cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integral transform in L2− cohomology for the ladder representations of U(p,q)

Starting from the realization of the Fock space as L2-cohomology of Cp + q, H0,p(Cp + q) = ⊕mϵZHm0,p(Cp + q), an integral transform is constructed which is a direct-image mapping from Hm0,p(Cp + q) into the space of holomorphic sections of some vector bundle Em over M ≈ U(p, q)/(U(q) × U(p)), m ⩾ 0. The transform intertwines the natural actions of U(p, q) and is injective if m ⩾ 0, so it provides a geometric realization of the ladder representations of U(p, q). The sections in the image of the transform satisfy certain linear differential equations, which are explicitly described. For example, Maxwell's equations are of this form if p = q = 2 and m = 2. Thus, this transform is analogous to the Penrose correspondence.
Feeding ecology and daily ration of the pelagic armorhead, Pseudopentaceros wheeleri, at Southeast Hancock Seamount

The unusual life history of pelagic armorhead, Pseudopentaceros wheeleri, includes occupation of epipelagic subarctic and transitional waters of the northeast Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska as subadults and subsequent recruitment to the southern Emperor and northern Hawaiian Ridge (SE-NHR) seamounts in the central North Pacific Ocean where they assume a demersal existence and begin maturation as adults. Feeding ecology and daily ration were examined in pelagic armorhead during field studies conducted at Southeast Hancock Seamont (29°48′ N,179°04′ E) in the SE-NHR seamounts. A total of 1133 stomachs collected during June-July 1985, January 1988, and July 1988 were examined for contents; only 19.7% contained food items. The diet consisted of pelagic tunicates and other micronektonic animals that are associated with the vertically migrating sonic scattering layer that is advected over the seamount from the adjacent oceanic environment. Peak feeding occurred in the early morning on migrating organisms likely trapped by the expanse of the seamount summit during the morning descent. Newly recruited armorhead had lower feeding rates than older, previously recruited fish. Estimates of daily ration for previously recruited armorhead were 1.17 g (0.26% of body weight) in the summer of 1985 and 12.87 g (2.86% of body weight) in the summer of 1988. Since estimated values for the evacuation coefficient and the duration of the daily feeding period did not differ between sampling periods, the increase in daily ration was due to an increase in feeding rate. The proportion of the diet composed of pelagic tunicates was also higher in 1988.
Effects of arousal level and below-zero habituation training on the spontaneous recovery and dishabituation of the orienting response

The effects of sympathetic arousal level on habituation and below-zero habituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response (OR) were investigated in an experiment employing 60 subjects. Threat of shock was used to increase the arousal level of one group of subjects. These subjects were compared to a group that was not threatened by shock. Half of the subjects in each group received below-zero habituation training; the other half received no below-zero habituation. Results indicated that threat of shock significantly increased tonic skin conductance level. This increase in physiological arousal level was associated with decreased habituation of the OR. Moreover, increased arousal level and below-zero habituation training significantly affected the subsequent reappearance of the OR to a novel, dishabituating stimulus. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that physiological arousal level significantly affects the habituation and below-zero habituation processes.
Emotion regulation in unipolar depression: The effects of acceptance and suppression of subjective emotional experience on the intensity and duration of sadness and negative affect

This study examined the effects of emotional suppression and acceptance in a depressed sample. Sixty participants with diagnoses of unipolar depression completed a questionnaire packet and participated in an experiment. The experiment utilized two conditions to explore correlates of the spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies and the effects of an experimental manipulation of acceptance and suppression. Results demonstrated that suppression produced short-term reductions in sadness. Notably, anxiety about the experience of depressed mood influenced the efficacy of emotional suppression with findings showing that suppression was no longer effective at moderate and higher levels of anxiety about the experience of depressed mood. Implications of study findings for understanding emotion dysregulation in depressive disorders and the treatment of depression are discussed.
Memory Formation: Evidence for a Specific Neurochemical System in the Amygdala

beta-Adrenergic antagonists injected into the amygdala complex of rats trained in a passive avoidance task produced time-dependent and dose-dependent decreases in retention of the task. In addition, the effects observed with beta-adrenergic antagonists were both stereospecific and reversed by norepinephrine. The results support a role for an amygdala beta-adrenergic system in memory processes.
Use of commercial serum replacements for the culture of insect cells

Two commercially available serum replacements developed for use in the culture of hybridoma and other mammalian cells were tested for their suitability as replacements for fetal bovine serum in insect cell culture medium. CPSR-1 and CPSR-3 both supported growth of the insect cell line IPLB-SF-21AE. CPSR-3 supported adequate growth, but cells in medium supplemented with CPSR-1 grew much slower and achieved only about half the final cell density of either FBS or CPSR-3 supplemented medium.
Use of Restitution as a Penal Measure in the United States

Requiring offenders to restore victim losses through money payment, or occasionally through service, has been increasingly practised in the United States; this practice, referred to as restitution, has been implemented both through special penal projects and by incorporating restitution requirements into pretrial diversion or probation requirements. Renewed interest in restitution has occurred because of dissatisfaction with prevailing treatment approaches for offenders, a need for intermediate punishments which are more severe than probation but not as severe as imprisonment, the need for increasing public support of criminal justice programmes, and a renewed interest in crime victims. Restitution provides a useful mechanism for integrating crime victims into the criminal justice system but may require reorientation of probation work towards conflict resolution and peacemaking between victims and offenders.
SNAP-25 Is Targeted to the Plasma Membrane through a Novel Membrane-binding Domain

SNAP-25, syntaxin, and synaptobrevin are SNARE proteins that mediate fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Membrane attachment of syntaxin and synaptobrevin is achieved through a C-terminal hydrophobic tail, whereas SNAP-25 association with membranes appears to depend upon palmitoylation of cysteine residues located in the center of the molecule. This process requires an intact secretory pathway and is inhibited by brefeldin A. Here we show that the minimal plasma membrane-targeting domain of SNAP-25 maps to residues 85-120. This sequence is both necessary and sufficient to target a heterologous protein to the plasma membrane. Palmitoylation of this domain is sensitive to brefeldin A, suggesting that it uses the same membrane-targeting mechanism as the full-length protein. As expected, the palmitoylated cysteine cluster is present within this domain, but surprisingly, membrane anchoring requires an additional five-amino acid sequence that is highly conserved among SNAP-25 family members. Significantly, the membrane-targeting module coincides with the protease-sensitive stretch (residues 83-120) that connects the two alpha-helices that SNAP-25 contributes to the four-helix bundle of the synaptic SNARE complex. Our results demonstrate that residues 85-120 of SNAP-25 represent a protein module that is physically and functionally separable from the SNARE complex-forming domains.
Stem Cells as an Emerging Paradigm in Stroke 3 Enhancing the Development of Clinical Trials

Cell-based therapy continues to grow as a new field to explore investigational treatments for stroke. Leaders from academia and industry convened an inaugural meeting in 2007 with members of the National Institutes of Health and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to generate consensus-based guidelines on the development of cell therapies for stroke, entitled “Stem Cells as an Emerging Paradigm in Stroke” (STEPS).1 These guidelines focused on preclinical studies that are considered important as part of a development program to support clinical testing of cell therapies. The STEPS meeting also provided recommendations on the conduct of early-stage clinical trials. Given the rapid advances in the field, a second meeting was held in 2009 to update and expand these guidelines, which were published as STEPS 2.2 In December 2011, investigators in academia, industry leaders, and members of the National Institutes of Health and FDA gathered at a third meeting, STEPS 3, to discuss emerging data on the mechanisms of action of cell therapy, the barriers to successful translation from animal models to patients, and the design of current clinical trials for acute and chronic stroke. Since the prior STEPS meeting, there are now several active cell therapy platforms for stroke and other neurological disorders, in stages that range from preclinical to clinical trials, and with sponsors that include industry, the National Institutes of Health, and the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine. As the field continues to progress and as pilot clinical studies are starting to show safety for some cell types, it has become necessary to formulate a new set of guidelines that address topics not covered in prior STEPS publications. Specifically, the current document reflects a compilation of recommendations that focus on more advanced stages of clinical testing, as well as the testing of cell therapies in a broader …
Time to Move On

Abstract Retirement, especially early retirement, is a stressful experience, though not necessarily a distressful one. This article addresses several issues related to making the process of retirement a beneficially stressful experience. It addresses the decision to retire, the planning process for retirement, and living in retirement. It addresses four factors which may be sources of stress -lifestyle and location, spousal concerns, finances, and health.
Uncertainty and Equivocality in Projects: Managing Their Implications for the Project Team

ABSTRACTThis article describes two dimensions of the information environment of projects—uncertainty and equivocality—that have behavioral implications for engineering project managers and team members. When the levels of these dimensions change, project managers must 1) change the way they communicate with members of the team, 2) modify the team structure, 3) be prepared for different types of conflict, 4) adjust the way decisions are made, and 5) vary their own leadership style. The discussion of uncertainty and equivocality and their implications is linked to two engineering project examples.
Contemporary treatment strategies for external pancreatic fistulas

Abstract Background: Optimal treatment strategies for patients with external pancreatic fistulas have evolved with improved radiographic imaging and the development of transpapillary pancreatic duct stents. The aim of this study was to examine factors affecting fistula closure and develop a classification scheme to guide therapeutic interventions. Methods: Retrospective chart review was made of all patients with external pancreatic fistulas treated at our institution from January 1991 to January 1997. Side (partial) fistulas maintained continuity with the gastrointestinal tract; end (complete) fistulas had no continuity with the gastrointestinal tract. Results: Postoperative side fistulas resolved with medical treatment in 13 (86%) of 15 patients after a mean of 11 weeks of conservative management. Inflammatory side fistulas resolved with medical treatment in only 8 (53%) of 15 patients after a mean of 22 weeks; those that did not close initially did so with transpapillary stenting. End pancreatic fistulas never closed with medical treatment and were unable to be stented; therefore internal drainage or pancreatic resection was necessary to achieve closure. There were no differences in sepsis rates, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores, fistula site, total parenteral nutrition, somatostatin treatment, or initial fistula output between groups. Conclusions: Classifying external pancreatic fistulas as to their pancreatic duct relationship and cause provides important prognostic and therapeutic information. (Surgery 1998;124:627-33.)
Using your emotions: Improving the measurement of affective orientation

This research develops a new measure for affective orientation, focusing the conceptualization on how people use emotions to guide their communication and behavior. The 15‐item scale is unidimensional, highly reliable (+.85 alpha), and independent of one's need for cognition. The original version of the Affective Orientation scale is recommended if researchers are interested in the sensitivity to one's emotions, but the AO15 is recommended for studying actual use of affect in interactions and decision‐making.
Faraday's notebooks: the active organization of creative science

Faraday's notebooks constitute one of the largest and most revealing archives left to us by a major scientist. These records reveal a good deal of systematic invention and exploration of recording techniques by Faraday, work that reveals much about his thinking about science, as well as of the role of memory in general in scientific thinking.
A low temperature expansion for classical $N$-vector models. I. A renormalization group flow

A class of low temperature lattice classical spin models with a symmetry groupO(N) is considered, including the classical Heisenberg model. In this paper a renormalization group approach in a small field approximation is formulated and studied, with a goal to prove the so-called “spin wave picture” displaying massless behavior of the models.
A Model for Entrainment into a Cloud-Topped Marine Boundary Layer. Pad II: Discussion of Model Behavior and Comparison with Other Models

Abstract The model for the cloud-topped marine boundary layer presented by Stage and Businger (1981) is discussed and compared with previous models. Our model gives a considerably different interpretation of the energetics of the layer and indicates that a much higher fraction (20%) of the layer turbulence kinetic energy production is available to drive entrainment than previously supposed. In a test case, the Lilly (1968) minimum entrainment model gives entrainment rates similar to ours; however, this model is based on physically unrealistic assumptions about layer energetics. It is noted that two soundings from the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) exhibit behavior not allowed by Deardorff’s (1976) model. In these cases our model gives a good fit to the data and Deardorff’s model predicted a boundary layer much deeper than observed. The depth of the layer of radiative cooling at cloud top is shown to be important only if it is a significant fraction of the mixed-layer depth zB. Layer ...
Computer dynamics and shadowing of chaotic orbits

Abstract We report results of digital integration of a piecewise linear system operating in a chaotic, parameter sensitive region, using different precisions of floating number representation in a digital computer. We compare these results to the “exact” closed form solution. Resulting discrepancies are explained by treating the computer as a deterministic system superimposing its dynamics on the dynamics of the investigated system. Good approximations of the true attractor are obtained by injecting controlled amounts of uniformly distributed random noise during digital integration of the system trajectories.
Multimode interference device in 2-d non-uniform photonic crystal slab

We propose novel multimode interference structures based on photonic crystals with gradually changing lattices, enabling unique functionalities including a 9.4 mum-long waveguide mode converter. We analyze the structure's properties through an intuitive Bloch wave multi-ray tracing
SecA is plastid-encoded in a red alga : implications for the evolution of plastid genomes and the thylakoid protein import apparatus

Partial sequence analysis of the plastid DNA (ptDNA) from a red alga, Antithamnion sp., revealed the presence of a homologue to the Escherichia coli secA gene as well as two open reading frames (ORF 510, ORF 179). In addition a sec Y homologue has been detected on the plastid genome by heterologous hybridization. None of these genes has been found in completely sequenced chlorophytic plastid genomes. SecA and secY gene copies were also detected in the ptDNA of a chromophytic alga, indicating that secA Y may be ubiquitous in rhodophytes and chromophytes. The significance of these findings for the evolution of plastid genomes and the thylakoid protein import mechanism is discussed.
The effect of motoric fluency on metamemory

Prior research has demonstrated that certain types of fluency can influence memory predictions, with more fluent processing being associated with greater memory confidence. However, no study has systematically examined whether this pattern extends to the fluency of motoric output. The current study investigated the effect of a motoric-fluency manipulation of hand dominance on judgments of learning (JOLs) and memory performance. Participants predicted better memory for fluently written than nonfluently written stimuli despite no differences in actual recall. A questionnaire-based study suggested that the effect of motoric fluency on predictions was not due to peoples' a priori beliefs about memory. These findings are consistent with other fluency effects on JOLs.
Preoperative radiation therapy for carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid

There is a sound radiobiologic basis for the combined use of preoperative radiation therapy and surgery in the treatment of operable carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. It is recommended that a planned joint effort be made by surgeons and radiation therapists to evaluate the place of radiation therapy for carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. There is evidence that preoperative radiation therapy will improve the survival of patients who have metastases to the regional lymphatics and that pelvic recurrence can be eliminated or reduced.
Testing delay faults in asynchronous handshake circuits

As a class of asynchronous circuits, handshake circuits are designed to tolerate variation of gate delays. However, certain timing constraints, such as the bundled data assumption, are exploited in the single-rail implementation of these circuits in order to simplify them. Therefore, any delay fault in the circuit may cause one of two problems, namely performance degradation or logic errors. To address the challenges incurred by the autonomous behavior of handshake circuits during at-speed test, we propose test methods for both types of delay faults based on a DFT strategy which greatly simplifies the complexity of test generation. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through experimental results on several handshake circuits.
Measurement of unrestrained negative supercoiling and topological domain size in living human cells.

Unrestrained DNA supercoiling was measured using a Me3-psoralen photobinding assay within a transcriptionally active hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene integrated into different chromosomal locations in five transformed human fibrosarcoma cell lines. The level of unrestrained supercoiling in the hph gene varied, from high to low levels, in different chromosomal locations in living human cells. In one cell line, the hph gene contained no unrestrained supercoiling. Consequently, supercoiling was not dictated by the DNA sequence of the active hph gene. The addition of α-amanitin, which can inhibit transcription, reduced unrestrained supercoiling by 75% at one chromosomal location, by 50% at two other locations, and had little, if any, effect at two other chromosomal locations. Different levels of supercoiling in separate regions of the chromosome require that the chromosome be organized into independent topological domains in vivo. Evidence for independent topological domains in living cells is prese...
Hyperventilation Syndrome: A Review

This article has dealt with the psychophysiological phenomenon known as "hyperventilation syndrome." Published research on this syndrome dates back at least a century to Da Costa's classic investigation involving "soldier's heart". Various labels such as "effort syndrome," "anxiety neurosis," "neurocirculatory asthenia," "vasoregulatory asthenia," and "irritable heart," have been employed over the past century to describe this syndrome. The use of different labels to describe this syndrome seems to be inappropriate. While the symptoms associated with these diagnostic labels appear to be remarkably similar, the treatment for the syndrome often differs as a function of the diagnostic label. Symptoms include breathlessness or dyspnea with effort, parathesia, trembling, tachycardia, tetany, carpopedal spasms, and convulsions in the case of a full-blown attack. Hyperventilation, a normal consequence of vigorous exercise and/or high temperatures, can often occur in some individuals for no apparent reason. Hyperventilation, and the resulting physiological changes, are often associated with decrements in psychomotor performance along with increased error rates. The symptoms which characterize the hyperventilation syndrome can be readily produced in certain "types" of individuals within minutes by requiring the individual to overbreathe or through introduction of a CO2 challenge. The symptoms, once produced, can be quickly reversed by placing a paper sack over the subject's head and requiring him/her to rebreathe expired air. Overbreathing and CO2 challenges do not, however, produce full-blown hyperventilatory attacks in most individuals. That is, some individuals or "types" appear to be especially sensitive to the effects of overbreathing and/or CO2 loading.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Another Look at Fundamentalism: A Response to Ernest R. Sandeen

Ernest R. Sandeen's article on fundamentalism in the March 1967, issue of Church History is a work of primary importance in the reinterpretation of a significant aspect of American religious history. Professor Sandeen corrects many of the misunderstandings contained in the hitherto “standard” treatments of Cole and Furniss. And he otherwise goes quite beyond earlier studies to provide fresh insights into the nature of fundamentalism as an especially religious phenomenon.
Stereoselective synthesis of cembranolides via conjugate addition to cycloalkynones

Abstract Addition of lithium dimethylcuprate to the conjugated cycloalkynone 8 yielded, after equilibration, a single (E)-enone 10 which was converted via acidic hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction to the cis lactone 14 . α-Methylenation afforded the natural cembranolide 16 .
Approximation of linear operators in the 2-norm

Abstract The problems of approximating linear operators in the 2-induced norm which are (1) finite-dimensional, unstructured, and (2) infinite-dimensional structured (Hankel), have been solved. The solutions of these two problems exhibit striking similarities. These similarities suggest the search of a unifying framework for the approximation of linear operators in the 2-induced norm.
Glucose-mediated phosphorylation converts the transcription factor Rgt1 from a repressor to an activator.

Glucose, the most abundant carbon and energy source, regulates the expression of genes required for its own efficient metabolism. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose induces the expression of the hexose transporter (HXT) genes by modulating the activity of the transcription factor Rgt1 that functions as a repressor when glucose is absent. However, in the presence of high concentrations of glucose, Rgt1 is converted from a repressor to an activator and is required for maximal induction of HXT1 gene expression. We report that Rgt1 binds to the HXT1 promoter only in the absence of glucose, suggesting that Rgt1 increases HXT1 gene expression at high levels of glucose by an indirect mechanism. It is likely that Rgt1 stimulates the expression of an activator of theHXT1 gene at high concentrations of glucose. In addition, we demonstrate that Rgt1 becomes hyperphosphorylated in response to high glucose levels and that this phosphorylation event is required for Rgt1 to activate transcription. Furthermore, Rgt1 lacks the glucose-mediated phosphorylation in the snf3 rgt2 andgrr1 mutants, which are defective in glucose induction ofHXT gene expression. In these mutants, Rgt1 behaves as a constitutive repressor independent of the carbon source. We conclude that phosphorylation of Rgt1 in response to glucose is required to abolish the Rgt1-mediated repression of the HXT genes and to convert Rgt1 from a transcriptional repressor to an activator.
Deposition Schemes for Low Cost Transparent Conductors for Photovoltaics

Production requirements for transparent conductors for thin film photovoltaics are reviewed, with particular reference to magnetron sputtered zinc oxide. On-going optimization processes for ZnO:Al prepared on 0.43 m{sup 2} substrates by bipolar, reactive sputtering from ZnO:Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} targets and by reactive sputtering from a Zn:Al target are described. Optical emission from the plasma is used to study the state of the sputtering target. Attention is drawn to the spatial dependence of deposition conditions under the cathode.
A model of chronic inflammation and pulmonary emphysema after multiple ozone exposures in mice

Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathophysiology of emphysema through the activation of tissue proteases and apoptosis. We examined the effects of ozone exposure by exposing BALB/c mice to either a single 3-h exposure or multiple exposures over 3 or 6 wk, with two 3-h exposures per week. Compared with air-exposed mice, the increase in neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung inflammation index was greatest in mice exposed for 3 and 6 wk. Lung volumes were increased in 3- and 6-wk-exposed mice but not in single-exposed. Alveolar space and mean linear intercept were increased in 6- but not 3-wk-exposed mice. Caspase-3 and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 immunoreactivity was increased in the airway and alveolar epithelium and macrophages of 3- and 6-wk-exposed mice. Interleukin-13, keratinocyte chemoattractant, caspase-3, and IFN-γ mRNA were increased in the 6-wk-exposed group, but heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA decreased. matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) and caspase-3 protein expression increased in lungs of 6-wk-exposed mice. Collagen area increased and epithelial area decreased in airway wall at 3- and 6-wk exposure. Exposure of mice to ozone for 6 wk induced a chronic inflammatory process, with alveolar enlargement and damage linked to epithelial apoptosis and increased protease expression.
Arterial and Cerebral Venous Blood Gases Differ in Acute Tension Pneumothorax

Tension pneumothorax (TP) complicates the course of respiratory distress syndrome in about 13% of low birth weight infants. If TP is accompanied by hypotension the majority of infants will develop large intraventricular hemorrhages or cerebral ischemic lesions. Severe TP likely produces cerebral ischemia as a consequence of systemic hypotension, but in a previous clinical study we did not demonstrate accompanying abnormalities in the arterial blood gases. Because of the possibility that arterial blood gases do not reflect tissue acid-base abnormalities during TP, this study was designed to compare sagittal sinus blood gases with arterial gases during and following recovery from severe TP in 5-7 day piglets.During a 4 minute TP mean blood pressure and common carotid blood flow dropped by 75% and 73%, respectively, and the electroencephalogram became isoelectric. Also sagittal sinus pCO2 rose (from 45.7 to 63.4 mmHg, P < 0.02) and pH fell (from 7.31 to 7.23, P < 0.02). During TP, end-tidal CO2 decreased (fr...
Effect of Intranasal Obstruction on Breathing during Sleep

While nasal mucosal stimulation in animals has been reported to produce central apneas and while nasal packing in humans is known to produce sleep-disordered breathing, it is controversial whether intranasal obstruction in humans produces predominantly central or obstructive apnea. To answer this question, we studied eight normal men by having them sleep in random order with their nose open or occluded with petrolatum gauze. Esophageal pressure was measured to detect respiratory effort, and standard techniques were used to monitor and score the stages of sleep. Intranasal occlusion increased both the number of apneas plus hypopneas per hour of sleep and the minutes of obstructive events per hour of sleep (p
Complex beta-satellite repeat structures and the expansion of the zinc finger gene cluster in 19p12.

We investigated the organization, architecture, and evolution of the largest cluster ( approximately 4 Mb) of Kruppel-associated box zinc finger (KRAB-ZNF) genes located in cytogenetic band interval 19p12. A highly integrated physical map ( approximately 700 kb) of overlapping cosmid and BAC clones was developed between genetic STS markers D19S454 and D19S269. Using ZNF91 exon-specific probes to interrogate a detailed EcoRI restriction map of the region, ZNF genes were found to be distributed in a head-to-tail fashion throughout the region with an average density of one ZNF duplicon every 150-180 kb of genomic distance. Sequence analysis of 208,967 bp of this region indicated the presence of two putative ZNF genes: one consisting of a novel member of this gene family (ZNF208) expressed ubiquitously in all tissues examined and the other representing a nonprocessed pseudogene (ZNF209), located 450 kb proximal to ZNF208. Large blocks of ( approximately 25-kb) inverted beta-satellite repeats with a remarkably symmetrical higher order repeat structure were found to bracket the functional ZNF gene. Hybridization analysis using the beta-satellite repeat as a probe indicates that beta-satellite interspersion between ZNF gene cassettes is a general property for 1.5 Mb of the ZNF gene cluster in 19p12. Both molecular clock data as well as a retroposon-mapping molecular fossil approach indicate that this ZNF cluster arose early during primate evolution (approximately 50 million years ago). We propose an evolutionary model in which heteromorphic pericentromeric repeat structures such as the beta satellites have been coopted to accommodate rapid expansion of a large gene family over a short period of evolutionary time. [The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. AC003973 and AC004004.]
Generalized Access Structure Congestion System

The k-out-of-n secret sharing schemes are effective, reliable, and secure methods to prevent a secret or secrets from being lost, stolen, or corrupted. The circular sequential k-out-of-n congestion (CSknC) system , based upon this type of secret sharing scheme, is presented for reconstructing secret(s) from any k servers among n servers in circular, sequential order. When a server is connected successfully, it will not be reconnected in later rounds until the CSknC system has k distinct, successfully connected servers. An optimal server arrangement in a CSknC system is determined in where n servers have known network connection probabilities for two states, i.e., congested, and successful. In this paper, we present: i) a generalized access structure congestion (GGammaC) system that is based upon the generalized secret sharing scheme, and ii) an efficient connection procedure for the GGammaC system in terms of the minimal number of server connection attempts. The k-out-of-n secret sharing schemes are considered as simple cases of the generalized secret sharing schemes. It implies that the GGammaC system is a more general system than the CSknC system. We established an iterative connection procedure for the new system. Simulation results are used to demonstrate that the iterative connection procedure is more efficient in terms of minimizing the number of connection attempts
Generalization of selective integration procedures to anisotropic and nonlinear media

A new finite element procedure is introduced for the analysis of nearly-incompressible media. The approach may be simply implemented by a small change of the standard technique, and is applicable to arbitrary anisotropic and/or nonlinear media. The procedure is shown to specialize to the selective integration and mean-dilatation formulations under appropriate hypothesis.
Practicing scientific inquiry: What are the rules?

Ecologists attempt to establish general principles from a vast range of organizational, spatial, and temporal scales (Belovsky et al. 2004). The process of developing generalities in ecology involves two approaches often not addressed in introductory science courses inductive and deductive. One way of thinking about this is to consider the inductive approach as examining particular cases and deriving general conclusions or rules from them, and the deductive approach as using generalities to make specific predictions that can then be tested. In this issue of Frontiers, Knapp et al. (pp 483-91) underline the need for general principles or "rules" in ecology, and research that tests the predictive limits of those rules. The rules illustrated in this article are based on long-term studies from the Konza prairie and Sevilleta Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. Existing data from savanna grasslands in South Africa are used to test rules derived from Konza studies of grassland responses to fire.
Bioclimatic modelling using Gaussian mixture distributions and multiscale segmentation

Aim To introduce Gaussian mixture distributions and sequential maximum a posteriori image segmentation (GM-SMAP) as a model that predicts species ranges from mapped climatic variables, and to compare its predictive capacity with two commonly used bioclimatic models: regression tree analysis (RTA) and smoothed response surfaces (SRS). Location North-west North America. Methods We compared models for their ability to predict the distributional range of western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ). We calculated and projected nine climatic and water-balance variables to a 2-km grid up to 140 km from the T. hete rophylla range. Models were trained using the five variables selected by RTA, as well as subsets of three variables. Goodness of fit was assessed using models trained and tested on the entire study area. Predictive capacity was assessed using 100 cross-validation tests, each trained on a randomly sampled 1% of the study area and tested on the complement of the study area. Results Models using all five variables were significantly better than three-variable models. Model fit was greatest for SRS. GM-SMAP misclassified slightly more area and RTA misclassified almost twice the area compared to SRS. However, crossvalidation showed that the predictive capacity was clearly greatest for GM-SMAP and lowest for SRS, indicating that GM-SMAP makes more accurate predictions from sparse data. Main conclusions GM distributions prevent overfitting using an informationtheoretic approach, and the SMAP algorithm minimizes the spatial extent of the largest misclassified area using a multiscale method. These properties, useful for image classification, also aid their strong predictive capacity as a bioclimatic model. SRS overfit the data, lowering its predictive capacity, and RTA failed to capture details of interactions among variables, yielding a poor fit. These results demonstrate the strong potential of GM-SMAP as a bioclimatic model.
Positive cone biopsy specimen margins in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the positive margin rate associated with cervical conization among women who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus with that among women who are seronegative. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study of 245 women who underwent cervical conization for the following indications: biopsy-proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3, abnormal endocervical curettage specimen, cytologic-histologic examination discrepancy, persistent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1, or abnormal cytologic characteristics with inadequate colposcopic examination. Results: Twenty-two (47.8%) of 46 women who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus and 65 (32.7%) of 199 women who were seronegative had positive cone biopsy specimen margins. In a multivariable logistic regression the human immunodeficiency virus–seropositive women had a 2-fold increased risk of having a positive cone biopsy margin (odds ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-4.76). Conclusion: If the presence of positive cone biopsy specimen margins represents the potential for disease progression, then our findings of a positive margin rate of nearly 50% in a human immunodeficiency virus–positive population may argue against the kind of conservative management of colposcopic follow-up that has been proposed for immunocompetent women. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1395-9.)
Pediatric abscess characteristics associated with hospital admission from the ED

Abstract Objective To determine the characteristics of pediatric soft tissue abscesses that result in hospital admission. Methods All visits for soft tissue abscesses to the study emergency department (ED) were examined during 2008. Detailed records were reviewed to determine ED disposition, abscess size, location, presence of fever, duration of symptoms, previous antibiotic therapy, prior ED visit(s), and wound and blood culture results. Data were analyzed to determine which of these characteristics were associated with hospital admission from the ED. Results Six hundred twenty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. One hundred thirteen (18%) patients were admitted to the hospital and 509 (82%) were discharged home. Compared to those sent home, abscesses resulting in admission were more likely to be located in the genital area (odds ratio [OR], 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37-6.90), breast (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.08-21.4), or face (OR, 4.39; 95% CI, 1.86-10.3), and were more likely to be larger than 3 cm (OR, 3.66, 95% CI, 2.10-6.36). Patients who were admitted to the hospital were also more likely to have fever (OR, 5.93; 95% CI, 3.4-10.3) and have had a prior ED visit with the same complaint (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.77-8.2). Seventy-seven percent of abscesses that were cultured were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions Size and location (especially those in the genital region, breast, and face), appear to be associated with admission for pediatric abscesses. History of fever and previous ED visit also appear to be associated with hospital admission. Obtaining blood cultures for pediatric abscesses is likely of little clinical benefit.
Evaluating Run-Time Techniques for Leakage Power Reduction

While some leakage power reduction techniques require modification of process technology achieving savings at the fabrication stage, others are based on circuit-level optimizations and are applied at run-time. We focus our study on the latter kind and compare three techniques: input vector control, body bias control and power supply gating. We determine their limits and benefits, in terms of the potential leakage reduction, performance penalty and area and power overhead. The importance of the 'minimum idle time' parameter, as an additional evaluation tool, is emphasized, as well as the feasibility of achieving power supply gating at low levels of granularity. The obtained data supports the formulation of a comprehensive leakage reduction scheme, in which each technique is targeted for certain types of functional units and a given level of granularity depending on the incurred overhead cost and the obtainable savings.
Overlap model for chemical vapor infiltration of fibrous yarns

Attention is focused on fabrication of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites by chemical vapor infiltration. A model is proposed for infiltration of a cylindrical fiber bundle, or yarn strand, comprised in turn of small cylindrical fibers. Along any cross section perpendicular to the yarn axis, the centers of the fibers are assumed to be randomly distributed throughout the cross-sectional area without fiber overlap. As infiltration/densification proceeds, growth is assumed to occur via sequential deposition of uniform layers such that the fiber-matrix composite consists of growing cylinders whose edges eventually overlap. Based on the random overlap model, expressions for key time-dependent properties are developed for both the reaction-limited case and for cases with significant diffusional limitations. An analytical solution to the resulting equations is obtained for the reactionlimited case whereas numerical solutions are required for the diffusion-limited case. The effects of geometric, kinetic, and diffusional parameters on the infiltration dynamics are explored.
Conventional and Unconventional Numerical Transfer-Matrix Methods

We briefly review the numerical transfer-matrix (TM) method and its application to materials science. We report on the conventional use of TM methods to calculate phase diagrams and critical exponents of classical statistical mechanical models in d=2. Examples presented here are spin-1/2 and spin-1 models (two- and three-state lattice-gas models). Discussed are a model for oxygen -ordering in the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6+x and a model for the electrosorption of an organic substance on a metal. Some results for the spin-1/2 model in d=3 are also presented. Three unconventional applications of the TM method will also be reported. These include a study of the surface tension of spin-1/2 models, a TM formalism for metastability, and a study of a translationally invariant (non-fractal) spin-1/2 model in non-integer dimensions.
Model of Growth Cone Membrane Polarization via Microtubule Length Regulation

We present a mathematical model of membrane polarization in growth cones. We proceed by coupling an active transport model of cytosolic proteins along a two-dimensional microtubule (MT) network with a modified Dogterom-Leibler model of MT growth. In particular, we consider a Rac1-stathmin-MT pathway in which the growth and catastrophe rates of MTs are regulated by cytosolic stathmin, while the stathmin is regulated by Rac1 at the membrane. We use regular perturbation theory and numerical simulations to determine the steady-state stathmin concentration, the mean MT length distribution, and the resulting distribution of membrane-bound proteins. We thus show how a nonuniform Rac1 distribution on the membrane generates a polarized distribution of membrane proteins. The mean MT length distribution and hence the degree of membrane polarization are sensitive to the precise form of the Rac1 distribution and parameters such as the catastrophe-promoting constant and tubulin association rate. This is a consequence of the fact that the lateral diffusion of stathmin tends to weaken the effects of Rac1 on the distribution of mean MT lengths.
Knee loading asymmetries during gait and running in early rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A longitudinal study.

Abstract Background Normalization of gait is expected 8–12 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and is a criterion for progression to running. Long-term persistence of sagittal knee loading deficits suggests that early goals are not met. Magnitude and progression of deficits in gait during this time and their relationship to deficits in running are not known. Methods 12 individuals status-post reconstruction (5 males) underwent 3-dimensional motion analysis of gait after surgery: one (T1) and three (T2) months and at initiation of running (T3); and running T3. Repeated measures ANOVAs (limb × time) assessed differences in knee flexion, extensor moment impulse and negative work in gait; paired t-tests compared limbs during running; and Pearson's correlations determined associations between limb ratios (moment and work) in gait and running. Findings Less flexion (− 4.4 (0.63) degrees; mean (SE)), 35% smaller extensor moment (− 0.15 (0.006) Nm ∗ s/kg) and 47% less work (− 0.03 (0.008) J/kg) were observed in the surgical knee during gait across time. Moment and work were 1.7 (− 0.1 (0.03) Nm ∗ s/kg) and 1.6 times greater (− 0.23 (0.047) J/kg) in non-surgical knee during running. Moment and work limb asymmetries correlated across time during gait (r = 0.778–0.929, P Interpretation Limb asymmetries in knee loading present one month after reconstruction persist 4 months post-reconstruction. Correlations between limb asymmetries during gait across time and to running suggest that early gait behaviors relate to longer-term loading. Greater attention should be placed on early gait training.
Is the “golden age” of the “golden hour” in sepsis over?

The so-called “golden hour” of trauma resuscitation has been applied to a number of disease conditions in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. For example, the “golden hour” as applied to the treatment of critically children and adults with severe sepsis and septic shock is based upon early recognition, early administration of antibiotics, and early reversal of the shock state. However, several clinical studies published over the last decade have called into question this time-honored approach and suggest that overly aggressive fluid resuscitation may cause more harm than good. Perhaps we are finally leaving the “Golden Age” of the “golden hour” and entering a new age in which we are able to use a more personalized approach to fluid management for patients with severe sepsis/septic shock.
Climate Change and the Course of Global History: Global Transformations: Atlantic Origins, 1700–1870

During the three centuries since Thomas Savery launched his first steam engine, the forces of modernity have spread around the world with increasing power and complexity. Like the ripples in a pond spreading from a thrown rock, these forces have brought linked constellations of change to peoples across the entire planet, constellations with interlocking economic, demographic, and technological dimensions. The fundamental drivers of this process rest in the trajectory that European societies took during the early modern era: the rise of new dynamics of trade, state power, and empire building; the shift toward a lower-mortality demographic regime; and the consequences of the energy revolution that began at the end of the seventeenth century. The result was a transition from a world lightly populated by humanity and subject to essentially natural forces to a thickly populated world in which those human numbers and their economies now are playing an inexorable role in reshaping nature itself. This history took an instant in geological time, but it has unfolded in a sequence of discrete processes and events that first unfolded relatively slowly, and then with an increasing and frightening acceleration, in which we can measure demographic doublings and atmospheric surges in the course of an incomplete lifetime. Thus in the 260 years between the announcement of Savery’s engine in 1698 and the first regular CO 2 readings on Mauna Loa, Hawaii in 1958, when I was five years old, global population advanced from 680 million to 2.9 billion people, and CO 2 in the atmosphere grew from a Little Ice Age low of roughly 278 ppm to 315 ppm. In 1974, when I traveled across Europe and much of Asia, these figures stood at 4 billion people and 330 ppm; now, in late 2013, they stand at 7.2 billion people and brushing up against 400 ppm. The methane readings are equally stunning and following the exact same trajectory (see Figure IV.3).