cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
University Student Interest and Use of Personal Training Services

Personal trainers act as a motivating force for individuals interested in improving health and fitness. Having a knowledgeable and well-trained individual at one’s side can help meet personal goals. University students are a relatively healthy demographic, although students can be irregular in terms of their physical activity levels. This study investigated student interest and use of personal trainers to determine new marketing strategies by a university supported personal training program to increase student participation. Overall, college students expressed that the use of a personal trainer would be a benefit. Some gender differences were found and showed that males may be more likely to use a personal trainer for extrinsic reasons, whereas, females may be more influenced to use a personal trainer for intrinsic reasons. Barriers to personal training program participation included unawareness of the program and student perception of service pricing.
Milstar and DoD teleport

Currently, the DoD is establishing the requirements for a DoD teleport system. The DoD teleport will integrate, manage, and control the communications interfaces between the Defense Information System Network (DISN) terrestrial and SATCOM assets at single point of presence. The DoD teleport provide for satellite communications at X, C, Ku, civil and military Ka, EHF, and possibly other frequency bands to provide the throughput required by deployed users. Deployed warfighters will be able to access pre-positioned DISN services at DoD teleport sites strategically located around the world. This paper describes the interfaces required at the DoD Teleport to successfully integrated current EHF SATCOM system, Milstar, with the DISN. This paper also demonstrates how the DoD teleport can reduce the number of satellite resources used in situations where tactical EHF users require reach-back capability.
Query m-Invariance: Preventing Query Disclosures in Continuous Location-Based Services

Location obfuscation using cloaking regions preserves location anonymity by hiding the true user among a set of other equally likely users. Furthermore, a cloaking region should also guarantee that the type of queries issued by users within the region are mutually diverse enough. The first requirement is fulfilled by satisfying location k-anonymity while the second one is ensured by satisfying query l-diversity. However, these two models are not sufficient to prevent the association of queries to users when the service depends on continuous location updates. Successive cloaking regions for a user may be k-anonymous and query l-diverse but still be prone to correlation attacks. In this paper, we provide a formal analysis of the privacy risks involved in a continuous location-based service, and show how continuous queries can invalidate the privacy guarantees provided by k-anonymity and l-diversity. Drawing upon the principle of m-invariance in database privacy, we show how query m-invariance can provide location and query privacy in continuous services.
Optimal Control for Switched Distributed Delay Systems with Refractory Period

The optimal switching of a multi-mode distributed time delay system is considered. The class of multi-mode systems consists of systems where the control variables are the switching times in a sequence of fixed vector fields. We assume that the systems considered all have a refractory period. Necessary conditions for a stationary solution are derived and shown to extend those reported for systems with a single or commensurate delays [5]. A method based on excision and regularization to determine the optimal mode sequence is presented.
Outcome of Influenza Infection: Effect of Site of Initial Infection and Heterotypic Immunity

An infection established throughout the total respiratory tract of mice with a highly lung adapted influenza virus (H0N1) led to death from viral pneumonia. The 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) was approximately the same as the 50% infectious dose (ID(50)). An infection with the same virus initiated in the nasal mucosa spread to the trachea and lungs over a 3- to 5-day period but was not lethal except at very high infecting doses. The LD(50) was 30,000 times the ID(50). Mice that had recovered from a prior infection with A/PC/73(H3N2) demonstrated enhanced recovery (heterotypic immunity) when challenged with A/PR/8/34(H0N1). Heterotypically immune mice infected while anesthetized with this potentially lethal virus stopped shedding virus from the nose, trachea, and lungs by day 7 and recovered. Heterotypically immune mice, infected awake, stopped shedding virus from the nose by day 5, and, in fact, the virus did not spread to the trachea or lungs. Thus, some of the variation in the severity of influenza infections may be explained by two factors: the site of initial infection and previous infection with heterotypic influenza virus.
Altered PPARγ expression and activation after transient focal ischemia in rats

Stroke is a devastating disease with limited treatment options. Recently, we found that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists troglitazone and pioglitazone reduce injury and inflammation in a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia. The mechanism of this protection is unclear, as these agents can act through PPAR-gamma activation or through PPAR-gamma-independent mechanisms. Therefore, we examined PPAR-gamma expression, DNA binding and transcriptional activity following stroke. In addition, we used a PPAR-gamma antagonist, T0070907, to determine the role of PPAR-gamma during ischemia. Using immunohistochemical techniques and real-time PCR, we found low levels of PPAR-gamma mRNA and PPAR-gamma immunoreactivity in nonischemic brain; however, PPAR-gamma expression dramatically increased in ischemic neurons, peaking 24 h following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Interestingly, we found that in both vehicle- and agonist-treated brains, DNA binding was reduced in the ischemic hemisphere relative to the contralateral hemisphere. Expression of a PPAR-gamma target gene, lipoprotein lipase, was also reduced in ischemic relative to nonischemic brain. Both DNA binding and lipoprotein lipase expression were increased by the addition of the PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Finally, we found that rosiglitazone-mediated protection after stroke was reversed by the PPAR-gamma antagonist T0070907. Interestingly, infarction size was also increased by T0070907 in the absence of PPAR-gamma agonist, suggesting that endogenous PPAR-gamma ligands may mitigate the effects of cerebral ischemia.
No Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction Among Patients With Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn's Disease

Background & Aims Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis have an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Studies of the risk of MI among patients with inflammatory bowel disease have provided inconsistent results. We aimed to determine the risk of first-time acute MI in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) compared with patients from general practice. Methods We conducted 2 retrospective cohort studies using the General Practice Research Database. A total of 15,498 UC patients were matched to 144,605 general practice patients (for age, sex, year of enrollment in the General Practice Research Database, and general practice of attendance) and were followed up for a mean of 4.7 years; 9829 CD patients were matched to 92,987 patients from general practice and followed up for a mean of 4.5 years. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking status, body mass index, and aspirin use for each cohort. Results Patients with UC had a significantly increased risk of first-time acute MI compared with patients from general practice in unadjusted, but not adjusted, analysis (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–1.27). Patients with CD did not have an increased risk of MI in either unadjusted or adjusted analyses (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.89–1.34). Conclusions Unlike some other chronic inflammatory diseases, inflammatory bowel disease is not associated with an increased risk of MI.
Is there an acceleration of the CpG transition rate during the mammalian radiation

Motivation: In this article we build a model of the CpG dinucleotide substitution rate and use it to challenge the claim that, that rate underwent a sudden mammalian-specific increase approximately 90 million years ago. The evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from the application of a model of neutral substitution rates able to account for elevated CpG dinucleotide substitution rates. With the initial goal of improving that model's accuracy, we introduced a modification enabling us to account for boundary effects arising by the truncation of the Markov field, as well as improving the optimization procedure required for estimating the substitution rates. Results: When using this modified method to reproduce the supporting analysis, the evidence of the rate shift vanished. Our analysis suggests that the CpG-specific rate has been constant over the relevant time period and that the asserted acceleration of the CpG rate is likely an artifact of the original model. Contact: peifer@uni-graz.at Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ctenoplectridae and the origin of long-tongued bees

The Ctenoplectridae (for the genera Ctenoplectra and Ctenoplectrina) are separated from the Melittidae, in which they have commonly been included. Ctenoplectrids differ from melittids in many characters, and are more closely related to the long-tongued families Fideliidae, Megachilidae, Anthophoridae, and Apidae than to the Melittidae and other short-tongued families. Ctenoplectrids are the sister-group of the long-tongued bees (and could be considered as long as long-tongued bees with labial palpi of short-tongued bees); melittids are the sister-group to the ctenoplectrids plus long-tongued bees. Characters are listed that support these relationships. Ctenoplectra species appear to be oil collectors from flowers of curcurbits. Some behavioural observations are included. Ctenoplectrina is a probable parasite in nests of Ctenoplectra, as it lacks the pollen and oil manipulating apparatus.
Tumor Oxygenation and Acidification are Increased in Melanoma Xenografts after Exposure to Hyperglycemia and meta-Iodo-benzylguanidine

Abstract Burd, R., Lavorgna, S. N., Daskalakis, C., Wachsberger, P. R., Wahl, M. L., Biaglow, J. E., Stevens, C. W. and Leeper, D. B. Tumor Oxygenation and Acidification are Increased in Melanoma Xenografts after Exposure to Hyperglycemia and meta-Iodo-benzylguanidine. Radiat. Res. 159, 328–335 (2003). Tumor oxygen tension and extracellular pH (pHe) are physiological parameters that can be manipulated to improve current cancer therapies. Many human tumors consist of cells that are chronically exposed to low pHe. Exposure of tumor cells in culture to glucose decreases oxygen consumption (oxygen sparing or Crabtree effect), and while this effect is absent in low pH-adapted tumor cells, it can be restored by combining the respiratory inhibitor meta-iodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG) with glucose (Burd et al., Cancer Res. 61, 5630–5635, 2001). The effects of hyperglycemia and MIBG on tumor oxygen tension and on pHe were investigated in human melanoma xenografts in SCID mice. An oral gavage of 1 M glucose (2 g/kg) in...
Bile Salt Metabolism in Man

This chapter deals with the metabolism of bile salts in man, especially as it relates to disease, particularly liver disease. The important role of bile salts in lipid absorption and gallstone formation is discussed in other chapters and will therefore not be considered here. The alterations in bile salt metabolism will be discussed in relation to disease categories in an effort to present a clearer overview of the general subject. A more detailed presentation of alterations in specific diseases has recently been prepared (1).
Ventricular assist devices for treatment of acute heart failure and chronic heart failure.

Despite therapeutic advances that improve longevity and quality of life, heart failure (HF) remains a relentless disease. At the end stage of HF, patients may become eligible for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for the indications of stabilising acute cardiogenic shock or for chronic HF management. MCS use is growing rapidly in the USA and some countries of the European Union, especially in transplant-ineligible patients. In others, it remains largely a tool to stabilise patients until heart transplant. MCS comprises a heterogeneous group of temporary and durable devices which augment or replace the pumping function of one or both ventricles, with postimplant 2 year survival rivalling that of transplant in selected, lower-risk patients. In transplant-eligible and non-transplant-eligible patients, improvement in end-organ perfusion, functional capacity and quality of life have been noted. Even for optimal candidates, however, there are a host of potential complications that require constant vigilance of a coordinated care team. Recently, there has been official recognition of the importance of palliative care expertise in advance care planning preimplant and management of patients with ventricular assist devices at the end of their lives.
Temperature‐dependent phagotrophy and phototrophy in a mixotrophic chrysophyte

The roles of temperature and light on grazing and photosynthesis were examined for Dinobryon sociale, a common freshwater mixotrophic alga. Photosynthetic rate was determined for D. sociale adapted to temperatures of 8, 12, 16, and 20°C under photosynthetically active radiation light irradiances of 25, 66, and 130 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) , with concurrent measurement of bacterial ingestion at all temperatures under medium and high light (66 and 130 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) ). Rates of ingestion and photosynthesis increased with temperature to a maximum at 16°C under the two higher light regimes, and declined at 20°C. Although both light and temperature had a marked effect on photosynthesis, there was no significant difference in bacterivory at medium and high irradiances at any given temperature. At the lowest light condition (25 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) ), photosynthesis remained low and relatively stable at all temperatures. D. sociale acquired the majority of carbon from photosynthesis, although the low photosynthetic rate without a concurrent decline in feeding rate at 8°C suggested 20%-30% of the carbon budget could be attributed to bacterivory at low temperatures. Grazing experiments in nutrient-modified media revealed that this mixotroph had increased ingestion rates when either dissolved nitrogen or phosphorus was decreased. This work increases our understanding of environmental effects on mixotrophic nutrition. Although the influence of abiotic factors on phagotrophy and phototrophy in pure heterotrophs and phototrophs has been well studied, much less is known for mixotrophic organisms.
Lichens toGunnera — with emphasis onAzolla

N2-fixing cyanobacteria occur in symbiotic associations with fungi (ascomycetes) as lichens and with a few green plants. The associated cyanobacterium is always a species ofNostoc orAnabaena. Only a small number of plant genera are involved but there is a remarkable range of host diversity. Associations occur with several bryophytes (e.g.Anthoceros, Blasia, Cavicularia), a pteridophyte (Azolla), cycads (nine genera includingMacrozamia andEncephalartos) and an angiosperm (Gunnera). Except forGunnera, where the cyanobacterium penetrates the plant cells, the cyanobacteria are extracellular with specialized morphological modifications and/or structures of the host plant organs providing an environment which facilitates interaction with the prokaryote.
Problems and Countermeasures to Small and Medium-Sized Industry Enterprises of Zhejiang Province

Industry output of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises takes up half development of industry and economy of Zhejiang Province. But in the new era, they are confronting many difficulties. Finding the causes and giving suggestions are important.
Towards Using Coherence Analysis to Scaffold Students in Open-Ended Learning Environments

Scaffolding students in open-ended learning environments (OELEs) is a difficult challenge. The open-ended nature of OELEs allows students to simultaneously pursue, modify, and abandon any of a large number of both short-term and long-term approaches to completing their tasks. To overcome these challenges, we have recently developed coherence analysis, which focus- es on students' ability to interpret and apply the information available in the OELE. This approach has yielded valuable dividends: by characterizing stu- dents according to the coherence of their behavior, teachers and researchers have access to easily-calculated, intuitive, and actionable measures of the quali- ty of students' problem-solving processes. The next step in this line of research is to develop a framework for using coherence analysis to adaptively scaffold students in OELEs. In this paper, we present our initial ideas for this work and propose guidelines for the construction of a scaffolding framework.
Point of care testing from clinical laboratory

The point of care testing(POCT) becomes popular in the Japanese medical scenes. POCT has its unique technologies which makes convenient and fast turn around time(TAT) test available to the physicians. Can clinical laboratories challenge to this new technologies? The licensed medical technologists and clinical laboratory analyzers with advanced user interface improve TAT, and the well established technology can provide the best solution today, and. The synergy of the clinical laboratory tests and POCT will increase the productivity of patient care in the future.
Ca2+ excitability of the ER membrane: an explanation for IP3-induced Ca2+ oscillations

Recent research dealing with experiments and theoretical models of Ca2+ excitability of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane induced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is reviewed. Ca2+ excit...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates superoxide anion generation by perfused rat liver and Kupffer cells.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been implicated as one of the mediators of the immunologic and metabolic changes in endotoxemia. Under adverse conditions, TNF can also be cytotoxic, and its effects can ultimately contribute to organ failure. This study shows that a 30-min infusion of a nonlethal dose of TNF induced the release of superoxide anion (0.9 nmol.min-1.g-1) by the in situ perfused rat liver. TNF also primed the liver to generate more superoxide anion (2.0 nmol.min-1.g-1) in response to an in vitro challenge with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Kupffer cells are most likely responsible for the superoxide anion production under these conditions, because the isolated Kupffer cells from TNF-infused rats produced increased quantities of superoxide anion (4-8 nmol/10(6) cells) when subsequently treated in vitro with either PMA or opsonized zymosan (control less than 1 nmol/10(6) cells). Thus, under these experimental conditions, TNF in vivo primed the Kupffer cells, but not the hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and the blood or hepatic neutrophils, to release more superoxide anion. These studies indicate that during a short-term nonlethal TNF infusion, Kupffer cells are a major target of TNF action, leading to the release of toxic-oxygen metabolites that may contribute to organ failure.
Confocal Raman Microscopy of Hybrid-Supported Phospholipid Bilayers within Individual C18-Functionalized Chromatographic Particles

Measuring lipid-membrane partitioning of small molecules is critical to predicting bioavailability and investigating molecule-membrane interactions. A stable model membrane for such studies has been developed through assembly of a phospholipid monolayer on n-alkane-modified surfaces. These hybrid bilayers have recently been generated within n-alkyl-chain (C18)-modified porous silica and used in chromatographic retention studies of small molecules. Despite their successful application, determining the structure of hybrid bilayers within chromatographic silica is challenging because they reside at buried interfaces within the porous structure. In this work, we employ confocal Raman microscopy to investigate the formation and temperature-dependent structure of hybrid-phospholipid bilayers in C18-modified, porous-silica chromatographic particles. Porous silica provides sufficient surface area within a confocal probe volume centered in an individual particle to readily measure, with Raman microscopy, the formation of an ordered hybrid bilayer of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) with the surface C18 chains. The DMPC surface density was quantified from the relative Raman scattering intensities of C18 and phospholipid acyl chains and found to be ∼40% of a DMPC vesicle membrane. By monitoring Raman spectra acquired versus temperature, the bilayer main phase transition was observed to be broadened and shifted to higher temperature compared to a DMPC vesicle, in agreement with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results. Raman scattering of deuterated phospholipid was resolved from protonated C18 chain scattering, showing that the lipid acyl and C18 chains melt simultaneously in a single phase transition. The surface density of lipid in the hybrid bilayer, the ordering of both C18 and lipid acyl chains upon bilayer formation, and decoupling of C18 methylene C-H vibrations by deuterated lipid acyl chains all suggest an interdigitated acyl chain structure. The simultaneous melting of both layers is also consistent with an interdigitated structure, where immobility of surface-grafted C18 chains decreases the cooperativity and increases the melting temperature compared to a vesicle bilayer.
Perspectives on mucosal vaccine against botulism

Clostridium botulinum toxin is one of the potent and classic molecules known to this modern scientific research field. It has dualistic characters: on one hand it causes botulism by blocking release of acetylcholine at the cholinergic nerve endings and on the other hand the same toxin molecule when administered locally at sub-lethal dose relieves various neuromuscular disorders. If the toxin is used intentionally as an act of terrorism, FDA approved therapeutic agents would be needed to recover from the illness. In addition, to prevent from such situations in the future and to protect public from botulism, there is a strong need for a mucosal vaccine. Creating a multivalent mucosal vaccine delivery system would ease the burden at the time of delivery and reduce the cost.
Tropical Cyclone Center Positions from Sequences of HDSS Sondes Deployed along High-Altitude Overpasses

AbstractA method is developed to calculate the zero-wind center (ZWC) position from a sequence of Yankee High Density Sounding System (HDSS) dropwindsondes deployed during a high-altitude overpass of a tropical cyclone. The approach is similar to the Willoughby and Chelmow technique in that it utilizes the intersections of bearings normal to the wind directions across the center to locate the ZWC position. Average wind directions over 1-km layers are calculated from the accurate global positioning system (GPS) latitude–longitude positions as the HDSS sonde falls from the 60 000-ft flight level of the NASA WB-57 to the ocean surface. An iterative procedure is used to also account for the storm translation, which is necessary to put these high-frequency HDSS observations into a storm-relative coordinate system. The Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI-15) mission into Hurricane Joaquin on 4 October 2015 is examined here. The ZWC positions from two center overpasses indicate the vortex tilts from 1- to 10-km elev...
Heavy-traffic limits for an infinite-server fork---join queueing system with dependent and disruptive services

We study an infinite-server fork---join queueing system with dependent services, which experiences alternating renewal service disruptions. Jobs are forked into a fixed number of parallel tasks upon arrival and processed at the corresponding parallel service stations with multiple servers. Synchronization of a job occurs when its parallel tasks are completed, i.e., non-exchangeable. Service times of the parallel tasks of each job can be correlated, having a general continuous joint distribution function, and moreover, the service vectors of consecutive jobs form a stationary dependent sequence satisfying the strong mixing ($$\alpha $$ź-mixing) condition. The system experiences renewal alternating service disruptions with up and down periods. In each up period, the system operates normally, but in each down period, jobs continue to enter the system, while all the servers will stop working, and services received will be conserved and resume at the beginning of the next up period. We study the impact of both the dependence among service times and these down times upon the service dynamics, the unsynchronized queueing dynamics, and the synchronized process, assuming that the down times are asymptotically negligible. We prove FWLLN and FCLT for these processes, where the limit processes in the FCLT possess a stochastic decomposition property and the convergence requires the Skorohod $$M_1$$M1 topology.
Relativity Screens for Misvalued Medical Services: Impact on Noninvasive Diagnostic Radiology

Abstract Purpose In 2006, the AMA/Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee (RUC) introduced ongoing relativity screens to identify potentially misvalued medical services for payment adjustments. We assess the impact of these screens upon the valuation of noninvasive diagnostic radiology services. Methods Data regarding relativity screens and relative value unit (RVU) changes were obtained from the 2016 AMA Relativity Assessment Status Report. All global codes in the 2016 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule with associated work RVUs were classified as noninvasive diagnostic radiology services versus remaining services. The frequency of having ever undergone a screen was compared between the two groups. Screened radiology codes were further evaluated regarding the RVU impact of subsequent revaluation. Results Of noninvasive diagnostic radiology codes, 46.0% (201 of 437) were screened versus 22.2% (1,460 of 6,575) of remaining codes ( P Conclusion Policymakers' ongoing search for potentially misvalued medical services has disproportionately impacted noninvasive diagnostic radiology services, risking the introduction of unintended or artificial shifts in physician practice.
Sensing Self and Foreign Circular RNAs by Intron Identity

Summary Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs that are joined head to tail with largely unknown functions. Here we show that transfection of purified in vitro generated circRNA into mammalian cells led to potent induction of innate immunity genes and confers protection against viral infection. The nucleic acid sensor RIG-I is necessary to sense foreign circRNA, and RIG-I and foreign circRNA co-aggregate in cytoplasmic foci. CircRNA activation of innate immunity is independent of a 5′ triphosphate, double-stranded RNA structure, or the primary sequence of the foreign circRNA. Instead, self-nonself discrimination depends on the intron that programs the circRNA. Use of a human intron to express a foreign circRNA sequence abrogates immune activation, and mature human circRNA is associated with diverse RNA binding proteins reflecting its endogenous splicing and biogenesis. These results reveal innate immune sensing of circRNA and highlight introns—the predominant output of mammalian transcription—as arbiters of self-nonself identity.
Time-Series Analyses of the Impact of Sex Offender Registration and Notification Law Implementation and Subsequent Modifications on Rates of Sexual Offenses:

Sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws were implemented to protect communities by increasing public awareness, and these laws have expanded over time to include registration by more types of offenders. Despite widespread implementation, research provides only inconsistent support for the impact of SORN laws on incidence of sexual offending. Using data from a large metropolitan area in Texas over the time period 1977 to 2012, and employing a number of time-series analyses, we examine the impact of the initial SORN implementation and two enhancements to the law. Results reveal no effect of SORN, or its subsequent modifications, on all sexual offenses or any of several specific offenses measures (e.g., crimes by repeat offenders). Implications for effective policy and future research are presented.
Moore’s Law and Economic Architectures

This column questions whether economic growth will slow along with Moore’s law. It argues that three long-term trends other than Moore’s law—namely, the growth of wireless networks, the growth of data networks, and the relocation of supply chains to global scale—also contributed to exploding economic growth and technological development in the past 50 years.
Weight Perceptions in Children

Abstract Disturbed body image perceptions and eating attitudes have been well documented in adults and adolescents. Few studies have examined young children for disordered eating attitudes and body images. Six hundred and twenty-eight fifth and sixth graders from five schools in Northeastern Pennsylvania completed a Body Figure Preference Questionnaire, the children's Eating Attitude Test (chEat) and a dieting questionnaire. Heights, weights and body mass index were obtained on each student. Results showed, 58% of all students, 73% of girls and 43% of boys, wanted to be thinner; 58% of all students had already attempted weight loss and 11% scored within the disordered eating attitude range on the chEat. Thirty-five percent of the children were overweight/obese. In comparison to boys, girls were shown to score significantly higher on the chEat and preferred a significantly smaller desired body figure than their current body figure (p The findings indicate that abnormal eating attitudes are present by grade five. Many young girls were shown to have disturbed and unrealistic body image perceptions. The data demonstrated the necessity for increased educational instructions at school, at home and in the media, on nutrition, body image and self-esteem. Finally, physicians, teachers and parents must accept the occurrence of eating disorders in children, and devote time and effort into successful identification and interventions.
1H, 13C, and 15N NMR conformational characterization of a series of 2-acetylthiazolethiosemicarbazone compounds

Abstract A series of new 2-acetylthiazolethiosemicarbazone molecules belonging to a family of pharmaceutically relevant molecules was synthesized and characterized. These molecules showed atropisomeric properties and occupied two distinct conformations at room temperature. Each of these configurations was characterized by NMR and identified as both internally hydrogen bonded and non-hydrogen bonded forms. The knowledge of these two forms and their identities may be of use to those seeking to employ this family of molecules in a pharmaceutical context.
INSULATING MAGNETIC CHAINS: RECENT MODELS AND MATERIALS

“Studies of one-dimensional systems are characterized by a rich coupling between theory and experiment because certain idealized models are exactly soluble, and because Nature offers us real physical systems that correspond remarkably closely to these idealized models.” This quote, from the article by Birgeneau and Shirane in 1978 [1], is as true today as it was then and accounts for the steady interest and growth within the field of one-dimensional magnetism. Even though the first experimental studies on 1-d magnets on TMMC and CMC were reported nearly twenty years ago [2,3], and even though the seminal review article by de Jongh and Miedema appeared 13 years ago [4], the pace of work in this field is, if anything, quickening. In the four years since the Castiglione Conference on “Magneto-Structural Correlations in Exchange Coupled Systems” [5], major developments have occurred in both the theoretical and magneto-chemical areas of this discipline, developments which we shall scrutinize both in this review and in the course of the conference. It is one of the strengths and joys of low-dimensional magnetism that the breakthroughs in theory stimulate further experimental efforts and that the development of new classes of magnets push the theorists into uncharted waters.
Documenting the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi: An Overview of the Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi

Special Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi houses a variety of civil rights materials documenting all aspects of the movement. In addition to detailing the activities of civil rights volunteers in the 1960s, in particular Freedom Summer, the collection also maintains collections of those attempting to prevent equal rights. For example, Southern Miss has the papers of Theodore G. Bilbo, a former Mississippi governor and US senator, who actively fought to prevent African Americans from achieving rights similar to the white citizens of the state. His collection, which starts in the early 20 century, provides a glimpse at the other side of the struggle. Bilbo’s papers and other collections relating to segregationist groups like the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission and the White Citizens Council, provide the context in which the civil rights movement existed. By coupling the collections of over 100 civil rights activists with materials pertaining to those wanting to deny equal rights, the civil rights collections at the University of Southern Mississippi provide a comprehensive look at the civil rights era. Introduction In Mississippi, the civil rights movement represents a defining feature of the state’s history. With the anniversary of Freedom Summer this year, the importance of volunteers, both national and local, and their work highlights the sacrifices and accomplishments of these organizers and volunteers. Special Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi contains collections that highlight the work of civil rights workers during the movement in Mississippi especially during Freedom Summer. In addition, the library holds collections from those who fought integration and were the very people the volunteers battled. This article will highlight the manuscripts and books relating to the civil rights movement as well as people and groups who opposed equal rights for African Americans. Freedom Summer Manuscript Collections The University of Southern Mississippi has over 120 manuscript collections from volunteers and local activists participating during the Freedom Summer initiative of 1964 and other civil rights activities. These collections contain correspondence, brochures from civil rights organizations, photographs, The Primary Source, Vol. 33, Issue 1 21
SELF-CALIBRATING DIGITAL MYOPROCESSOR

ABSTRACT A myoelectric signal processing technique has been digitally implemented to provide realtime proportional control of a prosthetic elbow. This technique, previously implemented in analog circuitry, produced a five-fold improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio over the usual process of rectifying the signal from a single electrode pair and then smoothing it. This technique, which processes signals from four electrode pairs, applies a prewhitening transformation to the input signals in order to take advantage of the different information content of each signal. The prewhitening transformation matrix, which weights the signals with respect to each other, is calculated from the covariance matrix which characterizes the “cross talk” between signals and is different for each electrode set up. A major advantage of digital implementation is that this calibration is performed automatically. This adaptive, self-calibrating myoprocessor is an unique experimental facility. Its capabilities include the ability to maintain calibration under conditions of fatigue.
Memory for Melodies

Memory for music presents a paradox. On the one hand, memory for music that people have already learned can be astonishingly good, both in extent and longevity. On the former point, consider how many tunes an average person could recognize, or even recall. No one has even attempted to measure the limits of musical memory. Concerning longevity, older adults can show excellent retention of music learned decades previously (Bartlett and Snelus 1981; Rubin et al. 1998). Even early-stage Alzheimer’s disease patients can almost perfectly discriminate familiar tunes such as patriotic and holiday songs from musically similar but unfamiliar tunes (Bartlett et al. 1995). And this memory can persist not just for songs that have words, but also for purely melodic motives, and without much context. For instance, it is not uncommon to turn on the radio and hear just a few notes of a tune, and be able immediately to hum along or at least recognize the tune as familiar.
Controlling 180° transverse domain wall structure

Abstract 180° transverse domain walls (TDWs) in planar magnetic nanowires find important applications in advanced logic and memory devices. Controlling DW structure is important because it determines DW behaviors and is used to store digital information. This paper presents, using micromagnetic simulations, simple designs of nanowire unit that enables reliable generation of TDWs and effective control of their structures under rotating magnetic field. It is shown that a series of TDWs can be created, two per loading cycle, and external magnetic field can be programmed to control the TDW structures in terms of their polarity and chirality. These nanowire units and the corresponding magnetic field control schemes can be integrated into magnetic circuits to generate TDWs of controlled structures, facilitating the development of logic and memory devices based on DW functionalities.
Partial reduction of microglia does not affect tau pathology in aged mice

Activation of inflammation pathways in the brain occurs in Alzheimer’s disease and may contribute to the accumulation and spread of pathological proteins including tau. The goal of this study was to identify how changes in microglia, a key inflammatory cell type, may contribute to tau protein accumulation and pathology-associated changes in immune and non-immune cell processes such as neuronal degeneration, astrocyte physiology, cytokine expression, and blood vessel morphology. We used PLX3397 (290 mg/kg), a colony-stimulating factor receptor 1 (CSF1R) inhibitor, to reduce the number of microglia in the brains of a tau-overexpressing mouse model. Mice were fed PLX3397 in chow or a control diet for 3 months beginning at 12 months of age and then were subsequently analyzed for changes in blood vessel morphology by in vivo two-photon microscopy and tissues were collected for biochemistry and histology. PLX3397 reduced microglial numbers by 30% regardless of genotype compared to control diet-treated mice. No change in tau burden, cortical atrophy, blood vessels, or astrocyte activation was detected. All Tg4510 mice were observed to have an increased in “disease-associated” microglial gene expression, but PLX3397 treatment did not reduce expression of these genes. Surprisingly, PLX3397 treatment resulted in upregulation of CD68 and Tgf1β. Manipulating microglial activity may not be an effective strategy to combat tau pathological lesions. Higher doses of PLX3397 may be required or earlier intervention in the disease course. Overall, this indicates a need for a better understanding of specific microglial changes and their relation to the disease process.
Isotopic spectroscopy of uranium atomic beams produced by thermal reduction of uranium compounds

Abstract We present a method for producing atomic beams of uranium from molecular uranium precursors in a micro-crucible. In previous work, we have shown that uranium in an atomic beam can be analyzed for isotopic abundances down to enrichment levels of 0.7%. Here, we show that the same method can be utilized to analyze samples of any of the most common uranium-containing compounds to obtain the same quality of analytical results. This technique relies only on the addition of a metal species capable of reducing the uranium compound of interest. This work presents a brief discussion of the necessary criteria for thermal reduction, development and proof-of-principle of the technique using Er2O3 as a non-radioactive surrogate material, and application to samples of the uranium compounds UO2, U3O8, UO2(NO3)2, UO2F2, and UF4, to obtain isotope-resolved absorption spectra from an atomic beam produced from these molecular precursors.
New Functions of Long Noncoding RNAs during EMT and Tumor Progression

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is orchestrated by aberrant activation of EMT transcription factors and expression of downstream target genes resulting in increased tumor initiation, metastatic potential, and therapeutic resistance. In this issue of Cancer Research, Wang and colleagues show that the long noncoding RNA SATB2-AS1 is dysregulated in colorectal carcinoma and correlates with poor survival and prognosis. They present a new functional mechanism illustrating how the SATB2-AS1-SATB2-Snail axis is involved in epigenetic modification that regulates colorectal carcinoma progression.See related article by Wang et al., p. 3542.
Correction of Artifacts Induced by B0 Inhomogeneities in Breast MRI using Reduced Field-of-View Echo-Planar Imaging and Enhanced Reverse Polarity Gradient Method

Abstract Purpose Diffusion weighted (DW) echo-planar imaging (EPI) is prone to geometric and intensity distortions due to B0 inhomogeneities. Pulse sequences that excite spins within a reduced field-of-view (FOV) in the phase encoding (PE) direction have been developed to decrease such distortions. In addition, use of the reverse polarity gradient (RPG) method, a retrospective approach to correct distortion artifacts, has been shown to improve the localization of tumor lesions. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the performance of reduced-FOV acquisition and RPG in decreasing distortion artifacts for breast imaging. Methods EPI data were acquired with full and reduced-FOV in a breast phantom and in a group of 170 women at 3T. The performance of RPG in correcting distortion artifacts in EPI data was evaluated using the mutual information (MI) metric between EPI and anatomical low-distortion images before and after distortion correction. Results RPG corrected distortions by 61% in full-FOV EPI and 48% in reduced-FOV EPI in a breast phantom. In patients, MI increased on average 13±8% and 8±6% for both full and reduced-FOV EPI data after distortion correction, respectively. The 95th percentile and maximum displacement between uncorrected and corrected full-FOV EPI datasets were 0.8±0.3cm and 1.9±0.3cm, and for reduced-FOV were 0.4±0.2cm and 1.3±0.3cm. Conclusion Minimal distortion was achieved with RPG applied to reduced-FOV EPI data. RPG improved distortions for full-FOV, but with more modest improvements and limited correction near the nipple.
Construct Demo Input Deck

Abstract : This technical report describes a demo input deck for Construct, the CASOS dynamic network simulation tool. It describes an example problem - understanding the difference in information diffusion patterns when bridging agents span two otherwise separate groups - and then how such a simulation would be simulated using Construct. In so doing, it describes the way in which data is supplied to Construct. Additionally, this report also describes how to run the simulation using the command line, and ways in which the simulation could be extended to analyze other problems.
Molecular engineering of stimuli-responsive, functional, side-chain liquid crystalline copolymers: synthesis, properties and applications

This review describes the recent progress made in designing stimuli-responsive, functional, side-chain, end-on mesogen attached liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs). Developments in synthetic methodologies including controlled and living techniques provide an easy access to well-defined liquid crystalline polymers. For example, the synthesis of linear liquid crystalline block copolymers (LCBCPs), block copolymers with a linear, coil–coil, non-LC block and an end-on mesogen attached LC block, provides a route to polymers with morphology and properties akin to conventional block copolymers. However, synthesis of topologically branched LCBCPs with a branched coil–coil non-liquid LC block and an end-on mesogen attached LC block is used to manipulate the phase behavior, morphology and alignment kinetics of the resultant polymer. Furthermore, synthesis of branched liquid crystalline random copolymers wherein the branched coil–coil non LC unit and end-on mesogen LC unit are statistically distributed results in never-before-seen helical and curved interfaces with new and enhanced properties. Finally, synthetic strategies to incorporate organic dye molecules into a variety of liquid crystalline polymer frameworks produce new optically active and adaptive soft materials. In the Outlook section, the need for topologically diverse synthetic and naturally derived liquid crystalline polymer architectures along with processing tools and field directed assemblies to produce functional materials and their applications are discussed.
National Analysis of 30-Day Readmission Following Inpatient Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Objectives To characterize the incidence, causes, risk factors, and costs of 30-day readmission after inpatient functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Study design Retrospective cohort study. Methods The Nationwide Readmissions Database was used to characterize readmission after inpatient sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis from 2015 to 2017. International Classification of Disease codes were used to identify the patient population, which included 5,644 patients. Incidence, causes, costs, and predictors of readmission were analyzed and determined. Results Among 6,386 patients who underwent inpatient FESS, 742 (11.6%) were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. On univariate analysis, patients who were readmitted were more commonly older than 70 years (23.3% vs. 16.2%); had a higher burden of comorbidities including chronic kidney disease (15.0% vs. 7.8%), diabetes (25.6% vs. 20.4%), and hypertension (13.5% vs. 8.5%); had a greater rate of postoperative complications (20.7% vs. 12.2%); and had a longer length of stay (12.4 vs. 6.9 days) compared to patients who were not readmitted. Readmissions cost an additional $27,141 per patient. On multivariable analysis, age greater than 70 years, Medicaid insurance, several comorbidities, prolonged length of stay, postoperative neurologic complications, and lower hospital volume were independent predictors of 30-day readmission. The most common cause for readmission was infection (36.3%). Conclusion Readmission following inpatient FESS is not uncommon. Identification and management of preoperative comorbidities, optimized patient selection for inpatient surgery, and thorough postoperative discharge care may improve patient outcomes and decrease healthcare expenditures. Level of evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E1422-E1428, 2021.
Dearomatization of Unactivated Arenes via Catalytic Hydroalkylation.

The dearomative cyclization of linear amides to complex spirocyclic butyrolactams has been enabled by photoredox catalysis through a reductive radical–polar crossover mechanism. This mechanism oper...
Should the Clinical Ethicist Document Her Complicity in Intentional Deception

I trust my lawyer more than I trust my doctor.—Shana Alexander, 1992 [The audience laughed.]1The Hippocratic Oath makes the physician invoke external supervision of her adherence to what she affirm...