cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sotos Syndrome as a Cause of Compression Myelopathy

Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism) is a rare overgrowth syndrome, characterized by distinct facies, above average birth weight and length, joint laxity, pes planus, acromegaly, excessive growth rate, advanced bone age, and developmental delay. Very rarely are the spine or vertebra involved.
Three-dimensional finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities for the analysis of solids at failure in the finite deformation range ☆

Abstract This paper presents the development of new three-dimensional finite elements in the finite deformation range for the numerical modeling of material failure characterized by propagating crack-type surfaces in solids, commonly referred to as strong discontinuities. The singular fields associated with such discontinuous solutions are captured by an element-based enhancement, locally within a multi-scale framework. The complex kinematics arising from the general propagating discontinuity surfaces, especially in the considered finite deformation setting, is captured by the direct identification of the element strain fields associated to the separation modes of the discontinuity, rather than attempting to interpolate directly the corresponding discontinuous deformation fields. To avoid the over-stiff response known as stress-locking, by which the discontinuities cannot open as needed by the material response, the new brick elements consider full linear interpolations of the displacement jumps. This requires a total of nine local parameters for each localized finite element, parameters that are condensed out at the element level. The resulting formulation does not change then neither the number nor the connectivity of the global degrees of freedom employed in the finite element resolution of the underlying global mechanical problem, thus leading to a computationally efficient numerical technique that captures sharply these discontinuous solutions. In particular, the localized dissipative mechanism associated to the material failure is captured objectively through the consideration of the proper cohesive law along the discontinuity surface. Special care is taken to assure the material frame indifference of the final formulation. Complete details of the implementation of the new elements, including the consistent linearization of the governing equations, are also presented. The results obtained in numerical simulations of representative benchmark problems illustrate the performance of the new finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities.
Affordance access matters: Preschool children’s learning progressions while interacting with touch-screen mathematics apps

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the research on mathematics app use by very young children, and specifically mathematics apps for touch-screen mobile devices that contain virtual manipulatives. The study used a convergent parallel mixed methods design, in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected in parallel, analyzed separately, and then merged. During the study, 35 children, ages 3–4, interacted with four touch-screen mathematics apps on iPad devices during one-on one clinical interviews while learning seriation and counting. Researchers administered pre and post assessments of learning during the interviews. Each interview was videotaped using a wall-mounted camera and a GoPro camera to provide different views of the interview. Videos were analyzed to examine children’s learning progressions, access of affordances, and patterns of behavior while interacting with the mathematics apps. The results suggest that different affordances of the individual apps were perceived in different ways, depending on the age of the child, and that these perceptions were observable in young children’s patterns of behavior. Implications are discussed for iPad app use in young children’s educational settings.
Analysis of a fault tolerant control system: false fault detection case

Abstract This paper illustrates analysis of a fault tolerant control (FTC) system with false fault detections. The possible false fault detection from a fault detection and identification (FDI) module may cause a FTC system to become linearly unstable for very short time. Using the LPV analysis with brief instabilities, the upper bound of an induced-L 2 norm and asymptotic instability ratio of a closed-loop system can be calculated, which indicate performance degradation and tolerance of instabilities of the FTC system. Analysis of a FTC system is demonstrated for a HiMAT FTC system.
Shredding with mom and dad: intergenerational physics gaming in a children's museum

We introduce a videogame designed for a children's museum aimed at engaging children and adults with physics, design, skateboarding, and play. This poster will focus on design decisions we made while creating a learning experience that features active prolonged engagement, supports learning through game play, creating, and making, links in-game design activities to surrounding physical exhibits through tangible blocks, and promotes intergenerational play through a multiuser, multi-touch interface.
Collective Action in America Before 1787

Honoring Russell Hardin’s seminal contributions to the study of collective action, this paper describes several collective action problems faced by the citizens of American colonies and states in the years leading up to 1787, and demonstrates how they occasionally and temporarily managed to overcome them. In particular, the paper considers the cooperative or non-cooperative behavior of colonies and states in three arenas: contributions of soldiers and money in wars; participation in the non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumption movements directed against Great Britain; and trade relations among the states after independence. I observe that whereas farmers, planters, and artisans were willing to forsake their self-interest, under the influence of quasi-moral or social norms, merchants and politicians were not. Finally, I conclude that cooperation was rooted in the anger and enthusiasm of the first movers, who triggered the conditional cooperation of other citizens, and could easily unravel.
The Bacterium Has Landed

Many microbes undergo transformations from planktonic swimmer cells to sessile surface-attached cells. This is the first step in bacterial biofilm formation. Biofilm-associated microorganisms are responsible for ∼80% of human bacterial infections according to the U.S. National Institutes of Heath and are associated with antibiotic resistance ( 1 ). Thus, methods to disrupt biofilms are actively pursued. Biofilm formation is initiated by the ability of bacteria to sense surfaces, resulting in metabolic responses that allow bacteria to adhere and colonize the surface. Yet, how bacteria sense surfaces at the onset of biofilm formation has remained elusive ( 2 ). Differentiation from swimmer to swarmer cells in Vibrio parahaemolyticus was shown to occur simply by increasing the viscosity of the liquid growth medium ( 3 ). This suggested that some kind of mechanosensing mechanism was involved in surface recognition, but how? On pages 535 and 531 of this issue, Ellison et al. ( 4 ) and Hug et al. ( 5 ), respectively, discover separate mechanisms that allow bacteria to recognize a surface by mechanosensation and initiate a cellular response that allows them to attach and multiply.
Both Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II Molecules Are Required, while MHC-I Appears To Play a Critical Role in Host Defense against Primary Coxiella burnetii Infection

To understand the role of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) and class II MHC (MHC-II) antigen presentation pathways in host defense against Coxiella burnetii infection, we examined whether MHC-I or MHC-II deficiency in mice would significantly influence their susceptibility to virulent C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI) infection. The results indicate that NMI infection induced more severe disease in both MHC-I-deficient and MHC-II-deficient mice than in wild-type (WT) mice, while only MHC-I-deficient mice developed a severe persistent infection and were unable to control bacterial replication. These results suggest that both MHC-I-restricted CD8+ T cells and MHC-II-restricted CD4+ T cells contribute to host defense against primary C. burnetii infection, while MHC-I-restricted CD8+ T cells appear to play a more critical role in controlling bacterial replication. Additionally, although NMI infection induced more severe disease in TAP1-deficient mice than in their WT counterparts, TAP1 deficiency in mice did not significantly influence their ability to eliminate C. burnetii This suggests that C. burnetii antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells by the MHC-I classical pathway may depend only partially on TAP1. Furthermore, granzyme B deficiency in mice did not significantly alter their susceptibility to C. burnetii infection, but perforin-deficient mice were unable to control host inflammatory responses during primary C. burnetii infection. These results suggest that perforin, but not granzyme B, is required for C. burnetii antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to control primary C. burnetii infection.
The Scope of Strong Marks: Should Trademark Law Protect the Strong More than the Weak?

At the core of trademark law has long been the blackletter principle that the stronger a trademark is, the greater the likelihood that consumers will confuse similar marks with it and thus the wider the scope of protection the mark should receive. The relation between trademark strength and trademark scope is always positive. The strongest marks receive the widest scope of protection. In this article, we challenge this conventional wisdom. We argue that as a mark achieves very high levels of strength, the relation between strength and confusion turns negative. The very strength of such a superstrong mark operates to ensure that consumers will not mistake other marks for it. Thus, the scope of protection for such marks ought to be narrower compared to merely strong marks. If we are correct, then numerous trademark disputes involving the best-known marks should be resolved differently—in favor of defendants. Our approach draws support from case law of the Federal Circuit—developed but then suppressed by that court—and numerous foreign jurisdictions. As we show, some courts justify the conventional wisdom on the alternative ground that, whatever the likelihood of confusion, defendants with similar marks should not reap where they have not sown. This misplaced concern with free riding suffers from multiple analytical flaws and is contrary to trademark policy. These flaws are compounded where the mark owner sues a competitor, claiming expansive scope over similar but non-confusing marks. The fundamental change in trademark doctrine that we propose not only conforms to the empirical realities of consumer perception, but also advances the overarching policy goal of trademark law, which is not to enable the strongest to grow even stronger, but rather to promote effective competition.
The Role of Amino Acid Position and Side Chain Structure in Serological and CTL-Defined Epitopes on the HLA-A2.1 Molecule

A major focus of current immunological research is to determine the structure-function relationships of class I MHC molecules. The determination of the three-dimensional structure of HLA-A2.1 by Bjorkman et al. (1987a, 1987b) has significantly advanced our ability to achieve this goal. The α3 domain, which composes the membrane proximal region of the molecule, has a structure similar to that of the constant region of immunoglobulin, and primarily associates with β2- microglobulin. The membrane distal region consists of the α1 and α2 domains which interact to form a β-sheet platform, on top of which reside two antiparallel α-helices that are separated by a long groove. It was hypothesized that this groove acts as the binding site for peptides that are recognized by the TCR in association with class I molecules and in fact, an unidentified peptide(s) was associated with this groove in the crystal structure. An analysis of the crystallographic structure of HLA-A2.1 reveals that nearly all of the side chains of the polymorphic residues are oriented such that they point into the groove of the molecule and thus could be important in mediating contact with peptide, or they point upward from the α-helices and may thus be important in interacting with the TCR (Parham et al. 1988).
Regulation of corticosterone levels and liver enzyme activity in aging rats.

The ability to regulate the activities of a large number of enzymes in response to a broad spectrum of environmental stimuli is altered during aging (1–4). For example, following administration of glucose to three-day fasted, male, Sprague-Dawley rats, more time is required to increase the activity of hepatic glucokinase to the same degree in older rats (5). The duration of the adaptive latent period increases progressively and is directly proportional to chronological age between two and at least 24 months (1–3). Many other enzyme adaptations in a variety of tissues from several different species also are altered in time course and/or magnitude of response during aging (4).
Neurilemoma of the saphenous nerve presenting as pain in the knee. A case report.

We are reporting the case of a woman who had pain in the knee from a non-palpable neurilemoma along the saphenous nerve in Hunter's canal. This is the first detailed report, to our knowledge, of a neurilemoma of the saphenous nerve in that location with referred pain as its initial symptom
Patient preferences for objective quality metrics during community pharmacy selection: A discrete choice experiment.

Abstract Background Patients select healthcare providers and facilities based on a complex array of factors. Pharmacy-level quality metrics have been discussed as a way to help direct patients towards high-quality pharmacies. Limited research has been conducted on the potential impact of quality metrics on the pharmacy selection process. Objectives This study aimed to measure the relative strength of patient preferences for community pharmacy attributes and to describe associations between patient sociodemographic and health characteristics and pharmacy preferences. Methods This study elicited preferences for pharmacy attributes using a discrete choice experiment presenting a scenario in which participants had moved to a new location and needed to select a pharmacy. Six attributes were selected based on published literature, expert opinion, and pilot testing feedback. Attributes were relationship-based (hours of operation, staff friendliness/courtesy, pharmacist communication, pharmacist willingness to establish a personal relationship) or competence-based (overall quality and a drug-drug interaction (DDI) specific quality metric). Participants responded to blocks of 10 random and 2 fixed choice tasks assigned by Sawtooth v9.2. Data were analyzed using conditional logit, and Hierarchical Bayes estimates of individual-level utilities were used to compare preferences across demographic subgroups. Results Study participants expressed the strongest preferences for competence-based pharmacy attributes, including DDI-specific and overall quality measures (Attribute Importance Values: 40.3% and 31.3%, respectively). Women ascribed higher utility to 5-star DDI and overall quality ratings than men. Rural respondents and those with inadequate health literacy expressed stronger preferences for patient-pharmacist relationships than those in suburban areas and with adequate health literacy, respectively. Conclusions Respondents exhibited strong preferences for pharmacies with higher competence-based quality ratings, suggesting that they may perceive medication safety to be a key role of community pharmacists. Future research on patient expectations of and preferences for community pharmacies can inform ways to effectively encourage patient engagement with pharmacists to improve health outcomes.
Response To: 'When Binary and Continuous Responses Disagree' by Dr Ouyang

We thank Dr Ouyang for his comment on our work.1 We fully agree that patients stop treatment based, in part, on a lack of satisfactory clinical response. Thus, examining disease activity during follow-up, for instance at 1 year, will be influenced by attrition bias. If patients mostly stop the drug due to inefficacy, comparing only the patients who remain on treatment may lead to the tautological finding that for the people remaining on treatment, the drug is effective. Another potential explanation for the dissociation between drug retention and other measures of effectiveness could …
Modeling Concurrent Functionality in Verilog

This chapter presents a set of built-in operators that will allow basic logic expressions to be modeled within a Verilog module. This chapter then presents a series of combinational logic model examples.
Single Bifunctional Ruthenium Catalyst for One-Pot Cyclization and Hydration Giving Functionalized Indoles and Benzofurans.

The cyclization of a range of aniline and phenol derivatives to indoles and benzofurans is presented.
Role for Endocannabinoids in Spinal Manipulative Therapy Analgesia

Chronic pain is quite prevalent and causes significant disabilities and socioeconomic burdens. Spinal manipulative therapy and other manipulative therapies are used to manage chronic pain. There is a critical knowledge gap about mechanisms and sites of action in spinal manipulative therapy pain relief, especially the short-term analgesia that occurs following a treatment. Endocannabinoids are an activity-dependent neurotransmitter system that acts as a short-term synaptic circuit breaker. This review describes both clinical research and basic research evidence suggesting that endocannabinoids contribute to short-term manipulative therapy analgesia. Determining endocannabinoids involvement in spinal manipulative therapy will improve its clinical efficacy when results from basic science and clinical research are translated.
Approximate Bayesian Computation and Model Assessment for Repulsive Spatial Point Processes

ABSTRACTIn many applications involving spatial point patterns, we find evidence of inhibition or repulsion. The most commonly used class of models for such settings are the Gibbs point processes. A recent alternative, at least to the statistical community, is the determinantal point process. Here, we examine model fitting and inference for both of these classes of processes in a Bayesian framework. While usual MCMC model fitting can be available, the algorithms are complex and are not always well behaved. We propose using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) for such fitting. This approach becomes attractive because, though likelihoods are very challenging to work with for these processes, generation of realizations given parameter values is relatively straightforward. As a result, the ABC fitting approach is well-suited for these models. In addition, such simulation makes them well-suited for posterior predictive inference as well as for model assessment. We provide details for all of the above along w...
The Importance of Context When Comparing Civil Wars

Comparisons of civil wars based on attention to contextual categories do a better job of conceptualising key variables such as ethnic identity, resources, armed group membership, and concepts such ...
Development and evaluation of [125 I]IPPI for Tau imaging in postmortem human Alzheimer's disease brain.

Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by aggregation of Tau protein into paired helical filaments causing neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in the brain. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a novel radioiodinated tracer, 6-[125 I]iodo-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine-1-yl)isoquinoline ([125 I]IPPI), for binding to Tau protein (Ki = 0.75 nM) in postmortem human brain (AD and cognitively normal (CN). Methods Radiosynthesis of [125 I]IPPI was carried out by radioiododestannylation and purified chromatographically. Computational modeling studies of IPPI and MK-6240 binding on Tau fibril were evaluated. In vitro autoradiography studies were carried out with [3 H]PIB for Aβ plaques and [125 I]IPPI for Tau in AD and CN brains and evaluate drug effects. Results [125 I]IPPI was produced in >95% purity. Molecular modeling of IPPI revealed binding energies of IPPI (-7.8, -8.1, -8.2, -7.5 Kcal/mol) at the four sites were comparable to MK-6240 (-8.7, -8.5, -8.3, -7.5 Kcal/mol). Ratio of average grey matter (GM) [125 I]IPPI in AD versus CN was found to be 7.31 (p = .07) and AD GM/ white matter (WM) = 4.35 (p = .09). Ratio of average GM/WM [125 I]IPPI in CN was 1.21. Binding of [125 I]IPPI correlated with the presence of Tau, confirmed by anti-Tau Dako A0024. Specifically bound [125 I]IPPI to Tau in AD brains was displaced by MK-6240 and IPPI (>90%). Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO) inhibitors deprenyl and clorgyline effected [125 I]IPPI binding at >1 µM concentrations. Conclusion [125 I]IPPI exhibited high binding in human AD frontal cortex and anterior cingulate and is a suitable radioiodinated ligand for Tau imaging.
Structural control of fibrin bioactivity by mechanical deformation

Fibrin is a fibrous protein network that entraps blood cells and platelets to form blood clots following vascular injury. As a biomaterial, fibrin acts a biochemical scaffold as well as a viscoelastic patch that resists mechanical insults. The biomechanics and biochemistry of fibrin have been well characterized independently, showing that fibrin is a hierarchical material with numerous binding partners. However, comparatively little is known about how fibrin biomechanics and biochemistry are coupled: how does fibrin deformation influence its biochemistry at the molecular level? In this study, we show how mechanically-induced molecular structural changes in fibrin affect fibrin biochemistry and fibrin-platelet interaction. We found that tensile deformation of fibrin lead to molecular structural transitions of α-helices to β-sheets, which reduced binding of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), an enzyme that initiates fibrinolysis, at the network and single fiber level. Moreover, binding of tPA and Thioflavin T (ThT), a commonly used β-sheet marker, was primarily mutually exclusive such that tPA bound to native (helical) fibrin whereas ThT bound to strained fibrin. Finally, we demonstrate that conformational changes in fibrin suppressed the biological activity of platelets on mechanically strained fibrin due to attenuated αIIbβ3 integrin binding. Our work shows that mechanical strain regulates fibrin molecular structure and fibrin biological activity in an elegant mechano-chemical feedback loop, which likely influences fibrinolysis and wound healing kinetics.
Is there complementarity or substitutability among Hawaiian islands? Evidence from the autoregressive distributed lag approach

Despite the growing importance of competitive tourism markets in Hawaii, little is known about the dynamic effects of relative and substitute prices on US tourism demand for Hawaii. This paper esti...
MEASURED DIAMETERS OF TWO F STARS IN THE β PIC MOVING GROUP

We report angular diameters of HIP 560 and HIP 21547, two F spectral-type pre-main-sequence members of the β Pic Moving Group. We used the east-west 314 m long baseline of the CHARA Array. The measured limb-darkened angular diameters of HIP 560 and HIP 21547 are 0.492 ± 0.032 and 0.518 ± 0.009 mas, respectively. The corresponding stellar radii are 2.1 and 1.6 R ☉ for HIP 560 and HIP 21547, respectively. These values indicate that the stars are truly young. Analyses using the evolutionary tracks calculated by Siess, Dufour, and Forestini and the tracks of the Yonsei-Yale group yield consistent results. Analyzing the measurements on an angular diameter versus color diagram we find that the ages of the two stars are indistinguishable; their average value is 13 ± 2 Myr. The masses of HIP 560 and HIP 21547 are 1.65 ± 0.02 and 1.75 ± 0.05 M ☉, respectively. However, analysis of the stellar parameters on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram yields ages at least 5 Myr older. Both stars are rapid rotators. The discrepancy between the two types of analyses has a natural explanation in gravitational darkening. Stellar oblateness, however, does not affect our measurements of angular diameters.
Abstract MP26: Medicaid Expansion Did Not Reduce Stroke Readmissions After One Year

Introduction: Up to 21% of stroke survivors are re-hospitalized within 30 days. Health insurance promotes access to follow-up care that can mitigate the risk of readmission, but 12 states do not pa...
Reply to “Letter to the editor: ‘Urothelial barrier dysfunction: cause or outcome of ketamine-induced voiding dysfunction’”

reply: We would like to thank Wang et al. ([3][1]) for their interest in and comment on our article. Since the first report of ketamine cystitis by Shahani et al. ([2][2]) 10 years ago, the mechanism of this new urinary dysfunction is still a mystery. Ketamine is accumulated in urine, and urothelial
AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF DIGITAL MARKETING CURRICULUM DESIGN

The purpose of this paper is to detail an exploratory case study which highlights a process to modernize an undergraduate marketing curriculum by incorporating aspects of digital marketing and anal...
Problems in Performing Environmental Assessments

Three general problems associated with the performance of environmental assessments are identified. The first is the problem of defining the scope of study, including geographic boundaries, level of detail, and use of the assessment. The second category concerns problems involving interdisciplinary team organization and communication. The third problem relates to selection of the appropriate methodology to use in performing the assessment. An analyses of these problems along with suggested approaches for their solution is presented.
The Age of Khrushchev

Stalin made such a profound impression that our image of Soviet history is largely determined by him. Just as Nazism is unimaginable without Hitler, so the Soviet form of communism is inconceivable without Stalin. The questions that have occupied – and divided – Western historians of the Soviet Union concerned the causes of Stalin's victory in the 1920s and the nature and extent of continuity from the era of Lenin to the era of Stalin. What was it in Marxism and Leninism that made the rise of a Stalin inevitable, as some historians think, or at least possible, as others are constrained to admit? Were there genuine alternatives to Stalin? Stalin's rule also presents us with many difficult issues: Why did the tyrant kill so many? How did the Soviet form of totalitarianism function? How much support did he receive from the people? After 1953 the central issue for the leaders and peoples of the USSR was how to deal with Stalin's monstrous legacy. It was obvious that the continued existence of the political system without Stalin was an impossibility, yet in 1953 neither the Soviet people nor the political elite could imagine a different government. For many years Soviet society groped for a new equilibrium, one that was not easily found. KHRUSHCHEV'S VICTORY Stalin suffered a stroke and after a brief illness died on March 5, 1953. His death must have brought relief to many who feared a new purge. His closest collaborators feared for their lives. Beria, in particular, saw himself in danger: there were signs that the suspicious Stalin was turning against him, and Beria was losing his grip on power. If we are to believe contemporary observers, such as Stalin's daughter Svetlana, and Khrushchev, Beria could hardly contain his joy at the demise of his master. Yet, as recently available documents concerning the public mood at the time testify, the most prominent emotion both among the leaders and among the common people was not relief but anxiety. People understood that an era had ended, but few could imagine their lives without Stalin. The uncertainty was frightening, and people – incredibly for the distant observer – genuinely mourned the tyrant's passing. Even many among those who had been victims of his vicious dictatorship wept, and the country was near mass hysteria.
Visualizing Time-Specific Hurricane Predictions, with Uncertainty, from Storm Path Ensembles

The U.S. National Hurricane Center NHC issues advisories every six hours during the life of a hurricane. These advisories describe the current state of the storm, and its predicted path, size, and wind speed over the next five days. However, from these data alone, the question "What is the likelihood that the storm will hit Houston with hurricane strength winds between 12:00 and 14:00 on Saturday?" cannot be directly answered. To address this issue, the NHC has recently begun making an ensemble of potential storm paths available as part of each storm advisory. Since each path is parameterized by time, predicted values such as wind speed associated with the path can be inferred for a specific time period by analyzing the statistics of the ensemble. This paper proposes an approach for generating smooth scalar fields from such a predicted storm path ensemble, allowing the user to examine the predicted state of the storm at any chosen time. As a demonstration task, we show how our approach can be used to support a visualization tool, allowing the user to display predicted storm position - including its uncertainty - at any time in the forecast. In our approach, we estimate the likelihood of hurricane risk for a fixed time at any geospatial location by interpolating simplicial depth values in the path ensemble. Adaptivelysized radial basis functions are used to carry out the interpolation. Finally, geometric fitting is used to produce a simple graphical visualization of this likelihood. We also employ a non-linear filter, in time, to assure frame-to-frame coherency in the visualization as the prediction time is advanced. We explain the underlying algorithm and definitions, and give a number of examples of how our algorithm performs for several different storm predictions, and for two different sources of predicted path ensembles.
NEW RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LOOPSPACES, SYMMETRIC PRODUCTS, AND EILENBERG MACLANE SPACES

Let T(j) be the dual of the j th stable summand of Ω2 S 3 (at the prime 2) with top class in dimension j. Then it is known that T(j) is a retract of a suspension spectrum, and that the homotopy colimit of a certain sequence T(j)→ T(2j)→… is an infinite wedge of stable summands of K(V,1)’s, where V denotes an elementary abelian 2 group. In particular, when one starts with T(1), one gets K(Z/2, 1) = RP ∞ as one of the summands.
Two Extracellular Matrices From Oocytes of the Marine Shrimp Sicyonia ingentis that Independently Mediate Only Primary or Secondary Sperm Binding: sperm/fertilization/shrimp/gamete binding/extracellular matrix

During spawning, female Sicyonia ingentis simultaneously release ova and stored nonmotile sperm and mix them externally to initiate gamete interaction. Sperm bind to a thin vitelline envelope (VE) via their anterior appendage and within seconds are induced to undergo acrosomal exocytosis. The sperm penetrate the VE and become secondarily bound to the surface coat (SC), a glycocalyx on the oocyte surface. In this study, both extracellular matrices were isolated from S. ingentis oocytes. Isolated VEs mediated only primary sperm binding (i.e., before the acrosome reaction), while the isolated SCs mediated only secondary sperm binding (i.e., after acrosomal exocytosis). Isolated S. ingentis VEs were used to characterize primary sperm binding activity. The two extracellular matrices differ morphologically and possess different polypeptide profiles. Soluble fractions of isolated VEs inhibited primary sperm binding in a concentration dependent manner, and immunolocalization of VE components demonstrated highly localized VE binding sites at the tip of the sperm anterior appendage by which sperm bind eggs. Extensive Pronase digestion of VE components did not affect sperm binding activity of solubilized VE components, while complete deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid destroyed sperm binding activity. However, neither alkaline treatment nor enzyme digestion using glycosidases specific for asparagine and serine/ threonine linked oligosaccharides affected sperm binding activity.
Abnormal regulation of immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro in primary biliary cirrhosis

Abstract To determine whether there is a defect in immune regulation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), T-cell mediated help and suppression of pokeweed mitogen-induced immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) synthesis were studied in vitro. Cultures containing unirradiated T cells and B cells from normal individuals showed augmentation of immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis at low T:B-cell ratios (helper T-cell effect) and inhibition of Ig synthesis at high T:B-cell ratios (suppressor T-cell effect). Cultures containing irradiated T cells from normal individuals showed augmentation of Ig synthesis at all T:B-cell ratios studied, indicating marked reduction of suppressor T-cell function by irradiation. In contrast, cultures containing unirradiated T cells and autologous B cells from patients with PBC showed augmentation of Ig synthesis at high T:B cell ratios. Immunoglobulin synthesis by cultures containing irradiated T cells and autologous B cells from patients with PBC was similar to that by corresponding cultures of cells from normal subjects. Allogeneic mixtures of cells from normal individuals and patients with PBC showed that while B cells from patients with PBC synthesize normal amounts of Ig in the presence of normal T cells, T cells from patients with PBC caused marked enhancement of Ig synthesis by normal B cells. Patients with other liver diseases characterized by chronic cholestasis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular necrosis did not exhibit an analogous abnormality of Ig synthesis in vitro to that found in PBC. Primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with a defect of immune regulation characterized by abnormally high Ig synthesis by cultures of autologous T and B cells at high T:B cell ratios, which may be due to a deficiency of suppressor T-cell function.
Influence of hydroxyapatite-coated and growth factor-releasing interference screws on tendon-bone healing in an ovine model.

Purpose Our purpose was to determine whether a bioresorbable interference screw coated with a hydroxyapatite-based mineral layer designed to release an engineered peptide growth factor (linkBMP-2 [where "BMP-2" indicates bone morphogenetic protein 2]) improved tendon-bone healing compared with a screw without coating. Methods Tagged linkBMP-2 peptides were used to quantify binding efficiency and release kinetics on 9 mineral-coated BIORCI screws (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA). Fourteen mature female sheep were used in this study. In each of the 14 sheep, each stifle was randomized to either receive a linkBMP-2–coated or uncoated interference screw (n = 14 per treatment). The sheep were euthanized at 6 weeks after surgery. Eight sheep were subjected to biomechanical testing for peak load at failure and stiffness, and six sheep were used for histologic analysis according to a semiquantitative scoring scale. Results The linkBMP-2 molecule bound efficiently to the surface of mineral-coated interference screws. Over 80% of the initially bound linkBMP-2 was released during a 6-week time frame in vitro. Peak load at failure in the linkBMP-2–coated interference screw group (mean ± SD, 449.3 ± 84.7 N) was not significantly different from that in the uncoated group (421.0 ± 61.8 N) ( P = .22). Stiffness in the linkBMP-2–coated interference screw group (157.3 ± 39.6 N/mm) was not significantly different from that in the uncoated group (140.6 ± 20.3 N/mm) ( P = .12). Histologic analysis showed that the tendons in the linkBMP-2–coated interference screw group had higher scores (better) than the uncoated group. In the linkBMP-2–coated interference screw group, mesenchymal cells were present at the interface between screw and tendon, whereas these cells were not present in the uncoated group. Conclusions We found that linkBMP-2 can be bound onto a mineral-coated BIORCI interference screw surface and subsequently released from the screw surface in a sustained manner. The histologic result of this study showed that the linkBMP-2–coated interference screw significantly improved the histologic scores of early tendon-bone healing in this sheep model. Clinical Relevance This linkBMP-2 coating material may improve early tendon/ligament fixation.
Mechanistic and functional divergence between thyrotropin-releasing hormone and RO 15-4513 interactions with ethanol.

Both thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and RO 15-4513 antagonize ethanol-induced depression, but this common property does not infer that both compounds share similar mechanisms of action. In the present studies, both TRH (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and RO 15-4513 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed ethanol-induced depression of locomotor activity, in accord with previous reports. However, the benzodiazepine antagonist, RO 15-1788, blocked this action of RO 15-4513, while exerting no effect on the analeptic action of TRH. Using a model of seizure activity electrically elicited from the inferior colliculus, ethanol exerted a dose-related attenuation of seizure activity. This anticonvulsant action of ethanol was not altered by TRH (30 mg/kg, i.p.), but RO 15-4513 (3 mg/kg) reversed the effect of the 0.5, but not the 1.0 g/kg, dose of ethanol. In addition, pretreatment with RO 15-4513 (1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.), but not TRH (30 mg/kg, i.p.), caused seizure generalization into the forebrain following inferior collicular stimulation, further verifying the proconvulsant properties of RO 15-4513. In conclusion, the analeptic action of TRH appears independent of benzodiazepine activity, and in contrast to RO 15-4513, TRH does not exhibit proconvulsant properties. Furthermore, because TRH did not antagonize both depressant actions of ethanol studied, it appears unlikely that TRH directly interacts with the molecular basis of ethanol action.
A symmetrical transistor oscillator with low second-harmonic distortion

Summary form only given, as follows. A transistor oscillator with good amplitude and frequency stability and a low second-harmonic output is desirable to supply the excitation power for a second-harmonic-type magnetic modulator. In the circuit presented here, the required stability is obtained by designing the circuit to be as independent as possible of the transistor characteristics. The grounded-base transistors operate to transfer a fixed current alternately from one side to the other of a tuned center-tapped transformer. The transistors act as switches, either essentially open circuit, or conducting at negligible collector voltage. Hence, the switched current can be determined by an external circuit. The special emitter switching circuit is designed to provide rapid switching and to deliver constant emitter driving current essentially independent of the emitter characteristics and the driving voltage. A low value of second harmonic, less than 0.01 per cent, is obtained by the balanced nature of the circuit and by adjustment of the emitter switching circuit to provide equal on-off periods in each transistor. Drifts in this on-off time caused by changes in emitter resistance are reduced by a large stabilizing resistance in series with the dc portion of the emitter switching circuit.
Flame temperature determination by dual laser ionization

Abstract A dual laser ionization (DLI) apparatus was used to determine ionic diffusion and mobility coefficients for sodium and lithium in a stoichiometric H 2 /O 2 /Ar flame. The flame temperature was calculated using the Einstein relation. The sodium and lithium DLI temperature estimates are in agreement with each other and with temperatures measured by the line-reversal technique in similar flames.
The pineal gland.

The pineal gland is located posterior to the midbrain and is the site of melatonin production. Research on pineal gland function in neonates is very limited. This article will discuss pineal gland development and the possible relationship between melatonin production and sudden infant death syndrome. Further research on pineal gland function is needed in order to establish its significance for the neonate.
Effects of glucagon, 3',5'-AMP and 3',5'-GMP on ion fluxes and transmembrane potential in perfused livers of normal and adrenalectomized rats

The effects of glucagon, 3′,5′-AMP, 3′,5′-GMP and dexamethasone on ion fluxes and transmembrane-potential changes were compared in perfused livers from normal and adrenalectomized rats. Glucagon and cyclic nucleotide administration resulted in a similar redistribution of Na+ and K+ and membrane hyperpolarization in both groups. Dexamethasone at a dose which restores the gluconeogenic response after adrenalectomy, had no effect on either the ion movements or membrane potential and did not alter the responses to cyclic nucleotides or glucagon in either normal or adrenalectomized rat livers. These results suggest that the permissive effect of glucacorticoids on gluconeogenesis might be related to an event following ion movement.
Kenneth burke and the “new rhetoric”

(1952). Kenneth burke and the “new rhetoric”. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 133-144.
Conceptualizing Effects of Office Information Systems: A Methodology and Application for the Study of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Changes*

This article applies the concepts of alpha, beta, and gamma changes to test whether the implementation of a new office information system with networking capabilities changes the way organizational members conceptualize office work. The traditional approach (t-test) was used to measure alpha change and indicated little change in how effectively the respondents felt they performed eight generic office activities before implementation (T1) and nine months after implementation (T2). However, considerable change was detected between effectiveness reported at T1 and a retrospective assessment of T1 effectiveness reported at T2 (called “then” assessments). Strong change was also detected between “then” assessments and T2 effectiveness reported at T2, indicating beta change. Multiple hierarchical tests showed that most of the change was actually gamma change; the T2 and the “then” factor structures and covariances differed significantly. This study supports propositions that using computers to accomplish organizational work may be associated with different conceptualizations of work, which may create ambiguity and uncertainty if training and management policies do not respond appropriately. Finally, this study provides an expanded version of a prior solution to detecting alpha, beta, and gamma changes.
1668 SURFACTANT ACTIVITY FOLLOWING NATURAL SURFACTANT (NS) TREATMENT OF PREMATURE LAMBS

Six 120-day and 6 130-day gestational age lambs were delivered by C-section and supported on ventilators with 100% oxygen. With respiratory failure (pCO2=114±11) the lambs were treated with 50 mg/kg of 3H labeled NS by tracheal instillation. All the lambs responded dramatically, however the effect was gone within 3 hrs. The specific activity of the 3H labeled saturated phosphatidyl choline (SPC) in the NS used for treatment had decreased by only 30±4% in the alveolar wash (AW) at sacrifice; thus the treatment dose was minimally diluted. However, IV injections of 14C-palmitic acid resulted in the appearance of 14C-SPC in sequential samples suctioned from the airways (AS) indicating endogenous synthesis and secretion. Minimum surface tension (ST) measurements (dynes/cm) made on AS fell from 29±2 to 8±5 after NS and again rose to 32±2 at sacrifice. AW samples taken at sacrifice and containing 1μmole phosphatidylcholine (PC) did not lower ST below 27±4, while “surfactant” recovered from the AW (R-SA) containing 0.2 μmoles PC lowered ST to 30. We demonstrated 1) NS remains in the airways following treatment, and 2) the ability of NS to lower ST is reversibly inhibited.
An active-learning exercise on learning negotiation as a way to mitigate the gender wage gap for introductory microeconomics

Abstract Economic research provides several reasons to explain why the gender wage gap still persists. One reason is the negotiation gap, whereby women are less likely to use and benefit from negotiation compared to men. This paper describes an active-learning exercise in which students are empowered to learn and practice basic negotiation strategy in a distributive bargaining framework. Students actively participate in brainstorming, small group discussion, role play, and reflection. Although designed for use in an introductory microeconomics course, the exercise could also be used in a labor or gender economics course.
Goal Theories of Motivation as Rigorous Humanism

Over the past few decades, there has been increasing interest among social, clinical, and personality psychologists in the topic of human agency in general and personal goals in particular. Goal theories of motivation are described and analyzed from the perspective of Rychlak's rigorous humanism. Studying goals may actually be more of a methodology than a theory. A number of different theories could lead to the study of goals as a primary research methodology. However, not all such theories will meet Rychlak's criteria for rigorous humanism. The role of goals in Logical Learning Theory is discussed.
Purification and properties of dihydroorotase from Escherichia coli B.

Abstract Dihydroorotase (4,5- l -dihydroorotate amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.2.3) from Escherichia coli B was purified 145-fold. Following the terminal purification procedure, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed only one protein band. In contrast to dihydroorotase from Zymobacterium oroticum, the enzyme is neither inhibited by EDTA nor activated by divalent metals. The enzyme is specific for its natural substrates l -ureidosuccinate and l -dihydroorotate and will not catalyze the hydrolysis of p- nitrophenylacetate . The N- carbamyl derivatives of glycine, dl -serine, and l -glutamic acid are competitive inhibitors. The enzyme is stablized by dithiolthreitol and is reversibly inhibited at pH 5.8 by the mercaptide-forming reagents AgNO3 and p- chloromercuribenzene sulfonate but not the alkylating agent iodoacetamide. Phosphate and arsenate buffers appear to specifically increase the initial rates of dihydroorotase catalyzed reaction. The molecular weight of E. coli dihydroorotase in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) is estimated from gel filtration to be 76 000 ± 10% .
Structural components and morphogenetic mechanics of the zebrafish yolk extension, a developmental module

The yolk extension (YE) appears to be a novel developmental module that has been inserted into the phylotypic period of teleostean development, specifically in the order Cypriniformes. The zebrafish YE informs the study of morphogenetic movements reshaping ventral tissues because (1) this trait is easily visible, so disruptions are easy to score; (2) its ontogenesis occurs quickly; and (3) the yolk cell isolates the tissues elongating the ventrum from the rest of the embryo, serving as a three-dimensional in vivo "tissue culture." We determined that three histological compartments comprise the structural components of the YE: (1) the internal yolk cell; (2) the mesendodermal mantle external to the yolk cell; and (3) the external embryonic integument, consisting of an embryonic epidermis plus enveloping layer cells. These structural components interact with one another in a hierarchical manner, resulting in the morphogenesis of the elongated and tubular embryonic zebrafish ventrum as the cylindrical YE forms. Time-lapse videomicroscopy and experimental manipulation show that the yolk mass is a cohesive, viscoelastic foam, which resists compression. Moreover, as the mesodermal mantle participates in tubulation of the posterior trunk, Kupffer's Vesicle, the organ of laterality in teleosts, separates from the posterior pole of the yolk syncytial layer. Additionally, the embryonic integument becomes contractile over the posterior yolk cell, constricting the yolk mass to form the YE. These findings constitute an initial assessment of the morphogenetic mechanics underlying formation of the YE developmental module in zebrafish.