cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Handoff Communication Between Hospital and Outpatient Dialysis Units at Patient Discharge: A Qualitative Study

Article-at-a-Glance Background Hemodialysis patients are vulnerable to adverse events, including those surrounding hospital discharge. Little is known about how dialysis-specific information is shared with outpatient dialysis clinics for discharged patients, and the applicability of existing models of handoff transitions is unknown. Methods Semistructured interviews were performed with 36 dialysis care physicians, nurses, and social workers in hospital and outpatient settings. Interviews were transcribed and qualitatively analyzed by trained coders. Intercoder reliability was measured by Cohen's kappa. Findings Quality of communication and the actual process were highly variable. Good communication was described as timely, with standardized content, and coordinated between disciplines. A lack of standards, time/workload imbalance, incompatible electronic records between facilities, and unawareness of pending discharge plans were noted barriers to good communication. Poor or absent communication contributes to adverse events, including omission of antibiotics, mismanagement of congestive heart failure, readmissions, and loss of patient trust. Creating explicit standards for communication, fostering accountability, documenting receipt in the outpatient clinic, and continual feedback from outpatient to inpatient settings are methods to facilitate improvement and reduce preventable adverse events. Conclusions Standardizing the communication process between inpatient and outpatient dialysis units when patients are discharged from the hospital has potential to reduce adverse events related to poor communication and improve patient care during this transition. Interprofessional collaboration has potential to create robust solutions to this complex problem and foster a culture of multidisciplinary reflexivity.
Papillary Cystadenocarcinoma of the Prostate

We report an unusual case of papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the prostate causing symptoms of prostatism.
Alleles at a quantitative trait locus for stem solidness in wheat affect temporal patterns of pith expression and level of resistance to the wheat stem sawfly

The stem solidness trait in wheat has been the most effective mechanism for management of the wheat stem sawfly (WSS) for six decades. However, recent results have shown that in certain genotypes, the degree of stem solidness is not a useful indicator of WSS resistance. A morphological characterization of solidness expression indicated that in the genotype ‘Conan’, very solid pith undergoes rapid retraction during stem maturation, resulting in significantly less solidness at maturity. In other solid-stemmed genotypes, including the standard WSS-resistant cultivar ‘Choteau’, dense pith in the stem remains nearly unchanged throughout plant development. In cage trials, ‘Conan’ plants were less preferred for oviposition by the WSS when paired with ‘Choteau’ plants. Field bioassays using near-isogenic lines differing for alleles at Qss.msub-3BL showed that the Conan allele provides higher levels of early stem solidness and rapid pith retraction during stem maturation. These results suggest that the traditional approach for increasing WSS resistance by selecting for increasing stem solidness needs to be modified to consider temporal variations in pith expression associated with alleles at Qss.msub-3BL.
Computer Security in Scientific and Administrative Environments

The use of and the communication via computer becomes widespread. Along with this more and more confidential data are stored in computers or send through computer networks. The unauthorized access to the confidential data has to be restricted. The standard to do so is the use of modern cryptographic tools. A short introduction to cryptography is given. The application of the tools to standard computer Security problems is demonstrated.
Modeling geothermal energy efficiency from abandoned oil and gas wells to desalinate produced water

Abstract This study investigated the use of low temperature geothermal resources to convert salty produced water into a freshwater resource. The research retrofits soon-to-be-shut-down oil and gas wells as geothermal wells, simultaneously overcoming drilling costs and scale formation by using a freshwater closed loop system for thermal energy delivery. Heat transfer modeling was combined with water treatment thermodynamics to develop a predictive tool that can be used to estimate daily deliverable treated water. Results indicated that the developed model was most sensitive to well depth, geothermal gradient, and total dissolved solids in the produced water. Results also indicated that a 4000 m deep well with a geothermal gradient of 0.05 °C/m can successfully treat produced water with as high as 170,000 mg/L total dissolved solids and still deliver almost 600,000 L of clean water per day. An illustrative demonstration indicated that in the Eagle Ford Shale in Texas, > 60% of the drilled basin area can deliver at least half a million liters of treated water daily under ideal conditions. This is particularly meaningful as Texas experiences extended periods of drought and the treated produced water would represent a new and resilient source of water.
Linking Language & Thinking with Code: Computing within a Writing-Intensive Introduction to the Liberal Arts

This paper describes the design, implementation and preliminary evaluation of a computing component for a three-week writing-intensive introductory program at a liberal arts college. Specific curricular recommendations are presented that could have a direct, positive impact if adopted in similar courses. A two-pronged approach involving a faculty-led HTML workshop, along with student-led contextualized coding studios, was employed. Computing Unplugged activities were used, including a novel Page Rank Unplugged networking activity. An analysis of attitude surveys shows the program positively changed students attitudes about enjoyment solving CS problems, but potentially reinforced the misconception that CS is just learning programming languages.
Phosphorus scarcity and desiccation stress increase the occurrence of dominant taxa in wetland benthic primary producer communities

A few dominant species of plants often disproportionately contribute to primary production; however, dominance has an underappreciated influence on ecosystem processes and functioning. Cascading impacts of dominant species have been documented in ecosystems undergoing eutrophication, but competitive exclusion may also influence dominance structures when limiting nutrients become scarce (i.e., in lakes experiencing oligotrophication) or with exposure to stressors to which few species are adapted (i.e., desiccation stress in wetlands). To predict impacts of widespread changes in nutrients and hydrology on dominance structures in aquatic ecosystems, we need quantitative assessments of dominance of important primary producers, including algae and cyanobacteria, which can regulate other structural and functional properties of ecosystems. We used a highly spatiotemporally resolved (7 years, 165 sites) dataset from the abundant microbial mats of the Florida Everglades to assess how and why the degree of dominance and the identity of dominant taxa vary across nutrient and desiccation gradients. Using algal counts and the dimensions of algal units (cells, coenobia, colonies, and filaments), we measured dominance as relative biovolume. As hypothesized, the relative biovolume of dominant taxa increased and the number of taxa comprising 95% of the biovolume decreased with lower concentrations of limiting nutrient in the mats (phosphorus; P) and higher desiccation stress. Algal taxa that regulate the structural integrity of mats, such as the filamentous, calcium carbonate precipitating cyanobacterium Scytonema sp., strongly influenced these patterns through their tolerance of P scarcity and desiccation. Our indicators and approach can be used to test whether dominance of microscopic primary producers, and other organisms, increases with nutrient scarcity and desiccation stress in other aquatic ecosystems.
How the Sharpe Ratio Died, and Came Back to Life

Selection bias under multiple backtesting makes it impossible to assess the probability that a strategy is false (Bailey et al. [2014]). This has two implications: 1) “Most claimed research findings in empirical Finance are likely false” (Harvey et al. [2016]) 2) Most quantitative firms invest in false positives Selection bias explains the high rate of failure among quantitative hedge funds: They do not have the technology to distinguish between a true strategy and a false strategy. The goal of this presentation is to introduce such technology, so that academic journals, regulators and investors may discard false strategies with confidence. The full paper can be found at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3167017
The U.S. Supreme Court’s Theory of Common Law Punitive Damages: An Inauspicious Start

This essay, which was written for a book on whether European tort law ought to incorporate punitive damages, asks whether the United States Supreme Court has a “theory” of punitive damages and if so, how well does it explain and justify punitive damages. The essay first reviews the Supreme Court’s various constitutional theories of punitive damages, that is, whether and how state punitive damages awards are limited by the Due Process Clause. It then looks at the Supreme Court’s efforts to articulate a theory of punitive damages under federal common law in Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker. It concludes that the theory expressed in Exxon Shipping overstated the need for its doctrine to provide defendants (and plaintiffs) with predictable awards and ignored (or rejected without engaging) arguments for punitive damages provided by efficient deterrence theorists in the academy.
Successful aortic valvotomy for severe congenital valvular aortic stenosis in the newborn infant

The preoperative evaluation, surgical course, and early follow-up results of 11 newborn infants less than 30 days of age who underwent aortic valvotomy for severe valvular aortic stenosis between 1976 and 1983 were reviewed to determine our current surgical mortality and the early prognosis of these neonates. Ten of the 11 patients had severe congestive heart failure and dyspnea. Preoperative cardiac catheterization and angiography detected features characteristic of congenital aortic valvular stenosis in newborn infants. Emergency aortic valvotomy was performed in all during cardiopulmonary bypass, for which a cold (4° C) blood prime and moderate systemic hypothermia were used. An effort was made to achieve maximal relief of the stenosis without causing aortic insufficiency. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass time was 21 minutes and mean cross-clamp time was 6.4 minutes. There was a single operative death, and there have been no late deaths during a mean follow-up period of 2.2 years. All patients are currently free of heart failure. Four patients underwent postoperative cardiac catheterization for clinical suspicion of severe residual stenosis. However, three had only mild or moderate residual stenosis. The fourth had a large gradient, 70 mm Hg, and has since undergone successful repeat valvotomy. These results indicate that neonates with severe valvular aortic stenosis can undergo valvotomy safely and have a favorable early prognosis. The factors responsible for the low mortality appear to include prompt recognition and diagnosis followed by emergency operation, use of a 4° C cold pump prime, brief cross-clamp times, and conservative valvotomy to avoid the development of significant aortic insufficiency.
Neurologic Examination and Functional Assessment after Spinal Cord Injury

Accurate neurologic assessment of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) is important to document deficits, monitor the results of treatments, plan appropriate rehabilitation, and conduct research.The newly proposed international standards for the classification of the patient with SCI facilitates communication between centers and permits comparison of outcome and research data. Factors influencing neurologic recovery in the zone of injury as well as below the level of injury are presented. Functional expectations of SCI neurologic levels are described. Functional scales in SCI include the Modified Barthel Index, The Functional Independence Measure, and the Quadriplegia Index of Function. The Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique is a new tool for the quantification of handicap. Performance may differ from expectations, however. More widespread use of functional assessment measures in SCI treatment and research is needed to evaluate the practical benefits of therapeutic, pharmacologic, and surgical interventions.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY IN CHRONICALLY ALTERED RAT NEPHRONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that in hypertrophic altered nephrons, tubular absorptive capacity for glucose (Tg) is increased in the entire proximal tubule. A maximal Tg (Tmg) is more than three times greater in altered hypertrophic than in normal proximal tubules. Tg is complete in the normal pars recta when physiological glucose concentrations are injected in late proximal convolutions as it also is after early proximal injections. The findings presented in the chapter suggest a similar Tg in the convoluted as well as in the straight portions of the normal proximal tubules. The enhancement of Tg in hypertrophic tubules appears to be related not only to the degree of tubular hypertrophy but even more so to hyperplasia. The chapter demonstrates the correlation between compensatory adaptations in tubular structure and functional absorptive capacities. The data suggests that adaptive growth processes with a functional counterpart could occur in some nephrons during the evolution of chronic renal insufficiency.
Failure of polymer matrix composites in defence applications

Abstract: In this chapter the application of polymer composites in defense applications is presented. Currently, more applications in vehicles, armor and aerospace are connected with composite structures; the main reasons being their unique features: light weight, corrosion resistance and excellent strength to weight ratio. The ballistic damage issues connected with the durability of composite and structure implications of helicopter main rotor blades are described. The importance of integrity monitoring (non-destructive testing) methods with a novel signal processing approach are explained as the techniques that may prevent failure. Finally, the trends in modeling the composites are outlined.
Contributions of the Insula to Speech Production

The production of spoken language requires the orchestration of up to 100 muscle groups. In the conventional paradigm, Broca’s area in the posterior aspect of the dominant inferior frontal gyrus serves as the coordinating center for this process. Data from clinical and neuroradiological studies, however, challenge that notion and associate the insula with coordination of speech articulation. The present chapter provides a cohesive overview of contributions of the insula to speech production.
Application of Machine Learning to Biometric Systems- A Survey

A summary of existing work on the use of machine learning and deep learning methods in biometrics is presented here. Biometrics traits covered include physiological (image, voice) as well as behavioral (gait, signature) features. This study shows that machine learning has a high potential to improve the performance of biometrics systems due to ML's ability to mine, search and analyze big sets of data, performing matching tasks more quickly and reliably than the conventional methods. At the end some key challenges in use of adopting ML in biometrics systems are pointed out.
The Analysis of Two-mode Networks - State-of-the-art Methods with Examples

Much of the network based research in the management field is based on one-mode networks, even though a large number of inter-organizational networks are two-mode networks. In empirical studies, sc...
Designing Agent Utilities for Coordinated, Scalable and Robust Multi-Agent Systems

Coordinating the behavior of a large number of agents to achieve a system level goal poses unique design challenges. In particular, problems of scaling (number of agents in the thousands to tens of thousands), observability (agents have limited sensing capabilities), and robustness (the agents are unreliable) make it impossible to simply apply methods developed for small multi-agent systems composed of reliable agents. To address these problems, we present an approach based on deriving agent goals that are aligned with the overall system goal, and can be computed using information readily available to the agents. Then, each agent uses a simple reinforcement learning algorithm [26] to pursue its own goals. Because of the way in which those goals are derived, there is no need to use difficult to scale external mechanisms to force collaboration or coordination among the agents, or to ensure that agents actively attempt to appropriate the tasks of agents that suffered failures.
Editor’s overview: outcomes and benefits of mentoring

This issue of Mentoring and Tutoring: Partnership in Learning includes research from scholars representing California, Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania in the United States as well as New Zealand a...
Detection of Microsatellite Instability Biomarkers via Next-Generation Sequencing.

A high level of microsatellite instability (MSI-H+) is an emerging predictive and prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy response in cancer. Recently, MSI-H+ has been detected withinin a variety of cancer types, in addition to the classical cancers associated with Lynch Syndrome. Clinical testing for MSI-H+ is currently performed primarily through traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. However, next-generation sequencing (NGS) based approaches have been developed which have multiple advantages over traditional assays. For instance, NGS has the ability to interrogate thousands of microsatellite loci compared with just 5–7 loci that are detected by PCR. In this chapter, we detail the biochemical and computational steps to detect MSI-H+ from analysis of paired tumor and normal samples through NGS. We begin with DNA extraction, describe sequencing library preparation and quality control (QC), and outline the bioinformatics steps necessary for sequence alignment, pre-processing and MSI-H+ detection using the software tool MANTIS. This workflow is intended to facilitate more widespread usage and adaptation of NGS-powered MSI detection, which can be eventually standardized for routine clinical testing.
Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome Are Willing to Take Substantial Medication Risks for Symptom Relief.

Background & Aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional bowel disorder for which patients take significant risks to ameliorate symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no cure for IBS. We assessed the willingness of patients with IBS to take medication risks and the costs they would pay to improve symptoms. Methods We mailed a survey on medication risk to patients with IBS who met the Rome IV criteria. The survey collected data on patient demographics, symptoms, medication use, prior medication-averse events, and pain catastrophization. A standard gamble evaluated respondents' willingness to take medication risks, and a willingness-to-pay set of questions quantified maximal spending on a hypothetical medication to treat IBS. Results Among respondents (n = 215; 81.8% female; mean age, 57 y) the average duration of IBS symptoms was 17.7 years. Patients whose predominant symptom was severe diarrhea (diarrhea-predominant IBS) reported accepting a mean 10.2% ± 15.7% risk of sudden death for a 99% chance of cure. Pain catastrophizing scale scores were not associated with an increased likelihood of taking medication risks. Patients with IBS would be willing to pay an average amount of $73 per month (if annual income was $75,000) for a medication that would resolve their pain. Conclusions In a survey of 215 patients with IBS, we found that patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS are willing to take extraordinary risks to improve their symptoms, whereas patients with IBS and pain catastrophization are not. Clinician understanding of patients' willingness to take medication risks might help them guide their patients through complex therapeutic options.
Women police stations: have they fulfilled their promise?

Women police stations (WPS) are recognized as an important component of gender-sensitive policing for dealing with domestic violence (DV). These stations have been established in many developing co...
Should We Worry About Setting? Association of Program Fidelity with Youths' Satisfaction and Intention to Practice Safer Sex.

Purpose:To examine whether deviation from fidelity in the implementation of an evidence-based program on safer sex education affected youth satisfaction and intention to avoid risky sexual behavior...
Image-guided percutaneous cryo-ablation of peri-urethral unresectable recurrent pelvic malignancy: A case report and brief review

Recurrent or metastatic peri-urethral pelvic malignancies are a difficult-to-treat entity. Re-resection is recommended when possible but is frequently unfavorable due to scar tissue, fibrosis, and obliteration of tissue planes following previous interventions such as surgical resection and/or radiation therapy. Curative options for patients that have unresectable cancer are limited. Cryo-ablation has been extensively studied in the treatment of unresectable renal, liver and lung malignancies and has the potential to provide definitive treatment for recurrent pelvic malignancy. There is a paucity of reports of salvage cryo-ablation in patients with recurrent pelvic malignancies, as most of these tumors are located close to critical structures that could be irreversibly injured by thermal ablation and are hence treated with some form of radiation therapy. But, for patients who fail surgical and radiation treatments, options are limited. Here, we describe two cases of regional tumor recurrence in the pelvis treated with percutaneous cryoablation using protective techniques to avoid thermal injury to adjacent structures. In each case, cryo-ablation was performed successfully despite extensive previous surgical and radiation interventions. Salvage cryo-ablation resulted in a positive clinical and imaging response with an improvement in quality of life and absence of recurrence on follow-up imaging which continues to persist at the writing of this manuscript about 8 and 12-months following treatment.
Pitfalls and Methods in the Measurement of the Electrical Resistance and Capacitance of Materials

The measurement of electrical resistance, capacitance and impedance is central to the electrical characterization of materials, whether the materials are in bulk, thick film or thin film forms. However, there are numerous common pitfalls in the measurement. The pitfalls mainly relate to the electrode design, electrode configuration and measurement instrument utilization. This commentary provides an overview of these pitfalls, along with the methods of measurement.
Financial Crises: Review and Evidence

This paper presents a brief review of the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents the frequency and distribution of crises over time and across countries. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the adverse effects of crises for the real economy and financial sector.
The African-American Church: A Source of Empowerment, Mutual Help, and Social Change

Summary The African-American church in America has stood between individuals and the larger society for blacks for over two hundred years. In so doing it has been a source of empowerment and mutual assistance and a center for considerable social change. An historical review of the church's development from its early form as an invisible institution during slavery to its present diverse and formal structures reveals the significant role of the church in the black community. This chapter calls attention to the function that the church played as a setting in which shared needs and hopes could be expressed and the contribution it made in forging an identity for a people removed from their homeland. In the early 1900s the church was a familiar setting for migrants making a new life in the urban industrial north. The implications of the church for human service workers are that it is a resource site for studying empowerment, mutual assistance, and social change for African-Americans and how they have mobilized ...
The critical ingredients of assertive community treatment.

In their paradigm-shifting study, Stein and Test (1) developed and evaluated a community mental health treatment model for people with serious mental illness that became known as assertive community treatment (ACT). Their approach challenged many standard practices and beliefs in psychiatry. Based on earlier work, they had concluded (2) that hospital training programs to prepare patients for community living after discharge were ineffective, and that providing training and support within community settings after discharge was far superior. The principle of in vivo assessment, training and support became a cornerstone of the ACT model. With the locus of contact in the community, ACT used assertive outreach to engage clients who were reluctant to keep appointments at a clinic. Another critical ingredient of the ACT model was a holistic approach to services, helping with illness management, medication management, housing, finances, and anything else critical to an individual's community adjustment. ACT services included assistance in routine practical problems in living, such as shopping and using public transportation. Along with the focus on the client's immediate needs and personal goals, the shift in service delivery to community settings dramatically increased client engagement in and satisfaction with mental health services (3). Drawing on their experience on hospital treatment teams, Stein and Test formulated the ACT model as requiring a multidisciplinary team of mental health professionals, providing intensive, timely, and personalized services, facilitated through frequent team meetings to review treatment plans and services. ACT was also conceived as a direct service model, with clinicians providing most needed services themselves rather than referring to other providers. Another feature of the model with far-reaching influence was integration of services, which has demonstrated advantages over brokered approaches (i.e., referring clients to other programs for many services). ACT teams integrated mental health treatment, housing, rehabilitation, and many other services, and tailored them to the needs and goals of each client. Another core feature of the ACT model was a low client-staff ratio of approximately 10 clients per full-time ACT practitioner. This staffing pattern permitted multiple contacts each week with clients needing intensive support. In addition, teams provided continuous coverage, responding quickly to client emergencies, 24 hours per day, seven days per week. Finally, ACT teams committed to long-term and continuous care. Initially, the model promised lifelong care.
International stock markets response to the Federal Reserve policy actions: the case of emerging MENA markets

Understanding the impact of external shocks on stock markets returns and volatility is crucial for market participants as volatility is synonymous with risk. The focus of this paper is to determine whether the US monetary policy decisions influence the stock market returns and volatility in Egypt, Israel, and Turkey. Efficient markets react to new information; hence a greater response would be expected in terms of trading activity if there is an unanticipated element to any information revealed. Thus, the paper decomposes the monetary policy shocks into both expected and surprise components and test their influence on the MENA stock markets. Adopting a multivariate GARCH technique, the results suggest a significant effect of the US monetary shocks on Cairo Stock Exchange but not Tel-Aviv and Istanbul stock exchanges. Moreover, the effect of the anticipated monetary policy actions on expected returns account for the largest part of the response of the stock prices.
Signalling pathways that mediate skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy

Atrophy of skeletal muscle is a serious consequence of numerous diseases, including cancer and AIDS. Successful treatments for skeletal muscle atrophy could either block protein degradation pathways activated during atrophy or stimulate protein synthesis pathways induced during skeletal muscle hypertrophy. This perspective will focus on the signalling pathways that control skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy, including the recently identified ubiquitin ligases muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), as a basis to develop targets for pharmacologic intervention in muscle disease.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF PORCINE SUBMAXILLARY MUCIN.

The mucin of porcine submaxillary glands was purified by precipitation with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, followed by fractionation with ethanol from a solution in 50% aqueous calcium chloride. The purified product was demonstrated to be homogeneous by electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analyses at neutral and alkaline pH. The electrophoretic mobilities were −4.9×10 −5 cm. 2 v −1 sec. −1 at pH 7.4 and −6.7×10 −5 cm. 2 v. −1 sec. −1 at pH 11. The molecular weight was determined to be 830,000 by the ultracentrifugal procedure. The purified mucin had 20% sialic acid, 24% hexosamines, 12% galactose, and 7% fucose (approximate molar ratio 1:1.7:1:0.7), and 40% protein. N -Glycollylneuraminic acid was the predominant sialic acid component, but a small amount of N -acetylneuraminic acid was also present. By column and paper chromatographic methods and ninhydrin degradation of the hexosamines, the principal hexosamine was shown to be galactosamine with only a very small quantity of glucosamine. Analysis of the amino acid constituents showed the characteristic abundance of serine, threonine, glycine, proline, and alanine usually found for mucins and blood group substances. Studies were made of the uniformity of the mucin in different individual glands. The conditions required for the removal of sialic acid from the mucin by mild acid and by neuraminidase were investigated.
Cross-calibration of MODIS with ETM+ and ALI sensors for long-term monitoring of land surface processes

Increasingly, data from multiple sensors are used to gain a more complete understanding of land surface processes at a variety of scales. Although higher-level products (e.g., vegetation cover, albedo, surface temperature) derived from different sensors can be validated independently, the degree to which these sensors and their products can be compared to one another is vastly improved if their relative spectroradiometric responses are known. Most often, sensors are directly calibrated to diffuse solar irradiation or vicariously to ground targets. However, space-based targets are not traceable to metrological standards, and vicarious calibrations are expensive and provide a poor sampling of a sensor's full dynamic range. Cross-calibration of two sensors can augment these methods if certain conditions can be met: (1) the spectral responses are similar, (2) the observations are reasonably concurrent (similar atmospheric & solar illumination conditions), (3) errors due to misregistrations of inhomogeneous surfaces can be minimized (including scale differences), and (4) the viewing geometry is similar (or, some reasonable knowledge of surface bi-directional reflectance distribution functions is available). This study explores the impacts of cross-calibrating sensors when such conditions are met to some degree but not perfectly. In order to constrain the range of conditions at some level, the analysis is limited to sensors where cross-calibration studies have been conducted (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on Landsat- 7 (L7), Advance Land Imager (ALI) and Hyperion on Earth Observer-1 (EO-1)) and including systems having somewhat dissimilar geometry, spatial resolution & spectral response characteristics but are still part of the so-called "A.M. constellation" (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) aboard the Terra platform). Measures for spectral response differences and methods for cross calibrating such sensors are provided in this study. These instruments are cross calibrated using the Railroad Valley playa in Nevada. Best fit linear coefficients (slope and offset) are provided for ALI-to-MODIS and ETM+-to-MODIS cross calibrations, and root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) and correlation coefficients are provided to quantify the uncertainty in these relationships. In theory, the linear fits and uncertainties can be used to compare radiance and reflectance products derived from each instrument.
Fireworks for the information age.

What is the information content of a molecule? What is the data transmission rate associated with a chemical reaction? In contemplating such questions, Thomas et al. in this issue of PNAS (1) arrive at an interesting prototype device that stores and retrieves information by using only chemistry and chemical processes. This combination of information technology and chemistry, in a new field that Thomas et al. call “infochemistry,” provides unusual strategies for communication and data storage with the potential for important practical applications.
Papanicolaou smear screening augmented by a magnified chemiluminescent exam

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Since the adequacy of screening for cervical cancer and pre-cancer with Papanicolaou smear alone has been questioned, a number of adjunctive tests have been evaluated. This study evaluated whether a magnified chemiluminescent visual screening exam can improve cervical screening when performed coincident with cytologic sampling. METHODS: Patients were evaluated using the Papanicolaou smear, magnified chemiluminescent visual exam (MCE) and colposcopy at 10 study centers. Screening with either Papanicolaou smear alone or in combination with MCE (Pap and MCE), was evaluated using colposcopy directed biopsy as the highest diagnostic standard. RESULTS: The Papanicolaou smear alone detected 9 29 (31%) of women with significant pathology (cervical neoplasia) on biopsy, whereas the combination of the Pap and MCE detected 24 29 (83%) of the women (P
Peasant economy, rural industry and capitalist development in the Oaxaca Valley, Mexico

This article examines the dynamics of rural industrial commodity production in capitalist development. Data from fieldwork in the Oaxaca Valley, Mexico, are presented and analysed around issues such as the relationship between agriculture and industry, factors influencing the incidence of rural industrial production (between households, communities and districts), the role of household demographics in rural industry, the difference between simple commodity and simple capitalist production, social differentiation and class formation as related to different rural industries, and the role of labour‐intensive rural industrialisation in developing capitalist economies. A general conclusion is that labour‐intensive industries in capitalism today may not be as uniformly retrograde as some have argued they were in earlier periods of capitalism.
Searching for critical issues in philanthropy

Who Really Cares: America's Charity Divide—Who Gives, Who Doesn't, and Why It Matters, by Arthur C. Brooks. New York: Basic Books, 2006. 256 pp., $26.00 cloth, $16.95 paper. Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism, by Joan Roelofs. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003. 270 pp., $29.95 paper. The Foundation: A Great American Secret, by Joel Fleishman. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007. 384 pp., $27.95 cloth. The Billionaire Who Wasn't: How Chuck Feeney Secretly Made and Gave Away a Fortune, by Conor O'Clery. New York: PublicAffairs, 2007. 352 pp., $26.95 cloth.
Generalized estimating equations for longitudinal mixed Rasch model

In this paper, the problem of estimating the fixed effects parameters and the variance of the random effects (variance components) in longitudinal mixed Rasch model is considered. It is well known that estimating these parameters by the method of maximum likelihood faces computational difficulties. As an alternative, we propose the generalized estimating equations approach. Approximations of the joint moments of the variables are proposed. The estimators obtained are consistent and asymptotically normal. We illustrate the usefulness of the method with simulations and with an analysis of real data from quality of life.
In-Situ X-ray Photoemission Spectromicroscopy of Electromigration in Patterned Al-Cu Lines With Maximum

We report the application of a unique photoemission spectromicroscope (MAXIMUM) to the study of electromigration phenomena in Al-Cu interconnects. MAXIMUM is a scanning type photoemission microscope that uses multilayer-coated optics to focus 130 eV x-rays to a sub-0.1 µm spot. An electron energy analyzer collects photoelectrons in a chosen spectral region of interest to form an image of the sample that is sensitive to chemical states of elements on the sample surface. Al-Cu lines were characterized by spectromicroscopy techniques before and after electromigration stressing in the UHV environment of the microscope chamber. We present spectro-micrographs showing the chemical and structural changes on Al-Cu line surfaces as a result of the electromigration process.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF TELOPHASE II IN THE FLORIDEOPHYCEAE1

SUMMARY Tetrahedral tetrasporangia of several florideophycean red, algae were examined with the electron microscope for details of meiosis. Only telophase II nuclei are described since earlier stages were not, observed. Both divisions of meiosis are presumed to occur within the confines of the original tetrasporangial mother cell nuclear envelope. Four nuclei are then formed simultaneously. These observations essentially support Yamanouchi's description of telophase II in Polysiphonia flexicaulis (Harvey) Collins (as P. violacea) and suggest that meiosis in these algae could be basically similar to “uninuclear meiosis” in the fungi Saprolegnia and Saccharomyces.
Core Strategies to Support English Language Learners.

Reading and vocabulary instruction can serve as an instructional process to respond to English language learner (ELL) needs. The purpose of this review of literature was to determine whether reading and vocabulary instruction should be used as core strategies for supporting ELLs requiring interventions as a response to the Texas English Language Profi ciency Assessment System. This review of the literature included peer-reviewed journals and other published studies.
Workforce reduction and job‐seeker attraction: Examining job seekers' reactions to firm workforce‐reduction policies

Empirical research and narrative reports from working managers suggest that employee attitudes can be negatively influenced by organizational downsizing, but the potential impact of downsizing on applicants is not well documented. In this study, we investigate the effect of organizational downsizing on job-seeker attraction to an organization. Respondents were given descriptions of two organizations, coupled with information on workforce reductions in the two organizations. We found that workforce reductions reduced job-seeker attraction. However, companies that downsized but provided assistance and adequate communication to employees were nearly as attractive to applicants as companies that had not downsized. Managerial implications of these results are provided. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
T2 omni-directional vehicle mechanical design

In response to ultra-high maneuverability vehicle requirements, Utah State University (USU) has developed an autonomous vehicle with unique mobility and maneuverability capabilities. This paper describes the mechanical design of the USU T2 Omni-Directional Vehicle (ODV). The T2 vehicle is a second- generation ODV and weighs 1350 lb with six independently driven and steered wheel assemblies. The six wheel, independent steering system is capable of infinite rotation, presenting a unique solution to enhanced vehicle mobility requirements. Mechanical design of the wheel drive motors and the performance characteristics of the drive system are detailed. The steering and suspension system is discussed and the design issues associated with these systems are detailed. The vehicle system architecture, vetronics architecture, control system architecture, and kinematic-based control law development are described.
Atomic layer deposition/molecular layer deposition for packaging and interconnect of N/MEMS

Atomic layer deposition (ALD)/molecular layer deposition (MLD) processes are able to fabricate nano-scaled inorganic/organic multilayers. Such multilayers are essential to novel packaging and interconnect technologies for NEMS/MEMS. ALD/MLD coatings could reduce water vapor transmission rate down to 5X10 -5 g/m 2 /day or lower for excellent hermetic/vacuum sealing. ALD/MLD coatings can also modify nanowire/nanomesh structures critical to flexible thermal ground planes that can reach an effective thermal conductivity of 30,000 W/mK and heat flux removal of 200 W/cm 2 . ALD/MLD coatings can enhance the stability while reducing thickness of an embedded Li-ion battery. In addition, the ALD/MLD-based inorganic/organic multilayer can be used for interconnecting nanowire-based photonics.
Acceleration schemes for the method of alternating projections

Abstract In this paper, we develop and analyze schemes for accelerating the convergence of the alternating projections method for finding the projection of a point onto the intersection of a finite number of subspaces of a Hilbert space. A special method for the case of two subspaces is developed, and two general schemes are determined for the case of an arbitrary number of subspaces. Proofs of convergence and acceleration are given for each method. Finally, techniques for constructing test problems are outlined and the results of computational experiments are reported.
Ovarian hormones and emotional eating associations across the menstrual cycle: an examination of the potential moderating effects of body mass index and dietary restraint.

Objective: Associations between within-person changes in ovarian hormones and dysregulated eating (binge eating, emotional eating) have been observed across the menstrual cycle. However, studies have not examined moderators that may contribute to differential associations between individuals. We investigated body-weight regulation variables [body mass index (BMI), dietary restraint] that have theoretical relevance by virtue of their associations with both phenotypes. Method: Women (N = 196) provided emotional eating ratings and saliva samples for 45 days. BMI and restraint were assessed at three time points and averaged. Results: Results showed significant estradiol × progesterone interactions in the prediction of within-subject changes in emotional eating. Neither BMI nor restraint moderated these relationships, although a trend-level dietary restraint × estradiol interaction was observed where estradiol's effects were enhanced in high restraint scorers. Discussion: Findings confirm a role for hormones in changes in emotional eating and suggest that restraint might enhance hormone effects in severegroups. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
From the teaching laboratory: A half-cage isodrin derivative for demonstrating the nuclear overhauser effect

The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) in NMR spectroscopy is a useful tool for probing structural features of molecules. We present an experimental procedure for the facile preparation of a half-cage isodrin derivative of the type used in the original demonstration of the intramolecular NOE. The half-cage has two transannular hydrogen atoms separated by an ultrashort distance of 1.62 A, and thus gives rise to large Overhauser effects (ca. 43%) that are easily measured. The ease of the synthesis and the large enhancements make this compound ideal for experimental demonstrations of the NOE in advanced undergraduate and graduate NMR spectroscopy courses. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 12: 1–5, 2000
Not All Research is Equal: Taking Social Science Research Into Account

Morality, compassion and a sense of the history of human subject research obligate us to ensure that research subjects are protected appropriately. Yet not all human subject research is equal, so t...
Functional topography of the ventral striatum and anterior limb of the internal capsule determined by electrical stimulation of awake patients

Abstract Objective To assess the behavioral and subjective effects of acute electrical stimulation along the anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC) and ventral striatum (VS). Methods Intraoperative awake electrical stimulation and postoperative programming was performed in a group of 6 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) undergoing bilateral deep brain stimulation of the ALIC and VS areas. Results Electrical stimulation of the VS area acutely produced changes in mood as well as alertness, anxiety, dizziness, sensation of warmth and “flushing”. Stimulation of the ventral capsule area just dorsal to the anterior commissure was associated with increments in mood, sensation of energy and alertness, laughing, calmness and talkative behavior. Behavioral effects were less commonly observed with stimulation of the dorsal region of the ALIC. Conclusion Acute behavioral and subjective responses can be consistently obtained from stimulation in the ventral ALIC and VS region. Positive changes in mood and anxiety were reproducibly elicited in the ventral ALIC area. Significance Intraoperative awake stimulation and postoperative programming of patients undergoing DBS for MDD provide unique opportunities to explore the subjective responses and behavioral phenomena related to electrical stimulation of the area spanning from the dorsal ALIC to the ventral striatum.
Stability of finite difference representations of partial differential equations—a two-step process

A method involving two sequential steps is used in the numerical solution of partial differential equations. The information from the first step can identify the cause of any instability. An example concerning the flow of a compressible fluid is considered. (AIP) copyright 1987 Academic Press, Inc.