cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Speed Motion-Picture Studies of Film Boiling in Liquid Helium II

The extraordinary properties of liquid helium II are well documented in several excellent texts [1–3]. The fact that the thermal conductivity of liquid helium is increased by a factor of about 107 through the lambda transition accounts for many of the unusual heat-transfer properties of the superfluid helium.
Graphical Interpretation of Water‐Quality Data

Quality of water is determined by chemical analyses, the data from which are used for various purposes, such as classification, analysis, correlation, etc. For these purposes, the data need to be compiled and statistically evaluated. Graphical and numerical interpretation, a basic tool in hydrochemical studies, is one of the means used for summarizing and presenting water-quality data. There exist a considerable number of methods and procedures which can be applied. They are relatively simple and can be used without extensive knowledge of chemistry. Main techniques and methods are grouped, for the purpose of discussion, into four categories as to their possible use: classification methods, correlation methods, analytic methods, and synthetic and illustrative methods. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are accompanied by examples.
Tumoral calcinosis in an infant

We report tumoral calcinosis, an uncommon disease of uncertain origin, in an infant – only the sixth instance of the disease reported in this age group. The radiologic features are typical as illustrated by three modalities. The clinical, radiologic and pathologic features are discussed along with comments concerning possible etiologies and management.
A Note on Noncentrality Parameters for Contrast Tests in a One-Way Analysis of Variance

The noncentrality parameter for a contrast test in a one-way analysis of variance is based on the dot product of 2 vectors whose geometric meaning in a Euclidian space offers mnemonic hints about its constituents. Additionally, the noncentrality parameters for a set of orthogonal contrasts sum up to the noncentrality parameter for the omnibus F test. The author provides an example of Helmert contrasts to demonstrate the use of the noncentrality parameters in contrast tests.
EPR spectrum of the ion-pair [Fe(CO)−4]2 in irradiated crystals of PPN+HFe(CO)−4

Abstract UV- or γ-irradiated crystals of PPN+HFe(CO)−4 contain two paramagnetic species which are stable for days at ambient temperature and which exhibit EPR spectra characteristic of electronic triplets (S=1). No electronic doublet (S= 1 2 ) species were detected. Measurements of the spectral intensities as a function of temperature show that both species have singlet ground states and small isotropic exchange parameters, J≈30 cm−1. The values and location of the g- and fine-structure tensors in the crystal structure are consistent with the presence of exchange-coupled isolated pairs of Fe(CO)−4 ions formed between neighbouring damaged anions.
Evolutionary changes in Primate sensory capacities

Abstract This paper is a review of laboratory research on sensory capacities in Primates with emphasis on evolutionary changes in the capacities. Man, great apes and Old World monkeys have virtually identical color vision, a result consistent with the generalization that these relatively diverse species have reached a plateau in the evolution of color vision, Capuchin and squirrel monkeys are protonomalous trichromats thus suggesting a widespread relative insensitivity to red among New World monkeys. Of the prosimians, only tree shrews have been extensively tested for color vision capability and they are deuteranopic dichromats. There is clear evidence of a decline in the upper audible frequencies and the most audible frequencies during Primate evolution. Although the olfactory portion of the brain has declined markedly in relative size during Primate evolution, there is no corresponding research showing difference in olfactory sensitivity across the living Primate genera. Existing research on gustatory sensitivity in Primates is too limited to permit any evolutionary conclusions.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Mediates the Effects of Endotoxin on Cholesterol and Triglyceride Metabolism in Mice

The host response to infection is frequently accompanied by changes in cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) metabolism. To determine the role of cytokines in mediating these changes, we studied the effects of endotoxin (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) on cholesterol and TG metabolism in C57Bl/6 (LPS-sensitive) mice and in C3H/HeJ (LPS-resistant) mice whose macrophages do not produce TNF and IL-1 in response to LPS. Sixteen hours after administration, LPS (1 micrograms/mouse) produced a 41% increase in serum cholesterol and a 62% increase in serum TG levels in C57Bl/6 mice whereas a 100-fold higher dose of LPS did not have a significant effect in C3H/HeJ mice. LPS (1 microgram/mouse) also produced a 8.6-fold increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis and a 2.7-fold increase in hepatic fatty acid synthesis in C57Bl/6 mice but had no effect in C3H/HeJ mice. This suggests that macrophage produced cytokines such as TNF and IL-1 may be involved in mediating these effects of LPS. Additionally, LPS also increased the activity of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. As seen with LPS, TNF and IL-1 also increased serum cholesterol and TG levels in C57Bl/6 mice. Moreover, TNF and IL-1 produced a 2.3- and 2.1-fold increase in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, respectively. Finally, pretreatment of mice with anti-TNF antibodies, but not with an IL-1 receptor antagonist, blocked the effect of LPS on serum cholesterol and TG levels, hepatic cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. These results suggest that whereas both TNF and IL-1 mimic the effects of LPS on cholesterol and TG metabolism, TNF may be the in vivo mediator of these late effects of LPS in mice.
Using partial reconfiguration and high-level models to accelerate FPGA design validation

Design validation is the most time-consuming task in the FPGA design cycle. Although manufacturers and third-party vendors offer a range of tools that provide different perspectives of a design, many require that the design be fully re-implemented for parameter modifications or do not allow the design to be run at full-speed. Designs are frequently first modeled using a high-level language then later rewritten in a hardware description language, first for simulation and then later modified for synthesis. IP and third-party cores may differ during these final two stages complicating development and validation. Our approach provides a means of directly validating synthesized hardware designs with the original high-level model, abstracting away the traditional bit-level view of designs. The Dynamic Modular Development (DMD) framework accelerates module turnaround by reusing floorplans and placing frequently changing modules into separate, partially reconfigurable regions. The debug framework also leverages these reconfigurable regions to accelerate the modification of dynamic, software-like breakpoints for low-level analysis.
Vocal communication in a songbird with a novel song repertoire

Why do individuals in many songbird species sing multiple song types? Previous studies have often described the current utility of possessing a vocal signal repertoire, but this may not explain why repertoires evolve. We looked for repertoire function in black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) populations with a song type repertoire that is probably derived from the single song type found in most populations across the species' geographic range. Through observations of dawn singing, and natural and simulated territorial countersinging interactions, we tested several hypotheses on how a repertoire might facilitate improved vocal communication. We failed to find significant evidence supporting an adaptive origin for song type repertoires. Although we found that naturally countersinging males matched song type approximately twice as often as expected by chance, matching was not associated with conflict escalation in either natural or simulated contests and, therefore, the exact function of song type matching in these birds remains unclear. In addition, we found that novel song types frequently appear in small isolated populations, which suggests that a repertoire might evolve simply as the nonadaptive result of imperfect song-learning combined with geographic isolation.
Reactor maintenance problems

Because of the hazardous nature of nuclear reactors, much automatic and remotely controlled machinery is employed. As the machinery and the reactor itself must be adequately serviced, it is this maintenance which presents personnel health problems.
The H-2kk antigen: Isolation using monoclonal immunoadsorbent chromatography and sequence analysis without radioisotopes☆

Abstract Monoclonal immunoadsorbent chromatography has been used to isolate milligram quantities of detergent-solubilized H-2Kk antigen. Using the procedure described in this paper 1012 cells may be processed yielding 10 mg of homogenous H-2Kk which represents 70% of the allotypic serological activity present in the original homogenate. NH2-Terminal sequence data of the first 30 residues of the H-2Kk heavy chain are presented. The cell line selected as the source of antigen and the criteria of purity of the antigen have been found to be critical as proteins of molecular weight 42,000 and 12,000 were copurified with H-2Kk from the BW5147 cell line. The additional components were observed in gradient gel electrophoresis or twodimensional electrophoresis, but not in conventional Laemmli gel electrophoresis.
A pole placement algorithm using kalman's approach☆

Abstract This paper investigates an approach suggested by Kalman for placing poles in linear, time-invariant, multivariable feedback control systems. The canonic form developed by Luenberger for these systems is utilized to develop an efficient computational algorithm for shifting modes. Examples are presented which illustrate the method's simplicity and versatility. A qualitative analysis is given through a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm. The flow charts that appear in the Appendix show the manner in which the algorithm can be implemented on a digital computer.
Some unusual properties of graft copolymers and polyblends of β-vinylnaphthalene and ethylene oxide†

Graft copolymers and polyblends of beta- vinylnaphthalene and ethylene oxide exhibiting modulus vs temperature minimum and rubbery properties at room temperature
Stem cell transplantation reverses chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction

The frequent use of chemotherapy to combat a range of malignancies can elicit severe cognitive dysfunction often referred to as "chemobrain," a condition that can persist long after the cessation of treatment in as many as 75% of survivors. Although cognitive health is a critical determinant of therapeutic outcome, chemobrain remains an unmet medical need that adversely affects quality of life in pediatric and adult cancer survivors. Using a rodent model of chemobrain, we showed that chronic cyclophosphamide treatment induced significant performance-based decrements on behavioral tasks designed to interrogate hippocampal and cortical function. Intrahippocampal transplantation of human neural stem cells resolved all cognitive impairments when animals were tested 1 month after the cessation of chemotherapy. In transplanted animals, grafted cells survived (8%) and differentiated along neuronal and astroglial lineages, where improved cognition was associated with reduced neuroinflammation and enhanced host dendritic arborization. Stem cell transplantation significantly reduced the number of activated microglia after cyclophosphamide treatment in the brain. Granule and pyramidal cell neurons within the dentate gyrus and CA1 subfields of the hippocampus exhibited significant reductions in dendritic complexity, spine density, and immature and mature spine types following chemotherapy, adverse effects that were eradicated by stem cell transplantation. Our findings provide the first evidence that cranial transplantation of stem cells can reverse the deleterious effects of chemobrain, through a trophic support mechanism involving the attenuation of neuroinflammation and the preservation host neuronal architecture.
On Chern–Simons and WZW Partition Functions

Direct analysis of the path integral reduces partition functions in Chern–Simons theory on a three-manifold M with group G to partition functions in a WZW model of maps from a Riemann surface Σ to G. In particular, Chern–Simons theory on S3, S1×Σ, B3 and the solid torus correspond, respectively, to the WZW model of maps from S2 to G, the G/G model for Σ, and Witten's gauged WZW path integral Ansatz for Chern–Simons states using maps from S2 and from the torus to G. The reduction hinges on the characterization of \(\), the space of connections modulo those gauge transformations which are the identity at a point n, as itself a principal fiber bundle with affine-linear fiber.
Development of Thoracic Legs on Black Vine Weevil Larvae Fed on a Powdered Milk Diet

About 10% of larvae of the black vine weevil, Brachyrhinus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), which are normally apodous, developed 1–6 legs of varying size, degree of development, and sclerotization when reared on a meridic diet containing nonfat dry milk. It is believed that some component(s) of the milk caused premature elongation of the imaginal leg disc.
Processing of the propeptide form of rat renal γ-glutamyltranspeptidase

Abstract The biosynthesis of rat renal γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2) was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and fluorography of specific immunoprecipitates obtained at varying times' postinjection with [35S]methionine. At 20 min postinjection 3 endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H-sensitive bands were observed representing the propeptide (Mr 75 000) large subunit (Mr 49 500) and small subunit (Mr 29 000) of transpeptidase. The alterations in Mr are consistent with removal of 6 N-linked coreoligosaccharides from the propeptide; 4 from the large subunit and 2 from the small subunit. All 3 bands became more diffuse and less endoglycosidase H-sensitive by 40 min and completely resistant by 60 min postinjection. At 20 h postinjection no propeptide remained. Thus, the primary propeptide cleavage reaction occurs prior to the loss of endoglycosidase H sensitivity while about 30% of the propeptide is processed along with the heterodimer and cleaved at a later time.
Collective Bargaining is the Right Step

On November 26, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) ruled that interns and residents in private hospitals are considered under federal law to be employees, rather than students, and therefore...
Quality control by the ribosome following peptide bond formation

The overall fidelity of protein synthesis has been thought to rely on the combined accuracy of two basic processes: the aminoacylation of transfer RNAs with their cognate amino acid by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and the selection of cognate aminoacyl-tRNAs by the ribosome in cooperation with the GTPase elongation factor EF-Tu. These two processes, which together ensure the specific acceptance of a correctly charged cognate tRNA into the aminoacyl (A) site, operate before peptide bond formation. Here we report the identification of an additional mechanism that contributes to high fidelity protein synthesis after peptidyl transfer, using a well-defined in vitro bacterial translation system. In this retrospective quality control step, the incorporation of an amino acid from a non-cognate tRNA into the growing polypeptide chain leads to a general loss of specificity in the A site of the ribosome, and thus to a propagation of errors that results in abortive termination of protein synthesis.
Overcoming the challenges of crossbar resistive memory architectures

The scalability of DRAM faces challenges from increasing power consumption and the difficulty of building high aspect ratio capacitors. Consequently, emerging memory technologies including Phase Change Memory (PCM), Spin-Transfer Torque RAM (STT-RAM), and Resistive RAM (ReRAM) are being actively pursued as replacements for DRAM memory. Among these candidates, ReRAM has superior characteristics such as high density, low write energy, and high endurance, making it a very attractive cost-efficient alternative to DRAM. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of ReRAM-based memory systems. ReRAM's high density comes from its unique crossbar architecture where some peripheral circuits are laid below multiple layers of ReRAM cells. A crossbar architecture introduces special constraints on operating voltages, write latency, and array size. The access latency of a crossbar is a function of the data patterns involved in a write operation. These combined with ReRAM's exponential relationship between its write voltage and switching latency provide opportunities for architectural optimizations. This paper makes several key contributions. First, we study the crossbar architecture and describe trade-offs involving voltage drop, write latency, and data pattern. We then analyze microarchitectural enhancements such as double-sided ground biasing and multiphase reset operations to improve write performance. At the architecture level, a simple compression based data encoding scheme is proposed to further bring down the latency. As the compressibility of a block varies based on its content, write latency is not uniform across blocks. To mitigate the impact of slow writes on performance, we propose and evaluate a novel scheduling policy that makes writing decisions based on latency and activity of a bank. The experimental results show that our architecture improves the performance of a system using ReRAM-based main memory by about 44% over a conservative baseline and 14% over an aggressive baseline on average, and has less than 10% performance degradation compared to an ideal DRAM-only system.
Attitudes of a Predominantly Hispanic College Sample Towards Older Adults

Abstract This study of Hispanic students enrolled in Social Work courses sought to: determine the relationship between attitudes of students towards older adults based on age and gender; explore the relationship between attitudes about older adults, and the decision to accept a field placement in a geriatric setting, and to explore the relationship between attitudes about older adults and the decision to work with the elderly after graduation. Findings indicated an inverse relationship between advancing age of older adults and favorable attitudes. Planning to accept a field placement in a geriatric setting was also found to be positively associated with planning to work primarily with the elderly after graduation. Those findings have implications for social work curriculum.
Rett syndrome, EEG and the motor cortex as a model for better understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

EEG data in Rett syndrome (RS) are quite often characterized by spikes over the central region (especially in sleep). Furthermore, there has been a recent observation of a prominent and peculiar theta (4–6/s) rhythm over the central region and vicinity. In view of the clinical phenomena of RS, it is pointed out that clinical and electrical findings are based upon hyperexcitability of the motor cortex (or a state of motor cortex dyscontrol). States of dyscontrol (disinhibition) are caused by deficits in higher cortical functions. It is reasonable to assume a primary dysfunction for the frontal lobe which is also smaller in size than other cerebral regions. The behavioral (motor) disturbance in RS can be easily explained as the expression of disturbed prefrontal/premotor function with special effect on the „syntax of action”. It is further theorized that such a state of fronto-motor cortex uncoupling may also exist in attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD) even though there is hardly any structural CNS impairment in that condition. A presumed „lazy frontal lobe” is likely to react favorably to the stimulation provided by methylphenidate (a therapeutic effect which should not be viewed as paradoxical).
Pleiotropic effects of the GA-insensitive Rht dwarfing genes in wheat. 2. Effects on leaf, stem, ear and floret growth

The effects of the GA-insensitive dwarfing genes, Rht1, Rht2 and Rht3, on the growth and partitioning of dry matter in wheat were studied in order to identify those features which contribute to the increased number of grains and yield of the dwarfs. Near-isogenic lines in both spring and winter wheat backgrounds, grown under several different environmental conditions, were assessed for differences in the growth of stem, ear and leaves. The data suggest that the primary effect of the genes on growth is to reduce only the rate of stem elongation and vegetative dry-matter accumulation. Consequently, from very early in development, there is reduced competition by the stem for nutrients, leading to a greater proportion of dry mass being partitioned to the Rht genotype ears. Such partitioning results in a greater number of competent florets, which also have a greater mass per carpel at anthesis. Both these features are considered to favour the increased grain-set which is characteristic of these dwarf genotypes.
Distinguishing primary and metastatic carcinomas of the liver: Immunohistochemical updates and reminders

Distinguishing primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from metastatic carcinomas to the liver is often difficult, if not impossible, particularly in needle biopsy and fine-needle aspiration specimens. In an attempt to identify a specific immunohistochemical profile that would distinguish HCC from metastatic carcinomas, we studied 56 HCCs, 8 cholangio-carcinomas, and 24 metastatic adenocarcinomas with monoclonal antibodies to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), keratin (AE1, AE3, and CAM5.2), Leu-M1, human milk fat globule (HMFG-2), tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (B72.3), epithelial specific membrane antigen (Ber-EP4), and BCA-225 (CU-18). Both monoclonal and polyclonal (mCEA and pCEA) antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen also were used. Metastatic adenocarcinomas were often positive for CU-18 (71%), Leu-M1 (75%), B72.3 (50%), HMFG-2 (67%), Ber-EP4 (83%) and mCEA (71%). Using these antibodies, the frequency of positivity for HCC was 9%, 16%, 11%, 20%, 36%, and 11%, respectively. CU-18 was the only monoclonal antibody in which there was a significant difference in positive rates between HCC and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Most HCCs (71%) revealed a bile canalicular staining pattern with pCEA. Because this staining pattern was absent in metastatic carcinomas, pCEA appears to be useful in confirming a diagnosis of HCC, AE1, AE3 and CAM5.2 antibodies were not useful in distinguishing HCC from metastatic carcinomas. Each cholangiocarcinoma shared a staining profile similar to that of metastatic carcinomas. Hepatocyte paraffin 1 is a monoclonal antibody that has been developed specifically to react with hepatocytes in routine formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical pathology tissues. It results in a distinct, granular cytoplasmic staining of hepatocytes but fails to react with bile ducts and nonparenchymal liver cells. The antibody decorates a majority of hepatocellular carcinomas, including fibrolamellar variants. It fails to react with a wide variety of other adult malignancies, with the exception of focal staining in a few gastrointestinal malignancies, including a sub-population of gastric carcinomas.
The central and northern Appalachian Basin—a frontier region for coalbed methane development

Abstract The Appalachian basin is the world's second largest coalbed-methane (CBM) producing basin. It has nearly 4000 wells with 1996 annual production at 147.8 billion cubic feet (Bcf). Cumulative CBM production is close to 0.9 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). The Black Warrior Basin of Alabama in the southern Appalachian basin (including a very minor amount from the Cahaba coal field) accounts for about 75% of this annual production and about 75% of the wells, and the remainder comes from the central and northern Appalachian basin. The Southwest Virginia coal field accounts for about 95% of the production from the central and northern parts of the Appalachian basin. Production data and trends imply that several of the Appalachian basin states, except for Alabama and Virginia, are in their infancy with respect to CBM development. Total in-place CBM resources in the central and northern Appalachian basin have been variously estimated at 66 to 76 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), of which an estimated 14.55 Tcf (∼20%) is technically recoverable according to a 1995 U.S. Geological Survey assessment. For comparison in the Black Warrior basin of the 20 Tcf in-place CBM resources, 2.30 Tcf (∼12%) is technically recoverable. Because close to 0.9 Tcf of CBM has already been produced from the Black Warrior basin and the proved reserves are about 0.8 Tcf for 1996 [Energy Information Administration (EIA), 1997]. U.S. Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Reserves, 1996 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Energy DOE/EIA-0216(96), 145 pp.], these data imply that the central and northern Appalachian basin could become increasingly important in the Appalachian basin CBM picture as CBM resources are depleted in the southern Appalachian basin (Black Warrior Basin and Cahaba Coal Field). CBM development in the Appalachian states could decrease the eastern U.S.A.'s dependence on coal for electricity. CBM is expected to provide over the next few decades a virtually untapped source of unconventional fossil fuel in the Appalachian states, where the CBM resources are large and the demand for cleaner fossil-fuel energy is high.
Operation Pedro Pan: A Tale of Trauma and Remembrance

Engineered by the US Central Intelligence Agency in cooperation with the Catholic Church working in the US and underground in Cuba, Operation Pedro Pan airlifted more than 14,000 Cuban children between 1960 and 1962 from Havana to Miami without their parents, with the purpose of safeguarding their minds from Castro's revolutionary ideology. Cuban American political scientist Maria de los Angeles Torres (The Lost Apple, 2003) and playwright Melinda Lopez (Sonia Flew, 2004) highlight the emotional traumas children experience when they are made to represent the ideology of nations at the expense of their childhood. They consider the difficulties of remembering and understanding individual traumas when governments and societies are invested in the silencing of that memory for the sake of maintaining widely held political and ideological beliefs. Their works are excellent expressions of human remembrance and reconciliation.
Hetero-arylboroxines: the first rational synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and computational analysis.

A novel series of hetero-arylboroxines were synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, NMR and computational analysis. The solid-state structures of the hetero-arylboroxines represent the first report of AB2-type hetero-arylboroxines.
Raymond V. Damadian, M.D.: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Controversy of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Purpose: On October 6, 2003 the Nobel Committee announced that Paul C. Lauterbur, PhD and Sir Peter Mansfield, PhD were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the development of magnetic resonance imaging. Dr. Raymond Damadian was excluded and a controversy ensued.Materials and Methods: Unbiased secondary sources were examined and revealed the chronology of magnetic resonance imaging development. An examination of the patents and publications of Doctor Damadian was included in this documentation.Results: In 1969 Doctor Damadian proposed the concept of a magnetic resonance scanner to the Human Research Council of New York City. His publication in the journal Science in 1971 also established his priority. He applied for a patent for his scanning method in 1972 and it was granted in 1974. Doctor Damadian published the first magnetic resonance imaging study of a human body in 1977. Doctor Lauterbur produced the first image of a live subject, a clam, and published the results in Na...
Approximate Confidence Interval on Ratio of Two Variances in a Two‐way Crossed Model

The model considered is a two-factor cross-classification variance components model with one observation per cell. Let the two factors be A and B, the problem is to obtain an approximate confidence interval for the ratio of variance component A over variance component B. In this paper, a method of solving this problem is established and simulations are performed to check the method.
Kaempferol inhibits VEGF expression and in vitro angiogenesis through a novel ERK-NFκB-cMyc-p21 pathway

Abstract Kaempferol has been reported to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, but the mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, we tend to expand our understanding on how kaempferol regulates VEGF expression and angiogenesis in ovarian cancer cells. We timed VEGF secretion, and studied in vitro angiogenesis by kaempferol treatment. Gene expression was examined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, western blotting, or luciferase assay, and pathways were examined by manipulating genetic components with plasmid or siRNA transfection. It was found that kaempferol time-dependently inhibited VEGF secretion, and suppressed in vitro angiogenesis. Kaempferol down-regulated ERK phosphorelation as well as NFκB and cMyc expression, but promoted p21 expression. Examination of relationship between these genes suggested a novel ERK-NFκB-cMyc-p21-VEGF pathway, which accounts for kaempferol’s angioprevention effects in ovarian cancer cells. This data supplements our comprehension of the mechanisms behind kaempferol’s biological influence in ovarian cancer cells, and better characterised kaempferol toward chemoprevention.
Discovery of highly potent and selective benzyloxybenzyl-based peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR) δ agonists

Abstract A series of 1,4-benzyloxybenzylsulfanylaryl carboxylic acids were prepared and their activities for PPAR receptor subtypes (α, δ, and γ) with potential indications for the treatment of dyslipidemia were investigated. Analog 13a displayed the greatest binding affinity (IC50 = 10 nM) and selectivity (120-fold) for PPARδ over PPARα. Many of the analogs investigated were found to be highly selective for PPARδ and were dependent on the point of attachment of the substituent. In the 1,4-series, analog 28e was found to be the most potent (IC50 = 1.7 nM) and selective (>1000-fold) compound for PPARδ. None of the compounds tested showed appreciable binding affinity for PPARγ.
Myodocopid Ostracoda (Cypridinacea) From Scammon Lagoon, Baja California, Mexico, and Their Ecologic Associations

Die okologischen Assoziationen einer kleinen cypridiniden Fauna der Scammon Lagune in Baja California werden diskutiert und Arten beschrieben, vor allem aus den Genera Asteropella, Rutiderma, Sarsiella, und Chelicopia.
CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC DUCT REACTORS WITH NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION AND NONUNIFORM CATALYST ACTIVITY

ABSTRACT Steady-state simulations of convection, diffusion and first-order irreversible heterogeneous chemical reaction are presented for catalytic channels with rectangular cross section and nonuniform catalyst activity. Finite difference results from the microscopic three-dimensional mass transfer equation also satisfy the cross-section-averaged one-dimensional form of the same equation. Comparisons between viscous flow and plug flow in square cross-section channels suggest how previous inferences of surface-averaged reaction velocity constants from plug flow simulations should be modified when convective diffusion in the mass transfer boundary layer adjacent to the catalytic surface is modeled correctly. Over the following range of Damkohler numbers (i.e., 20 to 103), viscous flow in rectangular ducts with aspect ratios between two and three can be approximated by the corresponding problem in tubes with the same effective diameter. For Damkohler numbers between 0.5 and 103, aspect ratios greater than 2...
STUDIES ON THE HYDROGENATION STEPS OF THE NITROGEN MOLECULE AT THE AZOTOBACTER VINELANDII NITROGENASE SITE

We follow the initial activation of the nitrogen molecule at the FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase and subsequently model the hydrogenation of N2 up to the fourth protonation step using the intermediate neglect of differential overlap quantum-chemical model. The results obtained favor a reaction mechanism going through hydrazido intermediates on the 4-Fe surfaces, externally to the FeMo cofactor. Calculations using density functional theory on smaller model systems also support the suggested mechanism over other possible schemes that involve early release of the first molecule of ammonia as a product of the enzymatic reaction. We also demonstrate that dielectric stabilization due to the protein around the cofactor could lower markedly the barrier for the product release as an ammonium ion. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 70: 1159–1168, 1998
The Nature and Virtues of the German Language in the Bavarian Periodical ‘Parnassus Boicus’ (1722-1740)

SUMMARYA close analysis of the Bavarian periodical Parnassus Boicus (1722-1740) discloses several aspects of interest to the linguistic historian. Besides a polemical and proto-nationalistic view of German as a language for heroes, the editors defended, against the French-oriented critical stance a la Gottsched which was-beginning to have the upper hand, a marked sympathy for periodic syntax, which they claimed as most natural to German, as well as a strong preference for the chancery style.RESUMEQuand on analyse de pres le periodique Bavarois Parnassus Boicus (1722-1740) on remarque des aspects de theorie du langage et du style qui devraient interesser l'historien de la langue et de la linguistique. En polemi-que contre la position francophile de Gottsched, qui commencait a s'impo-ser en Allemagne, les redacteurs defendaient ce qu'ils concevoient comme le style le plus naturel a la langue allemande, c'est-a-dire la phrase periodique et le style bureaucratique des chancelleries. A leur avis, l'allemand etait par sa nature et par sa tradition une langue faite pour des heros.
The History of Finance

Here is Professor Miller9s view of what he sees as the highlights of the forty-year-plus life of finance in its modern form, which he characterizes as an interaction of the business school (micro normative) stream and the economics department (macro normative) stream of research. His history extends from finance9s “big bang” (read Markowitz9s “Portfolio Selection” in 1952) through the Sharpe-Litner-Mossin CAPM, the efficient markets hypothesis, and the Modigliani-Miller capital structure propositions to that options research of Black, Scholes, and Merton. The options revolution means that for the first time the field of finance can be rebuilt, according to Miller, on the basis of “observable” magnitudes. Options research the new center of gravity for finance offers much to both the management science/business school wing and the economics wing of the profession.
Spectral temperatures of nonuniform plasmas

Abstract Boltzmann plots derived from spatially integrated spectral line intensities emitted from nonuniform gaseous plasmas are investigated. Emphasis is placed on the meaning of temperatures inferred from these Boltzmann plots and also on the effect of relaxing the LTE requirement. It is shown that for plasmas with sufficiently small electron density and electron temperature gradients, the line-of-sight Boltzmann temperature is nearly equal to the spatially averaged electron temperature if sufficient LTE restrictions are applied.
River discharge predicts spatial distributions of beluga whales in the Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska, during early summer

In the Cook Inlet, a subarctic estuary in Alaska, the endangered population of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) has not recovered despite regulation of hunting and the reason is not well understood. To examine the potential roles of habitat and food availability, we compared spatial data on distribution and abundance from aerial surveys undertaken during the seasonal transition into early summer, with corresponding data for river discharge and salmon abundance. Principal component regression indicated strong relationships with rates of river discharge that explained over 90 % of the inter-annual variability of beluga abundances recorded in the Susitna Delta. Belugas moved away from the Susitna Delta when flow rate from the Susitna River was low relative to rivers draining into the Knik Arm and Turnagain Arm. Using only three principal components describing shape, river discharge during May explained 86 % of the inter-annual variability in abundances recorded in the Susitna Delta. In years of reduced abundance in the Susitna Delta, movement was toward the Knik Arm until 2003, transitioning thereafter to the Turnagain Arm including Chickaloon Bay. In contrast, escapements of Chinook salmon in the Deshka River (a tributary of the Susitna River) showed an inverse relationship with beluga abundance in the Susitna Delta, suggesting that escapements were dependent on beluga abundance. These results demonstrated the influence of highly dynamic habitat availability on the distribution of belugas and the importance of the physical environment in structuring the activity of higher predators on prey species.
Benchmarking short sequence mapping tools

The development of next-generation sequencing instruments has led to the generation of millions of short sequences in a single run. The process of aligning these reads to a reference genome is time consuming and demands the development of fast and accurate alignment tools. However, the current proposed tools make different compromises between the accuracy and the speed of mapping. Moreover, many important aspects are overlooked while comparing the performance of a newly developed tool to the state of the art. Therefore, there is a need for an objective evaluation method that covers all the aspects. In this work, we introduce a benchmarking suite to extensively analyze sequencing tools with respect to various aspects and provide an objective comparison. We applied our benchmarking tests on 9 well known mapping tools, namely, Bowtie, Bowtie2, BWA, SOAP2, MAQ, RMAP, GSNAP, Novoalign, and mrsFAST (mrFAST) using synthetic data and real RNA-Seq data. MAQ and RMAP are based on building hash tables for the reads, whereas the remaining tools are based on indexing the reference genome. The benchmarking tests reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each tool. The results show that no single tool outperforms all others in all metrics. However, Bowtie maintained the best throughput for most of the tests while BWA performed better for longer read lengths. The benchmarking tests are not restricted to the mentioned tools and can be further applied to others. The mapping process is still a hard problem that is affected by many factors. In this work, we provided a benchmarking suite that reveals and evaluates the different factors affecting the mapping process. Still, there is no tool that outperforms all of the others in all the tests. Therefore, the end user should clearly specify his needs in order to choose the tool that provides the best results.
Arylsulfatase B in colorectal cancer

Arylsulfatase B activity has been determined in 24-hour urine samples from 243 patients with colorectal cancer. Elevated activity of the enzyme was obsereved in 172 out of 243 (71%) patients. Employing Dukes' modified classification of colorectal cancer, urine arylsulfatase B activity was elevated in Dukes' A lesions-1/8 (12%), Dukes' B lesions-24/43 (55%). Dukes' C lesions-89/111 (80%), and Dukes' D lesions-66/81 (82%). Arylsulfatase B activity in urine, when elevated, may be used to follow response to therapy since in those patients with elevated urine arylsulfatase B values who subsequently responded to therapy, the enzyme values became or approached normal. Urine arylsulfatase B activity also correlated with plasma carcinoembryonal antigen (CEA) as a diagnostic indicator of colorectal cancer in 33/46 (71%) patients. In contrast to the urinary findings, arylsulfatase B activity in tumor tissue was elevated in only 24% (27/110) of the specimens of colorectal cancer. It was also found that in a group of 55 patients treated with 5-fluorouracil, all of the 13 patients that showed objective response to therapy had activities of arylsulfatase B in the tumor tissue within the normal range for large bowel mucosa. Nevertheless, 22 to 26 of the 43 patients that did not respond also presented values in the normal range. The roles of lysosomal enzymes in colorectal cancer are discussed.
Identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria with a lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody.

The genus Burkholderia includes many bacteria that cause serious human infections. As is the case with other Gram-negative bacteria, Burkholderia species produce LPS, which is an abundant component of the bacterial cell surface. Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) bacteria (which include at least 17 separate species) produce LPS structures that are quite different. In an attempt to determine the degree of LPS epitope variation among Bcc species, a mAb was produced, designated 5D8, specific for the LPS of B. cepacia. Western blot analysis determined that mAb 5D8 was able to produce the classic ‘ladder pattern’ when used to probe B. cepacia and Burkholderia anthina lysates, although 5D8 did not produce this pattern with the other seven Bcc species tested. mAb 5D8 reacted with varying intensity to most but not all of the additional B. cepacia and B. anthina strains tested. Therefore, there seems to be significant epitope variation among Bcc LPS both between and within species. Additionally, mAb 5D8 reacted with a proteinase-K-sensitive 22 kDa antigen in all Bcc strains and also in a strain of Burkholderia pseudomallei.
Adolescent Males' Pregnancy Resolution Preferences and Family Formation Intentions: Does Family Background Make a Difference for Blacks and Whites?

This study focuses primarily on adolescent Black males and examines the subcultural interpretation of racial patterns related to pregnancy resolution and family formation issues for young males. Toward this end, this research assesses the extent to which parental education is related to young Black males'preferences, beliefs, and intentions, and attempts to determine whether parental education influences Blacks' views in a similar manner and to the same extent as it does for Whites. Analyses were based on survey data from 298 Black and White male high school students in a metropolitan midwestern city and were in formed by Fishbein and Ajzen's social psychological model. Respondents were asked to provide responses to a vignette in which they were responsible for an unplanned pregnancy within the context of a serious relationship. Results suggest that Blacks have views similar to Whites on average; but, when parental education is controlled, Blacks are relatively homogeneous in their views whereas Whites ar...
Extending IP to Low-Power, Wireless Personal Area Networks

Extending IP to low-power, wireless personal area networks (LoWPANs) was once considered impractical because these networks are highly constrained and must operate unattended for multiyear lifetimes on modest batteries. Many vendors embraced proprietary protocols, assuming that IP was too resource-intensive to be scaled down to operate on the microcontrollers and low-power wireless links used in LoWPAN settings. However, 6LoWPAN radically alters the calculation by introducing an adaptation layer that enables efficient IPv6 communication over IEEE 802.15.4 LoWPAN links.
Linear System Description of the Electrical Parameters of Rocks

The electrical behavior of rocks exhibits a marked frequency dependence which has been difficult to interpret on a macroscopic scale except with resort to "abnormal" behavior. An important aspect of the interpretation of measurements is in the connection of measured quantities to the defined electrical parameters. This study utilizes a linear system analogy for a material having conductivity and permittivity which vary with frequency to show that 1) the electrical parameters for such a material must generally be considered complex functions of frequency, 2) that measurements yield only combinations of these parameters and, 3) that the complex formulation predicts, in a qualitative sense, the measured results.
Genetic Diversity in a Deep-Sea Harpacticoid Copepod Found Near Two Oil-Drilling Sites in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Sites adjacent to (near-field) and distant from (far-field) oil-drilling platforms were sampled for harpacticoid copepods at two locations in the northern Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana, both at depths of ≈ 1100 m. The sites were located at Garden Banks Area Block 602 (GB 602) and Mississippi Canyon Area Block 292 (MC 292). Near-field sites at both locations were characterized by large numbers of a single undescribed species of harpacticoid copepod, Bathycletopsyllus sp., but this species was essentially absent from far-field sites. We sequenced a 710 bp portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COX I) to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of Bathycletopsyllus sp. at the two platforms, and to determine if the harpacticoids examined were either a single species, or a complex of cryptic species. We found that divergence at the COX I gene (maximum 1.6%) was within the range observed for intraspecific variability in previously-studied species of ...
Synergistic smart morphing aileron: Experimental quasi-static performance characterization

This article describes the development and characterization of the synergistic smart morphing aileron concept, which leverages the properties of two different smart material actuators to achieve pe...
Stability bounds on entropy rate for real-time tracking an unstable LTI process over a multi-access network

We assume the separation of source/channel coding and propose a framework for real-time tracking an unstable, scalar, linear time-invariant (LTI) process via a G/G/1-∞ queueing network. We derive a stability bound on the entropy rate of an unstable LTI process such that tracking error can stay bounded for specified moment. This bound is a function of the moment to be stabilized, encoder efficiency, quantization accuracy, and network parameters. This bound is sufficient under all load conditions and tight when the network is heavily utilized. Proposed framework covers a broad class of unreliable networks, and it helps us tackle the tracking problem over a multi-access network. For three commonly used channel access protocols, we explicitly express their stability bounds on entropy rate in terms of channel data rate, erasure probability, node number, etc.
Paternal effects on early embryogenesis

Historically, less attention has been paid to paternal effects on early embryogenesis than maternal effects. However, it is now apparent that certain male factor infertility phenotypes are associated with increased DNA fragmentation and/or chromosome aneuploidies that may compromise early embryonic development. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence that the fertilizing sperm has more function than just carrying an intact, haploid genome. The paternally inherited centrosome is essential for normal fertilization, and the success of higher order chromatin packaging may impact embryogenesis. Epigenetic modifications of sperm chromatin may contribute to the reprogramming of the genome, and sperm delivered mRNA has also been hythesized to be necessary for embryogenesis. There is less information about the epigenetic factors affecting embryogenesis than genetic factors, but the epigenetics of gamete and early embryogenesis is a rapidly advancing field.