cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rolling blackout is required for bulk endocytosis in non-neuronal cells and neuronal synapses

Rolling blackout (RBO) is a Drosophila EFR3 integral membrane lipase. A conditional temperature-sensitive (TS) mutant (rbots) displays paralysis within minutes following a temperature shift from 25°C to 37°C, an impairment previously attributed solely to blocked synaptic-vesicle exocytosis. However, we found that rbots displays a strong synergistic interaction with the Syntaxin-1A TS allele syx3-69, recently shown to be a dominant positive mutant that increases Syntaxin-1A function. At neuromuscular synapses, rbots showed a strong defect in styryl-FM-dye (FM) endocytosis, and rbots;syx3-69 double mutants displayed a synergistic, more severe, endocytosis impairment. Similarly, central rbots synapses in primary brain culture showed severely defective FM endocytosis. Non-neuronal nephrocyte Garland cells showed the same endocytosis defect in tracer-uptake assays. Ultrastructurally, rbots displayed a specific defect in tracer uptake into endosomes in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. At the rbots synapse, there was a total blockade of endosome formation via activity-dependent bulk endocytosis. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was not affected; indeed, there was a significant increase in direct vesicle formation. Together, these results demonstrate that RBO is required for constitutive and/or bulk endocytosis and/or macropinocytosis in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, and that, at the synapse, this mechanism is responsive to the rate of Syntaxin-1A-dependent exocytosis.
An Analytical Solution for Raindrop Evaporation and Its Application to Radar Rainfall Measurements

Abstract An analytical solution for the evaporation of a single raindrop is derived in this paper. Based on this solution, a parameter D* is defined as the diameter of the raindrop that just evaporates completely after falling through a certain distance in a prescribed environment. The parameter D* is then used for studying the modification of raindrop size distribution by evaporation in a steady, still atmosphere. The results for the Marshall–Palmer distribution are used to discuss errors caused by rain evaporation in radar rainfall measurements. Quantitative estimation of these errors, or as an equivalent, estimation of the rain evaporation along the falling path, using both radar reflectivity Z and radar differential reflectivity ZDR techniques, is studied. The results show that, for the detection of rain evaporation, reflectivity is more sensitive than differential reflectivity, whereas for the estimation of rainfall rate R, an empirical ZDR–Z–R formula is more robust and accurate than a Z–R formula.
Hidden in the Margins: A Qualitative Examination of What Professionals in the Domestic Violence Field Know About Transgender Domestic Violence

This qualitative study endeavored to examine the views and experiences of individuals who work with, and those who consider issues related to, transgender domestic violence in an effort to determine what (if anything) is known about this construct. Using a phenomenological approach, ten interviews were conducted with individuals who professionally confront transgender intimate partner violence. Overall, the study found that many individuals from different disciplines were in agreement concerning the paucity of resources for this population, and future research would benefit from quantitative research to understand more about transgender domestic abuse. Furthermore, criminal justice organizations should take active steps within their own agencies to appropriately address this problem for transgender victims of abuse. Finally, all of the participants stated their beliefs that transgender domestic abuse is a very serious problem and believed that more research should be done to better understand it before it...
Differential Diagnosis of Necrotizing Sinonasal Lesions.

Context.— A number of entities may result in necrosis in the sinonasal tract and lead to significant morbidity and mortality. These include infections, necrotizing vasculitis, neoplastic processes, and drug dependency. This review will concentrate on the differential diagnosis of sinonasal necrotizing lesions. Objective.— To review the differential diagnoses of necrotizing destructive lesions of the sinonasal tract. Data Sources.— The current literature was reviewed to provide updated information regarding the differential diagnosis of sinonasal necrotizing lesions, including infectious disease processes; antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitides; neoplastic processes, particularly natural killer/T-cell lymphomas; and drug abuse. Conclusions.— The differential diagnosis of necrotizing sinonasal lesions is broad, with often overlapping diagnostic features that lead to diagnostic challenges. Ancillary tests such as special stains and immunohistochemical studies can offer significant assi...
Estrogen receptor expression and anti-inflammatory function is diminished in post-menopausal women and restored with menopausal hormone therapy

Purpose of the study: We aimed to determine if there is any relationship between long term exposure to ambient air pollution and the blood pressure and inflammatory processes among young subjects. Methods: We recruited permanent residents of two Polish major cities, Krakow and Lublin, with very similar urban structure characteristics, which significantly differ in mean 10-year ambient air pollution levels: PM2.5 (22.4 vs. 41.7mg/m3) and PM10 (29.4 vs. 56.9 mg/m3) respectively. Data regarding BMI, lifestyle, ethnics and family history was collected. Measurements of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were performed and blood tests, including inflammatory markers were studied. Results: 826 subjects (558 females, 268 males) aged 18.02 1.12 were randomly recruited, 382 in Lublin, 444 in Krakow. There were no differences between groups in BMI (median: 20,80 kg/m2), age, ethnic. We found no significant differences in BP parameters, pulse pressure (PP) between subjects differing in exposure to air pollution. Lublin vs. Krakow: DBP (70.3; IQR 10.5 vs. 69.7; IQR 9.3 mmHg), SBP (122.3; IQR 16.3 vs. 121.3; IQR 16.6 mmHg), PP (50.8; IQR 12.8 vs. 51.3; IQR 12.7 mmHg). Moreover we found lower PP (51.0; IQR 13.0 vs. 53.1; IQR 12.0 mmHg) in subjects drinking energy drinks more frequent than several times a week. We found significantly higher inflammatory parameters in inhabitants of highly polluted city. Lublin vs. Krakow: CRP (0.4; IQR 0.5 vs. 0.77; IQR 0.6 mg/ml, p<0.0001), hs-CRP (0.35; IQR 0.4 vs. 0.50; IQR 0.6 mg/ml, p<.0001), Hcy (9.03; IQR 4.6 vs. 10.3; IQR 4.4 mM, p<.0001) and fibrinogen (244; IQR 57.7 vs. 263; IQR 87.8 mg/dl, p<0.0001). Rhinitis was more frequent in subjects living in Cracow (16.12% vs. 10.36% p1⁄40.035). Highest CRP, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, Hcy levels were in overweight subjects living in Cracow. Conclusions: This study shows, that young adolescents living living in a city with high air pollution show increased levels of cardiovascular risk biomarkers including of inflammatory response.
Context Effects on Facial Affect Recognition in Schizophrenia and Autism: Behavioral and Eye-tracking Evidence

Although Schizophrenia (SCZ) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) share impairments in emotion recognition, the mechanisms underlying these impairments may differ. The current study used the novel "Emotions in Context" task to examine how the interpretation and visual inspection of facial affect is modulated by congruent and incongruent emotional contexts in SCZ and ASD. Both adults with SCZ (n= 44) and those with ASD (n= 21) exhibited reduced affect recognition relative to typically-developing (TD) controls (n= 39) when faces were integrated within broader emotional scenes but not when they were presented in isolation, underscoring the importance of using stimuli that better approximate real-world contexts. Additionally, viewing faces within congruent emotional scenes improved accuracy and visual attention to the face for controls more so than the clinical groups, suggesting that individuals with SCZ and ASD may not benefit from the presence of complementary emotional information as readily as controls. Despite these similarities, important distinctions between SCZ and ASD were found. In every condition, IQ was related to emotion-recognition accuracy for the SCZ group but not for the ASD or TD groups. Further, only the ASD group failed to increase their visual attention to faces in incongruent emotional scenes, suggesting a lower reliance on facial information within ambiguous emotional contexts relative to congruent ones. Collectively, these findings highlight both shared and distinct social cognitive processes in SCZ and ASD that may contribute to their characteristic social disabilities.
Gender Sorting and the Glass Ceiling in High Tech

Past studies of gender and hierarchy document that the proportion of women declines as one looks up levels of the organizational hierarchy. With few exceptions, studies have conceived of the glass ceiling as reflecting disparities in internal promotion. Recent research has questioned this exclusive focus on internal processes, demonstrating that glass ceiling patterns can also be the result of external recruitment. Using data on people applying via the Internet to jobs at a medium sized high tech firm, we examine the external supply of candidates at the point of application to the firm. We find a “glass ceiling” pattern where the proportion of female applicants in the candidate pool declines as one looks up the four levels of the organization’s hierarchy. Females tend to apply to lower level jobs than do males, and part of this difference explained by observed human capital factors of education, work, and management experience. Networks also contribute to this gendered pattern of job application, with male network referrals applying to higher level jobs than do female network referrals. However, networks do not account for the pattern: even among non-referred applicants, females apply to lower level jobs than do males. In addition to these gender differences at the point of application, we find evidence that demand-side screening processes contribute to the glass ceiling pattern: females are less likely than males to be offered jobs as one looks up levels of the firm’s hierarchy. These results suggest that it should not be assumed that the “glass ceiling” is the result of internal promotion processes: the same pattern can be produced by supply-side or demand-side processes operating in the hiring of externals.
Atomistic simulation of cholesterol effects on miscibility of saturated and unsaturated phospholipids: implications for liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered phase coexistence.

Mixed MD/MC simulation at fixed difference in chemical potential (Δμ) between two lipid types provides a computational indicator of the relative affinities of the two lipids for different environments. Applying this technique to ternary DPPC/DOPC/cholesterol bilayers yields a DPPC/DOPC ratio that increases with increasing cholesterol content at fixed Δμ, consistent with the known enrichment of DPPC and cholesterol-rich in liquid-ordered phase domains in the fluid−fluid coexistence region of the ternary phase diagram. Comparison of the cholesterol-dependence of PC compositions at constant Δμ with experimentally measured coexistence tie line end point compositions affords a direct test of the faithfulness of the atomistic model to experimental phase behavior. DPPC/DOPC ratios show little or no dependence on cholesterol content at or below 16% cholesterol in the DOPC-rich region of the composition diagram, indicating cooperativity in the favorable interaction between DPPC and cholesterol. The relative affini...
Modeling Methylene Blue Aggregation in Acidic Solution to the Limits of Factor Analysis

Methylene blue (MB+), a common cationic thiazine dye, aggregates in acidic solutions. Absorbance data for equilibrated solutions of the chloride salt were analyzed over a concentration range of 1.0 × 10–3 to 2.6 × 10–5 M, in both 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M HNO3. Factor analyses of the raw absorbance data sets (categorically a better choice than effective absorbance) definitively show there are at least three distinct molecular absorbers regardless of acid type. A model with monomer, dimer, and trimer works well, but extensive testing has resulted in several other good models, some with higher order aggregates and some with chloride anions. Good models were frequently indistinguishable from each other by quality of fit or reasonability of molar absorptivity curves. The modeling of simulated data sets demonstrates the cases and degrees to which signal noise in the original data obscure the true model. In particular, the more mathematically similar (less orthogonal) the molar absorptivity curves of the chemical spe...
E-learning methodology in English language courses for employed adult learners in Slovakia

The paper describes research of e-learning methodology in language education in the specific category of Slovak adult learners with work experience. The current job market and the overall economic situation in Slovakia put pressure on Slovak employees to develop their language skills, mainly in the English language. The research focuses on application of adaptive e-learning methodology for this specific learner category. A studied group of learners took part in a free pilot course of the English language for intermediate learners, which was designed as an on-line course in the learning management system Moodle. Various pedagogical tools and methodologies were applied in order to meet needs of a varied learner group. The outcomes of the pilot course and the following learner feedback show many interesting learning tendencies and motivational background. The research has revealed many challenges of online course design that require wider study and more complex analysis. In summary, online language courses for adult learners have a great potential in career development as long as the main goal is to provide the right content to the right person at the right time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/HEAd15.2015.425
Photogeneration of H2O2 in SPEEK/PVA aqueous polymer solutions.

Photolysis of air-saturated aqueous solutions containing sulphonated poly(ether etherketone) and poly(vinyl alcohol) results in the generation of hydrogen peroxide. Consumption of oxygen and H2O2 formation are initially concurrent processes with a quantum yield of peroxide generation of 0.02 in stirred or unstirred solutions within the range of 7 ≤ pH ≤ 9. The results are rationalized in terms of O2 reduction by photogenerated α-hydroxy radicals of the polymeric ketone in competition with radical–radical processes that consume the macromolecular reducing agents. Generation of H2O2 is controlled by the photochemical transformation that produces the polymer radicals, which is most efficient in neutral and slightly alkaline solutions. Quenching of the excited state of the polyketone by both H3O+ and OH– affect the yields of the reducing macromolecular radicals and of H2O2. Deprotonation of the α-hydroxy polymeric radicals at pH > 9 accelerate their decay and contribute to suppressing the peroxide yields in b...
Action of acetylcholine, histamine and cholinesterase inhibitors on isolated ileum in relation to its survival time.

SummaryThe action of acetylcholine, histamine, physostigmine, neostigmine, and hexaethyltetraphosphate was studied on the isolated ileum of the guinea pig, rabbit, rat and chicken in non-atropinized and atropinized media. In all 4 species the contractions caused by acetylcholine and histamine reinforced each other immediately after the death of the animal, regardless of the order in which they were added to the bath. Two and a half hours to 3 hours after death, histamine failed to contract the intestine when it was added at the height of an acetylcholine contraction. In the rat, rabbit and chicken the intestine no longer responded to histamine at a time when it still reacted to acetylcholine and to the cholinesterase inhibitors. In all 4 species atropine failed to block the action of acetylcholine and cholinesterase inhibitors in intestinal strips which were at least 3 hours old.
Tunnel-Ventilated Broiler Houses: Broiler Performance and Operating Costs

Abstract Interest continues to build in tunnel ventilation as a method of enhancing broiler performance and reducing mortality during warm weather. The perception that operating costs associated with this system may be high has caused concern. The purpose of this study was to collect and compare broiler performance data and operating costs of conventional and tunnel-ventilated broiler houses on a commercial broiler farm. Daily high temperatures during the study averaged 93°F (36°C). Typically, house temperatures were reduced 2 to 4°F (1 to 2°C) in the conventional house and 7 to 12°F (4 to 7°C) in the tunnel-ventilated house. Body weights at 55 days averaged 5.35 lbs. (2.43 kg) in the tunnel-ventilated house and 5.13 lbs. (2.33 kg) in the conventional house. Feed conversion was 2.03 and 2.05 in the tunnel-ventilated and conventional houses, respectively. Livability was essentially the same in both houses. Electricity costs over the entire growout in the tunnel-ventilated houses were nearly double those of the conventional house; however, these costs were only 20 to 30% higher on hot days. Fogging system water usage in the tunnel-ventilated house was more than twice that of the conventional house. Overall, the value of the enhanced performance of the broilers in the tunnel-ventilated house slightly offset the additional operating costs.
The prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations by ultrasound

Objective:To improve the prenatal diagnosis rate of congenital malfo rm ations. Methods: To review 266 cases with some malformations whi ch were born at Hubei Women Children's Hospital from 1996 to 2002, and to collect examination re sults by ultrasound cheek from 13 weeks gestation to 7 days after delivery. Resu lts: The incidence rate of fetal malformations was 16 2‰, and the diag nosis rat e of malformations was 46 2%, there was different prenatal diagnosis rate due t o different kind of defects as following, urinary system malformation 88 2%, gas t ro-intestinal tract defect 85 7%, and central nerve system malformation 84 3% . T he early stage diagnosis was high in the chromosome disease, digestive system ma lformation, fatal tumor; however, there was a very low prenatal diagnosis rate i n the polydactylism or syndactylism; fortunately, the diagnosis rate for the cle ft lip and congenital heart defects was improving gradually in the recent years. Conclusion: More and more cases with congenital malformations c an be diagnosed during prenatal, ultrasound cheek is main method and first choice, the diagnos i s rate was intensive relevant to the kinds of malformations gestation weeks, doc tor's skill and sensitivity of ultrasound facility.
IP Spoofing Attack:Principles,Implementation and Guards Against the Measure

IP Spoofing attack takes effect by using the self-bugs of IP protocol and the loophole of access controlling be-tween trust hosts.This paper describes and deeply analyzes the technical principles,the characters and the executive pro-cess of IP Spoofing network attack.Based on the analysis,it presents some methods to prevent this kind of attacks.
Rethinking Strength Black Women’s Perceptions of the “Strong Black Woman” Role

In this qualitative study, we examined perceptions of the strong Black woman (SBW) or superwoman role in a sample of 30 Black women. We found that participants conceptualized the SBW/superwoman rol...
Routine 36-week hemoglobin and hematocrits: are they necessary?

Different schedules for hemoglobin and hematocrit (HH 111 were included in the study. Statistical analysis of the data obtained showed that 28-week values were significantly lower (p > 0.01) than the 36-week values, which were lower (p > 0.01) than those on admission. This study indicates that screening at 36 weeks does not improve prenatal care and increases both discomfort for the patient and the workload for the laboratory.
Infectious Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory disease that affects a multitude of people worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRS involves many factors including genetics, status of the sinonasal microbiome, infections, and environmental influences. Comorbidities associated with CRS include asthma, allergic rhinitis, bronchiectasis, and certain kinds of immunodeficiency. CRS can be divided into different subtypes based on endotypes and phenotypes. Infectious CRS is one such category. The etiology of infectious CRS is usually secondary to chronic bacterial infection that commonly begins with a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Humoral antibody deficiencies can underlie difficult-to-treat or recurrent CRS. Infectious CRS can be treated with antimicrobials, topical or oral corticosteroids, and nasal saline irrigations. Patients with CRS and humoral immunodeficiency may require an aggressive treatment approach including immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Despite advancements in the field of CRS, targeted therapies and reliable biomarkers are still lacking.
Echocardiographic Guidance for Catheter-Based Removal of Right-Sided Intracardiac Thrombus

Pulmonary embolus and clot-in-transit represent medical emergencies that, depending in part on hemodynamic compromise and imaging findings, may require invasive percutaneous therapies. Echocardiography provides immediate noninvasive bedside information to diagnose these conditions and risk stratify these patients. Percutaneous treatment modalities are then guided by real-time transesophageal echocardiography. Procedural echocardiographers must be knowledgeable of the differential diagnosis of intracardiac masses, familiar with use of three-dimensional imaging, and aware of relevant transesophageal echocardiographic anatomy that will help the interventionalist guide their therapeutic devices within the confines of the beating heart as well as confirm complete extraction of intracardiac masses.
Upward trend for flat displays

FOR OVER 100 years the cathode-ray tube has been the principal war of displaying viedo images. Since its invention in 1897 by Karl Ferdinand Braun, the popularity of the cathoderay tube has grown enormously – the number of units sold worldwide last year was estimated to be 150 million. But that popularity is on the wane, thanks to 20 years of investment in liquid crystal and plasma displays.
The Broken Allegory: Doris Lessing’s The Fifth Child as Narrative Theodicy

The idea that narrative occurs when a “text” provokes the reader to construct a “story” is a familiar and an established notion. At its simplest, the story, which is the abstracted sequence of events, renders the events into chronological order, while the text, which is a written or spoken discourse, presents the events out of chronological order. Traditionally, the “sense” that a story makes, its intelligibility, has been discussed in terms of plot (the intelligible shape of the action), character (for example, “she is the kind of character who would do such a thing, or respond in such a way), and theme (“what the story means is ...”). The production of meaning involves a complex interaction between text and the reader’s interpretive strategies.
Children's Experiences of Time when a Parent Travels for Work.

This qualitative study focuses on the different ways time is experienced by children in families who face time challenges because of a family member's job that required work travel. Data are from a family-level study that includes interviews of all family members older than age 7. Using grounded theory methodology, this study illustrates the ways in which job demands and family processes interact. The analysis centers on 75 children's perspectives from 43 families. Holding together assessments of having enough time while wanting more time with their parents, children express emotion, generally unrecognized by parents, around the topic of family time. Children's experience of time with parents is rushed or calm, depending on the activities done in time and the gender of the parent with whom they spend time. Findings are interpreted through a feminist social constructionist lens.
A molecular dynamics investigation of hydrostatic compression characteristics of mineral Jennite

Abstract This paper focuses on the study of mechanical behavior and deformation of mineral Jennite, under isothermal hydrostatic compression using Molecular Dynamics (MD) modeling. Atomistic structure of mineral Jennite is considered as a choice for representing calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), a key constituent in hydrated cement paste. The present work focuses and presents a molecular dynamics simulation approach to ascertain hydrostatic compression characteristics of mineral Jennite. The pressure–specific volume, and specific internal energy–specific volume relationships under isothermal hydrostatic compression conditions were determined. For the pressures ranging from 0.0001 GPa to 5 GPa, computational modeling results indicated that a linear relationship may be sufficient when describing the pressure–specific volume relationship. The results obtained in this study compared well with experimental and theoretical results recently published by other researchers. Additionally, a quadratic function was found to be appropriate to describe the specific energy–specific volume relationship, for the same pressure range used for studying the pressure–specific volume relationship. The pressure–specific volume, and specific internal energy-specific volume relationships reported in this paper are useful for further estimation of pressure–specific volume constitutive Hugoniot of the nanoscale mineral Jennite. Additionally, MD approach discussed and presented in this paper can be applied to understand hydrostatic compression behavior and deformation characteristics of other atomistic structures representing C-S-H. Further, the computational material modeling approach discussed in this paper provides an alternative methodology that can aid in the understanding of the deformation mechanisms and developing constitutive relationships from atomistic structures of materials.
The Use of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon®) Containing Filter/ Moderators for Epithermal Neutron Beam Production

We have investigated the suitability of fluorinated hydrocarbon polytetrafluoroeth-ylene (PTFE) for application in the filter/moderator of an epithermal beam. We show that the neutronics performance, cost, and fabricability of Al and PTFE compares favor- ably with other good filter/moderator materials such as Al/Al2O3, Al/C, and Fluental ®. In this study, we have carried out irradiation tests to evaluate the performance of PTFE in the mixed gamma and fast neutron environment expected for the MIT Fission Con- verter epithermal neutron beam application. The irradiation stability was found to be more than adequate for the planned application.
Differences in Cancer-Specific Mortality of Right- Versus Left-Sided Colon Adenocarcinoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database Analysis.

PurposeStudies have shown an increased risk for all-cause mortality with right-sided colon cancer (RCC) as compared with left-sided colon cancer (LCC). However, these studies were unable to directly account for mortality events unrelated to cancer, known as other-cause mortality. We investigated the difference in cancer-specific mortality (CSM) between RCC and LCC at localized, regional, and metastatic stages, according to the Fine and Gray proportional hazards model, while accounting for other-cause mortality as a competing risk.MethodsUsing the SEER database, we identified 90,635 patients with LCC (ie, involving the splenic flexure, descending, sigmoid, and rectosigmoid colon) and 112,679 patients with RCC (ie, involving the cecum, ascending, hepatic flexure, and transverse colon) diagnosed from 1998 to 2013. We performed a competing risk analysis for CSM using the Fine and Gray proportional hazard model, adjusting for age, sex, race, tumor grade, surgery status, year of diagnosis, and tumor laterality,...
Contributions of tracking, literacy skills, and attitudes to science achievement of students with varied English proficiency

This study examined contributions of academic ability tracking, disciplinary attitudes (science anxiety and self-efficacy), and discipline-specific literacy skills (science and academic vocabulary knowledge) to students’ science achievement in a sample of 104 Grade 8 students (78% current or former English learners [ELs]) enrolled in high- versus low-track (50/50) classrooms at a Pacific Northwest urban junior high school. The final regression model explained 46% of the variance in students’ science reading comprehension scores; 11% of the variance in reading scores was uniquely explained by science vocabulary knowledge, above and beyond anxiety, self-efficacy, and tracking. Similarly, the final regression model explained 41% of the variance in students’ end-of-the unit science test scores; 20% of the variance was uniquely attributed to science vocabulary knowledge above and beyond anxiety, self-efficacy, academic vocabulary knowledge, science reading comprehension, and tracking. From a practical perspective, the results suggest that students need more explicit science vocabulary instruction to perform better on reading and achievement tasks, regardless of their track designation. From a policy perspective, current ELs’ underrepresentation in higher-track classes calls into question the equity of instruction provided to students. Recommendations to increase ELs’ access to academic content are discussed.
The Effects of Rearing Experiences: The Early Years

Perhaps the most basic tenet of development is that behavior is subject to the multiple influences of genes and environments. In fact, it is the dynamic, temporal interaction between genetic and environmental factors that yields different developmental outcomes. Few would disagree with this view today. However, in the middle of the 20th century, when experimental rearing paradigms were first developed and studied in rhesus macaques, the view was different. Behavior patterns were construed as being controlled by either genes or the environment. Ethologists studied species-typical behaviors called fixed action patterns— “fixed” because they were thought to be uninfluenced by experience. In a similar manner, psychologists studied learned behavior that was thought not to have any genetic basis. This dichotomous view permeated the science of the time. Some took on the task of “proving” that specific behavior patterns were innate and developing the methodology to do so (Lorenz, 1950); others attempted to show that organisms were essentially molded by their experiences (Skinner, 1975). There were other voices arguing that all behavior was under both genetic and environmental control (Lehrman, 1970; Schneirla, 1957), but this interactionist notion had not yet taken firm hold. It is important to remember that the early studies of rearing in nonhuman primates took place in this context.
Discrimination of Style in Painting: A Developmental Study

This study assumed that the use of Piaget's centration principle to explain style discrimination in paintings has been narrowly interpreted in the literature and that children at the preoperational...
From Principle to Parsimony: A Critical Analysis of New Zealand's No-Fault Accident Compensation Scheme

In 1974, the New Zealand government created the Accident Compensation Commission (ACC) to compensate citizens for all work-related and nonwork-related injuries. The scheme was designed to meet the egalitarian and social welfare goals of New Zealand's government, and replaced a tort liability system like that of the United States. The scheme served two aims: It idealized the goals of social welfare planners, and avoided what was believed to be the problems and excesses of tort liability. This paper critically examines the 25-year history of the ACC. The paper includes descriptions of the ACC's functions and failures, and analyzes the agency's performance in the light of statutory and administrative changes. This examination concludes that financial and political pressures on ACC have led failure of the present system to achieve the social justice principles of the original scheme. The essence of the failure can be seen in recent changes that have resulted in privatization of accident compensation for work-related injuries.
Multi-Task Learning of Gaussian Graphical Models

We present multi-task structure learning for Gaussian graphical models. We discuss uniqueness and boundedness of the optimal solution of the maximization problem. A block coordinate descent method leads to a provably convergent algorithm that generates a sequence of positive definite solutions. Thus, we reduce the original problem into a sequence of strictly convex l∞ regularized quadratic minimization subproblems. We further show that this subproblem leads to the continuous quadratic knapsack problem, for which very efficient methods exist. Finally we show promising results in a dataset that captures brain function of cocaine addicted and control subjects under conditions of monetary reward.
5-HT2C receptor blockade reverses SSRI-associated basal ganglia dysfunction and potentiates therapeutic efficacy

Serotonin (5-HT) selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders, but responsiveness is uncertain and side effects often lead to discontinuation. Side effect profiles suggest that SSRIs reduce dopaminergic (DAergic) activity, but specific mechanistic insight is missing. Here we show in mice that SSRIs impair motor function by acting on 5-HT2C receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), which in turn inhibits nigra pars compacta (SNc) DAergic neurons. SSRI-induced motor deficits can be reversed by systemic or SNr-localized 5-HT2C receptor antagonism. SSRIs induce SNr hyperactivity and SNc hypoactivity that can also be reversed by systemic 5-HT2C receptor antagonism. Optogenetic inhibition of SNc DAergic neurons mimics the motor deficits due to chronic SSRI treatment, whereas local SNr 5-HT2C receptor antagonism or optogenetic activation of SNc DAergic neurons reverse SSRI-induced motor deficits. Lastly, we find that 5-HT2C receptor antagonism potentiates the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of SSRIs. Together our findings demonstrate opposing roles for 5-HT2C receptors in the effects of SSRIs on motor function and affective behavior, highlighting the potential benefits of 5-HT2C receptor antagonists for both reduction of motor side effects of SSRIs and augmentation of therapeutic antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.
Strategies to Address Decommissioned Automotive Plants

This chapter considers the complexity of dealing with decommissioned automotive plants and focuses on the site, neighborhood, and city scales. Using Flint, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio as examples, we categorize a set of five widely used strategies that shape the physical evolution and repurposing of automotive plants and their sites after closure. These are brownfield remediation, infrastructure, the use of catalytic projects, creating enterprise zones, and developing nodes. We highlight the physical impacts that the auto industry’s restructuring has at the scale of the neighborhood and city, as well as its profound influence on the morphology of a region. We conclude that no current models offer a truly successful approach to dealing with decommissioned automotive plants.
Analysis of threats and countermeasures in NFV use cases

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is an emerging technology that yields several benefits to the industry. In NFV, the legacy network infrastructure is transferred into virtualized networks. Instead of using dedicated hardware and network equipment, NFV relies on virtualized components to deliver services to its users. This will allow the enhancement and extension of networks in a quick and low-cost manner. However, the benefits of this practice come at the price of system security, and we need to consider how to enhance this security. To design a secure system, we need to understand the possible threats to the system. Having a good understanding of the NFV processes’ life cycle will help us in understanding how attackers may attack the system and hence help us defend against their attacks. In this paper, we systematically analyze some NFV use cases to enumerate their threats and analyze their misuse activities. The result of this analysis will allow us to enhance the security of NFV and suggest some security policies to improve system security. Moreover, based on the analysis we can find misuse patterns which provide possible countermeasures to stop them.
Synthesis of Ultrasmall Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles by UV Irradiation in Acidic and Neutral Conditions

Synthetic melanin nanoparticles have value in metal chelation, photoprotection, and biocompatibility. Applications of these materials have been reported in optics, biomedicine, and electronics. However, precise size control has remained relatively difficult-especially for materials below 1000 nm. In this paper we describe the synthesis of ultrasmall synthetic nanoparticles with size of 9.4-31.4 nm in weakly acidic and neutral conditions via UV-irradiation. Size control of these particles was possible by varying the pH from 6.4-10.0. We then used UV-vis, FTIR, and nuclear magnetic resonance to investigate the mechanism of UV-induced polymerization. The data show that reactive oxygen species from UV irradiation oxidizes intermediates of the reaction and accelerates the formation of these synthetic melanin structures.
Dropout Prevention and Student Engagement

Our work in dropout prevention and student engagement grew out of the development, implementation, and evaluation of Check & Connect. Student engagement is the foundation of theory and interventions to promote school completion. As we worked to study and understand successful school completion efforts, interest in student engagement was growing among scholars and educators around the world (Christenson et al., Handbook of research on student engagement. Boston: Springer Science & Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7, 2012). In this chapter, I describe the evolution of the engagement construct from high school dropout to a global construct for all kids, some lessons learned in school completion efforts, and the conclusion that student engagement and school completion are unifying constructs for educators and all interventions, policies, and practices within schools, corresponding with tiered models of support.
Chapter 12 – Geometrical Representations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses geometrical representations. It presents an overview of linear representations. These include geometries with linear but no metric structure, such as projective and affine geometry, and ones with compatible linear and metric structures, such as Hilbert geometry and Minkowski geometry. The chapter also focuses on groups of permissible transformations. It discusses metric spaces that fall outside the main lines of development of geometry but that have been proposed or used as representing structures for proximity relations. The pure theory of projective geometry is one of the greatest jewels of human intellect. The important geometrical concepts that can be defined in affine geometry are the spans and intersections of linear varieties.
Personal Protective Equipment and Covid-19.

Personal Protective Equipment and Covid-19 This video demonstrates a procedure for donning and doffing one type of PPE recommended by the CDC for use in hospitals to minimize the risk of exposure t...
Monitoring of Occupant States in Autonomous Vehicles Using Capacitance-Sensing Imaging

The increasing popularity of autonomous vehicles has heightened the need to deploy robust systems that guarantee the safety and comfort of vehicle occupants. Such systems are required to monitor the presence and posture of occupants in real-time. This paper proposes a novel system that combines capacitive sensing with machine learning to achieve real-time occupant detection and posture recognition. The main constituent of the system is a capacitance-sensing mat that spans both the seat base (SB) and the backrest (BR) of a typical vehicle seat. The mat is connected to a sensing circuitry that continuously monitors variations in capacitance inside the mat to generate grayscale capacitance-sensing images (CSIs). The CSIs are real-time pictorial representations of the variations in capacitance caused within the mat due to changes in the position and the posture of occupants. The real-time CSIs then serve as inputs to a k-nearest-neighbors-based (k-NN) classifier that is capable of identifying different posture classes. The classifier is pre-trained using a previously acquired database consisting of a collection of CSIs belonging to known posture classes. Subsequently, the performance of the classifier is validated, and the system is deployed for real-time occupant detection and posture recognition.
The Content Validity and Clinical Utility of the Kindergarten Readiness Inventory (K-READI): A Screening Tool of School Readiness for Children on the Autism Spectrum

There is currently a gap in available assessments for evaluating school readiness in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The Kindergarten Readiness Inventory (K-READI) is a non-standardiz...
The next step in balloon assisted endovascular neurosurgical procedures: A case series of initial experience with the Scepter Mini balloon microcatheter.

BackgroundThe use of compliant dual lumen balloon microcatheters (CDLB) for the endovascular treatment of vascular malformations, wide neck aneurysms, and intracranial angioplasty (for vasospasm) i...
A Method for Architecting Product Platforms With an Application to Interplanetary Mission Design

Consider a group of products sharing common parts andassemblies. The products in question we call a product family,and the common elements, the platform. A platformarchitecture is the set of selection and configuration choicesshared among multiple products. We present a method fordesigning product platforms that takes into consideration boththe performance requirements as well as the cost of the productfamily. The definition of a product platform is formulated as ageneral optimization problem in which the advantages ofdesigning a common base must be balanced against theconstraints of the individual product variants and of the wholefamily. This optimization approach has been implemented asan interactive multi-team-based negotiation model fordesigning an interplanetary spacecraft platform and itssupported family variants. The model is used to identifypossible subsystems of each spacecraft that could be madecommon to all or some of the missions, and the impact ofarchitecture decisions on the performance of the productfamily.
Substance Misuse and Condomless Sex among Transgender Youth

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between substance use and sexual risk behaviors among transgender youth. Methods: Data from the transgender subsample of the Sur...
HealthDist: A Context, Location and Preference-Aware System for Safe Navigation

In this demo paper, we feature HealthDist, an innovative system that is an additional asset in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. HealthDist utilizes context (e.g., weather conditions), location (e.g., crowded areas), and user preferences to provide safe pedestrian paths which decrease the exposure to the virus causing COVID-19. Its modular design, consisting of four components, reduces the time and resources needed to provide accurate localization and indoor-outdoor path recommendations that satisfy the user’s preferences. We demonstrate interactively using smartphones how HealthDist can provide real time navigation information within a university campus and illustrate the reduction of the COVID-19 exposure risk while satisfying the constraints defined by the user.Video: http://bit.ly/3bMicbs
The evolution of evolutionary processes in organismal and cancer evolution.

Abstract The evolution of early life and of contemporary viruses has been driven in significant part by random genetic mutations, while modern unicellular and organismal evolution primarily leverages evolved, efficient and active cell biology processes for adaptive changes prior to selection. Random mutations are often buffered by cell homeostasis, or they have a negative role, e.g., by causing death or monogenic diseases, or by triggering real-time cancer evolution. Accordingly, the Modern Synthesis theory no longer adequately describes the efficient, often punctuated and at times directionally adaptive natural genetic engineering (NGE) processes deduced from the DNA record of evolution. Similarly, the somatic mutation theory (SMT) of cancer describes driver mutations that can trigger oncogenesis, and passenger mutations characteristic of periods of genetic microevolution in cancer. At the precancerous stage, most somatic mutations are repaired or buffered in the cell, aberrant cells are removed, or organismal bioelectric tissue signals or other physiological functional networks maintain control of rogue, mutated cells. However, the SMT is not sufficient to describe the observed punctuated macroevolution of cancer-cell genes, chromosomes, karyotypes and epigenomes, nor of expressed cancer-cell transcriptomes, proteomes and epiproteomes, which include non-DNA-templated post-translational modifications, protein-protein interactions and metabolites. Moreover, punctuated cancer cell macroevolution often culminates in macro-effects, which include epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT), cancer cell polyploidies and even giant multinucleated cancer cells that drive cancer progression, therapy resistance and metastasis. All of this cancer-cell evolution competes in a molecular and cellular arms race with host immune cells and antibodies, as well as with the host tumor microenvironment. Empirically observed punctuated, multilevel and multiclonal cancer macroevolution, and the concomitant, rapid co-development of the host immune system and tumor microenvironment, can occur with the efficiency, speed and lethality of cancer that is enabled by evolved, active natural genetic engineering (NGE) mechanisms. NGE affects both vertical cancer-cell genomic inheritance and evolution towards therapy resistance and metastasis, as well as viral or cancer-cell exosome vector-driven horizontal gene transfers that contributes to cancer cell cooperation, or to transforming previously non-cancerous somatic cells into destabilized cancer cells during metastasis. In addition, externally driven, irreversible and transferable (EDIT) adaptations are exemplified by mitotically heritable, non-templated cancer cell epigenetics, and by mitotically heritable cancer-cell surface protein and lipid glycosylation, as important examples of fast time-scale molecular evolution mechanisms in which genes are followers, similar to evo-devo processes in organismal evolution.
The Impact of Corporate Values on Student Affairs: The Case Study

This chapter introduces our case study site and method of analysis. The chapter articulates the rationale for selecting a qualitative case study methodology and its connection to understanding how student affairs professionals experience neoliberal normalization via corporate values. This chapter provides a background of the research site as an example of institutional pressures to perform to neoliberal norms. A history of the rapid institutional growth experienced at the case study site provides context for the corporate influences shaping an institution trying to “meet students where they are.” Complexities around institutional commitments for students to “come as they are,” thus trying to attune to individual needs (“exceptional care”), while achieving “exceptional accountability” and “exceptional results” are examined. The chapter addresses similar trends throughout higher education that are leading to a focus on growth and competition over holistic education (Gieger, 2019; Hall & O’Shea, 2013; Kezar, 2014, 2019; Thelin, 2003, 2011).