cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rape Myth Acceptance and Sociodemographic Characteristics: A Multidimensional Analysis

Many myths have been identified surrounding rape, rapists, and rape victims. This study reexamines the acceptance of rape myths across gender role ideologies and selected demographic characteristics to identify core myths. Three myth categories were established and investigated: blaming the woman, excusing the man, and justifications for acquaintance rape. Findings indicate that rape myths remain prevalent and adherence to myths is related to demographic factors and gender role attitudes. Overall, respondents tend to excuse the man more than blame the woman. Males accept rape myths more than females. Racial differences emerged most strongly on the justifications for acquaintance rape dimension. Individuals with a conservative gender role ideology believe rape myths more than those with more liberal ideologies. While core myths did not emerge from the data, the most revealing finding is that summative scaling techniques used in previous studies may mask important differences, between and within the three dimensions, in rape myth acceptance among the groups studied.
More than Just Insults: Rethinking Sociology's Contribution to Scholarship on Racial Microaggressions

Our goal with this special issue is to expand currently untapped ideas about racial microaggressions from a sociological point of view. As noted, research on this issue comes largely out of psychiatry, psychology, and education—disciplines that tend to place less emphasis on structural and institutional causes of racism. There is a need for more sociologically guided research to examine how subtle, covert, and non-apparent forms of racism affect minorities physiologically, psychologically, and emotionally—and how these micronooses can best be understood in a larger context of structural racism. Examination of racial microaggressions from a sociological point of view promises additional insight to help understand the complexities of contemporary race and racism in America and abroad.
Food and Nutrition in Cancer Prevention and Treatment

This chapter focuses on the interface of food, nutrition and oncology. Cancer is one of the major leading causes of death in the United States and throughout the world. The best treatment for cancer is still prevention. This chapter provides an introduction to cancer, clinical trials, and reviews the evidence that exists for the influence of physical activity, weight, and especially nutrition, including both macronutrients and micronutrients, on the risk of cancer development and on the success of cancer treatment. Additionally, this chapter discusses the difficulties and problems involved in developing and conducting large population based clinical trials examining the connection between nutrition and cancer. This, unfortunately, often results in conflicting results or results which are not clinically applicable. Overall, altering physical activity, weight, and diet is predicted to reduce the incidence of cancer by one third to one half. More support is needed to fund ongoing clinical trials, including trials that focus on the impact of GMO foods and pesticides on the risk of development of cancer. Finally, the consumers must become better educated on the relationship between exercise, weight, and diet on the development of cancer, in an effort to change population habits to reduce cancer incidences.
Iodine binding with thiophene and furan based dyes for DSCs

Iodine binding to thiophene rings in dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) has been hypothesized to be performance degrading in a number of literature cases. Binding of iodine to dyes near the semiconductor surface can promote undesirable electron transfers and lower the overall efficiency of devices. Six thiophene or furan containing dye analogs were synthesized to analyze iodine binding to the dyes via Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis studies, device performance metrics and density functional theory (DFT) based computations. Evidence suggests I2 binds thiophene-based dyes stronger than furan-based dyes. This leads to higher DSC device currents and voltages from furan analogues, and longer electron lifetimes in DSC devices using furan based dyes. Raman spectrum of the TiO2 surface-bound dyes reveals additional and more instense peaks for thiophene dyes in the presence of I2 relative to no I2. Additionally, broader and shifted UV-Vis peaks are observed for thiophene dyes in the presence of I2 on TiO2 films suggesting significant interaction between the dye molecules and I2. These observations are also supported by DFT and TD-DFT calculations which indicate the absence of a key geometric energy minimum in the dye-I2 ground state for furan dyes which are readily observed for the thiophene based analogues.
Can Empiricism Leave Its Realism Behind? Toward a Dialogue with Transcendentalists

Today's empiricism and transcendentalism both reject metaphysics, but each appears sometimes to the other as actually engaging in the rejected metaphysics. From an empiricist standpoint, transcendentalism seems to grant too much to the knowing subject whereas from a transcendentalist standpoint, empiricism seems to concede too much to realism. The challenge posed for empiricism is to explain how it could make sense, within an empiricist stance, to say that there could be things that are not describable (in our language in use) and hence not knowable, let alone known. The remaining ‘common sense’ realism, that I acknowledge in response, can – I submit – be clearly distinguished from any metaphysical version vulnerable to transcendentalist critique.
The Dimension of Ordered Sets

Dimension theory is a prominent area in ordered sets. So far, we have looked at specific ordered structures and investigated their properties. In dimension theory one represents orders using the orders that occur most frequently, namely total orders.
Molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae adherence to swine respiratory epithelial cells

A microtiter plate adherence assay for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was established by using purified swine tracheal cilia which contained receptors for the mycoplasma. M. hyopneumoniae bound specifically to plates coated with solubilized cilia. The binding was dependent on both the concentration of cilia and the number of mycoplasmas. Dextran sulfate, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, laminin, mucin, and fucoidan significantly inhibited binding of the mycoplasma. The six inhibitors also disrupted the adherence of the mycoplasma to intact ciliated cells. Preincubation with either mycoplasmas or cilia indicated that heparin, mucin, fucoidan and chondroitin sulfate interacted with the adhesive molecules on the surface of mycoplasmas, whereas laminin blocked the receptors in cilia. The basis for inhibition induced by dextran sulfate was unknown. Treatment of cilia with 1 Reprinted with permission from Infection and Immunity 1994, 62, 1616-1622. Copyright © 1994, American Society for Microbiology. 2 Corresponding author
Posttraumatic Growth and MetaHabilitation in Recreational Therapy Practice: A Strengths-Based Pathway to Recovery

Individuals experience trauma and crisis. The troubling effects of trauma are exacerbated when the estimation of resources needed to successfully manage such an event and life after is greater than a person’s perceived strengths and available assets. MetaHabilitation is a strengths-based rehabilitation framework recognizing and harnessing each person’s strengths and capacity for survival and more importantly, for posttraumatic growth. MetaHabilitation identifies critical events as vehicles that may provide profound and clear opportunities to find meaning in life, creatively restructure the self, build a new future, and encourage posttraumatic growth. This article provides support for the use of the MetaHabilitation model in strengths-based recreational therapy practice, as well as specific guidance for its application. Subscribe to TRJ
Multimode black hole spectroscopy

The first two LIGO/Virgo observing runs have detected several black hole binary mergers. One of the most exciting prospects of future observing runs is the possibility to identify the remnants of these mergers as Kerr black holes by measuring their (complex) quasinormal mode frequencies. This idea - similar to the identification of atomic elements through their spectral lines - is sometimes called "black hole spectroscopy". Third-generation Earth-based detectors and the space-based interferometer LISA could measure multiple spectral lines from different multipolar components of the radiation, and therefore provide qualitatively better tests of the Kerr hypothesis. In this paper we quantify the redshift out to which the various modes would be detectable (or, conversely, the number of detectable modes at any given redshift) as a function of the intrinsic parameters of the merging binary. LISA could detect so many modes that current numerical relativity simulations would not be sufficient to extract all available science from the data.
Espoused Religious Values in Organizations and Their Associations with Applicant Intentions to Pursue a Job

This study investigates the relationship between an organization’s religious values, as espoused by the founder or in media messaging, and applicant intentions to pursue a job. Drawing on person-organization fit theory, we also explored interactions between an organization’s espoused religious values and characteristics of the individual applicant. We tested our predictions via two conjoint analysis experiments, one with 191 employed adults collectively making 2292 employment pursuit decisions and a second with 120 employed adults making 1080 employment pursuit decisions. Espousing religious values as a founder or in media messaging yielded lower intentions to pursue a job than when an organization espouses non-religious values. However, when there was fit based on religious values, these relationships were mitigated. The results expand our understanding of person-organization fit by demonstrating the potential influence of espousing religious values on attracting organizational members.
Abstract P311: Static Urine Osmolality With Elevated First Trimester Urine Copeptin in Human Preeclampsia

We have previously shown that maternal plasma copeptin (CPP), as a marker of vasopressin, is highly predictive of preeclampsia (PE) in the first trimester and remains elevated throughout pregnancy....
RECURRENT TORSADE DE POINTES IN A PATIENT WITH NORMAL QT INTERVAL

One of the life-threatening effect of Dofetilide is QT prolongation, which greatly increases the risk of Torsade de Pointes(TdP). Any prolonged QT interval during the initial doses may lead to reduction or termination of the medication. Very few patients had to stop taking Dofetilide because of QT
Sites of metastasis (mets) and association with clinical outcomes (CO) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients (pts) treated with cabozantinib (cabo).

585Background: Cabo is approved for the treatment for mRCC. We investigated the association of sites of mets and clinical outcomes (CO) in mRCC pts treated with cabo. Methods: We performed a retros...
Structure and vibrational frequencies of the peroxymonosulfate ion HSO5

Abstract The structure and normal mode vibrational frequencies of the peroxymonosulfate ion HSO5− were calculated using ab initio electronic structure theory. The unusual wrap-around structure of the two oxygen and one hydrogen atoms is due to the electronic structure of the ion itself and is not associated with crystal packing forces.
Disturbing secrets: US-Costa Rican relations during the Nixon administration

Friendly relations between the United States and Costa Rica were strained during the early 1970s as the latter sought the recall of the US ambassador and CIA station chief amidst rumours of coup pl...
Applications and prospects of live viral vaccines for infants

The need for neonatal vaccines is supported by the high disease burden during the first year of life particularly in the first month.At present,some childhood vaccines against viral diseases exist,but their use in the first year particularly at birth is not yet practiced.The obstacles for early-life and neonatal vaccination are complex and include host factors,such as an immature immune system and the interference of passively acquired antibodies,as well as vaccine-specific issues,such as optimal route of administration,vaccine titer and dosing requirements.Additional host and infrastructure problems also present obstacles to neonatal vaccination in the developing countries.This review will highlight the current live viral vaccines,their use,barriers in neonates,and prospects of developing neonatal vaccines. Key words: Viral vaccines ; Vaccination ; Infant, newborn ; Infant
Immunologic Complications and Graft Survival in Crohn's Disease and NOD2 Mutant Non-Crohn's Disease Adult Recipients Following Intestine Transplantation.

Background Despite improved outcomes in the modern era of targeted immunotherapy, intestinal failure and chronic parenteral nutrition remains a significant burden for patients with Crohn's disease (CD) worldwide. Transplantation is a key component of management when a patient with CD suffers from life-threatening complications of parenteral nutrition. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) mutation is a risk factor for both development of CD and intestinal allograft rejection. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of intestinal transplants at a single center from 2003 to 2015 was conducted. Eleven adult patients with CD were identified and were compared with 103 adult control recipients. A sub-analysis was performed comparing the 11 CD recipients to the 13 NOD2 mutant non-CD recipients. Results Patient and allograft characteristics were similar between the CD and control recipients. Although overall rejection-free survival was not significantly different, patients with CD suffered from more frequent, earlier, and more severe rejection compared with control patients. The onset, severity, and frequency of rejection was comparable between patients with CD and NOD2 mutant non-CD patients. There was a trend toward lower 5-year allograft survival for CD compared with control recipients (33% versus 63.3%; P = 0.19) and NOD2 mutant non-CD recipients (33% versus 57.14%; P = 0.41). Conclusions Patients with CD remain a challenging population in intestine transplantation, and NOD2 mutant non-CD patients appear to have a similar immunologic phenotype. These high-risk recipients may require specialized immunosuppression protocols and management at experienced transplant centers.
Detached leaf inoculation assay for evaluating resistance to the spinach downy mildew pathogen

Downy mildew, caused by the obligate oomycete Peronospora effusa (Pfs), is the most economically important disease of spinach. In recent years, numerous new races of the pathogen have overcome the resistance used in newly released cultivars. Resistance to Pfs in spinach is predominantly governed by dominant major resistance genes (RPFs) that are widely used in commercial spinach hybrid cultivars. Currently, a labor and resource-intensive inoculation test of whole plants, in a large tray format, in a temperature-controlled growth chamber and dew chamber, is employed to evaluate the resistance of spinach germplasm and to characterize races of the downy mildew pathogen. The objective of this work was to evaluate, standardize, and validate a more efficient detached leaf inoculation method to differentiate resistant and susceptible spinach genotypes and characterize Pfs races on a standardized set of spinach differential genotypes. Detached leaves and cotyledons of standard host differentials commonly used for race differentiation were placed on water agar in closed Petri dishes and inoculated by spraying the leaves with a spore suspension of Pfs inoculum. Disease incidence and severity on detached leaves and cotyledons were compared to the response of the corresponding cultivars in the standard whole-plant assay. There was a complete match between the disease reaction on whole plants and the disease reaction on detached leaves for all three races of Pfs examined. Furthermore, the obligate pathogen could infect, sporulate, and maintain pathogenicity by propagation solely on detached leaves. The detached leaf assay could facilitate advances in breeding for Pfs by evaluating resistance, pathogen race identification, and studies on epidemiology and genetics of the pathogen as the tests are less labor, resource-intensive than the whole-plant assay format, and environmental variables can be more accurately controlled.
Regurgitant Bicuspid Aortopathy: Is Valve-Sparing Root Replacement Equivalent to Bentall Procedure?

Background Repair of aortic root aneurysms with nonstenotic bicuspid valves (NS-BAVs) is achieved either with valve-sparing root replacement (VSRR) or conventional Bentall procedure (ROOT). Procedural and long-term outcomes comparing these 2 techniques are sparse and need investigation. Methods From March 2004 to January 2019, 158 patients with an aortic root aneurysm and NS-BAV underwent VSRR (n = 78, 49.3%) or ROOT (n = 80, 50.6%). VSRR involved optional aortic valve repair (n = 47, 60%), and ROOT was performed with bioprosthetic (81.3%) or mechanical valve replacement (18.7%). Procedural and postoperative outcomes were obtained, and univariate and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed. Results VSRR patients were younger (42.7 ± 12.0 years of age) than ROOT (54.8 ± 13.6 years of age) (P Conclusions Surgery for aortopathy associated with NS-BAV is safe and effective with either VSRR or ROOT. Despite its complexity, VSRR should be considered in the surgical treatment of this population.
Housing Instability Among Families and Caregivers of Children in Foster Care

Background: Housing instability is defined by experiencing at least one of four circumstances in the past 12 months: two or more moves, inability to pay rent/mortgage/utilities, needing to stay with others due to difficulty paying bills, or a history of homelessness. Children subjected to housing instability are more likely to have poorer physical health, exacerbated chronic conditions, behavioral problems, and increased hospitalizations. Children entering foster care also tend to have poorer mental and physical health in comparison to children who have never been in foster care. A study of housing …
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Pregnancy Outcomes in an Inner-City Black Patient Population.

While data have shown that Black populations are disproportionately affected by COVID-19, few studies have evaluated birth outcomes in these understudied populations. This study hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection would confer worse maternal and neonatal outcomes in a predominantly Black and underserved population in Brooklyn, New York City. In particular, SARS-CoV-2 is associated with higher rates of preterm birth, cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, lower APGAR scores, and neonatal resuscitation. Demographic factors and comorbidities were compared between the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative groups. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in hospitalized patients who gave birth at Kings County Hospital from April 10 through June 10, 2020. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the electronic medical record. Patients were categorized based on SARS-CoV-2 infection status and peripartum outcomes were analyzed. We used the Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. P < 0.05 was considered significant. There were no differences in obstetric or neonatal outcomes between the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative cohorts. Most SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were asymptomatic on admission. The rates of maternal comorbidities were similar in the SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative groups. In this predominantly Black population in Brooklyn, SARS-CoV-2 infection did not confer increased risk of adverse obstetric or neonatal outcomes, despite the prevalence of comorbidities. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy outcomes is complex and may differ on a community level. Determining how COVID-19 is associated with perinatal outcomes in this minoritized patient population will augment our understanding of health disparities in order to improve care.
Positive BCOR ITD high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma discovered after miscarriage

Abstract We report a case of high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma originally assumed to be a benign leiomyoma, with BCOR internal tandem duplicates resulting in BCOR overexpression. A 34-year-old female presented to the gynecologic oncology service for recent miscarriage attributed to a large leiomyoma. She reported symptoms of vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. Myomectomy and tissue analysis was performed which revealed BCOR internal tandem duplicates and cyclin D1 positive high grade endometrial sarcoma. Definitive treatment for the sarcoma was performed with pelvic washings, robotic assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, and pelvic lymph nodes dissection. Negative margins were obtained along with negative lymph node and omental sections. Her sarcoma was staged pT1b (FIGO 1B). At follow up, patient reported no symptoms and was informed no further treatment was indicated. It is rare for high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS) to present in a 34-year-old woman, though BCOR internal tandem duplicate (ITD) high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma is more common in younger women. This patient also had a unique finding in the pathology report, positive progesterone receptor (PR) expression, making this an interesting but difficult diagnosis.
Low grade endometrioid endometrial cancer: complexities beyond p53abn.

Dear Editor, We read with interest the recent paper by Jamieson et al.[1][1] In Table 1, the authors summarize the incidence of p53abn ( TP53 mutation and abnormal p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression) in various histologies of endometrial cancer, based on a review of the literature. This
Testing Predictions of Optimal Migration Theory in Migratory Bats

Optimal migration theory is a framework used to evaluate trade-offs associated with migratory strategies. Two strategies frequently considered by migration theory are time minimizing, whereby migration is completed as quickly as possible, and energy minimizing, whereby migration is completed as energetically efficiently as possible. Despite extensive literature dedicated to generating analytical predictions about these migratory strategies, identifying appropriate study systems to empirically test predictions is difficult. Theoretical predictions that compare migratory strategies are qualitative, and empirical tests require that both time-minimizers and energy-minimizers are present in the same population; spring migrating silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) provide such a system. As both species mate in the fall, spring-migrating males are thought to be energy-minimizers while females benefit from early arrival to summering grounds, and are thought to be time-minimizers. Thermoregulatory expression also varies between species during spring migration, as female silver-haired bats and males of both species use torpor while female hoary bats, which implant embryos earlier, are thought to avoid torpor use which would delay pregnancy. Based on optimal migration theory, we predicted that female silver-haired bats and hoary bats would have increased fuel loads relative to males and the difference between fuel loads between male and female hoary bats would be greater than the difference between male and female silver-haired bats. We also predicted that females of both species would have a greater stopover foraging proclivity and/or assimilate nutrients at a greater rate than males. We then empirically tested our predictions using quantitative magnetic resonance to measure fuel load, δ13C isotope breath signature analysis to assess foraging, and 13C–labeled glycine to provide an indicator of nutrient assimilation rate. Optimal migration theory predictions of fuel load were supported, but field observations did not support the predicted refueling mechanisms, and alternatively suggested a reliance on increased fuel loads via carry-over effects. This research is the first to validate a migration theory prediction in a system of both time and energy minimizers and uses novel methodological approaches to uncover underlying mechanisms of migratory stopover use.
Unobtrusive Monitoring of Cardiovascular Health at Home Using a Modified Weighing Scale

This paper presents a review of our team’s research efforts over the past eight years focusing on providing innovative solutions for actionable and unobtrusive home health monitoring using a common household device: the weighing scale. By interfacing the mechanical and electrical sensors available in modern digital weighing scales to dedicated analog front end circuits, developing a customized toolkit of algorithms for processing and analyzing measured signals, and conducting targeted human subjects studies to elucidate relationships between underlying physiological changes and features of the signals, we have opened up a combination of new potential solutions to important health monitoring needs; additionally, we have uncovered new scientific questions to address in further studies. In particular, we have focused on better understanding longitudinal measurements of the ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal – representing the cardiogenic reactionary forces of the body – and how the BCG can complement other more well-known measures of cardiovascular performance. The key technological challenges and barriers we have attempted to address in this work, as well as the scientific questions that are currently at the forefront of our research, are outlined and discussed here.
Dynamic data-driven identification of battery state-of-charge via symbolic analysis of input–output pairs

Abstract This paper presents a dynamic data-driven method of pattern classification for identification of the state-of-charge (SOC) parameter in battery systems for diverse applications (e.g., plug-in electric vehicles and hybrid locomotives). The underlying theory is built upon the concept of symbolic dynamics, which represents the behavior of battery system dynamics at different levels of SOC as probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA). In the proposed method, (finite-length) blocks of battery data are selected via wavelet-based segmentation from the time series of synchronized input–output (i.e., current–voltage) pairs in the respective two-dimensional space. Then, symbol strings are generated from the segmented time series pairs in the sense of maximum entropy partitioning and a special class of PFSA, called the D-Markov machine, is constructed to extract the features of the battery system dynamics for pattern classification. To deal with the uncertainties due to the (finite-length) approximation of symbol sequences, combinations of (a priori) Dirichlet and (a posteriori) multinomial distributions are respectively adopted in the training and testing phases of pattern classification. The proposed concept of pattern classification has been validated on (approximately periodic) experimental data that have been acquired from a commercial-scale lead-acid battery.
Computer Aided Design Tools

In the previous chapters, approaches were presented to minimize the power consumption though supply voltage scaling and the reduction of switched capacitance. The focus of this chapter is on automatically finding computational structures that result in the lowest power consumption for DSP applications that have a specific throughput constraint given a high-level algorithmic specification. The basic approach is to scan the design space utilizing various algorithmic flowgraph transformations, high-level power estimation, and efficient heuristic/probabilistic search mechanisms. While algorithmic transformations have been successfully applied in high-level synthesis with the goal of optimizing speed and/or area, they have not addressed the problem of minimizing power.
An Integrated Approach to the Evaluation of Commercial Real Estate

Hedonic estimation techniques have been applied to real estate markets for more than twenty years, but the literature is dominated by analyses of the single-family residential market. This paper fo...
MITRE system for clinical assertion status classification

Objective To describe a system for determining the assertion status of medical problems mentioned in clinical reports, which was entered in the 2010 i2b2/VA community evaluation ‘Challenges in natural language processing for clinical data’ for the task of classifying assertions associated with problem concepts extracted from patient records. Materials and methods A combination of machine learning (conditional random field and maximum entropy) and rule-based (pattern matching) techniques was used to detect negation, speculation, and hypothetical and conditional information, as well as information associated with persons other than the patient. Results The best submission obtained an overall micro-averaged F-score of 0.9343. Conclusions Using semantic attributes of concepts and information about document structure as features for statistical classification of assertions is a good way to leverage rule-based and statistical techniques. In this task, the choice of features may be more important than the choice of classifier algorithm.
Fiscal Policy in Oil Producing Countries During the Recent Oil Price Cycle

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the average fiscal policy responses of oil producing countries (OPCs) to the recent oil price cycle. We find that OPCs worsened their non-oil primary balances substantially during 2003-2008 driven by an increase in primary spending. However, this trend was partially reversed when oil prices went down in 2009. We also find evidence that fiscal policy has been procyclical and has hence exacerbated the fluctuations in economic activity. In addition, we estimate that a small reduction in oil prices could lead to very large financing needs in the near future. Finally, we show that long-term fiscal sustainability positions in OPCs have worsened.
A CMOS limiting amplifier and signal-strength indicator

Although all commercially available monolithic log amps today are bipolar ICs, CMOS is equally well-suited to implement the successive-detection architecture. We report here on the design and performance of such a logarithmic amplifier, which is part of a monolithic all-CMOS spread-spectrum 900 MHz wireless transceiver. In the intended use, a received 160 kb/s binary-FSK signal is amplified at RF, directly downconverted to DC, and applied to the logarithmic amplifier after channel-select filtering. The amplifier provides two useful outputs. First, the limited output from the cascade of clipping amplifiers contains the data encoded as signal phase in the zero-crossings. Second, the circuit produces a logarithmic signal-strength measurement to an accuracy of 1 dB over a 80 dB dynamic range.
Formation of hot electrons in noble gases by intense-field ionization: A quasistatic tunneling, independent-electron model

Recent experiments by Mohideen [ital et] [ital al]. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 509 (1993)] demonstrated that more hot electrons result from high-intensity above-threshold ionization of atoms than had been predicted by existing models. In this paper we explain most of the discrepancy between the theory and experimental data on the basis of a quasistatic tunneling independent-electron (QTIE) model, formulated using a simple set of rate equations with quasistatic expressions for ionization probabilities. Because of the efficiency of the QTIE approach, one can easily perform calculations of strong-field ionization for many-electron atoms. We demonstrate the properties of tunneling ionization in applications to He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe.
Bimodal volcanism as evidence for Paleozoic extensional accretionary tectonism in the southern Appalachians

Detailed mapping, U-Pb ages of igneous and detrital zircons, and isotopic and geochemical characterization of a bimodal volcanic sequence from the Appalachian Blue Ridge province provide constraints for the timing and tectonic setting of volcanism along the Early Paleozoic southeastern Laurentian margin. These units, the Pumpkinvine Creek Formation and related rocks, are interpreted as having been deposited along an extended Laurentian margin in a backarc setting during the mid-Ordovician, and tectonically emplaced as late as the late Paleozoic Alleghanian orogeny. Two felsite layers from the Pumpkinvine Creek Formation, a bimodal metavolcanic sequence, have ages of 466 ± 5 Ma and 461 ± 3 Ma. Geochemical analyses of metabasalts indicate compositions derived from a suprasubduction zone, and more specifi cally a backarc. Furthermore, eNd(460 Ma) = (+)3.3‐ (+)7.7 and
Necessity for improvement in endoscopy training during surgical residency

Abstract Background The Residency Review Committee for Surgery has recently increased the required number of cases needed to achieve competency in endoscopy training. Methods A 10-question survey was sent to program directors for general surgery residencies. Endoscopic training patterns, facilities, perspectives, and residents' performance were examined. Results Seventy-one surgery programs (30%) responded to the survey. Of these, 42% (n = 30) had a program size of 3 to 4 residents. Ten percent (n = 7) of all programs could not fulfill the minimum Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requirements. Only 55% (n = 39) of programs had a dedicated rotation in endoscopy and an endoscopic skills training laboratory in their program. Few programs had their residents performing more than 100 cases of gastroscopy (18%) and colonoscopy (21%). Conclusions Future endoscopy training for surgical residents needs to be improved to comply with the new requirements. This would include provision of an endoscopic skills laboratory, dedicated endoscopic rotations, and increasing the number of staff surgeons who perform endoscopic procedures.
Spontaneous alternation and learning in rats

Rats that reached the criteria for learning a simple place response in a T-maze sooner showed significantly more spontaneous alternation than slower learning rats in a pre-learning test of exploratory tendencies. The stricter the criterion used for the learning task, the stronger was this association.
Structure evolution in periclase-carbon refractories at elevated temperatures

At high temperatures, periclase-carbon systems exhibit a significant change in their phase composition and spatial distribution of the oxide and the carbonaceous components. The structure evolution of the periclase-carbon refractories occurs due to sintering of the mineralogical filler under the conditions involving a change in the volumetric proportions of the oxide and the carbonaceous phases because of the oxidation-reduction reactions.
The Tobacco Workers International Union

I. Conditions in the tobacco industry, 606. — II. The TWIU before the First World War, 607; thereafter, 607. — III. Reasons for the Union's policy, 612. — IV. The problem of organizing the Negro workers, 613. — V. Development of a rival union, 615. — VI. The TWIU convention in 1939 and the developments preceding it, 618. — VII. The TWIU under the new administration, 622. — VIII. Reasons for the displacement of the old leaders, 625.
Geolocation of photographs by means of horizon matching with digital elevation models

Geolocation is the process of assigning geographic coordinates to photographs. It is important in counter terrorism, photo tourism, community remote sensing, and robot navigation. Prior work has focused on matching photographs against a database of already geolocated photographs. This project adopts a different approach, extracting a horizon curve from the photograph and searching for the best match with horizon curves generated from digital elevation models. A wide variety of photographs were tested from eastern and western regions of the U.S. They included landscapes, beach scenes, and even indoor scenes with the horizon visible through a window. The horizons differed in length, orientation, distinctiveness, visibility, and vegetation cover. The geographic search regions were extensive and covered over 500,000 square kilometers. Of 100 photographs tested, the algorithm successfully geolocated 83%, with a mean error of only 300 meters. It was learned that successful geolocation must account for the curvature of the earth, atmospheric refraction, and terrain elevation inaccuracies. Implemented in Java on a PC, the execution time is proportional to the search area and averages 7600 square kilometers per minute.
Oxidation of metal surfaces at 15 K: The quantum nature of oxidation

Studies of Ta oxidation at 15 K clearly show the formation of distinct oxide species with increasing O{sub 2} exposure, beginning with the most metal-rich species and concluding with the formation of the bulk oxide and the buildup of a potential across the oxide layer. The formation of this sequence in a diffusionless regime is consistent with electron tunneling leading to local potentials that allow atomic motion at low temperatures. This potential finally develops into the collective Mott potential across the layer.
Action of pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives on Trypanosoma rangeli culture forms

1. The capacity of 54 different pyrazolo(3,4-d)- or pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidine derivatives to inhibit the multiplication of Trypunosoma rangeli culture forms was evaluated. 2. Among pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines, 14 derivatives showed trypanostatic activity, 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d) pyrimidine (APP) being the most active, with 4-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine (HPP) lacking trypanostatic activity. 3. 7-Hydroxy-3-β-d-ribofuranosylpyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidine (FoB) was as active as 7-amino-3-β-dribofuranosylpyrazolo(4,3-d) pyrimidme (FoA), both compounds being five-fold less inhibitory than APP. 4. It can be concluded that, regarding T. rangeli, the chemical analogy to hypoxanthine or inosine of pyrazolo(3,4-d)- and pyrazolo(4,3-d)pyrimidine, respectively, is not absolutely critical, as different modifications on the heterocyclic ring did not abolish the inhibitory activity of these compounds.
Combined effect of high-fat diet and copper deficiency during gestation on fetal copper status in the rat.

We have previously shown that a low-copper (Cu) diet produced alterations in placental Cu transport and fetal Cu stores. Because Cu deficiency has been associated with lipid deposition in rat dam liver, we hypothesized that a high fat intake, a prevalent dietary habit in many populations, may worsen fetal Cu status and its closely linked iron (Fe) deposits. Pregnant rats were fed one of four diets during the second half of gestation: NFNCu: normal fat (7%), normal Cu (6 mg/kg); HFNCu: high fat (21%), normal Cu; NFLCu: normal fat, low Cu (0.6 mg/kg), and HFLCu: high fat, low Cu. One day before delivery, dams were anesthetized, and maternal as well as fetal plasma and tissues were obtained. Maternal, fetal, and placental weights were indistinguishable regardless of the group. Dam plasma Cu and placental Cu were lower in both LCu groups than in the NFNCu or the HFNCu groups. However, fetal plasma Cu was similar in all treatment groups. Dam and fetal liver Cu stores were reduced in the LCu groups compared to the NCu groups. This resulted in lower fetal/maternal liver Cu ratios in the NFLCu (1.79 ± 0.14,p < 0.05) and HFLCu (1.59 ± 0.21,p < 0.05) as compared to the NFNCu (4.12 ± 0.44) and the HFNCu (4.15 ± 0.27). Dam liver Fe was higher in the NFNCu than in HFNCu group (1.10 ± 0.8 vs. 0.89 ± 0.06 μmol/g,p < 0.05); fetal liver Fe from HFNCu and NFLCu dams was lower than that from NFNCu fetuses (NFNCu: 2.42 ± 0.14; HFNCu: 1.92 ± 0.15,p < 0.05; NFLCu: 1.81 ± 0.10,p < 0.01). Fetuses of the HFLCu group had a lower heart Fe than the NFNCu group (0.56 ± 0.03 vs. 44.0 ± 3.0 μg/g,p < 0.01). These data indicate that a maternal high-fat diet can potentially aggravate the effects of Cu deficiency by further altering fetal Cu and Fe tissue stores.
Two-dimensional gel analyses of the 24-kDa cap binding protein from poliovirus-infected and uninfected HeLa cells.

Abstract The 24-kDa cap binding protein (CBP) from uninfected, mock-infected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cell extracts was isolated by m 7 GTP affinity chromatography and examined by isoelectric focusing followed by SDS-PAGE. Two major species (p I 6.7 and 7.1) and two minor species p I 16.5 and 6.S) were found in all cases. Preparations from postri bosomal supernate (S200) and the supernate from 0.5 M KCl washed ribosomes (RSW) also demonstrated these same four species. We conclude that there are no detectable ditferences between ribosome-associated and soluble 24-kDa CBP and that the 24-kDa IMP is not detectably altered by poliovirus infection. We also report the presence of a previously undescribed 16-kDa polypeptide(s) doublet that copurifies with the 24-kDa CBP from uninfected, mock-infected and poliovirus-infected HeLa cells.
Facilitators and Barriers to the Active Participation of Clients with Serious Mental Illnesses in Medication Decision Making: the Perceptions of Young Adult Clients

The active participation of young adults with serious mental illnesses (SMI) in making decisions about their psychotropic medications is beneficial to their care quality and overall health. Many however report not expressing treatment preferences to psychiatrists. Qualitative methods were used to interview 24 young adults with SMI about their experiences making medication decisions with their psychiatrists. An inductive analytic approach was taken to identifying conceptual themes in the transcripts. Respondents reported that the primary facilitators to active participation were the psychiatrist’s openness to the client’s perspective, the psychiatrist’s availability outside of office hours, the support of other mental health providers, and personal growth and self-confidence of the young adults. The primary barriers to active participation reported were the resistance of the psychiatrist, the lack of time for consultations, and limited client self-efficacy. Young adults with SMI can be active participants in making decisions about their psychiatric treatment.
Comprehensive 3D simulation of laser/target interactions for various applications

Development of efficient Laser Produced Plasma (LPP) devices as photon radiation sources with specific characteristics requires optimization of many laser beam parameters, target configuration, and environmental conditions. Accurate computer simulation with sufficient details can be used with confidence to understand, design, and optimize LPP devices and save significant time and cost compared to conducting numerous expensive experiments.
Retention of a Conditioned Avoidance Response after Metamorphosis in Mealworms

METAMORPHOSIS of holometabolous insects involves extensive reorganization of their nervous systems1,2. In spite of such changes, behavioural modifications can be demonstrated at the adult level after manipulations in the larval stage3–5. For example, the adult reactions of Nemeritis and Drosophila to chemical cues have been altered by exposure to these cues during the larval stage3,4. One limitation of these experiments, as Thorpe points out, is that the behavioural modification cannot be assessed directly in the larval stage. Using a more formal conditioning procedure, Borrell du Vernay5 found that Tenebrio trained to discriminate between surfaces and thus avoid shock in the larval stage showed subsequent savings in relearning the discrimination as adults. Unfortunately, this study did not include controls for such variables as sensitization to shock and familiarization with the test situation.
Ventricular aneurysm: Cross-sectional echocardiographic approach

Abstract Current angiographic indexes of ventricular function have proved inadequate for prognostication in patients with ventricular aneurysm. Crosssectional echocardiography can visualize residual myocardium in all four walls of the left ventrlcle. A new echocardiographic technique of calculating residual myocardium is presented. The echocardiographic technique yielded identical information to that of contrast angiography (r = 0.97). An index of residual myocardium was generaled from the cross-sectlonal echocardiogram that correlated with the clinical state of the patients. In patients treated medically it predicted those patients likely to die within 6 months (p
Lightning networks detect storms

Systems used to detect cloud-to-ground lightning flashes are proving to be “a tremendous supplement” to radar and satellite information in forecasting thunderstorms, according to a meteorologist who uses the new systems. Some of the benefits of this technology for weather forecasters, air traffic controllers, and power companies will be discussed in a session on “Meteorological Applications of Lightning Detection Systems” on Wednesday, May 20, at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.
Positron emission tomography in assessment of regional stereospecificity of drugs

Abstract PET imaging has much to offer the pharmaceutical industry in the design and development of drugs, beginning with the radiolabelling of drugs to facilitate pharmacokinetic studies and extending to measurement of the effects of drugs on regional metabolism, such as that of glucose and oxygen, or in stimulating or blocking receptors, occupying enzymes or affecting substrate transport processes.
Information technology reflected in public laws of the past decade

Laws passed by Congress have a major impact on the creation, distribution, and usage of information. Broader legislative activities, such as appropriating (or not appropriating) funds for support of a program, also have significant impact. This article reviews recent public laws that: 1) affect the federal establishment, 2) affect today's society, and 3) attempt to create a better future.
Recent Directions in Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation

The 6th Remote Engineering and Virtual instrumentation Conference (REV 2009) was held at the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA during the period of June 22 â?? 25, 2009. The conference brought together engineering researchers, educators, and professionals to explore the fundamentals, future, and application of remote engineering in both industry and academia. Participants delivered papers, presented demonstrations, research posters, and shared experiences in virtual engineering. REVâ??09 drew more than 100 engineers, scientists and educators from around the world. Most of the participants were from Europe, but many came from Asia, North and South America, the Middle East and as far as Australia. More than 60 papers were presented on topics ranging from Telerobotics to Virtual and Remote Labs. Workshops and Tutorials drew widespread interest and exhibitors displayed their products for integrating remote engineering into academia. Poster sessions discussed topics such as Robotic Surgery and Development of Remote Labs in Physics. The general objective of REV 2009 was to discuss fundamentals, applications and experiences within the field of online engineering, both in industry and academia. The conference presentations and papers addressed several emerging trends in online engineering, remote laboratories, virtual instrumentation and educational applications of remote engineering.