cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ignorable coordinates in the ideal resonance problem

If a dynamical system ofN degrees of freedom is reduced to the Ideal Resonance Problem, the Hamiltonian takes the form $$F = B(y) + 2\mu ^2 A(y)\sin ^2 x_1 , \mu<< 1.$$ Herey is the momentum-vectory k withk=1, 2,...,N, andx 1 is thecritical argument. A first-orderglobal solution,x 1(t) andy 1(t), for theactive variables of the problem, has been given in Garfinkelet al. (1971). Sincex k fork>1 are ignorable coordinates, it follows that $$y_\kappa = const., k > 1.$$ The solution is completed here by the construction of the functionsx k(t) fork>1, derivable from the new HamiltonianF′(y′) and the generatorS(x, y′) of the von Zeipel canonical transformation used in the cited paper. The solution is subject to thenormality condition, derived in a previous paper fork=1, and extended here to 2≤k≤N. It is shown that the condition is satisfied in the problem of the critical inclination provided it is satisfied fork=1.
Involvement of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in regulating cellular levels of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and its methyl metabolites ☆ ☆☆

Abstract (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol of green tea, has many interesting biological activities. The uptake of EGCG and involvement of specific efflux pumps were studied in MDCKII cells transfected with hPgp, hMRP1, and hMRP2 genes. Total cell associated [3H]EGCG increased 7-fold in the presence of the MRP inhibitors, indomethacin and probenecid, in MDCKII/MRP1 cells, compared to a 2-fold increase in wild-type cells. Intracellular levels of EGCG, 4′′-O-methyl EGCG, and 4′,4′′-di-O-methyl EGCG were increased by 13-, 11-, and 3-fold, respectively, by indomethacin in MDCKII/MRP1 cells. Accumulation of EGCG and its methyl metabolites was also increased ∼10-fold in the presence of MK-571 in MDCKII/MRP2 cells. Co-treatment with isoflavones, curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin, increased [3H]EGCG accumulation significantly in MDCKII/MRP1 and HT-29 cells. The results indicate that EGCG and its methyl metabolites are substrates for MRP1 and MRP2, but not for Pgp. MRP type efflux pumps may limit the bioavailability of EGCG.
Cache-aware SPM allocation algorithms for hybrid SPM-cache architectures

In this paper, we explore 6 SPM allocation algorithms to improve performance or energy efficiency for Hybrid SPM-Cache (HSC) architectures, including 4 heuristic-based algorithms and 2 optimal algorithms based on model checking. Our experimental results show that the Greedy Stack Distance based Allocation for Energy (GSDA-E) algorithm can efficiently minimize the energy consumption and achieve near optimal performance results.
van der Waals corrections to density functional theory calculations: Methane, ethane, ethylene, benzene, formaldehyde, ammonia, water, PBE, and CPMD

Abstract Parameters are developed for a practical application of the empirical van der Waals (vdW) correction infrastructure available in the CPMD density functional theory (DFT) code. The binding energy, geometry, and potential energy surface (PES) are examined for methane, ethane, ethylene, formaldehyde, ammonia, three benzene dimer geometries, and three benzene–water geometries. The vdW corrected results compare favorably with MP2 and CCSD(T) calculations near the complete basis set limits, and with experimental results where they are available.
Blood pressure response and antibody formation in spontaneously hypertensive rats and normal albino rats after immunization against angiotensin II.

To assess the role of angiotensin II in spontaneously-hypertensive rats, the blood pressure response and the presence of antibodies determined serially by radioimmunoassay techniques after immunization with angiotensin II were studied. Despite the development of adequate antibodies in each of eleven rats, no rat had a significant reduction in blood pressure. As compared with normal albino rats immunized similarly, the antibody levels of the spontaneously-hypertensive rats exceeded that of the normal rats. The results suggest first that angiotensin is not an etiological factor in the hypertension of spontaneously-hypertensive rats, and second that there is a quantitative individual and species variation among rats in their ability to form angiotensin II antibody. Recent results of the blood pressure response to renin and angiotensin II inhibition in various models of experimental hypertension are discussed. (Endocrinology 91: 1064, 1972)
Cyberorganizing Everyday Heritage in and around Public Libraries: An Exploratory Study in Illinois

Trends from both within and without public librarianship create new opportunities for libraries to serve the public’s interest in heritage information. Based on a workshop series in Illinois, this article presents exploratory findings on existing public library heritage services and how cyberorganizing can enhance these services. Public libraries offer heterogeneous heritage services in local contexts composed of multiple actors and institutions. Improving this service area involves organizing within libraries, across local institutions, and among individuals with diverse interests. Part of this organizational work involves digital technologies, but people are the core element in organizing everyday heritage services.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTACT LENS FOR REFRACTING AQUATIC ANIMALS

Development of a new technique for refracting the eye of unwieldy and large aquatic organisms in air is presented. The technique employs a contact lens to simulate underwater conditions. Refraction is performed through a flat front surface with an ophthalmoscope or a streak retinoscope. Data from 11 carcharhinid sharks (four species) indicate that the smaller eyes of inshore species are defocused relative to the eyes of offshore species.
Antenatal assessment of chorionicity by ultrasound: Consequences of incorrect diagnoses

OF INCORRECT DIAGNOSES YOUNG MI LEE (F), JANE CLEARY-GOLDMAN, LYNN L. SIMPSON, Columbia University, Maternal Fetal Medicine, New York, New York OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of antenatal diagnosis of twin chorionicity and to assess the consequences of incorrect diagnoses. STUDY DESIGN: Twins delivered at a tertiary referral center from 1/2001 to 4/2005 were identified. Patients who had chorionicity diagnosed by 1st or 2nd trimester ultrasound and confirmed by placental pathology were evaluated in a retrospective chart review. Chorionicity was assigned using the twin peak sign, placental number, and fetal gender. Postnatal diagnosis was determined by placental pathology. Medical records of antenatal-postnatal discordant chorionicities were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 640 twin deliveries, 53% (338)met inclusion criteria, 35% (226) lacked pathology, and 12% (76) did not have 1st or 2nd trimester ultrasound available for review. Chorionicity was correctly assigned in 94% (319). If chorionicity was assessed!14 wk, sensitivity was 92.5%, specificity was 99.2%, PPV was 97.4%, and NPV was 97.8%. One inaccurately diagnosed dichorionic twin pair delivered at 28 wk secondary to severe TTTS. Two patients were counseled based on an incorrect diagnosis ofmonochorionicity. One patient had a fetal demise at 16 wk and fortunately continued the pregnancy despite counseling about a risk of multicystic encephalomalacia in the surviving twin. The other delivered at 27 wk due to nonreassuring fetal status of a co-twin with multiple anomalies. The anomalous twin had a neonatal demise; the surviving twin had multiple complications secondary to prematurity. Three suspected dizygotic twins were monochorionic on placental pathology. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonographic assessment of twin gestation !14 wk was a good predictor of chorionicity. However, in rare cases, incorrect assignment of chorionicity may lead to inaccurate counseling resulting in suboptimal patient care. Ongoing quality assurance regarding the ultrasound diagnosis of chorionicity and routine placental pathology should be encouraged for all twin deliveries.
Fuzzy logic applications to control engineering

This paper presents the results of a project presently under way at Texas A&M which focuses on the use of fuzzy logic in integrated control of manufacturing systems. The specific problems investigated here include diagnosis of critical tool wear in machining of metals via a neuro-fuzzy algorithm, as well as compensation of friction in mechanical positioning systems via an adaptive fuzzy logic algorithm. The results indicate that fuzzy logic in conjunction with conventional algorithmic based approaches or neural nets can prove useful in dealing with the intricacies of control/monitoring of manufacturing systems and can potentially play an active role in multi-modal integrated control systems of the future.
Genomic analysis of the major bovine milk protein genes.

Abstract The genomic arrangement of the major bovine milk protein genes has been determined using a combination of physical mapping techniques. The major milk proteins consist of the four caseins, alpha s1 (CASAS1), alpha s2 (CASAS2), beta (CASB), and kappa (CASK), as well as the two major whey proteins, alpha-lactalbumin (LALBA) and beta-lactoglobulin (LGB). A panel of bovine X hamster hybrid somatic cells analyzed for the presence or absence of bovine specific restriction fragments revealed the genes coding for the major milk proteins to reside on three chromosomes. The four caseins were assigned to syntenic group U15 and localized to bovine chromosome 6 at q31-33 by in situ hybridization. LALBA segregated with syntenic group U3, while LGB segregated with U16. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis confirmed genetic mapping results indicating tight linkage of the casein genes. The four genes reside on less than 200 kb of DNA in the order CASAS1-CASB-CASAS2-CASK. Multiple restriction fragment length polymorphisms were also found at the six loci in three breeds of cattle.
"Suffer me not to be separated / And let my cry come unto thee": John Bale's Apocalypse and the Exilic Imagination

AbstractThroughout his commentary on the book of Revelation entitled the Image of both Churches (c. 1545), John Bale makes it clear that he considers the Apocalypse a work by, about, and for exiles. Bale sees John as the prototypical exile, alone on Patmos and writing for the comfort of the faithful. As an English exile in the 1540s, Bale identified with the message of the book and considered it the most important in the scriptures as well as an indispensable aid in understanding the historical chronicles. In the Image Bale paid particular attention to the woman clothed with the sun (Rev. 12) who fled into the wilderness and was pursued by the dragon—a figure of the "true church" according to Bale's exegesis. This woman becomes the chief symbol of the exiled church in Bale's theology, along with the idea of the remnant, the small group of people who have been left behind and seem to live in perpetual exile on this earth while they wait for their reward in heaven.
Anharmonicity-induced phonon broadening in aluminum at high temperatures

Thermal phonon broadening in aluminum was studied by theoretical and experimental methods. Using second-order perturbation theory, phonon linewidths from the third-order anharmonicity were calculated from first-principles density-functional theory (DFT) with the supercell finite-displacement method. The importance of all three-phonon processes were assessed and individual phonon broadenings are presented. The good agreement between calculations and prior measurements of phonon linewidths at 300 K and new measurements of the phonon density of states to 750 K indicates that the third-order phonon-phonon interactions calculated from DFT can account for the lifetime broadenings of phonons in aluminum to at least 80% of its melting temperature.
Recent developments in the significant structure theory of liquids

Abstract As the important structures in explaining the properties of liquids, the significant structure theory picks out three structures, the solid-like structure, the configurational degeneracy associated with a solid-like molecule, and the gas-like structure. In conjunction with these cardinal concepts, it also follows from the model that the portion of the solid-like part is V s V and another portion ( 1− V s V ) is the gas-like part where V and V s are the molar volumes of the liquid and of the solid, respectively. Using this model, the partition function of liquid is formulated, and the thermodynamic properties are calculated with good agreement with experiment. The significant structure theory is applicable for calculating transport properties, such as viscosity, the diffusion coefficient and the thermal conductivity, with good results. It is also applicable for deriving the adsorption isotherms of rare gases on graphite by assuming that the adsorbate forms a two dimensional liquid. Further tests of the significant structure theory are made by applying it to the systems of hard spheres and hard disc, and by comparing the calculated thermodynamic properties with the results of computer calculations by the Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics method. The agreement is excellent. The significant structure theory is also applicable to liquid mixtures, for example, the binary mixtures of Ar and N 2 , Ar and O 2 , and O 2 and N 2 . The calculated excess-properties such as the heat content. Gibbs free energy and molar volume agree satisfactorily with experiment.
Three models of faith

Philosophy of religion traditionally has been concerned with the coherence and rationality of religious belief. This concern is not only deeply rooted in Western religious thought, but, most would agree, it has been and continues to be a justifiable concern. Far from this concern being the property of the detractors of religion, it has been pursued by those sympathetic to religion as avidly as by those hostile to religion. Yet there have been others who have criticized this focus on religion for, among other things, making religious belief into belief in the existence of God or, less narrowly, propositional belief. And their criticism, too, is justifiable. The perspective that focuses on the coherence and rationality of religious belief is in danger of identifying it with a belief structure or making it theoretical in a way that it is not. Such a perspective never quite seems to get to the life of religious faith. Consequently it is unenlightening about the nature of religious belief, and it does not help us at all to appraise whether faith can take different forms. It is not the purpose of this paper to challenge the legitimacy of a philosophical pursuit of the coherence and rationally of religious belief: that legitimacy we concede. Instead, in what follows we shall look at the grammatical area of religion just referred to, an area undiscovered by such a pursuit: the forms of faith. As we shall find, there are indeed different models of religious faith which are distinct from one another, though each is a type of faith in the full sense. We shall examine three. One is a faith -form evident in the Bible itself, particularly in the Old Testament. Two may appropriately be called existential.
Charged particles, magnetic monopoles, and topology in Einstein's unified field theory

We report on recent progress in understanding the structure of charged particles in Einstein's theory of the nonsymmetric field. If one makes reasonable assumptions concerning the asymptotic behavior of the field far from a charged particle, assumptions which seem to be demanded by empirical evidence, one finds that the global topologies of certain spatial regions which contain the charged particle must be non-Euclidean if the field over those regions is to be nonsingular. One also finds under the same assumptions that the possibility that all charged particles possess a magnetic-monopole moment proportional to their charge cannot be ruled out. In an approximation which should be valid over macroscopic interaction distances it is found that such particles interact among themselves as if they had no magnetic-monopole moments. We do not yet know the effect of such magnetic moments on microscopic interactions.
Compressive wideband microwave radar holography

Compressive sensing has emerged as a topic of great interest for radar applications requiring large amounts of data storage. Typically, full sets of data are collected at the Nyquist rate only to be compressed at some later point, where information-bearing data are retained and inconsequential data are discarded. However, under sparse conditions, it is possible to collect data at random sampling intervals less than the Nyquist rate and still gather enough meaningful data for accurate signal reconstruction. In this paper, we employ sparse sampling techniques in the recording of digital microwave holograms over a two-dimensional scanning aperture. Using a simple and fast non-linear interpolation scheme prior to image reconstruction, we show that the reconstituted image quality is well-retained with limited perceptual loss.
When Repetition Isn't the Best Practice Strategy: Effects of Blocked and Random Practice Schedules.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of blocked and random practice schedules on the performance accuracy, speed, temporal evenness, and attitude of beginning band students in a...
The correlation of P-center adjustments with articulatory and acoustic events

To evaluate articulatory models of perceptual center (P-center) location, listeners performed perceptual adjustments on stimuli which were extracted from a corpus of articulatory data. To avoid streaming effects, the stimuli were not edited to obtain temporal variation; instead, they varied in stress and segmental content. Adjustments were evaluated as to their simultaneity with acoustic and articulatory events. The first experiment yielded various articulatory and acoustic correlates of P-center location; the second yielded different articulatory predictors and no acoustic effective predictors. Multiple correlation analyses showed a variation from P-center locations predicted by the articulatory events that were associated with other predictors. Thus, P-center locations do not correspond to any particular kinematic articulatory event, but rather to a complex of events taken from throughout the stimuli. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to a model of P-centers as indices of underlying gestural timing.
2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin inhibits differentiation of normal diploid rat osteoblasts in vitro

The influence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon, on the development of bone tissue-like organization in primary cultures of normal diploid calvarial-derived rat osteoblasts was examined. Initially, when placed in culture, these cells actively proliferate while expressing genes associated with biosynthesis of the bone extracellular matrix. Then, post-proliferatively, genes are expressed that render the osteoblast competent for extracellular matrix mineralization and maintenance of structural as well as functional properties of the mature bone-cell phenotype. Our results indicate that, in the presence of TCDD, proliferation of osteoblasts was not inhibited but post-confluent formation of multicellular nodules that develop bone tissue-like organization was dramatically suppressed. Consistent with TCDD-mediated abrogation of bone nodule formation, expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin was not upregulated post-proliferatively. These findings are discussed within the context of TCDD effects on estrogens and vitamin D-responsive developmental gene expression during osteoblast differentiation and, from a broader biological perspective, on steroid hormone control of differentiation.
Kinetics, mechanism and thermodynamics of glyoxal-sulfur(IV) adduct formation

The reversible addition of glyoxal (ethanedial) and S(IV) to form glyoxal monobisulfite (GMBS) was studied spectrophotometrically over the pH range of 0.7-3.3. Far from equilibrium, the rate of GMBS formation is given by d[GMBS]/dt (k_(1,app)^ɑ1 + k_(2.app)ɑ_2)[C_2H_2O_2][S(IV) where [C_2H_2O_2 = [(CH(OH)_2)_2] + [CH(OH)_2CHO] + [CHOCHO], [S(IV)] = [H_2O-SO_2] + [HSO_3^-] + [SO_3^(2-)], ɑj = [HSO_3^-]/[S(IV)], and ɑ_2 = [S0_3^(2-)]/[S(IV)]. The apparent rate constants, k_(l,app) = 0.13 M^(-l) s^(-l) and k_(2,app)= 2.08 X 10^3 M^(-1) s^(-1), are pH independent functions of the dehydration equilibrium constants of (CH(OH)_2)_2 and CHOCH(OH)_2, and intrinsic rate constants for the reaction of HSO_3^- and SO_3^(2-) with unhydrated and singly hydrated glyoxal. Glyoxal dibisulfite (GDBS) and GMBS were shown to dissociate with a rate given by d[S(IV)]/d_t = k’_(-1) + k"(_1)K_(D3) + (k’_(-2)K'_(a2) + k"_(-2)K"_(a2)K_(D3))/[H^+]][GMBS]_t + [k_(-3) + k_(-4)K_(a3)/{H^+}}[GDBS]_t, where k_(-1) and k_(-2) correspond to the release of bisulfite and sulfite, respectively, from unhydrated and hydrated GMBS species; k_(-3) and k_(-4) correspond to the release of bisulfite and sulfite from GDBS; K_(D3) is the dehydration constant for GMBS; and K’_(a2) K"_(a2), and K_(a3) are acid dissociation constants. Stability constants for the formation of GMBS and GDBS were determined to be ^CK_1 = [CH(OH)_2CH(OH)S0_3^-]/([CH(OH)_2)_2][HSO_3^-]) = 2.81 X 10^4 M^(-1) and ^cK_2 = [(CH(OH)SO_3^-)_2]/([CH(OH)_2CH- (OH)SO_3^-][HSO_3^-]) = 1.45 X 10^4 M^(-1) at 25 oC and µ = 0.2 M.
The ethical problems of the open label extension study.

The institutional review board (IRB) Is charged with assessing the risks and benefits of research projects Involving human subjects. Ethical considerations and federal regulations require that an IRB, in part, must find that the potential risks of participation are proportional to the potential benefits (If any) and to the Importance of the knowledge that may be learned before the IRB can approve the voluntary assumption of risk by a research participant. Adequate assessment of the risks and benefits requires careful scrutiny of the study design In relation to the study objectives.
Empirical and Theoretical Comparisons of Selected Criterion Functions for Document Clustering

This paper evaluates the performance of different criterion functions in the context of partitional clustering algorithms for document datasets. Our study involves a total of seven different criterion functions, three of which are introduced in this paper and four that have been proposed in the past. We present a comprehensive experimental evaluation involving 15 different datasets, as well as an analysis of the characteristics of the various criterion functions and their effect on the clusters they produce. Our experimental results show that there are a set of criterion functions that consistently outperform the rest, and that some of the newly proposed criterion functions lead to the best overall results. Our theoretical analysis shows that the relative performance of the criterion functions depends on (i) the degree to which they can correctly operate when the clusters are of different tightness, and (ii) the degree to which they can lead to reasonably balanced clusters.
Deficiency of the G-protein α-Subunit Gsα in Osteoblasts Leads to Differential Effects on Trabecular and Cortical Bone

The G-protein alpha-subunit G(s)alpha is required for the intracellular cAMP responses to hormones and other agonists. G(s)alpha is known to mediate the cAMP response to parathyroid hormone and other hormones and cytokines in bone and cartilage. To analyze the in vivo role of G(s)alpha signaling in osteoblasts, we developed mice with osteoblast/osteocyte-specific G(s)alpha deficiency (BGsKO) by mating G(s)alpha-floxed mice with collagen Ialpha1 promoter-Cre recombinase transgenic mice. Early skeletal development was normal in BGsKO mice, because formation of the initial cartilage template and bone collar was unaffected. The chondrocytic zones of the growth plates also appeared normal in BGsKO mice. BGsKO mice had a defect in the formation of the primary spongiosa with reduced immature osteoid (new bone formation) and overall length, which led to reduced trabecular bone volume. In contrast, cortical bone was thickened with narrowing of the bone marrow cavity. This was probably due to decreased cortical bone resorption, because osteoclasts were markedly reduced on the endosteal surface of cortical bone. In addition, the expression of alkaline phosphatase, an early osteoblastic differentiation marker, was normal, whereas the expression of the late osteoblast differentiation markers osteopontin and osteocalcin was reduced, suggesting that the number of mature osteoblasts in bone is reduced. Expression of the osteoclast-stimulating factor receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand was also reduced. Overall, our findings have similarities to parathyroid hormone null mice and confirm that the differential effects of parathyroid hormone on trabecular and cortical bone are primarily mediated via G(s)alpha in osteoblasts. Osteoblast-specific G(s)alpha deficiency leads to reduced bone turnover.
Hemoglobin CE Disease: A Rare Hemoglobinopathy Detected By Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Techniques (CIE)

Hemoglobin CE Disease: A Rare Hemoglobinopathy Detected By Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Techniques (CIE)
Requesting and Verbal Imitation Intervention for Infants with Down syndrome: Generalization, Intelligibility, and Problem Solving

Part of the Down syndrome behavioral phenotype is significant impairment in expressive communication. This begins early with impairments in verbal imitation and requesting observed in infants with Down syndrome. In contrast, social interaction is a relative strength. We replicated intervention procedures using social reinforcement and prompting (Feeley et al. 2011) to teach infants with Down syndrome to imitate sounds and engage in increasingly sophisticated forms of social and instrumental requests and examined generalization and collateral changes in intelligibility and problem solving. Infants learned to imitate verbalizations and make requests. They showed generalization by imitating novel sounds and requesting with different toys and on a semi structured assessment. Infants also showed verbal imitation that was intelligible to a naive listener and improvements in problem solving, suggesting this intervention may have broader effects than just requesting and verbal imitation.
Control of aircraft landing approach in wind shear

Wind and wind shear components are estimated and used for controlling an externally-blown flap STOL aircraft and a B-727 during landing approach under the JAWS microburst profile. A combination of feedforward and feedback concepts is used. The objective is tracking of airspeed and glide slope. Both an asymptotic disturbance rejection scheme, which is equivalent to MIMO zero assignment, and a linear quadratic scheme prove to be successful. Higher angle-of-attack is used only after thrust saturation. Downdraft is found to be more difficult to counter for STOL aircraft than is horizontal wind shear. A third design formulation based on successive loop closure is also presented. A 'Wind Shear Penetration Index' is described, which offers a simple and quantitative evaluation of an aircraft's ability to safely penetrate a wind shear. This index is particularly useful if used with Doppler radars.
Managing Forests and Fire in Changing Climates

With projected climate change, we expect to face much more forest fire in the coming decades. Policy-makers are challenged not to categorize all fires as destructive to ecosystems simply because they have long flame lengths and kill most of the trees within the fire boundary. Ecological context matters: In some ecosystems, high-severity regimes are appropriate, but climate change may modify these fire regimes and ecosystems as well. Some undesirable impacts may be avoided or reduced through global strategies, as well as distinct strategies based on a forest's historical fire regime.
Settlement patterns of female barn swallows Hirundo rustica across different group sizes: access to colorful males or favored nests?

In most avian species, individuals are faced with two critical decisions at the start of a breeding season: choosing a breeding site and a mate. An analysis of these decisions in light of population-level patterns, such as group size variation in social breeders, can illuminate the causes and patterns of habitat selection behavior. Group sizes are variable in barn swallows; however, no clear and consistent benefits of group breeding have been found in this species, and it is puzzling as to why individuals breed socially. Previous analyses demonstrated that individuals aggregate to gain access to nests that were constructed during previous seasons; however extra-pair matings are also prevalent in this species, raising questions about the mate-selection strategies of females across different group sizes. In this paper, I address the question of how females make their first site-selection decisions in terms of two features known to be causally related to seasonal reproductive success: (1) colorful males or (2) old nests. Using experimental and observational data, I tested, but found no support for, the hypotheses that propose female settlement decisions are a function of (1) the prevalence of colorful males or (2) the increased opportunity for extra-pair matings at group sites. Instead, it is apparent that female settlement patterns are strongly tied to the availability of old nests at a site. Extra-pair fertilizations are equally common across all group sizes in this population, suggesting that females do not face a trade-off between old nests and the possibility of extra-pair mating decisions when making settlement decisions.
IRIS HEXAGONA HORMONAL RESPONSES TO SALINITY STRESS, LEAFMINER HERBIVORY, AND PHENOLOGY

We used field, common garden, and laboratory studies to investigate the influence of environmental stress on a native wetland species, Iris hexagona (Iridaceae), and an iris leafminer, Cerodontha iridiphora (Diptera: Agromyzidae). There were strong effects of salinity, herbivory, and phenology on jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), two important signal phytohormones. Within 48 h, foliar JA increased an order of magnitude, and SA declined 50% in plants grown under salinity stress compared to freshwater controls. Leafminer performance declined on plants exposed to the salinity treatment. Both herbivory and salinity stress induced JA and suppressed SA, indicating that plants can respond to abiotic and biotic stress through shared hormonal pathways. Surprisingly, leafminer pupae contained JA and SA, and we discuss the implications of this novel discovery. Unrelated to salinity, there was a sharp decline in foliar JA between April and September. Despite its strong impact on hormonal signaling in plants, the abiotic environment is often ignored in ecological studies of induced plant defenses. Importantly, natural seasonal cycles and/ or environmental stress can induce stronger changes in phytohormones than herbivory, and should be incorporated into the design of ecological experiments whenever possible, for a balanced understanding of phytohormonal ecology.
A new real-time operating system and Python scripting on Aladdin

We are in the process of upgrading the VME processors on the Aladdin electron-storage-ring control system. The last major redesign of the control system occurred in the mid 1980's. At that time we converted to VME microcomputers and VAX/VMS workstations communicating via Ethernet. This is the second upgrade since then of the VME processor. As upgrades of the Motorola 680/spl times/0 processor are no longer available we have decided to switch to the Intel Pentium III. This change allowed us to reconsider our use of the rather primitive /spl mu/C/OS kernel and implement a commercial realtime OS. We decided to use QNX primarily as it was a good match to our existing software and was zero cost. In addition to upgrading the CPUs we have also added a new scripting language to our main control application. We used SWIG (Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator) to create wrapper code for the scripting software. SWIG can create wrapper code for many scripting languages so our initial choice of a scripting language was not critical. We decided to start by using Python due to the many available add-on libraries and the apparent ability to support larger projects. We will discuss our evaluation process and the challenges we encountered.
Response of the mesenteric circulation to serotonin in normal and atherosclerotic monkeys: implications for the pathogenesis of non-occlusive intestinal ischaemia.

We tested the hypothesis that atherosclerosis potentiates vasoconstrictor responses in the mesenteric circulation to stimulation of serotonergic and α-adrenergic receptors. In normal monkeys, infusion of serotonin had little effect on blood flow to the stomach, duodenum, and colon. In contrast, in atherosclerotic monkeys, serotonin produced a modest decrease in blood flow to the stomach and duodenum, and virtually abolished blood flow to the colon. Vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine in the stomach and duodenum were not altered by atherosclerosis, but responses were potentiated in the colon of atherosclerotic monkeys. In summary, atherosclerosis greatly potentiates vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin in the mesenteric circulation, particularly in vessels to the colon. We speculate that release of serotonin during adherence and aggregation of platelets at atherosclerotic lesions, coupled with augmented vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin, may play a role in the pathogenesis of non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia.
Laying Hen Production Responses to Least Cost Rations Formulated with Stochastic Programming or Linear Programming with a Margin of Safety

An experiment with 480 DeKalb DK laying hens was conducted to study the effect of rations formulated with stochastic programming (STCH) or linear programming with a margin of safety (LPMS) over 12, 28-d periods. Rations were formulated to guarantee the requirement of methionine and lysine > or = 69%, in all rations, and Ca and P > or = either 69 or 90%. The four rations were: LPMS69 with Ca and P > or = 69%, LPMS90 with Ca and P > or = 90%, STCH69 with Ca and P > or = 69%, and STCH90 with Ca and P > or = 90%. Rations formulated with STCH were lower in cost than LPMS rations for respective probability levels. Costs per metric ton for LPMS69, LPMS90, STCH69, and STCH90 were $155.70, $157.71, $155.00, and $156.30, respectively. Compared to STCH rations, LPMS rations were overformulated in nutrients. There was no difference (P > .05) in performance for hen-housed egg production, hen-day egg production, feed per dozen eggs, mortality, egg weight, or eggshell percentage.
Using Aerial Imagery and GIS in Automated Building Footprint Extraction and Shape Recognition for Earthquake Risk Assessment of Urban Inventories

Earthquakes cause massive loss of property and lives, and mitigating their potential effects requires accurate modeling and simulation of their impacts. Earthquake building damage modeling and risk assessment applications require accurate accounts of inventories at risk and their attributes such as structure type, usage, size, number of stories, shape, year built, value, etc. This paper describes the development of algorithms for automatically extracting and recognizing 2-D building shape information using integrated aerial imagery processing and Geographic Information Systems data. We use vector parcel geometries and their attributes to simplify the building extraction task by limiting the processing geography. Extraction is significantly improved by innovatively weighting the histograms. Extracted buildings are cleaned, simplified, and run through 2-D shape recognition routines that classify the footprint. We discuss reasons for successes and failures in both extraction and recognition.
The Inferential Operations of Children across Text with Narrative and Expository Tendencies

This study was designed to examine the effects of two different discourse types upon the amount and kind of explicit and inferred information in the free and probed recalls of good and poor third grade readers following their reading of a selec- tion with expository/informative tendencies and a selection with narrative/entertain- ing tendencies. Findings indicated that different text types do influence the amount and kind of information recalled by good and poor readers in that both groups recall- ed a higher proportion of explicitly stated information, generated more connectors, and were better able to preserve the original order of propositions in the narrative than in the expository selections. Reader ability level also produced some general dif- ferences in recall across discourse types in that good readers recalled more explicit information and generated more inferred information than poor readers. Further- more, good readers' tendency to include most of the explicit information they remembered in their free recalls and to generate inferred information primarily in response to probes indicates that they may possess greater metacognitive awareness and are better able to separate explicit and inferred information. However, within groups the effects were not stable across text type and reader ability level for in- dividual readers who frequently varied considerably in the amount and kind of ex- plicit and inferred information recalled after reading the two types of texts. Thus, it was concluded that it is not possible to reliably predict an individual's recall patterns from one type of text to another due to the potential influence of a variety of specific text and reader characteristics within varying contextual situations. In an attempt to understand the processes involved in comprehending discourse, most past research has centered upon defining the influence of reader, text, and con- text. For example, many studies of discourse comprehension have dealt with the ef- fects of structural characteristics of text upon a subject's ability to remember text, while other experiments have assessed the effects of context, reader's preexisting
Controller Implementation of a Powered Transtibial Prosthetic Device

A new type of powered transtibial prosthesis was designed and fabricated. This device has reasonable size, weight and strength for daily use. In order to test the device on human subjects, a control algorithm and a control system are required. A two level control algorithm, which includes a higher level finite state controller and lower level PID controllers, is proposed and the configuration of this system is presented in this paper. An absolute encoder, a current sensor and two sets of force-sensing resistors are used to provide the feedback; a dSPACE system and MATLAB Simulink are used to realize the higher level control, and a DC motor controller is used to realize the lower level PID controller.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Normal limb development in conditional mutants of Fgf4

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) mediate multiple developmental signals in vertebrates. Several of these factors are expressed in limb bud structures that direct patterning of the limb. FGF4 is produced in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) where it is hypothesized to provide mitogenic and morphogenic signals to the underlying mesenchyme that regulate normal limb development. Mutation of this gene in the germline of mice results in early embryonic lethality, preventing subsequent evaluation of Fgf4 function in the AER. A conditional mutant of Fgf4, based on site-specific Cre/loxP-mediated excision of the gene, allowed us to bypass embryonic lethality and directly test the role of FGF4 during limb development in living murine embryos. This conditional mutation was designed so that concomitant with inactivation of the Fgf4 gene by excision of all Fgf4-coding sequences, a reporter gene was activated in Fgf4-expressing cells, allowing assessment of the site-specific recombination reaction. Although a large body of evidence led us to predict that ablation of Fgf4 gene function in the AER of developing mice would result in abnormal limb outgrowth and patterning, we found that Fgf4 conditional mutants had normal limbs. Furthermore, expression patterns of Shh, Bmp2, Fgf8 and Fgf10 were normal in the limb buds of the conditional mutants. These findings indicate that the previously proposed FGF4-SHH feedback loop is not essential for coordination of murine limb outgrowth and patterning. We suggest that some of the roles currently attributed to FGF4 during early vertebrate limb development may be performed by other AER factors in vivo.
The Microbiology of Malting and Brewing

SUMMARY Brewing beer involves microbial activity at every stage, from raw material production and malting to stability in the package. Most of these activities are desirable, as beer is the result of a traditional food fermentation, but others represent threats to the quality of the final product and must be controlled actively through careful management, the daily task of maltsters and brewers globally. This review collates current knowledge relevant to the biology of brewing yeast, fermentation management, and the microbial ecology of beer and brewing.
Use of Accelerated Intergranular Corrosion Tests and Pitting Corrosion Tests to Detect Sensitization and Susceptibility to Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in High Temperature Water of Duplex 308 Stainless Steel

Abstract The ability of various intergranular corrosion and pitting corrosion tests to detect sensitization and intergranular stress corrosion cracking susceptibility in high temperature water of duplex 308 stainless steel was evaluated. The duplex alloy contained 10 v/o ferrite and had a specific austenite-ferrite interfacial area of 930 cm2/cm3. The intergranular corrosion resistance of the alloy following 30 different aging treatments was determined in boiling acidified CU-CUSO4 solution (A262E), boiling 65% HNO3 (A262C), and by an electrolytic etch test in 10% oxalic acid (A262A). The pitting corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic and galvanostatic tests in 0.1 N HCl at room temperature. The results of all five tests were compared to the results of slow extension rate stress corrosion cracking tests conducted at 550 F in high purity water containing 8 ppm dissolved oxygen. The microstructural features responsible for the corrosion in each test were determined. The A262E test was found t...
Focal Extravasated Mucin in Breast Core Needle Biopsies: Is Surgical Excision Always Necessary?

Focal extravasated mucin (EM) with benign or atypical epithelium is a rare finding at breast core needle biopsy (CNB) and usually prompts surgical excision to rule out mucin-producing carcinoma. In the largest detailed series to date, we assessed surgical outcomes in lesions yielding EM with atypical or nonatypical epithelium at CNB. With IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed 28 consecutive atypical and nonatypical CNBs with EM that underwent surgical excision at our center over a 22-year period. CNB imaging and pathologic findings were concordant if pathology sufficiently explained the radiologic features of the lesions. Pathologic findings in CNB and excision specimens were correlated. Statistical analysis was performed. CNBs sampled mammographic calcifications in 25/28 (89%) women and a mass in 3/28 (11%). All cases had concordant pathologic and imaging findings. At CNB, the epithelium associated with EM was atypical in 18/28 (64%) lesions and nonatypical in 10 (36%). Cancer (one mucinous carcinoma; three ductal carcinoma in situ) was present in 4/28 excision specimens (14%; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 4%-33%). All carcinomas were in lesions with epithelial atypia at CNB (4/18; 22%; 95% CI, 6%-48%) versus none (0/10; 0%; 95% CI, 0%-31%) in nonatypical lesions at CNB; this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3). Surgery is warranted for lesions yielding EM with atypia at CNB due to the high (22%) prevalence of cancer. Our data suggest that surgical excision of lesions yielding EM without epithelial atypia at CNB may not be necessary provided that imaging and pathologic findings are concordant.
A multiple protocol to improve diagnosis and isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from human stool specimens.

Abstract Many infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are undiagnosed, particularly non-O157 STEC. We evaluated the use of a multiple protocol approach to improve diagnosis, isolation, and characterization of STEC strains. Among 18 presumptive STEC-positive stool samples received by the INOVA Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, in 2006, 16 were Shiga toxin positive. From these 16 stool samples, 8 O157:H7 and 5 non-O157 STEC were isolated by plating onto sorbitol MacConkey (SMAC) agar. The remaining 5 stool samples that did not yield colonies on SMAC agar plates were enriched. All enriched samples were Shiga toxin positive, and 2 O157:H7 and 1 non-O157 STEC were subsequently isolated. The 2 remaining enriched samples did not yield isolates; however, based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, both samples contained STEC genes. Based on PCR analysis of non-O157 strains, 3 strain types were identified. Samples from 3 patients, received within 2 days of one another, had a similar gene profile— eae and stx 1 negative and stx 2 positive—suggesting that these patients were likely infected with the same strain. Our results indicate that a multiple protocol approach is necessary to reliably diagnose and isolate STEC strains, and that PCR profiling of strains could allow for more rapid identification of outbreaks.
Conservation of action and modal wave action

Multiple wave propagation in acoustic duct with winds, using perturbation Lagrangian for ideal fluid flow
How do adaptive immune systems control pathogens while avoiding autoimmunity

Immune systems face a daunting control challenge. On the one hand, they need to minimize damage from pathogens, without wasting energy and resources, but on the other must avoid initiating or perpetuating autoimmune responses. Finally, because pathogens interfere with immune function, immune systems must be robust against sabotage. We describe here how these challenges are met by two immune systems, the intracellular RNA interference system and the vertebrate CD8 T-cell response. We extrapolate from these two systems to propose principles for strategically robust control.
Removing phase-space restrictions in factorized cross sections

Factorization in gauge theories holds at the amplitude or amplitude-squared level for states of given soft or collinear momenta. When performing phase-space integrals over such states, one would generally like to avoid putting in explicit cuts to separate soft from collinear momenta. Removing these cuts induces an overcounting of the soft-collinear region and adds new infrared-ultraviolet divergences in the collinear region. In this paper, we first present a regulator-independent subtraction algorithm for removing soft-collinear overlap at the amplitude level which may be useful in pertubative QCD. We then discuss how both the soft-collinear and infrared-ultraviolet overlap can be undone for certain observables in a way which respects factorization. Our discussion clarifies some of the subtleties in phase-space subtractions and includes a proof of the infrared finiteness of a suitably subtracted jet function. These results complete the connection between factorized QCD and Soft-Collinear Effective Theory.