cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Waveform diversity for wireless sensing

In active sensing systems such as radar and sensor networks, one is interested in transmitting waveforms that possess an ideal thumbtack shaped ambiguity function. However, the synthesis of waveforms with the desired ambiguity function is a difficult problem in applied mathematics and more often than not, one needs to rely on developing waveforms with an ambiguity function that is close to the desired ambiguity function in some sense. Designing waveforms with ambiguity functions that possess certain desirable properties has been a well researched problem in the field of signal analysis. In this paper, we present a methodology for designing multiantenna adaptive waveforms with autocorrelation functions that allow perfect separation at the receiver. We focus on the 4×4 case and derive the conditions that the four waveforms must satisfy in order to achieve perfect separation. Using these conditions, we show that waveforms constructed using Golay complementary sequences, barker codes and quarter-band signals through kronecker products satisfy these conditions and are therefore seperable at the receiver. We also give examples of more general wavefom families that are matched to the environment and also of waveforms that do not necessarily satisfy the conditions for perfect separation but still have good delay-Doppler ambiguity functions making them suitable for sensing environments.
Studies of power conditioning circuits for superconductive magnetic energy store

The superconductive magnetic energy store (SMES) approach to utility-load leveling has the potential for very high energy conversion efficiency and fast response to changes in load demands. It can be used to improve utility system operation economics and system stabilities. The power-conditioning circuit interfacing an SMES and a utility network consists of thyristor or gate-turn-off (GTO) device bridges of the combinations of thyristor bridges and GTO bridges. The special requirements for power-conditioning circuits are discussed, and an experimental model system for testing the performance of the proposed circuits is described. The experimental studies concern power transfer of the model system, current balance control, independent real (P) and reactive (Q) power control, online numeric P-Q measurement, and protection of the SMES system. The proposed GTO circuit topology appears to satisfactorily provide independent real and reactive power control and maintain the high efficiency and fast response properties of the SMES system. >
Patient-level improvements in pain and activities of daily living after total knee arthroplasty

Objective. To study patient-level improvements in pain and limitations of key activities of daily living (ADLs) after primary or revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods. We analysed prospectively collected data from the Mayo Clinic Total Joint Registry for improvements in index knee pain severity and limitations in three key ADLs (walking, climbing stairs and rising from a chair) from pre-operative to 2 and 5 years post-TKA. Results. The primary TKA cohort consisted of 7229 responders pre-operatively, 7139 at 2 years and 4234 at 5 years post-operatively. The revision TKA cohort consisted of 1206 responders pre-operatively, 1533 at 2 years and 881 at 5 years post-operatively. In the primary TKA cohort, important pain reduction to mild or no knee pain at 2 years was reported by 92% with moderate pre-operative pain and 93% with severe pre-operative pain; respective proportions were 91% and 91% at 5 years follow-up. For revision TKA, respective proportions were 71% and 66% at 2 years and 68% and 74% at 5 years. Three per cent with no/mild pre-operative overall limitation and 19% with moderate/severe pre-operative overall limitation had moderate/severe overall activity limitation 2 years post-operatively; at 5 years the respective proportions were 4% and 22%. Respective proportions for revision TKA were up to 3% and 32% at 2 years and 4% and 34% at 5 years. Conclusion. Our study provides comprehensive data for patient-level improvements in pain and key ADLs. These data can be used to inform patients pre-operatively of expected outcomes, based on pre-operative status, which may further help patients set realistic goals for improvements after TKA.
History and Status of Female Faculty in Civil Engineering

AbstractFemales have become less of a rarity in civil engineering faculty over the past twenty years, but the numbers remain relatively low. This article presents a brief history of females in the profession and discusses some of the issues affecting them, particularly those in academia. The objective is to examine the state of gender distribution in civil engineering academia and perceptions of personal and professional issues. In order to accomplish this, a survey was composed and distributed to female faculty from universities listed by ASCE as having accredited civil engineering programs. These data include demographics, status of mentoring, views on job satisfaction, and feelings of inclusion in a male-dominated arena. As females advance in academia, it is theorized that the numbers of female students will also increase, thus strengthening the engineering profession. This paper is a summary of the first part of the survey.
Not your typical baby's rattle.

![Figure][1] If I heard the sound of a rattlesnake's rattle, I'd run away as quickly as possible. Surprisingly, some of my colleagues not only lack this reflex, but go out of their way to elicit and listen closely to snake rattling. In doing so, they are learning some interesting things about
Functional data analysis view of functional near infrared spectroscopy data

Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a powerful tool for the study of oxygenation and hemodynamics of living tissues. Despite the continuous nature of the processes generating the data, analysis of fNIRS data has been limited to discrete-time methods. We propose a technique, namely functional data analysis (fDA), that converts discrete samples to continuous curves. We used fNIRS data collected on forehead during a cold pressor test (CPT) from 20 healthy subjects. Using functional principal component analysis, oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) curves were decomposed into several components based on variability across the subjects. Each component corresponded to an experimental condition and provided qualitative and quantitative information of the shape and weight of that component. Furthermore, we applied functional canonical correlation analysis to investigate the interaction between Hb and HbO2 curves. We showed that the variation of Hb and HbO2 was positively correlated during the CPT, with a "far" channel on right forehead showing a smaller and faster HbO2 variation than Hb. This research suggests the fDA platform for the analysis of fNIRS data, which solves problem of high dimensionality, enables study of response dynamics, enhances characterization of the evoked response, and may improve design of future fNIRS experiments.
Developing and Validating a Measure of Chinese Cultural Views of Health and Cancer

To develop and validate quantitative scales that measure Chinese cultural views about health and cancer, cultural views were assessed by a 30-item scale through telephone interviews with 438 Chinese-American women aged 50 and older. Cultural subscales were identified using principal component analysis and validated by their associations with age at immigration and breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening patterns. The overall scale had good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .79). Factor analysis yielded seven cultural subscales-fatalism, hot-cold balance, use of herbs, self-care, medical examination, lifestyle, and Western medicine (alpha = .39 to .82). The majority of the cultural subscales were significantly associated with age at immigration (p < .001). Fatalism, Self-Care, and Medical Examination subscales consistently predicted nonadherence to breast, cervical, and CRC screening recommendations, even after considering other factors. Chinese cultural views consist of at least seven domains and may influence older women's breast, cervical, and CRC screening.
CD4+ T Cell Expression of MyD88 Is Essential for Normal Resolution of Chlamydia muridarum Genital Tract Infection

Resolution of Chlamydia genital tract infection is delayed in the absence of MyD88. In these studies, we first used bone marrow chimeras to demonstrate a requirement for MyD88 expression by hematopoietic cells in the presence of a wild-type epithelium. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras we then determined that MyD88 expression was specifically required in the adaptive immune compartment. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that CD4+ T cell expression of MyD88 was necessary for normal resolution of genital tract infection. This requirement was associated with a reduced ability of MyD88−/−CD4+ T cells to accumulate in the draining lymph nodes and genital tract when exposed to the same inflammatory milieu as wild-type CD4+ T cells. We also demonstrated that the impaired infection control we observed in the absence of MyD88 could not be recapitulated by deficiencies in TLR or IL-1R signaling. In vitro, we detected an increased frequency of apoptotic MyD88−/−CD4+ T cells upon activation in the absence of exogenous ligands for receptors upstream of MyD88. These data reveal an intrinsic requirement for MyD88 in CD4+ T cells during Chlamydia infection and indicate that the importance of MyD88 extends beyond innate immune responses by directly influencing adaptive immunity.
Genetic approaches to molecular and cellular cognition: a focus on LTP and learning and memory.

▪ Abstract Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the predominant experimental model for the synaptic plasticity mechanisms thought to underlie learning and memory. This review is focused on the contributions of genetics to the understanding of the role of LTP in learning and memory. These studies have used a combination of genetics, molecular biology, neurophysiology, and psychology to demonstrate that molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity are critical for learning and memory. Because of the large scope of this literature, we focus primarily on genetic studies of hippocampal-dependent learning. Altogether, these findings not only demonstrate a role for plasticity in learning, they also lay down the foundations for the new field of molecular and cellular cognition.
A Study of a Multi-class Classification Algorithm of SVM Combined with ART

This paper provides a novel multi-class classification algorithm, which combines adaptive resonance theory with support vector machine principle. It improves the one-against-one classification of support vector machine. The algorithm adopts adaptive resonance theory network to fuse the classifiers' results and does not adopt voting principle. When the outputs of classifiers approach zero and the algorithm gets the same votes, it avoids the fusing errors coming from voting principle. We use this algorithm in fault diagnosis of power line network and give accurate results of classification.
Quantitative PCR for Detection and Enumeration of Genetic Markers of Bovine Fecal Pollution

Accurate assessment of health risks associated with bovine (cattle) fecal pollution requires a reliable host-specific genetic marker and a rapid quantification method. We report the development of quantitative PCR assays for the detection of two recently described bovine feces-specific genetic markers and a method for the enumeration of these markers using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Both assays exhibited a range of quantification from 25 to 2 x 10(6) copies of target DNA, with a coefficient of variation of <2.1%. One of these assays can be multiplexed with an internal amplification control to simultaneously detect the bovine-specific genetic target and presence of amplification inhibitors. The assays detected only cattle fecal specimens when tested against 204 fecal DNA extracts from 16 different animal species and also demonstrated a broad distribution among individual bovine samples (98 to 100%) collected from five geographically distinct locations. The abundance of each bovine-specific genetic marker was measured in 48 individual samples and compared to quantitative PCR-enumerated quantities of rRNA gene sequences representing total Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and enterococci in the same specimens. Acceptable assay performance combined with the prevalence of DNA targets across different cattle populations provides experimental evidence that these quantitative assays will be useful in monitoring bovine fecal pollution in ambient waters.
Pedogenic carbonate stable isotope record of environmental change during the Neogene in the southern Great Plains, southwest Kansas, USA: Oxygen isotopes and paleoclimate during the evolution of C4-dominated grasslands

Neogene strata in the Meade Basin (southwest Kansas) preserve numerous superposed calcareous paleosols in sections that range in age from the Clarendonian North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA; 12.0–9.0 Ma, early late Miocene) to the early Irvingtonian NALMA (ca. 2.5–ca. 1 Ma, early Pleistocene). The carbon isotope compositions (δ 13 C relative to Vienna Peedee belemnite [VPDB]) of pedogenic carbonates from these sections record the protracted regional increase in the abundance of grasses using the C 4 photosynthetic pathway over this interval, with the first appearance of a modern-like grassland ecosystem having >70% C 4 biomass around 1.3 Ma. We use the stable oxygen isotope composition (δ 18 O relative to Vienna standard mean ocean water [VSMOW]) of 194 paleosol carbonates from 19 measured sections to reconstruct the climatic conditions in the Meade Basin during the rise of C 4 grasses to ecological dominance in the region. Pedogenic carbonate δ 18 O values are sensitive to soil temperature and the δ 18 O of soil water, and hence they are a paleoclimate proxy. Carbonate δ 13 C values do not exhibit consistent trends in relation to δ 18 O values, indicating no consistent relationship between short-term climatic conditions in terms of temperature or aridity and the abundance of C 4 biomass. Mean carbonate δ 18 O values within biostratigraphic intervals decrease from the Clarendonian (25.3‰ ± 0.72‰) to the early and middle Blancan (21.8‰ ± 0.87‰ and 22.1‰ ± 0.69‰, respectively), and they also exhibit a decreasing trend in the late Blancan–early Irvingtonian, from ∼25‰ to ∼21‰. The increase in δ 18 O values between the end of the middle Blancan and the beginning of the late Blancan–early Irvingtonian sections could reflect the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation and a change in the isotope composition of the hydrosphere due to increased ice volume. The long-term trend in δ 18 O values suggests that C 4 biomass increased coincident with some combination of decreasing temperature, increasing proportion of winter precipitation recharge of soil water, and/or increasing soil moisture. Thus, the ecological dominance of C 4 grasses in the region today does not seem to be linked to warmer temperatures or increased aridity.
Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing

Levels of processing were manipulated as a function of acquisition task and type of recognition test in three experiments. Experiment 1 showed that semantic acquisition was superior to rhyme acquisition given a standard recognition test, whereas rhyme acquisition was superior to semantic acquisition given a rhyming recognition test. The former finding supports, while the latter finding contradicts, the levels of processing claim that depth of processing leads to stronger memory traces. Experiment 2 replicated these findings using both immediate and delayed recognition tests. Experiment 3 indicated that these effects were not dependent upon the number of times a rhyme sound was presented during acquisition. Results are interpreted in terms of an alternate framework involving transfer appropriate processing.
Functional MRI in the investigation of blast-related traumatic brain injury

This review focuses on the application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to the investigation of blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI). Relatively little is known about the exact mechanisms of neurophysiological injury and pathological and functional sequelae of bTBI. Furthermore, in mild bTBI, standard anatomical imaging techniques (MRI and computed tomography) generally fail to show focal lesions and most of the symptoms present as subjective clinical functional deficits. Therefore, an objective test of brain functionality has great potential to aid in patient diagnosis and provide a sensitive measurement to monitor disease progression and treatment. The goal of this review is to highlight the relevant body of blast-related TBI literature and present suggestions and considerations in the development of fMRI studies for the investigation of bTBI. The review begins with a summary of recent bTBI publications followed by discussions of various elements of blast-related injury. Brief reviews of some fMRI techniques that focus on mental processes commonly disrupted by bTBI, including working memory, selective attention, and emotional processing, are presented in addition to a short review of resting state fMRI. Potential strengths and weaknesses of these approaches as regards bTBI are discussed. Finally, this review presents considerations that must be made when designing fMRI studies for bTBI populations, given the heterogeneous nature of bTBI and its high rate of comorbidity with other physical and psychological injuries.
Acute Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) Knockdown Rapidly Mobilizes Hepatic Cholesterol for Fecal Excretion

The primary risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is LDL cholesterol, which can be reduced by increasing cholesterol excretion from the body. Fecal cholesterol excretion can be driven by a hepatobiliary as well as a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). We previously showed that chronic knockdown of the hepatic cholesterol esterifying enzyme sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2) increased fecal cholesterol loss via TICE. To elucidate the initial events that stimulate TICE, C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high cholesterol diet to induce hepatic cholesterol accumulation and were then treated for 1 or 2 weeks with an antisense oligonucleotide targeting SOAT2. Within 2 weeks of hepatic SOAT2 knockdown (SOAT2HKD), the concentration of cholesteryl ester in the liver was reduced by 70% without a reciprocal increase in hepatic free cholesterol. The rapid mobilization of hepatic cholesterol stores resulted in a ∼2-fold increase in fecal neutral sterol loss but no change in biliary cholesterol concentration. Acute SOAT2HKD increased plasma cholesterol carried primarily in lipoproteins enriched in apoB and apoE. Collectively, our data suggest that acutely reducing SOAT2 causes hepatic cholesterol to be swiftly mobilized and packaged onto nascent lipoproteins that feed cholesterol into the TICE pathway for fecal excretion.
A differential equation approach to swept volumes

An approach to the analysis of swept volumes is introduced. It is shown that every smooth Euclidean motion or sweep, can be identified with a first-order, linear, ordinary differential equation. This sweep differential equation provides useful insights into the topological and geometrical nature of the swept volume of an object. A certain class, autonomous sweeps, is identified by the form of the associated differential equation, and several properties of the swept volumes of the members of this class are analyzed. The results are applied to generate swept volumes for a number of objects. Implementation of the sweep differential equation approach with computer-based numerical and graphical methods is also discussed. >
Nonperturbative charm content of the nucleon

We propose a new meson-baryon model for intrinsic charm in the proton. Particular attention is paid to the existence and persistence of high x behavior, especially in the structure function F c¯ c 2 (x, Q 2 ).
How Are We Doing? A Multiple Constituency Approach to Civic Association Effectiveness

Increased citizen participation in policy processes through voluntary civic associations warrants an analysis of their effectiveness, which this article undertakes using a multiple constituency framework. We find a gap in the literature on nonprofit effectiveness where theoretical and empirical studies have mainly focused on organizations that directly provide tangible goods and services. We propose a multiple constituency approach to evaluate and understand the implications for assessing the organizational effectiveness of community-based advisory civic associations. We empirically analyze the evaluation of Los Angeles neighborhood councils by three different constituency groups—citizen participants, street-level bureaucrats, and city council staffs. We find that the effectiveness ratings of the constituency groups are dissimilar on different dimensions of effectiveness. These findings suggest that the multiple constituency framework holds theoretical and practical value for understanding the organizatio...
30 Gy or 34 Gy? Comparing 2 Single-Fraction SBRT Dose Schedules for Stage I Medically Inoperable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose To review outcomes of 2 single-fraction lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) schedules used for medically inoperable early stage lung cancer. Methods and Materials Patients in our institution have been treated on and off protocols using single-fraction SBRT (30 Gy and 34 Gy, respectively). All patients had node-negative lung cancer measuring ≤5 cm and lying ≥2 cm beyond the trachea-bronchial tree and were treated on a Novalis/BrainLAB system with the ExactTrac positioning system for daily image guidance. Results For the interval from 2009 to 2012, 80 patients with 82 lesions were treated with single-fraction lung SBRT. Fifty-five patients (69%) and 25 patients (31%) received 30 Gy and 34 Gy, respectively. In a comparison of 30 Gy and 34 Gy cohorts, patient and tumor characteristics were balanced and median follow-up in months was 18.7 and 17.8, respectively. The average heterogeneity-corrected mean doses to the target were 33.75 Gy and 37.94 Gy for the 30-Gy and 34-Gy prescriptions, respectively. Comparing 30-Gy and 34-Gy cohorts, 92.7% and 84.0% of patients, respectively, experienced no toxicity ( P was not significant), and had neither grade 3 nor higher toxicities. For the 30-Gy and 34-Gy patients, rates of 1-year local failure, overall survival, and lung cancer-specific mortality were 2.0% versus 13.8%, 75.0% versus 64.0%, and 2. 1% versus 16.0%, respectively ( P values for differences were not significant). Conclusions This is the largest single-fraction lung SBRT series yet reported. and it confirms the safety, efficacy, and minimal toxicity of this schedule for inoperable early stage lung cancer.
On Spectra, and the Negative Solution of the Decision Problem for Identities having a Finite Nontrivial Model

An algorithm has been described by S. Burris [3] which decides if a finite set of identities, whose function symbols are of rank at most 1, has a finite, nontrivial model. (By “nontrivial” it is meant that the universe of the model has at least two elements.) As a consequence of some results announced in the abstracts [2] and [8], it is clear that if the restriction on the ranks of function symbols is relaxed somewhat, then this finite model problem is no longer solvable by an algorithm, or at least not by a “recursive algorithm” as the term is used today.In this paper we prove a sharp form of this negative result; showing, by the way, that Burris' result is in a sense the best possible result in the positive direction. Our main result is that in a first order language whose only function or relation symbol is a 2-place function symbol (the language of groupoids), the set of identities that have no nontrivial model, is recursively inseparable from the set of identities such that the sentence has a finite model. As a corollary, we have that each of the following problems, restricted to sentences defined in the language of groupoids, is algorithmically unsolvable: (1) to decide if an identity has a finite nontrivial model; (2) to decide if an identity has a nontrivial model; (3) to decide if a universal sentence has a finite model; (4) to decide if a universal sentence has a model. We note that the undecidability of (2) was proved earlier by McNulty [13, Theorem 3.6(i)], improving results obtained by Murskiǐ [14] and by Perkins [17]. The other parts of the corollary seem to be new.
Global Monitoring of Tropospheric Pollution from Geostationary Orbit

Satellite measurements of major tropospheric pollutants have been robustly demonstrated and are now routinely made. Geostationary measurements are the logical next step in pollution monitoring from space. Requirements and constraints for geostationary measurements are presented.
Efficacy of Selected Bait and Residual Toxicants for Control of Bigheaded Ants, Pheidole Megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Large Field Plots

Abstract Residual and bait product efficacies were compared against foraging ant populations in a field test for efficacy against bigheaded ants, Pheidole megacephala. At 7 d after exposure (DAE), the residual product Transport (23% acetamiprid with 27% bifenthrin), Advion fire ant bait (0.045% indoxacarb), and Siesta fire ant bait (0.063% metaflumizone) had significantly fewer ants than Arena 50WP (50% clothianidin) and MaxForce fire ant bait (0.0005% fipronil) which did not differ significantly from each other. All products had fewer ants than the controls. At 14 DAE, Transport had fewer ants than the controls and other products, while Arena was not different from Advion or Siesta. At 28 DAE, MaxForce had fewer ants than the controls and other treatments with the exception of Advion, which did not have fewer ants than the controls. Residual treatments will likely need greater water volume to penetrate ground covers and soil to reach subterranean ants, and combined with a longer acting bait such as MaxFo...
Astrobiology—a melting pot of open scientific questions

Vladimir and Jack are monitoring microbial densities in the lower cloud layer of Venus. The possible presence of microbes in the lower atmosphere of Venus has previously been postulated by various authors. The underlying idea is that Venus was a planet positioned in the habitable zone of our Sun – many billions of years ago—meaning that liquid water was stable on its surface. The earliest traces of life we know from Earth are at least 3.8 billion years old, possibly older. Some researchers propose that oceans could have existed on Venus for well in excess of one billion years. The argument then is: given that early conditions on Venus were very similar to Earth, and we know Earth had life at least 3.8 billion years ago, then life could have originated on Venus.
Minimum Constraint Displacement Motion Planning.

This paper formulates a new minimum constraint displacement (MCD) motion planning problem in which the goal is to minimize the amount by which constraints must be displaced in order to yield a feasible path. It presents a sampling-based planner that asymptotically approaches the globally optimal solution as more time is spent planning. Key developments are efficient data structures that allow the planner to select small subsets of obstacles and their displacements that are candidates for improving the current best solution, and local optimization methods to improve convergence rate. The resulting planner is demonstrated to successfully solve MCD problems with dozens of degrees of freedom and up to one hundred obstacles.
A Day at the Beach: Rising Sea Levels, Horseshoe Crabs, and Traffic Jams

The North American Horseshoe Crab (Limulus polyphemus) spawns on Plumb Beach, a New York City and National Park Service park that borders the Belt Parkway in Brooklyn, New York. This sociological r...
A decade of model for end-stage liver disease: lessons learned and need for re-evaluation of allocation policies.

Purpose of reviewThe model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) driven liver allocation system has been in place for 10 years now. Understanding what the driving forces were, what principles were developed and employed, and assessing how these have stood the test of time will help future policy makers
New Species and Varieties of Clavaria from Michigan

During the summer and fall of 1951 and 1952, clavarioid fungi were collected in quantity throughout northern Michigan. Especially productive were the Tahquamenon Falls State Park near Paradise and the country surrounding the University of Michigan Biological Station near Cheboygan. In the course of studying collections obtained from these areas and those in the University of Michigan Herbarium, four new species and three new varieties were found. A discussion of the distinguishing features of each taxon and a com? parison of these with related species can be found in Leathers.2 The study was made under the direction of Dr. A. H. Smith, to whom I am indebted for his suggestions and criticism as well as for his help in securing collections and photographs. Sincere thanks are due to Prof. H. H. Bartlett for writing the Latin translations and to Dr. A. H. Stockard, Director of the University of Michigan Biological Station for making the facilities of the station available after the regular sessions had ended. I am also grateful to Dr. E. B. Mains and Dr. B. B. Kanouse for their generous loan of specimens from the University of Michigan Herbarium.
Determination of equilibrium constants by titration calorimetry: Part I. Introduction to titration calorimetry

Abstract Techniques for determining thermodynamic equilibrium constants by titration calorimetry have been developed for a wide spectrum of reactions. The method is still relatively new and improvements and extensions are foreseeable. Chief among the advantages of the method is its university. It can be used in any solvent to determine equilibrium constants for proton ionization and metal ion—ligand interactions over a large pH range for simple and complex equilibria. It yields a good overall picture of the stoichiometry of the reaction(s) taking place and the experimentation and data analysis can be done rapidly. The chief drawback of the method has been the initial expense of the calorimeter and the unavailability of commercial calorimeters. However, this is partially offset by the fact that commercial calorimeters are now available from LKB Instruments (Rockville, Maryland) and Tronac (Orem, Utah). Computer programs have been worked out for most types of reactions and are available in Fortran IV computer language (see Part II and III, pp. 219Δ-246). Simple and inexpensive apparatus can be built for demonstration and laboratory classwork in which the equilibrium constants for simple interactions can be obtained by the solution of simultaneous equations.
Use of Paired-Comparison Analysis to Increase Statistical Power of Ranked Data:

Traditional analysis of rank data often produces a statistical artifact that reduces the statistical power of the data. In this article, paired-comparison analysis is suggested as a valuable approach to handling rank data. It is a method of locating and controlling for this artifact, thereby considerably increasing the power of the data. In an exploratory study for a large producer of consumer, industrial, and defense products, 22 respondents were asked to rank seven companies according to their R & D ability. The frequency distributions for two of the seven companies, D and F, are shown in the chart. It would appear that Company D was ranked above Company F most of the time, but that Company F must have been ranked above D by several respondents. The chart shows that more than half of the two distribution curves overlap. However, the raw data showed that Company D was ranked ahead of Company F by all 22 respondents. (This can be seen in the paired-comparison matrix in Table 1.) This apparent conflict is caused by a statistical artifact that often occurs in rank data, but which cannot be unearthed through traditional rank analysis. Paired-comparison analysis-using the same rank data--can be used to pinpoint and control for the artifact, thus increasing the statistical power of the data. This method also develops important data not available through traditional rank analysis. In traditional rank analysis, frequency distributions of ranks for the seven companies are obtained and the means computed. The means can then be compared by classical statistical techniques. The paired-comparison approach takes the original data and determines how many times Company A was ranked above and below Company B, Company C, and so on. There are [n(n 1)/2] two-company comparisons, n equaling the number of companies ranked. Thus, with seven companies, there are 21 two-company comparisons. The paired-comparison matrix of the data was shown in Table 1.
“The Missing Link”: The Exclusion of Black Women in Psychological Research and the Implications for Black Women’s Mental Health

Critical examinations of epistemology argue that White men have established the guidelines for scientific knowledge. Because other groups were never allotted the opportunity to contribute to the im...
456 THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR α AS A TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC STROKE.

Stroke is a leading cause of adult debilitation in the United States. Although current therapies preserve patients9 neurologic function and prevent further brain damage after an ischemic incident, there does not yet exist a treatment that can reverse the symptoms of chronic stroke. Here we explore the potential of using transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) via different routes of administration as a possible therapy option for stroke survivors in the future. TGF-α is an important growth factor controlling the differentiation of neural precursors during development and in the adult CNS. Using fluorescent immunohistochemistry, our research shows that intracerebral infusions of TGF-α months after a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) can induce proliferation, migration, and differentiation (PMD response) of endogenous neural stem cells within the neurogenic subventricular zone (SVZ) toward chronically infarcted areas in the rodent brain (Guerra et al, Neuroscience abstract, 2006). A substantial increase in the immunoreactivity of proliferative cells into the ipsilateral forebrain of TGF-α-infused rats with stroke was demonstrated using the neuronal stem cell markers nestin and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). After 4 weeks of TGF-α infusion, a high number of cells stained positive for Neu-N, a neuronal marker, showing the integration of a portion of the migrating cells. Thus, many of the newly generated neurons acquire the properties of the neuronal input and output that have been lost in the striatum following the experimentally induced stroke. TGF-α is the only growth factor shown to induce a PMD response of endogenous neural precursors in acute (Fallon et al, 2000) and chronically damaged areas of the brain, suggesting its clinical relevance in regenerative treatment. To assess the practicality of using TGF-α as form of therapy in human stroke survivors, we also have been exploring the efficacy of TGF-α administration by intranasal, central, and peripheral routes. The objective of this study has been to intranasally infuse TGF-α for a period of 4 weeks and to determine by immunofluorescent techniques if TGF-α is able to reach the area of injury and induce the PMD response observed by the intracranial method. The ability to comfortably and safely administer therapeutic doses of TGF-α that cross the blood-brain barrier is of primary importance and has major implications in predicting patient compliance as well as identifying unforeseen neurologic and physiologic effects that may be associated with TGF-α therapy.
An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Knowledge Spillovers on Regional Innovative Output——A Case of High Technology Industry

Using a spatial econometric model,this paper analyzes the effects of three kinds of knowledge spillovers on innovative output and spatial dependence based on a case of high technology industry.It is found that the innovative activity of China's 31 provincial regions have spatial dependence,and the specialization and diversity of the high technology industry,and provincial regional human capital has the contribution to the innovative output.The spatial dependence of the regional innovative activity desire that when the regional economic policy has been made for every province,the geography trait of knowledge spillovers should be considered,so as to strengthen the regional cooperation.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation in a diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel and biodiesel/n-butanol blends

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), described as unregulated emissions, are harmful to the environment, human health and engines, and need to be controlled and reduced. Two of the most common alternative fuel types are biodiesel and alcohols, and their effects on PAH formation are not well-known, currently. Since biodiesel (B) fuels do not contain aromatic components and are suitable for use in diesel engines, the use of biodiesel as the base fuel for studying the effect of n-butanol (Bu) on PAH formation is natural. With this purpose in mind, waste oil methyl ester, which is a compatible alternative fuel with diesel engines, was blended with 10%, 20% and 40% of n-butanol by volume, and BBu10, BBu20 and BBu40 blends were created. After determining fuel properties, these blends were tested in an ONAN diesel generator under four engine loads at 1800 rpm to quantify PAHs and to determined engine performance characteristics and regulated emissions. Separately, in order to quantify PAHs under the same engine conditions, GC–MS PAH speciation method was applied to real samples obtained from the engine. Cold flow properties were improved by adding n-butanol to biodiesel. For PAHs, it was shown that most of the aromatic hydrocarbons were emitted as semi-volatile compounds and were not bound to particulate matter. Blending more than 20% n-butanol into biodiesel also increased the toxicity of PAHs. No significant change in the aromaticity of the PAH emissions was found between blends.
Salud infantil y la ética de la legislación de los límites a las ayudas sociales: El caso de la Máxima Subvención Familiar de California

Among the laws that compose California’s primary welfare program is a rule called the Maximum Family Grant (MFG). Enacted in the mid-1990’s, this rule places a cap on the amount of cash aid citizens may receive upon the birth of a new child. Recently, members of the California State Assembly have considered repealing the law on the grounds that it is discriminatory. These claims have been met with criticism, doubt, and confusion. In this essay, I will argue that the Maximum Family Grant rule is indeed discriminatory. Like other welfare and family cap legislation, the MFG rule unjustly redistributes social burdens onto the shoulders of poor households and poor children in particular. Such redistribution has demonstrably negative implications for those children’s health, nutrition, and access to medical care. These facts, I will argue, suffice to ground the claim that the MFG rule and welfare caps like it are instances of institutional discrimination. This essay brings a distinctively philosophical perspective to an ongoing political debate about welfare caps and, I hope, provides some clarity about what precisely is normatively objectionable about the MFG rule and other legislation like it.
Anatomic Investigation of Commonly Used Landmarks for Evaluating Rotation During Forearm Fracture Reduction.

Background: Evaluating rotation during open reduction and internal fixation of a forearm fracture is of paramount importance. In challenging cases, surgeons may utilize radiographic relationships between proximal and distal radial and ulnar landmarks to assess rotational position. However, to our knowledge, limited anatomic data are available to confirm these relationships. Methods: Six hundred cadaveric radii and ulnae were obtained. Digital representations of the bicipital tuberosity, the radial styloid, the coronoid process, and the ulnar styloid were acquired, and the rotational profiles between respective landmarks were calculated. In order to validate the results and investigate the ability to differentiate rotated osseous positions, each bone was imaged in increments of 10° of rotation and the profile of each landmark was measured. Results: The radial styloid was at a mean of 158° ± 14° of supination relative to the bicipital tuberosity. The ulnar styloid was at a mean of 185° ± 14° of supination relative to the coronoid process. Imaging of the bones in increments of 10° of rotation supported the relationships above. It was also found that a 1-mm difference in profile size corresponded to up to 60° of rotation for the average ulna, compared with 10° for the average radius. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that using the bicipital tuberosity and the radial styloid to assess intraoperative rotation of the radius on anteroposterior radiographs may be of limited value; the landmarks were not generally 180° apart. Although the rotational positions of the coronoid process and the ulnar styloid were, on average, closer to 180°, surgeons should be aware of the wide range of normal anatomy as well as the inability to judge rotation by as much as 60°, even for an “ideal” ulna. Clinical Relevance: This study, to our knowledge, represents the first anatomic investigation of the rotational profiles between the osseous landmarks used to assess forearm rotation after fracture. We recommend that surgeons first image the bicipital tuberosity at its largest profile, supinate the arm 20°, and confirm that the radial styloid is at its largest profile. The ulna can then be assessed to support the lack of rotational deformity in the forearm.
Shock Waves in Elastic Non-Conductors of Heat

Here, it is more convenient to use (e,η) as the independent variables; that is (3.1) .
The Slavery Issue

A succinct description of the feelings of the majority of Norwegian immigrants towards the institution of slavery as it existed in the United States may best be found in the reaction of Ole Rynning who viewed slavery as “... an ugly contrast to this freedom and equality which justly constitute the pride of the American... which still is tolerated and flourishes in the Southern States. The slave trade is still permitted in Missouri.”2 The Norwegians’ strong aversion to slavery influenced their decision to settle in the North and strongly colored their political identification with the anti-slavery Free Soil Party. Furthermore, the immigrants’ anti-slavery sentiments received religious sanction from Eielsen’s Synod, the Frankean Synod, the Northern Illinois Synod, and the Augustanans. As early as 1846 Eielsen’s Synod adopted an anti-slavery resolution which described slavery as “a frightful sin” and stated that negroes “are redeemed by the same blood and destined to inherit the same glory as other races.”3
Skeletal manifestations of child maltreatment

Abstract Musculoskeletal manifestations of child maltreatment represent common presentations to the emergency department. The recognition of child maltreatment is an essential role for the practicing emergency physician, as it can directly prevent further serious injury. Orthopedic trauma in children presents very differently than that in adults. Understanding of the unique properties of pediatric bone as well as the developmental capabilities of children in relation to injury mechanism is essential in the interpretation of these injuries. Children younger than 3 years are most vulnerable to bony injury from child maltreatment. Common presenting findings include complex skull fractures, rib fractures, long bone fractures, and metaphyseal corner fractures. Skeletal survey remains the mainstay of detection for injuries, but recent work has also elucidated a role for other modalities in fracture detection. Management should include proper orthopedic interventions, along with mandatory reporting of possible maltreatment to the local child protective services or other equivalent agency.
In-Kind Child Support

This article will survey the law of child support and its enforcement, using Indiana as a case study.
Commentary: An exciting evolutionary framework for new bridges between social-emotional and cognitive development - a reflection on Suor et al. (2017).

Suor et al. (2017) present a compelling new evolutionary framework that offers an alternative interpretation of the well-established findings of cognitive deficits in children raised in harsh early environments. They argue that such findings do not convey a complete picture of those children's cognitive development, because children's cognition becomes specialized to solve problems in fitness-enhancing ways, and traditional abstract problem-solving tasks do not fully capture their abilities. The authors demonstrate that children exposed to early harshness, particularly children with Hawk temperaments, preferentially shift cognition to salient fitness-enhancing stimuli, and thus develop better skills for solving reward-oriented tasks. This intriguing and heuristically generative study inspires multiple new research avenues, of which we outline three: (a) Further examination of the concept of harsh environments, (b) addressing questions about the conceptualization and the role of child temperament, and (c) further advances in the measurement of children's distinct skills.
Quantifying Zika: Advancing the Epidemiology of Zika With Quantitative Models.

When Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in the Americas, little was known about its biology, pathogenesis, and transmission potential, and the scope of the epidemic was largely hidden, owing to generally mild infections and no established surveillance systems. Surges in congenital defects and Guillain-Barre syndrome alerted the world to the danger of ZIKV. In the context of limited data, quantitative models were critical in reducing uncertainties and guiding the global ZIKV response. Here, we review some of the models used to assess the risk of ZIKV-associated severe outcomes, the potential speed and size of ZIKV epidemics, and the geographic distribution of ZIKV risk. These models provide important insights and highlight significant unresolved questions related to ZIKV and other emerging pathogens.
Curricular and Co-Curricular Contributors to Student Thriving

This issue of the Christian Higher Education journal went to press a few months after the 2018 International Forum of the Council for Christian Colleges & Universities (CCCU), which drew over 1,200...