cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease

Objectives To compare health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a group of pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy controls and patients with other chronic diseases, and to compare HRQOL among patients with CHD of various severity categories with one another, with controls, and with patients with other chronic diseases. Study design In this cross-sectional survey, t tests were used to compare patient and proxy-reported Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL) scores (including total, physical health, and psychosocial health summary scores) in children (aged 8-12 years) and adolescents (aged 13-18 years) between controls and (1) a composite CHD population; and (2) patients in each of 3 CHD severity categories: mild (no intervention), biventricle (BV; postintervention), and single ventricle (SV; postpalliation). PedsQL scores among CHD severity categories were compared by ANOVA. PedsQL scores were also compared in the CHD population and children with other chronic diseases without age stratification using t tests. Results There were 1138 (children, n=625; adolescents, n=513) and 771 (children, n=528; adolescents, n=243) patient and/or proxy reporters in the CHD and healthy control groups, respectively. Total, physical health, and psychosocial health summary scores were lower in the composite CHD, BV, and SV groups compared with controls ( P P Conclusion Children and adolescents with BV and SV CHD have significantly lower HRQOL than healthy controls and similar HRQOL as patients with other chronic pediatric diseases. Interventions targeting both physical and psychosocial domains are needed to improve HRQOL in this high-risk population.
Task Engagement: A Turning Point in Foreign Language Development.

In this article we use a sociocultural framework to suggest task engagement as a viable construct in L2 learning research. Clarifying and specifying this construct has important implications for the analysis of conversational data, needed in light of claims for the causal relationship posited for certain kinds of conversational adjustments on L2 acquisition outcomes. Here we examine L2 learner data to identify task engagement as it emerges, unfolds in dialogic activity, and becomes associated with the transformation of task, self, and group. The data to be analyzed come from two pairs of L2 learners involved in jigsaw tasks, one pair using Swahili, the other Spanish; all are native speakers of English. Our concern with task engagement is motivated by methodological and theoretical issues entailed in the study of L2 learning in the interactionist perspective. We argue that a sociocultural approach offers an alternative to that perspective, from the standpoint of method and theory, resting as it does on quite a different set of underlying assumptions, to be described below. The research questions are the following. (1) How might task engagement be defined within a sociocultural framework? (2) What is the effect of task engagement on data analysis and interpretation? (3) What transformative effects, if any, can be found during task engagement? In the first section we juxtapose the two frameworks for thinking about task performance, demonstrating that certain phenomena not even considered data according to one perspective can be interpreted as crucial in selecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in the other. We go on to present and interpret the task data using the proposed analytic framework, then draw conclusions based on the findings.
Preferential dissolution of carbonate shells driven by petroleum seep activity in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Authigenic carbonates are common at deep-sea petroleum seeps as a result of excess bicarbonate production during microbial degradation of hydrocarbons coupled to sulfate reduction. Consequently, these seep environments are supersaturated with respect to carbonates. This finding conflicts with taphonomic data that dissolution is the most pervasive mode of shell alteration at seeps. We provide here the first study linking the preservational process with the chemical characterization of the taphonomically-active zone at petroleum seep sites. This characterization is made possible using fine-scale porewater carbonate chemistry data and skeletal material deployed for 8 years at petroleum seep sites in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Microelectrode measurements of pH and pCO2 identify a very restricted zone of CaCO3 undersaturation immediately below the sediment–water interface in otherwise supersaturated environments (i.e., sandwiched between supersaturated bottom seawater and sediment porewater). This zonation characterizes the taphonomically-active zone, and is a result of a highly compressed redox front between acid-generating aerobic oxidation of reduced chemical species including hydrocarbons, H2S, and planktonic-and-terrestrial organic carbon and base-generating sulfate reduction coupled to CH4 oxidation. Porewater geochemistry is spatially variable at seep sites, and produces variable shell-dissolution signatures. Shells deployed at seep sites have moderate to severe dissolution that is consistent with a much higher flux of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the porewater to the bottom water. Therefore, a mosaic of preservational conditions is directly related to the spatially and chemically varying taphonomically-active zones found at seep sites. These findings support the variability of carbonate preservation reported for globally-distributed Phanerozoic fossil seeps and the view that data from field taphonomy can significantly upgrade and validate carbonate destruction rates used in geochemical and climatic models. Carbon mass-balance analyses also lead to an important conclusion that carbonate dissolution forms a very important mechanism for benthic carbon recycling, possibly accounting for 50% of the benthic DIC flux to the bottom water in northern Gulf of Mexico petroleum seep sediments.
Three-dimensional steady stratified flows: A numerical approach

A multilayer model consisting of n homogeneous layers is used to describe the three-dimensional steady flow of a continuously stratified, incompressible fluid under the assumption of hydrostatic balance. For n = 1, one has the classical shallow water theory and the governing equations correspond to those for the steady two-dimensional flow of a compressible gas with y, the ratio of specific heats, equal to 2. For n > 1, the equations form a nonlinear system of partial differential equations of order 2n. For most practical stratified flow problems this system is neither totally hyperbolic or totally elliptic; i.e., it possesses both real and imaginary characteristics over the entire domain of interest. A numerical algorithm for this “mixed” case is proposed and calculations for a two-layer model are presented. Continuous solutions are shown to exist for sufficiently flat and smooth obstacles.
Derepression by Depolymerization: Structural Insights into the Regulation of Yan by Mae

Abstract Yan, an ETS family transcriptional repressor, is regulated by receptor tyrosine kinase signaling via the Ras/MAPK pathway. Phosphorylation and downregulation of Yan is facilitated by a protein called Mae. Yan and Mae interact through their SAM domains. We find that repression by Yan requires the formation of a higher order structure mediated by Yan-SAM polymerization. Moreover, a crystal structure of the Yan-SAM/Mae-SAM complex shows that Mae-SAM specifically recognizes a surface on Yan-SAM that is also required for Yan-SAM polymerization. Mae-SAM binds to Yan-SAM with ∼1000-fold higher affinity than Yan-SAM binds to itself and can effectively depolymerize Yan-SAM. Mutations on Mae that specifically disrupt its SAM domain-dependent interactions with Yan disable the derepression function of Mae in vivo. Depolymerization of Yan by Mae represents a novel mechanism of transcriptional control that sensitizes Yan for regulation by receptor tyrosine kinases.
Grain flow measurements with X-ray techniques.

Abstract The use of low energy X-rays, up to 30 keV, densitometry is demonstrated for grain flow rate measurements through laboratory experiments. Mass flow rates for corn were related to measured X-ray intensity in gray scale units with a 0.99 correlation coefficient for flow rates ranging from 2 to 6 kg/s. Larger flow rate values can be measured by using higher energy or a higher tube current. Measurements were done in real time at a 30 Hz sampling rate. Flow rate measurements are relatively independent of grain moisture due to a negligible change in the X-ray attenuation coefficients at typical moisture content values from 15 to 25%. Grain flow profile changes did not affect measurement accuracy. X-rays easily capture variations in the corn thickness profile. Due to the low energy of the X-ray photons, biological shielding can be accomplished with 2-mm-thick lead foil or 5 mm of steel.
The Marketing of Hamburger Buns

It is apparent that the return percentages have been drastically reduced by using only the primary variable of temperature. The actual return percentage would have been even higher except that some route men ran out of hamburger buns and therefore had no returns. This did not show up in the aggregate figures because these were more than balanced by a surplus returned by the majority of route men.
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe reliability and failure modes

Research on plastic pipe failures revealed that pipe and fittings often had manufacturing flaws and that many common installation practices could cause significant damage to the piping. To determine effects of failure of pressurized PVC pipe, tests were conducted to characterize failure modes and consequences.
Learning to improve earth observation flight planning

This paper describes a method and system for integrating machine learning with planning and data visualization for the management of mobile sensors for Earth science investigations. Data mining identifies discrepancies between previous observations and predictions made by Earth science models. Locations of these discrepancies become interesting targets for future observations. Such targets become goals used by a flight planner to generate the observation activities. The cycle of observation, data analysis and planning is repeated continuously throughout a multi-week Earth science investigation.
Effect of VIP on sweat secretion and cAMP accumulation in isolated simian eccrine glands

Although vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerves have been identified around the eccrine sweat glands, their functional significance is unknown. We found that VIP evokes eccrine sweat secretion in isolated monkey palm eccrine sweat glands in vitro as profusely as does isoproterenol (Iso), however, at concentrations two orders of magnitude lower than that of Iso. Like Iso sweating, the VIP sweating was relatively insensitive to removal of Ca2+ from the medium. The time course of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in the secretory coil paralleled that of sweat secretion. However, unlike Iso stimulations, both VIP-induced cAMP level and VIP sweat rate markedly declined with time. The attenuation of VIP sweat rate was reversed by forskolin and by theophylline, suggesting that the attenuation is caused partially by desensitization of the receptor-cyclase complex and/or by cAMP breakdown by phosphodiesterase. Forskolin stimulated the VIP-induced cAMP level more than can be expected from a simple additive effect. The sudorific effects of a submaximal concentration of VIP (6 X 10(-9) M) and that of methacholine (MCh) (10(-8) M) were only additive. The VIP-induced cAMP level was markedly augmented by MCh and further enhanced by Iso with or without theophylline. Thus the most salient biochemical consequence of the VIP-ergic component of sweat gland innervation is to induce synergistic amplification of tissue cAMP accumulation. The functional significance of synergistically accumulated cAMP in physiological eccrine sweating remains to be studied.
From medicine to psychotherapy: the placebo effect

If placebos have been squeezed out of medicine to the point where their official place in in clinical trials designed to identify their own confounding effect, the placebo effect nevertheless thrives in psychotherapy. Not only does psychotherapy dispose of placebo effects that are less available to medicine as it becomes increasingly technological and preoccupied with body parts, but factors of the sort inhibiting the use of placebos in medicine have no equivalent in psychology. Medicine today is disturbed by the placebo effect in a way psychotherapy is not. Psychotherapy does not have to grapple with such a disconcerting paradox as successful sham surgery, and unlike those physicians who once pretended to treat the patient's body while actually attempting to treat the mind, the psychotherapist can treat the mind in all frankness. Perhaps it is because psychotherapy is less burdened by doubts about the placebo effect that it was able to come to its aid when it was orphaned by medicine. It is vain to expect something with so long a history as the placebo effect to disappear from the practices of healing.
THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

and (b) the vesicular character of its component elements, were already clearly noted in its first description. In subsequent papers, Porter and his collaborators described the preferential concentration of the vesicular elements of the reticulum in the endoplasm, and their scarcity or absence in the supposedly exoplasmic periphery of the cytoplasm (2, 3), a finding which eventually led to the selection of "endoplasmic reticulum" as a name for the system. The term was first cautiously tried in a caption in 1948 (3) and finally used in an article published by Porter and Kallman in 1952 (4). It appears that, at that time, our group was not yet engaged in large scale production of new cytological terms with a heavy Latin flavor, and was still proceeding with cautious restraint in matters of nomenclature. Besides the reticular disposition and the endoplasmic location implied in the name, Porter's studies established a number of other important features for the new cytoplasmic component, namely the usual continuity of the system throughout the endoplasm of normal cells, the remarkable polymorphism of its component elements, and the breaking down of the entire system in cytolysis into a collection of isolated vesicles.
Colorimetric design of dichroic mirrors in 3-LCD projection systems

A new design method of the dichroic mirrors is proposed for color separation/composition in 3-LCD projection systems. In this method, the design parameters were optimized by maximizing the volume of the reproducible color gamut in a CIELUV uniform color space for 2 typical viewing conditions.
The Case Study Approach to Understanding Learning Disabilities

A case study can help to clarify for the student the puzzling contradictions and the range of irregularities that characterize the learning disabled child. This approach can be illustrated through analysis of the case of Jeffry, a third grader who was highly verbal, while at the same time demonstrating immaturities and/or deficits in other areas of functioning. Evaluation indicated four vulnerable areas, which were later handled during the course of remediation. Different frameworks for analyses can be generated from the case study. It offers an opportunity to use inductive reasoning in uniting theory and practice.
An Intelligent Safety-Aware Gateway Relocation Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSN) have received enormous attentions due to their potential use in many applications. They can be used to enrich our understanding of natural events, such as earthquakes and volcanoes, and to increase the efficiency of surveillance operations in secure installation, border control and military reconnaissance. Sensors are placed in harsh environments to collect and deliver data to a central node, called the gateway. The gateway analyzes the received data and decides on appropriate actions. Therefore, protecting the gateway is critical for ensuring the robustness of WSN. Since the location of the gateway significantly affects the efficiency of the network operation, many research have been conducted for the gateway placement problem. However, most of the proposed solutions are geared for boosting network-related performance metrics, such as throughput and energy consumption. We argue that relocating without taking safety concerns into consideration may cause the gateway to move dangerously close to one or multiple serious events in the environment. In this paper, we present GRENN, a new algorithm for gateway relocation in wireless sensor networks considering both the network performance and the gateway safety. Our experimental validation has demonstrated the effectiveness of GRENN in protecting the gateway while keeping the performance at an acceptable level.
Eastern Mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum, Viscaceae) Infestation of Host Trees in Jessamine County, Kentucky

Abstract Eastern mistletoe [Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M.C. Johnston] was observed on 1104 host trees from 10 species and 8 families in Jessamine County, east-central Kentucky within the Inner Bluegrass and Hills of the Bluegrass Ecoregions. Juglans nigra was the major host tree (609 trees) followed by Prunus serotina (259 trees), Ulmus americana (116 trees), Robinia pseudoacacia (43 trees) and Celtis occidentalis (39 trees). The top three host species accounted for 89.1% of the infested trees. Eastern mistletoe exhibits an aggregated or clumped spatial distribution pattern among host trees characteristic of its life history and avian fruit and seed dispersal.
A wide-band high-voltage monolithic amplifier

A monolithic amplifier capable of 80-V swing and 1.7-V/NS slew rate has been fabricated using standard integrated circuit techniques. The amplifier is intended for capacitive loads such as in electrostatic deflection applications. The totem-pole technique is combined with active feedback to produce this large voltage swing without excessive power consumption. A new output circuit linked with a floating current source is used to supply large accurate positive and negative charging currents over a large dynamic range. The amplifier voltage range is extendable by increasing the degree of stacking in the totem-pole arrangement.
Expert systems: An overview

"Expert systems" is a phrase that is widely used in today's literature to describe a technology that provides for emulating human reasoning processes in a computer. This paper attempts to clarify what the phrase expert systems means and briefly describes the underlying technology that is used to implement expert systems.
Spatially Correlated Multi-User Channels: LOS vs. NLOS

A novel approach for modeling multi-user channels is proposed for the first time. This technique enables the investigation of the received signal correlation across the channel of multiple users for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) scenarios. The scatterers are modeled as random rough surfaces. Such rough surfaces scatter the incident wave into various directions. The signals scattered from the same part of a rough surface have maintained a correlation across users. This paper derives the cross-user correlation based on Kirchhoff theory, and investigates the impact of LOS versus NLOS. It is depicted that LOS signals have drastically boosted the correlation. This property can be incorporated in order to discriminate LOS signals from NLOS. It is found that the proposed study impacts the performance and capacity analysis of wireless ad-hoc/sensor networks.
Defect-related optical behavior in surface-modified TiO2 nanostructures

The surface modification of TiO2 nanostructures to incorporate nitrogen and form visible light absorbing titanium oxynitride centers is studied. Anatase TiO2 structures in the 5–20 nm range, formed by a wet chemical technique, were surface modified and the nitridation of the highly reactive TiO2 nanocolloid surface, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies, is achieved by a quick and simple treatment in alkyl ammonium compounds. The nitriding process was also simultaneously accompanied by metal seeding resulting in a metal coating layer on the TiO2 structures. The structure of the resultant titanium oxynitride nanostructures remains anatase. These freshly prepared samples exhibited a strong emission near 560 nm (2.21 eV), which red-shifted to 660 nm (1.88 eV) and dropped in intensity with aging in the atmosphere. This behavior was also evident in some of the combined nitrogen doped and metal seeded TiO2 nanocolloids. Electron spin resonance (ESR) performed on these samples identified a resonance at g = 2.0035, which increased significantly with nitridation. The resonance is attributed to an oxygen hole center created near the surface of the nanocolloid, which correlates well with the observed optical activity.
A High-Voltage Electrolytic Capacitor Bank

For controlled thermonuclear devices of moderate volume employing externally applied magnetic fields, the magnetic energy requirements extend into the megajoule range. A high-voltage series-parallel bank of electrolytic capacitors can supply this energy reliably and inexpensively. The total cost of the bank, including charging supplies, controls, and labor, is less than 14 cents per joule. Required floor space, including access and service area, is about 250 ft2/Mj. A 5-kv electrolytic bank storing 150 kj has been in routine operation since 1958, and is currently being extended to 1 Mj. The bank is composed of 80 modular 12.5 kj sections, each module being a 12-by-12 series-parallel array of 1000-?f 450-v, standard electrolytic capacitors. Each module has its own charging, switching, and fault-sensing circuits. Including external voltage dividers and internal leakage current, about 24w/kj is required to maintain the bank at full voltage. Normal one - quarter cycle discharge times are in the millisecond range with repetition rates ranging from one-half to 15 or more per minute, depending on the external circuit. Capacitor life is measured in years, is dependent upon the time required for the electrolyte to dry out, and is virtually unaffected by the operating schedule of the bank. Flexibility in the usage of the bank is ensured by having multiple output-switching ignitrons in each module. Sequencing and control circuitry provides for time-sharing of the bank by up to five users, each having independent control of bank capacity and voltage.
The nuclear import factor p10 regulates the functional size of the nuclear pore complex during oogenesis

Previtellogenic, stage-1 Xenopus oocytes produce mainly 5S and tRNA, whereas vitellogenic oocytes, stages 2-6, synthesize predominantly 18S and 28S rRNA. Using nucleoplasmin-coated gold as a transport substrate, it was determined that the shift in synthesis from small to large RNAs during oogenesis is accompanied by an increase in both the rates of signal-mediated nuclear import and the functional size of nuclear pores. It was observed that, despite the reduction in transport capacity, gold still accumulated at the cytoplasmic surface of the pores in stage-1 oocytes. This suggested that transport in these cells is limited by translocation factors, rather than by cytoplasmic binding factors. Analysis of extracts prepared from stage-1 and vitellogenic oocytes revealed that the transport factor p10 is more abundant in stage-1 cells. Microinjection of purified p10 into stage-2 oocytes reduced the nuclear import of large gold particles to the level observed in stage-1 cells. It is concluded that p10 can modulate transport through the pores by regulating the functional size of the central transporter element. SUMMARY
“Diles la verdad”: Deportation Policies, Politicized Funds of Knowledge, and Schooling in Middle Childhood

In this article, Sarah Gallo and Holly Link draw on a five-year ethnographic study of Latina/o immigrant children and their elementary schooling to examine the complexities of how children, teacher...
A testbed for modeling and detecting attacks on NFC enabled mobile devices

Modern mobile computing devices have enabled a wide array of applications in commercial and government sectors. The integration of sensors and communication interfaces have paved the way for emerging applications and services. In particular, the integration of Near Field Communication (NFC) in smart phones and tablets has benefited payment and ticketing based services. These services typically process personal information stored on mobile devices which makes them an easy target for hackers to steal or modify data. Due to the recent attacks on mobile payment and payment systems, there is a need to investigate the attack vectors. In this paper, the design and development of an experimental testbed to evaluate approaches to model and detect threats to normal operation of payment systems is presented. The testbed comprised of three NFC enabled Android smart phones, an RFID credit card, NFC tags, a Frontier Comprobe Antenna, and associated software which were utilized to generate attack vectors and monitor operations. Results demonstrated that the testbed allowed successful evaluation of several attacks; the ghost and leech (relay), phishing and steganographic malware attacks.
The Patient of the Future: Participatory Medicine and Enabling Technologies

Several forces will progressively change the current US healthcare system. First, patient factors will likely exert the greatest impact. The rapidly growing US population, a growing percentage of seniors, increasing prevalence of chronic disease, increasing racial/ethnic diversity and persisting healthcare disparities will strain an already overloaded system. Second, healthcare system factors are also contributing to challenges. Shortages in the healthcare workforce, the rising costs, complexity and chronicity of care, the burdens of caregivers as primary health providers, the failure to address social determinants of health and the emergence of retail healthcare will exacerbate that strain. This chapter discusses implications of these forces in the context of health information systems evolving to meet these healthcare challenges. We conclude with a case study of a potential future patient-centered health information system and a discussion of patient-oriented features of effective health information systems.
The Mississippi Budget: An Overview of Selected Revenues and Expenditure Patterns

The authors look at Mississippi's revenue and spending, and suggest that the state's tax system should be more progressive and raise more revenue. The income tax could be made more progressive and tax expenditures could be trimmed, the authors say.
Inheritance of Farm Property

HE continuity of ownership and operation of farms in the TUnited States is broken at least once each generation by the natural processes of life and death. This transfer of property rights forms a strategic point in land tenure at which problems, confusion, and uncertainties in agriculture frequently arise. In general, these disorders stem from the destruction of the essential unity of the farm as a going concern to permit equal inheritance. It requires many years to build a farm to a highly productive and efficient business. This is especially true where emphasis is placed upon the improvement of livestock or poultry through breeding and where the restoration of the fertility of the soil is necessary. The biological nature of farm production, the attainment of knowledge and experience of farming practices, and the usual gradual accumulation of the necessary capital investment are factors in this time requirement. It is not unusual, in fact it is more often the case, to find that an individual farmer has spent the greater part of his life in attaining the ownership of a productive and efficient farm. Yet, unless proper steps are taken, the benefits of his achievements may be destroyed at his death through the dispersal of his estate among his heirs. The result is the placement of a definite limit upon the productive powers of agriculture, as each generation has to begin anew the process of building a going concern in farming.
Power electronics: fundamentals

Advantages of incorporating power electronics in FACTS controllers include unlimited life, fast response, and continuous control and repeatability of the output. In addition, unlike systems based on passive components, static compensators do not introduce potentially damaging resonant frequencies. Power electronic converters are therefore becoming essential to the implementation of most FACTS devices. The main drawbacks are losses, resulting in additional initial and operating costs, harmonic distortion, and capital costs associated with power semiconductor devices. Although many devices at this time use structures incorporating thyristors, force-commutated structures offer greater flexibility, in terms of output control, speed of response, harmonic minimisation, and implementation of complex control features. A UPFC is an example of the flexibility provided by back to back voltage sources: in addition to the degrees of freedom available for the control of system performance, it can process real power. Similarly, shunt devices have the capability of injecting real power to support the power system under fault conditions, if equipped with energy storage devices. Implementation of static power compensators based on force-commutated semiconductor switches should become more attractive as the power handling capability of power devices increases, and methods are developed to enhance reliability, reduce losses, minimize harmonic injection and improve control algorithms. A number of prototype units of the newer static compensator systems have demonstrated their potential.
Unexpected Changes in Functionality and Surface Coverage for Au Nanoparticle PEI Conjugates: Implications for Stability and Efficacy in Biological Systems.

Cationic polyethylenimine conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNP-PEI) are a widely studied vector for drug delivery and an effective probe for interrogating NP–cell interactions. However, an inconsistent body of literature currently exists regarding the reproducibility of physicochemical properties, colloidal stability, and efficacy for these species. To address this gap, we systematically examined the preparation, stability, and formation mechanism of PEI conjugates produced from citrate-capped AuNPs. We considered the dependence on relative molar mass, Mr, backbone conformation, and material source. The conjugation mechanism of Au-PEI was probed using attenuated total reflectance FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing distinct fates for citrate when interacting with different PEI species. The differences in residual citrate, PEI properties, and sample preparation resulted in distinct products with differentiated stability. Overall, branched PEI (25 kDa) conjugates exhibited the greatest collo...
NMP ST8 Dependable Multiprocessor: Technology Validation Approach and Results

Funded by the NASA New Millennium Program (NMP) Space Technology 8 (ST8) project since 2004, the Dependable Multiprocessor (DM) project is a major step toward NASA’s long-held desire to take advantage of high-performance, Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) technology in onboard processing solutions for space applications. A DM system is a cluster of high-performance COTS processors connected with a high speed interconnect and operating under the control of a radiation-hardened system controller executing platform and technology-independent fault tolerant middleware. This platform and technologyindependent middleware is DM technology and its development represents a significant paradigm shift. For applications that only need to be radiation tolerant, DM technology allows the user to employ ten to one hundred times the processing capability of current radiation-hardened, software-based processing systems. DM technology is softwareimplemented and platform and technology independent, thus enabling space missions to employ current COTS devices as opposed to radiation-hardened technologies that are 2 or 3 generations behind the state-of-the-art. The DM project conducted its TRL6 Technology Validation in 2008 and 2009. This paper provides a brief, high-level overview of DM technology and focuses on the DM technology model validation approach and the summary results. The DM predictive models combine the results from component-level radiation testing, Software Implemented Fault Injection (SWIFI), and system profiling to predict DM system performance in a given space environment. A companion paper AIAA-2010-1495, “NMP ST8 Dependable Multiprocessor: Technology and Technology Validation Overview,” provides an overview of DM technology and a summary of the TRL6 technology validation effort.
P1-S3.03 Mortality among men who have sex with men seen in std clinic patients: high rates of suicide and low rates of anal cancer death

Background Because men who have sex with men (MSM) are not identifiable at a population level, there are few data on cause-specific mortality rates among MSM. MSM are more likely to report suicide attempts than heterosexuals, but it is not known if suicide mortality is higher among MSM. Likewise, although anal cancer is more common among MSM than among heterosexuals, the absolute risk of anal cancer death among MSM is not known. We compared suicide and anal cancer mortality rates among MSM and heterosexual males and females in an STD clinic population. Methods We enumerated all Public Health-Seattle and King County STD Clinic attendees from 1993-2007 (n=86,807). Using 1993−2008 mortality data from Washington State (n=702 850), we identified STD clinic attendees who had died and their underlying cause of death. We calculated suicide and anal cancer mortality rates for MSM, heterosexual men, and women, and standardised these rates using the age, race, and gender distribution of King County residents (US Census, 2000). We calculated adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) among STD clinic attendees using Poisson regression. To compare mortality rates among STD clinic attendees to the general population, we calculated rates in King County. Results Among STD clinic attendees, 14% were MSM, 52% were heterosexual men, and 34% were women. For the period between 1993 and 2008, we matched 1901 Washington state deaths to STD clinic attendees for an overall unadjusted mortality rate of 1.8 deaths per 1000 person-years. The standardised suicide mortality rate among MSM was 0.20 per 1000 person-years, compared with 0.11 among heterosexual men and 0.09 among all women. Adjusted for age and race, among STD clinic attendees, MSM were 1.6 times more likely to die from suicide than heterosexual men (IRRadj=1.6, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.61) and nearly four times more likely than women (IRRadj=3.9, 95% CI 2.14 to 7.24. The suicide mortality rate among MSM in the STD clinic was higher than the rate among all men in King County (standardised rate ratio=1.5), adjusted for age and race. We identified no deaths due to anal cancer in any subpopulation (95% CI 0 to 0.4 per 100 000 person-years). Conclusions These data suggest that, at least among STD clinic attendees, MSM are approximately twice as likely to die from suicide as heterosexual men, and these rates are higher than the general population. Anal cancer death rates among King County MSM appear to be low.
Molecular evolution of helix-turn-helix proteins.

The helix–turn–helix domain-containing family of transcriptional regulators is of ancient origin and has been incorporated into numerous disparate biological processes. As a consequence, the forces shaping its early evolution have been difficult to reconstruct. Herein, we analyze this large and diverse family with a combination of traditional phylogenetic techniques and newer sequence analysis tools to determine whether the helix–turn–helix family arose from a single common ancestor. Our analyses of the DNA-binding domain show that amino acid chemistry is conserved at many sites in the first helix and the turn. The high level of divergence combined with the short length of the domain hinders robust reconstruction of the entire phylogeny, but some level of deep node inference is possible. All analyses point to a predominantly monophyletic origin for the helix–turn–helix domain. The consequences of such an origin for a diverse group of proteins, and guidelines for the identification of future members of the HTH family are discussed.
Study of Porperties of Electromagnetic Shielding Plywood Laminated with Conductive Sheets

Self-made conductive sheets were laminated with wood veneers to make a new kind of electromagnetic shielding plywoods,of which the structure were designed based on the multilayer electromagnetic shielding theory of Schelkunoff and the model of sandwich shielding.The results show that the shielding effect of plywoods were increased with the rising of the filling ratio of copper fiber.The shielding effect of plywoods,which were laminated with two pieces of conductive sheets(200.0g/m2)with good bonding properties,ranged from 39.3dB to 61.75dB.The plywoods had medium shielding effect and could be used commercially as effective shielding materials for electromagnetic radiation.The results also showed that under the precondition of equal total filling volume,with the increase of filling volume,the shielding effect of double-layer conductive sheets laminated plywood will be stronger than that of single-layer conductive sheet laminated plywood.The more the filling volume is,the difference between the effect of the two above-mentioned types of plywood would be larger.This filling volume is firstly termed "double-layered shielding reversion point"in this paper.In this experiment,the reversion point of the copper fiber filling volume is 50.0g/m2,which may be strongly recommended to real production to show the advantage of laminated structure.
Optimizing Urine Processing Protocols for Protein and Metabolite Detection.

Background: In urine, factors such as timing of voids, and duration at room temperature (RT) may affect the quality of recovered protein and metabolite data. Additives may aid with detection, but can add more complexity in sample collection or analysis. We aimed to identify the optimal urine processing protocol for clinically-obtained urine samples that allows for the highest protein and metabolite yields with minimal degradation. Methods: Healthy women provided multiple urine samples during the same day. Women collected their first morning (1st AM) void and another “random void”. Random voids were aliquotted with: 1) no additive; 2) boric acid (BA); 3) protease inhibitor (PI); or 4) both BA + PI. Of these aliquots, some were immediately stored at 4°C, and some were left at RT for 4 hours. Proteins and individual metabolites were quantified, normalized to creatinine concentrations, and compared across processing conditions. Sample pools corresponding to each processing condition were analyzed using mass spectrometry to assess protein degradation. Results: Ten Caucasian women between 35-65 years of age provided paired 1st morning and random voided urine samples. Normalized protein concentrations were slightly higher in 1st AM compared to random “spot” voids. The addition of BA did not significantly change proteins, while PI significantly improved normalized protein concentrations, regardless of whether samples were immediately cooled or left at RT for 4 hours. In pooled samples, there were minimal differences in protein degradation under the various conditions we tested. In metabolite analyses, there were significant differences in individual amino acids based on the timing of the void. Conclusions: For comparative translational research using urine, information about void timing should be collected and standardized. For urine samples processed in the same day, BA does not appear to be necessary while the addition of PI enhances protein yields, regardless of 4°C or RT storage temperature.
Dyslipoproteinemia in the elderly. Special considerations.

Special considerations for treatment of dyslipoproteinemia in the elderly are presented. The elderly, because of available time, resources and greater concern about health, volunteer for screening programs at disproportionate levels. National recommendations encourage detection and treatment of patients with elevations of blood cholesterol, including the elderly.
Radon: A Geochemical and Geophysical Tracer in Marine System

The observed disequilibrium between 222Rn and 226Ra in aqueous system is one of the most widely used and successful applications of U-Th-series radionuclides. The observed radon concentration gradients at key interfaces such as sediment-water and air-water have been widely utilized for the past five decades to investigate several geochemical and geophysical processes in marine and lacustrine environments. In this chapter, the most important applications of radon as a tracer in aqueous system are reviewed and presented. Those include: i) determination of gas exchange rate coefficient at air-sea interface; ii) estimation of isopycnal and diapcynal mixing coefficients in the upper ocean as well as the bottom ~200 m of the water column; and iii) quantification of amount of groundwater discharge in rivers, coastal ocean, and lake water using a mass balance approach of 222Rn. From the measurements of nutrients and other key trace metals in the advecting fluids, the fluxes of these species to aqueous systems can also be quantified. Radon-derived exchange rate coefficient can also serve as a proxy to determine exchange coefficient for other gases including O2, CO2, N2, etc. Vertical transport rates of 222Rn can be utilized to deduce the transport rates of other tracers as well as estimation of buoyance fluxes or heat flux rates. The excess inventory of 222Rn in the water column provides direct information on the rates of sedimentation, including possible information on the boundary scavenging.
Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Sugarbaker et al are to be congratulated for their comprehensive review of the management of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma using cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and perioperative chemotherapy. Their report encompasses the entirety of care for patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, from diagnosis and treatment to morbidity and mortality resulting from CRS, and the role of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). The authors also describe patient and operative risk factors to improve patient outcomes in this rare disease. Peritoneal mesothelioma was first described in 1908 byMiller andWynn. It is a rare cancer that is increasing in incidence and affects approximately 800 people per year in the United States. It was once a rapidly fatal tumor secondary to obstruction, with a median survival of 6 to 12 months. One of the first published treatment strategies for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma was by Antman et al in 1983, when they described a multidisciplinary regimen including CRS, with a median survival in responding patients of 22 months. CRS and HIPEC then quickly became the treatments of choice, with an improvement in median overall survival of 30 to 92 months. As detailed in the report by Sugarbaker et al, it is widely accepted that CRS and HIPEC represent the standards of care for peritoneal mesothelioma. Unfortunately, not everyone is a candidate for these treatments, and certain prognostic indicators are important to discuss. Although there are three histologic types of peritoneal mesothelioma, only the epithelial type has a favorable prognosis. In general, sarcomatoid and biphasic tumor types do not fare well enough to warrant treatment with CRS and HIPEC. Additionally, there is little doubt that completeness of cytoreduction plays a major role in a patient’s prognosis. Although there is some controversy, as the authors mention, between selective peritonectomy and complete parietal peritonectomy, there is broad consensus that patients with cytoreduction completeness of 0 or 1 (no disease or disease , 2.5 mm) have significantly improved survival compared with patients left with gross disease. Finally, patientsmust have the overall fitness to withstand a physically taxing surgery, where the approximate mortality is a 2% to 4%, and morbidity approaches 30% to 40%. There is some consensus about the treatment of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma with HIPEC; however, there are also many unanswered questions, which Sugarbaker et al highlight. Table 2 in their report is adapted from one of the largest multi-institutional reviews, encompassing 405 patients withmalignant peritoneal mesothelioma from 29 centers
Development of Higher Mental Functions During the Transitional Age

The development of higher mental functions during the transitional age reveals most clearly the patterns that characterize the process of development of the nervous system and behavior.
Chapter 9: Ambitious Supplementation: Griswold on Penumbral Emanations from the Bill of Rights

The modern system of privacy rights originated in Court decisions of the 1960s. Brandeis’s Olmstead dissent anticipated the possibility of a comprehensive system, but three and a half decades were to pass before the Court concluded that privacy should be protected independently of property rights. Two cases were essential to this new development: Griswold v. Connecticut, decided in 1965, and Katz v. United States, decided in 1967. Griswold and Katz are less than fully harmonious. But even though an effort is required to integrate the cases, it’s reasonable to speak of a coherent system of privacy rights, one that relies, albeit implicitly, on Brandeis’s 1928 dissent. This chapter examines the overall structure of the modern system of privacy rights. It emphasizes in particular the extent to which the Bill of Rights has been reshuffled to justify the rights announced. The public liberties established in amendments one to eight haven’t been discarded. Rather, new rights have been derived from the thin intimations of privacy discernible in the eighteenth-century text.