cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Laboratory Investigations of Monovalent and Combined Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines, Groups A and C

SummaryPurified group A and C me-ningococcal polysaccharide vaccines prepared in these laboratories caused remarkably little local or systemic reaction and were highly effective in stimulating serum bactericidal antibody in studies carried out in adults. There was no measurable reduction in immunogenicity or increase in toxic reaction when the two vaccines were given in combined form in a single dose. Maximal antibody response was obtained following a single dose of vaccine and there was no increase in titer when additional doses were given 1 and 6 months later. Both vaccines retained their immunogenic potency on storage at 4° for at least 1 year and there was no reduction in immunogenicity on storage for up to 2 weeks at 4° following rehydration in thimerosal preservative solution.The authors are greatly indebted to Joan Goshow and Joan Staub for valuable technical assistance. We wish also to acknowledge the medical assistance of Drs. Frank D. Gray, George A. Starkweather, and W. Stuart Warren, and the n...
Coincident expression of Menkes gene with copper efflux in human placental cells.

BeWo cells, a human choriocarcinoma cell line, have a high-affinity system for transporting copper ions into the cell (Km = 0.21 microM) but are sluggish in releasing copper back into the medium fr...
Object distance detection using a joint transform correlator

Computer stereo vision makes heavy use of object distance detection. The primary method to detect object distance is to compare two images of the same scene taken from different vantage points. The necessity of comparing two images naturally leads us to investigate optical correlators.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Pancreatobiliary Endoscopy in Surgically Altered Anatomy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become the mainstay of therapy for pancreatobiliary diseases. While ERCP is safe and highly effective in the general population, the procedure remains challenging or impossible in patients with surgically altered anatomy (SAA). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) allows transmural access to the bile or pancreatic duct (PD) prior to ductal drainage using ERCP-based techniques. Also known as endosonography-guided cholangiopancreatography (ESCP), the procedure provides multiple advantages over overtube-assisted enteroscopy ERCP or percutaneous or surgical approaches. However, the procedure should only be performed by endoscopists experienced in both EUS and ERCP and with the proper tools. In this review, various EUS-guided diagnostic and therapeutic drainage techniques in patients with SAA are examined. Detailed step-by-step procedural descriptions, technical tips, feasibility, and safety data are also discussed.
A General Approach to Swarm Coordination using Circle Formation

The field of collective robotics exploits the use of technologically simple robots, deployed in large numbers, to collectively perform complex tasks. Here, the real challenge is in developing simple algorithms which the robots can execute autonomously, based on data from their vicinity, to achieve global behavior. One such global task that many researchers (including the authors) have developed algorithms for is the formation of a circle. In this chapter, we discuss how the circle formation algorithm can be used as a means for solving other formation and organization problems in multi-robot systems. The idea behind this approach is that circle formation can be seen as a method of organizing the robots in a regular formation which can then be exploited. This involves identifying specific robots to achieve different geometric patterns like lines, semicircles, triangles and squares, and dividing the robots into subgroups, which can then perform specific group-wise tasks. The algorithms that achieve these tasks are entirely distributed and do not need any manual intervention. The results from these studies are presented here.
On the Local Approach to Sidorenko's Conjecture

Abstract A well-known conjecture of Erdős-Simonovits and Sidorenko states that, if H is a bipartite graph, then the random graph with edge density p has in expectation asymptotically the minimum number of copies of H over all graphs of the same number of vertices and edge density. A strengthening known as the forcing conjecture states that, if H is a bipartite graph with at least one cycle, then quasirandom graphs of density p are the only graphs of density p that asymptotically minimize the number of copies of H. Lovasz proved a local version of Sidorenko's conjecture. We characterize those graphs for which Sidorenko's conjecture holds locally. Namely, it holds locally for H if and only if H has even girth or is a forest. Furthermore, a local version of the forcing conjecture holds precisely for graphs of even girth. As a corollary, we prove that for such H there is δ H > 0 such that Sidorenko's conjecture and the forcing conjecture holds for all p > 1 − δ H .
Preventive Service Use Among People With and Without Serious Mental Illnesses.

Introduction People with serious mental illnesses experience excess morbidity and premature mortality resulting from preventable conditions. The goal was to examine disparities in preventive care that might account for poor health outcomes. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, adults (N=803,276) served by Kaiser Permanente Northwest and federally qualified health centers/safety-net community health clinics were categorized into five groups: schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders/affective psychoses, anxiety disorders, nonpsychotic unipolar depression, and reference groups with no evidence of these specific mental illnesses. The primary outcome was overall preventive care-gap rate, the proportion of incomplete preventive services for which each patient was eligible in 2012–2013. Secondary analyses examined Kaiser Permanente Northwest data from 2002 to 2013. Data were analyzed in 2015. Results Controlling for patient characteristics and health services use, Kaiser Permanente Northwest mean care-gap rates were significantly lower for bipolar disorders/affective psychoses (mean=18.6, p Conclusions In vastly different settings, individuals with serious mental illnesses received preventive services at equal or better rates than the general population.
Learning2extract for Medical Domain Retrieval

Search is important in medical domain. For example, physicians need to search for literature to support their decisions when they diagnose the patients, especially for the complicated cases. Even though they could manually input the queries, it is not an easy task because queries are expected to include enough information about the patients. Therefore, the queries tend to be verbose. However, those verbose queries may not work well since the search engine would favor documents covering every term in the query, but not the ones which are truly important. Existing work on verbose query processing in Web search has studied the similar problem, but the methods are not applicable to the medical domain because of the complexity of the medical queries and the lack of domain-specific features. In this work, we propose a set of new features to capture the importance of the terms which are helpful for medical retrieval, i.e., Key Terms, from verbose queries. Experiment results on the TREC Clinical Decision Support collections show that the improvement of using the selected Key Terms over the baseline methods is statistically significant.
Mesenteric vasculitis and ischaemia: every second counts

A 65-year-old woman with past medical history significant for Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (p-ANCA) vasculitis, peripheral arterial disease requiring left femoral-popliteal bypass, chronic anaemia, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and hyponatraemia secondary to SIADH, presented to the emergency department with 1-hour history of acute onset severe, diffusely crampy abdominal pain associated with nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. The patient reported experiencing similar but less severe symptoms 4 days prior to presentation, with gradual resolution without treatment. Additionally, the patient was admitted 2 months prior with abdominal discomfort associated with nausea, vomiting and elevated liver enzymes and was found to have mild biliary ductal dilatation without evidence of acute cholecystitis. On evaluation, the patient was only tachycardic to 105, but otherwise was haemodynamically stable and afebrile. Physical examination revealed a soft, mildly distended abdomen with diffuse, non-localised tenderness and no signs of peritonitis. Labs revealed elevated white cell count of 16.8 K/mm3 and an anion gap of 18. Provisional diagnosis included acute mesenteric ischaemia, although acute diverticulitis, bowel perforation or acute …
Accusatorial and information-gathering interview and interrogation methods: a multi-country comparison

Suspect interviewing and interrogation practices have been studied in many different countries, including those in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. These studies have produced useful and...
Surface Acoustic Wave Probing of Ceramic Bearing Balls

This work is a continuation of our effort to develop a nondestructive technique for the detection and characterization of surface and near surface defects in ceramic bearing balls. We reported earlier on a method for detecting and sizing submicron surface depressions using a scanning acoustic microscope[1]. Our present work deals with the detection and sizing of surface cracks in the ceramic bearing balls, a problem which requires knowledge of the surface wave reflection coefficient of the crack, either at a single frequency in the long wavelength regime or as a function of frequency in the short wavelength regime. For this purpose, we need to learn the characteristics of surface wave propagation on spherical surfaces, the scattering of the surface waves from the cracks, and we need to develop a method for exciting the surface wave. We present a detailed theory of surface wave propagation on spheres. The results indicate that an arc source focuses the surface acoustic waved in a manner similar to bulk acoustic waves focusing by spherical transducers. We will present the details of this self focusing behavior. A spherical cap transducer structure similar to a planar wedge transducer is proposed to excite the spherical surface waves. We will present the details of the design of the spherical cap transducer for efficient surface wave excitation.
Three Dimensional Investigation of Mode I Stress Intensity Factor Variations in Crack Front Using Finite Element Method

Overall failure may occur in many engineering structures due to the initiation and growth of cracks. Stress intensity factors are extensively used to investigate crack growth in Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). In many cracked specimens, the stress singularity varies through the thickness and therefore, investigation of stress intensity factor variation in crack front and determination of its maximum value becomes important. In this study, mode I stress intensity factor (KI) variation in different sections of crack front is investigated using finite element method for three typical fracture test specimens. Then, these variations were compared with the result of two-dimensional analytical values. The results show that the stress intensity factor variations are independent with the thickness for all the specimens. Marked discrepancies are shown between the maximum values of stress intensity factors in crack front and those of obtained from two-dimensional analysis.
Clinical Cerebral Preconditioning and Postconditioning

Cerebral preconditioning and post-conditioning refer to exposure of the brain or a remote part of the body to a sublethal physiologic stress (e.g., brief transient ischemic accident or TIA) or pharmacotherapy which then induces adaptations designed to protect the brain against subsequent or antecedent more severe, normally lethal stress (e.g., prolonged stroke). This chapter reviews the forms of pre- and post-conditioning under investigation and discussed the practical considerations required to translate the bench findings to the bedside. Clinically relevant evidence for the validity of cerebral preconditioning based on the TIA-stroke model is reviewed. Finally, special consideration is given to remote pre- and post-conditioning which represent the bulk of present clinical experience with these strategies.
Choosing a Nursing Home

Choosing a Nursing Home, 2nd Edition, An Insider’s Analysis Fully Updated and Revised is a new book published 28 years after release of the first edition. This book is written by Dr. S.B. Goldsmith...
Basal cell enumeration does not predict malignancy in canine perianal gland tumor cytology.

Background Perianal (hepatoid) gland tumors are common in dogs, and the distinction between the benign and malignant forms is clinically important. Cytology of these tumors typically contains many large hepatoid cells and fewer small basal cells. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine whether the proportion of the smaller basaloid reserve cells in cytologic samples from perianal tumors correlates with malignancy. Methods Eighty-three cases of cytologically diagnosed perianal gland tumors with corresponding histopathologic sections were identified from two separate institutions and included six (7.2%) malignant tumors and 77 (92.8%) benign tumors. The proportion of basal cells from each sample was evaluated. Results No difference between these groups was found, although the study was sufficiently powered to detect an approximately 1.5-fold change in basal cell proportion. Conclusions This report found no evidence that the proportion of basal cells in canine perianal tumor cytology is an indication of the potential for malignancy. We, therefore, do not recommend citing this feature in cytologic reports or when communicating with clinicians.
Mass-Gathering Medical Care Provided by a Collegiate-Based First Response Service at an Annual College Music Festival and Campus-Wide Celebration.

BACKGROUND There is insufficient research on medical care at mass-gathering events (MGEs) on college and university campuses. Fun Day is an annual celebratory day held at Skidmore College (Saratoga Springs, New York USA), a small liberal arts college in the Northeastern United States. Fun Day is focused around an outdoor music festival; students also congregate and celebrate throughout the surrounding campus. To improve care and alleviate strain on local resources, a model was developed for the provision of emergency care by a collegiate-based, volunteer first-response service - Skidmore College Emergency Medical Services (EMS) - in coordination with a contracted, private ambulance service. STUDY/OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze medical usage rates and case mixes at Fun Day over a four-year period, and to (2) describe the collegiate-based first response model for MGEs. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively from event staff, college administrators, and Skidmore College EMS on event-related variables, patient encounters, and medical operations at Fun Day over a four-year period (2014-2017). RESULTS Annual attendance at the music festival was estimated at 2,000 individuals. Over four years, 54 patients received emergency medical care on campus on Fun Day, and 18 (33.3%) were transported to the emergency department. On-site contracted ambulances transported 77.8% of patients who were transported to the emergency department; mutual aid was requested for the other 22.2% of transports. The mean (SD) patient presentation rate (PPR) was 7.0 (SD = 1.0) per 1,000 attendees. The mean (SD) transport-to-hospital rate (TTHR) was 2.0 (SD = 1.0) per 1,000 attendees. Thirty (55.6%) patients presented with intoxication, seven (13.0%) with laceration(s), and five (9.3%) with head trauma as the primary concern. Medical command was established by volunteer undergraduate students. Up to 16 volunteer student first responders (including emergency medical technicians [EMTs]) were stationed on campus, in addition to two contracted ambulances at the Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) levels. Operational strategies included: mobile first response crews, redundant communication systems, preventative education, and harm reduction. CONCLUSION High medical usage rates were observed, primarily due to alcohol/illicit substance use and traumatic injuries. The provision of emergency care by a collegiate-based first response service in coordination with a contracted, private ambulance agency serves as an innovative model for mass-gathering medical care on college and university campuses.FriedmanNMG, O'ConnorEK, MunroT, GoroffD.Mass-gathering medical care provided by a collegiate-based first response service at an annual college music festival and campus-wide celebration. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):98-103.
Introducing hat graphs

Visualizing data through graphs can be an effective way to communicate one’s results. A ubiquitous graph and common technique to communicate behavioral data is the bar graph. The bar graph was first invented in 1786 and little has changed in its format. Here, a replacement for the bar graph is proposed. The new format, called a hat graph, maintains some of the critical features of the bar graph such as its discrete elements, but eliminates redundancies that are problematic when the baseline is not at zero. Hat graphs also include design elements based on Gestalt principles of grouping and graph design principles. The effectiveness of the hat graph was tested in five empirical studies. Participants were nearly 40% faster to find and identify the condition that led to the biggest difference from baseline to final test when the data were plotted with hat graphs than with bar graphs. Participants were also more sensitive to the magnitude of an effect plotted with a hat graph compared with a bar graph that was restricted to having its baseline at zero. The recommendation is to use hat graphs when plotting data from discrete categories.
Rash and Several Food Allergies

Hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) should be considered when a patient presents with elevated IgE levels, eczema, recurrent skin abscesses and pneumonia DOCK8 deficiency should be considered in any patient with immunodeficiency and a history of atopy (i.e. allergic rhinitis, food allergies, asthma) and elevated IgE Patients with DOCK8 deficiency are at increased risk of malignancy secondary to cutaneous viral infections. This is due to susceptibility of DOCK8-deficient T and NK cells to cytothripsis during migration through collagen-dense tissues Definitive cure is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation which leads to immune reconstitution and reversal of clinical phenotypes
The Cell-specific Engagement of Notch and Wnt Pathways in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease

Objective: The Notch and Wnt pathways participate in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), but with conflicting findings to date. We hypothesize that Notch and Wnt pathway engagement during CAVD in...
Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Genetics: The Knowledge Gaps, Needs, and Implications for Conservation

Conservation geneticists apply genetic theory and techniques to preserve endangered species as dynamic entities, capable of coping with environmental change and thus minimizing their risk of extinction. Snow leopards are an umbrella species of High Asia, and a keystone for maintaining biodiversity within this fragile ecosystem. A clear understanding of patterns of snow leopard genetic diversity is critical for guiding conservation initiatives that will ensure their long-term persistence. Yet, a comprehensive analysis of snow leopard genetic variation is lacking. The number of published snow leopard genetic studies is far fewer than for other imperiled big cats. Here, I review the limited genetic work to date on snow leopards and the significant knowledge gaps to be filled. An emphasis must be placed on describing and understanding population genetic dynamics within and among meta-populations to provide information about the interactions between landscapes and the micro-evolutionary processes of gene flow and genetic drift. These results can be used to evaluate the levels and dynamics of genetic and demographic connectivity. A lack of connectivity, particularly in the low density, small populations that typify snow leopards, can lead to multiple demographic and genetic consequences, including inbreeding depression, loss of adaptive potential, and heightened susceptibility to demographic and environmental stochasticity. New efforts in conservation research on snow leopards should focus on this line of inquiry, and the opportunities and challenges for that are outlined and discussed to encourage the required, and considerable, transboundary partnerships and collaborations needed to be successful.
Associations between prenatal maternal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with birth outcomes among pregnant women in San Francisco

Background: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used in consumer products for their water repellent and flame retardant properties, respectively. Both PF...
Standards of Care for Research in Group Work

The Standards of Care for Research in Group Work were developed in partnership between the Association for Assessment in Research in Counseling (AARC) and the Association for Specialists in Group W...
Introduction: Setting the Frame

The introduction identifies six major themes in the contemporary world, defines them, and outlines the overall trajectory of each for the last 170 years: economic globalization, world hegemony, political regime cycles, socio-economic inequality, technological breakthroughs, and climate change. Finally, the introduction explores the synergistic effects of each trend with the goal of visualizing the historical periods, sequences, and patterns that provide an understanding of contemporary history and inform our grasp of the present and beyond.
A Simple Method for Determining Modulus of Base and Subgrade Materials

This paper describes how the resilient modulus test is commonly used for determining the modulus of base or subgrade materials as well as to establish their nonlinear behavior. Since the resilient modulus test is time consuming, the number of tests performed for a given project is limited. For day-to-day operation of highway agencies, a more rapid test method is needed. The stress wave (or seismic) method is being considered in Texas for this purpose. Seismic methods of testing can rapidly and nondestructively provide fundamentally correct moduli at know states of stress. Unlike the resilient modulus test, comparative field testing methods are available for seismic methods that can provide similar results under similar conditions. The paper describes the seismic test procedure and its relationship to the resilient modulus test results. Also discussed are the repeatability and reproducibility of the results as a function of operator experience, type of soil, and preparation method.
Optical imaging of breast tumors with novel glucosamine-bound near-infrared probes

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4746 Imaging lysosomes in breast tumors in vivo has great potential for assessing the metastatic and invasive potential of breast cancers since lysosomes play a major role in cancer invasion and matastasis by mediating protease routing, regulation, and secretion. We have synthesized two novel near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging probes (IR-1 and IR-2) for noninvasive imaging of lysosomes. These two probes contain an NIR emitting indocyanine moiety covalently bound to glucosamine through two different extended carbon chain linkers. IR-1 and IR-2 showed maximal absorbance at 766 and 768 nm, and emission at 782 and 784 nm, respectively, as determined by photospectroscopic measurements under physiological conditions. Both NIR dyes demonstrated higher quantum yields (Φf = 0.185 for IR-1, 0.113 for IR-2) than their precursor IR-783 (0.035) in aqueous solution. IR-2 exhibited a reversible fluorescence enhancement upon acidification in the pH range 4.0-7.2, which may be useful in future lysosome imaging studies because of the low lumenal pH in lysosomes. In vitro cytotoxicity of IR-1 and IR-2 in four human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) lines: MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and MCF-12A, which represent different stages of malignancy, was determined to be very low in the concentration range typically used for in vivo optical fluorescence imaging (0.1-600 μM). Specific targeting of these NIR dyes to the lysosomal compartment was demonstrated by colocalization of immunofluorescently labeled lysosomal marker proteins, such as CD63 and lysosome-associated membrane proteins, with the NIR fluorescence in these four HMEC lines from IR-1 and IR-2. Dynamic live cell NIR fluorescence imaging showed that intracellular vesicle structures, most likely to be lysosomes, were visualized following incubation of these HMEC lines with IR-1 or IR-2 for 12 hours or longer with a concentration as low as 20 μM. In vivo noninvasive optical imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID) showed that significant uptake of both NIR dyes occurred in orthotopic MDA-MB-435, MDA-MB-435, and MCF-7 tumor xenografts. The tumor/muscle ratios of IR-1 and IR-2 in MCF-7 tumors were as high as 5.9 and 7.4 respectively at 48 hours following systemic administration of 10 μmol/kg NIR dye. IR-1 and IR-2 may be very useful as NIR fluorescing contrast agents to assess the metastatic potential and to follow lysosomal trafficking in breast tumors in vivo . Grant support: NIH R21 CA112216. We thank Dr. Paul Winnard Jr., Dr. Noriko Mori, and Dr. Yoshinori Kato for technical assistance.
Dependability and security in medical information system

Medical Information Systems (MIS) help medical practice and health care significantly. Security and dependability are two increasingly important factors for MIS nowadays. In one hand, people would be willing to step into the MIS age only when their privacy and integrity can be protected and guaranteed with MIS systems. On the other hand, only secure and reliable MIS systems would provide safe and solid medical and health care service to people. In this paper, we discuss some new security and reliability technologies which are necessary for and can be integrated with existing MISs and make the systems highly secure and dependable. We also present an implemented Middleware architecture which has been integrated with the existing VISTA/CPRS system in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs seamlessly and transparently.
Deoxyribonucleotide Biosynthesis And Degradation

This article has no abstract. Keywords: deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis and degradation
IMPLICATIONS OF COVER CROPS FOR SOIL QUALITY AND GEODIVERSITY IN A HUMID-TEMPERATE REGION IN THE MIDWESTERN USA

Winter cover cropping plays an important role in conservation farming. In the Midwest region of the USA, strips planted with Austrian winter peas [AWP (Pisum sativum L.)], radishes [RAD (Raphanus sativus L.)], and a mixed cover of both cultivars (MIX) were compared during the spring season to determine their impact on the soil quality at 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths. The treatments RAD, AWP, and MIX had the highest, intermediate, and lowest soil bulk density impacts (1·67, 1·52, and 1·50 Mg m−3, respectively). An opposite trend was observed for the concentrations of soil organic carbon (15·9, 17·6, and 19·4 g kg−1, respectively) and total nitrogen (1·5, 1·7, and 2·8 g kg−1, respectively), the calcium exchange capacity (8·6, 9·5, and 11·4 cmol+c kg−1, respectively), and earthworm density (85, 221 and 226 per m2 x 0·15 m, respectively). The AWP, MIX, and RAD resulted in the highest, intermediate, and lowest water stable aggregates (91·6, 87·4, and 79·9 per cent, respectively), mean weight diameter of aggregates (3·4, 2·7, and 2·1 mm, respectively), saturated hydraulic conductivity (15·7, 13·0, and 6·3 cm h−1, respectively), and intrinsic permeability (1·69, 1·37, and 0·70 cm2 10−10, respectively). The AWP and RAD treatments resulted in a similar C:N ratio (10·5), which was larger than associated with MIX (7·2). Overall, AWP and MIX had a larger positive impact on soil quality than RAD did, and the impact was greater at the 0–5 than the 5–10 cm depth. This indicates the suitability of the various cover crops for improving the soil quality and restoring geodiversity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediating Effects of an Indicated Prevention Program for Reducing Youth Depression and Suicide Risk Behaviors

This study explored the intervention processes of an indicated prevention program for high-risk youth. It was hypothesized that intervention effects would be influenced by the direct and mediating effects of teacher social support on both peer group support and perceived personal control. In turn, personal control was hypothesized to mediate between teacher and peer group support, contributing to reductions in depression and suicide risk behaviors. The hypotheses were tested using a three-wave, longitudinal design incorporating data from preintervention, 5-month follow-up, and 10-month follow-up assessments of 106 high-risk youth divided into three comparison groups: two experimental, one control. For the two intervention groups, there were direct and/or indirect effects of teacher and peer group support on personal control, depression, and suicide risk behaviors. The general hypothesis that personal control mediates between support resources and reductions in depression and suicide risk behaviors received partial support across the study groups.
Energy-dependent endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts. 3. Hydrophobic character of maleimide inactivation sites of ATPase and of endocytosis.

Abstract The effects of a variety of reactive compounds on endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts were observed. Of these reagents, only alkylating reagents were effective at low concentrations. This suggested that an alkylatable site, probably a sulfhydryl group, was important in endocytosis. In a series of N -substituted maleimides, effectiveness of the alkylating agent in inactivating both ATPase and endocytosis correlated very well with a high value of the partition coefficient between octanol and water. This suggested that a hydrophobic region was present at the site of inactivation, so that strongly hydrophobic alkylating agents were bound more firmly by this site. The action of the N -substituted maleimides was clearly due to the reactivity of the carbon-carbon double bond in the heterocyclic ring, since saturation of this bond completely destroyed the effectiveness of the inhibitor. Statistical analysis of the dependence of the effectiveness of N-substituted maleimides upon partition coefficient and Hammett sigma parameters showed that the partition coefficient was by far the most important factor which controlled the effectiveness of these inhibitors. The sigma parameter played a lesser role. The dependence of the effectiveness of the maleimides on these two parameters was the same, within the statistical error, for both the ATPase activity and endocytosis activity. This suggested that inhibition of endocytosis was due to reaction with the same site responsible for inhibition of ATPase.
Towards formalizing network architectural descriptions

Despite the rich literature on network architecture and communication system design, the current practice of describing architectures remains informal and idiosyncratic. Such practice has evolved based on idiomatic terminology and hence, it is failing to provide a formal framework for representing and for reasoning about network architectures. This state of affairs has led to the overloading of architectural terms, and to the emergence of a large body of network architecture proposals with no clear indication of their cross similarities, their compatibility points, their unique properties, and their architectural performance and soundness. Formalizing network architectural descriptions is therefore a timely contribution, and this paper presents a first step in that direction. The paper builds upon architectural style modeling concepts from the software engineering field, and applies them to the network architecture space. Our approach is presented through a case study detailing a formal model for a common class of network architectures. The model uses a simple declarative language based on relations and first-order logic.
Reduced conditionals in German : Event quantification and definiteness

This paper investigates German conditionals that are reduced in the sense that their consequent clauses lack a verb and possibly more material. Focusing on readings in which conditionals quantify over events, it is shown that there are a number of semantic contrasts between reduced conditionals and their non-reduced versions. These contrasts are derived in a unified way from a hypothesis as to how the truth conditions of a reduced conditional relate to those of its non-reduced version. This hypothesis is in turn derived from assumptions as to how the Logical Form of a reduced conditional relates to the one of its non-reduced version. It is suggested that reduced and non-reduced consequent clauses can be seen to differ in a way analogous to the way definite and indefinite noun phrases differ.
Application of MRTD to printed transmission lines

The recently developed MRTD scheme is applied to the solution of printed transmission line problems. Specifically, the field pattern and the characteristic impedance of a membrane stripline is calculated. The results are compared to those obtained by use of the conventional FDTD scheme to indicate considerable savings in memory and computational times.
Afterwar: Healing the Moral Wounds of Our Soldiers

There is a growing divide between US military service members and US citizens. This divide has been steadily increasing during these last 14 years of war. The warrior class stands, in one sense, as...
Cooperative Financing—External Sources of Capital

We have now explored sources of equity capital needed in our cooperative. It was suggested that about half of these funds—those needed for fixed capital uses such as land, buildings, and equipment, and those needed for operating the cooperative for at least the first year in paying such items as salaries, taxes, office and other supplies—should come from the members. This means that about half of the needed funds will have to come from outside or external sources. Let’s now examine those sources of borrowed funds or debt capital. Although net worth generally provides the major part of their capital, cooperatives would not be able to develop their services to the fullest extent without the use of borrowed funds.
Study of possible energy upgrade for the ALS and modeling of the "real lattice" for the diagnosis of lattice problems

We have studied the change of expected performance of the Advanced Light Source storage ring at LBL for the (design) nominal and maximum energy of 1.5 and 1.9 GeV respectively. Furthermore, we have also studied a possible increase to 2.3 GeV by modeling the change of dynamical aperture caused by saturation of the magnets. Independently, we have also modeled the beam's trajectory at injection. Comparison with bpm data from early storage ring commissioning led to the diagnosis of a major lattice error due to a short in a quadrupole, which was rectified leading to stored beam of 60 turns. >
Foreland deformation in the Appalachian Plateau, central New York: the role of small-scale detachment structures in regional overthrusting

Abstract Northwest-directed Acadian or Alleghenian overthrusting occurred through decollement along the black, carbonaceous Union Springs Shale in central New York. Detachment was accommodated at: (1) discrete faults marked by striated and polished shale bedding planes and fibrous calcite crystal growths between stepped surfaces: (2) duplex structures defined by upper and lower bounding faults 3–10 m apart with internal faults that developed both early and late in the movement history of the bounding faults: and (3) 5–20-cm wide shear zones also possessing an internal duplex or imbricate structure. Ramps through carbonate units adjacent to the black shale have displacements of less than one meter. Total displacement above the decollement horizon is not well-constrained, but is inferred to be on the order of a few tens or hundreds of meters. Fabric of the undeformed shale has been locally modified by a widely spaced cleavage (average 5-mm intervals) with no apparent shear offsets. This microstructure is most evident near ramps through overlying carbonate and in the vicinity of shear zone terminations. An intensely anastomosing and complex shear fabric is present within the shear zones. These structures appear to represent the initial stages of overthrust propagation in a region dominated mechanically by the presence of alternating thick, stiff sedimentary layers and weak shale horizons. Further southwest, more interior to the orogen, displacement was accommodated through decollement along deeper salt horizons. Detachment in the stratigraphically higher black shale was generally restricted to an area where the salt is not present, and may represent a regional stepping-up of structure in the Appalachian Foreland.
Rotavirus stability and inactivation.

Summary The stability of the infectivity of Simian rotavirus, SA11, has been analysed and compared to the stability of reovirus type 1. SA11 infectivity was stable to freeze-thawing, sonication, incubation at 25 °C overnight or at 37 °C for 1 h and to treatment with acid, ether, chloroform and Genetron. In contrast to reovirus, the infectivity of SA11 was more rapidly inactivated by heating at 50 °C. SA11 infectivity was inactivated above pH 10.0 and by heating at 50 °C in 2 m-MgCl2, but was stabilized by heating in 2 m-MgSO4; reovirus 1 infectivity was enhanced by heating in MgCl2. Both SA11 and reovirus 1 were inactivated by freezing in MgCl2. These results show that rotaviruses and reoviruses can be distinguished by their patterns of inactivation by physical and chemical agents.
Functional connectivity disruption in a mouse model of ischemic stroke

We establish functional connectivity optical intrinsic signal imaging (fcOIS) in a mouse model of ischemic stroke, and report relationships between functional connectivity and infarct volume, cortical activations, and behavior.
PCB levels in egg yolks associated with embryonic mortality and deformity of hatched chicks

The effect of exposing White Leghorn hens for six weeks to 50 ppm of Aroclor 1254 in water was investigated. While egg production decreased temporarily, no significant effects were noted on egg weights or fertility. Incubation of eggs from exposed hens indicated that this polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) did not interfere with gametogenesis and fertilization. As Aroclor 1254 accumulated in the yolk, however, embryonic development was arrested at progressively earlier developmental stages. When PCB was removed from the water there was an initial rapid decline in the PCB content of the yolk and a slow return of the normal developmental pattern of the embryo. Leg, toe, and neck deformities were present in many of the chicks hatched from eggs in which yolk PCB level was 10–15 ppm or more. The gross appearance of the liver and the presence of hemorrhages suggest that the liver and the vascular elements may be targets for PCB action.
Bipolar circuit design for a 5000-circuit VLSI gate array

Ever-increasing gate-array chip circuit count and size pose challenges to the circuit designer, who must optimitze the cell layout und power dissipution of logic circuits. This paper describes the design of a bipolar gate array for a 5000-circuit microprocessor. The physical design data obtained after completion of automatic placement and wiring are presented. The distribution of projected circuit delay for the 4437 nets is then calculated and this information is used to determine the selective increase in circuit power to reduce wide spreads in turn-off and turn-on delays. It is shown that this technique improves power/performance and has implications for future VLSI designs. It was also found that voltage drop violations were manageable even with the long net lengths occurring in this large VLSI gate array. Several commonly used bipolar circuit types are compared on the basis of capacitance drive capability at low power.
THE ADENOSINE TRANSPORTER OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII: IDENTIFICATION BY INSERTIONAL MUTAGENESIS, CLONING, AND RECOMBINANT EXPRESSION

Purine transport into the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii plays an indispensable nutritional function for this pathogen. To facilitate genetic and biochemical characterization of the adenosine transporter of the parasite, T. gondii tachyzoites were transfected with an insertional mutagenesis vector, and clonal mutants were selected for resistance to the cytotoxic adenosine analog adenine arabinoside (Ara-A). Whereas some Ara-A-resistant clones exhibited disruption of the adenosine kinase (AK) locus, others displayed normal AK activity, suggesting that a second locus had been tagged by the insertional mutagenesis plasmid. These Ara-A(r) AK+ mutants displayed reduced adenosine uptake capability, implying a defect in adenosine transport. Sequences flanking the transgene integration point in one mutant were rescued from a genomic library of Ara-A(r) AK+ DNA, and Southern blot analysis revealed that all Ara-A(r) AK+ mutants were disrupted at the same locus. Probes derived from this locus, designated TgAT, were employed to isolate genomic and cDNA clones from wild-type libraries. Conceptual translation of the TgAT cDNA open reading frame predicts a 462 amino acid protein containing 11 transmembrane domains, a primary structure and membrane topology similar to members of the mammalian equilibrative nucleoside transporter family. Expression of TgAT cRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes increased adenosine uptake capacity in a saturable manner, with an apparent K(m) value of 114 microM. Uptake was inhibited by various nucleosides, nucleoside analogs, hypoxanthine, guanine, and dipyridamole. The combination of genetic and biochemical studies demonstrates that TgAT is the sole functional adenosine transporter in T. gondii and a rational target for therapeutic intervention.
The Visualization of the Twisted Tongue : Portrayals of Stuttering in Film, Television, and Comic Books

and publishing industries of depicting mentally and physically challenged characters. While many of the early renderings were sideshowesque amusements or one-dimensional melodramas, numerous contemporary works have utilized characters with disabilities in wellrounded and nonstereotypical ways. Although it would appear that many in society have begun to demand more realistic portrayals of characters with physical and mental challenges, one impediment that is still often typified by coarse caricatures is that of stuttering. The speech impediment labeled stuttering is often used as a crude formulaic storytelling device that adheres to basic misconceptions about the condition. Stuttering is frequently used as visual shorthand to communicate humor, nervousness, weakness, or unheroic/villainous characters. Because almost all the monographs written about the portrayals of disabilities in film and television fail to mention stuttering, the purpose of this article is to examine the basic categorical formulas used in depicting stuttering in the mainstream popular culture areas of film, television, and comic books.' Though the subject may seem minor or unimportant, it does in fact provide an outlet to observe the relationship between a physical condition and the popular conception of the mental and personality traits that accompany it. One widely accepted definition of stuttering is, "the interruption of the flow of speech by hesitations, prolongation of sounds and blockages sufficient to cause anxiety and impair verbal communication" (Carlisle 4).
Effect of prosencephalectomy on the connections of the inferior olivary nucleus in fetal rhesus monkeys.

Abstract The structural organization and fiber distribution of the inferior olivary complex were examined in six fetal rhesus monkeys which had been killed between 143 and 147 days of gestation. About 70 days before killing them, four fetuses had undergone removal of the prosencephalon which also resulted in damage of the rostral half of the mesencephalon. The other two fetuses served as normal controls. The brain stems were serially sectioned transversely and parasagittally and were stained with a silver reduction method. Both the position and configuration of the main divisions of the inferior olivary complex were similar in the normal and experimental fetuses, an indication that such structures as the corticospinal tract probably affect only slightly the structural organization of the inferior olivary nucleus. The main effects of prosencephalectomy on the inferior olivary complex were the loss of the cortico-olivary fibers and central tegmental fasciculus which made it possible to visualize better the distribution of the spinal afferents. The whole principal nucleus and the rostral half of the medial accessory nucleus were almost completely devoid of any afferents. Spinal fibers terminated in the caudal two-thirds of the dorsal accessory nucleus and on the medial portion of the caudal third of the medial accessory nucleus, including the dorsal cap. However, the density of afferents within this part of the nucleus was not as great as in normal controls, probably because other fibers also project to this region. In addition, the reticulo-olivary fibers were normally distributed in the rostral third of the dorsal accessory nucleus. Efferent fibers originated from all parts of the olivary complex in the experimental animals, more so from the dorsal accessory and from the caudomedial portion of the medial accessory nuclei; in normal fetuses. most efferents originated from the principal nucleus.
Mechanism for Endogenously Expressed ApoE Modulation of Adipocyte Very Low Density Lipoprotein Metabolism ROLE IN ENDOCYTIC AND LIPASE-MEDIATED METABOLIC PATHWAYS

Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins distribute energy in the form of fatty acids to peripheral tissues. We have previously shown that the absence of endogenous adipocyte apoE expression impairs adipocyte triglyceride acquisition from apoE-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in vitro and in vivo. Studies were performed to evaluate the mechanism(s) for this impairment. We excluded a role for secreted apoE in accounting for the difference in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced adipocyte triglyceride accumulation using cross-incubation studies to show that secreted apoE did not enhance triglyceride synthesis in apoE knockout (EKO) adipocytes incubated with apoE-containing VLDL. Subsequent experiments established that both endocytic and lipase-mediated pathways for lipid acquisition from VLDL were impaired in EKO adipocytes. Binding and internalization of VLDL to EKO adipocytes were significantly lower due to decreased expression or redistribution of low density lipoprotein receptor family proteins. An important role for the VLDL receptor for contributing to differences in VLDL binding between wild-type and EKO adipocytes was identified. Lipoprotein lipase-dependent adipocyte lipogenesis was also significantly decreased in EKO adipocytes even though they secreted as much or more lipolytic activity. This decrease was related to impaired fatty acid internalization in EKO cells. Evaluation of potential mechanisms revealed reduced caveolin-1 and plasma membrane raft expression in EKO adipocytes. Increasing caveolin expression in EKO adipocytes increased fatty acid internalization. Our results establish a role for endogenous adipocyte apoE in VLDL-induced adipocyte lipogenesis by impacting both endocytic and lipoprotein lipase-mediated metabolic pathways. Reduced adipocyte apoE expression, for example that accompanying obesity, will suppress adipocyte acquisition of lipid from apoE-containing VLDL.