cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Siltstone: a key to cyclicity in mixed siliciclastic–carbonate successions: example from Upper Ordovician Kope Formation (Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky)1

The Upper Ordovician (mid-Katian) Kope Formation provides an example of how a detailed study of fine-grained siliciclastic sediment can provide sedimentological insights. The Kope Formation is an exemplar of mixed siliciclastic–carbonate cyclicity; however, most of the sedimentological research to date has focused on the fossiliferous limestone beds. Conversely, this paper provides a detailed investigation of siltstone within 42 metre-scale cycles from 26 locations spanning a large geographic area. The objective of the study is twofold: ( i ) to confirm the mineralogical nature of silt-sized sediment. Currently, silt-sized sediment is irregularly defined as being either carbonate or siliciclastic rich. This paper uses X-ray diffraction, thin-section, and elemental analyses to determine the mineralogy of the silt; ( ii ) to determine the stratigraphic distribution of siltstone beds. If a distinctive and reoccurring distribution of siltstone can be found, then it can provide additional information about environmental energy changes that led to cyclic fossiliferous limestone formation. This study finds that silt within the Kope Formation is siliciclastic and siltstone, therefore, records periodic minor pulses of coarser terrigenous sediment. Predominantly, metre-scale limestone–shale cycles show an increasing abundance of siltstone beds in the upper half of the shale interval, with a marked decrease just before the capping limestone. This finding supports the idea that limestone formation occurred during slowing sedimentation, perhaps at a time of maximum sea-level rise. Furthermore, decametre-scale fluctuations in siltstone abundance are similar in pattern to previously documented faunal variations, indicating that fauna assemblage might be more controlled by turbidity and not depth.
Rasmussen's Syndrome: Intractable Epilepsy and Progressive Neurological Deterioration From a Unilateral Central Nervous System Disease

Rasmussen's syndrome (chronic encephalitis with epilepsy) is a rare neurological disorder of unknown cause characterized by severe epilepsy, hemiplegia, dementia, and inflammation of the brain, and progressive functional and structural destruction of a single cerebral hemisphere. While one mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of Rasmussens encephalitis has been hypothesized to be mediated by production of excitotoxic GluR3 autoantibodies to the a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, other neuropathological etiologies have also been indicated. Proposed therapies have included antiepileptics, steroids, antiviral agents, alpha-interferon, and immunoglobulin. The mainstay of therapy is surgical hemispherectomy. To date, no medical therapies have permanently halted neurologic deterioration.
Prediction of the 14 June 2010 Oklahoma City Extreme Precipitation and Flooding Event in a Multiphysics Multi-Initial-Conditions Storm-Scale Ensemble Forecasting System

AbstractProlonged heavy rainfall produced widespread flooding in the Oklahoma City area early on 14 June 2010. This event was poorly predicted by operational models; however, it was skillfully predicted by the Storm-Scale Ensemble Forecast produced by the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms as part of the Hazardous Weather Testbed 2010 Spring Experiment. In this study, the quantitative precipitation forecast skill of ensemble members is assessed and ranked using a neighborhood-based threat score calculated against the stage IV precipitation data, and Oklahoma Mesonet observations are used to evaluate the forecast skill for surface conditions. Statistical correlations between skill metrics and qualitative comparisons of relevant features for higher- and lower-ranked members are used to identify important processes. The results demonstrate that the development of a cold pool from previous convection and the movement and orientation of the associated outflow boundary played dominant roles in the eve...
Silicon Photonics for On-Chip Trace-Gas Spectroscopy

Natural gas leaks from production wells and pipelines pose a significant environmental risk due to the strong greenhouse effect caused by its main constituent, methane. We present a silicon photonic trace-gas sensing platform, which uses laser spectroscopy to realize cost-effective sensor networks for fugitive methane emission monitoring.
Synchronized excitability in a network enables generation of internal neuronal sequences

Hippocampal place field sequences are supported by sensory cues and network internal mechanisms. In contrast, sharp-wave (SPW) sequences, theta sequences, and episode field sequences are internally generated. The relationship of these sequences to memory is unclear. SPW sequences have been shown to support learning and have been assumed to also support episodic memory. Conversely, we demonstrate these SPW sequences were present in trained rats even after episodic memory was impaired and after other internal sequences - episode field and theta sequences - were eliminated. SPW sequences did not support memory despite continuing to 'replay' all task-related sequences - place- field and episode field sequences. Sequence replay occurred selectively during synchronous increases of population excitability -- SPWs. Similarly, theta sequences depended on the presence of repeated synchronized waves of excitability - theta oscillations. Thus, we suggest that either intermittent or rhythmic synchronized changes of excitability trigger sequential firing of neurons, which in turn supports learning and/or memory.
Visualization and tissue classification of human breast cancer images using ultrahigh-resolution OCT (Conference Presentation)

We employed a home-built ultrahigh resolution (UHR) OCT system at 800nm to image human breast cancer sample ex vivo. The system has an axial resolution of 2.72µm and a lateral resolution of 5.52µm with an extended imaging range of 1.78mm. Over 900 UHR OCT volumes were generated on specimens from 23 breast cancer cases. With better spatial resolution, detailed structures in the breast tissue were better defined. Different types of breast cancer as well as healthy breast tissue can be well delineated from the UHR OCT images. To quantitatively evaluate the advantages of UHR OCT imaging of breast cancer, features derived from OCT intensity images were used as inputs to a machine learning model, the relevance vector machine. A trained machine learning model was employed to evaluate the performance of tissue classification based on UHR OCT images for differentiating tissue types in the breast samples, including adipose tissue, healthy stroma and cancerous region. For adipose tissue, grid-based local features were extracted from OCT intensity data, including standard deviation, entropy, and homogeneity. We showed that it was possible to enhance the classification performance on distinguishing fat tissue from non-fat tissue by using the UHR images when compared with the results based on OCT images from a commercial 1300 nm OCT system. For invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and normal stroma differentiation, the classification was based on frame-based features that portray signal penetration depth and tissue reflectivity. The confusing matrix indicated a sensitivity of 97.5% and a sensitivity of 77.8%.
Grandparent learning and cultural differences

ABSTRACTPeople are living longer so expectations of grandparents should be redefined. Learning for them should focus on fulfilling family and community roles to retain a sense of purpose. Grandparent education requires a willingness to learn from the observations of younger family members. The intergenerational perceptions of American grandparents were examined to identify conditions for success in a technological environment. The 2,535 non-consanguineous participants were three generations of African-Americans (n = 777), Caucasian-Americans (n = 1,086), and Mexican-Americans (n = 672). Perceptions of the grandparents (n = 1,117), parents (n = 624), and grandchildren (n = 794) were compared within and between the cultures. Each generation completed a separate version of the Grandparent Strengths and Needs Inventory. The six subscales of this instrument assess grandparent Satisfaction, Success, Teaching, Difficulty, Frustration, and Information Needs. All generations and cultures identified favorable aspec...
Mortal combat between ants and caterpillars: an ominous threat to the endangered Schaus swallowtail butterfly (Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus) in the Florida Keys, USA

The federally endangered Schaus swallowtail butterfly (Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus) has reached critically low numbers. Exotic ants are a potential threat to H. a. ponceanus and other rare butterflies as they can attack immature stages. Ant surveys conducted in subtropical dry forests in Biscayne National Park documented ant species diversity and relative abundance. A caterpillar predator exclusion experiment using physical barriers in different combinations evaluated caterpillar survivorship of both early and late instar caterpillars exposed to different threats. Ant-caterpillar interactions were also documented by placing caterpillars on plants and observing physical interactions between caterpillars and ants. A total of 1418 ants comprising 25 ant species was captured and identified. In canopies of H. a. ponceanus host plants, 243 ants comprising 12 species were found. The four most common ants collected in the host plant canopies were Pseudomyrmex gracilis, Camponotus planatus, Cremastogaster ashmeadi, and Camponotus floridanus. The predator exclusion experiment revealed survivorship was significantly lower for early and late instar caterpillars without any physical barrier, as well as for early instars not protected by a mesh cage. Pseudomyrmex gracilis and C. floridanus were more aggressive towards caterpillars in comparison to other ant species; these two species ranked first and second in the “ant danger index” ranking predatory abilities of the four most common ant species. Pseudomyrmex gracilis is a common arboreal exotic ant in Biscayne National Park and presents a major threat to caterpillars during their earliest life stages.
Case 27-2017. A 32-Year-Old Man with Acute Chest Pain.

A previously healthy 32-year-old man presented with the sudden onset of postprandial chest pain, nausea, and diaphoresis. An electrocardiogram showed concave ST-segment elevations. A diagnosis was ...
Looks and Sounds Like a Winner: Perceptions of Competence in Candidates’ Faces and Voices Influences Vote Choice

Voters are more likely to support candidates whose faces and voices are perceived as competent. However, what is the simultaneous influence of these two characteristics? Here this question is examined with an observational study and an experiment. In the observational study, subjects rated the facial competence of Members of the U.S. House of Representatives. The most and least competent faces identified were paired with recordings of competent (i.e., lower pitched) and incompetent (i.e., higher pitched) voices to create simulated candidates. For the experiment, a separate set of subjects voted between randomly generated pairs of these simulated candidates. The results show that candidates with competent faces or competent voices won more votes, but the influence of facial competence was nearly three times that of vocal competence.
Management of Skull Base Tumors in the Obstetric Population: A Case Series.

Background Neoplasms rarely present during pregnancy; however, increases in plasma volume, hormone release-induced growth, and tumor hypervascularity can cause rapidly progressive symptoms of varying severity, ranging from those not requiring intervention to those necessitating emergent operations. Here we describe an algorithm for the management of symptomatic neoplasms in the obstetric population and provide recommendations for surgical indications and timing. Methods Patients who presented to the skull base clinic at a large tertiary care hospital between 2010 and 2016 were reviewed to identify those who presented with a skull base tumor during pregnancy. Results Our study cohort comprised 9 women with a skull base tumor during pregnancy. Four patients presented with symptoms that necessitated emergent skull base surgery, and 5 underwent surgery after delivery or were followed with continued surveillance. All operated patients had a World Health Organization grade I or II meningioma or schwannoma. There were no maternal complications. Based on our experience with this cohort, we have created a management algorithm. Conclusions Management of a symptomatic tumor during pregnancy requires balancing the potential for curing the mother and the risk of harming the fetus. Trimester of pregnancy is the most critical factor in evaluating the need for urgent management. The second trimester is the optimal time for surgery, associated with the lowest risk for spontaneous abortion or preterm birth. The first and third trimesters are associated with increased risk of miscarriage and preterm labor, respectively. Induction of labor for preterm delivery, followed by surgery, may be appropriate in the early third trimester. Regardless of the perceived risk, however, all pregnant women with an emergent presentation should be offered surgery, regardless of trimester.
Rationally inattentive Markov decision processes over a finite horizon

The framework of Rationally Inattentive Markov Decision Processes (RIMDPs) is an extension of Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) to the case when the observation kernel that governs the information gathering process is also selected by the decision maker. At each time, an observation kernel is chosen subject to a constraint on the Shannon conditional mutual information between the history of states and the current observation given the history of past observations. This set-up naturally arises in the context of networked control systems, artificial intelligence, and economic decision-making by boundedly rational agents. We show that, under certain structural assumptions on the information pattern and on the optimal policy, Bellman's Principle of Optimality can be used to derive a general dynamic programming recursion for this problem that reduces to solving a sequence of conditional rate-distortion problems.
Antitrust Immunity: State Action and Federalism, Petitioning and the First Amendment

In recent years, the United States Supreme Court has focused increasing attention on two doctrines that provide immunity from antitrust liability for certain anticompetitive activity: the state action doctrine and the petitioning immunity doctrine (sometimes known as the Noerr-Pennington doctrine, after the two cases that established it). These doctrines have been the subject of seven Supreme Court decisions in as many years. In spite of (or perhaps because of) the Court’s numerous recent decisions, there remains a great deal of confusion about the source and the scope of these doctrines. This Article attempts to clarify both doctrines.The Supreme Court and a number of commentators contend that the antitrust immunity doctrines are the product of statutory interpretation of the antitrust laws themselves. The Court contends that petitioning and state action are “essentially dissimilar” to the types of business activity the antitrust laws were designed to regulate. This Article disagrees. Both petitioning and state action present precisely the sorts of problems with which the antitrust laws are concerned — exploitation of consumers through the charging of supracompetitive prices.To determine the source of antitrust immunity, the Court must look beyond the antitrust laws to the constitutional principles that are implicated by the doctrines. For the state action doctrine, the constitutional principle at stake is largely one of federalism, and the more general democratic principles embodied in the Court’s non-delegation jurisprudence. For the petitioning immunity doctrine, the First Amendment protection of speech and petitioning provides the relevant principles. After examining the source of the antitrust immunity doctrines, this Article considers the appropriate scope of those doctrines in light of the constitutional principles at issue.
Optimal Threshold for Locating Targets Within a Surveillance Region Using a Binary Sensor Network

This paper considers the design of the optimal threshold for locating targets within a specified surveillance range using a network of binary sensors. The threshold was determined by minimizing a cost function representing the summation of the variances of estimation errors for the x and y coordinates of the target. The cost function was evaluated using multiple integration over the specified ranges for target power and target location. A geometrical interpretation of the optimal thresholds for targets with known power and location is presented to offer insight into the problem. The optimal threshold was validated in Monte Carlo simulations using a field of sensors having a uniform grid layout. In simulations, the summation of the variances of the estimation errors achieved using the optimal threshold approached the minimum of the cost function.
Timed delivery of reward signals in an autonomous robot

In this paper, we implement a computational model of a neuromodulatory system in an autonomous robot. The model is based on a set of anatomical and physiological properties of the mammalian dopamine system, one of several diffuse ascending systems of the brain. The output of this system acts as a value signal, which modulates widely distributed synaptic changes in sensory and motor areas. During reward conditioning, the model learns to generate tonic and phasic responses, which are consistent with potential roles as reward predictions and prediction errors. Different sets of neural units generate precisely timed signals that exert positive effects (predictive) and negative effects (if a predicted reward is omitted) on neuroplasticity. We test the learning and behavior of the robot in different environmental contexts, and observe changes in the development of neural connections within the neuromodulatory system that depend on the robot's interaction with the environment. Simulation of a computational model responsive to rewarding stimuli leads to the emergence of conditioned appetitive behaviors. These studies represent a step towards investigating the behavior of autonomous robots controlled by biologically based neuromodulatory systems.
Functional Interactions of Prefrontal Cortex and the Hippocampus in Learning and Memory

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with “executive function” and the hippocampus with declarative and episodic memory. Yet both the PFC and the hippocampus are described as “specialized for representing events that are extended in time” (Wilson et al. Trends Neurosci 33:533–540, 2010) and encoding sequences “of events that unfold over time” (Eichenbaum, Neuron 44:109–120, 2004). Bidirectional interactions between the two structures in an “intention-recollection” cycle (cf. Fuster et al. Brain Res 330:299–307, 1995) may describe how their complementary and distinct functions contribute to goal-directed learning and memory. Beyond “what, where, and when,” the external facts that define episodes (Morris 2001), hippocampal representations include “why and how.” These internal features include outcome expectancies and abstract rules computed by the PFC, extracted from outcomes integrated across many behavioral episodes. PFC signals stored along with high-level percepts in hippocampal representations can therefore guide memory retrieval. Hippocampal signals relayed to the PFC let remembered events select associated goal, rule, and procedure representations. The bidirectional interactions associate individual items with multiple goals and individual goals with multiple items. By including outcome expectancies and abstract rules as episodic elements in a content-addressable memory system, an “intention-recollection cycle” reduces proactive interference and guides selective memory retrieval.
Visual Representations of Development: The Empire Marketing Board Poster Campaign 1926- 1933

The signiﬁ cance of visual representations of contemporary development in, for example, charity advertisements and media campaigns, is receiving increasing attention. 1 For instance, there has been much recent analysis of Fair Trade campaigning and the ideas of development represented through its advertising and marketing posters (see Goodman, 2010 ). However, the use of such popular images in campaigns is not wholly new but draws upon a historical legacy of popular and visual representations of development issues and concerns as well as of the relationship between consumption and development (Trentmann, 2007 ; see Figure 9.1 below). This chapter contributes to a historical analysis of the emergence and use of images of development in the past. More speciﬁ cally, it examines how development issues were transmitted through popular visual representations of colonised people and places during the poster campaign of the Empire Marketing Board (EMB) from 1926 to 1933. This campaign, in which images and texts of the British Empire overseas were depicted in posters placed on public displays in cities around the UK, signiﬁ es one of the most systematic and paradigmatic examples of a public campaign in which posters were used to visually represent and advertise development issues and through which the ideas of progress and humanity that were embodied within them were conveyed.
Multimodal imaging in RBD - present and future.

Multimodal imaging in neurodegenerative disorders can provide insights on structural, functional and neurochemical alterations that might not be possible via clinical testing alone. New findings on multimodal imaging in idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) have implications for the relationship between iRBD, the clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease, and the underlying substrate of Lewy body disease, particularly for understanding the pathophysiology and designing disease-modifying therapies.
Shifting the Balance: Engaging Students in Using a Modeling Tool to Learn about Ocean Acidification

Modeling is one of the core scientific and engineering practices described in A Framework for K-12 Science Education. Students are expected to construct, use, evaluate, and revise their models to make sense of phenomena or to find solutions to problems. Technology tools can support the development of students’ modeling practice when learning about environmental issues. This study investigates the incorporation of an online computational modeling tool in a middle school curricular unit focusing on ocean acidification. We present the advantages and challenges experienced by students and teachers while engaging in the unit and using the modeling tool. Our results indicate that integrating the modeling tool in the ocean acidification curricular unit facilitates students’ interest and engagement in environmental responsibility and focused students’ attention toward human involvement and impact on the environment. Students perceived the tool and the curricular unit to be relevant to their lives and important in promoting their content learning and modeling practice. However, students and teachers reported several challenges, mostly related to the complexity of using the modeling tool and working with the resulting graphs and charts. We discuss these advantages and challenges and suggest recommendations for supporting students’ modeling practice when learning about environmental issues.
European disintegration? Euroscepticism and Europe’s rural/urban divide

Euroscepticism has been a persistent part of the European integration process over the last several decades (Usherwood and Startin [2013]. Euroscepticism as a persistent phenomenon. JCMS: Journal o...
Control of Periodic Systems in Online Advertising

We propose a control system to regulate a periodic plant subject to significant load disturbances and measurement noise and a highly uncertain plant gain, but with negligible dynamics between control input and output. This is a common control problem in online advertising. The controller is periodic involving a periodic feed-forward adjustment of the reference setpoint and a periodic proportional-integral (PI) feedback controller. We derive the solution of the closed-loop system and prove that it is globally asymptotically stable. The proposed controller is compared with a control system based on the above feed-forward component and a standard linear and time-invariant PI controller.
A group think tank as a discourse coalition to promote minority nursing faculty retention.

Abstract Background The nursing profession will need one million more nurses by 2024, yet nursing schools are turning away applicants due to insufficient numbers of nursing faculty. Likewise, minority nursing faculty are needed in order to attract diverse nursing students who can then address health care disparities. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a group think tank (GTT) as a mentoring strategy for supporting the recruitment and retention of minority nursing faculty. Method Guided by Kotter's theory of change, this paper describes the application of the GTT approach with 5 African American (AA) faculty, one AA doctoral student and a cross-cultural mentor. Findings Results are presented based upon the metrics typically used to support career advancement, promotion and/or tenure. Discussion The GTT is a promising mentoring model that can be used to integrate cross-cultural and peer mentoring into academic communities to support diversity in academia.
The common patterns of abundance: the log series and Zipf's law.

In a language corpus, the probability that a word occurs n times is often proportional to 1/ n 2 . Assigning rank, s , to words according to their abundance, log s vs log n typically has a slope of minus one. That simple Zipf's law pattern also arises in the population sizes of cities, the sizes of corporations, and other patterns of abundance. By contrast, for the abundances of different biological species, the probability of a population of size n is typically proportional to 1/ n , declining exponentially for larger n , the log series pattern. This article shows that the differing patterns of Zipf's law and the log series arise as the opposing endpoints of a more general theory. The general theory follows from the generic form of all probability patterns as a consequence of conserved average values and the associated invariances of scale. To understand the common patterns of abundance, the generic form of probability distributions plus the conserved average abundance is sufficient. The general theory includes cases that are between the Zipf and log series endpoints, providing a broad framework for analyzing widely observed abundance patterns.
Loss of BMI1 in mature olfactory sensory neurons leads to increased olfactory basal cell proliferation.

Background Damage to olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), situated within the neuroepithelium of the olfactory cleft, may be associated with anosmia. Although their direct contact with the nasal airspace make OSNs vulnerable to injury and death, multiple mechanisms maintain epithelium integrity and olfactory function. We hypothesized that BMI1, a polycomb protein found to be enriched in OSNs, may function in neuroprotection. Here, we explored BMI1 function in a mouse model. Methods Utilizing a mouse genetic approach to delete Bmi1 selectively in mature OSNs, we investigated changes in OE homeostasis by performing immunohistochemical, biochemical, and functional assays. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunostaining, and electro-olfactograms were used to compare gene expression, cell composition, and olfactory function in OSN-specific BMI1 knockout mice (n = 3 to 5) and controls. Chromatin studies were also performed to identify protein-DNA interactions between BMI1 and its target genes (n = 3). Results OSN-specific BMI1 knockout led to increased neuron death and basal cell activation. Chromatin studies suggested a mechanism of increased neurodegeneration due to de-repression of a pro-apoptosis gene, p19ARF. Despite the increased turnover, we found that olfactory neuroepithelium thickness and olfactory function remained intact. Our studies also revealed the presence of additional polycomb group proteins that may compensate for the loss of BMI1 in mature OSNs. Conclusion The olfactory neuroepithelium employs multiple mechanisms to maintain epithelial homeostasis. Our findings provide evidence that in a mouse model of BMI1 deletion, the overall integrity and function of the olfactory neuroepithelium are not compromised, despite increased neuronal turnover, reflecting a remarkable reparative capacity to sustain a critical sensory system.
Supporting Prospective Urban Teachers to Access Children’s Multiple Mathematical Knowledge Bases: Community Mathematics Explorations

One way to address persistent inequities in mathematics learning opportunities is to re-conceptualize instruction to include the multiple mathematical knowledge bases children can utilize to thrive mathematically. This chapter explores the implementation of the Community Mathematics Exploration (CME) Module, looking specifically at how prospective urban teachers (PSTs) re-think the richness of community and cultural resources that help children make sense of mathematics concepts. The study produced the following findings: (a) instructor-initiated scaffolds seemed to help PSTs overcome struggles to access authentic, community-based mathematical practices beyond simply identifying contexts and spaces with which the children were familiar; (b) as a result of the extended experience designing and leading CMEs with children, PSTs expressed a marked shift in their outlook on teaching mathematics through a culturally relevant lens; and (c) the CMEs helped PSTs to develop a more robust understanding of culturally relevant mathematics teaching, as evidenced by their insights about what constitutes culturally relevant mathematics teaching and the conclusions they drew about the significance of the CMEs on children’s identities. We conclude by describing how PSTs move through a developmental process (i.e., Initial, Formation, and Enduring), where, in the end, PSTs signaled a likelihood to craft a mathematics pedagogy focused on children’s affiliation with mathematics and motivation to engage and persist.
Does removal of federal subsidies discourage urban development? An evaluation of the US Coastal Barrier Resources Act.

Urban development relies on many factors to remain viable, including infrastructure, services, and government provisions and subsidies. However, in situations involving federal or state level policy, development responds not just to one regulatory signal, but also to multiple signals from overlapping and competing jurisdictions. The 1982 U.S. Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CoBRA) offers an opportunity to study when and how development restrictions and economic disincentives protect natural resources by stopping or slowing urban development in management regimes with distributed authority and responsibility. CoBRA prohibits federal financial assistance for infrastructure, post-storm disaster relief, and flood insurance in designated sections (CoBRA units) of coastal barriers. How has CoBRA’s removal of these subsidies affected rates and types of urban development? Using building footprint and real estate data (n = 1,385,552 parcels), we compare density of built structures, land use types, residential house size, and land values within and outside of CoBRA units in eight Southeast and Gulf Coast states. We show that CoBRA is associated with reduced development rates in designated coastal barriers. We also demonstrate how local responses may counteract withdrawal of federal subsidies. As attention increases towards improving urban resilience in high hazard areas, this work contributes to understanding how limitations on infrastructure and insurance subsidies can affect outcomes where overlapping jurisdictions have competing goals.
The dangers of déjà vu: memory B cells as the cells of origin of ABC-DLBCLs

Activated B-cell (ABC)-diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are clinically aggressive and phenotypically complex malignancies, whose transformation mechanisms remain unclear. Partially differentiated antigen-secreting cells (plasmablasts) have long been regarded as cells-of-origin for these tumors, despite lack of definitive experimental evidence. Recent DLBCL reclassification based on mutational landscapes identified MCD/C5 tumors as specific ABC-DLBCLs with unfavorable clinical outcome, activating mutations in the signaling adaptors MYD88 and CD79B, and immune evasion through mutation of antigen-presenting genes. MCD/C5s manifest prominent extranodal dissemination and similarities with primary extranodal lymphomas (PENLs). In this regard, recent studies on TBL1XR1, a gene recurrently mutated in MCD/C5s and PENLs, suggest that aberrant memory B cells (MBs), and not plasmablasts, are the true cells-of-origin for these tumors. Moreover, transcriptional and phenotypic profiling suggests that MCD/C5s, as a class, represent bona fide MB tumors. Based on emerging findings we propose herein a generalized stepwise model for MCD/C5 and PENLs pathogenesis, whereby acquisition of founder mutations in activated B cells favors the development of aberrant MBs prone to avoid plasmacytic differentiation on recall and undergo systemic dissemination. Cyclic reactivation of these MBs through persistent antigen exposure favors their clonal expansion and accumulation of mutations, which further facilitate their activation. As a result, MB-like clonal precursors become trapped in an oscillatory state of semipermanent activation and phenotypic sway that facilitates ulterior transformation and accounts for the extranodal clinical presentation and biology of these tumors. In addition, we discuss diagnostic and therapeutic implications of a MB cell-of-origin for these lymphomas.
Exploration History and Identity Construction

Cultural approaches to exploration history became more prominent over a generation ago. While the field is too vast to document, here are two recent examples: The Routledge Companion to Travel Writ...
Application of Target Enrichment Sequencing for Population Genetic Analyses of the Obligate Plant Pathogens Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli in Michigan.

Technological advances in genome sequencing have improved our ability to catalog genomic variation and have led to an expansion of the scope and scale of genetic studies over the past decade. Yet, for agronomically important plant pathogens such as the downy mildews (Peronosporaceae), the scale of genetic studies remains limited. This is, in part, due to the difficulties associated with maintaining obligate pathogens and the logistical constraints involved in the genotyping of these species (e.g., obtaining DNA of sufficient quantity and quality). To gain an evolutionary and ecological perspective of downy mildews, adaptable methods for the genotyping of their populations are required. Here, we describe a targeted enrichment (TE) protocol to genotype isolates from two Pseudoperonospora species (P. cubensis and P. humuli), using less than 50 ng of mixed pathogen and plant DNA for library preparation. We were able to enrich 830 target genes across 128 samples and identified 2,514 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants. Using these SNPs, we detected significant genetic differentiation (analysis of molecular variance [AMOVA], P = 0.01) between P. cubensis subpopulations from Cucurbita moschata (clade I) and Cucumis sativus (clade II) in the state of Michigan. No evidence of location-based differentiation was detected within the P. cubensis (clade II) subpopulation in Michigan. However, a significant effect of location on the genetic variation of the P. humuli subpopulation was detected in the state (AMOVA, P = 0.01). Mantel tests found evidence that the genetic distance among P. humuli samples was associated with the physical distance of the hop yards from which the samples were collected (P = 0.005). The differences in the distribution of genetic variation of the Michigan P. humuli and P. cubensis subpopulations suggest differences in the dispersal of these two species. The TE protocol described here provides an additional tool for genotyping obligate biotrophic plant pathogens and the execution of new genetic studies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Ecosystem sulfur accumulation following woody encroachment drives a more open S-cycle in a Subtropical Savanna

Globally widespread woody encroachment into grass-dominated ecosystems has substantial consequences for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles. Despite its significance as an essential macronutrient, however, little is known regarding potential changes in the sulfur (S) cycle. We quantified S concentrations, stoichiometric relationships, and δ34S values in the plant-soil environment to investigate landscape-scale changes in the S cycle following grassland-to-woodland transitions in a subtropical savanna. Plant tissues of woody species had significantly higher S concentrations and δ34S values than those of herbaceous species, resulting in a landscape-scale correspondence between spatial patterns of S and δ34S in surface soils (0–5 cm) and vegetation distribution, with higher S and δ34S in soils beneath woody patches. These patterns were more subtle at soil depths > 5 cm. Woody plants had higher N:S ratios but comparable P:S ratios relative to herbaceous species, which contributed to contrasting spatial patterns between N:S and P:S ratios in surface soils. Sulfur in surface soils increased proportionally less relative to N, but proportionally more compared to P. Our findings indicate that grassland-to-woodland transitions amplify landscape-scale S dynamics, especially in surface soils, and create a S-enriched environment that enables woody plants to acquire sufficient S relative to demand to support their continued productivity and proliferation.
What is in the Dash? An Examination of the Life and Contributions of John B. Flege, Jr., MD

It is, indeed, a privilege to stand here before you this morning to give the annual Flege Lecture. Dr. Sande Starnes has kindly supplied me with a list of prior visiting professors, who previously have had the honor to deliver this talk. When we examine the names of those who have been so honored, and note their many accomplishments, I cannot help but remember the words of Winston Churchill, who, when speaking of another person, could well have been speaking of me, when he described "a modest little person, with much to be modest about."
Nutrition Counseling in the Treatment of Eating Disorders

Marcia Herrin and Maria Larkin have collaborated on the second edition of Nutrition Counseling in the Treatment of Eating Disorders, infusing research-based approaches and their own clinically-refined tools for managing food and weight-related issues. New to this edition is a section on nutrition counseling interventions derived from cognitive behavioral therapy-enhanced, dialectical behavioral therapy, family-based treatment, and motivational interviewing techniques. Readers will appreciate the state of the art nutrition and weight assessment guidelines, the practical clinical techniques for managing bingeing, purging, excessive exercise, and weight restoration as well as the unique food planning approach developed by the authors. As a comprehensive overview of food and weight-related treatments, this book is an indispensible resource for nutrition counselors, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, physicians, and primary care providers.
Quantitative 4D Flow MRI during Hypoxia Identifies Non-uniform Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Young Adults with Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome (MetSyn) increases the risk of developing cerebrovascular diseases (e.g. stroke). We tested the hypothesis that MetSyn impairs cerebral dilation to hypoxia, and the attenuation would be observed primarily in the middle cerebral arteries. Macroscopic cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with a novel 4D Flow MRI approach at 3T using radial undersampling to quantify regional vasodilation to isocapnic hypoxia in 10 healthy controls (Con, 29±4 yrs) and 8 MetSyn patients (38±8 yrs). Blood pressure, O2 Saturation (SaO2), end-tidal CO2 was measured and Cerebral Vascular Conductance (CVC=CBF/blood pressure*100mmHg) was calculated for five intracranial arteries: Middle [MCA] x2, Anterior [ACA] x2, and Basilar [BA] (ml/min/100mmHg). Hypoxia (5 min steady state) lowered SaO2 to ~85±2% (Fi O2 =0.1). End-tidal CO2 was maintained (36±1 mmHg). Baseline CVC was 25% lower in MetSyn (750±57 Con vs. 562±75 MetSyn, p=0.03). Hypoxia increased total CVC (p<0.001) but the increase was 50% lower in MetSyn (Δ ...
Using photons and electrons to drive surface chemical reactions

Abstract Selected examples of non-thermal activation of adsorbate–substrate systems are reviewed. Photon and electron activation leads to a variety of interesting surface chemical reactions, sometimes quite selective. Comparisons of photon and electron excitation are emphasized in this paper that focuses on work in our laboratory involving small hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, trifluoromethyl iodide and methyl nitrite adsorbed on either Pt(111) or Ag(111).
PRIMARY EMOTIONS AND SOCIAL RELATIONS: A FIRST REPORT

Affect-spectrum theory provides a model for predicting eight primary emotions, 28 secondary emotions (pairs of primaries) and up to 56 tertiary emotions (triples of primaries). Using a contenl-analytic methodology and a corpus of life-historical interviews of Euro-Australians and Australian-Ahorigines for a cross-cultural comparison. it was found that eight basic emotions could be effectively predicted from the positive and negative experiences of four kinds of social relations. Fifteen of 16 predictions were satisfied. and the relation between surprise and the negative experience of territoriality/market-based relations was predictive only after measuring this socio-relational variable differently in the two cultures.
Combination Gene Therapy for Oral Cancer in a Murine Model

Combination therapy involving adenovirus-mediated transfer of the genes for herpes thymidine kinase (tk) and murine interleukin 2 (mIL-2) was used to treat head and neck cancer in C3H/HeJ mice. Tumors were generated by transcutaneous injection of 5 X 10(5) murine squamous carcinoma cells into the floor of the mouth of these syngeneic mice. After 1 week, recombinant adenoviral vectors containing both therapeutic and control genes in various combinations were injected directly into the established tumors, and subsequently all mice were administered ganciclovir twice daily (25 mg/kg) for 6 days. Animals receiving either tk alone or tk + mIL-2 demonstrated significant tumor regression compared to mIL-2 alone or control vector-treated mice (P < 0.008). Mice receiving both tk + mIL-2, however, also demonstrated a significantly greater regression of tumors compared to those treated with tk alone (P<0.008), indicating a synergistic effect of the combination gene therapy. This synergism was confirmed in survival studies because tk + mIL-2 treated mice showed increased survivals (P=0.0002). Clinical and microscopic exam of regional surrounding tissues and distant organs showed no evidence of cytotoxicity for representative animals in each experimental group. These results suggest that combination tk and mIL-2 gene therapy may provide a powerful new modality for the treatment of head and neck cancer.
Sitagliptin augments angiotensin II‐induced renal vasoconstriction in kidneys from rats with metabolic syndrome

1. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) IV inhibitors enhance renovascular responses to angiotensin (Ang) II in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but not Wistar-Kyoto rats. Because DPPIV inhibitors are often used in metabolic syndrome, it is important to determine whether DPPIV inhibition in this setting enhances renovascular responses to AngII. 2. Six-week-old Lean-ZSF1 rats (harbouring SHR genes, but without metabolic syndrome; n = 11) and Obese-ZSF1 rats (harbouring SHR genes and expressing metabolic syndrome; n = 10) were provided food and water ad libitum, and metabolic parameters and renovascular responses to AngII were assessed when the animals were 7 and 8 weeks of age, respectively. 3. At 7 weeks of age, compared with Lean-ZSF1, Obese-ZSF1 demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) increases in bodyweight (262 +/- 8 vs 310 +/- 13 g), plasma glucose (112 +/- 4 vs 153 +/- 9 mg/dL), haemoglobin A1c (4.7 +/- 0.1 vs 5.8 +/- 0.4%), urinary glucose excretion (0.021 +/- 0.003 vs 6.70 +/- 1.80 g/kg bodyweight per 24 h) and urinary protein excretion (100 +/- 7 vs 313 +/- 77 mg/kg bodyweight per 24 h). Mean blood pressure was high (133 +/- 7 mmHg) in both strains. 4. At 8 weeks of age, kidneys were isolated and perfused. In Lean-ZSF1 rats, renovascular responses (i.e. changes in perfusion pressure) to physiological levels of AngII (0.1 nmol/L) were 3.4 +/- 1.3 and 18.2 +/- 5.9 mmHg in untreated (n = 5) and 1 micromol/L sitagliptin-treated (n = 6) kidneys, respectively. In Obese-ZSF1 rats, renovascular responses to AngII were 5.5 +/- 1.3 and 17.8 +/- 8.2 mmHg in untreated (n = 4) and sitagliptin-treated (n = 6) kidneys, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed a significant (P = 0.0367) effect of sitagliptin on renovascular responses to AngII that was independent of strain. 5. In conclusion, sitagliptin enhances renovascular responses to AngII in rats harbouring SHR genes and this effect persists in rats with diabetic nephropathy and metabolic syndrome.
Nutritional Characteristics of the Atypical Mycobacteria

The ability of Mycobacterium kansasii and groups II and III of the atypical mycobacteria to utilize oleic acid, as well as selected carbohydrates and other compounds, as sources of carbon for growth was compared with that of the H37Rv and H37Ra strains of M. tuberculosis. The highest rate of growth of all of the mycobacteria examined occurred in the medium containing oleic acid as the carbon source when single substrates were tested. The H37Ra strain of M. tuberculosis and all of the atypical mycobacteria examined, except the P-8 strain of M. kansasii, displayed a deficiency in ability to utilize glucose for growth. The deficiency was manifested as delayed appearance of growth, suboptimal growth, or complete inability to utilize the sugar. Variant substrains of organisms that possessed an enhanced ability to utilize glucose for growth were isolated from representative strains of M. kansasii and groups II and III atypical mycobacteria inoculated on modified Kirchner glucose-agar and incubated for an extended period of time.