cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principles and function of the Orthopantomograph

In conventional radiography the object to be examined is positioned between the x-ray tube and the film. The tube, object, and film are held motionless while t,he exposure is made. All structures through which the x-rays pass are recorded as shadows on t,he film. The superimposition of the various shadows often makes a,n accurate interpretation difficult or impossible. Movrment of the x-ray tube, the object, or the film during an exposure results in a blurred image. The greater the degree of movement, the more pronoun4 is the blurring or loss of detail in thr rocntgenogram.
Functional dyspepsia--managing the conundrum.

Every day, in countless examination rooms around the world, patients are consulting their doctors about chronic stomach pain. Dr. George Longstreth writes that although some general principles are useful in managing functional dyspepsia, the therapies that have been assessed to date provide little hope of a cure for this perplexing disorder.
Biography: Kiyosi Itô and his influence on the study of agricultural finance and economics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the life of the famous mathematician Kiyosi Ito and discuss his influence on the study of agricultural finance and agricultural economics. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a qualitative historical review. Findings – The paper provides a biographical stretch of Ito's life. It is shown that his influence started to infiltrate the agricultural economics profession at around 1985 and is currently a major influence of a range of economic issues from farm policy to agricultural investments. Research limitations/implications – The biography is limited to a review of Ito's academic life and influence. Practical implications – The paper offers a historical perspective on how probability emerged as a critical piece of the economic puzzle. For scholars and practitioners of agricultural finance, the paper provides an in depth review of how Ito processes have, and can, be used. Originality/value – This paper provides a historical perspective on Ito that is of use to students and scholars of rural credit. This is the first “biography” of Ito to discuss his influence on agricultural finance and agricultural economics.
Unified derivation of the perturbation series for the real and imaginary parts of the energy of hydrogen in the stark effect and of the negatively anharmonic oscillator

The wave function for hydrogen in the Stark effect (or for the negatively anharmonic oscillator) with an outgoing-wave boundary condition, constructed in Langer-Cherry fJWKB form, is continued back to the origin. The asymptotic expansions for ReE and ImE are determined by the requirement that the wave function be regular at the origin to zeroth and first order in the exponentially small parameter that characterizes ImE. One fJWKB function turns out to be the Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory wave function.
Platypnea Related to Constrictive Pericarditis

Platypnea is the rare symptom of dyspnea in the upright position, which is relieved by assumption of the recumbent position. This symptom has been previously described in association with several conditions, but never with constrictive pericarditis. The authors report the case of a patient with constrictive pericarditis and severe platypnea, which resolved after pericardiectomy.
Dynamic Patterns of Medial Preoptic μ-Opiate Receptor Regulation by Gonadal Steroid Hormones

The density of µ-opiate receptors located in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the rat hypothalamus is cyclical and sexually dimorphic. The hormonal regulation of MPOA µ-receptors was examined in ovariectomized rats treated with a variety of hormone regimens. In experiment 1, animals received acute estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), or prolactin (PRL), or E2 followed in 48 h by either P or vehicle by subcutaneous injection. Brains were removed 3 h after the final injection. In experiment 2, animals were implanted with empty or E2-filled Silastic capsules, and received either P or vehicle by injection 48 h later, at which time E2 capsules were removed. One group received E2 implants which remained in place following sham removal surgery. Brains and trunk blood for radioimmunoassay of E2 and P were collected 3, 27 or 51 h after the final injection. Frozen brain sections were prepared, incubated in [3H]D-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly-ol5-enkephalin, which selectively labels µ-receptors, and analyzed using quantitative receptor autoradiography. P treatment significantly increased MPOA µ-receptors, but only 27 h after E2 priming. Neither shorter P exposure, nor E2, P or PRL alone affected MPOA µ-recepter density. Following this delayed E2, P-induced increase, µ-receptor density subsequently decreased in the presence or absence of E2. The results suggest that E2, P treatment produces a gradual and transient increase of MPOA µ-receptor density. The subsequent decrease of receptor density is independent of the presence of E2 and may be related to receptor turnover. The time course of this effect is consistent with that of the estrus cycle. Such hormone-induced regulation of MPOA µ-receptor density could influence the physiologic effects of opiates on gonadotropin secretion and reproductive behavior in cycling females.
A novel and convenient preparation of hypophosphite esters

Abstract Only a few methods have been described for the preparation of hypophosphite esters (alkyl phosphinates, ROP(O)H 2 ). As a result, comparatively few applications have been reported, and these intermediates have not been widely exploited in organophosphorus chemistry despite their synthetic potential. Herein, we describe a very general, practical, and high-yielding synthesis of hypophosphite esters, based on the reaction of hypophosphorous acid and some of its salts with alkoxysilanes. This methodology solves a number of the problems associated with previously reported reactions. Our esterification takes place at moderate temperature in a variety of solvents, and under these conditions the esters are remarkably thermally stable. Furthermore, the reagents employed are inexpensive and do not have to be strictly anhydrous. The scope and limitations of the method are discussed, and representative synthetic applications for the preparation of monosubstituted phosphinate esters are described.
A Solid Phase Library Synthesis of Hydroxyindoline-Derived Tricyclic Derivatives by Mitsunobu Approach

Hydroxyindoline-derived scaffold, 9, was synthesized with the goal of generating a library of indoline-based natural product-like tricyclic derivatives to be utilized as small-molecule chemical probes. The tricyclic ring was obtained by a Mitsunobu reaction of the N-nosyl amino acid conjugate with the primary hydroxyl group. The solid-phase synthesis was achieved by immobilizing scaffold 9 onto the solid support giving a compound, 15. This was then subjected to a series of reactions on solid phase, including the Mitsunobu reaction, leading to the desired indoline-derived tricyclic derivative. The final product has two diversity sites: (i) amino acid as the first diversity and (ii) amidation of the secondary amine for the second diversity. These two diversity sites were utilized in the library generation by IRORI split-and-mix approach.
The effect of S on the partitioning of Ni between olivine and silicate melt in MORB

Abstract The partitioning behavior of Ni between olivine and silicate melt in S-bearing systems has been investigated using mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs). The Nernst Ni partition coefficient between olivine and silicate melt ( D Ni ) derived from the MORB samples varies between 4 and 9, values that are up to 50% lower than those derived from S-free experimental systems of similar composition. The MORB samples yield lower D Ni values because Ni 2+ and S 2− interact to form a Ni–S complex in the silicate melt. Since the Ni present as NiS contributes to the melt concentration but is not available for sequestration by olivine, the overall effect is a reduction in the D Ni value calculated from the total concentration of Ni in the silicate melt. This hypothesis is supported by the negative correlation between the ln K D Ni–Mg ( K D Ni–Mg =[MgO melt /MgO Ol ]/[NiO melt /NiO Ol ]) values and the contents of S in the silicate melts of the MORB samples.
Constant goal, changing tactics : A Wisconsin dairy farm start-up

This case study documents the start-up of a successful alternative dairy farm in Wisconsin. Initially the vision was to establish a 97-ha biodynamic farm with dairy and cash cropping. Low milk prices throughout most of 1991 and the heavy work load associated with conventional dairying forced the farm family to look for alternative strategies. They experimented with management-intensive grazing in 1992, and by spring 1994 had seeded their entire farm to sod. The work load still was too heavy, so they switched to seasonal dairying and outwintering of their dry stock, which reduced the daily midwinter work load from 12 to 3.5 hours. By the end of 1995, yearly net farm income from operations had risen from 73 per cow). This study illustrates the complexities and adjustments associated with the initiation of an alternative farm business.
An empirical study of the textual similarity between source code and source code summaries

Source code documentation often contains summaries of source code written by authors. Recently, automatic source code summarization tools have emerged that generate summaries without requiring author intervention. These summaries are designed for readers to be able to understand the high-level concepts of the source code. Unfortunately, there is no agreed upon understanding of what makes up a "good summary." This paper presents an empirical study examining summaries of source code written by authors, readers, and automatic source code summarization tools. This empirical study examines the textual similarity between source code and summaries of source code using Short Text Semantic Similarity metrics. We found that readers use source code in their summaries more than authors do. Additionally, this study finds that accuracy of a human written summary can be estimated by the textual similarity of that summary to the source code.
Transfer of approach responding between punishment and frustrative nonreward sustained through continuous reinforcement

Abstract A block of continuously reinforced nonpunished trials was interpolated between acquisition of a runway response with either partial reinforcement or intermittent punishment and subsequent tests for resistance of that response to the suppressive effects of either extinction or continuous punishment. As previous investigations have shown, both the partial reinforcement effect (PRE) and the intermittent punishment effect (IPE) were sustained through the block of continuously reinforced nonpunished trials. Furthermore, the increased resistance to extinction following intermittent punishment and the increased resistance to punishment following partial reinforcement were also sustained through the interpolated continuous reinforcement. These results support a hypothesized similarity of punishment and frustrative nonreward and were interpreted in an extension of Amsel's conditioning model theory of the role of nonreinforcement in the PRE.
CCD Sounding Rocket Observation of the High-Latitude Soft X-Ray Background

Results of a charge coupled device (CCD) sounding rocket observation (36.092UH, 1995 May) of the X-ray background between 0.3 and 10 keV are presented. The target for the 36.092UH flight was a high-latitude region of the X-ray background centered at l = 963, b = +481 toward the constellation Draco. CCD spectra obtained from this observation were fitted independently and simultaneously to a PSPC spectrum obtained from a nearby ROSAT field (RP 70137). Above 1 keV, the high-latitude CCD data are well fitted by a single absorbed 9.5E-1.4 power law. Below 1 keV, CCD and PSPC data are fitted equally well by the addition of a cosmic abundance thermal plasma (kT = 0.14 keV) or by a thermal bremstrahhlung component plus an O VII line at 0.574 keV.
A History of Diabetes Insipidus: Paving the Road to Internal Water Balance

Diabetes insipidus is an ancient disease considered under the rubric of diabetes, the Greek descriptive term for polyuria, which was unrecognized even after the sweetness of urine was reported as a characteristic of diabetes mellitus in the 17th century. It would be another century before diabetes insipidus was identified from the insipid rather than saccharine taste of urine in cases of polyuria. After its increased recognition, pathologic observations and experimental studies connected diabetes insipidus to the pituitary gland in the opening decades of the 20th century. Simultaneously, posterior pituitary lobe extracts were shown to be vasoconstrictive (vasopressin) and antidiuretic (antidiuretic hormone). As vasopressin was purified and synthesized and its assay became available, it was shown to be released in response to both osmotic and volume stimuli that are integrated in the hypothalamus, and vasopressin thereby was essential to maintaining internal water balance. The antidiuretic properties of vasopressin to treat the rare cases of diabetes insipidus were of limited clinical utility until its vasoconstrictive effects were resuscitated in the 1970s, with the consequent increasing wider use of vasopressin for the treatment of compromised hemodynamic states. In addition, the discovery of antidiuretic hormone receptor blockers has led to their increasing use in managing hypo-osmolar states.
Response of Optical Fiber Bragg Sensors With a Thin Film Shape Memory Alloy Coating

This paper describes the sputter deposition and characterization of nickel titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy thin film onto the surface of an optical fiber Bragg sensor. The NiTi coating uniformity, crystallinity and transformation temperatures are measured using scanning electron microsocopy, x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry respectively. The strain in the optical fiber is measured using centroid calculation of wavelength shifts. Results show distinct and abrupt changes in the optical fiber signal with the four related transformation temperatures represented by the austenite-martensite forward and reverse phase transformations. These tests demonstrate a coupling present between optical energy and thermal energy, i.e. a modified multiferroic material.© 2008 ASME
Coadsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate with Hydrophobically Modified Nonionic Cellulose Polymers. 1. Role of Polymer Hydrophobic Modification

We examined coadsorption from mixtures of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with either hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) or hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (hmHEC). Coadsorption to nonselective, hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surfaces was compared with coadsorption to negatively charged silica surfaces that were selective for the polymers. Optical reflectometry provided the total extent of adsorption as well as the adsorption kinetics. We referenced SDS concentrations against the critical association concentration (cac) and saturation concentration (csat) for solution-phase polymer/surfactant binding as determined by pyrene solubilization and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. Depending on the bulk SDS concentration, the total adsorbed mass could be either increased or decreased compared to the adsorbed mass attained from SDS-free polymer solutions. Above the cac, the total adsorbed amount decreased with increasing SDS concentration, for either polymer on either t...
Implications of two local consistency strategy selection models

Abstract This paper examines some mathematical implications of two process models of concept identification, the 1-element strategy selection model with a local consistency assumption and Chumbley's hypothesis manipulation (HM) model. Under slightly restrictive assumptions, each process model (Level 1) is shown to imply a stochastic model (Level 3), making predictions of behavior in experimental situations in which the stimulus presented to a subject on any trial is randomly selected and independent of that presented on any other trial. In addition, each model is shown to make predictions at an intermediate level (Level 2) about performance on successive trials with specific stimulus sequences presented. At Level 2, each model is shown to falsely predict zero probabilities for particular response patterns when stated stimulus sequences are used. Fewer such problems arise with the HM model than with the 1-element model. Minimum squared error fits of one set of experimental data show relatively good correspondence of predictions and observations when a Chumbley model with different saliences for different hypotheses is employed.
The structure of iron superoxide dismutase from Pseudomonas ovalis complexed with the inhibitor azide

The 2.9 A resolution structure of iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) (EC 1.15.1.1) from Pseudomonas ovalis complexed with the inhibitor azide was solved. Comparison of this structure with free enzyme shows that the inhibitor is bound at the open coordination position of the iron, with a bond length of 2.0 A. The metal moves by 0.4 A into the trigonal plane to produce an orthogonal geometry at the iron. Binding of the inhibitor also causes a movement of the axial ligand (histidine 26) away from the metal, a lengthening of the iron-histidine bond, and a rotation of the histidine 74 ring. The inhibitor possesses contacts in the binding pocket with a pair of conserved tryptophan residues and with the side chains of tyrosine 34 and glutamine 70. This glutamine is conserved between all FeSODs, but is absent in MnSOD. Comparisons with MnSOD show that a different glutamine which possesses the same interactions in the active site as Gln70 in FeSOD is conserved at position 154 in the overall SOD sequence, implying that while manganese and FeSODs are structural homologues in a global sense, their functional and evolutionary relationship is that of second-site mutation revertants.
Stray the course: Technology's impact upon the representative‐elector artifact

Rhetorical critics usually understand political communication as messages in terms of speeches, campaign strategies, and voter behavior. By focusing upon messages, critics have failed to understand political communication as structurally formative of communication. A new methodology is proposed which conceives of rhetorical artifacts as enhancements of political communication. American congressional elections are presented as the artifact to be analyzed from the new perspective. Because the proposed methodology treats congressional elections as a structural genre, the contemporary, technological impact of electronic media can be criticized and compared to the artifact originally invented by the founders; the course they set has been strayed. Implications for political communication and its research conclude that we face what Habermas would call a “legitimation crisis.”;
Recent advances and trends in predictive manufacturing systems in big data environment

The globalization of the world’s economies is a major challenge to local industry and it is pushing the manufacturing sector to its next transformation – predictive manufacturing. In order to become more competitive, manufacturers need to embrace emerging technologies, such as advanced analytics and cyber-physical system-based approaches, to improve their efficiency and productivity. With an aggressive push towards “Internet of Things”, data has become more accessible and ubiquitous, contributing to the big data environment. This phenomenon necessitates the right approach and tools to convert data into useful, actionable information.
Mitochondrial diabetes, DIDMOAD and other inherited diabetes syndromes

Inherited diabetes syndromes are individually rare but collectively make up a significant proportion of patients attending diabetes clinics, some of whom have multiple handicaps. This chapter focuses on syndromes in which major advances have been made in our understanding of the underlying molecular genetics. These conditions demonstrate novel genetic mechanisms such as maternal inheritance and genetic imprinting. They are also fascinating as they aid our understanding of insulin metabolism, both normal and abnormal. As the causative genes are identified, future issues will be the availability of genetic testing, their contribution to the genetic heterogeneity of the more common types of diabetes, and functional studies of the relevant proteins. It is probable that other subtypes of diabetes will be identified as the relevant metabolic pathways are characterized. This is an exciting time to be a diabetes physician as diabetology returns to being a diagnostic rather than a mainly management-based speciality.
Inhibition of human placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by steroids and nonsteroidal alcohols: Aspects of inhibitor structure and binding specificity

Abstract Inhibition of human placental 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by C 18 and C 19 steroids and nonsteroidal alcohols was assayed at pH 9.0 with 17β-estradiol 3-methyl ether and NAD + as reactants. The nonstaroidal alcohols tested were poor inhibitors. Cyclopentanol and cyclohexanol had K i values greater than 5 m m . Nonaromatic C 18 and C 19 steroids with oxygen functions at both positions 3 and 17 gave no detectable inhibition or had K i , values greater than or equal to 160 μ m . 3μ-Hydroxy-5,16-androstadiene, 5-androsten-3β-ol, 1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3-ol, and 1,3,5(10),16-estratetraen-3-ol, steroids lacking a C(17) oxygen function, had K i values of 1.8, 6.0, 0.04, and 0.17 μ m , respectively, demonstrating that both C 18 and C 19 steroids can bind at the steroid site. Binding specificity is narrowed and binding affinity for nonaromatic steroids weakened by oxygen functions at C(17) or both C(3) and C(17). The structural implications of the specificity data for steroid recognition and complex formation and in vivo control of enzyme activity are discussed.
A predictive model to locate ancient forests in the Cross Timbers of Osage County, Oklahoma

The Cross Timbers are a mosaic of upland deciduous forest, savanna, and glade that typifies the broad ecotone between the eastern deciduous forest and the grasslands of the southern Great Plains. The pre-settlement Cross Timbers may have covered some 7,909,700 ha from central Texas, across Oklahama into eastern Kansas, and today may represent the least disturbed forest ecosystem of comparable size still left in the eastern United States. Extensive tree-ring research indicates that ancient forests dominated by 200 to 400 year old post-oaks (Quercus stellata Wang) survive throughout the Cross Timbers, particularly in Oklahoma. These ancient forests persist largely because the Cross Timbers formation is non-commercial for timber production, and has not experienced large-scale industrial logging. Because ancient forest relics are often found on stressful non-commercial sites in the Cross Timbers and elsewhere, it is possible to design predictive models to locate the specific terrain where undisturbed forests are likely to survive. A predictive model for southern Osage County, Oklahoma, was developed based on the steep, infertile soils of the Niotaze-Darnell complex. We tested the model with field inspection and tree-ring analysis of fifty randomly selected belt transects, and 74% of the sampled terrain is still old-growth Cross Timbers woodland. This translates into 8200 ha of ancient Cross Timbers on this single site type in southern Osage County. The abundance of ancient forest in the Cross Timbers is not widely appreciated. However, large contiguous tracts of ancient Cross Timbers up to 700 ha were identified with this predictive model, strongly supporting inferences concerning the relatively undisturbed nature of this ecosystem.
Occupation and bladder cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in New Hampshire.

Objective: To identify occupations with excess bladder cancer risk in New Hampshire, where bladder cancer mortality rates have been elevated for decades. Methods: Lifetime occupational histories were obtained from interviews with 424 cases and 645 controls in a population-based case-control study.Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (Ors) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each occupation, adjusted for age and smoking. Analyses by duration of employment were carried out and interactions with smoking were examined. Results: Male tractor-trailer truck drivers had an elevated risk for bladder cancer (OR = 2.4, CI = 1.4-4.1), with a significant positive trend in risk with increasing duration of employment (P trend= 0.0003). Male metal/plastic processing machine operators also had a significant excess (OR = 4.9, CI = 1.6-15.1), attributable mainly to molding/casting machine operators (OR = 16.6, CI = 2.1-131). Elevated risk was also observed for male fabricators, assemblers, and hand workers (OR = 1.8, CI = 1.0-3.4). Women in certain sales occupations (sales clerks, counter clerks, and cashiers) had a significant excess risk (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.3-3.9) and a significant trend with duration of employment (P trend= 0.016), as did female health service workers (OR = 4.1, CI = 1.6-10.7; P trend= 0.014). There was a positive interaction between smoking and employment as a health service worker (p= 0.036). Conclusions: These findings are generally consistent with previous studies. Elevated risks for male molding/casting machine operators, female salesworkers, and female health service workers, especially those with a history of smoking, require further investigation.
Effect of melanin concentrating hormone on pigment and adrenal cells in vitro.

Abstract Highly purified synthetic salmonid melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and some analogs were investigated for their ability (1) to concentrate the pigment in scale melanophores of the Chinese grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus , (2) to produce melanin dispersion in frog or lizard melanophores and (3) to inhibit α-MSH in its action on mouse melanoma and rat adrenal glomerulosa cells in vitro . In the grass carp, MCH produced half-maximal pigment aggregation at 6×10 −11 M and its oxidized form at 7×10 −11 M. Replacement of the two methionines at position 3 and 6 with norvaline lowered the potency by a factor of 2.7 and with propargylglycine by a factor of about 7. Linear, Cys 5,14 -Acm-protected MCH was a full agonist of MCH but with a 345-fold lower potency. Iodinated MCH showed similar, low activity. In tetrapods, salmonid MCH and its analogs displayed only marginal pigment dispersion at concentrations >10 −5 M. Alkali-treatment of MCH increased the pigment-dispersing potency by a factor of about 30 whereas the activity for pigment aggregation in the grass carp was destroyed. At high concentrations (10 −6 , 10 −5 M) MCH also stimulated tyrosinase activity in B-16 mouse melanoma cells but did not modify the effects of α-MSH in this system. By contrast, when tested on rat adrenal glomerulosa cells, salmonid MCH had no effect alone but at a concentration of >10 −10 M it slightly reduced corticosterone production by an α-MSH concentration of 10 −7 M. Aldosterone production was not affected and MCH did not influence the response to ACTH.
State‐of‐OCLC: President's Address

I want to give you a brief state‐of‐OCLC report. Fiscal year 1991/92 has been a good year for OCLC, a year of significant accomplishments. I want to put some perspective on the events of this fiscal year, which will end June 30, 1992, and I want to put some perspective on where we are headed. I would like to do this within the context of our strategic plan.
Autoionization states in He and H − by the stabilization method

The stabilization method for positions and widths of resonances has been applied up to now only to model problems or to problems for which definitive calculations are not possible. The method is now applied to autoionization states in He and H(-), where accurate calculations are available. It is concluded that reasonably accurate results can be obtained by this method.
DIVERGENCE IN SYMBIOTIC COMPATIBILITY IN A LEGUME‐BRADYRHIZOBIUM MUTUALISM

Geographic variation in the mutualism between the legume Amphicarpaea bracteata and its nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria (Bradyrhizobium sp.) was analyzed by sampling genotypes from 11 sites separated by distances ranging from 0.6 km to more than 1000 km. Cross inoculation experiments revealed that plants were genetically differentiated in traits determining compatibility with mutualist partners from different sites. Combinations of plant and bacterial genotypes native to the same local habitat yielded 26% higher plant growth relative to non-native combinations (range across 4 experiments; 9% to 48%). Among non-native symbioses, plant growth was unrelated to the geographic distance between sites of plant and bacterial origin. However, compatibility varied significantly with the genetic distance among host populations (inferred by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis): genetically similar plants from separate sites showed superior growth with each other's mutualist partners. Nevertheless, the tree structure of population genetic similarity was not congruent in plants versus bacteria. This implies that adaptive variation in symbiotic compatibility has evolved without strictly parallel divergence in the two species.
Reading disability: an investigation of the perceptual deficit hypothesis.

Summary The present experiment investigated the popular view that reading disability is caused by visual perceptual deficit. It was hypothesized that poor readers are able to process visual stimuli as well as normals but are deficient in integrating and/or retrieving the verbal equivalents of such input. This notion was assessed by comparing the visual-motor and oral encoding of disabled and normal readers. Both groups were presented with brief tachistoscopic exposures of non-verbal and verbal stimuli and subjects were required to both copy and read items from memory. It was expected that the poor readers would perform as well as the normals on the copying tasks but considerably poorer on the oral reading task. The performance of the groups was equivalent with the nonverbal stimuli, but variable with verbal stimuli. The poor readers were comparable to normals in the graphic reproduction of unpronounceable letters and three and four letter words, but this was not true in the case of five letter words. These findings were discussed, and it was concluded that reading disability is best viewed as a cognitive rather than a perceptual disorder.
Characterization of inspection sensitivity on advanced OPC reticles

The inspectability of advanced OPC plates has been verified by successfully completing inspections of photomasks that have OPC throughout the design. The photomasks tested have varying OPC design strategies and degrees of OPC complexity. The defect capture ability has been characterized with classical verification masks like the DuPont Verithoro, and OPC programmed defect test reticle called OPC3, and defect capture occurrences on actual design with advanced OPC features. Printability simulations and test have indicated that mis-sized serifs can be a critical, printable defect class. Inspection results from the 750 nm primary feature size section of the OPC3 test reticle with 0.25 micrometers pixel indicate better than 0.25 micrometers sensitivity to oversized serif defects, better than 0.30 micrometers sensitivity to undersized serifs, and better than 0.21 micrometers sensitivity to misplaced serif line ends. Historically, small defects on OPC structures such as mis-sized serifs could be easily misclassified as a false defect by inspection operators. Defect review software was upgraded to improve the visualization and sizing of defects on OPC structures.
Limited utility of conventional criteria for predicting unresectable disease in patients with advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the predictive value of conventional criteria for identifying surgically unresectable disease among patients with ovarian cancer undergoing initial operative intervention at tertiary referral centers employing a so-called aggressive approach to surgical cytoreduction. Methods All patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing primary surgery between August 1997 and August 2006 were identified. Surgical/pathological documentation of disease extent pre/post-cytoreduction was extracted from the medical record retrospectively. All patients meeting conventional criteria for unresectable disease criteria (ascites>1000 mL, omental extension to spleen >1 cm, parenchymal liver disease >1cm, porta hepatis involvement >1 cm, diaphragmatic disease >1 cm, carcinomatosis >1 cm, and suprarenal adenopathy >1 cm) were selected for further study. Results A total of 180 consecutive patients had disease meeting conventional criteria for unresectability at=1 site(s). Optimal cytoreduction (residual disease=1 cm) was achieved in 166 patients (92.2%). Optimal resection rates according to the most common individual unresectable disease criteria were as follows: ascites >1000 mL=91.3% (116/127), carcinomatosis >1 cm=91.0% (81/89), and splenic involvement >1 cm=84.9% (45/53). For patients with ascites >1000 mL alone, optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 95.8% (46/48) of cases. Optimal resection rates according to the total number of unresectable disease sites were as follows: 1 site=95.0% (19/20), 2 sites=93.8% (61/65), 3 sites=81.5% (22/27), 4 sites=93.3% (14/15), and 5 sites=80.0% (4/5). Conclusions These data suggest that commonly accepted criteria of surgically unresectable disease for women with advanced ovarian cancer lack the necessary precision to guide clinical management. Pre-operative assessment of resectability should be made by an experienced surgical team prior to deferring the initial attempt at surgical cytoreduction.
Extraction of metals by bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in 2-ethylhexanoic acid as monomerizing diluent from an aqueous chloride phase: Th(IV) and U(VI)

Abstract The extraction of Th4+ and UO22+ from an aqueous phase into a solution of bis 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid, (2-C2H5·C6H12O)2PO(OH), HDEHP, in the monomerizing diluent 2-ethylhexanoic acid has been studied in terms of the concentration of hydrogen ion in the equilibrated aqueous phase and of HDEHP in the opposing equilibrated organic phase. The extraction stoichiometries, with the corresponding expression for K in terms of F (the formality of HDEHP in the organic phase), [H+] (the concentration of hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase), and Ks, for a 1.00 F (NaCl + HCl) aqueous phase, are: Th A 4+ + 5HY O ⇄ Th(HYO O + 4H A + K = K s F 5 [H + ] 4 UO 2A 2+ + 3HY O ⇄ UO 2 ( HY 3 ) O + 2H A + K = K s F 3 [H + ] 2 where HY represents the monomer of HDEHP and the formulations of extracted species are non committal with respect to structure. With HZ representing the monomer of 2-ethylhexanoic acid, suggested formulations of the extracted species in terms of homogeneous and heterogeneous dimers are: Th(HY2)(HYZ)3 and UO2(HY2)(HYZ). The Ks values are: Th4+ (7 × 104) and UO22+ (2 × 102). Comparison of the extraction of Th4+ and UO22+ with the extraction, previously reported, of Am3+, Eu3+, Tm3+ and Y3+ in the same system is made. Application (patented) of this liquid-liquid extraction system to the purification of thorium from contaminant rare earths and yttrium is demonstrated.
Oxidation of cholesterol by rat liver mitochondria: effect of thyroidectomy.

Normal and thyroidectomized rats were maintained on normal diets and on diets containing 0.3% N-propylthiouracil. The normal rats on normal diets had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels than did any of the other groups. Liver cholesterol levels were elevated only in the thyroidectomized rats fed normal diet. The hypercholesteremic effect of N-propylthiouracil observed in the thyroidectomized rats appears to be due to release of liver cholesterol. Liver mitochondrial preparations from all four groups of rats oxidized cholesterol-26-14C and sodium octanoate-1-14C to 14CO2 to the same extent. The data further support the hypothesis that the effect of thyroid on cholesterol degradation is mediated at the level of nuclear hydroxylation.
Cerebral blood flow and brain atrophy correlated by xenon contrast CT scanning

Correlations between cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured during stable xenon contrast CT scanning and standard CT indices of brain atrophy were investigated in the patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type, multi-infarct dementia and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Compared to age-matched normal volunteers, significant correlations were found in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease between cortical and subcortical gray matter blood flow and brain atrophy estimated by the ventricular body ratio, and mild to moderate brain atrophy were correlated with stepwise CBF reductions. However, in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia, brain atrophy was not associated with stepwise CBF reductions. Overall correlations between brain atrophy and reduced CBF were weak. Mild degrees of brain atrophy are not always associated with reduced CBF.
Neoliberalism and water rights: The case of India:

As water is increasingly subjected to market imperatives and transformed into a means for capital accumulation, the state has been unable to manage the resource. Building on the concept of accumulation by dispossession this article focuses on local neoliberalisms, arguing that collective governance of water resources is contentious. Local neoliberalism is atypical in that it brings within its fold a localized institution, the nongovernmental organization (NGO), engaged in mobilizing citizens and contributing to accumulative practices. Privatization practices of the state and NGOs serve as an impetus to mobilize local citizens to manage water resources. Citizens resist accumulative practices but challenges to local neoliberalisms are complex as politics of inequities exacerbate inequalities based on gender, class, and caste and limit the possibilities of collective governance. The article analyzes Indian government policy documents on water and the case of Tarun Bharat Sangh, an NGO in the state of Rajasth...
Low temperature specific heat of superfluid helium films in Anopore membranes.

Abstract We have investigated the low temperature heat capacity of superfluid 4 He films adsorbed in the 0.2 μm diameter, nearly cylindrical, parallel pores of Anopore membranes using an AC calorimetry technique. The heat capacity temperature dependence changes drastically at a coverage dependent temperature. At low temperatures, the heat capacity of the superfluid film increases with thickness. This behavior is reversed for temperatures above 0.7 K where the heat capacity is found to decrease with thickness.
Micromagnetics of very thin films

We determine by a scaling calculation the limiting form of the free energy governing a ferromagnetic film of vanishing thickness. Our theory generalizes Stoner and Wohlfarth's results for flat elli...
Predictive modeling of microorganisms: LAG and LIP in monotonic growth.

Abstract The variety of models that are currently being used in “Predictive Microbiology” or “Microbial Ecology” aiming at reproducing the growth curve of microorganisms motivates this study. It is widely agreed that no model can reproduce generically and consistently the “LAG Phase” of microorganism growth. To promote the objective of “predictive modeling”, we present here a model that was derived from first biological and physical principles, which is shown to reproduce qualitatively as well as quantitatively all typical features captured experimentally in microorganism growth. In particular, this paper focuses on capturing and controlling of the “LAG Phase” a typical phase in microorganisms growth, at the initial growth stages, as well as the inflection point on the “ln curve” of the cell concentration, i.e. a Logarithmic Inflection Point referred here as “LIP”. The proposed model also captures the Logistic Growth curve as a special case. Comparison of the solutions obtained from the proposed model with experimental data confirms its quantitative validity, as well as its ability to recover a wide range of qualitative features captured in experiments.
Radiocarbon dating of diatom-bound organic compounds

Here we present a new method for obtaining radiocarbon dates for the organic compounds intrinsic to diatom frustules. This method will improve age models for sediment cores that lack calcium carbonate and improve current interpretations of diatom-based paleoproxies. In preparation for radiocarbon dating by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, compounds intrinsic to diatom frustules are released from their opal matrix by dissolution in HF and then purified using preparative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The method was applied to one sample from each of three cores (NBP9802 Station 7 GC2; TN057-13 PC4; Ell-2) and a plankton tow (CRS 746, FOODBANCS) collected in the Southern Ocean. In each sample, radiocarbon ages of diatom-bound organic compounds differed from those obtained from foraminiferal CaCO3. Agreement between the foraminifera and compound-specific date was best in cores E11-2 and TN057-13. In contrast, compound-specific 14C ages obtained from NBP9802 differed substantially from those measured for foraminiferal CaCO3. The influence of background contamination was assessed throughout all stages of the method and cannot be responsible for the discrepancy observed. Possible reasons for the disagreement between the ages of foraminifera and diatom-bound compounds are discussed in the context of sediment dynamics. These preliminary results suggest that our diatom-based dating method represents a major step forward in our ability interpret sediment records in the Southern Ocean and therefore our understanding of the role of the Southern Ocean in past climate.
Effect of Water Deprivation on Nasal Mucous Flow.

SummaryA striking depression in rate of flow of the nasal mucous blanket was observed in 4 water-deprived herring gulls, in contrast to 10 normally hydrated gulls. The observation was repeated in a series of 20 water-deprived and 10 normally hydrated chickens. In both species normal mean rate of flow was about 10 mm/minute. Two gulls and 2 chickens that were deprived then rehydrated showed a normal rate of motion of the blanket. Anchoring of the mucous sheet to the mucosal surface by fine strands of mucus was seen in whole mounts and histological sections of conchae of dehydrated baby chicks.
A Cytoplasmic Sequence in Human Tyrosinase Defines a Second Class of Di-leucine-based Sorting Signals for Late Endosomal and Lysosomal Delivery

Distinct cytoplasmic sorting signals target integral membrane proteins to late endosomal compartments, but it is not known whether different signals direct targeting by different pathways. The availability of multiple pathways may permit some cell types to divert proteins to specialized compartments, such as the melanosome of pigmented cells. To address this issue, we characterized sorting determinants of tyrosinase, a tissue-specific resident protein of the melanosome. The cytoplasmic domain of tyrosinase was both necessary and sufficient for internalization and steady state localization to late endosomes and lysosomes in HeLa cells. Mutagenesis of two leucine residues within a conventional di-leucine motif ablated late endosomal localization. However, the properties of this di-leucine-based signal were distinguished from that of CD3γ by overexpression studies; overexpression of the tyrosinase signal, but not the well characterized CD3γ signal, induced a 4-fold enlargement of late endosomes and lysosomes and interfered with endosomal sorting mediated by both tyrosine- and other di-leucine-based signals. These properties suggest that the tyrosinase and CD3γ di-leucine signals are distinctly recognized and sorted by distinct pathways to late endosomes in non-pigmented cells. We speculate that melanocytic cells utilize the second pathway to divert proteins to the melanosome.
Risk Taking in Relationships: Differences in Deciding for Oneself Versus for a Friend

Three experiments examined whether people make decisions about romantic relationships differently when deciding for themselves versus others. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to make decisions or give advice to friends encouraging risk-taking behavior than they were to take the same risks when deciding for themselves. Experiment 2 showed that this difference occurs only for low life-impact decisions but does not occur when the decisions have particularly serious potential consequences. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the self-other differences were not eliminated when information on the potential consequences was explicitly presented to participants. However, an examination of participants' reasons for their choices showed that they were more likely to consider the potential negative outcomes to be important when deciding for themselves than when deciding for other people.
Slocum Glider energy measurement and simulation infrastructure

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are indispensable tools for marine scientists to study the world's oceans. Depending on their missions, AUVs are equipped with advanced sensors (sonar, cameras, acoustic communication, bio-sensors), have on-board computers for data analysis (image analysis, data compression), and are capable of on-board decision making (resource planning, swarming). Since AUVs operate solely on battery power, power and energy management is a crucial issue. Mission-critical tradeoff decisions have to be made between energy consumption and sensing, data processing, and communication activities. Mission planning has to consider these tradeoffs when provisioning resources for expected future events, or when dealing with changing environmental conditions such weather, water currents, and seafloor profiles. Effective power and energy management requires knowledge about the actual energy consumption of each active component within the AUV. Effective planning requires simulators that can predict energy consumptions based on expected future events and environmental conditions. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of a power measurement infrastructure for the Teledyne Webb research Slocum glider. This infrastructure can be used for online power/energy management or to better understand the time-dependent energy consumption profile of the active glider components during a particular mission. We also discuss the design of a new simulation environment for the Slocum glider which uses the power/energy data obtained by our measurement infrastructure, in addition to seafloor and coastal radar information. We illustrate the effectiveness of the new tools in the context of planning a glider flight across the continental shelf off the coast of New Jersey.
The measurement of NO2 from gas flames

Nitrogen dioxide, NO/sub 2/, along with nitric oxide, NO, constitute the composite known as NO/sub chi/ - or nitrogen oxides - a legally certified air pollutant. Because of this designation and its consequences, it is important to have an accurate and reproducible measure of the trace amount of NO/sub 2/ that may be emitted from gas flames. Having precise and accurate data on NO/sub 2/ emissions for modeling and understanding purposes implies that a standardized measurement protocol has been thoughtfully developed theoretically, rigorously validated experimentally, and routinely practiced. The technical literature reveals that the measurement of NO/sub 2/ emissions from gas flames has been and continues to represent a technical challenge. The purpose of this communication is to convey this message by documenting the quality of the inter- and intralaboratory comparability of NO/sub 2/ emissions data for a common flame, and of the measurement protocols used to acquire these NO/sub 2/ emissions data. The paper concludes with a recommendation that it is in the best interest of the combustion community to adopt a standardized NO/sub 2/ measurement protocol.