cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing forecastability of wind sites in the United States

Abstract With the rapid growth of wind power, managing its uncertainty and variability becomes critical in power system operations. Wind forecasting is one of the enablers to partially tackle challenges associated with wind power uncertainty. To improve the ‘forecasting ability’, defined as forecastability, different forecasting methods have been developed to assist grid integration of wind energy. However, forecasting performance not only relies on the power of forecasting models, but is also related to local weather conditions and (known as wind characteristics) wind farm properties. In this study, geospatial and instance spatial distributions of six wind characteristics and two forecasting error metrics are first analyzed based on 126,000 + wind sites in the United States. Forecasts in different look-ahead times are generated by using a machine learning based multi-model forecasting framework and the Weather Research and Forecasting model. A forecastability quantification method is developed by characterizing the relationship between forecastability and wind series entropy using three regression methods, i.e., linear approximation, locally weighted scatterplot smoother nonlinear nonparametric regression, and quantile regression. It is found that the forecastability of a wind site can be successfully characterized by wind series characteristics, thereby providing valuable information at different stages of wind energy projects.
Niche Partitioning in Theropod Dinosaurs: Diet and Habitat Preference in Predators from the Uppermost Cedar Mountain Formation (Utah, U.S.A.).

We explore hypothetical ecologies to explain diversity among predatory dinosaurs in North America's medial Cretaceous, based on occurrence, tooth morphology, and stable isotope analysis. The Mussentuchit local fauna, Utah, USA, is among the best-known terrestrial vertebrate assemblages from the Cretaceous. Study samples include teeth from six microvertebrate sites, ranging in depositional setting from distal floodplain to channel lags. We recognize four theropod morphotypes: a comparatively large theropod (morph 1), a medium-sized dromaeosaurid (morph 2), a small dromaeosaurid (morph 3), and a tooth-morph similar to the genus Richardoestesia (morph 4). These four morphotypes vary significantly in mean size, from 15.1 mm in the largest theropod to 3.7 mm in Richardoestesia. Further, tooth representation from two of the best-sampled microsites (representing a channel/splay and floodplain deposit) show differing patterns of abundances with morphs 1 and 3 having roughly the same abundance in both sites, while morph 2 was more abundant in the floodplain setting and morph 4 was more abundant in the channel/splay. Stable isotope analysis (δ13C; δ18O) of tooth carbonate from the theropod morphotypes, goniopholidid crocodilians, and matrix (to test for diagenesis) from these sites were also analyzed. The theropods show modest differences in δ13C values between each other, with carbonate from the teeth of morphs 1, 3, and 4 being enriched in 13C for the channel/splay relative to the floodplain environments, possibly indicative of dietary plasticity in these species. We hypothesize that these data indicate that the Mussentuchit theropods had different niches within the predator guild, suggesting plausible means by which ecospace was divided among the predatory dinosaurs of the Mussentuchit local fauna.
Unclear Intentions: Eavesdropping in Microbial and Plant Systems

Eavesdropping, the interception of signals by unintended receivers, is an important component of the ecology and evolution of communication systems. Plants and microbes have complex communication systems with important consequences for agriculture, human health and ecosystem functioning. Eavesdropping, however, has mostly been studied in animal systems. In this review, we argue that eavesdropping is an important force shaping the ecology and evolution of communication in these non-animal systems. To date, studying eavesdropping in plants and microbes has been limited by the fact that signaler “intention” is often unclear: distinguishing signals that evolved to convey information from unintended cues is particularly difficult in plants and microbes, and the fitness consequences of signalling are rarely measured. We describe some of the main examples of eavesdropping in plant and microbial communication and point out other murkier cases were the molecular and physiological basis of communication are well understood, but the evolutionary implications have not been addressed. We argue that these systems provide experimental tractability to test some of the predicted ecological and evolutionary consequences of eavesdropping, and that, the particularities of these systems can lead to an increased understanding of eavesdropping, and its importance in biological communication.
3D Phaseless Imaging at Nano-scale: Challenges and Possible Solutions

In a variety of scientific applications we are interested in imaging 3D objects at very fine resolutions. However, we typically can not measure the object or its footprint directly. Rather restricted by fundamental laws governing the propagation of light we have access to 2D magnitude-only measurements of the 3D object through highly nonlinear projection mappings. Therefore, reconstructing the object requires inverting highly nonlinear and seemingly non-invertible mappings. In this paper we discuss some of the challenges that arises in such three dimensional phaseless imaging problems and offer possible solutions for 3D reconstruction. In particular we demonstrate how variants of the recently proposed Accelerated Wirtinger Flow (AWF) algorithm can enable precise 3D reconstruction at unprecedented resolutions. This extended abstract is based on a summary of [2], [46], and forthcoming work by the author and collaborators with parts of the text directly adapted.
A STUDY OF INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY FOR JOJOBA CROP PRODUCTION IN RED SEA GOVERNOREAT

The research aimed to study the efficiency of investment for the production of jojoba in the Red Sea Governorate by studying and analyzing the determinants of production capacity, the structure of costs and revenues, and estimating the criteria for financial and economic evaluation of jojoba cultivation in accordance with the current situation to determine the profitability of this activity, and the extent of its tolerance to the economic risks that can face its production from By measuring its sensitivity to high production costs, declining revenues, and the extent of its impact on financial and economic evaluation criteria, and identifying the constraints facing jojoba production. The research reached several results, the most important of which is the high values ​​of financial and economic feasibility indicators for this activity, as investing in the production of jojoba is from profitable projects because it achieves profits that exceed the cost of the alternative opportunity based on the criteria of financial analysis, where the internal rate of return reached about 49%, as well as the ability of an activity Jojoba production to meet the changes that occur in both revenue and costs according to the sensitivity analysis, and jojoba production activity yields more returns than the costs used in its production based on the net added value of about 74.57 thousand pounds, in addition to the IJ contribution Endodontic for the production of jojoba in national income due to the increase in net value added compared to the wages based on the social surplus of 81.34 thousand pounds. The research ended with several recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity to invest in unconventional crops, especially jojoba, by encouraging farmers, young graduates and investors in the Red Sea Governorate to grow this crop, to advance the cultivation and production of jojoba.
The primacy of behavioral research for understanding the brain.

Questions in neuroscience can be divided roughly into two types: What does the brain do, and how does it do it? I argue that in answering the first question—the central one for cognitive science—behavior is often more revealing than are neuroscientific measurements. Moreover, even in answering “how” questions about neural mechanisms, a well-crafted behavioral paradigm can often offer deeper insight and stronger constraints on computational and mechanistic models than do many highly challenging (and very expensive) neural studies. Based on these two arguments, I conclude that behavioral, not neuroscientific, research is essential for understanding both the mind and the brain, contrary to the opinion of many funding bodies, academic decision makers and scientific journals, who erroneously place neural data on a pedestal and consider behavior to be subsidiary.
Approach to the Initial Treatment of Older Patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

With a median age of 65 years, mantle cell lymphoma affects predominantly older patients with comorbidities. Initial treatment of older patients is not standardized but traditionally includes chemoimmunotherapy regimens that are not curative. Incorporation of maintenance strategy after induction and introduction of novel agents have expanded access to effective treatment options and improved survival outcome. Ongoing randomized studies comparing induction regimens and maintenance strategies are expected to further define the role of novel agents and combinations in the initial treatment of older patients with mantle cell lymphoma.
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA): California’s Prescription for Common Challenges of Groundwater Governance

Reducing and reversing current trends of groundwater depletion will require development of resilient systems for groundwater governance. Yet establishment of such systems requires overcoming common conundrums of groundwater governance including: organizing and enhancing governance structures, incorporating diverse interests and uses of groundwater, and using science in-formed adaptive management. In 2014, with passage of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), California implemented a novel approach to groundwater governance. SGMA devolves both authority and responsibility for achieving sustainable groundwater management to the local-level yet includes the threat of state-level intervention when the local-level does not comply with legislative and regulatory requirements. This system of multi-level governance seeks to balance preferences for local-level control with the need to address groundwater use and impacts at the basin-level. This chapter reviews the groundwater management in California leading up to SGMA, describes the approach to groundwater governance set forth in SGMA, and provides an initial assessment of the early stages of implementation of SGMA. In doing so, the chapter situates SGMA in the theoretical literature on groundwater governance. Lastly, this chapter provides insights as to the factors that may make the approach adopted by SGMA effective, if such a system is to be adopted elsewhere.
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Obesity is endemic in the United States. As the rate of obese adult Americans continues to rise, so too does the number of bariatric procedures performed annually in the United States. Herein, we detail our perioperative evaluation and management of bariatric patients as well as our surgical technique for performance of the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
Oncogenic signaling inhibits c-FLIP expression and promotes cancer cell survival during ECM-detachment

Abstract Inhibition of programmed cell death pathways is frequently observed in cancer cells where it functions to facilitate tumor progression. However, some proteins involved in the regulation of cell death function dichotomously to both promote and inhibit cell death depending on the cellular context. As such, understanding how cell death proteins are regulated in a context-dependent fashion in cancer cells is of utmost importance. We have uncovered evidence that cellular FLICE-like Inhibitory Protein (c-FLIP), a well-known anti-apoptotic protein, is often downregulated in tumor tissue when compared to adjacent normal tissue. These data argue that c-FLIP may have activity distinct from its canonical role in antagonizing cell death. Interestingly, we have discovered that detachment from extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a signal to elevate c-FLIP transcription and that oncogenic signaling blocks ECM-detachment-induced c-FLIP elevation. In addition, our data reveal that downregulation of c-FLIP promotes the survival of ECM-detached cells and that c-FLIP overexpression in cancer cells restricts the viability of cancer cells grown in anchorage-independent conditions. Taken together, our study reveals an unexpected role for c-FLIP in constraining the viability of cancer cells during ECM-detachment and raises the idea that c-FLIP may have context-dependent pro- and anti-cell death roles during tumorigenesis.
Comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin/fosphenytoin for busulfan seizure prophylaxis at a pediatric institution.

Introduction Busulfan is a chemotherapy agent used in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) conditioning regimens. Busulfan is associated with tonic-clonic seizures in ~10% of patients if administered without seizure prophylaxis. Historically, phenytoin was the most commonly utilized seizure prophylaxis agent; however, phenytoin is associated with CYP450 drug interactions and potentially increases the clearance of busulfan. Levetiracetam is being used more recently for busulfan seizure prophylaxis and is not associated with drug-drug interactions; however, data supporting use in pediatric patients are limited. The primary objective is to determine whether there is any difference in seizure rates or safety profile between phenytoin and levetiracetam when used for seizure prophylaxis. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review including patients who received busulfan between 2010 and 2019 were identified. The data were evaluated to compare the incidence of busulfan-induced seizures in HSCT patients receiving either phenytoin or levetiracetam and to determine the impact of drug-drug interactions on treatment outcomes/adverse events. Results A total of 342 patients were included with a median age of six years. Overall, five patients within the phenytoin group (n = 126) (4%) and zero patients in the levetiracetam group (n = 216) experienced a seizure (P = .007). There were no differences in liver enzyme elevations, recurrence rates of primary disease, and veno-occlusive disease. Conclusion Levetiracetam is effective at preventing seizures associated with busulfan administration with no clinically significant adverse effects when compared to phenytoin.
What the mind is.

What is the mind? Scientists may not agree on an answer, but new research shows that people across diverse cultures do. This shared conception of the human mind appears to be a cognitive structure that organizes numerous mental capacities along a small number of dimensions: bodily sensation, cognition and, in some cultural settings, emotion.
Dietary flexibility of Wood Storks in response to human-induced rapid environmental change

Human-induced rapid environmental change (HIREC) has altered landscape processes and negatively impacted many species globally. Some of the most dramatic changes have been in wetlands where flows have been disrupted, and new wetlands have been created to retain runoff. In response to disrupted natural wetland conditions, Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) populations in South Florida have significantly declined over the past several decades. Despite the well-documented sensitivity of Wood Storks to natural wetland conditions, Wood Storks are often observed foraging in roadside created wetlands; however, the availability of prey in created wetlands is currently unknown. We sampled natural and created wetlands to determine aquatic fauna available for foraging Wood Storks. To determine prey use, we collected food boluses from Wood Storks in both natural wetland and urban landscapes. Historical studies found nonnative fish were absent in Wood Stork diet prior to the dominance of created wetlands in the landscape; however, we found nonnative fish frequently in both created wetlands and boluses. Furthermore, urban nesting Wood Storks consumed large-bodied prey species that were more characteristic of created wetlands whereas Wood Storks nesting in natural wetlands consumed large-bodied prey more characteristic of natural wetlands. Overall, Wood Storks consumed prey that were more similar to the fish community in created wetlands than those in natural wetlands. These dietary patterns suggest that Wood Storks have behavioral plasticity in both foraging habitat and prey use to cope with HIREC. Conservation efforts for species existing in both natural and urban habitats should consider the importance of novel prey and foraging habitats, as they may assist in sustaining populations in a rapidly changing world.
Statistical Predictions of Coding Regions in Prokaryotic Genomes by Using Inhomogeneous Markov Models

Every bacterial protein-coding gene resides inside an open reading frame (ORF), but far from every ORF observed in bacterial DNA sequence hosts a gene. Nevertheless, ORF detection is a reasonable start for gene hunting. The average length of protein-coding ORFs stayed close to 900 nt. Such an observation suggests that to identify a "long" gene-hosting ORF should be a rather simple matter. A Markov model theory provided a natural basis for mathematical treatment of DNA sequence. Ordinary Markov models have been used since the earliest studies of DNA sequences. Later, with a larger amount of sequence data available, three-periodic inhomogeneous Markov models were proven to be more informative and more useful for protein-coding-sequence modeling and recognition. The performance of the GeneMark.hmm program was tested with several control sets, including 10 complete bacterial genomes. The complete genomic sequence of Escherichia coli consists of 4,639,221 nt, with 4,288 genes annotated. The chapter talks about higher-order models and models of typical and atypical genes. Genes predicted as atypical are likely to be horizontally transferred genes, a category of special interest for evolutionary studies, as well as for studies of pathogenic bacteria whose pathogenicity islands or antibiotic-resistance genes could be relatively recent additions to the whole genome.
Functional Plus Logic Programming with Built-In and Symbolic Constraints

In this paper we propose a lazy functional logic language, named SETA, which allows to handle multisets, built-in arithmetic constraints over the domain of real numbers, as well as various symbolic constraints over datatypes. As main theoretical results, we have proved the existence of free term models for all SETA programs and we have developed a correct and complete goal solving mechanism.
Detection of Novel Neutralizing Antibody Reactivities Against The Membrane Proximal External Region (MPER) of gp41 in HIV-1 Infected Humans

Background Previously, we employed site-directed mutagenesis to introduce HIV-1 4E10 and 2F5 epitopes into the corresponding region of a functional HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins (AIDS Vaccine 2005, abstract #A210). The resulting "chimeric" viruses were used to screen HIV-1 infected human plasma for 4E10 or 2F5-like neutralizing antibodies (Nabs). Among 177 subjects infected with HIV-1 representing ten different subtypes or circulating recombinant forms, none had significant Nab titers directed toward these epitopes.
Liquid Salts for Reactions

Organic reactions in room temperature liquid salts have received considerable attention in the last two decades, many of which are highlighted in the short review. Organic reactions occurring in high temperature liquid salts, a topic neglected in the last two decades, are also highlighted. The review will help the interested researcher in choosing a solvent in which to carry out a particular transformation. Keywords: liquid salts; reactions
Saturated Fats Compared With Unsaturated Fats and Sources of Carbohydrates in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study

AbstractBackground: The associations between dietary saturated fats and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) remain controversial, but few studies have compared saturated with unsaturated fats ...
Recurrent Posterior Dislocation of the Shoulder

The preliminary results of an operative procedure for recurrent posterior dislocation of the shoulder are reported. A posterior capsulorrhaphy is combined with a tendon transfer of the long head of the biceps which is routed around the posterior aspect of the neck of the humerus and reinserted on th
National Bodies: The ‘Comfort Women’ Discourse and its Controversies in South Korea

This article examines how the nationalist discourse crystallising around the 'comfort women' issue (women abducted to function as sexual slaves for the Japanese Imperial Army during the Pacific War) in South Korea has eventually rendered individual victims' needs and preferences irrelevant to a larger narrative of an unforgivable offence to national sovereignty. The narrative, constructed socially with the active participation of the Korean government(s), has also linked together past grievances felt towards both Japan and the USA (their people as well as their governments) 2013 albeit the latter appears only covertly, and on a more symbolic level its presence is indicative of the general public mood. What have been lost in the discourse are the very victims of military sexual slavery, whose fate and wellbeing has no longer been the subject of any social interest.
The kinetics of dissociation and reassociation of ovine pituitary interstitial cell stimulating hormone.

Abstract The dissociation of ovine interstitial cell stimulating hormone and the reassociation of its subunits have been followed by circular dichroism and sedimentation velocity measurements. The dissociation was found to be a rapid, first-order reaction accompanied by the exposure of previously buried tyrosyl groups. The reassociation reaction begins as a rapid, probably second-order formation of a complex between the α and β subunits. This is followed by a much slower, first-order rearrangement of the conformation resulting in the reburying of at least two tyrosyl groups, one contributed by each subunit.
Observation of the Hyperfine Structure Splitting of Muonium by Use of a Static Magnetic Field

A muon beam was passed into a target of 55 atm argon with a magnetic field in the beam direction, and the decay positrons were counted as a function of the magnetic field, which was varied from l00 to 5800 gauss. The ratio of the positron counting rate for a dummy target to that for the gas target is plotted vs. the magnetic field and compared with theoretical curves for various values for the hyperfine structure separation DELTA nu of the 1 /sup 2/S/sub 1/2/ state of the muonium formed. The results indicate that all the muons form muonium and that DELTA nu lies between 2250 and 9000 Mc. (D.L.C.)
Architecture-dependent surface chemistry for Pt monolayers on carbon-supported Au.

Pt monolayers were grown by surface-limited redox replacement (SLRR) on two types of Au nanostructures. The Au nanostructures were fabricated electrochemically on carbon fiber paper (CFP) by either potentiostatic deposition (PSD) or potential square wave deposition (PSWD). The morphology of the Au/CFP heterostructures, examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was found to depend on the type of Au growth method employed. The properties of the Pt deposit, as studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), were found to depend strongly on the morphology of the support. Specifically, it was found that smaller Au morphologies led to a higher degree of cationicity in the resulting Pt deposit, with Pt4+ and Pt2+ species being identified using XPS and XAS. For fuel-cell catalysts, the resistance of ultrathin catalyst deposits to surface area loss through dissolution, poisoning, and agglomeration is critical. This study shows that an...
A Tn7-based broad-range bacterial cloning and expression system

For many bacteria, cloning and expression systems are either scarce or nonexistent. We constructed several mini-Tn7 vectors and evaluated their potential as broad-range cloning and expression systems. In bacteria with a single chromosome, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida and Yersinia pestis, and in the presence of a helper plasmid encoding the site-specific transposition pathway, site- and orientation-specific Tn7 insertions occurred at a single attTn7 site downstream of the glmS gene. Burkholderia thailandensis contains two chromosomes, each containing a glmS gene and an attTn7 site. The Tn7 system allows engineering of diverse genetic traits into bacteria, as demonstrated by complementing a biofilm-growth defect of P. aeruginosa, establishing expression systems in P. aeruginosa and P. putida, and 'GFP-tagging' Y. pestis. This system will thus have widespread biomedical and environmental applications, especially in environments where plasmids and antibiotic selection are not feasible, namely in plant and animal models or biofilms.
Telbivudine for the treatment of hepatitis B disease

Chronic hepatitis B affects approximately 350 million individuals worldwide leading to approximately 500,000 deaths annually. Current therapy includes immune modulators such as IFN-α and the oral antiviral agents, nucleoside analogs such as lamivudine and entecavir, and nucleotide analogs such as adefovir and tenofovir. Recently, telbivudine was approved in the USA for treatment of HBV disease. It is a synthetic nucleoside analog of thymidine that requires phosphorylation to convert to the active triphosphate form. Telbivudine is rapidly absorbed with a long half-life allowing for once-daily dosing. Clinical trials have demonstrated superior antiviral efficacy compared with lamivudine. Telbivudine has shown good correlations between antiviral efficacy at 24 weeks and a favorable outcome at 2 years. Telbivudine is well-tolerated, although monitoring for myopathies is recommended. Telbivudine resistance rates were lower compared with lamivudine. Telbivudine is an option for monotherapy in naive patients or ...
Ventilatory and P0.1 response to hypercapnia in quadriplegia.

Abstract Unlike individuals with comparable degrees of respiratory muscle weakness from other causes, quadriplegic patients have a blunted ventilatory and P0.1 response to hypercapnia. This suggests that the diminished response in quadriplegia is due, in part, to an alteration in respiratory drive. We measured the hypercapnic response in 9 subjects with chronic quadriplegia (Q) and 8 normal controls (N). Ventilatory muscle strength, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and lung volumes were measured in all subjects. The ventilatory response (HCVR) in Q was significantly less than in N (0.73 ± 0.37 vs 2.95 ± 0.4 L·min −1 · mmHg −1 ; P , even when normalized for indices of respiratory muscle performance (e.g., vital capacity, MVV). There was no significant change in the HCVR in Q after the administration of naloxone. We also serially studied 2 subjects with acute quadriplegia, and found that despite progressive improvement in respiratory muscle performance, there was no accompanying increase in the response to hypercapnia. These data suggest that muscle weakness alone cannot explain the blunted hypercapnic response in quadriplegia, and are consistent with the hypothesis that these subjects have a reduced ventilatory drive.
Spinal fractures during fluoride therapy for osteoporosis: Relationship to spinal bone density

Recent studies report that fluoride therapy for osteoporosis increases spinal bone density without improving vertebral fracture rate, challenging the notion that restoration of bone mass improves bone fragility. To further evaluate this issue, the relationship between spinal bone density and vertebral fracture rate was examined in a large number of fluoride-treated, osteoporotic patients. A retrospective assessment was made of clinical data collected from our observations of 389 osteoporotics treated with fluoride 30±8 mg/day (mean±SD) (equivalent to 66±17 mg NaF/day) and calcium 1500 mg/day for 28±18 months. Fracture rate and bone density were assessed in the same region of the spine (i.e., T12 through L4) using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Spinal bone density increased with time on fluoride, but the relationship was hyperbolic (r=0.99,p<0.0001; asymptote=167 mg/cc on double-reciprocal plot), suggesting a plateau in the response. The spinal fracture rate decreased as a function of time on therapy (r=−0.83,p<0.01), and was inversely related to spinal bone density during fluoride therapy (r=0.70,p<0.001 on arithmetic plot;r=−0.79,p<0.001 on semi-log plot). The subgroup of patients who responded to treatment with a significant increase in spinal bone density had a 48% reduction in spinal fracture rate compared with non-responders (p<0.001). The subgroup of patients who sustained a fracture during fluoride therapy not only had a slower rate of increase in spinal bone density in response to fluoride therapy, but were also significantly older, had more fractures prior to fluoride therapy, and had a lower pretreatment spinal bone density; consequently, spinal bone density after treatment with fluoride was also lower in this subgroup of patients compared with those who did not sustain a fracture (p<0.001). These findings are consistent with both the general hypothesis that bone density is an important determinant of fracture risk in osteoporosis, and the specific hypothesis that an increase in spinal bone density in response to fluoride treatment is associated with a decrease in the risk for vertebral fractures.
Chronic pain : a reformulation of the cognitive-behavioural model

The last few decades has seen psychological theories of chronic pain dominated by behavioural concepts and particularly, by the operant model as described by Fordyce et al. (1968: Fordyce, W., Fowler, R., & DeLateur, B. (1968) An application of behavior modification technique to a problem of chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 105-107, 1976: Fordyce, W.E. (1976) Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness. St Louis, MO: C. V Moseby). More recently, cognitive constructs have been included, giving the impression that the operant theory of chronic pain has been replaced by a cognitive-behavioural theory (CBT). Given the fact that CBTs were introduced essentially to overcome some inherent problems with operant theory, it is notable that they are still very much based on operant theory and continue to be founded upon operant principles. Further, the extent to which CBTs (at this stage) have included contemporary cognitive research has been limited. This paper argues that it is of questionable validity to continue to include problematic concepts (e.g., operant principles) into a revised theory (e.g., CBT). Instead, consistent with research from other areas (particularly the anxiety disorders), chronic pain and the problems associated with it may be better explained by a reformulated cognitive-behavioural theory which although not ignoring the observable behaviours of pain patients and their associations with social reinforcers, interprets these phenomena from a cognitive perspective. Thus, a modified CBT is proffered, focusing more directly on patients' thoughts about, and appraisals of, their pain. Evidence in support of such a theory is provided, as are suggestions for further research and the implications such a theory has for treatment.
123 CHANGES IN EXPRESSION OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH GENETIC VARIATION IN PRE-IMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT OF THE BOVINE EMBRYO

The objective was to identify patterns of expression during the pre-implantation period of several genes associated with genetic variation in fertility (CWC15) or development to the blastocyst stage (C1QB, MON1B, PARM1, PCCB, PMM2, TBC1D24, and WBP1). These genes are involved in cellular processes such as mRNA splicing, immune protection, fatty acid oxidation, resistance to apoptosis, glycoprotein synthesis, and intracellular transport. Embryos were produced in vitro from slaughterhouse oocytes and semen using a mix of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cows and bulls. Pools of 40 matured oocytes or embryos at the 2-cell [27–31 h post-insemination (hpi)], 3- to 4-cell (46–52 hpi), 5- to 8-cell (49–59 hpi), 9- to 16-cell (72–75 hpi), morula (120–123 hpi), and blastocyst (168–171 hpi) stages were collected. The RNA was purified and synthesised into cDNA for real-time qPCR analysis. The YWHAZ, GAPDH, and SDHA were used as steady-state controls of expression. A total of 5 pools were analysed for each of the 6 stages. The C1QB was not detected at any stage; however, transcript amounts for the other genes were affected by stage of development (P < 0.05). The WBP1 remained low from the oocyte to the 5- to 8-cell stage (fold-change relative to matured oocytes: 1.0 ± 0.2 v. 1.4 ± 0.2), increased at the 9- to 16-cell stage (14.8 ± 0.2), and decreased to the blastocyst stage (7.1 ± 0.2). The expression pattern of PARM1 was similar, with greatest expression at the 9- to 16-cell stage. In contrast, expression of PMM2 and TBC1D24 was highest at the 2-cell stage and decreased at the morula and blastocyst stages. Expression of CWC15, MON1B, and PCCB decreased steadily from the oocyte to the blastocyst stage. Given that the major round of embryonic genome activation occurs at the 8- to 16-cell stage, it is possible that PARM1 and WBP1 play important roles around this time. The PMM2 and TBC1D24 may represent genes activated before the 8- to 16-cell stage. The CWC15 has been identified as a lethal gene; results suggest lethality occurs after the blastocyst stage. Further research will clarify the role and importance of these genes in the early development of the bovine embryo. The authors acknowledge support from AFRI Grant No. 2013–68004–20365 from USDA NIFA.
Biogeomorphic relationships between slope processes and globular Grimmia mosses in Haleakala's Crater (Maui, Hawai’i)

Abstract Globular mosses were found in Haleakala's crater (Maui) at five locations between 2175 and 2725 m; the highest-altitude site, with abundant epilithic mosses growing on alkali-olivine basalt outcrops and a large mossball population, was studied. Mossballs form when moss cushions are dislodged from rocks but continue growing unattached to substrate; detachment agents include rainsplash, desiccation, wind, frost, and disturbance by birds (dark-rumped petrels) that burrow nests under outcrops, or by goats. When loosened, moss polsters are transported down steep (26–34°) slopes by different geomorphic processes, including frost—mainly needle ice—activity, runoff, and wind. Mossballs contained two species, Grimmia trichophylla Grev. and Grimmia torquata Drumm., growing separately or commingled. Weight, size, and various shape indices were determined for 260 specimens. Shape and size were correlated; larger mosses become less spheroidal because heavier specimens are less disturbed by needle ice, remaining immobile for increasingly longer time periods, thus becoming flattened. Distance of downslope transport from source rockwalls was measured for 330 specimens; 83% shifted ≤ 100 cm, but only ∼ 5% had moved > 200–839 cm. Heavier mossballs moved short distances, thus ∼ 88% of all biomass remained within 200 cm from outcrops. Substrate soils were compared with those within globoids; surface site soils were much coarser than mossball grains. Twelve substrate samples had, on average, 21.3% gravel (≥ 2 mm), 6.1% fines (≤ 0.063 mm) and 2.1% organic matter; in contrast, 12 mossballs contained This area is frequently subjected to freezing temperatures, while fog interception from incoming tradewinds contributes significant moisture amounts to precipitation. Ground disturbance by frost activity seemed significant. Needle ice grows frequently on this slope, as evidenced by widespread presence of miniature sorted stripes, striated soils, fine-earth flags below stones, gaps around stones, and fine-soil raised patches, observed during multiple visits. Biogeomorphic interactions between mossballs and substrate at Haleakala are briefly discussed from the perspective of self-organized criticality, and interpreted to represent a self-replicating moss-dispersal system dependent on slope geomorphic processes.
Circumportal pancreas: imaging findings in 40 patients

Purpose To analyze the CT and MR imaging features of circumportal pancreas (CP) with emphasis on the relative frequency of variants of parenchymal fusion, ductal anatomy, and vascular anatomy.
Hydroxyapatite versus polyethylene orbital implants for patients undergoing enucleation for uveal melanoma

Abstract Objective Clinical outcomes for enucleation vary widely, depending on surgical technique, implant choice, and indications for enucleation. The goal of this study was to compare complications of enucleation using hydroxyapatite versus polyethylene orbital implants for 1 indication: uveal melanoma in adults. Design Retrospective chart review Participants Consecutive case series of patients who were enucleated for uveal melanoma by a single surgeon (J.W.H.) from 1999-2009. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to record clinical and histopathologic features, surgical technique, orbital implant characteristics, and outcomes in a consecutive series of patients with uveal melanoma who were treated by enucleation by a single surgeon (J.W.H.) between 1999 and 2009. Results This study included 139 patients; 64 received hydroxyapatite implants, and 75 received polyethylene implants wrapped in donor sclera. Complications included blepharoptosis in 4 (2.9%), conjunctival cyst in 2 (1.4%), volume deficit in 2 (1.4%), implant exposure in 1 (0.7%), and conjunctival erosion in 1 (0.7%) patient. There were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic features or complications between the 2 groups. Conclusions Few complications were encountered using this enucleation technique, and there was no difference in complication rates between patients receiving hydroxyapatite and polyethylene implants.
Heating of fat-muscle layers by electromagnetic and ultrasonic diathermy

IN CLINICAL practice, it is frequently desirable to produce heat in the muscular tissue which lies below subcutaneous layers of fat. Until recently short-wave diathermy provided the most satisfactory answer to the general problem of deep heating. However, biophysical research1 has shown that, when electric currents pass through alternate layers of fat and muscle, the fatty tissue is selectively heated. Although the ratio of heat developed in fat to that in muscle becomes smaller as the frequency increases, even at the highest practical frequencies the ratio is still greater than unity. It was in part to overcome this difficulty that electromagnetic and ultrasonic radiation were introduced as forms of diathermy following the second World War. The heating of homogeneous tissues by radiant energy has previously been discussed.2 However, the important fat-muscle problem as it applies to the new forms of radiation diathermy has not, up to now, been given quantitative consideration.
Clinical pathway after robotic nephroureterectomy: omission of pelvic drain with next-day catheter removal and discharge.

Objective To determine the feasibility of applying a postoperative clinical pathway after robotic nephroureterectomy (RNU) targeting safe omission of a pelvic drain and removal of the bladder catheter on the day after surgery with hospital discharge on postoperative day 1 (POD#1). Methods We reviewed a prospectively collected database of all RNUs performed by a single surgeon (R.A.) since institution of our clinical pathway in 2008 that includes pelvic drain omission, bladder catheter removal the morning after surgery, and discharge on POD#1. Patient demographics, and perioperative and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Ability to adhere to the pathway and achieving the described parameters and whether any resulting complications occurred were determined. Results RNU was performed in 29 patients with mean age and body mass index of 69 years (50-90 years) and 30 kg/m 2 (19-41 kg/m 2 ), respectively. No patient required a pelvic drain, and 2 were discharged with a catheter. All but 2 patients (93%) were discharged on POD#1. Overall, successful pathway application was achieved in 26 of 29 patients (90%) including no drain, catheter removal on the morning after surgery, and discharge on POD#1. No patient developed urine leak or other complications related to early catheter removal. Conclusion Our clinical pathway after RNU allows safe omission of a pelvic drain with early discontinuation of the bladder catheter and discharge on the POD#1 in most patients. To our knowledge, similar pathways have not been previously achieved with nephroureterectomy by any approach, but should be considered by surgeons treating urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract.
The Effect of Oxygen Inhalation on Swimming Performance

(1934). The Effect of Oxygen Inhalation on Swimming Performance. Research Quarterly. American Physical Education Association: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 24-30.
ALLOANTISERUM-MEDIATED SUPPRESSION OF HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-LINKED Ir-GENE-CONTROLLED IMMUNE RESPONSES SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF IgG FRAGMENTS DERIVED FROM ALLOANTISERA

Fab, Fc, and F(ab)'2 fragments were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of the IgG fraction of strain 13 antistrain 2 alloantisera. These fragments were not cytotoxic to lymphocytes bearing strain 2 histocompatibility antigens, but the Fab and F(ab)'2 fragments retained functional combining sites as indicated by their ability to suppress the cytotoxicity mediated by the intact antistrain 2 antibodies. The F(ab)'2 fragments were much more efficient as inhibitors in this system than the Fab fragments. F(ab)'2 at 0.06 mg/ml and 0.45 mg/ml Fab produced comparable degrees of suppression. The F(ab)'2 at 0.06 mg/ml completely suppressed DNP copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-lysine (GL)-stimulated tritiated thymidine incorporation. The monovalent Fab at 0.45 mg/ml, however, had no significant effect on the in vitro responses to DNP-GL. Addition of the intact alloantisera can be delayed 3 h after initiation of the antigen-stimulated cultures with no loss of suppression. After a delay of 6 h 45% suppression was observed. The requirement for the divalent molecule and the observation that effective suppression of the in vitro responses is still obtained when the alloantiserum is added several hours after initiation of the cultures both suggest that the immunosuppression results from an active process affecting the lymphocyte membrane that renders the cell refractory to the antigenic stimulus.
Some Comments on "Biofeedback in the Treatment of Psychophysiologic Disorders: Stuttering"

Two issues raised by Fotopoulos and Sunderland (1978) relevant to biofeedback therapy for stuttering are dealt with. Their concerns about the optimal site for relaxation and mode of feedback must be answered by observations of individual clients.
Hemophilus influenzae type B susceptibility to 17 antibiotics.

One hundred and one strains of Hemophilus influenzae type b isolated at the Children's Hospital Medical Center from blood or CSF and 18 strains known to be resistant to ampicillin of which 17 were supplied to us by others were tested for their sensitivity to 17 antibiotics. Two groups were defined according to their sensitivity to ampicillin. When 10 3 bacteria were applied, 18 strains isolated from patients with ampicillin treatment failures had a median minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.1 μg/ml. At 10 6 bacteria the median MIC for the resistant strains increased 512-fold, whereas the sensitive strains increased two-fold. The most active antibiotics against sensitive and resistant strains were rifampin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, rosamycin, and erythromycin with MICs ranging from 0.2–0.8 μg/ml at 10 3 bacteria and from 0.2–1.6 μg/ml at 10 6 .
Hamiltonian dynamics of chemical reactions. Consecutive first‐order reactions and reactions possessing one autocatalytic intermediate

A recently proposed Hamiltonian approach to phenomenological chemical kinetics [T. Georgian and G.L. Findley, Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum Biol. Symp.10, 331 (1983); T. Georgian, J.M. Halpin, and G.L. Findley, Int. J. Quantum Chem., Quantum Biol. Symp.11, 347 (1984)] is applied to all consecutive first-order, single-step reactions, and to all reactions possessing one autocatalytic intermediate. The reaction Hamiltonians presented are shown to be consistent with the phenomenological rate equations and the relationship between reaction form and the form of the reaction potential is discussed. In particular, we show: (1) that the interaction between consecutive reactions manifests itself as a coupling term in the reaction potential, a term which may be eliminated via transition to “normal reaction coordinates” for the chemical system; and (2) that coupled sets of autocatalytic reactions give rise to coupling terms in the reaction Hamiltonian which are characteristic of the reaction mechanism.
Anatomic relationships between aromatase and androgen receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and amygdala of adult male cynomolgus monkeys.

This study mapped the regional locations of cells expressing cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450AROM) and androgen receptor (AR) mRNAs in the adult male macaque hypothalamus and amygdala by in situ hybridization histochemistry using monkey-specific cRNA probes. High densities of P450AROM and AR mRNA-containing neurons were observed in discrete hypothalamic areas involved in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion and reproductive behavior. P450AROM mRNA-containing neurons were most abundant in the medial preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and anterior hypothalamic area, whereas AR mRNA-containing neurons were most numerous in the ventromedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and tuberomamillary nucleus. Moderate to heavily labeled P450AROM mRNA-containing cells were present in the cortical and medial amygdaloid nuclei, which are known to have strong reciprocal inputs with the hypothalamus. Heavily labeled P450AROM mRNA-containing cells were found in the accessory basal amygdala nucleus, which projects to the cingulate cortex and hippocampus, areas that are important in the expression of emotional behaviors and memory processing. In contrast to P450AROM, the highest density of AR mRNA labeling in the temporal lobe was associated with the cortical amygdaloid nucleus and the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. All areas that contained P450AROM mRNA-expressing cells also contained AR mRNA-expressing cells, but there were areas in which AR mRNA was expressed but not P450AROM mRNA. The apparent relative differences in the expression of P450AROM and AR mRNA-containing neurons within the monkey brain suggests that T acts through different signaling pathways in specific brain areas or within different cells from the same region. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:208–223, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.