cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
\(\varvec{N}\)-Layer concentric cylinder model (NCYL): an extended micromechanics-based multiscale model for nonlinear composites

A validated multi-scale computational mechanics framework for progressive failure modeling of composite structures is developed. Zhang and Waas (Acta Mech 225(4–5):1391–1417, 2014) proposed a micromechanics-based two-scale multiscale model which is able to predict the nonlinear response of a composite. Their proposed micromechanics analysis uses the analytical solutions derived from the concentric cylinder model along with the generalized self-consistent model to find the effective properties of the unidirectional fiber reinforced composites, which are dependent on constituent level fiber–matrix mechanical properties and fiber volume fraction. In this model, the composite material is represented by an inner fiber core and an outer matrix annulus. It should be noted that the 2-CYL fiber–matrix concentric cylinder micromechanics model can be extended to a concentric fiber and any number of \((N-1)\) matrix layers in general, keeping the volume fraction constant, hence called the N-cylinder model (NCYL), which can analytically calculate the strain and stress field within the fiber and matrix cylinders for a given applied remote composite strain field, acting on the outer boundary of the matrix cylinder. The spatial variation of strain and stress fields within the cylinder are the key determinants for progressive damage and failure analysis of composite structures and hence, they need to be predicted accurately. The advantage of the NCYL concentric cylinder model is that the matrix strain and stress fields can be found in a discrete manner for each layer and the evolution of damage can be localized at a particular layer of matrix. These results can be used at the sub-scale in a multi-scale analysis to calculate the effective nonlinear composite response at a global scale. This work is based on a full analytical solution, and hence, it delivers a distinct computational advantage in composite failure analysis. That is, high fidelity and computational efficiency are gained at the same time.
La Fisiología del Estrés: Un Cambio de Prioridades Metabólicas a Nivel Sistémico y Celular

At the onset of heat stress, cattle initiate a series of whole body adaptations in an effort to cope with and dissipate additional heat load. These include well-known physiological changes such as increased respiration rate and sweating rate and decreased feed intake. Environmentally induced hyperthermia in ruminants depresses production as a consequence of reduced feed intake but it is unclear how shifts in metabolism may further affect production performance and physiological acclimation. Our evidence indicates that cattle experiencing heat stress do not appear to engage metabolic and glucose-sparing adaptations consistent with their plane of nutrition. In this context, the liver is uniquely positioned to direct exogenously and endogenously derived nutrients for use by other metabolically active tissues such as the mammary gland and skeletal muscle. Despite the prominent role of the liver in whole-body metabolism, alterations in the molecular mechanisms leading to hepatic adaptation during heat challenge are unclear. We are using management tools and metabolic modifiers, such as bovine somatotropin, in an attempt to better understand and improve hepatic function during heat stress. Because a large proportion of an animal’s mass is comprised of skeletal muscle, alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism and function can have a profound impact on whole-animal energy metabolism and nutrient homeostasis especially during periods of stress. We have initiated studies to understand how hyperthermia influences the set points of several metabolic pathways within skeletal muscle. It appears that during heat stress bovine skeletal muscle experiences mitochondrial dysfunction leading to impaired cellular energy status. Finally, investigations into adipose tissue metabolism demonstrate impaired lipolytic functions likely due to a refractory nature to adrenergic stimuli. Taken together, this may have broad implications for the reduced production and heat intolerance seen during heat stress especially if tissue(s) are not able to make necessary contributions to whole-body energy homeostasis. Accurately understanding the biological mechanism(s) by which thermal stress reduces animal performance is critical for developing novel approaches (i.e. genetic, managerial and nutritional) to preserve growth and lactation especially given the critical importance of nutrients, such as glucose, to animal production and well being in these situations.
A General Method of Optimizing Individual Drug Dosage

For many drugs there is a high correlation between the concentration of drug in serum and clinical reponse. Optimal therapy with these drugs requires exceeding a minimal effective concentration (below which no adequate response is seen) while remaining below a maximal allowable concentration (above which drug toxicity becomes evident). Thus, a dose may be chosen quite rationally by the use of a desired serum concentration as the “therapeutic” end point. However, it is not possible to give the same dosage to all patients; a dose which proves effective in one patient will be ineffective in some and even toxic in others. This is because the dosage required to achieve serum concentrations within a certain, frequently narrow, range is confounded by variations in the way in which different individuals distribute and eliminate drugs.
Species richness and endemism in the native flora of California.

Author(s): Baldwin, Bruce G; Thornhill, Andrew H; Freyman, William A; Ackerly, David D; Kling, Matthew M; Morueta-Holme, Naia; Mishler, Brent D | Abstract: Premise of the studyCalifornia's vascular flora is the most diverse and threatened in temperate North America. Previous studies of spatial patterns of Californian plant diversity have been limited by traditional metrics, non-uniform geographic units, and distributional data derived from floristic descriptions for only a subset of species.MethodsWe revisited patterns of sampling intensity, species richness, and relative endemism in California based on equal-area spatial units, the full vascular flora, and specimen-based distributional data. We estimated richness, weighted endemism (inverse range-weighting of species), and corrected weighted endemism (weighted endemism corrected for richness), and performed a randomization test for significantly high endemism.Key resultsPossible biases in herbarium data do not obscure patterns of high richness and endemism at the spatial resolution studied. High species richness was sometimes associated with significantly high endemism (e.g., Klamath Ranges) but often not. In Stebbins and Major's (1965) main endemism hotspot, Southwestern California, species richness is high across much of the Peninsular and Transverse ranges but significantly high endemism is mostly localized to the Santa Rosa and San Bernardino mountains. In contrast, species richness is low in the Channel Islands, where endemism is significantly high, as also found for much of the Death Valley region.ConclusionsMeasures of taxonomic richness, even with greater weighting of range-restricted taxa, are insufficient for identifying areas of significantly high endemism that warrant conservation attention. Differences between our findings and those in previous studies appear to mostly reflect the source and scale of distributional data, and recent analytical refinements.
KABS: an extensible, parallel agent-based simulator

High Performance Computing has had little impact on most agent-based modelers. With the exception of Repast [1], the most common agent-based simulators are written with nothing more than multi-threaded execution in mind and are thus unable to take advantage of the emerging affordability of parallel computers. This limits the number of agents in the simulation to the number that can fit in the relatively restrictive confines of a desktop machine. Many systems are studied with only tens of agents, which limits the scope of the problems that can be analyzed.
Relative partitioning of N from alfalfa silage, corn silage, corn grain and soybean meal into milk, urine, and feces, using stable 15N isotope

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the relative partitioning of N in individual feed within a diet (alfalfa silage [AS], corn silage [CS], corn grain [CG] and soybean meal [SBM]) into milk, urinary and fecal N in lactating dairy cows. For 11 days, twelve multiparous Holstein cows (means ± SD; 264 ± 18 DIM) were fed once a day an unlabeled TMR formulated to contain (DM basis) 335, 325, 190, 125 and 25 g/kg of CS, AS, CG, SBM and a mineral-and-vitamin premix, respectively. On the morning of day 12, cows were blocked by milk yield and randomly assigned within block to one of four dietary treatments constructed by replacing one feed ingredient of the unlabeled TMR with its corresponding 15N-labeled ingredient (grown with 15N-labeled fertilizers). Cows were fed dietary treatments for four days (day 12–15) and the unlabeled TMR from day 16–19. Feed intake and lactation performance were measured daily whereas total fecal and urinary collections were conducted on each cow every 6 h from day 12–19. Feeding 15N-labeled ingredients had no effect on DMI (mean ± SD; 22.0 ± 2.0 kg/d), milk yield (26.4 ± 5.2 kg/d), N intake (631 ± 25 g/d), milk protein concentration (34.7 ± 3.3 g/kg), and N use efficiency (milk N/intake N; 235 ± 46 g/kg). By the end of sampling, 61% of 15N was recovered in milk (13.6%), urine (24.1%) and feces (23.3%) suggesting substantial distribution of 15N in tissues with slow turnover rates or growing actively (e.g., fetal tissues). The ratio of 15N atom% excess (APE) in urine to 15N APE in milk and the ratio of 15N APE in feces to 15N APE in milk measured on the fourth day of feeding the treatment TMR were used as indicators of relative N partitioning. The 15N APE urine/milk ratio was greater for AS (1.51) than for CS (1.30), which in turn was greater than for the concentrates (1.02 for CG and 0.94 for SBM). In addition, the APE 15N feces/milk ratio was greater in silages than concentrates (2.12 vs. 1.20, respectively). Interestingly, the main route of 15N excretion from AS was fecal rather than urinary. Overall results suggested more excretion of urinary N and fecal N relative to milk N secretion for silages than for concentrates.
Interaction of Viruses with Human Lymphocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interaction of viruses with human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes have been shown to be the major cell type involved in the cell-mediated ImR, and their importance in the host's defense against certain viral infections is illustrated by the severe infections produced by vaccinia and herpes viruses in patients with congenital thymic deficiency syndromes. Atypical lymphocytes appear in the circulation of infected individuals in many illnesses. In at least three, namely, infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and infection with cytomegalovirus, a herpes-like virus has been associated with lymphocytes. A study has demonstrated blastoid transformation of normal lymphocytes after infecting leukocyte cultures with EB virus, the virus originally isolated from cultures of peripheral leukocytes taken from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. During the course of certain viral infections in both experimental animals and man, a transient depletion of circulating lymphocytes occurs. The chapter also highlights a study in which the lymphocytopenia was related to increased titers of virus in the blood and spleen.
Oncogenic human papillomaviruses.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are an ancient group of viruses with small, double-stranded DNA circular genomes. They are species-specific and have a strict tropism for mucosal and cutaneous stratif...
Secondary intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) presenting as post-traumatic headache in mild traumatic brain injury: a case series

Cerebral edema peaks 36–72 h after moderate traumatic brain injury but thought to be uncommon after mild traumatic brain injury. Post-traumatic headache can develop 48–72 h post-injury, perhaps reflecting the developing cerebral edema. Pseudotumor cerebri can result from various causes, including cerebral edema, and is characterized by increased intracranial pressure, headache, visual, and other common symptoms. Our objective was to report a phenotypically identifiable post-traumatic headache subtype. This case series of six pediatric patients with post-traumatic pseudotumor cerebri was assessed at 48–120 h post-primary injury with new or a change in symptoms such as headache, vision, auditory, balance, and cognition. Clinical findings included slight fever, neck/head pain, papilledema or cranial nerve deficit (6th), and lack of coordination. Elevated cerebral spinal fluid pressure was documented by lumbar puncture, with no infection. Symptoms improved with treatment specific to post-traumatic headache subtype (lumbar puncture, topiramate, or acetazolamide). Recognition of specific post-traumatic headache subtypes after mild traumatic brain injury will expedite treatment intervention to lower intracranial pressure and resolve symptoms.
CommunityCrit: Inviting the Public to Improve and Evaluate Urban Design Ideas through Micro-Activities

While urban design affects the public, most people do not have the time or expertise to participate in the process. Many online tools solicit public input, yet typically limit interaction to collecting complaints or early-stage ideas. This paper explores how to engage the public in more complex stages of urban design without requiring a significant time commitment. After observing workshops, we designed a system called CommunityCrit that offers micro-activities to engage communities in elaborating and evaluating urban design ideas. Through a four-week deployment, in partnership with a local planning group seeking to redesign a street intersection, CommunityCrit yielded 352 contributions (around 10 minutes per participant). The planning group reported that CommunityCrit provided insights on public perspectives and raised awareness for their project, but noted the importance of setting expectations for the process. People appreciated that the system provided a window into the planning process, empowered them to contribute, and supported diverse levels of skills and availability.
Tapping and assessing the concept of educational regret: methodological techniques for opening up biographical reflection

Regret, a negative assessment of an action committed or a path not taken, is a common biographical experience. However, it is a difficult concept to study in social science research. Participants a...
Toward an adverse outcome pathway for impaired growth: Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs growth in early life stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

Abstract Chemical contaminants present in the environment can affect mitochondrial bioenergetics in aquatic organisms and can have substantial effects on individual fitness. As early life stages of fish are particularly vulnerable to environmental contaminants, they are ideal models for examining the relationship between impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics (ATP-dependent respiration, basal oxidative respiration) and apical endpoints such as growth. Here, early life stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), an ecologically relevant North American species, were used to investigate the relationship between mitochondrial bioenergetics and growth following perturbation with model mitochondrial toxicants 2,4-dinitrophenol and octylamine. Fathead minnows were exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol and octylamine at 3 concentrations for 24 h and endpoints related to mitochondrial bioenergetics were measured with the Agilent Seahorse XFe24 Bioanalyzer. In order to link changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics to growth, fathead minnows were exposed to the same chemical contaminants for 7–14 days and growth was measured by measuring total length on a weekly basis. There was a significant correlation between decrease in average length at 14 days and basal respiration (r = 0.997, p = 0.050, n = 3), as well as maximal respiration (r = 0.998, p-value = 0.043, n = 3) for embryos exposed to 2,4 dinitrophenol. For octylamine, ATP production was highly correlated with average length at 7 days (p-value = 0.1) and spare respiratory capacity and average length at 14 days were highly correlated (p-value = 0.1). These data improve understanding of how mitochondrial toxicants impair growth in fish larvae and may be useful for developing an adverse outcome pathway for growth.
Legal Obligation in Plato’s Crito

This chapter explicates Plato’s Socrates’ words pertaining to the alleged moral obligation to obey the law. It provides a novel interpretation of the meaning of Socrates’ words. For Socrates, he has no moral obligation to obey the laws of Athens in that he has been unjustly convicted of atheism and corruption of (some of) the Athenian youth by teaching some of them philosophy. Since he was not an atheist and since he had not genuinely corrupted the youth, Socrates, when presented with the coercive offer and threat that if he ceased doing philosophy his life would be spared but if he did not he would be compelled to drink the hemlock and die, decides to exercise an ultimate act of civil disobedience and thereby expose Athens’ anti-philosophical values. Socrates would rather die than to live without philosophy and to live in Athens where genuine philosophy is not respected. In the end, Plato’s Socrates renders a graphic public moral indictment against Athens’ anti-philosophical morality.
THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF SOME TYPICAL LANDSCAPE MATERIALS

ABSTRACT All the materials of earth are subject to radiative exchange, & while their thermal properties are well recorded, there is a surprisingly small amount of information available on the various temperatures achieved by standard landscaping materials and their subsequent radiating capabilities. This paper aims at providing some factual data on temperatures achieved by exposed and shaded surfaces at the hottest time of day - 1:00 pm - during the month of July 1981, in Miami, Florida.
The SLD Detector and the Polarization Project at SLC

The SLD is the second generation detector for the SLAC Linear Collider (SLC). A short review of the detector and its status is given. The availability of longitudinally polarized beams will be a unique opportunity at SLC. The polarization project and its status is described.
Function of Peripheral Olfactory Organs

The function of the olfactory receptor organs of insects is to send the central nervous system (CNS), on a split-second basis, a rendering of the relative abundance of single odorants that together comprise odour blends. The organs’ olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) generate action potentials (spikes) that are transmitted to the antennal lobe (AL) (Chaps. 4 and 5), which then sends the processed signal on to higher integrative centers of the brain (Chap. 9). When an ORN is hit by molecules of an active stimulus, the molecules are thought to interact with receptor proteins situated in the dendritic membrane (Chap. 2). These interactions form a receptor potential that travels down the dendrite to a site where action potentials are triggered when the receptor potential reaches a threshold level. The action potentials travel down the length of the ORN axon into the AL (Chap. 5). The action potentials of particular ORNs have characteristic sizes and waveforms (Kaissling 1974) that often differ greatly enough among ORNs that researchers can discriminate them and assess their activities separately. Spike sizes may be related to the size of the ORNs generating them (Hansson et al. 1994b), but the size of the spike is not known to carry any extra information to the AL. It is the frequency of spikes rather than their size that is important for generating behavioural responses.
Dyadic Team Interaction and Shared Cognition to Inform Human-Robot Teaming:

Project overview. The current research aims to understand how human operators effectively team with urban search robot teammates in a dynamic and complex task environment. With that in mind, we exa...
Usability Challenges that Novice Programmers Experience when Using Scratch for the First Time

Block-based programming environments have increased students' interest in computer science (CS). Research suggests that block-based programming environments have positively impacted students' retention, effectiveness, efficiency, engagement, attitudes, and perceptions towards computing. We know that when novice programmers are learning to program in block-based programming environments, they need to understand the components of these environments, how to apply programming concepts, and how to create artifacts. However, few studies have been done to understand the impacts that usability of block-based programming environments may have on students' programming. In this poster, we present results from a two-part study designed to understand the impact that usability of the programming environment has on novice programmers when learning to program in Scratch. Our findings indicate that usability challenges may affect students' ability to navigate and create programs within block-based programming environments.
MODELS | Computer Models of Seizures and Epilepsy: Understanding Epileptogenesis using Complex Large-Scale Models

Epilepsy is a network level phenomenon influenced by pathological changes on multiple levels of organization. Over the last several decades, computational modeling has become an increasingly powerful tool for investigating the role of specific pathologies in epileptogenesis. Additionally, recent increases in computational power have made it possible to study structure–function relationships in large brain areas, using complex networks of biologically realistic cells. In this article, we present examples of models that have been especially important for determining the impact of network architectural changes on hyperexcitability following sclerosis of the dentate gyrus. These highly realistic models show that the dentate gyrus is a globally and locally well-connected network with a so-called ‘small world’ structure. Following hilar cell loss and mossy fiber sprouting, this small world network undergoes structural alterations that alone can result in hyperexcitability.
The use and effectiveness of investigative police stops

This article asks if investigative police stops (1) help officers find contraband, and (2) serve as a bulwark against violent crime. We focus on the experiences of Fayetteville, North Carolina, whi...
Propagation of Uncertainty in Dynamical Systems

Abstract : We compare several approaches to uncertainty propagation that have been used in the literature to formulate the uncertainty in a dynamical system governed by ordinary differential equations. Specifically we focus on the evolution of probability density functions of the associated stochastic processes, and discuss their applications in different fields.
The effect of increased cost-sharing on low-value service use

We examine the effect of a value-based insurance design (VBID) program implemented at a large public employer in the state of Oregon. The program substantially increased cost-sharing for several healthcare services likely to be of low value for most patients: diagnostic services (e.g., imaging services) and surgeries (e.g., spinal surgeries for pain). Using a difference-in-differences design coupled with granular, administrative health insurance claims data over the period 2008-2012, we estimate the change in low-value service use among beneficiaries before and after program implementation relative to a comparison group not exposed to the VBID. Our findings suggest that the VBID significantly reduced the use of targeted services, with an implied elasticity of demand of -0.22. We find no evidence that the VBID led to substitution to non-targeted services or increased overall healthcare costs. However, we also observe no evidence that the program led to cost-savings.
A free-space to fiber coupling lab as part of an optics and fiber kit being developed for undergraduate curricula and outreach

As part of an educational Optics and Photonics kit being developed for new programs at Bridgewater State University (BSU), including a new Photonic and Optical Engineering BS program and a Photonics Technician certificate, we are creating several lab exercises emphasizing both, skills and quantitative analysis, for the understanding of light, for instance the coupling of free-space laser light into fibers. These experiments include lenses, inverse telescope, objective, aperture and mirrors to couple class 2 visible laser light into single-mode and multi-mode fibers. In addition to the optical alignment and focusing skills required, students measure the transmitted power and minimize the coupling losses, quantifying them in decibels (dB). Students create scattering matrices and make numerical aperture (NA) estimations. Polarization control measurements are added to compliment the understanding of electromagnetic fields. In time we will expand the kit to include lab experiments that cover full courses in both free-space and fiber optics to meet the demands of both technicians and engineers in industry.
A Low-Temperature Boost for Stretchable Conductors

In a recent publication in Matter, the He group at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) used ice templating and low-temperature polymerization to synthesize conductive hydrogels with improved electrical and mechanical properties for wearable electronics. The material’s enhanced performance was attributed to its hierarchically interconnected structure.
Unpacking students' use of mathematics in upper-division physics: Where do we go from here?

In their study of physics beyond the first year of University—termed upper-division in the US, many of students' primary learning opportunities come from working long, complex back-of-the-book style problems, and from trying to develop an understanding of the underlying physics through solving such problems. Some of the research at the upper-division focuses on how students use mathematics in these problems, and what challenges students encounter along the way. There are a number of different and diverse research studies on students' use of mathematics in the upper-division. These typically utilize one of two broad approaches, with some researchers primarily seeking out and addressing challenges students face, and others working chiefly to unpack students' in-the-moment reasoning. In this paper, we present and discuss both approaches, and then review research efforts that strive to connect these two approaches in order to make sense of students' use of mathematics as well as to uncover particular challenges that students encounter. These recent efforts represent a small step towards synthesizing the two approaches, which we argue is necessary to more meaningfully impact student learning at the upper-division. We close our review and discussion with suggested refinements for future research questions for the physics education research community to consider while it works to understand how students use math in upper-division courses.
Negative feedback couples Hippo pathway activation with Kibra degradation independent of Yorkie-mediated transcription.

The Hippo pathway regulates tissue growth in many animals. Multiple upstream components promote Hippo pathway activity, but the organization of these different inputs, the degree of crosstalk between them, and whether they are regulated in a distinct manner is not well understood. Kibra activates the Hippo pathway by recruiting the core Hippo kinase cassette to the apical cortex. Here we show that the Hippo pathway downregulates Drosophila Kibra levels independently of Yorkie-mediated transcription. We find that Hippo signaling complex formation promotes Kibra degradation via SCFSlimb-mediated ubiquitination, that this effect requires Merlin, Salvador, Hippo, and Warts, and that this mechanism functions independently of other upstream Hippo pathway activators. Moreover, Kibra degradation appears patterned by differences in mechanical tension across the wing. We propose that Kibra degradation mediated by Hippo pathway components and regulated by cytoskeletal tension serves to control Kibra-driven Hippo pathway activation and ensure optimally scaled and patterned tissue growth.
GFS: Evolution on Fast-forward: A discussion between Kirk McKusick and Sean Quinlan about the origin and evolution of the Google File System

During the early stages of development at Google, the initial thinking did not include plans for building a new file system. While work was still being done on one of the earliest versions of the company’s crawl and indexing system, however, it became quite clear to the core engineers that they really had no other choice, and GFS (Google File System) was born.
Seizure discharges effected by intravenously administered convulsant drugs: EEG and DC changes in Cerebrum and Cerebellum of the Rabbit

Abstract Employing transcortical recording and d.c. amplification, changes were recorded simultaneously in cerebrum and cerebellum incident to the intravenous injection of convulsant drugs. Caffeine, strychnine, picrotoxin, Metrazol, thio-carbohydrazide and dl-methionine-dl-sulfoxamine were the drugs investigated. Major SP changes might commence early following an injection and continue throughout. The significance of these was impossible to assess as they occurred before seizure discharge had developed, were of very slow time course and not intimately related to the appearance and disappearance of seizure discharge at any time. For each drug we provide a description of the sequence of seizure discharge and of the associated SP changes. Those SP changes which were agent specific ordinarily accompanied the early seizure trains of an experiment. Later several of the drugs (picrotoxin, Metrazol and thio-c.) produced nearly identical patterns. Dl-methionine-dl-sulfoxamine was unique for its long latent period and for the several negative/positive shifts which might precede the development of seizure trains. When they appeared seizure trains did so with respect to an identical shift and recurred in the same relation with each succeeding shift. In some instances two drugs might produce the same pattern of seizure discharge but SP changes of opposite polarity. Then the SP shift distinguished the trace occasioned by one drug from that of the other.
Overview of Multiuser Detection

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Matrix Channel Model Optimal Multiuser Detection Linear Detectors Reduced-Rank Estimation Decision-Feedback Detection Interference Mitigation at the Transmitter Overview of Remaining Chapters References ]]>
Point of view: Indian sobriety must come from Indian solutions.

(1989). Point of View: Indian Sobriety Must Come from Indian Solutions. Health Education: Vol. 20, Health Education Interventions for Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations in the United States, pp. 19-22.
Long-term expansion planning of integrated electricity and natural gas transportation infrastructures

This paper presents an integrated long-term expansion planning model that considers the interdependency of natural gas and electricity infrastructures. The integrated planning problem determined the least-cost planning schedule of candidate generating units, transmission lines, and natural gas pipelines. The fuel supply feasibility was represented by the natural gas transportation constraints. The Investment decisions of electricity and natural gas infrastructures would satisfy the desired power system reliability criterion. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated planning approach.
Satisfaction, and Self-Reported Learning in Response to Active Learning Course Activity in Veterinary

Background: The active learning session is a well - established method to promote deep learning. However, traditional veterinary pharmacology laboratories have been removed from most curriculums. Pharmacology has become a list of therapeutics that encourages rote memorization. Aim: Student attitudes about pharmacology were explored after participation in a novel, student - centered activity. Method: Students participated in a laboratory activity, “Iron Pharmacologist”, that asked teams of students to research and present the answer to individual “secret questions” in a very limited time frame. Immediate verbal feedback was provided to students on accuracy and depth of knowledge, clinical relevance, and presentation style. An anonymous, student - attitudinal survey was administered at the end of each laboratory; this survey was longitudinally administered to subsequent groups over a four - year time frame. Results: Survey results demonstrate high levels of student satisfaction and self - reported learning. Students showed higher levels of performance on external examinations following implementation of this activity. Conclusion: “Iron Pharmacologist” was well received by students, improved performance outcomes, and could be easily adapted for use in other topics.
Current Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in Patients with AIDS

Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is a common opportunistic disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Macrolides effectively prevented and treated the disease in clinical trials. In general, prophylaxis with clarithromycin or azithromycin is indicated for patients with CD4 cell counts below 50 cells/mm3. Treatment of disseminated MAC infection is lifelong and must include two agents with antimycobacterial activity. Clarithromycin plus ethambutol is considered the standard regimen. Potential alternatives are azithromycin, rifabutin, ciprofloxacin, clofazamine, and amikacin. Several factors influence drug selection, such as the patient's immune status, evidence of treatment safety and efficacy, drug interactions, and potential for resistance.
HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS FROM COSMOLOGICAL GAMMA-RAY BURST FIREBALLS

Observations suggest that {gamma}-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by the dissipation of the kinetic energy of a relativistic fireball. We show that a large fraction, {ge}10{percent}, of the fireball energy is expected to be converted by photomeson production to a burst of {approximately}10{sup 14}eV neutrinos. A km{sup 2} neutrino detector would observe at least several tens of events per year correlated with GRBs, and test for neutrino properties (e.g., flavor oscillations, for which upward moving {tau}{close_quote}s would be a unique signature, and coupling to gravity) with an accuracy many orders of magnitude better than is currently possible. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Application of a physically consistent theory of brittle fracture

Abstract This paper examines the profile and associated stress field of an equilibrium slit crack in a brittle solid using a mesoscopic fracture model. The model is based on a physically consistent description of crack profiles in solids, developed from an analysis by Chan et al. in which the forms of intersurface cohesive forces are used explicitly. The mesoscopic nature of the problem arises from the embedding of the nonlinear and non-monotonic atomic-scale intersurface cohesive forces and length scales into a classical formulation of the elastic fracture problem. The analysis is used to calculate the full crack profile, encompassing three asymptotic limits: the near-tip Barenblatt zone, a transition zone in which the cohesive forces are still active and the far-field elastic classical zone. The analysis is also used to calculate the stress field surrounding the crack, revealing a finite maximum at the crack tip associated with the interatomic bond strength. A result of the analysis is that very small c...
School Culture and American Indian Educational Outcomes

American Indians have the lowest educational attainment rates of any group in the United States. Researchers have attributed this educational disparity gap that American Indians experience to the lack of cultural relevance in mainstream educational settings. American Indian students perceive a cultural bias against them in classroom curriculum as well as pedagogical practices. While some states have passed legislation to support teaching about American Indians, no funding to support culturally relevant curriculum changes or teacher training accompany these measures. Successful American Indian college students learn how to develop a strong academic identity, while retaining strong cultural ties. A continuing educational gap in access to higher education, in a knowledge-based economy affects the socio-economic status of families and tribes. Incorporating tribal values into mainstream schools would not only educational connections for American Indian students, but can also enhance the learning environment for all students.
Regulation of Arterial Pressure in the Anephric State

Three anephric patients were studied during sequential periods of normal hydration and overhydration. The increase in arterial pressure caused by the overhydration (+7% of body weight) was associated with an increase in peripheral resistance (+21.1%, P < 0.01). The elevation of peripheral resistance was preceded by an increased cardiac output (+22.3%, P < 0.02) which then fell part way to control levels (+13.2%, P < 0.05). Return to normal hydration resulted in return of all variables to control levels. The fall in peripheral resistance was preceded by a transient fall in cardiac output to below control levels (—5.6%, not significant). With both normal and elevated pressures, plasma renin activity levels were low, and sensitivity to angiotensin infusion was greater than normal. Long-term autoregulation of blood flow is suggested as an important factor in the observed sequence of events.
Predicting rodent carcinogenicity of halogenated hydrocarbons by in vivo biochemical parameters

Forty halogenated hydrocarbons of known rodent carcinogenicity (24 carcinogens, 16 noncarcinogens), including many promoters of carcinogenesis, nongenotoxic carcinogens, and hepatocarcinogens, were selected for study. The chemicals were administered by gavage in two dose levels to female Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of these 40 chemicals on four biochemical assays [hepatic DNA damage by alkaline elution (DD), hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), and hepatic cytochrome P-450 content (P450)] were determined. Composite predictive parameters are defined as follows: CP = [ODC and P450], CT = [ALT and ODC], and TS = [DD or CP or CT]. The operational characteristics of TS for predicting rodent cancer were sensitivity 58%, specificity 81%, positive predictivity 82%, negative predictivity 57%, and concordance 68%. The concordance for the Ames test (45%) and structural alerts (SA; 46%) was much lower. TS also outperformed the Ames test and SA in producing fewer false positives (the specificity of TS was 81% vs. only 63% for the h e s test and 57% for SA). For predicting the carcinogenicity of the most difficult halogenated hydrocarbons (Ames and SA negative chemicals), TS was capable of success- fully predicting the carcinogenicity of 8 (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, α-hexachloro-cyclohexane, kepone, mirex, monuron, p,p′-DDE, and 2,4,6-trichloropheno1) out of 16 of these non-DNA-reactive halogenated hydrocarbon carcinogens. All 8 of these halogenated hydrocarbons were positive in either CP or CT. This evidence shows that nongenotoxic carcinogenesis is best predicted by nongenotoxic parameters such as CP or CT (components of the predictor TS). ©1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
A reinvestigation of cognitive maps

Rats were trained in Tolman’s “sunburst” apparatus modified to eliminate visual cues. Results consistent with his hypothesis of “cognitive maps” were obtained. There was a tendency to take the right sided test pathways pointing in the general direction of the food box. When the number of left and right turns in the training procedure were made equal and the ultimate turn was to the left, no tendency to turn right was found during testing.
Effect of Temperature on The Rates of Calcium Dissociation and Cross-Bridge Detachment in Cardiac Myofibrils Reported by Troponin C

It has been proposed that the rate limiting step of cardiac muscle relaxation resides in the myofilaments. The primary mechanism is thought to be the rate of cross-bridge detachment (strongly governed by ADP) since it is generally assumed to be substantially slower than the rate at which the thin filament inactivates (governed by Ca2+ dissociation from TnC). This stems from the fact that the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from isolated TnC is orders of magnitude faster than the rate of relaxation. However, TnC does not function in isolation but as an integral component of the myofilament contractile system. Furthermore, the Ca2+ binding properties of TnC can be drastically affected by the other thin filament proteins and by myosin binding to actin. Thus, we wanted to determine the Ca2+ dissociation rate from TnC in cardiac myofibrils during different cross-bridge states. To achieve this goal, rabbit ventricular myofibrils were exchanged with human cardiac troponin containing a TnC (C35S, C84S, T53C) fluorescently labeled with IANBD. Unexpectedly, via the change in TnC fluorescence, not only could we observe the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from TnC in the myofibrils, but also what we think is the rate of cross-bridge detachment. At 15oC and in the presence of ADP, the cross-bridge detachment rate was ∼7/s, three times slower than the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from TnC (∼21/s). However, at near physiological temperature (35oC) the two rates were very similar (∼60/s). Based on the temperature dependence of the rates, at temperatures below 25oC, cross-bridge detachment may very well be rate limiting for relaxation, but at higher temperatures both rates may be able to modulate the rate of relaxation.
Policy implications of a non-linear Phillips curve in a stochastic environment☆

Abstract When the Phillips curve is non-linear, fluctuations of the unemployment rate below the mean will have a larger impact on the inflation rate than fluctuations above the mean. This paper shows that this causes conventional measures of the “natural unemployment rate” to underestimate the mean unemployment rate consistent with stable inflation in the long run. More importantly, it reveals a potential long-run trade-off between unemployment and economic stability.
Micromachining bulk glass by use of femtosecond laser pulses with nanojoule energy

Using tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses of just 5 nJ, we produce optical breakdown and structural change in bulk transparent materials and demonstrate micromachining of transparent materials by use of unamplified lasers. We present measurements of the threshold for structural change in Corning 0211 glass as well as a study of the morphology of the structures produced by single and multiple laser pulses. At a high repetition rate, multiple pulses produce a structural change dominated by cumulative heating of the material by successive laser pulses. Using this cumulative heating effect, we write single-mode optical waveguides inside bulk glass, using only a laser oscillator.
Error estimates for conforming finite element solutions

Abstract A method for determining realistic error estimates for conforming finite element solutions is presented. The method requires solution of the problem by at least two, and preferably three mesh schemes that yield monotonic solution covergence. This in turn will automatically yield one solution bound, upper or lower. The paper describes a simple and practical scheme for obtaining the other bound by utilizing the solutions from the multiple mesh schemes. These bounds bracket the exact solution within relatively narrow limits and provide the basis of the error estimate. The solution quantities considered are the system energy quantities; and for eigenvalue problems these correspond to the eigenvalues themselves. As in convergence proofs, it is expected that the displacement and stress quantities will follow the behavior of the energy quantities. The proposed bounding method is applicable to eigenvalue and static problems devoid of stress singularities, and considers only the discretization error of conforming finite element models. The validity of the proposed bounding method has not been proved mathematically; however, extensive numerical applications of the method indicate its workability in every case tested. Results of some applications are included in this article.
Allograft and Mixed Lymphocyte Response Studies in 63 × 151 F6 Chickens

Abstract The Ea-B genotype defined by hemagglutination was previously shown to influence resistance to tumors induced by Rous sarcoma virus, Marek's disease virus, and RAV-1 virus in 63 × 151 F4–5 chickens. In this study we show that the B-genotype defined by agglutination was also associated with differences in rapidity of skin graft rejection and in responsiveness of mixed lymphocyte cultures. We conclude that F6 chickens differing for Ea-B antigens also differed for the major transplantation antigens and that the potential locus influencing general tumor resistance may conceivably be any one of the tightly linked subloci in the B-haplotype.
Transcendental deduction of predicative structure in Kant and Brandom

Fregean predicates applied to Fregean objects are merely defined by a ?timeless? deductive order of sentences. They cannot provide sufficient structure in order to explain how names can refer to objects of intuition and how predicates can express properties of substances that change in time. Therefore, the accounts of Wilson and Quine, Prior and Brandom for temporal judgments fail ? and a new reconstruction of Kant?s transcendental logic, especially of the analogies of experience, is needed.
The Roles of Pink and Red Muscle in Powering Steady Swimming in Scup, Stenotomus chrysops

Synopsis. Fishes power steady, undulatory swimming using both red and pink muscle. In this study we examined the roles of the two fiber types in generating power for swimming by using a two-step technique. First, in vivo data is collected from swimming fish, and second, the electrical activity and muscle length change conditions recorded in vivo are recreated in vitro with isolated muscle bundles. Force production and power generation by muscle during swimming can then be estimated. In scup, both red and pink muscle are recruited to power swimming at the maximum sustained swimming speed. For both fiber types, the duration of electrical activity decreases from anterior to posterior. However, the amplitude of muscle length change increases anterior to posterior. Massspecific power production increases posteriorly for both muscle types. The faster contraction kinetics of pink muscle translate to higher power pro? duction by pink muscle relative to red muscle for all longitudinal positions of the fish. Determination of absolute power production, based on massspecific power and muscle mass, shows that the posterior regions of the fish generate the most power for swimming. At 20?C, red muscle generates more absolute power than pink due to its higher muscle mass. However, at 10?C, pink muscle generates more absolute power than red, because red muscle produces little or no positive power for all longitu? dinal positions.
Autoimmunity: thyroid autoantibodies and pregnancy risk.

Isolated studies have suggested that thyroid antibodies may signal an increased risk of miscarriage and/or preterm birth in pregnant women. A recent meta-analysis by Thangaratinam and colleagues concludes that a clear association appears evident. Less certain, however, is whether this pregnancy risk can be reduced with any treatment intervention.