cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of convection and diffusion in a single pore with adsorptive walls

The importance of intraparticle convection during and after the pressurization step of a pressure swing adsorption process is assessed by considering a single, cylindrical, closed-end pore with adsorptive walls exposed to a binary mixture of an adsorbable component and an inert gas. Gas-phase mass transfer is comprised of pore diffusion and convection, and surface diffusion occurs in the adsorbed phase. Concentration, velocity, and flux profiles are obtained inside the pore both during and after pressurization. Solutions are obtained analytically for the limiting cases of no adsorption, no diffusion, and no inert gas. Complete solutions of the material balance equations are obtained by orthogonal collocation. The pressurization rate, the adsorptive capacity of the pore wall, and the gas-phase mole fraction are varied over a wide range to study the relative importance of convection and diffusion under different conditions. Results show that convection makes a large contribution to transport in the pore except when the adsorbable component has a small mole fraction.
Quantitation, cellular localization and regulation of neurokinin receptor gene expression within the rat substantia nigra

Abstract The diverse biological effects of substance P and related peptides are mediated by multiple neurokinin receptors. The CNS sites of neurokinin receptor biosynthesis have not been fully elucidated and little is known about the regulation of neurokinin receptor gene expression. In the present study, the abundance of neurokinin-1, neurokinin-2 and nuerokinin-3 receptor messenger RNAs in various rat brain regions was quantitated using a sensitive solution hybridization assay. Midbrain neurokinin receptor gene expression was then examined in detail. In situ hubridization experiments localized high levels of neurokinin-3 receptor messenger RNA to pressumptive dopamine neurons, as evidenced by sensitivity to 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA in serial sections. Lesions of nigral afferent (including substance P-containing) pathways from the caudate-putamen increased both nigral neurokinin-3 and neurokinin-1 receptor messenger RNA levels two- to three-fold. These data provide the anatomical substrate for physiological data suggesting that substance P (released from striatonigral neurons) may act on nigral cells through neurokinin-1 receptors, while the substance P co-transmitter neurokinin A may act preferentially on dopamine neurons through neurokinin-3 receptors. The magnitude of denervation-induced changes in neurokin receptor messenger RNAs suggest significant plasticity of neurokinin receptor gene expression.
Ca2+ signaling down-regulation in ageing and Alzheimer's disease: why is Ca2+ so difficult to measure?

Abstract Ca 2+ signaling is a central process in brain function, but the direction of its change in ageing and in the pre-symptomatic stages of Alzheimer’s disease has been controversial. A great deal of studies have been interpreted as supportive to the current hypothesis that intracellular Ca 2+ levels are steadily increased in ageing. We, however, believe that, although current studies have provided valuable knowledge for the mechanisms of the signal transduction process, they have not furnished relevant information regarding the global Ca 2+ changes in the ageing brain, because the cognition-related Ca 2+ pulses exist only in the intact brain.
Seasonal changes in hematology of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.

Abstract 1. 1. A study on hematology of rainbow trout was conducted to test whether or not seasonal changes are due to changes in water temperature. 2. 2. Although water temperature was maintained about the same throughout the study, seasonal changes were evident in hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum protein, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin and mean cell hemoglobin concentration. 3. 3. In conclusion, water temperature does not seem to be responsible for variations in hematology of rainbow trout. Diet, metabolic adaptations and activity are suggested as probable causes of seasonal changes.
Noninvasive prediction of hyaline membrane disease: an optimized classification of sonographic placental maturation.

Accurate prediction of fetal pulmonary maturity by means of a less invasive procedure than amniocentesis would be desirable. Sonographic diagnosis of a Grade III placenta has been reported to be an excellent predictor of fetal lung maturity. The standard classification of placental grading assigns grade according to the most advanced portion of the placenta. Using this classification, we studied 230 patients. In 80 pregnancies with Grade III placenta, three of the neonates developed respiratory distress syndrome. With reclassification of the placentas as immature, (no Grade III areas), intermediate, (only a portion of the placenta being Grade III), or mature, (Grade III placenta throughout), it was found that no neonatal hyaline membrane disease occurred in the 41 pregnancies with mature placentas, whereas 12% of the neonates in the immature group and 8% in the intermediate group developed hyaline membrane disease. These findings suggest that when sonographic examination of the placenta shows both Grade III and non-Grade III sections, there is still a risk for an immature amniotic fluid lecithinlsphingomyelin ratio and neonatal hyaline membrane disease. The placentas should be considered mature only when Grade III changes are present in all sections examined by ultrasound.
Evolution of Sexes from an Ancestral Mating-Type Specification Pathway

Male and female sexes have evolved repeatedly in eukaryotes but the origins of dimorphic sexes and their relationship to mating types in unicellular species are not understood. Volvocine algae include isogamous species such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, with two equal-sized mating types, and oogamous multicellular species such as Volvox carteri with sperm-producing males and egg-producing females. Theoretical work predicts genetic linkage of a gamete cell-size regulatory gene(s) to an ancestral mating-type locus as a possible step in the evolution of dimorphic gametes, but this idea has not been tested. Here we show that, contrary to predictions, a single conserved mating locus (MT) gene in volvocine algae—MID, which encodes a RWP-RK domain transcription factor—evolved from its ancestral role in C. reinhardtii as a mating-type specifier, to become a determinant of sperm and egg development in V. carteri. Transgenic female V. carteri expressing male MID produced functional sperm packets during sexual development. Transgenic male V. carteri with RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdowns of VcMID produced functional eggs, or self-fertile hermaphrodites. Post-transcriptional controls were found to regulate cell-type–limited expression and nuclear localization of VcMid protein that restricted its activity to nuclei of developing male germ cells and sperm. Crosses with sex-reversed strains uncoupled sex determination from sex chromosome identity and revealed gender-specific roles for male and female mating locus genes in sexual development, gamete fitness and reproductive success. Our data show genetic continuity between the mating-type specification and sex determination pathways of volvocine algae, and reveal evidence for gender-specific adaptations in the male and female mating locus haplotypes of Volvox. These findings will enable a deeper understanding of how a master regulator of mating-type determination in an ancestral unicellular species was reprogrammed to control sexually dimorphic gamete development in a multicellular descendant.
Passage of saccharides from cerebrospinal fluid to blood.

Saccharides with a molecular weight ranging from 182 to 50,000, which enter the cerebrospinal fluid at extremely slow rates when administered intravenously, all pass readily at similar rates from cerebrospinal fluid to blood after injection into a lateral cerebral ventricle. The mechanism of transfer appears to be a filtration of cerebrospinal fluid across a sieve-like boundary possibly located at the arachnoid villi.
Correlation between steady-state ATP hydrolysis and vanadate-induced ADP trapping in Human P-glycoprotein. Evidence for ADP release as the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle and its modulation by substrates.

Abstract P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a transmembrane protein conferring multidrug resistance to cells by extruding a variety of amphipathic cytotoxic agents using energy from ATP hydrolysis. The objective of this study was to understand how substrates affect the catalytic cycle of ATP hydrolysis by Pgp. The ATPase activity of purified and reconstituted recombinant human Pgp was measured using a continuous cycling assay. Pgp hydrolyzes ATP in the absence of drug at a basal rate of 0.5 μmol·min·mg−1 with aK m for ATP of 0.33 mm. This basal rate can be either increased or decreased depending on the Pgp substrate used, without an effect on the K m for ATP or 8-azidoATP and K i for ADP, suggesting that substrates do not affect nucleotide binding to Pgp. Although inhibitors of Pgp activity, cyclosporin A, its analog PSC833, and rapamycin decrease the rate of ATP hydrolysis with respect to the basal rate, they do not completely inhibit the activity. Therefore, these drugs can be classified as substrates. Vanadate (Vi)-induced trapping of [α-32P]8-azidoADP was used to probe the effect of substrates on the transition state of the ATP hydrolysis reaction. TheK m for [α-32P]8-azidoATP (20 μm) is decreased in the presence of Vi; however, it is not changed by drugs such as verapamil or cyclosporin A. Strikingly, the extent of Vi-induced [α-32P]8-azidoADP trapping correlates directly with the fold stimulation of ATPase activity at steady state. Furthermore, Pi exhibits very low affinity for Pgp (K i∼30 mm for Vi-induced 8-azidoADP trapping). In aggregate, these data demonstrate that the release of Vi trapped [α-32P]8-azidoADP from Pgp is the rate-limiting step in the steady-state reaction. We suggest that substrates modulate the rate of ATPase activity of Pgp by controlling the rate of dissociation of ADP following ATP hydrolysis and that ADP release is the rate-limiting step in the normal catalytic cycle of Pgp.
Learning through the Ages: What Adult Development Theory Brings to Management Classes.

The content theories of motivation that are presented in most management classrooms are so broad that their usefulness to managers is limited. Yet it is important for managers to have away of thinking about what people value or need. This article describes a design for a class session that uses adult development theory to help students see how motivation may change over the adult life cycle. Because the design hinges ondividing students into discussion groups by age, the session also offers a gentleway to raise awareness of other kinds of diversity in the classroom and workplace.
Current Recommendations for Bladder Instillation Therapy in the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

Bladder instillation therapy refers to the direct introduction of medication into the bladder and is a common treatment modality for patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) who have failed conservative and oral therapies. The current American Urological Association (AUA) recommendations list three medications as options for IC/BPS instillation therapy: dimethyl sulfoxide, heparin, and lidocaine. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence behind the recommendations for these medications. We also examine several historical or experimental therapies that do not hold recommendations but are still used on rare occasion. Finally, we discuss our bladder instillation strategies as well as potential future research and development in intravesicular therapy.
Linking: a mechanism of intermittent preexcitation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

MIDDLEKAUFF, H.R., ET AL.: Linking: A Mechanism of Intermittent Preexcitation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Intermittent preexcitation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome has been equated with a long accessory pathway refractory period and long R-R interval between preexcited beats in atrial fibrillation and therefore a low risk for sudden death. A case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in which preexcitation became intermittent following procainamide infusion, with only moderate prolongation of the accessory pathway refractory period but marked prolongation of the shortest preexcited R-R interval in atrial fibrillation, is described. Programmed ventricular and atrial stimulation demonstrated that intermittent preexcitation was caused by concealed conduction producing a linking phenomenon, facilitated by the antiarrhythmic drug. Linking due to concealed retrograde penetration of a propagated impulse into the accessory pathway may contribute to the disparity between accessory pathway refractory period and shortest preexcited R-R interval in atrial fibrillation in some patients and may be a confounding factor in the interpretation of noninvasive tests of accessory pathway conduction.
Smooth non-parametric estimation of the distribution function from balanced ranked set samples

In certain sampling schemes, such as ranked set sampling, the observed data set can consist entirely of independent order statistics. A balanced ranked set sample consists of n independent cycles, in each of which the experimenter selects k random samples, each of size k. The recorded observation in sample r of cycle i is the rth order statistic, X (r) . Stokes and Sager (1988) have shown that the empirical distribution function based on such samples is an unbiased estimate of the underlying distribution function and is more precise than the empirical distribution function calculated from a simple random sample of the same size. In this article, the properties of the empirical distribution function developed by Stokes and Sager (1988) are further investigated. In addition, a kernel-type estimator of the distribution function is developed. For large n, the smooth estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Finally, small sample properties of the two estimators are investigated and compared via computer simulations.
Internal and external checks in the NOSAMS sample preparation laboratory for target quality and homogeneity

Abstract In the NOSAMS sample preparation laboratory (SPD we have developed rigorous internal procedures aimed at ensuring that sample preparation introduces as little error into our analyses as possible and identifying problems rapidly. Our three major CO 2 preparation procedures are: stripping inorganic carbon from seawater, hydrolyzing CaCO 3 , and oxidizing organic matter. For seawater, approximately 10% of our analyses are standards or blanks which we use to demonstrate extraction of virtually all the inorganic carbon. Analysis of the stable carbon isotopic composition of the CO 2 extracted from our standards indicates a precision of better than 0.15–0.20‰. We also routinely process 14 C-free CO 2 in our stripping lines to demonstrate the absence of a significant process-dependent blank. For organic combustions and CaCO 3 hydrolyses, we use the carbon yield (% organic carbon (OC) or % CaCO 3 by weight) as a check on our sample procedures. We have analyzed the blank contribution of these procedures as a function of sample size. Our organic carbon blank is constant at approximately 0.4% modern for samples containing greater than 1 mg C and our carbonate blank is less than 0.2% modern for samples containing more than 0.5 mg C. We use a standard Fe/H 2 catalytic reduction to prepare graphite from CO 2 . We check the completeness of our reactions with the pressure data stored during the reaction as well as use a robot to determine a gravimetric yield. All graphite undergoes a visual inspection and is rejected if any heterogeneities are present. We have recombusted graphite made from CO 2 with δ 13 C values ranging from −42 to 1‰ and determined that the δ 13 C of the recombusted carbon agrees with that from the pure gas to within 0.05‰, demonstrating little or no fractionation during the treatment of the sample. The δ 13 C we measure on the CO 2 generated from more than 75% of our samples is compared to the δ 13 C measured on the AMS as a further check of our procedures. As further external checks, we analyzed the International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) samples during the establishment of our laboratory and are presently participating in the third international radiocarbon intercalibration (TIRI) exercise.
Medium-dependence of vanadium K-edge X-ray absorption spectra with application to blood cells from phlebobranch tunicates

Abstract K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a subtle probe of the chemical environment and oxidation state of the elements. Thus, the change in the energy position of the rising K-edge inflection in the XAS spectrum of [V(H2O)6]3+ in pH 0, 1, 2 and 3 aqueous solutions produces a titration curve that can be fit (r=0.999) with an unusual model involving two cooperative deprotonations, yielding pKa1=1.5±0.1 and pKa2=1.1±0.1. These pH effects on VIII K-edge XAS spectra vary with the medium (40% aqueous methanol) and the counterion (Cl−, SO42−). Applied to whole blood of the tunicate Ascidia ceratodes, as collected from Monterey Bay, California, fits to the vanadium K-edge XAS spectra produced a detailed speciation of the major endogenous cellular VIII (complex, percent): [V(H2O)6]3+, 23.6%; [V(SO4)(H2O)5]+, 38.1%; [V(SO4)2(H2O)4]−, 19.8%, and; [V(SO4)(OH)2(H2O)3], 7.7%. Genus-associated differences in the distribution of blood cell vanadium appear on comparison with a sample of whole blood from Phallusia nigra, in which most of the vanadium is distributed among [V(H2O)6]3+, 34%; tris-chelated VIII, 33%, and; [VIVO(H2O)5]2+, 30%, with no VIII complex ions at all detected. Vanadium distribution in the blood cells of a single specimen of A. ceratodes from Bodega Bay, California is shown to vary significantly from the norm of animals collected from Monterey Bay, California. Finally, preliminary results are reported from in vitro experiments exposing A. ceratodes blood cells to vanadyl ion, showing active uptake and incorporation.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION OF T NONINVARIANCE IN NUCLEAR BETA-DECAY

We calculate the simulation of $T$-violating correlations induced by final state electromagnetic interactions in nuclear beta decay.RADIOACTIVITY Nuclear beta decay, calculated final state Coulomb simulation of $T$ violation.
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1567).

(1999). Andreas Vesalius (1514-1567) Journal of Investigative Surgery: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 131-132.
Effect of Urea on Solubility: Role of Water Structure

The solubilities of benzoic and salicylic acid in aqueous urea, methylurea, and 1,3-dimethylurea solutions were studied. From a thermodynamic transfer model, the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution were determined. By virtue of the fact that the solubilization process was nearly athermal and by the magnitude of the free energy and entropy values obtained, it was concluded that the enhanced solubilization of benzoic and salicylic acid in urea and alkylurea solutions did not involve complexation. The effect of urea on water structure and hydrophobic bonding was considered. By examination of the literature and analysis of the data obtained from this investigation it was proposed that urea, methylurea, and 1,3-dimethylurea solubilized benzoic and salicylic acids by “breaking up” water clusters surrounding the nonpolar molecule, increasing the entropy of the system, and producing a “driving” force for the solubilization. It was found that the alkyl substituted ureas, methyl-and 1,3-dimethylurea, produced a greater increase in solubility than urea, with 1,3-dimethylurea having the greater effect upon the solubility of the aromatic acids. It was noted that the urea and the alkylureas had the greatest solubilization effect on the more hydrophobic molecule, salicylic acid. A discussion of the solubilizing effect of urea on the aromatic acids is presented.
WHAT DOES GEOGRAPHY NEED FROM CLIMATOLOGY

(1950). What does geography need from climatology? The Professional Geographer: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 41-44.
China's Renewable Energy Law and its impact on renewable power in China: Progress, challenges and recommendations for improving implementation

Beginning in 2006, China experienced a rapid growth in its renewable energy resources, particularly wind power, placing it among the world's leading countries in terms of renewable energy installation and generation. This growth was greatly enabled by the renewable energy policy framework created by its landmark Renewable Energy Law, passed in 2005 and amended in 2009, which established key policies including: national renewable energy targets; a mandatory connection and purchase policy; a national feed-in tariff system; and arrangements for cost-sharing and funding of renewable energy incentives. This paper describes the mechanisms established by the Renewable Energy Law and its implementing regulations, as well as the challenges China continues to face in improving its renewable energy policy framework to improve integration and utilization of renewable energy sources. It also provides a comparison of the Chinese renewable energy policy framework with those in the European Union and United States. Finally, the paper provides recommendations for improving implementation of the Renewable Energy Law, with regard to implementing a renewable power quota system and priority dispatch policy, developing technical standards for connection of renewable resources with the grid, development of a more advanced feed-in tariff system, and central-local coordination of renewable energy development.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION DECISIONS

The paper reports results of an effort to replace the simple notions of transportation and labor casts with other measures of friction of distance and place specific factors in industrial location theory. Friction of distance variables are defined in relation to (1) transport of goods, (2) movement of persons, and (3) transfer of ideas. Transport of goods, even when redefined so as to conform better to the concerns of modern industrial management, does not appear to play the overwhelming role assigned to it by classical location theory. (Author/TRRL)
Fossil Nematodes From Mexican Amber

Fossil nematodes occur in amber found in the La Quinta Formation (Late Oligocene) of the southern Mexican state of Chiapas. This amber is around 25 million years old and was deposited in marine sediments during the late Oligocene epoch. Breeding populations of a member of Aphelenchoididae are described as Oligaphelenchoides atrebora n. gen., n. sp. Two specimens which appear to represent males in the family Diplogasteridae are described as Oligodiplogaster antiqua n. gen., n. sp. A third species which is considered microbivorous (free-living) is described as robustus n. sp. in the fossil genus Vetus Taylor.
Effect of antiserum on transplantable hematopoietic colony- forming units during rauscher leukemia development.

Studies have been carried out to determine the sensitivity of hematopoietic CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice to an antiserum against the disease prepared in syngeneic mice. Test of this antiserum against Rauscher virus prior to injection showed it to be effective both in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, normal serum was shown to be without effect either against the CFU-S or against the virus. Spleen CFU-S were obtained from control and leukemic mice over a sequence of days following Rauscher virus injection and assayed by transplantation technique. Prior to transplantation these were incubated in vitro in either normal syngeneic serum or syngeneic antiserum. Incubation with antiserum had no effect on CFU-S obtained from the spleens of normal mice. However, incubation in this antiserum of spleen CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice resulted in a reduction of up to 50% in their colony-forming ability. Additional tests with guinea pig complement suggested that the levels of inactivation seen are not complement limited. This antiserum-induced reduction in colony formation was first evident in the second week after the injection of virus, coincident with the onset of splenomegaly in the leukemic mice. Thereafter, sensitivity of CFU-S to the antiserlm could be detected up to the terminal point of the leukemia (44 days).
Arrhythmic risk in congenital long QT syndrome

One of the most important and challenging aspects of caring for patients with congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) is assessing an individual's risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) because of torsades de pointes. Current risk assessment integrates clinical and genetic features known to be associated with SCD, but more accurate methods of risk assessment could lead to more appropriate use of therapies, potentially saving lives and avoiding overtreatment. Conventional indices of risk include sex, age, extent of QT prolongation, history of symptoms (syncope or aborted SCD), and genetic subtype. The biophysical properties of specific mutations (eg, those that affect transmembrane segments of the ion channel protein or those that cause a dominant negative effect on ion channel function vs haplotype insufficiency) also contribute to risk. A growing body of basic mechanistic and clinical evidence points to heterogeneity of repolarization as a potent determinant of risk in LQTS patients. Mechanistically, heterogeneities of repolarization provide substrate for reentry, which likely causes perpetuation of torsades de pointes. Clinical markers that reflect heterogeneity of repolarization include abnormal microvolt-level T wave alternans, increased Tpeak-end interval, and dispersion of mechanical contraction time. The optimal methodology for using these indices as risk predictors in LQTS remains under active investigation. Further studies are needed to determine how indices of heterogeneity such as microvolt-level T wave alternans, Tpeak-end interval, and dispersion of mechanical contraction can be incorporated into models of risk prediction in LQTS, both for initial risk stratification and for assessment of efficacy of therapies.
Structural and replicative forms of mitochondrial DNA from human leukocytes in relation to age

Abstract The structure and replication of human leukocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated in healthy young adult males (23–37 years old), middle-aged males (42–52 years old) with secondary polycythemia, and elderly males (80–89 years old) who exhibited different degrees of age-related disease syndromes. The distribution of the various cell types within the white cell population was within normal limits in all samples. Total mtDNA was isolated in ethidium bromide-CsCl gradients and examined by electron microscopy after spreading by the aqueous and formamide techniques. The individual frequencies of catenated forms ranged from 2 to 6% but showed relatively little change (declining slightly) with age. The individual frequencies of circular dimers varied from 0 to 0.1% in the young adult and polycythemic groups and in 10 out of the 12 elderly individuals. One elderly individual had a circular dimer frequency of 0.3% (including a circular molecule of tetramer size) and another had 4.5%. This finding suggests that age-related cellular pathology may exist in the blood-forming system in some cases. The mode of replication of leukocyte mtDNA agrees well with that described for mouse L cells. There was no evidence of aberrant mtDNA replication as a result of aging.
Synthesis of Microbial Protein in Ruminally Cannulated Cows Fed Alfalfa Silage, Alfalfa Hay, or Corn Silage

Six ruminally cannulated cows were used in an experiment with a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Three all forage diets-alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, or corn silage plus 2.2% urea (DM basis)-were fed for ad libitum intake four times daily. The microbial protein marker 15NH3 and the liquid marker Cr-EDTA were infused continuously into the rumen for 72 and 48 h, respectively; the solid marker, Yb-labeled forage, was dosed into the rumen twice daily for 60 h. Pool sizes of ruminal NAN were determined by emptying the rumen. Proportions of bacterial N formed from NH3 were 57, 46, and 82% for the alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, and corn silage diets, respectively. For all diets, flows of microbial NAN with the liquid and solid phases were about equal. Although feed NAN in the liquid pool was only 12% of ruminal feed NAN, 30% of feed NAN that escaped the rumen flowed with the liquids. Flow of microbial NAN was highest for corn silage (243 g/d) and lowest for alfalfa hay (212 g/d); microbial NAN represented 50% (alfalfa silage and hay) and 76% (corn silage) of total NAN flow. Proportions of NAN intake that were degraded in the rumen were 61, 56, and 57% for alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, and corn silage (without urea N), respectively; these values were lower than those reported by the NRC. Total flows of NAN from the rumen were 472, 424, and 321 g/d for the alfalfa silage, alfalfa hay, and corn silage diets, respectively. Use of liquid (Cr-EDTA) and solid (Yb) markers to compute the rate of passage of microbial protein proved to be less variable than regression of 15N enrichment of bacterial NAN over time.
Increased endonuclease activity in an extract from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which had been treated with a partially purified interferon preparation: dependence on double stranded RNA

Summary Reovirus messenger RNAs are degraded faster in crude extracts (S30) from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with either a partially purified interferon preparation or the interferon inducer poly(I)·poly(C) than in corresponding extracts from untreated cells. The faster degradation appears to be a consequence of endonuclease action. The endonuclease activity in vitro depends on the presence of double-stranded reo-virus RNA in the reaction mixture.
Suppression of juvenile social behavior requires antagonism of central opioid systems

Pairs of male and female rats were injected with either tertiary naltrexone (NTX) which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, or quaternary naltrexone (QNTX) which does not, to determine the importance of central opioid systems in the elaboration of juvenile social behavior. In the first experiment, only intraperitoneal injections of NTX (1.0 mg/kg) suppressed the frequency of wrestling pins. Peripheral injections of QNTX (10.0 mg/kg) were without effect. In a second experiment, QNTX (2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 micrograms/4.0 microliters) was injected directly into the lateral ventricles. Intracerebroventricular injection of the moderate dose reliably reduced frequency of pinning while the higher dose was severely incapacitating and the low dose was without effect. The results of these two experiments confirm an important role for brain opioid systems in the control of juvenile social interaction.
Utility of Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography for Analysis of Intrafractional and Interfractional Variation in Lung Volumes

Purpose To assess the viability of four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) in describing intrafractional and interfractional changes in lung volumes and to determine which breathing phase, if any, produces the most highly reproducible lung volumes among fractions. Methods and Materials Weekly 4D CT scans were acquired for 13 patients with non–small-cell lung cancer during a course of radiotherapy. Contours delineating the right lung, left lung, and total lung were obtained by adapting library models of the anatomic structures to the CT images and propagating them to all 10 respiratory phases represented in the 4D CT image data set. Lung volumes were calculated using software tools in a commercial radiation treatment-planning system and analyzed for interfractional volume reproducibility using t tests and for phase reproducibility using a phase-dependent uncertainty curve across all patients. Probability (p) values of Results The average mean coefficient of variation of tidal volume across all patients was 25.0%. The average standard deviation of tidal volumes was 5.7% relative to the lung volume at end-expiration. Total volumes measured at the 30% phase were 15% more consistent than those measured at end-inspiration (p = 0.03). Conclusions Four-dimensional CT assesses lung volume with acceptable precision; but the technique was unable to accurately predict interfractional changes in lung volume because wide variations in intra- and interfractional breathing cause high uncertainties in 4D CT data acquisition. The most reproducible breathing phase seems to be at the 30–40% phase (just before end-expiration).
Addressing response time of cloud-based mobile applications

With more mobile applications being developed to take advantage of the elastic cloud computing resources instead of restricting to native mobile device resources, this paper investigates a timely question: is there any fundamental challenge that needs to be overcome to enable cloud-based mobile applications? We show that using cloud resources makes applications highly interactive and real-time, making low response time a key requirement for satisfactory user experience. Using two promising Cloud Mobile applications, Cloud Mobile Gaming (CMG) and Cloud Mobile Desktop (CMD), we demonstrate that meeting response time requirements can be a significant challenge. We show why existing Internet PC based solutions for delay and response time management may not be adequate to address the response time challenge of Cloud Mobile applications. We describe response time management techniques that have been recently developed for Cloud Mobile applications, and propose new directions, including developing Mobile Network Clouds, and Mobile Cloud Scheduling, as ways to address the response time challenge of Cloud Mobile applications.
Amino acid substitutions outside a preselected antigenic region in hemoglobin affect the binding to monoclonal antibodies obtained by immunization with the synthetic region

It is often assumed that amino acid substitutions outside a protein antigenic site have no effect on the reactivity of a protein variant with antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Substitutions that exert an effect on the reactivity of a protein variant with mAbs are frequently considered to be within the antigenic site of the mAb. To test this assumption, two mAbs [IgG1(k) and IgG2a(k)] were prepared by immunization with a synthetic peptide corresponding to region 63-78 of the alpha chain of human hemoglobin (Hb). The peptide was used as an immunogen in its free form (i.e., without conjugation to a carrier), so that the results will not be made ambiguous by peptide modification nor by an immune response to sites spanning peptide and protein carrier. In addition to their reaction with human Hb, the mAbs were also studied with four primate Hbs which had no substitutions within region alpha 63-78 and only a limited number of substitutions which occurred outside of, and at considerable distances in three-dimensional (3D) structure from, this region. Inhibition studies revealed substantial differences in the binding affinities of some of the primate Hbs, relative to human Hb. Some of the substitutions caused major decreases in binding, although they were at considerable distances in the 3D structure from the indicated site residues. It is concluded that substitutions in a protein, even when distant from an antigenic site, can exert major influences on the protein's reactivity with anti-site mAbs.
Heptapeptide repeat structure of a wheat γ-gliadin

Abstract A γ gliadin cDNA clone has been sequenced. The clone encodes 251 amino acid residues beginning with a 19 residue signal peptide. The putative processed amino terminus is characteristic of a γ gliadin. Fourteen imperfect repeats of a heptapeptide occur near the amino terminus. Data from hybrid selected translation suggest that the cDNA contains sol3 4 of the mRNA coding region. These results provide the first description of the amino terminus of a γ gliadin precursor.
Women Weavers OnLine: Rural Moroccan Women on the Internet:

This article presents a case study of how gender functions in the information society at two sites in rural Morocco. At both sites, mostly illiterate rural women sell the rugs and other textiles th...
Tissue-specific tumor suppression by BRCA1

Germ-line mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 increase the lifetime risk for breast cancer and ovarian cancer by up to ∼80% and ∼50%, respectively. Population-based studies also support a sex- and tissue-specific tumor suppressor function of BRCA1, but the mechanisms of this specificity are not fully understood. Somatic loss of the normal functioning allele in BRCA1 carriers is common in cancer development and additional somatic events, including mutations of PTEN and TP53, occur at high frequencies (detailed below). Research over the last two decades has described the role of the ubiquitously expressed BRCA1 in maintaining genomic stability through its function in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, in addition to its activity as a transcriptional regulator. In PNAS, Gorrini et al. shed light on the specificity of BRCA1’s tumor suppressor function in breast tissue. The authors identify an estrogen-induced pathway that promotes the survival of BRCA1-deficient mammary epithelial cells (MECs), as well as Brca1-deficient mammary tumor cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death (1).
Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Methods for Open-Shell and Electronically Excited Species: The Hitchhiker's Guide to Fock Space

The equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) approach is a versatile electronic-structure tool that allows one to describe a variety of multiconfigurational wave functions within single-reference formalism. This review provides a guide to established EOM methods illustrated by examples that demonstrate the types of target states currently accessible by EOM. It focuses on applications of EOM-CC to electronically excited and open-shell species. The examples emphasize EOM's advantages for selected situations often perceived as multireference cases [e.g., interacting states of different nature, Jahn-Teller (JT) and pseudo-JT states, dense manifolds of ionized states, diradicals, and triradicals]. I also discuss limitations and caveats and offer practical solutions to some problematic situations. The review also touches on some formal aspects of the theory and important current developments.
An application of the model building of fuzzy dynamic integrated judgment in the total failure time of censored data

As we all know, the theory of fuzzy sets facilitates a much better model for human cognition than traditional approaches. The developments of the fuzzy set theory was motivated largely by the need for computational framework in dealing with systems in which human judgment, behavior, and emotion play a dominate role. One of the applications in the theory of fuzzy sets is fuzzy judgment for multiple focal-factors (i.e., attributes of an object to be judged), called the fuzzy integrated judgment. Areas in which the fuzzy integrated judgment has been successfully applied are often quite fruitful and tangible. In particular, an application of the fuzzy dynamic integrated judgment for cotton allocation was explored by Zhao, Peng, and Cheng (1996). Also, some principles and approaches of model building of fuzzy dynamic integrated judgment were studied by Zhao and Cheng (1997). The total failure time of a system with several components often plays an important role in the reliability theory. In some cases, all components of a system with several identical components may be put on test until an r-th smallest failure time occurs and the total time on test is subsequently calculated. The total failure time from exponentially distributed censored data has been proven to be an adequate statistic by Nair and Cheng (2001) in light of the works by Skibinsky (1967) and Cheng and Mordeson (1985). The test may be repeated for many times. As a result, since the total failure time until the r-th ordered failure time is observed will be recorded for each test, several total failure times for the same system are available for use in analyzing the reliability of the system. In this proposal, an integrated use of these total failure times will be discussed by means of the approach of model building of fuzzy dynamic integrated judgment.
Single-event upset in flash memories

Single-event upset was investigated in high-density flash memories from two different manufacturers. Many types of functional abnormalities can be introduced in these devices by heavy-ions because of their complex internal architecture. Changes in the stored memory contents sometimes occurred, even when devices were irradiated in a read mode with the internal charge pump inactive. For one device technology, unusually high currents were observed during post-irradiation cycling that were high enough to cause catastrophic failure.
Improvement in Peripheral Glucose Uptake After Gastric Bypass Surgery Is Observed Only After Substantial Weight Loss Has Occurred and Correlates with the Magnitude of Weight Lost

Introduction Altered gut and pancreatic hormone secretion may bolster resolution of insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), but the independent effects of weight loss and hormonal secretion on peripheral glucose disposal are unknown.
Memantine in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Summary Background Memantine has been used off-label to treat frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD). A previous 26-week open-label study suggested a transient, modest benefit on neuropsychiatric symptoms as measured by the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI). We aimed to determine whether memantine is an effective treatment for FTD. Methods We did a randomised, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 20 mg memantine taken orally daily for 26 weeks in patients with FTD. Participants met Neary criteria for behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD) or semantic dementia and had characteristic brain atrophy. Use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors was prohibited. Individuals were randomly assigned to receive either memantine or matched placebo tablets (1:1) in blocks of two and four patients. All patients and study personnel were masked to treatment assignment. Primary endpoints were the change in total NPI score and clinical global impression of change (CGIC) score after 26 weeks and were analysed by intention to treat. This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00545974. Findings Of 100 patients screened, 81 were randomly assigned to receive memantine (39 patients) or placebo (42 patients). Five (6%) patients discontinued, and 76 completed the 26-week treatment. Enrolment numbers were lower than planned because of many patients' preference to take memantine or cholinesterase inhibitors off-label rather than participate in a clinical trial. Memantine treatment had no effect on either the NPI (mean difference 2·2, 95% CI −3·9 to 8·3, p=0·47) or CGIC (mean difference 0·0, −0·4 to 0·4, p=0·90) after 26 weeks of treatment. Memantine was generally well tolerated; however, patients in the memantine group had more frequent cognitive adverse events (six patients) than those in the placebo group (one). Interpretation Memantine treatment showed no benefit in patients with FTD. These data do not support memantine use in FTD. Funding Forest Research Institute.
Stock market integration in ASEAN after the Asian financial crisis

Members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have recently made progress in forming a free trade area and investment zone, and are now examining the possibility of stock market integration. Regional integration may be fostered by simply coordinating existing national stock markets or, at an extreme, by creating a supranational exchange. Financial theory suggests that an integrated regional market is more efficient than segmented national markets, and this is what’s driving the interest in ASEAN stock market integration -- particularly after of the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998. From the perspective of a portfolio investor, integration of markets suggests that the separate markets move together and have high correlations, so there is less benefit from portfolio diversification across countries. The issue of stock market integration is thus of interest to ASEAN policymakers and international portfolio investors alike. This paper considers the degree to which the five stock markets in the original ASEAN countries (ASEAN-5) are correlated as a way to assess the feasibility of ASEAN stock market integration and the implications for portfolio investors. In particular, this paper considers whether the ASEAN-5 markets are integrated or segmented using the time series technique of cointegration to extract a long-run relation. The empirical results suggest that the ASEAN-5 stock markets are cointegrated and are thus not completely segmented by national borders. However, there is only one cointegrating vector, leaving four common trends among the five variables. We therefore conclude that ASEAN-5 stock markets are integrated in the economic sense, but that integration is not complete. On a policy level, initiatives to further integrate the stock markets are feasible, and in fact desirable. From the perspective of the international portfolio investor, benefits of international portfolio diversification across the five markets are reduced but not eliminated. This paper was initiated while the authors were Visiting Researchers at The International Center for the Study of East Asian Development (ICSEAD) in Kitakyushu, Japan, during the Summer of 2002. We are grateful for financial support from ICSEAD during this period. We are also grateful for valuable comments from Eric Ramstetter, Kiyotaka Sato, Oleksandr Movshuk, Atsuko Matsuoka, and other seminar participants at ICSEAD.
Water‐Soluble Flavor and Odor Precursors of Meat. I. Qualitative Study of Certain Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, Non‐Amino Acid Nitrogen Compounds, and Phosphoric Acid Esters of Beef, Pork, and Lamba

SUMMARY Paper and ion-exchange chromatography were used to determine qualitatively certain constituents in lyophilized diffusates from cold-water extracts of beef, lamb, and pork muscles. The qualitative contents of low-molecular-weight diffusible organic constituents in tissue from these three species were remarkably similar. Involvement of constituents studied as flavor and odor precursors is discussed.
3D-SURFER

Summary: We present 3D-SURFER, a web-based tool designed to facilitate high-throughput comparison and characterization of proteins based on their surface shape. As each protein is effectively represented by a vector of 3D Zernike descriptors, comparison times for a query protein against the entire PDB take, on an average, only a couple of seconds. The web interface has been designed to be as interactive as possible with displays showing animated protein rotations, CATH codes and structural alignments using the CE program. In addition, geometrically interesting local features of the protein surface, such as pockets that often correspond to ligand binding sites as well as protrusions and flat regions can also be identified and visualized. Availability: 3D-SURFER is a web application that can be freely accessed from: http://dragon.bio.purdue.edu/3d-surfer Contact: dkihara@purdue.edu Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.