cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data mining techniques for optimizing inventories for electronic commerce

of their strategy for incorporating electronic commerce capabilities, many organizations are involved in the development of information systems that will establish effective linkages with their suppliers, customers, and other channel partners involved in transportation, distribution, warehousing and maintenance activities. These linkages have given birth to comprehensive data warehouses that integrate operational data with supplier, customer, channel partners and market information. Data mining techniques can now provide the technological leap needed to structure and prioritize information from these data warehouses to address specific end-user problems. Emerging data mining techniques permit the semi-automatic discovery of patterns, associations, changes, anomalies, rules, and statistically significant structures and events in data. Very significant business benefits have been attained through the integration of data mining techniques with current information systems aiding electronic commerce. This paper explains key data mining principles that can play a pivotal role in an electronic commerce environment. The paper also highlights two case studies in which neural network-based data mining techniques were used for inventory optimization. The results from the data mining prototype in a large medical distribution company provided the rationale for the strategy to reduce the total level of inventory by 50% (from a billion dollars to half a billion dollars) in the particular organization, while maintaining the same level of probability that a particular customer's demand will be satisfied. The second case study highlights the use of neural network based data mining techniques for forecasting hot metal temperatures in a steel mill blast furnace.
A Comparison of Size of Kuntscher Nails with the Length and the Width of Femurs and Humeri in Dogs

SUMMARY Femurs and humeri were measured from 79 mixed breed dogs and 15 radiographs. Width to length relationships were established and compared to available sizes of intramedullary Kuntscher nails. Analysis of the data presented and an awareness of the advantages and merits of Kuntscher nailing will, it is hoped, precipitate a renewal of efforts to make nails of appropriate lengths available for the dog.
An intraarticular-intraosseous carpal ganglion

2• :J. ·'· 6 We wish to report an intraarticular carpal ganglion with two separate intraosseous components as well as an extraarticular component. In addition, we report the first bone scan of such a lesion. The unique nature of this lesion coupled with the scan study may shed some light on the pathogenesis of these lesions.
Hemoglobin function and 2,3-DPG levels of blood stored at 4 C in ACD and CPD: pH effect.

Normal hemoglobin function depends on adequate erythrocyte levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), a compound which is poorly maintained in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD). Since 2,3-DPG is better maintained in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) and this preservative has a higher pH (5.5) than ACD (pH = 5.0), these preservatives were prepared at each pH and studied. The CPD preservatives (pH 5.0, 5.5) had similar amounts of phosphate so the differences between them, obtained by altering the buffer ratio, should relate to pH. The ACD solutions (pH 5.0, 5.5) contained no phosphate. Hemoglobin function, expressed as P50 (the Po2 at 50 per cent oxygenation, an inverse but direct measure of oxygen affinity), and 2,3-DPG were better maintained in ACD and CPD of pH 5.5. The lower pH (5.0) preservatives, whether ACD or CPD, showed rapidly declining hemoglobin function and 2,3-DPG levels. The values at the higher pH remained close to normal for two weeks and above those of the lower pH preservatives for most of the four-week storage period.
Denitrification Losses from Kentucky Bluegrass Sod

Denitrification may represent an important mechanism in the fate of N applied to turf. Denitrification losses were directly measured from fertilized 'Baron' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod samples sealed in acrylic chambers using the acetylene inhibition technique. Losses were correlated with soil texture, percent soil sat· uration (SAT), and temperature. Losses from turf on a Hadley silt loam soil and Hadley silt soil (both coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents) incubated at 2rC did not exceed 0.4 and 0.1 %, respectively, of the applied potassium nitrate fertilizer (4.5 g N m-2) when soil water levels were less than 75% saturated. Soil saturation increased denitrification losses from the silt loam and silt soils to 2.2 and 5.4% of the applied N, respectively. The relationship between percent soil saturation and denitrification loss was quadratic and highly significant for both soils. The equations are: milligrams of N20-N m-2 10 d-' = 1432.50 - 38.96 (percent SAT silt soil) + 0.26 {percent silt soil)2 or 130.80 - 5.40 (percent SAT silt loam soil) + 0.05 (SAT silt loam soil)l. A linear relationship (milligrams of N20 m-2 10 d-' = 0.49(°C) - 9.70) existed between denitrification losses and soil temperatures between 22 and 30°C in the silt soil at 75% of soil saturation. Soil temperatures of 30°C or greater coupled with saturated soil conditions resulted in the greatest losses, equiv­ alent to 44.6 and 92.6% of the applied N to the silt loam and silt soils, respectively. Denitrification losses did not increase at soil tem­ peratures above 30°C. These results indicate that denitrification loss from fertilizers applied to turfgrasses may not be a serious problem unless the soils are saturated and at higher soil temperatures. Additional index words: Nitrous oxide, Nitrogen fertilizer, Poapra­ tensis 1., Turfgrass.
Boundary and Mixed Friction in the Presence of Dynamic Normal Loads: Part I—System Model

The instantaneous normal motion between bodies in a sliding contact is an important variable in determining dynamic friction under unsteady sliding conditions. In order to model friction under dynamic conditions, it is therefore necessary to combine a dynamic model of the sliding system with an accurate model of thes friction process. In the present work, the nonlinear normal dynamics of a friction test apparatus are described by a linearized model at a particular steady loading and sliding condition in a mixed or boundary-lubricated regime. The geometry is a line contact. The Hertzian bulk contact compliance and film and asperity damping and stiffness characteristics are included as discrete elements. In Part I of the paper , a fifth-order model is developed for the normal dynamics of the system, using both the Eigen-system Realization Algorithm (ERA) and classical experimental modal analysis techniques. In Part II, this system model is combined with a friction model, developed independently, to describe dynamic friction forces under both harmonic and impulsive applied normal loads
On Test Compaction of Broadside and Skewed-Load Test Cubes

For a test set that consists of test cubes (incompletely specified tests), test compaction can be achieved by merging pairs of compatible tests (tests that do not conflict in any of their specified values). This paper describes a test compaction procedure that enhances the ability of test-merging to reduce the number of tests in an incompletely specified test set that consists of both broadside and skewed-load tests for transition faults. In a basic step, the procedure attempts to remove a test t by combining it with several other tests, even if the tests are not compatible or have different types. This increases the possibility that all the faults detected by t will be detected by other tests, and t will be removed. Simulation results demonstrate reductions in numbers of tests beyond those achieved by test-merging with the same or lower numbers of specified values.
Signaling Across the Cell Membrane

Structural and functional studies shed light on how G protein-coupled receptors sense external stimuli.
Maidstone's woodpecker – an unexpected bird specimen in the herbarium of Sir Hans Sloane

It had long been believed that none of the bird, egg or nest specimens that had been in the collection of Sir Hans Sloane at his death in 1753 had survived. However, a specimen of a rhinoceros hornbill, originally in Sloane's hands, was discovered in the Natural History Museum's collections in London in 2003, and three more Sloane hornbill specimens have subsequently come to light. In addition, we report here a most unexpected discovery, that of the head of a woodpecker among the pages of one of Sloane's bound volumes of pressed plants. The context suggests that the head, like its associated plant specimens, was probably collected in south-east Asia about 1698–1699 by Nathanael Maidstone, an East India Company trader, the material reaching Sloane via William Courten after the latter's death in 1702. A detailed description of the head is provided, along with observations on its identity and possible provenance.
Selective anterograde tracing of nonserotonergic projections from dorsal raphe nucleus to the basal forebrain and extended amygdala

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) contains both serotonergic and nonserotonergic projection neurons. Retrograde tracing studies have demonstrated that components of the basal forebrain and extended amygdala are targeted heavily by input from nonserotonergic DRN neurons. The object of this investigation was to examine the terminal distribution of nonserotonergic DRN projections in the basal forebrain and extended amygdala, using a technique that allows selective anterograde tracing of nonserotonergic DRN projections. To trace nonserotonergic DRN projections, animals were pretreated with nomifensine, desipramine and the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), 7 days prior to placing an iontophoretic injection of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the DRN. In animals treated with 5,7-DHT, numerous nonserotonergic BDA-labeled fibers ascended to the basal forebrain in the medial forebrain bundle system. Some of these labeled fibers crossed through the lateral hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and substantial innominata. These fibers entered the amygdala through the ansa peduncularis and ramified within the central and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. Other fibers entered the diagonal band of Broca and formed a dense plexus of labeled fibers in the dorsal half of the intermediate portion of the lateral septal nucleus and the septohippocampal nucleus. These findings demonstrate that the basal forebrain and extended amygdala receive a dense projection from nonserotonergic DRN neurons. Given that the basal forebrain plays a critical role in processes such as motivation, affect, and behavioral control, these findings support the hypothesis that nonserotonergic DRN projections may exert substantial modulatory control over emotional and motivational functions.
Inhibition by cadmium of thymidine metabolism in concanavalin A-activated murine splenocytes

Abstract Cadmium has been shown to cause significant inhibition of lymphocyte metabolism, including DNA synthesis, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In order to understand more clearly the modification of DNA synthesis, this study has examined the metabolism of radiolabelled thymidine in splenocytes exposed to cadmium in vitro. T-lymphocyte-enriched splenocytes were incubated for 48 h with or without Conconavalin A. Cadmium (10 μM) was present during the full period of culture or added at various times after the initiation of the culture. Thymidine metabolism was assessed by examining intracellular metabolite pools, incorporation into DNA, thymidine kinase activity and thymidine membrane transport. Cadmium had little effect on any of these parameters in non-mitogen-stimulated cells. However, in concanavalin A-stimulated cells exposed to cadmium for the full period of culture, the changes in thymidine metabolism normally associated with mitogen activation including increased thymidine incorporation into DNA, expansion of the thymidine di- and triphosphate pools and increased thymidine kinase activity did not occur. Some membrane transport of thymidine did occur but it was less than that of non-cadmium-exposed concanavalin A-stimulated cells. Approximately 90% inhibition of thymidine incorporation into DNA occurs when cadmium is added any time during the first 26 h of culture. When cadmium is present only during the final 6 h of culture, the incorporation is inhibited by approximately 60%. Furthermore, the presence of cadmium during only the last 2 h of culture was shown to inhibit the membrane transport of thymidine, but had no effect on thymidine kinase activity. It is suggested that cadmium interferes with the normal cell cycle progression by concanavalin A binding to the lymphocyte. It is further suggested that since cadmium interferes with the carrier-mediated transport of thymidine, care should be used in interpreting studies involving the use of thymidine incorporation as a measure of DNA synthesis.
Finding order in complexity: themes from the career of Dr. Robert F. Wagner

Over the course of his long and productive career, Dr. Robert F. Wagner built a framework for the evaluation of imaging systems based on a task-based, decision theoretic approach. His most recent contributions involved the consideration of the random effects associated with multiple readers of medical images and the logical extension of this work to the problem of the evaluation of multiple competing classifiers in statistical pattern recognition. This contemporary work expanded on familiar themes from Bob's many SPIE presentations in earlier years. It was driven by the need for practical solutions to current problems facing FDA'S Center for Devices and Radiological Health and the medical imaging community regarding the assessment of new computer-aided diagnosis tools and Bob's unique ability to unify concepts across a range of disciplines as he gave order to increasingly complex problems in our field.
Monoclinic-hexagonal transition in hydroxyapatite and deuterohydroxyapatite single crystals

Abstract Monoclinic hydrothermally grown hydroxyapatite and deuterohydroxyapatite single crystals undergo a reversible transition to hexagonal symmetry at 211.5(5)°C.
Ketamine attenuates endotoxin-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression

Abstract MODS occurs in a significant number of septic patients and continues to represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Efforts to identify an anti-inflammatory agent to attenuate the pro-inflammatory activity associated with SIRS and MODS have had mixed results. Ketamine has many anti-inflammatory actions including suppression of LPS-induced cytokines and genes. In animal models of endotoxemia, ketamine has been shown to protect against LPS-induced tissue hypoxia, lung injury, shock, and mortality. We have previously shown that ketamine attenuates LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, NF-κB, and AP-1. We hypothesized that ketamine would alter LPS-induced expression of IL-1α, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ over time in rat serum. Rats were given either intraperitoneal saline or ketamine (70 mg/kg) one hour prior to saline or LPS (20 mg/kg) for 1, 3, and 5 hrs. Serum was collected for determination of cytokines by ELISA. Data are reported as mean ± SEM (n ≥ 5; ANOVA). As shown, LPS significantly increased IL-1α, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ (P TABLE—ABSTRACT P47 . Saline 1 hr LPS 3 hrs LPS 5 hrs LPS IL-1α (pg/ml) Saline 198 ± 62∗ 445 ± 115∗ Ketamine 167 ± 47∗# 144 ± 52∗# IL-12 (ng/ml) Saline .06 ± .009 2.3 ± .3∗ 12.2 ± .2∗ 10 ± 4∗ Ketamine .1 ± .03 1.1 ± .2∗# 3.2 ± .8∗# 3.8 ± .8∗# IFN-γ (ng/ml) Saline 2.1 ± .6∗ 37 ± 7∗ Ketamine .25 ± .1# 2.8 ± .4∗# IL-10 (ng/ml) Saline 1.7 ± .9∗ 1.2 ± .3∗ .6 ± .2∗ Ketamine 2.4 ± 1∗ 1.3 ± .4∗ .6 ± .2∗
The Structural Basis for Autoinhibition of FLT3 by the Juxtamembrane Domain

FLT3 is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase that is thought to play a key role in hematopoiesis. Certain classes of FLT3 mutations cause constitutively activated forms of the receptor that are found in significant numbers of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The mutations occur either in the activation loop, for example, as point mutations of Asp835 or as internal tandem duplication (ITD) sequences in the juxtamembrane (JM) domain. To further understand the nature of FLT3 autoinhibition and regulation, we have determined the crystal structure of the autoinhibited form of FLT3. This structure shows the autoinhibitory conformation of a complete JM domain in this class of receptor tyrosine kinases. The detailed inhibitory mechanism of the JM domain is revealed, which is likely utilized by other members of type III receptor tyrosine kinases.
The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 as a Potential Treatment for Polymicrobial Infected Wounds

Diabetic patients often have ulcers on their lower-limbs that are infected by multiple biofilm-forming genera of bacteria, and the elimination of the biofilm has proven highly successful in resolving such wounds in patients. To that end, antimicrobial peptides have shown potential as a new anti-biofilm approach. The single human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 has been shown to have antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against multiple gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogens, and have wound-healing effects on the host. The combination of the anti-biofilm effect and wound-healing properties of LL-37 may make it highly effective in resolving polymicrobially infected wounds when topically applied. Such a peptide or its derivatives could be a platform from which to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat biofilm-mediated infections of wounds. This review summarizes known mechanisms that regulate the endogenous levels of LL-37 and discusses the antibiofilm, antibacterial and immunological effects of deficient versus excessive concentrations of LL-37 within the wound environment. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the therapeutic potential of this peptide and other clinically advanced peptides as a potential topical treatment for polymicrobial infected wounds.
Influence of Spartina and Juncus on saltmarsh sediments. III. Organic geochemistry

Abstract Total organic carbon, C/N ratios of sediment organic matter and δ13C of sediment organic matter (δ13Corg) were measured as a function of depth at four sites in a saltmarsh on Sapelo Island, GA during summer 2006. The goal of this study is to assess the sources of sediment organic matter at each site and to investigate the influence of macrophytes and macrofauna on the observed carbon isotopic signatures and C/N ratios at each site. The four sites include two adjacent creekside sites, one densely vegetated by tall-form Spartina alterniflora and the other mostly unvegetated, together with two adjacent sites higher in the marsh, including a site with sparse short-form Spartina and a neighboring site densely vegetated with Juncus roemarianus. Total organic carbon in the sediments of these sites varies between 2.1 and 6.4%, with the highest values observed at shallow depths at the unvegetated creek bank and the lowest at the short Spartina site. C/N ratios of the sediment organic matter vary between 10.6 and 17.3, with higher values at the short Spartina site compared to the other three sites. δ13Corg varies little with depth, averaging − 20.1 ± 0.2‰ at the Juncus, tall Spartina and adjacent unvegetated sites, and − 17.8 ± 0.6‰ at the short Spartina site. Mixing calculations completed with the depth-averaged C/N and δ13Corg for each site, assuming three endmember organic matter sources (C3 plants, C4 plants, phytoplankton), suggest that up to 75% of the organic matter at all four sites is derived from phytoplankton. Surprisingly, the average δ13Corg and C/N values, and therefore the calculated contributions of the three endmember organic matter sources to the total sediment organic matter, are very similar at the Juncus, tall Spartina and unvegetated creekbank sites. The greater δ13Corg and C/N of the short Spartina sediments is consistent with little or no inclusion of C3-derived organic matter in the sediments at this site, in spite of the close proximity to the densely-vegetated Juncus site, and with less degradation of the organic matter compared to the other three sites.
Age-related differences in the bone mineralization pattern of rats following exercise

The effect of 12 weeks of treadmill exercise on the mineralization of trabecular and cortical bone was studied in rats 7, 14, and 19 months of age. Bone mineralization was evaluated by measuring concentrations of Ca, Mg, and hydroxyproline as well as uptake of 45Ca concentration in the femur, humerus, rib and calvaria. The 7- and 14-month-old rats increased mineralization in those cortical bones directly involved in exercise. The 19-month animal responded to exercise by increasing mineralization in all bones examined, including the nonweight bearing trabecular calvaria and cortical rib. From these data, it is apparent that the older animals undergo a total skeletal mineralization in response to exercise compared with local adaptation in the younger animal. Further, we provide evidence to support the use of the rat as a model in which to study mammalian bone physiology during the aging process.
Geographical variation in Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) venom properties.

Individual venom samples were analyzed from 12 specimens of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, from north of Tucson to the extreme southeastern region of Arizona. Six of the specimens, from north of Tucson, produced venom lethal toxicity (i.p. ld50) values in mice of 2.0 – 6.0 mg/kg. These coincided with the values previously reported for C. s. scutulatus in the Phoenix, Arizona, region and designated as type B venom (Glenn and Straight, 1978). In contrast, the venom ld50 of six individuals from extreme southeastern Arizona, including one individual near Tucson, ranged from 0.22 – 0.46 mg/kg. This corresponds to the values for C. s. scutulatus venom previously reported and designated as type A venom (Glenn and Straight, 1978). Specimens with type A venom have been collected in California, Nevada, Utah and regions of Arizona. In addition to differences in lethal toxicity, the type B venom consistently exhibits a different protein profile, greater proteolytic activity, greater hemorrhagic activity and contains little or none of the major lethal toxin, Mojave toxin, compared to the type A venom. No external morphological characteristic could be found differentiating the type A venom specimens from the type B venom specimens. These findings further confirm the geographical variation of C. s. scutulatus venom in Arizona.
Training physician investigators in medicine and public health research.

Objectives. We have described and evaluated the impact of a unique fellowship program designed to train postdoctoral, physician fellows in research at the interface of medicine and public health.Methods. We developed a rigorous curriculum in public health content and research methods and fostered linkages with research mentors and local public health agencies. Didactic training provided the foundation for fellows’ mentored research initiatives, which addressed real-world challenges in advancing the health status of vulnerable urban populations.Results. Two multidisciplinary cohorts (6 per cohort) completed this 2-year degree-granting program and engaged in diverse public health research initiatives on topics such as improving pediatric care outcomes through health literacy interventions, reducing hospital readmission rates among urban poor with multiple comorbidities, increasing cancer screening uptake, and broadening the reach of addiction screening and intervention. The majority of fellows (10/12) publi...
Effect of heparin and of vitamin K on the life span of Daphnia magna.

SummaryThe life span of the common fresh water cladoceran, Daphnia magna, is shortened in the presence of vitamin K in the medium, and lengthened with heparin. The possibility of relationship to protoplasmic coagulation phenomena is pointed out.
Oxide Glasses With Superior Infrared Transmission

Oxide Glasses with Superior Infrared TransmissionWilliam H. DumbaughGlass Research Department, Corning Glass WorksSullivan Park, FR -5, Corning, New York 14831AbstractThe glass- forming areas of two new systems based on the oxides of lead, gallium, andbismuth and cadmium, gallium, and bismuth have been mapped out. These glasses can bemelted at 1000 °C for 20 minutes and cast into homogeneous pieces at least as large as
Bounds and approximations for self-initiating distributed simulation without lookahead

We provide upper and lower bounds and an approximation for speedup of an optimistic self-initiated distributed simulation using a very simple model. We assume an arbitrary number of processors and a uniform connection topology. By showing that the lower bound increases essentially linearly with P, the number of processors, we find that the optimistic approach scales well as P increases. The model tracks the progress of Global Virtual Time (GVT) and eliminates the need to know the virtual time positions of all processors, thus making the analysis quite straightforward.
Cellular Actions of Topiramate: Blockade of Kainate-Evoked Inward Currents in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Summary: Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of topiramate (TPM) on excitatory amino acid-evoked currents. Methods:Kainate and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) were applied to cultured rat hippocampal neurons by using a concentration-clamp apparatus to selectively activate the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid)/kainate and NMDA receptor subtypes, respectively. The evoked membrane currents were recorded by using perforated-patch whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Results:TPM partially blocked kainate-evoked currents with an early-onset reversible phase (phase I) and a late-onset phase (phase II) that occurred after a 10- to 2-min delay and did not reverse during a 2-h washout period. Application of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP; 2 mM) during washout after phase II block enhanced reversal, with the kainate current amplitude being restored by =50%. Phase II but not phase I block was prevented by prior application of okadaic acid (1 μM), a broad-spectrum phosphatase inhibitor, suggesting that phase II block may be mediated through interactions with intracellular intermediaries that alter the phosphorylation state of kainate-activated channels. Topiramate at 100 μM blocked kainate-evoked currents by 90% during phase II, but had no effect on NMDA-evoked currents. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for phase I and II block of kainate currents were 1·6 and 4·8 μM, respectively, which are within the range of free serum levels of TPM in patients. Conclusions:The specific blockade of the kainate-induced excitatory conductance is consistent with the ability of TPM to reduce neuronal excitability and could contribute to the anti-convulsant efficacy of this drug.
Probing the fields in an ultracold plasma by microwave spectroscopy

By observing the Stark shift of the Rb $42{s}_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}42{p}_{1/2}$ microwave transition we have measured the electric fields in an ultracold plasma formed by photoionizing Rb atoms in a magneto-optical trap. Using this approach and a model of the electron charge distribution we have been able to measure both the microscopic fields due to nearest-neighbor ions and the macroscopic fields due to the charge imbalance in the plasma.
A soluble brain molecule related to epidermal growth factor receptor is a mitogen inhibitor for astrocytes

The astrocyte mitogenic activity of normal and injured rat brain extracts was greatly enhanced by antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The antibodies appear to act by removing from the extracts inhibitory molecules immunologically related to EGFR. Three molecular species recognized by anti-EGFR antibody in brain extracts (molecular weights 41, 52, and 69 kilodaltons) did not seem to originate from EGFR proteolysis. The increase in astrocyte mitogenic activity in brain tissue following injury correlated with a reduction in the levels of soluble EFGR-cross-reacting material and a decrease in mitogen inhibitory activity. The decrease in EGFR-related mitogen inhibitor also correlated with a large increase in astrocyte membrane EGFR immunoreactivity, and intracerebral injection of antibodies to EGFR caused the appearance at the injection site of numerous EGFR-positive reactive astrocytes. Invasion of brain tissue by EGF/EGFR-related blood components may be the signal that initiates astrocyte activation. EGFR-related immunoreactive molecules are also present in extracts of other tissues and may have a general role in the control of cell division.
A Fourier transform 13C NMR study of η-(2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) complexes of nickel, cobalt, rhodium and iridium

Abstract 13 C NMR spectra are obtained for a series of quinones, hydroquinones and quinonoid complexes of Ni, Co, Rh and Ir in CDCl 3 , EtOH/D 2 O and D 2 SO 4 solutions. Evidence is presented which suggests that neutral η 4 -duroquinone complexes of the type (C 10 H 12 O 2 )M(C 5 H 5 ) are protonated in strongly acidic media to produce dications, [(C 10 H 14 O 2 )M(C 5 H 5 )] 2+ , in which the quinone functions as a η 6 -hydroduroquinone ligand.
EPR Chiral Discrimination of R- and S-Anion Radicals

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to discriminate between the R- and S-forms of the anion radical of camphorquinone. In a chiral solvent [SS- or RR-2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-bis(dimethylamino)butane saturated with sodium iodide], ion association between the semidione and Na+ takes place. PM3 calculations suggest that the complex relationship between the solvent, anion, and cation varies sufficiently with changes in the chiral nature of the solvent or anion radical to alter the appearance of the EPR signal allowing EPR chiral discrimination.
The production of pairs in semiconductors by low energy electrons

Abstract The minimum electron energy necessary to produce a hole—electron pair has been measured in a number of materials by means of the velocity distribution of photoelectrons. For [Cs]Na 2 KSb, Na 2 KSb, Rb 3 Sb, K 3 Sb and Cs 3 Bi(Ag), this energy is between three and four times the band gap energy. Cs 3 Sb and Cs 3 Bi have thresholds of less than twice the band gap energy. A correlation between crystallographic order and the threshold for pair production is noted. The mean free path for pair production has been found to decrease from a few hundred angstroms for electrons with energies close to the threshold energy to about 15 A for electrons with energies one or two electron volts above the threshold energy.
Evidence for cortical dysfunction in spasmodic dysphonia: regional cerebral blood flow and quantitative electrophysiology.

Cortical function was evaluated in 26 subjects with spasmodic dysphonia. Quantitative topographic electrophysiologic mapping (QTE) was employed to provide quantitative analyses of EEG spectra and auditory and visual long-latency evoked potentials. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the cerebral transit of Xenon-133 was used to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow. Left hemispheric abnormalities in cortical function were found by both techniques in 10 subjects and by at least one technique in 18 subjects. Right hemispheric abnormalities were observed by both techniques in 8 subjects and by at least one technique in 18 subjects. Most patients with cortical dysfunction in one hemisphere had cortical dysfunction in the other, while only 4 subjects had unilateral lesions as found by one of the two techniques. Eight subjects were normal by all measurements. Underlying structural abnormalities were detected by magnetic resonance imaging in 5/24 subjects. However, functional abnormalities (SPECT or QTE) were not observed at sites of structural abnormalities. SPECT and QTE were significantly related in identification of left hemispheric dysfunction (p = .037) with a trend in the right hemisphere (p = .070), and a significant congruence of SPECT and QTE findings occurred in the left anterior cortical quadrant (p = .011). These findings indicate that dysfunction of cortical perfusion and/or cortical electrophysiology is associated with spasmodic dysphonia in the majority of subjects studied.
Comparative Corrections An International Overview

Abstract This paper takes a global look on correctional practices and philosophies, with a view to presenting a general comparative picture of corrections systems. It proceeds with a search for certain common denominators in regard to philosophical considerations, operational orientations and future directions which summarize the similarities and the differences of corrections throughout the world.
Mass flow through solid 4 He induced by the fountain effect

Using an apparatus that allows superfluid liquid ${}^{4}$He to be in contact with hcp solid ${}^{4}$He at pressures greater than the bulk melting pressure of the solid, we have performed experiments that show evidence for ${}^{4}$He mass flux through the solid and the likely presence of superfluid inside the solid. We present results that show that a thermomechanical equilibrium in quantitative agreement with the fountain effect exists between two liquid reservoirs connected to each other through two superfluid-filled Vycor rods in series with a chamber filled with solid ${}^{4}$He. We use the thermomechanical effect to induce flow through the solid and measure the flow rate. On cooling, mass flux appears near $T=600$ mK and rises smoothly as the temperature is lowered. Near $T=75$ mK a sharp drop in the flux is present. The flux increases as the temperature is reduced below 75 mK. We comment on possible causes of this flux minimum.
Reproductive Seasonality, Distribution, and Abundance of Prionotus carolinus and P. evolans (Pisces: Triglidae) in the New York Bight

The reproductive seasonality, distribution, and abundance of two sympatric searobins, Prionotus carolinus (Linnaeus) and P. evolans (Linnaeus), were investigated using multiple gears (plankton nets, seines, trawls, and power plant impingement samples) in several New Jersey estuaries and across the continental shelf of the New York Bight. Reproduction occurred from May to October and peaked in July or August based on collections of eggs (Prionotus spp.) near Little Egg Inlet, during 1972-75. The larvae were present July-October and abundance peaked in September. Eggs and larvae were more abundant at inner continental shelf stations compared to estuarine stations. Juvenile (<100 mm standard length) P. carolinus were primarily found at inner shelf habitats from September to December, but they were also collected in much colder months (i.e. February-June). Juvenile P. evolans were captured in both estuarine and inner shelf habitats from July to December. Prionotus carolinus was generally more numerous and more frequently collected in trawls compared to P. evolans, but diel period, season, and habitat all affected measured abundance. Catches for both species were higher and more frequent at night. Both species were collected from May to November, but P. carolinus arrived earlier to (and emigrated sooner from) coastal habitats than P. evolans. Each species was also distributed differentially between estuarine and continental shelf habitats, although they frequently occurred together. A canonical discrimination analysis showed that P. evolans was found in seasonally warmer, less oxygenated, and more turbid habitats than P. carolinus. In addition, P. carolinus was found scattered near the edge of the continental shelf during winter (i.e. January-March) when P. evolans was not collected in the New York Bight. Temperature, in particular, helps explain the observed interspecific differences in seasonal distribution at a small scale (i.e. in the estuary) as well as at a large scale (i.e. across the continental shelf).
Effects of Polyphosphate Additives on Campylobacter Survival in Processed Chicken Exudates

Campylobacter spp. are responsible for a large number of the bacterial food poisoning cases worldwide. Despite being sensitive to oxygen and nutritionally fastidious, Campylobacter spp. are able to survive in food processing environments and reach consumers in sufficient numbers to cause disease. To investigate Campylobacter persistence on processed chicken, exudates from chickens produced for consumer sale were collected and sterilized. Two types of exudates from chicken products were collected: enhanced, where a marinade was added to the chickens during processing, and nonenhanced, where no additives were added during processing. Exudates from enhanced chicken products examined in this study contained a mixture of polyphosphates. Exudate samples were inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli strains and incubated under a range of environmental conditions, and viable bacteria present in the resultant cultures were enumerated. When incubated at 42 degrees C in a microaerobic environment, exudates from enhanced chicken products resulted in increased survival of C. jejuni and C. coli compared with that in nonenhanced exudates in the range of 4 log CFU/ml. Under more relevant food storage conditions (4 degrees C and normal atmosphere), the exudates from enhanced chicken products also demonstrated improved Campylobacter survival compared with that in nonenhanced exudates. Polyphosphates present in the enhanced exudates were determined to be largely responsible for the improved survival observed when the two types of exudates were compared. Therefore, polyphosphates used to enhance chicken quality aid in sustaining the numbers of Campylobacter bacteria, increasing the opportunity for disease via cross-contamination or improperly cooked poultry.
Significance of fractional excretion of sodium and endothelin levels in the early diagnosis of renal failure in septic neonatal piglets.

Abstract Purpose: This experiment was designed to help understand the cascade of events that end in renal impairment in septic animals. Methods: Twenty 3- to 8-day-old piglets were anesthetized and the femoral artery, jugular and femoral veins, and bladder were catheterized. After stabilization under anesthesia with ventilatory support, they were divided into a control group and three groups that received endotoxin (ETX) in doses of 0.01 mg/kg, 0.025 mg/kg, and 0.05 mg/kg. Blood pressure and blood gases were monitored continuously. Blood and urine samples were obtained before (B), 1 hour (E1), and 3 hours (E3) after the bolus of ETX to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels. Results: Incremental doses of ETX induce greater release of ET-1 with an early proportionate increase in FENa ( P P P Conclusion: ET-1 and FENa are the best tests to evaluate renal failure during early sepsis in neonatal piglets.
Adhesion Molecules in Skin Development: Morphogenesis of Feather and Haira

Figure 9 summarizes the morphogenetic process of feather and hair. Hair of feathers are formed from a layer of homogeneously distributed mesenchymal cells. The mesenchymal cells start to condense to form foci in response to some unidentified induction signal (Fig. 9B). Several adhesion molecules, including L-CAM, N-CAM, integrin, tenascin, as well as proteoglycan, are involved. These adhesion molecules appear to have different roles in this process, because perturbation with specific antibodies leads to different aborted patterns. Hair or feather follicles then form following cell proliferation and epithelial invagination (Fig. 9C). The dermal papilla is enriched with N-CAM and tenascin, whereas the feather collar (equivalent of hair matrix) is enriched with L-CAM and PDGF receptor. Epithelial cells in the feather collar receive a signal from the dermal papilla and are able to continue to divide. Several growth factors, such as PDGF and EGF, may be involved. As epithelial cells are pushed upwards, they differentiate and keratinize in a cylindrical structure into hair. In feather, another morphogenetic event takes place to form the branched structure. The epithelial cylinder of the feather shaft invaginates to form rows of cells that die to become space and create the secondary branch or barbs (Fig. 9D). N-CAM is enriched in the cells destined to die and appears to form the border of cell groups within which the "death signal" is transmitted. In some, but not all, feathers the same process is repeated, in a way analogous to fractal formation, to form the tertiary branches or the barbules (Fig. 9E). Thus, in each step of the morphogenesis of feather and hair, different adhesion molecules are expressed and are involved in different functions: induction, mesenchymal condensation, epithelial folding, and cell death, depending on different scenarios. We have just begun to elucidate these molecular events.
Magneto-Hydrodynamics Based Microfluidics

In microfluidic devices, it is necessary to propel samples and reagents from one part of the device to another, stir fluids, and detect the presence of chemical and biological targets. Given the small size of these devices, the above tasks are far from trivial. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) offers an elegant means to control fluid flow in microdevices without a need for mechanical components. In this paper, we review the theory of MHD for low conductivity fluids and describe various applications of MHD such as fluid pumping, flow control in fluidic networks, fluid stirring and mixing, circular liquid chromatography, thermal reactors, and microcoolers.
Warm-Blooded “Sea Dragons”?

When dinosaurs roamed the land in the Mesozoic (251 to 65 million years ago), the top predators in the ocean were reptiles ( 1 , 2 ). Three lineages of Mesozoic marine reptiles (plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and mosasaurs) were especially successful ( 2 ) (see the first figure). They were similar to current marine mammals in many respects. They fed on fish, cephalopods, bivalves, and other air-breathing vertebrates ( 1 ). Ichthyosaurs evolved dolphin-like body plans. Plesiosaurs became underwater fliers, vaguely resembling sea lions ( 2 , 3 ). It now appears that similarities to today's marine mammals extended further: On page 1379 of this issue, Bernard et al. ( 4 ) report that some ancient reptiles may have been able to sustain a constant body temperature (i.e., homeothermy).
Transcending Breast Cancer: Reconstructing One's Self

This article presents the author's personal journey through and beyond breast cancer. The holistic process of transcendence that results in an ongoing sense of reconstructing and integrating one's Self (mind, body, and spirit) is described. Numerous examples are provided of how listening to and trusting one's inner voice is integral to the process of transcendence and reconstruction. Nursing implications are identified along with theoretical perspectives for understanding the author's experiences.
Parent-child agreement on ratings of anxiety in children.

Research on congruence of parents' and children's reports of children's symptomatology has typically yielded low to moderate agreement. This study extended past research by examining the rate of parent-child agreement on reported anxiety for a nonclinical sample of children. 85 children ages 8 to 16 years and attending recreational summer camps completed measures of their own anxiety and parents completed the same scales on their children twice; once according to their perceptions of their own child's anxiety and once for how they predicted their own child would complete the measures. Analysis indicated that (a) parent-child correspondence was low when using either parents' perceptions or predictions of their child's anxiety, (b) mother-father correspondence on their child's anxiety was moderately high, (c) the children's gender and age were not significantly associated with correspondence, and (d) mothers' and fathers' anxiety was negatively associated with parent-child correspondence. The implications o...
HTML templates that fly: a template engine approach to automated offloading from server to client

Web applications often use HTML templates to separate the webpage presentation from its underlying business logic and objects. This is now the de facto standard programming model for Web application development. This paper proposes a novel implementation for existing server-side template engines, FlyingTemplate, for (a) reduced bandwidth consumption in Web application servers, and (b) off-loading HTML generation tasks to Web clients. Instead of producing a fully-generated HTML page, the proposed template engine produces a skeletal script which includes only the dynamic values of the template parameters and the bootstrap code that runs on a Web browser at the client side. It retrieves a client-side template engine and the payload templates separately. With the goals of efficiency, implementation transparency, security, and standards compliance in mind, we developed FlyingTemplate with two design principles: effective browser cache usage, and reasonable compromises which restrict the template usage patterns and relax the security policies slightly but in a controllable way. This approach allows typical template-based Web applications to run effectively with FlyingTemplate. As an experiment, we tested the SPECweb2005 banking application using FlyingTemplate without any other modifications and saw throughput improvements from 1.6x to 2.0x in its best mode. In addition, FlyingTemplate can enforce compliance with a simple security policy, thus addressing the security problems of client-server partitioning in the Web environment.
MOVPE growth for photodiodes in 2.5 µm region with InGaAs/GaAsSb type‐II quantum wells

Low dark current photodiodes (PDs) in the short wavelength infrared (SWIR) region over 1.7 µm are expected to be used for many applications. InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum well (QW) structures are considered to be attractive material systems for realizing low dark current PDs, owing to lattice-matching to InP substrates. In this report, we describe the successful operation of pin-PDs with InGaAs/GaAsSb QWs with InP capping layers grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). Distinct X-ray diffraction satellite peaks and emissions from type-II transition were observed. Electrical and optical characteristics of pin-PDs, such as dependence of responsivity on the number of QWs, were investigated. Dark current was 9.0 µA/cm2 at 233 K and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 48% was obtained. These results indicate that it is possible to reduce the dark current of InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II PDs by using the InP capping layers grown by MOVPE. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)