cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy for Analyzing Undried Silage

Abstract Alfalfa, corn, small grain crop, and grass silage samples (n=146) were collected from farms in Maryland, Virginia, and Indiana to determine the usefulness of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for analyzing the feeding value of wet feedstuffs. Undried silages were analyzed for major components (DM, CP, ADF, NDF, pH, ADIN, NH 3 N, hot water insoluble N, and in vitro digestible DM) and for acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, lactic, and valeric acids by conventional chemical laboratory procedures compared with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Validation sets consisting of one-third of the samples within a group were used to evaluate the accuracy of calibration equations. The coefficients of determination of near infrared analyzed values with conventional chemical assays of major components in the wet alfalfa silages ranged from .78 to .99, except for ADIN. These values ranged from .75 to .96 for wet corn silage components, except for ADIN and hot water insoluble N. Correlations between the two methods of analysis for most of the short-chain organic acids were considerably lower but were higher for the alfalfa than for the corn silages. Use of different procedures for selecting calibration and validation sets had varying influence on near infrared reflectance spectroscopy estimates depending on the component being analyzed.
Psychologic, Situational, and Physiologic Variables and On-Ice Performance of Youth Hockey Goalkeepers

• Objective To determine the relationship between psychologic, situational, and physiologic variables and on-ice performance of youth hockey goalkeepers. • Design This study was structured to identify relationships and predictors of goalie performance. • Material and Methods Because athletes playing solo positions in team sports have not been analyzed in depth in terms of precompetition anxiety and because goalkeeper performance is critical to game outcome, we undertook a study of 43 goalies at a hockey camp. These goalies completed psychometric inventories to assess trait and state anxiety, confidence, life stress, and social support. Hotter monitors measured heart rate while the goalies rotated through on-ice stations. Goalies were videotaped at the puck-shooting machine station, and performance (percent saves) was calculated. • Results Trait (somatic) anxiety and positive mood state (ability to share) had different but significant relationships with on-ice performance. Heart rates ranged from 88 to 208 beats/min at the on-ice stations. Mean heart rate for older goalies (14 to 18 years of age) was 164 beats/min at the puck-shooting machine and 176 beats/min at other stations such as the slap-shot station. • Conclusion Older goalies performed well at a high level of arousal. Better performing goalies were more experienced, had faster heart rates "in the net," and had lower scores on all measures of anxiety.
Malignant Melanoma in the 21st Century, Part 2: Staging, Prognosis, and Treatment

Critical to the clinical management of a patient with malignant melanoma is an understanding of its natural history. As with most malignant disorders, prognosis is highly dependent on the clinical stage (extent of tumor burden) at the time of diagnosis. The patient's clinical stage at diagnosis dictates selection of therapy. We review the state of the art in melanoma staging, prognosis, and therapy. Substantial progress has been made in this regard during the past 2 decades. This progress is primarily reflected in the development of sentinel lymph node biopsies as a means of reducing the morbidity associated with regional lymph node dissection, increased understanding of the role of neoangiogenesis in the natural history of melanoma and its potential as a treatment target, and emergence of innovative multimodal therapeutic strategies, resulting in significant objective response rates in a disease commonly believed to be drug resistant. Although much work remains to be done to improve the survival of patients with melanoma, clinically meaningful results seem within reach.
Effect of hypophysectomy and pituitary implants at puberty on the sexual differentiation of testosterone metabolism in rat liver.

The role of the pituitary in the sexual differentiation of the Δ4-3-keto reduction of testosterone in th e rat liver was investigated. Testosterone-1,2-H3 was incubated in liver slices under nitrogen and the sexually dimorphic pattern of the metabolites 3α,17β-dihydroxy-5β-androstane (A), 3β, 17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstane (B), 3α, 17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstane (C) and 5α-dihydrotestos-terone (D) was studied. Male rats, gonadectomized at 25 days of age, formed as adults higher amounts of A and B and lower amounts of C and D than gonadectomized female rats. Hypophysectomy at 25 days of age abolished the development of these sex differences. Compared to gonadectomized females, hypophysectomized rats produced high levels of A and B and low amounts of C and D, which is a shift to a male-type of metabolism. Implantation of a male or female pituitary under the kidney capsule in gonadectomized-hypophysectomized rats did not restore sexual differentiation of metabolism but resulted in a decrease of A and B and a large...
α-Catenin is an inhibitor of transcription

α-Catenin (α-cat) is an actin-binding protein required for cell–cell cohesion. Although this adhesive function for α-cat is well appreciated, cells contain a substantial amount of nonjunctional α-cat that may be used for other functions. We show that α-cat is a nuclear protein that can interact with β-catenin (β-cat) and T-cell factor (TCF) and that the nuclear accumulation of α-cat depends on β-cat. Using overexpression, knockdown, and chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches, we show that α-cat attenuates Wnt/β-cat–responsive genes in a manner that is downstream of β-cat/TCF loading on promoters. Both β-cat– and actin-binding domains of α-cat are required to inhibit Wnt signaling. A nuclear-targeted form of α-cat induces the formation of nuclear filamentous actin, whereas cells lacking α-cat show altered nuclear actin properties. Formation of nuclear actin filaments correlates with reduced RNA synthesis and altered chromatin organization. Conversely, nuclear extracts made from cells lacking α-cat show enhanced general transcription in vitro, an activity that can be partially rescued by restoring the C-terminal actin-binding region of α-cat. These data demonstrate that α-cat may limit gene expression by affecting nuclear actin organization.
Two-layer thermal barrier coatings I: Effects of composition and temperature on oxidation behavior and failure

The effects of 21 bond and 2 ceramic coating compositions on the specific mass gain, internal crack location at failure, and life of a two-layer thermal barrier coating (TBC) were studied by cyclic testing in a furnace. MAR-M 200 + Hf alloy specimens were completely coated with bond and thermal barrier (ceramic) coatings. Both coatings were applied by air plasma spray deposition. Cyclic test data were obtained at 1110, 1160, and 1220 deg C. The data show that the specific mass gain and the TBC life are significantly affected by the composition of the bond coating and the temperature and only slightly affected by the composition of the ceramic coating.
Bosonization in one and two dimensions.

Using the Jordan-Wigner transformation and duality relations, a method for bosonization for nonrelativistic spinless fermions is introduced. The same method is used for one- and two-dimensional cases. In one dimension a cubic potential is obtained. After linearization the usual bosonization results for relativistic fermions are reproduced. In two dimensions the nonlocal potential induces vortices which determines the effective potential between the charged particles. We find that the low-energy excitations are acoustic charge-density waves.
Analysis of thin film stress measurement techniques

Abstract Residual stresses in several magnetron sputtered Mo thin films, with thicknesses from 100 nm to 1.60 μm, were determined using double-crystal diffraction topography (DCDT), sin 2 ψ , and the high-resolution X-ray diffraction technique (HRXRD). The Mo films had a range of microstructures that included random and polycrystalline, textured out-of-plane, and textured in-plane. When the average biaxial stresses over the entire film thickness were determined for the films using the aforementioned techniques, the results were comparable in magnitude. However, the stresses determined with the substrate curvature technique, DCDT, were consistently smaller than those obtained with the sin 2 ψ and HRXRD techniques. The difference may arise for several reasons. For example, the HRXRD and sin 2 ψ measurements of a textured film may not be indicative of the mean film stress, and thus may differ from the curvature measurement. Also, substrate curvature techniques measure extrinsic stresses, or stresses that arise solely from the presence of the substrate. The techniques which analyze the film directly, such as sin 2 ψ and HRXRD, measure the extrinsic stresses and the intrinsic stresses that arise from defects or morphology changes within the film. The additional information that can be obtained from the depth-sensitive HRXRD technique concerning stress variations within thin films was also highlighted.
FROM SUBSTANTIAL BURDEN ON RELIGION TO DIMINISHED SPIRITUAL FULFILLMENT: THE SAN FRANCISCO PEAKS CASE AND THE MISUNDERSTANDING OF NATIVE AMERICAN RELIGION

In Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Service, 535 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2763 (2009), the Ninth Circuit seated en banc found that federal approval of a plan by a ski resort to make artificial snow with treated sewage effluent on Arizona's San Francisco Peaks, a mountain massif held sacred by the Navajo, Hopi, and four other claimant tribes, did not violate their religious liberty under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). The court accepted numerous factual findings about sincere religious exercise, but found federal approval of the scheme did not constitute a “substantial burden” on religion; rather, it only “decreased spiritual fulfillment” of tribal members. Despite a spirited dissent, the Ninth Circuit narrowly interpreted RFRA's language of “substantial burden” by making reference to the Supreme Court's 1988 holding in Lyng v. Northwest Cemetery Protective Association, 485 U.S. 439 (1988). This article shows how conventional wisdom about individualistic, subjective, and protean “spirituality” and in particular about “Native American spirituality” equips the court to denature highly specific and collective religious claims about the mountain by plaintiff tribes, and in turn to naturalize those claims as merely spiritual. Misrecognition of Native religions as Native spirituality then troubles the substantial burden analysis. While Navajo Nation suggests courts may never fully understand Native claims to sacred sites, the Supreme Court's 2014 holding in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2751, 2759 (2014), opens the door to revisiting the interpretive posture spelled out in Navajo Nation, and the Ninth Circuit's interpretive approach to “substantial burden” bears revisiting.
The complexity of quantitative concurrent parity games

We consider two-player infinite games played on graphs. The games are concurrent, in that at each state the players choose their moves simultaneously and independently, and stochastic, in that the moves determine a probability distribution for the successor state. The value of a game is the maximal probability with which a player can guarantee the satisfaction of her objective. We show that the values of concurrent games with ω-regular objectives expressed as parity conditions can be decided in NP ∩ coNP. This result substantially improves the best known previous bound of 3EXPTIME. It also shows that the full class of concurrent parity games is no harder than the special case of turn-based stochastic reachability games, for which NP ∩ coNP is the best known bound.While the previous, more restricted NP ∩ coNP results for graph games relied on the existence of particularly simple (pure memoryless) optimal strategies, in concurrent games with parity objectives optimal strategies may not exist, and e-optimal strategies (which achieve the value of the game within a parameter e > 0) require in general both randomization and infinite memory. Hence our proof must rely on a more detailed analysis of strategies and, in addition to the main result, yields two results that are interesting on their own. First, we show that there exist e-optimal strategies that in the limit coincide with memoryless strategies; this parallels the celebrated result of Mertens-Neyman for concurrent games with limit-average objectives. Second, we complete the characterization of the memory requirements for e-optimal strategies for concurrent games with parity conditions, by showing that memoryless strategies suffice for e-optimality for coBuchi conditions.
Post-transcriptional silencing of BCL-XL in mesothelioma using synthesized oligonucleotides and an H1 promoter driven vector encoding siRNA

Abstract Introduction: Gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) may have therapeutic potential. Anti-apoptotic BCL-XL over-expression in mesothelioma (MM) is related to pathogenesis and chemoresistance. We screened siRNA duplexes for activity against BCL-XL. Using an optimal sequence, we then developed a plasmid-based delivery system. Methods: MM cell lines (I-45, REN) were treated with multiple therapeutic and control siRNA double-strand constructs. Survival was assessed by XTT, and real-time PCR and western blot were performed for BCL-XL. I-45 cells were transfected with therapeutic (p605) and control (pS) plasmid vectors. BCL-XL was evaluated by western blot, and a clonogenic assay was performed. Nude mice with subcutaneous I-45 tumor xenografts were treated with p605, pS, or D5W. Immunostaining for BCL-XL was performed on tumor samples and tumor growth measured. Results: One duplex (xl605) was most effective in reducing cell survival (25.25% I-45 and 26.72% REN). A marked decrease in bcl-xl RNA (3.06 fold, p Conclusions: Synthesized and vector delivered siRNA can silence MM BCL-XL expression in vitro and in vivo. As gene therapy delivery techniques improve, the potential for inhibiting the function of BCL-XL using siRNA may be clinically relevant in chemoresistant tumors such as mesothelioma.
A comprehensive performance analysis of LTE and Mobile WiMAX

LTE (3GPP Release8) and Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) are discussed extensively as choices for the next generation of mobile broadband technologies. In this paper, LTE and Mobile WiMAX are analyzed comprehensively from a physical layer performance point of view for different antenna diversity modes in downlink and uplink transmissions. The objective of this study is to fill the current gaps in published literature for comparative in-depth analysis of the performance of LTE and Mobile WiMAX. Our study considers maximum channel bandwidth and the least control information overhead for both protocols. Performance comparison results for different scenarios of TDD (Time Division Duplex) operation in similar configurations suggest that LTE in general outperforms Mobile WiMAX. The throughput comparison of FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD operations is also presented in this paper to provide a complete discussion of physical layer maximum throughput in LTE.
Response to Simmons and Associates Conclusions about the MMPI-Based Classification System's Stability are Premature

A recent investigation of the dynamic feature of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-based classification scheme for criminal offenders concluded that the system was unreliable. The purpose of this article is to challenge these conclusions based on an examination of the following problems in the methodology that was employed: (a) sample characteristics and biases, (b) procedures, and (c) lack of collateral data. It is recommended that future investigations correct the shortcomings discussed in an attempt to determine if changes in MMPI classification accurately reflect changes in the offender's adjustment, attitudes, or behavior.
The metabolic clearance rate, head and brain extractions, and brain distribution and metabolism of progesterone in the anesthetized, female monkey (Macaca Mulatta)

The brain distribution and metabolism of progesterone were studied in female, rhesus monkeys. Adult monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine and were given a constant infusion of [3H]- or [14C]progesterone. Blood samples were obtained from cannulae inserted into the carotid artery, the jugular vein and lateral (transverse) sinus. The metabolic clearance rate of progesterone was 295 ± 49 (S.E.) 1/day. The head extraction of progesterone was 30.4 ± 8.3% (S.E.) and the brain extraction 26.0 ± 9.1% (S.E.). The peripheral conversion ratios of progesterone to 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20α-OHP) and 5α-pregnan-3,20-dione (5α-DHP) were 10.0 ± 1.3% (S.E.) and 2.4 ± 0.3% (S.E.), respectively. These same conversion ratios for across the head were 4.8 ± 1.0% (S.E.) and 1.5 ± 0.6% (S.E.) and for across the brain 5.0 ± 0.7% (S.E.) and 2.2 ± 0.6% (S.E.). The concentration of radioactive progesterone was 2–5 times higher in brain tissues compared to the carotid arterial blood. The tissue concentrations of radioactive progesterone compared to a cerebrum ‘control’ sample: was lower in the central gray (P < 0.05); were the same for the amygdala, hippocampus, preoptic-anterior hypothalamus, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, and anterior pituitary; and were higher in the cerivcal spinal cord, optic chiasm, mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and pons (P < 0.01). The distribution pattern of 20α-OHP formed from progesterone was similar to that of progesterone. 5α-DHP formed from progesterone had a different distribution than progesterone, being highest in the central gray area. High concentrations of 5α-DHP were also observed in the mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and hypothalamus and low values in the anterior pituitary. Infusions of [3H]20α-OHP and [3H]5α-DHP were used to evaluate the in vivo metabolism of progesterone by different brain areas. [3H]Estradiol infused into one monkey had its highest concentration in the anterior pituitary which was 20 times higher than in the carotid arterial blood.
Dynamics of bubbles near a rigid surface subjected to a lithotripter shock wave. Part 1. Consequences of interference between incident and reflected waves

In this paper we consider the dynamics of bubbles near a kidney stone subjected to a lithotripter shock wave. We address the effect of kidney stone geometry and composition on the cavitation potential near the stone in a shock wave lithotripter. The analysis is based on the previously developed work metric in which the work done on a bubble by the lithotripter shock wave (LSW) is used to determine the maximum radius the bubble achieves. Results of the reflection of the LSW from cylindrical kidney stones with proximal surfaces of varying geometry show that the presence of the stone enhances bubble growth near the stone and decreases growth further away, owing to constructive and destructive interference, respectively. These effects hold true regardless of the shape and curvature of the face, and are strongest for stones with concave faces and higher reflection coefficients. A consequence of the analysis is an elucidation of the mechanism for enhanced cavitation activity and creation of deep craters on the proximal side of a kidney stone, as have been observed in recent experiments.
The Acquisition of Agreement in English.

The acquisition of subject-verb agreement in number in English was studied in a sample of 46 children between the ages of 3:0 and 4:11. Analysis of the children's spontaneous speech indicated that virtually all of their utterances were grammatically correct with respect to this agreement. Elicited imitations of grammatical sentences were also almost all correct, while there was a significant tendency in imitation to correct sentences that violated the rules of agreement. Nonverbal tests of the children's understanding of the verb number inflection indicated only chance performance. The conclusion was drawn that children of this age possess a syntactic, intralanguage rule for verb number inflection, but have no comprehension of the singular or plural meaning of such an inflection.
Effect of branch correlation on a macrodiversity system in a shadowed Rician fading channel

The authors present an exact analysis of the co-channel interference probability of a macrodiversity cellular system with an arbitrary number of correlated branches, where the branch selection is based on local mean power. Results show that the effects of macrodiversity branch correlation cannot be ignored in the performance analysis of microcell and picocellular systems.
A kinetic and product study of reaction of chlorine atom with CH3CH2OD

The reaction of atomic chlorine with CH3CH2OD has been examined using a discharge fast flow system coupled to a mass spectrometer combined with the relative rate method (RR/DF/MS). At 298 ± 2 K, the rate constant for the Cl + CH3CH2OD reaction was determined using cyclohexane as a reference and found to be k3 = (1.13 ± 0.21) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Mass spectral studies of the reaction products resulted in yields greater than 97% for the combined hydrogen abstraction at the α and β sites (3a + 3b) and less than 3% at the hydroxyl site (3c). As a calibration of the apparatus and the RR/DF/MS technique, the rate constant of the Cl + CH3CH2OH reaction was also determined using cyclohexane as the reference, and a value of k2 = (1.05 ± 0.07) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was obtained at 298 ± 2 K, which was in excellent agreement with the value given in current literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36: 584–590, 2004
SU‐EE‐A4‐03: Validation of GATE Monte Carlo Simulations of the Noise Equivalent Count Rate and Image Quailty for the GE Discovery LS PET Scanner

Purpose: The needs of radiation therapytreatment planning impose higher demands on PET/CT imaging accuracy. The recently developed GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) Monte Carlo package, provides the possibility to model accurately the factors contributing to decreased PET resolution and image degradation. The purpose of this study is to test GATE's ability to predict time curves and image quality (IQ) for the GE Discovery LS/Advance PET scanner. Method and Materials: Our 3D PET simulation model of the GE Discovery LS scanner and phantoms follows both the vendor's and NEMA's specifications and was previously validated for the PET scatter fraction and sensitivity tests. Simulations with this model were performed for the count rate and IQ NEMA‐2001 tests as a function of activity concentration. The Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction (STIR) package was used to reconstruct the simulated data which was then compared to experiment. Results: Our simulations correctly predict the shape and magnitude of the true, scatter, random, and NEC rates. The simulated peak true and NEC rates are both within 3 kBq/cc of the measured data. Scatter and random rejection in the Monte Carlo data dramatically improved the agreement between measured and simulated contrast ratios. The cold sphere contrast ratio is within 9% of the measured data when the scatter and random coincidences were rejected. Larger discrepancies for the hot sphere contrast are currently observed and investigated. Conclusion:Monte Carlo simulation of PETimages and the corresponding NEC rates can aid in improving PETimage quality. The ability to model the features of PET scanners accurately makes GATE a potentially useful tool in improving PET's performance, which is necessary for its effective use in radiation treatment planning This work is sponsored by Program Project Grant CA059017‐12 from the National Cancer Institute and by an internal departmental grant.
Stearoyl-coenzyme a desaturase activity in the mammary gland and liver of lactating rats

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in microsomes from lactating rat mammary gland is very low (0.05–0.15 nmol/min/mg of protein) regardless of lactating time. In such microsomes, reductase activities and content of cytochrome b5 are several-fold lower than in normal rat liver microsomes. Preincubation of the mammary microsomes with purified terminal desaturase gives a 55-fold stimulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity, whereas preincubation with cytochrome b5 has no effect. However, preincubation of mammary microsomes with both cytochrome b5 and terminal desaturase results in a 200-fold stimulation of overall desaturation. These observations suggest that negligible stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in lactating rat mammary microsomes is due to a low cytochrome b5 content and the absence of terminal enzyme. The hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity increases 9-fold during lactation. There is little or no change in the NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity or in the concentration of cytochrome b5 during this period, but the activity of the terminal desaturase increases with the increase of overall desaturation. These results suggest that liver is one of the more important sources of oleic acid for milk triglycerides.
Growth chemistry of amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon–germanium alloys

It is generally found that the optimum growth of a-Si:H and a-(Si,Ge):H films and devices depends critically upon the particular growth technique, and the particular growth parameters used to grow the film. Different techniques give very different results, which are sometimes contradictory. The standard model for growth assumes that the Si surface is mostly covered with H bonds, and that growth takes place primarily from silyl radicals. The model assumes that excess surface H is eliminated by a silyl radical, and that the adjacent or wing bonded H atoms are eliminated by a spontaneous bond breaking and H2 formation. In this paper, we show that this model is thermodynamically incorrect, and that it does not explain many of the experimental data, such as why bombardment with inert gases reduces H content, and why material grown at higher growth rates is more unstable. Rather, we suggest that the fundamental limitation to the growth of a-Si:H and a-(Si,Ge):H is the elimination of excess H, both from the surface and from the bulk. The excess H is not eliminated by spontaneous reactions, nor by interactions with the silyl molecule. Rather, it is eliminated by interactions with free H radicals and ions. Inert ions, such as He and Ar, can accelerate the desorption of H from the surface. Atomic and ionic H can diffuse into the material, and also remove subsurface excess H, reforming the Si microstructure. We also show that the influence of ion bombardment is critical for growing high quality a-(Si,Ge):H alloys, and that deposition conditions that lead to low ion bombardment flux can produce poor materials.
Comparative Study Of Advanced IR Transmissive Materials

Six advanced MWIR transmissive materials have been selected for a comprehensive investigation to measure and compare their optical and mechanical properties. The six materials are: sapphire; A1ON (5A1N*9A1203); cubic zirconia (Zr02*9.4%mo Y203); spinel (MgO*A1203) fabricated by three processes; lanthana-doped yttria (Y203*9%La203) fabricated by three processes; and yttria (Y203). The following experiments have been performed on samples of each material: -thermal variation of transmittance -thermal variation of fracture strength - color center absorption A summary of the measured data is presented for each material.
The effect of analgesic doses of morphine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in pain-related structures

The effect of morphine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism was measured in rats using high resolution [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography with concurrent confirmation of morphine-induced analgesia measured by tail-flick latency to noxious heat. Within the limits of resolution of this technique, doses of morphine sufficient to inhibit the tail-flick reflex had no significant effect on glucose metabolism in structures implicated in the modulation of pain.
Wind-To-Hydrogen Project: Electrolyzer Capital Cost Study

This study is being performed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy and Xcel Energy's Wind-to-Hydrogen Project (Wind2H2) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The general aim of the project is to identify areas for improving the production of hydrogen from renewable energy sources. These areas include both technical development and cost analysis of systems that convert renewable energy to hydrogen via water electrolysis. Increased efficiency and reduced cost will bring about greater market penetration for hydrogen production and application. There are different issues for isolated versus grid-connected systems, however, and these issues must be considered. The manner in which hydrogen production is integrated in the larger energy system will determine its cost feasibility and energy efficiency.
Broad-linewidth laser absorption measurements of oxygen between 211 and 235 nm at high temperatures

Abstract Absorption coefficient data are presented for molecular oxygen at temperatures between 1100 and 2000 K and discrete wavelengths between 211 and 235 nm. Measurements were made behind reflected shock waves using broad-linewidth ultraviolet laser radiation generated from a frequency-quadrupled, tunable, pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser. Test mixtures consisting of 15% O 2 , 15% He and balance Ar were used to minimize the influence of vibrational relaxation on the reflected shock temperature. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical calculations and confirm that discrete features from the Schumann–Runge system dominate between 211 and 235 nm at temperatures higher than 1100 K.
Organization of cortical and subcortical projections to area 6m of the cat.

By analyzing regional variations of afferent connectivity, we have identified a medial subdivision of feline area 6 (area 6m) which differs from all surrounding sectors of the frontal lobe in its pattern of inputs. Area 6m is located in the ventral bank of the cruciate sulcus and on the adjacent medial face of the frontal, lobe and is partially coextensive with the medial frontal eye field as identified previously in electrophysiological experiments. Area 6m is innervated by axons from visual, association, and oculomotor areas and does not receive projections from somesthetic or somatomotor areas. Cortical sources of input to area 6m include several retinotopically organized extrastriate visual areas (AMLS, ALLS, and PLLS), association areas with strong links to the visual system (area 7, granular insula, posterior ectosylvian gyrus, and cingulate gyrus), and a lateral division of area 6 (area 6l) with oculomotor functions. Thalamic afferents of area 6m derive from the paralamellar ventral anterior nucleus, from a dorsolateral division of the mediodorsal nucleus, and from the rostral intralaminar nuclei. The claustrum and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala project to area 6m. Projections from area 7, the posterior cingulate area, the ventral anterior nucleus, and the mediodorsal nucleus are spatially ordered in a pattern such that parts of area 6 close to the fundus of the cruciate sulcus receive input from neurons positioned anteriorly in the cortical areas, dorsolaterally in the ventral anterior nucleus, and ventrolaterally in the mediodorsal nucleus. Our results indicate that area 6m probably is involved in the voluntary control of gaze and attention rather than in skeletomotor functions.
A new age-based replenishment policy for supply chain inventory optimization of highly perishable products

Abstract A simulation optimization framework is proposed for supply chain inventory management of highly perishable products. A new replenishment policy based on old inventory ratio is developed, hence called OIR policy. It is an age-based policy using only partial age information to measure the freshness of the entire inventory. The efficiency of the new policy is evaluated in detail for a single-vendor-multi-buyer platelet (with a limited shelf life of 5 days) supply chain. The inventory objective is to minimize the expected system outdate rate under a predetermined maximal allowable shortage level. The new OIR policy is compared with two existing order-up-to policies: one is the order-up-to policy without age consideration; the other one is the “EWA” policy developed by Broekmeulen and van Donselaar (2009) . The three policies are compared under both decentralized and centralized controls for different levels of the fillrate constraint. The computational results show that adopting centralized control over the whole platelet supply chain greatly helps in reducing the system expected outdate rate from 19.6% down to 1.04% on average while keeping sufficiently high fill rate at each entity. The two policies with age consideration are generally better than the policy without age consideration under both control strategies. This is particularly true for decentralized control. The new OIR policy is recommended because it is the best among all three, consistently yielding good results in all cases studied.
134 Evaluation of Alterations in Gene Expression in Normal and Diabetic Mice Resulting from Dermal Injury

C57Bl/6-db/db mice are a model of delayed healing after full thickness dermal excision injury. We evaluated the differences in gene expression between C57Bl/6 mice and C57Bl/6-db/db mice in uninjured skin and within a wound 7 days after injury and observed a number of differences resulting from the diabetic mutation. Cluster analysis indicated differences in genes involved in all structural organization and metabolism. There were 718 genes that had greater than 2 fold difference between these 2 strains of mice in granulation tissue at day 7. In normal and diabetic mice, 884 or 765 genes were altered 2 fold by injury (granulation tissue), respectively. When compared at the 4 fold level, the overlap of genes altered between normal and diabetic mice was approximately 68%. In granulation tissue, changes were observed in genes associated with inflammation, immune response, cell motility, and response to external stimuli. Normal mice had greater immune, stress, inflammatory, and biotic responses. Wounds of diabetic mice had increased responses in energy metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. These data provide a basis for further understanding of the response of skin to injury and the delay that occurs in insulin resistant Type 2 diabetes.
Newborn Basal Forebrain Lesions Disrupt Cortical Cytodifferentiation as Visualized by Rapid Golgi Staining

We have previously shown that neonatal lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic afferents result in transient cholinergic depletion concomitant with abnormal morphogenesis of cerebral cortex in Balb/CByJ mice (Hohmann et al., 1988). Here, we have utilized the rapid Golgi method to further characterize these previously observed abnormalities. We compared layer V pyramidal neurons in somatomotor cortex ipsi- and contralateral to the lesion at postnatal days (PND) 7 and 14. Quantitative evaluations showed a significant reduction in all aspects of the dendritic tree as well as in cell body size in ipsilateral cortex at PND 7. Differences between ipsi- and contralateral pyramidal cells had attenuated by PND 14, but significant somatic size differences persisted, as did changes in the apical branching pattern. Qualitative differences between ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres included the relatively more immature appearance of ipsilateral neurons at both ages, in addition to unusual dendritic morphology, particularly at PND 14. A close correlation was apparent between the magnitude of cholinergic depletion in cortex (larger at PND 7 than at PND 14) and the severity of abnormalities in pyramidal cell morphogenesis. We conclude that a normal cholinergic innervation to neocortex is instrumental in the timely differentiation of cortical neurons, because neonatal nBM lesions disrupted the time schedule of differentiation, but did not preclude the pyramidal neurons from further differentiation at a later time.
Direct interactions of intraflagellar transport complex B proteins IFT88, IFT52, and IFT46.

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contain two distinct protein complexes, A and B, composed of at least 6 and 15 protein subunits, respectively. As isolated from C. reinhardtii flagella, IFT complex B can be further reduced to a ∼500-kDa core that contains IFT88, 2× IFT81, 2× IFT74/72, IFT52, IFT46, IFT27, IFT25, and IFT22. In this study, yeast-based two-hybrid analysis was combined with bacterial coexpression to show that three of the core B subunits, IFT88, IFT52, and IFT46, interact directly with each other and, together, are capable of forming a ternary complex. Chemical cross-linking results support the IFT52-IFT88 interaction and provide additional evidence of an association between IFT27 and IFT81. With previous studies showing that IFT81 and IFT74/72 interact to form a (IFT81)2(IFT74/72)2 heterotetramer and that IFT27 and IFT25 form a heterodimer, the architecture of complex B is revealing itself. Last, electroporation of recombinant IFT46 was used to rescue flagellar assembly of a newly identified ift46 mutant and to monitor in vivo localization and movement of the IFT particles.
THE CAUSES OF PATIENT DROPOUT FROM PENILE SELF-INJECTION THERAPY FOR IMPOTENCE

ABSTRACTPurpose: Penile self-injection therapy, a second line treatment for erectile dysfunction, is the most efficacious means of reestablishing functional erections when first line therapies fail and the patient wants to avoid penile prosthesis implantation. Despite high efficacy rates, injection therapy has high dropout rates. To our knowledge studies to date analyzing patient attrition have reviewed small numbers of patients followed for only short periods. We elucidate the main reasons for patient dropout in a large penile self-injection program with long-term followup.Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 1,424 patients who completed the office training and home use phases of a penile self-injection program.Results: The overall attrition rate was 31% of the 720 men who completed the questionnaire, with a mean followup of 38 months. The main reasons for dropout were cost of therapy, patient and partner problems with the concept of penile injection, lack of partner availability and spon...
Determination of optical sums from the small angle electron impact spectra of argon

Abstract A method for obtaining optical sums directly from high energy (25 keV) electron impact spectra in the forward direction is suggested. The electron energy loss spectrum of argon at an energy resolution of ±600 meV was obtained for energy losses from zero to 50 eV and 200 to 300 eV at an energy resolution of 5 eV averaged over an angular range of ±5 × 10 −4 radians. The data were corrected for finite detector size, gas and electron beam spatial distributions to obtain an estimate of zero angle scattering spectrum. A hydrogenic contribution was assumed for the 3p, 3s continuum for energy loss greater than 5- eV and for the 2p continuum for energy loss greater than 280 eV. Various moments of the spectrum were computed and related to optical sums by use of the measured experimental moments of the energy distribution of the incident beam and the scale factor needed to place the data on an absolute scale. The scale factor was obtained by use of the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule. The results are in excellent agreement with previous estimates of the various sum rules and the present approach shows promise for providing useful data for a large number of atomic and molecular targets.
Efficient solution of some problems in free partially commutative monoids

Abstract Linear-time algorithms are presented for several problems concerning words in a partially commutative monoid, including whether one word is a factor of another and whether two words are conjugate in the monoid.
Timing Constraints of Gold Mineralization along the Carlin Trend Utilizing Apatite Fission-Track, 40Ar/39Ar, and Apatite (U-Th)/He Methods

Apatite fission-track analysis is used to demonstrate that the timing of gold mineralization at the Carlin East and Betze-Post deposits is 37.3 ± 1.5 Ma, based on the weighted mean of measured fission-track ages, and 41.6 ± 1.6 Ma, based on the weighted mean of the ages of the oldest fission tracks retained. Regional measured apatite fission-track ages cluster between 28 and 41 Ma to the south of the Carlin East deposit whereas measured ages are greater than ~56 Ma to the north. The regional trend of the apatite fission-track ages and the pattern of gravity and magnetic anomalies suggest that the thermal center for gold mineralization along the Carlin trend was south of the Carlin East deposit, near the 37 Ma Welches Canyon stock. Modeling of apatite fission-track-age data on both sides of the Post fault indicates that the Little Boulder stock was approximately 35°C cooler at 40 Ma relative to similarly positioned samples in the Goldstrike stock. It is unclear whether this thermal history difference across the Post fault is due to post-40 Ma differential exhumation or differential heating across the fault at the time of gold mineralization. Comparison of apatite fission-track and whole-rock 40Ar/39Ar ages from altered dikes in the ore zone at Carlin East demonstrates that 40Ar/39Ar ages do not reflect the age of gold mineralization, whereas the apatite fission-track ages were completely reset at the time of hydrothermal activity. (U-Th)/He ages are younger than the inferred mineralization age and may reflect weak hydrothermal activity associated with Miocene volcanism.
PCI was not as effective as CABG for severe coronary artery disease at 5 years

Source Citation Mohr FW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary ...
Case report 768

A 29-year -o ld m a n presen ted with a 3 -month h i s to ry o f increas ing pa in and stiffness o f the neck. There was a decrease in range o f m o t i o n u p o n f lexion and extens ion o f the neck bu t no neuro log ica l deficits were noted . P la in r a d i o g r a p h s o f the cervical spine were o b t a i n e d and revealed an expand ing lesion involv ing the spinous process o f C2 (Fig. 1). The rest o f the cervical spine was normal . C o m p u t e d t o m o g r a p h y (CT) o f this reg ion was p e r f o r m e d and conf i rmed a lytic des t ruc t ive lesion involv ing the sp inous process o f C2 wi th irregu la r i ty o f c o n t o u r and an assoc ia ted soft t issue mass (Fig. 2). The l amina o f C2 was pa r t i a l ly involved. Par t i a l des t ruc t ion o f the sp inous process o f C3 was also seen due to the enc r o a c h m e n t o f the mass at C2. A p reope ra t i ve w o r k u p for exc is ional b iopsy o f the lesion i n c l u d e d a n o r m a l bone survey. A bone scan showed an a rea o f increased u p t a k e in the p r o x i m a l e n d o f the r ight t ibia. R a d i o g r a p h s o f the t ib ia a t the site o f t ake -up were negat ive and the pat ient was a s y m p t o m a t i c at this locat ion.
Potential of Marine Macroalgae as a Sink for CO2: Constraints from a 3-D General Circulation Model of the Global Ocean

A 3-D global ocean model used previously to determine natural oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is used here to evaluate another proposed strategy for mitigation of rising atmospheric CO2. As a reference, this study bases itself on previous efforts with the same model to evaluate the potential of Fe fertilization as a means to enhance oceanic CO2 uptake. From that base, we test the feasibility of slowing the rise in atmospheric CO2 by enhancing growth of seaweed, a proposal resurrected from previous efforts considering it as a means to grow marine biomass as fuel for energy production. To determine its maximum potential, logistical and financial constraints are ignored. An enhanced growth of 1 GT C yr-1 is prescribed to be evenly distributed over a large ocean area such as the equatorial band from 18° S to 18° N and the northern and southern subtropics from 18° to 49° latitude. Results from these simulations clearly demonstrate that the CO2 invasion from the atmosphere is substantially less than C removed from the surface via enhanced growth. When enhanced growth is supported only by naturally available nutrients, the enhancement to the air to sea CO2 flux averages 0.2 GT C yr-1 for the first 100 yr. When nutrients are supplied artificially to support the enhanced growth, the mean enhanced air to sea flux is more (for the first 100 yr it averages 0.72 GT C yr-1 when all enhanced growth is harvested but only 0.44 GT C yr-1 without harvesting); however, generating enhanced marine growth at 1 GT C yr-1 requires an unreasonably large supply of nutrient—close to the world’s current rate of fertilizer production for P and substantially more than that for N. Less nutrient is needed if the enhanced algal growth is not harvested and thus respired, but respiration increases demand for oxygen so that significant anoxia develops. We conclude that growth of macroalgae is an inefficient mechanism for sequestering anthropogenic CO2 and that the use of macroalgae as an additional fuel source will actually result in a net transfer of CO2 from ocean to atmosphere; however, there would be a reduction in the atmospheric CO2 increase rate if macroalgae were used as a partial replacement for fossil fuel.
Vanishing Act: Protein Kinase C–Dependent Internalization of Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate–Sensitive K+ Channels

Potassium channels play an important role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone and, thus, contribute to the regulation of blood pressure, blood flow, and microvascular exchange.1 These channels importantly participate in the determination of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) membrane potential,1,2 which, in turn, controls Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels1,2 and has been implicated in the control of Ca2+ release and Ca2+ sensitivity of VSMCs.1 VSMCs express a diverse array of K+ channels that contribute to the regulation of VSMC function,1 including ≥1 type of vascular ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels.2,3 KATP channels consist of a tetramer of α-pore–forming subunits from the KIR6.X family of inwardly rectifying K+ channels, along with complimentary sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits that are members of the ATP-binding cassette family of proteins.2 The SUR subunits are essential for normal trafficking of KATP channels, modulate channel function, and are the binding sites for sulfonylurea antagonists of these channels, such as glibenclamide.2 Vascular smooth muscle KATP channels appear to be composed of KIR6.1 and SUR2B subunits,2 although some VSMCs may also express KATP channels composed of KIR6.2/SUR2B.3 As originally described, KATP channels open during hypoxia or ischemic conditions when cellular ATP levels fall, decreasing cell excitability and protecting energy-limited cells.2 However, both in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that VSMC KATP channels may be open under resting conditions and contribute to the regulation of VSMC membrane potential and vascular tone.1,2 Importantly, the activity of KATP channels can be modulated by a number of physiologically relevant vasoactive substances and conditions. As their name implies, KATP channels may be activated by decreases in intracellular …