cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Bridge Performance under the Combined Effect of Earthquake and Flood-induced Scour

The study evaluates the combined effect of earthquake and flood-induced scour on the performance of bridges located in regions having moderate to high seismic and flood hazards. For the analysis California is chosen as the bridge site where the probabilities of having these two natural hazards are reasonably high. Two example reinforced concrete (RC) bridges are considered. A 100-year flood event with discharge rate of 158.6 m 3 /s, velocity of 0.8 m/s and upstream depth of 11.9 m is chosen to represent regional flood hazard. Finite element analyses are preformed to evaluate performance of these bridges under regional seismic events in presence of scour resulted from the scenario flood event. Result shows that in presence of floodinduced scour bridges become more vulnerable under seismic excitations.
Age-Related Differences in Restricted Repetitive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) were examined in a large group of children, adolescents and adults with ASD in order to describe age-related patterns of symptom change and association with specific contextual factors, and to examine if the patterns of change are different for the various types of RRBs. Over 700 individuals with ASD were rated on the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised. RRBs were less frequent and less severe among older than younger individuals, corroborating that autism symptoms abate with age. Our findings further suggest that repetitive behaviors are a heterogeneous group of behaviors, with the subtypes of RRBs having their own individual patterns across the lifespan, and in some cases, a differential association with age depending on intellectual functioning.
Linear programming and convex hulls made easy

We present two randomized algorithms. One solves linear programs involving m constraints in d variables in expected time O(m). The other constructs convex hulls of n points in Rd, d > 3, in expected time O(n⌈d/2⌉). In both bounds d is considered to be a constant. In the linear programming algorithm the dependence of the time bound on d is of the form d!. The main virtue of our results lies in the utter simplicity of the algorithms as well as their analyses.
Effects of habitat loss on populations of white-footed mice: testing matrix model predictions with landscape-scale perturbation experiments

Habitat loss is the leading cause of decline in wildlife diversity and abundance throughout the world, but its effects on wildlife are not always predictable. Matrix population modeling is an increasingly common tool used to predict the effects of habitat loss. In spite of the growing number of studies using this approach, and its wide use in conservation practice, the predictions generated by matrix population models are rarely explicitly tested in the field. We compared the ability of a suite of spatially explicit demographic matrix models to predict the response of white-footed mice to loss of high quality habitat at mosaic sites in northeast Connecticut, USA. We tested short-term model predictions with landscape scale habitat perturbation experiments, including clear-cut logging or prescribed burning of high quality habitat at two study sites. Comparison of each model’s predictions with the observed responses at both sites qualitatively supported predictions that perturbation of high quality habitat would have negative effects extending into the surrounding landscape. The best-supported model assumed that evicted residents of the perturbed habitat would successfully resettle in nearby intact habitats, and allowed for gradual population recovery in the perturbed habitat. Similarly, long-term simulations (20 years) revealed how loss of a single habitat could trigger population declines throughout a mosaic site. This study shows that careful consideration of model assumptions such as those pertaining to resettlement behavior is crucial if predictions are to be reliable, and highlights the role of experiments for comparing alternative model predictions.
Processes for Fabricating a Planar P-N-P Silicon Transistor

Processes and techniques required for fabrication of experimental planar p-n-p silicon transistors have been developed and demonstrated as feasible. Processes involved include material preparation, antimony base diffusion, boron emitter diffusion, oxide masking, photoresist techniques, simultaneous gold metalizing of emitter and base regions, collector alloy contact and basing and thermocompression bonding. Initial transistors have typical dc Beta values of 35 to 40 and F T values as high as 250 Mc. Processes described have also been used in preliminary fabrication of solid-state microcircuit passive components.
Nanoidentation Study of the Mechanical Properties of Granular Metal Thin Films

Nanoindenter techniques have been used to investigate the mechanical properties of Ag-Al2O3 and Fe-SiO2 granular metal films. A discontinuity in the rate of change of hardness as a function of metal volume fraction p was observed. The discontinuity occurs at the percolation threshold pc of the metal, and appears to result from a change in the deformation mechanism at pc. A large peak in compliance (inverse modulus) as measured during indentation unloading was observed in the Ag-Al2O3 films near pc, but was not observed for the Fe-SiO2 films. The compliance peak displayed by Ag-Al2O3 is believed to result from debonding at the metal-ceramic interface and subsequent interfacial sliding, and is not an intrinsic materials property.
Comparative evaluation of flame observables for simplified scalar dissipation rate measurements

The scalar dissipation rate at the stoichiometric surface (χstoich) is the quantity controlling the structure of strained laminar diffusion flamelets. However, its measurement necessitates the simultaneous acquisition of multi-scalar data and requires a significant amount of experimental effort and resources. In this paper, we provide a comparative study to evaluate the potential of several flame observables to yield a simplified measurement of χstoich. Simplified experimental techniques stem from the realization that χstoich scales as the inverse square of an appropriately defined thickness of the mixing layer. We examine several flame observables and characterize the accuracy with which the thickness of their zones follows an inverse square root scaling with the imposed strain rate in a steady counterflow diffusion flame (where strain is proportional to χstoich). In a flat, nitrogen diluted, counterflow, methane/oxygen diffusion flame, the scalar dissipation rate was first measured directly using line Raman imaging of major species and a N2-molecule based definition of the mixture fraction. Additionally, LIF measurements of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and formaldehyde (HCHO) as well as Raman measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) were performed. This provided an array of combustion products, combustion intermediates and their combinations (e.g. [HCHO]x[OH], [CO]x[OH]) which were used as observables to define a thickness δ . For each of the flame observables, the scaling of δ with strain rate (and therefore χstoich) was measured.
A Unique Incidental Finding in Two Young Dancers: A Case Series.

Dancers frequently present to the sports medicine clinic with a variety of lower extremity complaints ranging from acute and traumatic injuries to more chronic, overuse injuries. This case series depicts a similar and unique incidental radiographic finding found in 2 young dancers seen at the same sports medicine clinic. While the findings are likely benign and unrelated to both patients’ initial presentation, the finding of acroosteolysis can be found in more serious systemic and genetic processes as well an early finding in repetitive trauma.
Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Adsorption on the Behavior of Water inside Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations were utilized to investigate the ability of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to adsorb inside a single-walled, arm-chair carbon nanotube (SWCNT), as well as the effect of surfactant on the properties of water inside the SWCNT. The diameter of the SWCNT varied from 1 to 5 nm. The radial and axial density profiles of water inside the SWCNTs were computed and compared with published molecular dynamics results. The average residence time and diffusivity were also calculated to show the size effect on mobility of water inside the SWCNT. It was found that nanotubes with diameter smaller than 3 nm do not allow SDS molecules to enter the SWCNT space. For larger SWCNT diameter, SDS adsorbed inside and outside the nanotube. When SDS was adsorbed in the hollow part of the SWCNT, the behavior of water inside the nanotube was found to be significantly changed. Both radial and axial density profiles of water inside the SWCNT fluctuated strongly and were different from those in bulk phase. In addition, SDS molecules increased the retention of water beads inside SWCNT (d ≥ 3nm) while water diffusivity was decreased.
Long-Term Effects of Evidence-Based Supported Employment on Earnings and on SSI and SSDI Participation Among Individuals With Psychiatric Disabilities

Objective:This study examines the long-term effects of evidence-based supported employment services on three vocational outcomes: labor force participation, earnings, and attainment of Social Security Administration (SSA) nonbeneficiary status through suspension or termination of disability cash payments due to work (NSTW).Method:Data from 449 individuals with psychiatric disabilities who participated in a multisite controlled trial of supported employment were matched to SSA data over a 13-year period (2000–2012) following supported employment services. Long-term outcomes were analyzed using random effects regression models comparing participants in the experimental and control conditions on measures of employment, earnings, and attainment of NSTW. The authors adjusted for time, age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, schizophrenia diagnosis, substance abuse history, and geographic region.Results:Overall outcomes were modest across the 13-year follow-up, with 32.9% of participants having any earned incom...
Genomic variation and DNA repair associated with soybean transgenesis: a comparison to cultivars and mutagenized plants

The safety of mutagenized and genetically transformed plants remains a subject of scrutiny. Data gathered and communicated on the phenotypic and molecular variation induced by gene transfer technologies will provide a scientific-based means to rationally address such concerns. In this study, genomic structural variation (e.g. large deletions and duplications) and single nucleotide polymorphism rates were assessed among a sample of soybean cultivars, fast neutron-derived mutants, and five genetically transformed plants developed through Agrobacterium based transformation methods. On average, the number of genes affected by structural variations in transgenic plants was one order of magnitude less than that of fast neutron mutants and two orders of magnitude less than the rates observed between cultivars. Structural variants in transgenic plants, while rare, occurred adjacent to the transgenes, and at unlinked loci on different chromosomes. DNA repair junctions at both transgenic and unlinked sites were consistent with sequence microhomology across breakpoints. The single nucleotide substitution rates were modest in both fast neutron and transformed plants, exhibiting fewer than 100 substitutions genome-wide, while inter-cultivar comparisons identified over one-million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Overall, these patterns provide a fresh perspective on the genomic variation associated with high-energy induced mutagenesis and genetically transformed plants. The genetic transformation process infrequently results in novel genetic variation and these rare events are analogous to genetic variants occurring spontaneously, already present in the existing germplasm, or induced through other types of mutagenesis. It remains unclear how broadly these results can be applied to other crops or transformation methods.
53 BLUE TREATMENT FOR BLUE ANESTHESIA.

Purpose Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication associated with topical anesthetics. We describe a case of methemoglobinemia-induced by topical benzocaine. Case A 45-year-old male with transmetatarsal amputation due to diabetic neuropathy remained febrile despite appropriate antibiotics. On examination, a new 2/6 holosystolic apical murmur was heard at the apex in keeping with mitral valve incompetence. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed anterior mitral leaflet thickening and a transesophageal echocardiogram was recommended for further diagnostic evaluation. Topical 20% benzocaine spray was administered to anesthetize the oropharynx. Before this procedure, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry was 92% on room air, heart rate (HR) 105/min, and respiratory rate (RR) 18/min. Shortly thereafter, the patient became dyspneic and cyanotic while oxygen saturation fell to 84-86%; HR and RR increased to 120/min and 34/min, respectively; and he developed central cyanosis including mucous membranes. Oxygen did not relieve his breathlessness. Arterial blood gas (ABG) was obtained and blood was noted to be chocolate brown in color with oxygen saturation 97%. This "saturation gap, " which represents the difference between the high oxygen saturation from routine ABG analysis and the lower value measured by pulse oximetry, along with dark brown blood suggested methemoglobinemia. He was treated with intravenous 1 mg/kg of 1% methylene blue over 5 minutes with symptomatic relief within 30 minutes. Oxygen saturation on room air improved to 92% within 1 hour; he was observed overnight and remained stable and was discharged from the hospital several days later. There had been no personal or family history of cyanosis and the patient was not taking any medication (such as nitrates, sulfonamides, and phenytoin) known to cause methemoglobinemia. Conclusions Benzocaine spray, widely used for topical anesthesia, may induce methemoglobinemia. This is due to its toxic metabolite, N-hydroxy derivative, whose aniline group can oxidize ferrous iron of heme to the ferric state, resulting in methemoglobin, which in high concentrations gives blood a chocolate-brown color. The diagnosis of methemoglobinemia is mainly clinical, with chocolate-colored blood being an important sign. Cooximetry is the diagnostic test of choice. Methylene blue acts as a reducing agent via the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) methemoglobin reductase pathway. Hyperbaric oxygen and exchange transfusion are other alternate treatments. Removal of the inciting agent is most important.
Retrospective analysis of accidental drug poisonings in children

Objective:The purpose of our study was to explore the causes,symptom,therapy and preventing of accidental drug poisonings in childhood.Methods:This retrospective study was performed on 118 cases of drug poisoning in children who were treated in our hospital from Jan 2000 to Sep 2007.Results:The main causes of medicines poisoning were:(1)54 cases(45.8%)were that children took drug by himself;(2)45 cases(21.2%)were that children were given drug by their parents;(3)20 cases(17.0%)were iatrogenic drug poisoning.Conclusions:The main causes of drug poisoning in children are result of insecure storage of drugs,the drug given by their parents and iatrogenic drug poisoning.It is recommended that knowledge about proper storage and usage of drug should be promoted among the children and their parents and the regulations in practice be strictly enforced.
Mutation Detection in Colorectal Cancers

The detection of unknown mutations has proved complex and time consuming, and this is certainly the case for HNPCC. Germline mutations have been detected in five of the six human DNA mismatch repair genes (in hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, hPMS1, hPMS2, but not hMSH3) in HNPCC patients (1-7) with hMLH1 and hMSH2 being the most frequently affected (8-9). Point mutations resulting in missense, nonsense and frameshift alterations are found in HNPCC, as well as mutations leading to splicing alterations (9). The detection of mutations in these genes has relied upon direct sequencing of genomic DNA. Scanning or prescreening methods have been investigated (12-15), but at this stage direct sequencing is the gold standard by which these methods are generally judged. One caveat however, is that this method does not detect deletions that span exons or entire genes, the frequency of which may be up to 6.5% of HNPCC cases (16). To be rigorous, it would be prudent to include direct sequencing along with Southern analysis. This chapter will focus on the direct sequencing of hMLH1 and hMSH2, although the overall strategy may also be used for the analysis of the other mismatch repair genes.
Integrating psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.

In recent years, the dichotomy between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy vis-a-vis the treatment of mood disorders has begun to be resolved as the benefits of integrating the two modalities are increasingly recognized. This new understanding has expanded the scope of successful treatment, but it has also complicated the process of making decisions about appropriate treatment. The author reviews the literature, illustrates some of the complex issues with case examples, and suggest guidelines for the mental health clinicians who must make such treatment decisions.
Ribosomal RNA patterns identify additional strains of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli among isolates serotyped by heat-stable and heat-labile antigens

Heat-stable (HS, O-antigen) and heat-labile (HL) serotyping are the most common methods used to type Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli for epidemiologic purposes. In this study, we conducted RRNA analysis to differentiate strains of C. jejuni and C. coli that had been serotyped by use of the passive hemagglutination (heat-stable) and slide agglutination (heat-labile) methods. Ribotyping of isolates within HS and HL serotypes revealed further discrimination of strains. Four ribotypes were identified by Pvu II and Pst I digests of eight HS serotype-34 isolates. Ribotyping also differentiated strains within HL serotypes. Ribotyping also was conducted on 10 representative isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from an infant macaque. The eight ribotypes confirmed previous results of serotyping and other phenotypic analyses, which indicated that the infant was repeatedly reinfected with different strains of C. jejuni and C. coli. Results of the study indicated that ribotyping is a sensitive molecular marker for distinguishing strains of C. jejuni and C. coli. Furthermore, some isolates with similar ribotype patterns had variability in their HS and HL serotypes.
From South Africa to Colorado: A Journey in Public History

Relations between public historians and academic-based historians are often complicated. 1 provide an overview of my experiences working as a public historian at the Colorado Historical Society from 2002–2007, after having held a university-based position, and discuss factors affecting the production of public history.
Utopia, Totalitarianism, and the Will to Reason: Koestler’S Darkness at Noon

We have seen, in Conrad’s novel, that the will to empire arrives at an impasse, because the exilic-utopian imagination that drives it has reached an acute state of crisis, manifesting itself especially at the margins of the Empire. During the first, “archaic” phase of empire building, the will resolves its confrontation with otherness by either annihilating it or assimilating it by force. However, in later critical phases or periods of “self-doubt,” such as Modernism, the will often perceives this otherness as terrifying void, darkness, and death, drawing back from it. Consequently, it needs to devise new strategies of accomplishing its hegemonic objectives, while turning the terror of the void itself to “good” account whenever it deems it necessary. As I have already suggested, what has been called “Postmodernism” is precisely a strategy of returning to the will to power in its archaic, violent, and unashamed form. As a rule, these “returns” happen during periods of sociocultural stress, such as wars and revolutions. During such periods, the instruments that a median mentality has devised to put the brakes on archaic power will not only fail, but will also be made to serve precisely the kind of violent excesses that they were meant to restrain. Thus, traditional rationality and reasoning (as developed in Plato’s dialogs, for instance) will now be twisted to justify political totalitarianism, the modern avatar of the might-makes-right mentality. In turn, the exilic-utopian imagination will be restricted and made to serve the same interests of naked power.
Saharan Dust and the Nonlinear Evolution of the African Easterly Jet–African Easterly Wave System

AbstractThe direct radiative effects of Saharan mineral dust (SMD) aerosols on the nonlinear evolution of the African easterly jet–African easterly wave (AEJ–AEW) system is examined using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled to an online dust model. The SMD-modified AEW life cycles are characterized by four stages: enhanced linear growth, weakened nonlinear stabilization, larger peak amplitude, and smaller long-time amplitude. During the linear growth and nonlinear stabilization stages, the SMD increases the generation of eddy available potential energy (APE); this occurs where the maximum in the mean meridional SMD gradient is coincident with the critical surface. As the AEWs evolve beyond the nonlinear stabilization stage, the discrimination between SMD particle sizes due to sedimentation becomes more pronounced; the finer particles meridionally expand, while the coarser particles settle to the surface. The result is a reduction in the eddy APE at the base and the top of the plume.The SMD ...
Bringing Organic Chemistry to the Public: Structure and Scent in a Science Museum

We have developed an organic-chemistry-themed museum exhibit that is appropriate for all ages. The goal of the exhibit is to introduce the general public to the concept of molecular structure by relating structure to scent.
REAL TIME TWO DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND IMAGING

Publisher Summary This chapter describes real-time two-dimensional ultrasound imaging. The concept of beam formation may be extended in phased array systems to include focusing of the transmitted beam by combining a spherical timing relationship with a linear one to produce a beam that is focused at a given range and propagated at a specific azimuth angle. Once the ultrasound beam has been transmitted, echoes arise from scatters in the tissue and propagate backward toward the elements where they arrive at differing times. The Duke University imaging system has been undergoing clinical evaluation for applications in cardiology for four years and is now routinely utilized as a part of the clinical evaluation of patients with many types of heart disease. This technique may be utilized in assessing valvular dysfunctions such as stenosis, prolapse, and regurgitation. The real-time features of this system combined with a handheld transducer allow the examiner to follow structures of interest and to rapidly orient the transducer to produce the most diagnostically useful image.
Stress-assisted grain growth in nanocrystalline metals: Grain boundary mediated mechanisms and stabilization through alloying

Abstract The mechanisms of stress-assisted grain growth are explored using molecular dynamics simulations of nanoindentation in nanocrystalline Ni and Ni-1 at.% P as a function of grain size and deformation temperature. Grain coalescence is primarily confined to the high stress region beneath the simulated indentation zone in nanocrystalline Ni with a grain size of 3 nm. Grain orientation and atomic displacement vector mapping demonstrates that coalescence transpires through grain rotation and grain boundary migration, which are manifested in the grain interior and grain boundary components of the average microrotation. A doubling of the grain size to 6 nm and addition of 1 at.% P eliminates stress-assisted grain growth in Ni. In the absence of grain coalescence, deformation is accommodated by grain boundary-mediated dislocation plasticity and thermally activated in pure nanocrystalline Ni. By adding solute to the grain boundaries, the temperature-dependent deformation behavior observed in both the lattice and grain boundaries inverts, indicating that the individual processes of dislocation and grain boundary plasticity will exhibit different activity based on boundary chemistry and deformation temperature.
NMR Imaging: Introduction and Survey

The basic principles governing how magnetic field gradients are used for NMR imaging (and flow measurements) are introduction. Topics covered include slice selection, phase encoding, frequency encoding, factors determining spatial revolution, T1 and T2 effects and chemical shift effects, and determining flow velocity and diffusion information.
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae at a low prevalence tertiary care center: Patient-level risk factors and implications for an infection prevention strategy

Limited treatment options and a growing global threat from carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections illustrate the importance of understanding the epidemiology of CRE. Using a retrospective chart review and point prevalence testing demonstrated specific patient risk factors for CRE-positive clinical cultures in a tertiary medical center with a low CRE prevalence.
Abstract NS12: Inpatient Stroke Code, an Accurate Activation

Background: In 2011, it was noted by the hospital that multiple stroke code activations were occurring on inpatients that did not have signs of focal neurological deficit, or stroke. In a six-month retrospective review, a total of 32 inpatient stroke codes were identified. Of these, only 8.6% of patients had a focal neurologic deficit. The remainder had other symptoms, such as alteration in level of consciousness. In addition to the potential harmful effects of unnecessary testing, cost was also considered. A code stroke protocol testing and staffing accumulates approximately $358.00 in cost during the first hour. This is in comparison to the rapid response team activation, which incurs $79.00 during the first hour. Purpose: For inpatient stroke codes, does a floor RN activated RRT, directly followed by an ICU RN activated stroke code, if applicable, reduce the number of inappropriate inpatient stroke code activations? Methods: Following literature review, it was decided by the Stroke Code Team to move having an initial RRT activation by the floor RN who suspects her patient may be having an acute stroke. Then, as part of the RRT, an ICU RN would arrive at the bedside and evaluate the patient. Following assessment, and if it was felt appropriate, a stroke code would be initiated. Results: A 30-day period was closely examined for potential impact. During this period, 11 Stroke Codes were identified. Of these, 3 stroke codes were activated without the RRT and did not follow the new protocol. Of the remaining 8 RRT activations, 6 lead to stroke codes. Of these, 2 of 6 (33.3%) had an accurate diagnosis of acute onset stroke. This indicates a 25% decrease in the number of inaccurate stroke code. Conclusion: Since the RRT activation was an additional step, a primary concern with the change in protocol was the delay in treatment of IV tPA. It did not result in a delay in care, and the time from RRT activation to stroke code team arrival was less than 4 minutes. If the initial RRT activation in place of stroke code was to continue at this pace, an approximate annualized savings of at least $10,800.00 could be achieved. Further data analysis and study is warranted in order to determine long-term cost avoidance and implications to the change in protocol.
Forensic Neuropsychology: Introduction and Overview

One of the strong factors in the growth of clinical neuropsychology has been the use of such evaluations for legal evaluations. These cases have ranged from cases of social security disability to multi-million dollar lawsuits involving accidents and medical malpractice. Moreover, neuropsychology “defenses” have become more common in the litigation of murder cases both in terms of establishing guilt and innocence and as considerations in deciding on punishment.
Cultures of decolonization. Transnational productions and practices, 1945–70 Edited by Ruth Craggs and Claire Wintle

This interesting and timely volume starts from the premise that investigations of cultural forms are an ideal avenue for nuanced explorations of mid-twentieth-century decolonisation as a process. R...
Atypical antipsychotic prescribing in elderly patients with depression

Abstract Background Atypical antipsychotics are used as monotherapy or as augmentation therapy for management of late-life depression. However, little is known about utilization pattern of atypical antipsychotics in depression in the elderly. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the prescribing practices and predictors of atypical antipsychotics and augmentation therapy in elderly outpatient visits with depression. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study used the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and outpatient department component of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) data from 2010 and 2011. The study included elderly (age ≥ 65years) outpatient visits with depression. Descriptive weighted analysis was performed to determine the prescribing practices of atypical antipsychotics and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with the prescription of atypical antipsychotics and augmentation therapy in outpatient visits. Results According to the national surveys, there were about 22 million outpatent visits for depression during the study period; atypical antipsychotics were prescribed in 3.53% (95% CI, 2.02–5.04) of the visits. Among depression patients who were using antidepressants, 4.86% (95% CI, 3.07–6.04) used as an augmentation therapy. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that Hispanics (odds ratio [OR] = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12–0.90) were associated with decreased likelihood of antipsychotic prescription, whereas personality disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (OR = 10.23; 95% CI, 2.80–37.40) were associated with increased likelihood of prescribing antipsychotics. For augmentation therapy, Hispanics (OR = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.02–0.24) and primary physicians (OR = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09–0.69) were associated with decreased likelihood; and obsessive compulsive disorder and personality disorder (OR = 7.56; 95% CI, 1.75–32.69) were associated with increased likelihood of antipsychotic prescription. Conclusion Less than 4% of the elderly visits with depression were prescribed atypical antipsychotics. Both clinical and demographic factors contribute to antipsychotic prescribing in elderly patients with depression.
Chapter 47 – Lawn and Turf: Management and Environmental Issues of Turfgrass Pesticides

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the usages and functional aspects of turf environments to illustrate its uniqueness compared to other plant environments. A properly planned and maintained recreational turfgrass facility offers a diversity of functional benefits to the overall surrounding community, in addition to the physical and mental health benefits provided by the recreational activity. The uniqueness of the turf environment is particularly amenable to the application of integrated pest management strategies and in the development of best management practices to minimize and mitigate the impact of the pesticides and nutrients used to maintain turfgrasses. Turfgrass has been shown to function efficiently as a means to reduce surface water runoff and can be used in conjunction with vegetative filter strips to provide a barrier against surface and groundwater contamination from pesticides and nutrients used on turf. With additional research to develop best management strategies for turfgrass maintenance, the benefits derived from the turfgrass ecosystem and the environmental stewardship of these important recreational settings will coincide with each other to the mutual betterment of both. The increased use of “reduced risk pesticides,” postapplication irrigation, application of pesticides to limited aspects of the turf environment, and reentry intervals following pesticide applications will all reduce the limited human and environmental exposures seen.
Dynamics of Fungicide Sensitivity in Venturia effusa and Fungicide Efficacy under Field Conditions

Venturia effusa, which causes pecan scab, has developed resistance to fungicides that were once effective. Over 2 years, laboratory-based sensitivity of fentin hydroxide (TPTH) and tebuconazole in V. effusa and their efficacy under field conditions were compared. Leaf and nut scab were assessed on pecan trees receiving 10 applications of TPTH, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, azoxystrobin plus tebuconazole, TPTH plus tebuconazole, or no fungicide (NTC) per year. Sensitivity of V. effusa on leaflets collected from treated and nontreated trees was assessed in June and September, respectively. The mean relative germination (RGe) on TPTH at 30 µg/ml was 10.9 and 40.9% in 2016 and 4.2 and 0.6% in 2017. Mean relative growth (RGr) on tebuconazole at 1 µg/ml was 45.5 and 34.6% in 2016 and 69.3 and 56.3% in 2017. In both years, leaf and nut scab were significantly lower on trees treated with azoxystrobin, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole, or TPTH + tebuconazole when compared with NTC and tebuconazole-treated trees. Compared with the NTC, tebuconazole did not significantly reduce leaf scab in 2017 or nut scab in either year, indicating that an RGr value between 34.6 and 69.3% is likely to result in a control failure on tebuconazole-treated trees. Although better activity was expected, TPTH reduced scab with RGe values between 0.6 and 40.9%. These results are valuable for developing fungicide sensitivity thresholds to better predict fungicide performance.
Individual Behavior in Business

It is a curious fact that in Britain a career in business is usually regarded as quite different from a career in anything else. University graduates either “get a job” or they take up a profession or go into the civil service, politics, the military, or social work. Perhaps, as a last resort, they may try to earn a living by writing poems.
Dear J.D.: What to Do with Your Law Degree

This excerpt of the book "Dear J.D.: What to Do with Your Law Degree" helps law students and lawyers identify and commit to a particular law practice among the hundreds of possible choices. Liberty depends on the rule of law, which depends on the frequent, discrete, and minute services of lawyers on behalf of individual, corporate, nonprofit, and public clients. Lawyers must be able to form and manage an effective enterprise to provide those critical services. The first step in doing so involves choosing that enterprise’s mission, strategies, location, clientele, and services. This book Dear J.D. offers a conversational study of how to go about making that important decision of law practices.
Interactive electronic textbook use in higher education: grades, engagement, and student perceptions

A trend towards electronic textbooks (e-textbooks) in higher education has given cause for additional research regarding their effectiveness when compared with traditional print textbooks. There is a lack of research specifically regarding interactive e-textbooks - texts that have been enriched with embedded links, videos, quizzes, or other activities. This study presents the findings from an introductory education course within a large university in the USA that began using an interactive e-textbook as the dominant text for the course. Correlation was measured between student grades and three different elements of an interactive electronic textbook: total time spent logged into the e-textbook, student engagement level, and percent of interactive activities accessed. Student perceptions of the e-textbook were also gathered. Results showed significant positive correlation between overall course grades and two of the three variables tested (time and engagement). Survey results revealed a high level of comfort and convenience using the interactive e-textbook.
Spontaneous Intracranial and Lumbar Subdural Hematoma Presenting as Vaginal Pain.

Abstract Background Spontaneous spinal and intracranial subdural hematomas are rarely reported, especially occurring simultaneously. Anticoagulation use has been associated with spontaneous hemorrhages. Prompt diagnosis is required to prevent permanent neurological sequelae. In this case report, we describe a spontaneous spinal and intracranial subdural hematoma in a woman taking warfarin and initially presenting with severe vaginal pain. Case Report A 42-year-old woman who had a history of mechanical valve replacement and was therefore taking warfarin, came to an emergency department for relief of severe vaginal pain. Mild concurrent lumbar pain increased concern about spinal pathology, so magnetic resonance imaging of her spine was performed. It revealed a subdural hematoma extending from L1–S1 with arachnoiditis, which suggested intracranial pathology, though the patient had no complaint of a headache. Computed tomography of her brain demonstrated a large right subdural hemorrhage with midline shift. Subsequent imaging revealed no aneurysm or source of the intracranial bleeding. We concluded that the patient experienced spontaneous anticoagulation-related intracranial hemorrhage resulting in lumbar subdural hematoma and arachnoiditis with referred vaginal pain. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Pelvic, vaginal, or perineal pain may be the presenting symptom in patients with lower spinal pathology. It is important to consider causes other than gynecological ones in the differential diagnosis of these patients, as well as to be cognizant of the relationship between spinal and intracranial subdural hemorrhages. In patients with back pain or radiating lumbar pain, especially coupled with neurological effects, clinicians should consider spinal subdural hemorrhage and arachnoiditis to expedite imaging studies and treatment of these rare entities.
Ephemeral temporal partitioning may facilitate coexistence in competing species

Animals change their daily activity patterns in response to season, food availability and the presence of competitors. Competition may be an important driver of a species’ daily activity pattern, as animals manage conflict by avoiding each other temporally. We evaluated how vegetation structure and the presence of competitors changed the daily activity patterns of closely related fox squirrels, Sciurus niger, and grey squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis. We monitored squirrel activity in north and central Florida using passive game cameras at two spatial scales: local and point. To understand how seasonality and competition interact to drive behaviour, we compared squirrel activity during the leaf-off (1 January – 15 March) and leaf-on (16 March – 1 July) seasons. We tested for a relationship between squirrel activity and canopy cover by fitting a von Mises kernel distribution. To test how season and competition affected squirrel behaviour, we compared activity by computing a kernel density overlap function, ranging from 0 (no overlap: the squirrels are never active at the same time) to 1 (complete overlap: the squirrels have identical activity patterns). We found that daily squirrel behaviour was not influenced by canopy cover (P = 0.61). Fox squirrels had a single activity peak occurring around midday. In contrast, grey squirrels had a bimodal activity pattern with peaks shortly after sunrise and before sunset. The intensity of this partitioning existed on a gradient and changed with season and the presence of competitors. Fox and grey squirrel daily patterns overlapped the most when they were allopatric in the leaf-on season (overlap = 0.70, P
Collections, collectives, and individuals: Preschoolers’ attributions of intentionality

Given the complexity of our social worlds, humans must develop the ability to make nuanced interpretations of behavior, including the ability to infer an actor's intentions from perceptual properties of an actor's movements. Consistent with the common perception of a group as a single collective entity and the use of singular nouns to refer to groups, such as a clan, family, team, army, herd, hive, or a gaggle, Bloom and Veres (1999) found that adults attribute intentionality to groups to the same extent that they do to single entities. This study examines the developmental course of both these phenomena by examining the performance of adults and preschoolers on an adaptation of Bloom and Veres' task. Our results show that preschoolers, like adults, readily attribute intentions to a group and that the more they do so, the more they perceive the group as a single collective entity. This effect is largely mediated by increased attributions of goal-directed action and, to a lesser extent by attributions of mental states, consistent with the claim that purposeful, coordinated action makes a collection of individuals conceptually coalesce into an entity.
The role of radiation therapy and margin width in localized soft-tissue sarcoma: Analysis from the US Sarcoma Collaborative.

Background and objectives Soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs) are often treated with resection and radiation (RT)±chemotherapy. The role of RT in decreasing resection width to achieve local control is unclear. We evaluated RT on margin width to achieve local control and local recurrence (LR). Methods From 2000 to 2016, 514 patients with localized STS were identified from the US Sarcoma Collaborative database. Patients were stratified by a margin and local control was compared amongst treatment groups. Results LR was 9% with positive, 4.2% with ≤1 mm, and 9.3% with >1 mm margins (P = .315). In the ≤1 mm group, LR was 5.7% without RT, 0% with preoperative RT, and 0% with postoperative RT (P 1 mm group, LR was 10.2%, 0%, and 3.7% in the no preoperative and postoperative RT groups, respectively (P = .005). RT did not influence LR in patients with positive margins. In stage I-III and II-III patients, local recurrence-free survival was higher following RT (P = .008 and P = .05, respectively). Conclusions RT may play a larger role in minimizing LR than margin status. In patients with positive margins, RT may decrease LR to similar rates as a negative margin without RT and may be considered to decrease the risk of LR with anticipated close/positive margins.
Assessing the consequences of decentralizing biomedical research

Advancements in technology are shifting the ways that biomedical data are collected, managed, and used. The pervasiveness of connected devices is expanding the types of information that are defined...
"Every day I think about your messages": assessing text messaging engagement among Latino smokers in a mobile cessation program.

Introduction Mobile health interventions are a promising mode to address tobacco-related disparities among Latinos, the largest minority group and the highest users of text messaging technology. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess engagement in a smoking cessation intervention delivered via text message (Kick Buts) among Latino smokers. Methods We relied on a community-based recruitment strategy to enroll 20 Latino smokers in Kick Buts. Outcome measures included biochemically verified abstinence at 12 weeks, participant text messaging interactivity with the program, and satisfaction. Results Participants' mean age was 40.7 years old (SD=14.6). Most of the participants were male (70%), did not have health insurance (75%), and reported low nicotine-dependence (60%). The majority of participants (75%) sent at least one text message to the program. On average, participants who interacted with the program sent 31.8 (SD=39.7) text messages. Eight themes were identified in participants' messages (eg, well-being, self-efficacy, strategies to quit, extra-treatment social support, etc). At 12 weeks, 30% of the participants were biochemically verified as abstinent. Conclusion A smoking cessation text message intervention generated high engagement among Latinos and resulted in noteworthy cessation rates. Future studies should assess the relationship of text messaging interactions with psychological effects (eg, intra-treatment social support, therapeutic alliance, and perceived autonomy support).
The inert meets the living: The expanding view of metabolic alterations during viral pathogenesis

University of Michigan BMRC Bridging Support program; Arizona Biomedical Research Commission
Motivating and Retaining Nonfamily Employees in the Absence of Fair Policies and Procedures

Justice perceptions are a critical part in the motivation and retention of employees. In family-controlled firms, however, nonfamily employees can be disparately treated and as a result must rely o...
Noninvasive, In Situ Acoustic Diagnosis and Monitoring of Corrosion in Molten-Salt Systems

Diagnosis and monitoring of corrosion at high temperatures are common challenges in many industries, such as conventional power plants and next generation molten-salt reactor (MSR) nuclear power pl...
Towards a Visualization-Driven Approach to Database Benchmarking Analysis

Employing TPC-defined benchmarks and their derivatives is an established approach adopted by organizations to evaluate and demonstrate performance of their database management systems with the goal of increasing sales and establishing competitiveness of their products. One common challenge in the benchmarking process is the data analysis that involves large, performance datasets for characterizing a database system over underlying system configuration. In this paper, we address two different scenarios that demand detailed data analysis and are commonly found in database benchmarking process - analyzing query execution behavior when multiple streams of queries are run concurrently (typically referred as throughput phase in TPC benchmarks), and visualizing query performance with respect to different resources - cores, memory, storage. We highlight the challenges that exist in the raw data analysis space for each of these use-cases and then demonstrate how the data visualizations we have developed using Python enable insights in an easy-to-use, intuitive manner. Given that the two scenarios we cover are common across multiple benchmarks such as TPC-H, TPC-DS, TPCxBB, and their derivatives, our proposed visualizations can be adapted and used as a resource by the database benchmarking community.
Failure Mode Enumeration for System Reliability Assessment by Optimization Algorithms

System reliability evaluation of frames for ultimate collapse by the kinematic approach requires the enumeration of the failure modes, calculation of the probability of failure for each mode and then computation of the overall reliability by suitable aggregation [16]. Practical experience shows that even relatively simple frames have a very large number of failure modes. Identification, enumeration and description of all these modes is a difficult combinatorial problem.