cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Alternative Relaying Gaussian Diamond Channel with Conferencing Links

In this paper, the Gaussian diamond relay channel is considered, which consists of one source-destination pair and two relay nodes connected with rate-limited out-of-band conferencing links. In particular, we focus on the half-duplex alternative relaying strategy, in which the two relays operate alternatively over time. With different amounts of delay, two conferencing strategies are proposed, each of which can be implemented by either a general two-side conferencing scheme (for which both of the two conferencing links are used) or a special-case one-side conferencing scheme (for which only one of the two conferencing links is used). Based on the most general two-side conferencing scheme, we derive the achievable rates by using the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme. By further exploiting the properties of the optimal solutions, the simpler one-side conferencing is shown to achieve the same rate as the two-side conferencing in term of the achievable rates under arbitrary channel conditions. Based on this result, the DF rate in closed-form is obtained, and the principle to use which one of the two conferencing links for one-side conferencing is also established. Moreover, the DF scheme is shown to be upper-bound-achieving under certain relay scheduling and conferencing strategy. Finally, numerical results are provided to validate our analysis.
Accuracy of the Morphology Enabled Dipole Inversion (MEDI) Algorithm for Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping in MRI

Determining the susceptibility distribution from the magnetic field measured in a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner is an ill-posed inverse problem, because of the presence of zeroes in the convolution kernel in the forward problem. An algorithm called morphology enabled dipole inversion (MEDI), which incorporates spatial prior information, has been proposed to generate a quantitative susceptibility map (QSM). The accuracy of QSM can be validated experimentally. However, there is not yet a rigorous mathematical demonstration of accuracy for a general regularized approach or for MEDI specifically. The error in the susceptibility map reconstructed by MEDI is expressed in terms of the acquisition noise and the error in the spatial prior information. A detailed analysis demonstrates that the error in the susceptibility map reconstructed by MEDI is bounded by a linear function of these two error sources. Numerical analysis confirms that the error of the susceptibility map reconstructed by MEDI is on the same order of the noise in the original MRI data, and comprehensive edge detection will lead to reduced model error in MEDI. Additional phantom validation and human brain imaging demonstrated the practicality of the MEDI method.
Correcting False Memories

While often impressive, memory is far from perfect. For example, the sentence “The karate champion hit the cinder block” is often misremembered as “The karate champion broke the cinder block” (Brewer, 1977). Hearing a list of related words such as “bed, rest, tired …” leads people to claim “sleep” was presented when in fact it was not (Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Answering the question “How fast was the white sports car going when it passed the barn while traveling along the country road?” increases witnesses’ later reports of having seen a non-existent barn in an earlier video (Loftus, 1975, p. 566). These examples represent just a few of the many ways in which memory can go astray. Not only are these errors easily created, they often become vivid false memories held with high confidence. For example, false memories for non-presented words like “sleep” are so vivid that people often claim to remember which of two voices said the word (Payne, Elie, Blackwell, & Neuschatz, 1996). False memories can be strikingly persistent. Warnings about memory errors are rarely effective (McDermott & Roediger, 1998), especially after the study phase (Greene, Flynn, & Loftus, 1982). Re-exposure to events is insufficient; hearing “bed, rest, tired …” again reduces, but does not eliminate, false memories for “sleep” (McDermott, 1996; Watson, McDermott, & Balota, 2004). Even interventions that pinpoint specific contradictions between subjects’ memories and the original events are inadequate; many errors remain uncorrected even after subjects place an X next to each false memory (McConnell & Hunt, 2007). Despite much evidence that false memories are difficult to correct, a finding from another literature allows a surprising prediction about the correction of false memories. In a prototypical experiment demonstrating the hypercorrection effect, participants answer general knowledge questions and rate their confidence in each response before viewing the correct answer. High-confidence errors are more likely to be corrected on a second test than are incorrect guesses (Butterfield & Metcalfe, 2001). Someone who strongly believes that Sydney is the capital of Australia will benefit more from the feedback “Canberra” than someone who simply guessed “Sydney.” The parallel in the false memory domain would be surprising, predicting that confidently-held false memories should be corrected more often than other errors. To examine this, we created false memories using sentences that encourage inferences; for example, “The clumsy chemist had acid on his coat” is often misremembered as “The clumsy chemist spilled acid on his coat.” We examined ability to correct false memories as a function of initial confidence in the errors.
Cross Layer Multirate Adaptation Using Physical Capture

In this paper, to improve the performance of multihop wireless networks, we explore a cross layer multirate adaptation scheme (we call it CROMA) that uses the phenomenon of physical capture at the physical layer for effectively distinguishing losses due to collisions from those due to channel-error. We first estimate the number of packets dropped due to collisions, at each node by counting the number of packets that are not successfully retrieved by physical capture. Next, using a simple algorithm, we assign this collision loss to neighboring sources of packets that might have generated the colliding packets. Using extensive ns- 2 simulations, we show that our multirate adaptation scheme consistently outperforms the existing schemes.
Sandmark-A tool for software protection research

Sandmark is a tool that measures the effectiveness of software-based methods for protecting software from piracy, tampering, and reverse engineering. The Sandmark team's goal is to develop techniques that will let users determine empirically which algorithms have the least performance overhead and the highest resilience to attacks.
Small Open Reading Frames Pack a Big Punch in Cardiac Calcium Regulation

Conserved regulation of cardiac calcium uptake by peptides encoded in small open reading frames Magny et al Science . 2013;341:1116–1120. Cardiac contraction requires continuous cycles of calcium release and reuptake between the sarcoplasm and sarcoplasmic reticulum. In vertebrate cardiomyocytes, resequestration of calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum is accomplished by the SERCA whose activity is dampened by interaction with the small integral membrane proteins, phospholamban and sarcolipin. In a recent report published in Science , Magny et al identify 2 small peptides in Drosophila encoded in a putative long noncoding RNA that buffers calcium reuptake by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a in a similar manner to sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a regulation by phospholamban and sarcolipin. These findings demonstrate that regulation of Ca2+-ATPases by small transmembrane peptides is a conserved and ancient strategy. Furthermore, this study highlights the possibility that there may be many undiscovered small peptides encoded within putative long noncoding RNAs that regulate important biological pathways. Regulation of calcium signaling is vitally important to normal heart function, and dysregulation of calcium handling is a common feature of many models of cardiovascular disease and progressive heart failure. The importance of calcium regulation in cardiomyocytes is multifactorial, but stems from its direct role in regulation of the sarcomeric contraction machinery1 as well as roles in gene regulation2 and other processes including cell death.3 During each cycle of contraction and relaxation, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and binds myofilaments to induce sarcomere shortening. After contraction, the SR calcium pump, SERCA, replenishes the cardiac calcium store by recycling calcium back to the SR from the sarcoplasm (Figure). Clearing calcium from the sarcoplasm allows the sarcomere to relax and the cardiac chambers to refill with blood. Figure. Calcium cycling in cardiomyocytes. Activation of the L-type …
Distributional Changes in the Western Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) in North America from 1967 to 2008

Abstract The quantification of shifts in bird distributions in response to climate change provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the processes that influence species persistence. We used data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) to document changes in the distributional limits of the western Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea) from 1967 to 2008. We used logistic regression to model presence probability (p) as a function of longitude, latitude, and year. We modeled a linear trend in logit(p) through time with slope and intercept modeled as a double Fourier series of longitude and latitude. We found that the western Burrowing Owl has experienced an intriguing southward shift in the northern half of its breeding range, contrary to what is predicted by most species niche models and what has been observed for many other species in North America. The breeding range of the Burrowing Owl has been shrinking near its northern, western, and eastern edges. Our model detected t...
The effect of myoglobin concentration on aerobic dive limit in a Weddell seal

One physiological adaptation for prolonged dive duration in marine mammals is an elevated myoglobin (Mb) concentration in skeletal muscle. To determine the influence of Mb concentration on the aerobic dive limit (ADL), we modified a previously published model that simulated aerobic dives in a Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) and ran it for four Mb concentrations: 5, 27, 54 and 108 g Mb kg(-1) muscle representing 7%, 50%, 100% and 200%, respectively, of the normal Mb concentration in Weddell seal skeletal muscle. The model was run at increasing levels of muscular exertion and under postabsorptive and postprandial conditions to determine their effect on ADL. For each set of conditions, the model was also run at different levels of cardiac output (i.e. the dive response was varied) to determine the level of convective oxygen transport that optimized the ADL. In a postabsorptive state at a routine level of muscular exertion for a diving Weddell seal, a decrease in Mb concentration to 7% of normal caused a 39% decrease in the ADL (18 min to 11 min), while doubling the Mb concentration increased the ADL by 30% (18 min to 24 min). Under postprandial conditions at a routine level of muscular exertion, doubling the Mb concentration did not increase the ADL (12 min). The convective oxygen transport needed to meet the metabolic demands (Heat Increment of Feeding, HIF) of the splanchnic organs during digestion and assimilation required a cardiac output that was not optimal for the efficient use of muscle oxygen stores. This resulted in an over perfusion of the muscles and incomplete use of myoglobin-bound oxygen. As a result, the postprandial ADL was limited by the amount of oxygen stored in the blood, and increasing the Mb concentration had no effect on the ADL. We hypothesize that myoglobin concentration is optimized for the type and duration of dives routinely made by Weddell seals, and that a further increase may not increase the ADL for most free-ranging dives.
Disparities in undiagnosed diabetes among United States-Mexico border populations

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes among populations with diabetes living on the United States (U.S.)-Mexico border, examine explanations for differences between groups, and investigate differences in metabolic outcomes by diagnosis status. METHODS: Data come from the U.S.-Mexico Border Diabetes Prevention and Control Project survey (2001-2002), which used a stratified, multistage design. The sample included 603 adults (18 years or older) with diabetes. Undiagnosed diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) value of > 126 mg/dL and no report of diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to compare the odds of being undiagnosed among border populations with diabetes. Metabolic outcomes included FPG, glycosylated hemoglobin, and mean arterial blood pressure. RESULTS: One in four adults with diabetes (25.9%) living on the U.S.-Mexico border was undiagnosed. Mexicans (43.8%) and Mexican immigrants (39.0%) with diabetes were significantly more likely to be undiagnosed than were U.S.-born Hispanics (15.0%; P < 0.05 for either comparison) or non-Hispanic whites (6.6%; P < 0.001 for either comparison). Mexicans were more likely to be undiagnosed than were all U.S. adults (14.7%; P < 0.001) with diabetes. Significant differences in the likelihood of being undiagnosed remained between all groups with diabetes after adjustment for sociodemographic and healthcare-related covariates, with the exception of that between Mexicans and U.S.-born Hispanics. Worse metabolic control and potentially greater benefits of diagnosis for control were observed for Mexicans in particular compared with U.S. groups with undiagnosed diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to improve diabetes diagnosis should concentrate on Mexican and Mexican immigrant populations on the U.S.-Mexico border.
IQ Testing as the Emperor’s New Clothes

I, for one, was very happy to see the publication by Arthur Jensen, Bias in Mental Testing (1980), not for the reason, as some have suggested, that it provides a “final definitive answer” to the critics of standardized IQ tests. I am happy because Bias in Mental Testing, as Jensen’s attempt to be comprehensive, actually covers so much territory that the soft underbelly of key arguments in support of IQ testing in general and IQ testing for “minority populations” in particular is easily exposed. Presumably, this book is Arthur Jensen’s tour de force. He has done a distinct service to education measurement by his articulation of common practice in test construction, experimental design, and statistical methodology. I can think of few references that treat these topics quite so clearly and comprehensively. On the other hand, Arthur Jensen has listed most of the major criticisms in the IQ-testing controversy but has failed to deal with the data that are presented in support of the criticisms by others. Jensen has claimed that he has made an exhaustive review of all the literature that pertains to the IQ argument. In this critique, we will look precisely at that claim.
Pitch Accent in Indian-English Teaching Discourse.

The phonetic correlates of accent/stress distinguish Indian English (IE) from American dialects (Spencer, 1957; Kachru, 1983). We examine the realization of accent in IE compared to American English (AE) produced by teaching assistants in similar contexts. In teaching discourse, we find that a lexically accented syllable is often realized in IE with a relative drop in frequency and without a reliable increase in amplitude. In similar contexts, lexically accented syllables in AE reliably increase in both frequency and amplitude. Following the distinction made in Beckman (1986), we conclude that IE acts as a pitch-accent language rather than as a stress-accent language like AE. We also suggest a source for the distinct prosodics of IE: some Indian languages use a low pitch on accented syllables (Mohanan, 1986; Hayes and Lahiri, 1991; Harnsberger, 1999). We investigate the effect of different first languages on the production of IE using three Indian teaching assistants with different L1 (Bengali, Tamil, Hindi-Urdu), and compare their IE discourse to L1 sentences. The similarity of the results for three different L1 suggests that the phonetic correlates of accent in IE are common to Indian languages.
Spatial control of exocytosis

During many key biological processes, exocytosis is confined to distinct regions of the plasma membrane. Spatial control of exocytosis correlates with altered membrane skeleton dynamics and assembly of local membrane microdomains. These domains act as local stages for the assembly and the regulation of molecular complexes (targeting patches) that mediate vesicle-membrane fusion. Furthermore, local activation of signaling pathways reinforces formation of these patches and might effect global repositioning of the secretory pathway toward sites of localized exocytosis.
Biofuel, land and water: maize, switchgrass or Miscanthus?

The productive cellulosic crops switchgrass and Miscanthus are considered as viable biofuel sources. To meet the 2022 national biofuel target mandate, actions must be taken, e.g., maize cultivation must be intensified and expanded, and other biofuel crops (switchgrass and Miscanthus) must be cultivated. This raises questions on the use efficiencies of land and water; to date, the demand on these resources to meet the national biofuel target has rarely been analyzed. Here, we present a data-model assimilation analysis, assuming that maize, switchgrass and Miscanthus will be grown on currently available croplands in the US. Model simulations suggest that maize can produce 3.0–5.4 kiloliters (kl) of ethanol for every hectare of land, depending on the feedstock to ethanol conversion efficiency; Miscanthus has more than twice the biofuel production capacity relative to maize, and switchgrass is the least productive of the three potential sources of ethanol. To meet the biofuel target, about 26.5 million hectares of land and over 90 km3 of water (of evapotranspiration) are needed if maize grain alone is used. If Miscanthus was substituted for maize, the process would save half of the land and one third of the water. With more advanced biofuel conversion technology for Miscanthus, only nine million hectares of land and 45 km3 of water would probably meet the national target. Miscanthus could be a good alternative biofuel crop to maize due to its significantly lower demand for land and water on a per unit of ethanol basis.
Inhibition of alpha-lytic protease by pro region C-terminal steric occlusion of the active site.

R-Lytic protease, a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, is synthesized with an N-terminal 166 amino acid pro region which is absolutely required for folding of the protease. The pro region is also the most potent inhibitor of the protease known with a Ki of10 -10 M. Compared to its role in the folding reaction, relatively little is known about the mechanism by which the pro region inhibits the mature protease. While proteinaceous protease inhibitors generally function by occluding the active sites of their respective targets (Bode, W., & Huber, R. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 433-451), the pro region of R-lytic protease with its dual roles in folding and inhibition might be expected to show a novel mechanism of inhibition. However, experiments that probe both the structural and enzymatic consequences of pro region binding indicate that the pro region does not measurably distort the protease active site. Instead, the catalytic site is fully functional in the complex. Pro region inhibition of the protease is due to simple steric obstruction; the pro region C-terminus lies in the substrate binding sites of the protease. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to R-lytic protease maturation and folding. In addition, the proposed mechanism of R-lytic protease pro region inhibition is discussed with respect to data from other pro region families.
Assessing the Merits of Network Neutrality Obligations at Low, Medium and High Network Layers

The often contentious network neutrality debate typically cleaves along an absolute for or against dichotomy based largely on one’s philosophy about the Internet’s past and future direction, the ability of marketplace forces to promote self-regulation, and the degree of confidence in governments’ ability to remedy acute problems. Such a macroscopic perspective promotes a large difference of opinion with plenty of opportunities to disparage the opposition. Thoughtful scholarly literature, which can examine nuances in the debate, can become subordinate to sponsored research designed to influence policymakers with a preconceived point of view. A “big picture” analysis ironically leads to viewpoints at polar opposites and advocacy that finds no middle ground.The issue of whether the Internet requires some degree of government oversight, dispute resolution and stewardship requires serious consideration rather than sloganeering and dueling web pages. An essential element for such analysis breaks down the Internet into at least three layers having different characteristics that can affect the arguments for or against the application of network neutrality rules. A physical layer provides the infrastructure needed to establish a basic communications link between two or more parties. Ridding on top of this basic bitstream transmission conduit are communications protocols and standards like the Transmission Control Protocol that manage the routers that select networks to carry traffic and the Internet Protocol that establishes a globally used addressing system. Farther atop the physical layer and the layers that set up and process transmissions lay the content, applications and software that provide various services.This paper will consider the network neutrality debate in the context of these three different layered components of the Internet. The paper will show that compelling arguments for enforceable network neutrality rules are strongest at the low layer, contestible at the middle layer and unnecessary at the high layer. Such a nuanced view of network neutrality explains that the need for government involvement depends on which part of the Internet’s networking infrastructure one examines. For one comfortable with government involvement and network neutrality rules, the paper will challenge the need for such oversight in the competitive marketplace for Internet-mediated content, applications and software. For others uncomfortable with any government involvement, the paper will identify instances where market failure or the lack of competition necessitates fair dealing by a limited number of operators providing Internet access. In the middle layers, where Internet Service Providers use protocols and technologies to manage their networks, but possibly also to favor corporate affiliates and certain third party providers of content, the paper suggests the need for a government referee authorized to resolve disputes and to examine causes of congestion and service interruptions.
The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model

This study advances a detailed social-psychological model of climate change risk perceptions by combining and integrating cognitive, experiential, and socio-cultural factors. The conceptual model is tested empirically on a national sample (N = 808) of the UK population. Results indicate that the full climate change risk perception model (CCRPM) is able to explain nearly 70% of the variance in risk perception. Gender, political party, knowledge of the causes, impacts and responses to climate change, social norms, value orientations, affect and personal experience with extreme weather were all identified as significant predictors. Experiential and socio-cultural factors explained significantly more variance in risk perception than either cognitive or socio-demographic characteristics. Results also confirm that the factor analytic structure of climate change risk perceptions can be conceptualized along two key dimensions, namely: personal and societal risk judgments and that both dimensions have different psychological antecedents. Implications for theory and public risk communication are discussed.
Evaluation of cervical biopsy in the diagnosis of carcinoma

Abstract 1. History, physical examination, free use of the biopsy, and maintainance of a high index of suspicion have been rewarding in the diagnosis of early cervical carcinoma. 2. Twenty-eight per cent of our cases of carcinoma of the cervix were not clinically evident and were diagnosed by suspicion and biopsy. 3. Resident and teaching staffs caring for private and ward patients have thus far not been responsible for delay in the diagnosis of cervical carcinoma.
Polymer Glass-Formation in Variable Dimension

We explore the nature of glass-formation in variable spatial dimensionality ($d$) based on the generalized entropy theory, a synthesis of the Adam-Gibbs model with direct computation of the configurational entropy of polymer fluids using an established statistical mechanical model. We find that structural relaxation in the fluid state asymptotically becomes Arrhenius in the $d\rightarrow\infty$ limit and that the fluid transforms upon sufficient cooling above a critical dimension near $d=8$ into a dense amorphous state with a finite positive residual configurational entropy. Direct computations of the isothermal compressibility and thermal expansion coefficient, taken to be physical measures of packing frustration, demonstrate that these fluid properties strongly correlate with the fragility of glass-formation.
Comparative metabolic profiling of mce1 operon mutant vs wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains

Mycobacterium tuberculosis disrupted in a 13-gene operon (mce1) accumulates free mycolic acids (FM) in its cell wall and causes accelerated death in mice. Here, to more comprehensively analyze differences in their cell wall lipid composition, we used an untargeted metabolomics approach to compare the lipid profiles of wild-type and mce1 operon mutant strains. By liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified >400 distinct lipids significantly altered in the mce1 mutant compared to wild type. These lipids included decreased levels of saccharolipids and glycerophospholipids, and increased levels of alpha-, methoxy- and keto mycolic acids (MA), and hydroxyphthioceranic acid. The mutant showed reduced expression of mmpL8, mmpL10, stf0, pks2 and papA2 genes involved in transport and metabolism of lipids recognized to induce proinflammatory response; these lipids were found to be decreased in the mutant. In contrast, the transcripts of mmpL3, fasI, kasA, kasB, acpM and RV3451 involved in MA transport and metabolism increased; MA inhibits inflammatory response in macrophages. Since the mce1 operon is known to be regulated in intracellular M. tuberculosis, we speculate that the differences we observed in cell wall lipid metabolism and composition may affect host response to M. tuberculosis infection and determine the clinical outcome of such an infection.
Maternal Affective Illness in the Perinatal Period and Child Development: Findings on Developmental Timing, Mechanisms, and Intervention

Maternal mental illness is one of the most reliable risks for clinically significant child adjustment difficulties. The research literature in this area is very large and broad and dates back decades. In this review, we consider recent research findings on maternal mental illness and child development by focusing particularly on affective illness the perinatal period. We do this because maternal affective illness in the perinatal period is common; recent evidence suggests that pre- and postpartum maternal depression may have lasting effects on child behavioral and somatic health; research in the perinatal period raises acute and compelling questions about mechanisms of transmission and effect; and perinatal-focused interventions may offer distinct advantages for benefitting mother and child and gaining insights into developmental mechanisms. Throughout the review, we attend to the increasing integration of psychological and biological models and the trans-disciplinary approach now required for clinical investigation.
A taxonomic review of the genus Azteca (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Costa Rica and a global revision of the aurita group

The genus Azteca is endemic to the American tropics, where they are abundant arboreal ants. The taxonomy and natural history of the Costa Rican fauna is reviewed, and the A. aurita group is recognized and revised globally. The following synonymies are proposed: A. laticeps Forel under A. chartifex Forel; A. championi Forel, A. eiseni Pergande, A. raptrix Forel, A. ursina Forel, and A. xysticola Forel under A. forelii Emery; A. rossi and A. surubrensis Forel under A. gnava Forel; A. major Forel under A. instabilis (F. Smith); A. prorsa Wheeler under A. longiceps Emery; A. patruelis Forel under A. pittieri Forel; A. nigriventris Forel and A. rectinota Forel under A. velox Forel; A. silvae Forel under A. aurita Emery; A. pruinosa Mann under A. lallemandi Forel; A. lacrymosa Forel under A. pilosula Forel; A. fiebrigi Forel, A. clariceps Santschi, and A. pallida Stitz under A. schimperi Emery; A. columbica Forel under A. jelskii Emery; A. mexicana Emery under A. sericea (Mayr). Azteca velox nigra Forel is raised to species. Azteca aurita pilosula is removed from synonymy and raised to species. The following new species are described: A. sericeasur, A. flavigaster, A. oecocordia, A. nanogyna, and A. quadraticeps.
A new method for the inorganic geochemical evaluation of unconventional resources: An example from the Eagle Ford Shale

Abstract Inorganic geochemical data are becoming increasingly important in the characterization of hydrocarbon source rocks. However, it is often difficult to establish which elements are associated with organic matter versus the various mineral phases using whole rock data alone. In this study we present a new geochemical analysis method designed to target elements that are primarily associated with kerogen. The method involves high-temperature leaching of samples that have had their kerogen destroyed during pyrolysis. To evaluate the impact of kerogen destruction on the leaching results, we compare the leachates of post-pyrolysis samples to leachates from splits of the same sample that did not undergo pyrolysis. Using this approach, in combination with whole rock XRF data, we evaluated the inorganic geochemistry of a core collected from the Eagle Ford Shale. Elements including Al, Fe, K, Ti, and Si were leached in greater amounts using post-pyrolysis samples where kerogen had first been destroyed. This suggests that detrital minerals are intimately associated with the organic matter. This detrital input correlated with substantial increases in TOC in the Eagle Ford and cross plots with Al showed that most trace metals (Mo, V, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, Cr, etc.) were linked to the detrital fraction. Enrichment factors for Mo and V were the greatest among the trace metals examined and were highest nearest the base of the Eagle Ford and generally decreased toward the top of the unit. Estimated DOP ranged from about 0.4 to 0.8 and was highest at the base, but was also elevated at the top of the Eagle Ford section. This suggests that the lower trace metal content and TOC concentrations in the upper member of the Eagle Ford are not explainable by changes in the degree of anoxia alone. Instead, the metal and organic carbon inventory in the upper Eagle Ford was reduced due to changes in productivity associated with sea level changes and a substantial decrease in detrital influx. This geochemical analysis demonstrates the utility of the post-pyrolysis leaching method developed here and highlights some important concepts regarding the changing paleoenvironmental conditions during the deposition of the Eagle Ford.
Self-assembly of pyrazine-containing tetrachloroacenes.

In this paper, we report self-assembly of tetrachloroacenes containing pyrazine moieties. The title compounds, phenazine and bisphenazine substituted with four chlorine atoms for increased electron...
Schwankungen der Tuberkulinempfindlichkeit bei tuberkulosekranken Kindern

Es wird uber die Schwankungen der Tuberkulinempfindlichkeit anhand eines Krankengutes von 100 Kindern wahrend 2jahriger Beobachtungszeit berichtet. Die teilweise erheblichen Veranderungen derselben zeigten keine Gesetzmasigkeit. Zu Klinik, Aktivitat und Prognose bestanden keine Beziehungen. Streptomycin und PAS zeigten keinen Einflus auf die Tuberkulinempfindlichkeit. In unseren Fallen von Miliar-Tuberkulose war sie niedrig, im Beginn des Erythema nodosum und anscheinend auch der Pleuritis exsudativa hoch. Bei Meningitis tbc waren unsere Ergebnisse nicht einheitlich. Als Ursache fur die Empfindlichkeitsschwankungen mussen wohl mehrere Faktoren angesehen werden. Kosmische Vorgange zeigten keinen nachweisbaren Einflus auf die Empfindlichkeit. Die Gesamtzahl der Testungen ergab in ihrer Verteilung auf die gefundenen Reizschwellen das Bild einerGaussschen Normalverteilungskurve mit einem Maximum zwischen 0,1 und 1 TE. Der gleiche Verteilungsmodus zeigte sich auch nach Aufgliederung in verschiedene Altersgruppen; nur die Sauglingsgruppe zeigte eine im Durchschnitt hohere Reizschwelle. Die Forderung intracutaner Nachtestung, die von vielen Autoren erhoben wird, wurde an unserem Material bestatigt. Sensibilisierung und Desensibilisierung des gleichen Patienten durch Tuberkulintestungen sahen wir als nicht unmoglich, jedoch zumindest nicht als alleinige Ursache der Empfindlichkeitsschwankungen an. Drei Falle von negativer Tuberkulinreaktion bei aktiven tuberkulosen Prozessen wurden diskutiert, die Moglichkeiten zur Diagnose einer biologischen Ausheilung besprochen. Die Moglichkeit der Zugehorigkeit hoher Tuberkulinempfindlichkeit zu fruhen Tuberkulosestadien wurde bedingt eingeraumt. Allergie und Immunitat sind getrennte Phanomene. Eine nachteilige Wirkung der Tuberkulinempfindlichkeit als solcher war bei unseren Fallen nicht nachweisbar.
Differences in timing and number of molts for Baltimore and Bullock's orioles : implications to hybrid fitness and theories of delayed plumage maturation

We compare the molt and migration schedules of Baltimore (Icterus g. galbula) and Bullock's (I. g. bullockii) orioles, describe how bullockii and Black-backed Orioles (I. g. abeillei) in juvenile plumage can be distinguished, and present a simple quantitative character that serves to distinguish the juvenile and basic plumages of bullockii. Galbula undergoes the first and later prebasic molts on the breeding grounds, while bullockii in both juvenile and worn breeding plumage almost certainly migrate to the American southwest prior to undertaking the fall molts. This early migration by bullockii has probably been favored as a mechanism for them to escape the dry late summer conditions that prevail in most of their breeding range and to exploit for molting the food flush caused by the late summer monsoon rains in the southwest. With but one exception, every bullockii specimen taken in late summer or fall south of the breeding range in Mexico was in fresh basic plumage. Thus, the fall migration of bullockii may be interrupted for the prebasic molts. Bullockii almost entirely lacks a prealternate molt in all sex and age classes. The prealternate molt in galbula is fairly extensive in first-year males but limited in females and in older males. First year galbula males initiate this molt in their throat in early winter, perhaps to acquire a badge that helps distinguish them from first-year females, which have light throats, and from those older females that have light throats. Some galbula males that are almost a year old also undergo part of the prealternate molt after their arrival on the breeding grounds. Implications of these observations for theories of subadult plumages are discussed. These differences between galbula and bullockii in the timing of the fall molts relative to the fall migration and in having or not having a prealternate molt may provide strong sources of selection against hybrids. One specimen illustrating some of the potentially deleterious recombinations of molt and migration schedules among hybrids is described in detail.
Identification of the white peach scale sex pheromone

Micro techniques were used to obtain spectroscopic and degradative information from less than 5μg of the sex attractant of female white peach scale,Pseudaulascaspis pentagons (Targioni-Tozzetti) isolated from airborne collections. The pheromone was identified as (Z)-3,9-dimethyl-6-isopropenyl-3,9-decadien-1-ol propionate. Both enantiomers of theZ isomer and also the enantiomers of theE isomer were prepared from (R)-or (S)-limonene. Bioassays of material with minimum enantiomeric purity of 95% showed that at extreme dilution only theR,Z isomer attracted male white peach scale; however activity of theS,Z enantiomer could not be completely excluded.
Shoreline Dynamics and Environmental Change Under the Modern Marine Transgression: St. Catherines Island, Georgia

The current study evaluated shoreline dynamics and environmental change at St. Catherines Island, Georgia, with attention to the two major controls of barrier island formation and modification processes. The major controls are the rate of sea level rise for the Georgia Bight which has remained constant in twentieth and twenty-first century tide gauge data and dynamically changing rates of sediment supply based on anthropogenic modifications to land cover and fluvial systems that are reflected in sediment mass flux to the southeastern US coast. The island is dependent on the net longshore transport of sediment from the north and the closest fluvial system with appreciable discharge is the Savannah River. The evaluation of anthropogenic modifications to the rate of sediment supply within the Savannah River watershed indicates that in spite of significant changes in sediment flux rates of +300 % in 1859–1951 (the pre-dam era) and −20 % in 1951–2014 (the post-dam era), shoreline retreat on St. Catherines Island was continuous during the study period with a significant acceleration of shoreline retreat observed with spit and berm landforms during the modern or post-dam era. The apparent acceleration in the shoreline retreat rates for the spit and berm landforms is indicated as an inflection point in time-series plots of data. The change in shoreline retreat rates for the spits and berms correlates with the timing of major disruptions in the rate of sediment supply to the coast of Georgia, specifically the placement of the initial impoundments on the major rivers of the southeastern US.
Identifying Potential Care Management Candidates: The Use of Diagnosis-Based Models to Predict 5-Year Health Care Costs.

Objective This article examined individual characteristics associated with having higher costs in a 5-year period to identify patients that may potentially benefit from case management. Methods Florida Medicaid claims data from 2005 to 2010 were used to examine the characteristics, diagnoses, and services (in 2005) associated with individual costs in 5 future years (2006-2010). The data were divided into estimation and prediction samples with regression models estimated using diagnoses and service use in 2005 to predict future costs. Predictive power was assessed by applying the model results to the prediction sample and comparing predicted costs to actual costs. Results Demographics, service use, and diagnosis in 2005 were associated with costs in the following 5 years. Models were predictive of future costs with a significant relationship between the predicted costs and actual costs. Conclusion Diagnosis-based models in conjunction with prior costs can predict future costs. Individuals predicted to have higher costs may be candidates for case management to potentially avoid reduce costs.
Surface Energy of Deformation and Polarization

It will be observed that the internal energy density of polarization and deformation, WL, contains the linear term, b ij o P j,i , in the polarization gradient. The analogous term linear in the strain, say c ij o S ij , is omitted as it is of no consequence. It leads to a homogeneous stress which, in a bounded body with a free surface, can be removed by a homogeneous strain which, in turn, can be regarded as the reference configuration. The situation is otherwise for the term linear in the polarization gradient. Although this, too, produces a homogeneous field, it is a field of E ij rather than T ij . The removal of n i E ij to free a surface results, as is illustrated in Section 8, in a polarization and strain which decay exponentially into the interior of the body.
The everyday lives of energy transitions: Contested sociotechnical imaginaries in the American West.

This article brings together two growing literatures – on sociotechnical imaginaries in science and technology studies and on resource materialities in anthropology – to explore how two energy-prod...
Boxed Rituals: Eamon de Valera, Television and Talbot’s Box

This chapter explores the tension between collective, embodied forms of remembering in both memorial performance and the traditional theatre, and the emergence of televisual representation in the postcolonial Irish Republic in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As Luke Gibbons’s work has shown,1 television had marked effects on Irish culture during this period of staggering modernization. One of the most profound results of this explosion was the startling influence television had on how events were remembered, and subsequently on how some of those events were represented artistically. Specifically, this involved the movement of a substantial portion of the populace away from live, participatory forms of collective memory towards a more private, confined form of viewing associated with the new media. The traditional theatre often followed suit, retreating even further into an already established Irish brand of naturalism, which the new framing mechanism of the television made all the more obvious.
Using GPS radio occultations to infer the water vapor feedback

The air refractive index at L-band frequencies depends on the air's water vapor content and density. Exploiting this relationship, we derive for the first time a theoretical model to infer the specific humidity response to surface temperature variations, dq/dTs, given knowledge of how the air refractive index and temperature vary with surface temperature. We validate this model using 1.2–1.6 GHz Global Positioning System Radio Occultation (GPS RO) observations from 2007 to 2010 at 250 hPa, where the water vapor feedback on surface warming is strongest. The dq/dTs estimation from GPS RO observations shows excellent agreement with previously published results and the responses estimated using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and NASA's Modern–Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data sets. Because of their high sensitivity to fractional changes in water vapor, current and future GPS RO observations show great promise in monitoring climate feedbacks and their trends.
Remittances, Regime Type, and Government Spending Priorities

Previous work suggests that remittances enable governments to reduce spending on public services and divert resources to serve their own interests. We argue this need not occur. Building on recent work which shows that the impact of remittances is contingent on the domestic environment in remittance-receiving countries, we hypothesize that (1) remittances are more likely to increase government spending on public services in democracies than in autocracies and (2) remittances are more likely to finance activities that deter political competition in autocracies than in democracies. Using a sample of 105 developing countries from 1985 through 2008, we find strong support for our hypotheses when examining the impact of remittances on public education, health, and military spending. We also provide suggestive evidence for the mechanism underpinning our results: micro-level evidence on remittance recipients’ preferences and political engagement.
Potential Moderators of Racial Differences in Responses to Traumatic Events

Research regarding the influence of race on outcomes after trauma has been mixed, and we aimed to identify potential moderators of the relation between race and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...
Attenuation of tumor angiogenesis in murine melanoma model using liposomal formulation of Coenzyme Q10

977 Angiogenesis is a major focus for cancer therapy and has been a focus for drug development. Our prior data have demonstrated in vitro administration of Q10 restores the apoptotic potential in melanoma and squamous carcinoma cells, without adversely affecting normal epithelial cells. Through western blot analysis we have shown the reduction of Bcl-2, an anti-apopotic protein, in melanoma without a significant effect on normal fibroblast. In addition, we induce human melanoma tumors (derived from Skmel-28 cells) in nude athymic mice and applied a Q10 liposomal topical formulation for 30 days. Subsequently, the subjects were sacrificed and the tumors were excised, weighed, and processed for histological analysis. The treatment tumors showed an average of 53.2% reduction in tumor mass compared to the control. Moreover, histological analysis of the treatment group showed a significant reduction in the structural integrity of tumor vasculature. Further investigation will entail the examination of Q10 effect on mitochondrial mediated pathways for the reduction of angiogenic factors. In addition, apoptotic markers with a relation to angiogenesis will be examine to provide supporting evidence for this phenomenon. Taken together, our data suggests a potential for the use of a topical application of Q10 for the treatment of cutaneous malignancies.
The Relationship between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease and the Potential Modifying Effect of Diet in a Prospective Cohort among American Indians: The Strong Heart Study

American Indians experience high rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been linked to CVD, possibly due to pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. We examined the relationship between self-reported exposure to ETS and fatal and nonfatal CVD incidence using Cox proportional hazards models among 1843 non-smoking American Indians participating in the Strong Heart Study. We also evaluated potential modifying effects of several dietary nutrients high in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties with ETS exposure on fatal and nonfatal CVD by creating interaction terms between ETS exposure and the dietary variable. Participants exposed to ETS had a higher hazard (hazard ratio: 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.44) for developing CVD compared to persons not exposed. Interaction analyses suggested stronger effects of ETS on CVD incidence among those consuming diets lower in vitamin E as compared to those consuming higher amounts, particularly on the additive scale. Additional research is recommended to clarify whether public health prevention strategies should simultaneously target reductions in ETS exposures and improvements in diets that may exceed the expected benefits of targeting these risk factors separately.
Plague and Music in the Renaissance

Plague, a devastating and recurring affliction throughout the Renaissance, had a major impact on European life. Not only was pestilence a biological problem, but it was also read as a symptom of spiritual degeneracy and it caused widespread social disorder. Assembling a picture of the complex and sometimes contradictory responses to plague from medical, spiritual and civic perspectives, this book uncovers the place of music - whether regarded as an indispensable medicine or a moral poison that exacerbated outbreaks - in the management of the disease. This original musicological approach further reveals how composers responded, in their works, to the discourses and practices surrounding one of the greatest medical crises in the pre-modern age. Addressing topics such as music as therapy, public rituals and performance and music in religion, the volume also provides detailed musical analysis throughout to illustrate how pestilence affected societal attitudes toward music.