cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer’s disease causation by copper toxicity and treatment with zinc

Evidence will be presented that the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) epidemic is new, the disease being very rare in the 1900s. The incidence is increasing rapidly, but only in developed countries. We postulate that the new emerging environmental factor partially causal of the AD epidemic is ingestion of inorganic copper from drinking water and taking supplement pills, along with a high fat diet. Inorganic copper can be partially directly absorbed and elevate the serum free copper pool. The Squitti group has shown that serum free copper is elevated in AD, correlates with cognition, and predicts cognition loss. Thus, our inorganic copper hypothesis fits well with the Squitti group data. We have also shown that AD patients are zinc deficient compared to age-matched controls. Because zinc is a neuronal protective factor, we postulate that zinc deficiency may also be partially causative of AD. We carried out a small 6 month double blind study of a new zinc formulation and found that in patients age 70 and over, it protected against cognition loss. Zinc therapy also significantly reduced serum free copper in AD patients, so efficacy may come from restoring normal zinc levels, or from lowering serum free copper, or from both.
The role of protein kinase C in α-thrombin-mediated endothelial cell activation

Thrombin, the key regulatory protein of hemostasis, has been implicated in a variety of important endothelial cell processes closely linked to endothelial signal transduction mechanisms. An initial event, following receptor binding by catalytically active alpha-thrombin, appears to be the activation of a G-protein-coupled, PI-specific PLC, with resultant generation of IP3 and DAG, with increases in [Ca2+]i, and activation and translocation of PKC (Fig. 9). PKC activation results in down-regulation of PLC, as demonstrated by inhibition of agonist-induced increases in [Ca2+]i, whereas PLA2 activity is up-regulated, with a resultant increase in endothelial PGI2 synthesis. Recently, we have demonstrated that activity of membrane-bound, endothelial PLD, is also up-regulated by PKC activation. In addition to its modulatory role in endothelial cell phospholipase activities, PKC activation appears to play a critical role in thrombin-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction, likely via specific cytoskeletal protein phosphorylation. A temporal relationship between alpha-thrombin-mediated signal transduction and specific cellular responses, such as PGI2 synthesis and barrier dysfunction, can be established (Fig. 2). Further investigations are ongoing to identify more clearly the precise biochemical intermediates involved in the endothelial cell response to thrombin, as well as the role of differential phosphorylation by various protein kinase systems in thrombin-mediated signal transduction in vascular endothelium.
A Liquid Chromatographic Electrochemical Assay for S-2-(3-Aminopropylamino) Ethylphosphorothioate (WR2721) in Human Plasma

Abstract A liquid chromatographic electrochemical method for the determination of the radioprotective drug WR2721 in human plasma has been developed. This method includes the use of a Hg/Au electrochemical detector for the direct measurement of WR2721 concentration. An analog of WR2721, S-3-{4-aminobutylamino} propylphosphorothioate (WR80855) is the internal standard. The retention times for WR2721 and WR80855 are approximately 4.5 and 9 minutes, respectively. WR1065, the free sulfhydryl metabolite of WR2721, is retained on the column under the described chromatographic conditions and therefore does not interefere with the determination of the parent drug. With modification of the mobile phase WR1065 is eluted from the column at a retention time of approximately 20 minutes. This method has good linearity, precision and accuracy, and is free from interference from endogenous plasma substances. Preliminary results showing the applicability of this method to human pharmacokinetic studies and to investigating...
Back to the Future for Home Care: Roots of Social Work and Nursing in America

This article presents a historical look at early home care and social work in Charles Town, South Carolina. The article references specific statements and recollections of home care and social work through out the 1700s and 1800s. This history was similar to the national impetus for home care and social work through out the British Colonies during the early 1700s and the United States after the Revolutionary War. Even in the early beginnings, home care was perceived to be a less expensive care delivery option than the hospital setting and care quality within the home care setting reported to be of better quality than the hospital setting.
REBL: design progress toward 16 nm half-pitch maskless projection electron beam lithography

REBL (Reflective Electron Beam Lithography) is a novel concept for high speed maskless projection electron beam lithography. Originally targeting 45 nm HP (half pitch) under a DARPA funded contract, we are now working on optimizing the optics and architecture for the commercial silicon integrated circuit fabrication market at the equivalent of 16 nm HP. The shift to smaller features requires innovation in most major subsystems of the tool, including optics, stage, and metrology. We also require better simulation and understanding of the exposure process. In order to meet blur requirements for 16 nm lithography, we are both shrinking the pixel size and reducing the beam current. Throughput will be maintained by increasing the number of columns as well as other design optimizations. In consequence, the maximum stage speed required to meet wafer throughput targets at 16 nm will be much less than originally planned for at 45 nm. As a result, we are changing the stage architecture from a rotary design to a linear design that can still meet the throughput requirements but with more conventional technology that entails less technical risk. The linear concept also allows for simplifications in the datapath, primarily from being able to reuse pattern data across dies and columns. Finally, we are now able to demonstrate working dynamic pattern generator (DPG) chips, CMOS chips with microfabricated lenslets on top to prevent crosstalk between pixels.
Human Factors Methods in a Design Cycle Framework

Understanding when, why, where, and how to use human factors methods is a key skill for human factors practitioners. Experienced professionals are very skilled at selecting methods appropriate to the task at hand, but the skill is a result of years of exposure. The current study examines the value of organizing human factors methods into a framework that relates and integrates information in meaningful ways to aid non-experts in selecting appropriate methods. The product design cycle is proposed as a viable framework for addressing this issue, though it is only one of many possible frameworks. Recommendations for future work include the development of additional frameworks targeting other audiences.
Nonlinear stability of an undercompressive shock for complex Burgers equation

Though there is strong numerical evidence for the stability of undercompressive shocks, their stability has not been verified analytically. In particular, the energy methods used to analyze stability of standard shocks do not apply. Here, we present the first proof of stability for a particular undercompresive shock, the real Burgers shock considered as a solution of the complex Burgers equation. Our analysis is by direct calculation of the Green's function for the linearized equations, combined with pointwise estimates of nonlinear effects. A benefit of this method is to obtain fairly detailed information about the solution, includingL1 behavior, and rates of decay in different regions of space.
Host and parasitoid recruitment for quantifying losses from parasitism, with reference to Pieris rapae and Cotesia glomerata

. 1 A technique for quantifying mortality due to insect parasitoids in insect populations is presented. The method is based on the measurement of recruitment to both the host susceptible stage and the pool of parasitized hosts. 2 The technique provides estimates of generational mortality due to parasitism and, when combined with estimates of population density, provides estimates of other mortality rates acting on both host and parasitoid populations. Such estimates are available both for the generation as a whole and for separate sampling periods. 3 The method is illustrated by application to two generations of Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and its larval parasitoid Cotesia (Apanteles) glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).
Coordination compounds of thallium(III). Part IX. Reactions of the pyridine complex [TlCl3(py)2]n with other heterocyclic tertiary amines

The most convenient synthetic route to coordination complexes of thallium(III) chloride and bromide involves the halogen oxidation of a suspension of the thallium(I) halide in acetonitrile,2-4 and the reaction of the resulting soluble thallium(Ill) halide-acetonitrile complex with the appropriate ligand. As an alternative approach, we have carried out some preliminary studies into the use of the pyridine complex [TICl3(py)2] n (n is probably 2) 2-4 as a synthetic starting material, a procedure which has led to the isolation of the new l:lO-phenanthroline complex TICl3(phen)l. 5, a species which now completes the series of thallium(Ill) chloride complexes of this ligand. The insoluble products which are formed upon reacting acetone solutions of [TICl3(py)2] n with 2,2'-bipyridyl, l:lO-phenanthroline and 2,2',2"terpyridyl are summarized in Table I. With 2,2'-bipyridyl, the well known 4'5 chlorine-bridged dimer [TICl3(bipy)]2 t was produced, irrespective of the relative proportion of reagents which were used. The i . r . spectrum of this complex was essentially identical [v(TI-Cl) absorptions at 297s, 280vs, 255s and 235s cm l ] to that of the complex of this same stoichiometry
Lionfish envenomation of the hand

Abstract Lionfish ( Pterois volitans ) envenomation of the hand causes excruciating pain and occurs in three grades: (1) erythematous reaction, (2) blister formation, and (3) dermal necrosis. The initial treatment in all cases is to soak the hand in nonscalding water (45° C) until the pain subsides by denaturing the thermolabile venom proteins. The blisters should be immediately excised to prevent dermal necrosis, inasmuch as the blister fluid contains residual active venom. To prevent a hypersensitivity reaction, any further contact with the fish should be avoided.
Rational use of crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) in the management of crotaline bite.

Abstract [Yip L. Rational use of Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) in the management of crotaline bite. Ann Emerg Med. June 2002;39:648-650.]
Retaining Latino Students: Culturally Responsive Instruction in Colleges and Universities

In this article the authors define and describe culturally responsive teaching (CRT) in college and university courses. Whereas, the Latino population in our K-12 schools has grown rapidly, we have...
Output feedback adaptive robust precision motion control of linear motors

An output feedback adaptive robust controller is constructed for precision motion control of linear motor drive systems. The control law theoretically achieves a guaranteed high tracking accuracy for high-acceleration/high-speed movements, as verified through experiments also.
Practitioner Perspectives on Achieving Change in Poor Communities

There is considerable confusion surrounding the social change goal of community development practice. Academics tend to be doubtful of the social change content of current practice while institutional evaluators struggle to find the conceptual basis to measure the social gains from revitalization initiatives in poor communities. The critics and the experts may be looking at the wrong data. The findings of interviews with the directors of community development corporations (CDCs) provide the basis for a coherent explanation of community-based social change that corresponds well with related civic research and new social movement theory. The author finds that the social change insight of practitioners has important implications for curriculum design, knowledge development, and the measurement of success in community development practice.
IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY: OLD PROBLEMS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS

Abstract The generality, scope, and limitations of Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) are discussed, with emphasis on unsupported conditions in ionic systems. For such conditions, the maximum reaction rate which can be determined from IS data is limited. The finite-length-Warburg diffusion frequency responses of unsupported and supported situations are simplified and compared, and similarities and differences emphasized. Two types of ambiguity possibly present in fitting IS data to equivalent circuits are discussed, one intrinsic and the other associated with distributed circuit elements. Powerful new features have been added to the author's compex nonlinear least squares (CNLS) fitting program, and the results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of bias and statistical uncertainty in CNLS fitting of equivalent circuit data are discussed. The program now incorporates new variable weighting choices which can greatly minimize such bias. It also allows two unknown weighting parameters of the error variance model to be automatically estimated during the least squares fitting, thus best matching the weighting to the data and yielding most appropriate estimates of the parameters of the fitting model.
Improving cross-language text retrieval with human interactions

Can we expect people to be able to get information from texts in languages they cannot read? We review two relevant lines of research bearing on this question and show how our results are being used in the design of a new Web interface for cross-language text retrieval. One line of research, "interactive IR", is concerned with the user interface issues for information retrieval systems such as how best to display the results of a text search. We review our current research, on "document thumbnail" visualizations, and discuss current Web conventions, practices and folklore. The other area of research, "Cross-Language Text Retrieval", is concerned with the design of automatic techniques, including Machine Translation, to retrieve texts in languages other than the language of the query. We review work we have done concerning query translation and multilingual text summarization. We then describe how these results are being applied and extended in the design a new demonstration interface, Keizai, an end-to-end, Web-based, cross-language text retrieval system. Beginning with an English query, the system will search Japanese and Korean Web data and display English summaries of the top ranking documents. A user should be able to accurately judge which foreign language documents are relevant to their information need and glean necessary information from the translation to schedule specific documents for human translation and subsequent analysis.
Collaborative acquisition of multi-view face images in real-time using a wireless camera network

In order to support real-time face recognition using a wireless camera network, we design a data acquisition service to quickly and reliably acquire face images of human subjects from multiple views and to simultaneously index each acquired image into its corresponding pose. In comparison with detection of frontal faces, the detection of non-frontal faces with unknown pose is a much more challenging problem that involves significant image processing. In this paper, we describe a collaborative approach in which multi-view camera geometry and inter-camera communication is utilized at run time to significantly reduce the required processing time. By doing so, we are able to achieve a high capture rate for both frontal and non-frontal faces and at the same time maintain a high detection accuracy. We implement our face acquisition system on a 1.6 GHz Intel Atom Processor based embedded camera network and show that we can reliably acquire frontal faces at 11 fps and non-frontal faces at 10 fps on images captured at a resolution of 640 × 480 pixels.
Effects of burst stimulation during ventricular fibrillation on cardiac function after defibrillation.

The purpose of defibrillation is to rapidly restore blood flow and tissue perfusion following ventricular fibrillation (VF) and shock delivery. We tested the hypotheses that 1) a series of 1-ms pul...
Ultimate Subsidence along Outside Canal in the San Joaquin Valley, California

A 30-mi-long upstream reach of the unlined irrigation Outside Canal in the San Joaquin Valley, California, is affected by subsidence caused by irrigation overdraft of the confined aquifer system. This subsidence interferes with normal operation and maintenance of the canal. Good-quality leveling data along the canal are insufficient for predictions of its ultimate subsidence. Ratios between past subsidence along the Outside Canal and the nearby, better-surveyed Federal Delta-Mendota Canal were graphically obtained for five pairs of points along the canals using: 1) past Federal levelings along the Delta-Mendota Canal and irrigation district levelings along the Outside Canal, and 2) selected subsidence contour maps. These ratios and previously calculated amounts of ultimate subsidence along the Delta-Mendota Canal were used for estimates of ultimate subsidence (after 1966) along the Outside Canal. Estimates based on district leveling of the canal yield ultimate values ranging from 0.1 to 1.3 ft, and estimates based on subsidence contour maps yield similar values ranging from 0.6 to 1.9 ft.
Flexible margin kinematics and vortex formation of Aurelia aurita and Robojelly

The development of a rowing jellyfish biomimetic robot termed as “Robojelly”, has led to the discovery of a passive flexible flap located between the flexion point and bell margin on the Aurelia aurita. A comparative analysis of biomimetic robots showed that the presence of a passive flexible flap results in a significant increase in the swimming performance. In this work we further investigate this concept by developing varying flap geometries and comparing their kinematics with A. aurita. It was shown that the animal flap kinematics can be replicated with high fidelity using a passive structure and a flap with curved and tapered geometry gave the most biomimetic performance. A method for identifying the flap location was established by utilizing the bell curvature and the variation of curvature as a function of time. Flaps of constant cross-section and varying lengths were incorporated on the Robojelly to conduct a systematic study of the starting vortex circulation. Circulation was quantified using velocity field measurements obtained from planar Time Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (TRDPIV). The starting vortex circulation was scaled using a varying orifice model and a pitching panel model. The varying orifice model which has been traditionally considered as the better representation of jellyfish propulsion did not appear to capture the scaling of the starting vortex. In contrast, the pitching panel representation appeared to better scale the governing flow physics and revealed a strong dependence on the flap kinematics and geometry. The results suggest that an alternative description should be considered for rowing jellyfish propulsion, using a pitching panel method instead of the traditional varying orifice model. Finally, the results show the importance of incorporating the entire bell geometry as a function of time in modeling rowing jellyfish propulsion.
Structure of the C-Terminal Region of p21WAF1/CIP1 Complexed with Human PCNA

The crystal structure of the human DNA polymerase delta processivity factor PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) complexed with a 22 residue peptide derived from the C-terminus of the cell-cycle checkpoint protein p21(WAF1/CIP1) has been determined at 2.6 angstrom resolution. p21 binds to PCNA in a 1:1 stoichiometry with an extensive array of interactions that include the formation of a beta sheet with the interdomain connector loop of PCNA. An intact trimeric ring is maintained in the structure of the p21-PCNA complex, with a central hole available for DNA interaction. The ability of p21 to inhibit the action of PCNA is therefore likely to be due to its masking of elements on PCNA that are required for the binding of other components of the polymerase assembly.
Epidural cooling for spinal cord protection during thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair: A five-year experience

Abstract Purpose: We developed and applied a method for providing regional spinal cord hypothermia with epidural cooling (EC) during thoracoabdominal aneurysm (TAA) repair. Preliminary results indicated significant reduction in spinal cord ischemic complications (SCI), compared with historical controls, and a 5-year experience with EC was reviewed. Methods: From July 1993 to September 1998, 170 patients with thoracic aneurysms (n = 14; 8.2%) or TAAs (types I and II, n=83 [49%]; type III, n=66 [39%]; type IV, n=7 [4.1%]) were treated with EC. An earlier aneurysm resection was noted in 44% of patients, an emergent operation was noted in 20% of patients, and an aortic dissection was noted in 16% of patients. The EC was successful (mean cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] temperature at cross-clamp, 26.4 ± 3°C) in 97% of cases, with all 170 patients included in an intention-to-treat analysis. The operation was performed with a clamp/sew technique (98% patients) and selective (T 9 to L 1 region) reimplantation of intercostal vessels. Clinical and EC variables were examined for association with operative mortality and SCI by means of the Fischer exact test, and those variables with a P value less than.1 were included in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The operative mortality rate was 9.5% and was weakly associated ( P =.07) with SCI; postoperative cardiac complications (odds ratio [OR], 35.3; 95% CI, 5.3 to 233; P P P =.003). Half the deficits were minor, with good functional recovery, and devastating paraplegia occurred in three patients (2.0%). Independent correlates of SCI included types I and II TAA (OR, 8.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to 46.3; P =.021), nonelective operation (OR, 8.3, 95% CI, 1.8 to 37.7; P =.006), oversewn T 9 to L 2 intercostal vessels (OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 28.8; P =.023), and postoperative renal failure (OR, 23.6; 95% CI, 4.4 to 126; P P =.017), oversewn T 9 to L 2 intercostal arteries (OR, 9.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 61.2; P =.016), and postoperative renal failure (OR, 20.8; 95% CI, 3.0 to 142.1; P =.002) were independent predictors of SCI in the subgroup analysis of high-risk patients, ie, patients with type I/II TAA. Conclusion: EC has been effective in reducing immediate, devastating, total paraplegia after TAA repair. A strategy that combines the neuroprotective effect of regional cord hypothermia, avoiding the sacrifice of potential spinal cord blood supply, and postoperative adjuncts (eg, avoidance of hypotension, CSF drainage) appears necessary to minimize SCI after TAA repair. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:1093-102.)
Contribution of the live-vertebrate trade toward taxonomic homogenization.

: The process of taxonomic homogenization occurs through two mechanisms, extinctions and introductions, and leads to a reduction of global biodiversity. We used available U.S. trade data as a proxy for global trade in live vertebrates to assess the contribution of trade to the process of taxonomic homogenization. Data included all available U.S. importation and exportation records, estimation of extinction risk, and reports of establishment outside the native range for species within six vertebrate groups. Based on Monte Carlo sampling, the number of species traded, established outside of the native range, and threatened with extinction was not randomly distributed among vertebrate families. Twenty-eight percent of vertebrate families that were traded preferentially were also established or threatened with extinction, an unusually high percentage compared with the 7% of families that were not traded preferentially but that became established or threatened with extinction. The importance of trade in homogenization of vertebrates suggests that additional efforts should be made to prevent introductions and extinctions through this medium. Resumen: El proceso de homogenizacion taxonomica ocurre mediante dos mecanismos, extinciones e introducciones, y conduce a la reduccion de la biodiversidad global. Utilizamos datos disponibles sobre el comercio en E.U.A. como un sustituto del comercio global de vertebrados vivos para evaluar la contribucion del comercio al proceso de homogenizacion taxonomica. Los datos incluyeron todos los registros disponibles sobre importacion y exportacion en E.U.A., la estimacion del riesgo de extincion y reportes del establecimiento fuera del rango de distribucion de especies en seis grupos de vertebrados. Con base en muestreo Monte Carlo, el numero de especies comercializadas, establecidas fueras de su rango nativo y amenazadas de extincion no se distribuyo aleatoriamente entre las familias de vertebrados. Veintiocho porciento de las familias de vertebrados comercializadas preferentemente tambien estaban establecidas o amenazadas de extincion, un porcentaje inusualmente elevado en comparacion con 7% de familias que no comercializadas preferentemente pero que se han establecido o estan amenazadas de extincion. La importancia del comercio en la homogenizacion de vertebrados sugiere que se deben hacer esfuerzos adicionales para prevenir las introducciones y extinciones por este medio.
An iron- and Fur-repressed Legionella pneumophila gene that promotes intracellular infection and encodes a protein with similarity to the Escherichia coli aerobactin synthetases

Legionella pneumophila, a parasite of alveolar macrophages, requires iron for intra- and extracellular growth. Although its mechanisms for iron assimilation are poorly understood, this bacterium produces Fur, a protein that can repress gene transcription in response to iron concentration. Because iron- and Fur-regulated genes are important for infection in other bacteria, the identification of similar genes in L. pneumophila was undertaken. A wild-type strain of L. pneumophila was randomly mutated with a mini-Tn10' lacZ transposon, and the resulting gene fusions were tested for iron regulation by assessing beta-galactosidase production in the presence and absence of iron chelators. Of the initial six mutants with iron-repressed lacZ fusions, two strains, NU229 and NU232, possessed fusions that were stably iron regulated. To assay for Fur regulation, the levels of beta-galactosidase were measured in strains no longer producing Fur. As in a number of pathogenic bacteria, L. pneumophila fur could not be insertionally inactivated, but spontaneous Fur- derivatives were generated by selecting for manganese resistance. Strain NU229 contained a Fur-repressed fusion based on derepression of lacZ expression in its manganese-resistant derivative. Extracellular growth of NU229 in bacteriological media was similar to that of wild-type strain 130b. To assess the role of an iron- and Fur-regulated (frgA) gene in intracellular infection, the ability of NU229 to grow within U937 cell monolayers was tested. Quantitative infection assays demonstrated that intracellular growth of NU229 was impaired as much as 80-fold. Reconstruction of the mutant by allelic exchange proved that the infectivity defect in NU229 was due to the inactivation of frgA and not to a second-site mutation. Subsequently, complementation of the interrupted gene by an intact plasmid-encoded gene demonstrated that the infectivity defect was due to the loss of frgA and not to a polar effect. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the 63-kDa FrgA protein has homology with the aerobactin synthetases IucA and IucC of Escherichia coli, raising the possibility that L. pneumophila encodes a siderophore which is required for optimal intracellular replication. Southern hybridization analysis determined that frgA is specific to L. pneumophila.
MLK Boulevard: Material Forms of Memory and the Social Contestation of Racial Signification

This article examines, from a memory studies perspective, the complex interconnections between memory traces and race signification. Material forms of recollection, I contend, can inextricably be c...
VIRTUE-BASED MEASUREMENT OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP: THE LEADERSHIP VIRTUES QUESTIONNAIRE

Approaching ethical leadership from a characterological perspective, this study reports on the creation of the Leadership Virtues Questionnaire (LVQ). Defining an ethical leader as one who adheres to the four cardinal virtues of prudence, fortitude, temperance, and justice, as discussed in the ancient texts of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, we developed a rating instrument for assessing leader virtues. A series of studies with managers examined the psychometric properties and correlates of the LVQ. Factor analyses suggested that one factor best captured the construct, not inconsistent with philosophers’ notions of the “unity” of the cardinal virtues. The LVQ was shown to be highly positively correlated with transformational leadership, authentic leadership, and another recently developed measure of ethical leadership, and there was evidence of discriminant validity. The LVQ, used with the virtues approach to ethical leadership, should prove to be a valuable tool for the assessment and development of leader virtues and ethics.
FPGA-targeted high-level binding algorithm for power and area reduction with glitch-estimation

Glitches (i.e. spurious signal transitions) are major sources of dynamic power consumption in modern FPGAs. In this paper, we present an FPGA-targeted, glitch-aware, high-level binding algorithm for power and area reduction, accomplished via dynamic power estimation and multiplexer balancing. Our binding algorithm employs a glitch-aware dynamic power estimation technique derived from the FPGA technology mapper in [6]. High-level binding results are converted to VHDL, and synthesized with Altera's Quartus II software, targeting the Cyclone II FPGA architecture. Power characteristics are evaluated with the Altera Power-Play Power Analyzer. The binding results of our algorithm are compared to LOPASS, a state-of-the-art low-power high-level synthesis algorithm for FPGAs. Experimental results show that our algorithm, on average, reduces toggle rate by 22% and area by 9%, resulting in a decrease in dynamic power consumption of 19%. To the best of our knowledge this is the first high-level binding algorithm targeting FP-GAs that considers glitch power.
Internet Research in Psychology

Today the Internet plays a role in the lives of nearly 40% of the world's population, and it is becoming increasingly entwined in daily life. This growing presence is transforming psychological science in terms of the topics studied and the methods used. We provide an overview of the literature, considering three broad domains of research: translational (implementing traditional methods online; e.g., surveys), phenomenological (topics spawned or mediated by the Internet; e.g., cyberbullying), and novel (new ways to study existing topics; e.g., rumors). We discuss issues (e.g., sampling, ethics) that arise when doing research online and point to emerging opportunities (e.g., smartphone sensing). Psychological research on the Internet comes with new challenges, but the opportunities far outweigh the costs. By integrating the Internet, psychological research has the ability to reach large, diverse samples and collect data on actual behaviors, which will ultimately increase the impact of psychological researc...
Intraprostatic lymphocyte profiles in aged wistar rats with estradiol induced prostate inflammation.

Purpose: We report LS phenotypes in aged Wistar rats (Charles Rivers, Wilmington, Massachusetts) with EPI.Materials and Methods: EPI was induced in 36 to 40-week-old male rats by castration with subcutaneous injections of 17β-estradiol (0.25 mg/kg daily) plus dihydrotestosterone propionate (2.5 mg/kg daily) in sesame oil for 30 days. Controls were sham castrated, aged rats that were injected with sesame oil. Prostate, spleen and blood LSs in aged and young (10 to 12-week-old) rats were identified by flow cytometry in a cluster of differentiation system.Results: All prostates in 6, 17β-estradiol plus dihydrotestosterone propionate treated rats and in 3 of 7 controls (43%) showed inflammation foci. All studied LSs in Aged-SPIs and Aged-EPIs were similar. Blood LSs in Aged-SPIs, Aged-EPIs, Aged-NPIs and Youngs showed no differences. Levels of lymphocytes bearing the natural killer marker were decreased, and levels of total T and CD4+ T cells were increased in prostates with age. Intraprostatic and splenic le...
Screening for iron deficiency.

1. Ann Chen Wu, MD* 2. Leann Lesperance, MD, PhD* 3. Henry Bernstein, DO*† 1. *Pediatric Health Associates, Hunnewell Ground Children’s Hospital 2. †Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Determine the most common cause of iron deficiency in the United States. 2. Describe the pathogenesis of iron deficiency. 3. List populations at high risk for iron deficiency. 4. Outline the common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency. 5. Specify the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for screening for iron deficiency. In the March and April issues of Pediatrics in Review, we published a two-part article on managing anemia in a pediatric office practice. This article expands on the various tests for iron deficiency, including some relatively new ones. These articles should be read as complementary.—RJH Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, responsible for a staggering amount of ill health, lost productivity, and premature death. Although its prevalence in the United States has declined since the late 1960s, iron deficiency with or without anemia still is seen frequently in infants, toddlers, adolescent females, and women of childbearing age. In fact, iron deficiency anemia remains the most common hematologic disease of infants and children. Anemia is defined as a low hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration or red blood cell (RBC) mass compared with age-specific norms. Anemia may be caused by decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss. Based on the size of the RBC, hematologists categorize anemia as macrocytic, normocytic, or microcytic. Iron is found in different compartments within the body. Total body iron (measured by ferritin), transport iron (measured by transferrin saturation), serum iron, and other hematologic and biochemical markers are used to describe the degrees of iron deficiency. Iron depletion refers to the earliest stage of diminishing iron stores in the setting of insufficient iron supply. Iron deficiency (without anemia) develops as these iron stores are depleted further and begin to impair Hgb synthesis. Finally, iron deficiency anemia results …
THE ORTHOGONAL APPROXIMATION OF AN OBLIQUE STRUCTURE IN FACTOR ANALYSIS

A procedure is derived for obtaining an orthogonal transformation which most nearly transforms one given matrix into another given matrix, according to some least-squares criterion of fit. From this procedure, three analytic methods are derived for obtaining an orthogonal factor matrix which closely approximates a given oblique factor matrix. The case is considered of approximating a specified subset of oblique vectors by orthogonal vectors.
Synthesis, reactivity, and polymerization of vinylureas

The syntheses of N,N′-divinylureas and some related compounds are reported. Polymerization of these monomers and determination of the structures of the resulting polymers are described. Evidence is presented which supports the tendency of vinylureas to react through their tautomeric form.
Documentation for maintenance: a hypertext design

A design for a hypertext system that manages software documentation for maintenance purposes is presented. A brief overview of hypertext is given, followed by a model of a software maintenance documentation system based on the hypertext concept. This is accomplished in three steps: the software process is reviewed, the essential information required for maintenance is identified, and the data model is described. Experience with this documentation model in a nonhypertext implementation is examined. >
CORRESPONDENCE OF FAMILY THERAPISTS' PERCEPTIONS WITH FRCCCS CODING RULES FOR TRIADIC INTERACTIONS

Family therapy theory, practice, and research across many orientations are concerned with multiperson interactional phenomena such as intercepts, disconfirmations, and indirect communications. This study reports a successful criterion validity test of the rules for coding these triadic features in the Family Relational Communication Control Coding System (FRCCCS) (Friedlander & Heatherington, 1989). Thirty-five experienced family therapists observed two videotaped family therapy interactions and reported their perceptions of each of 25 communications. These perceptions-the criterion-significantly corresponded with the FRCCCS coding rules about the relational control aspects of triadic communications. Discussion focuses on the future use of the FRCCCS in research on family therapy.
Motor Vehicle Fatalities among Men in the U.S. Army from 1980 to 1997

This retrospective cohort study compared trends in motor vehicle occupant fatalities among men in the Army with men in the civilian U.S. population. Motor vehicle fatality rates from 1980 to 1997 indicated both groups showed declines in fatality rates. The overall age-adjusted motor vehicle fatality rate for 17- to 44-year-old males in the Army fell from 40.8 to 20.6 per 100,000, a 49.5% decline. In the U.S. population, the rate dropped from 38.1 to 23.3 per 100,000 for a 38.8% decline. Deaths from motor vehicle crashes fell by almost 50% in the Army during the study period; however, motor vehicle crashes remain the leading cause of death for the Army. U.S. military policies and law enforcement have the potential to make even further gains in reducing motor vehicle crashes and injuries among military personnel.
Psychological empowerment and job satisfaction between Baby Boomer and Generation X nurses.

sparks a.m. (2012) Journal of Nursing Management 20, 451–460 Psychological empowerment and job satisfaction between Baby Boomer and Generation X nurses Aim This paper is a report of a study of differences in nurses’ generational psychological empowerment and job satisfaction. Background Generations differ in work styles such as autonomy, work ethics, involvement, views on leadership, and primary views on what constitutes innovation, quality, and service. Method A secondary analysis was conducted from two data sets resulting in a sample of 451 registered nurses employed at five hospitals in West Virginia. One data set was gathered from a convenience sample and one from a randomly selected sample. Data were collected from 2000 to 2004. Results Baby Boomer nurses reported higher mean total psychological empowerment scores than Generation X nurses. There were no differences in total job satisfaction scores between the generations. Conclusion There were significant differences among the generations’ psychological empowerment scores. Generational differences related to psychological empowerment could provide insight into inconsistent findings related to nurse job satisfaction. Implications for nursing management Nurse administrators may consider this evidence when working on strategic plans to motivate and entice Generation X nurses and retain Baby Boomers. Although implications based on this study are tentative, the results indicate the need for administrators to consider the differences between Baby Boomer and Generation X nurses.
The Effect of Salinity on the Wind-Driven Circulation and the Thermal Structure of the Upper Ocean

Studies of the effect of a freshening of the surface waters in high latitudes on the oceanic circulation have thus far focused almost entirely on the deep thermohaline circulation and its poleward heat transport. Here it is demonstrated, by means of an idealized general circulation model, that a similar freshening can also affect the shallow, wind-driven circulation of the ventilated thermocline and its heat transport from regions of gain (mainly in the upwelling zones of low latitudes) to regions of loss in higher latitudes. A freshening that decreases the surface density gradient between low and high latitudes reduces this poleward heat transport, thus forcing the ocean to gain less heat in order to maintain a balanced heat budget. The result is a deepening of the equatorial thermocline. (The deeper the thermocline in equatorial upwelling zones is, the less heat the ocean gains.) For a sufficiently strong freshwater forcing, the poleward heat transport all but vanishes, and permanently warm conditions prevail in the Tropics. The approach to warm oceanic conditions is shown to introduce a bifurcation mechanism for the north‐south asymmetry of the thermal and salinity structure of the upper ocean.
Different EGFR Gene Mutations in Exon 18, 19 and 21 as Prognostic and Predictive Markers in NSCLC: A Single Institution Analysis

Background Mutations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) predict longer overall survival (OS) and response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The clinical relevance of different mutations in terms of response to TKIs and prognosis is still unclear.
Activation, activity and inactivation of factor VIII in factor VIII products

Introduction Factor VIII (FVIII) products used in haemophilia A treatment show inter-and intra-product and inter-assay differences in specific activity. The mechanistic basis of these differences remains unclear. Aim The aim of this study was to mechanistically compare the functional properties of an in-house excipient-free full-length FVIII standard and pharmacologic recombinant products containing full-length (products A and B) or B-domainless (C and D) FVIII. Methods Factor VIII protein concentration was quantitated by ELISA. Product potency determinations (APTT, intrinsic tenase assays) and kinetic analyses detailing these products' activations by thrombin and FXa, their spontaneous and activated protein C (APC) catalysed inactivation and their performances in coagulation proteome reconstructions were studied +/− von Willebrand factor (VWF). Computational models were developed to facilitate interpretation of empirical data. Results Factor VIII protein content per manufacturer activity unit was highest for product C with the other three products similar to the standard. Potency estimates, done five different ways, varied 20–30% in inter- and intra-assay comparisons, with product B consistently showing lower specific activity. Kinetic analyses showed the five FVIII species to differ somewhat in maximum rate of activation, the maximum level of activity achieved, the rate of spontaneous or APC catalysed inactivation and the magnitude of the effect of VWF on these parameters. When evaluated both computationally and empirically in the context of tissue factor initiated thrombin generation, product C appears the most dissimilar. Conclusion Assessments of FVIII activation/inactivation dynamics report larger differences between FVIII products than standard functional assays. However, all FVIII products promote a ‘normal' thrombin generation response to TF.
From Spoils to Weapons: Framing Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War at the United Nations Security Council

An international issue’s frame has a profound impact on the extent to which activists can persuade states and organizations to view it as a priority. This study examines how wartime sexual violence has transitioned from a ‘spoil of war’ to a proscribed ‘weapon of war’. Wartime sexual violence as an international issue provides an interesting case study of issue framing as it has transitioned — within a relatively short period of two decades — from an inevitable by-product of war to an overlooked women’s human rights issue to an international security issue. Through its transition from ‘women’s issue’ to ‘security issue’, wartime sexual violence has garnered increased international attention and prioritization from civil society, influential states, and the United Nations. Once wartime sexual violence was branded as a ‘security issue’ or a ‘weapon of war’, activists were better equipped to persuade states and international organizations to take action to address it. This study examines the process leading to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 to identify and analyze the crucial political mechanisms that made the ‘weapon of war’ frame salient. The political mechanisms involved in this case study have implications for research on issue framing in other areas of International Relations.
Optimization of water terminations for testing of solid dielectric cable

Water test terminations for power cable are increasingly important with the increasing use of solid dielectric cable at AC and DC transmission voltages. The present contribution provides numerical solutions and analytical approximations for important parameters (temperature rise, field grading, etc.) for single water layer terminations for the cases of water flowing from bottom to top and from top to bottom. Analysis of these cases demonstrates that relatively uniform grading can never be achieved in a single water layer terminal when the water is flowing from bottom to top, but can be achieved readily when the water is flowing from top to bottom, as in the latter case, the effects of increased temperature as the water flows from top to bottom offset the effect of increased capacitive current coupled from the conductor, rather than exacerbate that effect as when the water flows from bottom to top.
Anomalous Transient Diffusion of Ion Implanted Boron during Rapid Thermal Annealing

Effects of defect evolution during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the anomalous diffusion of ion implanted boron have been studied by implanting silicon ions prior to boron implantation with doses ranging from 1 × 1014cm−2 to 1 × 1016cm−2 at energies ranging from 20 to 150 KeV into silicon wafers. Diffusion of boron atoms implanted into a Si preamorphized layer during RTA is found to be anomalous in nature, and the magnitude of boron displacement depends on the RTA temperature. While RTA of preamorphized samples at 1150°C shows an enhanced boron displacement compared to that in crystalline samples, a reduced displacement is observed in preamorphized samples annealed by RTA at 1000°C. In addition, low dose pre-silicon implantation enhances the anomalous displacement significantly, especially at high RTA temperatures (1150°C). Finally, the anomalous diffusion is found to depend strongly on the defect evolution during RTA.
Marketing Strategy and Differential Advantage

Extending portfolio analysis and PIMS studies to include military concepts of strategic force produces a new paradigm of marketing strategies. The author introduces and calibrates the concept of st...
Design of a 10 Hz Femto-Petawatt Laser Pumped by the Mercury Laser Facility

The Mercury laser will be used to pump a high average power Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplifier which will produce a compressed peak power >1 petawatt at 10 Hz.