cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-viewing supports toddlers' word learning from contingent and noncontingent video.

Abstract Social cues are one way young children determine that a situation is pedagogical in nature—containing information to be learned and generalized. However, some social cues (e.g., contingent gaze and responsiveness) are missing from prerecorded video, a potential reason why toddlers’ language learning from video can be inefficient compared with their learning directly from a person. This study explored two methods for supporting children’s word learning from video by adding social-communicative cues. A sample of 88 30-month-olds began their participation with a video training phase. In one manipulation, an on-screen actress responded contingently to children through a live video feed (similar to Skype or FaceTime “video chat”) or appeared in a prerecorded demonstration. In the other manipulation, parents either modeled responsiveness to the actress’s on-screen bids for participation or sat out of their children’s view. Children then viewed a labeling demonstration on video, and their knowledge of the label was tested with three-dimensional objects. Results indicated that both on-screen contingency and parent modeling increased children’s engagement with the actress during training. However, only parent modeling increased children’s subsequent word learning, perhaps by revealing the symbolic (representational) intentions underlying this video. This study highlights the importance of adult co-viewing in helping toddlers to interpret communicative cues from video.
Animal Models for Studying Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Alcohol-Related Birth Defects, and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Maternal alcohol abuse during gestation can result in a collection of fetal injuries, the most common of which can be broadly categorized as (1) intrauterine growth retardation, (2) craniofacial dysmorphology, and (3) central nervous system damage. These injuries are referred to by the terms (depending on specific conditions and manifestations) fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, and others. While the manifestations of injuries from maternal alcohol abuse during gestation have been described, there remain many unanswered questions: what are the specific mechanisms by which alcohol mediates these injuries, which women are at greatest risk, how can we identify affected children at an early age, and how might we intervene to prevent or mitigate the damage? Because of the inherent limitations of studies conducted in humans, the use of animal models is important in addressing these unanswered questions. However, no one animal species can be utilized to model all aspects of human prenatal alcohol exposure injury as no species is identical to the human with respect to development, structure, and function. Therefore, performing studies modeling human prenatal alcohol injury in animals requires careful consideration of the particular animal model and whether or not this species, studied under these specific experimental conditions, does model what occurs in humans. This chapter summarizes some of the important considerations in choosing an animal model, in general and in the context of animal models that have been utilized to study human prenatal alcohol exposure.
Shipping Point Operations and Firms

Operations at shipping point play a very important role in marketing fresh fruits and vegetables. Years ago, as we saw, the principal sources of fresh produce were market garden farms that were clustered around major population centers. Now production has largely shifted to specialized growing areas where products in large quantities are harvested and packed, and shipped often a considerable distance to market. Such shipping points may range in size from a growing area with only a single grower—shipper handling his or her production and that of a few neighbors, to a very large production region with many firms involved in various aspects of shipping operations.
An Embedding Theorem for Finitely Generated Metabelian Groups

The theorem we present, due to G. Baumslag, is a milestone in the study of metabelian group theory and is a refinement of a 1961 result by Higman. It states that any finitely generated metabelian group can be embedded in a finitely presented metabelian group.
ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY OF NICKEL

Measurements of nickel in biological materials are reviewed, with emphasis on (a) preliminary steps for oxidation or removal of organic matter; (b) pre-concentration and separation procedures; (c) instrumental techniques for quantitation of nickel; and (d) reference values for nickel concentrations in human body fluids, tissues, and excreta. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry is currently the most sensitive, convenient, and reliable technique for determination of nickel in biological materials, but it is rivalled in sensitivity by three other techniques (differential pulse polarography, particle-induced x-ray emission spectrometry, and gas chromatography). Isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry may eventually become the definitive method for analysis of nickel in biological materials. Until such a definitive method has been developed, the IUPAC provisional reference method (electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry) will serve for comparative evaluations of other procedures for clinical measurements of nickel concentrations.
Deep learning applied to whole-brain connectome to determine seizure control after epilepsy surgery.

OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether deep learning applied to whole-brain presurgical structural connectomes could be used to predict postoperative seizure outcome more accurately than inference from clinical variables in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS Fifty patients with unilateral TLE were classified either as having persistent disabling seizures (SZ) or becoming seizure-free (SZF) at least 1 year after epilepsy surgery. Their presurgical structural connectomes were reconstructed from whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging. A deep network was trained based on connectome data to classify seizure outcome using 5-fold cross-validation. RESULTS Classification accuracy of our trained neural network showed positive predictive value (PPV; seizure freedom) of 88 ± 7% and mean negative predictive value (NPV; seizure refractoriness) of 79 ± 8%. Conversely, a classification model based on clinical variables alone yielded <50% accuracy. The specific features that contributed to high accuracy classification of the neural network were located not only in the ipsilateral temporal and extratemporal regions, but also in the contralateral hemisphere. SIGNIFICANCE Deep learning demonstrated to be a powerful statistical approach capable of isolating abnormal individualized patterns from complex datasets to provide a highly accurate prediction of seizure outcomes after surgery. Features involved in this predictive model were both ipsilateral and contralateral to the clinical foci and spanned across limbic and extralimbic networks.
Visualizing the Impact of Severe Weather Disruptions to Air Transportation

When flight schedules are disrupted due to severe weather, operations must be restored to normal, expeditiously and efficiently. The restoration of airline operations during a severe weather disruption involves the analysis and interpretation of very large data sets containing flight and weather data. The principle goal of this paper is to introduce a visualization of flight and weather data. While there are currently a number of programs being used to evaluate large data sets, this paper uses Tableau and Excel visualization software. The purpose of this visualization analysis is to identify trends that could have assisted the airline decision-makers to restore operations during Hurricane Matthew. The results of this analysis provide an overview for decisionmakers to use during future severe weather events.
Taking a “BiTE out of ALL”: blinatumomab approval for MRD-positive ALL

Blinatumomab, a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) associated with improved survival in relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), was recently approved for treatment of minimal residual disease (MRD). MRD is an important predictor of survival in ALL, and recent studies suggest that achievement of MRD-negativity with blinatumomab improves outcomes in patients with ALL. However, further research is needed to determine how to optimally incorporate blinatumomab, and other novel therapies, into current therapies for ALL.
An Overview of Nuclear Imaging

Radionuclide imaging involves the use of unsealed sources of radioactivity which are administered in the form of radiopharmaceuticals. The ionizing radiations which accompany the decay of the administered radioactivity can be detected, measured, and imaged with instruments such as gamma cameras and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron-emission tomography (PET) scanners. The distinctive and important advantages of radionuclide-based molecular imaging—high detection sensitivity and “image-ability” of non-perturbing doses of radiopharmaceuticals, quantitation, and a vast array of radiopharmaceuticals—ensure that this modality (particularly in combination with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) will remain invaluable in clinical practice and in clinical and preclinical research. This chapter reviews the design and operating principles as well as the capabilities and limitations of instruments used clinically and preclinically for in vivo radionuclide imaging.
Mapping the KO Community

Knowledge organization (KO) is considered a distinctive disciplinary focus of information science, with strong connections to other intellectual domains such as philosophy, computer science, psychology, sociology, and more. Given its inherent interdisciplinarity, we ask what might a map of the physical, cultural and intellectual geography of the KO community look like? Who is participating in this discipline’s scholarly discussion, and from what locations, both geographically and intellectually? Using the unit of authorship in the journal Knowledge Organization, where is the nexus of KO activity, and what patterns of authorship can be identified? What indices can be generated to describe the KO community of researchers as it has evolved? Cultural characteristics were applied as a lens to explore who is and is not participating in the international conversation about KO. World Bank GNI per capita estimates were used to compare relative wealth of countries and Hofstede’s Individualism dimension was identified as a way of understanding attributes of countries whose scholars are participating in this dialog. Descriptive statistics were generated through Excel, and data visualizations were rendered through Tableau Public and TagCrowd. The current project offers one method for examining an international and interdisciplinary field of study, but also suggests potential for analyzing other interdisciplinary areas within the larger discipline of information science.
Exacerbation of hepatic cirrhosis may trigger admission for epilepsy and status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether acute exacerbations of cirrhotic liver disease are associated with higher odds of readmission for epilepsy or status epilepticus. METHODS The New York State Inpatient Database is a statewide dataset containing data on 97% of hospitalizations for New York State. In this retrospective, case-crossover design study, we used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify index status epilepticus and epilepsy admissions. The primary exposure was defined as admission due to an acute exacerbation of cirrhotic liver disease. The case-crossover analysis tested whether exposure to a hepatic exacerbation within progressively longer case periods (14, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days before index admission), compared to control periods 1 year before the case period, was associated with readmission for epilepsy or status epilepticus. RESULTS The odds ratio for subsequent admission for epilepsy after exposure to an acute exacerbation of cirrhotic liver disease was significant in the 30-day window at 2.072 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.095-3.92, P = .0252) and peaked in the 150-day window at 2.742 (95% CI = 1.817-4.137, P < .0001). In the status epilepticus group, all case periods demonstrated significantly elevated odds of subsequent admission following hepatic exacerbation. SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic exacerbations are associated with increased odds for hospital admissions for epilepsy and status epilepticus across several timeframes.
Random Smoothing Might be Unable to Certify $\ell_\infty$ Robustness for High-Dimensional Images

We show a hardness result for random smoothing to achieve certified adversarial robustness against attacks in the $\ell_p$ ball of radius $\epsilon$ when $p>2$. Although random smoothing has been well understood for the $\ell_2$ case using the Gaussian distribution, much remains unknown concerning the existence of a noise distribution that works for the case of $p>2$. This has been posed as an open problem by Cohen et al. (2019) and includes many significant paradigms such as the $\ell_\infty$ threat model. In this work, we show that any noise distribution $\mathcal{D}$ over $\mathbb{R}^d$ that provides $\ell_p$ robustness for all base classifiers with $p>2$ must satisfy $\mathbb{E}\eta_i^2=\Omega(d^{1-2/p}\epsilon^2(1-\delta)/\delta^2)$ for 99% of the features (pixels) of vector $\eta\sim\mathcal{D}$, where $\epsilon$ is the robust radius and $\delta$ is the score gap between the highest-scored class and the runner-up. Therefore, for high-dimensional images with pixel values bounded in $[0,255]$, the required noise will eventually dominate the useful information in the images, leading to trivial smoothed classifiers.
A retrospective evaluation of protective effect of influenza vaccine among adults in Tianjin

流感的广泛流行给社会造成巨大危害[1],而应用疫苗免疫预防是世界普遍认同的措施[2].为了评价成年人接种流感疫苗的效果,我们在2007年9月与北京科兴生物制品有限公司合作的流感裂解疫苗安尔来福安全性与免疫原性研究基础上,进行成年人流感疫苗免疫效果研究,旨在评价成年人接种流感疫苗的效果。
A clandestine culprit with critical consequences: Benzene and acute myeloid leukemia

While most clinicians recognize adult therapy-related leukemias following cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation, environmental regulatory agencies evaluate exposure to "safe levels" of leukemogenic compounds. Benzene represents the most notorious leukemogenic chemical. Used in the production of ubiquitous items such as plastics, lubricants, rubbers, dyes, and pesticides, benzene may be responsible for the higher risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) among automobile, janitorial, construction, and agricultural workers. It is possible that ambient benzene may contribute to many cases of "de novo" AML not arising out of germline predispositions. In this appraisal of the available literature, we evaluate and discuss the association between chronic, low-dose and ambient exposure to environmental benzene and the development of adult AML.
Cardio-Rheumatology: Two Collaborating Disciplines to Deal with the Enhanced Cardiovascular Risk in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

In Part 1 of this Thematic Issue entitled "Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Cardiology", a panel of specialists and experts in cardiology, rheumatology, immunology and related fields discussed the cardiovascular complications of spondyloarthritides, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and vasculitides, as well as relevant cardiovascular issues related to non-biologic and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and provided their recommendations for prevention and management of these complications. In part 2 of this Thematic Issue, experts discuss the enhanced cardiovascular risk conferred by additional autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), including systemic lupus erythematosus, the antiphospholipid syndrome, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. These, and the previous articles, place inflammation as the key common link to explain the enhanced risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with ARDs. It follows that treatment should probably target inflammation. From all these contemporary reviews, the conclusion that is derived further supports the notion of the emerging field of Cardio- Rheumatology where physicians and experts from these two disciplines collaborate in risk stratification and optimization of preventive strategies and drug therapies in patients with ARDs.
COVID-19 outcomes among people with intellectual and developmental disability in California: The importance of type of residence and skilled nursing care needs.

Abstract Background People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) appear to be at greater risk for severe outcomes from COVID-19. The roles of congregate living and skilled nursing care needs in this disparity are unclear. Objective To determine the impact of residential setting and level of skilled nursing care on COVID-19 outcomes for people receiving IDD services, compared to those not receiving IDD services. Methods Utilizing publicly available California data on COVID-19 outcomes for people receiving IDD services (early May through October 2, 2020), we report outcomes based on seven types of residence, differentiated by number of residents and level of skilled nursing care provided. We compared these results to the larger California published outcomes. Results Compared to Californians not receiving IDD services, in general, those receiving IDD services had a 60% lower case rate, but 2.8 times higher case-fatality rate. COVID-19 outcomes varied significantly among Californians receiving IDD services by type of residence and skilled nursing care needs: higher rates of diagnosis in settings with larger number of residents, higher case-fatality and mortality rates in settings that provided 24-h skilled nursing care. Conclusions Diagnosis with COVID-19 among Californians receiving IDD services appears to be related to the number of individuals within the residence, while adverse COVID-19 outcomes were associated with level of skilled nursing care. When data is available, future research should examine whether these relationships persist even when controlling for age and pre-existing conditions.
Abstract P192: Depression And Anxiety Are Associated With Cardiovascular Health In Young Adults

Introduction: Cardiovascular health (CVH) declines substantially in young adulthood, and mood disorders commonly emerge during this life stage. This study aimed to examine the association between C...
Trends in early postoperative major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events associated with bariatric surgery: an analysis of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program data registry.

Background The population undergoing bariatric surgery (BaS) has many cardiovascular risk factors that can lead to significant perioperative cardiovascular morbidity. Objectives We aimed to examine trends in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) after BaS. Setting Academic Hospital, United States METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) data registry for patients aged ≥18 years undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) from 2015 to 2019. Data on demographics, co-morbidities, and type of procedure were collected. MACCE was defined as a composite variable including perioperative acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation, acute stroke, and all-cause mortality. We utilized the Cochrane-Armitage and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests to assess for significant trend changes throughout the years. Results A total of 752,722 patients were included in our analysis (LSG = 73.2%, LRYGB = 26.8%). Postoperative MACCE occurred in 1058 patients (.14%), and was more frequent in patients undergoing LRYGB (.20%). The frequency of MACCE declined from .17% to .14% (P = .053), driven by a decline in the frequency of AMI (.04% to .02%, P = .002), cardiac arrest (.05% to .04%, P = .897), and all-cause death (.11% to .08%, P = .040), but with an increase in perioperative stroke (.01% to .02%, P = .057). Conclusion The overall risk of MACCE after BaS is .14% and has been declining in the last 5 years. This trend is likely multifactorial and further analysis is necessary to provide a detailed explanation.
Medical and Non-Medical Opioid Use at the Intersection of Gender and Sexual Identity: Associations with State Medical Cannabis Law Status in a U.S. National Sample of Adults

At the structural level, medical cannabis laws (MCLs) have been negatively associated with opioid prescribing practices, and sexual minority adults report disproportionately high non-medical prescription opioid use. We examined medical/non-medical prescription opioid use by intersecting sexual identity and gender and explored associations with MCLs using the 2015–2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which captured sexual identity and MCL state residence for adults 18 + years (N = 126,463). Survey-weighted gender-stratified multinomial logistic models estimated adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRR) of medical vs. no prescription opioid use, and any non-medical vs. no prescription opioid use, by sexual identity and MCL, and tested moderation by MCL. Past-year medical prescription opioid use was higher among women than men across sexual identities (e.g., bisexual: 38.5% women vs. 30.2% men). Non-medical prescription opioid use was lower among women than men, except for bisexual adults (12.4% women vs. 7.6% men). MCL was associated with lower medical prescription opioid vs. no use among heterosexual women (aRRR = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.81–0.91), bisexual women (aRRR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.62–0.89), and heterosexual men (aRRR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85–0.97). Living in an MCL state was associated with lower non-medical vs. no use among heterosexual and bisexual women, but not among men or lesbian/gay women. MCL status did not moderate associations between sexual identity and prescription opioid outcomes. Future studies should assess whether implementing MCLs could particularly affect bisexual women who reported the highest prescription opioid use and may need targeted services.
Marine Biological Diversity: Conserving Life in the Neglected Ninety-Nine Percent

Marine conservation biology is a synthesis whose time has come. As a marine scientist striving to promote the development of this new science, I have taken as a model the multidisciplinary science of terrestrial conservation biology, a growing scientific field that has made an enormous contribution toward resolving complex questions that traditional disciplinary approaches had shed little light on. For example, before the advent of conservation biology, traditionally trained silviculturalists could inform us on yields of board-feet of timber, but they could not tell us about the demography of spotted owls or describe the relationship between owl populations and the distribution of trees. Likewise, landscape ecologists could look at patterns of landscape features but they could not explain how those patterns reflected the genetics of tree populations. Such phenomena seemed to be unrelated until terrestrial conservation biology brought together zoologists and botanists, pure scientists and applied scientists, and natural scientists and social scientists. As a synthetic science, conservation biology has achieved a great deal for land conservation in the United States and elsewhere. Marine conservation biology is about twenty years behind conservation biology on land, but hopefully this fledgling discipline will catch up and make contributions on a similar scale in the marine realm.
When a Buyer Gets Cold Feet: What is the Value of a Bidder Termination Provision in a Takeover?

A bidder termination provision gives a bidder an ability to withdraw from a takeover that it would not usually have. We liken this provision to a real option on the target's assets that can be optimal because it enables the termination of the takeover when the target becomes less valuable to the bidder than on its own. We show that the real option is included in takeover agreements when it is likely to increase expected joint takeover gains and that the size of the fee payable by the bidder to the target upon termination is increasing in the option's value. Lastly, we find that bidder termination provisions that are more likely to be priced as real options are associated with larger combined announcement gains for the bidder and target.
Pyometra of cervical stump in a case of arthritis

Abstract 1. 1. This comparatively large collection of pus at or in the upper end of a cervical stump some years after operation, indicates that similar smaller collections would be easier to miss. 2. 2. This may have been a true pyometra in the remains of the uterine cavity or the abscess formation may have been associated with an old parametrial infection as in intramural abscess of the uterus. 3. 3. A similar condition might follow supravaginal hysterectomy for fibroids where the cervix is apparently perfectly innocuous.
Active Vision Speed Estimation from Optical Flow

In this research, we addressDiamantas, Sotirios Ch. Dasgupta, Prithviraj an important problem in mobile robotics - how to estimate the speed of a moving robot or vehicle using optical flow obtained from a series of images of the moving robot captured by a camera. Our method generalizes several restrictions and assumptions that have been used previously to solve this problem - we use an uncalibrated camera, we do not use any reference points on the ground or on the image, and we do not make any assumptions on the height of the moving target. The only known parameter is the camera distance from the ground. In our method we exploit the optical flow patterns generated by varying the camera focal length in order to pinpoint the principal point on the image plane and project the camera height on the image plane. This height is then used to estimate the speed of the target.
Ribosome-Recycling Factor: an Essential Factor for Protein Synthesis

This chapter reviews key experimental findings about ribosome-recycling factor (RRF) up to May 1999. Escherichia coli RRF is a basic protein with a molecular mass of approximately 20 kDa consisting of 185 amino acids. The molar amount of RRF in a cell is approximately one-half the total molar amount of ribosome, and approximately 30% of total cellular RRF is bound to ribosomes. The ribosome has to be at the termination codon for the release because removal of Asn from the reaction mixture significantly reduced the RRF reaction. In the puromycin-treated polyribosome, each ribosome presumably has an empty A site and bound deacylated tRNA at the P site, a structure similar to that of the posttermination complex. The RRF reaction is dependent on GTP and either elongation factor G (EF-G) or release factor 3 (RF3) in a 1:1 stoichiometric relationship. The important difference between the posttermination complex and the elongation complex is that the former has deacylated tRNA instead of peptidyl-tRNA. This difference leads to disassembly on the one hand and to translocation on the other. In fact, even in the presence of peptidyl-tRNA, RRF may accidentally disassemble the elongating complex. The recycling time of translation was shortened significantly by the addition of RRF and RF3. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of inhibition of RRF suggest that RRF may be an ideal target for antibacterial agents.
Serum C-telopeptide collagen crosslinks and plasma soluble VEGFR2 as pharmacodynamic biomarkers in a trial of sequentially administered sunitinib and cilengitide

Purpose: Fit-for-purpose pharmacodynamic biomarkers could expedite development of combination anti-angiogenic regimens. Plasma sVEGFR2 concentrations ([sVEGFR2]) mark sunitinib effects on the systemic vasculature. We hypothesized that cilengitide would impair microvasculature recovery during sunitinib withdrawal and could be detected through changes in [sVEGFR2]. Experimental Design: Advanced solid tumor patients received sunitinib 50 mg daily for 14 days. For the next 14 days, patients were randomized to Arm A (cilengitide 2000 mg administered intravenously twice weekly (BIW)), or Arm B (no treatment). The primary endpoint was change in [sVEGFR2] between Day 14 and Day 28. A candidate pharmacodynamic biomarker of cilengitide inhibition of integrin αvβ3, serum c-telopeptide collagen crosslinks (CTx), was also measured. Results: Of 21 patients, 14 (7/arm) received all treatments without interruption and had all blood samples available for analysis. The mean change and standard deviation of [sVEGFR2] for all sunitinib-treated patients was consistent with previous data. There was no significant difference in the mean change in [sVEGFR2] from Day 14 to Day 28 between the arms (Arm A: 2.8 ng/mL [95% CI 2.1, 3.6] vs. Arm B: 2.0 ng/mL [95% CI 0.72, 3.4] P = 0.22, two sample t test). Additional analyses suggested: 1) prior bevacizumab therapy to be associated with unusually low baseline [sVEGFR2], and 2) sunitinib causes measurable changes in CTx. Conclusions: Cilengitide had no measurable effects on any circulating biomarkers. Sunitinib caused measurable declines in serum CTx. The properties of [sVEGFR2] and CTx observed in this study inform the design of future combination anti-angiogenic therapy trials.
OAKLAND CHINATOWN'S FIRST YOUTH GANG: THE SUEY SING BOYS

Research concerns with Chinese gangs in the United States focuses on two sites, San Francisco and New York. This study examines Oakland Chinatown and the development of its first Chinese immigrant youth gang, the Suey Sing boys, during the five years form 1968-1973. I rely heavily on data from primary sources, such as interviews with gang members and field observations. Key topics for investigation are the formation of the Suey Sing boys, the relationship of the youth gangs to the Chinatown social structure, and the relationship between gangs in Oakland and San Francisco.
Spiritual Diversity in Social Work Practice: The Heart of Helping

PREFACE PART I. CENTRAL VALUES AND CONCEPTS FOR SPIRITUALLY SENSITIVE SOCIAL WORK 1. GUIDING PRINCIPLES 2. COMPASSION, THE CALL TO SERVICE, AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES FOR SOCIAL WORK 3. THE MEANING OF SPIRITUALITY PART II. EXPLORING SPIRITUAL DIVERSITY FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 4. HUMAN DIVERSITY, SPIRITUALITY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 5. RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVES ON SOCIAL SERVICE AND THEIR INSIGHTS FOR SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE 6. NONSECTARIAN SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVES, COMPARISONS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COOPERATION PART III. SPIRITUALLY SENSITIVE SOCIAL WORK IN ACTION 7. CREATING A SPIRITUALLY SENSITIVE CONTEXT FOR PRACTICE 8. UNDERSTANDING AND ASSESSING SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT 9. ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR SPIRITUALLY SENSITIVE AND CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE PRACTICE 10. SPIRITUALLY ORIENTED TRANSFORMATIONAL PRACTICE 11. A WORLDWIDE VIEW APPENDIX A: DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR DETAILED SPIRITUAL ASSESSMENT APPENDIX B: METHODOLOLIGAL SUMMARY FOR THE 2008 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NASW MEMBERS (USA) ON SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGION IN PRACTICE APPENDIX C: RESOURCES FOR ADDRESSING SPIRITUALITY IN VARIOUS FIELDS OF PRACTICE REFERENCES INDEX
Quaternary Interglacials and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

The Quaternary history and current stability of the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) are discussed, and evidence for and against collapse of the WAIS during interglacial marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS)-5e (ca. 120 kyr ago), MIS-11 (ca. 400 kyr ago), and earlier Pleistocene interglacials is presented. There is no clear evidence supporting the hypothesis of WAIS collapse during MIS-5e, though data unequivocally demonstrating that the WAIS persisted through the penultimate interglacial also are lacking. Recent modeling efforts and ice core analyses suggest significant melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) during MIS-Se [Cuffey et al., 2000], which would account for the observed ca. 5 m sea level rise. If this eustatic rise in sea-level exclusively resulted from melting of the GIS, then the WAIS may be less sensitive to sea-level changes than has been widely believed. There now is ample indirect evidence of disintegration of the WAIS during MIS-11, an interglacial of unusually long duration, and there is geologic evidence suggesting at least one earlier WAIS collapse event, during the mid-Pleistocene. In addition to during MIS-11, the WAIS may have disappeared during one of the interglacials associated with the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution, which marks the transition from the 41 kyr Obliquity-dominated world to the 100 kyr Eccentricity-dominated Milankovitch world. Extreme climate shifts and long-duration interglacials are likely to be key factors influencing the long-term behavior of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. If MIS-11 is a fair analog for the Holocene then future collapse of the WAIS during the current interglacial should be considered a realistic possibility.
Factorizations and complex normalization of scattering matrices

It is shown that different factorizations of the even parts of the complex load impedances result in different complex normalized scattering matrices. Relationships between the complex normalized scattering matrix of a network and the unit normalized scattering matrix of its augmented network are given, making it possible to unify many of the existing results. >
A genetic screen for mutations affecting embryogenesis in zebrafish

Systematic genome-wide mutagenesis screens for embryonic phenotypes have been instrumental in the understanding of invertebrate and plant development. Here, we report the results from the first application of such a large-scale genetic screening to vertebrate development. Male zebrafish were mutagenized with N-ethyl N-nitrosourea to induce mutations in spermatogonial cells at an average specific locus rate of one in 651 mutagenized genomes. Mutations were transmitted to the F1 generation, and 2205 F2 families were raised. F3 embryos from sibling crosses within the F2 families were screened for developmental abnormalities. A total of 2337 mutagenized genomes were analyzed, and 2383 mutations resulting in abnormal embryonic and early larval phenotypes were identified. The phenotypes of 695 mutants indicated involvement of the identified loci in specific aspects of embryogenesis. These mutations were maintained for further characterization and were classified into categories according to their phenotypes. The analyses and genetic complementation of mutations from several categories are reported in separate manuscripts. Mutations affecting pigmentation, motility, muscle and body shape have not been extensively analyzed and are listed here. A total of 331 mutations were tested for allelism within their respective categories. This defined 220 genetic loci with on average 1.5 alleles per locus. For about two-thirds of all loci only one allele was isolated. Therefore it is not possible to give a reliable estimate on the degree of saturation reached in our screen; however, the number of genes that can mutate to visible embryonic and early larval phenotypes in zebrafish is expected to be several-fold larger than the one for which we have observed mutant alleles during the screen. This screen demonstrates that mutations affecting a variety of developmental processes can be efficiently recovered from zebrafish.
Approximation of Infinite-Dimensional Linear Programming Problems which Arise in Stochastic Control

We study a general approximation scheme for infinite-dimensional linear programming (LP) problems which arise naturally in stochastic control. We prove that the optimal value of the approximating problems converges to the value of the original LP problem. For the controls, we show that if the approximating optimal controls converge, the limiting control is an optimal control for the original LP problem. As an application of this theory, we present numerical approximations to the LP formulation of stochastic control problems in continuous time. We study long-term average and discounted control problems. For the example for which the theoretical solution is known, our approximation results are very accurate.
Wilamowitz at War

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff is now principally remembered by non-classi cists not as the great scholar of Greek antiquity that he was, but for his famous dis pute with Nietzsche and with Stefan George and his Circle. However, Wilamowitz also played a central role that is less well known in yet another and vastly more significant conflict. In the opening weeks of the First World War, he gained new notoriety as one of the most prominent and influential signatories of the notorious manifesto signed by 93 German intellectuals and scholars addressed to the civilized world: "An die Kul turwelt!" In this essay, I explore some of the reasons why Wilamowitz would have par ticipated in this ill-advised endeavor and consider some of its consequences.
Corundum hydraulically hardening rammed compounds with a reduced grain size

The production and use of rammed hydraulically hardening corundum compounds with different maximum grain sizes (from 1 to 7 mm) permits intermediate repairs of the linings of ladles of a steel ladle treatment unit, increasing their life. It is possible to determine the quantity of binder for obtaining the maximum strength by calculation by use of the coefficient of optimization, which is the portion of binder required per unit of specific surface of the mixture of filler grains. For the corundum hydraulically hardening compounds the optimum value of this coefficient is 0.8–1.2.
Out of Place: The Demarcation of Hispanic Caribbean Cultural Spaces in the Diaspora

Historically, the island has constituted a defining trope of Caribbean identities. Although migration and increasing globalization would presumably render this rhetoric insufficient and anachronistic, its role has not been truly displaced by these socio-political and demographic changes. In this essay, I examine recent trends in US Latino popular culture and literature and analyze how traditional insular spatiality is reproduced and reconfigured in the diaspora. I argue that, although the discourse of insularity is malleable enough to be adapted to the changing context of Caribbean communities, it is often articulated in terms that privilege the geographically bound space of the island and thus render diasporic cultures inherently lacking or inferior. Hence, in order for insularity to be expressed productively, it must be reconfigured counter-hegemonically. In this manner, the rhetoric of insularity can potentially advance a critical discourse that fundamentally problematizes (rather than reinforces) the primacy of the Antilles as the singular locus of Caribbean cultural production and self-formation.
Regulation of Ets function by protein - protein interactions.

Ets proteins are a family of transcription factors that share an 85 amino acid conserved DNA binding domain, the ETS domain. Over 25 mammalian Ets family members control important biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, lymphocyte development and activation, transformation and apoptosis by recognizing the GGA core motif in the promoter or enhancer of their target genes. Protein–protein interactions regulates DNA binding, subcellular localization, target gene selection and transcriptional activity of Ets proteins. Combinatorial control is a characteristic property of Ets family members, involving interaction between Ets and other key transcriptional factors such as AP-1, NFκB and Pax family members. Specific domains of Ets proteins interact with many protein motifs such as bHLH, bZipper and Paired domain. Such interactions coordinate cellular processes in response to diverse signals including cytokines, growth factors, antigen and cellular stresses.
In situ FTIR study of the adsorption and reaction of 2′-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde on MgO

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of 2′-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde on MgO were investigated via in situ FTIR spectroscopy in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the Claisen–Schmidt condensation reaction between these two molecules catalyzed by MgO. The results indicate that 2′-hydroxyacetophenone adsorbs on MgO through abstraction of the phenolic hydrogen, forming a surface phenolate ion. Benzaldehyde adsorbs through its carbonyl bond and can be subsequently oxidized to form two different types of benzoate species. These benzoate species are inactive toward further reaction with 2′-hydroxyacetophenone and/or its surface derivatives and accumulate on the MgO surface with time on stream. In contrast, the 2′-hydroxyacetophenone-derived phenolate ion reacts with benzaldehyde, yielding an adsorbed chalcone-type product.
Europium mass balance in polymict samples and implications for plutonic rocks of the lunar crust

The mean concentrations of Sm and Eu in the lunar surface crust were analyzed by correlating the Sm concentration and the Sm/Eu ratio with Th concentration obtained from published data on a large number of polymict samples from various locations in the lunar highlands, and using the value of 0.91 microg/g for the mean Th concentration of the highlands surface crust obtained by the orbiting gamma-ray experiments. The mean concentration of Sm in the lunar surface crust was found to be between 2 and 3 microg/g, and that of Eu between 0.7 and 1.2 microg/g. The results indicate that there is no significant enrichment or depletion of Eu, compared to Sm, relative to chondritic abundances; i.e., there is no significant 'Eu anomaly' in average upper crust, contrary to predictions by some earlier investigators.
Multichannel three-α model of 12C

Abstract A multichannel three-α model is constructed to calculate the ground and first excited state energies of 12 C by assuming that the internal structure of the α-particle is approximately represented by a two-level system. The multichannel α-α potential is obtained by fitting the low-energy scattering data near the resonances. The Faddeev equations are generalized to allow the internal structure of the particles, and are solved in the separable t -matrix approximations for bound state energies. The results obtained are in good agreement with experiments and the effect of the α internal structure is discussed.
Probing Mechanosensitivity of Myoblasts on Cadherin-Functionalized Biomembrane-Mimicking Substrates

There is a growing recognition that cells not only respond to biological signals, but also to those of mechanical nature. Cellular mechanosensing is exemplified by the cell's ability to respond to changes in substrate viscoelasticity. Traditionally, experiments about cellular substrate sensitivity were conducted on polymeric substrates with immobilized linkers. Here we present an alternative strategy based on biomembrane-mimicking cell substrates with E-cadherin cell linkers. This substrate design allows a systematic variation of viscoelastic properties by changing the number of lipid bilayers in a polymer-tethered multi-bilayer system. Importantly, individual cell linkers within this type of cell substrate are laterally mobile, thus leading to a viscous substrate behavior. In contrast, clusters of linkers, which are immobilized, cause an elasto-plastic substrate response. By using E-cadherin linkers, multi-bilayer substrates can be seen as a mimetic of a cell-cell linkage. The functionality of the multi-bilayer substrate for cellular mechnosensing studies is illustrated in terms of specific cell parameters, including cell morphology, migration speed, cytoskeletal organization, and size of cell adhesions. Furthermore, the influence of linker density on cell adhesion and spreading is discussed.
Methods for Diagnosis of Bile Acid Malabsorption in Clinical Practice

Altered concentrations of bile acid (BA) in the colon can cause diarrhea or constipation. More than 25% of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea or chronic diarrhea in Western countries have BA malabsorption (BAM). As BAM is increasingly recognized, proper diagnostic methods are needed to help direct the most effective course of treatment for the chronic bowel dysfunction. We review the methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages of tools that directly measure BAM: the 14 C-glycocholate breath and stool test, the 75 selenium homotaurocholic acid test (SeHCAT), and measurements of 7 α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and fecal BAs. The 14 C-glycocholate test is laborious and no longer widely used. The 75 SeHCAT has been validated but is not available in the United States. Measurement of serum C4 is a simple and accurate method that can be used for most patients but requires further clinical validation. Assays to quantify fecal BA (total and individual levels) are technically cumbersome and not widely available. Regrettably, none of these tests are routinely available in the United States; assessment of the therapeutic effects of a BA binder is used as a surrogate for diagnosis of BAM. Recent data indicate the advantages to studying fecal excretion of individual BAs and their role in BAM; these could support the use of the fecal BA assay, compared with other tests. Measurement of fecal BA levels could become a routine addition to the measurement of fecal fat in patients with unexplained diarrhea. Availability ultimately determines whether the C4, SeHCAT, or fecal BA test is used; more widespread availability of such tests would enhance clinical management of these patients.
Structures of (5'S)-8,5'-Cyclo-2'-deoxyguanosine Mismatched with dA or dT.

Diastereomeric 8,5′-cyclopurine 2′-deoxynucleosides, containing a covalent bond between the deoxyribose and the purine base, are induced in DNA by ionizing radiation. They are suspected to play a role in the etiology of neurodegeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum patients. If not repaired, the S-8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyguanosine lesion (S-cdG) induces Pol V-dependent mutations at a frequency of 34% in Escherichia coli. Most are S-cdG → A transitions, suggesting mis-incorporation of dTTP opposite the lesion during replication bypass, although low levels of S-cdG → T transversions, arising from mis-incorporation of dATP, are also observed. We report the structures of 5′-d(GTGCXTGTTTGT)-3′·5′-d(ACAAACAYGCAC)-3′, where X denotes S-cdG and Y denotes either dA or dT, corresponding to the situation following mis-insertion of either dTTP or dATP opposite the S-cdG lesion. The S-cdG·dT mismatch pair adopts a wobble base pairing. This provides a plausible rationale for the S-cdG → A transitions. The S-cdG·dA mismatch pair differs in conformation from the dG·dA mismatch pair. For the S-cdG·dA mismatch pair, both S-cdG and dA intercalate, but no hydrogen bonding is observed between S-cdG and dA. This is consistent with the lower levels of S-cdG → T transitions in E. coli.
The interaction of carboxylic acids with aluminium oxides: journeying from a basic understanding of alumina nanoparticles to water treatment for industrial and humanitarian applications

Carboxylic acids are found to react with aluminium oxides via a topotactic reaction such that the carboxylate acts as a bridging ligand. This reaction allows for carboxylate-functionalized alumina nanoparticles to be prepared directly from boehmite (AlOOH). Understanding the structural relationship between molecular and surface species allows for the rationalization/prediction of suitable alternative ligands as well as alternative oxide surfaces. The identity of the carboxylate substituent controls the pH stability of a nanoparticle as well as the porosity and processability of ceramics prepared by thermolysis. Through the choice of functional groups on the carboxylic acid the properties of the alumina surface or alumina nanoparticle can be tailored. For example, the solubility/miscibility of nanoparticles can be tuned to the solvent/matrix, and the wettability to be varied from hydrophobic to super hydrophilic. The choice Zwitter ionic substituents on alumina micro-/ultra-filtration membranes are found to enhance the flux and limit fouling while allowing for the facile separation of organic compounds from water. Examples are presented of purification of frac and flow-back water from oil well production as well as providing drinking water from contaminated sources in underdeveloped regions.