cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fronto-Limbic Brain Dysfunction during the Regulation of Emotion in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by significant and widespread impairments in the regulation of emotion. Evidence is only recently emerging regarding the neural basis of these emotion regulation impairments, and few studies have focused on the regulation of emotion during effortful cognitive processing. To examine the neural correlates of deficits in effortful emotion regulation, schizophrenia outpatients (N = 20) and age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers (N = 20) completed an emotional faces n-back task to assess the voluntary attentional control subprocess of emotion regulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Behavioral measures of emotional intelligence and emotion perception were administered to examine brain-behavior relationships with emotion processing outcomes. Results indicated that patients with schizophrenia demonstrated significantly greater activation in the bilateral striatum, ventromedial prefrontal, and right orbitofrontal cortices during the effortful regulation of positive emotional stimuli, and reduced activity in these same regions when regulating negative emotional information. The opposite pattern of results was observed in healthy individuals. Greater fronto-striatal response to positive emotional distractors was significantly associated with deficits in facial emotion recognition. These findings indicate that abnormalities in striatal and prefrontal cortical systems may be related to deficits in the effortful emotion regulatory process of attentional control in schizophrenia, and may significantly contribute to emotion processing deficits in the disorder.
Biphasic flow-volume loop in granulomatosis with polyangiitis related unilateral bronchus obstruction

Spirometry flow-volume measurement is used routinely in the outpatient setting to rule out obstructive lung diseases. Biphasic flow-volume loop is a classic presentation of unilateral bronchial stenosis due to multiple etiologies and it should raise clinical suspicion. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a systemic inflammatory condition with pulmonary manifestations that may be infiltrative (e.g., pneumonia), hemorrhagic, and may rarely cause bronchial stenosis. Herein, we present a case of GPA-related, bronchial obstruction that caused biphasic flow-volume loop along with a literature review.
Effect of Hyperuricemia on Renal Function in the Dog

SummaryRenal function in dogs, as assessed by the clearances of creatinine and para-aminohippurate, was impaired by hyperuricemia induced by intravenous injections of uric acid. The degree of functional impairment was related to dosage and to frequency of injection and was possibly aggravated by the presence of renal disease. It was more severe in mongrel than in Dalmatian dogs. Small doses, which singly produced no detectable functional impairment, caused renal damage after repeated daily injections, indicating a cumulative effect. The findings suggest that hyperuricemia may produce significant nephropathy by urate blockage of the distal convoluted and collecting tubules. Such hyperuricemic nephropathy, reversible up to a certain point, may become chronic or fatal if permitted to continue unchecked.
Z-Selective, Catalytic Internal Alkyne Semihydrogenation under H2/CO Mixtures by a Niobium(III) Imido Complex

The discovery of a Nb(III)-mediated catalytic hydrogenation of internal alkynes to (Z)-alkenes that proceeds through an unprecedented mechanism is reported. The mechanistic proposal involves initial reduction of the alkyne by the Nb(III) complex (BDI)Nb(NtBu)(CO)2 to provide a Nb(V) metallacyclopropene, itself capable of σ-bond metathesis reactivity with H2. The resulting alkenyl hydride species then undergoes reductive elimination to provide the (Z)-alkene product and regenerate a metal complex in the Nb(III) oxidation state. Support for the proposed mechanism is derived from (i) the dependence of the product selectivity on the relative concentrations of CO and H2, (ii) the isolation of complexes closely related to those proposed to be part of the catalytic cycle, (iii) H/D crossover experiments, and (iv) DFT studies of multiple possible reaction pathways.
Substitutability in Foreign Policy Theoretically Central, Empirically Elusive

This article addresses two basic issues: (1) theoretical and methodological arguments as to why substitutability is important to the research enterprise in the study of world politics and (2) the theoretical and methodological problems in designing empirical research to demonstrate both the existence of substitutability and its impact on the choices of foreign policy tools and strategy. The first issue begins with the standard concern with substitutability: the problems that it creates for research design and how to deal with these problems. However, while these issues are important—and central to cumulation—substitutability has a broader impact on international relations theory through its relationship to opportunity and willingness and their interaction. Thus, substitutability is important in regard to the agent-structure perspective in general and particularly how it affects the choices of agents in two-level games.
Revascularization for Preservation of Renal Function in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease

AbstractFifty-one patients with atherosclerotic renovascular disease have undergone elective revascularization primarily to preserve renal function. In all patients the blood pressure was well controlled preoperatively with medical therapy and was not an indication for revascularization. The preoperative serum creatinine value was 2.0mg./dl. or more in 35 patients and less than 2.0mg./dl. in 16. Vascular reconstruction was technically successful in all patients, with postoperative followup ranging from 4 to 76 months. The current level of over-all renal function is improved in 34 patients (67 per cent), unchanged in 14 (27 per cent) and deteriorated in 3 (6 per cent). In selected patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease revascularization can achieve preservation or improvement of renal function.
Abstract 3255: Inhibition of intracrine VEGF signaling prevents colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion

Introduction: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis and vascular function. The mechanisms of VEGF signaling in angiogenesis have been extensively studied. However, its effects on tumor cell function remain to be elucidated. Our studies on depletion of VEGF by somatic knockout of the VEGF gene or by siRNA in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines have demonstrated that loss of VEGF expression led to significantly decreased cell growth, increased apoptosis, and enhanced chemo-sensitivity of CRC cells through an intracrine signaling mechanism. These intracrine effects were mediated through VEGF by regulation of the activity of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g. EGFR, cMET) and downstream AKT signaling. Similar effects were observed by depletion of VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1), supporting the role of a novel intracellular VEGF-VEGFR1 complex in CRC cell survival. Since VEGF signaling has been shown to effect endothelial and tumor cell migration, we attempted to determine if inhibition of intracrine VEGF signaling affected CRC cell motility. Methods: Migration and invasion of CRC cells, with and without VEGF depletion, were assayed using Boyden chambers and a serum gradient. Changes in cell morphology and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and markers of cell motility were assessed by microscopy, immunostaining, and western blot analyses. Results: Depletion of VEGF by siRNAs in multiple CRC cell lines led to a very strong inhibition of migration and invasion of CRC cells. Such inhibition was not observed when CRC cells were treated with bevacizumab to inhibit paracrine or autocrine signaling. Further examination revealed no significant changes in cell morphology. Other than Twist, there were no significant differences between specific markers of EMT indicating that differences in migration and invasion were not due to classic alterations in EMT. However, significant changes in activation of mediators of cell motility were observed. VEGF depleted CRC cells demonstrated significantly lower levels of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) compared to cells with normal VEGF expression. Analyses of upstream regulators indicated strong reduction in either p-cMET or p-SRC depending on cell type. Conclusions: Inhibition of intracrine VEGF signaling strongly inhibits CRC cell migration and invasion by regulating proteins involved in cell motility. Citation Format: Rajat Bhattacharya, Ling Xia, Fan Fan, Rui Wang, Delphine Boulbes, Xiang-Cang Ye, Lee Ellis. Inhibition of intracrine VEGF signaling prevents colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3255.
Mycorrhizal composition can predict foliar pathogen colonization in soybean

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi may contribute to plant protection against pathogens. However, AM-fungal bioprotection may depend upon AM-fungal species identity and plant-pathosystem. Here, the aim is to determine if AM-fungal composition can alter Pseudomonas syringae pv . glycinia’s ( Psg ) effect on soybean ( Glycine max ). Two experiments were performed simultaneously. The first experiment assessed the effect of soil treatment on pathogen ( Psg ) growth. While the second experiment assessed the interactive effects of Psg and soil treatment on soybean growth. In the first experiment, mycorrhizal composition and soil nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) were manipulated for Glycine max under growth chamber conditions. Mycorrhizal treatments included four single species of AM-fungi ( Entrophospora infrequens , Funneliformis mosseae , Claroideoglomus claroideum , and Racocetra fulgida ) and a mix (Fungal Community) of all four species. Three nutrient addition treatments included nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and nitrogen with phosphorous (NP). Psg colonization was assessed at 40 and 120 h post infection (HPI). In the second experiment, also under growth chamber conditions, soybean biomass in response to the interactive effect of Psg and soil environments (AM-fungal community, N, P, NP, and control) was assessed after a four month growing season. AM-fungal species Entrophospora infrequens reduced Psg colonization, while three other fungal species did not ( F. mosseae , C. claroideum , and R. fulgida ). Addition of supplemental nitrogen inhibited Psg colonization, suggesting a resource provisioning mechanism of AM-fungal bioprotection. Assessment of plant growth revealed that an AM-fungal inoculum mix increases soybean leaf mass over a four month growing period. Meanwhile, Psg markedly increased stem mass. An interaction between AM-fungi and Psg on plant growth was not detected. In mixed communities, AM-fungal sporulation was only detected for a single species ( F. mosseae ). These findings provide insight onto the role of AM-fungal identity in bioprotection against a foliar pathogen. Although additional work is needed to fully determine ecological processes that provide selective advantages to host plant, these findings indicate that such ecological processes include nutrient provisioning and competition among AM-fungi. Together, these processes may have an underlying role in bioprotection.
Secondary User Access Control in Cognitive Radio Networks

Spectrum sharing and aggregation among authorized secondary users (A-SUs) are important tasks in operating effective cognitive radio networks. Furthermore, in protecting spectrum sharing/aggregation against unauthorized secondary users (UA-SUs), secondary user access control (SUAC) is needed, which is investigated in this paper. A jamming signal is injected to degrade the spectrum sensing performance of UA-SUs, while reliable spectrum sensing performance for A-SUs can be achieved through an oblique projection-based jamming cancellation method. An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based transmission model is considered in this paper. The generalized likelihood ratio test algorithm is used for both authorized and unauthorized SUs in spectrum sensing. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed SUAC in degrading the spectrum sensing performance of the unauthorized SUs.
Effect of crude oil carbon accounting decisions on meeting global climate budgets

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change quantified a cumulative remaining carbon budget beyond which there is a high likelihood global average temperatures will increase more than 2 °C above preindustrial temperature. While there is global participation in mitigation efforts, there is little global collaboration to cooperatively mitigate emissions. Instead, countries have been acting as individual agents with independent emission reduction objectives. However, such asymmetric unilateral climate policies create the opportunity for carbon leakage resulting from the shift in embodied carbon emissions within trade networks. In this analysis, we use an optimization-based model of the global crude trade as a case study to demonstrate the importance of a cooperative, system-level approach to climate policy in order to most effectively, efficiently, and equitably achieve carbon mitigation objectives. To do this, we first characterize the cost and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the 2014 crude production and consumption system by aggregating multiple data sources and developing a balanced trade matrix. We then optimize this network to demonstrate the potential for carbon mitigation through more efficient use of crude resources. Finally, we implement a global carbon cap on total annual crude emissions. We find that such a cap would require crude consumption to drop from 4.2 gigatons (Gt) to 1.1 Gt. However, if each country had an individual carbon allocation in addition to the global cap consistent with the nationally determined contribution limits resulting from the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, allowable consumption would further decrease to approximately 770 million metric tonnes. Additionally, the carbon accounting method used to assign responsibility for embodied carbon emissions associated with the traded crude further influences allowable production and consumption for each country. The simplified model presented here highlights how global cooperation and a system-level cooperative approach could guide climate policy efforts to be more cost effective and equitable, while reducing the leakage potential resulting from shifting trade patterns of embodied carbon emissions. Additionally, it demonstrates how the spatial distribution of crude consumption and production patterns change under a global carbon cap given various carbon accounting strategies.
Thermal stability of Fe16N2 thin film on GaAs (0 0 1) substrate

There is a major need for a high performance magnetic system for high temperature applications. One propitious low cost permanent magnet candidate is Fe16N2, with its giant magnetic moment predicted to be above other materials from conventional first principles calculations. Here we report on a comprehensive study of the thermal stability of Fe16N2 thin films on GaAs (0 0 1) substrate. Using polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR), the saturation magnetization depth profile (Ms) of the films and its modification with temperature is directly measured at various thermal conditions. The structural modifications probed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) unravel that above 250 °C the Fe16N2 thin films decompose into α-Fe and γ'-Fe4N phases. An influence of the strain effect is investigated by grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD). We reveal that despite a large Fe16N2 in-plane lattice constant of ~5.88 A and different strains from substrate or seed layer (up to 2.8% tensile strain), Fe16N2 thin films have the same thermal stability. Our results demonstrate that the high thermal stability of partially order Fe16N2 thin films makes them very promising candidates for spintronics and permanent magnet applications.
Ionic liquid functionalization of semi-packed columns for high-performance gas chromatographic separations.

Abstract Gas chromatography columns fabricated using microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology provide a number of clear advantages. However, successful deposition of stationary phases having a wide application range remains an important technical challenge. In this paper, we report, for the first time, on the deposition of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs)—a versatile class of stationary phases—inside the channels of semi-packed columns (SPCs) for high-performance gas chromatographic separation of complex chemical mixtures. A 1 m long, 240 μm deep, 190 μm wide column comprising an array circular micropillars of 20 μm in diameter and 40 μm post spacing was fabricated using MEMS processes. Two RTILs were immobilized inside these columns using a dynamic coating method, and the columns were tested for separation of three different mixtures: a 15-component mixture of hazardous chemical pollutants, an 8-component mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, and a sample of gasoline. These columns displayed sharp and symmetrical peaks, significant selectivity variation between the two columns, and rapid separation times. The columns yielded high separation efficiencies measured by approximately 2300 plates/m under isothermal conditions. This work highlights the potential of RTILs to be used as excellent stationary phases for SPCs, thereby dramatically expanding the range of complex mixtures that could be analyzed using a micro gas chromatograph.
Controlling the Encapsulation of Charged Molecules in Vesicle-Templated Nanocontainers through Electrostatic Interactions with the Bilayer Scaffold

This work addresses the challenge of creating hollow nanocapsules with a controlled quantity of encapsulated molecules. Such nanocontainers or nanorattle-like structures represent an attractive platform for building functional devices, including nanoreactors and nanosensors. By taking advantage of the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged cargo molecules and the surface of the templating bilayer of catanionic vesicles, formed by mixing single-tailed cationic and anionic surfactants, we were able to achieve a substantial increase in the local concentration of molecules inside the vesicle-templated nanocapsules. Control of electrostatic interactions through changes in the formulation of catanionic vesicles or the pH of the solution enabled fine tuning of the encapsulation efficiency in capturing ionic solutes. The ability to control the quantity of entrapped molecules greatly expands the application of nanocontainers in the creation of functional nanodevices.
Speaking Truth to Power from Medieval to Modern Italy

Speaking Truth to Power from Medieval to Modern Italy comprises twenty chapters (nine of which are written in Italian) and, as the title suggests, addresses the relationship between political power...
Sorption of CO2 in a hydrogen-bonded diamondoid network of sulfonylcalix[4]arene§

An organic material, p-tert-butyltetrasulfonylcalix[4]arene, self-assembles via hydrogen bonding to form a diamondoid supramolecular network. Possessing discrete, zero-dimensional (0D) microcavitie...
Outcomes following a locomotor training protocol on balance, gait, exercise capacity, and community integration in an individual with a traumatic brain injury: a case report.

Background and Purpose: The NeuroRecovery Network (NRN) established a locomotor training protocol that has shown promising results for individuals with spinal cord injury, yet research to date has ...
Translating a Language You Don’t Know In the Chinese Room

In a corruption of John Searle’s famous AI thought experiment, the Chinese Room (Searle, 1980), we twist its original intent by enabling humans to translate text, e.g. from Uyghur to English, even if they don’t have any prior knowledge of the source language. Our enabling tool, which we call the Chinese Room, is equipped with the same resources made available to a machine translation engine. We find that our superior language model and world knowledge allows us to create perfectly fluent and nearly adequate translations, with human expertise required only for the target language. The Chinese Room tool can be used to rapidly create small corpora of parallel data when bilingual translators are not readily available, in particular for low-resource languages.
Structure and Recognition of Antigens for Invariant NKT Cells

It has been two decades since natural killer T (NKT) cells were ­identified and distinguished from conventional T cell populations by the invariant Vα14 rearrangement in their T cell antigen receptor (TCR). NKT cells recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d, a member of a third family of antigen-presenting ­molecules. The first antigen known to activate NKT cells is a α-galactosyl ceramide (αGalCer), a highly potent synthetic glycosphingolipid (GSL) antigen closely related to a natural product, probably derived from a bacteria. Synthetic antigens related to αGalCer are being developed for clinical applications, and there is great interesting understanding why different variants cause different cytokine responses. Microbial glycosphingolipid antigens for NKT cells have been found in environmental microbes and also in pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi. For the microbial and synthetic antigens, when the TCR binds, it forces the sugar and CD1d into a fixed orientation. Self-antigens for NKT cells also have been defined, but these have diverse structures and it remains controversial if there is a single type of self-agonist responsible for the selection and peripheral activation of these cells.
Treatment of Status Dystonicus (Dystonic Storm)

Status dystonicus is an acute potentially fatal movement disorder that occasionally develops in the course of primary and secondary dystonic syndromes and is characterized by increasingly frequent and severe episodes of generalized involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions resulting in abnormal postures or repetitive twisting movements. It may be complicated by bulbar and respiratory complications and rhabdomyolysis which may lead to acute renal failure. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of this condition and its complications is needed for successful management. Stabilizing measures often entail tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation along with powerful sedative agents given in the intensive care unit. Frequently, a combination of dystonia-specific medications can be used to alleviate the dystonia. If dystonia persists despite treatment with these drugs, then intrathecal baclofen or deep brain stimulation should be considered.
Opportunistic Infections Are More Prevalent in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Large Population-Based Study.

Background Opportunistic infections (OIs) are more common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, there have been limited large-scale studies of OIs in IBD. We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of OI in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) using a large population-based database. Methods Data were collected from a commercial database (Explorys Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA) that provided electronic health records from 26 major integrated US health care systems from 1999 to March 2018. In this data set, we identified all CD and UC patients, based on Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms. Within these cohorts, we identified a variety of OIs and compared the prevalence rate of OI in individuals with IBD with that of controls (patients in the database between March 2013 and March 2018 without the diagnosis of IBD). Results Explorys included 153,290 patients with CD and 128,540 patients with UC between March 2013 and March 2018. The prevalence of OIs was 17.8% in CD, 19.2% in UC, and 7% in non-IBD controls. When compared with non-IBD controls, all OIs were more common in CD (prevalence ratio [PR], 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.51-2.57) and UC (PR, 2.74; 95% CI, 2.71-2.77). Overall, viral infections were numerically more common, whereas bacterial infections had the highest PRs in CD and UC when compared with controls without IBD. Conclusions We found significantly higher rates of OI in IBD. Our study suggests the need for close follow-up of IBD patients to diagnose and provide vaccinations where applicable for prevention of infections.
Estuarine submerged aquatic vegetation habitat provides organic carbon storage across a shifting landscape.

Abstract Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) thrives across the estuarine salinity gradient providing valuable ecosystem services. Within the saline portion of estuaries, seagrass areas are frequently cited as hotspots for their role in capturing and retaining organic carbon (Corg). Non-seagrass SAV, located in the fresh to brackish estuarine areas, may also retain significant soil Corg, yet their role remains unquantified. Given rapidly occurring landscape and salinity changes due to human and natural disturbances, landscape level carbon pool estimates from estuarine SAV habitat blue carbon estimates are needed. We assessed Corg stocks in SAV habitat soils from estuarine freshwater to saline habitats (interior deltaic) to saline barrier islands (Chandeleur Island) within the Mississippi River Delta Plain (MRDP), Louisiana, USA. SAV habitats contain Corg stocks equivalent to those reported for other estuarine vegetation types (seagrass, salt marsh, mangrove). Interior deltaic SAV Corg stocks (231.6 ± 19.5 Mg Corg ha−1) were similar across the salinity gradient, and significantly higher than at barrier island sites (56.6 ± 10.4 Mg Corg ha−1). Within the MRDP, shallow water SAV habitat covers up to an estimated 28,000 ha, indicating that soil Corg storage is potentially 6.4 ± 0.1 Tg representing an unaccounted Corg pool. Extrapolated across Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico, this represents a major unaccounted pool of soil Corg. As marshes continue to erode, the ability of coastal SAV habitat to offset some of the lost carbon sequestration may be valuable. Our estimates of Corg sequestration rates indicated that conversion of eroding marsh to potential SAV habitat may help to offset the reduction of Corg sequestration rates. Across Louisiana, we estimated SAV to offset this loss by as much as 79,000 Mg C yr−1 between the 1960s and 2000s.
Trait plasticity alters the range of possible coexistence conditions in a competition–colonisation trade‐off

Most of the classical theory on species coexistence has been based on species-level competitive trade-offs. However, it is becoming apparent that plant species display high levels of trait plasticity. The implications of this plasticity are almost completely unknown for most coexistence theory. Here, we model a competition-colonisation trade-off and incorporate trait plasticity to evaluate its effects on coexistence. Our simulations show that the classic competition-colonisation trade-off is highly sensitive to environmental circumstances, and coexistence only occurs in narrow ranges of conditions. The inclusion of plasticity, which allows shifts in competitive hierarchies across the landscape, leads to coexistence across a much broader range of competitive and environmental conditions including disturbance levels, the magnitude of competitive differences between species, and landscape spatial patterning. Plasticity also increases the number of species that persist in simulations of multispecies assemblages. Plasticity may generally increase the robustness of coexistence mechanisms and be an important component of scaling coexistence theory to higher diversity communities.
Temperature Distribution in Strip Rolling of Rate Sensitive Material

Summary In the paper by Frick and Chen [3] the stress field in strip rolling of a rate sensitive material was solved. There would be a temperature rise in the material due to the plastic work during deformation. Added to the original steady state computational algorithm in [3] was the discretized heat conduction equation and its associated boundary condations. The temperature solutions for rolling speed at 2500 mm/sec at two defferent times were obtained. Plots of the temperature distributions were presented.
Missing-Tag Detection With Unknown Tags

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been proliferating in recent years, especially with its wide usage in retail, warehouse and supply chain management. One of its most popular applications is to automatically detect missing products (attached with RFID tags) in a large storage place. However, most existing protocols assume that the IDs of all tags within a reader’s coverage are known, while ignoring practical scenarios where the IDs of some tags may be unknown. The existence of these unknown tags will introduce false positives in those protocols, degrading their performance. Some prior art studies this problem, but their time efficiency is low, especially when the number of unknown tags is large. In this paper, we propose a new missing tag detection protocol based on compressed filters, which not only reduce the filter size for better time-efficiency but also help dampen the interference of unknown tags for high missing-tag detection accuracy. To further improve the performance, we propose to use a combination of sampling and multi-hashing for tags to report their presence, greatly reducing collisions and thus improving the detection probability. We reconfigure the standard ID collection protocol to support bitmap collection required by missing-tag detection. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our compressed filter and collision-reduction method reduce the protocol execution time by 83% to 92% under the same missing-tag detection probability, when comparing with the best prior work. We also evaluate the performance of our missing-tag detection protocol under unreliable channel.
Profits and Prophets: Market Economics and Jewish Social Ethics

This chapter provides an analysis of the conceptual foundations of market economics and Jewish social justice. Both are about decision making—economics is descriptive, and Jewish social justice is prescriptive. Economics emphasizes the individual, while Jewish social justice emphasizes the community and each person’s responsibility to others. There is, however, considerable practical economics in the Jewish tradition. Prosbul (a work around to the remission of debts), profit ceilings, and the definition of need are examples discussed in this chapter.
Using opportunistic screening with abdominal CT to identify osteoporosis and osteopenia in patients with diabetes.

Opportunistic osteoporosis screening involves measuring the attenuation of L1 vertebrae on abdominal computed tomography (CT), which correlates with DXA T-score. We found that this approach is useful for detecting low bone mass in patients with diabetes and propose L1 attenuation ≤ 135 Hounsfield units (HU) as a threshold for which DXA should be strongly considered. Attenuation of the L1 vertebrae on computer tomography (CT) images done for other reasons (“Opportunistic Osteoporosis Screening”) has been found to correlate well with DXA-derived T-score. However, the method and the thresholds have never been tested specifically in those with diabetes mellitus (DM), in whom the fracture risk is greater than explained by BMD. In a retrospective study of subjects with DM who had both abdominal CT and DXA within 6 months of each other, we compared L1 attenuation and DXA T-score to define the sensitivity and specificity of thresholds previously established in the general population. There were 313 subjects among whom 18 (5.8%) had prior major osteoporotic fracture (MOF). Subjects with MOF had lower T-scores (− 2.3 ± 1.4 vs. − 0.9 ± 1.4, p < 0.001) and L1 attenuation (104 HU ± 46 vs. 149 HU ± 47, p < 0.001) than non-fracture subjects. L1 attenuation ≤ 160 HU was 91% sensitive for osteoporosis, while ≤ 110 HU was 80% specific. For a higher T-score of ≤ − 1.5, L1 attenuation ≤ 135 HU showed balanced sensitivity and specificity (65% and 69%, respectively). Opportunistic osteoporosis screening with abdominal CT is useful in determining the need for DXA screening in subjects with diabetes. We propose L1 attenuation ≤ 135 HU as a reasonable threshold for detecting the T-score of ≤ − 1.5, which is likely associated with increased fragility in DM.
Xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for mandibular defect regeneration

BACKGROUND It is commonly accepted that xenogeneic stem cell transplantation for tissue engineering is faced with host immune rejection. Using a rat critical-size mandibular defect model, this study examined whether the immune rejection can be evaded by diminishing T-cell immunity. METHODS To examine donor cell survival and host immune reaction, pig bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were labeled with CM-DiI, loaded onto gelatin sponge (5 × 106 cells/scaffold), and transplanted into 5-mm mandibular defects of immunocompetent and T cell-deficient athymic rats. To examine the effects of xenogeneic BM-MSCs on bone regeneration, athymic rats undergone the same surgeries were terminated at post-operative weeks 1, 3, and 6. Control rats underwent the same jaw surgery without BM-MSC transplantation. RESULTS The density of CM-DiI-labeled BM-MSCs decreased with time in both strains of rats. Although it was substantially higher in athymic rats than in immunocompetent rats at post-operative day 1, by day 3-7 the density became comparable between the two strains of rats. Apoptosis reflected by cleaved Caspase-3 staining was low in both strains. Stronger infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, B cells and CD8+ T cells was found in MSC-treated animals. In athymic rats, infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages was strong, but it occurred later than that in immunocompetent rats. While bone volume fraction significantly increased with time (P < .001), no difference was found between MSC-treated and control groups. CONCLUSIONS Even in hosts with deficient T-cell immunity, xenogeneic BM-MSC transplantation into mandibular critical-sized defects still faces challenges from host innate immunity, which compromises their regenerative efficacy.
Mapping the Intercounty Transmission Risk of COVID-19 in New York State

Social Science Research Network published a piece over COVID-19 and includes three UT Affiliates that is published on May 1, 2020.
Complete Genome Sequences for Pseudomonas sp. Strains 29A and 43A.

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas sp. strains 29A and 43A were originally isolated from the phyllosphere of individual plants of Cardamine cordifolia (Brassicaceae). Here, we report complete genome sequences for these two closely related strains, assembled using a hybrid approach combining Illumina paired-end reads and longer reads sequenced on an Oxford Nanopore MinION flow cell.
Adsorption properties of acrolein, propanal, 2-propenol, and 1-propanol on Ag(111)

Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption were used to study the adsorption of acrolein, its partial hydrogenation products, propanal and 2-propenol, and its full hydrogenation product, 1-propanol on the Ag(111) surface. Each molecule adsorbs weakly to the surface and desorbs without reaction at temperatures below 220 K. For acrolein, the out-of plane bending modes are more intense than the C[double bond, length as m-dash]O stretch at all coverages, indicating that the molecular plane is mainly parallel to the surface. The two alcohols, 2-propenol and 1-propanol, have notably higher desorption temperatures than acrolein and display strong hydrogen bonding in the multilayers as revealed by a broadened and redshifted O-H stretch. For 1-propanol, annealing the surface to 180 K disrupts the hydrogen-bonding to produce unusally narrow peaks, including one at 1015 cm-1 with a full width at half maximum of 1.1 cm-1. This suggests that 1-propanol forms a highly orderded monolayer and adsorbs as a single conformer. For 2-propenol, hydrogen bonding in the multilayer correlates with observation of the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C stretch at 1646 cm-1, which is invisible for the monolayer. This suggests that for monolayer coverages, 2-propenol bonds with the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond parallel to the surface. Similarly, the C[double bond, length as m-dash]O stretch of propanal is very weak for low coverages but becomes the largest peak for the multilayer, indicating a change in orientation with coverage.
Gastrointestinal Issues in Critically Ill Children

Due to lack of uniform diagnostic criteria, gastrointestinal (GI) complications in critically ill occur with variable frequency,1 and overall incidence of such complications seems to be less in children compared to adults. Major risk factors are use of catecholamines, sedatives, and muscle relaxants in patients with shock. GI dysmotility in critically ill patients is the main reason behind abdominal distension, increased gastric residual volume, and constipation. GI bleeding is described in about 10% of patients with critical illness with about 1.6% have clinically significant bleeding, particularly in patients with coagulopathy, respiratory failure, or PRISM scores >10.2 In this review, the most common GI issues encountered in children will be discussed as mentioned earlier. In addition management of acute GI bleeding will also be discussed. How to cite this article: Khilnani P, Rawal N, Singha C. Gastrointestinal Issues in Critically Ill Children. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(Suppl 4):S201-S204.
Agricultural Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Using Fecal Indicators: A Systematic Review.

Fresh-produce consumers may be at risk of pathogen infection due to fecal contamination of the agricultural environment. Indicators of fecal contamination may be used as a proxy to evaluate the potential presence of human pathogens, such as norovirus and hepatitis A, on agricultural samples. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether the presence of human norovirus or hepatitis A was associated with microbial indicators in agricultural samples including fresh produce, equipment surfaces, and hands. Four databases (Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Agricola) were systematically searched and fifteen articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria. After data extraction, individual indicator-pathogen relationships were assessed using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. The level of agreement between norovirus with adenovirus was 0.09 (n = 16, 95% CI −0.05, 0.23), indicating poor agreement using Landis and Koch’s criterion. Similarly, the Kappa coefficient between norovirus with E. coli (κ = 0.04, n = 14, 95% CI −0.05, 0.49) or total coliforms (κ = 0.03, n = 4, 95% CI −0.01, 0.02) was also poor. The level of agreement between hepatitis A with adenovirus (κ = −0.03, n = 3, 95% CI −0.06, 0.01) or fecal coliforms (κ = 0, n = 1, 95% CI 0, 0) was also poor. There were moderate relationships between hepatitis A with E. coli (κ = 0.49, n = 3, 95% CI 0.28, 0.70) and total coliforms (κ = 0.47, n = 2, 95% CI 0.47, 0.47). Based on these limited results, common indicator organisms are not strong predictors of the presence of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in the agricultural environment.
Disparities in Experience with Culturally Competent Care and Satisfaction with Care by Sexual Orientation

Purpose: Prior studies have identified health care providers' lack of cultural competency as a major barrier to care among sexual minority individuals. However, little is known about disparities in...
High-Fidelity Line Operational Simulation Evaluation of Synthetic Vision Flight Deck Technology for Enhanced Unusual Attitude Awareness and Recovery

A Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) study of 18 LOC-I accidents determined that a lack of external visual references (i.e., darkness, instrument meteorological conditions, or both) was associa...
Jim Meeks, 1938-2017: Remembering a Fifty-Year Friendship

This paper was prepared for publication in the Ohio State Law Journal’s commemorative issue honoring the late Professor and Dean Emeritus, James E. Meeks. Instead of tracing Meeks professional career, which was impressive, but will be covered by others, this paper describes in some detail the 50-year friendship between the author and Professor Meeks. This close friendship began when Meeks joined the Iowa law faculty in 1964. Meeks was then a bachelor and the author’s wife played a matchmaker role in helping him find a suitable spouse for a marriage that was in its 50th year when Meeks died in 2017. As a couple, the Meeks then became part of a larger group of close friends, who were all former college roommates of the author and his wife. The Meeks started a family in Iowa City, but eventually moved away in 1978 when Professor Meeks was appointed Dean of the Ohio State School of Law. These strong friendships endured. This group of friends not only travelled together on vacations, but they all ended up owning cabins on a unique island in a North woods lake, where they saw each other on a regular basis every summer. Meeks and the author were long-time fishing buddies, and tales of their fishing adventures are woven through out the paper.
Reflection as a Service-Learning Assessment Strategy

The author reviews key purposes of service-learning, identifies two critical assessment challenges, and invites consideration of “student reflection” both as an assessment strategy and as a source of assessment data. The article posits a relationship between student reflection as a student developmentand instructional strategy, and student reflection as a service-learning assessment strategy. Assessment can be enhanced by deliberately conceptualizing and utilizing student reflection as an authentic assessmentstrategy. This approach can provide insights about the personal meaning of the student’s lived experience, and can generate useful data about the efficacy of service-learning as a student development strategy. Alternative ideas about reflection techniques, timing, and strategy hold promise for improving the reflection that students do, and for smoothing the way to viewing reflection as an authentic assessment strategy and as data useful to administrators and policymakers concerned with accountability and with improving student learning.
The Physiology and Physics of Vascular Access

Certain concepts of physics and physiology are essential to the emergency care provider’s understanding of emergent vascular access. In this chapter, we describe many fundamental concepts that will inform a provider’s selection of vascular access device, including key concepts that are likely to inform effective and efficient access to the venous circulatory system. These concepts include the anatomy of the cardiovascular system, various principles affecting blood flow through venous access devices, and the components of a generic vascular access catheter.
Physical and Virtual Manipulative Framework Conceptions of Undergraduate Pre-service Teachers

The goal of this study is to analyze undergraduate elementary school pre-service teachers' conceptions and misconceptions of physical and virtual manipulative materials using an interpretive framework. The framework involved the use of the Concrete, Pictorial and Abstract cognitive levels combined with the Virtual-level, or CPVA-framework. The CPVA instrument was used to answer two research questions related to participants' understanding of CPVA-levels using the framework during a mathematics methods course. Pre-, post and follow-up test scores were analyzed. The participants demonstrated improvement from pre-test to post- and follow-up-tests. However, this improvement was limited by their understanding of the Virtual-level.
Goddard's New Approach to Information Technology: The Information Systems Center an Overview

The Information Center (ISC) at Goddard was created as part of the Goddard reorganization and was located within the Applied Engineering and Technology (AET) Directorate. The creation of ISC was to: (1) focus expertise and leadership in information system development; (2) Promote organizational collaboration, partnerships, and resource sharing; (3) Stimulate design/development of seamless end-to-end flight and ground systems; (4) Enable flexibility to effectively support many simultaneous projects by improved access to critical mass of discipline expertise; (5) Enhance career growth and opportunities including multi-disciplinary opportunities; and (6) to improve communications among information system professionals. This paper presents a general overview of the Information Systems Center as well as the role of the Software Engineering Laboratory within the center.
Analysis of subsidies and profitability of agricultural holdings in less favoured areas.

This paper analyses the structure of subsidies in the sample of agricultural holdings classified according to their area in less favoured areas. Changes related to the accession of the Czech Republic in the EU and implementation of rules of the common agricultural policy (CAP) reflected in the investigated period 2003 – 2006. The profitability of agricultural holdings measured through the profit/loss (including its detailed structure) and return on assets is further analysed. This paper is a part of the MSM 6007665806 project.
Dreads and Besetting Fears: Including States of Anxiety their Causes and Cure

First published in 1925, this forward-thinking volume examined states of anxiety, their causes and their possible cures. Based on physicians’ reports of their patients, the author aimed to expand beyond purely obsessive dreads to understanding fear in both its determinants and its mechanisms, with the view that pathological timidity is only brought on through learned fear and environmental influences rather than from birth.
Experimental Study of Nuclear Few Body Systems at Jefferson Lab

In a new and detailed experimental program carried out at Jefferson Laboratory, the few nucleon systems has been studied via electrodisintegration of deuterium and the helium nuclei. Interesting new results probing the high momentum structure have been studied via the (e, e’p) reaction using the two high resolution spectrometers in Hall A and various kinematic regions have been investigated. Detailed and precise information on the effective bound state momentum distributions have been measured for the first time up to missing momenta of 1 Gev/c in 3He, exhibiting significant strength at these high momenta which standard nuclear calculations fail to explain and could be an indication of the onset of non-nucleonic degrees of freedom. The continuum region in 3He has also been investigated in great detail looking for nuclear correlations and quasi-deuteron strength. Response function separations have been carried out to extract details of the few body structure and relativistic dynamics. Measurements made so far on D and 4He have focussed on specific kinematic regions and there are plans to extend them over kinematic ranges similar to the 3He investigation.
The role of opiate receptors and cholinergic neurons in the gastrocolonic response

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism of the gastrocolonic response to eating in healthy human volunteers. A bipolar clip electrode recorded spike activity from the distal colon. A rapid increase in colonic spike activity occurred after eating a 1000-cal meal (16.1 ± 2.8 spike potentials/10 min, p