cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
APPROXIMATELY RELATIVISTIC LAGRANGIANS FOR CLASSICAL INTERACTING POINT PARTICLES.

In part I of this series the general form to order ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ of approximately relativistic Lagrangians following from classical Poincar\'e-invariant variational principles of the Fokker type was established for point particles with two-body (neutral) interactons. In this paper the relativistic action principles discussed in I are generalized to include interactions involving classical isospin and the general form to order ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ of the associated approximate Lagrangians is obtained by the methods developed in I. The post-Newtonian interaction may contain up to six independent functions of the interparticle separation and of the isospin vectors of each particle, in addition to the Newtonian potential. Unlike the neutral interactions considered in I, nonsymmetry of the particles' variables in the relativistic interaction can be evident in order ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ as well as ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The form of the ten conservation laws following from Poincar\'e invariance and of the charge conservation law following from invariance under rotations about the three-direction in charge space as well as the corresponding approximate conservation laws are derived using Noether's theorem. Examples discussed include interactions allowing the definition of "adjunct fields" (including the scalar and vector meson interactions) and an interaction leading to correction terms in order ${c}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Administration and Society: Beyond Public Choice?

This paper involves an attempt at reconsidering public choice theory, with reference to its pertinence for public administration. The impetus for such reconsideration has been supplied by the claims of public choice theorists that their theory, as the economics of politics, is superior to its alternatives in political science and sociology. The Weberian theory of bureaucratic administration or bureaucracy has been a special target of public choice theorists on the grounds that it misconstrues bureaucrats as idealists in economic terms. The public choice solution is treating bureaucrats and other political subjects as rational utility optimizers, including profit-maximizers and rent-seekers. Public choice theorists claim that such a treatment has revolutionalized the theory of bureaucratic administration. The reconsideration does not provide prima facie support for these claims of public choice theorists.
Presentation, management, and outcomes of hyperparathyroidism in octogenarians and nonagenarians.

Various elective surgical procedures are routinely performed on patients ≥80 years of age. With primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), surgical management is the only treatment. The goal of this study was to compare presentation and outcome of patients ≥80 to that of those 24 h and disease recurrence and persistence, as well as morbidity rates, were all equivalent. Disease presentation of PHPT in patients ≥80 is similar to <80. Despite increased comorbidities, parathyroidectomy is a safe procedure in this patient population with a noted equivalent complication rate to younger patients. Operative management remains the only treatment. Patient age should not be a deterrent to offer curative surgical intervention.
Complete analysis of steady and transient missile aerodynamic/propulsive/plume flowfield interactions

The analysis of steady and transient aerodynamic/propulsive/ plume flowfield interactions utilizing several state-of-the-art computer codes PARCH, CRAFT, and SCHAFT) is discussed. These codes have been extended to include advanced turbulence models, generalized thermochemistry, and multiphase nonequilibrium capabilities. Several specialized versions of these codes have been developed for specific applications. This paper will present a brief overview of these codes followed by selected cases demonstrating steady and transient analyses of conventional as well as advanced missile systems. Areas requiring upgrades include turbulence modeling in a highly compressible environment and the treatment of particulates in general. Recent progress in these areas will be highlighted.
Pregnancy outcome in a comprehensive teenage-parent program

Abstract The Teenage-Parent Program (TAPP) in Louisville, Kentucky, was initiated in 1970 by the Board of Education and the YWCA in conjunction with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the School of Medicine of the University of Louisville. From 1970 through 1982, 2293 students were enrolled in the TAPP program. Data on the age distribution of the participants, race distribution, location of primary antenatal care, number of clinic visits, obstetrical problems, mode of delivery, and perinatal outcome are presented. This study shows that such programs can improve the health of these students, increase the use of contraceptives, and improve school attendance.
Parity Experiments in Beta Decays

A discussion of the two-component theory of the neutrino and its application to lepton conservation and pi - mu -e decays is given. The interactions responsible for beta decay are enumerated. (C.J. G.)
Czech Koruna and Polish Zloty: Spot and Currency Option Volatility Patterns

Exchange rate flexibility has facilitated an impressively fast insertion of the Czech koruna and the Polish zloty into the global currency market. However, exchange rate volatility patterns differ: Lower volatility is observed for the koruna against the euro relative to the U.S. dollar, while the opposite is true for the zloty, apparently related to earlier financial integration of the Czech Republic with Europe and early dollarization in Poland as a result of initial higher inflation rates. By contrast, the currency options market shows enhanced information content of both currencies against the euro reflected in the behavior of their implied volatility.
Separation of oxidized and unoxidized molecular species of phosphatidylcholine by high pressure liquid chromatography

Soy phosphatidylcholine (PC) has been separated into its major molecular species by reversephase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). An aqueous methanol gradient was used that allowed detection of the various species by their absorbance at 206 nm. Oxidized species were detected by their absorbance at 234 nm and were resolved from the unoxidized species. This technique has been used to separate and purify unoxidized dilinoleyl phosphatidylcholine (di 18∶2 PC) from other species of soy PC and to monitor the autoxidation of an aqueous suspension of the purified di 18∶2 PC. Two oxidized products were formed from di 18∶2 PC. Further analysis showed that they were PC, but one of the products contained an oxidized and an unoxidized fatty acid; in the other product, both fatty acids were oxidized.
Aberration correction in multiscale lenses

Multiscale lens design splits the field into subregions and attempts to correct the local wavefront error in each subfield rather than the global error. We review design principles and aberration theory underlying the approach.
The effect of a weighted vest on perceived health status and bone density in older persons

To assess the effect of an exercise intervention using a weighted vest on perceived health status and bone density in older persons, we enrolled 36 seniors in a randomized controlled trial. The vest-use group met weekly for 1 h for a low level exercise class. They wore a weighted vest during the class and as tolerated at home. The discussion controls met for 1 h weekly. At baseline and follow-up (20 weeks), subjects completed a questionnaire that included the 20 item MOS Short-Form Health Survey, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, and bone density was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects also completed daily activity diaries. Subjects in the vest group reported a statistically significant decrease in bodily pain, improved physical functioning, and increased internal health locus of control. Bone density increased by 1% in the vest group and decreased by 0.6% in the controls (p = 0.12). We conclude that our exercise intervention had a positive effect on some measures of perceived health in older persons.
Multiwavelet Discontinuous Galerkin-Accelerated Exact Linear Part (ELP) Method for the Shallow-Water Equations on the Cubed Sphere

Abstract In this paper a new approach is presented to increase the time-step size for an explicit discontinuous Galerkin numerical method. The attributes of this approach are demonstrated on standard tests for the shallow-water equations on the sphere. The addition of multiwavelets to the discontinuous Galerkin method, which has the benefit of being scalable, flexible, and conservative, provides a hierarchical scale structure that can be exploited to improve computational efficiency in both the spatial and temporal dimensions. This paper explains how combining a multiwavelet discontinuous Galerkin method with exact-linear-part time evolution schemes, which can remain stable for implicit-sized time steps, can help increase the time-step size for shallow-water equations on the sphere.
Protein for Preterm Infants: How Much is Needed? How Much is Enough? How Much is Too Much?

Preterm infants require considerably more protein to achieve normal intrauterine growth rates than is commonly fed to them during their first postnatal days. Continuing protein nutrition to maintain normal growth rates often is not achieved until several weeks after birth. Most very preterm infants do not receive the protein necessary to produce the 2-3 kilograms of body mass over a 12-16 week period of NICU care and, as a result, end up growth restricted by term, in lean body mass more than fat. This article reviews the requirements for protein and amino acids necessary to achieve normal growth and development of preterm infants. Protein requirements at 24-30 weeks' gestation are as high as 4 g/kg/day, decreasing to 2-3 g/kg/day by term. Individual amino acids are important not just as building blocks for protein synthesis and net protein balance, but also as essential signalling molecules for normal cellular function. Perhaps most importantly, brain growth and later life cognitive function are directly related to protein intake during the neonatal period in preterm infants. Data are reviewed that document successful increase in protein balance in preterm infants achieved with higher than usual rates of amino acid and protein nutrition, noting that positive protein balance requires at least 1.5 g/kg/day, but there still is increased protein balance up to 4 g/kg/day. Further research is necessary to determine optimal amounts and mixtures of protein and amino acids for both intravenous and enteral feeding to improve growth, development, and functional capacity of preterm infants.
Multicultural Children’s Literature as a Context for Teaching Mathematics for Cultural Relevance in Urban Schools

This article reports on a teacher-research study that used multicultural texts as a context for teaching mathematics for cultural relevance during an elementary mathematics methods course. The results of the study reveal that 28 % (5 out of 18) of the teacher candidates (TCs) chose books that were culturally contextual or culturally amenable. However, 89 % (16 out of 18) of the TCs chose texts that were mathematically robust or mathematically peripheral. Four focal TCs were selected to examine how they used the texts with children to teach mathematics concepts. Math lessons fostered academic success, cultural competence, and critical consciousness. Overall, the results of the study are mixed. We conclude that some TCs’ choice of texts may reflect indifference, passive resistance, low self-efficacy, school culture, and mixed messages from the teacher–researcher. Additional studies that include follow-up interviews and classroom observations are needed to determine the factors that influence TCs’ selections of multicultural texts and their implementation of culturally relevant pedagogy with students.
Import and orientation of the MWFE protein in mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase.

Abstract The MWFE subunit of the mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a small, essential membrane protein of 70 amino acids that is made in the cytosol, imported into mitochondria, and assembled without further proteolytic processing. The experiments identify the first ∼30 amino acids as a minimal mitochondrial targeting sequence, and establish its orientation in the inner membrane and in complex I. This sequence has a highly conserved glutamate at position 4, which is not typical of a mitochondrial targeting signal. However, it is not essential for MWFE function. Within this sequence there is also a ‘stop-transfer’ signal. The membrane anchor cannot be replaced by that from another subunit within complex I.
Contagion of the US subprime mortgage crisis to emerging and transitional economies: experience and possible lessons

The impact of the US subprime crisis on the Chinese and Vietnamese transitional and the Colombian and Mexican emerging economies is analysed. The constant mean returns model was estimated and used to derive the ?abnormal returns? on the share prices of these economies. The cumulative and the average abnormal returns were also calculated. The results revealed that the financial crisis affected each of these economies differently. As compared to the US share price behaviour, the empirical findings indicate that the subprime mortgage crisis? impact on the Mexican and the Vietnamese economies preceded, while its impact on the Chinese and Colombian economies followed the event month. This phenomenon is attributable to the fluid nature of the remittances by expatriate Mexican and Vietnamese from the USA to their home countries. These findings should be of special interest to policymakers in developing economies in formulating their national economic policies.
Polyadenylation of ribosomal RNA by Candida albicans.

Abstract Candida albicans is the leading fungal pathogen in immunocompromised patients such as those with AIDS and malignancies. It is a polymorphic organism existing as a unicellular yeast or as filamentous forms that include pseudohyphae and true hyphae. While studying the early period of hyphal transformation, comparing cDNAs from yeast to those in early transition, we were surprised to find 25S rRNA represented frequently in our differential display assays, suggesting that our reverse transcription with poly-T primers was copying rRNA with extended poly-A 3′ ends. We now report that both the yeast forms and germinating organisms polyadenylate some of their 25S rRNA transcripts. We also found a rapid and transient enhancement of this process upon stimulation with serum. These data indicate that 25S rRNA polyadenylation is part of the biological repertoire of C. albicans and its transient upregulation just prior to hyphal development raises the possibility of a regulatory role in this transition.
Stable (Long-Bonded) Dimers via the Quantitative Self-Association of Different Cationic, Anionic, and Uncharged π-Radicals: Structures, Energetics, and Optical Transitions

Unusual dimers with wide interplanar separations, that is, very long bonds with dD ≈ 3.05 A, are common to the spontaneous self-association of various organic π-radicals in solution and in the crystalline solid state, independent of whether they are derived from negatively charged anion radicals of planar electron acceptors (TCNE-•, TCNQ-•, DDQ-•, CA-•), positively charged biphenylene cation-radical (OMB+•), or neutral phenalene radical (PHEN•). All dimeric species are characterized by intense absorption bands in the near-IR region that are diagnostic of the charge-transfer transitions previously identified with intermolecular associations of various electron-donor/acceptor dyads. The extensive delocalizations of a pair of π-electrons accord with the sizable values of (i) the enthalpies (−ΔHD) and entropies (−ΔSD) of π-dimerization measured by quantitative UV−vis/EPR spectroscopies and (ii) the electronic coupling element Hab evaluated from the strongly allowed optical transitions, irrespective of whether...
Bead Coating: II. Effect of Spheronization Technique on Drug Release from Coated Spheres

AbstractThe effect of spheronization method on drug release from coated spheres may be evaluated by determining the drug release rate, the critical coating level and the release mechanism. Drug release is faster from pan beads than from marumerizer beads at the same coating level. An equation is proposed which indicates that the critical coating level is inversely proportional to sphere size and sphere density, which in turn results from the different spheronization techniques. From the calculation, the critical coating levels for 14/16 mesh cuts of marumerizer beads and pan beads are 12% and 18%, respectively. Disintegration, pore-control and barrier control are involved in the release mechanisms of drugs from coated pan beads.
Observations of Formic Acid in Hot Molecular Cores

We present BIMA Array observations of formic acid (HCOOH) in Galactic hot molecular cores. It has been found that among nearly 120 interstellar and circumstellar molecular species identified to date, the more complex and saturated organic species are usually observed in hot molecular cores—dense and warm molecular condensations associated with active star formation regions inside molecular clouds. Formic acid, one of the molecules in this category, shares common structural elements with both methyl formate (HCOOCH3) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). In this study, we successfully mapped HCOOH emission in three regions: Orion KL, Sgr B2, and W51. Column densities of HCOOH are above 1015 cm-2 in these sources. The derived HCOOH column density in Sgr B2(N-LMH) is comparable to the CH3COOH column density found by Mehringer et al. in 1997. Ethyl cyanide (C2H5CN) and HCOOCH3 emission spectra were also detected in several sources. The distribution of HCOOH emission is consistent with a surface chemistry origin for the species. The abundance ratios of HCOOH to C2H5CN and to HCOOCH3 vary by nearly 2 orders of magnitude from source to source.
A new anti-collision algorithm for identifying chipless RFID tags

A new methodology, based on short-time-matrix-pencil-method (STMPM) is proposed for separating IDs of multiple chipless RFID tags presented in the main beam of the reader antenna. In this approach, turn-on times of the complex natural resonances (CNRs) of the tags are employed as the roundtrip times of the tags from the antenna and by marking the tags with some specific resonances in addition to ID poles, the interfering poles from background objects and antennas in the reader zone are distinguished from the tag poles.
On invariant points and their influence on active vibration isolation

Abstract The performance of vibration isolation mounts in reducing transmission of vibrations from a machine to the large structure on which the machine is mounted is considered. The trade-offs between relative displacement, machine acceleration and structure acceleration that limit the performance of passive isolation systems are well known. Active isolation systems are also shown to suffer from some fundamental performance limitations due to the presence of invariant points. Two standard configurations––disturbance input being a force and disturbance input being a displacement––are considered. In each case, the presence of invariant points in the relative deflection and acceleration transfer functions limits the performance that can be obtained. In the case of the standard force disturbance configuration, an invariant point is shown to occur at the structural resonant frequency. In the case of the displacement disturbance input, the invariant points do not coincide with any resonant frequency and therefore good broadband performance can be obtained. An active control law that optimizes a quadratic performance index is obtained for this case. A semi-active version of the control law is implemented on a vibration test rig using a magneto-rheological fluid damper as an actuator. Experimental results confirm the predicted performance characteristics of the semi-active vibration isolation system.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Making Weight Watchers Available to Tennessee Medicaid (TennCare) Recipients

In 2006, Tennessee Medicaid (TennCare) offered its recipients access to Weight Watchers for a nominal fee. The aim of this study was to determine the weight change among adult participants. This is a retrospective analysis of weight change among overweight and obese TennCare recipients who participated in the program. Weight change was calculated as the median difference from the first date of participation to the last. Weight change was also calculated as median percentage change from initial weight and categorized as weight loss or gain of 0 to 5, ≥5 to 10, and ≥10 %. During the study period, 1,605 individuals started the program and 1192 had at least one follow-up weight measurement and thus met the inclusion criteria for the study. Women (n = 1149) had a BMI of 39.6 kg/m2 and men (n = 43) had a BMI of 43.0 kg/m2. The median weight loss for all participants was 1.9 kg, or 1.8 % of initial weight. Twenty percent of participants lost 5 % or more of their initial body weight while participating in the program. Over 13 % of participants only attended two meetings; on average, these participants lost 0.5 % of initial weight. Over 23 % of participants attended 13 or more meetings, and they lost an average of 6.4 % of initial weight. Twenty percent of TennCare recipients who joined Weight Watchers lost a clinically significant amount of weight. Participants who attended more meetings lost more weight. Reimbursement for Weight Watchers has been maintained by all of the Medicaid managed care organizations in Tennessee. Partnerships that allow low-income populations to access weight loss programs may provide a valuable weight management tool.
Preattentional and attentional cognitive deficits as targets for treating schizophrenia

Background and rationale Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia has traditionally targeted positive psychotic symptoms. An emerging view is that developing medications that improve cognition in schizophrenia patients is a major step forward in achieving better functional outcome. The cognitive deficits that are often observed in schizophrenia can be assessed using (1) neuropsychological tests; and (2) neurophysiological tests, the topic of this article. These neurophysiological measures cover a spectrum from automatic preattentional to attention-dependent processes.
Long-term contracts, consumption smoothing and wage-profit dynamics

Implicit contract theory stresses that stockholders' access to capital markets is superior to that of workers. This paper analyzes the implications of this assumption in an intertemporal context with uninsurable, macroeconomic risk. The optimal multiperiod contract between risk-averse stockholders and workers uses the firm as a financial intermediary and its retained earnings are their joint savings. A specific example is worked out that yields closed-form solutions for wages, profits and investment that are broadly consistent with their observed behavior over the business cycle.
Acquired renal cystic disease in children and young adults on maintenance dialysis.

Acquired renal cystic disease (ARCD) is a well-known complication of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We studied 24 patients, aged 8 – 27 years (mean 19.8±5.3 years), on chronic maintenance dialysis in our service. The duration of dialysis ranged between 13 and 192 months (mean 77.8±44.3 months). High-resolution ultrasonography revealed ARCD in 11 (45.8%) patients. No cysts were seen in 7 (29.1%) patients and solitary cysts in one or both kidneys were seen in 6 (25%) patients. Renal malignancy was diagnosed in 2 patients. One, 15 years old, had renal cell carcinoma after being on dialysis for 6 years. She did well after bilateral nephrectomy, left salpingo-oophorectomy, and regional lymphadenectomy. The second patient, 23 years old, had been on dialysis for 16 years when she developed renal oncocytoma. She died of congestive cardiomyopathy 6 months later. We conclude that ARCD is common in children and young adults with ESRD. Neoplastic transformation, although rare, is a potential complication. Annual follow-up with ultrasonography with selective use of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is advised.
Synthesis, oxidation and acid reactions of dinuclear cyclopentadienylrhodium carbonyl phosphine compounds

Abstract The dinuclear rhodium compounds (η 5 : η 5 -C 10 H 8 )[Rh(CO) 2 ] 2 , CH 2 [η 5 -C 5 H 4 Rh(CO) 2 ] 2 and CH 2 [η 5 -C 5 H 4 Rh(CO)] 2 -μ-CO react with triphenylphosphine to give rhodium carbonyl phosphine derivatives. Reactions of (η 5 : η 5 -C 10 H 8 )[Rh-(CO) 2 ] 2 , with bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and either CH 2 [η 5 -C 5 H 4 Rh(CO) 2 ] 2 or CH 2 [η 5 -C 5 H 4 Rh(CO)] 2 -μ-CO with tetramethyldiphosphine give products in which the diphosphine ligand links the two metal atoms. CH 2 {η 5 -C 5 H 4 Rh(CO)[(C 6 H 5 ) 3 -P]} 2 reacts with acids to form a stable, doubly protonated dication and does not give an identifiable product upon oxidation with ferrocinium hexafluorophosphate. In contrast, (η 5 : η 5 -C 10 H 8 )[Rh(CO)] 2 -μ-[(C 6 H 5 ) 2 P] 2 CH 2 and CH 2 [η 5 -C 5 H 4 Rh (CO)] 2 -μ-(CH 3 ) 4 P 2 react both with acids and ferrocinium hexafluoroborate to give stable, diamagnetic dications which must possess RhRh bonds. Reactions with acids are accompanied by dihydrogen evolution. Similarly, oxidations of (η 5 : η 5 -C 10 H 8 )[Rh(CO) 2 ] 2 and CH 2 [η 5 -C 5 H 4 Rh(CO) 2 ] 2 with ferrocinium hexafluoroborate yield diamagnetic, dicationic products. Analogous results have been previously reported for interactions of (η 5 : η 5 -C 10 H 8 ){(Rh(CO)[(C 6 H 5 ) 3 p])} 2 with acids and with ferrocinium hexafluoroborate.
The Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP): a personal view.

This essay relates the historic process that led to the development of the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) as an established component of ophthalmic training in the U.S.A. Begun in the early 1960s as an evaluative examination for residents at the University of Florida, the first national OKAP examination took place in May 1968, with over 85% of all eye training programs participating. It was later incorporated into the Continuing Education program of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, where it prospered. Beginning January 1980 the OKAP was combined with American Board of Ophthalmology exam, thus establishing a single, unified national exam.
The D-lemma: to screen or not to screen for 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations.

Until recently, there has been little interest in the medical and pediatric communities regarding the vitamin D status of their patients. It had been assumed that everyone was vitamin D sufficient and that only those patients with fat-malabsorption syndromes were at risk(1). African Americans were at risk because of their sunscreening skin pigment, but little attention was placed on their vitamin D status because African Americans were at less risk of fracture than Caucasians. The introduction of drugs to treat osteoporosis made physicians aware that vitamin D deficiency was a contributing factor for osteoporosis. Vitamin D made in the skin or ingested from the diet is converted in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]1 (1)(2), the major circulating form of vitamin D used for evaluating the vitamin D status of patients. 25(OH)D is hydroxylated in the kidneys to form the biologically active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D](1)(2). Because most children and adults were assumed to be vitamin D sufficient when reference intervals for 25(OH)D were determined, values ranged from 10 μg/L (ng/mL) to 55 μg/L. Studies of adults that evaluated parathyroid hormone (PTH) with 25(OH)D revealed, however, that PTH concentrations began to plateau at 30–40 μg/L(3). Healthy adults receiving vitamin D and calcium supplementation who had blood 25(OH)D concentrations between 11 μg/L and 19 μg/L demonstrated substantial decreases in their PTH concentrations, whereas adults with a 25(OH)D concentration between 20 μg/L and 25 μg/L had no significant change in PTH, suggesting that vitamin D deficiency should be defined as a 25(OH)D concentration <20 μg/L(4). Postmenopausal women whose 25(OH)D concentration increased from approximately 20 μg/L to approximately 32 μg/L had a 65% increase in intestinal calcium absorption(5). Thus, vitamin D deficiency was defined as a 25(OH)D concentration of <20 μg/L, …
Inhibition of a Transcriptional Pause by RNA Anchoring to RNA Polymerase

We describe a mechanism by which nascent RNA inhibits transcriptional pausing. PutL RNA of bacteriophage HK022 suppresses transcription termination at downstream terminators and pausing within a nearby U-rich sequence. In vitro transcription and footprinting assays reveal that this pausing results from backtracking of RNA polymerase and that binding of nascent putL RNA to polymerase limits backtracking by restricting re-entry of the transcript into the RNA exit channel. The restriction is local and relaxes as the transcript elongates. Our results suggest that putL RNA binds to the surface of polymerase close to the RNA exit channel, a region that includes amino acid residues important for antitermination. Although binding is essential for antipausing and antitermination, these two activities of put differ: antipausing is limited to the immediate vicinity of the putL site, but antitermination is not. We propose that RNA anchoring to the elongation complex is a widespread mechanism of pause regulation.
Sample size requirements and analysis of tag recoveries for paired releases of lake trout

Abstract A simple chi-square test can be used to analyze recoveries from a paired-release experiment to determine whether differential survival occurs between two groups of fish. The sample size required for analysis is a function of (1) the proportion of fish stocked, (2) the expected proportion at recovery, (3) the level of significance (∝) at which the null hypothesis is tested, and (4) the power (1 – β) of the statistical test. Detection of a 20% change from a stocking ratio of 50: 50 requires a sample of 172 (∝ = 0.10; 1 – β = 0.80) to 459 (∝ = 0.01; 1 – β = 0.95) fish. Pooling samples from replicate pairs is sometimes an appropriate way to increase statistical precision without increasing numbers stocked or sampling intensity. Summing over time is appropriate if catchability or survival of the two groups of fish does not change relative to each other through time. Twelve pairs of identical groups of yearling lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were marked with coded wire tags and stocked into Lake Ontar...
Increased recombination and selection in barley populations carrying a male sterility factor II. Genotypic frequencies at marker loci

Increased recombination and selection in barley populations carrying a male sterility factor II. Genotypic frequencies at marker loci
Effects of born repulsion on particle detachment

The effect of short range Born repulsion on the total interaction energy of unlike spheres has been investigated, with superimposed London-van der Waals and electrostatic contributions. The latter was calculated using the recently derived model based on the two-dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Specifically, the energy profile as a function of separation is discussed as it relates to the particle detachment process.
Relative rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with isopropyl alcohol, diethyl and DI-n-propyl ether at 305 ± 2 K

Abstract Relative rate constants have been obtained for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with isopropyl alcohol and diethyl and di- n -propyl ether in environmental chamber photooxidation studies employing hydrocarbon—NO x mixtures in air at 1 atmosphere and 305 ± 2 K. These results were obtained from measurements of the relative rates of disappearance of these compounds on the previously validated basis that OH radicals are dominantly responsible for their disappearance in the initial stages of reaction under the experimental conditions employed. Absolute rate constants, obtained by using the published rate constant for OH + isobutene of 3.05 × 10 10 l mole −1 s −1 are ( k × 10 −9 l mole −1 s −1 ): isopropyl alcohol, 4.3 ± 1.3, diethyl ether, 5.6 ± 1.1; and di- n -propyl ether, 10.4 ± 2.1. No previous determinations of these rate constants have been reported.
Bridge-Dependent Interfacial Electron Transfer from Rhenium−Bipyridine Complexes to TiO2 Nanocrystalline Thin Films

We have measured the electron injection kinetics of four rhenium−bipyridine complexes (Re1C, ReEC, Re1TC, and Re2TC) on TiO2 nanocrystalline films using transient infrared spectroscopy. The self-assembled monolayer formation of these complexes was characterized by UV−visible spectroscopy, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These complexes bind to the TiO2 surface through the formation of carboxylate groups, and these self-assembled layers are approximately a monolayer. The kinetics studies address the effect of insulating and conjugated spacers and the length of conjugation on the electron-transfer process. The insulating bridge leads to a slower injection rate and poorer injection yield compared with the conjugated spacers. The electron injection of Re2TC was found to be a fast, high-yielding, and multiple electron injector process. The ground and electronically excited states of the dye complexes were characterized using ground-state and time-dependent den...
Determination of tin salts in fats

Tin compounds in both the oxidation states of II and IV can be determined directly in the fat or oil, using a solution of pyrocatechol violet in ethyl acetate and methanol. This method provides a rapid estimation of tin in the range of 5–54 µg/g of fat with either solid or liquid samples. The stability of the color with respect to both oxidation states and the effects of fat and free fatty acid levels are discussed.
Finding Optimal Functioning in a Sexist World: A Social Justice Challenge

Focusing in on a point of convergence among the three reactions generously shared regarding Yoder, Snell, and Tobias (2012), the author revisits our original interpretation of the configuration we labeled awakening feminism as well as its implications for counseling practice. Rather than regard awakening feminism as a distressful stage through which some college students may pass on the way to established feminism, the infusion of a social justice agenda into our very definition of optimal individual and collective functioning may call for the merger of a strong sense of justice entitlement (along with some personal entitlement)—as the hallmarks of awakening feminism—into established feminism. Because established feminism is associated with generally favorable individual, interpersonal, and collective outcomes, some college women may be able to not only (personally) withstand but also (politically) benefit from some moral outrage, thus finding optimal functioning in both personal well-being and a social j...
Time-domain filter bank analysis: a new design theory

The authors present a new time-domain approach for the analysis and design of a broad class of general analysis/synthesis systems based on M-band filter banks. They derive a set of time-domain conditions for reconstruction which can be used directly in a filter bank design procedure. The general and unrestricted nature of this framework allows for the design of many useful banks. In addition to the complete derivation of the time-domain conditions, they also describe the associated filter bank design procedure and a number of design examples are included. >
Combined inhibition of Wee1 and PARP1/2 for radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer

Purpose: While the addition of radiation to chemotherapy improves survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, more effective therapies are urgently needed. Thus, we investigated the radiosensitizing efficacy of the novel drug combination of Wee1 and PARP1/2 inhibitors (AZD1775 and olaparib, respectively) in pancreatic cancer. Experimental Design: Radiosensitization of AsPC-1 or MiaPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells was assessed by clonogenic survival and tumor growth assays. Mechanistically, the effects of AZD1775, olaparib, and radiation on cell cycle, DNA damage (γH2AX), and homologous recombination repair (HRR) were determined. Results: Treatment of AsPC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells with either AZD1775 or olaparib caused modest radiosensitization, whereas treatment with the combination significantly increased radiosensitization. Radiosensitization by the combination of AZD1775 and olaparib was associated with G 2 checkpoint abrogation and persistent DNA damage. In addition, AZD1775 inhibited HRR activity and prevented radiation-induced Rad51 focus formation. Finally, in vivo , in MiaPaCa-2–derived xenografts, olaparib did not radiosensitize, whereas AZD1775 produced moderate, yet significant, radiosensitization ( P P Conclusions: Taken together, these results demonstrate the efficacy of combined inhibition of Wee1 and PARP inhibitors for radiosensitizing pancreatic cancers and support the model that Wee1 inhibition sensitizes cells to PARP inhibitor–mediated radiosensitization through inhibition of HRR and abrogation of the G 2 checkpoint, ultimately resulting in unrepaired, lethal DNA damage and radiosensitization. Clin Cancer Res; 20(19); 5085–96. ©2014 AACR .
Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation of Benzene-Toluene-Ethylbenzene-Xylene-Ethanol Mixtures in Bioaugmented Aquifer Columns

Methanogenic flowthrough aquifer columns were used to investigate the potential of bioaugmentation to enhance anaerobic benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (BTEX) degradation in groundwater contaminated with ethanol-blended gasoline. Two different methanogenic consortia (enriched with benzene or toluene and o-xylene) were used as inocula. Toluene was the only hydrocarbon degraded within 3 years in columns that were not bioaugmented, although anaerobic toluene degradation was observed after only 2 years of acclimation. Significant benzene biodegradation (up to 88%) was observed only in a column bioaugmented with the benzene-enriched methanogenic consortium, and this removal efficiency was sustained for 1 year with no significant decrease in permeability due to bioaugmentation. Benzene removal was hindered by the presence of toluene, which is a more labile substrate under anaerobic conditions. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the highest numbers of bssA gene copies (coding for benzylsuccinate synthase) occurred in aquifer samples exhibiting the highest rate of toluene degradation, which suggests that this gene could be a useful biomarker for environmental forensic analysis of anaerobic toluene bioremediation potential. bssA continued to be detected in the columns 1 year after column feeding ceased, indicating the robustness of the added catabolic potential. Overall, these results suggest that anaerobic bioaugmentation might enhance the natural attenuation of BTEX in groundwater contaminated with ethanol-blended gasoline, although field trials would be needed to demonstrate its feasibility. This approach may be especially attractive for removing benzene, which is the most toxic and commonly the most persistent BTEX compound under anaerobic conditions.
An interdisciplinary approach to treating prostate cancer

Urologists often are faced with challenges in treating men with metastatic prostate cancer. Although historically chemotherapy has had limited utility in treating this disease, therapeutic nihilism surrounding its use is no longer warranted, as demonstrated by results of 2 recent randomized clinical trials showing that docetaxel-based chemotherapy improves survival in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Although the survival benefit was a modest 2 months, the results hold the promise that docetaxel-based treatment in earlier-stage disease may provide a longer survival advantage. The Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 90203 and TAX 3501 studies are phase 3 neoadjuvant and adjuvant radical prostatectomy trials designed to assess the role of docetaxel in patients with high-risk localized disease. These 2 trials, along with the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 9921 trial, which will assess the potential for adjuvant mitoxantrone, are paving the way for earlier systemic treatment. The need for better therapies for patients routinely seen in the urology clinic and the potential for improvements with chemotherapy necessitate an increasing collaboration between urologists and oncologists. Referral to a medical oncologist for a full discussion of treatment options is in the best interest of patients with HRPC, and patients at high-risk for treatment failure should be encouraged to consider clinical trial enrollment.
‘Perhaps the most important primary good’: self-respect and Rawls’s principles of justice:

The article begins by reconstructing the just distribution of the social bases of self-respect, a principle of justice that is covert in Rawls’s writing. I argue that, for Rawls, justice mandates that each social basis for self-respect be equalized (and, as a second priority, maximized). Curiously, for Rawls, that principle ranks higher than Rawls’s two more famous principles of justice - equal liberty and the difference principle. I then recall Rawls’s well-known confusion between self-respect and another form of self-appraisal, namely, confidence in one’s determinate plans and capacities. Correcting that confusion forces Rawls to accept objectionable and illiberal politics. Surprisingly, a consistent Rawls must endorse absolute economic equality, deny liberty any priority whatsoever, or sponsor still other illiberal political views - evidence of a flaw in the ethical basis of Rawls’s politics.
Hot Buttons and Time Sinks: The Effects of Electronic Communication During Nonwork Time on Emotions and Work-Nonwork Conflict

As advances in communication technologies have made organizations more easily connected to their workforce outside of normal work hours, there is increased concern that employees may experience hei...
Chemokine receptor-dependent alloresponses

Summary: Immunologists have typically viewed alloreactivity schematically as a function of antigen presentation, expansion of alloreactive T and B cells within regional lymphoid tissues, and cellular infiltration and destruction of an allograft. Actual details of the steps between immune activation and accumulation of effector cells within a graft typically have not received much attention. However, just how cells ‘know’ to move to and migrate within a graft or not is proving to be of increasing interest, as the chemokine-dependent mechanisms underlying leukocyte recruitment to a transplant are dissected. Experimentally, chemokine receptor targeting can prolong or induce permanent allograft survival, despite preservation of alloresponses within secondary lymphoid tissues, whereas current immunosuppressive protocols have only modest effects on chemokine production and leukocyte homing. Recent knowledge of the chemokine-dependent nature of allograft rejection, acceptance, and tolerance induction are presented as a basis for understanding the rationale for preclinical trials of chemokine receptor-targeted therapies currently underway in primate recipients of solid organ allografts.
Central venous catheter-associated infections *

Most patients in the hospital need vascular access: a peripheral venous line, a short-term non-cuffed central venous catheter (CVC), a long-term cuffed CVC, an implantable port or an arterial line. Such devices, although often indispensable and of benefit, may have the disadvantage of mechanical complications, local exit-site infections or catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CRBSI). Apart from peripheral venous lines, non-cuffed CVCs are the most frequent catheter type in hospitals. The risk for CRBSI of such catheters is high with an incidence density of 2 to 7 episodes per 1000 catheter-days depending on ward-type, institution and geographical region. This review describes the epidemiology, the frequency and the risk of CRBSI among non-cuffed CVCs, provides accepted definitions as well as descriptions of diagnostic techniques and highlights various prevention measures.
Bimatoprost – a review

Bimatoprost is a synthetic prostamide analog that is efficacious in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension and other forms of glaucoma. It reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing uveoscleral and trabecular outflow. When used as a 0.03% topical preparation once daily, it demonstrates sustained lowering of IOP of 7 - 8 mmHg over a 24-h period. The drug has been found to be more effective than timolol. In some studies it has shown greater ability to lower IOP when compared with other prostaglandin analogs; whereas in others all three clinically used prostaglandin analogs were found to be equally effective. It shows good IOP reduction when used in combination with other glaucoma medications. A common side effect includes mild conjunctival hyperemia, which is generally reversible. Other side effects include periorbital pigmentation, discomfort, ocular surface hyperemia and skin changes. Pharmacoeconomic data indicate that bimatoprost is cost effective in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma.
5-Lipoxygenase, leukotrienes, and regulation of inflammatory responses

5-Lipoxygenses are enzymes in leukocytes and mast cells that oxidize arachidonic acid to 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, which is in turn converted to a variety of products including leukotriene B4 and the sulfidoleukotrienes (LTC 4, LTD4 and LTE4). These substances exert a broad range of biologic actions including effects on cell migration, enzyme secretion, smooth muscle contraction in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and vascular permeability. Considerable evidence now implicates these products in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory responses in vivo as well as in acute allergic reactions affecting the airway and skin.
Diagnosis and endovascular treatment of iliocaval compression syndrome.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and endovascular treatment of iliocaval compression syndrome (ICS). Patients and Methods: During a 3-year period, 18 patients (17 women, 1 man; mean age, 42 years) presented with clinical and imaging findings consistent with ICS. All patients were evaluated with venography and Doppler ultrasound (DUS), 13 of 18 with intravascular pressure measurements, 12 of 18 with intravascular ultrasound, 9 of 18 with air plethysmography (APG), and 4 of 18 with magnetic resonance venography. Seventeen patients were treated with endovascular stenting, one was treated with angioplasty alone, and six received adjunct thrombolysis. Results: Despite the presence of stenosis or occlusion in all cases, APG indicated no iliac vein obstruction (outflow fraction ≥ 40%) in nine patients. DUS revealed acute (6) or chronic (7) unilateral iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis in 13 of 18 patients, whereas the results of five of 18 DUS studies were normal. Recanalization and stent placement (n = 17) or angioplasty (n = 1) was achieved in all patients. The average pressure gradient was 5.6 mm Hg preprocedure and 0.6 mm Hg postprocedure. The primary patency rate demonstrated with DUS (n = 17) and venography (n = 7) at 6 months was 89%. The primary patency rate at 12 months was 79%. Conclusions: ICS often presents as sudden unilateral left lower extremity pain and swelling in young to middle-aged female patients after pregnancy, surgery, or a period of inactivity. Venography, intravascular ultrasound, and magnetic resonance venography demonstrate high sensitivity, whereas APG–outflow fraction demonstrates low sensitivity in the diagnosis of ICS. Endovascular stenting and angioplasty provide safe and effective early and intermediate-term treatment of symptomatic ICS. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:106-13.)