cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D bio-printed scaffold-free nerve constructs with human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote rat facial nerve regeneration

Despite the promising neuro-regenerative capacities of stem cells, there is currently no licensed stem cell-based product in the repair and regeneration of peripheral nerve injuries. Here, we explored the potential use of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) as the only cellular component in 3D bio-printed scaffold-free neural constructs that were transplantable to bridge facial nerve defects in rats. We showed that GMSCs have the propensity to aggregate into compact 3D-spheroids that could produce their own matrix. When cultured under either 2D- or 3D-collagen scaffolds, GMSC spheroids were found to be more capable of differentiating into both neuronal and Schwann-like cells than their adherent counterparts. Using a scaffold-free 3D bio-printer system, nerve constructs were printed from GMSC spheroids in the absence of exogenous scaffolds and allowed to mature in a bioreactor. In vivo transplantation of the GMSC-laden nerve constructs promoted regeneration and functional recovery when used to bridge segmental defects in rat facial nerves. Our findings suggest that GMSCs represent an easily accessible source of MSCs for 3D bio-printing of scaffold-free nervous tissue constructs with promising potential application for repair and regeneration of peripheral nerve defects.
Identity of a Prokaryotic Initiator tRNA

Of the two classes of methionine tRNAs present in all organisms, the initiator is used exclusively for initiation of protein synthesis whereas the elongator is used for inserting methionine into internal peptide linkages (Kozak, 1983; Gold, 1988). To fulfill this special function, initiator tRNAs possess a number of properties which are different from those of elongator tRNAs. For eubacterial initiator tRNAs, these include: (i) formylation of the tRNA subsequent to aminoacylation, (ii) binding of the fMet-tRNA to the ribosomal P site, (iii) exclusion of the tRNA from the ribosomal A site and (iv) resistance of the fMet-tRNA to peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Figure 1).
Politics, Semiotics and Law: Person and Thing

Identities evaporate or concentrate in the intertwinements of Self and State all along the lines of changing depressions or other atmospheric conditions. Today more than in earlier times, those same identities—experiencing the innermost tensions between Self and State, which are driven by an unperceived dynamics like clouds at the blue sky—display the need to incarnate, or in many cases to be incarnated in order to be kept alive.
Tau physics at colliders

Abstract We discuss tau identification tecniques at hadron colliders, and present the measurements and the searches performed so far. We report on the first evidence of t t production in the channel containing one hadronically decaying τ lepton. We also present a search for the charged Higgs boson in the tau decay channel, as well as for the leptoquark family containing tau leptons. In addition, we underline the importance of tau physics both at present and future collider experiments.
Methods for Genetic Engineering in Mice

Chapter Summary The study of the molecular mechanisms regulating pregnancy in vivo has been facilitated by the ability to modify the murine genome. This has been made possible by the combined advances in homologous recombination and embryonic stem (ES) cell technologies. Using these methods, gene ablation or the introduction of targeted mutations can be performed. These technologies have advanced to the point that an entire gene can be substituted by inserting the coding region of a different gene into the locus. These modifications can be incorporated into the mammalian germline allowing for the impact of these manipulations to be observed in the context of a physiological and developmentally regulated system. The ability to modify an endogenous murine gene requires the construction of the appropriate targeting vector for homologous recombination, the electroporation and selection of ES cell clones harboring the transgene, the generation of chimeric mice, and the establishment of mouse lines with the desired mutation.
Sex-specific variation in denning by brown bears

Denning characteristics of brown bears (Ursus arctos) have been described in numerous studies; however, population specific factors (i.e., landscape characteristics and climate) can greatly influence the location and timing of denning. Our objective was to evaluate den-site characteristics and denning chronology for male and female brown bears in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve, Alaska. We used maximum entropy modeling to characterize attributes of den sites and generalized linear mixed models to compare denning chronology between males and females. We located 70 den sites (19 male and 51 female) and documented den entrance (n = 61 [15 male and 46 female]) and emergence (n = 60 [13 male and 47 female]) dates for bears from fall 2014 to spring 2017. The best performing model for estimating probable male den-site use (AUC = 0.862) was most influenced by slope (79.5%). The most parsimonious female model (AUC = 0.910) included elevation (49.3%), slope (43.1%), and aspect (7.6%). Female brown bears on average denned at higher elevations (868, SE = 190 m) than males ( 762, SE = 195 m) (F1,73 = 4.08, P=0.047). Additionally, female bears entered dens 8 days earlier than males ( SE = 12.82; 20 and 28 October, respectively, P=0.04), and although not significant (P= 0.09), average female den emergence dates were 7 days (SE = 15.14) later than males. With the potential for increased human activities (i.e. resource extraction and associated access), gaining an understanding of population specific denning requirements is essential for developing future management actions. Our results provide valuable information that will allow decision makers to structure future development in a way that avoids habitats important for denning, and allows for reduced disturbance of winter den sites.
Dynamic Flows with Adaptive Route Choice

We study dynamic network flows and investigate instantaneous dynamic equilibria (IDE) requiring that for any positive inflow into an edge, this edge must lie on a currently shortest path towards the respective sink. We measure path length by current waiting times in queues plus physical travel times. As our main results, we show (1) existence of IDE flows for multi-source single sink networks, (2) finite termination of IDE flows for multi-source single sink networks assuming bounded and finitely lasting inflow rates, and, (3) the existence of a complex multi-commodity instance where IDE flows exist, but all of them are caught in cycles and persist forever.
Mothering redoux: agency and joy in negotiating capitals of shame

ABSTRACTThis sonic narrative builds off of audio files collected by the author that exemplify the author's experience through the sounds of parenting an infant. Upon analyzing the files themselves ...
Intrauterine, Infant, and Childhood Factors and Ovarian Reserve in Young African American Women

Background: Ovarian toxic exposures during early development may contribute to reduced ovarian reserve in adulthood. Materials and Methods: We explored a range of intrauterine, infant, and childhoo...
Using the S-STEM Survey to Evaluate a Middle School Robotics Learning Environment: Validity Evidence in a Different Context

Numerous studies have been undertaken to design, develop, and provide validity evidence for using instruments to measure students’ attitudes toward STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). This study presents validity evidence of scores produced from the S-STEM measurement tool and used to evaluate changes in attitudes during an educational intervention in a middle school robotics learning environment. All data were collected from middle school students who were involved in a school district-wide effort for integrating educational robotics into the classroom. Findings from this study provided not only internal structure validity evidence, but also criterion-related validity evidence of the proposed S-STEM tool use. In addition, measurement invariance results revealed that items in the S-STEM had equivalence in statistical properties of measurement across groups (e.g., grade level). The study provides further evidence that S-STEM survey is a powerful and useful tool to evaluate student attitude changes during STEM educational programs; offers suggestions for its future implementation; and presents other inspiring ideas for future STEM instrument development.
Benefits of an Escape Room as a Novel Educational Activity for Radiology Residents.

Rationale and Objectives We created a radiology Escape Room, a competitive game where a team of players must discover clues and solve a mystery to escape a “locked” room. To succeed, players must collaborate and think critically and creatively. Our objectives were to provide a novel team-building activity, teach interesting content about radiology as a specialty, cultivate grit, and share the game with other programs. Materials and Methods Escape Rooms were held during orientation (BOOT Camp) for incoming radiology residents and for upper level residents and faculty with advanced content (four teams totaling 20 residents and faculty). We repeated the Escape Room 27 times for 144 residents from more than 10 countries at Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) 2018. Results Players were engaged and competitive. They were able to connect the activity to their future responsibilities – analyzing knowledge under pressure (being on call), communicating effectively (conveying results and recommendations), having the dexterity and motor skills required for physical puzzles (hand-on procedures), being able to multi-task and come up with differential diagnoses under extreme stress and time pressure (being on call). A post-RSNA survey confirmed satisfaction with the activity, with overall enjoyment receiving the highest rating. Conclusion It is feasible to create a portable, inexpensive Escape Room as a novel educational platform for radiology residents. Combining knowledge-based challenges and technical skills in a live-action game simulated a real-life situation in which vital patient information must be collected and reported concisely and accurately. A Game Guide is available to program directors and medical educators upon request.
Mini-Plays Foster Active Learning

NOTE: This teaching activity showcase is one of two during the 10:30am-12:00pm session. It will be presented within that session from 10:30am to 11:10am. BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION: For one key piece of course content, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, I wrote a five-act mini-play with nine roles, which I have students act out with no preparation in about 15 minutes. I ask for volunteers, hand out scripts, and ask them to act out the play in front of their classmates. Students have responded positively to the activity and have improved content knowledge. This activity can be developed for for a range of disciplines with a small amount of time investment. Strategies will be briefly discussed. Participants will experience the a portion of the play as "students" and gain ideas for turning some of their course material into a short play. ________________________________________________________________ FULL ABSTRACT: In Human Resource (HR) Management, before students can learn about recruitment, selection, and related concepts, they must first understand HR and Equal Employment laws and policies, which can be dry material that does not easily lend itself to active learning. A key piece of legislation related to compensation is the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, one of many laws covered in MGMT 321 (Introduction to Human Resource Management). It is challenging to find non-lecture techniques to teach EEO laws, but this law is recent enough that I was able to research its background, find details about the case, and turn it into a mini-play (Lilly Ledbetter and the Fair Pay Act: A Mini-Play in Five Acts). To facilitate studentsâ learning about the Act, I have students act out the play in class with no preparation. The play has 9 roles, so I make 9 copies of the script, and ask for 9 volunteers to play the parts. Roles include: Lilly Ledbetter, a reporter, a defense attorney, a plantiffâs attorney, a judge, Chief Justice Ginsberg, Chief Justice Alito, and President Obama. The students simply stand in the front of the classroom and act out their parts by reading the script. The whole exercise takes about 15 minutes. Each semester, I have made minor modifications to the script, such as adding a few lines for minor parts and âstage directionsâ to help the students portray emotion in their roles. I also have begun to bring in small props (e.g., microphone for the reporter; a note that Lilly finds on her desk) and started having the 9 volunteers stand to the side of the room and then come âonstageâ when it is time for their role. In this session, I will ask volunteers from the audience to act out a short (1-2 minute) scene from the play to demonstrate how a small amount of time can have a big impact on student learning. Faculty will gain ideas for turning some course material into a short play. They will learn that this activity can be developed for their content with a small amount of time investment.
Low-Temperature Thermopower in CoSbS.

We report on giant thermopower of $S=2.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mV}/\mathrm{K}$ in CoSbS single crystals: a material that shows strong high-temperature thermoelectric performance when doped with Ni or Se. Changes of low-temperature thermopower induced by a magnetic field point to the mechanism of electronic diffusion of carriers in the heavy valence band. Intrinsic magnetic susceptibility is consistent with the Kondo-insulatorlike accumulation of electronic states around the gap edges. This suggests that giant thermopower stems from temperature-dependent renormalization of the noninteracting bands and buildup of the electronic correlations on cooling.
The entangled measurement state is not a paradoxical superposition of the detector

The entangled state that results when a detector measures a superposed quantum system has spawned decades of concern about the problem of definite outcomes or "Schrodinger's cat." This state seems to describe a detector in an indefinite or "smeared" situation of indicating two macroscopic configurations simultaneously. This would be paradoxical. Since all entangled states are known to have nonlocal properties, and since measurements have obvious nonlocal characteristics, it's natural to turn to nonlocality experiments for insight into this question. Unlike the measurement situation where the phase is fixed at zero for perfect correlations, nonlocality experiments cover the full range of superposition phases and can thus show precisely what entangled states superpose. For two-state systems, these experiments reveal that the measurement state is not a superposition of two macroscopically different detector states but instead a superposition of two coherent correlations between distinct detector states and corresponding system states. In the measurement situation (i.e. at zero phase), and assuming the Schrodinger's cat scenario, the entangled state can be read as follows: An undecayed nucleus is perfectly correlated with an alive cat, AND a decayed nucleus is perfectly correlated with a dead cat, where "AND" indicates the superposition. This is not paradoxical.
Changes in fentanyl demand following naltrexone, morphine, and buprenorphine in male rats

Abstract Background Individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) exhibit high levels of economic demand for opioids, with high levels of consumption and relative insensitivity to changes in price. Because the medications used to treat OUD in medication-assisted therapy (MAT) act as antagonists or agonists at μ opioid receptors, they may alter the relationship between price and opioid intake. Methods This study examined demand for a commonly abused synthetic prescription opioid, fentanyl, in male rats following s.c. pre-treatment with naltrexone (0.1–1.0 mg/kg), morphine (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) or buprenorphine (0.3–3.0 mg/kg). We normalized demand curves to intake at the lowest price and estimated effects on elasticity (sensitivity to changes in price). Rats were first trained to earn fentanyl (5 μg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio schedule, then they underwent daily training under a threshold procedure designed to produce within-session demand curve estimates. Rats received 14 threshold sessions before undergoing a series of tests encompassing each drug, at each dose. Results Elasticity was increased by pretreatment with naltrexone, morphine or buprenorphine. Morphine also decreased initial intake, when the price for fentanyl was lowest. In contrast, initial intake was increased by naltrexone (according to an inverted-U shaped curve). The effects of naltrexone did not persist after the test session, but morphine and buprenorphine continued affecting demand elasticity 24 h or 48 h after the test, respectively. Conclusions These results indicate that fentanyl demand is sensitive to blockade or activation of opioid receptors by the drug classes used for MAT in humans.
Bile Leak Reduction with Laparoscopic Versus Open Liver Resection: A Multi-institutional Propensity Score-Adjusted Multivariable Regression Analysis

The reported rate of postoperative bile leak is variable between 3 and 33%. Recent data would suggest a minimally invasive approach to liver surgery has decreased this incidence. This multi-institutional case–control study utilized databases from three high-volume surgeons. All consecutive open and minimally invasive liver resection cases were analyzed in a propensity score-adjusted multivariable regression. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. In 1388 consecutive liver resections, the average age was 56.9 ± 14.0 years, 730 (52.59%) were male gender, and 599 (43.16%) underwent minimally invasive liver resection. Thirty-nine (2.81%) in the series were identified with post-resection bile duct leaks. Leaks were associated with major resections and increased blood loss (p < 0.05). Propensity score-adjusted multivariable regression identified minimally invasive liver resection significantly and independently reduced the odds of bile duct leak (OR 0.48, p = 0.046) even controlling for BMI, ASA, cirrhosis, major resection, and resection year. Our data suggest the incidence of bile leaks in a large-volume center series is far less than previously reported and that a minimally invasive approach to liver resection reduces the incidence of postoperative bile leak.
Professionalism in Engineering Technology: A Study of Final Course Grades, Student Professionalism, Attendance, and Punctuality

Final course grades and professionalism grades were compared to determine statistically significant differences for (1) students with 90% or higher final course grades, (2) students with 80–90% final course grades, (3) students with 70–80% final course grades, (4) students with 0–70% final course grades, and (5)all students with a final course grade. Forty-one engineering technologycourses were offered over 16 semesters (fall 2013 through fall 2018) in 100%online, face-to-face, and hybrid formats. Student populations were bothundergraduate and graduate (master’s) students in engineering technologycourses at one Midwestern university. A total of 729 students were involved inthe study. Study results indicate that professionalism grades, in terms ofattendance and punctuality, were high (median of 93.33–100%) for studentsearning 80–100% median final course grades. Students earning 70–80% meanfinal course grades were less motivated to earn high professionalism grades—earning a 75.20% mean. There was little difference between final course gradesand professionalism grades for students earning less than a 70% median for afinal course grade. The aggregate of all student final course grades (median of91.35%) in comparison to professionalism grades (median of 98.28%) yielded asignificant difference.
Identification of a novel ATM acetylation site required for activation of ATM’s kinase activity.

1106 The ATM protein kinase is mutated in the inherited disease ataxia-telangiectasia. ATM’s kinase activity is rapidly activated by DNA double strand breaks. Activated ATM then regulates the cell’s response to DNA damage through the phosphorylation of proteins involved in both cell-cycle checkpoints and DNA repair. The signal-transduction pathway linking the detection of DNA strand breaks to activation of ATM’s kinase activity is not clearly defined. Previous work demonstrated that the efficient activation of ATM required interaction with the MRN DNA binding complex, and that autophosphorylation of serine 1981 of ATM may play a key role in converting inactive ATM dimers into active ATM monomers. Recently, we demonstrated that ATM activation involved acetylation of ATM by the Tip60 acetyltransferase. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of a unique lysine residue on ATM which is inducibly acetylated by Tip60 in response to DNA damage. The ATM acetylation site was identified by combining deletion analysis and mutagenesis of the ATM protein, and by employing an acetyl-lysine specific antibody which detects acetylated lysine residues independently of the surrounding sequence. A single, highly conserved lysine was identified which accounted for all of the immunodetectable acetylation of the ATM protein. Mutation of the ATM-acetylation site from lysine to arginine abolished DNA damage-induced ATM autophosphorylation and blocked the ability of ATM to complement the increased radiosensitivity of A-T cells to DNA damage. A sequence-specific antibody raised against this site detected DNA-damage induced acetylation of this lysine residue. Further, this conserved lysine residue was acetylated by Tip60 both in vivo and in vitro, and was dependent on functional Tip60 and MRN complex. We conclude that there is at least one functionally important DNA damage-induced acetylation event in ATM, and we propose a mechanism in which the initial step in the activation of ATM’s kinase activity is the inducible acetylation of the ATM protein.
Intermolecular Interactions Dictating the Structural Properties of Crystalline Porous Solids Studied with Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy

Advanced porous materials are becoming widely utilized because they have multiple functions that can be readily customized through chemical modification. To more effectively use porous materials in new applications, accurate information related to the structure-property relationship of materials needs to be well-understood with atomic-level precision. Low-frequency vibrational motions, which result from intermolecular interactions, can provide significant insight into the structure-property relationship of advanced porous materials.
Educational research and scholarship - Brainstorming, developing, and publishing together as teams.

Abstract Introduction Collaborative educational research and scholarship is a powerful tool to help schools/colleges of pharmacy learn from and with each other to continuously improve by sharing best practices. Commentary There are significant advantages including developing projects with more generalizability and impact, leveraging different and complementary expertise, informal mentorship of junior faculty researchers, task sharing, and group accountability. There are also challenges such as managing multiple participants, sticking to productivity goals and timelines, and scheduling virtual meetings across multiple time zones. Implications For a number of years, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy's Assessment Special Interest Group has intentionally created opportunities for new connections with the purpose of fostering scholarship projects to pursue interesting questions and engage in educational research with other like-minded colleagues. The purpose of this commentary is to share with members of the academy several practical tips for leading and engaging in group projects of educational scholarship.
Effectiveness of Advanced Collaboration Tools on Crew Communication in Reduced Crew Operations

The present research examines operational performance and verbal communication in airline flight crews under reduced crew operations RCO. Eighteen two-pilot crews flew six scenarios under three conditions; one condition involved current-day operations while two involved RCO. In RCO flights, the Captain initially operated the simulated aircraft alone but could request remote crewmember support as off-nominal events occurred and workload was expected to increase. In one of the two RCO conditions, crewmembers were provided with advanced prototype collaboration tools designed to alleviate difficulties in crew coordination. Crews successfully solved all challenging events without accident and analyses of operational performance did not reveal any differences among the three conditions. In RCO flights, crew communication increased when tools were available relative to flights in which they were not; specifically, there were more acknowledgements and decision-making communications. These results suggest the collaboration tools enable higher degrees of crewmember awareness and/or coordination during distributed operations.
The LANDFIRE Prototype Project: nationally consistent and locally relevant geospatial data for wildland fire management

The Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools Prototype Project, or LANDFIRE Prototype Project, began in April of 2002 and ended in April of 2005. The project was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. The objectives of the LANDFIRE Prototype Project were to develop the methods, tools, and protocols for producing consistent and comprehensive digital maps of current vegetation composition and structure, wildland fuel, historical fire regimes, and fire regime condition class (FRCC) to be applied across the entire United States at a 30-meter spatial resolution. The LANDFIRE Prototype Project was conducted in two large study areas: the first in the highlands of central Utah and the second in the northern Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana. The LANDFIRE Prototype Project involved the compilation of a large field-referenced database to serve as training data for developing predictive landscape models; the development of Landsat image catalogs and biophysical gradient layers to serve as spatial predictors for mapping vegetation and wildland fuel characteristics; the development of vegetation and fuel map unit classifications; the development of a suite of vegetation dynamics models for simulating vegetation development over time; the implementation of a landscape succession model (LANDSUMv4) for simulating historical fire regimes and vegetation reference conditions; and the development of maps of surface and canopy fuel and fire effects fuel models for application in wildland fire management planning. This report describes the scientific foundations of LANDFIRE and provides details on the methods and results of the LANDFIRE Prototype Project.
Neuron-like differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells from infant piglets in vitro.

Background/Objective: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can be extracted from adipose tissue and obtained by a less invasive method and in larger quantities ...
An Optimal Algorithm for Finding the Separation of Simple Polygons

Given simple polygons P and Q, their separation, denoted by σ(P,Q), is defined to be the minimum distance between their boundaries. We present an optimal Θ(N) algorithm for determining the separation of two simple polygons P and Q, where ¦P¦+¦Q¦=¦N¦. The best previous algorithm for this problem is due to Kirkpatrick and has complexity O(N log N). In addition, a parallel version of our algorithm can be implemented in O(log N) time using O(N) processors on a CREW PRAM. Our results are obtained by providing a unified treatment of the separation and the closest visible vertex problems for simple polygons.
3D reconstruction of human motion and skeleton from uncalibrated monocular video

This paper introduces a new model-based approach for simultaneously reconstructing 3D human motion and full-body skeletal size from a small set of 2D image features tracked from uncalibrated monocular video sequences. The key idea of our approach is to construct a generative human motion model from a large set of preprocessed human motion examples to constrain the solution space of monocular human motion tracking. In addition, we learn a generative skeleton model from prerecorded human skeleton data to reduce ambiguity of the human skeleton reconstruction. We formulate the reconstruction process in a nonlinear optimization framework by continuously deforming the generative models to best match a small set of 2D image features tracked from a monocular video sequence. We evaluate the performance of our system by testing the algorithm on a variety of uncalibrated monocular video sequences.
PTEN is an inhibitor of prostate cancer cell migration in the bone microenvironment

3970 The tumor suppressor gene PTEN is frequently inactivated in advanced human prostate cancer but little is known about its role in prostate cancer bone metastasis. To explore the role of PTEN in this process, we have reconstituted PTEN expression in a PTEN-null bone metastatic human prostate cancer cell line, LnCaP C4-2, using the Tet-On inducible system. In the Boyden chamber motility assay, we found that C4-2 cells selectively migrated towards condition media from primary mouse calvaria compared to that derived from lung fibroblasts, suggesting that specific factor(s) presented in bone condition media stimulated cancer cell migration. Similar stimulation of cell migration was observed with condition media from an established mouse calvaria osteoblast cell line, MC3T3 clone 4. In contrast, condition media from the non osteoblast clone 24 of MC3T3 cells had less effect on cell migration (p=0.047). C4-2 growth rates were similar in primary calvaria condition media vs lung condition media indicating the difference of cell motility towards calvaria condition media vs lung condition media is not due to their effect on cell growth. Expression of PTEN inhibited the motility of C4-2 cells towards calvaria conditioned but not lung conditioned media and this inhibitory effect was dependent on its lipid phosphatase activity. Furthermore, similar expression levels of constitutively active Rac1 but not Cdc42 could partially abolish this inhibitory effect suggesting the inhibitory effect of PTEN is mediated in part by this small GTPase. In summary, our results provide evidence that bone specific factor(s) promotes prostate cancer cell migration and potentially implicate PTEN in prostate cancer bone metastasis.
What comes before why: Specifying the phenomenon of intimate partner violence

In our article, “The Continuation of Intimate Partner Violence from Adolescence to Young Adulthood” (Cui, Ueno, Gordon, & Fincham, 2013), we found that being victimized by relationship partners in adolescence was significantly associated with both perpetration and victimization in romantic relationships in young adulthood. Though not our primary focus, we included gender as a covariate and tested its main effect on young adult intimate partner violence (IPV). The results showed that women reported higher levels of perpetration and lower levels of victimization than men did. We appreciate Kristin Anderson’s (2013) commentary on this finding and agree with many of her observations. In particular, finding a resolution to the seemingly endless polemic about gender issues in IPV would be most welcome. As Carney, Buttell, and Dutton (2007) pointed out, this is “a debate that has been troubling for feminists since the first U.S. National Family Violence Survey of 1975 found women to be as violent as men” (p.108). Since that first survey, more studies have suggested that the rate of female perpetration is equivalent to or exceeds that of male perpetration (Archer, 2000; Dutton, 2006; Gelles, 1972; Kimmel, 2002; Stets & Straus, 1992; Williams & Frieze, 2005), including some that used the same data set as we did (e.g., Whitaker, Haileyesus, Swahn, & Saltzman, 2007). But the findings on female perpetration have often been explained as women engaging in self-defense or as due to gender-biased reporting (see Carney et al., 2007). Unfortunately, history shows that better research is unlikely to resolve matters in this highly politicized arena. As Ehrensaft (2008) pointed out in regard to IPV, long-standing beliefs and older theories persist in the face of new contradictory data and their demonstrated inability to improve interventions. This does not in any way imply that we should not strive to improve research on IPV, and we see Anderson’s commentary as a laudable attempt to do so. We are honored that our article serves as a platform for this attempt even though much of the commentary is tangential to our original study.
Molecular networks in context.

Network biology is beginning to tackle the complexities of multicellular systems and disease associations.
Optical activity of non-planar conjugated dienes. 3. HMO calculation of the skew angle dependence.

Abstract In two previous communications, 1,2 the results of an investigation of the rotational contribution of a dienic system which is constrained to be non-planar (skewed) have demonstrated that the sign of the rotational strength, and of the resulting Cotton effect, associated with the longest wavelength electronic transition of the system is determined by the skew or helical sense of the four carbon system of which it is composed. The theoretical basis of this conclusion is discussed here and calculations are reported of the intensity of the absorption bands, and of the rotational strength of this transition, as well as that of the transition of next higher energy as a function of the skew angle. In addition, making use of experimentally observed band widths, the contributions of these two transitions to the optical rotatory dispersion have been calculated, also as a function of skew angle, and it is demonstrated that for the one case for which X-ray data are available to determine the skew angle, the shape of the experimentally observed ORD curve is in excellent qualitative agreement with the calculation.
A method for rapid microsynthesis of radioactive cholesterol esters

SUMMARY A simple method for synthesizing esters of labeled cholesterol of high specific activity is described. The formation of acyl chlorides takes 10 min and they are reacted with labeked cholesterol to form the cholesterol esters in another 5 min. Yields were 30-70% and radiopurities of 9049.5% were achieved. WITH THE growing interest in the metabolism of cholesterol esters, procedures have been developed which frequently make desirable the use of chemically pure compounds. Some of the radioactive cholesterol esters are either commercially unavailable or expensive when made to order. The high cost of the starting materials (cholesterol-4-CI4, pure fatty acids) makes it desirable to have a good yield of the end products. A rapid and efficient chemical synthesis of various labeled cholesterol esters is presented.
Candidate reuse metrics for object oriented and Ada software

The measurement of levels of software reuse is necessary to monitor improvements in software reuse. The paper introduces a set of measurable reuse attributes appropriate to object oriented systems, and proposes a suite of metrics which quantify these attributes. Metrics suitable for the object based language Ada are identified and a prototype measurement tool design is proposed. >
Medication therapy management services in community pharmacy: a pilot programme in HIV specialty pharmacies

Rationale, aims and objectives Pharmacist-provided medication therapy management services (MTMS) have been shown to increase patient's adherence to medications, improve health outcomes and reduce overall medical costs. The purpose of this study was to describe a pilot programme that provided pharmacy-based MTMS for patients with HIV/AIDS in the state of California, USA. Method Pharmacists from the 10 pilot pharmacies were surveyed using an online data collection tool. Information was collected to describe the types of MTMS offered, proportion of patients actively using specific MTMS, pharmacist beliefs regarding effect on patient outcomes and barriers to providing MTMS, ability to offer MTMS without pilot programme funding and specialized pharmacist or staff training. Results Each responding pharmacy (7 of 10) varied in the number of HIV/AIDS patients served and prescription volume. All pharmacists had completed HIV/AIDS-related continuing education programmes, and some had other advanced training. The type of MTMS being offered varied at each pharmacy with ‘individualized counselling by a pharmacist when overuse or underuse was detected’ and ‘refill reminders by telephone’ being actively used by the largest proportion of patients. Most, but not all, pharmacists cited reimbursement as a barrier to MTMS provision. Pharmacists believed the MTMS they provide resulted in improved satisfaction (patient and provider), medication usage, therapeutics response and patient quality of life. Conclusion The type of MTMS offered, and proportion of patients actively using, varied among participating pilot pharmacies. Pharmacists believed MTMS improved medication usage and patient outcomes, although availability of reimbursement to sustain MTMS was a concern. Further study of objective outcomes data is ongoing.
Correction of Lens Aberrations by Means of Holograms

Holograms are made of a wavefront emerging from a lens having spherical aberration. The hologram, when used in combination with the lens, serves as a corrector plate for the lens. Experimental results are given, followed by a third-order analysis.
Applicability of sers to the study of adsorption at high pressure

Abstract The observation of SER spectra of pyridine at high pressure (4 kbar) is reported. A detailed description of the techniques used in preparing suitable silver island films and in the samples preparation is given. The reliability of the parameters measured, i.e. line frequencies, linewidths and intensities is also discussed.
Providing robotic experiences through object-based programming (PREOP)

PREOP (Providing Robotic Experiences Through Object-Based Programming) is an integrated approach to using robots within the introductory Computer Science sequence. Rather than use the "program-by-wire" approach of existing tools, PREOP leverages an object-based, syntax-free environment. PREOP provides a physical, relevant, challenging problem domain that appeals to students. This paper presents the PREOP implementation, its technical challenges and the promising preliminary results.
Fragile and Resilient Trust: Risk and Uncertainty in Negotiated and Reciprocal Exchange*

Both experimental and ethnographic studies show that reciprocal exchanges (in which actors unilaterally provide benefits to each other without formal agreements) produce stronger trust than negotiated exchanges secured by binding agreements. We develop the theoretical role of risk and uncertainty as causal mechanisms that potentially explain these results, and then test their effects in two laboratory experiments that vary risk and uncertainty within negotiated and reciprocal forms of exchange. We increase risk in negotiated exchanges by making agreements nonbinding and decrease uncertainty in reciprocal exchanges by having actors communicate their intentions. Our findings support three main theoretical conclusions. (1) Increasing risk in negotiated exchange produces levels of trust comparable to those in reciprocal exchange only if the partner's trustworthiness is near-absolute. (2) Decreasing uncertainty in reciprocal exchange either increases or decreases trust, depending on network structure. (3) Even when reciprocal and negotiated exchanges produce comparable levels of trust, their trust differs in kind, with reciprocal exchange partners developing trust that is more resilient and affect-based.
Comparison of the Rare Response and Vertical Percent Methods for Scoring the Biographical Information Blank.

This study investigated the relative effectiveness of two methods for scoring biographical information blanks. Data from five separate samples were weighted using the vertical percent method advocated by England (1971) and the rare response method suggested by Telenson, Alexander, and Barrett (1983). The results revealed that vertical percent scoring yielded significant validity coefficients for all five samples, while rare response scoring yielded significant validity coefficients for only two of the five samples. The results were discussed in terms of future applications for constructing valid biographical information blanks.
Paravertebral block anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair.

Abstract Choice of anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair remains a controversial topic. Local anesthesia has been described in the literature as the optimal technique, however general and spinal anesthesia are commonly used in practice despite well-known complications and side effects. The regional technique of paravertebral block has been successfully used at our institution for the operative treatment of breast cancer. Its attributes are prolonged sensory block with minimization of postoperative pain, reduction of nausea and vomiting, shortened hospital stay, patient satisfaction, and rapid return to normal activities. These features are desirable in the practice of ambulatory hernia surgery; hence we initiated the use of thoracic/lumbar paravertebral block for that surgical procedure. Paravertebral block anesthesia was performed on 30 consecutive patients. Block placement took an average of 12.3 minutes, in six cases repeat injection at one or two spinal levels was required due to incomplete blockade. Paravertebral block achieved effective anesthesia in 28 of 30 cases; conversion to general anesthesia was performed for two failed blocks. We are reporting postoperative data on the 28 completed blocks. Supplementation of intravenous sedation or injection of local anesthesia successfully treated transient intraoperative pain in 10 cases. Epidural extension of anesthesia resulting in lower limb numbness and motor weakness delayed the discharge of two patients. There were no other complications of anesthesia and no cases of urinary retention. Time to onset of pain averaged 15 hours, while duration of sensory block was 13 hours. Patients were prescribed a standing order of naproxen 500 mg b.i.d. for 4 days regardless of pain; supplemental oral narcotic use during the 48 hours following surgery averaged 3.5 tablets, with 6 patients not requiring any narcotic. Ninety-six percent of patients scheduled for ambulatory surgery were discharged from the postanesthesia care unit, with an average stay of 2.5 hours. Employed patients returned to work on day 5.5 (range 3–10 days); patients who were not employed returned to regular activities in 5.8 days (range 1–14 days). Eighty-two percent of patients reported being “very satisfied” with the anesthetic technique.
Bulk-barrier and potential-spike height effects on characteristics of npn heterostructural optoelectronic switches

GaAs/InGaP and AlGaAs/GaAs/InAlGaP npn heterostructural optoelectronic switches (HSOSs) have been fabricated to demonstrate the bulk-barrier and potential-spike height effects on switching. It is seen that the illumination decreases the switching voltage V/sub S/ and increases the switching current I/sub S/ in the GaAs/InGaP HSOS characteristics. But in the AlGaAs/GaAs/InAlGaP HSOS, the V/sub S/ and I/sub S/ present contrary trends. These characteristics variation differences in the two HSOSs are mainly because of the photogenerated carriers that affect the bulk-barrier and potential-spike heights.
The generalized projection operator on reflexive Banach spaces and its applications

Abstract In this paper, we extend the definition of the generalized projection operator π K : B ∗ → K , where B is a reflexive Banach space with dual space B ∗ and K is a nonempty, closed and convex subset of B and we study its properties and applications to solving variational inequality.
Proposition 48 and User Education for Athletes

At the 1983 winter meeting of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Proposition 48 (P48) was enacted as an initial step in reforming the state of collegiate athletics. Proposition 48 has two components: P48 and P48B. The first component states that 1) incoming first‐year students must have attained at least a 2.0 grade point average in eleven “core” college preparatory courses, which must include three English courses, two math courses, two social science courses, and two natural or physical sciences courses (including one lab section); and 2) incoming first‐year students must score at least seven hundred on the SAT or fifteen on the ACT. P48B states that 1) first‐year students who do not meet the minimum grade requirements of P48 may still enroll in the university of their choice if accepted; 2) first‐year students who do not meet the minimum requirements of P48 are ineligible for athletics their first year; 3) they will have three years of eligibility remaining provided their academic progress is satisfactory during their ineligible year. The rulings, which stipulate that the nation's 277 Division I college and universities meet the requirements, became effective in August 1986. P48 has thus taken a small step in communicating to high school and college athletes that they must do well academically if they wish to receive athletic scholarships.
Pitymys pinetorum carbonarius in Harlan County, Kentucky

Barbour (Jour. Mamm., 32: 100–110, 1951) listed Pitymys pinetorum scalopsoides from Big Black Mountain in Harlan county, Kentucky, on the …
The Band Spectra associated with Carbon

THERE are now so many as thirteen band groups associated with carbon and its compounds. Some of these, such as the violet CN group, have been studied exhaustively, both empirically and upon the basis of the quantum theory. I have endeavoured to arrange in progressions and to assign vibrational quantum numbers to all of these groups, where such work has not yet been done, and several interesting new relations have resulted.
Joule heating effects in MHD generator boundary layers

Experimental measurements were performed of temperature and electron number density profiles on a laboratory-scale MHD generator. Comparisons between calculations from a two-dimensional theory and measurements for cases without current generally showed good agreement when the turbulence model properly accounted for the effects of freestream turbulence, although small discrepancies were observed between theory and experiments for the overall profile shape, Comparisons of experimental temperature profiles without current to profiles with current showed a marked temperature increase in the boundary layer due to Joule heating. The magnitude of the increase was well predicted by the two-dimensional boundary-layer theory. Measured temperature profiles with current and magnetic field did not agree with predictions. The predicted profile in the inner region of the boundary layer for a case with current and magnetic field was above a similar case without current, whereas measurements for anode boundary layers were below control profiles without current. A cathode boundary layer behaved oppositely to the anode boundary layers. Three-dimensional recirculation induced by nonuniformities in axial current could explain the discrepancies.
Direct correlation of single-molecule properties with bulk mechanical performance for the biomimetic design of polymers

Single-molecule force spectroscopy is used to correlate the single-molecule nanomechanical properties of a biomimetic polymer with the bulk mechanical performance of the material by means of the derivation of the potential energy landscape.
A fourth-order nonlinear iterative method in Banach spaces

Abstract In this short paper, we establish an Ostrowski-Kantorovich convergence theorem [1–5] and give an expression for the error bound of a fourth order method in Banach spaces.