cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Weight Loss in a Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Clinic

Introduction Obesity is common in HFpEF, and likely contributes to its development and progression. Cohort studies and clinical trials suggest that weight loss is beneficial, but barriers to weight loss in this population may be substantial. Methods We performed a chart review of patients presenting to our HFpEF Clinic from 1/2015 to 9/2018. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. We evaluated physical activity using the Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire. We evaluated for anxiety and depression with General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9) scores. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores were used in combination with chart data to calculate risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using the STOP-BANG criteria. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to assess frailty. Patient electronic medical records were reviewed for polysomnograms (PSG), outpatient nutrition consults, and bariatric surgery and cardiac rehabilitation referrals. Results We identified 127 obese HFpEF patients (61% female) with an average age of 69 ± 6.6 years. Comorbid conditions were common (85% hypertension, 70% hyperlipidemia, 59% diabetes mellitus). Of the 50 patients with adequate data to calculate a STOP-BANG score, 96% met criteria for high risk of OSA. All 35 patients that had a PSG tested positive for OSA. Barriers to weight loss were common including anxiety, depression, and frailty (see Table). Most did not meet the Government Advisory Committee recommended 500 MET-min/week and over half reported no exercise at all. The overall utilization of resources to facilitate weight loss was suboptimal. Fewer than one-third received an outpatient dietitian consultation. Less than half meeting criteria for bariatric surgery were offered the intervention. Three-quarters of patients with indications for cardiac rehabilitation were referred; however, many did not have Medicare-reimbursed indications. Conclusion Barriers to weight loss are highly prevalent in HFpEF, with many patients struggling with anxiety, depression, frailty, and decreased activity levels. Opportunities exist to facilitate weight loss and improve quality of life in HFpEF through multidisciplinary interventions to address these challenges.
SR-BI (Scavenger Receptor BI), Not LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Receptor, Mediates Adrenal Stress Response-Brief Report.

Objective: Adrenal gland secretes stress-induced glucocorticoids (iGCs) to coping with stress. Previous study showed that SR-BI (scavenger receptor BI) null (SR-BI−/−) mice failed to generate iGC i...
Temperature-dependent photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence study of monolayer molybdenum disulfide

Abstract We have investigated the static and dynamic photoluminescence (PL) of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) from low-temperature (4 K) to room temperature (300 K). Free excitons (A excitons) and bound excitons (XL excitons) can be seen in the low-temperature PL spectra. The radiative rates and nonradiative rates of the two kinds of excitons as a function of temperature can be calculated through the parameters derived from the PL and time-resolved PL spectra. As the temperature increases, the observed phenomena, including the red-shift of the center wavelength of the PL spectrum, the decrease of the PL intensity, and the shorter of the relaxation time, all can be explained by the temperature-dependence of the band structure of MoS2 and the temperature-dependence of the nonradiation process. The radiation process originates from excitons recombination in monolayer MoS2. The nonradiation process is due to defect trapping and thermal energy generation. The temperature-dependence of the radiation and nonradiation processes significantly affects the optical properties of the monolayer MoS2.
Evaluation of maternal inflammation as a marker of future offspring ADHD symptoms: A prospective investigation

Abstract Early life predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are critically needed; they could inform etiological theory and may help identify new prevention targets. The current study examined prospectively whether maternal cytokine levels during pregnancy predict offspring ADHD symptoms at age 4–6 years. Secondarily, we evaluated maternal cytokine levels as a possible common pathway through which prenatal risks exert influence on child ADHD. Data came from a sample of women recruited during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy (N = 62) and followed postnatally until children were 4–6 years old. Maternal inflammation was assessed using 3rd trimester plasma concentrations of three indicators of nuclear factor kappa B signaling: interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 which were combined into a latent variable. Mothers and teachers reported on child ADHD symptoms, negative affect, and externalizing behaviors at 48–72 months of age. Maternal inflammation in the 3rd trimester predicted ADHD symptoms when children were 4–6 years old (β = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.154, 0.905, p = 0.006). Further, maternal inflammation mediated the effect of prenatal distress on child ADHD (β = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.007, 0.419, p = 0.04). The inflammation effect on ADHD was not explained by concurrent child negative affect, externalizing behavior, or familial ADHD status. This is the first human study to prospectively link maternal pregnancy cytokine levels and offspring ADHD symptoms, suggesting that cytokine levels are a possible marker of ADHD risk. Results also provide new evidence that maternal prenatal inflammation may be one common pathway by which prenatal risk factors influence offspring mental health outcomes.
Intravenous Bevacizumab in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia-Related Bleeding and High-Output Cardiac Failure: Significant Inter-Individual Variability in the Need for Maintenance Therapy.

Abstract Objective To present our center’s experience with a maintenance treatment algorithm for intravenous bevacizumab that allows for personalized therapy decisions. Patients and Methods We reviewed all patients treated with intravenous bevacizumab for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia–related bleeding and/or high-output cardiac failure (HOCF) from January 1, 2013, to July 1, 2019, at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Data regarding subsequent bevacizumab dosing were abstracted. Results A total of 57 patients (n=40, 70.2% females) were identified with a median age of 65 (55 to 74; range, 37 to 89) years. High-cardiac output state was present in 21 patients (36.8%) and 10 (17.5%) were treated with intravenous bevacizumab primarily for HOCF. The median duration of follow-up after completion of the initial intravenous bevacizumab treatment was 25 (12.3 to 40.8; range, 0.1 to 65.4) months. A total of 20 (35.1%) patients with a median follow-up of 13.5 (range, 0 to 48.4) months required no maintenance dosing throughout the duration of follow-up. Among those who required subsequent maintenance doses, only a small fraction (8 patients; 14.0%) required regular maintenance doses every 4 to 8 weeks during follow-up whereas the majority of patients required intermittent “as-needed” doses at varying intervals. Conclusion There is significant inter-individual variability in the need for maintenance intravenous bevacizumab when patients are followed using a predefined bevacizumab maintenance dosing treatment algorithm. The use of “as-needed” maintenance bevacizumab appears to be an effective strategy for management of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia–related bleeding and HOCF.
The Erotic Wit of Herrick’s “The Parcæ”: Mythic Revision and a Metaleptic Pun on “Die”

Three lovely Sisters working were(As they were closely set)Of soft and dainty Maiden-haire,A curious Armelet.I smiling, ask’d them what they did?(Faire Destinies all three)Who told me, they had dra...
Plasma levels of corticosterone, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and interleukin 6 are influenced by age, sex and chronic inflammation in mice treated with acute temperature stress.

Abstract Resiliency is the ability to respond to, adapt to and recover from stressors. Deterioration of resiliency in older adults has been hypothesized to be regulated by age-related changes in stress response systems, including the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis and the innate immune system response. Although age-related chronic inflammation is strongly related to lack of resiliency, the impact of chronic inflammation on acute stress response is unclear. Here we describe the impact of a five-hour exposure to cold temperature acute stressor, on immune and corticosterone response using older and younger IL-10tm/tm mice, a mouse model with chronic inflammatory pathway activation, and age and gender matched C57/Bl6 background control (WT) mice. Overall, mice exposed to 4 °C for 5 h had significantly higher plasma corticosterone levels compared to those that remained at room temperature (25 °C), with the exception of the WT females. Cold stressed mice had lower plasma tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) levels with varying significance, in all ages and phenotypes, with the exception of the old female WT mice. In contrast, the effects of cold stress on pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were inconsistent and not significant, with the exception of the female IL-10tm/tm mice. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that sex, age and chronic inflammatory pathway activation all influence corticosterone secretion and inflammatory processes in the face of acute cold stress.
Electronic cigarette use is negatively associated with body mass index: An observational study of electronic medical records.

Objective Vaping is advertised as a method to mitigate weight gain after smoking cessation; however, while there is an established inverse association between conventional tobacco use and body mass index (BMI), there is little research on the relationship between e-cigarettes and BMI. This research tested whether e-cigarette use was associated with BMI. Methods A secondary data analysis of 207,117 electronic medical records from the UAB was conducted. Patient data from 1 September 2017 through 1 June 2018 were extracted. To be included in the analysis, a patient's record had to include measures of e-cigarette use and key sociodemographic information. Ordinary least squares regression was used to test the association between e-cigarette use and BMI, controlling for covariates; unconditional quantile regression was used to determine whether the association varied by BMI quantile. For comparison with tobacco smoking, the association between current tobacco smoking and BMI was estimated in a sample from the same population. Results Respondents in the sample had an average BMI of 30.8 and average age of 50.0 years when BMI was measured. The sample was 51% female, 49.7% white, 46.7% black, and 1.0% Hispanic; 16.4% of the sample had less than a college education and approximately 5% reported currently using e-cigarettes. Individuals who reported using e-cigarettes had, on average, a lower BMI compared to those who did not report currently using e-cigarettes; results indicated that this association did not significantly vary by BMI quantile. Individuals who reported being current smokers had a lower BMI, on average. Conclusion These findings suggest that using e-cigarettes is associated with a lower BMI in a population of individuals seeking health care, consistent with the association between conventional tobacco use and BMI. This study is a springboard for future research investigating the associations between e-cigarette use, BMI, and risk of obesity in the general population.
Gamma Ray Pulsars

High-energy gamma rays are a valuable tool for studying particle acceleration and radiation in the magnetospheres of energetic pulsars. The seven or more pulsars seen by instruments on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) show that: the light curves usually have double-peak structures (suggesting a broad cone of emission); gamma rays are frequently the dominant component of the radiated power; and all the spectra show evidence of a high-energy turnover. For all the known gamma-ray pulsars, multiwavelength observations and theoretical models based on such observations offer the prospect of gaining a broad understanding of these rotating neutron stars. The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), now in planning for a launch in 2006, will provide a major advance in sensitivity, energy range, and sky coverage.
The Strengths and Limitations of DCD-Related Screening Questionnaires

With the emergence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) inquiry, there has been much debate concerning the methods to assess the condition. The purpose of this review is to present the strengths and limitations of screening questionnaires to assess individuals who are suspected of having DCD. Whereas there have been positive reports of the use of screening questionnaires to assess DCD, other sources note caution in the extent of use and their interpretation. There are practical and impactful reasons for administering screening questionnaires. However, their use should take into account their limitations. Such decisions would depend on the context, expertise available, and goals—whether it be to screen a group to determine if motor assistance may be needed or to carefully define participant groups in basic scientific and clinical research.
Outcomes of primary and secondary prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced and febrile neutropenia in bendamustine plus rituximab regimens in patients with lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: real-world, single-center experience

To examine the outcomes associated with granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSFs) administered as primary versus secondary prophylaxis in setting of bendamustine plus rituximab (BR) regimens. Eighty-five patients who underwent treatment for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with BR at the University of Arizona Cancer Center from November 2013 to June 2019 were evaluated through retrospective chart review. Patients were stratified into two groups: those who were given G-CSF for primary prophylaxis (n = 47) and for secondary prophylaxis (n = 38). G-CSF-included filgrastim or pegfilgrastim. The primary endpoints were incidence of febrile neutropenia and grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Same-day G-CSF compared with next-day G-CSF was the most common G-CSF dosing method utilized in primary and secondary prophylaxis (94% and 100%), respectively. Primary and secondary prophylaxis groups were similar on baseline characteristics (p > 0.05); the primary outcome of FN (p > 0.05); all secondary outcomes (p > 0.05) except for a higher frequency of dose delays in secondary (40%) vs primary prophylaxis patients (13%; p = 0.01), and mean absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) in cycles 1 through 5. With higher ANC levels observed during all cycles in the primary prophylaxis group compared with secondary prophylaxis. In this single-center retrospective study, BR-treated lymphoma and CLL patients receiving primary versus secondary with G-CSF showed similar outcomes except, notably, for chemotherapy dose delays that may put secondary patients at risk for poor treatment outcomes. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of primary versus secondary prophylaxis on treatment outcomes.
American Indians and the Right to Vote: United States v. Elm (1877), Its Origins, and Its Impact

In November 1876, two Oneida Indians, Abram Elm and Lewis Doxtator, were arrested for voting illegally in the twenty-third congressional district election in New York. Their trial was held the next year in a federal court in the Northern District of New York, the same venue where Susan B. Anthony had been tried and convicted on a similar charge four years earlier. This essay focuses on the significance of the historically neglected United States v. Elm case, its origins, why the decision was rendered, and its short-term and long-term impact. Importantly, United States v. Elm has cast a long shadow over Supreme Court decisions—from the time of Elk v. Wilkins in 1884 right up to City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation in New York in 2005. In going to the polls, the two Native Americans were not trying to deny their Oneida identity; they saw themselves as dual citizens advocating a different course of resistance.
Reaction pathways and deactivation mechanisms of isostructural Cr and Fe MIL-101 during liquid-phase styrene oxidation by hydrogen peroxide

Isostructural Cr and Fe nanoporous MIL-101, synthesized without mineralizing agents, are investigated for styrene oxidation utilizing aqueous hydrogen peroxide to yield valuable oxygenates for chemical synthesis applications. Styrene conversion rates and oxygenate product distributions both depend on metal identity, as MIL-101(Fe) is more reactive for total styrene oxidation and is more pathway selective, preferring aldehyde (benzaldehyde) formation at the α-carbon to the aromatic ring, where MIL-101(Cr) sustains epoxide (styrene oxide) production at the same α-carbon. These pathways often involve hydrogen peroxide derived radical intermediates (O, –HOO˙, –HO−˙) and metallocycle transition states. We postulate that the higher reactivity of one of these surface intermediates, Fe(IV)O relative to Cr(IV)O, leads to higher styrene oxidation rates for MIL-101(Fe), while higher electrophilicity of Cr(III)–OOH intermediates translates to the higher styrene oxide selectivity observed for MIL-101(Cr). Secondary styrene oxide and benzaldehyde conversions are observed over both analogs, but the former is more prevalent over MIL-101(Fe) due to higher Lewis/Bronsted acid site density and strength compared to MIL-101(Cr). Recyclability experiments combined with characterization via XRD, SEM/EDXS, and FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopies show that the nature of MIL-101(Fe) sites does not change significantly with each cycle, whereas MIL-101(Cr) suffers from metal leaching, which impacts styrene conversion rates and product distribution. Both catalysts require active site regeneration, though MIL-101(Fe) sites are more susceptible to reactivation, even under mild conditions. Finally, examination of styrene conversion for three unique synthesized phases of MIL-101(Cr) rationalizes that nodal defects are largely responsible for observed reactivity and selectivity but predispose the framework to metal leaching as a predominant deactivation mechanism.
Contributions of animal studies to the understanding of infectious diseases.

Experiments in animals have played an integral role in furthering basic understanding of the pathophysiology, host immune response, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases. However, competing demands of modern-day clinical training and increasingly stringent requirements to perform animal research have reduced the exposure of infectious disease physicians to animal studies. For practitioners of infectious diseases and, especially, for contemporary trainees in infectious diseases, it is important to appreciate this historical body of work and its impact on current clinical practice. In this article, we provide an overview of some major contributions of animal studies to the field of infectious diseases. Areas covered include transmission of infection, elucidation of innate and adaptive host immune responses, testing of antimicrobials, pathogenesis and treatment of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, intraabdominal and urinary tract infection, treatment of infection associated with a foreign body or in the presence of neutropenia, and toxin-mediated disease.
The effect of dew on L- Band emissions from a vegetation canopy

The effect of dew in a vegetation canopy on the L-Band thermal emissions is studied. An approximate electromagnetic model for dew on a leaf is used in conjunction with a Radiative Transfer to compute the thermal emissions. The dew is modeled as a thin uniform layer covering the entire surface of the leaf. From this model, the scattering amplitudes and phase functions are computed. These are then used in both the τ-ω model and a first-order Radiative Transfer model to compute the emissivity from the vegetation canopy in the presence of various amounts of dew. The τ-ω model predicts a decrease in emissivity as the dew amount increases. However, the inclusion of first-order scattering predicts the opposite relationship, where an increase in dew results in an increase in emissivity.
Patient aggression: is the clinical practice setting safe?

Over the past 20 or so years, a number of studies have examined patient aggression toward healthcare professionals. While the majority of these studies has focused on healthcare professionals in the fields of emergency medicine, psychiatry, and primary care, available data extends beyond these three specialties. Studies have been done in the United States, other English-speaking countries, and elsewhere- all reporting surprisingly high rates of patient aggression. RESULTS indicate that patient aggression toward healthcare professionals is common and worldwide. In addition, one study examined aggressive patient behaviors as reported by the patients themselves, and their self-report data reinforce the mainstream data. While these data do not enable us to determine if patient aggression is genuinely on the increase, we can safely say that these behaviors are rampant. Language: en
Olfaction in persons with Alzheimer's disease.

The need for low cost, noninvasive procedures for aiding in the diagnosis and understanding of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has led to theories and procedures examining the role of olfactory disorders because of the finding that the brains of AD patients invariably exhibit neuropathology hi the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. This loss correlates with the increase in the number of plaques and tangles and with the severity of dementia. Considered together, these findings suggest that brain structures closely related to the olfactory system demonstrate significant histopathology in AD. A comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to olfaction in persons with AD revealed that the olfactory identification ability of patients with memory disorders is impaired relative to controls. Consistency is lacking, however, when olfactory detection thresholds are investigated. Also, there is inconsistency in regards to severity of illness and olfactory function. In addition to differentiating AD patients from normals, the olfactory paradigm has shown some limited usefulness in differentiating AD patients from some other demented patients.
ALL GOOD THINGS MIGHT COME TO AN END: POSTNUPTIAL AGREEMENTS IN CONNECTICUT

Postnuptial agreements1 made headlines in late 2010 when a Los Angeles County judge ruled that the postnuptial agreement be­ tween Frank McCourt and his wife, Jamie McCourt, was invalid and thus did not control their property division at divorce.2 Frank and Jamie, who had initiated divorce proceedings in California in 2009, vehemently disputed ownership over the Los Angeles Dodgers, the franchise Frank had purchased for $421 million in 2004.3 At the center of that dispute was a postnuptial agreement, multiple copies of which the couple had signed in Massachusetts and California in 2004.4 Incredibly, the copies signed in California were substantively
Design of control systems for performance : a constraint mapping approach

Simple s-plane maps are used to graphically reveal interactions of performance requirements and constraints thus providing a control system designer insight into performance trade-offs. Two well-known but powerful ideas underlie this approach: (a) the characteristic equation of an n^-order system can be fully described by the specification of n variables and (b) any dynamic performance requirement or constraint can be expressed in terms of 2n variables of which n describe the open-loop and n describe the closed-loop characteristic equations. An example illustrates the application of the approach to controller design. This work has been supported by the Engineering Design Research Center, an NSF Engineering Design Research Center.
The Formation and Alkylation of Specific Enolate Anions from an Unsymmetrical Ketone: 2‐Benzyl‐2‐methylcyclohexanone and 2‐benzyl‐6‐methylcyclohexanone

The formation and alkylation of specific enolate anions from an unsymmetrical ketone: 2-Benzyl-2-methylcyclohexanone and 2-benzyl-6-methylcyclohexanone intermediate: 2-methyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl acetate reactant: 400 ml. of 1,2-dimethoxyethane reactant: 68.4 g. (0.400 mole) of freshly distilled benzyl bromide product: 2-benzyl-2-methylcyclohexanone reactant: 21.0 g. (29.2 ml., 0.208 mole) of diisopropylamine product: 2-benzyl-6-methylcyclohexanone reactant: 21–23 g.) and 3.74 g. (0.0505 mole) of ethyl formate solvent: 2-butanol solvent: p-xylene Keywords: acylation; alkylation, C-alkylation; esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; metalation reactions, lithium; assay methods, for methyllithium with 2-butanol, 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipydridyl or 2,2′-biquinoline indicator; assay methods, of proportions of structurally isomeric benzylmethylcyclohexanones by NMR analysis; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, purification of; ethyl formate; lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), preparation of; nitrogen, oxygen-free, preparation of; benzyl bromide; methyllithium, ethereal solution of; perchloric acid; apparatus, for maintaining an inert atmosphere; stirring bar, magnetic
May You Live in Interesting Times

Such rendering suggests we are at the level of the archetypal. And yet these are stories of rending particularity, the documented anguish of beings whose mixed blood ancestry plays a crucial role in their poverty, their failures of confidence, their alienation. They are stories, as Susan Griffins writes in The Eros of Everyday Life, that portray "the social and political effects of stereo types, and the terrible psychological toll such ideas take when they are inter nalized, the cumulative economic loss which occurs as the result of years of prejudice, a poverty that engenders despair, and depression in every sense." These are stories that decry the scarring of the soul. Inheritance is crucial, and on some occasions Salisbury invokes it as a source of suffering.
Staged notational definitions

Recent work proposed defining type-safe macros via interpretation into a multi-stage language. The utility of this approach was illustrated with a language called MacroML, in which all type checking is carried out before macro expansion. Building on this work, the goal of this paper is to develop a macro language that makes it easy for programmers to reason about terms locally. We show that defining the semantics of macros in this manner helps in developing and verifying not only type systems for macro languages but also equational reasoning principles. Because the MacroML calculus is sensetive to renaming of (what appear locally to be) bound variables, we present a calculus of staged notational definitions (SND) that eliminates the renaming problem but retains MacroML's phase distinction. Additionally, SND incorporates the generality of Griffin's account of notational definitions. We exhibit a formal equational theory for SND and prove its soundness.
Exploratory vision: the active eye

This book is a dialogue between researchers who study biological visual and computer scientists and engineers who seek to build computer vision systems that actively explore the environment. By describing new and important ways to design robots analogous to biological visual systems, it provides deep insights into the problems and solutions of computer vision. The book is divided into four parts, each addressing a different aspect of exploratory or active vision in biological and machine vision systems. The chapters are written by a cross-disciplinary selection of leading researchers who study computer and biological vision. As a result, many researchers and students concerned with vision will find this an invaluable survey to this fast-moving field.
THE MATRIX RECONSIDERED: Thinking through binary logic in science fiction and social reality

This article employs the conceptual opposition of the red and blue pill that is presented in The Matrix trilogy as a mechanism for investigating the philosophical antagonisms and structural conflicts commonly associated with the ‘information society’. The text is divided into two main parts: The first reconsiders the logical structure of this pharmacological dialectic, arguing that the choice between these two alternatives originates in the history of western thought and demonstrating how this binary arrangement organizes not just science fiction narratives but our understanding of social reality. The second part reconsiders the choice of the red pill. It critiques the assumed value of ‘true reality’ that is expressed in the cinematic narrative and suggests alternative ways to think outside the box of this rather limited binary structure. The objective of such an undertaking is not simply to question the philosophical assumptions of what has been defined as the ‘right choice’ but to learn, through such qu...
Adaptive optics to enhance target recognition

Target recognition can be enhanced by reducing image degradation due to atmospheric turbulence. This is accomplished by an adaptive optic system. We discuss the forms of degradation when a target is viewed through the atmosphere1: scintillation from ground targets on a hot day in visible or infrared light; beam spreading and wavering around in time; atmospheric turbulence caused by motion of the target or by weather. In the case of targets we can use a beacon laser that reflects back from the target into a wavefront detector to measure the effects of turbulence on propagation to and from the target before imaging.1 A deformable mirror then corrects the wavefront shape of the transmitted, reflected or scattered data for enhanced imaging. Further, recognition of targets is enhanced by performing accurate distance measurements to localized parts of the target using lidar. Distance is obtained by sending a short pulse to the target and measuring the time for the pulse to return. There is inadequate time to scan the complete field of view so that the beam must be steered to regions of interest such as extremities of the image during image recognition. Distance is particularly valuable to recognize fine features in range along the target or when segmentation is required to separate a target from background or from other targets. We discuss the issues involved.
Complex compounds of xenon hexafluoride with the alkali fluorides

Abstract The complex salts CsXeF 7 , RbXeF 7 , C 2 XeF 8 and Rb 2 XeF 8 have been prepared and characterized, and evidence is presented for the existence of K 2 XeF 8 and Na 2 XeF 8 . The decomposition pressures of CsXeF 7 and RbXeF 7 have been measured. The liquid density of XeF 6 has been determined over the range 50–76°, but attempts to measure the conductance of a solution of CsXeF 7 in XeF 6 have not been successful.
Separated Flow Transition Under Simulated Low-Pressure Turbine Airfoil Conditions: Part 2 — Turbulence Spectra

Spectral analysis was used to investigate boundary layer separation, transition and reattachment under low-pressure turbine airfoil conditions. Cases with Reynolds numbers ranging from 25,000 to 300,000 (based on suction surface length and exit velocity) have been considered at low (0.5%) and high (9% inlet) free-stream turbulence levels. Spectra of the fluctuating streamwise velocity and the turbulent shear stress are presented. The spectra for the low free-stream turbulence cases are characterized by sharp peaks. The high free-stream turbulence case spectra exhibit more broadband peaks, but these peaks are centered at the same frequencies observed in the corresponding low turbulence cases. The frequencies of the peaks suggest that a Tollmien-Schlichting instability mechanism drives transition, even in the high turbulence cases. The turbulent shear stress spectra proved particularly valuable for detection of the early growth of the instability. The predictable nature of the instability may prove useful for future flow control work.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Line widths and line strengths in the rotational spectrum of water vapor

Abstract The self- and nitrogen-broadened half-widths and the strengths of three lines in the far i.r. rotational spectrum of water vapor have been measured. These lines are the 21-11 transition at 92 cm-1, the 41-31 transition at 170 cm-1, and the 50-40 transition at 188 cm-1. These are among the very few lines in this region which are sufficiently isolated to be amenable to measurement. The method of equivalent widths, as developed in the Ladenburg-Reiche theory, is used. All measurements are made in a cell of length 21·5 cm. By adding nitrogen at pressures from zero to one atmosphere to water vapor at pressures from 0·5 to 17 mm Hg, these lines may be observed in both the square root and the linear regions of the Ladenburg-Reiche curve. Fitting the data to the asymptotic expansion in the square root region, and to the exact equation in the nearly linear region by a method of successive approximations, the line strengths, self-broadened half-widths, nitrogen-broadened half-widths and relative broadening efficiency is obtained. A new method is introduced to correct for overlap, which is very severe in this region. With the assumption that W/pa, the ratio of the equivalent width to the pressure of the absorber, is constant for the pure water vapor, an equation is obtained for the observed value of this ratio in terms of certain overlap parameters. The resulting line strengths are shown to be in agreement with the calculated values. The self- and nitrogen-broadened half-widths are compared with the calculations made by Benedict and Kaplan on the basis of the Anderson theory. The observed values are larger than the theoretical by a factor of about 1·5.
Convergence between attachment classifications and natural reunion behavior among children and parents in a child care setting.

The current study examined the convergence between young children's attachment classifications in the laboratory-based Strange Situation Procedure and children's and parents' behaviors during naturalistic reunions after a day in child care. Fifty-eight parent–child dyads participated in this study. Children's attachment security assessed from the Strange Situation Procedure was significantly associated with ratings of children's security, avoidance, and delight toward their parents during the natural reunion episodes, and with parents' responsiveness during the natural reunion episodes. These findings suggest that natural reunions at the end of the day in child care reflect the quality of attachment relationships between young children and their parents.
Narrow‐band ultra‐low‐frequency wave observations by MESSENGER during its January 2008 flyby through Mercury's magnetosphere

[1] During MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury, numerous narrow-band ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves and their harmonics were detected between closest approach (CA) and the outbound magnetopause (MP) crossing. The fundamental mode was at frequencies between the He+ (fcHe+) and the H+ (fcH+) cyclotron frequencies. A boundary layer (BL) was detected before the MP crossing. The ULF frequency and amplitude increased from CA to the edge of the BL. In the BL the frequency dropped by a factor of 2, and the amplitude increased by an order of magnitude. There was a large variation in the wave-normal angle (Ψ), with a slight tendency for Ψ to be perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field near CA and parallel away from CA. Near CA the parallel power tended to be larger than the perpendicular power, while away from CA the perpendicular power dominated. Large variations in wave polarization properties were observed.
HiRes DECONVOLUTION OF SPITZER INFRARED IMAGES

Spitzer provides unprecedented sensitivity in the infrared (IR), but the spatial resolution is limited by a relatively small aperture (0.85 m) of the primary mirror. In order to maximize the scientific return it is desirable to use processing techniques which make the optimal use of the spatial information in the observations. We have developed a deconvolution technique for Spitzer images. The algorithm, "HiRes" and its implementation has been discussed by Backus et al. in 2005. Here we present examples of Spitzer IR images from the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) and MIPS, reprocessed using this technique. Examples of HiRes processing include a variety of objects from point sources to complex extended regions. The examples include comparison of Spitzer deconvolved images with high-resolution Keck and Hubble Space Telescope images. HiRes deconvolution improves the visualization of spatial morphology by enhancing resolution (to sub-arcsecond levels in the IRAC bands) and removing the contaminating sidelobes from bright sources. The results thereby represent a significant improvement over previously-published Spitzer images. The benefits of HiRes include (a) sub-arcsec resolution (~0".6-0".8 for IRAC channels); (b) the ability to detect sources below the diffraction-limited confusion level; (c) the ability to separate blended sources, and thereby provide guidance to point-source extraction procedures; (d) an improved ability to show the spatial morphology of resolved sources. We suggest that it is a useful technique to identify features which are interesting enough for follow-up deeper analysis.
Quantitative changes in rat liver mitochondria following whole body irradiation.

Abstract 1. 1. Mitochondria were isolated from liver homogenates of rats taken at various times after receiving a lethal dose (1000 r) of γ-irradiation. Quantitative assays were made of mass and nitrogen content per mitochondrion and total mass and number of mitochondria per gram of dry liver. 2. 2. A significant depression in total mitochondrial count per liver and in count per gram was observed very early (by 15 minutes) following irradiation. This returned toward a normal level by 6 hours and was essentially within the normal range through 40 or more hours post-irradiation. 3. 3. Concurrent with the early reduction in count was a remarkable increase in unit mitochondrial mass and nitrogen content. The values of these parameters also recovered rapidly to normal. 4. 4. Although the total nitrogen per liver remained essentially unchanged between the controls and all post-irradiation points examined, there was observed a shift from the mitochondrial to the microsomal-soluble fraction at the early points after exposure. 5. 5. These data appear in concert with the conclusion that the immediate result of the ionizing radiation entails a preferential fragmentation of the smaller mitochondria which may be accompanied by some measure of ingestion or adsorption of the fragments by the surviving mitochondrial residuum. 6. 6. From the results of this study and those reported by others it appears that although the mitochondria are transiently damaged by irradiation in vivo, they are soon reconstituted to reach pre-irradiation levels and by a time prior to the recovery of nuclear activities.
YBCO film growth on ultrathin Ag layers

We discuss our results on the growth of YBCO thin films on ultrathin (1--10 nm) Ag underlayers. Substrates were LaAlO[sub 3]. YBCO was sputter deposited and Ag thermally evaporated. It was observed that [ital T][sub [ital c]] remained relatively unaffected by the Ag underlayers, ranging from 86--88 K. Critical currents were found to be consistent with YBCO grown on bulk Ag when the Ag underlayer film reached complete coverage ([similar to]9 nm). Films grown on Ag showed a marked tendency for microcrystalline growth on the basis of atomic-force microscopy (AFM) results.
The Economics of Two-Sided Markets

At a local Best Buy, a child places a new Sony PlayStation 3 on the cashier’s counter while the parents dig out their Visa card. The gaming system and the payment card may appear to have little connection other than this purchase. However, these two items share an important characteristic that is generating a series of economic insights and has important implications for strategic decision making and economic policymaking. Both video game systems and payment cards are examples of two-sided markets. Broadly speaking, a two-sided market is one in which 1) two sets of agents interact through an intermediary or platform, and 2) the decisions of each set of agents affects the outcomes of the other set of agents, typically through an externality. In the case of a video game system, the intermediary is the console producer—Sony in the scenario above—while the two sets of agents are consumers and video game developers. Neither consumers nor game developers will be interested in the PlayStation if the other party is not. Similarly, a successful payment card requires both consumer usage and merchant acceptance, where both consumers and merchants value each others’ participation. Many more products fit into this paradigm, such as search engines, newspapers, and almost any advertisersupported media (examples in which consumers often negatively value, rather than positively value, the participation of the other side), as well as most software or title-based operating systems and consumer electronics. Malls which seek retailers and consumers, convention organizers which seek buyers and sellers, dating services which seek men and women, and The Journal of Economic Perspectives which seeks content and readership, all experience the economics of two-sided markets. The multi-sided nature of many Internet and high-technology markets, as well as
Two-dimensional measurement of density, velocity, and temperature in turbulent high-speed air flows by UV Rayleigh scattering

Instantaneous cross-sectional images of turbulent air flows with densities on the order of one atmosphere or less can be obtained in a straightforward manner using far ultraviolet Rayleigh scattering. These images give quantitative values for the air density and show the details of turbulent structure, shock structure, and shock wave/boundary layer interactions. Two-dimensional spatial correlations taken from multiple images give the shape and extent of average turbulent structure as well as the coupling between turbulent structure and other flow features. This technique may be extended to observe velocity fields by either double pulsing the illumination source or by using a narrow linewidth atomic or molecular filter window in front of the detector array. The latter approach also yields temperature. Used in conjunction with flow marking techniques such as RELIEF, coupling between turbulent structure and velocity fluctuations can also be determined. These diagnostic techniques can be extended to combusting flows to observe instantaneous structure, mixing, flame front location, and velocity fields.
An evaluation of surgery departments in community-based medical schools.

• Since 1960, most newer medical schools have been community-based and have used existing community hospitals and a large number of volunteer faculty. As these schools have evolved, many have developed more traditional characteristics. To assess the positive and negative features of these new schools, chairs of departments of surgery from 21 community-based medical schools and 17 traditional schools were surveyed to acquire information on policies and practices related to faculty development, undergraduate and graduate education, hospital relationships, clinical activities, research, and relationships with community physicians. Responses were analyzed and compared. Most community-based schools have succeeded in their mission, partly at the expense of controls usually found in more traditional schools. ( Arch Surg . 1991;126:1122-1127)
Controlling energy and charge transfer in linear chlorophyll dimers

A series of linkers constructed from combinations of phenyl and ethynyl groups is shown to permit ultrafast energy transfer between two chlorophylls, while allowing control over radical cation migration between them.
Decision boundary and generalization performance of feed-forward networks with gaussian lateral connections

The hidden layer neurons in a multi-layered feed-forward neural network serve a critical role. From one perspective, the hidden layer neurons establish (linear) decision boundaries in the feature space. These linear decision boundaries are then combined by succeeding layers leading to convex-open and thereafter arbitrarily shaped decision boundaries. In this paper we show that the use of unidirectional Gaussian lateral connections from a hidden layer neuron to an adjacent hidden layer leads to a much richer class of decision boundaries. In particular the proposed class of networks has the advantage of sigmoidal feed-forward networks (global characteristics) but with the added flexibility of being able to represent local structure. An algorithm to train the proposed network is presented and its training and validation performance shown using a simple classification problem.
Courtly Love in the Caucasus: Rustaveli’s Georgian Epic, The Knight in the Panther Skin

The Knight in the Panther Skin by Shota Rustaveli is the great medieval (ca. 1200) epic of Georgia, and its most distinctive feature is courtly or romantic love, which is its basic motivating force. This article seeks to establish in which respects The Knight in the Panther Skin resembles Western courtly love, and what the explanation for this resemblance might be. In this endeavor I have had to challenge a common (mis-) conception that Western courtly love was essentially illicit love One can easily demonstrate that the literary roots of The Knight in the Panther Skin lie in Persian literature rather than in direct contact with Western courtly love, but the reason for the resemblance to Western courtly love is more problematic. Various possibilities are entertained: namely, (1) that Arab love poetry gave rise to it in Georgia (and possibly also in the West, as has been held); (2) that Neoplatonism produced or constituted a philosophic underpinning for courtly love and that it was transmitted to Georgia and/or Western Europe (a) by Arab Neoplatonists; (b) by Western Christian Neoplatonists or (c) by Byzantine Neoplatonists. A third possibility is (3) that it arose due to social and political conditions. And what were the social and political circumstances in Georgia and in Western Europe which, at the same historical period, produced and elaborated a culture so deferential to the ladies? And which, being absent in the Islamic world, did not produce courtly love there? In Georgia a sovereign queen presided in the era of Georgia’s greatest power, wealth and extent. Feudal servitors crowded the court, eager to gain honors and riches for themselves through preferment by the queen, virtually guaranteeing a cult of adoration of the queen. It is Sovereign Queen Tamar to whom Rustaveli dedicates his poem, and to her that he declares his undying love. In Provence, where there were many feudal heiresses, a similar incentive to “please the ladies” prevailed. No direct influence from the troubadours and minnesaenger of Southwestern Europe can be found. The evidence does not support Arab love poetry as a source of or conduit for courtly love, nor can Arab Neoplatonism have played a role. Byzantine Neoplatonism, however, was prominent in the courtly culture of Rustaveli’s time, and the social and political conditions in Georgia likewise were favorable to the rise of a culture of courtly love. Thus both intellectual and socio-political conditions favored the blooming of courtly love in twelfth-century Georgia.