cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic anastomotic failure after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Background: Pancreatic anastomotic failure has historically been regarded as one of the most feared complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods: We reviewed our recent experience (59 cases), March 1994 to December 1998, with pancreaticoduodenectomy and compared preoperative and intraoperative characteristics as well as outcomes in those patients who experienced (n = 10) versus those who did not experience a postoperative pancreatic leak (n = 49). Information was retrospectively collected from hospital records, office records, and interviews with patients. Results: The clinical leak rate in this series was 8.5%. There were no significant differences in preoperative or intraoperative characteristics comparing those with versus those without a postoperative pancreatic leak. Only 1 of 10 patients with a postoperative pancreatic leak required reoperation to manage the leak. Those with a pancreatic leak had more other postoperative complications (median 2 versus 0 complications per patient, P = 0.01) and longer hospital duration compared with those without a leak (median 13 versus 23 days, P <0.01). Overall mortality in the series was 3.4%; no mortalities occurred as a result of a pancreatic leak. Conclusions: In the 1990s pancreatic anastomotic leak remains a potentially lethal problem after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Pancreatic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with other postoperative complications and a longer hospital stay.
Path-invariant comma-free codes

In this paper we define a subclass of comma-free codes which has a property called path invariance. The main advantage of codes in this subclass lies in the ease of establishing the positions of the divisions between words. Certain path-invariant comma-free dictionaries using K symbols to form n-symbol words are developed and their properties are studied. The number of words in these dictionaries is determined to be L(K-L)^{[n/2]}K^{[(n-1)/2]} where L is a parameter which equals one when n \geq 4K/3 , and [x] denotes the integral part of x . That this is the maximum obtainable dictionary size is proved for a special case. The ability of these codes to correct registration (synchronization) errors when n consecutive symbols are available (as opposed to the 2n consecutive symbols required by general fixed-word-length comma-free codes) is demonstrated. A comparison of dictionary sizes is made for path-invariant comma-free codes, general fixed-word-length comma-free codes, and codes using one symbol as a comma. In the range K \leq 6 and n \leq 9 the path-invariant dictionaries are about \frac{1}{2} to \frac{3}{4} the size of the corresponding general comma-free dictionaries. Asymptotic dictionary sizes are obtained for K \rightarrow \infty and for n \rightarrow \infty .
Adipose segmentation in small animals at 7T: a preliminary study

Background Small animal MRI at 7 Tesla (T) provides a useful tool for adiposity research. For adiposity researchers, separation of fat from surrounding tissues and its subsequent quantitative or semi- quantitative analysis is a key task. This is a relatively new field and a priori it cannot be known which specific biological questions related to fat deposition will be relevant in a specific study. Thus it is impossible to predict what accuracy and what spatial resolution will be required in all cases and even difficult what accuracy and resolution will be useful in most cases. However the pragmatic time constraints and the practical resolution ranges are known for small animal imaging at 7T. Thus we have used known practical constraints to develop a method for fat volume analysis based on an optimized image acquisition and image post processing pair.
Preparing for Service-Oriented Computing: A Composite Design Pattern for Stubless Web Service Invocation

The ability to dynamically bind to Web services at runtime is becoming increasingly important as the era of Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) emerges. With SOC selection and invocation of Web service partners will occur in software at run-time, rather than by software developers at design and compile time. Unfortunately, the marketplace has yet to yield a predominate applications programming interface for the invocation of Web services. This results in software that is deeply ingrained with vendor-specific calls, which is problematic because Web service technology is changing at a rapid pace. In order to leverage the latest developments, code often needs to be heavily refactored to account for changing invocation interfaces. This paper explores the mitigation of this problem through the application of software design patterns.
A versatile synthetic approach for the synthesis of CoO, CoxC, and Co based nanocomposites: tuning kinetics and crystal phase with different polyhydric alcohols

The solution synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles allows for precise control of a particle's shape, size, and crystal phase on the nanoscale, key parameters in tuning the intrinsic magnetic properties of nanoparticles. In this study, we investigate the role of polyhydric alcohols for the solution synthesis of cobalt carbide nanoparticles, a newly discovered hard ferromagnetic material. The oxidative stability of the polyhydric alcohol at reaction temperatures plays a significant role in the kinetics of carbide formation, as well as the phase produced (Co2C vs. Co3C). By tuning the oxidation rate of the polyhydric alcohol, composites of CoO, CoxC, and Co phases can be produced, allowing for magnetic composites comprised of anti ferromagnetic, hard ferromagnetic and soft ferromagnetic phases.
Geostrophic adjustment in a channel : nonlinear and dispersive effects

We consider the general problem of geostrophic adjustment in a channel in the weakly nonlinear and dispersive (non-hydrostatic) limit. Governing equations of Boussinesq- type are derived, based on the assumption of weak nonlinear, dispersive and rotational effects, both for surface waves on a homogeneous fluid and internal waves in a two-layer system. Numerical solutions of the Boussinesq equations are presented, giving examples of the geostrophic adjustment in a channel for two different kinds of initial disturbances, both with non-zero perturbation potential vorticity. The timescales of rotational separation (that is, the separation of the Kelvin and Poincar6 waves due to their dispersive properties) and that of nonlinear evolution are considered, with particular concern for the resonant interactions of nonlinear Kelvin waves and linear Poincar6 waves described by Melville, Tomasson & Renouard (1989). A parameter measuring the ratio of the two timescales is used to predict when the free and forced Poincar6 waves may be separated in the solution. It also distinguishes the cases in which the linear solutions are valid for the rotational separation from those requiring the full Boussinesq equations. Finally, solutions for the evolution of nonlinear internal waves in a sea strait are presented, and the effects of friction on the wavefront curvature of the nonlinear Kelvin waves are briefly considered.
Molecular dynamics simulations of carbon nanotube-based gears

We used molecular dynamics to investigate the properties and design space of molecular gears fashioned from carbon nanotubes with teeth added via a benzyne reaction known to occur with C60. A modified, parallelized version of Brenner's potential was used to model interatomic forces within each molecule. A Leonard-Jones 6-12 potential was used for forces between molecules. One gear was powered by forcing the atoms near the end of the buckytube to rotate, and a second gear was allowed.to rotate by keeping the atoms near the end of its buckytube on a cylinder. The meshing aromatic gear teeth transfer angular momentum from the powered gear to the driven gear. A number of gear and gear/shaft configurations were simulated. Cases in vacuum and with an inert atmosphere were examined. In an extension to molecular dynamics technology, some simulations used a thermostat on the atmosphere while the hydrocarbon gear's temperature was allowed to fluctuate. This models cooling the gears with an atmosphere. Results suggest that these gears can operate at up to 50-100 gigahertz in a vacuum or inert atmosphere at room temperature. The failure mode involves tooth slip, not bond breaking, so failed gears can be returned to operation by lowering temperature and/or rotation rate. Videos and atomic trajectory files in xyz format are presented.
Energetics of defects on graphene through fluorination.

Functionalized graphene sheets (FGSs) comprise a unique member of the carbon family, demonstrating excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. However, the detailed chemical composition of this material is still unclear. Herein, we take advantage of the fluorination process to semiquantitatively probe the defects and functional groups on graphene surface. Functionalized graphene sheets are used as substrate for low-temperature (<150 °C) direct fluorination. The fluorine content has been modified to investigate the formation mechanism of different functional groups such as CF, CF2, OCF2 and (CO)F during fluorination. The detailed structure and chemical bonds are simulated by density functional theory (DFT) and quantified experimentally by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The electrochemical properties of fluorinated graphene are also discussed extending the use of graphene from fundamental research to practical applications.
Fast retrieval and autonomous regulation of single spontaneously recycling synaptic vesicles

Presynaptic terminals release neurotransmitters spontaneously in a manner that can be regulated by Ca2+. However, the mechanisms underlying this regulation are poorly understood because the inherent stochasticity and low probability of spontaneous fusion events has curtailed their visualization at individual release sites. Here, using pH-sensitive optical probes targeted to synaptic vesicles, we visualized single spontaneous fusion events and found that they are retrieved extremely rapidly with faster re-acidification kinetics than their action potential-evoked counterparts. These fusion events were coupled to postsynaptic NMDA receptor-driven Ca2+ signals, and at elevated Ca2+ concentrations there was an increase in the number of vesicles that would undergo fusion. Furthermore, spontaneous vesicle fusion propensity in a synapse was Ca2+-dependent but regulated autonomously: independent of evoked fusion probability at the same synapse. Taken together, these results expand classical quantal analysis to incorporate endocytic and exocytic phases of single fusion events and uncover autonomous regulation of spontaneous fusion. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03658.001
A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Transcriptome Changes Associated with Somatic Mutations in U2AF1 Reveals Commonly Altered Splicing Events

Although recurrent somatic mutations in the splicing factor U2AF1 (also known as U2AF35) have been identified in multiple cancer types, the effects of these mutations on the cancer transcriptome have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we identified splicing alterations associated with U2AF1 mutations across distinct cancers using DNA and RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Using RNA-Seq data from 182 lung adenocarcinomas and 167 acute myeloid leukemias (AML), in which U2AF1 is somatically mutated in 3-4% of cases, we identified 131 and 369 splicing alterations, respectively, that were significantly associated with U2AF1 mutation. Of these, 30 splicing alterations were statistically significant in both lung adenocarcinoma and AML, including three genes in the Cancer Gene Census, CTNNB1, CHCHD7, and PICALM. Cell line experiments expressing U2AF1 S34F in HeLa cells and in 293T cells provide further support that these altered splicing events are caused by U2AF1 mutation. Consistent with the function of U2AF1 in 3' splice site recognition, we found that S34F/Y mutations cause preferences for CAG over UAG 3' splice site sequences. This report demonstrates consistent effects of U2AF1 mutation on splicing in distinct cancer cell types.
A statistical test to determine the quality of accelerometer data

Accelerometer data quality can be inadequate due to data corruption or to non-compliance of the subject with regard to study protocols. We propose a simple statistical test to determine if accelerometer data are of good quality and can be used for analysis or if the data are of poor quality and should be discarded. We tested several data evaluation methods using a group of 105 subjects who wore Motionlogger actigraphs (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc.) over a 15 day period to assess sleep quality in a study of health outcomes associated with stress among police officers. Using leave-one-out cross-validation and calibration-testing methods of discrimination statistics, error rates for the methods ranged from 0.0167 to 0.4046. We found that the best method was to use the overall average distance between consecutive time points and the overall average mean amplitude of consecutive time points. These values gave us a classification error rate of 0.0167. The average distance between points is a measure of smoothness in the data, and the average mean amplitude between points gave an average reading. Both of these values were then normed to determine a final statistic, K, which was then compared to a cut-off value, KC, to determine data quality.
Survival of Escherichia coli in soil with modified microbial community composition

Understanding the survival and persistence of Escherichia coli in soil with different microbial composition is essential for the accuracy of water quality assessment and microbial source tracking. This microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the survival pattern of three E. coli strains (originated from soil, dog feces and human feces, separately) in soil with modified microbial community composition. Bile salt No. 3 (BS3) of progressively increased density (0.05%, 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.50%) was added into sandy loam soils and incubated for 90 days. Laboratory cultured E. coli were then inoculated into soil and incubated for another 150 days to monitor their survival pattern. Change of bacterial community diversity by BS3 was detected by both cultivation based and cultivation independent (PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) methods. In general, progressively increased BS3 concentration resulted in decreased CFU counts both at 10 days and 90 days incubation. DGGE analysis indicated only a slight change in bacterial community composition at 10 days but a significant change at 90 days. Cluster analysis suggested that BS3 treatment grouped separately from controls. Survival of E. coli in soil was significantly influenced by the complexity of the microbial community, as die-off rate of E. coli progressively declined with the reduction of microbial community diversity. Differential survival of E. coli under different soil microbial stress highlights the importance of incorporating biotic factors in predictive models for water quality management and microbial source tracking study.
Endogenous nitric oxide inhibits the synthesis of cyclooxygenase products and interleukin-6 by rat Kupffer cells

Macrophage production of nitric oxide (.N = O) leads to considerable alterations of vital metabolic pathways in various target cells. The present study tested whether .N = O synthesis by Kupffer cells (KCs), the resident macrophages of the liver, interferes with the secretory function of these cells. As in other macrophage-type cells, the combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was a potent stimulus of .N = O synthesis by KC. Treatment with LPS and IFN-gamma also induced significant production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TBX2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6. Inhibition of .N = O synthesis by KC. Treatment with LPS and IFN-gamma also induced significant production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane B2 (TBX2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6. Inhibition of .N = O synthesis by the L-arginine analogue of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA) resulted in a further increase of PGE2, TXB2, and IL-6 but not IL-1 and TNF-alpha production, indicating specific inhibitory effects of endogenous .N = O synthesis on the secretory activity of KCs. PGE2 production was most sensitive to the suppressive effect of .N = O and increased 24 h after stimulation with LPS and IFN-gamma from 16.3 +/- 4.9 ng/10(6) KCs without NMA to 94.3 +/- 17.9 ng/10(6) KCs with NMA. This effect of NMA was reversed by a 10-fold increase of the L-arginine concentration. No recovery of PGE2 production was seen when .N = O synthesis was blocked after 24 h. NMA treatment increased cyclooxygenase activity more than threefold, suggesting that .N = O inhibits PGE2 and TXB2 production through diminished PGH2 availability. .N = O synthesis did not significantly affect total protein synthesis or viability of the KCs. These results show that .N = O influences the production of specific inflammatory mediators by KCs.
Human Monocyte to Macrophage Differentiation In Vitro: Characterization and Mechanisms of the Increased Antibody‐Dependent Cytotoxicity Associated With Differentiation

Human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in vitro is associated with marked enhancement in the capacity to bind and lyse antibody-opsonized red blood cells (rbc). We previously demonstrated that this was due in part to an increased number of Fc receptors. The current study further characterized the mechanism of this enhanced macrophage as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). We observed that 1) macrophages but not monocytes lysed "innocent bystander" rbc as well as opsonized rbc; 2) macrophages exhibited an increased hexose monophosphate shunt activity compared to monocytes; 3) macrophage produced H2O2 but not OH.; and 4) macrophage lyses of opsonized rbc were 80% O2 dependent. We conclude that human monocyte-to-macrophage maturation in vitro is associated with an enhanced O2-dependent cytotoxic mechanism normally present in monocytes. The enhanced H2O2 production noted in macrophages may reflect an increased generation of several other reactive oxygen species in these cells. One of these oxygen radicals may be the mediator of the enhanced macrophage cytotoxicity and of the "innocent bystander" phenomenon observed.
Repairing the Disconnect between the Classroom and the Bluebook: An Interdisciplinary Method

In Repairing the Disconnect Between the Classroom and the Bluebook: An Interdisciplinary Method, Professor Garretson recognizes the strong intersection between writing and thinking – and the necessity of professors to teach both. In this article, she demonstrates a collaborative way to teach the law by incorporates writing skills and techniques. By collaborating with Professor Kinney, PhD of English and an Assistant Professor of English and Rhetoric at the State University of New York, Binghamton and a legal writing professor, Professor Garretson produced a teaching method that embraces a writing-to-learn philosophy. This method 1) teaches doctrine by using writing assignments in doctrinal classes, and 2) explains the requirements of legal writing using a common language all students can understand and apply. In describing this method, Professor Garretson suggests how to fix the disconnect between law students’ knowledge and their writing.Collaboration across disciplines increases coherence and requires faculty to take a holistic view of the curriculum. The article points out that failure to collaborate among and between disciplines perpetrates a false dichotomy and does not further the goals of all law-school professors, which is to teach students the law and how to analyze it. Destroying this dichotomy, she argues, will benefit both our institutions and the profession.
Dissociative Adsorption of Water on an H2O/GaAs(100) Interface: In Situ Near-Ambient Pressure XPS Studies

Dissociative water adsorption on a GaAs(100) surface is demonstrated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) carried out in situ under near-ambient conditions. These in situ XPS studies enable us to monitor the evolution of water dissociation on GaAs under elevated pressures and temperatures for the first time. In pressure-dependent XPS studies, the GaAs surface was exposed to room-temperature water vapor at pressures ranging from UHV to 5 mbar. With an increase in H2O pressure, enhancement of oxygenation and hydroxylation of surface Ga atoms is observed. In addition, strong XPS signals are also detected that originate from water molecules that are molecularly adsorbed onto the GaAs surface and hydrogen-bonded to surface OH species. Peak broadening and shifts in the As 2p XPS spectra are correlated with the signal increase resulting from surface HO–Ga species, suggesting the formation of surface H–As bonds. In temperature-dependent XPS studies, the GaAs surface was annealed from room temperature up t...
Associations between gray matter volume, smoker status, and smoking heaviness

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e118–e201 e197 evolving perceptions of POs versus heroin. Interview data were transcribed and content analyzed for key themes. Results:Mean age of PO-use initiation was 16.8 years. Most initiated PO use in a recreational context with high school peers as part of a poly-substance/poly-pharmaceutical use pattern. At the time of initiation, POs were viewed as safer, less stigmatized, and less addictive than illicit street drugs. Initiation was facilitated by ready, cost-free access to POs from household sources. As PO use escalated and, for many, opioid dependence developed, difficulties in accessing and affording enough POs to forestall withdrawal led 73% (32/44) to experiment with or transition to heroin use, typically via injection, within two years of PO initiation (mean age: 18.3 years). Of the 33 subjects who reported on treatment experiences, 76% (25/33) had received some treatment, most commonly methadone maintenance (36%; 12/33) and inpatient rehabilitation (30%; 10/33). Eighteen percent (6/33) report buying methadone or buprenorphine on the street for self-treatment. Conclusions: Results suggest that a subset of young adults who initiate nonmedical PO use as teens develop opioid dependence which can motivate them to seek more cost-effective means of maintaining their habits (i.e., transition to heroin and/or injection drug use). There is a pressing need to develop innovative prevention programs to help younger teens avoid initiating nonmedical PO use and to assist current PO users in preventing escalation to riskier forms of opioid use. Financial support: Supported by NIDA grant R01DA035146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.450 Associations between gray matter volume, smoker status, and smoking heaviness Amanda R. Mathew1, Patrick McConnell1, Joseph McClernon2, Brett Froeliger1,2 1 Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United
IS- LM Model and its Implementation to Today’s Global Economy

General equilibrium is achieved when the IS and the LM crosses; that is, the point at which the real and monetary sectors are in equilibrium with each other. The present (2005) mass purchasing of US treasuries from countries, primarily from China and Japan is causing an autonomous increase in the demand for money; the Federal Reserve’s attempts to raise short term interest rates, with hopes of tightening the long term interest rates (which are highly correlated to US treasuries) are failing miserably because of the great volumes of treasuries being held by other countries. Also, since mortgage rates are linked to the long term interest rates, there has been, altogether, a falling rate of mortgages. The rush to purchase houses is then causing an autonomous increase in investments (a component of the IS) causing a shift in the IS curve. The end result is that a higher level of income/output is achieved with a lower interest rate; this reflects the controlled rate of inflation that is now being experienced as well as the continuous gush of cheap products that the Chinese has been pumping out into the world. Of course, there is building anticipation toward the bursting of the housing bubble; it is feared that once the Fed’s tightening policy begin to take effect, there will be a missile effect on long term interest rates, shocking the demand for houses back to an equilibrium position.
Consideration for clinical efficacy evaluation criterion in guidance for clinical trials of antibacterial agents in China

Depend on analysis of efficacy evaluation criterion in guid- ance for clinical trials of antibacterial agents.This article is likely to help understanding comprehensive meaning of efficacy evaluation,and further help designing the better protocol as well as carrying on clinical trial successfully.
The Source of Melville’s Iroquois Proverb

Melville’s use of proverbs in his writing has been widely noted (e.g., Babcock on nautical proverbs and other sayings, Hayes on proverbs generally, Laufer on a specific proverb). However, previous ...
Cerebrovascular Disease in the Elderly

Risk factors for stroke are more common among the elderly, resulting in higher rates of stroke in this age group. Peri-procedural morbidity and mortality associated with carotid artery revascularization in the elderly is elevated, so is disability associated with stroke in this age group. This necessitates a careful assessment of risks and benefits of pharmacological versus revascularization strategies for these patients. Octogenarians were included in some randomized clinical trials comparing these approaches while specifically excluded in others. We present a summary of available information that can help guide a rational informed approach to the management of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid occlusive disease in elderly patients. We also describe potential cognitive impairment associated with this process and emerging information on how this may impact clinical decision-making.
Reducing the Risk of Postpartum Depression in a Low-Income Community Through a Community Health Worker Intervention.

Objectives To clarify the effectiveness of perinatal social support interventions in reducing postpartum depression among minority, low-income women. Methods The Transdisciplinary Research Consortium for Gulf Resilience on Women’s Health supported a community-based participatory research project to improve perinatal health among low-income, first-time pregnant women living in a vulnerable Gulf Coast region. Community health workers (CHWs) were partnered with recruited women, and used a mix of mobile technology and home visits to develop a supportive relationship during the perinatal period. Results Women enrolled in the CHW-led intervention had lower (F: 2.38, p = 0.04) average postpartum depression scores (EPDS) 6 months postpartum than a comparison population. The difference, however, was not seen among women in the intervention group who reported relatively poor relationships with their CHWs. Conclusions for Practice Results reinforce the evidence that perinatal social support can affect postpartum depression outcomes. CHWs are increasingly utilized by public programs to reach at-risk populations. We discuss the potential efficacy of CHW programs, but also, the need to pair outreach with effective monitoring and evaluation of the relationship development between CHW and clients.
Experimental Study of Nonprismatic Folded Plates

An experimental study was conducted on two aluminum nonprismatic folded plate structural models. The stresses, moments, and deflections predicted by a theory for the analysis of long nonprismatic folded plate structures, which is an extension of ordinary folded plate theory, are compared to the experimental results obtained from the model study. Model 1 is made of eight triangular plates with a span to maximum depth ratio of about three. Model 2 is made of eight trapezoidal plates with a span to maximum depth ratio of about four. The predictions by the theory are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results for both models. It is also shown that elementary beam theory is inaccurate in predicting the behavior of interior plate elements in regions where large differences exist between the depths of adjacent plates.
Visual-Motor Integration, Executive Functions, and Academic Achievement: Concurrent and Longitudinal Relations in Late Elementary School

Research Findings: Using data from a short-term longitudinal study of 343 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students, we investigated visual-motor integration (VMI) skills as a predictor of direct a...
The complexity of non-Schmid behavior in the CuZnAl shape memory alloy

Abstract The paper addresses one of the most important yet overlooked phenomenon in shape memory research- the plastic slip response. We show that the slip response is highly crystal orientation dependent and we demonstrate the precise reasons behind such complex response. The fractional dislocations on {112} or {011} systems can be activated depending on the sample orientation and solutions are derived for the variations in disregistries and dislocation core spreadings. This leads to the calculation of critical resolved shear stress in close agreement with experimental trends. The results show considerable dependence of the flow behavior on the non-Schmid stress components and the proposed yield criterion captures the role of stress tensor components.
Overcoming the quantum efficiency-lifetime tradeoff of photocathodes by coating with atomically thin two-dimensional nanomaterials

Photocathodes are key components of electron injectors for X-ray free electron laser and X-ray energy recovery linacs, which generate brilliant, ultrafast, and coherent X-rays for the exploration of matter with ultrahigh resolutions in both space and time. Whereas alkali-based semiconducting photocathodes display a higher quantum efficiency (QE) in the visible light spectrum than their metallic counterparts, their lifetimes are much shorter due to the high reactivity of alkali-based surfaces to the residual gases in the vacuum chamber. Overcoming the tradeoff between QE and lifetimes has been a great challenge in the accelerator community. Herein, based on ab initio density functional calculations, we propose an approach to overcome this tradeoff by coating with atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. On one hand, the 2D coating layers can enhance the lifetimes of photocathodes by preventing the chemical reactions with the residual gases. On the other hand, the 2D coating layers can effectively engineer the work function of photocathodes, thus controlling their QE. A monolayer of insulating BN reduces the work function, whereas a monolayer of semi-metallic graphene or semiconducting molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) increases the work function. This phenomenon originates from the induced interfacial dipoles. The reduction of work function by BN implies that it is capable of maintaining the high QE of semiconducting photocathodes in addition to enhance their lifetimes. This study advances our understandings on the surface chemistry of coated photocathodes and opens new technological avenues to fabricate photocathodes with high QE and longer lifetimes. Coating alkali-based photocathodes with atomically thin hBN enhance their lifetime whilst improving their quantum efficiency. A team led by Enrique Batista at Los Alamos National Laboratory performed ab initio density functional theory calculations on photocathodes coated with a variety of 2D materials. While monolayers of semi-metallic graphene and semiconducting MoS2 were found to increase the photocathode work function, a monolayer of insulating hBN led to a work function reduction whilst offering protection of the highly reactive photocathode surface from irreversible chemical reactions. Such work function reduction, key to achieving high quantum efficiency, was ascribed to the formation of induced dipole moments at the interface between hBN and the Cs3Sb cathode surface, pointing out of Cs3Sb. hBN monolayers are thus promising coating materials for alkali-based semiconducting photocathodes.
Halo occupation distribution (HOD) modelling of high redshift galaxies using the BlueTides simulation

We construct halo occupation distribution (HOD) models of high redshift ($z \gtrsim 7.5$) galaxies with $M_{*}>10^8~M_{\odot}/h$ using the BlueTides hydrodynamic simulation suite, with a particular emphasis on modelling the small scale / 1-halo clustering ($0.01\lesssim r \lesssim 1~ h^{-1}\rm{Mpc}$). Similar to low redshift studies, we find that the central and satellite mean HODs ($\left $ and $\left $) can be modeled by a smoothed step function and a power law respectively. The number density of satellite galaxies is however significantly suppressed compared to low redshift (satellite fractions drop from $\sim 50 \%$ at $z=0$ to $\lesssim 10 \%$ at $z=7.5$). The mean number of satellites, $\left 7.5$ is around centrals of $M^*\sim 3 \times 10^{10} M_{\odot}/h$ (with $M^{*}\gtrsim$ a few $10^{7} M_{\odot}/h$ ). This should be achievable with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
The Tenth Olympic Games

(1932). The Tenth Olympic Games. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 3-7.
History and Physical Examination

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are related to misalignment of a patient's internal circadian rhythm with the external environment. This article will briefly define each disorder and describe their typical clinical features. The components of an appropriate evaluation for each disorder, specifically, and for circadian rhythm disorders in general are then outlined. The importance of a careful and thorough clinical history, including sleep patterns, timing, disturbance, and quality, as well as their relation to other comorbidities, is emphasized. In addition, commonly utilized assessment tools and questionnaires for evaluation of these disorders and their associated symptoms and conditions are discussed.
James P. Bagian on patient safety initiatives. Interview by Deborah Mears.

James P. Bagian, MD, is director of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) National Center for Patient Safety (NCPS). With a focus on systems and an emphasis on "prevention not punishment," NCPS is working to improve patient safety, prevent health care errors, and nurture a culture of safety throughout the 173 VHA medical centers. Previously, Dr. Bagian served as deputy director of the Regional and State Programs Division, Office of Mobile Sources, Environmental Protection Agency. From 1980 to 1995, Dr. Bagian served as a NASA astronaut. He took part in both the planning and provision of emergency medical and rescue support for the first six Space Shuttle flights. In 1986, Dr. Bagian served as an investigator for the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. A veteran of two space flights (STS-29 in 1989 and STS-40 in 1991), Dr. Bagian has logged more than 337 hours in space. Dr. Bagian is currently an adjunct assistant professor of military and emergency medicine at the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences at F. Edward Herbert School of Medicine and also a clinical assistant professor of preventive medicine and community health at the University of Texas Medical Branch. He is a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force Reserve where he is a pararescue flight surgeon with the 920th Air Rescue Group. He has received the American Medical Association's Nathan S. Davis Award for outstanding public service in the advancement of public health. The NCPS received the 2001 Innovations in American Government Award given by the Institute for Government Innovation at the John F. Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University. The NCPS was the only federal organization to be so identified in 2001.
The Pectoral Region

A likely etymologic source of the term “pectoral” is pectus, the Latin noun referring to the breast or mammary gland and, by extension, to the chest as a whole. On the other hand, pecten is Latin for comb; the pectoral region, then, may be so named because of the comb-like arrangement of ribs attaching to the sternum.
Spatial-temporal model of multi-species vegetation in marshlands

Because wetland habitats are declining worldwide, decision support tools for conservation and restoration are needed. One approach is to create spatial-temporal models of population dynamics. Suppose we have an area of marshlands bounded by boundary Ω. There are N different plant species in which growth depends on the hydroperiod of water supply, which regulates water levels on the surface of marshes. We will consider population dynamics in the form of density of given species over the surface of marshlands. The system of N equations has the following form: ∂ui(x,y,t)/∂t=riui(1 - Σk-1Nuk/Lk(x, y))+eDi∇2ui Here we have: ui, which is the density of the the ith species at the time t in the space coordinates x, y. ri is the rate of reproduction, Li(x,y) is the maximum possible density (local carrying capacity) of the ith species at the point (x,y), Di is the diffusion coefficient, and e is a parameter (usually selected to be very small or 1). We understand that local carrying capacity for different marsh plant species depends on the water level, and at any given point the level may be more favorable to some species than to others. Results of computer simulations show the existence of stable equilibrium and lead us to conclude that diversity of the species is preserved over the run of simulations with various initial sizes of populations.
IMPACT OF OBESITY ON THE OUTCOMES AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Higher body mass index is reported to be related to early degeneration of bioprostheses. However, there are minimal data regarding the relationship between overweight/obese compared to normal weight patients and their outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) with a current
Safety and efficacy of locoregional therapy for metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to the liver: a single-center experience

Background: Many patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are diagnosed with liver metastatic disease (mPDAC), and few are surgical candidates. Interventional oncology (IO) locoregional therapies (LRT) have proven beneficial in other primary and metastatic hepatic malignancies. Systemic chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with mPDAC. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of LRT including thermal ablation, chemoembolization, and radioembolization for mPDAC. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of 28 patients with mPDAC referred to IR clinic for consideration of LRT from 01/2006 to 08/2017, of whom 20 underwent treatment. Laboratory values were analyzed at 0, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. Imaging response was evaluated at 1, 3, and 6 months post-intervention by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria. Adverse events (AE) were classified by CTCAE v5.0. Overall survival (OS) from the diagnosis of PDAC, survival from the time of mPDAC diagnosis, and survival from the time of LRT were calculated. Results: Median OS (mOS) was 25 months. Median survival from time of mPDAC diagnosis and post LRT were 16.25 and 9.7 months, respectively. At one month post-intervention, 12 of 17 patients demonstrated disease response (CR or PR per mRECIST). Survival among responders was 9 months vs. 6 months for patients with stable or progressive disease (P=0.08). There were two grade 3 AE which included post-embolization syndrome and transient renal failure. Chemotherapy was briefly delayed in one of these patients, but ultimately resumed. Conclusions: The use of LRT in patients with mPDAC is safe. Additionally, no significant chemotherapy limiting toxicities were observed. Responders to therapy demonstrated a survival benefit trend in this small and heterogeneous cohort. Further investigations with randomized trials are warranted.
Intensive Care for Suicidal Patients

Despite the difficulties assessing which patients are dangerous and in need of immediate protection, many forms of intensive psychiatric care are effective for treating the acutely self-destructive individual. In any case, the issue of physical safety must not distract the clinician from focusing on the nature of the patient’s internal life, the meaning of the suicide attempt, and the availability of environmental supports. In addition to understanding patient’s dilemma, the caretaker should know the assets and limitations of various treatments. Therefore, this chapter describes a general approach toward the intensive interventions with the suicidal individual which takes into account both the characteristics of the patient and the care settings. The entire range of closely supervised treatment modalities is described with a particular focus on the methods employed in an inpatient milieu.
Father’s Role in Secondhand Smoke Exposure During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review

Background: The effects of smoke from tobacco products are harmful to pregnant mothers and their unborn children. The problem is not limited to mothers who themselves smoke; fathers who are smokers expose expectant mothers to secondhand smoke. This review identifies and examines the role fathers play in exposing pregnant mothers to passive smoke that leads to secondary medical conditions for women and their children. Methods: The study examined 70 articles from peer-reviewed journals in the following databases: Scopus, Science Direct, Wiley Online, MEDLINE, ProQuest Central, and PsycINFO. The literature search focused on articles with publication dates from 2006 to 2016. Results: A total of 10 articles provided evidence for various effects of secondhand smoke such as asthma, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, congenital malformations, and low birth weight. Furthermore, the literature presented an extensive background regarding the paternal role in a pregnant mother’s exposure to smoke. Conclusion: Paternal smoking during pregnancy has a significant effect on the health of the mother and the child during pregnancy. Health care professionals should reinforce safety measures for pregnant women to prevent medical disorders resulting from exposure to smoking
Symptom complaints and impact on functioning in youth with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS), a genetic connective tissue disorder, involves several body systems which makes symptom management and functioning difficult. The aim of this study was to...
Experimental Study of the Resonant Rovibrational Nonlinearity of CO 2 and CO in the Mid-IR

We present time- and frequency-resolved measurements of self-focusing and self-defocusing of 4.3–4.8 μm Fe:ZnSe laser pulses tuned near rovibrational transitions of CO 2 And CO. We estimate the resonant nonlinearity of the air at 4.3 μm and discuss the novel nonlinear optics of simple molecules.
Advance Care Planning for Older Adults

Advance care planning (ACP) is the process of clarifying and documenting the future health-care wishes of a patient who has capacity to participate in medical decision-making. As older adults are at particular risk of losing decision-making capacity due to health issues, discussing wishes for future care can help family members and health-care providers respect a patient’s preferences even when they are unable to communicate. This chapter outlines how to approach and document advance care planning discussions, including preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, and care at the end of life. Selection of a proxy decision-maker and legal documentation are addressed. Completion of Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST) is also discussed.
Utilizing Synergistic Potential of Mitochondria-Targeting Drugs for Leukemia Therapy.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive group of cancers with high mortality rates and significant relapse risks. Current treatments are insufficient, and new therapies are needed. Recent discoveries suggest that AML may be particularly sensitive to chemotherapeutics that target mitochondria. To further investigate this sensitivity, six compounds that target mitochondria (IACS-010759, rotenone, cytarabine, etoposide, ABT-199 (venetoclax), and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) were each paired with six compounds with other activities, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (midostaurin and dasatinib), glycolytic inhibitors (2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-bromopyruvate, and lonidamine), and the microtubule destabilizer vinorelbine. The 36 resulting drug combinations were tested for synergistic cytotoxicity against MOLM-13 and OCI-AML2 AML cell lines. Four combinations (IACS-010759 with vinorelbine, rotenone with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone with dasatinib, and venetoclax with lonidiamine) showed synergistic cytotoxicity in both AML cell lines and were selective for tumor cells, as survival of healthy PBMCs was dramatically higher. Among these drug pairs, IACS-010759/vinorelbine decreased ATP level and impaired mitochondrial respiration and coupling efficiency most profoundly. Some of these four treatments were also effective in K-562, KU812 (chronic myelogenous leukemia) and CCRF-CEM, MOLT-4 (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) cells, suggesting that these treatments may have value in treating other forms of leukemia. Finally, two of the four combinations retained high synergy and strong selectivity in primary AML cells from patient samples, supporting the potential of these treatments for patients.
Deterministic coupling of site-controlled quantum emitters in monolayer WSe 2 to plasmonic nanocavities.

Solid-state single-quantum emitters are crucial resources for on-chip photonic quantum technologies and require efficient cavity–emitter coupling to realize quantum networks beyond the single-node level1,2. Monolayer WSe2, a transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor, can host randomly located quantum emitters3–6, while nanobubbles7 as well as lithographically defined arrays of pillars in contact with the transition metal dichalcogenide act as spatially controlled stressors8,9. The induced strain can then create excitons at defined locations. This ability to create zero-dimensional (0D) excitons anywhere within a 2D material is promising for the development of scalable quantum technologies, but so far lacks mature cavity integration and suffers from low emitter quantum yields. Here we demonstrate a deterministic approach to achieve Purcell enhancement at lithographically defined locations using the sharp corners of a metal nanocube for both electric field enhancement and to deform a 2D material. This nanoplasmonic platform allows the study of the same quantum emitter before and after coupling. For a 3 × 4 array of quantum emitters we show Purcell factors of up to 551 (average of 181), single-photon emission rates of up to 42 MHz and a narrow exciton linewidth as low as 55 μeV. Furthermore, the use of flux-grown WSe2 increases the 0D exciton lifetimes to up to 14 ns and the cavity-enhanced quantum yields from an initial value of 1% to up to 65% (average 44%). An array of Au nanocubes combined with a planar mirror simultaneously induces single-photon emitters at lithographically defined locations in WSe2 and enables directional outcoupling of Purcell-enhanced single photons with high quantum yield.