cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on the Promotion of Teachers' Professional Development in Community College

The educational reform are paying more and more attention to the improvement of teaching quality and teachers' quality.Meanwhile,the professional development of the teacher is getting more and more important in the process of the growth of the teacher and the development of the college.It is the important guarantee for improving the whole level of teaching staff and implement the sustainable development of the college by promoting the teachers' professional development.Leading teachers to take the professional development way in accordance with the development of the college becomes a research subject which needs constant exploration and summarization.This paper probes into the way how to promote the teachers' professional development combining with the developing feature of community college.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas infection.

SUMMARY So far, P. aeruginosa has matched each new therapeutic advance with an antibiotic resistance or toxin move of its own. The result has been a persistently high mortality rate for Pseudomonas pneumonia, which is unacceptable. Further research to define aspects of the organism important in infection and to determine more effective treatment and prevention strategies are clearly needed.
Immediate versus delayed coronary grafting after streptokinase treatment: Postoperative blood loss and clinical results

Of all patients with acute evolving myocardial infarction treated surgically at Duke University Medical Center between 1984 and 1986, 27 patients given high doses (>1.5 million units) of streptokinase preoperatively were studied. Eleven patients who received streptokinase had coronary bypass grafting 12 hours after thrombolytic therapy (early hours), eight patients between 12 and 72 hours (delayed), and eight patients beyond 72 hours (late hours). Seventeen patients who underwent coronary bypass grafting within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms, without preoperative streptokinase, were included as control patients. Only the patients having early operation had significantly greater postoperative blood loss; postoperative use of red blood cells; fresh-frozen plasma; cryoprecipitate; prolonged postoperative prothrombin time; and prolonged partial thromboplastin time. Patients having delayed or late operations did not differ significantly from patients not receiving streptokinase. Only the interval between time of streptokinase administration and operation could account for the coagulopathy and the postoperative bleeding complications in the early group. Patients in the early group had a higher in-hospital mortality (27% versus 6% for the non-streptokinase group) and major noncardiac morbidity (36% versus 12% for the non-streptokinase group). Patients in the delayed and late groups had minimal postoperative complications and no mortality. Observations were not explained by differences in total ischemic time, number of angioplasty failures, or number of patients with cardiogenic shock between the early group and the non-streptokinase group. Postoperative bleeding and massive use of blood products seemed to be contributory factors: Two of three deaths in the patients having early operations were associated with clinical suspicion of tamponade. Patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting within 12 hours of streptokinase therapy appear to be a high-risk group in a more emergent, uncontrolled clinical setting and require aggressive monitoring and correction of coagulopathy.
Proliferating Cells Conserve Nitrogen to Support Growth

Glutamate provides a large intracellular pool of carbon and nitrogen. Coloff et al. (2016) find that proliferating cells shift from a nitrogen-wasting to a nitrogen-sparing mode of glutamate catabolism, highlighting the exquisite tethering of proliferative signals to metabolism.
A Description of Laser Stability near Threshold by Liapounov’s Second Method

The theory of the generalized entropy developed by Prigogine, George and Henin [1] in Brussels and Austin suggests a form for an N-body Liapounov function which has already been discussed for closed systems [2–4]. Starting from the Liouville-von Neumann equation for the density operator ρ, Prigogine introduces a causal or physical particle representation wherein he defines a “physical” density matrix ρ(P) which is generated from ρ by a non-unitary transformation in strongly coupled system., this representation, the retarded and advanced components of ρ(P) obey separate evolution equations. For weakly coupled systems, ρ(P) reduces to the untransformed ρ which is a solution to the Pauli equation. This theory has been applied by Hubert [5] to a dense hard sphere gas obeying the Enskog equation. Further, Bulsara and Schieve have demonstrated [2] that infinitesimally close to thermal equilibrium, the generalized form of the entropy proposed by Prigogine et al. has the same form as the Liapounov function referred to above, for weakly coupled systems, a fact which we shall exploit in section 5 of this paper.
Effect of Inflow-Outflow Boundary Conditions in Simulation of Separated Flow Using Navier-Stokes Equations

Influence of the placement and form of inflow- and outflow-boundary conditions (BC’s) is evaluated on the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes (NS) equations. The unsteady analysis developed uses the conservation form of the governing equations in terms of vorticity and stream function in generalized orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. A clustered conformal grid is generated such that it attempts to resolve the disparate length scales of the model separated flow about a doublestep in a channel. Results obtained for the limiting case of a very small step length agree satisfactorily with the available experimental data.
The Experience of Sickness before 1870

Two types of sources inform us about the experience of sickness from the seventeenth century into the nineteenth. One consists of a complex assortment of beliefs and assumptions now held. These beliefs and assumptions are based on testimony about disease and death, which is unambiguous in thrust and is usually held to be unambiguous in implication, too. Disease and death were rife, and mortality rates were high. The other source consists of case studies in which the by-now-familiar gauge, absence from work attributed to illness or injury, is used to measure the incidence and duration of sickness. Neither source will, by itself, give a satisfactory account. On the one hand, some of the beliefs and assumptions will be false but, in the absence of ways to examine the foundations of these beliefs and assumptions, it is extraordinarily difficult to decide which may be false. On the other hand, the case studies are few in number and represent small segments of the overall historical population at risk to sickness. Used together, the two sources can sharpen the questions asked and guide research.
Matlab model of Heintzmann and Cremer's super resolution technique

The wave nature of light poses certain difficulties on enhancing the quality of resolution past Abbe's limit of about 200 nm for visible light. Extensive research efforts have provided several methodologies to surpass Abbe's limit. One such methodology is a Structured Illumination Method (SIM) outlined by Heintzmann and Cremer. A numerical Matlab model was built to simulate the method. The model uses mathematical methods of Fourier transform to simulate the effects of the filters in the method. Image target with resolution metrics was used in experimentation so it could be seen how the resolution of the resulting image compared to the resolution of the original image. The grating frequency was varied to see how differences in the parameters would affect the resulting images. The mathematical model found that changing the grating frequency affected the resolution of the resulting images. It was found that as the normalized frequency increases between .4 and .6 the resolution range that sees improvement gets smaller. As the frequency increases, some larger groups of lines that were formerly distinguishable became indistinguishable while some smaller groups of lines that were formerly indistinguishable became distinguishable.
Race and Gender Differences in Undergraduate Research Mentoring Structures and Research Outcomes.

Undergraduate research with mentorship from faculty may be particularly important for ensuring the persistence of women and minority students in science. This study examines whether undergraduate r...
The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.
Perpendicular Photo-alignment of Nanoparticle Lines via Plasmon-induced Lorentz Forces

We demonstrate light-induced formations of gold nanoparticle chains aligned perpendicular to the illuminating polarization. The inclusion of plasmon-induced Lorentz force in stochastic Lagrangian simulations predicts the regimes for self-assembly.
Influential Factors in the College Decision-Making Process for Chinese Students Studying in the U.S.

For more than 1,043,839 international students, the United States is the destination of choice to pursue higher education. Although Chinese students account for almost one in three international students in the U.S., there are many unknowns about the influential factors behind their college decision. This qualitative study explores the self-described most important factors for Chinese students’ decision to attend college in the U.S. and the sources they seek to make their decision. This study found (1) parents are the most influential factor in the decision to attend college in the U.S., (2) students place great importance on rankings, and (3) in hindsight, students wish they focused less on rankings and did not need help from agencies when applying to colleges.
Motivating Compliance: Firm Response to Mandatory Disclosure Policies

SYNOPSIS Mandatory existence disclosure rules require an organization to disclose a policy's existence, but not its content. We examine policy adoption frequencies in the year immediately after the IRS required mandatory existence disclosure by nonprofits of various governance policies. We also examine adoption frequencies in the year of the subsequent change from mandatory existence disclosure to a disclose-and-explain regime that required supplemental disclosures about the content and implementation of conflict of interest policies. Our results suggest that in areas where there is unclear regulatory authority, mandatory existence disclosure is an effective and low cost regulatory device for encouraging the adoption of policies desired by regulators, provided those policies are cost-effective for regulated firms to implement. In addition, we find that disclose-and-explain regulatory regimes provide stronger incentives for policy adoption than do mandatory existence disclosure regimes and also discourage ...
The Influence of Domestic Violence in Homicide Cases

Domestic violence may be less representative of a unique form of violent behavior and more indicative of an overall tendency toward violence. This article explores this issue with two years of poli...
Insect Resistance in Cotton in Sudan

In Sudan, cotton is the most important cash crop. About 80 percent of it is irrigated and grown in the Gezira and neighbouring areas. Here, the cotton whitefly, boll-worms (mainly Heliothis), jassid and aphid are serious pests. The whitefly, since mid 1950s, and Heliothis, since mid 1960s, have attained notoriety. Hetiothis damages flower buds, flowers and bolls and reduces yield. The white-fly debilitates plants and reduces both yield and quality. Further, whitefly and aphid excrete copious amounts of sugary fluid excreta (honeydew) which makes the cotton sticky and difficult to gin and spin. The sticky cotton has poorer fibre length, strength, maturity ratio, micronaire value, fibre weight per cm, yarn strength and appearance (Khalifa, unpub.). In 1968, a special Committee on Cotton Stickiness recommended two additional sprays for insect control at the end of the season to reduce stickiness (Abdel Rahman & Eveleens, 1979). Since then, pesticide use has increased greatly. However, whitefly and stickiness problems have continued unabated, and the average cotton yield dropped to an all-time low in 198O-81 despite an expenditure of about 65 million dollars on chemical control of cotton pests during the said season.
The development of the kitchen in the English Country house: 1315-1864

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify, over a period of 500 years of English history, the architectural development of the kitchen in the English country house. Seven periods of architectural design; Medieval, Elizabethan, Restoration, Palladian, Neo-Classical, Gothic and Picturesque, are included in this study. Each period has been assigned an appropriate English country house beginning with Bodiam Castle in 1315 and ending with Cragside House in 1884. The review of each house includes, where appropriate, a discussion of the role of the kitchen in the overall architectural design of the house, period design influences on the determination of the kitchen location and architectural changes in the kitchen that are a reflection of social change occurring during the specified period. Architectural periods and houses are presented in the following order: •Period I Medieval: Bodiam Castle, 1385 and Knole House, 1456 •Period II Elizabethan: Hardwick Hall, 1597 •Period III Restoration: Belton House, 1...
Cell Biology by Laser Light

Interest in the effects of laser light on macromolecules and cells stemmed from a multiplicity of studies involving the effects of light on organisms and their components. Broad band light studies were rapidly followed by the use of elected wavelengths in initiating and observing various phenomena (McElroy and Glass, 1961). One of the major values of laser radiation has been the fact that a coherent and monochromatic beam of light resulted from stimulated emission (Schawlow and Townes, 1958). Emission at a single wavelength provided a basis of comparison with other selected wavelength studies such as UV photobiology (Jagger, 1967). Another value has been the great intensity of laser beams, which caused absorbing material to be selectively damaged or destroyed. Finally, the pulse duration of lasers was extremely short and therefore permitted the irradiation of rapidly moving cells with a microbeam (Bessis, 1965).
Postmortem chemistries on blood with particular reference to urea nitrogen, electrolytes, and bilirubin.

A great deal of work has been done on postmortem chemistry of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and vitreous humor with the hope that biochemical abnormalities which exist during life can be demonstrated from examination of postmortem material. The author began investigation into this field in 1967 by performing tests on both serum and vitreous humor taken from cadavers at varying postmortem intervals. The results of the investigations on vitreous humor have already been published [1,2] as well as some of the studies on postmortem serum [3,4]. The following material represents part of the original investigation and has been presented orally both formally [5] and informally, but has never been available for review by other people interested in the subject.
The Self-Directed Search for Educational and Vocational Planning (Form E). John L. Holland/Ohio Vocational Interest Survey, 1969. Ayres G. D'Costa, David W. Winefordner, John G. Odgers, Paul B. Koons, Jr.

(1974). The Self-Directed Search for Educational and Vocational Planning (Form E). John L. Holland/Ohio Vocational Interest Survey, 1969. Ayres G. D'Costa, David W. Winefordner, John G. Odgers, Paul B. Koons, Jr. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 7, Interest Measurement, pp. 138-143.
Rheumatic Syndromes Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Single-Center Cohort of Sixty-One Patients.

Objective To describe the prevalence, clinical presentation, and management of rheumatic immune-related adverse effects (Rh-irAEs) from immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Methods From a database of all patients who received any ICI at the Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota campus between January 1, 2011 and March 1, 2018, we retrospectively identified those with Rh-irAEs, using diagnostic codes, search terms, and manual chart review. Results Of the 1,293 patients who received any ICI, Rh-irAEs were clinically diagnosed in 43. Eighteen patients with Rh-irAEs who received ICI therapy elsewhere were also analyzed. Clinical syndromes included inflammatory arthritis (n = 34 [prevalence 2%]), myopathy (n = 10), and other rheumatic syndromes (n = 17). Inflammatory arthritis was most commonly polyarticular, and glucocorticoid treatment was required in 26 patients (76%). The mean ± SD duration of treatment was 18 ± 18 weeks. Five patients (15%) also received disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and ICI therapy had to be discontinued in 3 patients (9%). Myopathy was treated with glucocorticoids in all cases (mean ± SD treatment duration 15 ± 17 weeks) and led to 2 deaths and permanent ICI discontinuation in 9 patients (90%). Other syndromes included connective tissue diseases, vasculitis, polymyalgia rheumatica-like syndrome, and flare of preexisting rheumatic disease. Most (71%) were treated with immunosuppression, with 12% requiring ICI discontinuation. Conclusion This study represents the largest cohort of patients with Rh-irAEs reported to date. Most patients received long courses of immunosuppressive treatment, although discontinuation of ICI therapy was required in only a minority.
Blurred lines: The relationship between catcalls and compliments

Abstract The current study was motivated by video and subsequent conversations in the media about catcalling. While the video aimed to reveal the harassing nature of catcalling, many viewers responded by claiming that catcalls are simply compliments. In an effort to determine the relationship between catcalls and compliments, this study reports on the results of a survey designed to gather recipients' views with regard to catcalls and compliments. Examining previous theoretical and empirical work from different strands of research revealed some overlap between the two speech acts, and the survey results revealed ambiguity similar to that reported in the media, but key differences also surfaced. Results suggest that catcalls are aberrant compliments at best, and insidious reminders of women's inequality at worst. The study also calls attention to the need to define and study catcalls systematically in order for research to advance and support activists' efforts to stop street harassment.
Dissecting the role of RNA modification regulatory proteins in melanoma.

// Parmanand Malvi 1 , Biao Wang 1 , Shreni Shah 1 and Romi Gupta 1 , 2 1 Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA Correspondence to: Romi Gupta, email: romigup@uab.edu Keywords: RNA modifications; epitranscriptome; melanoma; MAPK; BRAF mutant melanoma Received: November 08, 2018 Accepted: April 29, 2019 Published: June 04, 2019 ABSTRACT Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Despite recent advances in medicine and the development of new treatments for melanoma, cures remain elusive as acquired resistance to both targeted and immunotherapies are becoming common. Therefore, more studies are conducted to dissect underlying molecular mechanisms that drive melanoma growth in order to provide better therapeutic option. Here, employing a comprehensive and unbiased analysis of different RNA modification regulatory proteins using various publicly available databases we identify the most relevant RNA modifying proteins that plays crucial role in melanoma development. Our study started with the analysis of various genetic alterations (amplifications, mutations/deletion) as well as RNA overexpression of these RNA modification regulatory proteins in The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma database. We then analyzed their expression in The Human Protein Atlas data. The result of analysis revealed that only a subset of RNA modification regulatory proteins are overexpressed in >75% of melanoma patient cases as compared to normal skin. However, when examined in Oncomine dataset we found only two genes (METTL4 and DNMT3A) were significantly overexpressed in melanoma samples versus normal skin samples and matched with the results of The Human Protein Atlas data. Therefore, we functionally validated METTL4 and DNMT3A using shRNA-mediated knockdown and found that their knockdown in melanoma cells led to melanoma cells growth inhibition. Collectively, in this study, we investigated the epitranscriptomic landscape of melanoma using various publicly available database and identified DNMT3A and METTL4 as the most relevant potential regulators of melanoma growth.
Two applications of measurement error correction in the economics of human resources

This dissertation is comprised of two papers. Epidemiological studies of the associations between nutrients and health may yield misleading conclusions if relative prices are not taken into account. The first paper applies a household production approach to assess impacts of nutrients and other health inputs on health. Choices of health inputs in the health production technology are assumed to respond to nutrient prices. Moreover, potential measurement error associated with the health inputs biases the estimates of the health production parameters. Thus, prices, along with wages and other exogenous variables, serve as instruments in the demand for health inputs and the resulting reduced-form health equations to correct the problems of endogeneity and measurement error of the health inputs in the health production function. Empirical findings suggest that food prices are important determinants of health. Hence, policy implications concerning food price interventions to improve health are discussed. Moreover, household production and benchmark epidemiological estimates of the impacts of health inputs upon blood pressure are compared to examine the existence of endogeneity and measurement error associated with the health inputs. A comparable worth pay analysis for the State of Iowa Merit Employment Pay System was conducted in 1984 by Arthur Young Consulting Company of Milwaukee. Greig (1987) suspected that Arthur Young's recommended pay plans were biased due to possible measurement error in the job evaluation. Hence Greig explored the sensitivity analysis of pay recommendations to various measurement error corrections. His estimates were confounded by multicollinearity among several of Arthur Young's originally recommended thirteen job evaluation factors. The second paper aims to obtain unbiased estimates for the job factor weights in comparable worth pay analysis by correcting both the problems of measurement error and multicollinearity in the job evaluation factors simultaneously. Potential measurement error correlations between pairwise job evaluation factors are explored to analyze the sensitivity and statistical robustness of the estimates for the job evaluation factor weights to various measurement error correlation specifications.
Endoscopic transsphenoidal drainage of a petrous apex cholesterol granuloma using a frontal sinus nasal stent: a case report with long term follow up.

Background: Cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex are benign cysts affecting 0.6 patients per 1 million. The pathophysiology involves cholesterol crystals and lipids that are surrounded by giant cells. The cholesterol deposits induce an inflammatory response likely from acute hemorrhage leading to the formation of a fibrous capsule. The capsule expands over time compressing nearby cranial nerves (VI-VIII), which can cause worsening symptoms. Surgical resection has been shown to provide excellent improvement in symptoms. Historically, open approaches such as the infracochlear, infralabyrinthine, and middle fossa have been used. Herein we present a case showing the feasibility and clinical utility of using an endoscopic endonasal transclival approach for treatment of these tumors.Case: A 44-year-old female presented with history of intermittent double vision, dizziness, nausea, and headaches for 3 years. She developed a partial left CN6 palsy with significant diplopia and episodes of left facial weakness. The worsening symptoms prompted presentation to the ED where MRI and CT scan revealed a left petrous apex lesion (1.8 × 1.7 cm) with hyperintensity on T1 and T2 imaging, suggestive of cholesterol granuloma. She underwent an endoscopic transclival resection of the lesion: drainage of left petrous apex cholesterol granuloma and stent placement from left petrous apex into sphenoid sinus (novel technique). This was done to allow continued communication and drainage of the tumor bed from the petrous apex into the sphenoid sinus with the intent to minimize the risk of recurrence. At the postop visit both 6th nerve palsy and diplopia had resolved. Imaging is stable 2 years after the surgery.Discussion: The placement of the stent in this case was done to prevent symptom recurrence. 11% of patients that do not receive a stent will have symptom recurrence within one year. From the historical literature, only 4% of patients who had stent placement developed cyst recurrence or expansion on follow-up imaging. Stent placement has been shown to prevent cyst enlargement within the first few months after surgery. We demonstrate that the endoscopic endonasal transclival approach provided good visualization of the tumor, allowed for an adequate working window for resection, and provided a sufficient approach for stent placement.
18. EFFECTIVENESS AND PERCEPTIONS OF FLIPPED CLASSROOMS WITHIN A PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY

Objective Flipped classroom (FC) curricula, in which learners review material independently prior to in-person sessions that employ active learning strategies, are increasingly being used in medical schools but have not been widely implemented in residency programs. We examined feasibility, knowledge acquisition, and learner perceptions of FC modules within a pediatric clinic. Methods Authors created 4 FC modules on common pediatric topics and lectures covering equivalent content. From Jan-Jun 2019, these modules and lectures were incorporated into morning didactics at an outpatient clinic using a crossover design, such that 2 topics were covered as an FC module and 2 as a lecture one month, then flipping the delivery method for each topic the following month. Residents completed 10-item pre-tests prior to participation in each FC session or lecture and post-tests following. Pre- to post-scores were compared using t-tests, and average change in pre- to post-test score for all FC sessions versus all lectures was compared using a Mann-Whitney U test. Residents completed a 6-item immediate perception survey after participation in each FC session and a final 10-item survey on overall perceptions of the FC model as compared to lectures at the end of each monthly block. Results 36 residents participated. Residents scored significantly higher on post-tests than pre-tests for all modules regardless of instructional method, except for the knee pain FC module (Figure 1). The average improvement in pre- to post-test score between all FC sessions (2.1 points) and traditional lectures (2.4 points) was not different (U=7.0, n=4, p=.44). Residents found FC pre-readings (4.0) and in-person sessions (4.1) useful for learning and reported high overall satisfaction with the FC model (4.0) on a 5-point rating scale. They favored FC sessions over lectures with respect to engagement (4.3), learning effectiveness (3.9), application to clinical practice (3.9), and overall preference (3.9) on a bipolar rating scale (1=strongly prefer lecture, 5=strongly prefer FC). Conclusion Flipped classroom modules within a pediatric clinic resulted in similar knowledge gains to lectures but were preferred by residents.
The Lasting Impact of a First Impression: An Exercise for the First Day of Class:

This article details an exercise for the first day of class in an introductory sociology course. Students in two sections of Introduction to Sociology taught by the same professor and covering the ...
Towards high-performance resonant filter for the long-wave infrared band: fabrication and characterization of notch filters based on the guided-mode resonance effect

The long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectroscopy has emerged as a promising technique for applications ranging from medical diagnosis to satellite imaging and terrestrial imaging. However, traditional optical elements are not realized well for the LWIR region. In this work, notch filters for LWIR spectral range (8 ~ 12 μm) based on the guided mode resonance (GMR) effect were designed, fabricated, and characterized with Germanium (Ge) thin film on Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) substrates. In contrast to the typical photolithography process, which faces challenge of resolution limit, we used e-beam lithography process to pattern the grating. By using a reactive ion etching process with a mixture of etching and passivation gases, we fabricated grating with well-defined vertical sidewalls. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used to calculate the optical responses and model the geometry of the notch filters, and the optical transmittance of fabricated filters agrees well with the calculations. Moreover, we demonstrate the improved notch filtering response with reduced Fabry-Perot noise by introducing anti-reflection layer on the bottom of the ZnSe substrate. Therefore, findings of this work will be useful for various filter fabrications that prefer high spatial resolution in the LWIR spectral region.
Personalized Approach to the Management of Barrett’s Esophagus, Perspectives from Gastroenterology:

Despite the rich literature and large number of guideline and consensus statements the management of patients with Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) remains controversial and demands careful thought when fa...
Residual Impedance Impact on MAX30001 Accuracy for Bioimpedance Applications

In this work, the accuracy of the MAX30001 integrated-circuit for impedance measurements in conditions with series residual impedance between excitation and sensing leads (representative of bioimpedance applications) is characterized. Resistance and reactance measurements of 2R -1 C configurations with| Z| < 200 Ω in the frequency band from 1 kHz to 128 kHz are collected with residuals from 0 Ω to 10 kΩ. In comparison to reference measurements without residuals, larger residual impedances decreased the accuracy of the MAX30001 reported measurements with the worst case observed for 10 kΩ.
The Subjective Experience of Word-Finding Difficulties in People With Aphasia: A Thematic Analysis of Interview Data

Purpose Anomia, or difficulty with naming and word finding, is a pervasive deficit among individuals with aphasia. There is an extensive literature on the mechanisms underlying anomia and on approa...
Text2Mol: Cross-Modal Molecule Retrieval with Natural Language Queries

We propose a new task, Text2Mol, to retrieve molecules using natural language descriptions as queries. Natural language and molecules encode information in very different ways, which leads to the exciting but challenging problem of integrating these two very different modalities. Although some work has been done on text-based retrieval and structure-based retrieval, this new task requires integrating molecules and natural language more directly. Moreover, this can be viewed as an especially challenging cross-lingual retrieval problem by considering the molecules as a language with a very unique grammar. We construct a paired dataset of molecules and their corresponding text descriptions, which we use to learn an aligned common semantic embedding space for retrieval. We extend this to create a cross-modal attention-based model for explainability and reranking by interpreting the attentions as association rules. We also employ an ensemble approach to integrate our different architectures, which significantly improves results from 0.372 to 0.499 MRR. This new multimodal approach opens a new perspective on solving problems in chemistry literature understanding and molecular machine learning.
The Speech Recognition Virtual Kitchen

This paper describes the “Speech Recognition Virtual Kitchen” environment which has the goals to promote community sharing of research techniques, foster innovative experimentation, and provide solid reference systems as a tool for education, research, and evaluation with a focus on, but not restricted to, speech and language research. The core of the research infrastructure is the use of Virtual Machines (VMs) that provide a consistent environment for experimentation. We liken the virtual machines to a “kitchen” because they provide the infrastructure into which one can install “appliances” (e.g., speech recognition tool-kits), “recipes” (scripts for creating state-of-the art systems), and “ingredients” (language data). A web-based community platform complements the VMs, to allow physically disconnected users to jointly explore VMs, learn from each other, and collaborate in research. In this demo, we present initial VMs that were mostly used for teaching classes at Carnegie Mellon and Ohio State University, and solicit feedback for an initial “hub”-style web-site.
Development of vapor phase hydrogen peroxide sterilization process for spacecraft applications

This paper will present test data and discussion on the work we are conducting at JPL to address the following issues: 1) efficacy of sterilization process; 2) diffusion of hydrogen peroxide under sterilization process conditions into hard to reach places; 3) materials and components compatibility with the sterilization process and 4) development of methodology to protect sensitive components from hydrogen peroxide vapor.
Staging growth : modernization, development, and the global Cold War

A timely reassessment of modernization theory and its international impact; Beginning in the 1950s, the theory of modernization emerged as the dominant paradigm of economic, social, and political develoment within the American foreign policy establishment. Purporting to explain the stages through which all nations pass on the road to industrial modernity, it provided a rationale for a broad range of cultural and political projects aimed at fostering Third World growth while simultaneously combating communism. But modernization theory was more than simply an expression of Cold War ideology. As the essays in this volume show, the ideal of modernization proliferated throughout the postcolonial world and across ideological lines in places as diverse as East Asia, Southern Africa, and South Asia. Indeed, it was embraced by all who shared the American enthusiasm for the increased production and higher standards of living promised by industrialization - enemies and allies alike. Situating modernization theory historically, Staging Growth avoids conventional chronologies and categories of analysis, particularly the traditional focus on conflicts between major powers. The contributors employ a variety of approaches - from economic and intellectual history to cultural criticism and biography - to shed fresh light on the global forces that shaped the Cold War and its legacies. Most of the pieces are comparative, exploring how different countries and cultures have grappled with the implications of modern development. At the same time, all of the essays address similar fundamental questions. Is modernization the same thing as Westernization? Is the idea of modernization universally valid? Do countries follow similar trajectories as they undertake development? Does modernization bring about globalization? In addition to the editors and Akira Iriye, contributors include Michael Adas, Laura Belmonte, Gregg Andrew Brazinsky, Christina Klein, J. Victor Koschmann, and Michael R. Mahoney.
Heterogeneous Data Integration with the Consensus Clustering Formalism

Meaningfully integrating massive multi-experimental genomic data sets is becoming critical for the understanding of gene function. We have recently proposed methodologies for integrating large numbers of microarray data sets based on consensus clustering. Our methods combine gene clusters into a unified representation, or a consensus, that is insensitive to mis-classifications in the individual experiments. Here we extend their utility to heterogeneous data sets and focus on their refinement and improvement. First of all we compare our best heuristic to the popular majority rule consensus clustering heuristic, and show that the former yields tighter consensuses. We propose a refinement to our consensus algorithm by clustering of the source-specific clusterings as a step before finding the consensus between them, thereby improving our original results and increasing their biological relevance. We demonstrate our methodology on three data sets of yeast with biologically interesting results. Finally, we show that our methodology can deal successfully with missing experimental values.
Microbial regulation of intestinal radiosensitivity.

We describe a method for treating germ-free (GF) mice with γ-irradiation and transplanting them with normal or genetically manipulated bone marrow while maintaining their GF status. This approach revealed that GF mice are markedly resistant to lethal radiation enteritis. Furthermore, administering lethal doses of total body irradiation to GF mice produces markedly fewer apoptotic endothelial cells and lymphocytes in the mesenchymal cores of their small intestinal villi, compared with conventionally raised animals that have acquired a microbiota from birth. Analysis of GF and conventionally raised Rag1-/- mice disclosed that mature lymphocytes are not required for the development of lethal radiation enteritis or the microbiota-associated enhancement of endothelial radiosensitivity. Studies of gnotobiotic knockout mice that lack fasting-induced adipose factor (Fiaf), a fibrinogen/angiopoietin-like protein normally secreted from the small intestinal villus epithelium and suppressed by the microbiota, showed that Fiaf deficiency results in loss of resistance of villus endothelial and lymphocyte populations to radiation-induced apoptosis. Together, these findings provide insights about the cellular and molecular targets involved in microbial regulation of intestinal radiosensitivity.
Disinfection of water using Pt- and Ag-doped TiO2 photocatalysts.

In this article we have reported heterogeneous photocatalytic disinfection using pristine and Ag- and Pt-doped nano TiO2 under near-UV light and solar light irradiation. Disinfection experiments were conducted in slurry reactors with Escherichia coli, artificial light and sunlight. The influence of various amounts of Pt and Ag loading (0.5% to 5%) on the E. coli inactivation was examined and results indicated that 5% Pt-TiO2 and 0.5% Ag-TiO2 showed the highest photocatalytic E. coli inactivation. The Pt- and Ag-doped photocatalysts were characterized using XPS and TEM analysis. The influence of experimental parameters such as various photocatalysts, photocatalyst concentration, reactor geometry effect, pH and temperature on the photocatalytic disinfection was studied. The experimental results show that sunlight or near-UV light with TiO2 photocatalyst strongly inactivates E.coli. The Ag-TiO2 photocatalyst was the most efficient photocatalyst tested for bactericidal activity. A plausible mechanism of photo...
Being overweight modifies the association between cardiovascular risk factors and microalbuminuria in adolescents.

The prevalence of childhood obesity has tripled since the middle 1980s and continues to increase.1,2 Overweight children and adolescents are thought to be at greater risk for earlier onset of cardiovascular and renal diseases in adulthood, which represents a major public health concern.3 Obesity and its metabolic consequences lead to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease.4 Increased urinary albumin excretion (microalbuminuria) is a marker of endothelial dysfunction and reflects renal and systemic endovascular damage.5–7 Microalbuminuria, which was originally used to predict the development of overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus,8–10 is now also considered to be an early marker of renal damage in nondiabetic subjects11 and an independent predictor of future cardiovascular disease in the general adult population.12–17 Indeed, some authors have even advocated screening for microalbuminuria and using it as a therapeutic target for identification and treatment of patients at increased risk for future cardiovascular disease.18–20 The association between cardiovascular risk factors and microalbuminuria in children is unclear, and previous studies came to seemingly discrepant conclusions. Studies with referral-based populations of overweight adolescents found that cardiovascular risk factors increased the risk for microalbuminuria,21–23 similar to findings observed among adults. However, studies with community-based populations found that overweight adolescents (with presumably more coexisting cardiovascular risk factors) actually had lower prevalence of microalbuminuria.24,25 To clarify this issue, we set out to determine how weight and cardiovascular risk factors were related to microalbuminuria in a large, nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States. On the basis of the literature reports described above, we hypothesized that the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and microalbuminuria might differ among overweight and nonoverweight adolescents.
Rational Design of Therapeutic siRNAs: Minimizing Off-targeting Potential to Improve the Safety of RNAi Therapy for Huntington's Disease

RNA interference (RNAi) provides an approach for the treatment of many human diseases. However, the safety of RNAi-based therapies can be hampered by the ability of small inhibitory RNAs (siRNAs) to bind to unintended mRNAs and reduce their expression, an effect known as off-target gene silencing. Off-targeting primarily occurs when the seed region (nucleotides 2–8 of the small RNA) pairs with sequences in 3′-UTRs of unintended mRNAs and directs translational repression and destabilization of those transcripts. To date, most therapeutic RNAi sequences are selected primarily for gene silencing efficacy, and later evaluated for safety. Here, in designing siRNAs to treat Huntington's disease (HD), a dominant neurodegenerative disorder, we prioritized selection of sequences with minimal off-targeting potentials (i.e., those with a scarcity of seed complements within all known human 3′-UTRs). We identified new promising therapeutic candidate sequences which show potent silencing in cell culture and mouse brain. Furthermore, we present microarray data demonstrating that off-targeting is significantly minimized by using siRNAs that contain “safe” seeds, an important strategy to consider during preclinical development of RNAi-based therapeutics.
Precision position measurement of moving atoms using optical fields.

We demonstrate optical techniques for precisely measuring the position of moving atoms. Micron spatial resolution is attained by the methods which ultimately will scale to yield nanometer resolution limited by the uncertainty principle.
The role of risk in franchising

Abstract The empirical literature on franchising suggests that the proportion of risk borne by franchisees increases as the amount of risk to be shared goes up. This has been interpreted by some as evidence that franchisors use franchising as a way to “shed” risk. This paper argues against this conclusion. First we show that the evidence is weak given the problems associated with measuring risk in franchising. Second, we show how a model emphasizing incentive issues and informational problems can give rise to the patterns found in the data. We conclude that risk shedding need not be invoked to explain franchising.
MRI study of immediate cell viability in focused ultrasound lesions in the rabbit brain

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cell viability in MR imaged focused ultrasound (FUS) lesions using cell-viability staining with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) and both light and electron microscopy. Ten paired ultrasonic lesions were created in 5 rabbit brains in vivo with an ultrasound beam of 1.5 MHz electrical power input to the transducer of 50 W and exposure duration of 15 seconds. T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) MRI was performed to detect the FUS lesions in the brain 4 hours after treatment, after which the animals were immediately euthanized. Lesion sizes were measured on TTC-stained specimens, histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE13:23–30. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Robust Volume-Based Approach for the Turbulent Mixing Efficiency

This paper considers the mixture fraction which is often used to quantify the turbulent mixing efficiency in fluid engineering devices. We contrast a volume-based approach, where the mixture fraction is quantified directly using the volume bounded by the interface between mixed versus pure fluid, to a surface-based approach that requires area integrals of all mixed-fluid interfaces. Experimentally, we investigate the resolution-scale robustness of the volume-based approach compared to the small-scale sensitivity of the surface-based approach. The difference in robustness between these approaches has implications for examining, modeling, and optimizing the turbulent mixing efficiency.
Involvement of choroid plexuses in neurosarcoidosis

A 43-year-old woman, known to have suffered from chronic multisystem sarcoidosis since the age of 28, developed a posterior fossa mass and obstructive hydrocephalus 2 years before death. At autopsy she was found to have hydrocephalus involving all four ventricles, mass lesions in the brain stem and cerebellum, and severe involvement of the choroid plexuses. The optic nerves and chiasm were also infiltrated with granulomas. Only minimal lesions were found in other parts of the brain.