cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A genetic system for analysis of staphylococcal nuclease.

Abstract The gene encoding staphylococcal nuclease (strain Foggi) has been isolated, and its complete nucleotide sequence determined. When inserted into a derivative of plasmid pBR322, the nuc gene is expressed in Escherichia coli at a low level, and nuclease activity in individual colonies is readily assayed by a replica-plating chromogenic test. A set of plasmids with BamHI-linker “bracketed” deletions spanning the nuc gene can be used to map mutations genetically to defined segments of the gene. In combination with present methods for efficient in vitro mutagenesis, this plasmid-based genetic system can be applied to the detailed genetic analysis of this small, biochemically and biophysically well-characterized enzyme.
Onboard functional and molecular imaging: A design investigation for robotic multipinhole SPECT

Purpose: Onboard imaging—currently performed primarily by x-ray transmission modalities—is essential in modern radiation therapy. As radiation therapy moves toward personalized medicine, molecular imaging, which views individual gene expression, may also be important onboard. Nuclear medicine methods, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), are premier modalities for molecular imaging. The purpose of this study is to investigate a robotic multipinhole approach to onboard SPECT. Methods: Computer-aided design (CAD) studies were performed to assess the feasibility of maneuvering a robotic SPECT system about a patient in position for radiation therapy. In order to obtain fast, high-quality SPECT images, a 49-pinhole SPECT camera was designed which provides high sensitivity to photons emitted from an imaging region of interest. This multipinhole system was investigated by computer-simulation studies. Seventeen hot spots 10 and 7 mm in diameter were placed in the breast region of a supine female phantom. Hot spot activity concentration was six times that of background. For the 49-pinhole camera and a reference, more conventional, broad field-of-view (FOV) SPECT system, projection data were computer simulated for 4-min scans and SPECT images were reconstructed. Hot-spot localization was evaluated using a nonprewhitening forced-choice numerical observer. Results: The CAD simulation studies found that robots could maneuver SPECT cameras about patients in position for radiation therapy. In the imaging studies, most hot spots were apparent in the 49-pinhole images. Average localization errors for 10-mm- and 7-mm-diameter hot spots were 0.4 and 1.7 mm, respectively, for the 49-pinhole system, and 3.1 and 5.7 mm, respectively, for the reference broad-FOV system. Conclusions: A robot could maneuver a multipinhole SPECT system about a patient in position for radiation therapy. The system could provide onboard functional and molecular imaging with 4-min scan times.
Circuit model for microfluidic bubble generation under controlled pressure

We explore the microfluidic generation of bubbles in a flow-focusing junction using a pressure-controlled device rather than the more common flow rate-controlled devices. This device is a prototype for extending microfluidic drop generation methods to molten polymers. We show that the bubble generation process is highly sensitive to pressure: small changes in pressure induce large changes in bubble size and bubble formation frequency. A simple resistance circuit model can explain this pressure dependence. Briefly, we show that bubble generation is possible only within a finite pressure range. Near the ends of this pressure range, the ratio of the flow rates of the dispersed to continuous phase is highly sensitive to pressure, and therefore so also is the bubble generation process. The circuit model offers a way to use existing models of drop generation (which are based on flow rate-controlled operation) to predict pressure-controlled operation. We also examine drop formation using a highly viscous polymer as the dispersed phase. Drops are formed far downstream of the flow-focusing junction, and they are far smaller than the microfluidic channel dimensions. These results suggest that existing microfluidic drop generation methods may be exploited to make complex particles from thermoplastic polymers.
Variation of the respiration of protozoan cells with length of centrifuging

Summary The respiration rate of the chlorotic, free-living flagellate protozoan, Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, depends, at least in part, upon the amount of centrifuging the cells undergo before the measurements are made. Centrifugation is necessary to concentrate these and other cells to densities sufficient to measure oxygen uptake in a Warburg-type respirometer. The longer the cells are centrifuged prior to introduction into respiration vessels, the lower is their respiration rate. Cells centrifuged for a total of 30 min initially respire at a rate only 40% of the rate of cells centrifuged for only 1 min. The data indicate that both length of centrifuging and length of measurements are important in determining the oxygen uptake of cells.
Malignant lymphoma presenting with prominent splenomegaly a clinicopathologic study with special reference to intermediate cell lymphoma

Although non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with prominent splenomegaly is a well-recognized clinical syndrome, previous reports of such cases create confusion today because of the use of outdated pathologic classifications, awkward or inappropriate terms, and imprecise diagnostic criteria. The authors have studied 31 such cases and have classified them according to the modified Rappaport and Lukes-Collins classifications as well as the recently introduced International Working Formulation. Most of our cases (30/31) of malignant lymphoma presenting with prominent splenomegaly were of the small cell type, with morphologic and/or immunologic evidence of B-cell origin. The single largest subtype in our series (19/30) was intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma (IL), a recently described entity in which this mode of presentation has not been previously emphasized. Although such cases have been termed "primary splenic lymphoma," almost all are disseminated diseases that pursue a progressive course and require multiagent chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
Iron Regulatory Protein 2 as Iron Sensor IRON-DEPENDENT OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION OF CYSTEINE

Iron regulatory protein 2 coordinates cellular regulation of iron metabolism by binding to iron responsive elements in mRNA. The protein is synthesized constitutively but is rapidly degraded when iron stores are replete. This iron-dependent degradation requires the presence of a 73-residue degradation domain, but its functions have not yet been established. We now show that the domain can act as an iron sensor, mediating its own covalent modification. The domain forms an iron-binding site with three cysteine residues located in the middle of the domain. It then reacts with molecular oxygen to generate a reactive oxidizing species at the iron-binding site. One cysteine residue is oxidized to dehydrocysteine and other products. This covalent modification may thus mark the protein molecule for degradation by the proteasome system.
Visualizing differences in web search algorithms using the expected weighted hoeffding distance

We introduce a new dissimilarity function for ranked lists, the expected weighted Hoeffding distance, that has several advantages over current dissimilarity measures for ranked search results. First, it is easily customized for users who pay varying degrees of attention to websites at different ranks. Second, unlike existing measures such as generalized Kendall's tau, it is based on a true metric, preserving meaningful embeddings when visualization techniques like multi-dimensional scaling are applied. Third, our measure can effectively handle partial or missing rank information while retaining a probabilistic interpretation. Finally, the measure can be made computationally tractable and we give a highly efficient algorithm for computing it. We then apply our new metric with multi-dimensional scaling to visualize and explore relationships between the result sets from different search engines, showing how the weighted Hoeffding distance can distinguish important differences in search engine behavior that are not apparent with other rank-distance metrics. Such visualizations are highly effective at summarizing and analyzing insights on which search engines to use, what search strategies users can employ, and how search results evolve over time. We demonstrate our techniques using a collection of popular search engines, a representative set of queries, and frequently used query manipulation methods.
Changes in characteristics of hepatitis C patients seen in a liver centre in the United States during the last decade

Summary With the approval of 2 direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in 2011 and anticipation of interferon (IFN)-free regimens, more hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infected patients are now seeking treatment. To describe the characteristics of newly referred HCV patients in 2011–2012 (Era-2) and compare them to those seen in 1998–1999 (Era-1). Retrospective data were collected from HCV patients newly referred to our tertiary liver clinics. Advanced liver disease was defined as cirrhosis (based on histology or Aspartate aminotransferase–platelet-ratio index (APRI) >2), hepatic decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 1348 patients (538 in Era-1, 810 in Era-2) were included. Compared to Era-1, Era-2 patients were older (median age 56 vs 45 years), more likely to be black (17.2% vs 11.6%) and had a longer interval between diagnosis and referral (median 4 vs 2 years). Genotype (GT) 1 predominated in both Eras with a significant increase in GT1a from 39.9% in Era-1 to 53.8% in Era-2. A higher per cent of patients in Era-2 were treatment experienced, but 77% had never received treatment. Era-2 patients were more likely to have advanced disease at referral (61.6% vs 51.5%, P < 0.001), with an eightfold higher prevalence of HCC (21.6% vs 2.6%, P < 0.001). HCV patients newly referred in recent years were older, predominantly infected with GT1a and had more advanced liver disease yet only a quarter had received HCV treatment. Reduction in HCV disease burden will require development of treatment regimens targeted towards patients in the current Era as well as increase in diagnosis and referral of patients for treatment.
Time-lapse traveltime change of singly scattered acoustic waves

SUMMARY We present a technique based on the single-scattering approximation that relates time-lapse localized changes in the propagation velocity to changes in the traveltime of singly scattered waves. We describe wave propagation in a random medium with homogeneous statistical properties as a single-scattering process where the fluctuations of the velocity with respect to the background velocity are assumed to be weak. This corresponds to one of two end-member regimes of wave propagation in a random medium, the first being single scattering, and the second multiple scattering. We present a formulation that relates the change in the traveltime of the scattered waves to a localized change in the propagation velocity by means of the Born approximation for the scattered wavefield. We validate the methodology with synthetic seismograms calculated with finite differences for 2-D acoustic waves. Potential applications of this technique include non-destructive evaluation of heterogeneous materials and time-lapse monitoring of heterogeneous reservoirs.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-μ Differentially Regulates Neurite Outgrowth of Nasal and Temporal Neurons in the Retina

Cell adhesion molecules play an important role in the development of the visual system. The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTPμ, is a cell adhesion molecule that mediates cell aggregation and may signal in response to adhesion. PTPμ is expressed in the chick retina during development and promotes neurite outgrowth from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in vitro (Burden-Gulley and Brady-Kalnay, 1999). The axons of RGC neurons form the optic nerve, which is the sole output from the retina to the optic tectum in the chick. In this study, we observed that PTPμ expression in RGC axons occurs as a step gradient, with temporal axons expressing the highest level of PTPμ. PTPμ expression in the optic tectum occurred as a smooth descending gradient from anterior to posterior regions during development. Because temporal RGC axons innervate anterior tectal regions, PTPμ may regulate the formation of topographic projections to the tectum. In agreement with this hypothesis, a differential response of RGC neurites to a PTPμ substrate was also observed: RGCs of temporal retina were unable to extend neurites on PTPμ compared with neurites of nasal retina. When given a choice between PTPμ and a second substrate, the growth cones of temporal neurites clustered at the PTPμ border and stalled, thus avoiding additional growth on the PTPμ substrate. In contrast, PTPμ was permissive for growth of nasal neurites. Finally, application of soluble PTPμ to retinal cultures resulted in the collapse of temporal but not nasal growth cones. Therefore, PTPμ may specifically signal to temporal RGC axons to cease their forward growth after reaching the anterior tectum, thus allowing for subsequent innervation of deeper tectal layers.
Activation of DNA damage signaling

Cells respond to DNA damage by activating DNA repair and DNA damage signaling pathways. While DNA repair proteins directly interact with DNA lesions, activation of DNA damage signaling pathways may be triggered by the effect the DNA lesions have on replication, transcription or chromatin topology. This review will focus on the potential mechanisms of the activation of DNA damage-induced signal transduction pathways.
The devil is in the details: Differences in air traffic networks by scale, species, and season

Abstract Although air traffic networks are widely studied examples of complex networks, past research has focused on only one type: the network of routes flown between airports. Although this network is important, other varieties of air traffic networks exist. This paper differentiates air traffic networks on dimensions of scale (airport vs. metropolitan area), species (business vs. leisure), and season (summer vs. winter). Although these networks share similar complex network topologies – they are scale-free, small-world, and modular – they are nonetheless different in substantively important ways. They capture different kinds of social and economic processes, are useful for investigating different kinds of research questions, and lead to different kinds of conclusions about how and where interactions are organized.
Low cost IC prototyping from the MOSIS Service

The Information Sciences Institute of the University of Southern California established the MOSIS Service in I981 in response to a request from DARPA to provide access to advanced IC technologies for their research community. This effort was expanded in 1985 by a joint effort between DARPA and NSF to include the submission of designs from University classes in VLSI design. Both DARPA and NSF provided funding for fabrication of these educational designs from 1985 through 1995. The funding situation changed significantly in 1994 as a result of the shrinking Federal budget. At this time, DARPA withdrew from the educational program, and NSF announced its planned withdrawal by 2000. The present status of the MOSIS Service, current technology offerings and packaging options as well as the status of the VLSI educational program are presented in this paper.
Marking the Turn: Obligation, Engagement, and Alienation in Group Discussions

In group conversations, not speaking is the state of affairs experienced by most people most of the time; I refer to this as ‘‘conversational latency.’’ Hypothesizing that conversational latency af...
Predictors of continuous positive airway pressure use during the first week of treatment

This study aimed to identify pre-treatment and immediate early treatment factors predicting continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use during the first week of therapy, when the pattern of non-adherence is established. Four domains of potential predictors were examined: pre-treatment demographic and clinical factors, patients' perceived self-efficacy, treatment delivery (mask leak and bothering side effects) and immediate disease reduction (residual respiratory events and flow limitation). The Autoset™ Clinical System objectively documented daily CPAP use, mask leak, residual respiratory events and flow limitation. Ninety-one CPAP-naive patients with newly diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea were followed for 1week after treatment initiation. Mean CPAP daily use during the first week was 3.4±2.7h, with significantly lower use observed in black than non-black participants (2.7 versus 4.4h, respectively, P=0.002). Less intimacy with partners caused by CPAP was the only treatment side effect correlated with CPAP use (r=-0.300, P=0.025). Reduced CPAP use during the first week was associated simultaneously with being black, higher residual apnea-hypopnea index and the treatment side effect of less intimacy with partners. The three factors together accounted for 25.4% of the variance in the CPAP use (R(2) =0.254, P<0.01). These data suggest the need to assess the impact of CPAP on intimacy and troubleshooting aspects of the treatment that interfere with sexual relationships. Assessing the presence of residual respiratory events may be important in promoting CPAP adherence. The association of race and CPAP use needs to be explored further by including more socioeconomic information.
Tectonism and volcanism of the Tharsis region of Mars

The Tharsis region of Mars, where the planet's largest shield volcanoes are located, is at the center of a fracture system that extends over almost half the surface of the planet. The fractures are tensional and aligned roughly radial to Tharsis and form two opposing fanlike arrangements that converge on the line of the Tharsis volcanoes. The fractures are attributed to a broad asymmetric updoming of the Martian crust centered to the southeast of the volcano line. Formation of the dome took place before the formation of the shield volcanoes. The location of the shields was controlled by the fractures, and volcano formation may have reactivated some of the fractures. The updoming, thought to result from mantle convection, separates eras of different volcanism and appears to have been a discrete and unique event in the history of Mars.
Temperature dependence of photoresponse in p -type G a A s / A l x Ga 1 − x As multiple quantum wells: Theory and experiment

Bound-to-continuum (BC) absorption and photoresponse in p-type quantum well infrared photodetectors are investigated theoretically and experimentally as a function of polarization and temperature. Using the $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8$ envelope-function approximation model, the quantum well electronic structure and wave functions are calculated and then the BC absorption curves are obtained on an absolute scale as a function of photon energy, light polarization, and temperature. Since optimum absorption obtains for structures with the second light-hole (LH2) state at the top of the well, a nonoptimized long-wavelength infrared structure and an optimized mid-wavelength infrared structure were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and their characteristics measured to test the theory. Whereas the optimized sample has the LH2 resonance at the top of the well, the nonoptimized sample has light-hole quasibound states within the heavy-hole continuum. This different placement of the light-hole states produces a different temperature and polarization dependence of the absorption process in these samples. Our temperature-dependent photoresponse measurements corroborate most of the theoretical findings with respect to the long-wavelength threshold, shape, and polarization and temperature dependence of the spectra.
Bayesian estimation of soil parameters from remote sensing data

Considers the problem of finding a mathematically optimal algorithm to estimate soil parameters based on radar and/or other measurements. Specifically, given measurements m/sub 1/, m/sub 2/, ..., m/sub J/ representing radar cross-sections of a given resolution element at different polarizations and/or different frequency bands, and given an approximate model expressing the dependence of these measurements on the dielectric constant /spl epsiv/ and the r.m.s. surface height h of the corresponding resolution element, the authors would like to make an "optimal" estimate of the actual /spl epsiv/ and h that gave rise to the particular m/sub 1/, m/sub 2/, ... observed. By "optimal" they mean that their algorithm should produce estimates that are, on average, as close as possible to the actual values. To obtain such an algorithm, they assume that they have at their disposal a data catalogue consisting of careful measurements of the soil parameters /spl epsiv/ and h, on one hand, and the corresponding remote sensing data m/sub 1/, m/sub 2/, etc., on the other. They also assume that they have used this data to write down, for each j, an approximate formula which computes an average value of m/sub j/ to associate to the corresponding values of /spl epsiv/, h. Rather than throw away the data catalogue at this stage, and use the average formulas in a deterministic fashion to solve the inverse problem, they propose to use the data catalogue more fully and quantify the spread of the measurements about the average formula, then incorporate this information into the inversion algorithm. This paper describes how they accomplish this using a Bayesian approach. >
Drone Engorgement in Honey Bee Swarms

Male Apis mellifera L. (drones) accompanying reproductive swarms were analyzed for honey stomach contents to determine if they engorge honey prior to or during swarming. No evidence for engorgement was found. A diurnal feeding rhythm in drones was observed in nonswarming colonies.
How Health Care’s Successes Became Distractions

Despite achievements in areas of patient safety, the problem of variation remains endemic, and unmeasured.
Turner syndrome and sexual differentiation of the brain: implications for understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders

Turner syndrome (TS) is one of the most common sex chromosome abnormalities. Affected individuals often show a unique pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses and are at increased risk for a number of other neurodevelopmental conditions, many of which are more common in typical males than typical females (e.g., autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). This phenotype may reflect gonadal steroid deficiency, haploinsufficiency of X chromosome genes, failure to express parentally imprinted genes, and the uncovering of X chromosome mutations. Understanding the contribution of these different mechanisms to outcome has the potential to improve clinical care for individuals with TS and to better our understanding of the differential vulnerability to and expression of neurodevelopmental disorders in males and females. In this paper, we review what is currently known about cognition and brain development in individuals with TS, discuss underlying mechanisms and their relevance to understanding male-biased neurodevelopmental conditions, and suggest directions for future research.
Effect of the cardiac inotropic drug, OPC 8212, on pituitary-thyroid function in the rat.

3,4-Dihydro-6-[4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzoyl)-l piperaznyl]- 2(lH)-quinolinone (OPC 8212) is a new synthetic quinolinone with potent cardiac inotropic action in man. Long term oral administration of OPC induces goiter and thyroid tumor formation in rats, associated with decreases in serum T4 and increases in serum TSH concentrations. Studies were carried out to explore the mechanisms responsible for these drug induced abnormalities. OPC 8212, administered for 1 week at doses of 500 and 2000 mg/kg-day mixed with the diet, resulted in an increase in thyroid weight, a decrease in circulating T4 and free T4 concentrations and an increase in serum TSH concentrations. OPC decreased the 5′-deiodinase (5′-D) activity in liver homogenates and increased the 5′-D activity in pituitary homogenates, consistent with hypothyroidism. OPC 8212 did not affect thyroid iodine metabolism and hormone synthesis or the binding of T4 to serum binding proteins. The hepatic uptake of 125 I-T4 4 h after T4 administration was significantly...
A 220 × 128 120 mW 60 frames/s current mode polarization imager for in vivo optical neural recording

A 220 by 128 current mode imaging sensor with polarization sensitivity is used to image intrinsic neural activity in vivo from the antenna lobe of a locust. The polarization sensitivity is achieved via post-CMOS fabrication deposition of pixelated aluminum nanowire polarization filters at four different orientations offset by 45 degrees. The measured change in polarization response from the neural cells baseline for hexanol is 0.38%, for octanol is 0.15%, and for the combined odor is 0.45%.
Underactive bladder and detrusor underactivity represent different facets of volume hyposensitivity and not impaired contractility

OBJECTIVE S: Underactive bladder (UAB) and detrusor underactivity (DU) are receiving increasing clinical and research attention. Although lacking a formalized definition, UAB is described as a symptom complex, while DU is a standardized statement of urodynamic function. Both terms nominally suggest impaired detrusor contractility leading to disordered emptying. We sought to evaluate the relationship between UAB, DU and detrusor contractility. METHODS :A chart review of 256 urodynamic records from clinical practice was conducted. Data about symptoms and urodynamic performance were extracted and analyzed, comparing measures of sensory and motor function among groups based on symptoms and urodynamic observations. RESULTS : One hundred and ninety eight complete urodynamic studies met ad hoc defined criteria for inclusion. UAB is specific (0.90) for, but not sensitive (0.22) to, DU. Increased post-void residual volume is common to both UAB and DU, but neither is associated with impaired contractility as measured by Watts factor. Patients with UAB and DU demonstrate higher sensation volume thresholds than do those without these symptoms or observations. CONCLUSIONS : The symptom complex of UAB is not a reliable predictor of the urodynamic observation of DU, and neither condition is associated with a diminished Watts factor. Our results suggest that UAB and DU are typically disorders of volume hyposensitivity rather than of impaired contractility, and may differ in their relationship to bladder perceptions. Thus, these terms should not be used interchangeably.
Estimating Calcium Requirements

Nutrient requirements are used by many groups to determine food choices and meal plans for feeding people across the lifespan. They are used to evaluate sources of nutrients and for food labels to educate the consumer. Requirements also provide a guideline to determine whether supplements are needed. If calcium requirements are underestimated, inadequate intakes are more likely, which may compromise bone health and increase risk of chronic disease. The evidence supporting calcium requirements is stronger than for most nutrients. Yet, we lack consensus on the appropriate approach for determining calcium requirements. The various approaches for determining calcium requirements are reviewed in this chapter. We conclude that efficacy studies including well-controlled feeding studies are best for determining calcium intake requirements, and effective research including randomized controlled trials is best for evaluating how well various interventions work in translating the results of efficacy studies to the individual or community.
87 – Anti-cancer Property of Epicatechin Gallate in Colon Cancer Cells

There is persuasive epidemiological and experimental evidence that dietary polyphenolic plant-derived compounds have anti-cancer activity. Many laboratories, including ours, have reported such an effect in cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, skin, prostate, and breast. The catechins are a group of polyphenols found in many beverages, including beer. While the preponderance of the data strongly indicates significant anti-tumorigenic benefits from catechins, the potential molecular mechanisms involved remain obscure. Although most studies are from epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), much effort has recently been paid to epicatechin gallate (ECG) regarding the identification of its biological properties, including anti-cancer activity. ECG has been shown to alter the expression of several genes that are involved in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and angiogenesis. For examples, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene and activating transcription factor 3 are induced, whereas basic fibroblast growth factor is down-regulated in the presence of ECG. Thrombospondin, an anti-angiogenic factor, is also increased by ECG treatment in human colorectal cancer. Several biological activities of ECG have been described and discussed. Therefore, this chapter attempts to highlight the biological activities of ECG in human colorectal cancer, and emphasize the pro-apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis that may play a role in chemopreventive activity of ECG.
Commentary on: The Safety of Aesthetic Labiaplasty: A Plastic Surgery Experience

This is another study showing the relative safety of aesthetic labia minora reduction (labiaplasty). The authors perform an edge or trim technique to reduce the labia and then close the wounds with a running vertical mattress suture.1 It is reassuring that the authors had such seemingly good results. However, there are many questions that are unanswered by this paper. The results must be evaluated more closely to put their conclusions in perspective. After seeing many labiaplasty complications referred to me, many issues come to light. Success rate is determined by many factors, including the technique chosen and the precision of the surgeon. Other surgeons perform trimming labiaplasties using a variety of techniques, including excising the labia with a scalpel, scissors, laser, or radiofrequency. The authors rightly make the markings with patient approval to determine the amount of residual labia remaining. I am glad that they emphasize the necessity of conservative reduction, especially since many women present to me with partial or total amputation of the labia minora from an edge or trimming technique.2 In these women, the labia may have been pulled out and cut on tension. When released, …
PET/CT and MRI imaging of urological malignancies: Value and challenges

1292 Learning Objectives 1. To illustrate the limitations and potential of FDG PET/CT Imaging in the diagnosis and monitoring of urological malignancies; 2. Discuss the potential of novel PET radiotracers for staging and treatment monitoring of urological malignancies. 3. To discuss the value and limitations of MRI in urological malignancies. Background: Hybrid imaging with PET/ CT is routinely used in the assessment of malignant disease. The vast majority of PET/CT scans are performed with fluorine-18 fluoro- 2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), an analogue of glucose. There is significant uptake and excretion of FDG through the kidneys, which result in intense activity in the renal collecting system and the bladder, limiting its value. MRI provides excellent soft tissue tissue resolution. Content Organization: 1. Epidemiology and histopathology of urological malignancies 2. Diagnosis and initial staging: PET/CT and MRI 3. Disease recurrence and therapy monitoring: PET/CT and MRI 4. Novel PET tracers Summary Many different urinary tract lesions can be detected as foci of higher uptake on FDG PET/CT. However, excreted FDG in the urinary tract can interfere with image interpretation. By combining careful evaluation of the renal cortex and bladder by FDG PET and correlating it with the anatomical information from MRI or contrast enhanced CT, this modality has the potential to have a role in the imaging of urological malignancies. With the increasing use of PET/CT and the advent of novel tracers, knowledge of both morphological and metabolic characteristics of urological lesions on hybrid imaging is essential to help overcome limitations by reducing false positives and negatives and ensuring optimal management.
Are Transition Economy Labor Markets Less Efficient at Matching Workers to Appropriate Jobs

We examine the extent to which workers in transition and developed market economies are able to obtain wages that fully reflect their skills and labor force characteristics. We find that workers in two transition economies, the Czech Republic and Poland, are able to better attain the maximum wage available than are workers in a sample of developed market economies. This greater wage-setting efficiency in the transition economies appears to be more the result of social and demographic characteristics of the labor force than of the mechanisms for setting wages or of labor market policies.
Power System Reliability Analysis With Intrusion Tolerance in SCADA Systems

By intruding on the substations and control center of the supervisory control and data acquisition system, trip commands can be sent to intelligent electronic devices that control the power system breakers. Reliability of the power system can be impacted through the cyberattacks. In this paper, a modified semi-Markov process (SMP) model is used to describe the procedures of normal and penetration attacks against the intrusion tolerant system. By modeling the transition probabilities between the SMP states and sojourn time of each SMP state, the mean times to compromise the normal and penetration attacks are calculated. With increased probabilities of breaker trips resulted from the cyberattacks, the loss of load probabilities are evaluated based on IEEE reliability test system 79. When the level of attack increases or the level of defense in the system decreases, the simulation results demonstrate that the power system becomes less reliable.
Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) assessed by combined Doppler and spectroscopic OCT

A method of measuring cortical oxygen metabolism in the mouse brain that uses independent quantitative measurements of three key parameters: cerebral blood flow (CBF), arteriovenous oxygen extraction (OE), and hemoglobin concentration ([HbT]) is presented. Measurements were performed using a single visible light spectral/Fourier domain OCT microscope, with Doppler and spectroscopic capabilities, through a thinned-skull cranial window in the mouse brain. Baseline metabolic measurements in mice are shown to be consistent with literature values. Oxygen consumption, as measured by this method, did not change substantially during minor changes either in the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) or in the fraction of inspired carbon dioxide (FiCO2), in spite of larger variations in oxygen saturations. This set of experiments supports, but does not prove, the validity of the proposed method of measuring brain oxygen metabolism.
A Correction for Biasing Effects of Pilot Sample Size on Sample Size Determination

When a pilot study variance is used to estimate σ2 in the sample size formula, the resulting n^ is a random variable. The authors investigate the theoretical behavior of n^. Though n^ is more likel...
Male sexual dysfunction

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED) and its various treatments. Erectile dysfunction is defined as the consistent inability to obtain and maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual relations. ED is clinically classified in three groups: psychogenic, organic, and mixed. Previously psychogenic ED was believed to be the most common cause of ED. Recently, mixed organic and psychogenic are accepted as the most common. Psychogenic ED is the persistent inability to obtain and/or maintain adequate erection for sufficient sexual intercourse due primarily to psychological or relationship factors. A lot of psychological conditions such as performance anxiety, lack of sexual arousal, major life stress, or depression, can cause or aggravate ED. Diseases involving the brain, spinal cord, and cavernous or pudendal nerves are associated with ED. Hormonal disorders such as hypogonadism may suppress sexual interest and nocturnal erections. The major risk factors of ED are diabetes mellitus, heart disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and cigarette smoking. Various tests to evaluate ED include physical examination, laboratory tests, vascular testing, and a special test called Nocturnal Penile Tumescence Test. The most commonly used surgical technique for penile revascularization is a bypass from the inferior epigastric artery to the dorsal artery or deep dorsal vein of the penis.
Characterization of Nanoscale Particles Produced by Laser Vaporization / Condensation in a Diffusion Cloud Chamber

Nanoscale metal oxide particles have been synthesized by using a novel method which combines laser vaporization of metal targets with controlled condensation in a diffusion cloud chamber. The following oxides have been synthesized: ZnO, SiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , PdO, NiO, AgO, TeO, Sb 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , A1 2 O 3 , CuO, In 2 0 3 , SnO 2 , V 2 O 5 and MgO. With this method, the size of the particles can be conveniently controlled by careful control of the degree of supersaturation which is accomplished by adjusting the temperature gradient, total pressure, and partial pressure of the metal vapor generated by laser vaporization in a diffusion cloud chamber. The microscale structures of the SiO 2 and A1 2 0 3 particles exhibit interesting web-like matrices with a significant volume of vacancies. These materials may have special applications in catalysis and as reinforcing agents for liquid polymers.
Adjunctive Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Depression, Quality of Life, and Safety Outcomes

Background: Atypical antipsychotic medications are widely prescribed for the adjunctive treatment of depression, yet their total risk–benefit profile is not well understood. We thus conducted a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profiles of atypical antipsychotic medications used for the adjunctive treatment of depression. Methods and Findings: We included randomized trials comparing adjunctive antipsychotic medication to placebo for treatmentresistant depression in adults. Our literature search (conducted in December 2011 and updated on December 14, 2012) identified 14 short-term trials of aripiprazole, olanzapine/fluoxetine combination (OFC), quetiapine, and risperidone. When possible, we supplemented published literature with data from manufacturers’ clinical trial registries and US Food and Drug Administration New Drug Applications. Study duration ranged from 4 to 12 wk. All four drugs had statistically significant effects on remission, as follows: aripiprazole (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.48–2.73), OFC (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.01–2.0), quetiapine (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.33–2.42), and risperidone (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.31–4.30). The number needed to treat (NNT) was 19 for OFC and nine for each other drug. All drugs with the exception of OFC also had statistically significant effects on response rates, as follows: aripiprazole (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.58–2.72; NNT, 7), OFC (OR, 1.30, 95% CI, 0.87–1.93), quetiapine (OR, 1.53, 95% CI, 1.17–2.0; NNT, 10), and risperidone (OR, 1.83, 95% CI, 1.16–2.88; NNT, 8). All four drugs showed statistically significant effects on clinician-rated depression severity measures (Hedges’ g ranged from 0.26 to 0.48; mean difference of 2.69 points on the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale across drugs). On measures of functioning and quality of life, these medications produced either no benefit or a very small benefit, except for risperidone, which had a small-to-moderate effect on quality of life (g=0.49). Treatment was linked to several adverse events, including akathisia (aripiprazole), sedation (quetiapine, OFC, and aripiprazole), abnormal metabolic laboratory results (quetiapine and OFC), and weight gain (all four drugs, especially OFC). Shortcomings in study design and data reporting, as well as use of post hoc analyses, may have inflated the apparent benefits of treatment and reduced the apparent incidence of adverse events. Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotic medications for the adjunctive treatment of depression are efficacious in reducing observer-rated depressive symptoms, but clinicians should interpret these findings cautiously in light of (1) the small-tomoderate-sized benefits, (2) the lack of benefit with regards to quality of life or functional impairment, and (3) the abundant evidence of potential treatment-related harm. Please see later in the article for the Editors’ Summary.
Effects of prostaglandins on the skeleton

Prostaglandins (PGs), particularly those of the E series, have potent effects on bone resorption in vitro and on bone formation, bone remodeling, and bone modeling in vivo. When given systemically, PGEs have powerful anabolic effects--increasing bone formation rates, bone modeling in the formation mode, and remodeling with a net increase in bone mass. When applied locally, PGE1 increases periosteal bone formation and alveolar bone mass, and appears to promote periodontal soft-tissue regeneration. PGs have potential clinical application in the local restoration or augmentation of bone mass, focal stimulation or bone formation, and the regeneration of soft tissues associated with osseous tissues, such as fibrous and ligamentous insertions into bone.
Effects of Dilute Acid Pretreatment Parameters on Sugar Production during Biochemical Conversion of Switchgrass Using a Full Factorial Design

Pretreatment is an important unit operation in the production of cellulosic fuels because it governs the efficiency of the overall conversion process. The effect of dilute acid pretreatment parameters on prehydrolyzate xylose and glucose concentrations, as well as on glucan content and digestibility of pretreated switchgrass, was determined using a full factorial design. Temperature varied from 140 to 180 °C; time ranged from 10 to 40 min; and sulfuric acid concentrations changed from 0.5% or 1% (v/v). Results showed that pretreatment temperature was a significant factor on all response variables. Moreover, the prehydrolyzate xylose levels that reached the maximum of 21.71 g/L were also significantly impacted by pretreatment time, while remaining insensitive to changes in acid concentration. A three-way interaction between all the pretreatment factors significantly affected prehydrolyzate glucose concentrations, which ranged from 1.52 to 11.34 g/L. The glucan content of pretreated switchgrass decreased fr...
Military-Style Weapons in Policing: A Limited Test of Diffusion Theory

This limited examination of policy diffusion mechanisms provides some support for learning as a mechanism for diffusing patrol rifles across police agencies. Policy diffusion is generally defined as a government making policy choices based on the policies existing in other governments. A contemporary law enforcement concern for police agencies is the “active-shooter” incident. Many police agencies now have policies that allow their street officers to be armed with patrol rifles, a high-powered, military-style weapon that historically was used only by SWAT officers. This study used a snowball sampling technique to distribute an online survey to 168 officers who in the past had attended the FBI National Academy. Three mechanisms common in policy diffusion were measured: learning, coercion, and imitation. While measures of learning were seen in the diffusion process, the measure of imitation was inconsistent with expectations, and coercion was not found in the data. Considerations for future research are dis...
The Need for Another Decision-Making Methodology

Henry Mintzberg defined three types of management roles: interpersonal, informational, and decisional (1989). Interpersonal refers to the ability of the manager of being a figure head, motivational, and a liason with the public (e.g., Steve Jobs at Apple). Informational refers to the manager’s role as information broker and disseminator. Decisional refers to the power and ability of making decisions.
The Medical Humanities Effect: a Pilot Study of Pre-Health Professions Students at the University of Rochester

Qualitative and quantitative research on the impact of medical and health humanities teaching in baccalaureate education is sparse. This paper reviews recent studies of the impact of medical and health humanities coursework in pre-health professions education and describes a pilot study of baccalaureate students who completed semester-long medical humanities courses in the Division of Medical Humanities & Bioethics at the University of Rochester. The study format was an email survey. All participants were current or former baccalaureate students who had taken one or more courses in literature and narrative in medicine, bioethics, history of medicine, and/or visual arts and healthcare during the past four years. The survey gathered numerical data in several areas: demographic information, career plans, self-reported influence of coursework on educational and career plans, and self-reported influence of coursework on intellectual skills and abilities. It also gathered narrative commentary that elaborated on students' responses to the numerically-based questions. Notable findings from preliminary analysis of the data include higher scores of self-reported impact of the coursework on specific habits of mind and on preparedness for intended career rather than on gaining admission to future educational programs. Discussion of the results focuses on several potential future directions this type of study might take, including multi-center, longitudinal, and sequential approaches.
Fault injection in the internet of things applications

Internet of Things comprises a large proportion of cyber-physical systems where a group of interconnected sensors and actuators, usually with cloud backends, are used to perform a task. Vendors of Internet of Things devices provide programming frameworks to help users—usually with little knowledge of embedded or distributed systems—to develop their applications. Most of these frameworks provide an event-based abstraction of the underlying cyber-physical systems. In this paper, we propose a preliminary set of faults for fault injection in event-based Internet of Things as a part of our ongoing investigation into the testing of Internet of Things applications. These faults intend to enhance the awareness of the programmers about the situations that might arise in the wild.