cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are mice calorically restricted in nature

An important question about traditional caloric restriction (CR) experiments on laboratory mice is how food intake in the laboratory compares with that of wild mice in nature. Such knowledge would allow us to distinguish between two opposing views of the anti-aging effect of CR--whether CR represents, in laboratory animals, a return to a more normal level of food intake, compared with excess food consumption typical of laboratory conditions or whether CR represents restriction below that of animals living in nature, i.e. the conditions under which house mice evolved. To address this issue, we compared energy use of three mouse genotypes: (1) laboratory-selected mouse strains (= laboratory mice), (2) house mice that were four generations or fewer removed from the wild (= wild-derived mice) and (3) mice living in nature (= wild mice). We found, after correcting for body mass, that ad libitum fed laboratory mice eat no more than wild mice. In fact, under demanding natural conditions, wild mice eat even more than ad libitum fed laboratory mice. Laboratory mice do, however, eat more than wild-derived mice housed in similar captive conditions. Therefore, laboratory mice have been selected during the course of domestication for increased food intake compared with captive wild mice, but they are not particularly gluttonous compared with wild mice in nature. We conclude that CR experiments do in fact restrict energy consumption beyond that typically experienced by mice in nature. Therefore, the retarded aging observed with CR is not due to eliminating the detrimental effects of overeating.
Civil Engineering Education and Complex Systems

Civil engineering is an interdisciplinary field, and most of the projects designed and built represent very complex systems, both during the construction phase and in the built phase. This research describes how a course in land development that included engineering design elements, lectures that also touched on other related fields, and a field journal assignment at a “green” (sustainable) construction site facilitated students’ understanding of complex systems. Results suggest that this course design facilitates the development of students’ proficiencies in several skill sets, and can increase students’ understanding of the complexity involved in civil engineering projects.
Actin-Depolymerizing Factor Mediates Rac/Rop GTPase–Regulated Pollen Tube Growth

Pollen tube elongation is a rapid tip growth process that is driven by a dynamic actin cytoskeleton. A ubiquitous family of actin binding proteins, actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs)/cofilins, bind to actin filaments, induce severing, enhance depolymerization from their slow-growing end, and are important for maintaining actin dynamics in vivo. ADFs/cofilins are regulated by multiple mechanisms, among which Rho small GTPase–activated phosphorylation at a terminal region Ser residue plays an important role in regulating their actin binding and depolymerizing activity, affecting actin reorganization. We have shown previously that a tobacco pollen-specific ADF, NtADF1, is important for maintaining normal pollen tube actin cytoskeleton organization and growth. Here, we show that tobacco pollen grains accumulate phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of ADFs, suggesting that phosphorylation could be a regulatory mechanism for their activity. In plants, Rho-related Rac/Rop GTPases have been shown to be important regulators for pollen tube growth. Overexpression of Rac/Rop GTPases converts polar growth into isotropic growth, resulting in pollen tubes with ballooned tips and a disrupted actin cytoskeleton. Using the Rac/Rop GTPase–induced defective pollen tube phenotype as a functional assay, we show that overexpression of NtADF1 suppresses the ability of NtRac1, a tobacco Rac/Rop GTPase, to convert pollen tube tip growth to isotropic growth. This finding suggests that NtADF1 acts in a common pathway with NtRac1 to regulate pollen tube growth. A mutant form of NtADF1 with a nonphosphorylatable Ala substitution at its Ser-6 position [NtADF1(S6A)] shows increased activity, whereas the mutant NtADF1(S6D), which has a phospho-mimicking Asp substitution at the same position, shows reduced ability to counteract the effect of NtRac1. These observations suggest that phosphorylation at Ser-6 of NtADF1 could be important for its integration into the NtRac1 signaling pathway. Moreover, overexpression of NtRac1 diminishes the actin binding activity of green fluorescent protein (GFP)–NtADF1 but has little effect on the association of GFP-NtADF1(S6A) with actin cables in pollen tubes. Together, these observations suggest that NtRac1-activated activity regulates the actin binding and depolymerizing activity of NtADF1, probably via phosphorylation at Ser-6. This notion is further supported by the observation that overexpressing a constitutively active NtRac1 in transformed pollen grains significantly increases the ratio of phosphorylated to nonphosphorylated ADFs. Together, the observations reported here strongly support the idea that NtRac1 modulates NtADF1 activity through phosphorylation at Ser-6 to regulate actin dynamics.
A modified directional frequency reuse plan based on channel alternation and rotation

In a previous work (see Nguyen, V.A. et al., IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001), we presented a novel channel alternation and rotation (CAR) scheme that coordinates channel assignment with antenna directivity. In CAR, each cell type is allocated an extra channel set that provides the network designer the flexibility to alternate and rotate channels according to a nearest front lobe interference avoidance strategy in order to enhance the cochannel interference ratio (C/I). CAR relaxes the constraints assumed in conventional reuse plans to allow deployment of smaller, unconventional reuse cluster sizes based on C/I requirements, thus increasing frequency reuse efficiency. We present a new reuse plan in which 2 extra channel sets are allocated to each cell type and assigned according to CAR strategy. This reuse plan, referred to as 2/spl times/(3+2), increases channel capacity by 20% in comparison with the conventional 4/spl times/3 reuse plan which still provides signals above the minimum acceptable C/I margin. The 2/spl times/(3+2) reuse plan is simple and can be implemented without costs.
Enacting State Websites: A Mixed Method Study Exploring E-Government Success in Multi-Organizational Settings

E-government is increasingly been used for government administrative reform. In fact, spending in e-government initiatives continues to rise and, among these projects, Internet-based applications are increasingly important. Using a nested research design, this study explores the complex relationships among the relative success of state websites and certain organizational, institutional, and contextual factors¹. Based on a PLS analysis involving all 50 states and two rich case studies, this paper identifies several generalizable relationships and case-specific differences. For instance, organizational factors such as size of the IT organization, budget structure, IT training, in-house development, outsourcing, and marketing strategy were found to significantly affect the functionality of state websites. However, some of these factors play different roles in different contexts, their relevance is affected by state-specific environmental conditions, and the reasons why they are important also differ from setting to setting.
Scalable server provisioning with HOP-SCOTCH

The problem of provisioning servers in a cluster infrastructure includes the issues of coordinating access and sharing of physical resources, loading servers with the appropriate software images, supporting storage access to users and applications, and providing basic monitoring and control services for those servers. We have developed a system called HOP-SCOTCH that automates the provisioning process for large clusters. Our solution relies on directory services to implement access control. It uses network boot and managed root disks to control the image of each server. We leverage IBM's global storage architecture to provide storage to users and applications. Finally, interfaces are provided to access the services both programmatically and interactively. We demonstrate the scalable behavior of HOP-SCOTCH by experimenting with a cluster of 40 blade servers. We can provision all 40 servers with a brand new image in under 15 minutes.
Certifying the safe design of a virtual fixture control algorithm for a surgical robot

We applied quantified differential-dynamic logic (QdL) to analyze a control algorithm designed to provide directional force feedback for a surgical robot. We identified problems with the algorithm, proved that it was in general unsafe, and described exactly what could go wrong. We then applied QdL to guide the development of a new algorithm that provides safe operation along with directional force feedback. Using \KeYmaeraD (a tool that mechanizes QdL), we created a machine-checked proof that guarantees the new algorithm is safe for all possible inputs.
Calcium spiking activity and baseline calcium levels in ROS 17/2.8 cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF).

Purpose : To determine whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields can alter average free cytosolic calcium ion concentrations [Ca 2+ ] i and transient increases in [Ca 2+ ] i in populations of ROS 17/2.8 cells. Materials and methods : Cells loaded with the calcium-selective luminescent photoprotein, aequorin, were placed in the bottom of a sample chamber, which was inserted into the gap of a previously described air gap reactor system where they were exposed either to sinusoidal magnetic fields at a variety of frequencies and flux densities or to sham conditions. Real-time recordings of photon counts due to aequorin luminescence were obtained and data were analysed with the use of probit plots. Results : Probit plots of data obtained from cells exposed to the various magnetic fields were virtually superimposable over the data obtained for the same cultures during pre- and post-exposure sham or no-field periods. Conclusion : These experiments provided no evidence for any effects of ELF EMF, eit...
Separation and Identification of Cholesterol Oxidation Products in Dried Egg Preparations

A technique is described for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of angiotoxic sterols in foods produced by the oxidation of cholesterol. Gas chromatography using on-column injection onto a bonded phase fused silica capillary column gave excellent separation of the oxides examined. Combined gas chromatography- mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identities of the trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of the various sterols and 6-ketocholestanol was found to be an acceptable internal standard for determination. Analysis of powdered scrambled egg mix showed the presence of several cholesterol oxides, with cholesterol-5α,6α-epoxide, cholesterol-5β,6β-epoxide and 7-ketocholesterol predominating. Other atherogenic sterols identified included 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 5α-cholestane-3β,5,6β-triol.
Misdirected vimentin messenger RNA alters cell morphology and motility.

Localized messenger RNAs were first observed as embryonic determinants that altered development when mislocalized. In recent years localized mRNAs have been found for several cytoskeletal proteins, including actin, vimentin and several microtubule associated proteins. We sought to determine whether redirecting mRNA for a cytoskeletal protein to an inappropriate address would alter cellular phenotypes. To do so we generated vimentin mRNAs with a myc epitope tag and the (beta)-actin 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) as a localization signal. When misdirected vimentin mRNAs are expressed in either fibroblasts or SW13 cells, cells develop numerous, extremely long processes; these cells also move more slowly to enter a wound of the monolayer. In situ hybridization revealed that the misdirected mRNA was often localized in the processes, in contrast to endogenous vimentin mRNA. The processes usually contained actin distal to the transgenic vimentin and microtubules proximal to it. SW13 cells lacking vimentin produced fewer and shorter processes, suggesting a dominant negative effect that involves recruitment of endogenous vimentin. Control experiments that transfected in constructs expressing tagged, correctly localized vimentin, or (beta)-galactosidase that localized through the (beta)-actin 3′ UTR, indicate that neither the shape nor the motility changes are solely due to the level of vimentin expression in the cell. This is direct evidence that the site of expression for at least one cytoskeletal mRNA alters the phenotype of the cell in which it is expressed. Messenger RNA localization is proving to be as essential for the normal maintenance of somatic cell phenotypes as embryonic determinants are for embryogenesis.
The Influence of Confirmation Bias on Memory and Source Monitoring

Two experiments were conducted to examine whether recognition memory for information and/or its source are influenced by confirmation bias. During Phase 1, subjects were shown a summary about the issue of gun control and asked to indicate a position on the issue. During Phase 2, 12 abstracts (Experiment 1) or social media posts (Experiment 2) were shown, one at a time. Posts in Experiment 2 were associated with either friends or strangers. Participants indicated whether they wanted to read a more extensive version of each abstract (Experiment 1) or post (Experiment 2). Phase 3 was the memory phase. Thirty-two abstract titles (Experiment 1) or posts (Experiment 2) were shown one at a time. Participants indicated yes or no, and whether they recognized the titles/posts from the last phase. Recognition memory for information that supported the participants' viewpoint was higher than that for opposing information.
Acid-Fast Serpentine Cords of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A man with a 2-month history of weight loss and night sweats complained of recent-onset left thigh pain and hyperesthesia. Radiologic investigation identified a large abscess within his left psoas muscle that extended from the left renal vein to the inguinal region. A smaller fluid collection was also noted within the right psoas muscle. These lesions were accompanied by bony destruction and sequestration of the fourth lumbar vertebra. Purulent fluid was drained from the left abscess, from which oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated. The patient was treated with oxacillin, continuous pigtail drainage of the abscesses, and local debridement. Two weeks later, mycobacteria were recovered in culture from involved vertebral tissue. A Kinyoun-stained smear prepared from the BACTEC MGIT broth culture revealed serpentine cords (Figure 1). These ropelike aggregates con-
Unsuspected Ganglioneuroma of the Choroid Diagnosed after Enucleation

We report a case of an unsuspected ganglioneuroma of the choroid in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. A 5-year-old girl presented from an outside institution with right proptosis and glaucoma since birth. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained and showed a cavernous sinus mass extending into the right orbit and multiple orbital lesions. Additionally, increased signal in the posterior globe of the right eye was noted, but its etiology was unclear at the time. She was lost to follow-up for 3 years and later returned with a blind painful eye. Enucleation was performed, and histopathology was significant for diffuse choroidal ganglioneuroma and advanced glaucoma. We report the atypical history, examination findings, and histopathology to support the diagnosis.
Flight Testing a UAV in Simulated Controlled Airspace

Novel airspace systems that integrate the latest technology advancements must be tested before widespread adoption. Despite the growing sophistication of simulation software, new systems must be practically tested before implementation. To facilitate the rapid prototyping of such architectures we present the flight test results of a low cost, small scale, modular airspace design. We incorporate flight data processing and control logic into an onboard iPhone 4 in small UAV aircraft. The iPhone 4 performs guidance, navigation, and control, while receiving desired trajectory information from a ground based laptop. We integrate these aircraft into a simulated air traffic environment and demonstrate automated two-way communications between aircraft and ground control tower. We present results of successful straight and level flight and trajectory tracking for a single aircraft.
Precise Measurements of Transient Excess Carrier Lifetimes in II-VI Films and Superlattices

A system has been developed for accurately measuring lifetimes for photo-induced excess current carriers in semiconductors using the transient photoconductivity decay method. The specifications of state-of-the-art equipment, considerations peculiar to the capture of fast transient pulses, and sophisticated statistical data analysis techniques are discussed. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the system (a) to measure lifetimes in the 40-ns – 75-μs range for temperatures varying from 77K to 300K with 10% accuracy for single lifetime decays and 30% accuracy for individual effective lifetimes in a multi-component decay, and (b) to use a 300-ns lifetime photoconductor as a detector to measure nanosecond-time-scale structure of laser pulses. The predominant excess carrier lifetimes of HgCdTe samples grown at NCSU by photoassisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) ranged from 46 ns at 300K to 341 ns at 77K. CdTe samples and CdMnTe-CdTe superlattices exhibited a multi-component decay with the two longest components having effective lifetimes of 26 μs and 4 μs for CdTe and 75 μs and 10 μs for CdMnTe-CdTe. These values were relatively insensitive to temperature variation.
Understanding the culture of craft: lessons from two police agencies

AbstractWhen it comes to changing American policing, the police culture is invariably a target for reform. However, characterizations of traditional police attitudes and beliefs as suspicious of outsiders, authoritative, and at odds with the law, often overlook what police officers themselves value about the work they do, that is what constitutes its quality. Using survey data from two police departments, this paper seeks to understand the contours of the police craft culture. Our findings suggest a more textured assessment of police culture is warranted than the ‘warrior’ outlook implies. While some of the views of our respondents were consistent with features of the traditional police culture, officers did not display the kind of cynicism about the public, rush to judgment, preoccupation with coercive tactics, indifference to rules and regulations, and deep skepticism about science consistent with this portrayal of the police. We then consider how these insights might be used by those seeking to improve...
Transductive HSIC Lasso.

Sparse regression methods such as l1-regularized linear regression, or Lasso [18], are commonly used for analysis of high-dimensional, small-sample datasets, due to their good generalization and feature-selection properties. However, predictive accuracy of sparse regression can be further improved by incorporating more realistic data-modeling assumptions (e.g., nonlinearity) and by fully exploiting all available data, as suggested by the transductive approach [6], which makes instance-specific predictions based on both labeled (training) data and unlabeled (test) data, instead of learning a single fixed model from training data. Based on these ideas, we develop a novel method, called Transductive HSIC Lasso, that incorporates transduction into a nonlinear sparse regression approach known as HSIC Lasso [19]. Unlike the existing transductive Lasso algorithm of [1], our approach does not rely on imputation, i.e., on estimation of unknown labels using a predictor built on training data; the latter may sometimes result in poor overall performance due to unreliable label estimates. Instead, our method exploits the structure of the HSIC Lasso, which maximizes the relevance between the selected features and the label, while minimizing the redundancy between the selected features; transduction is achieved by including unlabeled samples into the redundancy computation. Our experiments demonstrate advantages of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art approaches, both on simulated and real-life data, such as prediction of phenotypic traits from genomic data, and prediction of subject’s pain level from his/her functional MRI data.
Infections in the elderly.

Infections in the elderly are eminently treatable, yet they account for untoward morbidity and mortality. Underlying this medical paradox is the frequent failure to recognize the presence of infection in this highly vulnerable population.
On Verbalizations and Concepts: COMMENTS ON PROFESSOR KENDLER'S PAPER

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the history of the development of methodological biases in the study of concepts. The three classes of studies: conditioning, discrimination learning, and concept formation lie along a dimension of stimulus and response complexity, but verbalization provides a qualitative difference. The recognition of the importance of verbalization is shown by the increased interest in such problems as varied as the effects of attitudes and self-instruction in eyelid conditioning, the effect of verbal pretraining on perceptual-motor skills, and strategy selection in concept identification. The chapter explains that it is therefore reasonable to insert between the stimulus and the response a little wisdom. The problem solving is less adequate when the rules are memorized by rote. The rules even show themselves to be subject to interference and forgetting. The rules get interchanged or garbled or forgotten completely when the concept has not been attained.
Packing and deploying Soft Origami to and from cylindrical volumes with application to automotive airbags

Packing soft-sheet materials of approximately zero bending stiffness using Soft Origami (origami patterns applied to soft-sheet materials) into cylindrical volumes and their deployment via mechanisms or internal pressure (inflation) is of interest in fields including automobile airbags, deployable heart stents, inflatable space habitats, and dirigible and parachute packing. This paper explores twofold patterns, the ‘flasher’ and the ‘inverted-cone fold’, for packing soft-sheet materials into cylindrical volumes. Two initial packing methods and mechanisms are examined for each of the flasher and inverted-cone fold patterns. An application to driver’s side automobile airbags is performed, and deployment tests are completed to compare the influence of packing method and origami pattern on deployment performance. Following deployment tests, two additional packing methods for the inverted-cone fold pattern are explored and applied to automobile airbags. It is shown that modifying the packing method (using different methods to impose the same base pattern on the soft-sheet material) can lead to different deployment performance. In total, two origami patterns and six packing methods are examined, and the benefits of using Soft Origami patterns and packing methods are discussed. Soft Origami is presented as a viable method for efficiently packing soft-sheet materials into cylindrical volumes.
Survey of Irradiation Practice for the Prevention of Transfusion-Associated Graft-versus-Host Disease

Context.—Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease is a rare, often fatal complication of cellular blood product transfusion. The requirement that at-risk groups receive irradiated products ...
The Impact of IDPs on Circadian Rhythms

Through the ideal programming of behavior, it is believed that our circadian clock, our internal molecular time keeper, enhances fitness by ensuring that many organismal functions are optimally timed with the phase of the circadian day. As clock regulation is extensive, controlling everything from blood pressure levels to sleep, disruptions of the clock can be detrimental; chronic disturbance of the clock leads to an increased risk for heart attack, cancer, diabetes, and mental health disorders among a host of other maladies. My work has shown that the highly conserved mechanism that regulates circadian timing, a molecular transcription-translation negative feedback loop, is profoundly affected by IDPs. The core clock complex in the clock model organism Neurospora crassa consists of two sets of protein pairs, the positive arm (comprised of the White Collar 1/ White Collar 2 Complex or WCC) and the negative arm (comprised of the Frequency (FRQ)/Frequency-Interacting RNA Helicase (FRH) complex or FFC). The WCC drives the expression of the FFC, which then regulates its own transcription by inhibiting the activity of the WCC. The FFC is then targeted for degradation, allowing for the reactivation of the WCC, restarting the cycle. I have demonstrated that FRQ is an Intrinsically Disordered Protein (IDP); currently, the reason for the IDP nature of FRQ is unknown. In addition, FRH stabilizes FRQ and mediates the interactions between the core clock proteins using its own disordered N-terminus. This intrinsic disorder in core clock genes is conserved from Neurospora to higher eukaryotes and my labs seeks to identify the reason for the conservation of a high level of protein disorder in the circadian clock.
Contribution to the theory of spin wave conductivity in non- metallic ferro- and ferrimagnets

Abstract The low temperature thermal properties of insulating ferro- and ferrimagnetic crystals containing an arbitrary concentration of randomly located magnon scattering centers are found for slab, cylindrical or prismatic samples. The magnon distribution function, energy density, and thermal conductivity are evaluated by analytically solving the non-linear Boltzmann equation. The scattering cross section is energy-dependent and anisotropic, and the magnon dispersion relation includes the effects of crystalline anisotropy, demagnetizing fields, and an external magnetic field. Theory and experiment are compared for yttrium iron garnet.
Mixture Input Transformations for Adaptation of Hybrid Connectionist Speech Recognizes

Abstract : We extend the input transformation approach for adapting hybrid connectionist speech recognizers to allow multiple transformations to be trained. Previous work has shown the efficacy of the linear input transformation approach for speaker adaptation [1][2][3], but has focused only on training global transformations. This approach is clearly suboptimal since it assumes that a single transformation is appropriate for every region in the acoustic feature input space, that is, for every phonetic class, microphone, and noise level. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to train mixtures of transformation networks (MTNs) in the hybrid connectionist recognition framework. This approach is based on the idea of partitioning the acoustic feature space into R regions and training an input transformation for each region. The transformations are combined probabilistically according to the degree to which the acoustic features belong to each region, where the combination weights are derived from a separate acoustic gating network (AGN). We apply the new algorithm to nonnative speaker adaptation, and present recognition results for the 1994 WSJ Spoke 3 development set. The MTN technique can also be used for noise or microphone robust recognition or for other nonspeech neural network pattern recognition problems.
Does Contractual Form Matter? The Impact of Different Types of Non-Tenure-Track Faculty on College Students' Academic Outcomes.

We examine the impact of non-tenure-track faculty by type of employment on students ' academic outcomes in two- and four-year colleges using a two-way fixed-effects model and an instrumental variable approach. We also examine how the estimated effects on student outcomes can be explained by observable instructor characteristics and employment features. We find that non-tenure-track faculty have positive impacts on current course grades but negative impacts on subsequent course outcomes. These negative impacts are stronger for non-tenure-track faculty hired through temporary appointments than for those hired with long-term contracts, which can be explained partly by observable instructor characteristics. [End Page 1081] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Preserving Access for People with Disabilities

Preserving Access for People with Disabilities A bill passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in February would have a significant adverse effect on the accessibility of public accommodations f...
Gastroesophageal Reflux and IPF

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fibrosing disease of the lung and the most common of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. The pathophysiology of IPF involves recurrent epithelial cell injury, abnormal wound repair responses, and aberrant fibroblast proliferation. Recent studies have shed light upon the potential role of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and microaspiration as a possible etiology or trigger for the suspected recurrent epithelial injury and fibrosis that characterize IPF. Although acid aspiration has been linked to IPF, the mechanism and relationship of abnormal GER to the cause or progression of IPF have not been adequately addressed. This association is of great interest to the scientific and clinical communities, and active investigations are ongoing. Herein, we review what is currently understood about the relationship between GER and IPF and explore the evidence supporting this relationship.
Square functions, Cauchy integrals, analytic capacity, and harmonic measure

Sec t i on 0. I n t r o d u c t i o n In these notes we wi l l p resen t severa l examples which l i nk c e r t a i n geometr ic p r o p e r t i e s to square func t ions and L p es t imates . The f i r s t example we cons ide r is the Cauchy i n t e g r a l on curves . I t is by now well unders tood t h a t th ree o b j e c t s ( a t l e a s t ) p lay a ro le in bounding Cauchy i n t e g r a l s : maximal f u n c t i o n s , Car leson measures, and square f u n c t i o n s . In S e c t i o n 1 we p resen t a new proof of the L 2 boundedness of the Cauchy i n t e g r a l when the curve is L i p s c h i t z . The n o v e l t y here is tha t we reduce our problem r a p i d l y to a L i t t l e w o o d P a l e y type p r o p e r t y of the curve. To be more s p e c i f i c , l e t F be a L i p s c h i t z curve and c a l l I C r dyadic i f i t s p r o j e c t i o n on ~ is dyad ic . Let Po(I ) equal length ( I ) -1 t imes the maximal d i s t a n c e of I to a b e s t approximat ing l ine . (So i f I is a l ine segment, r io(I) = 0, whi le i f I is a " t e n t " , rio(I) ~ 1.) then we ob ta in the e s t ima te ( the "Geometric Lemma")
Motility and pressure phenomena of the esophagus

The esophagus is a muscular tube consisting of three functional regions: the upper and lower esophageal sphincters, and the esophageal body. On high-resolution manometry, the esophageal body consists of three contracting segments: the proximal striated muscle segment, followed by two smooth muscle segments, separated by pressure troughs. The sphincters and contracting segments function in contiguity to form a chain of relaxing and contracting segments, modulated by cortical, brain stem, and peripheral influences.
Some Syntactic Consequences of Argument Structure Dimensions

This paper discusses the nature and scope of the relation between morphology and (phrasal) syntax. I propose two dimensions along which the “space” of lexical argument structure might be partitioned, and then I illustrate how these dimensions can be exploited to address puzzles presented by various morphosyntactic phenomena in English. The direction of the argument will be toward support for a conception of the relation between morphology and syntax in which the rules of one differ in interesting ways from the rules of the other—a “lexicalist” conception—and away from a “syntactic” conception of that relation, in which the rules of morphology are the rules of syntax.
Lithuanian Phrasal Comparatives Without Covert Syntactic Structures

Phrasal comparatives can be analyzed as either involving covert structures or as being directly licensed depending on whether they exhibit clausal properties. In this paper, I show on the basis of Lithuanian phrasal comparatives that clausal-like effects can be enforced without invoking covert structures. I provide an empirically motivated analysis of Lithuanian phrasal comparatives in Hybrid Type-Logical Categorial Grammar. Under this analysis, the clausal-like properties of Lithuanian phrasal comparatives emerge as simple effects of phrasal comparative operators.
Policies and Counterstrategies: State-Sponsored Filiality and False Accusation in Qing China

Using court cases culled from various national and local archives in China, this article examines two strategies widely employed by Qing litigants to manipulate state-sponsored filiality to advance their perceived interests in court: “instrumental filicide to lodge a false accusation” and “false accusation of unfiliality.” While Qing subjects were willing and able to exploit the legalized inequality between parent and child for profit-seeking purposes, the Qing imperial state tolerated such maneuvering so as to co-opt local negotiations to reinforce orthodox notions of the parent–child hierarchy in its subjects’ everyday lives. Local actors, who appealed to the Qing legal promotion of parental dominance and filial obedience to empower themselves, were recruited into the Qing state's project of moral penetration and social control, with law functioning as a conduit and instrument that gave the design of “ruling the empire through the principle of filial piety” a concrete legal form in imperial governance.
Cyclophosphamide desensitization in patients with severe hypersensitivity reactions to bendamustine.

IntroductionCyclophosphamide is a nitrogen mustard alkylator employed in the treatment of many malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Despite reports of cyclophosphamide hypersensitivity ranging fr...
Traumatic lung herniation after ATV rollover

Traumatic pulmonary hernia is a rare entity that often presents immediately after the trauma but may appear years after the incident. We report a case of a 53-year-old female with polytrauma including a traumatic pulmonary hernia following an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) rollover. Left pulmonary hernia reduction, rib plating, and pectoralis flap were performed. After the surgery, the patient's pain and respiratory status drastically improved, and the patient was able to leave the hospital without any supplemental oxygen requirements. Pulmonary hernia is a rare etiology seen in blunt traumas involving the chest. These often can be associated with rib fractures, pulmonary contusions, and clavicular fractures. There are multiple techniques for surgical repair including using autologous tissues, synthetic materials, and even minimally invasive techniques. Although pulmonary hernia is rare, every trauma and thoracic surgeon should be aware of the etiology of this condition and the options available for surgical repair.
Foveated model observer to predict human search performance on virtual digital breast tomosynthesis phantoms.

Model observers for image quality assessment have been extensively used in the field of medical imaging. The majority of model observer developments have involved signal detection tasks with a few number of signal locations and models that have not explicitly incorporated the varying resolution in visual processing across the visual field (foveated vision). Here, we evaluate search performance by human and model observers in 3D search and 2D single-slice search with DBT virtual phantoms images for a simulated single simulated macrocalcification. We compare the ability of a Channelized Hotelling Observer model (CHO) and a Foveated Channelized Hotelling model (FCHO) in predicting human performance across 2D and 3D search. Human performance detecting the macrocalcification signal was significantly higher in 2D than in 3D (proportion correct, PC = 0.89 vs 0.68). However, the CHO model predicted a lower performance in 2D than in 3D search (PC = 0.84 vs 0.93). The FCHO, that processes the visual field with lowering spatial detail as the distance increases from the point of fixation, executes eye movements, and scrolls across slices, correctly predicts the relative performance for the detection of the macrocalcification in 2D and 3D search (PC = 0.92 vs 0.59). These results suggest that foveation is a key component for model observers when predicting human performance detecting small signals in DBT search.
Safety First, Robust Asset Pricing, and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

We explore the asset pricing model of a typical robust investor that views it only as an approximating model, and consequently seeks safety first. To this purpose, we introduce a feasible and easy to implement measure of ambiguity consistent with learning and robustness. We show that a three-factor robust ICAPM that includes market, learning, and ambiguity as risk factors explains the cross-section of stock returns, overcoming some of the empirical weaknesses observed in standard conditional CAPM specifications. We add a new explanation for the empirical success of the Fama-French-Jegadeesh factors: as proxies for the level of uncertainty surrounding business conditions.
Clearinghouse Certificates During the Great Depression: A Non-Example of “Unaccounted Money”

This article examines the non-issue of bank clearinghouse certificates during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Instead of a market failure, this non-issue is found to have been the result of an intervention. At the time, the issue of clearinghouse certificates to temporarily meet the need of the economy for a medium of exchange following a financial panic was a well-established practice. To make a long story short: In 1933, plans were underway by bankers to resort to this expedient. Merchants and the public at large were anxious to get their hands on the money substitute. But federal authorities said no. Instead of a short-term fix, following which the economy would return to its former ways, federal authorities had other plans. This paper examines both the specifics of the issue of emergency money during the Great Depression and the general principles involved in such issues.
Assessing student expertise in introductory physics with isomorphic problems. II. Effect of some potential factors on problem solving and transfer

In this paper, we explore the use of isomorphic problem pairs (IPPs) to assess introductory physics students' ability to solve and successfully transfer problem-solving knowledge from one context to another in mechanics. We call the paired problems ``isomorphic'' because they require the same physics principle to solve them. We analyze written responses and individual discussions for a range of isomorphic problems. We examine potential factors that may help or hinder transfer of problem-solving skills from one problem in a pair to the other. For some paired isomorphic problems, one context often turned out to be easier for students in that it was more often correctly solved than the other. When quantitative and conceptual questions were paired and given back to back, students who answered both questions in the IPP often performed better on the conceptual questions than those who answered the corresponding conceptual questions only. Although students often took advantage of the quantitative counterpart to answer a conceptual question of an IPP correctly, when only given the conceptual question, students seldom tried to convert it into a quantitative question, solve it, and then reason about the solution conceptually. Even in individual interviews when students who were given only conceptual questions had difficulty and the interviewer explicitly encouraged them to convert the conceptual question into the corresponding quantitative problem by choosing appropriate variables, a majority of students were reluctant and preferred to guess the answer to the conceptual question based upon their gut feeling. Misconceptions associated with friction in some problems were so robust that pairing them with isomorphic problems not involving friction did not help students discern their underlying similarities. Alternatively, from the knowledge-in-pieces perspective, the activation of the knowledge resource related to friction was so strongly and automatically triggered by the context, which is outside the conscious control of the student, that students did not look for analogies with paired problems or other aids that may be present.
Patient safety indicator events and complications in shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Background An estimated 70,000 patients undergo anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (ATSA or RTSA) in the United States every year. This study examines the relative safety of primary RTSA to ATSA and the influence of patient- and hospital-level characteristics on perioperative and prosthetic joint complications. Methods All patients in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) undergoing primary ATSA or RTSA from 2012-2014 were identified using ICD-9-CM codes. We quantified the incidence of Patient Safety Indicators (PSI), as developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and mechanical complications. The association of RTSA with PSI or mechanical complications was determined by logistic regression. Results We identified 27,540 patients receiving either an ATSA or RTSA. The overall PSI incidence and mechanical complication rates were 3.3% and 0.34%, respectively. RTSA (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.42-1.88), age ≥ 69 years (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.03-1.04), medium hospital size (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.55), and large hospital size (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.10-1.58) were significantly associated with increased odds of experiencing a PSI event. RTSA (OR = 4.47, 95% CI 2.74-7.28) and age ≥ 69 years (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99) were significantly associated with increased and decreased odds of experiencing a mechanical complication, respectively. Conclusions While the national incidence of PSI events and mechanical complications among patients receiving shoulder arthroplasty is relatively low, we found that older patients undergoing RTSA were more likely to experience a PSI event and younger patients to experience a mechanical complication. Level of evidence Level III.
Balancing Specialized Versus Flexible Computation in Brain–Computer Interfaces

We are building HALO, a flexible ultralow-power processing architecture for implantable brain– computer interfaces (BCIs) that directly communicate with biological neurons in real time. This article discusses the rigid power, performance, and flexibility tradeoffs that BCI designers must balance, and how we overcome them via HALO’s palette of domain-specific hardware accelerators, general-purpose microcontroller, and configurable interconnect. Our evaluations using neuronal data collected in vivo from a nonhuman primate, along with full-stack algorithm to chip codesign, show that HALO achieves flexibility and superior performance per watt versus existing implantable BCIs.
Governing for resilience: a new epoch in U.S. environmental policy and politics?

The evolution of U.S. environmental policy has occurred through a series of three overlapping epochs, with each distinguished by differences in problem definition and policy objectives, implementation philosophies, points of intervention, policy tools, data and informational needs, political and institutional contexts, and key events and public actions. In the third environmental epoch, policy efforts have primarily been framed within the context of sustainability and focus on applying comprehensive, bottom-up policy and planning initiatives. Despite its practical approach for addressing cross-cutting environmental issues, the “sustainable communities” paradigm has fallen short of facilitating a transformation in which U.S. society subsists within the Earth system’s ecological limits. As a result of the sustainability epoch’s policy failures, environmental policy practitioners have increasingly applied the concept of resilience to frame policy discussions. This study draws from resilience theory and applies the environmental epoch framework to conceptualize the emergence of a fourth epoch in U.S. environmental politics and policy, governing for resilience. An examination of the features that distinguish an environmental epoch that centers on resilience contributes to theory and provides practical insight for policymakers by identifying opportunities to prepare for ongoing and unprecedented environmental challenges.
Non-invasive imaging for the diagnosis of acute rejection in transplantation: The next frontier.

Abstract Acute rejection is a leading cause of organ transplant failure and the most common indication for re-transplantation. Clinically, suspicion of acute rejection is often dependent upon serum laboratory values which may only manifest after organ injury. The gold standard for diagnosis requires an invasive biopsy which can carry serious clinical risks including bleeding and graft loss as well as the possibility of sampling error. The use of noninvasive imaging modalities to monitor transplanted organs is of great clinical value, particularly as a tool for early detection of graft dysfunction or acute rejection. Herein, we provide an overview of the existing literature evaluating noninvasive imaging modalities of solid organ and cellular allografts after transplantation, including both preclinical and clinical studies.
Techno-economic feasibility and life cycle assessment of dairy effluent to renewable diesel via hydrothermal liquefaction

The economic feasibility and environmental impact is investigated for the conversion of agricultural waste, delactosed whey permeate, through yeast fermentation to a renewable diesel via hydrothermal liquefaction. Process feasibility was demonstrated at laboratory-scale with data leveraged to validate systems models used to perform industrial-scale economic and environmental impact analyses. Results show a minimum fuel selling price of $4.78 per gallon of renewable diesel, a net energy ratio of 0.81, and greenhouse gas emissions of 30.0g-CO2-eqMJ(-1). High production costs and greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to operational temperatures and durations of both fermentation and hydrothermal liquefaction. However, high lipid yields of the yeast counter these operational demands, resulting in a favorable net energy ratio. Results are presented on the optimization of the process based on economy of scale and a sensitivity analysis highlights improvements in conversion efficiency, yeast biomass productivity and hydrotreating efficiency can dramatically improve commercial feasibility.
Chapter 10 Wealth inequality, wealth constraints and economic performance

Abstract Where such behaviors as risk-taking and hard work are not subject to complete contracts, some distributions of assets (for instance the widespread use of tenancy) may preclude efficient contractual arrangements. In particular, the distribution of wealth may affect: (a) residual claimancy over income streams; (b) exit options in bargaining situations; (c) the relative capacities of actors to exploit common resources; (d) the capacity to punish those who deviate from cooperative solutions; and (e) the pattern of both risk aversion and the subjective cost of capital in the population.