cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Ambient Atmospheric Formaldehyde and Ozone to Precursor Species and Source Types Across the United States.

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important air pollutant from both an atmospheric chemistry and human health standpoint. This study uses an instrumented photochemical Air Quality Model, CMAQ-DDM, to identify the sensitivity of HCHO concentrations across the United States (U.S.) to major source types and hydrocarbon speciation. In July, biogenic sources of hydrocarbons contribute the most (92% of total hydrocarbon sensitivity), split between isoprene and other alkenes. Among anthropogenic sources, mobile sources of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (NOx) dominate. In January, HCHO is more sensitive to anthropogenic hydrocarbons than biogenic sources, especially mobile sources and residential wood combustion (36% of national hydrocarbon sensitivity). While ozone (O3) is three times more sensitive to NOx than hydrocarbons across most areas of the U.S., HCHO is six times more sensitive to hydrocarbons than NOx, largely due to sensitivity to biogenic precursors and the importance of low-NOx chemistry. In winter, both ...
Contribution of Medial Cuneiform Osteotomy to Correction of Longitudinal Arch Collapse in Stage IIb Adult-Acquired Flatfoot Deformity.

BackgroundResidual forefoot supination after correcting the hindfoot in stage IIb adult-acquired flatfoot deformity can be addressed with a dorsal opening wedge medial cuneiform (Cotton) osteotomy....
The Technology of Desire: John Dewey, Social Criticism, and The Aesthetics of Human Existence

In an important essay, “Science and Society,” Dewey makes this observation: “The significant outward forms of the civilization of the western world are the product of the machine and technology.” Later on he adds, “We are forced to consider the relation of human ideas and ideals to the social consequences which are produced by science as an instrument. The problem involved is the greatest civilization has had to face.”1 In many ways this stands as a statement of the central theme of Dewey’s own work, which takes a very complex attitude toward the problem stated and weaves an equally complex answer. Indeed, of the major twentiethcentury thinkers, Dewey is the only one to take the question of technology as central — unless one includes Martin Heidegger’s work, which stands, whatever qualifications are made, as a negative reaction to technological civilization.2 One of the advantages of Dewey’s work, in fact, is the complex way Dewey approaches “the greatest problem civilization has had to face,” and offers what may be the only possible response other than fatalism or blind faith in the consequences of industrial civilization. It will be the primary purpose of this essay to indicate how deep Dewey’s vision was of technology’s relation to the end of producing a context in which human life can be lived fully and intelligently. For Dewey, only when the final aesthetic ends of human existence are acknowledged can technology itself become “responsible.”3 In addition to clearing up some misconceptions about Dewey’s instrumentalism, I wish to stress the importance of the ideas of art and social intelligence in Dewey’s understanding of technology.
Mathematical Modeling in the Age of Computing: Is It Redundant?

The remarkable growth in computing power that we have witnessed in recent years provides a formidable tool for unraveling scientific mysteries in many fields, not least that of combustion. At the same time, the euphoria that such power can engender has led some practitioners of the silicon arts—otherwise sensible men and women—to suggest, in some cases explicitly, that this new age of computing will write the epitaph for mathematical modeling. I know of no such claims in print, and so risk the charge of raising a straw man, but I am content to let the reader’s own experience provide the answer to whether or not such a charge is accurate.
Motor control strategies underlying head stabilization and voluntary head movements in humans and cats.

Strategies for movement and stabilization of the head were examined within several paradigms tO determine which CNS mechanisms were responsible. Patterns of muscle activation were observed during the performance of reflex (head-fixed) and voluntary (head-free) movements in the cat. Spatial patterns of human neck muscles were also observed during ap isometric head stabilization task. Both studies indicated that, although the neck muscles have the potential to respond in multiple directions, fhey were actually programmed to respond maximally in a single preferential direction that was task, dependent. Measures of head position, head velocity,; and EMG response during rotations of the body about the vertical axis suggested a predominance of vbluhtarily organized responses at low frequencies with the possibility of participation of the vestibular reflexes at frequencies in the rang of 1 to 5 Hz
Realigning liaison with university priorities: Observations from ARL Liaison Institutes 2015–18

Since 2015, the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) has designed and delivered eight 2 one-to-two day liaison institutes to participants from a dozen ARL libraries across North America. Modelled on the 2015 institute held at Cornell University, 3 institutes are designed for liaison librarians, functional specialists, and managers who engage regularly with faculty, students, and academic administrators. Participants work in small groups to understand the changing landscape of librarian-faculty engagement by examining possible future scenarios for research libraries by placing themselves “in the shoes” of specific user groups to understand their needs and challenges. Through those insights, they consider new and needed ways to advance teaching and research excellence at their local institutions.
Late-Onset T1DM and Older Age Predict Risk of Additional Autoimmune Disease.

OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with other autoimmune diseases (AIDs), which may have serious health consequences. The epidemiology of AIDs in T1DM is not well defined in adults with T1DM. In this cross-sectional cohort study, we sought to characterize the incident ages and prevalence of AIDs in adults with T1DM across a wide age spectrum. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 1,212 adults seen at the Washington University Diabetes Center from 2011 to 2018 provided informed consent for the collection of their age, sex, race, and disease onset data. We performed paired association analyses based on age onset of T1DM. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the independent effects of sex, race, T1DM age of onset, and T1DM duration on the prevalence of an additional AID. RESULTS Mean age of T1DM onset was 21.2 ± 14.4 years. AID incidence and prevalence increased with age. Female sex strongly predicted AID risk. The most prevalent T1DM-associated AIDs were thyroid disease, collagen vascular diseases, and pernicious anemia. T1DM age of onset and T1DM duration predicted AID risk. Patients with late-onset T1DM after 30 years of age had higher risks of developing additional AIDs compared with patients with younger T1DM onset. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of AIDs in patients with T1DM increases with age and female sex. Later onset of T1DM is an independent and significant risk factor for developing additional AIDs. Individuals who are diagnosed with T1DM at older ages, particularly women, should be monitored for other autoimmune conditions.
Bidirectional longitudinal changes in regional cerebral covariance of vesicular acetylcholine transporter binding in Parkinson disease: Evidence for dynamic regional cerebral compensatory mechanisms (S45.007)

Objective: To investigate 2-yr longitudinal changes of the spatial covariance analysis (SCA) pattern of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) [ 18 ]FEOBV brain PET in Parkinson disease (PD). Background: Regional cholinergic terminal loss is a common but variable feature of Parkinson disease (PD). [ 18 F](−)5-Fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([ 18 F]FEOBV) selectively binds to the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and allows for the visualization of regional expression of cholinergic nerve terminals. Design/Methods: A total of 70 individuals with PD (sex: 52M/18F; age: 67.0±6.6 yrs.; modified Hoehn & Yahr stage: 2.4±0.5; duration of disease: 6.9 ± 5.7 yrs.) underwent [ 18 F]FEOBV VAChT brain PET imaging to quantify cholinergic innervation. Forty-five patients returned for a 2-yr follow-up assessment. Multivariate spatial covariance analysis based on the Scaled Subprofile Model (SSM) was performed on the spatially normalized (gray matter) images using the generalized covariance analysis software suit (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/gcva_pca/) in order to identify between-group variations as a Spatial Covariance Pattern (SCP). Results: At baseline, SCP analysis comparing PD patients versus normal control subjects showed evidence of bidirectional changes with decreased activity mainly in posterior cortical areas combined with increased binding in frontal cortices and subcortical gray matter regions (basal ganglia, thalamus proper, vermis). Regional VAChT pattern correlated with PD motor phenotypes (P=0.0087). Two years later, SCP analysis within the PD group shows evidence of further interval decrease in posterior cortical VAChT binding with interval increase in nigral, globus pallidus pars externa, anteroventral striatal, preseptal, and inferior frontal regions. Longitudinal analysis failed to show further increases in VAChT activity in putaminal, thalamic or vermis regions. Conclusions: Findings provide evidence of topographic and dynamic bidirectional changes in VAChT binding that may reflect regional cerebral changes of cholinergic compensatory vs. denervation changes in PD. Study Supported by: Study supported by NIH P50 NS091856 & MJFF Disclosure: Dr. Bohnen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nejad-Davarani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dauer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Muller has nothing to disclose.
Case 52: Spinal Reconstruction and Fusion in a Chronic Pain Patient

The surgeon has started closing after 4.5 h of lumbar spinal reconstruction and fusion. The patient is a 45-year-old man (90 kg, 5 ft 11 in.) who is lying prone on a Wilson frame. His head is in a Prone View (Dupaco, Union City, CA 94587). He is undergoing this surgery because of chronic pain to his back and difficulty in walking following a motor vehicle accident 2 years ago. He is on chronic pain medication that includes methadone, gabapentin, and a fentanyl patch. He is otherwise healthy. The anesthetic maintenance has been nitrous oxide in oxygen with isoflurane. You are concerned that he will be aware of pain during the procedure so you have been giving him narcotics titrated to his vital signs. Throughout the course of the operation, he has received a total of fentanyl 500 μg, dilaudid 2 mg, and morphine 20 mg. In the last half an hour, he has also received 50 mg of meperidine 30 mg of ketamine IV. Ten minutes from the end, you turn off the isoflurane and leave him on nitrous oxide and oxygen. You still have not reversed his neuromuscular blockade. His vital signs just as you are about to turn him are HR 82 bpm, BP 130/85. These values seem to indicate to you that he is adequately anesthetized and analgesic. Of course you can’t be sure.
Interdisciplinary Roles and Interface

The interdisciplinary model provides a structure for each inpatient discipline to apply its unique expertise to develop and deliver a comprehensive care plan. The primary goal is to stabilize the patient’s acute psychiatric symptomatology and facilitate a transition to a more permanent setting. A secondary goal is to minimize the risk of re-admission. The following shared values are inherent to this approach: patient-centered care, alliance with the social network, reduction of adverse environmental factors, and safety. Central to the mission is the delivery of safe clinical care, especially medication management, to promote maximum improvement and minimize risk. The evidence shows that working in teams improves not only patient outcomes but also the experience of patients, families, and healthcare workers (Thota et al., Am J Prev Med 42(5):525–38, 2012; Zwarenstein et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD000072, 2009). This chapter reviews the expertise of the various disciplines and how they collaborate. Models of care delivery and competencies for work in a collaborative team environment are delineated.
Volunteer Participation in Context: Motivations and Political Efficacy Within Three AIDS Organizations

Employed quantitative and qualitative data in a contextual examination of participation in three San Francisco-area HIV/AIDS organizations: an urban, gay community-based social change setting; an urban, broadly focused information/referral setting; and a suburban individual support setting. The settings attracted different kinds of volunteers and engaged them differently with the setting, each other, and community. In quantitative analyses external political efficacy (belief in the responsiveness of sociopolitical systems to change efforts) significantly distinguished settings, but was best predicted by setting-moderated relationships to scaled motivations. Qualitative data more clearly illuminated volunteers' motivations for participation, as well as complex, embedded relationships between setting, motivations, attitudes about sociopolitical participation, and personal and community experience and identification. Together the findings underscore three unique but related stories for the three AIDS organizations, and the value of contextual approaches to participation and empowerment.
UAV-aided Weak-Barrier Coverage with Adaptive Sensor Rotation

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is an emerging technology with many applications in surveillance, remote sensing, transportation, scientific research, search and rescue, and many more. In wireless sensor networks, UAVs have been used as mobile sinks and as relay nodes when the network is partitioned. When deploying sensors to monitor large boundaries or borders, sensors are usually dispersed from an aircraft following a predetermined path. In such scenarios sensing gaps are typically unavoidable. In this paper, we consider a wireless network consisting of randomly deployed sensor nodes, directional border nodes, and an UAV. We address the topic of weak-barrier coverage, which detects intruders (or events) moving north-south. We propose a distributed algorithm for weak-barrier coverage, that allows border nodes to dynamically compute their orientation based on notifications from sensor nodes. The UAV is used to monitor barrier gaps and increase the number of intruders detected when crossing the border. We use simulations using MatLab to analyze the performance of our algorithm, and to illustrate the impact of using an UAV in monitoring, when we vary various parameters such as the number of nodes, the view angle of the border nodes, and the event speed.
Patterns of relapse in older women diagnosed with estrogen receptor (ER)–positive early-stage breast cancer (BC) treated with lumpectomy without adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET)

Randomized trials comparing endocrine therapy (ET) with no ET show reduced overall relapse rates with adjuvant ET for patients with early-stage estrogen receptor (ER)–positive breast cancer (BC). Of note, these studies include few patients over the age of 65 years. Currently, with ET routinely prescribed, there is limited opportunity to study the patterns of relapse without ET. The objective of our study is to evaluate the rates of local-regional and distant relapse in older BC women who postoperatively did not receive ET. In this retrospective study, we identified 92 patients who did not receive ET after lumpectomy in our database of 1172 patients’ age 65 years or older (median age 75 years) with ER-positive, node-negative BC. Following lumpectomy, 37 patients (40%) received radiation therapy (RT) and 55 patients (60%) were observed. Median follow-up for the entire cohort is 65.5 months, and the 5-year overall survival rate is 89.3%. The 5-year relapse-free survival rates with lumpectomy + RT and lumpectomy alone are 97% and 84%, respectively (p = 0.008). One of 37 patients treated with lumpectomy + RT developed a local recurrence (3%), and no distant relapse was observed. Among patients treated with lumpectomy alone, 8/55 (15%) had a local relapse and one patient (2%) experienced distant relapse. Patterns of relapse in older women with ER-positive early-stage BC note that local relapse is the most common site of failure. In this study, we also observed a low risk of distant relapse among patients not receiving ET. These observations on relapse patterns suggest that older women with early-stage BC may derive more benefit from adjuvant RT alone and be spared the potential side effects of ET.
Training Machine Learning Models With Causal Logic

Machine-learning (ML) models are ubiquitously used to make a variety of inferences, a common application being to predict and categorize user behavior. However, ML models often suffer from only being exposed to biased data – for instance, a search ranking model that uses clicks to determine how to rank will suffer from position bias. The difficulty arises due to user feedback only being observed for one treatment and not existing counterfactually for other potential treatments. In this work, we discuss a real-world situation in which a binary classification model is used in production in order to make decisions about how to treat users. We introduce the model and discuss the limitations of our modeling approach. We show that by using unit selection criterion we can do a better job classifying users. Following, we propose a causal modeling method in which we can take the existing data and use it to derive bounds that can be used to modify the objective function in order to incorporate causal learning into our training process. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in a real-world setting.
INVASIVE HEMODYNAMICS ARE EQUIVOCAL FOR FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES POST MITRACLIP

Mitral regurgitation (MR) grade is a poor predictor of functional outcomes after a MitraClip. There is a paucity of data on invasive hemodynamics as a predictor of outcomes. 78 patients underwent MC for symptomatic mitral regurgitation (MR) between 2014 and 2018 at the University of Minnesota
Do Public Health Service Increased Risk Donor Lungs Negatively Affect Survival Outcomes

Purpose We sought to compare survival outcomes of lung transplant (LTx) patients after receiving donor lungs with increased or standard risk for exposure to human immunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV). Methods A retrospective review of a single institution database identified patients who received lung transplant from increased risk donor (IRD) or standard risk donor (SRD). Risk category was determined using the Public Health Service (PHS) criteria. The data included 609 lung transplants performed between March 2012 and July 2019. Survival outcomes were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analyzed patient age, sex, BMI, diagnosis, and CPB or ECMO use during surgery. Results Of the 609 total transplants, 166 (27%) used IRD lungs, and 443 (73%) used SRD lungs. Demographically, the patient population was 66% male, 79% White, 14% Black, 5% Hispanic, and 2% Asian. Recipients' mean age was 64 ± 9.1 and, median BMI 27.6 ± 4.7 kg/m2. IPF was the most common diagnosis, representing 63% of patients, followed by COPD with 24% and sarcoidosis with 4%. Males were significantly more likely to receive an IRD lung (X2= 7.86, p=0.0051). Additionally, IRD donors were significantly younger than SRD donors (p Conclusion PHS IRD lungs are an underutilized resource despite showing no decline in survival. This study can improve patient education surrounding the risk of donor derived transmissible disease.
When is azoospermia not azoospermia

Men with azoospermia, defined as no sperm in the ejaculate as documented by semen analysis, either have an obstruction to the excretory ductal system or defective spermatogenesis. The observation that more than 60% of men with defective spermatogenesis may have pockets of spermatogenesis within the testis1,2 provides hope that many of these “azoospermic” patients can potentially be fathers with testicular sperm extraction (TESE) or testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) together with intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization, provided these “pockets” of sperm, which theoretically never make it out of the ductal system, can be successfully harvested. TESE in these nonobstructive azoospermic patients requires either the use of a microscope to find the sperm (micro-TESE) or multiple incision sites in 1 or both testes in the search for these pockets of sperm.3 TESA also requires multiple aspirations in these azoospermic patients, although the success rate with TESA may not be as high as with TESE.4,5 In addition, there is never any guarantee that any of these pockets of sperm will be found when either of these 2 procedures is performed.
Inference for Variance–Covariance Parameters

In Chaps. 11 and 13, we obtained BLUEs for estimable linear functions under the Aitken model and BLUPs for predictable linear functions under the prediction-extended Aitken model, and we noted that this methodology could be used to estimate estimable linear functions or predict predictable linear functions of β, b, and d in the mixed (and random) effects model, or more generally to estimate estimable and predict predictable linear functions in a general mixed linear model, provided that the variance–covariance parameters ψ (in the case of a mixed effects model) or θ (in the case of a general mixed model) are known. Moreover, it was also noted at the ends of both chapters that the customary procedure for performing these inferences when the variance–covariance parameters are unknown is to first estimate those parameters from the data and then use BLUE/BLUP formulas with the estimates substituted for the unknown true values. It is natural, then, to ask how the variance–covariance parameters should be estimated. Answering this question is the topic of this chapter. We begin with an answer that applies when the model is a components-of-variance model, for which a method known as quadratic unbiased estimation can be used to estimate the variance–covariance parameters, which are variance components in that case. Then we give an answer, based on likelihood-based estimation, that applies to any general mixed linear model.
Germ cell tumors

The incidence of germ cell neoplasms in children and adolescents is difficult to estimate from epidemiological data1. Females are mostly affected, but this is mainly due to the frequency of ovarian involvement2. The histogenesis of germ cell tumours remains controversial and theories include derivation from totipotent germ cells, origin from yolk sac and totipotent embryonic cells, and 'fetus-infetu' 3.
The major mechanism of melanoma mutations is based on deamination of cytosine in pyrimidine dimers as determined by circle damage sequencing.

Sunlight-associated melanomas carry a unique C-to-T mutation signature. UVB radiation induces cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) as the major form of DNA damage, but the mechanism of how CPDs cause mutations is unclear. To map CPDs at single-base resolution genome wide, we developed the circle damage sequencing (circle-damage-seq) method. In human cells, CPDs form preferentially in a tetranucleotide sequence context (5′-Py-T Py-T/A), but this alone does not explain the tumor mutation patterns. To test whether mutations arise at CPDs by cytosine deamination, we specifically mapped UVB-induced cytosine-deaminated CPDs. Transcription start sites (TSSs) were protected from CPDs and deaminated CPDs, but both lesions were enriched immediately upstream of the TSS, suggesting a mutation-promoting role of bound transcription factors. Most importantly, the genomic dinucleotide and trinucleotide sequence specificity of deaminated CPDs matched the prominent mutation signature of melanomas. Our data identify the cytosine-deaminated CPD as the leading premutagenic lesion responsible for mutations in melanomas.
Breaking into New Markets: Relying on Networks and Spillovers

As documented in the literature, exporting firms breaking into new markets can help alleviate risk and uncertainty by using various information channels. Such channels include spillovers, foreign consumer networks, and, potentially, foreign supplier networks. Novel to the literature, we jointly estimate the effects of these three channels. We show that each of these channels has statistically and economically significant effects on breaking into new markets and that omitting any of the channels in the estimation equation can bias (upwards) the marginal effects of the other channels by up to 150%. Each of these channels has a stronger magnitude of the effect than all other control variables combined, thereby increasing the probability of breaking into new markets by up to 50%. For a subset of our data, we were able to match importing and exporting firms and construct a more granular, firm-to-firm measure of the foreign consumer networks. The effect of our measure is three times greater (on breaking into new markets) than that of a more aggregate, firm-to-country measure. This implies that information is more likely to dissipate through the direct partners as emphasized by the networks literature.
Understanding Moral Injury in Individuals: Current Models, Concepts, and Treatments

Theologians, philosophers, and biblical scholars have long honored the spiritual and moral dimensions of human suffering. Adding to nearly a century of groundbreaking discoveries on the biological and psychological effects of trauma, there is increasing recognition in mental health professions that these events also affect patients morally and spiritually. Further, in keeping with a rise of multiculturalism, evidence-based practice, and patient-centered care, progressively more researchers and clinicians are attempting to address moral and spiritual dimensions of trauma recovery. Along these lines, the emergence of the moral injury construct represents one of the crucial developments in traumatology over the past decade. Drawing upon a recent case of a Christian patient who experienced a moral injury, this chapter will (1) define the current definitions and concepts of the moral injury construct, (2) describe the double-edged nature of Christian faith in recovery, and (3) outline several of the emerging treatments for this multifaceted condition.
Electrical Pacing of Cardiac Tissue Including Potassium Inward Rectification

In this study cardiac tissue is stimulated electrically through a small unipolar electrode. Numerical simulations predict that around an electrode are adjacent regions of depolarization and hyperpolarization. Experiments have shown that during pacing of resting cardiac tissue the hyperpolarization is often inhibited. Our goal is to determine if the inward rectifying potassium current (IK1) causes the inhibition of hyperpolarization. Numerical simulations were carried out using the bidomain model with potassium dynamics specified to be inward rectifying. In the simulations, adjacent regions of depolarization and hyperpolarization were observed surrounding the electrode. For cathodal currents the virtual anode produces a hyperpolarization that decreases over time. For long duration pulses the current-voltage curve is non-linear, with very small hyperpolarization compared to depolarization. For short pulses, the hyperpolarization is more prominent. Without the inward potassium rectification, the current voltage curve is linear and the hyperpolarization is evident for both long and short pulses. In conclusion, the inward rectification of the potassium current explains the inhibition of hyperpolarization for long duration stimulus pulses, but not for short duration pulses.
Are They Ready for Their Close-Up? Civil Servants and their Portrayal in Contemporary American Cinema

Perceptions of government and civil servants are shaped by a variety of factors including popular culture. In the public administration literature the significant role that film and other narrative forms have on citizens’ perceptions is duly noted, and there is ample research on politicians and military heroes in film, but a focus on civil servants remains largely elusive. Among the sparse literature centered on civil servants are studies that employ a case study approach or focus on a few films. In contrast, our research employs a large sample of 150 films. These films comprise the top ten box-office grossing films from 1992 through 2006; therefore we examine the films most likely to have been seen by a majority of movie-watching Americans. More than 60 percent of the films in our sample portray government as bad, inefficient, and incompetent. However, the data on more than 300 civil servants yield intriguing findings. Surprising, in light of the negative depiction of government, is the positive depiction of individual civil servants. Half of civil servants were positively portrayed, and only 40 percent were negatively depicted. Americans may view government negatively, but they see in film positive depictions of how individual civil servants can and do make a positive difference.
Disease Management in Soybean: Use of Cultural Techniques and Genetic Resistance

The soybean is a good host for many fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens. Environmental and economic concerns often dictate that cultural practices and genetic resistance are the only disease management options open to a grower. Primary cultural options include crop rotation and burial of crop residue by tillage. Crop rotation is very effective in reducing yield loss to diseases and nematodes, but is not always economically feasible. One of the most stable, economical, and environmentally safe disease and nematode management strategies is the use of genetic resistance. Genetically resistant cultivars are available for a variety of diseases and nernatodes, including Phytophthora rot, brown stem rot, stem canker, frogeye leaf spot, soybean cyst nematodes, and rootknot nematodes. Vertical resistance is widely used for a number of diseases and is a major objective in a number of breeding programs. Horizontal resistance and tolerance are used to a lesser extent.
Taxation: Law, Planning, and Policy (Second Edition)

This is a sample version of the Introduction, Table of Contents, Background and Basic Themes section, and first chapter, from the second edition of the casebook "Taxation: Law, Planning, and Policy". This sample is posted with the permission of LexisNexis publishing for review purposes by students and instructors.
A New Technic for the Production of an in Vivo Labeled Fibrinogen

The fact that in vitro labeled proteins, as a rule, exhibit faster turnover rates than in vivo labeled materials led us to explore means of obtaining in vivo labeled fibrinogen of high specific activity. It was found that defibrination of the rat provides a stimulus for the liver to regenerate fibrinogen at an accelerated rate. Administration of seleno 75 methionine shortly after thrombin-induced defibrination of the animal resulted in the incorporation of large quantities of the label. The rate of incorporation was further increased if the amino acid was administered as a slow infusion during the entire period of fibrinogen regeneration. In addition, prior nephrectomy of the animal would appear to result in a slight increase in specific activity of the fibrinogen preparation obtained. The results of these studies indicate that defibrination, nephrectomy, and the prolonged infusion of the labeled amino acid selenomethionine provided us with a technic for obtaining a biosynthetically labeled, γ-emitting, fibrinogen preparation of high specific activity.
Foreign Influences on the Kurdish Insurgency in Iraq

It is almost inevitable that foreign powers will be tempted to intervene in a state torn by internal minority problems. Over the years the rivals and enemies of Iraq have done just that with respect to the Kurdish problem, as a way of exerting pressure on Baghdad. During the 1950s and 1960s, President Gamal Abdul Nasser toyed with supporting the Kurds on a number of occasions as a means to pressure Iraq in pursuit of his pan-Arab designs. In 1963, the Egyptian leader even saw Jalal Talabani, the sometime representative of Mullah Mustafa Barzani who was the leader of the Iraqi Kurds, and announced that he saw nothing excessive in the Kurds' demands. Nasser always had to be cautious, however, lest he be seen as supporting a non-Arab separatist movement against a fellow Arab country, and in the end his flirtation with the Kurds came to nothing.
Optical coherence tomography measurement of nerve fiber layer thickness and the likelihood of a visual field defect.

Abstract PURPOSE: To determine if optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness can be used to predict the presence of visual field defects (VFD) associated with glaucoma. DESIGN: Quota-sampled, cross-sectional study. METHODS: Retrospective study of OCT NFL thickness measurements in 276 eyes of 276 subjects. All persons received OCT NFL thickness analysis; 136 eyes underwent frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimetry; and 140 eyes underwent Swedish interactive threshold algorithm (SITA) perimetry. We defined a parameter called NFL 50 , which is the NFL thickness value at which there was a 50% likelihood of a VFD with either SITA or FDT perimetry. We evaluated the use of NFL 50 . RESULTS: The mean NFL thickness with (n = 68) and without (n = 68) a VFD in the FDT group was 93.2 μm ± 22.6 and 108.4 μm ± 14.1, respectively. The mean NFL thickness with (n = 70) and without (n = 70) a VFD in the SITA group was 78.9 μm ± 24.8 and 103.0 μm ± 18.0, respectively. The FDT mean NFL 50 value was 98.5 μm. The SITA mean NFL 50 value was 87.0 μm. The area under the receiver operator characteristic (AROC) curve for mean NFL was 0.73, and the positive predictive value (PPV) for FDT mean NFL 50 was 72.2%. For SITA mean NFL, the AROC was 0.79 and the PPV for NFL 50 was 77.2%. CONCLUSION: Nerve fiber layer thickness analysis using OCT may be clinically useful in identifying subjects who have visual field loss. However, the PPV suggests that OCT may need higher resolution and better reproducibility to enhance its sensitivity and specificity for population screening.
Positioning of inner cell mass determines the development of mouse blastocysts in vitro

We have explanted mouse blastocysts into culture dishes and studies the positioning of the inner cell mass (ICM) at the time of attachment in order to establish what effect the location of the inner cell mass has on the subsequent development of embryos in vitro. We show that blastocysts may attach to the substrate with any portion of the trophectoderm. The location of ICM within the attaching blastocysts is unpredictable. The directions of egg-cylinder development may be either upward or downward. The axis assumed by a developing egg cylinder in vitro depends to a large extent on the initial positioning of the ICM at the time of attachment. Egg cylinders grown from blastocysts that have the ICM in the lower position (close to the plastic dish) reach advanced stages of development in greater numbers than egg cylinders grown from blastocyst with their ICM's in the upper lateral or upper position. Only upward-growing egg cylinders can develop further into somitic stage (which is equivalent to 8 1/2- or 9-day in vivo embryos). In contrast, downward growing egg cylinders become thwarted in their further development by the surrounding trophectoderm. If the downward growing egg cylinders are freed of trophectoderm and repositioned to face upwards they will develop in a manner similar to the originally upward growing egg cylinder. These findings indicate that the initial positioning of the ICM at the time of attachment is an important factor in governing the development of blastocysts to somite stage in vitro.
Nurturing an innovation region: a new agenda for cities in the new economy

The world has undergone dramatic changes due to the pervasive spread of the Internet, the marriage of computers and telecommunication, and the shift to a global economy. Cities, regions, and nations everywhere face an uncertain challenge in the wake of globalization. What we do in the next few years to reinvent our civilization, our political, social and economic institutions, and, importantly, our schools to meet the challenges of this new economy will determine whether our cities and communities survive and succeed or atrophy and die. This white paper examines the challenges to cities, local and regional communities; and to politicians and policymakers in the U.S. and indeed, across the world.
Skin basement membrane immunofluorescence in rheumatoid arthritis

Thirty-nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied for the presence of skin basement membrane immunofluorescence. Punch biopsies from normal sun-exposed skin of the forearm were negative for basement membrane immunofluorescence in all cases, except one which was read as questionable. No correlation with serum antinuclear antibody or lupus erythematosus cells was observed. Skin immunofluorescence studies are helpful in differential diagnosis when patients with a clinical picture of rheumatoid arthritis present with serum antinuclear antibodies and lupus erythematosus cells. Positive basement membrane immunofluorescence is strong evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Odour intensities of hop oil components

Olfactory thresholds of a series of compounds previously identified in Brewers Gold Hop Oil are given. Thresholds of the oxygenated components ranged from 0.3 to 28 parts per 10° while those of the hydro-carbon fraction ranged from 6 to 140 parts per 10°. For solutions of hop oil in water, myrcene accounted for about 58% of the total odour intensity of the whole oil and 85% of the odour of the hydrocarbon fraction. The oxygenated fraction amounted to about 1/7 of the whole oil but contributed about 1/3 of total odour intensity.
Stress Relaxation of Fibers as a Means of Interpreting Physical and Chemical Structure' Part I: Determination of the Relative Accessibility of Fibers

A summary of some preliminary studies on the stress-relaxation behavior of synthetic and cellulosic textile fibers in distilled water and hydrochloric acid is reported in this paper. The results are interpreted in terms of the molecular and physical structures of these materials. Identical stress-relaxation behavior of many diverse materials in dis tilled water indicates that the relaxation is caused by scission of the weaker secondary linkages. It is concluded that the drastic reduction in stress following addition of hydro chloric acid is caused by the rupture of primary bonds. Widely differing relaxation behavior of a series of synthetic fiber samples having different draw ratios is directly attributable to the degree of order of these fibers.Stress-relaxation measurements on the cellulosic fibers in hydrochloric acid are inter preted in terms of relative accessibility. The data presented show that the relative acces sibility is a function of the concentration of the acid reagent and the temperature at...
Restructuring to Promote Collaboration and Exceed User Needs: The Blackwell Library Access Services Experience

Through vision, leadership, and creativity, Salisbury University's Blackwell Library transformed its access services department structurally and philosophically to better position itself to meet, and strive to exceed, today's user needs and expectations. Restructuring and the introduction of new leadership and new ideas provided the foundation for creating a more open and collaborative problem-solving environment. New services and models were introduced based on various user feedback channels and staff initiatives, producing a department better equipped to not only manage, but to proactively engage with the one constant of change that is universal among today's academic libraries.
A bias-corrected net reclassification improvement for clinical subgroups.

Background. Comparing prediction models using reclassification within subgroups at intermediate risk is often of clinical interest. Objective. To demonstrate a method for obtaining an unbiased estimate for the Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) evaluated only on a subset, the clinical NRI. Study Design and Setting. We derived the expected value of the clinical NRI under the null hypothesis using the same principles as the overall NRI. We then conducted a simulation study based on a logistic model with a known predictor and a potential predictor, varying the effects of the known and potential predictors to test the performance of our bias-corrected clinical NRI measure. Finally, data from the Women’s Health Study, a prospective cohort of 24 171 female health professionals, were used as an example of the proposed method. Results. Our bias-corrected estimate is shown to have a mean of zero in the null case under a range of simulated parameters and, unlike the naive estimate, to be unbiased. We also provi...
Intelligent participation: engaging citizens through a framework of multiple intelligences

Community development professionals tend to treat the public as monolithic and homogeneous, without respect for variation in types of intelligence among the citizenry. This research explored how the psychological concept of multiple intelligences can be used to enhance public participation in a public planning process. The research involved the development of a model of public participation grounded in the theory of multiple intelligence and a case study of the application of that model in a town outside of Boston. The findings support the premise that a multiple intelligence framework can bring in and elicit input from a broad and intellectually diverse subset of the population.
The diplomate in school psychology: Implications for the science and practice of school psychology

The shortage of school psychologists is apparent at all levels of the profession. The Diplomate, awarded by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), is the highest credential a practitioner can receive, yet few professional psychologists aspire to this high goal. The diploma and the examination process are described. The implications of the standards espoused by the Diplomate examination process are explored for school psychology. Given that these standards are higher than entry level, it is expected that the quality of services offered to children would increase. The incorporation of evidence-based practice in routine school psychological service would be facilitated in that the ABPP practice sample standards are consistent with evidence-based practice, providing a model for its implementation in the school setting. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 481–487, 2004.
Sustained response of adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder to FOLFOX plus bevacizumab

In this Case Study, the authors describe a patient presenting with metastatic bladder adenocarcinoma with intestinal metaplasia. Owing to the tumor's histologic similarities with colorectal cancer, the patient was treated with a FOLFOX chemotherapy regimen.
Piperidine trapping of conformationally restricted cyclopropylcarbenes

Abstract Conformationally restricted cyclopropylcarbenes were formed by photolysis (300+436 nm) of the corresponding oxadiazolines, and trapped with piperidine.
Involvement of c-myc and max in CNS β-endorphin modulation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase responsiveness to insulin in rat pups

Abstract Previously, we have shown that subcutaneous administration of insulin stimulates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA expression and enzymatic activity in the liver of infant control rats, but not in those pretreated intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with β-endorphin. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that β-endorphin synthesized in the brain plays a prime role in the control of postnatal development, in part, by modulating ODC gene transcription. We now report that insulin induced stimulation of hepatic ODC mRNA expression is accompanied by a concomitant increase in the expression of c-myc and max mRNAs, and that this effect is also inhibited by pretreatment with i.c.v. β-endorphin. These results suggest that CNS β-endorphin suppresses tissue ODC responsiveness to trophic hormones by downregulating the expression of c-myc and max mRNAs, the encoded proteins of which are known to act physiologically as transcriptional activators of the ODC gene.
Automation for Transportation—More Than Data Processing

Years ago, when the word automation was mentioned, transportation officials immediately visualized large computers generating piles of meaningless printouts that would take weeks to read and provide little or no benefits. Not so today! Present‐day transportation agencies depend on state‐of‐the‐art automation technology to achieve their mission of providing a safe, efficient, cost‐effective highway transportation network for the convenience and use of the people and communities. This statement is certainly true for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, which will be the case study for this paper. The use of automation begins with the very earliest stage of planning, and continues through the life cycle of the facility including the use of satellite technology for surveys, automated mapping and terrain measurements, statewide distribution of computer resident graphics data over sophisticated telecommunication networks, engineering programs running on desktop computer graphics ter...
Prognostic value of angiogenesis in solitary bone plasmacytoma.

Angiogenesis plays an important role in the biology of multiple myeloma (MM) and has prognostic importance in this disease. Solitary plasmacytoma is a localized plasma cell malignancy that progresses to MM in a significant number of patients. We examined if angiogenesis is increased in solitary plasmacytoma and if it can help identify patients likely to progress to myeloma. We studied angiogenesis in plasmacytoma biopsy samples and bone marrow biopsies from 25 patients. High-grade angiogenesis was present in 64% of plasmacytomas. In contrast, bone marrow angiogenesis was low in all patients. Patients with high-grade angiogenesis in the plasmacytoma sample were more likely to progress to myeloma and had a shorter progression-free survival compared with patients with low-grade angiogenesis (P = .02). Angiogenesis is increased in solitary plasmacytoma and is a significant predictor of progression to myeloma and provides further evidence of its importance in the pathogenesis of myeloma.
P‐217L: Late‐News Poster: An Analytical Lifetime Model for Digital a‐Si:H Circuits

Digital circuits require positive static noise margin for correct operation. An analytical model of amorphous silicon digital circuit noise margin is described here. The model is verified with experimental measurements. The circuit aging effects that increase threshold voltage of a-Si:H TFTs over time with electrical stress are used to determine the circuit lifetime under continuous operation.
The hypereosinophilic syndrome and lymphoblastic leukemia with extra C-group chromosome and q14+ marker

Hypereosinophilic syndrome is probably a disease of diverse etiologies. We studied the bone marrow of a patient with HES and found a population of L-1 lymphoblasts. These cells failed to grow in double-layer agar cultures, were “null cells”, and contained a 14q+ marker chromosome consistent with a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder. Complete remission was induced with vincristine, prednisone, and l -asparaginase but the patient died from the consequences of cardiac fibrosis. An underlying lymphoproliferative process should be carefully sought in patients with HES to afford the best opportunity for cure.