cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cell and Growth Cone Migrations

I. INTRODUCTION During morphogenesis, some cells migrate from their origins to distant locations. The complex, stereotyped migrations of axonal growth cones, for example, determine the connectivity of the nervous system. Motile cells and processes can undergo directed movements in response to spatially patterned molecules (Keynes and Cook 1995; Garrity and Zipursky 1995), and recent studies suggest that specific directional cues are conserved from nematodes to chordates (Hedgecock et al. 1990; Ishii et al. 1992; Kennedy et al. 1994; Serafini et al. 1994; Colamarino and Tessier-Lavigne 1995). Migrating cells may follow several different directional cues, often in strict sequence, during development. Moreover, they may halt migration at stereotyped positions or times either to divide or to differentiate. These changes in cell movements must reflect changes in the extracellular environment or changes within the motile cell itself. For example, cells might be constitutively responsive to multiple directional cues, changing course whenever they encounter a further cue within their repertoire. Instead, it appears that cells become responsive to new cues, or unresponsive to current ones, during the course of migration. Some transitions could be entirely autonomous, reflecting, for example, an intracellular clock, but many are contingent upon extracellular signals encountered during the course of migration. These transitions often involve new gene expression. Analysis of these transitions has identified signaling pathways and transcriptional cascades within migrating cells that help select substrate and direction of migration, or regulate transitions between motile and stationary states. One such pathway in nematodes responds to hormonal signals that advance...
Pseudotuberculosis in an Antbear (Orycteropus Afer) in Rhodesia

SUMMARY The clinical symptoms and haematological and pathological lesions of pseudotuberculosis in an antbear ( Orycteropus afer ) and the biochemical and biological properties of the isolated pathogen, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis ovis are described. For comparison blood and serum values of four other antbears are recorded. Evidence of the occurrence of the disease in wild life is reviewed in connection with epizoological considerations of the observed case. The antbear was very probably infected subsequent to and as a result of capture; clinical and pathological evidence suggested that this species is not a natural host of C . pseudo - tubercuiosisovis .
The Schaus Swallowtail Habitat Enhancement Project: An Applied Service-Learning Project Continuum from Biscayne National Park to Miami—Dade County Public Schools

Abstract Urbanization in Miami—Dade County has modified large tracts of suitable habitats into smaller patches and increased distance between habitats. As a result, the endangered Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus (Schaus Swallowtail), which historically inhabited subtropical dry forests in south Florida and the Florida Keys, is now restricted to several islands in the Florida Keys and its numbers are precipitously declining. Here we report on a project that combined a remote in situ restoration project with a communityoutreach component that brought the restoration effort to local urban elementary schools. The Schaus Swallowtail Habitat Enhancement Project in Biscayne National Park utilized volunteers to remove exotic plants and plant over 3000 Amryis elemifera (Sea Torchwood) and Zanthoxylum fagara (Wild Lime), which are host plants for the Schaus Swallowtail. After planting and initial establishment, we monitored growth and survival of host plants. We developed the Schaus and Coastal Hardwood Hammock cu...
Hotel Industry Performance in 2016–2017 and the JHFM Index

The year 2017 has been productive for hotels in the United States. According to the latest Smith Travel Research (STR) report (September 2017), the year-to-date occupancy for these lodging firms in...
Finding numbers in the brain.

After listing functional constraints on what numbers in the brain must do, I sketch the two's complement fixed-point representation of numbers because it has stood the test of time and because it i...
Formulating R&D Portfolios that Account for Risk

OVERVIEW:R&D managers express displeasure with the state of the art in portfolio decision models and are often doubtful about their firm's current portfolio of projects. Many feel that conventional portfolio decision models are impractical, requiring data that are almost impossible to estimate, or fail to take into account the risk-mitigating effects of diversification across a portfolio. The new approach presented here is scientifically rigorous, yet simple and practical. It can be implemented easily using only an EXCEL spreadsheet, and requires as inputs only the estimated success probabilities and payoffs of each R&D project. The model develops priorities for each of the R&D projects, which take into account the joint risk of the entire portfolio. The project priorities developed by this model are closely correlated with the internally established priorities for 54 R&D projects in two large ethical pharmaceutical firms.
Putting on a show; Collecting, exhibiting and performing wayang at the Tropenmuseum from colonial times until the present

The Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam has a rich history in collecting, exhibiting and presenting wayang performances. This paper traces this history of collection, exhibition and performance practice of wayang at the Colonial Institute, from 1949 known as Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from colonial times until the present. It demonstrates the entanglement of colonial and postcolonial power structures, collection and exhibition legacies of the colonial past. The paper will show that from the moment wayang puppets entered the museum’s collection there has been continuous interaction between collecting and exhibition practices and performance practices. The emphasis on tangible elements of performance practice in collection and exhibition practices contributed to a dominant and static understanding of wayang .
Tyr1 phosphorylation promotes the phosphorylation of Ser2 on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II by P-TEFb

The Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) phosphorylates Ser2 residues of RNA polymerase II9s C-terminal domain (CTD) and is essential for the transition from transcription initiation to elongation in vivo. Surprisingly, PTEFb exhibits Ser5 phosphorylation activity in vitro. The mechanism garnering Ser2 specificity to P-TEFb remains elusive and hinders understanding of the transition from transcription initiation to elongation. Through in vitro reconstruction of CTD phosphorylation, mass spectrometry analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis we uncover a mechanism by which Tyr1 phosphorylation directs the kinase activity of P-TEFb and alters its specificity from Ser5 to Ser2. The loss of Tyr1 phosphorylation causes a reduction of phosphorylated Ser2 and accumulation of RNA polymerase II in the promoter region. These findings provide direct experimental evidence for a combinatorial CTD phosphorylation code wherein previously installed modifications direct the identity and abundance of subsequent coding events by influencing the behavior of downstream enzymes.
Mortgage Modifications for Government Loans: New Tools Needed for a Higher Rate Environment

The Great Recession taught us that loan modifications are often more advantageous to both investors and borrowers than foreclosures. However, government loan modifications are less effective than their conventional counterparts, as the toolkit is very limited. The first step in a government modification is to change the mortgage rate to the current market rate to allow for re-securitization, thus raising the borrower’s rate in a rising rate environment. This offsets monthly payment reduction from the FHA’s partial claim or the USDA’s equivalent and results in a less sustainable modification. In this article, we propose prospectively changing Ginnie Mae pooling requirements to permit in-pool modification with a recast to retain the original note rate; the cost to investors would be very small. If, in addition, the Veteran’s Administration (VA) could offer partial claim or forbearance, it would allow VA borrowers to be on a more equal footing with FHA or USDA borrowers. TOPICS:MBS and residential mortgage loans, financial crises and financial market history, risk management
STAR: Simultaneous Tracking and Recognition through Millimeter Waves and Deep Learning

Gait is the human’s natural walking style that is a complex biological process unique to each person. This paper aims to exploit millimeter wave (mmWave) to extract fine-grained microdoppler signatures of human movements, which are used as the mmWave gait biometric for user recognition. Towards this goal, a deep microdoppler learning system is proposed, which utilizes deep neural networks to automatically learn and extract the discriminative features in the mmWave gait biometic data to distinguish a large number of people from each other. In particular, our system consists of two subsystems including human target tracking and human target recognition. The tracking subsystem is responsible for detecting the appearance of a human subject, tracking his/her locations and estimating his/her walking velocity. The recognition subsystem utilizes the tracking data to generate the microdoppler signatures as the mmWave biometrics, which are fed into a custom-designed residual deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for automatic feature extractions. Finally, a softmax classifier utilizes the extracted features for user identification. In a typical indoor environment, a top-1 identification accuracy of 97.45% is achieved for a dataset of 20 people.
Community Resettlement in Louisiana: Learning from Histories of Horror and Hope

This chapter explores one of the biggest challenges that risk reduction professionals and policy-makers face regarding community resettlement in Louisiana: the need to reconcile efforts to address growing risks to flooding and extreme weather with the experiences and initiatives advanced by communities whose vulnerability to those risks is connected to histories of forced displacement, dispossession of land and resources, and social marginalization. The Isle de Jean Charles Biloxi-Chitimacha-Choctaw Tribal Council, for example, has spent nearly 20 years planning their resettlement inland to address not only increasing extreme weather and flooding but also multigenerational experiences of displacement, environmental injustices, and threats to their tribal self-determination and cultural survival. After initially embracing the tribal-driven efforts during the application for federal resilience funding, state planners have since transformed their resettlement, situating the effort primarily within their emerging framework for coastal resilience. This chapter argues that ahistorical approaches to environmental adaptation threaten to reproduce the vulnerability of marginalized communities. This chapter also provides additional support to the growing demand for adaptation policies at multiple levels of government that honor the rights of indigenous peoples and commit resources for the implementation of community- and tribal-driven plans when they already exist.
Treatment of Vocal Fold Polyps with In-Office Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) Laser Ablation in Professional Singers.

Summary Vocal fold polyp (VFP) is an exophytic gelatinous lesion with an atrophic epithelium. After behavioral and conservative management, phonomicrosurgery is the treatment of choice for VFPs with excellent outcomes in terms of lesion resolution and postoperative vocal function. Office-based potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser ablation is a new treatment modality for VFPs but its efficacy for professional singers has yet to be validated. Reported is a consecutive series of six professional singers (with seven episodes of VFP) who, based on patient and provider preference, underwent in-office KTP laser ablation of VFP. Two polyps required two ablation procedures; otherwise, a single treatment was successful in resolution of VFP at a mean resolution time of 44 days. Singing voice handicap index 10 improved from a mean of 30.8 (range 4–40) to 6.0 (range 0–22). All patients resumed their professional singing careers without vocal limitations. Posttreatment videos were reviewed by three blinded fellowship trained laryngologists, who were not able to accurately predict the laterality of the polyp (52% correct, p = 0.99).
Abortion and the Law in America: Roe v. Wade to the Present

With the Supreme Court likely to reverse Roe v. Wade, the landmark abortion decision, American debate appears fixated on clashing rights. The first comprehensive legal history of a vital period, Abortion and the Law in America illuminates an entirely different and unexpected shift in the terms of debate. Rather than simply championing rights, those on opposing sides battled about the policy costs and benefits of abortion and laws restricting it. This mostly unknown turn deepened polarization in ways many have missed. Never abandoning their constitutional demands, pro-choice and pro-life advocates increasingly disagreed about the basic facts. Drawing on unexplored records and interviews with key participants, Ziegler complicates the view that the Supreme Court is responsible for the escalation of the conflict. A gripping account of social-movement divides and crucial legal strategies, this book delivers a definitive recent history of an issue that transforms American law and politics to this day.
The Saga of Pennsylvania’s “Willie Horton” and the Commutation of Life Sentences in the Commonwealth

In 1994, Reginald McFadden’s sentence of life without the possibility of parole was commuted by the governor of Pennsylvania, and he was shipped to New York to be supervised by a bunch of amateurs. Within roughly 90 days, he murdered two people, raped and kidnapped a third, and possibly murdered a fourth. McFadden proved to be Lieutenant Governor Mark Singel’s “Willie Horton.” Singel, who had voted for McFadden’s release as a member of the Board of Pardons, lost the gubernatorial election to his Republican opponent who ran on a “life-means-life” platform. Compounding the tragedy of McFadden’s actions, the Pennsylvania Constitution was amended to require a unanimous vote of the pardon board for the commutation of life sentences. In the last 25 years, only 25 lifers have won commutation, 19 of whom were freed by the current chief executive, Governor Wolf. Drawing on materials culled from the state archives and right-to-know requests, this article, which has the makings of a serial podcast, explores the bureaucratic blunders and biased judgments that have left a large number of aging rehabilitated lifers to await death by incarceration. The Article ends with proposals for reform the commutation process to counter the fear of the “Willie Horton Effect” experienced by public officials involved in pardon decisions.
Determinants of Intermarriages among Foreign-Born Asians in the United States

The Asian population has the highest rate of intermarriages in the United States but with limited research on the determinants of intermarriages among foreign-born Asians. Social exchange theory, s...
Evidence of Inverse Hall-Petch Behavior and Low Friction and Wear in High Entropy Alloys.

We present evidence of inverse Hall-Petch behavior for a single-phase high entropy alloy (CoCrFeMnNi) in ultra-high vacuum and show that it is associated with low friction coefficients (~0.3). Grain size measurements by STEM validate a recently proposed dynamic amorphization model that accurately predicts grain size-dependent shear strength in the inverse Hall-Petch regime. Wear rates in the initially soft (coarse grained) material were shown to be remarkably low (~10–6 mm3/N-m), the lowest for any HEA tested in an inert environment where oxidation and the formation of mixed metal-oxide films is mitigated. The combined high wear resistance and low friction are linked to the formation of an ultra-nanocrystalline near-surface layer. The dynamic amorphization model was also used to predict an average high angle grain boundary energy (0.87 J/m2). This value was used to explain cavitation-induced nanoporosity found in the highly deformed surface layer, a phenomenon that has been linked to superplasticity.
The Price of Anarchy of Self-Selection in Tullock Contests

Crowdsourcing platforms operate by offering their clients the ability to obtain cost-effective solutions for their problems through contests. The top contestants with the best solutions are rewarded, and the submitted solutions are provided to the clients. Within the platforms, the contestants can self-select which contest they compete in. In this paper, we measure crowdsourcing efficiency induces by the strategic behavior of contestants. We first propose a game-theoretic model of self-selection in Tullock contests (SSTC). To study the efficiency of SSTC, we establish the existence of a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium (PSNE). We then study the efficiency, via the price of anarchy (PoA), that comes from the worst-case equilibria of SSTC. We develop general efficiency PoA bounds with respect to PSNE, fully mixed NE, and general equilibrium concepts. For the case of identical contestants, we show that the pure and fully mixed PoA are one when the number of contestants is large -- implying self-selection is efficient. In simulations, we show that an empirical bound well approximates the pure PoA, and the bound goes to one as the number of contestants becomes large.
Faculty Perceptions of Certifications in Health Education and Public Health: Implications for Professional Preparation:

Leaders in the fields of public health and health education/health promotion have been advocating for required credentialing for almost two decades. Recently, some have questioned whether increasin...
Guilt Enhances the Persuasive Effects of Injunctive But Not Descriptive Social Norms

The focus theory of normative conduct asserts that distinct processes are involved in responding to injunctive norms versus descriptive norms. This research tested the prediction that guilt would b...
Neuroinflammation after surgery: from mechanisms to therapeutic targets

Injury is a key driver of inflammation, a critical yet necessary response involving several mediators that is aimed at restoring tissue homeostasis. Inflammation in the central nervous system can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, some intrinsic to the brain and others arising from peripheral signals. Fine-tuned regulation of this response is crucial in a system that is vulnerable due to, for example, aging and ongoing neurodegeneration. In this context, seemingly harmless interventions like a common surgery to repair a broken limb can overwhelm the immune system and become the driver of further complications such as delirium and other perioperative neurocognitive disorders. Here, we discuss potential mechanisms by which the immune system affects the central nervous system after surgical trauma. Together, these neuroimmune interactions are becoming hallmarks of and potential therapeutic targets for multiple neurologic conditions, including those affecting the perioperative space. Terrando and colleagues review key mechanisms related to postoperative inflammation and the implications for developing perioperative neurocognitive disorders, with a focus on neuroinflammation and key cellular targets affected by surgical trauma.
Unexpected specificity within dynamic transcriptional protein-protein complexes

A key functional event in eukaryotic gene activation is the formation of dynamic protein-protein interaction networks between transcriptional activators and transcriptional coactivators. Seemingly incongruent with the tight regulation of transcription, many biochemical and biophysical studies suggest that activators use nonspecific hydrophobic and/or electrostatic interactions to bind to coactivators, with few if any specific contacts. Here a mechanistic dissection of a set of representative dynamic activator•coactivator complexes, comprised of the ETV/PEA3 family of activators and the coactivator Med25, reveals a different molecular recognition model. The data demonstrate that small sequence variations within an activator family significantly redistribute the conformational ensemble of the complex while not affecting overall affinity, and distal residues within the activator-not often considered as contributing to binding-play a key role in mediating conformational redistribution. The ETV/PEA3•Med25 ensembles are directed by specific contacts between the disordered activator and the Med25 interface, which is facilitated by structural shifts of the coactivator binding surface. Taken together, these data highlight the critical role coactivator plasticity plays in recognition of disordered activators and indicate that molecular recognition models of disordered proteins must consider the ability of the binding partners to mediate specificity.
Ontogeny of OPN4, OPN5, GnRH and GnIH mRNA Expression in the Posthatch Male and Female Pekin Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) Suggests OPN4 May Have Additional Functions beyond Reproduction

The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) is known to be regulated by daylength through the deep brain photoreceptor (DBP) system. The post-hatch ontogeny is not known for any of the DBPs. We set out to determine the ontogeny of OPN4 and OPN5 gene expression relative to GnRH and GnIH using qRT-PCR. Brains and serum were collected from five drakes and five hens on the day of hatching (Day 0) and again at 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 19, 25 and 31 weeks of age and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Hen and drake serum was assayed for circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone, respectively. Data were analyzed between sexes over time using a repeated measures two-way ANOVA. Interestingly, the results show that on the day of hatching (Day 0), ducks showed adult-like levels of relative OPN4, but not OPN5, gene expression. During week 10, DBP levels increased, achieving highest relative expression levels at week 19 that maintained through week 31, typically peak fertility in ducks. GnRH mRNA levels increased following the DBP expression at the onset of puberty, and gonadal steroids increased after GnRH at week 14 while estradiol preceded testosterone. GnIH mRNA levels did not appreciably change during the time course of this experiment. These observations suggest that OPN4 may be active during the peri-hatch period and may have physiological roles beyond puberty and fertility.
Management intensive grazing on New England dairy farms enhances soil nitrogen stocks and elevates soil nitrous oxide emissions without increasing soil carbon

Abstract Management intensive grazing (MIG), also known as rotational grazing or multi-paddock grazing, is purported to sequester carbon (C) in soils compared to other agricultural management systems. Prior research examining the potential for MIG to enhance soil C has been inconclusive, and past investigations have not addressed whether higher nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions may accompany increases in soil C stocks. Here we examined linkages among MIG, soil C accumulation, and N2O emissions in cool-season, organic pastures of the northeastern United States. We found that pastures under MIG increased soil C concentrations by 11% from 0–15 cm depth but that soil C stocks at all sampled depths did not differ between hayed and grazed fields. We observed a divergent response in soil N to MIG, where both N concentrations and stocks significantly increased and the soil C:N ratio significantly decreased in rotationally grazed pastures. Our results also demonstrated that during the second year of the study, N2O emissions were on average 33% higher in grazed fields and compared to hayed fields. These elevated N2O fluxes in MIG fields may have offset any soil C gains achieved under MIG, as demonstrated by similar climate forcing values (as CO2-equivalents) for hayed and grazed pastures over a 100-year time horizon. The significant variation we detected among farms in soil C and N stocks, soil microbial activity, plant biomass production, and soil greenhouse gas emissions demonstrates that MIG does not have uniform effects across the landscape. Overall, our study demonstrates that care should be taken when promoting management practices that may have unintended climate consequences.
Filtration enhances suspended sediment deposition from surface water to granular permeable beds

We present results from an experimental study of suspended particle (4.5-36.5 µm silicon carbide powder) deposition from surface water to 'clean' equi-granular permeable beds in a small 12.5x12.5x15cm box and a re-circulating flume. Enhanced deposition rates of up to 5 times the accepted sediment deposition model (e.g., Einstein, 1968) are explained by filtration of particles in the bed. Compared to this model deposition increases with increasing surface fluid speed, decreasing suspended particle size and increasing bed particle size. These results can be explained by an increased ability of particles to penetrate into the bed with the pore water which increases the effective filter thickness. The predominant deposition mechanism within the bed pores appears to be settling. Enhanced deposition, evident in Einstein's (1968) experimental data, was previously attributed to flocculation but may be explained better by filtration. These enhanced deposition rates drop off to close to the accepted model predicted rate after a certain volume of sediment has entered the bed, which may be due to the slumping of deposits from the top of bed elements. This reduction in deposition rate occurs long before the bed is filled with fine sediment.
Narrative review of prognosis related communication in advanced cancer patients

Objective In this review we will focus on doctor-patient communication as one of the most important modifiable factors which may have a significant impact especially on the important transition between the ambulatory and terminal phases of cancer. Background High quality communication about prognosis for cancer patients is a critical component of advance care planning, and it plays a critical role among all the complex factors that affect end of life care decisions. In this review we focus on doctor-patient communication as the most important modifiable factor impacting the transitional period between the ambulatory phase and the terminal phase of cancer. We also discuss how prognostic understanding among advanced cancer patients influences decisions in regard to their cancer care. Methods We investigated studies that examined advanced cancer patients and prognosis-related communication. Conclusions We believe that oncologists' skills, experience, and comfort level in managing patients' reactions to negative information is a principal barrier that contributes substantially to the deficit of high-quality prognosis-related communication described in the literature. We also believe that it is useful to categorize oncologists with regard to their ability to engage in high quality communication, and we suggest category-specific strategies to improve oncologists' skills to conduct more effective prognosis related communication with their patients.
Pilot-scale cement production using treated waste incineration bottom ash: physical and environmental performance

Abstract The use of washed municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a kiln-feed material for cement production provides an opportunity to recycle materials which are traditionally landfilled. The impact of MSWI bottom ash as a kiln feed material on cement performance is still poorly understand and industry feedback suggests that robust pilot-scale data sets are needed to address operator concerns prior to widespread implementation. This work contributes to the knowledge based as it reports the results from three discrete pilot-scale trials where washed MSWI bottom ash was used to replace typical kiln feed material at 0%, 1% and 2% by mass to manufacture portland cement. The resultant elemental and mineralogical composition were equivalent for each of the three cements. A detailed analysis of mechanical performance parameters indicate no significant differences in grindability, workability, hydration kinetics, or strength properties of the three cements. A screening assessment of direct exposure and leaching risk indicate no meaningful differences in constituents of potential concern. Air emissions monitored during each trial indicate no differences in concentration for monitored pollutants. The results support that modest incorporation of washed MSWI bottom ash into full-scale portland cement production is a safe and feasible means of replacing traditional raw materials.
The color of magnetic monopole noise

We relate the anomaly in the noise color of spin ice to the emergent nature of its magnetic monopoles and their random walk. Monopoles are quasi-particles, and the spin vacuum in which they wander is not structureless. Rather, the underlying spin ensemble ﬁlters the thermal white noise, leading to non-trivial coevolution. Thus, monopoles can be considered as "dressed" random walkers, activated by a non-trivial stochastic noise that subsumes mutual interactions and the coevolution of their spin vacuum. From this, we suggest that recent experimental results are interpretable in terms of monopole subdiﬀusion. We then conjecture relations between the color of the noise and other observables, such as relaxation time, monopole density, the dynamic exponent, and the order of the annihilation reaction, which suggests to us the introduction of spin-ice-speciﬁc critical exponents in a neighborhood of the ice manifold criticality.
Transforming Functional Requirements from UML into BPEL to Efficiently Develop SOA-Based Systems

The intended behavior of any system such as services, tasks or functions can be captured by functional requirements of the system. As our dependence on online services has grown steadily, the web applications are being developed employing the SOA. BPEL4WS provides a means for expressing functional requirements of an SOA-based system by providing constructs to capture business goals and objectives for the system. In this paper we propose an approach for transforming user-centered requirements captured using UML into a corresponding BPEL specification, where the business processes are captured by means of use-cases from which UML sequence diagrams and activity diagrams are extracted. Subsequently these UML models are mapped to BPEL specifications that capture the essence of the initial business requirements to develop the SOA-based system by employing CASE tools. A student housing system is used as a case study to illustrate this approach and the system is validated using NetBeans.
Stigma towards Marijuana Users and Heroin Users

Despite high levels of stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors toward individuals with substance use problems, there is surprisingly limited research on understanding the contributors to such high levels. College students with no history of marijuana or heroin use (N=250) completed self-report measures to examine the level of substance use stigma towards individuals using two illicit substances (marijuana and heroin) and the contribution of three perceiver characteristics (sex, previous contact with substance users, and five beliefs about substance use) to three dimensions of stigma (social distance, negative emotions, and forcing treatment). Greater levels of internalized stigma were noted towards individuals who use heroin (versus marijuana). For marijuana use, those who had less previous contact and higher endorsement of certain beliefs (rarity, severity, and less controllability) were associated with greater stigmatizing attitudes. For heroin use, the associations were weak or non-existent. The findings strengthen the argument that substance use stigma needs to be examined and perhaps addressed substance by substance, rather than as a group. Further, contact interventions may be a particularly effective strategy for altering substance use stigma.
Inorganic–organic hybrid coatings with mixed metal oxides

Abstract Ceramer coatings were developed using soybean oil as the organic phase with mixtures of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TIP) and zirconium(IV) propoxide (ZRP) as the inorganic phase. TIP was also used in combination with zinc acetate dihydrate and zinc phosphate, with the zinc serving as an anticorrosive agent. The properties of the coatings were evaluated to determine whether a beneficial synergistic effect is obtained by using mixed metal oxides as the inorganic phase. Hardness, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance, fracture toughness, tensile properties, and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. Ultraviolet spectroscopy revealed that the zinc acetate dihydrate and the zinc phosphate react with the sol–gel precursor of the inorganic phase. Beneficial synergistic effects were observed in tensile modulus, fracture toughness, and the energy release rate at fracture for equal-weight-percent mixtures of TIP and ZRP.
Activation of early adenovirus transcription by the herpesvirus immediate early gene: evidence for a common cellular control factor

Abstract Adenovirus mutants carrying a defective E1A gene, such as dl312, are unable to express any of the early viral genes upon infection of HeLa cells. However, efficient expression of the other early adenovirus genes was obtained when dl312-infected HeLa cells were coinfected with pseudorabies virus, a herpesvirus. By employing a temperature-sensitive pseudorabies mutant (tsG1) it was demonstrated that the herpesvirus function responsible for the induction of adenovirus transcription was the immediate early gene, a gene required for the activation of herpesvirus early gene expression and the maintenance of early and late herpesvirus transcription. Specifically, HeLa cells coinfected with dl312 and tsG1, when shifted to the nonpermissive temperature, lost their capacity to express the early adenovirus genes. Furthermore, activation of early adenovirus gene expression in herpesvirus coinfection occurred earlier and at a higher level than in wild-type adenovirus infection. Therefore, the herpesvirus immediate early protein not only activates the early adenovirus transcription units but apparently does so more efficiently than the adenovirus E1A gene product. Because of this fact, we argue that the activation, either by the E1A protein or the herpesvirus immediately early protein, most likely occurs indirectly through interaction with a cellular protein rather than by a direct recognition of regulatory sequences at the adenovirus promoters.
Use of Subdomains for Inverse Problems in Branching Flow Passages

For inverse problems in complex flow passages, a calculation procedure based on a multizone Navier-Stokes method was developed. A heuristic approach was employed to derive wall shape corrections from the wall pressure error. Only two subdomains sharing a row of control volumes were used. The grid work in the common region was identical for both subdomains. The flow solver, inverse calculation procedure, multizone Navier-Stokes method and subdomain inverse calculation procedure were validated independently against experimental data or numerical predictions. Then, the subdomain inverse calculation method was used to determine the wall shape of the main duct of a branching flow passage. A slightly adverse pressure gradient was prescribed downstream of the sidebranch. Inverse calculations resulted in a curved wall diffuser for which the wall pressure distribution matched the design (prescribed) wall pressure distribution. The present method was illustrated for laminar, incompressible flows in branching passages. However, the method presented is flexible and can be extended for turbulent flows in multiply connected domains.
Fractional Anisotropy of the Fornix and Hippocampal Atrophy in Alzheimer’s Disease

Decrease in the directionality of water diffusion measured with fractional anisotropy on diffusion tensor imaging has been linked to loss of myelin and axons in the white matter. Fornix fractional anisotropy is consistently decreased in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, decreased fornix fractional anisotropy is one of the earliest MRI abnormalities observed in cognitively normal individuals who are at an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease, such as in pre-symptomatic carriers of familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations and in pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease. Reductions of fractional anisotropy at these early stages which predicted the decline in memory function. Fornix carries the efferent projections from the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and subiculum, connecting these structures to the septal nuclei, anterior thalamic nucleus, mammillary bodies and medial hypothalamus. Fornix also carries the afferent cholinergic and GABAergic projections from the medial septal nuclei and the adjacent diagonal band back to the medial temporal lobe, interconnecting the core limbic structures. Because fornix carries the axons projecting from the hippocampus, integrity of the fornix is in-part linked to the integrity of the hippocampus. In keeping with that, fornix fractional anisotropy is reduced in subjects with hippocampal atrophy, correlating with memory function. The literature on fractional anisotropy reductions in the fornix in the clinical spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease from pre-symptomatic carriers of familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations to pre-clinical Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and dementia stages is reviewed.
Rigidity of packings

In Ludwig Danzer's Habilitatiionsschrift [L. Danzer, Endliche Punktmengen auf der 2-Sphare mit moglichst grossem minimalabstand, Habilitationsschrift, Gottingen, 1963] he initiated a study of the local nature of the packings from the point of view of whether their density can be increased by a small perturbation of the packing configuration. This is an abbreviated biased introduction to the theory of such locally maximally dense packings of disks in various spaces from the point of view of the theory of tensegrity structures. This has applications to jamming of granular materials as well as leading to a better understanding of jammed packings.
Synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,2-cyclohexanedione, a hydrolytic product of leucogenenol

Abstract One of the hydrolytic products of leucogenenol was synthesized, thereby confirming a part of its structure. The monoethoxy derivative of 5-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to 5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one ( 2 ), which was then hydroxylated with permanganate, and the product condensed with acetone to yield the 2,3- O -isopropylidene derivative ( 3 ) of 2,3-dihydroxy-5-methylcyclohexanone; this was treated with diazomethane to form the corresponding 3-oxirane ( 4 ) of the 1,2-isopropylidene acetal of 5-methyl-1,2-cyclohexanediol. The oxirane ring was hydrolyzed in the presence of alkali to yield the 1,2- O -isopropylidene derivative of 3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,2,3-cyclohexanetriol, which formed a diacetate and a dibenzoate, both of which showed four compounds in t.l.c. and g.l.c. Two of the components of the diacetates and dibenzoates had the same retention times and R F values as the corresponding derivatives obtained by the reduction and condensation with acetone of the diacetoxy and dibenzoxy derivatives from the dione isolated from leucogenenol. In addition, the 1,2-isopropylidene acetal of 3-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)- and 3-benzoxy-3-(benzoxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,2-cyclohexanediol prepared from the dione isolated from leucogenenol had i.r. and n.m.r. spectra that were indistinguishable from the spectra of the corresponding synthetic compounds having the same R F values. Oxidation, with ammonium vanadate in dilute sulfuric acid, of a mixture of two of the isomers of synthetic 3-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)- and 3-benzoxy-3-(benzoxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,2-cyclohexanediol yielded diones whose i.r. and n.m.r. spectra, and m.p. of the bis(phenylhydrazone) of the benzoxy derivative, were indistinguishable from those of the corresponding derivatives of the dione prepared from leucogenenol.
Separation of large DNA molecules by contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields

Electric fields can be manipulated by a method in which multiple electrodes are arranged along a closed contour and clamped to predetermined electric potentials. This method may be applied to a broad range of problems in the separation of macromolecules by gel electrophoresis. DNA molecules as large as 2 megabases can be well separated with a contour-clamped homogeneous electric field alternating between two orientations 120 degrees apart. The pattern of separation is independent of position in the gel, which is an advantage over previous methods. DNA less than 50 kilobases can be separated without distortion even at high voltage with a nonalternating contour-clamped homogeneous field. Decreased band broadening in DNA less than 200 bases can be achieved with a contour-clamped inhomogeneous field.
Evidence of a tectonically driven sequence succession in the Middle Ordovician Taconic foredeep

The late Mohawkian through early Cincinnatian (Ordovician) Trenton Group carbonates and coeval siliciclastic succession of the central Mohawk Valley, New York State, were deposited in a foreland basin during the Taconic orogeny. Development of this facies mosaic records changes in stacking patterns that took place during episodic basin deepening and simultaneous carbonate-ramp shallowing along a ramp to basin transect located on the distal slope of the foreland basin. Differential rates of subsidence across the region produced accommodation rates that increased by an order of magnitude from west to east. High rates of siliciclastic sediment supply and even higher subsidence rates resulted in a thick, deep-water succession in the eastern part of the study region. The coeval Trenton Group succession in the west formed under conditions of moderate sediment supply and lower subsidence rate, resulting in a net shallowing-upward succession. These relationships suggest that active margin tectonism was the proximate cause of the Mohawk Valley facies architecture.
Direct and rapid detection of RNAs on a novel RNA microchip.

Direct, rapid, and accurate detection of pathogen RNAs is essential for controlling the spread of infectious diseases, such as H1N1 influenza or other infectious agents that can cause epidemics.[1-3] Nucleic acid-based detection systems, such as real-time PCR and DNA microchips (or microarrays), offer high detection specificity and sensitivity and are able to detect single-nucleotide differences in pathogens, genes, and diseases.[4-14] Though these technologies are powerful, RNAs from viable pathogens are not directly detected, and must be indirectly analyzed by cDNA amplification and detection. It is also difficult to use these technologies to detect the partially degraded pathogenic RNAs that can provide information on pathogen viability. Since it is difficult to amplify and label RNAs, it is extremely challenging to directly detect RNAs, let alone fragments. In addition, a few of the current methods for RNA direct detection, such as the Northern blot, RNase protection assay, microRNA profiling, and direct RNA sequencing,[15] are labor intensive, costly or instrument-intensive. They are not well suited to rapid and high-throughput RNA detection, especially not for point-of-care diagnosis and other applications.
Interaction of Mg+2 with beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1).

The soluble mitochondrial ATPase, F1, can be slowly inactivated by incubation with Mg+2 in a manner consistent with the observations of Moyle and Mitchell (FEBSLett.56, 55 (1975)). This inhibition results in a low initial rate of ATP hydrolysis upon addition to an ATPase assay medium of F1 which has been incubated with Mg+2. This inhibition, however, is completely reversible by Mg·ATP in a time dependent process and results in the rate of ATP hydrolysis increasing during the ATPase assay to reach control levels after 30 sec. The length of the lag is independent of the F1 concentration in the ATPase assay and the lag is also completely reversed by subsequent incubation with excess EDTA before assay. F1 is unstable if incubated with EDTA in the absence of free nucleotides or Mg+2. The rate of inactivation increases with decreasing protein concentration until a limiting rate is reached at high dilution. Mg+2 in excess of the EDTA or 50 μM ADP stabilize the F1 against the inactivation but cannot reverse prior denaturation.
Strong field electron emission and the Fowler–Nordheim–Schottky theory

We found that the well-established Fowler?Nordheim?Schottky field emission theory needs to be revisited for strong electric fields F. The classical derivation of the electron tunneling probability through the triangular potential barrier is re-examined and specified. This probability is studied in the fields of arbitrary strength and found as a function with a maximum at some value of the field and decaying when F goes to zero and to ?. The location and height of this maximum depend only on the ratio of the electron kinetic energy to the work function, but the maximum cannot be realized for real materials. A simple interpolation formula for all possible electric fields is given. The domain of validity of the standard Fowler?Nordheim approximation is shown to be very wide and evaluated in detail. By solving the Schr?dinger equation with the help of a power series expansion of the electron wavefunction, the standard Schottky potential is shown to make the tunneling impossible. This can be fixed tentatively by replacing the image potential with a more realistic modification which eliminates its non-physical singularity. The power series method promises to find a wider application in the field emission theory.
Black Drum Movement in Texas Bays

Abstract Black drum (Pogonias cromis) movement in Texas bays is reported for fish tagged and released with internal abdominal anchor tags between November 1975 and August 1980. Intrabay movement was substantial with almost one-half (44%) of the recaptured tagged fish moving more than 10 km. Few fish were returned from the Gulf or from outside of the bay in which they were tagged. Of the fish which left the bay where tagged, 75% were recaptured in adjacent bays. There were no significant differences in movement patterns among bay systems nor was there a detectable relationship between minimum distance moved by black drum and either time free until recapture, seasons, or size of fish. No mass migration of fish in the winter or during the spring spawning period was noted. Texas bay systems can be considered closed systems for fish of about 210-510 mm long (total length) when managing black drum stocks. Due to their substantial intrabay movement but restricted interbay movement, local populations of black dru...