cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIE ENTWICKLUNG DES 111-KW-TDI-MOTORS IM VW T4

Mit dem neuen TDI-Funfzylindermotor mit einer Leistung von 111 kW bietet Volkswagen Pkw-ahnliche Fahrleistungen bei DI-typischen geringen Kraftstoffverbrauchen fur den T4 an. Der Motor, der die Pkw-Abgasnormen nach MVEG II naturlich erfullt, stellt in der Dieselmotorenreihe des VW-Konzerns derzeit die Leistungsspitze dar.
The effects of various carbohydrate diets on Aedes aegypti infected with Dirofilaria immitis.

Abstract Aedes aegypti infected with Dirofilaria immitis and uninfected mosquitoes were maintained on various carbohydrate diets (glucose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, trehalose, maltose, and melibiose). The value of each of these sugars in supporting survival of adult A. aegypti , and in supporting egg production, viability of eggs, and development of third-stage larvae of D. immitis in A. aegypti was analyzed. Fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose provided the strongest support for survival of adult male, and infected and uninfected adult female A. aegypti . Galactose and melibiose provided the least support for survival of all groups of mosquitoes. The mean number of eggs laid per uninfected adult female A. aegypti was greatest when mosquitoes were maintained on glucose, melibiose, maltose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose. The same was true for female mosquitoes infected with D. immitis; except for melibiose which provided poor support for egg production. In both Dirofilaria -infected and in uninfected mosquitoes, galactose supported the production of low mean numbers of eggs per adult female A. aegypti. High percentages of eggs laid by uninfected and by infected female mosquitoes fed glucose, melibiose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose hatched. While galactose supported a high percentage of hatching in eggs laid by uninfected A. aegypti , a much lower percentage of eggs laid by infected female mosquitoes maintained on this same carbohydrate hatched. The lowest percentages of eggs that hatched were from among those laid by infected and by uninfected females fed fructose. The highest mean number of D. immitis larvae (L 3 ) were recovered from adult A. aegypti fed glucose, maltose, fructose, and sucrose; the second best sugar in this regard was trehalose. The lowest mean number of D. immitis larvae were isolated from female A. aegypti fed galactose and melibiose.
The localization of the nuclear protein pool in Xenopus oocytes

It has been demonstrated previously that nuclear proteins in Xenopus oocytes are synthesized in the cytoplasm and maintained in a cellular pool. The present study was performed to determine if any portion of this pool is associated specifically with the nuclear envelope. This was accomplished by first micro-injecting oocytes with [3H]leucine; at various times after injection, nuclear envelope and nucleoplasmic fractions were run on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. In this way labeled polypeptides available in the envelope fraction could be compared to polypeptides which were subsequently incorporated into the nucleoplasm. No evidence was obtained that the nuclear protein pool is associated with the envelope.
Prevalence and correlates of alcohol misuse among returning Afghanistan and Iraq veterans.

Abstract Objective Several studies have reported high rates of alcohol misuse and low rates of substance use treatment among OEF/OIF military service members. This study assessed the prevalence and correlates of alcohol misuse and the factors associated with treatment utilization among recently returned National Guard service members. Methods The sample included 585 members of the National Guard who volunteered to complete an anonymous survey assessing mental health and substance use problems, functional status, and past treatment experiences. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed examining the significance of associations between alcohol misuse and mental health service use as outcomes and demographic variables, mental health symptoms, and military service characteristics as predictors. Barriers to treatment and factors facilitating treatment were also examined. Results Thirty-six percent of the service members met criteria for alcohol misuse. Of those misusing alcohol, 31% reported receiving any mental health treatment and 2.5% reported receiving specific substance use treatment in the past year. The barrier to treatment most commonly endorsed by those misusing alcohol was concern that the information about treatment would appear in their records. Among those misusing alcohol who had received services, spouses were most commonly endorsed as facilitating the pursuit of care. Conclusions Rates of alcohol misuse are high and rates of substance use treatment are low among National Guard service members. Additional research is needed to identify means of overcoming barriers to care and establish more effective approaches to facilitate linkage to care and receipt of appropriate interventions.
Skype and narcissistic disturbances: a unique opportunity?

Psychiatrists are increasingly incorporating advances in communications into their clinical practices. Skype is an example of one treatment medium which has been adopted by many practitioners and has been recognised for its capacity to provide enhanced convenience, to increase access for patients
Retinoids and psoriasis: Novel issues in retinoid pharmacology and implications for psoriasis treatment

Oral synthetic retinoids have been established as effective systemic therapy for psoriasis since their introduction for clinical use in the 1970s. Acitretin, the free acid of etretinate and its active metabolite, has replaced etretinate as the retinoid of choice for treating psoriasis because of its more favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Despite the demonstrated clinical success of retinoid therapy in psoriasis and other proliferative skin disorders, their mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Altered vitamin A metabolism, characterized by an increase in the formation of retinoic acid, has been demonstrated in psoriatic lesions and is potentially influenced by cytokines such as interferon gamma, which is present in high levels in these lesions. Synthetic retinoids such as acitretin may interfere with such cytokine-induced alterations. Studies on nuclear retinoic acid receptors have shown that acitretin activates all 3 receptor subtypes (RAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma) without measurable receptor binding; this paradox remains unexplained. Further studies on nuclear receptor binding and activity, including possible receptor crosstalk with vitamin D nuclear receptors, promise to enhance understanding of the usefulness of retinoids in treatment of psoriasis.
Isolation of mutants temperature-sensitive for expression of the transformed state from chemically transformed C3H/10T1/2 cells

58 MCA Cl 16 is an oncogenic methylcholanthrene-transformed variant of the non-transformed mouse embryo fibroblast cell line, C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8. Using two different protocols, we have isolated six temperature-sensitive mutants from N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treated cultures of 58 MCA Cl 16. C3H/10T1/2 Cl 8, 58 MCA Cl 16 and the six mutant lines were characterized with respect to several properties associated with the transformed state: morphology, saturation density, anchorage independence, cell surface morphology and growth in medium containing 1% fetal calf serum. In general, C3H/10T1/2 cells behaved as non-transformed, whether grown at 33 degrees C or 39.5 degrees C. The transformed parental line and all six mutants behaved as transformed cells at 33 degrees C. At 39.5 degrees C, only the parental transformed line retained the transformed phenotype. Three of the mutants revert towards non-transformed behavior at 39.5 degrees C for all of the properties tested. The remaining mutants are temperature-sensitive for some, but not all, transformed characteristics. Thus, while the expression of these transformed properties is sometimes coupled, we have been able to dissociate the expression of traits such as saturation density, anchorage independence and transformed morphology from each other. These mutants should prove to be valuable tools in the study of the mechanisms which underly the expression of the chemically-induced transformed state.
The association between patient activation and medication adherence, hospitalization, and emergency room utilization in patients with chronic illnesses: a systematic review

Abstract Objective A systematic review of the published literature on the association between the PAM (Patient Activation Measure) and hospitalization, emergency room use, and medication adherence among chronically ill patient populations. Methods A literature search of several electronic databases was performed. Studies published between January 1, 2004 and June 30, 2014 that used the PAM measure and examined at least one of the outcomes of interest among a chronically ill study population were identified and systematically assessed. Results Ten studies met the eligibility criteria. Patients who scored in the lower PAM stages (Stages 1 and 2) were more likely to have been hospitalized. Patients who scored in the lowest stage were also more likely to utilize the emergency room. The relationship between PAM stage and medication adherence was inconclusive in this review. Conclusion Chronically ill patients reporting low stages of patient activation are at an increased risk for hospitalization and ER utilization. Practical implications Future research is needed to further understand the relationship between patient activation and medication adherence, hospitalization and/or ER utilization in specific chronically ill (e.g. diabetic, asthmatic) populations. Research should also consider the role of patient activation in the development of effective interventions which seek to address the outcomes of interest.
Immunoglobulin GM and FcγRIIIa genotypes influence cytotoxicity of neuroblastoma cells

Abstract Immunoglobulin GM (γ marker) allotypes are strongly associated with neuroblastoma, but the mechanism is not known. One mechanism could involve antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of neuroblastoma cells. Using an ADCC inhibition assay, we show that IgG1 expressing GM 3 +,1 −,2 − allotypes blocked all phenylalanine-expressing FcγRIIIa present on NK cells, resulting in total inhibition of anti-GD2 antibody-mediated ADCC of GD2-overexpressing neuroblastoma cells. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of this protein was significantly lower when the NK cells were homozygous for the valine allele of FcγRIIIa (100 vs. 21%; p = 0.00004). These and other findings presented here could lead to a more effective immunotherapy of neuroblastoma.
Comparison of nutrient composition of parental rice and rice genetically modified with cowpea trypsin inhibitor in China

Abstract In order to compare the nutritional composition of parental rice and rice genetically modified (GM) with cowpea trypsin inhibitor (GM rice) that has been developed in China, the nutrient content (moisture, protein and amino acids, fat and carbohydrate, dietary fiber, ash, elements and vitamins) of parental and GM rice was analyzed and compared, using Chinese national standard methods or AOAC methods. The results showed that, except for small differences in fat and fatty acids, there was no significant difference between these two types of rice with respect to most of their nutrient composition. Therefore, we draw a conclusion from this preliminary comparison that the nutritional composition of this GM rice does not change with the insertion of a foreign gene. However, it should undergo further analyses to conclude whether it can meet the requirement of “substantial equivalence” in nutrient composition.
The Persuasive Effects of Source Credibility in Buy and Lease Situations

The persuasive impact of source credibility is examined in two situations. A highly credible source was more effective than a moderately credible source when the communication recommended buying a ...
Judge's Instruction on Eyewitness Testimony: Evaluation and Revision1

Studies of the reliability of eyewitness identification show that such testimony may frequently be inaccurate; because of this inherent unreliability, the law has established certain safeguards to the use of eyewitness evidence. One safeguard has been the development of an instruction that a judge may use to focus jurors' attention on the eyewitness issue. The effectiveness of this instruction has never been assessed, although other studies confirm that jurors frequently misunderstand or incorrectly use instructions they get from the judge. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate comprehension of this instruction in the context of a videotaped trial and to develop a simplified instruction that would be easier for jurors to understand. Compared to jurors who heard the existing instruction, those with the revised version were more knowledgeable of the factors to consider when listening to eyewitness testimony and were less likely to convict the defendant. A sample of superior court judges in the U.S. thought the simplified instruction was more effective than the existing version at conveying the intended legal concepts to the jury, but also rated it as more strongly biased toward the defense.
Sound vibration, a non-invasive stress: antagonism by diazepam.

Rats, subjected to sound-vibration stress, showed an abrupt increase in plasma corticosterone (CS). This stimulation was reliably produced using a Burgess brand “vibro-graver,” a standard tool used for engraving. With the tool set at “8” or coarse, the barrel of the tool was placed on the animal's flank and the point held against the side of the metal cage for 15 s. Plasma CS increased to 29.3±4.7 µg/dl at 15 min and 15.7±1.8 µg/dl at 30 min. These levels were significantly higher than animals pretreated with diazepam, 5 mg/kg IV, 2 h prior to stimulation (9.2±2.0 and 7.4±1.5 µg/dl, respectively). Animals which were pretreated with CGS-8216 (a mixed agonist/antagonist at the benzodiazepine receptor), 2 mg/kg IV, 30 min prior to diazepam had the protective effects of diazepam abolished. Sound/vibration produced a significant elevation in plasma CS in animals given CGS-8216 alone; but, this elevation was significantly lower than in vehicle-treated controls. This comparatively lower plasma CS level suggests a partial-agonist, diazepam-like effect by CGS-8216. Experiments were done in conscious unrestrained male Sprague-Dawley rats with chronic IV catheters. Except for 15 s stimulation exposure, all animals remained isolated in sound-attenuated one-way vision boxes for the duration of the serial blood sampling. Control stimulation exposure involved similar handling without turning on the engraving tool. These results demonstrate: 1) the usefulness of this tool to provide a repeatable stress stimulus; 2) the ability of diazepam to abolish the stress response; 3) that CGS-8216 can antagonize the action of diazepam; and 4) a demonstration of the partial agonist effects of CGS-8216.
Plasma adrenomedullin and obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with hypertension. The vasorelaxing peptide adrenomedullin (ADM) may counteract effects of OSA-induced release of vasopressor substances. Methods Plasma ADM levels were measured at 9:30 pm , 2:00 am (after 4 to 5 h of untreated OSA), and 6:00 am (after 4 h of continuous positive airway pressure treatment) in 15 OSA patients and in 10 controls. Results Baseline ADM levels were similar in the OSA and control groups (28.7 ± 6.7 v 27.7 ± 6.4 pg/mL, respectively), did not change overnight in either group, and were not affected by continuous positive airway pressure. Conclusions OSA does not exert any significant acute or chronic effects on plasma ADM levels.
The timing of hormone therapy for men with asymptomatic advanced prostate cancer.

Abstract The most appropriate time to introduce hormonal therapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer is a contentious issue. Recent prospective studies comparing immediate and deferred hormonal therapy (medical or surgical castration) on survival outcome are reviewed with the aim of redefining the most appropriate time to initiate hormonal therapy for individual patients. The evidence supports the use of immediate hormonal therapy in previously untreated patients with advanced disease (M1) and also the use of adjuvant hormonal therapy after radical prostatectomy and lymphadenectomy for node-positive (but clinically localized) disease. Immediate hormonal therapy may also be advantageous in advanced local/regional disease when it is the primary treatment contemplated (i.e., without any definitive curative therapy to the prostate), although not all studies show this. Adjuvant hormonal therapy has significantly improved survival in some studies in the radiotherapy setting; the lack of statistically significant benefits in other studies may be a result of the timing of hormonal therapy in relation to the administration of external beam irradiation. Decisions on the immediate initiation of hormonal therapy should also take into account the patient’s life expectancy and the side effects and long-term complications of androgen deprivation therapy. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that prostate cancer mortality has fallen in the USA. This decline in prostate cancer mortality is likely to be multifactorial with early application of hormonal therapy being one potential contributory factor. It is recommended that after an assessment of their disease risk, patients should be informed about the benefits and side effects of all potential treatment options and allowed to make an informed choice about their treatment.
Ca2+-induced permeability transition in human lymphoblastoid cell mitochondria from normal and Huntington's disease individuals.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is associated with expansion of polyglutamine tract in a protein named huntingtin (htt) that is expressed in virtually all body tissues. Thus mutated htt (HD-htt) might affect all organs, although clinical manifestations of HD are associated with selective loss of corticostriatal neurons of the brain. In this work we studied how HD-htt affects mitochondria in human peripheral blood cells. We compared various functions of mitochondria isolated from cultured lymphoblastoid cells derived from three HD patients with juvenile onset of the disease (HD-LBM) and three age-matched control (C-LBM) individuals. Respiratory parameters in different metabolic states, with succinate and glutamate plus malate were the same for all control and HD cell lines. State 4 membrane potential in HD-LBM was slightly lower than in C-LBM. The calcium retention capacity (CRC) of mitochondria was estimated using simultaneously several methods to register permeability transition (PT). We found that LBM do not undergo swelling upon Ca2+-induced PT, and do not increase CRC in the presence of ADP + oligomycin. Although each cell line had different CRC values, qualitatively PT was different in C-LBM and HD-LBM. With C-LBM cyclosporin A (CsA) increased CRC significantly, while with HD-LBM CsA was ineffective. In C-LBM depolarization of mitochondria and a large pore opening (PT) always occurred simultaneously. In HD-LBM depolarization occurred at 20–50% lower Ca2+ loads than PT. We suggest that HD-htt promotes low H+ conductance of the mitochondria by interacting with proteins at the contacts sites without directly promoting PT or hampering mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. (Mol Cell Biochem 269: 143–152, 2005)
Menstrual cycle and sex affect hemodynamic responses to combined orthostatic and heat stress

Women have decreased orthostatic tolerance compared with men, and anecdotal evidence suggests women are more susceptible to orthostatic intolerance in warm environments. Because estrogen and proges...
Association of Maternal Scaffolding to Maternal Education and Cognition in Toddlers Born Preterm and Full Term

Aim Parental behaviour described as ‘scaffolding’ has been shown to influence outcomes in at-risk children. The purpose of this study was to compare maternal verbal scaffolding in toddlers born preterm and full term. Methods The scaffolding behaviour of mothers of toddlers born preterm and healthy full term was compared during a 5-min videotaped free play session with standardized toys. We compared two types of scaffolding and their associations with socio-demographic, neonatal medical factors and cognition. Results The mothers of toddlers born full term used more complex scaffolding. Maternal education was associated with complex scaffolding scores for the preterm children only. Specifically, the preterm children who were sicker in the neonatal period, and whose mothers had higher education, used more complex scaffolding. In addition, children born preterm, who had less days of ventilation, had higher cognitive scores when their mothers used more complex scaffolding. Similarly, cognitive and scaffolding scores were higher for children born full term. Conclusion Our findings highlight early differences in mother–child interactive styles of toddlers born preterm compared with full term. Teaching parents play methods that support early problem-solving skills may support a child's method of exploration and simultaneously their language development.
Impact fatigue of PPS/glass composite — microscopy

Influence de l'orientation des fibres sur la duree de vie sous choc expliquee au moyen des concepts de mecanique de rupture et par microscopie
Energy demand models based on the translog and CES functions

Abstract The translog function is a flexible form but does not have good global properties. The CES function has good global properties but is not a flexible form. For energy demand models that should be valid in a large domain, global properties are important. The translog function provides a second-order approximation to the cost function, a first-order approximation to the factor share, and a zero-order approximation to the price elasticities of demand. If the translog function is used to forecast the response to a large price change, the forecast may have a significant error.
Peter Elbow's Rhetoric of Reading

in the student's hands, Elbow's approach to the teaching of writing appears to be revolutionary and freeing. Using such techniques as freewriting, open-ended writing, and other forms of private writing, Elbow encourages students to tap their own experience as a source for their writing and elevates the student's own resources over those of the academic community. Elbow's focus on the psychological and physical drives of the writer, the desire to be loved (Sharing and Responding) and the "compulsion to write" (Embracing 73), makes writing something that the teacher can share, but apparently not control or appropriate. Recently, however, composition theorists have been critical of the conservative political implications of Elbow's pedagogy, arguing that Elbow's rhetoric, defined variously as "Romantic expressivism" or "expressionistic," fails to empower students to effect change through language. These critics argue that Elbow's theory "hides the social nature of language" (Faigley 531) and teaches students how to "to assert a private vision, a vision which, despite its uniqueness, finally represents humankind's best nature" (Berlin 487). Notably though, those who criticize Elbow for being antisocial focus only on what Elbow has to say about writers and writing. In doing so, they overlook what Elbow has to say about the most social aspect of writing-the role of the reader and the exchange between writer and reader. In this essay I will examine Elbow's rhetoric of reading in order to suggest that these taxonomic critiques oversimplify his theoretical and pedagogical position within the field of composition studies. In fact, a closer examination of Elbow's rhetoric of reading reveals that the problem is not so much that he ignores the social, it's that he tries to control it. Like those who criticize him, Elbow would like to help students to demystify the social processes of the Academy, to balance the power between writer and reader within the social space of the composition classroom. In his attempt to control the transaction between writer and reader, however, Elbow reproduces the same hierarchy he wishes to dismantle. I will suggest, nonetheless, that there is a means by which the more liberating aspects of Elbow's rhetoric of reading might be kept intact.
Design of distributed optical fiber sensing instrument by functionally divided modules

Distributed optical fiber sensing technologies and corresponding instruments have been greatly developed in the recent 30 years. Many instruments such as optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), Brillouin optical time domain reflctometry (BOTDR), Brillouin optical time domain analyzer (BOTDA), Raman optical time domain reflectometry (ROTDR), coherent optical time domain reflectometry (COTDR), optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) and so on, have been playing important roles in structure health monitoring and other fields needing distributed status parameter sensing. However, these distributed optical fiber sensing instruments produced by different companies or institutes do not follow the same standards and their structure has huge difference. To build a universal structure standard for the distributed optical fiber sensing instruments (OFSI), a concept which adopts functionally divided modules to define OFSI is proposed and its feasibility is discussed. Generally, OFSI can be divided into five functional modules: controller module, pulse generator module, photo-electric module, signal gathering and processing modules and standard processing chassis module. Then the characteristics of OFSI are embodied mostly by the photo-electric modules. The novel method makes full use of the common functional parts and enhances the flexibility of OFSI, which can reduce the cost of OFSI. Additionally, to produce an instrument by functionally divided modules is a technical trend, and it will promote the standardization of OFSI.
Cultural treatments for accelerated growth and flowering of Panicum virgatum

Background: Exploiting heterosis through hybrid breeding is essential to increase biomass yields of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). However, life cycle timespan for clone evaluation for field evalu...
Formation of Cobalt (III) in the Amorphous FeOOH.nH2O Phase of Manganese Nodules

RECENT discussions1 on the nature of 3d transition-metal ions in sea water and in manganese nodules have rejected the possibility that oxidation of cobalt to Co (III) occurs in marine environments. A detailed electron microprobe study of manganese nodules2 from diverse geographical localities supports the belief3 that there is a cobalt–iron inter-element relationship in the nodules. Cobalt is enriched in the X-ray amorphous FeOOH.nH2O phase in those nodules which contain appreciable amounts of iron. The results indicate that Co (III) and Fe (III) constitute an ‘isomorphous’ pair in the amorphous (Fe,Co)OOH.nH2O phase, which may be recrystallized to geothite on treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
Microbiological oxidation of indole alkaloids

Abstract The introduction of a hydroxyl group at the 10-position of yohimbine by a culture of Streptomyces platensis has been demonstrated.
Calculation of the Dielectric Function for a Degenerate Electron Gas with Interaction. II. Frequency Dependence

Starting from an expression for the dielectric function earlier derived, we calculate explicitly the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ dependence of the $G(k,\ensuremath{\omega})$ function which describes correlation and exchange effects. The full frequency dependence of this function is found to be rather significant; in particular it improves the accuracy with which the $f$ sum rule is satisfied, which confirms the goodness of the approximations involved in the calculation of the dielectric function.
A note on teaching externalities: Distinguishing between consumption and production externalities

Abstract The vast majority of microeconomics textbooks present production externalities as negative and consumption externalities as positive. Yet, both producers and consumers can cause positive and negative externalities. By discussing all four cases of externalities and separating the price effects for buyers and sellers, authors would offer a much clearer exposition of externalities and help resolve the misconception that negative externalities lead to prices that are too low.
TH‐C‐J‐6B‐09: Image‐Guided Respiration‐Gated Treatment

Purpose: Respiratory gating based on external surrogates may have large uncertainty due to the unstable correlation between external and internal signals. The purpose of this work is to use the image guidance techniques to improve the precision of external gating. Method and Materials: The image‐guided gating procedure developed in this work including the following key components: 1) Varian RPM system for monitoring patient's respiration, 2) breath coaching technique to produce a reproducible breathing pattern intra‐ and inter‐fractionally, 3) 4D CT simulation to acquire the accurate tumor geometric information in the gating window, 4) gated on‐board kV x‐ray imaging to align the target position in the gating window, 5) gated treatment delivery, and 6) kV or EPID fluoros for treatment verification. Results: This procedure has been applied to liver and lung patients. Here we use a liver patient with implanted fiducial seeds as an example. The patient had a peak‐to‐peak motion of 2 cm under free breathing, which was reduced to less than 5 mm when gated at 30% duty cycle. The patient's breathing pattern was greatly improved with the coaching technique. The fiducial seeds detected in the gated on‐board x‐ray images were used for patient alignment, which indicated a 5 mm systematical error and ±5 mm random error in all three directions. The treatment was verified using the EPID in cine mode and it was found that the intra‐fraction residual seed motion was about 5 mm and the inter‐fraction seed motion was within +8.3/−4.5 mm in the SI direction. Conclusion: The utilization of image guidance techniques in simulation, patient setup, and treatment verification, along with breath coaching technique, can greatly increase the precision of the gating treatment based on external surrogates. Conflict of Interest: This work was partially supported by a research grant from Varian Medical Systems, Inc..
Theory and Operational Definitions in Computational Memory Models: A Response to Glenberg and Robertson

Abstract Glenberg and Robertson (2000) conducted three experiments to investigate the adequacy of high-dimensional memory models in accounting for the meaningful interpretation of sentences. They conclude that high-dimensional memory models (such as LSA and HAL) are inadequate as theories of meaning. As an alternative account, they offer an embodied approach to cognition—the indexical hypothesis. In this article, I detail how Glenberg and Robertson have failed to extend to the models they criticize the same considerations that are extended to the humans in their experiments. The model is evaluated without providing appropriate experience for the tests that are conducted. Moreover, testing a representational model (e.g., LSA) for processing considerations is inappropriate and ultimately contributes to what are serious flaws in their interpretation of their experimental results.
Disappearing Childhood: 6 Going on 16

(1985). Disappearing Childhood: 6 Going on 16. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 14-17.
Cajun is Dead – Long Live Cajun: Shifting from a Linguistic to a Cultural Community

Researchers have reported an evolution or change in progress in the Cajun identity, though their intuitions have not been confirmed empirically. The traditional membership borders of what a community consists of no longer apply in the case of Cajun. In order to understand these questions of identity and belonging, and to scientifically control the interpretation of the linguistic behavior of Cajun speakers, a general survey has been conducted on the linguistic attitudes and cultural identity of a sample of 929 individuals stratified by age and sex from four communities. Our results show that Cajun identity rests fundamentally in the linguistic ability of the speakers, regardless of the age group one is in: the more one has access to the Cajun language, the more one self-identifies as Cajun. In general, respondents claim that the necessary criteria to be considered Cajun are just those criteria that they themselves satisfy. We will demonstrate that there appear to be several ‘paths’ to take insofar as the Cajun community identity in Louisiana is concerned. However, this segmentation obviously has not been established or maintained without creating considerable tension between members of the cultural Cajun community.
Ignition of Metals at High Temperatures in Oxygen

Material flammability is thought to increase with increasing oxygen concentration, increasing pressure, and increasing temperature. Interest in the effects of increasing pressure and increasing sample temperature on the flammability of metals led to an industry-sponsored program for heated promoted combustion testing of metals. In this paper, the results of heated promoted combustion tests from the industry-sponsored 98-1 program are reported. Thirteen materials were tested as heated 3.2-mm (1/8-in.) diameter rods in an enriched oxygen, elevated pressure environment. Tests were performed in 100 % oxygen, and the temperature of the sample rods varied between 260 and 1093°C with test pressures ranging from 0.2 to 2.8 MPa. The test materials were 316 stainless steel, Incology® 800 HT, Hastelloy® C-276, Hastelloy C-22, Inconel® Filler Metal 601, Inconel Filler Metal 617, Haynes® 230, Haynes 214, Hastelloy X, 310 stainless steel, alonized Haynes 230, 304 stainless steel, and alonized Incoloy 800 HT.
Cognitive engineering principles for enhancing human-computer performance

Many computer systems today are not satisfactory to their users. Often the user interface does not receive the attention that it deserves, even though to the user, the interface is the most important part of the computer system. Further, many interfaces are not designed with reference to how humans process information. This research addressed this problem by designing and evaluating a cognitively engineered interface. Cognitive engineering of a human‐computer interface is the leveraging of empirical findings from the cognitive sciences and application of those findings to the design of the interface. It was hypothesized that a cognitively engineered interface is superior to interfaces that are not cognitively engineered. Ten cognitive‐design principles were extracted from the literature and explicitly applied to the design of an interface. Reaction time, accuracy, workload, and preference for this interface were experimentally determined and compared with that of two other interfaces. The other two interf...
Cellular dysfunction in sepsis

Abstract Sepsis produces a characteristic hypermetabolic and hyperdynamic circulatory state. If this response is not reversed, multiple organ failure follows with a high mortality rate. The cellular dysfunction that results in overt organ failure is not clear. Changes in oxygen delivery and consumption in septic patients have raised questions concerning the adequacy of cellular energy stores to maintain cellular function and integrity. Animal septic models have, however, allowed direct determinations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and mitochondrial function and correlation with other measurements of cell function. In fact, studies indicate that cellular energy stores and mitochondrial function are well-maintained at a time when cellular abnormality can be demonstrated. In early sepsis, is, 10 hours following cecal ligation and puncture, abnormalities in cell membrane function and membrane potential are present, while ATP levels are maintained. In addition, although there is an absolute increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis, the response to substrate and hormonal stimulation in isolated perfused liver from rats in early sepsis is altered. In late sepsis, is, 16 hours after cecal ligation and puncture, ATP levels decrease and lactate increases. These findings are consistent with tissue hypoxia resulting from hypoperfusion in late sepsis. Thus, it appears that cellular functions are adversely affected in early sepsis, suggesting that the persistence of deleterious effects of sepsis, if not reversed, may lead to organ failure. Certainly, when hypoperfusion occurs in this setting, cellular energy stores appear to decrease, increasing the risk of organ failure and death.
Methamphetamine use and adverse consequences in the rural southern United States: an ethnographic overview

Research on methamphetamine use and related issues often uses data from in-treatment and post-treatment populations in urban areas. Rural ethnographic studies are less common, particularly self-assessments by active methamphetamine users that explore use patterns and their adverse consequences. Such work is especially rare in the rural South, where illicit methamphetamine manufacture and use have recently been increasing. This article presents an ethnographic overview of methamphetamine use in rural Kentucky and Arkansas based on qualitative interviews conducted with 34 active, not-in-treatment, primary methamphetamine users. Methamphetamine supply, distribution, and prevalence of methamphetamine use are described. Pathways and motivations for methamphetamine use and use patterns are outlined as well. A discussion of the adverse consequences and potential risks of methamphetamine use follows. The findings indicate that informed drug treatment outreach and reduction of potential adverse consequences among methamphetamine users in rural areas are important issues for public health and for interventions.
Regret, Valuation, and Inaction Inertia☆

Abstract In three experiments we sought to determine the cause of the “inaction inertia” effect, which occurs when bypassing an initial opportunity decreases the likelihood that a subsequent similar action will be taken. Experiment 1 required some participants to estimate their likelihood of buying shoes as a function of the magnitude and geographical location of an earlier forsaken bargain; others estimated their amount of regret over failing to take advantage of the bargain. The inverse relation between regret and propensity to buy strongly implicated regret as the cause of inaction inertia. In Experiment 2 we found evidence that experienced regret over having missed an earlier bargain rather than anticipated regret over paying too much for the subsequent purchase was the source of our participants' inaction inertia. In Experiment 3 we demonstrated through a mediational analysis that those who had missed a large bargain placed a significantly lower value on the subsequent purchase opportunity than those who earlier had missed a more modest bargain. This difference in valuation, along with experienced regret, are two factors which play a significant mediational role in the inaction inertia effect.
Video rate Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging using compressive sensing

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool for nano-size imaging. The advantage of AFM is that it can get extraordinary high resolution image at atom level. However, AFM obtains the sample topography image through scanning on the top of sample line by line, therefore it takes couples minutes to get an image and this negative point makes it difficult to continuously observe surface change during manipulation. In this paper, a novel approach for compressive sensing based video rate AFM imaging system is proposed. In this method, compressive sensing is used for sampling topography information of sample surface efficiently. Compressive sensing could use fewer measurements for data sensing to recovery the image through image reconstruction algorithm. This technique decreases the scanning time for AFM scanner because of fewer measurements needed. The video rate for this new approach could reach as high as 1.75 seconds per frame.
Electrophysiological correlates of state-dependent learning

Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with recording electrodes in both the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and the anterior polysensory cortex. After recovery, they were trained in a state-dependent learning paradigm utilizing a two-way shuttle avoidance procedure. We found that the animals trained under 15 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital learned the task faster than the saline-trained animals. Both recording sites showed a frequency difference between avoidance trials and error trials. Only the MRF showed a significant change in frequency at the onset of a trial. After criterion was reached, the animals were given overtraining trials. It was found that transfer to the opposite drug state was related positively to the amount of overtraining given. The MRF frequency in the test situation showed a difference between trials in which there was a response and those in which there was not. These results are discussed in relation to John’s hypothesized circuits mediating the retrieval of memory.
Industry's Response to Market Liberalization in China: Evidence from Jiangsu Province

Introduction More than a decade has passed since China's communist party endorsed major economic reform at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in December 1978. The reforms have addressed many problems, but efficiency has been the focus of concern. To improve efficiency, China has introduced market mechanisms and reversed its import substitution policies. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether industrial productivity has increased as a result, using Jiangsu Province as a case study. The background of market liberalization in China is years of development centered on a radical import substitution strategy, which was both international and regional. China is not alone in its reconsideration of import substitution and the role of the market versus the public sector. The oil price increases in the 1970s resulted in serious debt problems for many developing countries, forcing them to turn to market liberalization and export promotion. The former eastern bloc countries are also in the process of radical domestic and international market reorientation as they restructure their formerly planned systems that had favored import substitution. Some discussions in the development literature have also been critical of import substitution in favor of outward-looking strategies,1 while others argue that markets and export promotion are not a panacea.2 In these discussions the example of China is often raised with respect to its particular experience with import substitution followed by an "open door" policy with market liberalization. But while it is clear that reforms have caused radical changes in China's economic system, well beyond what might have been expected to ensue in 1978, the question remains as to whether economic performance improved during the 1980s as a result of the reform efforts.
Is a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier cause or effect?

Abstract Several alternative explanations for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease proposed by Hardy et al. are presented. From our vantage point, the amyloid deposition and alterations in the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease are less likely related to impaired projections of locus ceruleus, nucleus basalis, and raphe nucleus than to a primary insult to the blood vessels produced by a humoral or cell-mediated immune attack. Such an attack would then be associated with the formation of neuritic plaques which increasingly engulf pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuronal constituents as well as surrounding glia. Such a process could then interrupt the retrograde trophic effects of post-synaptic cortical cells upon projecting subcortical cells, resulting in degeneration of the projecting cells and impairment of cognitive function characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
Structural studies on proteoglycan catabolism in rabbit articular cartilage explant cultures.

Abstract Mature rabbit articular cartilage cultures have been used to study the catabolism of aggregating proteoglycan monomers in normal cartilage. During the first 4 days of culture, about 40% of monomers are degraded and lose the ability to bind to hyaluronate. The non-aggregating products (NAgg-PG) have been isolated and compared structurally and immunologically to aggregating monomers (Agg-PG) purified from fresh tissue. The results show that: (1) NAgg-PG are smaller, more heterogeneous in size and have a lower protein/glycosaminoglycan ratio than Agg-PG. (2) NAgg-PG and Agg-PG have a very similar chondroitin sulfate/keratan sulfate ratio. (3) NAgg-PG have 25–50% lower disulfide content than Agg-PG. (4) NAgg-PG have only about 20% of the reactivity of Agg-PG towards a monoclonal antibody ( 12−20 1- C -6 ) specific for the hyaluronate binding region of the core protein. These results provide further evidence that proteoglycan catabolism in cartilage explants involves proteolysis of core protein resulting in separation of the hyaluronate binding region from the glycosaminoglycan-rich regions.
Playing Fair: The Contribution of High-Functioning Recess to Overall School Climate in Low-Income Elementary Schools.

BACKGROUND: Recess is a part of the elementary school day with strong implications for school climate. Positive school climate has been linked to a host of favorable student outcomes, from attendance to achievement. We examine 6 low-income elementary schools' experiences implementing a recess-based program designed to provide safe, healthy, and inclusive play to study how improving recess functioning can affect school climate. METHODS: Data from teacher, principal, and recess coach interviews; student focus groups; recess observations; and a teacher survey are triangulated to understand the ways that recess changed during implementation. Comparing schools that achieved higher- and lower-functioning recesses, we link recess functioning with school climate. RESULTS: Recess improved in all schools, but 4 of the 6 achieved a higher-functioning recess. In these schools, teachers and principals agreed that by the end of the year, recess offered opportunities for student engagement, conflict resolution, pro-social skill development, and emotional and physical safety. Respondents in these four schools linked these changes to improved overall school climate. CONCLUSIONS: Recess is an important part of the school day for contributing to school climate. Creating a positive recess climate helps students to be engaged in meaningful play and return to class ready to learn. Language: en
Alternative vacuum interrupter envelopes using glass-ceramic materials

The envelopes for vacuum interrupters may be made of any suitable materials such as glass, glass-ceramic, porcelain or alumina ceramic. Glass-ceramic materials offer superior dielectric properties over alumina ceramic envelopes in addition to their ability to join successfully with many different metals and alloys. In this study many new glass-ceramic compositions have been investigated which offer the required refractory behaviour making glass-ceramic-to-metal seals suitable for a single-shot seal-off cycle. The net-forming of glass-ceramic to metal seal combinations opens up new design avenues with the potential to be cost-effective. Glass-ceramic housings have end-of-life recycling potential and therefore, offer environmental benefits. The study shows that new glass-ceramic-to metal seal envelopes are cost-effective if used in novel shapes and sizes. With novel designs, the total interrupter cost is likely to come down due to the reduction in the number of components, weight of metal components and lower jigging costs. A novel load break switch (LBS) design is presented which uses fewer components thus reducing material cost. A new design to extend LBS to higher voltage ratings is described to make vacuum interrupters suitable for wider applications. It has been shown how different features can be incorporated into the glass-ceramic envelopes to attach vapour shields or provide external sheds or corrugations to enhance their dielectric behaviour.