cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-the-go soil sensors for precision agriculture

The basic objectives of site-specific management of agricultural inputs are to increase profitability of crop production, improve product quality, and protect the environment. Information about the variability of different soil attributes within a field is essential for the decision-making process. The inability to obtain soil characteristics rapidly and inexpensively remains one of the biggest limitations of precision agriculture. Numerous researchers and manufacturers have attempted to develop on-the-go soil sensors to measure mechanical, physical and chemical soil properties. The sensors have been based on electrical and electromagnetic, optical and radiometric, mechanical, acoustic, pneumatic, and electrochemical measurement concepts. While only electric and electromagnetic sensors are widely used at this time, other technologies presented in this review may also be suitable to improve the quality of soil-related information in the near future.
Androgen deprivation therapy for localized and nonmetastatic prostate cancer: too much of a good thing?

Unfortunately, no treatment is without risk. It is widely known that the risks of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) include osteoporosis and fracture risk, hot flashes, sexual dysfunction, changes in insulin sensitivity, changes in body habitus, and gynecomastia. Therefore, it is not surprising that patients who receive primary ADT for localized prostate cancer (PCa) have a worse overall quality of life compared to those who do not receive treatment [1]. The increased risk of thromboembolic events associated with ADT bears special scrutiny because of the lifethreatening nature of these complications. These risks are balanced against the severe symptomatology of advanced metastatic PCa or the high-risk nature of locally advanced disease and the benefit of improved cure. However, this benefit is far less clear in patients with nonmetastatic localized disease. In light of this, there is renewed interest in understanding the cardiovascular and thromboembolic complications associated with early ADT. In this edition of European Urology, Hu et al. report their findings of a Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database analysis and conclude that patients who receive ADT for nonmetastatic PCa are at substantially higher risk of vascular and thromboembolic complications, including peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) [2]. Using Medicare claims data of two groups of men with PCa—the PAD group, comprising 174 610 men; and the VTE group, comprising 180 439 men—the authors noted an increased risk of PAD after as few as 1–4 mo of ADT and an increased risk of VTE after 13 mo of treatment in the respective groups. Men were observed for a median of 5 yr and those men with preexisting PAD or VTE were excluded from analysis. Hu
Local and Translocal in the Study of Theravada Buddhism and Modernity

This essay traces the development of scholarly thinking about the relationship between local and translocal forms of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia, particularly in regard to modernity. The first part of the article shows that scholars have moved well away from a view of the canonical Buddhist texts as the original and most authentic core of Theravada, emphasizing instead local settings as the sites for the production of Buddhist values, practices, and texts. The article then considers how this turn to the local is affecting understandings of Buddhist modernity in Southeast Asia. It suggests that recent work on modern Theravada Buddhism at the local level is pushing scholars toward a more atomized view of Buddhist modernities. In this view, local Buddhisms play a part at least as important as that of the global forces of modernization (usually seen as originating in the West).
Precise register allocation for irregular architectures

This paper proposes a precise approach to register allocation for irregular-register architectures which is based on 0-1 integer programming (IP). Prior work shows that IP register allocation is feasible for RISC architectures, which have uniform registers and register usage. Extensions to the prior work are proposed that precisely model register irregularities including combined source/destination specifiers, memory operands, and variations in the cost of register usage. The x86 architecture is selected as a representative irregular-register architecture for experimental study. An IP register allocator is built for the x86 architecture within the Gnu C Compiler (GCC), and is compared experimentally with GCC's graph-coloring register allocator. Experimental results show that the IP allocator reduces register allocation overhead by 61% compared with the graph coloring allocator. The results also show that the x86 IP allocator is dramatically faster than the prior RISC IP allocator; because of the smaller number of registers in the x86 architecture and because of the register irregularities. These results suggest that IP register allocation is well suited for irregular-register architectures.
Defensible Progress Monitoring Data for Medium- and High-Stakes Decisions

Within a response to intervention model, educators increasingly use progress monitoring (PM) to support medium- to high-stakes decisions for individual students. For PM to serve these more demanding decisions requires more careful consideration of measurement error. That error should be calculated within a fixed linear regression model rather than a classical test theory model, which has been more common. Seven practical skills are described for improving the use of PM data for medium- to high-stakes decisions: (a) estimating a static performance level in PM, (b) fitting a level of confidence to an educational decision, (c) expressing an estimated score (Yhat) with its measurement error, (d) judging reliable improvement from one time to a later time, (e) properly using slope versus trendedness, (f) expressing “rate of improvement” (slope) with error, and (g) controlling autocorrelation. An example data set and PM graphs are used to illustrate each.
A priority inheritance-based inversion control methodology for general resource access problems

Real-time concurrent systems typically involve a large number of components interacting with one another in complex ways. In such systems, proper and often complex and elaborate resource access policies must be incorporated to eliminate undesirable executions and to ensure maximum possible concurrency. In this paper, we present a technique for priority inversion control when using such complex resource access policies. We present a systematic approach to design resource access control code based on a formal development methodology called the global invariant approach, along with appropriate priority inversion control code. Our solution relies only on mutex locks with priority inversion control, which are found in many real-time operating systems, and priority-based binary semaphores; therefore, our solution can be implemented on existing infrastructures. We present an implementation of our solution on VxWorks.
Bounds in Polynomial Rings over Artinian Local Rings

Let R be a (mixed characteristic) Artinian local ring of length l and let X be an n-tuple of variables. We prove that several algebraic constructions in the ring R[X] admit uniform bounds on the degrees of their output in terms of l, n and the degrees of the input. For instance, if I is an ideal in R[X] generated by polynomials gi of degree at most d and if f is a polynomial of degree at most d belonging to I, then f = q1f1 + ··· + qsfs, for some qi of degree bounded in terms of d, l and n only. Similarly, the module of syzygies of I is generated by tuples all of whose entries have degree bounded in terms of d, l and n only.
Intrinsic signals from human cone photoreceptors.

PURPOSE. To develop noninvasive means to relate structure to function in human eyes, the authors investigated intrinsic retinal signals at high resolution using an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). METHODS. The AOSLO was used in dual-wavelength mode to stimulate the retina with 658 nm visible light and simultaneously to image the retina with 840 nm infrared light. Modulation of each laser beam using acousto-optic modulators allowed the integration of complex, patterned stimuli into the projected raster, whose exact locations on the retina were recorded into the movie in real time. Stimulus luminance was 12,000 cd/m 2 . Twenty- to 30-second movies were recorded, with stimulation occurring at 5 seconds. Intensity changes in the infrared image in response to the visible stimulus were monitored over time. RESULTS. In five subjects, results showed a clear increase in infrared light scattering in the stimulated region with respect to its surroundings, reproduced in four subjects across multiple imaging sessions. Signal increase began immediately at the onset of the stimulus, reached a peak 2 to 3 seconds after stimulus onset, and decreased to baseline within 2 to 10 seconds. The magnitude of the increase over the stimulated area varied from 0% to 5% between subjects. CONCLUSIONS. Results suggested that the signal originated in the cone photoreceptors, though not all cones contributed to the same extent. In individual cones, signal increases over 20% were measured. Excessive eye movements and dim images gave insufficient signal to noise. Eight subjects showed spurious results for these reasons and were eliminated from the study.
Hemispheric effects of canonical views of category members with known typicality levels.

Is there a preferred hemispheric canonical view of a concept? We investigated this question in a natural superordinate category membership decision task using a hemifield paradigm. Participants had to decide whether or not an image of an object lateralized in the left (LVF) or right (RVF) visual half-field is a member of a predesignated superordinate category. The objects represented high, medium, or low typicality levels, and each object had six different perspective views (front, front-right, front-left, side, back-left, and back-right). The latency responses revealed a significant interaction of Hemi Field X View X Typicality (there was no hemifield difference in accuracy). The findings confirm the presence of asymmetry in stored concepts in long-term memory and suggest, in addition, a hemispheric canonical view of these concepts, a view strongly related to typicality level.
Hydrological Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal

Groundwater hydrology investigations to predict behavior of low level radioactive waste discharged to ground in Hanford, Wash, nuclear reactor area; observed were: changing groundwater contours, fluctuation of water table and movements of groundwater, effects of porosity of ground, and characteristics of sediments; underground movement of radioactive wastes did not result in detectable amounts reaching point of public access.
Bayesian social learning with decision making in multiple rounds

In this paper, we consider the problem of social learning in a network of agents where the agents make decisions repeatedly on two hypotheses. At every time slot, each agent in the system obtains sequentially a private observation that is independently generated under one of the hypotheses, and makes a decision on choosing the true hypothesis. The private belief of each agent is the posterior of one of the hypotheses conditioned on its private observations and the latest decision of the other agents. This private belief is used for the agent's decision making. We present a Bayesian learning scheme for the agents that exploits information from the other decisions. We show that an information loop in decisions can be avoided in the studied system. We demonstrate the performance of the method by computer simulations.
Improved Organizational Outcomes Associated With Incorporation of Early Clinical Experiences for Second-Year Student Pharmacists at an Academic Medical Center.

Purpose:To assess the feasibility of engaging second professional year student pharmacists in the medication reconciliation process on hospital and health system pharmacy practice outcomes.Methods:Student pharmacists in their second professional year in the Doctor of Pharmacy degree program at our institution were randomly selected from volunteers to participate. Each participant completed training prior to completing three 5-hour evening shifts. Organizational metrics, student pharmacist perception regarding quality of interactions with health care professionals, and pharmacist perceptions were collected.Results:A total of 83 medication histories were performed on complex medical patients (57.0 ± 19.2 years, 51% female, 65% Caucasian, 12 ± 6 medications); of those, 93% were completed within 24 hours of hospital admission. Second professional student pharmacists completed on average 1.9 ± 0.6 medication histories per shift (range 1-3). Student pharmacists identified 0.9 medication-related problems per pat...
Family-based interpersonal psychotherapy is a promising treatment for preadolescent depression.

ABSTRACT FROM: Dietz LJ, Weinberg RJ, Brent DA, et al . Family-based interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed preadolescents: examining efficacy and potential treatment mechanisms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015;54:191–9. Although depression is less common during preadolescence, prepubertal depression places individuals at increased risk for future episodes and for impairments in social functioning.1 There is some evidence of the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for the treatment of depression in this age group. However, studies that have compared CBT to an active control condition have only found modest benefits.2 An interpersonally-oriented treatment, such as family-based interpersonal psychotherapy (FB-IPT), may be particularly relevant for preadolescent depression since depressed youth continue to experience interpersonal difficulties even after their depression improves.3 Targeting these interpersonal impairments may help youth achieve remission and reduce the risk for recurrence. In addition, involving parents in treatment may enhance the effects of treatments for preadolescent …
Disparities in Time from Diagnosis to Treatment in Breast Cancer Patients at a Diverse Academic Medical Center

they received PMRT or not. These groups were compared in terms of LRR and DR. Results: The median follow-up time was 64 months (range, 12e123 months). Twenty-five patients (24%) developed LRR and 52 patients (50%) developed DR. The 5-year accumulative LRR and DR rate was 26.5% and 49.6%, respectively. Patients in the PMRT group had a statistically more advanced pre-chemotherapy clinical T-stage, clinical AJCC stage and higher proportion of pN+ than patients without PMRT (all P IIIB (IIA, 24.5% vs. 69.3%, pZ0.0151; >IIIB, 70.8% vs. 100%, pZ0.0481). Conclusion: Despite their significantly worse prognostic features, patients with TNBC treated with NAC and MRM undergo PMRT have a significantly lower LRR and DR rate. The addition of PMRTwas associated with decreased LRR and DR rate in the entire cohort as well as in prechemotherapy clinical stage IIA patients. Our results may help tailor adjuvant treatment decisions for these specific population. This study is limited due to its small sample size and these findings should be confirmed by a larger, multi-institutional study. Author Disclosure: X. Chen: None. L. Zhang: None. J. Hou: None. Z. Zhou: None. X. Wang: None. Z. Yang: None. X. Yu: None. X. Guo: None. Y. Feng: None.
Buyers' and Sellers' Explanations for Product Failure: Who Done It?:

Buyers and sellers read descriptions of a product failure and were asked to explain why it occurred. When sellers explained failures of products they themselves offered, they tended to find fault w...
Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Alpha Is Expressed in Germ Cells throughout the Murine Life Cycle

Pluripotent stem cells of the early embryo, and germ line cells, are essential to ensure uncompromised development to adulthood as well as species propagation, respectively. Recently, the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif1α) has been shown to have important roles in embryonic stem cells; in particular, regulation of conversion to glycolytic metabolism and, as we have shown, maintenance of functional levels of telomerase. In the present study, we sought to assess whether Hif1α was also expressed in the primitive cells of the murine embryo. We observed expression of Hif1α in pre-implantation embryos, specifically the 2-cell stage, morula, and blastocyst. Robust Hif1α expression was also observed in male and female primordial germ cells. We subsequently assessed whether Hif1α was expressed in adult male and female germ cells. In the testis, Hif1α was robustly expressed in spermatogonial cells, in both juvenile (6-week old) and adult (3-month old) males. In the ovaries, Hif1α was expressed in mature oocytes from adult females, as assessed both in situ and in individual oocytes flushed from super-ovulated females. Analysis of Hif1α transcript levels indicates a mechanism of regulation during early development that involves stockpiling of Hif1α protein in mature oocytes, presumably to provide protection from hypoxic stress until the gene is re-activated at the blastocyst stage. Together, these observations show that Hif1α is expressed throughout the life-cycle, including both the male and female germ line, and point to an important role for Hif1α in early progenitor cells.
Total Thyroidectomy Versus Lobectomy for the Treatment of Follicular Thyroid Microcarcinoma

Aim To compare the effectiveness of total thyroidectomy versus thyroid lobectomy for the treatment of follicular thyroid microcarcinoma. Patients and methods Data were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 Database. The study cohort included patients diagnosed with follicular thyroid microcarcinoma between 1988 and 2009, treated with either total thyroidectomy or thyroid lobectomy. Propensity-score analysis using inverse probability weighting was used to control for allocation bias. Results A total of 203 patients were identified. The 5-year overall survival was 98% for patients treated with lobectomy and 99% for those treated with total thyroidectomy; this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.13). Unadjusted analysis and propensity-score analysis revealed no difference in overall survival between the two treatment groups (p=0.15 and p=0.49, respectively). Conclusion Total thyroidectomy does not appear to offer any survival advantage over thyroid lobectomy for patients with follicular thyroid microcarcinoma.
Can children with either overactive bladder or dysfunctional voiding transition from one into the other: Are both part of a single entity?

Summary Background In 1998 it was postulated by the ICCS that urge syndrome, later termed overactive bladder (OAB), and dysfunctional voiding (DV) might not be separate entities and instead represent transitional stages between each other, and that DV may be the evolutionary end product of OAB. The aim of this study was to determine not only if OAB sometimes transitions into DV but also if the reverse occurs, and, if so, might they indeed be parts of one entity. Materials and methods To create an objective study of these two conditions, specific “qualifiers” supporting the diagnosis of each condition were introduced: 1) DV included the qualifier of an active EMG during voiding on two studies; 2) OAB included the qualifiers of a short lag time ( Results Mean follow-up was 17.5 months and median age at diagnosis was 6.6 years for DV and 6.4 years for OAB. Of the OAB children none transitioned into DV, although two demonstrated transient DV-like EMG activity on interval testing that did not require biofeedback. Of DV children, following the initiation of biofeedback therapy, the EMG became quiet on follow-up uroflow/EMG after a mean of 9.3 months in 70 of 77 (91%). With EMG quieting, however, a short EMG lag time suggesting DO became apparent in those children with persistent irritative symptoms. This short lag time became apparent in 25 of 31 (81%) children treated with biofeedback alone versus only 8 of 39 (21%) on biofeedback plus antimuscarinics. Conclusion OAB with qualifiers and DV are two distinct LUT conditions and children do not appear to transition from the one to the other. While some children with DV did demonstrate a short lag time during follow-up, this is because once the EMG quieted in response to biofeedback, it improved our ability to document the already existing DO secondary to their previous DV. A dysfunctional voiding sequence with the postulated initial step being the transition of OAB into DV does not seem to be likely as the age at initial diagnosis was similar in both groups.
The Living Cosmos: ARE WE ALONE?

Sometimes I think we're alone. Sometimes I think we're not. In either case, the thought is staggering. – Buckminster Fuller , architect, designer, and visionary If Earth's future space travelers came to this place, they would declare it a godforsaken wilderness. A trackless vista of cliffs and escarpments stretches to the horizon. Brown rock scorches under twin giant suns in a blood-red sky. The air is a thin gruel of sulfur dioxide, methane, and nitrogen. But there's more here than meets the eye. In the pore space of the rocks, something is stirring . At a boundary layer with the deep mantle, mildly acidic water bubbles through the rock, driven by heat and pressure from the interior. Miles underground, microbes thrive in a rich brew of organics and dissolved minerals. They move by sensing magnetic fields and temperature gradients. Huge colonies begin to differentiate their functions and metabolisms to better use the available resources. Symbiotic behavior emerges . In the course of ceaseless and random genetic variation, some organisms develop the ability to vibrate their outer membranes and sense when it is perturbed. The timing of a return ultrasound wave acts as a primitive proximity sensor. This brand of microbes maintains the spacing to garner more resources, so it rapidly dominates the colony . As the strategy becomes more successful, the organisms with the most powerful emission or most sensitive reception must deal with a cacophony of ultrasound signals .
Lymphoid nodules of bone marrow: normal and abnormal.

A study of consecutive bone marrow aspirates from 365 patients without lymphoproliferative disorder, ten patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and 25 patients with malignant lymphoma disclosed a clear separation of normal from abnormal lymphoid nodules (LN). Normal LN were found in 47% of patients and were classified into lymphoid follicles and lymphoid infiltrates. A new entity, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH), was diagnosed on ten bone marrows which contained a low-power field displaying four or more lymphoid nodules or showed a lymphoid nodule larger than 0.6 mm. The clinical significance of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia remains unknown; in certain cases it represents a precursor state of a mature lymphocytic lymphoproliferative disorder. Nodular aggregates in CLL are of the infiltrate type and exhibit a tendency to confluence. Eleven of the 25 patients with malignant lymphoma displayed lymphoreticular nodules which were cytologically similar to the original lymphoma and different from normal LN. Two patients, one with reticulum cell sarcoma and one with Hodgkin’s disease, showed NLH of the bone marrow. Bone marrow LN in patients with an established diagnosis of mature lymphocytic lymphoma have to be interpreted with the utmost caution. Confluence of LN, irregular shapes, and the presence of prolymphocytes and lymphoblasts speak for lymphomatous nodules. Additional clinicopathologic studies are necessary to sharpen the distinction between NLH and well-differentiated lymphoproliferative disorders.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated cultured milks and yogurt

Skim milks containing Listeria monocytogenes were fermented at 21, 30, 37 or 42°C for 15 h with Streptococcus lactis , S. cremoris , S. thermophilus , Lactobacillus bulgaricus or L. bulgaricus plus S. thermophilus (LBST). Amounts of inocula were 5.0, 1.0, 0.5 or 0.1%. Yogurt mix was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and fermented at 45°C for 5 h. Cultured skim milks and yogurt were stored at 4°C and sampled weekly to monitor survival of L. monocytogenes and the pH. Yogurt was sampled ca. every 3 d for enumeration of L. monocytogenes and determination of pH. Results show that L. monocytogenes survived longest in skim milks fermented with S. thermophilus , ranging from 4 weeks in skim milk fermented at 42°C with a 5.0% inoculum (final pH 4.62) to 37 weeks in skim milk fermented at 37°C with a 1.0% inoculum (final pH 4.52). When skim milks were fermented with S. lactis , L. monocytogenes survived from 2 weeks (5.0% inoculum, 30°C incubation, final pH 4.20) to more than 13 weeks (0.1% inoculum, 21°C incubation, final pH 4.70). L. monocytogenes survived from 4 (final pH 4.36) to 13 (final pH 5.30) weeks in milk fermented with S. cremoris . L. bulgaricus was the most detrimental to L. monocytogenes ; the pathogen survived only 3 d to 1 week in the skim milk fermented at 37°C with 0.1 % inoculum. Survival of L. monocytogenes in milk fermented with LBST culture ranged from 1 (final pH 3.93) to 12 (final pH 4.41) weeks in those skim milks in which the organism survived the fermentation process. L. monocytogenes survived yogurt manufacture and from 1 (final pH 4.13) to 12 (final pH 3.93) d during refrigerated storage of the product.
Immunology: T-cell tweaks to target tumours.

Immune cells known as T cells can destroy tumour cells, but their clinical use requires complex preparation and the cells can lose effectiveness over time. A new approach might improve the efficiency of T-cell therapy. See Letter p.113 Using T cells transduced with synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is a promising strategy for treating certain types of cancer. Here Michel Sadelain and colleagues provide evidence in a mouse tumour model that knocking the CAR into the endogenous T-cell receptor α constant locus reduces tonic signalling, avoids accelerated T-cell differentiation, and delays T-cell exhaustion. This results in enhanced function and anti-tumour efficacy compared with random integrations.
Technology and Surveillance in the Home

Although the home is often viewed as a private place, a variety of technologies are making the home the site of surveillance. New technologies allow those outside the home to engage in surveillance of activities that take place within private residences. Many of these technologies are used by the state, including the interception of communication, house arrest, and CCTV. Others are used by the market, as when a ‘cookie’ is placed on a private computer. Still others are used by private individuals who use search engines to gather information about others. Those living within a home might use surveillance cameras to find out who is at the door or to guard against intruders. A series of new devices are also available for use within the home. These include cameras, technologies for gathering information about computer use, and drug tests.
Calcium — Independent Transglutaminase Derived from a Microorganism : Its Characteristics and Capability in Protein Crosslinking and Gel Formation

Characteristics of a novel trans glutaminase which was derived from a microorganism thought to belong to Streptoverticillium sp. were observed. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was found to be about 40,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the isoelectric point 8.9 and the optimum pH of the reaction 6 ~ 7. The enzyme requires no calcium ions for its activity.
Detecting Culture-specific Tags for News Videos through Multimodal Embedding

Many videos on the Web about international events are maintained in different countries, and some come with text descriptions from different cultural points of view. We introduce a new task-detecting culture-specific tags for news videos: given video keyframes and culture information, assign the most relevant tags with cultural preferences. We approach this problem by mapping visual and multilingual textual features into a joint latent space by reliable visual cues, by our proposed two-view pair-pair embedding and three-view embedding, through various canonical correlation analyses variants (Canonical Correlation Analysis, Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis, eneralize Canonical Correlation Analysis). For human-interest international events such as epidemics and transportation disasters, we proof that, for the same news event, tags of videos are significantly different in different cultures.
Intrinsic Conductivity of Short Conductive Fibers in Composites by Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrical property measurements (DC conductivity, impedance spectroscopy) were employed to determine the “intrinsic conductivities” of short conductive fibers in cement matrix composites. Intrinsic conductivity determines, in the dilute limit, the variation of overall conductivity (DC or AC) vs. volume fraction of fibers. Model composites consisting of steel wires (0.5 mm diameter), but with aspect ratios comparable to typical carbon or steel fibers used in cement/concrete, were shown to exhibit similar “dual-arc” impedance spectra as observed in actual composites. The results were compared with existing calculations for composites with randomly distributed right cylinders. The conductivity vs. aspect ratio behavior can be used to estimate the fiber aspect ratio in randomly distributed fiber composites.
Rationality, Norms, and the Sociological Reconstruction of Economic Theory

This paper characterizes the interface of economic and sociological theory, focusing on Parsons ’ analysis of the “problem of order” and on Weber ’s and Marx ’ analyses of the emergence of machine capitalism. I demonstrate the consistency of both perfect-information, Arrow-Debreu models and models of competitive markets under machine capitalism with the assumptions of neoclassical theory, most especially the contention that all actors always act rationally and maximize against constraints. I also demonstrate that imperfect-information models and models of capitalist production that are not competitive generate anomalies that manifest certain fallacies within neoclassical theory, especially the contention that we can explain social action successfully if we assume that all actors are instrumentally rational all of the time.
Decay of a Discrete State into a Continuum of States: Fermi’s Golden Rule

The last topics I will cover are Fermi’s Golden Rule and irreversible decay. These are pretty interesting topics that involve situations in which a discrete state of a quantum system is coupled to an infinite continuum of quantum states. Although one starts with a Hermitian Hamiltonian, there is irreversible behavior in the system. This is approximately true in many cases of practical interest. For example, an atom that is prepared in an excited state decays as a result of its interaction with the continuum of vacuum field modes. A hydrogen atom placed in a high frequency optical field is photo-ionized into a continuum of (Coulomb modified) free-particle states. The reason we can get irreversible behavior in these cases is connected with the fact that the quantization volume goes to infinity. This feature in already seen in the quantum revivals of a wave packet in the infinite square square well discussed in Chap. 6 There are always quantum revivals, but the revival time goes to infinity as the well size approaches infinity. In other words, an outgoing wave packet can never be reflected back by the boundary of the quantization volume. In problems of this nature, I start by writing equations in which all states are discrete and then take the limit in which some of the states form a continuum.
How to Discern Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides From Follicular Mucinosis Using a Pediatric Case

Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (FMF) is a variant of mycosis fungoides (MF) with folliculotropic, atypical lymphocytes that may or may not have mucin deposition surrounding the hair follicle. Follicular mucinosis (FM) is a primary or secondary finding in FMF, lupus, or collagen vascular diseases that is only a histological process of mucin deposition surrounding the hair follicles. We present a case of a 6-year-old boy who had features of both FMF and primary follicular mucinosis (PFM). The case reveals key insights on FMF with concurrent FM in pediatric patients and how to differentiate between FMF and PFM.
Impulsivity as a mediator in the relationship between problem solving and suicidal ideation

Objective This study examined whether three facets of impulsivity previously shown to be associated with suicidal ideation and attempts (negative urgency, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance) help to account for the established association between problem solving deficits and suicidal ideation. Method Emerging adult college student drinkers with a history of at least passive suicidal ideation (N = 387) completed measures of problem solving, impulsivity, and suicidal ideation. A path analysis was conducted to examine the mediating role of impulsivity variables in the association between problem solving (rational problem solving, positive and negative problem orientation, and avoidance style) and suicidal ideation. Results Direct and indirect associations through impulsivity, particularly negative urgency, were found between problem solving and severity of suicidal ideation. Conclusions Interventions aimed at teaching problem solving skills, as well as self-efficacy and optimism for solving life problems, may help to reduce impulsivity and suicidal ideation.
Basic and Translational Research on Dietary Phytochemicals and Cancer Prevention

Natural or chemically modified dietary phytochemicals are particularly favored for cancer prevention because they can reverse, suppress, or prevent the initial phase of carcinogenesis or the neoplastic cell progression to cancer mass, and therefore, eliminate premalignant and malignant cell populations either in general or in high-risk populations. Screening and identifying dietary phytochemicals for chemoprevention requires in vitro studies of cell lines and animal models before translation into clinical trials. Understanding the molecular pathways that dietary phytochemicals modify could help in designing successful cancer prevention clinical trials. To date, a number of chemoprevention clinical trials have been conducted with limited success. One of the reasons for unsuccessful clinical trials was the lack of a clear molecular target against a particular cancer type. High-throughput screening of phytochemicals to induce premalignant and malignant cell apoptosis by targeting multiple gene pathways should be assessed for future prevention of human cancers.
Designing an Adequate Control Group

Science is all about observation with the goal of inferring relationships between variables, usually of the cause and effect variety. But the problem with observation is that it can be biased, especially when it comes to inferences of causality or even simple association. A good grant proposal must demonstrate how causal inferences will be made and, in so doing, how bias in interpretation will be reduced. Causal connections can never be determined with absolute certitude. What scientists try to do is to increase the plausibility of the explanation that variation in one variable is caused by variation is the other variable, that changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. Control groups are important in increasing confidence in causal inferences by reducing the plausibility of alternative explanations. A control group is essential to inform us if change in our dependent variable can be attributed to change in an independent variable. This chapter provides guidance on designing a control group that will meet the needs of your research design.
RecA-Mediated Asymmetric Repair of Lethal DNA Lesions in E. coli

Mechanisms of action of DNA lesions produced by decay of genetically incorporated 125I or by 313-nm photolysis of incorporated 5-bromouracil (5BU) in exponential phase cultures of Escherichia coli were studied by inducing lesions after subsequent periods of DNA replication. The analogues were incorporated during brief labeling periods to provide prelesional substrates for later induction of the lesions, and label concentrations were chosen to give cell survivals of about 10% when lesions were induced immediately after labeling. When the same number of lesions were induced at intervals during the first generation after labeling survival levels decreased. After replication of the labeled regions, however, survival levels increased sharply in the wildtype strains. Three very different patterns of recovery were observed. 1. 5BU photolysis, wildtype strains. Recovery was essentially complete. 2. 125I decay, wildtype strain. Approximately half of the cells recovered at the end of the first round of DNA replication. 3. 125I decay, recA strain. No significant increase in recovery occurred at the first generation, but recovery increased gradually during the second generation, as expected for production of irreparable damage in labeled regions. The results are consistent with recA-mediated asymmetric repair of 125I decay-induced lesions.
The Significance of the Emergence of Ornithology as a Scientific Discipline

To better appreciate the change that took place in less than a century in the study of birds we might contrast the two works that commenced this study with the one that concluded it. The differences between ornithology in the second half of the eighteenth century and ornithology in the middle of the nineteenth century are, indeed, well exemplified by comparing Brisson’s Ornithologie (1760) and Buffon’s Histoire naturelle des oiseaux (1770–1783) with Bonaparte’s Conspectus generum avium (1850).
A Simple Method for Tagset Comparision

Based on the idea that local contexts predict the same basic category across a language, we develop a simple method for comparing tagsets across corpora. The principle differences between tagsets are evidenced by variation in categories in one corpus in the same contexts where another corpus exhibits only a single tag. Such mismatches highlight differences in the definitions of tags which are crucial when porting technology from one annotation scheme to another.
Tumor cGAMP Awakens the Natural Killers

Type I interferon (IFN) production within the tumor microenvironment is important in shaping the immune response to the tumor. In this issue of Immunity, Marcus et al. (2018) reveal that tumor cells produce 2′3′-cGAMP, which activates the STING pathway in non-tumor cells and leads to type I IFN production and the priming of natural killer cells for tumor rejection.
Femtosecond Laser Tagging in R134a with Small Quantities of Air

Femtosecond laser tagging is demonstrated for the first time in R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) gas and in mixtures of R134a with small quantities of air. A systematic study of this tagging metho...
Opioids in Gastroparesis: Is There a Better Way?

Acute exacerbations of gastroparesis may cause significant pain, nausea, and vomiting. Standard modalities such as opioids have a negative effect on gastric motility. Opioids also come with the risk of dependence, and there is a movement to find better and safer alternatives for acute pain management. Antipsychotic medications reduce opioid use and provide symptomatic relief for patients suffering acute exacerbations of gastroparesis.
LGBTQ in the Courtroom: How Sexuality and Gender Identity Impact the Jury System

This chapter reviews a limited but emerging body of research on biases that arise and affect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) jurors as well as juror decision-making when LGBTQ individuals are involved in criminal cases. The chapter also discusses recent research and legal developments surrounding jury selection and LGBTQ identity and describes debates over best practices to identify and combat anti-LGBTQ juror biases. Finally, the chapter reviews gay and trans “panic” defenses in cases involving the murders of LGBTQ individuals and examines other challenges that LGBTQ defendants and victims face in different criminal contexts. Although there is a need for future studies, the available research illustrates how challenges linked to sexuality and gender identity in the criminal jury system can compromise legitimacy and fairness in the criminal justice system more broadly.
Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction for Echo Planar Imaging: Methods and Applications

Echo planar imaging is widely-used clinical settings, for its speed. EPI acquisitions typically employ complex sampling protocols, and correspondingly require advanced reconstruction plans both to account for non-uniform data spacing and for managing system imperfections such as B0-field inhomogeneity, gradient non-linearity, and eddy currents, as well as subject-induced non-idealities like susceptibility variation. Such non-idealities are typically managed after the k-space to image domain transformation, which generates geometrical inaccuracies and blurring in images. In this work, we develop and investigate a comprehensive model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) framework that prospectively accounts for multiple non-idealities in accelerated single-shot EPI. When necessary, we also employ nonlinear regularization to mitigate noise amplification.
Exercise restriction is protective for genotype-positive family members of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy patients

AIMS In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) patients, exercise worsens disease course, so exercise restriction is recommended. However, recommendations for genotype-positive ARVC family members is incompletely resolved. We aimed to provide evidence for exercise recommendations for genotype-positive ARVC family members. METHODS AND RESULTS Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy family members inheriting a pathogenic desmosomal variant were interviewed about exercise history from age 10. Exercise was characterized by duration, intensity, and dose (duration*intensity). Associations between exercise and (i) diagnosis by 2010 Task Force Criteria and (ii) development of sustained ventricular arrhythmias were examined. The study included 101 family members (age: 40.5 ± 19.3 years, male: 41%, Plakophilin-2 variant: 81%). Forty-four individuals (44%) met diagnostic criteria and 16 (16%) experienced sustained ventricular arrhythmia. Individuals who met diagnostic criteria had significantly higher average exercise duration and dose, but not peak intensity than those who did not. Only one individual who exercised below the American Heart Association recommended minimum (650 metabolic equivalent of task-hours/year) met diagnostic criteria or experienced sustained ventricular arrhythmia as opposed to 50% of individuals who exceeded it (adjusted odds ratio = 0.03, 95% confidence interval 0.003-0.26). The difference in exercise exposure between affected and unaffected individuals was more striking in females than in males. Females who had done high-dose exercise in adolescence had the worst survival free from diagnosis (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In phenotype-negative ARVC family members with a pathogenic desmosomal variant, athletic activities should be limited, particularly exercise dose. Exercise may play a greater role in promoting disease in female family members.
Academic stars and Energy Stars, an assessment of student academic achievement and school building energy efficiency

Abstract Considerable efforts have been made to increase the energy efficiency of school buildings across the country. Despite this, limited research examines the relationship between energy efficiency and student productivity. We use a unique panel dataset from a suburban school district that includes information on school building energy efficiency, measured by Energy Star scores, and other environmental attributes of buildings, as well as measures of individual student achievement, measured by standardized test scores. The empirical analysis controls for student and school fixed effects and evaluates the relationship between school characteristics and achievement. Separate models also evaluate how school characteristics impact student health and behavioral outcomes and the how these outcomes influence student test scores. We find no evidence that Energy Star scores have an impact on the indoor school environment or student performance on standardized tests, suggesting that building energy performance does not come at a cost to the performance of building inhabitants. We also find positive relationships between building thermal comfort and visual quality and standard test scores. Overall, the results highlight the importance of considering both the environmental and human capital impacts associated with decisions about investments in school infrastructure.
Communication helped UConn extension address the needs of agricultural producers

First paragraphs: The worldwide pandemic due to COVID-19 (coronavirus) has produced unprecedented challenges around the world. Agricultural producers were still working on farms, in greenhouses, and along the coast in Long Island Sound during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. Severe challenges related to labor, food safety, on-farm biosecurity, marketing, and distribution confronted producers. University of Connecticut (UConn) Extension educators understood that our audiences’ needs had changed drastically, and communication would help us understand those changes and provide the services required for the success of their operations. We addressed these challenges using a multifaceted approach. Our team curated resources on a single website for our statewide audiences, including agricultural producers. Extension educators developed resources for specific agricultural sectors, such as fruit and vegetable farms, aquaculture, and nursery and landscape professionals. Links to important updates from the Connecticut Department of Agriculture were also added to our website. . . .
Analysis of Blockage Impact on Handover Rate for User with Mobility in 5G mm-Wave Cellular Network

The fifth-generation (5G), now being developed for use in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands, would enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) for the Mobile User (MU) in the near future. Despite the advantages of using mm-wave communications that are attained through the large bandwidth available in this band, it suffers from high penetration loss and low diffraction, which causes very high attenuation of the signal in free space. The attenuation of the signal can also be due to the blockages, such as buildings, human presence, vehicles, etc. As a result, the signal propagation path could be interrupted by those blockages causing significant fluctuation in the handover (HO) rate. Thus, the foreseen mm-wave communication gains are achieved at the expense of varying HO rates. Therefore, the impact of blockages on the HO rate for user mobility is a crucial performance factor that needs to be analyzed and addressed in mm-wave cellular communication systems. This paper analyses the impact of static blockage on the HO rate for a MU in the 5G mm-wave cellular network. We began by obtaining the impact of blockage with a fixed location in the 2-D plane on the HO rate for a MU moving radially away from the mm-wave base station (BS) at a certain speed. Afterward, we considered the MU moving in a uniform angle with a certain speed in the mm-wave cellular network. The mm-wave BSs, in this study, have been assumed to be distributed according to a homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP). The results show that the blockage has a remarkable impact on the HO rate, depending significantly on its location, and MU’s direction and speed.