cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of a water strain of Leptospira in synthetic media.

Pertinent parameters of growth of a water strain ofLeptospira in synthetic media are described. Growth rates as a function of aeration, temperature, and substrate concentration were determined. Evidence is presented for the production of acetate and CO2 from long-chain fatty acids. A marked drop in pH was shown to result from the accumulation of acetate during growth in synthetic medium. Growth was initiated at pH values from 5.2 to 7.7. An absolute CO2 requirement for initiation of growth was demonstrated. Growth is also described with acetate as the sole carbon and energy source, demonstrating that leptospires are capable of fatty acid synthesis.
Finite-size scaling theory for domain growth in the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model: Layered system.

The effects of finite size on the ordering process in a three-dimensional layered system are analyzed for the case of a nonconserved order parameter. Two different boundary conditions (periodic and reflective) are considered. The explicit form of the finite-size scaling function for the scattering intensity is obtained for each case.
The accuracy of the clinical diagnosis (predictability) of patencies of the labyrinth capsule (perilymphatic fistulas): a clinical histopathologic study with statistical evaluations.

(1995). The Accuracy of the Clinical Diagnosis (Predictability) of Patencies of the Labyrinth Capsule (Perilymphatic Fistulas): A Clinical Histopathologic Study with Statistical Evaluations. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 115, No. sup520, pp. 235-237.
Role of point defects in optical damage of nonlinear crystals

We have initiated a program at West Virginia University to establish the properties of point defects that are relevant to the optical damage phenomena in KTP, BBO, and LBO crystals. Defects have been characterized using optical absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), and luminescence techniques. Among the defects which have been observed are impurity ions (iron, platinum, hydrogen, etc.), trapped hole centers, and trapped electron centers.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spectrally Encoded SERS Nanoparticles for Multiplexed Optical Detection and Image-Guided Surgery

We report the development of biocompatible, nontoxic, and spectrally encoded nanoparticles for in-vivo tumor detection and image-guided surgery based on the use of colloidal gold and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
Carbonate-seawater interactions

Abstract Interactions between skeletal carbonates and seawater are influenced by mineralogy, particle size and the history of the particle surfaces. Experiments using pH-sensing techniques indicate that the activity of magnesium calcites can be more than four tunes that of pure calcite. Particles of calcite 10−6 cm in diameter have activities more than 8 times greater than 1 cm particles. Grinding in a mortar produces activities as much as 7 times greater than unground material of the same composition.
Computerized pediatric telephone triage and advice programs at children's hospitals: operating and financial characteristics

Objective To describe the operating characteristics, financial performance, and perceived value of computerized children's hospital–based telephone triage and advice (TTA) programs. Design A written survey of all 32 children's hospital–based TTA programs in the United States that used the same proprietary pediatric TTA software product for at least 6 months. Main Outcome Measures The expense, revenues, and perceived value of children's hospital–based TTA programs. Results Of 30 programs (94%) responding, 27 (90%) were eligible for the study and reported on their experience with nearly 1.3 million TTA calls over a 12-month period. Programs provided pediatric TTA services for 1560 physicians, serving an average of 82 physicians (range, 10-340 physicians) and answering 38,880 calls (range, 8500-140,000 calls) annually. The mean call duration was 11.3 minutes and the estimated mean total expense per call was $12.45. Of programs charging fees for TTA services, 16 (59%) used a per-call fee and 7 (26%) used a monthly service fee. All respondents indicated that fees did not cover all associated costs. Telephone triage and advice programs, when examined on a stand-alone basis, were all operating with annual deficits (mean, $447,000; median, $325,000; range, $74,000–$1.3 million), supported by the sponsoring children's hospitals and their companion programs. Using a 3-point Likert scale, the TTA program managers rated the value of the TTA program very highly as a mechanism for marketing to physicians (2.85) and increasing physician (2.92) and patient (2.80) satisfaction. Conclusions Children's hospital–based TTA programs operate at substantial financial deficits. Ongoing support of these programs may derive from the perception that they are a valuable mechanism for marketing and increase patient and physician satisfaction. Children's hospitals should develop strategies to ensure the long-term financial viability of TTA programs or they may have to discontinue these services.
Conditions of Forming Protein Complexes with GroEL Can Influence the Mechanism of Chaperonin-assisted Refolding

Abstract The interaction of GroEL with urea-unfolded dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has been studied in the presence of DHFR substrates by investigating the ability of GroES to release enzyme under conditions where a stable GroES-GroEL-DHFR ternary complex can be formed. In these circumstances, GroES could only partially discharge the DHFR if ADP was present in the solution and approximately half of the DHFR remained bound on the chaperonin. This bound DHFR could be rescued by addition of ATP and KCl into the refolding mixture. The stable ternary complex did not show any significant protection of bound DHFR against proteolysis by Proteinase K. These results are in contrast to those observed with the GroEL-DHFR complex formed by thermal inactivation of DHFR at 45°C in which GroES addition leads to partial protection of bound DHFR. Thus, the method of presentation influences the properties of the bound intermediates. It is suggested that the ability of GroES to bind on the same side of the GroEL double toroid as the target protein and displace it into the central cavity depends on the way the protein-substrate is presented to the GroEL molecule. Therefore, the compact folding intermediate formed by thermal unfolding can be protected against proteolysis after GroES binds to form a ternary complex. In addition, structural changes within GroEL induced by the experimental conditions may contribute to differences in the properties of the complexes. The more open urea-unfolded DHFR binds on the surface of chaperonin and can be displaced into solution by the tighter binding GroES molecule. It is suggested that the state of the unfolded protein when it is presented to GroEL determines the detailed mechanism of its assisted refolding. It follows that individual proteins, having characteristic folding intermediates, can have different detailed mechanisms of chaperonin-assisted folding.
Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis

A large portion of current epidemiologic research is based on methodologic individualism: the notion that the distribution of health and disease in populations can be explained exclusively in terms of the characteristics of individuals. The present paper discusses the need to include group- or macro-level variables in epidemiologic studies, thus incorporating multiple levels of determination in the study of health outcomes. These types of analyses, which have been called contextual or multi-level analyses, challenge epidemiologists to develop theoretical models of disease causation that extend across levels and explain how group-level and individual-level variables interact in shaping health and disease. They also raise a series of methodological issues, including the need to select the appropriate contextual unit and contextual variables, to correctly specify the individual-level model, and, in some cases, to account for residual correlation between individuals within contexts. Despite its complexities, ...
An engineer, accountant, and EHS manager went out in a boat

These parties are often in the same boat, but they are rarely seen pulling together in the actual voyages of corporations on the treacherous waters of global competition. I use the plight of pollution prevention and green design initiatives in corporations to illustrate the problem and its implications. Within many firms, engineers, accountants, financial decision-makers, and environment/health/safety (EHS) managers communicate poorly. The result is missed opportunities for environmental improvements, cost reductions, and increased profits. Fixing the problem involves individual efforts plus changes in educational, financial, managerial, and regulatory institutions.
An integrated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety within the practice of cardiology.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States and in highly industrialized countries. Many modifiable psychosocial risk factors have been identified and can affect the course of cardiac illness. These include the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, stress, anger/hostility, and social isolation. Anxiety has been found to increase the risk of developing CHD in healthy subjects and can lead to worsening of existing CHD. There is much overlap and confusion throughout the research literature between what authors define as anxiety, stress, Type A behavioral pattern, and anger/hostility. There is a need for better screening within the practice of cardiology for these psychosocial risk factors to ensure better integration of mental health services. Established screening tools such as the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Patient Health Questionaire-9, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale are described and compared with the newer Screening Tool for Psychologic Distress as part of the initial work-up of every cardiac patient. Recommendations are made using the author's Anxiety Treatment Algorithm regarding when to refer to a mental health professional along with how to reduce stigma and provide more integrated care. The diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders is reviewed, with attention to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines, cognitive-behavioral therapy, stress reduction, and behavioral medicine group programs. These group programs are recommended because they help to overcome social isolation and counsel patients on how to adapt to a healthy lifestyle. Better clinical outcome research is needed that specifically addresses the question of whether the treatment of anxiety and anxiety disorders can affect the course of cardiac illness.
Segmented thermal storage

Abstract Standard methods of charging solar thermal energy into rock bed storage for space heating tend to reduce stratification because of decreasing collector temperatures in the afternoon. This creates inaccessible regions of higher temperature rocks and may reduce the amount of energy within the bed. Stratification of the segmented bed has the advantages of supplying the highest temperature air to the dwelling and the lowest temperature air to the collector. A method of preserving the stratification by segmenting the storage bed was numerically studied. Discharging was not studied. Segmenting a standard rock bed and routing the flow to segments cooler than the inlet air during charging was shown to preserve stratification throughout the bed. The simulated segmented bed contained 1% less maximum energy than an otherwise identical standard bed for an approximated solar day. This was a consequence of the segment control temperature locations.
Laboratory Diagnosis by Computer

Abstract A computer program develops a pattern for each patient by representing the results of a series of chemistry tests in terms of deviation from normal. Possible diagnoses are selected by comparing this pattern to a table of disease-associated patterns.
A deep sea, photographic nephelometer

Abstract Descriptions of the design and construction of an in situ, deep-sea photographic nephelometer; its operation; and the method used in reducing its data are followed by an evaluation of the instrument performance as evidence by data from regular ocean stations and by laboratory tests. It is concluded that the ratio of scattered light at one depth to that at another at the same station can be measured within ± 10 per cent while ratios involving different stations can be relied upon to approximately ± 25 per cent. The arbitrary measure of light scattering furnished by the nephelometer, the ration of photographic exposure from scattered light to that from direct light with standard attenuation, is related to concentration of particulate matter and to volume scattering function at 45° by comparisons of measurements of these quantities by several observers with nephelometer readings taken in the same locations.
Concerning the determination of trait variability

An analytic technique for the study of trait variability is presented. An expression for the average variance from test to test and an expression for the variance of these variances are derived in terms of the number of tests and the intercorrelations between them, and limiting cases are examined. The question of the true relationship between the nature of the distribution of test scores in a sample ofN persons and the nature of the distribution ofn traits in a single individual is discussed, and other problems are introduced.
Early clopidogrel use in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome and subsequent coronary artery bypass grafting.

Clopidogrel use is associated with a significant decrease in major adverse cardiac events when used in patients with non–ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS), and guidelines give a class I level of evidence A recommendation for the use of clopidogrel in these patients. The optimal timing of clopidogrel use has not been conclusively determined, but nearly all data available support early use in patients with NSTE-ACS. Despite this, clopidogrel usage is far less than expected based on current guidelines because of concern for bleeding at the time of possible subsequent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clopidogrel use has been associated with increased perioperative bleeding at the time of CABG, but data are mixed. Numerous studies have conclusively shown that this bleeding risk is confined to those patients receiving clopidogrel within 5 days of CABG. The absolute number of patients exposed to this possible bleeding risk is very small relative to the >1 million patients who present annually with NSTE-ACS and is estimated to be
Stable Silver Clusters and Nanoparticles Prepared in Polyacrylate and Inverse Micellar Solutions

Silver clusters and nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of silver nitrate by sodium borohydride in water, in the presence of polyacrylate ions, and in inverse micellar solutions consisting of Laureth 4 and water. The kinetics of formation of Ag42+ aggregates and Ag9+ in the presence of polyacrylate ions could be observed by the stopped-flow technique, and the characteristic UV absorption spectra of the respective stable clusters were recorded. The formation of these species was critically dependent on the manner in which reactants were combined. The silver nanoparticles prepared in the inverse micellar solutions using different mixing procedures were characterized via UV−vis spectra, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the procedure of adding aqueous sodium borohydride solution into the inverse micellar solution containing silver nitrate gave the most uniform spherical silver nanoparticles. The reaction kinetics of this procedure was investigated th...
Efficacy of standard deviational ellipses in the application of criminal geographic profiling

The premise for this study is that the physical and cultural landscape has a deterministic effect on the location and distribution of serial crime. As a consequence, the distribution of linked crime scenes should exhibit a shape and orientation that is consistent with the underlying landscape. Geographic Profiling models that are able to account for these effects will provide more accurate results than those models that do not. Utilizing basic geographic principles of central tendency and spatial diffusion, this research first analyzed the output of circular and elliptical profile models generated for 30 serial burglaries (n = 164) and 67 serial robberies (n = 370) in Baltimore, Maryland between 1994 and 1997. A comparative analysis of the model output reveals that the Standard Deviational Ellipse is significantly (p = 0.000) better able to predict the home location of a serial offender than profiles generated from circles. Next, the relationship between the orientation of elliptical profiles and the mean linear orientation of the corresponding landscape was assessed to reveal a moderate but significant correlation (r = 0.511, p < 0.001). Together, these findings demonstrate that landscape does impact the locations of crime, and is a measurable parameter that can improve the efficacy of geographic profiling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of Good Clinical Educators from Medical Students' Perspectives: A Qualitative Inquiry using a Web-Based Survey System

Medical educators have a unique role in teaching students how to save lives and give comfort during illness. This article reports a qualitative inquiry into medical studentsâ€™ perspectives on the key qualities which differentiate excellent and poor clinical teachers, using a Web-based questionnaire with a purposeful sample of third- and fourth-year medical students. Thirty-seven medical students responded with 465 characteristics and supportive anecdotes. All participantsâ€™ responses were analyzed through reviewing, coding, member checking, recoding and content analysis, which yielded 12 codes. Responses from 5 randomly chosen participants were recoded by two authors with an inter-rater reliability coefficient of 0.72, implying agreement. Finally, 3 larger categories emerged from the data: Content Competence, Teaching Mechanics, and Teaching Dynamics. We incorporate these codes into a diagrammatic model of a good clinical teacher, discuss the relationships and interactions between the codes and categories, and suggest further areas of research.
EFFECT OF ANXIETY UPON RETENTION OF VERBAL LEARNING

Much research indicates that anxiety at the time of learning complex material interferes with its learning and retention. However, some recent research suggests that the relation between anxiety and learning is more complex. Van Buskirk (1961) found that in the learning of complex material under anxious but not ego-involving conditions, high anxious Ss out-performed low anxious Ss. The study reported here attempted to evaluate the effects of examination anxiety at the time of learning upon the learning and retention of the content of a complex passage of Buddhism. The passage was unrelated to the course and presumably to the development or reduction of the anxiety. Ss were UCLA undergraduates in rwo sections of an Educational Psychology course: 96 in the experimental group and 66 in the control group. The Buddhism materials and tests are described by Ausubel (1958). The index of anxiety, the Anxiety Differential, is described by Alexander and Husek (in press). On the day of the regularly scheduled mid-semester examination, and without warning, experimental Ss were given the Anxiety Differential followed by the Buddhism passage and told that they would receive part 1 of their mid-semester examination after they had completed the experimental materials. The control group was given the same experimental materials on a regular class day for which no examination had been announced. Two weeks later, each group took an unannounced test on the content of the Buddhism passage (Ausubel, 1958). Both groups were given 20 min. to read the passages on Day 1, and 30 min. to complete the examination on Day 2. The difference between the means1 of the two groups on the Anxiety Differential was significant at the .05 level (two-tailed) in favor of the experimental group. A t test for the difference between means of the two groups on the retention test was statistically significant (p = .05, two-tailed) in favor of the experimental group. Results are consistent with the Van Buskirk finding ( 1961 ) , and are, of course, also with the interpretation that anxiety may enhance learning and retention of complex material when that learning does not present a serious ego threat to S.
QUADRANT‐CHART TYPE NOMOGRAPH APPLIED TO CLAY SLIPS *

An example of the quadrant-chart type of nomograph for “changing the concentration of a water-solid mixture to another desired concentration of 100 cubic centimeters volume” and a general summary of the mechanics of construction of this form of graphical solution are presented.
Botulinum neurotoxin: unique folding of enzyme domain of the most-poisonous poison

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the most toxic substance known to mankind, is the first example of the fully active molten globule state. To understand its folding mechanism, we performed urea denatur...
Denitrification pathways and rates in the sandy sediments of the Georgia continental shelf, USA

Denitrification in continental shelf sediments has been estimated to be a significant sink of oceanic fixed nitrogen (N). The significance and mechanisms of denitrification in organic-poor sands, which comprise 70% of continental shelf sediments, are not well known. Core incubations and isotope tracer techniques were employed to determine processes and rates of denitrification in the coarse-grained, sandy sediments of the Georgia continental shelf. In these sediments, heterotrophic denitrification was the dominant process for fixed N removal. Processes such as coupled nitrification-denitrification, anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), and oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification-denitrification were not evident over the 24 and 48 h time scale of the incubation experiments. Heterotrophic denitrification processes produce 22.8–34.1 μmole N m-2 d-1 of N2 in these coarse-grained sediments. These denitrification rates are approximately two orders of magnitude lower than rates determined in fine-grained shelf sediments. These lower rates may help reconcile unbalanced marine N budgets which calculate global N losses exceeding N inputs.
Sources of carbon dioxide in penguin air sacs.

CO2 tensions in the caudal air sacs of birds cannot be quantitatively predicted by current models of avian respiration, mainly because the contribution of neopulmonic parabronchial gas exchange has...
Enhancement of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope by using the molecular adjuvant C3d.

ABSTRACT DNA vaccines expressing the envelope (Env) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus have been relatively ineffective at generating high-titer, long-lasting, neutralizing antibodies in a variety of animal models. In this study, the murine and human homologues of the complement component, C3d, were used in a DNA vaccine to enhance the titers of antibody to Env. Initially, plasmids expressing a secreted form of Env (sgp120) fused to one, two, or three copies of the murine homologue of C3d (mC3d) were constructed. Mice were inoculated with four vaccinations of DNA or two DNA vaccinations, followed by two boosts of affinity-purified gp120 protein. Analyses of titers demonstrated that multiple copies of mC3d coupled to sgp120 induced long-lasting, high-titer anti-Env antibody. Priming mice with sgp120-mC3d-DNA, followed by inoculation of purified gp120 protein, elicited the strongest antibody titers; however, the avidity maturation of the antibody was accelerated in the mice inoculated with sgp120-mC3d3-DNA. In addition, DNAs expressing sgp120 fused to three copies of the human homologue of C3d (hC3d3) efficiently enhanced the anti-Env antibody in rabbits. Lastly, antisera from both mice and rabbits vaccinated with DNA expressing sgp120-C3d3 elicited higher titers of neutralizing antibody than did nonfused forms of Env. These results indicate that C3d, conjugated to sgp120, enhances the antibody responses to Env compared to non-C3d fused forms of Env, and this approach may be one way to overcome the poor ability of DNA vaccines to generate antibodies to Env.
Ectopic Pax-3 activates MyoD and Myf-5 expression in embryonic mesoderm and neural tissue.

Summary induce myogenic precursors or to maintain and expand a population of already specified cells (see Munsterberg To understand how the skeletal muscle lineage is in- and Lassar, 1995, and references therein). We have duced during vertebrate embryogenesis, we have shown that myogenesis of explanted presegmental sought to identify the regulatory molecules that medi- plate mesoderm (isolated from a stage 10 chick embryo) ate induction of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD requires two signals from axial tissues, one emanating and Myf-5. In this work, we demonstrate that either from the floor plate-notochord complex and the other signals from the overlying ectoderm or Wnt and Sonic from more dorsal regions of the neural tube (Mun- hedgehog signals can induce somitic expression of sterberg and Lassar, 1995). Consistent with these find- the paired box transcription factors, Pax-3 and Pax-7, ings, Emerson and colleagues recently reported that concomitant with expression of Myf-5 and prior to that signals from the notochord are required to initiate quail of MyoD. Moreover, infection of embryonic tissues in MyoD expression and that signals from the neural tube vitro with a retrovirus encoding Pax-3 is sufficient to are required to maintain MyoD expression in ovo (Pow- induce expression of MyoD, Myf-5, and myogenin in nall et al., 1996). both paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm in the ab- The muscle-promoting signal from the floor plate- sence of inducing tissues as well as in the neural tube. notochord complex can be mimicked by the signaling Together, these findings imply that Pax-3 may mediate molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and the muscle-pro- activation of MyoD and Myf-5 in response to muscle- moting signal from the neural tube can be mimicked by inducing signals from either the axial tissues or overly- cell lines programmed to express either Wnt-1 or Wnt-3 ing ectoderm and identify Pax-3 as a key regulator of (Munsterberg et al., 1995; Stern et al., 1995). Because somitic myogenesis.
Schools, Neighborhood Risk Factors, and Crime

Prior research has identified a link between schools (particularly high schools) and neighborhood crime rates. However, it remains unclear whether the relationship between schools and crime is a reflection of other criminogenic dynamics at the neighborhood level or whether schools influence neighborhood crime patterns independently of other established structural predictors. We address this question by investigating the relationship between schools and serious crime at the block group level while controlling for the potentially criminogenic effects of neighborhood instability and structural disadvantage. We find that, net of other structural correlates, neighborhoods with high schools and middle schools experience more violent, property, and narcotics crimes than those without middle or high schools. Conversely, neighborhoods with elementary schools exhibit less property crime than those not containing elementary schools. These results, which are consistent with prior research and with explanations derive...
Best Practice for Fever Management With Intravenous Acetaminophen in Pediatric Oncology

Intravenous (IV) acetaminophen was introduced in the United States in 2011 for use as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. While no studies have looked at its utilization specifically in the pediatric oncology population, existing literature suggests IV acetaminophen is safe and effective to use in both children and adults. This article aims to review and apply current data in evaluating whether or not children with cancer can safely benefit from its use. This article provides clinical indications, safety and efficacy profiles, and nursing implications along with recommendations for future study regarding the use of IV acetaminophen in this population.
Using computational fluid dynamics to calculate the stimulus to the lateral line of a fish in still water

This paper presents the first computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of viscous flow due to a small sphere vibrating near a fish, a configuration that is frequently used for experiments on dipole source localization by the lateral line. Both two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) meshes were constructed, reproducing a previously published account of a mottled sculpin approaching an artificial prey. Both the fish-body geometry and the sphere vibration were explicitly included in the simulations. For comparison purposes, calculations using potential flow theory (PFT) of a 3-D dipole without a fish body being present were also performed. Comparisons between the 2-D and 3-D CFD simulations showed that the 2-D calculations did not accurately represent the 3-D flow and therefore did not produce realistic results. The 3-D CFD simulations showed that the presence of the fish body perturbed the dipole source pressure field near the fish body, an effect that was obviously absent in the PFT calculations of the dipole alone. In spite of this discrepancy, the pressure-gradient patterns to the lateral line system calculated from 3-D CFD simulations and PFT were similar. Conversely, the velocity field, which acted on the superficial neuromasts (SNs), was altered by the oscillatory boundary layer that formed at the fish's skin due to the flow produced by the vibrating sphere (accounted for in CFD but not PFT). An analytical solution of an oscillatory boundary layer above a flat plate, which was validated with CFD, was used to represent the flow near the fish's skin and to calculate the detection thresholds of the SNs in terms of flow velocity and strain rate. These calculations show that the boundary layer effects can be important, especially when the height of the cupula is less than the oscillatory boundary layer's Stokes viscous length scale.
Data Fusion Assurance for the Kalman Filter in Uncertain Networks

Due to standardization and connectivity to other networks, networked control systems, a vital component of many nations' critical infrastructures, face potential disruption. Its possible manifestation can affect Kalman filter, the primary recursive estimation method used in control engineering field. Whereas to improve such estimation, data fusion may take place at a central location to fuse and process multiple sensor measurements delivered over the network. In a uncertain networked control system where the nodes and links are subject to attacks, false or compromised or missing individual readings can produce skewed result. To assure the validity of data fusion, this paper proposes a centralized trust rating system that evaluates the trustworthiness of each sensor reading on top of the fusion mechanism. The ratings are represented by Beta distribution, the conjugate prior of the binomial distribution and its posterior. Then an illustrative example demonstrates its efficiency.
Musical Works on OCLC, or, What if OCLC Were Actually to Become a Catalog?

Music catalogers and audiovisual catalogers have long had a problem with AACR2 because of its failure to deal adequately with works intended for performance. When a work intended for performance, such as an opera, is actually performed and the performance is recorded on video or film, many music catalogers consider this performance to be equivalent to a sound recording of the performance (which would be entered under the composer of the opera), while most film catalogers consider the video or film to be a work of mixed authorship to be entered under title (with the director, screenwriter, cinematographer, etc., considered to be authors of the same level of importance as the composer). This disagreement led to the creation of a task force by the Cataloging Committee: Description and Access (CC:DA) at the American Library Association and was one of the developments that caused the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR to convene the International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR in Toronto in October of 1997 to discuss possible revision of the cataloging rules.
Eradication of osteosarcoma lung metastases following intranasal interleukin-12 gene therapy using a nonviral polyethylenimine vector

The use of adenoviral vectors for therapeutic delivery of genes via pulmonary application poses several problems in terms of immune responses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether polyethylenimine (PEI), a polycationic DNA carrier, can be used to deliver the IL-12 gene into the lungs of mice having microscopic osteosarcoma (OS) lung metastases. Incubation of SAOS-LM6 cells in vitro with PEI containing the murine IL-12 (mIL-12) gene (PEI:IL-12) resulted in expression of both the p35 and p40 subunits of IL-12 mRNA and production of mIL-12 protein. Using our newly developed OS nude mouse model, we demonstrated that treatment of mice using intranasal PEI:IL-12 resulted in significant IL-12 mRNA expression in the lung but not the liver. Furthermore, plasma IL-12 was undetectable after up to 4 weeks of intranasal PEI:IL-12 therapy given twice weekly. No IL-12 expression was seen following intranasal PEI therapy alone. The number of lung metastases in animals that received intranasal PEI:IL-12 twice weekly for 4 weeks starting 6 weeks after tumor inoculation was significantly decreased (median, 11; range, 0–47) compared with those that received PEI alone (median, 89; range, 2 to >200; P=.012). Also, the size of the nodules was significantly smaller in the PEI:IL-12–treated animals, with 90% measuring ≤0.5 mm in diameter compared with 56% in the PEI-alone group. Animals that received PEI alone also had numerous large nodules (3–6 mm) throughout the lungs. Intranasal therapy is a noninvasive way to administer agents and has the advantage of targeting the pulmonary region, resulting in higher concentrations in the tumor area. Additionally, delivery of IL-12 to the lung via the airway using PEI may avoid systemic toxicity. Because OS metastasizes almost exclusively to the lung, this may be a novel approach to the treatment of pulmonary OS metastases.
APPLICATION OF PHOTOREFRACTIVE FIBER AND WAVEGUIDE GRATINGS TO FAST SPEED NARROW BAND TUNABLE FILTERS

In this paper, the progress of the application of photorefractive fiber and waveguide crystal gratings to a narrow band, fast speed, tunable filter is presented. This novel filter is based on tunable Bragg grating. It uses the diffraction effect of Bragg grating to select the wavelength and the electro-optic effect of the grating to tune the effective grating period. Several approaches of fabricating this type of tunable Bragg grating based filter are discussed and some preliminary results are provided. It is shown that the tuning speed of this type of filter can be in the ns range and the bandwidth can be as narrow as 0.01 nm.
Jojoba Meal in Poultry Diets

Abstract Five experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the supplemental value of detoxified jojoba meal for broiler chick performance. Meal samples subjected to solvent extraction, heat and chemical treatments, as well as Lactobacilli treatments, were used in these studies. Of the seven samples tested, only the Lactobacillus acidophilus #1911 detoxified meal supported adequate growth when added to the diet at a level of 10%. Compared to the basal diet, feed conversion was poor with 5% supplementation of this meal and was worse at the 10% level. Failure of detoxified jojoba meal to support maximum growth reflects its low nutritive value. This was evidenced by low availabilities of lysine (33.7%) and methionine (43.4%) and by low starch digestibility (21.7%). The true metabolizable energy content of jojoba meal was determined as 1.71 kcal/g on an air-dry basis.
SOMSO: A self-organizing map approach for spatial outlier detection with multiple attributes

In this paper, we propose a self-organizing map approach for spatial outlier detection, the SOMSO method. Spatial outliers are abnormal data points which have significantly distinct non-spatial attribute values compared with their neighborhood. Detection of spatial outliers can further discover spatial distribution and attribute information for data mining problems. Self-Organizing map (SOM) is an effective method for visualization and cluster of high dimensional data. It can preserve intrinsic topological and metric relationships in datasets. The SOMSO method can solve high dimensional problems for spatial attributes and accurately detect spatial outliers with irregular features. The experimental results for the dataset based on U.S. population census indicate that SOMSO approach can successfully be applied in complicated spatial datasets with multiple attributes.
Firing Properties of Accessory Olfactory Bulb Mitral/Tufted Cells in Response to Urine Delivered to the Vomeronasal Organ of Gray Short-Tailed Opossums

In comparison with many mammals, there is limited knowledge of the role of pheromones in conspecific communication in the gray short-tailed opossum. Here we report that mitral/tufted (M/T) cells of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of male opossums responded to female urine but not to male urine with two distinct patterns: excitation followed by inhibition or inhibition. Either pattern could be mimicked by application of guanosine 5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate and blocked by guanosine 5'-O-2-thiodiphosphate, indicating that the response of neurons in this pathway is through a G-protein-coupled receptor mechanism. In addition, the inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), U73122, significantly blocked urine-induced responses. Male and female urine were ineffective as stimuli for M/T cells in the AOB of female opossums. These results indicate that urine of diestrous females contains a pheromone that directly stimulates vomeronasal neurons through activation of PLC by G-protein-coupled receptor mechanisms and that the response to urine is sexually dimorphic.
Positivity of multivariate complex interval rational functions

The robustness of multivariate complex interval positive rational functions is studied. One of the main points made by S. Basu (1990) is on the robustness of the positive complex (PC) property for an n-variate complex interval rational function. Basu concluded that the PC property of the specific 16(2/sup n/)/sup 2/ extreme members of the set can imply the PC property of the set. In this work, it is proved that the PC property of an interval set of n-variate complex rational functions can be assured by the PC property of its certain 16(2/sup n/) extreme members which are a subset of those 16(2/sup n/)/sup 2/ extreme members defined by Basu. >
Use of Postoperative Creatinine to Predict Sustained Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Mesothelioma Surgery

Summary Background and objectives AKI leads to increased morbidity and mortality and progression to chronic kidney injury is a frequent consequence of AKI. Surgical treatment of mesothelioma is associated with increased risk for kidney injury. However, sustained kidney injury may limit therapeutic options for treating residual cancer. This study hypothesized that patients with significant serum creatinine (sCr) elevation within 48 hours of surgery would be at risk for sustained kidney injury. The goal was to determine the best acute sCr measure predictive of sustained kidney injury defined as a 50% increase in sCr from baseline measured 2–4 weeks after surgery. Design, setting, participants, & measurements In a prospective, observational cohort of surgical patients with mesothelioma, receiver operator characteristic curves were generated for the 24- and 48-hour absolute difference and relative sCr change over baseline in the derivation cohort (n=279). The prediction was tested in a validation cohort (n=207). The ability of various other AKI definitions to predict sustained kidney injury was evaluated. Results Sustained kidney injury occurred in 9.8% of patients in the derivation cohort. A $59% increase in sCr 48 hours after surgery was most predictive of sustained kidney injury (c statistic=0.78). Among other AKI definitions, a sCr increase of 0.3 mg/dl in 24 hours or 0.5 mg/dl increase in 48 hours (Waikar and Bonventre criteria) also reliably predicted sustained kidney injury. Conclusions Development of clinically significant sustained kidney injury can be predicted by acute postoperative sCr elevation in patients treated for mesothelioma. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 1071–1078, 2012. doi: 10.2215/CJN.12401211
The dangers of dependency: New findings on domestic violence against the elderly.

Drawing on data from a case-control study of physical abuse of the elderly, this paper examines conflicting hypotheses: (1) that the increased dependency of an older person causes stress for relatives, who then respond with physical violence versus (2) that the increased dependency of the abusive relative leads to maltreatment. The results of quantitative and qualitative analyses are consistent: the elderly victims were not likely to be more dependent, but were instead more likely to be supporting the dependent abuser. These findings have important implications for social exchange theory and for policy towards the aging.
Polyadenylation inhibition by the triphosphates of deoxyadenosine analogues.

Abstract The nucleotide substrate specificity of yeast poly(A) polymerase (yPAP) was examined with various ATP analogues of clinical relevance. The triphosphate derivatives of cladribine (2-Cl-dATP), clofarabine (Cl-F-ara-ATP), fludarabine (F-ara-ATP), and related derivatives were incubated with yPAP and 32 P-radiolabeled RNA oligonucleotide primers in the absence of ATP to assay polyadenylation. While 2-Cl-ATP resulted in primer elongation, ara-ATP and F-ara-ATP were poor substrates for yPAP. In contrast, the triphosphate derivatives of cladribine (2-Cl-dATP), clofarabine (Cl-F-ara-ATP) and its corresponding deoxyribose derivative (Cl-F-dATP) were substrates and caused chain termination in the absence of ATP. We further investigated whether analogue incorporation at the 3′-terminus of RNA primers negatively impacts polyadenylation with ATP by generating RNA oligonucleotides containing either a terminal clofarabine, Cl-F-dAdo, or cladribine residue. Incorporation of any of these analogs blocks the ability of yPAP to extend RNA past the analogue site, impeding the addition of a poly(A)-tail. To determine whether modified ATP analogues exhibit a concentration-dependent effect on polyadenylation, poly(A)-tail synthesis by yPAP with modified ATP analogues in combination with a constant level of ATP was also examined. With all the ATP analogues assayed in these studies, there was a significant reduction in poly(A)-tail length with increasing amounts of analogue triphosphate. Taken together, our results suggest that polyadenylation inhibition may be a component in the mechanism of action of adenosine analogues.
Tris(triazolo)benzene and Its Derivatives: High-Density Energetic Materials**

High-performance explosives: Tris(triazolo)benzene was synthesized and converted to its trinitro and trichloro derivatives (see scheme; R=NO(2), Cl). The heats of formation of this "high-nitrogen" compounds were calculated and combined with experimentally determined densities to determine detonation pressures and velocities. They exhibit high density, good thermal stability, high heats of formation, and moderate to good detonation properties.
Dose Escalation Using Conventional Versus IMRT Planning for Hypofractionated Radiation of Lumbosacral Metastases

Purpose/Objective(s): Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently employed to palliate spine metastases. There are multiple randomized trials of single fraction (SF) versus multiple fraction (MF) palliative RT with equivalent pain outcomes in uncomplicated bone (including spine) metastases. However, there are little data to inform incidence and predictors of adverse outcomes after RT for uncomplicated spine metastases, including the possible role of spine instability and RT fractionation. Materials/Methods: In total 337 spine metastases in 258 patients treated with RT at a single institution from 2008 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Previously irradiated sites, complicated spine lesions due to spinal cord compression (SCC) or requiring surgery were excluded. The primary outcome was the time to first adverse event (AE) at the treated site, including: symptomatic vertebral body (VB) collapse, hospitalization for site-related pain, salvage spine surgery, vertebroplasty or other interventional procedure for pain, and SCC. A competing risks survival model was used to simultaneously assess potential predictors, including demographic, disease [e.g., Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score, SINS (0-18)], and treatment (e.g., dose fractionation) factors. Death was the competing risk. Clustering was adjusted for with a random-effects model. Results: Median survival was 160 days; 260 days for those receiving post-RT systemic therapies, 40 days for those who did not; 30Gy/10 was given to 49% of sites, 20Gy/5 to 22%, and 8Gy SF to 9%. Median SINS was 7 (IQR 5 to 9). AEs developed in 46 sites (14%), including 12 symptomatic VB collapses, 32 hospitalizations, 4 salvage spinal surgeries, 14 interventional procedures, and 16 SCCs. Median time to first AE was 121 days (IQR 50-256 days), 75 days for SF RT and 139 days for MF RT. In competing risks MVA, SINS 11 [hazard ratio (HR) Z 2.5 (95% CI 1.3-4.8) p Z 0.006], SF RT [HR Z 6.1 (2.5-15.4), p 2-3 months, 8Gy x 1 SF RT for uncomplicated spine metastases should be avoided; further studies are required. Author Disclosure: T. Lam: None. H. Uno: None. M.S. Krishnan: None. M. Cheney: None. T.A. Balboni: None.
What is the rationale for the use of granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors in the neonatal intensive care unit

Neonatal sepsis remains an unsolved major contributor to morbidity and mortality. In the 1980s the promise of augmenting immune function using pooled intravenous gammaglobulin to supplement the exceedingly low levels of immunoglobulin G in premature infants failed to demonstrate a clear advantage. Similarly, cytokine augmentation of cellular function in the 1990s largely appeared to be suffering the same fate. However, both results may arise from a problem in experimental design where the combination of both treatments may be necessary along with specific antibody. For example, in vitro, independently of an array of other humoral and cellular immature immune system issues, opsonization of bacteria is improved in the presence of antibody. The question is whether the same result can be achieved in vivo. No experiments have been reported that directly test this hypothesis. Conclusion: More investigation is needed in this challenging area of neonatal research.
The disappearing desktop: pim 2008

In an ideal world, we would always have the right information, in the right form, with the right context, right when we needed it. Unfortunately, we do not live in an ideal world. This workshop looks at how people in the real world manage to process massive amounts of information, and discusses how tools can bring real information interactions closer to the ideal.
The Case for a Maximum Tax

Several Congresses have passed various forms of minimum tax, both at the individual and corporate level. They have even passed alternative minimum tax bills to squeeze out additional tax revenue that would not otherwise be forthcoming. The problem was caused by the philosophy of taxation they have adopted over the years.