cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Achilles tendon rupture in women.

Background:The incidence of Achilles rupture appears to be less in women, although this notion has not been specifically investigated in the literature.Methods:The medical records of 7 foot-and-ankle orthopaedic surgeons at 1 institution were reviewed by Current Procedural Terminology (code 27650) and International Classification of Diseases–9 (code 727.67) to establish all Achilles tendon ruptures seen and/or treated by these surgeons. Sex, age, side, and mechanism of injury were recorded. Whether the patient had an acute Achilles tendon rupture or nonacute Achilles pathology was also noted.Results:A total of 468 patients were identified, of whom 358 had acute ruptures: 302 male and 56 female (5.39:1). Patients with acute ruptures were significantly younger than those with nonacute pathology (43.8 vs 55.1, P < .001). For acute ruptures, the mean age was not significantly different between men and women (43.9 vs 43.2; P = .780). Athletic activity was causative in 243 of 302 men (80.5%) and in 40 of 56 wom...
Searching for Goodness and the Ethical Self: Joyce Carol Oates’s The Hungry Ghosts

In an effort to abstain from the textual violence of censorship, contemporary ethical criticism naturally eschews the strict codification of moral standards to afford readers instead with a pluralistic means for examining the depiction of concepts such as truth and goodness in narratives" Yet as Lawrence Douglas observes, "For all our savvy and theoretical sophistication, we have lost the capacity to make very simple judgments about a text - such as, for example, whether it claims to be true or intends to make us laugh" (A56)" For this reason, ethical critics advocate the parlance of moral philosophy over the critical finesse of poststructuralism" The rhetoric of moral philosophy empowers critics with the interpretive latitude to account for ethical issues and their substantial roles in the creation and interpretation of literary works" In their desire to highlight the interconnections between readers and their textual experiences, proponents of an ethical paradigm challenge us to render value judgments about narratives and their propensity to enlighten us about the human condition" In this manner, ethical criticism informs us about the essential nature of ourselves, while inviting us to deliberate, moreover, about our own notions of good, evil, truth, and knowledge, among other moral issues"
Symbolism and Mythology

Speculation about mythology during the period was often associated with speculations about the nature and origin of language. Shelley’s comment — ‘In the infancy of society every author is necessarily a poet, because language itself is poetry’ — expresses a view developed by Herder, who suggested that language had its roots in mythology and also discussed the necessity of a mythological world for poetry. When we feel a potency or presence in language, we may be reflecting or unconsciously recalling the animistic oneness of words and things in myth and magic. The ‘savage’ who moves gradually, as Jane Harrison explains, from the mana or orenda of a particular stone or tree (cf. Wordsworth’s ‘tree, of many, one’) to a sense of the continuum of mana in a world of unseen power, magic and mysticism,18 that savage is like the prophet and visionary who celebrates the divine presence, power and intention in nature and history — like but not the same.
Simultaneous target state and passive sensors bias estimation

Most of the literature pertaining to target tracking assumes that the sensor data are corrupted by measurement noises that are zero mean (i.e., unbiased) and with known variances (accuracies). However in real tracking systems, measurements from sensors exhibit, typically, biases. For angle-only sensors, imperfect registration leads to Line Of Sight (LOS) measurement biases in azimuth and elevation. In this project we propose a new methodology that uses an exoatmospheric target of opportunity seen in a satellites borne sensor's field of view to estimate the sensor's biases simultaneously with the state of the target. The first step is to formulate a general bias model for synchronized optical sensors; then we use a Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach that leads to a nonlinear least-squares estimation problem for simultaneous estimation of the 3D Cartesian position and velocity components of the target of opportunity and the angle measurement biases of the sensors (two in the present study). Each satellite is equipped with an IR sensor that provides LOS measurements (azimuth and elevation) to the target. The measurements provided by these sensors are assumed to be noisy and biased but perfectly associated, i.e., it is known perfectly that they belong to the same target. The sensor bias and the target state estimates, obtained via Iterative Least Squares (ILS), are shown, by the simulation, to be unbiased.
Ground-level digital terrain model (DTM) construction from TanDEM-X InSAR data and WorldView stereo-photogrammetric images

The ground-level digital elevation model (DEM) or digital terrain model (DTM) information are invaluable for environmental modeling, such as water dynamics in forests, canopy height, forest biomass, carbon estimation, etc. We propose to extract the DTM over forested areas from the combination of interferometric complex coherence from single-pass TanDEM-X (TDX) data at HH polarization and Digital Surface Model (DSM) derived from high-resolution WorldView (WV) image pair by means of random volume over ground (RVoG) model. The RVoG model is a widely and successfully used model for polarimetric SAR interferometry (Pol-InSAR) technique for vertical forest structure parameter retrieval [1][2][3][4]. The ground-level DEM have been obtained by complex volume decorrelation in the RVoG model with the DSM using stere-ophotogrammetric technique. Finally, the airborne lidar data were used to validate the ground-level DEM and forest canopy height results.
A perspective on chronic kidney disease progression

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) will progress to end stage without treatment, but the decline of renal function may not be linear. Compared with glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria, new surrogate markers, such as kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein, apolipoprotein A-IV, and soluble urokinase receptor, may allow potential intervention and treatment in the earlier stages of CKD, which could be useful for clinical trials. New omic-based technologies reveal potential new genomic and epigenomic mechanisms that appear different from those causing the initial disease. Various clinical studies also suggest that acute kidney injury is a major risk for progressive CKD. To ameliorate the progression of CKD, the first step is optimizing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. New drugs targeting endothelin, transforming growth factor-β, oxidative stress, and inflammatory- and cell-based regenerative therapy may have add-on benefit.
Low-level light treatment ameliorates immune thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an immune-mediated acquired bleeding disorder characterized by abnormally low platelet counts. We reported here the ability of low-level light treatment (LLLT) to alleviate ITP in mice. The treatment is based on noninvasive whole body illumination 30 min a day for a few consecutive days by near infrared light (830 nm) transmitted by an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LLLT significantly lifted the nadir of platelet counts and restored tail bleeding time when applied to two passive ITP models induced by anti-CD41 antibody. The anti-platelet antibody hindered megakaryocyte differentiation from the progenitors, impaired proplatelet and platelet formation, and induced apoptosis of platelets. These adverse effects of anti-CD41 antibody were all mitigated by LLLT to varying degrees, owing to its ability to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and activity in megakaryocytes and preserve mitochondrial functions in platelets in the presence of the antibody. The observations argue not only for contribution of mitochondrial stress to the pathology of ITP, but also clinical potentials of LLLT as a safe, simple, and cost-effective modality of ITP.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer in Aminyl Radical at Room Temperature with Large Kinetic Isotope Effect

We report a large kinetic isotope effect at 298 K, kH/kD ≈ 150, associated with an intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT) in the decay of a PEGylated carbazyl (aminyl) radical in solution. The experimental observations surprisingly combine the hallmarks of tunneling, including large KIEs and unusual activation parameters, with linear Arrhenius and Eyring plots over an exceptionally wide temperature range of 116 K.
Hydrothermal liquefaction of high- and low-lipid algae: Bio-crude oil chemistry

Abstract The bio-crude oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of a high-protein microalgae useful for wastewater treatment, Galdieria sulphuraria, was comprehensively characterized, and compared to that of a high-lipid microalgae useful for biofuel production, Nannochloropsis salina. HTL was conducted in a batch reactor at temperatures of 310–350 °C and reaction times of 5–60 min. Characterization methods included high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR MS), fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Milder reaction conditions favored bio-crude oil yield and quality for N. salina, while more severe conditions (350 °C) were needed for G. sulphuraria. N. salina-derived bio-crude oil contained mainly C14-C18 fatty acid amides, while G. sulphuraria-derived bio-crude-oil had many N1-3O0-2 hetero-atom compounds. FT-ICR MS showed that the aromaticity of hetero-compounds in N. salina bio-crude oil was higher due to N. salina’s higher carbohydrate content and the tendency of carbohydrate-derived molecules to condense at HTL conditions. FAME-GC/MS and 1H-NMR results showed that stable fatty acid amides increased in G. sulphuraria bio-crude oil at higher temperatures as more protein-derived compounds combined with lipid-derived compounds. While N-containing and high molecular weight compounds are a concern for the upgrading of bio-crude oils obtained from high-protein algal biomass, removal of carbohydrates rather than removal of proteins as a pretreatment to HTL is recommended since carbohydrate-derived compounds are more likely to create highly aromatic hetero-compounds that are much more difficult to upgrade.
Comparison of Log-Probabilities of Partial Sums with those of Poissonized Sums

Let Z, Z 1, Z 2,… be i.i.d. random variables with values in a finite or infinite- dimensional space and partial sum \({S_k} = \sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^k {{Z_j}} \). Let N k be an independent Poisson random variable with EN k = k. Analysis of \({S_{{N_k}}}\) is often easier than that of S k . One reason is that the Poissonized sums \(\left\{ {\sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^{{N_k}} {{Z_j}I\left( {{Z_j} \in {A_i}} \right):\,\,\,\,i \in F} } \right\}\), for some finite index set F, are independent if the A 1 are disjoint. This facilitates the use of decomposition and recombination of the resulting probabilities. Consequently, it is advantageous to determine when sums of a Poissonized number of random variables provide good approximations for sums of a fixed number of random variables. The lack of appropriate comparisons for real-valued random variables, necessitates the consideration of this case first. The results will then pertain to the multi-dimensional case through consideration of one-dimensional projections.
Reforming Theatrical Education from Its Extrovert-Based Model

Through an examination of introversion in relation to theatrical teaching methods, educators may begin to augment their current practices to create a more inclusive creative classroom. Traditional and accepted methods of theatrical education (specifically actor training) rely on principles and constructs that favor extroverted students in their design. The current training practices ask introverted students to perform in extroverted ways that may actually have the opposite intended effect on the student. Offering strategies to transform the standard theatrical models of improvisation and ensemble-building to include introverted students will allow educators to create an equitable actor-training experience that respects all types of learning. With expert interviews (including Susan Cain’s “Quiet Schools” program education director, Dr. Heidi Kasevich), instructors are offered tactics to transform accepted, extrovert-based models of theatre-making in order to create a more balanced classroom. These strategies extend beyond theatre and actor training to include ways to augment any classroom devoted to parity in fostering creativity.
Burn injury and blood transfusion.

Purpose of reviewBlood transfusion is ubiquitous in major burn injury. The present article describes recent research findings directly impacting blood transfusion strategies in major burn injury both in the operating room and the ICU.Recent findingsTransfusion strategies have been the focus of recen
On topological entropy of switched linear systems with pairwise commuting matrices

We study a notion of topological entropy for switched systems, formulated in terms of the minimal number of initial states needed to approximate all initial states within a finite precision. This paper focuses on the topological entropy of switched linear systems with pairwise commuting matrices. First, we prove there exists a simultaneous change of basis under which each of the matrices can be decomposed into a diagonal part and a nilpotent part, and all the diagonal and nilpotent parts are pairwise commuting. Then a formula for the topological entropy is established in terms of the component- wise averages of the eigenvalues, weighted by the active time of each mode, which indicates that the topological entropy is independent of the nilpotent parts above. We also present how the formula generalizes known results for the non-switched case and the case with simultaneously diagonalizable matrices, and construct more general but more conservative upper bounds for the entropy. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate properties of the formula and the upper and lower bounds for the topological entropy.
Exploring Classroom Climate in Sociology Courses Using Syllabi

The classroom climate shapes students’ learning and instructors’ teaching experience in profound ways. This study analyzes classroom climate statements in syllabi from various sociology courses to ...
A Class of GaN-Based, Radiation-Hardened Power Electronics for Jovian Environments

Presented here is the development of a class of isolated and non-isolated power converters based on a radiation-hardened synchronous buck controller and GaN HEMT devices. The efficiency and radiation benefits enabled through the use GaN HEMTs in spaceflight conversion applications and the barriers to their use are discussed, along with a set of gate drive circuitry designed to mitigate overshoot and protect the device. Enabled by these technologies, the paper then presents three examples of GaN-based converters in flight applications and compares their merits to the current state of the art. This work represents a dramatic increase in efficiency and power density over the existing state of the art in power conversion for high-radiation environments, and will be used to provide high performance spacecraft systems.
Template-Assisted Electrodeposition of Porous Fe-Ni-Co Nanowires with Vigorous Hydrogen Evolution.

A novel method to fabricate porous Fe–Ni–Co nanowires directly by electrodepositing into polycarbonate membranes is reported when the electrolyte pH < 0.5. Hydrogen bubbles are used as a dynamic po...
In the Cellars of Hollow Men: Use of Solitary Confinement in US Prisons and its Implications Under International Laws Against Torture

Many prison administrators view the imposition of solitary confinement as a vital tool in maintaining order and discipline in their institutions. Since human contact is in and of itself one of the few remaining privileges in an inmate’s life, prison administrators reason that inmates are compelled to conform to prison rules and standards when faced with the risk of losing that privilege. Consequently, courts have given prison administrators discretion to determine if solitary confinement is appropriate. Over the past twenty years, there has been a dramatic rise in the number of inmates held in solitary confinement in U.S. prisons. These inmates spend between twenty-two and twenty-three hours per day in isolation, often for several years at a time, in stark cells frequently devoid of personal possessions, books, and windows. Medical studies on the effects of solitary confinement have overwhelmingly shown that it can cause severe psychological distress in inmates including, but not limited to, extreme anxiety, hallucinations, violent fantasies, hypersensitivity to external stimuli, and an increased tendency to inflict self-harm. Inmates in solitary confinement also have a substantially higher likelihood of being admitted to prison hospitals for psychiatric morbidity, a likelihood that increases with time spent in isolation. How solitary confinement in U.S. prisons violates international laws against torture will be examined providing an overview of the current use and conditions of solitary confinement in the United States, the relevant federal and state guidelines on solitary confinement use, the international standards on torture and humane treatment of inmates, and a discussion of recommendations to bring the use of solitary confinement in the U.S. in line with applicable international law.
A formal process to design visual archetypes based on character taxonomies

While there are many professional examples of successful character designs, there seems to be little academic formalization in standardizing a process to achieve consistent visual results. In this work, we present such a formal process to construct visual designs for character archetypes that are given by "verbal descriptions". This process is based on visual semiotics that are used for creating clear meaning behind design choices while still retaining a sense of aesthetic through principles of artistic design. Using this process, we have developed a set of encyclopedic references for a wide variety of psychology and literary archetypes to demonstrate the power of this approach. We also used this process successfully in a visual storytelling class.
Charge Separation in Epitaxial SnS/MoS2 Vertical Heterojunctions Grown by Low-Temperature Pulsed MOCVD.

The weak van der Waals bonding between monolayers in layered materials enables fabrication of heterostructures without the constraints of conventional heteroepitaxy. Although many novel heterostructures have been created by mechanical exfoliation and stacking, the direct growth of 2D chalcogenide heterostructures creates new opportunities for large-scale integration. This paper describes the epitaxial growth of layered, p-type tin sulfide (SnS) on n-type molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by pulsed metal–organic chemical vapor deposition at 180 °C. The influence of precursor pulse and purge times on film morphology establishes growth conditions that favor layer-by-layer growth of SnS, which is critical for materials with layer-dependent electronic properties. Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements determine a built-in potential as high as 0.95 eV, and under illumination a surface photovoltage is generated, consistent with the expected Type-II band alignment for a multilayer SnS/MoS2 heterostructure. The bott...
Fat Grafting Subjectively Improves Facial Skin Elasticity and Hand Function of Scleroderma Patients

Systemic scleroderma is a chronic connective tissue disease characterized by internal organ and skin fibrosis. Unfortunately, there is a lack of efficacious treatments for cutaneous manifestations, and alternative interventions should be considered. Fat grafting has gained significant attention due to its regenerative properties and success in improving skin quality and volume deficits in fibrotic diseases. While some studies have investigated the efficacy of autologous fat grafting, we utilized the Coleman method for harvesting and processing to determine the efficacy of fat grafting to improve skin fibrosis in the hands and face of scleroderma patients without excess processing of adipose tissue. Patients with a diagnosis of scleroderma who underwent fat grafting between March 2015 and March 2019 at the University of Michigan were included. Ten female patients were identified that met inclusion criteria. The mean age at the time of surgery was 48.7 (± 17.6) years. An average of 53.2 (± 15.5) ml of fat was injected into the hands and 26.1 (± 16.4) ml into the face. Patients were treated with 1-4 rounds of grafting depending on the initial severity of skin fibrosis and volume deficiency. Fat grafting subjectively and qualitatively improved perioral skin quality, facial animation, hand range of motion, and hand pain for patients with systemic scleroderma. No complications were identified. Additional studies are necessary to determine the ideal volume, timing of treatments, and type of fat to optimize the efficacy of autologous fat grafting for the treatment of systemic scleroderma.
Adolescent Athlete Stress Fractures Associated with Vitamin D Insufficiency: Three Cases with Review of the Literature.

CASE The authors present 3 adolescent athletes who presented with stress fractures in their lower extremities, initially diagnosed as tumors. All 3 patients received an inconclusive magnetic resonance imaging before referral; fractures were confirmed on radiographs and computed tomography. All were found to have vitamin D insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D insufficiency is a global epidemic mainly focused on adults and young-adult athletes. These case reports raise concerns about a growing prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in adolescents, the potential risk of stress fracture, and the need for screening and possible supplementation in adolescent athletes to improve their bone health.
Machine Learning Prediction of Kidney Stone Composition Using Electronic Health Record-Derived Features.

Aims: Noninvasive prediction of kidney stone composition could direct dietary and pharmacologic preventative treatment without stone analysis. We aimed to assess the accuracy of machine learning mo...
The Self-Dealer

Governments are typically concerned about mergers. Why? They subscribe to the notions that bigness is badness and are even more suspicious of such arrangements when they lead to industrial concentration. Both of these views are highly problematic. Large size is hardly per se problematic insofar as gigantic firms have made signal contributions to our economic well-being. Concentration, too, is a non-problem, given that the very concept is arbitrary and capricious. Do we look at paper clips only, or all office supplies? Is the industry to be defined as cars only, or all modes of transportation? Obviously, concentration will be far higher in the former than the latter cases, and, yet, there is no proper objective way to define an industry. No firm can ever tell, beforehand, with the best will in the world, whether or not it is ever guilty of “monopolizing.” A similar problem arises geographically. There is only one restaurant in a small town. Is it “hogging up” the industry or not? How about if the next village is 10, 50 or 100 miles away? Again, there is no objective method to make any such determination. Legislation is not justified if, even in principle, guilt or innocence cannot clearly be determined when all the facts are in. Anti-trust law fails this test, miserably.
Raman spectra and vibrational assignments for deuterated membrane lipids: 1,2-Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 and -d62

Vibrational Raman spectra of polycrystalline 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 (fully deuterated choline methyl groups) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d62 (fully deuterated acyl chains) were recorded in the 3050- 2800, 2250-2050 and 1800-700 cm-1 regions. The fundamental vibrational modes were assigned primarily on the basis of isotopic frequency shift ratios, group frequency correlations and comparisons with specific model compounds. Since deuterium-substituted lipids provide well-isolated spectral probes, particularly in the carbon-deuterium stretching region, the dependence of the 2250-2050 cm-1 region on lipid phase was examined for the dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d62 species. The methylene CD2 deformation and twisting modes at 984 and 919 cm-1, respectively, also exhibit intense, isolated vibrational transitions which should prove useful for monitoring molecular order in mixed dueterated and undeuterated lipid systems. Except for the relatively weak choline methyl C-D and C-H stretching modes, the spectrum of 1,2-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine-d9 is not distinguishable from that of the undeuterated system. For both the d9 and undeuterated species, the vibrational modes associated with the lipid head group region are sensitive to slight hydration.
CCD Parallaxes for Southern Very Low Luminosity Stars

Trigonometric parallaxes based on CCD observations are presented here for six southern very late-type M dwarf stars and three white dwarfs. The M dwarfs RG0050–2722, ES0207–61, MH2115–4518, MH2124–4228, and LHS3003 are among the very lowest luminosity stars known.
Physiological tolerances of juvenile robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum: conservation implications for an imperiled species

The robust redhorse, Moxostoma robustum (Teleostei: Catostomidae), is an imperiled sucker native to large rivers of the Atlantic slope of the southeastern United States. Juvenile M. robustum were tested for tolerances to temperature, salinity, pH, and hypoxia in order to evaluate basic early life-history requirements. Static (acute) tests resulted in estimates of mean lower temperature tolerances (5.3–19.4 °C) that varied with prior thermal acclimation and indicated no apparent difference in tolerance among fish 30, 60, and 90 days old. Fish acclimated to 20 °C and 30 °C had significantly different mean critical thermal maxima (34.9 °C and 37.2 °C, respectively) and exhibited pronounced increased opercular ventilation rates with elevated temperatures. Fish exposed to acute and chronic increases in salinity showed unusual patterns of mortality above the isosmotic point (9 ppt) that reflected possible differences in body mass and prior acclimation conditions (i.e., water ionic composition); small fish and those held in soft water were the least tolerant of increased salinity. Abrupt exposure to extreme pH values resulted in greater than 50% mortality at pH values below 4.3 and above 9.5 within a 96-hour period. Fish exposed to progressive hypoxia utilized aquatic surface respiration at a mean oxygen concentration of 0.72–0.80 mg O2 l-1 (20 °C and 30 °C acclimated fish, respectively), and lost equilibrium at 0.54–0.57 mg O2 l-1. Juvenile M. robustum are moderately tolerant of a wide range of ambient physicochemical parameters, but further research is needed to determine how both abiotic and biotic factors have contributed to population decline and extirpation of this species.
Consumer's Initial Acceptance of E-Commerce Website: A Contingency Approach

As the consumer e-commerce market grows intensively competitive, the strategy in retaining new customers at their first visits to a website has been recognized as a critical research issue. Not only does the customer’s initial acceptance of a website capture business opportunities, it also casts great impact on customers’ return purchases in the future and their loyalty buildup. From a contingency approach, this paper attempts to explore the theoretical explanations for consumer’s initial acceptance of e-commerce website. By synthesizing previous research into a coherent body of knowledge and by recognizing the roles of contingency factors, we develop a new e-commerce website acceptance model that examines user’s initial acceptance of a website. We expect the research to shed light on e-commerce business model and website design practice as to successfully retain new customers.
Thyroid Lymphoma and Other Metastatic Lesions

Malignant tumors of the thyroid are rare, with an incidence of 1–2 cases per 100,000 people. Thyroid lymphomas comprise less than 5% of thyroid malignancies and 2% of all malignant lymphomas. The majority of thyroid lymphomas are non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of B-cell origin, although a variety of histological subtypes are seen. The most common type is a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma accounting for 68% of cases. Follicular lymphomas and marginal zone, also known as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT), lymphomas each account for approximately 10% of lymphomas and tend to have a much more indolent course and better prognosis.
Low-energys- andp-wave KN scattering

The double dispersion relation together with the Balazs approximation method is applied to KN scattering. The coupling constants of various exchange particles are adjusted to reproduce the experimental scattering lengths and it, is found that their values are compatible with those predicted bySU3 symmetry. It is also found that the contributions to the potential for theI=0 state from Y1*(1385), Y0*(1385), Y0*(1520) and the ϱ-meson exchange are repulsive, while that from the χ-meson exchange, which represents the average effect of ω- and ϕ-meson exchange, is attractive; for theI=1 state the contributions from the ϱ, χ and Y1*(1520) exchanges are attractive, while those from the hyperons are repulsive. The calculated phase shifts of thes1/2,p1/2 andp3/2 states agree quite well with experiment.
Who Holds Cash? And Why?

Cash holdings of nonfinancial firms range widely, and are related to firm size, industry and access to the public bond market. Cash holdings are positively correlated with agency proxies, suggesting that firms that cannot borrow easily due to agency problems hold greater cash stocks--perhaps as a cushion to prevent shortfalls in cash flow from impinging on investment. However, this correlation holds only for the very highest cash holders, especially small firms. The group of afflicted firms appears to be less than one-quarter of COMPUSTAT firms. Cash holdings of a large majority of firms appear to be unrelated to agency problems.
Slipstream: automatic interprocess communication optimization

We present Slipstream, a userspace solution for transparently selecting efficient local transports in distributed applications written to use TCP/IP, when such applications communicate between local processes. Slipstream is easy to deploy because it is language-agnostic, automatic, and transparent. Our design in particular (1) requires no changes to the kernel or applications, (2) correctly identifies (and optimizes) pairs of communicating local endpoints, without knowledge of routing performed locally or by the network, and (3) imposes little or no overhead when optimization is not possible, including communication with parties not using our technology. Slipstream is sufficiently general that it can not only optimize traffic between local applications, but can also be used between Docker containers residing on the same host. Our results show that Slipstream significantly improves throughput and latency, 16-100% faster throughput for server applications (and 100-200% with Docker), while imposing an overhead of around 1-3% when not in use. Overall, Slipstream enables programmers to write simpler code using TCP/IP "everywhere" and yet obtain the significant benefits of faster local transports whenever available.
Music Librarianship Education

Abstract Information Studies and Library Studies departments do not usually offer specialized reference courses for aspiring music librarians. Most music departments in academic universities offer some type of music bibliography course, which often combines music bibliography with an introduction to music research. Some music library students, however, do not have access to such music bibliography courses. While a number of articles outline the problems with music librarianship education, few offer any solutions, suggestions, or additional resources. This article outlines the inadequacies in the training provided by many MLS programs to students of music librarianships, suggesting practical solutions, and includes recommended resources for students.
Estimation of the relative frequencies of x-ray-induced viable and recessive lethal mutations in the ad-3 region of Neurospora crassa.

In a sample 0f 20 x-ray-induced ad-3 mutations induced in a balanced heterokaryon, 62.5 percent (5/8) of the ad-3A, 66.7 percent (8/12) of the ad-3B and 100 percent (9/9) of the ad-3A ad-3B mutations were homokaryotic lethal. Since 76 percent of all x-ray-induced ad-3 mutations are homokaryotic lethal, forward-mutation rates on wild-type strains using the direct method are at least four times too low. The disparity in the forward-mutation rates obtained with x- ray treatment of wild type cannot be attributed to the relative frequencies of homokaryotic viable and lethal mutation, and must reflect differences in locus size or sensitivity. (auth)
Coagulation modeling using artificial neural networks to predict both turbidity and DOM-PARAFAC component removal

Abstract In this study, four different neural network models were evaluated for predicting both turbidity and dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal during the coagulation process at the Akron Water Treatment Plant (Akron, Ohio, USA). DOM was monitored and characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis, building upon previous research which identified three unique fluorescence components (C1, C2, and C3). Neural network models were built using operational data to predict each of the fluorescence components and turbidity after coagulation based on variable raw water quality and chemical doses. Correlation coefficients between measured and model predicted values for the final turbidity, C1, C2, and C3 models on an unseen test data set were 0.91, 0.95, 0.97, and 0.51, respectively. The predictive capability of the top performing model for each parameter was evaluated using parametric analysis, external validation criteria, and the absolute relative error distribution. Results suggest that the models for settled turbidity and the three settled component scores are valid and can be used to predict the removal of individual fractions of DOM (as measured by PARAFAC components) as a function of chemical dose and raw water quality, providing the water plant the ability to simultaneously manage two key water quality treatment objectives.
On the focus, scope, and coherence of the study of human symbolic activity

The clearest focus of our discipline is human symbolic activity; its scope in practice includes little if anything that is not related to that activity; and its coherence can be achieved by recognition that the study of human symbolic activity is its distinguishing feature. Such recognition would demarcate a domain in which we may profess expertise without straining the credulity of academic administrators or offending the territoriality of those in related disciplines, and it would help to resolve the excessive controversy that presently rages among our various research perspectives
Physiological aspects of water balance in the Hawaiian drosophilid, Drosophila mimica

Abstract The ability to resist desiccation is an important component of biological fitness for terrestrial organisms. Several water balance characteristics have been studied for a strain of laboratory-reared Drosophila mimica and for four populations of D. mimica collected at sites differing in altitude and wetness. In the absence of drinking water, D. mimica are unable to maintain a water balance, even in nearly saturated environments. However, as a v ( a v = r.h. 100 ) decreases, transpiration does not increase as rapidly as expected and absorption remains nearly constant. The size of the fly is not correlated with its water loss characteristics, but some differences in regulation between the sexes are suggested.
JMV‐1 stimulation of avian natural killer cell activity

Summary The phenotypic characterization of the non‐productive, Marek's disease virus‐transformed, lymphoblastoid cell line, JMV‐1 and the immunological effects of its cell‐free culture supernatant were examined. It was verified that the JMV‐1 cell line is an activated T‐helper cell line that bears antigens indicative of T‐cell activation, and it is not a natural killer or cytotoxic T‐cell line. Furthermore, the JMV‐1 cell line was shown to be unique among Marek's disease‐transformed cell lines in that JMV‐1 cells secrete factors that are able to stimulate in vitro natural killer cell cytotoxicity against the avian tumour cell line, LSCC‐RP9, in a 4‐h assay. Culturing spleen cells in the presence of JMV‐1 supernatant for 4 h stimulates a significant increase in NK cell populations and in la‐bearing cell populations, as detected by monoclonal antibody staining. These findings suggest that the protective effects against the parasitic and virally‐induced lymphoproliferative poultry diseases, which have been c...
The JPL advanced propulsion module motor chamber

A Kevlar 49/epoxy chamber has been developed for the advanced propulsion module motor. This chamber was successfully designed, fabricated, and hydroproof-tested at 511.6 N/sq cm. The fabrication, interior dimensional inspection, and proof test are discussed, showing that the chamber will be capable of achieving the design burst pressure of 639.8 N/sq cm. The projected chamber growth at 448.2 N/sq cm is presented based on the strain gage and volumetric growth data collected in that proof test.
Feature selections using AdaBoost: Application in gene-gene interaction detection

One of the main goals of genome wide association studies (GWAS) has been detecting the gene-gene interactions, also known as epistasis in a broad sense, underlying complex diseases. The ability of decision trees and their ensembles to capture interactions among input variable has attracted attention among computational biologists for this aim. However, individual decision trees suffer from some limitations including data fragmentation and representational problem that can impact the epistasis detection performance of their ensembles when not taken into account. Here we take a closer look at feature selection capability of AdaBoost in the realm of epistasis detection and the effect of tuning the weak classifiers on its performance. We also explore the efficacy of applying different statistical and information theoretic strategies in tandem with AdaBoost in order to improve its performance. The results show that the performance of AdaBoost is more sensitive to the parameters settings of the weak learner when risk allele frequencies are low, which can be explained with respect to the data fragmentation phenomenon. Also depending on the model of interaction between the risk SNPs different criterion might excel in the second stage.
Epitaxial crystal growth of gadolinium on tungsten

Abstract Field electron microscopy is used to measure activation energies for multilayer diffusion of gadolinium over several different surfaces of tungsten and to prepare crystal layers of gadolinium by epitaxy on tungsten substrates. Nucleation, crystal growth and epitaxial relations are described.
Effects of intense, short-duration grazing on microtopography in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland

Abstract We studied the effect of three consecutive years of short duration ( Prosopis glandulosa ) shrubs were removed from half of the plots (nine out of 18 plots). The average height of the micromounds, the average depths of intermound depressions, and the number of micromounds were significantly reduced on the grazed plots. Shrub removal had no significant effect on the height of the micromounds or the depth of the intermound depressions of ungrazed plots. There were significant differences in average micromound heights and intermound microdepression depths attributable to the season of grazing. Microtopography was significantly reduced on grazed plots from which shrubs were removed, compared to ungrazed plots, and grazed plots with shrubs present. Grass canopy reduction, and destruction of the micromound structure in a short duration, plus intense grazing results in erosion of micromounds and in-filling of intermound depressions. The loss of microtopography coupled with reduction in vegetation height and cover resulting from short-duration intense grazing by cattle exposed soils to an increased risk of soil erosion Destruction of the micromound/microdepression topography by cattle changes the spatial patterns of water infiltration, and may homogenize nutrients in desert grasslands.
HP Java: Programming Support for High-Performance Grid-Enabled Applications

The paper begins by considering what a grid computing environment might be, why it is demanded and how the authors' HP spmd programming fits into this picture. We then review our HP Java environment as a contribution towards programming support for high-performance grid-enabled environments. Future grid computing systems will need to provide programming models. In a proper programming model for grid-enabled environments and applications, high performance on multi-processor systems is a critical issue. We describe the features of HP Java, including run-time communication library, compilation strategies and optimization schemes. Through experiments, we compare HP Java programs against FORTRAN and ordinary Java programs. We aim to demonstrate that HP Java can be used “anywhere”—not only for high-performance parallel computing, but also for grid-enabled applications.
Phase diagram of the triangular Ising model: Renormalization-group calculation with application to adsorbed monolayers

We study a triangular Ising model subject to nearest-neighbor pair interactions $K$, an external magnetic field $H$, and triangular three-spin interactions $P$. $Kg0 (l0)$ corresponds to ferromagnetic (antiferromagnetic) coupling. The phase diagram and thermodynamics are invariant under $(K,H,P)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}(K,\ensuremath{-}H,\ensuremath{-}P)$. A simple position-space renormalization group is formulated, based on three interpenetrating three-spin cells, which preserves the three-sublattice symmetry of the antiferromagnetic phase. The complete ($K,H,P$) phase diagram consists of five interconnecting transition surfaces (two second-order and three first-order), which bound the four single-phase regions (\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\uparrow}, \ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}, \ensuremath{\uparrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}, and \ensuremath{\downarrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}\ensuremath{\downarrow}). The edges of these surfaces form loci of second-order, critical-endpoint, and Baxter-Wu transitions. When $P=0$, this system is known to provide a useful model of the order-disorder transition in monolayer films adsorbed on a hexagonal substrate. Calculation of the magnetization $M(K,H)$ and heat capacity ${c}_{M}(K,H)$ of the Ising model allows quantitative comparison with experimental data for helium on graphite. The observed dependence ${T}_{c}(n)$ of the transition temperature on coverage is well fit with a single effective antiferromagnetic pair interaction. The corresponding calculated heat capacities (no additional adjustable parameters) are in remarkable agreement with experimental data near and below ${T}_{c}$.
Pretesting Experimental Instructions

Laboratory experiments, well established in sociology and social psychology, are alternate realities constructed for assessing derivations from theories. Experiments instantiate a theory's scope and initial conditions, and that information is usually delivered through instructions to participants. Because experiments often use video and computer technology and often test very precise predictions of new theories, we suggest developing objective means to assess information delivery. We illustrate these points by reference to a widely used standard experiment to assess theories of status processes. We first describe elements of good experimental design with their justifications. Next, we describe new techniques we have developed and illustrate their usefulness, showing results of a first use of the new techniques. While the assessment still relies somewhat on judgments, we find the technique useful and suggest further developments that might improve it for experimental and other research uses.
Low FAS/CD95 Expression by CTCL Correlates with Reduced Sensitivity to Apoptosis that Can Be Restored by FAS Upregulation

FAS expression was generally low in 30 of 31 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cases (mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome, SS) as well as in 5 of 6 large plaque parapsoriasis cases (a CTCL precursor). To investigate this phenomenon, we explored FAS transcript levels, cell-surface FAS protein expression and susceptibility to FAS-mediated apoptosis in four CTCL lines (MyLa, HH, SZ4, and SeAx), freshly isolated leukemic cells from a patient with SS, an acute lymphoblastic leukemia T-cell line (Jurkat), and JFL (a FAS-low variant of Jurkat). Results confirmed low FAS expression by the leukemic SS cells, HH, SZ4, SeAx, and JFL relative to normal peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes and the other cell lines. There was a direct correlation among FAS transcript level, FAS protein level, and FAS-mediated apoptotic sensitivity in the CTCL samples. When the FAS-deficient cell lines were transfected with a wild-type FAS construct, FAS expression and sensitivity to FAS-mediated apoptosis were restored. In aggregate, these findings provide evidence that like normal T cells, CTCL cells exhibit a mechanistic connection between transcriptional regulation of FAS and sensitivity to FAS-mediated apoptosis, point to the development of FAS deficiency as one molecular mechanism responsible for acquired resistance to apoptosis in CTCL, and indicate that upregulation of FAS expression can restore sensitivity to apoptosis.
Alatae production and population increase of aphid vectors on virus-infected host plants

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Aphis gossypii Glover are two components of a recently identified plant-parasite system that provides an excellent opportunity to study interrelations between a virus and a vector that share the same host, but have no direct physiological interaction. In a field experiment we documented numbers of alate and apterous A. gossypii on healthy Cucurbita pepo and on plants inoculated with virus 0, 7, 14, and 21 days before aphid infestation. When plants were inoculated and infested simultaneously, more than twice as many alatae were produced after 20 days of colony growth than on any other treatment. This indicates that properties unique to the early stages of viral infection somehow stimulated wing formation. Because it is spread by the activities of alatae, virus dispersal would be greater as a result of these properties. Developmental rate, total numbers of aphids, and numbers of alatae and apterae decreased as the time between virus inoculation and aphid colonization increased.
Power Allocation in Distributed Detection with Wireless Sensor Networks

In distributed detection systems with wireless sensor networks, communication between sensors and a fusion center is not perfect due to interference and limited communication power of the sensors to combat noise. The problem of optimizing detection performance with imperfect communication between the sensors and the fusion center over wireless channels brings a new challenge to distributed detection. In this paper, a distributed detection system infrastructure is provided, and a multiaccess channel model is included to account for imperfect communication between the sensors and the fusion center. The J-divergence between the distributions of the detection statistic under different hypotheses is used as a performance criterion instead of the probability of error in order to provide a tractable analysis. Optimizing the performance (in terms of the J-divergence) under a total communication power constraint on the sensors is studied, and the optimal power allocation is provided.