cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Literature Survey of Gaseous Hydrogen Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

Literature survey has been performed for a compendium of mechanical properties of carbon and low alloy steels following hydrogen exposure. The property sets include yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation, reduction of area, threshold stress intensity factor, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth. These properties are drawn from literature sources under a variety of test methods and conditions. However, the collection of literature data is by no means complete, but the diversity of data and dependency of results in test method is sufficient to warrant a design and implementation of a thorough test program. The program would be needed to enable a defensible demonstration of structural integrity of a pressurized hydrogen system. It is essential that the environmental variables be well-defined (e.g., the applicable hydrogen gas pressure range and the test strain rate) and the specimen preparation be realistically consistent (such as the techniques to charge hydrogen and to maintain the hydrogen concentration in the specimens).
Resonance Detection and Acoustic Behavior in Polymer Intake Manifolds Using Holographic Interferometry Techniques

Major emphasis on the use of lightweight components in engines has lead to widespread use of polymer intake manifolds. The pulsed flow through these manifolds combined with the lower elastic modulus materials can result in excessive noise under certain speed load conditions. Using full-field optical techniques allowed for the detection and analysis of the resonance behavior in polymer intake manifolds. The test procedures involved techniques including time-averaged holography, with variable excitation sources to identify resonating regions and associated critical frequencies. The results clearly indicate the development of an efficient test methodology to analyze manifold designs for resonance and structural characteristics.
Ti-Al-V ternary phase stability at elevated temperatures

Ternary additions of the beta isomorphous elements, Nb, V, Mo, and Ta, have long been known to improve the ambient temperature ductility and fracture toughness of {alpha} 2 (Ti{sub 3}Al) and {gamma} (TiAl) intermetallic alloys. In the former the increase has been related to the stabilization of the ductile {beta} phase, while the latter enhancement has been related to changes in tetragonality, unit cell volume, twin density and/or electronic structure. Control of the mechanical properties of ternary and more complex {alpha} 2 (Ti{sub 3}Al) and {gamma} (TiAl) intermetallic alloys will require optimization of their prior thermomechanical history. Accordingly, this paper presents the preliminary results of a re-examination of the Ti-Al-V system, emphasizing alloys in the {alpha} 2 + {gamma}, {alpha} 2 + {beta}, {beta} + {gamma} and {alpha} 2 + {beta} + {gamma} phase fields. The principal experimental procedure utilized was in-situ high temperature x-ray diffraction (HTXRD).
Erythrocyte and Plasma Glutathione Peroxidase: Two Distinct Selenium Containing Proteins

Selenium deficiency can develop in patients receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. This depletion can result in a decrease in both cellular and plasma glutathione peroxidase. Previous investigations have revealed that with repletion of selenium, there is a rapid increase in the recovery of plasma glutathione peroxidase and a more slow recovery in red blood cell glutathione peroxidase. This suggests that the plasma enzyme is not present as a result of hemolysis of red blood cells.
Wave structures and irregular detonation cells in methane-air mixtures with concentration gradients

Nonuniform mixtures of methane and air often form in sealed, unventilated areas of underground coal mines. A model configuration for this situation is a simple channel with a gradient in fuel concentration that exists between its lateral walls. Accidental ignition of this mixture may lead to the formation of strong deflagrations or possibly detonations that pose a serious safety risk. Understanding the behavior of a detonation in such a mixture is thus of great interest to the mining industry. Simulating these detonations is a significant computational challenge, however, because of the large separation of length and time scales between the size of the reaction zone and the size of the physical systems that must be considered. Here, we present a simple reaction model for nonuniform methane-air mixtures that uses a single-step Arrhenius rate law to describe the chemical kinetics. Reaction and transport parameters are calibrated so that computations of laminar flames and detonation waves produce reaction zone lengths and speeds that are consistent with experimental measurements. We use this reaction model to simulate the propagation of detonation waves in a two-dimensional channel with a linear gradient in fuel concentration normal to the direction of propagation of the detonation. We observe a complex reaction zone structure involving a leading unstable detonation front, composed of lean and rich parts, and a turbulent diffusion flame that burns excess fuel and oxidizer behind the detonation wave. This structure is similar to a typical triple flame found in low-speed combustion, but complicated by detonation instabilities. The impact of triple point propagation through regions of more or less reactive mixtures on the ultimate survival or decay of the detonation wave is discussed.
Abstract 1648: Primary myeloma plasma cells are capable of growth in adult, normal whole human bone marrow environment .

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm of low proliferative plasma cells that are highly dependent on bone marrow (BM) microenvironment for survival and growth. Primary human MM cells do not survive in conditions designed for cell lines and cell lines do not represent the primary cell heterogeneity and are microenvironment independent. Current in vitro and in vivo systems for primary human MM are limited to co-culture with specific BM cell type or growth in immunodeficient animal model. We and others have demonstrated the ability of the recognizable mature, C138+ or CD45-/CD38+ MM cells to produce MM in those experimental systems. The aim of the study was to establish and test the survival and growth of primary MM plasma cells in long term culture with a complete adult normal BM. This system is different from the autologous BM culture that is already affected by the disease. Whole BM cells from healthy donors were cultured in αMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 10% serum from MM patients. Following 7-9 days the cultures were composed of adherent and nonadherent cellular compartments. The nonadherent compartment contained typical BM hematopoietic cells such monocytes, B and T lymphocytes and NK cells as assessed by flow cytometry, while the adherent compartment contained cells that morphologically resemble macrophages, osteoclasts, megakaryocytes and fibroblast-like cells. At this culture stage, CD138-selected MM cells from 13 patients were added to the BM cultures and survival and growth of MM cells were determined after 7 days by assessing proportion of CD45 low/intermediate /CD38 high MM plasma cells among total number of nonadherent cells. Low proportions of normal plasma cells (0.1-1.7%) were also detected in the cultures throughout the duration of experiments. In additional study, we used luciferase-expressing IL6-dependent INA6 MM cells and stroma-dependent MM line to assess MM growth within the whole BM cultures using bioluminescence analysis. Cell viability was constantly high (>90%) in the primary MM cell-normal BM cultures. Subsets of primary MM plasma cells were survived and detected in all culture cases while in 9 of 13 experiments, number of primary MM plasma cells was heterogeneously increased by 63±19% (p Citation Format: Rakesh Bam, Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah, Xin Li, Sharmin Khan, Wen Ling, Bart Barlogie, Joshua Epstein, Shmuel Yaccoby. Primary myeloma plasma cells are capable of growth in adult, normal whole human bone marrow environment . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1648. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1648
From Worsaae to Childe: The Models of Prehistory.

In the first of his three chapters forming Aspects of Prehistory (1970), Grahame Clark discussed one important aspect of prehistoric archaeology about which he has not hitherto written much, namely the historical development of that branch of historical science which, by his own researches in the last forty-five years, he has done so much to further. This chapter, the first of three lectures he delivered at Berkeley in the spring of 1970, is entitled ‘The Relevance of World Prehistory’, and is mainly concerned with listing the story of the discovery of archaeological facts. The interpretation of archaeological facts is of equal importance and in this paper I am concerned briefly with some aspects of the history of archaeological theory and interpretation, and more particularly with the changing models of thought used by prehistorians.Here, we need not go further back than the three-age technological model of C. J. Thomsen. Before that we note the mythological models of the medieval and later antiquaries who floated Trojans and Phoenicians and the sons of Noah across their invented prehistory, and the literary and theological models of the later antiquaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who, eschewing invention, sought prehistorical information in the Bible and in Classical writers, and made over our prehistoric monuments to the Druids, and our gravels to an Universal Deluge.
How to Promote the Teachers' Specialty Development in the Transition Period of Community

The teachers' specialty development is affected and restricted by the development of the college.The community college is now in the transition period and should promote the Development of teachers' speciallty in four aspects.
The Evolvement of Modern Street Fashion Style

During the every period of the development of street culture, clothes is a one part of street culture, it has experienced great changes. Introducing social background of every period of recent years, analysis the characters of street fashion style in every period.
Three-Dimensional Structure and Dynamics of the Turbulent Far Wake

The stochastic estimation technique, originally proposed by Adrian[1] and applied by Adrian[2], Guezennec[3], and others, is a method by which conditional turbulent velocity fields can be estimated. Velocity “conditions” are imposed at a few locations within a reconstruction space and velocities around the conditions are computed using simple functions of the conditions in space and time. The conditions can be set, to evaluate typical flow structures associated with a specific phenomenon, or they can be measured experimentally, to estimate physically realized flow fields. The mathematical basis for the procedure lies in multiple regressions analysis which requires detailed space-time correlation measurements between all involved variables, usually the perturbation velocities, .
A Mathematical Framework for Analysis of Water Tracers. Part II: Understanding Large-Scale Perturbations in the Hydrological Cycle due to CO2 Doubling

AbstractThe aerial hydrological cycle response to CO2 doubling from a Lagrangian, rather than Eulerian, perspective is evaluated using information from numerical water tracers implemented in a global climate model. While increased surface evaporation (both local and remote) increases precipitation globally, changes in transport are necessary to create a spatial pattern where precipitation decreases in the subtropics and increases substantially at the equator. Overall, changes in the convergence of remotely evaporated moisture are more important to the overall precipitation change than changes in the amount of locally evaporated moisture that precipitates in situ. It is found that CO2 doubling increases the fraction of locally evaporated moisture that is exported, enhances moisture exchange between ocean basins, and shifts moisture convergence within a given basin toward greater distances between moisture source (evaporation) and sink (precipitation) regions. These changes can be understood in terms of the...
High-voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma (HVACP) hydrogenation of soybean oil without trans-fatty acids

Abstract Fats and oils are essential ingredients in the food industry. Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) have a high content of trans-fatty acids, which have been linked to cardiovascular diseases. High-voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma (HVACP) is investigated to produce partially hydrogenated soybean oil without the formation of trans-fatty acids. In this study, soybean oil was exposed to highly energized species from hydrogen and nitrogen. HVACP treatment of soybean oil reduced iodine value from 133 to 92 over a 12-h treatment. Such iodine value reductions are similar to the traditional soybean oil hydrogenation process. Saturated fatty acids increased 12%, monounsaturated increased 4.6%, and unsaturated fatty acids decreased 16.2%. No measurable trans-fatty acids were detected. Atomic hydrogen species are likely responsible for the HVACP hydrogenation, and were identified with optical emission spectroscopy. Through this innovative technology, chemical synthesis of PHO's can be achieved in a non-traditional manner without trans-fatty acids. Industrial relevance: HVACP has been extensively studied to achieve food decontamination using nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide gas blends. The use of this technology with hydrogen gas demonstrates further possibilities in room temperature chemical synthesis. In this study, the application of HVACP was aimed to affix hydrogen atoms at the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. The advantages of the HVACP technology over the current hydrogenation processes are that the former can be performed with the following conditions: (1) at room temperature, (2) under atmospheric pressure, and (3) catalyst-free. Bakery products, frozen meals, desserts, and several snacks are the most challenging products for reformulations replacing PHOs. This technology is relevant because it may lead to an increase of the use of local vegetable oils, whose unsaturated fatty acid contents can be chemically modified without the formation of trans-fatty acids. Furthermore, this technology could be broadly used to selectively hydrogenate for various industrial purposes, producing new chemical structures without the requirements of heat, pressure, or catalyst. This study is the first study demonstrating an alternative processing technology to traditional catalytic hydrogenation. Additional research is needed to optimize the treatment process, and evaluate the performance of the HVACP partially hydrogenated oil.
Experimental validation of cost-effective vision-based structural health monitoring

Abstract Monitoring structural displacement responses can provide quantitative information for both structural safety evaluations and maintenance purposes. To overcome the limitations of conventional displacement sensors, advanced noncontact vision-based systems offer a promising alternative. This study validates the potentials of the vision displacement sensor for cost-effective structural health monitoring. The results of laboratory experiments on simply-supported beam structures demonstrate the high accuracy of the vision sensor for dense full-field displacement measurements. The identified natural frequencies and mode shapes from measurements by using one camera match well with those from an array of accelerometers. Moreover, the smoother mode shapes make possible the noncontact damage detection based on the conventional mode shape curvature index. This study also discusses the issues concerning the practical applications of the vision displacement sensors, such as the scaling factor determination, measurement with small camera tilt angles, tradeoffs between the measurement resolution and measurement points or field of view, etc. Furthermore, the remote, real-time and multi-point measurement capacities of the vision sensor are confirmed through field tests of Manhattan Bridge during train passing.
The breeding system of an endangered pupfish ( Cyprinodon elegans )

We examined the breeding behavior of the endangered Comanche Springs pupfish ( Cyprinodon elegans ) during 3 separate breeding seasons in a pool of springwater originating in Phantom Cave, near Balmorhea State Park, Texas, in relation to behaviors reported for the species in swift-flowing canals (Itzkowitz 1969). In the quiet pool, unlike in swift water, the breeding system was characterized by 3 different male mating tactics: territorial defense, satellite positioning, and sneak spawning. Although the breeding strategies adopted by the males were conditional, mating tactics generally reflected male size. Territorial residents were the largest, satellites were medium-sized, and sneakers were the smallest adult males observed in the population. Territorial males traversed the least amount of area, defending compact territories, while satellites and sneakers covered more area in attempts to spawn. Although preferred territories in swift water centered on algal mats, territorial residents in quiet water seemed to prefer territories around large rocks. Males defending rocks had higher reproductive successes than males occupying other substrate types. The flexibility of the males' tactics was exhibited during one year of study when large males appeared to be absent from the population. During that year, medium-sized males switched from the satellite to territorial tactic, while small males remained sneakers.
Facilitating Public Service Provision: The Emerging Role of Municipal Television News in China

Despite strict state controls, negative news about local officials is reported in China. Faced with political constraints and the incentive and pressure to earn profits, municipal television news programmes have developed and adopted the life news model (minsheng xinwen), which aims to help citizens solve problems. The production process of this news model has transformed the political role of the broadcast media at the local level. Many life news reports focus on disputes between citizens and local officials. Thus, addressing citizen grievances essentially facilitates public service provision. Based on an ethnographic case study of a municipal television news programme, this article finds that the production process of life news reports can facilitate public service provision by correcting local officials’ behaviour, regardless of whether the news reports are eventually broadcast. This unintended role is a result of the power negotiation between local officials and journalists who face immense commercial pressure.
The female antihero and police power in FX’s Justified

ABSTRACTThe male antihero in the police procedural is marked by a fundamental conflict. On the one hand, his hypermasculine behavior signals that he is an independent actor with no allegiance to the state for which he works. On the other hand, his actions usually work to shore up the power of the state, which relies on his hypermasculine displays of independence to get the job done. Through this sleight of hand, audiences are encouraged to embrace the cop and loathe the system, not recognizing the fundamental complicity of the two. We argue that this formula is significantly interrupted in Season Two of Justified, when audiences are introduced to a female antihero—Mags Bennett—as powerful and trigger-happy as its main protagonist—Raylan Givens. As Mags emerges as the primary unlawful force of the show, Raylan increasingly aligns himself with the federal forces he was more at odds with in Season One. Mags strips Raylan of his antihero status, exposing him as a working stiff for the feds. The season ends wi...
Plant growth regulators on winter wheat – yield benefits of variable rate application

The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on winter wheat in the UK is a common practice. Significant yield benefits can be gained from its use. For the most efficient use of PGRs the rates of application must be matched to the crop canopy. The variation of crop growth was monitored during the spring growing season using vegetation indices derived from satellite imagery. Application rates of PGRs were matched to changes in biomass as measured by the imagery. Final yields were measured using a GPS combine yield meter. The variable application showed an average yield benefit of 0.4 t/ha over the uniform full recommended application rate.
AAC Technologies with Visual Scene Displays and "Just in Time" Programming and Symbolic Communication Turns Expressed by Students with Severe Disability.

ABSTRACTBackground: The current study investigated the impact of an intervention that included aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technologies on the frequency of symbolic communication turns of school-age children, adolescents, and young adults with severe disability.Method: Nine students ages 8–20 were engaged in interactive activities using an aided AAC system with visual scene displays (VSDs; concepts embedded within a photograph of a naturally occurring event), and “just-in-time” (JIT) programming (the capability to add new contexts “on the fly”). Effectiveness was evaluated using a single subject multiple probe across participants design.Results: All participants demonstrated increases in symbolic communication turns upon introduction of the AAC technologies with VSDs using JIT technology.Conclusions: AAC with VSDs and JIT programming may be effective in increasing symbolic communication for students with severe developmental disability. The fast and easy creation of VSDs and hot...
Unexploded Ordnance Discrimination Using Neutrons

In the U.S., the majority of unexploded ordnance (UXO) is often found to pose no risk, since inert and explosive ordinance can easily be distinguished. However, there are items that are not identifiable due to age and condition. These UXO must often be treated as though they contained high explosives or other hazardous material. This leads to unnecessary cost and potential impacts to the environment and communities. For subsurface anomalies, excavation is necessary for visual inspection. This procedure adds to the risk and cost associated with neutralizing UXO. Pulsed fast/thermal neutron analysis (PFTNA) is a technique used for bulk chemical analysis. In PFTNA, neutrons are produced with a pulsed 14 MeV (d-T) neutron generator. Separate gamma-ray spectra from fast neutron, thermal neutron and activation reactions are accumulated and analyzed to determine elemental content. A man-portable explosives detection system called PELAN has been developed using this technique. Recent tests of the PELAN have shown that this system works very well for artillery shells larger than 90 mm with false negative rates less than 1%. For smaller munitions, the false negative increases dramatically to values greater than 50%. This increase is due to the poor signal to noise ratio present when PELAN is used to examine smaller UXO.
Yawning elicited by intravenous ethanol in rhesus monkeys with experience self-administering cocaine and ethanol: Involvement of dopamine D3 receptors.

Abstract Characterization of the effects of long-term alcohol consumption on the brain would be aided by the development of behavioral assays that are relatively easy to implement in animal models of alcohol use disorders. Assessing unconditioned behaviors, such as drug-elicited yawning in models that permit long-term alcohol ingestion, may be a valuable complement to more invasive and costly procedures. The present studies investigated previous unexpected findings of ethanol-induced yawning in nonhuman primates. Subjects were adult male rhesus monkeys (n = 8), all of which had experience self-administering intravenous cocaine for several years. Four monkeys also had experience consuming 2.0 g/kg ethanol over 1 h per day, 5 days per week, for 6.8–12.0 months. All monkeys received saline or ethanol (0.25–1.0 g/kg) infused intravenously (i.v.) over 10 min, and the number of yawns elicited during the infusion was counted. A second experiment in the ethanol-experienced monkeys examined whether ethanol-induced yawning could be blocked by PG01037 (1.0, 3.0 mg/kg, i.v.), a selective antagonist at dopamine D3 receptors (D3R). Ethanol significantly and dose-dependently increased yawns in the ethanol-experienced animals, but not the ethanol-naive animals. In the ethanol-experienced monkeys, this effect of ethanol was blocked by the D3R antagonist. The pharmacology of yawning is complex and a good deal of model development remains to be performed to characterize the potential involvement of other neurotransmitter systems. Nonetheless, drug-elicited yawning may be a useful unconditioned behavioral assay to assess the effects of long-term alcohol consumption in established nonhuman primate models.
RETROSPECTIVE READING IN SENECAN TRAGEDY

Conclusions matter in Senecan prose and poetry. At the conclusion of his epistles, Seneca often includes an unexpected quote or alters his subject-matter in a surprising manner—a technique that Fowler has helpfully classified as an example of ‘Romantic Irony’ in the vein of Heine or selected Horatian odes. His dialogues display a similar penchant for such endings, e.g. the post-mortem speech of Cremutius Cordus to his daughter, Marcia, in the finale of the Consolatio ad Marciam (Dial. 6.26.2-7). Seneca's tragedies likewise conclude in a beguiling fashion, ‘Part of the dramatic force of the Senecan ending is its avoidance of any note of easy resolution; it serves rather to sharpen and/or problematize the central issues of the particular play.’ As a way to further encourage the reader to question or recognize major themes of the play, Seneca's conclusions feature an intertext that casts these themes in a different light or elicits metapoetic commentary. These intertexts stress ideas and language important to the particular play, especially those found in the prologue, in order to create a type of ring-composition to the tragedy as a whole. This paper investigates these intertexts and indicates not only how they operate on an inter/intratextual level, but also why Seneca would think of the texts that he does at the conclusion of his tragedies. Seneca looks back to some of his major literary influences at the conclusions of his plays (Ovid, Horace, and Virgil unsurprisingly; Seneca the Elder perhaps more surprisingly), which reveals that these moments are diagnostic of his intertextual method in general. The larger situational or generic context of the sources shade the words uttered by Senecan protagonists, but Seneca stresses the tragic impact of such intertextual echoes again and again; Seneca tragicus surely is a pessimistic reader of the Augustan tradition. The reiteration of similar language and imagery throughout the play ‘primes’ the reader to recognize the intertext at the play's conclusion—thus intratextual repetitions signpost the intertextual reference. Seneca wants these references to be noticed; he promotes a retrospective reading technique in which these intertexts recast language and themes found earlier in the play, now vis-a-vis the literary and rhetorical source material. In creating such dense verbal connections, he encourages further contemplation of the major motifs of the tragedies and inherently endorses the position of his plays as ‘open’ texts that beg for further supplementation by further reading and rereading, again and again.
Chemical Properties of Real and Ideal Glass Surfaces

In general, differences in composition and structure may exist between the bulk and ‘real’ surface, or near surface region, of a multicomponent glass. These differences are due to high temperature surface chemical phenomena which occur during the formation and cooling of a melt glass surface, as well as to surface chemical reactions under ambient conditions. This is in contrast to an ‘ideal’ glass surface whose composition and structure are identical to the bulk. It is likely that ideal glass surfaces can be created only by fracturing bulk, homogeneous, microstructure-free glass in an ultra-high environment. These ideal glass surfaces are well-defined and reproducible; therefore, they are excellent precursors for fundamental glass surface studies. They can also be used as calibration standards and control specimens for the interpretation of ‘real’ glass surface analyses. The chemical properties of some ‘real’ and ‘ideal’ glass surfaces will be discussed and related to macroscopic properties including dynamic fatigue and the peel strength of laminated composites.
Models for actin filament organization in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton.

Sung et al recently reported the identification of TM5b as one of the tropomyosin isoforms present in the human erythrocyte membrane skeleton.[1][1] Therein, they also “propose a molecular model of a short actin protofilament in erythrocytes … in which tropomodulin is associated near the N-
The effects of urbanisation level and mobility on happiness in OECD countries

This article examines the effects of urbanisation level and mobility on happiness in organisation for economic cooperation and development (OECD) countries using data provided by World Bank and OECD statistics. Although the focus on the relationship between urbanisation and happiness has been growing, the researchers have not been able adequately to define an urban or rural class due to the complex characteristics of a cross-national analysis. The link between mobility and happiness has not been studied extensively, and the relationship between mobility and happiness has not been proven consistently. The data in this study were calculated and compiled with relatively homogeneous and consistent criteria. This article concluded that the urbanisation level and mobility have a negative relationship with happiness. In addition, it identified different geographical patterns of happiness. Eastern Asian countries are characterised by high levels of urbanisation compared to other countries. Northern and Western European countries were happier compared to other countries with similar levels of economic developments. Eastern and Southern European countries were unhappier, even though their urbanisation levels are like those in Northern and Western European countries. The results obtained in this paper could help create public policies to enhance happiness.
The Research Site

This chapter presents the historical, geographical, and artistic context of our case study. It starts with a brief overview of Philadelphia’s overall art scene and proceeds to discuss the history and geography of our research site (i.e., Philadelphia’s Fishtown/Kensington area). It then discusses the reasons why some artists choose to locate within Philadelphia, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of being a Philadelphia (rather than NYC) artist. It proceeds to explain why some artists choose to live and/or work within Fishtown/Kensington, and discusses the deindustrialization and subsequent gentrification of the area by artists, hipsters, and affluent professionals.
Intermediate good sourcing, wages and inequality: From theory to evidence

This paper examines the consequences of offshoring and outsourcing on domestic wages and wage inequality. I highlight the role of labor market frictions in impacting firms’ outsourcing and offshoring decisions; specifically, how differential costs of matching with workers affect the location of production (onshore or offshore) and how differential costs of assessing worker quality affect the ownership of intermediate production (intra‐firm or inter‐firm). I demonstrate how firm sourcing decisions can depend crucially on the industry skill intensity, which reflects the importance of worker–firm match quality, and as a result, the effect of offshoring on domestic labor depends on occupation and industry characteristics, as well as the ownership regime of trade. Bringing the theory to the data I rely on plausibly exogenous variation in the cost of inter‐ and intra‐firm offshoring to identify the effects of a change in each type of offshoring on domestic wages. I find strong evidence that the effect of offshoring on domestic wages—both on the average and on the wage distribution—is governed by the type of offshoring (inter‐ vs. intra‐firm), the skill intensity of the industry, and the offshorability of the occupation.
Relative prevalence of 10 types of pharmacodynamic interactions in psychiatric treatment.

ObjectiveTo assess the relative prevalence and factors affecting the prescription of medication combinations with a theoretical efficacy limiting pharmacodynamic interaction, defined as two medicat...
One Size Does Not Fit All: Toward an Evidence-Based Framework for Determining Online Course Enrollment Sizes in Higher Education

Class enrollment sizes for online learning in higher education, a topic of persistent interest in the academic literature, impact student learning, pedagogical strategies, school finances, and faculty workload. Yet in the research literature class size is addressed with insufficient specificity to provide enrollment direction. Seeking guidelines for determining online class sizes, the authors conducted a qualitative research synthesis from 43 recent higher education journals, yielding 58 evidence-based articles. It is clear that no one size fits all. Findings reflect that large class sizes (≥ 40 students) are effective for foundational and factual knowledge acquisition requiring less individualized faculty-student interaction. Small class sizes (≤ 15 students) are indicated for courses intending to develop higher-order thinking, mastery of complex knowledge, and student skill development. Pedagogical intent should dictate class size. Using well-established learning theories, the authors describe current understandings of online enrollments and propose an analytical framework for pedagogically-driven numerically-specific class sizes.
Novel application of dry needling for neuropathic myofascial ankle pain and dysfunction following insidious integumentary infection: A case report.

Abstract Background Dry needling (DN) was effectively applied to a patient whose primary complaint was hyperalgesia and decreased ankle function meeting criteria for neuropathic myofascial pain following an integumentary infection, skin grafting and immobilization. Case description A 33-year-old male serving on active duty in the United States Air Force was referred to physical therapy for decreased ankle range of motion and pain, eight weeks after an integumentary infection on his ankle. The infection was complicated by tissue loss requiring skin grafting for closure. Two months of traditional rehabilitation was unsuccessful and this patient was referred for DN treatment. Outcomes Clinically relevant improvements were achieved after one treatment. After 48 hours, the patient's reported Pain Quality Assessment Scale (PQAS) dropped from a baseline 67 to 34 and Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) increased from 44 to 56. Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion improved by 15° and inversion and eversion by five degrees. After one year and 11 DN treatments, function continued to improve as demonstrated by single leg stance time improvement from 4 s to more than 60 seconds, without pain, a final LEFS of 72 and a return to unrestricted full duty. Conclusion DN is an increasingly utilized treatment option for myofascial pain. This case report represents a unique application of DN to an atypical patient presenting with neuropathic myofascial pain syndrome that demonstrated improvement with DN as the sole intervention. Further research regarding the application of DN as a treatment option for neuropathic myofascial pain syndromes is needed.
Impacts of school feeding on educational and health outcomes of school-age children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

School feeding programs are beneficial for the physical, mental, and psychosocial development of school-age children and adolescents, particularly those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While school feeding programs are ubiquitous in LMICs, the specific benefits of school feeding programs are unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the impacts of school feeding programs on the educational and health outcomes of children and adolescents in LMICs. Rigorously designed interventional studies on the impacts of school feeding on nutritional and health outcomes of children and adolescents receiving primary or secondary education in LMICs will be included. The following information sources were used to identify relevant published or unpublished studies: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and governmental or organizational websites. The risk of bias of randomized and non-randomized studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the ROBINS-I tool, respectively. Two reviewers will independently conduct the selection of studies, data extraction, and assessment of the risk of bias. A narrative synthesis of all the included studies will be provided. Meta-analyses will be performed whenever appropriate. Heterogeneity of effects will be assessed by I2, subgroup analyses, and meta-regression. The certainty of evidence for each outcome will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The design and implementation of school feeding programs in LMICs should be based on the understanding of the benefits of such programs. This work will provide a crucial evidence base for the educational and health benefits of school feeding on children and adolescents in LMICs. This protocol was submitted for registration with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on November 18, 2019 (registration number: pending).
Comparison of Drugs Used for Adjuvant and Metastatic Therapy of Colon, Breast, and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers.

Importance Drugs are used in the adjuvant, metastatic, or both settings in cancer, but the rate, direction, and speed with which drugs are tested and indicated in each setting are unknown. Objective To identify the number of unique agents that are currently category 1 or 2A per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines in metastatic and adjuvant settings of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, and colon cancer, as well as the mean delay between use in these 2 settings and the quality of supporting evidence. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used NCCN treatment guidelines current as of May 15, 2019, and the clinical trials cited either by these guidelines or within corresponding drug labels. Trials published between 1970 and 2019 were evaluated. The analysis included published clinical trials of systemic therapy options deemed by the NCCN as category 1 or 2A. Participants included patients with early or metastatic NSCLC, breast cancer, or colon cancer who were included in clinical trials evaluating current NCCN-recommended systemic therapy options. Data analysis was performed from March 2019 to May 2019. Exposures Systemic therapy regimens used as either adjuvant treatment or as therapy for metastatic disease in the 3 cancer types. Main Outcomes and Measures Number of agents recommended for use in adjuvant and metastatic settings of NSCLC, colon cancer, and breast cancer, the mean delay between use in these 2 settings, and the percentage of agents supported by trials with substantial improvement in either progression-free survival (disease-free survival for adjuvant agents) or overall survival. Results This study identified 69 agents recommended for use in metastatic disease compared with 25 agents recommended for adjuvant use. For agents used in both settings, the mean (SD) delay between use in metastatic disease and as adjuvant therapy was 10.0 (7.5) years. On the basis of trials with positive outcomes, 39 of 69 agents (56.5%) were approved or recommended in the metastatic setting, compared with 23 of 25 agents (92.0%) approved for use as adjuvant therapy. Conclusions and Relevance There is a substantial difference in the number of agents available for use, as well as the timing of supporting evidence, in the metastatic and adjuvant settings for NSCLC, breast cancer, and colon cancer. Given the potential benefit of adjuvant therapy in these cancer types, further investigation into additional adjuvant systemic therapy options is warranted.
An exploration of social & emotional factors impacting well-being in women who have sex with women (WSW)

“Women who have sex with women” or WSW have unique perspectives within the LBGTQ spectrum. The purpose of this study included documenting perceptions, feelings, and experiences among WSW. Thirty-se...
The Effect of Physical Parameters on the Optical Properties of Type II Core-Shell ZnO/ZnTe Micropillar Solar Cells

This paper presents a study on the effects of the physical parameters (height, pitch and diameter) of the micropillar on the optical performance of type-II core-shell ZnO/ZnTe micropillar solar cell. The optical performance (absorption, transmission, reflection) of 3-D periodic cylindrical pillar structured ZnO/ZnTe solar cell has been analyzed using Lumerical FDTD solver. Micropillar solar cells are of two types (axial and radial) in terms of the formation of the p-n junction. Comparison of the optical performance between ZnO/ZnTe micropillars and conventional ZnO/ZnTe solar cell has been conducted. The results reveal an increase of light absorption at higher-wavelength regime and a significant reduction in light reflection over the entire wavelength regime for the type-II coreshell (radial) ZnO/ZnTe micropillar solar cell. The effect of the physical parameters (height, pitch, and diameter) of the type –II core shell ZnO/ZnTe micropillar on the optical performance of the device has been further studied. Pillar height of 4 m results in highest degree of absorption (> 80%). As for the pitch, we observe a non-monotonic response. The optimum zone has been identified as 0.2 μm < pitch < 0.6 μm. A shell thickness of 70 nm leads to highest level of absorption within the lower wavelength (< 500 nm) of the relevant spectrum.
Patient reactions to witnessed medical events in the dialysis center or to the sudden absence of other patients from the center: A qualitative study.

Introduction Patients receiving in-center maintenance hemodialysis (HD) spend a significant amount of time together. To date, little or no research has examined how these patients perceive and process other patients' medical events in and absences from their centers. We therefore undertook this qualitative study using semi-structured interviews to explore these phenomena from the patient perspective. Methods Patients at a suburban Pittsburgh HD center participated in semi-structured interviews in April to May 2011, reporting on their impressions of their relationships with other patients in the center; their experiences of witnessing clinical decompensations in the center; and their reactions to absences of fellow patients from the center. Trained coders developed a codebook and applied it to interview transcripts. Findings There were 17 participants, 47% women, 29% black, with median age 63 years. Almost every participant had witnessed other patients' medical events during HD. Three main themes emerged in analysis of interviews: (1) incomplete knowledge of many aspects of witnessed events and patient absences in the HD center; (2) a process of "filling in the blanks": Participants used their own past events and absences to help process other patients' events and absences and used other patients' events and absences to help process their own future events and absences; and (3) participants' broad support for HD center staff being able to share with other patients basic information about their whereabouts if they themselves are absent from the center. Discussion Witnessed medical events in and patients' absences from the HD center are not only common but are also important to patients, who struggle to process these events and absences due to limited information about what actually happened. Interventions, such as providing patients with more information, could improve patients' experience of witnessed events and fellow patients' absences and potentially impact other patient-centered outcomes.
Fluency and the Maintenance of Skills Related to Sex Laws for Individuals Adjudicated for Illegal Sexual Behavior

Previous research has evaluated the effects of various commonly used mastery criteria on skill maintenance by directly manipulating the accuracy requirement, as well as the sessions across which these accuracy levels must be demonstrated. The current study extends this literature by including a rate dimension within the mastery criterion with a unique population. We implemented a fluency-oriented treatment package to increase intraverbal skills related to state sex laws using a multiple-baseline design across 3 target sets for 2 individuals adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior. Within this intervention package, we included 2 distinct components of a single mastery criterion: (a) accuracy (i.e., 100% accuracy across 3 consecutive sessions) and (b) speed. We evaluated how each of these measurable dimensions of behavior maintained across time. Results indicate this mastery criterion produced over 80% accuracy during maintenance probes for 10 weeks across all sets for both students. However, this mastery criterion produced idiosyncratic maintenance of rates across students and sets. These results suggest that each of these dimensions of behavior does not necessarily covary and should be conceptualized as distinct clinical targets by applied behavior clinicians.
Measuring Segregation in a Multiracial Era: The Impact of Federal Racial Reporting Changes on Estimates of Public School Segregation:

BackgroundDespite accounting for 3% of the student population, multiracial students are the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the United States. Aligning with new federal guidelines, in 2008, ...
Prophylactic Cancer Vaccines Engineered to Elicit Specific Adaptive Immune Response

Vaccines have been used to prevent and eradicate different diseases for over 200 years, and new vaccine technologies have the potential to prevent many common illnesses. Cancer, despite many advances in therapeutics, is still the second leading causes of death in the United States. Prophylactic, or preventative, cancer vaccines have the potential to reduce cancer prevalence by initiating a specific immune response that will target cancer before it can develop. Cancer vaccines can include many different components, such as peptides and carbohydrates, and be fabricated for delivery using a variety of means including through incorporation of stabilizing chemicals like polyethylene glycol (PEG) and pan-DR helper T-lymphocyte epitope (PADRE), fusion with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), microneedle patches, and liposomal encapsulation. There are currently five cancer vaccines used in the clinic, protecting against either human papillomavirus (HPV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV), and preventing several different types of cancer including cervical and oral cancer. Prophylactic cancer vaccines can promote three different types of adaptive responses: humoral (B cell, or antibody-mediated), cellular (T cell) or a combination of the two types. Each vaccine has its advantages and challenges at eliciting an adaptive immune response, but these prophylactic cancer vaccines in development have the potential to prevent or delay tumor development, and reduce the incidence of many common cancers.