cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Application of an Electromagnetic Indicator to Internal Combustion Engine Problems

I designed to produce continuous records of cyclic pressure variations have long been recognized as valuable aids to the study of internal combustion engine problems. Many instruments have been constructed and successfully used as continuous pressure indicators, but at the present time no one type has been adopted for general use by the various testing organizations interested in engine work. On the other hand, there are certain points of similarity among all types of high-speed pressure indicators. In each, some means for converting pressure variations into mechanical displacements is coupled to a second system adapted to the production of a permanent record on some material suitable for receiving a mechanical or photographic trace. The means for converting pressure changes into mechanical displacements is usually a spring-restrained piston moving in a cylinder or a diaphragm which may or may not be backed up by an auxiliary spring. Much greater choice is possible in the means used to record the displacements corresponding to pressure changes acting on the piston or diaphragm and many ingenious methods have been devised for carrying out this function. Mechanical recording arrangements of which the Maihak Indicator is typical are suitable for slow-speed engines and give good results up to some high-speed limit determined by inertia effects in the system, By careful design this upper speed limit has been extended into the region of two thousand revolutions per minute of a four-cycle engine. In some cases the range of satisfactory indicator operation has been extended by increasing the stiffness of the indicator spring and accepting the reduced deflections of the record as in the Micro-Indicator described by Collins. A second method for obtaining the high natural frequency required in the mechanical system with satisfactory record displacements is to use a comparatively stiff spring with magnification of the resultant small deflections by means of an optical system similar to that of the Midgley Optical Indicator. All indicators which record mechanically or photographically from an optical system require that the whole unit be near
Resort Real Estate: Does Supply Prevent Appreciation?

This paper examines the behavior of ski resort property in a major New England market over the last 25 years. A constructed property price series reveals that nominal prices are quite volatile and only slightly higher today than in 1980. These fluctuations and trends are investigated with a time series VAR model. The findings indicate that (1) natural snowfall is crucial to business; (2) regional annual business is central to individual resort demand and hence price appreciation; and (3) resort supply responds so elastically to any movement in prices, that it effectively curtails any long-term property appreciation. Impulse responses reveal that positive demand shocks fail to generate any long-term (real) price appreciation because of excessive new development. This behavior could be typical of many other ski resorts.
Analysis and modeling of airgap & zigzag leakage fluxes in a surface-mounted-PM machine

In this paper the magnetic characteristics of surface-mounted permanent magnet machines are analyzed and modeled. The airgap and zigzag leakage fluxes are analytically expressed in terms of the magnetic material properties and the motor dimensions. Both factors are essential quantities for the accurate prediction of the flux distribution within the machine and of the machine torque. Therefore, they are desired for the purpose of machine design and optimization. In order to evaluate the validity of the proposed models, the finite element method (FEM) analysis is used. The results show that the errors between the FEM results and analytical predictions are less than 1% for both the airgap and zigzag leakage fluxes. This accuracy is also proven by the prototype measurements.
Indígenas e inmigrantes durante la República aristocrática: poblacion e ideología civilista

Desde la Independencia hasta la Guerra con Chile, el discurso nacional habia sido enunciado corno el rechazo al sistema colonial espanol. Sin embargo, luego de la Guerra y la consolidacion de un nuevo estado durante la decada de los ochenta, intelectuales y politicos empezaron a definir de otra forma la nacion peruana. Estas nuevas interpretaciones se basaron en la oposicion de la cultura occidental con la andina. Para la elite peruana de esos anos, la cultura y la tecnologia europea eran sinonimos de progreso y desarrollo. En contraste; lo indigena se concebia como fuente de atraso cultural y economico, corno un mundo aparte de creencias y valores que obstaculizaba el desarrollo nacional. En un pais mayoritariamente indigena y rural como el Peru de inicios de siglo, estas consideraciones acerca de la poblacion nativa hacian imposible la formulacion de un proyecto nacional coherente de
A Moral Theory of Political Reconciliation

Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. Conceptual Frameworks: 1. The rule of law 2. Political trust 3. Capabilities Part II. Promoting Political Reconciliation: 4. Evaluating processes of political reconciliation 5. Truth commissions 6. International criminal trials Conclusion Bibliography.
Selective absorbers and thermal emitters for far-infrared wavelengths

We demonstrate engineered selective absorption and subsequent selective thermal emission from sub-wavelength thickness optical structures at far-infrared (30–40 μm) wavelengths. Control over absorption/emission wavelength is demonstrated, with both polarization-dependent and -independent structures fabricated. Samples are characterized experimentally by Fourier transform infrared reflection and emission spectroscopy, and modeled using three-dimensional rigorous coupled wave analysis. The ability to design and demonstrate strong selective absorption and thermal emission from optical structures in the far-infrared offers a potential route towards low-cost sources for the exploration of Reststrahlen band frequencies.
From intrinsically disordered protein to context-dependent folding: The α-synuclein tetramer is teased out of hiding

An intriguing report by Dettmer et al. (1) in PNAS describes a link between the in vivo multimerization state of the neuronal protein α-synuclein (αSyn) and neurotoxicity. In this paper, it is demonstrated that αSyn mutations that abolish the formation of soluble αSyn tetramers in live neurons decrease αSyn solubility, induce αSyn-rich cytoplasmic inclusions, and cause neurotoxicity similar to that observed due to a known proapoptotic agent. The reporting authors form a convincing link between the presence of stable αSyn tetramers and neuron viability. With this discovery, it would seem that the controversy over the relevance (and indeed, the existence) of the physiological αSyn tetramer might be laid to rest (2⇓⇓–5). It has been over 20 years since the protein now known as αSyn was identified as a component of Alzheimer’s plaques from human brain tissue (6). The discovery that αSyn was also the primary protein component of Lewy bodies, the insoluble aggregates that are the hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) (7), sent research on this otherwise-nondescript 140-residue polypeptide into high gear: A current key word search in Web of Science yields over 11,000 hits on αSyn. However, despite the person-years expended trying to understand the role of αSyn in both normal brain function and PD pathology, we still know remarkably little about this enigmatic protein. We know that αSyn is abundant in presynaptic termini of dopaminergic neurons, especially in the substantia nigra, and that it appears to play a role in synaptic vesicle trafficking (8). Knockout of all three (α, β, and γ) synuclein genes in mice results in some age-related neurodegeneration (9). Nevertheless, young synuclein knockout mice remain stubbornly healthy, so whatever role the synucleins play in normal neurons, it is either nonessential or can be at least partially compensated by other actors. … [↵][1]1Email: pochapsk{at}brandeis.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Distortion modeling of PIN diode switches and attenuators

A nonlinear PIN diode distortion model for harmonic balance circuit simulators is presented. The mathematical background for understanding and implementing the model is reviewed and the model is verified against analytical results. Good agreement between the two is shown which indicates its suitability for use in high performance harmonic balance circuit simulators.
Comprehensive Chronic Pain Management: Improving Physical and Psychological Function (CME Multimedia Activity)

As shown in this CME online activity (www.cmeaccess.com/AJM/ChronicPain02), chronic, non-cancer pain can arise from a variety of etiologies and can be broadly classified based on its underlying mechanism as nociceptive, inflammatory, neuropathic, or central, with some patients having pain arising from a combination of mechanisms. Chronic pain assessment and treatment involves evaluating not only its biological aspects, but also psychological and sociocultural factors. Beyond neural mechanisms, a patient's perception of chronic pain can be influenced by comorbid mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety; cognitive and affective traits, such as catastrophizing and fear-avoidance; environmental stressors, family relationships, social support, and cultural beliefs. Based on this biopsychosocial model, a multidisciplinary approach to management incorporates pharmacotherapy (opioid, nonopioid, and centrally-acting analgesics, and pain adjuvant medications) with nonpharmacologic physical rehabilitation and psychological and behavioral therapies to address the multifactorial causes of chronic pain, which in turn leads to improvement of physical and psychological function.
A framework for modeling creep in pure metals

The process of creep in pure metals is modeled as the cooperative interaction of three phenomena: the thermally activated, force-dependent release of dislocation segments from obstacles; the substructural refinement of the microstructure due to plastic deformation; and the diffusion-controlled coarsening of the substructure. Key parameters are given as approximate generic values which can be varied. It is shown that for a wide range of parameters, the model reproduces the key features of the creep of pure metals: a steady-state stress exponent near 5 is recovered, and the key microstructural-length scale is related by a power law close to the reciprocal of stress (this dependence is not a strong function of temperature at a given stress). In addition, the activation energy of steady-state creep is nearly that of self-diffusion. Thus, the model reproduces the well-known phenomenology of puremetal steady-state creep. However, the present model is based on separate microstructural phenomena, which can be independently refined and studied.
Gifted Students in College: Suggestions for Advisors and Faculty Members

The definition and the need for appropriate services to the gifted college population are not as apparent in the postsecondary environment as in the K-12 schools. Many college educators perceive th...
Primary cardiac alveolar soft part sarcoma. A report of the first observed case with molecular diagnostics corroboration.

A case of primary alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) of the heart is reported in an 11-year-old female as 1 of 16 cases of ASPS presenting in the first 2 decades of life in our institutional 17-year review period. The classic alveolar or organoid pattern was inconspicuous as compared to a more diffuse or formless pattern consisting of a population of uniform round cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, but in addition there was a second, minor population of gigantiform tumor cells with a variety of unusual shapes. Scattered tumor cells contained dense eosinophilic condensations in the cytoplasm. Other unusual features for ASPS in our case included a lymphohistocytic reaction and zonal necrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed nuclear reactivity for TFE3, and the ASPL-TFE3 fusion transcript was identified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The only other examples of ASPS involving the heart were 3 cases in the literature of metastatic disease from tumors arising in the soft tissues. This...
Assessing the effect of disease on nutrition of the preterm infant

Objective: To review existing data on nutritional requirements of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants (those who weigh < 1000 g and 1000–1500 g at birth, respectively), and the effects of diseases on these nutritional requirements. Data sources: A literature search was conducted on applicable articles related to nutritional requirements of preterm ELBW and VLBW infants and the effects of diseases in these infants on their nutritional and metabolic requirements. Data synthesis: The literature was analyzed to determine nutritional requirements of preterm ELBW and VLBW infants, to select the most common diseases that have significant and important effects on nutrition and metabolism in these infants, and to make recommendations about diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to nutritional problems as affected by diseases in ELBW and VLBW infants. Conclusions: Many diseases unique to preterm infants, either directly or by enhancing the effects of stress on the metabolism of such infants, provide important changes in the nutrient requirements. The overriding observation from all studies, however, is that ELBW and VLBW preterm infants are underfed during the early postnatal period and that this condition, combined with additional stresses from various diseases, increases the risk of long-term neurological sequelae. The value of achieving a specific body composition and growth weight is less certain. There remains a critical need for determining the right quality as well as quantity of nutrients for these infants.
DIRECT CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION, ISOLATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SPECIFIC HUMAN GENE

Although genetic diseases are usually described in terms of enzyme function and structure, further understanding of genetic mechanisms in the human will also depend upon the ability to physically isolate and characterize specific human genes. We have used thermal fractionations, molecular hybridization and sequential equilibrium density gradients to purify the human genes of 28S and 18S RNA - the nucleic acid components of ribosomes. The genetic sequence was isolated as a rRNA/DNA hybrid which was homogenous as demonstrated by a sharp melting transition at 80° in 0.1 × SSC. Linkage of 28S RNA and 18S RNA genes on the same isolated sequence was demonstrated by isolation of 28S RNA/DNA hybrids, followed by 18S hybridization with that molecule. The specific gravity of the hybrid (1.745) indicates that 30% of the DNA sequence is complimentary to 28 & 18S RNA. The remainder is probably accounted for by transcribed precusor molecules and nontranscribed “spacer” regions. The chromosomal localization of rDNA was possible by a method in which we added 3H-Uridine to human cells auxotrophic for uridine to achieve rRNA of very high specific activity and purity. In situ hybridization of this rRNA with chromosomes demonstrated that the ribosomal genes were located only on the D and G group chromosomes. The potential for studying fine chromosomal structure by this technique is demonstrated by the absence of ribosomal RNA genes on a D/D translocation chromosome.
An experimental evaluation of the use of rock phosphate (apatite) for the amelioration of acid-producing coal mine waste

Abstract The weathering of coal and coal-associated rocks (AMD) containing iron disulphide minerals produces acid mine drainage. (AMD). This is the most important environmental problem in high-sulphur coal basins. It is generally agreed that the major oxidizing agent of FeS2 is the ferric ion. Experiments have shown that the average equilibrium voltage for the Fe3+/FeS2 system is 0.42 which corresponds to a Fe3+: Fe2+ ratio of 10−6: 1. In an ideal solution, if the Fe3+: Fe2+ ratio could be reduced to less than 10−6: 1, the Fe3+-oxidation of FeS2 could not take place. It has been shown that both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions can be precipitated by the phosphate ion under ideal conditions at near-neutral pH-conditions, producing a Fe3+:Fe2+ ratio of 10−11: 1. Experiments utilizing rock phosphate (apatite) as a source of phosphate ion showed that the treatment of coal-associated rock containing iron disulphide minerals not only prevented the production of acid, but also terminated the production of acid from materials already undergoing oxidation. The results of these experiments indicate that rock phosphate (apatite) is an effective AMD ameliorant based upon its ability to reduce the Fe3+: Fe2+ ion ratio to below 10−6: 1 and its ability to reduce the subsequent solution potential to the less than 0.42 V, required to allow the oxidation of FeS2 by Fe3+.
Fyn Binds to and Phosphorylates the Kidney Slit Diaphragm Component Nephrin

Recent investigations have focused on characterizing the molecular components of the podocyte intercellular junction, because several of these components, including Nephrin, are functionally necessary for development of normal podocyte structure and filter integrity. Accumulating evidence suggests that the Nephrin-associated protein complex is a signaling nexus. As such, Nephrin-dependent signaling might be mediated in part through Nephrin phosphorylation. Described are biochemical and mouse genetics experiments demonstrating that membrane-associated Nephrin is tyrosine-phosphorylated by the Src family kinase Fyn. Nephrin fractionated in detergent-resistant glomerular membrane fractions with Fyn and Yes. Fyn directly bound Nephrin via its SH3 domain, and Fyn directly phosphorylated Nephrin. Glomeruli in which Fyn, Yes, or Fyn and Yes were genetically deleted in mice were characterized to explore the relationship between these kinases and Nephrin. Fyn deletion resulted in coarsening of podocyte foot processes and marked attenuation of Nephrin phosphorylation in isolated glomerular detergent-resistant membrane fractions. Yes deletion had no identifiable effect on podocyte morphology but dramatically increased Nephrin phosphorylating activity. Similar to Fyn deletion, simultaneous deletion of Fyn and Yes reduced Nephrin phosphorylating activity. These results demonstrate that endogenous Fyn catalyzes Nephrin phosphorylation in podocyte detergent-resistant membrane fractions. Although Yes appears to effect the regulation of Nephrin phosphorylation, the mechanism by which this occurs requires investigation.
The expression of aggression in old world monkeys

The expression of agonistic behavior in adult and juvenile members of both sexes was studied in groups of from 23 to 93 animals representing Macaca mulatta, M. arctoides, M. nemestrina, M. nigra, and Cercocebus atys. Data were collected using focal animal techniques over a period of 1 year for each group. Adult male biting was notably infrequent in all cases, and adult male participation in agonistic encounters was less frequent than for any other age-sex class, especially in the groups with the highest agonistic rates. Adult male agonistic behavior was often expressed as aggression but seldom involved contact forms of aggression, and biting constituted the smallest proportion of contact aggression for all age-sex classes. Adult males were also seldom the targets of aggression and had the highest rates for shaking of objects and bouncing displays. A tendency for the most severe forms of aggressive expression to be most frequent in those animals least capable of inflicting injury was noted in all groups, along with a tendency for aggression to be directed toward immature animals. Sex differences in aggressive expression and responses to aggression were noted, but the frequency of receipt of aggression was not directly reflected in the wounding noted. Different means to achieve the same consequence, infrequent adult male damaging attacks, are suggested to operate in the several groups studied.
Asymptotic Theory and Limiting Cases for Spinning Spacecraft Subject to Constant Forces

Introduction I N 1965, Armstrong [1] developed analytical solutions for thrusting, spinning-up, axisymmetric rigid bodies and considered some geometric cases for high spin rates. He introduced compact results for translational and rotational motion of a rigid body in space in the presence of body-fixed forces and moments. Although his results are important, they are not complete and, unfortunately, they have not been presented in a conference or published in an archived journal. In his doctoral thesis, Ayoubi [2] verified and completed Armstrong’s asymptotic theory for thrusting and for spinning-up rigid bodies. In other work, Longuski and Kia [3], Beck and Longuski [4], and Javorsek and Longuski [5] presented asymptotic limits for some special cases for thrusting and spinning-up spacecraft when the body-fixed forces and moments are constant and when the body is axisymmetric or nearly axisymmetric. In this paper, we use the results introduced by Longuski et al. [6] for angular velocity, Eulerian angles, and transverse and axial displacements and examine those solutions for limiting cases of the spinning, thrusting rigid body in which the spin rate remains nearly constant.
Effect of Soil-Conditions on Model Parameters and Atrazine Mineralization Rates

Abstract Transformation of pesticides is dependent on soil environmental conditions and knowledge of this is necessary to improve subsurface fate and transport pesticide models. Laboratory experiments were performed using 14 C ring and isopropyl side-chain labeled atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino- s -triazine) applied to three Iowa soils incubated in batch reactors under different environmental conditions. Mineralization of both the ring and isopropyl side chain carbons was proportional to the organic matter content of the soils and oxygen content. Atrazine ring carbon mineralization also increased with soil water content. Oxygen limitation in soils reduced the bio-transformation rate of atrazine, and mineralization was much slower under denitrifying conditions. Empirical models were developed to represent the mineralization rate of atrazine ring carbon and isopropyl side-chain carbon for varying soil organic matter, soil water content, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure.
Banging the gavel on grading: justice musings of a new professor

Grading is a subjective process that may bring about justice-related questions, especially as they relate to fair student outcomes. Procedural and distributive justice guidelines, as discussed in the social psychology justice literature, can be used to frame the debate about fair grading and guide educators during the grade distribution process. These guidelines may help educators achieve various goals, including increasing students’ perceptions of justice, decreasing negative emotions, fostering group solidarity and harmony, and meeting student needs. First, however, educators must decide which classroom goals are most important, and how to assess student needs in a changing economy.
Cryogenic Low Energy Astrophysics with Neon

The unique properties of liquid neon make possible a large fiducial target with ultra-low background and energy threshold for the simultaneous detection of low-energy solar neutrinos and WIMP dark matter.
Hints of hidden heritability in GWAS

Although susceptibility loci identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) typically explain only a small proportion of the heritability, a classical quantitative genetic analysis now argues that considering together all common SNPs can explain a large proportion of the heritability of these complex traits. A related study provides recommendations for the sample sizes needed in future GWAS to identify additional susceptibility loci.
The marble frieze patterns of the cathedral of Siena: geometric structure, multi-stable perception and types of repetition

The marble pavement of the Cathedral in the Tuscan city of Siena in Italy has been described as one of the marvels of the world. Over the centuries much has been written about its biblical and political characters, the stories depicted in its figurative mosaics, the artists responsible for creating the mosaics, the types of marble used and the history of their construction. The many frieze patterns framing the figurative mosaics are noteworthy examples of geometric design, and yet, they have been conspicuously overlooked in the literature concerning this pavement. Here, the geometric frieze patterns found on the pavement, walls and ceiling of the Siena Cathedral are analysed in terms of their underlying geometric structure, the optical effects, such as multi-stable perception, that they engender in the viewer and a typology of patterns of repetition.
Inclusion detection analysis in rectangular dielectric structures using the finite-difference time-domain technique

This paper describes a study which has shown the feasibility of using a Finite-Difference Time-Domain software package TSAR (Temporal Scattering and Response) to generate far-field scattered electric field patterns for the remote detection of dielectric and metallic inclusions in homogeneous dielectric structures. The far-field scattered patterns of a homogeneous dielectric structure of rectangular cross section, representing a typical rock sample whose dielectric properties have been measured were calculated using TSAR. Inclusions, both dielectric and metallic, of various sizes were placed at different locations in this homogeneous sample. The calculations showed that it was indeed possible to detect the presence, the size, type and location of these inclusions to sizes as small as 0.067% of the total sample volume, by observing the scattered electric field patterns. An application of this study would eventually be for the inverse scattering problem of microwave remote detection of minerals in rocks.
A novel method for studying population health impacts of spatiotemporal ozone distribution.

Abstract This work is concerned with the development of a method to study the impact of ozone exposure on human health. The analysis is based on random field representations of exposure variation and health damage uncertainty in a composite space/time continuum, which previous studies did not allow. Ozone exposure-health damage is considered as a spatiotemporal holistic system, by looking at the whole picture, not just certain isolated parts. Ozone maps over the eastern United States provide the basic framework for studying exposure-health relationships, that focus on a community wise basis. Composite space/time maps of health damage indicators associated with the ozone exposure levels are obtained. These maps constitute an important part of many health studies, offering a valuable description of the data and an important basis for further analysis. Health damage maps can identify, for example, regions over the eastern United States that will respond in certain ways to variation of ozone levels or the application of health management practices. Application areas are identified for future study.
The effect of parent-administered dry-bed training on nocturnal enuresis in children

Abstract In this study, two substantial modifications were made to the Dry-Bed training procedure described by Azrin, Sneed and Foxx (Behav. Res. and Therapy, 12, 147–156 (1974). The first modification was to have parents administer the intensive all-night training programme rather than an outside trainer. With fourteen children treated in this manner, nocturnal enuresis was eliminated in all cases. The median time taken to the last night of wetting was only 12 days. There were two relapses in a 6-month follow-up. The second modification involved administering the Dry-Bed procedure without the adjunct of an enuresis machine. This resulted in significantly reduced frequency of bedwetting, although nocturnal enuresis was not completely arrested in any of the ten children treated. The implications of these findings are discussed.
ELECTRON-OPAQUE, LIPID-CONTAINING BODIES IN MOUSE LIVER AT EARLY INTERVALS AFTER PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY AND SHAM OPERATION

The appearance and distribution of electron-opaque, lipid-containing bodies have been studied in liver of adult male mice of the C3H strain. The mice were either partially hepatectomized or sham-operated, and the liver was fixed in Veronal acetate-buffered 2 per cent osmium tetroxide at various postoperative intervals (10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 minutes). Normal, non-operated mice served as controls. As early as 10 minutes after both sham operation and partial hepatectomy, lipid-containing bodies have been observed, not only in the cytoplasm of hepatic parenchymal cells, but also in the space of Disse. At the very early postoperative intervals studied, minute lipid bodies are repeatedly found to be more numerous in the space of Disse than at later intervals. It is suggested that the lipid-containing bodies enter the parenchymal cell from the circulation. At the cell membrane, numerous invaginations, each containing a lipid body, have been observed; this suggests that the lipid bodies enter the hepatic parenchymal cells by the process of pinocytosis.The fact that only hepatic parenchymal cells contain the lipid bodies, whereas von Kupffer, endothelial lining, and Ito's fat-storing cells do not, may indicate a specific lipid mobilization response on the part of the cells of the hepatic parenchyma.
Atomistic Simulations for Multiscale Modeling in bcc Metals

Quantum-based atomistic simulations are being used to study fundamental deformation and defect properties relevant to the multiscale modeling of plasticity in bcc metals at both ambient and extreme conditions. Ab initio electronic-structure calculations on the elastic and ideal-strength properties of Ta and Mo help constrain and validate many-body interatomic potentials used to study grain boundaries and dislocations. The predicted C(capital Sigma)5 (310)[100] grain boundary structure for Mo has recently been confirmed in HREM measurements. The core structure, (small gamma) surfaces, Peierls stress, and kink-pair formation energies associated with the motion of a/2(111) screw dislocations in Ta and Mo have also been calculated. Dislocation mobility and dislocation junction formation and breaking are currently under investigation.
Orbital relaxation in X-ray emission and ESCA transitions of the vanadate ion

Abstract The relaxation effects in X-ray emission and ESCA transitions are studied for the VO 4 3− ion. Using the MSX α method and the transition state procedure the calculations of energy levels for a number of transition states corresponding to the VK β5 , VL α , OK α emission spectra, as well as ESCA spectra of valence and core levels, have been carried out. It is shown that the orbital relaxation results in shifts of up to 100 eV for the deep core levels of the ion, but has quite small influence on the valence levels. The results of calculations are compared with the experimental X-ray emission and ESCA data. The approach used appears to be a good approximation not only for calculations of relative positions of spectra bands, but the absolute energies of the X-ray emission and ESCA transitions also.
The social origins of logic: the contributions of Piaget and Vygotsky

The theories of Piaget and Vygotsky suggest that peer interaction can play an important role in two aspects of problem solving: inventing solutions and verifying them.
Blending system and human text in a technical communication genre

Taking a textually oriented organizational approach to genre analysis using Yates and Orlikowski's [10] 5W1H approach, this paper explores and illuminates a widely used, but under-researched genre of organizational communication: the technical trouble ticket. Particular emphasis is place on the unique role the automated system plays in the genre.Trouble tickets are used in customer contact centers to communicate and archive information, enabling repair work both inside and outside the organization. This paper has two main aims. The first is to open discussion on a common genre of electronic communication which is under-represented in the literature. The second is to explore the systemic coordination of human-generated text which enables one specific contact center to meet both physical repair and rhetorical goals.This paper may be of interest to researchers in genre analysis, organizational documentation, Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW), and HCI.
Ontology in information security: a useful theoretical foundation and methodological tool

The paper introduces and advocates an ontological semantic approach to information security. Both the approach and its resources, the ontology and lexicons, are borrowed from the field of natural language processing and adjusted to the needs of the new domain. The approach pursues the ultimate dual goals of inclusion of natural language data sources as an integral part of the overall data sources in information security applications, and formal specification of the information security community know-how for the support of routine and time-efficient measures to prevent and counteract computer attacks. As the first order of the day, the approach is seen by the information security community as a powerful means to organize and unify the terminology and nomenclature of the field.
Submicron diameter single crystal sapphire optical fiber

Abstract In this work, a submicron-diameter single crystal sapphire optical fiber was demonstrated via wet acid etching at elevated temperatures. Etch rates on the order 2.3 µm/h were achievable with a 3:1 molar ratio sulfuric–phosphoric acid solution maintained at a temperature of 343 °C. A sapphire fiber with an approximate diameter of 800 nm was successfully fabricated from a commercially available fiber with an original diameter of 50 µm. The simple and controllable etching technique provides a feasible approach to the fabrication of unique waveguide structures via traditional silica masking techniques. The ability to tailor the geometry of sapphire optical fibers is the first step in achieving optical and sensing performance on par with its fused silica counterpart.
Expanded and Future Uses of Mouthrinses

The use of antimicrobial mouthrinses is important to dental professionals and their patients. Listerine Antiseptic was found to greatly decrease the anaerobic and aerobic bacteria associated with bacteremia, when used as a subgingival irrigant prior to scaling. Furthermore, preprocedural rinsing with either Listerine or chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex) can greatly decrease the number of bacteria aerosolized during many dental procedures. Studies have shown that both Listerine and chlorhexidine have anti-Candida properties and therefore are helpful to patients who are immunosuppressed and subject to the opportunistic infection of candidiasis. Chlorhexidine has also been shown to decrease the incidence and severity of mucositis during cancer chemotherapy. Healing of the wounds and aiding in plaque control following periodontal surgery are further benefits of chlorhexidine and Listerine. Finally, each of these antimicrobials can be adjuncts to implant maintenance.
Quantitative Analysis of Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS)-Importin α Interaction through Fluorescence Depolarization EVIDENCE FOR AUTO-INHIBITORY REGULATION OF NLS BINDING

Abstract We have developed a quantitative in vitro steady-state fluorescence depolarization assay to measure the interaction of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) substrate with its receptors. This assay relies on the change in fluorescence depolarization of an NLS fused to the green fluorescent protein upon binding to receptor. No binding is observed in the absence of a functional NLS, and binding affinities measured correlate with previousin vivo studies of NLS function. We have used this assay to test an auto-inhibitory model for the interaction of an NLS with the NLS receptor complex. This model suggests that NLS binding to importin α is modulated by an auto-inhibitory sequence within the N terminus of importin α, which is displaced by importin β binding. Consistent with this model, NLS substrates bind tightly to an N-terminally truncated importin α lacking the auto-inhibitory domain (K d ∼10 nm), but measurable binding to full-length importin α is only observed upon addition of importin β. Our quantitative results support the auto-inhibitory model and suggest a mechanism for a switch between a cytoplasmic, high affinity and a nuclear, low affinity NLS receptor. This predicted mode of interaction would facilitate binding of substrate in the cytoplasm and its subsequent release into the nucleus.
Adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II and undiscovered aldosterone stimulating factors in hypertension

Abstract We have determined that the adrenal glands of patients with the syndromes of low-renin essential hypertension and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism are abnormally sensitive to the steroidogenic effect of angiotensin II. The mechanism of this heightened responsiveness to angiotensin II is unknown but may be due to the bilateral adrenal hyperplasia present in many patients with these low-renin hypertension syndromes. We have found that metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, causes three-fold increases in levels of plasma aldosterone in normal subjects. These increases could not be accounted for by changes in plasma renin activity, ACTH or potassium. Metoclopramide does not stimulate bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells to produce aldosterone in vitro , suggesting that it stimulates the secretion of aldosterone in vivo indirectly, by increasing the levels or the activity of an undefined aldosterone stimulating factor. We have also found that human urine, after partial purification, stimulates bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells to produce aldosterone in vitro . Urine samples from patients with low-renin essential hypertension or idiopathic hyperaldosteronism have more stimulating activity than urine samples from normal subjects. These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that excessive production of an undefined aldosterone stimulating factor may be the basic abnormality in some cases of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and low-renin essential hypertension.
Interaction of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-T) with the acyl-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase enzymes of bovine liver mitochondria.

Abstract The amino acid conjugation of the phenoxyherbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-T) by animals was examined at the level of the enzymes catalyzing the reactions. The phenoxyherbicides were not substrates for the bile acid conjugating system but were substrates for the mitochondrial xenobiotic conjugating system. The two mitochondrial xenobiotic-CoA : amino acid N -acyltransferases (benzoyltransferase and phenylacetyltransferase) were separated and tested for activity towards 2,4-D-CoA and 2,4,5-T-CoA. The phenylacetyltransferase showed activity towards phenylacetyl-CoA, phenoxyacetyl-CoA and 2,4-D-CoA, but not 2,4,5-T-CoA. Benzoyltransferase conjugated both 2,4-D-CoA and 2,4,5-T-CoA. The overall rates of conjugation of the phenoxyherbicides were slow relative to the standard substrates with both enzymes. This slow rate was found to be due in both cases to a relatively high K m for glycine, and a very slow catalytic rate constant. Both enzymes did, however, have a very high affinity for 2,4-D-CoA and 2,4,5-T-CoA so these compounds proved to be potent alternate substrate inhibitors of both enzymes. The data show that the inefficient in vivo conjugation of the phenoxyherbicides relative to structurally similar compounds can be understood in terms of the kinetic properties of the mitochondrial N -acyltransferases. Further, the potential for the interference of the phenoxyherbicides with the conjugation of other compounds is revealed.
A T → C mutation at nt 8993 of mitochondrial DNA in a child with Leigh syndrome

A 5-year-old child with clinical and radiologic evidence of Leigh syndrome (LS) showed a T-->C mutation at position nt 8993 in the mitochondrial DNA (instead of the more common T-->G substitution), resulting in an amino acid change from a highly conserved leucine to proline in subunit 6 of mitochondrial ATPase. The mutation was heteroplasmic and maternally inherited, and was present in high percentages in multiple tissues. This finding documents genetic heterogeneity of the ATPase 6 gene mutation associated with LS.
Do geographically widespread species of tropical amphibians exist? An estimate of genetic relatedness within the neotropical frog Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider 1799) (Anura Leptodactylidae)

Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider 1799) as currently understood has a broad geographic range, extending from Panama to Argentina east of the Andes and on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. We obtained 16 samples throughout its distributional range for electrophoretic analysis to obtain estimates of genetic differentiation within the taxon. Twenty-four loci were scored for analysis. Analytical techniques were used that were appropriate for analyzing inter-population variation of open genetic systems and genetic systems with reduced or no gene flow among populations. The techniques used are: multidimensional scaling; correlation of geographic and electrophoretic distances; gene flow estimates; phylogenetic techniques. The results indicate that the series of samples from Trinidad, Tobago, French Guiana, and Roraima, Brazil have low genetic distances that correspond to an isolation-by-distance model of differentiation, thus comprising a system of populations linked by gene flow within a single species. However...
Chromium, cobalt and strontium in some Bureau of Standards rock reference samples

Abstract A method for the simultaneous determination of chromium and cobalt in rocks by neutron activation is described and results on a set of rock reference samples supplied by the National Bureau of Standards are reported. Strontium was also determined in the same materials by an emission spectrographic method calibrated by isotope dilution determined standards. It is suggested that National Bureau of Standards reference materials be used for interlaboratory comparisons and checks of accuracy.
Level of services and degree of accessibility: Spatial urban simulation model

Lozano E. E., Sena M., Heitzmann D. and Cheng Chih-H. (1974) Level of services and degree of accessibility: Spatial urban simulation model, Reg. Studies 8, 21–45. The main intention of this research is to study the effects of different design variables in respect to a set of selected urban performance measures. Hypothetical plans are generated by combining different levels of design variables—residential density, residential/open space distribution, number of commercial centres, distribution of commercial centres, and network structure. Measures of urban performance are specified, based on the thesis that a desirable spatial location of any urban component is defined as resulting in a higher level of services and/or higher degree of accessibility. A set of mathematical models is derived from the notion of potential and is used to evaluate the performance measures for each plan. The output of the evaluative mathematical models is related to the design variables in a regression analysis, which determines th...
Satietin: Fos mapping of putative brain sites of action

A purified extract of a blood-borne satiety factor, called satietin, was injected into the cerebral ventricles of rats that were either fed ad libitum or were food deprived. The animals were killed 2 h after injection and their brains subsequently sectioned and stained for Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) to determine the putative sites of action for satietin in the brain. Fos-IR was induced in only a few locations, the most prominent sites being the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central nucleus of the amygdala, and the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Each of these areas has previously been implicated in the control of feeding behavior. Sites in the hindbrain that are associated with nausea were devoid of satietin-induced Fos-IR. Finally, these sites of action of satietin show some differences from sites that are prominently activated by other classes of anorectic agents.
Defects of Questioning as an Interview Technique.

Asking questions is the most common but perhaps not most effective technique for interviewing students. Frequent use of questions may foil the interview by reducing student expressiveness and increasing a sense of defensiveness and caution. Selected clinical views and empirical evidence are reviewed from personnel interviewing, counseling and psychotherapy, linguistics and education to illustrate these drawbacks and to suggest a reexamination of practice. School practitioners can reflect on the frequency of their questioning and the adequacy of student responding. Alternatives to questioning are noted.
Airway Tree Segmentation in Serial Block-Face Cryomicrotome Images of Rat Lungs

A highly automated method for the segmentation of airways in the serial block-face cryomicrotome images of rat lungs is presented. First, a point inside of the trachea is manually specified. Then, a set of candidate airway centerline points is automatically identified. By utilizing a novel path extraction method, a centerline path between the root of the airway tree and each point in the set of candidate centerline points is obtained. Local disturbances are robustly handled by a novel path extraction approach, which avoids the shortcut problem of standard minimum cost path algorithms. The union of all centerline paths is utilized to generate an initial airway tree structure, and a pruning algorithm is applied to automatically remove erroneous subtrees or branches. Finally, a surface segmentation method is used to obtain the airway lumen. The method was validated on five image volumes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on an expert-generated independent standard, an assessment of airway identification and lumen segmentation performance was conducted. The average of airway detection sensitivity was 87.4% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of (84.9, 88.6)%. A plot of sensitivity as a function of airway radius is provided. The combined estimate of airway detection specificity was 100% with a 95% CI of (99.4, 100)%. The average number and diameter of terminal airway branches was 1179 and 159 μm, respectively. Segmentation results include airways up to 31 generations. The regression intercept and slope of airway radius measurements derived from final segmentations were estimated to be 7.22 μm and 1.005, respectively. The developed approach enables the quantitative studies of physiology and lung diseases in rats, requiring detailed geometric airway models.