cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical sampling of two-dimensional temporally-varying signals

The problem of recovering an evolving signal from a set of samples taken at different time instances, has been well-studied for one-variable signals on both discrete and continuous domains [4]-[8]. Most sampling problems in applications involve spatial coordinates, that is, the observed time-variant signals are described by at least two spatial variables. We state the problem of spatio-temporal sampling for two-variable data and provide specific reconstruction results in the l2(Z × Z) case.
Cutting Edge: Early IL-4 Production Governs the Requirement for IL-27-WSX-1 Signaling in the Development of Protective Th1 Cytokine Responses following Leishmania major Infection

There are conflicting reports on the requirements for the IL-27-WSX-1 pathway in the development of Th type 1 responses and resistance to intracellular pathogens; although early IFN-γ production and resistance to Leishmania major are impaired in the absence of WSX-1 signaling, WSX-1 −/− mice generate robust IFN-γ responses and control infection with other intracellular protozoan pathogens. In this report, we resolve these conflicting observations and demonstrate that, in the absence of IL-4, WSX-1 is not required for early IFN-γ production and control of L. major . Thus, the requirement for WSX-1 signaling in Th type 1 cell differentiation is restricted to conditions in which IL-4 is produced.
UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars: Introduction: success, failure, and organizational learning in UN peacekeeping

Basic questions and the argument in brief Civil war is the most important and troubling problem in international life today. Aside from the tragic killing and injury of innocent civilians, violent civil conflicts inspire lingering, seemingly intractable ills such as state collapse, corruption, dire poverty, rampant injustice, dislocation, environmental degradation, and disease, all of which may in turn instigate renewed and spreading conflict, international crime, and terrorist activity. Given the extreme, cyclical, and burgeoning problems associated with civil wars, what mechanisms do we have to stop such conflicts? The most oft-used mechanism is United Nations (UN) multidimensional peacekeeping. Multidimensional peacekeeping operations endeavor to rebuild the basic institutions of the post-civil war state. These missions are large and complex, involving sizable political, military, police, refugee, humanitarian, electoral, and often human rights components. Despite the UN's own problems, and despite the difficulties associated with peacekeeping, we simply have not yet invented better international mechanisms to bring order to the anarchy of civil wars. It is therefore of critical importance that we analyze and improve our understanding of UN peacekeeping. When has UN peacekeeping been successful? What are the sources of success and failure? How can the UN learn to engage better in peacekeeping? What are the types of learning in which the UN engages? These are the critical questions asked in this book.
Polymorphisms in the canine glucocorticoid receptor alpha gene (NR3C1α)

Corticosteroids are one of the most extensively used class of therapeutic agents in dogs. In human patients, response to corticosteroid therapy has been correlated with the presence of certain polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1). Depending on the polymorphism present, patients may show either increased sensitivity to glucocorticoid-induced adverse effects or resistance to their therapeutic effects. Because response to corticosteroid therapy in dogs can also be variable and unpredictable, we hypothesized that genetic variability exists in the canine NR3C1 gene. The aim of this study was to sequence the coding regions of the canine NR3C1 gene in a representative sample of dogs. Samples from 97 dogs from four previously identified genetic groupings of domestic breeds (Asian/Ancient, Herding, Hunting, and Mastiff) were sequenced and evaluated. Four exons contained polymorphisms and four exons showed no variation from the reference sequence. A total of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified including four synonymous SNPs and two nonsynonymous SNPs (c.811A>T and c.2111T>C). No dogs were homozygous for either variant allele, while 23 dogs were heterozygous for the c.811A>T allele and 2 were heterozygous for c.2111T>C allele. The amino acid changes caused by c.811A>T (serine to cysteine) and c.2111T>C (isoleucine to threonine) were both predicted by in silico analysis to be ‘probably damaging’ to structure and function of the resulting protein. We conclude that NR3C1 polymorphisms occur in dogs and may cause individual variation in response to corticosteroid therapy.
An Approach to Developing Underride Guard Requirements for Improved Occupant Protection

To determine optimal performance characteristics for guard structures, a comparative engineering analysis was performed using a car crash simulation model with a variety of guard force-deformation characteristics. From this analysis the risk of injury to occupants of passenger cars was determined based on excessive underride (decapitation potential), and collision forces imparted to the occupant. Variables in the analysis included collision speed, car size, occupant free travel distance, and the rear wheel position of the heavy vehicle, as well as the various force-deformation characteristics representing the different types of underride guard systems.
High Throughput Profiling of Serum Phosphoproteins/Peptides Using the SELDI-TOF-MS Platform

Protein phosphorylation is a dynamic post-translational modification that plays a critical role in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological events and cellular functions including signal transduction, gene expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Determination of the sites and magnitudes of protein phosphorylation has been an essential step in the analysis of the control of many biological systems. A high throughput analysis of phosphorylation of proteins would provide a simple, logical, and useful tool for a functional dissection and prediction of biological functions and signaling pathways in association with these important molecular events. We have developed a functional proteomics technique using the ProteinChip array-based SELDI-TOF-MS analysis for high throughput profiling of phosphoproteins/phosphopeptides in human serum for the early detection and diagnosis as well as for the molecular staging of human cancer. The methodology and experimental approach consists of five steps: (1) generation of a total peptide pool of serum proteins by a global trypsin digestion; (2) rapid isolation of phosphopeptides from the total serum peptide pool by an affinity selection, purification, and enrichment using a novel automated micro-bioprocessing system with phospho-antibody-conjugated paramagnetic beads and a hybrid magnet plate; (3) high throughput phosphopeptide analysis on ProteinChip arrays by automated SELDI-TOF-MS; and (4) bioinformatics and statistical methods for data analysis. This method with appropriate modifications may be equally applicable to serine-, threonine- and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and for selectively isolating, profiling, and identifying phosphopeptides present in a highly complex phosphor-peptide mixture prepared from various human specimens such as cells, tissue samples, and serum and other body fluids.
Effects of fixed‐time reinforcement schedules on resurgence of problem behavior

Resurgence of problem behavior following the discontinuation of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) may be prevented by response-independent reinforcer delivery. In basic research, response-independent reinforcer delivery following DRA prevented resurgence of the initially reinforced response and maintained alternative responding (Lieving & Lattal, 2003, Experiment 3). We evaluated the generality of these results by assessing if fixed-time (FT) reinforcer delivery following DRA would prevent resurgence of problem behavior and maintain appropriate behavior with 4 children with disabilities. For all participants, extinction following DRA produced resurgence of previously reinforced problem behavior and reduced appropriate requests, but FT reinforcer delivery following DRA mitigated resurgence of problem behavior and maintained appropriate requests.
Band mobility of photoexcited electrons in Bi/sub 12/Si/sub 20/

Summary form only given. Here we measure the band mobility in n-BSO and its temperature dependence by observing the dark diffusion of excited electrons before trapping takes place. In the experiments we excite a sinusoidal distribution of electrons with a 30 ps laser pulse and observe their diffusion in the first few nanoseconds after excitation, during which they remain in the conduction band.
Design Sensitivity Analysis with Substructuring

In this paper, a method for design sensitivity analysis of a structure via substructuring is presented. The method can be used for reanalysis of structures or in a structural optimization procedure. The main idea of the method is to exploit substructuring in both structural analysis and the design sensitivity analysis. Certain adjoint relationships are used to develop the design sensitivity vectors. The method is applied to a moderate size truss problem.
Determination of Sulfonylureas and Metabolites by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography

We describe a simple, rapid method for determination of sulfonylureas that is not susceptible to significant interference from metabolites. An acidified plasma is extracted with toluene, followed by a back extraction from the toluene to methanolic trimethylanilinium hydroxide. The resulting compounds are measured by gas chromatography.
The path to the conception of the junction transistor

The failure in 1945 of experiments proposed by Shockley, on what today would be called thin-film field-effect transistors, was a creative failure that stimulated Bardeen in early 1946 to propose that a surface-state shield blocked the field from the semiconductor's interior. Bell Laboratories' "transistor group to be" for the next eighteen months focused, not on practical, but on scientific aspects of the failure. Focus on the practical resumed (with a step-function increase, lasting several months, in "the will to think" about new concepts of semiconductor amplifiers, as measured by the rate of filling of laboratory notebook pages by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley) on 17 November 1947, when in his surface-state research, Brattain penetrated the shield by applying the field through an electrolyte. Within six days, patentable field-effect transistor inventions were conceived. Although useless as devices, these inventions were creative failures used by Bardeen and Brattain to discover the point-contact transistor three weeks later. Five weeks after this discovery, Shockley conceived the junction transistor while designing "imref" experiments on the point-contact transistor's inversion layer so that in 1951, the point-contact transistor in its turn became a creative failure when replaced by the junction transistor whose conception it had aided. But the path of thought to the conception of the junction transistor and the subsequent path to its practical realization are proven to be highly indirect by historical research on laboratory notebook entries. Specifically, Shockley's conception of the junction transistor was delayed by at least four months because he missed opportunities, obvious by hindsight, to recognize the possibility of minority carrier injection. The author hopes that the presentation of details of his limitations in making this important invention may help readers to accept their own limitations and, thereby, to become more persistent and, hence, creative.
Synthesis and structure of a new layered phase in the lanthanide thiophosphates: LuPS4

Abstract The single crystal structure of LuPS4 (1), is reported. The space group is monoclinic, P21/n. Unit cell dimensions are a=8.1373(11) A, b=6.4250(9) A, c=10.6289(15) A, β=97.62(2)°. The bond valency of 1 is also reported and used to explain the corrugated layers found in the structure of LuPS4. The structural motif of LuPS4 is unique among the lanthanide thiophosphates and appears similar to the reported structure of ScPS4.
Household Structure in a Southern Black Community

has generated considerable debate and controversy over the past 50 years. The debate has revolved around a single issue: is family and household structure in the Black community indicative of "social disorganization," or are distinctive features of Afro-American domestic groups adaptations to economic marginality and oppression? The social disorganization perspective was first proposed by Frazier (1939), who saw differences in Black household organization as deviant forms of the general American family. In Frazier's perspective, disorganization was a result of low social class and the economic
No-history method of intraocular lens power calculation for cataract surgery after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis

Purpose To prospectively evaluate the no-history method for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in 15 cataractous eyes that had previous myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and for which the pre-LASIK K-readings were not available. Setting Private practice, Lynwood, California, USA. Methods The predicted IOL power was calculated in each case. Also calculated were the mean arithmetic and absolute IOL predictor errors, range of the prediction errors, and number of eyes in which the error was within ±1.00 diopter (D). Results The mean arithmetic IOL prediction error was −0.003 D ± 0.63 (SD), and the mean absolute IOL prediction error was 0.55 ± 0.31 D (range −0.89 to +1.05 D). Fourteen eyes (93.3%) were within ±1.00 D. The results of the Shammas post-LASIK formula compared favorably to the results obtained with the optimized Holladay 1 (P = .42), Hoffer Q (P = .25), Haigis (P = .30), and Holladay 2 (P = .19) formulas and were better than the results obtained with the optimized SRK/T formula (P = .0005). Conclusion The no-history method is a viable alternative for IOL power calculation after myopic LASIK when the refractive surgery data are not available.
EFFECT OF NONUNIFORM DEACTIVATION ON THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF COMPOSITE CRACKING CATALYSTS

Abstract The optimum location of the zeolite component in a silica-alumina matrix is calculated for various levels of catalyst deactivation such that gasoline selectivity from gas-oil is maximized at each deactivation level. Results when the composite cracking catalyst is uniformly deactivated are compared with those when deactivation is nonuniform. In both cases, the maximum selectivity first increases with increasing deactivation level, and then decreases. The maximum selectivity is not qualitatively altered in moving from uniform to nonuniform deactivation. However, the optimum location of the zeolite required to achieve this maximum selectivity is different in the two cases.
Purification of a peptidylglycine α-amidating enzyme from transplantable rat medullary thyroid carcinomas

Abstract A peptidyl glycine α-amidating activity has been isolated from total tissue extracts of rat medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Purification of the activity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, and strong anion-exchange chromatography at pH 6.0 has resolved at least four peaks of activity. The activity associated with peak III has been further purified to apparent homogeneity by strong anion-exchange chromatography at pH 8.0. The purified peak III enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 75,000 Da as measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The identity of the 75,000-Da band as the α-amidating enzyme has been confirmed by recovery of activity from a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme is catalytically active as a monomer, exhibits a pH optimum between 5.0 and 5.5, and has a turnover number of 300 min −1 for N dansylTyrValGly amidation at pH 5.5. The larger size, more acidic pH optimum, and higher specific activity distinguish the purified peak III rat MTC enzyme from the enzymes isolated from bovine and porcine pituitary or from frog skin.
Aerophagia in children: characterization of a functional gastrointestinal disorder

The purpose of this study was to describe presenting symptoms, diagnostic testing, treatments and outcomes in a group of children with a diagnosis of aerophagia. A computerized diagnostic index was used to identify all children between the age of 1 and 17 years diagnosed with aerophagia at a tertiary care medical centre between 1975 and 2003. Individual medical charts were abstracted for information on the demographics, clinical features, co-morbid diagnoses, diagnostic work up and treatment of children with aerophagia. Information on presenting symptoms was also collected for a group of children who were retrospectively classified as having functional dyspepsia for comparison (n = 40). Forty-five children had a diagnosis of aerophagia. The mean duration of symptoms in children with aerophagia was 16 +/- 5 months. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms were abdominal pain, distention and frequent belching. Children with functional dyspepsia had a higher prevalence of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and unintentional weight loss compared to children with aerophagia (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, aerophagia is a disorder that is diagnosed in neurologically normal males and females, who can experience prolonged symptoms. Although many children with aerophagia present with upper gastrointestinal symptoms, the disorder appears to be distinct from functional dyspepsia.
Human hepatoma-associated cell surface antigen: identification and characterization by means of monoclonal antibodies.

A library of murine monoclonal antibodies reactive with human hepatoma cells was generated following immunization of Balb/c mice with an intact cloned human hepatoma cell line, designated PLC/PRF/5-NR. We report the characterization of one such IgG2a antibody, designated anti-PLC1. This antibody specifically stains parental PLC/PRF/5 cell membranes and membranes of SK-Hep 1 and Mahlavu human hepatoma cells grown in culture, using indirect immunofluorescence and horseradish immunoperoxidase techniques. A similar pattern of membranous staining was observed in solid tumors derived from the three hepatoma cell lines which were injected subcutaneously into athymic nude rats and mice. Spontaneous capping on the cell surface was observed in 7 to 30% of the three human hepatocellular carcinoma cell types when incubated in suspension with monoclonal anti-PLC1 at 37°C. Treatment of cells with trypsin or sustained growth in culture did not affect the intensity of membranous staining. Monoclonal anti-PLC1 appeared specific, and antibodies did not stain a variety of human carcinoma cell lines and primary tumors of nonhepatic origin, or several normal human and murine tissues. Purified 125I-labeled monoclonal anti-PLC1 bound specifically to the three hepatoma cell lines in culture. Specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction was demonstrated by competitive binding inhibition in experiments using unlabeled homologous antibody. Binding of 125I-anti-PLC1 was not inhibited by unlabeled monoclonal antibodies to HBsAg or to α-fetoprotein. Two hepatoma cell lines secrete a protein that specifically blocks binding of 125I-anti-PLC1 antibodies to cell surface antigenic determinants. This “hepatomaassociated” protein was subsequently purified by affinity chromatography from supernates derived from the three hepatoma cell lines. Analysis of this protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions revealed a major protein band at 70 to 75 kd. These findings suggest that monoclonal antibodies such as anti-PLC1 may serve as a potential reagent for serodiagnosis, histologic identification, imaging and destruction of human hepatocellular carcinoma.
An Interlocker concept of carcinogenesis.

A critical feature in the sequence of events occurring during carcinogenesis is the development of irreversibility. The term “Interlocker” is used here to denote a mechanism by which irreversibility is brought about. The presentation focuses on conceptualizations of such processes. Two will be described below. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(8):1425–6)
Improvements in Fault Current Calculation Techniques for DC Systems

Since 1970 at least 12 men have died from underground coal-mine fires which were started due to undetected high-resistance faults on trolley systems. Methods which have been proposed to determine these dc fault currents more accurately involve the assumption that the magnitude of the fundamental-component current on the ac side of the rectifier is equal to the magnitude of the current on the dc side of the rectifier. Since this assumption breaks down when the fault occurs at the terminals of a rectifier, a new nonlinear equation set is proposed which eliminates this assumption. The equation set is formulated to account for dc fault current contributions from dc machines and three-phase bridge rectifiers. Newton's method is used to solve the set of nonlinear equations. The use of rectangular form for all voltage variables and elimination of current as a variable provides more reliable and faster convergence than previous methods. A new phenomenon is identified in the results presented. Under certain fault conditions, dc motor voltages may be of sufficient magnitude to reverse bias electrically close bridge rectifiers and hence prevent them from contributing to the fault current.
The orderability of nonarchimedean spaces

Abstract Let X be a nonarchimedean space and C be the union of all compact open subsets of X. The following conditions are listed in increasing order of generality. (Conditions 2 and 3 are equivalent.) 1. X is perfect; 2. C is an Fσ in X; 3. C is metrizable; 4. X is orderable. It is also shown that X is orderable if C −C is scattered or X is a GO space with countably many pseudogaps. An example is given of a non-orderable, totally disconnected, GO space with just one pseudogap.
A LuxR Homolog Controls Production of Symbiotically Active Extracellular Polysaccharide II by Sinorhizobium meliloti

Production of complex extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) by the nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti is required for efficient invasion of root nodules on the host plant alfalfa. Any one of three S. meliloti polysaccharides, succinoglycan, EPS II, or K antigen, can mediate infection thread initiation and extension (root nodule invasion) on alfalfa. Of these three polysaccharides, the only symbiotically active polysaccharide produced by S. meliloti wild-type strain Rm1021 is succinoglycan. The expR101 mutation is required to turn on production of symbiotically active forms of EPS II in strain Rm1021. In this study, we have determined the nature of the expR101 mutation in S. meliloti. The expR101 mutation, a spontaneous dominant mutation, results from precise, reading frame-restoring excision of an insertion sequence from the coding region of expR, a gene whose predicted protein product is highly homologous to the Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae RhiR protein and a number of other homologs of Vibrio fischeri LuxR that function as receptors for N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) in quorum-sensing regulation of gene expression. S. meliloti ExpR activates transcription of genes involved in EPS II production in a density-dependent fashion, and it does so at much lower cell densities than many quorum-sensing systems. High-pressure liquid chromatographic fractionation of S. meliloti culture filtrate extracts revealed at least three peaks with AHL activity, one of which activated ExpR-dependent expression of the expE operon.
Mixed phase cloud water/ice structure from high spatial resolution satellite data

[1] The ratio of satellite level radiances around 0.87 μm to radiances at 1.6 μm is sensitive to the material (water or ice) of cloud particles. Using the DOE MTI (Multispectral Thermal Imager) satellite based instrument we retrieve the cloud top structure of a mixed phase cloud over the Point Barrow, Alaska, with spatial resolution of about 20 m. We find a high variability on a scale of tens of meters consisting of pockets of pure water, mixed water and ice, and pockets of pure ice.
Origin of Hydrogen Sulfide in Heated Chicken Muscle

SUMMARY About 90% of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced by heated chicken muscle comes from muscle protein. To identify specific H2S precursors, the identity, quantity, and H2Sproducing capability of sulfur compounds in chicken muscle were investigated. The only sulfur compounds found in muscle nonprotein were methionine, taurine, and glutathione. Of these, only glutathione produced H2S. Therefore the principal H2S precursor in chicken muscle nonprotein is sulfur, occurring as eystine and/or cysteine in the tripeptide glutathione. Since the only sulfur compounds reported in chicken muscle protein are methionine, cystine, and/or cysteine, and since methionine does not produce H2S, the sulfur in the H2S produced by muscle protein must also come from cystine and/or cysteine. Glutathione gives off H2S about 180 times as fast as does chicken muscle protein, but, because there is approximately 1 to 2 thousand times as much protein as glutathione in muscle, protein is the principal H2S precursor. Since cystine plus cysteine, sulfur in protein and in glutathione is the only H2S precursor, the rate of H2S evolution from heated chicken muscle can be approximately predicted from its cystine content.
The issue of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles' grid integration and its control solution

In this paper, a bi-directional battery charger is applied as an interface between plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and the grid. The major issue of using power electronics interface for grid integration of PHEVs is high frequency resonance. This resonance is caused by a high order filter, which is composed of the charger's LC filter and the grid impedance. An active damping method is proposed to mitigate the resonance. The modeling and controller design are presented. The damping performance to both the converter output harmonics and the grid harmonics are analyzed. The proposed controller can effectively reduce the high frequency resonance on the grid current. The proposed method is verified by the simulation and experiment.
A literature review of automotive vehicle engine mounting systems

The ideal engine mount system should isolate engine vibration caused by engine disturbance force in engine speed range and prevent engine bounce from shock excitation. This implies that the dynamic stiffness and damping of the engine mount should be frequency- and amplitude-dependent. The development of engine mounting systems has mostly concentrated on improvement of frequency- and amplitude-dependent properties. The conventional elastomeric mounts do not meet all the requirements and can only offer a trade-off between static deflection and vibration isolation. Passive hydraulic mounts can provide a better performance than elastomeric mounts especially in the low frequency range. Semi-active techniques are usually used to further improve performance of hydraulic mounts by making them more tunable. The active engine mounting system can be very stiff at low frequency and be tuned to be very soft at the higher frequency range to isolate the vibration. The active engine mounts have been considered as the next generation of engine mounts. The optimization of engine mounting systems is quite desirable. The current work on the optimization of the engine mount systems shows some limitations.
What is the Role of Lecture in High-Tech Education?

Despite many criticisms, lectures continue to be a major method of higher education instruction. What is the explanation for this continued popularity? Can the lecture adapt to new educational demands? What is the most effective way to use lecture? And, most important of all, what is the future of lecture as educational technology plays a more important role in higher education? This article will attempt to provide at least tentative answers to these questions.
Stress analysis in link plate details

As the population of the nations steel highway structures grow older each year, problems associated with structural details are discovered and must be addressed. Some details are fatigue sensitive and others carry load in a manner not originally intended by the designers. To solve or prevent these problems, it is necessary to understand the magnitude and nature of the stress flow at the problem area. With this information we can develop details that are less sensitive to fatigue, and design them to carry the appropriate loads. In Michigan, several methods are being used to measure strain and analyze stress in highway structures. A few of the technologies used are; electrical resistance strain gages, vibrating wire sensors, and photoelastic coatings. This paper discusses Michigan's experience with these technologies in two applications where they have been useful in analyzing Michigan's link plate details.
Tracking recent adaptive evolution in microbial species using TimeZone

An important goal of the analysis of sequenced genomes of microbial pathogens is to improve the therapy of infectious diseases. In this context, a major challenge is to detect genomic-level evolutionary changes that increase microbial virulence. TimeZone, a genome analysis software package, is designed to detect footprints of positive selection for functionally adaptive point mutations. The uniqueness of TimeZone lies in its ability to predict recent adaptive mutations that are overlooked by conventional microevolutionary tools. This protocol describes the use of TimeZone to analyze adaptive footprints in either individual genes or in sets of genomes. Three major workflows are described: (i) extraction of orthologous gene sets from multiple genomes; (ii) alignment and phylogenetic analysis of genes; and (iii) identification of candidate genes under positive selection for point mutations, taking into account the effect of recombination events. This software package can be downloaded free from http://sourceforge.net/projects/timezone1/ . In the case, for example, of the analysis of 14 Escherichia coli genomes, the protocol described here can be completed in ∼32 h.
Stability and soliton via modified nonlinear schrödinger equation

The evolution of nonlinear dispersive waves in weakly and cubically nonlinear media is shown to be governed by a modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The linear stability of the plane-wave solution and the soliton solution are investigated using the modified governing equation. The height of the new soliton is a function of both its width and velocity.
Immigrant Incorporation in American Cities: Contextual Determinants of Irish, German, and British Intermarriage in 1880†

This study adds to a growing body of research on the contextual determinants of marriage choice and provides new information on ethnic intermarriage in the late 19th century. Census microdata for 66 major cities in 1880 are used to estimate a multilevel model of assortative mating of Irish, German, and British immigrants. Results demonstrate that marital choices made by individuals are significantly affected by the local urban context where they live. In addition, the very large disparity in endogamy between the British and other groups can mainly be attributed to the smaller size of the British population in these cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Estimating nurse migration from the Bahamas between 1994 and 2005: An exploratory descriptive study using a social network identification methodology

The purpose of this study was to collect primary data on the migration patterns of Bahamian nurses who had registered as nurses during the period 1994-2005. We used an established social network identification method developed by Delanyo Dovlo to determine whether (and to where) Bahamian nurses had migrated. We reviewed nursing registrants' records from the Nursing Council of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. We telephoned two nurses per cohort of registration and graduation year, asking the interviewee to identify the current location of colleagues registered in their same cohort. Between 1994 and 2005, a total of 18 out of 282 nurses were either confirmed or probably migrated (6%). Ninety-six per cent of those nurses registered during the study time frame were located during the exercise, partially because of an improvement on the Dovlo method--calling a nurse leader who could locate nursing classmates and colleagues beyond his or her own year of graduation. Nurse migration in the Bahamas appears lower than in surrounding countries, posing a research opportunity to investigate the causes for this positive deviation. Future studies employing this method should include interviews of nurse leaders who can confirm the location of a much wider range of people than can the average participant.
Bifurcation of conical magnetic field

A strong magnetic field develops via bifurcation in a flow with accretion, as analytical and numerical solutions of magnetohydrodynamic equations show. Examples are swirl-free and swirling jets, and thermal convection near a point source of heat and gravity. The features of the resulting conical similarity magnetic flows are analogous to those observed in cosmic jets.
The Socialization of Information Behavior: A Case Study of Cognitive Categories for Library Information.

This article describes several sessions of a larger case study that examined cognitive categories for library information in a group of children in kindergarten through grade 4. While the initial motivation for the project was pragmatic in nature, theoretical issues relating to people’s cognitive categories for information are examined as well. Literature indicates that the manner in which people categorize information reflects their understanding of that information. People categorize information based on their own unique experiences, all of which contribute to their overall understanding of the world. The shared knowledge of a culture that is contained in a library, however, needs to be classified in a manner understandable by the entire community. It is of interest, therefore, to the library and information science community to examine the manner in which a library user moves from his or her personally typified categories for information toward the library’s categories for information in order to succe...
Telling Multiracial Tales: An Autoethnography of Coming Out Home

What follows are experimental autoethnographic tales of ambiguous embodiment. The tales weave in and out of the text and work to articulate gender in unsuspecting spaces. Together, we reconsider gender through multiple locations at once. I offer an autoethnography of multiracial tales: a simultaneous telling of embodiment as it manifests in my multiracial body. Rather than privileging one “side” of the family over another, I experiment with a concurrent telling. That is, multivocality in one body. To help anchor the telling, I use the academy as an assemblage of meaning. In the end, I find that my White family resists and rejects my queer masculinity because of my pursuit of higher education while my Asian family embraces my queer masculinity because of the same pursuit. These stories can only be known when told and processed concurrently; never alone, and never separate.
On distributed scheduling with heterogeneously delayed network-state information

We study the problem of distributed scheduling in wireless networks, where each node makes individual scheduling decisions based on heterogeneously delayed network state information (NSI). This leads to inconsistency in the views of the network across nodes, which, coupled with interference, makes it challenging to schedule for high throughputs. We characterize the network throughput region for this setup, and develop optimal scheduling policies to achieve the same. Our scheduling policies have a threshold-based structure and, moreover, require the nodes to use only the "smallest critical subset" of the available delayed NSI to make decisions. In addition, using Markov chain mixing techniques, we quantify the impact of delayed NSI on the throughput region. This not only highlights the value of extra NSI for scheduling, but also characterizes the loss in throughput incurred by lower complexity scheduling policies which use homogeneously delayed NSI.
Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of ethyl methyl selenide

Abstract The Raman spectra (3200–10 cm −1 ) of ethyl methyl selenide in the gas, liquid and solid phases and the infrared spectra (3200–30 cm −1 ) of the gas and solid have been recorded. Qualitative depolarization ratios have been obtained for the lines in the Raman spectrum of the liquid. By a variable temperature Raman study of the liquid, it has been determined that the gauche conformer is more stable than the trans rotamer by 158±16 cm −1 (452±46 cal mol −1 ), and the gauche conformer is the rotamer present in the solid. A complete vibrational assignment for the gauche conformer is presented. All of these data are compared to the corresponding quantities obtained from ab initio Hartree—Fock gradient calculations employing the STO-3G* and 4–31G*/MIDI-4* basis sets. Complete equilibrium geometries have been calculated for both rotamers and the results are discussed and compared with the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
Single-port laparoscopic colorectal resections in obese patients are as safe and effective as conventional laparoscopy.

Background Obese patients pose additional operative technical difficulties, and it is unclear if the outcomes of single-port colorectal surgery are equivalent to those of conventional laparoscopy in such patients. The aim of this study was to compare perioperative variables and short-term outcomes of single-port versus conventional laparoscopy in obese patients undergoing colorectal surgery.
Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form, Allen J. Scott

(1990). Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form, Allen J. Scott. Urban Geography: Vol. 11, Law, Regulation, and Geography I, pp. 521-522.
Performance of Coriolis meters in transient gas flows

Abstract For steady flows, Coriolis flow meters accurately measure mass flow. To study the performance of Coriolis meters under transient flows, we measured the instantaneous and totalized flow determined by two Coriolis meters. The tests used a Transient Flow Facility (TFF) developed to generate transient flow, pressure, and temperature conditions similar to those that occur when a hydrogen powered vehicle is refueled. During simulated cascade fills, the TFF discharged 3 kg of helium in 3 min at flows between 10 g/s and 45 g/s through the Coriolis meters and the TFF׳s standard. The TFF׳s expanded uncertainty (95% confidence level) for totalized mass during this cascade fill was 0.45%. For the same simulated cascade fill, both Coriolis meters measured the instantaneous flow within the uncertainty of the TFF and measured totalized flow within the International Organization of Legal Metrology Recommendation 139 maximum permissible errors for meters in gaseous fuel dispensers (1.0%).
On Key Symbols1

This paper reviews the use of the notion of “key symbol” in anthropological analysis. It analyzes phenomena which have been or might be accorded the status of key symbol in cultural analyses, categorizing them according to their primary modes of operating on thought and action.
Stochastic sensitivity analysis and Langevin simulation for neural network learning

Abstract A comprehensive theoretical framework is proposed for the learning of a class of gradient-type neural networks with an additive Gaussian white noise process. The study is based on stochastic sensitivity analysis techniques, and formal expressions are obtained for stochastic learning laws in terms of functional derivative sensitivity coefficients. The present method, based on Langevin simulation techniques, uses only the internal states of the network and ubiquitous noise to compute the learning information inherent in the stochastic correlation between noise signals and the performance functional. In particular, the method does not require the solution of adjoint equations of the back-propagation type. Thus, the present algorithm has the potential for efficiently learning network weights with significantly fewer computations. Application to an unfolded multi-layered network is described, and the results are compared with those obtained by using a back-propagation method.
All optical logic gates based on two-photon absorption

ABSTRACT When the two-photon absorption of a high intensity pump beam takes place in a semi conductor optical amplifier there is an associated fast phase change of a weak probe signal. A scheme to realize fast all-optical XOR logic function using two-photon absorption induced phase change has been analyzed. Rate equations for semiconductor optical amplifiers, for input data signals with high intensity, configured in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been solved. The input intensities are high enough so that the two-photon induced phase change is larger than the regular gain induced phase change. The model shows that both XOR operation and pseudorandom binary sequence generation at 250 Gb/s with good signal to noise ratio is feasible. Keywords: semiconductor optical amplifier, two-photon absorption, optical logic INTRODUCTION In future high-speed communication systems, optical logic gates are expected to play an important role in switching, signal regeneration, addressing, header recognition, data encoding and encryption, etc.[1]. In recent years, optical logic based on several different schemes have been demonstrated and reported, including that based on dual semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI)[2-3], semiconductor laser amplifier (SLA) loop mirror [4], ultrafast nonlinear interferometers [5], four-wave mixing process in SOA[6] or cross gain (XGM) or cross phase (XPM) modulation in nonlinear devices[7]. Among these schemes, the SOA based MZI has the advantage of being relatively stable, simple and compact. However, to the authors knowledge, all these schemes have a lim itation of signal bit rate of up to 40 or 80 Gb/s. A scheme for higher data rate logic using quantum dot (QD) based optical amplifier[8,9] has been analyzed[10]. Another process that can result in a fast phase change of a probe signal is two-photon absorption of a pump beam[11-15]. Pump-probe experiments have shown that phase changes take place in a duration ~ 1 ps or less when the pump and probe signals are injected into a semiconductor optical amplifier[11-14]. In this work, we present a model of XOR and a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) generator based on two-photon absorption (TPA) of pump beams. The proposed device is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) each arm of which has a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). Th e pump beams are the data signals which are injected into each arm. The probe beam is a weaker signal injected into the middle arm. The pump and probe beams have single pulse durations ~ 0.5 ps. The concept of XOR using SOA based MZI is the same as has been described and demonstrated earlier for XOR[1-6]. The principal new element of the current an alysis is that the phase change ( GI ) due to the pump beam has a fast component, the magnitude of which is given by[11-13] GI = -(1/2) ED
Inositol tetrakisphosphate limits NK cell effector functions by controlling PI3K signaling

Natural killer (NK) cells have important functions in cancer immunosurveillance, BM allograft rejection, fighting infections, tissue homeostasis, and reproduction. NK cell–based therapies are promising treatments for blood cancers. Overcoming their currently limited efficacy requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling NK cell development and dampening their effector functions. NK cells recognize the loss of self-antigens or up-regulation of stress-induced ligands on pathogen-infected or tumor cells through invariant NK cell receptors (NKRs), and then kill such stressed cells. Two second-messenger pathways downstream of NKRs are required for NK cell maturation and effector responses: PIP3 generation by PI3K and generation of diacylglycerol and IP3 by phospholipase-Cγ (PLCγ). In the present study, we identify a novel role for the phosphorylated IP3 metabolite inositol (1,3,4,5)tetrakisphosphate (IP4) in NK cells. IP4 promotes NK cell terminal differentiation and acquisition of a mature NKR repertoire. However, in mature NK cells, IP4 limits NKR-induced IFNγ secretion, granule exocytosis, and target-cell killing, in part by inhibiting the PIP3 effector-kinase Akt. This identifies IP4 as an important novel regulator of NK cell development and function and expands our understanding of the therapeutically important mechanisms dampening NK cell responses. Our results further suggest that PI3K regulation by soluble IP4 is a broadly important signaling paradigm.
The impact of a housing-linked contract savings scheme on households' holdings of financial assets in India☆

Abstract This paper uses a carefully matched sample of Indian renter households who are participants in a savings scheme explicitly linked to obtaining a mortgage and a sample of similar households who are not participants to estimate the impact of participation on the share of assets participants hold in financial form. Participants are found to hold significantly more of their assets in this form; over a standard savings period the incremental holdings in financial assets are equivalent to the amount saved in the contract savings scheme. The estimates support the contention that participants do not merely shift the instruments in which financial assets are held in saving for home purchase but rather make a reallocation in favor of financial assets — monies that are available for investment anywhere in the economy during the savings period.
Microstructural evolution of cobalt-doped barium cerate–zirconate at elevated temperatures under moist reducing conditions

Abstract Barium cerates doped with rare earth and transition metal ions are attractive candidate materials for clean-energy applications owing to their catalytic activity combined with mixed ionic–electronic conductivity for electrochemical hydrogen separation. However, the stability of these materials at elevated temperatures in the presence of moisture and CO 2 is not completely understood. In the present work, Co-doped barium cerate–zirconate pellets (BaCe 0.25 Zr 0.47 Co 0.13 O 3− δ ) were exposed to a moist reducing environment at 600 °C and 927 °C for 24 h. The as-sintered and reduced pellets were sectioned using FIB and characterized using conventional TEM, STEM and XEDS. The evolution of the microstructure of the material at each step has been reported. The as-sintered material showed a tendency toward Co ex-solution resulting in the formation of a BaO–CoO phase at the grain boundaries. At elevated temperatures, reduction appeared to play a role in the transformation of the material chemistry and microstructure.
Ziv-Zakai bounds for time delay estimation with frequency hopping and multicarrier signals in wideband random channels

We develop Ziv-Zakai bounds (ZZBs) on time delay estimation (TDE) for known frequency hopping or multicarrier waveforms over random wideband (frequency selective) Gaussian channels, with a uniform prior on the delay. The channel model incorporates correlation, for example between subcarriers. A unified signal model is applicable to several cases of interest. The receiver does not have channel state information to estimate the time delay, but does have knowledge of the channel statistics. The ZZB provides a tight bound on the mean square error for Bayesian estimation in wideband random channels, revealing SNR threshold behavior indicating estimator breakdown.