cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locomotor function of forelimb protractor and retractor muscles of dogs:evidence of strut-like behavior at the shoulder

The limbs of running mammals are thought to function as inverted struts. When mammals run at constant speed, the ground reaction force vector appears to be directed near the point of rotation of the limb on the body such that there is little or no moment at the joint. If this is true, little or no external work is done at the proximal joints during constant-speed running. This possibility has important implications to the energetics of running and to the coupling of lung ventilation to the locomotor cycle. To test if the forelimb functions as an inverted strut at the shoulder during constant-speed running and to characterize the locomotor function of extrinsic muscles of the forelimb, we monitored changes in the recruitment of six muscles that span the shoulder (the m. pectoralis superficialis descendens, m. pectoralis profundus, m. latissimus dorsi, m. omotransversarius, m. cleidobrachialis and m. trapezius) to controlled manipulations of locomotor forces and moments in trotting dogs (Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus 1753). Muscle activity was monitored while the dogs trotted at moderate speed (approximately 2 m s(-1)) on a motorized treadmill. Locomotor forces were modified by (1) adding mass to the trunk, (2) inclining the treadmill so that the dogs ran up- and downhill (3) adding mass to the wrists or (4) applying horizontally directed force to the trunk through a leash. When the dogs trotted at constant speed on a level treadmill, the primary protractor muscles of the forelimb exhibited activity during the last part of the ipsilateral support phase and the beginning of swing phase, a pattern that is consistent with the initiation of swing phase but not with active protraction of the limb during the beginning of support phase. Results of the force manipulations were also consistent with the protractor muscles initiating swing phase and contributing to active braking via production of a protractor moment on the forelimb when the dogs decelerate. A similar situation appears to be true for the major retractor muscles of the forelimb. The m. pectoralis profundus and the m. latissimus dorsi were completely silent during the support phase of the ipsilateral limb when the dogs ran unencumbered and exhibited little or no increase in activity when the dogs carried added mass on their backs to increase any retraction torque during the support phase of constant-speed running. The most likely explanation for these observations is that the ground force reaction vector is oriented very close to the fulcrum of the forelimb such that the forelimb functions as a compliant strut at the shoulder when dogs trot at constant speed on level surfaces. Because the moments at the fulcrum of the pectoral girdle appear to be small during the support phase of a trotting step, a case can be made that it is the activity of the extrinsic appendicular muscles that produce the swing phase of the forelimb that explain the coupled phase relationship between ventilatory airflow and the locomotor cycle in trotting dogs.
The Glitch in On-line Advertising: A Study of Click Fraud in Pay-Per-Click Advertising Programs

Click fraud is a growing concern for pay-per-click (PPC) advertising programs. An ethical behavior model is proposed that includes evaluation, consequences for others, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The model, which integrates elements from the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behavior, and deterrence theory, was tested using data collected from 155 subjects who were familiar with PPC programs. The results can be used by PPC service providers and law-makers in developing strategies to curb this problem.
Becoming Too Small to Bail? Prospects for Workers in the Current Economy and the 112th Congress - Symposium on Labor and Employment Law Under the Obama Administration: A Time for Hope and Change?

The query in the title is actually a two-part question, and will be addressed as such. First, what is the current state of the economy, in particular for labor, and is there change in it that signals hope for workers, that is, do workers still need some bailing out or will the nascent recovery provide sufficient employment and income earning opportunities? Second, what, if anything can the Obama administration do with policy to help bail out workers and working families, as it had intervened to help bring the "too large to fail" financial and auto companies back from the brink? Or have workers become "too small to bail"? What can be done short term and what can be done long term to bring about further hope and change to workers' standard of living prospects in the US in the second decade of the 21st century? The answer to the first question will be yes, there are indeed some positive developments for workers' well-being in the last year, but more support is necessary so that they do not fizzle out. The answer to the second is also yes, but this might have to wait until 2013, pending the direction of the US 112th Congress, depending on whether the new leadership in the House of Representatives chooses to stymie legislative support regarding labor and employment law or redirect focus only on tax rates and budget cuts.
Peasants, agroforesters, and anthropologists: A 20-year venture in income-generating trees and hedgerows in Haiti

This chapter examines the evolving trajectory and emerging lessons from twenty years of agroforestry project activities in Haiti that made it possible for more than 300 000 Haitian peasant households – over a third of the entire rural population of Haiti – to plant wood trees as a domesticated, income-generating crop on their holdings. Unusual popular enthusiasm for the project derived from several anthropological and technical design factors: the adaptation of the project to pre-existing Haitian land tenure, tree tenure, and market systems; the elevation of micro-economic over macro-ecological themes; the decision to bypass the Haitian government and operate the project through local NGOs (non-government organizations); the use of a joint-venture mode in which smallhold-ers supplied land and labor and the project supplied capital in the form of seedlings; the use of professionally managed small-container seedling technology rather than backyard nurseries; and a project management policy that encouragedfarmer-induced deviations from project assumptions in matters of tree deployment and harvesting schedules. Issues of secure tree tenure were central to farmer planting decisions. The article discusses how secure tree tenure was possible under the heterogeneous informal arrangements that characterize Haitian peasant land tenure. The approach generated the birth of several creative Haitian peasant agroforestry configurations described in the chapter. In discussing lessons learned, the authors argue that long-term environmental payoffs should be viewed, not as the principal project goal, but as secondary side effects of smallholder tree planting decisions made for short-term micro-economic reasons.
Design and implementation of high-throughput RNAi screens in cultured Drosophila cells

This protocol describes the various steps and considerations involved in planning and carrying out RNA interference (RNAi) genome-wide screens in cultured Drosophila cells. We focus largely on the procedures that have been modified as a result of our experience over the past 3 years and of our better understanding of the underlying technology. Specifically, our protocol offers a set of suggestions and considerations for screen optimization and a step-by-step description of the procedures successfully used at the Drosophila RNAi Screening Center for screen implementation, data collection and analysis to identify potential hits. In addition, this protocol briefly covers postscreen analysis approaches that are often needed to finalize the hit list. Depending on the scope of the screen and subsequent analysis and validation involved, the full protocol can take anywhere from 3 months to 2 years to complete.
Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus) II. Variation in the quality and stability of social bonds

A growing body of evidence suggests that social bonds have adaptive value for animals that live in social groups. Although these findings suggest that natural selection may favor the ability to cultivate and sustain social bonds, we know very little about the factors that influence the quality or stability of social bonds. Here, we draw on data derived from a 16-year study of baboons living in seven different social groups in the Amboseli basin of Kenya to evaluate the quality and stability of social bonds among females. Our results extend previous analyses, which demonstrate that females form the strongest bonds with close maternal and paternal kin, age mates (who may be paternal kin), and females who occupy similar ranks but are not maternal relatives. Here we show that the same factors influence the quality and strength of social bonds. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the quality of social bonds directly affects their stability.
EFFECT OF PHAGOCYTOSIS ON MEMBRANE TRANSPORT OF NONELECTROLYTES

The activities of specific transport systems were determined before and after large portions of the surface membrane had been interiorized by phagocytosis of inert particles. In five separate transport systems in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (adenosine and two adenine transport systems) and alveolar macrophages (adenosine and lysine transport systems), the rate of transport was unaffected even after an estimated 35–50% of the membrane had been internalized. Studies of the kinetics of lysine and adenosine transport, exchange diffusion of lysine transport in alveolar macrophages, and the specificities of adenine transport in polymorphonuclear leukocytes indicate that the nature of the membrane transport systems is not altered by phagocytosis. Therefore the constancy of transport indicates that the number of carriers remains the same before and after phagocytosis. It was also shown that this constancy of transport did not depend on the introduction into the surface of new transport sites during phagocytosis. Therefore transport sites are preserved on the surface during the internalization of membrane which accompanies phagocytosis. The results are best explained by the concept that the membrane is mosaic in character with geographically separate transport and phagocytic sites.
Event-Triggering in Distributed Networked Control Systems

This paper examines event-triggered data transmission in distributed networked control systems with packet loss and transmission delays. We propose a distributed event-triggering scheme, where a subsystem broadcasts its state information to its neighbors only when the subsystem's local state error exceeds a specified threshold. In this scheme, a subsystem is able to make broadcast decisions using its locally sampled data. It can also locally predict the maximal allowable number of successive data dropouts (MANSD) and the state-based deadlines for transmission delays. Moreover, the designer's selection of the local event for a subsystem only requires information on that individual subsystem. Our analysis applies to both linear and nonlinear subsystems. Designing local events for a nonlinear subsystem requires us to find a controller that ensures that subsystem to be input-to-state stable. For linear subsystems, the design problem becomes a linear matrix inequality feasibility problem. With the assumption that the number of each subsystem's successive data dropouts is less than its MANSD, we show that if the transmission delays are zero, the resulting system is finite-gain Lp stable. If the delays are bounded by given deadlines, the system is asymptotically stable. We also show that those state-based deadlines for transmission delays are always greater than a positive constant.
Meta-evolutionary ensembles

Ensemble methods have shown the potential to improve on the performance of individual classifiers as long as the members of the ensemble are sufficiently diverse. In this paper we propose a meta-evolutionary approach in which both individual classifiers and ensembles adapt. Ensembles compete for member classifiers, and are rewarded based on their predictive performance. Individual classifiers also evolve, competing to correctly classify test points, and are given extra rewards for getting difficult points right. In this way we aim to build small-sized optimal ensembles rather than form large-sized ensembles of individually-optimized classifiers. We use neural networks as individual classifiers, and feature selection to promote the diversity among classifiers in the. same ensemble. Experimental results on 17 data sets suggest that our algorithms can generate ensembles that are more effective than single classifiers and traditional ensemble methods. We also use the evolutionary framework to explore the role of ensemble characteristics such as size and diversity in creating accurate ensembles.
Laser Encapsulation of Metallic Films in SiO2

Thin films of gold, copper and iron deposited on silica were driven into the substrate by a laser pulse. This transport takes place only when the irradiation is performed at a laser energy density of 0.7 J/cm{sup 2} or lower. Cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the irradiated specimens reveals two distinctive stages in the encapsulation process. In the first, the film melts and clusters into small particles and in the second one the particles are driven into the substrate by the laser pulse. The particle size of encapsulated metal varies from 5 to 50 nm. Selected area diffraction of the large particles and lattice fringe images of the smaller particles reveal pure metals, e.g., gold, copper or iron. Titanium films laser irradiated are not encapsulated in silica; instead, these films react with silica forming an amorphous compound. Apparently, one of the conditions required for encapsulation is that the metal should not react with the substrate material. On subsequent irradiation at a laser energy density of 1.5 J/cm{sup 2}, ablation of silica partially exposes the metallic particles. Strong bonding between a new film deposited after irradiation and the substrate is obtained because these particles anchor the freshly deposited film. Anchoring is clearly revealed by cross sectional TEM. The mechanisms of encapsulation are discussed using results from TEM and adhesion testing.
Import kidney offers and DonorNet: a view from the trenches.

The ability of DonorNet2007(®) screening functions to expedite placement of locally rejected kidneys is unknown. We separately evaluated non-mandatory share regional (n = 641) and national (n = 720) kidney offers to our center between 5/2007 and 2/2009 for cold ischemia time at offer (oCIT) with respect to candidate ranking to identify donor factors associated with early oCIT and assess the impact of screening functions. oCIT was 69 yr (vs. 60-69 yr), serum creatinine peak >2.0 and terminal >2.0 mg/dL, and glomerulosclerosis >15% (vs. 0-5%). The trend in early offers was predominantly attributed to greater proportions of pre-recovery offers. Only one factor, age >69 yr, was significantly associated with proportionately more offers at low sequence numbers. Our data suggest an effect of age within DonorNet(®) screening functions to reduce candidate list size and result in earlier offers. Shorter offer oCITs are otherwise occur largely because of pre-recovery offers from donors with certain types of pre-recovery characteristics.
Research Courses in Education Leadership Programs: Relevance in an Era of Accountability

This study examined master’s degree level research course offerings of 72 university educational leadership programs to examine the relevance of course content to the research skills required of practicing school leaders. Researchers analyzed course titles and descriptions using a classic content analysis approach and the method of constant comparison. The number of research courses required by each program was analyzed descriptively. Findings revealed considerable variation in research course requirements, course titles, and course descriptions between university programs, suggesting a potential lack of consensus on the importance of research skills to school leadership as well as on how these skills typically are identified and described. Analysis of course descriptions indicated minimal emphasis on inquiry skills focused on actual school improvement and program evaluation. This research points to the need for further studies on research course offerings and the inquiry skills needed by practicing school leaders.
Comparative acute toxicities of several pesticides and metals to Mysidopsis bahia and postlarval penaeus duorarum

Effects of toxic chemicals on estuarine and marine crustaceans are often evaluated using the mysid Mysidopsis bahia. In a literature survey of results of acute toxicity tests with estuarine crustaceans, Mysidae and Penaeidae were generally the two most sensitive families. However, neither family was consistently more sensitive (higher LC50 divided by lower LC50 > 2). Mysids were 54 times more sensitive to pyrethroids than were penaeids (N = 3 studies). Yet penaeids were 36 times more sensitive (N = 4 studies) to organochlorines and 5 times more sensitive (N = 17 studies) to organophosphates than were mysids. Acute exposures of ≤24-h-old mysids and second postlarval pink shrimp Penaeus duorarum were conducted to compare responses of these crustaceans to each other, and to values from the literature for other estuarine crustaceans. The test compounds were chloride salts of cadmium, copper, and zinc; the organophosphates diazinon, fenthion, and malathion; and several pyrethroids – cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and permethrin. Results showed that pyrethroid toxicities to mysids and postlarval pink shrimp were similar, organophosphate toxicities were within a factor of 2.6 for both species, and mysids were 3 to 26 times more sensitive to the metals than were larval pink shrimp.
New insights into the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis: pivotal role of glutathione system dysfunction and implications for therapy.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) should no longer be viewed primarily as a ‘chloride channel’ but recognized as a channel that also controls the efflux of other physiologically important anions, such as glutathione (GSH) and bicarbonate. More effective approaches to cystic fibrosis treatment may result from this reconceptualization of the CFTR by researchers and clinicians. For example, oxidant damage in cystic fibrosis has been assumed to be a significant part of the pathophysiology of the disease. Generally speaking, antioxidant status in cystic fibrosis is compromised. However, until recently this was seen as secondary to the excessive chemoattraction of neutrophils in this disease caused by mutation of the CFTR protein, leading to a high oxidant burden. New findings suggest that the cystic fibrosis mutations in fact cause a primary dysfunction in the system of one of the body’s most important antioxidant and immune-signaling substances: the reduced GSH system. Cystic fibrosis mutations significantly decrease GSH efflux from cells without redundant channels to the CFTR; this leads to deficiency of GSH in the epithelial lining fluid of the lung, as well as in other compartments, including immune system cells and the gastrointestinal tract. This deficiency is exaggerated over time as the higher-than-normal oxidant burden of cystic fibrosis leads to successively larger decrements in GSH without the normal opportunity to fully recover physiologic levels. This GSH system dysfunction may be the trigger for initial depletion of other antioxidants and may also play a role in initiating the over-inflammation characteristic of cystic fibrosis. Proper GSH system functioning also affects immune system competence and mucus viscosity, both of relevance to cystic fibrosis pathophysiology. In a way, cystic fibrosis may be thought of as the first identified disease with GSH system dysfunction.
Designing reusable simulation modules for electronics manufacturing systems

Developing simulation models for related problems in the same domain is generally a repetitive process. Such simulation models are similar in many aspects and have only minor differences. Modeling efforts can be reduced to a great extent through the development of domain specific modules or templates that encapsulate the domain-specific logic and hide many of the modeling details. We describe the development of such a domain-specific template for electronics assembly. In particular, the template focuses on the automated assembly of printed circuit boards. The template encompasses the complexity of the target domain and simplifies the model-building process. While this focuses on a language-neutral description of the template, specific experience with Arena is described.
Approximate simulation of stratospheric flow from aircraft data

We show how stratospheric data collected by an aircraft along its flight path can be used to initialize steady state approximate simulations of the stratospheric flow. To this end we reformulate the initial value problem for Boussinesq equations as a large system of stiff ordinary differential equations (using the method of lines). Initial conditions for this system are derived from the aircraft data. As a result we are able to compute the Brunt–Vaisala frequency, Richardson number and the vorticity in the vicinity of the flight path. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Libraries, Social Movements, and Cultural Change: Toward an Alternative Conceptualization of Culture

While sociological conceptualizations of culture span a wide range of metaphors, from codes to elephants to toolkits, they are often insufficiently attuned to the processes through which cultural challenges are advanced by individual and collective actors, and the place of political and institutional power in constraining or nurturing these challenges. Drawing from relevant institutional and cultural theories, this article advances an alternative conceptualization of cultural systems as a vast and interconnected network of libraries. This new conceptualization offers three strengths over existing cultural approaches. First, libraries are viewed as dynamic repositories for cultural materials, containing vast holdings that may be accessed, used, and interpreted in unpredictable ways. Second, libraries are not neutral collection points but rather are enmeshed in a broad complex of forces that both organize and legitimate cultural resources through processes of selective acquisition, categorization, and preservation. Third, because of their entanglement in political and institutional power relations, libraries are often focal points for cultural contestation over the legitimate interpretations and uses of cultural resources. We focus on processes of cultural revitalization, fabrication, and canonization to illustrate the relationship between libraries and power relations, and provide examples of cultural challenges, from antiquity to the present day, via these contestational processes.
Multi-view kernel construction

In many problem domains data may come from multiple sources (or views), such as video and audio from a camera or text on and links to a web page. These multiple views of the data are often not directly comparable to one another, and thus a principled method for their integration is warranted. In this paper we develop a new algorithm to leverage information from multiple views for unsupervised clustering by constructing a custom kernel. We generate a multipartite graph (with the number of parts given by the number of views) that induces a kernel we then use for spectral clustering. Our algorithm can be seen as a generalization of co-clustering and spectral clustering and a relative of Kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis. We demonstrate the algorithm on four data sets: an illustrative artificial data set, synthetic fMRI data, voxels from an fMRI study, and a collection of web pages. Finally, we compare its performance to common alternatives.
Rethinking gender-specific medicine

The past 15 years have produced enormous advances in our understanding of the unique features of biological sex. Nevertheless, important and different tasks remain. One of these is to address the difficulties inherent in including premenopausal women in prospective, randomized trials characterizing the impact of new drugs and interventions. A second compelling mandate is to expand our knowledge of men using the same concentration on the unique features of male biology as we have used in studying women. The inclusion of men in our scientific investigations is a natural evolution of our development of the discipline of gender-specific medicine and will yield the same rich harvest as has our work in women's health.
Direct estimation of patlak parameters from list mode PET data

We describe a method to directly estimate Patlak parameters from list mode data. Based on the Patlak model, the uptake rate function of each voxel can be written as a linear combination of the blood input function and its integral, with the slope and intercept of the Patlak model as the corresponding weight. The positron emission rate in each voxel is then modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process with this rate function. The Patlak parameters are estimated directly from list mode data by maximizing the objective function, formed by the sum of the likelihood of arrival times and a spatial smoothness penalty, using a convergent four dimensional incremental gradient algorithm. Fully four dimensional simulations in a liver phantom demonstrate application of this method to realistic time activity curves.
A new node-join-tree distributed algorithm for minimum weight spanning trees

A distributed algorithm that uses a node-join-tree approach for the minimum-spanning-tree problem in a communication network is developed. The algorithm needs at most (2e+n(n-1)/4) messages in O(n/sup 2/) time on a general random graph. In the best case, it needs only 2e messages in O(log n) time. The parameters e and n are the number of edges and nodes, respectively. Although the worst-case performance is not better than that of tree-join-tree algorithms under some extreme cases, simulation results show that it provides better performance in most cases. The algorithm is initialized from a single node, so that there is no need to wake up all nodes at the beginning. It is less complicated than other algorithms, so that a reliable implementation is easier to achieve. The results can be used to improve the algorithms for many other problems in distributed computing, such as leader-election, node-counting, deadlock-resolution, and message-broadcasting. >
Moveout analysis of wave-equation extended images

Conventionalvelocityanalysisappliedtoimagesproducedby wave-equationmigrationwithacrosscorrelationimagingconditionusesmoveoutinformationfromspacelagsorfocusinginformationfromtimelag.However,morerobustvelocity-estimation methodscanbedesignedtosimultaneouslytakeadvantageofthe semblanceandfocusinginformationprovidedbymigratedimages. Such a velocity estimation requires characterization of the moveout surfaces defined jointly for space- and time-lags extended images. The analytic solutions to the moveout surfaces can be derived by solving the system of equations representing the shifted source and receiver wavefields. The superposition of the surfaces from many experiments shots is equivalent to the envelope for the family of the individual surface. The envelope forms a shape that can be characterized as a cone in the extended space of depth, space lag, and time lag. When imaged with the correct velocity, the apex of the cone is located at the correct reflectiondepthandatzerospaceandtimelags.Whenimagedwith the incorrect velocity, the apex of the cone shifts in the depth direction and along the time-lag axis. The characteristics of the cones are directly related to the quality of the velocity model. Thus, their analysis provides a rich source of information for velocity model-building. Synthetic examples verify the derived formulas characterizing the moveout surfaces. The analytic formulas match the numeric experiments well, demonstrating the accuracy of the formulas. Based on information provided by the extended imaging condition, future application for velocity updates can benefit from the robustness of the depth-focusing analysisandofthehighresolutionofthesemblanceanalysis.
Monolithic integration of InGaAs-GaAs MQW DBR lasers with external cavity electroabsorption modulators

In this paper, InGaAs-GaAs MQW DBR lasers with monolithically integrated external cavity electroabsorption modulators fabricated using selective-area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and also fabricated using uniform material will be discussed.
Relative Contribution of Monooxygenase and Esterase to Pyrethroid Resistance in Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Argentina and Bolivia

Abstract Recently, high resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has been associated with ineffective field treatments against Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in northern Argentina. Samples were collected from two areas in Argentina (Salta and La Rioja) and one are in Bolivia (Yacuiba), and they were subjected to toxicological and biochemical assays. All populations were resistant to deltamethrin, but they showed different profiles to nonpyrethroid insecticides. The Salta population showed high resistance ratios (RRs) to deltamethrin and only slight differences in the susceptibility to fenitrothion and fipronil compared with the reference strain. Otherwise, the La Rioja population showed a lower RR to deltamethrin and no resistance to fenitrothion or fipronil. Finally, the Yacuiba population had high a RR to deltamethrin, but it was susceptibility to fenitrothion and fipronil. In several cases, deltamethrin-resistant populations had higher susceptibility to bendiocarb than the reference str...
Extraction of Geopotential Height and Temperature Structure from Profiler and Rawinsonde Winds

Mesoscale height and temperature fields can be extracted from the observed wind field by making use of the full divergence equation. Mass changes associated with irrotational ageostrophic motions are retained for a nearly complete description of the height field. Above the boundary layer, in the absence of friction, the divergence equation includes terms composed of the components of the wind and a Laplacian of the geopotential height field. Once the mass field is determined, the thermal structure is obtained through application of the hypsometric equation. In this paper an error analysis of this divergence method is undertaken to estimate the potential magnitude of errors associated with random errors in the wind data. Previous applications of the divergence method have been refined in the following ways. (i) The domain over which the method is applied is expanded to encompass the entire STORM-FEST domain. (ii) Wind data from 23 profiler and 38 rawinsonde sites are combined in the analysis. (iii) Observed profiler and rawinsonde data are interpolated to grid points through a modified objective analysis, and (iv) the variation in elevation of the profiler sites is taken into account. The results of the application of the divergence method to the combined wind data from profiler and rawinsonde sites show good agreement between the retrieved heights and temperatures and the observed values at rawinsonde sites. Standard deviations of the difference between the retrieved and observed data lie well within the precision of the rawinsonde instruments. The difference field shows features whose magnitude is significantly larger than the errors predicted by the error analysis, and these features are systematic rather than random in nature, suggesting that the retrieved fields are able to resolve mesoscale signatures not fully captured by the rawinsonde data alone. The divergence method is also applied solely to the profiler data to demonstrate the potential of the divergence method to provide mass and thermal fields on a routine basis at synoptic times when operational rawinsonde data are not available. A comparison of the heights derived from the profiler winds with those independently measured by rawinsondes indicates that valuable information on the evolution of atmospheric height and temperature fields can be retrieved between conventional rawinsonde release times through application of the divergence method. The implications of the results for applications of the method in weather analysis and in numerical weather prediction are discussed.
A Study Of The Role Indian Accountants In Managerial Decision Making

This paper studies the extent of participation of accountants in the managerial decision making process in India. In general, accountants had the most influence over decisions relating to management information systems (MIS), financing, production, resource allocation, new product introduction and discontinuance of old products. They had the least influence over decisions relating to marketing and personnel. For some of the decision variables studied, professional experience and size of firm were significant factors affecting responses. Factor and cluster analyses identified two distinct factors/clusters: a participation factor/cluster consisting of eight of the nine participatory variables studied, and a MIS-budgeting factor/cluster consisting of usefulness of the budget, involvement in MIS decisions, and the level of top management support.
A Framework for Translating an Evidence-Based Intervention from English to Spanish.

This article describes the development of a framework for the Spanish language adaptation of an evidence-based intervention. A systematic literature search of language adaptation of interventions highlighted most published research focuses on the translation of assessment tools rather than interventions. In response, we developed the Participatory and Iterative Process Framework for Language Adaptation (PIPFLA), a descriptive step-by-step example of how to conduct the language adaptation of an intervention that is grounded in principles of good practice and facilitates transparency of the process. A bilingual team composed of project staff, translators, and two small panels of local community experts—composed of Latino community-based clinicians and Latino immigrant parents—participated in the language adaptation of the intervention. The panels reviewed the translated materials and offered their independent emic perspectives; the intervention represented the etic perspective. Both perspectives informed an...
Na,K-ATPase Abundance and Activity in HeLa Cells Transfected with Rat α Isoforms

Since Na,K-ATPase is a heterodimer of an α catalytic subunit and a s glycoprotein subunit assembled in a 1:1 stoichiometry, synthesis of αs heterodimers depends on the rate of synthesis of both α and s subunits. We have previously demonstrated that s is synthesized in excess over a subunits in two renal epithelial cell lines: LLC-PK1 cells, where s is synthesized in 3-fold excess over α (4), and MDCK cells where s is synthesized in 5 fold excess (8). In both cell lines there is a component of degradation of nascent s, presumably the excess unassembled subunits, during the first 30–60 min after synthesis. There is no detectable degradation of nascent α during this period, and subsequently there is coordinate degradation of α and s, presumably αs heterodimers, with a t1/2 of 10–12 hr (4).
Blood clotting time and tissue mast cell number of the bat (Myotis lucifugus) in different physiological states.

Summary1. Blood coagulation times and tissue mast cell counts were determined on summer and winter bats and upon their exposure to 5°C and 23°C; respectively. 2. In nature the blood clotting time of the active summer bat is short, while that of the dormant winter bat is prolonged. Exposure of the summer bat to 5°C and the winter bat to 23°C in the laboratory results in a lengthening and a shortening of the clotting, respectively. The number of tissue mast cells in the duodenum appear to increase in the former case and decrease in the latter instance. 3. The above changes are interpreted as indicating the presence of a mechanism which prevents thrombus formation under the conditions of slow blood flow during dormancy and which allows for rapid clotting when the bat is active. The mast cell changes suggest that the alterations in clotting time are determined at least in part by alterations in the availability of heparin to the circulation.
Higher Order Pancharatnam-Berry Phase and the Angular Momentum of Light

The first experimental demonstration of a new Pancharatnam-Berry phase for light beams with spatially inhomogeneous, or vector, states of polarization referred to as the higher-order Pancharatnam-Berry phase is presented. This new geometric phase is proportional to light's total angular momentum, a sum of spin and higher dimensional orbital angular momentum, sharply contrasting the well-known Pancharatnam-Berry phase associated with the plane wave state of polarization of a spatially homogeneous light beam. The higher-order Pancharatnam-Berry phase is directly related to the rotational symmetry of a vortex-bearing electromagnetic field, associated with the rotational frequency shift of a light beam, and has implications in quantum information science as well as other physical systems such as electron vortex beams.
Abstract 307: Germline ablation of candidate forerunner gene, P2RY5, in a mouse model.

Our prior studies have suggested that genes mapping around the tumor suppressor RB1 termed forerunner (FR) genes were silenced by methylation or mutations in in situ phases of urothelial carcinogenesis and were potentially driving the development of clonal mucosal field effects. In order to verify these correlative observations, we have developed a mouse ablation model of a candidate FR gene, P2RY5 mapping within intron 17 of RB1 and encoding G protein receptor. In order to facilitate a germline ablation of P2RY5, a knock-out construct was generated to delete the P2RY5 reading frame. The construct was inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells and the gene was ablated by mating the animals with CMV-cre mice. The effect of P2RY5 deletion on cell proliferation was assessed on cultured fibroblasts derived from embryos with P2RY5 ablation (P2RY5-/-) and from control embryos (P2RY5 +/+). The effect of P2RY5 ablation in the urothelium was assessed on bladders of P2RY5-/- and P2RY5 +/+ mice. The bladders were fixed in formalin and the proliferation status in the urothelium was assessed by immunohistochemical and immunoflourescent staining for Ki67and PCNA. The status of the urothelium was assessed by immunohistochemical and immunoflourescent staining for cytokeratins 5, 14, and 18. In addition, the effect of silencing P2RY5 on global gene expression patterns was evaluated on mouse embryonic fibroblasts using Illumina mouse cDNA expression microarrays. P2RY5-/- embryonic fibroblasts showed dramatically increased proliferation and colony formation rates as compared to P2RY5 +/+ cells. cDNA micro analysis shows that silencing P2RY5 activated several important oncogenic pathways including NFκB and STAT3. Similarly, P2RY5-/- urothelium contained nearly three times more proliferating cells as compared to P2RY5 +/+ urothelium. The increased proliferation rate was associated with the striking expansion of the peribasal layer as documented by staining for cytokeratin 5 and 14. In the P2RY5 +/+ urothelium the cytokeratin 5 and 14 positive cells formed a sparse single basal layer. In contrast, in the P2RY5-/- urothelium, these cells formed irregular mounds overcrowded with peribasal cells. Taken together, our observations show that the silencing of P2RY5 increases the growth rate of mouse embryonic fibroblasts via the activation of several oncogenic pathways and causes an increase in the proliferation rate in the urothelium resulting in urothelial hyperplasia recapitulating incipient events of urothelial carcinogenisis. Citation Format: Bogdan A. Czerniak, Sangkyou Lee, Ying Wang, Jolanta Bondaruk, Taddeusz Majewski, Woongyoung Choi, David McConkey, Richard R. Behringer. Germline ablation of candidate forerunner gene, P2RY5, in a mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 307. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-307
Phylogenetic relationships among Unionicola (Acari: Unionicolidae) mussel-mites of North America based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences

Water mites of the genus Unionicola Haldeman, 1842 are common symbionts of molluscs, living on the gills or mantle and foot of their hosts and using these tissues as sites of oviposition. Phylogenetic relationships among species that comprise the genus are poorly understood and what is known has been based on a limited number of morphological and life history characters or molecular sequence data using closely-related taxa. The present study uses sequence data from the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene (664 bp) to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among representative species of North American Unionicola from eight subgenera that occur in symbiotic association with freshwater mussels. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis yielded trees with similar topologies, and most of the branches have moderate to high bootstrap support. The topologies of these gene trees are mostly congruent with a previously published morphologically-derived tree. Specifically, the gene trees support monophyly among mites from subgenera that occur in association with the gill tissues of host mussels. The molecular trees of Unionicola mites generated by this study must, however, be interpreted with caution, given that the analysis is based exclusively on Unionicola subgenera from North America. A more robust phylogeny of Unionicola mussel-mites will require the addition of molecular sequence data from taxa outside of North America.
Renormalizable two-parameter piecewise isometries

We exhibit two distinct renormalization scenarios for two-parameter piecewise isometries, based on 2π/5 rotations of a rhombus and parameter-dependent translations. Both scenarios rely on the recently established renormalizability of a one-parameter triangle map, which takes place if and only if the parameter belongs to the algebraic number field K=Q(5) associated with the rotation matrix. With two parameters, features emerge which have no counterpart in the single-parameter model. In the first scenario, we show that renormalizability is no longer rigid: whereas one of the two parameters is restricted to K, the second parameter can vary continuously over a real interval without destroying self-similarity. The mechanism involves neighbouring atoms which recombine after traversing distinct return paths. We show that this phenomenon also occurs in the simpler context of Rauzy-Veech renormalization of interval exchange transformations, here regarded as parametric piecewise isometries on a real interval. We explore this analogy in some detail. In the second scenario, which involves two-parameter deformations of a three-parameter rhombus map, we exhibit a weak form of rigidity. The phase space splits into several (non-convex) invariant components, on each of which the renormalization still has a free parameter. However, the foliations of the different components are transversal in parameter space; as a result, simultaneous self-similarity of the component maps requires that both of the original parameters belong to the field K.
The Organizational Imperative and Supervisory Control: Their Effects on Managerial Ethics

Tom Reynolds is in charge of a group of building inspectors. Generally, his policy is to allow the inspectors to make their own decisions as to whether a building violates local codes, a policy they strongly support. Two inspectors have reported to Tom that they have found a number of slum buildings in their jurisdiction to be in serious violation of the law. This afternoon, Tom has been informed by an aide to the Mayor that the buildings are owned by one of the Mayor's strongest supporters in the last election. The Mayor's office views the owner's support as critical in the coming election. However, the owner has threatened to withdraw his support if his buildings are found to be in violation. It is suggested to Tom that he knows what to tell his inspectors. Tom is wondering what to do and has decided to approach his supervisor.
Energy-efficient stochastic matrix function estimator for graph analytics on FPGA

Big Data applications require efficient processing of large graphs to unveil information that is hidden in the structural relationships among objects. In order to cope with the growing complexity of data sets many graph algorithms can be expressed to apply linear algebra operations for which highly efficient algorithms exist. In this paper we present an FPGA implementation of a stochastic matrix function estimator, a powerful framework for statistical approximation of general matrix functions. We apply the accelerator to the subgraph centrality method for ranking nodes in complex networks. Performance and energy consumption results are based on actual measurements of a POWER8 hybrid compute platform. A single FPGA co-processor improves the runtime by more than 50% compared to multi-threaded software while delivering the same estimation quality. In terms of energy consumption the FPGA outperforms CPU and GPU solutions by a factor of 13× and 3×, respectively. Our results show that FPGA co-processors can provide significant gains for graph analytics applications and are a promising solution for energy efficient computing in the data center.
Checking Privilege at the Door: Men’s Reflections on Masculinity in Women’s and Gender Studies Courses

Certain types of masculinity undergird gender inequality, but different contexts may encourage individuals to conceptualize gender in new and unique ways. Women’s and Gender Studies (WGS) university courses support this for women, but less is known about men’s experiences. Through an analysis of interview data from 15 men who have taken WGS courses, we ask: What do men experience in the WGS classroom and how do men perceive that their experiences in WGS courses shape their conceptualizations of gender and gender relations? Men described developing their understandings of gender inequality after taking a WGS course and they applied this knowledge beyond the classroom. We address the different ways men negotiate gendered classroom dynamics, with some men articulating that their gender provided a unique position from which to participate and others reporting more discomfort. We discuss the findings’ implications regarding men disrupting or perpetuating hegemonic understandings of masculinity within educational contexts.
(Mg rich primer-powder topcoat) coating system for the corrosion protection of Al alloys

Abstract (Mg rich primer-powder topcoat) coating system was first developed and characterized in this research for the corrosion protection of Al alloys. Feasibility of using Mg rich primer (MgRP) as an under layer for powder topcoat was proved through evaluating thermal stability of MgRP, adhesion strength of the (MgRP-powder topcoat) coating systems, and cross-section images of the coating systems. In addition, corrosion protection effects of (MgRP-powder topcoat) coating system were evaluated by exposing samples to accelerated weathering test. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and visual inspection were conducted during exposure. The results show that (MgRP-powder topcoat) coating systems provided much longer corrosion protection time to Al substrate than the powder topcoat alone. Moreover, gloss measurements indicated that for the coating systems tested in this research, using MgRP as an under layer does not affect the final coating appearance.