cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modality of RRT and Recovery of Kidney Function after AKI in Patients Surviving to Hospital Discharge

Background and objectives Observational evidence has suggested that RRT modality may affect recovery after AKI. It is unclear whether initial choice of intermittent hemodialysis or continuous RRT affects renal recovery, survival, or development of ESRD in critically ill patients when modality choice is made primarily on hemodynamics. Design, setting, participants, & measurements We performed a retrospective cohort study examining adults (≥18 years old) admitted to intensive care units from 2000 to 2008 who received RRT for AKI and survived to hospital discharge or 90 days. We analyzed renal recovery (alive and not requiring RRT) and reasons for nonrecovery (death or ESRD) at 90 and 365 days. Conditional multivariable logistic regression was used to assess differences in renal recovery at 90 and 365 days between continuous RRT and intermittent hemodialysis. Models were stratified by propensity for continuous RRT and adjusted for age and reference creatinine. Results Of 4738 patients with Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes stage 3 AKI, 1338 (28.2%) received RRT, and 638 (47.7%) survived to hospital discharge (353 intermittent hemodialysis and 285 continuous RRT). Recovery from AKI was lower for intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous RRT at 90 days (66.6% intermittent hemodialysis versus 75.4% continuous RRT; P =0.02) but similar at 365 days (54.1% intermittent hemodialysis versus 59.6% continuous RRT; P =0.17). In multivariable analysis, there was no difference in odds of recovery at 90 or 365 days for patients initially treated with continuous RRT versus intermittent hemodialysis (90 days: odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.55; P =0.20; 365 days: odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 1.2; P =0.55). Conclusions We found no significant difference in hazards for nonrecovery or reasons for nonrecovery (mortality or ESRD) with intermittent hemodialysis versus continuous RRT. These results suggest that, when initial RRT modality is chosen primarily on hemodynamics, renal recovery and clinical outcomes in survivors are similar between intermittent hemodialysis and continuous RRT.
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity Predicts Responsiveness to Memory Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Objective To explore how individual differences affect rehabilitation outcomes by specifically investigating whether working memory capacity (WMC) can be used as a cognitive marker to identify who will and will not improve from memory rehabilitation. Design Post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial designed to treat learning and memory impairment after traumatic brain injury (TBI): 2 × 2 between-subjects quasiexperimental design (2 [group: treatment vs control] × 2 [WMC: high vs low]). Setting Nonprofit medical rehabilitation research center. Participants Participants (N=65) with moderate to severe TBI with pre- and posttreatment data. Interventions The treatment group completed 10 cognitive rehabilitation sessions in which subjects were taught a memory strategy focusing on learning to use context and imagery to remember information. The placebo control group engaged in active therapy sessions that did not involve learning the memory strategy. Main Outcome Measure Long-term memory percent retention change scores for an unorganized list of words from the California Verbal Learning Test-II. Results Group and WMC interacted ( P =.008, η p 2 =.12). High WMC participants showed a benefit from treatment compared with low WMC participants. Individual differences in WMC accounted for 45% of the variance in whether participants with TBI in the treatment group benefited from applying the compensatory treatment strategy to learn unorganized information. Conclusions Individuals with higher WMC showed a significantly greater rehabilitation benefit when applying the compensatory strategy to learn unorganized information. WMC is a useful cognitive marker for identifying participants with TBI who respond to memory rehabilitation with the modified Story Memory Technique.
Free-oscillation coupling theory

The free oscillations of an elastic, spherical earth model can be combined using variational or Galerkin techniques to form hybrid oscillations that represent the free oscillations of a rotating, anelastic and laterally-variable earth model. With supercomputers and/or array processors, it is feasible to synthesize realistic long-period seismograms from sums of these coupled free oscillations. Such calculations demonstrate pervasive coupling between toroidal (SH, Love) and spheroidal (P-SV, Rayleigh) motion in surface wave with periods Τ > 240s due to the earth’s rotation, and show these effects to be especially prevalent on north-south propagation paths. Surface-wave propagation effects, such as wavepacket amplitude anomalies, can also be modelled. Theoretical techniques have been developed to represent functionals of the seismogram (e.g. modal amplitude and frequency shift in the frequency domain, the oscillation envelope of an isolated multiplet in the time domain) in the presence of mode-mode coupling. These techniques promise, along with recent work on the coupling induced by anisotropy, a significant improvement in the accuracy of future inversions of the global long-period seismic data set.
Role of calcium in organic osmolyte efflux when MDCK cells are shifted from hypertonic to isotonic medium

Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells accumulate the nonperturbing osmolytes myo-inositol and betaine when grown in hypertonic medium. When returned to isotonic conditions, there is a transient basolateral efflux of these osmolytes, contributing to regulatory volume decrease. Using fura-2 fluorescence, we estimated intracellular calcium concentrations after switching MDCK cells from 500 to 300 mosM medium. Cell calcium increased 565 +/- 93 nM within 5 min. Lowering extracellular calcium inhibited the increase in cell calcium and osmolyte efflux when cells were shifted from 500 to 300 mosM medium. The calcium channel blockers lanthanum and nifedipine also inhibited osmolyte efflux after the shift from 500 to 300 mosM. In the absence of change in medium tonicity, increasing cell calcium by exposure to 1 microM ionomycin did not alter osmolyte efflux. As in PAP-HT25 cells, the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors ketoconazole and SKF-525A inhibited the efflux of both osmolytes caused by a reduction in osmolarity. Thus an early rise in cell calcium that is dependent on extra-cellular calcium and a pathway blocked by inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 oxidase are critical in regulation of osmolyte efflux when MDCK cells are shifted from hypertonic to isotonic medium.
Older Adults Developing a Preference for Living Apart Together

What is understood about late life partner relationships is largely based on long-term marriage, with little attention given to understanding the process of forming new partnerships in older adulthood. However, marked growth in cohabitation and greater awareness of living apart together (LAT) suggests a need for further investigation. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to explore how decisions about LAT are made among later-life men and women. Twenty-five participants completed life history calendars and semistructured interviews that examined how their current relationships evolved into LAT. Seven contributing factors were identified: relational and personal goals, age, caregiver burden, partner factors, relationship histories, and shifts in social mores. What participants were “doing” during the process of deciding to live apart together was working to resolve their long-held and often ingrained beliefs about romantic relationships. Three preferences for LAT emerged from this study: opposing, ambivalent, and advocating. Future directions for research are discussed.
Ninety Day Subchronic Toxicity of N-2-Fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) In C57BL/6j and BALB/cStCr1BR Mice

SummarySubchronic (90 day) toxicity of N-2-fluorenylacetamide has been investigated in male and female C57BL/6j and BALB/cStrCr1BR strain mice. No signs of toxicity were observed with dietary levels ranging from 0.001-0.05% 2-FAA. A dose dependent urinary bladder epithelial hyperplasia was seen in both strains with the males being more susceptible than the females. Squamous metaplasia of the urinary bladder was observed in the BALB/c mice with the male response being double that of the female. One urinary bladder carcinoma was found in a BALB/c male at the 0.025 and 0.05% 2-FAA levels. Adrenal gland spindle cell hyperplasia was more pronounced in the females of both strains. Males of both strains had urinary bladder concretions. No other significant histopathological changes were observed.
Application of a distributed process-based hydrologic model to estimate the effects of forest road density on stormflows in the Southern Appalachians

Managed forests have historically been linked to watershed protection and flood mitigation. Research indicates that forests can potentially minimize peak flows during storm events, yet the relationship between forests and flooding is complex. Forest roads, usually found in managed systems, can potentially magnify the effects of forest harvesting on water yields. The distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model was successfully calibrated at an hourly time step for a 760-ha watershed in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. The impacts of forest road density were modeled using uniform input parameters but changing road densities. Road densities tested were 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 4.3, 6.0, and 12.0 km km-2. Results indicate that increases in road density increased average stormflow volume by as much as 17.5% when road densities increased from 0.5 to 4.3 km km-2 (P<  0.05). Overall, model simulations suggest that minimizing road density necessitated by the land use and appropriate forest road best management practices can be used to minimize impacts on stormflow.
Factor Analysis of a Search Self-Efficacy Scale

Participants in information search studies are often asked to characterize their search expertise using questionnaires provided by researchers. These questionnaires often contain ad hoc sets of items in part because there are no valid and reliable measures of search experience. In this paper, we present results of an exploratory factor analysis of 327 responses to a 14-item Search Self-Efficacy scale (SSE) that we have been using as a way to measure search experience in our research. The responses come from eight different interactive information retrieval (IIR) studies, which we have conducted over the last six years, with a variety of participant types: university students, participants from the general adult population and crowd-sourced participants. The purpose of this analysis is to understand the variation in search self-efficacy scores across different types of people and to evaluate the potential of the SSE scale as a tool for measuring search experience. Overall, participants from all eight studies reported similar levels of search self-efficacy; the overall average from all eight studies was 7.47 (items scored on a 10-point scale) with little variance (standard deviation=1.36). Both the lowest and highest scores (7.1 and 7.8) were observed in studies involving the general adult population. A factor analysis showed that the questionnaire items load onto six factors, although only four had sufficient numbers of items loading on them. These four factors represent overall task success, effective use of time, query development skills, and advanced search skills.
These Formulas Defeated Me Completely

And so it was that toward the end of January 1913, or perhaps in the first days of February, Hardy, over breakfast in his rooms at Trinity College, in Cambridge, received a curious letter from India containing nine pages of Ramanujan’s original mathematical work.
Interpretative Frameworks of Disaster in Society Close-up

Abstract This chapter aims to examine the question of how disaster researchers can use maps to locate “culture” and “local knowledge” in supposedly objective representations of disaster. As an anthropologist studying disaster, I attempt to present a close-up view of the cultural layering processes of interpreting maps of a disaster to argue that using maps achieves both the naturalization of the disaster and essentialization of hazards by habituating an interpretative framework in metaphorically containing and literally delimiting an emergent unknown. By juxtaposing five types of maps materialized in interpreting the Fukushima nuclear disaster, I argue that maps are both interpretative habits and material objects that presuppose and entail the lived experience of the disaster containment. This observation suggests the importance of historicizing the location of our study—predisaster of a disaster—in gaining a more holistic view of the disaster. For disaster researchers, map(s), as a historically meaningful series of signs of society and actions in society, are a useful analytical tool to use in identifying the work of semiotic reterritorialization—a materialization technology of a belief in which a propositional representation of an abstract layering of signs is presented and acted as if it is the only tangible, thus, plausible evidence of the belief.
Estimation of entropy rate and Rényi entropy rate for Markov chains

Estimation of the entropy rate of a stochastic process with unknown statistics, from a single sample path is a classical problem in information theory. While universal estimators for general families of processes exist, the estimates have not been accompanied by guarantees for fixed-length sample paths. We provide finite sample bounds on the convergence of a plug-in type estimator for the entropy rate of a Markov chain in terms of its alphabet size and its mixing properties. We also discuss Renyi entropy rate estimation for reversible Markov chains.
The case for adopting virtual manipulatives in mathematics education for students with disabilities

The past four decades have generated significant research toward improving the academic outcomes of students with disabilities, especially in the field of mathematics. In this effort, the role of t...
DNA Repair in Drosophila: Mutagens, Models, and Missing Genes.

The numerous processes that damage DNA are counterbalanced by a complex network of repair pathways that, collectively, can mend diverse types of damage. Insights into these pathways have come from studies in many different organisms, including Drosophila melanogaster. Indeed, the first ideas about chromosome and gene repair grew out of Drosophila research on the properties of mutations produced by ionizing radiation and mustard gas. Numerous methods have been developed to take advantage of Drosophila genetic tools to elucidate repair processes in whole animals, organs, tissues, and cells. These studies have led to the discovery of key DNA repair pathways, including synthesis-dependent strand annealing, and DNA polymerase theta-mediated end joining. Drosophila appear to utilize other major repair pathways as well, such as base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and interstrand crosslink repair. In a surprising number of cases, however, DNA repair genes whose products play important roles in these pathways in other organisms are missing from the Drosophila genome, raising interesting questions for continued investigations.
Innovation in Team Interaction: New Methods for Assessing Collaboration Between Brains and Bodies Using a Multi-level Framework

As research on teams becomes increasingly sophisticated, scientists face challenges related to understanding collaboration at multiple levels of analysis, beyond that of the individual or the group alone. Grounded in Hackman’s work on interaction and levels of analysis, this chapter explores theory development for understanding team collaboration from multiple perspectives. We argue that to enhance and improve the study of collaboration and to increase explanatory power, the development of theory must focus not only on the major issues at each level, micro, meso, macro, but also issues that cross these levels of analysis in team interaction. This method of cross-level analysis provides insight on some of the causal factors related to better understanding collaboration effectiveness. Furthermore, this chapter explores the need to leverage complementarity within and between disciplines to enhance our understanding of team interaction and to provide a more holistic method for assessing collaboration in a variety of complex domains.
Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis: Past, Present and Future

Abstract One of the most important challenges facing control system engineers is the design and implementation of intelligent control systems that can assist operators to make supervisory control decisions such as abnormal situations management (ASM), start up and shut down, controller performance assessment and so on. Operator failure to exercise the appropriate supervisory control decisions often have an adverse effect on product quality, process safety, occupational health and environmental impact. The economic impact of such abnormal situations is enormous; about $20 billion/year in losses in the petrochemical industries alone in the US. Furthermore, process safety, occupational health and environmental hazards are ever increasing in importance in response to heightening public concern and the resultant tightening of regulations. Thus, there exists considerable incentive in developing intelligent control systems that can provide automated operator assistance for supervisory control situations for complex process plants. People in the process industries view this as the next major challenge in control systems research and application. The automation of process fault detection and diagnosis forms the first step in automating supervisory control and ASM. In this paper, I present an overview of the various approaches to fault diagnosis, challenges we face and encouraging emerging trends. The recent progress has promising implications on the use of intelligent systems for inherently safer design, operator training, abnormal situation management, process hazards analysis and optimal process operations.
Using Gratitude to Promote Positive Change: A Series of Meta-Analyses Investigating the Effectiveness of Gratitude Interventions

Gratitude interventions have been proposed as beneficial practices for improving myriad positive outcomes, and are promoted in self-help literature. The current work examined gratitude intervention...
Outcomes of Depression Screening Among Adolescents Accessing School-based Pediatric Primary Care Clinic Services.

Abstract Purpose Implementation of routine Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-9) screening among adolescents aged 12–18 year, accessing school-based pediatric primary care clinic services for identification of adolescents at potential risk for Major Depressive disorder (MDD). Design and Methods Retrospective chart review (N = 256 cases) documented PHQ-9 depression screening outcomes among adolescents accessing school-based pediatric primary care clinic services for episodic illness and wellness visits. Data analyses included descriptive statistical methods. Results Chart review included 137 (53.5%) females and 119 (46.5%) males. PHQ-9 depression screening was identified for 56.3% (n = 144) of charts with scores ≥ 10 for 12.5% (n = 18) among those screened. Mental health referrals were made for 83.3% (n = 15) with PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10. Dysthymia related concerns were reported among 20.1% (n = 29) of which 55.2% (n = 16) received mental health referrals. Female adolescents reported more sleep problems (χ2 = 9.174, p = 0.002) and tiredness (χ2 = 6.165, p = 0.013) than males. The 15–18 year age group (χ2 = 5.443, p = 0.020) was more likely to experience sleep problem and low self-esteem than 12–14 year age group (χ2 = 5.143, p = 0.023). Conclusion Implementation of PHQ-9 depression screening protocol identified MDD among adolescent accessing pediatric school-based primary care clinic services facilitating referrals to mental health providers, potentially improving morbidity and mortality among adolescents. Practice Implications MDD is common among adolescents and associated with functional impairments and increased morbidity and mortality. Due to its high prevalence, it is imperative to improve screening and treatment access in this population via school-based clinics.
Cine Experimental y Documental Personal: Directores y Directoras que resignifican su yo a través del Cine

Este texto analiza la obra de seis artistas que replantean la percepcion de si mismos, a traves de estrategias desarrolladas en su obra personal. Asi mismo procura abrir un espacio de dialogo que conduzca a una mas concreta investigacion sobre el “yo” frente al cine, como aparato util que, a manera de espejo, puede reflejarnos y mostrarnos detalles de la complejidad de nuestro “yo” y asi comprendernos mejor.
The Psychometric Properties and Clinical Use of Scales

The appropriate clinical or research use of the measures in this book requires a certain amount of psychometric knowledge. For instance, in order to interpret research findings relating to a measure, readers need to understand the usual ways of testing reliability and validity, as well as how to use sample or cutoff scores. The appropriate clinical use of the measures also requires knowledge about clinical assessment strategies in general and ethical standards. In this chapter we provide this basic information for scale users and provide references for more detailed information.
Combinatorics of RNA Hairpins and Cloverleaves

.I For an abstract single-stranded RNA, a combinatorial analysis is given for two important structures, hairpins and cloverleaves. The number of possible hairpins is 0(2"), while the number of possible three-petal cloverleaves is O(n32"), and the number of possible general cloverleaves is O((2.21)"). Determining the shape a single-stranded RNA takes in solution is an important problem in molecular biology. The given for the problem is the primary structure or sequence of bases of the RNA. Although RNA shape has been inferred from x-ray diffraction data [3], usually the next step is to study the secondary structure of the RNA. Secondary structure is a class of two-dimensional graphs in which the sequence has formed helical regions. The final step is to infer tertiary structure of the RNA, which is the three-dimensional shape. Although no algorithms have been proposed for prediction of tertiary structure, several have been devised for secondary structure. Most of these secondary-structure algorithms fail to search all possible graphs for the optimal structure. Recent work of the author [4] does present an algorithm to efficiently search secondary structure, but that work will not be presented here. Instead, we explore in detail the number of the two major secondary structures: hairpins and cloverleaves. An example of each of these structures is given in Fig. 1. The problem we will address and answer is the number of each type of structure for an arbitrary-length RNA. The indicated graphs must be labeled, since these molecules have a polarity (the 3' end to the 5' end), and only bases of
Jailed Parents and their Young Children: Residential Instability, Homelessness, and Behavior Problems

This study examined family disruption in the form of jailed parents’ housing instability in the year leading up to their most recent incarceration, including periods of homelessness with and without their children, and links between parental housing instability and children’s behavior problems. Using the Family Stress Proximal Process Model to understand the links between stressors related to family disruption and child outcomes, the study analyzed data from interviews and surveys with 165 jailed fathers and mothers with young children (age 2–6 years) regarding jailed parents’ reports of housing instability during the 12 months prior to their incarceration and child behavior problems. Analyses showed that housing instability, homelessness, and recidivism in jailed parents were relatively common, with a significant proportion of the disruptions occurring with young children, although many disruptions involved parental absence from children. Results indicated that the more months that parents lived with their children prior to incarceration in jail during the past year, the less housing instability the parents experienced. Additionally, multiple regression analyses revealed that more housing instability experienced by parents in the year leading up to their incarceration in jail were associated with elevations in children’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. These results have implications for future research that explores family disruption as a mechanism in understanding recidivism and homelessness among adults and risk for child behavior problems in families affected by parental incarceration.
Free Amino Acid Recognition: A Bisbinaphthyl-Based Fluorescent Probe with High Enantioselectivity

A novel fluorescent probe based on a bisbinaphthyl structure has been designed and synthesized. This compound in combination with Zn(II) has exhibited highly enantioselective fluorescence enhancement with 13 common free amino acids. For example, its enantiomeric fluorescent enhancement ratios (ef or ΔIL/ΔID) in the presence of the following amino acids are extremely high: 177 for valine, 199 for methionine, 186 for phenylalanine, 118 for leucine, and 89 for alanine. The observed high enantioselectivity and the extent of the substrate scope are unprecedented in the fluorescent recognition of free amino acids. This fluorescent probe can be applied to determine the enantiomeric composition of the structurally diverse chiral amino acids. NMR and mass spectroscopic investigations have provided clues to elucidate the observed high enantioselectivity.
Hepatitis B Vaccination among 1999⁻2017 Birth Cohorts in Zhejiang Province: The Determinants Associated with Infant Coverage.

This study aimed to investigate the coverage of hepatitis B vaccine (Hep B) and its completeness and timeliness for birth cohorts from 1999 to 2017 in Zhejiang province, East China. Demographic characteristics and vaccination records of Hep B of children born from 1 January 1999 to 31 June 2017 were extracted from the Zhejiang provincial immunization information system. The timeliness of the first dose of Hep B (Hep B1) was defined as the proportion of children who received the Hep B1 within 24 h after birth among the target population. The completeness of Hep B was defined as the proportion of children who completed the three-dose series of Hep B before 7 years of age. The demographic characteristics of the target population were described. The coverage of each dose of Hep B, the timeliness of Hep B1, and the completeness of Hep B for each birth cohort were described. A logistic regression model was applied to detect the determinants of the timeliness of Hep B1 and the completeness of Hep B vaccination. The coverage of Hep B1 increased from 90.3% to 98.3%, the coverage of Hep B2 increased from 88.8% to 96.1%, and the coverage of Hep B3 increased from 86.4% to 94.2%. The timeliness of Hep B1 increased from 80.3% to 91.3%. The completeness of Hep B increased from 81.3% to 91.5%. The determinants of timeliness of Hep B1 included children’s delivery place, immigration status, maternal education level, and economic development level of resident area. The determinants of completeness of Hep B included children’s delivery place, immigration status, maternal education level, economic development level of resident area, maternal occupation, and frequency of vaccination service. Zhejiang province had achieved significant improvements in the timely administration of Hep B1 and the completeness of Hep B. To accelerate progress toward additional reductions in the transmission of hepatitis B virus, further efforts need to be focused on improving the timeliness of Hep B1 vaccination and reducing the drop-outs among disadvantaged children with the risk factors identified in this study.
Criteria for Development and Application of Perceived Environmental Quality Indices

To develop a method for measuring or indexing environmental quality, some conception of what determines the quality of the environment must be established. What combinations of features or characteristics distinguish a “poor quality” environment from one of “mediocre quality” or “excellent quality”? If only an indication of the minimal requirements for the support of human life were desired, perhaps a set of features could be identified and assessed rather directly. However, the requirements for the support of an individual human life hardly approximate the level of environmental quality required to support, now and in the future, man living in complex, interrelated societies. Even if minimum subsistence levels were established, they could provide no more than an “absolute zero” for a scale of environmental quality. Environmental quality assessment (happily) can, for the present at least, be concerned with the identification and gauging of environmental features that are required to maintain a “quality of life” that is substantially above bare subsistence or survival levels.
Cloud detection algorithm using SVM with SWIR2 and tasseled cap applied to Landsat 8

Abstract Landsat satellite images are subject to cloud cover effects resulting in erroneous analysis and observations of ground features. In this work, we present a novel algorithm (STmask) combining tasseled cap band 4 (TC4) with short wave infrared spectral band 2, SWIR2 (2.107–2.294 μm) for generating cloud, water, shadow, snow and vegetation masks. A support vector machine (SVM) with a non-linear kernel is trained on a feature space of TC4 versus SWIR2 for generating feature masks. To develop a generic and unbiased algorithm, the SVM is trained using reference data comprised of 12891 pixels from Landsat 8 scenes from ten spatially and temporally diverse biomes including deciduous forest, rainforest, great plain, savanna, desert, ocean, freshwater, taiga, tundra, and icesheet. 960000 text pixels spanning 96 scenes across 8 biomes from the USGS Landsat cloud cover assessment data set are used for accuracy assessment of STmask as well as to compare its performance with the operational Landsat algorithm, C function of mask (CFmask). Using McNemar's statistic, STmask is shown to maximize both the precision and sensitivity of the classification of all features compared to CFmask. It addresses the challenges of CFmask through statistically significant improvement in the precision of cloud detection over snow/ice, barren, water, urban, and shrubland biomes. Aggregated over all biomes, the average improvement in cloud detection over CFmask is observed to be ∼3.8% using the F-measure. The classification of non-cloud features exhibits promising improvements and mostly comparable performance to CFmask. Overall classification performance is promising, and thus STmask is a novel, biome-independent, parsimonious, and computationally efficient alternative (and/or a cloud screening addition) to the operational CFmask algorithm. The work is timely and is targeted as an innovative processing solution for the land surface remote sensing research community.
Association Between the Use of Antibiotics, Antivirals, and Hospitalizations Among Patients With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza

BACKGROUND Clinicians may prescribe antibiotics to influenza patients at high risk for bacterial complications. We explored the association between antibiotics, antivirals, and hospitalization among people with influenza. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients with confirmed influenza with encounters during January 2011-January 2019 was conducted using data from the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI). We compared inpatient hospitalizations (all-cause and respiratory) within 30 days of influenza diagnosis between 4 patient cohorts: (1) no treatment (n = 4228); (2) antibiotic only (n = 671); (3) antiviral only (n = 6492); and (4) antibiotic plus antiviral (n = 1415). We estimated relative risk for hospitalization using Poisson generalized linear model and robust standard errors. RESULTS Among 12 806 influenza cases, most were white men (mean age, 57-60 years). Those with antivirals only, antibiotic plus antiviral, and antibiotics only all had a statistically significant lower risk of all-cause and respiratory hospitalization compared to those without treatment. Comparing the antibiotic plus antiviral cohort to those who were prescribed an antiviral alone, there was a 47% lower risk for respiratory hospitalization (relative risk, 0.53 [95% confidence interval, .31-.94]), and no other statistical differences were detected. CONCLUSIONS Those prescribed an antiviral, antibiotic, or both had a lower risk of hospitalization within 30 days compared to those without therapy. Furthermore, intervention with both an antibiotic and antiviral had a lower risk of respiratory hospitalization within 30 days compared to those with an antiviral alone. Importantly, the absolute magnitude of decreased risk with antibiotic plus antiviral therapy is small and must be interpreted within the context of the overall risk of antibiotic usage.
A Second Order, Linear, Unconditionally Stable, Crank-Nicolson-Leapfrog Scheme for Phase Field Models of Two-Phase Incompressible Flows

Abstract In this article we propose a second order, linear, unconditionally stable, implicit–explicit scheme based on the Crank–Nicolson–Leapfrog discretization and the artificial compression method for solving phase field models of two-phase incompressible flows. We show that the scheme is unconditionally long-time stable. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and long-time stability.
Argumentation is More Important than Appearance for Designing Culturally Tailored Virtual Agents

Agents that are tailored to appear and behave as members of a particular culture are more acceptable by and persuasive to members of that culture than agents that are not tailored. We report a study that systematically unpacks two tailoring components-appearance and argumentation-for virtual exercise coaches designed for the Indian and American cultures. Indian participants who interacted with an agent whose argumentation was tailored to their culture were significantly more satisfied with the agent irrespective of the agent's appearance.
Issues in Managing Injured Adolescents in the Interventional Radiology Suite After Penetrating Trauma

Abstract Approximately 30 million emergency department (ED) visits are made by children each year in the United States and 90% of those visits are made to nonpediatric EDs. Adolescents progress from concrete to formal operational cognitive development but still lack the connectional thinking skills of adults. Injured adolescents who require diagnostic or therapeutic intervention in the IR suite as part of their peri-injury management present unique issues compared with similarly injured adults. An integrated and team-based approach to address such concerns in a pre-emptive fashion with a dedicated quality improvement program for continual refinement is recommended to enhance the likelihood of success and support patient-centered outcomes.
Iodinated Contrast Extravasation on Post-Revascularization Computed Tomography Mimics Magnetic Resonance Hyperintense Acute Reperfusion Marker: A Case Study.

Abstract Hyperintense reperfusion marker (HARM) on post-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) represents gadolinium contrast extravasation in the setting of acute ischemic stroke and is a common finding after revascularization therapies. Clinically, it is a marker of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, predictor of hemorrhagic transformation, and predictor of poor clinical outcome in ischemic stroke. Here, we describe a case where a patient underwent mechanical thrombectomy and was later found to have evidence of contrast extravasation on CT imaging, in the same locations found on the post-contrast FLAIR MRI, demonstrating that MRI-HARM and CT contrast extravasation may mimic similar phenomena. Thus, this case demonstrates that we may be able to extrapolate what we know about HARM detected on MRI to a CT imaging biomarker that would be more readily obtainable in most stroke patients.
Józef Tischner: Kapelan Solidarności i filozof nadziei

Jozef Tischner’s deep commitment to pastoral ministry and his involvement with Solidarnośc make him an outstanding example of an engaged Christian philosopher who witnessed to the Gospel through rigorous academic work and actively promoting social change. Tischner’s description of the ethic of solidarity, which helped overturn the Communist regime in Poland, also provides insight into the moral foundations of democracy. This article focuses primarily on his theological anthropology and its connection to some of his integral ideas concerning social change and the virtue of hope. First, the article explores some of Tischner’s thinking on hope. Next it considers how Tischner’s views about hope and the nature of the human person led him to conclude that nonviolence can bring about meaningful and lasting social change. The article contrasts Tischner’s ideas with those of the twentieth century U.S. theologian Reinhold Niebuhr. Like Tischner, Niebuhr also had major influence in the public sphere. However, his more pessimistic view of human nature led him to conclude that nonviolence cannot be an effective tool in the struggle for justice. Thus, Niebuhr serves as an interesting counterpoint to Tischner, revealing more clearly the link between hope, the human person, and social change in Tischner’s thought.
Tenets of Ethnographic Accounts of Cross-Setting Learning in Relation to Interpretive Accounts of Transfer

Ethnographic accounts of learning across settings (e.g., home, school, community) have revealed both the possibilities for forging interests and understandings across settings, as well as the complexities entailed in doing so. In this chapter, I consider key tenets of such studies in relation to interpretive accounts of transfer. Although distinct in purpose in some ways, both bodies of scholarship theorize how it is that people generate meaning that is consequential for future action in events that are, or are intended to be, linked. Key tenets include: (a) people’s participation varies in relation to context; (b) people and settings change over time, and in relation to one another; (c) learning is not complete in any one event; and (d) power relations matter in understanding what pursuits are possible, when, by whom, and with whom.
Retroperitoneal Sclerosing Angiomyolipoma with Long-Term Follow up: A Case Report with Unique Clinicopathologic and Genomic Profile.

Sclerosing angiomyolipoma (sAML) is a rare variant of the perivascular epithelioid tumors exhibiting distinct morphology with extensive stromal hyalinization, which makes it challenging to recogniz...
Species and Speciation

In the context of the dynamical systems approach, species are of central importance as quantities of living matter with defined structural and kinetic characteristics. A brief review of the species concept is given, followed by quantitative treatment of mutation-selection equilibria that describe species as distributions in the genotype space. Different fitness landscapes are considered, including the master sequence landscape of the classical quasi-species theory, and existence of error thresholds in the maintenance of genetic distributions is analyzed. The static view of fitness landscapes is complemented by treatment of self-organization in genotype space that accompanies emergence of reproductive isolation in neutral sympatric speciation.
Preventing HIV/AIDS in the United States, 1981–2009: History in the Making

The history of HIV/AIDS prevention is, without question, a great, unfinished work. True, there have been important milestones in the three decades since the epidemic was first described in the United States [1]—accomplishments in science, advances in policy and the evolution of organized efforts to prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus [2]. Yet, the epidemic is far from over, either in the United States or elsewhere in the world. According to the UNAIDS, there were 33 million people living with HIV in 2007 and almost 3 million new infections that same year [3]. In the United States, an estimated 56,300 persons became newly infected with HIV in 2006—roughly 40 % higher than previous estimates of HIV incidence [4]. Continued gaps in knowledge, notably in the domains of vaccine and microbicide development, have blunted efforts to prevent continued HIV transmission [5] and failure to bring proven HIV prevention interventions and programs to scale [6] has impeded optimal progress.
Stimuli-Sensitive Liposomes: Lipids as Gateways for Cargo Release

Abstract Lipids are integral part of cell membranes and play a vital role in biological processes such as membrane fusion, exocytosis, cell signaling, and disease progression. Uniquely defined chemical structures of lipids as well as their assembly in the aqueous environment are often known to dictate their biological activity. Some of these features of lipids have been exploited to develop carriers for drugs, bioactive molecules, and nucleic acids. Lipid-based nanocarriers (specifically liposomes) have claimed their status in the field of cancer nanomedicine. Liposomes, the longest studied nanocarriers (at least since four decades), are currently used in the clinics for delivery of drugs to treat certain types of cancers though not at their full potential. Further development in this field by utilizing site-specific targeting molecules and/or efforts to generate tunable liposomes can be predicted to enhance their suitability in the clinical settings. In general, the chemical and biophysical properties of lipid molecules primarily dictate the development of tunable (stimuli-sensitive) liposomes. Research activities toward stimuli-responsive liposomes can be broadly classified into internal (pH, redox, and enzyme) or external (heat, light and/or magnetic field, and ultrasound) stimulus. In this review, we will discuss the current status and latest developments in the field of stimuli-sensitive liposomes. The topics covered in this review will include (i) a brief summary of liposomes used in the clinics, stimuli-sensitive liposomes; (ii) triggering events by inclusion of coagents in the liposomes; (iii) triggering based on properties of lipids to yield heat, light, pH, redox, and enzyme-activatable liposomes; and (iv) limitations and future directions for the development of clinically viable stimuli-responsive liposomes.
Market Basket Analysis algorithms with MapReduce

The MapReduce approach has been popular in computing large scale data since Google implemented its platform on Google Distributed File Systems (GFS) followed by Amazon Web Service (AWS) providing the Apache Hadoop platform in inexpensive computing nodes. Map/Reduce motivates to redesign and convert the existing sequential algorithms to MapReduce as restricted parallel programming so that the paper proposes Market Basket Analysis algorithm with MapReduce as well as apriority property. Two algorithms are proposed by adapting an existing Apriori-algorithm and building a simple algorithm that sorts data sets and converts it to (key, value) pairs to fit with MapReduce. It is executed on Amazon EC2 Map/Reduce platform. The experimental results show that the Apriori-algorithm does not perform as well as the simple algorithm. Using the simple algorithm, the code with Map/Reduce increases the performance by adding more nodes, but at a certain point there is a bottleneck that does not allow further performance gain. It is believed that the operations of distributing, aggregating, and reducing data in Map/Reduce, cause the bottleneck. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2013, 3:445–452. doi: 10.1002/widm.1107 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL COUNTS OF NASAL WASHINGS: PRESENCE OF ORGANISMS RESEMBLING CORYNEBACTERIUM ACNES

Watson, Elinor D. (Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.), Nanci J. Hoffman, Richard W. Simmers, and Theodor Rosebury. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts of nasal washings: Presence of organisms resembling Corynebacterium acnes. J. Bacteriol. 83:144–148. 1962.—Aerobic and anaerobic colony counts in blood agar were made of 40 samples of nasal washings from five healthy adults. The anaerobic counts were consistently and significantly higher, in line with findings previously reported by others for skin, saliva, and feces. Catalase-forming diphtheroids utilizing lactate anaerobically, tentatively identified as members of the Corynebacterium acnes group, were conspicuous in the anaerobic cultures.
A Collaborative Design Environment to Support Multidisciplinary Conceptual Systems Design

The Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory at the Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, has recently created the "Collaborative Design Environment" (CoDE), a nextgeneration design facility supporting efficient, rapidturnaround conceptual design. The CoDE combines cost-effective, off-the-shelf information technology with advanced design methodologies and tools in a customized, user-centered physical layout that harnesses the power of creative design teams. The CoDE will enable researchers to develop, test and apply new approaches to conceptual design, and to improve modeling and simulation fidelity. It will also support sponsored design projects as well as student teams participating in national design competitions.
Trigger Features, Adaptation and Economy of Impulses

About ten years ago I became fascinated by the notion that a very important part of sensory information processing consisted of recoding messages into a less redundant form at sensory relays and centers (Attneave, 1956; Barlow, 1959, 1961a, b). This is a suitable opportunity to have another look at this notion in the light of more recent advances. First, I will briefly recapitulate the idea.
Intramolecular DNA triplexes in supercoiled plasmids. II. Effect of base composition and noncentral interruptions on formation and stability.

Abstract The effects of interruptions in the homopurine bias and the G+C content of the homopurine.homopyrimidine (pur.pyr) sequences on intramolecular triplex formation and stability in supercoiled plasmids were evaluated. In addition, the interconversion of triplex and duplex, after altering the stabilizing factors (low pH or supercoiling), was studied. We conclude: (a) a 42-base pair pur.pyr sequence with three consecutive interruptions does not form a large triplex with three unpaired nucleotides in the stem. Instead, a mixture of two smaller (27- and 28-nucleotide) triplexes forms. (b) A 28-nucleotide sequence with a single interruption forms a triplex with one unpaired nucleotide in the stem. This interruption causes the triplex to be 7 degrees C less thermostable and requires more superhelical energy for formation than the control triplex. (c) As the G+C content of a pur.pyr sequence increases, the thermostability of the triplex increases and the triplex requires less supercoiling for formation. (d) The interconversion between duplex and triplex is fast. After negative supercoiling is removed, all triplex becomes duplex in about 3 min. When the pH is shifted from 8.0 to 5.2, the conversion of duplex to triplex in a negatively supercoiled plasmid is complete in less than 2 min. Hence, these kinetic properties are consistent with important biological roles for triplexes. In summary, the results from both this and the accompanying paper show that a substantial amount of sequence imperfections is tolerated for triplex formation and stability.