cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race vs belief as determinants of attraction, in a group interaction context.

Three experiments which tested the’ effects of race vs belief similarity as determinants of prejudiced responding in a live interaction situation,are reported. Two black and two white confederates engaged a white S in a discussion of an issue (ROTC in Experiments I and II and abortion in III). One white and one black confederate agreed with the S’s position and the other pair disagreed. Ss then rated all four confederates on a variety of scales. Results showed strong belief effects in all three experiments but very few race effects. A few measures showed a “renegade effect” against dissimilar white confederates. It was concluded that simply increasing the power and realism of the experimental situation does not in any important way increase the number of racially prejudiced responses. Some conditions which may elicit strong and consistent race prejudice effects are discussed.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN VANADIUM SULPHUR AND OXYGEN CHEMISTRY

Abstract We survey recent results from our efforts in vanadium sulphur and oxygen chemistry. A unifying theme for most of the discussion is the reactivity characteristics of vanadyl (VO 2+ ) complexes, and it is shown how such complexes are capable of a variety of transformations leading to products with oxidation states in the range III–V and nuclearities in the range 1–5. Also described are mononuclear non-oxo vanadium sulphur complexes, including the structural characterization of both V(SBu t ) 4 and V(SBu t ) 4 − . The relevance of this work to our understanding of the fate of crude oil vanadyl impurities during hydrotreating processes is discussed.
Dose-response analysis of the behavioral effects of diazepam: II. Psychomotor performance, cognition and mood.

The psychomotor, cognitive, and mood effects of orally administered diazepam and placebo were measured over approximately equal to 3.5 h. A total of 120 volunteers were assigned to 12 groups of 10 each, representing the combination of four treatments (placebo, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/kg diazepam) and three testing sessions (7 AM, 1 PM, and 7 PM). A variety of cognitive tasks, tapping and postural stability tests, and a mood evaluation scale were used. Psychomotor and cognitive functions showed consistent dose-response effects, while for subjective evaluations, the only effect of dose level was in the duration of sedation. The pattern of impairment of cognitive functions suggests that the drug affects speed rather than accuracy, and it primarily blocks acquisition of new information or skills. Use of repeated testing may therefore be necessary to detect subtle drug effects. Subjects reported no tranquilization , which suggests that the anxiolytic action of the drug cannot be studied in healthy volunteers. There was no circadian influence on the actions of the drug.
A simple approach to mitral valve repair: posterior leaflet height adjustment using a partial fold of the free edge.

Objectives Multiple techniques have been used to repair degenerative mitral valve prolapse with leaflet elongation, without creating systolic anterior motion. We describe a simple, reproducible, measured technique to guide repair. Methods From January 2010 to July 2012, 171 patients underwent mitral valve repair; 128 (75%) with Carpentier type II prolapse. For 48 patients (37.5%), the resected posterior leaflet free edge was partially folded to restore the normal 2:1 ratio of the A2 and P2. All patients underwent complete ring annuloplasty sized to the height of A2. Results The preoperative A2/P2 ratio was 1.5 ± 0.5. After repair, the A2/P2 ratio was 1.9 ± 0.3 and 2.0 ± 0.3 in the no fold and partial fold groups, respectively ( P = .57). The ring sizes were larger in the partial fold group ( P P = .001). No obstructive systolic anterior motion was present. Of the 171 patients, 91.4% had grade 4+ preoperative mitral regurgitation, with no 3 or 4+ mitral regurgitation during follow-up. At the last follow-up visit, grade 2+ mitral regurgitation was observed in 5% of the patients. No 30-day mortalities or reoperations occurred. Conclusions Partial fold of the posterior leaflet free edge is a simple technique to restore the normal 2:1 ratio of A2/P2 with a ring size determined by the A2 height. Using just the A2 height, mitral surgeons can reproducibly repair the posterior leaflet prolapse, choose the appropriate ring size, and avoid more complex leaflet reconstruction or judgment of the neochord length.
Venture capital-backed foreign portfolio company’s IPO

We contend that the likelihood of a new, foreign venture capital (VC) financed venture launching an IPO will be associated with the institutional characteristics of the venture’s home country including the national system of innovation and cultural dimensions, such as masculinity and power distance, as well as the commercial potential of its industry segment, and the stage of investment. A hazard model examining a dataset of 485 US VC-backed ventures in the healthcare (biotech and medical) industry operating in 12 countries provided support for our hypotheses.
Dynamic Games and International Trade: An Application to the World Corn Market

Dynamic games are a conceptually useful way of analyzing imperfect markets where both buyers and sellers have potential market power. Previous analysis of imperfect markets was static and limited to either exporters or importers. A dynamic game allows the inclusion of both importers and exporters in a multiperiod framework allowing the derivation of reaction functions. A Nash noncooperative difference game is applied to the international corn market to explore the plausibility of numerical results. The results are reasonable and show that the game approach based on a more comprehensive econometric model has a promising future in policy analysis.
Oxidation of 2‐(2‐bromoethyl)bromobenzene with toluene dioxygenase: Isolation and identification of new chiral synthons

2(2-Bromoethyl)bromobenzene was subjected to microbial oxidation by the whole cells of Pseudomonas putida 39/D and JM109(pDTG601) yielding (3R,4S)-2-(2-bromoethyl)-bromocyclohexa-1,5-diene-3,4-diol. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On building a more efficient grammar by exploiting types

Modern grammar development platforms often support multiple devices for representing properties of a natural language, giving the grammar writer some freedom in implementing analyses of linguistic phenomena. These design alternatives can have dramatic consequences for efficiency both in processing and in grammar building. In this paper I report on three experiments in making systematic modifications to a broad-coverage grammar of English in order to gain efficiency without loss of linguistic elegance. While the experiments are to some degree both platform-dependant and theory-bound, the kinds of modifications reported should be applicable to any unification-based grammar which makes use of types. The results make a strong case for a more visible role for the linguist in the collaborative effort to achieve greater processing efficiency.
Potential role of gastrointestinal microbiota composition in prostate cancer risk

Background Among men in the U.S., prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Despite its prevalence, there are few established risk factors for prostate cancer. Some studies have found that intake of certain foods/nutrients may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but few have accounted for how intake and metabolic factors may interact to influence bioavailable nutrient levels and subsequent disease risk.
Maximum Bite Force and Prey Size of Tyrannosaurus rex and Their Relationships to the Inference of Feeding Behavior

The feeding behavior of the theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex is investigated through analysis of two variables that are critical to successful predation, bite force and prey body mass, as they scale with the size of the predator. These size-related variables have important deterministic effects on the predator’s feeding strategy, through their effects on lethal capacity and choice of prey. Bite force data compiled for extant predators (crocodylians, carnivorans, chelonians and squamates) are used to establish a relationship between bite force and body mass among extant predators. These data are used to estimate the maximum potential bite force of T. rex, which is between about 183,000 and 235,000 N for a bilateral bite. The relationship between maximum prey body mass and predator body mass among the same living vertebrates is used to infer the likely maximum size of prey taken by T. rex in the Late Cretaceous. This makes it possible to arrive at a more rigorous assessment of the role of T. rex as an ac...
Ovarian epithelial inclusion cysts in chronically superovulated CD1 and Smad2 dominant-negative mice.

Chronic ovulation as a contributing factor for the development of epithelial ovarian cancer in women has long been an outstanding hypothesis. To test the incessant ovulation hypothesis, mice were superovulated using weekly ip injections of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (5 IU/animal), followed 48 h later by human chorionic gonadotropin (5 IU/animal). Wild-type CD1 mice were used along with CD1 mice expressing a Smad2 dominant-negative (Smad2DN) transgene under the control of the Mullerian inhibiting substance promoter that targets expression to the ovary and enhances cyst formation. After chronic injections, ovaries were analyzed from animals 6 months of age for the total adjusted number of cysts, cyst area, cyst location, and key signaling pathways. All observed cysts were confirmed to be of epithelial origin. The number of cysts was not significantly different between superovulated and control mice in either the wild-type or Smad2DN groups. However, the combination of the Smad2DN transgene and superovulation resulted in an increase in cyst formation compared with normal littermates that were unstimulated. Rapid proliferation of the cells lining the cysts was detected using bromodeoxyuridine and phospho-histone 3 immunohistochemistry but was not different in the ovarian surface epithelium or in the cyst lining between groups. These data suggest that chronic superovulation in Smad2DN mice results in a higher incidence of cyst formation compared with unstimulated controls, but the epithelial lined cysts did not progress to cancer over the course of this study.
Photosynthesis and respiration rates depend on leaf and root morphology and nitrogen concentration in nine boreal tree species differing in relative growth rate

1. To test several hypotheses about acclimation and adaptation of photosynthesis and respiration to differing light conditions, we investigated the interspecific relationships between leaf and root metabolism, chemistry and morphology in high and low light conditions for young seedlings of nine boreal tree species that differ in relative growth rate (RGR). 2. Light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat), whole-plant nitrogen (N) uptake rates, leaf and root respiration and morphology, and RGR all varied in parallel among the nine species when grown in both 5% and 25% of full sunlight. RGR, Asat, leaf and root respiration (Rd), and N uptake rate per unit root mass or length differed significantly among species, ranking (from high to low): Populus, Betula and Larix spp. (all deciduous) and then to five evergreen conifers (Pinus, Picea and Thuja spp.), which were generally comparable in these measures. 3.Asat, leaf and root Rd and N uptake rates were all correlated (r≈ 0·8 to 0·9) with species traits, such as seed mass, leaf life span and shade-tolerance rankings. Mass-based Asat was greater in conifer seedlings raised in low than high light. In contrast, area-based Asat was higher for plants grown in high than low light, especially in the deciduous species. Once adjusted for differences in plant mass, leaf or root respiration rates did not differ for plants grown in low vs high light. 4. Interspecific variation in RGR was positively correlated (r≈ 0·9) with rates of photosynthesis, respiration and N uptake. Leaf photosynthesis and respiration rates were correlated to specific leaf area and leaf N concentrations (r≈ 0·9). Root respiration rates, N uptake rates, specific root length (root length per root dry mass) and root N concentrations were all highly correlated with each other (r≈ 0·8 to 0·9). These data suggest a close coupling of tissue-level metabolism, chemistry and structure with whole-plant performance and species ecophysiological and life-history traits.
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β: Its role in breast cancer and associations with receptor tyrosine kinases

The CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are a family of leucine-zipper transcription factors that regulate gene expression to control cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation and metabolism. Encoded by an intronless gene, C/EBPbeta is expressed as several distinct protein isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, LIP) whose expression is regulated by the differential use of several in-frame translation start sites. LAP1 and LAP2 are transcriptional activators and are associated with differentiation, whereas LIP is frequently elevated in proliferative tissue and acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of transcription. However, emerging evidence suggests that LIP can serve as a transcriptional activator in some cellular contexts, and that LAP1 and LAP2 might also have unique actions. The LIP:LAP ratio is crucial for the maintenance of normal growth and development, and increases in this ratio lead to aggressive forms of breast cancer. This review discusses the regulation of C/EBPbeta activity by post-translational modification, the individual actions of LAP1, LAP2 and LIP, and the functions and downstream targets that are unique to each isoform. The role of the C/EBPbeta isoforms in breast cancer is discussed and emphasis is placed on their interactions with receptor tyrosine kinases.
The effect of service intangibility on revenue from foreign markets

Abstract Drawing on the Eclectic Theory, this empirical study reports a test of the influence of intangibility on the receipt of revenues from foreign markets, and the moderating influence of management international experience. To insure sufficient variance in service intangibility while also controlling for extraneous sectoral and national variables, this study obtained extensive cross-sectional data from U.S.-based manufacturing and services firms in the environmental control industry. For this sample, the findings indicate that tangibility is positively related to the receipt of foreign revenues and to the use of higher control entry mode, supporting the view that intangibility is an important variable for understanding internationalization and value creation.
Energy efficiency based packet size optimization in wireless sensor networks

This paper addresses the question of optimal packet size for data communication in energy constrained wireless sensor networks. Unlike previous work on packet length optimization in other wired and wireless networks, energy efficiency is chosen as the optimization metric. The use of fixed size packets is proposed in light of the limited resources and management costs in sensor networks. The optimal fixed packet size is then determined for a set of radio and channel parameters by maximizing the energy efficiency metric. Further, the effect of error control on packet size optimization and energy efficiency is examined. While retransmission schemes are found to be energy inefficient, it is shown that forward error correction can improve the energy efficiency eventhough it introduces additional parity bits and encoding/decoding energy consumptions. In this regard, binary BCH codes are found to be 15% more energy efficient than the best performing convolutional codes, which have thus far been considered for error control in sensor networks.
Acute Pulmonary Edema After Lung Transplantation: The Pulmonary Reimplantation Response

Background Although the development of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema or pulmonary reimplantation response (PRR) after lung transplantation has been well described, the incidence has not been established and the relationship of PRR to clinical risk factors has not been analyzed. Study objectives (1) To describe the incidence of PRR in lung transplant recipients, (2) to identify the predictors of PRR, (3) to examine the correlation of suspected predictors with the severity of PRR, and (4) to evaluate the impact of PRR on morbidity and mortality of lung transplant recipients. Design Retrospective review of clinical records and radiographic studies. Setting Tertiary care referral center. Patients Ninety-nine consecutive patients with end-stage lung disease undergoing lung transplantation between February 1990 and October 1995. Methods Review of clinical records and postoperative chest radiographs of all lung transplant recipients to identify patients who experienced PRR. Chest radiographs of patients with PRR were graded for severity on a scale of 0 (none) to 5 (very severe). Demographic, pre- and perioperative factors were also evaluated along with short- and long-term survival of patients with PRR. Results Fifty-six of 99 lung transplant recipients (57%) experienced PRR. The median ischemia time of patients with and without PRR was 168 and 180 min, respectively (p = 0.62). The incidence of PRR was 51% in patients without preoperative pulmonary hypertension, 78% in mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension, and 58% in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (p = 0.10). Incidence and severity of PRR was similar in patients receiving right, left, or double-lung transplantation. Similarly, age and sex of the recipients and underlying lung disease did not affect the incidence or severity of PRR. The incidence and severity of PRR was higher in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass during lung transplantation. Patients with PRR had prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. Overall, PRR did not affect the survival of the patients. However, survival of female lung transplant recipients was significantly better than male recipients (median survival, 60 vs 21 months; p = 0.02). Conclusions Acute pulmonary edema or PRR occurs frequently (57%) after lung transplantation. In this series, PRR was not associated with a prolonged ischemia time, preoperative pulmonary hypertension, the type of lung transplant, underlying lung disease, or age or sex of recipients. However, use of cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery was associated with increased incidence and severity of PRR. Also, the development of PRR resulted in prolonged mechanical ventilation and a longer ICU stay, but did not affect survival. Female lung transplant recipients survived significantly longer than male recipients. The reason for this difference in survival is unclear.
ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION USE WITH EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION FOR PROSTATE CANCER: RESULTS FROM CaPSURE™

ABSTRACTPurpose: Recent data support the role of androgen deprivation in men undergoing external beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The benefits of neoadjuvant, concurrent or adjuvant treatment...
Early work on millimeter wave systems and phased array radars (in the Baltimore-Washington area)

Early development (1950s-1960s) of millimeter wave systems and phased array radars in the Baltimore/Washington area is recalled. Although, many of the components and instruments of the period have been superceded by more modern technology, many accomplishments became milestones or seeded later work. Some notable examples include: radiometers up to 600 GHz (0.5-millimeter wavelength), the first modern phased array radar, self-focused imaging radars, and sea scattering measurements in the 10 to 50-GHz region.
Formation of Nepheline Glass‐Ceramics Using Nb2O5 as a Nucleation Catalyst

The crystallization of several Nb2O5-catalyzed glasses in the Na2O.Al2O.SiO2 system was studied using DTA, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The Nb2O5 was an effective nucleation catalyst; fine-grained body-nucleated glass-ceramic materials containing hexagonal nepheline and NaNbO3 were obtained. The crystallization sequence and final crystalline phases in these compositions were quite different from those found in the equivalent TiO2 analogs. The addition of small amounts of carbides and nitrides at the expense of oxides in the initial glass batch markedly affected the final crystalline phases.
Intelligent energy management systems. An operator view

This paper describes briefly the environment in which the UK National Grid Company's energy management system must perform when being used as a tool to operate the power system in England and Wales. It highlights areas of concern to operating staff and offers solutions using expert system techniques. It covers the potential for future applications, discussing the probable impact of these changes on the role of the system operator.
Optical impedance spectroscopy with single-mode electro-active-integrated optical waveguides.

An optical impedance spectroscopy (OIS) technique based on a single-mode electro-active-integrated optical waveguide (EA-IOW) was developed to investigate electron-transfer processes of redox adsorbates. A highly sensitive single-mode EA-IOW device was used to optically follow the time-dependent faradaic current originated from a submonolayer of cytochrome c undergoing redox exchanges driven by a harmonic modulation of the electric potential at several dc bias potentials and at several frequencies. To properly retrieve the faradaic current density from the ac-modulated optical signal, we introduce here a mathematical formalism that (i) accounts for intrinsic changes that invariably occur in the optical baseline of the EA-IOW device during potential modulation and (ii) provides accurate results for the electro-chemical parameters. We are able to optically reconstruct the faradaic current density profile against the dc bias potential in the working electrode, identify the formal potential, and determine the energy-width of the electron-transfer process. In addition, by combining the optically reconstructed faradaic signal with simple electrical measurements of impedance across the whole electrochemical cell and the capacitance of the electric double-layer, we are able to determine the time-constant connected to the redox reaction of the adsorbed protein assembly. For cytochrome c directly immobilized onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) surface, we measured a reaction rate constant of 26.5 s −1 . Finally, we calculate the charge-transfer resistance and pseudocapacitance associated with the electron-transfer process and show that the frequency dependence of the redox reaction of the protein submonolayer follows as expected the electrical equivalent of an RC-series admittance diagram. Above all, we show here that OIS with single-mode EA-IOW's provide strong analytical signals that can be readily monitored even for small surface-densities of species involved in the redox process (e.g., fmol/cm 2 , 0.1% of a full protein monolayer). This experimental approach, when combined with the analytical formalism described here, brings additional sensitivity, accuracy, and simplicity to electro-chemical analysis and is expected to become a useful tool in investigations of redox processes.
Real-time detection of angle instability using synchrophasors and action principle

Electric power system is undergoing major technological advances with many new installations of synchrophasors across the North American grid as well in power systems all over the world. Synchrophasors together with modern communication technology facilitate the monitoring of the current state of the power system including the phase angles of the bus voltages at critical buses in a time-synchronized fashion. The algorithms and the controller proposed in this paper detect the fast separation of phase angles among the critical areas automatically by using the synchrophasors, and proceed to mitigate the emerging angle instability by triggering suitable control action. Briefly, the algorithms initiate tripping of critical generators in the accelerating part of the system when necessary, and also initiate load shedding in the decelerating part of the system whenever necessary. The novelty of the algorithms is in the fact that all the decisions are made in real-time purely based on the wide-area synchrophasor measurements without any knowledge of the details of relay actions that may have resulted in the angle instability phenomenon. In the paper, we also explore the application of Hamilton's action principle from classical physics to the real-time analysis of phase angles and frequencies. We postulate that the notion of action or effort used in physics is inherently suited to real-time angle instability detection and illustrate the concept with examples.
Osteochondritis dissecans of the midfoot.

Osteochondritis dissecans of the midfoot is described with discussion focusing on its etiology, classification, and treatment. Two cases are presented in which work-up, treatment, and follow-up are described. Difficulty in making the diagnosis is caused by a lack of awareness of this entity and the specific studies needed to identify the lesion.
Sex Chromosome Fragment in a Phenotypically Normal Female Significance of Occult Y-related Material

The authors report a 15-year-old short, nonvirilized, prepubertal female whose peripheral karyotype revealed a mosaicism in which 62 percent of the cells had a karyotype of 45X, and the other 38 percent had a karyotype of 46X plus a small unidentified marker chromosome. Since the authors were unable to determine from the karyotype whether this marker was derived from an X or a Y chromosome and because of the high risk for neoplasia in abnormal gonads containing Y material, she underwent surgical exploration, with removal of gonadal tissue. Microscopic examination of the streak gonads revealed a mixture of dysgenetic ovarian and testicular type tissues. The presence of testicular-like tubules strongly implied the presence of Y material in the genotype. Review of the literature reveals at least 19 similar cases in which presumed sex chromosomal markers or fragments were found in phenotypically normal females. Because of the risk of gonadal neoplasia in patients with occult Y chromosomal material, gonadectom...
Root Fragments as Dispersal Propagules in the Aquatic Angiosperm Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (Hornleaf Riverweed, Podostemaceae)

Abstract Most aquatic flowering plants spread via specialized vegetative propagules. Such propagules do not occur in Riverweeds (Podostemaceae), which constitute the largest family of strictly aquatic flowering plants. This study was undertaken to test whether root fragments of Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. (Hornleaf Riverweed) can reattach and thereby serve a dispersal role. In field experiments, root fragments re-attached with tenacity sufficient to challenge removal. We conclude that fragments can provide a vegetative means to disperse plants in rivers. While the plant tested is the only species of the family in North America, the results have broader implications for the largely tropical Podostemaceae.
A facile approach to the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotube-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanohybrids

Abstract A simple and effective technique is reported to prepare multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanohybrids. The approach is based on covalent bonding between nanotubes and POSS molecules. Electron microscopy studies reveal the attachment of a large amount of POSS to the functionalized MWCNTs. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses further verify the existence of covalent grafting of POSS onto nanotube walls through the formation of amide bonds. The improvement of functionality and thermal stability (up to 200 °C) of MWCNTs due to the proposed technique can make these MWCNT–POSS nanohybrids effective reinforcing materials for polymer matrices.
Exploring Interestingness in a Computational Evolution System for the Genome-Wide Genetic Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease is likely due to complex interaction among many genetic and environmental factors. Identifying complex genetic effects in large data sets will require computational methods that extend beyond what parametric statistical methods such as logistic regression can provide. We have previously introduced a computational evolution system (CES) that uses genetic programming (GP) to represent genetic models of disease and to search for optimal models in a rugged fitness landscape that is effectively infinite in size. The CES approach differs from other GP approaches in that it is able to learn how to solve the problem by generating its own operators. A key feature is the ability for the operators to use expert knowledge to guide the stochastic search. We have previously shown that CES is able to discover nonlinear genetic models of disease susceptibility in both simulated and real data. The goal of the present study was to introduce a measure of interestingness into the modeling process. Here, we define interestingness as a measure of non-additive gene-gene interactions. That is, we are more interested in those CES models that include attributes that exhibit synergistic effects on disease risk. To implement this new feature we first pre-processed the data to measure all pairwise gene-gene interaction effects using entropy-based methods. We then provided these pre-computed measures to CES as expert knowledge and as one of three fitness criteria in three-dimensional Pareto optimization. We applied this new CES algorithm to an Alzheimer’s disease data set with approximately 520,000 genetic attributes. We show that this approach discovers more interesting models with the added benefit of improving classification accuracy. This study demonstrates the applicability of CES to genome-wide genetic analysis using expert knowledge derived from measures of interestingness.
Targeting Tumor Associated Fibroblasts and Chemotherapy

Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key mediators of tumor growth. CAFs can promote tumor growth by producing growth factors that drive tumor angiogenesis and survival of tumor cells. In recent years, resistance to chemotherapy has emerged as a consequence of these tumor-promoting activities. CAFs can directly affect the delivery and efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs by promoting tumor angiogenesis and altering the expression of genes that influence survival and drug resistance of tumor cells. Additionally, secretion of extracellular matrix proteins by CAFs in the tumor microenvironment can also inhibit drug penetration by directly binding the drug or by increasing the tumor interstitial fluid pressure. Due to their negative effects on chemotherapy, CAFs have become attractive targets for improving chemotherapy. Preclinical studies targeting CAFs themselves and their secreted products have demonstrated proof of concept for achieving improved drug uptake and anti-tumor effect. Therefore, CAFs are promising therapeutic targets for improving cancer chemotherapy.
Receptor arrays optimized for natural odor statistics

Natural odors typically consist of many molecules at different concentrations. It is unclear how the numerous odorant molecules and their possible mixtures are discriminated by relatively few olfactory receptors. Using an information theoretic model, we show that a receptor array is optimal for this task if it achieves two possibly conflicting goals: (i) Each receptor should respond to half of all odors and (ii) the response of different receptors should be uncorrelated when averaged over odors presented with natural statistics. We use these design principles to predict statistics of the affinities between receptors and odorant molecules for a broad class of odor statistics. We also show that optimal receptor arrays can be tuned to either resolve concentrations well or distinguish mixtures reliably. Finally, we use our results to predict properties of experimentally measured receptor arrays. Our work can thus be used to better understand natural olfaction, and it also suggests ways to improve artificial sensor arrays.
Database Search and ATPG -- Interdisciplinary Domains and Algorithms

A circuit with n primary inputs (PIs) has N = nth-power-of-2 possible input vectors. A test vector to correctly detect a fault in that circuit must be among those N n-bit combinations. Clearly, this problem can be rephrased as a database search problem. Classic algorithms like the D-algorithm, PODEM and FAN have long been foundations other algorithms have built upon to vastly improve the search time for test vectors Since, all testing algorithms can be interpreted as unsorted database search methods, it is to our benefit if we choose to create a testing algorithm based on an efficient solution to database search. Currently, it has been shown that Grover's quantum computing algorithm is the best solution to search a database of N elements with sub-linear square root-N complexity, while most other algorithms are linear. Hence, it is clear that creating a testing algorithm that emulates Grover's algorithm for finding test vectors could be a faster solution for VLSI Testing. This review paper attempts to explain the relationship between testing algorithms and database search problems, how there is currently a best solution for database search, and the need to attempt to create a solution based on Grover's algorithm.
Antidemocrats and the Right to Participate

In the contemporary normative literature on democracy there are two schools of thought concerning the rights of the intolerant or the unreasonable. One prominent argument is that intolerant are owed respect, unless they infringe on or violate the rights of others (or will do so imminently). The second argument is that antidemocrats, or the unreasonable more broadly, can be exposed to various forms of censorship and disenfranchisement because their beliefs or activities are inconsistent with our reasons for valuing democratic participation. In this essay, I add credence to the first thesis by disparaging the latter. The essay considers three different strategies for arguing that antidemocrats’ participation ought to be restricted. The strategies are based, respectively, on the idea that opponents of self-rule cannot advance legitimate interests while they pursue non-democracy, that antidemocrats’ beliefs and actions clash with the moral idea of reciprocity, and finally, that antidemocrats act in bad faith when they play the democratic game. Each of these theories, I contend, fails. If persuasive, my arguments suggests that the core justification for restricting the participation of antidemocrats is the same as the justification for restricting the participation of anybody else: that the participation in question is likely to invidiously infringe on the rights of others.
Effects of chronic and acute infections on tissue levels of carnosine, anserine and free histidine in rats and chickens.

AbstractThe tissue concentrations of the imidazole-containing compounds, anserine, carnosine, and free histidine, were determined in male chickens and rats suffering from acute or chronic infections. Either type of infection resulted in a decrease in tissue carnosine concentration. The tissue anserine concentration was unaltered by either the acute or the chronic infection. The tissue free-histidine concentration increased significantly during chronic infections, but remained unaffected during the acute infections. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that carnosine acts as a tissue reservoir for histidine, ultimately serving, when called upon by the stress of an infection, as a precursor of histamine.
Equine infectious keratitis.

Infectious keratitis is a common and vision-threatening disease of the horse. Vision can be saved in numerous cases provided that an early and accurate diagnosis is made and specific therapy is aggressively instituted. This article reviews the pharmacology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, and current medical and surgical approaches to infectious keratitis in the horse.
Differential interaction of synthetic peptides from the carboxyl-terminal regulatory domain of tubulin with microtubule-associated proteins.

Abstract In previous studies we have demonstrated that a 4-kd tubulin fragment, including amino acid residues from Phe418 to Glu450 in alpha-subunit and Phe408-Ala445 of the beta-sequence, plays a major role in controlling tubulin interactions leading to microtubule assembly. The 4-kd carboxyl-terminal domain also constitutes an essential domain for the interaction of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Removal of the 4-kd fragment facilitates tubulin self-association and renders the assembly MAP-independent. In order to define the substructure of the tubulin domain for MAP interaction, we have examined the binding of 3H-acetylated C-terminal peptides to MAP-2 and tau. Two synthetic peptides from the low-homology region within the 4-kd domain alpha (430-441) and beta (422-434) and the peptide, alpha (401-410) of the high-homology region adjacent to the 4-kd domain, were analyzed with respect to MAP interaction. The binding data showed a relatively strong interaction of MAP-2 with the beta (422-434) peptide and a weaker interaction of both MAPs components with alpha (430-441) tubulin peptide as analyzed by Airfuge ultracentrifugation and zone filtration chromatography. The homologous alpha (401-410) peptide did not bind to either MAP-2 or tau. Equilibrium dialysis experiments showed a co-operative binding of beta (422-434) peptide to multiple sites in tau. The alpha (430-441) peptide exhibited a stronger interaction for tau as compared with MAP-2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pathophysiology of Prolonged Penile Erection associated with Trazodone Use

AbstractTreatment with the antidepressant trazodone has been associated with the occurrence of prolonged penile erection and priapism. To evaluate the effect of trazodone on erection we monitored the periodic physiological sleep-related erections in 6 healthy volunteers in a double-blind crossover study comparing the effect of trazodone, trimipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant) and placebo. In addition, to determine the effects of trazodone on the neurovascular control of penile smooth muscle we performed in vitro studies on corpus cavernosum tissue obtained from patients undergoing penile prosthesis implantation. Trazodone significantly increased the total interval of nocturnal erectile activity, while trimipramine had no effect. During the high dose treatment (nights 4 and 5) the average duration of erectile activity per night with placebo was 158 ± 41 minutes (mean ± standard deviation) for night 4 and 177 ± 21 minutes for night 5. During trazodone treatment the erectile activity per night was signifi...
Controversies in Contemporary Facial Reanimation

Facial palsy is a devastating condition with profound functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial implications. Although the complexity of facial expression and intricate synergy of facial mimetic muscles are difficult to restore, the goal of management is to reestablish facial symmetry and movement. Facial reanimation surgery requires an individualized treatment approach based on the cause, pattern, and duration of facial palsy while considering patient age, comorbidities, motivation, and goals. Contemporary reconstructive options include a spectrum of static and dynamic procedures. Controversies in the evaluation of patients with facial palsy, timing of intervention, and management decisions for dynamic smile reanimation are discussed.
The contemporary prohibition of the use of inter-State force

The Kellogg–Briand Pact The year 1928 was a watershed date in the history of the legal regulation of the use of inter-State force. That was when the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, known as the Kellogg–Briand Pact (after the American Secretary of State and the French Foreign Minister), was signed in Paris. Before the outbreak of World War II, the Pact had sixty-three contracting parties, a record number for that period. The Kellogg–Briand Pact comprised only three articles, including one of a technical nature. In Article 1, the contracting parties solemnly declared that ‘they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another’. In Article 2, they agreed that the settlement of all disputes with each other ‘shall never be sought except by pacific means’. With the Kellogg–Briand Pact, international law progressed from jus ad bellum to jus contra bellum . But although generally prohibited under the Pact, war remained lawful in the following circumstances: (a) A war of self-defence. No provision relating to this vitally important subject was incorporated in the text of the Pact. Nevertheless, formal notes reserving the right of self-defence were exchanged between the principal signatories prior to the conclusion of the Pact, and there never was any doubt that the renunciation of war had to be construed accordingly.
Mixed Language Programming in C/C++ and Java for Applications in Mechatronic Systems

Mixed language programming is very useful for many applications which can take advantage of the salient features of different programming languages. In this paper, design and implementation of ChJava which supports portable mixed language programming in C/C++ and Java will be presented. ChJava integrates portable C/C++ interpreter Ch and Java virtual machine. Using ChJava, Java classes can be executed from a C/C++ program interpretively, and C/C++ programs can be executed from a Java program. ChJava contains the salient features of both C/C++ and Java. The application of ChJava in interactive control of a mechatronic system is presented. The mechatronic system can be controlled in a standalone environment. It can also be controlled across internet through a Web browser with the program running either in a client side or in a Web server. In this application, the control of C/C++ scripts can be generated and modified dynamically. It is expected that ChJava will find applications in many different fields.
Research on Importance and Interest: Implications for Curriculum Development and Future Research

Research has found that interest is related to attention, deeper processing, the use of effortful strategies, feelings of enjoyment, and learning. However, some strategies for creating interest in text materials may interfere with the learning of important information. In this paper, I describe results of a study that used qualitative verbal report measures to identify text characteristics that are most positively and most negatively associated with interest, as well as quantitative measures to investigate how those characteristics are related to learning. Results have implications for curriculum development by contributing to our understanding of how writers of informational text can make important information interesting. The paper concludes with suggestions for pedagogical practice and for future research that may further our understanding of interest and how it might be enhanced in classrooms.
Evaluation of Potential Systemic Adverse Events Related to Fluorescein Angiography in Pediatric Patients

Purpose To evaluate adverse events of fluorescein angiography (FA) in pediatric patients. Design Single-institution retrospective chart review. Participants Patients 0 to 18 years of age who underwent FA between January 2010 and December 2015 at a single institution in the United States. Methods Pediatric patients who underwent FA by 3 surgeons were included in the study. Patients with fewer than 24 hours of documented follow-up were excluded. Significant adverse events within 24 hours of FA were evaluated. Detailed intraoperative and perioperative physiological parameters, including heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and ventilation parameters, in inpatients undergoing simultaneous examination under anesthesia were reviewed. Peri-injection effects of FA were evaluated by 2-tailed paired t test comparison of mean 5-minute preinjection and 5-minute postinjection physiological data. Main Outcome Measures Significant adverse events associated with FA. Results One hundred fifteen patients with a total of 214 FA examinations were included. No significant adverse events were associated directly with FA. Comparison of mean 5-minute preinjection and postinjection physiologic parameters in 27 patients who underwent intravenous FA during EUA did not reveal significant changes associated with FA. A significant difference was found in average patient age between inpatient (2.5 years) and outpatient (10.7 years) FA (P Conclusions Fluorescein angiography was not found to be associated directly with systemic adverse events in pediatric patients in this study. Younger patients more commonly were found to require an inpatient FA, whereas older patients older than 4 years underwent outpatient UWFA.
The Suboceanic Mantle

An independent determination of density in the suboceanic lithosphere gives 3.5 to 3.6 grams per cubic centimeter at a depth of about 100 kilometers. This high value implies the existence of an ecologitic facies. A mechanism is proposed in which eclogite fractionation from the underlying, partially molten asthenosphere plays a key role in the creation and the spreading of the rigid, lithospheric plate.
Simultaneous calibration of evapotranspiration and crop yield in agronomic system modeling using the APEX model

Abstract Reliable estimation of ET is especially important in semi-arid conditions where ET prediction is instrumental in cost-effective management of scarce water resources and crop production. In addition to the role of climate variables and soil characteristics, the actual ET is influenced by dynamic crop characteristics during the growing season. Therefore, accounting for the interaction between crop growth and actual ET can significantly improve the performance of models. In this study, an efficient approach is presented for simultaneous calibration of ET and crop growth parameters for the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model for daily, weekly, and monthly ET. The proposed approach involves the development of an objective function based on a compounded time series comprising of scaled annual ET and crop yield data. An efficient search algorithm based on the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm was implemented in R language to find the parameter values that minimizes the defined objective function. The simultaneous calibration approach, which utilized annual data, improved ET prediction for annual and finer time scales (25% in RMSE reduction for 3-month, 18% for monthly, 17% for 2-week, 19% for weekly, 17% for 3-day, and 13% for daily time scales). The average of absolute relative error for crop yield predictions was also reduced from 43% to 16% for the calibrated model. The simulated leaf area index (LAI) for the calibrated model (i.e. calibrated using annual ET and crop yield data) was also consistent with the measured LAI values, confirming the validity of the calibrated parameter values.