cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure and deposited dose of aerosol from nanotechnology-based consumer sprays.

This study provides a quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure and deposited aerosol dose in the 14 nm to 20 μm particle size range based on the aerosol measurements conducted during realistic usage simulation of five nanotechnology-based and five regular spray products matching the nano-products by purpose of application. The products were also examined using transmission electron microscopy. In seven out of ten sprays, the highest inhalation exposure was observed for the coarse (2.5–10 μm) particles while being minimal or below the detection limit for the remaining three sprays. Nanosized aerosol particles (14–100 nm) were released, which resulted in low but measurable inhalation exposures from all of the investigated consumer sprays. Eight out of ten products produced high total deposited aerosol doses on the order of 101–103 ng kg−1 bw per application, ~85–88% of which were in the head airways, only <10% in the alveolar region and <8% in the tracheobronchial region. One nano and one regular spray produced substantially lower total deposited doses (by 2–4 orders of magnitude less), only ~52–64% of which were in the head while ~29–40% in the alveolar region. The electron microscopy data showed nanosized objects in some products not labeled as nanotechnology-based and conversely did not find nano-objects in some nano-sprays. We found no correlation between nano-object presence and abundance as per the electron microscopy data and the determined inhalation exposures and deposited doses. The findings of this study and the reported quantitative exposure data will be valuable for the manufacturers of nanotechnology-based consumer sprays to minimize inhalation exposure from their products, as well as for the regulators focusing on protecting the public health.
The immunobiology of natural killer cells and bone marrow allograft rejection.

Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells mediate the acute rejection of bone marrow cell (BMC) allografts, but not solid tissue grafts, in lethally irradiated mice. However, the mechanisms underlying this capability for rejecting BMC remain unclear. NK cells express (1) inhibitory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and (2) activating receptors with diverse specificities. Inhibitory NK receptors confer to NK cells the ability to discriminate between MHC class I-positive and -negative target cells and are therefore involved in the control of NK cell tolerance to self, as well as in the elimination of cells that have downregulation of MHC class I molecules. Preclinical studies in mice have provided good evidence that subsets of NK cells that bear different combinations of both inhibitory and activating Ly49 receptors can interact with each other and target specific BMC rejection, as well as NK cell responses toward tumor cells. Recent clinical studies have also shown that the use of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand incompatibility in patients with leukemia who received hematopoietic stem cell transplants correlated not only with the elimination of graft rejection, but also with eradication of tumor and prevention of graft-versus-host disease; this offers a significant advantage for survival. In this review, we attempt to bring together literature regarding the biology of NK cells and discuss the current issues in bone marrow transplantation and the potential clinical role of NK cell alloreactivity in the efficacy of this procedure for immunotherapy of cancer and infectious states.
Effects of cyclobenzaprine on interneurones of the spinal cord

Abstract Experiments were performed on decerebrate cats to determine whether CBZ acted as a general depressant to spinal cord neurones or whether the depression was selective to certain groups of neurones. At doses which appreciably affected motoneurone pools, CBZ had no depressant effect on Renshaw or IA inhibition; most spontaneously active neurones in Rexed layers V and VI, and brainstem reticular formation cells were depressed by CBZ. These results indicate that CBZ does not have a general depressant action on spinal cord neurones. Although some direct action on the spinal cord may be present, the major effects are secondary to an apparent action on specific neurones in the brainstem.
Effects of Inbreeding and Selection in a Closed Guernsey Herd

Abstract The effects of inbreeding, linebreeding, and selection were measured in a small, closed Guernsey herd which was a replicate of an experiment with a larger herd of Holstein cattle. Inbreeding ranged up to 31%, with an average of 6.4% for all cows included. Selections were primarily on an index based on milk fat production and type of the individual and its close relatives. Each analysis included approximately 90 cows. The intra-sire regressions of production on per cent of inbreeding were −36 and −51 lb of milk, −1.7 and −2.3 lb of milk fat, and +.001 and +.002% test. The intrasire regressions of weight in pounds on per cent inbreeding were − 0.3 at birth, − 0.7 at six months, −1.5 at one year, −1.9 at two years, −1.4 at three years, −4.5 at four years, and −3.2 at five years. The intrasire regressions of production on coefficient of relationship to a superior foundation cow were −.6 lb of milk fat, −21 lb of milk, and +.006% milk fat test. The estimated heritabilities of the production traits were .12 ± .21 for milk yield, .22 ± .24 for milk fat yield, and .46 ± .27 for milk fat test. The total genetic improvement per year expected from the selection of parents, expressed as a per cent of the herd average was .33% for milk, .57% for milk fat yield, and .40% for milk fat test.
The use of hand-drawn gestures for text editing

Abstract This paper reports results from a paper and pencil study of the use of hand-drawn gestures for simple editing tasks. The use of gesture is of particular interest in an interface which allows the user to write directly on the surface of a display with a stylus. The results of the study provided encouragement for the development of gesture-driven user interfaces. There was very good intra-subject consistency in the spatial form of gestures used for an editing operation, and also, good agreement across subjects in the form selected for a particular operation. Subjects' reactions to the use of gesture indicated that gesture commands were perceived as easy to use and remember. Specific implications for the design gestural interfaces are discussed.
Feature frequency in concept learning: What is counted?

Frequency theories of concept learning assume that people count how often features occur among instances of a concept, but different versions make various assumptions about what features they count. According to the basic feature model, only basic features are counted, whereas according to the configural model, basic features and configural features (all combinations of basic features) are counted. Two experiments assessed the predictions of both versions of frequency theory. Subjects viewed schematic human faces, which included both positive and negative instances of the concept to be learned, and then provided typicality ratings, classification responses, and frequency estimates of configural features, basic features, and whole exemplars. Because both models assume that basic features are counted, they make the same predictions in many situations. Here, the basic feature estimation and whole exemplar tests were designed such that both models make the same predictions, whereas the typicality rating, classification, and confignral feature estimation tests were designed to distinguish between the models. The pattern of results clearly supported the basic feature version of frequency theory.
Heat transfer in a straight tube situated downstream of a bend

Abstract The axial variation of the local heat transfer coefficient in a straight tube situated downstream of a bend is measured by a mass transfer technique for parametric values of the Reynolds number (5000–85000), bend turn angle (0, 30, 60, and 90°), and flow condition at the bend inlet. For one flow condition, the bend inlet is fed by a hydrodynamically developed tube flow. In a second case, the bend is fed from a large upstream plenum through a sharp-edged inlet. The Schmidt number for the mass transfer is 2.5 (naphthalene sublimation in air). It is found that the presence of a bend fed from a plenum through a sharp-edged inlet gives rise to a decrease in the mass (heat) transfer coefficients in the downstream tube compared with those for the no-bend case. On the other hand, a bend fed with a developed flow generally tends to decrease the coefficients in the downstream tube at lower Reynolds numbers while increasing the coefficients at higher Reynolds numbers. For both bend inlet configurations, there is clear evidence of laminarization of the flow at the lower Reynolds numbers and larger bend turn angles.
Polynomial approximation schemes for smoothed and random instances of multidimensional packing problems

The multidimensional bin packing and vector bin packing problems are known to not have asymptotic polynomial-time approximation schemes (unless P = NP). Nevertheless, we show that:• Any smoothed (randomly perturbed) instance, and any instance from a class of other distributions, does have a polynomial-time probable approximation scheme. Namely, for any fixed e > 0, we exhibit a linear-time algorithm that finds a (1+ e)-approximate packing with probability 1 - 2-Ω(n) over the space of random inputs.• There exists an oblivious algorithm that does not know from which distribution inputs come, and still asymptotically does almost as well as the previous algorithms. The oblivious algorithm outputs almost surely a (1 + e)-approximation for every e > 0.• For vector bin packing, for each considered class of random instances, there exists an algorithm that in expected linear time computes a (1 + e)-approximation, for any fixed e > 0.To achieve these results we develop a multidimensional version of the one-dimensional rounding technique introduced by Fernadez de la Vega and Lueker. Our results generalize Karp, Luby and Marchetti-Spaccamela's results on approximatibility of random instances of multidimensional bin packing to a much wider class of distributions.
Some Physical Parameters Involved in the Addition of Inorganic Phosphates to Reduced-Sodium Meat Emulsions

The effects of preblending, order of addition and the physical state of alkaline phosphates on the stability of reduced sodium chloride (0.75%) meat emulsions were determined. Preblending meat batches with reduced sodium chloride for 16 hr resulted in no significant effect upon the stability of meat emulsions, with or without the presence of alkaline phosphates. However, the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP) significantly improved emulsion stability. Neither the order of TSPP addition in relation to that of sodium chloride nor the physical state of its addition (dry or in solution) affected emulsion stability or the soluble protein level.
Patterns of degeneration in the caudal cochlear nucleus of the cat after cochlear ablation.

Study of the caudal cochlear nucleus of the cat confirms the cochlear origin of synaptic terminals, identified in correlated rapid Golgi and electron microscopic preparations of the octopus cell area (OCA) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) in normal cats. Type 1 and type 2 endings on octopus cell somas and basal dendrites, as well as type 1 and type 1a endings of the outer DCN, degenerate following complete ipsilateral cochlear ablations and short survival periods (12, 24, 48, 96 hours). Two distinct patterns of synaptic degeneration occur after short survival times; “dense degeneration” occurs in type 1 endings on octopus cells and several endings of the DCN. Dense terminals that contain tightly packed, but intact vesicles, occur most frequently after a 48-hour survival period. A second type of degeneration, called “flocculent degeneration” occurs in type 1 and type 2 endings of the OCA and in type 1 and type 1a DCN terminals. Between 12 and 48 hours after ablation, the flocculent degeneration involves a continuous breakdown of organelles. Evidence for transneuronal degeneration of octopus cells and DCN granule cells is presented.
The in vitro synthesis of T2 bacteriophage-induced deoxycytidylate deaminase and its regulation by allosteric effectors☆

Abstract Conditions are described for the in vitro synthesis of the T-even bacteriophageinduced deoxycytidylate deaminase using either T2, T4, or T6 phage DNA or mRNA as template. The deaminase appears after dihydrofolate reductase, but before thymidylate synthetase in this system. The T-odd phage DNA were not active in the synthesis of deoxycytidylate deaminase, a fact consistent with the inability of these phages to induce deoxycytidylate deaminase on infection of Escherichia coli . Proof that the activity being measured was from the deaminase was obtained with antibody to this enzyme and through the use of a specific inhibitor, tetrahydrodeoxyuridylate. Attempts to demonstrate the feedback regulation of the deoxycytidylate deaminase synthesized in vitro were unsuccessful initially due to the presence of a phosphotransferase capable of converting deoxycytidylate to deoxycytidine triphosphate with thymidine triphosphate and other nucleoside triphosphates as donors. Removal of this activity, however, enabled a definitive pH dependence of activation by deoxycytidine triphosphate to be shown. In addition, other properties associated with the pure deaminase, such as the inhibition by thymidine triphosphate and its reversal by deoxycytidine triphosphate, became evident.
Evolving Factor Analysis for Frequency-Domain Lifetime Resolution of Fluorescence Spectra

Evolving factor analysis (EFA) is a new approach to the resolution of individual component spectra on the basis of fluorescence lifetime differences. Phase-resolved fluorescence spectra collected at several excitation modulation frequencies are well suited to EFA resolution because the frequency-response curve of phase-resolved intensity for each lifetime component has a single, unique maximum. Unlike other self-modeling spectral matrix resolution methods, EFA has no fundamental limitation upon the number of components that can be resolved. In this work, the resolution of two-component and three-component mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is demonstrated.
An analysis of the effects of various parameters on the average void fractions in subcooled boiling

Abstract An evaluation of the effects of various parameters on the ability to predict accurately the volumetric vapor concentration in subcooled boiling is presented. It is shown that: (1) the distribution parameter is of major importance as thermodynamic equilibrium is approached; (2) the point of incipient vapor formation greatly affects the void fraction in the subcooled regime—no reliable method for predicting this point exists at this time, and (3) it appears that the axial temperature distribution is of lesser effect. It is concluded, therefore, that the ability to predict the point of incipient vapor formation is mandatory for accurate prediction of the void fraction in subcooled boiling. Future research should thus be directed towards defining and predicting the location of this point. The results of the analysis also show that the conditions of the heated surface and the introduction of additives may have two effects on the void fraction in subcooled boiling. These effects are discussed and a method for taking them into account is presented. Satisfactory agreement is shown between predicted void fractions and recent experimental data obtained in subcooled boiling of Refrigerant-22 and of water over a wide pressure range.
MALT PROCESSING STABILITY OF BARLEY CULTIVARS — A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

. This paper presents a simple statistical analysis of malting process stability of barley cultivars grown for three years in the Mississippi Valley Six-rowed Uniform Barley Nursery and in the Western United States Two-rowed Uniform Barley Nursery. The effects of variety, location, and year on barley and malt quality were investigated. First, the Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to determine whether there were any varietal, location and year differences in barley and malt properties. The effects of variety, location, and year on various characteristics were further studied by comparing differences between extremes for the two-rowed and six-rowed barleys. Second, correlations between various properties were determined by calculating simple correlation coefficients. Barley nitrogen is the single most important parameter which affects extensively the processing characteristics of barley in malting and brewing, so the partial correlation coefficients, independent of total barley nitrogen, also were calculated. Third, the effects of variety, location, year, variety × location, variety × year, and location × year, were tested with variety × location × year as the estimate of error for each of the barley and malting properties. The stability model was designed to evaluate stability of all barley and malt properties. Based on the principle of regression analysis, the stability was measured by regression coefficient and the varietal mean of each barley and malting property. Stability (over years and locations) for kernel weight was significantly higher in the new than in the old cultivars. Improvements in stabilities of total extract and fine-coarse grind extract were greater and more consistent for the six-rowed than for the two-rowed barley malts. This reflects, presumably, the generally more satisfactory total extract and fine-coarse grind extract in the two-rowed barley malts than in the six-rowed barley malts.
Prevalence and risk factors for canine post-anesthetic aspiration pneumonia (1999–2009): a multicenter study

Abstract Objective To determine the incidence of canine post-anesthetic aspiration pneumonia (AP) and to identify anesthetic agents, procedures and management factors associated with the development of AP. Study design Multicenter, randomized, case-controlled retrospective study. Animals Two hundred and forty dogs affected with AP and 488 unaffected control dogs. Methods Electronic medical record databases at six Veterinary colleges were searched for dogs, coded for anesthesia or sedation and pneumonia from January 1999 to December 2009. The resultant 2158 records were hand-searched to determine eligibility for inclusion. Diagnosis of AP was made radiographically. Two unaffected control dogs were randomly selected for each affected dog, from a list of dogs that underwent sedation or anesthesia in the same time period and did not develop aspiration pneumonia. Fifty-seven factors were then evaluated for association with aspiration pneumonia. Data analysis was performed using univariate Chi-square or student t -tests, then multivariate logistic regression. Results Incidence of post-anesthetic AP was 0.17%, from 140,711 cases anesthetized or sedated over the 10 year period. Two anesthesia-related events were significantly associated with development of AP: regurgitation and administration of hydromorphone at induction. Administration of anticholinergics was not associated with AP. Procedures associated with increased odds of aspiration pneumonia included laparotomy, upper airway surgery, neurosurgery, thoracotomy and endoscopy. Orthopedic surgery, ophthalmologic surgery, dental procedures, MRI, CT, bronchoscopy, cystoscopy, tracheoscopy and neutering were not associated with development of AP. Three patient factors were associated with the development of AP: megaesophagus, and a history of pre-existing respiratory or neurologic disease. Sixty-nine% of dogs with two or more of the above independent predictive variables developed AP. Conclusion and clinical relevance Most anesthetic agents and procedures were not associated with the development of AP. We need to devise and evaluate strategies to protect at risk patients.
The European Polity: Biography of an Idea

The struggle for Europe which rages at present between Russia and the West is significant, historically and politically, not only as a fight over a geographical area. Europe, in modern times, has come to be more than merely a geographical concept-politically the idea of Europe stands for a supranational system within the framework of which Europe's states are loosely associated. For centuries this European state system played a leading role in shaping the fate of the Western and large parts of the rest of the world. Only the emergence of great non-European Powers during the nineteenth centry deprived it gradually of its pre-eminence. The First World War gave added impetus to its decline. And as a result of Hitler's rise to power and the Second World War this disintegration has now reached the point where Europe is no longer master in its own house. Forced to stand by while outside Powers seek to determine its future, the European state system has come to a turning point in its history. This seems a proper time therefore to take stock of this history and to survey the evolution of an idea which left its indelible impact on the Western world. Conceivably such an analysis may provide some clues concerning the future of the European polity. The political concept of Europe is much younger than the geographic one. The latter goes back to antiquity which already divided the world into three parts-Europe, Asia, and Africa. As a political system, on the other hand, Europe grew out of the breakdown of the Holy Roman Empire and the concomitant secularization of Western civilization. Church and Empire ceased to provide the universal organization wherein the Western world could find a basic spiritual and political unity. A new framework had to be
A hybird/digital software package for the solution of chemical kinetic parameter identification problems

The modern hybrid computer offers many significant improvements over first generation hybrid systems These improvements include:1. The increased speed of digital computers enabling programs to be written in hybrid FORTRAN without drastically limiting hybrid solution rates.2. The development of analog/hybrid software (e.g., hybrid simulation languages and analog set-up programs).
Long-Term Effects of a Brief Distraction Intervention on Children’s Laboratory Pain Reactivity

This 2-year follow-up study examined the effects of a brief behavioral intervention on task-based coping and pain reactivity to the cold pressor task (CPT). In the original study by Fanurik et al. (1993), 64 children (aged 8 to 10) whose coping style was categorized as "attender" or "distracter," based on primary coping strategy during baseline CPT trials, received a 5-minute intervention (attention-focusing, distraction training, or control, randomly assigned). In the present study, 51 (32 female) of the original sample were readministered the CPT, and their coping style and pain responsivity were reassessed. Both distracters and attenders given distraction training preferred use of distraction at follow-up. The distraction training group also demonstrated greater tolerance at follow-up compared to controls, although pain ratings did not differ by intervention group. Our findings suggest that a brief distraction intervention has long-term effects on task-based coping and experimental pain reactivity.
Effect of Dietary Protein Level and Monensin on Performance of Chicks

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to investigate a possible interaction between dietary protein level and monensin on growth performance of young chicks. Crossbred chicks (New Hampshire × Columbian) or commercial broiler chicks (Hubbard × Hubbard) were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing various protein levels with or without added monensin (160 or 121 mg/kg). Monensin had little or no effect on growth performance of crossbred chicks fed diets containing 24 or 20% protein. However, growth performance of chicks fed 16% protein diets was depressed 15 and 8% by 160 and 121 mg/kg monensin, respectively. With commercial broiler chicks a marked interaction was observed between dietary protein level and monensin. As dietary protein level decreased, the depression in performance from monensin increased. At 24.0, 21.5, 19.0, and 16.5% protein, weight gains at 4 weeks of age were depressed 20, 29, 35, and 45% by 160 mg/kg monensin and 7, 14, 19, and 28% by 121 mg/kg monensin, respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that 121 mg/kg monensin depressed growth rate an additional 2.7% for each 1% reduction in dietary protein level. A large portion of the growth depression from monensin could be explained by reduced feed intake. The results of this study indicate that level of dietary protein has a profound effect on the magnitude of growth depression caused by addition of monensin to chick diets. Thus, deficient levels of dietary protein should be avoided when using this anticoccidial drug in broiler feeds.
Determination of a Selective Neuropeptide Y5 Receptor Antagonist in Human Plasma and Urine by HPLC with Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection

Abstract An automated 96‐well solid phase extraction method was developed for the isolation of a selective neuropeptide Y5 receptor antagonist and internal standard from human plasma and urine. Following isolation, the analyte was selectively quantified using a reverse phase HPLC system coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry operated in the positive ionization MRM mode. Based upon the peak area ratio (analyte:internal standard) vs standard concentrations, the analyte was quantified over a concentration range of 2–1000 ng/mL. The absolute and relative matrix effects from different sources of sample matrices on the ionization efficiency were examined and the absence of these effects was confirmed. The extraction efficiency was found to be approximately 90% and reproducible in both matrices. Assay validation results, including intra‐day precision and accuracy values, are presented. The validated assay has been used to support several pharmacokinetic studies, and some r...
Valuation of Reserve Services

Spinning reserve is idle capacity connected to the system with the purpose of balancing power demand and supply in real-time and ensuring reliable system operations in the case of equipment outages. The reserve has an economic value since it reduces the load shedding costs. This value is impacted by the reliability and dynamic characteristics of system components, the variability of the load from its forecast, the system operation policies, and economic aspects such as the risk preferences of the demand. In this paper, we take into account all these aspects to estimate the reserve value. The results require little computational effort, and are useful in the development of reserve demand functions and optimal reserve requirements.
Pretransitional effects in the isotropic phase of a lyotropic polymer liquid crystal

Consolidation of chiral orientational ordering in concentrated solutions of poly(benzylglutamates) has been investigated by polarization microscopy, measurements of birefringence and optical rotatory dispersion. A pretransitional region was examined where the temperature and concentration of polymer are held just below critical conditions for phase separation of anisotropic, liquid crystal spherulites. Optical rotations observed in this visually isotropic region are considerably in excess of those found in dilute solution of the polymer and exhibit a strong temperature dependence. This critical enhancement of optical activity is attributable to short-range chiral ordering of the long axes of macromolecules in the isotropic phase.
Some comments on DAE theory for IRK methods and trajectory optimization

It has been observed elsewhere in the literature that the activation of constraints in a trajectory optimization problem can lead to higher index DAEs. Several existing codes can handle a number of these constrained problems. In this note we will discuss why the situation is more complex than just saying a higher index DAE occurs. The discussion is in the context of a specific industrial code SOCS but the observations made here have relevance for a number of methods and have implications for what types of test problems a code should be tested on.
Movement Differences between Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Expressions: Zygomaticus Major Action in Smiling

Previous research suggests differences in lip movement between deliberate and spontaneous facial expressions. We investigated within participant differences between deliberately posed and spontaneously occurring smiles during a directed facial action task. Using automated facial image analysis, we quantified lip corner movement during periods of visible Zygomaticus major activity. Onset and offset speed, amplitude of movement, and offset duration were greater in deliberate smiles. In contrast to previous results, however, lip corner movement asymmetry was not greater in deliberate smiles. Observed characteristics of deliberate and spontaneous smiling may be related to differences in the typical context and purpose of the facial signal.
Extracting anchorable information units from PDF files

Document processing and understanding is important for a variety of applications such as office automation, creation of electronic manuals, online documentation and annotation etc. The first step towards this process often involves the extraction of relevant keywords and phrases from the documents so that they can be automatically hyperlinked within and outside the document so that we can create an electronic document. This paper describes a novel method for extracting anchorable information units (AIUs), also known as hotspots from any type of portable document format (PDF) files, which may either be created using either an editor or by scanning in documents. The AIUs are used to make these documents more intelligent for content cross-referencing to/from related multimedia documents within an electronic document publishing environment. Domain specific knowledge about the documents are used to aid the extraction process. Once the location and extent of the texts are found, the content is extracted through the use of an optical character recognition (OCR) software if necessary. For the case of object extraction for highlighting, first the images are extracted and then a variety of image processing algorithms are applied.
Continuous Joint Distributions

The joint distribution of a pair of random variables X and Y is the probability distribution over the plane defined by $$P\left( B \right) = P\left( {\left( {X,Y} \right) \in B} \right)$$ for subsets B of the plane. So P(B) is the probability that the random pair (X, Y) falls in the set B. Joint distributions for discrete random variables were considered in Section 3.1. This chapter shows how these ideas for discrete random variables are extended to two or more continuously distributed random variables with sums replaced by integrals.
Approximate entropy detects the effect of a secondary cognitive task on postural control in healthy young adults: a methodological report.

Background Biomechanical measures of postural stability, while generally useful in neuroscience and physical rehabilitation research, may be limited in their ability to detect more subtle influences of attention on postural control. Approximate entropy (ApEn), a regularity statistic from nonlinear dynamics, recently has demonstrated relatively good measurement precision and shown promise for detecting subtle change in postural control after cerebral concussion. Our purpose was to further explore the responsiveness of ApEn by using it to evaluate the immediate, short-term effect of secondary cognitive task performance on postural control in healthy, young adults.
Selectivity of ethanol's actions on brain receptor systems: Catecholamines and ethanol

A parsimonious hypothesis of ethanol's actions in the brain focuses attention on the general ability of amphipathic molecules to perturb neuronal membrane lipid order. An analysis of the effects of ethanol and other anesthetics on beta-adrenergic receptor coupled adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in brain membranes, however, indicates a selectivity of ethanol's actions on receptor-effector coupling proteins such as the guanine nucleotide (GN) binding proteins Ns and Ni and demonstrates differences in the effects of alcohols on AC activity as compared to actions of other anesthetic agents (chloroform and halothane). The acute effects of ethanol on certain information-transducing systems of brain may thus be mediated by rather specific interactions with microdomains or “receptive” areas of neuronal membranes. The chronic effects of ethanol on the beta-adrenergic receptor coupled AC in mouse cortex were characterized by changes in beta-agonist binding kinetics and by the decreased ability of isoproterenol to s...
Multiclass support vector machines for adaptation in MIMO-OFDM wireless systems

In MIMO-OFDM systems, by matching transmitter parameters such as modulation order and coding rate, link adaptation can increase the throughput significantly. However, creating a tractable mathematical mapping model from environmental variables to transmitter parameters that allows the latter to be optimized in any sense, presents serious challenginges due to the large number of variables involved, as well as the complexity required in any model with the ability to accurately capture and explain all factors that affect performance. Machine learning algorithms, which make no mathematical assumptions and use only past observations to model the input-output relationship, have recently been explored for adaptation in MIMO-OFDM systems. In this paper we propose a novel machine learning algorithm based on multi-class support vector machines (SVMs). Our algorithm has considerably smaller operational overhead (including storage requirements) and better performance for link adaptation. With IEEE 802.11n simulations we show that our new algorithm outperforms existing machine-learning based algorithms. Moreover, we show that our algorithm is (asymptotically) consistent, in the sense that as the number of training data used increases, our algorithm obtains the performance-optimal classifier.
Inter-meson potentials from the constituent quark model

The interaction of mesons is modelled as nonrelativistic pointlike particles interacting via effective potentials. The effective potentials are obtained by equating the Born order T-matrix for a given process as calculated with the constituent quark model to an effective pointlike T-matrix. Comparison with nonperturbative computations shows the method to be surprisingly accurate. The results are useful in predicting final state interaction effects in hadronic production reactions and in testing for possible mesonic nuclei. In particular, it is argued that the a0(980) and the f0(975) are KK molecules, the f0(1720) is a K∗K∗ molecule, and that the f1(1420) (the E) may be a K∗K threshold enhancement. Furthermore, short range effects due to quark exchange are not enough to create a bound ΠΠ-ωω state (the X2(1515)) or a bound φφ state (the f2(2010)). The model also predicts that the quark exchange portion of low energy isotensor tensor ΠΠ scattering is dominated by confinement effects and has a short range attractive core with an intermediate range repulsion. Furthermore, the predicted phase shifts are not strongly dependent on the specific form of the confinement potential.
Silicon-substrate intracortical microelectrode arrays for long-term recording of neuronal spike activity in cerebral cortex

This study investigated the use of planar, silicon-substrate microelectrodes for chronic unit recording in the cerebral cortex. The 16-channel microelectrodes consisted of four penetrating shanks with four recording sites on each shank. The chronic electrode assembly included an integrated silicon ribbon cable and percutaneous connector. In a consecutive series of six rats, 5/6 (83%) of the implanted microelectrodes recorded neuronal spike activity for more than six weeks, with four of the implants (66%) remaining functional for more than 28 weeks. In each animal, more than 80% of the electrode sites recorded spike activity over sequential recording sessions during the postoperative time period. These results provide a performance baseline to support further electrode system development for intracortical neural implant systems for medical applications.
The Synthetic Utility of 2‐Oxazolines

The oxazoline ring system, first prepared in 1884, has only in the last five years been shown to possess considerable utility in the synthesis of a variety of functionalized organic compounds. By appropriate metalation of the 2-alkyl substituent it is possible to prepare a variety of homologated carboxylic acid derivatives, both chiral and achiral. Various other manipulations of the oxazoline ring lead to aldehydes, ketones, lactones, amino acids, thiiranes, and olefins. Due to the inertness of the oxazoline ring system to various reagents (RMgX, LiAlH4, CrO3, mild acid or alkali) it may be utilized as a protecting group for carboxylic acids during the transformations involving the above reagents. Two major new developments in oxazoline chemistry involve (a) the use of a chiral oxazoline as a reagent for asymmetric synthesis of chiral carboxylic acids, lactones, alcohol, thiiranes, and olefins and (b) a new mode of aromatic substitution in which the aryloxazolines act as nucleophilic or electrophilic reagents. This behavior has led to a variety of polysubstituted benzenes and biphenyls which would be inaccessible by classical routes. A variety of examples illustrating the utility of oxazolines indicated above are presented so that the reader may appreciate the vast potential of this simple ring system in synthesis.
Nitric oxide and the developing airway

shaul and colleagues, in one of the current articles in focus (Ref. [9][1], see p. L1192 in this issue), investigate an intriguing subject, the role of endogenously released nitric oxide (NO) on airway function in the developing respiratory system. Their prior studies in the developing sheep have
Reconciling Employee Dissimilarity And P-O Fit

Organizational diversity and person-organization fit have been found to have both positive and negative effects on organizational outcomes. These negative consequences of diversity are often attributed to a lack of fit between traditional employees and employees who differ based on observable or unobservable characteristics. The positive consequences of P-O fit are attributed to a lack of diversity within an organization. Thus, the question emerges: is it possible to have both a diverse workforce and one with high levels of P-O fit? If so, then perhaps it is possible to harness the positive outcomes of diversity and P-O fit and to minimize some of the negative consequences. We propose that the organizational climate and socialization tactics of the firm are a key factor in achieving balance between diversity and fit. We suggest that some organizational climates are better at embracing diversity than others and thus result in a higher level of P-O fit despite the degree of diversity among employees. In addition, we suggest that certain socialization tactics encourage inclusion and acceptance and thus result in a higher level of P-0 fit despite the number of dissimilar employees. Accordingly, we offer a framework in which organizational climate and socialization tactics moderate the relationship between employee dissimilarity and perceptions of P-O fit.
Introduction: Skeletal Muscle

As Eugene Michels recently noted, without skeletal muscle there is no physical therapy.1 Understanding the structure and function of skeletal muscle is central to the practice of physical therapy. In the summer of 1991, approximately 150 physical therapists and non-physical therapists gathered for a week-long retreat in the hills of New Hampshire. The participants came from all across the United States, Canada, and Europe. The retreat was sponsored by the Section on Research of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), with financial assistance from the APTA's Department of Research and the Joseph Alexander Foundation. The topic of the retreat was “Muscle Function in Normal and Pathological States.” The excitement of this gathering is difficult to capture in words. All who were present shared their knowledge and exchanged ideas in a stimulating, provocative, and nonthreatening environment.…
Assessing the Personal Negative Impacts of Hooking Up Experienced by College Students: Gender Differences and Mental Health

Hooking up is a normative behavior among college students that is associated with a range of positive and negative consequences. While previous research has primarily focused on women's negative experiences of hooking up, the current study explored the relationships among hooking up behaviors, psychological distress, and a broad range of negative effects of hooking up in both male and female college students. Using a multisite sample of college students, we developed the 14-item Negative Impact of Hookups Inventory (NIHI) to assess negative health outcomes, emotional responses, and social consequences associated with hooking up. Unprotected sex and having more hookup partners were associated with greater negative experiences of hooking up. Contrary to expectations, there were no gender differences in the total number of negative hookup effects, although men reported more frequent hookups. In addition, negative impacts of hooking up were positively associated with psychological distress regardless of gender. The NIHI may offer a useful tool to assess the negative impacts of hooking up. Understanding students' hookup experiences is an important step toward developing targeted health interventions related to hooking up behavior in young adult populations.
Immunization coverage and its determinants among children born in 2008-2009 by questionnaire survey in Zhejiang, China.

The study aimed to assess the determinants of immunization coverage in children born in 2008-2009, living in Zhejiang Province. The World Health Organization’s cluster sampling technique was applied. Immunization coverage of 5 vaccines was assessed: BCG vaccine, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, poliomyelitis vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, and measles-containing vaccine. Determinants for age-appropriate immunization coverage rates were explored using logistic regression models. Immunization coverage of 5 vaccines were all greater than 90%, but the age-appropriate immunization coverage rates for 3 months and for first dose of measles-containing vaccine was 41.3% and 64.5%, respectively. Siblings in household, mother’s education level, household registration, socioeconomic level of resident areas, satisfaction with clinical immunization service, and convenient access to local immunization clinic were associated with age-appropriate coverage rates. Age-appropriate immunization coverage rat...
Cyclometalated Ruthenium Sensitizers Bearing a Triphenylamino Group for p-Type NiO Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

We report the synthesis, photophysical, and electrochemical studies of a series of cyclometalated ruthenium sensitizers carrying triphenylamino linkers for p-type NiO dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The general structure of these ruthenium sensitizers is Ru[N∧N]2[N∧C], where [N∧N] is a diimine ligand and [N∧C] is a cyclometalated ligand. The triphenylamino group is attached to the -para position of the ruthenium–carbon bond of the [N∧C] ligand as a linker to bridge the ruthenium chromophore and the NiO surface and to enhance the electronic coupling for hole injection. As a result, cells made with these sensitizers generate higher short-circuit currents (Jsc) than cells sensitized with our prior sensitizers with phenylene linkers. Morever the N∧N ligands are systematically tuned from 2,2′-bipyridine (O3), to 1,10-phenanthroline (O13), and to bathophenanthroline (O17). Following the series, the conjugation of the NN ligand is increased, which results in the enhancement of extinction coefficient and the...
LIMIT WAVES ON HORIZONTAL SEA FLOOR

A numerical solution to periodic nonlinear irrotational surface gravity waves on a horizontal sea floor is developed using an iterative Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM). This solution technique is subsequently applied to determine the characteristics of limit waves for which the wave crest theoretically ceases to be rounded and become angled with an included angle of 120 degrees.
Temperature, plant species and residence time effects on nitrogen removal in model treatment wetlands.

Total nitrogen (TN) removal in treatment wetlands (TWs) is challenging due to nitrogen cycle complexity and the variation of influent nitrogen species. Plant species, season, temperature and hydraulic loading most likely influence root zone oxygenation and appurtenant nitrogen removal, especially for ammonium-rich wastewater. Nitrogen data were collected from two experiments utilizing batch-loaded (3-, 6-, 9- and 20-day residence times), sub-surface TWs monitored for at least one year during which temperature was varied between 4 and 24 °C. Synthetic wastewater containing 17 mg/l N as NH 4 and 27 mg/l amino-N, 450 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 13 mg/l SO 4 -S was applied to four replicates of Carex utriculata , Schoenoplectus acutus and Typha latifolia and unplanted controls. Plant presence and species had a greater effect on TN removal than temperature or residence time. Planted columns achieved approximately twice the nitrogen removal of unplanted controls (40–95% versus 20–50% removal) regardless of season and temperature. TWs planted with Carex outperformed both Typha and Schoenoplectus and demonstrated less temperature dependency. TN removal with Carex was excellent at all temperatures and residence times; Schoenoplectus and Typha TN removal improved at longer residence times. Reductions in TN were not accompanied by increases in NO 3 , which was consistently below 1 mg/l N.
What's Wrong with the Cancer Treatment Process? A Breast Cancer Patient's Experience:

A year of treatment for breast cancer presents a sociologist with a unique opportunity to analyze the health care system from a patient perspective. Serious communication problems occurred not only...
Factors Influencing the Distribution of Maize Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Eggs on Maize

Investigations concerning the influence of four weevil densities, three oviposition/feeding periods, two maize genotypes (susceptible and resistant), and three kernel densities on the aggregation of maize weevil (MW), Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, eggs indicated that each had a significant impact on egg distribution. Results showed that egg aggregation generally increased with increasing MW density and duration of oviposition/feeding period, but the specific response depended on kernel density and maize genotype. These findings serve to illustrate the influence of four environmental factors on the biology and ecology of the MW, as quantified by changes in egg distribution, and may aid in the identification of factors (such as resistant varieties) that can be manipulated to the detriment of the insect pest in a pest management program on stored grains.
Writing Performance of Students with Emotional and/or Behavioral Disabilities

ABSTRACT: Students with emotional and/or behavioral disabilities (E/BD), including students with emotional disturbance and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, receiving special education services perform significantly worse on academic performance measures than same age peers. Researchers have focused on reading and math performance while less is known about the writing performance of students with E/BD. We examined the writing performance of students with E/BD and compared their writing performance with that of students without disabilities. In addition, we examined the mediating effect of reading performance on differential writing performance for students with E/BD and typical peers. A sample of 114 students with E/BD was compared with both a full sample of 3,187 typical students and 114 students matched with the E/BD students using propensity score matching. Students were compared on their writing and reading performance on the Connecticut State Mastery Test. Results indicate that students with ...