cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitation functions of stopping power and flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Abstract Using a relativistic transport (ART) model, we study the stopping power, the formation of superdense hadronic matter as well as the strength of transverse and radial flow in central Au+Au collisions at beam momentum from 2 to 12 GeV/c per nucleon. We find that complete stopping is achieved in the whole beam momentum range. In particular, the proton rapidity distribution scaled by the beam rapidity is independent of the beam momentum, and this is in agreement with the experimental findings. Also, a large volume of superdense hadronic matter is formed in collisions at beam momenta greater than 8 GeV/c per nucleon with a local energy density exceeding that expected for the transition of hadronic matter to a quark-gluon plasma. Furthermore, it is found that the transverse flow in these collisions is sensitive to the nuclear equation of state and decreases with increasing beam momentum. On the other hand, the radial flow is insensitive to the equation of state, and its strength increases with beam momentum.
Dumb money: Mutual fund flows and the cross-section of stock returns

Abstract We use mutual fund flows as a measure of individual investor sentiment for different stocks, and find that high sentiment predicts low future returns. Fund flows are dumb money–by reallocating across different mutual funds, retail investors reduce their wealth in the long run. This dumb money effect is related to the value effect: high sentiment stocks tend to be growth stocks. High sentiment also is associated with high corporate issuance, interpretable as companies increasing the supply of shares in response to investor demand.
A New Class of Two-Dimensional Noncommutative Spaces

We find an infinite number of noncommutative geometries which posses a differential structure. They generalize the two dimensional noncommutative plane, and have infinite dimensional representations. Upon applying generalized coherent states we are able to take the continuum limit, where we recover the punctured plane with non constant Poisson structures.
Anomalies, D-flatness and small instantons

Abstract Recently, Witten has proposed a mechanism for symmetry enhancement in SO (32) heterotic string theory, where the singularity obtained by shrinking an instanton to zero size is resolved by the appearance of an Sp (1) gauge symmetry. In this short letter, we consider spacetime constraints from anomaly cancellation in six dimensions and D-flatness and demonstrate a subtlety which arises in the moduli space when many instantons are shrunk to zero size.
Neuronal Intermediate Filaments

Neuronal intermediate filaments (IFs) are 10–12-nm filaments that are expressed in the nervous system. IF proteins belong to a large gene family and the expression of different IF proteins is tissue specific. In the nervous system, different neuronal IFs are expressed in neuroepithelial stem cells, the central nervous system, and peripheral nervous system. In addition, the expression patterns of these neuronal IFs are developmentally regulated. There are six neuronal IFs that are described in this article. These are the three neurofilament triplet proteins, α-internexin, peripherin, and nestin.
The advanced unified defect model for Schottky barrier formation

The advanced unified defect model (AUDM) for GaAs proposed in this paper can be looked upon as a refinement of the unified defect model (UDM) proposed in 1979 to explain Fermi level pinning on 3–5 compounds due to metals or nonmetals. The refinement lies in identifying the defect producing pinning at 0.75 and 0.5 eV above the valence band maximum as the AsGaantisite. Since the AsGaantisite is a double donor, a minority compensating acceptor is necessary. This is tentatively identified as the GaAsantisite. The concentration of As excess or deficiency due to processing or reactions at interfaces is particularly emphasized in this model. A wide range of experimental data is discussed in terms of this model and found to be in agreement with it. This includes the original data on which the UDM was based as well as more recent data including Fermi level pinning on the free-GaAs(100) molecular-beam epitaxy surface, Schottky barrier height for thick (∼ 1000 A) Ga films on GaAs, and the LaB6Schottky barrier height on GaAs(including thermal annealing effects). Of particular importance is the ability of this model to explain the changes in Schottky barrier height for Al and Au on GaAs due to thermal annealing and to relate these changes to interfacial chemistry.
The X-ray origin of Herbig AeBe systems: New insights

We present a statistical study of the X-ray emission toward 22 Herbig AeBe stars (HAEBE) using the Chandra archive. We probe the origin of the X-rays toward Herbig stars: are they intrinsic?This question is addressed by correlations between the physical stellar properties and the X-ray emission. There is a weak correlation between the continuum radio emission at λ = 3.6 cm and L X, which suggests that the X-ray emission depends upon the source. On the other hand, no correlation was found with the stellar rotational period, but that only excludes solar-like magnetic activity as the origin of the X-rays. Most importantly, the X-ray luminosity of HAEBE has a different distribution from that of T Tauri stars, suggesting that X-ray emission from an unseen late-type star companion can be ruled out with an 80% confidence level. This implies that the HAEBE must have magnetic activity. In addition, we report the observation of five sources for the first time, in three detections.
Benchmarks for new strong interactions at the LHC

New strong interactions at the LHC may exhibit a richer structure than expected from simply rescaling QCD to the electroweak scale. In fact, a departure from rescaled QCD is required for compatibility with electroweak constraints. To navigate the space of possible scenarios, we use a simple framework, based on a 5D model with modifications of AdS geometry in the infrared. In the parameter space, we select two points with particularly interesting phenomenology. For these benchmark points, we explore the discovery of triplets of vector and axial resonances at the LHC.
Merger Histories of Galaxy Halos and Implications for Disk Survival

We study the merger histories of galaxy dark matter halos using a high-resolution ΛCDM N-body simulation. Our merger trees follow ~17,000 halos with masses M0 = 1011–1013 h−1 M☉ at z = 0 and track accretion events involving objects as small as m 1010 h−1 M☉. We find that mass assembly is remarkably self-similar in m/M0 and dominated by mergers that are ~10% of the final halo mass. While very large mergers, m 0.4M0, are quite rare, sizeable accretion events, m ~ 0.1M0, are common. Over the last ~10 Gyr, an overwhelming majority (~95%) of Milky Way-sized halos with M0 = 1012 h−1 M☉ have accreted at least one object with greater total mass than the Milky Way disk (m > 5 × 1010 h−1 M☉), and approximately 70% have accreted an object with more than twice that mass (m > 1011 h−1 M☉). Our results raise serious concerns about the survival of thin-disk-dominated galaxies within the current paradigm for galaxy formation in a ΛCDM universe. In order to achieve a ~70% disk-dominated fraction in Milky Way-sized ΛCDM halos, mergers involving m 2 × 1011 h−1 M☉ objects must not destroy disks. Considering that most thick disks and bulges contain old stellar populations, the situation is even more restrictive: these mergers must not heat disks or drive gas into their centers to create young bulges.
Magnetic lensing near ultramagnetized neutron stars

Extremely strong magnetic fields change the vacuum index of refraction. This induces a lensing effect that is not unlike the lensing phenomenon in strong gravitational fields. The main difference between the two is the polarization dependence of the magnetic lensing, a behaviour that induces a handful of interesting effects. The main prediction is that the thermal emission of neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields is polarized – up to a few per cent for the largest fields known. This potentially allows a direct method for measuring their magnetic fields.
A language-based approach to protocol implementation

Morpheus is a special-purpose programming language that facilitates the efficient implementation of communication protocols. Protocols are divided into three categories, called shapes, so that they can inherit code and data structures based on their category. The programmer implements a particular protocol by refining the inherited structure. Morpheus optimization techniques reduce per-layer overhead on time-critical operations to a few assembler instructions even though the protocol stack is not determined until run time. This supports divide-and-conquer simplification of the programming task by minimizing the penalty for decomposing complex protocols into combinations of simpler protocols. >
Numerical Methods for Separated Flow Solutions around a Circular Cylinder

Numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations were obtained for separated flows around a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers 40, 80, and 200. The flowfields were obtained by using three finite-difference techniques. The implicit scheme solved by matrix factorizations gave the best accuracy and used the least computer time. The flow pattern in the recirculating region of a circular cylinder begins to oscillate as the Reynolds number exceeds 40. The calculated drag coefficients, separation angles, and Strouhal numbers were compared with available experimental data. Computational inaccuracy resulting from numerical approximations needs to be identified before a complicated flow phenomenon can be realistically analyzed.
Demagnetization energy and magnetic permeability tensor of spheroidal magnetic particles dispersed in cubic lattices.

The static demagnetization energies as well as the Polder permeability tensors of uniformly magnetized spheroidal particles arranged periodically in three-dimensional lattices have been calculated. The energy is calculated as a function of aspect ratios, packing densities, and local coordinations: simple-cubic, body-centered-cubic, and face-centered-cubic lattices. The demagnetizing energy is expressed in terms of three demagnetizing factors, ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{x}}$,${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{y}}$, and ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{z}}$. We find that ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{x}}$,${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{y}}$, and ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{z}}$ are well behaved for packing densities reaching the percolation limit. The Polder permeability tensor of the composite is derived in terms of these three demagnetizing factors and as a function of the particle's aspect ratio and packing density. The magnetic particles may be assumed to be magnetically saturated or nonsaturated.
Automorphism Groups of Countably Categorical Linear Orders are Extremely Amenable

We show that the automorphism groups of countably categorical linear orders are extremely amenable. Using methods of Kechris, Pestov, and Todorcevic, we use this fact to derive a structural Ramsey theorem for certain families of finite ordered structures with finitely many partial equivalence relations with convex classes.
Hyperemic Response of the Brachial Artery During the Second Half of Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE To determine if women who developed preeclampsia had measurable differences in the vascular response postrelease of a 1-minute blood flow occlusion. METHODS A total of 33 nulliparous patients were enrolled in this study during the second half of the pregnancy. All had baseline Doppler flow velocities while resting in the left lateral decubitus. Subsequently, a blood pressure cuff was inflated for 60 seconds in the forearm so as to occlude blood flow. Doppler waveforms were analyzed immediately after the release of the blood pressure cuff and on a single beat occurring at 15 second intervals for a total of five readings. After a rest period, patients were asked to squeeze a handheld manometer at maximum strength as long as possible. Doppler waveforms were analyzed as above. The Doppler waveforms of all enrolled patients who subsequently developed preeclampsia any time after the study were compared to those who remained normotensive. RESULTS 1) The "hyperemic response" that occurred immediately after release of the blood pressure occlusion of the forearm was significantly different between patients who subsequently developed preeclampsia compared with those who remained normotensive, 2) the hyperemic response that occurred after the isometric handgrip exercise was not significantly different between the two groups, and 3) sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values were high, but positive predictive values were low. CONCLUSION There was a significant difference in the hyperemic response of the brachial artery to a short period of ischemia of the forearm (blood pressure occlusion) between normotensive patients and a group of patients who subsequently developed preeclampsia.
An Efficient Automated Validation Procedure for Exoplanet Transit Candidates

Surveys searching for transiting exoplanets have found many more candidates than they have been able to confirm as true planets. This situation is especially acute with the Kepler survey, which has found over 2300 candidates but has to date confirmed only a small fraction of them as planets. I present here a general procedure that can quickly be applied to any planet candidate to calculate its false positive probability. This procedure takes into account the period, depth, duration, and shape of the signal; the colors of the target star; arbitrary spectroscopic or imaging follow-up observations; and informed assumptions about the populations and distributions of field stars and multiple-star properties. Applying these methods to a sample of known Kepler planets, I demonstrate that many signals can be validated with very limited follow-up observations: in most cases with only a spectrum and an adaptive optics image. Additionally, I demonstrate that this procedure can reliably identify false positive signals. Because of the computational efficiency of this analysis, it is feasible to apply it to all Kepler planet candidates in the near future, and it will streamline the follow-up efforts for Kepler and other current and future transit surveys.
On the Statistical Nature of Real Sinusoids Associated with Rotating Machinery

Abstract Sherman, P., On the Statistical Nature of Real Sinusoids Associated with Rotating Machinery, Digital Signal Processing12 (2002) 471–483 This paper represents the first phase of an ongoing investigation into the nature of sinusoidal types of random processes associated with real world phenomena. While perfect sinusoids exist only in the mathematical sense, their use as an approximation model in relation to real world phenomena has been and continues to be widespread, often with much value. The motivation for this work is the belief that knowledge of their deviation from such a model can provide additional useful information. The focus of this paper is on sinusoids in relation to random processes associated with rotating machinery. The tools used include mathematical limit theorem results, standard signal processing tools including spectral estimation and Kalman filtering, and basic statistics. Some noteworthy results include the normality of amplitude and frequency probability distributions, the characterization of the same as stationary random processes, and the potential to improve condition monitoring of rotating machinery.
Syntheses of mono- and di-pyrenyl perfluoroalkanes

Abstract The syntheses of a series of fluorophores of the general formula: pyrene-(CF 2 ) n -pyrene ( n =3, 4 and 6) and pyrene-(CF 2 ) n -F ( n =4 and 6) are reported using two different methodologies. Copper catalyzed coupling of 1-bromopyrene and the corresponding mono- and di-iodoperfluoroalkanes are used in most cases. All the compounds have been characterized by 1 H, 13 C, 19 F NMR and mass spectroscopies.
Absorbing aerosols over Asia: A Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory general circulation model sensitivity study of model response to aerosol optical depth and aerosol absorption

[1] Forcing by absorbing atmospheric black carbon (BC) tends to heat the atmosphere, cool the surface, and reduce the surface latent and sensible heat fluxes. BC aerosol can have a large impact on regional climates and the hydrologic cycle. However, significant uncertainties remain concerning the increases in (1) the total amount of all aerosol species and (2) the amount of aerosol absorption that may have occurred over the 1950–1990 period. Focusing on south and east Asia, the sensitivity of a general circulation model's climate response (with prescribed sea surface temperatures and aerosol distributions) to such changes is investigated by considering a range of both aerosol absorption and aerosol extinction optical depth increases. We include direct and semidirect aerosol effects only. Precipitation changes are less sensitive to changes in aerosol absorption optical depth at lower aerosol loadings. At higher-extinction optical depths, low-level convergence and increases in vertical velocity overcome the stabilizing effects of absorbing aerosols and enhance the monsoonal circulation and precipitation in northwestern India. In contrast, the presence of increases in only scattering aerosols weakens the monsoonal circulation and inhibits precipitation here. Cloud amount changes can enhance or counteract surface solar flux reduction depending on the aerosol loading and absorption, with the changes also influencing the surface temperature and the surface energy balance. The results have implications for aerosol reduction strategies in the future that seek to mitigate air pollution concerns. At higher optical depths, if absorbing aerosol is present, reduction of scattering aerosol alone has a reduced effect on precipitation changes, implying that reductions in BC aerosols should be undertaken at the same time as reductions in sulfate aerosols.
Financial integration and international risk sharing

Abstract Conventional wisdom suggests that financial liberalization can help countries insure against idiosyncratic risk. There is little evidence, however, that countries have increased risk sharing despite widespread financial liberalization. We show that the key to understanding this puzzling observation is that conventional wisdom assumes frictionless international financial markets, while actual markets are far from frictionless: financial contracts are incomplete and contract enforceability is limited. When countries remove official capital controls, default risk is still present as an implicit barrier to capital flows. If default risk were eliminated, capital flows would be six times greater, and international risk sharing would increase substantially.
Regge Calculus as a Fourth Order Method in Numerical Relativity

The convergence properties of numerical Regge calculus as an approximation to continuum vacuum general relativity is studied, both analytically and numerically. The Regge equations are evaluated on continuum spacetimes by assigning squared geodesic distances in the continuum manifold to the squared edge lengths in the simplicial manifold. It is found analytically that, individually, the Regge equations converge to zero as the second power of the lattice spacing, but that an average over local Regge equations converges to zero as (at the very least) the third power of the lattice spacing. Numerical studies using analytic solutions to the Einstein equations show that these averages actually converge to zero as the fourth power of the lattice spacing.
Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis

Abstract This paper investigates empirically the determinants of economic growth for a set of semi-industrialized export-oriented economies in which women provide the bulk of labor in the export sector. The primary hypothesis tested is that gender inequality which contributes to women’s relatively lower wages was a stimulus to growth via the effect on exports during 1975–95. Empirical analysis shows that GDP growth is positively related to gender wage inequality in contrast to recent work which suggests that income inequality slows growth. Evidence also indicates that part of the impact of gender wage inequality on growth is transmitted through its positive effect on investment as a share of GDP.
The synthesis of 2-arylmethyl-6-hydroxybenzenecarbonitriles from the base-mediated aryne reaction of bromophenols with arylacetonitriles

A facile one-step synthesis of 2-arylmethyl-6-hydroxybenzenecarbonitriles from readily available arylacetonitriles is described. The substitution pattern was verified by X-ray diffractometric analysis of 2-benzyl-6-hydroxybenzonitrile. An explanation of the addition to and reactivity of the 2,3-didehydrophenoxide intermediate, which is supported by DFT calculations, is presented.
Direct functionalization of sulfides with hypervalent iodine reagents: Methoxysulfonium and amidosulfonium tosylates

Abstract [Methoxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene(1) and N-phenyliodonio carboxamide tosylates( 3 ) react with sulfides in dichloromethane to give methoxysulfonium and amidosulfonium tosylates.
[1.1.1]Propellane: Reaction with electron deficient alkenes and alkynes

Abstract [1.1.1]propellane reacts with tetracyanoethylene to give a 1:1 adduct having a 3-methylenecyclobutyl group spiro-fused to a tetracyanocyclopropane. The reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave a 2:1 adduct, formed via an initial reaction such as found with tetracyanoethylene, followed by the reaction of the dicyanocyclopropene unit in the product with a second propellane. Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane is more reactive than the propellane, and in competition reactions, 1:1:1 adducts are formed.
Flight Performance of Skylab Attitude and Pointing Control System

In 1967 a paper at the AIAA Guidance, Control and Flight Dynamics Conference in Huntsville, Ala. presented for the first time the prot)osed SKYLAB Attitude and Pointing Control System (APCS) The system requirements, Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) configuration, control philosophy, and operational modes were presented and the APCS described. The Initial mission and system design requirements changed during the period of time before the SKYLAB was launched. This paper will review the Initial and final APCS requirements and goals and their relationship. The actual flight mission (and Its alterations during the flight) and known achieved APCS performance will then be presented. SKYLAB was a tremendous success in furthering man's scientific knowledge; but perhaps SKYLAB will be remembered more for the anomalies and the efforts undertaken to solve them. On May 14, 1973, the unmanned SKYLAB Orbital Workshop (OWS) was launched from Cape Kennedy. Serious hardware failures began to occur during ascent through the atmosphere and their spectre continued to haunt both the astronauts and their ground based support team. Nor were these the only surprises affecting the design and operation of the APCS. Mission requirements for pointing to various stellar targets and to nadir for earth resources experiments were added after the hardware was designed. The chance appearance of comet Kohoutek during the SKYLAB operational life-time caused NASA to add comet observation to the mission requirements and to adjust the time when the third crew would man the SKYLAB. The development of new procedures and software for the opportunity to observe this visitor to our solar system is described.
An Achievable Rate Region for Interference Channels with Conferencing

In this paper, we propose an achievable rate region for discrete memoryless interference channels with conferencing at the transmitter side. We employ superposition block Markov encoding, combined with simultaneous superposition coding, dirty paper coding, and random binning to obtain the achievable rate region. We show that, under respective conditions, the proposed achievable region reduces to Han and Kobayashi's achievable region for interference channels, the capacity region for degraded relay channels, and the capacity region for the Gaussian vector broadcast channel. Numerical examples for the Gaussian case are given.
Total curvature and packing of knots

Abstract We establish a new relationship between total curvature of knots and crossing number. If K is a smooth knot in R 3 , R the cross-section radius of a uniform tube neighborhood K, L the arclength of K, and κ the total curvature of K, then crossing number of K 4 L R κ . The proof generalizes to show that for smooth knots in R 3 , the crossing number, writhe, Mobius Energy, Normal Energy, and Symmetric Energy are all bounded by the product of total curvature and rope-length. One can construct knots in which the crossing numbers grow as fast as the ( 4 / 3 ) power of L R . Our theorem says that such families must have unbounded total curvature: If the total curvature is bounded, then the rate of growth of crossings with ropelength can only be linear. Our proof relies on fundamental lemmas about the total curvature of curves that are packed in certain ways: If a long smooth curve A with arclength L is contained in a solid ball of radius ρ, then the total curvature of K is at least proportional to L / ρ . If A connects concentric spheres of radii a ⩾ 2 and b ⩾ a + 1 , by running from the inner sphere to the outer sphere and back again, then the total curvature of A is at least proportional to 1 / a .
USING A DIFFERENTIAL EMISSION MEASURE AND DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN AN ACTIVE REGION CORE TO TEST A STEADY HEATING MODEL

The frequency of heating events in the corona is an important constraint on the coronal heating mechanisms. Observations indicate that the intensities and velocities measured in active region cores are effectively steady, suggesting that heating events occur rapidly enough to keep high-temperature active region loops close to equilibrium. In this paper, we couple observations of active region (AR) 10955 made with the X-Ray Telescope and the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on board Hinode to test a simple steady heating model. First we calculate the differential emission measure (DEM) of the apex region of the loops in the active region core. We find the DEM to be broad and peaked around 3 MK. We then determine the densities in the corresponding footpoint regions. Using potential field extrapolations to approximate the loop lengths and the density-sensitive line ratios to infer the magnitude of the heating, we build a steady heating model for the active region core and find that we can match the general properties of the observed DEM for the temperature range of 6.3 < log T < 6.7. This model, for the first time, accounts for the base pressure, loop length, and distribution of apex temperatures of the core loops. Wemore » find that the density-sensitive spectral line intensities and the bulk of the hot emission in the active region core are consistent with steady heating. We also find, however, that the steady heating model cannot address the emission observed at lower temperatures. This emission may be due to foreground or background structures, or may indicate that the heating in the core is more complicated. Different heating scenarios must be tested to determine if they have the same level of agreement.« less
Cys-loop neuroreceptors: structure to the rescue?

Dennis A. Dougherty is the George Grant Hoag Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from Bucknell University, and in 1978 he completed his Ph.D. with Kurt Mislow at Princeton University. After a year of postdoctoral studies with Jerome Berson at Yale University, he joined the faculty at Caltech. Professor Dougherty’s research employs the techniques of physical organic chemistry to probe biologically important systems, specifically in the field of neuroscience. He is known for the development of the cation−π interaction, a general noncovalent binding force of pervasive importance in biological systems. More recently, he has pursued chemical-scale studies of neuroreceptors and ion channels, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Professor Dougherty’s research has been recognized with a number of awards, including the ACS James Flack Norris Award for Physical Organic Chemistry, the AstraZeneca Excellence in Chemistry Award, the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, and the Javits Neuroscience Investigator, NIH. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science. He is also the coauthor with Dr. Eric Anslyn of the influential textbook Modern Physical Organic Chemistry.
EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINES ON THE METABOLISM OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE RAT BRAIN

THE BIZARRE, stereotyped behavior observed after the administration of amphetamines to several mammahan species (RANDRUP and MUNKVAD, 1967r, 1970”) has been attributed to an increase of dopamine (DA) at its receptors, due to an increased release or an inhibition of reuptake of DA in dopaminergic terminals of the basal ganglia and portions of the limbic system (CARLSSON et aZ.,3 COYLE and SNYDER~). The dextrorotatory isomer appears to be at least 2 (TAYLOR and SNYDER~) and possibly four-to-six-times (SCHEEL-Kx~_?GER~) more potent than levoamphetamine in vivo with respect to the development of stereotyped behavior in the rat and this difference in potency remains unexplained. When we studied the uptake of [3H]DA by a synaptosomal preparation of the rat corpus striatum (HARRIS and BALDESSARINI’), the inhibitory concentration (IC,,,) required to produce a 50 per cent reduction of the accumulation of 0.1 PM rH]DA for the (+)-isomer of amphetamine was about four-times less than for the ( -)-isomer in inhibiting the net accumulation of DA (Table 1). Similarly, in kinetic experiments, the apparent inhibitory constants (&) were found to be O-1 and 0.4 PM for (+)- and (-)-amphetamine, respectively. Furthermore, the (+)-isomer of the para-hydroxylated product of amphetamine was about equipotent against DA-uptake with the corresponding (+)-isomer of amphetamine, whereas racemic mixtures of the beta-hydroxylated products of amphetamine and p-OHamphetamine (norephedrine and p-OH-norephedrine, respectively) had much less inhibitory potency than (-J-)-p-OH-amphetamine or (-)-amphetamine (Table 1). In addition, (-)amphetamine, cocaine and (-)-metaraminol were very similar in their abilities to inhibit DA-accumulation. In contrast to the results with striatal tissues, with cortical homogenates, the dextrorotatory isomer of amphetamine was only slightly more potent in inhibiting the uptake of NE (0.5 pM) and DA (0.2 ,uM) than the (-)-enantiomer. By varying the concentration of either the catecholamine or amphetamine, kinetic analysis by two methods indicated that the &-value for levoamphetamine was less than twice that of dextroamphetamine.
WHAT BUSINESS STUDENTS LEARN FROM FINANCE SIMULATIONS

"The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze two widely used simulations in Finance, Fingame and Finansim, as learning devices which supplement textbooks in managerial finance. The paper discusses the purpose of using these finance simulations, shows the decision-making skills called for, and the need to integrate short-run and long-run decisions as reflected in the participants pro-forma cash budgets, income statements and positions statements. A conceptual framework is designed which indicates the steps which have to be followed by students in reaching their ultimate objectives. Then, the advantages and shortcomings of both Fingame and Finansim as a learning device are discussed along with the need to improve these two simulations. "
Results of treating stage III carcinoma of the breast by primary radiation therapy.

One hundred sixteen patients with stage III carcinoma of the breast were treated by primary radiation therapy. The 5-year actuarial survival and relapsefree survival were 25% and 22%, respectively. The 5-year actuarial probability of local tumor control for the entire group was 64%. In patients undergoing an excisional biopsy and an interstitial implant of the primary tumor area, local control was 100%. In patients who had either an excisional biopsy or an implant, the 5-year actuarial probability of local control was 77% and 76%, respectively. In contrast, in patients having neither an excisional biopsy nor an implant, local control was only 41%. In patients receiving a total dose of greater than 6000 rad, from external beam treatment or from external beam plus an interstitial implant, the local control was 78% compared to 39% in patients receiving a total dose of less than 6000 rad. Forty-one patients received some form of adjuvant therapy. Both local control and relapse-free survival were improved in patients receiving chemotherapy as the sole adjuvant and in patients receiving chemotherapy combined with an endocrine ablative procedure. However, patients treated with only an endocrine ablative procedure had no improvement in survival nor in local control. These results indicate that primary radiation therapy can provide local control in a high proportion of patients with stage III carcinoma of the breast and suggest that chemotherapy is effective in improving both local control and survival in these patients. Cancer 43:985–993, 1979.
Ion chambers for fluorescence and laboratory EXAFS detection

Abstract It is possible to design gas ionization chambers with a noise equivalence of 103 photons/s for 10 keV X-radiation. With such a low noise level, ion detectors can be used for laboratory EXAFS facilities and fluorescence detectors at national synchrotron facilities where the detected signal is above 103 photons/s. In such use the ion chambers are limited by statistical noise and produce as good a signal to noise as counting detectors. The advantages of ion chambers are simplicity, high linearity at high counting rates and large detecting area.
Charm meson scattering cross-sections by pion and rho meson

Abstract Using the local flavor SU(4) gauge invariance in the limit of vanishing vector-meson masses, we extend our previous study of charm-meson scattering cross sections by pion and rho meson, which is based only on the pseudoscalar–pseudoscalar–vector meson couplings, to include also contributions from the couplings among three vector mesons and among four particles. We find that diagrams with light-meson exchanges usually dominate the cross sections. For the processes considered previously, the additional interactions lead only to diagrams involving charm-meson exchanges and contact interactions, and the cross sections for these processes are thus not much affected. Nevertheless, these additional interactions introduce new processes with light-meson exchanges and increase significantly the total scattering cross sections of charm mesons by pion and rho meson.
Finite element simulation of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric coupling in a layered structure

In general, piezoelectric materials are employed as the sources that provide stress coupled electric polarization, while piezomagnetic [1] or magnetostrictive [2?4] materials are used as the sources that provide strain coupled magnetization in magnetoelectric composites. Computer models of ME efficiency are often constructed based on the coupling of piezoelectric and effective piezomagnetic properties. While in fact, the form of piezoelectric/magnetostrictive composite has been most commonly used, and dramatic strain as large as 10?3 (TbDyF2) has been widely reported for magnetostrictive materials. An ideal magnetostrictive material does not show hysteresis behavior, which makes it easy to be controlled when coupled with piezoelectric materials. Furthermore, it is a fourth rank tensor property, which does not contain axial handedness problem [5]. In this approach, a model is constructed to couple fourth rank magnetostriction with piezoelectric in composite form to evaluate the ME efficiency for such materials.
Rival conceptions of rivalry: why some competitions mean more than others

Research question: Despite pervasive attention to the concept of rivalry, there is neither uniform definition nor universal understanding. The purpose of this paper is to explore sport rivalry and derby matches from the fan perspective and identify the most influential elements that characterize rivalry.Research methods: This work employs a sequential exploratory mixed method design. Study 1 engaged 38 fans through open-ended questions to explicate antecedents to 76 rivalries. Study 2 used an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) based on survey responses (n = 429) that measured a broader sampling of rivalries to quantify the importance of the rivalry elements identified in Study 1.Results and findings: We define a rival group as a highly salient out-group that poses an acute threat to the identity of the in-group or to in-group members' ability to make positive comparisons between their group and the out-group. Study 1 identified 11 recurring elements of rivalry: frequency of competition, defining moment, re...
Seshadri constants on symmetric products of curves

Let $X_g=C^{(2)}_g$ be the second symmetric product of a very general curve of genus $g$. We reduce the problem of describing the ample cone on $X_g$ to a problem involving the Seshadri constant of a point on $X_{g-1}$. Using this we recover a result of Ciliberto-Kouvidakis that reduces finding the ample cone of $X_g$ to the Nagata conjecture when $g\ge 9$. We also give new bounds on the the ample cone of $X_g$ when $g=5$.
The Singularity in Generic Gravitational Collapse is Spacelike, Local and Oscillatory

A longstanding conjecture by Belinskii, Khalatnikov and Lifshitz that the singularity in generic gravitational collapse is spacelike, local and oscillatory is explored analytically and numerically in spatially inhomogeneous cosmological space–times. With a convenient choice of variables, it can be seen analytically how nonlinear terms in Einstein's equations control the approach to the singularity and cause oscillatory behavior. The analytic picture requires the drastic assumption that each spatial point evolves toward the singularity as an independent spatially homogeneous universe. In every case, detailed numerical simulations of the full Einstein evolution equations support this assumption.
Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Thiols to Nitrosoalkenes Leading to Chiral Non-Racemic α-Sulfenyl Ketones

The first asymmetric organocatalytic sulfenylation of in situ derived nitrosoalkenes leading to chiral nonracemic α-sulfenylated ketones is described. The transformation proceeds in an umpolung fashion, relative to enolate/azaenolate methods, and uses simple thiols, thereby obviating the need for electrophilic sulfur reagents.
Commissioning experience with the 9.2-m Hobby-Eberly Telescope

The HET is unique among 9-meter class telescopes in featuring an Arecibo-like design with a focal surface tracker. The focal surface tracker causes image quality and pointing/tracking performance to interact in a complex way that has no precedent in astronomical telescope system design and that has presented unusual demands upon commissioning. The fixed-elevation, segmented primary-mirror array offers some simplifications over traditional telescope design in principle, but has presented challenges in practice. The sky access characteristics of the HET also place unique demands on observational planning and discipline. The HET is distinguished by uniquely low construction and operating costs which affected commissioning. In this contribution, we describe those aspects of our commissioning experience that may impact how similar telescopes are designed, especially those with larger aperture, and review the challenges and lessons learned from commissioning a 9-meter class telescope with a small technical team.
The approximation of efficient public good mechanisms by simple voting schemes

This paper compares the performance of simple voting rules, called referenda, to the performance of interim efficient mechanisms for the provision of a public good. In a referendum, voters simply vote for or against the provision of the public good, and production of the public good depends on whether or not the number of yes votes exceeds a prespecified threshold. Costs are shared equally. We show that in large populations for any interim efficient allocation rule, there exists a corresponding referendum that yields approximately the same total welfare when there are many individuals. Moreover, if there is a common value component to the voters’ preferences, then there is a unique approximating referendum.
ASCA Observations of the Young Rotation-powered Pulsars PSR B1046-58 and PSR B1610-50

We present X-ray observations of two young energetic radio pulsars, PSRs B1046-58 and B1610-50, and their surroundings, using archival data from the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA). The energetic pulsar PSR B1610-50 is detected in X-rays with a significance of 4.5 σ. The unabsorbed flux, estimated assuming a power-law spectrum and a neutral hydrogen column density NH of 5 × 1021 cm-2, is (2.5 ± 0.3) × 10-13 ergs cm-2 s-1 in the 2-10 keV band. Pulsed emission is not detected; the pulsed fraction is less than 31% at the 90% confidence level for a 50% duty cycle. We argue that the emission is best explained as originating from a pulsar-powered synchrotron nebula. The X-ray counterpart of the pulsar is the only hard source within the 95% error region of the previously unidentified γ-ray source 3EG J1048-5840. This evidence supports the results of Kaspi et al., who suggest, in a companion paper, that PSR B1046-58 is the counterpart to 3EG J1048-5840. X-ray emission from PSR B1610-50 is not detected. Using assumptions similar to those above, the derived 3 σ upper limit for the unabsorbed 2-10 keV X-ray flux is 1.5 × 10-13 ergs cm-2 s-1. We use the flux limit to estimate the pulsar's velocity to be less than ~170 km s-1, casting doubt on a previously reported association between PSR B1610-50 and supernova remnant Kes 32. Kes 32 is detected, as is evident from the correlation between X-ray and radio emission. The ASCA images of PSR B1610-50 are dominated by mirror-scattered emission from the X-ray-bright supernova remnant RCW 103, located 33' away. We find no evidence for extended emission around either pulsar, in contrast to previous reports of large nebulae surrounding both pulsars.
Search for Interstellar Water in the Translucent Molecular Cloud toward HD 154368

We report an upper limit of 9 x 10(exp 12)/sq cm on the column density of water in the translucent cloud along the line of sight toward HD 154368. This result is based on a search for the C-X band of water near 1240 A carried out using the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) of the Hubble Space Telescope. Our observational limit on the water abundance, together with detailed chemical models of translucent clouds and previous measurements of OH along the line of sight, constrains the branching ratio in the dissociative recombination of H3O(+) to form water. We find at the 3 sigma level that no more than 30% of dissociative recombinations of H3O(+) can lead to H2O. The observed spectrum also yielded high-resolution observations of the Mg II doublet at 1239.9 A and 1240.4 A, allowing the velocity structure of the dominant ionization state of magnesium to be studied along the line of sight. The Mg II spectrum is consistent with GHRS observations at lower spectral resolution that were obtained previously but allow an additional velocity component to be identified.
A Monte Carlo method for modeling thermal damping: Beyond the Brownian motion master equation

The "standard" Brownian motion master equation, used to describe thermal damping, is not completely positive, and does not admit a Monte Carlo method, important in numerical simulations. To eliminate both these problems one must add a term that generates additional position diffusion. He we show that one can obtain a completely positive simple quantum Brownian motion, efficiently solvable, without any extra diffusion. This is achieved by using a stochastic Schrodinger equation (SSE), closely analogous to Langevin's equation, that has no equivalent Markovian master equation. Considering a specific example, we show that this SSE is sensitive to nonlinearities in situations in which the master equation is not, and may therefore be a better model of damping for nonlinear systems.
W49A North: Global or Local or No Collapse?

We attempt to fit observations with 5'' resolution of the J = 2-1 transition of CS in the directions of H II regions A, B, and G of W49A North as well as observations with 20'' resolution of the J = 2-1, 3-2, 5-4, and 7-6 transitions in the directions of H II regions A and G by using radiative transfer calculations. These calculations predict the intensity profiles resulting from several spherical clouds along the line of sight. We consider three models: global collapse of a very large (5 pc radius) cloud, localized collapse from smaller (1 pc) clouds around individual H II regions, and multiple, static clouds. For all three models we can find combinations of parameters that reproduce the CS profiles reasonably well provided that the component clouds have a core-envelope structure with a temperature gradient. Cores with high temperature and high molecular hydrogen density are needed to match the higher transitions (e.g., J = 7-6) observed toward A and G. The lower temperature, low-density gas needed to create the inverse P Cygni profile seen in the CS J = 2-1 line (with 5'' beam) toward H II region G arises from different components in the three models. The infalling envelope of cloud G plus cloud B creates the absorption in global collapse, cloud B is responsible in local collapse, and a separate cloud, G', is needed in the case of many static clouds. The exact nature of the velocity field in the envelopes for the case of local collapse is not important as long as it is in the range of 1-5 km s-1 for a turbulent velocity of about 6 km s-1. High-resolution observations of the J = 1-0 and 5-4 transitions of CS and C34S may distinguish between these three models. Modeling existing observations of HCO+ and C18O does not allow one to distinguish between the three models but does indicate the existence of a bipolar outflow.
A new synthesis of cyclopenta [a] phenanthrene and its carcinogenic derivatives

Abstract A novel synthesis of cyclopenta [a] phenanthrene and its carcinogenic 11-methyl and 17-keto derivatives is described.
Intramolecular hydrosilylation and silicon-assisted cross-coupling: an efficient route to trisubstituted homoallylic alcohols.

Alkylidenesilacyclopentanes (formed by intramolecular hydrosilylation of homopropargyl alcohols) are efficiently coupled with aryl or alkenyl halides in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride and a palladium(0) catalyst. Yields of cross-coupling were generally high, and the reaction is compatible with a wide range of functional groups. The overall transformation achieves the conversion of homopropargyl alcohols to trisubstituted homoallylic alcohols in a highly stereoselective fashion.