cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF PHENYLALANINE DEFICIENT DIET ON BONE MARROW AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM.

SummaryNormal premature infants fed a diet deficient in phenylalanine developed changes in their bone marrow within 24 to 48 hours. These marrow changes consisted specifically in cytoplasmic vacuolization of ery-throid precursors. Vacuoles also occurred in the myeloid elements. The vacuoles of the red cell precursors were associated with marked depression of serum phenylalanine concentrations to levels of 4 and 6 micromoles per liter. These effects were reversible within 48 hours by the addition of 100 mg per kg of phenylalanine to the diet. Any possible effects of the phenylalanine deficiency on other amino acids was obscured by the increased serum and urine concentrations of these amino acids resulting from increased intake provided by the proprietary casein hydrolysate preparation. Addition of valine, alanine, and methionine to the normal and deficient diets did not produce marrow changes or other toxic effects.The authors gratefully acknowledge their indebtedness to Miss Meta Bohanan, R.N., and her st...
Interface Reaction Kinetics for Permalloy-Tantalum Thin Film Couples

Thermal interdiffusion mechanisms and kinetics have been studied for Ta-Permalloy (Ni80Fe20), Ta-Ni and Ta-Fe thin film couples, in the temperature range 300°C - 600°C. Interaction modes identified for the Ta-NiFe system include: fast diffusion of Ta into grain boundaries of NiFe, and nucleation and growth of Ni3Ta, with consequent depletion of Ni in the remaining NiFe, and eventual segregation of Fe.
Biogenesis of the C20 polyketide, aflatoxin. A review.

Aflatoxin B1 is a secondary metabolite produced by the ubiquitous molds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The toxin was first characterized in 1963 as the etiological agent responsible for the infamous ‘Turkey X’ disease. Since that time, much information on its chemistry, toxicity and biological activity has accumulated. A significant amount of work has been done to elucidate its biosynthesis. Evidence indicates the polyketide route as its point of origin. The steps involved in the polyketide pathway, the six identified intermediate compounds, and the experimental techniques and analytical instrumentation used to procure information on aflatoxin biogenesis are included in this review.
Research and development of chemical removing agent for fireside fouling of condensed oil burning boiler

In the beginning of composition analysis of fuel and fouling substance, formation and chemical removing mechanism of fireside fouling of condensed-oil-burning boiler were studied by means of burning chemistry and molten-salt chemistry. Based on the results, a foul removing agent was developed. The agents efficiently stop the formation of low melting-point alkali silicates and sulfates in the burning boiler. The experimental results show that the agent demonstrates a positive action of foul cleaning and prevention.
Effects of Different Treatments with 3 Types of Hormones on Rooting of Cuttage of Camellia oleifera

We used 3 types of hormones,i.e.ABT1,NAA and IAA,to study their effects on cuttage rooting of Camellia oleifera.It showed that ABT1 and NAA were suitable for the cuttage rooting,and the concentration of ABT1 was recommanded as 200 mg/L and immersed for 2 h,while that of NAA 100mg/L for 1 h.and that of IAA was far from ideal and not be recommanded in cuttage of Camellia oleifera.
Capture and Recycling of Sortase A through Site-Specific Labeling with Lithocholic Acid

Enzyme-mediated protein modification often requires large amounts of biocatalyst, adding significant costs to the process and limiting industrial applications. Herein, we demonstrate a scalable and straightforward strategy for the efficient capture and recycling of enzymes using a small-molecule affinity tag. A proline variant of an evolved sortase A (SrtA 7M) was N-terminally labeled with lithocholic acid (LA)-an inexpensive bile acid that exhibits strong binding to β-cyclodextrin (βCD). Capture and recycling of the LA-Pro-SrtA 7M conjugate was achieved using βCD-modified sepharose resin. The LA-Pro-SrtA 7M conjugate retained full enzymatic activity, even after multiple rounds of recycling.
Metaphysical Presuppositions of the Law of Karma

To achieve understanding of a concept, it is often helpful to discern something of its origin. However, considerations of origins can be misleading, for concepts change both in content and function. Hence, to avoid any taint of the genetic fallacy, origins must be considered for the insights they can render, not for any evaluative conclusions which can be drawn from them. On the other hand, it is not merely helpful but necessary to ascertain the concept’s metaphysical presuppositions. In this chapter we shall begin with a short discussion of the possible origins of the doctrine of the law of karma and then consider some of its presuppositions.
Weak signal identification and inference in penalized model selection

Weak signal identification and inference are very important in the area of penalized model selection, yet they are underdeveloped and not well studied. Existing inference procedures for penalized estimators are mainly focused on strong signals. In this paper, we propose an identification procedure for weak signals in finite samples, and provide a transition phase in-between noise and strong signal strengths. We also introduce a new two-step inferential method to construct better confidence intervals for the identified weak signals. Our theory development assumes that variables are orthogonally designed. Both theory and numerical studies indicate that the proposed method leads to better confidence coverage for weak signals, compared with those using asymptotic inference. In addition, the proposed method outperforms the perturbation and bootstrap resampling approaches. We illustrate our method for HIV antiretroviral drug susceptibility data to identify genetic mutations associated with HIV drug resistance.
Keynote speakers: Plans for 100% renewable energy and requirements for technological developments

Major plans for a future 100% renewable energy society will be reviewed with emphasis on the requirements for new technology. Record braking developments, such as the world's most powerful wind turbine, Vestas V-164, featuring ultra-long rotor blades and with an 8MW unit rating, solar concentrated power plants with integrated energy storage in excess of 17 hours, are expected to be major contributors to clean energy generation. But would the large scale deployment of such revolutionary and evolutionary technologies be enough in order to achieve the ambitious 100% penetration target by 2050? The presentation will discuss the needs for sustainable resources for manufacturing the generating components, and for developing an infrastructure that will allow delivery and, most importantly, storage of energy.
Nonstationary Heat Exchange and Stressed State in the Irradiated System of Layers with Different Transparencies

We pose the problem of investigation of the thermal stressed state in a system formed by infinite semitransparent and opaque heat-sensitive layers caused by the action of thermal radiation. On the basis of the obtained numerical solutions, we establish a series of new regularities of the influence of radiative heat exchange on the thermal and mechanical behavior of the system.
Control Algorithms Using Affine Connections on Principal Fiber Bundles

Abstract In this paper, we develop tools for studying the control of underactuated mechanical systems that evolve on a configuration space with a principal fiber. bundle structure. We utilize the affine connection to descnbe the equations of motion and study the controllability of such systems. The invariance of the system with respect to the action of a Lie group leads to a reduced form of the affine connection. This connection and its corresponding symmetric product, are then used to develop constructive, cyclic control inputs to steer the mechanical system. We explore the development of the equations, based on the original formulation by Bullo, and Its application to the steering of a blimp-like vehicle with directional thrusters.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Manifestations, and Management

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by production of autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, affecting several organs. Although cause is largely unknown, pathophysiology is attributed to several factors. Clinically, this disorder is characterized by periods of remission and relapse and may present with various constitutional and organ-specific symptoms. Diagnosis is achieved via clinical findings and laboratory examinations. Therapies are based on disease activity and severity. General treatment considerations include sun protection, diet and nutrition, smoking cessation, exercise, and appropriate immunization, whereas organ-specific treatments include use of steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive agents, and biologic agents.
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) removal with Pd0/nFe0 nanoparticles: Adsorption or aqueous Fe-complexation, not transformation?

Abstract PFOS removal at 6 and 21 days (d) when reacted with palladium coated zero valent iron nanoparticles (Pd 0 /nFe 0 NPs) was quantified as a function of pH (3.6, 5.5, and 8.7) and temperature (22, 45 and 70 °C). PFOS concentrations were measured in aqueous phases and NP extracts. The greatest PFOS removal occurred at 6 d with the lowest pH and highest temperature; however, recovered PFOS increased at 21 d. Furthermore, neither F − nor SO 4 2− (from SO 3 2− cleavage) generation was observed indicating the absence of PFOS transformation. X-ray diffraction analysis of PFOS-reacted NPs at 45 °C revealed generation of FeO(OH) on the NPs at 21 d, which was concomitant with subsequent increases in PFOS recovery. Under anaerobic conditions, strongly adsorbing Fe(OH) 3 is formed which can then transform to less sorptive FeO(OH) via Fe 2+ catalyzed transformation. In the process of exploring causes for apparent PFOS removal with Pd 0 /nFe 0 NPs, PFOS as well as other perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were found to form aqueous-phase complexes with Fe(II/III) which can reduce their quantifiable levels. PFOS-Fe complexation was greater with Fe(III) and increased with Fe concentration and decreasing pH. Complexation was also greater for longer chain perfluoroalkyl acids and complexation of PFNA was greater than for PFOS.
The dynamics of partial cavity formation, shedding and the influence of dissolved and injected non-condensable gas

In the present study, the experimental set-up of Ganesh et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 802, 2016, pp. 37–78) is used to examine the dynamics of a shedding cavity by examining the vapour production rate of the natural cavity and determining how minimal injection of non-condensable gas can substantially alter the vapour production rate, the resulting cavity flow and the cavity shedding process. The influence of the dissolved gas content on the shedding natural cavity flow is also examined. High-speed visual imaging and cinemagraphic X-ray densitometry were used to observe the void fraction dynamics of the cavity flow. Non-condensable gas is injected across the span of the cavity flow at two locations: immediately downstream of the cavity detachment location at the apex of the wedge or further downstream into mid-cavity. The gas injected near the apex is found to increase the pressure near the suction peak, which resulted in the suppression of vapour formation. Hence, the injection of gas could result in a substantial net reduction in the overall cavity void fraction. Injection at the mid-cavity did less to suppress the vapour production and resulted in less significant modification of both the mean cavity pressure and net volume fraction. Changes in the cavity void fraction, in turn, altered the dynamics of the bubbly shock formation. Variation of the dissolved gas content alone (i.e. without injection) did not significantly change the cavity dynamics.
Does inhibition cause forgetting after selective retrieval? A reanalysis and failure to replicate.

Abstract Retrieval practice can produce forgetting, but it remains unclear using only behavioral data whether this forgetting is caused by targeted inhibition versus interference. Therefore, Wimber et al. (2015) used pattern classifier analyses of fMRI data to track individual memories in a novel variant of retrieval induced forgetting. After initial learning, people recalled target images across selective retrieval practice trials, and cortical activity patterns gradually became more similar to those evoked by the target pictures (i.e., pattern enhancement) and less similar to those evoked by competing pictures (i.e., pattern suppression). The key question was whether this inhibition of competing memories would cause forgetting. Wimber et al. found a significant forgetting effect ( p .01 ) on a subsequent forced choice picture recognition test, with lower accuracy for competitors than for baseline items. Because fMRI data is correlative, a causal interpretation of the data would require, at a minimum, more forgetting following cortical pattern suppression (as occurred for competitors) than cortical pattern enhancement (as occurred for targets). The interaction necessary to reach this conclusion was significant ( p = .041 ). However, reanalyzing the original data revealed that the interaction depended on the decision to code missing responses as equivalent to choosing the wrong picture. Even if missing trials reflected memory failures, at worst they would produce 50/50 guessing, rather than an error every time. Treating these trials as missing, or setting them to chance performance, resulted in no reliable forgetting difference between competitors and targets. Because this might reflect inadequate statistical power, we undertook two replication attempts of the behavioral paradigm, failing both times to observe more forgetting for competitors than targets. In fact, we failed to find any forgetting at all. We conclude that the study of Wimber et al. does not support the conclusion that forgetting is caused by targeted inhibition.
Servant Leadership in the Old Testament

There is much to be learned from the Old Testament Scriptures concerning servant leadership and its application to real situations in diverse contexts. There are many leaders who were servants of the Lord and of the people in this setting. Some did well and some did not, but the goal was always before them to be servants of the people. These leaders find themselves in many different roles and situations: from military and government leaders to royalty and prophets. Yet, all of them were called shepherds as a picture for the kind of leadership that was required. This type of leadership was very similar to servant leadership in that it required close attention to the followers. There were several rebukes to these leaders in the Old Testament when they got caught up in paying attention to themselves instead of caring for the people. These examples included some well-known leaders, like Moses, and others that were not so well known, like Barzillai, a servant to the King. Others did well even in the face of great opposition, like Esther, and others struggled during their lifetimes at every turn and failed in many places, like Samson. These witnesses are instructive for leading as servants.
Glioblastoma cells feed off injury

Apoptotic tumor cells in glioblastoma confer increased aggressiveness and therapy resistance among remaining cells.
Linguistic Aspects of Television Journalism

Television journalism, especially what is called Electronic News Gathering (ENG), differs very greatly from print journalism.1 Print journalism cannot by its very nature present “live” news reports. It takes time for journalists to collect the information they require and compose and edit news articles based on these “raw” data. In addition, the resultant stories will normally have to await fixed publication schedules before being presented to readers. The process of videotaping news stories that are later edited at a studio before being presented is an analogous process. On the other hand, television reporters are able to relay stories electronically from the scene in which they occur to broadcasting centers via satellites, microwave dishes mounted on trucks, or telephone lines. Television stories have the capacity not just to be live, but to show people nearly anywhere what is happening nearly anywhere else at the time that it is going on. Radio has done the same sort of thing for much longer, but is restricted to transmitting only a news event’s sounds—as in the case of Edward R. Murrow’s radio broadcasts from London, England during German bombing raids. The immediacy of such live newscasts can have a powerful effect on news consumers. I suspect, for instance, that few persons seeing Lee Harvey Oswald being shot on their television screens at the moment it happened will ever forget it.
Teaching ethics and forensic psychiatry: a national survey of child and adolescent psychiatry training programs.

Though instruction in ethics and forensic psychiatry is required of child and adolescent psychiatry training programs, the nature of the education commonly provided is not known. The 1992 American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Caucus survey sought to obtain this information by sending pertinent questionnaires to the 120 national member programs. Ninety-four programs responded, and the vast majority reported formal training in both subject areas. The specific topics covered, professions of the instructors, time devoted to instruction, and nature of clinical experiences offered are described. Furthermore, comparisons between time devoted to instruction and various demographic variables are presented. The results suggest that, while current teaching of ethics and forensic psychiatry in the responding training programs generally seems robust, it would be desirable to develop relevant core curricula and evaluation mechanisms, and to use the expertise of pertinent nonmental health professionals in instruction.
Fundamental Limits in Quantum Well Intersubband Detection

Since the concept of infrared (IR) photodetection by intersubband absorption in superlattices was first proposed and demonstrated by Smith et al.(1), the field of intersubband physics and applications has grown and attracted an increasing interest. Along with the demonstration and the analysis of intersubband absorption(2), came the possibility of studying a very basic quantum system in the laboratory. These efforts revealed the richness of intertweened basic physical effects that have to be understood or taken into account for the full mastering of intersubband physics and applications: Stark(3), depolarization(4,5) and other energy shifts, exchange interactions in doped quantum wells(6), effects of real material systems, polarization(7) and parity selection rules - just to name a few. On the application side another important channel of interest was opened with the realization that very large optical nonlinearities could be achieved through intersubband transitions in superlattices(8-10).
Target Organ Damage Related to Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth

Cardiovascular (CV) system changes are known to occur in childhood as part of the “silent” evidence of the beginning of adult heart diseases. Although autopsy studies have shown atherosclerotic accumulation of lipids and plaques in arteries of children and adolescents related to risk factors, it is now possible to study CV changes in the general population of youth. Noninvasive techniques have been developed to access underlying damage of the CV renal system. Ultrasonography measurement of carotid intima-media thickness has become an established tool for evaluating subclinical atherosclerosis in adults and is now being applied to study children, especially with hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and obesity. Other techniques are being used to study compliance and distensibility of the vascular tree, related to arterial wall stiffness resulting from hypertension and other etiologies of adult heart diseases. Noninvasive studies of the CV system are providing an excellent background to understand early changes leading to CV events in adulthood and a basis for beginning Preventive Cardiology at an early age.
Repair and Neuroprotective Strategies in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The destruction of the oligodendrocyte-derived myelin lamellae leads to loss of nerve insulation and results in impairment of fast saltatory conduction. Axons and neurons are also damaged and lost in the disease process (1), and cell repopulation is hampered by the inability of mature neurons to undergo cell division. An attractive approach for reestablishing electrochemical circuits in MS would be to restore the function or number of myelin-generating oligodendrocytes in early lesions, to act as bridges that guide and promote axonal regeneration.
A meta-analysis of the association between income inequality and intergenerational mobility

We provide an overview of associations between income inequality and intergenerational mobility in the United States, Canada, and eight European countries. We analyze whether this correlation is ob...
The prospects for constraining productivity through time with the whole-plant physiology of fossils

Anatomically preserved fossils allow estimation of hydraulic parameters, potentially providing constraints on interpreting whole-plant physiology. However, different organ systems have typically been considered in isolation - a problem given common mismatches of high and low conductance components coupled in the hydraulic path of the same plant. A recent paper addressed the issue of how to handle resistance mismatches in fossil plant hydraulics, focusing on Carboniferous medullosan seed plants and arborescent lycopsids. Among other problems, however, a fundamental error was made: the transpiration stream consists of resistances in series (where resistances are additive and the component with the largest resistance can dominate the behavior of the system), but emphasis was instead placed on the lowest resistance, effectively treating the system as resistances in parallel (where the component with the smallest resistance will dominate the behavior). Instead of possessing high assimilation capacities to match high specific stem conductances, it is argued here that individual high conductance components in these Paleozoic plants are nonetheless associated with low whole-plant productivity, just as can be commonly seen in living plants. Resolution of how to handle these issues may have broad implications for the Earth system including geobiological feedbacks to rock weathering, atmospheric composition, and climate.
Habitat use of sympatric prey suggests divergent anti-predator responses to recolonizing gray wolves

The non-consumptive effects of predators on prey are now widely recognized, but the need remains for studies identifying the factors that determine how particular prey species respond behaviorally when threatened with predation. We took advantage of ongoing gray wolf (Canis lupus) recolonization in eastern Washington, USA, to contrast habitat use of two sympatric prey species—mule (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed (O. virginianus) deer—at sites with and without established wolf packs. Under the hypothesis that the nature and scale of responses by these ungulates to wolf predation risk depend on their divergent flight tactics (i.e., modes of fleeing from an approaching predator), we predicted that (1) mule deer would respond to wolves with coarse-scale spatial shifts to rugged terrain favoring their stotting tactic; (2) white-tailed deer would manage wolf risk with fine-scale shifts toward gentle terrain facilitating their galloping tactic within their current home range. Resource selection functions based on 61 mule deer and 59 white-tailed deer equipped with GPS radio-collars from 2013 to 2016 revealed that habitat use for each species was altered by wolf presence, but in divergent ways that supported our predictions. Our findings add to a growing literature highlighting flight behavior as a viable predictor of prey responses to predation risk across multiple ecosystem types. Consequently, they suggest that predators could initiate multiple indirect non-consumptive effects in the same ecosystem that are transmitted by divergent responses of sympatric prey with different flight tactics.
Analysis Gender Role and Factors Affecting Soil and Water Conservation Adoption in Kersa Districts of Eastern Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia: The Case of Fanya Juu, Soil and Stone Bund Measure

Soil conservation is the only known way to protect the productive land. In country like Ethiopia, where droughts and floods cause food scarcity problem, soil and water conservation not only increases crop yield, but also prevents further deterioration of land. Soil and water conservation preserve soil moisture and drain water sustainably to avoid soil erosion and depletion of soil nutrients. So that, the main objectives of this study is to analysis factors affecting soil and water conservation adoption and to identify gender role in soil and water conservation practice in the study area. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the study. The data were collected by means of a semi-structured questionnaire during the period of January 20-February 20/ 2017. The study implemented binary logit model to identify factor affecting adoption of soil and water conservation. Level of formal education, market distance, labor force, slope of the farm land and size of livestock were significant variables which are found to affect the soil and water conservation of household in study area. Level of education was related with adoption of conservation structures, because literate farmers are in a better position to get information and use it in such a way that it contribute to their soil and water conservation than illiterate ones. Therefore, designating and implementing adult education should be encouraged by the government. In addition, soil bunds, Fanya juu and stone bunds are the major soil and water conservation measures that are widely implemented by farmers in the area.
Insights From the Fifth World Health Organization Symposium Working Group: Definitions and Diagnosis of Pulmonary Hypertension

During the Fifth World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension, the working group on diagnosis and assessment was charged with evaluating the definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) as it w...
Halide Heterogeneity Affects Local Charge Carrier Dynamics in Mixed-Ion Lead Perovskite Thin Films

The mechanism and elemental composition that form the basis for the improved optical and electronic properties in mixed-ion lead halide perovskite solar cells are still not well understood compared...
Building Brain-Inspired Logic Circuits from Dynamically Switchable Transition-Metal Oxides

Processing, storing, and transmitting information accounts for ∼10% of global energy use; projections suggest that computational energy demands will be 10× higher than the projected global energy supply by 2040. Realizing solid-state analogs of neural circuitry, using ‘neuromorphic’ materials, holds promise for enabling a new energy-efficient computing paradigm. The metal–insulator transitions (MITs) of electron-correlated transition-metal oxides provide an attractive vector for achieving large conductance switching with minimal energy dissipation. Here, we review current understanding of the mechanisms underpinning electronic instabilities, discuss methods for modulation of spiking behavior through tuning of atomistic and electronic structure, and highlight the need for establishing deterministic and independent control of transformation characteristics such as switching magnitude, energy thresholds, heat dissipation, hysteresis, and dynamics of relaxation.
The Use of CRISPR-Cas9 Technology to Study and Create Cancer Therapeutics

Genetic disorders are the result of abnormalities that arise in the human genome at birth or through postnatal random genetic change. These abnormalities can also increase the risk for developing other diseases such as cancerous cell growth. Traditional treatment for genetic disorders has focused on alleviation of symptoms to increase patient welfare rather than treating the root cause, the genetic abnormality. As genetic editing technologies are developed and refined, the prospect of correcting the abnormal genetic sequence is becoming realistic. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has made it possible for researchers to respond to genetic abnormalities quickly by cutting and replacing the abnormal sequence to then contain a healthy sequence and potentially reverse the abnormal phenotype. Cancer, a disease based on genetic dysfunction, is a prime target for genetic editing. Often treated with debilitating radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery, the use of genetic editing has the potential to revolutionize current treatment options. This review will discuss the current outlook of cancer and its treatment with a focus on how CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to edit immunotherapy options that clinicians currently possess. Furthermore, potential dangers of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology and consequences of the system and its unethical use will be discussed. Finally, there will be an evaluation on the future of how CRISPR-Cas9 can be used in medicine.
Varying Effect of a Randomized Toddler Home Safety Promotion Intervention Trial by Initial Home Safety Problems

Toddlers are vulnerable to unintentional injuries. A safety intervention targeting low-income families of toddlers, was effective at improving home safety. The current study examined whether the effect varies by initial home safety problems. 277 mother-toddler dyads recruited in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States during 2007–2010 were randomized into safety promotion (n = 91) or attention-control groups (n = 186). Observers rated participants’ homes with a 9-item safety problem checklist at baseline, and at 6- and 12-months follow-up. Initial home safety problems were categorized as multiple (≥ 4 problems) and none/few (< 4). Linear mixed models assessed the moderating effect with a three-way interaction (time, intervention, and initial safety problems). At 12 months, the intervention effect was stronger among families with multiple initial problems than no/few initial problems, with a reduction of 1.55 more problems among the families with multiple problems, compared to the families with no/few problems (b = − 1.55, SE = 0.62, p = 0.013). Interventions targeting families with multiple safety problems may be more effective than universal programming.
Tocayo Epistemology for Latino Males in Education

Testimonios are used as a method to help understand and share the authors’ lived experiences as tocayos with society and the human world, and to create interaction between both of them. The term to...
Using observational data to quantify bias of traveller-derived COVID-19 prevalence estimates in Wuhan, China.

Summary Background The incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, has been estimated using imported case counts of international travellers, generally under the assumptions that all cases of the disease in travellers have been ascertained and that infection prevalence in travellers and residents is the same. However, findings indicate variation among locations in the capacity for detection of imported cases. Singapore has had very strong epidemiological surveillance and contact tracing capacity during previous infectious disease outbreaks and has consistently shown high sensitivity of case-detection during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods We used a Bayesian modelling approach to estimate the relative capacity for detection of imported cases of COVID-19 for 194 locations (excluding China) compared with that for Singapore. We also built a simple mathematical model of the point prevalence of infection in visitors to an epicentre relative to that in residents. Findings The weighted global ability to detect Wuhan-to-location imported cases of COVID-19 was estimated to be 38% (95% highest posterior density interval [HPDI] 22–64) of Singapore's capacity. This value is equivalent to 2·8 (95% HPDI 1·5–4·4) times the current number of imported and reported cases that could have been detected if all locations had had the same detection capacity as Singapore. Using the second component of the Global Health Security index to stratify likely case-detection capacities, the ability to detect imported cases relative to Singapore was 40% (95% HPDI 22–67) among locations with high surveillance capacity, 37% (18–68) among locations with medium surveillance capacity, and 11% (0–42) among locations with low surveillance capacity. Treating all travellers as if they were residents (rather than accounting for the brief stay of some of these travellers in Wuhan) contributed modestly to underestimation of prevalence. Interpretation Estimates of case counts in Wuhan based on assumptions of 100% detection in travellers could have been underestimated by several fold. Furthermore, severity estimates will be inflated several fold since they also rely on case count estimates. Finally, our model supports evidence that underdetected cases of COVID-19 have probably spread in most locations around the world, with greatest risk in locations of low detection capacity and high connectivity to the epicentre of the outbreak. Funding US National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and Fellowship Foundation Ramon Areces.
Chapter 16 – Epithelial Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter addresses epithelial cell development, structure, cell lineages, integrated function in mucus clearance, and presents an overview of their role in immune responses relevant to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respiratory tract epithelial cells constitute a front-line physical barrier between the organism and the environment. They serve vital functions in host physiology and mucosal defense and are central to the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. In the normal adult human, epithelial cell populations vary systematically as a function of airway level. Portions of the nasal passages and the trachea to approximately the 6–10th generation bronchi are lined by a tall columnar pseudo-stratified mucociliary epithelium consisting principally of basal, intermediate, ciliated, and mucous secretory (goblet) cells. The airway and lung epithelium is integral to innate and adaptive immunity and is both an effector and target in the altered immune function characteristic of asthma and COPD. The airway and lung epithelium is a selective physical barrier that coordinates removal of potentially harmful substances by mucus clearance. It also plays important roles in host defense by secreting a wide spectrum of protective, antimicrobial, homeostatic, and immune regulatory factors including antioxidants, defensins, collectins, complement components, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and protease inhibitors.
Postdiagnosis Physical Activity: Association With Long-Term Fatigue and Sleep Disturbance in Older Adult Breast Cancer Survivors.

Background Physical activity is frequently proposed as an intervention to reduce fatigue and sleep disturbance in cancer survivors; however, the long-term effects of physical activity are often not reported, and older adults are typically excluded from these intervention studies. Objectives This article aimed to examine if postdiagnosis physical activity is associated with lower long-term fatigue and sleep disturbance in older adult breast cancer survivors. Methods Data were analyzed of a prospective cohort of 440 breast cancer survivors aged 65 years or older from the Women's Health Initiative study. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations of physical activity with fatigue and sleep disturbance. Findings Higher postdiagnosis physical activity was associated with lower long-term fatigue but was not associated with lower sleep disturbance after adjusting for demographics, cancer characteristics, and baseline measures.
Applications of General Meteorological Models to Air Quality Problems

Some of the potential applications of general meteorological models to air quality problems of mesoscale flows are discussed. Although general models are relatively expensive, they are easily modified to treat many complicated problems that are not amenable to solution by simpler methods. Results from two meteorological models are presented to illustrate the versatility of the models. The first is a relatively simple model of the atmospheric mixed layer. A 6-h, real-data forecast is shown. The second model is a more general three-dimensional model which is capable of treating a variety of meteorological problems. A 12-h, real-data forecast of flow and precipitation over the United States is summarized. Then the model is applied to a regional-scale simulation of light wind conditions. Finally, the model is applied to small-scale flow under stable conditions over complex terrain.
What Is Basic Intrinsic Value

The concept of basic intrinsic value is important for axiology. Michael Zimmerman and Timothy Perrine each present necessary and sufficient conditions for something’s having basic intrinsic value. I argue that neither account is satisfactory. I present two objections to Zimmerman’s view. First, I argue that his view cannot accommodate some widely held and plausible views about the intrinsic value of knowledge and true belief. Second, I argue that it cannot accommodate some plausible views about the intrinsic value of states when one state occurs in virtue of the other. It cannot handle “clusters” of intrinsically valuable states. In the final section, I explain Perrine’s view and argue that his account also cannot accommodate some plausible views about the value of knowledge and true belief.
Understanding People’s Attitude and Concerns towards Adopting IoT Devices

The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has started transforming our lifestyle through automation of home appliances. However, there are users who are hesitant to adopt IoT devices due to various privacy and security concerns. In this paper, we elicit peoples’ attitude and concerns towards adopting IoT devices. We conduct an online survey and collect responses from 232 participants from three different geographic regions (United States, Europe, and India); the participants consist of both adopters and non-adopters of IoT devices. Through data analysis, we determine that there are both similarities and differences in perceptions and concerns between adopters and non-adopters. For example, even though IoT and non-IoT users share similar security and privacy concerns, IoT users are more comfortable using IoT devices in private settings compared to non-IoT users. Furthermore, when comparing users’ attitude and concerns across different geographic regions, we found similarities between participants from the US and Europe, yet participants from India showcased contrasting behavior. For instance, we found that participants from India were more trusting in their government to properly protect consumer data and were more comfortable using IoT devices in a variety of public settings, compared to participants from the US and Europe. Based on our findings, we provide recommendations to reduce users’ concerns in adopting IoT devices, and thereby enhance user trust towards adopting IoT devices.
Modulation based ranging for direct displacement measurements of a dynamic surface

We developed a method for directly measuring displacement of a moving surface for use with dynamic or high explosive driven experiments. The technique, called “Modulation Based Ranging” (MBR), overcomes the errors associated with integrating a velocity history of an object undergoing non-radial flow, while also providing the exact displacement of the object with sub 100 µm resolution. A discussion of sources of phase sensitive errors is presented along with a demonstration of the applied corrections. Excellent agreement between MBR and integrated velocity from the Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) technique was observed when no non-radial flow was present. We then demonstrated the ability of MBR to accurately measure true displacement of a surface subjected to a strong non-radial component.
Manganese body burden in children is associated with reduced visual motor and attention skills.

Abstract Manganese (Mn) is an essential element, however, children with moderate to high Mn exposure can exhibit neurobehavioral impairments. One way Mn appears to affect brain function is through altering dopaminergic systems involved with motor and cognitive control including frontal – striatal brain systems. Based on the risk for motor and attention problems, we evaluated neurobehavioral function in 255 children at risk for Mn exposure due to living in proximity to coal ash storage sites. Proton Induced X-ray Emissions (PIXE) analysis was conducted on finger and toenails samples. Multiple neuropsychological tests were completed with the children. Fifty-five children had Mn concentrations above the limit of detection (LOD) (median concentration = 3.95 ppm). Children with detectable Mn concentrations had reduced visual motor skills (β = −5.62, CI: −9.11, −2.12, p = 0.008) and more problems with sustained attention, based on incorrect responses on a computerized attention test, (β = 0.40, CI: 0.21, 0.59, p
The transcriptomic signature of cyclical parthenogenesis

Cyclical parthenogenesis, where females can engage in sexual or asexual reproduction depending on environmental conditions, represents a novel reproductive phenotype that emerged during eukaryotic evolution. The fact that environmental conditions can trigger cyclically parthenogens to engage in distinct reproductive modes strongly suggests that gene expression plays a key role in the origin of cyclical parthenogenesis. However, the genetic basis underlying cyclical parthenogenesis remains understudied. In this study we characterize the female transcriptomic signature of sexual vs. asexual reproduction in the cyclically parthenogenetic microcrustacean Daphnia pulex and D. pulicaria. Our analyses of differentially expressed genes, pathway enrichment, and GO term enrichment clearly show that compared to sexual reproduction the asexual reproductive stage is characterized by both the under-regulation of meiosis and cell-cycle genes and the up-regulation of metabolic genes. We suggest that the under-regulation of meiosis and cell-cycle genes is responsible for the origin of parthenogenesis from meiosis, whereas differentially expressed metabolic genes may mediate choice of asexual vs. sexual reproductive pathway. Furthermore, our analyses identify some cases of divergent expression among gene family members (e.g., doublesex, NOTCH2) associated with asexual or sexual reproductive stage, suggesting potential functional divergence among gene family members.
Outcomes of MCGR at > 3 year average follow-up in severe scoliosis: who undergoes elective revision vs UPROR?

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate mid-term outcomes of magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR), evaluate factors associated with unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR) vs achieving full length. Full length was defined as achieving > 85% of the elongating portion of the rod. METHODS IRB approved retrospective single site study. 106 patients underwent MCGR between 2014 and 2020, 58 met inclusion criteria, all genders, ethnicities, and etiologies were included. Patients with 3.5 year follow-up 47% were electively revised, 27% underwent UPROR, 26% were still lengthening, and 3% were being observed. UPROR was associated with male gender and age at implantation was associated with implant-related causes of UPROR. MCGR continues to have high complication rates, better knowledge of MCGR outcomes may improve patient education, surgical timing, and decision-making.
Queer Vocational and Workplace Considerations

Understanding the unique lived career experiences is essential for counselors to provide effective and affirmative career counseling. Queer individuals work in a variety of work settings and face a multitude of systemic challenges, impacting each stage of their career lives. Advances in creating social equity have recently gained momentum through workplace policies; however, dominant social ideologies continue to impact the career experiences of queer individuals. Affirmative career counseling is an effective therapeutic approach informed by queer theory and intersectionality, which requires adopting a deconstructive and critical perspective, and are used to enhance extant career development theories. In conjunction, their applications are beneficial to meet the career-based needs of queer-identified clients. Adopting these approaches in clinical settings can assist professionals in empowering clients of all intersections, identifying issues of concern, employing culturally responsive interventions, and collaboratively constructing appropriate treatment goals related to a client’s career.
A Systematic Literature Review on the Interaction Between COVID-19 and Transportation

The application of human factors and ergonomics in transportation is an example of human-automation interaction. Since the year 2020, the covid-19 pandemic has become an emerging factor that interacts with transportation from epidemiological and ergonomic perspectives. This study aims at capturing the emerging trends of covid-19 related human factors in transportation through conclusions from a systematic literature review of relevant publications. Analyses of content and bibliometrics were accomplished by using tools such as VOS Viewer, Citespace, Harzing, and MaxQDA to establish the findings of emerging trends in this field. Key findings from these analyses are: (1) Since the start of the covid 19, countries over the world have administered a variety of travel-related controls in an attempt to contain or slow down the spread of the virus both domestically and internationally. (2) The enforced travel restrictions not only impacted the spread of the pandemic but also transformed people’s activity and travel patterns into a new form. (3) The altered activity and travel patterns further brought changes in transportation policy design, air quality control, and industry disruptions. (4) The pandemic has motivated people to adopt new HCI technologies, and some previously HCI technologies are being challenged because of the pandemic mitigation policies.
Optical Spectroscopy in Photosynthetic Antennas

This chapter describes the main techniques of optical spectroscopy that are used to study the structure and operation of photosynthetic antenna systems. We outline the physical basis of optical absorption, fluorescence, linear and circular dichroism, exciton interactions and resonance energy transfer, and indicate the types of information that measurements of these phenomena can provide.
Microfabricated Intrachannel Electrical Contacts for Material Transport Control

Interest in microfabricated fluidic channel structures (microchips) has grown tremendously over the past decade due to the large number of powerful demonstrations that have appeared in the literature. The diversity of chemical and biochemical measurement techniques implemented on microchips is large including various electrophoretic and chromatographic separations, chemical and enzymatic reactions, noncovalent recognition interactions, sample concentration enhancement, and cellular manipulations. In addition the types of samples addressed by microchips has been broad in scope, e.g., small ions and molecules, single and double stranded DNA, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. The most popular method for inducing material transport through microchip channels has been by electrokinetic means, i.e., electrophoretic transport of ions and electroosmotic bulk fluid flow. Electrokinetic transport, although not the panacea, has proven quite effective for simple devices and has the convenience of only requiring simple electrical connections between a device controller and the microchip.