cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of ferric oxyhydroxide precipitation

Abstract Precipitation of ferric oxyhydroxide is defined as loss of ferric iron from solution and includes any or all of the following processes: formation of small precursor polymers, growth of these polymers to colloidal particles and subsequent condensation to a setteable precipitate. The precipitation kinetics is reported for simple ferric chloride solutions. The kinetics are described by an initial slow nucleation rate followed by a more rapid crystalline growth rate. Both rates are first order in the calculated concentration of aqueous Fe(OH) 3 0 and are consistent with a kinetic model in which precipitation of the ferric solid from Fe(OH) 3 0 is the rate-controlling step. Crystallite growth rates are retarded by the presence of Fe 3+ (and to a lesser extent, FeOH 2+ ). This effect is due to the adsorption of Fe 3+ onto active surface sites or by the incorporation of Fe 3+ into the structure of the precipitating solid resulting in a solid solution. This mechanism is proposed as a possible cause of the mixed stoichiometry and poorly crystalline form of fresh ferric oxyhydroxide precipitates observed in nature.
Characterization of porcine sclera using instrumented nanoindentation

Abstract Sclera tissue is the outermost protective layer of the eye and often involved in mechanical interactions during ocular medical procedures. In this study, instrumented nanoindentation is evaluated as a methodology for characterizing porcine sclera submerged in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Variances within a single sample and between samples are compared. Reduced modulus measurements are used to determine the effects of hydration, mounting conditions, and maximum applied load. Extended in vitro exposure beyond four hours to PBS is determined to decrease sample integrity. The use of glue to secure samples improved data consistency and had no negative effects on measurements. The data suggest that nanoindentation is a high precision method for measuring the reduced modulus of ultra low modulus soft tissue such as sclera (E r ~ 30 kPa) and illustrates the importance of environmental factors upon material properties.
Investigation of the effects of matrix microstructure and interfacial properties on the fatigue and fracture behavior of a Ti15V3Cr3Al3Sn/SCS9 composite

Abstract The results of a systematic study of the evolution of microstructure and damage in a metastable β titanium matrix composite are reported. The effects of matrix microstructure are studied by heat treatment below the β transus which promotes a transformation from β toα + β. Similarly, the effects of the fiber/matrix interface are investigated by annealing above the β transus which promotes interfacial coarsening without significant changes in matrix microstructure. The effects of thermal exposure above and below the β transus are rationalized by considering the diffusion of α and β stabilizers. The initiation and evolution of damage in smooth speciments is also investigated under monotonic and cyclic loading using acoustic emission techniques. Tensile strength degradation and low-cycle/high-cycle fatigue lives are associated with the coarsening of interfacial dimensions during thermal exposure. Trends in the evolution of damage are also elucidated using filtered acoustic emission data and longitudinal sections of deformed specimens.
Contributions of Family Leisure to Family Functioning Among Transracial Adoptive Families

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine family leisure behavior among intact families with transracial adoptive children and make comparisons to a broad sample of families with only biological children. The sample consisted of 197 adoptive families. Data were analyzed from a parent, youth, and family perspective. The Family Leisure Activity Profile (FLAP) was used to determine family leisure involvement. FACES II was used to measure family functioning. Findings indicated that measures of family cohesion, family adaptability, and family functioning were higher among the adoptive family sample. Core, balance, and total family leisure involvement were also higher among the adoptive family sample. Multiple regression analyses indicated a positive relationship between family leisure and family functioning among this sample from the parent, youth, and family levels of measurement. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
The Evolution of the Concept of the 'Executive' from the 20th Century Manager to the 21st Century Global Leader

The purpose of this paper is to take an in-depth look at the profiles of executive skills and competencies drawn across the expanse of seventy-five years framed in the backdrop of management philos...
Superovulation, fertilization and embryo recovery in gonadotropin treated prepubertal calves

Abstract Prepubertal Angus calves between 4 and 7 months of age, weighing 135 to 180 kg, were randomly assigned to one of four superovulation treatments with seven calves per treatment group. Group I calves were injected intramuscularly (im) with 1200 I.U. of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Group II calves were injected with 1200 I.U. PMSG followed in 72 hrs with 50 mg luteinizing hormone (LH) given intravenously (iv). Group III calves were injected (im) twice daily for five days with 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 mg of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) respectively, for a total of 30 mg of FSH. Group IV calves were given 30 mg FSH, as in Group III, followed by 50 mg LH (iv) 96 hrs after the first FSH injection. All calves were inseminated by the rectal fixation method with multiple doses of frozen semen. Embryos were recovered surgically or after slaughter 48 to 72 hrs following the last insemination. The ovulation rate was 2.0, 11.3, 2.0 and 21.9 for Groups I, II, III and IV, respectively. Recovery and fertilization rates were 1.1 and 0.3, 8.0 and 5.6, 1.4 and 0.3, and 10.9 and 3.6 embryos for Groups I–IV, respectively. In this study, treatment with LH increased the ovulation, fertilization and embryo recovery rates in calves treated with PMSG or FSH.
Androgyny, sex-typing, and the perception of masculinity-femininity in handwritings

Abstract Sex-typed and androgynous subjects rated the similarity of handwritings on masculinity-femininity and also rated the writings on an absolute scale of masculinity-femininity. The variances of sex-typed subjects' ratings were significantly higher than those of androgynous subjects, indicating that sex-typed subjects differentiated more along the dimension. Sex-typed subjects also agreed more highly with other raters and among themselves than did androgynous subjects. Multidimensional scaling of similarity ratings—using nonmetric multidimensional scaling ( Kruskal, 1964 ; Shepard, 1962 ), and INDSCAL ( Carroll & Chang, 1970 )—showed interpretable dimensions along which subjects perceived masculinity-femininity. Further scaling solutions indicated again that sex-typed subjects differentiated more strongly along the dimension of masculinity-femininity and weighted the dimension more highly in making their similarity ratings. The data supported the hypothesis that subjects who monitor their own behavior on a given dimension are more sensitive to cues in others relating to that dimension.
Evidence for "Propeller" Effects In X-ray Pulsars GX 1+4 And GROJ1744-28

We present observational evidence for "propeller" effects in two X-ray pulsars, GX 1+4 and GROJ1744-28. Both sources were monitored regularly by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) throughout a decaying period in the X-ray brightness. Quite remarkably, strong X-ray pulsation became unmeasurable when total X-ray flux had dropped below a certain threshold. Such a phenomenon is a clear indication of the propeller effects which take place when pulsar magnetosphere grows beyond the co-rotation radius as a result of the decrease in mass accretion rate and centrifugal force prevents accreting matter from reaching the magnetic poles. The entire process should simply reverse as the accretion rate increases. Indeed, steady X-ray pulsation was reestablished as the sources emerged from the non-pulsating faint state. These data allow us to directly derive the surface polar magnetic field strength for both pulsars: 3.1E+13 G for GX 1+4 and 2.4E+11 G for GROJ1744-28. The results are likely to be accurate to within a factor of 2, with the total uncertainty dominated by the uncertainty in estimating the distances to the sources. Possible mechanisms for the persistent emission observed in the faint state are discussed in light of the extreme magnetic properties of the sources.
Flea blood feeding patterns in cats treated with oral nitenpyram and the topical insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil and selamectin.

A series of studies was conducted to determine the effect of systemically and topically active insecticides on blood consumption by fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). Infestations were conducted by placing fleas into plexi-glass chambers attached to the lateral rib cage of domestic short-hair cats. After pre-defined periods, fleas and flea feces were extracted using vacuum aspiration and spectrophotometrically analyzed for hemoglobin using Drabkin's reagent. To determine how rapidly nitenpyram kills actively feeding fleas, a single oral treatment was administered 24 h after infestation. To determine the effect of nitenpyram on blood consumption of newly acquired fleas, cats were infested with fleas 1 h post-treatment and fleas and flea feces from both studies were extracted at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 min post-treatment or post-infestation. To compare the effects of topically versus systemically active insecticides, 20 cats each with 2 chambers attached, were randomly allocated among groups and were infested with fleas 1 h after each of 4 nitenpyram treatments, or at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after a single application of commercial spot-on formulations of fipronil, imidacloprid or selamectin. Infestations were also completed for untreated (control) cats. Twenty-four hours after infestation, fleas and flea feces were removed for host blood quantification. If at any time, flea blood consumption in a treated group did not significantly differ from that of fleas infesting controls, that treatment group was withdrawn from the study. Nitenpyram effects on actively feeding fleas were first observed at 60 min post-dosing when 38% of fleas were dead or moribund, and at 240 min 100% were dead or moribund. Nitenpyram produced a significant reduction in flea blood consumption (p 0.05) between these two groups on day 28. In this study systemically acting insecticides such as nitenpyram, and the topically applied but systemically active insecticide selamectin, were more effective in interfering with flea blood feeding than were imidacloprid and fipronil.
Photoaffinity labeling of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor.

Abstract Underivatized 1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D-3 was successfully used to photoaffinity label the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. The covalent incorporation of tritium into the receptor protein was induced by ultraviolet irradiation of the receptor-1,25-dihydroxy[26,27- 3 H]vitamin D-3 complex in crude pig intestinal nuclear extract. The amount of incorporated label increased with increasing time of irradiation and was dependent on light of wavelengths 220–280 nm. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography were used to demonstrate that label was incorporated primarily into the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 receptor. In addition, the label incorporation was eliminated by competition with a 100-fold excess nonradioactive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, indicating that the label was specific for the steroid binding site. Since 1,25-(OH) 2 [26,27- 3 H]vitamin D-3 is readily available and requires no special precautions for its preparation and handling, it should be a useful photoaffinity label for future studies of the receptor.
Amphetamine-induced locomotion and gene expression are altered in BDNF heterozygous mice.

Administration of amphetamine overstimulates medium spiny neurons (MSNs) by releasing dopamine and glutamate from afferents in the striatum. However, these afferents also release brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that protects striatal MSNs from overstimulation. Intriguingly, all three neurochemicals increase opioid gene expression in MSNs. In contrast, striatal opioid expression is less in naive BDNF heterozygous (BDNF+/−) vs. wild-type (WT) mice. This study was designed to determine whether partial genetic depletion of BDNF influences the behavioral and molecular response to an acute amphetamine injection. An acute injection of amphetamine [5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] or saline was administered to WT and BDNF+/− mice. WT and BDNF+/− mice exhibited similar locomotor activity during habituation, whereas BDNF+/− mice exhibited more prolonged locomotor activation during the third hour after injection of amphetamine. Three hours after amphetamine injection, there was an increase of preprodynorphin mRNA in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens (Acb) and dopamine D3 receptor mRNA levels were increased in the Acb of BDNF+/− and WT mice. Striatal/cortical trkB and BDNF, and mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels were only increased in WT mice. These results indicate that BDNF modifies the locomotor responses of mice to acute amphetamine and differentially regulates amphetamine-induced gene expression.
Neurosurgical management of abnormal muscle tone in childhood.

Neurosurgery has come full circle with in the management of childhoodhypertonia and dystonia. Neurosurgeons described some of the first surgeries forthe treatment of hypertonia [1,2]. By the second decade of the twentieth century,a large series of children surgically treated with rhizotomies or surgically sec-tioning nerve roots had been reported [3]. Neurosurgeons then lost interest ascomplications and poor outcomes mounted and other treatments became morewidely used. In the 1960s, however, French neurosurgeons began to re-exploretreating spasticity and other forms of abnormal muscle tone [4]. Interest hasgrown enormously since then, and neurosurgeons are quite actively involved inthe management of such problems. This article describes the types of children inwhom neurosurgical approaches can be helpful, the procedures used, their po-tential complications, and the outcomes that can reasonably be expected.Children with abnormal muscle tone caused by cerebral palsy or other con-ditions typically exhibit complex patterns of involvement with many secondarydeformities. Their clinical histories and examinations vary widely and have littlesimilarity with those of well children or children with single-organ injury ordisease.Forthatreasontheyshouldperiodicallybeassessedbyamultidisciplinarygroup with a specialized interest and experience in treating childhood hypertonia/dystonia. Neurosurgical procedures for the treatment of abnormal muscle tone inchildren are best considered by such multidisciplinary groups with the activeparticipation of a neurosurgeon. A neurosurgeon working in isolation runs therisks of incorrectly employing a procedure and of not appreciating the impact ofthat treatment on the child’s function and success in other treatments such asphysical and occupational therapy. The neurosurgeon will not be involved infollowing such a child and therefore will be unable to appreciate the impact of theprocedure on the child’s subsequent motor development and functional capabili-ties. The neurosurgeon also benefits by consultation with pediatric orthopedists
Gain of thermosensitivie neurons in the preoptic area of the rabbit, oryctolagus cuniculus

Abstract 1. (1)|Extracellular potentials were recorded from single neurons in the preoptic area (PO) of unanesthetized and unrestrained adult New Zealand White rabbits. 2. (2)|Thermosensitivity ( m = Δ FR/°C) was determined from changes in firing rate (FR) associated with PO and ambient thermal stimulation. The mean thermosensitivyt during PO and ambient stimulation was 2.09 ± 0.70 (S.E.) and 0.19 ± 0.04, respectively. 3. (3)|Gain values ( G ) are reported for these neurons as the ratio of central to peripheral thermoresponsiveness, G = m po / m a . The mean G for these neurons is 11.12 ± 2.76. Data available in the literature was used to determine the mean value for open loop gain (OLG), 9.6 ± 0.7, for thermoregulatory responses in various mammals. 4. (4)|The comparable gain values of the thermosensitive neurons studied, plus the Q 10 values, dual thermoresponsiveness, and the anatomical location of these neurons in the PO, suggest that these neurons were part of the neural substrates involved with thermoregulation. 5. (5)|The results from this study also suggest that a gain (G or OLG) near 10.0 may be characteristic of the mammalian thermoregulatory process.
A simple technique for exposing margins on a solid working cast

Removable dies used in fixed prosthodontics typically exhibit movement. A solid working cast permits the technician to perfect the interproximal contacts of fixed prostheses. This saves the clinician time at the insertion appointment. This article describes a quick and easy procedure for making a solid working cast with easily visualized margins.
Surface magnetic fields during the solar activity cycle

We examine magnetic field measurements from Mount Wilson that cover the solar surface over a 13 1/2 year interval, from 1967 to mid-1980. Seen in long-term averages, the sunspot latitudes are characterized by fields of preceding polarity, while the polar fields are built up by a few discrete flows of following polarity fields. These drift speeds average about 10 m s-1 in latitude - slower early in the cycle and faster later in the cycle - and result from a large-scale poleward displacement of field lines, not diffusion. Weak field plots show essentially the same pattern as the stronger fields, and both data indicate that the large-scale field patterns result only from fields emerging at active region latitudes. The total magnetic flux over the solar surface varies only by a factor of about 3 from minimum to a very strong maximum (1979). Magnetic flux is highly concentrated toward the solar equator; only about 1% of the flux is at the poles. Magnetic flux appears at the solar surface at a rate which is sufficient to create all the flux that is seen at the solar surface within a period of only 10 days. Flux can spread relatively rapidly over the solar surface from outbreaks of activity. This is presumably caused by diffusion. In general, magnetic field lines at the photospheric level are nearly radial.
Collective effects in the free electron laser

Abstract With intense relativistic electron beams, such as generated by induction linear accelerators, pulsed transmission line accelerators or high current RF linacs, collective effects can play an important role in the FEL process. High gain FELs are said to operate in the Raman regime when collective effects dominate the usual ponderomotive effects. Collective effects may also play an important role in low gain FELs when the beam current is sufficiently high. In this paper the linear and nonlinear dynamics of the FEL mechanisms, including space charge effects, is analyzed. The various collective and noncollective operating regimes are discussed.
Sodium homeostasis in dogs with chronic renal insufficiency

Sodium homeostasis in dogs with chronic renal insufficiency. Volume homeostasis in the fasting rate and 24-hr sodium balance are maintained in chronic renal insufficiency as a result of adaptations in the residual nephrons. This study evaluates the limitations to these adaptations and the dynamics of sodium excretion (U Na V) after an acute challenge with 100mEq of sodium chloride in normal dogs (GFR 50 ml/min) and in dogs with one remnant kidney and moderate chronic renal insufficiency (GFR 15 ml/min). When food was administered with the sodium challenge, no or minimal changes in serum protein and hematocrit values occurred, and the natriuretic responses were small and equivalent in normal and remnant dogs. On the other hand, when the sodium challenge was given without food, the natriuretic response was large in normal dogs and markedly blunted in remnant. Within 5hr of the sodium challenge, the various groups of normal dogs excreted 40 to 63% of the sodium load, but the remnant animals eliminated only 12 to 22% (P Homeostasie du sodium chez des chiens atteints d'insuffisance renale chronique. L'homeostasie volemique a jeun et la balance sodee des 24h se maintiennent au cours de l'insuffisance renale chronique par adaptation des nephrons residuels. Cette etude evalue les limites de cette adaptation et la dynamique de l'excretion sodee (U Na V) apres l'administration aigue de 100mEq de chlorure de sodium a des chiens normaux (GFR 50 ml/mn) et a des chiens n'ayant qu'un rein, et une insuffisance renale chronique moderee (GFR 15 ml/mn). Quand de la nourriture etait administree en meme temps que le sodium, il y avait peu ou pas de modification des protides seriques et de l'hematocrite et les reponses natriuretiques etaient faibles et equivalentes chez les chiens normaux et chez les chiens insuffisants renaux. Lorsque le sodium etait administre sans nourriture, la reponse natriuretique etait elevee chez les chiens normaux et diminuee de facon marquee chez les chiens insuffisants renaux. Dans les 5h suivant l'administration de sodium, les divers groupes de chiens normaux avaient excrete 40 a 63% de la charge sodee, alors que les animaux insuffisants renaux n'en avaient elimine que 12 a 22% (P
Sinking skin flaps, paradoxical herniation, and external brain tamponade: a review of decompressive craniectomy management.

Decompressive craniectomy is reclaiming a role in neurocritical care. The altered pathophysiology found in a cranium converted from a ‘closed’ box to an ‘open’ box’ carries benefits and risks. In some craniectomy patients, the forces of atmospheric pressure and gravity overwhelm intracranial pressures, and the brain appears sunken. This can lead to paradoxical herniation and the sinking skin flap syndrome, also called the syndrome of the trephined. At the other polar extreme, external brain tamponade occurs when subgaleal fluid accumulates under pressure and ‘pushes’ on the brain across the craniectomy defect. The neuro-intensive care team should be prepared to diagnose and treat a spectrum of decompressive craniectomy complications including: cerebral contusions, infections, seizures, intra- and extra-axial hemorrhages and fluid collections, sinking skin flap syndrome or syndrome of the trephined, paradoxical herniation, and external brain tamponade. The treating physicians must set aside the Monro-Kellie doctrine and recognize the new pathophysiologic state of these ‘open box’ patients.
Applications of fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in coordination chemistry

Cet article decrit la technique spectrometrique de masse du titre, les methodes d'echantillonnage et quelques composes de coordination adequats ainsi que des applications pour la chimie de coordination en phase gazeuse
Artificial neural networks: A new methodology for industrial market segmentation

Abstract Neural networks are a type of artificial intelligence computing that have generated considerable interest across many disciplines during the past few years. The authors explore the potential of artificial neural networks in assisting industrial marketers faced with a segmentation problem by comparing their classification ability with discriminant analysis and logistic regression. The neural networks achieve higher hit ratios on holdout samples than the other methodologies. A marketer in a business-to-business situation may be able to segment a market more accurately, thereby improving efficiency for sales forces and other promotional activities, by using artificial neural networks.
CD44 regulates myoblast migration and differentiation.

CD44 is a transmembrane protein that plays a role in cell–cell interactions and motility in a number of cell types. Cell–cell interactions are critical for myoblast differentiation and fusion but whether CD44 regulates myogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that CD44 plays a functional role in early myogenesis. Analyses of myofiber cross-sectional area, after local injury in mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, revealed that growth was transiently delayed in the absence of CD44. A muscle-intrinsic role for CD44 is suggested as primary myoblasts from CD44−/− mice displayed attenuated differentiation and subsequent myotube formation at early times in a differentiation-inducing in vitro environment. Chemotaxis of CD44−/− myoblasts toward hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was totally abrogated, although expression of their respective receptors did not appear to differ from wild-type. Furthermore, motility of CD44−/− myoblasts was decreased at early stages of differentiation as determined by time-lapse microscopy. Wild-type myoblasts contained two subpopulations of slow- and fast-migrating cells, whereas CD44−/− myoblasts were composed predominantly of the slower migrating subpopulation. Taken together, these data suggest that myoblast migration and differentiation are closely linked and CD44 is a key regulator. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 314–321, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bendamustine: something old, something new.

Background Bendamustine (Treanda, Ribomustin) is a water-soluble, bifunctional chemotherapeutic agent that also has potential antimetabolite properties and only partial cross-resistance with other alkylators. Designed in 1963 and re-discovered in 1990s, this drug’s unique mechanism of action and favorable side-effect profile promise a major role in the management of lymphoproliferative disorders. Bendamustine has been designated as an orphan drug in the United States, conferring prolonged market exclusivity.
UV irradiation induces Snail expression by AP-1 dependent mechanism in human skin keratinocytes.

Abstract Background Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation from the sun is the major cause of keratinocyte skin cancer. Transcription factor Snail plays an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and epithelial tumor formation. Objective The aims of this study are to determine the regulation of Snail expression of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on Snail expression in human skin in vivo , and the mechanisms by which UV irradiation induces Snail expression, in human keratinocytes. Methods Real-time RT-PCR was employed to measure Snail expression in human skin in vivo and cultured human keratinocytes. Luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to investigate transcriptional regulation of the in Snail gene promoter. Results Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation transiently induces Snail expression in human skin in vivo and cultured human keratinocytes. Snail induction is significantly reduced by specific inhibitors of ERK, p38 or JNK, indicating each of the three major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways participate in Snail regulation. AP-1 transcription factor complex, a downstream target of MAPK signaling, is required for Snail induction. Inhibition of AP-1 activity by over-expression of dominant-negative c-Jun substantially reduces Snail induction. Analyses of the Snail promoter, revealed the presence of an AP-1 binding site. EMSA assay demonstrated that UV irradiation specifically induced c-Jun binding to this AP-1 site. Mutation of the AP-1-binding site completely blocked protein binding and inhibited UV irradiation-induced Snail promoter activity. Conclusion UV irradiation induces Snail gene expression in human skin keratinocytes. This induction is mediated by MAPK-AP-1 dependent signaling pathway. Elevated expression of Snail in response to chronic UV irradiation in human skin may contribute to UV irradiation-induced skin tumor development.
Marketing Educators' Views Regarding the Introductory Marketing Course

The introductory marketing course plays a key role in the marketing curriculum and in the curricula of other business maj}ors. This article reports the findings of a study designed to elicit marketing educators' views regarding (1) the relative emphasis currently being placed on various conceptual content and experiential areas in the undergraduate introductory course; (2) the ideal level of emphasis that should be placed on each area; and (3) the desirability of a two-course sequence in the introductory marketing course. Findings suggest that the concept of a two-course sequence has support among some marketing educators and that it should be carefully examined.
Epilepsy in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Summary: Purpose: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a complex hereditary connective tissue disorder infrequently reported in association with epilepsy. Seven patients with ages ranging from 28 to 70 years with EDS and epilepsy are described. Methods: Case review of clinical and diagnostic data. Results: Two patients had occipital horn syndrome (EDS type IX) and partial seizures of probable supplementary motor area origin. Of these two, one had an area of frontal gliosis and was able to abate his seizures by hyperextending his neck; the other had a Dandy Walker malformation and also had pseudoseizures. The third patient of the series had complex partial seizures, pain asymbolia, and basilar artery hypoplasia. The fourth had ictal aphasia, left hemispheric hypotrophy, and distal right arm and left leg atrophy. The fifth patient had focal seizures, a venous parietal angioma, hyperekplexia, nocturnal head oscillations (jactatio capitis nocturna), monoclonal gammopathy-associated neuropathy, and Tourette syndrome. The sixth had affective illness, chronic fatigue, and complex partial seizures with autoscopic phenomena after intracranial bleed. The seventh patient had a previous stroke, peripheral neuropathy, and grand mal seizures. Conclusions: EDS may be accompanied by congenital or acquired central nervous system disorders and epilepsy. Additional neurologic conditions that are unrelated to EDS may be present.
P53 in bladder cancer: Mechanism of action, prognostic value, and target for therapy

M in the p53 gene are the most common genetic defect in human bladder cancer. This tumor-suppressor gene, located on chromosome 17p31.1, is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. When the DNA is damaged, wild-type p53 protein prevents propagation of the DNA defect. Additionally, p53 induces apoptosis. However, mutations within the p53 gene result in an abnormal and usually dysfunctional protein product with a prolonged half-life (compared with that of the wild-type protein) that accumulates in the nucleus. Of particular significance, alterations in p53 are linked to cancer progression and response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In many tumor cell lines, reintroduction of wild-type p53 is incompatible with the tumorigenic phenotype. In early studies that used nude mice, when neoplastic cells were transduced with wild-type p53, cell growth was suppressed and tumorigenicity was reduced. As a consequence, replacement of p53 through viral vectors has become a new avenue for therapy, either alone or in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Phenomenological model of the hydrocyclone: Model development and verification for single-phase flow

Abstract Hydrocyclone models hitherto reported in the literature are empirical expressions that relate device dimensions and inlet flow conditions with separation parameters. Therefore, the applicability of such models is very limited. Phenomenological models can cover a broader range and, more importantly, incorporate the geometry of the device in the model expressions. The first step in this effort is to solve the fluid-dynamic equations for single-phase flow before solving the actual two-phase flow problem. Experimental measurements of velocity profiles made in a 75-mm hydrocyclone and their prediction by solving the Navier-Stokes equation are shown.
Fiber-optic interferometer using frequency-modulated laser diodes.

This paper describes an electrically passive fiber-optic interferometer which uses dual frequency-modulated laser diodes. Experimental results show that this type of interferometer can attain a displacement range of 100 micron with subnanometer resolution. This technique can serve as the basis for a number of high-precision fiber-optic sensors.
Monitoring Landscape‐Scale Ponderosa Pine Restoration Treatment Implementation and Effectiveness

We evaluated landscape-scale forest restoration treatment implementation and effectiveness in meeting objectives in a ponderosa pine forest at Mt. Trumbull, Arizona, U.S.A. The goal of the project was to alter forest structure by thinning and burning to more closely resemble forest conditions prior to Euro-American settlement in 1870. We measured 117 permanent plots before (1996/1997) and after (2003) treatments. The plots were evenly distributed across the landscape (approximately 1,200 ha), about half of which was an untreated control. We evaluated treatment implementation and effectiveness based on 1870 structure and/or goals outlined by managers. The success of treatment implementation varied: about 94% of the area originally planned for restoration was treated in some manner by 2003, but only 70% received the full planned treatment (thin and burn). Although density of ponderosa pines >2.5 cm was reduced significantly by 66% from approximately 429 pines/ha to approximately 146 pines/ha in the treated area, the targeted residual density was exceeded by 111–256% (all plots) or 10–85% (thinned and burned plots). Thirteen percent of the pre-settlement pines died in the treated area by 2003, but 9% percent also died in the control, indicating that pre-settlement pines in untreated areas were nearly as vulnerable as those exposed to restoration treatments. Large snags increased 45%, and 65% of logs >50 cm were retained, achieving implementation goals. Although restoration treatments were not implemented totally to specifications, they were effective in attaining the overall project goal of restoring more open forest structure while preserving more than 75% of the pre-settlement pines. Canopy fuel loads were substantially reduced, allowing for the reintroduction of surface fires.
Your Students Can Read Critically

Suggestions on helping students distinguish between fact and opinion, identify techniques, and understand figurative language
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Steinernema Glaseri (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) 1

Scanning electron micrographs are presented of Steinernema glaseri. The male head of S. glaseri is slightly swollen and bears six labial and four large cephalic papillae. There are 11 pairs of genital papillae plus a single papilla. The spicule is unique with a short head, distinct shaft, long and narrow blade, and a spicule tip which has a ventral aperture and appears hook-like. A velum was not observed. The gubernaculum is much shorter than the spicule, with the anterior end curved ventrally, and enlarged gradually posteriorly. Usually, the capitulum and cuneus are forked anteriorly to form a Y-shaped structure. The female head has six labial and four cephalic papillae, and the vulva may be with or without a thickened flap. The lateral field pattern of the infective juvenile begins anteriorly with one incisure which after a short distance becomes three, six, seven and nine incisures which create two, five, six and eight ridges, respectively. At about the level of the phasmids, the number of ridges gradually decreases to two broad ridges.
MR imaging of epicondylitis.

Objective. To systematically evaluate the MR findings in patients with epicondylitis compared with asymptomatic volunteers. Design and patients. We imaged 43 elbows: 24 with epicondylitis (22 lateral, 2 medial) diagnosed by clinical examination, and 19 in 16 normal volunteers. MRI was performed at 1.5 T using axial T1-weighted, axial fat-saturated FSE, and coronal or sagittal Fast STIR sequences. Two independent observers evaluated the images for intratendon signal, tendon thickening, periosteal reaction, fluid in the radial head bursa, and anconeus edema. Results. All 24 patients with epicondylitis had increased signal on fat-saturated FSE and Fast STIR images. Twenty-two of these patients had increased intratendon T1 signal, and 19 had tendon thickening. No patient demonstrated fluid in the radial head bursa or periosteal reaction. Only two patients had subtle anconeus edema, while three patients unexpectedly had increased T2 signal within the involved epicondyle. One asymptomatic volunteer (high-performance athlete) had increased T1 and T2 signal with tendon thickening. An additional two asymptomatic volunteers had increased T1 signal only. Conclusion. MRI of epicondylitis demonstrates tendon thickening with increased T1 and T2 signal, but these findings may be seen in a small minority of asymptomatic individuals. Anconeus edema, previously demonstrated on MRI in epicondylitis, was only rarely found, and distension of the radial head bursa, surgically described, was not seen. Increased marrow T2 signal within the involved epicondyle is occasionally seen.
ELECTRICAL COUPLING BETWEEN FAT CELLS IN NEWT FAT BODY AND MOUSE BROWN FAT

White fat from the newt, Triturus pyrrhogaster, fat body, and brown fat from the interscapular fat pad of newborn mice have been tested for the presence of low-resistance intercellular junctions. 42 pairs of amphibian fat cells and 15 pairs of mammalian brown fat cells were found to be "electrically coupled." In most of these cases intracellular deposition of a dye, Niagara Sky Blue: 6B, was used to supplement and confirm direct observations of impalements. Coupling was often difficult to find in both preparations, but the mechanical disturbance of the tissue during the preparative procedures may have uncoupled many cells. The fact that, in both types of fat, coupling was observed between cells separated by one or more other cells suggests that coupling may be more widespread in vivo. Electron microscopy (provided by Dr. J. -P. Revel and Mrs. K. Wolken) of the brown fat revealed frequent intercellular junctions resembling "gap junctions" but possibly lacking the substructure usually visible with colloidal lanthanum infiltration. The results are discussed in relation to current ideas about the exchange of regulatory molecules via low-resistance junctions and about the control of brown fat by hormones and nerves.
Diet and incident venous thromboembolism: the Iowa Women's Health Study.

Background Little is known about the role of diet in the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We explored the prospective relation of dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients to incident VTE in older women. Methods In 1986, Iowa women aged 55 to 69 years completed a mailed survey, including a 127-item food frequency questionnaire. These data were linked to Medicare data from 1986 to 2004, and International Classification of Diseases discharge codes were used to identify hospitalized VTE cases. Cox regression analyses evaluated relations of 2 principal components–derived dietary patterns, 11 food groups, and 6 nutrients to VTE, adjusted for age, education, smoking status, physical activity, and energy intake. Results Over 19 years of follow-up, 1,950 of the 37,393 women developed VTE. Women consuming alcohol daily were at 26% (95% CI 11%-38%) lower risk of VTE as compared to nonconsumers. All alcoholic beverages types were in the direction of lower risk; however, only beer and liquor were statistically significant. After basic adjustments, coffee was inversely related to VTE, and diet soda and fish positively related. However, these associations were confounded and became nonsignificant after adjustment for body mass index and diabetes. No associations were observed with consumption of ‘Western‘ or ‘Prudent‘ dietary patterns, fruit, vegetables, dairy, meat, refined grains, whole grains, regular soda, vitamins E, vitamin B 6 , vitamin B 12 , folate, ω -3 fatty acids, or saturated fat. Conclusions In this cohort of older women, greater intake of alcohol was associated with a lower risk of incident VTE. No other independent associations were seen between diet and VTE.
Theory of phase conjugation by stimulated Brillouin scattering

The accuracy of the phase-conjugate signal produced by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a waveguide is theoretically investigated. Contradictions between earlier phase-conjugation theories are resolved and are shown to be due solely to differing treatments of the non-phase-matched Brillouin output. We find that this output dominates the nonconjugate signal from stimulated Brillouin scattering.
Rhythmic auditory-motor facilitation of gait patterns in patients with Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVES: The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on gait velocity, cadence, stride length, and symmetry was studied in 31 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, 21 of them on (ON) and 10 off medication (OFF), and 10 healthy elderly subjects. METHOD: Patients walked under four conditions: (1) their own maximal speed without external rhythm; (2) with the RAS beat frequency matching the baseline cadence; (3) with RAS 10% faster than the baseline cadence; (4) without rhythm to check for carry over from RAS. Gait data were recorded via a computerised foot switch system. The RAS was delivered via a 50 ms square wave tone embedded in instrumental music (Renaissance style) in 2/4 metre prerecorded digitally on a sequencer for variable tempo reproduction. Patients on medication were tested in the morning 60-90 minutes after medication. Patients off medication were tested at the same time of day 24 hours after the last dose. Healthy elderly subjects were tested during the same time of day. RESULTS: Faster RAS produced significant improvement (P < 0.05) in mean gait velocity, cadence, and stride length in all groups. Close synchronisation between rhythm and step frequency in the controls and both Parkinson's disease groups suggest evidence for rhythmic entrainment mechanisms even in the presence of basal ganglia dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: The results are consistent with and extend prior reports of rhythmic auditory facilitation in Parkinson's disease gait when there is mild to moderate impairment, and suggest a technique for gait rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease.
Quasi-algebraic decompositions of switching functions

Brayton (1982-90) and others have developed a rich theory of decomposition of switching functions based on algebraic manipulations of monomials. In this theory, a product g(X/sub g/)/spl middot/h(X/sub h/) is algebraic if X/sub g//spl cap/X/sub h/=O. There are efficient methods for determining if a function has an algebraic product. If a function does not have an algebraic product, then there are good methods for obtaining a decomposition of the form f=g/spl middot/h+r where g/spl middot/h is an algebraic product. Algebraic decompositions have the desirable properties that they are canonical and preserve testability. In this paper we generalize the concept of an algebraic product to decompositions of the form f(X)=g(X/sub g/)??h(X/sub h/) where ?? is any binary Boolean operation and |X/sub g//spl cap/X/sub h/|=k for some k/spl ges/0. We call these decompositions quasi-algebraic decompositions. We begin by showing that we may restrict ourselves to the case where ?? is +(sum),/spl middot/(product) or /spl oplus/ (enclusive-or). We then give necessary and sufficient conditions for a function to have a quasi-algebraic decomposition for a given X/sub g/ and X/sub h/. If a function has such a decomposition we show how to determine the functions g and h in a canonical manner. We also show that these decompositions are fully SSL testable. Finally, using standard benchmark circuits, we show that quasi algebraic decompositions occur often and are useful in reducing circuit size.
Motion processing using asymmetric shunting lateral inhibitory networks.

Asymmetrically connected inhibitory shunting networks are believed to occur in many areas of the brain, including the visual system; they can explain many peripheral visual phenomena. This paper illustrates their usefulness in motion detection, and compares details of their performance with experimental results.Two stimuli are considered: drifting gratings and jumping bars. An elementary motion detector (EMD) is defined, consisting of a pair of opposite-directed asymmetric inhibitory networks. A frequency-space expansion (equivalent to a Volterra - Wiener expansion) is used to examine the EMD's response to a drifting grating. The EMD can be tuned to independent spatial and temporal frequencies: by summing the outputs of a number of EMDs, a velocity-tuned network is obtained. This velocity-tuned network is very well suited to certain field effect transistor (FET) implementations.Since the network is nonlinear, the response to a drifting grating does not fully characterize its behaviour. The response to a j...
Electrochemical Method for Analysis of Cholesterol Based on In Situ Synthesized Graphene Decorated with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Graphene decorated with zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in a single step. Through this process zinc oxide nanoparticles weredepositedontographenenanosheets.Thenano-compositeswerecharacterizedusingX-rayDiffraction(XRD),ScanningElectron Microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nanocomposite material displayed excellent catalytic properties toward Cholesterol in combination with cholesterol oxidase (ChOx). The cholesterol detection limit was found to be 5.0 μmol L −1 and a sensitivity 1.3 μA/μ Mc m 2 with linear correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.980. The Cholesterol oxidation also followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics with apparent Km of 46.5 μM
Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). V. The temporal germ cell development strategy of the testis

Gribbins, K.M., Happ, C.S. and Sever, D.M. 2005. Ultrastructure of the reproductive system of the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). V. The temporal germ cell development strategy of the testis. — Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 86: 223-230 The germ cell development strategy during spermatogenesis was investigated in the black swamp snake (Seminatrix pygaea). Testicular tissues were collected, embedded in plastic, sectioned by ultramicrotome, and stained with methylene blue and basic fuchsin. Black swamp snakes have a postnuptial pattern of development, where spermatogenesis occurs from May to July and spermiation is completed by October. Though spatial relationships are seen between germ cells within the seminiferous epithelium during specific months, accumulation of spermatogonia and spermatocytes early in spermatogenesis and the depletion of spermatocytes and accumulation of spermatids late in spermatogenesis prevent consistent cellular associations. This temporal germ cell development within an amniotic testis is consistent with that seen in other recently studied temperate reptiles (slider turtle and wall lizard). These reptiles' temporal development is more similar to the developmental strategy found in anamniotes than the spatial germ cell development that characterizes birds and mammals. Our findings also imply that a third germ cell development strategy may exist in temperate breeding reptiles. Because of the phylogenetic position of reptiles between anamniotes and other terrestrial amniotes, this common germ cell development strategy shared by temperate reptiles representing different orders may have significant implications as far as the evolution of sperm development within vertebrates.