cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant role of dehydroascorbic acid reductase in insects

Dehydroascorbic acid reductase, which catalyses the regeneration of ascorbic acid from dehydroascorbic acid, is reported here to occur widely among insects. Due to the reported absence of glutathione peroxidase in insects and the generally low affinity of catalase for hydrogen peroxide, dehydroascorbic acid reductase may play a pivotal role in the elimination of hydrogen peroxide in insects.
Design, synthesis and SAR analysis of novel potent and selective small molecule antagonists of NPBWR1 (GPR7).

Novel small molecule antagonists of NPBWR1 (GPR7) are herein reported. A high-throughput screening (HTS) of the Molecular Libraries-Small Molecule Repository library identified 5-chloro-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(p-tolyl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one as a NPBWR1 hit antagonist with micromolar activity. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships study of the HTS-derived hit led to the identification of 5-chloro-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)pyridazin-3(2H)-one lead molecule with submicromolar antagonist activity at the target receptor and high selectivity against a panel of therapeutically relevant off-target proteins. This lead molecule may provide a pharmacological tool to clarify the molecular basis of the in vivo physiological function and therapeutic utility of NPBWR1 in diverse disease areas including inflammatory pain and eating disorders.
Stowaways in the history of science: the case of simian virus 40 and clinical research on federal prisoners at the US National Institutes of Health, 1960.

Abstract In 1960, J. Anthony Morris, a molecular biologist at the US National Institutes of Health conducted one of the only non-therapeutic clinical studies of the cancer virus SV40. Morris and his research team aimed to determine whether SV40 was a serious harm to human health, since many scientists at the time suspected that SV40 caused cancer in humans based on evidence from in vivo animal studies and experiments with human tissue. Morris found that SV40 had no significant effect but his claim has remained controversial among scientists and policymakers through the present day—both on scientific and ethical grounds. Why did Morris only conduct one clinical study on the cancer-causing potential of SV40 in healthy humans? We use the case to explain how empirical evidence and ethical imperatives are, paradoxically, often dependent on each other and mutually exclusive in clinical research, which leaves answers to scientific and ethical questions unsettled. This paper serves two goals: first, it documents a unique—and uniquely important—study of clinical research on SV40. Second, it introduces the concept of “the stowaway,” which is a special type of contaminant that changes the past in the present moment. In the history of science, stowaways are misfortunes that nonetheless afford research that otherwise would have been impossible specifically by creating new pasts. This case (Morris' study) and concept (the stowaway) bring together history of science and philosophy of history for productive dialog.
Stage and Non‐stage Theories of Behavior and Behavior Change: A Comment on Schwarzer

Schwarzer characterises theories as being Continuum Models or Stage Models. We prefer the labels Theories of Behavior and Theories of Behavior Change. The stage concept is designed to represent the temporal dimension. In this way, individuals are viewed as evolving over time. Theories of behavior change also focus on dynamic variables, i.e. variables that are open to change while theories of behavior will focus on static variables. Schwarzer focuses on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), which distinguishes between pre-intentional motivational processes and post-intentional volition processes and makes a compelling case that theories of behavior change need to differentiate between at least two stages, motivation and action, if they are to fill the intention–behavior gap. In some HAPA studies, these two stages are expanded into three stages. The issue of how many stages there are and what are the best ways to represent, assess and treat the different stages represents an important research focus. This response discusses several reasons to believe that the stage differentiation of five stages included as part of the Transtheoretical Model is superior to the two- or three-stage model included as part of HAPA. Schwarzer caracterise les theories comme relevant soit des modeles du continuum soit des modeles de processus de changement. Nous preferons les termes de theories du comportement et de theories des stades du changement. Le concept d’etapes est employe pour tenir compte de la dimension temporelle. Ainsi, les individus sont envisages comme evoluant au cours du temps. Les theories des stades du changement se focalisent donc sur des variables dynamiques i.e. des variables tenant compte du changement alors que les theories du comportement se concentrent sur des variables statiques. Schwarzer se polarise sur l’approche des processus d’action pour la sante (HAPA) qui distingue les processus motivationnel pre-intentionnel du processus de volition post-intentionnelle. Il avance l’argument selon lequel les theories des stades du changement ont besoin de distinguer au moins deux etapes, la motivation et l’action, dans la mesure ou elles doivent expliquer le lien entre intention et comportement. Dans certaines etudes HAPA, ces deux etapes sont etendues a trois. La question de savoir le nombre d’etapes et les meilleures facons de les representer, evaluer et traiter constitue un champ de recherches important. Cet article avance plusieurs raisons soulignant que la differenciation en 5 etapes incluses dans le Modele transtheorique est superieur a celui en deux ou trois etapes etabli par l’HAPA.
The Onset of Linear Instabilities in a Solid Combustion Model

This article concerns the onset of linear instability in a simple model of solid combustion in a semi-infinite two-dimensional strip of width l. The free boundary problem that describes the model involves initial and boundary conditions, including a nonlinear kinetic condition at the interface. The linear problem governing perturbations to a basic solution is solved by the method of images with the reaction front perturbation satisfying an integro-differential equation. This equation is then solved using Laplace transforms. Finally, we perform a stability analysis for the model by studying the solution of the reaction front perturbation. The inclusion of initial conditions enables us to show the development of linear instability from arbitrary initial small disturbances.
Modulation of red blood cell sugar transport by lyso-lipid

The in vitro presentation to red blood cells of specific lysolipids in amounts comparable to lysolipid levels in serum is shown to markedly influence protein-mediated glucose transport. Lysolipids were introduced exogenously into cell membranes by incubating erythrocytes in buffer containing varying concentrations of lysolipid (under 3.2 microM). The transport-modulating potency of the lysolipids was found to be dependent both on headgroup and hydrocarbon chain. MPL (monopalmitoyl lecithin, L-alpha-lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) had the greatest influence on sugar transport. 15 min incubation of red cells in MPL suspensions sufficed for 99% association of the lysolipid with the cell membranes. This association correlated with altered red-cell sugar transport. At MPL/bilayer lipid molar ratios as low as 0.03%, MPL was found to act as a reversible, hyperbolic, mixed-type inhibitor of exchange D-glucose exit (both Km(app) and Vmax for transport are reduced). Dissociation of MPL from the membrane results in the recovery of original transport activity. MPL at 1.5.10(-17) mol MPL/red cell was found to reduce Ki(app) for D-glucose inhibition of cytochalasin B binding to the glucose carrier protein in red cell ghost membranes. Our findings demonstrate that red-cell membrane-exogenous lysolipid associations can significantly modify protein mediated sugar transport. The simplest explanation of our findings is a direct interaction of lysolipid with the transport protein.
Molecular Regulation of Actin Turnover at the Leading Edge of Migrating Cells

Actin couples molecular motors to extracellular adhesions and its turnover regulates cell polarization and protrusion efficiency. Actin filament turnover is regulated by polymerization and depolymerization at the ends, which is increased by severing filaments internally. To determine how these reactions affect F-actin turnover rate we simulated the molecular mechanisms revealed by experiments and determined the ODEs for changes in the average filament length and number of filaments that determine total F-actin. These results reveal the conditions that end dynamics and severing strongly cooperate to increase actin turnover and steady-state behavior. Although the molecular rate constants that regulate actin turnover have been measured in vitro in the presence of various actin regulatory proteins these constants are still unknown in vivo for most cell processes regulated by actin turnover. Importantly, these constants that regulate actin turnover at the leading edge of migrating cells remain unknown. Therefore, we modeled actin turnover as a system of these molecular mechanisms at the leading edge to investigate how actin distributions emerge and actin dynamics are regulated by migrating U251 glioma cells. We used the model to fit leading edge actin distributions of cells transfected with GFP-actin and aligned on one-dimensional tracks using model convolution microscopy. Best fits of the model yield estimates of the molecular rate constants that regulate actin turnover in vivo. We then correlated the molecular rates with the velocities of actin-network retrograde flow, cell protrusion and cell displacement of expanding, contracting and migrating cells. The quantitative analyses of our model provide in vivo estimates for the molecular rate constants that regulate actin turnover at the leading edge of cells and presents insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate actin-based cell migration.
251 Effects of Ibuprofen and Indomethacin on VEGF, IGF-I, and GH in the Rat Retina, Vitreous, and Serum

Background/Aims: IB and IN have been shown to improve oxygen-induced retinopathy in mice. The effects of IB and IN on VEGF, IGF-I, and GH (regulators of growth and retinal development) have not been studied. We hypothesized that the effects of IB and IN are partly mediated via their action on these growth factors.
Limb development in mouse embryos. I. Analysis of teratogenic effects of retinoic acid.

Retinoic (vitamin A) acid produced phocomelia and micromelia in DBA/2J fetuses when administered to pregnant mice on the 12th or 13th day of gestation. The incidence of forelimb defects was higher after 12th- (in embryos having 33–41 somite pairs) than 13th–day treatment (40–51 somite pairs); the reverse was true for hindlimb defects. Hindlimb digits continued to be highly susceptible on the 14th day. Limb defects were not accompanied by body growth retardation or other skeletal malformations except cleft palate. The type and severity of limb defects depended on the average developmental stage of the limb bud at the time of treatment. From the beginning of the period of limb susceptibility, the 12th day, the ontogenetic sequence in which the long bones were rendered abnormal was: radius–ulna, humerus, fibula, tibia, femur or tibia-femur. The sequence in which the long bones lost their susceptibility to retinoic acid was: humerus, femur, ulna, radius, tibia-fibula. The radius appeared to be susceptible in some embryos at a time when the other long bones had escaped injury. An analysis of the shape of the same bone affected at different periods of prenatal development led to the following proposal. At earlier stages retinoic acid disrupts cellular activities that normally lead to the spatial organization of the mesenchymal cell condensations, resulting in a modified shape of the cartilage models; at later stages it prevents the enlargement of the condensations that have already appeared, resulting in smaller than normal models.
Optical coherence microscope for invariant high resolution in vivo skin imaging

A non-invasive, reliable and affordable imaging system with the capability of detecting skin pathologies such as skin cancer would be a valuable tool to use for pre-screening and diagnostic applications. Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM) is emerging as a building block for in vivo optical diagnosis, where high numerical aperture optics is introduced in the sample arm to achieve high lateral resolution. While high numerical aperture optics enables realizing high lateral resolution at the focus point, dynamic focusing is required to maintain the target lateral resolution throughout the depth of the sample being imaged. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to dynamically focus in real-time with no moving parts to a depth of up to 2mm in skin-equivalent tissue in order to achieve 3.5µm lateral resolution throughout an 8 cubic millimeter sample. The built-in dynamic focusing ability is provided by an addressable liquid lens embedded in customdesigned optics which was designed for a broadband laser source of 120 nm bandwidth centered at around 800nm. The imaging probe was designed to be low-cost and portable. Design evaluation and tolerance analysis results show that the probe is robust to manufacturing errors and produces consistent high performance throughout the imaging volume.
A short course on motor vehicle injury for emergency medicine residents

Despite growing interest and activity by emergency physicians in injury prevention, we found no reports of any attempts to include injury control concepts in emergency medicine residency training. An existing course for graduate level public health students on motor vehicle injury was modified for emergency medicine residents, presented as a one-day short course, and evaluated. The objective of the course was to provide information regarding the dynamics and prevention of motor vehicle crashes. An equally important second objective was to demonstrate to the residents the need for emergency physicians as part of the injury control research team. The content of the course was based on the conceptual model in which a motor vehicle crash is analyzed in terms of precrash, crash, and post-crash factors. The correlation between the mechanism of injury and the types of injuries experienced was of particular interest. A one-day format was found to be too concentrated. The incorporation of injury prevention concepts and research methods into the grand rounds, journal club, and conferences of the emergency medicine residency is recommended. Educational objectives and practical suggestions for implementation are provided. A comprehensive reading list is available on request.
Intuitive reasoning about abstract and familiar physics problems

Previous research has demonstrated that many people have misconceptions about basic properties of motion. Two experiments examined whether people are more likely to produce dynamically correct predictions about basic motion problems involving situations with which they are familiar, and whether solving such problems enhances performance on a subsequent abstract problem. In experiment 1, college students were asked to predict the trajectories of objects exiting a curved tube. Subjects were more accurate on the familiar version of the problem, and there was no evidence of transfer to the abstract problem. In experiment 2, two familiar problems were provided in an attempt to enhance subjects' tendency to extract the general structure of the problems. Once again, they gave more correct responses to the familiar problems but failed to generalize to the abstract problem. Formal physics training was associated with correct predictions for the abstract problem but was unrelated to performance on the familiar problems.
Seasonal effects of seed age on regeneration potential and transformation success rate in three citrus cultivars

The effects of seed age on shoot regeneration potential and transformation rate of ‘Duncan’ and ‘Flame’ grapefruit cultivars, along with ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange cultivar were investigated. Shoot regeneration potential of all three cultivars varied throughout the season. Cumulative data for shoot regeneration of explants incubated in bacterial suspension exhibited higher values early in the season and in the first months of the spring, with significant drops during the winter months and later in the season. Transformation rate did not vary as much as shoot regeneration potential. Data describing the propensity of ‘Flame’ and ‘Hamlin’ tissue for genetic transformation exhibited a negative trend as the season progressed. ‘Duncan’ transformation rate held steady during the season. Taken together, our results confirm the need for specific culturing protocols to be developed and used for different citrus cultivars at specific times to reduce variability of responses these cultivars exhibit to culturing conditions and transformation attempts.
Karst features of a glaciated dolomite peninsula, Door County, Wisconsin

Abstract A geologic investigation of the northern part of Door Peninsula, Wisconsin for a state funded water quality project revealed that karstification of the Silurian aquifer is more extensive than previously believed. Sinkholes and small insurgent features, solution modified crevices, pavements, caves and springs were inventories and mapped. These features are generally smaller and less densely developed than those in most limestone terranes; however, they are important to the geomorphology and water quality of the peninsula. Continental glaciation has strongly influenced both the distribution and the present surface morphology of the karst features. Ice scour has formed a stepped bedrock topography, contributed to pavement formation and may have removed some preglacial features. Deposition has plugged and masked features in places. In addition, subglacial water circulation, and ice loading and unloading may have influenced karst development.
Effects of defolliculation on membrane current responses of Xenopus oocytes.

1. Catecholamines, adenosine, gonadotrophins, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and E-series prostaglandins all elicit K+ currents in follicle-enclosed Xenopus oocytes. Evidence suggests that cyclic nucleotides act as intracellular messengers in the activation of this K+ conductance. Muscarinic agonists and some divalent cations (e.g. Co2+, Mn2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+) elicit slow oscillatory Cl- currents, which are activated through hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids and mobilization of intracellular calcium by inositol phosphates. 2. We investigated whether these membrane current responses were generated in the oocyte itself or in enveloping follicular cells which are coupled to the oocyte by gap junctions. Oocytes were defolliculated, either enzymatically using collagenase, or by manual dissection combined with rolling over poly-L-lysine-coated slides. Removal of follicular cells was checked using scanning electron microscopy. Membrane current responses of defolliculated oocytes were compared with responses seen in follicle-enclosed oocytes taken from the same ovary. 3. The K+ responses evoked by all the various hormones/neurotransmitters were either drastically reduced (greater than 90%) or abolished by defolliculation. K+ currents generated by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and by intraoocyte injection of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), or guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate were similarly reduced in defolliculated oocytes. In contrast, oscillatory Cl- currents to acetylcholine and divalent cations were selectively preserved through defolliculation. 4. Injection of cyclic AMP (1-20 pmol) into defolliculated oocytes had little or no effect on oscillatory Cl- currents elicited by ACh. However, the calcium-dependent transient Cl- current, activated by depolarization of the oocyte membrane, was consistently potentiated (100-900%) by injections of cyclic AMP (1-10 pmol). 5. These experiments suggest that cyclic nucleotide-activated K+ currents arise essentially in follicular cells and are monitored within the oocyte through electrical coupling by gap junctions. Oscillatory Cl- responses evoked by ACh and divalent cations are produced largely or wholly in the oocyte itself.
Turning Into Teachers: Influences of Authentic Context Learning Experiences on Occupational Identity Development of Preservice Music Teachers

The purpose of this study was to examine the occupational identity development of undergraduate music education majors as they participated in a yearlong authentic context learning (ACL) experience...
Modeling study of non-line-narrowed hole-burned spectra in weakly coupled dimers and multi-chromophoric molecular assemblies

Several different models have been proposed to explain the origin of the complex anti-hole features observed in hole-burned (HB) spectra of excitonically coupled systems such as photosynthetic complexes. This lack of consensus presents a serious constraint on the interpretation of HB spectra and the underlying electronic structures of these systems. To resolve this problem we present results of modeling studies of non-resonant HB spectra taking uncorrelated excitation energy transfer and excitonic interactions into account. Simplified analytical results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations in which excitonic interactions are explicitly taken into account in order to disentangle a number of distinct effects. It is shown that these effects can accurately account for both hole shapes and the broad anti-hole structure observed in excitonically coupled systems. We argue that these models will provide a necessary framework for probing the electronic structure of these systems via HB spectroscopy.
Long-term outcomes of radiologic recurrence after paraesophageal hernia repair with mesh

Paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repair has a high radiologic recurrence rate, even with the use of biologic mesh as a prosthetic buttress to reinforce the primary crural repair. This review was done to evaluate outcomes after PEH repair with mesh. A retrospective analysis was done of all patients who underwent PEH repair with mesh at our institution between December 2004 and March 2013. Patients were reviewed for evidence of recurrence on upper gastrointestinal studies (UGI). Time-specific, mesh-specific, and size-specific recurrence was analyzed as well as pre- and postoperative symptom scores. A total of 209 patients underwent PEH repair with mesh. Mean follow-up was 25 months (range 0–101). In all cases, an absorbable mesh was used (159 Alloderm, 35 BioA, 15 Strattice). One hundred and fifty-six (75 %) were 5 cm or larger. Of the patients, 166 (79 %) had UGIs available to review for radiologic recurrence. Total recurrence was 21 % (n = 35). No mesh erosions were seen. Recurrence rates increased over time from 16 % (n = 23) at 1 year up to 39 % after 5-year follow-up (n = 11). Recurrence rates were higher for large hernias (23 vs. 16 %). The median size of the recurrence was 4 cm (range 2–7 cm). Overall, patients showed significant improvement in their symptom scores. At long-term follow-up, heartburn had 70.6 % reduction (p 5 cm. Therefore, in our experience, PEH repair with mesh is a safe therapy and though radiologic recurrence does increase with time, symptom resolution is maintained.
Origin and early evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes in freshwater environments: reinterpreting proterozoic paleobiology and biogeochemical processes in light of trait evolution.

Phylogenetic analyses were performed on concatenated data sets of 31 genes and 11,789 unambiguously alignable characters from 37 cyanobacterial and 35 chloroplast genomes. The plastid lineage emerged somewhat early in the cyanobacterial tree, at a time when Cyanobacteria were likely unicellular and restricted to freshwater ecosystems. Using relaxed molecular clocks and 22 age constraints spanning cyanobacterial and eukaryote nodes, the common ancestor to the photosynthetic eukaryotes was predicted to have also inhabited freshwater environments around the time that oxygen appeared in the atmosphere (2.0-2.3 Ga). Early diversifications within each of the three major plastid clades were also inferred to have occurred in freshwater environments, through the late Paleoproterozoic and into the middle Mesoproterozoic. The colonization of marine environments by photosynthetic eukaryotes may not have occurred until after the middle Mesoproterozoic (1.2-1.5 Ga). The evolutionary hypotheses proposed here predict that early photosynthetic eukaryotes may have never experienced the widespread anoxia or euxinia suggested to have characterized marine environments in the Paleoproterozoic to early Mesoproterozoic. It also proposes that earliest acritarchs (1.5-1.7 Ga) may have been produced by freshwater taxa. This study highlights how the early evolution of habitat preference in photosynthetic eukaryotes, along with Cyanobacteria, could have contributed to changing biogeochemical conditions on the early Earth.
Tumors of the respiratory tract induced by inhalation of bis(chloromethyl)ether.

Squamous ceil carcinomas of the lung and esthesioneuroepitheliomas of the olfactory epithelium were produced in high incidence in rats following inhalation of 0.1 ppm of bis(chloromethyl)ether. These findings imply a significant potential occupational hazard.
Synthesis of acid and two of its conformationally-restricted analogs

Abstract Synthesis of the titled tetrahydropyrimidoazepine-based folate (6a) is described using a regiospecific γ-alkylation reaction between the dienolate generated from 3-carboethoxy-N-2,4-dimethoxybenzyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-(1H)-azepin-2-one (33) and methyl 4-formylbenzoate, as the key step. The isoxazolinopyrimidoazepine and isoxazolopyrimidoazepine-based folates (7a and 8a respectively) were also prepared (via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition chemistry) as conformationally-restricted analogs of 6a. All three compounds were prepared as potential antitumor agents based on the known, structurally related, antitumor agent 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (DDATHF). Both 7a and 8a were inactive in the human colon carcinoma (GC3c1) cell culture assay. Compound 6a, however, was weakly active (IC50 = 2.0 μM) in the above assay.
Multiple fault sets and three-dimensional strain: Theory and application

Abstract The widely accepted faulting theory of Anderson fails to explain three more coeval sets of faults or faults developed in a three-dimensional strain field. Reches has developed a model which suggests that four sets of faults, arranged in orthorhombic symmetry about the principal strain axes, are necessary to accommodate general, three-dimensional strain. This paper presents the odd-axis model, which recognizes certain geometric and kinematic relationships inherent in orthorhombic fault systems and in the Reches model and presents a practical method for decoding the strain significance of fault systems developed in three-dimensional strain fields. Both the odd-axis model and the Reches model are applied to an array of orthorhombic faults in the northern San Rafael Swell of central Utah with excellent agreement between predicted and observed geometric and kinematic parameters.
A new look at energy discounts: using published studies to calculate discounted net energy values for dairy cows fed ad libitum

Correct assessment of the energetic density of a diet fed to dairy cows is fundamental to accurate prediction of performance. Feeding experiments using lactating Holstein cows fed ad libitum, as re...
Retrogressive Pyrolysis Pathways for Surface-Constrained Diarylmethanes

Pyrolysis studies of silica-immobilized diarylmethanes, which are models for related structures in fuel resources, have been conducted at 425 °C to explore the impact of restricted mass transport on reaction pathways with particular attention to the formation of PAHs. Two retrogressive free radical pathways are observed in the pyrolysis of silica-immobilized diphenylmethane and 2-naphthylphenylmethane that involve the diarylmethyl radical as a key intermediate. The major pathway is cyclization−dehydrogenation that forms fluorene and benzofluorene (two isomers), respectively. This pathway can be attenuated, but not eliminated, by the presence of a neighboring hydrogen donor (tetralin) on the surface in contrast to fluid-phase studies. The second pathway, which has not been reported in fluid phases, is a radical displacement path that forms cross-linked triarylmethane products. The selectivity for these two pathways is found to be a function of the orientation of the diarylmethane on the surface, as well as...
Estimating the vapor pressures of multi-functional oxygen-containing organic compounds using group contribution methods

Abstract A UNIFAC-based method for estimating the vapor pressure ( p L o ) values of oxygen-containing compounds of intermediate-to-low volatility has been developed as an aid in modeling the formation and behavior of organic aerosols. This UNIFAC- p L o method was constructed using a set of 76 compounds with experimentally determined p L o values. The compounds chosen are of intermediate-to-low volatility and contain multiple oxygen-containing functionalities. For test and development purposes, the 76 compounds were divided into a basis set of 43 compounds used to generate the coefficients required in the UNIFAC- p L o method and a second set of 33 compounds that was used to test the coefficients generated using the basis set. Both the basis and test sets contained compounds that possessed similar structures and functionalities. For the 33 compounds in the test set, on average UNIFAC- p L o predicted the p L o values to within a factor of 2 over the temperature range 290–320 K. Furthermore, the UNIFAC- p L o method did not show any correlation in prediction error with p L o so that it was equally likely to underpredict as overpredict p L o regardless of volatility. For comparison, three other vapor pressure estimation methods were applied to the test set of compounds. On average, these other methods all predicted the test set p L o values to within a factor of 3 over the temperature range 290–320 K. In contrast to the UNIFAC- p L o method, the prediction errors from the methods were found to be correlated with p L o so that the other methods overpredicted p L o as volatility decreased.
A practical and inexpensive frame-numbering device for use with automatic oscilloscope cameras

Abstract 1. 1. A circuit is described to provide sequential frame numbers for labelling photographs made with automatic oscilloscope recording cameras (such as the Grass C4). 2. 2. The device employs readily available digital integrated circuits to count frames and to drive seven-segment incandescent readout displays, which are positioned in view of the camera beneath the oscilloscope screen.
A statistical thermodynamics model for monolayer gas adsorption on graphene-based materials: implications for gas sensing applications

Field-effect transistor-based conductance gas sensors are attracting considerable research interest because of their miniaturized size, high sensitivity, and portability. Here, we propose statistical thermodynamics models to analytically characterize monolayer gas molecule adsorption on crystalline and amorphous solid surfaces in terms of adsorption density and coverage, respectively, which are critical for gas sensing applications. By testing the monolayer adsorption of gas molecules, such as CO, NO, NH3 and NO2, on graphene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), we found that adsorption density and coverage can be estimated from only the binding energy of gas molecules with a high accuracy compared with the exact values obtained by solving the Schrodinger equation. Moreover, the experimentally observed (e.g., NO2) density on graphene is close to our theoretical prediction. The proposed approaches to quantitatively characterize gas adsorption on solid surfaces are of great significance to help understand and optimize the performance of gas sensors.
A New Common Bacterial Blight Resistance QTL in VAX 1 Common Bean and Interaction of the New QTL, SAP6, and SU91 with Bacterial Strains

Common bacterial blight (CBB) is a severe disease in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). New resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) should facilitate development of cultivars with high levels of resistance. Our objectives were to (i) identify new resistance QTL in VAX 1 and verify its presence in VAX 3, (ii) determine the interaction between QTL with existing SAP6 and SU91 QTL, and (iii) examine the interaction between QTL with less aggressive ARX8AC and aggressive Xcp25 bacterial strains. Sixty-one F₆:₇ recombinant inbred lines (RIL) from ‘Othello’/VAX 1 and 100 RIL from Othello/VAX 3 were screened in the greenhouse. Disease severity of inoculated primary leaves, first and second trifoliolate leaves, and pods, was scored from 1 = no symptoms to 9 = completely diseased. Genotyping was performed using 5398 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BeadChip and CBB resistance QTL-linked sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, SAP6 and SU91. A novel resistance QTL with major effect was detected on Pv11 linkage group in Othello/VAX 1 and verified in Othello/VAX 3. This Pv11 QTL, defined by the closest marker SNP47467 (45,059,806 bp), explained 23% of the phenotypic variance for resistance in primary and 18% in trifoliolate leaves in Othello/VAX 1, and 13% and 22%, respectively, in Othello/VAX 3 to ARX8AC. The Pv11 QTL, named Xa11.4ᴼⱽ¹,ᴼⱽ³, had greater influence against Xcp25, with respective values for variance for resistance explained in primary and trifoliolate leaves of 45% and 51% in Othello/VAX 1 and 26% and 37% in Othello/VAX 3. Conversely, SAP6 was only effective against ARX8AC in both populations, and surprisingly, SU91 was only effective against Xcp25 in Othello/VAX 3. SAP6 was the only QTL to condition resistance in pods. QTL interactions and differential reactions to strains indicate that the new Xa11.4ᴼⱽ¹,ᴼⱽ³ QTL is critical in breeding for stable and higher levels of foliage resistance to CBB in common bean.
Evaluation of Polar WRF forecasts on the Arctic System Reanalysis domain: Surface and upper air analysis

[1] The Polar version 3.1.1 of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), a high-resolution regional scale model, is used to simulate conditions for the year December 2006 to November 2007. The goal is to compare model output of near-surface and tropospheric variables to observational data sets. The domain mirrors that of the Arctic System Reanalysis (ASR), an assimilation of model fields with Arctic observations being conducted partly by the Polar Meteorology Group of the Byrd Polar Research Center at Ohio State University. A key development in this Polar WRF study is the extension of the seasonal progression of sea ice albedo to the entire Arctic Ocean. The boundary conditions are specified by the NCEP Final global gridded analysis archive (FNL), a 1° × 1° global grid updated every 6 h. The simulations are performed in 48 h increments initialized daily at 0000 UTC, with the first 24 h discarded for model spin-up of the hydrologic cycle and boundary layer processes. Model large-scale variables of atmospheric pressure and geopotential height show good agreement with observations. Spatial distribution of near-surface air temperatures compares well with ERA-Interim despite a small negative bias in the station analysis. Surface dewpoint temperatures and wind speeds show small biases, but model skill is modest for near-surface winds. Tropospheric temperatures and wind speeds, however, agree well with radiosonde observations. This examination provides a benchmark from which to improve the model and guidance for further development of Polar WRF as ASR's primary model.
Axial fatigue performance of medical screws in synthetic bone

This paper investigates the axial fatigue performance of self–tapping medical screws in synthetic bone joints. The effect of loading amplitude and screw implant depth on fatigue behaviour of the bone screws is explored. The study also provides an experimental investigation of stiffness degradation of a self–tapped bio–joint system under cyclic axial loading. Results on the failure behaviour and axial fatigue performance of medical self–tapping screws are discussed. The results show higher screw implant depth yields lower displacement amplitude change and screw stiffness degradation rate in fatigue. Linear relationships between the logarithms of fatigue life and peak cyclic load as well as between screw axial stiffness and mean displacement (progressive displacement) are explored.
Effects of increasing cyclic AMP or calcium on feline erythroid progenitors in vitro: normal cells are stimulated while cells from retrovirus-infected cats are suppressed

Pharmacologic modulators of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium were added to cultures of bone marrow cells from normal cats and cats with retrovirus-induced erythroid aplasia (EA). Treatment with the following reagents increased the number of erythroid progenitors (CFU-e and BFU-e) in cells from normal cats: isoproterenol, dibutyryl cAMP, forskolin, RO-20-1724 and A23187. However, treatment of cells collected from viremic cats not only failed to enhance CFU-e and BFU-e but inhibited their growth. These studies suggest that EA is related to a non-reversible block of primitive erythroid progenitors or to direct inhibition of BFU-e and CFU-e growth.
The effect of precipitation hardening on dynamic strain aging and jerky flow

Strain-rate sensitivity measurements were performed over a wide temperature range in commercial, precipitation hardened Ni and Al alloys. The results indicate that the dynamic strain-aging mechanism is not strongly affected by the presence of a precipitate dispersion. However, since precipitates influence the development of Luders type bands as well as the work hardening rate and other metallurgical variables, the critical strain for the onset of jerky flowis influenced. Therefore, the behavior of the critical strain cannot always be used to examine different theories for the origin of the negative strainrate dependence of the flow stress which develops during straining and is a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for jerky flow.
THE ROLE OF PERIPHYTON IN PHOSPHORUS RETENTION IN SHALLOW FRESHWATER AQUATIC SYSTEMS

Eutrophication caused by phosphorus (P) leads to water quality problems in aquatic systems, particularly freshwaters, worldwide. Processing of nutrients in shallow habitats removes P from water naturally and periphyton influences P removal from the water column in flowing waters and wetlands. Periphyton plays several roles in removing P from the water column, including P uptake and deposition, filtering particulate P from the water, and attenuating flow, which decreases advective transport of particulate and dissolved P from sediments. Furthermore, periphyton photosynthesis locally increases pH by up to 1 unit, which can lead to increased precipitation of calcium phosphate, concurrent deposition of carbonate-phosphate complexes, and long-term burial of P. Actively photosynthesizing periphyton can cause super-saturated O 2 concentrations near the sediment surface encouraging deposition of metal phosphates. However, anoxia associated with periphyton respiration at night may offset this effect. Linking the small-scale functional role of periphyton to ecosystem-level P retention will require more detailed studies in a variety of ecosystems or large mesocosms. A case study from the Everglades illustrates the importance of considering the role of periphyton in P removal from wetlands. In general, periphyton tends to increase P retention and deposition. In pilot-scale constructed periphyton-dominated wetlands in South Florida, about half of the inflowing total P was removed.
Synthesis, Dopamine Transporter Affinity, Dopamine Uptake Inhibition, and Locomotor Stimulant Activity of 2-Substituted 3β-Phenyltropane Derivatives

A series of 2 beta-substituted 3 beta-phenyltropanes were synthesized as analogs of cocaine and tested in vitro for their ability to displace bound [3H]WIN 35,428 (2b) and inhibit dopamine uptake in rat caudate-putamen tissue. The analogs bound with high affinity (Ki = 11-22 nM) to the dopamine transporter. Increased lipophilicity at the beta-C(2)-position was found to lead to increased binding affinity and increased dopamine uptake potency. However, a direct correlation between clogP values and binding affinity and potency of uptake inhibition was not observed. The unsaturated ester 7 was found to possess weak dopamine uptake inhibition relative to the high binding affinity (IC50/Ki = 10.2). In vivo measurement of stimulated locomotor activity and drug discrimination against cocaine (10 mg/kg, ip) with selected analogs (4, 6, and 7) demonstrated that the behavioral effects of these drugs were approximately equipotent with those of cocaine. The structure-activity relationships of this series of cocaine analogs supports a pharmacophore model in which lipophilic interactions between the beta-C(2)-position of 3 beta-phenyltropanes and the cocaine binding site on the dopamine transporter lead to enhanced potency while electrostatic interactions have a nonspecific effect.
Could Wild Horses Drag Access Away From Courtrooms? Expanding First Amendment Rights to New Pastures

More than thirty years ago, the Supreme Court of the United States created a First Amendment right of access to criminal trials in Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia. At the time—and in the Supreme Court cases that immediately followed Richmond Newspapers—the assumption was that such a right of access would apply only to judicial proceedings. This article examines a small but significant body of case law that extends the First Amendment right of access to criminal proceedings to new venues far removed from courtrooms. Using the 2012 opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Leigh v. Salazar as an analytical springboard, this article analyzes how the so-called experience-and-logic test fashioned by the high Court in Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court in 1986 is being applied in such cases. Cases like Leigh also provide an excellent opportunity for courts to clarify precisely the nature and extent of the history required to find qualified rights of access given the relati...
Ending the French Revolution: Violence, Justice, and Repression from the Terror to Napoleon – By Howard G. Brown

This author brings together an impressive synthesis of research that he has published in various forms for more than a decade concerning the period of the Directory and the difficulty of bringing t...
Multidomain Topology Optimization for Structural and Material Designs

A multidomain topology optimization technique (MDTO) is developed, which extends the standard topology optimization method to the realm of more realistic engineering design problems. The new technique enables the effective design of a complex engineering structure by allowing the designer to control the material distribution among the subdomains during the optimal design process, to use multiple materials or composite materials in the various subdomains of the structure, and to follow a desired pattern or tendency for the material distribution. A new algorithm of Sequential Approximate Optimization (SAO) is proposed for the multidomain topology optimization, which is an enhancement and a generalization of previous SAO algorithms (including Optimality Criteria and Convex Linearization methods, etc.). An advanced substructuring method using quasi-static modes is also introduced to condense the nodal variables associated with the multidomain topology optimization problem, especially for the nondesign subdomains. The effectiveness of the new MDTO approach is demonstrated for various design problems, including one of “structure-fixture simultaneous design,” one of “functionally graded material design,” and one of “crush energy management.” These case studies demonstrate the potential significance of the new capability developed for a wide range of engineering design problems.
Bi2O3/Al2O3 catalysts for the selective reduction of NO with hydrocarbons in lean conditions

Abstract Bi2O3/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods, and their properties in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with propene and propane investigated. Under simulated diesel exhaust gas conditions (500 ppm NO, 10% O2, 6% H2O, GHSV of ca. 30,000 h−1) with 525 ppm propene as reductant, maximum conversion levels to N2 reached 62% for NO and 47% for NO2, while maximum NOx reduction was observed at 550 °C. Increasing the propene concentration to 1315 ppm (corresponding to a [C1]/[NO] ratio of 8) resulted in a maximum NO reduction level of 96%, while the temperature corresponding to the maximum shifted to 525 °C. Propane was also found to function as an efficient reductant; maximum NO conversion levels were only slightly lower than for propene, although the temperature window for NO conversion was shifted by ∼25 °C to higher temperature relative to propene. While the presence of oxygen was found to be essential for SCR activity, water significantly inhibited NOx reduction by competing for adsorption sites with the propene and/or NOx reactants. Optimum SCR activity was observed for sol–gel catalysts at bismuth loadings of 3–7 wt%, XRD and XPS measurements showing that the bismuth oxide in these catalysts was present as a highly dispersed phase. The results of steady-state and transient DRIFTS measurements suggested a reaction scheme in which surface nitrate and acetate groups react to afford N-containing intermediates, including organo-nitrite and/or nitrate species, as well as isocyanate, which react further to form ultimately N2.
Dynamic Behavior of an Intruder in a Granular Couette Flow

This paper reports on three-dimensional, steady discrete element simulations of a single large spherical intruder in a gravity-free granular Couette flow of uniform particles with diameter d. The non-equilibrium nature of the flow is characterized by the depth profile of granular temperature, which decreases inwards toward the center. An intruder of size φ = D / d migrates away from the walls at a rate that increases with φ and wall velocity U. Computations indicated that the intruder's motion is induced by the high pressure near the wall.
Solidarity in Europe: The History of an Idea

Solidarity in Europe: The History of an Idea. By Steinar Stjerno. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 406p. $75.00.Steinar Stjerno's important and fascinating book will be valuable to political theorists and sociologists interested in the idea of solidarity from the nineteenth century through the present, to political historians concerned about the uses of solidarity in the political discourses of left-wing, religious, and fascist parties and movements, and to historians of political thought and of ideas who address methodological questions in their field.
Reliable fusion PCR using Taq polymerases and pGEM-T easy vectors

We describe a reliable method for the production of fusion PCR products that can be used to transform the wild-type bacteria to replace target genes for mutagenesis studies. The relevant gene fragments and selective cassette are first amplified separately by PCR using primers that produce overlapping ends. As economic Taq DNA polymerase is disappointed in producing overlap ends due to adding an extra 3′-end ‘A’ base which potentially blocks the successful fusion of the amplified fragments, we use a new primer design strategy to overcome this disadvantage by introducing an additional ‘A’ base in the overlap primers. The amplified gene fragments were then separately cloned into a pGEM-T easy vector and re-amplified with the aid of a universal primer T7/SP6. This procedure enables performing nested PCR with the outmost primers in the fusion reaction to reliably splice the gene fragments into a single molecule with all sequences in the desired order.