cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measured and simulated thermoelectric properties of FeAs2−xSex (x = 0.30–1.0): from marcasite to arsenopyrite structure

FeAs2−xSex (x = 0.30–1.0) samples were synthesized as phase pure powders by conventional solid-state techniques and as single crystals (x = 0.50) from chemical vapor transport. The composition of the crystals was determined to be Fe1.025(3)As1.55(3)Se0.42(3), crystallizing in the marcasite structure type, Pnnm space group. FeAs2−xSex (0 < x < 1) was found to undergo a marcasite-to-arsenopyrite (P21/c space group) structural phase transition at x ∼ 0.65. The structures are similar, with the marcasite structure best described as a solid solution of As/Se, whereas the arsenopyrite has ordered anion sites. Magnetic susceptibility and thermoelectric property measurements from 300–2 K were performed on single crystals, FeAs1.50Se0.50. Paramagnetic behavior is observed from 300 to 17 K and a Seebeck coefficient of −33 μV K−1, an electrical resistivity of 4.07 mΩ cm, and a very low κl of 0.22 W m−1 K−1 at 300 K are observed. In order to determine the impact of the structural transition on the high-temperature thermoelectric properties, polycrystalline FeAs2−xSex (x = 0.30, 0.75, 0.85, 1.0) samples were consolidated into dense pellets for measurements of thermoelectric properties. The x = 0.85 sample shows the best thermoelectric performance. The electronic structure of FeAsSe was calculated with DFT and transport properties were approximately modeled above 500 K.
Coherence of Involutive Monoidal Categories

The purpose of this chapter is to study coherence of involutive monoidal categories. The next chapter will deal with the symmetric case. In Section 5.1 and Section 5.2, we give explicit constructions of the free involutive monoidal category and of the free involutive strict monoidal category generated by a category. We observe that they are equivalent via a strict involutive strict monoidal functor. In Section 5.3 we show that in a small involutive monoidal category, every formal diagram is commutative. Here a formal diagram is defined as in the case of monoidal categories, but with the involutive structure also taken into account. In Section 5.4 we show that every involutive monoidal category can be strictified to an involutive strict monoidal category via an involutive adjoint equivalence involving involutive strong monoidal functors. The remaining two sections contain explicit constructions of the free involutive (strict) monoidal category generated by an involutive category.
Swimming Upstream: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences in Preparing Students for PK12

This chapter addresses the importance of how primary caregivers and early childhood educators (ECEs) correct a child’s misbehaviors and the associated impact on early childhood development in preparing children to enter our educational system and their first years of education. A child brought up in a safe and trusting environment, whether the home or school, has a better chance of succeeding compared to one who has experienced the fear and trepidation of corporal punishment. Over one-third of the US children have experienced corporal punishment, and a far greater number of parents and schools believe that if you spare the rod you spoil the child. This chapter will first overview the possible impact of corporal punishment and traumatic experiences on a child’s development, how they impact learning in the classroom, and why so many parents and early childhood educators persist in physically and emotionally damaging their children when all the evidence points to the deleterious impact that such punishment has on the child’s ability to succeed. The chapter will then review a new, innovative, and freely available online simulation called Calm Parents, Healthy Kids that was funded by the Robert Woods Johnson Foundation. This simulation teaches parents and ECEs how to optimally correct a child’s misbehaviors by having them practice role-playing in several scenarios where a virtual child is misbehaving. Lastly, pilot study data will be presented that examined the impact of this simulation.
Considering the impact of COVID-19 on suicide risk among individuals in prison and during reentry

Purpose - This paper mains to bring attention to the potential impact COVID-19 could have on suicide risk among individuals who are incarcerated and those reentering the community after incarceration (i.e. reentry), with particular emphasis on the USA, as well as provide possible solutions to mitigate suicide risk. Design/methodology/approach - This paper provides an overview of the association between the COVID-19 pandemic policies and suicide, the vulnerabilities specific to prisoners during the COVID-19 pandemic, relevant suicide risk factors among prisoners, the possible impact of COVID-19 on suicide risk during reentry and proposed solutions for moving forward to mitigate both risks for COVID-19 and suicide. Findings - This paper highlights that prisoners and individuals reentering the community are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 and suicide risk and COVID-19-related stressors may further exacerbate known suicide risk factors (e.g. psychiatric symptoms, lack of positive social ties, low feelings of belonging, feelings of burden, economic problems) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This paper also discusses barriers (e.g. lack of funds, access to health and mental health care, COVID-19 testing and personal protective equipment) to managing COVID-19 and suicide risk within prisons and during reentry. Originality/value - This paper provides a review of scalable solutions that could mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and suicide risk during this pandemic among prisoners and those reentering the community, such as psychoeducation, self-help stress management, telehealth services, increased access and reduced cost of phone calls, reduced or eliminated cost of soap and sanitization supplies in prisons and early release programs.
The use of biologics to improve patient-reported outcomes in hip preservation

Despite lack of clear understanding, the use of biologic treatment methods has increased in the United States. Therapeutic methods, including platelet-rich plasma (PRP), bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and hyaluronic acid (HA) among other biologics, are commonly associated with relief of pain in a number of different orthopedic conditions. Within the past two decades, hip preservationists have investigated the roles of these biologic treatments in both non-operative and surgical management of common hip conditions. The purpose is to review the published literature surrounding the application and efficacy of biologics, most notably PRP, BMAC and HA, in the clinical management of hip conditions. The hip conditions examined in this review include hip osteoarthritis, femoroacetabular impingement syndrome and associated labral tear pathology, avascular necrosis of the femoral head and gluteal/hamstring tendinopathy. While our review of the literature suggests that there is support for the implementation of biologics to relieve pain and improve function for hip conditions. Through further research efforts, it is important to stay updated with the clinical efficacy of biologics in hip preservation.
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words, But Only If It Is a Good Picture.

Edward Tufte, considered by some as the Leonardo Da Vinci of scientific illustrations, described that, "Excellence in statistical graphics consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision, and efficiency. Graphical display should: show the data, … make large data sets coherent, encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data, … and be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set."(1) While Tufte wrote this in 2001, before many of the current analytic technologies were developed, the concepts still apply.
The Nature of Blinkers and the Solar Transition Region

Solar plasma that exists at around 105 K, which has traditionally been referred to as the solar transition region, is probably in a dynamic and fibril state with a small filling factor. Its origin is as yet unknown, but we suggest that it may be produced primarily by one of five different physical mechanisms, namely: the heating of cool spicular material; the containment of plasma in low-lying loops in the network; the thermal linking of cool and hot plasma at the feet of coronal loops; the heating and evaporating of chromospheric plasma in response to a coronal heating event; and the cooling and draining of hot coronal plasma when coronal heating is switched off. We suggest that, in each case, a blinker could be produced by the granular compression of a network junction, causing subtelescopic fibril flux tubes to spend more of their time at transition-region temperatures and so to increase the filling factor temporarily.
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of cognitive control and neurosensory deficits in mild traumatic brain injury

Mild traumatic brain injury patients (mTBI) frequently report symptoms of increased distractability and sensory disturbances during mutisensory stimulation. These common post-concussive symptoms could putatively result from dysfunction within the cognitive control network (CCN; top-down) or from unisensory cortex (bottom-up) itself. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and high-resolution structural data were therefore prospectively collected during a multisensory (audio-visual) cognitive control task from 46 mTBI patients within 3 weeks of injury and 46 matched healthy controls (HC), with a subset of participants returning at 4 months. Multisensory stimuli were presented at two frequencies to manipulate cognitive and perceptual load. Patients self-reported more cognitive, emotional, somatic, vestibular and visual symptoms relative to HC, which improved, but did not entirely resolve, over the 4 month follow-up period. There were no group differences in behavior or functional activation during cognitive control (incongruent--congruent trials). In contrast, patients exhibited abnormal activation within different regions of visual cortex that depended on whether attention was focused on auditory or visual information streams. Patients also exhibited increased activation within bilateral inferior parietal lobules during higher cognitive/perceptual loads, suggesting a compensatory mechanism to achieve similar levels of behavioral performance. Functional abnormalities within the visual cortex and inferior parietal lobules were only partially resolved at 4 months post-injury, suggesting that neural abnormalities may take longer to resolve than behavioral measures used in most clinical settings. In summary, current results indicate that abnormalities within unisensory cortex (particularly visual areas) following mTBI, which likely contribute to deficits commonly reported during multisensory stimulation.
Embedded Software for Video

Systems-on-chips (SoCs) up the stakes in embedded software in several dimensions. Not only do they allow us to integrate more software on a single chip, they also allow us to implement new types of systems, such as multiprocessor algorithms and networked systems-on-chips. The software for these SoCs must not only meet the traditional requirements of software but must also meet more hardware-like properties such as timing, power consumption, and size. Video provides an excellent example of advanced embedded software for SoCs. This paper uses a smart camera being designed at Princeton University to illustrate how a hierarchy of abstractions can be used in embedded software system design.
The QUICK framework for task-specific asset prioritization in distributed virtual environments

In virtual environment systems, the ultimate goal is delivery of the highest-fidelity user experience possible. The paper describes a general form framework for optimizing fidelity on a per-task basis. The virtual world database is priority ordered; the ordering is dynamically recomputed based on display platform, virtual world state, and (possibly shifting) task objectives. Optimization is performed with the QUICK model, which integrates ratings of representational quality, scene node importance, and machine resource cost. The approach has been implemented in a prototype display and distributed cache management system, which can be incorporated into most existing networked virtual reality applications.
Genetic polymorphisms modify bladder cancer recurrence and survival in a USA population-based prognostic study.

Objective To identify genetic variants that modify bladder cancer prognosis focusing on genes involved in major biological carcinogenesis processes (apoptosis, proliferation, DNA repair, hormone regulation, immune surveillance, and cellular metabolism), as nearly half of patients with bladder cancer experience recurrences reliable predictors of this recurrent phenotype are needed to guide surveillance and treatment. Patients and methods We analysed variant genotypes hypothesised to modify these processes in 563 patients with urothelial-cell carcinoma enrolled in a population-based study of incident bladder cancer conducted in New Hampshire, USA. After diagnosis, patients were followed over time to ascertain recurrence and survival status, making this one of the first population-based studies with detailed prognosis data. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and prognosis endpoints. Results Patients with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) variants had a shorter time to first recurrence (adjusted non-invasive hazard ratio [HR] 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29–2.78). There was longer survival among patients with non-invasive tumours associated with DNA repair X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 (XRCC4) heterozygous genotype compared with wild-type (adjusted HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38–0.74). Time to recurrence was shorter for patients who had a variant allele in vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) and were treated with immunotherapy (P interaction < 0.001). Conclusions Our analysis suggests candidate prognostic SNPs that could guide personalised bladder cancer surveillance and treatment.
Photosynthetic capacity and carbon contribution of leaves and bracts to developing floral buds in cotton

During ontogeny of Gossypium hirsutum L. floral buds (squares), increases in area and dry mass (DM) of floral bracts and the subtending sympodial leaf followed a sigmoid growth curve with increasing square age. The maximum growth rates of the bract area and bract DM occurred between 15 and 20 d after square first appearance (3 mm in diameter). Net photosynthetic rate (PN) of the sympodial leaf at first fruiting branch position of main-stem node 10 reached a maximum when the subtended square developed into a white flower. Floral bracts had much lower PN and higher dark respiration than the subtending leaf. The amount of 14CO2 fixation by the bracts of a 20-d-old square was only 22 % of the subtending leaf, but 56 % of 14C-assimilate in the floral bud was accumulated from the bracts, 27 % from the subtending leaf, and only 17 % from the main-stem leaf at 6 h after 14C feeding these source s. Hence floral bracts play an important role in the carbon supply of developing cotton squares.
Optic nerve inflammation and demyelination in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Purpose Optic nerve (ON) ischemia associated with nonarteric anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) results in axon and myelin damage. Myelin damage activates the intraneural Ras homolog A (RhoA), contributing to axonal regeneration failure. We hypothesized that increasing extrinsic macrophage activity after ON infarct would scavenge degenerate myelin and improve postischemic ON recovery. We used the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to upregulate ON macrophage activity, and evaluated GM-CSF's effects after ON ischemia in the NAION rodent model (rAION). Methods Following rAION induction, GM-CSF was administered via intraventricular injection. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) stereologic analysis was performed 1 month postinduction. The retinae and optic nerve laminae of vehicle- and GM-CSF-treated animals were examined immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RhoA activity was analyzed using a rhotekin affinity immunoanalysis and densitometry. Isolated ONs were analyzed functionally ex vivo by compound action potential (CAP) analysis. Results Rodent NAION produces ON postinfarct demyelination and myelin damage, functionally demonstrable by CAP analysis and ultrastructurally by TEM. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor increased intraneural inflammation, activating and recruiting endogenous microglia, with only a moderate amount of exogenous macrophage recruitment. Treatment with GM-CSF reduced postinfarct intraneural RhoA activity, but did not neuroprotect RGCs after rAION. Conclusions Sudden ON ischemia results in previously unrecognized axonal demyelination, which may have a clinically important role in NAION-related functional defects and recovery. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is not neuroprotective when administered directly to the optic nerve following ON ischemia, and does not improve axonal regeneration. It dramatically increases ON-microglial activation and recruitment.
Mechanisms Employed by Escherichia coli to Prevent Ribonucleotide Incorporation into Genomic DNA by Pol V

Escherichia coli pol V (UmuD′2C), the main translesion DNA polymerase, ensures continued nascent strand extension when the cellular replicase is blocked by unrepaired DNA lesions. Pol V is characterized by low sugar selectivity, which can be further reduced by a Y11A “steric-gate” substitution in UmuC that enables pol V to preferentially incorporate rNTPs over dNTPs in vitro. Despite efficient error-prone translesion synthesis catalyzed by UmuC_Y11A in vitro, strains expressing umuC_Y11A exhibit low UV mutability and UV resistance. Here, we show that these phenotypes result from the concomitant dual actions of Ribonuclease HII (RNase HII) initiating removal of rNMPs from the nascent DNA strand and nucleotide excision repair (NER) removing UV lesions from the parental strand. In the absence of either repair pathway, UV resistance and mutagenesis conferred by umuC_Y11A is significantly enhanced, suggesting that the combined actions of RNase HII and NER lead to double-strand breaks that result in reduced cell viability. We present evidence that the Y11A-specific UV phenotype is tempered by pol IV in vivo. At physiological ratios of the two polymerases, pol IV inhibits pol V–catalyzed translesion synthesis (TLS) past UV lesions and significantly reduces the number of Y11A-incorporated rNTPs by limiting the length of the pol V–dependent TLS tract generated during lesion bypass in vitro. In a recA730 lexA(Def) ΔumuDC ΔdinB strain, plasmid-encoded wild-type pol V promotes high levels of spontaneous mutagenesis. However, umuC_Y11A-dependent spontaneous mutagenesis is only ∼7% of that observed with wild-type pol V, but increases to ∼39% of wild-type levels in an isogenic ΔrnhB strain and ∼72% of wild-type levels in a ΔrnhA ΔrnhB double mutant. Our observations suggest that errant ribonucleotides incorporated by pol V can be tolerated in the E. coli genome, but at the cost of higher levels of cellular mutagenesis.
Protein Modification Analysis of GM2 Activator Protein Mutants by High Performance nano-LC ESI FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry

GM2AP is an 18 kDa protein that is involved in the catabolism of the ganglioside GM2. GM2AP extracts GM2 from intralysosomal vesicles and orients the oligosaccharide head group for hydrolytic cleavage by the hydrolase, HexA. Mutations in GM2AP or HexA lead to an accumulation of GM2 in the lysosomes, causing lysosomal storage diseases such as Tay Sachs or the AB variant of Sandhoff's disease. Our lab is utilizing site directed spin-labeling (SDSL) with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to probe the conformational changes and the membrane bound orientation of GM2AP. This protein contains eight naturally occurring cysteine (CYS) residues involved in four disulfide bonds. With site directed mutagenesis, a ninth CYS residue is introduced as the reporter site for spin labeling . A series of 10 single CYS mutants have been generated. To validate the EPR results, the mass spectrometry protocol described here was developed to characterize spin-labeled GM2AP samples. For mass spectrometry measurements, either biotin-linked maleimide (BM) or 4-maleimide tempo (4MT) were used to modify and trap available CYS residues in a thioesterbond. The remaining eight native CYS residues, which are disulfide bonded, are then reduced and modified with iodoacetamide. Samples were analyzed by high performance nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionizaton Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) equipped with a 14.5 T magnet. FT-ICR spectra of enzymatically digested BM-labeled or 4MT-labeled GM2AP were utilized to determine to which CYS residue is modified with the maleimide moeity. Those sites labeled with acetamide are inferred to have been disulfide bonded. The fragment that contains the maleimide moeity tells us, which CYS residue (and how many CYS residues) is accessible for reaction with the spin label for EPR studies.
Rare event of histone demethylation can initiate singular gene expression of olfactory receptors

Mammals sense odors through the gene family of olfactory receptors (ORs). Despite the enormous number of OR genes (∼1,400 in mouse), each olfactory sensory neuron expresses one, and only one, of them. In neurobiology, it remains a long-standing mystery how this singularity can be achieved despite intrinsic stochasticity of gene expression. Recent experiments showed an epigenetic mechanism for maintaining singular OR expression: Once any ORs are activated, their expression inhibits further OR activation by down-regulating a histone demethylase Lsd1 (also known as Aof2 or Kdm1a), an enzyme required for the removal of the repressive histone marker H3K9me3 on OR genes. However, it remains unclear at a quantitative level how singularity can be initiated in the first place. In particular, does a simple activation/feedback scheme suffice to generate singularity? Here we show theoretically that rare events of histone demethylation can indeed produce robust singularity by separating two timescales: slow OR activation by stepwise H3K9me3 demethylation, and fast feedback to turn off Lsd1. Given a typical 1-h response of transcriptional feedback, to achieve the observed extent of singularity (only 2% of neurons express more than one ORs), we predict that OR activation must be as slow as 5–10 d—a timescale compatible with experiments. Our model further suggests H3K9me3-to-H3K9me2 demethylation as an additional rate-limiting step responsible for OR singularity. Our conclusions may be generally applicable to other systems where monoallelic expression is desired, and provide guidelines for the design of a synthetic system of singular expression.
A general solution to low-aspect-ratio flat-ship theory

A common characteristic of the various methods of modern planing analysis has been the assumption that the Froude number is high enough that gravity has negligible effect relative to convection in the fluid pressure. There are some experimental indications that it is not, with differences conjectured to be due to wave lift and drag associated with the divergent gravity-wave system in the surface flow field generated by the boat. Maruo (Schiffstechnik 72 (1967) 57) presents an integral equation for flat low-aspect-ratio planing hulls. Previous authors have attempted to develop a general solution to this integral equation with limited success. A general solution has been developed and the infamous singularity has been eliminated. The lift coefficients computed with the general solution agree with those presented by previous authors and more realistic (elliptical) pressure distributions have been obtained.
Fine-Tuning Advertising Designed to Reduce the Stigma of Mental Illness

Abstract Not-for-profit organizations, governments at various levels, and business-sponsored groups all have an interest in reducing the stigma of mental illnesses, and as many turn to advertising as a tool for doing so, they can benefit from a broad menu of approaches suggested by research in social psychology. For example, they can avoid “backlash” against ads that tell an audience what NOT to do by indicating that stigmatizing is out of step with one's self-image or out of step with one's peers, or by changing the associations stored in memory concerning mental illnesses.
Biology of American Eels in Lake Champlain, Vermont

Abstract The lengths of 426 American eels Anguilla rostrata sampled in Lake Champlain were 43–90 cm with a mean of 67 cm. Mean age of 416 eels was 15.9 years with a range of from 8 to 23 years. The weight of 427 eels was between 120 and 1,665 g with a mean of 638 g. Insects appeared in 43% of the 279 stomachs that contained food, but accounted for only 10% of the total volume. Fishes and crayfish each were present in 26% of the stomachs and accounted for 38% and 30% of the total volume, respectively. All of 356 eels examined were females.
Three Dimensional Effects in Fiber Reinforced Composites Under Compression.

This article concerns the compressive response of unidirectionally reinforced fibrous composites. Computational results are given for hexagonal arrays of graphite/PEEK composites employing a finite element analysis that accounts for the non-linear response of the PEEK resin. The results demonstrate the three-dimensional features of the stress and displacement fields and exhibit the presence of significant stress concentrations associated with the hexagonal fibrous array. These features are absent in models that assume layered geometries.
Detection of Treponema pallidum in aqueous humor by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Purpose: To report the additional clinical value of real-time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of Treponema pallidum in aqueous humor.Methods: A real-time (RT) PCR assay targeting the polymerase 1 gene of Treponema pallidum was performed in aqueous humor samples collected in consecutive patients with ocular syphilis.Results: Five patients presenting with optic neuritis (1), posterior placoid chorioretinitis (1), or panuveitis with retinitis (3) were tested. The PCR results were positive in the 3 cases of panuveitis and negative in the 2 other cases.Conclusion: RT-PCR for Treponema pallidum in aqueous humor is useful to confirm syphilitic panuveitis.
Histologic sampling requirements in ovarian carcinoma: a review of 51 tumors.

Abstract In a review of 29 serous and 22 mucinous adenocarcinomas of the ovary, we quantitated the various histologic patterns seen in these neoplasms in order to document histologic variability and assess current anecdotal recommendations (one section per 1–2 cm of maximum tumor diameter) for adequate histologic sampling of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. Mucinous carcinomas showed more histologic variation than serous carcinomas, but both showed substantial portions with benign or borderline histology in many neoplasms. One serous and one mucinous carcinoma were likely to have been classified as borderline tumors if only current sampling recommendations had been followed. The remaining adenocarcinomas were adequately sampled by current standard practice. The two tumors in question had unusual clinical and histological features which prompted additional sampling. Caution is particularly warranted when initial frozen section sampling shows features of borderline tumor histology or low grade epithelial atypia, especially in mucinous epithelial neoplasms where histologic variability is greatest.
Cancer-type regulation of MIG-6 expression by inhibitors of methylation and histone deacetylation.

Epigenetic silencing is one of the mechanisms leading to inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene, either by DNA methylation or histone modification in a promoter regulatory region. Mitogen inducible gene 6 (MIG-6), mainly known as a negative feedback inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is a tumor suppressor gene that is associated with many human cancers. To determine if MIG-6 is inactivated by epigenetic alteration, we identified a group of human lung cancer and melanoma cell lines in which its expression is either low or undetectable and studied the effects of methylation and of histone deacetylation on its expression. The DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) induced MIG-6 expression in melanoma cell lines but little in lung cancer lines. By contrast, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) induced MIG-6 expression in lung cancer lines but had little effect in melanoma lines. However, the MIG-6 promoter itself did not appear to be directly affected by either methylation or histone deacetylation, indicating an indirect regulatory mechanism. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that a short segment of exon 1 in the MIG-6 gene is responsible for TSA response in the lung cancer cells; thus, the MIG-6 gene can be epigenetically silenced through an indirect mechanism without having a physical alteration in its promoter. Furthermore, our data also suggest that MIG-6 gene expression is differentially regulated in lung cancer and melanoma.
Charities: Profiting from non-profits.

Scientists interested in doling out funds to worthy grant recipients may thrive working at science foundations.
Alterations in alveolar macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) response following hemorrhagic shock.

The purpose of this study was to determine if hemorrhagic shock alters the alveolar macrophage (M phi) tumor necrosis factor (TNF) response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. New Zealand White rabbits underwent hemorrhage and resuscitation. At 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days post-shock, both M phis and peripheral whole blood monocytes were incubated in vitro with saline or Escherichia coli LPS. The supernatants were assayed for TNF activity using the L929 bioassay. Alveolar M phis from hemorrhaged animals showed reduced TNF activity during the first 5 days post-hemorrhage. Maximal depression of TNF activity was observed on days 3 and 5 post-hemorrhage (p < .05). In comparison, peripheral whole blood monocytes showed an increased TNF response on post-shock days 2 and 3. These results suggest that hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation differentially affect TNF response in alveolar and peripheral blood M phi populations.
Fetal hypophysectomy causes a decrease in preadipocyte growth and insulin like growth factor-1 in pigs.

Abstract Fetal pigs in one uterine horn of each of five gilts were hypophysectomized (HX) in utero by electrical cauterization at 72–74 days of gestation and sera collected at 110 days of gestation. Sera from HX fetuses had tower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 compared to control littermates (P
The microstructural response of delta-stabilized plutonium to pulsed laser welding

The effects of the welding parameters on weld-bead morphology and the microstructural evolution of autogenous conduction-mode melted laser welds in gallium delta-stabilized plutonium were investigated. This investigation demonstrates that delta-stabilized plutonium is easily welded with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Variations in the welding parameters created a range of heat inputs that had a significant effect on the size and morphology of the resultant weld and associated heat-affected-zone (HAZ) microstructure. Unlike other low-melting-temperature materials such as aluminum alloys, neither fusion-zone porosity nor hot cracking was observed. The reactivity of plutonium promotes the rapid formation of surface oxides that inhibit complete weld-joint fusion. The high viscosity of the plutonium molten pool impeded the breakup of the surface oxide by fluid motion, thus further impeding joint fusion. Modifications to input parameters to affect changes in the weld-pool flow were only partially successful in improving joint fusion. Analysis of the weld region using optical and electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis revealed fusion-zone microstructures consisting of fine acicular delta grains, with a limited amount of retained alpha phase. The Pu6Fe, the low-melting-point intermetallic phase, was observed in the base material and the partially melted HAZ. Further investigation into the solid/solid phase transformations, specifically the effect of the cooling rate, during the cooling of the weld will be required to describe fully the microstructural development of the fusion zone.
Comparison of pulmonary wedge and left atrial pressure in man

Abstract Values of mean pulmonary wedge and mean left atrial pressure were compared in 700 patients including normals and patients with a variety of heart diseases. An over-all correlation coefficient r = 0.93 was found between mean wedge and mean left atrial pressure and this correlation was unrelated to the etiology of the heart disease. No significant difference between the average value of wedge and left atrial pressure was found until the wedge pressure exceeded 25 mm. Hg. In patients with mean wedge pressures of 10 mm. Hg or less, left atrial pressure could be predicted with an accuracy of ± 2 mm. Hg (95 per cent confidence limits). However, at higher wedge pressures the prediction of mean left atrial pressure was subject to considerable error. Thus, caution should be employed in using mean wedge pressure as an accurate index of mean left atrial pressure unless the wedge pressure is within the low normal range.
Differential rotational mobility of a membrane-bound fluorochrome in cell types of increasing oncogenic potential.

Abstract The mouse embryo C3H 10 T 1 2 CL8 cells have been repeatedly shown to undergo morphological transformation in response to chemical carcinogens. These types of transformed foci are recognized 4 to 8 weeks after exposure. Type I is not scored malignantly transformed while types II and III give rise to fibrosarcomas when the cells are inoculated after cloning into irradiated syngeneic mice. Using 4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole(aminocaproyl)-phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC), a highly fluorescent derivative of phosphatidylcholine as an extrinsic membrane probe, we have observed differences in its spectroscopic properties when incorporated into the plasma membranes of the above cell types. These differences appear to correlate directly with the oncogenic potential of these cells. As indicated by fluorescence polarization measurements, membrane fluidity increases in the order: type III > type II > type I > Normal. The emission intensity of the membrane bound fluorochrome also exhibits temperature-dependent transitions which support this interpretation. The data suggest that the dynamic properties of the plasma membranes of these cells are sufficiently different that it might be possible to differentiate among them on this basis. Our results also show that NBD-PC is a powerful probe in studying carcinogenesis in cell culture.
The role of positron emission tomography in pharmacokinetic analysis

The physiological and biochemical measurements that can be performed noninvasively in humans with modern imaging techniques offer great promise for defining the precise state of a patient's disease and its response to therapy. In general, there are two critical points in drug development when PET measurements are likely to be particularly useful: (1) In preclinical studies, a new drug can be precisely compared to standard therapies or a series of analogs can be screened for further development on the basis of performance in appropriate animal models. (2) In phase I-II human studies, classic pharmacokinetic measurements can be coupled with imaging measurements (a) to define optimal dosing schedule; (b) to define the potential utility of interventions in particular clinical situations; and (c) to formulate the design of phase III studies that are crucial for drug licensure. In general, the types of measurements that are possible can be grouped into the following categories: 1. In those situations in which the drug can be radiolabeled, the time course of tissue delivery can be determined noninvasively in vivo in health and disease. Such information should be useful for determining dosing schedules, establishing efficacy, and predicting possible toxicity. 2. Ligand-receptor binding can be assessed in vivo in two ways. The ability of the drug to displace standard radiolabeled ligands from their receptors can be determined; alternatively, labeled drug can be used to more directly assess the distribution and time course of binding. These measurements are particularly useful for studying drugs that are active in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. 3. Measurements of tissue metabolism will be useful in determining the effects of therapies aimed at particular metabolic abnormalities. In addition, these measurements may be useful in defining viability and function of tissues in such widely disparate clinical situations as cancer chemotherapy and cardiology. For example, effects of CNS or cardiovascular drugs can be monitored by observing 18FDG metabolism in brain and heart. We suggest that the joining of classic clinical pharmacology to exquisite imaging measurements will help form the basis for 21st-century clinical drug development.
Desaturation of Myristoyl-CoA to Myristoleoyl-CoA by Hen Liver Microsomal Δ9-Desaturase

The desaturation of myristoyl-CoA to myristoleoyl-CoA was measured in microsomal preparations of hen liver. The desaturation was maximal at pH 7.4. The enzymatic activity was linear with time up to...
Advancing the ‘One Health’ Workforce by Integrating Ecosystem Health Practice Into Veterinary Medical Education: The Envirovet Summer Institute

Objectives:The objectives of this study were to assess whether the Envirovet programme served to increase the number of practising ecosystem health professionals, as well as to measure the lasting ...
BRANCH GEOMETRY AND EFFECTIVE LEAF AREA: A STUDY OF TERMINAUA‐BRANCHING PATTERN. 1. THEORETICAL TREES

Single lateral branches and branch tiers of Terminalia catappa L. are simulated and drawn by computer. Leaf clusters on the branches are approximated by discs, and the effective leaf areas are determined by use of Dirichlet domains. Theoretical optimal branching angles which produce the maximum effective leaf area are obtained from simulations. Symmetrical and asymmetrical branching angles are contrasted; the latter characterize real trees. Varying leaf disc radius and ratio of branchunit lengths affects optimal branching angles, as does the symmetry of a tier of five branches. Leaf area indices for individual branches and branch tiers are given for all simulations. The number of branches in a tier has a major effect on leaf area index and effective leaf area. The theoretical optimal branching angles of many simulations are very close to the values observed in real trees of T. catappa. We conclude that the observed branching angles and number of branches in a tier of this species optimize light interception within constraints of a fixed pattern of branching, one that is widespread among tropical trees. THE SHAPES of trees and the arrangements of their leaves have been related to the adaptive importance of light interception by the leaf surface. These studies have described presentation of photosynthetic surface to sunlight in very gen
New Performance Indices and Workspace Analysis of Reconfigurable Hyper-Redundant Robotic Arms:

In this paper, we introduce new performance indices to characterize the workspace of reconfigurable hyper-redundant robotic arms. These indices are then used to analyze the workspace of a type of hyper-redundant robotic arm using as modules lower mobility parallel platforms. The modules of the reconfigurable robotic arm are the three-legged translational universal-prismatic-universal (UPU) and orientational universal-prismatic-spherical (UPS) parallel platforms. Each arm is composed of a large number of these modules having a very large number of degrees of freedom. Results of the workspace analysis are presented in tabular and graphical forms and the corresponding best designs are identified. All possible arm assembly configurations with two, three, and four parallel platform modules and one configuration with five parallel platform modules have been taken into consideration, analyzed, and compared.
Bronchoscopy and Lavage in Management of Pulmonary Complications of Cystic Fibrosis

T his article presents our experience with bronchoscopy as a therapeutic and diagnostic tool in the management of patients with cystic fibrosis. It is well known that patients with cystic fibrosis present a wide variety of disorders in many organ systems ( Table 1 ) . Some of these disorders are related to the enzymochemical defect and some occur secondarily as a result of the pathophysiology of the disease. We will confine our discussion exclusively to the problem of the pulmonary complications ( Table 2). Following the initial diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, a strict plan of meticulous management is instituted which covers the dietary, pulmonary, social, family and psychologic aspects. After the institution of these measures the disease enters a period of relative quiescence and the patient lives a full and active life until a critical pulmonary event occurs when for some inexplicable reason the patient starts a downhill course. This course is reflected in many of the parameters of pulmonary function as illustrated in the case report summarized in Figure 1. Some patients will survive with a steadily worsening pulmonary problem for many years, while others may succumb within a few months, as is shown by the patient, in Figure 1. The main thrust of our efforts with bronchoscopy oven recent years has been to try to alter the rate of deterioration. Over 100 bronchoscopic procedures in cystic fibrosis patients have been performed at the University of Minnesota. Various techniques with the rigid bronchoscope and flexible bronchoscope have been employed. The flexible bronchoscope is reserved for patients whose pulmonary status is not severely compromised and is used mainly for diagnostic purposes. In the majority of our patients we use the rigid bronchoscope, as we consider this to be much safer in these high risk individuals. Bronchoscopy is performed in three basic situations, as follows. Emergency Bronchoscopy in Acute Respiratory Distress
Treating Children With Early-Onset Conduct Problems: Intervention Outcomes for Parent, Child, and Teacher Training

Families of 159, 4- to 8-year-old children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) were randomly assigned to parent training (PT); parent plus teacher training (PT + TT); child training (CT); child plus teacher training (CT + TT); parent, child, plus teacher training (PT + CT + TT); or a waiting list control. Reports and independent observations were collected at home and school. Following the 6-month intervention, all treatments resulted in significantly fewer conduct problems with mothers, teachers, and peers compared to controls. Children's negative behavior with fathers was lower in the 3 PT conditions than in control. Children showed more prosocial skills with peers in the CT conditions than in control. All PT conditions resulted in less negative and more positive parenting for mothers and less negative parenting for fathers than in control. Mothers and teachers were also less negative than controls when children received CT. Adding TT to PT or CT improved treatment outcome in terms of teacher behav...
On degrees-of-freedom of full-duplex uplink/downlink channel

Feasibility of full-duplex opens up the possibility of applying it to cellular networks to operate uplink and downlink simultaneously for multiple users. However, simultaneous operation of uplink and downlink poses a new challenge of intra-cell inter-node interference. In this paper, we identify scenarios where inter-node interference can be managed to provide significant gain in degrees of freedom over the conventional half-duplex cellular design.
Chiral spin torque arising from proximity-induced magnetization.

Domain walls can be driven at high speeds in perpendicularly magnetized nanowires grown on heavy metal underlayers due to a chiral spin torque. Here, the authors show that this torque is related to the proximity-induced magnetization in the underlayer and can be tuned through interface engineering.
Generalized Kronig-Penney hamiltonians

Abstract In this article, we extend the study of generalized point interactions to the periodic case, and we investigate analogues of the Kronig–Penney model for the class of point interactions introduced in joint work with P. Chernoff. In addition to periodic δ- and δ′-potentials, which follow as special cases, several examples are studied in detail. In general, the models under consideration are shown to have purely absolutely continuous spectrum, and in some cases all gaps in the spectrum close.
Attentional Load and the Reproduction of Physical Work

Abstract The effect of attentional focus on the perception of physical work was examined by using a work reproduction design. Subjects performed a fixed interval of work at either 50 or 75% of their predicted VO2 max, during which they were required either to solve a continuous flow of arithmetic problems or to perform in an unfilled control condition. On a subsequent trial, without a concomitant attention-demanding task, subjects were asked to reproduce the amount of work that they had previously performed. It was found that individuals in the control condition produced a significantly greater amount of work on the reproduction trial, while those in the attentional focus condition performed about the same amount as on the previous trial. No interaction was found between attentional focus and work load.
c-Abl and Arg induce cathepsin-mediated lysosomal degradation of the NM23-H1 metastasis suppressor in invasive cancer

Metastasis suppressors comprise a growing class of genes whose downregulation triggers metastatic progression. In contrast to tumor suppressors, metastasis suppressors are rarely mutated or deleted, and little is known regarding the mechanisms by which their expression is downregulated. Here, we demonstrate that the metastasis suppressor, NM23-H1, is degraded by lysosomal cysteine cathepsins (L,B), which directly cleave NM23-H1. In addition, activation of c-Abl and Arg oncoproteins induces NM23-H1 degradation in invasive cancer cells by increasing cysteine cathepsin transcription and activation. Moreover, c-Abl activates cathepsins by promoting endosome maturation, which facilitates trafficking of NM23-H1 to the lysosome where it is degraded. Importantly, the invasion- and metastasis-promoting activity of c-Abl/Arg is dependent on their ability to induce NM23-H1 degradation, and the pathway is clinically relevant as c-Abl/Arg activity and NM23-H1 expression are inversely correlated in primary breast cancers and melanomas. Thus, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which cathepsin expression is upregulated in cancer cells (via Abl kinases). We also identify a novel role for intracellular cathepsins in invasion and metastasis (degradation of a metastasis suppressor). Finally, we identify novel crosstalk between oncogenic and metastasis suppressor pathways, thereby providing mechanistic insight into the process of NM23-H1 loss, which may pave the way for new strategies to restore NM23-H1 expression and block metastatic progression.
Synthesis and NMR spectra of 2,2,2-trideuterioethylarsine and 2,2,2-trideuterioethylcyclopentaarsine

Abstract Pentakis(2,2,2-trideuterioethyl)cyclopentaarsine (PDECA) was synthesized by the reaction of 2,2,2-trideuterioethylarsine with dibenzylmercury. Variable temperature NMR spectra in C 6 D 6 are interpreted in terms of fast pseudorotation. NMR and mass spectra and synthesis of 2,2,2-trideuterioethylarsine are also described.