cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of Supercoiled Elastic Rings with Self-Contact and Its Application to DNA Plasmids

Methods are presented for obtaining exact analytical representations of supercoiled equilibrium configurations of impenetrable elastic rods of circular cross-section that have been pretwisted and closed to form rings, and a discussion is given of applications in the theory of the elastic rod model for DNA. When, as here, self-contact is taken into account, and the rod is assumed to be inextensible, intrinsically straight, transversely isotropic, and homogeneous, the important parameters in the theory are the excess link Δℒ (a measure of the amount the rod was twisted before its ends were joined), the ratio ω of the coefficients of torsional and flexural rigidity, and the ratio d of cross-sectional diameter to the length of the axial curve C. Solutions of the equations of equilibrium are given for cases in which self-contact occurs at isolated points and along intervals. Bifurcation diagrams are presented as graphs of Δℒ versus the writhe of C and are employed for analysis of the stability of equilibrium configurations. It is shown that, in addition to primary, secondary, and tertiary branches that arise by successive bifurcations from the trivial branch made up of configurations for which the axial curve is a circle, there are families of equilibrium configurations that are isolas in the sense that they are not connected to bifurcation branches by paths of equilibrium configurations compatible with the assumed impenetrability of the rod. Each of the isolas found to date is connected to a bifurcation branch by a path which, although made up of solutions of the governing equations, contains regions on which the condition of impenetrability does not hold.
Honesty and Trust in the Light of the Post-Socialist Transition

In the first half of the 2002-2003 academic year, the members of a focus group at Collegium Budapest centred their research on examining the subject "Honesty and Trust in the Light of the Post-Socialist Transition". There were economists, political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, legal scholars and philosophers in the group, some of them from the post-socialist region and others from elsewhere, conveying their experiences of honesty and trust in their respective countries. The research covered hundreds of phenomena and relations. The author of this paper confines himself to three problems: relations between firms; building a trustworthy state; the strategy for building trust.
SUPPRESSION OF THE HGG RESPONSE IN NORMAL MICE WITH A SPLEEN CELL LYSATE FROM TOLERANT MICE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of the suppression of the human gamma globulin (HGG) response in normal mice with a spleen cell lysate from tolerant mice. In a study described in the chapter, tolerance to HGG was induced in A/J male mice by the intraperitoneal injection of 2.5 mg of ultracentrifuged DEAE-purified HGG. Spleen cells from tolerant or normal donors were either injected intraperitoneally into normal mice or subjected to sonication for 2 min on ice. The sonicate was centrifuged at 40,000g for 45 min, and the supernatants injected intravenously into normal recipients as the equivalent of 5 × 107 cells/ml. The response to HGG was determined after innoculation with heat aggregated HGG (AHGG) by the enumeration of antibody forming cells in a liquid hemolytic plaque assay. It was found that transfer of day 35 spleen cells or spleen cell lysates from tolerant donors to normal recipients resulted in the marked antigen specific suppression of the response to HGG. The response to HGG of recipients of tolerant spleen cell lysate was similarly suppressed.
Fat metabolism in higher plants. I. The biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by isolated spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract Unlike mature spinach chloroplasts, chloroplasts isolated from immature spinach leaves incorporated [l- 14 C]acetate into polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, they had a higher capacity to synthesize long-chain fatty acids when compared with plastids isolated from mature leaves. Coenzyme A and ATP in high concentrations stimulated polyunsaturation. While cyclic AMP markedly inhibited total lipid synthesis in both types of chloroplasts, cyclic AMP completely inhibited polyunsaturation in chloroplasts from immature leaves. Evidence for independent synthesis was obtained using potassium cyanide (1 m m ), which completely inhibited linoleate synthesis but did not alter oleate or linolenate synthesis. The fatty acids accumulated predominantly as thioesters during early stages of synthesis in these chloroplasts. With longer periods of incubation with [1- 14 C]acetate, a greater percentage of the labeled fatty acids was observed in oxygen ester lipids viz., phospholipids, monogalactosyl diglycerides, and diglycerides. The diglycerides formed in vitro served as substrates for galactolipid synthesis in the presence of UDP-galactose.
Minimization of paging and registration costs through registration deadlines

Given that the probability distribution on the user location as a function of time is either known or can be calculated, the author shows how to formulate the paging/registration optimization problem in terms of a timeout parameter, /spl tau//sub m/; the maximum amount of time to wait before registering given the last known location was m. Timer-based methods, as opposed to location-based methods, do not require the user to record and process location information during the time between location updates. This feature might be desirable for minimizing mobile receiver transmitter use during idle periods.
An Integrative Framework for International and Intercultural Communication Contexts: Conflicts, Ferment and Theoretical Analysis

Many scholars observe that international and intercultural communication is taking new directions in the twenty-first century, and they are reconceptualizing a range of critical topics, including cultural identity and its role in intercultural business negotiations; communication ethics and its impact on international business; and the role of mass media in disseminating information and setting issues agenda for citizens. This reconceptualization of critical communication concepts is attracting the interest of academics and researchers nations and is leading to a rethinking of the theoretical frameworks guiding communication debates and analyses. As nations are becoming interdependent and interconnected because of global market, it is important that countries involved in global markets understand one another’s cultural patterns and variations in their communication differences in order to ensure continuing growth, expansion, and sustainability. Recent studies traced the slow growth of global business operations to a lack of effective communication, ineffective intercultural business communication skills, inability of entrepreneurial engagement in cross-border transactions, and incompetence in cross-cultural strategic alliance negotiations. This paper identifies and discusses various communication contexts, issues, and theoretical frameworks, and provides recommendations for effective utilization of communication tools in global and intercultural environments.
Immunology of Cutaneous Drug Eruptions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are divided into type A (pharmacotoxicologic) and type B (hypersensitivity) reactions. Type B ADRs represent ~10–15 % of all ADRs, and immune-mediated hypersensitivity drug reactions account for ~10 % of type B ADRs. These hypersensitivity reactions are reproducible with repeat drug exposure and occur at drug dosages tolerated by normal patients. The immune mechanisms leading to type B severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs (SCARs) are diverse and incompletely understood. Ongoing research is shedding some light on these diverse reaction patterns, but also generating new questions. While the human immune system functions as a seamless syncytium, the intellectual compartmentalization of the immune system into various “arms” makes it easier to comprehend. Certain of these arms appear to predominate in the various types of SCARs noted clinically.
Influence of Macromolecular Biosynthesis on Cellular Autolysis in Streptococcus faecalis

The addition of several different antibiotics to growing cultures of Streptococcus faecalis, ATCC 9790, was found to inhibit autolysis of cells in sodium phosphate buffer. When added to exponential-phase cultures, mitomycin C (0.4 μg/ml) or phenethyl alcohol (3 mg/ml) inhibited deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, but did not appreciably affect the rate of cellular autolysis. Addition of chloramphenicol (10 μg/ml), tetracycline (0.5 μg/ml), puromycin (25 μg/ml), or 5-azacytidine (5 μg/ml) to exponential-phase cultures inhibited protein synthesis and profoundly decreased the rate of cellular autolysis. Actinomycin D (0.075 μg/ml) and rifampin (0.01 μg/ml), both inhibitors of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, also reduced the rate of cellular autolysis. However, the inhibitory effect of actinomycin D and rifampin on cellular autolysis was more closely correlated with their concomitant secondary inhibition of protein synthesis than with the more severe inhibition of RNA synthesis. The dose-dependent inhibition of protein synthesis by 5-azacytidine was quickly diluted out of a growing culture. Reversal of inhibition was accompanied by a disproportionately rapid increase in the ability of cells to autolyze. Thus, inhibition of the ability of cells to autolyze can be most closely related to inhibition of protein synthesis. Furthermore, the rapidity of the response of cellular autolysis to inhibitors of protein synthesis suggests that regulation is exerted at the level of autolytic enzyme activity and not enzyme synthesis.
Post-Ictal Lateralized Hyperkinetic Motor Behavior (P3.229)

Introduction Todd’s palsy, a transient focal weakness after a seizure, is a highly accurate clinical sign indicative of a contralateral, cerebral epileptic focus. In contrast, a transient, lateralized hyperkinetic motor behavior from a contralateral hemispheric ictal focus has not been emphasized as a localizing clinical sign. Transient hyperkinetic behavior occurs as a post-ictal phenomenon and may have a localizing value, as in Todd’s palsy. Case Report A 46 year-old woman with chronic seizure disorder was brought to the emergency room after 3 episodes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. An EEG done several hours later showed right-sided, semi-rhythmic, large amplitude spikes consistent with partial status epilepticus. The next day the patient followed simple commands on the right side without difficulty. The left arm demonstrated continuous, semi-purposeful movements, but without tonic-clonic or rhythmical components. Two days later, she fed herself with the right hand, but continued with left lateralized hyperkinetic motor behavior. Followup EEG showed background slowing over the right hemisphere, and rare epileptiform discharges. MRI of the brain showed patchy increased signal over the right cortical ribbon, along with right thalamic hyperintensity. Five days after onset of the seizure, the left-sided hyperkinetic motor movements resolved with subtle left wrist extensor weakness. Discussion Lateralized hyperkinetic motor behavior is a continuous, compulsive, abnormal motor behavior, semi-purposeful, under poor voluntary control, and clinically can be suspected by repetitive manipulation of nearby objects while independent of attentiveness, visual input, or tactile stimulation. Although unilateral on clinical manifestation, lateralized hyperkinetic motor behavior may require initially bilateral cerebral dysfunction. Our patient presented in generalized status epilepticus that evolved into right hemispheric lateralization. Transient lateralized hyperkinetic motor behavior may be seen as a post-ictal phenomenon from a contralateral ictal focus. Further correlation with physiologic studies will be necessary to delineate the area responsible for this paradoxical Todd’s palsy sign. Disclosure: Dr. Beck has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose.
On II1 factors arising from 2-cocycles of w-rigid groups

We consider II1 factors Lμ(G) arising from 2-cocyles μ∈H2(G,T) on groups G containing infinite normal subgroups H⊂G with the relative property (T) (i.e., G w-rigid). We prove that given any separable II1 factor M, the set of 2-cocycles μ|H∈H2(H,T) with the property that Lμ(G) is embeddable into M is at most countable. We use this result, the relative property (T) of Z2⊂Z2⋊Γ for Γ⊂SL(2,Z) non-amenable and the fact that every cocycle μα∈H2(Z2,T)≃T extends to a cocycle on Z2⋊SL(2,Z), to show that the one parameter family of II1 factors Mα(Γ)=Lμα(Z2⋊Γ), α∈T, are mutually non-isomorphic, modulo countable sets, and cannot all be embedded into the same separable II1 factor. Other examples and applications are discussed.
Synthesis of dispiropyrrolidines from chromone-3-carbaldehyde using sarcosine and ninhydrin as the source of an azomethine ylide

An efficient one-pot synthesis of several novel dispirochromanopyrrolidines has been accomplished by the reaction of chromone-3-carbaldehyde, sarcosine and ninhydrin. The structures were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Cocaine and ephedrine-induced priapism: case reports and investigation of potential adrenergic mechanisms

Abstract Objectives To investigate the direct effect of ephedrine and cocaine on neurogenic contraction of penile trabecular smooth muscle. We also provide three case reports of patients who developed priapism secondary to using either cocaine or nonprescription weight loss formulations containing ephedrine. The use/abuse of cocaine has been associated with priapism. In addition, anecdotal evidence suggests that priapism may result from ephedrine use. However, the effects of cocaine and ephedrine on adrenergic regulation of cavernosal tissue and the potential role of sympathetic dysregulation in the development of priapism have not been studied. Methods Isolated rabbit penile cavernosal tissue strips in organ bath preparations were subjected to electrical field stimulation (EFS) at varying frequencies (5 to 40 Hz) in the absence or presence of ephedrine (60 μg/mL) or cocaine (10 μM). Tissues were then subjected to EFS every 30 minutes for up to 20 hours. Results Ephedrine and cocaine initially caused contractions in cavernosal tissue strips that persisted for several hours. EFS-induced contractions became attenuated over time in tissues treated with ephedrine or cocaine. Eventually, the contractile responses to EFS were not distinguishable from the basal tone, although the tissues remained responsive to exogenous phenylephrine. Conclusions Functional activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors on trabecular smooth muscle does not appear to be impaired with prolonged cocaine or ephedrine exposure. However, chronic use of cocaine or ephedrine may deplete norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals, leading to priapism.
Off the treadmill? Technology and tourism in the north American maple syrup industry

The contrast between the nostalgic pictures on maple syrup packaging and sophisticated technologies actually used in the sugarbush and sugarhouse suggests disjunctures between image and practice in the contemporary North American maple syrup industry. This paper argues that although evidence of a “technological treadmill” exists within the maple syrup industry, as it does in other rural production sectors, such a trend is incomplete due to the increasing importance of consumption-based activities and concerns in the countryside. In response to the interests of tourists, second home owners and other increasingly influential non-producer groups, “traditional” maple enterprises persist, demonstrating a logic and appeal unaccounted for by treadmill theory. By addressing growing consumer concern about the appearance of the rural landscape, the health of the environment, and the quality of food, these “traditional” maple practices can provide distinct advantages for producers over technological modernization. The tension between technology use and tourism in the maple syrup industry offers insights about the role of small-scale specialty agriculture for sustainability in rural areas of advanced industrial countries undergoing social and economic change.
Expression of catalytic domains of human UMP synthase in uridine auxotrophic bacteria

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODC), which catalyze the last two steps in de novo UMP biosynthesis, are two distinct monofunctional proteins in bacteria and lower eukaryotes. In mammals, OPRT and ODC activities are contained in a single bifunctional protein labeled UMP synthase. The human UMP synthase cDNA was separated into the predicted OPRT and ODC domains using polymerase chain reaction techniques and the domains inserted into pUC19 expression vectors. Following transformation into OPRT- and ODC-deficient E. coli, the strains were able to grow on minimal media without uridine. The ODC-transformed bacteria expressed up to 24 times the level of activity found in a wild-type E. coli line. The OPRT-transformed E. coli contained only 4-9% of wild-type activity. Western blot analysis with antiserum to human UMP synthase demonstrates that OPRT and ODC domains are being produced in the deficient cells by the respective vectors. The level of the domain protein approximates the level of enzyme activity. The complementation of the OPRT and ODC activities in the transformed deficient E. coli strains demonstrates that human UMP synthase can be separated into active monofunctional domains that will function in the bacterial cell environment.
Studies of the Energy Requirements of Chickens: 3. The Effect of Dietary Energy Level on the Rate and Gross Efficiency of Egg Production

Abstract STUDIES of the effects of different dietary energy levels in the nutrition of laying hens have been limited. Heuser and coworkers (1945) were among the first to show that rations low in fiber content supported a higher rate of egg production than similar rations high in fiber content. Bird and Whitson (1946) studied layer rations of high and low fiber content with respect to productive efficiency and showed that efficiency was related inversely to fiber content. They were the first to use the Byerly (1941) partition equation to calculate expected feed requirement as a basis for estimating the relative efficiency of rations. Using a similar procedure, Lillie and coworkers (1952) observed a marked improvement in the efficiency of egg production from the use of lard. Singsen, Matterson and Kozeff (1952) and Gerry (1954) have reported higher efficiency, measured as feed requirement per dozen eggs produced, with rations high in energy …
Kinetics of electron transfer in a mono-linked isoalloxazine-gold electrode

Abstract A cyclic voltammetric investigation of the stability and redox properties of a mono-linked isoalloxazine-gold electrode in aqueous solution has been performed using repetitive cycles of potential. The effects of pH and the composition of the electrolyte solution on the kinetics of the anodic and cathodic electron transfer processes have been determined. A linear relationship between the formal potential and pH exists over the range pH 4.4–8.0 and the value of electron transfer rate constants for both of the anodic and cathodic processes are markedly pH dependent. The maximum values for these rate constants occur at about pH 6.0 where k anode = 1420 s −1 and where k cathode = 2240 s −1 although the cathodic rate is slower than the anodic process outside of the pH range 5.0–7.0. The electronic absorption spectra of the precursor N 3 -( N -phenylthioureaylethyl)- N 10 -phenethylisoalloxazine show pH-dependent changes in the extinction coefficient (e) at 348 nm although simpler isoalloxazines, including riboflavin, do not. The maximum value of e 348 also occurs at pH 6.0. The results indicate that the conformation of the substituted isoalloxazine changes with pH and that similar geometric changes in the molecule occur in the gold electrode system and alter its electrochemical properties.
Co-morbid anxiety disorders in bipolar disorder and major depression: familial aggregation and clinical characteristics of co-morbid panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Co-morbidity of mood and anxiety disorders is common and often associated with greater illness severity. This study investigates clinical correlates and familiality of four anxiety disorders in a large sample of bipolar disorder (BP) and major depressive disorder (MDD) pedigrees. METHOD: The sample comprised 566 BP families with 1416 affected subjects and 675 MDD families with 1726 affected subjects. Clinical characteristics and familiality of panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were examined in BP and MDD pedigrees with multivariate modeling using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS: Co-morbidity between mood and anxiety disorders was associated with several markers of clinical severity, including earlier age of onset, greater number of depressive episodes and higher prevalence of attempted suicide, when compared with mood disorder without co-morbid anxiety. Familial aggregation was found with co-morbid panic and OCD in both BP and MDD pedigrees. Specific phobia showed familial aggregation in both MDD and BP families, although the findings in BP were just short of statistical significance after adjusting for other anxiety co-morbidities. We found no evidence for familiality of social phobia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that co-morbidity of MDD and BP with specific anxiety disorders (OCD, panic disorder and specific phobia) is at least partly due to familial factors, which may be of relevance to both phenotypic and genetic studies of co-morbidity.
Translocation of chromosomes 11 and 22 in choroidal metastatic Ewing sarcoma detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a patient with metastasis of Ewing sarcoma to the choroid and the molecular genetics of the tumor. METHODS: A 26-year-old woman with metastatic Ewing sarcoma developed large choroidal masses in the left eye and died 2 months later. Autopsy of the eyes was performed. Dual-color fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to detect genetic alteration in the ocular tumor with EWS and FLI-1 probes. RESULTS: Histopathology confirmed choroidal metastatic Ewing sarcoma. Molecular analysis showed chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) or EWS/FLI-1 rearrangement in the malignant cells of the eye. CONCLUSIONS: Ewing sarcoma can rarely metastasize to the uvea. Molecular detection of the t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation in Ewing sarcoma is valuable in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors.
Recent trends in breast cancer incidence rates by age and tumor characteristics among U.S. women.

A recent abstract presented in a breast cancer symposium attributed the sharp decrease in female breast cancer incidence rates from 2002 to 2003 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries of the United States to the reduced use of hormone replacement therapy since July 2002. However, this hypothesis does not explain the decrease that began in 1999 in the age-standardized incidence rate of invasive breast cancer in the nine oldest SEER cancer registry areas, although the trend through 2003 was not statistically significant. In this paper, we examine temporal trends in invasive and in situ female breast cancer by age, stage, tumor size, and estrogen receptor/progestin receptor (ER/PR) status in the nine oldest SEER cancer registry areas and consider the implication of these trends in relation to risk factors and screening. We performed a joinpoint regression analysis to fit a series of joined straight lines to the trends in age-adjusted rates and described the resultant trends (slope) by annual percentage change (two-sided, P < 0.05). A plot of the age-specific rates of invasive breast cancer shows a decrease in all 5-year age groups from 45 years and above between 1999 and 2003 and sharp decreases largely confined to ER+ tumors in age groups from 50 to 69 years between 2002 and 2003. In joinpoint analyses by tumor size and stage, incidence rates decreased for small tumors (less than or equal to 2 cm) by 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2% to 7.8%) per year from 2000 through 2003 and for localized disease by 3.1% (95% CI, 1.2% to 5.0%) per year from 1999 through 2003. No decrease in incidence was observed for larger tumors or advanced-stage disease during the corresponding periods. Rates for in situ disease were stable from 2000 through 2003 after increasing rapidly since 1981. Two distinct patterns are observed in breast cancer trends. The downturn in incidence rates in all age groups above 45 years suggests a period effect that is consistent with saturation in screening mammography. The sharp decrease in incidence from 2002 to 2003 that occurred in women 50 to 69 years old who predominantly, but not exclusively, had ER+ tumors may reflect the early benefit of the reduced use of hormone replacement therapy.
Expectation dependence of random variables, with an application in portfolio theory

On introduit deux nouveaux concepts de dependance stochastique et on etudie leurs proprietes
Zatosetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist: Pharmacological activities of human and animal metabolites

Zatosetron is a potent, orally active 5-HT3 receptor antagonist with a long duration of activity in laboratory animals and humans. Several metabolites have been detected in plasma and urine of humans and experimental animals receiving zatosetron. The present study was designed to explore the pharmacological activity of the detected metabolites, 3-hydroxyzatosetron, 3-ketozatosetron, and N-desmethylzatosetron, relative to the parent molecule. These three metabolites had relatively high affinity at 5-HT3 receptors based on in vitro radioligand binding and inhibited serotonin-induced bradycardia in urethane-anesthetized rats after intravenous administration. However, these metabolites had lower affinity and were less potent than zatosetron. Of these metabolites, 3-hydroxyzatosetron (ED50 = 4.0 μg/kg iv) was approximately 5-fold less potent than zatosetron (ED50 = 0.8 μg/kg iv) in vivo and had approximately 10-fold lower affinity at 5-HT3 receptors in vitro relative to zatosetron. N-desmethylzatosetron and 3-ketozatosetron were approximately 15-fold less potent than zatosetron in vivo as 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. With regard to duration of activity in vivo, after intravenous administration, 3-hydroxyzatosetron and 3-ketozatosetron blocked 5-HT3 receptors longer than zatosetron, whereas N-desmethylzatosetron showed a duration of pharmacological activity similar to zatosetron. A fourth metabolite, zatosetron-N-oxide can exist in two isomeric forms, with stereoselective N-oxidation of zatosetron resulting in formation of only one isomer in humans, zatosetron-β-N-oxide. Zatosetron-β-N-oxide had approximately 100-fold lower 5-HT3 receptor affinity relative to zatosetron and was approximately 150-fold less active as an antagonist at 5-HT3 receptors in vivo (ED50 = 115 μg/kg iv). Thus, although pharmacological activity was observed with all four metabolites, they were all less active in vivo than zatosetron. Therefore, these metabolites would contribute significantly to the activity of zatosetron only if plasma (and tissue) levels greatly exceeded those of zatosetron. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wireless media access control for highly mobile information servers: simulation and performance evaluation

Innovations of modern digital radio technology has enabled many large mobile and distributed information systems, such as inventory tracking systems, to provide readily accessible voice and data services to end users despite mobility of data servers. These systems often contain components that are equipped with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and interrogators for wireless connectivity. However, there are usually large number of these tagged items in these systems that are highly mobile. The wireless connections among them are also prone to failure. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the performance of two RF tag data access protocols in a single channel per cell implementation: slotted ALOHA Time Division Multiple Access (slotted ALOHA/TDMA) and Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS/CDMA).We use a discrete event simulation model to study the impact of these protocols on data service under a diversity of highly mobile operating conditions. Mobile conditions are captured separately by various levels of burst error, uplink and downlink disconnections, and tag population. The results show that performance of DS/CDMA dominates in all mobile conditions. In the most general cases, DS/CDMA outperforms slotted ALOHA/TDMA by 1.5 times faster message time. DS/CDMA is particularly superior in the case of pure uplink disconnections. For burst error and pure downlink disconnections, DS/CDMA renders as much as 2.0 times and 4.5 times faster message time respectively.
Fission fragment ionization mass spectrometry: Metastable decompositions

Abstract Distorted peak shapes observed in 252Cf fission fragment ionization mass spectrometry using time-of-flight mass spectrometers are shown to result from delayed dissociations of initial ions. Decompositions occurring in the ion acceleration region produce tails on parent or fragment ion peaks, and decompositions occurring with the conversion of internal to kinetic energy in the field-free ion drift region produce broadenings of the parent ion peaks. In this work the various processes have been investigated by the application of appropriate retarding potentials. Examples of the various decomposition processes are given. The magnitudes of the internal energies converted are given for several processes. The application of suitable retarding potentials can be used to suppress decomposition products and enhance resolution and to determine the identities of the decomposition processes.
The failure of feminism in Greenwich Village before World War I

One crucial element of the cultural transformation which pre‐World War I Greenwich Village radicals believed would pave the way for socialist revolution was the liberation of women, not only in political and economic terms, but also in terms of lifestyle. However, both male and female Village feminists found themselves shackled by vestiges of Victorianism and torn between visions of women as naturally maternal and pacifistic and other images of women which demanded sexual equality. The Village was a community supportive of the new feminism, but the variety of feminism that emerged from it suffered from the complacency of male feminists who believed that they could be patrons of feminism, the acceptance of inflated claims advanced by the women's movement, a tendency to accept sexual liberation in lieu of more profound socio‐economic changes, and a failure to create a feminism relevant to the masses of working women in society at large. The young people who came to the Village in the 1920's were more intere...
On adaptive information with varying cardinality for linear problems with elliptically contoured measures

Abstract Adaptive information is not more powerful than nonadaptive information for solving linear problems with elliptically contoured measures provided that the cardinality of information is fixed ( see G. W. Wasilkowski and H. Woźniakowski, 1984 , Numer. Math. 44 , 169–190). Can adaptive information be essentially more powerful than nonadaptive information when cardinality is allowed to vary ? The answer is negative if a Gaussian measure is considered ( see G. W. Wasilkowski, 1986 , J. Complexity 2 , 204–228). This work generalizes the result to a class of elliptically contoured measures for which the answer is still negative.
Lattice Modulations in the CuAu Alloy

The lattice modulation in the long-period superlattice CuAu II is investigated on the basis of a theory recently developed by Teramoto and the author to explain the origin of the long-period superlattice and the phase transitions in the CuAu alloy. From a symmetry consideration, we find that there are two types of lattice modulations: one is uniform along the $c$ axis and the other changes its sign alternately layer by layer along the $c$ axis. The calculated atomic displacements are in semiquantitative agreement with the experimental results, if the repulsive interaction between atomic cores is considered as causing the lattice modulations. In addition, these lattice modulations explain some peculiar properties of the x-ray diffraction patterns: the asymmetry in the intensities of the split spots of the same order, and the intensities of the satellites around the ordinary Bragg diffraction spots.
Economic implications of the recent population shift toward rural areas.

Beale has presented clear evidence that a shift in the direction of migration has taken place in the United States in the past few years (1976), and he has given the best available indications of who these people are, in terms of their age, income, occupation, family status, and the like. My task is to speculate on the economic, social, and political significance of these population changes. In the nature of the situation, any remarks must be more speculative and less firmly based on facts than is his statement.
Dedifferentiation of Mammalian Myotubes Induced by msx1

Abstract The process of cellular differentiation culminating in terminally differentiated mammalian cells is thought to be irreversible. Here, we present evidence that terminally differentiated murine myotubes can be induced to dedifferentiate. Ectopic expression of msx1 in C2C12 myotubes reduced the nuclear muscle proteins MyoD, myogenin, MRF4, and p21 to undetectable levels in 20%–50% of the myotubes. Approximately 9% of the myotubes cleave to produce either smaller multinucleated myotubes or proliferating, mononucleated cells. Finally, clonal populations of the myotube-derived mononucleated cells can be induced to redifferentiate into cells expressing chondrogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and osteogenic markers. These results suggest that terminally differentiated mammalian myotubes can dedifferentiate when stimulated with the appropriate signals and that msx1 can contribute to the dedifferentiation process.
Reactivity of Tantalum Hydride Aryloxide Complexes toward Organic Isocyanide Reagents

The tantalum monohydride compound [Ta(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)2Cl2(H)(PMe2Ph)2] (1) reacts with organic isocyanides RNC to produce the phosphine adduct η2-iminoformyl complexes [Ta(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)2Cl2{HC(PMe2Ph)NR}] (R = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (2a), 2,6-dimethylphenyl (2b), tert-butyl (2c)). Compounds 2b,c were only detected spectroscopically as intermediates, while 2a was isolated and reacted with PMe3 to produce the complex [Ta(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)2Cl2{HC(PMe3)NC6H3Pri2-2,6}] (3), which was structurally characterized. The structure of 3 is best described as trigonal bipyramidal about tantalum with a chloride atom and the phosphine adduct of an η2-iminoformyl group occupying axial sites. Important structural parameters for 3 are Ta−N = 1.956(4), Ta−C = 2.210(5), and N−C = 1.421(7) A. Compounds 2a and 3 do not react with a further 1 equiv of 2,6-diisopropylphenyl isocyanide. In contrast 2b reacts with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide to produce the ylide derivative [Ta(OC6H3Pri2-2,6)3Cl2{RNCHC(PMe2Ph)NR}] (4) (R = C6H3Me2-2,6...
Psychometric functions for loudness discomfort and most comfortable loudness levels.

Adaptive procedures were used to determine psychometric functions for loudness discomfort level (LDL) and most comfortable loudness (MCL) for pure tones and speech using normal and hearing-impaired...
UTERINE ADENOCARCINOMA METASTATIC TO THE SKIN RESPONSIVE TO MEGESTROL ACETATE

background. Although endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological cancer, it only rarely metastasizes to the skin, with a reported prevalence of 0.8%. We report a case of an elderly lady who recently developed cutaneous metastases from an endometrial primary diagnosed 7 years earlier. objective. Our purpose was to determine if the oral administration of megestrol acetate would be effective in the treatment of uterine adenocarcinoma metastatic to the skin. methods. The index case was given oral megestrol acetate over a period of 9 months. Pre- and posttreatment skin biopsies were performed and analyzed. results. During treatment with megestrol acetate, the cutaneous metastases in the abdominal skin decreased in area to less than 10% of the pretreatment surface area correlating with a marked histopathologic decrease in adenocarcinomatous glandular structures. conclusion. Megestrol acetate can be successfully utilized in the treatment of endometrial adenocarcinoma metastatic to the skin as well as ostensibly in the treatment of other progesterone-sensitive metastatic cutaneous carcinomas.
Microplate adaptation of Gomori's assay for quantitative determination of general esterase activity in single insects.

Esterase activity is monitored in mosquitoes and other arthropod species because high levels of these enzymes can be associated with pesticide resistance. In the 1950s, G. Gomori devised a colorimetric method to detect esterase activity based on their capacity to hydrolyze aryl-esters. We modified this method for use in microtiter plates. Mosquito homogenates ( Culex quinquefasciatus Say and C. pipiens L.) from strains susceptible and resistant to insecticides were allowed to hydrolyze a-napthyl acetate in the presence of Triton X-100 and a specific acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. The a-naphthol product was detected colorimetrically by a diazo-coupling reaction with Fast Garnet GBC salt. Triton X-I00 improved the extraction of esterases and maintained the azo compound in solution. The linear range of the method was 2-20 nmoles of a-naphthol; this high sensitivity permitted accurate determinations in 1/30 portions of single adult mosquitoes from the strain with the lowest esterase activity. To avoid variations due to changes in temperature and duration of assay, results were normalized to equivalent enzyme activity units obtained in a spectrophotometer at 25°C. Depending on the number of homogenate dilutions required, performance of the assay in microplates allowed the simultaneous analysis of 20-80 samples. Female mosquitoes showed higher enzyme activity than males when expressed in nmoles/min per mosquito, but differences were reduced when results were expressed as specific activity (nmoles/min per mg protein). A mosquito strain resistant to organophosphates due to the presence of high levels of esterases showed about 200 times more esterase activity than a susceptible strain or a strain resistant due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase.
The Consequences of Spasmodic Dysphonia on Communication-Related Quality of Life: A Qualitative Study of the Insider's Experiences.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the biopsychosocial consequences of spasmodic dysphonia (SD) as experienced by people with SD. Qualitative research methods were used to investigate the insider's perspective of living with SD. Six adults with SD participated in face-to-face phenomenological interviews. The results are summarized in a model of personal experiences of SD which shows that communication-related quality of life (QOL) is shaped by experiences with multiple physiologic (voice quality, effort, voice dependability); personal (affective responses, changes in self-view, coping strategies) and social (physical environment, other people, participation in social roles) factors. Communication-related QOL is a complex and individualized construct with multidimensional contributors. This study suggests that understanding the nature of communication-related QOL for each individual requires exploration of each component of the model, exploration of the unique relationships among components for each person, and recognition of the multidimensional factors that shape the experience of SD. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity the reader will be able to (1) identify general features of the phenomenological research method; (2) identify the three general categories of psychosocial consequences of SD; (3) identify those psychosocial consequences of SD that are under-represented in the literature; and (4) identify key conclusions of the communication-related quality of life model.
The Imaging Vector Magnetograph at Haleakala –: III. Effects of Instrumental Scattered Light on Stokes Spectra

The scattering of light over the field of view of a solar spectropolarimeter affects all Stokes parameters. The magnetic field vector inferred from the Stokes spectra then has systematic error. The reason is that scattering affects polarized radiation as well as unpolarized. Accurate correction of the Stokes spectra from the Imaging Vector Magnetograph (IVM) of the Mees Solar Observatory illustrates the problem and the solutions.
Growth of high mobility InSb by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Thin films of InSb have been grown on insulating GaAs substrates using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique with trimethyl indium and trimethyl antimony as reactants. We find that the mobilities obtained are usually low unless indium is predeposited onto the substrate. This indium predeposition technique greatly improves the yield of InSb films with mobilities of ~50000 crn2V−1S−1 at room temperature and a typical thickness of 2 microns. With this predeposition technique, the electron mobilities of these films become relatively independent of the vapor stroichiometry during growth and of the growth temperature. The electron mobilities are also very uniform across a wafer. These properties are obtained even when the film growth rate exceeds 2 μm/h.
Statin stimulates bone morphogenetic protein-2, aggrecan, and type 2 collagen gene expression and proteoglycan synthesis in rat chondrocytes

Statins increase bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) mRNA expression and subsequently increase new bone formation in vitro. However, the action of statins on the BMP-2 mRNA regulation of cartilage matrix synthesis by chondrocytes is unknown. We evaluated regulation of BMP-2, aggrecan, and type II collagen (COL2) mRNA and (35)S-labeled proteoglycan (PG) synthesis by mevastatin using cultured chondrocytes obtained from articular cartilage of fetal rats. Expression of BMP-2, aggrecan, and COL2 mRNAs were increased in the presence of 2 microM mevastatin on day 2. However, longer (10 day) culture in the presence of the drug decreased the expression of these mRNAs. PG synthesis was increased 3 days after treating the cells with mevastatin, which was also decreased with longer (10 day) mevastatin treatment. These results suggest that mevastatin increases mRNA expression of BMP-2, aggrecan, and COL2 as well as PG synthesis by fetal rat chondrocytes early in the treatment period. We suggest that statins have implications for fracture and cartilage repair.
Sibling Agreement on Retrospective Reports of Parental Alcoholism and Other Childhood Events

Studies have used siblings to verify subject reports of retrospective data and examined variables influencing subject–sibling agreement, but questions remain. From 1998 to 2000, we examined a community sample of women (N = 143) in a metropolitan area, aged 21–60, balanced by race, parental alcoholism, and social class, as well as their siblings, using standardized, self-administered questionnaires and an interview. Research questions: Do subject and sibling reports agree? Do reports vary by subject characteristics, or the type of childhood experience? Descriptive statistics showed that agreement was strong for measures of parental alcoholism and psychiatric problems, weaker for family environment, and varied little by subject characteristics. Study limitations and implications are noted, and future research suggested.
Model Validation in Spatial Econometrics: A Review and Evaluation of Alternative Approaches

Formal approaches to assess the validity of spatial theoretical constructs are reviewed and evaluated with respect to their application and potential in spatial econometrics. A distinction is made between specification tests and model selection procedures. For the first, particular emphasis is on tests for residual spatial autocorrelation, tests on common factors, and tests on non-nested hypotheses. For the second, attention is focused on information-theoretic criteria, Bayesian approaches, and heuristic procedures. Also, some thoughts are presented on model validation as a multiobjective decision problem and its relevance in planning and policy analysis.
Voluntary versus Prescribed Termination of Methadone Maintenance

This study was initiated to use a new criteria in determining the value of the methadone maintenance programs; to wit, a comparison of patients who stayed under therapy with those who dropped out. Those who left the program against advice, abused drugs while on the program and relapsed into drug use shortly after leaving. Fewer were gainfully employed; more were arrested for various crimes for the most part. Alcoholism was more common in this group during treatment and even more so after termination. Both groups stayed on the dole. Thus non-complying patients do badly after leaving a methadone maintenance program and every effort should be used to motivate them to continue under treatment until they are rehabilitated.
The genetic deafness in Chinese population

Deafness is an etiologically heterogeneous trait with many known genetic, environmental causes or a combination thereof. The identification of more than 120 independent genes for deafness has provided profound new insights into the pathophysiology of hearing. However, recent findings indicate that a large proportion of both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of deafness in Chinese population are caused by a small number of mutations. This review is focused on syndromic and nonsyndromic deafness as well as on the latest information linking inherited mitochondrial pathologies to a variety of etiologies of sensorineural deafness in Chinese population. Better understanding of the genetic causes of deafness in Chinese population is important for accurate genetics counseling and early diagnosis for timely intervention and treatment options.
Indicators of transition success for youth living with HIV: perspectives of pediatric and adult infectious disease care providers

Rates of HIV infection among adolescents in the US continues to rise, resulting in more individuals who must eventually transition from pediatric to adult care. It is critical that this process go smoothly to ensure continuity of care and to maximize patient outcomes. While research has examined youths' experiences with the transition process, disease-specific indicators of successful transition from pediatric to adult care remain undefined. Identifying indicators will facilitate the evaluation of transition processes, and, ultimately, the empirical determination of best practices. Interviews were conducted with 19 professionals who provide care for children and adults with HIV in southeastern state in the US. Approximately half of the providers self-identified as pediatric care providers. Nine of those interviewed were nurses and physicians and 10 were social workers. Providers had been working in the field of HIV for an average of 11.2 years. Interviews were taped, transcribed, and coded for emergent themes. Providers who care for HIV-infected youth identified both behavior and seriologic indicators of succesful transitions. Behavioral indicators identified were keeping appointments, medication adherence, and demonstrating ownership of medical care. Providers also identified serological markers of a succesful transition, specifically,viral load and CD4 count. Findings provided valuable insight into the perspectives of infectious disease care providers on indicators of successful transition from pediatric to adult care for adolescents with HIV. This is an important first step in developing empirical evaluation measures for transition practices and models. Similar research should be conducted with other groups of providers to assess the generalizability of these findings. Additionally, future research should seek to operationalize the identified behavioral indicators and determine appropriate values to indicate success for all indicators.