cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertical structure of tropical cyclones at onset of the rapid intensification in the HWRF model

In this study, the tropical cyclone structure at the onset of rapid intensification (RI) is examined using the cloud-permitting version of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) model. Idealized experiments with different vortex initial vertical structures in different environments show that the HWRF model vortex possesses a specific constraint in the dynamical and thermodynamic structure at the RI onset including (i) a warm anomaly of 1–3°K, (ii) a moist column with relative humidity > 90% within the storm central region, and (iii) low-level tangential flow ≥12 m s−1. Regardless of vortex structures or environment conditions applied in this study, model vortex does not intensify if the above constraint is not established. Such a requirement in the model moisture and dynamical structure at the RI onset can explain why the RI onset is much delayed in dry experiments as compared to the onset in moist experiments.
Oceanic Crust and Mantle Fragment in Subduction Complex near San Luis Obispo, California

A remnant of Mesozoic oceanic crust and mantle overlain by marine sediments occurs northwest of San Luis Obispo, California. The remnant is composed of four principal units. The first (lowermost) unit is serpentinite derived in part from harzburgite, and is more than 1 km thick. The serpentinite, which is separated from the next preserved unit by faults, contains diabase dikes that presumably fed overlying intrusive and extrusive masses. The second unit is largely made up of basaltic breccias and pillow lavas, but the lower part contains countless dikes and sills of diabase, gabbro, trondhjemite, and small amounts of quartz albitite. The collective thickness of the second unit exceeds 1,200 m. The third unit is bedded radiolarian chert 5 to 130 m thick, in depositional contact with the basalt. The chert is overlain concordantly by the fourth unit, consisting of more than 660 m of shale—the Toro Formation of Fairbanks (1904). The lower part of the shale contains latest Jurassic species of Buchia, and the remainder contains Early Cretaceous species of this genus. The oceanic crust and overlying Mesozoic sediments comprise a coherent synclinal remnant which is tectonically underlain by chaotic Franciscan rocks and tectonically overlain by Upper Cretaceous Great Valley-type sandstone. The remnant probably “floated” like a raft while the Franciscan melange passed under it in the upper part of a Subduction zone and dragged it beneath the Upper Cretaceous sandstone.
The Research of Subspan Oscillation and Configuration of Spacer for Transmission Line

Based on the summarization of domestic and foreign experience, the computational method of spacer configuration was developed in order to depress sub-span oscillation principally. The requirements of the reverse recovery characteristics were considered. The computer-aided calculation procedures were programmed. The finite element analysis model of sub-span oscillation for cable-spacer system was established. The inherence modal and amplitude for sub-span oscillation of bundled transmission lines were calculated by using numerical simulation method. The dynamic configurations were analyzed by using the parameters of the cable and spacer obtained from vibration testing.
Ion association in 2-(chloromethyl)tetrahydrofuran

Abstract Conductivities were measured at 298.15 K for LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , Bu 4 NCl, Bu 4 NClO 4 , Bu 4 NBPh 4 and Ph 4 AsCl in 2-(chloromethyl)tetrahydrofuran, and for LiAsF 6 in tetrahydrofuran. Comparing these results with literature data for THF and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran systems, it is found that the nature of the anion plays an important role in determining type of ion pair formed. In all the ethers considered, it is found that LiClO 4 and LiAsF 6 exist predominately as contact ion pairs as opposed to LiBPh 4 and NaBPh 4 which form solvent-separated ion pairs. This effect, and the abnormally large ion association constants, K ∞ a , found for tetraalkylammonium salts are satisfactorily treated in terms of non-coulombic contributions to the energy of interaction of the ion pair.
RESISTANCE TO CHANGE PRODUCED BY ACCESS TO FIXED‐DELAY VERSUS VARIABLE‐DELAY TERMINAL LINKS

Pigeons' responding was reinforced on a multiple schedule consisting of two two-link chain schedules presented in regular alternation. Responding in initial links (always variable-interval 60-s) produced a key-color change and access to a terminal link. The terminal link for one chain provided food after a fixed delay (fixed-interval or fixed-time); the terminal link for the other provided food after a variable delay (variable-interval or variable-time). The average duration of the terminal-link schedules was varied across conditions, but in every condition the arithmetic mean of the variable-delay terminal-link schedule was equal to the duration of the fixed delay. Response rates were higher in the initial links of the chains with the variable-delay terminal links. Response-decreasing operations (satiation, extinction) were used after performances reached asymptote. Response rates maintained by access to variable-delay terminal links tended to be more resistant to change than were rates maintained by access to fixed-delay terminal links. These results are consistent with the preference for variable- over fixed-interval terminal links observed with concurrent-chains schedules, suggesting (1) that immediacy of reinforcement influences the conditioned reinforcing potency of access to a terminal link and (2) that choice in concurrent chains and resistance of responding to change may be manifestations of the same effect of reinforcement.
Theoretical considerations in the adaptation of animal communication systems

Using concepts drawn from semiotic, the general theory of signs, and from the mathematical theory of communication, a theoretical framework is developed within which the problems relating to communication system adaptation may be defined and models of such adaptation constructed. The relationship between the semiotical notions of qualisign and legisign is used to define a concept of tolerance space that permits the statistical concept of equivocation to take on physical dimensions in the analysis of natural communication systems. For each of three central properties of the communication system (entropy, equivocation and semantic-pragmatic relations) the components of the system that determine the property are identified and the ways in which these components might adapt to environmental changes are discussed.
Evidence that the Circadian System Mediates Photoperiodic Nonresponsiveness in Siberian Hamsters: The Effect of Running Wheel Access on Photoperiodic Responsiveness

Juvenile male Siberian hamsters from a line of hamsters selected for nonresponsiveness to short photoperiod (PNRj) and animals from the general colony (UNS) were separated at weaning into two groups. Group 1 males were moved into short days (10 h light:14 h dark [10L:14D]) with free access to running wheels (RW). Group 2 animals were the male siblings of Group 1 hamsters; they were moved at the same time into the same room, but were housed in cages without access to RW. Group 2 hamsters only had access to RW for the final week of short-day exposure (Week 8). Animals were blood sampled at the time of sacrifice for analysis of serum prolactin (PRL) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations. At sacrifice, paired testis weights were obtained and pelage color was scored. Animals from the UNS line showed the expected declines in testis weight, body weight, and serum concentrations of both PRL and FSH, regardless of the presence or absence of RW. These animals also exhibited a high proportion of individuals molting to winter-type pelage. By contrast, a marked difference was noted between siblings from the PNRj line depending on whether RW access was provided at the time of weaning. Animals with access to RW exhibited identical responses to those of the UNS responder animals, whereas PNRj animals without access to RW showed no adjustments to short days (i.e., testis regression, pelage molt, expansion of alpha). In a second experiment, PNRj and UNS males were placed in constant darkness (DD), with or without RW access. The results of this experiment indicated that PNRj animals respond to DD regardless of the presence or absence of RW. In DD, PNRj hamsters also exhibited significantly longer free-running period lengths (taus) than did UNS hamsters; all the PNRj hamsters had taus > 24 h, whereas none of the UNS hamsters had a tau > 24 h. These results indicate that PNRj hamsters retain the proper neural pathways for responding to short day lengths and establish a role for locomotor activity feedback in modulating the circadian system and, subsequently, photoperiodic responsiveness in PNRj hamsters.
The Unique Nature of Middle School Counseling

While all levels of school counseling share similarities, the development of early adolescents and the ecology of the middle school require a distinctive role for middle school counselors. This art...
The Senses of Rhetoric: A Topical System for Critics.

Critics of rhetoric have not waited for theorists to agree on one usage for the term “rhetoric” as a theoretical construct. Nine senses of the term “rhetoric” suggest ways of assessing the communicative potential of a variety of texts. The critics representative of each sense are the intentionalists, social critics, critics such as Wayne Booth, critics of imitative rhetoric, formalists, genre critics, implicit rhetorical theorists, idealists, and eclectics. These nine senses constitute a topical system for rhetorical critics.
Ultrasound production by pregnant rats

At Day 21 of gestation, individual, pregnant, Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously monitored for ultrasound with a Holgate bat detector until delivery of the first pup. Nonpregnant controls were monitored over similar time periods. Pregnant animals produced more ultrasound than nonpregnant. The primary frequency component of the calls was 40 kHz. On the day of delivery, pregnant rats emitted significantly more ultrasound (15 to 60 kHz) than on the day preceding delivery. All rats produced some ultrasound which exhibited diurnal fluctuations. This ultrasound might be related to stress during labor or be a signal to conspecifics.
Lensless Holographic Recognition of Spatially Incoherent Patterns in Real Time

Self-luminous patterns and patterns on diffusing backgrounds can be recognized in real time by means of multiple holographic filters in an approach that requires no imaging lenses. Use of filters matched to features rather than to entire characters has allowed reading of alphabetic characters printed on white paper at contrast ratios down to 1.7:1. The experimental geometry eliminates aberrations as a problem.
Passover: A gene required for synaptic connectivity in the giant fiber system of Drosophila

Passover (Pas) flies fail to jump in response to a light-off stimulus. The mutation disrupts specific synapses of the giant fibers (GFs), command neurons for this response. Pas was cloned from a P element-induced allele. The cDNA encodes a putative membrane protein of 361 amino acids. Null, hypomorphic, and dominant alleles were sequenced. In the adult central nervous system, and in the pupa during GF synapse formation, Pas is consistently expressed in the GF and in a large thoracic cell in the location of its postsynaptic targets. Pas establishes a new gene family. The Drosophila ogre protein, required for postembryonic neuroblast development, is 47% identical; the C. elegans Unc-7 protein, which when mutated alters the connectivity of a few neurons, is 33% identical.
Ion discrimination during ion accumulation in a quadrupole interface external to a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

Abstract When coupled with high-performance capillary separations, Fourier transform ion cyclotron (FTICR) mass spectrometry provides powerful new capabilities for proteomic studies. Selective ion accumulation in a two-dimensional quadrupole device external to an FTICR mass spectrometer has been shown to increase its sensitivity, dynamic range, and duty cycle. In this article, we have evaluated the operation of a linear quadrupole ion trap coupled to a 3.5-tesla FTICR mass spectrometer in the presence of high space charge. On increasing the ion population in the linear quadrupole trap, pronounced m/z discrimination was observed. We have found that the superposition of the applied quadrupole rf and dc fields, the effective dc field from space charge within the quadrupole, and the quadrupole fringing fields at the quadrupole entrance and exit result in ion instability and m/z discrimination. After optimizing experimental parameters responsible for m/z discrimination, capillary LC-separated tryptic peptide ions (from a bovine serum albumin digest) were shown to be externally accumulated and detected using the FTICR mass spectrometer without evident m/z discrimination.
Modeling the output ratio in air for megavoltage photon beams

The output ratio in air, OR, for a high-energy x-ray beam describes how the incident central axis photon fluence varies with collimator setting. For field sizes larger than 3 x 3 cm2, its variation is caused by the scatter of photons in structures in the accelerator head (primarily the flattening filter and the wedge, if one is used) and by the backscatter of radiation into the monitor ionization chamber. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an analytical function to parametrize OR for square collimator setting c: OR = (1 + a1.c).[1 + a2.erf(c/lambda)2].H0. For open beams, these parameters can be attributed to explicit physical meanings within the systematical uncertainty of the model: a1 accounts for backscatter into the monitor, a2 is the maximum scatter-to-primary ratio for head-scattered photons, and lambda represents the effective width of the "source" of head-scatter photons. H0 is a constant that sets OR = 1 for c = 10 cm. This formula also fits OR for wedge beams and a Co-60 unit, although the fitting parameters lose their physical interpretations. To calculate the output ratio for a rectangular field, cx x cy, an equivalent square can be used: c = (1 + k).cy x cx/(k.cx + cy), where k is a constant. The study included a number of different accelerators and a cobalt-60 unit. The fits for square fields agreed with measurements with a standard deviation (SD) of less than 0.5%. Using k = lx.(f - ly)/ly.(f - lx), where lx and ly are the source-to-collimator distances and f is the source-to-detector distance, measurements and calculations agreed within a SD of 0.7% for rectangular fields. Sufficient data for the three parameters are presented to suggest constraints that can be used for quality assurance of the measured output ratio in air.
Cholecysto-duodeno-colic ligament causing high grade obstruction of the duodenum; report of a case.

Summary A case is reported of a cholecysto-duodeno-colic ligament causing high grade duodenal obstruction in a young man under our previous observation without prior symptomatology.
Assemblage-level estimation of nontanypodine chironomid growth and production in a southern Illinois stream

AbstractChironomid midges are abundant and important components of freshwater communities, but estimating their production is problematic because of taxonomic difficulties, short generation times, and overlapping cohorts. We measured growth rates of nontanypodine chironomid larvae from a 3rd-order stream in southern Illinois, USA, at different temperatures to estimate assemblage-level production using the instantaneous growth method. We collected Chironomini, Tanytarsini, and Orthocladiinae larvae, separated them into small (0–3.9 mm), medium (4–7.9 mm), and large (8–12 mm) size classes, and then reared larvae in a controlled environment for 3 to 7 d at temperatures ranging from 5 to 28°C. We measured lengths of individual larvae before and after each trial and estimated biomass using a length–mass regression. Instantaneous growth rates (g) across all size classes ranged from 0.008 mg mg−1 d−1 at 5°C to 0.24 mg mg−1 d−1 at 22°C. Instantaneous growth rates of small larvae increased linearly with temperatur...
Analysis of five single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene in cryptorchidism

BACKGROUND: Recent findings suggest that a specific haplotype, including five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3'-terminal region of the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1), is associated with the risk for cryptorchidism, but results have been conflicting in different populations. The goal of this study was to further define the association between this specific ESR1 haplotype and the risk for nonsyndromic cryptorchidism in a multiracial American population including Caucasian, African American, and Asian American subjects. METHODS: Applied Biosystems TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays were used to identify the genotypes of the five SNPs in ESR1 in 152 nonsyndromic cryptorchidism cases and 160 healthy controls. RESULTS: For the five SNPs, there were no significant differences in genotype frequencies between cases and controls. The four estimated haplotypes at the 3' region of ESR1 gene were also not associated with the occurrence of cryptorchidism, but the haplotype AGATC was associated with the severity of cryptorchidism. SNP12 (rs6932902) in ESR1 was not associated with cryptorchidism per se, but was associated with increasing severity of cryptorchidism. Severe cases were more likely to have GG genotype (93%) than moderate (54%) cases (p = .04), and this association was in recessive mode (p = .02). The allele distribution of this SNP was also significantly different between moderate and severe cases: 97% of severe cases had the G allele while only 76% of moderate cases had the G allele (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: SNP12 in ESR1 is not associated with the occurrence of cryptorchidism but is associated with the severity of cryptorchidism.
The Effects of Job Insecurity on Health Care Utilization: Findings from a Panel of U.S. Workers.

Objective To examine the impacts of job insecurity during the recession of 2007–2009 on health care utilization among a panel of U.S. employees. Data Sources/Study Setting Linked administrative and claims datasets on a panel of continuously employed, continuously insured individuals at a large multisite manufacturing firm that experienced widespread layoffs (N = 9,486). Study Design We employed segmented regressions to examine temporal discontinuities in utilization during 2006–2012. To assess the effects of job insecurity, we compared individuals at high- and low-layoff plants. Because the dataset includes multiple observations for each individual, we included individual-level fixed effects. Principal Findings We found discontinuous increases in outpatient (3.5 visits/month/10,000 individuals, p = .002) and emergency (0.4 visits/month/10,000 individuals, p = .05) utilization in the panel of all employees. Compared with individuals at low-layoff plants, individuals at high-layoff plants decreased outpatient utilization (−4.0 visits/month/10,000 individuals, p = .008), suggesting foregone preventive care, with a marginally significant increase in emergency utilization (0.4 visits/month/10,000 individuals, p = .08). Conclusions These results suggest changes in health care utilization and potentially adverse impacts on employee health in response to job insecurity during the latest recession. This study contributes to our understanding of the impacts of economic crises on the health of the U.S. working population.
Build, Compute, Critique, Repeat: Data Analysis with Latent Variable Models

We survey latent variable models for solving data-analysis problems. A latent variable model is a probabilistic model that encodes hidden patterns in the data. We uncover these patterns from their conditional distribution and use them to summarize data and form predictions. Latent variable models are important in many fields, including computational biology, natural language processing, and social network analysis. Our perspective is that models are developed iteratively: We build a model, use it to analyze data, assess how it succeeds and fails, revise it, and repeat. We describe how new research has transformed these essential activities. First, we describe probabilistic graphical models, a language for formulating latent variable models. Second, we describe mean field variational inference, a generic algorithm for approximating conditional distributions. Third, we describe how to use our analyses to solve problems: exploring the data, forming predictions, and pointing us in the direction of improved mo...
Can broker–dealer client surveys provide signals for debt investing?

We use a novel data set to study return predictability in debt markets. The data are collected from J.P. Morgan’s periodic surveys on its clients’ outlook for changes in US Treasury yields and corporate credit spreads. We document that simple signals constructed from such surveys predict excess returns on debt portfolios formed on the basis of duration (2-years minus zero) or credit quality (BBB minus AAA). A linear trading strategy placing equal weight on Treasury and Credit signals has an annualized Information Ratio equal to 1.18, before transaction costs. We also show that predictability is likely to stem from private information possessed by survey respondents rather than from risk premia.
Fossilized egg indicates probable breeding of Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) on Bermuda in the Middle Pleistocene

Abstract A large, relatively intact fossil bird's egg collected on Bermuda over a century ago is identified here as that of a Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis, a species known historically only as an occasional vagrant in Bermuda. Although the exact provenance and age were originally unknown, contemporary descriptions of the stratigraphy and subsequent amino acid ratios of the attached limestone matrix establish the age as a Middle Pleistocene interglacial, probably Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 or perhaps slightly older. The presence of an egg is a very likely indication of at least a small former breeding colony of Brown Pelicans on Bermuda. Ecological conditions during interglacial periods and presence of potential fish prey would have made such a colonization feasible.
Low prevalence of NPHS2 mutations in African American children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

In African American (AA) children, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the leading cause of nephrotic syndrome (NS). It has been shown that AA children suffer from FSGS and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) at a higher frequency and with a more severe renal outcome in comparison with Caucasian children. Previous mutation analysis of large cohorts revealed that a high percentage of childhood SRNS is monogenic and that mutations in podocin (NPHS2) and Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) account for approximately 30% of SRNS in children. To test whether AA children with SRNS have a similar or a higher mutation rate, we performed mutation analysis of NPHS2 and WT1 in a cohort of AA children with SRNS. Direct sequencing was carried out for all exons of NPHS2 and for exons 8 and 9 of WT1. We ascertained 18 children of AA descent in whom renal biopsy findings showed FSGS in 13 patients (72%) and minimal-change disease in five patients (28%). In both NPHS2 and WT1, no disease-causing mutations were detected. Our data strongly suggest that in AA children with SRNS, the frequency of NPHS2 mutations is much lower than in large cohorts of pediatric SRNS patients in the general population. Knowledge of mutation rate of NPHS2 in different populations of SRNS patients facilitates the physician in planning a suitable genetic screening strategy for patients.
Building a virtual archives and preservation curriculum laboratory at Simmons GSLIS

This demonstration showcases the Simmons GSLIS Digital Curriculum Laboratory (DCL), a collaborative teaching and learning environment to support the archives, preservation and cultural heritage informatics curricula. The Digital Curriculum Laboratory is a virtual space comprised of digital content, scenarios describing archival and preservation processes, metadata standards, and a set of digital asset management applications, where students problem-solve, experiment, evaluate and gain hands-on experience with digital materials in a classroom context.
Integrated circuit substrate coupling models based on Voronoi tessellation

We present a modeling technique for assessing the impact of substrate-coupled switching noise in CMOS mixed-signal circuits. Since the magnitude of the noise problem is a function of the relative proximity of noisy and sensitive devices, design aids are required which can incorporate the switching noise effects at the post-layout phase of design verification. In our approach, SPICE-compatible lumped element RC substrate macromodels are efficiently generated from the circuit layout using a geometric construct called the Voronoi tessellation. The new models retain the accuracy of previously reported models, but contain orders of magnitude fewer circuit nodes, and are suitable for analyzing larger circuits. The node count reduction is realized by deriving a model topology which automatically adapts itself to the local densities of substrate features associated with the noise coupling. Our strategy has been verified using detailed 2-D device simulation, and successfully applied to some mixed-A/D circuit examples.
Schistosoma mansoni: alterations in total protein and hemoglobin in the hemolymph of infected Biomphalaria glabrata.

Abstract The total protein concentrations in the hemolymph of noninfected Biomphalaria glabrata and those parasitized by Schistosoma mansoni have been compared. That of the former, averaging 1.42 g/100 ml, is greater than that of the latter which averages 0.96 g/100 ml. The hemoglobin concentrations in the two categories of snails have also been compared and that in noninfected specimens, averaging 0.956 g/100 ml, is higher than that in infected snails which average 0.650 g/100 ml. It has also been ascertained that both the total protein and hemoglobin concentrations in snails of different sizes vary; specimens measuring between 10 and 16 mm in diameter tend to include more hemoglobin than larger ones. On the other hand, larger snails tend to include greater total protein concentrations. The starvation of B. glabrata causes a decrease in hemolymph total protein concentrations and this is partly due to loss of hemoglobin and partly to loss of other proteins. The oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and cyanmethemoglobin of noninfected and infected snails, as well as the dissociation subunits of hemoglobin, have been characterized by spectrophotometry. Twenty hemolymph protein fractions have been demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel-disc electrophoresis. An additional band with an R f value of 0.8285 commonly occurs in the hemolymph of snails harboring older infections. The osmolarities of the hemolymph of parasitized, nonparasitized, and starved snails have been determined. There is generally a drop in osmolarity in infected and starved specimens. The reduction in hemoglobin can explain, in part, the earlier observations that the heart rates of parasitized snails are faster.
Fetal Ultrasound Imaging and the Production of Authoritative Knowledge in Greece

In Greece repetitive and intensive fetal scanning is now a universal feature of prenatal care. This article examines some of the ways in which pregnant women and obstetricians experience the intensive use of fetal ultrasound in a small city in eastern Greece. Based on observations and interviews conducted in a public hospital, it is argued that fetal imaging plays a privileged role in the production of authoritative knowledge around pregnancy for both doctors and women. The authority of the technology rests primarily on its ability to create a straightforward sense of reality and visual pleasure. These qualities lead women to actively demand fetal scanning, which helps them to feel the reality of their pregnancies, reassures them offetal health, and provides a pleasurable sense of contact with, and knowledge about, the fetus. Doctors freely offer multiple scans to attract women to the public hospital, to practice "modern" obstetrics, and to negotiate among themselves for control over the management of pregnant women. [ultrasound, pregnancy, technology, Greece, medical authority]
New sub-20nm transistors: why and how

Two new MOSFET structures are candidates for sub-20nm IC technologies according to International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. FinFET and UTB-SOI transistors are poised to replace today' s MOSFETs and will provide much needed relief to ICs from their power and device variation predicaments.
Particle Size Effects on Ice Crystal Accretion - Part II

This paper describes ongoing research intended to simulate ice accretion in an intercompressor duct bleed slot resulting from the ingestion of altitude ice crystals. The authors have previously shown that ice crystal particle size plays an important role in the ice crystal accretion phenomenon. It was also shown that ice crystal particle size affects the degree of natural melt that occurs for a given aerodynamic condition. The data presented herein decouples the effects of ice particle melt and particle size distribution to generate accretions with the same ratio of freestream liquid-to-total water fraction. The effects of wet bulb temperature and ice particle size on the natural melting of ice crystals are discussed. An ice preservation procedure is followed to allow tracings of the accretion to be taken along the test article. Ice crystal particle size distribution is characterized using a shadowgraphy imaging technique. Finally, the reduction in accretion rate relative to the theoretical maximum rate of surface accretion by ice crystal particles is discussed. The test article simulates a forward facing, inclined endwall bleed slot in a gas turbine compressor as a simplified two-dimensional representation. The geometry, having a surface inclined 20° to the incoming flow, proved to be susceptible to mixed phase ice crystal accretion. Particle size and particularly the large particle tail of the distribution had a significant impact on the magnitude of accretion under mixed phase test conditions for wet bulb temperatures above and below 0°C. The leading edge growth rates were found to be 1/4 to 1/9 of the theoretical growth rate suggesting that erosion, splashing, particle bounce and other loss mechanism rates are significant. The ice tracings were used to estimate an accretion mass for a hypothetical large bypass ratio gas turbine. It was found that approximately 4kg of ice could be generated should the inter-compressor duct be exposed to the conditions tested for 5 minutes.
Error-Challenging Strategies: Their Role in Preventing and Correcting Errors

Two studies were conducted to identify effective communication strategies for calling attention to problems and getting action on them from other crew members. In Study 1, pilots in both crew positions relied primarily on one status-consistent strategy to request action of another crew member: Captains generally preferred to use commands, while first officers predominantly used hints. However, when asked to rate the effectiveness of various strategies in Study 2, captains and first officers: favored communications that appealed to the crew concept rather than to any particular status-based model.
Reward learning in pediatric depression and anxiety: preliminary findings in a high-risk sample

BACKGROUND: Reward learning has been postulated as a critical component of hedonic functioning that predicts depression risk. Reward learning deficits have been established in adults with current depressive disorders, but no prior studies have examined the relationship of reward learning and depression in children. The present study investigated reward learning as a function of familial depression risk and current diagnostic status in a pediatric sample. METHOD: The sample included 204 children of parents with a history of depression (n = 86 high-risk offspring) or parents with no history of major mental disorder (n = 118 low-risk offspring). Semistructured clinical interviews were used to establish current mental diagnoses in the children. A modified signal detection task was used for assessing reward learning. We tested whether reward learning was impaired in high-risk offspring relative to low-risk offspring. We also tested whether reward learning was impaired in children with current disorders known to blunt hedonic function (depression, social phobia, PTSD, GAD, n = 13) compared to children with no disorders and to a psychiatric comparison group with ADHD. RESULTS: High- and low-risk youth did not differ in reward learning. However, youth with current anhedonic disorders (depression, social phobia, PTSD, GAD) exhibited blunted reward learning relative to nondisordered youth and those with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are a first demonstration that reward learning deficits are present among youth with disorders known to blunt anhedonic function and that these deficits have some degree of diagnostic specificity. We advocate for future studies to replicate and extend these preliminary findings. Language: en
Comparison of Laboratory Resilient Modulus with Back-Calculated Elastic Moduli from Large-Scale Model Experiments and FWD Tests on Granular Materials

In this paper, a comparison is made between resilient moduli that are obtained from: (1) a conventional small-scale resilient modulus test; (2) a large-scale model experiment (LSME); and (3) a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) in the field. The LSME is a large prototype-scale test simulating a pavement section and the FWD tests were conducted on a highway test section. All tests were conducted on a typical base course material and two granular industrial by-products uses as subbase. Relationships between elastic modulus and bulk stress ere derived from the LSME data by modeling the set-up as a nonlinear elastic layered system using the computer program KENLAYER. Elastic moduli were back-calculated from the FWD data using the program MODULUS. Reasonable correspondence between the elastic moduli measures at different scales was obtained when empirical corrections were made for strain amplitude using a backbone curve for granular materials and by matching stress levels. However, even when corrections are applied, the low-strain (or maximum) elastic modulus for the industrial byproducts inferred from the laboratory resilient modulus test tends to be lower than the operative elastic modulus inferred from the LSME and the FWD tests. In addition, the minimum bulk stress provided by the laboratory resilient modulus test can be higher than the bulk stress existing in the field. In such cases, the elastic modulus at the field bulk stress can be estimated by extrapolation using a power function.
Effect of Rock Cover on Small Mammal Abundance in a Montana Grassland.

We examined the influence of rock cover, as an indicator of presumable retreat site availability on the abundance of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and prevalence of Sin Nombre virus (SNV) using long-term live trapping and habitat data from three live trapping grids and a shortterm (three month), spatially replicated study across three slopes in Cascade County, Montana. In our long-term study, we found that deer mice were more abundant at a live-trapping grid with greater rock cover, than two grids with less rock cover. There was a non-significant trend (P = 0.053) for deer mice to be more abundant in rocky sites in the short term study. In the long-term study, average SNV antibody prevalence among deer mice was slightly greater (5.0 vs. 3.5 % on average) at the live trapping grid with more rock cover, than the grid with less rock cover. We were unable to demonstrate differences in SNV antibody prevalence among treatments in the short-term study. Further studies are needed to elucidate the multiple determinants of deer mouse abundance and SNV prevalence in grassland ecosystem and other habitat types.
Intravascular Stent Endothelialization A Goal Worth Pursuing

The explosive growth of interventional cardiology has been accompanied by a proliferation of devices designed both to eliminate coronary stenoses and to prevent their recurrence. The intravascular stent is certainly one of the most successful of these devices. First deployed in humans in 19861 and approved by the FDA in 1993, an estimated 100 000 intracoronary stents per year are deployed in the United States (personal communication, Martin B. Leon, MD, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC). No interventional facility in 1996 can be without the capability for stent deployment. Stents are useful both for acute closure and for improving the long-term success of balloon angioplasty. In selected populations, stent deployment decreases the rate of restenosis after coronary angioplasty, as demonstrated by the STRESS2 and Benestent3 trials. Despite their utility, intracoronary stents have been plagued by two problems during their development: acute occlusion due to thrombosis and the persistent occurrence of restenosis. Initial reports of intracoronary stent deployment in humans noted stent-related thrombosis rates of 3% to 4% under elective conditions,2 3 rising to 8% to 16% in bailout or emergency situations.4 These unacceptably high rates were initially combated with aggressive drug therapy, including both anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents. This therapy decreased stent thrombosis but did so at a cost of additional hours of patient care as well as increased vascular and bleeding complications, leading to longer hospital stays and higher hospital bills.2 3 In-stent restenosis remains a significant clinical problem, with rates of 13% even in the more optimistic studies.5 More progress has been made in combating stent thrombosis than in decreasing the rate of in-stent restenosis. Colombo et al6 found that if stents were appropriately deployed, thrombosis rates of <1% could be achieved with antiplatelet therapy alone. Scho¨mig et al7 reported …
Model SSC Dipole Magnet Cryostat Assembly at Fermilab

The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) magnet development program includes the design, fabrication and testing of full length model dipole magnets. A result of the program has been the development of a magnet cryostat design. The cryostat subsystems consist of cold mass connection- slide, suspension, thermal shields, insulation, vacuum vessel and interconnections. Design details are presented along with model magnet production experience.
Low-Molecular-Weight Derivative of Heparin that is Orally Active in Mice

An important characteristic of heparin as a therapeutic anticoagulant or a prophylactic agent for deep venous thrombosis is its rapid onset of action. The need for parenteral injection, however, severely limits its use as a long-term therapeutic agent. An orally active heparin-like compound could find wide application.
Geometry for Juniors and Seniors

(1918). Geometry for Juniors and Seniors. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 159-167.
The Challenge of Tomorrow's Markets:

Here is a look into the future that no marketing man can neglect.The author, one of the foremost population experts of the world, presents the trends in national population … households … income … ...
Supermultiplicative Inequalities for the Permanent of Nonnegative Matrices

(1992). Supermultiplicative Inequalities for the Permanent of Nonnegative Matrices. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 41-44.
Detecting time-specific differences between temporal nonlinear curves: Analyzing data from the visual world paradigm:

In multiple fields of study, time series measured at high frequencies are used to estimate population curves that describe the temporal evolution of some characteristic of interest. These curves are typically nonlinear, and the deviations of each series from the corresponding curve are highly autocorrelated. In this scenario, we propose a procedure to compare the response curves for different groups at specific points in time. The method involves fitting the curves, performing potentially hundreds of serially correlated tests, and appropriately adjusting the overall alpha level of the tests. Our motivating application comes from psycholinguistics and the visual world paradigm. We describe how the proposed technique can be adapted to compare fixation curves within subjects as well as between groups. Our results lead to conclusions beyond the scope of previous analyses.
Surface-wave testing of soil sites using multichannel simulation with one-receiver

Abstract This paper presents a study on the application of the multichannel simulation with one-receiver (MSOR) surface-wave testing method for geophysical profiling of soil sites. The MSOR method reverses the roles of source and receiver in the widely-used multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method. To examine the feasibility and accuracy of utilizing MSOR for soil sites, finite element simulations of MSOR testing are performed for three types of soil profiles containing horizontal interfaces, a vertical fault, and a dipping interface, respectively. The effects of variations in the moving impact locations on the uncertainty and repeatability of the dispersion trends are analyzed for the different soil profiles. Real-world case studies are carried out to examine the equivalency of the MSOR and MASW methods for quantifying surface-wave dispersion trends of soil profiles, as well as the advantages of MSOR testing with embedded geophones to obtain more extensive multimodal dispersion data. From the computational simulations and field case studies, MSOR is demonstrated to be equivalent to MASW testing for practical purposes. In addition, MSOR has the advantages of reduced instrumentation cost, improved portability, enhanced ability to measure multi-mode dispersion curves by utilizing borehole geophones, and the potential for improving efficiency of 3-D stiffness profiling.
Mycobacterial pathogenesis: a historical perspective

Tuberculosis is an age-old human affliction which continues to flourish worldwide despite the development of effective drugs for its treatment and a vaccine (BCG) for its prevention. At least 8 million people die from this disease each year, a figure which is likely to increase as the AIDS epidemic continues its relentless spread into Africa and Southeast Asia. Consumption was shown to be caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis more than a century ago, yet we still know very little about the mechanisms used by this organism to elude the normally effective cellular host defenses as it establishes a progressive infection within the lung. The majority of individuals exposed to tuberculous infection are able to limit the primary infection to the lungs and its lymph nodes, resulting in a latent form of the disease which can provide the host with a lifelong immunity to reinfection. While a great deal is known about the cellular mediators of this immune response (together with the cytokines which modulate them) we lack a clear understanding of the role that they play during the establishment of the dormant form of the disease. Live BCG vaccine has been widely used in many Third World countries as a major component of their tuberculosis control programs. However, several carefully controlled human trials have shown little protection achieved in vaccinated individuals. Development of improved vaccines, both for the prevention and therapy of this disease is an urgent research priority and a number of potential immunogens are under active investigation. However, our limited understanding of the pathogenesis of this chronic disease, together with a lack of data on the role played by different bacterial components in the modulation of the immune response, continues to severely limit our ability to develop a rational approach to this project. To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to establish innovative approaches to the presentation of protective antigens by taking advantage of recent advances in the molecular biology of this complex and enigmatic group of organisms.
Spatial decision support system for controlling the outbreak and spread of animal epidemics

To meet the demands of Multi-Radius Buffer Analysis and Road Intersection Position,which are key issues in Spatial Decision Support System for Controlling the Outbreak and Spread of Animal Epidemics(SDSSCOSAE),two solution were suggested respectively: Using HashMap structure to store the results after multi-buffering processed,a set-difference operation among these results helped to obtain different area datasets we needed.In a view of visualization,a method of using cyclic regular polygon to simulate circle was adopted to separate different multi-radius buffering areas.Specially,an algorithm of Road Intersection and position was discussed.Both solutions were independent of special WebGIS platform.The practical application shows that such solutions mentioned above can be commonly used.Also the design and implementation of SDSSCOSAE were briefly introduced in this paper.
The metabolism of ribonucleic acid in rat liver after phenobarbital administration.

Incorporation of orotic acid-5- 3 H (100-200 µCi) into hepatic nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA extracted from purified nuclei or cytoplasmic fractions and separated on linear sucrose gradients was determined after intraperitoneal administration of phenobarbital (75 mg/kg) to rats. Pulses of 1-, 2-, 4-, and 12-hr duration were administered 2 hr after injection of phenobarbital or 0.9% NaCl in order to examine alterations in cytoplasmic RNA metabolism early in the induction process, i.e., before any marked increase occurred in the levels of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. The data indicated that there was a 20-30% increase above controls in the specific activity of 28 S and 18 S ribosomal RNA, which became apparent after a 2-hr pulse dose of labeled precursor administered 2 hr after phenobarbital treatment, and which was maintained for 12 hr. The augmented labeling appeared to be restricted to ribosomal RNA species. Analysis of nuclear RNA after pulses of ½ 1, 2, and 4 hr, given 2 hr after phenobarbital, indicated that there was no detectable increase in synthesis of ribosomal RNA or ribosomal RNA precursors. It is suggested that phenobarbital may enhance the stability of hepatic ribosomal RNA or increase the "processing" and transport of this substance to the cytoplasm, and that these events, which occur early in the induction process, may be involved in the elevation of microsomal oxidase activity observed after phenobarbital administration.