cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19, history, and humility

Amid the current COVID-19 crisis, everyone has been called upon to offer assistance. What can historians contribute? One obvious approach is to draw on our knowledge of the history of epidemics and proclaim the lessons of history. But does history offer clear lessons? To make their expertise relevant, some historians assert that there are enduring patterns in how societies respond to all epidemics that can inform our experiences today. Others argue that there are informative analogies between specific past epidemics and our present crisis, for instance between COVID-19 and prior outbreaks of SARS or influenza. Both strategies can be pursued, but each must be done with care. It is certainly possible to map COVID-19 onto the classic dramatic structure of an epidemic, but we cannot yet know how it will end, a failure of prognostication that constrains the advice we can offer. It is likewise possible to draw on the history of medical therapeutics and public health interventions to identify the risks we face of both underuse and overuse of our remedies, but we cannot yet judge whether our current commitment to heroic social distancing is warranted. While historians can offer insight, we must temper our contributions with humility.
Optimal N-ary ECOC Matrices for Ensemble Classification.

A new recursive construction of $N$-ary error-correcting output code (ECOC) matrices for ensemble classification methods is presented, generalizing the classic doubling construction for binary Hadamard matrices. Given any prime integer $N$, this deterministic construction generates base-$N$ symmetric square matrices $M$ of prime-power dimension having optimal minimum Hamming distance between any two of its rows and columns. Experimental results for six datasets demonstrate that using these deterministic coding matrices for $N$-ary ECOC classification yields comparable and in many cases higher accuracy compared to using randomly generated coding matrices. This is particular true when $N$ is adaptively chosen so that the dimension of $M$ matches closely with the number of classes in a dataset, which reduces the loss in minimum Hamming distance when $M$ is truncated to fit the dataset. This is verified through a distance formula for $M$ which shows that these adaptive matrices have significantly higher minimum Hamming distance in comparison to randomly generated ones.
Advancing Recognition of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: the Proposed DSM-5 Diagnosis of “Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (ND-PAE)”

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a surprisingly common, yet under-identified set of lifelong neurodevelopmental disabilities with substantial economic and social costs—and high rates of debilitating secondary conditions. An advance in the field of FASD is a proposed diagnostic category included in the 2013 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Health Disorders (DSM-5): “Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure” (ND-PAE). With clinical guidelines to inform its use, appropriate recognition of ND-PAE can allow wider identification of individuals impacted by alcohol’s teratogenic effects. Accurately recognizing that a diagnosis of ND-PAE might apply can inform health and mental health providers about when to refer for specialty assessment, and suggest when and how to adapt usual treatments or access tailored interventions. This paper explains the evolution in diagnostic terms, discusses clinical use of ND-PAE, explores dilemmas, and presents ideas for “FASD-informed care” for individuals who meet proposed ND-PAE criteria.
The National Institute of Mental Health and the Founding of the Field of Community Psychology

The field of community psychology was established with the contributions of the staff of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the financial resources that NIMH made available to fund community-oriented psychologists and other mental health professionals. The field of community psychology was founded at the Swampscott Conference, May 4-8, 1965, but the roots can be found in the establishment of the NIMH on July 3, 1946, as Public Law 79-487 of the 79th Congress (Bennett et al., 1966; Brand & Sapir, 1964). This chapter reviews the history and development of community programs in relation to the NIMH, and the several NIMH branches that contributed the most expertise and funding.
A P2P technique for continuous k-nearest-neighbor query in road networks

Due to the high frequency in location updates and the expensive cost of continuous query processing, server computation capacity and wireless communication bandwidth are the two limiting factors for large-scale deployment of moving object database systems. Many techniques have been proposed to address the server bottleneck including one using distributed servers. To address both of the scalability factors, P2P computing has been considered. These schemes enable moving objects to participate as a peer in query processing to substantially reduce the demand on server computation, and wireless communications associated with location updates. Most of these techniques, however, assume an open-space environment. In this paper, we investigate a P2P computing technique for continuous kNN queries in a network environment. Since network distance is different from Euclidean distance, techniques designed specifically for an open space cannot be easily adapted for our environment. We present the details of the proposed technique, and discuss our simulation study. The performance results indicate that this technique can significantly reduce server workload and wireless communication costs.
Alkaptonuria diagnosed by flexible bronchoscopy

A 68-year-old white man was evaluated for failure to wean from mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. Bronchoscopy performed prior to percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy revealed circumferential strikingly dark-colored airways, most prominent in the trachea and mainstem bronchi, extending distally into all airways with overlying desiccated black secretions. Histologic examination of bronchial mucosal biopsy samples and the desiccated secretions showed acute bronchitis and necrotic debris, respectively. This finding and the patient's history led to testing for plasma homogentisic acid, which was found to be elevated at 12.6 μg/mL, establishing the first diagnosis of alkaptonuria made using flexible bronchoscopy.
Patterns of spike burst spread and flow in the canine small intestine

Abstract We are describing a new method to illustrate the spread of spike bursts along the small intestine. Spike bursts migrate aborally in the longitudinal axis (from distances up to 30 to 40 cm at the same rate as slow waves). These were detected through the use of multiple closely and evenly spaced serosal electrodes in conscious dogs. Their occurrence is plotted with respect to electrode and time using a computer and printer. Patterns of contractile activity after fasting and feeding are illustrated. Outflow from an intraluminal cannula occurs in pulses preceded by spike burst activity in electrodes proximal to the cannula. This lends support to the concept that intestinal flow is accomplished by migrating ring contractions.
Interemdiate-velocity Clouds

Interstellar gas is widely detected at intermediate velocities, both in H i emission at 21 cm and in optical and ultraviolet observations of trace elements seen in absorption toward distant stars. In the northern hemisphere, the distribution of intermediate-velocity clouds is dominated by several large complexes, and two weaker complexes have been identified recently in the southern hemisphere. Intermediate-velocity clouds are located in the lower Galactic Halo and most of them appear to be falling toward the galactic plane. They display a variety of physical conditions, but abundances consistently indicate grain disruption and a gas composition that is nearly solar. A range of models has been proposed to explain these basic characteristics but, at this time, no single scenario offers a compelling description of the intermediate-velocity cloud observations. Overall, evidence appears to be mounting in favor of identifying at least some of the intermediate-velocity clouds with the return flow of a Galactic Fountain. However, in individual cases, several different processes could also be at work and the relationship, if any, between high- and intermediate-velocity clouds is unclear. Intermediate-velocity clouds are a widespread phenomenon which may well play an important role in the dynamics and evolution of the gaseous component of our Galaxy.
Effect of Leukoreduction on Transfusion-Induced Inflammation in Dogs

Background: Removal of leukocytes (LR) has been shown to eliminate or attenuate many of the adverse effects of transfusion in experimental animals and humans. Hypothesis/Objectives: Transfusion of stored packed red blood cells (pRBCs) is associated with an inflammatory response in dogs and prestorage LR attenuates the inflammatory response. Animals: Thirteen random-source, clinically healthy, medium and large breed dogs. Methods: Experimental study. On day 0, animals were examined and baseline blood samples were collected for analysis. Whole blood was then collected for processing with and without LR, and stored as pRBC. Twenty-one days later, stored pRBCs were transfused back to the donor. Blood samples were collected before and 1 and 3 days after transfusion. Results: In the dogs that received non-LR pRBCs (n = 6) there was a significant increase from baseline in white blood cell count from a mean (SD) of 8.20 (2.74) to 13.95 (4.60) × 103 cells/μL (P < .001) and in segmented neutrophil count from a mean (SD) of 5.76 (2.70) to 11.91 (4.71) × 103 cells/μL (P < .001). There were also significant increases in fibrinogen from a mean (SD) of 129.7 (24.2) to 268.6 (46.7) mg/dL (P < .001) and C-reactive protein from a mean (SD) of 1.9 (2.1) to 78.3 (39.3) μg/mL (P < .001). There was no significant increase from baseline in any of the markers in the dogs that received LR pRBC (n = 5). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There is a profound inflammatory response to transfusion in normal dogs, which is eliminated by LR of the pRBC units.
Metal ion transfer in phosphoglucomutase-chelate systems. I. Catalysis and inhibition of transfer.

Abstract The rate at which zinc dissociates from the inactive zinc complex of phosphoglucomutase is measured under a variety of conditions. The zinc dissociation rate is reduced about 50-fold by bound substrate, whereas added histidine increases the dissociation rate in a concentration-dependent manner; however, neither substrate nor histidine appreciably alters zinc binding by the enzyme. Histidine and other ligands probably participate in metal transfer in a manner formally analogous to the participation of buffer components in hydrogen ion transfer, whereas the substrate effect appears to be steric in nature. Possible applications of these observations to the general problem of removing metal ions from proteins are discussed.
Does Quality of Care Matter? A Study of Adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines for Patients with Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess whether adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines leads to differences in survival in patients diagnosed with locally advanced esophageal cancer. This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with stage II and III esophageal cancer included in the Cancer Registry at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 2008 to 2013. Seven quality indicators were identified using the 2014 NCCN guidelines, and individual and overall quality measure scores were calculated and used to define low and high quality of care groups. One hundred forty-one patients met inclusion criteria, and 88 patients (62.4 %) were identified as receiving high-quality care. Adherence to guidelines ranged from 63.1 to 100.0 %, with an overall compliance of 81.3 %. Risk factors for receiving low quality of care included advanced age, non-white race, lower education level, and unspecified primary site of tumor. A significantly better overall survival was observed in patients who received high-quality care (HR, 0.58; 95 %, 0.37–0.90, p = 0.015). Delivery of high-quality care is associated with improved survival in these patients. Efforts should be directed at minimizing disparities in treatment in regards to race and educational levels.
Python image processing in a computer literacy course

This paper describes the Minimal Image Manipulation Program (MIMP) [1] which allows users to easily write small Python plug-ins to manipulate images at the pixel level. It was created to give our computer literacy students practical experience in programming using a minimum of class time. MIMP handles details so that students can code meaningful image transformations in a single lab. Many can be created without loops. This allows us to give our literacy students a lab experience writing image manipulation code, without spending much time on mechanics.
Insulin-stimulated serine and threonine phosphorylation of the human insulin receptor. An assessment of the role of serines 1305/1306 and threonine 1348 by their replacement with neutral or negatively charged amino acids.

Insulin promotes insulin receptor beta-subunit phosphorylation on tyrosine, serine, and threonine residues in a variety of cells, including simian COS cells which transiently express human insulin receptors following transfection with a cDNA encoding the wild-type receptor protein. To examine the potential roles of serines 1305 and 1306 and threonine 1348 as sites of insulin-stimulated phosphorylation in these cells, these residues (i.e. either serines 1305 and 1306, or threonine 1348) were replaced with neutral (alanine) or negatively charged (aspartate) amino acids. Following transient expression of each of these mutant receptors in COS cells, two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping reveals that threonine 1348 is the major, if not the only, insulin-stimulated threonine phosphorylation site. In contrast, while serines 1305 and/or 1306 are phosphorylated in an insulin-dependent manner, these sites comprise only a minor proportion of insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in these cells. Substitution of either serines 1305 and 1306 or threonine 1348 with neutral or negatively charged amino acids has no effect on insulin-stimulated tyrosine autophosphorylation of these mutant receptors in intact cells. Furthermore, insulin-stimulated exogenous protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the mutant receptors is unaffected, as assessed following either phosphorylation of receptors in intact cells or following immunopurification of receptors and their autophosphorylation in vitro.
First report of Phoma fungicola associated with stem canker and fruit blight of pistachio in Arizona.

In September 2012, cankers on branches and blighted fruit of pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees were observed in Arizona (USA). Infected fruit became dark brown to black, covered by small pycnidia, and rachises were dried up. Sometimes, dark discolored cankers extended from killed panicles to the sustaining shoot. A pycnidial fungus was consistently isolated from branch cankers and fruits and identified as Phoma fungicola Aveskamp, Gruyter et Verkley, based on morphological characteristics (Aveskamp et al., 2010) and analyses of the ITS and β-tubulin (BT) gene regions. The sequence showed high identity (ITS, 99%; BT, 99%) with a reference sequence (isolate CBS 633.92; accession Nos.: ITS, GU237900; BT, GU237609) for P. fungicola (Aveskamp et al., 2010). Sequences were deposited to GenBank (isolates: 7F90, 7F91 and 7F92. Accession Nos.: ITS, KC357253–KC357255; BT2, KC357256–KC357258; TEF-1α, KC357259– KC357261). Pathogenicity of P. fungicola to P. vera cvs Kerman and Peters was tested by inoculating isolates 7F90, 7F91 and 7F92 on 10 two-year-old branches per isolate. Inoculations were made in late October 2012 as described by Moral et al. (2010). Lesion length was measured 3 weeks after inoculation. The average lesion produced by isolates 7F90, 7F91 and 7F92 on cv. Kerman was 46.5, 57.5, 53.7 mm, and on cv. Peters was 45.0, 44.5, 49.5 mm in length, respectively. All lesions were significantly longer than those on the controls (average length 10.0 mm on two cultivars) (P <0.05). P. fungicola was re- isolated from the inoculated but not from the control branches. Results in this study indicate P. fungicola is a pathogen of pistachio branches and clusters. To our knowledge, this is the first report worldwide of P. fungicola attacking pistachio trees.
Phase I trial of dasatinib and ixabepilone in patients with solid tumors

Purpose. Dasatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of BCR-ABL and SRC family and ixabepilone is an epothilone B analog. Synergistic activity has been reported when combining dasatinib with chemotherapy. This study was conducted to determine the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and the maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) for this combination. Patients and methods. Patients with metastatic solid tumors who progressed on standard therapy received dasatinib orally daily and ixabepilone IV every 3 weeks at escalating doses using 3 + 3 design. An expansion cohort was studied after reaching the MTD. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed. Results. Nineteen patients were enrolled. No DLTs were observed at dose level (DL) 1 (dasatinib 100 mg and ixabepilone 30 mg/m2). At DL 2 (dasatinib 100 mg and ixabepilone 40 mg/m2), one patient had multiple DLTs. At DL 3 (dasatinib 150 mg and ixabepilone 40 mg/m2), the first patient developed grade 3 AE during cycle 2, the second patient had a DLT and a grade 3 AE during cycle 2. The accrual to DL 3 was halted without reaching the maximally administered dose (MAD) and MTDs were determined to be dasatinib 100 mg and ixabepilone 40 mg/m2 (DL 2). One patient had a partial response and 12 patients stable disease as their best response. Fourteen patients came off study due to toxicities. Conclusion. The combination of dasatinib and ixabepilone showed modest clinical activity with doses 100 mg orally daily and 40 mg/m2 IV every 3 weeks, respectively. Treatment related toxicities were seen frequently.
Tooth Number Does Not Vary Ontogenetically in the Andean Lizard Stenocercus guentheri (Squamata: Tropiduridae)

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Resistance of Fischer 344 rats to deoxycorticosterone hypertension

Abstract Implantation of one 40 mg pellet of DOCA causes hypertension in the majority of young female Sprague-Dawley rats within three weeks without removal of a kidney or adding salt to the diet. Similar identically-treated Fischer 344 rats remain normotensive. If one kidney is removed and 1% saline is given to drink, the hormone dosage causes hypertension in rats of both strains, although even here Fischer 344 rats develop the disorder more slowly and less severely. It is concluded that for rat strains resistant to mineralocorticoid hypertension, sensitization is necessary for its induction, whereas for susceptible strains it is not. Fischer 344 rats appear to have higher levels of resting serum renin activity than Sprague-Dawley rats, but the relationship that this bears to hypertension susceptibility is unknown.
Isolation and characterization of covalently linked, high molecular weight proteins from human cataractous lens

Biogel A-50 m chromatography and sucrose gradient centrifugation were employed for the isolation of covalently-linked high molecular weight proteins from the cataractous human lenses. The nuclear and nuclear plus cortical cataracts showed approximately 16% high-molecular weight proteins, as compared to 3% for posterior subcapsular cataract, as well as normal lenses. The high molecular weight proteins were heterogeneous by sucrose gradient centrifugation and showed a molecular weight range of 2–33 million daltons.
Context Effects in Running Memory

7 groups of college-age Ss attempted to recall whether the next to last symbol was the “same” or “different” from the viewed symbol in a running series of 42 symbols. 6 of the groups also predicted the recall outcome on successive trials. Expectancy did not influence retention, but a negative recency effect sensitive to symbol runs resulted from predictions. Results from memory errors contradicted the concept of a fixed running recall-span. Evidence was found for (a) recall generalization to the symbol before the next to last symbol and (b) good recall accuracy where the viewed symbol was separated from its last occurrence by at least three intervening symbols. Consideration of short-term memory from the standpoint of association formation is deemed inadequate.
On the nature of the variability of the Martian thermospheric mass density: Results from electron reflectometry with Mars Global Surveyor

[1] Knowledge of Mars' thermospheric mass density is important for understanding the current state and evolution of the Martian atmosphere, and for spacecraft such as the upcoming MAVEN mission that will fly through this region on every orbit. Global-scale atmospheric models have been shown thus far to do an inconsistent job of matching the mass density observations at these altitudes, especially on the nightside. Thus, there is a clear need for a data-driven estimate of the mass density in this region. Given the wide range of conditions and locations over which this must be defined, the data set of thermospheric mass densities derived from energy and angular distributions of super-thermal electrons measured by the MAG/ER experiment on Mars Global Surveyor, spanning 4 full Martian years, is an extremely valuable resource. Here we present an empirical model of the thermospheric density structure of this data set. Using this new model, we assess the global-scale response of the thermosphere to dust storms in the lower atmosphere and show that this varies with both latitude and dust opacity. Further, we examine the short-term variability of the thermospheric density and show that it exhibits a repeatable behavior with latitude and season that is indicative of atmospheric wave activity seen in the lower thermosphere. This short-term variability is consistently highest in the southern hemisphere, peaking around perihelion, which may have significant implications for studies of atmospheric escape.
Integration of Nanoelectromechanical Relays With Silicon nMOS

Electrostatically actuated nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays are integrated with silicon nMOS devices. An nMOSFET successfully drives a NEM relay with the MOSFET serving as a pass transistor to control the state of the relay. Silicon MOSFET-NEM relay integration opens up the possibility for applications, where the zero off-state leakage, the sharp on/off transition, and/or the hysteresis of the NEM relay can be used to complement the capabilities of CMOS.
Control of gene expression by transmitters and peptide hormones.

Abstract Combined molecular and physiological approaches have permitted striking recent insights into neuropeptide and neurotransmitter control of gene expression at all levels, from the choice of effector pathway at the cell membrane to fundamental mechanisms of transcriptional activation.
Variations on Two Themes in Durkheim's Division du travail: Power, Solidarity, and Meaning in Division of Labor

This paper explores two themes that had a significant place in Durkheim's Division of Labor:the idea that people's needs and wants vary across epoches and cultures, and the conception of societies as systems. The first leads to a rejection of efficiency as the primary driving force behind advances in the division of labor. Considering power in addition to efficiency, but also the complex conditions of trust and meaning, leads into questions of interdependence and systems analysis.
Mesopontine organization of cholinergic and catecholaminergic cell groups in the normal and narcoleptic dog.

Canine narcolepsy is a unique experimental model of a human sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. There is a consensus recognition of an imbalance between cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems in narcolepsy although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Possible substrates could be an abnormal organization, numbers and/or ratio of cholinergic to catecholaminergic cells in the brain of narcoleptic dogs. Therefore, we sought to characterize the corresponding neuronal populations in normal and narcoleptic dogs (Doberman Pinscher) by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH). Cholinergic cell groups were found in an area extending from the central to the gigantocellular tegmental field and the periventricular gray corresponding to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), and the parabrachial nucleus. An almost perfect co-localization of ChAT and NADPH-diaphorase was also observed. Catecholaminergic cell groups detected included the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra, and the locus coeruleus nucleus (LC). The anatomical distribution of catecholaminergic neurons was unusual in the dog in two important aspects: i) TH- and/or DBH-immunoreactive neurons of the LC were found almost exclusively in the reticular formation and not within the periventricular gray, ii) very few, if any TH-positive neurons were found in the central gray and dorsal raphe. Quantitative analysis did not reveal any significant differences in the organization and the number of cells identified in the LDT, PPT, and LC of normal and narcoleptic dogs. Moreover, the cholinergic to catecholaminergic ratio was found identical in the two groups. In conclusion, the present results do not support the hypothesis that the neurochemical imbalance in narcolepsy could result from abnormal organization, numbers, or ratio of the corresponding neuronal populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 379:185–197, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organization and molecular characterization of genes in the polyhedrin region of the Anagrapha falcifera multinucleocapsid NPV

A multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV) isolated from the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera, has been proposed as a new virus based on differences in virulence and DNA fragment profiles between this isolate and the Autographa californica MNPV, the MNPV type species. In the present study, we examined the relatedness of the AfMNPV and AcMNPV genomes by (1) Southern hybridization, (2) comparison of their genetic organization in the polyhedrin gene region (AcMNPV EcoRI-I fragment), and (3) comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of eight viral genes in this region. Both DNAs hybridized strongly to one another in reciprocal hybridization experiments under stringent conditions, and physical mapping showed that gene order was conserved between the two viruses in the polyhedrin gene region, though the ORF 984 and ctl genes were absent from this region in the AfMNPV. Gene and deduced amino acid sequences for p78, protein tyrosine phospatase, protein kinase, lef-2, and ORFs 327, 453 and 603, showed identity between the two viruses of greater than 91%. The sequences for the gp64 gene, located on a different EcoRI fragment, were also compared and had a nucleotide sequence identity of 97%, and amino acid sequence identity of greater than 98%. The polyhedrin gene showed the least relatedness between the two viruses, with a nucleotide sequence identity of 80%, and a deduced amino acid sequence identity of 90%. Based on these results, we conclude that the AfMNPV should be considered a variant of the AcMNPV. These results also indicate that caution must be used in basing phylogenetic relationships of NPVs on analysis of a single gene, especially the polyhedrin gene, as is the current practice.
Preservice secondary science teachers making sense of constructivism

This paper describes a naturalistic study of secondary pre-service science teachers and explores the process of implementing a constructivist approach to science teaching.
Richard A. Horsley’s Hearing the Whole Story A Critical Review of its Postcolonial Slant:

In Hearing the Whole Story Richard Horsley argues for a holistic view of Mark as narrative rather than theology or, more particularly, Christology. This view has Mark presenting Jesus as a prophet who opposes economic exploitation by Roman rulers and Judean elites and to this end appeals largely to oral rather than scriptural traditions. The opposition is nonviolent and oriented to village and family life rather than individual discipleship. At the expense of male disciples, women disciples take a leading role. The present review takes issue with such a reading of Mark by highlighting Markan Christology and calls to individual discipleship, by questioning a contrast between oral and scriptural traditions, and by noting the women’s failures.
Help on the road: Effects of vehicle manual consultation in driving performance across modalities☆

Abstract The growing advancements of in-vehicle electronics and the intrusion of consumer electronics in the vehicle cockpit have increased the complexity of in-car experiences. Therefore, vehicle manuals are needed, now more than ever, to provide information and guidance. Automakers have extended user assistance through multimedia, integrated manuals, online services and telephonic assistance. However, no driver-centric interfaces have been created to provide vehicle documentation assistance effectively. Drivers are expected to interrupt the driving experience in order to find vehicle information in a paper manual. This paper compares the effects on driving performance and cognitive load when consulting a manual in a simulated driving environment through various conditions. These conditions consist of interacting with a voice activated vehicle manual called the Voice User Help, an on-board multimedia manual, a passenger, and a call center. Results suggest that any kind of interaction to access information while driving has an impact on the driver׳s attention based on a decrease in driving performance and increase of cognitive load. However, amongst all modalities, voice interfaces seem to be the better option for consulting information while driving. Also, and under some circumstances, interaction with a conversational manual system appears to be safer than human-to-human communication.
EGFR and FGFR pathways have distinct roles in Drosophila mushroom body development and ethanol-induced behavior.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling has a conserved role in ethanol-induced behavior in flies and mice, affecting ethanol-induced sedation in both species. However it is not known what other effects EGFR signaling may have on ethanol-induced behavior, or what roles other Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) pathways may play in ethanol induced behaviors. We examined the effects of both the EGFR and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) RTK signaling pathways on ethanol-induced enhancement of locomotion, a behavior distinct from sedation that may be associated with the rewarding effects of ethanol. We find that both EGFR and FGFR genes influence ethanol-induced locomotion, though their effects are opposite – EGFR signaling suppresses this behavior, while FGFR signaling promotes it. EGFR signaling affects development of the Drosophila mushroom bodies in conjunction with the JNK MAP kinase basket (bsk), and with the Ste20 kinase tao, and we hypothesize that the EGFR pathway affects ethanol-induced locomotion through its effects on neuronal development. We find, however, that FGFR signaling most likely affects ethanol-induced behavior through a different mechanism, possibly through acute action in adult neurons.
A Test of the Self-Consistency Theory of the Job Performance-Job Satisfaction Relationship

The employment of multidimensional measures of self-esteem, job performance, and job satisfaction on separate samples of male and female employees was found to enhance the self-consistency predicti...
Binocular rivalry suppression interferes with phase adaptation

With extended viewing, a triangle-wave grating takes on an unstable, illusory appearance, such that at times it more nearly resembles a square-wave grating. Prior adaptation to a genuine square-wave grating temporarily reduces the incidence of this illusory percept, stabilizing the appearance of a triangle-wave grating. The present experiment measured the effect of adapting to a square-wave grating that was suppressed during binocular rivalry for a substantial portion of the adaptation period. Rivalry suppression reduced the effectiveness of the adaptation pattern, indicating that the neural site of adaptation follows the locus of suppression.
VMM1—An ASIC for Micropattern Detectors

We present VMM1, the first prototype of a family of front-end ASICs designed for the ATLAS muon upgrade. The ASIC will operate with MICROMEGAS and TGC detectors, providing charge and timing measurements along with other features including sub-hysteresis discrimination, address of the first event in real time, and digital output per channel for Time-over-Threshold measurements. The shaper, designed via the concept of Delayed Dissipative Feedback (DDF), supports analog dynamic ranges in excess of 10 \thinspace000. With a capacitance of 200 pF and a nominal peaking time of 25 ns, the ASIC offers resolution of charge and timing better than 1 fC and 1 ns, respectively, for input charges up to 2 pC. Designed in a commercial 130 nm technology it dissipates about 4.5 mW per channel.
Ion-Selective Properties of a Polished Porous Glass

Some samples of porous glass were polished on one side and their properties as ionic membranes determined. It is shown that polishing forms a layer on the surface of the glass which reduces porosity. The charge density of the resultant membrane is increased and its selective response to K+ and Na+ ions in the presence of Ca++ ions is increased. Electron micrographs of the polished surface and charge density data both indicate reduction of the pore size in the polished surface layer as compared to the original glass. It is suggested that these results indicate that the polishing process is primarily one of viscous flow caused by frictional heating.
Surface-normal Fano filters based on transferred silicon nanomembranes on glass substrates

Surface-normal optical filters are reported based on Fano resonances in patterned single crystalline silicon nanomembranes (SiNM), which were fabricated and transferred onto transparent glass substrates using a disruptive wet transfer process. The measured filter transmission results agree well with the design using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique. Using the SiNM wet transfer and stacking process, vertically stacked ultra-compact surface normal filters, switches, modulators and spectrally-selective photodetectors will become feasible.
College Student Involvement in Cigarette Smoking: The Role of Psychosocial and Behavioral Protection and Risk

A theory-based protection and risk model was applied to explain variation in college students' cigarette smoking. Key aims were to examine whether psychosocial and behavioral protective and risk factors can account for cross-sectional and developmental variation in smoking, and to examine whether protection moderates the impact of risk on smoking involvement. Data for this three-wave longitudinal study were collected in fall 2002, spring 2003, and spring 2004 from 549 male and 427 female first-semester college students at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A 32-page questionnaire was used, with content theoretically derived from the constructs in problem-behavior theory. Cigarette smoking (number of cigarettes smoked on an average day in the past month), three types of psychosocial protection (models protection, controls protection, support protection), three types of psychosocial risk (models risk, opportunity risk, and vulnerability risk), two types of behavioral protection (church involvement, academic achievement), and two types of behavioral risk (problem drinking, marijuana use) were assessed. Psychosocial and behavioral protective and risk factors accounted for significant variation in smoking involvement, and protection moderated the impact of risk. Findings were consistent, for the most part, for both genders and across three separate waves of data. Key predictors of smoking involvement included controls protection, models risk, vulnerability risk, behavioral protection, and behavioral risk. Antecedent protective and risk factors were associated with the initiation of smoking in the college setting. A model of protective and risk factors can be useful in understanding college smoking behavior and suggesting targets for intervention.
Wheat quality components responsive to genic control

Wheat varies through wide limits in chemical composition and in properties seen in the behaviour of flour. The percentages of protein, minerals, vitamins and enzymes may show three-fold, five-fold or greater differences among cargoes of wheat as a result of the combined effects of heredity and environment. Such differences have farreaching effects on nutrition, processing, best use, and cost to the processor and consumer. Different portions of the wheat kernel vary greatly in chemical composition, and the nutritional properties of wheat flours reflect the amount of the different portions of the kernel ultimately included in the product consumed.
Stereotactic Brain Biopsy or Bronchoscopic/Transthoracic Needle Biopsy for Diagnosis of Metastatic Cancer Presenting Simultaneously in Lung and Brain: A Comparison of Safety and Efficacy

Background: When patients present with sim ultaneous lung and brain lesions consistent with metastases, it is often presumed that it is safer and less invasive to biopsy the lung lesion. Objective: To determine whether lung biopsy or stereotactic brain biopsy has a higher diagnostic yield and lower morbidity for tissue diagnosis in patients with simultaneous brain and lung lesions. Methods: Retrospective review of the author’s stereotactic biopsy series and of the literature on brain and lung biopsies for suspected malignancy. Results: The overall diagnostic yield for bronchoscopic lung biopsy ranged from 44% to 88% and the pneumothorax rate from 1.2% to 8%. No deaths were reported. The overall diagnostic yield for transthoracic lung biopsy ranged from 74% to 96% and pneumothorax rate from 2.2% to 8%. No deaths were reported. The overall diagnostic yield for stereotactic brain biopsy ranged from 90.6% to 99.3% when all potential diagnoses are included. Complication rates ranged from 0.6% to 4.8% with mortality from 0% to 1.5%. Several series reported no mortality. Conclusion: Stereotactic brain biopsy has a higher diagnostic yield and a lower complication rate, but a higher mortality. The inclusion of diagnoses other than metastases in the reported series may account for some of the reported mortality. When lung and brain lesions are detected simultaneously, stereotactic biopsy is an excellent option for tissue diagnosis.
Isometric force redevelopment of skinned muscle fibers from rabbit activated with and without Ca2

Fiber isometric tension redevelopment rate (kTR) was measured during submaximal and maximal activations in glycerinated fibers from rabbit psoas muscle. In fibers either containing endogenous skeletal troponin C (sTnC) or reconstituted with either purified cardiac troponin C (cTnC) or sTnC, graded activation was achieved by varying [Ca2+]. Some fibers were first partially, then fully, reconstituted with a modified form of cTnC (aTnC) that enables active force generation and shortening in the absence of Ca2+. kTR was derived from the half-time of tension redevelopment. In control fibers with endogenous sTnC, kTR increased nonlinearly with [Ca2+], and maximal kTR was 15.3 +/- 3.6 s-1 (mean +/- SD; n = 26 determinations on 25 fibers) at pCa 4.0. During submaximal activations by Ca2+, kTR in cTnC reconstituted fibers was approximately threefold faster than control, despite the lower (60%) maximum Ca(2+)-activated force after reconstitution. To obtain submaximal force with aTnC, eight fibers were treated to fully extract endogenous sTnC, then reconstituted with a mixture of a TnC and cTnC (aTnC:cTnC molar ratio 1:8.5). A second extraction selectively removed cTnC. In such fibers containing aTnC only, neither force nor kTR was affected by changes in [Ca2+]. Force was 22 +/- 7% of maximum control (mean +/- SD; n = 15) at pCa 9.2 vs. 24 +/- 8% (mean +/- SD; n = 8) at pCa 4.0, whereas kTR was 98 +/- 14% of maximum control (mean +/- SD; n = 15) at pCa 9.2 vs. 96 +/- 15% (mean +/- SD; n = 8) at pCa 4.0. Maximal reconstitution of fibers with aTnC alone increased force at pCa 9.2 to 69 +/- 5% of maximum control (mean + SD; n = 22 determinations on 13 fibers) and caused a small but significant reduction of kTR to 78 +/- 8% of maximum control (mean +/- SD; n = 22 determinations on 13 fibers); neither force nor krR was significantly affected by Ca>2(pCa 4.0). Taken together, we interpret our results to indicate that kTR reflects the dynamics of activation of individual thin filament regulatory units and that modulation of kTR by Ca> is effected primarily by Ca>+ binding to TnC.
Reactive oxygen species in vascular endothelial cell motility. Roles of NAD(P)H oxidase and Rac1

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are acknowledged generally to be multi-faceted regulators of cellular functions that trigger various pathological states when present chronically or transiently at non-physiologically high levels. Here we focus on the physiological involvement of ROS in cellular motility, with special emphasis on endothelial cells (EC). An important source of ROS within EC is the non-phagocytic NAD(P)H oxidase, and the small GTPase Rac1 plays a central role in activating this complex. Rac1 is one of the three Rho-family molecules (Rac, Rho and Cdc42) involved in the control of the actin cytoskeleton in response to various signals. In this review we examine the evidence linking ROS production, Rac1 activation and actin organization to EC motility, considering mechanisms for direct interaction of ROS and actin and the effects of ROS on proteins that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. The accumulated evidence suggests that ROS are important regulators of the actin cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular motility, and more in-depth studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.
Estimating the Risk of a Crop Epidemic From Coincident Spatio-temporal Processes

Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), or “scab,” is a very destructive disease that affects wheat crops. Recent research has resulted in accurate weather-driven models that estimate the probability of an FHB epidemic based on experiments. However, these predictions ignore two crucial aspects of FHB epidemics: (1) An epidemic is very unlikely to occur unless the plants are flowering, and (2) FHB spreads by its spores, resulting in spatial and temporal dependence in risk. We develop a new approach that combines existing weather-based probabilities with information on flowering dates from survey data, while simultaneously accounting for spatial and temporal dependence. Our model combines two space-time processes, one associated with pure weather-based FHB risks and the other associated with flowering date probabilities. To allow for scalability, we model spatiotemporal dependence via a process convolutions approach. Our sample-based approach produces a realistic assessment of areas that are persistently at high risk (where the probability of an epidemic is elevated for extended time periods), along with associated estimates of uncertainty. We conclude with the application of our approach to a case study from North Dakota.
Meeting Reports: CHESS User Meeting 2005

The 2005 CHESS User Meeting was held on June 14 and 15, 2005, on the campus of Cornell University. A single session occupied the first day, with two concurrent workshops on the second day. The meeting was opened by User Committee member Rob Thorne (Cornell University). CHESS director Sol Gruner began with an overview of the achievements of the most recent running period and the status of the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL), Cornell’s next-generation X-ray photon source project. Quan Hao and Arthur Woll reported on the progress of the Macromolecular Diffraction Facility (MacCHESS) and the G-line, respectively. Don Bilderback gave an account of some of the recent instrumentation developments at CHESS.
Effect of Enzyme Hydration on the Catalytic Activity of Chymotrypsin in Nearly Anhydrous Organic Suspensions

SUMMARY The relationship between enzyme hydration and the catalytic activity of chymo-trypsin powders suspended in nearly anhydrous 1 M n-propanol/toluene solutions has been studied. The enzyme hydration range examined extends from approximately 2 to 10 wt% water sorbed. Measurements of apparent enzyme activity and the number of active sites as a function of enzyme hydration were used to calculate intrinsic enzyme activity as a function of enzyme hydration. It was found that the apparent enzyme activity increased linearly over this hydration range and that approximately 30% of the enzyme was catalytically active independent of the hydration level. Thus, the observed increase in apparent catalytic activity with increasing enzyme hydration results from an increase in the catalytic efficiency of a fixed number of active sites, rather than an increase in the population of active sites. Inhibitor binding in the organic suspension was also measured using the transition state analogue, (R)-1-acetamido-2-phenylethane boronic acid, which binds reversibly to the active site of the enzyme. The inhibition results suggest that one role of water in activating nearly dry enzyme suspensions is to enhance the intrinsic catalytic activity through transition state stabilization.