the same size as the male removes the disability. Pair formation is a negotiated process in which the male tests the aggressiveness of the female relative to self. That puts the behavioral mechanisms of the male and female in conflict.
Young Infants Can Develop Protective Levels of Neutralizing Antibody after Infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Humoral immunity protects against severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease, but the range and magnitude of antibody responses in RSV-naive children after RSV infection have not been completely defined. We evaluated RSV-neutralizing antibody and immunoglobulin G responses to RSV F and G glycoproteins in 65 RSV-naive Navajo and White Mountain Apache children aged 0-24 months who were hospitalized with RSV infection. In these children, antibody responses developed against RSV F and G and the central conserved region of RSV G. Twenty-seven of 41 infants or =8.0, which correlate with protection of the lower respiratory tract. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the level of preexisting neutralizing antibody at infection, not age, was the most important factor influencing this response. RSV can induce substantial neutralizing antibody responses in young infants when the titer of preexisting antibodies is low.
ac Stark shift of a two-photon transition induced by a model stochastic field

We have investigated the ac Stark shift of a two-photon transition induced by a model stochastic field by using a Monte Carlo technique. The model field has a stochastic single mode, which can possess both colored amplitude and colored frequency fluctuations. The stochastic field’s modification of the ac Stark shift is quantified by a parameter M, which is the ratio of the Stark shift in the model stochastic field to the Stark shift that would be obtained in a phase-diffusion field of equivalent linewidth (i.e., a field with frequency fluctuations but no amplitude fluctuations). In the regime of weak fields, below saturation of the bound-bound transition, we find that M is greater than unity: the Stark shift is enhanced by the stochastic field. Moreover, in this regime M is an increasing function of the field’s degree of photon bunching. In strong fields, where the bound–bound transition is nearly saturated, the enhancement of the Stark shift is diminished, so much so that in extremely strong fields M is actually less than unity. Our calculations indicate that the ac Stark shift’s modification occurs through two distinct processes, depending on the strength of the field. In weak fields enhancement of a multiphoton transition’s Stark shift is influenced primarily by the intrinsic correlation between ac-Stark-shift fluctuations and Rabi-frequency fluctuations. In strong fields the fluctuating Stark shifts give rise to an asymmetric resonance line shape in a fashion analogous to inhomogeneous broadening. The line shape’s peak position then has a sublinear dependence on the stochastic field’s intensity, and this yields a diminished value of M.
NCUBE: an automatic test generation program for iterative logic arrays

NCUBE applies all possible input patterns to each array cell while ensuring that the effects of incorrect transitions are observable at the array outputs. If the array is testable with a constant number of test vectors irrespective of its size (C-testable), then NCUBE generates the constant-size test set for the array. If the array cannot be tested with a constant number of test vectors, then the test size is proportional either to the number of rows or columns of the array or to the number of cells. In that case, NCUBE generates a minimal or near-minimal test set that depends on the size of the array. >
Predator identity and ecological impacts: Functional redundancy or functional diversity?

Different species occupy similar trophic positions in natural communities. However, ecologists have often overlooked the consequences of this variation for local communities by assuming that species occupying similar trophic positions are functionally similar. There have been few experimental tests of this important assumption. We tested the assumption of functional similarity by comparing the effect of six different predators (three fish and three salamander species) on an ensemble of larval anuran prey. Our experiment identified substantial variation in the impact of different predators on a variety of responses. Differences among predators in their selection of prey caused the structure of the larval anuran ensemble to vary continuously as opposed to producing discrete alternative states. Predators also differed in their ability to suppress either the total number or biomass of anurans. Thus, performance of larval anurans was dependent upon the identity of the predator. Moreover, the identity of predators judged similar and their degree of similarity depends on the specific response variable. In our study we found no predominance of weak or strong interactors, as predators appear to be evenly distributed along a gradient of interaction strengths. Knowledge of the identity of the species occupying a particular trophic position is crucial to predicting the impact of that trophic position on a community. Ecologists should not simply assume that species are functionally similar. The differing effects of different predators suggest that variation in their distribution across complex landscapes influences prey number, biomass, population dynamics, distribution, and ultimately local and regional species diversity.
An approach to animation of software specifications

This paper addresses animation of software specifications that can ease understanding of the properties of software specifications which are not easy to capture from the specifications alone. It is useful for program understanding, testing, simulation, impact analysis, etc., in software development and maintenance. They present the basic concepts of a visual language for specifying animation of software specifications. In their approach, a scenario of animation is specified by using a Petri net, which enables us to describe concurrency and synchronization in animation, and audio-visual effects are associated with objects in software specifications. This is a step toward audio-visual specifications of a software system. >
Mycorrhizal infection and high soil phosphorus improve vegetative growth and the female and male functions in tomato

Summary • To further characterize the effects of mycorrhizal infection and soil phosphorus (P) availability on plant fitness, this study examined their effects on the female and male functions, as well as vegetative growth of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ). • Two cultivars of tomato were grown in a glasshouse under three treatment combinations: nonmycorrhizal, low P (NMPO); nonmycorrhizal, high P (NMP3); and mycorrhizal, low P (MPO). • Mycorrhizal infection and high soil P conditions improved several vegetative (leaf area, days until first flower and leaf P concentration) and reproductive traits (total flower production, fruit mass, seed number and pollen production per plant, and mean pollen production per flower). In general, mycorrhizal and P responses were greater for reproductive traits than vegetative traits. In one cultivar, these responses were greater for the male function than the female function. • Thus, mycorrhizal infection and high soil P conditions enhanced fitness through both the female and male functions. Similar trends were usually observed in the NMP3 and MPO treatments, suggesting that mycorrhizal effects were largely the result of improved P acquisition.
Microporous lanthanide metal-organic frameworks

Microporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on lanthanide metal ions or clusters represent a group of porous materials, featuring interesting coor- dination, electronic, and optical properties. These attractive properties in combination with the porosity make microporous lanthanide MOFs (Ln-MOFs) hold the promise for various applications. This review is to provide an overview of the current status of the research in micro- porous Ln-MOFs, and highlight their potential as types of multifunctional materials for applications in gas/solvent adsorption and separation, luminescence and chemical sensing and catalysis.
Recommended Collision Integrals for Transport Property Computations Part 1: Air Species

Ar eview of the best-available data for calculating a complete set of binary collision integral data for the computation of the mixture transport properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and ordinary and thermal diffusion) of 13-species weakly ionized air is presented. Although the fidelity of the data varies, all collision integrals presented herein, except for electron-neutral interactions, are estimated to be accurate to within 25% over the temperature range of interest (300‐15,000 K) for reentry and laboratory plasmas. In addition, most of the dominant atom‐atom and atom‐ion interactions for dissociated weakly ionized air were derived from ab initio methods that are estimated to be accurate to within 10%. The accuracy and valid temperature range for electron-neutral interactions vary because of scarcity of the required cross-sectional data.