cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Habitat Quality on the Detection of River Otter (Lontra canadensis) Latrines Near Bridges

Abstract Riparian sign surveys near bridge crossings are commonly used to detect the presence of river otters. However, the efficacy of using such surveys for determining river otter presence has not been evaluated relative to habitat conditions. We conducted surveys to detect latrines (locations where scats are deposited in riparian areas) from reintroduced populations of river otters at 26 bridge-suites in northern Pennsylvania. A bridge-suite consisted of a bridge site, a random site and a selected site (i.e., high quality site based on several habitat variables), <2.5 km upstream or downstream from the bridge. Sites consisted of both shorelines along a 200-m section of stream or river. Site quality was determined by applying a modified Pattern Recognition model (PATREC) previously developed to provide a probabilistic assessment for predicting the occurrence of river otter latrines based on the presence or absence of certain riparian and riverine habitat features. Sites were surveyed in fall 2003 and s...
Accounting Science's Contribution to the Corporate Governance and Executive Accountability Problem

Effective corporate governance and related accountability mechanisms are presumed to mitigate conflicts of interest and provide reasonable assurance that each party observes certain behavioral norms. Among the academic disciplines, one might expect that accounting would be well equipped to examine and prescribe improvements in accountability among agents in capitalist settings. But this article documents that the “top four” accounting journals in North America (The Accounting Review, Journal of Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting and Economics, and Contemporary Accounting Research; hereafter, “top” journals), which reputedly publish premier scientific articles and weigh most heavily in tenure and promotion decisions at U.S. universities, did not publish systematic critiques of ineffective corporate governance practices in the decade before Sarbanes‐Oxley (2002). To explain this phenomenon, this article presents arguments and evidence that the top journals' editorial ideology of scientism, fact‐valu...
Vansittartism Revisited: Thomas Mann, Bertolt Brecht, and the Threat of World War (The Ida Herz Lecture)

This essay examines the ramifications of the debate about Vansittart’s indictment of Germany in his wartime pamphlet, Black Record, among the German exiles in the United States. The issue of Vansittartism emerged as a particularly incendiary factor in the longstanding and deep rift between Thomas Mann and Bertolt Brecht. The influence of Vansittartism on Thomas Mann also led to the failure of the Californian exiles to speak in one voice regarding the future of Germany, as they struggled to draft a political manifesto in support of a similar statement coming from German exiles and captured generals in Stalin’s Russia.
Land holdings, living standards, and labour supply functions: Evidence from a poor agrarian economy

Recent empirical studies of labour supply in LDC agriculture show both positive‐ and negative‐sloping curves, contrary to the traditional claims that such functions are backward‐bending. In this study, the causes for these differing results are traced empirically to the economic status of workers and the level of development of their villages, in sharp contrast to prior assertions that workers in developing nations are limited by low aspirations.
Proteinaceous Antitumor Substances from Plants II: Mirabilis multiflora

Preliminary screening of the aqueous extract of Mirabilis multiflora ( Nyctaginaceae ) has shown antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 in mice. The isolation, purification, and partial characterization of proteinaceous material is reported. This material has shown activity against Lewis lung carcinoma, Walker carcinosarcoma 256 (intramuscular), and lymphosarcoma.
Cyclic Nucleotides and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Production in a Rabbit Model of Escherichia Coli Septicemia

Nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are potent vasodilators and postulated as inducers of hypotension. These mediators activate guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase, respectively, with subsequent biosynthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) producing vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilatation. Cyclic nucleotides and VIP were evaluated during Escherichia coli septicemia in two groups of rabbits; 1) sepsis alone and 2) sepsis and a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Arterial blood was obtained for determination of bacteremia, lactic acidemia, nucleotides, nitrites, and VIP levels. Significant bacteremia, endotoxemia, tachycardia, lactic acidosis, and hypotension occurred in all animals (P < 0.005). Circulating blood levels of cGMP, nitrites, cAMP, and VIP (P < 0.005) increased with development of shock. The NG-monomethyl-L-arginine treated animals had less cGMP, nitrites, cAMP, and VIP produced (P < 0.01). Plasma cGMP levels remained stable, suggesting that stimulated phagocytes in whole blood were responsible for increased cGMP levels. Infusion of VIP produced profound hypotension and lactic acidemia. Results of these experiments provide definitive evidence that nitric oxide and VIP are mediators during septic shock and their messengers are cGMP and cAMP, respectively. In addition, phagocytic stimulation with increased production of cGMP may initiate shock, with these mediators acting synergistically to prolong hypotension.
The Kalman filter as an adaptive forecasting procedure for use with Box-Jenkins arima models

Abstract The Box-Jenkins (BJ) methodology of time series analysis is currently one of the most accurate of the historical approaches to forecasting. It involves the formation of an autoregressive integrated moving average model of the time series. However, there are some important limitations to the procedure: (1) It requires an extensive amount of past observations in order to develop an acceptable model. (2) The model identification process requires a great deal of time and expertise. (3) The model selected is a constant model; there is no convenient way to modify the coefficients with new observations. The research reported here uses the Kalman filter (KF) algorithm to develop a method using an autoregressive moving average model, called “KARMA,” to overcome the three problems mentioned above. The KF estimates the states for dynamic systems in state-variable formulation. The conclusion reached is that the general KARMA method developed in this research can be used to resolve the three main problems associated with the BJ methodology. First, the KARMA model can give good forecasts with fewer data than are required with the BJ. Second, the general model eliminates the need for the model identification process; the only requirement to obtain the forecasts is the time series. Third, the KARMA method is adaptive in the parameters and model.
Prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding--is surgical rescue the answer?

Excerpt Bleeding from esophageal varices continues to be a major complication of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, with the mortality for a bleeding episode close to 50% (1). Although the risk for...
Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase A and Protein Kinase C Phosphorylate α4β2 Nicotinic Receptor Subunits at Distinct Stages of Receptor Formation and Maturation

Abstract Neuronal nicotinic receptor α4 subunits associated with nicotinic α4β2 receptors are phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC), but the stages of receptor formation during which phosphorylation occurs and the functional consequences of kinase activation are unknown. SH-EP1 cells transfected with DNAs coding for human α4 and/or β2 subunits were incubated with 32 Pi, and PKA or PKC was activated by forskolin or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, respectively. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of proteins from cells expressing α4β2 receptors or only α4 subunits were used to identify free α4 subunits, and α4 subunits present in immature α4β2 complexes and mature α4β2 pentamers containing complex carbohydrates. In the absence of kinase activation, phosphorylation of α4 subunits associated with mature pentamers was three times higher than subunits associated with immature complexes. PKA and PKC activation increased phosphorylation of free α4 subunits on different serine residues; only PKC activation phosphorylated subunits associated with mature α4β2 receptors. Activation of both PKA and PKC increased the density of membrane-associated receptors, but only PKC activation increased peak membrane currents. PKA and PKC activation also phosphorylated β2 subunits associated with mature α4β2 receptors. Results indicate that activation of PKA and PKC leads to the phosphorylation α4β2 receptors at different stages of receptor formation and maturation and has differential effects on the expression and function of human α4β2 receptors.
Stability of Normal Modes and Subharmonic Bifurcations in the 3-Body Stokeslet Problem

Abstract The authors show that the isosceles synchronous periodic solutions of the 3-body Stokeslet problem are elliptic near the equilibrium. A calculation going beyond group-theoretic considerations is given to decide the stability of the isosceles synchronous and the instability of the isosceles asynchronous normal modes. Moreover, it is shown that subharmonic solutions bifurcate from these elliptic modes at a dense set of parameter values near the equilibrium. Together with the linear stability of the equilibrium, the ellipticity and subharmonic bifurcations of the isosceles synchronous normal modes justify theoretically the robustness of small clusters of sedimenting spheres that were observed experimentally as well as in computational studies.
Enzyme method for the spectrophotometric determination of micro-amounts of cyanide.

An enzyme method is described for the determination of micro-amounts of cyanide in aqueous and serum samples. The method was based on measurement of the absorbance at 460 nm of the iron(III) thiocyanate complex formed from thiocyanate produced in the enzyme-catalysed reaction. The enzyme rhodanese (E.C. 2.8.1.1) catalysed the reaction between the cyanide ion and thiosulphate with stoicheiometric formation of thiocyanate. Only a small concentration of enzyme was required. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range 0–20 mg l–1 of cyanide in both aqueous and serum samples, with a detection limit of 0.1 mg l–1. The precision of the method is better than 2.5% relative standard deviation at 5 mg l–1 of cyanide. Because there was almost no incubation period required for the enzyme reaction, the method is very rapid and has potential for automation for the routine analysis of environmental and clinical samples. Ten-fold concentrations of acetate, ascorbate, citrate and iodide were found to interfere with the determination of cyanide concentrations <1 mg l–1.
Three-dimensional effects of microstructures on short fatigue crack growth in an Al–Li 8090 alloy

Al–Li 8090 alloy specimens were fatigued using a self-aligning four-point bend rig at R = 0.1 and room temperature, in air, under constant maximum stress control. The crystallographic characteristics of fatigue crack initiation and early growth were studied using EBSD. It was found that the growth behaviour of a short crack were controlled by the twist (α) and tilt (β) components of crack plane deflection across each of the first 20 grain boundaries along the crack path, and that the α angle at the first grain boundary encountered by a micro-crack was critical in determining whether the crack could become propagating or non-propagating. In addition to the orientations of the two neighbouring grains, the tilt of their boundary could also affect α across the boundary. A minimum α-map for a vertical micro-crack was calculated to evaluate the resistance to crack growth into a neighbouring grain with a random orientation. Such an α-map is of value in alloy design against fatigue damage by optimising texture co...
Hunter–gatherers and other primates as prey, predators, and competitors of snakes

Relationships between primates and snakes are of widespread interest from anthropological, psychological, and evolutionary perspectives, but surprisingly, little is known about the dangers that serpents have posed to people with prehistoric lifestyles and nonhuman primates. Here, we report ethnographic observations of 120 Philippine Agta Negritos when they were still preliterate hunter–gatherers, among whom 26% of adult males had survived predation attempts by reticulated pythons. Six fatal attacks occurred between 1934 and 1973. Agta ate pythons as well as deer, wild pigs, and monkeys, which are also eaten by pythons, and therefore, the two species were reciprocally prey, predators, and potential competitors. Natural history data document snake predation on tree shrews and 26 species of nonhuman primates as well as many species of primates approaching, mobbing, killing, and sometimes eating snakes. These findings, interpreted within the context of snake and primate phylogenies, corroborate the hypothesis that complex ecological interactions have long characterized our shared evolutionary history.
Numerical Solutions of Single and Multiple Laminar Jets

Modern power plants discharge approximately 1.5 to 2kWhr of waste heat for every kWhr of electrical energy produced. Modern power plants discharge approximately 1.5 to 2kWhr of waste heat for every kWhr of electrical energy produced. Usually this heat is discharged to an adjacent water body which increases the water temperature near the outfall. In order to assess the ecological consequences of waste heat discharge one must first know the physical changes (temperature, velocity, salinity) induced by these discharges. It is with this later aspect, prediction of physical properties, that the current work is primarily concerned. Existing theoretical work on axisymmetric buoyant jets is confined to integral techniques developed by Morton in the early 1950’s. From these techniques only centerline velocities and temperatures can be calculated. Experimental data for this type of flow are essentially confined to centerline temperature measurements except for pure jet or plume data which constitute the extremes for a buoyant jet. The present work addresses the problem of developing a theoretical model for an axisymmetric laminar buoyant jet. The governing equations for an axisymmetric buoyant jet in rectangular co-ordinates are transformed into an orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinate system which moves along the length of the jet axis. The complete partial differential equations governing steady, incompressible laminar flow are solved in the new curvilinear co-ordinates using finite-difference techniques. This method is applicable to a much wider range of jet flows issued at arbitrary angles into quiescent or flowing ambience. This method is also applied to the case for multiple jets spaced by a finite distance apart. Results for the momentum jet, axial and radial distribution of velocity and temperature, show good agreement with published data.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A small Dowker space in ZFC

We construct a hereditarily normal topological space whose product with the unit interval is not normal. The space is a-relatively discrete and has cardinality of the continuum c. Introduction. A Dowker space is a normal Hausdorff space whose product with the closed unit interval I is not normal. Whether there are such spaces at all was raised as a problem by C. H. Dowker [D] in 1951 who also gave an internal characterization of Dowker spaces. (See Lemma 0.1 below.) Constructing Dowker spaces turned out to be a hard, many-faceted problem in general and set-theoretic topology, of basically combinatorial set-theoretic nature. It has extensive, rich literature. (See the survey paper [R4] and also [Re], [W2] for some update.) There has been precisely one Dowker space built in usual (ZFC) mathematics by Mary Ellen Rudin [R2] in 1971. This space has cardinality and weight N', and it has few nice properties beyond normality. The search for a smaller example is referred to as the Small Dowker Space Problem. The effort of a number of mathematicians resulted in nice, small Dowker spaces in many models of set theory [Be], [C], [G], [JKR], [R1], [R5], [We], but no example different from Rudin's has been constructed in ZFC alone. In this paper we give a solution to the Small Dowker Space Problem by constructing, without extra set-theoretic axioms, a hereditarily normal, a-relatively discrete Dowker space of cardinality of the continuum c. Such a space of strongly compact cardinality (under the set-theoretic assumption that such large cardinals exist), was constructed by S. Watson [W1]. Our proof uses a general combinatorial technique originated in M. E. Rudin's [R3] and later used by the author [B] to construct Q-set spaces. Our terminology and notation follow the standards of contemporary set theory and set-theoretic topology as used in [K] and [KV]. In particular, [A]<Kt stands for the family of all subsets of A of cardinality < s and Fn(Q, 2) denotes all finite partial functions from r, to 2 = {0, 1}. We shall make use of Dowker's internal characterization. Lemma 0.1. The following conditions are equivalent for a normal T1 space X. (a) X is a Dowker space. Received by the editors March 23, 1994. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 54D15, 54D20.
Advancing age produces sex differences in vasomotor kinetics during and after skeletal muscle contraction.

Little is known of the vasomotor responses of skeletal muscle arterioles during and following muscle contraction. We hypothesized that aging leads to impaired arteriolar responses to muscle contrac...
MetPP: a computational platform for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics

Motivation: Due to the high complexity of metabolome, the compre- hensive 2D gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCGC-TOF MS) is considered as a powerful analytical platform for metabolomics study. However, the applications of GCGC-TOF MS in metabolomics are not popular owing to the lack of bioinfor- matics system for data analysis. Results: We developed a computational platform entitled metabolo- mics profiling pipeline (MetPP) for analysis of metabolomics data acquired on a GCGC-TOF MS system. MetPP can process peak filtering and merging, retention index matching, peak list alignment, normalization, statistical significance tests and pattern recognition, using the peak lists deconvoluted from the instrument data as its input. The performance of MetPP software was tested with two sets of experimental data acquired in a spike-in experiment and a bio- marker discovery experiment, respectively. MetPP not only correctly aligned the spiked-in metabolite standards from the experimental data, but also correctly recognized their concentration difference between sample groups. For analysis of the biomarker discovery data, 15 metabolites were recognized with significant concentration difference between the sample groups and these results agree with the literature results of histological analysis, demonstrating the effectiveness of applying MetPP software for disease biomarker discovery. Availability: The source code of MetPP is available at http:// metaopen.sourceforge.net
Adolescent Fertility-Related Behavior in the 1990s Risking the Future Continued

This article serves as an introduction to this special issue. It provides an overview for understanding adolescent fertility-related behavior in context, and briefly reviews each of the empirical articles that follow.
Nursing behavior in rats is impaired in a small nestbox and with hyperthermic pups

The supine nursing posture, which occurs increasingly as growing pups initiate nursing from their recumbent dam, was demonstrated to require more space than that provided in earlier studies of mother-young contact (e.g., Leon, Croskerry, & Smith, 1978). Further, hyperthermic rat pups were shown to be deficient in eliciting normal nursing behavior. During a 4-hr separation from their dam, 7-day-old rat pups were incubated at 34 degrees C (nest temperature) or at 39 degrees C (WARM). Compared to controls, WARM-litter dams showed increased licking of and hovering over pups and decreased upright crouching, while WARM litters showed decreased nipple attachment and weight gain. On Day 13, similar effects occurred after incubation at 39 degrees C (vs. 34 degrees C), but not at 36 or 38 degrees C. The results stress the need for ethologically meaningful conditions and direct behavioral observations to reveal the importance of pup activity in the mother-young dyad.
Glass carrier wafers for the silicon thinning process for stack IC applications

The performance of the temporary bond and debond process for wafer thinning is critical for 3D system integration. In the thinning process, the silicon wafer will be bonded face down to a carrier and then ground down to the desired thickness. After this process step, device wafer and carrier wafer will be separated again for additional downstream processing, such as separation and assembly. The work presented here will highlight the importance of high precision carriers and metrology techniques used to characterize and qualify these materials and, most importantly, the impact these have on the TTV of a bonded stack. The ability to leverage all of these tools to provide bonded stacks with extremely low TTV and impact on Si wafers after thinning operations will be demonstrated.
Role of the S3 Stalk Segment in the Thapsigargin Concentration Dependence of Sarco-endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Inhibition

Abstract The sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) is specifically inhibited by thapsigargin (TG), whereas the Na+,K+-ATPase is not. Large chimeric exchanges between Ca2+ and Na+,K+-ATPases (Norregaard, A., Vilsen, B., and Andersen, J. P. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26598–26601), as well as photolabeling with a TG azido derivative (Hua, S., and Inesi, G. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 11865–11872), suggest that the S3-M3 (stalk and membrane-bound) region of the Ca2+ ATPase is involved in TG binding. We produced small site-directed changes in the S3 stalk segment of the Ca2+ ATPase and found that mutation of five amino acids to the corresponding Na+,K+-ATPase residues increases by 3 orders of magnitude the TG concentration required for inhibition of Ca2+ ATPase and coupled Ca2+transport. A single mutation in the S3 stalk segment (Gly257 → Ile) is sufficient to increase by 1 order of magnitude the TG concentration required to produce 50% inhibition. By comparison, mutations yielding a nine-amino acid homology in the M3 transmembrane segment, or a 25-amino acid homology in the S4 stalk segment, do not affect the ATPase sensitivity to TG. We suggest that specific binding of TG to the S3 stalk segment, in addition to stacking of the TG ring structure at the membrane interface, determines the high affinity of the ATPase for the inhibitor.
Health Care Services and the Transition to Young Adulthood: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to examine the potential role of the health care system in the successful transition to young adulthood for all adolescents, with emphasis on adolescents with special health care needs (ASHCN), and to evaluate the system's status in filling that role. Method Research and conceptual frameworks addressing successful transitions and functioning were reviewed. A framework describing a role for health care services in the transition was presented. The health care system's status in promoting healthy transitions was evaluated, including National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs 2005–2006 analyses of key outcomes for ASHCN. Results Although most national efforts to define skills needed for the transition have focused on career/vocational skills, a few frameworks integrate broader issues such as health, psychosocial development, and civic engagement. Adolescent transitional issues have generally received little attention; however, these have been articulated for ASHCN. Nevertheless, only 2 in 5 ASHCN receive transitional care, and ASHCN fare poorly on other core outcomes. ASHCN with mental health conditions fare worse on outcomes than those with physical health conditions. Our framework for healthy transitions includes the following: 1) adolescents can access a comprehensive health care system, 2) preventable problems are avoided, and 3) chronic problems are managed. The present health care system falls short of accomplishing these. Conclusions Health care services can potentially play a role in facilitating a healthy transition to young adulthood; however, many gaps exist. Although the health care reform act addresses some gaps, efforts that integrate adolescents' developmental needs and address mental health issues are needed.
Demography and Phylogenetic Utility of Numt Pseudogenes in the Southern Red-Backed Vole (Myodes gapperi)

Abstract Nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA fragments (numts) have been reported in a number of mammalian taxa. The inclusion of these numt pseudogenes within mitochondrial data sets can unknowingly compromise the integrity of phylogenetic, systematic, and biogeographic studies. Here, we evaluate 6 unique cytochrome-b numt sequences isolated in the southern red-backed vole (Myodes [formerly Clethrionomys] gapperi). Each sequence contains features characteristic of numt pseudogenes including premature stop codons, insertions–deletions (indels), frame-shift substitutions, and transposable element insertions. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequences are evolving at different rates. Molecular dating indicates that this group of mitochondrial transfers originated ∼4.6 million years ago, which predates the presumptive origin of the genus. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences suggest that the numts are the result of at least 1 nuclear insertion followed by subsequent duplication events, but p...
A determination of character and frequency changes in air masses using a spatial synoptic classification

Of the numerous climate change studies which have been performed, few of these have analyzed recent trends using an air mass-based approach. The air mass approach is superior to simple trend analysis, as it can identify patterns which may be too subtle to influence the entire climate record. The recently-developed ‘spatial synoptic classification’ (SSC) is thus used to identify trends over the contiguous United States for summer and winter seasons from 1948 to 1993. Both trends in air mass frequency and character have been assessed. The most noteworthy trend in frequency is a decline in air mass transitional days (TR) during both seasons. In winter, decreases of up to 1% per decade are noted in parts of the central U.S. Other notable trends include a decrease in moist tropical (MT) air in winter, and an increase in MT in summer over the southeastern states. Numerous national and local air mass character changes have been uncovered. A large overall upward trend in cloudiness is noted in summer. All air masses feature an overnight increase, yet afternoon cloudiness increases are generally limited to the three ‘dry air masses’. Also in summer, a significant warming and increase in dew point of MT air has occurred at many locales. The most profound winter trend is a large decrease in dew point (up to 1.5°C per decade) in the dry polar (DP) air mass over much of the eastern states. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of Vitamin K Nutrition of the Dam on Hatchability and Prothrombin Levels in the Offspring

Abstract IN order to investigate the passage of vitamin K from dam to offspring, vitamin K-deficient diets (Table 1, Diet 1), supplemented with 0, 1 and 10 mg. of vitamin K1/kg. diet and with 1 and 10 mg. of menadione sodium bisulfite complex (MSBC), were fed to five groups of five SCWL hens each. The hens were housed in individual laying cages and were artificially inseminated. The eggs produced during the third and fourth week on the experimental diets were incubated, and the chicks that hatched were given a vitamin K-free starting ration (Table 1, Diet 2). Plasma prothrombin times (Griminger and Donis, 1960) of the chicks were determined at one week of age, and of the hens after 4 weeks on the respective experimental diets. Calculations were based on the reciprocals of the prothrombin times. The results of all determinations are shown in Table 2. There was little embryonic mortality…
The Solar Poynting-Robertson Effect On Particles Orbiting Solar System Bodies: Circular Orbits

The Poynting–Robertson effect from sunlight impinging directly on a particle which orbits a Solar System body (planet, asteroid, comet) is considered from the Sun’s rest frame. There appear to be no significant first-order terms in Vb/c for circular orbits, where Vb is the body’s speed in its orbit about the Sun and c is the speed of light, when the particle’s orbital semimajor axis is much smaller than the body’s orbital semimajor axis about the Sun as is mainly the case in the Solar System.
ARSENIC SPECIATION IN A FLY ASH SETTLING BASIN SYSTEM

The sluicing of coal fly ash to settling basins is a major method for disposal of this industrial by-product. Fly ash often contains elevated concentrations of trace elements such as As, Se, and Mo, which can be solubilized upon contact with water and also become elevated in the surficial sediments. Both the soluble and sediment-sorbed trace elements can be bioavailable and potentially toxic to animals inhabiting the ash basins. This study examines the aqueous speciation of As in the surface and interstitial waters and the solid phase As speciation in the sediments of a fly ash basin system. Ion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) was used to determine arsenite As(III), arsenate As(V), dimethylarsenate (DMA), and momomethylarsenate (MMA) in the aqueous samples. Hydoxylamine hydrochloride and oxalic acid extractions were used to assess the proportion of amorphous Fe, amorphous Al and amorphous aluminosilicates in depth sectioned samples of a sediment core taken from the ash basins. The concentration of As solubilized by these extractants was also measured. Surface water As concentrations were low with an average of 13 and 3 μg 1−1 determined in the summer and fall 2000. Arsenate was the major As species in the surface waters; DMA and As(III) were detected in the summer sampling but no DMA was detected in the fall sampling. Pore water As concentrations were much higher than the surface waters, reaching a maximum of 110 μg 1−1 at a sediment depth of 8–12cm. Arsenate was the major dissolved species at the sediment-water interface but decreased with depth, while the proportion of AS(III) increased to a maximum at a depth of 8–12 cm. The increase in total dissolved As with depth was mirrored by an increase in soluble Mo and an increase in pH, and the depth of maximum As concentration marked the onset of an increase in soluble Fe. This suggests that the observed increased As solubility may result from the decrease in sorption by amorphous Fe phases due to the onset of reductive dissolution, coupled with the prevalence of As(III), that may be poorly sorbed by the remaining mineral phases in the sediment. This observation was supported by the selective extraction data of the sediment core sections, which indicated that As was mostly bound to amorphous Fe phases in the sediment. The oxalate extraction also showed that a significant proportion of total Al was present as amorphous phases and that < 20% of amorphous Al was present as amorphous aluminosilicates.
Triad resonance between a surface-gravity wave and two high frequency hydro-acoustic waves

A new class of resonant triad in the family of gravity–acoustic waves has been found. I show that a hydro-acoustic wave interacting with a surface-gravity wave may generate a second hydro-acoustic wave. Interestingly, the two acoustic waves propagate in the same direction with similar wavelengths, that are almost double of that of the gravity wave. The evolution of the wave triad amplitudes is periodic and it is derived analytically, in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions and elliptic integrals. The physical importance of this type of triad interactions is the modulation of pertinent hydro-acoustic signals, leading to inaccurate signal perceptions.
Lymphoscintigraphy in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes.

In this chapter we have provided suggestions and techniques that have been accrued from our experience with lymphoscintigraphy. Each hospital and personnel may have different requirements. From a practical standpoint, the above methods have been used for several years. We feel comfortable with our methodology. Full understanding of the inverse square law will lead to more efficient use of the gamma probe and radiation safety. If there is poor communication or lack of support in any part of the process, the program will not be successful. For a program to work well all physicians involved with lymphoscintigraphy should visit the departments of Nuclear Medicine, surgery and Pathology to observe first hand what happens in each department. An important factor is the cooperatioin of all disciplines involved in defining the sentinel lymph node.
Shedding light on IL-33 in the eye

![Figure][1] Insight from Sachin Gadani (left) and Jonathan Kipnis (right) In this issue of JEM , [Xi et al.][2] describe how inflammation is initiated in the retina, studying the alarmin IL-33. Expressed in healthy tissues and released in conditions of cell damage or stress, alarmins
Sizing residential photovoltaic systems in the State of Georgia

This paper proposes a novel photovoltaic (PV) distributed generation design process to optimally size and select the PV system characteristics including energy storage capacities using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This process is designed to be functional for a wide range of electrical loads and solar irradiance values for residential houses in the State of Georgia. Under this system, two neural network models have been implemented. The first ANN model is used to size the PV house system using inputs such as load requirement (kWh/day) and solar radiation (kWh/m2/day). The outputs of this model are the area needed for PV installation, the peak PV power capacity, number of modules, battery storage capacity, and the battery Ampere Hour. The second ANN model uses the rated power from the first model to select the PV system parameters using a large database of commercially available PV modules. The evaluated PV parameters are summarized as follows: the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum voltage and current, cell efficiency, module efficiency, and the number of cells needed for the system. Simulink models were created using a set of algebraic equations that were derived to generate the sizing parameters without the need for retraining the network every time. ANN models were implemented with optimal number of layers and neurons, which were trained, simulated, and verified with 99.99% regression accuracy.
Interplay of Chromatic Aberration and Scattering in Depth-Resolved Two-Photon Fluorescence Endospectroscopy

The influence of chromatic aberration of an objective lens and tissue scattering on depth-resolved two-photon fluorescence spectra measured by a fiber-optic endomicroscope is investigated. Proper calibration is proposed to restore the true depth-dependent fluorescence spectra.
Breaking Badly: DFT-D2 Gives Sizeable Errors for Tensile Strengths in Palladium-Hydride Solids.

Dispersion interactions play a crucial role in noncovalently bound molecular systems, and recent studies have shown that dispersion effects are also critical for accurately describing covalently bound solids. While most studies on bulk solids have solely focused on equilibrium properties (lattice constants, bulk moduli, and cohesive energies), there has been little work on assessing the importance of dispersion effects for solid-state properties far from equilibrium. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of both equilibrium and highly nonequilibrium properties (tensile strengths leading to fracture) of various palladium-hydride systems using representative DFT methods within the LDA, GGA, DFT-D2, DFT-D3, and nonlocal vdw-DFT families. Among the various DFT methods, we surprisingly find that the empirically constructed DFT-D2 functional gives extremely anomalous and qualitatively incorrect results for tensile strengths in palladium-hydride bulk solids. We present a detailed analysis of these effects...
Magma transport and olivine crystallization depths in Kīlauea’s east rift zone inferred from experimentally rehomogenized melt inclusions

Abstract Concentrations of H2O and CO2 in olivine-hosted melt inclusions can be used to estimate crystallization depths for the olivine host. However, the original dissolved CO2 concentration of melt inclusions at the time of trapping can be difficult to measure directly because in many cases substantial CO2 is transferred to shrinkage bubbles that form during post-entrapment cooling and crystallization. To investigate this problem, we heated olivine from the 1959 Kīlauea Iki and 1960 Kapoho (Hawai‘i) eruptions in a 1-atm furnace to temperatures above the melt inclusion trapping temperature to redissolve the CO2 in shrinkage bubbles. The measured CO2 concentrations of the experimentally rehomogenized inclusions (⩽590 ppm for Kīlauea Iki [n = 10]; ⩽880 ppm for Kapoho, with one inclusion at 1863 ppm [n = 38]) overlap with values for naturally quenched inclusions from the same samples, but experimentally rehomogenized inclusions have higher within-sample median CO2 values than naturally quenched inclusions, indicating at least partial dissolution of CO2 from the vapor bubble during heating. Comparison of our data with predictions from modeling of vapor bubble formation and published Raman data on the density of CO2 in the vapor bubbles suggests that 55–85% of the dissolved CO2 in the melt inclusions at the time of trapping was lost to post-entrapment shrinkage bubbles. Our results combined with the Raman data demonstrate that olivine from the early part of the Kīlauea Iki eruption crystallized at
How Agile Development Can Transform Defense IT Acquisition

Traditional defense acquisition frameworks are often too large, complex, and slow to acquire information technology (IT) capabilities effectively. Defense acquisition organizations for years have been concerned about the lengthy IT development timelines and given the pace of change in operations and technology, it is critical to look for new strategies to acquire IT for defense systems. Over the last decade, agile software development emerged as a leading model across industry with growing adoption and success. Agile is centered on small development Teams delivering small, frequent releases of capabilities, with active user involvement. From a planning and execution viewpoint, agile emphasizes an iterative approach with each iteration informing the next. The focus is less on extensive upfront planning for entire programs and more on responsiveness to internal and external changes, such as operations, technology, and budgets. Based on US and Italian experiences, this paper discusses some of the common challenges in implementing agile practices and recommended solutions to overcome these barriers.
Epidemic Characteristics of Syphilis in Leshan City,2000-2012

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of syphilis in Leshan city and to provide references for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiology method was adopted for analyzing the epidemic data with SPSS10. 0. Results A total of 3809 syphilis cases were reported during 2000 to 2012,with an average annual incidence 8. 90 /105. The incidence exhibited an ascending trend,rising from 0. 55 /105in 2000 to 21. 68 /105in 2012,with an average annual growth rate 41. 13%. The proportion of congenital syphilis rose from 6. 74% to 42. 32% during the period. The relationship between syphilis and AIDS / HIV was intimate( r = 0. 80,P0. 01). Conclusion Syphilis in Leshan is in rapid growth and thus comprehensive measures should be taken to control the spreading of syphilis,such as strengthening the propaganda of STD prevention knowledge,promoting safe sex,strengthening the monitoring measures on vulnerable population and standardizing diagnosis and treatment.
Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance analysis of patients with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Guangxi

Objective To investigate the drug resistant spectrum of patients with smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB)in Guangxi,and to clarify the distribution and law of drug resistance.Methods A prospective survey was conducted to recruit smear-positive PTB patients in the clinics of 30TB control institutes in Guangxi.Sputum samples from 1765cases were cultured and 1545isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were identified.AntiTB drug susceptibility tests were conducted for 1545isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by conventional proportion method for isoniazide(H),rifampicin(R),ethambutol(E),streptomycin(S),ofloxacin(Ofx)and kanamycin(Km).Data for prior administration of anti-TB drugs were collected.Results The drug resistance rates of new cases to first line drugs was found in isoniazide 7.93%(94/1186),followed by streptomycin 6.24%(74/1186),rifampicin 3.20%(38/1186)and ethambutol 1.85%(22/1186),and those were 25.91%(93/359)for isoniazide,followed by rifampicin 25.07%(90/359),ethambutol 13.65%(49/359)and streptomycin 11.98%(43/359)in previously treated cases.The difference of proportion of any first line drug resistance between new cases and pre-viously treated cases was statistically significant(χ2=43.174,P0.01).There were 25types of combinations of drug resistance among drug resistant cases.In the combinations to first line drugs,HRS(8cases),HRE(5cases)and HR(cases)were most common in new cases,and HRE(17cases)and HR(15cases)were most common in previously treated cases.Besides first line drug resistance,second line drug resistance was found in both new and previously treated patients.One cases was resistant to Km and 12cases were resistant to Ofx in new cases.While in previously treated cases,the numbers were 6and 31.Conclusion Results suggest that the orders of drug resis-tance rate of new and previously treated cases to first line drugs are different in Guangxi.There were 25types of combinations of drug resistance among drug resistant cases,HRS and HR are most common in new cases,while HRE and HR are most common in previously treated cases.
Securing Communities or Profits? The Effect of Federal-Local Partnerships on Immigration Enforcement

Leading theories of local responses to immigration claim that ideology drives policy differences. However, these studies focus exclusively on policy adoption, neglecting whether or not ideological preferences also govern the extent to which local actors choose to cooperate with federal immigration initiatives. To account for this shortcoming, I use zero-inflated negative binomial regression to assess county-level deportations resulting from local participation in the Secure Communities program. I find that existing financial and structural resources as well as financial incentives are strong determinants of county deportation levels. Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest that conservative counties produce more deportations. Instead, the size of a county’s policing budget moderates the relationship between ideological orientations and deportation outcomes. With federal-local policy partnerships on the rise, these findings provide an important foundation for developing a better framework to understan...
UrbanFlow: Large-scale Framework to Integrate Social Media and Authoritative Landuse Maps

Everyday massive amounts of geo-tagged information are generated around urban environment using micro-blogging services and content sharing platforms. These new Big Geospatial Data sources provide an opportunity to understand people activities and their interaction with the urban environment. In this regard, it is crucial to integrate geo-tagged micro-data with more authoritative sources such as official landuse maps. This integration would benefit the urban research community by combining real time information about people activities and their spatial interaction with the synoptic view of physical infrastructure as depicted in official landuse maps. However, the scientific effort for integrating heterogeneous data sources is hindered by the lack of scalable Geospatial synthesis capabilities to accommodate the massive volume and fast update of microdata.We developed UrbanFlow, a platform to integrate geolocated Twitter data with detailed landuse map (parcel level) to detect and analyze individual human mobility patterns. The platform provides scientists with a set of tools to extract key locations of each Twitter user, assess the extraction quality and uncertainty, and analyze city neighbors' connectivity based on detected users' frequent visitation patterns. These capabilities are built on a novel scalable solution for the point in/nearest polygon algorithm, implemented on Hadoop to harness the power of distributed systems to combine massive point data and large number of polygon in scale-out fashion. Our results showed that we are able to effectively process large data stream of Twitter data (2.42 billion tweets) and synthesize that with highly detailed landuse map (468,641 parcels for the city of Chicago).
Discovery of Candidate Biomarkers.

Properly performed, biomarker discovery can lead to effective candidates that can ultimately serve as predictors of disease, medical condition, define therapeutic parameters, and many other applications in medicine. Preferably, biomarkers comprise a panel of indicators, e.g. proteins and/or peptides that can be predictive or diagnostic of the medical condition of interest. Emphasis here is placed on “panel,” as single candidates are rarely sufficient to provide the necessary sensitivity and specificity. To develop an effective panel that survives the development process described in Chap. 19, proper experimental design and attention to important statistical parameters are critical to ensure success. Errors in discovery can lead to an inefficient use of expensive resources, as these may not be uncovered until the latter stages in biomarker development. Hence, accuracy, precision, and an estimate of the power of the proposed analyses are critical in the discovery of the panel of candidate biomarkers by proteomic methods, as is the selection of statistical approaches to refine and appropriately reduce the dataset for subsequent confirmatory assays.