cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased MEG activation in OCD reflects a compensatory mechanism specific to the phase of a visual working memory task

We examined spatio-temporal patterns of evoked magnetoencephalographic signals (MEG) in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) during the Encoding, Retention, and Retrieval phases of a Delayed Matching-to-Sample working memory task (DMST). The question was whether the mechanisms of abnormally increased cortical excitability, frequently reported in OCD, relate to a global cortical disinhibition and unselective over-processing of stimuli or, alternatively, to a compensatory mechanism of effortful enhanced inhibitory control. The DMST-related network of activation in OCD was found similar to that of Controls, and to that reported in other neuroimaging studies. The pattern of increased MEG activation in OCD patients was phase specific. During the Encoding phase, the activation was enhanced in the region of anterior insula and reduced in the posterior-inferior parietal cortex. During Retention, the activation was reduced in the occipital, parietal, superior temporal sulcus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 6/8/9). During Retrieval, a significant increase of activation was found in the right anterior insula extending towards the orbital region and right superior temporal sulcus, along with reduced activation in the left parietal cortex. The performance accuracy was high in OCD and comparable to Controls, although the RTs were prolonged. The results are discussed as being consistent with the hypothesis of a compensatory mechanism of effortful inhibitory control. This mechanism may be a major contributor to the increased cortical activation during Encoding and, in particular, Retrieval of the DMST task in patients suffering OCD. The findings do not support the concept of a faulty working memory mechanism per se in OCD.
Rule-based video classification system for basketball video indexing

Current information and communication technologies provide the infrastructure to send bits anywhere, but do not presume to handle information at the semantic level. This paper investigates the use of video content analysis and feature extraction and clustering techniques for further video semantic classifications and a supervised rule based video classification system is proposed. This system can be applied to the applications such as on-line video indexing, filtering and video summaries, etc. As an experiment, basketball video structure will be examined and categorized into different classes according to distinct visual and motional characteristics features by rule-based classifier. The semantics classes, the visual/motional feature descriptors and their statistical relationship are then studied in detail and experiment results based on basketball video will be provided and analyzed.
Natural history of concentric left ventricular geometry in community-dwelling older adults without heart failure during seven years of follow-up.

Presence of concentric left ventricular (LV) geometry has important pathophysiologic and prognostic implications. However, little is known about its natural history in older adults. Of the 5,795 community-dwelling adults ≥65 years of age in the Cardiovascular Health Study, 1,871 without baseline heart failure had data on baseline and 7-year echocardiograms. Of these 343 (18%) had baseline concentric LV geometry (concentric remodeling 83%, concentric LV hypertrophy [LVH] 17%) and are the focus of the present study. LV geometry at year 7 was categorized into 4 groups based on LVH (LV mass indexed for height >51 g/m 2.7 ) and relative wall thickness (RWT): eccentric hypertrophy (RWT ≤0.42 with LVH), concentric hypertrophy (RWT >0.42 with LVH), concentric remodeling (RWT >0.42 without LVH), and normal (RWT ≤0.42 without LVH). At year 7, LV geometry normalized in 57%, remained unchanged in 35%, and transitioned to eccentric hypertrophy in 7% of participants. Incident eccentric hypertrophy occurred in 4% and 25% of those with baseline concentric remodeling and concentric hypertrophy, respectively, and was associated with increased LV end-diastolic volume and decreased LV ejection fraction at year 7. Previous myocardial infarction and baseline above-median LV mass (>39 g/m 2.7 ) and RWT (>0.46) had significant unadjusted associations with incident eccentric LVH; however, only LV mass >39 g/m 2.7 (odds ratio 17.52, 95% confidence interval 3.91 to 78.47, p
An evaluation of the genotoxic potential of glyphosate

Abstract The potential genotoxicity of glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide, was tested in a variety of well-established in vitro and in vivo assays including the Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli WP-2 reversion assays, recombination (rec-assay) with Bacillus subtilis, Chinese hamster ovary cell gene mutation assay at the hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene locus, hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assay, and in vivo cytogenetics assay in rat bone marrow. No genotoxic activity was observed in the assays performed. The data suggest that glyphosate should not pose a genetic risk to man.
Spatiotemporal response of crystals in x-ray Bragg diffraction

The spatiotemporal response of crystals in x-ray Bragg diffraction resulting from excitation by an ultrashort, laterally confined x-ray pulse is studied theoretically. The theory presents an extension of the analysis in symmetric reflection geometry [R. R. Lindberg and Y. V. Shvyd'ko, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 15, 050706 (2012)] to the generic case, which includes Bragg diffraction both in reflection (Bragg) and transmission (Laue) asymmetric scattering geometries. The spatiotemporal response is presented as a product of a crystal-intrinsic plane-wave spatiotemporal response function and an envelope function defined by the crystal-independent transverse profile of the incident beam and the scattering geometry. The diffracted wave fields exhibit amplitude modulation perpendicular to the propagation direction due to both angular dispersion and the dispersion due to Bragg's law. The characteristic measure of the spatiotemporal response is expressed in terms of a few parameters: the extinction length, crystal thickness, Bragg angle, asymmetry angle, and the speed of light. Applications to self-seeding of hard x-ray free-electron lasers are discussed, with particular emphasis on the relative advantages of using either the Bragg or Laue scattering geometries. Intensity front inclination in asymmetric diffraction can be used to make snapshots of ultrafast processes with femtosecond resolution.
Bond-length fluctuations and the spin-state transition in L CoO 3 ( L = La , Pr, and Nd)

The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity, $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T),$ and magnetic susceptibility, $\ensuremath{\chi}(T),$ have been measured on single crystals of $L{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ $(L=\mathrm{La},$ Pr, Nd) grown by the floating-zone method. The susceptibility measurement shows a progressive stabilization of the low-spin (LS) state of Co(III) with decreasing size of the ${\mathrm{L}}^{3+}$ ion, and the population of excited intermediate-spin (IS) or high-spin (HS) state Co(III) ions begins to increase at 200 K and 300 K for ${\mathrm{PrCoO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{NdCoO}}_{3}$ compared with 35 K in ${\mathrm{LaCoO}}_{3}.$ The low-temperature Curie-Weiss paramagnetic susceptibility of $L{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}$ is an intrinsic property arising from surface cobalt and, possibly, a LS ground state bearing some IS character caused by the virtual excitation to the IS state. The transition from a LS to a IS/HS state introduces bond-length fluctuations that suppress the phonon contribution to $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ below 300 K. The suppressed $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ could be further reduced by dynamic Jahn-Teller distortions associated with the IS/HS species. A smooth transition in $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)$ and a nearly temperature independent $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)\ensuremath{\approx}20\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{K}$ above 600 K do not support a thermally induced, homogeneous Mott-Hubbard transition model for the high-temperature transition of ${\mathrm{LaCoO}}_{3}$ from an insulating to a conductive state. A two-phase process is proposed for the interval $300\mathrm{K}lTl700\mathrm{K}$ with a conductive phase growing in a matrix of IS states with localized $e$ electrons that are stabilized by Jahn-Teller distortions that may be dynamic.
B-cyclin/CDKs regulate mitotic spindle assembly by phosphorylating kinesins-5 in budding yeast.

Although it has been known for many years that B-cyclin/CDK complexes regulate the assembly of the mitotic spindle and entry into mitosis, the full complement of relevant CDK targets has not been identified. It has previously been shown in a variety of model systems that B-type cyclin/CDK complexes, kinesin-5 motors, and the SCFCdc4 ubiquitin ligase are required for the separation of spindle poles and assembly of a bipolar spindle. It has been suggested that, in budding yeast, B-type cyclin/CDK (Clb/Cdc28) complexes promote spindle pole separation by inhibiting the degradation of the kinesins-5 Kip1 and Cin8 by the anaphase-promoting complex (APCCdh1). We have determined, however, that the Kip1 and Cin8 proteins are present at wild-type levels in the absence of Clb/Cdc28 kinase activity. Here, we show that Kip1 and Cin8 are in vitro targets of Clb2/Cdc28 and that the mutation of conserved CDK phosphorylation sites on Kip1 inhibits spindle pole separation without affecting the protein's in vivo localization or abundance. Mass spectrometry analysis confirms that two CDK sites in the tail domain of Kip1 are phosphorylated in vivo. In addition, we have determined that Sic1, a Clb/Cdc28-specific inhibitor, is the SCFCdc4 target that inhibits spindle pole separation in cells lacking functional Cdc4. Based on these findings, we propose that Clb/Cdc28 drives spindle pole separation by direct phosphorylation of kinesin-5 motors.
Franz Baron Nopcsa

Table of contents … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 391 Plates … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 392 Foreword … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 400 B...
Spontaneous Hydrolysis of Glycosides

Richard Wolfenden,* Xiangdong Lu, and Gregory YoungDepartment of Biochemistry and BiophysicsUniVersity of North CarolinaChapel Hill, North Carolina 27599ReceiVed April 16, 1998Polysaccharides account for much of the carbon in thebiosphere. The stability of these polymers in water presumablyrenders them suitable for the storage of metabolic energy in theR-linked polymers amylose and glycogen, and for the maintenanceof physical structures supported by the
The Effect of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract Soiling is the accumulation of dust on solar panels that causes a decrease in optical efficiencies of CSP systems. However, geographically widespread data is only available for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The changes in efficiency of a large commercial site (86.4 kWdc) was quantified during the summer dry period over the course of 2010 with respect to rain events observed at a nearby weather station (3.4 km away) and using satellite solar resource data. Soiling losses were found to be 0.21% per day. The site was observed to have a decrease in efficiency from 7.2% to 5.6% during a 108 day dry period in the summer at which point a rain event occurred that recovered most of the lost efficiency going back to 7.1%.
Organic semiconductors: The birth of an exciton

The photons that make up visible light are indivisible. But certain organic materials can use singlet fission to divide the energy from one photon equally between two molecules. Experiments now reveal the molecular dynamics behind this phenomenon.
Lack of interaction between levofloxacin and oxycodone: pharmacokinetics and drug disposition.

Previous studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in the oral bioavailability of trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin when administered concomitantly with an intravenous opiate such as morphine. This decrease in absorption results in a 36% and 50% lower AUC for trovafloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively, which could cause clinical failures. The authors investigated the possibility of a similar interaction between oxycodone and levofloxacin. Eight healthy volunteers were randomized in an open-label, two-way crossover study to receive oxycodone, 5 mg p.o. Q4H, and levofloxacin, 500 mg p.o. 1 hour after starting the oxycodone or levofloxacin 500 mg p.o. alone. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours for Cmax, tmax, and AUC determinations. There was not a significant difference (p > 0.05) in AUC (48.59 +/- 8.52 vs. 49.9 +/- 9.93), Cmax (7.73 +/- 2.6 vs. 6.6 +/- 2.0), and tmax (1.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.6 +/- 1.1) for levofloxacin versus levofloxacin/oxycodone regimens. It was concluded that oral oxycodone and levofloxacin can be administered concomitantly without a significant decrease in AUC, Cmax, or tmax.
Liver Test Results Do Not Identify Liver Disease in Adults With α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Background & Aims Liver disease is a significant cause of death among adults with α 1 -antitrypsin (A-AT) deficiency. Age and male sex are reported risk factors for liver disease. In the absence of adequate risk stratification, current recommendations are to intermittently test A-AT–deficient adults for liver function. We evaluated this recommendation in a large group of adults with A-AT deficiency to determine the prevalence of increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and identify risk factors for liver disease. Methods We used the Alpha-1 Foundation DNA and Tissue Bank to identify a cross section of A-AT–deficient adults (n = 647) with and without liver disease; individuals without A-AT deficiency were used as controls (n = 152). Results from ALT tests were compared between groups. Results The prevalence of liver disease among individuals with A-AT deficiency was 7.9%; an increased level of ALT was observed in 7.8% of A-AT–deficient individuals, which did not differ significantly from controls. Mean levels of ALT fell within normal range for all groups. An increased level of ALT identified patients with liver disease with 11.9% sensitivity. The level of only γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was significantly higher in the A-AT–deficient group than in controls (43 vs 30 IU/mL; P Conclusions An increased level of ALT does not identify adults with A-AT deficiency who have liver disease. Male sex and liver disease during childhood might help identify those at risk.
Observations on Patient and Family Coping with Huntington's Disease:

Huntington's Desease, a presenile neuropsychiatric disorder, with onset usually in middle age, is a degenerative terminal illness clinically identifiable approximately a decade and one half prior to death. As Huntington's Disease is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder, the diagnosis in a family member has implications for the siblings and offspring of the affected individual. No definitive method for the preclinical detection of the carriers of the mutant gene is known. The consequences of this diagnosis on the quality of life for the clinically normal potential carriers of this disorder is discussed. The significance of genetic counseling and in particular a description of the phases in psychological coping is presented to enable informed decision making by family members.
High-performance polymer photovoltaics based on rationally designed fullerene acceptors

Abstract A novel C 70 fullerene derivative ICBM was rationally designed and synthesized by [4+2] cyclic addition reaction between an indene derivative (methyl 4-(1H-inden-3-yl)butanoate) and C 70 . The absorption and photoluminescence of the mixed films of ICBM with different polymer donor materials were characterized. The electrochemical reduction behavior of ICBM in the range of 0 to −2.5 V was investigated by the cyclic voltammetry method, and the result shows that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of ICBM is 0.07 eV higher than that of PC 70 BM. The photovoltaic devices based on poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a low band gap polymer (PTB7) as donors, with ICBM as an acceptor gave power conversion efficiencies of 5.00% and 6.67%, respectively. The result demonstrates that this novel C 70 fullerene derivative is a much better acceptor for wide-band gap as well as low-band gap donor polymers in the BHJ polymer photovoltaics.
TU-C-108-06: Performance of KCl:Eu2+ Storage Phosphor Dosimeters for Low Dose Measurements

Purpose: Recent research has demonstrated that europium doped potassium chloride (KCl:Eu2+) storage phosphor material has the potential to become the physical foundation of a novel and reusable dosimetry system using either film‐like devices or devices similar to thermoluminescent dosimeter chips. In this work, we will quantify the low dose detection resolution of the KCl:Eu2+ prototype dosimeter and demonstrate how it can be incorporated into clinical application for in vivo peripheral dose measurements. Methods: The prototype KCl:Eu2+ dosimeters used in this study were manufactured according to standard materials processes, and had a physical makeup similar to thermoluminescent dosimeter chips. The lowest dose‐to‐water of 0.01 cGy in this work was achieved underneath a fully closed multileaf collimator at a source‐to‐surface distance of ∼200 cm. For doses greater than 100 Gy, prototype dosimeters were irradiated using the XRLM4 beamline at the Center for Advanced Mircrostructure and Devices synchrotron facility at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, LA. To compare sensitivity, two commercial storage phosphor detectors were also irradiated under the same conditions. The dosimeters were read using a laboratory photostimulated luminescence detection system. Results: KCl:Eu2+ prototype storage phosphor dosimeter is capable of measuring a dose‐to‐water as low as 0.01 cGy from a 6MV photon beam with a signal‐to‐noise ratio greater than 6. Agfa MD10, Fuji STIII and KCl:Eu2+ prototypes were within 10% in sensitivity. A pre‐readout thermal annealing procedure enables the dosimeter to be read within an hour post irradiation. The dosimeter retains a constant response after receiving large accumulated doses (∼10 kGy). The energy‐dependence encountered during low dose peripheral measurements can be accounted for via a single point outside‐field calibration per each beam quality. Conclusions: With further development the KCl:Eu2+− based dosimeter could become a versatile and durable dosimetry tool with large dynamic range (sub‐cGy to 100 Gy). This work was supported in part by NIH Grant No. R01CA148853.
Thermodynamic Signature of DNA Damage: Characterization of DNA with a 5-Hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine•2'-Deoxyguanosine Base Pair

Oxidation of DNA due to exposure to reactive oxygen species is a major source of DNA damage. One of the oxidation lesions formed, 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine, has been shown to miscode by some replicative DNA polymerases but not by error prone polymerases capable of translesion synthesis. The 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine lesion is repaired by DNA glycosylases that require the 5-hydroxycytidine base to be extrahelical so it can enter into the enzyme's active site where it is excised off the DNA backbone to afford an abasic site. The thermodynamic and nuclear magnetic resonance results presented here describe the effect of a 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine·2'-deoxyguanosine base pair on the stability of two different DNA duplexes. The results demonstrate that the lesion is highly destabilizing and that the energy barrier for the unstacking of 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine from the DNA duplex may be low. This could provide a thermodynamic mode of adduct identification by DNA glycosylases that requires the lesion to be extrahelical.
Extraction of hydrogen from fossil fuels with production of solid carbon materials

Abstract Fossil fuels can be considered as hydrogen ores for CO2-free energy, and carbon ores for carbon construction materials. This paper discusses methods for extraction of hydrogen from fossil fuels without carbon oxidation, with co-production of high value solid carbon material products.
Efficient spanning trees

The definition of a shortest spanning tree of a graph is generalized to that of an efficient spanning tree for graphs with vector weights, where the notion of optimality is of the Pareto type. An algorighm for obtaining all efficient spanning trees is presented.
The Use of Structural Modeling in Organizational Change and Development Research

A relatively recent advance in analyzing longitudinal data, structural equation modeling with structured means, for examining the impact of organizational change and development interventions, is presented. Some of the limitations of current approaches to analyzing data collected from “experimental” and “control” groups are discussed, along with why structural modeling is particularly useful for real‐world experiments and quasi‐experiments. An illustration is then given, applying this approach to data collected from a team‐building intervention which involved 2,331 employees in 16 plants of a large garment manufacturer. Implications of the research are briefly considered.
GLOBAL PARTICLE SIMULATION STUDY OF SUBSTORM ONSET AND PARTICLE ACCELERATION

This paper reports the spatial and temporal development of Bursty Bulk Flows (BBFs) created by the reconnection as well as current disruptions (CDs) in the near-Earth tail using our 3-D global EM particle simulation with a southward turning IMF in the context of the substorm onset. Recently, observations show that BBFs are often accompanied by current disruptions for triggering substorms. We have examined the dynamics of BBFs and CDs in order to understand the timing and triggering mechanism of substorms. As the solar wind with the southward IMF advances over the Earth, the near-Earth tail thins and the sheet current intensies. Before the peak of the current density becomes maximum, the reconnection takes place, which ejects particles from the reconnection region. Because of the earthward flows the peak of the current density moves toward the Earth. The characteris- tics of the earthward flows depend on the ions and electrons. Electrons flow back into the inflow region (the center of reconnection region), which provides current closure. Therefore the structure of electron flows near the reconnection region is rather complicated. In contrast, the ion earthward flows are generated far from the reconnection region. These earthward flows pile up near the Earth. The ions mainly drift toward the duskside. The electrons are diverted toward the dawnside. Due to the pile-up, dawnward current is generated near the Earth. This dawnward current dissipates rapidly with the sheet current because of the opposite current direction, which coincides with the dipolarization in the near-Earth tail. At this time the wedge current may be created in our simulation model. This simulation study shows the sequence of the substorm dynamics in the near-Earth tail, which is similar to the features obtained by the multisatellite observations. The identication of the timing and mechanism of triggering substorm onset requires further studies in conjunction with observations.
Effects of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 and prostaglandin F2 on serum progesterone concentration and corpus luteum size in ewes

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) is luteolytic in sheep. This study assessed luteolytic ability of an isomer, 8-epi-PGF2α. Ten ewes were estrus-synchronized and blood serum was collected for 12 days and analyzed for progesterone concentration. Ewes were laparoscopically administered 200 µg 8-epi-PGF2α or PGF2α, or placebo in each ovary on day 8 and ovariectomized on day 13. Corpora lutea (CL) were weighed. Serum progesterone was reduced (P < 0.041) by PGF2a on day 9, but recovered to control levels (P = 0.646) by day 10. Interestingly, 8-epi-PGF2a increased (P < 0.050) serum progesterone on days 9, 10, and 12. However, area under curve for serum progesterone between days 8 and 12 did not differ (P = 0.165) among treatments. In ewes administered PGF2a, serum progesterone decreased sharply (P < 0.001) after treatment, but recovered (P = 0.217) to pre-treatment levels by day 11, indicating limited luteolysis after one-time dosage. Mean CL weight did not differ (P = 0.836) among treatments, but weight of largest CL was reduced by 8-epi-PGF2a (P = 0.032) and PGF2a (P = 0.015). One-time, intra-ovarian administration of 8-epi-PGF2a at this dosage did not cause luteolysis. Additionally, serum progesterone is capable of recovery from one-time, intra-ovarian administration of PGF2a. Key words: 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α, luteolysis, prostaglandin F2α.
Observations of East Coast upwelling conditions in synthetic aperture radar imagery

Seasonal coastal upwelling in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic coastal ocean normally occurs during the summer months because of generally alongshore southerly wind episodes. Southerly winds force an offshore surface Ekman flow over the inner continental shelf. Colder and nutrient-rich waters from below upwell toward the surface replacing offshore-flowing surface waters. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations from the European Remote Sensing (ERS) satellite ERS-2 before and after upwelling-favorable wind episodes in early summer 1996 along the New Jersey coast are presented. Lower backscatter conditions appearing in the SAR imagery after the onset of upwelling demonstrate the influence of the upwelling regime on the sea surface roughness. Satellite sea surface temperature (SST) observations and in-situ sea temperature vertical profiles confirm upwelling conditions. Three key mechanisms are suggested to explain the lower radar returns observed under upwelling conditions, an increase in the atmospheric marine boundary layer stability, an increase in the viscosity of surface waters, and the presence of biogenic surfactants in the upwelling region.
The role of scaffolding proteins in the assembly of the small, single-stranded DNA virus phiX174.

Abstract An empty precursor particle called the procapsid is formed during assembly of the single-stranded DNA bacteriophage φX174. Assembly of the φX174 procapsid requires the presence of the two scaffolding proteins, D and B, which are structural components of the procapsid, but are not found in the mature virion. The X-ray crystallographic structure of a “closed” procapsid particle has been determined to 3.5 A resolution. This structure has an external scaffold made from 240 copies of protein D, 60 copies of the internally located B protein, and contains 60 copies of each of the viral structural proteins F and G, which comprise the shell and the 5-fold spikes, respectively. The F capsid protein has a similar conformation to that seen in the mature virion, and differs from the previously determined 25 A resolution electron microscopic reconstruction of the “open” procapsid, in which the F protein has a different conformation. The D scaffolding protein has a predominantly α-helical fold and displays remarkable conformational variability. We report here an improved and refined structure of the closed procapsid and describe in some detail the differences between the four independent D scaffolding proteins per icosahedral asymmetric unit, as well as their interaction with the F capsid protein. We re-analyze and correct the comparison of the closed procapsid with the previously determined cryo-electron microscopic image reconstruction of the open procapsid and discuss the major structural rearrangements that must occur during assembly. A model is proposed in which the D proteins direct the assembly process by sequential binding and conformational switching.
Ontogeny of postnatal hyoid and larynx descent in humans.

Postnatal descent of the hyoid and larynx relative to the palate and mandible, which occurs uniquely in humans, is an anatomical prerequisite for quantal speech. This study tested the hypothesis that spatial constraints related to deglutition impose greater restrictions on the rate and degree of hyo-laryngeal descent than do adaptations for vocalization. Ontogenetic data on changes in the size and shape of the pharynx, the vocal tract, and the spatial positions of the larynx, hyoid, mandible and hard palate relative to each other and to the oral cavity were obtained for 15 males and 13 females from a longitudinal series of lateral radiographs (the Denver Growth Study) taken between the ages of 1 month and 14 years. To establish growth patterns, nine linear dimensions of the pharynx and 15 different pharyngeal and vocal-tract proportions were regressed against percentage growth. The results demonstrate that certain aspects of vocal-tract shape change markedly during ontogeny, especially in the first postnatal year and during the adolescent growth spurt. The ratio of pharynx height to oral cavity length (which is important for speech) decreases significantly (PB0.001) from 1.5 to 1.0 between birth and 6‐8 years, after which it remains stable. In contrast, regression analyses indicated that superoinferior spatial relations between the positions of the vocal folds, the hyoid body, the mandible and the hard palate do not change significantly throughout the entire postnatal growth period (PB0.05). Sexual dimorphism in pharyngeal shape and size before the age of 14 years is very limited. The results suggest that the descent of the hyoid and larynx relative to the mandible is constrained by muscle function related to deglutition, highlighting the different functional roles of the hyoid during speech and oral transport. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Use of Nutritional Supplementation Among University Recreation Users

Use of nutritional supplements and ergogenic aids among various user groups has been well documented over the years. One area that is lacking in current research is the use of these nutritional supplements among campus recreation facility users. This population is a prime target market for those in the sport supplement industry. There are many reasons people participate in campus recreation facilities and most would benefit from the use of nutritional supplementation if the claims made by the manufacturers of these supplements is true. However, the nutritional supplement industry is not very strictly regulated and the potential for risk to users is ever present. Obviously the risks vary among manufacturers and also with the type of supplement being taken. It is in the best interest of anyone contemplating taking a nutritional supplement to research the risks, benefits and potential side-effects. It would be beneficial for campus recreation administrators to have an understanding of what types of nutrition...
Whither Art Thou, SCN10A, and What Art Thou Doing?

Since its initial cloning in 1992, SCN5A (Nav1.5) has become known as “the” cardiac sodium channel.1 SCN5A encodes a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant channel that is responsible for the inward sodium current (INa), which initiates the cardiac action potential. Its RNA and protein expression dominate the sodium channel landscape in the ventricle, atrium, and specialized conduction system. Mice heterozygous for a targeted Scn5a deletion (Scn5a+/− mice) have slowed conduction along with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, whereas homozygous targeted deletion in mice is embryonic lethal.2 In humans, pharmacological agents that block SCN5A such as flecainide, developed as antiarrhythmics, are proarrhythmic and increase mortality in patients with structural heart disease.3 In addition, SCN5A mutations cause a potpourri of diseases that lead to sudden cardiac death including long-QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3, gain-of-function mutations that slow inactivation and increase late sodium current, INa,L), Brugada syndrome (BRS1, loss of function mutations that decrease peak INa), conduction disease, atrial fibrillation, and dilated cardiomyopathy.4 More recently, changes in SCN5A (expression, splicing, posttranslational modifications including CaMKII phosphorylation) and/or its β-subunits that decrease peak INa or increase INa,L have been implicated as potential contributing factors for more common types of sudden death from acquired heart diseases such as heart failure.5–8 Articles, see p 322 and 333 A number of independent lines of evidence have suggested that other sodium channels might play important roles in the heart. In the mouse, Scn5a is preferentially localized at intercalated disks, whereas Nav1.1, Nav1.3, and Nav1.6 are localized in t-tubules.9 Consistent with this, TTX-sensitive sodium channels were shown to be responsible for 16% of the sodium channel mRNA and 8% of the peak INa in isolated adult cardiac myocytes and were upregulated in cardiac myocytes isolated from rats with thoracic …
On the Controllability of Single-Step Optimization of Robotic Manipulators

Suboptimal control algorithms have been successfully used for the control of robotic manipulators and spacecraft attitudes. One such suboptimal strategy is single step optimization. This typically involves the numerical solution of a quadratic programming problem at each sampling interval to obtain the acceleration vector for a manipulator. Inverse dynamics are then used to calculate the torque vector. If the feasible region for the acceleration vector does not contain the origin, the method fails. Failure has also resulted when the sampling period was excessively reduced. In this paper, it is shown that failure in both situations is because no feasible acceleration vector exists. Examples and means of avoiding the loss of controllability are also presented.
An adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for AQM systems

In this paper, an active queue management (AQM) algorithm is investigated based on adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for the problem of congestion control in TCP complex systems with unknown nonlinear disturbance. A sliding surface is constructed based on Lyapunov-Krasovskii method for the particular network model, and a sufficient condition is proposed for robust asymptotic stability of the system in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI). The corresponding reaching law is designed, which can drive the state trajectory of system onto the sliding surface within limited time. The simulation results show that it can track queue length very quickly under various network conditions, and avoid the congestion of dynamic networks.
How smoking became history: looking back to 2012

Geneva, 21 March 2032: As we all know, the work of tobacco control today is focused on reducing the prevalence and harm from non-smoked tobacco products, caring for ex-smokers with cigarette-caused diseases with long latencies and stamping out cigarette smuggling where it still arises. But many of our readers are old enough to have spent most of their tobacco control careers fighting cigarettes. They were facing over five million tobacco-related deaths in 2012, and the prospect of a billion such deaths this century, with cigarettes by far the main culprit. Many assumed that cigarettes would always be with us: indeed, the original Framework Convention on Tobacco Control focused on imposing warnings, prohibiting advertisements, raising taxes and protecting non-smokers from ‘secondhand smoke’ (what people used to be exposed to in the presence of combusted tobacco products). Indeed, they pursued every promising idea short of getting rid of cigarettes and other burned tobacco products. That just seemed a bridge too far. So what happened to make smoked tobacco products ‘history’ and thereby improve the health and life expectancy of millions of people around the world? The story will be familiar to most readers, but it is worth reviewing, especially for …
TEMPERATURE MEASURING CONES

A series of pyrometric cones that measure temperature independent of the rate of heating has been developed. These cones are mixtures of inorganic salts and melt congruently. Melting-point data are presented for the three binary systems MgSO4-Li2SO4, K2SO4-KBr, and Na2SO4-NaBr.
Activation of frontoparietal attention networks by non-predictive gaze and arrow cues.

Gaze and arrow cues automatically orient visual attention, even when they have no predictive value, but the neural circuitry by which they direct attention is not clear. Recent evidence has indicated that the ventral frontoparietal attention network is primarily engaged by breaches of a viewers cue- related expectations. Accordingly, we hypothesized that to the extent that non-predictive gaze and arrow cues automatically engender expectations with regard to cue location, they should activate the ventral attention network when they cue attention invalidly. Using event-related fMRI, we found that invalid gaze but not arrow cues activated the ventral attention network, specifically in the area of the right temporal parietal junction (TPJ), as well as nodes along the dorsal attention network associated with a redirection of attention to the correct target location. In additional whole-brain analyses, facilitation of behavioral response time by valid gaze cues was linearly associated with the degree of activation in the right TPJ. We conclude from our findings that gaze direction elicits potent expectations in humans with regard to an actors intention that engage attention networks if not differe ntly from, at least more robustly than, arrow cues.
Cross‐validation of a short form of the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale

This research is a cross-validation and extension of Reynolds' (1982) short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, using three separate groups (N = 233). Unlike Reynolds, the present researchers administered the 13 items as a separate entity, calculated Cronbach's Alpha for each sex, and also computed a test-retest correlation for one of the three groups. The authors conclude that this 13-item short form is a viable alternative to the full scale.
Guided wave sensor for in-situ high temperature process monitoring

A sensor design is presented based on waveguides of the order of 1 mm in diameter and 1 meter in length for the application of high temperature process monitoring. The critical issues of temperature dependence of the acoustic waveguide is discussed. Insertion loss data are presented on several waveguide systems for comparison.
Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Antegrade transseptal vs. conventional retrograde transarterial approach

Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) has been limited predominantly to a palliative treatment for poor surgical candidates with critical aortic stenosis and multiple high-risk or comorbid conditions. The most commonly used technique for BAV is the retrograde approach, in which the balloon is passed via the femoral artery using 12-14 Fr sheaths. We compared an antegrade transseptal approach using the Inoue balloon vs. the retrograde transarterial approach using conventional balloons. The antegrade group had an improved acute hemodynamic outcome, including 20% additional increase of aortic valve area and 20% greater reduction of transaortic valve gradient compared to the retrograde approach. Preclosure with the Perclose device was used for the 14 Fr venous access sites, resulting in immediate hemostasis, minimizing the need for transfusion, and diminishing the period of bed rest. The improved acute efficacy and relative ease of venous access for the antegrade approach facilitate BAV by eliminating the need for large-caliber arterial access sheaths. The antegrade approach also incorporates technical elements necessary for percutaneous aortic valve replacement and may have expanded applications as an adjunct to this developing therapy. The impact of improved acute results on the long-term clinical outcome for this patient group will require further study.
Guidelines for Application of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (Insulin Pump) Therapy in the Perioperative Period

Case reports indicate that diabetes patients receiving outpatient insulin pump therapy have been allowed to continue treatment during surgical procedures. Although allowed during surgery, there is actually little information in the medical literature on how to manage patients receiving insulin pump therapy during a planned surgical procedure. A multidisciplinary work group reviewed current information regarding the use of insulin pumps in the perioperative period. Although the work group identified safety issues specific to surgical scenarios, it believed that with the use of standardized guidelines and a checklist, continuation of insulin pump therapy during the perioperative period is feasible. A sample set of protocols have been developed and are summarized. A policy outlining clear procedures should be established at the institutional level to guide physicians and other staff if the devices are to be employed during the perioperative period. Additional clinical experience with the technology in surgical scenarios is needed, and consensus should be developed for insulin pump use in the perioperative phases of care.
Transgenic mice expressing cyan fluorescent protein as a reporter strain to detect the effects of rotenone toxicity on retinal ganglion cells.

This is the first study using a reporter transgenic model to investigate the effects of an environmental toxin on the retina. Rotenone is a widely used pesticide that inhibits mitochondrial complex I and produces neurotoxicity. Previous studies demonstrated the time course and dose response of rotenone toxicity on retinal ganglion cells (RGC). However, previous analyses of rotenone-induced retinotoxicity provided little detail of the optic nerve axons and cellular pathology. These limitations were successfully surmounted by using a transgenic mouse line shown to express cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) in neurons, including RGC, under regulatory elements of the human the thy1.1 promoter (thy-CFP). Data showed that CFP expression is limited to RGC and their processes in the retina of thy-CFP mice. Eyes exposed to the pesticide rotenone displayed marked alterations in RGC morphology, inner plexiform layer, optic disc, and optic nerves. After 24 h, the number of CFP-labeled RGC was reduced 50%. Correlated with...
Distributional and Sequential Communication Structure: A Case Study in Organizational Decision-Making

The decision-making interaction of a health maintenance organization's staff and a telephone company's sales consultants was analyzed. Audiotapes of two 1-hr. meetings required for a consensus decision regarding upgrading of the organization's communications system were transcribed. Discussants' speaking turns were classified by raters into one of the following content categories, Information Giving, Requests for Information, Opinion Giving, Requests for Opinion, Communication Facilitators, Communication Inhibitors, and Metadiscussional Statements. Results demonstrated the existence of patterns with regard to both the frequency of particular types of statement (distributional structure) and the ordering of types of statement (sequential structure). Patterning varied between the two meetings.
Rapid population divergence in thermal reaction norms for an invading species: breaking the temperature–size rule

The temperature-size rule is a common pattern of phenotypic plasticity in which higher temperature during development results in a smaller adult body size (i.e. a thermal reaction norm with negative slope). Examples and exceptions to the rule are known in multiple groups of organisms, but rapid population differentiation in the temperature-size rule has not been explored. Here we examine the genetic and parental contributions to population differentiation in thermal reaction norms for size, development time and survival in the Cabbage White Butterfly Pieris rapae, for two geographical populations that have likely diverged within the past 150 years. We used split-sibship experiments with two temperature treatments (warm and cool) for P. rapae from Chapel Hill, NC, and from Seattle, WA. Mixed-effect model analyses demonstrate significant genetic differences between NC and WA populations for adult size and for thermal reaction norms for size. Mean adult mass was 12-24% greater in NC than in WA populations for both temperature treatments; mean size was unaffected or decreased with temperature (the temperature-size rule) for the WA population, but size increased with temperature for the NC population. Our study shows that the temperature-size rule and related thermal reaction norms can evolve rapidly within species in natural field conditions. Rapid evolutionary divergence argues against the existence of a simple, general mechanistic constraint as the underlying cause of the temperature-size rule.
Rulers of the Steppe

Rulers of the Steppe. 2000. 60 minutes, color. video by Andre Hoekema and Peter Oud. with the support of the European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights, European Union. Versions in English, Russian, and Spanish. For more information contact Peter Oud. Film and Photography, Baarnseweg 41, 3735ML Bosch en Duin, the Netherlands; tuvaproject@peteroud.nl.
Mesenchymal‐Mode Migration Assay and Antimetastatic Drug Screening with High‐Throughput Microfluidic Channel Networks

Increasing evidence shows that activated mesenchymal migration is a key process of the metastatic cascade. Cancer cells usually gain such migratory capability through an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Herein we present a high-throughput microfluidic device with 3120 microchambers to specifically monitor mesenchymal migration. Through imaging of the whole chip and statistical analysis, we can evaluate the two key factors of velocity and percentage related to cell migratory capacity at different cell densities in culture. We also used the device to screen antimetastatic drugs for their inhibition of mesenchymal migration and prevention of metastatic malignancy. This device will provide an excellent platform for biologists to gain a better understanding of cancer metastasis.
Perspectives on public acceptance of nuclear power

(1979). Perspectives on public acceptance of nuclear power. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 1178-1190.
Megabladder mouse model of congenital obstructive nephropathy: genetic etiology and renal adaptation.

Congenital obstructive nephropathy remains one of the leading causes of chronic renal failure in children. The direct link between obstructed urine flow and abnormal renal development and subsequent dysfunction represents a central paradigm of urogenital pathogenesis that has far-reaching clinical implications. Even so, a number of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic quandaries still exist in the management of congenital obstructive nephropathy. Studies in our laboratory have characterized a unique mutant mouse line that develops in utero megabladder, variable hydronephrosis, and progressive renal failure. Megabladder mice represent a valuable functional model for the study of congenital obstructive nephropathy. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the genetic etiology of mgb−/− mice as well as the molecular pathways controlling disease progression in these animals.
Paleomagnetism of the Upper Triassic rocks from south of the Ailaoshan Suture and the timing of the amalgamation between the South China and the Indochina Blocks

Abstract A high temperature remanence with thermally-discrete unblocking temperature spectra has been isolated from the redbed samples of the Upper Triassic Yiwanshui Formation collected from south of the Ailaoshan Suture in southern Yunnan Province of China. Two groups of directions were observed: the tilt-corrected mean is D/I = 141.4°/31.2° with α95 = 13.0° based on 12 sites for the first group, and D/I = 207.5°/4.9° with α95 = 16.0° based on 5 sites for the second group. The second group of directions was derived from massively bedded rocks with large uncertainties in determination of the paleo-horizontal and is thus deemed inaccurate. The first group of directions passes the foldtest with dual polarity, and is consistent with results previously reported from the same type section, and probably represents primary magnetization of the rock formation. Comparison with the Triassic paleomagnetic poles for the Baoshan Terrane and the South China Block indicates that the Simao and the Baoshan terranes were probably already amalgamated by late Triassic times but the coalescence between them and the South China Block may have not been completed until near the end of the Triassic.