cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined insulin and sulfonylurea therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus presents a therapeutic dilemma. It is both very common and frequently uncontrolled, and increasing evidence links poor glycemic control with serious complications. Our lack of success in controlling type 2 diabetes is partly due to the progressive nature of this disorder. Both insulin secretion and the response of tissues to insulin tend to diminish with time. Therefore, a given patient may expect to need progressively more intensive therapy over the course of time. Dietary therapy is preferred, but it seldom continues to be effective for more than a few years. Sulfonylureas are initially effective about 70% of the time, but after 5 years remain so less than 30% of the time. At this point insulin is required, yet a single injection is not always effective. Thus, for many patients the use of two injections of mixtures of intermediate-acting plus fast-acting insulin is advised quite early in the course of type 2 diabetes. Aggressive insulin therapy of this kind presents
Development of a smart substrate for a laser powder deposition process

This paper presents results of ongoing research that addresses possible geometric inaccuracies and structural deficiencies arising from nonuniform heating and cooling of parts fabricated or repaired using laser powder deposition. A "smart-structures" based method is investigated, in which piezoelectric (and/or mechanical) actuators provided on the substrate are used sequentially to deform and undeform a substrate through deposition with the goal of minimizing the residual deformations/stresses in the part. Different actuation configurations are considered, and results based on linear theory are discussed. Initial experimental work is also described. Results to date indicate that the approach could be used to advantage in certain types of builds for active control/reduction of residual deformations/stresses in laser deposited parts.
Potential and stopping power information from ion channeling in Ge

Abstract Ion scattering spectra have been obtained for planar and near-planar channeling of He+ in germanium. Strong yield oscillations are observed in the energy spectra of the backscattered ions. The wavelength and stopping power of the incident ions have been determined from measurements of the energy separation between yield oscillations from spectra taken with various entrance and exit angles. The angle of inclination of the beam direction to the planes that produces the maximum scattering yield was also measured. This allowed the determination of the wavelength and stopping power by a second method. The wavelengths and angles for maximum scattering yields also provide information about the strength of the interaction potential between the ions and the target atoms.
Differences in neural activation between preterm and full term born adolescents on a sentence comprehension task: implications for educational accommodations.

Abstract Adolescent survivors of preterm birth experience persistent functional problems that negatively impact academic outcomes, even when standardized measures of cognition and language suggest normal ability. In this fMRI study, we compared the neural activation supporting auditory sentence comprehension in two groups of adolescents (ages 9–16 years); sentences varied in length and syntactic difficulty. Preterms ( n = 18, mean gestational age 28.8 weeks) and full terms ( n = 14) had scores on verbal IQ, receptive vocabulary, and receptive language tests that were within or above normal limits and similar between groups. In early and late phases of the trial, we found interactions by group and length; in the late phase, we also found a group by syntactic difficulty interaction. Post hoc tests revealed that preterms demonstrated significant activation in the left and right middle frontal gyri as syntactic difficulty increased. ANCOVA showed that the interactions could not be attributed to differences in age, receptive language skill, or reaction time. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that preterm birth modulates brain–behavior relations in sentence comprehension as task demands increase. We suggest preterms’ differences in neural processing may indicate a need for educational accommodations, even when formal test scores indicate normal academic achievement.
Overview of Community Collaborative Partnerships and Empirical Findings: The Foundation for Youth HIV Prevention

This article presents a summary history and context of the CHAMP Family Program. Primarily, CHAMP was created and developed in response to rising levels of HIV and AIDS in inner-city communities of color. Concurrently, major changes in the field of psychology were underway during the late 1980s and early 1990s including new perceptions of the effect of culture and context on development; the birth of development psychopathology as a field; and increasing interest in-and recognition of-adolescent psychology. It is within the context of these transformations that this article places the design and implementation of CHAMP. The evolution of the CHAMP Family Program a relatively small, cyclical study in Chicago, to a major, multi-site project is discussed, with particular emphasis on the role of community collaboration in the transitions that CHAMP has experienced thus far.
Transport of Charged Species Across Solid-State Nanopores

Nanofluidic devices are finding growing interest for a variety of applications. An initial report is presented here on a wide range of parameters influencing transport of ionic species as they translocate across solid-state nanopores. AC electrical bias at low ionic concentration with overlapping electric double layers provides an enhancement of ionic flux over pure DC bias. Furthermore, results also indicate that concentration and pH gradients can be maintained across solid-state nanopores for extended periods of time that can last for several hours in the absence of driving forces such as electric fields.
A Time Series Analysis of Some Interrelated Logistics Performance Variables

Abstract : This paper is a case study. We show how the powerful methods of time series analysis can be used to investigate the interrelationships between Alert Availability, a logistics performance variable, and Flying Hours, an operational requirement, in the presence of a major change in operating procedures and using contaminated data. The system considered is the fleet of C-141 aircraft of the U.S. Air Force. The major change in operating procedures was brought about by what is known as Reliability Centered Maintenance, and the contaminated data were due to anomalies in reporting procedures. The technique used is a combination of transfer function modeling and intervention analysis.
Evaluation of direct tissue blotting to detect potato viruses.

Serological detection of potato viruses was more sensitive, faster, and less expensive with direct tissue blotting assay than with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive reactions were obtained with tobacco rattle virus, potato viruses S, Y, M, A, X, and potato leafroll virus. Virus was detected in leaves, petioles, stems, roots, and tubers.
Traditional birth attendant training: sharing experiences

The experiences in TBA training in five countries are contrasted. Successful training must impart improved skills to the TBAs and follow-up that both provides continuing support and meets the self-interest of the TBAs. The preference of mothers for services of TBAs is explained.
High-yield assembly of hinged 3D optical MEMS devices using magnetic actuation

We have developed a new magnetic actuation process for hinged, surface micromachined structures to assemble three-dimensional optical devices with high efficiency and high yield. Electroplated magnetic material (Permalloy) is integrated with two types of hinged microstructures and the magnetic actuation process has been experimentally characterized. Under a given external magnetic field, the angular displacement of a hinged structure is determined by the volume of the magnetic material or by the stiffness of an auxiliary flexural loading spring. Preliminary design rules for achieving asynchronous actuation of hinged microstructures have been established to enable effective parallel assembly of three-dimensional devices. We have demonstrated parallel actuation of arrays of individual microstructures and three-dimensional assemblies under a globally applied external magnetic field.
Time limits in permanency planning: The child welfare worker's perspective

Abstract Public child welfare workers in California reported their judgments of time limits and the timing of court reviews under permanency planning statutes. Overall, workers support California's 12-month limit on reunification services, although differences emerge between staff with more child welfare experience and between agencies with differing training for and experience with permanency planning. Recommendations for policy and practice are forwarded.
Surgical management of patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome

Twelve patients with the Budd-Chiari syndrome were managed surgically at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over a 10-year period. Ten patients were female and 2 were male. Nine were white, 2 were black, and 1 was Asian. Three patients had polycythemia vera, one had paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and one was taking estrogens. The diagnosis was confirmed in all 12 patients by liver biopsy and angiography. Five patients had a patent inferior vena cava and underwent a mesocaval shunt. There were 2 hospital deaths in this group. Ascites redeveloped in 1 patient and was controlled with a Le Veen shunt. The remaining 2 patients did well, are ascites free, and have angiographically demonstrated patent shunts. Histological findings in these 2 patients showed the condition of the liver to have improved markedly. Seven of the 12 patients had occlusion of the inferior vena cava due to thrombosis (6) or compression by the enlarged liver (1), and underwent mesoatrial shunts. There were 2 hospital deaths in this group. One late death occurred from liver failure following thrombosis of the entire mesenteric venous system. Ascites redeveloped in another patient and was controlled with a Le Veen shunt. The remaining 3 patients did well and were demonstrated angiographically to have patent shunts. Two of the 3 patients redeveloped ascites at 4 and 10 months postoperatively and required a second mesoatrial shunt. They are now ascites free, with angiographically demonstrated patent shunts 10 months and 12 months, respectively, following their second operation. The follow-up for the 6 patients still alive ranges from 15 to 74 months.
The Teacher Shortage: A Case of Wrong Diagnosis and Wrong Prescription

This article investigates the possibility that the organizational characteristics and conditions of schools are driving teacher turnover. The data used in this investigation comefrom the Schools and Staffing Survey and its supplement, the Teacher Follow-up Survey, conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 1996). This analysis indicates that the amount of turnover accounted for by retirement is relatively minor when compared with that associated with otherfactors such as teachers'job dissatisfaction and teachers'pursuit of otherjobs. In fact, school staffing problems are not principally due to teacher shortages; they do not seem to stem from an insufficient supply of qualified teachers butfrom an excess demand. The data indicate that a revolving door exists, that large numbers of qualified teachers are departing their jobs for reasons other than retirement. Popular education initiatives, such as teacher recruitment programs, will not solve schools' staffing problems if they do not al...
Influence of thickness and camber on the aeroelastic stability of supersonic throughflow fans

An engineering approach was used to include the nonlinear effects of thickness and camber in an analytical aeroelastic analysis of casecades in supersonic acial flow (supersonic leading-edge locus). A hybrid code using Lighthill's nonlinear piston theory and Lane's linear potential theory was developed to include these nonlinear effects. Lighthill's theory was used to calculate the unsteady pressures on the noninterference surface regions of the airfoils in cascade. Lane's theory was used to calculate the unsteady pressures on the remaining interference surface regions. Two airfoil profiles were investigated (a supersonic throughflow fan design and a NACA 66-206 airfoil with a sharp leading edge). Results show that compared with predictions of Lane's potential theory for flat plates, the inclusion of thickness (with or without camber) may increase or decrease the aeroelastic stability, depending on the airfoil geometry and operating conditions. When thickness effects are included in the aeroelastic analysis, inclusion of camber will influence the predicted stability in proportion to the magnitude of the added camber. The critical interblade phase angle, depending on the airfoil profile and operating conditions, may also be influenced by thickness and camber. Compared with predictions of Lane's linear potential theory, the inclusion of thickness and camber decreased the aerodynamic stiffness and increased the aerodynamic damping at Mach 2 and 2.95 for a cascade of supersonic throughflow fan airfoils oscillating 180 degrees out of phase at a reduced frequency of 0.1.
Aldosterone levels in Rana pipiens: Hormone titers do not always reflect rates of synthesis or target tissue responsiveness

Abstract 1. 1. The leopard frog, Rana pipiens , experiences an increase in urea production following saline dehydration (0.15 M NaCl) during the Spring-Summer (SS) but not the Fall-Winter (FW) months. 2. 2. The increase in urea production is associated with enhanced liver gluconeogenesis. 3. 3. Titers of aldosterone in blood of tap water maintained FW and SS frogs are identical (5.5 × 10 −9 M), and both decline 74–90% following saline dehydration. 4. 4. These declines in aldo titers reflect a decrease in inter-renal aldo synthesis in FW frogs, and an increase in aldo synthesis in SS frogs. 5. 5. SS frogs maintained in tap water exhibit reduced arginino-succinate lyase activity that can be restored following aldo administration. 6. 6. Aldo possesses considerable glucocorticoid activity in addition to the traditional mineralocorticoid activity. The absence of a positive correlation between aldo titer and inter-renal aldo production may result from a separation of aldo's two primary metabolic actions. 7. 7. It is proposed that high aldosterone titers are associated with proposed lower affinity aldo receptors in sodium retaining tissues such as skin and bladder, and low titers are associated with higher affinity aldo receptors in tissues capable of gluconeogenesis such as liver and kidney.
The work budget of rough faults

Abstract Faults in nature have measurable roughness at many scales and are not planar as generally idealized. We utilize the boundary element method to model the geomechanical response of synthetic rough faults in an isotropic, linear elastic continuum to external tectonic loading in terms of the work budget. Faults are generated with known fractal roughness parameters, including the root mean square slope ( β ), a measure of roughness amplitude, and the Hurst exponent ( H ), a measure of geometric self-similarity. Energy within the fault models is partitioned into external work ( W ext ), internal elastic strain energy ( W int ), gravitational work ( W grav ), frictional work ( W fric ), and seismic energy ( W seis ). Results confirm that W ext , or work done on the external model boundaries, is smallest for a perfectly planar fault, and steadily increases with increasing β . This pattern is also observed in W int , the energy expended in deforming the host rock. The opposite is true for gravitational work, or work done against gravity in uplifting host rock, as well as with frictional work, or energy dissipated with frictional slip on the fault, and W seis , or seismic energy released during slip events. Effects of variation in H are not as large as for β , but W grav , W fric , and W seis increase with increasing H , with W int and W ext decreasing across the same range. Remarkably, however, for a narrow range of roughness amplitudes which are commonly observed along natural faults, the total work of the system remains approximately constant, while slightly larger than the total work of a planar fault. Faults evolve toward the most mechanically efficient configuration; therefore we argue that this range of roughness amplitudes may represent an energy barrier, preventing faults from removing asperities and evolving to smooth, planar discontinuities. A similar conclusion is drawn from simulations at relatively shallow depths, with results showing that shallower faults have larger energy barriers, and can be mechanically efficient at higher roughness amplitudes.
Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of 2-ethyl-1-butanol with hexane isomers

Abstract Molar excess enthalpies, measured at 298.15 K in a flow microcalorimeter, are reported for binary mixtures of 2-ethyl-1-butanol with the five isomeric hexanes. The results are compared with previously published excess enthalpies for mixtures of 1-hexanol and 2-methyl-1-pentanol with the same hexane isomers.
A focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety

Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent anxiety attacks in the absence of a frightening stimulus. It is a common disorder, affecting 2-5% of the general population and 10-14% of patients seen in cardiology practice. Infusion of sodium (DL)lactate precipitates an anxiety attack in most persons with this disorder but rarely does so in normal controls, suggesting a neurobiological basis for the problem. Despite this observation, the pathophysiology of panic disorder remains unknown. We have now used positron emission tomography to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with panic disorder in the absence of a panic attack. Analysis of CBF in regions thought to mediate symptoms of panic, anxiety and vigilance reveals a significant (P less than 0.005) abnormal asymmetry of CBF (left less than right) located in a region of the parahippocampal gyrus. This asymmetry was present in seven patients with panic disorder and a positive response to lactate infusion but was absent in six normal controls and in three patients with panic disorder associated with a negative response to lactate. We believe this to be the first study to identify a discrete brain abnormality in patients with this severe form of anxiety.
Possibilities and Challenges for Academic Psychology Uncertain Science, Interpretative Conversation, and Virtuous Community

This article focuses on explicitly expanding contemporary definitions of the academic community and its disciplines, in particular academic psychology, to include virtue. The academy benefits from ...
A Risk Profile for Advanced Proximal Neoplasms on Diagnostic Colonoscopy

The capacity for colonoscopy is limited and a method to prioritize patients for diagnostic colonoscopy is needed in health care centers. A retrospective cross-sectional cohort study was carried out in county and community endoscopy centers, which included 1,065 county and 279 community patients aged ≥40 years undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy. We constructed a risk profile for proximal advanced neoplasms on diagnostic colonoscopy at the county center based on the size of the regression coefficients for independent risk factors from logistic regression. An advanced neoplasm was defined as one of size ≥1 cm or containing villous histology, high-grade dysplasia, or cancer. In our county colonoscopy population (n = 929 after exclusions), the stepwise logistic regression analysis identified age ≥60 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.14, 6.14), iron deficiency anemia (AOR: 4.74; 95% CI: 2.07, 11.34), and an advanced neoplasm in the recto-sigmoid (AOR: 6.01; 95% CI: 2.02, 16.00) as the statistically significant predictors of an advanced proximal neoplasm. In the county population, the prevalence rates of an advanced proximal neoplasm and proximal high-grade dysplasia/cancer in the low-risk group were 0.71% (95% CI: 0.15, 2.05) and 0.24% (95% CI: 0.01, 1.31), respectively. Avoiding colonoscopy in this group would increase the capacity for colonoscopy by 46% in the higher risk groups. In a disparate community population (n = 237 after exclusions), this scoring system had a goodness-of-fit test showing high concordance (P = 0.51). This clinical profile stratified the risk for an advanced neoplasm proximal to the sigmoid in patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy. It identified a large subset of low-risk patients.
Response to: Pre-referral rectal artesunate in severe malaria: a flawed trial

A response to and comment on Pre-referral rectal artesunate in severe malaria: a flawed trial, by Karim F Hirji and Zulfiqarali G Premji.
Comparison of therapeutic and immunosuppressive effects of azathioprine, prednisolone and combined therapy in NZP-NZW mice.

Since NZB/NZW mice develop an immune nephritis similar to that of systemic lupus erythematosus in man, a study was designed in these mice to compare the clinical and immunologic effects of three immunosuppressive drug regimens. For 72 weeks, groups of 20 mice received daily oral therapy with a) no drugs, b) azathioprine, c) prednisolone or d) combined azathioprine-prednisolone. The combined regimen was superior to either drug used alone in preventing deaths from renal disease. Prednisolone alone also prolonged life significantly, but not as effectively as combination therapy. Azathioprine alone was not effective. All drugs suppressed the antibody response to an exogenous antigen (Vi polysaccharide) equally well. None of the drug regimens prevented the appearance of proteinuria, antinuclear antibodies, Coombs' antibody, or γ-globulin deposits in glomeruli. However, the ability of a therapeutic regimen to suppress antibodies to native DNA correlated well with its ability to suppress renal disease. No malignancies were found among 73 animals autopsied, but significant hepatic damage occurred in the groups receiving prednisolone. Thus, combined therapy was superior to either drug used alone, and the immunosuppressive effect of greatest clinical importance seemed to be the ability to prevent formation of anti-DNA antibodies.
Glucose transporter-4 in white blood cells of young and old sled dogs: a model for human biomarker development

The insulin responsive glucose transporter, GLUT4 is found predominantly in muscle and adipose cells. Maratou and others (2007) reported that there is GLUT4 in white blood cells (WBC) collected from human subjects in response to insulin activation. This study was designed to validate the presence of GLUT4 in white blood cells of sled dogs and furthermore to investigate whether changes in levels of the GLUT4 protein might be associated with aging. Additionally, we examined the blood insulin concentration of two populations of dogs, young and old, before and after a meal to observe their insulin response. It is documented in skeletal muscle that GLUT4 expression is increased as a result of conditioning, making sled dogs an excellent model in the circumpolar north for studying the effects of exercise, nutrition and diabetes (Felsburg 2002; Kararli 2006). Blood was withdrawn from 11 healthy sled dogs: 6 young (1-5 years) and physically fit, conditioned for racing and 5 old (7-13 years), retired from racing. The insulin response was determined using blood plasma and ELISA. The buffy coat (containing WBC) was collected with a glass pipette after centrifugation and washed and suspended in 1x phosphate buffer. GLUT4 was measured using ELISA kits (USCN Life Sciences). The results validate that GLUT4 is present in white blood cells in sled dogs. Age had no significant effect in the concentration of GLUT4 between the populations of old and young dogs. A significant difference in insulin levels pre and post meal in young (0.13 ± 0.03 ng/mL (pre), 0.22 ± 0.04 ng/mL (post), p 0.05). Detecting GLUT4 via an ELISA in white blood cells, opens up minimally invasive avenues for studying the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with insulin resistance in more complex, dynamic and physiological systems. This project was the first step in developing a protocol for this simple, technique with a potential clinical application for diagnosing insulin resistance.
Diffusion of ions through hardened cement pastes

Diffusion of Na+ and Cl− ions through thin hardened paste section was determined as a function of water/cement ratio, curing time, curing temperature, and diffusion temperature. Diffusivities of Na+ ions were smaller than for Cl− ions in the temperature range measured up to 60°C. Activation energies for diffusion were calculated, and contrasts were made with diffusion through a low porosity quartzite rock having minimal surface interaction with the diffusing species.
EFFECT OF GENDER, AGE, AND LIPID STATUS ON LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN SUBFRACTION DISTRIBUTION. RESULTS FROM THE FRAMINGHAM OFFSPRING STUDY

The presence of low molecular weight low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles in plasma has been associated with premature coronary artery disease. In this study we have examined factors affecting LDL subfraction distribution as determined by 2% to 16% polyacrylamide-agarose gradient gel electrophoresis of whole plasma in a normal, primarily middle-aged, population of adult male and female participants (n = 280, ages 25 to 75 years) in the Framingham Offspring Study. Seven major LDL bands (LDL-1 to LDL-7) were observed in different individuals, with most subjects having either one or two major bands. The presence of low molecular weight LDL (LDL-4 to LDL-7) in plasma as the predominant LDL type was significantly more common in men than in women (43.5% versus 14.8%, p less than 0.001). The presence of low molecular weight LDL was correlated (p less than 0.01) with increased age, plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (in women only), and apolipoprotein (apo) B concentrations, as well as with decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apo A-I levels. Approximately 69% of the variability in LDL subfractions could be accounted for by alterations in plasma triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels. These data are consistent with the concept that LDL subfraction distribution is influenced by gender and plasma lipoprotein levels and can be determined readily by the use of whole plasma.
Polyglutamine Dances the Conformational Cha-Cha-Cha

While polyglutamine repeats appear in dozens of human proteins, high-resolution structural analysis of these repeats in their native context has eluded researchers. Kim et al. now describe multiple crystal structures and demonstrate that polyglutamine in huntingtin dances through multiple conformations.
Anti-Immigrant Ideology in U.S. Crime Reports: Effects on the Education of Latino Children

This article investigates the link between how Latino migrants are represented in U.S. crime reports, the formation of immigration laws/policies, and the effects on children of Latino migrants in U.S. schools. From a framework of cognitive linguistics and critical discourse analysis, I examine crime reports in U.S. online newspapers depicting crimes allegedly committed by Latino migrants in the years 2008–2010. The analysis exposes linguistic strategies such as the use of metaphor and metonymy to construct a negative representation of Latino migrants. I conclude with a discussion of the indirect effects on Latino schoolchildren.
A new self-aligned quantum-well MOSFET architecture fabricated by a scalable tight-pitch process

We have developed a new III-V self-aligned Quantum-Well MOSFET (QW-MOSFET) architecture that features a scalable highly conducting ledge over the channel access region. The extensive use of RIE and digital etching techniques enables the precise design of the length and thickness of the ledge and allows the careful balancing of performance against short-channel effects. We demonstrate Lg=70 nm InAs MOSFETs with a ledge length of 5 nm that feature a record gm of 2.7 mS/μm. Separately, devices with a ledge length of 70 nm yield a record ON-current of 410 μA/μm (Vdd=0.5 V and Ioff=100 nA/μm). We also demonstrate working MOSFETs with Lg = 20 nm and a very tight metal contact spacing. Devices with a 5 nm ledge length reveal for the first time the existence of off-state leakage (GIDL) in III-V MOSFETs.
A comparison between perfectly and imperfectly competitive downstream electricity markets under the effect of upstream fuel market price

Upstream fuel markets can affect the production strategies of power producers, and further the market equilibrium, as well as the social welfare. In this paper, we present a study on the impacts of fuel price on electricity market in perfect and imperfect competitive environments. The differences between the power producers' strategies, and benefit transference among different market participants under the effect of fuel price are investigated and compared. It is found that fuel-dependent power producers' production responses with respect to the fuel price are similar in these two competition markets, but the incentives are very different. Moreover, the production strategies of non-fuel-dependent power producers have different effects on the fuel producer's profit. In addition, we show that the essence of the upstream fuel market's impact on the social welfare in the downstream electricity market is benefit transference among the producers, as well as between the producers and consumers.
Effect of a Speed Set on Awareness and Verbal Operant Conditioning

A study to determine the relationship between verbal operant conditioning (VOC) and awareness as measured by Dulany's post-conditioning interview. 76 Ss were given instructions for either a Speed Set or Non-speed Set. Taffel's sentence-completion task was used with an intertrial color-naming task. Reinforced Ss showed a significant increase in VOC (p .05). Speed Set vs Non-speed Set had no significant effect upon either VOC or awareness (p > .05). The results supported the position of Spielberger and DeNike, in which awareness is considered to be a necessary mediating factor for VOC.
Early concerns of mothers of children later diagnosed with autism: Implications for early identification

Abstract There is a need to identify early indicators in autism, particularly with reference to comorbid mental retardation and specific culture so that early intervention can be given. In this backdrop, this study aims to understand the early indicators of autism as perceived by the Indian mothers: the age of reporting and receiving diagnosis, and their variability due to comorbid mental retardation (MR). The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase-I, information about early concerns, age of reporting concerns, and subsequent diagnoses were elicited from 50 mothers of children later diagnosed with autism. From a wide range of concerns, only four showed significant correlation with the clinical diagnosis of autism, which were considered the early indicators. In Phase-II, information about the early indicators was collected from mothers of 10 children with autism and mental retardation and from mothers of another 10 children with mental retardation alone, matched for age gender, and severity of mental retardation. Results indicated that specific indicators could be identified from the mothers’ concerns, which could be from any of three core areas of autism. Comorbid mental retardation did not have any effect on early recognition and subsequent diagnosis. Implications of early indicators are discussed from a cultural perspective.
Latent Inflation: Problems and Policies

IN TIME OF WAR, unless measures are taken to limit civilian demand, the aggregate demand for real resources for civilian uses and for war purposes invariably exceeds the available supply. This is an inevitable consequence of a war program, since it may be taken for granted that countries will not limit the resources they dedicate to carrying on a war. If a country engaged in war does not have an inflation problem, it is in fact not pushing its war effort to the maximum. Inflationary pressure is a natural by-product of war. This was the common experience of every belligerent country in World War II. In some, as in the United States and Canada, an enormous expansion of output enabled a large part of the increased demand to be satisfied from greater production. In others, as in the United Kingdom, an import surplus financed by the liquidation of overseas investment, supplemented by lend-lease and foreign borrowing, provided resources that added to the supply available from gross national output. But neither greatly increased output nor a large import surplus was sufficient to prevent the development of inflationary pressures; this was as true in a fully controlled economy like Russia as in a comparatively free wartime economy like the United States. In the occupied countries, the policies imposed by the enemy had the same inflationary effect as direct war expenditure. Enemy occupation, far from decreasing the pressure on resources, tended to increase it. Heavy occupation costs had to be met, and a considerable part of current output was exported to Germany without corresponding imports being received. Occupation costs produced heavy budgetary deficits met by borrowing from the public and from the banks. The export surplus resulted in large payments by the central bank to local producers, and these were represented by central bank claims on Germany. If the increased wartime demand had been allowed to become effective, there would inevitably have been a sharp rise in prices, that is to say, an active inflation. Such inflation might have impaired the capacity of the economy to maintain production, and in particular to shift productive resources to war needs. Active inflation raises profits, and by making civilian production more profitable lessens the inducement to shift production from civilian to war uses. This
Microstructural processes in structural alloys

Significant opportunities exist for improved microstructural modeling of the processing and in-service performance of structural alloys. The fundamental tool for linking size and time scales and for dealing with multiphysics phenomena will continue to be continuum, rate-theory-type models. The major challenge is to make these models more complete and accurate. In large part, this can be done based on available physical understanding. Atomistic modeling can also play an important implicit role by providing improved insight on key mechanisms and better estimates of fundamental material properties. Direct application of atomistic models will primarily benefit circumstances involving ultrafine-scale microstructures and local processes. Careful coupling of models to well-designed experiments will very often be the key to success.
Autism and Autistic Behavior in Joubert Syndrome

To determine whether individuals with Joubert syndrome exhibit features of autism as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), we examined 11 children with Joubert syndrome using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic. Three children met DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder and one for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. The other seven all demonstrated at least one DSM-IV symptom of autism, but did not meet criteria for a pervasive developmental disorder. Both total number of DSM-IV symptoms and number of social symptoms distinguished the autism and nonautism subgroups. In contrast, the two subgroups displayed similar levels of communication impairments and repetitive or stereotyped behavior. The key to diagnosing autism in Joubert syndrome is to focus on social behaviors, particularly milestones typically achieved very early in life (eg, attending to human voices, showing objects of interest, enjoyment of social interactions). Implications for the role of the cerebellum in nonmotor behavior and for clinical management of Joubert syndrome also are discussed.
C and Si Impurity Atoms on a GaAs(001) Surface.

Ab initio pseudopotential calculations of C and Si impurity atoms on an As-terminated GaAs(001) surface have been performed, First, the C atom is found to stay near a midpolnt between the As atoms on the surface and the Si atom a cation site Secondly, we find that the C atom is more strongly bound to the GaAs surface than the Si atom. Geometrically as well as energetically, the C atom is more difficult to remove from the GaAs surface The present results agree with an experimental fact that in contrast with the case of Si, eliminating the C impurity through the surface requires thermal etching at such a high temperature of 750°C.
Pore size and pore volume effects on alumina and TCP ceramic scaffolds

Abstract Controlled porosity alumina and β-tricalcium phosphate ceramic scaffolds with pore sizes in the range of 300–500 μm and pore volumes in the range of 25–45% were processed using the indirect fused deposition process. Samples having different pore sizes with constant volume fraction porosity and different volume fractions porosity with a constant pore size were fabricated to understand the influence of porosity parameters on mechanical and biological properties. In vitro cell proliferation studies were carried out with OPC1 human osteoblast cell line for 28 days with different scaffolds. Variation in pore size did not show any conclusive differences, but samples with higher volume fraction porosity showed some evidence of increased cell growth. Volume fraction porosity also showed a stronger influence on the mechanical properties under uniaxial compression loading. Compression strength dropped significantly for samples with higher volume fraction porosity, but changed marginally when only the pore size was varied.
Screening of the tensor force in the isoscalar M1 state in 208Pb.

The influence of the residual ph tensor force on the wave function of the 5.846 MeV isoscalar 1/sup +/ state in /sup 208/Pb is investigated. While the (e,e') form factor is well described within a 1p1h random-phase-approximation model and is fairly insensitive to the strength of the tensor force, medium energy proton scattering experimental angular distributions are not reproduced within this model. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of 2p2h excitations yields screening corrections to the effective tensor force which reduce its strength considerably. Thus the apparent failure of the 1p1h random-phase-approximation wave function to describe the inelastic proton scattering data at medium energy can be resolved.
Molecular Systematics of the Leptodeirini (Colubroidea: Dipsadidae) Revisited: Species-tree Analyses and Multi-locus Data

Abstract Cat-eyed snakes (Leptodeira) were thought to be closely related to nightsnakes (Hypsiglena and Pseudoleptodeira) based on morphology and immunological data, which allied these genera with blunt-headed vine snakes (Imantodes) and the Cloud Forest Snake (Cryophis hallbergi ). We collected sequence data from six protein-encoding nuclear loci (SLC30A1, ZEB2, FSHR, NTF3, DNAH3, and PNN; 4149 bp) and additional mtDNA data (nad5; 955 bp) added to published cob and nad4 (total 2387 bp mtDNA) from these and other rear-fanged, mildly venomous snakes that prey on vertebrates (frogs and lizards) and from several other dipsadine genera (Dipsas, Sibon, and Atractus) that prey on invertebrates (goo-eaters). We analyzed relationships using concatenation and a coalescent species-tree method. When analyzed separately, using either concatenation or coalescent methods, nuclear data support a different overall topology from the mtDNA data. Like the mtDNA data, the nuclear data support the Leptodeira + Imantodes relat...
Protein arginine methylation in Candida albicans: role in nuclear transport.

Protein arginine methylation plays a key role in numerous eukaryotic processes, such as protein transport and signal transduction. In Candida albicans, two candidate protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) have been identified from the genome sequencing project. Based on sequence comparison, C. albicans candidate PRMTs display similarity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hmt1 and Rmt2. Here we demonstrate functional homology of Hmt1 between C. albicans and S. cerevisiae: CaHmt1 supports growth of S. cerevisiae strains that require Hmt1, and CaHmt1 methylates Npl3, a major Hmt1 substrate, in S. cerevisiae. In C. albicans strains lacking CaHmt1, asymmetric dimethylarginine and ω-monomethylarginine levels are significantly decreased, indicating that Hmt1 is the major C. albicans type I PRMT1. Given the known effects of type I PRMTs on nuclear transport of RNA-binding proteins, we tested whether Hmt1 affects nuclear transport of a putative Npl3 ortholog in C. albicans. CaNpl3 allows partial growth of S. cerevisiae npl3Δ strains, but its arginine-glycine-rich C terminus can fully substitute for that of ScNpl3 and also directs methylation-sensitive association with ScNpl3. Expression of green fluorescent protein-tagged CaNpl3 proteins in C. albicans strains with and without CaHmt1 provides evidence for CaHmt1 facilitating export of CaNpl3 in this fungus. We have also identified the C. albicans Rmt2, a type IV fungus- and plant-specific PRMT, by amino acid analysis of an rmt2Δ/rmt2Δ strain, as well as biochemical evidence for additional cryptic PRMTs.
Use of the ultrasonic bone aspirator for lateral osteotomies in rhinoplasty

UNLABELLED There remains considerable debate over the optimal method and approach to performing lateral osteotomies. Current methods rely on mechanical energy for performance of osteotomies, which can lead to soft-tissue injury and/or disruption of the bony or cartilaginous framework. The authors report the novel use of an ultrasonic bone aspirator device for performance of lateral osteotomies in rhinoplasty. The authors have found this technology to be safe and effective in a series of five consecutive patients. The main benefits of the device include avoidance of soft-tissue/mucosal injury, minimal bleeding/bruising, and the ability to avoid mechanical force to create bony cuts, which can destabilize the bony and/or cartilaginous construct of the nose. Being able to minimize tissue trauma with its associated morbidity while maintaining efficacy makes the ultrasonic bone aspirator an attractive option for lateral osteotomies in rhinoplasty that warrants further investigation. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, IV.
Adsorption and Decomposition of Diethylsilane on Silicon Surfaces

Diethylsilane (DES), Si(C 2 H 5 ) 2 H 2 , is a promising candidate for the atomic layer epitaxy of silicon. The adsorption and decomposition kinetics of DES on silicon surfaces were studied using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR studies on porous silicon surfaces indicated that DES dissociatively adsorbs below 600 K and produces Si-H and Si-C 2 H 5 surface species. The desorption products following DES adsorption on Si(111) 7×7 were C 2 H 4 and H 2 for all surface coverages using both LITD and TPD techniques. Ethylene and H 2 desorption occurred at 700 and 810 K, respectively, during TPD experiments with a heating rate of β = 9 K/s. Ethylene desorption was consistent with a β-hydrogen elimination mechanism from the Si-C 2 H 2 surface species. Isothermal LITD studies monitored the desorption kinetics of C 2 H 4 from Sl (111) 7×7 as a function of time following DES exposures. The first-order ethylene desorption kinetics were E d = 36 kcal/mol and v d = 2.7 × 10 9 s −1 . Additional LITD measurements determined that le initial reactive sticking coefficient of DES on Si(111) 7×7 decreased versus surface temperature. The temperature-dependent sticking coefficients suggested a precursormediated adsorption mechanism.
Machine learning-based receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for crisp and fuzzy classification of DNA microarrays in cancer research

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to obtain classification area under the curve (AUC) as a function of feature standardization, fuzzification, and sample size from nine large sets of cancer-related DNA microarrays. Classifiers used included k-nearest neighbor (kNN), naive Bayes classifier (NBC), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), learning vector quantization (LVQ1), logistic regression (LOG), polytomous logistic regression (PLOG), artificial neural networks (ANN), particle swarm optimization (PSO), constricted particle swarm optimization (CPSO), kernel regression (RBF), radial basis function networks (RBFN), gradient descent support vector machines (SVMGD), and least squares support vector machines (SVMLS). For each data set, AUC was determined for a number of combinations of sample size, total sum[-log(p)] of feature t-tests, with and without feature standardization and with (fuzzy) and without (crisp) fuzzification of features. Altogether, a total of 2,123,530 classification runs were made. At the greatest level of sample size, ANN resulted in a fitted AUC of 90%, while PSO resulted in the lowest fitted AUC of 72.1%. AUC values derived from 4NN were the most dependent on sample size, while PSO was the least. ANN depended the most on total statistical significance of features used based on sum[-log(p)], whereas PSO was the least dependent. Standardization of features increased AUC by 8.1% for PSO and -0.2% for QDA, while fuzzification increased AUC by 9.4% for PSO and reduced AUC by 3.8% for QDA. AUC determination in planned microarray experiments without standardization and fuzzification of features will benefit the most if CPSO is used for lower levels of feature significance (i.e., sum[-log(p)]~50) and ANN is used for greater levels of significance (i.e., sum[-log(p)]~500). When only standardization of features is performed, studies are likely to benefit most by using CPSO for low levels of feature statistical significance and LVQ1 for greater levels of significance. Studies involving only fuzzification of features should employ LVQ1 because of the substantial gain in AUC observed and low expense of LVQ1. Lastly, PSO resulted in significantly greater levels of AUC (89.5% average) when feature standardization and fuzzification were performed. In consideration of the data sets used and factors influencing AUC which were investigated, if low-expense computation is desired then LVQ1 is recommended. However, if computational expense is of less concern, then PSO or CPSO is recommended.
The Visiting Specialist Model of Rural Health Care Delivery: A Survey in Massachusetts

Context: Hospitals in rural communities may seek to increase specialty care access by establishing clinics staffed by visiting specialists. Purpose: To examine the visiting specialist care delivery model in Massachusetts, including reasons specialists develop secondary rural practices and distances they travel, as well as their degree of satisfaction and intention to continue the visiting arrangement. Methods: Visiting specialists at 11 rural hospitals were asked to complete a mailed survey. Findings: Visiting specialists were almost evenly split between the medical (54%) and surgical (46%) specialties, with ophthalmology, nephrology, and obstetrics/gynecology the most common specialties reported. A higher proportion of visiting specialists than specialists statewide were male (P = .001). Supplementing their patient base and income were the most important reasons visiting specialists reported for having initiated an ancillary clinic. There was a signifi cant negative correlation between a hospital ' s number of staffed beds and the total number of visiting specialists it hosted (r =  0.573, P = .032); study hospitals ranged in bed size from 15 to 129. Conclusions: The goal of matching supply of health care services with demand has been elusive. Visiting specialist clinics may represent an element of a market structure that expands access to needed services in rural areas. They should be included in any enumeration of physician availability. 1