cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reassessing Willa Muir

The critical elision of Willa Muir's influence on her and her husband's translations of Kafka's work (the first English-language translations, made in 1930–1948) raises the question of whether this results from her gender and the gendered, feminized role of translation and the colonized translator. Muir's archive, including her journals, private writings in Scots and an unpublished novel, Mrs Muttoe and the Top Storey, about a female translator translating a fictionalized Kafka, reveal a translator acutely aware of sexual, cultural and linguistic asymmetry. Employing Luise von Flotow's notion of the “translator-effect”; Steven Yao's notion of the modernist, gendered symbiosis between writing and translation; and recent writing on Scots vernacular translation, this article argues that Willa Muir was the predominant translator in the couple, that her feminism and her status as a native Scots speaker influenced the Kafka translations, and that the translations should be reassessed accordingly.
Pathogenesis of Viral Infections

1 Introduction 2 Sequential Steps in Viral Infection 3 Virulence of Viruses 4 Persistent Infections 5 Host Determinants of Susceptibility and Resistance 6 Acknowledgments Keywords: viral infection pathogenesis; urogenital tract; transcutaneous and intravenous injection; arboviruses; intramuscular injection-rabies; lower gastrointestinal tract; viremia; viral dissemination
Mean value extension theorems and microlocal analysis

We use microlocal analysis to prove new mean value theorems for harmonic functions on harmonic manifolds and for solutions to more general differential equations. The equations we consider all satisfy spherical mean value equalities, at least locally. Microlocal analysis and the mean value property in a small set allows us to show that the solution to the differential equation in a small set is also a solution in a much larger set.
Integrating X-ray absorption for mass determination of cells: A new calibration method: Practical and theoretical

Abstract A new and simplified calibration technique, employing spheres of nitrocellulose, is described for use in the integrated X-ray absorption method for mass determination of single cells. Practical results and theoretically derived absorption data are compared and a close correspondence between the two obtained.
Depression after stroke: a prospective epidemiological study.

Objectives: To elucidate the relationship between stroke and depressive symptoms and to determine whether disability or cerebrovascular risk factors mediate that relationship. Design: A prospective longitudinal epidemiological survey. Setting: The mid-Monongahela Valley, a rural, nonfarm, low-socioeconomic-status community. Participants: Random sample of 1,134 subjects aged 65 and older. Measurements: The dependent variable was clinically significant depressive symptoms, as defined by five or more symptoms on the modified Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. The independent variables were demographics (age, sex, education), stroke, number of impaired instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerotic heart disease, and smoking. Logistic regression analyses were conducted for cross-sectional and longitudinal models examining whether stroke was associated with or predicted depressive symptoms, with other associated factors included as covariates. Results: Clinically significant depressive symptoms were cross-sectionally associated with stroke (odds ratio (OR)=3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4–8.3), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.8, 95% CI=1.7–4.6; P≤.05), and IADL impairment (OR=1.6, 95% CI=1.4–1.8; P<.05). Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that stroke (OR=6.3, 95% CI=1.7–23.2) and depressive symptoms at baseline (OR=15, 95% CI=7.7–29.5) predicted subsequent clinically significant depressive symptoms measured 2 years later, whereas education was protective (OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2–0.8). Conclusion: Stroke survivors have a greatly elevated risk for clinically significant depressive symptoms even 2 or more years after index stroke, independent of functional disability, cerebrovascular risk factors, and previous depressive symptoms.
Emergence of Activity-Dependent, Bidirectional Control of Microtubule-Associated Protein MAP2 Phosphorylation during Postnatal Development

Pronounced changes in neuronal morphology occur as synapses mature; however, little is known about how synaptic transmission regulates the developing neuronal cytoskeleton. The postsynaptic, microtubule-associated protein MAP2 is a target of multiple, calcium-dependent signaling pathways activated by synaptic transmission. Here we demonstrate that MAP2 phosphorylation is differentially regulated across development. In 32P-labeled hippocampal slices prepared from adult rats, depolarization stimulated a bidirectional change in the phosphorylation of immunoprecipitated MAP2. A transient increase was mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs), and protein kinase C (PKC). This increase was followed by a persistent dephosphorylation mediated by NMDA receptors and activation of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B or calcineurin). In contrast, depolarization of neonatal hippocampal slices stimulated exclusively a net increase in MAP2 phosphorylation, which was attenuated by inhibitors of MAPKs, but not CaMKs or PKC. Furthermore, although incubation in NMDA induced a time-dependent decrease in MAP2 phosphorylation in both adults and neonates, this effect was both less robust and less sensitive to calcineurin inhibitors in neonates than in adults. These data indicate that the mechanisms coupling glutamate release to MAP2 dephosphorylation are relatively lacking in the neonatal hippocampus. Highly phosphorylated MAP2 is impaired in its ability to stabilize microtubules and actin filament bundles in vitro. The neonatal propensity toward glutamate-stimulated MAP2 phosphorylation may serve to reduce cytoskeletal stability and permit dendritic arborization early in postnatal development. In mature neurons, the bidirectional control of MAP2 phosphorylation may participate in activity-dependent synaptic remodeling.
Three Asymmetries of Informed Environmental Decisionmaking

This article argues that various problems observed in both statutory public participation mechanisms and administrative agencies' treatment of developments in scientific knowledge derive from three fundamental asymmetries in existing administrative decisionmaking processes  asymmetries involving which parties are able to provide information to agencies; when parties are able to provide information; and how agencies may apply that information. The article also explains how a recent rider-based sound science initiative, the Information Quality Act, further exacerbates these asymmetries. The article concludes by presenting three proposals for reforms that address these asymmetries.
Genetic Adaptation to Elevated Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres by Pseudomonas-Like Bacteria Isolated from Rock Cod (Sebastes spp.).

The microorganisms on rock cod fillets stored in a modified atmosphere (MA; 80% CO2-20% air) at 4°C for 21 days were isolated. Only Lactobacillus sp. (71 to 87%) and tan-colored Pseudomonas sp.-like isolates (TAN isolates) were found. The TAN isolates grew more slowly in MA than in air at 8°C. When TAN isolates were grown in air at 8°C and then transferred to MA at 8°C, there was an initial decline in viable counts for 10 to 30 h followed by exponential growth. During this exponential growth phase in MA, the growth rates of the TAN isolates from MA-stored fish were significantly greater than those of the TAN isolates from fresh fish. When a TAN isolate from fresh fish was grown under MA for 21 days, it then grew as rapidly under MA as isolates from MA-stored fish. These results suggest that the TAN isolates genetically adapt to high levels of CO2.
Business Intelligence for Enterprise Systems: A Survey

Business intelligence (BI) is the process of transforming raw data into useful information for more effective strategic, operational insights, and decision-making purposes so that it yields real business benefits. This new emerging technique can not only improve applications in enterprise systems and industrial informatics, respectively, but also play a very important role to bridge the connection between enterprise systems and industrial informatics. This paper was intended as a short introduction to BI with the emphasis on the fundamental algorithms and recent progress. In addition, we point out the challenges and opportunities to smoothly connect industrial informatics to enterprise systems for BI research.
Family Therapy Following the Death of a Child

The reactions of the entire family system to the death of a child are examined. The case illustrates therapeutic interventions dealing with changes in family structure, guilt and mourning processes in parents, anxiety and other reactions of children, and the cognitive confusion of both children and adults. The problems for the therapist in working with a family following the death of a child are discussed.
When Not All Conflict Is Bad: Manufacturing-Marketing Conflict and Strategic Incentive Design

Researchers and managers broadly agree that coordination and harmony between manufacturing and marketing improve firm performance by eliminating suboptimal practices within the firm. In this paper, we present a contrasting view of the manufacturing-marketing interface. We model a duopoly in which the firms compete on price and quality dimensions. The manufacturing and marketing managers within each firm are presented with conflicting incentives focused on cost minimization and revenue maximization, respectively. These managers bargain with each other before arriving at compromise decisions regarding price and quality. While frequently encountered in practice, this "conflicting-objectives puzzle" is surprising because one expects that centralized coordination by the owners of the firm towards profit maximization would lead to higher profits. In this paper, we resolve the conflicting-objectives puzzle and demonstrate that, surprisingly, the firm's resulting profits in this setting of conflict can be higher than those obtained when the decisions of the managers are perfectly coordinated. We also analyze the equilibrium in incentive plans when the owners can choose between compromise and perfect coordination. Our results offer a new interpretation of manufacturing-marketing conflict as a strategic tool that can enhance firm profits.
From bench to bedside: translating new research from genetics and neuroimaging into treatment development for early-onset schizophrenia.

Objective: Children and adolescents with schizophrenia share a similar pattern of phenomenological, genetic and cognitive abnormalities to adults with schizophrenia. However, an early-onset of schizophrenia (EOS) (prior to 18 years of age) is associated with a higher frequency of risk indicators associated with schizophrenia (e.g. developmental delays and familial spectrum disorders) and a worse long-term outcome. This overview examines recent research on the neurobiological alterations, possible causes, developmental trajectory and treatment of EOS and attempts to identify gaps in the field. Method: The authors provide a selective review of major findings from genetics, neuroimaging and treatment studies of pediatric schizophrenia that were presented at a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health. These data are synthesized in conjunction with preclinical studies into a model of the pathophysiology of EOS. Results: EOS is associated with a high frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities (e.g. velocardiofacial syndrome, sex chromosome anomalies) and other rare denovo chromosomal aberrations. Brain imaging research in adolescents with EOS has revealed a progressive loss of cortical grey matter post-onset of psychosis and subtle abnormalities in white matter microstructure. Although EOS patients are more likely to be treatment-refractory than their adult counterparts, there are substantial data that this subgroup is particularly responsive to clozapine. Conclusions: Genetic or environmental factors operating during adolescence that reduce frontal capacity might contribute to an EOS in susceptible individuals. Additional longitudinal studies of adolescents with schizophrenia are needed to better understand the relationship between structural changes in fronto-limbic regions, stress responsivity, and cognitive and neurochemical development.
Design of the Series Resonant Converter for Minimum Component Stress

For a given output voltage and power, the peak resonant capacitor voltage and peak inductor and switch currents of the series resonant converter depend strongly on the choice of transformer turns ratio and of tank inductance and capacitance. In this paper the particular component values which result in the smallest component stresses are determined, and a simple design strategy is developed. The procedure is illustrated for an off-line 200 W, 5 V application, and it is shown that an incorrect choice of component values can result in significantly higher component stresses than are necessary.
The EEG with photic stimulation in psychiatric patients receiving ACTH.

Abstract No consistent significant changes in resting EEG were found in 5 psychiatric patients studied during ACTH administration in doses ranging from 50–150 mg. daily for 5–23 days. In 2 patients receiving ACTH the brain activity was more responsive in following intermittent flashing light (photic-drive) and in one of these cases a paroxysmal type of response could still be elicited 18 days after termination of hormone therapy.
Changes in Policy for Yanan Women, 1935-1947:

In the course of the Chinese revolution, the Communist Party has sought to replace the traditional political and economic system with a socialist one. To do this, Party leaders have worked to win the support of the population by implementing programs that would benefit the majority of people while, at the same time, move society toward socialism. In some cases, however, economic, political, and social realities, not Party ideology, have determined how these programs are formulated and carried out. The need to solve immediate problems has overshadowed, but not replaced long-term revolutionary goals. There are a number of examples of how reality has affected the formation of policy throughout the Party's history. One of these is the development of policy to raise the status of women in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region. From the outset of the communist movement, Party leaders have paid particular attention to the problems of women. In principal, they believed that equality for women was crucial to
Experience versus effort: what explains dynamic heterogeneity with respect to age?

Age-related patterns of survival and reproduction have been explained by accumulated experience (‘experience hypothesis’), increased effort (‘effort hypothesis’), and intrinsic differences in phenotypes (‘selection hypothesis’). We examined the experience and effort hypotheses using a 40-year data set in a population of Leach's storm-petrels Oceanodroma leucorhoa, long-lived seabirds for which the effect of phenotypic variation has been previously demonstrated. Age was quantified by time since recruitment (‘breeding age’). The best model of adult survival included a positive effect of breeding age (1, 2, 3+ years), sex (male > female), and year. Among-individuals variation (fixed heterogeneity) accounted for 31.6% of the variance in annual reproductive success. We further examined within-individual patterns in reproductive success (dynamic heterogeneity) in the subset of individuals with at least five breeding attempts. Three distinct phases characterized reproductive success – early increase, long asymptotic peak, late decline. No effect of early reproductive output on longevity was found, however, early success was positively correlated with lifetime reproductive success. Reproductive success was lower earlier than later in life. Among the few natally philopatric individuals in the population, age of first breeding had no effect on longevity, lifetime reproductive success, or early reproductive success. No support for the effort hypothesis was found in this population. Instead, age-specific patterns of survival and reproduction in these birds are best explained by the experience hypothesis over and above the effect of intrinsic differences among individuals.
Science and technology indicators, country size and economic development: An international comparison

Abstract Conceptual and data problems make the selection of science and technology indicators difficult. It has also proven hard to link measures of scientific and technological activity with economic development. In this paper, statistically significant results are obtained in regressing two “input” indicators: stock of scientists and engineers, and expenditures in research and experimental development, with population size and income per capita. The models adjusted include non-linearities and are structurally different country groupings. Thus the practice of utilizing average coefficients, and of applying their values to both industrialized and developing countries, does not seem justified. The econometrically established pattern tends to corroborate prior knowledge about highly qualified human resource availability and expenditures in R & D, in “outlier” countries performing both above and below the “norm”.
Menstrual time: The sociocognitive mapping of “the menstrual cycle”

Despite the many angles from which the biological phenomenon now known as “the menstrual cycle” has been addressed, no work explicitly focuses on how social groups actually draw lines around and mentally partition these complex biological processes into discrete temporal units. This paper examines not the meaning of “the menstrual cycle,” per se, but hegemonic Western culture's intersubjective notions of how to carve up this inherently unstructured phenomenon in the first place. Although sociologists of cognition have still to consider this sociomental structuring of “the menstrual cycle” as a case of mental cartography, and sociologists of time have still to consider “menstrual time” as a case of sociotemporality, I conclude that the mental mapping out of what constitutes the elements of this rhythm is a highly social act with serious implications for women's lives.
A quantitative infrared spectral library of vapor phase chemicals: applications to environmental monitoring and homeland defense

The utility of infrared spectroscopy for monitoring and early warning of accidental or deliberate chemical releases to the atmosphere is well documented. Regardless of the monitoring technique (open-path or extractive) or weather the spectrometer is passive or active (Fourier transform or lidar) a high quality, quantitative reference library is essential for meaningful interpretation of the data. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory through the support of the Department of Energy has been building a library of pure, vapor phase chemical species for the last 4 years. This infrared spectral library currently contains over 300 chemicals and is expected to grow to over 400 chemicals before completion. The library spectra are based on a statistical fit to many spectra at different concentrations, allowing for rigorous error analysis. The contents of the library are focused on atmospheric pollutants, naturally occurring chemicals, toxic industrial chemicals and chemicals specifically designed to do damage. Applications, limitations and technical details of the spectral library will be discussed.
The drag force on a particle approaching a solidifying interface

Lubrication theory is applied to derive an expression for the drag force on a particle approaching a directionally solidified interface. To the leading order in the Peclet number, the thermal and hydrodynamic problems are uncoupled. The former yields an equation for the front’s curvature, the solution of which gives the interface profile. The drag force is obtained by solving the lubrication equations in the gap between the particle and the interface. In the absence of shrinkage flow, the force is due solely to the particle’s movement. The dependence of the drag on the parameters, such as the thermal gradient, the latent heat of fusion, and the ratio of the particle’s thermal conductance to that of the melt. α, is explicitly depicted. We find that the drag increases with α, so that perfectly insulated particles experience less drag than highly conducting particles. The variation of the drag force with the thermal gradient also depends on the thermal conductance ratio α. Furthermore, it is noted that the fluid drag force derived here resembles the Taylor’s lubrication force that resists the approach between two rigid surfaces.
Extremely correlated Fermi liquids: The formalism

We present the detailed formalism of the extremely correlated Fermi liquid theory, developed for treating the physics of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model. We start from the exact Schwinger equation of motion for the Green's function for projected electrons, and develop a systematic expansion in a parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, relating to the double occupancy. The resulting Green's function has a canonical part arising from an effective Hamiltonian of the auxiliary electrons, and a caparison part playing the role of a frequency-dependent adaptive spectral weight. This adaptive weight balances the requirement at low $\ensuremath{\omega}$ of the invariance of the Fermi volume, and at high $\ensuremath{\omega}$ of decaying as $\frac{{c}_{0}}{i\ensuremath{\omega}}$, with a correlation-depleted ${c}_{0}l1$. The effective Hamiltonian ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ describing the auxiliary fermions is given a natural interpretation with an effective interaction ${V}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ containing both the exchange ${J}_{ij}$ and the hopping parameters ${t}_{ij}$. It is made Hermitian by adding suitable terms that ultimately vanish, in the symmetrized theory developed in this paper. Simple but important shift invariances of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model are noted with respect to translating its parameters uniformly. These play a crucial role in constraining the form of ${V}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and also provide checks for further approximations. The auxiliary and physical Green's function satisfy two sum rules, and the Lagrange multipliers for these are identified. A complete set of expressions for the Green's functions to second order in $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is given, satisfying various invariances. A systematic iterative procedure for higher order approximations is detailed. A superconducting instability of the theory is noted at the simplest level with a high transition temperature.
On the formation of interfacial and internal voids inα-Al2O3 scales

Microstructural observations were used as the basis for a discussion of the formation and growth of voids in alumina scales. Reactive-element additions to alloys and alloy desulfurization appear to inhibit the growth of interfacial voids, thus improving scale adhesion. This phenomenon is analyzed in terms of surface energies. In addition, a model is proposed for the formation of large internal voids in α-Al2O3 scales. These voids appear to be too large to form as a result of vacancy coalescence and are more frequently observed in scales not doped with a reactive element. The model is based on a growth mechanism where inward and outward growing ridges at scale grain boundaries eventually seal off and form internal voids.
Predictors of live hospice discharge: Data from the National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS):

In the context of the current regulatory environment, patients may be discharged from hospice if their condition stabilizes or improves over time and the certifying physician is unable to provide a conscientious recertification of the six-month prognosis. Little is known about the characteristics or outcomes of patients who are determined by physicians to no longer be eligible for hospice care.This retrospective study was designed to characterize the rates and predictors of live hospice discharge using data from the 1996 and 1998 National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS). We compare records of live hospice discharge with hospice discharges due to death from the discharge patient files of the 1996 and the 1998 NHHCS.Of the 807,733 patients in the combined 1996 and 1998 NHHCS discharge patient file who met study inclusion criteria, 761,858 (94 percent) were deceased and 45,875 (6 percent) were discharged alive. Those who were discharged alive were more likely to be female, have received hospice care for...
Transnational peace building: bringing salt and light to Colombia and the USA

In 2003, Lutheran World Relief (LWR), an international relief and development NGO, began a peace-building initiative in Colombia. It facilitated the formation of a partnership between peace-sanctuary churches in Colombia and six communities of faith in the US Midwest, co-ordinated by LWR staff. This partnership, called ‘Sal y Luz’ (Salt and Light), has the goal of education and advocacy both in Colombia and in the USA. Sal y Luz represents a powerful example of transnational solidarity for peace. There are also implications and lessons of this case study for the broader field of NGO peace-building work. The Sal y Luz model of peace building brings benefits in terms of NGO accountability and effectiveness. The key innovation of the model is the means by which LWR effectively helped its US constituency to understand and become involved in peace-building work.
Acute estrogen treatment facilitates recognition memory consolidation and alters monoamine levels in memory-related brain areas.

Acute effects of estrogens on mnemonic processes were examined at the behavioral and neurochemical levels. 17β-estradiol and 17α-estradiol influences on memory consolidation were assessed using object placement (OP) and object recognition (OR) tasks. Subjects received treatment immediately after a sample trial (exploring two novel objects), and memory of objects (OR memory) or location of objects (OP memory) was tested 4hr later. Both isomers of estradiol enhanced memory. For spatial memory, 15 and 20μg/kg of 17β-estradiol facilitated OP, while lower and higher doses were ineffective. 17α-estradiol had a similar pattern, but a lower dose was effective. When treatment was delayed until 45min after a sample trial, memory was not enhanced. For non-spatial memory, OR was facilitated at 5μg/kg of 17β-estradiol and at 1 and 2 μg/kg of 17α-estradiol and, similar to OP, lower and higher doses were ineffective. These data demonstrate that beneficial effects of estrogens are dose, time and task dependent, and the dose-response pattern is an inverted-U. Because monoamines are known contributions to memory, brains were removed 30 min after treatment for measurements of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and metabolites. Estrogen elevated 5HT, NE metabolite MHPG, turnover ratio of NE to MHPG, and DA metabolite DOPAC levels in the prefrontal cortex, while NE and MHPG were decreased in the hippocampus. Thus, acute estrogens exert rapid effects on memory consolidation and neural function, which suggests that its mnemonic effects may involve activation of membrane-associated estrogen receptors and subsequent signaling cascades, and that monoamines may contribute to this process.
Adsorptive selectivity of organic-cation-modified bentonite for nonionic organic contaminants

The mineral surface of Wyoming bentonite was modified by replacing inorganic ions with four quaternary ammonium cations in an amount equal to 40 percent of the cation-exchange capacity of the bentonite. The four quaternary ammonium cations used were tetramethylammonium (TMA), tetraethylammonium (TEA), benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA), and benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA). Sorption of benzene, tetrachloromethane, trichloroethene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and naphthalene to the modified sorbents from water at 20 °C was investigated. All five solutes were sorbed strongly by TEA-, BTMA-, and BTEA-bentonite, but only benzene and tetrachloromethane were strongly sorbed by TMA-bentonite. The sorption isotherms are distinctly nonlinear and the magnitude of sorption is not correlated with the solute's aqueous solubility. In contrast, sorption of trichloroethene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and naphthalene to TMA-bentonite was negligible relative to benzene and tetrachloromethane sorption. The apparent absence of solute selectivity by TEA-, BTMA-, and BTEA-bentonite, along with their large sorption capacities, indicates that these sorbents can potentially be useful as components of landfill liners or slurry walls to decrease the mobility of a variety of nonionic organic contaminants.
Intraocular penetration of pyruvate following its topical administration in mice

Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that pyruvate, an endogenous α-keto acid metabolite, has a protective effect against oxidative stress induced damage to the ocular tissues including the lens, in which in addition to exerting its protective effect against tissue damage caused by oxyradicals generated under organ culture, it is also found effective in preventing actual cataract formation in vivo in animal models undergoing direct oxidative stress as well as in diabetes. In the latter studies, pyruvate was administered mixed with diet and drinking water. However, with the view of the desirability of treating eye diseases by topical administration of the pharmacological agents, the present studies were conducted to determine the penetrability of pyruvate through the cornea to the aqueous humor and the lens following its topical administration as its ester, ethyl pyruvate (EP). These experiments were done in CD-1 mice. After instillation of the drops in the conjunctival cul-de-sac, aqueous humor samples were aspirated at the desired times and analyzed for pyruvate. In a separate group of animals, analyses were done also in the lens. Analyses were done spectrophotometrically by monitoring the decrease in absorption of NADH due to the reduction of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase. The levels of pyruvate were found to be significantly elevated in both the aqueous humor as well as the lens, the peak concentrations being 4.7 and 3.6 mM, respectively. Such levels have been previously shown to be effective in exerting its antioxidant effects. The results are therefore considered pharmacological significant from the point of view of its potential use for topical treatment of cataracts induced by oxidative stress and diabetes.
Yields of singlet dioxygen produced by the reaction between the excited state of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and triplet dioxygen in various solvents

Abstract The yields of singlet dioxygen produced in the reaction between the excited state of tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and triplet dioxygen in water, deuterium oxide, methanol and acetonitrile were measured by a steady state photolysis technique which involves the trapping of singlet dioxygen with 9,10-anthracenedipropionate (aqueous solutions) or 1,3-diphenyl-isobenzofuran (non-aqueous solutions) and following the disappearance of the trap as a function of time. Rate constants for the decay of *Ru(bpy) 3 2+ (bpy, bipyridine) and for its reactions with triplet dioxygen were measured by laser time-resolved techniques. Singlet oxygen is formed with unit efficiency in all the solvents studied.
The Royal Society and the Founding of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

In 1831 the role of the Royal Society as official spokesman for English science was successfully challenged by the founding of the British Association for the Advancement o f Science. The origins of the British Association have generally been assumed to be obvious; (1) in 1830, Charles Babbage published his Reflections on the Decline of Science England and on Some of its Causes (2) in which he accused the President and Council of the Royal Society of nepotism, malfeasance and downright dishonesty. Fellows of the Royal Society and other friends o f science, presumably shocked by Babbage’s revelations and seriously concerned about the low state to which science had sunk in Great Britain, seized upon a suggestion made by David Brewster (later Sir David) and created the British Association as the instrument for the revitalization of English science.
Adiabatic and diabatic measurements of the liquid film thickness during spray cooling with FC-72

An experimental investigation was performed to measure the liquid film thickness created by both a low flow rate single nozzle and a high flow rate four-nozzle array spray design using FC-72. Measurements were made using a non-intrusive optical technique based on total internal reflection. Reflected light rings that formed on a test die were photographed, and an automated program measured and recorded the radii, from which the thickness of the film was calculated using fundamental equations of geometric optics. This measurement technique was used to investigate the dependence of the film thickness on location and applied power. For a four-nozzle array, regions of the die that have been previously shown to exhibit the poorest heat transfer performance were found to have the thickest films, in agreement with qualitative imaging. With the single-nozzle spray, it was found that adding a heat load did not affect the film thickness. Away from the spray impact region, the applied heat caused a significant amount of localized dryout.
Functional integration of PCR amplification and capillary electrophoresis in a microfabricated DNA analysis device.

Microfabricated silicon PCR reactors and glass capillary electrophoresis (CE) chips have been successfully coupled to form an integrated DNA analysis system. This construct combines the rapid thermal cycling capabilities of microfabricated PCR devices (10 °C/s heating, 2.5 °C/s cooling) with the high-speed (<120 s) DNA separations provided by microfabricated CE chips. The PCR chamber and the CE chip were directly linked through a photolithographically fabricated channel filled with hydroxyethylcellulose sieving matrix. Electrophoretic injection directly from the PCR chamber through the cross injection channel was used as an “electrophoretic valve” to couple the PCR and CE devices on-chip. To demonstrate the functionality of this system, a 15 min PCR amplification of a β-globin target cloned in M13 was immediately followed by high-speed CE chip separation in under 120 s, providing a rapid PCR−CE analysis in under 20 min. A rapid assay for genomic Salmonella DNA was performed in under 45 min, demonstrating ...
Monitoring cause-specific adult mortality in developing countries: A comparison of data sources for Addis Ababa and its implications for policy and research

Hospital statistics of causes of death for developing countries may be biased when the utilization of hospital services is low or selective. Using Addis Ababa, Ethiopia as an example, we argue that hospital data can be useful for demonstrating general cause-specific mortality patterns. In addition, a comparison of hospital statistics with data from a surveillance of burials allows for the identification of weaknesses in health services provision. We find a low level of hospital services utilization during terminal illness. Despite similarities in the cause of death structure in the different data sources, hospital statistics under-estimate the prevalence of infectious diseases. In addition, we identify an important gender bias in the utilization of health services in the direction of males being significantly more likely to die in medical facilities than females.
Self-esteem and self-efficacy as predictors of attrition in RN-BS completion students: A descriptive correlational study

Abstract In recent years the number of associate degree-prepared registered nurses entering into baccalaureate nursing programs has not been sufficient to replace nurses leaving the workforce. The high rate of attrition in nursing programs has further added to this problem. The challenge for schools of nursing is to identify factors affecting attrition and determine ways to decrease it. This article examines self-esteem and self-efficacy as predictors of attrition in first semester registered nurse to bachelor of science nursing students.
Numerical simulation of single bubble rising in vertical and inclined square channel using lattice Boltzmann method

Abstract A lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) model based on the Cahn–Hilliard diffuse interface approach is used to investigate the dynamics of a bubble rising in a vertical and inclined square channel with large density and viscosity ratios. Deformation parameter Δ , film thickness δ , and terminal velocity U t of the bubble are interrelated quantities which depend on non-dimensional numbers such as Bond number Bo , Morton number Mo , and ratio between bubble diameter and channel width k as it was reported by previous experimental studies. As k is increased, higher Δ and smaller δ are exhibited. This finding is independent of the value of Bo and Mo . In addition, a relationship was established between δ and Δ with non-dimensional numbers such as Capillary number Ca and Weber number We . An evaluation was performed for inclined channels to relate the Froude number Fr with the inclination angle θ , where in each case there is a critical value of θ which corresponds to the highest value of Fr , consequently highest U t . This finding is consistent with previous simulation and experimental results. Moreover, a relation was established between the critical value of θ and Ca and Bo . This three-dimensional study was performed using a range of Bo ( 1 Bo 12 ), Mo ( 10 − 4 Mo 10 3 ) and the inclination of the channel is varied from 0 to 75°.
Specific staining of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier with ferric ion and ferrocyanide

Abstract Ferric ion and ferrocyanide were used as stains for light and electron microscopy of peripheral nerves. In rat sciatic nerves, it was found that ferric ion preferentially binds to the cytoplasmic surface of the axon membrane at nodes of Ranvier but not at internodal regions. In myelinated axons in the electric organ of the gymnotid fish, Sternarchus albifrons, the small excitable nodes are similarly stained, but the larger inexcitable nodes are not stained by ferric ion. Staining of the inner surface of the nodal membrane appears to be related to a structural specialization of this membrane, rather than accessibility to stain. Our data thus show a chemical differentiation of the inner surface of the axon membrane between nodes and internodes in normal peripheral nerve fibers and between the inner surface of the axon membrane at active nodes, inactive nodes, and the internodes in the Sternarchus electrocyte axons.
DKK1 antagonizes Wnt signaling without promotion of LRP6 internalization and degradation

DKK1 is a secreted protein that antagonizes Wnt signaling and plays essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including head induction, skeletal development, and limb patterning. DKK1 is also implicated in osteoporosis, arthritis, and cancer and represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases. DKK1 is a high affinity antagonistic ligand for LRP6, which is a Wnt coreceptor that acts together with the Frizzled serpentine receptor to initiate Wnt signal transduction. Two different models have been proposed to account for the mechanism by which DKK1 antagonizes LRP6 function. One model suggests that DKK1 binding to LRP6 disrupts Wnt-induced Frizzled-LRP6 complex formation, whereas the other model proposes that DKK1 interaction with LRP6 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation, thereby reducing the cell surface LRP6 level. To clarify the molecular basis of DKK1 action, we examined how DKK1 affects the endogenous LRP6 in several mammalian cell lines including mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Here we show that DKK1 inhibits Wnt signaling but induces neither LRP6 down-regulation from the cell surface nor reduction of total LRP6 protein level and that DKK1 has no effect on the rate of continuous internalization of LRP6 and the half-life (about 4.7 h) of LRP6. We conclude that DKK1 inhibition of LRP6 is independent of LRP6 internalization and degradation.
Coherent anti-Stokes resonance Raman excitation profiles of tetracene

Abstract The excitation profile of the 1382 cm −1 vibration of the highly fluorescent molecule tetracene has been studied by means of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). By considering the behavior of the real and imaginary parts of the third-order susceptibility, calculated using the Albrecht theory modified for CARS, a means of calculating excitation profiles which scale like those obtained experimentally has been developed. The absolute value of the dimensionless vibronic displacement parameter was determined by comparing the experimental excitation profile with excitation profiles calculated for several different values of the displacement parameter and the results were used to calculate the internal coordinate change, between the ground and first excited electronic states, for the 1382 cm −1 mode.
Nonlinear High-Resolution Imaging of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin Distributions in Normal Skin Tissue and Melanoma

Two-color two-photon spectroscopy allows us for the first time to image the distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin in tissue slices, giving histology-like detail and highlighting chemical and morphological changes in melanoma compared to benign lesions.
Cognitive realization markers in Korean: A discourse-pragmatic study of the sentence-ending particles –kwun, –ney and –tela

Abstract This article proposes that the sentence enders –kwun, –ney, and –tela form a natural class of evidential (more specifically, mirative) markers in Korean. All three signal that an immediate consciousness shift has taken place within the speaker. The shift is touched off by an external sensory and/or inferential trigger within the realm of the speaker’s direct experience which effects an instantaneous cognitive realization. In the case of –kwun and –ney, the trigger and its consequent consciousness shift occur at the moment of speech; in the case of –tela, the consciousness shift and realization occurred in the past and emerges in the re-telling of past-time narratives. The literature treats –kwun and –ney as epistemic modals, and –tela (albeit marginally) as a hearsay evidential, but not a mirative. Moreover, traditional accounts of Korean grammar overwhelmingly blend evidentiality and epistemic modality into a single notion. It is argued here that, particularly in the case of Korean, epistemic modality and evidentiality represent two very different phenomena and should be treated as such since their functions of reflecting the speaker’s belief states and knowledge states are markedly different. The target particles –kwun, –ney, and –tela, classified as mirative markers, provide preliminary evidence in support of this claim.
The Charles L. Schepens Lecture: sustaining a vision.

G reat men and women leave behind more than an accumulation of accomplishments and innovations—their legacy includes both challenges and encouragement for those who follow. Charles Schepens’ greatest contribution to ophthalmology was the vastly improved method for observation of the fundus periphery with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and scleral depression that he developed and disseminated throughout our profession. He made substantial contributions to retinal surgery as well, and was a strong and effective advocate for fundamental and applied research on vitreo-retinal disorders. At the conclusion of a chapter on the history of retinal detachment written toward the end of his career, he voiced his frustration with the slow pace of our progress in developing methods for the prevention of retinal breaks. To ensure that Schepens’s accomplishments are remembered and his vision perpetuated, the Retina Research Foundation and the Schepens International Society have established the Charles L. Schepens, MD, Lecture, inaugurated in 2008. The initial lecture was given by Harvey A. Lincoff, MD, and is included in the pages of this journal. The purposes of the Schepens Lecture are to honor the past, to celebrate the present, and to facilitate future progress.
T cell activation predicts carotid artery stiffness among HIV-infected women

Objectives HIV disease is associated with increased arterial stiffness, which may be related to inflammation provoked by HIV-related immune perturbation. We assessed the association of T cell markers of immune activation and immunosenescence with carotid artery stiffness among HIV-infected women.
Bilayer and trilayer lift-off processing for i-line and DUV lithography

Lift-off resist processing has been used for a variety of applications as a way of patterning metal layers using additive deposition methods. Many different processes have been used for this purpose, each involving either single or multiple layers of resist which are processed to form a reentrant profile. In this study, we examine two specific applications where lift-off processing is especially challenging. In the first case, a high resolution i-line lift-off process was needed for an application having severe surface topography caused by thick surrounding ohmic structures. Conventional bi-layer resist processing provided poor critical dimension control due to adjacent reflective surfaces and swing effects caused by resist thickness non-uniformity. A solution was found by incorporating a developable anti-reflective coating into the resist stack to reduce reflectance and resulting swing effects. The result was a lift-off process with high resolution used to image gate trenches over severe topology with critical dimension control maintained. The second application involved creating a T-gate profile using conventional optical lithography methods and modern positive DUV resists. Problems related to interlayer mixing and dissolution were overcome by introducing a photostabilization process to harden the stem layer and maintain its fidelity during the coating of subsequent resist layers. The result was an all optical, positive DUV tri-layer resist stack performed using two separate optical exposures, which produced a 200 nm T-shaped gate structure.
Winter intensification and water mass evolution from yearlong current meters in the Northeast Water Polynya

Abstract In the summer of 1992, four current meter moorings were deployed in and later retrieved from the Northeast Water (NEW) polynya on the East Greenland Shelf by the USCGC Polar Sea. The moorings provided hourly temperature, salinity and current data for approximately one year. In the NEW, the circulation intensified and steadiness increased during winter. This intensification was most readily observed at 150 m on the southern side of Westwind trough. The surface layer freshened from summer through December due to ice-melt and freshwater runoff mixing down to at least 75 m. From December through early spring, salinity increased probably due to brine rejected during ice formation. Wintertime events showed water at 75 m with temperatures at the freezing point. Knee Water (KW) was not observed in the current meter data. However, a warmer and fresher than KW watermass was observed at 150 m over the shelf and may result from mixing outside the NEW among KW and the major water masses influencing the region. Polar Water and Atlantic Intermediate Water. Several short-lived events of 3 to 7 days duration perturbed the T-S character at each of the current meters. We believe that these T-S shifts were anticyclonic eddies advecting through the NEW polynya. During such perturbations, T-S values found generally at 75 m were observed at 150 m and T-S values generally at 150 m were observed at 250 m. On the northern side of the Westwind trough, the current meter data provided direct evidence for westward flow into the western extent of the trough at a depth of 250 m. This southwesterly current along the northwest slope of the trough at 250 m is in agreement with the summertime ADCP measurements made in 1992 aboard Polar Sea, and is consistent with the flow inferred from summer hydrography measured from Polarstern in 1993.