cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards power optimized kalman filter for gait assessment using wearable sensors

Systems with wearable and wireless motion sensors have been receiving significant attention in the past few years specifically for the applications of human movement monitoring. One important concern in the design of wearable and wireless motion sensors, also referred to as Body Sensor Networks, is the form factor. A smaller form factor makes the device easily portable and wearable, hence improving users' acceptability. The form factor is usually determined by the size of the battery, which in turn is dependent on the power required by the system and the sensors present in it. Most human movement monitoring applications require inertial sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes. However, the power consumption of a gyroscope is an order of magnitude greater than an accelerometer. In this paper, we examine power savings obtained by turning off the gyroscope for short periods while using Kalman filters to predict the state. The Kalman filter uses previous readings from both accelerometer and gyroscopes for its calculations. Our results show that with this approach, the system can achieve a reasonable reduction in power consumption with an acceptable loss of accuracy.
Post-decomposition assessment of double patterning layouts

Pattern matching methods are examined as fast-CAD tools for full-chip across process window examination of postdecomposition double patterning layouts. The goal is to demonstrate the ability to anticipate lithographic weakness due to many sources. This includes the decomposition strategy itself, OPC of individual sub-layers, focus-exposure process window and illumination. This study is an intermediate step to using fast-CAD assessment tools within pattern decomposition algorithms to guide decisions based on lateral influences instead of rules. The accuracy of the pattern matcher as a method for hot spot detection is investigated, and a model relating coma match factors and edge movement is refined to have an R2 value of 0.95. The validity of the pattern matcher is explored by relating pre-OPC matches to post-OPC matches, and by showing that the lateral influence functions for Z0 and Z3 have high matches at distinct locations, implying that OPC which corrects for one of Z0 and Z3 will not necessarily correct for the other. The pattern matcher is run on a post decomposition layout and locations are identified with high variability under coma, and their sensitivity is verified with aerial image simulations. For one such example, a different split is made and the match factor drops by 55%.
A chloroplast DNA mutational hotspot and gene conversion in a noncoding region near rbcL in the grass family (Poaceae)

The noncoding DNA region of the chloroplast genome, flanked by the genes rbcL and psaI (ORF36), has been sequenced for seven species of the grass family (Poaceae). This region had previously been observed as a hotspot area for length mutations. Sequence comparison reveals that short duplications, probably resulting from slipped-strand mispairing, account for many small length differences between sequences but that major mutational hotspots are localized in three small areas, two of which show potential secondary structure. Mutation in one of these hotspots appears to be a result of more complex recombination events. All seven species contain a pseudogene for rpl23 and evidence is presented that this pseudogene is being maintained by gene conversion with the functional gene. Different transition/transversion biases and AT contents between the pseudogene and the surrounding noncoding sequences are noted. In the subfamily Panicoideae there is a deletion in which almost 1 kb of ancestral sequence, including the 3′ end of the rpl23 pseudogene, has been replaced by a non-homologous 60-base sequence of unknown origin. Two other deletions of almost the same region have occurred in the grass family. The deleted noncoding region has mutational and compositional properties similar to the rbcL coding sequence and the rpl23 pseudogene. The three independent deletions, as well as the pattern of mutation in the localized hotspots, indicate that such noncoding DNA may be misleading for studies of phylogenetic inference.
Not by blood alone: diagnosis of hemangiomas by fine-needle aspiration.

Hemangiomas are common vascular neoplasms which are being radiographically detected and biopsied with increasing frequency during the workup of patients with malignant disease. The increasing confidence of radiologists in biopsying these lesions is in contrast to the reluctance of pathologists to make a specific diagnosis of hemangioma. Eleven cases of hemangioma, from both hepatic and superficial sites, were reviewed and the fine-needle aspirate findings discussed and illustrated. Three-dimensional arcades composed of bland elongated spindle cells or compact dense coils of spindle cells associated with scattered spindle-shaped cells were identified in 10 of 11 cases. In conclusion, recognition of the cellular pattern of hemangiomas combined with the radiologic information can enable a positive diagnosis of hemangioma to be made. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;19:250–254. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Selective fasciculation of nerve fibres in culture

Abstract Small aggregates of embryonic rat retina and perinatal rat sympathetic ganglia were put into culture and allowed to form axonal outgrowths. Neuritic outgrowths from adjacent sympathetic explants grew freely into one another and appeared to form common bundles; neurites from adjacent retinal explants showed a similar pattern of interaction. In contrast, when neurites from retinal and sympathetic explants confronted one another they showed a marked avoidance reaction. This response included the partial retraction of some axons, changes in the direction of their growth and, eventually, the formation of discrete bundles of a single kind of axon. In a second kind of experiment, single-cell preparations from retina and sympathetic ganglia were mixed and allowed to form aggregates. These were put into culture and the distribution of sympathetic fibres within the resulting outgrowth was detected by incubation with radioactive norepinephrine followed by radioautography. It was found that the sympathetic axons segregated from the retinal axons as they grew and formed separate bundles of predominantly one kind of fibre. It is concluded that selective fasciculation of nerve axons can occur in culture and we discuss some possible contributory mechanisms.
Consolidation of the packing material in chromatographic columns under dynamic axial compression. I. Fundamental study

Abstract Packing materials do consolidate progressively inside chromatographic columns. The process is slow. The literature on the phenomenon of soil consolidation is critically reviewed and the concepts relevant to the behavior of sands are applied to conventional packing materials. Preliminary experimental results obtained with irregular-shaped particles are presented to illustrate the concepts introduced by and the conclusions of the literature survey. These results show that the consolidation of packing material in chromatographic columns is a slow process which may sometimes appear to take place as a series of “catastrophic” events. It involves changes in the apparent packing density of the bed which are large enough to account for the formation of large voids at the column inlet, as has been frequently reported by operators of analytical as well as large-size preparative columns.
Through-Thickness Texture Gradients in Rolled Polycrystalline Alloys

A simple and accurate approach to modeling deformation processes that are highly constrained by boundary conditions is presented. The method involves a detailed finite element analysis of the most controlling aspects of the process. Additional analysis of the material states of texture and anisotropy are calculated as deemed necessary. The method is applied to the rolling process with a detailed analysis of the rolling of aluminium sheet. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the roll gap geometry and the transfer of tractions from the roll to the workpiece. The calculated deformation state is then applied to a more detailed calculation of material texture, which tracks the motion of individual crystalites due to macroscopic boundary conditions. The method allows not only a detailed analysis of through thickness texture gradients, but also a detailed description of the boundary conditions and deformation states that cause such textures. The macroscopic anisotropy resulting from such textures is investigated and the use of the method as a process design tool is discussed. Finally, results are compared to experimentally determined through thickness texture gradients in rolled aluminium alloys and details concerning the general roll gap deformation field are discussed.
Comment on “neutron activation analysis of stone from theChadron formation and a Clovis Site on the Great Plains” by Hoard et al. (1992)

Abstract Comments are made on the previously published paper by Hoard et al . (Neutron activation analysis of stone from theChadron Formation and a Clovis Site on the Great Plains, Journal of Archaeological Science 19 , 655–665, 1992). A number of questions and their implications are discussed.
Band engineering of oxygen doped single-walled carbon nanotubes

We have studied the electronic characteristics of chemically modified single-walled carbon nanotubes by oxygen doping using first-principles density-functional calculations. The oxygen doping, a controlled [2 + 1] cycloaddition scheme, is shown to modify the π-conjugation and impact on the near-infrared band gaps. The implications of tailoring the electronic structure of oxygen doped carbon nanomaterials for future device applications are discussed.
A novel instrument aimed at measuring hypertrophic scar formation

Hypertrophic scaring is a condition that can occur after thermal trauma and can lead to loss of function and psyco-social complications. Assessment of the development of a hypertrophic scar currently relies on visual inspection and grading. In this paper we propose a system based on polarized illumination and collection capable of capturing images of scars and quantify their roughness. Models of rough surface roughness are ultimately used to quantify the level of roughness of scarred skin compared to normal skin.
Combating Training-Stress Syndromes

(2002). Combating Training-Stress Syndromes. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 34-38.
Localization of the gene for a syndrome of X-linked skeletal dysplasia and mental retardation to Xq27-qter.

An Indiana family segregating a syndrome of X-linked mental retardation and skeletal anomalies was tested for linkage of the mutant gene to X-chromosome molecular markers. Lod scores of 3.27 and 3.06 (Θ-0) for the molecular probes St14-1 (DXS52) and Dx13 (DXS15), respectively, indicate that the disease gene is located in the terminal portion of Xq.
Uranium in Holocene valley-fill sediments, and uranium, radon, and helium in waters, Lake Tahoe—Carson Range area, Nevada and California, U.S.A.

Uraniferous Holocene sediments occur in the Carson Range of Nevada and California, U.S.A., between Lake Tahoe and Carson Valley. The hosts for the uranium include peat and interbedded organic-rich sand, silt, and mud that underly valley floors, fens, and marshes along stream valleys between the crest of the range and the edge of Lake Tahoe. The known uranium accumulations extend along the Carson Range from the area just southeast of South Lake Tahoe northward to the area just east of Carson City; however, they almost certainly continue beyond the study area to the north, west, and south. Due to the young age of the accumulations, uranium in them is in gross disequilibrium with its highly radioactive daughter products. These accumulations have thus escaped discovery with radiation detection equipment in the past. The uranium content of these sediments approaches 0.6 percent; however, the average is in the range of 300–500 ppm. Waters associated with these sediments locally contain as much as 177 ppb uranium. Modest levels of helium and radon also occur in these waters. Uraniferous waters are clearly entering the private and public water supply systems in some parts of the study area; however, it is not known how much uranium is reaching users of these water supplies. Many of the waters sampled in the study area exceed the published health effects guidance level of the Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory standards for uranium in waters have not been published, however. Much uranium is stored in the sediments along these stream valleys. Estimates for a marsh and a fen along one drainage are 24,000 and 15,000 kg, respectively. The potential effects of man-induced environmental changes on the uranium are uncertain. Laboratory studies of uraniferous sediment rich in organic matter may allow us to evaluate the potential of liberating uranium from such sediments and creating transient increases in the level of uranium moving in water in the natural environment.
Telerobotic system concept for real-time soft-tissue imaging during radiotherapy beam delivery

Purpose: The curative potential of external beam radiation therapy is critically dependent on having the ability to accurately aim radiation beams at intended targets while avoiding surrounding healthy tissues. However, existing technologies are incapable of real-time, volumetric, soft-tissue imaging during radiation beam delivery, when accurate target tracking is most critical. The authors address this challenge in the development and evaluation of a novel, minimally interfering, telerobotic ultrasound (U.S.) imaging system that can be integrated with existing medical linear accelerators (LINACs) for therapy guidance. Methods: A customized human-safe robotic manipulator was designed and built to control the pressure and pitch of an abdominal U.S. transducer while avoiding LINAC gantry collisions. A haptic device was integrated to remotely control the robotic manipulator motion and U.S. image acquisition outside the LINAC room. The ability of the system to continuously maintain high quality prostate images was evaluated in volunteers over extended time periods. Treatment feasibility was assessed by comparing a clinically deployed prostate treatment plan to an alternative plan in which beam directions were restricted to sectors that did not interfere with the transabdominal U.S. transducer. To demonstrate imaging capability concurrent with delivery, robot performance and U.S. target tracking in a phantom were tested with a 15 MV radiation beam active. Results: Remote image acquisition and maintenance of image quality with the haptic interface was successfully demonstrated over 10 min periods in representative treatment setups of volunteers. Furthermore, the robot's ability to maintain a constant probe force and desired pitch angle was unaffected by the LINAC beam. For a representative prostate patient, the dose-volume histogram (DVH) for a plan with restricted sectors remained virtually identical to the DVH of a clinically deployed plan. With reduced margins, as would be enabled by real-time imaging, gross tumor volume coverage was identical while notable reductions of bladder and rectal volumes exposed to large doses were possible. The quality of U.S. images obtained during beam operation was not appreciably degraded by radiofrequency interference and 2D tracking of a phantom object in U.S. images obtained with the beam on/off yielded no significant differences. Conclusions: Remotely controlled robotic U.S. imaging is feasible in the radiotherapy environment and for the first time may offer real-time volumetric soft-tissue guidance concurrent with radiotherapy delivery.
Neural development in an imaginal disc mutant of Drosophila melanogaster

The neural phenotype of an imaginal disc degenerate mutant l(1)d deg-3 was studied in histological sections. The mutant larvae showed severe abnormalities in the imaginal neural development. Gynandromorphs, which are composed of genetically mutant and nonmutant cells, were generated and analyzed as late larvae. The results of mosaic analysis were consistent with l(1)d deg-3 gene acting autonomously in the imaginal disc and imaginal neural cells. The optic lobe development patterns observed in the larval mosaics provided evidence for an eye disc-optic lobe interaction during the late third instar larval stage.
The freeonN-electron procedure and the Hubbard connection

The Hubbard connection correlates Huckel molecular orbital and valence bond states by means of the Hilckel-Hubbard Hamiltonian. The connection is greatly simplified through the use of the freeonN-electron procedure. The present paper reviews the mathematical background for the procedure and shows how it applies to the Hubbard connection. The allyl radical is taken as an example.
Topic Effects on Process Gains and Losses in Electronic Meetings

In the literature of electronic meetings, few studies have investigated the effects of topic-related variables on group processes. This article explores the effects of an individualâ€™s perception of topics on process gains or process losses using a sample of 110 students in 14 electronic meetings. The results of the study showed that topic characteristics variables, individual knowledge, and individual self-efficacy had a significant influence on the number of relevant comments generated in an electronic meeting.
Identification of potential antigenic targets for rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis

Abstract Rat monoclonal antibodies, which have been shown to mediate rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in infant rats, were used in immunochemical analyses to identify the antigens targeted in protection. Protective antibodies bound to gp45, and to a series of related antigens, in the excretory-secretory products of muscle stage larvae. Non-protective antibodies did not bind gp45, but did bind the related species. The latter were shown to be present as aggregates (dimers and multimers) in excretory-secretory products. Protective antibodies bound to all four muscle larvae surface antigens (105, 97, 55, 51 kDa), while non-protective antibodies bound to two species (97 and 51 kDa). In this way, the 97- and 51-kDa surface antigens were shown to be antigenically related to the non-gp45 species in excretory secretory material. Although protective properties of antibodies were found to be linked to gp45 and 105/55-kDa surface antigen binding, additional components in whole larval lysates were also bound by protective but not by nonprotective antibodies. Further definition of the target(s) of rapid expulsion and its related phenomena must await results of protection experiments designed to distinguish between the effects of antibody binding to surface and secreted antigens, including procedures employing purified, non-crossreactive antigens.
Video: Open data kit tables

Mobile devices are integral to the workflows of many organizations working in rural or disconnected contexts. Data is often collected on mobile phones and tablets using tools like Open Data Kit (ODK). However, some of the applications require users to revisit and update previously collected data, necessitating easy viewing of stored data. To make it easier for organizations to create flexible information services, we present ODK Tables, an Android tool that allows users to enter and curate data on mobile devices. Tables leverages web tools to make mobile app creation simple. It provides abstractions to make the process straightforward and allows app designers to access data through a JavaScript API. App designers can create a custom app using only a small number of HTML and JavaScript files. This facilitates the creation of a custom user interface but leaves storage, data management, and synchronization to the framework. The result is a fully featured Android app based on established web-based tools with full support for disconnected operation.
Gettering simulator: physical basis and algorithm

The basic physical principles and mechanisms of gettering of metal impurities in silicon are well established. However, a predictive model of gettering that would enable one to determine what fraction of contaminants will be gettered in a particular process and how the existing process should be modified to optimize gettering is lacking. Predictive gettering of transition metals in silicon requires development of a robust algorithm to model diffusion and precipitation of transition metals in silicon, and material parameters to describe the kinetics of defect reactions and the stable equilibrium state of the formed complexes. This paper describes the algorithm of a gettering simulator, capable of modelling relaxation and segregation gettering of interstitially diffusing transition metal impurities in silicon wafers. The basic physical equations used to model gettering are differential equations for diffusion, precipitation and segregation. These equations are solved using the implicit finite-difference algorithm, based on the underlying physics of the problem. The material parameters required as input for the gettering simulator such as segregation coefficient, precipitation site density and precipitation radius, which need to be obtained experimentally, are briefly discussed.
An empirical examination of the effect of previous internship experience on interviewing success

Abstract A commonly cited advantage of previous internship experience is that it provides the student intern with a comparative advantage over his or her peers in the interviewing process for an accounting-related position after graduation. This research examines the effect of previous internship experience on the students' interviewing success by comparing the interviewing success of student interns and non-interns. After controlling for differences between the characteristics of the two groups of students, previous internship experience has a significant effect only on the probability of receiving an off-campus office visit with a “Big Eight” accounting firm. Therefore, the assertion that previous internship experience enhances the student's chances of achieving success in the interviewing process is not confirmed in all areas of accounting.
Luttinger liquid approach to non-dissipative Coulomb drag: Persistent currents in coupled mesoscopic rings

Abstract We develop a Luttinger liquid theory of the Coulomb drag of persistent currents flowing in concentric mesoscopic rings by incorporating nonlinear corrections to the electron dispersion relation. We demonstrate that at low temperatures, interactions between electrons in different rings generate an additional phase and thus alter the period of Aharonov–Bohm oscillations. The resulting nondissipative drag depends strongly on the relative parity of the electron numbers. We also show that interactions set a new temperature scale below which the linear response theory does not apply at certain values of external flux.
Ultraviolet detectors based on epitaxial ZnO films grown by MOVCD

High-quality zinc oxide (ZnO) films were epitaxially grown on R-plane sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at temperatures in the range of 350°C to 600°C. In-situ nitrogen compensation doping was performed using NH3. Microstructural and optical properties of the films, as well as the N-doping effects, were studied. The metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet sensitive photodetectors were fabricated on N-doped epitaxial ZnO films. The detector showed fast photoresponse, with a rise time of 1 µs and a fall time of 1.5 µs. Low-frequency photoresponsivity, on the order of 400 A/W at 5 V bias, was obtained.
A suffering (but not irreparable) nature: environmental ethics from the perspective of early Buddhism

In the last quarter century, concern for the environment has evolved from the warnings sounded by a few to a globally shared awareness of environmental problems. In the wake of this trend, philosop...
Genomic and receptor attachment differences between mengovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus.

Abstract Antigenically, encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus and Mengovirus cannot be distinguished by hyperimmune sera. Biologically, however, these two viruses are quite different. The D clone of EMC virus produces diabetes, but not encephalitis, whereas our 2T clone of Mengovirus produces a rapidly lethal encephalitis. Moreover, by thermal elution analysis of EMC virus and Mengovirus cDNA-RNA hybrids there was an estimated 20% difference in the nucleotide sequences of these two viruses. Receptor attachment studies revealed that the rate of binding of the neurovirulent Mengovirus was 5 to 10 times greater for neuronal cell lines than was the nonneurovirulent EMC virus. Receptor saturation experiments showed that unlabeled Mengo and EMC viruses effectively blocked the binding of labeled homologous, but not heterologous, virus. It is concluded from these and other studies that Mengo and EMC viruses are related, but distinct viruses that bind to different receptors on the cell surface.
Cyclometalated sensitizers for DSSCs employing cobalt redox shuttles

Abstract Two novel thiocyanate-free heteroleptic ruthenium (II) cyclometalated complexes with long chain hydrophobic groups, [Ru(ppy)(dnbpy)(dcbpy)](PF 6 ) (ss-14) and [Ru(dFppy)(dnbpy)(dcbpy)](PF 6 ) (ss-22) (dnbpy = 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine; dcbpy = 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid; ppy = 2-phenylpyridine; dFppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine) were synthesized, characterized and applied in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using the [Co(dmbpy) 3 ] 2+/3+ (dmbpy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) redox shuttle. The optical and electrochemical properties were compared to that of benchmark DSSC dye Z907 and a previously reported parent cyclometalated complex [Ru(ppy)(bpy)(dcbpy)](PF 6 ) (1d). Functionalization of the bpy ligand with dinonyl groups combined with the addition of electron withdrawing fluorine substituents on the 2-phenylpyridine ligand resulted in enhanced light absorption and longer electron lifetimes compared to 1d, and a sufficiently positive HOMO energy level for regeneration. As a consequence of such sensitizer engineering, an overall power conversion efficiency in excess of 3% with [Co(dmbpy) 3 ] 2+/3+ was achieved.
Postoperative complications are not increased in super-super obese patients who undergo laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

It has been suggested that super-super obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥60 kg/m2) increases the risk of complications after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LapRYGB). We hypothesized that a higher BMI does not increase risk the morbidity or mortality rate. Complication rates for patients with a BMI ≥60 kg/m2 were compared to those for patients with a BMI <60 kg/m2 who underwent LapRYGB during the same time period. Differences between the groups were analyzed by Fisher’s exact test, t-tests, and analysis of variance. Forty-five patients with a BMI ≥60 kg/m2 and 640 patients with a BMI <60 kg/m2 underwent LapRYGB. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the complication or mortality rates. Excess weight loss was less, but actual weight lost was greater in the BMI ≥60 kg/m2 group. The complication and mortality rates are not increased in super-super obese patients who undergo LapRYGB. Acceptable weight loss can be achieved safely in these patients.
SURFACE AND INTERFACE PROPERTIES OF FERROELECTRIC BATIO3 THIN FILMS ON SI USING RUO2 AS AN ELECTRODE

Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films were deposited on Si by rf magnetron sputtering. A conductive oxide, RuO2, was used as the bottom electrode of the capacitors. The performance of the thin film capacitors was found to be a strong function of the surface and interface properties between ferroelectric BaTiO3 and the bottom electrode. A suitable capacitor configuration must be used to preserve the bottom electrode, to enhance the dielectric constant, and to reduce the leakage current density of the films. BaTiO3 thin film on the RuO2/Si substrate, where the BaTiO3 thin film has a bilayer structure of polycrystalline on microcrystalline, showed a dielectric constant of 125 at a frequency of 1 MHz, leakage current density of 10−6 A/cm2 at a field intensity of 2.5 × 105 V/cm, and a breakdown voltage above 106 V/cm.
Fundamental solutions for a class of equations with several singular coefficients

This paper is concerned with a class of singular elliptic partial differential equations related to the operator of Weinstein's generalized axially symmetric potential theory (GASPT) [1, 2] which has numerous applications.
Effects of septal lesions on social attraction in two subspecies of deer mouse

Members of two subspecies of deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) that differ in social gregariousness were given septal lesions and tested for pairwise sociability. Gracilis normally a highly social animal, became even more gregarious following septal damage, while bairdi, which normally shows avoidance of social contact, showed further reductions in sociability. The findings lend no support to a previous suggestion that septal lesions enhance sociability generally across species; instead, they suggest that reported increases in social contact in lesioned animals are a secondary consequence of the lesion’s tendency to enhance predominant behavior patterns.
Dancing with a Giant: The Effect of Wal-Mart's Entry into the United Kingdom on the Performance of European Retailers

Abstract The authors examine the value-destroying and value-enhancing effects of a giant player's foreign entry on incumbents operating in that region. They use Wal-Mart's entry into the United Kingdom, through its acquisition of Asda, as the empirical context. Drawing on the marketing, strategy, and finance literature streams, the authors develop hypotheses as to why some incumbents are negatively affected whereas others actually may benefit from the entry of a giant competitor. Their measure of performance impact is the change in shareholder value around the announcement date, which has recently been recognized as an important metric to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing actions. The authors find strong support for the conceptual model, which distinguishes between the seriousness of the threat to the incumbents and their capacity to withstand the threat. The authors validate their findings using three alternative measures of company performance: percentage growth in the incumbent retailer's sales, ...
Bio-CAD modeling and its applications in computer-aided tissue engineering

CAD has been traditionally used to assist in engineering design and modeling for representation, analysis and manufacturing. Advances in Information Technology and in Biomedicine have created new uses for CAD with many novel and important biomedical applications, particularly tissue engineering in which CAD based bio-tissue informatics model provides critical information of tissue biological, biophysical, and biochemical properties for modeling, design, and fabrication of complex tissue substitutes. This paper will present some salient advances of bio-CAD modeling and application in computer-aided tissue engineering, including biomimetic design, analysis, simulation and freeform fabrication of tissue engineered substitutes. Overview of computer-aided tissue engineering will be given. Methodology to generate bio-CAD models from high resolution non-invasive imaging, the medical imaging process and the 3D reconstruction technique will be described. Enabling state-of-the-art computer software in assisting 3D reconstruction and in bio-modeling development will be introduced. Utilization of the bio-CAD model for the description and representation of the morphology, heterogeneity, and organizational structure of tissue anatomy, and the generation of bio-blueprint modeling will also be presented.
Spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging

Fluorescence endoscopy is a new technique that allows a better detection of nonvisible or difficult to detect malignant or premalignant lesions. Exogenously applied sensitizers accumulate selectively in malignant lesions and induce fluorescence after illumination with light of adequate wavelength. However, endogenous fluorophores, which are differentially present in malignant and benign lesions, produce different autofluorescence in these lesions. Tissue fluorescence can be detected by optical sampling of the mucosa with fluorescence spectroscopy or by generating real-time fluorescence images with specialized camera systems. Compared to point fluorescence spectroscopy (see article by Wildi and Wallace, this issue) fluorescence imaging enables the screening of large surface areas of the mucosa. Meanwhile, fluorescence endoscopy is a widely used technique in urology using 5-aminolevulinic acid sensitization. In gastroenterology, this technique seems promising in the detection of early cancers or dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus or ulcerative colitis.
What we have learned: RC28's contributions to knowledge about social stratification

Abstract After 55 years of research on social stratification and mobility, we take stock of RC28's contributions to knowledge. Our review identifies 19 empirical generalizations and several orienting themes. Some of the items come from an open discussion of the state of the research committee at the World Congress in 2002. Others reflect our own reading of the literature. The generalizations span the fields of interest within the research committee, including individual life chances, classification and scoring of social positions, education, state and labor market processes, and family structure. The orienting themes are for the most part overly simple, but they are powerful and useful images that orient research and have, to this point, contributed to the research committee's productivity.
Looking Out for Number One: Euphemism and Face

Communicators have two possible motives for referring to a distasteful topic euphemistically: to minimize threat to the addressee's face and to minimize threat to their own. The experiment reported here investigated the influence of these interrelated but distinct face motives on euphemism use. Participants described a series of photographs, one of which depicted a distasteful stimulus (e.g., dog urine), in electronic messages they sent to a fictitious remotely located recipient. Some participants were led to believe they would meet the recipient at the experiment's conclusion, whereas others believed they would not meet and therefore remain anonymous to the recipient. Euphemisms were used to describe the distasteful stimuli more frequently among participants who believed their identities would be disclosed to the recipient. These results suggest that communicators are inclined to use euphemisms more for self-presentational purposes than out of concern for their addressees' sensibilities.
Group and organizational learning curves: Individual, system and environmental components

This paper reviews evidence on group and organizational learning curves and examines whether there is evidence for the presence of a system learning curve at the level of the group or organization that is distinct from the learning curves of individual members. The extent to which group or organizational learning curves can be explained by learning from the experience of other groups or organizations in the focal unit's environment is also examined. Properties of group and organizational learning curves are described.
Associations of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids and fish intake with endometrial cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort

Background: Inflammation plays an important role in endometrial cancer etiology. Long-chain ω-3 (n−3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), derived from marine sources, are thought to be antiinflammatory; however, several studies of fish consumption suggest an increase in risk. Objective: This study examined whether intakes of long-chain ω-3 PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5ω-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω-3), from diet and supplements and intake of fish are associated with endometrial cancer risk. Design: Between 2000 and 2002, 22,494 women aged 50–76 y, living in western Washington State, were recruited to the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort study. Incident endometrial cancers (n = 263) were identified through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry after 9 y of follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for the association of intakes of individual long-chain ω-3 PUFAs and fish with endometrial cancer risk were estimated by using Cox proportional hazards. Results: Women in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of dietary EPA + DHA intake had a 79% increased risk of endometrial cancer (95% CI: 16%, 175%; P-trend = 0.026). Results were similar for EPA and DHA measured individually and for fish intake. When data were stratified by body mass index (in kg/m2; <25 or ≥25), increases in risk of long-chain ω-3 PUFAs were restricted to overweight and obese women, and statistically significant reductions in risk were observed for normal-weight women. Conclusions: The overall increased risk reported here confirms the findings of several prior observational studies of fish intake, which observed similar increases in risk. Randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Adaptation of a fast Fourier transform-based docking algorithm for protein design.

Designing proteins with novel protein/protein binding properties can be achieved by combining the tools that have been developed independently for protein docking and protein design. We describe here the sequence-independent generation of protein dimer orientations by protein docking for use as scaffolds in protein sequence design algorithms. To dock monomers into sequence-independent dimer conformations, we use a reduced representation in which the side chains are approximated by spheres with atomic radii derived from known C2 symmetry-related homodimers. The interfaces of C2-related homodimers are usually more hydrophobic and protein core-like than the interfaces of heterodimers; we parameterize the radii for docking against this feature to capture and recreate the spatial characteristics of a hydrophobic interface. A fast Fourier transform-based geometric recognition algorithm is used for docking the reduced representation protein models. The resulting docking algorithm successfully predicted the wild-type homodimer orientations in 65 out of 121 dimer test cases. The success rate increases to ~70% for the subset of molecules with large surface area burial in the interface relative to their chain length. Forty-five of the predictions exhibited less than 1 A C_α RMSD compared to the native X-ray structures. The reduced protein representation therefore appears to be a reasonable approximation and can be used to position protein backbones in plausible orientations for homodimer design.
Theoretical study of the kinetics of the reactions Se + O2 --> Se + O and As + HCl --> AsCl + H.

Selenium and arsenic reactions believed to take place in the flue gases of coal combustion facilities were investigated. Prior theoretical work involving various As and Se species was completed using DFT and a broad range of ab initio methods. Building upon that work, the present study is a determination of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the reactions, Se + O{sub 2} {yields} SeO + O and As + HCl {yields} AsCl + H at the CCSD/RCEP28VDZ and QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df, 3pd) levels of theory, respectively. Transition state theory was used in determining the kinetic rate constants along with collision theory as a means of comparison. The calculated K{sub eq} values are compared to experimental data, where available.
The Prosecution of Human Rights Violations

This article analyzes the central arguments and findings of “transitional justice,” the study of how incoming rulers address the human rights abuses of outgoing regimes. A scholarly consensus suggests the balance of political power matters most for explanations of transitional justice decision making. However, other important influences include international factors and the passage of time combined with democratic governance and/or emotions. Our review finds no consensus on the efficacy of transitional justice measures, in part because few studies currently exist. However, existing studies suggest that trials and truth commissions neither destabilize democracy nor foster animosity, respectively. Finally, this article considers whether restricting the study of transitional justice to third-wave democracies is appropriate in light of recent developments in long-established democracies.
Treatment of asymmetric SANS data

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a useful technique for investigating the anisotropy of density fluctuations when these have single orientation direction. The commonly used method for treating asymmetric SANS data is to analyze sectors of data parallel and perpendicular to the orientation axis. Other methods based on the use of all the available two-dimensional (2D) data are discussed. These consist in least-squares fitting of the 2D data to models that include nonuniform deformations of the sample. An inverse 2D Fourier transform of the raw data has also been used to obtain an asymmetric pair correlation function. A hot stretched partially deuterated homopolymer and a stretched microphase segregated rubbery random copolymer system are used as examples of anisotropic scatterers.
Cytidine Triphosphate Synthetase Activity in Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Cytidine triphosphate synthetase (CTP synthetase) activity was measured in extracts from normal and malignant lymphoid cells. A range of enzyme activities was found in the majority of the lymphoproliferative disorders examined, with acute lymphocytic leukemia, nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, and diffuse histiocytic (large cell) lymphoma (DHL) types exhibiting the widest ranges. The highest levels occurred in acute lymphocytic leukemia, nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma transforming to DHL, and DHL. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia and diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, a narrow range was encountered, with individual values falling within that of the controls. The highest CTP synthetase levels in Hodgkin's disease were found in the clinically aggressive lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease. Statistically significant differences were found between the distributions of CTP synthetase activities in acute lymphocytic leukemia and the chronic leukemias (p < 0.01) and between favorable histological types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (dif fuse well-differentiated, nodular poorly differentiated, and dif fuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma) and the un favorable DHL category (p < 0.05). It is suggested that CTP synthetase activity is a biochemical marker of the clinical aggressiveness of malignant lymphoma. There was not a close correlation (r2 = 0.52) between CTP synthetase and thymidine kinase activities, indicating that other biological factors in ad dition to cell proliferative rate influence the intracellular CTP synthetase level. Furthermore, in view of the heterogeneity of CTP synthetase activity in leukemia and lymphoma, it is likely that the preexisting enzyme level will be an important determi nant of the efficacy of the investigational antileukemic agent 3deazauridine, which is thought to act by inhibiting CTP synthe tase.
A critical synthesis of thermophysical characteristics of nanofluids

A critical synthesis of the variants within the thermophysical properties of nanofluids is presented in this work. The experimental results for the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity reported by several authors are in disagreement. Theoretical and experimental studies are essential to clarify the discrepancies in the results and in proper understanding of heat transfer enhancement characteristics of nanofluids. At room temperature, it is illustrated that the results of the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids can be estimated using the classical equations at low volume fractions. However, the classical models fail to estimate the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids at various temperatures. This study shows that it is not clear which analytical model should be used to describe the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Additional theoretical and experimental research studies are required to clarify the mechanisms responsible for heat transfer enhancement in nanofluids. Correlations for effective thermal conductivity and viscosity are synthesized and developed in this study in terms of pertinent physical parameters based on the reported experimental data.
A new motion-compensated reduced-order model Kalman filter for space-varying restoration of progressive and interlaced video

We propose a new approach for motion-compensated, reduced order model Kalman filtering for restoration of progressive and interlaced video. In the case of interlaced inputs, the proposed filter also performs deinterlacing. In contrast to the literature, both motion-compensation and reduced-order state modeling are achieved by augmenting the observation equation, as opposed to modifying the state-transition equation. The proposed modeling, which includes the two-dimensional (2-D) reduced order model Kalman filtering (ROMKF) of Angwin and Kaufman (1989) as a special case, results in significant performance improvement in fixed-lag Kalman filtering of space-varying blurred images. This is demonstrated by experimental results.
Contribution of histidine-rich glycoprotein in clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic cells: Implications for ameliorating autoimmune diseases

The molecular mechanisms that protect against the harmful properties of immune complexes and dying cells are not well understood. This review focuses on newly discovered mechanisms for the disposal of immune complexes and apoptotic cells by histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG). Since HRG is abundantly synthesized by the liver and released into the blood stream at basal levels, it is readily available to engage in the removal of circulating modified self (e.g. apoptotic cells) and non-self (e.g. immune complexes) antigens, whereas other known mechanisms, such as the complement system, require pre-activation and are often accompanied by phlogistic events. These findings suggest clearance mechanism hierarchies. Through its interactions with naked DNA and immune complexes, HRG may mask epitopes recognized by autoantibody-producing B cells (e.g. rheumatoid factors and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies). The latter property may regulate adaptive immune system activation and has important implications for the involvement of HRG in ameliorating autoimmune reactions. Properties of HRG and possible protective actions of HRG-dependent clearance mechanisms are discussed.
Budget Rules and State Business Cycles

Levinson (1998) finds that large states with lenient balanced budget rules experience less cyclical variability. He concludes that state fiscal policy works. However, Levinson's finding is not robust to alternative methods of detrending the data. In addition, the 1984 Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) analysis of state budget rules used by Levinson (and other researchers) is of questionable merit. Reestimation of Levinson's regressions using budget rule classifications in a U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) study reverses his result. The results from this study suggest that existing empirical work using the ACIR index should be revisited.