cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Toxicity of Potassium to the Adult Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha

The acute toxicity of potassium (K+) to adult zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, and the efficacy of using K+ to enhance the toxicity of a commercial biocide was examined. Mussels, 15–20 mm in total shell length, collected from Lake Ontario, were exposed to static concentrations of K+ for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, and to a sublethal concentration of K+ prior to and during exposure to Clam-Trol® CT-2 for 6, 12, and 24 h. Tests were conducted at ambient lake temperatures of 12°C and 22°C and mussels were subjected to a 96 h recovery period. Valve closure was inhibited in mussels exposed to sublethal as well as lethal concentrations of K+, resulting in mussels that were nonresponsive to tactile stimulation. The median effective concentration (ED50) of K+ to induce nonresponsive mussels increased as the length of the recovery period was extended from 24 to 96 h, indicating that some nonresponsive mussels were capable of recovering 96 h after exposure to the K+ treatments. A recovery period duration of 96 h was critical in assessing mortality in mussels exposed to high K+ levels and the use of tactile stimulation to test for valve responsiveness was insufficient to identify mortality. The 24 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of K+ at 22°C (400 mg/L) was found to be sixfold higher than the LC50 reported by other investigators utilizing shorter recovery periods. The LC50 of the biocide to mussels treated with K+ was not reduced, suggesting that the use of K+ to inhibit valve closure may not be useful in methods to control mussel infestations.
Evidence for unimolecular CO2 elimination in C–N bond metathesis reactions of basic carbamatozinc complexes Zn4O(O2CAm)6(Am =N-diethylamino, N-piperidyl, N-pyrrolidyl)

The tetranuclear basic zinc carbamates Zn4O(O2CAm)6 (1, Am = N-diethylamino; 2, Am = N-piperidyl; 3, Am = N-pyrrolidyl) were shown by transient FTIR spectroscopy to undergo C–N bond metathesis reactions that result in exchange of the carboxyl group with bulk carbon dioxide and exchange of the amino group with bulk secondary amine (transamination). The net rate for CO2 exchange was measured by monitoring the uptake of 13CO2 and the concomitant release of 12CO2. This revealed a CO2-dependent and CO2-independent component to the CO2 exchange process. The CO2-dependent process was interpreted in terms of preassociation of the incoming CO2 with the complex prior to the N–CO2 bond cleavage process while the CO2-independent process was interpreted in terms of a unimolecular elimination of CO2 from the complex. The transamination reaction gave rates that are independent of the concentration of the incoming amine. Furthermore, the transamination rate for each complex was within a factor of four of the CO2-independent CO2 exchange rate for that complex. These data were interpreted in terms of a common rate-limiting process for CO2 exchange and transamination that involves unimolecular elimination of CO2. Rate-limiting unimolecular dissociation of intact carbamato ligands was eliminated as a possible pathway by showing that ligand exchange dynamics is rapid relative to the overall rate of C–N bond metathesis. The ability of these metal carbamate complexes to undergo facile C–N bond metathesis reactions of this type has implications in heterocumulene metathesis and CO2 fixation chemistry.
Fractionated radiotherapy for intracranial meningiomas

Fractionated external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) has multiple roles in the management of intracranial meningiomas. In multiple series post-operative EBRT has shown improved progression-free survival following subtotal resection and a reduction in long-term failures following an apparent gross total resection. In the definitive setting, the use of EBRT has increased as the growing utilization of neuro-imaging for various conditions identifies skull-based lesions which are not easily resectable. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas represent a classic example of the use of definitive EBRT, given the frequent visual sequelae of surgery or observation. EBRT planning is highly individualized and requires a detailed understanding of tumor grade, adjacent radiosensitive structures such as the anterior optic apparatus, and radiographic characteristics of the tumor such as hyperostosis.
REVIEWS AND COMMENTS

Abstract With the intent of stimulating discussion, this section is reserved for book reviews, comments, and letters; your input is welcome. By nature, this material may be subjective, reflecting the opinions of the authors; your responses are therefore encouraged.
Preliminary model tests for the design of a gliding deep water elevator

This paper presents progress on the design of a "smart elevator" to be used in conjunction with deep sea ROV operations. Deep sea elevators are gravity driven untethered platforms used to deliver and or return items from the sea floor. Elevators are used when items are too large or heavy to be handled by the ROV, or when the turn around time to recover and redeploy the ROV system for sample removal is prohibitive. Unfortunately, efficiency is complicated by the precision with which elevators can be landed at a specific location on the bottom and recovered on the surface because of currents and the inadequately known hydrodynamic effects. To improve the effectiveness of elevators we have investigated the gliding behavior of an elevator outfitted with wing foils in a variety of configurations. The foils are able to produce forward motion and turning that could be used to drive the elevator against a current or to a specific position on the seafloor. The results presented here for 1/10th and 1/2 scale models show achievable glide slopes of foward to downward velocity approaching .5 for situations representative of typical operating conditions.
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Computer-Based, Tailored Intervention to Increase Smoking Cessation Counseling by Primary Care Physicians

The primary care visit represents an important venue for intervening with a large population of smokers. However, physician adherence to the Smoking Cessation Clinical Guideline (5As) remains low. We evaluated the effectiveness of a computer-tailored intervention designed to increase smoking cessation counseling by primary care physicians. Physicians and their patients were randomized to either intervention or control conditions. In addition to brief smoking cessation training, intervention physicians and patients received a one-page report that characterized the patients’ smoking habit and history and offered tailored recommendations. Physician performance of the 5As was assessed via patient exit interviews. Quit rates and smoking behaviors were assessed 6 months postintervention via patient phone interviews. Intervention effects were tested in a sample of 70 physicians and 518 of their patients. Results were analyzed via generalized and mixed linear modeling controlling for clustering. Intervention physicians exceeded controls on “Assess” (OR 5.06; 95% CI 3.22, 7.95), “Advise” (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.70, 4.59), “Assist–set goals” (OR 4.31; 95% CI 2.59, 7.16), “Assist–provide written materials” (OR 5.14; 95% CI 2.60, 10.14), “Assist–provide referral” (OR 6.48; 95% CI 3.11, 13.49), “Assist–discuss medication” (OR 4.72;95% CI 2.90, 7.68), and “Arrange” (OR 8.14; 95% CI 3.98, 16.68), all p values being < 0.0001. Intervention patients were 1.77 (CI 0.94, 3.34,p = 0.078) times more likely than controls to be abstinent (12 versus 8%), a difference that approached, but did not reach statistical significance, and surpassed controls on number of days quit (18.4 versus 12.2, p < .05) but not on number of quit attempts. The use of a brief computer-tailored report improved physicians’ implementation of the 5As and had a modest effect on patients’ smoking behaviors 6 months postintervention.
An architecture for a universal lexicon: a case study on shared syntactic information in Japanese, Hindi, Bengali, Greek, and English

Naoyuki Nomura, Douglas A. Jones, Robert C. Berwick Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE43-802 Artificial Intelligence Laboratory nomura@ai.mit.edu Introduction. Given the prominence of the lexicon in most current linguistic theories (LFG, HPSG, GB), the inventory of language particular information left in the lexicon deserves special attention. Constructing large computerized lexicons remains a difficult problem, building a large array of apparently arbitrary information. This paper shows that this arbitrariness can be constrained more than might have been previously thought. In particular, arbitrariness of argument structure, word sense, and paraphrasability will be shown not only to be constrained, but also to be integrally related. Our (radical) view is that variation of lexical behavior across languages is exactly like lexical variation within languages, specifically, the difference lies in the presence or absence of certain morphemes. For example, the fact that Japanese has richer possibilities in certain verbal patterns is derived solely from its morphological inventory.1 Put another way, language parameters simply are the presence or absence of lexical material in the morphological component. Observed language variation patterns reflect morphological systematicity. The generative machinery for producing argument structure positions is fixed across languages. Linguistic Motivation. A striking example underscoring universality of argument structure is the familiar Spray/Load alternation2, shown in (1). Despite the many surface differences in these data across languages, they share several essential properties. (1) a. b. John loaded the hay on the wagon. John loaded the wagon with the hay. Japanese (2) a. taroo-wa teepu-o boo-ni maita. Taro-NOM tape-ACC stick-DAT wrap-PRF 'Taro wrapped the tape around the stick.'
Effect of Alpha Tocopherol (vitamin E) Deficiency on Intestinal Transport of Passively Absorbed Drugs

Abstract Alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) deficiency has been shown to cause changes in membrane structure. The present study relates alpha tocopherol deficiency with increased rates of transport and absorption of passively absorbed drugs. The pharmacokinetics of barbital in alpha tocopherol‐deficient and control rats was studied. The barbital absorption rate constant in deficient animals increased compared to control values. This finding indicates that alpha tocopherol deficiency affects the intestinal membrane structure. This finding was confirmed by studying the intestinal transport of phenolsulfonphthalein, barbital, and salicylate using the everted gut technique. Phenolsulfonphthalein was transported more rapidly through the alpha tocopherol‐deficient gut, but this difference was not significant after 30 min, probably due to membrane decomposition. Barbital, which is more lipid soluble and less dependent on changes in pore volume and size, was transported more rapidly through the deficient gut during the entire experiment. The transport rate of salicylate was not altered by the deficiency state. This result was expected since the drug is normally rapidly transported; therefore, comparatively small changes in permeability such as those induced by alpha tocopherol deficiency would be masked. After the oral administration of phenolsulfonphthalein to intact animals, a significantly higher amount of drug was recovered in the urine of the deficient group.
Design of model reference adaptive control systems by Liapunov's second method

Model reference adaptive control system redesign by Liapunov second method for linear systems
Towards a Stakeholder-Oriented Taxonomical Approach for Secure Cloud Computing

The emerging paradigm of cloud computing (CC) arises security risks that adversely impact its different stakeholders. The widespread deployment and service models of CC in addition to the wide variety of stakeholders make it difficult to guarantee privacy and security. This work-in-progress paper proposes a stakeholder-oriented taxonomical approach that determines the security and privacy issues for various CC models from a stakeholder's perspective. It recommends a comprehensive list of security and privacy attributes that are related to these issues. The goal is to provide stakeholders with the security issues associated with their interaction with the cloud. This will assist every stakeholder of a CC model in identifying the security and privacy concerns that are pertinent to them, based on the service and deployment model they use. This will help promote security and privacy among the stakeholders and refute their fears from utilizing this emerging technology.
A rhetorical definition of movements

This article is a somewhat belated reply to Robert Cathcart's 1972 call for a specifically rhetorical definition of movements. After summarizing the brief history of the rhetorical study of movements, the article proposes such a definition and explains it in detail.
Hapten-bearing cell in carrier-determined tolerance.

The relationship between tolerance to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten and cells bearing this hapten on their surface, was investigated using autoradiography. Animals injected with nontolerogenic conjugates of DNP-e-lysine-IgG, DNP-azo-IgG, and DNP-mustard-IgG (J. Immunol. 1975. 115: 1409) did not have splenic lymphocytes bearing DNP on their surface 5 days after their last injection, while those injected with tolerogenic conjugates of DNP-e-lysine-IgG did have splenic hapten-bearing cells. Control studies showed that I25I-labeled anti-DNP used to reveal hapten-bearing cells did react with the nontolerogenic conjugates on the cell surface. There was no difference in the numbers of hapten-bearing cells in animals receiving either 100 μg or 1000 μg of tolerogenic DNP-IgG 5 days after the injection. Animals injected with 1000μg of tolerogen remained tolerant for 6 months. These tolerant animals still had hapten-bearing cells in their spleens 6 weeks after injection. In contrast, animals which had lost tolerance 3 months after 200 μg of tolerogen injection did not have hapten-bearing cells. These experiments confirm that the hapten DNP remains on the surface of hapten-binding cells in tolerance only. It is unlikely that the carrier alone, either nonspecifically or specifically via Fc binding, accounts for the presence of the tolerogen on lymphoid cells because it would be observed with nontolerogenic as well as tolerogenic DNP-IgG conjugates. A direct relationship between tolerance and hapten-bearing cells exists. The significance of this correlation to the mechanism of tolerance is discussed.
Characterization of the microstructure and phase equilibria calculations for the powder metallurgy superalloy IN100

The microstructure of the Ni-based superalloy IN100 processed by a powder metallurgy route was evaluated to reveal the structures, volume fractions, distributions, and chemistries of the various phases present. These data were compared with those predicted by computational thermodynamics. It is shown that the microstructural parameters expected on the basis of global equilibrium conditions differ significantly from those measured experimentally. However, modification of these calculations by use of constrained and successive equilibria compensated for kinetic effects and led to accurate (or better) predictions of phase volume fractions and chemistries in this alloy. This demonstrated that such modified phase equilibria calculations could be powerful tools for modeling microstructures, even in complex multicomponent alloys processed under nonequilibrium conditions.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia, available soil P and nodulation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in Zimbabwe

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization and nodulation of groundnut were examined in nine soils collected from subsistence farmers’ fields in Zimbabwe. Nodule number, shoot dry weight, shoot N and P contents, and AMF colonization were assessed after 6 weeks growth. Both nodule number and AMF colonization differed by an order of magnitude among the nine soils. Soil available P explained almost all the variability in nodule number (r2 = 0.98), but had no significant effect on percent AMF colonization. By adding P to one soil, nodule numbers increased four-fold resulting in a significantly higher N content in the shoots. Similar, but smaller, effects were obtained by increasing the abundance of AMF through an inoculation with Glomus intraradices, suggesting that nodulation in this soil was limited by AMF abundance and that the fungi could, to a limited extent, substitute for P fertilizer.
Distinct binding and cellular properties of synthetic (+)- and (-)-discodermolides.

Abstract Background : Cell permeable ligands of low molecular weight can be used to dissect complex cellular processes. During the past several years this approach has been particularly important in the study of intracellular signal transduction. Discodermolide, a marine natural product, appears to inhibit a signaling pathway in immune cells. The structure of natural discodermolide is known, but its absolute stereochemistry is not. We set out to make both enantiomers and to investigate their biological activity. Results : Both enantiomers of discodermolide were prepared by total synthesis. Surprisingly, both enantiomers have biological activity, and their effects seem to be distinct in that they arrest cells at different stages of the cell cycle. A specific binding activity was identified for (+)-discodermolide but not for (-)-discodermolide, and the binding of the two enantiomers was not competitive. Conclusions : Both enantiomers of discodermolide have antiproliferative activity, but they act by distinct mechanisms and appear to have distinct cellular targets. The natural product is the (+)-enantiomer, which blocks the cell cycle in the G2 or M phase. The (-)-enantiomer blocks cells in S phase. Both may be useful in studies of the regulation of the cell cycle; we have also identified a specific binding activity for (+)-discodermolide, and have provided evidence that it interacts with a functionally relevant receptor.
A batchwise purification procedure of neurofilament proteins.

Abstract A rapid batchwise purification procedure for neurofilament proteins from bovine spinal cord is described. A crude filament fraction can be obtained by treating the tissue with Triton X-100, followed by centrifugation through sucrose. From this crude filament fraction the protein is processed through a batch purification procedure using hydroxyapatite in 8 m urea. With this procedure, approximately 0.5 g of purified neurofilament protein is obtained from a single bovine spinal cord in less than 3 days.
Middle school students' perceptions, persistence, and performance in mathematical problem solving

The purpose of this study was to explore middle school students' (N = 54) perceptions of problem difficulty, persistence, and knowledge and use of problem-solving strategies in solving mathematical...
Comparison of Methods for Allocating Costs of Empty Railcar Movements in a Railcar Pooling System

Allocating the cost of empty railcar miles to partners in a railcar pooling system is an important pricing problem in railway management. Recently, the authors of this paper proposed a cost allocation scheme for empty railcar movements based on game theory that explicitly considers the level of participation and contribution from each partner, the costs generated before and after cooperation, and the overall benefit obtained by each partner because of cooperation. This paper compares the performance of the model with three other cost allocation models with respect to fairness, stability, and computational efficiency. The comparison is made with two scenarios adapted from examples documented in the literature. The results indicate that the cost allocation scheme based on game theory outperforms other methods in ensuring fairness and enhancing stability in a coalition. Most remarkably, it yields reasonable results even in situations in which other models behave poorly. Computationally, it is manageable for practical problems.
Developmental neurotoxic effects of dioxin and dioxin‐like compounds on domestic and wild avian species

In ovo exposure to dioxin and dioxin-like compounds has been shown to be associated with the development of grossly asymmetric avian brains. This asymmetry is primarily seen in two major brain regions, the forebrain and the tectum, and is detectable in the intact (but isolated) brain or in cross sections, as in computer tomographic (CT) images of the brain. Brain asymmetry has been observed in several wildlife species (heron, cormorant, and eagle) exposed to a mixture of contaminants in the wild, as well as in a domestic species (chicken) exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in ovo under controlled conditions. Asymmetry appears with increasing frequency and severity in embryos and hatchlings exposed to increasing doses of TCDD beginning early in embryonic development. Since asymmetry is evident in early embryos (embryonic day 9) when the braincase is just a thin covering, it is unlikely that brain asymmetry is caused by effects on the braincase rather than on the brain itself. In addition, preliminary histological evaluation of heron hatchling brains indicates that the pyriform (striate) cortex has increased cell density in contaminated versus control brains, although it is not yet clear whether this change in cell density is also manifested asymmetrically. Immunohistochemical analysis of embryonic chicken spinal cord demonstrated that TCDD exposure in ovo also induces a dysmyelination.
Raman study of the sol to gel transformation under normal and high pressure

Abstract The changes in the Raman spectra of the silica sol-gels have been examined as a function of time. The increase of pressure from 1 bar to 3.5 kbar decreased the gelation time from 168 h down to 6 h. The bands associated with the SiO 2 vibrations grow continuously with time indicating the continuous growth of network particles even after the gel had been formed.
Increased monocyte turnover from bone marrow correlates with severity of SIV encephalitis and CD163 levels in plasma.

Cells of the myeloid lineage are significant targets for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in monkeys. Monocytes play critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity during inflammation. We hypothesize that specific subsets of monocytes expand with AIDS and drive central nervous system (CNS) disease. Additionally, there may be expansion of cells from the bone marrow through blood with subsequent macrophage accumulation in tissues driving pathogenesis. To identify monocytes that recently emigrated from bone marrow, we used 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling in a longitudinal study of SIV-infected CD8+ T lymphocyte depleted macaques. Monocyte expansion and kinetics in blood was assessed and newly migrated monocyte/macrophages were identified within the CNS. Five animals developed rapid AIDS with differing severity of SIVE. The percentages of BrdU+ monocytes in these animals increased dramatically, early after infection, peaking at necropsy where the percentage of BrdU+ monocytes correlated with the severity of SIVE. Early analysis revealed changes in the percentages of BrdU+ monocytes between slow and rapid progressors as early as 8 days and consistently by 27 days post infection. Soluble CD163 (sCD163) in plasma correlated with the percentage of BrdU+ monocytes in blood, demonstrating a relationship between monocyte activation and expansion with disease. BrdU+ monocytes/macrophages were found within perivascular spaces and SIVE lesions. The majority (80–90%) of the BrdU+ cells were Mac387+ that were not productively infected. There was a minor population of CD68+BrdU+ cells (<10%), very few of which were infected (<1% of total BrdU+ cells). Our results suggest that an increased rate of monocyte recruitment from bone marrow into the blood correlates with rapid progression to AIDS, and the magnitude of BrdU+ monocytes correlates with the severity of SIVE.
THE WAY, THE RIGHT, AND THE GOOD

This article argues that Kongzi’s religious ethics suggests an alternative way of understanding the relationship between the right and the good, in which neither takes clear precedence in terms of being more foundational for ethics. The religious underpinnings of Kongzi’s understanding of the Way are examined, including the close relationship between tian (“Heaven”) and the Way. It is shown that following the Way is defined primarily by the extent to which one’s actions express certain virtues, and not whether one’s actions are conducive to the best overall outcome or whether they are inherently right irrespective of consequences. It is then argued that the Way is seen as constitutive of both the right and the good, and that this understanding of the right and the good has important implications for contemporary virtue ethics, religious ethics, and political philosophy.
A model of individual and organizational factors affecting quality-related outcomes

Abstract This article integrates previous theory and research on work adjustment, individual performance, human relations, and high involvement systems to develop a model of the individual and organizational factors thought to affect quality-related outcomes. The model suggests that organizational values influence the design of internal organizational systems, and the degree of congruence between individuals and organizational systems influences the attainment of quality-goals. Furthermore, the model emphasizes that the success of a TQM system may depend on the congruence between organizational systems (e.g., human resources practices) and quality goals. A number of research propositions based on the model are offered to motivate future research on quality-related issues.
The Heroic Mentorship

Is mentoring toxic to scientific research? If so, does moral education transmit the toxin? By pursuing these questions, this article joins a host of scholarly inquiries into scientific misconduct. If moral education transmits the toxin, is character development its antidote? The pursuit of this question makes this article unique among such inquiries. The method of pursuit is interdisciplinary, of the type generally known as the science-technology-society (STS) approach. The author finds immaturity to be the toxin and a DuBoisian implementation of the mythological hero's journey in the university to be its antidote. The function of the mentor in this journey is modeled after Joseph Campbell's mythological hero helper, the hero being the mentor's protege.
Human Action Recognition across Datasets by Foreground-Weighted Histogram Decomposition

This paper attempts to address the problem of recognizing human actions while training and testing on distinct datasets, when test videos are neither labeled nor available during training. In this scenario, learning of a joint vocabulary, or domain transfer techniques are not applicable. We first explore reasons for poor classifier performance when tested on novel datasets, and quantify the effect of scene backgrounds on action representations and recognition. Using only the background features and partitioning of gist feature space, we show that the background scenes in recent datasets are quite discriminative and can be used classify an action with reasonable accuracy. We then propose a new process to obtain a measure of confidence in each pixel of the video being a foreground region, using motion, appearance, and saliency together in a 3D MRF based framework. We also propose multiple ways to exploit the foreground confidence: to improve bag-of-words vocabulary, histogram representation of a video, and a novel histogram decomposition based representation and kernel. We used these foreground confidences to recognize actions trained on one data set and test on a different data set. We have performed extensive experiments on several datasets that improve cross dataset recognition accuracy as compared to baseline methods.
Malignancy in patients with systemic sclerosis: a reply to the article by Siau et al.

I have read with interest the article by Keith Siau and colleagues entitled, “Malignancy in scleroderma patients from south west England: a population-based cohort study” (Rheumatology Int 2010; doi 10.1007/s00296-009-1348-y). The authors point out the rarity of these two disorders coexisting. The authors mention that there is an increase in risk in patients for breast cancer and hematological malignancies. My extensive review of the literature indicated that there was an overall increased risk of lung and breast cancer, but not an increased risk for hematological malignancies (Wooten MD, Systemic Sclerosis and Malignancy: A Review of the Literature, Southern Medical Journal 101:59–62, 2008). This was true in patients with both limited and diVuse systemic sclerosis, and no correlation could be clearly established with autoantibodies. While the coexistence of these two disorders still remains a relatively rare phenomenon, malignancy should be considered in patients who manifest signs and symptoms of both disorders.
Horsing Around on Saturn

On the basis of simple statistical mechanical models, the prevailing view of the rings of Saturn is that they are unstable and must therefore have been formed rather recently. In this paper, we argue that the Saturn rings and inner moons are in much more stable orbits than previously thought and, therefore, that they likely formed together as part of the initial formation of the solar system. To make this argument, we give a detailed description of so-called horseshoe orbits and show that this horseshoeing phenomenon greatly stabilizes the rings of Saturn. This paper is part of a collaborative effort with E. Belbruno and J.R. Gott III. For a description of their part of the work, see their papers in these proceedings.
Reductive tert-Butylation of Anils by tert-Butylmercury Halides1

tert-Butyl radicals add to the carbon atom of benzylideneanilines to form anilino radicals, which are protonated in the presence of PTSA or NH4+ in Me2SO. Reduction of the resulting aniline radical cations occurs readily by the ate complex, t-BuHgI2-. In the absence of a proton donor, t-BuHgI will also transfer a hydrogen atom to the anilino radical to give the reductive alkylation product. Protonation can promote a free radical chain process involving electron transfer by substrate activation and/or by increasing the electron affinity of the intermediate radicals. Since the adduct radicals formed from benzylideneanilines are more easily protonated than the parent Schiff bases, PTSA but not NH4+ demonstrates substrate activation, although both proton donors promote the free radical reaction.
Computerized Bibliographic Services for Biomedicine Library-based automated storage, retrieval, and publication of literature citations is feasible

By its development of improved media for dissemination of information, the National Library of Medicine is fostering a greater awareness and a better understanding of research and development efforts in behalf of public health and clinical medicine, and a more rapid translation of research into clinical application. The library's transformation from a passive repository of information to an active ally of the researcher, teacher, and clinician has led to increased use of medical library facilities and has stimulated thinking through better communication of published information. The library's success in using automation for bibliographic control of medical literature suggests that other disciplines that have not already developed automated techniques of literature-reference retrieval might profitably do so.
Existence of an equilibrium for infinite horizon economies with and without complete information

Abstract This work proves the existence of an equilibrium for an infinite horizon economy where trade takes place sequentially over time. There exist two types of agents: the first correctly anticipates all future contingent endogenous variables with complete information as in Radner [Radner, R. (1972). Existence of equilibrium of plans, prices and price expectations in a sequence of markets. Econometrica, 289–303] and the second has exogenous expectations about the future environment as in Grandmont [Grandmont, J. M. (1977). Temporary general equilibrium theory. Econometrica, 535–572] and information based on the current and past aggregate variables including those which are private knowledge. Agents with exogenous expectations may have inconsistent optimal plans but have predictive beliefs in the context of Blackwell and Dubbins [Blackwell, D., Dubins, L. (1962). Merging of opinions with increasing information. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 882–886] with probability transition rules based on all observed variables. We provide examples of this framework applied to models of differential information and environments exhibiting results of market selection and convergence of an equilibrium. The existence result can be used to conclude that, by adding the continuity assumption on the probability transition rules, we obtain the existence of an equilibrium for some models of differential information and incomplete markets.
Using the Active Storage Fabrics model to address petascale storage challenges

We present the Active Storage Fabrics (ASF) model for storage embedded parallel processing as a way to address petascale data intensive challenges. ASF is aimed at emerging scalable system-on-a-chip, storage class memory architectures, but may be realized in prototype form on current parallel systems. ASF can be used to transparently accelerate host workloads by close integration at the middleware data/storage boundary or directly by data intensive applications. We provide an overview of the major components involved in accelerating a parallel file system and a relational database management system, describe some early results, and outline our current research directions.
Tandem chromosomal duplications in Salmonella typhimurium: Fusion of histidine genes to novel promoters

Abstract Salmonella strains harboring tandem chromosomal duplications have been identified following selection for expression of a histidine biosynthetic gene whose promoter is deleted. In such strains, tandem duplications fuse the selected his gene to “foreign” regulatory elements, thereby allowing gene expression. Selection is made for his D + activity in deletion strain his OG203. Among the revertants, strains harboring tandem chromosomal duplications have been identified by a number of their properties. (1) Their HisD + phenotype is genetically unstable. (2) Such instability is dependent on recombination ( rec A) activity. (3) Genetic tests demonstrate that these strains are merodiploid for large regions (up to 25%) of the Salmonella genome. (4) Recipient strains that inherit the HisD + phenotype of these duplication-carrying revertants also inherit the donor's merodiploid state. (5) In certain revertants the functional his D + gene and the sequence which promotes merodiploid transductant formation are linked to chromosomal markers located far from the normal his region. Previous reports have concluded that the instability of strains isolated by this selection is due to translocation of the his D + gene to an extrachromosomal element (the pi-histidine factor). We believe that in all strains we have tested (33 independent isolates) instability can better be accounted for as due to tandem duplication events which permit expression of his D. At least two mechanisms are responsible for duplication formation. One mechanism is dependent on recombination function and generates identical revertants having a duplication of 16% of the chromosome. A second mechanism operates independently of recombination activity; individual duplications produced by this process have variable endpoints.
Asking about well‐being gets you half an answer: Intra‐individual processes of implicit and explicit job attitudes

Summary Job attitudes, as indicators of well-being, vary within individuals across cognitive processes and not just time. Research on employee well-being has relied primarily on self-reported measures of explicit job and life attitudes. Our work takes a different perspective on this issue by examining the role of implicit attitudes regarding one’s organization, coworkers, and supervisor as indicators of well-being. Implicit attitudes are automatic, introspectively inaccessible, and predict behavior in socially sensitive contexts in which selfreport measures may be impaired by impression management. The results of a field study demonstrate that implicit and explicit job attitudes reflect relatively independent intra-individual processes. Additionally, this study demonstrates that job performance and citizenship behaviors are best predicted by a combination of implicit and explicit job attitudes, and that a dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes impacts organizational identification. We conclude with a discussion of how capturing implicit cognition in the workplace can better describe and subsequently help improve employee well-being. Copyright # 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regenerated hair cells become functional during continuous administration of kanamycin

The compound action potential (CAP) was used to assess the functional status of regenerated hair cells in the chick cochlea during prolonged administration of kanamycin (KM). Immediately after 10 days of KM treatment, the CAP thresholds were elevated by 6-54 dB above those from age-matched control animals. The frequencies with the greatest threshold shifts (> 1 kHz) corresponded to the hair cell lesion in the basal 40% of the basilar papilla. After 20 days of KM, the CAP thresholds at 3 and 4 kHz were significantly lower than those after 10 days of KM treatment, but virtually the same as those after 10 days of KM plus 10 days of recovery. Similarly, the CAP amplitudes at frequencies higher than 1.5 kHz were significantly greater in animals that received KM for 20 days than in animals that received KM for 10 days. The threshold as well as amplitude improvement between 10 days and 20 days of KM treatment was associated with the morphological maturation of the regenerated hair cells in the basal 25% of the cochlea. In addition, the rapid functional recovery seen at high frequencies coincided with the base-to-apex gradient of morphological recovery in the basilar papilla. These results suggest that the process of hair cell maturation is not suppressed by the presence of aminoglycosides in the extracellular environment.
The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products (RAGE) Protects Pancreatic Tumor Cells Against Oxidative Injury

Reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), can cause toxicity and act as signaling molecules in various pathways regulating both cell survival and cell death. However, the sequence of events between the oxidative insult and cell damage remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of oxidative stress on activation of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) and subsequent protection against H(2)O(2)-induced pancreatic tumor cell damage. We found that exposure of pancreatic tumor cells to H(2)O(2) provoked a nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent increase in RAGE expression. Further, suppression of RAGE expression by RNA interference increased the sensitivity of pancreatic tumor cells to oxidative injury. Furthermore, targeted knockdown of RAGE led to increased cell death by apoptosis and diminished cell survival by autophagy during H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative injury. Moreover, we demonstrate that RAGE is a positive feedback regulator for NF-κB as knockdown of RAGE decreased H(2)O(2)-induced activity of NF-κB. Taken together, these results suggest that RAGE is an important regulator of oxidative injury.
Co-induction of 17α-hydroxylase and c-17,20-lyase activities in primary cultures of bovine adrenocortical cells in response to ACTH treatment

Abstract Bovine adrenocortical cells in primary culture were used to examine the trophic effect of ACTH on the induction of the 17α-hydroxylase and C-17,20-lyase activities. The addition of exogenous pregnenolone to bovine adrenal microsomes showed the appearance of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone before the formation of dehydroepiandrosterone. The same sequence of activities was evident in postmitochondrial supernate from bovine adrenocortical cells cultured 36 h in the presence of 1 μM ACTH but not in postmitochondrial supernate from control cells. In another study, bovine adrenocortical cells were cultured for 36 h after which 30μM 17α-hydroxypregnenolone was added to the medium and the incubation continued 1 h; there was a 4-fold increase in androgen content in the media from ACTH-treated cells over controls. Measurement of the 17α-hydroxylase and C-17,20-lyase reactions in postmitochondrial supernate from cells cultured 0–72 h in the presence of ACTH or 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP showed concomitant increases in the two activities and both activities were inhibited by the same compounds known to inhibit 17α-hydroxylase activity. These observations support the concept of the co-induction of 17α-hydroxylase and C-17,20-lyase activities in response to ACTH; results in keeping with previous studies indicating that the two activities are catalyzed by a single gene product, the polypeptide chain P-45017a.
Polymerization in Bicontinuous Microemulsion Glasses

Bicontinuous sugar-based microemulsions, containing up to 80 wt % of liquid divinylbenzene monomer relative to sugar, can be dehydrated to the solid glass state without phase separation. Photopolymerization of the liquid divinylbenzene present within the interstices of these solid microemulsion glass templates at temperatures below the onset glass transition of the sugar template proceeds with no phase separation. Comparison of the small angle scattering spectra of the microemulsion glasses before and after polymerization show almost no change in microstructure. Following polymerization, the bicontinuous structure of these microemulsion glasses permits straightforward and rapid dissolution of the sugar template to yield polydivinylbenzene membranes with ∼25 nm pores.
“ We are out of balance here ”: a Hmong Cultural Model of Diabetes

A Hmong cultural model of type 2 diabetes has not been described. We analyzed 20 group discussions during 21 group visits over 1 year with 39 Hmong adults with type 2 diabetes in order to describe a model that underlines their discussions. These Hmong adults attribute their diabetes to their refugee experience. They do not fit with the food, activity, weather, or community in the United States. Consuming sugar, salt, fat, and chemicals and then not sweating them out of the body, combined with emotional losses of being refugees, the participants feel they are out of balance. And being out of balance, they develop diabetes. The participants interpret biomedical information, community experiences, and personal sensations of diabetes in terms of a traditional health model of balance and in the context of refugee loss of place. Throughout their discussions, the shared suffering of their personal experiences of diabetes was evident. This cultural model may help providers implement diabetes treatment and prevention programs.
Cache tag RAM chips simplify cache memory design

Abstract A few years ago the design of cache memories was of interest only to those designing minicomputers or mainframes. Since the introduction of high-speed microprocessors like the 80386 and the 68030, systems designers have been forced to consider the inclusion of cache memories within their systems. Without cache those using the 80386 or the 68030 must either pay a considerable premium for high-speed RAM or suffer the effects of wait states with slower memory. Unfortunately, it is not easy to design and to implement cache memory, simply because of the high speeds involved. Various semiconductor manufacturers have produced components that considerably simplify the design of cache memories. The following application note from IDT demonstrates how cache tag RAM can be used to design fast cache systems. A.C.
Sexual behavior: social and ecological influences in the anabantoid fish, Trichogaster trichopterus

The influence of behavioral and environmental variables on the initiation of spawning in Trichogaster trichopterus was investigated. The behavioral responses of isolated males and females to conspecific visual and chemical stimuli were also examined. Fish in divided aquaria were administered visual cues of a conspecific through a glass partition, chemical cues by an exchange of water between the two chambers, or both visual and chemical cues. Males and females differed in their response to stimuli from the opposite sex. In addition, responses differed with the sex of the stimulus fish. Chemical cues elicited nest building in males but not females. In the spawning experiments, when one member of a pair of fish was exchanged daily, the male spawned the first day without a nest. The female spawned only after several days. Two manipulations shortened spawning latency: Introducing a new male daily and isolating the female for 3 days in the spawning aquarium prior to union with a male. Spawning was delayed, or did not occur, when the female was exchanged each day during the mating period or when a second, smaller female was kept in the spawning aquarium for 3 days prior to introduction of a male. These results suggest that the induction of spawning readiness in females is more susceptible to social and environmental variables than it is in males.
Efficient algorithms for finding maximum matching in graphs

This paper surveys the techniques used for designing the most efficient algorithms for finding a maximum cardinality or weighted matching in (general or bipartite) graphs. It also lists some open problems concerning possible improvements in existing algorithms and the existence of fast parallel algorithms for these problems.
Gastrointestinal injury associated with NSAID use: a case study and review of risk factors and preventative strategies

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents and are among the most commonly used classes of medications worldwide. However, their use has been associated with potentially serious dose-dependent gastrointestinal (GI) complications such as upper GI bleeding. GI complications resulting from NSAID use are among the most common drug side effects in the United States, due to the widespread use of NSAIDs. The risk of upper GI complications can occur even with short-term NSAID use, and the rate of events is linear over time with continued use. Although gastroprotective therapies are available, they are underused, and patient and physician awareness and recognition of some of the factors influencing the development of NSAID-related upper GI complications are limited. Herein, we present a case report of a patient experiencing a gastric ulcer following NSAID use and examine some of the risk factors and potential strategies for prevention of upper GI mucosal injuries and associated bleeding following NSAID use. These risk factors include advanced age, previous history of GI injury, and concurrent use of medications such as anticoagulants, aspirin, corticosteroids, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Strategies for prevention of GI injuries include anti-secretory agents, gastroprotective agents, alternative NSAID formulations, and nonpharmacologic therapies. Greater awareness of the risk factors and potential therapies for GI complications resulting from NSAID use could help improve outcomes for patients requiring NSAID treatment.