cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing and monitoring respiratory aerosols by light scattering.

±± ± to 360 ± ) was detected from a single aerosol (e.g., a Bacillus subtilis spore, a 1-mm-diameter polystyrene latex sphere, or a cluster of either of these) f lowing through the ref lector’s focal volume at 5 ms. Noticeable differences in the large-angle-range two-dimensional angular optical scattering (LATAOS) suggest that the LATAOS pattern could be useful in differentiating and classifying life-threatening aerosols from normal background aerosols. © 2003 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 000.1430, 010.1100, 290.5820, 290.5850. Protection from threats of bioterrorism by dispersal of pathogenic aerosols requires advanced detection systems. It is highly desirable to be able to detect and distinguish in situ, continually, and in real time, potentially life-threatening bioaerosols from normal background conditions, especially in the respirable size range of 1 10-mm diameter. 1,2 Currently proposed sensors for such detection are based on laser-induced f luorescence 3,4 ; mass spectrometry 5 ; microchip-based mass, capacitance, and calorimetric transducers 6 ; lidar 7 ; and elastic light scattering. 8–1 4 Among these processes, elastic scattering is the most sensitive technique and has potential for providing size, shape, and surface-texture information on individual particles. Extracting information about aerosols by elastic scattering started as early as the 17th century when Descartes and others explained the rainbow. 15 – 17 In the past century, most research in this area was devoted to the development of computational methods, such as Lorenz–Mie theory, 18 and to one-dimensional angular scattering measurements (see, e.g., Refs. 8 and 9). Such one-dimensional data can hardly supply adequate information with which to characterize nonspherical aerosols with random orientations. Recently attention has necessarily shifted toward natural aerosols, 10 – 12,14 and controlled particles such as clusters of multispheres 14 that model aerosols found in the environment (e.g., pollens, soot aggregates, paper and wood f ibers, sand, and animal dander). The elastic-scattering distribution in the nearforward direction is dominated by diffraction and provides information about particle size and shape, whereas in the near-backward direction it is affected by more subtle particle characteristics such as surface texture, homogeneity, and refractive index. Thus, potentially useful information is contained in the
Effect of histamine on egg production.

SummaryWhen laying hens were fed a diet containing 0.25% histamine, egg production stopped. When this diet was preceded by a diet containing 0.1% histamine, egg production was not affected. The adaptation of hens to histamine in their diets is discussed. The gross pathology of hens fed a diet containing 0.25% histamine is described.
Long-term humoral immunity against viruses: revisiting the issue of plasma cell longevity

Despite extensive documentation of prolonged antibody responses following vaccination or acute viral infection, the mechanisms behind long-term antibody production are not fully understood. We propose the hypothesis that long-lived plasma cells are an important, yet largely overlooked, component of long-term humoral immunity.
Measuring technical efficiency and total factor productivity in agriculture: The case of the South Marmara region of Turkey

Abstract The measurement of technical efficiency and productivity growth in the agricultural sector of developing and developed countries has received renewed attention in recent decades. The use of frontier approaches such as the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) have become more popular in efficiency and productivity measurement. The main purpose of this study is to measure agricultural technical efficiency and total factor productivity using DEA and the DEA‐based Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index in the South Marmara region of Turkey in the period 1993–2002. An output‐oriented DEA model is used for estimating technical efficiency and the Malmquist TFP index of agricultural sector with aggregate panel data in the South Marmara region of Turkey. Calculated average technical efficiency score and Malmquist TFP index for region in period 1993–2002 are 88.3 and 3.1%, respectively.
Life in So Many Acts

In this piece, drawing from performance autoethnography, third world feminism, and postcolonial/cultural studies, the author interrogates “how do I play scholar?” The author uses Judith Butler's qu...
Measurements of the High-Temperature Electrical Resistance of Aluminum: Resistivity of Lattice Vacancies

The electrical resistance of a 99.995% aluminum wire was measured at temperatures from 14 to 655\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Values of temperature coefficient of resistance and of resistivity are derived; they differ somewhat from earlier work. The resistivity values show a progressive increase above the expected values at high temperatures; this is ascribed to scattering by thermally generated point defects of the type which add atomic sites (vacancy-type defects), whose equilibrium concentrations have been measured directly in identical material at identical temperatures by Simmons and Balluffi. Three different semiempirical methods were used to estimate the expected values of the ideal lattice resistivity in the absence of defects; they gave similar results. The limitations of extrapolation methods are discussed. The resistivity increment ascribed to the vacancy-type defects was then obtained by difference and can be represented by $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}=(4.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} \mathrm{o}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{m}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}0.77 \mathrm{ev}/kT)$. The observed formation energy is in close agreement with that obtained by direct concentration measurements and with that obtained in various quenching investigations. This increment is nearly twice the value expected from extrapolation of recent quenching work from the interval 260\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 320\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, however. This relatively small discrepancy can be ascribed to three factors, whose relative importance cannot be precisely evaluated at present. They are (1) failure of quenching techniques to retain all of the equilibrium defect concentrations, (2) the presence of appreciable divacancy concentrations at the highest temperatures, and (3) a contribution to the high temperature resistivity arising from lattice anharmonicity. The increment of about 0.30 \ensuremath{\mu}ohm-cm at the melting point (660\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) corresponds to a resistivity 3 \ensuremath{\mu}ohm-cm/atom% monovacancies in agreement with a crude estimate based upon known effects of solute atoms of different valence.
"Sailing": an example of computer animation and iconic communication

The use of the visual process for the perception and assimilation of ideas is well recognized by educators, psychologists, as well as computer scientists. The popularity of movies and television and the concomitant growth in visual literacy of the viewers of these media are two factors exploited by those who wish to communicate ideas using these media. The world which comes across on the movie or TV screen is the camera's eye view of the visual world (as opposed to our visual field, that which our eyesight and brain perceive of the visual world, or "reality," see Gibson); and as such it is an image of reality. This can include images of beautiful scenery, complex human interactions, or of a printed page illustrating a lecture. Any ideas which are communicated by these devices, while relying upon imagery, tend to inform the viewer by creating the illusion that he is there, so how and why would he act, or they inform him by straightforward strings from some generally accepted language (as in the case of a screen full of text). Bruner, a cognitive theorist, feels that information acquisition proceeds through three stages:1. Enactive---using personal action2. Iconic---perceptual organization and integration of images3. Symbolic---using a language or accepted set of representations
Mediastinal hibernoma simulates a malignant lesion on dual time point FDG imaging.

Summary Dual time point 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoro- d -glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has been shown to be useful in helping differentiate benign from malignant lesions. An enhancing mediastinal mass of fat and water density was incidentally detected on computed tomography (CT) in a patient being evaluated for thoracic trauma. He subsequently underwent dual time point FDG PET/CT imaging which revealed a significant rise in standard uptake value (SUV) within the lesion over time, favoring a malignant etiology. Biopsy proved the lesion to represent a hibernoma, an uncommon benign fatty tumor. This case exemplifies the complexity of tissue metabolic properties, and the difficulty in establishing absolute criteria for benign and malignant processes.
CYTOPLASMIC STERILITIES THAT SEPARATE THE CULTIVATED POTATO FROM ITS PUTATIVE DIPLOID ANCESTORS.

There are morphological grounds for believing that the tetraploid cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum Dodds evolved either from diploid S. tuberosum Group Stenotomum Dodds (Hawkes, 1956, 1967) or S. vernei Bitt. et Wittm. (Briicher, 1964). It was shown earlier (Grun, 1970), through study of F1 hybrids, that cytoplasmic factors of the cultivated potato are sensitive to dominant genes of both putative parent species so that hybrids produced using Group Tuberosum as the female parent were frequently male sterile, while the reciprocal hybrids were fertile. Four different types of cytoplasmic male sterility were described. The present study includes analysis of cytoplasm-gene interactions of these species taken into first backcross and F2 generations to compare cytoplasmic sensitivities of the cultivated potato with those of its diploid relatives. Evidence was accumulated on the following specific questions: (1) It is known from earlier work (Grun et al., 1962) that S. tuberosum Groups Stenotomum and Phureja contain cytoplasmic sensitivity to a recessive gene for deformed flowers. Crosses were therefore made to determine whether cultivated Group, Tuberosum shares this sensitivity. (2) Preliminary observations of reciprocal F1 progenies of Group Tuberosum x S. vernei suggested that cytoplasmic female sterility occurred in Group Tuberosum. Observations of reciprocal backcrosses and F2's were carried out to determine whether this condition applied and how it related to the cytoplasmic male sterilities. (3) Cytological and morphological comparisons of reciprocal F2's and backcrosses were carried out to determine whether sensitivities ascribable to homozygous gene action in sensitive cytoplasm occurred. (4) Since earlier study (Grun et al., 1962; Grun and Aubertin, 1965, 1966) showed that the wild diploid S. chacoense f. gibberulosum (Juz. and Buk.) Corr. has many of the cytoplasmic sensitivities expressed by cultivated Group Tuberosum, determinations were made of the cytoplasmgene interactions expressed when the cultivated potato was crossed with this wild species.
The nanopore electrode.

The fabrication and electrochemical characterization of truncated cone-shaped nanopore electrodes are reported. A nanopore electrode is a Pt disk electrode embedded at the bottom of a conical pore, the circular orifice of the pore having nanometer dimensions. The electrochemical properties of nanopore electrodes with orifice radii of 39 and 74 nm are presented. Both the steady-state and transient voltammetric behavior of the nanopore electrode are reported and compared to predictions obtained using finite-element simulations. The truncated cone-shaped pore electrode possesses a unique transport propertythe steady-state flux of molecules into a deep pore is limited by the restriction near the pore orifice, and thus, the steady-state current is independent of the pore depth. This characteristic is potentially useful in studying transport through nanometer-scale orifices.
Critical incident stress debriefing: Application for perianesthesia nurses

THE HALLMARK QUALITY of perianesthesia nurses—what sets experts apart—may well be the management of emergent, unexpected incidents with numerous patients in rapid succession.We care for vulnerable patients, frequently without the benefit of patient history, a chart to review, or a knowledgeable resource for pertinent information. We move on to the next patient, the next challenge, smoothly and automatically. Our focus on real or potential problems, with assessment skills and critical care competencies, assists us to ease the transitions patients undergo while in our units. We handle stressful situations for our patients and ourselves. We are constantly challenged with critical issues such as preempting emergencies and recognizing subtle and overt signs of patient instability. At the same time, we deal with patient flow issues such as “turnover time” and “unavailable postoperative beds” in critical care and clinical nursing units. We also deal with colorful personalities and interesting communication styles from professional colleagues.
Studies of the critical velocity of superfluid4he in a 2 μm by 2 μm aperture in a thin foil at various frequencies

Measurements of the critical velocity behavior of oscillatory superfluid4He flow through a 2 μm by 2 μm square aperture in a 0.1 μm thick titanium foil are being made at temperatures between 0.36 K and 2.1 K and at pressures of less than 0.4 bar at various frequencies between 50 Hz and 1000 Hz. The purpose of this work is to study a micron-size aperture for possible frequency-dependent deviations from the critical velocity behavior seen in submicron-size apertures. Preliminary results show a nearly linear decrease of critical velocity with increasing temperature that is similar to the temperature dependences seen in smaller apertures and that is approximately independent of frequency. However, at frequencies above 500 Hz, a region appears at the lowest temperatures in which supercritical behavior is dominated by large energy-loss events requiring a number of half-cycles for completion, a region that extends up to 1.1 K at 970 Hz.
Human impacts to mountain streams

Mountain streams are here defined as channel networks within mountainous regions of the world. This definition encompasses tremendous diversity of physical and biological conditions, as well as history of land use. Human effects on mountain streams may result from activities undertaken within the stream channel that directly alter channel geometry, the dynamics of water and sediment movement, contaminants in the stream, or aquatic and riparian communities. Examples include channelization, construction of grade-control structures or check dams, removal of beavers, and placer mining. Human effects can also result from activities within the watershed that indirectly affect streams by altering the movement of water, sediment, and contaminants into the channel. Deforestation, cropping, grazing, land drainage, and urbanization are among the land uses that indirectly alter stream processes. An overview of the relative intensity of human impacts to mountain streams is provided by a table summarizing human effects on each of the major mountainous regions with respect to five categories: flow regulation, biotic integrity, water pollution, channel alteration, and land use. This table indicates that very few mountains have streams not at least moderately affected by land use. The least affected mountainous regions are those at very high or very low latitudes, although our scientific ignorance of conditions in low-latitude mountains in particular means that streams in these mountains might be more altered than is widely recognized. Four case studies from northern Sweden (arctic region), Colorado Front Range (semiarid temperate region), Swiss Alps (humid temperate region), and Papua New Guinea (humid tropics) are also used to explore in detail the history and effects on rivers of human activities in mountainous regions. The overview and case studies indicate that mountain streams must be managed with particular attention to upstream/downstream connections, hillslope/channel connections, process domains, physical and ecological roles of disturbance, and stream resilience.
Kinetics of the hexane soot reaction with NO2/N2O4 at low concentration

Abstract The reaction between black carbon, in the form of n-hexane soot, and NO 2 /N 2 O 4 has been studied at low nitrogen oxide pressures (9–35 ppm) and under the influence of simulated solar radiation. The rate law Rate = (k 1 + k 2 [ soot ] 1 2 )P NO 2 is consistent with a dual path mechanism and with earlier results at higher NO 2 /N 2 O 4 pressures (50–240 torr). The effect of radiation is a reduction in rate due to photodissociation of NO 2 with no apparent change in reaction mechanism.
The Effect of Separation of Ownership and Control on the Performance of the Large Firm

Introduction, 435. — Firm selection and data, 436. — Statistical methodology, 439. — Interpretation of data, 440. — Conclusion, 442. — Appendix A, 442. — Appendix B, 447. — Appendix C, 448.
The quotient of mean arterial pressure and heart rate predicts hypoperfusion of collateral-dependent myocardium

This study tested the hypothesis that the quotient of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) (pressure divided by rate = PRQ) effectively predicts myocardial hypoperfusion in regions of myocardium supplied with blood via collateral vessels. Regression analysis of data gathered in a study of the effects of halothane and atrial pacing on the distribution of myocardial blood flow has discovered a strong relationship between the PRQ and the inner-to-outer flow ratio in the collateral-dependent zone (R = 0.78). A significant relationship was also found between PRQ and the ratio of subendocardial blood flow in the ischemic zone to subendocardial flow in the normally perfused zone (R = 0.61). These ratios demonstrate that hypoperfusion of the inner layers of the collateral-dependent zone occurred during the condition of hypotension combined with tachycardia; while normal flow distribution was present if MAP exceeded HR. Halothane (1% end-tidal) did not alter the distribution of coronary flow, indicating that halothane does not cause a coronary steal in this model. The results of this study support the concept that the PRQ is an effective predictor of myocardial hypoperfusion when flow to ischemic zones is delivered by collateral vessels in nonfailing, canine hearts.
Effects of Hurricane Rita on three long-term forest study plots in east Texas, USA

We investigated variation in species resistance to hurricane winds and effects of Hurricane Rita on long-term forest dynamics using three 4-ha permanent plots in the Big Thicket of east Texas. Woody stems > 4.5 cm DBH that were severely damaged, uprooted, or snapped constituted 5% of stems at the dry upland site, 22% at the river floodplain site, and 31% at the mesic site. This variation corresponded to distance from the coast, distance from the storm track, and exposure. Nine of 27 canopy species populations showed a significantly positive relationship between mortality and DBH, and one showed a significant negative relationship. We identified 10 resistant, three intermediate, and 14 susceptible species populations. There was modest consistency in species behavior across sites, and consistency of some species between our results and the literature. Some inconsistencies can be accounted for by low vigor of some populations in our study. Relative dominance changes in the canopy and compositional trends in the small tree layer indicated that the hurricane accelerated long-term trends towards increasing dominance of shade-tolerant species at the dry and mesic sites but not at the wet site. We conclude that interspecific variation in resistance does not strongly alter temporal patterns that are based on shade tolerance and recruitment characteristics, in part because of relatively low overall damage rates.
Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair in a porcine model: What do transfixion sutures add?

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the need for transfixion sutures during laparoscopic ventral hernia repair with mesh. Methods: Incisional hernias were created in 14 Yucatan mini-pigs. Animals were randomized to undergo laparoscopic hernia repair either with spiral tacks alone (Tacks) or with tacks and 4 Prolene transfixion sutures (Sutured) using Composix E/X mesh (Davol Inc.). At 4 weeks, exploratory laparoscopy was performed to assess the repair and score adhesions. The abdominal wall was harvested for tensile strength analysis and histologic evaluation. Continuous variables were compared using a two-tailed nonpaired t-test. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The mean hernia size was 8.5 ± 0.5 cm by 5.5 ± 0.7 cm, with no difference between groups. The operative time was significantly longer (p = 0.006) for the Sutured group (62.1 ± 16.8 min) than for the Tacks group (32.3 ± 7.0 min). The number of tacks per repair was equivalent between groups. At necropsy, the mesh in all cases was well incorporated, reperitonealized, and without evidence of migration. No hernias recurred. However, the Sutured group had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher adhesion score (5.4 ± 3.3) than the Tacks group (2.0 ± 2.7). The tensile strength of the repair zone was no different between groups (Sutured 4.8 ± 1.5 N/cm, Tacks 3.8 ± 1.4 N/cm). On histologic examination, the ratio of inflammatory cells to fibroblasts was similar between groups (Sutured 0.2 ± 0.6, Tacks 0.2 ± 0.3). Only 82% of tacks in each group penetrated the fascia, and the depth of tack penetration was similar between groups (Sutured 3.7 ± 0.3 mm, Tacks 3.9 ± 0.4 mm). Conclusions: In a porcine model, the use of transfixion sutures was associated with longer operative times and more adhesions, without improvement in tensile strength or mesh incorporation. A human clinical trial is needed to determine the optimal method of securing abdominal wall mesh.
Hypnosis and interrogative suggestibility

Abstract An attempt was made to induce memory errors through the use of misleading questioning in hypnosis. Subjects heard a short newslike story and gave initial free recall for the story details, then 4 days later were given three free recall trials: prior to hypnosis, following hypnotic induction and suggestion for enhanced memory, and after hypnosis was terminated. During hypnosis subjects were also twice interrogated with either misleading or objective questions for the story details. Accurate memory increased over the three free recall trials for all subjects regardless of hypnotizability. In recognition testing, subjects given misleading questions during the interrogation gave fewer correct responses, had more errors-in-fact as well as forgetting, and showed an increase in yielding to interrogative suggestibility over trials than subjects given objective questions. All subjects subsequently confabulated more information on the final awake free recall trial as a result of errors introduced during hypnotic interrogation process. These results help to clarify the inherent dangers in relying on hypnosis to enhance memory.
Automated cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection in multitemporal Landsat data: An algorithm designed specifically for monitoring land cover change

Abstract We developed a new algorithm called Tmask (multiTemporal mask) for automated masking of cloud, cloud shadow, and snow for multitemporal Landsat images. This algorithm consists of two steps. The first step is based on a single-date algorithm called Fmask (Function of mask) that initially screens most of the clouds, cloud shadows, and snow. The second step benefits from the extra temporal information from the remaining “clear” pixels and further improves the cloud, cloud shadow, and snow mask. Three Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance bands (Bands 2, 4, and 5 — Landsat-7 band numbering) are used in a Robust Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (RIRLS) method to estimate a time series model for each pixel. By comparing model estimates with Landsat observations for the three spectral bands, the Tmask algorithm is capable of detecting any remaining clouds, cloud shadows, and snow for an entire stack of Landsat images. Generally, this algorithm will not falsely identify land cover changes as clouds, cloud shadows, or snow, as it is capable of modeling land cover change. The multitemporal images also provide extra information for better discrimination of cloud and snow, which is difficult for single-date algorithm. A snow threshold is derived for Band 5 TOA reflectance for each pixel at each specific time based on a modified Norwegian Linear Reflectance-to-Snow-Cover (NLR) algorithm. By comparing the results of Tmask with a single-date algorithm (Fmask) for multitemporal Landsat images located at Path 12 Row 31, significant improvements are observed for identification of clouds, cloud shadows, and snow. The most significant improvement is observed for cloud shadow detection. Many of the errors in cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection observed in Fmask are corrected by the Tmask algorithm. The goal is development of a cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection algorithm that results in a multitemporal stack of images that is free of “noise” factors and thus suitable for detection of land cover change.
A Translator for Converting CAD Models to Second Life

Product Life-cycle Management (PLM) has been one of the single most important techniques to have been developed in the manufacturing industry. The increasing capabilities of internet and the ever increasing dependence of business entities on internet have led to the development of metaverses — internet-based 3D virtual worlds — which act as business platforms where companies display and showcase their latest products and services. This is in turn has led to a demand for development of methods for the easy transfer of data from stand alone PLM systems to the internet based virtual worlds. This paper presents the development of a translator which will transfer product data of 3D models created in CAD systems to an internet based virtual world. This translator uses a faceted-surface approach to transfer the product information. In this work CAD models were converted to a CAD-neutral data format, JT file format, and finally recreated in the metaverse Second Life (SL). Examples of models translated from JT to SL have been presented. A technique known as prim optimization, which increases the efficiency of the translation was also incorporated in the algorithm for the translator. Examples of prim optimization have been provided in the paper.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A portable multimedia terminal

A personal communications system (PCS) that centers on integration of services to provide access to data and communications using a specialized, wireless multimedia terminal is described. The possible applications and support systems for such a terminal are outlined. Several of the major design issues behind portable multimedia terminals, including spectrally efficient picocellular networking, low-power digital design, video data compression, and integrated wireless RF transceivers, are discussed. It is argued that optimizing performance in each of these areas is crucial in meeting the performance requirements of the overall system and providing a small, lightweight terminal for personal communications. >
Regulation by glutathione of the activation and differentiation of IL-4-dependent activated killer cells.

Abstract Glutathione (GSH) was shown to regulate the generation of IL-2-dependent activated killer cells. Generation of αCD3-activated killer cells CD3-AK was regulated by both IL-2 and IL-4. In the present study the role of GSH in the regulation of IL-4-dependent CD3-AK cells was examined. After initial activation of mouse splenocytes by αCD3, subculturing the CD3-AK cells in IL-4 resulted in the production of IL-4-dependent killer cells whose proliferative and cytolytic activities were abrogated by αIL-4 antibody 11B11. Adding graded doses of BSO, a GSH synthetase inhibitor, into CD3-AK cells culturing in IL-4 resulted in the reduction of their proliferative and cytotoxic responses. Adding exogenous GSH reversed the inhibitory effect of BSO and restored the proliferation and cytolytic activity of IL-4-dependent CD3-AK cells. The dose requirement for BSO to affect the IL-4-dependent CD3-AK cells was similar to that for the IL-2-dependent CD3-AK cells. These findings indicate that GSH also regulates the function of IL-4 in the activation and differentiation of CD3-AK cells. To further study the mechanism for the GSH regulation of the cytolytic activity of CD3-AK cells, we found that BSO did not reduce the production of BLT-esterase which contained mostly the cytolytic granules; in fact, BLT-esterase production was often increased by BSO. Furthermore, the exocytosis and effector function of cytolytic granules were also not affected by BSO. Thus it appears that reduction of cellular GSH may result in the accumulation of defective cytolytic granules which accounts for the reduction of killer cell cytolytic activity.
Clamping Fault Detection in a Fixturing System

Abstract When a workpiece is located and clamped in a fixture, the dynamic response can be used to characterize its corresponding clamping condition. When the contact condition between the workpiece and the fixture is changed, the system response frequency will change accordingly. The identification of insufficient clamping forces is investigated in this study. This paper also presents the modeling and analysis of the contact condition between fixtures and components in a modular fixturing system. Analytical models were obtained using the finite element approach. Virtual spring elements are used to model the dynamic effect of surface contact in the model, and the estimation of the virtual spring constants is also presented. Experimental results are compared with the analytical predictions.
Diffusivity of Glacial-Outwash Aquifer by the Floodwave-Response Technique

Aquifer diffusivity (transmissivity divided by storage coefficient) was calculated for three sites in a glacial-autwash valley aquifer near Cortland, New York from water-level fluctuations induced by rises in stream stage. The observed response data were analyzed through use of a one-dimensional floodwave-response model to calculate the theoretical head response in the aquifer generated by a floodwave in the stream, and then matched to the observed head response. Diffusivity values computed from sharply peaked flood rises ranged from 6.08 to 8.68 ft2. The closest match between observed and calculated heads was obtained from a site where the aquifer is confined and the saturated thickness (and thus the diffusivity) remains constant with the passage of a floodwave. Arrival time of the observed flood-peak seems to be the most useful criterion for curve matching, especially under unconfined conditions, where a match to the rising limb and floodpeak is difficult because of changes in the saturated thickness. A transmissivity value of 14,700 ft2/d for the glacial-outwash aquifer, calculated from specific capacity data from a nearby industrial well, combined with diffusivity calculated by the floodwave-response method, indicates a storage coefficient between the normal ranges for unconfined and confined aquifers. Calculated storage coefficients were 0.015, 0.027, and 0.034 at the three sites. The floodwave-response method of calculating aquifer diffusivity is relatively inexpensive compared to standard aquifer tests and is effective in glacial-valley fill aquifers that are hydraulically connected to a major stream or river.
Synthesis of a carbon‐11 labeled nonsteroidal antiandrogen as a potential radioligand for pet imaging of prostate cancer

The hormone dependency of prostate cancer is well established and androgen receptor (AR) expression is frequently observed in primary prostate tumors and metastases (1). As a consequence, the development of radioligands that target the AR for prostate tumor imaging is an active area of research (2). The majority of these studies to date have focused on steroid-based ligands, including the naturally occurring androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone) and synthetic steroids (mibolerone, metribolone) (3,4). The recent emergence of AR-selective, high-affinity, nonsteroidal antiandrogens such as RU 59063, (Table l), offers a usehl alternative approach towards AR radioligand development (5). Our goal in this study was to develop a suitable carbon-1 1 labeled nonsteroidal AR radioligand for PET imaging of prostate cancer. We recently showed that replacement of the trifluoromethyl group of RU 59063 with iodine (DTIB, Table 1) leads to a 3-fold enhancement in AR binding affinity (6). This observation led us to synthesize the N-methylated hydantoin and thiohydantoin derivatives (laJb), which were subsequently shown to retain high affinity towards AR (Table 1). Since the synthesis of ["C]lJ by direct N-["C]methylation of its normethyl precursor is not feasible (due to preferential methylation on sulfur), the N-methyl derivative was selected for carbon-1 1 labeling. We report here the radiosynthesis of [ " C ] b for evaluation as a AR radioligand for PET.
Intragastric balloon significantly improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in obese patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study.

Background There is no satisfactory treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The Bioenterics intragastric balloon (BIB) can be an effective treatment for weight reduction in obese patients. Objective We evaluated the efficacy of the BIB in improving the histology of NASH in obese patients. Design Randomized, controlled study. Setting University hospital. Patients Obese patients with body mass indexes (BMI) ≥27 kg/m 2 and who had histologic evidence of NASH were recruited. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to a step 1 American Heart Association (AHA) diet plus exercise and BIB placement or step 1 AHA diet plus exercise and sham BIB placement for a period of 6 months. Main Outcome Measurements Liver histology was the primary outcome measure recorded before and after treatment. Results A total of 18 patients completed the study. Baseline characteristics of the BIB and sham groups were similar. At 6 months, a significant reduction in the mean BMI was seen in the BIB group (1.52 vs 0.8; P = .0008). The median nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores at the end of treatment were significantly lower in the BIB-treated compared with the sham-treated groups (2 [0.75] vs 4 [2.25]; P = .03). There was a trend toward improvement in the median steatosis scores (1 [0.75] vs 1 [1]; P = .075). There was no change in the median loblular inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning, or fibrosis scores in both groups after treatment. Limitations Pilot study with small numbers and short duration. Conclusion Results from this pilot study demonstrated that addition of BIB for 6 months provided a greater loss of BMI and improvement in 2 of 5 histologic parameters of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A longer study with larger numbers will be required to prove whether or not the therapy is meaningful in the treatment of NASH.
Heterocyst differentiation and tryptophan metabolism in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. CA

Abstract Anabaena sp. CA does not synthesize heterocysts or express nitrogenase activity when grown with nitrate as the nitrogen source. Heterocysts and nitrogenase are induced in such cultures by various tryptophan analogs. The effect does not require inhibition of de novo protein synthesis in the culture. It is restricted to tryptophan analogs only, and, more specifically, to those which can be incorporated into proteins. dl -7-Azatryptophan was effective at triggering both heterocysts and nitrogenase when incubated in the culture for only 1–2 h, even though 6–7 h was required for heterocysts to fully mature and nitrogenase activity to be expressed. Chloramphenicol completely negated this effect, supporting the idea that the analogs are either incorporated into protein themselves or trigger the synthesis of proteins which initiate complete development of mature heterocysts. Using toluene-permeabilized cells, we have shown that anthranilate synthetase, the first key enzyme in tryptophan biosynthesis, has glutamine-dependent activity. This activity can be effectively feedback inhibited by the various tryptophan analogs at concentrations which are also effective in triggering heterocyst differentiation. These data provide firm evidence for a link between tryptophan biosynthesis, nitrogenase synthesis, heterocyst differentiation, and primary ammonia assimilation.
A finite-element model for an electrostatic bell sprayer

Abstract Electrostatic rotary atomizers are receiving considerable interest for the application of paint systems, which include primer, basecoat, and clearcoat. Within this paper, a model is described providing some insights into the dynamics and couplings of the physics driving the process. The foundation of the model was built around a Lagrangian particle tracking scheme to simulate the formation of spray patterns for charged droplets. Steady-state spray patterns were computed using an iterative particle source in cell (PSIC) approach, which represents momentum exchange between the droplet and gas phases as a body force. The flow solver is based on a finite-element formulation incorporating the streamlined upwind Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) method for stabilization. Space charge on the surrounding electric field, caused by the motions of charged particles, was computed as a natural extension of the PSIC method.
Computational development of a lagrangian dual approach for quadratic networks

A Lagrangian dual approach for large-scale quadratic programs due to Lin and Pang is adapted to the quadratic cost network flow problem. The unconstrained dual problem is solved iteratively by combining conjugate gradient directions with finite line-search methods. By exploiting the graph structure, matrix and vector operations are streamlined so that the technique can be used for large problems. A computational study of randomly generated networks with up to 500 nodes and 20,000 arcs gives a comparison between combinations of different conjugate direction formulas with three line-search techniques. The results demonstrate the clear superiority of the Polak-Ribiere direction formula combined with a variant of a line-search technique originally developed by Bitran and Hax for convex knapsack problems.
Envisioning the transition to a next‐generation biofuels industry in the US Midwest

Corn grain ethanol production is a mature industry built on a Midwestern agricultural infrastructure. Second- and third-generation biofuels and bio-based products industries could take advantage of this robust framework. Signifi cant but not insurmountable barriers remain for grower acceptance of bioenergy crop plants and capital investment in transitioning from grain to lignocellulosic biomass at scale. The existing infrastructure in the Midwest provides a model for implementing an environmentally responsible and sustainable next-generation biofuels industry into the agro-economy. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Non-Communicable Disease: A Welcome and Long Needed Addition to the WHO’s 2012 World Heath Statistics

The World Health Organization’s annual report World Health Statistics 2012 was recently published. In addition to annually published indicators of health, this year’s report contains a highlighted new section on non-communicable diseases and their impact on world health. The section gives particular attention to hypertension and obesity. Interestingly, despite worldwide increases in obesity and metabolic syndrome, hypertension rates have actually improved in wealthy nations since 1980, while rates have greatly increased in developing regions and particularly in Africa. Potential contributors to these disparities likely include access to screening and treatment, and the rise of high sodium and low potassium processed foods in poorer nations. It will be imperative in years to come to identify and employ the success seen in wealthy nations worldwide to improve outcomes and productivity in the developing world.
Pyridine capture of phenyltrimethylsiloxy carbene, a laser flash photolysis study

Abstract Laser flash photolysis of benzoyltrimethylsilane produces phenyltrimethylsiloxy carbene which can be intercepted with pyridine to form an ylide, whose transient spectrum can be easily detected.
Retransmissions over correlated channels

Frequent failures characterize many existing communication networks, e.g. wireless ad-hoc networks, where retransmission- based failure recovery represents a primary approach for successful data delivery. Recent work has shown that retransmissions can cause power law delays and instabilities even if all traffic and network characteristics are super-exponential. While the prior studies have considered an independent channel model, in this paper we extend the analysis to the practically important dependent case. We use modulated processes, e.g. Markov modulated, to capture the channel dependencies. We study the number of retransmissions and delays when the hazard functions of the distributions of data sizes and channel statistics are proportional, conditionally on the channel state. Our results show that the tails of the retransmission and delay distributions are asymptotically insensitive to the channel correlations and are determined by the state that generates the lightest asymptotics. This insight is beneficial both for capacity planning and channel modeling since we do not need to account for the correlation details. However, these results may be overly optimistic when the best state is infrequent, since the effects of 'bad' states may be prevalent for sufficiently long to downgrade the expected performance.
Dual Diagnosis Capability in Mental Health and Addiction Treatment Services: An Assessment of Programs Across Multiple State Systems

Despite increased awareness of the benefits of integrated services for persons with co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorders, estimates of the availability of integrated services vary widely. The present study utilized standardized measures of program capacity to address co-occurring disorders, the dual diagnosis capability in addiction treatment and dual diagnosis capability in mental health treatment indexes, and sampled 256 programs across the United States. Approximately 18 % of addiction treatment and 9 % of mental health programs met criteria for dual diagnosis capable services. This is the first report on public access to integrated services using objective measures.
TIME-DEPENDENT 2D SPACETIMES FROM MATRICES

Solutions of matrix quantum mechanics have been shown to describe time dependent backgrounds in the holographically dual two-dimensional closed string theory. We review some recent work dealing with nontrivial spacetimes which arise in this fashion and discuss aspects of physical phenomena in them. These include spacetimes with spacelike boundaries.
Aquaporin-1 independent microvessel proliferation in a neonatal mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.

METHODS. Comparative studies were performed on wild-type compared with AQP1 null mice using an established mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Neonatal mice were maintained in a 75% oxygen atmosphere for 5 days to suppress angiogenesis and then were returned to room air to induce vessel proliferation. AQP1 expression was also studied in extraocular microvessels and in primary endothelial cell cultures from pig retina. RESULTS. Surprisingly, AQP1 immunoreactivity was detected in only a small percentage of newly formed retinal microvessels, whereas AQP1 was strongly expressed in all choroidal and hyaloid vessels and in various extraocular microvessels in neonatal and prenatal mice. Oxygen-induced retinal microvessel proliferation was not significantly impaired in neonatal mice lacking AQP1, as quantified in flat-mounted retinas and thin sections. However, AQP1 was expressed in endothelial cells cultured from retinal microvessels. CONCLUSIONS. Microvessel proliferation in oxygen-induced retinopathy is AQP1-independent. Retinal endothelia have the capacity to express AQP1, though intact retinal vessels chronically suppress AQP1 expression. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:4802‐4810) DOI:10.1167/iovs.07-0537
Investigations of organic–inorganic hybrid materials: Ligand influences on the structures of copper-vanadium oxide materials

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis was exploited to provide three compounds of the VxOy/Cu/imine family. Compound 1, [{Cu2(2,2′-dpam)4}V4O12] is molecular, while [{Cu2(OH)(o-phen)2}V3O9] (2) and [{Cu2(4,4′-bpy)3(H2O)2}V4O12]·5H2O (3·5H2O) are one-dimensional and three-dimensional, respectively. The copper-imine components are shown to be critical structural determinants that assume charge-compensating and space-filling roles, as well as providing ligand geometric and steric constrains, as well as flexible metal coordination geometry.
Hymenopteran pupal parasites recovered from house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae collected on livestock and poultry facilities in northern and central Hungary.

The first field survey, noting the occurrence and diversity of filth fly pupal parasite fauna in Hungary, was done on beef and dairy feedlots, and swine and poultry farms in the northern and central parts of the country. Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) were the two major filth fly hosts. Four species of Spalangia recovered, in decreasing order of abundance, were S. cameroni Perkins, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis, and S. nigra Latrielle. S. endius, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, two apparently undescribed Trichopria spp. and one apparently undescribed Coptera sp. are believed to be new country records.
Upscaling of CO2 fluxes from heterogeneous tundra plant communities in Arctic Alaska

Received 1 May 2012; revised 20 August 2012; accepted 29 September 2012; published 17 November 2012. [1] We characterized the tundra vegetation at three eddy covariance towers located along a toposequence in northern Alaska and studied seasonal variations in plot-level CO2 fluxes among the dominant vegetation types with chambers during the summer and with the gradient-diffusion technique during the winter. We performed footprint analyses to determine the source areas contributing to the tower fluxes and scaled plot-level to eddy-covariance CO2 data based on the proportion of vegetation types occurring within the footprints. At peak growing season, both gross ecosystem exchange and ecosystem respiration were greater in moist acidic tussock tundra and wet sedge tundra than in dry heath tundra. This resulted in relatively similar values of net ecosystem exchange as measured by chambers in July in tussock tundra across all topographic positions and wet sedge tundra (2.4 to 4.2 mmol CO2/m 2 /s) but low values in dry heath tundra (0.4 mmol CO2/m 2 /s). Winter respiration was highest for tussock tundra in December, but there were no significant differences among vegetation types in February and April. Net and gross ecosystem exchange scaled up from summer chamber measurements compared well to tower data (r 2 = 0.84 and r 2 = 0.78, respectively), especially on level terrain, whereas plot-level CO2-flux measurements in the winter did not agree well with tower data. This is one of few studies to compare plot-level and tower fluxes during both summer and winter and to demonstrate successful upscaling of carbon exchange in Arctic tundra systems under certain conditions.
On a multiplexing scheme for threshold logical elements

A multiplexing scheme designed to increase the reliability of logical networks that consist of threshold elements is discussed. The most interesting result is a lower bound on the multiplicity of the input signals that will be needed when there are erroneous signals among the inputs.