cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High‐yield anthocyanin biosynthesis in engineered Escherichia coli

Anthocyanins are red, purple, or blue plant water-soluble pigments. In the past two decades, anthocyanins have received extensive studies for their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective properties. In the present study, anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes from different plant species were characterized and employed for pathway construction leading from inexpensive precursors such as flavanones and flavan-3-ols to anthocyanins in Escherichia coli. The recombinant E. coli cells successfully achieved milligram level production of two anthocyanins, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (0.98 mg/L) and cyanidin 3-O-gluside (2.07 mg/L) from their respective flavanone precursors naringenin and eriodictyol. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was produced at even higher yields (16.1 mg/L) from its flavan-3-ol, (+)-catechin precursor. Further studies demonstrated that availability of the glucosyl donor, UDP-glucose, was the key metabolic limitation, while product instability at normal pH was also identified as a barrier for production improvement. Therefore, various optimization strategies were employed for enhancing the homogenous synthesis of UDP-glucose in the host cells while at the same time stabilizing the final anthocyanin product. Such optimizations included culture medium pH adjustment, the creation of fusion proteins and the rational manipulation of E. coli metabolic network for improving the intracellular UDP-glucose metabolic pool. As a result, production of pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside at 78.9 mg/L and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside at 70.7 mg/L was achieved from their precursor flavan-3-ols without supplementation with extracellular UDP-glucose. These results demonstrate the efficient production of the core anthocyanins for the first time and open the possibility for their commercialization for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
Below 45nm low-k layer stress minimization guide for high-performance flip-chip packages with copper pillar bumping

In this paper, the FEM based various parametric studies such as packaging material and structural effects, under bump metallization and passivation structures and material property effects on the low k layer are investigated for the flip-chip packaging with Cu pillar interconnection. The results showed that the stress of the low k layer is directly concerned wirh the CTE mismatch between low k die and substrate constrained by Cu pillar and maximized at the bump near the die corner after flip chip attach process before underfill. The stress contour shows that the low k area is affected by both tensile stress and compressive stress. The experimentally inspected low k damaged area showed half moon shape which reveals the failure mode is closely related with the tensile stress near the Al to Cu pillar interface. The comparison results show that the Cu pillar has 20% higher stress than lead free solder and 40% than eutectic solder case. The structural DOE shows that the reducing flip-chip die and substrate thickness and also reducing passivation opening cases showed effective for reducing low k stress after flip chip attach. After underfill and mold or MUF only process, stress change of low k layer showed good agreement to the CTE variation of underfill or MUF which means thermal expansion of underfill / MUF is governing factor for low k stress for the after assembly. Compared with CUF, MUF which has lower CTE than CUF showed relatively lower stress on the low k layer. By applying optimized structure and material properties of package, UBM and passivation layers, the stress of the low k layer can be reduced to the relatively safe level where the stress is lower than the eutectic solder applied case of the reference structure.
Training Skills in the Psychiatrically Disabled: Learning Coping and Competence

Given the widening consensus that most major mental disorders are chronic in course, a rehabilitation model that emphasizes the building of skills and prosthetic and supportive environments has supplanted curative and acute treatment models for schizophrenia and other disabling illnesses (Anthony, 1980; Liberman, 1985; Liberman & Evans, 1985). The effectiveness of neuroleptic medications in controlling the positive symptoms of psychosis has enabled many patients to live in the community; however, deinstitutionalization has been accompanied by poor quality of community life (Lehman, Ward, & Linn, 1982) and a ‘revolving door’ pattern of frequent, albeit relatively brief re- hospitalizations for individuals suffering from chronic and recurrent forms of affective and schizophrenic disorders (Goldman, Gatozzi, & Taube, 1981; Talbott, 1978). The inadequacy of traditional methods of treating schizophrenia is underscored by the unacceptably high readmission rates of approximately 40% in 1 year and 75% in 5 years following hospital discharge (Kohen & Paul, 1976). Data emerging from longitudinal studies of patients with affective disorders also suggest that chronicity and prolonged social disability mark a significant proportion of individuals suffering from major depressive episodes, including about 22% who suffer from “double depression.”
Pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry to characterize soil organic matter composition in chemically isolated fractions from differing land uses

Today’s questions concerning the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil fertility, ecosystem functioning and global change can only be addressed through knowledge of the controls on SOM stabilization and their interactions. Pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry (py-MBMS) provides a powerful and rapid means of assessing the biochemical composition of SOM. However, characterization of SOM composition alone is insufficient to predict its dynamic behavior. Chemical fractionation is frequently used to isolate more homogeneous SOM components, but the composition of fractions is frequently unknown. We characterized biochemical SOM composition in two previously studied soils from the USA, under contrasting land uses: cultivated agriculture and native vegetation. Bulk soils, as well as chemically isolated SOM fractions (humic acid, humin and non-acid hydrolysable), were analyzed using py-MBMS. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed distinct differences in the SOM composition of isolated fractions. Py-MBMS spectra and PCA loadings were dominated by low molecular weight fragments associated with peptides and other N-containing compounds. The py-MBMS spectra were similar for native whole-soil samples under different vegetation, while cultivation increased heterogeneity. An approach based on previously published data on marker signals also suggests the importance of peptides in distinguishing samples. While the approach described here represents significant progress in the characterization of changing SOM composition, a truly quantitative analysis will only be achieved using multiple internal standards and by correcting for inorganic interference during py-MBMS analysis. Overall, we have provided proof of principle that py-MBMS can be a powerful tool to understand the controls on SOM dynamics, and further method development is underway.
Harmonic modeling and simulation requirements for the revised IEEE standard 519-1992

As IEEE Standard 519-1992 enters its final revision stages for a new release, it is becoming clear that new and improved modeling and simulation techniques are required to address various technologies and control systems that were not considered in the 1992 version. Probably the single largest issue is the emergence of "active rectifier" AC-DC converters. However, other modeling and simulation issues must be addressed that are related to low-frequency harmonics and time-varying harmonics. In addition, it will become necessary to reexamine the traditional "harmonic penetration" techniques because allowances are expected to be included for higher voltage THD values at lower voltage buses. Because the upcoming revision of standard 519 will continue to be based on recommended harmonic limits at a central point of common coupling, any or all of these issues may arise in any given harmonic study.
Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and tissue segregation: qualitative and quantitative determinants.

Abstract It is widely held that segregation of tissues expressing different cadherins results from cadherin-subtype-specific binding specificities. This belief is based largely upon assays in which cells expressing different cadherin subtypes aggregate separately when shaken in suspension. In various combinations of L cells expressing NCAM, E-, P-, N-, R-, or B-cadherin, coaggregation occurred when shear forces were low or absent but could be selectively inhibited by high shear forces. Cells expressing P- vs E-cadherin coaggregated and then demixed, one population enveloping the other completely. To distinguish whether this demixing was due to differences in cadherin affinities or expression levels, the latter were varied systematically. Cells expressing either cadherin at a lower level became the enveloping layer, as predicted by the Differential Adhesion Hypothesis. However, when cadherin expression levels were equalized, cells expressing P- vs E-cadherin remained intermixed. In this combination, “homocadherin” (E-E; P-P) and “heterocadherin” (E-P) adhesions must therefore be of similar strength. Cells expressing R- vs B-cadherin coaggregated but demixed to produce configurations of incomplete envelopment. This signifies that R- to B-cadherin adhesions must be weaker than either “homocadherin” adhesion. Together, cadherin quantity and affinity control tissue segregation and assembly through specification of the relative intensities of mature cell–cell adhesions.
Genetic analysis of hrp-related DNA sequences of Xanthomonas campestris strains causing diseases of citrus.

Thehrpgene cluster ofstrains ofXanthomonas campestris that causediseases ofcitrus was examinedby Southern hybridization ofgenomic DNA andbyrestriction endonuclease analysis ofenzymatically amplified DNA fragments ofthehrpgene cluster. Thehrpgeneswere present inallstrains ofthepathovars ofX. campestris tested inthis study, including strains ofthethree aggressiveness groupsofthecitrus bacterial spot pathogen, X.campestris pv.citrumelo. X.campestris pv.citri strains ingroupsA,B,andC,whichcausecitrus canker A,B,andC,respectively, eachproduced characteristic restriction banding patterns ofamplified hrp fragments. Therestriction banding patterns ofallstrains within eachgroup were identical. Incontrast, restriction fragment length polymorphism was evident among strains ofthemoderately andweakly aggressive groups ofX.campestris pv.citrumelo. X.campestris pv.citrumelo strains inthehighly aggressive grouphada homogeneous restriction banding pattern. Thecharacteristic banding patterns obtained foreachbacterial groupindicate that X.campestris strains causing disease incitrus can bereliably differentiated andidentified byrestriction analysis ofamplified DNA fragments ofthehrpgenecluster. Inaddition, thephylogenetic analysis based on therestriction banding patterns ofamplified fragments suggests a polyphyletic relationship ofthehrpgenesamong thestrains ofX.campestris that causedisease incitrus.
Dogmatism and Field-Dependency

Summary.-To clarify the nature of the relationship between dogmatism and field-dependency, 38 male Catholics were administered the Dogmatism Test and the Rod and Frame Test (RFT). (1) Dogmatism Test scores were correlated with RFT performance. (2) Responses to items on the Dogmatism Tesr judged as measures of dependency were correlated with RFT performance. (3) Responses to Dogmatism Test items which Rokeach considered to be measuring authoritarianism were correlated with RFT performance. All three correlations were not significant, indicating that dogmatism and field-dependency emphasize two distinct aspects in the perceptual process. Bieri (1960) reported a significant relationship between field-dependency and performance on the Accepcance of Authority (AA) Scale for males. Since significantly high relationships have previously been reported between the AA scale and the F scale (Bieri & Lobeck, 1959), and between the F scale and the Dogmatism Test (Rokeach, 1956), it does not seem unreasonable to assume that dogmacism would also be related to field-dependency. Yet Levy and Rokeach (1960) reported a study in which no relationship was found between dogmatism and field-dependency as measured by the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). The present study attempted to explore chis apparent contradiction. In order to clarify the nature of the relationship between field-dependency and dogmatism, the following steps were taken: ( 1 ) A different measure of field-dependency, the Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT), was used racher than the EFT which Levy and Rokeach used. Such a procedure follows Elliott's ( 1961 ) suggestion that the RFT is a "purer" measure of field-dependency than is the EFT. (2) Responses to Dogmatism Test items which were rated by j~~dges as measures of dependency were correlated with RFT performance. Dependency was previously found to be related with RFT performance (Gordon, 1953). (3) Responses co Dogmatism Test items which Rokeach (1960, p. 77) considered to be measures of authoritarianism were correlated with RFT performance.
A taxonomy of intrusion response systems

Recent advances in the field of intrusion detection brought new requirements to intrusion prevention and response. Traditionally, the response to an attack is manually triggered by an administrator. However, increased complexity and speed of the attack-spread during recent years show acute necessity for complex dynamic response mechanisms. Although intrusion detection systems are being actively developed, research efforts in intrusion response are still isolated. In this work we present a taxonomy of intrusion response systems, together with a review of current trends in intrusion response research. We also provide a set of essential features as a requirement for an ideal intrusion response system.
Coordination in Consultant-Assisted IS Projects: An Agency Theory Perspective

Increasingly, consulting firms are employed by client organizations to participate in the implementation of enterprise systems projects. Such consultant-assisted information systems projects differ from internal and outsourced IS projects in two important respects. First, the joint project team consists of members from client and consulting organizations that may have conflicting goals and incompatible work practices. Second, close collaboration between the client and consulting organizations is required throughout the course of the project. Consequently, coordination is more complex for consultant-assisted projects and is critical for project success. Drawing from coordination and agency theories and the trust literature, we developed a research model to investigate how interorganizational coordination could help build relationships based on trust and goal congruence and achieve higher project performance. Hypotheses derived from the model were tested using data collected from 324 projects. The results provide strong support for the model. Interorganizational coordination was found to have the largest overall significant effect on performance. However, its effect was achieved indirectly by building trust and goal congruence and by reducing technical and requirements uncertainty. The positive effects of trust and goal congruence on project performance demonstrate the importance of managing the client-consultant relationship in such projects. Project uncertainty, including both technical and requirements uncertainty, was found to negatively affect goal congruence and trust, as expected. This study represents a step toward the development of a new theory on the role of interorganizational coordination.
Liver physiology and sex ratio biology

will only lead to the discovery of plasticity genes by chance, or after exhaustive effort. The study of plasticity, and of plasticity genes, will be important and useful for our understanding of the response of organisms to the environment. At this early stage, where evidence is being drawn together from molecular, physiological, evolutionary and ecological research, we need to define clearly what we are hoping to explain and to be realistic about expectations for the results of our experiments.
Generalized rings of integer-valued polynomials

Abstract The classical ring of integer-valued polynomials Int ( Z ) consists of the polynomials in Q [ X ] that map Z into Z . We consider a generalization of integer-valued polynomials where elements of Q [ X ] act on sets such as rings of algebraic integers or the ring of n × n matrices with entries in Z . The collection of polynomials thus produced is a subring of Int ( Z ) , and the principal question we consider is whether it is a Prufer domain. This question is answered affirmatively for algebraic integers and negatively for matrices, although in the latter case Prufer domains arise as the integral closures of the polynomial rings under consideration.
DNA analysis of atrial myxomas.

The atrial myxoma is a primary tumor of the heart which may have an uncertain clinical course. In this study, we performed flow cytometric DNA analysis of 15 paraffin-embedded atrial myxomas and correlated DNA ploidy status and proliferative fraction with clinical findings. Twelve of 15 cases (80 percent) were diploid and the remaining three cases (20 percent) were aneuploid. Two patients with aneuploid histograms were free of tumor at the time of follow-up; the third patient experienced local tumor recurrence and metastases. Five patients with diploid myxomas demonstrated an elevated (≥17 percent) proliferative cell cycle fraction; four of these patients experienced embolic phenomenon or tumor recurrence. This pilot study suggests that an atrial myxoma with either aneuploid DNA content or elevated proliferative fraction may be associated with aggressive biologic behavior. (Chest 1991; 99:1203-07)
The Rox1 repressor of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae hypoxic genes is a specific DNA-binding protein with a high-mobility-group motif.

Abstract The ROX1 gene encodes a repressor of the hypoxic functions of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA sequence of the gene was determined and found to encode a protein of 368 amino acids. The amino-terminal third of the protein contains a high-mobility-group motif characteristic of DNA-binding proteins. To determine whether the Rox1 repressor bound DNA, the gene was expressed in Escherichia coli cells as a fusion to the maltose-binding protein and this fusion was partially purified by amylose affinity chromatography. By using a gel retardation assay, both the fusion protein and Rox1 itself were found to bind specifically to a synthetic 32-bp DNA containing the hypoxic consensus sequence. We assessed the role of the general repressor Ssn6 in ANB1 repression. An ANB1-lacZ fusion was expressed constitutively in an ssn6 deletion strain, and deletion of the Rox1 binding sites in the ANB1 upstream region did not increase the level of derepression, suggesting that Ssn6 exerts its effect through Rox1. Finally, ROX1 was mapped to yeast chromosome XVI, near the ARO7-OSM2 locus.
Structural and Functional Studies on the Marburg Virus GP2 Fusion Loop

Marburg virus (MARV) and the ebolaviruses belong to the family Filoviridae (the members of which are filoviruses) that cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Infection requires fusion of the host and viral membranes, a process that occurs in the host cell endosomal compartment and is facilitated by the envelope glycoprotein fusion subunit, GP2. The N-terminal fusion loop (FL) of GP2 is a hydrophobic disulfide-bonded loop that is postulated to insert and disrupt the host endosomal membrane during fusion. Here, we describe the first structural and functional studies of a protein corresponding to the MARV GP2 FL. We found that this protein undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change, as monitored by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, we report that, under low pH conditions, the MARV GP2 FL can induce content leakage from liposomes. The general aspects of this pH-dependent structure and lipid-perturbing behavior are consistent with previous reports on Ebola virus GP2 FL. However, nuclear magnetic resonance studies in lipid bicelles and mutational analysis indicate differences in structure exist between MARV and Ebola virus GP2 FL. These results provide new insight into the mechanism of MARV GP2-mediated cell entry.
Splice site strength-dependent activity and genetic buffering by poly-G runs.

Pre-mRNA splicing is regulated through combinatorial activity of RNA motifs including splice sites and splicing regulatory elements (SREs). Here, we show that the activity of the G-run class of SREs is ∼4-fold higher when adjacent to intermediate strength 5'ss relative to weak 5'ss, and ∼1.3-fold higher relative to strong 5'ss. This dependence on 5'ss strength was observed in splicing reporters and in global microarray and mRNA-Seq analyses of splicing changes following RNAi against heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) H, which crosslinked to G-runs adjacent to many regulated exons. An exon’s responsiveness to changes in hnRNP H levels therefore depends in a complex way on G-run abundance and 5'ss strength, and other splicing factors may function similarly. This pattern of activity enables G-runs and hnRNP H to buffer the effects of 5'ss mutations, augmenting the frequency of 5'ss polymorphism and the evolution of new splicing patterns.
Frequency of direct repeat deletion in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vector during reverse transcription in human cells.

Retroviral genetic rearrangements can result from reverse transcriptase template switching. Most published data suggest that errors such as base misincorporation occur at similar frequencies for HIV-1 and for simple retroviruses such as spleen necrosis virus (SNV) and murine leukemia virus (MuLV). However, previous reports have suggested that template switch-mediated recombination is much more frequent for HIV-1 than for simple retroviruses. In this report, direct repeat deletion vectors similar to those previously used for measuring template switching events for SNV and MuLV were developed for HIV-1. Forward mutation rates and the frequency of template switching during a single cycle of HIV-1 replication were determined. The frequency of HIV-1-mediated repeat deletion was measured for three separate internal repeats in lacZ and was compared to rates observed with identical repeats for MuLV. The results indicated that the error rate and the frequency of repeat deletion of HIV-1 were similar to those of MuLV.
VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT IN CREATED, RESTORED, AND ENHANCED MITIGATION WETLAND BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Wetland mitigation banking is the practice of creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving large, off-site wetlands to compensate for authorized impacts to natural wetlands. By 2002, there were 219 active mitigation banks in the United States, encompassing 50,000 hectares in 29 states. This study is the first systematic analysis of the ecological quality of these ecosystems; the objective is to determine if mitigation banks are successfully supporting native wetland vegetation and if success differs by mitigation method (created, restored, or enhanced), geomorphic class, age, or area. I obtained monitoring reports from 45 randomly selected mitigation bank wetlands in 21 states to evaluate three measures of ecological status: the prevalence of wetland vegetation, the pervasiveness of non-native species, and plant species richness. Sites range from less than one ha to over 560 ha and include 17 created wetlands, 19 restored wetlands, and 9 enhanced wetlands. Prevalence Index scores (PI; 1.0 for ob...
Relationships between hesitation phenomena, anxiety, and self-control in a normal communication situation.

This study investigated relationships between three categories of hesitation phenomena, anxiety as measured by Welsh's Anxiety Index, and self-control as measured by Welsh's Internalization Ratio. The three categories of hesitation phenomena were ah and its variants, non-ah (stutters, repetitions, etc.), and silent pause. Since previous research had concentrated primarily upon psychiatric interviews, this study focused on a normal, interpersonal communication situation. Previous research also had not utilized Welsh's Internalization Ratio. Subjects were 15 male and 15 female undergraduate beginning speech students engaged in small-group discussion. It was hypothesized that data from these subjects, as with that from subjects in a clinical communication situation, would reveal that non-ah phenomena would be positively correlated with anxiety, but that there would be no other significant correlations among the variables. The findings confirmed the hypotheses, except that a significant r was found for the re...
Reassessing Jewish Life in Medieval Europe: The Jewish Middle Age: The Christian View

Christians have viewed jewish history from the parallel perspective of a tripartite Jewish past, with agreement as to the broad time frames of the three periods of the Jewish past and radical divergences as to some of the specifics. There is a somewhat different Christian perspective on the first period of the Jewish past, with a tendency to highlight more prominently than Jews did the shortcomings of the early period of Israelite history. Especially noteworthy is the Christian focus on the purported Jewish role in the crucifixion of Jesus as the ultimate Jewish sin, which ignited final divine outrage and the onset of exilic suffering. Disagreement was more striking with respect to the third period. For Jews, the third period was to see bountiful divine blessings showered upon the long-suffering Jewish people. For Christians, there would indeed be great blessings for the Jews, but they would result from Jewish recognition of the truth of Christianity. Thus, divine bounty would be the fruit of Jewish rejection of Judaism and acceptance of Christianity. It is with respect to the middle period that there is fullest agreement, with both sides in accord on the drastic punishments visited by God upon the Jewish people for its sinfulness. To be sure, the two sides identified the Jewish sins in divergent ways. Nonetheless, whatever the sins specified, the empirical realities were viewed as the same – exile, powerlessness, subjugation, and suffering. This view of the Jewish past was hardly a minor theme in Christian thinking. It was essential to Christian self-perception and self-worth. Jewish sinfulness, according to Paul and subsequent Christian thinking, resulted in God's rejection of the Jews, which in turn led to the divine turn to the Gentiles, meaning the beginning of Christianity as Paul conceptualized it. Thus, the sequencing of Jewish historical experience actually formed a critical element in Christian history and had to be regularly pondered, clarified, and disseminated to Christian believers. The tripartite division of Jewish history was a key building block in accurate understanding of Christian past, present, and future.
Employee Tenure Trend Lines, 1983-2010

This paper updates previous Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) publications that have examined employee tenure data of American workers. The latest data on employee tenure from the January 2010 Supplement to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) are examined and compared with the trends from previous CPS publications on employee tenure. Although data on tenure do not measure workers’ security (generally defined as the workers’ perception of being able to continue in their current job), they do show stability (the actual length of time workers have been with their current employer). Consequently, tenure data show the results, not the perception, of the ability to stay in a current job. The median (mid-point) tenure for all wage and salary workers age 25 or older was slightly higher in 2010, at 5.2 years, compared with 5.0 years in 1983. However, the median tenure for male wage and salary workers declined from 5.9 years in 1983 to 5.3 years in 2010. In contrast, the median tenure for female wage and salary workers increased from 4.2 years in 1983 to 5.1 years in 2010. Consequently, the increase in the median tenure of female workers more than offsets the decline for male workers, leaving the overall level slightly higher. The gap between private- and public-sector workers’ tenure is quite striking, with far longer tenure found in public-sector jobs. However, the percentage of long-term public-sector workers dropped in 2006 and in 2010, while the percentage of long-term private-sector workers are growing. The tenure results presented in this report indicate that, historically, most workers have repeatedly changed jobs during their working careers, and all evidence suggests that they will continue to do so in the future. This has major implications for pensions (which do not reward short-tenure workers), lump-sum distributions from 401(k) plans (which can put workers’ retirement savings at risk), and public policy: Public-sector employers are facing the retirement of a significant number of their most experienced workers at a time when social programs are about to face tremendous increases in enrollment. The PDF for the above title, published in the December 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the full text of another December 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Who Might Respond to Financial Incentives That Use Lower Cost Sharing to Change Behavior? Findings from the 2010 Health Confidence Survey.”
Onchocerciasis of the hand. Report of a case.

A case illustrating an unusual cause of subcutaneous tumor of the hand has been reported. To our knowledge, the occurrence of a nodule of onchocercosis in the hand has not been previously reported in the literature.
A reexamination of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease: analysis by energy dispersive X-ray microprobe and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

We have attempted to verify the presence of increased aluminum (Al) levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Tissue from seven AD brains, mounted on carbon polymerized coverslips, were stained with Congo-red or treated immunohistochemically to allow optical localization of AD-associated lesions during EDX. Despite a demonstrated sensitivity of 20-25 ppm, we were unable to detect Al in either plaque cores or neurons containing neurofibrillary tangles. For AAS, wet weight samples (ranging from 48-144 mg) from six of the seven AD brains and four controls were selected from regions similar to those studied under EDX, i.e., Brodmann areas 9, 11, 28, 46, 47, and the hippocampus. The tissue surrounding each sample site was sectioned and stained for thioflavin S. Both controls and AD samples revealed similar levels of Al ranging from undetectable to 1.80 ng/mg wet wt. (mean AD: 0.28 +/- 0.39 (SD), control: 0.54 +/- 0.58 (SD], independent of degree of histopathology or age of the case. We conclude that the combined strengths of these two techniques on similar tissue specimens demonstrate that abnormal Al levels are not required to produce the histologic findings of AD and that this element may not accumulate in the aging brain. It is unlikely, therefore, that Al is essential in the etiology of pathogenesis of plaques and tangles in AD. Al's role as a primary or secondarily associated event, when present, needs further delineation.
URL diving

Perhaps the most important difference among search sites is how they are structured, both internally and externally. Sites such as Yahoo include a highly structured system of categories to help users drill down to the site they want. Others, such as AltaVista, accept only word-based searches with no categorical structure or browsing at all. There are also those that offer combinations of searching and browsing, with some variations to set them apart, such as ratings for some of the sites in their database, enabling searches among only prequalified sites. Finally, there are the so-called "metasearch" sites, which have no indexes of their own, but rather query, refilter, and compile results based on searches among multiple search engines. Perhaps the most important thing to understand is how search sites build and maintain their database indexes. There are two primary methods in use: registration and robot crawlers. Both have their own strengths and weaknesses, and consequently a place in every researcher's toolbox.
Evaluation of the antioxidant activities of different bio-oils and their phenolic distilled fractions for wood preservation

Abstract This research investigated the antioxidant activities of raw bio-oils produced from pine and oak wood species. The study also included the effect of the pyrolysis parameters on the properties of the bio-oils produced. In addition to raw bio-oils, phenolic fractions were further isolated from the bio-oils at two different temperature ranges (180–220 °C and 220–270 °C) by using spinning band distillation columns. The antioxidant activities of raw bio-oils and phenolic fractions were evaluated using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. The concentrations of phenolic compounds were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of the assay showed that the antioxidant activities of the phenolic fractions are much higher than those of the parent bio-oils. GC/MS analysis results showed that o-guaiacol and its derivatives (4-methylguaiacol, 4-ethylguaiacol, and 4-propylguiacol), phenol, 3-methylphenol, 2,3-dimethylphenols, 3-ethylphenol, and eugenol are the most influential phenolic compounds on the antioxidant activity of the bio-oils and their distilled fractions.
Reaction and Transport Models of the MOVPE of Ternary III-V Semiconductors

Reaction and transport models describing the deposition of thin films of ternary compoundsemiconductors by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) are being developed. The growth of AlxGa1× As (0≤×≤1) films from trimethyl-aluminum (TMA1), trimethyl-gallium (TMG) and arsine has been used as a typical example. A kinetic model of the process including both gas phase and surface reactions has been coupled to a two-dimensional transport model of a horizontal reactor with a flat susceptor. The model predicts reported experimental observations on growth rates and film compositions [1] using a single adjustable parameter, the activation energy of the the AlAs growth reaction. A parametric study was performed to identify operating conditions maximizing the thickness andcompositional uniformity of the deposited films. All inlet flow rates considered in this work were higher than the ones required to suppress transverse buoyancy-driven recirculations in the reactor [2,3]. Such conditions permit the growth of abrupt heterojunctions byrapidly switching various precursors on and off. Our results indicate that the most promising operating conditions coincide with the transition from kinetic limited to diffusion limited growth, which occurs at temperatures between 800 K and 850 K for typical experiments [1]. The optimal inlet mole fraction of the limiting group-III species was found to be about 6×10−4 for such cases.
A Brief History of the U.S.-Japan Malnutrition Panel: U.S.-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program:

On January 18, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson and Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan issued a joint communique recognizing their mutual concern for the health of all Asian peoples. To deal further with this concern, the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program was established during the same year. As a means of fostering the program in selected areas, six panels were established soon thereafter, one of which was the U.S.-Japan Malnutrition Panel. Currently, 10 such groups are active, each of which consist of five scientists from the United States and five from Japan. In the case of the Malnutrition Panel, counterparts work together in setting up conferences and in conducting other panel activities.The initial focus of panel activities concerned malnutrition in Southeast Asia, including problems of vitamin A and iron deficiency, maternal and child health, and both behavior and work performance as a function of nutritional status. As a result of a detailed 5-year program review in 1985, however, i...
Increased detection of occult breast carcinoma after more thorough histologic examination of breast biopsies.

Six cases of occult carcinoma of the breast were detected by histologic examination of 244 consecutive grossly benign breast biopsies (2.4%). Half of the cancers were found in a routine random sample of ten tissue blocks, while the others were detected only after the entire biopsy was examined. The detection of the additional cases appeared directly related to the amount of tissue examined microscopically. More complete histologic examination of breast biopsies appears indicated to detect occult breast cancer.
Cutaneous melanoma in women: Anatomic distribution in relation to sun exposure and phenotype

An analysis of the relationship between the anatomic site of cutaneous melanoma, sun exposure, and phenotype was conducted in 355 women with histologically confirmed superficial-spreading melanoma and in 935 control subjects. The most frequent site for superficial-spreading melanoma was the leg. However, when major sun-related and phenotype risk factors were examined by site, risk ratios were lowest for melanomas that occurred on the leg. A history of frequent sunburns during elementary or high school, increased number of self-assessed large nevi, and blond hair were more strongly associated with melanoma sites other than the leg. Tumors on the trunk were more likely than tumors at other sites to be associated with histological evidence of a preexisting nevus. Results of this work indicate that associations between melanoma phenotypic factors may differ by anatomic site.
Criminal appearance and legal decision-making

OF THE THESIS CRIMINAL APPEARANCE AND LEGAL DECISION-MAKING by Marlsa Evelyn Collett Florida International University, 2000 Miami, Florida Professor Ronald P. Fisher, Major Professor Previous research has found that people are able and willing to assess whether an individual is a criminal or a non-criminal based on facial observations. What has not been looked at is whether an attribution o f criminality could influence decisions as verdict choice, culpability, or punishment severity. The present study examined the effects of target photos that depicted pre-determined “bad guys” and “good guys” on legal decision­ making. Participants viewed a case file o f an armed robbery and attempted murder. Half the participants viewed a photo o f a defendant who was previously deemed a “bad guy” and the other half a “good guy.” No differences were found in verdict preference; however, target photos o f “bad guys” elicited higher estimates o f the future likelihood that the defendant would commit this type o f crime than target photos o f good guys. Results indicate that target photos are perceived congruent to their pre-determined categories, but those perceptions were disregarded and participants based their decisions on other factors when making crucial legal decisions. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE
Efficacy of Trans-cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol in Reducing Acinetobacter baumannii Adhesion to and Invasion of Human Keratinocytes and Controlling Wound Infection In Vitro.

The study investigated the efficacy of two natural, plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs), namely trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), and eugenol (EG) for decreasing Acinetobacter baumannii adhesion to and invasion of human keratinocytes (HEK001). Moreover, the efficacy of two PDAs for inhibiting A. baumannii biofilm formation was determined using an in vitro collagen matrix wound model. Additionally, the effect of TC and EG on A. baumannii biofilm architecture was visualized using confocal scanning microscopy. Further the effect of both PDAs on genes critical for biofilm synthesis was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Both TC and EG significantly reduced A. baumannii adhesion and invasion to HEK001 by ~2 to 3 log10 CFU/mL (p < 0.05) compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Further, after 24 and 48 h, TC and EG inhibited biofilm formation by ~1.5 to 2 and ~2 to 3.5 log10 CFU/mL, compared with controls (p < 0.05). Confocal microscopy revealed that TC and EG disrupted the biofilm architecture. RT-qPCR results indicated that two phytochemicals significantly down-regulated the transcription of genes associated with A. baumannii biofilm production. The results suggest that both TC and EG could potentially be used to treat A. baumannii wound infections; however, their efficacy in in vivo models needs to be validated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning with interactive tabletop displays

Groupwork is core to the educational process at all levels, with peer learning activities demonstrated to be an important component in exploring new idea spaces. Recent advances in technology encourage a re-examination of ways that technology can support and expand groupwork. This paper examines how large multi-touch tabletop displays can be used by students in group information exploration, creation, and sharing situations. The multi-user, multi-touch features enable multiple people to transition between individual and group interactions with the display, rather than the turn-taking interactions common in older technologies. While this provides opportunities, it also presents challenges in the ways that activities for the shared space are crafted, executed, and evaluated. This paper describes how our software solutions encourage idea exchange, sharing, and awareness of the activities of others, toward crafting better artifact-centered educational experiences. Specifically, the paper describes three techniques for card-based explorations that help enable groupwork: semantic zoom, dynamic grouping and info glow. Semantic zoom considers how pinch zooming can vary not only artifact size but also artifact content, showing more information at larger sizes. Dynamic grouping features the card combination which facilitates idea generation and synthesization. Info glow highlights artifacts that have been recently accessed or changed, providing an enduring way to see modifications made by others. This paper explores usage of this environment and these techniques, focusing on their impacts on educational goals and objectives for K-8 and for undergraduates, to understand how students in pairs or triads work independently and together as they explore and create within information spaces. Results suggest that older students tend to engage more with each other, though students of all ages transition between quiet individual work and communicative group work. The techniques described in this paper inform ways that they can be configured to optimize idea exchange, sharing, and awareness, and ways that tools and classroom techniques can encourage a more dynamic and engaged learning environment.
Abstract W P161: Incidence and Characteristics of Post-Stroke Seizures: A Population-Based Study

Background & Purpose: Seizures are a recognized complication of stroke. However, available data are conflicting in terms of incidence, risk factors for occurrence, and impact on functional outcome and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and characteristics of seizures following ischemic stroke in a well-defined population, and their effect on long-term patient outcome. Methodology: Utilizing the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical record linkage system, we identified all incident cases of ischemic stroke (IS) that occurred between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1994. We identified all patients who developed seizures following first IS. Detailed data regarding stroke (including TOAST subtype, anatomic location, functional outcome), seizures (date, type, functional outcome, recurrence, presence of status epilepticus, complications, treatment, EEG findings), and patient status at the last follow-up were recorded and analyzed. Results: We identified 490 patients with first IS. Mean follow-up was 6.5 years (range 0.0 - 23.8). Of these, 35 (7.1%) developed seizures. Early seizures (occurring within 14 days of stroke) were present in 13 (37.1%), of which 9 (69.2%) had their seizure within the first 24 hours. Partial seizures were the most common type (23 patients, 65.7%). Status epilepticus occurred in two cases (5.7%). Tongue biting was the most common complication of poststroke seizures (4 patients, 11.4%). Treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was initiated in 32 cases (91.4%). Only one drug was necessary for seizure control in all treated patients. The mean modified Rankin Scale score was 2.9 (SD 1.48) after the first IS, and worsened to 3.3 (SD 1.43) after the first seizure. Mortality at the last follow-up was higher in the seizure group compared to the non-seizure group, even after adjusting for TOAST subtype (HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.07 - 2.16; P = 0.02). Conclusion: Seizures are mostly a late complication of IS. They do not bear a high risk of life-threatening complications and are readily controllable by a single AED. However, patients who developed poststroke seizures tended to have a worse functional outcome and an increased mortality.
Dispatches from Flyover Country: Four Appraisals of Impacts of Trump's Immigration Policy on Families, Schools, and Communities

A university professor and high school ESL teacher, both based in Lincoln Nebraska, each write two short essays that detail implications of the Trump administration immigration policies for students, teachers, schools, and communities. The first two dispatches come from the transition period (after Trump won but while Obama still presided) while the latter two come from the 50-day mark of the Trump presidency. Juxtaposing voices contrasts overarching impact with the local; juxtaposing chronologies allows comparison of political promises and threats to early actions and reactions.
Bridging the gap: Super-resolution microscopy of epithelial cell junctions

Cell junctions are critical for cell adhesion and communication in epithelial tissues. It is evident that the cellular distribution, size, and architecture of cell junctions play a vital role in regulating function. These details of junction architecture have been challenging to elucidate in part due to the complexity and size of cell junctions. A major challenge in understanding these features is attaining high resolution spatial information with molecular specificity. Fluorescence microscopy allows localization of specific proteins to junctions, but with a resolution on the same scale as junction size, rendering internal protein organization unobtainable. Super-resolution microscopy provides a bridge between fluorescence microscopy and nanoscale approaches, utilizing fluorescent tags to reveal protein organization below the resolution limit. Here we provide a brief introduction to super-resolution microscopy and discuss novel findings into the organization, structure and function of epithelial cell junctions.