cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of peripheral arterial tonometry in detection of abnormal coronary flow reserve

Abstract Background We assessed the utility of EndoPAT, a device that measures reactive hyperemia index (RHI) as a clinical screening tool for identifying low coronary flow reserve (CFR). Distinguishing normal from low CFR aids assessment for coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) or large vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods From June 2014–May 2019, in a convenience sample, we measured RHI in adults undergoing clinically indicated cardiac Rubidium-82 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) at a single center. Exclusion criteria were inability to consent, lack of English proficiency, and physical limitation. We defined low RHI as Results Of 265 patients with PET/CT, we enrolled 131, and 100 had adequate data. Patients had a mean age of 61 years (SD = 12), 46% were female, 29% non-white. Thirty-six patients had low RHI, and 60 had depressed CFR. LnRHI did not distinguish patients with low from normal CFR (AUC = 0.53; 95% Cl, 0.41–0.64) and did not correlate with CFR (r = −0.021, p = 0.83). Low RHI did not distinguish patients with traditional CAD risk factors, presence of calcification, or perfusion defect (p > 0.05). Conversely, mean augmentation index, a measure of arterial stiffness, was higher with low RHI (p = 0.005) but not CFR (p = 0.625). RHI was lower in patients we identified as CMD (low CFR, no perfusion defect and calcium score of 0) (1.88 versus 2.21, p = 0.35) although we were underpowered (n = 12) to meet statistical significance. Conclusions Peripheral RHI is insufficient as a clinical screening tool for low CFR as measured by cardiac PET/CT. Differences in vascular pathology assessed by each method may explain this finding.
Economic impacts of soil fertility degradation by traces of iron from drinking water treatment

The most common drinking water clarification technology worldwide is based on precipitation using the floccules of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide FeO(OH). The coagulation sludge obtained is usually mixed with biowaste and composted. Inexperienced farmers are interested in these composts, in the expectation that the smallest fractions of the precipitated organic matter together with the colloidal particles of clay captured during the clarification process might increase the level of soil organic matter as well as cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of soil and increase crop yields. Nevertheless, those who have used these composts observed that plants on treated soil show signs of phosphorus (P) insufficiency, despite having been fertilized appropriately. It has been published recently that the traces of iron (Fe) from the FeO(OH) turn the soil P into Fe phosphates (FeP), which makes P not readily available to agricultural plants. A 6-year field-scale experiment was carried out and was accompanied by robust analyses on soils and yields. It was confirmed that the traces of Fe from the coagulation sludge worsen the availability of soil P to plants. However, for the first time, evidence has been obtained concerning the fact that the Fe also damages the efficiency of P fertilizers applied afterward. A questionnaire was conducted among drinking water treatment plant operators and regulators to identify a reason why similar practices have not been banned yet. The results showed a growing awareness of the issue among experts, but politicians seem to prefer putting off unpopular measures. We recommend abandoning the application of these composts onto arable land and the revitalization of the affected fields using biochar activated by calcium and aluminum phosphates (CaP and AlP) so that the problem is not delayed to such an extent that its solution would become a problem for future generations.
Validation of neutron-induced reactions on natural carbon using an active target at neutron energies up to 22 MeV at LANSCE

A single crystal chemical vapor deposited (sCVD) diamond detector is used as an active target to measure neutron-induced reactions on natural carbon using the neutrons produced by spallation, with a broad energy spectrum at LANSCE. The neutron-induced reactions are detected in the diamond as low as ${\mathrm{E}}_{n}=400$ keV and up to approximately 100 MeV. Relative cross sections for $^{12}\mathrm{C}(n,{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}),$ $^{12}\mathrm{C}(n,{p}_{0}),$ $^{12}\mathrm{C}(n,{d}_{0}+{p}_{1}),$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$$(n,{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0})$ are reported up to ${\mathrm{E}}_{n}=22$ MeV and comparisons on detected pulse-height spectra and detector response of scattering reactions are made with GEANT4 simulations using the ENDF/B-VIII.0 evaluated nuclear data library up to 20 MeV. The results are compared with past experimental data, including other works that incorporate diamond detectors as an active carbon target. In addition, R-matrix calculations for the $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ $+$ n system are presented.
Case Studies in Neuroanesthesia and Neurocritical Care: Intracerebral hemorrhage and anticoagulation

Developments in ventricular assist devices (VADs) and the limited supply of donor hearts for transplantation have made the former an important method of treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure. This chapter presents the case of a patient who underwent two surgical procedures for subdural hematoma evacuation while on left VAD (LVAD) support. Anesthetic management and potential problems such as coagulation status and hemodynamic stability in patients with an LVAD are presented and discussed. The chapter presents a case study of a 72-year-old male who presented for an emergent subdural hematoma decompression. As the number of patients chronically supported with long-term implantable devices grows, general surgical problems that are commonly seen in other hospitalized patients are becoming more common and will eventually lead to an increase in the number of patients with LVADs coming in for noncardiac elective or emergency surgery.
Computational intelligence from AI to BI to NI

This paper gives highlights of the history of the neural network field, stressing the fundamental ideas which have been in play. Early neural network research was motivated mainly by the goals of artificial intelligence (AI) and of functional neuroscience (biological intelligence, BI), but the field almost died due to frustrations articulated in the famous book Perceptrons by Minsky and Papert. When I found a way to overcome the difficulties by 1974, the community mindset was very resistant to change; it was not until 1987/1988 that the field was reborn in a spectacular way, leading to the organized communities now in place. Even then, it took many more years to establish crossdisciplinary research in the types of mathematical neural networks needed to really understand the kind of intelligence we see in the brain, and to address the most demanding engineering applications. Only through a new (albeit short-lived) funding initiative, funding crossdisciplinary teams of systems engineers and neuroscientists, were we able to fund the critical empirical demonstrations which put our old basic principle of “deep learning” firmly on the map in computer science. Progress has rightly been inhibited at times by legitimate concerns about the “Terminator threat” and other possible abuses of technology. This year, at SPIE, in the quantum computing track, we outline the next stage ahead of us in breaking out of the box, again and again, and rising to fundamental challenges and opportunities still ahead of us.
Pre- and postassessment of nurse practitioners' knowledge of hereditary colorectal cancer.

Purpose: This study was part of an educational program conducted to describe nurse practitioners’ (NPs') knowledge and perceived comfort level regarding the identification of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC), specifically Lynch syndrome, also referred to as hereditary nonpolyposis CRC. Data sources: A 3-h workshop was developed that included a pretest to evaluate NPs' knowledge of hereditary CRC syndromes, educational program focusing on Lynch syndrome, and a posttest knowledge evaluation. Knowledge of hereditary CRC syndromes was assessed via a nine-item multiple choice self-report survey. Forty-two NPs participated in the study. Conclusion: Few NPs (39%) reported “comfortable” in identifying red flags “suspect” for Lynch syndrome. Percentage of NPs who responded correctly on each of the pretest items ranged from 17.0% to 57.1% (M= 26.2%; SD= 13.5%; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 14.9%, −37.5%). NPs who responded correctly to the same items after the educational program (posttest) ranged from 53.8% to 95% (M= 80.5%; SD= 15.3%; 95% CI 67.8%, −93.4%). Implications for practice: Genetic testing is widely available for Lynch syndrome. It is important that NPs are cognizant of the syndrome and identify patients at risk for hereditary cancer syndromes so appropriate referral and management can be instituted.
Relational trauma in infancy: psychoanalytic, attachment and neuropsychological contributions to parent-infant psychotherapy

(2010). Relational trauma in infancy: psychoanalytic, attachment and neuropsychological contributions to parent-infant psychotherapy. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 53-55.
Co-Morbid Lymphomatosis Cerebri and Testicular Lymphoma in a Case of Rapidly Progressive Dementia (P3.144)

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the possibility of primary lymphoma outside of the CNS in lymphomatosis cerebri. BACKGROUND: Lymphomatosis cerebri is a rare variant of primary CNS lymphoma first described in 1999. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 66-year old man presenting with rapidly progressive dementia was eventually diagnosed with lymphomatosis cerebri following brain biopsy. Clues to the diagnosis included methylmalonic acidemia, as reported in CNS lymphoma literature. Additional screening led to the finding of diffuse B-cell lymphoma in the testes, not previously described to our knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Primary lesions outside of the CNS, especially testicular lymphoma, must be excluded in lymphomatosis cerebri. Disclosure: Dr. Tremblay has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ashley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vinters has nothing to disclose. Dr. Guo has nothing to disclose.
Anticoagulant protein C pathway defective in majority of thrombophilic patients [see comments]

A defect involving poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC), an anticoagulant serine protease known to inactivate factors Va and VIIIa in plasma, was recently reported and the existence of a novel APC cofactor was suggested. To define the frequency of this defect among 25 venous thrombophilic patients with no identifiable laboratory test abnormality and among 22 patients previously identified with heterozygous protein C or protein S deficiency, the APC-induced prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time assay for these patients was compared with results for 35 normal subjects. The results show that this new defect in anticoagulant response to APC is surprisingly present in 52% to 64% of the 25 patients, ie, in the majority of previously undiagnosed thrombophilia cases, but is not present in 20 of 22 heterozygous protein C or protein S deficient patients, suggesting that the new factor is a risk factor independent of protein C or protein S deficiency. The results demonstrate that abnormalities in the anticoagulant protein C pathway are present in the majority of thrombophilic patients.
Consulting with children in the development of self-efficacy and recall tools related to nutrition and physical activity

Purpose This article chronicles our efforts to develop an instrument with and for children—complete with insights, multiple iterations, and missteps along the way. The instruments we developed assess children's self-efficacy and recall related to healthy eating and physical activity. Design and Methods Five focus groups were held with 39 children to discuss the evolving instrument. Results A nine-item self-efficacy instrument and a 10-item recall instrument were developed with Flesch–Kincaid grade levels of 1.8 and 4.0, respectively, which fifth graders can complete in less than 5 min. Practice Implications When assessing children in clinical practice or research, we should use instruments that have been developed with children's feedback and are child-centered. Without that assurance, assessment results can be questionable.
Response of immature baboon fetal lung to intra-amniotic betamethasone.

Abstract Intra-amniotic betamethasone (6 mg.) given to six immature fetal baboons, at four and again at three days prior to delivery by cesarean section, between 147 and 158 days' gestation (term = 180 days), significantly increased the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. At delivery, treated animal lungs were more mature in that they had a significantly increased deflation stability and significantly decreased minimum surface tension in minced lung when compared to five control animals. Changes in maximum air distensibility lagged behind changes in detlation stability. The major molecular species of pulmonary phosphatidylcholine were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography as the diacylglycerol derivatives. The proportions of 14:0/16:0, 16:0/16:0, and 16:0/18:0, were significantly increased over control proportions while unsaturated species tended to decrease in animals exposed to intra-amniotic betamethasone. The immature fetal baboon pulmonary system responded to intra-amniotic betamethasone with a synchronous increase in the L/S ratio, improved pulmonary stability, and a more mature pulmonary lecithin composition, but did not demonstrate a synchronous increase in tissue distensibility.
Episodic Aseismic Slip at Plate Boundaries

Slip in earthquakes accounts for only a fraction of plate tectonic displacements. Until recently, the aseismic component of plate motions had been assumed to take place primarily as steady-state creep, although no direct observations of creep at depth exist. This chapter summarizes the accumulating evidence that a large fraction of aseismic slip occurs episodically rather than continuously. Several types of episodic aseismic slip processes have been documented, distinguished by when they occur in the earthquake cycle (precursory, interseismic, or afterslip) and what they represent: deviations in slip rate from long-term rates or discrete slow slip events (SSEs). Interseismic SSEs at convergent margins are the most commonly observed mode of episodic aseismic motion. SSEs at several subduction zones correlate with seismic tremor, a signal that is commonly associated with active volcanoes. Given their correspondence, it is likely that slow slip and tremor are manifestations of the same process. Aseismic slip events concentrate near Earth's surface, at the up- or down-dip edge of the seismogenic zone, or at complementary locations to strongly locked patches or co-seismic asperities within the seismogenic zone. The nucleation of aseismic slip events at frictional transitions is supported by rate- and state-dependent frictional modeling. The fairly common occurrence of aseismic slip following moderate to large earthquakes (afterslip) suggests a relationship between higher velocity ruptures (earthquakes) and slow slip. Although isolated episodes of interseismic slow slip can be related to nearby earthquake activity, a consistent triggering pattern has yet to emerge and further study is clearly warranted.
The Function of Age, Sex, and Body Mass on Distance Running

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between running performance and sex, age, and body mass. Subjects were a stratified random sample from the Texas Normative data. Data were analyzed with multiple regression techniques. Results indicate better performance by males on both subsamples. Age was found to be unrelated to girls' 9-minute run performance and negatively related to their 12-minute performance. Age was related positively to boys' 9-minute performance and quadratically to 12-minute performance. Body mass was found to account for the negative relationship for girls; however, body mass did not change the relationships found for boys. Results are compared with those identified from the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test Manual (1976).
A generic framework for online knowledge-based diagnostic systems in batch chemical processes

A generic framework for a knowledge-based operator advisory system which defines the knowledge, knowledge organization and problem solving strategy for discrete-with-sufficient-time operations is presented. The operator advisory system architecture is based on the procedural decomposition achieved through a "phase-step model" of discrete processes. Operator advisories are generated for plant monitoring, fault detection and diagnosis, and corrective action planning. The architecture is implemented as a general-purpose shell and successfully demonstrated for the case of the startup of a delayed coking unit. >
The role of hematogenous and intrinsic precursor cells in lymphocyte production in murine bone marrow and thymus.

It is well recognized that the bone marrow contains cells that can repopulate a depleted thymus as well as cells that can be induced to express phenotypic markers characteristic of T cells. It is not known, however, to what extent thymocytopoiesis in the normal thymus relies on immigrant, bone marrow-derived cells, nor whether some T cell precursors have entered the bone marrow from the circulation. We used the parabiotic system to test whether thymocytopoiesis relies on progenitors intrinsic to the thymus or on cells that enter the organ from the circulation. In the same system, we have also investigated whether Thy-1− bone marrow lymphocytes that respond to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) by proliferation and Thy-1 expression are produced by my-elogenous or hematogenous progenitors. Syngeneic CBA/HT6 and CBA/CaJ mice were joined in parabiotic union at 4–6 weeks of age. Cross circulation between the two partners was verified by the equilibration of Evans' blue dye injected into one partner and by the equilibration of PHA-responsive T cells in the spleen of the parabionts. Chromosome spreads were prepared from the PHA-stimulated T cell-depleted bone marrow and from spontaneously proliferating thymocytes as well as from thymocytes stimulated by PHA or Concanavalin A (Con A). The exchange of spleen colony-forming units (CFU-S) in the femoral marrow was assessed by karyotyping individual spleen colonies. Regardless of the length of parabiotic union, ranging from 4 to 20 weeks, Thy-1−, PHA-responsive bone marrow lymphocytes remained predominantly of the host type with only 3% being derived from the opposite partner. The same held true for CFU-S in the femur; only around 5% of this cell population were of the nonhost type. Thus, although some Thy-1−, PHA-responsive lymphocytes in the bone marrow may be derived from hematogenous stem cells, the majority of them are generated by precursors resident in the bone marrow. Likewise, regardless of the length of parabiotic union, at least 95% of spontaneously proliferating cells in the thymus of each partner possessed the karyotype of the host, and this held true also for PHA- or Con A-stimulated thymocytes, indicating that the small population of spontaneously proliferating immigrant cells cannot account for the production of the large number of postmitotic (mitogen-responsive) thymocytes. Our findings, therefore, demonstrate a high degree of self-maintenance for Thy-1−, PHA-reponsive lymphocytes in the bone marrow and also for intrathymic T cell precursors. In the unperturbed, postnatal thymus, thymoctye production does not rely on cell input from the circulation; the vast majority of thymoctyes are generated by an intrathymic precursor pool that is independent of immigrant myelogenous T cell precursors.
Abstract 1174: VCAM-1 enhances immune evasion in a murine model of metastatic cervical cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Surface over-expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) has recently been identified as a mechanism used by metastatic breast cancer cells to provide pro-survival advantages. It has been previously shown that the metastatic and immune-resistant mouse cervical cancer cell line, A17 has a significantly increased expression of VCAM-1 compared with the primary parental tumor cell line, TC1-P0. Using this metastatic tumor model, we first modulated the surface expression levels of VCAM-1 on A17 in vitro by using an shRNA knockdown approach. We then inoculated these cells intra-venously (iv) and subcutaneously (sq) into C57BL/6 background mice and athymic nude mice to interrogate how VCAM-1 expression affects surrounding immune cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. To further characterize VCAM-1 dependent immune responses, we used intravital 2-photon laser-scanning microscopy (2P-LPS) to dynamically visualize immune-tumor cells interaction. We observed that VCAM-1 down-regulation reduces the primary tumor growth kinetics in C57BL/6 mice but exhibited similar growth kinetics in nude mice, suggesting that VCAM-1 levels are not responsible for the intrinsic primary tumor growth differences in vivo. Moreover, VCAM-1 down-regulated cell lines showed decreased lung metastasis in both immune-competent mice and athymic nude mice. Furthermore, the metastatic lung parenchyma in mice injected with the non-silencing shVCAM-1 control exhibited immune cell infiltrates with a predominance of M2 polarized macrophages and an altered cytokine production. This may be responsible for decreased susceptibility to immune surveillance. Together, our results demonstrate that tumor-associated VCAM-1 expression helps aggressive tumors circumvent effective immune surveillance, and may represent a target for the development of immune-mediated therapy in metastatic cervical cancer. Citation Format: Francesca Scrimieri, Iuliana Dit Bobanga, Saada Eid, David J. Corn, Deborah Barkauskas, Jay Jay Myers, Alex Y. Huang. VCAM-1 enhances immune evasion in a murine model of metastatic cervical cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1174. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1174
Evaluation and optimization of contrast enhancement methods for medical images

simulation of the performance of an observer.1. INTRODUCTIONThe emergence of promising imaging systems, image processing algorithms, and image display and visualization methodshas intensified the demand for accurate and consistent measures of the diagnostic quality of medical images, with the aim ofoptimization of relevant system and display parameters, and evaluation and differentiation of proposed manipulations. To beuseful, an image quality measure must approach the goal of consistent correlation with human performance for a range ofmedical image detection and interpretation tasks. In addition, it must be objective, realistic, calculable, and efficient. Sinceit is the human observer for which the image is ultimately intended, image quality must be defined by an analysis of theobserver performing a specified task. We have developed a methodology for measuring performance using observer studies,
Teaching NeuroImages: Sciatic neuropathy after heroin abuse

A 38-year-old woman presented with acute onset of severe pain in the left calf and foot after inhaling heroin. On examination, she had distal left lower extremity weakness and absent ankle jerk. EMG at 8 weeks suggested an axonal left sciatic neuropathy. HIV test was negative. Creatine kinase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were normal. MRI revealed prominent edema and enlargement of the left sciatic nerve without contrast enhancement (figure). She received weekly infusions of IV methylprednisolone leading to improvement in her symptoms and MRI findings. Recognized neuromuscular complications of acute heroin usage include mononeuropathy, polyradiculoplexopathy, and rhabdomyolysis secondary to possible inflammatory or toxic mechanisms.1,2
Contact Printing of Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Devices

We demonstrate a solvent-free contact printing process for deposition of patterned and unpatterned colloidal quantum dot (QD) thin films as the electroluminescent layers within hybrid organic-QD light-emitting devices (QD-LEDs). Our method benefits from the simplicity, low cost, and high throughput of solution-processing methods, while eliminating exposure of device structures to solvents. Because the charge transport layers in hybrid organic/inorganic QD-LEDs consist of solvent-sensitive organic thin films, the ability to avoid solvent exposure during device growth, as presented in this study, provides a new flexibility in choosing organic materials for improved device performance. In addition, our method allows us to fabricate both monochrome and red−green−blue patterned electroluminescent structures with 25 μm critical dimension, corresponding to 1000 ppi (pixels-per-inch) print resolution.
Ultrasonic scattering and transmission properties of mammalian white matter in the detection of brain injury

In this work, we examine the orientation-dependent scattering and attenuation properties of white mater from mammalian brain tissue. We find that both the backscatter and attenuation of ultrasound in these tissues exhibit anisotropy. Furthermore, when extrapolated down to 1 MHz, it appears that the attenuation differences will be small but the backscatter differences are potentially resolvable. From a tissue characterization context, this means that the impact of changes due to the rotation of overlying tissues will be small compared to the changes in the strength of the backscatter signals from the regions of interest.
Detection of faking on role-play tests of assertiveness.

Faking and demand characteristics can represent significant threats to the validity of role-play tests of social competence. The present study examined whether faking could be detected via the glob...
EFFECT OF FLUORIDE ON CRYSTAL TEXTURE AND RADIOCALCIUM UPTAKE OF RAT BONE.

SummaryUptake of Ca45 and hydroxy-apatite crystallinity as measured by degree of resolution of its X-ray diffraction pattern was compared in the femur, vertebra, and alveolar bone of rats given a drinking water containing either no fluoride or 50 ppm F for 14 months. Vertebra and alveolar bone contained significantly more Ca45 than femur. Fluoride administration improved bone crystallinity but did not affect radiocalcium uptake. The possible effect of fluoride in bone accretion is discussed in relation to the above findings.
Leaf enlargement and metabolic rates in corn, soybean, and sunflower at various leaf water potentials.

Rates of photosynthesis, dark respiration, and leaf enlargement were studied in soil-grown corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants at various leaf water potentials. As leaf water potentials decreased, leaf enlargement was inhibited earlier and more severely than photosynthesis or respiration. Except for low rates of enlargement, inhibition of leaf enlargement was similar in all three species, and was large when leaf water potentials dropped to about -4 bars.Intact sunflower leaves were held for 4 days at leaf water potentials which permitted maximal photosynthesis and respiration, but which inhibited leaf enlargement. Although leaf enlargement did not occur initially, enlargement resumed toward the end of the desiccation period. However, the rate of enlargement was not as rapid as in the well watered control, nor did it return to the control rate when the plant was rewatered.
Real-time and embedded systems - teaching reliability

Computer science students routinely practice just-in-time software engineering that results in solutions to programming assignments that barely limp through the test cases. Worse, when they have access to the test suite used for grading, students who have reached an impasse will often resort to a kind of evolutionary programming where they incrementally tweak parts of a program, test the code, and repeat. This random walk through the program space can move programs away from correctness rather than toward it. Embedded systems, with their concurrency, resource limitations, flaky tools, and all-too-frequent debugging through LEDs and logic analyzers, provide the perfect environment for students to experience some truly difficult debugging. Embedded systems must be reliable, but computer science students aren't in the habit of creating reliable software. It will be better, if we explicitly teach them techniques that can increase software reliability even though this reduces the amount of time we can spend on more traditional technical material.
Zinc content and specific activity of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes.

Abstract Zinc analyses and specific activity determinations on the two major electrophoretic bands of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase revealed no significant differences between them or between the isolated bands and the starting material.
Novel FGFR3 rearrangement t(4;22)(p16;q11.2) in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma

Dear Editor, Chromosomal aberrations have prognostic implications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) [1]. One category of chromosome rearrangements involves relocation of immunoglobulin gene (IG) enhancer sequences to the vicinity of an oncogene. The enhancers from IGK@, IGL@, and IGH@ are considered equivalent in their effects; however, IGK@ and IGL@ are less common than IGH@ rearrangements. In plasma cell neoplasm, fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGFR3)–IGH@ rearrangement is a recurring aberration with poor prognosis [2]. A 61-year-old man was found to have mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy. His white blood count was 10.3× 10/μL, with absolute lymphocyte count of 1.9×10/μL, hemoglobin level of 11.1 g/dL, platelet count of 349× 10/μL, lactate dehydrogenase level of 204 IU/L (110– 240), and no monoclonal protein. The histological sections of two lymph nodes showed architecture partially effaced by an atypical lymphoid proliferation, comprised primarily of small lymphocytes with round nuclei, condensed chromatin, indistinct nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm. Intermixed were larger nucleolated lymphocytes consistent with prolymphocytes. Residual follicles with germinal centers were seen. Immunostains (Fig. 1) confirmed the suspected clinical diagnosis of CLL/SLL. Two bone marrow biopsies were performed 12 months apart. The first bonemarrow smear showed 11% lymphocytes and 2 % plasma cells. Flow cytometry showed 4 % of the total cells to be CLL/SLL cells with typical immunophenotype of CD19, CD20 dim, CD5, CD23, FMC7, and surface lambda dim. The second bone marrow smear showed 8 % lymphocytes and 1 % plasma cells. Flow cytometry showed 6.5 % of the total cells to be CLL/SLL cells. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of uncultured nuclei performed on the first biopsy with the CLL panel did not detect any aberrations; however, cytogenetic analysis of metaphase chromosomes revealed a t(4;22) (p16;q11.2) in both bone marrow biopsies (Fig. 2a). Metaphase FISH for FGFR3 and IGL@ confirmed the involvement of these two genes in the translocation
Practical Application of Human B-Type Natriuretic Peptide as a Therapeutic Intervention in the Perioperative Setting

The use of human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP, nesiritide) as a therapeutic intervention is now well established for patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Nesiritide mimics the actions of endogenous BNP by binding to and stimulating receptors in the heart, kidney, and vasculature. Postsurgical patients are typically managed with various combinations of vasodilators, diuretics, and inotropes. Many of these therapeutic interventions lack significant proof of efficacy and are potentially deleterious to these patients, despite the acute hemodynamic improvement that results from their use. Use of nesiritide may supplant some of these therapies as an equally efficacious and possibly safer alternative in patients with decompensated heart failure. Nesiritide is a unique, balanced vasodilator that markedly decreases the signs and symptoms of heart failure in perioperative patients, and also may decrease the need for inotropic agents. This review summarizes nesiritide's mechanism of action and addresses special concerns and practical considerations for cardiothoracic surgeons and anesthesiologists. Overall, nesiritide appears to be an effective and safe therapeutic option in perioperative patients with decompensated heart failure.
Scattering from incipient stripe order in the high-temperature superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ

Recently, we have used spectroscopic mapping with a scanning tunneling microscope to probe modulations of the electronic density of states in single crystals of the high-temperature superconductor ${\text{Bi}}_{2}{\text{Sr}}_{2}{\text{CaCu}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (Bi-2212) as a function of temperature [C. V. Parker et al., Nature (London) 468, 677 (2010)]. These measurements showed Cu-O bond-oriented modulations that form below the pseudogap temperature with a temperature-dependent energy dispersion displaying different behaviors in the superconducting and pseudogap states. Here we demonstrate that quasiparticle scattering from impurities does not capture the experimentally observed energy and temperature dependence of these modulations. Instead, a model of scattering of quasiparticles from short-range stripe order, with periodicity near four lattice constants ($4a$), reproduces the experimentally observed energy dispersion of the bond-oriented modulations and its temperature dependence across the superconducting critical temperature ${T}_{c}$. The present study confirms the existence of short-range stripe order in Bi-2212.
Double trisomy in spontaneous abortions

Cytogenetic data on products of conception from spontaneous abortions studied over a 10-year period have been reviewed for double trisomies. A total of 3034 spontaneous abortions were karyotyped between 1986 and 1997. Twenty-two cases with double trisomy, one case with triple trisomy, and a case with a trisomy and monosomy were found. The tissues studied were mostly sac, villi, or placenta. The gestational age ranged from 6 to 11 weeks and the mean age was 8.2 ± 1.7 (SD) weeks. The mean maternal age in years was 35.9 ± 5.3. Of the twenty-two cases, four were mosaics. All but two of the cases involved autosomal aneuploidies. The double trisomies included chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, and 22. The chromosomes that were trisomic in more than one double trisomy case were numbers 16 (8 cases), 8 (5 cases), 15 (4 cases), 2, 13, and 21 (3 cases each), and 5, 7, 14, 18, 20, 22, and X (2 cases). The triple trisomy involved chromosomes 18, 21, and X. The monosomy and trisomy case was a mosaic, with a monosomy 21 in all cells and some cells also with a trisomy 5. The double trisomies cited for the first time in this study were 4/13, 5/16, 8/14, 8/15, 14/21, 15/20, and 7/12. The pooled mean maternal age for double trisomy cases (34.1 ± 5.7 years) was higher than that for single trisomy cases (31 ± 6.1 years). The difference was statistically significant at P = < 0.001. The pooled mean gestational age of spontaneous abortions was lower for double trisomy (8.7 ± 2.2 weeks) than for reported single trisomy cases (10.1 ± 2.9 weeks). This difference is also statistically significant at P = < 0.001. The sex ratio among double trisomies was 15 females to 13 males. This difference was not statistically significant from the expected 1 : 1.
Setting directions for the future of online and adult education

This chapter summarizes and synthesizes the major emphases from the previous chapters, examining their practical implications in online education and suggesting future directions for the practice of adult and continuing education.
Foreign Direct Investment and Skill Formation in China

Using panel data analyses, this paper examines the relation between human capital formation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China. It shows that FDI has a significant effect on human capital formation, at least for the period 1995–2001. When we estimate the relationship between FDI and skill formation for the coastal and non-coastal provinces separately, the positive relationship is maintained, and this relationship also holds when we consider investment in real estate or the ratio of number of foreign firms to total number of firms investing in China. The results stand robust in the causality test and the sensitivity analysis.
Survey of TES high albedo events in Mars' northern polar craters

[1] Following the work exploring Korolev Crater (Armstrong et al., 2005) for evidence of crater interior ice deposits, we have conducted a survey of Thermal Emission Spectroscopy (TES) temperature and albedo measurements for Mars' northern polar craters larger than 10 km. Specifically, we identify a class of craters that exhibits brightening in their interiors during a solar longitude, Ls, of 60 to 120 degrees, roughly depending on latitude. These craters vary in size, latitude, and morphology, but appear to have a specific regional association on the surface that correlates with the distribution of subsurface hydrogen (interpreted as water ice) previously observed on Mars. We suggest that these craters, like Korolev, exhibit seasonal high albedo frost events that indicate subsurface water ice within the craters. A detailed study of these craters may provide insight in the geographical distribution of the ice and context for future polar missions.
Economic implications of the social security program

More than half the workign population given substantial protection against old age and unemployment under the terms of the social security act.
Generating the states of a binary stochastic system

Abstract An important aspect of planning a communication or distribution system is assessing its performance when the components are subject to random failure. Since exact calculation of stochastic performances measures is usually difficult, the behavior of the system can instead be approximated by generating a subset of all system states. Specifically, we consider her e the generation of states of a binary stochastic system in order of nonincreasing probability. Such an ordering ensures that maximum coverage of the state space (in terms of probability) will be obtained for a specified number of generated states. We identify a particular discrete structure, a distributive lattice, underlying this generation problem, and use this structure to guide an algorithm for generating in order the states of the given system. Computational results suggest that the proposed method improves on existing algorithms for this generation problem.
Characterization of an Essential HSV-1 Protein Encoded by the UL25 Gene Reported to Be Involved in Virus Penetration and Capsid Assembly

The 2.3-kb BamHI-U DNA fragment (map units 0.319-0.335) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome contains the complete UL25 open reading frame (ORF). It specifies an essential viral protein reported previously to be involved in virus penetration and capsid assembly (C. Addison, F. J. Rixon, J. W. Palfreyman, M. O'Hara, and V. G. Preston, Virology 138, 246-259, 1984). To identify the protein encoded by the UL25 gene, the UL25 ORF was cloned in a eukaryotic expression vector (p91023) downstream of the adenovirus major late promoter to generate the expression plasmid p9-UL25. Synthesis of a 60-kDa protein was observed in COS-7 cells transfected with p9-UL25 plasmid DNA, but not in cells transfected with p91023 control plasmid DNA. To identify and characterize the UL25 protein from HSV-1-infected cells, we prepared a rabbit antiserum by using UL25-GST fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli as immunogen. This rabbit antiserum readily immunoprecipitated the 60-kDa UL25 protein from HSV-1-infected cells. In HSV-1-infected cells, UL25 protein was expressed as a late (gamma) or a leaky late (gamma 1) viral protein. The rabbit antiserum raised against HSV-1 UL25 protein immunoprecipitated a UL25-homologue of identical size from HSV-2-infected cells. However, the reactivity of the antiserum with HSV-2 UL25-homologue was weaker than compared to the corresponding HSV-1 protein. Consistent with its classification as a virion component, the UL25 protein was found to be associated with purified HSV-1 virions.
The All Germanium Anti-Compton Spectrometer

A two crystal Ge(Li) detector system has been developed for use as an anti-Compton gamma-ray spectrometer. The basic components of this system are a pair of Ge(Li) detectors mounted in tandem. Coincidence techniques are used to require a gamma ray to interact by multiple processes (e. g. one or more Compton events followed by a photoelectric event) in each portion of the pair of detectors. The total energy deposited is then recorded. Energy absorbed by a single process (e. g. one Compton event) is not recorded. The resulting spectrum is made up of full energy peaks above a low and featureless background characterized by the absence of Compton edges. An investigation of the efficiency and peak-to-background ratio as a function of gamma ray energy has been made for this new gamma-ray spectrometer.
Contemporary tectonics, seismicity, and potential earthquake sources in the white mountains seismic gap, west-central Nevada and east-central California, USA

Abstract The White Mountains seismic gap (WMSG) is a broad area between the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake and the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake that has a complicated tectonic setting and seismicity patterns, and is considered to have the potential for a strong or larger-magnitude earthquake in the near future. We take the Sierra Nevada block as the western boundary of the WMSG, the Pancake Range lineament and the southernmost 1932 earthquake ruptures as its approximate northern boundary, a change in structure, tectonic rates and seismicity level as the eastern boundary, and the northernmost 1872 earthquake ruptures as the southern boundary. Seismicity within the WMSG, especially in the southern part, has been at a very high level since 1978. This activity has included six events of magnitude ⩾ 6 and their associated aftershocks. In addition many earthquake swarms have occurred throughout the WMSG, some of which are distinctly located at the ends of fault zones or near changes in structural orientation. Focal mechanisms show a predominance of strike-slip solutions for both small and large earthquakes, with NW-trending right-lateral and NE-trending left-lateral solutions for over half of the mechanisms. These are similar to the sense of displacements and orientations of the larger faults in the WMSG. Thus seismic strain is consistent with the faulting pattern in the WMSG and is accommodating contemporary deformation through a conjugate set of strike-slip and normal-oblique-slip faults. Examination and analysis of eighteen of the larger faults in the WMSG leads to the estimation of characteristic earthquakes ranging from magnitude 6.8 to 7.4. Given the size of the seismic gap (100 km) and the pronounced change in structure near the middle of the seismic gap, it seems likely that it will require two or more magnitude ~ M 7 + events to “fill” the gap.
Focused parathyroidectomy guided by intra-operative parathormone monitoring does not miss multiglandular disease in patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: A 10-year outcome

Background There remains concern that focused parathyroidectomy guided by intra-operative parathormone monitoring (IPM) will miss multiglandular disease (MGD) leading to a higher recurrence rate. This study reports the 10-year outcome of patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism treated by focused parathyroidectomy guided by IPM. Methods From 1993 to 1998, 173 consecutive patients with sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism underwent focused parathyroidectomy guided by IPM. When IPM showed >50% decrease 10 minutes after abnormal gland excision, the operation was completed. Recurrent hyperparathyroidism was defined as elevated serum calcium and parathormone (PTH) levels >6 months after successful parathyroidectomy. Results There were 164 patients with a mean follow-up of 83 months. In this group, 96% patients had single gland disease (SGD) and 4% had MGD. Five (3%) patients developed recurrent hyperparathyroidism at 2, 4, 9, 10, and 12 years. In 43 eucalcemic patients followed for >10 years, PTH levels remained normal in 54%, were constantly above normal range in 2%, or varied between normal and above normal range in 44%. Conclusion In patients 10 years after treatment, IPM-guided parathyroidectomy does not fail to identify MGD, allows for limited dissection in SGD, and shows that various sized parathyroid glands left in situ do not cause higher recurrence rates.
Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: CNS plaque development in unsuppressed and suppressed animals.

Central nervous system (CNS) lesion morphology has been studied in inbred Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized for chronic relapsing EAE in which the disease was either left to develop (unsuppressed) or was suppressed with injections containing myelin basic protein (MBP). Pathologic changes correlated well with clinical activity. In unsuppressed chronic EAE animals, active clinical disease was invariably matched by acute inflammation in the CNS. In more chronic states, the CNS displayed fibrosis and remyelination while response showed the CNS to contain recent changes superimposed upon old lesions. In animals in which the disease was suppressed by injections of MBP, clinical signs did not develop. However, some early subclinical changes were seen morphologically. These lesions were able to remyelinate early on and there was no progression in lesion formation. Apparently, therefore, MBP had a beneficial effect upon the course of the disease and had promoted structural repair. It thus appears that MBP therapy might be one effective approach for the prevention of chronic relapsing EAE. The findings should prove relevant to future MBP trials in multiple sclerosis.
Dynamic representation formulas and fundamental solutions for piezoelectricity

Abstract Representation formulas and fundamental solutions of the governing equations of transient piezoelectricity are obtained through a generalization of the reciprocal theorem and the plane wave transform method. It is shown that dynamic fundamental and singular solutions can be reduced to one-dimensional integral expressions by means of a slowness surface. The article provides the necessary mathematical foundations towards the development of the boundary element method for nonstationary, three-dimensional electroelastic problems.
Glial Progenitor Cell–Based Treatment and Modeling of Neurological Disease

The diseases of myelin are among the most prevalent and disabling conditions in neurology. These diseases include both the vascular and inflammatory demyelinating disorders of adulthood, as well as the childhood leukodystrophies and cerebral palsy. These fundamentally glial disorders may be amenable to treatment by glial progenitor cells (GPCs), which give rise to astroglia and myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Given the development of new methods for generating and isolating human GPCs, the myelin disorders may now be compelling targets for cell-based therapy. In addition, the efficient engraftment and expansion of human GPCs in murine hosts has led to the development of human glial chimeric mouse brains, which provides new opportunities for studying the species-specific roles of human glia in cognition, as well as in disease pathogenesis.