cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustainability and supra‐communitarianism

Sustainability is a permanent concern of humankind. It requires attention to environmental issues such as reducing pollution, limiting resource use, and protecting biodiversity. It requires concern for future generations and is the responsibility of every person on earth. Its requirements for multi‐dimensional cooperation, shared values and goals, participation and empowerment, and learning, represent a greater challenge for communitarianism than most other social issues. To span geography, political systems, cultures, and many generations of time, it is argued that supra‐communitarianism is needed. This article contains several recommendations to foster the evolution of supracommunitarianism to support sustainability.
Complexity Theory in Organization Science: Seizing the Promise or Becoming a Fad?

(1999). Complexity Theory in Organization Science: Seizing the Promise or Becoming a Fad? Emergence: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5-32.
Predicting Crawfish Molting with Machine Vision

The objective of this project was to develop a vision system that could predict when crawfish will molt. Different sections of the crawfish shell were examined to determine how the color changed as the time of molting approached. A strip on the tail section of the crawfish showed the greatest, most consistent color change. The average red/green × red/blue ratio decreased for every crawfish as the molting time approached. Using this ratio as a predictor, it was possible to predict the molting of a crawfish within 3 d with an accuracy greater than 80%. The limitation on accuracy was primarily the result of the large variations in natural shell color among the crawfish.
Irradiation creep of the US Heat 832665 of V–4Cr–4Ti

Abstract The paper presents irradiation creep data for V–4Cr–4Ti irradiated to 3.7 dpa at 425 and 600 °C in the HFIR-17J experiment. Creep deformation was characterized by measuring diametral changes of pressurized creep tubes before and after irradiation. It was found that the creep strain rate of the US Heat 832665 of V–4Cr–4Ti exhibited a linear relationship with stress up to ∼180 MPa at 425 °C with a creep coefficient of 2.50 × 10−6 MPa−1 dpa−1. A linear relationship between creep rate and applied stress was observed below ∼110 MPa at 600 °C with a creep coefficient of 5.41 × 10−6 MPa−1 dpa−1; non-linear creep behavior was observed above ∼110 MPa, and it may not be fully accounted by invoking thermal creep. The bilinear creep behavior observed in the same alloy irradiated in BR-10 was not observed in this study.
Substance Abuse and Teacher Stress.

On-the-job stress was examined in relationship with the strength of need to use and the frequency of use of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription (P) drugs and alcohol (A), across five teacher samples (N = 1788). The Total Strength and Total Frequency Scores of the Teacher Stress Inventory (TSI) were used to assess stress levels. It was determined that: 1) high stress frequencies were significantly related to the frequent use of OTC, P, and A substances, 2) high stress strengths were significantly related to perceptions of the strong need to use such substances; 3) 6 percent to 11 percent of the teachers reported a great-to-major need to use chemical substances to manage stress, while 3 percent to 11 percent reported actually making use of these on a near-daily or daily basis; 4) the Total Stress Frequency can be used to predict the frequency of substance use; and 5) both the Total Frequency and Total Strength measures can be used to predict the degree of need to use stress-buffering substances.
Some corollaries of a theorem of Whitney on the chromatic polynomial

Abstract Let F denote the family of simple undirected graphs on v vertices having e edges, P ( G ; λ ) be the chromatic polynomial of a graph G . For the given integers v , e , λ , let f ( v , e , λ )= max\s{ P ( G;λ ): G ∈ F \s}. In this paper we determine some lower and upper bounds for f ( v , e , λ ) provided that λ is sufficiently large. In some cases f ( v , e , λ ) is found and all graphs G for which P ( G ; λ ) = f ( v , e , λ ) are described. Connections between these problems and some other questions from the extremal graph theory are analysed using Whitney's characterization of the coefficients of P ( G ; λ ) in terms of the number of ‘broken circuits’ in G .
The appearance of a functional contractile apparatus in developing muscle.

Abstract The contractile apparatus in muscle is composed of actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, and other minor proteins. An important aspect in studying the appearance of a functional contractile apparatus, which involves assembly of a multicomponent structure, is to determine what proteins are rate limiting. The observation that the Mg2+ Ca2+ ATPase of natural actomyosin does not change in specific activity from 9 days of embryogenesis to the adult suggests that actin and myosin are not rate limiting. This supports results reported elsewhere in the literature. Evidence is presented which suggests that troponin is rate limiting and becomes incorporated into the actomyosin complex late in development. The presence of a Ca2+ sensitive ATPase, an in vitro equivalent of relaxation, is used as an assay for a functional contractile apparatus. There is a low level of Ca2+ sensitivity in 9- and 11-day actomyosin. This then increases markedly and by day 16 has reached the adult level. Ca2+ sensitivity of desensitized actomyosin can be restored by addition of relaxing factor protein system (RPS = troponin and tropomyosin). When RPS is added to 19-day and adult actomyosins, the Ca2+ sensitive ATPase is unchanged. When added to 14-day actomyosin, Ca2+ sensitivity is restored to the adult level. This indicates that 14-day actomyosin is deficient in troponin or tropomyosin and troponin. Addition of RPS to 9- and 11-day actomyosin partially restores Ca2+ sensitivity but not to the adult level, suggesting that another factor is also involved. Troponin has the ability to bind calcium. Study of 45Ca binding by natural actomyosins has shown that 14-day binds less than adult and more than 9- and 11-day material. The points for 16-day and 19-day are in between 14-day and adult actomyosin. These results show that embryonic actomyosin from day 14 and earlier has reduced Ca2+ sensitivity and Ca binding ability. Calcium sensitivity can be restored by addition of RPS, suggesting further that troponin (or tropomyosin-troponin complex) is deficient in the embryonic natural actomyosin.
The Effect of Non-Protein Energy Sources on the Ability of the Chick to Synthesize Glucose-6-Phosphatase

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship of energy source, age and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the chick. In the first experiment liver glycogen and glucose-6-phosphatase were assayed in chicks of four age groups being fed either a high-fat or high-carbohydrate diet. It was observed that the feeding of the high-fat diet resulted in higher glucose-6-phosphatase activity and lower glycogen levels than did the feeding of the carbohydrate diet. Age was found to significantly influence enzyme activity. Both glucose-6-phosphatase and liver glycogen were found to be negatively correlated in the fat fed chicks. In the second experiment chicks were fed either a high-fat or high-carbohydrate diet for 28 days. Liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity was determined in representative samples of chicks from each group to establish basal levels. The diets were then reversed for a three-day period, after which the chicks were returned to their initial diets. Glucose-6-phosphatase was analysed at each step. Variation in enzyme activity in the chicks initially fed the high-fat diet could be attributed to differences in body weight. However, those chicks originally fed the carbohydrate diet did exhibit a true metabolic adaption when fed the high-fat diet.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE PARAPHYSIS CEREBRI IN NEWTS.

Paraphyses from the brains of adult Triturus pyrrhogaster and adult and larval Taricha torosa have been examined by light and electron microscopy.
Low-frequency noise in contact and channel regions of ambipolar InAs nanowire transistors

Semiconductor nanowires are promising candidates for nanoelectronic applications such as high-speed electronics, chemical sensors, and transparent electronics. However, practical application of these devices is hindered by the excessive levels of low-frequency (1/f) noise. The general physical model of 1/f noise stems from carrier interactions with the surface oxide along the channel, but the problem is exacerbated in nanowires because of their high surface-to-volume ratio. However, other mechanisms may also contribute to carrier fluctuations leading to higher levels of noise, such as fluctuations in the metal-semiconductor source and drain contacts. Understanding the physics and contributions from the different regions is key to optimizing noise in nanowire devices, but few studies have distinguished between these mechanisms.
FTIR Measurements Of Minor Atmospheric Constituents

The major components of the Earth's atmosphere, nitrogen, oxygen and argon, are essentially transparent to infrared radiation. Most of the minor and trace gases in the atmosphere have significant infrared absorptions, which provide a means of measuring their abundance. For many years, we have been using the infrared as a remote sensing tool. As Fourier Transform systems (FTS) have developed, they have been increasingly used in our work. We primarily use two techniques for atmospheric measurements: solar absorption spectra and atmospheric emission spectra. In the solar absorption case, the sun is used as an intense source, and the measurement is similar (in principle) to that carried out routinely in the laboratory. Unfortunately, no reference (vacuum) path is readily available, the sample (atmosphere) is not under uniform temperature or pressure conditions and the composition is not uniform. Despite the complications, accurate determinations of gas amounts can be made in many cases, and path lengths unattainable in the laboratory can yield significant information about the molecular spectroscopy of some compounds. Interferometer systems have advantages for recording solar spectra in the infrared: relatively small size for comparable resolution and a highly accurate frequency scale. In most cases there is no multiplex advantage, but the throughput may be higher. FTS can also cover broad spectral intervals, which allows quantification of several gases simultaneously. The atmosphere is a very weak infrared source, and instrument sensitivity is of primary importance. FTS may or may not have a multiplex advantage, but it still provides an accurate frequency scale and substantial throughput.
Predicting the outcomes of National Football League games

Rankings have predictive value for determining the outcomes of basketball games and tennis matches. Rankings, based on power scores, are also available for NFL teams. This paper evaluates power scores as predictors of the outcomes of NFL games for the 1994–2000 seasons. The evaluation involves a comparison of forecasts generated from probit regressions based on power scores published in The New York Times with those of a naive model, the betting market, and the opinions of the sports editor of The New York Times. We conclude that the betting market is the best predictor followed by the probit predictions based on power scores. We analyze the editor’s predictions and find that his predictions were comparable to a bootstrapping model of his forecasts but were inferior to those based on power scores and even worse than naive forecasts.
Regional variation in the severity of pesticide exposure outcomes: applications of geographic information systems and spatial scan statistics

Introduction: Geographic information systems and spatial scan statistics have been utilized to assess regional clustering of symptomatic pesticide exposures reported to a state Poison Control Cente...
Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous omeprazole in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral and IV omeprazole after a single dose were studied in 9 patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome to determine whether the increased dose required to control gastric acid hypersecretion could be explained on the basis of altered pharmacokinetics. Each patient was studied both after receiving a single IV bolus of omeprazole (40 mg) and after receiving a single oral dose of omeprazole (80 mg). Intravenous and oral omeprazole doses were administered 1 week apart. Gastric acid secretion and plasma concentrations of omeprazole after drug administration were determined in each patient. The area under the plasma concentration curve, clearance, and volume of distribution after IV omeprazole administration and the area under the plasma concentration curve, peak plasma concentration, and time required to reach the peak after oral omeprazole administration were not different from those reported previously for normal subjects and patients with peptic ulcer disease. Mean (+/- SEM) bioavailability of oral omeprazole for all patients was 68% +/- 16%, which was similar to the bioavailability reported previously for normal subjects. Three patients had a significantly lower bioavailability reported previously for normal subjects. Three patients had a significantly lower bioavailability (20% +/- 8%) than the others, and their basal acid outputs were significantly higher than those of the other 7 patients. For all patients there was an inverse correlation between bioavailability and basal acid output (r = 0.76; P less than 0.02). The mean (+/- SEM) elimination half-lives of IV and oral omeprazole were not different (2.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.5 hours) but were significantly longer than those reported previously for normal subjects (P less than 0.02). The duration of action correlated with the elimination half-life of the drug (r = 0.87; P less than 0.003) and area under the plasma concentration curve (r = 0.72; P less than 0.03). The mean durations of action of IV and oral omeprazole were not significantly different (34 +/- 7.2 vs. 35 +/- 6.2 hours). It was concluded that altered pharmacokinetics do not account for the increased drug requirement of omeprazole in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In contrast to a previous study, the oral and IV omeprazole had the same duration of action, suggesting that intermittent bolus administration of parenteral omeprazole will obviate the need for continuous infusion of histamine H2-receptor antagonists in patients requiring parenteral antisecretory drugs. Furthermore, an IV dose every 12 hours controlled acid secretion in all patients, suggesting this as the recommended dose interval in patients requiring parenteral drug therapy.
False discovery rate control is a recommended alternative to Bonferroni-type adjustments in health studies

Objectives: Procedures for controlling the false positive rate when performing many hypothesis tests are commonplace in health and medical studies. Such procedures, most notably the Bonferroni adjustment, suffer from the problem that error rate control cannot be localized to individual tests, and that these procedures do not distinguish between exploratory and/or data-driven testing vs. hypothesis-driven testing. Instead, procedures derived from limiting false discovery rates may be a more appealing method to control error rates in multiple tests. Study Design and Setting: Controlling the false positive rate can lead to philosophical inconsistencies that can negatively impact the practice of reporting statistically significant findings. We demonstrate that the false discovery rate approach can overcome these inconsistencies and illustrate its benefit through an application to two recent health studies. Results: The false discovery rate approach is more powerful than methods like the Bonferroni procedure that control false positive rates. Controlling the false discovery rate in a study that arguably consisted of scientifically driven hypotheses found nearly as many significant results as without any adjustment, whereas the Bonferroni procedure found no significant results. Conclusion: Although still unfamiliar to many health researchers, the use of false discovery rate control in the context of multiple
Effects of Vitamin B-6 Deficiency on the Developing Central Nervous System of the Rat. Myelination

The effects of different levels of dietary pyridoxine (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 20.0 mg/kg diet) fed to dams during growth, gestation and lactation on myelination in progeny were investigated. Degree of myelina- tion at 15 days, postnatally, was determined from closely matched micro graphs of the four dietary treatment groups. Electron micrographs showed markedly less myelination in the 1.0 group as compared with the 1.4 and 20.0 groups with the 1.2 group appearing intermediate in the number of myelinated axons. Some myelinated axons of the 1.0 group exhibited an "unusual" appearance of whorls of lamina separated by cytoplasmic space occupied by widely separated lamina. The results indicate that brain development, particularly myelination, was affected by a deficiency of vitamin B-6 prior to and including the period of rapid myelination. J. Nutr. 108: 1260-1265, 1978.
Increased maternal cytokine production and congenital heart defects

Abstract Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a major cause of infant mortality. Most CHDs are thought to result from genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that include maternal obesity, diabetes, toxicant exposure, and alterations in anti-oxidant capacity. Since these well-documented risk factors are also associated with immune dysregulation, we sought to compare the maternal immune response in mothers carrying a fetus with a CHD with those mothers whose pregnancies were not affected by any birth defect. We conducted a case-control study to examine the maternal cytokine profile using multiplex technology in pregnant mothers (subject mean=26 weeks' gestation). This investigation revealed that whole blood cultures derived from case mothers produced higher levels of certain cytokines and chemokines compared with cultures from control subjects when activated with mitogen. Cultures from case subjects produced higher levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, and IL-6, when stimulated with mitogen compared with control subjects. Plasma levels of chemokine MIP-1α were higher in cases compared with controls. In contrast, C-reactive protein levels were not statistically different. These results demonstrate the need to further examine the maternal cytokine signature in CHD-affected pregnancies. This information could pave the way toward maternal immunotherapeutic intervention to prevent CHDs, and novel biomarker discovery to improve pre-natal diagnosis.
Super: a web server to rapidly screen superposable oligopeptide fragments from the protein data bank

Searching for well-fitting 3D oligopeptide fragments within a large collection of protein structures is an important task central to many analyses involving protein structures. This article reports a new web server, Super, dedicated to the task of rapidly screening the protein data bank (PDB) to identify all fragments that superpose with a query under a prespecified threshold of root-mean-square deviation (RMSD). Super relies on efficiently computing a mathematical bound on the commonly used structural similarity measure, RMSD of superposition. This allows the server to filter out a large proportion of fragments that are unrelated to the query; >99% of the total number of fragments in some cases. For a typical query, Super scans the current PDB containing over 80 500 structures (with � 40 million potential oligopeptide fragments to match) in under a minute. Super web server is freely accessible from: http://lcb.infotech.monash.edu.au/super.
Pathogenesis of the anemia of Shay chloroleukemia

The pathogenesis of anemia of the Shay chloroleukemia (SCL) was studied in rats following SC, IP and IV inoculation of chloroma cells. Little difference in survival was noted regardless of the route of inoculation. A decrease in hamatocrit occurred in all SCL rats during approximately the final 48 hours of the disease; however, the anemia was more severe in SC- and IP-inoculated terminal rats than in SCL rats inoculated IV. A reduction in the numbers of normal cellular elements was noted in the femoral bone marrow of most terminal rats studied which was found to correlate inversely with the leukemic blast cell content of the marrow. No correlation was observed between the erythroblast content of the marrow and the degree of anemia. The number of erythroblasts varied from greatly reduced to normal in terminal SCL rats despite severe anemia. Moreover, the greatest reduction of both normal marrow cellularity and erythroblast numbers was observed in IV inoculated rats which consistently displayed the highest hematocrits in the terminal stage of the disease. Thus, the terminal anemia appears to be due primarily to excessive red cell loss. The decrease in erythroblasts, when observed, was most striking in the orthochromatophilic and polychromatophilic stages of erythroid maturation.
Characterization of beam position monitors for measurement of second moment

A dual-axis beam position monitor (BPM) consists of four electrodes placed at 90/spl deg/ intervals around the probe aperture. The response signals of these lobes can be expressed as a sum of moments. The first order moment gives the centroid of the beam. The second order moment contains information about the rms size of the beam. It has been shown previously that the second order moment can be used to determine beam emittance. To make this measurement, we must characterize the BPM appropriately. Our approach to this problem is to use a pulsed wire test fixture. By using the principle of superposition, we can build up a diffuse beam by taking the signals from different wire positions and summing them. This is done two ways: first by physically moving a wire about the aperture and building individual distributions, and, second, by taking a two dimensional grid of wire positions versus signal and using a computer to interpolate between the grid points to get arbitrary wire positions and, therefore, distributions. We present the current results of this effort.
A clinical practice model for treatment of college-aged incest survivors.

Abstract Adult incest survivors frequently exhibit signs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Many clinicians have geared their group treatment of incest survivors to address these manifestations. Given the nature of the sexual abuse, the early developmental periods in which some trauma occurs, the past and current relationship between the victim and the perpetrator, and the dynamics inherent in this violation and betrayal of trust, love, and power within the family unit, additional clinical concerns and safeguards must be considered. In addition, the struggles of college-aged incest survivors to come to terms with their history of sexual abuse often mirror the developmental tasks faced by their peers—autonomy, intimacy, sexuality, and formation of personal values and ethics. To focus solely on the incest without also considering these developmental issues may solidify a gridlock between inadequate resolution of the developmental issues and the continued victimization of the student incest survi...
The importance of land use/land cover data in fish and mussel conservation planning

Freshwater fish and mussel diversity is declining at an alarming rate across North America. Human land uses and disturbances within watersheds have been implicated as the primary cause of declines. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of land use/land cover (LULC) variables in species distribution modeling and conservation planning using a straightforward multiscale approach for prioritizing freshwater fish and mussel conservation areas in the upper Green River catchment (Ohio River basin, USA). We developed distribution and species richness models for 10 uncommon fishes and 14 rare mussels using multiscale landscape data and boosted regression tree (BRT) analyses based on LULC composition and pattern, geology composition, and soil composition data. We then used probability of occurrence, endemicity, prevalence, trend and range of individual species to estimate the conservation value of each stream reach. Conservation areas were defined for three spatial scales nested within the catchment management zone (focal areas, riparian management buffer and subcatchment management zone) using a simple optimization technique. Priority conservation areas were located primarily in the eastern (upper Green River) and southern (upper Barren River) portions of the catchment. We found that focal species richness is explained most by soil composition in the subcatchment. However, nested within the subcatchment scale focal species richness responded positively to percent forest and negatively to patch density of developed/exposed land in the reach buffer. For both the reach and riparian buffers, retaining forested tracts of land and limiting the level of development and fragmentation would benefit the focal species.
The asymmetric synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics -II. The first enantioselective synthesis of the carbacephalosporin nucleus.

Abstract The application of asymmetric ketene-imine cycloadditions to the first enantioselective synthesis of the carbacephalosporin nucleus is described.
A Noninformative Prior for Neural Networks

While many implementations of Bayesian neural networks use large, complex hierarchical priors, in much of modern Bayesian statistics, noninformative (flat) priors are very common. This paper introduces a noninformative prior for feed-forward neural networks, describing several theoretical and practical advantages of this approach. In particular, a simpler prior allows for a simpler Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Details of MCMC implementation are included.
The ADEPT digital library architecture

The Alexandria Digital Earth ProtoType (ADEPT) architecture is a framework for building distributed digital libraries of georeferenced information. An ADEPT system comprises one or more autonomous libraries, each of which provides a uniform interface to one or more collections, each of which manages metadata for one or more items. The primary standard on which the architecture is based is the ADEPT bucket framework, which defines uniform client-level metadata query services that are compatible with heterogeneous underlying collections. ADEPT functionality strikes a balance between the simplicity of Web document delivery and the richness of Z39.50. The current ADEPT implementation runs as servlet-based middleware and supports collections housed in arbitrary relational databases.
Cholestan-3gb,5α,6β-triol decreases barrier function of cultured endothelial cell monolayers

Abstract Cholesterol oxidation products (oxysterols) found in foods may be atherogenic, possibly by altering the barrier function of the vascular endothelium. To investigate this hypothesis, endothelial cells were cultured on micropore filters and the effect of cholesterol and the oxysterol cholestan-3β,5α,6β-triol (Triol) on albumin transfer across cultured vascular endothelial monolayers (ECM) was studied. Exposure to Triol significantly increased albumin transfer across ECM. The effect of Triol on endothelial cell barrier function was time and concentration dependent, with maximum albumin transfer being reached at 20 μM Triol and after a 24-h exposure. Pure cholesterol, on the other hand, did not affect albumin transfer at concentrations as high as 130 μM Although an increase in albumin transfer across ECM was observed after a 2-h incubation with Triol-enriched media, a 24-h incubation period was necessary to cause a significant release of cellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the culture media. Morphological perturbations of the cell monolayers were observed at approx. 14–18 h after cell exposure to Triol-enriched media. Enrichment with cholesterol or vitamin E did not prevent the Triol-induced increase in albumin transfer across ECM. These results suggest that exposure to oxidized cholesterol, but not cholesterol itself, reduces the ability of the endothelium to act as a selectively permeable barrier to plasma components, and that these events may not be prevented by cholesterol or vitamin E.
Finding an alternative diagnosis does not justify increased use of CT-pulmonary angiography

The increased use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is often justified by finding alternative diagnoses explaining patients’ symptoms. However, this has not been rigorously examined. We retrospectively reviewed CTPA done at our center over an eleven year period (2000 – 2010) in patients with suspected pulmonary embolus (PE). We then reviewed in detail the medical records of a representative sample of patients in three index years – 2000, 2005 and 2008. We determined whether CTPA revealed pulmonary pathology other than PE that was not readily identifiable from the patient’s history, physical examination and prior chest X-ray. We also assessed whether the use of pre-test probability guided diagnostic strategy for PE. A total of 12,640 CTPA were performed at our center from year 2000 to 2010. The number of CTPA performed increased from 84 in 2000 to 2287 in 2010, a 27 fold increase. Only 7.6 percent of all CTPA and 3.2 percent of avoidable CTPAs (low or intermediate pre-test probability and negative D-dimer) revealed previously unknown findings of any clinical significance. When we compared 2008 to 2000 and 2005, more CTPAs were performed in younger patients (mean age (years) for 2000: 67, 2005: 63, and 2008: 60, (p=0.004, one–way ANOVA)). Patients were less acutely ill with fewer risk factors for PE. Assessment of pre-test probability of PE and D-dimer measurement were rarely used to select appropriate patients for CTPA (pre-test probability of PE documented in chart (% total) in year 2000: 4.1%, 2005: 1.6%, 2008: 3.1%). Our data do not support the argument that increased CTPA use is justified by finding an alternative pulmonary pathology that could explain patients’ symptoms. CTPA is being increasingly used as the first and only test for suspected PE.
Applying an educational theory to effectively teach nursing practice and NCLEX categories

There is a desire amongst nursing faculty to effectively teach the process of nursing, and to have a meaningful context in which to disseminate this information. The use of an educational theory as a guide to nursing faculty in teaching the practice of nursing, specifically the NCLEX categories is demonstrated. Applying the ARCS Motivational Theory to the teaching of nursing practice using the NCLEX categories as a format is a way to demonstrate the categories, process, and relevance of the model. The separate categories of the NCLEX are outlined and addressed.
Human Liver 6-Pyruvoyl-Tetrahydropterin Synthase: Expression of the cDNA, Purification and Preliminary Characterization of the Recombinant Protein

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is the coenzyme for several monooxygenases such as the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, the glycerol ether monooxygenase, and the nitric oxide synthases1,2. A lack of BH4 leads to hyperphenylalaninemia and a deficiency of biogenic amine neurotransmitters, which are responsible for severe mental retardation3. The most common form, where BH4 biosynthesis is impaired, is a deficiency in 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS). PTPS catalyzes the second step in the BH4 biosynthetic pathway, the conversion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate to 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin. This triphosphate eliminating reaction requires Mg2+ as a cofactor. As a means to better characterize biochemically the PTPS, we recently cloned the human liver cDNA4. Expression of the recombinant enzyme in E. coli allowed us to isolate and purify the active PTPS in large amounts. This article describes the overproduction and purification, and gives a preliminary characterization of some physical properties of the recombinant human enzyme.
Adapting a concept of framing to understand how students learn in problem-centered group learning in flipped engineering classrooms

A concept of framing is adapted for analyzing how students learn in problem-centered group learning. Students' contributions to discourse are analyzed and associated with their conceptual understanding and growth. Characteristics indicating conceptual understanding, along with factors influencing classroom interactions for conceptual growth are reported. Resources that support designing and conducting learning activities in “flipped classrooms” are discussed.
Diabetes Mellitus and the Cardiovascular System

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an epidemic which affects close to 100 million patients worldwide; the majority being type 2 diabetes mellitus. The rising incidence has resulted in a proportional increase in the frequency of cardiovascular disease attributable to DM, as revealed by various population-based studies. Over the past 50 years, DM has been shown to be an important and independent risk factor in the development of a variety of cardiac conditions, especially vascular disease, primarily through accelerated atherosclerosis. Diabetic neuropathy is a serious complication of DM, which leads to the impairment of cardiovascular autonomic control. Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy results in heart rate abnormalities, exercise intolerance, orthostatic blood pressure abnormalities, QT interval prolongation, silent ischemia and diabetic cardiomyopathy, all of which lead to increased morbidity and mortality related to diabetes. This conditions remains difficult to diagnose and treat, requiring a multifaceted approach. Inflammation appears to play a central role in accelerating many of the injurious effects of DM on the cardiovascular system. Expression of specific inflammatory markers has been directly linked to some of the known harmful effects of DM on the cardiovascular system, in addition to indirectly potentiating the deleterious effects of other major cardiovascular disease risk factors. Hyperglycemia results in increased intracellular glucose which triggers several pro-inflammatory reactions leading to the production of harmful free radicals and the formation of advanced glycation end products. These have been linked to the development of diabetic atherogenic dyslipidemia, in addition to glycation and loss of the protective effect of high density lipoproteins in diabetic subjects, thereby worsening the atherosclerotic burden in DM. Addressing hyperglycemia, therefore, is only one of many vital components in the treatment of diabetes. Traditional risk factors for heart disease and stroke tend to be further potentiated by the presence of DM, however, even after adequate control of hyperglycemia. Clinical evidence and major clinical guidelines address this conundrum by pointing out unmet needs of adequate cardiovascular protection, and call for aggressive control of risk factors in the diabetic population. J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;5(6):313-320 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jem324e
A call for formal telemedicine training during stroke fellowship

During the 20 years since US Food and Drug Administration approval of IV tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke, vascular neurology consultation via telemedicine has contributed to an increased frequency of IV tissue plasminogen activator administration and broadened geographic access to the drug. Nevertheless, a growing demand for acute stroke coverage persists, with the greatest disparity found in rural communities underserved by neurologists. To provide efficient and consistent acute care, formal training in telemedicine during neurovascular fellowship is warranted. Herein, we describe our experiences incorporating telestroke into the vascular neurology fellowship curriculum and propose recommendations on integrating formal telemedicine training into the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education vascular neurology fellowship.
Pregnancy and progressive systemic sclerosis. Case report and review of the literature.

A case of progressive systemic sclerosis and successful pregnancy is reported. The 82 other reported cases are reviewed with emphasis on the potentially lethal sequela seen 15% of the time (primarily, accelerated renal hypertension, sometimes heralded by proteinuria with renal failure). Accelerated renal hypertension is noted to be present only in primigravid or multigravid patients who manifested sclerodermatous changes prior to the pregnancy. Close blood pressure monitoring and weekly urine tests for protein are recommended as a way to possibly warn the clinician of the onset of this condition. The use of captopril is considered as a possible treatment as there is one reported case of maternal salvage with its use.
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Reacting Jet in Cross Flow with Adaptive Mesh Refinement

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of a high Reynolds number reactive jet in cross-flow is performed with detailed chemistry to study jet/cross-flow interactions and flame stabilization mechanisms. A notable feature of the simulation is the use of block structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) technique to resolve fine scale flow and flame structures. A new subgrid turbulence closure is developed taking into account the presence of a hierarchical mesh structure. The JICF configuration considered has a nitrogen diluted hydrogen transverse jet in a cross flow of air. Validation studies are performed for the non-reactive case with different jet Reynolds numbers and comparisons of the mean jet trajectory with experimental correlations are presented. Investigation for the reacting case is done using a 19-step detailed hydrogen chemistry and results are compared with the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) results from an earlier study for the same JICF configuration. As seen in the past studies, the flame is lifted and anchored in the leeward side of the jet where the flow velocity is low in the average sense. Further analysis indicates that the mixture preparation at the flame anchoring region is through partial premixing of fuel and oxidizer.
The Development of Reid's Realism

La pensee de Reid a evolue, en particulier les idees presentees dans Inquiry et Intellectual Powers sont differentes. La theorie de la perception dans Inquiry est une version du realisme indirect, passage des objets aux impressions puis aux sensations enfin aux concepts. C'est seulement dans Intellectual Powers que le realisme eliminant le stade des sensations devient direct.
INVESTIGATION OF A HARTMANN-SPRENGER TUBE FOR PASSIVE HEATING OF SCRAMJET INJECTANT GASES

It was postulated that heated fuel could be extracted from a Hartmann-Sprenger Tube and subsequently used as an ignition aid in a scramjet engine. Therefore, an experimental investigation of the Hartmann-Sprenger Tube was performed to gain an understanding of the geometric parameters, gas molecular weight, and flow characteristics on the gas heating performance. The Hartmann-Sprenger Tube developed for this experiment consisted of an under- expanded jet directed into a tapered, cylindrical tube. The effects of nozzle pressure, nozzle-to-tube spacing, and gas composition were explored. Also, experiments were conducted to determine the maximum amount of gas that could be extracted without significantly affecting the heating performance. Schlieren flow imagery and time traces of pressure in the tube were used to explore the major differences in heating performance at the significant modal frequencies of the apparatus. The device produced a maximum total temperature increase of a factor of approximately 2.6 in the closed configuration. Using helium as the working gas produced slightly greater heating performance (approximately 25% greater). Extracting gas from the end-wall of the apparatus decreased the end-wall to ambient temperature ratio to below a ratio of two, before one tenth of a percent of the nozzle flow was extracted.
Development of a pharmacist-driven protocol for automatic medication dosage adjustments in obese patients.

Purpose A hospital protocol utilizing automatic dosage adjustments and pharmacist consultations to optimize the use of certain medications in obese patients is described. Summary After conducting a literature search focused on medication dosing in obese patients, pharmacists at a large community hospital developed a list of commonly ordered medications appropriate for inclusion in a pharmacy-driven institutional protocol for automatic medication dosage adjustment in adult patients with obesity. Evidence-based recommendations on initial dosing of eight antimicrobials and two anticoagulant agents according to weight and renal function were formulated. Under the protocol, pharmacists receive electronic alerts regarding protocol-eligible patients during initial order verification and automatically adjust medication dosages as appropriate. For patients prescribed anticoagulants at specified dosage levels, clinical pharmacists consult with prescribers to help ensure safe and effective initial and ongoing therapy. Multidisciplinary educational initiatives were conducted prior to protocol implementation. During two designated three-week postimplementation data collection periods, pharmacists received a total of 372 protocol-eligible medication orders. Pharmacists adjusted a total of 149 dosages and verified an additional 183 dosages consistent with the protocol as originally ordered. Clinical pharmacy consults were completed for 10–15% of patients, with laboratory monitoring ordered in 25–30% of those cases (all patients were found to have appropriate test values). There have been no documented adverse drug reactions in patients whose medication dosages were adjusted per protocol. Conclusion Pharmacists implemented weight- and renal function–based dosage adjustments for obese patients in 40% of evaluated protocol-eligible cases to achieve 89% compliance with the protocol. Heparin and cefazolin were the medications most likely to require obesity-related dosage adjustments.
Potential and perils of implantable microchip

Many medical errors could be avoided with timely availability of patient-specific medical information. Unfortunately, such information is often not available when needed. In October 2004, FDA approved the marketing of a microchip (VeriChip, Applied Digital Solutions, Delray Beach, FL) for
Object-Oriented Programming and its Concepts

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) utilizes an alternate arrangement of programming language than old procedural programming dialects (C, Pascal, and so forth.). It is a methodology which is essentially centered on the way objects collaborate to convey and share the data. It changed the utilization of procedural oriented programming, where the attention was on the methodology of execution. The object oriented methodology brought another way, giving more significance to the items. There are four basic concepts which are to be emphasized. The first concept is that of an Object. It is the basic building block of any programming language. It represents the way you can describe anything in the programming world. The next is Class; a class in OOP is the principle body of any system. The classes frame the fundamental improvement unit of any system. Third factor is Inheritance, where we can create a new class known as derived class from the parent base class. This helps in reducing the time for coding and the derived class is error free. The last factor is Polymorphism, which means the capacity to ask for that the same operations be performed by an extensive variety of diverse sorts of things.
Spatial Correlation in Expected Returns in Commercial Real Estate Markets and the Role of Core Markets

This study is based on survey data on investor expectations for 40 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the US over the period from 2003:Q2 to 2014:Q2. The paper has two main objectives. These are firstly to identify whether expected rates of return across different commercial real estate markets are positively spatially correlated and secondly to analyze the role of core markets like New York, Washington, DC, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Chicago in the information-spreading process. All the tests conducted are conditional on the maintained hypothesis that expected returns across different markets are spatially uncorrelated. To carry out these tests, we regress a measure of excess return in each of the 40 markets on (contemporaneous) measures of expected returns in other markets, controlling for the interaction between (neighboring) markets. We find very large spatial interaction coefficients across different markets. Our basic estimates yield a spatial correlation coefficient of near one and statistically significant at standard levels. Chow tests allow rejection of the hypothesis that core markets like New York, Washington, DC, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Chicago are no different than markets like Cleveland, Columbus, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Salt Lake City, St. Louis, and Tampa in explaining the covariances of the rates of return among different commercial real estate markets. Tests of structural change also imply that core markets currently play a more prominent role that in the past in the transfer of information from one market to another.
Immersive audio for human-machine interface of unmanned ground vehicles

An Immersive Audio Environment (IAE) system is designed for the application of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV). The IAE system consists of a small sized microphone array, ADC, beamformers for the UGVs, Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF) filters, DAC, earphones for remote operators. The proposed IAE system is built by integrating commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products with a sound synthesis system and a head-hand direction tracking systems integrated to test the performance of the IAE system. The experiment results show that even with a small-sized Eigenmike®, the integrated IAE system works well in terms of the accuracy of sound direction detected by human operators. The microphone array, beamformers, and sound volume have very small effects on the performance and accuracy, but the HRTFs have strong effect on the performance.
Utilizing Alternate Models for Analyzing Count Outcomes

Although ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was once a common tool for modeling discrete count outcomes in criminology and criminal justice, the past several decades have seen an increasing re...
Optimization of second order spatially distributed systems with multiple interconnected actuator/sensor pairs

Abstract: This work considers the economic aspects in control implementation of second order spatially distributed systems. By opting to use multiple actuator/sensor pairs with limited capacity, instead of a single actuator/sensor pair with higher price and larger capacity, this work provides a first view into the economic, computational and communication aspects. Considering a large number of actuator/sensor pairs and the a priori defined controller architecture of static output feedback along with the collocation assumption of the actuators and sensors, the resulting closed-loop system is expressed in terms of a static output feedback gain matrix that defines the communication amongst the actuator/sensor pairs. The design problem is then to find the values of the static feedback gain matrix in order to optimize a performance measure. Using the energy of the second order infinite dimensional system as the performance measure, the resulting optimization is expressed in terms of the solution to a parameterized operator Lyapunov equation. Simulation studies of the wave PDE in one spatial dimension for different communication topologies, reveal the effects of communication on the performance of the closed loop system.