cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-insensitive long-period gratings for strain and refractive index sensing

Long-period gratings have recently been demonstrated as highly versatile strain, temperature and refractive index sensors that can be implemented with simple demodulation schemes. The cross-sensitivity of long-period gratings to ambient temperature variations can be a limiting factor in applications that require their use as strain or refractive index sensors. The thermal-induced spectral shift in the grating transmission spectrum can be attributed to the material and waveguide changes in the grating characteristics. By designing special optical fiber refractive index profiles, these two effects can be counter- balanced to produce gratings that have an order of magnitude smaller temperature wavelength shift than conventional long- period gratings. We present experimental results for strain and refractive index sensors using these temperature insensitive long-period gratings. Such transducers are shown to possess strain- and refractive index-induced wavelength shifts that are comparable to those of standard gratings. The cross-sensitivity to temperature is determined at different magnitudes of strain and ambient index to determine the effectiveness of these gratings in practical applications.
Three-dimensional line interpretation via local processing

The interpretation of line drawings is known to be very difficult, and has a long history in vision research. However for certain restricted but important types of drawings we have been able to produce good 3-D interpretations quite efficiently using only local image-plane computations. The types of drawings we can handle are line drawings of 3-D space curves, for instance, a drawing of the 3-D path followed by a butterfly or a line drawing of a potato chip. Such line drawings are, of course, intrinsically ambiguous - there is simply not enough information in the 2-D image to arrive at a unique 3-D interpretation. Despite this difficulty, there remains the fact that for any given image all people see pretty much exactly the same 3-D interpretation (or sometimes a small number of interpretations). People, therefore, must be bringing additional knowledge or assumptions to the problem. In this paper we show that by picking the smoothest 3-D space curve that is consistent with the image data we can obtain a 3-D interpretation which is very similar to the people's interpretation. The teleological motivation for selecting the smoothest 3-D space curve is that it is the most stable 3-D interpretation, and thus in one sense the most likely 3-D interpretation. The process of computing the smoothest 3-D space curve is carried out by simple, local processing that can be implemented by a neural network.
Misonidazole neurotoxicity in the mouse: evaluation of functional, pharmacokinetic, electrophysiologic and morphologic parameters.

Abstract The neurotoxic effects of chronic administration of misonidazole (0.3 mg/g/day, 5 times weekly) were investigated in Balb/cKa mice over 12 weeks; a variety of measurements were used, including functional and clinical performance, morphologic, electrophysiologic and pharmacokinetic parameters. The half life of drug for a single dose was greater in brain (3 hrs) compared to serum (1.2 hrs); these values decreased to 1.9 hrs and 1.0 hrs respectively after 3 weeks. Misonidazole induced a peripheral lesion after three weeks with a total administered dose of 13.5 g/m2 or exposure dose of 57 to 75 mM X hrs, which is similar to the doses that cause neuropathy in humans. There was some suggestion of a central neurological deficit related to locomotor control and balance; however, no gross morphological damage was found in the brain. The sequence of effects demonstrated began at 3–4 weeks and included: 1) morphologic damage to peripheral nerves; 2) hyperactivity and listlessness; 3) a decrease in rotarod retention time which reached a value 50% of that of saline injected control mice at 8–10 weeks; 4) walking on tip-toes with a slightly hunched back (4–6 weeks); and 5) an increase in hind foot splay (6–7 weeks). The morphologic damage primarily involved the more distal portions of the nerves supplying the interosseous muscles and footpads of the hind limbs. The damage was more severe and progressed more rapidly with time in these distal areas compared to the more proximal regions of the nerves. No marked changes were found in nerve conduction velocity although neuropathy produced by acrylamide produced significant decreases. The changes in neurological parameters reported here may be useful in the further evaluation of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers.
Patterns of cell loss and repopulation in irradiated cultures of plateau phase C3H 10T1/2 cells

Summary Patterns of cell loss and repopulation were studied in plateau phase cultures of slowly-cycling, contact-inhibited C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts following large single, and multiple small doses of 137 Cs-gamma rays. A progressive, dose-independent cell loss was apparent within days after irradiation with large single doses, and similar patterns of loss were observed following the start of multifraction irradiations. This progressive cell loss culminated in the loss of integrity of the monolayer of cells, a loss of contact-inhibition, and therefore, an increased rate of cell division. The time of onset of measurable repopulation, and the time required to completely repopulate a culture varied with the number of clonogenic cells present at the time of breakdown of the monolayer. For cultures receiving multiple irradiations over time periods greater than those required for breakdown of the monolayer, repopulation began to occur during treatment, and its rate varied with the average dose per fraction being delivered. Thus, repopulation did not start immediately after the start of irradiation, but needed a triggering event, in this case, a decrease to a critical level in the cell density. Once initiated, repopulation was able to decrease or even eliminate the effectiveness of subsequent doses in reducing the number of viable cells per culture. To the extent that the responses of slowly-cycling, contact-inhibited cells in vitro can be applied to interpret the radiation responses of cell populations in vivo, these results further support the notion that it may be necessary, in some cases, to account for an increasing contribution from repopulation with increasing overall treatment time in dose fractionation isoeffect formulae use for predicting tissue tolerances or tumor control.
The Leader as the Face of a Crisis: Philip Morris' CEO's Speeches During the 1990s

This research investigated Philip Morris' crisis communication management strategies during the 1990s through the study of its CEO's speeches. This analysis explored the company's maneuvers to camouflage controversies in acceptable social expectations. Pairing framing theory with centering resonance analysis, this research found 3 distinct frames: profitable multinational (1994–1996), litigation target (1997–1998), and corporate good citizen (1999–2001). Avoidance of talk about health issues indicated the company's strategic adaptation to a shifting legal and public opinion climate, as it sought to authenticate its right to do business by reframing the notion of corporate responsibility away from healthy products and toward high-price philanthropy.
Estimating left ventricular contractility using inspiratory-hold maneuvers.

To compare estimates of left ventricular (LV) end-systolic elastance created by inferior vena caval (IVC) occlusion with those by apneic continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Prospective interventional study in a university large animal research laboratory. Sixteen intact, pentobarbital-anesthetized mongrel male dogs. Insertion of LV conductance and pressure catheters, then during apnea sequentially performed IVC occlusion and CPAP of 5, 10, and 15 mmHg for 10 s, each interspersed by positive-pressure breathing. In the final 11 dogs runs were repeated during both esmolol (2 mg min-1) and dobutamine (5 μg kg-1 min-1) infusions. LV pressure-volume relationships during apneic baseline and then as LV end-diastolic volume decreased by each maneuver to calculate LV end-systolic elastance and preload-recruitable stroke work as measures of contractility. End-systolic elastance estimated at 5 mmHg CPAP levels and IVC occlusions were similar while 10 and 15 mmHg CPAP gave different values. However, end-systolic elastance was lower during esmolol infusion and higher during dobutamine for all CPAP and IVC occlusion maneuvers. Preload-recruitable stroke work measures were similar across maneuvers. With increasing CPAP the LV filling and end-systolic elastance were progressively shifted upward and to the left, with volume on the x-axis, consistent with an unaccounted for increase in intrathoracic pressure. The use of 5 mmHg CPAP-induced preload-reduction allows estimation of LV end-systolic elastance and preload-recruitable stroke work in intact dogs. Increasing CPAP to more than 10 mmHg creates estimates of LV contractility that are different but covary with IVC occlusion-derived values.
Guy Debord's The Society of the Spectacle

This column discusses the 40th anniversary of Guy Debord's The Society of the Spectacle and the Situationist International group. The author juxtaposes a few brief historical snapshots with definitions of key terms and paraphrases some important ideas and events. The author also refers to selected texts and Internet sources by and about Debord and the situationists. Readers who subsequently engage with these texts and Internet sources should be able to discover the relevance of Debord and the SI to current discourses of critical media literacy.
Premonitory effects in Cu3Au near the order-disorder transformation

Abstract Just above the order—disorder critical temperature (T c) in Cu3Au several unusual effects have been reported: (1) The ratio of diffuse intensity at the 003 position to that at the 001 decreases markedly. (2) There is a sudden increase in the total diffuse X-ray scattering due to mean-square displacements. (3) Phonon groups broaden. (4) Optical modes appear. Additional details of these effects are described here. Also it is shown that: (5) there are no significant changes in the phonon dispersion curves; and (6) there is a marked increase in (quasi-static) anharmonic interactions (which were observed in the X-ray diffraction pattern). All of these unusual effects are interpreted as arising from long-lived fluctuations above T c, like the low temperature ordered phase. The results suggest these fluctuations contain a high density of thick antiphase boundary.
New mixed-metal sulfido metal carbonyl complexes by insertion of metal carbonyl groups into the S-S bond of CpMoMn(CO)5(μ-S2)

The disulfido compound CpMoMn(CO)5(μ-S2) (1) reacted with CpCo(CO)2 to yield two products, Cp2MoMnCo(CO)5(μ3-S)2 (2) and Cp2MoMn(CO)3OCo(μ3-S)2 (3), by insertion of a CpCo group into the S−S bond of 1. Compound 2 was found to consist of an open MoMnCo cluster with one Mo−Mn bond (2.849(2) A, one Mn−Co bond (2.605(3) A, and two triply bridging sulfido ligands. Compound 3 consists of a closed triangular CoMnMo cluster with triply bridging sulfido ligands on each side of the CoMnMo plane. Compound 3 was obtained from 2 by treatment with Me3NO. Reaction of 1 with Fe2(CO)9 yielded the complex CpMoMnFe(CO)8(μ3-S)2 (4). Reaction of 1 with Ru3(CO)12 yielded the ruthenium homologue of 4, CpMoMnRu(CO)8(μ3-S)2 (5), and a minor product, CpMoRu3(CO)9(μ3-S)2(μ-H) (6), that contains no manganese. Compounds 4 and 5 are structurally similar to 2 but contain an M(CO)3 group in place of the CpCo group. Compound 6 contains a butterfly cluster of four metal atoms with two triply bridging sulfido ligands and one bridging hydri...
Indenyl Complexes of Manganese(II). Conformational Flexibility of the Manganese(II)−(RnC9H7−n) Bond

Bis(cyclopentadienyl) complexes (Cp2M) of the divalent first-row transition metals V−Ni have been known and used for over 50 years. For almost as long, an analogous series of compounds has been known with the indenyl ligand (i.e., Ind2M), with the conspicuous exception of M = Mn. Bis(indenyl) complexes of manganese(II), Ind′2MnLn, have now been synthesized by halide metathesis from MnCl2 and an appropriate potassium indenide. Depending on the indenyl ligand substituents and the presence of coordinated bases, a variety of structural motifs and bonding modes of the indenyl ligand are found in the resulting complexes. Single-crystal X-ray structures obtained for [2-(SiMe3)C9H6]2Mn, [1,3-(SiMe3)2C9H5]2Mn, and [1,3-(i-Pr)2C9H5]2Mn confirm that they possess classic η5-bound sandwich structures. In contrast, the unsubstituted parent complex recrystallizes from THF as a disolvate with two differently bonded indenyl ligands: i.e., (η3-C9H7)(η1-C9H7)Mn(thf)2. Without the coordinated solvent, density functional theo...
Modulation of circuits underlying rhythmic behaviors

What have we learned about behavior from neuromodulatory studies of the crustacean stomatogastric system? The emphasis of this paper has been on the analysis of one single class of behaviors (rhythmic) in terms of microcircuitry (synaptic connections between identified neurons). But in the general case, all behaviors result from the generation of spatio-temporal patterns by the central nervous system. How individual nerve cells interact with each other to produce such patterns is of fundamental interest. We know from work on simple networks that it is possible to link the circuitry of the nervous system with behavior in a precise way, and that instead of a large number of dedicated circuits, behaviors can be altered by chemically adjusting the functional properties of the neuronal elements. One circuit can be configured to perform a variety of different behaviors by activating neurons which contain neuromodulatory substances or in response to neurohormones circulating in the hemolymph. At present we know only a few of the ways neuromodulatory neurons are triggered to release their contents onto the neurons making up CPGs. The findings described here raise many questions. What are the parameters which control the distribution of neuromodulatory substances throughout the nervous system? What happens when more than one neuromodulator is present? At the cellular level, what mechanisms are involved in transforming each neuron from one functional state to another, and then how does the entire constellation of changes give rise to a new output? It is important to answer such questions in reduced networks, because there are presently no techniques available to answer them in the more complex networks of the brain. While there is no question that modulatory activity occurs in the brain, whether or not the principles which have been discovered by using “simple” invertebrate circuits scale up to vertebrate circuits remains an intriguing question.
Probing the interior of asteroids and comets using radio reflection tomography

Asteroids and comets are of great scientific interest: their interior structure and composition, which are poorly known, provide information about conditions and processes that occurred during the early stages of solar system development. They are also of interest for social and economic reasons. Their proximity to Earth and abundance in the solar system make them potential sources of raw materials as well as a threat, as evidenced by past catastrophic impacts. Information on their composition and structure is therefore important to assess both the potential benefit of these objects and mitigate the potential risk they pose. This paper describes the use of radio reflection tomography for studying the interiors of asteroids and comets. We discuss technical issues regarding benefits and challenges of implementing a radio reflection tomography instrument and present potential solutions. This paper addresses a range of topics including (1) data collection scenarios, (2) data processing and inversion, and (3) instrument implementation. A "strawman" instrument capable of imaging the full interior of an asteroid or a comet with dimensions of a few kilometers is presented. Such an instrument can play a significant role in studying the near-Earth objects, both for scientific and socio-economic purposes.
Laser Spectroscopy of TiO: Accurate Term Energies for the Singlet States and Ligand Field Assignment of States in the Range 0 to 4 eV

Abstract The wavelength-resolved fluorescence excitation technique has been used to record the (2,0) band of the C 3 Δ 3 - a 1 Δ transition, and the (2,3) and (2,4) bands of the C 3 Δ 3 - X 3 Δ 3 electronic transition of TiO at a resolution of 0.03 cm −1 . These data were combined with a previous high-resolution analysis of the C 3 Δ- X 3 Δ system (T. Gustavsson, C. Amiot, and J. Verges, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 145, 56-65, 1991) to obtain accurate term energies for the singlet states of TiO. The term energy for the first excited a 1 Δ state is T 0 ( a 1 Δ) = 3444.367 ± 0.020 cm −1 . This value differs significantly from the previously derived value of T 0 ( a 1 Δ) = 3448.33 ± 0.04 cm −1 (A. I. Kobylyanskii, A. N. Kulikov, and L. V. Gurvich, Opt. Spectrosc. 54, 254-255, 1983). Ligand field theory models were used to analyze the electronic structures of TiO, TiS, and TiCl + .
Observations on the palaeoecology, population structure and body weight of some Tertiary hominoids

Two empirically based methodologies for estimating primate home range (HR) and population density (D) have been developed, the deriving of such parameters being a function of body weight (BW) or rainfall (RF). Living primate data provide an independent check upon the HR estimates derived from BW for extinct taxa. Such estimates are calculated and considerations of inexactitude discussed for A. zeuxis, P. africanus, R. punjabicus and the Plio-Pleistocene hominids. Palaeoclimatological data indicate that deriving HR and D estimates as a function of RF has significance only for extinct taxa of late Miocene and succeeding times. Such estimates are discussed with reference to the influence of topographic variation and cyclical trends in precipitation patterns over both short and long term intervals. A discrepancy in hominid D estimates is noted between those figures derived from the empirical models investigated and those provided by ethnographic data and direct examination of palaeontologic evidence.
p21Waf1/Cip1 as a therapeutic target in breast and other cancers

The cyclin kinase inhibitor p21, originally described as a universal inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, has since been shown to have additional functions other than CDK inhibition. It is likely that a key role of p21 is to keep cells alive after DNA damage and subsequent p53 induction, in order for the cell to effect repairs. Thus, the increase in p21 seen in some cancers may impart these cells with a survival advantage. Here we discuss how this antiapoptotic aspect of p21 makes it an attractive target for cancer therapy; attenuation of p21 in malignant cells may subvert the normal repair process induced by DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents and thus make such drugs more effective.
Rationale and design of the National Registry of Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Cardiovascular Conditions (GenTAC)

Background Although the management of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) has improved significantly, patients presenting with aortic dissections, rupture, or other acute complications of TAAs continue to have high rates of morbidity and mortality. Accumulating data have indicated that many TAAs are due to underlying gene mutations. A comprehensive approach to the study of TAAs resulting from genetic mutations is needed to translate this information into advances in treatment. Objective The National Registry of Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Cardiovascular Conditions (GenTAC) was established to provide a biospecimen inventory and bioinformatics infrastructure to enable research to advance the clinical management of genetically triggered TAAs and related complications. Methods GenTAC is a longitudinal observational cohort study enrolling patients with conditions related to genetically induced TAAs from 5 regional clinical centers in the United States. Results More than 700 subjects with associated clinical histories, physical examinations, imaging data, and biospecimens have been enrolled in the Registry to date. Enrollment is expected to continue until September 2010. Total enrollment of nearly 3,000 subjects is expected. No interim analysis has yet been undertaken. Conclusions GenTAC has been established to facilitate studies by GenTAC investigators and others that will advance multiple scientific frontiers in thoracic aortic disease. Genotypic, proteomic, clinical, and imaging data will be integrated systematically with outcomes data to determine the optimal clinical management of patients with genetically induced TAAs.
Optimizing Water Washing Process for Sunflower Heads before Pectin Extraction

Most pigment in sunflower heads is water soluble, but is strongly associated with extractable pectin. Washing sunflower heads before pectin extraction is necessary to remove pigment and improve pectin quality. An undesirable side effect is loss of water-soluble pectin. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to determine effects of variables and to optimize washing conditions for minimum pectin loss with maximum pigment removal. Benchscale washing experiments were carried out at 70-80°C for 10-30 min at water/solid ratios (v/w) of 20 :1 to 40 : 1, respectively. Both removal of water-soluble pigments and loss of pectin from sunflower tissue increased with increasing temperature, washing time, and water/solid ratio. Optimum conditions were 74.8°C for 25 min at a 25 :1 water/solid ratio. This resulted in removal of 56.47% of the pigment, but loss of 2.90% of the pectin, which is practicable for the sunflower pectin industry.
Simultaneous measurements of velocity and density in buoyancy-driven mixing

A variant of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is described for measuring velocity and density simultaneously in a turbulent Rayleigh–Taylor mixing layer. The velocity field is computed by the usual PIV technique of cross-correlating two consecutive images, and deducing particle displacements from correlation peaks of intensity fields. Different concentrations of seed particles are used in the two streams of different temperature (density) fluids, and a local measure of the density is obtained by spatially averaging over an interrogation window. Good agreement is reported between the first- and second-order statistics for density obtained from this technique and from a thermocouple. Velocity–density correlations computed by cross-correlating individual time series are presented. The errors in the density measurements are quantified and analyzed, and the issue of spatial resolution is also discussed. Our purpose for this paper is to introduce the PIV-S method and validate its accuracy against corresponding thermocouple measurements.
FLUORODENSITOMETRIC ASSAY OF PATULIN IN APPLE PRODUCTS

A fluorodensitometric assay was developed for quantitative analysis of patulin in apple products. The procedure involves extraction of patulin from apple products with ethyl acetate, cleanup with silica gel column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. A fluorescent derivative, obtained by exposure of patulin on thin-layer chromatographic plates to concentrated ammonia fumes, permits convenient quantitative fluorodensitometric assay of patulin. The detection limits were 0.1 μg of pure patulin and 1.0 mg of patulin per liter of apple juice. The mean fluorodensitometric recovery of patulin from apple juice was 97.5%.
Trading Places: Industries for Free Trade

Many scholars expected U.S. trade policy in the 1970s and beyond to look like that of the 1920s and 1930s—i.e., to be marked by widespread and high levels of protectionism. The American market, however, remained relatively open. One central reason was the growth of antiprotectionist sentiment among American firms. Firms now opposed protection because they had developed extensive ties to the international economy through exports, multinational production, and global intrafirm trade. The development of these international ties by the 1970s reduced protectionist pressure by American firms even when they were faced with serious import competition: protection had become too costly. The preferences of these firms also seemed to affect trade policy outcomes, turning them away from protection.
Polarization effects in heavy Λ decays

Abstract Within the framework of the heavy quark effective theory, we study the process Λ c + →Λl + ν, with emphasis on the polarization structure in the decay. Assuming factorization of the amplitude, we perform a similar analysis for the decay Λ c + →Λπ + . The asymmetry parameter, α, is predicted to be −1 for this decay. We point out that in a certain limit, the results we obtain are also valid for the corresponding Λ b →Λ c decays.
Ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid versus moxalactam therapy of osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and skin and soft tissue infections

A controlled, randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid with moxalactam was carried out in 25 evaluable patients with bone, joint, and skin or skin structure infections. Of the 13 patients in the ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid-treated group, nine had osteomyelitis, two had septic arthritis, one had cellulitis, and one had a wound infection. Four of the 12 moxalactam-treated patients had osteomyelitis, one had septic arthritis, and the other seven had cellulitis and/or infected ulcers. A total of 21 causative organisms were isolated in the group treated with ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid: Enterobacteriaceae (10), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (five), obligate anaerobes (three), Staphylococcus aureus (two), and Acinetobacter species (one). Cultures in the moxalactam-treated group yielded 23 pathogens: Enterobacteriaceae (seven), S. aureus (six), group B streptococci (four), P. aeruginosa (two), obligate anaerobes (two), Streptococcus pyogenes (one), and Aeromonas species (one). A cure or satisfactory response was achieved in 12 of the 13 (92 percent) patients who received ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid and in 10 of the 12 (83 percent) patients who received moxalactam. One patient with septic arthritis who received ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid had a relapse during therapy, as did one moxalactam-treated patient with a post-surgical wound infection. The other patient in whom moxalactam treatment failed had a wound infection that became reinfected. Some abnormalities in laboratory parameters occurred in each group, but none was severe enough to warrant discontinuation of treatment.
Postural stress experienced by vaginal surgeons

Increasing attention has been drawn to the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among surgeons in various medical specialties; however, the risk of work-related MSDs among gy...
Normal and Hard Braking Behavior at Stop Signs and Traffic Signals

A testbed intersection violation warning system was developed to address the problem of intersection crashes. The effectiveness of such systems is fundamentally dependent on the driver-braking model used to decide if a warning should be issued to the driver. If the model is unrealistic, drivers can either be annoyed due to assumed braking levels that are too low, or can be warned too late if braking expectations are too high. Initial algorithm development relied on data from the Collision Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP) Forward Collision Warning (FCW) project. However, it was unknown whether the CAMP data (collected in the presence of stopped lead vehicles) would be applicable to the intersection problem (e.g., will drivers respond similarly to red traffic signals and stopped lead vehicles). Braking profile and performance tests were thus conducted to determine the applicability of the CAMP FCW results to the intersection violation warning.
Genetic dissection of the role of ethylene in regulating auxin-dependent lateral and adventitious root formation in tomato

In this study we investigated the role of ethylene in the formation of lateral and adventitious roots in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using mutants isolated for altered ethylene signaling and fruit ripening. Mutations that block ethylene responses and delay ripening -Nr (Never ripe), gr (green ripe), nor (non ripening), and rin (ripening inhibitor) - have enhanced lateral root formation. In contrast, the epi (epinastic) mutant, which has elevated ethylene and constitutive ethylene signaling in some tissues, or treatment with the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC), reduces lateral root formation. Treatment with ACC inhibits the initiation and elongation of lateral roots, except in the Nr genotype. Root basipetal and acropetal indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport increase with ACC treatments or in the epi mutant, while in the Nr mutant there is less auxin transport than in the wild type and transport is insensitive to ACC. In contrast, the process of adventitious root formation shows the opposite response to ethylene, with ACC treatment and the epi mutation increasing adventitious root formation and the Nr mutation reducing the number of adventitious roots. In hypocotyls, ACC treatment negatively regulated IAA transport while the Nr mutant showed increased IAA transport in hypocotyls. Ethylene significantly reduces free IAA content in roots, but only subtly changes free IAA content in tomato hypocotyls. These results indicate a negative role for ethylene in lateral root formation and a positive role in adventitious root formation with modulation of auxin transport as a central point of ethylene-auxin crosstalk.
Phthalonitrile cure reaction with aromatic diamines

Phthalonitrile monomers can be polymerized thermally in the presence of small amounts of curing agents into thermosetting polymers. The thermosets exhibit outstanding thermo-oxidative stability, display good mechanical properties, and offer promise as matrices for composite applications. The phthalonitrile cure reaction is typically accomplished with an aromatic diamine, 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene (m-APB), added in the range of 1.5–2% by weight of the monomer in the melt phase. This article addresses the cure reaction with a sulfone-containing diamine, bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl] sulfone (p-BAPS), which shows lower volatility as determined from thermogravimetric studies (TGA) compared to m-APB at the processing temperatures typically employed for phthalonitrile cures. Rheometric studies conducted to monitor the viscosity increase during a cure reaction suggest that the cure reaction with m-APB is faster compared to the reaction with p-BAPS. Even though differences are seen in the initial cure rates, the final cured products are similar in terms of the glass transition temperatures and thermal and oxidative stabilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1885–1890, 1998
14.6% efficient thin-film cadmium telluride heterojunction solar cells

Thin-film CdS/CdTe heterojunction solar cells have been prepared by the successive deposition of thin films of fluorine-doped SnO/sub 2/, CdS, p-CdTe, and an ohmic contact on glass substrates, followed by the deposition of an antireflection coating. The properties of CdS/CdTe heterojunctions have been studied. Under global AM1.5 conditions, a solar cell of about 1 cm/sup 2/ area has an open-circuit voltage of 805+or-5 mV, a short-circuit current density of 24.4+or-0.3 mA/cm/sup 2/, and a fill factor of 70.5+or-0.5%, corresponding to a total area conversion efficiency of 14.6+or-0.3%, verified by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. >
Learning analytics in outer space: a Hidden Naïve Bayes model for automatic student off-task behavior detection

Learning analytics (LA) has invested much effort in the investigation of students' behavior and performance within learning systems. This paper expands the influence of LA to students' behavior outside of learning systems and describes a novel machine learning model which automatically detects students' off-task behavior as students interact with a learning system, ASSISTments, based solely on log file data. We first operationalize social cognitive theory to introduce two new variables, affect states and problem set, both of which can be automatically derived from the logs, and can be considered to have a major influence on students' behavior. These two variables further work as the feature vector data for a K-means clustering algorithm in order to quantify students' different behavioral characteristics. This quantified variable representing student behavior type expands the feature space and contributes to the improvement of the various model performance compared with only time- and performance-related features. In addition, an advanced Hidden Naive Bayes (HNB) algorithm is coded for off-task behavior detection and to show the best performance compared with traditional modeling techniques. Implications of the study are then discussed.
Reading in Graduate School: A Survey of Doctoral Students in Clinical Psychology

To what extent do graduate students in clinical psychology complete assigned readings? A total of 744 graduate students in American Psychological Association-accredited doctoral programs completed an online survey regarding reading in graduate school (67% response rate, of those viewing the survey). The reported amount of assigned reading varied widely, with an average of 330 pages per week. Compliance ratings suggested that about half the assigned reading is completed thoroughly and that thorough reading is more common than skimming or not reading assigned material. Motivating and hindering factors for reading are reported, and implications for faculty are considered. If a potential graduate student in professional psychology were to go to the American Psychological Association (APA) Web site and look for the experiences of those currently in graduate school, she or he would likely come across some provocative quotes, such as, "For me it has been giving up 3 years of my social life," "It's crazy. It feels like there is never a spare moment," and, "It's a special kind of hell" (Gillespie, Aten, Reyes, & Barber, 2009). These words illustrate the workload challenges that many graduate students in professional psychology face, including practicum training, research expectations, classroom time, and assigned read- ing that is to be completed outside of classroom time. Some facets of students' workload are relatively easy to monitor—such as completing practicum training hours, fulfilling research assign- ments, and attending class—whereas reading behaviors outside of the classroom are more difficult to assess. Assigning reading can also be challenging for faculty mem- bers. Each year, hundreds of new and important books are published, whereas most of the standard classics in the field remain relevant. Journals are proliferating, and electronic ac- cess to journals makes it easier than ever for professors to stay current with recent studies, many of which find their way into required reading packets for graduate students. We find our- selves in the midst of the golden age of information access. This is something we anticipated wistfully in decades past, but all change brings challenge. Faculty members must decide which reading requirements to continue assigning each year and how to balance this workload with new and ever-expanding litera- ture. Furthermore, which readings are essential for a graduate- level course in professional psychology, and which ones add an undue burden on students?
The PEI framework for application-centric security

This paper motivates the fundamental importance of application context for security. It then gives an overview of the PEI framework for application-centric security and outlines some of the lessons learned in applying this framework. PEI stands for Policy, Enforcement and Implementation, signifying three distinct layers at which security policy and design decisions need to be made. The framework was introduced by this author in 2006 [35]. It is closely related to the earlier OM-AM framework also introduced by this author in 2000 [32].
High-grade undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma with t(4;19)(q35;q13.1) CIC-DUX4 fusion: emerging entities of soft tissue tumors with unique histopathologic features--a case report and literature review.

Patient: Female, 36 Final Diagnosis: Small cell sarcoma Symptoms: Mass to right upper thigh Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Surgical resection Specialty: Oncology Objective: Rare disease Background: A subset of undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas (USRCSs) is currently being recognized as emerging entities with unique gene fusions: CIC-DUX4 (the area of focus in this article), BCOR-CCNB3, or CIC-FOXO4 gene fusions. CIC-DUX4 and CIC-FOXO4 fusions have been reported in soft tissue tumors, while BCOR-CCNB3 fusion with an X chromosomal inversion was described in both bone and soft tissue tumors. CIC-DUX4 fusion can either harbor t(4;19)(q35;q13.1) or t(10;19)(q26.3;q13), while t(4;19)(q35;q13.1) is reported more commonly. Case Report: The aim of this study is to share a new case report of a 36-year-old woman who had a rapidly growing mass in her right upper thigh, which was found to be an undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma with t(4;19) (q35;q13.1) CIC-DUX4 fusion was confirmed by cytogenetic testing. Combined modality treatment with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy was used and achieved a good response. A review of the literature of the reported cases with CIC-DUX4 fusions including both t(4;19) and t(10;19) translocations revealed a total of 44 cases reported. Out of these 44 cases, 33 showed t(4;19)(q35;q13.1) translocation compared to 11 cases with t(10;19)(q26.3;q13). Conclusions: Undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas are aggressive tumors. Their treatment includes surgery, chemo-therapy, and radiation. Resistance to chemotherapy is common. Lung and brain are common sites of metastasis, with associated poor prognosis. Generally, median survival is less than 2 years. Newer techniques have been developed recently which helped identify a subset of previously unclassifiable sarcomas, with promising prognostic value.
Responses of a thermophilic Synechococcus isolate from the microbial mat of Octopus Spring to light.

well at 25 to 200 mol photons m 2 s 1 but dies when the irradiance is increased to 400 mol photons m 2 s 1 .A t 200mol photons m 2 s 1 (high light [HL]), we noted several responses that had previously been associated with HL acclimation of cyanobacteria, including cell bleaching, reduced levels of phycobilisomes and chlorophyll, and elevated levels of a specific carotenoid. Synechococcus OS-B synthesizes the carotenoids zeaxanthin and ,-carotene and a novel myxol-anhydrohexoside. Interestingly, 77-K fluorescence emission spectra suggest that Synechococcus OS-B accumulates very small amounts of photosystem II relative to that of photosystem I. This ratio further decreased at higher growth irradiances, which may reflect potential photodamage following exposure to HL. We also noted that HL caused reduced levels of transcripts encoding phycobilisome components, particularly that for CpcH, a 20.5-kDa rod linker polypeptide. There was enhanced transcript abundance of genes encoding terminal oxidases, superoxide dismutase, tocopherol cyclase, and phytoene desaturase. Genes encoding the photosystem II D1:1 and D1:2 isoforms (psbAI and psbAII/psbAIII, respectively) were also regulated according to the light regimen. The results are discussed in the context of how Synechococcus OS-B may cope with high light irradiances in the high-temperature environment of the microbial mat.
Enhancing the Quality of Care in the Intensive Care Unit : A Systems Engineering Approach

This article presents an overview of systems engineering and describes common core principles found in systems engineering methodologies. The Patient Care Program Acute Care Initiative collaboration between the Armstrong Institute of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, which will use systems engineering to reduce patient harm in the intensive care unit, is introduced. Specific examples of applying a systems engineering approach to the Patient Care Program Acute Care Initiative are presented.
Free leptin is increased in normal pregnancy and further increased in preeclampsia.

We measured bound and free leptin levels in preeclamptic and matched normal pregnant and never-pregnant women to determine whether the free component of leptin is increased during pregnancy and further increased in preeclampsia. Two milliliters of serum was obtained from 18 normal and 18 preeclamptic patients matched by pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and from 18 never-pregnant women matched by BMI with the pregnant groups. The sample was subjected to gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was performed on all fractions, and the proportions of bound and free leptin were determined by analyzing the areas under the curve of the chromatographic profile. The total maternal serum leptin concentration was significantly higher in normal pregnancy compared with the nonpregnant state and was further increased in preeclampsia (33.8 ± 4.1 v 15.2 ± 1.8 ng/mL, P = .002, and 48.1 ± 5.6 ng/mL, P = .02, respectively). Free leptin was increased in normal pregnant compared with never-pregnant women (25.9 ± 4.1 v 11.0 ± 2.0 ng/mL, respectively, P = .01), while the increase of total leptin in preeclampsia was exclusively in the free fraction that was significantly higher versus the normal pregnant group (41.8 ± 5.6 v 25.9 ± 4.1 ng/mL, respectively, P = .01). The bound leptin fraction, by contrast, was significantly increased in the normal pregnant group compared with the preeclamptic group and the never-pregnant group (7.9 ± 0.56 v 6.2 ± 0.36 and 4.1 ± 0.36 ng/mL, respectively, P = .009 and P = <.0001). In conclusion, the free leptin concentration increases in normal pregnancy and is further increased in preeclampsia. This supports the hypothesis that biologically active leptin is elevated in normal pregnancy and is increased more in women with preeclampsia.
SAR studies of 2-arylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides: A novel class of cytotoxic agents for prostate cancer

In our continuing efforts to develop novel chemotherapeutic agents for prostate cancer, recently we reported the discovery of 2-arylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides (ATCAAs) as a new class of cytotoxic agents. Several of them were very effective in killing specific human prostate cancer cell lines with low/sub-micromolar cytotoxicity and high selectivity against control cells in our sulforhodamine B assay. Encouraged with these preliminary results, we decided to further optimize this new scaffold to enhance the potency and selectivity. Current work describes the synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation of new compounds for their ability to inhibit the growth of five human prostate cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity data demonstrated that ATCAAs are sensitive to simple modifications or changes, which allowed us to understand the minimum structural requirements of this class of compounds to exhibit potent and selective anticancer activity against prostate cancer cells.
Computational thinking and impacts on K-12 science education

Jeannette Wing's seminal computational thinking (CT) paper, published in 2006, set forth CT as not just a way of looking at computational problems, but as an alternative approach to solving everyday problems. We strongly support Wing's assertion. Accordingly, we report the results of our meta-analysis of CT curricular implementations since 2006. Our principle interest is in CT framings and implementations for K-12 audiences in disciplines other than computer science, thus fulfilling the broad appeal and utility originally prescribed by Wing. We break CT down into its constituent characteristics, and split these characteristics into two principle groups: mechanistic (inextricably tied to and limited by computer science) and humanistic (separable from and adaptable beyond computer science). We use this conceptual bifurcation as a basis for selecting and analyzing implementations of CT for subsequent reporting. We summarize our CT meta-analytical results by distributional themes including grades, disciplinary foci, equity groups, and programming paradigms. In conclusion, we make recommendations for improving K-12 CT curricular implementations. Our hope is that utilization of CT characteristics and principles will become more commonplace in public education, be utilized more continuously through primary and secondary grades, and be inventively applied across a more inclusive range of academic disciplines.
Dual Energy: Tendons and Cartilage

The introduction of multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) has lead to remarkable advances in the field of musculoskeletal imaging. MDCT enables the acquisition of isotropic data sets in high-spatial-resolution, from which multiplanar reformatted images can be calculated in any desired plane. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), based on its good low contrast resolution, remains the gold standard for musculoskeletal imaging. However, there is a wide range of situations when MRI cannot be performed, for example, when MRI is contraindicated as in patients with pacemakers or claustrophobia, or in emergency situations where access to the patient is critical. In general, MRI is still less widely available and more costly than CT.
IS SILICON DIOXIDE COVALENT OR IONIC

ABSTRACT The electronic structure of SiO2 can be rather accurately obtained from LCAO theory using universal parameters which have recently become available. The results may be characterized by a covalent energy and a polar energy. The former is the matrix element between a silicon sp3 -hybrid and an oxygen p-state; the latter is half the difference between the energy expectation value of the two. Since the covalent energy is four times as large as the polar energy, approximate calculations should be made using a covalent basis with corrections for polarity, and never the other way around. Using this approach and the universal parameters (no input from SiO2 except for structure), we estimate the band energies and widths, equilibrium bond angles and rigidity, optical dielectric constant which determines the refractive index, and the effective transverse charge tensor which determines the infrared absorption and the static dielectric constant.
Is the Exclusionary Rule Obsolete

This short essay, delivered as the 2007-2008 Blackmun Lecture at Ohio State University, considers the Supreme Court's suggestion in Michigan v. Hudson (2006) that developments in law enforcement since the 1960s have drastically undercut the need for the exclusionary rule. How does that notion square with what we know about the rule world of policing and criminal adjudication? Law enforcement has in fact changed substantially in recent decades, and largely for the better. Those changes may in fact justify significant shifts in how we think about and regulate the police. But simple considerations of scale, tied with anecdotal experience with the selective removal of the exclusionary sanction, cast doubt on the Court's suggestion.