cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysts or Vultures: Do Transient Investors Target Firms with Lower Financial Reporting Quality?

This study examines the portrayal of transient investors as short-termists who exploit poorly monitored firms against the competing portrayal of transient investors as informed investors. More specifically, the study examines 1) whether transient institutional investors directly target firms which exercise greater accounting discretion and 2) whether the superior abnormal returns earned by transient investors are more prevalent in firms with greater accounting discretion. The tests are performed using a linear regression model on a panel dataset. Three proxies, adapted from prior literature, are used to measure accounting discretion, abnormal accruals, earnings smoothing, and the incidence of small positive earnings surprises. Results are inconsistent with the short-termist portrayal of transient investors. Transient investors are not found to invest more heavily in firms with greater accounting discretion. Furthermore, the positive abnormal returns earned by transient investors are not more prevalent in firms with greater accounting discretion. By providing results that contradict the portrayal of transient investors as short-termists who exploit poorly monitored firms, the current study makes an important contribution to the debate regarding the effects of a short-term institutional investor base on firm value.
A comparative study of releasing and nonreleasing human basophils: Nonreleasing basophils lack an early component of the signal transduction pathway that follows IgE cross-linking

Basophils from approximately one fifth of the population were found to be unresponsive (nonreleasers), in terms of both histamine and leukotriene release, to an IgE cross-linking stimulus, such as anti-IgE antibody. Although unresponsive to any IgE-mediated stimulation, these basophils responded to non-IgE-mediated stimuli, such as the phorbol ester, 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13 acetate, the calcium ionophore, A23187, and to formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine peptide. These stimuli produced equal dose-response curves in both releaser (basophils able to respond with greater than 5% histamine release to anti-IgE antibody) and nonreleaser basophils. Nonreleaser basophils possessed statistically similar densities of cell-surface IgE antibody (287,000 versus 400,000 IgE molecules per basophil for releaser and nonreleaser basophils, respectively), and with 12-o-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13 acetate as a probe of anti-IgE-induced cross-linking, the IgE on nonreleaser basophils was found to be cross-linked by the polyclonal anti-IgE antibody used for these studies. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) has previously been demonstrated to enhance markedly both histamine and leukotriene release in human basophils. However, IL-3 was unable to convert nonreleasing basophils into releasing basophils, as measured by anti-IgE antibody. IL-3 equivalently enhanced formyl methionine peptide-induced release in both releaser and nonreleaser basophils, suggesting that the lack of an effect on anti-IgE-induced release was not due to a lack of IL-3 receptors. Although there are several possible interpretations of these data, these results and results of our previous studies of protein kinase C activation and cytosolic Ca++ elevations in human basophils suggest that nonreleasing basophils have a defect in early signal transduction, possibly involving the influx of Ca++.
Evaluative meaning words as reinforcing stimuli

An experiment was conducted to test the possibility that evaluative (affective) meaning words will serve as reinforcing stimuli. Words previously rated by other Ss as having either positive, neutral, or negative evaluative meaning were presented contingent upon a motor response. Response-contingent positive evaluative meaning words strengthened the motor response, negative evaluative meaning words decreased the strength of the response, and neutral words had an intermediate effect.
Supporting higher levels of reflection among teacher candidates: a pedagogical framework

An integrated mathematics and science methods course was designed to focus on the knowledge, skills, and beliefs of teacher candidates. Teacher candidates were involved in experiences that would prompt them to consider the influence of their experiences on their beliefs, the influence of their beliefs on their instructional decisions and the impact of those decisions on their effectiveness as teachers. Three teacher candidates who exhibited high levels of reflection and who made significant changes in the ways that they thought about mathematics and the teaching/learning process were chosen for study. Two themes related to this cognitive change emerged: a more complex, sophisticated understanding of the nature of mathematics; and an increased focus on children's thinking to guide instruction. Three program components having a major impact on these students' reconceptualization were reflection on past experiences, engagement in mathematical problem‐solving and opportunities to act on new beliefs.
A Modular Wing-Tail Airplane Configuration for the Educational Wind Tunnel Laboratory

An innovative modular airplane configuration has been developed for use in small-scale educational wind tunnels. The “airplane” consists of an interchangeable wing and horizontal tail configuration that mounts on a conventional wind tunnel electronic balance (“sting”) to facilitate measurements of normal force, axial force and longitudinal pitching moment. From these basic parameters, the total lift, total drag, and resultant airplane pitching moment can be deduced, along with the location of the aerodynamic center of the total airplane. Using known wing planform and airfoil shapes facilitates comparison of the total airplane aerodynamic characteristics with those predicted from the known characteristics of the separate wing and horizontal tail. In particular, the aerodynamic center of the simplified airplane configuration can be determined, along with the effect that downwash on the tail has on longitudinal stability of the airplane. Included in the paper is a description of the calibration procedure for the modular “sting” mount. This procedure accounts for an offset “line of action” for aerodynamic forces, as well as offset center of gravity effects. In conjunction with this same test setup, an available Rapid Prototyping system has been used to manufacture the test sections (separate wing and tail) for use in the wind tunnel, and in particular, in the modular wing-tail assembly. This provides tremendous flexibility in the types of wing-tail assemblies that can be investigated experimentally using the same module. The relatively inexpensive prototyping procedure also provides the capability for students to design and test their own configurations. Furthermore, the precision manufacturing capability of the Rapid Prototyping system guarantees reliable reproduction of virtually any desired aerodynamic planform and airfoil shape.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Regularization of diffuse optical tomography images by envelope guided conjugate gradients

We have implemented a spatially variant regularization method for nonlinear conjugate gradient (CG) based DOT that optimizes the regularization parameter without the use of Tikhonov L-curve. The regularization parameter is adjusted adaptively by monitoring the change of the approximate L-curves generated during CG-iterations.
A Literature Review of Factor Analytic Studies of the WAIS-R.

Wechsler's intelligence scales long have been subjected to factor analytic studies in an effort to describe the components of measurable human intelligence. Most authors have extracted a general factor g, as well as a Verbal Comprehension factor, Perceptual Organization factor, and Memory/Freedom from Distractibility factor from a two- or three-factor solution. This article reviews the factor analytic studies done on the 1981 WAIS-R standardization sample and various patient samples in an effort to update and continue to tie together the findings on Wechsler's scales across ages and populations. We conclude that although the results of the WAIS-R factor analytic studies reviewed depend upon the statistical approach employed as well as each investigator's theoretical perspective, a three-factor solution appears to provide a source of hypotheses about an individual's or a select sample's unique abilities and weaknesses worthy of further exploration.
Dedifferentiation of endolymphatic stromal myosis to poorly differentiated uterine stromal sarcoma

Abstract A case of infiltrating endolymphatic stromal myosis in which frank poorly differentiated sarcoma was noted 7 years later is presented. The course of endolymphatic stromal myosis is discussed.
The proximal negative response of the primate retina.

Abstract The proximal negative response (PNR) of the mangabey and owl monkey has been studied by intraretinal recording. The primate PNR is best recorded from the inner plexiform layer, has a limited dynamic range (2 log 10 units), is spatially restricted and inverts in polarity with stimuli eccentrically placed or larger than 75 μ. The level of maximal amplitude of the PNR was slightly more proximal within the retina than the level of maximal amplitude of the P-wave , a slow potential evoked within the inner plexiform layer by electrical stimulation of the optic tract. Thus the distribution of these two responses in depth was different.
A Remarkably Thermally Stable, Polar Aliphatic Polysulfone

A polar ester-functionalized aliphatic polysulfone with an odd-number of linking carbon atoms possessing remarkable thermal stability, degrading at 100 C above previously prepared polysulfones, was prepared in conjunction with the proposal of a novel concept for polar organic polymers. The synthesis involved polyaddition of vinyl sulfone and tert-butyl ethyl malonate in the presence of an amidine base and catalytic amount of water, followed by decarbo-tert-butoxylation. The polymers were characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Characterization results compared well with model compounds. Poly-decarbo-tert-butoxylation was achieved by exposure to trifluoroacetic acid, followed by treatment with copper(I) oxide, affording a soluble polar polysulfone, which could be cast into homogeneous films.
Mutagenic response of mouse lymphoma cells after activation of benzidine and 2-aminofluorene with purified prostaglandin H synthase

Abstract The mutagenic response of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells to the model aromatic amine carcinogens, benzidine (BNZ) and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) in the presence of the mammalian peroxidase prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) was examined. Standard incubation conditions for mouse lymphoma cells and the PHS system were developed. The cells were exposed to BNZ and 2-AF with purified PHS in the presence or absence of a peroxide, 5-phenyl-4-pentenyl hydroperoxide (PPHP) which is required for PHS-dependent amine oxidation. Incubations were carried out in a medium consisting of Hanks' balanced salt solution with calcium and magnesium and 0.1% pluronic F-68. BNZ by itself or in the presence of PPHP induced a weak mutagenic response in mouse lymphoma cells, but the addition of PHS or PHS and its co-factor PPHP increased the mutagenic response approximately 5-fold over that observed in the absence of PHS. A maximal mutagenic response for BNZ was observed after incubation with the complete activating system, PHS and PPHP. These data are in agreement with the fact that BNZ is an excellent substrate for PHS. When 2-AF was incubated with mouse lymphoma cells, only a minimal mutagenic response was observed. Incubation of 2-AF with either PPHP or PPHP and PHS (complete peroxidase system) produced a significant enhancement in mutagenic response. Thus, the mutagenic response of the mouse lymphoma cells to 2-AF was dependent on the peroxide, PPHP but not the enzyme PHS. These data suggest that 2-AF, which is a poor PHS substrate, is oxidized by a different catalyst than PHS. This work demonstrates that BNZ and 2-AF are converted by peroxide-dependent mechanisms to mutagens that can be detected in mammalian cells.
Evaluating Light Attraction to Increase Trap Efficiency for Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a major coleopteran pest in flour mills and storage facilities. An aggregation pheromone has been identified for this pest; however, the pheromone is of limited value for population monitoring. To develop more efficient methods to monitor this pest, experiments were conducted to determine whether light functioned as an attractant for the red flour beetle. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of various wavelengths were examined as light sources because they produce bright, narrow light spectra. A comparison of responses to light spectra across the visible and UV regions of the electromagnetic spectrum indicated that the beetle was most attracted to near UV LED at a 390 nm dominant wavelength. The use of LEDs in competitive laboratory experiments resulted in a 20% capture of released beetles, compared with a 1% capture with the aggregation pheromone alone. Even more beetles were captured with a combination of LEDs and commercially available chemical lures in traps. LEDs can easily be added onto existing trap designs or new traps can be designed to take full advantage of positive phototaxis.
The Case for Reasonable Love

AbstractIn seventeenth-century France, the choice of the person one loves, the object of love, is frequently described as irrational. Blaise Pascal, in one of the best-known passages of his Pensees, set forth this view with the example of the effect of Cleopatra's nose on Mark Anthony. This article considers a number of seventeenth-century works in which the choice of the object of love is shown to be a matter of rational choice, as described in Rene Descartes's Traite des passions de l'âme. First Pierre Corneille's Le Cid, largely considered to be a model of rational choice, is described as conforming to that reputation. Then, Jean Racine's Phedre, often considered to convey an anti-rationalist view of love, is shown to depict the protagonists as choosing their love objects rationally. The third literary example considered is from Madeleine de Scudery's Clelie, in which the rationalist and anti-rationalist views are debated and left in an inconclusive opposition. Finally, the article contends that the ra...
COLORIMETRIC ESTIMATION OF TOTAL ALDEHYDES IN AQUEOUS ORANGE ESSENCE USING N‐HYDROXYBENZENESULFONAMIDE

SUMMARY A spot test method for detection of aldehydes has been adapted calorimetrically for quantitative determination of total aldehydes in aqueous solutions. The final colored complex has an absorption maximum at 510-525 mμ. The technique is simple, and the color produced is linear with aldehvde concentrations up to 300 mg/liter using n-octanal and trans-2-hexenal as a mixed standard. The test is applicable to aldehyde determinations in orange essence provided proper sample dilution is made before analysis.
Laser-Induced Heating of Dextran-Coated Mesocapsules Containing Indocyanine Green

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a photosensitive reagent with clinically relevant diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Recently, ICG has been investigated for its utility as an exogenous chromophore during laser-induced heating. However, ICG's effectiveness remains hindered by its molecular instability, rapid circulation kinetics, and nonspecific systemic distribution. To overcome these limitations, we have encapsulated ICG within dextran-coated mesocapsules (MCs). Our objective in this study was to explore the ability of MCs to induce thermal damage in response to laser irradiation. To simulate tumorous tissue targeted with MCs, cylindrical phantoms were prepared consisting of gelatin, intralipid emulsion, and various concentrations of MCs. The phantoms were embedded within fresh chicken breast tissue representing surrounding normal tissue. The tissue models were irradiated at lambda = 808 nm for 10 min at constant power (P = 4.2 W). Five hypodermic thermocouples were used to record the temperature at various depths below the tissue surface and transverse distances from the laser beam central axis during irradiation. Temperature profiles were processed to remove the baseline temperature and influence of light absorption by the thermocouple and subsequently used to calculate a damage index based on the Arrhenius damage integral. Tissue models containing MCs experienced a maximum temperature change of 18.5 degrees C. Damage index calculations showed that the heat generation from MCs at these parameters is sufficient to induce thermal damage, while no damage was predicted in the absence of MCs. ICG maintains its heat-generating capabilities in response to NIR laser irradiation when encapsulated within MCs. Such encapsulation provides a potentially useful methodology for laser-induced therapeutic strategies.
EPITAXY AT NON-60 ANGLES : AN STM STUDY OF 7CB ON HOPG

Studies of homologues are often useful for correlating material properties to molecular structure. The liquid crystal 4-heptyl-4‘-cyanobiphenyl (7CB) has received very little study, although the homologous 8CB has been studied extensively by STM. Here we report several unusual properties of 7CB monolayers on graphite, particularly the fact that angles between contacting domains of this liquid crystal were observed to favor angles of 17° rather than the expected 60° angles. This and other observations, coupled with an experimentally determined unit cell of A = 3.85 ± 0.37 nm, B = 1.10 ± 0.10 nm, and ϑAB = 92 ± 6°, lead us to propose an unusual monolayer structure for 7CB, where only half of the molecules make the expected alkyl−graphite contact in any domain. The 7CB monolayer shows great complexity, including chirality effects and domain−domain interactions.
Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in SNU-1 human gastric cancer cells by the plant sulfolipid, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol

The sulfoglycolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol is present in the membranes of photosynthetic organisms. This sulfolipid reportedly has pharmaceutical potential as an antiviral and antitumor agent, although no studies have examined these properties of the sulfolipids that are consumed in plant foods. This study examined the biological effects of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol on the human gastric cancer cell line SNU-1. SNU-1 cells were grown in the absence and of presence of 1 mM, 100 mM or 1 mM sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol for up to 72 hours. Cell proliferation and viability were determined. The cells were analyzed for nuclear morphological changes by fluorescence microscopy and for DNAase-mediated DNA cleavage by flow cytometry and TUNEL detection. As indicated by cell number, the proliferation of SNU-1 cells by 72 hours of culture in the presence of 100 mM and 1 mM SQDG was inhibited 24 and 100%, respectively, as compared with the number of SNU-1 cells cultured in the absence of SQDG. Inhibition of cell proliferation by 100 mM sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol was in part associated with apoptotic cell death, as shown by changes in nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation, whereas incubation of cells with 1 mM sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol caused necrotic cell death. Treatment of SNU-1 cells with sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol did not result in cell cycle arrest. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol on SNU-1 gastric cancer cells revealed in this study suggest that this common dietary sulfolipid has intriguing potential as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent.
Modeling of selenium telluride glass

We develop model interaction potentials for the heterogeneous selenium-tellurium system based on ab initio molecular simulations and a cluster expansion technique. The model potentials are used in classical Monte Carlo simulations to characterize the structure of SeTe glass in the canonical ensemble. The simulated structure is in good qualitative agreement with available experimental data.
New recombinant HLA-B alleles in a tribe of South American Amerindians indicate rapid evolution of MHC class I loci

EVIDENCE suggests that the New World was colonized only 11,000–40,000 years ago by Palaeo-Indians1. The descendants of these Palaeo-Indians therefore provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of selection on major histocompatibility complex class I genes over a short period. Here we analyse the class I alleles of the Waorani of South America and the Zuni of North America. Four of the Waorani HLA-B alleles were new functional variants which could be accounted for by intralocus recombination. In contrast, all of the Zuni HLA-A and -B molecules were present in Caucasians and orientals. This suggests that the new Waorani HLA-B variants arose in South America. The description of four new HLA-B alleles in the Waorani and another five new HLA-B alleles from two other tribes of South American Amerindians2 indicates that the HLA-B locus can evolve rapidly in isolated populations. These studies underline the importance of gathering genetic data on endangered native human populations3.
The hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) is not CD44 or CD54 (ICAM-1).

Mammalian liver contains an endocytic, recycling receptor that mediates the clearance of hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate from the circulation. McCourt et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 30081] previously reported that this endocytic liver HA receptor was ICAM-1. In contrast, we purified this HA receptor for endocytosis (HARE) from rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LECs) and obtained two novel large proteins [Zhou et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 33831]. The goal of the present study was to clarify this inconsistency and determine whether CD44, which is also an HA receptor, or ICAM-1 (CD54) is identical to, or is part of, HARE. Although isolated liver LECs contain HARE, CD44, and ICAM-1, confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that the two latter proteins have cellular distributions that are distinct from and essentially nonoverlapping with HARE. HA accumulation by cultured LECs was inhibited >98% by an antibody against HARE and unaffected by antibodies to ICAM-1 or CD44, indicating that virtually all specific HA uptake is mediated by HARE and not by ICAM-1 or CD44. Finally, no reactivity was observed against purified HARE in an ELISA-based assay using CD44 or ICAM-1 antibodies. The results confirm that the mammalian endocytic HA receptor is HARE and is not ICAM-1 or CD44.
Characterizing the effects of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Background Sertraline has a proved efficacy in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it is unknown which symptoms respond or in what sequence this occurs. Such information might be useful clinically and heuristically. Method The study examined the effects of sertraline on the individual symptoms of PTSD. It also examined whether early changes in anger explained drug-induced change in other symptoms over time. Mixed models analysis was applied to datasets from two 12-week placebo-controlled trials of sertraline. A validated self-rating scale (DTS) was used to assess treatment efficacy. Results Sertraline was superior to placebo on 15 of 17 symptoms, especially in the numbing and hyperarousal clusters. A strong effect was found on anger from week 1, which partly explained the subsequent effects of sertraline on other symptoms, some of which began to show significantly greater response to drug than to placebo at week 6 (emotional upset at reminders, anhedonia, detachment, numbness, hypervigilance) and week 10 (avoidance of activities, foreshortened future). Conclusions Sertraline exercises a broad spectrum effect in PTSD. Effects are more apparent on the psychological rather than somatic symptoms of PTSD, with an early modulation of anger and, perhaps, other affects, preceding improvement in other symptoms.
Cuba In Transition: Tourism Industry Perceptions Of Entrepreneurial Change

Abstract The Cuban government is working to create a climate conducive to a strong and sustainable private sector. As state employment declines, many residents are exploring the potential of tourism; Cuban entrepreneurs are interested in expanding beyond packaged mass tourism to develop more creative tourism products. However, the success of Cuban entrepreneurs is dependent on a number of conditions external to the entrepreneur known as the entrepreneurial climate (EC). Building on previous entrepreneurship research, this study utilizes interviews of a small group of tourism stakeholders in Cuba to address the research question – what are the perceptions of tourism stakeholders of both barriers to and factors encouraging private enterprise. It concludes with recommendations for planning and policy based on these perceptions that may cultivate entrepreneurial tourism development in Cuba, including improved internet access, development of both wholesaling and financing systems, business education, and legalization of additional tourism professions. Recommendations from the informants also align with recent initiatives in other centrally-governed nations (e.g. China, Singapore, and Bolivia) that have introduced private enterprise to their economies recently. These initiatives could serve as models for Cuba moving forward.
Tensile properties of carbon filled liquid crystal polymer composites

Electrically and thermally conductive resins can be produced by adding carbon fillers. Mechanical properties such as tensile modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and strain at ultimate tensile strength are vital to the composite performance in fuel cell bipolar plate applications. This research focused on performing compounding runs followed by injection molding and tensile testing of carbon filled Vectra A950RX liquid crystal polymer composites. The four carbon fillers investigated included an electrically conductive carbon black, thermocarb synthetic graphite particles, and two carbon fibers (Fortafil 243 and Panex 30). For each different filler type, resins were produced and tested that contained varying amounts of these single carbon fillers. The carbon fiber samples exhibited superior tensile properties, with a large increase in tensile modulus over the base polymer, and very low drop in the ultimate tensile strength as the filler volume fraction was increased. The strain at the ultimate tensile strength was least affected by the addition of the Panex carbon fiber but was significantly affected by the Fortafil carbon fiber. In general, composites containing synthetic graphite did not perform as well as carbon fiber composites. Carbon black composites exhibited poor tensile properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 29:15–21, 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Catastrophe Theory: Implications for Probability

The work of Rene Thom relating to catastrophe theory has influenced probability theory Since so much of the research conducted by social scientists depends on calculating the probability that events will occur, an introduction to catastrophe theory is needed By discussing the social implications of the position outlined by Thom, social scientists will better understand the difficulties associated with generating probability statements
Solid-phase synthesis of diverse peptide tertiary amides by reductive amination.

The synthesis of libraries of conformationally constrained peptide-like oligomers is an important goal in combinatorial chemistry. In this regard an attractive building block is the N-alkylated peptide, also known as a peptide tertiary amide (PTA). PTAs are conformationally constrained because of allylic 1,3 strain interactions. We report here an improved synthesis of these species on solid supports through the use of reductive amination chemistry using amino acid-terminated, bead-displayed oligomers and diverse aldehydes. The utility of this chemistry is demonstrated by the synthesis of a library of 10 000 mixed peptoid-PTA oligomers.
Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Children

Summary Procedural sedation and analgesia for children—the use of sedative, analgesic, or dissociative drugs to relieve anxiety and pain associated with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures—is now widely practised by a diverse group of specialists outside the operating theatre. We review the principles underlying safe and effective procedural sedation and analgesia and the spectrum of procedures for which it is currently done. We discuss the decision-making process used to determine appropriate drug selection, dosing, and sedation endpoint. We detail the pharmacopoeia for procedural sedation and analgesia, reviewing the pharmacology and adverse effects of these drugs. International differences in practice are described along with current areas of controversy and future directions.
Thermal Diffuse Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons from Xe

One-phonon thermal-diffuse-scattering intensities have been calculated for the (111), (100), and (110) surfaces of Xe. The calculations are based on the (pseudo-) kinematical approximation, which is presumably very good for this material. The finite penetration of the electrons into the crystal is approximately taken into account with a transmission factor. As we have pointed out previously, it is important to include the penetration since the assumption of scattering from the surface layer only (made in treatments by other authors) leads to results which are qualitatively incorrect. The present calculations are for extensive regions of reciprocal space including several reciprocal lattice rods. The results are presented in the form of both contour curves and intensity profiles. Several interesting features are apparent, including (i) anisotropies about the reciprocal lattice rods, (ii) differences in intensity distributions around different rods which are caused by interference effects (and which therefore provide a measure of the attenuation of the electron beam), and (iii) the presence of an "extra spot" in the results for the (100) surface. It is possible that these qualitative features can be observed in low-energy electron diffraction experiments on other monatomic fcc materials.
Supervising the Tearful Trainee: Opportunities for Professional Growth and Learning

Trainees in psychiatry sometimes become tearful during supervision, and this presents the supervisor with significant challenges and also opportunities for the development of professionalism. This paper describes two major anxieties of trainees: first, that they will be unable to control their feelings during their clinical work and that this will derail the fulfillment of their duties; second, that that their feelings stem from an identification with some aspect of the patient or the patient's circumstances and may fear that this exposes them to the stigma of mental illness. The author describes how the trainee’s potential for shame can be greatly mitigated by supervisory interventions that treat this as a ‘teachable’ moment and opportunity for growth in professionalism. The author outlines effective interventions including didactic instruction and education, role modeling of empathic connection in the context of a boundaried relationship, and sensitive referral to mental health services for unresolved emotional issues or psychiatric symptoms. Suggestions of specific wording of interventions are provided throughout.
Structure of an integrin with an αI domain, complement receptor type 4

We report the structure of an integrin with an αI domain, αXβ2, the complement receptor type 4. It was earlier expected that a fixed orientation between the αI domain and the β-propeller domain in which it is inserted would be required for allosteric signal transmission. However, the αI domain is highly flexible, enabling two βI domain conformational states to couple to three αI domain states, and greater accessibility for ligand recognition. Although αXβ2 is bent similarly to integrins that lack αI domains, the terminal domains of the α- and β-legs, calf-2 and β-tail, are oriented differently than in αI-less integrins. Linkers extending to the transmembrane domains are unstructured. Previous mutations in the β2-tail domain support the importance of extension, rather than a deadbolt, in integrin activation. The locations of further activating mutations and antibody epitopes show the critical role of extension, and conversion from the closed to the open headpiece conformation, in integrin activation. Differences among 10 molecules in crystal lattices provide unprecedented information on interdomain flexibility important for modelling integrin extension and activation.
Changing forms of workplace representation: the United States Steel Corporation, 1933‐1937

Since the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act of 1935, American labor law has prohibited certain forms of workplace organization in nonunion firms. Congress routinely considers legislation to overturn that prohibition and allow employers more flexibility in creating workplace teams. Systems of employee representation were a prominent feature in American firms after World War I, and in the early 1930s, employers used them extensively as a union substitution technique. At United States Steel, ironically, employee representation provided the means for unionization of the firm. The company’s experience offers insight in the contemporary debate.
Dedifferentiation of Lineage-Committed Cells by a Small Molecule

Combinatorial libraries were screened for molecules that induce mouse myogenic lineage committed cells to dedifferentiate in vitro. A 2,6-disubstituted purine, reversine, was discovered that induces lineage reversal of C2C12 cells to become multipotent progenitor cells which can redifferentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. This and other such molecules are likely to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms that control cellular dedifferentiation and may ultimately be useful to in vivo stem cell biology and therapy.
The Serbian Radical Party in the 2004 Local Elections

This study examines the factors that contributed to the success of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) during Serbia's September 2004 local elections. Understanding the factors behind the SRS's success...
Swirl-Enhanced Internal Cooling of Turbine Blades: Part 1—Radial Flow Entry

Heat transfer results for a given slot shaped channel with a 3:1 aspect ratio and jets issuing from side walls are presented. Two different jet configurations are used as a means to enhance turbulence in the main flow stream. The Reynolds numbers investigated range from 10,000 to 50,000 and are based on the mean velocity of the fluid at the channel inlet for the slot shaped channel without enhancement, or when swirl-jets are used, the equivalent mass flow rates at the exit of the main channel. Blowing Ratios, defined as the mean side jet velocity verses the mean main channel velocity, ranged from 8.6 to 30.2. This heat transfer enhancement strategy has proven to be effective in round channels. A transient technique combined with Duhamel’s superposition theorem was used to obtain the heat transfer coefficient distributions. Narrow-band liquid crystals were used to map the transient surface temperatures and were combined with thermocouples that measured the center-line air temperatures along the flow path in the main channel. The results of the passage with jet enhancements were compared to the smooth slot channel, without any type of heat transfer enhancements. The tests results reported in this paper show mean heat transfer enhancement values (Nu/Nuo smooth ) greater than 4.2 and low normalized friction factors. Thermal performance factors (OTP) ranged from 1.55–3.69 for the various configurations studied. These results show significant improvements over other types of heat transfer enhancement methods currently used in the mid-span section of turbine blades.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Iproniazid-induced encephalopathy in ducklings and chicks.

Abstract Iproniazid has been found to be neurotoxic to both ducklings and chicks when fed at dietary levels of 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.125% of the diet. At the highest level, most of the birds died before the first weekly-weigh period. Ducks were more susceptible than chicks to the toxic effects of the drug; half of the ducks fed 0.125% had died by the end of the third week of feeding whereas all of the chicks fed this level of the drug survived for six weeks. Microscopic lesions were observed in the brain and liver. Pathoanatomic alterations consisted of a sponginess of the neural tissue with vacuolization, most severe in the cerebellum around the deep-cerebellar nucleus and in the optic lobes. In birds fed the highest level of the drug similar changes were observed in the medullary bulb and midbrain. Lesions were especially prominent around the medullary-bulb nuclei. Axon degeneration was observed in both ducks and chicks fed the high level of iproniazid and was evident by the presence of torpedo forms in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and swollen, beaded axis cylinders in the white matter of the cerebellar medulla. Liver lesions were confined to a fatty metamorphosis of the hepatocytes and the deposition of bile pigment within the sinusoids and reticuloendothelial cells. Although hemoglobin level and packed-cell volume were lower in the test groups than in control groups, the iproniazid-fed birds were not markedly anemic.
That Horse Bit Me: Zoonotic Infections of Equines to Consider after Exposure Through the Bite or the Oral/Nasal Secretions

Millions of individuals are in contact with horses through occupational or recreational activities. Injuries from horses are responsible for over 100,000 emergency room visits each year in the United States. Although various types of traumatic injuries related to direct contact with horses are well described, roughly 3% to 4.5% of all reported injuries are due to bites by equines. The immediate injuries are commonly either blunt or penetrating trauma to local tissue; however, the bite exposure may also transmit a microbial agent of equine origin that can lead to a zoonotic infection. In almost all jurisdictions in the United States, animal bites are considered public health events and should be reported to the local health departments. Many animals can harbor many unusual zoonotic pathogens that both the individual health provider and public health officials much consider as they can adversely impact both the patient and the community health. This review focuses on those zoonoses that have been reported in the literature, including those that may in theory be transmitted from equine to human by direct inoculation or exposure to oral/nasal secretions from horses and other equine species.
ROOTS OF UNITY ASSOCIATED TO STRONGLY DETECTED BOUNDARY SLOPES

We found a family of infinitely many hyperbolic knot manifolds each member of which has a strongly detected boundary slope with associated root of unity of order 4.
Relying on the Ground Game The Placement and Effect of Campaign Field Offices

Though elite-based campaign mobilization was thought to be dead just a few election cycles ago, it has come roaring back in recent years. The vast majority of this direct voter outreach is coordinated through campaign field offices. Despite the increasing importance of such activities, little is known about where campaigns choose to locate these field offices and what effect campaign offices have on election outcomes. We develop a theoretical argument about where candidates will locate these offices, and test our argument using data from recent elections. We also show that these field offices increase county-level vote share by approximately 1%, netting Obama approximately 275,000 additional votes in the 2008 election. We conclude by discussing the normative implications of increased campaign investment in field operations.
Interferometric prediction and subtraction of surface waves with a nonlinear local filter

Surface waves are a form of coherent noise that can obscure valuable reflection information in exploration records. It is sometimes difficult to eliminate these surface waves by traditional filtering approaches, such as an f-k filter, without damaging the useful signals. As a partial remedy, we propose an interferometric method to predict and subtract surface waves in seismic data. The removal of surface waves by the proposed interferometric method consists of three steps: (1) remove most of the surface waves by a nonlinear local filter; (2) predict the residual surface waves by the interferometric method; (3) separate the residual surface waves from the result of step 2 by a nonlinear local filter, and remove the residual surface waves by a matched filter from the result of step 1. Field data tests for 2D and 3D data show that the method effectively suppresses surface waves and preserves the reflection information. Results suggest that the effectiveness of this method is sensitive to the parameter select...
Discourse diagrams: interface design for very large-scale conversations

On the Internet conversations between hundreds or thousands of people exchanging thousands of messages have become commonplace. The size of these very large-scale conversations (VLSCs) make them difficult for participants and interested observers to understand and critically reflect upon. To facilitate understanding of the social and semantic structure of VLSCs two tools from the social sciences-social networks and semantic networks have been used and extended for the purposes of interface design. As interface devices, social and semantic networks need to be flexible, layered diagrams that are useful as a means for exploring and cross-indexing the large volumes of messages that constitute the archives of VLSCs. This paper discusses the design criteria necessary for transforming social scientific representations into interface devices. The discussion is illustrated with the description of the Conversation Map system, an implemented system for browsing VLSCs.
Assessing the Impact of the Size and Scope of Government on Human Well-Being

We examine how public policies affect life satisfaction across the industrial democracies. We consider as indicators of policy overall levels of government spending, the size and generosity of the welfare state, and the degree of labor market regulation. Using individual- and aggregate-level data for OECD countries from 1981 to 2007, we find robust evidence that citizens find life more satisfying as the degree of government intervention in the economy increases. We find, further, that this result is inelastic to changes in income; that is, high- and low-income citizens appear to find more “leftist” social policies equally conducive to their subjective well-being. We conclude with a discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of the results.
Measurements of longitudinal dynamics in the SLC damping rings

Measurements of longitudinal beam properties in the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) damping rings have been made using a Hamamatsu, model N3373-02, 500-femtosecond streak camera. The dependence of bunch length on current and accelerating RF voltage was measured. The energy spread dependence of current was also measured. The turbulent instability threshold for the SLC damping ring is at the current of I=1.5-2.0/spl times/10/sup 10/ particles per bunch.
Stable integrators for fluid dynamics simulation

The partial differential equations of fluid dynamics are discussed in general, and then it is shown how the method of lines is used to discretize these equations to get a large system of ordinary differential equations appropriate for numerical solution techniques. The waterhammer problem is introduced to provide a linear test equation for comparing various numerical methods for solving the differential equation system. The exact solution of the resulting discretized system of equations is developed. The concept of stability of numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations is defined, and the stability properties of several numerical formulas thought to be appropriate for the fluid dynamics problem are presented. The linear test equation is then solved using each of these methods, and the applicability of each is analyzed with respect to its stability characteristics when applied to the waterhammer problem. It is concluded that the trapezoidal formula is most appropriate for transient analysis, b...
Alternative Perspectives on Policy Analysis: A Response to Douglas E. Mitchell's "Educational Policy Analysis: The State of the Art"

In the Educational Administration Quarterly, Douglas E. Mitchell presented an article on the state of the art in educationalpolicy analysis. It is argued here that Mitchell's representation of thefieldfails to reflect current literature and issues in an adequate fashion. After presenting and critically analyzing Mitchell's argument, an alternative representation of thefield, more consistent with the current literature, is offered.
Modeling the toxicity of polar and nonpolar narcotic compounds to luminescent bacterium Shk1

Luminescent bacterium Shk1 was created for the purpose of testing and screening the toxicity of activated sludge wastewater treatment plant influent to avoid toxic shock to the wastewater treatment plant microorganisms. The toxicity of a number of organic compounds was tested using an assay employing Shk1. Because these compounds exhibit toxicity by mechanisms of both polar and nonpolar narcosis, their toxicity cannot be properly modeled together using a quantitative structure-activity relationship model based on the logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient (log K(ow)). A solvation parameter model was developed to describe and predict the nonspecific (i.e., polar and nonpolar narcosis) toxicity of organic compounds to Shk1, which does not depend on the discrimination between polar and nonpolar narcotic compounds. The statistically significant model descriptors were the McGowan's characteristic volume (V(x)) and the hydrogen-bond basicity (sigmabetaH). The model was similar to the solvation parameter model developed for Vibrio fischeri, but it did not include an excess molar refraction (R) term.
Computer ethics: a capstone course

This paper presents a capstone course on computer ethics required for all computer science majors in our program. The course was designed to encourage students to evaluate their own personal value systems in terms of the established values in computer science as represented by the ACM Code of Ethics. The structure, activities, and topics of the course as well as assessment of the students are presented. Observations on various course components and student evaluations of the course are also presented.
Pushing and Steering Wheelchairs using a Holonomic Mobile Robot with a Single Arm

As robots become more human-centric it is envisioned that they will provide greater assistance to the elderly in long term care facilities. With the objective of transporting the elderly within the bounds of long term care facilities, a single arm is designed for a holonomic mobile robot such that the robot can push and steer wheel chairs along predefined trajectories. The associated control problem of pushing and steering wheelchairs is also addressed where it is assumed that the mass of the wheelchair and its friction characteristics are not known. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the design and the control strategy.