cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRUST IN THE EURO: EXPLORING THE GOVERNANCE OF A SUPRA-NATIONAL CURRENCY

ABSTRACT This article starts from a pervasive puzzle that characterises the use of all money: Why would anyone actually exchange real goods and services for a piece of paper, a token coin or an electronic blip? The author of this article argues that market participants accept money in an exchange based on the trust that others will do exactly the same. While it is the basis of any existing monetary order, trust becomes particularly relevant in the case of a newly created currency such as the euro. In addition to being new, the euro is also a supra-national currency and, therefore, lacks some of the political and cultural factors that help facilitate trust in single nation-states. How can one conceptualise the formation of trust in the euro under these circumstances? This article examines the evolution of trust along two dimensions: horizontal and vertical trust. Horizontal trust gets established through mimesis and identity. Vertical trust relies on institutional mechanisms – in particular the interaction...
Larval fish assemblage recovery: a reflection of environmental change in a large degraded river

Estuaries are globally important to fisheries but face many anthropogenic stressors that reduce water quality and degrade benthic habitat. The Maumee River estuary has been degraded by industrial contaminants, high sediment and nutrient loads, channelization and elimination of surrounding wetlands, lessening its value as spawning habitat for fishes of Lake Erie. Regulation and better management practices (BMPs) in the watershed have improved the water quality in this estuary, which should result in a response of the biotic community. We compared recent (2010/2011) larval fish assemblage data to similar data from the 1970s (1976/1977) in order to identify changes due to improved water and habitat quality. Family-level diversity was greater in recent study years compared to the 1970s and family richness increased from 6 to 10. In addition, the abundance of lithophilic spawning fishes was significantly greater in the recent study years. Increased diversity and family richness were consistent with increased water quality in the Maumee River whereas the observed increase in abundance of lithophilic spawners was consistent with an increase in the amount or quality of benthic habitat used by species in these families for spawning. Better wastewater management and agricultural practices in coastal watersheds can benefit the early life stages of fishes, thus benefitting coastal fisheries. Furthermore, larval fish assemblages may be useful indicators of biological integrity because of their sensitivities to environmental change. Routine sampling of estuarine larval fish assemblages could provide practitioners with insight into ecosystem changes and measure the response of the biotic community to restoration.
Changes in quality of stallion spermatozoa during cryopreservation: Plasma membrane integrity and motion characteristics

Better procedures for freezing and thawing equine sperm are needed since variable fertility is obtained when cryopreserved sperm are used. To evaluate current methods of freezing equine sperm, we examined spermatozoal quality by means of two new techniques. These measured the integrity of plasma-acrosomal membranes by immunofluorescent analyses of binding of an antibody specific to the acrosome and evaluated eight parameters of spermatozoal motion using a fully automated computerized system. Five ejaculates from each of eight stallions were processed for freezing in egg yolk-lactose extender with 4% glycerol. Spermatozoal quality was assessed at four different points: at less than 15 min after collecting and before processing (Step 1); after centrifugation and just before freezing (Step 2); immediately after thawing less than 3 h after freezing (Step 3); and immediately after thawing 10 to 20 d after freezing (Step 4). Acrosome-specific monoclonal antibody detected differences (P 100 mum/sec. Most damage to sperm occurred as a result of freezing-thawing, whereas centrifugation of sperm caused only minor damage.
Control of desmosome formation in aggregating embryonic chick cells.

Abstract Corneal epithelial cells have been used to study cell surface changes during cell aggregation. Tissue was taken from developmental stages in which desmosomes were forming rapidly. When corneal cells are dispersed, adjacent desmosome plaques are separated and single plaques are left on the cell surface. As cells aggregate, changes in the frequency of single plaques or of full desmosomes (double plaques) per micrometer of cell surface cross section can be followed. Single plaques are lost from the surface by endocytosis. Quantitative studies show a loss of single plaques beginning in the first hour of culture and formation of double plaques at 2 to 3 hr. In cells treated with cytochalasin B or D, single plaques are not lost during the first 2 hr and double plaques form with a higher frequency. Formation of double plaques is suppressed by actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and dinitrophenol. Thus desmosome formation requires de novo protein synthesis. In addition, inhibition of cell surface turnover by drugs which modify the cytoskeleton will enhance the rate at which desmosomes form.
Construction and correction of probability densities

We present a simple formula relating any two probability densities and show that this relation generalizes a number of results of classical probability theory, such as the Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth series. Our generalization is twofold in that it relates two arbitrary distributions rather than one of them being a Gaussian and secondly we generalize to an arbitrary Hermitian operator rather than the differentiation operator.
An examination of cyclic grain boundary migration and cavitation in an Al-3% Mg solid solution alloy

Abstract Experiments were conducted on an Al-3% Mg solid solution alloy in the temperature range from 530 to 700 K using reverse bending fatigue at low frequencies. Metallographie observations after testing revealed the occurrence of extensive grain boundary migration during the cyclic deformation. Using scanning electron microscopy, it is demonstrated that, contrary to observations on high purity aluminum tested under similar conditions, numerous microcavities are formed at the various migratory positions of the boundaries in the Al-3% Mg alloy. These microcavities are formed throughout the cyclic deformation, and the migrating boundaries break away to leave rows of microcavities within the grains. At large numbers of testing cycles, the migration leads to the development of the standard orthogonal grain configuration. The activation energy for grain boundary migration in Al-3% Mg is estimated as 73.6 ± 5.0 kJ mol −1 , and this is very close to the value for migration in pure aluminum. By prenucleating some larger cavities prior to testing, it is shown that the boundaries may be locally anchored at large cavities but ultimately the boundaries are able to break away under the action of the applied cyclic stress.
Atropine methyl nitrate increases myenteric but not dorsal vagal complex Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat

Atropine methyl nitrate (AMN, 0.05, 0.5 and 25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally increased Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in the myenteric plexus, but not the dorsal vagal complex (DVC, the area postrema (AP), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV)) in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. A 3 mg/kg AMN dose decreased intake of 15% sucrose, but failed to increase Fos-LI in both locations. In conclusion, the myenteric plexus may play a local role in the behavioral response evoked by AMN.
Reduced switching delay in wavelength-division-multiplexed 2D multiple-plane optical interconnections using multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays

We calculate the expected number of internodal hops for a network established with a wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) 2-D multiple-plane optical interconnection. This WDM optical interconnection incorporates WDM pixels consisting of multiple-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays and wavelength-selective detectors. The WDM interconnection can support simultaneous and reconfigurable communication among a network of nodes. Using the expected number of hops as a measure of internodal switching delay, we show that the integration of WDM into the interconnection results in a significantly reduced delay as compared to single-wavelength systems. Substantial delay reduction results even when the number of wavelengths is small relative to the number of 2-D planes. We analyze the bus, dual-bus, and ring architectures since they define the means of communication between pixels. For each architecture, we analyze three configurations which provide each node access to: (1) an entire plane of pixels, (2) a row (or column) of pixels, or (3) an individual pixel. When each network node has access to an entire plane of pixels, the proposed WDM interconnection incurs substantially shorter delay than single-wavelength optical solutions. By allowing a node to access an entire row or column of pixels, the interconnection benefits from the incorporation of spatial-division-multiplexing (SDM) and the number of interconnections can grow substantially with negligible added delay. Finally, when a node can access only a single pixel, a large number of independent processors can be interconnected exhibiting far less switching delay than other electronic or optical interconnections of comparable size.
Obstructing endobronchial fibrous histiocytoma: potential for lung salvage.

Abstract In the past 10 years two children, ages 312 and 7 years, have been seen with central endobronchial fibrous histiocytoma causing complete atelectasis. Each child had a 4- to 6-month history of cough, dyspnea and fever. After antibiotic failure, x-rays demonstrated complete unilateral lung collapse. Bronchoscopy in case 1 demonstrated total occlusion of the left mainstem bronchus with 80% stenosis of the right. Left pneumonectomy was ultimately performed with removal of tumor from the right bronchus. Ten years later the patient is well. Case 2 had an extrinsic etiology ruled out by computed tomography scan. Ventilation/perfusion scan showed no ventilation and only faint perfusion of the involved lung. Pulmonary function testing showed moderate to severe restrictive changes with air trapping. Total obliteration of the left mainstem with tumor projecting into the carina was observed on bronchoscopy. Endoscopic resection was not felt to be safe. Thoracotomy showed a totally atelectatic, edematous lung filled with pus. The left main bronchus was opened, the tumor removed, and the distal bronchus lavaged and selectively ventilated. Partial lung expansion was obtained. The child is well 112 years later with a normal chest radiograph, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoscopy. Fibrous histiocytomas of the lung, if in a central endobronchial location, can cause complete lung collapse. A combination of tumor resection, lavage, and selective ventilation should be attempted as an alternative to pneumonectomy, even if the lung appears to be nonsalvageable.
Growth of Chlorella in a Nitrate-limited Chemostat.

Chlorella pyrenoidosa was grown in a continuous-flow chemostat under nitrogen-limited conditions. The population density tended to oscillate very significantly. Net specific growth rate was only approximately a hyperbolic function of nitrate concentration in the chemostat. The best estimate of the half-saturation constant for nitrate is 6 mug of nitrogen per liter and it is unlikely that the value is greater than 14 mug per liter or 1 mum nitrate.The dry weight production of cells per unit of nitrogen taken up is a linearly decreasing function of the net specific growth rate with a maximum of 27.1 mg per mg N and a minimum of about 9 mg per mg N. Thus there is considerable storage of nitrogen at high growth rates. Both the dark respiration rate and the rate of photosynthesis at light saturation increase with increasing net specific growth rate.
SU‐GG‐T‐527: Patient Specific Delivery Quality Assurance for Robotic Stereotactic Radiosurgery of Functional Targets

Purpose: Develop and implement a patient‐specific delivery QA (DQA) procedure for small functional targets treated with radiosurgery using a Cyberknife. The procedure verifies both the dose and targeting accuracy. Method and Materials: Cyberknife treatment plans (Multiplan v3.5) for functional targets were created. Phantom overlay plans were created using a head and neck phantom with the BallCubeII insert to a maximum dose of 6Gy. Specially cut EBT2 GaFchromic film was oriented orthogonally within the BallCubeII. The target dose distribution was placed such that high dose was on both pieces of film. The phantoms overlay plan was delivered and the film analyzed using FilmQA (3cognition) with an automatic detection component specific for the BallCubeII. A dose calibration curve was created using film from the same lot. The differences between the planned and delivered doses for each user defined ROI were determined, along with the distance to agreement (DTA) and gamma index (γ) values. Results: A number of different criteria were considered including γ (3%, 1mm), DTA (1mm) and dose difference (±5%, ±10%, ±15%). In general, all points (∼100%) within the ROI passed the DTA (1mm) and scored highly for γ index (3%, 1mm). Dose differences (Δdose ±5) for plans using 5mm and 7.5mm cones scored worse (20–50% passing) than those using 7.5mm cones and larger. For Δdose ±10%, the 5mm cone plans scored ∼80% pass rate. All plans passed Δdose ±15%. Conclusion: We have developed a patient‐specific delivery QA procedure using a phantom overlay plan delivered to EBT2 film in the BallCubeII insert and analyzed with FilmQA. Dose distributions and targeting accuracy were excellent. For small targets near an organ at risk, the dose discrepancy should be considered as well as the gamma index during patient specific delivery QA for small targets.
Indications for enhanced flux pinning below magnetic ordering of Fe clusters in YBa2 (Cu0.94Fe0.06)3O6+y

Abstract Influence of magnetic ordering of Fe clusters in two different cluster states of YBa 2 (Cu 0.94 Fe 0.06 ) 3 O 6+ y on the magnetic hysteresis (flux pinning related) is demonstrated. In the crystallographically more extended and ordered Fe cluster state, obtained by processing under reducing atmosphere and subsequent reoxygenation [N,O], magnetic order on the Fe cluster occurs near T N =25 K, while T c =81 K and a relatively high magnetic hysteresis, Δ M , strongly decreases above T N . For the conventionally air-cooled materials [O], with T c =69 K, magnetic order of the more disordered clusters occurs near T N =10 K and the relatively lower Δ M again strongly decreases above T N . Flux pinning is therefore enhanced by the onset of magnetic ordering in the Fe clusters.
Cost effective weapon system development through integrated modeling and hardware testing

Weapon system development has historically relied heavily on both hardware testing and computer modeling and simulation. Testing has generally been a test-fix-test approach, beginning at the component and subsystem level with increasing complexity up to and including system level field testing. Modeling and simulation have been utilized extensively to investigate and solve complex or high risk technical problems such as missile guidance techniques, etc. These tools have served well in the past; however, today's environment of increasing weapon system complexity with higher cost and shrinking Defense resources require change. These tools have been integrated somewhat in the past on a case by case basis, but not in a consistent manner. This paper suggests cost effective change by tailoring and integrating these reliable tools in a systematic way that allows development of reliable and quality systems at lower cost and in less time.
Point-Source Location Using Hexagonal Detector Arrays

For staring sensors, improved performance in the location of point sources can be achieved by use of an array of hexagonal detectors instead of the usual array of square or rectangular detectors. This improvement is demonstrated by calculating the accuracy of the centroid algorithm as a function of signal-to-noise ratio and blur spot size for both types of detector arrays. The probability density function for the centroid random variable is derived and is used to perform all noise analysis. The analysis indicates that the algorithm error is reduced by as much as a factor of 3, the sensitivity to noise is reduced by 17%, the computational load is decreased by 23%, and the data storage requirement is reduced by 22%. The clutter-induced noise, as measured by the clutter equivalent target, is essentially identical for square and hexagonal detectors of the same area.
Rain forest nutrient cycling and productivity in response to large-scale litter manipulation.

Litter-induced pulses of nutrient availability could play an important role in the productivity and nutrient cycling of forested ecosystems, especially tropical forests. Tropical forests experience such pulses as a result of wet-dry seasonality and during major climatic events, such as strong El Ninos. We hypothesized that (1) an increase in the quantity and quality of litter inputs would stimulate leaf litter production, woody growth, and leaf litter nutrient cycling, and (2) the timing and magnitude of this response would be influenced by soil fertility and forest age. To test these hypotheses in a Costa Rican wet tropical forest, we established a large-scale litter manipulation experiment in two secondary forest sites and four old-growth forest sites of differing soil fertility. In replicated plots at each site, leaves and twigs (,2 cm diameter) were removed from a 400-m 2 area and added to an adjacent 100-m 2 area. This transfer was the equivalent of adding 5-25 kg/ha of organic P to the forest floor. We analyzed leaf litter mass, (N) and (P), and N and P inputs for addition, removal, and control plots over a two-year period. We also evaluated basal area increment of trees in removal and addition plots. There was no response of forest productivity or nutrient cycling to litter removal; however, litter addition significantly increased leaf litter production and N and P inputs 4-5 months following litter application. Litter production increased as much as 92%, and P and N inputs as much as 85% and 156%, respectively. In contrast, litter manipulation had no significant effect on woody growth. The increase in leaf litter production and N and P inputs were significantly positively related to the total P that was applied in litter form. Neither litter treatment nor forest type influenced the temporal pattern of any of the variables measured. Thus, environmental factors such as rainfall drive temporal variability in litter and nutrient inputs, while nutrient release from decomposing litter influences the magnitude. Seasonal or annual variation in leaf litter mass, such as occurs in strong El Nino events, could positively affect leaf litter nutrient cycling and forest productivity, indicating an ability of tropical trees to rapidly respond to increased nutrient availability.
Effects of laser scans on the diffusion depth and diffusivity of gallium in n-type 4H-SiC during laser doping

Abstract An n-type 4H–SiC substrate has been doped with gallium using a continuous wave Nd:YAG laser to heat the sample to high temperatures but below the peritectic temperature of SiC. Mathematical models have been presented for the temperature and Ga concentration distributions in the sample. The Ga atoms, which are produced due to the thermal decomposition of a metallorganic precursor, diffuse into the sample by the solid-phase diffusion process at high temperatures. This process is modeled by considering the temperature-dependent diffusion coefficient and the Ga concentration profile was measured by the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The concentration of Ga (6.25 × 1020 cm−3) at the substrate surface was found to exceed the solid solubility limit (1.8 × 1019 cm−3) of Ga in SiC. Comparing the SIMS data to the results of the diffusion model, the activation energy, pre-exponential factor and diffusion coefficient of Ga were determined for different doping conditions. Four doped samples were produced by scanning the samples with a laser beam for different number of passes. The sample prepared with four passes showed the highest diffusion coefficient of 5.53 × 10−7 cm2/s with activation energy 1.84 eV and pre-exponential factor 1.05 × 10−2 cm2/s. The diffusion coefficient is five orders of magnitude higher than the typical diffusion coefficient of Ga in SiC. This indicates that the laser doping process enhances the diffusion coefficient of dopant significantly.
Mapping Police Stress

Research on police stress has developed out of several theoretical frameworks, but the knowledge base is limited by a common reliance on self-report stress measures. This article describes an innovative approach to studying police stress that attempts to overcome some of these limitations by using direct, real-time, and spatially anchored measurement of an officer’s stress response (via heart rate) during shift work. A pilot study was conducted using a single officer to determine whether this methodology is feasible for future studies. The pilot study demonstrated that continuous heart rate measurement over the course of the test officer’s shift was possible and that these data could be placed in space-time context for purposes of exploring potential stress “hot spots.” Overall, the results indicate that the methodology is both feasible and suitable for systematic studies of police stress, with the potential to advance our understanding of when, where, and why officers experience stress. Potential benefit...
Giving Birth: The Voices of Ghanaian Women

Childbirth is significantly influenced by women's cultural perceptions, beliefs, expectations, fears, and cultural practices. Our purpose in conducting this focused ethnography was to determine the perceptions of Ghanaian childbearing women. Twenty-four mothers who received health care at the Salvation Army Clinic in Wiamoase, Ashanti, Ghana, participated in audiotaped interviews. Patterns of thought and behaviors were analyzed, describing the realities of the lives of Ghanaian childbearing women. Themes included centering on motherhood, accessing health care, using biomedicine, ethnomedicine, and spiritual cures; viewing childbirth as a dangerous passage; experiencing the pain of childbirth; and fearing the influence of witchcraft on birth outcomes. Culturally specific knowledge obtained in this study can be utilized by health care providers, health policymakers, and those designing health care interventions to improve the health and well-being of childbearing women in developing countries.
Xanthomonas citri: breaking the surface

SUMMARY Taxonomy: Bacteria; Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria; Xanthomonadales; Xanthomonadaceae, Xanthomonas. Microbiological properties: Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, straight rods, motile by a single polar flagellum, yellow pigment. Related species: X. campestris , X. axonopodis , X. oryzae , X. albilineans . Host range: Affects Rutaceous plants, primarily Citrus spp., Fortunella spp., and Poncirus spp., world-wide. Quarantined pathogen in many countries. Economically important hosts are cultivated orange, grapefruit, lime, lemon, pomelo and citrus rootstock. Disease symptoms: On leaves, first appearance is as oily looking, 2‐10 mm, similarly sized, circular spots, usually on the abaxial surface. On leaves, stems, thorns and fruit, circular lesions become raised and blister-like, growing into white or yellow spongy pustules. These pustules then darken and thicken into a light tan to brown corky canker, which is rough to the touch. On stems, pustules may coalesce to split the epidermis along the stem length, and occasionally girdling of young stems may occur. Older lesions on leaves and fruit tend to have more elevated margins and are at times surrounded by a yellow chlorotic halo (that may disappear) and a sunken centre. Sunken craters are especially noticeable on fruit, but the lesions do not penetrate far into the rind. Defoliation and premature abscission of affected fruit occurs on heavily infected trees. Useful websites: ;
An Exploration of Factors Relating to Non-Group Life Insurance Holdings of Families

Analyses of the demand for life insurance have seldom included any explanatory factors which measure a family's perceived need for postdeath financial resources. The study reported here includes these types of socio-economic variables with the findings indicating that the nearer to the present a perceived need is, the more likely it is to have an effect on a family's holdings of individually purchased life insurance.
Fixation, Segregation and Linkage of Allozyme Loci in Inbred Families of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg): Implications for the Causes of Inbreeding Depression

The effect that inbreeding has on the fixation and segregation of genes has rarely been confirmed by direct observation. Here, fixation, segregation, and linkage of allozymes is investigated in the progeny of self-fertilized hermaphrodites of the normally outcrossing Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The estimate of fixation pooled over loci, individuals, and families, F = 0.462, is significantly lower than the expected value of 0.5. Log-likelihood ratios reveal significant heterogeneity in fixation among individuals, among families, and among loci. In addition, the grand pooled segregation ratio, 127:243:54, deviates significantly from 1:2:1, with a bias against homozygotes for alleles of lesser frequency in the natural population. Segregation ratios for 11 of 14 loci are significantly heterogeneous among families, and exact tests for segregation within families reveal 16 significant results out of 51 tests. Thus, fixation and segregation of allozyme markers in inbred oyster families deviates from the expectations of neutral inbreeding theory. Di-genic disequilibria are significant for four of 74 di-locus pairs revealing two linkage groups. Strong viability selection is apparently conditional on the genotype of the hermaphrodite-founders and is largely focused on these two linkage groups. These genetic effects are explained by interaction between cis-linked factors and polymorphic regulatory backgrounds.
PAMI: A Parallel Active Message Interface for the Blue Gene/Q Supercomputer

The Blue Gene/Q machine is the next generation in the line of IBM massively parallel supercomputers, designed to scale to 262144 nodes and sixteen million threads. With each BG/Q node having 68 hardware threads, hybrid programming paradigms, which use message passing among nodes and multi-threading within nodes, are ideal and will enable applications to achieve high throughput on BG/Q. With such unprecedented massive parallelism and scale, this paper is a groundbreaking effort to explore the design challenges for designing a communication library that can match and exploit such massive parallelism In particular, we present the Parallel Active Messaging Interface (PAMI) library as our BG/Q library solution to the many challenges that come with a machine at such scale. PAMI provides (1) novel techniques to partition the application communication overhead into many contexts that can be accelerated by communication threads, (2) client and context objects to support multiple and different programming paradigms, (3) lockless algorithms to speed up MPI message rate, and (4) novel techniques leveraging the new BG/Q architectural features such as the scalable atomic primitives implemented in the L2 cache, the highly parallel hardware messaging unit that supports both point-to-point and collective operations, and the collective hardware acceleration for operations such as broadcast, reduce, and all reduce. We experimented with PAMI on 2048 BG/Q nodes and the results show high messaging rates as well as low latencies and high throughputs for collective communication operations.
Sex differences in autonomic correlates of conduct problems and aggression.

Objective: To examine sex differences in autonomic nervous system functioning in children and adolescents with conduct problems and to evaluate the role of aggression in predicting autonomic nervous system functioning, over and above the effects of disruptive behavior. Although deficiencies in autonomic responding among boys with oppositional defiant disorder and/or conduct disorder are well documented, it remains unclear whether such findings extend to girls or apply only to children with aggressive forms of conduct problems. Method: Electrodermal responding, cardiac pre-ejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were recorded while boys (n = 110; 53 with conduct problems, 57 controls) and girls (n = 65; 33 with conduct problems, 32 controls) between the ages of 8 and 12 sat for an extended baseline, then played a game with conditions of reward and frustrative nonreward. Results: Both sex effects and aggression effects were found. Aggressive boys with conduct problems demonstrated reduced autonomic functioning, consistent with previous research. In contrast, aggressive girls with conduct problems exhibited greater electrodermal responding than controls, with no differences in cardiovascular reactivity to incentives. Conclusions: Observed sex differences in the autonomic correlates of conduct problems and aggression may suggest different etiological mechanisms of externalizing psychopathology for girls compared with boys. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2008;47(7):788Y796. Key Words: conduct disorder, aggression, electrodermal responding, cardiac pre-ejection period, respiratory sinus arrhythmia.
AUTOMATED INVERSION OF LOGIC GRAMMARS FOR GENERATION

We describe a system of reversible grammar in which, given a logic-grammar specification of a natural language, two efficient PROLOG programs are derived by an off-line compilation process: a parser and a generator for this language. The centerpiece of the system is the inversion algorithm designed to compute the generator code from the parser's PROLOG code, using the collection of minimal sets of essential arguments (MSEA) for predicates. The system has been implemented to work with Definite Clause Grammars (DCG) and is a part of an English-Japanese machine translation project currently under development at NYU's Courant Institute.
Clival chordoma of the nasal septum secondary to surgical pathway seeding.

Abstract Educational objective At the conclusion of this presentation, the participants should be able to recognize seeding as a form of treatment failure in transseptal resection of clival chordomas. Objectives The purpose is to present a case of implanted metastases in the nasal septum after a transseptal approach for resection of clival chordoma and to compare it with other reported cases in the literature. Study design Case report and literature review. Methods The clinical history, radiologic imaging, and pathology of a single patient are reviewed. Results A 35-year-old female presented with a left intranasal mass that completely occluded the left nasal passage. The patient had a history of clival chordoma treated at an outside institution with multiple partial resections via a transseptal approach and postoperative Gamma Knife radiotherapy. A 2.5 cm mass in the left nasal cavity as well as a 4 cm sellar mass was identified on MRI. Biopsy of the left nasal mass confirmed the diagnosis of chordoma, which was presumed to be secondary to seeding from a previous resection attempt. The patient received no further treatment due to multiple comorbidities. Conclusions Recurrence of clival chordoma due to seeding along the surgical pathway is an infrequent mechanism of treatment failure, with only rare cases documented in the literature. When deciding on the appropriate surgical approach, the surgeon must consider the risk of septal seeding during a transseptal approach. The emergence of transnasal endoscopic skull base approaches may reduce the likelihood of surgical pathway tumor seeding.
Strategic Cognition and Issue Salience: Toward an Explanation of Firm Responsiveness to Stakeholder Concerns

As a new perspective for understanding firm responsiveness to stakeholder concerns, we propose a strategic cognition view of issue salience—that is, the degree to which a stakeholder issue resonates with and is prioritized by management. Specifically, we explain how a firm’s cognitive structures of organizational identity and strategic frames use different core logics to influence managerial interpretation of an issue as salient. We then present a typology of firm responsiveness and suggest that firms will respond more substantially to those issues perceived as salient to both cognitive logics and more symbolically to those issues perceived as salient to only one logic. This article fills key gaps in our understanding of how firms manage and respond to stakeholders by focusing on the salience of the issue and incorporating strategic cognition as a key mediating mechanism.
Regulation of the proteasome by ATP: implications for ischemic myocardial injury and donor heart preservation

Several lines of evidence suggest that proteasomes are involved in multiple aspects of myocardial physiology and pathology, including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. It is well established ...
Black‐White Biracial Children's Social Development from Kindergarten to Fifth Grade: Links with Racial Identification, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status

In this study, we investigated trajectories of Black-White biracial children’s social development during middle childhood, their associations with parents’ racial identification of children, and the moderating effects of child gender and family socioeconomic status (SES). The study utilized data from parent and teacher reports on 293 US Black-White biracial children enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal StudyKindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K). Growth curve models suggested increasing trajectories of teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors between kindergarten and fifth grade. Parents’ racial identification of children predicted child externalizing behavior trajectories such that teachers rated biracially identified children’s externalizing behaviors lower relative to those of Black- and White-identified children. Additionally, for White-identified biracial children, the effect of family SES on internalizing behavior trajectories was especially pronounced.These findings suggest that in the USA, how parents racially identify their Black-White biracial children early on has important implications for children’s problem behaviors throughout the elementary school years.
Differential electrograms computed from unipolar endocardial recordings improve Purkinje activation identification

Recent studies have indicated that the Purkinje system plays a critical role in the onset and maintenance of certain arrhythmias. Unipolar electrograms were recorded at 8 KHz from the endocardium during sinus rhythm and ventricular fibrillation. Using the unipolar recordings, bipolar, quadipolar, and octapolar, and Laplacian electrograms were created. Purkinje potentials were more readily identified with bipolar and octipolar electrograms than with unipolar recordings. The first temporal derivatives of the electrograms aided in distinguishing Purkinje potentials. Differential electrograms and their temporal derivatives facilitate Purkinje potential identification by reducing common noise in the electrograms and far field effects recorded by the unipolar signal. Combined analysis of the unipolar electrograms, differential computed electrograms, and their derivatives improve identification of Purkinje activation from endocardial electrical recordings.
Was There a Real "Mineshaft Gap"?: Bomb Shelters in the USSR, 1945–1962

During the Cold War, the nature, intent, and scale of Soviet civil defense were the subject of heated debate in the West. Some analysts claimed that the USSR possessed a massive civil defense program capable of seriously destabilizing the strategic nuclear balance. This article draws on previously unexamined archival sources to investigate Soviet shelter construction from 1953, when the USSR's civil defense forces began planning for nuclear war, until the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962. These documents indicate that shelter construction consumed the majority of Soviet civil defense funding and was conducted by order of the Council of Ministers. Although the shelters were inadequate both technologically and quantitatively to protect the Soviet population from an all-out U.S. thermonuclear attack, they existed in significant numbers and represented a considerable expenditure of limited Soviet resources. These new revelations provide important insights into Soviet thinking about nuclear war during the ...
Detection of bluetongue virus RNA by in situ hybridization: comparison with virus isolation and antigen detection

An in situ nucleic acid hybridization (ISH) technique was developed to detect bluetongue virus (BTV) RNA in cell culture. The sensitivity of the ISH technique was compared with virus isolation (VI) and antigen detection, using an indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) or an enzyme immunocytoassay (EICA) tech- nique, for detection of 5 BTV serotypes indigenous to the United States. The VI was the most sensitive technique, detecting BTV early after infection of the cells. The IFA and EICA were of similar sensitivity; BTV antigen could be detected shortly after demonstration of virus by isolation. The sensitivity of ISH for detection of BTV- 17 was equivalent to that of antigen detection. The ISH was not as sensitive as VI or antigen detection when assaying for the other BTV serotypes.
Imaging tissue response to electrical and photothermal stimulation with nanometer sensitivity.

Background and Objectives Tissue response to thermal, electrical, or chemical stimuli are important in the health and survival of tissue. We report experimental results to assess tissue response to various stimuli using a low coherence differential phase interferometer. Study Design/Materials and Methods The optical system utilized to measure tissue response is a novel fiber-based phase sensitive optical low coherence reflectometer (PS-OLCR). Inasmuch as the PS-OLCR works with back-reflected light, noninvasive sensing of tissue response to stimuli is possible. In addition to high lateral (∼10 μm) and longitudinal (∼10 μm) resolution, PS-OLCR can measure sub-wavelength changes in optical path-length (Angstrom/nanometer range) by extracting the phase difference between interference fringes in two channels corresponding to orthogonal polarization modes. Results When light spatially splits into two polarization states, precise analysis of surface topography or tissue surface response such as swelling or collapse are possible. Time resolved measurements of nanometer-scale path length changes in response to electrical and thermal stimuli are demonstrated using longitudinally delayed polarization channels. Conclusions Since PS-OLCR is a useful tool to detect ultra-small path length changes, the system has potential to aid scientists in investigating important phenomena in biomaterials and developing useful diagnostic and therapeutic imaging modalities. Applications include tissue surface profilometry, measurement of tissue, and cell response to various stimuli, high-resolution intensity and phase imaging. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:219–225, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adolescent adoption: Success despite challenges

Abstract Though in terms of adoption adolescents are considered a “special needs” group, targeted by recent federal legislation, adoption of adolescents is an area about which we have only limited understanding. This paper reports selected findings from an exploratory, qualitative study that elicited from 58 parents and 37 adolescents their views on successful adolescent adoptions. Specifically, it addresses how participants describe successful adoption, their challenges, and how they account for the success of their adoptions. Findings provide insights into participants' subjective meanings of success, going beyond the usual measures (primarily intactness). Using participants' words, the paper describes common themes related to successful adolescent adoption and also demonstrates some of the variation among participants. Parents and adolescents, both strikingly realistic in their appraisals of adoption, provided similar themes from unique perspectives. Theoretical considerations are discussed, and implications for practice are suggested.
Observer-based Testing of Distributed Protocols Designed for Harsh Environments

Testing a distributed protocol P employed in a high assurance system involves the modeling of two distinct aspects: i) the intended goals G(P) to be satisfied by P, and ii) the external environment E(P) under which P operates. In complex distributed systems, a wide range of environment behaviors need to be captured by E(P) and/or diverse application requirements need to be stipulated in G(P). This model-based behavior generation is then used as a reference to compare with the actual behavior of a target system protocol. Our approach embodies two functional elements: first, an 'observer' at the service interface of P to the application that monitors the compliance to the conditions stipulated in G(P), and second, an 'injector' that subjects P to a variety of external disturbances as stipulated in E(P). The latter are either actual occurrences of system-level anomalies during an execution of P or computer-generated error conditions as aided by production rules that depict E(P). The modular decomposition that underlies our 3-tier approach (i.e., the observer and perturber modules interweaving with the target system module) enables a flexible testing of distributed protocols in various operating environments and under various application-level goals. The paper describes a language-based tool for generating events that drive the execution of P, and compare the observed behavior of P with a reference desired behavior.
Sensors for material process monitoring and control

This report briefly reviews recent progress in the use of sensors to monitor critical parameters during material processing. The techniques focus on the use of waveguides providing an ultrasonic link between the detector and the part in the furnace.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A highly parallel and scalable CABAC decoder for next generation video coding

Future video decoders will need to support high resolutions such as Quad Full HD (QFHD, 4096 × 2160) and fast frame rates (e.g., 120 fps). Many of these decoders will also reside in portable devices. Parallel processing can be used to increase the throughput for higher performance (i.e., processing speed), which can be traded-off for lower power with voltage scaling. The next generation standard called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), which is being developed as a successor to H.264/AVC, not only seeks to improve the coding efficiency but also to account for implementation complexity and leverage parallelism to meet future power and performance demands. This paper presents a silicon prototype for a pre-standard algorithm developed for HEVC (“H.265”) called Massively Parallel CABAC (MP-CABAC) that addresses a key video decoder bottleneck. A scalable test chip is implemented in 65-nm and achieves a throughput of 24.11 bins/cycle, which enables it to decode the max H.264/AVC bit-rate (300 Mb/s) with only a 18 MHz clock at 0.7 V, while consuming 12.3 pJ/bin. At 1.0 V, it decodes a peak of 3026 Mbins/s for a bit-rate of 2.3 Gb/s, enough for QFHD at 186 fps. Both architecture and joint algorithm-architecture optimizations used to reduce critical path delay, area cost and memory size are discussed.
Disinfectant Effects on Capture Rates of Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Abstract Live-trapping was conducted to determine the influence of trap disinfection on trapping success. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on most (83.3%, n = 6) grids were equally likely to be caught in traps recently (≤8 h) or previously (≥5 d) disinfected. Traps were as likely to recapture mice previously captured in the other treatment as mice previously captured in the same treatment.
From nature to methods and back to nature

A fundamental challenge in today's arena of complex systems is the design and development of accurate and robust signal processing methods. These methods should be capable to adapt quickly to unexpected changes in the data and operate under minimal model assumptions. Systems in Nature also do signal processing and often do it optimally. Therefore, it makes much sense to understand what Nature does and try to mimic it and do even better. In return, the results of better signal processing methods may lead to new advancements in science and technology and in understanding Nature. In this presentation methods for signal processing that borrow concepts and principles found in Nature are addressed including ant optimization, swarm intelligence and genetic algorithms. However, the emphasis of the presentation is on Monte Carlo-based methods, and in particular, methods related to particle filtering, cost-reference particle filtering, and population Monte Carlo. In the past decade and a half, Monte Carlo-based methods have gained considerable popularity in dealing with nonlinear and/or non-Gaussian systems. The three groups of methods share the feature that they explore spaces of unknowns using particles and weights (costs) assigned to the particles. In most versions of these methods, particles move independently and in accordance with the dynamics of the assumed model of the states. Interactions among particles only occur through the process of resampling rather than through local interactions as is common in physical and biological systems. Such interactions can improve the performance of the methods and can allow for coping with more challenging problems with better efficiency and accuracy. We show how we apply these methods to problems in engineering, economics, and biology.
Religion and the Unborn Under the First Amendment

Assisted reproduction, stem cell research, and abortion are among the primary social controversies in which religion tends to play a conspicuous role. A prominent objection to government restrictions on such unborn-protective practices holds that they involve judgments about nascent human life that hew too closely to religion under constitutional principles that govern the separation of church and state. I argue that this Establishment Clause challenge trades on a misunderstanding of religion and its relationship to ideas about the unborn. It conflates four influences commonly associated with religion. The first three — compulsions of faith, promises of salvation, and obedience to God — are the ones that government may not endorse. But there is a fourth, involving broader visions about what makes society good, that legitimately animates state action. And it is this fourth influence, I will try to show, that best explains most efforts to protect fetuses and embryos. This isn't to say such laws don't have other constitutional problems; just that the First Amendment isn't one.