cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the design parameters of quantum dot enhanced III-V solar cells

The incorporation of nanostructures, such as quantum dots (QD), into the intrinsic region of III-V solar cells has been proposed as a potential route towards boosting conversion efficiencies with immediate applications in concentrator photovoltaic and space power systems. Necessary to the optimization process of this particular class of solar cells is the ability to correlate nanoscale properties with macroscopic device characteristics. To this purpose, the physics-based software Crosslight APSYS has been developed to investigate the design parameters of QD enhanced solar cells with particular focus on the InAs/GaAs system. This methodology is used to study how nanoscale variables, including size, shape and material compositions, influence photovoltaic performance. In addition, device-level engineering of the nanostructures is explored in optimizing the overall device response. Specifically, the effect of the position of the QDs within the intrinsic regions is investigated. Preliminary simulations suggest strategically placing the QDs off-center reduces non-radiative recombination and thereby the dark saturation current, contributing to a marked increase in opencircuit voltage and fill factor. The short-circuit current remains unchanged in the high field region resulting in an increase in overall conversion efficiency. To further explore this finding, a series of three samples with the QDs placed in the center and near the doped regions of a pin-GaAs solar cell have been grown using MOCVD, fabricated and fully characterized. Contrary to predictions, the emitter-shifted devices exhibit a marked decrease in open-circuit voltage and fill factor. This behavior is attributed to non-negligible n-type background doping in the intrinsic region which shifts the region of maximum recombination towards the p-type emitter.
Should All Duty Hours Be the Same? Results of a National Survey of Surgical Trainees

BACKGROUND: Although duty hours regulations (DHR) were introduced as a measure to improve patient safety and graduate medical education, new evidence suggests that the opposite might be happening. This study was designed to assess surgery resident perceptions of the impact that DHR have had on their education, the number of hours they believed would be ideal for their training, and to evaluate the effect of seniority on these opinions. STUDY DESIGN: An Internet-based survey was electronically distributed to all Resident and Associate members of the American College of Surgeons. RESULTS: Of 599 respondents, 247 (41%) believed that DHR were an important barrier to their education, and 266 (44%) believed that the ideal work week should have 80 to 100 hours. These two opinions were highly correlated, and were increasingly voiced with increased resident experience. Senior residents were more likely to view DHR as an important barrier to their education whether or not they were general surgery residents or were trained in small, medium, or large programs. CONCLUSIONS: A large subset of surgery residents, particularly senior residents, considered DHR an important barrier to their education and expressed a desire to work longer hours than restrictions allow. These findings suggest that strict and uniform DHR do not allow for optimal training of residents at different levels who have disparate educational goals and needs. Introducing some flexibility into senior residents' limitations should be considered.
Inheritance of resistance to potyviruses in Phaseolus vulgaris L. III. Cosegregation of phenotypically similar dominant responses to nine potyviruses

We have identified monogenic dominant resistance to azuki bean mosaic poty virus (AzMV), passionfruit woodiness potyvirus-K (PWV-K), zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV), and a dominant factor that conditioned lethal necrosis to Thailand Passiflora potyvirus (ThPV), in Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Black Turtle Soup 1’. Resistance to AzMV, PWV-K, ZYMV, watermelon mosaic potyvirus, cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus, blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus, and lethal necrosis to soybean mosaic potyvirus and ThPV cosegregated as a unit with the I gene for resistance to bean common mosaic potyvirus.
Formation of a rotational accretion column.

We consider the problem of the flow produced by the accretion of gas from a rotating cloud onto a point gravitational source. It is shown that, for a cloud initially in uniform rotation, the effect of accretion is to produce a Taylor column in the cloud parallel to the rotation axis. Only gas within the column is accreted; the gas outside the column undergoes oscillatory flow, which is probably subject to shear instability. The column forms in approximately one-half rotation period from the time at which accretion begins. Its initial radius is determined by the accretion rate and the angular velocity of the cloud. Application of the results to the formation of Jupiter by accretion is discussed.
Using the TRS-80 cassette tape recorder as a voice key

A simple BASIC language program allows the standard TRS-80 tape recorder to function as a voice key to control the timing or running of an experiment.
High-repetition-rate infrared-pump, infrared-probe spectrometer.

A method for generating two independently tunable 25-ps infrared pulses at 500 Hz was demonstrated. The apparatus is based on two dye lasers, a regenerative amplifier, and two lithium iodate optical-parametric amplifiers. Using the pump–probe technique, we measured the lifetime of the excited vibrational-state absorption of tungsten hexacarbonyl in solution.
Ionizing Irradiation of Fresh Shell Eggs

Abstract THE application of ionizing radiation to various foodstuffs, for the purpose of sterilization has received considerable attention in the last decade from such workers as: Gaden et al. (1951); Nickerson et al. (1950); and Proctor et al. (1955 (1956). This interest stems from a recognition of the value such a system of cold sterilization would have for both civilian and military food handling procedures. It has become increasingly evident, with the bulk of the current research, that irradiation in addition to providing many of the theoretical advantages, results in undesirable changes largely in the form of off-odor and flavor (Gaden et al., 1951; Proctor and Goldblith, 1951; and Proctor et al., 1955). The only known research involving irradiation of fresh shell eggs was reported during the 1954 Poultry Science meeting by McArdle et al. (1954). These authors indicated that 500,000 rep dosage was necessary experimentally to sterilize eggs inoculated with …
“Pen,” “Pencil,” and “Penis” in Ernest Hemingway's THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO

In “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” (1936), Ernest Hemingway recounts the final hours of an erstwhile writer, Harry, who, together with his companion, Helen, 1 has returned to East Africa on a hunting sa...
The system-of-care for homeless youth: perceptions of service providers

Abstract Service providers' perceptions of the system of care for homeless youth are described. Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with staff at homeless youth agencies in Los Angeles County (L.A. County) regarding organizational and staff characteristics, issues affecting youth, types of available services, gaps in services, and barriers to service delivery. Overall, agencies were large, well established, and provided multiple services. Most agencies (62%) were concentrated in Hollywood, a cruise area of L.A. County. Clear distinctions emerged between large and small agencies; large agencies had more resources, more professional staff, were established longer, and were policy advocates. Typical of other US metropolitan areas, services for homeless youth in L.A. County are located in cruise areas, and are not as readily available in other geographic areas. Such geographic barriers to providing a comprehensive and coordinated system of care can affect youth's pathways out of homelessness.
The character of micropipes in silicon carbide crystals

There has been some question as whether micropipes in SiC crystals, giant dislocations that possess hollow cores and lie roughly along the hexagonal c-direction, are screw dislocations with Burgers vectors of nc, where n is an integer, or are dislocations of mixed character, with Burgers vector nc + ma, where m is equal to n or possibly different from n. X-ray topographs of the basal faces of PVT-grown 4H-SiC wafers containing micropipes taken in both back-reflection and grazing-incidence geometries are compared with computer simulations of micropipe images. The deviation from circular symmetry of micropipe images in such topographs may be explained as well by the micropipe's tilt from the c-direction as by an nc + ma nature. The contrast of micropipes in electron micrographs comprises of a pair of light and dark lobes consisting of a detailed system of subsidiary fringes. These are comparable with micropipe image computer simulations for Burgers vector nc. When an na edge component is introduced to the s...
The Pleistocene Prehistory of Siberia

Very little is known about the prehistory of Siberia prior to the Sartan (“Main Wurm” = “Main Wisconsin”) Stadial of the Last Glacial. It is not yet clear whether this is result of the inadequacy of investigations so far or of the fact that human occupation was relatively limited in pre-Sartan times. The Sartan occupation of Siberia has been well documented by the discovery of a relatively large number of open-air sites in the major river valleys of the region. The large numbers of broken-up animal bones found at many of these sites, in combination with rich inventories of bone and stone artifacts and remains of structures, hearths, ect., show that the Sartan inhabitants of Siberia were comparable in level of cultural development to their European (Upper Paleolithic) contemporaries. More particularly, they seem to have been effective big-game hunters, fully capable of exploiting the comparatively rich game resources of their open country environment. As in Europe, evidence from Siberia suggests that the environmental change (especially reforestation) which took place at the end of the Last Glacial led to decreased reliance on big-game hunting and increased emphasis on other modes of subsistence, especially fishing.
Topological order: How spin splits the electron

In a solid, electrons behave differently than in a vacuum. In particular, their charge can break up into fractions of the elementary charge. Theoretical work shows how the electron's spin could help to observe fractional charges directly.
Benthic diatom composition in isolated forested wetlands subject to drying: Implications for monitoring and assessment

Abstract The development of bioindicators for wetlands, especially ephemerally hydrated depressional and isolated wetlands, can be problematic because of seasonal changes in hydrology and target indicator organism biology. To determine if benthic diatoms could be used as a multi-season biological indicator of wetland condition in isolated forested wetlands of Florida, USA, 11 wetlands were sampled twice during a 5-month period, once when dry, then again when hydrated. Sites sampled when dry had significantly higher diatom taxa richness at genus and species levels. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and multiple response permutation process analyses resulted in no obvious or significant wet/dry grouping of species or genus level abundance data. Five of seven diatom metrics of the Florida Wetland Condition Index (FWCI) for depressional forested wetlands were significantly linearly correlated ( p t -test analyses. The final FWCI was significantly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.85, p t = −1.98, p = 0.076), suggesting that with additional research, benthic diatoms may be used to monitor and assess wetland condition regardless of season or site hydrologic conditions.
Controlling quasiparticle excitations in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate

We describe an approach to quantum control of the quasiparticle excitations in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate based on adiabatic and diabatic changes in the trap anisotropy. We describe our approach in the context of the Landau-Zener transition at the avoided crossings in the quasiparticle excitation spectrum. We find also that there can be population oscillation between different modes at the specific aspect ratios of the trapping potential at which the mode energies are almost degenerate. These effects may have implications in the expansion of an excited condensate as well as the dynamics of a moving condensate in an atomic waveguide with a varying width.
Assessment of Uncertainty in the Determination of Activation Energy for Polymeric Materials

An assessment of the experimental uncertainty in obtaining the kinetic activation energy from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data is presented. A neat phenolic resin, Borden SC1O08, was heated at three heating rates to obtain weight loss vs temperature data. Activation energy was calculated by two methods: the traditional Flynn and Wall method based on the slope of log(q) versus 1/T, and a modification of this method where the ordinate and abscissa are reversed in the linear regression. The modified method produced a more accurate curve fit of the data, was more sensitive to data nonlinearity, and gave a value of activation energy 75 percent greater than the original method. An uncertainty analysis using the modified method yielded a 60 percent uncertainty in the average activation energy. Based on this result, the activation energy for a carbon-phenolic material was doubled and used to calculate the ablation rate In a typical solid rocket environment. Doubling the activation energy increased surface recession by 3 percent. Current TGA data reduction techniques that use the traditional Flynn and Wall approach to calculate activation energy should be changed to the modified method.
Ultralow temperature NMR detection using dc SQUIDs

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments at ultralow temperatures place high demands on superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) amplifiers. We have developed a suitable direct-coupled readout SQUID electronics system, which utilizes additional positive feedback (APF), and have achieved a system bandwidth of 5 MHz, maximum slew rate of 1.3×107 Φ0/s at 14 kHz and a white noise level of 3.4 μΦ0/ Hz . We have also investigated improving the signal-to-noise ratio by using a low noise series array of dc SQUIDs and by placing the SQUID amplifier closer to the ultralow temperature experiment. We will discuss how we have configured our SQUID amplifiers for operation at T≪1 K.
Physics in Biology

Newton Rules Biology: A Physical Approach to Biological Problems. By Colin Pennycuick. Oxford University Press: 1992. Pp. 111. £20, $49.95 (hbk), £9.95, $19.95 (pbk).
The Use of Grade and Age Equivalent Scores in Educational Assessment.

This paper describes some of the difficulties inherent in the use of grade and age equivalent scores in educational assessment. The limitations discussed include the fact that these scores (a) imply a false standard against which students are routinely judged, (b) have unequal variance across content areas and grade and age groups, (c) are developed through "guessing" procedures, and (d) encourage comparison of students to inappropriate reference groups. Suggestions for the use of scores that provide more meaningful and technically sound information about pupil achievement are also given.
Unfolding new mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease in the endoplasmic reticulum

Intragastric ethanol feeding in mice induces expression of unfolded protein response/endoplasmic reticulum (UPR/ER) stress response genes. The proximate cause appears to be hyperhomocysteinemia, a well-known cause of ER stress in other contexts. Hyperhomocysteinemia appears to be due to downregulation of methionine synthase. The importance of homocysteine and ER stress in the pathogenesis of liver disease was suggested by the prevention of the alcohol-induced changes by feeding sufficient betaine to lower homocysteine via betaine homocysteine methyl transferase. The ER stress, via CHOP, causes apoptosis and CHOP null mice exhibit no apoptosis. Alcohol-induced ER stress can activate sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and SREBP-2, which contribute to the accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol. Hyperhomocysteinemia, ER stress and pathological changes of alcohol were minimally affected by absence of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and the effect of betaine was also independent of TNF signaling. At present ER stress as an important factor in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease is an exciting new hypothesis and ongoing research will need to further clarify its contribution. Among the issues in need of further elucidation are the role of ER stress induced by alcohol in SREBP regulation and fatty liver, as well as the precise mechanism of protection by betaine: decreased homocysteine, decreased S-adenosylhomocysteine, or increased S-adenosylmethionine.
Transgene expression in the QM myogenic cell line

Abstract We have isolated an avian muscle cell line (QM) which has the essential features of established mammalian muscle cell lines. The experiments reported here were undertaken to determine the suitability of QM cells for the introduction and analysis of cloned transgenes. The promoter of the cardiac troponin T (cTNT) gene has been previously shown to contain sequence elements which govern muscle-specific expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene in transiently transfected primary cell cultures. We show here that QM cells stably harboring cTNT promoter-CAT fusion genes up-regulate CAT expression in concert with myogenic differentiation, and that as few as 110 upstream nucleotides are sufficient for such differentiation-dependent regulation. In addition, both transient and stable transfection experiments demonstrate that differentiated QM cells possess trans-acting factors necessary for the expression of the skeletal α-actin promoter, despite the absence of mRNA or protein product from the endogenous sarcomeric actin genes in these cells. Finally, to follow the developmental potential of QM cells in vivo, we created a clone, QM2ADH, which constitutively expresses the histochemical marker transgene encoding Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase. When surgically inserted into the limb buds of developing chick embryos, QM2ADH cells are incorporated into endogenous developing muscles, indicating that QM cells are capable of recognizing and responding to host cues governing muscle morphogenesis. Thus, QM cells are versatile as recipients of transgenes for the in vitro and in vivo analysis of molecular events in muscle development.
The influence of the adrenal cortex and cold stress on fasting ketosis in the rat.

KETOSIS has been considered to be a part of the “Alarm Reaction” and as such conceivably mediated by or dependent upon adrenal cortical activity (Selye, 1950; Sargent and Consolazio, 1951), although there are few concrete data on which to base such a conclusion. Admittedly ketosis may occur following a variety of stressful stimuli such as muscular effort (Gemmill, 1934; Errebo-Knudsen, 1946; Drury et al., 1941a; Neufeld and Ross, 1943; Taylor et al., 1945), reduced atmospheric pressure (Evans, 1936), surgical trauma (Roscher, 1933; Sachar et al., 1950; Elman and Weichselbaum, 1951), x-irradiation (Kikuchi, 1931), artificial fever (Somogyi and Kirstein, 1940) and even in response to stressful life situations (Hinkle et al., 1950), but little is known concerning the metabolic mechanisms involved in this type of ketosis and even less about possible hormonal influences. The adrenal cortex is activated under these same circumstances,
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivar Selection Affects Double-Crop and Relay-Intercrop Soybean (Glycine max L.) Response on Claypan Soils

Field research (2003–2005) evaluated the effect of wheat row spacing (19 and 38 cm) and cultivar on double-cropped (DC) soybean response, 38-cm wheat on relay-intercrop (RI) response, and wheat cultivar selection on gross margins of these cropping systems. Narrow-row wheat increased grain yield 460 kg h a − 1 , light interception (LI) 7%, and leaf area index (LAI) 0.5 compared to wide rows, but did not affect DC soybean yield. High yielding wheat (P25R37) with greater LI and LAI produced lower (330 kg h a − 1 ) soybean yields in an RI system than a low yielding cultivar (Ernie). Gross margins were $ 267 h a − 1 greater when P25R37 was RI with H431 Intellicoat (ITC) soybean compared to Ernie. Gross margins were similar for monocrop H431 non-coated (NC) or ITC soybean, P25R37 in 19- or 38-cm rows with DC H431 NC soybean, and P25R37 in 38-cm rows with RI H431 ITC soybean in the absence of an early fall frost.
Interaction toxicity between ethanol and narcotics in mice with reference to alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAAM)

Interactions between narcotics, especially alpha-l-acetylmethadol (LAAM) and ethanol were studied in mice. Co-administration of LAAM either at 18 or 36 mg/kg significantly potentiated ethanol lethality, the LD50 due to ethanol was lowered by 21% and 36%, respectively. At low doses of ethanol (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg), toxicity due to LAAM was decreased; the LD50 was increased significantly (p<0.006−0.05) to 76 and 64 mg/kg, respectively, compared with 56 mg/kg for LAAM alone. At 4 g/kg of ethanol, the LD50 due to LAAM was decreased to 43.9 mg/kg, showing a significant (p<0.002) potentiation of interaction toxicity between the two compounds. Chronic pretreatment of LAAM for 7 days produced no significant alteration in ethanol lethality. Treatment with various narcotic agonists (morphine, LAAM, methadone, and levorphanol) and ethanol, the rate of disappearance of ethanol was decreased significantly in the blood and brain whereas naloxone and dextrorphan, an inactive stereoisomer of levorphanol, produced a small but significant increase. Ethanol pretreatment produced no significant alteration on the brain and blood levels of morphine with the exception of 4g/kg at 150 min after treatment. Increase in toxicity with the combined administration of LAAM and ethanol was attributed in part to the retention of ethanol.
The spontaneous firing pattern of forebrain neurons. I. The effects of dopamine and non-dopamine depleting lesions on caudate unit firing patterns.

Abstract Unilateral lesions in and around the course of the nigrostriatal pathway (in the substantia nigra, in the supranigral region and more rostrally in the area of the medial forebrain bundle) in cats produced a marked slowing of single unit firing in the caudate nucleus contralateral to the lesion. In addition, the medial forebrain bundle lesion produced a tendency for an increase in unit firing rates in the caudate nucleus ipsilateral to the lesion. Lesions in the supranigral region in monkeys produced indications of a slowing in the firing rate of single units in the contralateral caudate and an increase in the firing rate of units in the caudate ipsilateral to the lesion. These alterations in spontaneous unit firing were independent of lesion-induced changes in concentrations of striatal dopamine or the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase.
Afterword: Religious Studies: Whither (wither) and why?

When I began as a teaching assistant some years ago, a senior professor offered the advice, "studies of religion will flourish so long as they continue to stand on the body of divinity." The image this conjured in my mind was striking, some Christian version of a Purusha-type primordial sacrifice, and though I was disappointed to leam, after some days of diligent and discrete inquiry, that the phrase was, in fact, a somewhat archaic way of denoting the traditional Protestant divinity school curriculum leading to the Bachelor of Divinity degree, the phrase has stuck. Indeed, there are even times when, surveying the current scene, I regretfully entertain the fleeting and unlikely suspicion that it might be so. For the warning posed an issue, fiercely fought in the 1960s, expressed as a choice between seminary studies and university studies, between the teaching of and the teaching about religion, between theological and religious studies. I have a good part of a bookcase in my office filled with publications devoted to such choices, all with respect to a single context: the teaching of religion in a state (public) university. It is a debate, a context, and a history that subsequent generations of teachers in the field are the poorer for not engaging with. It is a debate, a context, and a history that stands behind each of the case studies before us.
Hip-Hop Culture in a Global Context: Interdisciplinary and Cross-Categorical Investigation

Hip-hop permeates modern global society, and yet, there remains remain various divisions within it. Following up on an interdisciplinary academic conference, the Lehman Conference on Hip-Hop, this special issue highlights a number of aspects in hip-hop’s development, and looks toward an ever increasing globalization of what was, initially, a neighborhood based cultural practice. The authors assembled here examine hip-hop within such contexts as social protest, entertainment, and identity formation, and also as a response to dominant structures, such as race, gender inequality, and capitalism. Their investigations consider hip-hop’s roots and branches, and its connections to politics, culture and consumption. This special issue also focuses, in detail, at some of hip-hop’s many practices, raising questions about its use for expressing the thorny topics of race, class, national identity, gender and sexuality. But the overall theme is one, which was expressed in the conference’s initial theme: from local to global practice. It is this process, in particular, which we are attempting to better understand. We are also particularly concerned to explore ways marginal groups within hip-hop and the larger society, like LGBTQ communities (especially of color) and women of color also use hip-hop as a form of protest to critique social ills.
Necrosis is not induced by gadolinium neutron capture in glioblastoma multiforme cells

AbstractPurpose: A comparative study of the effects of different radiation modalities on cell death was performed.Materials and methods: Radiation modalities included γ-rays, fast neutrons, a mixed energy neutron beam called the modified enhanced thermal neutron beam and the mixed beam including Auger electron irradiation by gadolinium neutron capture. U87 (human brain tumor cells) cell survival curve data were modeled to predict how cells died. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were assembled into a morphology of cell death (MCD) database and used to determine the fraction of necrotic or autophagic cells.Results: Linear energy transfer (LET) differences for the different radiation modalities were revealed by modeling. All radiation modalities induced autophagy but only fast neutrons induced significant levels of necrosis. No necrosis, above control levels, was found in cells irradiated with mixed beam irradiation including Auger electrons. The number of autophagosomes increased with increasin...
TRPV3 and TRPV4 ion channels are not major contributors to mouse heat sensation

The discovery of heat-sensitive Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV) ion channels provided a potential molecular explanation for the perception of innocuous and noxious heat stimuli. TRPV1 has a significant role in acute heat nociception and inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. Yet, substantial innocuous and noxious heat sensitivity remains in TRPV1 knockout animals. Here we investigated the role of two related channels, TRPV3 and TRPV4, in these capacities. We studied TRPV3 knockout animals on both C57BL6 and 129S6 backgrounds, as well as animals deficient in both TRPV3 and TRPV4 on a C57BL6 background. Additionally, we assessed the contributions of TRPV3 and TRPV4 to acute heat nociception and inflammatory heat hyperalgesia during inhibition of TRPV1. TRPV3 knockout mice on the C57BL6 background exhibited no obvious alterations in thermal preference behavior. On the 129S6 background, absence of TRPV3 resulted in a more restrictive range of occupancy centered around cooler floor temperatures. TRPV3 knockout mice showed no deficits in acute heat nociception on either background. Mice deficient in both TRPV3 and TRPV4 on a C57BL6 background showed thermal preference behavior similar to wild-type controls on the thermal gradient, and little or no change in acute heat nociception or inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. Masking of TRPV1 by the TRPV1 antagonist JNJ-17203212 did not reveal differences between C57BL6 animals deficient in TRPV3 and TRPV4, compared to their wild-type counterparts. Our results support the notion that TRPV3 and TRPV4 likely make limited and strain-dependent contributions to innocuous warm temperature perception or noxious heat sensation, even when TRPV1 is masked. These findings imply the existence of other significant mechanisms for heat perception.
Multi-aspect expertise matching for review assignment

Review assignment is a common task that many people such as conference organizers, journal editors, and grant administrators would have to do routinely. As a computational problem, it involves matching a set of candidate reviewers with a paper or proposal to be reviewed. A common deficiency of all existing work on solving this problem is that they do not consider the multiple aspects of topics or expertise and all match the entire document to be reviewed with the overall expertise of a reviewer. As a result, if a document contains multiple subtopics, which often happens, existing methods would not attempt to assign reviewers to cover all the subtopics; instead, it is quite possible that all the assigned reviewers would cover the major subtopic quite well, but not covering any other subtopic. In this paper, we study how to model multiple aspects of expertise and assign reviewers so that they together can cover all subtopics in the document well. We propose three general strategies for solving this problem and propose new evaluation measures for this task. We also create a multi-aspect review assignment test set using ACM SIGIR publications. Experiment results on this data set show that the proposed methods are effective for assigning reviewers to cover all topical aspects of a document.
Comparison between Shape Memory Alloy Seismic Restrainers and Other Bridge Retrofit Devices

Strong earthquakes can result in large longitudinal displacements in multiple-frame bridges. This could lead to excessive displacements/openings at the intermediate joints. Bridges with small seat widths are vulnerable to the unseating of their superstructure. Seismic steel restrainers are currently used to limit joint openings in bridges. However, past earthquakes have shown that restrainer cables have limitations in regards to preventing unseating in bridges. Other devices have been proposed to limit joint displacements, including metallic dampers, viscoelastic dampers, and shape memory alloys (SMAs), which are known for their ability to recover their original shape after being deformed. A sensitivity and a case study are conducted using computer simulations to compare the effectiveness of SMA retrofit devices with other devices. Results show that the effectiveness of the devices is a function of characteristics of the bridge frames and the ground motion characteristics. In all cases, the steel restrainer cables were the least effective in limiting joint displacements. The SMA devices have the additional benefit of significantly limiting the residual joint displacement in bridges.
The Unconscious Mind

The unconscious mind is still viewed by many psychological scientists as the shadow of a “real” conscious mind, though there now exists substantial evidence that the unconscious is not identifiably less flexible, complex, controlling, deliberative, or action-oriented than is its counterpart. This “conscious-centric” bias is due in part to the operational definition within cognitive psychology that equates unconscious with subliminal. We review the evidence challenging this restricted view of the unconscious emerging from contemporary social cognition research, which has traditionally defined the unconscious in terms of its unintentional nature; this research has demonstrated the existence of several independent unconscious behavioral guidance systems: perceptual, evaluative, and motivational. From this perspective, it is concluded that in both phylogeny and ontogeny, actions of an unconscious mind precede the arrival of a conscious mind—that action precedes reflection.
The role of P.II outer membrane proteins in gonococcus — host cell interactions

We characterized the interactions of non-piliated P.II+ gonococci with human neutrophils (PMN) and primary cultures of human uterine endometrial and ectocervical epithelial cells in the absence of serum. We measured gonococcal adherence to all cell types, and gonococcal stimulation of PMN. P.II+ but not P.II− gonococci stuck to PMN and epithelial cells. Treatment of PMN with mannosidase or β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, but not with sialidase, inhibited gonococcal adherence to and stimulation of PMN. Pretreatment of PMN with Lens culinaris lectin, but not Arachis hypogaea or Limulus polyphemus lectins, also inhibited gonococcal stimulation of PMN. Several monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against gonococci inhibited the ability of P.II+ gonococci to stimulate PMN, a subset of which also inhibited gonococcal adherence to PMN. These mabs reacted with only P.II proteins on Western blots of gonococcal outer membranes. The data suggest that P.II is a lectin-like ligand that may possess 2 functional domains, one for adherence and one for stimulation — or, that, in addition to P.II, another surface component is responsible for adherence or stimulation.
Quantifying excessive mirror overflow in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Objectives: Qualitative observations have revealed that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show increased overflow movements, a motor sign thought to reflect impaired inhibitory control. The goal of this study was to develop and implement methods for quantifying excessive mirror overflow movements in children with ADHD. Methods: Fifty right-handed children aged 8.2–13.3 years, 25 with ADHD (12 girls) and 25 typically developing (TD) control children (10 girls), performed a sequential finger-tapping task, completing both left-handed (LHFS) and right-handed finger sequencing (RHFS). Phasic overflow of the index and ring fingers was assessed in 34 children with video recording, and total overflow in 48 children was measured by calculating the total angular displacement of the index and ring fingers with electrogoniometer recordings. Results: Phasic overflow and total overflow across both hands were greater in children with ADHD than in TD children, particularly during LHFS. Separate gender analyses revealed that boys, but not girls, with ADHD showed significantly more total phasic overflow and total overflow than did their gender-matched control children. Conclusions: The quantitative overflow measures used in this study support past qualitative findings that motor overflow persists to a greater degree in children with ADHD than in age-matched TD peers. The quantitative findings further suggest that persistence of mirror overflow is more prominent during task execution of the nondominant hand and reveal gender-based differences in developmental neural systems critical to motor control. These quantitative measures will assist future physiologic investigation of the brain basis of motor control in ADHD.
Limitations of Standard Echocardiographic Methods for Quantification of Right Ventricular Size and Function in Children and Young Adults

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation of 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) size and function with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children and young adults. METHODS Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (n = 23) and those who had normal RV volumes (n = 13) and a normal ejection fraction (EF) by MRI constituted the study groups. Echocardiographic indices including the end-diastolic area (EDa), end-systolic area (ESa), fractional area change (FAC), tricuspid annular motion (TAM), RV basal diameter, and RV basal shortening fraction were compared with MRI ventricular volumes and the EF. Two echocardiographers qualitatively graded RV size and function. RESULTS In both groups, neither the RV EDa nor the ESa correlated with MRI RV volumes. Only TAM correlated with the RV EF. Qualitative assessment of the RV showed poor interobserver agreement. The LV area and FAC correlated well with MRI data. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the LV, 2D echocardiographic indices of RV size and function, with the exception of TAM, do not correlate with MRI data.
Effectiveness of rack-level containment in removing data center hot-spots

Concerted efforts are being made by data center professionals to ensure that data centers are made more sustainable by reducing energy consumption. The combination of increasing IT workloads and packaging densities place stringent requirements on data center cooling systems. Various traditional airflow management technologies have been implemented that propose significant energy savings as well as reduce net annual cost involved in running data centers. In this work, the concept of using rack-level containment has been explored as an alternative airflow management strategy and may prove to be appropriate for specific data center configurations and applications. A parametric study of a 1008 ft 2 baseline data center with 161 kW of IT load is used as an example for CFD analysis, comparing the effectiveness of using individual rack containment, snorkels to remove hotspots by directing and aiming cool air from the sub-floor plenum to the inlet of cabinets, hence minimizing inlet temperatures. Over 40 CFD cases have been analyzed in this paper and the relative magnitudes of inlet temperature reduction and cooling improvements with this procedure have been quantified. Test cases involving simulations run for comparisons with traditional hot-aisle/cold-aisle containment systems, different combinations of containment strategies as well as for varying rack density distributions in the data center model have also been included. The results present the feasibility of this strategy as a preliminary review and give an initial guideline on when this concept can be implemented, depending on the respective data center layout and design.
Pole-tip size effect on perpendicular recording head remanence

A contact scanning recording tester system is utilized to study perpendicular recording head remanence. Remanence behavior between large and small pole-tip single-pole perpendicular write heads are experimentally compared. Both tip sizes show asymmetry between current directions, i.e. one polarity write current creates more significant remanent field than the other polarity. It is found that the current driven head field easy-rising areas are identical to the pole-tip remanence areas, which further indicates the head structure dependence of the perpendicular recording head remanence.
Prediction of outer layer mixing lengths in turbulent boundary layers

Predictions of mixing length by Pletcher's (1976) method (using a two-layer eddy viscosity model for a turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers) are compared to some values derived from turbulent boundary-layer profiles by other authors. The model is incorporated into a finite-difference scheme, to accurately predict low Reynolds number skin friction in supersonic flow.
Fingerprint Image Enhancement Based on Skin Profile Approximation

The performance of the fingerprint identification and verification systems relies heavily on the quality of the input fingerprint images. In this paper, we propose an effective image enhancement algorithm especially suitable for low quality fingerprint images, which can improve the clarity and continuity of the ridge structures. Unclean sensor plates, non-uniform and inconsistent contacts are among the major causes for poor samples and feature extraction artifacts during image processing. The proposed algorithm estimates the finger elasticity by approximating the uneven finger skin due to poor skin condition or imperfect acquisitions. Then the fingerprint image is normalized with respect to the approximation. Experimental results show that the enhanced image quality by using the proposed normalization algorithm is effective and much better than other existing methods for improving the minutiae detection.
Athletic contests and individual robberies: an analysis based on hourly crime data

ABSTRACTUsing hourly data on individual robberies, this article employs a novel approach to investigate the relationship between athletic contests and individual robberies in Memphis, Tennessee, a well-known entertainment destination, with its iconic Beale Street locale, in the US. Empirical results indicate that home basketball games hosted by the NBA’s Memphis Grizzlies and those hosted by the University of Memphis Tigers are associated with increases in individual robberies, while away games are not associated with such an increase. This finding is consistent with the hot spot theory of crime, as large numbers of individuals travel to the games, thus providing additional opportunities for crime.
Market Forces and News Media in Muslim Countries

In this paper, we analyze media consumption in nine predominantly Muslim countries, drawing on data from the 2002 Gallup Poll of the Islamic World. We first show that news consumers tend to gravitate towards sources with a perspective similar to their own. We then show that consumers with pro-U.S. priors tend to regard CNN as significantly higher quality and Al Jazeera as significantly lower quality, consistent with inferences about quality driving the preference for like-minded sources. Finally, we present evidence on the extent to which firms target news to satisfy the preferences of their consumers.
Lebow, Katherine Unfinished Utopia: Nowa Huta, Stalinism, and Polish Society, 1949–1956 Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 233 pp., $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8014-5124-9 Publication Date: June 2013

The fall of Communist governments across Eastern Europe opened up to Poles and non-Poles alike various archives containing files, including those of the Communist Party itself, dealing with the pre...
Germination patterns in three terrestrial orchids relate to abundance of mycorrhizal fungi

Summary The spatial distribution of plants, which is often generated by patterns of seed recruitment, is an important determinant of population dynamics, especially for orchids with seeds that must be exposed to appropriate mycorrhizal fungi. We compared the distribution and abundance of target mycorrhizal fungi detected in the soil using DNA-based molecular techniques and germination in seed packets of Goodyera pubescens, Liparis liliifolia and Tipularia discolor. We further examined Tulasnella spp. associated with G. pubescens to determine whether areas with abundant host fungi resulted from multiple genets of the same species or from a single widespread fungal genet. We found that target fungi were more likely to be detected using soil DNA assays than by seed germination. Based on soil DNA, fungi were more widespread than suggested by seed germination, which most often reflected the presence of abundant mycorrhizal fungi in the soil. Fungi were more likely to be abundant close to established orchids. Established plants of G. pubescens that were 50 cm apart associated with multiple fungal genets. Synthesis. This study demonstrates the importance of using multiple methods to detect the distribution and abundance of target fungi and suggests that fungal ‘hot spots’ may be keys to the dynamics of orchid populations.
Exploring sub-picosecond dynamics in the far-infrared with THz spectroscopy

Time-resolved THz spectroscopy has been used to characterize the time-dependent photoconductivity in a variety of semiconductors, ranging from bulk GaAs to colloidal sintered TiO2. It has also been used to directly measure sub-picosecond intramolecular electron transfer.
Imaging of Bowel Ischemia

Acute bowel ischemia is a broad category of disease that includes acute mesenteric ischemia and acute colonic ischemia. These two entities differ in their pathogenesis but result in hypoxic injury that presents with nonspecific clinical findings and a wide range of imaging appearances. Multi-row detector computed tomography (CT) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) have supplanted conventional angiography as the test of choice for acute mesenteric ischemia. Routine portal venous CT is typically adequate for colonic ischemia as it is most commonly nonocclusive in etiology. Dual-energy computed tomography is a more recent advancement that can potentially offer improved conspicuity of differential bowel wall enhancement compared to conventional CT. Magnetic resonance angiography may be used as a secondary option to CTA in acute mesenteric ischemia in stable patients for whom iodinated contrast and ionizing radiation are a primary concern.
Short Introduction to Strategic Human Resource Management: HR strategy: communication and engagement

Can you use standard dimensions of risk management to determine and evaluate the pivotal elements of an organization’s talent strategy? Terry Gray and Matt Hankes, two human resource and organization effectiveness leaders at Cargill, have done just that. Recall from earlier chapters the dimensions of risk that were described by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations, shown here as Figure 6.1. Notice the front face of the cube, and its list of elements for addressing risk: objective setting; event identification; risk assessment; risk response; control activities; information and communication; and monitoring. At Cargill, decisions about human resource management strategy, programs, and policies are framed in terms of their impact on strategic risk factors, particularly when it comes to internal controls. Cargill already used the COSO framework for its risk management, so the framework provided a natural way to connect human capital strategy and decisions to the larger organizational risk objectives. Cargill HR leaders used several elements of the COSO framework to help their non-HR leaders better understand the impact of HR. For example, regarding the “control environment,” the Cargill HR audit process notes that it depends on integrity and ethical values, commitment to competence, management philosophy and operating style, organization structure, and authority and responsibility assignments. Leaders consider that these things are directly affected by factors such as unrealistic performance targets, the bonus structure, poor segregation of duties, excessive decentralization, and insignii cant or unpublicized penalties for improper behavior. The process asks a simple question: “Is HR involved in any of the above?” The answer is “Of course,” and this sets the tone for a deeper dialogue about how investments in people can create organization and talent outcomes that are pivotal to Cargill’s most vital risk issues.