cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal passengers: toward an integrated view of mitosis.

The immunocytochemical “taxonomy” experiments cited above have identified a class of “chromosomal” antigens whose properties were not predicted by earlier models of mitosis. Our theory describing one possible explanation for the transfer of these antigens from the chromosomes to the spindle midzone at the metaphase: anaphase transition must now be subjected to further experimental tests. The phenotypes of cells microinjected with antibodies to passenger proteins should enable us to identify mitotic processes dependent on these proteins, as in the example of CHO1 antibody blocking mitotic progression (Nislow et al. 1990). In addition, the availability of cDNA clones and high titer antibodies may enable homologues of these components to be identified in organisms in which they can be subjected to genetic analysis. For the time being, we suggest that current views of the relative roles of chromosomes and cytoskeletal components in mitosis may require revision. Our hypothesis takes the current model for the role of the kinetochores in organizing the bipolar mitotic spindle (Kirschner and Mitchison 1986) a step further. The process of assembling a functional spindle and positioning the cleavage furrow may entail a degree of functional cooperation between chromosomes and cytoskeletal components far beyond that envisioned before now.
Expanding the repertoire of heterocycle ring pairs for programmable minor groove DNA recognition.

The discrimination of the four Watson−Crick base pairs by minor groove DNA-binding polyamides have been attributed to the specificity of three five-membered aromatic amino acid subunits, 1-methyl-1H-imidazole (Im), 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole (Py), and 3-hydroxy-1H-pyrrole (Hp) paired four different ways. The search for additional ring pairs that demonstrate DNA-sequence specificity has led us to a new class of 6−5 fused bicycle rings as minor groove recognition elements. The affinities and specificities of the hydroxybenzimidazole/pyrrole (Hz/Py) and hydroxybenzimidazole/benzimidazole (Hz/Bi) pairs for each of the respective Watson−Crick base pairs within the sequence context 5‘-TGGXCA-3‘ (X = A, T, G, C) were measured by quantitative DNaseI footprinting titrations. The Hz/Py and Hz/Bi distinguish T·A from A·T. Hairpin polyamides containing multiple Hz/Py pairs were examined and were shown to mimic the Hp/Py pair with regard to affinity and specificity. Therefore, the Hz/Py pair may be considered a second-generation replacement for the Hp/Py pair.
A new method of constructing symmetry-adapted linear combinations for a finite group: I. Salc's of equivalent invariant functions

Abstract A theory of representation for a finite group G has been presented based on the basis functions defined on a set of equivalent points S(n) with respect to the symmetry operations of G. The general expressions are given for the symmetry-adapted linear combinations of equivalent invariant functions and the σ-bonding hybrid atomic orbitals.
Homeostasis and Polymorphism in Vernal Development of Chaoborus Americanus

Last instar larvae of Chaoborus americanus overwinter in a state of developmental arrest (diapause) but remain otherwise active and capable of feeding. The diapausing larvae are developmentally responsive to long—day photoperiod and food. A portion of a wild—caught population responds rapidly to these conditions; the remainder of the population is more conservative. For either morph, the closer an individual approaches adult emergence, the more its rate of development is retarded by a small drop in water temperature. This response to temperature both promotes synchronous adult emergence and insures favorable climatic conditions at that time. Even this individual thermal homeostasis does not ensure survivorship throughout the total range of vernal climates encountered in a single shallow pond. The fast—responding morph predominates following warm, continuous springs; the more conservative morph predominates following a spring where the initial thaw is succeeded by a refreezing of the pond. Response time po...
Assessing and Maintaining Mental Health in Elderly Individuals

This article provides detailed information about assessing the mental health needs of older adults as well as strategies to maintain mental health. An overview of the public health needs of older adults is provided that includes examples of policies that ensure minimum physical and mental health for older adults. Multiple resources are described that will enable clinicians to access information that will increase their knowledge of assessment of mental health needs of older adults.
A facility for the simulation of environmental parameters and qualification of flight thermal coatings

There is a continuing interest and need for investigation and development of, various paints, coatings, multi-layer insulation, and electrically conductive paints and coatings used for thermal control and electrical discharge of spacecraft surfaces. Degradation of these surfaces by solar-wind energy particles and ultraviolet irradiation, as well as contamination by the outgassing of materials used in conjunction or close proximity to these surfaces, continues to be a matter of concern. The following is a description of a facility with the capability of evaluating the synergistic effects encountered in the space environment. Actual flight qualification programs are also described.
High mass fragmentation. Matrix effects in plasma desorption mass spectrometry

Abstract Glutathione and nitrocellulose matrices are shown to reduce internal energies of protonated insulin molecules in plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Observations are also reported on relative differences in kinetic and internal energies of MNa + ions compared with MH + ions.
The demand for dental care: evidence from a randomized trial in health insurance

Cost sharing noticeably affects the demand for dental services; details of the demand are discussed in this report of a large-scaie study. In spite of the increase in dental coverage in the past two decades, dentistry has received little attention compared with medical and mental health services.
Cone structure imaged with adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in eyes with nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate cone spacing using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) in eyes with nonneovascular AMD, and to correlate progression of AOSLO-derived cone measures with standard measures of macular structure. METHODS: Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images were obtained over 12 to 21 months from seven patients with AMD including four eyes with geographic atrophy (GA) and four eyes with drusen. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images were overlaid with color, infrared, and autofluorescence fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images to allow direct correlation of cone parameters with macular structure. Cone spacing was measured for each visit in selected regions including areas over drusen (n = 29), at GA margins (n = 14), and regions without drusen or GA (n = 13) and compared with normal, age-similar values. RESULTS: Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging revealed continuous cone mosaics up to the GA edge and overlying drusen, although reduced cone reflectivity often resulted in hyporeflective AOSLO signals at these locations. Baseline cone spacing measures were normal in 13/13 unaffected regions, 26/28 drusen regions, and 12/14 GA margin regions. Although standard clinical measures showed progression of GA in all study eyes, cone spacing remained within normal ranges in most drusen regions and all GA margin regions. CONCLUSIONS: Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy provides adequate resolution for quantitative measurement of cone spacing at the margin of GA and over drusen in eyes with AMD. Although cone spacing was often normal at baseline and remained normal over time, these regions showed focal areas of decreased cone reflectivity. These findings may provide insight into the pathophysiology of AMD progression. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00254605).
Management and follow-up of arterial thrombosis in the neonatal period.

The management and follow-up of 12 patients with major aortic thrombus formation occurring in the neonatal period between 1982 and 1987 are reported. Umbilical arterial catheters were inserted in 8 of the 12 patients before thrombus formation. Two patients had congenital thrombl. Hypertension, oliguria, hematuria, and elevated blood creatinine concentration were found at the time of diagnosis of the thrombus; nine of the patients had a patent ductus arteriosus. Supportive care was instituted in seven patients who were hemodynamically stable. Five of the patients had congestive heart failure, shock, or both, and were treated with surgical thrombectomy. Thrombolytic therapy was not used in either group. The five surgically treated patients and six of seven medically treated patients survived. Ultrasound examination suggested resolution of the thrombus in all survivors in 6 to 30 days. Sequelae from thrombus formation were present in all patients at the time of discharge and included hypertension in 9 of the 11 survivors and decreased renal function in six of them. Follow-up at 1 to 3 years revealed normal blood pressure, good growth, and good renal function in 10 of the survivors.
The Other in Chamula Tzotzil Cosmology and History: Reflections of a Kansan in Chiapas

This passage from Robert Burs, bard of Scotland, came to America and to me via my maternal grandfather, David Hamilton, a Kansas farmer, who was fond of reciting it (neither knowing nor caring about its exact origin; it was just a "Scottish saying") on the occasion of some slip of vanity, foolishness, or insensitivityqualities he did not view kindly. My earliest memory of hearing this aphorism was one summer day when my mother, aged fortyish, appeared at the milk barn dressed in shorts and a skimpy halter. Long "citified" and happily departed from rural life, she thought nothing of her costume as anything other than appropriate for a hot August day. In the course of events, my grandfather, my mother and I went into the horse stall to saddle the mare so that I could go out to bring in the cows for milking. While we were saddling the mare ("Mickey"), she apparently found the flesh of my mother's upper arm irresistible or offensive and took a firm bite. All hell broke loose. My mother yelled and swore and scared the horse. The saddle, not yet properly cinched, slipped to the mare's side, causing her (unusually gentle under normal circumstances) to jump and thrash about, scaring all of us from the stall. The first words uttered by my grandfather were those of the passage cited above. I remember this event vividly, for I wondered at that time what on earth this strange
Humidity Effects on the Relaxation of Perfluoropolyether Lubricant Films

Humidity effects on the relaxation of molecularly thin lubricant films were studied via examining the bonded fraction and surface energy of fresh dip-coated perfluoropolyether (PFPE) monolayer as functions of elapsed time. The polar surface energy of Zdol films was found to monotonically decrease with the elapsed time, which indicates the reorganization of molecular structure and conformation. Characteristic relaxation time was obtained by analyzing this time-dependent behavior via Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function. Molecular dynamics simulation with a bead-spring model was employed to examine the PFPE monolayer structure in the humid environment. Water molecules were found to couple with functional end groups and wall forming characteristic cluster structure. The normalized autocorrelation function of normal modes for entire PFPE chain was examined to extract the characteristic molecular relaxation processes. The relaxation times become shorter in the higher humidity from both experiment and simulation suggesting that humidity expedites the relaxation process of functional PFPE films
Comment on “A fast interpretation of self-potential data using the depth from extreme points method” (M. Fedi and M. A. Abbas, 2013, Geophysics, 78, no. 2, E107–E116)

Fedi and Abbas (2013) present an imaging algorithm (the so-called depth from extreme points [DEXP] method) for the fast localization of ore bodies from self-potential (SP) data recorded at the ground surface of the earth. Their method is based on the upward continuing of the field to several altitudes and then multiplying the continued data with a scaling law of those altitudes. They claim that the position of the ore body can be better retrieved by applying the DEXP approach to the SP data and that their algorithm should be preferred because of its speed. This approach, initially developed for the localization of magnetic and gravity sources, is however prone to errors when applied to SP data for the reasons discussed below. Application of the DEXP imaging method is indeed incompatible with the well-established physics of SP signals and the specific boundary conditions specific to this problem. All inversion algorithms used to invert SP signals to locate the causative current source in the subsurface of the earth should be derived from the governing physical principles, or otherwise deprecated due to implausibility or inaccuracies inherent to their fundamentally unphysical formulations. Moreover, fast, stable, and physically rigorous, either deterministic or stochastic approaches, have been developed in the last decade to locate the causative source of current in SP signals including the effect of resistivity (e.g., Jardani et al., 2013). However, no comparison is made between the DEXP source localization approach and these more advanced algorithms. The approach that Fedi and Abbas (2013) present introduces three incorrect assumptions with respect to the physical nature of the SP problem and one overstated statement. The three problems I see with the DEXP approach are (1) it does not account for the resistivity distribution of the subsurface, (2) it misrepresents the true support volume of the source (erroneously assumed …
Defining the ethical standards of the high-technology industry

At least five sets of ethical standards influence business people's decisions: general cultural, company, personal, situational, and industry standards. Each has an official or espoused form encoded in written documents such as policy statements and codes of ethics and an unofficial form that develops as people use the espoused standards. (We call these unofficial standards values in action.) To determine whether the high-technology industry deserves its reputation for moral laxness, a pilot questionnaire was designed. It asked employees to rate the acceptability in the workplace of ethical behaviors relating to safety, third parties, and cheating the company. The findings show that employees in high-and low-technology industries uphold espoused values of safety. Relations with third parties are influenced by the existence of company codes of ethics, especially in small companies. Actions involving cheating the company need to be investigated further.
Ascites management using techniques available in the interventional radiology suite

Abstract Uncontrolled ascites due to malignant involvement of the liver or the peritoneum is a debilitating condition that results in a significant impairment of quality of life. In this combined physician-nurse presentation, the presenters reviewed the pathophysiology of ascites, treatment options for ascites including the placement of an external drainage catheter (tunneled or nontunneled) and a peritoneovenous shunt, rationales for specific drainage approaches, techniques for device placement, and nursing interventions, including patient education. The goals of the presentation were to improve the understanding of ascites and its treatment and to illustrate how nurses can contribute to optimizing patient outcomes.
Illuminating Human Rights: How Demographics Drive Media Coverage

The case studies in this special issue of Atlantic Journal of Communication represent a broad spectrum of human rights issues of compelling interest both cross-nationally and nationally (inside the...
Methods of cost control in urologic care.

Abstract The urologist now has the capability of significantly reducing the cost care for his patients. Major savings could occur by performing procedures, laboratory tests, and roentgenographic studies in proper sequence. The use of outpatient evaluations and surgery can save the patient expensive hospital room charges. Proper utilization. of equipment would markedly decrease costly duplication of services. Quality of care cannot and will not be affected by these cost-saving measures. Furthermore, retrospective and prospective clinical studies should br instituted immediately to determine the pathophysiology of genitourinary disease, specifically answering the question of which laboratory tests have the highest diagnostic yield. Protocols could be started to eliminate wasteful low-yield procedures and to maximize diagnosis and therapy while minimizing cost. Finally, controls must be placed on the continuing trend toward an excess of physicians.
Analytical and experimental methods for zero-temperature-coefficient biasing of MOS transistors

Analytical and experimental results are presented which yield new design insights for VLSI CMOS circuits to be operated over wide temperature ranges (25–25O°C). The significant influence of the body voltage on the zero-temperature-coefficient (ZTQ drain current characteristics of MOSFETs is reported and modelled. Our results suggest that state-of-theart VLSI CMOS technologies can be used to design on-chip voltage and current references and therefore a wide class of signal processing IC functions, which are stable over wider temperature ranges than have been achieved to date.
Real exchange rate dynamics with nominal parities Structural change and overshooting

Abstract The relationship between structural changes that require a modification of the steady-state level of the real exchange rate is examined in terms of a model of staggered prices and real-wealth effects. Although wealth effects are necessary for overshooting, it is shown that their actual values are of no particular relevance; in fact, overshooting is shown to be more likely the smaller is the real-wealth effect in the demand for tradables. A key (and counterintuitive) result is that overshooting is more likely the higher is the frequency of price changes.
252Cf plasma desorption of natural products

Abstract Californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry is reviewed in its application to a series of natural products including fungal metabolites, toxins, and nucleosides. Its importance in identifying the molecular weight of an unknown compound early in isolation procedures is emphasized. Several new applications to synthetic peptides, a dye conjugate and cardiac glycosides are illustrated.
Thalidomide and lenalidomide in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a treatable but not necessarily a curable plasma-cell cancer. After decades of minimal progress, two new classes of drugs with novel mechanisms of action - immunomodulatory drugs (thalidomide and lenalidomide) and proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib) - have been introduced for the treatment of this disease. Thalidomide and lenalidomide have shown great activity as single agents and in combination with glucocorticoids for the treatment of chemotherapy-refractory myeloma. Thalidomide - and more recently lenalidomide - in combination with dexamethasone have shown promising results as induction therapy. These drugs can easily be combined with other chemotherapeutic agents to potentiate the anti-myeloma effect. The immunomodulatory function of these drugs can be successfully exploited to control residual disease during remission. Thus, both thalidomide and lenalidomide have ushered in a new era of optimism in the management of this incurable cancer.
Receptor-Coupled Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Carbachol and histamine stimulated phosphoinositide (PPI) hydrolysis in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as reflected by an accumulation of 3H-inositol phosphates in the presence of 10 mM Li+. Carbachol increased PPI hydrolysis to greater than 600% of basal with an EC50 of 60 microM; stimulation was linear up to 60 min. This activation likely occurred via the M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptor based on the IC50 values for 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (0.47 nM), pirenzepine (280 nM), and 11-[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]-acetyl]-5,11- dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one (1.4 microM). Carbachol-mediated PPI hydrolysis was decreased by 80% in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Histamine stimulated PPI turnover in a linear manner by 180% with an EC50 of 20 microM by the H1 histaminergic receptor. Serotonin, glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine were inactive. In human RPE, the resting cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, as determined by fura-2 fluorescence, was 138 +/- 24 nM. On the addition of carbachol, there was a 180% increase in peak intracellular Ca2+; addition of histamine increased intracellular Ca2+ by 187%. These results suggest receptor-mediated, inositol lipid hydrolysis is coupled to intracellular Ca2+ flux in human RPE.
Contact patterns between helices and strands of sheet define protein folding patterns

Comparing and classifying protein folding patterns allows organizing the known structures and enumerating possible protein structural patterns including those not yet observed. We capture the essence of protein folding patterns in a concise tableau representation based on the order and contact patterns of secondary structures: helices and strands of sheet. The tableaux are intelligible to both humans and computers. They provide a database, derived from the Protein Data Bank, mineable in studies of protein architecture. Using this database, we have: (i) determined statistical properties of secondary structure contacts in an unbiased set of protein domains from ASTRAL, (ii) observed that in 98% of cases, the tableau is a faithful representation of the folding pattern as classified in SCOP, (iii) demonstrated that to a large extent the local structure of proteins indicates their complete folding topology, and (iv) studied the use of the representation for fold identification. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cognitive processes that underlie mathematical precociousness in young children

The working memory (WM) processes that underlie young children's (ages 6-8 years) mathematical precociousness were examined. A battery of tests that assessed components of WM (phonological loop, visual-spatial sketch pad, and central executive), naming speed, random generation, and fluency was administered to mathematically precocious and average-achieving children. The results showed that (a) precocious children performed better on executive processing, inhibition, and naming speed tasks than did average-achieving children, although the two groups were statistically comparable on measures of the phonological loop and visual-spatial sketch pad, and (b) the executive component of WM predicted mathematical accuracy independent of chronological age, reading, inhibition, and naming speed. The results support the notion that the executive system is an important predictor of children's mathematical precociousness and that this system can operate independent of individual differences in the phonological loop, inhibition, and reading in predicting mathematical accuracy.
Temporal relations of volcanism and hydrothermal systems in two areas of the Jemez volcanic field, New Mexico

Two hydrothermal alteration events (8.07 Ma, one sample; 6.51-5.60 Ma, six samples) related to the waning stages of late Miocene volcanism ({ge} 13 to {le} 5.8 Ma) are recognized at the Cochiti district (southeast Jemez Mountains). Most of the K/Ar dates (0.83 {plus minus} 0.11-0.66 {plus minus} 0.21 Ma, four samples) in the hydrothermally altered, caldera-fill rocks of core hole VC-2A at Sulfur Springs, Valles caldera, indicate post-Valles caldera hydrothermal alteration. A sample from acid-altered landslide debris of postcaldera tuffs from the upper 13 m of the core hole was too young to be dated by the K/Ar method and is possibly associated with current hot-spring activity and the youngest pulses of volcanism. Oxygen-isotope data from illite/smectite clays in the Cochiti district are zonally distributed and range from {minus}2.15{per thousand} to {plus}7.97{per thousand} (SMOW), depending upon temperature, extent of rock-fluid interaction, and composition. The samples from VC-2A get lighter with depth ({minus}0.20{per thousand} to {plus}1.62{per thousand}). The K/Ar and oxygen-isotope data provide strong evidence that the epithermal quartz-vein-hosted gold-silver mineralization at Cochiti and the sub-ore grade molybdenite at VC-2A were deposited in the late Miocene (5.99-5.60 Ma) and mid-Quaternary ({approximately}0.66 Ma), respectively, by hydrothermal fluids composed primarily of meteoric water.
Interaction of PEG-phospholipid conjugates with phospholipid: implications in liposomal drug delivery

Mixtures of PEG-phospholipid conjugates and phosphatidylcholine show mainly three different physical states: lamellar phase with components exhibiting some miscibility, lamellar phase with components phase separated and mixed micelles. Relative proportions of the three states in a given mixture depend on PEG chain length, acyl chain length and the degree of unsaturation (cis double bond) of the PEG-phospholipid conjugate, and the acyl chain composition of the phosphatidylcholine. Long chain (MW ⩾ 5000) PEG-phospholipid conjugates tend to form phase separated lamellae with phosphatidylcholine, which might explain the reason why these conjugates are not suitable for the preparation of long circulating liposomes. Short chain (MW = 1000–3000) PEG-phospholipid conjugates show a strong tendency to form mixed micelles with phosphatidylcholine. However, in the presence of cholesterol, stable lamellar phases with components showing miscibility are obtained. This could be the reason why both short chain PEG-phospholipid conjugates and cholesterol are found in the long circulating liposome formulations. The physical basis for these observed phenomena is discussed in terms of PEG chain-chain interaction and the role of cholesterol in modifying the interactions.
Different research programs on metacognition: Are the boundaries imaginary?

Abstract This commentary asks whether the term “metacognition” means different things to researchers working in different subareas of cognitive and developmental psychology or whether they are just studying different aspects of the same underlying construct. The four articles in this special issue seem to be addressing phenomena that frequently share little except a label. Some of the phenomena that are called metacognitive necessarily involve conscious processing; however, other phenomena addressed in this issue, such as self-regulating behaviors, are typically executed without conscious awareness.
Evaluation of Long-Term Retention and Detection of Oxytetracycline Marks in Walleye Otoliths Using Genetic Methodology

Abstract Because neither genetic population assignments nor oxytetracycline (OTC) mark identifications are 100% accurate, genetic methods were modeled alone and in combination with OTC mark observations to identify the source of walleyes Sander vitreus in a supplemented population and to evaluate the accuracy of OTC mark examination in distinguishing stocked fish that had been treated with OTC from those produced naturally in the lake. Readers examined otoliths from 3,663 fish from two year-classes that were sampled up to 5 years after stocking. A subset of 1,578 of the examined individuals were also assigned to source populations based on genotypes at eight microsatellite loci using baseline genetic data from the stocking source and the recipient population (the measure of genetic divergence [F ST] = 0.07 between populations before stocking). The models indicated that OTC mark observation errors occurred in all samples and that the error rates varied among samples and readers. Model estimates of overall ...
Microbiological assay of bleomycin: Inactivation, tissue distribution, and clearance

Blood, urine, and tissue distributions of Bleomycin in animals and man were studied by microbiological assay using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Bleomycin was inactivated in vitro by a variety of tissues. Contact of Bleomycin with mouse intestinal or liver homogenates resulted in almost complete inactivation, whereas mouse plasma, kidney, lung, skin, and muscle produced lesser inactivation grossly in that order. Similar trends of inactivation were demonstrated by available human tissues. The present data do not establish whether the inactivation is enzymatic or non-enzymatic. After single injection of a large dose of Bleomycin into mice, the decrease of plasma level did not follow first order kinetics, indicating that multiple factors are participating in the clearance of the antibiotic. Following the injection of Bleomycin into mice, activity was detected in the skin, lung, and subcutaneously transplanted Ehrlich tumor. Concentrations in liver, intestine, and muscle tissues were too small to detect. Inability to detect activity in the liver and intestine appears to result from inactivation rather than poor distribution of the drug. In general, the concentration of measurable antibiotic was high in tissues where toxicity was described, whereas there was no good correlation between the degree of inactivation of the antibiotic by a tumor tissue in vitro and therapeutic effect in vivo. In man, plasma clearance curves resembled those of mouse plasma. About 50% of injected antibiotic was excreted into the urine in 24 hours. The sensitivity of the method did not permit detailed measurement of the drug levels in various tissues after injection of therapeutic doses of Bleomycin in man. Cancer 331230-1238,1974.
Correlation between serum prostate-specific antigen and cancer volume in prostate glands of different sizes.

Objectives To further evaluate the relationship of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with prostate size and tumor volume in a contemporary surgical series. Although early studies showed a strong correlation between PSA and tumor volume, it has been suggested that PSA is no longer a valid marker for prostate cancer and only correlates with prostate size. Methods From 2003 to 2009, 1234 men with data on prostate weight and total tumor volume underwent radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon. Prostate size was classified into tertiles: small (≤41.2 g), medium (41.3-54.5 g), and large (≥54.6 g). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship of PSA with prostate size and tumor volume across different prostate sizes. Results Median preoperative PSA was 4.9 ng/mL (standard deviation ± 4.6), mean prostate size was 51.7 g, and mean tumor volume was 5.6 cm 3 . PSA had a significant correlation with prostate size only at a prostate weight ≥54.6 g ( P = .02). Regardless of prostate size, PSA had a more robust significant correlation with tumor volume than with prostate size (all P Conclusions PSA was significantly correlated with prostate size only in the largest prostate glands, but was significantly associated with tumor volume in small, medium, or large prostates. Thus, PSA continues to be a better marker for tumor volume than for prostate size.
Traffic congestion: models, costs and optimal transport

We develop two models of highway traffic: (i) a deterministic fluid model based on conservation laws building on previous work and (ii) a mean-field model of a series of infinite server queues, where each stage in the tandem models a segment of highway. The models define the ``highway-map''---a transformation of time-varying arrival rate functions according to which vehicles arrive at the highway to the corresponding departure rate functions of vehicles exiting the highway. The two models are shown to be equivalent in that they obtain the same highway-map. The cost of congestion for vehicles traversing the highway is the total extra time they spend on the highway due to congestion. This cost is shown to be equal to the ``d-bar'' distance between the input and the output rate measures of the highway-map. This fact is used to formulate a convex optimization problem for determining the optimal way to shift users from peak to off-peak hours using incentives so that congestion costs are lowered.
NATURAL HISTORY OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS IN CHILDHOOD LESIONS WITH PREDOMINANT ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS.

Two hundred forty-nine children with a diagnosis of ventricular septal defect and arteriovenous shunt were followed to an average age of 8 years. The group included children with lesions not serious enough to justify cardiac catheterization or operation as well as those with large defects and high pulmonary vascular resistance. The general tendency was toward stability or improvement. Closure of the defect is not recommended in infancy but in suitable surgical centers should be performed in early childhood when a large defect and severe pulmonary hypertension exists. Closure may be deferred to later childhood in children with less severe lesions.
Free surface instability of a layer of visco-elastic liquid flowing down an inclined plane

The present investigation is concerned with the free-surface instability of an incompressible third-order fluid film flowing down an inclined plane under the action of gravity. Applying linear hydrodynamic stability theory, the eigenvalue problems governing the stability of the flow are derived for the general case where the disturbances propagate along an arbitrary direction oblique to the main flow. Long wave solution has been obtained by the method of asymptotic expansion. SmallReynolds number solutions are obtained only for two-dimensional disturbances. Direct numerical method is used to compute the neutral stability curves, damping and amplification curves for various parametric values for the case of second-order fluid with two-dimensional disturbances when wave numbers are not small. The investigation is limited to the study of the free-surface modes.
Microbial Dynamics Associated with Multiphasic Decomposition of 14C-Labeled Cellulose in Soil

Recent emphasis on residue management in sustainable agriculture highlights the importance of elucidating the mechanisms of microbial degradation of cellulose. Cellulose decomposition and its associated microbial dynamics in soil were investigated in incubation experiments. Population dynamics of actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi were monitored by direct counts. Populations of oligotrophic bacteria in cellulose-amended soil were determined by plate count using a low C medium containing 4 mg C liter−1 agar, and copiotrophs using a high C medium. Cumulative 14CO2 evolution from 14C-labeled cellulose was best described by a multiphasic curve in a 28-day incubation experiment. The initial phase of decomposition was attributed mainly to the activity of bacterial populations with a low oligotroph-to-copiotroph ratio, and the second phase mainly to fungal populations. An increase in oligotroph-to-copiotroph ratio coincided with the emergence of a rapid 14CO2 evolution stage. Streptomycin reduced 14CO2 evolution during the first phase and prompted earlier emergence of the second phase, compared to the control. Cycloheximide initially promoted 14CO2 evolution but subsequently had a lasting negative effect on 14CO2 evolution. Cycloheximide addition significantly increased bacterial biomass and resulted in substantially stronger oscillation of active bacterial populations, whereas it initially reduced, and then stimulated, active fungal biomass. The observed changes in 14CO2 evolution could not be explained by observed shifts in fungal and bacterial biomass, probably because functional groups of fungi and bacteria could not be distinguished. However, it was suggested that oligotrophic bacteria prompted activation of cellulolytic enzumes in fungi and played an important role in leading to fungal dominance of cellulose decomposition.
Using YouTube Videos of Anthropology of Tourism Pioneer Valene Smith's Work and Philosophy to Balance the Tourism Curriculum

An analysis of four undergraduate tourism textbooks revealed a content imbalance tipped in favor of economics, or the business of tourism. Based on the concept of a balanced and interdisciplinary pedagogy implied by the Tourism Education Futures Initiative core values of stewardship, mutuality, and knowledge, YouTube videos highlighting the six-decade career and work of cultural anthropologist Valene Smith were introduced into two undergraduate tourism classes. The videos immediately augmented the curriculum with sociocultural content, exposed students to the anthropological foundations of tourism, and furthered an interdisciplinary approach to tourism education. The easily adopted Web 2.0 technology was well received by Net Generation students.
A scalable approach for subscription-based information commerce

We consider an information commerce environment where clients subscribe to information objects sent via a broadcast onto a shared network (e.g., wireless, LAN, the Internet). In this context, a client should only be able to access its objects of interest for its subscription period, and the security system used must not be easily broken. Existing systems fail to perform well with increased client loads. We propose a new system, Drop Groups, and show that it is scalable.
Integrated Quantitative Stratigraphy of the Cenomanian-Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone Member Using Evolutive Harmonic Analysis and Stratigraphic Modeling

ABSTRACT Secular changes in bulk sedimentation have a significant impact on the preservation of climatic signals in rhythmically bedded strata. In this study a quantitative cyclostratigraphic methodology is developed to use these signal distortions as a means to reconstruct sedimentation. The method exploits a moving-window Fourier technique that we designate "evolutive harmonic analysis" (EHA). We calibrate this methodology to a specific set of geologic conditions (i.e., changes in bulk sedimentation) using a series of stratigraphic models and then apply the technique to the Cenomanian-Turonian Greenhorn Formation of the Western Interior basin. Application of EHA to strata that preserve a record of orbital forcing allows the reconstruction of a high-resolution sedimentation history in which bulk sedimentation rates and hiatuses are quantified. Using the data on bulk sedimentation rate, rates of accumulation for geochemical proxies representing detrital, biogenic, and authigenic contributions to the sediment can be calculated. By integrating these quantitative assessments of siliciclastic dilution, primary production, and depositional redox conditions within a high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework, we are able to deconvolve secular trends in hemipelagic sedimentation during the Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian in the Western Interior basin. This integrated quantitative stratigraphic approach allows a reevaluation of hypotheses for the accumulation of excess organic matter in the Western Interior basin during the interval representing Oceanic Anoxic Event II.
Tivoli: integrating structured domain objects into a freeform whiteboard environment

Tivoli is an application program to support working meetings on an electronic whiteboard. Tivoli's user interface is based on a whiteboard metaphor. It supports freeform expression by providing pen-based drawing, wiping, and gestural editing. Tivoli recognizes the spatial structure of material on the board. It provides support for implicit structures, such as opening and closing spaces when lists are edited. It provides techniques for organizing materials on the board by grouping them into regions. Tivoli integrates domain objects, structured data that can be exchanged with external databases, into the freeform whiteboard environment. Tivoli's scripting language allows the structure, appearance, behavior, and dynamic computations of domain objects to be defined. Domain objects can be customized to create meeting tools that are finely tuned to particular meeting practices. Tivoli smoothly integrates both freeform and structured interaction techniques.
Simple Genetic Transformation Assay for Rapid Diagnosis of Moraxella osloensis

A genetic transformation assay for unequivocal identification of strains of Moraxella osloensis is described. In this assay a stable tryptophan auxotroph is transformed to prototrophy by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples from other strains of M. osloensis but not by DNA samples from unrelated bacteria. The test is simple to perform and definitive results can be obtained in less than 24 h. The procedure, which is suitable for routine diagnosis in a clinical laboratory, involves a rapid method for preparation of crude transforming DNA from small quantities of bacterial cells and permits simultaneous examination of large numbers of isolated cultures. The assay was shown to correctly identify 27 strains previously classified as M. osloensis. Forty-five other gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonmotile coccobacilli, which might be confused with M. osloensis unless subject to more extensive testing, were shown to be unrelated genetically to M. osloensis. The transformation assay clearly distinguishes M. osloensis from Acinetobacter. Although most strains of M. osloensis are nonfastidious, being able to grow in a mineral medium supplemented with a single organic carbon source, one of the strains tested was only able to grow on fairly complex media and could not be transformed to grow on simple media. Inability to alkalize Simmons citrate agar was shown not to be characteristic of all strains of M. osloensis.
On the Determination of Causal Ordering between Vocabulary and Comprehension

In a recent issue of this journal, Yap (1979] applied a two-wave, two-variable, cross-lagged panel analysis to an investigation designed to probe the causal ordering between vocabulary and comprehension skills of primary grade pupils. However, Yap has failed explicitly to consider the restrictive circumstances in which unambiguous directionality of effects may be determined in two-wave, two-Variable (2W2V) models. The purpose of this comment is to illustrate-these rather restrictive circumstances in order to caution researchers of reading behavior not to apply indiscriminately the procedures used by Yap. Yap (1979) used the Gates-McGinite reading tests to measure the reading ability of second and third graders in a Hawaiian school. The Gates-McGinite tests yielded one subscale measuring vocabulary, and a second measuring comprehension. The subjects were tested twice, in October 1971, and April 1972.. Applying the 2W2V design, vocabulary and comprehension were measured on two different occasions. Let the measurements of vocabulary be denoted Vt and V2, respectively, and the measurements of comprehension, C, and C2. A general model for the causal linkages that may be present in this system may be expressed in the following equations:
Animal models for the study of drugs in ischemic stroke.

During the last decade there has been an increased recognition and detailing of central nervous system plasticity. More recently neuroscientists have de­ scribed those cellular, membrane, and biochemical events that characterize brain injury processes, including central nervous system stroke. These paral­ lel developments in neurobiology have created a climate in which the neuro­ scientist now actively explores the heretofore unexplored possibility that one can effectively treat brain injuries or pathologies by transplantation or phar­ macological intervention. Does the inherent plasticity of the mammalian central nervous system provide a foundation for efficacious pharmacological intervention as a treat­ ment for brain injury due to stroke? The need to test this hypothesis is clear since stroke is this nation's third leading cause of death (I). The functional losses sustained by the surviving stroke victim enact massive hospital, reha­ bilitative, and emotional costs. Medical research has made considerable progress in identifying factors that may assist in preventing its occurrence. Now, neurobiology has focused on determining what types of intervention may significantly aid in reducing the extent of central nervous system damage and thereby functional impairment that result after stroke. This increased effort and optimism is based upon research which has now identified certain pathological and biochemical events that characterize stroke. "Positron emis­ sion tomographic studies have demonstrated regions of low cerebral blood flow and preserved oxygen metabolism after cerebral infarction (1, 2), suggesting that strategies aimed at increasing perfusion (hemodilution or the
A Remarkable New Range Extension of the Subtropical Brachymenium vinosulum Cardot (Bryaceae)

Abstract. A remarkable new range extension of the subtropical Mexican species Brachymenium vinosulum is reported from Wyoming. The species was found on travertine terraces around the geothermal springs of Thermopolis' Hot Springs State Park in north central Wyoming. This finding represents the first state record and the northernmost occurrence of this subtropical species yet reported for North America and extends the known range northward by approximately 400 kilometers. B. vinosulum is recommended as a species of conservation concern in Wyoming.
Does it matter how you deny it?: The role of demeanour in evaluations of criminal suspects

Purpose In some cases of wrongful convictions, demeanour seen as inappropriate can trigger suspicions of guilt. Two experiments systematically manipulated the demeanour of criminal suspects in interrogations to test its impact on guilt ratings. Methods In Experiment 1 (N = 60), participants saw a videotaped interrogation in which the suspect displayed flat demeanour or emotional demeanour. Before viewing the interrogation, participants were told that normal reactions to trauma consisted of either flat or emotional demeanour. In Experiment 2 (N = 147), the presence of the suspect's coerced confession and demeanour evidence were both manipulated. Results In Experiment 1, a suspect who displayed flat demeanour during the interrogation produced higher ratings of guilt than did a suspect who displayed emotional demeanour, especially when participants were told to expect emotional demeanour. In Experiment 2, without a confession, flat demeanour inflated guilt ratings, whereas emotional demeanour slightly (but non-significantly) decreased guilt ratings compared with a no demeanour information condition. When a confession was introduced, guilt ratings increased for all groups, with the highest ratings in the emotional demeanour condition. Conclusions Flat demeanour biases judgments against defendants. On its own, emotional demeanour is neutral (or potentially exonerating), but when paired with a confession, it becomes just as incriminating as flat demeanour. Recommendations for educating police professionals on the wide range of appropriate reactions to trauma are described.
Unassailable Motherhood, Ambivalent Domesticity: The Construction of Maternal Identity in Ladies’ Home Journal in 1946:

This article explores how Ladies’ Home Journal, the most popular women’s magazine of the postwar era, participated in the discursive construction of maternal identity as the nation underwent a crit...
Current effects on resonant reflection of surface water waves by sand bars

The effect of currents flowing across a bar field on resonant reflection of surface waves by the bars is investigated. Using a multiple-scale expansion, evolution equations for the amplitudes of linear waves are derived and used to investigate the reflection of periodic wave trains with steady amplitude for both normal and oblique incidence. The presence of a current is found to shift resonant frequencies by possibly significant amounts and is also found to enhance reflection of waves by bar fields due to the additional effect of the perturbed current field.