cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CLS Next Gen: Accurate Frequency-Frequency Correlation Functions from Center Line Slope Analysis of 2D Correlation Spectra Using Artificial Neural Networks

The center line slope (CLS) observable has become a popular method for characterizing spectral diffusion dynamics in two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy because of its ease of implementation, robustness, and clear theoretical relationship to the frequency-frequency correlation function (FFCF). The FFCF relates the frequency fluctuations of an ensemble of chromophores to coupled bath modes of the chemical system and is used for comparison to molecular dynamics simulations and for calculating 2D spectra. While in the appropriate limits, the CLS can be shown to be the normalized FFCF, from which the full FFCF can be obtained, in practice the assumptions that relate the CLS to the normalized FFCF are frequently violated. These violations are due to the presence of homogeneous broadening and motional narrowing. The generalized problem of relating the CLS to the FFCF is reanalyzed by introducing a new set of dimensionless parameters for both the CLS and FFCF. A large data set was generated of CLS parameters derived from numerically modeled 2D line shapes with known FFCF parameters. This data set was used to train feedforward artificial neural networks that act as functions, which take the CLS parameters as inputs and return FFCF parameters. These neural networks were deployed in an algorithm that is able to quickly and accurately determine FFCF parameters from experimental CLS parameters and the fwhm of the absorption line shape. The method and necessary inputs to accurately obtain the FFCF from the CLS are presented.
General structure of Thomas-Whitehead gravity

Thomas-Whitehead (TW) gravity is a projectively invariant model of gravity over a d-dimensional manifold that is intimately related to string theory through reparametrization invariance. Unparametrized geodesics are the ubiquitous structure that ties together string theory and higher dimensional gravitation. This is realized through the projective geometry of Tracy Thomas. The projective connection, due to Thomas and later Whitehead, admits a component that in one dimension is in one-to-one correspondence with the coadjoint elements of the Virasoro algebra. This component is called the diffeomorphism field ${\mathcal{D}}_{ab}$ in the literature. It also has been shown that in four dimensions, the TW action collapses to the Einstein-Hilbert action with cosmological constant when ${\mathcal{D}}_{ab}$ is proportional to the Einstein metric. These previous results have been restricted to either particular metrics, such as the Polyakov 2D metric, or were restricted to coordinates that were volume preserving. In this paper, we review TW gravity and derive the gauge invariant TW action that is explicitly projectively invariant and general coordinate invariant. We derive the covariant field equations for the TW action and show how fermionic fields couple to the gauge invariant theory. The independent fields are the metric tensor ${g}_{ab}$, the fundamental projective invariant ${{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}^{a}}_{bc}$, and the diffeomorphism field ${\mathcal{D}}_{ab}$.
Computing Ethics Starts on 'Day One': Ethics Narratives in Introductory CS Courses

How do you design more responsible computing technologies? You start by training computer science (CS) students, the creators of tomorrow's tech, to think critically about their own action and responsibilities from the first day of their introductory programing course. The standard approach to the CS1 level curriculum needs evolve to make room for ethics instruction presenting students with difficult questions, provocative simulations, and time for personal reflection about ethics and the professional responsibilities of current and future computer scientists, software engineers and other technologists. This poster describes curriculum development work from the Computing Ethics Narratives (CEN) conducted by CS students and faculty engaged in critical thinking about ethical issues related to computing and technological innovation and its widespread influence on individuals and society. The presentation will provide examples of three computing ethics modules that have been piloted into CS1 and CS 2 level courses in both online and in-person settings. Early results of the pilot study are shared along with future work.
Rethinking the Boundary Conditions in the Particle-in-a-Box Mind Experiment

In this manuscript, I speculated that the energy density distributions along space and time in a quantum system are uniform. Thus, the complementary energy contributions are added to the classical solutions of the 1D particle in a box problem, making the energy density a complex distribution function over space and time. Then the concept is extended to the free rotation problem with a Hamiltonian slightly different than the classical Schrodinger equation. The picturized energy distribution functions and associated time evolution are described in movies for comparison between example classical wave functions and the energy density functions. The wave functions for the hydrogen atom are then guessed based on the historical solutions.
Conflict leads to cooperation in demand bargaining

Abstract We consider a multilateral Nash demand game in which short-sighted players come to the bargaining table with requests for both coalition partners and the potentially generated resource. We prove that the resulting process converges with probability one to a state in which all players agree on a strictly self-enforcing division of resources (i.e., a strict core allocation). Highlighting group dynamics, we show how the myopic actions of players may lead to the break up of groups in the short run, but can ultimately bring about a situation from which a strictly self-enforcing allocation can be reached.
The impact of IBD medications on risk of pneumonia and pneumonia-related hospitalisation: a nationwide cohort study of 56 410 IBD patients.

BACKGROUND There are limited data on the incidence of pneumonia and pneumonia-related hospitalisation in the IBD population, and on any association of IBD medications with such outcomes. AIMS To evaluate the impact of IBD medications on the risk of pneumonia, pneumonia-related hospitalisations and death. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of IBD patients from the nationwide Veteran Affairs (VA) dataset. The exposure of interest was different IBD medication groups. We estimated the incidence rate of pneumonia, pneumonia-related hospitalisation and mortality based on IBD medication subgroups. We used a multivariable Cox regression to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these outcomes. RESULTS Out of 56 410 patients with IBD, 3759 developed pneumonia, 1489 were hospitalised, and 248 died within 30 days of their pneumonia diagnosis. The crude incidence rates of pneumonia, pneumonia-related hospitalisation and pneumonia-related mortality were 6.47, 2.52 and 0.43, respectively, per 1000 person-years. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, compared to 5-ASA alone, anti-TNF medication was associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (AHR 1.39; 95% CI 1.22-1.59) and hospitalisation (AHR 1.61; 95% CI 1.31-1.98). Use of prednisone in the prior 30 days was associated with increased risk of pneumonia (AHR 2.14; 95% CI 1.92-2.38) and hospitalisation (AHR 2.44; 95% CI 2.08-2.88). CONCLUSION Anti-TNF medications and prednisone use may be associated with increased risk of developing pneumonia and pneumonia-related hospitalisation. Physicians should evaluate the risk-benefit ratio of IBD medications, especially in the elderly population.
Insight into subsurface adsorption derived from a lattice-gas model of atomic oxygen on Ag(111)

Theoretical gas-surface models that describe adsorption over a wide range of coverages can provide qualitative insight into chemical phenomena that occur at intermediate to high coverages, such as subsurface adsorption, surface reconstruction, and industrial heterogeneous catalysis. However, most atomistic, quantum-mechanical models of gas-surface adsorption are limited to low adsorbate coverage due to the large computational cost of models built using many surface atoms and adsorbates. To investigate adsorption in the subsurface of a crystalline solid with increasing coverage, we present a lattice-gas adsorption model that includes surface and subsurface sites of the solid, and is fully parametrized using density functional theory. We apply the model to study the competition between surface and subsurface adsorption of atomic oxygen on the Ag(111) surface. Oxygen population distributions calculated using the model show the onset of subsurface adsorption at a total coverage of approximately 1/4 monolayer and a greater accumulation of oxygen in the second rather than the first subsurface at total coverages greater than 1/2 monolayer. Computation of core-electron binding energies and projected density of states of an oxygen distribution predicted by the model reveal qualitative differences in oxygen-silver bonding at the surface and subsurface, suggesting that oxygen adsorbed in the two regions could play distinct roles in surface chemistry.
TopSpin: nifty assignment

This assignment is designed for a CS2 Data Structures and Algorithms course, the assignment is based on Java but can be easily ported to other languages. TopSpin is a mechanical puzzle composed of twenty small numbered plastic pieces connected in a loop, where part of the loop overlaps a rotating disc large enough for four pieces. These pieces can be rotated as a group so that different pieces can be in the disc to be rotated. The goal of the puzzle is to place the pieces in ascending order. This assignment asks the students to create new data structures for the TopSpin puzzle using two different underlying implementations, one with arrays and another with circular doubly-linked list nodes.
Balancing pedagogy, student readiness and accessibility: A case study in collaborative online course development

Abstract As institutions of higher education continue to roll out online courses and programs, issues of undergraduate student readiness on the one hand, and the challenges surrounding the design and development of pedagogically-sound online experiences that are also accessible to students with disabilities on the other, remain of concern. This paper describes the results of a case study of collaboration between the Instructional Design and Technology faculty and the Assistive Technology Initiative (ATI) group at a 4-year public institution to address both of these issues simultaneously during the development of an online course designed to teach undergraduates to cultivate the self-discipline and self-direction required to become successful online learners. The authors of this paper discuss project challenges, particularly concerning accessibility, along with lessons learned from both a process and a student outcome perspective. The authors also share insights into creating sustainable collaborative processes for successful online initiatives.
Genetics: Feedforward loop for diversity.

DNA-sequence analysis suggests that genetic mutations arise at elevated rates in genomes harbouring high levels of heterozygosity — the state in which the two copies of a genetic region contain sequence differences. See Letter p.463 To discover why mutations rates vary within genomes, Laurence Hurst and colleagues examined intragenomic variation in mutation rate directly in Arabidopsis, rice and the honey bee using a parent–offspring sequencing strategy. They find that mutation rates are higher in heterozygotes and in proximity to crossover events. Mutations occur disproportionately more often in heterozygous than in homozygous domains and gene clusters under purifying selection (commonly homozygous) and under balancing selection (mainly heterozygous) have low and high mutation rates, respectively. The authors suggest that extremely weak selection on the mutation rate may therefore not be necessary to explain why mutational hot and cold spots might correspond to regions under positive/balancing and purifying selection, respectively.
Natural Gas Hydrate as a Potential Energy Resource

The estimated amount of gas in the hydrate accumulations of the world greatly exceeds the volume of known conventional gas reserves. However, the role that gas hydrate will play in contributing to the world’s energy requirements will depend ultimately on the availability of sufficient gas hydrate resources and the “cost” to extract them. Yet considerable uncertainty and disagreement prevails concerning the world’s gas hydrate resources. Disagreements over fundamental issues such as volume of gas stored within delineated gas hydrate accumulations and the concentration of gas hydrate within hydrate-bearing reservoirs have demonstrated that we know very little about gas hydrate.
The Evolution of Nylon Plastics in U.S. Automotive Applications

The use of nylon plastics in the U.S. automotive industry has grown from tentative beginnings in a few gears and knobs to a multi-million pound business which places highly specialized engineered resins into virtually every area of a modern vehicle. The keys to this spectacular growth have been nylon's basic properties which allowed replacement of metals and other materials with a substance that offered superior performance, and by nylon's ability to be adapted and modified to meet ever changing and increasing performance demands.
Indecomposability of certain Lefschetz fibrations

We prove that Lefschetz fibrations admitting a section of square -1 cannot be decomposed as fiber sums. In particular, Lefschetz fibrations on symplectic 4-manifolds found by Donaldson are indecomposable. This observation also shows that symplectic Lefschetz fibrations are not necessarily fiber sums of holomorphic ones.
Production of opsonins that facilitate phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae by human alveolar macrophages or neutrophils after vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide.

Vaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide enhanced the opsonic capabilities of serum facilitating phagocytosis of type 7F Streptococcus pneumoniae by human alveolar macrophages of neutrophils. I...
Development of an Externally-Scavenged Direct-Injected Two-Stroke Cycle Engine

Two-stroke cycle engines used for modern snowmobiles produce high-levels of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. In order to address the emissions and noise issues resulting from the use of snowmobiles, the Clean Snowmobile Challenge 2000 was held under the auspices of the Society of Automotive Engineers. The CSC 2000 competition was intended to facilitate the development of high-risk concepts to address the negative impact of snowmobiles. Hydrocarbon emissions from two-stroke cycle snowmobile engines are primarily due to short-circuiting of the air/fuel mixture during the scavenging process. Carbon monoxide emissions are due to rich combustion mixtures and poor combustion produced by inefficient scavenging. A student research team at Colorado State University undertook an ambitious engine development project for the competition. An externally-scavenged, directinjected engine was designed to reduce emissions, improve fuel economy, maintain or improve power, and reduce exhaust noise. A twin-screw compressor was used to provide external scavenging for the engine. The Ficht impact-type fuel injection system was used to provide direct in-cylinder fuel injection. A high efficiency multistage reaction / absorption silencer was designed which also houses an oxidation catalyst. The engine was developed to the point that it is operational, although it was not used in the CSC 2000 competition. This paper describes the design concept for CSU’s new snowmobile engine.
Detection of antibodies to a pathogenic mycoplasma in desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) with upper respiratory tract disease.

Mycoplasma agassizii (proposed species novum) is the etiologic agent of an upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), which is threatened in most of its range. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of M. agassizii-specific antibodies in desert tortoises was developed with a monoclonal antibody with specificity for desert tortoise immunoglobulin light chain. Plasma samples from one group of tortoises were tested immediately before and 1 month after challenge either with nasal exudate containing M. agassizii or with a purified preparation of M. agassizii. Plasma samples from a second group of known healthy and sick tortoises were also tested. In the first group, the ELISA detected seroconversion in individual tortoises following challenge with M. agassizii. In the second group, ELISA results were positively correlated with the health status of the tortoises, as determined by clinical and pathologic findings. In addition, the ELISA revealed that tortoise antimycoplasma antibodies were specific for M. agassizii when samples were assayed against M. agassizii, M. pulmonis, M. testudinis, and M. gallisepticum antigens. The observed direct correlation between the presence of nasal mucosal lesions and M. agassizii-specific antibodies proved that the ELISA reliably diagnosed M. agassizii infection in desert tortoises and advocates its use for monitoring M. agassizii-induced upper respiratory tract disease in free-ranging desert tortoises. Images
Morphogenesis and histochemistry of the developing mouse kidney.

A morphological and histochemical investigation was conducted on the pronephros and mesonephros of the mouse embryo from 8.5 through 16.5 days. The pronephros appeared between days 8.5 and 9.5 as a thickening of the somatic layer of the intermediate cell mass. It consisted of three small clusters of cells on either side of the midline dorsally between the somite and the coelom, at the level of somites 8 and 9. The mesonephros arose during day 9 and persisted until day 16. In the male the anterior three tubules were incorporated into the testis at 15.5–16.5 days. The mesonephros consisted of approximately 11 tubules located between somites 10–17. The tubules possessed lumina and connected with the Wolffian duct. Indications of internal and external glomeruli were noted on day 11. The Wolffian duct reached the cloaca at ten days. Strong alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in the differentiating tubules. Cytoplasmic and luminal enzyme activity was observed between 9.3 and 12.5 days indicating possible function at this time. Acid phosphatase was demonstrable in the tubules and duct only on day 11. Ribonucleic acid was observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the mesodermal cells as they differentiated into tubules and duct. A decrease in RNA was noted after differentiation was complete. Periodic acid-Schiff material (diastase-stable) was localized in the basement membrane of the tubule and duct cells. A faint positive reaction was also found at the luminal border of the tubules. The strongest reaction was noted in the luminal border at 11.5–12.5 days. Those tubules being incorporated into the genital system in the male were also PAS positive. Morphological and histochemical evidence suggested that the mouse mesonephros, though quasi vestigial, may function for a short time.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Near-Surface Location, Geometry, and Velocities of the Santa Monica Fault Zone, Los Angeles, California’ by R. D. Catchings, G. Gandhok, M. R. Goldman, D. Okaya, M. J. Rymer, and G. W. Bawden” by T. L. Pratt and J. F. Dolan

In a comment on our 2008 paper (Catchings, Gandhok, et al. , 2008) on the Santa Monica fault in Los Angeles, California, Pratt and Dolan (2010) (herein referred to as P&D) cite numerous objections to our work, inferring that our study is flawed. However, as shown in our reply, their objections contradict their own published works, published works of others, and proven seismic methodologies. Rather than responding to each repeated invalid objection, we address their objections by topic in the subsequent sections. In Catchings, Gandhok, et al. (2008), we presented high-resolution seismic-reflection images that showed two near-surface faults in the upper 50 m beneath the grounds of the Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital (WVAH). Although P&D suggest we effectively duplicated their seismic acquisition, our survey was not a duplication of their efforts. Rather, we conducted a seismic-imaging survey over a similar profile as Pratt et al. (1998) but used a different data acquisition system and different data processing methods to evaluate methods of seismically imaging blind faults in the wake of the 17 January 1994 M 6.7 Northridge earthquake. We used an acquisition method that provides both tomographic seismic velocities and reflection images. Our combined-data approach allowed for shallower imaging (∼2.5 m minimum) than the ∼20-m minimum of Pratt et al. (1998), clearer images of the fault zone, and more accurate depth determinations (rather than time images). In processing the reflection images, we used prestack depth migration, which is generally accepted as the only proper imaging method for imaging subsurface structures with strong lateral velocity variations (Versteeg, 1993), a condition shown to exist at the WVAH site. We correlated our reflection images with refraction tomography images, borehole lithology, and velocity data, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar images, and changes in groundwater depths. Except for some minor differences, our seismic-reflection images coincide with previously published seismic-reflection …
How to Assign Individualized Scores on a Group Project: An Empirical Evaluation

One major challenge in using group projects to assess student learning is accounting for the differences of contribution among group members so that the mark assigned to each individual actually reflects their performance. This research addresses the validity of grading group projects by evaluating different methods that derive individualized scores from group work. Both Monte Carlo simulation and real test data analyses were conducted. The four investigated methods are the within-group adjustment method, the partial adjustment method, the between-group adjustment method, and the expected contribution adjustment method. For all methods, a weighting factor is computed based on the peer and self ratings of contributions to the group project by group members. This study finds that individual differences have to be taken into account if group grades are going to be assigned and utilized for evaluating individual performance at all. Adjusting contribution differences based on peer and self ratings could be an ...
The Impact of Substance Use, Sexual Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence on Sexual Risk Intervention Outcomes in Couples: A Randomized Trial

Background Few HIV prevention interventions focus on sexual risk reduction as mutual process determined by couple members, though risk behaviors are inter-dependent.
Spontaneous dormancy of metastatic breast cancer cells in an all human liver microphysiologic system

Metastatic outgrowth in breast cancer can occur years after a seeming cure. Existing model systems of dormancy are limited as they do not recapitulate human metastatic dormancy without exogenous manipulations and are unable to query early events of micrometastases. Here, we describe a human ex vivo hepatic microphysiologic system. The system is established with fresh human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) creating a microenvironment into which breast cancer cells (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) are added. The hepatic tissue maintains function through 15 days as verified by liver-specific protein production and drug metabolism assays. The NPCs form an integral part of the hepatic niche, demonstrated within the system through their participation in differential signalling cascades and cancer cell outcomes. Breast cancer cells intercalate into the hepatic niche without interfering with hepatocyte function. Examination of cancer cells demonstrated that a significant subset enter a quiescent state of dormancy as shown by lack of cell cycling (EdU− or Ki67−). The presence of NPCs altered the cancer cell fraction entering quiescence, and lead to differential cytokine profiles in the microenvironment effluent. These findings establish the liver microphysiologic system as a relevant model for the study of breast cancer metastases and entry into dormancy.
Imaging Children: Tips and Tricks

Abstract Proper positioning is required for imaging all clients in the radiology department, but infants and children present a special challenge for radiology personnel. Infants and children may be unable to cooperate and follow verbal directions. This necessitates additional attention to minimizing pediatric clients' movement during radiologic examinations. Age-appropriate communication skills, parental involvement, and appropriate education and training of staff members are requisite in caring for pediatric clients and their families in the radiology department.
The impact of distributive uncertainty on coalition formation in organizations

Abstract This paper examines the tendency of group members to form coalitions when the effects of such behavior are harmful to the larger group. The groups under study must distribute a limited pool of resources among members in a social dilemma situation. If coalitions are formed, the resource is replenished at lower rate than if coalitions are not formed. The incidence and nature of coalition behavior are examined through a cognitive approach to group choice, which draws from equity theory, social dilemmas, and coalition research. The results indicate that groups lacking an established distribution rule are more likely to form coalitions than groups operating under an established distribution rule. Groups in the uncertain condition had significantly lower individual, as well as group, outcomes. Further, groups lacking a distribution rule tended to establish a normative rule; both total group distributions and coalition distributions (when formed) were anchored by available, but not necessarily relevant, information.
Strategic Issues in Structuring Multi-Party Public Policy Negotiations

The protocols suggested here provide a framework for addressing the major strategic issues encountered in structuring multi-party public policy negotiations. A careful consideration of the procedures before substantive negotiations begin is the best assurance that these issues will not emerge as dilemmas and crises during the process itself. The protocols should be created by the parties to derive the full benefits of relevance and commitment. To borrow protocols created for another negotiation may result in both unrealistic and missing provisions.
Numerical methods and the micro: Color graphics as an aid to comprehension

Most of us that teach in the numerical analysis/numerical methods area have been relying on large mainframes for years as a valuable tool in solving our problems of any size. Thus when the micros came along a few years back our natural inclination was to avoid them since they appeared to have nothing new to offer us. We perhaps thought “How could such a small machine compete with the real number crunchers we had become enamored with?” However, we only have to read the popular press to see the impact they are having all around us. Hence, it became imperative that we do look into the possibility that maybe they can make some valuable contributions. As Kelch and Hansen [1] implied in their article, there are many small colleges that can ill-afford the cost of a mainframe or even a mini but still they wish to teach meaningful courses. Aside from this perhaps there are concepts that can be illustrated in a more meaningful fashion even if a super-mini or mainframe is available. It was in this later vein that this project was undertaken.After viewing the rather amazing graphics that one could realize on an Apple II in a game-playing environment, the author decided that there must be some way that they could be used in a meaningful way in a classroom or course. The purpose of this report is to discuss the way that the Apple II graphics were used to display several popular numerical algorithms. It should be pointed out here that there is nothing special about the Apple II and the graphics did not have to be done in color to illustrate most of the important points. It was simply the case that the author used the type of machine that was most readily available to him.It was the author's feeling that beginning numerical methods students could more readily relate to many of the techniques if they had a visual image to relate to. The old adage “a picture is worth a thousand words” comes to mind. Although it is possible to give graphical illustrations in a textbook and in class, typically this is such a time-consuming task that one can only look at a few special cases. It was the plan of the author to allow the programs to accept a variety of functions for actual implementation by the user. The student will be able to alter various parameters as he runs an algorithm which will allow him to answer questions like “What if I do the following?”
Modeling online social network users' profile attribute disclosure behavior from a game theoretic perspective

Privacy settings are a crucial part of any online social network as users are confronted with determining which and how many profile attributes to disclose. Revealing more attributes increases users' chances of finding friends and yet leaves users more vulnerable to dangers such as identity theft. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding the optimal strategy for the disclosure of user attributes in social networks from a game-theoretic perspective. We model the privacy settings' dynamics of social networks with three game-theoretic approaches. In a two-user game, each user selects an ideal number of attributes to disclose to each other according to a utility function. We extend this model with a basic evolutionary game to observe how much of their profiles users are comfortable with revealing, and how this changes over time. We then consider a weighted evolutionary game to investigate the influence of attribute importance and the network topology in selecting privacy settings. The two-user game results show how one user's privacy settings are influenced by the settings of another user. The basic evolutionary game results show that the higher the motivation to reveal attributes, the longer users take to stabilize their privacy settings. Results from the weighted evolutionary game show that users are more likely to reveal their most important attributes than their least important attributes regardless of the risk. Results also show that the network topology has a considerable effect on the privacy in a risk-included environment but limited effect in a risk-free environment. Motivation and risk are identified as important factors in determining how efficiently stability of privacy settings is achieved and what settings users will adopt given different parameters. Additionally, the privacy settings are affected by the network topology and the importance users attach to specific attributes. Our models indicate that users of social networks eventually adopt profile settings that provide the highest possible privacy if there is any risk, despite how high the motivation to reveal attributes is. The provided models and the gained results are particularly important to social network designers and providers because they enable us to understand the influence of different factors on users' privacy choices.
Phylogenetic Utility of Histone H3 Intron Sequences in the Perennial Relatives of Soybean (Glycine:Leguminosae)

Histone H3 loci form a large multigene family in most plant species. In Glycine, some of these loci possess introns, whose sequences can provide characters for assessing phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus. Phylogenetic analyses of two closely related H3-B loci revealed a complex evolutionary pattern, producing trees from which species relationships could not be inferred readily. The single H3-D locus, in contrast, provided data suitable for the construction of gene trees whose topologies were sufficiently similar to other hypotheses of relationships within the subgenus Glycine to give confidence that evolution at this locus is tracking species phylogenies. H3-D topologies identified several of the same groupings found in previous phylogenetic studies using the chloroplast genome. However, histone H3-D and chloroplast genome data sets were in other respects incongruent, as revealed by both topological differences and numerical measures of congruence. The principal difference involved Glycine falcata, whose chloroplast genome belongs to one of the three strongly supported clades in the subgenus, but whose histone H3-D allele was sister to those of the remaining members of the subgenus. The H3-D topology is more in keeping with the morphologically, ecologically, and genetically divergent nature of this species. The H3-D locus appears to be a useful source of phylogenetic characters for interspecific studies in Glycine, providing resolution among taxa whose relationships were unresolved in previous studies.
Subcellular distribution of diamine oxidase.

1. 1. Subcellular distribution of diamine oxidase (DAO) was studied in various mammalian tissues using differential centrifugation. 2. 2. Highest DAO activity was found in the 600 g pellets (nuclear fraction) of the following tissues: kidney cortex (cat and dog), cat intestine, rabbit placenta, and rat uterus with deciduomata. 3. 3. In dog and rat intestines, highest DAO activity was found in the 120,000 g supernatant. 4. 4. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions contained comparatively little DAO activity. 5. 5. In contrast, another histamine metabolizing enzyme, imidazole-N-methylatransferase (IMT), was found exclusively in the 120,000 g supernatant fraction of the cat kidney cortex. 6. 6. Cat kidney was studied to determine regional distribution of DAO and IMT. Both enzymes were, for the most part, localized in the cortex, but a small amount of IMT was also found in the medulla.
UPTAKE OF NEW AND REGENERATED FORMS OF NITROGEN IN PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY1

The use of 15N-labeled compounds to obtain specific uptake rates for the various nitrogen sources available to the phytoplankton makes it possible to separate the fractions of primary productivity corresponding to new and regenerated nitrogen in the euphotic zone of the ocean. Measurements of nitrate uptake as a fraction of ammonia plus nitrate uptake have been obtained from the northwest Atlantic and the northeast Pacific oceans. Mean values range from 8.3 to 39.5%, the former being characteristic of subtropical regions and the latter of northern temperate regions or coastal and inland waters. Nitrogen fixation is also a source of new nitrogen. Rates of nitrogen fixation are found to be as high or higher than nitrate uptake, in some cases suggesting an important role for nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton. The role of zooplankton in regenerating nitrogen as ammonia in the Sargasso Sea is examined theoretically. Probably only about 10% of the daily ammonia uptake by phytoplankton is contributed by the zooplankton living in the upper 100 m.
Dynamical Role of Light Neutral Leptons in Cosmology

Using the Vlasov equation, we show that massive galactic halos cannot be composed of stable neutral leptons of mass \ensuremath{\lesssim} 1 MeV. Since most of the mass in clusters of galaxies probably consists of stripped halos, we conclude that the "missing mass" in clusters does not consist of leptons of mass \ensuremath{\lesssim} 1 MeV (e.g., muon or electron neutrinos). Lee and Weinberg's hypothetical heavy leptons (mass \ensuremath{\lesssim} 1 GeV) are not ruled out by this argument.
Voltage-sensitive Na+ channels increase in number in newborn rat brain after in utero hypoxia.

Abstract The effect of chronic in utero hypoxia on voltage-sensitive Na+ channels in newborn rat brain was investigated by means of ligand binding and autoradiography with [3H]saxitoxin (STX,na+ channel ligand). We found that: (a) binding properties were different between hypoxic and control brains with alinear Scatchard plots in hypoxic brain versus linear ones in the control; (b) STX binding density increased greatly in response to hypoxic stimulation; and (c) the hypoxia-induced increase in STX binding was heteregneous in various brian areas. We conclude that hypoxia in utero alters the expression of Na+ channels and induces an up-regulation of Na+ channel density as a function of brain area. This is the first report of this phenomenon and we believe that the increased Na+ channels may play an important role in the etiology of neurological disorders such as epilepsy.
Water Content of Basalt Erupted on the ocean floor

Deep sea pillow basalts dredged from the ocean floor show that vesicularity changes with composition as well as with depth. Alkalic basalts are more vesicular than tholeiitic basalts erupted at the same depth. The vesicularity data, when related to experimentally determined solubility of water in basalt, indicate that K-poor oceanic tholeiites originally contained about 0.25 percent water, Hawaiian tholeiites of intermediate K-content, about 0.5 percent water, and alkali-rich basalts, about 0.9 percent water. Analyses of fresh basalt pillows show a systematic increase of H2O+ as the rocks become more alkalic. K-poor oceanic tholeiites contain 0.06–0.42 percent H2O+, Hawaiian tholeiites, 0.31–0.60 percent H2O+, and alkali rich basalts 0.49–0.98 percent H2O+. The contents of K2O, P2O5, F, and Cl increase directly with an increase in H2O+ content such that at 1.0 weight percent H2O+, K2O is 1.58 percent, P2O5 is 0.55 percent, F is 0.07 percent, and Cl is 0.1 percent. The measured weight percent of deuterium on the rim of one Hawaiian pillow is −6.0 (relative to SMOW); this value, which is similar to other indications of magmatic water, suggests that no appreciable sea water was absorbed by the pillow during or subsequent to eruption on the ocean floor.
Engineering measurement and control in farm production research

Instrumentation for engineering measurement and control in agricultural research is described. Instrumentation and control of temperature, light, and data recording functions are discussed, with analysis of the drawbacks of these systems. Areas where improved instrumentation is needed are described. Specific instrument system examples are given to illustrate progress in process and environmental control.
Does domain experience compensate for working memory capacity in second language reading comprehension

Abstract Reading comprehension in a second language (L2) is a complex task involving knowledge of vocabulary and grammar as well as controlled attention for continuous updating of information. The purpose was to examine the relative contributions of working memory capacity (WMC), first language (L1) comprehension, and domain experience on L2 reading comprehension in Spanish. Three hypotheses of the relationship between ability and experience were examined. The “knowledge is power” model predicts that with enough experience, WMC differences are eliminated. The “independent influences” model predicts that experience and ability separately influence L2 reading comprehension. Finally, the “rich get richer” model, predicts that high WMC individuals benefit more from experience. Results provide evidence for independent influences of experience and ability.
Auditory and visual interaction in man.

SOME characteristics of auditory and visual interaction were studied in 36 normal young adult subjects, using a method based on recognition of repetitions. This method extends and complements procedures developed by Averback and Sperling1, Broadbent2, and Shepard and Teghtsoonian3.
DOUBLED RESONANCES IN THE EIGENCHANNEL REPRESENTATION.

The eigenamplitudes of the unitary doubled-resonance amplitude for the two-channel case are computed and discussed. In addition to poles, the eigenamplitudes also have square-root branch points in the complex energy plane.
Chondrosarcoma of the jaw and facial bones

Background. Osteosarcomas of the jaw frequently have chondroblastic differentiation, causing confusion with chondrosarcomas. Method. Clinicopathologic features and results of treatment were analyzed for a series of 56 patients (27 males and 29 females from 1.5 to 88 years of age) with chondrosarcoma of jaw and facial bones. Twelve patients (21.4%) were younger than 20 years. Results. The major symptom was nasal obstruction or a painless mass; the median interval from the first symptom until initial treatment was 1 year. Of the 56 chondrosarcomas, 25 (44.6%) involved the alveolar portion of the maxilla and maxillary sinus; 23 (41.1%) involved the nasal septum, ethmoid, and sphenoid; 6 (10.7%) involved the mandible; and 2 (3.6%) involved the nasal tip. Of the 19 patients with radiographic studies, 15 (78.9%) had an expanding soft tissue mass with varied matrix calcification and destruction of bone and 2 had a purely lytic lesion. The lesion was difficult to assess in the two others. Most tumors had a lobulated growth pattern of hyaline cartilage. Hypercellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and binucleation were common features. Forty-three tumors were grade 1, 13 were grade 2, and none were grade 3. Modalities of treatment were known for 51 of the 56 patients. Forty-six patients (90.2%) had surgical treatment, 2 (3.9%) had combination radiation therapy and chemotherapy, 1 (2%) had radiation therapy alone, and 2 (3.9%) had biopsy only. Follow-up adequate for analysis was obtained for 42 patients. Of these, 14 (33.3%) had local recurrence; uncontrolled recurrence developed in 9 (21.4%) patients. No distant metastases were documented. Overall actuarial survival at 5, 10, and 15 years was 80.7%, 65.3%, and 56%, respectively. Survival was analyzed for location, size, and histologic grade of tumor. No statistically significant differences were found. Conclusions. Chondrosarcomas of the jaw and facial bones are extremely rare, locally aggressive tumors. Cancer 1995; 76:1550–8.
Now we’re cooking: new successes for shake-and-bake

Shake-and-bake is an automatic procedure for phase determination developed for large molecules. The procedure is based on a minimal function which is optimized through alternate cycles of reciprocal space phase refinement and real-space filtering. The shake-and-bake technique has now been used to determine the structures of several small proteins.
Variable-resistance conductors (VRC) for power-line de-icing

Abstract Ice storms can result in accumulation of ice on structures, including overhead power transmission and distribution lines and associated poles and towers; this ice may reach thicknesses of many tens of millimeters. Icing can cause catastrophic damage which disrupts power transmission and is expensive to repair. Normal operation of a power transmission or distribution line entails Joule heating of the conductor as current flows through it. Lines are normally designed to have a constant, low resistance, so as to avoid excessive power losses and avoid excessive operating temperatures. Because the normal heating is low (by design), it is of limited value in preventing or recovering from an icing event. This paper describes power conductors that can switch their electrical resistance from a very low value, to transmit electric energy, to a much higher value, for de-icing. The switching in between two conductor resistances does not disturb the main conductor function, which is to provide a customer with uninterrupted electric power. A variable-resistance conductor (VRC) is built of N strands (or groups of strands) insulated from each other, where N is any odd integer greater than one. For instance, N = 3, 5 or 7, etc. In normal energy-transmission operations all the conductor strands (or strand groups) are connected in parallel, whereas in de-icing mode they all are connected in series. Switching from parallel to series connection increases the line resistance by a large factor of N2, making the resistance sufficiently high for heating the line above the ice melting point. One important advantage of the method is that it uses low-voltage and, thus, low-cost switches. The design of a VRC de-icing system is described, including considerations for switches, conductors, control and deployment strategy. We also describe safety devices to return the line to normal operation if the electronics get damaged. Laboratory and full-scale prototypes have both successfully demonstrated the capability of VRC de-icing.
ILLUSORY PERCEPTION AS A CONSTANCY PHENOMENON.

THERE are several hints in the literature of perception of a possible tie-up between constancy and the illusions, but Tausch1 seems to have produced the first reasonably solid treatment, described clearly by Teuber2, though he has not developed a fully consistent theory. Brown and Houssiadas's reference to J. J. Gibson's The Perception of the Visual World3 in this connexion is surprising, for Gibson holds a view of constancy which precludes this kind of theory. Gibson starts off (p. 163) somewhat disconcertingly: “The aim of this chapter is ultimately to show that the question of why things retain their sizes and shapes under different circumstances is a false question”. (The rest of the chapter is, however, devoted to this question.) He develops a theory of depth perception which he attributes to Koffka4—the size-at-a-distance theory—which is that all three spatial dimensions are equally available to the perceptual system. But in denying that depth has to be specially computed, Gibson rejects the notion of constancy scaling essential to this theory of the illusions. When Gibson uses the word ‘scale’ he is evidently not referring to a process of size adjustment normally giving constancy, for several times he explicitly denies such processes in depth perception.
Ignitron discharge growth during high-current pulses

Glass ignitrons were studied carrying up to 21,000 amperes with rise times as short as 1.25 ?sec (microseconds). Kerr-Cell photographs show discharge growth, constrictions, and an expanding circle of arc spots with speeds up to 2 × 106 cm/sec (centimeters per second). The peak velocity varied with the 0.7 power of capacitor voltage and directly with the peak non-inductive component of anode voltage. Arc-front propagation, by ionic charging of a dielectric film, is discussed and is consistent with the measurements.
Hemopoietic repopulating potential of subcutaneous exudate cells

Inflammatory exudate (SE) cells were collected from subcutaneous coverslips in mice and transferred into lethally irradiated (1,000 r) recipients. Eight days after transplantation /sup 59/Fe incorporation in the spleen and bone marrow was significantly greater than in controls treated with the suspending medium only. One hundred percent of mitoses were of the T6T6 karyotype in the marrow and spleen when SE cells were obtained from CBA/T6T6 donors. The repopulating potential of SE cells, however, lagged significantly behind that of bone marrow cells and the failure to observe consistently macroscopic spleen colonies calls into question whether the observed regeneration was due to pluripotent stem cells. Radioautographic studies with /sup 3/H-TdR showed that the majority of SE cells had recently been generated, but long-lived, noncycling cells of lymphoid and monocytoid morphology were also present in the exudate.
Numerical verification of design sensitivity analysis

Considerable progress has been made in developing analytical methods for design sensitivity analysis of structural and mechanical systems. Sensitivity expressions require numerical implementation of several steps before the final sensitivity vectors are obtained. This is particularly true for problems involving transient dynamic response and shape optimization. Therefore, it is important to verify numerical implementation and calculations based on the analytical sensitivity expressions before optimization of the problem is carried out. This paper describes three numerical procedures for verification of the sensitivity calculations. An example from optimal control literature is used to demonstrate the procedures and make recommendations for practical applications