cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance Training Effects on Metabolic Function Among Youth: A Systematic Review

Purpose:This systematic review evaluates the relationship between resistance training and metabolic function in youth. Methods:PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials. gov were searched for articles that (1): studied children (2); included resistance training (3); were randomized interventions; and (4) reported markers of metabolic function. The selected studies were analyzed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool. Results:Thirteen articles met inclusion criteria. Mean age ranged from 12.2 to 16.9 years, but most were limited to high school (n = 11) and overweight/obese (n = 12). Sample sizes (n = 22–304), session duration (40–60min), and intervention length (8–52 wks) varied. Exercise frequency was typically 2–3 d/wk. Resistance training was metabolically beneficial compared with control or resistance plus aerobic training in 5 studies overall and 3 out of the 4 studies with the fewest threats to bias (p ≤ .05); each was accompanied by beneficial changes in body composi...
Lift-and-project cuts for convex mixed integer nonlinear programs

We describe a computationally effective method for generating lift-and-project cuts for convex mixed-integer nonlinear programs (MINLPs). The method relies on solving a sequence of cut-generating linear programs and in the limit generates an inequality as strong as the lift-and-project cut that can be obtained from solving a cut-generating nonlinear program. Using this procedure, we are able to approximately optimize over the rank one lift-and-project closure for a variety of convex MINLP instances. The results indicate that lift-and-project cuts have the potential to close a significant portion of the integrality gap for convex MINLPs. In addition, we find that using this procedure within a branch-and-cut solver for convex MINLPs significantly reduces the total solution time for many instances. We also demonstrate that combining lift-and-project cuts with an extended formulation that exploits separability of convex functions yields significant improvements in both relaxation bounds and the time to calculate the relaxation. Overall, these results suggest that with an effective separation routine, like the one proposed here, lift-and-project cuts may be as effective for solving convex MINLPs as they have been for solving mixed-integer linear programs.
Deficiency in IRAK4 activity attenuates manifestations of murine Lupus

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 4 mediates host defense against infections. As an active kinase, IRAK4 elicits full spectra of myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD) 88-dependent responses, while kinase-inactive IRAK4 induces a subset of cytokines and negative regulators whose expression is not regulated by mRNA stability. IRAK4 kinase activity is critical for resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but its involvement in autoimmunity is incompletely understood. In this study, we determined the role of IRAK4 kinase activity in murine lupus. Lupus development in BXSB mice expressing the Y chromosome autoimmunity accelerator (Yaa) increased basal and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/7-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), enhanced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 5 gene expression in splenic macrophages, but decreased levels of Toll-interacting protein and IRAK-M, without affecting IRAK4 or IRAK1 expression. Mice harboring kinase-inactive IRAK4 on the lupus-prone Yaa background manifested blunted TLR signaling in macrophages and reduced glomerulonephritis, splenomegaly, serum anti-nuclear antibodies, numbers of splenic macrophages, total and TNF-α+ dendritic cells, activated T- and B-lymphocytes, and lower TNF-α expression in macrophages compared with lupus-prone mice with functional IRAK4. Thus, IRAK4 kinase activity contributes to murine lupus and could represent a new therapeutic target.
Bilingualism in schools and society: language, identity, and policy

Immigration-reform debate, the schooling of English-language learners under the auspices of state and federal law, and the current sociopolitical context, all bear upon considerations of the status...
Sparse solution of discrete multiple scattering problems in a directional plane wave basis

A sparse solution method is presented for boundary integral equation formulations of high frequency TMz electromagnetic scattering from a discrete collection of conducting cylinders. The method uses a directional plane wave basis to represent radiating degrees of freedom (DOF), incorporates shadowing via spectral splitting, and directly identifies ray-like redirection.
Capacity achieving input distribution to the generalized inverse Gaussian neuron model

The buildup of a cortical neuron's excitation, called the postsynaptic potential (PSP), is well modeled by the generalized inverse Gaussian (First) Hitting Time (GIGHT) diffusion. Such a model is called the generalized inverse Gaussian (GIG) neuron model. It is also believed that a neuron's purpose is to send information about the state of its input to the neuron's targets. We use Shannon's mutual information as a measure of this neural information in the GIG neuron model. The remarkable energy efficiency of neurons suggests that the neuron maximizes the transmitted mutual information subject to an energy constraint. Thus, we are interested in the information capacity of the GIG neuron model as a function of energy expended. This paper improves our work with Jie Xing [1], wherein the upper bound of the capacity-cost curve for the GIG neuron model was obtained. Here, we numerically computed the capacity-cost curve for such a model and found that for certain parameters, the upper bound and actual curve almost coincide. More interestingly, we found that the maximizing input distribution is discrete for certain parameters. This has implications on how the neural network should operate in order to optimally transmit information.
Alexandra Kollontai: Socialist Feminism in Theory and Practice

Alexandra Kollontai is not much celebrated or even remembered, although she was the rare woman with important roles before, during, and after the October Revolution. She was on the Bolshevik Centra...
The roles of tetraspanins in HIV-1 replication.

Tetraspanins are small integral membrane proteins that are known to control a variety of cellular processes, including signaling, migration and cell–cell fusion. Research over the past few years established that they are also regulators of various steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle, but the mechanisms through which these proteins either enhance or repress virus spread remain largely unknown.
Aging and Deformation

Heat treatments are referred to as “annealing” or “aging” depending on whether they take place at elevated or moderate temperatures, respectively. The equilibrium structures considered in Chapter 1 were of course achieved by annealing or aging followed by quenching to room temperature. But of particular interest in this chapter are the nucleation-and-growth processes that occur and the metastable states that are achieved at intermediate stages during moderate-temperature isothermal aging.
A Consideration of “Expression in Mechanics Sense”: Concept and Case Study for Conceptual Design

It is emphasized in general that the design process at the conceptual stage is highly dependent on the designer's individual skills and sense of aesthetics. As a result, a methodology for that process tends to be described as an intuitive manner. There are also, however, objective aspects, such as rationality in terms of mechanics, that affect the subjective impression from an object. We consider that the intuitive design methodology can be reinterpreted as a systematic one if the relationship between the sensory- and the objective- aspect was revealed. In this article, we hypothesized that the human designer intuitively sees the distribution of load level, such as mechanical stress, on the object without analysis. Moreover, we proposed a concept of “expression in mechanics sense” perceived by the human designer. The term of expression is a metaphor of human facial one. This virtual expression is a bridge connecting the sensory-and objective-aspect in the design process. In the case of pottery cup, we showed some methodologies using the deep learning-based captioning in order to characterize the shape features and to associate with their mechanical rationalities. As a result, it was shown that the category score output by the caption generator might be available as a measure of the rationality of the shape in mechanics sense.
Chapter 3 – Cytokine Receptor Heterogeneity

This chapter reviews a few major examples of cytokine receptor heterogeneity that alter disease susceptibility in man. These findings have provided important insights into disease pathogenesis and have pointed to new therapeutic targets. Cytokine receptors are clear pharmaceutical target that are utilized for therapeutic intervention in a variety of infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Because of their cell surface location and structural properties many of these receptors are very amenable to specific blockade by orally active compounds, that is, they are very druggable. Many of the cytokine receptors exhibit mutations or polymorphisms that may affect the response to or complications from such therapies. As genotyping and DNA sequencing become less expensive, it may be possible to determine each individual's genomic profile to identify propensity to various diseases and likely reactions to treatments allowing custom-tailored therapy and personalized medicine. In addition, cytokine or cytokine receptor-based biomarkers like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor levels may help to monitor the response to treatment. Concepts related to chemokine receptors are discussed in the chapter. Details about TNF receptors and interferon receptors are given.
A Value-Critical Policy Analysis of Georgia’s Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Standard of Proof of Intellectual Disability:

The U.S. Supreme Court’s Atkins v. Virginia decision barred the execution of persons with intellectual disability, but provided minimal specification regarding adjudication. One exception to the la...
Audit Firm Reputational Consequences of Alleged Non-Accounting Misconduct by Clients: How Bargaining Power Temporarily Shifts Around Securities Litigation

SUMMARY This study examines how auditor-client bargaining power changes when misconduct unrelated to accounting, which we proxy for using non-accounting securities fraud lawsuits, is revealed at an...
A Novel Pharmacokinetic Bridging Strategy to Support a Change in the Route of Administration for Biologics

Determination of appropriate pharmacokinetic end point to bridge different dosing regimens is often a challenge when developing a new route of administration. Trough concentrations (Ctrough) are often considered the most relevant PK end point to predict efficacy (ACR20/DAS28) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis for biologics. However, no systematic research has been conducted to evaluate this approach. We developed a novel strategy to predict the most relevant PK variables that may be used to support a change in the route of administration for biological products. Our analysis indicated that matching only Ctrough when switching from intravenous dosing to subcutaneous dosing with decreasing dosing interval may result in a lower treatment response. If only average concentration (Cave) is considered as the relevant variable, our analysis showed that treatment response may be worsened when switching from subcutaneous dosing to intravenous dosing with increasing dosing interval. The study results demonstrated that matching a single pharmacokinetic end point (Ctrough or Cave) may not be sufficient to ensure efficacy when switching between intravenous dosing and subcutaneous dosing. A practical novel pharmacokinetic bridging approach is provided to support a change in the route of administration for biological products.
Molecular Modifiers Suppress Nonclassical Pathways of Zeolite Crystallization

There has been significant interest in the area of zeolite synthesis, and more broadly in the development of microporous catalysts, to establish methods of reducing crystal size. A promising approa...
Targeting CGRP for the Prevention of Migraine and Cluster Headache: A Narrative Review

Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide broadly distributed in neuronal and non-neuronal regions throughout the body, plays a fundamental role in migraine and cluster headache (CH) pathophysiology. CGRP functional blockade alleviates neurogenic inflammation and reduces pain pathway sensitization. Two types of CGRP function-blocking modalities, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and small molecules (gepants), have been designed to target the CGRP ligands and CGRP receptors. In this narrative review, we summarized the latest clinical trials on gepants and CGRP function-blocking MAbs for migraine and CH prevention. At the time of writing, newer gepants are currently under Federal Drug Administration (FDA) review for migraine management, but there is no study yet on the usage of gepants for CH. Erenumab, fremanezumab, and galcanezumab have been approved by the FDA for migraine prevention while eptinezumab is under FDA review. CGRP MAbs are as effective as and more tolerable than conventional migraine preventives. For CH prevention, galcanezumab has shown some promising findings and was recently approved for use in episodic cluster prevention. CGRP function-blocking therapy not only demonstrates high efficacy and superior safety profile, but also improves headache frequency and quality of life. Convenient monthly dosing for the MAbs can further improve medication adherence, hence better headache control. With CGRP function-blocking therapy showing efficacy even in individuals who failed other preventives, it has become an exciting new therapeutic option in the field of migraine and CH.
Energy Management in Power Distribution Systems: Review, Classification, Limitations and Challenges

Energy management in distribution systems has gained attention in recent years. Coordination of electricity generation and consumption is crucial to save energy, reduce energy prices and achieve global emission targets. Due to the importance of the subject, this paper provides a literature review on recent research on energy management systems and classifies the works based on several factors including energy management goals, the approaches taken for performing energy management and solution algorithms. Furthermore, the paper reviews some of the most proficient techniques and methodologies adopted or developed to address energy management problem and provides a table to compare such techniques. The current challenges and limitations of energy management systems are explained and some future research directions have been provided at the end of the paper.
Evidence for Healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers With Biologic Skin Substitutes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BackgroundDevelopment of diabetic foot ulcers is a common complication of diabetes. Standard-of-care (SOC) therapy alone is often not sufficient to heal these wounds, resulting in application of adjuvant wound therapies including biologic skin substitutes. Although a variety of products exist, it ha
Mathematical Model of Age-Specific Tendon Healing

Tendons perform unique functions in the body—transmit muscle generated force to bones for joint motion. However, decreased mechanical response is observed post-injury and during aging, which in turn limits functional capacity. While there are many strategies aimed at restoration of pre-injury mechanical properties, they fail typically because of lack of understanding of tendon healing mechanisms, particularly at the extracellular matrix level. Toward this end, mathematical models, especially those with microstructural details can be insightful. In prior study, we evaluated the ability of three constitutive models to describe uniaxial mechanical test data from murine patellar tendons excised pre- and post-injury from multiple age groups. The chosen models range from simple i.e. the Freed-Rajagopal (FR) model, to complex i.e. the Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel (GOH) and Shearer (SHR) models. Least-squares optimization was performed to obtain model parameter values, while the models fitted the experimental data adequately, the relatively complex models exhibited low parameter identifiability evidenced by high correlation. To address the limitations observed in the prior study, we adopted a Bayesian approach using an adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to compute the posterior distribution of model parameters. Agreement of two approaches was observed only in the FR model parameters. This study highlights the trade-off between model complexity and confidence level of inferred parameters, the critical need for structural data to motivate clinical relevance of mathematical model for tendons. Addressing these needs would enhance translational research and motivate the rational design of tissue engineering strategies for better treatment outcomes.
Implications of regulatory prescriptions and audit standards on the evolution of forensic accounting in the audit process

The arrival of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbox), the subsequent formation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and the implementation of the Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99 (SAS 99) has presented the current auditing environment with a new paradigm that makes finding fraud a priority. A nationwide survey was conducted for a random sample of accounting academics, forensic accounting practitioners, and auditors regarding the addition of forensic accounting skills to the audit process. The results indicate that overall levels of agreement with the survey statements existed for all three groups, and whatever differences were found fell within the range of agreement.
Assessment of Frailty Can Guide Decision Making for Utilization of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients with Thick Melanoma

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is often omitted in selected patients with advanced primary melanoma, although the justification/criteria for omission have been debated. We sought to determine whether assessment of frailty could serve as an objective marker to guide selection for SLNB in patients with advanced primary melanoma. Patients presenting with clinical stage IIC (ulcerated, > 4 mm Breslow thickness) cutaneous melanoma from January 1999 through June 2019 were included. Frailty was assessed using the Memorial Sloan Kettering Frailty Index (MSK FI), a composite score of functional status and medical comorbidities. Five-year melanoma-specific survival (MSS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Cox regression, and predictors of OS were identified using competing risk models. MSS did not differ between patients who did (n = 451) or did not undergo SLNB (n = 179) [63.2% vs. 65.0%, p = 0.14]; however, omission of SLNB was associated with decreased 5-year OS (29% vs. 44%, p < 0.001). In a multivariable competing risk model, selection for SLNB omission was an independent predictor of death from non-melanoma causes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–2.3, p < 0.001). After incorporation of the MSK FI score into the multivariable model in this subset, MSK FI (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–4.1, p < 0.001), but not SLNB omission, was an independent predictor of poorer OS. We observed worse OS in patients with thick melanoma selected not to undergo SLNB, which was attributed to death due to non-melanoma causes. Formal assessment of frailty may provide an objective prognostic measure to guide selective use of SLNB in these patients.
Conservation plans and soil and water conservation practice use: Evidence from Iowa

Conservation planning is the primary tool the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) uses to help farmers manage and protect the nation’s soil, water, air, plant, animal, energy, and human natural resources on privately owned lands. While research studies have investigated a multitude of factors that could possibly influence farmer adoption of conservation practices, no recent research exists examining the relationship between having an NRCS conservation plan and the likelihood of applying conservation practices on the ground. This is surprising given that conservation planning is considered to be the foundation for USDA’s technical and financial assistance to agricultural landowners, and recently both the updated NRCS Strategic Plan and the National Conservation Planning Partnership emphasized the need to enhance and expand conservation planning. In this study we analyzed data from 792 respondents of the 2015 and 2016 collection periods of a panel survey of Iowa farmers to examine the relationship between having an NRCS conservation plan and farmers’ implementation of 10 soil and water conservation practices in four categories: (1) soil health, (2) nitrogen (N) management, (3) structural practices, and (4) cropland converted to perennial crops. The results indicate that farmers who reported having an NRCS conservation plan are significantly more likely to have implemented two conservation practices: no-till and terraces. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the number of times a farmer visited a USDA Service Center for conservation and the likelihood they implemented 5 of the 10 selected practices, particularly in the soil health and structural practice categories. These results suggest that it is not the plan itself, but rather the sustained interaction with natural resource professionals, that makes a difference in the use of conservation practices. Implications of the study results for NRCS conservation planning moving forward in the future are discussed.
Extracellular calcium regulates distribution and transport of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in a rat parathyroid cell line.

The regulation of the cellular distribution of proteoglycans in a clonal rat parathyroid cell line by extracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]e) was studied. Proteoglycans synthesized by the cells metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate have been shown to be almost exclusively heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (Yanagishita, M., Brandi, M.L., and Sakaguchi, K. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 15714-15720), which are generally associated with the plasma membrane. The proportion of HS proteoglycans on the cell surface was approximately 20% in 2.1 mM (high) [Ca2+]e, whereas it increased to 50-60% in 0.05 mM (low) [Ca2+]e. Cell-associated HS proteoglycans redistribute in response to changing [Ca2+]e with a t 1/2 less than 4 min; HS proteoglycans appear on the cell surface as [Ca2+]e decreases and disappear from the cell surface as [Ca2+]e increases. Further, HS proteoglycans on the cell surface recycle to and from an intracellular compartment approximately 10 times before their degradation in low [Ca2+]e but do not recycle in high [Ca2+]e. The distribution of newly synthesized HS proteoglycans is regulated by [Ca2+]e but is independent of [Ca2+]e during biosynthesis. In low [Ca2+]e, at least 50% of the HS proteoglycans pulse-labeled for 10 min are transported from the Golgi complex to the cell surface or to the recycling compartment with a t 1/2 of approximately 20 min. Another approximately 10% appear on the cell surface in either low or high [Ca2+]e in a compartment with a long half-life. Addition of Mg2+ or Ba2+ to the low [Ca2+]e cultures had little effect on the distribution of HS proteoglycans. These observations suggest that [Ca2+]e specifically regulates the distribution and recycling of cell-associated HS proteoglycans in the parathyroid cells.
An investigation of the query behavior in task-based collaborative exploratory web search

Collaboration in the information seeking and retrieval environment is common, particularly when the search task is complex and exploratory. Multiple factors such as contextual features and task type can affect users' query behavior. This paper presents a study investigating the effects of collaboration and task types on users' query behavior. The study involves two conditions: collaborative search and individual search, and the two search tasks: the recall-oriented information-gathering and the utility-based decision-making. We analyze users' query behavior in three dimensions: basic query features (e.g. the number of queries), query reformulation patterns (e.g. New, Specification, Generalization and Reconstruction) and query performance. The findings of this study reveal that queries are more diverse in collaborative search and recall-oriented tasks. Users employed New and Specialization more often as query reformulation types in collaborative search while people in individual search use Reconstruction more often. Besides, the successful query rate is higher in individual search and recall-oriented tasks.
Indirect numerical solution of constrained optimal control problems with parameters

The first-order necessary conditions for the extremum of typical optimal control problems lead to boundary-value problems in differential-algebraic equations (BVP-DAE). This paper presents a procedure for the numerical solution of these BVP-DAE. Here, the algebraic equations are nonlinear and not easily eliminated from the boundary-value problem. The solution method presented is based on the multiple shooting technique. In this approach the time domain is divided into subintervals. By requiring that the differential-algebraic equations be continuous from one interval to the next, and satisfy the boundary conditions leads to a set of shooting equations. Efficient techniques for integrating the differential-algebraic equations, and solving the shooting equations are discussed.
Semantics-Driven Language Design:: Statically Type-Safe Virtual Types in Object-Oriented Languages

Abstract The virtual class [15] construct was first introduced in the language Beta to provide added expressiveness when used with inheritance. Unfortunately, the virtual class construct in Beta is not statically type-safe. In this paper we show how a generalization of the semantics of object-oriented languages with a MyType construct leads to a variant of virtual classes which needs no run-time checks. This results in an object-oriented language in which both parametric types and virtual classes (or types) are well-integrated, and which is statically type-safe.
Phase I studies of weekly administration of cytotoxic agents: implications of a mathematical model.

Certain toxic effects of cytotoxic anticancer agents typically evolve over weeks. When such agents are administered weekly, these effects are cumulative. With such schedules, good medical practice mandates dose modifications with mild or moderate toxicity in order to avoid progression to serious or life-threatening toxicity. These modifications lead to differences between scheduled and delivered doses. Phase I studies are designed to identify the maximum tolerated dose for a given schedule. Yet neither standard phase I study designs nor the theoretical literature acknowledge the existence or incorporate the impact of dose modifications upon phase I study outcomes. Our purpose was to better understand the impact of dose reductions/omissions upon outcomes of phase I studies of weekly administration of cytotoxic agents. We created a mathematical model in which toxicity was represented as a power function of dose in order to represent extremes of behavior observed with actual cytotoxic agents in the clinic. We used the model to simulate dosing and toxicity experiences across a wide range of doses. From these simulations we identified “best doses” according to a variety of traditional and novel criteria. We find the concept of maximum tolerated dose inadequate for the determination of best doses. We also suggest a strategy for a new phase I study design which can be used to estimate the “best dose” corresponding to a specified delivery rate. In summary, identification of best doses requires attention, not only to dose limiting toxic events, but also to delivered dose rates and schedule adherence.
Assessment of Groups

Many social workers are prone to using an individualistic understanding of situations. The predominance of individual psychological theory in professional training makes this bias unavoidable. Past training notwithstanding, it is inevitable that problems will emerge defying an adequate understanding using individual concepts. Many such problems occur at the group level. It is important that social workers be able to extend their thinking so problems can be understood at the group, as well as individual level. Group-level problems occur in all areas of professional life. Social workers spend their professional careers as members of groups. Agencies, community groups, work teams, committees, case conferences, educational groups, and social networks all exemplify unavoidable groups. Concurrently, social workers intervene with groups of clients. Regardless of the type and purpose of the group, problems at the group level will occur. This chapter explores empirical group-focused knowledge that can be used to understand and assess group-level problems. Keywords: groups; group-level problems; group dynamics; empirical group-knowledge; social work practice
A gift in disguise: teaching opportunities that are overlooked in the gross anatomy laboratory (343.7)

The Anatomy faculty worked in collaboration with the Department of Pathology to enhance the first year medical student’s gross anatomy laboratory experience. Pathology faculty visited the laborator...
Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup

Aquifer remediation is one of our most difficult environmental challenges; technological limitations and problems arising from the physical and chemical complexities of contaminated subsurface environments thwart our best efforts. A 19-member committee of leaders in environmental engineering, hydrogeology, epidemiology, environmental economics, and environmental policy has written an ambitious book that broadly addresses the groundwater remediation problem. Topics include site characterization, capabilities and limitations of pump-and-treat and alternative technologies, alternative goals for ground water cleanup, and policy implications. One of the book's strengths is its information base, which includes various public and private groups, data from 80 pump-and-treat sites, and an extensive literature review. The text is clearly written and well organized. Specific conclusions are stated at the end of each major chapter, and sound policy recommendations are offered at the end of the final chapter. An appendix summarizes pump-andtreat systems reviewed during the study. Several case studies, diagrams, and photographs effectively illustrate concepts and ideas conveyed in the text.
Avadānas and Jātakas in the Newar Tradition of the Kathmandu Valley: Ritual Performances of Mahāyāna Buddhist Narratives

Among all the Sanskrit story narratives available in the vast archive of textual collections in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, certain Buddhist tales among them found special provenance in the Mahāyāna culture of the Newars, the indigenous inhabitants of this surviving oasis of later Indic Hindu-Buddhist civilization. This paper will examine how two stories, the Sṛṇgabheri Avadāna and the Siṃhalasārthabāhu Avadāna, have been domesticated into the local religious field and adopted with special meaning for subgroups in the local society. The former recounts the consecutive, linked lives of a husband and wife, in a story of karmic retribution and reunion, a narrative that has a role in contemporary Buddhist widow mourning rites at the major stūpa in Nepal, Svayambhu. The latter, among the most popular jātaka narratives in the Buddhist world, relates the fate of a group of Buddhist merchants who are shipwrecked and captured by cannibalistic demonesses; in Nepal, this story was transposed into a tale of trans-Himalayan conflict, and its central figure is regarded as a hometown hero. Until today, a three-day festival procession of him circumnavigates the city of Kathmandu. This paper will explore these local domestications of Buddhist stories and analyze how these traditional celebrations have changed in the context of the shifting regional and political landscape of Nepal and the region.
Cell Wall Constituents of Leuconostoc citrovorum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides

The cell wall constituents of Leuconostoc citrovorum 8082, L. mesenteroides 10830a, and L. mesenteroides 11449 have been ascertained. All three strains contained glycerol. Glucose and rhamnose were the major reducing sugar constituents. Alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, glucosamine, and muramic acid were the principal amino acids and amino sugars in all three strains. In addition, strain 10830a contained l-serine as a major cell wall component. Quantitative amino acid analyses indicate that glutamic acid, lysine, glucosamine, muramic acid, and serine may be present in the cell walls in equimolar amounts and that alanine is present in three to four times these quantities. The similarities and differences between the cell wall constituents of the leuconostocs and those of the lactobacilli and streptococci are discussed.
A Framework Convention for Nanotechnology

With nanotechnology now a major funding priority for governments and industry around the world, devising the manner and timing of regulation presents a challenge. Too much regulation too soon could hinder development of beneficial technologies, while too little regulation too late may allow dangerous technologies to enter the market. Kenneth Abbott, Gary Marchant, and Douglas Sylvester argue that any solution to this regulatory dilemma must have four basic characteristics: the solution must be flexible, innovative, international, and official. In this Article, they advocate a framework convention on nanotechnology as a regulatory tool meeting these four requirements. The authors use a series of case studies to reveal framework convention best practices, and conclude with a summary of how a nanotechnology framework convention might be structured.
Folk Medicine Among Urban Mexican Americans: Cultural Persistence, Change, and Displacement

Two large-scale surveys and in-depth interviews with 24 Mexican Americans in three Southern California towns indicate that folk medicine is a persistent but ancillary health care system. Most Mexican Americans know something about folk medicine, but fewer maintain strong belief in it and only a small number of Mexican Americans consult folk healers. Scientific medicine is the primary health/mental health system, having replaced in large part the folk medical system. Folk medicine endures as an alternative, however, primarily in the treatment of health problems that are judged minor and require little extrafamilial attention or that are judged severe and persist despite professional scientific health care. There is also evidence that folk medical terms and treatments have changed and become integrated with scientific medicine in the minds of many Mexican Americans. The findings contrast with research in south Texas and in rural areas where folk medicine appears to be more significant for the general Mexica...
The development of a mother's internal working model of feeding.

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to describe changes in a mother’s early internal working model of infant feeding. Design and Methods. In this qualitative study, 12 maternal responses to the semi-structured internal working model interview were audiorecorded, once in the neonatal intensive care unit after infants began oral feeding and once 2 weeks post-discharge. Interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. Results. A change between mothers’ early and later nipple feeding experiences was identified. Practice Implications. Nurses and other clinicians can help mothers understand the infant’s behaviors and focus on the infant’s nutritional intake while simultaneously developing a relationship with the infant. One of the final criteria of discharge for a premature infant is the ability to orally feed. To achieve oral feeding ability, the preterm infant has to demonstrate sucking, swallowing, and breathing coordination. The mother, who generally is the infant’s primary caregiver, also needs to be able to read the infant’s feeding cues and to guide the feeding. While the infant is developing coordination, the mother is learning how to read the infant’s cues and to make feeding decisions based on those cues. The infant’s cues acquire their meaning in light of the mother’s internal working model (IWM) of feeding. The IWM is a mental model composed of cognitions (perceptions and judgments), emotions, and intentions for action that operates dynamically to guide maternal feeding decisions (Pridham, Schroeder, Brown, & Clark, 2001). This decision-making may concern selecting among goals, devising a plan of action, and using infant behavior as feedback to determine how well the plan is working. For a mother, the infant’s feeding may achieve a variety of goals, including provision of nutrition, support of growth and development, and bonding with the infant. Mothers may expect a feeding that is compatible or incompatible with their goals for the infant’s nutritional intake, social interaction, or both. They may expect an infant who is hungry and willing to eat or an infant who needs prodding to consume what the clinicians have determined to be an adequate intake.
Optoelectronic manipulation of single spins in semiconductors

In systems with sizable spin-orbit interaction intense optical illumination or an electric field can generate an effective "pseudomagnetic field" which replaces a true applied magnetic field for the efficient and rapid manipulation of spins. The theoretical characteristics of optically-induced spin precession in self-assembled quantum dots will be described, along with the potential for manipulating spins bound to donors and acceptors with electric fields.
Stability of MCT/LCT-based total nutrient admixtures for neonatal use over 30 hours at room temperature: applying pharmacopeial standards.

Background: United States Pharmacopeial Chapter places a limit on the percentage of large fat globules >5 µm, expressed as a PFAT5 of <0.05% for all native lipid emulsions. Some adult total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) have also remained below this limit for up to 48 hours. In 2003, medium-chain/long-chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT)–based neonatal TNAs with between 2% and 3% amino acid (AA) concentrations were shown to be similarly stable by the PFAT5 parameter. Stability assessment of neonatal TNAs with AA <2% or ≥3% were tested. Methods: Eight neonatal TNAs with various combinations of AA (1%, 1.5%, 3%, and 4%), glucose (G; 5% and 10%), and MCT/LCT (ML; 2% and 4%) and standard concentrations of additives were tested in triplicate (n = 24) over 30 hours (immediately after mixing, then at 6, 24, and 30 hours) at 25°C ± 2°C. PFAT5 determinations for all 24 formulations were made in duplicate, immediately after mixing, and then at 6, 24, and 30 hours later. Mean droplet size (MDS) and pH were assessed at th...
A custom data conversion subsystem for personal computers

A `full custom' data conversion integrated circuit is described. it is used in a personal computer as an interface to the cassette recorder and the audio sound channel, and interfaces the joysticks to the computer. The chip contains a six-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a three-channel multiplexer, a four-channel operational amplifier, and a comparator. The IC's unique features include the following: it uses a merged 96-collector p-n-p to produce the weighted current sources for the DAC; the bipolar op amp has a full rail-to-rail input capability; and the hysteresis in the comparator is accomplished using a cross-coupled current mirror technique. The chip operates with a single 5 V supply at 50 mW.
Teachers of Literacy, Love of Reading, and the Literate Self: A Response to Ann Powell-Brown

The author asserts that literacy teacher training programs should design opportunities for teachers to become more reflective about the literate self. Graduate students were queried about the relationship between their personal, historical, and professional literate selves. They documented their memories of reading and considered what it means to be literate and to have a literate self. Results suggest that many teachers experience disinterest in or discomfort with reading. They lack effective strategies for approaching text and do not have well-developed frames of reference of reading for entertainment or pleasure. For them, reading is primarily associated with work routines or daily activities of life. Yet these teachers' aspirations for learners indicate that they are enthusiastic and committed supporters of reading in all phases of personal, public, and professional life. Programmatic design suggestions are offered to better support reflective dispositions about the literate self. Future research and program design in teacher preparation should explore the joint contribution of the public and private literate self to teacher practice.
Semisynthetic Versus Real-World Sonar Training Data for the Classification of Mine-Like Objects

The detection of mine-like objects (MLOs) in sidescan sonar (SSS) imagery continues to be a challenging task. In practice, subject matter experts tediously analyze images searching for MLOs. In the literature, there are many attempts at automated target recognition (ATR) to detect the MLOs. This paper focuses on the classifiers that use computer vision and machine learning approaches. These techniques require large amounts of data, which is often prohibitive. For this reason, the use of synthetic and semisynthetic data sets for training and testing is commonplace. This paper shows how a simple semisynthetic data creation scheme can be used to pretest these data-hungry training algorithms to determine what features are of value. The paper provides real-world testing and training data sets in addition to the semisynthetic training and testing data sets. The paper considers the Haar-like and local binary pattern (LBP) features with boosting, showing improvements in performance with real classifiers over semisynthetic classifiers and improvements in performance as semisynthetic data set size increases.
A new single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agent for serotonin transporters: [125I]Flip-IDAM, (2-((2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-4-iodophenyl)thio)phenyl)methanol

Abstract New ligands for in vivo brain imaging of serotonin transporter (SERT) with single photon emission tomography (SPECT) were prepared and evaluated. An efficient synthesis and radiolabeling of a biphenylthiol, FLIP-IDAM, 4 , was accomplished. The affinity of FLIP-IDAM was evaluated by an in vitro inhibitory binding assay using [ 125 I]-IDAM as radioligand in rat brain tissue homogenates ( K i = 0.03 nM). New [ 125 I]Flip-IDAM exhibited excellent binding affinity to SERT binding sites with a high hypothalamus to cerebellum ratio of 4 at 30 min post iv injection. The faster in vivo kinetics for brain uptake and a rapid washout from non-specific regions provide excellent signal to noise ratio. This new agent, when labeled with 123 I, may be a useful imaging agent for mapping SERT binding sites in the human brain.
Mediation in the middle east

Mediation in the Middle East has only been successful once, and the problem now is the Egyptian‐Israeli conflict not just squared, but cubed. What, then, can others do— whether the UN, EU, U.S., or the Arab world?
Galapagos Islands : Marine iguanas die from trace oil pollution

An oil tanker ran aground on the Galapagos island of San Cristobal on 17 January 2001, spilling roughly three million litres of diesel and bunker oil. The slick started to spread westwards and was dispersed by strong currents, so only a few marine animals were killed immediately as a result. Here we draw on the long-term data sets gathered before the spill to show that a population of marine iguanas (Amblyrhychus cristatus) on Sante Fe island suffered a massive 62% mortality in the year after the accident, due to a small amount of residual oil contamination in the sea. Another population on the more remote island of Genovesa was unaffected.
Run length, visit duration, and reinforcers per visit in concurrent performance.

The contingencies in each alternative of concurrent procedures consist of reinforcement for staying and reinforcement for switching. For the stay contingency, behavior directed at one alternative earns and obtains reinforcers. For the switch contingency, behavior directed at one alternative earns reinforcers but behavior directed at the other alternative obtains them. In Experiment 1, responses on the main lever, in S1, incremented stay and switch schedules and obtained a stay reinforcer when it became available. Responses on the switch lever changed S1 to S2 and obtained switch reinforcers when available. In S2, neither responses on the main lever nor on the switch lever were reinforced, but a switch response changed S2 to S1. Run lengths and visit durations were a function of the ratio of the scheduled probabilities of reinforcement (staying/switching). From run lengths and visit durations, traditional concurrent performance was synthesized, and that synthesized performance was consistent with the generalized matching law. Experiment 2 replicated and extended this analysis to concurrent variable-interval schedules. The synthesized results challenge any theory of matching that
Survey of University Micro/Nanotechnology Cleanroom Facilities as the First Phase in the Development of a U of L Business Model

Approximately ten years ago, the University of Louisville made a serious research commitment in the emerging fields of micro/nano/biotechnology by allocating funds towards the construction of an effective, but relatively-small, state-of-the-art, class 100 cleanroom. In 1997 that facility (the Lutz MicroTechnology Cleanroom) was unveiled, placing U of L in the select group of US academic institutions with such facilities and the only university in the state of Kentucky with a cleanroom for general micro/nano-fabrication research and educational training. With the addition of new faculty in recent years and with the unprecedented success of those faculty, the university effectively out-grew the original 1,500 square foot cleanroom facility. To address this critical need, the University committed state funds to the construction of a new state-of-the-art $50M 120,000 sq. ft. Belknap Campus Research Building (BRB) which houses a greatly-expanded, true multi-user cleanroom "core facility" to support our escalating research/educational programs micro/nano/biotechnology.
Development of a porcine deep partial thickness burn model

a b s t r a c t Swine are the preferred animal models to study the effects of burns on dermal wound healing. Various studies have been published in which little emphasis was placed on minimizing burn variability and inconsistency. We developed a novel method to create deep partial thickness burns that are highly consistent. A custom-made burn device was fabricated to control the pressure applied on the swine skin during burn creation. Cylindrical brass blocks, measuring 3 cm in diameter, are used to create the burns. A stainless steel post extends from the block for insertion into the device holder. In this study, burns were created in four female Yorkshire swine. Heating of the brass blocks was conducted using a boiling azeotropic solution of 80% polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 20% water and boiling water alone. Contact times ranging from 12 to 20 s were used. At 24 h and 7d post-injury, two swine were euthanized and tissues collected for digital image evaluation and histological assessment using Gomori trichrome staining. Digital image analysis showed inconsistent healing in burns created using boiling water as compared to the boiling PEG:H2O solution. Additionally, histological analyses showed that burns created using boiling water were superficial and more variable compared to those created using the boiling PEG:H2O solution. With a burn contact time of 20 s, 48.5 5.7% tissue damage was demonstrated at 24 h when the PEG:H2O solution was used, whereas only 11.9 1.3% was observed with boiling water.