cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary pairing of handicapped workers with compensatory skills: a strategy to increase independence.

Abstract Although the right to and the beneficial psychological effects of productive employment by the handicapped are well documented, many potential workers remain unemployable because of the nature of their handicapping conditions. This study is an experimental investigation of the effect on job performance of pairing handicapped persons with complementary skills. Workshop productivity was measured for two pairs of workers, each consisting of a cerebral-palsied person and a mentally-retarded partner. Using a multiple-baseline design with a reversal component, production on a packaging task was assessed during individual work and paired cooperative work. The combination of the cerebral-palsied workers' ability to provide reinforcement and the retarded workers' production skills resulted in a significant increase in productivity. The potential extension of this strategy to individuals with these and other disabilities is discussed.
Overview of Immunodeficiency Disorders.

Traditionally, primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) have been described as diseases caused by one or more defects of the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to infections. It is now known that PIDs are a group of heterogeneous disorders with immune system abnormalities characterized by various combinations of recurrent infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, granulomatous process, atopy, and malignancy (See Figure 1). The overall clinical picture is dictated by the specific type of underlying immune defect. Based on the type of PID, the types of infections can vary. While bacterial infections may be a key feature of B cell defects, infections with diverse pathogens (e.g., viruses, fungi, and bacteria) are a feature of combined T and B cell immunodeficiencies. Similarly, autoimmune manifestations can range from autoimmune cytopenias secondary to B cell defects to systemic lupus erythematosus in complement disorders. Some PIDs (e.g., X-Linked lymphoproliferative disease) are characterized by lymphoproliferation while others (such as those associated with chronic granulomatous disease) manifest with cutaneous, respiratory, or gastrointestinal tract granulomas due to immune dysregulation. While lymphomas and leukemias are the most common malignancies noted, other types of malignancies may also be seen. Atopic features such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergies can be observed in some patients with T cell defects. Hence, the types of manifestations and involvement of other systems can provide a clue to the type of PID. Open in a separate window Figure 1 Features of Primary Immunodeficiencies Data from Refs 1, 2, 5-17, 19-26
Mitochondrial antioxidative capacity regulates muscle glucose uptake in the conscious mouse: effect of exercise and diet

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that exercise-stimulated muscle glucose uptake (MGU) is augmented by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) scavenging capac...
Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Placement with the Sonic Flashlight: Initial Clinical Trial by Nurses

Objective We describe a case series comprising the first clinical trial by intravenous (IV) team nurses using the Sonic Flashlight for ultrasound guidance of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement.
Effect of Cadmium In Vivo on Glucose Catabolism in Normal and Alloxan Diabetic Rats

A radiorespirometry experiment was conducted to determine the effect of single and multiple doses of cadmium on the catabolism of D-glucose-14C (uniformly labeled) in normal and alloxan diabetic rats by the collection of 14C02. Cumulative amounts of 14CO2- were determined at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hr. The effect of cadmium on glucose catabolism was related to the administered dose as well as to the manner of dosing, single or repeated.
Merging P4P and disease management: how do you know which one is working?

BACKGROUND: An intervention movement in managed care, disease management (DM), is a system of coordinated health care interventions and communication for populations with conditions in which patient self-care efforts are significant. Another managed care intervention movement, pay for performance (P4P), involves an incentive component in which payment is defined based on meeting specific, previously agreed-upon process or outcomes targets. OBJECTIVE: To explore the various characteristics of DM and P4P interventions, determine how they differ, and explore the differences in results of programs in current practice. SUMMARY: In DM, regular ongoing evaluation of clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes plays a crucial role in reducing costs and improving quality of care. The goal of improving overall patient health in DM is also accomplished by supporting the physician or practitioner/patient relationship and plan of care. P4P initiatives vary more according to the needs and preferences of local providers and plans than do DM initiatives. While DM programs can be implemented without necessarily changing how providers deliver health care, P4P requires new programs and/or systems within the provider sector to improve patient care quality and/or efficiency. P4P initiatives also typically involve the upside or downside risk by physicians/hospitals. Partners HealthCare, based in Boston, features P4P initiatives for inpatient admissions, diabetes, and radiology that have all been met with success. CONCLUSIONS: Both DM and P4P initiatives have been successful in managed care. However, in terms of determining whether DM or P4P initiatives are more effective in improving the quality and efficiency of health care delivery, it is simply too early to tell at this time.
Upsetting Checks and Balances: The Bush Administration's Efforts to Limit Human Rights Litigation

The administration of President George W. Bush has launched a concerted effort to overturn Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, the groundbreaking decision holding that the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) authorizes victims of egregious human rights abuses to seek damages in U.S. federal courts through civil lawsuits. These human rights lawsuits contribute to the worldwide movement for accountability by exposing abuses committed by private individuals, corporations, and government officials and by compensating victims. The cases also further the development of international human rights norms, helping to clarify and enforce the growing body of international law that prohibits abuses such as genocide, torture, extrajudicial execution, and crimes against humanity.Both the Carter and Clinton Administrations supported the Filartiga doctrine. Despite some concerns, President George Bush, Sr. also expressed support for its goals and signed legislation authorizing a significant expansion of human rights accountability. Under the current Bush Administration, however, the Department of Justice has strenuously opposed human rights litigation, intervening in a dozen cases to challenge both the modern interpretation of the ATCA and its application in particular cases. Common to each of these interventions is the claim that judicial review of allegations of gross human rights abuses constitutes an unconstitutional interference with executive branch foreign affairs powers. Even more disturbing, the Administration insists that the judiciary refrain from judicial review whenever the Administration asserts -- however implausibly -- that litigation would harm foreign policy.Although couched in terms of separation of powers, the interventions seek to protect allies from accountability for egregiously wrongful behavior. Uncritical acceptance of these politically charged interventions would undermine the constitutional balance of power. Courts are constitutionally obligated to assess the credibility of the submissions and to reject them where they are not supported by the facts. The Bush Administration’s ill-founded views of the Filartiga doctrine are entitled to nothing more than respectful consideration and should not be followed by the courts.The Administration’s opposition to human rights litigation is analogous to its multiple efforts to eliminate judicial review of executive branch actions since September 11, 2001. If accepted, these claims would lead to a dangerous aggregation of unreviewable executive branch power.
Use of recombinant human erythropoietin for management of anemia in dogs and cats with renal failure.

Objective To test efficacy and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) administration in dogs and cats with naturally developing chronic renal failure. Design Case series. Animals 6 client-owned dogs and 11 client-owned cats with chronic renal failure. Procedures r-HuEPO was administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Erythropoietic effects were monitored by determining CBC, performing cytologic examination of bone marrow aspirates, and measuring serum iron concentration before and during treatment. Development of adverse effects was monitored by performing sequential clinical assessments, CBC, and serum biochemical tests and by measuring indirect blood pressure and anti-r-HuEPO antibody titers. Results Administration of r-HuEPO increased RBC and reticulocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and Hct comparably in dogs and cats. Assessments of clinical well-being, including appetite, energy, weight gain, alertness, strength, and playfulness, were improved variably. Adverse effects, including anemia, anti-r-HuEPO antibody production, seizures, systemic hypertension, and iron deficiency, were demonstrated inconsistently in dogs and cats. Clinical implications Anemia contributes to clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure in dogs and cats. Administration of r-HuEPO has the potential to resolve anemia and improve clinical well-being. However, its administration poses risks of antibody production and adverse effects associated with correction of RBC mass. Use of r-HuEPO in dogs and cats requires conscientious assessment of risks and benefits until homologous forms of erythropoietin are available.
Historical land use and present-day canopy thinning differentially affect the distribution and abundance of invasive and native ant species

Disturbance may play a key role in affecting animal invasions; less appreciated is that past and present disturbances might interact to affect invasion. For example, although large portions of forest ecosystems worldwide are jointly affected by a history of past agricultural land use as well as contemporary timber harvest, it is unclear whether these disturbances facilitate biological invasions. We conducted a large-scale experiment that coupled adjacent non-agricultural and post-agricultural sites and a factorial canopy-thinning manipulation to understand how past agricultural land use might interact with contemporary canopy thinning to affect the distribution (i.e., presence/absence of mounds) and abundance of a highly invasive ant species, Solenopsis invicta, and common native ant species, Dorymyrmex bureni. Mounds of S. invicta were more likely to be present in unthinned post-agricultural habitats than unthinned non-agricultural habitats, but this legacy effect disappeared with canopy thinning. In unthinned habitats, the presence of D. bureni mounds did not differ based on past land use. However, presence of D. bureni mounds was greater in thinned non-agricultural habitats than thinned post-agricultural habitats. Once present in an area, mound abundance was largely related to temperature near the ground for both species, and negatively related to soil compaction for D. bureni. Our results provide large-scale evidence that an understanding of anthropogenic events that occur decades before present may be essential for interpreting contemporary invasion dynamics and the distribution of some species, and that local contemporary habitat characteristics play a key role in determining ant abundance once an area is colonized.
Christian Discernment of Divine Revelation: Benedict XVI and the International Theological Commission on the Dark Passages of the Old Testament

In its recent document God the Trinity and the Unity of Humanity, the International Theological Commission offers principles to reconcile the many Old Testament texts in which God ostensibly acts against his own nature by commanding deeds such as the slaughter of men, women, and children. This piece frames discussion of so-called «dark passages» in light of three hermeneutical keys: the divine pedagogy, the discernment of authorial assertions, and the spiritual sense. In particular, these principles will be applied to Psalm 137, one of the most beautiful and yet disturbing texts of the Old Testament.
CFD Analysis of a Generic Waverider

*A Generic Waverider was analyzed for two different f low conditions; an on -design condition, Mach=14 and off design condition , Mach=8 . The results was analyzed to determine the over all aerodynamic performance of the off design condition The AVUS code was employed to determine the aerodynamic coefficients us ing the Semi -Coupled Navier -Stoke equations and the two equation Wilcox Turbulent model. The results compared well to experimental data . The results indicat e that the aerodynamic coefficients are insensitive to a change in the Mach number.
Practice tools to meet the complex needs of older vulnerable military beneficiaries.

ABSTRACT:The elderly military beneficiary is a valued, high-risk, high-cost, and complex individual with unique medical needs. Attention to common geriatric syndromes (such as incontinence) and quality end-of-life care is critical in this population. Care of older adults is part of every adult medical and surgical specialty and represents a significant portion of the care rendered by the Military Health System (MHS)—a system that is currently oriented to warrior care and the care of young adults and families. Unique additional knowledge and expertise to care for the age-related geriatric syndromes is required by all providers. Maintaining quality of care for this older vulnerable population also requires unique measurement metrics and is facilitated by use of validated practice tools. This article will review validated practice tools that can assist military physicians and facilities in prospective and retrospective quality improvement (QI) initiatives to improve the therapeutic and palliative care of our...
Study on HIV, Syphilis and HCV Infection Status and High Risk Behaviors among Drug Users in Longgang District of Shenzhen

Objective To investigate the infection status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis and hepatitis C virus (HCV)and its influencing factors among drug users in Longgang district of Shenzhen, and provide the basis for formulating the preventive measures. Methods Blood samples were collected from 410 drug users from the compulsory drug addiction treatment centers in Longgang district of Shenzhen city. ELISA was used for HIV and HCV antibody screening test and TRUST was used for syphilis antibody screening test. Syphilis positive cases were confirmed by TP2PA while HIV positive cases were confirmed by protein imprinting method. Results Positive rates of HIV,syphilis and HCV were 2.44% (10/410),17.56%(72/410) and 45.37% (186/410), respectively. The super infection rates of HIV with HCV,HCV with syphilis, and HIV with syphilis and HCV were 2.44% (10/410), 8.29% (34/410) and 0.98% (4/410),respectively. Conclusion The infection rates of HIV,syphilis and HCV showed to be high and the infection rates of HIV is low among drug users in Shenzhen,so enhanced intervention to drug users should be important in the future.
Energy accounting model for hardware impact analysis

The Air Force Research Laboratory has recently expanded its ability to assess processing architecture options for next generation mission applications, providing traceability from Air Force mission requirements to the hardware and software implementations necessary to meet those requirements. Of prime concern has been the distinct challenge of quantifying the benefits at the spacecraft/mission level resulting from investments in space electronics technologies at the device and component level. Here, we present a satellite architecture modeling and simulation framework that incorporates a detailed accounting of the spacecraft's energy chain of custody, while providing the flexibility to rapidly and easily change or modify spacecraft components. The model is shown to successfully yield the minimum energy configuration of a hypothetical surveillance satellite mission. This powerful new tool enables creation of a return on investment trade space, and ultimately provides the necessary quantitative analysis to guide/justify technology investment.
Does Transnational Experience Constrain Religiosity? Korean Evangelical Women’s Discourse on LGBT Persons

A large literature studies the views and discourses of Western, and especially American, conservative Christians with respect to homosexuality; only a few examine the discourse of Christians in non-Western countries, and none focuses on non-Western Christians with advanced, overseas education and careers. This paper examines the discourse of South Korean Evangelical women with overseas, educational or career experiences. I draw on 15 in-depth interviews with current and former members of a Seoul-based, Evangelical mega-church. Transnational, evangelical women show comparatively mild-minded and tolerant views toward homosexuality and LGBT persons. The women illustrated two pathways to reconcile their conflicting beliefs in conservative religion and human rights: first, the values of equity and meritocracy; and second, personal contacts with LGBT persons. This study suggests that for transnational migrants, traditional religiosity is challenged and constrained by sustained experiences in liberal, pluralistic societies.
Entropy dynamics in cone production of longleaf pine forests in the southeastern United States

Irregular temporal patterns of seed production are a challenge for the regeneration and restoration of longleaf pine, which is a keystone component of an endangered ecosystem in the southeastern United States. In this study, long-term data for longleaf pine cone production, collected at six sites across the southeastern region, was examined from the perspective of information entropy. Our results indicate that long-term monitoring data usefully reflects the information entropy and trajectory in cone production. The entropy of cone production for longleaf pine forests at all sites increased slowly through time. However, a slight decrease in entropy was also noted. Entropy across all sites remained within 1.28~1.77 until 2016. High linear correlation existed between entropy and log (time length). MaxEnt overestimated the information entropy at each site, although the dynamics were similar. Joint entropy among all sites might reflect an emergent pattern for entropy across the region. Our study provides an important approach for characterizing ecosystem dynamics by information flow in adaptive ecosystem management.
Fecal incontinence - Challenges and solutions

Fecal incontinence is not a diagnosis but a frequent and debilitating common final pathway symptom resulting from numerous different causes. Incontinence not only impacts the patient's self-esteem and quality of life but may result in significant secondary morbidity, disability, and cost. Treatment is difficult without any panacea and an individualized approach should be chosen that frequently combines different modalities. Several new technologies have been developed and their specific roles will have to be defined. The scope of this review is outline the evaluation and treatment of patients with fecal incontinence.
Shielding Analysis Capability of UNF-ST&DARDS

AbstractThe Used Nuclear Fuel Storage, Transportation and Disposal Analysis Resource and Data System (UNF-ST&DARDS) is used to perform dose rate calculations for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) transportation packages based on the actual physical and nuclear characteristics (i.e., assembly design, burnup, initial enrichment, and cooling time) of the as-loaded SNF. Nuclear fuel data, transportation package model templates, and SNF canister loading map information residing within the tool facilitate automated generation of SCALE input files for radiation source term and dose rate calculations. Transportation package specific models developed for UNF-ST&DARDS dose rate analyses are described in detail. UNF-ST&DARDS dose rate analyses were performed for over 400 SNF canisters from 16 sites in their designated transportation casks. For simplicity, representative dose rate calculation results are presented as a function of time (i.e., selected calendar years between 2020 and 2100) for 73 SNF canisters in dry storage a...
Prospective association between major depressive disorder and leukocyte telomere length over two years.

Abstract Background Reduced leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been found to be associated with multiple common age-related diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. A link has also been suggested between shortened LTL and major depressive disorder (MDD), suggesting that MDD may be a disease of accelerated aging. This prospective, longitudinal study examined the association between depression diagnosis at baseline and change in LTL over two years in a well-characterized sample of N = 117 adults with or without MDD at baseline, using rigorous entry criteria. Methods Participants aged 18–70 were assessed with validated instruments by trained, doctoral-level clinician raters at baseline and at two-year follow-up, and blood samples were obtained at both visits. LTL was assayed under identical methods using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The effect of an MDD diagnosis at baseline on change in LTL over two years was examined via hierarchical mixed models, which included potential confounders. Results Individuals with MDD at baseline had greater LTL shortening over two years than individuals without MDD (p = 0.03), even after controlling for differences in age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). In the sub-sample of individuals with MDD diagnoses at baseline, no significant associations between LTL change and symptom severity or duration were found. Conclusion A baseline diagnosis of MDD prospectively predicted LTL shortening over two years. Our results provide further support for MDD as a disease associated with accelerated aging in a well-characterized sample using validated, clinician-rated measures.
Perceived social support, received social support, and depression among clergy:

We argue that perceived support is best conceptualized more as a measure of how an individual appraises his/her situation rather than a true reflection of how much support he/she receives. To test ...
Effects of Fluid Confinement and Temperature in Supported Acetophenone Films

Solid–liquid phase transitions are thought to be well understood in bulk phases of matter, but in thin films or interfacial volumes, melting and freezing transitions can exhibit significant departures from expected behaviors. Here, we show multiple solid–liquid phase transitions in thin films (50–500 nm) of the molecular fluid acetophenone. Transitions are driven by both geometric confinement and temperature, as characterized by spectroscopy. Fluid film confinement is controlled by systematic variation of the supported film thicknesses, and the same films are passed through cooling–heating cycles to generate amorphous or crystalline films with distinctly different molecular environments. Specifically, multiple temperature cycles reveal a distinct conditioning dependence, wherein phase transitions may or may not exhibit significant changes in the infrared absorption profile over the temperature cycle, indicating distinct crystalline and liquid-like phases. Significant effects of supercooling are also obser...
A neural network theory of latent inhibition

As shown in Chapter 1, several mathematical theories of classical conditioning and a few neural networks have been advanced to describe LI. Although mathematical models provide precise quantitative descriptions that can be compared with experimental data, only the biologically-inspired computations of neural networks can provide a link to the study of the physiological foundations of behavior. Furthermore, only real-time neural networks can describe the dynamics of behavior and neural activity as they unfold in real time.
How Much of the Axilla Should Be Dissected

The spread of breast cancer from the primary tumor in the breast to regional lymph nodes is an indication of the capacity of cancer cells to implant and grow, as well as a comment on the host-tumor relationship; it also is a potential source of morbidity. Despite the clear impact of axillary nodal metastases on prognosis, there is no evidence that axillary treatments significantly affect survival. Al- though the possibility of a small therapeutic benefit cannot be excluded by the studies to date, the primary benefits of removing axillary lymph nodes are to gather information on Staging and to prevent complications arising from uncontrolled tumor growth in the axilla. Information on axillary Staging is vital when the axillary node status is a major determinant of the use of systemic therapy.
Pharmacology of the receptors for the phorbol ester tumor promoters: Multiple receptors with different biochemical properties

Abstract The phorbol ester tumor promoters and related analogs are widely used as potent activators of protein kinase C (PKC). The phorbol esters mimic the action of the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG). The aim of this commentary is to highlight a series of important and controversial concepts in the pharmacology and regulation of phorbol ester receptors. First, phorbol ester analogs have marked differences in their biological properties. This may be related to a differential regulation of PKC isozymes by distinct analogs. Moreover, it seems that marked differences exist in the ligand recognition properties of the C1 domains, the phorbol ester/DAG binding sites in PKC isozymes. Second, an emerging theme that we discuss here is that phorbol esters also target receptors unrelated to PKC isozymes, a concept that has been largely ignored. These novel receptors lacking kinase activity include chimaerins (a family of Rac-GTPase-activating proteins), RasGRP (a Ras exchange factor), and Unc-13/Munc-13 (a family of proteins involved in exocytosis). Unlike the classical and novel PKCs, these “non-kinase” phorbol ester receptors possess a single copy of the C1 domain. Interestingly, each receptor class has unique pharmacological properties and biochemical regulation. Lastly, it is well established that phorbol esters and related analogs can translocate each receptor to different intracellular compartments. The differential pharmacological properties of the phorbol ester receptors can be exploited to generate specific agonists and antagonists that will be helpful tools to dissect their cellular function.
Phenotypic plasticity in the cold tolerance of three populations of the salvinia weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae) from Louisiana, USA

ABSTRACTWe compared the cold tolerance of three populations of the salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae. When exposed to 0°C, lethal time to kill 90% of adults from the Bayou Nicholas population ...
Regulated Endocrine-Specific Protein-18, an Emerging Endocrine Protein in Physiology: A Literature Review

Regulated endocrine-specific protein-18 (RESP18), a novel 18-kDa protein, was first identified in neuroendocrine tissue. Subsequent studies showed that Resp18 is expressed in the adrenal medulla, brain, pancreas, pituitary, retina, stomach, superior cervical ganglion, testis, and thyroid and also circulates in the plasma. Resp18 has partial homology with the islet cell antigen 512, also known as protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type N (PTPRN), but does not have phosphatase activity. Resp18 might serve as an intracellular signal; however, its function is unclear. It is regulated by dopamine, glucocorticoids, and insulin. We recently reported that the targeted disruption of the Resp18 locus in Dahl salt-sensitive rats increased their blood pressure and caused renal injury. The aim of the present review was to provide a comprehensive summary of the reported data currently available, especially the expression and proposed organ-specific function of Resp18.
Finite-Strain Homogenization Models for Anisotropic Dielectric Elastomer Composites

This chapter is concerned with a homogenization framework for electroelastic composite materials at finite strains. The framework is used to develop constitutive models for dielectric elastomer composites consisting of initially aligned, rigid dielectric inclusions that are distributed randomly in a dielectric elastomeric matrix. A strategy is proposed to partially decouple the mechanical and electrostatic effects in the composite by writing the effective electroelastic energy of the composite in terms of a purely mechanical energy term together with a purely electrostatic energy term that are linked only by the unknown particle rotations. In addition to the macroscopic constitutive relation for the composite, estimates are also generated for the evolution of the average particle orientation as a function of the applied mechanical and electric fields. The resulting estimates account for the electric torques and dipolar forces on the particles that are generated as a consequence of externally applied electric fields.
An Exposition on the Mathematics and Economics of Option Pricing

The application of options pricing theory to value irreversible investment decisions has witnessed a marked increase over the last decade. For instructional and simplified applications, the Black-Scholes model is commonly demonstrated due to its tractability and acceptance in the finance community. This paper provides a detailed mathematical exposition of the Black-Scholes model. The main contribution of this paper is the step-by-step instructional account of the Black-Scholes model that can be used directly in the classroom to introduce stochastic calculus, arbitrage-free valuation, and option-pricing theory. In contrast with most Black-Scholes derivations found in the pedagogical literature, this paper develops the fair option price from an economic equilibrium perspective. Through this approach, it is hoped the reader will comprehend both the mathematics and economics underlying option pricing theory, as both are equally important.
Legacy phosphorus concentration‐discharge relationships in surface runoff and tile drainage from Ohio crop fields

Legacy phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils can be transported to surface waters via runoff and tile drainage, where it contributes to the development of harmful and nuisance algal blooms and hypoxia. However, a limited understanding of legacy P loss dynamics impedes the identification of mitigation strategies. Edge-of-field data from 41 agricultural fields in northwestern Ohio, USA, were used to develop regressions between legacy P concentrations (C) and discharge (Q) for two P fractions: total P (TP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP). Tile drainage TP concentration (CTP ) and DRP concentration (CDRP ) both increased as Q increased, and CTP tended to increase at a greater rate than CDRP . Surface runoff showed greater variation in C-Q regressions, indicating that the response of TP and DRP to elevated Q was field specific. The relative variability of C and Q was explored using a ratio of CVs (CVC /CVQ ), which indicated that tile drainage TP and DRP losses were chemodynamic, whereas losses via surface runoff demonstrated both chemodynamic and chemostatic behavior. The chemodynamic behavior indicated that legacy P losses were strongly influenced by variation in P source availability and transport pathways. In addition, legacy P source size influenced C, as demonstrated by a positive relationship between soil-test P and the CTP and CDRP in both tile drainage and surface runoff. Progress towards legacy P mitigation will require further characterization of the drivers of variability in CTP and CDRP , including weather-, soil-, and management-related factors.
CHAPTER 6 – Nicotine

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the history of tobacco use, abuse, and addiction. The chapter also describes medical usage, behavioral effects, pharmacokinetics, behavioral mechanism of action, and neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine. Nicotine produces euphoria characterized by arousal and a stimulant effect, including cognitive activation with concomitant autonomic activation and increase in heart rate and blood pressure, but paradoxically produces a reduction in tension and stress as well. Nicotine also produces analgesia and decreases appetite. Nicotine activates the mesolimbic dopamine system, both at the level of the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens. Decreases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) have been observed in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex and increases in CREB in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. These changes may alter gene expression and trigger long-term neuroadaptive responses as observed with other drugs of abuse.
Development and evaluation of quality of life scale for patients with eczema

Objective To develop a specific quality of life scale for eczema patients(EQOLS).Method The theory and methodology had been adopted before the item pool formed.Five methods had been used in the item analyzing with the data of 351 eczema patients had been recruited.And the reliability and validity of the scale were also tested.Result The eczema quality of life scale with 28 items was developed,including 4 domains (morbid,physical,social psychological) and one item on general QOL.The test-retest correlation coefficient,Cronbach' s Alpha coefficient and split-half reliability coefficient of EQOLS were 0.912,0.9346 and 0.9046,respectively.The EQOLS scores were significantly decreased after one week' s treatment(P＜0.01).There was a significantly positive correlation between EQOLS and EASI scores (r=0.805,P ＜ 0.01).Confirmatory factor analysis showed that X2/df=2.211 ,CFI=0.902,NNFI=0.892,RMSEA=0.059,respectively.Conclusion EQOLS is reliable,valid and sensitive,and can be used to evaluate the quality of life for eczema patients. Key words: Eczema; Quality of life; Scale; Reliability ; Validity
Gaming the Name: Player Strategies for Adapting to Name Constraints in Online Videogames

Videogame players must negotiate their preferences and manage their identities within the infrastructural constraints of their respective gaming platforms. We studied the creation of usernames--the names players use to represent themselves in online videogames--to understand what happens when the demands of a game, platform, or service are at odds with gamers? desires. Through a series of open-ended, semi-structured interviews (N=30) conducted with online videogame players, we found that usernames are co-constructed via a process of negotiation in which players adjust their ideal tags using a variety of adaptive strategies, or workarounds, to find suitable options. In response to unique name requirements, character limitations, language filters, and in-game moderation, workarounds such as tweaking preferred usernames, preemptively avoiding certain names, and keeping secondary choices as back-ups allowed players to satisfy some of their name preferences while still facilitating access to their gaming platform of choice.
Insurance Regulation in the Public Interest: The Path Towards Solvent, Competitive Markets

The rationale underlying competition is that market forces are best at allocating resources and enhancing consumer choice and value. Further, the evolution and internationalization of financial services markets could significantly promote economic development throughout the world. Thus, moves to render national and international insurance markets more competitive should be encouraged, taking into account the level of development of each market and recognizing the necessity for reasonable safeguards to protect the public. In this respect, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Financial Services Agreement marked an important milestone in the evolution toward competitive markets. However, market access alone does not ensure vigorous, fair competition. Regulatory reforms also are needed. The next step toward structuring insurance markets that better serve the interest of each country's citizens is regulatory reform built on a set of pro-competitive principles designed to ensure competitive, solvent, and fair markets. This article offers such a set of principles that are designed to permit national insurance markets to better serve the public interest. These principles are not an argument for elimination of regulation. In fact, pro-competitive regulation requires a greater - not lesser - emphasis on solvency oversight, disclosure and consumer information, and market monitoring. An insurance market structured around these principles will be one in which regulation is adequate, impartial, and minimally intrusive and, importantly, in which the regulatory process is transparent.
Outpatient healthcare utilization among incident cases of systemic sclerosis: results from a population-based US cohort (1988-2016).

OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex, heterogeneous connective tissue disease with multiorgan dysfunction. This study aimed to compare healthcare utilization among incident cases of SSc versus age- and gender-matched comparators. METHOD A population-based cohort of physician-diagnosed patients with SSc in Olmsted County, MN, USA, from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 2016 was assembled. A 2:1 cohort of age- and gender-matched non-SSc subjects was randomly selected for comparison. Patients were followed until death, migration from Olmsted County, or 31 December 2017. Outpatient utilization data were obtained beginning 12 months before the SSc incidence/index date and compared using negative binomial and multinomial models. Services were summarized as visit-days to avoid overestimation of services provided. RESULTS The study included 69 incident SSc cases and 138 non-SSc comparators (mean ± sd age 57 ± 16 years at diagnosis/index, 90% female). Patients with SSc had higher utilization of outpatient physician, laboratory, and combined radiology visit-days annually for the year before and for each of the first 5 years after diagnosis than comparators. Among patients with SSc, healthcare utilization was highest during the year of SSc diagnosis. Rate ratios comparing utilization in patients with and without SSc ranged from 1.8 to 3.0 for all comparisons. CONCLUSION Higher utilization of outpatient physician, laboratory, and radiology visit-days was observed among patients with SSc compared to non-SSc subjects throughout 5 years of disease duration, indicating high and continued care needs in this patient population. The highest utilization of services among SSc patients occurred during the year of SSc diagnosis.
Preconditions of Leadership in Law

While lawyers have long been over-represented in various leadership contexts, law schools and legal employers have not always been concerned with teaching and cultivating leadership. This historic reluctance is rooted in many things, including an overconfidence that the study and practice of law somehow automatically prepared one for leadership; a fear that legal education and practice would be compromised by a focus on “soft skills” associated with leadership studies; a belief that leadership capacities are established by the time students arrive at law school; and concerns that a more holistic approach would lead law schools into the fraught business of moral formation. Over the last decade or so, this skepticism towards leadership training has started to subside, giving way to new scholarship, programs, and courses focused on leadership in the law. The increased interest in leadership in the law is good news for those interested in legal institutions addressing leadership more intentionally, but even earnest efforts to inculcate leadership skills can fall flat if they do not consider broader questions associated with the purpose of law and legal work, the agency of individual lawyers to effect change, and the communities that shape and support lawyers. If not integrated into the culture of legal institutions and into the identity of law students and lawyers, leadership training risks being seen as a non-essential luxury of legal education, a marketing gimmick, or a regulatory box-ticking exercise rather than fundamental to good lawyering. This article identifies three preconditions of leadership—purpose, agency, and community—and outlines some of the ways that legal education and practice frequently frustrate their realization. The article then proposes possible reforms designed to aid lawyers in developing healthier habits and attitudes regarding their work.
Approaches to Drug Sample Differentiation. II: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometric Determination of Methamphetamine Enantiomers

Synthesized tris[d,d-dicampholylmethanato]europium(III), Eu(dcm)3, and three other commercially available chiral lanthanide shift reagents are used to resolve the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the enantiomeric N-CH3 and C-CH3 protons in d- and l-methamphetamine. The chemical shift difference between the corresponding enantiomeric protons induced by these four shift reagents are compared and evaluated in their prospective use for enantiomeric identification and determination. It is concluded that while the chemical shift difference between the two enantiomerie C-CH3 protons induced by Eu(dcm)3 is most suitable for qualitative identification of these enantiomers, the NMR spectra of the N-CH3 protons are best resolved by Eu(dcm)3 and most suitable for quantitative determinations.
Tensile properties of an ultrahigh-strength graphite fiber in an epoxy matrix

The fiber performance and potential as a reinforcement for fiber composites of a special PAN-based graphite fiber were evaluated by testing the fiber's tensile properties in an epoxy matrix. Representative strand samples were taken from 30 spools (approximately 4 kg) of single-end, 1500-filament fiber to make over 5000 fiber-epoxy strand specimens using the filament-winding process. Characteristics studied were fiber uniformity, strength and modulus distributions at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures, stress-strain behavior, the effect of strain rate on fiber strength, and acoustic emission during tensile loading to failure. The fiber was found to have a 3570-MPa failure stress, a 1.7 percent failure strain, a 206-GPa modulus, and a density of 1.77 Mg/m/sup 3/ at 23/sup 0/C. Liquid nitrogen temperature and various strain rates had no significant effect on tensile properties.
A graphical model approach to automated classification of protein subcellular location patterns in multi-cell images

Knowledge of the subcellular location of a protein is critical to understanding how that protein works in a cell. This location is frequently determined by the interpretation of fluorescence microscope images. In recent years, automated systems have been developed for consistent and objective interpretation of such images so that the protein pattern in a single cell can be assigned to a known location category. While these systems perform with nearly perfect accuracy for single cell images of all major subcellular structures, their ability to distinguish subpatterns of an organelle (such as two Golgi proteins) is not perfect. Our goal in the work described here was to improve the ability of an automated system to decide which of two similar patterns is present in a field of cells by considering more than one cell at a time. Since cells displaying the same location pattern are often clustered together, considering multiple cells may be expected to improve discrimination between similar patterns. We describe how to take advantage of information on experimental conditions to construct a graphical representation for multiple cells in a field. Assuming that a field is composed of a small number of classes, the classification accuracy can be improved by allowing the computed probability of each pattern for each cell to be influenced by the probabilities of its neighboring cells in the model. We describe a novel way to allow this influence to occur, in which we adjust the prior probabilities of each class to reflect the patterns that are present. When this graphical model approach is used on synthetic multi-cell images in which the true class of each cell is known, we observe that the ability to distinguish similar classes is improved without suffering any degradation in ability to distinguish dissimilar classes. The computational complexity of the method is sufficiently low that improved assignments of classes can be obtained for fields of twelve cells in under 0.04 second on a 1600 megahertz processor. We demonstrate that graphical models can be used to improve the accuracy of classification of subcellular patterns in multi-cell fluorescence microscope images. We also describe a novel algorithm for inferring classes from a graphical model. The performance and speed suggest that the method will be particularly valuable for analysis of images from high-throughput microscopy. We also anticipate that it will be useful for analyzing the mixtures of cell types typically present in images of tissues. Lastly, we anticipate that the method can be generalized to other problems.
Comparison of OFDM and single-carrier schemes for Doppler Tolerant Acoustic Communications

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) implicitly assumes that the channel used for signal transmission is linear and time-invariant for the length of each OFDM symbol. This is necessary for the channel matrix to be diagonalizable via the DFT, under cyclic prefix. The underwater acoustic channel is highly time-variant due to platform motion and environmental fluctuations. As a result, the application of standard OFDM leads to communication algorithms that break down when the transmitter or receiver are mobile. Several modifications to standard OFDM have been suggested and tested in the field. These have demonstrated that OFDM can perform reasonably well when the Doppler spread is minor. Unfortunately, Doppler can be highly time-varying in practice, with different wave propagation paths experiencing different amounts of Doppler. In this paper, we simulate various scenarios of platform mobility such as a receiver moving at constant speed or acceleration, a transmitter whose position is tracing out an oscillating pattern near a nominal transmission point, and basic multipath with significant Doppler spread. We compare the performance of published OFDM and single-carrier methods under these conditions. The single-carrier adaptive resampling equalizer presented here demonstrates significant improvement over OFDM in a variety of scenarios.