cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sea of change

This title provides a fresh perspective on Hemingway's work. Early in his career, when "To Have and Have Not" was published, Ernest Hemingway's portrayal of themes, setting, and character was often compared to Cezanne's art - abstract. By contrast, in 1952, with the publication of "The Old Man and the Sea", his style was described as comparable to Winslow Homer's - realistic.At the center of this evolution is the contention that Hemingway's preoccupation with and scientific study of life in the Gulf Stream moved his theory and practice of writing away from the Paris art circle of the 1920s to the new realism of the 1950s. "A Sea of Change" explores the importance of Hemingway's relationship to the waters of the Gulf Stream that transformed his imaginative work.Drawing primarily on Ernest Hemingway's handwritten and unpublished fishing logs and from published and unpublished correspondence and newspaper articles, Mark P. Ott structures this literary biography chronologically to tell the story of Hemingway's life as it becomes immersed in the Gulf Stream. Ott connects "To Have and Have Not" and "The Old Man and the Sea" with Hemingway's philosophical and stylistic transformation as he became increasingly educated in the natural world. "A Sea of Change" is the first study to examine Hemingway's complex relationship with the Gulf Stream and how it transformed his fiction.
2250-MHz high efficiency microwave power amplifier (HEMPA)

This paper will focus on developing an exotic switching technique that enhances the DC-to-RF conversion efficiency of microwave power amplifiers. For years, switching techniques implemented in the 10-kHz to 30-MHz region have resulted in DC-to-RF conversion efficiencies of 90–95-percent. Currently amplifier conversion efficiency, in the 2–3 GHz region approaches, 10–20-percent. Using a combination of analytical modeling and hardware testing, a High Efficiency Microwave Power Amplifier was built that demonstrated conversion efficiencies four to five times higher than current state of the art.
The effect of saturation path on three-phase relative permeability

Simulation and fluid flow prediction of many petroleum enhanced oil recovery methods as well as environmental processes such as carbon dioxide (CO2) geological storage or underground water resources remediation requires accurate modeling and determination of relative permeability under different saturation histories. Based on this critical need, several three-phase relative permeability models were developed to predict relative permeability; however, for practical purposes most of them require a variety of parameters introducing undesired complexity to the models. In this work, we attempt to find out if there is a simpler way to express this functionality. To do so, we experimentally measure three-phase, water/oil/gas, relative permeability in a 1-m long water-wet sand pack, under several saturation flow paths to cover the entire three-phase saturation space. We obtain the in-situ saturations along the sand pack using a CT scanner and then determine the relative permeabilities of liquid phases directly from the measured in-situ saturations using an unsteady-state method. The measured data shows that at a specific saturation, the oil relative permeability varies significantly (up to 2 orders of magnitude), depending on the path through saturation space. The three-phase relative permeability data are modeled using standard relative permeability models, Corey-type and Saturation Weighted Interpolation (SWI). Our measured data suggest that three-phase oil relative permeability in water-wet media is only a function of its own saturation if the residual oil saturation is treated as a function of two saturations. We determine that residual saturation is the key parameter in modeling three-phase relative permeability (effect of saturation history). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The role of SOX11 immunostaining in confirming the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma on fine-needle aspiration samples

BACKGROUND Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) demonstrates cytologic features that overlap with those of other types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-cell NHLs) containing small to medium-sized cells. The accurate diagnosis of MCL is important because MCL has relatively more aggressive biologic behavior and thus requires specific treatment regimens. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is used for diagnosing or staging lymphoma, often with the help of immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. However, the cellularity of an FNA sample may not be high enough for flow cytometry, leading to diagnostic difficulty. SOX11 immunostaining is helpful in the diagnosis of MCL in histologic sections. However, to the authors' knowledge, its diagnostic value for FNA samples has not been studied to date. METHODS Immunostains for SOX11 were performed on 69 FNA cases with final diagnoses of MCL (13 cases, including 10 classic type and 3 blastoid variant), marginal zone lymphoma (8 cases), follicular lymphoma (10 cases), small lymphocytic lymphoma (12 cases), Burkitt lymphoma (9 cases), plasma cell myeloma (7 cases), and benign lymph nodes (10 cases). Preparation types included cytospin slides (65 cases), direct smears (2 cases), and cell block sections (2 cases). The percentage of positive cells (defined as nuclear staining) and staining intensity were recorded. RESULTS All 13 cases of MCL were positive for SOX11 staining, with 12 cases demonstrating diffuse positivity. All other types of B-cell NHL cases, plasma cell myelomas, and benign lymph nodes were found to have negative results. Weak staining was found in 1 MCL case of blastoid variant. CONCLUSIONS SOX11 immunostaining on FNA samples is highly sensitive and specific for MCL and can be used as a reliable adjunct to confirm MCL, especially in a recurrent setting. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:892–897. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Methods of deducing intrinsic measurements of high frequency Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs)

The direction, amplitude, and horizontal and vertical wavelengths are intrinsic attributes of Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) propagating through the upper atmosphere. The observable airglow modulation has been related to intrinsic amplitude through the 'cancellation factor', the horizontal wavelength from image measurements, the observed directions from image motion fields. The vertical wavelength is traditionally obtained using the wave dispersion relationship from the intrinsic phase speed, which is deduced from the observed phase speed in images and the Doppler correction from measured winds with either Na lidar or meteor radar. Methods of extracting vertical wavelength can also be deduced from measurements of phase shift with altitude through multiple airglows. Tomographic and multiple layer methods have been modeled and data has been analyzed to validate the methods. The multiple layer method enables the measurements to be made from ground-based imagers where winds are note available, or from spacecraft where phase speeds can't be measured.
Glycine enhances the central depressant properties of ethanol in mice.

Abstract The interaction between ethanol and glycine in the central nervous system was investigated in male Swiss-Webster mice. The loss of the righting reflex (LORR) was used as a measure of central nervous system depression. Mice were injected with ethanol (4.0 g/kg, IP), causing an ethanol-induced LORR. Immediately after the animals regained the righting reflex from ethanol administration, they received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of saline or glycine (1, 15, 25, or 50 μmol/kg) in a volume of 5 μl. Upon ICV injection of glycine, the mice lost the righting reflex once again. This effect of glycine in the presence of ethanol occurred rapidly and in a dose-dependent manner. Glycine induced a return to the LORR of 12.6 ± 0.7, 24.5 ± 1.3, 32.8 ± 2.0, and 46.8 ± 4.5 min when doses of 1, 15, 25, and 50 μmol/kg, respectively, were injected. d -Serine (15, 25, or 50 μmol/kg), an amino acid precursor of glycine, was injected (ICV) after the animals regained the righting reflex following ethanol injection (IP). Serine caused a return to the LORR of 0.5 ± 0.5, 6.0 ± 1.0, and 6.5 ± 0.9 min when doses of 15, 25, and 50 μmol/kg, respectively, were injected. Strychnine was used to attenuate the ability of glycine and serine to cause a return to the LORR in the presence of ethanol. Strychnine, a competitive antagonist of glycine, significantly reduced the ability of glycine and serine to enhance the depressant action of ethanol. When glycine (50 μmol/kg), serine (50 μmol/kg), and stychnine (300 nmol/kg) were administered in the absence of ethanol, no significant return to the LORR was observed. Bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, was administered at a dose of 10 nmol/kg in combination with 25 μnol/kg of glycine. No significant reduction in glycine-induced return to the LORR was observed. This suggests that glycine is augmenting the effect of ethanol without stimulation of the GABAergic system. The results of this study indicate that glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, can augment the central depressant properties of ethanol by acting on the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor site.
A model to predict concentrations of lipophilic chemicals in growing pigs

A model was devised to examine predicted residue concentrations in the fat of growing pigs under various exposure scenarios. A single body fat pool and transfer rates proportional to concentrations were assumed. When exposure was a constant concentration in the diet, predicted concentrations in fat were maximum at about 30 kg body weight and then declined slowly until the typical 100 kg slaughter weight was reached. Declines in concentrations of recalcitrant compounds in fat of animals moved to a clean environment can be accounted for by dilution in the expanding fat pool. Model simulantions suggest that alterations in feeding and management to produce leaner animals may lead to greater transmission of residues to humans.
OCCURRENCE AND PERSISTENCE OF PICLORAM IN GRASSLAND WATER SOURCES

Summary. At 2 weeks following application, concentrations of picloram in surface runoff water collected adjacent to a South Texas grassland treated with 1·1 kg/ha ranged from 0·055 to 0·184 ppm as detected by gas chromatography. Picloram in surface runoff water diminished with time and amount of rainfall as a decay function. Picloram was not detectable in a flowing stream 0·8 km below a 32-ha area treated with 1·1 kg/ha. Residual picloram was not detected in domestic water wells at any time up to 2 years following treatment of adjacent areas with 1·1 kg/ha. Dissipation of picloram from treated livestock-watering ponds was concentration-dependent, with the final losses resulting largely from dilution. Initial loss rates in the ponds ranged from 14 to 18%/day but decreased to less than 1%/day at 100 days following treatment. After 100 days, when the concentrations were less than 0·005 ppm, the primary changes in picloram content appeared to be due to dilution from rainfall or to concentration by runoff from adjacent treated areas.
Efficiency of Random Compact Testing

Random compact testing uses random inputs to test digital circuits. Fault detection can be achieved by comparing some statistic of the circuit under test, e.g., the frequency of logic ones at an output, with the value of that statistic previously determined for the fault-free circuit. In this paper, we show that random compact testing can efficiently detect failures in both combinational and sequential circuits. Although this testing method cannot guarantee detection of all faults, it provides a simple way to detect the vast majority of failures in most circuits. The effects of failures inside combinational circuits are modeled in relation to the statistical property measured by the test and a general evaluation of the testing efficiency is obtained. The probability of detection is shown to increase with the test length and to be dependent upon test parameters such as the statistics of the input sequence. For sequential circuits, the uncertainty of the initial state necessitates an initialization step, which is a long sequence of random inputs. The length of such an initialization sequence is circuit dependent, but for most circuits, proper initialization can be achieved in a few seconds. Most failures inside the memory elements are easily detected, even with short tests. Random compact testing can also detect most of the failures inside the excitation logic and the output circuitry. There, as for combinational circuits, its efficiency is largely dependent upon the test length. Some of the requirements and tradeoffs to achieve efficient detection are presented.
Reflectors on vector spaces

Abstract A function σ on a vector space V which is both additive and involutory is said to be a reflector on V . For spec σ ( x ) ≔ case1 2 [ x + σ ( x )], the range of spec σ is called the speculum of σ . It naturally generalizes (among many others) the classes of hermitian, perhermitian, and real matrices. This paper gives some basic results for reflectors, followed by results for reflectors which preserve or invert the specula of other reflectors.
Current Therapies in Childhood and Adolescent Migraine

This review summarizes recent guidelines for diagnosis of migraine in children and adolescents and inherent issues regarding their headaches that influence evaluation of therapies. With the shorter duration of pediatric migraine attacks and the prominent placebo responder rate, design of randomized clinical trials becomes more problematic than in the adult population. Regarding abortive therapies, several agents have appreciable efficacy in randomized controlled trials. Ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and sumatriptan nasal spray are probably beneficial and safe to use in pediatric migraine. For the minority of children who should be candidates for prophylactic therapy, there is a limited amount of information available for clinicians to make judicious treatment decisions.
Correlation of Astrocytic S100β Expression with Dystrophic Neurites in Amyloid Plaques of Alzheimer's Disease

The neurite extension factor S100 beta is overexpressed by activated astrocytes associated with amyloid-containing plaques in Alzheimer's disease, and has been implicated in dystrophic neurite formation in these plaques. This predicts (a) that the appearance of S100beta- immunoreactive (S100beta+) astrocytes precedes that of dystrophic neurites in diffuse amyloid deposits and (b) that the number of these astrocytes correlates with the degree of dystrophic neurite proliferation in neuritic plaques. As a test of the first prediction, we determined the number of S100beta+ astrocytes associated with different plaque types: diffuse non-neuritic, diffuse neuritic, dense-core neuritic, and dense-core non-neuritic. Diffuse non-neuritic plaques had small numbers of associated S100beta+ astrocytes (1.3 +/- 0.1 S100beta astrocytes per plaque [mean +/- SEM]; 80% of plaques had one or more). These astrocytes were most abundant in diffuse neuritic plaques (4.2 +/- 0.2; 100%), were somewhat less numerous in dense-core neuritic plaques (1.6 +/- 0.2; 90%), and were only rarely associated with dense-core non-neuritic plaques (0.15 +/- 0.05; 12%). As a test of the second prediction, we correlated the number of S100beta+ astrocytes per plaque with the area of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) immunoreactivity per plaque (an index of the size of the plaques' dystrophic neurite shells) and found a significant positive correlation (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). This correlation was also evident at the tissue level: the numbers of S100beta+ astrocytes per plaque-rich field correlated with the total area beta-APP immunoreactivity in these fields (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). These correlations support the idea that astrocytic activation and S100 beta overexpression are involved in the induction and maintenance of dystrophic neurites in amyloid deposits, and support the concept of a glial cytokine-mediated cascade underlying the progression of neuropathological changes in Alzheimer's disease.
Investigation of Raman chemical imaging for detection of lycopene changes in tomatoes during postharvest ripening

Abstract Lycopene is a major carotenoid in tomatoes and detecting changes in its content can be used to monitor the ripening of tomatoes. Raman chemical imaging is a new technique that shows promise for mapping constituents of interest in complex food matrices. In this study, a benchtop point-scan Raman chemical imaging system was developed to detect and visualize internal lycopene distribution during postharvest ripening of tomatoes. Tomato samples at different ripeness stages (i.e., green, breaker, turning, pink, light red, and red) were selected and cut open for imaging. Hyperspectral Raman images were acquired from fruit cross-sections in the wavenumber range of 200–2500 cm −1 with a spatial resolution of 1 mm. A polynomial curve-fitting method was used to correct for the underlying fluorescence background in the original spectra. A hyperspectral image classification method was developed based on spectral information divergence to identify lycopene in the tomato cross-sections. Raman chemical images were created to visualize the spatial distribution of the lycopene for different ripeness stages. The system was also configured to test the feasibility of utilizing spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) technique for subsurface detection of a Teflon slab placed under samples of outer pericarp cut in 5-mm and 10-mm thick slices from green and breaker tomatoes. The results showed that the Raman spectrum of Teflon can be extracted from the SORS measurements of the pericarps placed over the Teflon, demonstrating the potential of the future development of a Raman-based nondestructive approach for subsurface detection of lycopene as an indicator of tomato maturity.
Atomic Electron Velocities in Hydrogen

When conditions are favorable to single scattering of fast electrons, those scattered through a suitable angle by gases of low atomic number fall into two distinct classes, (1) those scattered elastically by the nuclei and (2) those scattered inelastically by the atomic electrons. The inelastically scattered electrons have a distribution of energies about the most probable value, which is $V={V}_{0}{cos}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$, where ${V}_{0}$ and $V$ are the energies of the incident electron before and after collision with an atomic electron, and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the angle of deflection. The distribution of energies among the inelastically scattered electrons is determined by the distribution of energies among the atomic electrons in such a way that the curve representing the distribution of energies among the scattered electrons, above or below the most probable value, is identical in shape with the distribution of component velocities among the atomic electrons. A beam of electrons with energies between 1737 and 4040 volts was directed into hydrogen at low pressure and the distribution of energies among those electrons which had been scattered at 34.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} measured. From this the distribution of component velocities among the atomic electrons follows immediately. The experimental curve is wider than the theoretical curve computed by Hicks by about 11 percent at the "half-width." In view of the exact agreement obtained previously with the same method in the case of helium, it is suggested that the assumptions underlying the theoretical calculation for the hydrogen molecule may have to be revised.
High-Risk Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Outcomes in Patients Treated with Unfractionated Heparin Monitored Using Anti-Xa Concentrations Versus Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time.

Background: While the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is the most widely used assay to monitor unfractionated heparin (UFH), providing a general measure of the extent of anticoagulation, it does not reliably correlate with the blood concentration of heparin or its antithrombotic effect. While cost and availability have limited the widespread use of UFH in hospitals, monitoring UFH with heparin levels has been shown to reduce both the number of monitoring tests and the time to a therapeutic range.Objectives: To compare outcomes in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with weight-based UFH monitored with anti-Xa concentrations versus aPTT.Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed in patients admitted with high-risk ACS and compared to the UFH arm of the SYNERGY trial. The primary outcome included the clinical endpoint of all-cause death or non-fatal myocardial infarction until time of hospital discharge. Safety endpoints evaluated included incidence of ...
Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Modulates Endothelial Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM)-1 Expression via Differential Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

Circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) from hypertriglyceridemic subjects exacerbate endothelial inflammation and promote monocyte infiltration into the arterial wall. We have recently reported that TGRL isolated from human blood after a high-fat meal can elicit a pro- or anti-atherogenic state in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), defined as up- or down-regulation of VCAM-1 expression in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) stimulation, respectively. A direct correlation was found between subjects categorized at higher risk for cardiovascular disease based upon serum triglycerides and postprandial production of TGRL particles that increased VCAM-1-dependent monocyte adhesion to inflamed endothelium. To establish how TGRL metabolism is linked to VCAM-1 regulation, we examined endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Regardless of its atherogenicity, the rate and extent of TGRL internalization and lipid droplet formation by HAEC were uniform. However, pro-atherogenic TGRL exacerbated ER membrane expansion and stress following TNFα stimulation, whereas anti-atherogenic TGRL ameliorated such effects. Inhibition of ER stress with a chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid decreased TNFα-induced VCAM-1 expression and abrogated TGRL's atherogenic effect. Activation of ER stress sensors PKR-like ER-regulated kinase (PERK) and inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), and downstream effectors including eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (sXBP1) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), directly correlated with the atherogenic activity of an individual's TGRL. Modulation of ER stress sensors also correlated with changes in expression of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), a transcription factor of Vcam-1 responsible for regulation of its expression. Moreover, knockdown studies using siRNA defined a causal relationship between the PERK/eIF2α/CHOP pathway and IRF-1-mediated VCAM-1 expression. We conclude that ER stress and the UPR contribute to the regulation of Vcam-1 transcription as a function of the atherogenic nature of TGRL.
Electrocardiographic changes in relation to tolerance of sustained anoxemic anoxia in dogs

Abstract 1.1. A simple form of rebreathing spirometer is described which is suitable for varying the rate of oxygen reduction (rate of simulated ascent) and for maintaining the ultimate percentage of oxygen breathed (theoretical attained altitude). 2.2. Dogs anesthetized with sodium barbital vary greatly in their resistance to sustained anoxia, and can definitely be placed in tolerant and nontolerant groups as regards the "altitude" and duration of exposure which they can endure. 3.3. Differences in responses in the two groups were not marked during the period of "ascent," except that the nontolerant group did not seem to increase their respiratory minute volume as early. 4.4. During sustained anoxia and until the sudden crisis, tolerant dogs showed acceleration of the heart, an essentially normal mean arterial pressure, a reduction in amplitude of the QRS deflection in all leads, and slight decreases in the duration of the P-R interval, QRS deflection, and electrical systole. On returning the animals to atmospheric air after the crisis, there was good but rarely complete recovery in blood pressure, but after six to twelve hours most of the dogs passed slowly into a state of circulatory failure. In this kind of circulatory failure there was no evidence in the electrocardiograms that failure of the myocardium was concerned. 5.5. Nontolerant dogs, even when maintained at lesser degrees of anoxia or for shorter periods, generally showed less increase in minute respiratory volume and a gradual decline of mean pressure during the sustained low-oxygen period. In addition to the changes shown by tolerant animals, the electrocardiogram often showed marked splintering of QRS in several leads (usually Leads II and III), elevation of the S-T segment, and/or increase in the T wave, which often equaled that of R. These changes were reduced and often abolished on returning the animals to atmospheric air. 6.6. Although the circulatory failure which followed exposure of dogs to sustained anoxia was apparently due to peripheral circulatory factors, the changes in the electrocardiogram were sufficiently conspicuous to suggest strongly that the response of the myocardium during exposure is an important factor in determining tolerance to sustained anoxia.
5,7,8,10,11,13,14,16-Octa-hydro-6,15-(ethanoxyethanoxyethano)-1,4:17,20-dietheno[9,12,6,15]benzodioxadiaza-cyclo-docosine.

The title compound, C32H40N2O4, is a 1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 cryptand with an o-terphenyl bridge. In the polyether ring, two adjacent –CH2– groups are disordered with very nearly equal populations of two conformers. The ordered bond lengths are normal, with average C—C = 1.511 (3) A, C—O = 1.421 (3) A, and C—N = 1.466 (4) A. The r.m.s. deviations of the three rings of the terphenyl bridge vary from 0.007 to 0.009 A and the two rings ortho to one another are twisted by 50.75 (5) and 47.76 (4)° with respect to the third ring. The N⋯N distance is 5.408 (1) A.
Eye-contact graphs.

The structure of nonverbal communication expressed as eye-contact between two human beings is analyzed using graph-theoretic tools involving a theorem of Konig on bipartite graphs and various results concerning directed graphs (as in Harary). A taxonomy for possible eye-contact configurations is constructed; then a theory, formed from a sequence of theorems proved about classes of eye-contact graphs derived from the taxonomy, is interpreted to analyze possible levels of communication. This theory can apply to any living system but it is interpreted here with respect to human subsystems composed of (1) individuals with normal vision, and (2) individuals with vision disorders which lead to crossed eyes.
Unidimensional Calibrations and Interpretations of Composite Traits for Multidimensional Tests

A two-stage process that considers the multi dimensionality of tests under the framework of unidimensional item response theory (IRT) is described and evaluated. In the first stage, items are clust...
CORRELATES OF JEALOUS BEHAVIORS

A total of 185 undergraduates who had dating partners completed a number of measures on relationship characteristics and jealousy. Analysis showed that insecurity was significantly related to both ...
Better nutrient data improves public health: evidence and examples from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial

This keynote address opened the 26th National Nutrient Database Conference which had as its mission to look at the whole concept of Food Composition Databases: Important Tools for Improving Public Health. The specific purpose of this presentation was to present findings from a successful randomized clinical trial funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the United States to illustrate the integral use of a computerized nutrient database to generate the nutrient profile of the diets. These diets were subsequently chemically analyzed to verify the nutrient content. Obviously, the importance of quality food composition data, combined with the ease of use of the nutrient database software, lead to a timely execution of the study with reliable and accurate menus. Thus, this review focuses on the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial in illustrating how quality data and databases that contain that data can have implications on diet and health interactions. This paper provides an occasion to exemplify the value of better nutrient data and tools that can positively affect public health.
Diabetic Diet Compliance: Student Dietitians Reverse Roles:

Eleven student dietitians attempted to comply with a calorie-controlled, diabetic diet for 1 week. Pre- and posttest questionnaires, as well as food diaries, were used to assess projected versus actual compliance, obstacles to adherence, and thoughts and feelings about following a prescribed medical regimen. Scores of deviation from the meal plan and food exchanges were calculated to describe dietary compliance. Only one student indicated she was able to adhere to the diet for the entire week. Twenty-seven percent of the students complied with their meal plan 90 % of the time. All students felt they would be more empathetic in their relationships with patients and involve patients to a greater extent in planning their diets.
Processing of harmonics in the lateral belt of macaque auditory cortex

Many speech sounds and animal vocalizations contain components, referred to as complex tones, that consist of a fundamental frequency (F0) and higher harmonics. In this study we examined single-unit activity recorded in the core (A1) and lateral belt (LB) areas of auditory cortex in two rhesus monkeys as they listened to pure tones and pitch-shifted conspecific vocalizations (‘coos’). The latter consisted of complex-tone segments in which F0 was matched to a corresponding pure-tone stimulus. In both animals, neuronal latencies to pure-tone stimuli at the best frequency (BF) were ~10 to 15 ms longer in LB than in A1. This might be expected, since LB is considered to be at a hierarchically higher level than A1. On the other hand, the latency of LB responses to coos was ~10 to 20 ms shorter than to the corresponding pure-tone BF, suggesting facilitation in LB by the harmonics. This latency reduction by coos was not observed in A1, resulting in similar coo latencies in A1 and LB. Multi-peaked neurons were present in both A1 and LB; however, harmonically-related peaks were observed in LB for both early and late response components, whereas in A1 they were observed only for late components. Our results suggest that harmonic features, such as relationships between specific frequency intervals of communication calls, are processed at relatively early stages of the auditory cortical pathway, but preferentially in LB.
Ultraviolet stabilizing monomers and polymers. II. Synthesis and polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate derivatives of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone†

In the addition of stabilizing agents to plastic materials, problems such as incompatibility, migration, volatility, and/or solvent extraction of the additive frequently arise. With a view toward overcoming such problems in the use of ultraviolet absorbing stabilizers, acrylate and methacrylate derivatives containing the 2-hydroxy-4-alkoxybenzophenone moiety have been synthesized. The ultraviolet absorbing monomers were synthesized by reaction of 2, 4-dihydroxybenzophenone with glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate. They were homopolymerized and blended with poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate). They were also copolymerized with the corresponding monomers. The polymer blends and copolymers were investigated for ultraviolet stability versus corresponding controls. Effective ultraviolet stabilization was observed. Differences in the stability of some blends as compared to corresponding copolymers is thought to be due to incompatibility.
A Nurse’s Perspective on Arthritis in Older Adults

I was pleased to read the article by Hootman et al.1 I currently work as a nurse case manager with a community-based alternative program in Texas and have worked as a nurse since 1993. My experience ranges from intensive-care units to occupational health to case management. Throughout my career, I have come across many older adults disabled and disfigured from arthritis. I hope the recognition the authors gave to the disease will encourage a more heightened awareness for rapid diagnosis and treatment, and I would like to share a few suggestions of my own. As Hootman et al. noted, educating health care professionals and encouraging the use of available treatments within the narrow window of opportunity are vital steps in combating the harmful effects of the disease.1 To increase both awareness and knowledge of arthritis, the initiative has to be expansive, and health care providers must feel obliged to support, especially considering the striking evidence the authors present—8.6 million US adults were disabled because of arthritis.1 This is dramatic, considering there were only 2 million disabled from diabetes and 2.2 million from respiratory problems. I would like to suggest that arthritis be placed among the top health care initiatives. Instead of only targeting diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, we should also target arthritis. All health care providers should be strongly encouraged to follow these evidence-based guidelines. Additionally, Hill and Hale found that rheumatology nursing clinics produced better outcomes when providing care to rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with medical clinics staffed by junior physicians.2 The patients were more knowledgeable about the disease and more satisfied with their treatment. Because of this heightened awareness, there was decreased anxiety, depression, soreness, and rigidity. Nurses also took more time to explain the disease and thus developed an alliance with the patient.2 This study demonstrated that patients can be effectively treated by specialty nurses. I value the contribution that nursing leaders can make to address this public health need and value the evidence provided.
In Situ Data Provenance Capture in Spreadsheets

The capture of data provenance is a fundamentally important task in eScience. While provenance can be captured using techniques such as scientific workflows, typically these techniques do not trace internal data manipulations that occur within off-the-shelf analysis tools. Yet it is still essential to capture data provenance within such environments. This paper discusses an in situ provenance approach for spreadsheet data in MS Excel, a commonly used analysis environment among scientists. We describe the design and implementation of an Excel tool that captures provenance unobtrusively in the background, allows for user annotations, provides undo/redo functionality at various levels of task granularity, and presents the captured provenance in an accessible format to support a range of provenance queries for analysis. We also present several motivating use case scenarios and a user evaluation which suggests that our approach is both efficient and useful to scientists.
Examining mindfulness and psychological inflexibility within the framework of Big Five personality

Psychological inflexibility and mindfulness represent two constructs that have garnered a great deal of interest in recent years as central components in the conceptualizati on of many new cognitive and behavioral therapies. Nonetheless, though theoretically related, relatively little is known regarding asso- ciations between these two constructs and consensus models of trait personality such as the Big Five. The current study therefore aimed to more fully elucidate association s among these three domains within a relatively large, diverse undergradua te sample (N = 429). Mindfulness was negatively associated with Neuroticism and positivel y associated with Conscientiousne ss while psychological inflexibility was pos- itively associated with Neuroticism and negatively associated with Conscientiousness. Further, while Conscientiousness evidenced the strongest contribution to mindfulness, Neuroticism evidenced the strongest contribution to psychological inflexibility. Better elucidating how psychological inflexibility and mindfulness differentially relate to Big Five personality traits expands the nomological network sur- rounding these constructs and begins to reveal common processes underlying psychopathology and health behaviors.
Functionalized Congener Approach to the Design of Ligands for G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

Functionalized congeners, in which a chemically functionalized chain is incorporated at an insensitive site on a pharmacophore, have been designed from the agonist and antagonist ligands of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These chain extensions enable a conjugation strategy for detecting and characterizing GPCR structure and function and pharmacological modulation. The focus in many studies of functionalized congeners has been on two families of GPCRs: those responding to extracellular purines and pyrimidines—i.e., adenosine receptors (ARs) and P2Y nucleotide receptors. Functionalized congeners of small molecule as ligands for other GPCRs and non-G protein coupled receptors have also been designed. For example, among biogenic amine neurotransmitter receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists and adrenergic receptor ligands have been studied with a functionalized congener approach. Adenosine A1, A2A, and A3 receptor functionalized congeners have yielded macromolecular conjugates, ...
Multinode Acoustic Focusing for Parallel Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry can simultaneously measure and analyze multiple properties of single cells or particles with high sensitivity and precision. Yet, conventional flow cytometers have fundamental limitations with regards to analyzing particles larger than about 70 microns, analyzing at flow rates greater than a few hundred microliters per minute, and providing analysis rates greater than 50,000 per second. To overcome these limits, we have developed multi-node acoustic focusing flow cells that can position particles (as small as a red blood cell and as large as 107 microns in diameter) into as many as 37 parallel flow streams. We demonstrate the potential of such flow cells for the development of high throughput, parallel flow cytometers by precision focusing of flow cytometry alignment microspheres, red blood cells, and the analysis of CD4+ cellular immunophenotyping assay. This approach will have significant impact towards the creation of high throughput flow cytometers for rare cell detection applications (e.g. circulating tumor cells), applications requiring large particle analysis, and high volume flow cytometry.
Localization and persistence of toxoplasma in tissues of experimentally infected white rats.

SummaryIntraperitoneal inoculation of toxoplasma into rats yielded the following data. Organisms were shown to be present in the blood 4 hours after inoculation and daily thereafter for the next week. The maximal concentration was reached between the fourth and fifth days. Organisms were found sporadically during the next few weeks. Parasites were present in small numbers in the liver, spleen and lungs at 4 hours but were more regularly found after that for 7 days in the liver, 9 days in the spleen and 11 days in the lungs. They were less regularly found after these periods of time for 10 weeks in the liver and lungs and for 2 weeks in the spleen. Toxoplasma appeared in the brain at 4 days and were uniformly present thereafter for a period of 2 years, which was the longest interval of time that the tissue was examined. Intraperitoneal inoculation of rats is a convenient method to maintain the parasites indefinitely.
L-Aspartate semialdehyde and a 6-deoxy-5-ketohexose 1-phosphate are the precursors to the aromatic amino acids in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii.

No orthologs are present in the genomes of the archaea encoding genes for the first two steps in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids leading to 3-dehydroquinate (DHQ). The absence of these genes prompted me to examine the nature of the reactions involved in the archaeal pathway leading to DHQ in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Here I report that 6-deoxy-5-ketofructose 1-phosphate and l-aspartate semialdehyde are precursors to DHQ. The sugar, which is derived from glucose 6-P, supplies a “hydroxyacetone” fragment, which, via a transaldolase reaction, undergoes an aldol condensation with the l-aspartate semialdehyde to form 2-amino-3,7-dideoxy-d-threo-hept-6-ulosonic acid. Despite the fact that both hydroxyacetone and hydroxyacetone-P were measured in the cell extracts and confirmed to arise from glucose 6-P, neither compound was found to serve as a precursor to DHQ. This amino sugar then undergoes a NAD dependent oxidative deamination to produce 3,7-dideoxy-d-threo-hept-2,6-diulosonic acid which cy...
Cellular Analysis of Disorazole C1 and Structure–Activity Relationship of Analogs of the Natural Product

Structure–activity analyses of synthetic disorazole C1 and eight of its analogs indicate that the presence of a vinyl oxirane moiety or a tetraene sequence is not necessary for potent cytotoxic and antimitotic properties. Using an automated multiparameter fluorescence-based cellular assay to simultaneously probe the effects of disorazole analogs on cellular microtubules, mitotic arrest, and cytotoxicity, we found that disorazole C1 enhanced the mitotic index and chromatin condensation and arrested cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. All structural analogs and synthesis precursors of disorazole C1 were at least two orders of magnitude less potent than the parent compound, thus indicating that both the functional group array and the three-dimensional conformation of the parent compound are critical for interaction with the biological target. We conclude that disorazole C1 is a potent inducer of mitotic arrest and hypothesize that this biological activity may be mediated by microtubule perturbation.
Childhood asthma and human leukocyte antigen type.

Little is known about the relationship between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes and family history of asthma or atopy in relation to the incidence of childhood asthma. The objective of the study was to determine whether specific HLA class II genes (e.g., DRB1*03) are associated with asthma and whether such association explains the influences of family history of asthma or atopy on asthma incidence. A stratified random sample of 340 children who had HLA data available from the Rochester Family Measles Study cohort (n= 876) and a convenience sample of healthy children aged 5–12 years were the participants. We conducted comprehensive medical record reviews to determine asthma status of these children. The associations between the presence of specific HLA alleles and development of asthma and the role of family history of asthma or atopy in the association were evaluated by fitting Cox models. The cumulative incidence of asthma by 12 years of age among children who carry HLA DRB1*03 was 33%, compared to 24.2% among those who did not carry this allele. Adjusting for family history of asthma or atopy, gender, low birth weight, season of birth, HLA DRB1*04, and HLA DQB1*0302, the hazards ratio for HLA DRB1*03 carriers was 1.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.9, P= 0.020). We concluded that the HLA DRB1*03 allele is associated with asthma. However, the HLA class II gene does not explain the influences of family history of asthma or atopy on development of asthma. The mechanism underlying the association between asthma and HLA genes needs to be elucidated.
Synthesis of poly(alkyl/arylphosphazene)s with ester substituents

Abstract A series of polyphosphazenes with ester side groups was prepared from a derivative of poly(methyl-phenylphosphazene) that contained alcohol functional groups. The synthesis involved treatment of [Ph(Me)P = N]2(Ph[Me2C(OH)CH2]P = N)n with acid chlorides, RC(=O)Cl, where R = (CH2)nCH3 (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14) in the presence of triethylamine. These new polymers were characterized by 1H, 13C and 31P n.m.r. spectroscopy, i.r. spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and thermal analysis (d.s.c. and t.g.a.). The systematic dependence of the glass transition temperatures of these new polymers on the number of methylene groups is discussed.
Stochastic modeling of dynamic effects of copy number alterations upon gene expression levels

DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) are known to be related to genetic diseases, including cancer. Our previous study proposed a stochastic model to investigate the relationship between copy number and gene expression values. The simulation results revealed that the relationship is not generally linear except when the ratio of transcription factor (TF) arrival rate to TF departure rate is large. However, only a transcription productive (ON) state was considered in the previous study. Under certain environmental conditions, the demand for mRNA is limited and hence the transcription is turned off and strictly regulated. In this study, an alternative (OFF) state of transcription is proposed, in which, bound TFs are assumed to be shut down, or unloaded, immediately after stimulating a transcription. Using the Laplace-Stieltjes transform and numerical analysis, the relationship between DNA copy number and gene expression level is evaluated. The stochastic models show that CNAs would potentially alter, or even reverse, the amplitude changes of gene expression levels between the productive (ON) state and the alternative (OFF) state.
Estimating the Benefits of Contractual Completeness

I provide a revealed-preference-based framework that uses covenant prices and choices to quantitatively study how covenants generate firm benefits by completing debt contracts. I use a rational-expectations-based panel estimator of covenant prices, which does not require quasi-experimental variation, to circumvent the problem of endogenous covenant choices. I find that firms' surpluses exceed the spread paid on a loan. Leverage and interest-rate covenants produce the largest benefits, lending quantitative credence to several standard theories of covenants. Once covenants are chosen, the benefits from fine-tuning them are small, thus rationalizing "boilerplate" covenants. I conclude by discussing the extensions and limitations of my method. The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
Adverse Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Renal Function

Excerpt A number of clinical conditions, including congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal insufficiency, require local synthesis of vasodilating prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion (...
Novel microfabrication approaches for directly patterning PEM fuel cell membranes

We have successfully developed miniature hydrogen-air proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (FC) on silicon and poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) base substrates using conventional and non-conventional microfabrication technologies. Prototype base substrates were fabricated by using well-known micromachining technologies, such as photolithography, deep reactive ion etching, and soft lithography. Sputtering, a physical vapor deposition method, was used to deposit catalysts and electrodes directly on the surface of the Nafion PEM. This paper describes the novel microfabrication approaches employed to selectively deposit electrodes and catalyst materials on the membrane with improved morphology and structure of electrodes. The aim was to reduce precious metal catalyst loadings, ohmic (iR) losses, and to improve structural support for the thin-film FC with concurrent reduction in fabrication complexity.