cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of inclusive service-learning partnership on mental health among therapeutic recreation college students.

This study investigated the mental health implications of a service-learning partnership between therapeutic recreation (TR) college students and children/youth in a recreation inclusion program. Twenty-five TR students participated in 6-week inclusion program with a child/ youth partner with or without a disability. Resiliency results exhibited a directional increase (d<=.10) with three subscales significant in change for student’s ability to deal with: whatever comes my way (p < .029), seeing the humorous side of things (p < .035), and coping with stress (p < .029). Further analysis found significance that males (p = .045) and racial/ethnic minority participants (p = .021.) had reduced their stress scores. Enjoyment scores significantly increased (p < .001). Analysis of reflection notes revealed two main themes: (1) emotional contagion, and (2) reducing stress and anxiety. These themes relate to key aspects of resilience, which demonstrates the value of service-learning for TR college students and the therapeutic potential for mental health support. Practice and research implications of service learning for TR are presented.Subscribe to TRJ
Robust Adaptive Control Barrier Functions: An Adaptive and Data-Driven Approach to Safety

A new framework is developed for control of constrained nonlinear systems with structured parametric uncertainty. Forward invariance of a safe set is achieved through online parameter adaptation and data-driven model estimation. The new adaptive data-driven safety paradigm is merged with a recent adaptive controller for systems nominally contracting in closed-loop. This unification is more general than other safety controllers as contraction does not require the system be invertible or in a particular form. The method is tested on the pitch dynamics of an aircraft with uncertain nonlinear aerodynamics.
Emergency department use among postpartum women with mental health disorders.

Background Mental health disorders are becoming more recognized in pregnancy. Whether mental health disorders are associated with health services utilization after child birth is not completely understood. Objective This study aimed to investigate postpartum emergency department use within 30 days of delivery among women with preexisting mental health disorders during pregnancy. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating emergency department use among postpartum women with or without mental health disorders who delivered at an academic center between January 2014 and June 2018. Demographic and outcome data were medical record abstracted and analyzed. Multivariate regression was performed to adjust for covariates. Results During the study period, 13,605 women delivered at the institution, 2355 of whom (17.3%) had an underlying mental health disorder. The primary diagnoses of mental health disorder were anxiety (48.8%), depression (34.8%), substance use disorder (11.4%), bipolar disorder (3.4%), psychosis (0.7%), and other (0.8%). There were a total of 565 emergency department visits within 30 days of delivery. Women who presented to the emergency department after delivery were more likely to have public insurance, identify as black or Asian, and have an underlying mental health disorder. Among women with mental health disorders, 155 (6.6%) used the emergency department within 30 days of their delivery compared with 410 (3.6%) of patients without mental health disorder (adjusted odds ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–2.13; P Conclusion Women with mental health disorders use the emergency department during the postpartum period for psychiatric and obstetrical reasons more frequently than women without mental health disorders. Increased surveillance, treatment, and follow-up during pregnancy and the early postpartum period may be warranted for this high-risk population.
A Unified Model for Field Weakening Operation of Synchronous AC Machines

Synchronous AC machines, permanent magnet or otherwise, have similar fundamental characteristics but, they are traditionally analyzed using separate models and individual field weakening algorithms. In this work, a unified synchronous machine model is first developed using surface permanent magnet rotor and synchronous reluctance rotor that can have an arbitrary angular offset between the rotors as building blocks. A unified model for field weakening operation is then developed using the unified machine model and validated using finite element analysis. The algorithm developed in this paper can be used to determine the current command trajectory and analyze the field weakening operation characteristics of a wide array of synchronous AC machines, including displaced reluctance axis machines.
Asynchronous monad for reactive IoT programming

Many industrial IoT applications process sensor data over distributed networks to monitor devices in real-time. Since the sensor telemetries are transmitted over networks as events, imperative and event-driven programs are often used to handle IoT data. However, the inverted control flow and shared global states of these imperative programs make them difficult to interface with synchronized computation on IoT data. This problem is further complicated for high-frequency data such as electric signals, which may require dynamic adjustment to data sampling rate to operate under the constraints of network and system. In this paper, we propose a push-pull reactive programming model for IoT application to address this challenge. This model uses push-streams for asynchronous computation such as data capturing and user controls and uses pull streams for synchronized computation such as data analysis. This model is simpler than push-based models by avoiding the complexity of glitch prevention through re-sampling in pull-streams. It is also more flexible than pull-based models by allowing dynamic adjustment of the sampling rate to maintain real-time speed of the IoT computation. The push-stream has a monadic interface, which converts to a pull stream through buffering. A pull stream converts to a push-stream when driven by a clock. The dynamic switching of our streams is based on a monadic abstraction called AsyncM that uses continuation passing style and a form of cancellation token for asynchronous control. Our model is simple and can use threads or event callbacks for concurrency.
What the Supreme Court's Diversity Doctrine Means for Workplace Diversity Efforts

The Supreme Court’s 2003 decision in Grutter v. Bollinger, approving race-conscious college admissions plans adopted by public higher education institutions to increase student body diversity, provided many lessons for pursuing diversity in other contexts, including employment. Grutter generated many predictions about whether the Court would similarly embrace in the employment context the diversity interest it had recognized in higher education. The Court’s more recent decision in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin offers additional guidance on the Court’s developing diversity doctrine and its likely application beyond higher education. This Article identifies the current contours of the Supreme Court’s diversity doctrine, as developed in cases from Grutter to Fisher, and predicts the Court’s likely response to a future case adjudicating the diversity interest in employment.
Night-time ionization in the lower ionosphere—I: Recombination processes☆

Abstract Both height and time variations of the effective recombination coefficient at night for the lower ionosphere are obtained from ionospheric data involving the use of radio waves over a wide range of frequencies. The experimental data used include measurements on ionospheric absorption at 18.3 Mc/s and 150 kc/s; hourly values of the night-time E-region critical frequencies for Watheroo, phase height observation at 16 kc/s, and virtual height measurements at 60 kc/s and 150 kc/s. It is found that although at levels near 80 km the effective recombination coefficient increases appreciably immediately after sunset, at higher levels the coefficient decreases. There are both height and time variations of the coefficient. Theoretical interpretation of these results is based on the idea, recently put forward by Nicolet , that an appreciable number of atomic ions of low ionization potential exist in the lower ionosphere. While the positive molecular ions disappear rapidly through dissociative recombination with electrons, the positive atomic ions disappear very slowly.
Electron beams as carriers of optical coherence

Recently there was reported an unusual experiment in which an electron beam appears to be able to transport laser light from one place to another.[1] In this experiment an electron beam first interacts with a laser field in the presence of a thin dielectric film and then subsequently emits light at the laser frequency when it impinges on a second (non-flourescent) dielectric film. While this result is still unconfirmed, it has stimulated much theoretical interest in the possibility of using electrons as carriers of optical coherence. The fact that electron beams can carry coherence in the microwave region has been known since the advent of the kylstron. In this frequency region the coherence time of the electrons is short compared to the period of oscillation of the electromagnetic waves, and the classical theory which treats the electrons as point charges is completely satisfactory. In the optical region, however, the electron coherence time can be long compared to the period of the oscillation and the electron wave packets are modified by the presence of the field. Thus the classical point charge approximation is no longer valid.
Sevoflurane and Isoflurane induce structural changes in brain vascular endothelial cells and increase Blood-brain barrier permeability: Possible link to postoperative delirium and cognitive decline

A large percentage of patients subjected to general anesthesia at 65 years and older exhibit postoperative delirium (POD). Here, we test the hypothesis that inhaled anesthetics (IAs), such as Sevoflurane and Isoflurane, act directly on brain vascular endothelial cells (BVECs) to increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, thereby contributing to POD. Rats of young (3-5 months), middle (10-12 months) and old (17-19 months) ages were anesthetized with Sevoflurane or Isoflurane for 3h. After exposure, some were euthanized immediately; others were allowed to recover for 24h before sacrifice. Immunohistochemistry was employed to monitor the extent of BBB breach, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine changes in the luminal surfaces of BVECs. Quantitative immunohistochemistry revealed increased BBB permeability in older animals treated with Sevoflurane, but not Isoflurane. Extravasated immunoglobulin G showed selective affinity for pyramidal neurons. SEM demonstrated marked flattening of the luminal surfaces of BVECs in anesthetic-treated rats. Results suggest an aging-linked BBB compromise resulting from exposure to Sevoflurane. Changes in the luminal surface topology of BVECs indicate a direct effect on the plasma membrane, which may weaken or disrupt their BBB-associated tight junctions. Disruption of brain homeostasis due to plasma influx into the brain parenchyma and binding of plasma components (e.g., immunoglobulins) to neurons may contribute to POD. We propose that, in the elderly, exposure to some IAs can cause BBB compromise that disrupts brain homeostasis, perturbs neuronal function and thereby contributes to POD. If unresolved, this may progress to postoperative cognitive decline and later dementia.
Hooking mortality of scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini and great hammerhead Sphyrna mokarran sharks caught on bottom longlines

The scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini and the great hammerhead S. mokarran are typically caught as bycatch in a variety of fisheries and are listed as globally Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. Due to very high at-vessel mortality for these species, research is needed on fishing methods to reduce mortality for longline-captured sharks. A series of fishing experiments were conducted employing hook timers and temperature–depth recorders on contracted commercial vessels fishing with bottom-longline gear to assess factors related to mortality. A total of 273 sets were deployed with 54 485 hook timers. Scalloped and great hammerheads had at-vessel mortality rates of 62.9% and 56.0%, respectively. Median hooking times for scalloped and great hammerheads were 3.5 h and 3.4 h, respectively, and 50% mortality was predicted at 3.5 h and 3.8 h. When these data are considered for potential management strategies to reduce the mortality of hammerhead sharks, a limitation on gear so...
Quantitative assessment of brain lesions

The availability of precisely measurable dependent variables such as neurochemical activity, homeostatic changes, and behavioral patterns calls for more precise methods of measuring the independent variables of brain lesion research. In this study a method of measuring volumes of internal brain lesions and estimating amounts of damage to specific nuclei is described. Enlarged pictures of histologic sections through the lesion area are used. The structures to be measured are cut out of the pictures and weighed, and a weight-volume conversion formula is applied to yield the volumes of the structures. Two variations of this volumetric method are compared and evaluated. Various applications and advantages of quantified lesion data are discussed and appropriate statistical procedures are described.
Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coating Development for Advanced Propulsion Engine Systems

Ceramic thermal and environmental barrier coatings (TEBCs) are used in gas turbine engines to protect engine hot-section components in the harsh combustion environments, and extend component lifetimes. Advanced TEBCs that have significantly lower thermal conductivity, better thermal stability and higher toughness than current coatings will be beneficial for future low emission and high performance propulsion engine systems. In this paper, ceramic coating design and testing considerations will be described for turbine engine high temperature and high-heat-flux applications. Thermal barrier coatings for metallic turbine airfoils and thermal/environmental barrier coatings for SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) components for future supersonic aircraft propulsion engines will be emphasized. Further coating capability and durability improvements for the engine hot-section component applications can be expected by utilizing advanced modeling and design tools.
Chemisorption studies by chromatography—Hydrogen on copper-zinc oxide

Abstract Equilibrium and kinetics of the chemisorption of hydrogen on a Cu-ZnO catalyst were studied at constant surface coverage by a chromatographic technique. Pulses of deuterium were introduced into a stream of hydrogen fed to a bed of catalyst particles, and the moments of the effluent peak were analyzed to determine the equilibrium isotherm and the rate parameters in the bed. At the conditions of the experiments, mass transfer resistance from gas to catalyst particle and within the porous particle were negligible. Axial dispersion was unusually significant, apparently due to nonuniform void regions caused by shrinkage of the catalyst particles. Rates were obtained from 150 to 250 °C and at hydrogen pressures from 45 to 780 mm. At the equilibrium conditions of the experiments, adsorption and desorption rates were equal. These rates were found to increase with hydrogen pressure, even though the surface coverage remained essentially constant.
The 80-hour work guidelines and resident survey perceptions of quality.

Objective We hypothesized that resident fatigue error should improve, related to well-rested trainees as a direct cause/effect benefit. However, patient hospital care quality is multifactorial, so impact on patient care quality by changing only one variable for a single caregiver group was unknown. Design and participants Convenience samples of 156 residents from three surgical specialties were administered a questionnaire in early 2004 addressing perceptions of patient care quality before and after the 80-h workweek. Additionally, residents recently under work-hour restrictions (Newly Restricted, NR) were compared to New York state trainees already regulated by work-hour restrictions (Previously Restricted, PR). Setting Surgical residency training venues. Main outcome measure Survey results; the level of significance for all tests was 0.05. Results The participation response rate was 94.5%. Eighty-eight percent of respondents indicated by survey subjective impression that patient care quality was either unchanged (63%) or worse (26%) due to work-hour restrictions ( P = 0.003). PR residents were more likely than NR residents to report unchanged or worse quality of care ( P = 0.015). Residents overall did perceive improvement in some types of error with fewer fatigue-related errors ( P P P = 0.001), and dexterity ( P = 0.013), subsequent to work-hour restrictions. However, more errors were perceived related to continuity of care ( P P = 0.001), and cross-coverage availability ( P = 0.001). Conclusions Despite an expected perception of improvement in fatigue-related errors, most participants (particularly PR residents) reported impressions that patient care quality had remained unchanged or had declined under the work-hour restrictions. Unresolved challenges with continuity of care, miscommunication, and cross-coverage availability are possible explanations. Mere work-hour reduction does not appear to improve patient care quality automatically nor to decrease the possibility for some types of error. Process interventions that specifically target trainee sign-out coverage constraints as part of a global reassessment will be important for future attempts to enhance quality hospital patient care.
Microscopic calculations of nuclear structure beyond the 0p-shell

Significant progress has been made in our microscopic understanding of the properties of light nuclei, starting from the basic nucleon-nucleon and three-nucleon interactions among the particles inside the nucleus. The main challenge now is to extend these successes for light nuclei (A ≤ 16) to heavier mass nuclei. Here we discuss three recent approaches within the No Core Shell Model for possibly going beyond the 0p-shell.
A thiol-ene/methacrylate-based polymer for creating integrated optofluidic devices

ABSTRACT We present a thiol-ene/methacrylate-based polymer capable of creating both physical fluidi c features and optical index features via a series of three UV mask- lithography steps. The process of creating the two types of features are addressed independently by control of the polymerization and diffusion rates within the polymer system. The rapidly curing methacrylate creates a gelled, rubbery scaffold structure that allows for the creation of physical features and also monomer diffusion within the structure. The thiol-ene is a high-index polymer that cures more slowly in the presence of the methacrylate and is used to create th e index structures via diffusion of re placement monomer into exposed regions. We demonstrate low-loss, multi-mode optical waveguides co upled to a fluidic channel to implement a refractometer. Waveguide loss at 635 nm for a 12.5 mm x 63.5 micron x 63.5 micron waveguide-only sample is 0.57 dB. A waveguide plus fluidic-channel device acts as a refractometer whose optical throughput is dependent on the index of refraction of the fluid in the channel. Keywords: Optofluidic devices, polymer waveguide, lab on a chip, photolithography, integrated optics, integrated optical materials
How does single oxygen atom addition affect the properties of an Fe-nitrile hydratase analogue? The compensatory role of the unmodified thiolate.

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is one of a growing number of enzymes shown to contain post-translationally modified cysteine sulfenic acids (Cys-SOH). Cysteine sulfenic acids have been shown to play diverse roles in cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and the regulation of oxygen metabolism and oxidative stress responses. The function of the cysteine sulfenic acid coordinated to the iron active site of NHase is unknown. Herein we report the first example of a sulfenate-ligated iron complex, [FeIII(ADIT)(ADIT-O)]+ (5), and compare its electronic and magnetic properties with those of structurally related complexes in which the sulfur oxidation state and protonation state have been systematically altered. Oxygen atom addition was found to decrease the unmodified thiolate Fe−S bond length and blue-shift the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer band (without loss of intensity). S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations show that, although...
Magnetorheological fluid durability test: Iron analysis

This report describes chemical changes and the methodology to detect such changes in iron particles from extracts of certain magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) which had been subjected to durability testing in an MRF fan clutch. Samples of MRF subjected to 540 and 108 h of service in a MRF fan clutch on a test stand were characterized along with neat and unused materials for comparison. The results indicated that: the iron subjected to durability testing had oxidized; a portion of the iron oxides were crystalline magnetite; and the oxides were concentrated at the perimeter of the smaller iron particles although both large and small particles were oxidized. This oxidation may explain the gradual loss of fan clutch torque capacity observed during the 540 h durability test.
Physiology of ecotypic plant response to sulfur dioxide in Geranium carolinianum L.

Populations of Geranium carolinianum, a winter annual plant common in disturbed habitats, vary in their foliar response to sulfur dioxide, and pollution resistance is characteristic of populations sampled from areas in which SO2 has been a prominent stress. The physiological basis of this ecotypic response was investigated using a whole-plant gaseous exchange system in which leaf resistance to H2O efflux and SO2 influx were concurrently monitored. Individual plants of distinct SO2 susceptibility were exposed to pollutant concentrations of either 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 μl 1-1 in both the dark and light. Total SO2 flux (μg cm-2 h-1) to the plant, which is the sum of leaf adsorptive and absorptive loss, varied as an inverse function of leaf resistance (s cm-1), and the relationship was modeled using linear regression techniques. Total SO2 flux was partitioned to leaf surface and internal fractions using estimation procedures with the regression analysis. SO2 flux into the leaf interior, the pollutant fraction responsible for causing foliar injury, was strikingly similar for resistant and sensitive plants at each concentration. Resistant plants must absorb 30% more SO2 than their sensitive counterparts in order to exhibit comparable levels of foliar injury. Therefore, in G. carolinianum the predominant explantation for genetically controlled and quantitatively inherited differences in plant response to SO2 is not variable pollutant flux but rather disparate physiological-biochemical processes affecting pollutant toxicity, cellular perturbation and repair. This conclusion is relevant to understanding how populations of G. carolinianum respond over time to elevated levels of SO2 and may explain the inherent susceptibility of this species compared with plants with which it co-exists.
Nonchannel Functions of the Calcium Channel γ Subunit: Insight from Research on the Stargazer Mutant

Voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) are essential regulators of intracellular calcium concentration, which in turn influences a broad spectrum of cellular functions especially in neurons. Identification of several calcium channel mutations as the cause of neurological disorders in human and mouse indicates the importance of the integrity of these channels to neuronal function. Studies of mutant mice, each carrying a disrupted gene of a different VDCC subunit, have revealed many unexpected roles of these molecules and have significantly advanced our knowledge of subunit function in the last few years. This review addresses recent discoveries of the function of the γ2 subunit, also named stargazin, with special emphasis on roles other than calcium conductance.
Calculation of elemental columnar density from self-absorbed lines in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A resource for quantitative analysis

Abstract The presence of self-absorption of emission lines is usually an undesired effect in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy because it introduces non linear effects in the growth of line intensity versus the concentration of the emitting species. Several methods have been proposed in recent years for identifying and quantifying self-absorption in the emission spectra. After this diagnostic stage, the lines affected by self-absorption are usually disregarded; otherwise, appropriate corrective factors are applied to their intensity before the utilization for analytical purposes. Changing the point of view, this paper remarks as self-absorption can provide useful information for analyzing the composition of laser-induced plasmas and for their characterization. Whenever the extent of self-absorption is quantified, in fact, the optical depth of the line can be rapidly calculated; then, for plasmas in local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, the columnar density of the emitting species can be derived. Assuming the plasma homogeneity, the concentration ratio between different elements can be obtained. Moreover, in particular cases, the columnar densities can be used to calculate the plasma temperature and the absolute number densities of plasma species. Some applications of the method are reported in the paper and potentialities and limitations are discussed.
The Meaning of Interaction Parameters in Two-State Protein Complexes

The theory of interaction parameters has thus far been based on the free-energy relationships in the formation of ternary complexes formed between a pair of ligands and a protein molecule. The concept has been formulted in terms of a ‘thermodynamic square’ comprised of the free protein, the two binary complexes, and the ternary complex. However, an increasing number of proteins have been found to exist as equilibrium mixtures of two macrostates. The equilibrium constants for such two-state transitions vary quite considerably between the various binary and ternary complexes of a given protein. We show here that the interpretations of interaction parameters in such two-state systems, requiring the use of a ‘thermodynamic cube’, are much more complex than those based on the classic ‘thermodynamic square’ commonly employed. We demonstrate the use of enthalpies of interaction and heat capacities of interaction to analyze the source of observed free enerigies of interaction in such systems. Specifically, we find that measured negative interaction parameters may arise simply from the inability of a system to achieve all of the positive component effects anticipated by the conventional formulation.
Exploring Archimedes’ Quadrature of Parabola with GeoGebra Snapshots

This column will publish short (from just a few paragraphs to ten or so pages), lively and intriguing computer related mathematics vignettes. These vignettes or snapshots should illustrate ways in which computer environments have transformed the practice of mathematics or mathematics pedagogy. They could also include puzzles or brain-teasers involving the use of computers or computational theory. Snapshots are subject to peer review. From the Column Editor Uri Wilensky, Northwestern University. e-mail: uri@northwestern.edu.
Autonomy and Nondefensiveness

Three experimental studies tested whether a priming procedure intended to activate an autonomy orientation would lead to nondefensiveness and enhanced performance, whether activated control orientation would lead to higher defense and impaired performance, and whether activated impersonal orientation would lead to the greatest defense and worst performance. Study 1 showed that autonomy-primed participants report lower desire for escape compared to control-primed, and that impersonally-primed showed most desire to escape. In Study 2, autonomy-primed participants showed the least self-serving bias, control-primed were in the middle, and impersonally-primed participants showed the most. In Study 3, rowers autonomy-primed showed the least self-handicapping and best performance, control-primed showed moderate levels, and impersonally-primed showed the most self-handicapping and worst performance. Results are discussed in terms of motivation orientation, defensiveness, and performance.
A new surface viscometer of high sensitivity. II. Experiments with stearic acid monolayers

Abstract A working model of the surface viscometer analyzed theoretically in Part I is described and details of its calibration and operation are reviewed. Experimental and theoretical flow patterns are compared and shown to be in excellent agreement. Some experiments with stearic acid monolayers spread on water at 22°C and pH = 7.0 are reported. We find that the surface shear viscosity of these monolayers is very low until high surface concentrations are achieved, when an abrupt rise in surface viscosity is coincident with a simultaneous abrupt rise in surface pressure. Over all ranges of surface concentration studied the rheology of stearic acid monolayers is Newtonian.
Return of individual research results and incidental findings in the clinical trials cooperative group setting.

Return of individual research results and incidental findings in the clinical trials cooperative group setting
Bovine growth hormone: human food safety evaluation

Scientists in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after reviewing the scientific literature and evaluating studies conducted by pharmaceutical companies, have concluded that the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) in dairy cattle presents no increased health risk to consumers. Bovine GH is not biologically active in humans, and oral toxicity studies have demonstrated that rbGH is not orally active in rats, a species responsive to parenterally administered bGH. Recombinant bGH treatment produces an increase in the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in cow's milk. However, oral toxicity studies have shown that bovine IGF-I lacks oral activity in rats. Additionally, the concentration of IGF-I in milk of rbGH-treated cows is within the normal physiological range found in human breast milk, and IGF-I is denatured under conditions used to process cow's milk for infant formula. On the basis of estimates of the amount of protein absorbed intact in humans and the concentration of IGF-I in cow's milk during rbGH treatment, biologically significant levels of intact IGF-I would not be absorbed.
The Cognitive Predictors of Computational Skill with Whole versus Rational Numbers: An Exploratory Study

The purpose of the present study was to explore the 3rd-grade cognitive predictors of 5th-grade computational skill with rational numbers and how those are similar to and different from the cognitive predictors of whole-number computational skill. Students (n = 688) were assessed on incoming whole-number calculation skill, language, nonverbal reasoning, concept formation, processing speed, and working memory in the fall of 3rd grade. Students were followed longitudinally and assessed on calculation skill with whole numbers and with rational numbers in the spring of 5th grade. The unique predictors of skill with whole-number computation were incoming whole-number calculation skill, nonverbal reasoning, concept formation, and working memory (numerical executive control). In addition to these cognitive abilities, language emerged as a unique predictor of rational-number computational skill.
THE ROLE OF ADRENAL STEROIDS AND ACTH IN GLUCONEOGENESIS

STUDIES in phloridzinized animals were responsible for some of the earliest indications that the adrenal steroids play an important role in the regulation of gluconeogenesis (Wells, 1940, and Wells and Kendall, 1940). Unfortunately, at the time of these early studies, no good preparations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) were available. Experiments assessing the effectiveness of these steroids on ketone excretion were also performed but usually in animals other than those used in the glucose and nitrogen studies and under somewhat different experimental conditions (Wells and Kendall, 1941). The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate the role of the adrenal in gluconeogenesis by administration of individual adrenal steroids to adrenalectomized phloridzinized rats and observation of their effects in graded doses upon glucose, nitrogen and ketone excretion. This was also done in intact animals given ACTH.
Selectivity of the anthracyclines for negatively charged model membranes: role of the amino group

The equilibrium-binding affinities of six adriamycin analogues and four daunomycin derivatives for negatively charged dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine/dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPC/DMPA) small unilamellar vesicles are compared with values for electroneutral DMPC liposomes. Binding of the daunomycin series to negatively charged dimyristoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DMPG) vesicles was also examined. Under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength, substitution of the amino group of adriamycin or daunomycin resulted in a reduced affinity for negatively charged bilayers, even if the substituent enhanced the degree of ionization of the amine. Decreasing the ionic strength increases the binding affinity for acidic membranes but decreases the drug affinity for neutral membranes. We propose that the electrostatic bond of the phosphate-amino group that has been shown to exist between anthracyclines and phosphatidic acid is sterically destabilized by substitution of the amino group. The results are consistent with a mode of anthracycline binding to negatively charged membranes which is driven by hydrophobic and electrostatic considerations but is destabilized by steric bulk at the amino group. THe data also provide insight into the design of new anthracyclines with high membrane affinities and reduced uptake; such directed interaction with plasma membranes may enhance antineoplastic potential while reducing cardiac toxicity.
Time-dependent MOS breakdown

A general model for time-dependent breakdown in metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) structures is developed and related to experimental measurements on samples deliberately contaminated with Na. A statistical method is used for measuring the breakdown probability as a function of log time and applied field. It is shown that three time regions of breakdown can be explained respectively in terms of silicon surface defects, ion emission from the metal interface, and lateral ion diffusion at the silicon interface.
The effect of mitochondrial DNA on milk production and health of dairy cattle

Maternal lineage effects, probably indicative of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) differences, may be important for milk production and reproductive success in dairy cattle (Bos taurus). Sequence variation of mtDNA in 36 maternal lineages of dairy cattle was studied with animal models to assess effects on milk production and reproductive traits. Cattle within maternal lineages defined by registered pedigrees were assumed to be uniform for the nucleotide sequences examined. Sequence polymorphisms of bovine mtDNA were shown to be associated with milk production, reproduction, and health costs incurred. One particular base-pair substitution was associated with additional production of 842 kg milk and 37 kg milk fat per cow per lactation. Another single base-pair substitution was associated with a decrease of 36 days and one unsuccessful breeding between successive calvings. Effects of this size are economically important and have broad implications in genetic selection of dairy cattle.
U.S. Army development of the second-generation horizontal technology integration forward-looking infrared (FLIR)

The Horizontal Technology Integration (HTI) ofthe 2nd Generation FLIRreflects an acquisition strategy developed by the Department ofthe Army Special TaskForce (STF) established on 8 Feb. 93. The STF included representation from the affectedProgram Executive Offices, TRADOC Centers, and the supporting AMC MajorSubordinate Commands. The goal ofthe STF was to develop a standard thermal sensor,called an HTI NV-80 B-Kit (referred to herein as the B-Kit), that could be integratedacross key host platforms through the use of vehicle unique integration components calledA-Kits. The operational objective was to enable the Combined Arms Team to see andfight in the same battle space and provide an unmatched range capability. The thermalsensor developed under this program is designed to meet a "banded" range of operationalrequirements for enhanced thermal imaging capability. The 2nd Gen. HTI FLIR beingdeveloped will be incorporated into various target acquisition sights. The initial insertionof the 2nd Gen. HTI FLIR will occur into the M1A2, M2A3, and the Long RangeAdvanced Scout Surveillance System (LRAS3). The Army requirements for the 2nd Gen.HTI FLIR are documented in the Operational Requirements Document (ORD) forImproved Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) Capability dated 9 December, 1993.
Intraoral craniofacial manipulation by using MRI appliance

This case illustrates the use of the Maxillary-Rotation-Impaction Appliance (MRI) to rotate and impact the maxilla. When this maneuver was completed the transverse expansion screw widened the maxillary arch. The case was completed using fixed orthodontic appliances. The result is that the facial bones appear in the correct position and the teeth are correctly positioned in the face with a class I occlusion.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol

Abstract This paper attempted to use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface chemistry of wood treated with hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR), a coupling agent that enhances the durability of wood adhesive bonding. Wood veneers of hard maple were soaked in HMR solution for either 1, 15, or 30 min. XPS analyses showed that the treated surfaces exhibited an increase in the non-oxidized carbons (C1), a decrease in C–O bonds (C2), and an unaltered or decreased C O or O–C–O bonds (C3), when compared to the control (unsoaked) samples. Despite these findings, the oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios increased with HMR treatments, and the attributes of carbonate species ( CO 3 2 - and HCO 3 - ) were identified. Further analyses revealed that these species were of sodium salts, which also formed in sodium hydroxide (0.08 N) treatment of wood. Overall, this study paves the way for relating the surface oxidation states of the treated wood to the adhesive bond strength, with an ultimate attempt to identify the possible roles of surface chemistry in adhesion durability of wood products.
Flight Control Law Using Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Combined With Quantitative Feedback Theory

A method of designing control laws for uncertain nonlinear systems is presented. Dynamic inversion is used to partially linearize the dynamics and then a nonlinear version of quantitative feedback theory (QFT) is applied to the resulting system which assures robustness to plant uncertainty. The design yields good performance with low bandwidth. An application to the design of flight control laws for a high performance aircraft is presented. The control laws demonstrate good performance by accurately following large angle of attack commands at flight speeds ranging from 53 to 150 m/s. Robustness is verified by including ±20 percent variations in pitching moment derivatives. The reduced bandwidth compared to a fixed-gain, linear design, leads to greatly reduced actuator transients, which should give improved reliability and longer life for the actuators and assaciated structure.
Acidosis associated with dietotherapy of maple syrup urine disease

carditis? The negative culture may result from inoculation of clinical specimens onto media which do not support the growth of certain fastidious bacteria. Nutritionally deficient streptococci have recently been recognized to be responsible for some cases of culture-negative endocarditis. Although the incidence of infections produced by these bacteria is unknown, nutritionally deficient streptococci must be considered by the clinician and xhe clinical microbiologist in patients who present with evidence of endocarditis but with "sterile" blood cultures. It is unlikely that such bacteria will be recovered in standard blood culture flasks utilized in most hospitals. For the isolation of such streptococci from blood cultures, media must contain L-cysteine -~ or be supplemented with 0.001% pyridoxal H C l or 0.01% pyridoxamine dihydrochloridel; these growth factors are readily available. Nutritionally deficient streptococci exhibit variable susceptibility to penicillin G. Isolates may be susceptible to penicillin G when tested in unsupplemented media, but resistant to this antibiotic when media supplemented with 0.001% pyridoxal HC1 are employed? Penicillin alone may be ineffective in endocarditis due to these streptococci, but the combination of penicillin G and streptomycin may be synergistically effective in such infections? Since susceptibi l i t f testing in unsupplemented media may be inaccurate, therapy with a combination of penicillin G and streptomycin should be administered until sensitivity testing in appropriately supplemented media can be performed.
Experimental measurements of large-scale temperature fluctuation structures in a heated incompressible turbulent boundary layer

Hot-wire anemometry measurements over a heated flat plate are made for three different temperature difference cases of 10, 15, and 2OC. Space-time correlations of temperature fluctuations T' are determined from which mean convection velocities, mean inclination angles, extent in space, and coherence characteristics of T' large-scale structure are calculated. The T' mean convection velocity is found as a function .ofy +. The T' structure inclination angle is 30 dog. The T' structure is limited to the viscous defect length in the normal and spanwise directions. However, in the streamwise direction, the structure is mildly dependent on the temperature difference.
Estimating the Vertical Atmospheric Ozone Distribution by Inverting the Radiative Transfer Equation for Pure Molecular Scattering.

Abstract A method of estimating the vertical distribution of ozone by inverting the equation of radiative transfer is presented. The method allows for all orders of scattering as well as polarization of the diffusely reflected sunlight. The information content of the reflected sunlight as a function of observation angle is examined for the case where perfect measurements are assumed, and also for the case where a 1% random error is introduced into the measurements. Inversion results utilizing simulated satellite measurements are presented for several different ozone soundings.
Framing, reflecting on and attending to a rationale of teaching of writing in the second language classroom via journaling: A case study

Abstract Second language pre-service teachers in their final field experience are faced with many challenges as they move from student to professional teacher. During a particularly intense period of transition, they confront new information and issues as they move forward into actual classroom teaching. Guided reflective journals provide pre-service teachers with the opportunity to examine their situation, looking at the various input, which allows them in turn to examine their rationale of teaching. This case study examines one pre-service teacher's initial perceptions of the teaching of writing in the second language classroom and the changes manifested as tracked through her journal entries and subsequently demonstrated in her beginning and ending teaching philosophy statements. Through constant comparison methodology, the data suggest that pre-service teachers are capable of addressing and solving problems that they encounter in their coursework which will allow them to become more effective practitioners. The implications of the study suggest that pre-service second language teachers should be encouraged to move beyond simply learning information; rather they can be guided in their reflections about what is happening to inform their developing teaching skills to the benefit of their future students.
Optically detected acoustic paramagnetic resonance in molecular crystals

Abstract The optically detected acoustic paramagnetic resonance of the metastable triplet state of 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (TCB) in zero field is reported. The spin-phonon interaction in molecular crystals is discussed in terms of the direct process single phonon absorption by the paramagnetic spin system. t is estimated that in many molecular solids, sufficient acoustic power densities may be produced to observe acoustic paramagnetic resonance by optical detection methods.
The Pomeron-f identity and vector meson production

Abstract The Pomeron-f identity scheme proposed by Chew and Rosenzweig is shown to fail badly when compared to vector meson production data. In contrast, a standard exchange degenerate ωf model is satisfactory.
Polarization and Ideology: Partisan Sources of Low Dimensionality in Scaled Roll Call Analyses

In this article, we challenge the conclusion that the preferences of members of Congress are best represented as existing in a low-dimensional space. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations altering assumptions regarding the dimensionality and distribution of member preferences and scale the resulting roll-call matrices. Our simulations show that party polarization generates misleading evidence in favor of low-dimensionality. This suggests that the increasing levels of party polarization in recent Congresses may have produced false evidence in favor of a low-dimensional policy space. However, we show that focusing more narrowly on each party caucus in isolation can help researchers discern the true dimensionality of the policy space in the context of significant party polarization. We re-examine the historical roll-call record and find evidence suggesting that the low-dimensionality of the contemporary Congress may reflect party polarization rather than changes in the dimensionality of policy conflict. A previous version of this article was presented at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association in Atlanta, GA, and the 2010 Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association in Washington, DC. We are grateful for comments from Jeff Gill, Frances Lee, Gary Miller, Brendan Nyhan, John Patty, Jon Rogowski and helpful audiences at Duke University and Washington University in St. Louis. Finally, we thank Keith Poole and Howard Rosenthal for making their roll-call data publicly available. Corresponding author. Address: Campus Box 1063, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA, 63130-4899. Email: jacob.montgomery@wustl.edu