cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Self-Nulling Eddy Current Probe and Spin-Off Sensor Technologies to Airline Industries and Beyond

As the existing commercial air fleet of the airline industry ages, the major demand on the NDE community is to develop simple, cost effective methodologies of higher detectability and reliability. To satisfy such a demand a focused R&D effort has been performed for the past several years through NASA Airframe Structural Integrity Program (NASIP). This particular program concentrates on the development of methodologies applicable to NDI of aircraft fuselage, which, being a thin metallic structure, is best suited for inspection by various electromagnetic techniques. Such is the direct motivation for the development of the self-nulling eddy current probe technology.
Vertriebsrelevante Eigenschaften kundenindividueller Problemlösungen

Den Ausgangspunkt der okonomischen Analyse bildet die Herausarbeitung derjenigen Eigenschaften von Finanzdienstleistungen, die einen wesentlichen Einflus auf die Gestaltung eines erfolgreichen Vertriebsprozesses von Problemlosungen besitzen (wenn sie nicht sogar die Prozesgestaltung determinieren). Die Herausarbeitung und Berucksichtigung dieser Eigenschaften ist notwendig, um Aussagen uber die Eignung der Absatzmethode Direktvertrieb fur den Absatz kundenindividueller Problemlosungen abzuleiten. Weiterhin konnen ausgehend von den herausgearbeiteten vertriebsrelevanten Eigenschaften erste Anforderungen spezifiziert werden, die bei der zielorientierten Gestaltung eines Informations- und Kommunikationssystems zu berucksichtigen sind.
Are Hospital Ethicists Experts? Taking Ethical Expertise Seriously

I argue that an increasingly well-received conception of clinical ethics consultation incorporates an understanding of ethics expertise that is untenable in light of what that conceptions says is the aim of the practice. Arguments supporting this theory betray a deep ambivalence over the idea of ethics expertise, seeming both to affirm and deny that clinical ethicists can possess it. This ambivalence is traceable to a central assumption about how ethicists should operate: By supplying answers to moral problems reflecting conventionally-accepted views of what may and may not be done in clinical medicine. I argue that this assumption is incompatible with the attribution to ethicists of expertise in fulfilling their purported goal—resolving moral puzzlement and conflict. I suggest that being expert at addressing moral problems does not consist in furnishing answers, but rather in the deployment of skill in moral reasoning.
How do fire ants control the rheology of their aggregations? A statistical mechanics approach.

Active networks are omnipresent in nature, from the molecular to the macro-scale. In this study, we explore the mechanical behaviour of fire ant aggregations, closely knit swarms that display impre...
Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart lesion after infancy, with an incidence of 4–5 per 10,000 live births. It accounts for about ~5% of cases of congenital heart disease worldwide. This chapter describes the anatomy and physiology of the tetralogy of Fallot, the anatomy and physiology of the palliative shunts and repairs used to treat the disease in infancy, the primary modalities used for diagnosis and surveillance, and the options and indications for surgical or percutaneous intervention in adult patients.
Designing for Reinforcement Load Sharing

ose design has been neglected as an engineering topic. Hose Technology, 2nd ed., Colin W. Evans, applied science publishers, Essex, England, 1979; has been cited as a design resource. Paper 1 makes a correction to the Evan’s design equation; and this paper extends the solution to indicate how to distribute equally those design loads throughout the reinforcement. Introduction: This paper documents how to resolve the tensile requirement for the reinforcement based on how many reinforcement ligaments are required to support those forces. Method/Approach: The article looks to the tensile test results for the selected reinforcement ligament and illustrates how the elongation of the reinforcement as related to the manufactured length of the reinforcement are related so that the pressure loads are equally shared. Conclusion: The paper concludes all of the reinforcements must be the same manufactured length for the hose reinforcement to uniformly distribute the reinforcement tension. All strand lengths in a multilayer hose must be the same length for proper load sharing.
ANATOMOFISIOLOGIA DO ESTRESSE E O PROCESSO DE ADOECIMENTO

The contemporary production organization has imposed on citizens a competitive lifestyle, with the threat of unemployment, long working hours, the need to consume, as well as other difficulties. During stressful events, a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response that secretes the hormone cortisol occurs. Depending on the duration and intensity of the stressor, the high level of cortisol may cause pathologies. The present study sought to understand the anatomical and physiological bases of the process of illness caused by chronic stress. Among the most studied pathologies caused by hypercortisolism are hypertension, increased blood glucose, muscle weakness, stretch marks, osteoporosis, obesity, degeneration of the brain and reduction of immunity. It is important to emphasize that people emit different responses to stress, so that the signs and symptoms will not be equal among the affected. Finally, any public or private initiative that establishes social, economic and emotional stability can suppress the pathologies associated with stress.
Dynamic interfaces for computer-based simulations in pharmacology

A number of phenomena that are of fundamental importance to students of pharmacology (the science of drug action) have been modeled using computer simulations. We have created a series of models and interfaces which allow the student to alter certain relevant variables which may be altered while the models are running. The model provides information on a simulated real time basis, both by numbers and plotting of certain data. We suggest that his ability to alter the behavior of, for example, a model of the human body absorbing and eliminating a drug, has important pedagogical implications regarding experiential learning and student motivation. More complex models of simulated real time situations of more complex biological systems can be anticipated in the near future. It can also be anticipated that computer based learning will contribute more toward multi-functional teaching in the future.
Tracing and constraining anthropogenic aerosol iron fluxes to the North Atlantic Ocean using iron isotopes.

Atmospheric dust is an important source of the micronutrient Fe to the oceans. Although relatively insoluble mineral Fe is assumed to be the most important component of dust, a relatively small yet highly soluble anthropogenic component may also be significant. However, quantifying the importance of anthropogenic Fe to the global oceans requires a tracer which can be used to identify and constrain anthropogenic aerosols in situ. Here, we present Fe isotope (δ56Fe) data from North Atlantic aerosol samples from the GEOTRACES GA03 section. While soluble aerosol samples collected near the Sahara have near-crustal δ56Fe, soluble aerosols from near North America and Europe instead have remarkably fractionated δ56Fe values (as light as −1.6‰). Here, we use these observations to fingerprint anthropogenic combustion sources, and to refine aerosol deposition modeling. We show that soluble anthropogenic aerosol Fe flux to the global surface oceans is highly likely to be underestimated, even in the dusty North Atlantic. The relative importance of crustal vs. anthropogenic dust deposition for iron cycling in the surface ocean is unclear. Based on analysis of iron isotope data from North Atlantic aerosol samples, the authors can reveal the relative importance of anthropogenic iron emissions and its impact on marine biogeochemistry.
Tree basal area and conifer abundance predict soil carbon stocks and concentrations in an actively managed forest of northern New Hampshire, USA

Abstract Although northern temperate forests account for a substantial portion of global soil carbon stocks, the relationship between soil carbon and management remains unclear. As the active management of forests and associated forest product industries is often cited as a tactic to offset global greenhouse gas emissions, quantifying the effect of management activities on soil carbon pools is paramount to mitigating future climate change. Hence, our goal was to identify commonalities among the spatial variability, potential drivers, and total soil carbon stocks and concentrations at two locations with different management histories in an actively managed northern U.S. mixed wood forest. We measured the carbon pools of two soil profiles, separated into three layers, within 98 0.04-hectare plots in each of the two management areas. We scaled soil and aboveground carbon to estimate total carbon stocks in each area and examined plot-level soil carbon data in relation to landscape and vegetation factors to evaluate potential drivers of soil carbon. Soil carbon represented approximately 40% of the total carbon in both areas. Total soil carbon was similar between the two areas, but the vertical distribution of carbon differed, with more mineral soil carbon in the area with greater coniferous basal area and fewer harvests in the last 80 years. Soil carbon was moderately variable at small spatial scales (
Understanding water activity change in oil with temperature.

Abstract Our recent studies and several publications suggest that the low water activity (aw) of oil in thermal processing might be a major contributing factor towards the increased thermal resistance of bacteria in oils. In this study, we developed a reliable method to measure the water activity of oil by measuring the equilibrium relative humidity in a small headspace. Using this method, water activity of peanut oil was found to decrease exponentially with increasing temperature. A model derived from excess Gibbs free energy was fitted to the observations with an R2 = 99.6% and RMSE = 0.01 (aw). Our results suggest that the sharply reduced water activity of oil resulting from a rise in temperature could cause desiccation of bacteria. This is a possible explanation for the protective effect of oil in thermal processing.
Roles of age and sources of cancer caregiving stress in self-reported health and neuroendocrine biomarkers

To investigate the extent to which age and specific sources of caregiving stress are associated with cancer caregivers’ health. Methods: New colorectal cancer caregivers (n = 88; age M = 49) report...
Optimal Local Differentially Private Quantization

Information sanitization to suppress sensitive information expressed through diverse sensor measurements is investigated in this work. Specifically, this work aims to integrate privacy preservation into the data compression phase of the sensing system streamline. The problem is posed as finding an optimal mapping from a collection of underlying raw distributions that reveal sensitive information for the data to another collection of distributions which are local differentially private and with minimum distortion. The optimal sanitization operation are transformed to convex optimization problems. In particular, a parallel is drawn to a “biased” quantization method and an efficient sub-gradient method is proposed to derive the optimal transformation, and a generalized version of the classical Lloyd Max iterative algorithm is proposed to derive the optimal biased quantizers that achieve required inference privacy. In the real time framework, an algorithm is proposed that achieves asymptotically the same distortion as if the source distribution were known apriori.
Intravascular Activation of the Clotting System with Phospholipids

The infusion of phospholipids containing platelet factor 3 activity or of Inosithin (soya bean phospholipid) in animals previously given thorotrast in the attempt to block the reticuloendothelial system, resulted in histologic changes and in severe alterations of the clotting mechanism. These morphologic and analytical alterations of the clotting system could not be distinguished from the findings observed in animals undergoing the classical generalized Shwartzman reaction produced with two injections of endotoxin.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Middle Age and Beyond.

Objective To review the clinical manifestations and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and older people. Data sources Articles indexed in PubMed, Embase, psychology databases, and the Cochrane library over the past 10 years using the key words "post-traumatic stress disorder," "stress disorders," and "post-traumatic stress disorder and treatment." Study selection and data extraction Sixty-seven publications were reviewed and criteria supporting the primary objective were used to identify useful resources. Data synthesis The literature included practice guidelines; review articles; original research articles; and product prescribing information for the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of PTSD. Conclusion Psychotherapy is the first-line therapy for PTSD. Pharmacologic therapy is recommended, as second-line therapy, for adults living with PTSD who do not have access to psychotherapy or refuse psychotherapy. Pharmacologic therapy may also be considered in cases of partial, or no, response to psychotherapy. Current guidelines recommend prescribing one of 3 selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, either fluoxetine, paroxetine, or sertraline, or prescribing the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine, for adult patients who do not have access to psychotherapy or prefer not to use psychotherapy. Unfortunately, these recommended medications have additional cautions for use in older people so may not be appropriate for many older people living with PTSD. Therapy for older people should be tailored to patient-specific symptoms, with careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks of the therapy and coexisting medical conditions of each patient.
Therapists’ Perspectives After Implementing a Robot into Autism Therapy

Socially assistive robots (SARs) are currently being developed to assist in the delivery of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapies to individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Although SARs have demonstrated positive outcomes, minimal research has focused on investigating needs of the therapists that deliver treatments. Therapist perspectives are important as they will likely be the primary end-users of SARs. In this study, we investigated the perceptions and design requirements of ABA therapists towards SARs and the interfaces used to operate them. Therapists were interviewed after they independently designed, developed, and implemented their own robot-mediated interventions. Overall, therapists’ general perceptions towards integrating a SAR within their existing workflow was positive and they expected that children would benefit from ABA therapies delivered by a SAR. The therapists also provided insights on design requirements for utilizing SARs and their interfaces as well as potential clinical and future use cases for this technology.
A natural genetic variation screen identifies insulin signaling, neuronal communication, and innate immunity as modifiers of hyperglycemia in the absence of Sirt1

Variation in the onset, progression, and severity of symptoms associated with metabolic disorders such as diabetes impairs the diagnosis and treatment of at-risk patients. Diabetes symptoms, and patient variation in these symptoms, is attributed to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but identifying the genes and pathways that modify diabetes in humans has proven difficult. A greater understanding of genetic modifiers and the ways in which they interact with metabolic pathways could improve the ability to predict a patients risk for severe symptoms, as well as enhance the development of individualized therapeutic approaches. In this study we use the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) to identify genetic variation influencing hyperglycemia associated with loss of Sirt1 function. Through analysis of individual candidate functions, physical interaction networks, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) we identify not only modifiers involved in canonical glucose metabolism and insulin signaling, but also genes important for neuronal signaling and the innate immune response. Furthermore, reducing the expression of several of these candidates suppressed hyperglycemia, making them ideal candidate therapeutic targets. These analyses showcase the diverse processes contributing to glucose homeostasis and open up several avenues of future investigation.
Deformability of Normal and Sickle Erythrocytes in a Pressure-flow Filtration System

In order to measure resistance of erythrocyte suspensions to flow through nuclepore filters, a positive pressure cell filtration system has heen developed and applied to measure the deformability of erythrocytes from normal (AA) individuals and patients with sickle cell trait (AS), sickle cell anemia (SS) and hereditary spherocytosis (HS). The pressure flow filtration system permits manipulation of flow rate (Q), hematocrit, pO2, pH, filter pore size and other metabolic parameters. Erythrocyte deformability is defined in this system as the reciprocal of “relative resistance” (Rr) to flow of a given cell suspension. Resistance is derived as the quotient of the pressure generated in response to a specific flow rate; and Rr is the ratio of actual resistance due to the cell suspension to the resistance of the medium alone. Utilizing this system, the following observations have been made: 1. Increase in hematocrit produces an increase in Rr particularly at low flow rates with a direct relationship between hematocrit and resistance until the cell concentration exceeds the filter pore density, resulting in an exponential rise in the pressure generated by increase in Q 2. With 5 μ filters, at low Q and under ambient pO2, AA and AS cells show slight increase in Rr, whereas, SS and HS cells show almost 10-fold greater Rr; 3. Plots of Rr vs. Q simulate a standard viscometric plot and thus data derived from this positive pressure filtration system is comparable to data obtained from cone-plate viscometry; 4. Reduction of pO2 from 165 to 50 mm Hg produces no effect on Rr vs. Q for normal cells, moderate increase for AS cells and marked increase for SS cells; 5. Scanning electron microscopy of the Nucleopore filters fixed during filtration flow depicts cell deformation and pore occlusion by various cell suspensions providing a morphologic basis for the observed resistance-flow kinetics.
The opportunity for conspiracy in restraint of trade: An experimental study

A study is a limited exploration into the relationship between the opportunity for conspiracy in restraint of trade and the resulting market performance. Laboratory experimental methods are applied to separate competing theories. The competitive model predicts well relative to cartel models. Nevertheless, when measurements are taken relative to the performance of markets where conspiracies are not possible, the effects of attempted conspiracies can be determined.
Prediction of substrate removal rates of attached microorganisms and of relative contributions of attached and suspended communities at field sites

A mathematical model composed of a direct proportionality relationship between bulk water velocities and field-determined second-order microbial transformation rate coefficients, and the relative rate coefficient of a benchmark chemical, was developed for estimating the substrate removal rates of rapidly degraded chemicals by attached organisms in shallow (<1 m deep) aquatic ecosystems. Data from 31 field experiments involving the addition of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid methyl ester (2,4-DME) in nine field areas were used to determine a field-derived second-order rate coefficient for microbial transformation of the ester. By using 2,4-DME as a benchmark chemical, the model was used to predict microbial transformation rates of the butoxyethyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-DBE) at five other field sites. The predicted half-lives of 2,4-DBE varied 1,500-fold and were within about a threefold range or less of the measured half-lives. Under conditions of mass transport limitation, the contributions of attached microorganisms relative to total microbial activities at various field sites were related to the ratio of water velocity, U, and depth, D, showing that historical definitions of ecosystems according to flow and depth characteristics are also valid for describing the process-related structure of ecosystems. An equation was developed for predicting the relative contributions of attached and suspended communities with values of U and D for lotic and lentic ecosystems. On the basis of this equation, attached microorganisms were expected to be insignificant in deep lentic ecosystems and suspended microorganisms were expected to be insignificant in shallow lotic systems for the same process carried out by both populations. Neglecting epiphytic microorganisms, both suspended and attached organisms were expected to be significant in wetlands.
Changing Markets to Address Climate Change

This Keynote Address from the Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 2007 Symposium, The Greening of the Corporation, examines the use of market pressures and incentives to encourage corporations to make more environmentally friendly decisions. Peter Lehner, Executive Director of the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), draws on his experiences as a litigator and his work for the NRDC in explaining that changing markets will help decrease the impact that corporations have on
Applying the decision moving window to risky choice: Comparison of eye-tracking and mouse-tracing methods

Currently, a disparity exists between the process-level models decision researchers use to describe and predict decision behavior and the methods implemented and metrics collected to test these models. The current work seeks to remedy this disparity by combining the advantages of work in decision research (mouse-tracing paradigms with contingent information display) and cognitive psychology (eye-tracking paradigms from reading and scene perception). In particular, we introduce a new decision moving-window paradigm that presents stimulus information contingent on eye fixations. We provide data from the first application of this method to risky decision making, and show how it compares to basic eye-tracking and mouse-tracing methods. We also enumerate the practical, theoretical, and analytic advantages this method offers above and beyond both mouse-tracing with occlusion and basic eye tracking of information without occlusion. We include the use of new metrics that offer more precision than those typically calculated on mouse-tracing data as well as those not possible or feasible within the mouse-tracing paradigm.
Spouse support and the retention intentions of air force members: A basis for program development☆

Drawing upon a probability sample of 700 couples (1,400 spouses) in the U.S. Air Force, the present study examines the direct and indirect impacts of spouse support on the retention intentions of enlisted men, officer men, and enlisted women. In addition, exploratory analysis is conducted to identify variables associated with variations in spouse support. Restricting the sample to members with less than 10 years of service, spouse support is found to have a significant and positive effect on the retention intentions of the three respondent groups via path analysis. The results are discussed in the context of empirically validating the assumptions for program planning and development that are partially based on the assumed importance of spouse support to the retention intentions of members. Implications are suggested for future research.
Complex Trauma in Children and Adolescents: Evidence‐Based Practice in Clinical Settings

Complex trauma (CT) results from exposure to severe stressors that occur within the caregiver system or with another presumably responsible adult, are repetitive, and begin in childhood or adolescence. As a result, many of these children and adolescents experience lifelong difficulties related to self-regulation, relationships, psychological symptoms, alterations in attention and consciousness, self-injury, identity, and cognitive distortions. The aims of this article include the following: (a) to examine several representative approaches identified as treatments for children and adolescents exposed to CT with respect to similarities and differences; (b) to examine representative evidence of model effectiveness; (c) to discuss how these approaches are and/or could be implemented in clinical practice; and (d) to suggest research designs that would facilitate greater translation of effective treatment into clinical settings.
Nonlinear image restoration by radial basis function networks

We investigate a nonlinear technique for image restoration using radial basis function networks. Computer simulation results indicate this new technique can be very useful. >
Evaluating ATE features in terms of test escape rates and other cost of test culprits

For years, there has been an ongoing debate in the industry regarding the effectiveness and costs associated with functional versus DFT-oriented testing and ATE. To answer important questions that arise from the functional vs. DFT debate, we consider actual production data analysis to evaluate the value of functional and DFT tests. Production test data from 10, 000 parts randomly sampled from over 1 million total datalogs of the Motorola MPC7410 microprocessor, a high-volume design, is used to evaluate the value of ATE features in terms of test escape rates across different tests. We also examine the value of features that cannot necessarily be quantified in terms of test escape rates. This work will help to provide some insight into how to lower the cost of test by making the right tradeoffs in terms of ATE features without compromising overall test coverage and quality.
Single-Phase Thermal Transport of Nanofluids in a Minichannel

As a promising candidate for heat transfer fluids in advanced cooling technologies, nanofluids have been studied extensively in the past decade. Despite the tremendous research efforts, it is still unclear if and how the presence of dispersed nanoparticles alters the thermal transport and leads to enhanced thermal performance of nanofluids. An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the single-phase forced convection of Al2 O3 -water nanofluids in a circular minichannel with 1.09 mm inner diameter. The Reynolds number studied ranges from approximately 600 to 2300. The friction factor and convective heat transfer coefficient were measured for nanofluids with volume concentrations of up to 2%. The effects of nanoparticle concentration and flow rate on the local and average heat transfer coefficient as well as Nusselt number are examined. It was found that, once the thermophysical properties of the nanofluids are properly accounted for, the established pressure drop and heat transfer correlations can offer satisfactory predictions of the single-phase thermal transport of nanofluids under the experimental conditions considered in this study.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Critical Paths Selection and Test Cost Reduction Considering Process Variations

Current ATPGs rely on timing analysis tools to identify critical paths for generating path-delay fault (PDF) test patterns. However, the model-based conventional static timing analysis (STA) and statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) tools are not capable of considering the actual silicon variations. In this paper, we present a timing analysis technique that improves the analysis of paths delay considering actual silicon variations. This technique models correlations between basic gate types in the standard cell library, paths, and ring oscillators (ROs) considering variations. The post-silicon measurements on the ROs can help predict actual delay distribution. Paths are then ranked and critical path-delay faults are identified accordingly. This technique is more accurate than STA in conventional PDF test flow, and faster and more accurate than SSTA method. The ranking results show that our flow is advantageous to the rankings obtained using STA and SSTA with ≥15% and ≥ 52% test cost (PDF pattern count) reduction, respectively.
An Approximate Three-Dimensional Solution for Melting or Freezing Around a Buried Pipe Beneath a Free Surface

This paper presents a quasi-steady state approximation solution for the three dimensional melting or freezing around a fluid carrying pipe which is buried in a semi-infinite phase change medium (PCM). The two-dimensional quasi-steady approximation solution method previously developed by the authors, the virtual free surface technique, has been extended to three dimensions where axial thermal interaction between the moving fluid and PCM is considered. Of particular interest herein is the motion of the phase change interface and the time variation of the axial temperature distribution in the fluid. Due to the singularities of the differential equations along the pipe surface, an axisymmetric analytic solution is provided for the region near the pipe wall. Solutions are presented for several representative dimensionless burial depths of the pipe and initial conditions. The computational time to predict the three dimensional interface location up to 10 years is of the order of several minutes on an IBM 4341 computer.
Glial culture on artificial capillaries: electron microscopic comparisons of C6 rat glioma cells and rat astroglia.

The functional association of astroglial footplates with blood vessels is important because astrocytes may provide a channel between the blood and neurons deeper in the brain parenchyma for the passage of ions and metabolites. This hypothesized function is very difficult to study in vivo or in monolayer cultures. We have produced a three-dimensional cell culture model of perivascular astroglia by means of an artificial capillary system. Conventional primary cultures of astroglia were first prepared from neonatal rat cerebral hemispheres in 75-cm2 tissue culture flasks. After 25 days, the cells were seeded in Amicon Vitafiber hollow fiber culture vessels. Direct seeding of brain cell suspensions was not successful. A culture unit consists of a bundle of hollow, semi-permeable polysulfone fibers encased in a plastic shell. The fibers were coated with fibronectin and bovine serum albumin, and astroglia were seeded on their outer surfaces. Warmed medium was pumped through the lumina of the fibers. After 13 days the cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde and examined. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the tubes to be uniformly covered with astroglia with short processes that contacted nearby cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed glial filaments and gap junctions. Astrocyte cultures were compared morphologically to C6 rat glioma cells in hollow fiber culture. The astrocytes formed a monolayer, whereas C6 cells formed a stratified culture. Furthermore, C6 cells did not form gap junctions. Astrocytes have been hypothesized to take up K+ discharged to the extracellular space by depolarizing neurons and move it to areas of low concentration, i.e., to act as a K+ spatial buffer. Our culture system should permit direct testing of this hypothesis.
Visible Absorption Spectrum of the CH3CO Radical

The visible absorption spectrum of the acetyl radical, CH3CO, was measured between 490 and 660 nm at 298 K using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Gas-phase CH3CO radicals were produced using several methods including: (1) 248 nm pulsed laser photolysis of acetone (CH3C(O)CH3), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK, CH3C(O)CH2CH3), and biacetyl (CH3C(O)C(O)CH3), (2) Cl + CH3C(O)H → CH3C(O) + HCl with Cl atoms produced via pulsed laser photolysis or in a discharge flow tube, and (3) OH + CH3C(O)H → CH3CO + H2O with two different pulsed laser photolysis sources of OH radicals. The CH3CO absorption spectrum was assigned on the basis of the consistency of the spectra obtained from the different CH3CO sources and agreement of the measured rate coefficients for the reaction of the absorbing species with O2 and O3 with literature values for the CH3CO + O2 + M and CH3CO + O3 reactions. The CH3CO absorption spectrum between 490 and 660 nm has a broad peak centered near 535 nm and shows no discernible structure. The absorption cr...
CW laser strategies for multi-parameter measurements of high-speed flows containing either NO or O2

Measurements of gasdynamic quantities were performed using a rapid-tuning CW dye laser to resolve Doppler-shifted spectral features in either the O2 Schumann-Runge bands or the NO gamma band near 225 nm. With the rapid-tuning capability, spectral features were acquired at a repetition rate of 4 kHz. Monitoring O2 transitions provided estimates of velocities while monitoring collision-broadened NO line pairs provided simultaneous measurements of velocity, temperature and pressure. Experiments were first performed in absorption within the transient one-dimensional flows generated in a shock tube. Agreement between measured and theoretical values, as calculated from one-dimensional shock relations, was typically better than 5 percent. The method was extended to fluorescence detection of NO in a static cell. Temperature and pressure were extracted from recorded profiles, and the results agreed well with expected values.
Properties of chromatin from liver and from a chemically induced minimal deviation hepatoma of the rat.

Abstract Chromatin and DNA from a minimal deviation rat hepatoma and from rat liver were prepared and various physicochemical and template properties studied. More RNA and total protein but similar amounts of histone were associated with hepatoma chromatin than with liver chromatin. The spectral and thermal denaturation properties of the two chromatins are nearly the same, as is the case for DNA from the two sources. The kinetics of incorporation of labeled nucleoside triphosphates and the divalent ion requirements of DNA-directed RNA polymerase with hepatoma chromatin template are similar to those published for liver chromatin. The base compositions of the in vitro transcribed RNA from hepatoma and liver chromatins were similar to each other and (A + U)-rich. The RNA products from the two DNA templates also had similar compositions but were more (A + U)-rich than chromatin products. The relation of this work to the study of RNA populations in liver and hepatoma is briefly discussed.
In vitro inhibition of mammary cell growth by lactoferrin: A comparative study

Abstract The effect of lactoferrin (Lf) on mammary epithelial cell growth in culture was tested in a comparative study of bovine and human Lf. Bovine Lf was inhibitory to growth of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line, both in the presence and absence of fetal bovine serum in the medium. The growth inhibition activity of bovine Lf was not affected by iron-saturation status of the protein. In contrast with bovine Lf, human Lf had minimal inhibitory activity on bovine cell growth in the presence of serum, and cell growth was stuimulated by human Lf in the absence of serum. In the latter case, human Lf may have acted as an iron-transport protein for the cells. Bovine Lf and human Lf had no effect on growth of MCF-7 human breast tumor cells and only minimal inhibitory activity toward the MDA-MB 231 human breast tumor cell line. The effect of bovine Lf on bovine mammary epithelial cells could be prevented by immunoneutralization of the Lf. These results indicate that Lf can be inhibitory to growth of mammary epithelial cells in culture, but this response is specific for the species origin of the Lf and of the mammary cell.
The right to literacy and cultural change: Zulu adolescents in post-apartheid rural South Africa

Abstract This study examined the conceptions of the right to literacy of rural Zulu adolescents in post-apartheid South Africa. Its aim was to investigate the development of human rights in a traditional society during an era of historic change. Adolescents in three age groups ( N = 72, mean ages 11-1, 15-9, and 18-9) endorsed the right to literacy in principle. In nine conflict assessments involving the preservation of culture, parental authority, and gender roles, participants supported the right to literacy (64–100%), but also maintained traditional values of respect and duties of elder care. Twenty-four percent proposed novel concepts integrating the right to literacy with indigenous practices such as family decision-making processes. These findings suggest that conceptions of rights and collectivistic values need not be antagonistic. It is argued that analyses of the ontogenesis, cultural practices, and historical settings of conceptions of human rights are integral to resolving questions of universality.
Origin of the Skagit migmatites, North Cascades Range, Washington State

Stromatic and schlieren-type migmatites are a major lithology in the type section of the Skagit Gneiss complex in the North Cascades Range of Washington State, USA. Migmatite mesosomes are chiefly biotite schist, amphibolite, and orthogneiss, in decreasing order of abundance. Leucosomes are predominantly leucotrondhjemites with a very limited range of composition that is nearly independent of associated mesosome type. Melanosomes, consisting mainly of biotite and/or hornblende±garnet, are inconsistently developed and absent in places. The age of migmatization is not well established, but appears to be Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary. This is also the age of syntectonic tonalite to trondhjemite intrusives that are predominant in most parts of the Skagit complex. Although temperatures in excess of 700° C and pressures as high as 10 kb occurred, there is no evidence for widespread partial melting of the mesosomes with which the migmatites are closely associated. Mass balance calculations preclude an origin by injection of a silicate melt or hydrothermal fluid unless accompanied by metasomatic replacement reactions. Mass balance relationships also show that the Skagit migmatites could not have formed solely by closed system processes such as partial melting or metamorphic segregation, unless the mesosomes present were not the protolith from which the migmatites formed. Field, petrographic and geochemical data indicate that an origin by migmatization of a “missing mesosome” is quite unlikely. The most feasible process of migmatization appears to be infiltration of an aqueous fluid into a metamorphic protolith along fracture or foliation planes. This triggers a variable degree of metamorphic segregation or possibly minor partial melting. Unmixing of leucosomes and melanosomes from the mesosome protolith must be accompanied by metasomatic replacement, but the total mass transfer required is only a few wt%.
VP22-mediated intercellular transport for suicide gene therapy under oxic and hypoxic conditions

During herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) infection, the tegument protein VP22 is exported from infected cells to the nuclei of surrounding uninfected cells. These intercellular transport characteristics have prompted the exploitation of VP22 fusion proteins for cancer gene therapy, with the goal of maximizing the bystander effect. Since solid tumors contain hypoxic cell populations that are often refractive to therapy, for efficient targeting, it would be optimal if VP22 functioned even at reduced oxygen concentrations. In the present work, VP22 activity under hypoxic conditions was examined for the first time. Plasmid-transfected human glioma U87-MG and U373-MG cells expressing VP22 fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) showed protein export to untransfected cells under tumor oxygenation conditions (0-5% O(2)). For suicide gene therapy, VP22 activity was demonstrated under hypoxia by coupling VP22 to the HSV thymidine kinase (HSVtk). In the presence of the prodrug ganciclovir, cell cultures expressing VP22-HSVtk showed a significant increase in toxicity compared with cells transfected with a construct containing HSVtk only, under all tested conditions. To allow effective suicide gene therapy and simultaneous visualization of therapeutic enzyme localization, a triple fusion protein GFP-HSVtk-VP22 was engineered. Functionality of all components was demonstrated under oxia and hypoxia.
Microbial degradation of chlorinated phenols

Chlorophenols have been introduced into the environment through their use as biocides and as by-products of chlorine bleaching in the pulp and paper industry. Chlorophenols are subject to both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. Under anaerobic conditions, chlorinated phenols can undergo reductive dechlorination when suitable electron-donating substrates are available. Halorespiring bacteria are known which can use both low and highly chlorinated congeners of chlorophenol as electron acceptors to support growth. Many strains of halorespiring bacteria have the capacity to eliminate ortho-chlorines; however only bacteria from the species Desulfitobacteriumhafniense (formerly frappieri) can eliminate para- and meta-chlorines in addition to ortho-chlorines. Once dechlorinated, the phenolic carbon skeletons are completely converted to methane and carbon dioxide by other anaerobic microorganisms in the environment. Under aerobic conditions, both lower and higher chlorinated phenols can serve as sole electron and carbon sources supporting growth. The best studied strains utilizing pentachlorophenol belong to the genera Mycobacterium and Sphingomonas. Two main strategies are used by aerobic bacteria for the degradation of chlorophenols. Lower chlorinated phenols for the most part are initially attacked by monooxygenases yielding chlorocatechols as the first intermediates. On the other hand, polychlorinated phenols are converted to chlorohydroquinones as the initial intermediates. Fungi and some bacteria are additionally known that cometabolize chlorinated phenols.
Correlations for combined heat and mass transfer from an open cavity in a horizontal channel

Abstract Combined heat and mass transfer from a horizontal channel with an open cavity heated from below is numerically examined in this paper. Air is the fluid considered ( Pr = 0.7). The main focus of the study is mass-transfer driven flows (| N | > 1). The governing parameters considered are the buoyancy ratio N , Lewis number Le , Reynolds number Re , and Grashof number Gr . Based on the scale analysis, correlations for the entire convection regime, from natural, mixed, to forced convection, were proposed.
Defining an Adequate Education for English Learners

Abstract This article explores the components of an “adequate” education for linguistic minority students in California and attempts to distinguish these from the components of an adequate educatio...
Vietnamese and Cambodian Orphans 1975 — the First Look The Initial Medical Screening and Treatment at Clark Air Force Base

In April of 1975, the United States government evacuated approximately 2,000 orphans from Vietnam and Cambodia. More than 1,500 orphans received initial medical evaluation and treatment at Clark Air Force Base, Republic of the Philippines. The orphans underwent a minimum of 2 physician evalua tions and were individually cared for by a volunteer. One hundred and six children were ill enough to require acute admission to the hospital. Four infants died while at Clark. No unusual tropical illnesses were diagnosed at Clark nor were any diseases identified that might represent a significant health hazard to the United States. The medical conditions found among these orphans appear to be similar to the problems found among the children of migrant farm workers in the United States.
Numerical simulation on slope stability analysis considering anisotropic properties of layered fractured rocks: a case study

Anisotropy is one of the natural properties of layered fractured rock, and it plays an important role in slope stability analysis, which is a vital problem in the geotechnical engineering. However, in the present engineering design, rock mass is simply treated as isotropic material, which fails to take into account the anisotropic properties. This work begins with formulizations of the anisotropic seepage-stress coupled model for the layered fractured rock slope stability analysis based on the equivalent continuum theory. Next, the model is applied in the numerical simulation of the southern slope of an open-pit mine in China to understand the mechanism of the existing failure strain as well as the failure mechanism of the potential landslide. The computed water table and damage zone have been compared with the field measurements and found to be in good agreement with field observations. Finally, the effective measures to prevent the slope failure and strengthen the slope stability have been suggested. The proposed model successfully applied in the case study indicated that it is much more feasible and efficient comparing with using the traditional isotropic coupled model in such layered fractured rock slopes stability problems.
Complementary and alternative medicine use decreases adherence to HAART in HIV-positive women

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to treat chronic illnesses, especially HIV, is becoming increasingly widespread. Given this popularity, it is critical to understand how HIV-positive individuals use CAM and, more specifically, whether CAM use impacts their adherence to prescribed antiretroviral regimens (HAART). The present study examined the relationship between CAM use and HAART adherence among HIV+ women. Data were analysed from 366 HIV-positive, mostly African-American women, aged 18-50 years in Alabama and Georgia who were enrolled in an intervention to reduce high-risk sexual behaviour. At enrollment data were collected describing use of CAM and HAART use. Women were classified as CAM users if they reported taking herbal/natural immunity boosters (Chinese herbs, mushrooms, garlic, ginseng or algae) or multivitamins, or reported using religious/psychic health or bodywork to treat HIV. Women were classified as non-adherent if they reported missing any doses of their HAART medication in the 30 days preceding baseline assessment. Logistic regressions models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to investigate the relationship between CAM use and HAART adherence. Women using CAM (immunity boosters or vitamins), relative to non-CAM users, were 1.69 times more likely to report missing HAART doses in the last 30 days (CI: 1.02-2.80; P=.041) even after adjusting for age, education, race, religion and income. The findings provide preliminary evidence that patients using CAM may be doing so as an alternative to traditional medicine as opposed to complementing prescribed HARRT treatment regimens. The inconsistent use of HAART is problematic given its association with drug resistance. Therefore, health care providers and patients should have explicit dialogues about how to effectively integrate CAM practices into traditional treatment regimens so that the safety and health of HIV-positive patients is not compromised.
The Anthropology Review Database

The mission of the Anthropology Review Database (ARD) is to maintain a high-quality, user-friendly resource that will help scholars keep abreast of and evaluate the quality of the rapidly expanding...