cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular localization of phospholipase C isoforms in vascular smooth muscle

Abstract The phospholipase C (PLC) isoform most important during agonist-activated IP3 production in vascular smooth muscle is still unknown. When PLC activity in rat tail artery homogenate was determined, this activity was shown to be inhibited by an antibody directed against PLCβ2. Antibodies directed against the γ1, β1, β3 and δ1 isoforms of PLC failed to inhibit PLC activity in this tissue. Both PLCβ2 and PLCγ1 were isolated from rat tail artery by DEAE column chromatography and PLCβ2 activity was shown to be 3-fold greater than PLCγ1 activity. When rat tail artery was treated with norepinephrine (10 mM), PLCβ2 was shown to translocate from cytosol to membranes. When subcellular fractions of rat tail artery were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, including nuclei, plasma membrane, and cytosol, PLCβ2 was detected in the plasma membrane and the cytosol but not in the nuclei. PLCδ1 and PLCγ1 were found only in cytosol. This evidence is consistent with the model wherein an agonist such as norepinephrine can activate smooth muscle contraction via interaction with a plasma membrane receptor which can easily interact with a plasma membrane-associated isoform of PLC, such as PLCβ2.
Proteomic analysis of synaptosomal protein expression reveals that cerebral ischemia alters lysosomal Psap processing

Cerebral ischemia (CI) induces dramatic changes in synaptic structure and function that precedes delayed post-ischemic neuronal death. Here, a proteomic analysis was used to identify the effects of focal CI on synaptosomal protein levels. Contralateral and ipsilateral synaptosomes, prepared from adult mice subjected to 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion, were isolated following 3, 6 and 20 h of reperfusion. Synaptosomal protein samples (n=3) were labeled using the cleavable ICAT system prior to analysis with nanoLC-MS/MS. Each sample was analyzed by LC-MS to identify differential expressions using InDEPT software and differentially expressed peptides were identified by targeted LC-MS/MS. A total of 62 differentially expressed proteins were identified and Gene Ontology classification (cellular component) indicated that the majority of the proteins were located in the mitochondria and other components consistent with synaptic localization. The observed alterations in synaptic protein levels poorly correlated with gene expression, indicating the involvement of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in determining post-ischemic synaptic protein content. Additionally, immunohistochemistry analysis of prosaposin (Psap) and saposin C (SapC) indicates that CI disrupts Psap processing and glycosphingolipid metabolism. These results demonstrate that the synapse is adversely affected by CI and may play a role in mediating post-ischemic neuronal viability.
The good, the bad, and the fuzzy: A configurational approach to acquisitions

Prior research on investor perceptions of merger and acquisition performance has advanced our understanding of the influence of individual acquirer- and transaction-specific factors on abnormal ret...
Response of Six Major Histocompatibility (B) Complex Recombinant Haplotypes to Rous Sarcomas

Abstract Six B complex recombinants, BR1 (F24-G23), BR2 (F2-G23), BR3 (F2-G23), BR4 (F2-G23), BR5 (F21-G19), and BR6 (F21-G23), from the fourth backcross generation to highly inbred line UCD 003 (B17B17) were studied for their response to Rous sarcomas. Eight hatches were produced from heterozygous (BRnB17) parents. Chicks were wingweb inoculated with 50 pock-forming units of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) at 6 wk of age. A tumor profile index (TPI), based on degree of tumor regression, was evaluated by analysis of variance. BR2, BR3, and BR4 are serologically similar F2-G23 recombinants. Haplotype B2, the origin of BF2, is a known tumor regressor, yet BR2BR2 chickens had a significantly lower TPI than BR3BR3 and BR4BR4 chickens. The TPI of BR2BR2 (F2-G23) chickens was also significantly lower than the TPI of chickens homozygous for BR1 (F24-G23) and BR5 (F21-G19). The BR6BR6 (F21-G23) chickens had significantly lower TPI than all homozygotes except BR2BR2 (F2-G23). Among heterozygous genotypes, BR2B17, BR5B17, and BR6B17 differed significantly from BR1B17, BR3B17, and BR4B17. These results suggest that serologically similar recombinants that contain (F2-G23) possess different genes affecting tumor regression. In addition, degrees of tumor regression in BR5 (F21-G19) and BR5 (F21-G23), both of which contain BF21, may be due to genetic differences within the B-F/B-L or B-G regions.
A phase transition with an abrupt electrical resistivity change around 800 K in BaBi0.5Pb0.5O3

Abstract Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity were measured in a temperature range of 300–1100 K in air for BaBi1−xPbxO3 (x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0). The increase in Pb content led to the change in electrical conduction behavior from p-type semiconducting to n-type metallic and to n-type semimetallic, consistent with that in electronic structure previously reported on this alloy system. Two phase transitions were found at ∼650 K and ∼800 K for BaBi0.5Pb0.5O3 from the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity. With increasing temperature, the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity for BaBi0.5Pb0.5O3 showed a semiconductor-to-metal transition at ∼650 K with the continuous change in the resistivity and a metal-to-metal transition with an abrupt resistivity drop over ∼1.5 digits in a temperature range of 750–850 K (∼800 K). Combined with the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Seebeck coefficient data, it is discussed that the semiconductor-to-metal transition at ∼650 K is due to the continuous proportionation of Bi cations into the chemical states closer to Bi4+, and the metal-to-metal transition at ∼800 K may be due to the formation of a single chemical state with Bi4+ which leads to the disappearance of the pseudogap at EF and the formation of a normal metal.
Patterns and algorithms

Recent work at Ohio State University on algorithmic pattern generation is reviewed. A display manifold (quadratic lattice) is filled with symbols satisfying axioms of some algebraic structure by using the production rules of the structure and some initial or boundary condition to start the filling process. The algorithms operate "locally" to generate "global" patterns, often of great beauty. The tremendous variety in pattern obtained with a fixed algorithm can be interpreted as "adaptations" of the algorithms to different conditions, imposed externally. Computer generated examples will be shown of both periodic and non-periodic patterns using a variety of systems, and some of the general theorems discussed, Examples from nature strongly suggest that inorganic and biological structures of many kinds may well be constructed in accordance with similar principles. Connections with other branches of mathematics and computer science (universal algebras, number theory, parallel computation, cellular automata) are pointed out.
Scalable programming and algorithms for data-intensive life science applications.

Cloud computing [1] offers new approaches for scientific computing that leverage the major commercial hardware and software investment in this area. Closely coupled applications are still unclear in clouds as synchronization costs are still higher than on optimized MPI machines. However loosely coupled problems are very important in many fields and can achieve good cloud performance even when pleasingly parallel steps are followed by reduction operations as supported by MapReduce. It appears that many data analysis problems fit the MapReduce paradigm but there is no definitive analysis here. For example analysis of LHC (Large Hadron Collider) data corresponds to a data selection step followed by forming histograms; this naturally corresponds “perfectly” to the MapReduce paradigm. In Life Science, “all-pairs” applications like BLAST can run well with MapReduce but are particularly simple corresponding to “pleasingly parallel” or “map only” structure. Finally there are applications involving steps like the dimension reduction or clustering algorithms illustrated below where pleasing parallel operations (such as alignment and sequence distance computation) and followed by data mining steps involving iterative operations – such as those present in matrix algebra. Such iterative algorithms are the mainstay of large scale scientific computing and are linked directly to data with data assimilation in weather and climate area [2]. Even in the “birthplace” of MapReduce – Information Retrieval – the Page Rank algorithm needs iterative MapReduce. Thus we pose the following questions.
The RR Lyrae Variables in M3. I. Abundance Determinations

The metallicities of 29 RR Lyrae variables and five red giants in the globular cluster M3 have been determined from moderate-resolution spectra taken with the Hydra multifiber spectrograph on the 3.5 m WIYN telescope. Color indices in the Gunn uvgri system taken on the Kitt Peak 0.9 m telescope were used in conjunction with synthetic colors to estimate the temperature and gravity of each star. We find similar metallicities for both the RR Lyrae variables and the giants after correcting for overionization of Fe I in the variables, and derive [m/Fe] ratios for Mg, Ca, Sc, and Ti. The metallicities derived for M3's RR Lyrae variables show no dependence on either temperature at minimum light or period.
Cardiovascular alterations in Macaca monkeys exposed to stationary magnetic fields: Experimental observations and theoretical analysis

Simultaneous measurements were made of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the intraarterial blood pressure of adult male Macaca monkeys during acute exposures to homogeneous stationary magnetic fields ranging in strength up to 1.5 tesla. An instantaneous, field strength-dependent increase in the ECG signal amplitude at the locus of the T wave was observed in fields greater than 0.1 tesla. The temporal sequence of this signal in the ECG record and its reversibility following termination of the magnetic field exposure are consistent with an earlier suggestion that it arises from a magnetically induced aortic blood flow potential superimposed on the native T-wave signal. No measurable alterations in blood pressure resulted from exposure to fields up to 1.5 tesla. This experimental finding is in agreement with theoretical calculations of the magnetohydrodynamic effect on blood flow in the major arteries of the cardiovascular system.
Matrix compositions and the development of breast acini and ducts in 3D cultures

Breast epithelial cells develop into polarized and highly organized acinar and ductal structures in response to stromal cues, including extracellular matrix composition and density, which can in part be reproduced in 3D culture conditions. Here, we present the effects of various 3D in vitro stroma compositions (termed “matrices” or “substrates”) on the ability of heterotypic cultures of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells to organize into acinar and tubular structures. Normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) cells were cultured, either alone or in combination (30:70) with mouse mesenchymal stem cells (D1), in 3D matrices generated by agarose, collagen, and Matrigel® alone or by a combination thereof. After 3–5 d in culture, cell distribution, organization, and the presence of acinus-like and tubule-like structures were determined. The number of acinar structures was significantly higher in cultures grown in combination matrices of agarose with Matrigel® or collagen I when compared with cultures grown in Matrigel® or collagen I alone (p < 0.05). No tubular structures were formed when agarose was included in the matrix, regardless of the combination. In Matrigel®, but not in collagen I/Matrigel® microenvironment, the number of tubular structures was significantly increased in NMuMG/D1 coculture when compared with culture of NMuMG cells alone (p < 0.05). By immunohistochemical analysis, NMuMG cells cocultured with D1 cells were shown to form acinar structures with the NMuMG epithelial cells surrounding a lumen composed of dead cells while the D1 cells were mostly peripheral. Immunostaining for laminin indicated the presence of basement membrane when NMuMG cells were grown in Matrigel® alone or cocultured with D1 cells in a combination of Matrigel® and collagen I. These results indicate that the physical and biochemical properties of the matrix and cellular composition alter the organization of the mammary gland.
Patterns of convergence in rat zona incerta from the trigeminal nuclear complex: light and electron microscopic study.

In contrast to the restricted receptive field (RF) properties of the ventral posteriomedial nucleus (VPM), neurons of the ventral thalamus zona incerta (ZI) have been shown to exhibit multiwhisker responses that vary from the ventral (ZIv) to the dorsal (ZId) subdivision. Differences in activity may arise from the trigeminal nuclear complex (TNC) and result from subnucleus specific inputs via certain cells of origin, axon distribution patterns, fiber densities, bouton sizes, or postsynaptic contact sites. We tested this hypothesis by assessing circuit relationships among TNC, ZI, and VPM. Results from tracer studies show that, 1) relative to ZId, the trigeminal projection to ZIv is denser and arises predominantly from the principalis (PrV) and interpolaris (SpVi) subdivisions; 2) the incertal projection from TNC subnuclei overlaps and covers most of ZIv; 3) two sets of PrV axons terminate in ZI: a major subtype, possessing bouton-like swellings, and a few fine fibers, with minimal specialization; 4) both PrV and SpVi terminals exhibit asymmetric endings and preferentially target dendrites of ZI neurons; 5) small and large neurons in PrV are labeled after retrograde injections into ZI; 6) small PrV cells with incertal projections form a population that is distinct from those projecting to VPM; and 7) ~30–50% of large cells in PrV send collaterals to ZI and VPM. These findings suggest that, 1) although information to ZI and VPM is essentially routed along separate TNC circuits, streams of somatosensory code converge in ZI to establish large RFs, and 2) subregional differences in ZI response profiles are attributable in part to TNC innervation density.
In Memoriam Karel Gill

Op 5 januari 2015 overleed Karel Gill, 91 jaar oud, in Gorinchem. Karel was van 1953 tot 1995 huisarts in Zwammerdam (bij Bodegraven) en promoveerde in 1973 op Sociaal Verloskundige Verkenningen bij Jan van Es in Utrecht.
“Returning Home to Our Rightful Place”: The Nation of Islam and Muhammad Farms

Abstract This paper demonstrates how the Nation of Islam (NOI), a well known black nationalist organization, is utilizing notions of community to promote the activities and goals of its farm to other black people. The NOI owns Muhammad Farms in rural southern Georgia, USA. Its stated purpose is to feed all black people in the United States. Historically, the NOI has occupied a radical space in the black community by promoting black separatism. I argue that while its stance on separatism has not changed, discourse about Muhammad Farms appeals to more generalized notions of community uplift and self-determination, key components of black community nationalism. The NOI employs these discursive strategies to rally other black people around their message. I utilize archival and textual research along with critical discourse analysis to unpack this dialectical relationship between black racial identity and the farm. I claim that the NOI utilizes and creates black information networks in part to control knowledge disseminated about the farm. They are retelling black agrarian history in a way that mixes fact, fiction and shock value. Validation from others, mainly white people is antithetical to the NOI’s black nationalist principles. Ultimately the organization seeks to recreate the farm as a landscape of liberation that includes tragedy, triumph and hope for the future. The NOI presents Muhammad Farms as a symbol and example of the possibilities if black people return to the farm. Muhammad Farms also serves as a living memorial to black agrarian history.
25th Anniversary Article: Supramolecular Materials for Regenerative Medicine

In supramolecular materials, molecular building blocks are designed to interact with one another via non-covalent interactions in order to create function. This offers the opportunity to create structures similar to those found in living systems that combine order and dynamics through the reversibility of intermolecular bonds. For regenerative medicine there is a great need to develop materials that signal cells effectively, deliver or bind bioactive agents in vivo at controlled rates, have highly tunable mechanical properties, but at the same time, can biodegrade safely and rapidly after fulfilling their function. These requirements make supramolecular materials a great platform to develop regenerative therapies. This review illustrates the emerging science of these materials and their use in a number of applications for regenerative medicine.
A Distribution-Free Test of Independence with a Sample of Paired Observations

Abstract A distribution-free test of the hypothesis that identically distributed paired observations are independent may be based on a test statistic, D, which measures the variation between the ranks in each pair of observations. Examples of applications of this proposed test are discussed. Further, since the statistic is related to the one used in the Kruskal-Wallis H-test applied to samples of 2, some results are of interest for what they suggest about the H-test. Properties of the proposed test under the null hypothesis that are considered include exact sampling distributions, some exact probabilities, moment coefficients, the asymptotic distribution, and approximations to critical values. Large-sample theory for describing alternative hypotheses, for approximating the power of the test, and for determining sample size is also suggested.
Relation of length of day to flower and seed production in potato varieties

1. Under greenhouse condition at Belsville, Md., the length of day is an important factor in the production of mature flowers and seed balls by various varieties of potatoes. 2. Differences exist between certain varieties in mean weight of seed ball and weight of seed for each fruit. 3. Varieties differ somewhat in their light requirements for the production of flowers and seed balls. 4. A greater number of flowers is produced with the longer photoperiods. This accounts for the increase in number of seed balls. 5. In general it appears that satisfactory conditions for both flowering and fruiting at Beltsville are provided by a day length of approximately 16 hours.
Alpha ionization damage as a cause of low helium ratios

The possibility has been investigated that helium atoms escape from the crystal structures of minerals only as these structures become damaged by intense alpha-particle ionization. The escape of helium from zircon and sphene has been found to be almost zero for cases of low alpha bombardment, and increases progressively until almost all of the helium is lost in cases where the samples have suffered a bombardment of 1016 α/mg. The zircons in granites are well up in the range of activity where this damage will be important so that it is concluded that one of the principal causes of the high loss of helium from granitic rocks is the concentration of the radioactive elements and consequently helium into centers in which the damage will be great enough for the helium to escape.
Simulation of Tumor-Specific Delivery of Radioligand Comparison of One Step, Two Step, and Genetic Transduction Systems

A mathematical model simulation was performed to estimate the amount of radioactivity in plasma, normal tissues, and tumor tissue through three delivery approaches: one step radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49 i.v. bolus injection, two step method with biotin conjugated CC49 i.v. bolus injection followed 72 hours later by i.v. bolus radiolabeled streptavidin injection, and gene therapy method to express biotin on the tumor cell surface followed by i.v. bolus radiolabeled streptavidin injection. The mathematical model was built based on a system of ordinary differential equations consisting of inputs and outputs of model components in plasma, normal tissues, and tumor tissue. Through computer modeling, we calculated concentrations of each component for plasma, tumor and normal tissues at various time points. Radioactivity ratios of tumor to plasma and tumor to normal tissues increased with time. The increase of tumor to normal tissue ratios was much faster for the gene therapy approach than for single step and two step approaches, e.g., a ratio of 24.26 vs. 2.06 and 6.24 at 72 hours after radioligand injection. Radioactivity ratios predicted by the model varied with the amount of radioactivity injected and the time interval between injections. The model could be used to evaluate different radioimmunotherapy strategies and to predict radioactivity biodistribution using other receptor-ligand systems.
Pareto's 80/20 law and social differentiation: A social entropy perspective

Unequal contributions to social media, whereby a vast amount of content is produced by a limited number of users, need a better, theoretically grounded explanation. The present paper argues that contribution inequality on social media can be considered a symptom of social differentiation, which can be detected via social entropy. A conceptual foundation for this perspective is offered, supported by an empirical example. We use social entropy to detect the evolution of contribution inequality on Wikipedia over a period of 9 years. The paper also offers suggestions for using the conceptual framework for better understanding social media contribution structure and functional roles for practical applications.
The effects of actin on the electron spin resonance of spin-labeled myosin

Abstract Myosin and heavy meromyosin have been spin labeled at either the S 1 or S 2 thiol groups, and their interaction with F-actin has been studied by electron spin resonance, both in the absence of substrate and during the hydrolysis of ATP. The spectrum of myosin labeled at either group indicates strong immobilization of the label. In the absence of substrate, actin added to S 1 -labeled myosin slightly increases the separation of the outer spectral peaks, indicating a decrease in the mobility of the spin label. Actin also reduces the microwave power required to saturate the esr signal of S 1 -labeled myosin or heavy meromyosin. The latter phenomenon is a more sensitive measure of the actin-myosin interaction than the spectral change seen in the absence of saturation. This suggests that saturation measurements may provide a more sensitive method of detecting changes in the environment of slowly tumbling nitroxide radicals than spectral measurements carried out in the absence of saturation. The decrease in the amplitude of the spectrum on adding actin at saturating microwave power was used to determine the stoichiometry of the interaction between actin and heavy meromyosin. This decrease is maximal when 2 moles of actin monomer are added per mole of heavy meromyosin and is reversed when actin and myosin are dissociated by ATP. During the steady state hydrolysis of ATP, actin had no detectable effect on the spectrum of S 1 -labeled myosin. It can be concluded that spin labels bound to the S 1 groups are in a region of the myosin molecule that is affected by the interaction with actin. Actin does not affect the rate at which the bound spin label is reduced by dithiothreitol nor does the spin labeling of S 1 groups affect the activation by actin of the ATPase activity of myosin. These findings suggest that the most likely mechanism by which actin alters the mobility of labels on S 1 groups involves a change in the conformation of myosin. If a spin label is bound to the S 2 thiol groups rather than the S 1 groups, then actin has no detectable effect on the spectrum either in the presence or absence of ATP.
Nutritional modulation of cataract

Lens opacification or cataract reduces vision in over 80 million people worldwide and blinds 18 million. These numbers will increase dramatically as both the size of the elderly demographic and the number of those with carbohydrate metabolism-related problems increase. Preventative measures for cataract are critical because the availability of cataract surgery in much of the world is insufficient. Epidemiologic literature suggests that the risk of cataract can be diminished by diets that are optimized for vitamin C, lutein/zeaxanthin, B vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, multivitamins, and carbohydrates: recommended levels of micronutrients are salutary. The limited data from intervention trials provide some support for observational studies with regard to nuclear - but not other types of - cataracts. Presented here are the beneficial levels of nutrients in diets or blood and the total number of participants surveyed in epidemiologic studies since a previous review in 2007.
Erbium-based plasmonic-assisted vertical emitter

Erbium-based plasmonic-assisted vertical emitters at telecommunication wavelengths have been investigated. We show that net gain and array of lasers are achievable.
Lithium driftability of germanium grown from quartz or graphite crucibles

Abstract Lithium-drift mobility and oxygen concentration were measured in pulled germanium crystals grown in a hydrogen or vacuum atmosphere using quartz or graphite crucibles. The highest values of mobility and lowest values of oxygen content were measured for crystals grown in vacuum from melts contained in graphite. The lowest mobilities and the highest oxygen levels occured in crystals grown in hydrogen from melts contained in quartz. The effects were reversible. Driftable germanium was made to drift more slowly by regrowth in hydrogen and quartz; that material, in turn, was made to drift rapidly by regrowth in vacuum and graphite and, to a lesser extent, by regrowth in hydrogen and graphite or vacuum and quartz. Oxygen levels, determined by lithium precipitation, were consistent with mobility variations.
Embodied energy and economic valuation.

Input-output analysis has been adapted to calculate the total (direct plus indirect) energy required to produce goods and services in the U.S. economy; this quantity has been termed the embodied energy. Usually, the energy required to produce labor and government services and the solar energy input to the economy are ignored by analysts. The former omission can be traced to the assumption that traditional primary factors of economic production-land, labor, and capital-are independent. A strong case can be made that these input factors are not independent and that energy is required for their production. Embodied energies can be calculated in this case by using input-output data. The results of such an analysis show that there is a strong relation between embodied energy and dollar value for a 92-sector U.S. economy if the energy required to produce labor and government services is included.
Geoarchaeological evidence for ritual closure of a kiva at Fourmile Ruin, Arizona

Geoarchaeological analyses, including soil micromorphology and chemistry, were used to characterize the deposition history of a fourteenth-century Pueblo ceremonial structure (or kiva) at Fourmile Ruin, east-central Arizona. These subterranean structures were often ritually “closed” by Pueblo societies through the burning of roofs and the deposition of special objects. These conspicuous markers are absent in the Fourmile Ruin kiva, but the composition of constituent materials and sedimentation processes nonetheless signal complex, highly-orchestrated closure activities. The study demonstrates the efficacy of geoarchaeological analyses of stratified deposits for modeling the subtle behaviors associated with the ritual closure and abandonment of sacred places.
Monozygotic twins with facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD): Implications for genotype/phenotype correlation

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal-dominant disorder with a characteristic and distinctive distribution of weakness but a high degree of variation in the age of onset and rate of progression. Monozygotic twins provide the opportunity to assess the relative importance of genetic as opposed to nongenetic influences on the course of disease. We have studied three sets of monozygotic twins with FSHD and compared the similarity of their degree of involvement using quantitative studies of individual muscle function. Similar quantitative studies of 59 other subjects with FSHD served as a reference population for contrast with the twin studies. One set of twins was discordant for FSHD, presumably as a reflection of a postzygotic mutation in the affected twin. The other two sets were concordant and both had evidence of autosomal dominantly inherited gene rearrangements. Both sets were similarly affected in terms of age of onset, overall degree of disability, and quantitative tests of muscle, but there were major differences in the symmetry of involvement of specific muscles. Cerebral dominance was not related to asymmetries of involvement. These data suggest age of onset and severity are determined by the gene lesion in FSHD. Other factors may influence the frequently encountered asymmetries in FSHD.
A generalization of the linear complementarity problem

Abstract The linear complementarity problem: find z∈Rp satisfying w = q + M z w ⩾ 0 , z ⩾ 0 ( LCP ) z T w = 0 is generalized to a problem in which the matrix M is not square. A solution technique similar to C. E. Lemke's (1965) method for solving (LCP) is given. The method is discussed from a graph-theoretic viewpoint and closely parallels a proof of Sperner's lemma by D. I. A. Cohen (1967) and some work of H. Scarf (1967) on approximating fixed points of a continuous mapping of a simplex into itself.
The Complexity of Adding Multitolerance

We focus on the problem of adding multitolerance to an existing fault-intolerant program. A multitolerant program tolerates multiple classes of faults and provides a potentially different level of fault tolerance to each of them. We consider three levels of fault tolerance, namely failsafe (i.e., satisfy safety in the presence of faults), nonmasking (i.e., recover to legitimate states after the occurrence of faults), and masking (both). For the case where the program is subject to two classes of faults, we consider six categories of multitolerant programs—FF, FN, FM, MM, MN, and NN, where F, N, and M represent failsafe, nonmasking, and masking levels of tolerance provided to each class of fault. We show that the problem of adding FF, NN, and MN multitolerance can be solved in polynomial time (in the state space of the program). However, the problem is NP-complete for adding FN, MM, and FM multitolerance. We note that the hardness of adding MM and FM multitolerance is especially atypical given that MM and FM multitolerance can be added efficiently under more restricted scenarios where multiple faults occur simultaneously in the same computation. We also present heuristics for managing the complexity of MM multitolerance. Finally, we present real-world multitolerant programs and discuss the trade-off involved in design decisions while developing such programs.
Community‐based mental health training

Community-based mental health training programs are characterized by their location within the neighborhood to be served and by the involvement of community members in program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Community-based programs are joint efforts, and use the resources of both institutions of higher learning and community organizations or agencies. This article describes one such effort: a mental health paraprofessional training program held on-site at The Woodlawn Organization, in Chicago, Illinois. The two-year project provided bachelor's level education to members of the Woodlawn community, allowing them to assume roles as mental health leaders for Woodlawn. The Woodlawn Organization represents the people of the community, and had a long history of involvement in building self-determination for its members. This concept provided an underlying motivation for the mental health training program as well. Students were trained, not just to deliver direct services, but to develop and implement mental health programs that would respond to the priorities set by the citizens of Woodlawn.
Headspace determination of solubility limits of the base neutral and volatile components from the environmental protection agency's list of priority pollutants

Abstract Static headspace or vapor equilibrium analysis where the aqueous solution is allowed to equilibrate with the gaseous phase above it, was recently reported as a simple method for determining the solubility limits of some volatile aromatic priority pollutants and a few purgeable halocarbons 1 . The technique used for those analyses can be used to determine the solubility limit of other compounds on the Environmental Protection Agency's list of priority pollutants. We report solubility limits of halogenated alkanes and alkenes of the volatile fraction of the priority pollutant list and additional compounds of the base neutral fraction as determined by the gas chromatographic headspace analysis technique.
Influence of surface treatment of yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconium oxides and cement type on crown retention after artificial aging

Statement of problem Information about the influence of zirconia crown surface treatment and cement type on the retention of zirconia crowns is limited. It is unclear whether zirconia crowns require surface treatment to enhance their retention. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment on the retention of zirconia crowns cemented with 3 different adhesive resin cements after artificial aging. Material and Methods Ninety extracted human molars were prepared for ceramic crowns (approximately 20-degree taper, approximately 4-mm axial length) and were divided into 3 groups (n=30). Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing zirconia copings were fabricated. Three surface treatments were applied to the intaglio surface of the copings. The control group received no treatment, the second group was airborne-particle abraded with 50 μm Al 2 O 3 , and the third group was treated with 30 μm silica-modified Al 2 O 3 , The copings were luted with a self-etch (RelyX Unicem 2), a total-etch (Duo-Link), or a self-etch primer (Panavia F 2.0) adhesive cement. They were stored for 24 hours at 37°C before being artificially aged with 5000 (5°C-55°C) thermal cycles and 100 000 cycles of 70 N dynamic loading. Retention was measured on a universal testing machine under tension, with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical analysis was performed with 1-way and 2-way ANOVA. Results Mean retention values ranged from 0.72 to 3.7 MPa. Surface treatment increased crown retention, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P >.05), except for the Duo-Link cement group ( P P Conclusion For zirconia crowns, retention seems to be dependent on cement type rather than surface treatment.
Nucleic acid content of mammary glands of virgin and pregnant gilts.

Abstract Six Yorkshire×Hampshire crossbred gilts were slaughtered at second estrus, 25, 50, or 100 days of gestation. Mammary systems were removed immediately and dissected into glands free of skin, muscle, and fat. Growth of the mammary gland was assessed by measuring the weight of the lyophilized fat free tissue, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) contents. The data were analyzed as DNA or RNA concentration per mg of tissue and content per gland. Lyophilized fat free tissue in the mammary system increased 6.5 times during the first 100 days of pregnancy. Average DNA per gland increased 4.9 times during this same period, from 121 mg/gland to 580 mg/gland and RNA increased from 199mg to 1,178mg. Ribonucleic acid and DNA ratio also increased from 1.6 to 2.0 as gestation advanced to 100 days. The increases in lyophilized fat free tissue, DNA and RNA came in the last half of pregnancy and accounted for approximately 100% of the growth.
Quasi-Inherent Characteristics Of The Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient For Irradiance

The diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance (Kd), the coefficient used to describe the attenuation of irradiance as a function of depth in natural waters, is an apparent optical property. As such, it is a function of the geometry of measurement and other factors which alter the radiance distribution as a function of depth. In spite of this, measurements of downwelling irradiance versus depth and sun zenith angle show that Kd is relatively insensitive to changes in sun angle, thus displaying "quasi-inherent" characteristics, except for very large sun zenith angles. Data will be shown to demonstrate this for a highly productive water type.
Silicone-reactive disorder: A new autoimmune disease caused by immunostimulation and superantigens

Over 100 cases of disorders closely resembling classic autoimmune diseases have been reported among patients who were injected or implanted with a diverse group of chemicals including paraffins, vegetable oils or silicone. Most cases have occurred in silicone breast implant recipients, especially those who received their prostheses 2-10 years prior to onset of symptoms. A high proportion of patients exhibit classic signs and symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome or scleroderma. Affected patients typically experience some combination of fatigue, myalgia, joint pain, sicca syndrome (dry eyes and mouth), synovitis, rash, alopecia, muscular weakness or lymphadenopathy, and autoantibody formation. Less commonly, patients may have the CREST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomena, esophageal hypomotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasias), hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, or central nervous system pathology.
Electron momentum distribution in silicon

Abstract X-ray Compton profiles of silicon were measured, using Mo Kα (Λ = 0·709 A) and Ag Kα (0·559 A) along the [100], [110] and [111] directions. After subtracting the 2s 22p 6 Hartree-Fock core contributions in the impulse approximation (1δ2 not excited the Compton profile for the four valence electrons averaged over these three directions agreed with the averaged theoretical profile calculated by Stroud and Ehrenreich (1968) and with the averaged profile determined by Erskine and McGervey (1966) from their positron annihilation angular correlation studies. The small departures from spherical symmetry in the Compton profiles did not agree with the theoretical calculations nor with the positron measurements (which agree with each other) but rather appeared to be similar to the anisotropies in the diamond Compton profile. The disparity between the x-ray and positron work may be due to the local positron shielding of the electron-electron correlation effect.
Insulin-like growth factor-i signaling in smooth muscle cells is regulated by ligand binding to the 177CYDMKTTC184 sequence of the β3-subunit of αVβ3

The response of smooth muscle cells to IGF-I requires ligand occupancy of the alphaVbeta3 integrin. We have shown that vitronectin (Vn) is required for IGF-I-stimulated migration or proliferation, whereas the anti-alphaVbeta3 monoclonal antibody, LM609, which inhibits ligand binding, blocks responsiveness of these cells to IGF-I. The amino acids 177-184 ((177)CYDMKTTC(184)) within the extracellular domain of beta3 have been proposed to confer the ligand specificity of alphaVbeta3; therefore, we hypothesized that ligand binding to the 177-184 cysteine loop of beta3 may be an important regulator of the cross talk between alphaVbeta3 and IGF-I in SMCs. Here we demonstrate that blocking ligand binding to a specific amino acid sequence within the beta3 subunit of alphaVbeta3 (i.e. amino acids 177-184) blocked Vn binding to the beta3 subunit of alphaVbeta3 and correspondingly beta3 phosphorylation was decreased. In the presence of this antibody, IGF-I-stimulated Shc phosphorylation and ERK 1/2 activation were impaired, and this was associated with an inhibition in the ability of IGF-I to stimulate an increase in migration or proliferation. Furthermore, in cells expressing a mutated form of beta3 in which three critical residues within the 177-184 sequence were altered beta3 phosphorylation was decreased. This was associated with a loss of IGF-I-stimulated Shc phosphorylation and impaired smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to IGF-I. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the 177-184 sequence of beta3 is necessary for Vn binding to alphaVbeta3 and that ligand occupancy of this site is necessary for an optimal response of smooth muscle cells to IGF-I.
Reversal learning in forebrain ablated and olfactory tract sectioned teleost, Carassius auratus

Groups of goldfish with forebrain ablation and the olfactory tract sectioned were taught a food-motivated nondiscriminative choice in a Y-maze. Criterion choice behavior was followed by successive reversal learning. Both groups successfully acquired each task but the fish with forebrain ablation were slower to eliminate errors in the reversals than were the fish with the olfactory tract sectioned. There were no latency differences between groups on any tasks. It was concluded that the teleost forebrain may, in part, function to provide inhibitory control over previously acquired responses.
Recovery and bandwidth sharing techniques in MPLS networks

Failure of backbone nodes/links can have catastrophic consequences unless they are addressed in a timely manner. Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), is an increasingly popular technology that employs various recovery mechanisms from such failures. In addition to failure recovery these mechanisms minimize downtime, data loss and convergence time while also avoiding inefficient bandwidth utilization. The aim of this survey paper is to provide an overview of the recovery and bandwidth sharing techniques used by MPLS. We discuss the recovery mechanisms, as well as merits and demerits, of global and local recovery. We also present the bandwidth sharing potential of each recovery technique and discuss different protocols proposed for bandwidth sharing. Our work will be valuable to networking researchers who want to get an insight into the operation mechanism, as well as design tradeoffs, of various MPLS recovery techniques.
Spheramine for treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Spheramine (Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) is currently being tested as a new approach for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It consists of an active component of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells, attached to an excipient part of crosslinked porcine gelatin microcarrriers. Spheramine is administered by stereotactic implantation into the striatum of PD patients and the use of immunosuppression is not required. Current pharmacologic therapies of PD are oriented to the administration of dopaminergic medications. Human RPE cells produce levodopa, and this constitutes the rationale to use Spheramine for the treatment of PD. The preclinical development of Spheramine included extensive biologic, pharmacologic, and toxicologie studies in vitro and in animal models of PD. The first clinical trial in humans evaluated the safety and efficacy of Spheramine implanted in the postcommissural putamen contralateral to the most affected side in six patients with advanced PD. This open-label study demonstrated good tolerability and showed sustained motor clinical improvement. A phase II double-blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled (sham surgery) study is underway to evaluate safety, tolerability, and efficacy of Spheramine implanted bilaterally into the postcommissural putamen of patients with advanced PD. Spheramine represents a treatment approach with the potential of supplying a more continuous delivery of levodopa to the striatum in advanced PD than can be achieved with oral therapy alone.
High-throughput vibrational cytometry based on nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy

Flow cytometry is a technology that allows a single cell or particle to be measured for a variety of characteristics, determined by looking at their properties while they flow in a liquid stream. High speed of flow and huge number of objects to be analyzed imposed some strict criteria on which methods can be used for analysis. All the known commercial instruments are currently using light scattering for particle sizing and fluorescence detection for chemical recognition. However, vibrational spectroscopy is the only non-invasive optical spectroscopy tool, which has proven to provide chemically-specific information about the interrogated sample. It is proposed that vibrational spectroscopy, based on nonlinear Raman scattering can be used to serve as an analytical tool for cytometry by providing rapid and accurate chemical recognition of flowing materials. To achieve a desired speed (>10,000 cell/particles per second), we have substantially upgraded our previous system for nonlinear Raman microspectroscopy. By increasing the size of the excitation volume to the size of a cell and by keeping the incident intensity at the same level, a dramatic increase of the nonlinear Raman signal is achieved. This allows high-quality vibrational spectra to be acquired within 10-100 microsecond from a single yeast cell without any observable damage to the irradiated cell. This is four orders of magnitude better than any previous attempts involving Raman microspectroscopy.
The Rice Virtual Lab in Statistics

The Rice Virtual Laboratory in Statistics is an integrated combination of an electronic textbook, simulations/demonstrations, and case studies. The electronic textbook covers basic concepts in statistics and data analysis and contains links to data analysis tools, instructional demonstrations/simulations, and other on-line texts. The simulations and demonstrations help make abstract concepts concrete and allow students to investigate various aspects of statistical tests and distributions. Case studies demonstrate the real-world applicability of statistical methods. Materials are available on the World-Wide Web.
Fractures, faults, and hydrocarbon entrapment, migration and flow

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the role of structural heterogeneities in hydrocarbon entrapment, migration and flow. Three common structural heterogeneity types are considered: (1) dilatant fractures (joints, veins, and dikes); (2) contraction/compaction structures (solution seams and compaction bands); and (3) shear fractures (faults). Each class of structures has a different geometry, pattern, and fluid flow property, which are described by using analog outcrop studies, conceptual models, and, in some cases, actual subsurface data. Permeability of these structures may, on average, be a few orders of magnitude higher or lower than those of the corresponding matrix rocks. Based on these differences and the widespread occurrence of fractures and faults in rocks, it is concluded that structural heterogeneities should be essential elements of hydrocarbon migration and flow as well as entrapment and that they should be included in large-scale basin models and reservoir-scale simulation models. This proposition is supported by a number of case studies of various reservoirs presented in this paper.
A Note on the Behavior of the Temperature Structure Parameter in a Convective Layer Capped by a Marine Inversion

Abstract Aircraft measurements of CT2 in an unstable marine boundary layer suggest a modification of the surface layer free-convection model. This modification is given by a function of z/zi, where z is the observation height and zi the height to the inversion base. This variation of CT2 with height may be expressed as z−4/3[1 + 0.84(z/zi) + 4.13(z/zi)2] for 0 ≤ z/zi ≤ 0.8.