cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A taxonomy of collaborative governance: a guide to understanding the diversity of international and domestic conservation accords

Partially in response to the increasing complexity of governance structures in the international environmental arena, international scholars have adopted a distinction between “Type 1” and “Type 2” international agreements. The former refer to agreements between governments, whereas the latter refer to agreements between governments and nonstate actors. While useful, this distinction offers only a partial taxonomy of the diversity of collaborative governance, and fails to incorporate “Type 3” dynamics among nonstate actors. As an initial attempt at sorting out the wide array of collaborative governance structures both domestically and across international borders, we propose a 3 × 3 matrix based on two typologies, one institutional (governmental, collaborative, nonstate), the other geopolitical (domestic, transborder, interstate/transnational). The result is a classification system of nine types of both domestic and international governance. In addition to identifying fundamental differences among the myriad forms of governance, the matrix reveals how the “softening of sovereignty” occurs in practice.
Feline Vaccine-associated Fibrosarcoma: Morphologic Distinctions

Forty-four primary feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas and 16 recurrences were examined histologically for detailed morphologic characterization with emphasis on tumor grade, presence of neoplastic multinucleated giant cells, presence and proportion of T and B lymphocytes within the tumor, and thin and intermediate filament contents of neoplastic and stromal cells. The microvascularity and proliferation rates of central and peripheral areas of the tumors were also quantified by computerized image analysis. For primary fibrosarcomas, 11 of 44 (25%) were grade I, 21 of 44 (47.7%) were grade II, and 12 of 44 (27.3%) were grade III. The recurrences followed a similar pattern: 4 of 16 (25%) were grade I, 8 of 16 (50%) were grade II, and 4 of 16 (25%) were grade III. A positive correlation was found between the presence of neoplastic multinucle- ated giant cells and tumor grade. These cells were present in 9 of 12 (75%) of grade III and none of the grade I tumors. Prominent peritumoral lymphoid aggregates or follicles were present in 59% of the tumors, and many contained high proportions of T lymphocytes, varying from 19 to 87%. All fibrosarcomas were immunoreactive for vimentin and 28 of 44 (64%) were reactive for -smooth muscle actin. The actin-positive cells were either part of the tumor or formed a capsule around tumor nodules. The peripheral vascularity was significantly higher than the central vascular density but no difference was found in tumor cell proliferation rates between the two areas. Centrally located, fluid-filled micro- or macrocavitations were frequently observed in the large vaccine sarcomas and probably formed secondary to rapid tumor growth and central necrosis.
Voltage-controlled flow regulating in nanofluidic channels with charged polymer brushes

Polyelectrolyte brushes can be grafted on a nanofluidic channel to control flow as a nanoscale valve for various applications. Under external electric fields, the polymer brushes undergo extension/collapse transition, which can be used to regulate the opening and thus the flow rate of the channel. The gating behaviors of the nanoscale valve are investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. The effect of electrical field strength and external pressure on the flow gating capability of the nanovalve is studied. Results show that the polymer brush modified nanochannel can be closed and opened by switching on and off external electric fields; the flow rate can be adjusted by varying the strength of electrical field. The nanovalve can also be strengthened to sustain higher fluidic pressure by applying higher electric field. This nanovalve can rapidly respond to the external electrical signals. The dynamic response time for opening and closing the channel is in sub-microsecond level.
Circulating MicroRNA Biomarker Studies: Pitfalls and Potential Solutions

Background: Circulating microRNAs have been proposed as disease biomarkers that may aid in risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment response. The perceived opportunity has loomed particularly large in neoplastic disease, where alterations in cancer cells are thought to be reflected in the extracellular space as affected cells release upregulated miRNAs or fail to release apparently downregulated species. Despite the promise of miRNA biomarkers, evaluation of the diagnostic specificity and reproducibility of reported markers suggests that realizing this promise remains a work in progress. Contents: This review examines issues of diagnostic specificity and reproducibility that have afflicted circulating miRNA studies. Surveying the breast cancer literature as an example, few miRNAs are reported consistently. Furthermore, it is posited that the assumptions underlying models of direct contributions of diseased tissue to biofluid miRNA profiles may not hold. Suggestions for improving diagnostic specificity and reliability are provided. Summary: To maximize the likelihood of return on investment as miRNAs continue to be evaluated as specific and clinically useful markers, a focus is needed on miRNAs found in specific carriers, such as extracellular vesicles. Alternative sampling techniques should be developed, and nonblood biofluids should be considered. Careful optimization and standardization of preanalytical and analytical methods is needed to ensure that future results, positive or negative, are reliable.
Joint image classification and compression using hierarchical table-lookup vector quantization

Classification and compression play important roles today in communicating digital information and their combination is useful in many applications. The aim is to produce image classification without any further signal processing on the compressed image. This paper presents techniques for the design of block based joint classifier and quantizer classifiers/encoders implemented by table lookups. In the table lookup classifiers/encoders, input vectors to the encoders are used directly as addresses in code tables to choose the codewords with the appropriate classification information. In order to preserve manageable table sizes for large dimension VQs, hierarchical structures that quantize the vector successively in stages are used. Since both the classifier/encoder and decoder are implemented by table lookups, there are no arithmetic computations required in the final system implementation. They are unique in that both the classifier/encoder and the decoder are implemented with only table lookups and are amenable to efficient software and hardware solutions.
The Costs of Wheeling and Optimal Wheeling Rates

Wheeling is the transmission of electrical energy from a buyer to a seller through a transmission network owned by a third party. This paper provides a theoretically sound, yet practical to implement, basis for setting wheeling rates. These wheeling rates are based on marginal costs (determined by losses and effects of line flow and voltage magnitude constraints) adjusted up or down as necessary to account for embedded capital costs (i.e. revenue reconciliation). Simple numerical examples are provided to illustrate interesting phenomena such as negative wheeling rates which yield positive net revenue. Comparisons with present day wheeling rates show that major differences exist. The wheeling rates of this paper yield a "no lose" situation for the buying, selling and wheeling utilities.
Allergenic Proteins in Soybean: Processing and Reduction of P34 Allergenicity

Soybean ranks among the “big 8” of the most allergenic foods, and with increasing consumption of soybean products, the incidence of soycaused allergies is expected to escalate. Soybean and its derivatives have become ubiquitous in vegetarian and many meat-based food products, and as a result, dietary avoidance has become difficult. However, soybeans can be manipulated in a variety of ways to alter their allergenicity. Several studies have focused on reducing the allergenicity of soybeans by changing the structure of the immunodominant allergen P34 using food processing, agronomic, or genetic manipulation techniques. A review of the literature pertaining to these studies is presented here.
Human leukocyte histamine release assays with whole ragweed and Alternaria antigens using technicon autoanalyzer II.

A simple and commercially available automated technique for fluorometric analysis of histamine is described. It is applicable to histamine release experiments utilizing washed leukocytes, and analyzes 15 samples/h at histamine concentrations between 1 and 1000 ng/ml with a mean variance between 0.5% and 18%. This technique is applied to a cross sectional study of leukocytes from 14 ragweed sensitive patients (7 on and 7 off immunotherapy) as well as five normals. It was also applied to 17 Alternaria-sensitive patients (4 on and 12 off immunotherapy) in addition to six normals. While antigen induced in histamine release clearly separated the sensitive group from the normals, it did not correlate with immunotherapy, and a considerable variation was seen in the sensitive patients of both the treated and untreated groups.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Exercise: A Single Case Report on One Woman

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) is a chronic pain and potentially debilitating condition more common in older women than men. This article describes the outcomes that resulted from exercise participation in one woman with PMR. The exercise program involved aerobic, muscle strength/endurance, and range-of-motion training 3 days per week for approximately 15 months. Additionally, health education and resource support were provided. Data indicate that she improved on various fitness measures and in quality of life during the course of the study, and she felt that her activities of daily living were enhanced. Also, she wanted to continue the program. Outcomes from this study should motivate others with PMR to become physically active until more is known about the effects of exercise on PMR.
Estimating between- and within-individual variation in cortisol levels using multilevel models

Summary Cortisol measures often are used to examine variation in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) activity as well as broader patterns of differential health. However, substantial within-individual variation renders single cortisol measurements unreliable as estimates for probing differences between individuals and groups. A standard practice to clarify between-individual differences involves collecting multiple samples from each participant and then deriving person-specific averages. By ignoring information about variation at between- and within-individual levels, this technique impedes cross-study comparison of results, ignores data useful for future study design, and hinders the analysis of cross-level interactions. This report describes how multilevel approaches can simultaneously model between- and within-individual variation in diurnal cortisol levels without using crude averages. We apply these models to data from children in Nepal (nZ29, 11–15 samples per child), Mongolia (nZ47, 8–12 samples per child) and the US (nZ1269, 1–6 samples per child). Using the Nepal data, we show how an analysis of crude time-adjusted aggregates does not detect an association between aggressive behavior and cortisol levels, while a multilevel analysis does. More importantly, we argue that the ‘roadmap’ to variation generated by these multilevel models provides meaningful information about the predictive accuracy—not just statistical significance—of relationships between cortisol levels and individual-level variables, such as psychopathology, age, and gender. The ‘roadmap’ also facilitates comparison between the results from different studies and estimation of the necessary number of cortisol measurements for future investigations. Q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Building Connections: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Qualitative Research Students’ Learning Experiences

This paper describes a phenomenological study in which the authors explored students’ experiences learning qualitative research in a variety of academic fields. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with six participants from various academic fields who had completed at least one post-secondary-school-level qualitative research course and who were not students of the researchers. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the researchers identified five primary themes representing the lived experience and meaning found in the participants’ experience of learning qualitative research: (a) a variety of feelings are experienced, (b) a pivotal experience serves as a catalyst in the learning process, (c) the central role of story, (d) active learning, and (e) relating learning to prior knowledge. The findings both support and contribute new aspects to the knowledge of this experience. The results also point to “building connections” as the essence of the phenomenon of learning qualitative research. Keywords: qualitative research, learning experience, phenomenology Understanding the student experience of learning qualitative research holds important implications for developing effective curricula, improving instructional methods, and enhancing pedagogical theory related to qualitative research. Over the last thirty years, scholars have explored aspects of students’ experiences of learning qualitative research. Research in this area has been conducted primarily by instructors with their own students. In addition, studies of the learning experience of qualitative research students typically are limited to a sample of students from a single academic field or are focused on a single qualitative methodology or data collection technique. Research on qualitative research students’ learning experiences can be grouped into three general categories: (a) students’ experience learning qualitative research within a particular academic field (e.g., Shaw, Dyson, & Peek, 2008), (b) the impact of using a specific technique or tool on learning qualitative research (e.g., Raddon, Raby, and Sharpe, 2009), and (c) students’ experience learning a particular qualitative methodology (e.g., Harper, O'connor, Self, & Stevens, 2008). The authors will briefly review the trends in the literature and gaps within this area of pedagogical research, as well as discuss how this review of the literature contributed to the development of the study described in this paper. A number of articles exploring the experience of learning qualitative research address the experience of students within a specific academic field. For example, researchers explored the learning experiences of students of psychology (Mitchell, Friesen, Friesen, & Rose, 2007; Shaw, Dyson, & Peek, 2008), marriage and family
Nuclear spin diffusion effects in optically pumped quantum wells

We studied the influence of the nuclear spin diffusion on the dynamical nuclear polarization of low dimensional nanostructures subject to optical pumping. Our analysis shows that the induced nuclear spin polarization in semiconductor nanostructures will develop both a time and position dependence due to a nonuniform hyperfine interaction as a result of the geometrical confinement provided by the system. In particular, for the case of semiconductor quantum wells, nuclear spin diffusion is responsible for a nonzero nuclear spin polarization in the quantum well barriers. As an example we considered a 57 A GaAs square quantum well and a 1000 A Al x Ga1−x As parabolic quantum well both within 500 A Al0.4Ga0.6As barriers. We found that the average nuclear spin polarization in the quantum well barriers depends on the strength of the geometrical confinement provided by the structure and is characterized by a saturation time of the order of few hundred seconds. Depending on the value of the nuclear spin diffusion constant, the average nuclear spin polarization in the quantum well barriers can get as high as 70% for the square quantum well and 40% for the parabolic quantum well. These results should be relevant for both time resolved Faraday rotation and optical nuclear magnetic resonance experimental techniques.
Climate and on-farm risk factors associated with Giardia duodenalis cysts in storm runoff from California coastal dairies.

Climatic factors and on-farm management practices were evaluated for their association with the concentrations (cyst/liter) and instantaneous loads (cysts/second) of Giardia duodenalis in storm-based runoff from dairy lots and other high-cattle-use areas on five coastal California farms over two storm seasons. Direct fluorescent antibody analysis was used to quantitate cysts in 350 storm runoff samples. G. duodenalis was detected on all five dairy farms, with fluxes of 1 to 14,000 cysts/liter observed in 16% of samples. Cysts were detected in 41% of runoff samples collected near cattle less than 2 months old, compared to 10% of runoff samples collected near cattle over 6 months old. Furthermore, the concentrations and instantaneous loads of cysts were >65 and >79 times greater, respectively, in runoff from sites housing young calves than in sites housing other age classes of animals. Factors associated with environmental loading of G. duodenalis included cattle age, cattle stocking number, and precipitation but not lot area, land slope, or cattle density. Vegetated buffer strips were found to significantly reduce waterborne cysts in storm runoff: each additional meter of vegetated buffer placed below high-cattle-use areas was associated with reductions in the concentration and instantaneous load of cysts by factors of 0.86 and 0.79 (0.07 and 0.10 log10/m), respectively. Straw mulch, seed application, scraping of manure, and cattle exclusion did not significantly affect the concentration or load of G. duodenalis cysts. The study findings suggest that vegetated buffer strips, especially when placed near dairy calf areas, should help reduce the environmental loading of these fecal protozoa discharging from dairy farms.
The Phenotypic Expression of Rabbit Immunoglobulins: A Model of Complex Regulated Gene Expression and Cellular Differentiation

Since the discovery of rabbit allotypes (Oudin, l956a,b; Dray and Young, 1958; Dubiski et al., 1959), a considerable amount of genetic and chemical information about the immunoglobulins of the rabbit has accumulated [see, for example, reviews by Mage et al., 1973; Kindt, 1975; and Ann. Immunol. (Paris) 130C, No. 2, a special issue entitled “Jacques Oudin et les Concepts d’Allotypie des Immunoglobulines et d’Idiotypie des Anticorps,” 1979].
Stochastic Shortest Path Games and Q-Learning

We consider a class of two-player zero-sum stochastic games with finite state and compact control spaces, which we call stochastic shortest path (SSP) games. They are undiscounted total cost stochastic dynamic games that have a cost-free termination state. Exploiting the close connection of these games to single-player SSP problems, we introduce novel model conditions under which we show that the SSP games have strong optimality properties, including the existence of a unique solution to the dynamic programming equation, the existence of optimal stationary policies, and the convergence of value and policy iteration. We then focus on finite state and control SSP games and the classical Q-learning algorithm for computing the value function. Q-learning is a model-free, asynchronous stochastic iterative algorithm. By the theory of stochastic approximation involving monotone nonexpansive mappings, it is known to converge when its associated dynamic programming equation has a unique solution and its iterates are bounded with probability one. For the SSP case, as the main result of this paper, we prove the boundedness of the Q-learning iterates under our proposed model conditions, thereby establishing completely the convergence of Q-learning for a broad class of total cost finite-space stochastic games.
A Developing Legal System Grapples with an Ancient Problem: Rape in Nicaragua

Demands for rape law reform and debate about the incidence of rape burst onto the national stage in Nicaragua in 1988 and 1989. Initially ignited by newspaper accounts of a father who had raped his eight-month-old daughter, a series of equally brutal rapes kept alive what soon became a wide-ranging discussion of the causes of violence against women and possible responses. The debate in Nicaragua was influenced by the unique history of this small Central American nation. The 1979 overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship brought many traditional institutions and practices under scrutiny. In order to understand the current discussion in Nicaragua, rape must be viewed in the context of changing attitudes toward sex roles and sexuality. Despite the very different context, however, the debate in Nicaragua had much in common with the ongoing debate in the United States, which gained strength in the 1970s as a product of the women’s movement. At that time U.S. feminists presented a broad analysis of rape, insisting that it be understood not as the sexual aberration of a few men, but as a violent crime that reflects societal views of sex roles and men’s often violent oppression of women. The feminist critique has had some success in challenging the treatment of rape cases by the criminal justice system and has led to revisions of rape legislation in many jurisdictions. Social science research in Nicaragua is hampered by a lack “hard” data about attitudes and values. Most analysis and debate takes place in the newspapers, on the radio, and in conferences and roundtable discussions. My six-year stay in Nicaragua gave me a unique opportunity to follow these discussions closely; to talk with and interview dozens of Nicaraguans participating in the nationwide debates; and to review numerous unpublished papers and studies. This article is based on that research, on my firsthand observation of the process as it has unfolded over the years, and on my analysis of the complex and often archaic Nicaraguan legal system.
The Privatization of Social Work: A Deviation or a Logical Progression?

Since the 1980s, social workers have increasingly left the service of the public sector and entered into private practice. A substantial number of today’s social workers practice for-profit client-based therapy rather than agency-based public service. These recent changes are causing critics to question whether social work’s new focus on for-profit services has deviated from social work’s original purpose to forge allegiances with the poor, the disadvantaged, and the oppressed. Is this change in focus an abandonment of social work’s historical principles? Or is it simply a modern and logical evolution? This paper examines the debate between private and public social work practice. It describes how social work historically emerged and evolved on two interconnected fronts, one with a focus on change at the community level, and one with a focus on change at the individual level. This paper posits that the two approaches are not irreconcilable and that healthy debate has led, and continues to lead, the profession forward.
Ligand Exchange in Mixed Organocuprate(I) π-Complexes

π-Complexes of mixed organocuprate(I) reagents with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds can undergo ligand exchange to give the corresponding homocuprate–olefin π-complexes. The mechanism of this metathesis, which has profound implications for synthetic applications, involves a second-order reaction of the mixed cuprate with the mixed cuprate–olefin π-complex.
The Forgiveness Reconciliation Inventory: An Instrument to Process Through Issues of Forgiveness and Conflict

The Forgiveness Reconciliation Inventory is a theoretically derived instrument. Participants included individuals from clinical and nonclinical populations. Confirmatory factor analysis along with correlational designs and between-group comparisons indicate strong psychometric properties of the Forgiveness Reconciliation Inventory. The authors address applications for use within counseling practice.
Psychostimulants induce low-frequency oscillations in the firing activity of dopamine neurons

The reinforcing properties of psychostimulants depend critically on their effects on dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Using in vivo single unit recording in rats and spectral analysis, this study presents evidence for a new, non-DA-mediated effect of psychostimulants on VTA DA neurons. Thus, as previously observed with D-amphetamine, all psychostimulants tested, including cocaine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate, had two opposing effects on firing rate of DA neurons: a DA-mediated inhibition and a non-DA-mediated excitation. The latter effect was normally masked by the DA-mediated inhibition and was revealed when the inhibition was blocked by a DA antagonist. Using spectral analysis, this study further showed that during psychostimulant-induced excitation, DA cells exhibited not only an increase in firing rate and bursting but also a low-frequency rhythmic oscillation (0.5–1.5 Hz) in their firing activity. The oscillatory response was unique to psychostimulants since it was not observed with the GABAA agonist muscimol, which also increased DA cell firing, and not mimicked by the nonpsychostimulant DA agonist L-dopa. Results further suggest that the effect requires activation of adrenergic α1 receptors and depends on intact forebrain inputs to DA neurons. Further understanding of this novel effect may provide important insights into both the mechanism of action of psychostimulants and the neuronal circuitry that controls the activity of DA neurons in the brain.
The Unwarranted Use of Replicate Analysis in Routine Coagulation Studies

The need to assure the validity of semiautomated coagulation procedures by performing replicate determinations is assessed. Prothrombin times (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTT) were run as duplicate assays using two different photo-optical detection systems. Sixty specimens with a broad range of PT and aPTT results were studied as aliquots of 80, 100, and 140 microL of plasma. A total of 1,440 studies were performed. No statistically significant differences were found among the data for complementary groups of assays. It is concluded that replicate analyses do not enhance the precision nor the accuracy of these coagulation studies. These factors are more controlled adequately by quality assurance procedures, including frequent calibration checks, the use of internal standards, and multilevel commercial controls.
Commentary on AOAC Method for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is caused by ingesting bivalve molluscan shellfish which have fed on the toxigenic marine dinoflagellates Gonyaulax catanella or G. tamarensis. The toxins from these organisms are neurotoxic alkaloids which interfere with nerve conduction and block muscle-action potential. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration cooperates with state shellfish control officials in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program to prevent marketing of toxin-contaminated shellfish. The toxins are quantitated by the standard mouse bioassay method, as found in Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC. This paper discusses the procedure followed in the standard bioassay method in an attempt to clarify for the PSP analyst the rather complex official methodology, and, thus, promote more uniform results among laboratories.
Effects of directionality, signal intensity, and short-wavelength components on iridescent warning signal efficacy

Many bright colors function as visual signals and are produced by structural mechanisms that result in their being iridescent. Iridescent colors differ from other types of animal coloration in that they vary in both hue and intensity, as the angle of viewing and illumination change relative to the color surface. Iridescent colors can serve as warning signals by deterring predation on distasteful animals. Due to their directional and mirror-like reflection, iridescent signals have the potential to (1) vary in appearance with each approach; (2) create a flashing signal; (3) under the right conditions, be more intense than diffusely reflecting signals; (4) display different hues with different positioning of the sun, predator, and prey; and (5) display angle-dependent camouflage, which could all influence warning signal effectiveness. Here, we examine how signal intensity, short-wavelength hue, and variation in appearance affect the response of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) to warning signals. Variation did not affect their response. Higher intensity signals were more effective in terms of predator avoidance than were lower intensity, and blue-violet signals were more effective than were blue and blue-green. This could influence the effectiveness of an iridescent warning signal in nature if the prey displays more intense, blue-violet coloration. With the properties we tested, we found no cost to having warning colors that are iridescent and that there may be benefits in the ability to change hue and display a more intense signal. We suggest future research to examine the effects of iridescent flashing and angle-dependent camouflage on warning signal effectiveness. Iridescent colors have only been recently shown to function as warning signals, but we know very little about how they function to deter predation. Here, we show that birds are more likely to change their behavior in response to higher intensity and blue-violet signals compared to low intensity and blue and blue-green signals. The intensity results are consistent with previous experiments, but the role of short-wavelength hue on warning signal effectiveness has never been tested before. Variation due to the shifting appearance of an iridescent signal did not influence the response to the warning signal, consistent with studies in long-wavelength signals. We found no cost to displaying an iridescent signal and potentially an adaptive benefit as iridescent warning signals have the potential to be brighter and display a different hue based on the arrangement of light source, signaler, and receiver.
Postcolonial Histories of Computing

Postcolonial studies of science and technology seek to reevaluate our theories and systems of society and technology in light of the ways that they are influenced by the long history of colonialism. This article explores what postcolonial science and technology studies mean for historians of computing.
Immunoglobulin determinations in the diagnosis of fetal infection.

Current indications are that the human fetus is not immunologically incompetent. An elevated IgM level may be a nonspecific indicator of a newborn at high risk for intrauterine infections–which may not be clinically apparent.
An improvement mechanism for low priority traffic TCP performance in Strict Priority Queueing

Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ) is a widely used queuing method for applying preferential service on edge networks. SPQ, in presence of persistent high priority traffic, is known to behave in a very hostile manner toward low priority flows, causing them to experience poor TCP performance. This often leads to substantial packet losses, which consequently results in aggressive reduction in the congestion window size at the sender. This severe performance degradation then leads to channel underutilization when the high priority queue is emptied. In this paper, we introduce Amicable Strict Priority Queuing, an approach to improve the TCP performance of low priority traffic, in the presence of interruptions caused by a surge of high priority traffic flows. Our proposed approach has two major advantages. First, it does not require any changes to the TCP stack of the end hosts. Second, through the simple augmentation introduced in this paper, no modification to the existing SPQ-enabled switches and routers is required, making it readily deployable in current systems. Experiments in a simulated environment confirm the validity of our proposed approach.
A number theoretic problem on super line graphs

Abstract In Bagga et al. (1995) a generalization of the line graph concept was introduced. Given a graph G with at least r edges, the super line graph of index r , L r ( G ) , has as its vertices the sets of r edges of G , with two adjacent if there is an edge in one set adjacent to an edge in the other set. The line completion number lc ( G ) of a graph G is the least index r for which L r ( G ) is complete. In this paper we investigate the line completion number of K m , n . This turns out to be an interesting optimization problem in number theory, with results depending on the parities of m and n . If m ≤ n and m is a fixed even number, then lc ( K m , n ) has been found for all even values of n and for all but finitely many odd values. However, when m is odd, the exact value of lc ( K m , n ) has been found in relatively few cases, and the main results concern lower bounds for the parameter. Thus, the general problem is still open, with about half of the cases unsettled.
BCR-ABL1+ Leukemic Stem Cells Are Dependent On Selectin-Ligand Interactions For Engraftment In The Bone Marrow Niche

Leukemic progenitors from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have defects in the adhesive function of β1 integrins and in their response to the chemokine CXCL12 (Stem Cells 2002;3:259), pathways that are critical for engraftment and maintenance of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the bone marrow (BM) niche. Previous studies in a mouse BCR-ABL1 retroviral transduction/transplantation model of CML demonstrated that BCR-ABL1+ leukemic stem cells, but not normal murine HSC, are dependent on expression of the CD44 adhesion molecule for BM homing and engraftment (Nat Med 2006;12:1175). To investigate further other adhesion molecules required for stable engraftment of CML stem cells, we employed donor and recipient mice with targeted mutations in genes encoding selectins and those required for expression of selectin ligands in the mouse retroviral CML model. Neither the β1 integrin ligand VCAM-1 nor P-selectin was required in the BM endothelium of recipient mice for efficient engraftment and induction of CML-like myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) by BCR-ABL1-expressing stem cells. By contrast, loss of recipient E-selectin significantly impaired engraftment of BCR-ABL1+ stem/progenitor cells, as demonstrated by decreased frequency of BM proviral leukemia-initiating clones, a defect overcome by direct intrafemoral injection of the leukemic cells. We also demonstrated a requirement for expression of selectin ligands on the leukemic stem cells, as BCR-ABL1-expressing stem cells lacking enzymes contributing to biosynthesis of selectin ligands (Core2 or Fucosyltransferases IV and VII) exhibited decreased efficiency of engraftment, resulting in attenuated disease. Further, donor cells deficient in P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) or in both PSGL-1 and CD44, a glycoform of which can function as a selectin ligand on hematopoietic stem cells (J. Biol Chem 2001;278:47623), displayed intermediate or profound impairment in engraftment of CML-like leukemia, respectively. Removal of selectin ligands by neuraminidase treatment of BCR-ABL1 -transduced HSC blocked engraftment of leukemic stem cells and resulted in long-term survival of transplant recipients. Together, these results demonstrate that BCR-ABL1-expressing stem cells are dependent on selectin ligands, expressed on PSGL-1 and possibly on CD44, and their interaction with BM E-selectin for engraftment and retention in the BM microenvironment. Disrupting these niche interactions could represent new avenues for targeting CML stem cells that are resistant to ABL kinase inhibitors like imatinib. Disclosures: Van Etten: Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Deciphera Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; TEVA Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Student Housing Energy Consumption: A Comparison of Chilled Water, Heating, and Electricity Use

Abstract More than two thirds of the U.S. electricity consumption occurs in buildings, which also are responsible for about 40% of the world's CO2 emissions. Therefore, the “green” building movement has become widespread in an effort to reduce buildings’ impact on the resource use and the environment. The USGBC's LEED rating system in one such effort intended to recognize high performance buildings. One of the USGBC's objectives is to reduce building energy consumption, and this paper aims to test this energy-reduction hypothesis. The methodology includes investigating LEED-certified buildings and comparable non-certified buildings on a university campus, and measuring differences in their energy performance. Heating, cooling, and electricity data was collected from all campus buildings and their energy unit intensity (EUI) was calculated. The preliminary analysis shows LEED buildings are not displaying major differences in energy performance when compared to their non-LEED counterparts. This paper's findings make the case for more performance-based certifications, similar to the LEED O&M certification, which should be awarded based on actual energy performance of facilities as opposed to intended performance based on design data.
A wideband circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna excited with conformal‐strip and inverted L‐shaped microstrip‐feed‐line for WLAN/WI‐MAX applications

A new wideband circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has been developed and presented in this article. The proposed antenna consisting rectangular and cubical-shaped dielectric resonator (DR) with optimum gap excited by using combination of conformal-strip and inverted L-shaped microstrip-feed-line. The combinations of two different feeds (i.e., conformal-strip and microstrip-fed-line) excite orthogonal modes in two DRs to generate circular polarization. The gap between these DRs and conformal strip offers wideband of impedance and axial ratio bandwidth. Designed antenna offers measured −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 27.36% (at center frequency 5.78 GHz) and measured 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth has been achieved in broadside direction of 23.00% (at center frequency 5.65 GHz). It has been confirmed from the radiation pattern that the antenna having right hand circular polarization (RHCP). Proposed antenna can be used for wireless communication systems such as WLAN/Wi-MAX applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2525–2531, 2016
Using Logistics Alliances to Gain a Strategic Advantage in the Marketplace

Research suggests that logistics alliances are gaining in popularity as a method of competing in the marketplace. Exactly what does a frim gain in forming these relationships and how can they lead to a strategic advantage?The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical foundation based on marketing, logistics, and strategy literature to explain the increasing use of logistics alliances. A second objective is to identify specific benefits of utilizing logistics alliances and the resulting management implications. Finally, future research issues are suggested to facilitate a better understanding of how these relationships are fonned over time.
The secret lives of studios: comparing co-productions and collaborations

Cinema history is institutional history, a fact that increases in importance commensurate with our evaluation of cinema's legacy. After decades of close analysis of films as texts and their ideolog...
Consumer Experiences with Online Consumer Reviews: A Phenomenological Exploration

It is necessary to deepen current understanding about how consumers, recipients of online review messages, perceive and/or experience them for shopping, posing an important question: What does experiencing online consumer reviews mean to consumers? More specifically, are there key themes emerging from consumers’ experiences of online consumer reviews? This research aims to answer these questions by identifying key themes/meanings underlying consumers’ experiences with online consumer reviews for fashion/apparel shopping from the perspective of their users – consumers.
Spoof surface plasmon resonant tunneling mode with high quality and Purcell factors

A high quality factor and a small modal volume for compact, integrable optical devices have always been in great demand. Although metamaterials may be designed to achieve selected mode confinement at a subwavelength scale, the structures themselves have retained a large size. We address the issue of subwavelength mode confinement in structures of reduced size by utilizing unique properties of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). While SSPP modes are commonly considered in the context of periodic structures, we demonstrate that SSPP formation does not depend crucially on periodicity, and therefore metastructures of minimal length can support a well-formed spoof plasmon state. This general property is explicated through our study of the transmission spectrum of a three-cell waveguide with the spoof plasma frequency of the middle cell (defect cell) different from that of the remaining cells (host). The SSPP state in the defect cell supports resonant tunneling manifested by a narrow transmission resonance inside the band gap of the host structure. Despite the minimal length of the structure, the localized defect SSPP mode is characterized by very high quality $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{5})$ and Purcell $(\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3})$ factors. The proposed concept can be a promising alternative for making miniaturized sources, information storage, and sensing devices at low terahertz frequencies.
Seasonal and Annual Variation in Trematode Infection of Stream Snail Elimia proxima in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of Virginia.

Abstract Understanding temporal variation of host–pathogen dynamics can be important for predicting disease risks and anticipating how disease systems may change in response to natural or human disturbances. Seasonal changes in weather, especially those associated with changes in temperature or precipitation, are often a key component of temporal changes in infection risk and can have important impacts on disease systems. However, these patterns can be difficult to track due to interannual variation and the need for longer term, multi-year surveillance efforts. We assessed seasonal and annual changes in the trematode component community of first-intermediate host stream snail Elimia (= Oxytrema = Goniobasis) proxima across 5 streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Over 3 yr, we found no evidence of consistent seasonal peaks of trematode infection in E. proxima. There was some across-site consistency in infection prevalence over 4 yr, because high prevalence sites tended to maintain higher prevalenc...
Diagnostic Accuracy of 5 Dental Pulp Tests: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this systematic review was to investigate and compare the diagnostic accuracy including sensitivity, specificity, adjusted accuracy, adjusted positive predictive value (PPV), and adjusted negative predictive value (NPV) of cold pulp testing (CPT), heat pulp testing (HPT), electric pulp testing (EPT), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and pulse oximetry (PO). Methods Three electronic databases were searched from January 1964 to December 2016. True-positive, false-positive, true-negative, and false-negative values were extracted from data in each study. Sensitivity, specificity, adjusted accuracy, adjusted PPV, and adjusted NPV were calculated from those values, if not presented. A random effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, adjusted accuracy, adjusted PPV, and adjusted NPV. Results A total of 125 articles were identified, and 28 studies were included for the final review. The pooled estimates of sensitivity for CPT, EPT, HPT, LDF, and PO were 0.87, 0.72, 0.78, 0.98, and 0.97, respectively. Those of specificity were 0.84, 0.93, 0.67, 0.95, and 0.95, respectively. Those of adjusted accuracy were 0.84, 0.82, 0.72, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. For adjusted PPV, they were 0.81, 0.89, 0.62, 0.94, and 0.94, respectively, and for adjusted NPV, they were 0.87, 0.80, 0.79, 1.00, and 0.99, respectively. Conclusions LDF and PO were the most accurate diagnostic methods, and HPT was the least accurate diagnostic method. EPT showed high accuracy when testing vital teeth (specificity = 0.93) but low accuracy when assessing nonvital teeth (sensitivity = 0.72). CPT had moderate accuracy when evaluating vital (specificity = 0.84) and nonvital (sensitivity = 0.87) teeth.
Physician visits and the timing of skeletal-related events among men newly diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer: A cohort analysis.

Abstract Introduction Men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) are at increased risk for skeletal complications which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although both the urologist and the medical oncologist play important roles in the management of patients with advanced PCa, there is limited information regarding their role in the context of skeletal complications. The current study investigated these relationships among newly diagnosed metastatic patients with PCa. Methods and materials This retrospective cohort study used Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry data for incident stage IV metastatic (M1) cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2007 with linked Medicare claims. Postdiagnosis urologist and medical oncologist visits were identified using billing codes. We considered skeletal-related events (SREs) that occurred after the urologist or medical oncologist visit. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the relationship between a physician visit and the timing of the first SRE with and without propensity-score matching to account for observable selection. Results The sample included 5,572 patients with stage IV M1 prostate cancer. Seventy-six percent of the patients were non-Hispanic White, 16% were non-Hispanic African American, and 8% were of other races; 75% of patients saw a urologist (median time to first visit = 19 days) and 44% saw an oncologist (median = 80 days), whereas 41% experienced at least one SRE (median = 309 days). Covariate-adjusted Cox models showed a longer time to an SRE for patients with only a medical oncologist visit (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.45–0.61), only a urologist visit (HR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.31–0.39) or both a urologist and medical oncologist visit (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.31–0.38), compared to individuals without these visits. Among men with a urologist visit, a medical oncologist visit was not associated with the time to the first SRE (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.90–1.05). Among those without a urologist visit a medical oncologist visit was associated with a longer time to an SRE (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.46–0.64). Results were comparable using propensity-score matched samples. Conclusion Among men newly diagnosed with metastatic PCa, 4 of 10 patients experienced an SRE. Patients experienced a delay in skeletal complications when managed by a urologist or a medical oncologist compared to patients who did not see either specialist.