cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A biphasic and transversely isotropic mechanical model for tendon:: application to mouse tail fascicles in uniaxial tension

Abstract A transversely isotropic biphasic mixture model was applied to tendon in uniaxial tension. Parametric analyses were performed and the sensitivity in predicting material parameters was evaluated. Our results provide quantitative evidence for fluid flow as a mechanism that contributes to tendon viscoelasticity. Transversely isotropic material properties were calculated for mouse tail tendon fascicles. The average transverse modulus (E1) was 0.046 MPa, the fiber-aligned Poisson's ratio (ν31) was 2.73, and the transverse Poisson's ratio (ν21) was 0.96; these properties were not strain-dependent. The fiber-aligned modulus (E3) was strain-dependent and was 20.7 MPa in the toe region and 86.1 MPa in the linear region. These solid matrix properties were consistent with previously published tendon tissue and fascicle data. The fascicle permeability was strain-dependent and was 5.5×10−18 m4/N s in the toe region and 0.32×10−18 m4/N s in the linear region, similar to previously reported meniscus permeability in tension. The similar permeabilities of both fascicle and tissue-level samples suggest that fluid flow from individual fascicles, not the packing of multiple fascicles together, may be the primary barrier to fluid flow in tendon and thus the primary mechanism for viscoelasticity.
Contribution of quantum-well states to the RKKY coupling in magnetic multilayers.

We calculate the RKKY coupling between two magnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic spacer, with scattering potentials added to represent changes in environment between the layers. For the case of a spacer potential well of depth V, the usual π/k F oscillation period is superseded by one much longer, πħ/√2mV. For a deep potential well (V∼¬∈ F ), the RKKY interaction becomes purely ferromagnetic for spacings greater than a few angstroms. Scattering potentials localized at the interfaces produce a phase shift in the RKKY oscillations. We discuss evidence for these effects in experimental systems
Fuzzy feature-based image mining in remote sensing

The problem of image mining combines the areas of content- based image retrieval (CBIR), image understanding, data mining and databases. Image mining in remote sensing is more challenging due to its multi-spectral and spatio-temporal characteristics. To deal with the phenomena that have imprecise interpretation in remote sensing applications, images should be identified by the similarity of their attributes rather than exact matching. Fuzzy spatio-temporal objects are modeled by spatial feature values combined with geographic temporal metadata and climatic data. This paper focuses on the implementation of a remotely sensed image databased with fuzzy characteristics, and its application to data mining. A comprehensive series of calibrated, geo- registered, daily observations, and biweekly maximum NDVI composite AVHRR images are processed and used to build the database. The particularity of the NDVI composite images that our experiments are conducted on is that they cover large geographic areas, and are suitable to observe seasonal changes in biomass (greenness). Based on the characterization of land cover and statistical analysis of climatic data related to NDVI, spatial and temporal data mining such as abnormality detection and similar time sequences detection were carried out by fuzzy object queries.
School Choice Policy in France: Success and Limitations:

In 1959, France passed the Debre Act, inaugurating massive subsidies for private education. Under this law, the French government subcontracted secular instruction to those private schools that sig...
Tracking Suicide Risk Factors Through Twitter in the US

Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States. Social media such as Twitter is an emerging surveillance tool that may assist researchers in tracking suicide risk factors in real time. Aims: To identify suicide-related risk factors through Twitter conversations by matching on geographic suicide rates from vital statistics data. Method: At-risk tweets were filtered from the Twitter stream using keywords and phrases created from suicide risk factors. Tweets were grouped by state and departures from expectation were calculated. The values for suicide tweeters were compared against national data of actual suicide rates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: A total of 1,659,274 tweets were analyzed over a 3-month period with 37,717 identified as at-risk for suicide. Midwestern and western states had a higher proportion of suicide-related tweeters than expected, while the reverse was true for southern and eastern states. A strong correlation was observed between sta...
Acoustic target detection, tracking, classification, and location in a multiple-target environment

Commercially available Digital Signal Processors can be used to host state-of-the-art air acoustic adaptive beamforming algorithms in low power, low cost, real-time sensor systems. These systems are suitable for use as both unattended ground sensors and in platform-mounted applications. This paper describes a compact state-of-the-art, real-time adaptive beamforming approach and sensor hardware. Recent day/night field test results for detection range, multiple target tracking, and classification are presented for various vehicles. The data focuses on long range target detection as well as tracking and classification performance in multiple target environments composed of closely spaced or clustered targets. Target location (x-y position) performance using real-time netted sensors (sensor fusion) is also presented.
DDT and DDE inhibition of bat brain ATPase activities

Abstract 1. In vitro , bat brain ATPases were sensitive to DDT ‡ and DDE at concentrations considerably below environmental levels. 2. DDT was a more effective ATPase inhibitor than was DDE by about three-fold. 3. Mitochondrial Mg 2+ APTase was more sensitive than Na + K + or non-mitochondrial Mg 2+ ATPase to both compounds.
Linear Sucrose Transport in Protoplasts from Developing Soybean Cotyledons

Previous studies with isolated soybean cotyledon protoplasts revealed the presence of a saturable, simple diffusion, and nonsaturating carrier-mediated uptake of sucrose into soybean cotyledon cells. A proton/sucrose cotransport may be involved in the saturable sucrose uptake (Lin et al. 1984 Plant Physiol 75: 936-940 and Schmitt et al. 1984 Plant Physiol 75: 941-946). In this study, we investigated the linear sucrose uptake mechanism by treating isolated protoplasts with 15 micromolar p-trifluoromethoxy-carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP) or 100 micromolar p-chloromecuribenzenesulfonic acid to eliminate the saturable uptake. We found: (a) increasing external pH decreases the linear sucrose uptake; (b) fusicoccin at 20 micromolar stimulates and FCCP at 15 micromolar inhibits this linear sucrose uptake; and (c) the ratio of the initial influx of proton to sucrose is close to one in both saturable and nondiffusive linear (difference between the total linear and diffusive components) uptakes. The results suggest that a proton/sucrose cotransport is also involved in the nondiffusive linear sucrose uptake into soybean cotyledon cells.
Myocardial injury or infarction associated with fat embolism in sickle cell disease: A report of three cases with survival

Fat embolism represents a dread complication of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. We present the details of three cases that, in addition to an acute chest syndrome, had serological and clinical parameters consistent with myocardial damage. A favorable outcome was obtained with judicious use of blood transfusion.
Beliefs about alibis and alibi investigations: a survey of law enforcement

To date, the majority of published research on alibis has focused on jurors' perceptions of alibi believability. However in criminal cases, it is often law enforcement officers and prosecutors who ...
Complementary Ansatz for the Neutrino Mass Matrix

We propose a simple ansatz for the three generation neutrino mass matrix ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ which is motivated from an SO(10) grand unified theory. The ansatz can be combined with information from neutrino oscillation experiments and bounds on neutrinoless double beta decay to determine the neutrino masses themselves and to reconstruct, with some assumptions, the matrix ${M}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}.$
Use of Flexible Hysteroscopy in Prepubertal Aged Girls with Genital Complaints

Summary Objective We describe our experience with flexible hysteroscopy and concomitant manual examination to explore the immature lower genital tract of seven prepubertal girls with genital complaints. Methods Seven early prepubertal girls aged from 1 year 3 months to 5 years 9 months presented with abnormal vaginal discharge or bleeding or occluded vaginal outlet. All these girls with different indications for vaginal inspection underwent flexible hysteroscopy under anesthesia due to the potential for lack of cooperation and psychologic impact. Results Intravaginal foreign bodies were found in two patients, together with their location and tissue reaction. The origins of vaginal bleeding were identified in two patients. Verification of vagina and cervix in three patients with ambiguous external genitalia showed no vertical fusion defects or congenital Mullerian duct abnormalities. Conclusion The advantages of safety, convenience, and effectiveness suggest that flexible hysteroscopy under anesthesia is a good substitute for traditional vaginoscopy and may help in the diagnosis of genital complaints in selected prepubertal patients in the pediatric gynecology clinic.
Measurements of interlaminar deformation along the cylindrical surface of a hole in laminated composite materials by Moiré interferometry

Abstract The deformation along cylindrical surfaces of holes in tensile-loaded laminated composite specimens was measured by means of new moire interferometry techniques. Two composite tensile specimens, fabricated from IM7/5250-4 pre-preg with ply lay-ups of [04/904]3s and [+302/−302/904]3s, were examined by newly developed moire interferometry techniques. Circumferential and thickness direction displacement fringe patterns, recorded in 3° segments around one quadrant of the hole periphery, were assembled into 90°-wide mosaics for both composite specimens. Distributions of strain were calculated with high confidence on a sub-ply basis at select angular locations. Measured strain behavior was complex and displayed ply-by-ply trends. Large ply-related variations in the circumferential strain were observed at certain angular locations around the periphery of the hole in both composites. Extremely large ply-by-ply variations of the shear strain were also documented in both composites. Residual viscoelastic shearing strains were recorded in regions of large load-induced shearing strains. Large ply-group related variations in the thickness direction strain were observed in the [+302/−302/904]3s specimen. An important large-scale trend was observed in which the thickness direction strain tended to be more tensile near the outside faces of the laminate than near the mid-ply region. The measured strains were compared with a spline-based three-dimensional numerical technique, resulting in a very close match.
Study of the kinetics of electrochemical reactions by thin-layer voltammetry II. Electro-oxidation of platinum(II) complexes

Summary Studies are reported which indicate that the electro-oxidation of Pt(II) complexes of the series Pt(NH3)m(NO2)4-mm−2 and Pt(NH3)mCl4-mm−2 is sharply accelerated by free chloride, and that inclusion of chloride in the Pt(IV) product occurs. In the absence of free chloride, the reactivity of these complexes is greatly decreased but increases with the number of halide ligands in the coordination sphere. The reactions are stereospecific, the two entering ligands having the trans-configuration and the other four ligands retaining the orientation in the Pt(II) starting material. PtIIL4+X+C1− → trans-PtIVL4XCI+2e− PtIIL3C1+2 H2 → trans-PtIVL3CI(H2O)2+2e− X=H2O or C1− Oxidation in chloride media of positively charged Pt(II) complexes leads to inclusion of two chloride (X=Cl−) whereas oxidation of negative complexes tends toward inclusion of one water and one chloride (X=H2O). The results obtained appear consistent with the suggestion that the electrooxidation of Pt(II) proceeds through an intermediate complex adsorbed at the electrode surface through a bridging halogen.
Probability analysis of distributed generation for island scenarios utilizing Carolinas data

Abstract A distribution system in the Carolinas power grid is modeled to include distributed generation and islanding capacity to create a self-supporting isolation capability. Probability analysis in the form of probability density functions for renewable resources is explained and detailed. The operating conditions within the system are defined using the generation levels of the renewable generation. These operating conditions are then interpreted through the probability analysis. Using these techniques, some of the most relevant results of the study are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding the usefulness of the results. This includes a progressive analysis that covers time periods from seasons to hours, and how these analyses could be utilized by system operators.
Induced optical activity of chondroitin sulfate C--acridine orange complexes.

Chondroitin sulfate C (CSC) and acrdiine orange (AO) formed two types of complexes at neutral pH, depending upon the order of mixing. The induced optical activity of AO was much more pronounced when the polysaccharide was added to dye than the dye to polymer (final concentration of dye was 5 × 105M). The difference in aggregation of the dye molecules is believed to be responsible for the observed peculiarities. The Cotton effects of the CSC-to-dye solution displayed a sharp inversion near 59°C. and the profile at 76°C. was almost a mirror image of that at room temperature. At pH 1.3, however, the order of mixing became unimportant, suggesting that the carboxylate on the polysaccharide way involved more intimately than were sulfates in the peculiarities of the Cotton effects.
Cinema's Doubles, Their Meaning, and Literary Intertexts

In his paper "Cinema's Doubles, Their Meaning, and Literary Intertexts" Pilar Andrade analyzes the figure of the double as an element of cinema. Andrade does not take under consideration films in which the double is considered merely as a clinical case with no mystery (for example as in David Fincher's Fight Club or Brad Anderson's The Machinist) or in which it is used as a useful piece to make the plot without referring to the fantasy world (as in Joel Schumacher's Bad Company); instead, Andrade focuses on films that make a clear connection between the alter ego and fantasy, including those where this alter ego is inside the hero/heroine or character and such films where the former and his/her double would live in a fantasy world as in science fiction. Andrade postulates that the double is a fertile theme included in the fantastic that has been chosen by many writers and film directors to deal with our fears and our anguish but also to embody our desires, although sometimes is has been a helping character as well. The presence of a double is perceived in most cases as a threat, an uncanny appearance, although sometimes the Doppelganger can help. In many case he forces to question the rules of our ordinary judgement; his potential as a fantastic element rests perhaps on this effect and that is possibly the reason why he has inspired so many directors and writers in contemporary Western culture. Pilar Andrade, "Cinema's Doubles, Their Meaning, and Literary Intertexts" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 10.4 (2008): Thematic issue New Studies on the Fantastic in Literature. Ed. Asuncion Lopez-Varela
Adaptive video streaming for device-to-device mobile platforms

This demo abstract describes an initial design of a new adaptive video streaming protocol for device-to-device WiFi-based mobile platforms and its software implementation. For the demonstration, two mobile servers and two mobile users will be deployed verifying that our device-to-device adaptive video streaming implementation works with desirable user experience.
Sucrose, water and nutrient use during stage II multiplication of two turmeric clones (Curcuma longa L.) in liquid medium

Abstract Two clones of turmeric (Cucruma longa L.) were assessed nine times during a 28-day culture period in double phosphate MS liquid medium containing 2%, 4% and 6% sucrose. The phase of rapid shoot bud multiplication lasted for 21 days or less, in both clones in all media. The maximum multiplication rate was 3.4× at 20 and 19 days, with 3.9% or 4.7% initial sucrose concentration being optimal for the clones 9-3 and 35-1, respectively. Dry mass increased over the entire culture period and was greatest with 4.8% or at least 6% initial sucrose concentration for the two clones, 9-3 and 35-1, respectively. Maximum tissue water mass required 2.8% and 3.9% initial sucrose, respectively, in the two clones. Tissue relative water content (tissue water mass/fresh mass) was better correlated with sucrose concentration in medium, than the osmolality of medium, for both clones at all sucrose concentrations. Relative water content increased over time (water was incorporated more rapidly than dry mass in growing tissue) and sucrose concentration in media decreased over time (sucrose was used at a relatively more rapid rate than water). The concentrations of 10 nutrients (P, K, S, Zn, Mg, Fe, B, Ca, Mn and Cu) and Na assayed in time course all decreased rapidly over time. The rates of nutrient use were better related to growth of plant mass than shoot bud multiplication. P and Cu were completely depleted from medium before the end of the culture period. P concentration in tissues was in the lower ranges of that considered optimal, and Cu was in excess concentrations, based on comparison to high-yielding field-grown plants. Sugar, water, and nutrient use were more closely related to plant mass than shoot multiplication. The stationary phase of bud multiplication was coincident with continued growth of tissue dry and water mass. Among inorganic nutrients, lowered concentrations of P were most likely related to the stationary phase of bud multiplication, but still permissive of dry and water mass increases. Lowered availability of sugar, other inorganic nutrients, or less available water, did not precede day 21 and the end of active shoot bud multiplication. In batch culture, the concentration of a nutrient that is rapidly used (e.g. sucrose) does not remain at an optimal range for a prolonged period of time.
Acquisition and extinction effects of partial reinforcement under conditions of thirst motivation

Two experiments investigated the generality of partial reinforcement effects across motivational conditions by examining the effects of partial water reinforcement in thirst motivated rats. In Experiment I, patterned responding was observed for subjects that received a single alternation schedule of reinforced (R) and nonreinforced (N) trials, i.e., they learned to run slower on N trials than on R trials. Subjects that received a nonalternating partial reinforcement schedule (PRF) did not exhibit patterned responding. In Experiment II, subjects that received PRF were more resistant to extinction than subjects that received continuous reinforcement during acquisition. The data from both experiments suggests a high degree of similarity in the effects of partial reinforcement regardless of appetitive motivational condition.
Household Allocation of Voluntary Labor in the Production of Fire Protection: Minnesota Evidence

Volunteers and the services they provide play a significant, but largely unnoticed role in enhancing the quality of life in the United States. The most recent survey of voluntarism conducted by the Bureau of Census for ACTION estimated that more than 37.4 million people volunteered time to some community project during 1974. Wolozin, using a different data base, estimates that volunteers contribute between $25.5 and $26.4 billion to the national economy. Without this large volunteer effort fewer collectively consumed goods would be available, and would cost considerably more. Both the scope and the amount of public services available have been increased through volunteer labor. Weisbrod even argues that voluntarism is an important vehicle through which those receiving less than optimal amounts of collectively consumed goods can increase their consumption. Despite its importance voluntarism has received little attention from economists. Only recently have serious attempts been made to examine this issue, and most of that work has concentrated on the social accounting problems of estimating the number of volunteers and their contribution to the national economy. As a group economists have virtually ignored the decision to volunteer and the issues surrounding it. This study examines the individual's decision to volunteer labor to produce local government services. The focus may appear narrow. However local governments, especially smaller cities, use a great deal of volunteer labor. Indeed for only one service, local fire protection, the National Commission on Fire Protection and Control, in America Burning, estimated that volunteers provide services valued at more than $4.5 billion. This paper includes two major sections. First, the household production model is extended to include the time volunteered to produce a collectively consumed good. The approach used ascribes a high degree of economic motivation to the individual's decision to volunteer. While noneconomic considerations certainly have some impact on those decisions, here they are assumed to play only a minor role.
Impaired axonal regeneration in acrylamide intoxication.

Acrylamide is a neurotoxin known to impair regeneration of axons following nerve crush and to produce structurally abnormal regenerating sprouts. To investigate the mechanism of these abnormalities, protein synthesis and fast axonal transport were studied in acrylamide-intoxicated and control rats 2 weeks after sciatic nerve crush. Using an in vitro preparation of sciatic nerve-dorsal root ganglion, there was no difference in ganglion 3H-leucine incorporation between the two groups. In these preparations of sensory axons, as well as in motor axons studied in vivo, a smaller proportion of rapidly transported radioactivity was carried beyond the crush in the acrylamide-regenerating nerves compared to the control-regenerating nerves. Correlative ultrastructural studies demonstrated that this difference reflected the impaired outgrowth of the acrylamide-regenerating nerves, rather than an abnormality in fast transport. The acrylamide-treated sprouts often developed swellings filled with whorls of neurofilaments; in addition, many sprouts ended in massively enlarged growth cones containing membranous organelles. EM autoradiography showed labeled, rapidly transported organelles accumulated in the neurofilamentous whorls, and therefore suggested that these organelles might be “trapped” or impeded in passage through these regions. However, there was no evidence that the growth cones received insufficient amounts of transported protein; in fact, the distended endings were densely labeled and apparently “ballooned” by transported organelles. These results suggest that acrylamide intoxication does not impair regeneration by diminishing the delivery of rapidly transported materials to the growing tip. Rather, the marked distention of the growth cones is interpreted as the morphological consequence of continued delivery of rapidly transported organelles into sprouts unable to utilize them in outgrowth.
The role of households in international migration and the case of U.S.-bound migration from the Dominican Republic.

Analysis of the role of the household in migration necessitates a theoretical framework that encompasses both variables. This study of Dominican migration contributes to this goal by exploring several propositions. Principal among these is the claim that the structure within which Dominican migration occurs is capital's requirement for a continuous stream of cheap, vulnerable labor and the need of households to reproduce themselves at an historically and culturally prescribed level of maintenance. The article's emphasis on household strategies clarifies several important issues, such as variation in the rates of migration among groups in the same peripheral area, the increased improvishment of nonmigrant members of sending communities, and the intensified dependency of emigrant households on the core economy. The study of the role of households in migration has been impeded by the failure of researchers to place their analyses of the subject within a theoretical framework (cf. Weist, 1970; Gonzalez, 1961).l This article attempts to provide such a framework as well as de? monstrate, with ethnographic data, the importance of households in the migration process. The following premises guide the analysis of Dominican emi? gration and the role of households in this process. The emigration and immigration of workers are not independent processes such as "pushes" and "pulls" and buyers and sellers of labor. Rather, international migration is an historical relationship of economic interdependence between "core" and "periphery" societies. It is 1 The work of Charles Wood is a major exception. The subsequent section on a conceptual framework for the study of households owes much of its inspiration to an unpublished paper by Wood. (1980).
Lifetime of 2s2p 23s 3 P in N II and other allowed triplet transitions

Systematic transition calculations have been performed for all triplet decay channels from 2s2p 23s 3 P of N II. The lifetime of 0.505 ns compares favourably with experiment. Transitions in absorption from the 2s 22p 2 3 P ground state have also been determined along with a number of other triplet transitions. Length and velocity forms of thef-value are in agreement at the 2–3% level for most transitions.
Off-diagonal interactions and pair-binding in superconducting fullerides

Abstract We have examined the effect of including off-diagonal (non-density-density) electron-electron (c-e) interactions on putative electronically-driven superconducting states in the fullerides by studying the spectra of truncated tetrahedral and icosahedral “Hubbard molecules”. Our perturbation theoretic and exact diagonalization calculations indicate that for moderate screening lengths and intermediate interaction strengths these terms can contribute significantly to pair-binding energies and to energy level splittings, and consequently the occurence of superconductivity in such models is very sensitive to the precise values of the parameters. We illustrate this in detail in the case of C 60 −2 . We also find that, although the individual levels shift substantially, the critical interaction strengths for the Hund's rule violating level crossings are quite insensitive to the inclusion of these additional interactions.
Decreasing immunogenicity of developing schistosome larvae

Summary Cercariae, skin stage schistosomula, and lung stage schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were attenuated by gamma irradiation and tested for their ability to induce protective immunity against cercarial challenge in C57B1/6J mice. The highest levels of resistance were induced by cercariae administered either percutaneously or intramuscularly. Skin stage schistosomula inoculated intramuscularly gave less protection while lung stage schistosomula from syngeneic donors were the least immunogenic. A similar ranking in immunogenicity was observed when the anti-skin stage schistosomular antibody responses induced by the different parasite stages were compared. In contrast, none of the immunization protocols were found to stimulate antibodies capable of recognizing lung stage schistosomula. These results suggest that, as schistosome larvae mature from the cercarial to the lung stage, they undergo a substantial loss in immunogenicity. This change may help explain the failure of older larvae to be immunologically destroyed in infected hosts.
Evaluation of the Pathways for Students into Health Professions: The Training of Under-Represented Minority Students to Pursue Maternal and Child Health Professions

The Pathways for Students into Health Professions program is one of four nationally funded programs by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the US Department of Health and Human Services to support the training of undergraduate students, particularly from under-represented minority groups to pursue maternal and child health professions. To assess the program’s impact on student ratings, knowledge, and interest in maternal and child health professions. A baseline survey on student ratings and knowledge in maternal and child health topics and careers, public health topics, and career development topics was provided to 32 students at the beginning of their first year in the program and approximately 1 year after participation. Half of the students (16 students) in the program from 2009–2011 were from traditionally underrepresented minority groups. After participation, students reported significantly higher ratings of interest in maternal and child health topics and careers and in receiving adequate academic and career guidance. Students also reported significantly higher knowledge of public health, childhood and maternal morbidity and mortality, health care disparities, and life course health development. The program’s didactic, experiential, and mentorship activities are changing student ratings and knowledge in a favorable direction toward maternal and child health careers and topics. Undergraduate training programs may be an important mechanism to strengthen the pipeline of a diverse healthcare workforce.
Nonlinear gravitational recoil from the mergers of precessing black-hole binaries

We present results from an extensive study of 88 precessing, equal-mass black-hole binaries with large spins (83 with intrinsic spins $|{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{S}}_{i}/{m}_{i}^{2}|$ of 0.8 and 5 with intrinsic spins of 0.9), and use these data to model new nonlinear contributions to the gravitational recoil imparted to the merged black hole. We find a new effect, the cross kick, that enhances the recoil for partially aligned binaries beyond the hangup kick effect. This has the consequence of increasing the probabilities of recoils larger than $2000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ by nearly a factor of 2, and consequently, of black holes getting ejected from galaxies, as well as the observation of large differential redshifts/blueshifts in the cores of recently merged galaxies.
New directions toward real-time simulation

Simulation of large complex systems for the purpose of evaluating performance and exploring alternatives is a computationally slow process, currently still out of the domain of real-time applications. This paper overviews advances in three directions aimed at overcoming this limitation. First, based on developments in the theory of discrete event systems, concurrent simulation enables the extraction of information from a single simulation that would otherwise require multiple repeated simulations. This effectively provides simulation speedups of possibly orders of magnitude. A second direction attempts to use simulation for the purpose of obtaining a 'metamodel' of the actual system, i.e., an approximate 'surrogate' model which is computationally very fast, yet accurate. We specifically discuss the use of neural networks as metamodeling devices which may be trained through simulation. Finally, hierarchical simulation provides yet another means for speedup, a major challenge being the preservation of fidelity between hierarchical levels. In practice, using the statistical average of a high resolution level simulator output as the input for a lower resolution level causes significant loss of stochastic fidelity. We present an approach in which we cluster the high resolution simulation output into 'path bundles' as the input for the lower resolution level. The paper includes applications of these new directions to areas such as combat simulation and design of C3I systems.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Revision of South American species of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) previously placed in Baetis Leach and Pseudocloeon Klapálek

South American species of small minnow mayflies (Insecta : Ephemeroptera : Baetidae) that have been previously placed in Baetis Leach or Pseudocloeon Klapalek are revised. Species that resided in Baetis are shown to include Camelobaetidius alcyoneus, n. comb., C. coveloae, n. comb., C. dryops, n. comb., C. tantillus, n. comb., Cloeodes nocturnus, n. comb., C. stelzneri, n. comb., Fallceon inops, n. comb., F. murphyae, n. comb., F. yaro, n. comb., Moribaetis aneto, n. comb., M. comes, n. comb., and M. socius, n. comb. Species that resided in Pseudocloeon are shown to include Americabaetis albinervis, n. comb., A. bridarolli, n. comb., A. bruchi, n. comb., A. jorgenseni, n. comb., A. oldendorffi, n. comb., A. peterseni, n. comb., A. weiseri, n. comb., Cloeodes turbinops, n. comb., and C. venezuelensis, n. comb. The bases of the revisions are discussed under each species. The presence of Fallceon and Moribaetis in South America is confirmed for the first time.
Morphine for the Treatment of Pain in Sickle Cell Disease

Pain is a hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD) and its treatment remains challenging. Opioids are the major family of analgesics that are commonly used for treating severe pain. However, these are not always effective and are associated with the liabilities of their own. The pharmacology and multiorgan side effects of opioids are rapidly emerging areas of investigation, but there remains a scarcity of clinical studies. Due to opioid-induced endothelial-, mast cell-, renal mesangial-, and epithelial-cell-specific effects and proinflammatory as well as growth influencing signaling, it is likely that when used for analgesia, opioids may have organ specific pathological effects. Experimental and clinical studies, even though extremely few, suggest that opioids may exacerbate existent organ damage and also stimulate pathologies of their own. Because of the recurrent and/or chronic use of large doses of opioids in SCD, it is critical to evaluate the role and contribution of opioids in many complications of SCD. The aim of this review is to initiate inquiry to develop strategies that may prevent the inadvertent effect of opioids on organ function in SCD, should it occur, without compromising analgesia.
The Acetabular Component in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

The cemented all-polyethylene acetabular component has almost completely been replaced by the cementless porous-coated acetabular component. A variety of different designs, incorporating several types of porous coatings, have proven to be reliable and durable. The ability to reposition a cementless cup to optimize component orientation allows the joint replacement surgeon to minimize impingement and maximize component stability. This is essential to prevent dislocation and damage to bearing surface of the acetabular component. Insertion of a hemispherical cementless cup with 1 mm of under-reaming typically allows for secure interference fit, good apposition of the implant to the underlying bone, an insignificant risk of pelvic fracture, and a rare risk of ingrowth failure.
Spectroscopy and electron transfer dynamics of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center.

Article de synthese traitant du centre reactionnel des Bacteries photosynthetiques. Sont decrites la structure des chromophones de Rsp. viridis (bacteriopheophytine et bacteriochlorophylle), obtenue par cristallographie aux RX, leurs proprietes photophysiques, leur organisation spatiale et leur comportement dynamique. Des modeles theoriques representant les transferts electroniques et les accepteurs-donneurs sont proposes
Absorption Spectra of Shocked Liquid CS2

The importance of shock initiation of high explosives (HE) was understood as early as 1863 when Alfred Nobel introduced the detonator as a means of detonating nitroglycerine. The critical pressure rise times required to achieve shock initiation and steady propagation of detonation are determined by the chemical and mechanical properties of an explosive. Although progress has been made in the understanding of the effects of mechanical properties, the detailed effects of high pressures on chemical reaction mechanisms are still only poorly understood. This paper reports the results of two experiments using CS2, which is known to undergo electronic state transitions when shocked to high pressures.1 The goal of these experiments was to examine the known shock-generated expansion of CS2 absorption bands while generating the shocks with a flyer plate system driven by high explosives.
The psycho-social impact of hemophilia on the patient and his family.

Abstract Medical treatment of the handicapped and the chronically ill cannot be a duplicate of the pattern followed with the acutely ill. There must be a distinct treatment model for the chronically ill, which reflects the logic and realities of such illness. This monograph is a report on the psycho-social aspects of a specific handicap, hemophilia. The core of this report is an exploratory study conducted by The New York Hospital Hemophilia Clinic with the help of its patients and their families. The report is organized as follows: 1. 1. A summary of current medical knowledge about hemophilia, its incidence, etiology, and medical care; 2. 2. The background, goals and methodology of this study; 3. 3. The psycho-social aspects of hemophilia; 4. 4. The relation of psycho-social factors to the course of the illness; 5. 5. Conclusions and recommendations.
Lung Cancer in Oregon

Factors thought to be related to lung cancer include smoking, radon, and educational attainment. These factors were analyzed in the present ecological study for Oregon with correlation and linear regression statistics. A moderate, inverse, and statistically significant correlation was found with educational attainment while surprisingly, negligible and statistically insignificant correlations were found with smoking and radon. More rigorous research such as case-control study designs, are indicated to verify or refute these findings.
Preparation of 3,3-Diaryloxindoles by Superacid-Induced Condensations of Isatins and Aromatics with a Combinatorial Approach

3,3-Diaryloxidoles are prepared in high yields (62−99%) by reaction of isatin or substituted isatins with aromatics in triflic acid. The reaction shows a significant dependence on acid strength which suggests the formation of diprotonated, superelectrophilic intermediates. Reaction of isatin, benzene, and acid systems of varying strength (composed of CF3SO3H and CF3CO2H) showed that the acid strength must be more acidic than Ho = −11.5 for complete conversion to product. Reaction of isatins with mixtures of aromatics allows for the preparation of libraries of 3,3-diaryloxindole products by combinatorial synthesis.
Elicitation of cellular response by bioactive ligands: nonequilibrium effects.

Summary Conventional molecular models for the elicitation of cellular response by bioactive ligand utilize equilibrium methods to calculate steady state dose-binding and dose-response relations. Kinetic analysis reveals that under conditions which are not close to equilibrium, even the simplest possible molecular model for response elicitation may generate a variety of dose-binding and dose-response relations which have heretofore been attributed to more complex molecular mechanisms.
Student-Led Engagement of Journal Article Authors in the Classroom Using Web-Based Videoconferencing.

The learning environment described here uses Web-based videoconferencing technology to merge the traditional classroom journal article discussion with student-led interviews of journal article authors. Papers that describe recent applications of a given technique are selected, with the author engagement occurring at the end of a three or four week module covering the technique and its applications. Students prepare for the author engagements by reading the paper, discussing it as a class with the instructor, and developing a set of consensus questions to provide a framework for their conversation. Authors do not make formal presentations to the students, but instead answer questions. The smaller class sizes of upper-division undergraduate courses provide an intimate setting for these student-led conversations. Author engagements are designed to improve critical thinking skills in the content areas studied, improve interactive scientific communication skills, build scientific self-confidence in young scien...
Investigation of bacterial-mineral interactions using Fluid Tapping Mode™ Atomic Force Microscopy

Bacterial adhesion to the porous media of subsurface environments and their mobility through these systems are of interest in biogeochemistry. Dissimilatory reducing bacteria can be major contributors to good or poor water quality due to their ability to catalyze sulfate and iron reduction as well as denitrification reactions. Advances in Fluid Cell Tapping Mode {trademark} Atomic Force Microscopy (Fluid TMAFM) make it possible to better understand these natural phenomena through direct observations of live bacteria-mineral surface interactions. This study used Fluid TMAFM to investigate the effect of iron coatings on the interactions of Shewanella putrefaciens with silica glass surfaces (as analogues for quartz). S. putrefaciens are facultative anaerobic dissimilatory Fe-reducing bacteria that are closely related to Pseudomonas spp. These were seeded onto ferric iron oxyhydroxide coated (Fe-coated) and uncoated silica glass substrates in aqueous solutions of varying nutrient composition and incubated under aerobic conditions for 1-4 days. Seeded and control surfaces were examined using Air and Fluid TMAFM. Observations of live bacteria-surface interactions found that bacteria in nutrient-depleted solutions adhered to Fe-coated substrates more strongly than bacteria seeded in nutrient-rich solutions. Under nutrient-limited conditions, the adhered bacteria corrode the iron coating to form bacteria-shaped depressions within 3 days of exposure.more » As much as 10% of the iron coatings were mobilized. Also they adhered more strongly to Fe-coated than uncoated silica glass. Bacteria seeded in nutrient-enriched solutions were mostly flagellated suggesting that motility and adhesion are related. These findings suggest that adhesion, motility, and iron surface chemistry are interrelated in subsurface environments where Fe-reducing microorganisms are present. 42 refs., 4 figs.« less
A Finite Element Framework for Studying the Mechanical Response of Macromolecules: Application to the Gating of the Mechanosensitive Channel MscL

The gating pathways of mechanosensitive channels of large conductance (MscL) in two bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli) are studied using the finite element method. The phenomenological model treats transmembrane helices as elastic rods and the lipid membrane as an elastic sheet of finite thickness; the model is inspired by the crystal structure of MscL. The interactions between various continuum components are derived from molecular-mechanics energy calculations using the CHARMM all-atom force field. Both bacterial MscLs open fully upon in-plane tension in the membrane and the variation of pore diameter with membrane tension is found to be essentially linear. The estimated gating tension is close to the experimental value. The structural variations along the gating pathway are consistent with previous analyses based on structural models with experimental constraints and biased atomistic molecular-dynamics simulations. Upon membrane bending, neither MscL opens substantially, although there is notable and nonmonotonic variation in the pore radius. This emphasizes that the gating behavior of MscL depends critically on the form of the mechanical perturbation and reinforces the idea that the crucial gating parameter is lateral tension in the membrane rather than the curvature of the membrane. Compared to popular all-atom-based techniques such as targeted or steered molecular-dynamics simulations, the finite element method-based continuum-mechanics framework offers a unique alternative to bridge detailed intermolecular interactions and biological processes occurring at large spatial scales and long timescales. It is envisioned that such a hierarchical multiscale framework will find great value in the study of a variety of biological processes involving complex mechanical deformations such as muscle contraction and mechanotransduction.
Cytogenetic and molecular analysis in trisomy 12p

We studied a male patient with de novo pure trisomy 12p syndrome by molecular analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with markers from chromosome 12. G-banding studies demonstrated a 46,XY, 22p+ karyotype and the banding pattern and clinical findings suggested that the extra chromosomal material was derived from 12p. Trisomy 12p was confirmed by dosage analysis with chromosome 12p markers and FISH analysis with a whole chromosome 12 paint. The de novo re-arranged chromosome was of paternal origin. A comparison of the clinical and cytogenetic findings in this patient was made with previously described cases of trisomy 12p. We propose a classification system for 12p trisomy in order to better characterize the correlative relationships between specific cytogenetic constitution and phenotype.