cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the multiple discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol using an ethanol-pentobarbital-water discrimination in rats.

Previous drug discrimination studies have elucidated the importance of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate, and serotonin (5-HT) receptor systems in mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. The present study used a three-choice operant drug discrimination procedure in an attempt to determine if salient GABAergic effects could be separated from other stimulus effects of 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 7) were trained to discriminate pentobarbital (10.0 mg/kg; intragastrically (i.g.) from ethanol (2.0 g/kg; i.g.) from water (4.7 ml; i.g.) using food reinforcement. Stimulus substitution tests were conducted following the administration of allopregnanolone (1.0-17.0 mg/kg; intraperitoneally (i.p.)), diazepam (0.1-7.3 mg/kg; i.p.), midazolam (0.0056-17.0 mg/kg; i.p.), dizocilpine (0.01-0.56 mg/kg; i.p.), phencyclidine (1.0-5.6 mg/kg; i.p.), CGS 12066B (3-30 mg/kg; i.p.), RU 24969 (0.1-5.6 mg/kg; i.p.) and morphine (1 or 3.0 mg/kg; i.p.). Within the group, allopregnanolone and midazolam completely substituted (> 80%), and diazepam partly substituted (67%) for the discriminative stimulus effects of pentobarbital. Dizocilpine and phencyclidine partly substituted (58 and 57%, respectively) for ethanol without substantial pentobarbital-appropriate responding. RU 24969, CGS 12066B and morphine did not result in complete substitution for either ethanol or pentobarbital, although RU 24969 resulted in partial (68%) pentobarbital substitution. The ability to train the present three-choice discrimination in rats indicates that the discriminative stimulus effects of 10.0 mg/kg pentobarbital were separable from those of 2.0 g/kg ethanol. The results suggest that the pharmacological effects of ethanol, which can control behavior, may seemingly be modified by training conditions (two-versus three-choice discrimination procedures), to the extent that a receptor system prominently linked to the behavioral activity of ethanol (i.e. GABAA) appears no longer to be involved in the interoceptive effects of the drug.
SU‐E‐T‐365: Dosimetric Study of An HDR Applicator of SAVI for Partial Breast Irradiation

Purpose: To investigate the dosimetric effect by experimentally simulating the situation with and without tissue invagination and the potential translation and rotation of the SAVI applicator for partial breast irradiation. Methods: The SAVI applicator with the cavity filled with air and water was merged into a water phantom and the delivered dose was measured using an ion chamber and film. The measurements were compared with a homogenous dose calculation by the treatment planning system. A dose variation from the SAVI translational shift was measured by moving an ion chamber along with the central axis direction. A dose change from the SAVI rotation was measured by placing an ion chamber at a fixed point while rotating the SAVI device about the central axis. Results: The dosimetric effects for the SAVI device were found to be related to the cavity dimension, source arrangement, and dwell times. For the single dwell source placed in the center of the applicator, the maximum difference of the dose with the air cavity at 1cm away from the air‐water boundary is about 7% higher than that with water filling in the cavity. But the measurements with nearly fully loaded multi‐sources for the same situation show a difference of less than 3%. The 3% dose variation in average was found from either the 3 mm translation or 3 degree rotation of the SAVI applicator. Conclusions: The maximum dosimetric effect of an air cavity is 7% off compared with a water filled cavity when a single dwell source position is used in the center of the central catheter. Multiple catheters of the SAVI applicator with a nearly fully loaded dwell source position produce the discrepancy of less than 3% and allow for optimal and conformal dose distribution to a lumpectomy cavity while minimizing the dose to adjacent normal structures.
Thinking Through Networks and Their Spatiality: A Critique of the US (Public) War on Terrorism and its Geographic Discourse

Conventional thinking about war is encumbered by an inappropriate geographic paradigm that conceptualizes ‘‘targets’’ in terms of fixed latitudinal/longitudinal locations. This paper reconceptualizes terms such as ‘‘war’’ and ‘‘targets’’ to recognize intangible problems and develop appropriate counter-terrorist strategies. This requires geographic inquiry focused on spatiality, not on location. Weframeour discussionabout terroristnetworks(Al-Qaedainparticular) interms ofunderstanding an etwork’ssense of place and sense of space. The former ‘‘places’’ a network’s meeting and recruiting grounds; the latter clarifies the operational dynamics of a network across space, at different scales, from the body to the neighborhood, to the region, and across nations. We argue that the roots of terrorism lie in conditions of disenfranchisement in particular types of places, understanding, however, thatthesocio-culturalfabricofaterroristnetworksuchasAl-Qaedaevolves acrossspaceaswell astime.Counter-terrorist strategies should target neither people nor places but rather the conditions thatgiverisetoterrorism;further,‘‘intelligence’’shouldfocusonnetworkdynamics,beyondparticular people in particular places. We draw from network theories (specifically actor network theory and network approaches in economic sociology) to unravel network dynamics, and we draw from the literature on spatiality to interpret such dynamics in space, over time. We advocate a non-military engagement with terrorism on both moral and strategic grounds; here we focus on the strategic dimension, the value of which has received scant attention. Prologue This paper critiques the US military approach to terrorism, notably Al-Qaeda. We submitted this paper to Antipode in January of 2003, when public attention (including ours) was not especially focused on a war against Iraq, or more specifically, Saddam Hussein’s regime. Had the timing been different, we may well have contextualized our thoughts in terms of US–Iraq relations. At the time of this final revision, Al-Qaeda seems a distant memory, yet it is hardly that; at a
Learner training in context: A knowledge-based approach

Abstract Learner training has typically focused primarily on the strategies for self-directed learning, i.e. planning, monitoring and evaluating, or on cognitive strategies. Scant attention has been paid to knowledge about cognition, specifically “task knowledge”, i.e. knowledge about the nature and purpose of the task that is the focus of student learning. This paper will define and illustrate the various components of task knowledge and attempt to show the functional relationship between task knowledge and autonomous learning. It argues for an approach to learner training that is (task) knowledge based.
Synthesis of silicon-based polymer films by UV laser ablation deposition of poly(methylphenylsilane)

Abstract The deposition of silicon-based polymer film by UV laser ablation of poly(methylphenylsilane) (PMPS) was studied. Deposited films were formed by UV laser ablation deposition of PMPS. The molecular weights of the deposited films were smaller than that of the original polymer. The films exhibited a broad molecular weight distribution ranging from a few hundred to ca. 20 000. The molecular weight distribution of the film depended on the laser fluence and the laser wavelength. The ablation process caused the SiSi bonds in the PMPS to be converted into SiC bonds, at the same time the deposited films contained the same side chain bonds as PMPS. In addition, the deposited films displayed a SiH and an inorganic-like network SiC bond, which was not contained in the original PMPS. The ablation at 351 nm suppressed the formation of both the SiH and the inorganic-like network SiC bond.
An asymmetric approach to 2-deoxynucleosides via organosulfur building blocks as chemical chameleons.

Abstract An asymmetric synthesis of 6- N -benzoyl-5′- O -benzyl-2′-deoxyadenosine and its a anomer from non-carbohydrate building blocks is achieved in 7 steps. The sequence builds the basic structures using bis(methylthio)methane and methylthiomethyl phenyl sulfone as both nucleophilic and electrophilic building blocks, a feature that suggests their behavior as chemical chameleons. The asymmetric induction is achieved utilizing a kinetic resolution based upon catalytic asymmetric epoxidation.
Regional assignment of the human gene for platelet-type phosphofructokinase (PFKP) to chromosome 10p: novel use of polyspecific rodent antisera to localize human enzyme genes

Human phosphofructokinase (PFK; EC 2.7.1.11) is under the control of three structural loci which encode muscle-type (M), liver-type (L), and platelet or fibroblast-type (P) subunits; human diploid fibroblasts and leukocytes express all three loci. In order to assign the human PFKP locus to a specific human chromosome, in this study, we have examined ten human x rodent somatic cell hybrids for the expression of human P subunits using a mouse anti-human P subunit-specific antiserum in an active-enzyme-immunoprecipitation technique. In nine of ten hybrids studied, the expression of the PFKP locus segregated concordantly with chromosome 10 and none other, indicating that PFKP is located on chromosome 10; the discordancy rates for all the other chromosomes were 0.2 or greater. In the one discordant hybrid, only the long arm of chromosome 10 was retained and PFKP was not expressed. Human fibroblasts from a patient with duplication of the short arm of chromosome 10 consistently exhibited PFK activity values 180% of normal. These data indicate that human PFKP is located on the short arm of chromosome 10, and that a gene dosage effect is demonstrable in fibroblasts with a duplication of 10p. The use of rodent antihuman antibody combined with immunoprecipitation aided by staphylococci-bearing protein A may find general application in mapping human enzyme genes, when human and rodent geneproducts are not distinguishable by other means.
THE INFLUENCE OF SUBORDINATE AGE ON PERFORMANCE RATINGS AND CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS

Three issues were examined in this study relative to the role of subordinate age in performance evaluations. First, it was found that supervisors rated older subordinates lower than younger subordinates doing the same job. Second, differences between self-ratings of performance and supervisory ratings seemed to be a function of the subordinate's age. Third, a significant age × performance interaction was detected on ability attributions.
Molybdenum Chalcogenobenzimidato Complexes: Radical Synthesis and Nitrile Extrusion via β-EPh (E = S, Se, and Te) Elimination

Molybdenum chalcogenobenzimidates of formula (Ph[PhE]CN)Mo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 (Ar = 3,5-C6H3Me2) have been obtained by treatment of Mo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 sequentially with benzonitrile and 0.5 equiv of PhEEPh (E = S, Se, and Te). Molecular structure determinations have been carried out for the S and Se variants. The Te variant extrudes PhCN forming structurally characterized (PhTe)Mo(N[t-Bu]Ar)3 with facility assessed via stopped-flow kinetic measurements, while the Se and S analogues exhibit increasing stability. Quantum chemical calculations and solution calorimetry have been employed as an aid to interpretation of the PhCN extrusion reaction.
Stock price synchronicity and public firm-specificinformation

Abstract How stock price synchronicity mirrors firm-specific information has been a subject of much debate. We posit that price synchronicity can be low in either good or bad firm-specific information environments because stock prices incorporate both public and private information. Using three proxies for the cross-sectional variations in public firm-specific information and a large sample, we provide evidence supporting an inversely U-shaped relation between synchronicity and public information. Our results help reconcile the conflicting findings of previous studies and cast doubt on the validity of stock price synchronicity as a uniform indicator of the quality of a firm’s information environment.
Systemic and ocular mechanisms of anuran adaptation to altered environments: effects on electrolyte and urea concentrations in plasma and aqueous humor.

Abstract Osmotically stressed toads have high levels of circulating urea that could pose a significant problem in the secretion of isosmotic aqueous humor. This question was studied in toads ( Bufo marinus ) adapted for 30 days in (1) 5 mosmol artificial pond water, (2) 155 mosmol saline or (3) 330 mosmol Ringer's solution. The Na + and Cl − concentrations in plasma and aqueous humor rose significantly in osmotically stressed animals but did not in animals adapted to 5 mosmol environments. The concentration of K + did not change significantly. The urea concentration did not increase in animals adapted to 155 mosmol saline; however, toads adapted to 330 mosmol Ringer's solution did show an eightfold increase, to 62 m m , in both plasma and aqueous humor. Unlike mammals, the toads did not show a significant difference in urea concentration between plasma and AH. Therefore, urea may penetrate the blood-aqueous barrier by means of a special transport mechanism. This hypothesis was tested by comparing the [ 14 C]urea rate of entry into aqueous humor to the rates of entry of the related solutes [ 14 C]thiourea and [ 14 C]acetamide. The transport constant for [ 14 C]urea (0·023 min −1 ) was four to nine times that of [ 14 C]thiourea, a solute which is 13 times more lipid soluble than urea. Adaptation to environments of high osmotic strength did not affect the rate of transport of either solute. [ 14 C]acetamide, a solute which is larger than thiourea and less lipid soluble, entered aqueous humor at three to seven times the rate of [ 14 C]thiourea. These results indicated that urea and acetamide crossed the blood-aqueous barrier by a mechanism predominantly apart from simple diffusion, i.e. the transport of urea into aqueous humor of the toad was facilitated.
Rapid changes in the nature of the H chondrites falling to Earth

— We have previously identified a subgroup of Antarctic H chondrites that are significantly different from H chondrites among the modern falls in terms of induced thermoluminescence (TL), metallographic cooling rate, and cosmogenic inert gas contents. Here we examine their terrestrial and thermal history as apparent in their natural TL and radioactive cosmogenic isotope abundances. These meteorites have a tendency towards high 26Al activities and fairly short 14C and 36Cl terrestrial ages (generally 1.2 AU to ∼1 AU within the last <105 years. We suggest that the nature of the meteorites falling to Earth is not independent of time but depends on stochastic events, such as the breakup of parent bodies and recent variations in orbit.
Expression, purification and characterization of cloning-grade zinc finger nuclease.

Abstract The limited number of naturally occurring rare-cutting restriction enzymes and the slow and tedious engineering of existing restriction enzymes for novel specificities have prompted the design of new strategies for the development of restriction enzymes with specificities for long DNA sequences. One possibility is using zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs)—synthetic restriction enzymes that are custom-designed to target and cleave long DNA sequences and which have been recently shown useful for DNA cloning. Here we report on the purification and biochemical analysis of ZFN-10, a custom-made ZFN. We show that Ni-affinity and gel-filtration purification methods are sufficient to produce a cloning-grade enzyme. We show that ZFN-10 can function as an accurate and reliable ZFN using the same reagents and protocols used for naturally occurring and commercially available recombinant restriction enzymes. We also show that ZFN-10 tolerates a set of target-site substitutions which can be predicted from the specificities of recognition helices incorporated into the structure of its DNA-binding domain. The relative simplicity of ZFN-10 design, expression, purification and analysis suggests that novel ZFNs can potentially be designed and applied for various recombinant DNA applications.
Single-turnover enzyme kinetics: The evaluation of rate constants from a single kinetic experiment

Abstract 1. 1. Chemical species concentrations have been represented in terms of both power, and asymptotic series expansions (in powers of time and time −1 , respectively) for the one-intermediate single-turnover enzyme system: 2. 2. Evaluation of the rate constants k 1 , k −1 , and k 2 from a single kinetic experiment has been considered for the two cases: (a) When [ E ] alone can be monitored. (b) When [ E ] and [ ES ] can be monitored. 3. 3. The validity of the techniques proposed have been investigated using computer simulation methods.
The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative

The Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI, ecai.org) is an international collaborative effort based administratively at Berkeley. Its mission is to improve education and scholarship through greater attention to time and place. Latitude, longitude, and time provide a useful basis for bringing together diverse network accessible resources that are related in time and place.
Social anxiety and receptivity to interpersonal evaluation

Reactions to interpersonal evaluation were investigated among subjects chronically low and high in social anxiety, or shyness. Both groups of subjects expressed more positive affect after receiving favorable than after receiving unfavorable evaluations, supporting a “self-esteem” prediction. However, support for a “self-consistency” viewpoint was also found. In particular, low social anxiety individuals expressed more negative affect (anger) following negative than following positive feedback, while high social anxiety individuals expressed more unpleasant affect (distress) following positive than following negative interpersonal feedback. Additionally, low social anxiety subjects were alone in derogating the accuracy of negative feedback; high social anxiety individuals were indiscriminate in rating the two types of feedback as equally accurate. The role of interpersonal evaluation in the maintenance of social anxiety was discussed briefly.
Diffusion and saturation solubility of platinum in lead

The diffusivity and saturation solubility of Pt in Pb has been measured over the temperature range 217-320\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C using a serial-sectioning technique. The concentration profiles were determined by observing the variation in the melting curve for each slice using differential scanning calorimetry. Thick boundary layers of Pt were deposited which yielded the complementary error function solution to the diffusion equation. The temperature dependence of the diffusivity is given by $D(T)=(0.011\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}10.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{0.02(\frac{\mathrm{kcal}}{\mathrm{mole}})}{\mathrm{RT}}]$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. The eutectic temperature was measured as 291.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and the saturation solubility below the eutectic is given by ${c}_{0}=(21.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}12.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{0.1(\frac{\mathrm{kcal}}{\mathrm{mole}})}{\mathrm{RT}}]$ atomic fraction.
Computed tomographic features of round atelectasis.

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) of the chest is often valuable in the evaluation of pulmonary masses. Our case demonstrated characteristic findings on CT that aided in the diagnosis of round atelectasis.
Real-time deblurring of handshake blurred images on smartphones

This paper discusses an Android app for the purpose of removing blur that is introduced as a result of handshakes when taking images via a smartphone. This algorithm utilizes two images to achieve deblurring in a computationally efficient manner without suffering from artifacts associated with deconvolution deblurring algorithms. The first image is the normal or auto-exposure image and the second image is a short-exposure image that is automatically captured immediately before or after the auto-exposure image is taken. A low rank approximation image is obtained by applying singular value decomposition to the auto-exposure image which may appear blurred due to handshakes. This approximation image does not suffer from blurring while incorporating the image brightness and contrast information. The eigenvalues extracted from the low rank approximation image are then combined with those from the shortexposure image. It is shown that this deblurring app is computationally more efficient than the adaptive tonal correction algorithm which was previously developed for the same purpose.
62-year-old man with persistent postoperative nausea and vomiting.

dicine, te ester, visor tant in linic, .). A 62-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (diagnosed 6 months before presentation), stage 3 chronic kidney disease, and coronary artery disease was admitted to the hospital for treatment ofmitral valve endocarditis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, including vancomycin and rifampin, were initiated, and in addition, he underwent mitral valve replacement because of vegetations causing severe valvular stenosis. On hospital admission and initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics, progressive nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and anorexia developed. These symptoms persisted for up to 15 days postoperatively. The symptoms were constant and not necessarily postprandial. He also had fevers and chills, but these symptoms resolved with antibiotic therapy. He reported no abdominal pain and had no history of abdominal surgery. His bowel movements remained regular. The patient had no symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux, headaches, or vertigo. His diabetes was recently diagnosed and was controlled with diet. His symptoms continued despite maximum doses of antiemetics. He had not had similar symptoms before the current episode. Vital signs on evaluation included a temperature of 37.1 C, heart rate of 65 beats/ min, blood pressure of 138/73 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of 96% while breathing room air. On physical examination, the patient was cachexic and had generalized nonfocal weakness. His body mass index was 19 kg/m. His abdomen was soft, nondistended, and nontender, and normal bowel sounds were present. He had no rashes or lower extremity edema.
Validation of multi-concentric cylinder model for sapphire/Mo/NiAl composites

Abstract Fiber coatings have been extensively modeled and proposed as a means to mitigate the thermal residual stresses in advanced composites, including the sapphire-fiber reinforced NiAl (sapphire/NiAl) system. While the finite element models have been useful for screening candidate coating materials, few, if any, experimental studies have been performed to validate the results of the models. The residual stress distribution in sapphire/NiAl composites with three thickness’ of Mo fiber coatings was modeled using the multiple concentric cylinder model (MCCM) from NASA-LeRC. The modeling results were compared to experimental measurements made using both continuous indentation and neutron diffraction. In this study, good agreement between the measured and calculated residual stress distributions in all samples was obtained. The results demonstrated the potential for continuous indentation to measure the local stress variations in composites both in the matrix and in the fiber coatings, and validated the calculations of the models for both local and average residual stresses.
INTERACTION OF SELENIUM AND ARSENIC WITH METALLOTHIONEIN : EFFECT OF VITAMIN B12

The effects of selenium and arsenic on metallothionein (MT) levels were determined in vitamin B12-supplemented and depleted rats. The binding of selenium and arsenic to MT in vitro and in vivo was also investigated. Rats fed a vitamin B12-deficient diet had significant (p < 0.05), higher levels of liver MT as compared to vitamin B12-supplemented rats. Rats fed 5-9 micrograms/g selenium as selenite or 50-150 micrograms/g arsenic as arsenite showed no significant increase of MT content in the liver. However, significant increases in MT levels in liver (p < 0.01) and kidney (p < 0.05) were seen when rats were injected with 1.5 mg selenium as selenite, and increase of liver MT levels (p < 0.05) was shown when injected with 5 mg arsenic as arsenite/kg body weight. In comparison to zinc, injection of selenium or arsenic caused only a slight elevation of liver MT levels. Liver cytosolic Sephadex G-75 patterns of rats injected with both zinc and arsenic gave separate peaks for arsenic and zinc which suggest that in vivo arsenic binding to MT may be insignificant. Spectrophotometric absorption changes at 255 nm with various levels of selenium or arsenic additions to an MT solution were used to show that selenite gave a maximum absorption increase at a 1:1 molar ratio, but maximum absorption change occurred with arsenite at a molar ratio of 7:1.
Update on Biological Therapeutics for Asthma

Asthma poses a significant burden on patients, families, health care providers, and the medical system. While efforts to standardize care through guidelines have expanded, difficulty in managing severe asthma has encouraged research about its pathobiology and treatment options. Novel biologic therapeutics are being developed for the treatment of asthma and are of potential use for severe refractory asthma, especially where the increased cost of such agents is more likely justified. This review will summarize currently approved (omalizumab) and investigational biologic agents for asthma, such as antibodies, soluble receptors, and other protein-based antagonists, and highlight recent published data on efficacy and safety of these therapies in humans. As these newer agents with highly targeted pharmacology are tested in asthma, we are also poised to learn more about the role of cytokines and other molecules in the pathophysiology of asthma.
Four theories of population change and the environment

It is clear from the discussion of the four principal frameworks used to study population and land use that there is no consensus on the relationship. Most of the debate has centered on the two rivalpolicies of the neoclassical economists and the classical economists or natural scientists. Consensus has been difficult to reach mainly because the empirical evidence is weak and inconclusive, and the diverse experiences of different regions make it difficult to generalize for policy. Because the linkage is unclear, it seems premature to conclude that curbing population growth is the only or most important remedy for land degradation.
Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty and Corporate Debt Yield: An Empirical Investigation

This paper is intended to measure Reisz's (1999) empirical implication about bond yields against data: yields demanded on corporate debt should be higher the later the uncertainty facing the firm is resolved. We conduct our study looking at new bond issues made by industrial corporations between 1987 and 1996. Based on this sample, we find strong evidence that firms with more delayed resolution of uncertainty offer higher yields once default and overall risks have been controlled for. We also find that the maturity premium on corporate bonds is monotonic in the pattern of Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty (TRU) facing the firm. Both results are mitigated for firms whose managers enjoy fewer information asymmetries. We also find that firms with more delayed TRU rely less heavily on debt and tend to issue shorter-term bonds.
Systems Administration at the Graduate Level: Defining the Undefined

Systems administrators are to computers what a primary care specialist is to the human body. Their responsibilities include diagnosis, prescribing solutions, dealing with the challenges of aging to name but a few. They are a primary line of defense in maintaining system health and must be vigilant in identifying, classifying and removing a variety of threats. They have been needed since the dawn of computing and are everywhere in every business, industry, organization and market sector. Despite the critical role of systems administrators in our technological lives, the role of a systems administrator lacks a precise definition. In the context of education, what are the knowledge areas and skills required of systems administrators? How can these be taught and to what end? In this paper we present a senior/graduate level course in systems administration that has evolved over a three-year period. We include an instructional methodology, course outline and suggestions for lab content. We conclude with our observations and future plans for course development.
Lactate induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by suppressing glycolysis and impairing insulin signaling.

Elevation of plasma lactate levels induces peripheral insulin resistance, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We examined whether lactate infusion in rats suppresses glycolysis preceding ins...
High level aids for data management systems performance

There is a need for systematic and well-thought-out high level language facilities or aids for enhancing the performance and cost/effectiveness of data management systems. Methodologies, practical models and associated software aids for data management system administration are much needed. The ideal goal is of course an automatic system administrator, a software black box, capable of choosing, generating and maintaining the best data management system structure, access paths and storage structure mappings for the particular data base, transaction traffic and computing and device characteristics. While this may not be practically achievable in the foreseeable future, due to the elusive multitude of parameters, trade-offs, interrelationships, etc., this should certainly be a goal.
Loss of diurnal rhythms of blood pressure and heart rate caused by high-fat feeding.

Background Diet-induced obesity using ad libitum high-fat feeding in rabbits causes losses in diurnal rhythms of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Because obesity is associated with hypertension, it is difficult to determine independent effects of ad libitum feeding and obesity in altering diurnal rhythms. We studied diurnal rhythms of BP and HR after controlling BP during obesity development using hydralazine. Methods New Zealand white rabbits were divided into lean control (LC), lean hydralazine-treated (LH), obese control (OC), and obese hydralazine-treated (OH) groups. Lean animals consumed a maintenance diet, whereas obese animals consumed an ad libitum high-fat diet. Over 12 weeks, BP and HR were monitored from 11:00 to 07:00 using telemetry. Hydralazine treatment consisted of 6 mg/kg/day and 10 to 14 mg/kg/day for LH and OH, respectively. Diurnal rhythms were evaluated using day–night values (day, 11:00 to 16:00 average; night, 02:00 to 07:00 average). Results Compared with control values, diurnal HR rhythm was abolished on day 1 of high-fat feeding (61.4 ± 3.6 v 3.1 ± 4.2 beats/min, respectively; P ≤ .05), whereas OC and OH did not differ significantly in day–night HR over 12 weeks. Compared with control values, diurnal BP rhythm was abolished by day 2 of high-fat feeding (4.6 ± 1.6 v −0.1 ± 0.9 mm Hg, respectively; P ≤ .05), whereas OC and OH did not differ in day–night BP despite lower BP in OH. Conclusion In this study ad libitum high-fat feeding in rabbits caused immediate losses of diurnal rhythms of BP and HR that were independent of weight gain and BP elevation.
Criticism and revision of Chisholm's epistemic principle for perception

In Chapter 3 of Theory of Knowledge, 1 Chisholm argued that our reasonable beliefs about the external world could be neither deductive nor inductive inferences from directly evident propositions about our own self-presenting states. Chisholm then formulated some epistemic principles, the assumption of which would allow one to pass from directly evident propositions about one's own self-presenting states to reasonable beliefs about external things. It was implied that these principles were neither a subset of, nor justified by means of, deductive or inductive inferences. Later, in response to criticisms by Heidelberger, 2 Chisholm modified these principles) I believe that the modified principles are still incorrect in a fairly deep way. I believe that when correct formulations are given, they will be seen to be instances of a general sort of inductive procedure. In this paper I will try to show these things. I shall concentrate on the main epistemic principle for perception. Chisholm's most recent version of it, which I shall call (B') is:
Equilibrium NMR studies of unfolded and partially folded proteins

Multidimensional NMR studies of proteins in unfolded and partially folded states give unique insights into their structures and dynamics and provide new understanding of protein folding and function.
Method for measuring the anisotropy of precipitation media

A system for measuring both the differential phase shift and differential attenuation through precipitation over a 1-way transmission link is discussed. An example of observations of a summer shower is given. A general formula for cross-polarisation is derived.
Design and Fabrication of Stretchable Multilayer Self-Aligned Interconnects for Flexible Electronics and Large-Area Sensor Arrays Using Excimer Laser Photoablation

Stretchable interconnects are fabricated on polymer substrates using metal patterns both as functional interconnect layers and as in situ masks for excimer laser photoablation. Single-layer and multilayer interconnects of various designs (rectilinear and “meandering”) have been fabricated, and certain “meandering” interconnect designs can be stretched up to 50% uniaxially while maintaining good electrical conductivity and structural integrity. This approach eliminates masks and microfabrication processing steps as compared to traditional fabrication approaches. Furthermore, this technology is scalable for large-area sensor arrays and electronic circuits, adaptable for a variety of materials and interconnects designs, and compatible with MEMS-based capacitive sensor technology.
Noninvasive characterization of stunned, hibernating, remodeled and nonviable myocardium in ischemic cardiomyopathy

OBJECTIVES We evaluated a novel protocol of dual-isotope, gated single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging combined with low and high dose dobutamine as a single test for the characterization of various types of altered myocardial dysfunction. BACKGROUND Myocardial perfusion tomography and echocardiography have been used separately for the assessment of myocardial viability. However, it is possible to assess perfusion, function and contractile reserve using gated SPECT imaging. METHODS We studied 54 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy using rest and 4 h redistribution thallium-201 imaging and dobutamine technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging. The sestamibi images were acquired 1 h after infusion of the maximal tolerated dose of dobutamine and again during infusion of dobutamine at a low dose to estimate contractile reserve. Myocardial segments were defined as hibernating, stunned, remodeled or scarred. RESULTS Severe regional dysfunction was present in 584 (54%) of 1,080 segments. Based on the combination of function and perfusion characteristics in these 584 segments, 24% (n = 140) were labeled as hibernating; 23% (n = 136) as stunned; 30% (n = 177) as remodeled; and 22% (n = 131) as scarred. Contractile reserve, represented by improvement in wall motion/thickening by low dose dobutamine, was observed in 83% of stunned, 59% of hibernating, 35% of remodeled and 13% of scarred myocardial segments (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is possible with this new imaging technique to characterize dysfunctional myocardium as stunned, hibernating, remodeled and nonviable. These subtypes often coexist in the same patient.
CELL DIVISION PATTERNS AND DIURNAL CYCLE OF PORPHYRA ABBOTTAE (RHODOPHYTA, BANGIALES) CARPOGONIAL AND CARPOSPORE DEVELOPMENT1

Post-fertilization development of carpospores in Porphyra is a well-documented phenomenon. Development of the pre-fertilization carpogonial cells from vegetative cells, however, has not been previously described. In Porphyra abbottae Krishn., a rock? intertidal monostromatic species occurring from British Columbia to central California, large cells, designated hue CIS “procarpogonial mother cells” (PMCs), initiated the formation of the carpogonial cells. The PMCs formed during late night mitoses beginning at 0200 h with cytokinesis from 0300-0500 h during short day periods of 10:14 h LD in northern California (38°20′N, 123°03′W and 36°37′N, 121°55′W). The PMC cut off numerous smaller cells which in turn divided equal. Approximately 12 h Inter, at 1500 h (day 1) the Smaller cells were recognizable as carpogonial cells by the presence of trichogynes growing from the cytoplasm out through the cell wall to the thallus surface. In another 24 h (day 2), the fertilized carpogonia had divided into carpospore packets. Spores were released at 1500 h the following day (day 3), their projection creating escape channels through the cell walls.
Weights, Norms, and Notation in Analytical Target Cascading

This technical note provides clarification, modification, and generalization of the notation used to describe analytical target cascading, a model-based hierarchical optimization methodology for systems design.
Pregnancy: outcome and impact on symptomatology in a cohort of eating-disordered women.

Objective This study investigates both the impact of eating disorders (ED) on pregnancy outcome and the impact of pregnancy on cognitive and behavioral symptoms of EDs. Method Data on pregnancy outcome (live birth [LB], therapeutic abortion [TAB], and spontaneous abortion [SAB]) and ED symptomatology were collected as part of a large, prospective longitudinal study of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Data were gathered using a semistructured interview administered every 6 months to 246 subjects. Results We identified 54 women who reported 82 pregnancies (46 LB, 25 TAB, and 11 SAB). Pregnancy outcome was not significantly related to any of the clinical variables studied. Women with BN showed a significant decrease in the severity of their ED symptoms during pregnancy, and this decrease was sustained through 9 months postpartum. Women with AN also demonstrated a significant reduction in ED symptoms, however, these symptoms returned to prepregnancy levels by 6 months postpartum. Conclusions Our prospective findings reveal an elevated TAB rate for ED women along with a general reduction in the severity of ED symptoms during pregnancy. © 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 27: 140–149, 2000.
Applications of Individual Growth Curve Modeling for Pediatric Psychology Research

Objective To provide a brief, nontechnical introduction to individual growth curve modeling for the analysis of longitudinal data. Several applications of individual growth curve modeling for pediatric psychology research are discussed. Methods To illustrate these applications, we analyze data from an ongoing pediatric psychology study of the possible impact of spina bifida on child and family development (N = 135). Three repeated observations, spaced by approximately 2 years, contributed to the analyses (M age at baseline = 8.84). Results Results indicated that individual linear growth curves of emotional autonomy varied as a function of the youth gender by spina bifida group membership interaction. Conclusions Strengths of individual growth curve modeling relative to more traditional methods of analysis are highlighted (e.g., completely flexible specification of the time variable, explicit modeling of both aggregate-level and individual-level growth curves).
Enhanced Priming of Adaptive Immunity by Mycobacterium smegmatis Mutants with High-Level Protein Secretion

Mycobacteria have features that make them attractive as potential vaccine vectors. The nonpathogenic and rapidly growing Mycobacterium smegmatis can express both Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens and heterologous antigens from other pathogens, and it has been used as a viable vector for the development of live vaccines. In order to further improve antigen-specific immunogenicity of M. smegmatis, we screened a random transposon mutant library for mutants displaying enhanced efficiency of protein secretion ("high secretors") and isolated 61 mutants showing enhanced endogenic and transgenic protein secretion. Sequence analysis identified a total of 54 genes involved in optimal secretion of insert proteins, as well as multiple independent transposon insertions localized within the same genomic loci and operons. The majority of transposon insertions occurred in genes that have no known protein secretion function. These transposon mutants were shown to prime antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses better than the parental strain. Specifically, upon introducing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag gene into these transposon mutant strains, we observed that they primed SIV Gag-specific CD8(+) T cell responses significantly better than the control prime immunization in a heterologous prime/boost regimen. Our results reveal a dependence on bacterial secretion of mycobacterial and foreign antigens for the induction of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in vivo. The data also suggest that these M. smegmatis transposon mutants could be used as novel live attenuated vaccine strains to express foreign antigens, such as those of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and induce strong antigen-specific T cell responses.
Improved contrast-to-noise ratio of photon counting clinical x-ray CT images using a model-selection based approach

Energy sensitive photon counting x-ray detectors (PCXD) [1] have many advantages over energy-integrating x-ray detectors (EIXD) in x-ray computed tomography (CT), such as the ability to measure the spectrum of x-ray beams. When such PCXDs are operated under a high count rate in clinical scanners, coincident photons would distort the recorded energy spectrum due to the limited speed of the detector. To compensate for the spectrum distortions, we have developed analytical models for them [3] and integrated one such model into an image reconstruction process using a sinogram restoration framework [6]. In this method, the attenuation of the object was modeled as a sum of line integrals of N basis functions, where N was fixed at 3 for the entire sinogram when a contrast agent is involved. The method allowed us to reconstruct accurate images, compensating for the effect of spectrum distortion of PCXD; however, the contrast-to-noise (CNR) of the images were only comparable to that obtained by EIXDs. We believe the main reason is an increased statistical uncertainty in the estimated line integrals introduced by the 3rd basis function. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the CNR by employing the fewest number of basis functions N m (≤ N) as necessary for an individual sinogram ray. Our simulation studies indicate that the CNR achieved for a Gd-based contrast agent by PCXDs could be 12% better than the conventional method of [6], and 28% better than EIXDs for scans with similar number of x-ray photons, which points to a dose reduction of 20% and 39% respectively.
Recovery from the overexpectation effect: Contrasting performance-focused and acquisition- focused models of retrospective revaluation

In four Pavlovian conditioned lick-suppression experiments, rats had two conditioned stimuli (CSs X and A) independently paired with footshock, followed by pairings of a compound of A and X with the footshock. On subsequent tests with CS X, less conditioned suppression was observed than in control subjects that lacked the compound AX→footshock trials. Thisoverexpectation effect was reversed through posttraining extinction of CS A, a result consistent with both performance- and acquisition-focused models of retrospective revaluation. However, only performance-focused models could account for how posttraining increases or decreases in the A-footshock temporal interval attenuate the overexpectation effect.
Endoscopic SIS injection into the lower oesophageal sphincter in dogs.

Aim To determine the usefulness of endoscopically-delivered small intestinal submucosa (SIS) as a scaffold in enhancing the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressures.
Anticoagulation in percutaneous coronary intervention

Balancing safety and efficacy of anticoagulation strategies is a fundamental goal in the performance of percutaneous coronary interventions. The ideal anticoagulant in the catheterization laboratory should effectively prevent thrombosis, yield a low bleeding risk, be titratable to individual clinical needs, be reversible when clinically indicated and be administered without the need for complicated infusions or routine monitoring. Despite its many drawbacks, unfractionated heparin continues to be the most commonly used anticoagulant in percutaneous coronary intervention. Nevertheless, anticoagulation options in the catheterization laboratory have grown substantially over the past 20 years and now include direct thrombin inhibitors, low-molecular-weight heparin molecules and Factor X inhibitors. Additional options are anticipated in the near future with novel agents targeting upstream factors in the coagulation cascade. The availability of multiple anticoagulation options allows for a tailored approach bas...
Perceived heaviness is influenced by the style of lifting

This experiment examined the influence of action on weight perception and the size-weight illusion. Participants rated the perceived heaviness of objects that varied in mass, length, and width. Half of the participants lifted each object and placed it down on the table and half placed the object on a pedestalbefore reporting their perception of heaviness. These tasks were performed either with or without vision. In all cases,increases in size produced decreasesin perceived heaviness.For increases in both length and width, the use of vision produced a greater decrease in perceived heaviness. For increases in width alone, the task in which participants placed the object on a pedestal (a task for which the width of the object was a relevant variable) was associated with a greater decrease in perceived heaviness. Salience of information was discussed as a means by which task and modality might influence perception.
Palliative and End-of-Life Care in the Serious and Persistently Mentally Ill Population

Palliative and end-of-life care have become topics of considerable interest over the past decade. However, caring for the seriously mentally ill dying population is an area within the palliative care field that is consistently overlooked. This article explores the limited literature regarding persons with serious and persistent mental illness and end-of-life and palliative care. It examines existing barriers to palliative and end-of-life care and offers solutions. Finally, a unique opportunity for mental health nurses, particularly the nurse practitioner in psychiatry, to fill the need of helping this group of individuals to experience a “good death” is discussed.