cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Producing and communicating flood risk: A knowledge system analysis of FEMA flood maps in New York city

The burgeoning development of coastal cities coupled with increasing exposure to sea level rise and extreme weather events has exacerbated the vulnerability of coastal communities and infrastructure to floods. In order to make good flood risk reduction and resilience decisions, cities are interested in gaining better insights into what are perceived to be the “real” risks of floods. However, what counts as a good estimate of such risks is constructed through the design of a knowledge system that ratifies certain ideas and methods over others. We refer to knowledge systems as the organizational practices and routines that produce, validate and review, communicate, and use knowledge relevant to policy and decision-making. In this chapter, we conduct a knowledge system analysis of FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rate Maps in New York City. In 2012, Superstorm Sandy exposed in the national spotlight the shortcomings of how we calculate, map, and use knowledge about flood risk. Through this case study, we hope to demonstrate the value of knowledge systems analysis as a method to stress-test and identify the weaknesses of a knowledge system that warrant attention, as well as to inform potential methods ofupgrading or redesigning that system in support of building resilient cities.
The Pros and Cons of Strengthening Intellectual Property Protection: Technological Protection Measures and Section 1201 of the United States Copyright Act

The announcement in late November 2006 of the Copyright Office's triennial rulemaking to identify 'classes of works' exempt from the §1201(a)(1) prohibition on circumvention of a technological measure controlling access to copyrighted works in part occasions this assessment of the judicial and administrative construction of this chapter of the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The current Rulemaking appears more innovative than its predecessors, particularly in defining the exempted 'class of works' by reference to the characteristics of the works' users. Copyright owner overreaching or misuse may also underlie the relative vigor of this Rulemaking: if producers of devices or providers of services seek to leverage into de facto monopolies over utilitarian articles, the protection of access controls on computer programs that in turn control the function of these objects, then the courts and the Librarian of Congress through the Copyright Office will need to exercise countervailing vigilance in interpreting the statute. Fortunately, §1201 is not so hermetically drafted as to resist all attempts to introduce flexibility; this article suggests some approaches to offset overly literalist statutory construction. Notably, the emergence of fair use as a limiting norm of extra-copyright application, as evidenced in the Trademark Dilution Revision Act 2006, suggests that judges may yet devise ways of reconciling broader intellectual property rights with principles of free expression. Those who interpret the statute should nonetheless bear in mind the many new business models that Congress foresaw and that digital rights management measures (some of them author-empowering) have in fact enabled, lest insecurity dampen the prospects for these models' development.
Negativity and Elite Message Diffusion on Social Media

Social media has become a common feature in American politics, with more frequent use among the masses and elites alike. With this increased salience, researchers have explored various aspects of social media use and its impact on political outcomes. While we know a great deal about elite adoption and use of social media platforms, we know comparatively less about why some of these social media messages ‘go viral,’ while others receive little to no attention. Drawing on research from the political science literature on emotional appeals, as well as work in marketing and psychology, we argue that elite messages will spread when they contain strong emotional language. Using both human and automated coding of senators’ tweets, we demonstrate that elite messages that are more negative and those that contain political attacks are more likely to spread on social media. Our findings suggest that politicians have an incentive to engage in more negativity online, which might further increase affective polarization in American politics.
Deep-inelastic electron-deuteron scattering with spectator nucleon tagging at the electron-ion collider. Extracting free nucleon structure

Background: Deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) on the deuteron with spectator nucleon tagging represents a unique method for extracting the free neutron structure functions and exploring the nuclear modifications of bound protons and neutrons. The detection of the spectator (with typical momenta $\lesssim$ 100 MeV/c in the deuteron rest frame) controls the nuclear configuration during the DIS process and enables a differential analysis of nuclear effects. At the future electron-ion collider (EIC) such measurements will be performed using far-forward detectors. Purpose: Simulate deuteron DIS with proton or neutron tagging with the baseline EIC far-forward detector design. Quantify detector acceptance and resolution effects. Study feasibility of free nucleon structure extraction using pole extrapolation in the spectator momentum. Methods: DIS events with proton and neutron spectators are generated using the BeAGLE Monte Carlo generator. The spectator nucleon momentum is reconstructed including effects of detector acceptance and resolution. Pole extrapolation is performed under realistic conditions. The free nucleon structure extraction is validated by comparing with the input model. Results: Proton and neutron spectator detection is possible over the full transverse momentum range $0 < p_T < 100$ MeV/c needed for pole extrapolation. Resolution effects on the distributions before corrections are ~10% for proton and ~30 for neutron spectators. The overall accuracy of nucleon structure extraction is expected to be at the few-percent level. Conclusions: Free neutron structure extraction through proton tagging and pole extrapolation is feasible with the baseline EIC far-forward detector design. The corresponding extraction of free proton structure through neutron tagging provides a reference point for future studies of nuclear modifications.
Quasi-Polynomial Algorithms for Submodular Tree Orienteering and Directed Network Design Problems

We consider the following general network design problem. The input is an asymmetric metric (V, c), root r∈V, monotone submodular function f:2V→R+, and budget B. The goal is to find an r-rooted arb...
Equally green? Understanding the distribution of urban green infrastructure across student demographics in four public school districts in North Carolina, USA

Abstract Green infrastructure (GI) provides a suite of ecosystem services that are widely recognized as critical to health, well-being, and sustainability on an urbanizing planet. However, the distribution of GI across urban landscapes is frequently uneven, resulting in unequal delivery of these services to low-income residents or those belonging to underserved racial/ethnic identities. While GI distribution has been identified as unequal across municipalities, we investigated whether this was true in public schoolyards within and among urban school districts. We examined schoolyards in four metropolitan areas of diverse socio-economic and demographic compositions in North Carolina, USA to determine if they provided equal exposure to GI, then compared whether this was true of the broader urban landscape. We first classified the land cover of elementary schoolyards and their neighborhoods, then used bivariate and multivariate approaches to analyze the relationships between GI (i.e. tree canopy cover and total GI) and the socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity of the schools and surrounding neighborhoods, respectively. We found that the extent of tree canopy cover and total GI in schoolyards was unrelated to the socioeconomic status and the race/ethnicity of students across the four school districts. In contrast, neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status and larger populations of underserved race/ethnicity residents had less tree canopy cover and total GI. Although total GI was more evenly distributed in schoolyards, the extent of tree canopy cover and total GI in schoolyards was lower than that in the neighborhoods. This suggests opportunities for school districts to expand GI in schoolyards, leveraging their potential to increase ecosystem services to all children, from increased educational opportunities to improved mental, physical, and environmental well-being.
Management of Calculi in Patients with Congenital Neuropathic Bladder

Urolithiasis is a common disease with the lifetime prevalence estimated to be between 10 and 15 % [19, 53]. Patients with congenital urologic disorders such as myelomeningocele (MMC), bladder exstrophy, and posterior urethral valves (PUV) represent a special population with regard to urolithiasis. These patients are at an increased risk of stone formation due to a variety of reasons including: bladder dysfunction, urinary tract reconstruction, urinary tract infections (UTIs), obesity, and osteodystrophy.
Molecular Biology in Studies of Ocean Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the potential value of molecular biology to biological oceanography with emphasis on the techniques that appropriate for use in the marine environment. It focuses on those techniques that can be modified for use at sea, techniques that are simple and low cost, and those that are relevant to major problems in oceanography. Molecular biology is the study of the structure, functional organization, and regulation of nucleic acids and proteins. Ocean processes include biogeochemical cycles, the evolution of marine organisms, population dynamics, systematics, and the physiological adaptation of organisms to a fluctuating ocean environment. A key focus in biological oceanography is the development of operational protocols to separate and enumerate organisms on the basis of their physiological or ecological functions. The plankton community mediates the fluxes of many biogeochemically important elements, including nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, silica, phosphorus, and oxygen. Molecular biological approaches are divided into three major categories: (1) isolation and characterization of nucleic acids and proteins, (2) assay of either the pool size or rate of synthesis of specific proteins, genes, or RNA molecules, and (3) either direct or indirect experimental manipulation of the organisms to test specific hypotheses.
Distinct segregation dynamics of the two Vibrio cholerae chromosomes

The study of prokaryotic chromosome segregation has focused primarily on bacteria with single circular chromosomes. Little is known about segregation in bacteria with multipartite genomes. The human diarrhoeal pathogen Vibrio cholerae has two circular chromosomes of unequal sizes. Using static and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, we visualized the localization and segregation of the origins of replication of the V. cholerae chromosomes. In all stages of the cell cycle, the two origins localized to distinct subcellular locations. In newborn cells, the origin of chromosome I (oriCIvc) was located near the cell pole while the origin of chromosome II (oriCIIvc) was at the cell centre. Segregation of oriCIvc occurred asymmetrically from a polar position, with one duplicated origin traversing the length of the cell towards the opposite pole and the other remaining relatively fixed. In contrast, oriCIIvc segregated later in the cell cycle than oriCIvc and the two duplicated oriCIIvc regions repositioned to the new cell centres. DAPI staining of the nucleoid demonstrated that both origin regions were localized to the edge of the visible nucleoid and that oriCIvc foci were often associated with specific nucleoid substructures. The differences in localization and timing of segregation of oriCIvc and oriCIIvc suggest that distinct mechanisms govern the segregation of the two V. cholerae chromosomes.
Bond lengths in benzene derivatives

Abstract The measured bond lengths in nitrobenzene and in other simple benzene derivatives indicate that there is little or no resonance involving excited structures. The bond length variations can however be explained by differences in hybridization of the carbon σ orbitals.
Assessment of contractility in osteoblastic cells

There currently exists evidence that bone cells can both apply and respond to mechanical changes to their underlying substrates. This investigation utilized an osteoblast-like cell line (MC3T3 cells) on a collagenous substrate to determine if contraction could be observed during a twenty-two hour incubation period. The contraction was measured using a cell-force monitor developed at MIT. This device uses the change in length of the matrix, measured as a voltage difference, to determine the contraction relative to a baseline. Two matrices were used, here referred to as matrices A and B. Four samples from each were used to obtain mean baseline voltages (A:0.1127/spl plusmn/0.0269 V, B:0.1057/spl plusmn/0.0050 V.) For the experimental cell-seeded runs, only one valid sample from matrix A was obtained with a maximum voltage of 0.1838 V, and two samples were averaged for matrix B to 0.1553/spl plusmn/0.0045 V. While the sample set is not large enough to make statistical comparisons, the mean contraction for the cell-seeded runs does appear to be significantly greater than the baseline values, indicating that MC3T3 cells are capable of short-term contraction. This work is continuing with characterization of the substrate to enable conversion of the measured voltage to applied force. Future work will include investigations into the mechanisms of this cellular contraction.
Phosphorylation and Desensitization of the Human β1-Adrenergic Receptor: INVOLVEMENT OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASES AND cAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE

Persistent stimulation of the β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) engenders, within minutes, diminished responsiveness of the β1AR/adenylyl cyclase signal transduction system. This desensitization remains incompletely defined mechanistically, however. We therefore tested the hypothesis that agonist-induced desensitization of the β1AR (like that of the related β2AR) involves phosphorylation of the receptor itself, by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and the β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK1) or other G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Both Chinese hamster fibroblast and 293 cells demonstrate receptor-specific desensitization of the β1AR within 3-5 min. Both cell types also express βARK1 and the associated inhibitory proteins β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2, as assessed by immunoblotting. Agonist-induced β1AR desensitization in 293 cells correlates with a 2 ± 0.3-fold increase in phosphorylation of the β1AR, determined by immunoprecipitation of the β1AR from cells metabolically labeled with 32Pi. This agonist-induced β1AR phosphorylation derives approximately equally from PKA and GRK activity, as judged by intact cell studies with kinase inhibitors or dominant negative βARK1 (K220R) mutant overexpression. Desensitization, likewise, is reduced by only ~50% when PKA is inhibited in the intact cells. Overexpression of rhodopsin kinase, βARK1, βARK2, or GRK5 significantly increases agonist-induced β1AR phosphorylation and concomitantly decreases agonist-stimulated cellular cAMP production (p
Reversible properties of polycrystalline ferromagnets--I , : Theory of the expected variation of the reversible properties with magnetization

Abstract Using a statistical model, equations are developed for the variation of the reversible susceptibility both parallel with and normal to the biasing magnetization as a function of the magnetization assuming that the susceptibility arises by domain rotation. The results are contrasted with previous results based upon domain-wall motion. It is concluded that the theory points out a new technique for the separation of the origins of the susceptibility. Equations are also given for the expected variation of the differential magnetostriction with magnetization both parallel with and normal to the field and for both domain-wall motion and domain rotation Quantitative results depend upon the fraction of the moments oriented in each direction. A function describing this distribution is discussed. An expression is given for the susceptibility matrix arising from domain rotation as a function of magnetization.
Isolation of distinct small ribonucleoprotein particles containing the spliced leader and U2 RNAs of Trypanosoma brucei.

Messenger RNA maturation in trypanosomes involves an RNA trans-splicing reaction in which a 39 nucleotide 5'-spliced leader (SL), derived from an independently transcribed 139 nucleotide SL RNA, is joined to pre-mRNAs. Trans-splicing intermediates are structurally consistent with a mechanism of SL addition which is similar to that of cis-splicing of nuclear pre-mRNAs; homologous components (e.g. the U small nuclear RNAs) exist in both cis- and trans-splicing systems, suggesting that these also participate in the two types of splicing reactions. In this study, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes containing the trypanosome SL and U2 RNAs were purified and characterized. Although present at low levels in cellular extracts, the SL and U2 RNPs are the two most abundant of the several non-ribosomal small RNP complexes in these cells. The purification scheme utilizes ion-exchange chromatography, equilibrium density centrifugation, and gel filtration chromatography and reveals that the SL RNP shares biophysical properties with U RNPs of trypanosomes and other eukaryotes; its sedimentation coefficient in sucrose gradients is approximately 10 S, and it is resistant to dissociation during Cs2SO4 equilibrium density centrifugation. Complete separation of the SL and U2 RNPs was achieved by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins purifying with the SL and U2 RNPs were identified by 125I-labeling of tyrosine residues. Four SL RNP proteins with approximate molecular masses of 36, 32, 30, and 27 kDa and one U2 RNP protein of 31 kDa were identified, suggesting that different polypeptides are associated with these two RNAs. These particles are not immunoprecipitated by anti-Sm sera which recognizes U snRNP proteins of other eukaryotes including humans plants and yeast.
Simulation of the Electron-Phonon Interaction in Infinite Dimensions

The electron-phonon interaction corresponding to the Holstein model (with Coulomb repulsion) is simulated in infinite dimensions using a novel quantum Monte Carlo algorithm. The thermodynamic phase diagram includes commensurate charge-density-wave phases, incommensurate charge-density-wave phases, and superconductivity. The crossover from a weak-coupling picture (where pairs both form and condense at T c ) to a strong-coupling picture (where preformed pairs condense at T c ) is illustrated with the onset of a double-well structure in the effective phonon potential.
Weakly coupled fields: A more active view

We present a more active formulation of the gauge-theoretic view of the weak and electromagnetic interactions of fundamental fermions, using as a guide the suppression, in nature, of certain matrix elements of strangeness-changing neutral currents between two single-hadron states and/or between a single-hadron state and the vacuum. The principal result of our formulation is that the observed rate for\(K_L \to \bar \mu \mu \) allows us to predict, in the free-quark approximation, the value of (mKL−mKs)/mK within 10% by using the Quigg-Jackson bound.
A disposable membrane strip immunosensor

As the safety in the food supply becomes critical, the demand for rapid, low volume, sensitive, and economic biosensing devices has dramatically increased. An immunosensor based on electrochemical sandwich immunoassay using polyaniline has been developed for detecting foodborne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli 0157:H7. The immunosensor design is based primarily upon the specific nature of labeled antibody-antigen binding. The architecture of the biosensor demonstrates the advantages of using lateral flow formal strip attached to a portable circuitry for signal measurement. The ability to change the specificity of the antibodies enables the biosensor to be used as a semi-quantitative detection device for other types of foodborne pathogens. Results show that the biosensor could detect as low as 10/sup 1/ bacterial cells per milliliter in less than 10 minutes. Additionally, the biosensor yields faster results, and is cheaper than conventional approaches. Details on the device fabrication and performance of the biosensor in detecting E. coli 0157:H7 are presented.
Chemically tailored carbon-based nanoelectronic materials and devices

Carbon-based nanoelectronic materials have attracted significant attention due to their potential to enable and/or improve applications such as transistors, transparent conductors, solar cells, and biosensors. This paper delineates chemical strategies for enhancing the electronic and optical properties of these promising nanomaterials. For example, we have recently developed a scalable technique for sorting singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by their physical and electronic structure using density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU). The resulting monodisperse SWNTs possess unprecedented uniformity in their electronic and optical properties, thus enabling the fabrication of high performance thin film field-effect transistors and transparent conductors. The DGU technique also enables multi-walled carbon nanotubes to be sorted by the number of walls, which facilitates the preparation of high purity solutions of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs). Monodisperse DWNT samples yield enhanced performance in transparent conductors and help elucidate the fundamental photophysics of DWNTs. As a final example, this paper will discuss the preparation and characterization of highly ordered self-assembled monolayers on graphene. In this case, organic functionalization allows the chemical properties of graphene to be tailored for subsequent materials deposition in addition to presenting opportunities for graphene-based molecular electronic and sensing devices.
Optical Phase-Sensitive Amplification: Towards Ultra-Low Noise Transmission Links

Recent progress on χ(3)-based, ultra-low noise phase-sensitively amplified optical transmission links is reviewed, with a special focus on the 'copier-PSA' scheme. The implementation principle, performance advantages and technical challenges are discussed.
History of Syncope in the Cardiac Literature

The rich cardiology literature of the past 100 years in which the most important forms of syncope are described - including vasodepressor syncope, postural orthostatic hypotension, and Morgagni-Stokes-Adams syncope - is fascinating. These conditions were of interest to some of our most astute clinicians who were also excellent writers. We thus have available for review the remarkable description of patients with these entities written by clinicians such as Soma Weiss, Sir Thomas Lewis, Laurence Ellis, David Sherf, Milton Shy, and Glenn Drager. In their detailed clinical descriptions we identify the pertinent symptoms and signs we see in our patients today years later. A group of brilliant basic physiologists and cardiologists was able to explain the altered physiology responsible for the clinical presentations of syncope patients. Basic investigations were done by investigators such as Arnold Weissler, James Warren, J. Erlanger and clinical cardiologists including John Parkinson, Cornelio Papp, and William Evans to name just a few. Between the early precise clinical descriptions and the subsequent thorough definition of the altered physiology, a surprisingly complete understanding of these clinical entities was established 50 years ago. It took another generation before clinicians developed methods of caring for patients with these clinical entities. The development of implantable devices, e.g., pacemakers and defibrillators, for use in Morgagni-Adams-Stokes attacks is the best example of curative therapies catching up with clinical diagnoses. Other more simple relevant therapies were developed for patients with vasodepressor syncope and postural orthostatic hypotension. Finally, the development and acceptance of clinical guidelines for the treatment of these conditions brought the original clinical observations and description of altered physiology into focus and ushered in a new generation of improved care for these patients.
Probing the production of amidated peptides following genetic and dietary copper manipulations.

Amidated neuropeptides play essential roles throughout the nervous and endocrine systems. Mice lacking peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), the only enzyme capable of producing amidated peptides, are not viable. In the amidation reaction, the reactant (glycine-extended peptide) is converted into a reaction intermediate (hydroxyglycine-extended peptide) by the copper-dependent peptidylglycine-α-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) domain of PAM. The hydroxyglycine-extended peptide is then converted into amidated product by the peptidyl-α-hydroxyglycine α-amidating lyase (PAL) domain of PAM. PHM and PAL are stitched together in vertebrates, but separated in some invertebrates such as Drosophila and Hydra. In addition to its luminal catalytic domains, PAM includes a cytosolic domain that can enter the nucleus following release from the membrane by γ-secretase. In this work, several glycine- and hydroxyglycine-extended peptides as well as amidated peptides were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed from pituitaries of wild-type mice and mice with a single copy of the Pam gene (PAM+/−) via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methods. We provide the first evidence for the presence of a peptidyl-α-hydroxyglycine in vivo, indicating that the reaction intermediate becomes free and is not handed directly from PHM to PAL in vertebrates. Wild-type mice fed a copper deficient diet and PAM+/− mice exhibit similar behavioral deficits. While glycine-extended reaction intermediates accumulated in the PAM+/− mice and reflected dietary copper availability, amidated products were far more prevalent under the conditions examined, suggesting that the behavioral deficits observed do not simply reflect a lack of amidated peptides.
Accumulation and depuration of metals by duckweed (Lemna perpusilla).

Abstract Duckweed (Lemna perpusilla), inhabiting a heavy coal ash, secondary retaining basin from a coal-fired power plant, was the most abundant macrophyte sampled (occupying ∼95% of the surface area) during the summer-fall period of 1979. Lemna in the basin accumulated the most abundant heavy and soft metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni) affiliated with heavy ash to a greater extent than found in water or coal ash sediment. After a 14-day holding period under laboratory conditions of low metal influence, some duckweed metal concentrations declined to levels similar to those found in the ash basin sediments (Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cu), while other tissue concentrations (Cd, Zn, Mn, and Fe) remained higher. During the 10-day laboratory exposure bioassay (concentrations of 0.5, 1, 10, 25, and 100 times those measured in the basin for all metals) after the depuration period, high duckweed mortality was evident within 2 to 10 days at concentrations of 10× and higher, which were coupled with excessive pH reduction (3.6-2.6). Significant accumulation relative to conditions in the ash basin occurred at ≥10× concentration (≥0.50 and 0.10 mg/liter, respectively) for Pb and Cr and at the 1× level (0.10 mg/liter) for Ni. Depuration concentrations returned to control levels within 8 days. Cu and Cd showed similar high increases (∼1200 and 100 mg/liter, respectively) in bioconcentration during the 0.5 to 1.0 × concentrations but failed to be significantly depurated during the 8-day recovery period. Exposures to 0.10 mg/liter Zn and 0.05 mg/liter Mn failed to show depuration to levels similar to the control concentrations. The capacity of duckweed to accumulate potentially toxic heavy metals in coal-ash-retaining systems may have an important role upon the displacement of these elements on a seasonal basis. Aquatic elemental releases of duckweed may be minimal during the growing season due to the bioconcentration capability but can be maximal in the fall during the process of natural mortality and the resulting depuration process into the receiving drainage system.
Enzymatic and cellular level effects of cadmium

Exposure of Cd to hepatic enzyme activity, viz. acid‐ and alkaline phosphatases, catalase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase of tilapia, Sarotherodon mossambicus, affected most of the aforementioned enzymes. Acid phosphatase and catalase activities were increased in the liver while that of glucose‐6‐phosphatase decreased by almost as much as fifty percent with 1.0 mg 1‐1 of Cd. In contrast, the additional increase in Cd concentration did not decrease glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity any further. At cellular level, Cd exposure at a lethal dose of 3.5 mg 1‐1 increased lysomal activity in liver cells. Large numbers of lysosomes at various stages of activity were also evident. Primary lysosomes which are smaller in size containing lysosomal enzymes, but not having received substrates, can be easily distinguished from the larger secondary lysosomes in which substrates undergo enzymatic attack. Further, depletion of both fats and glycogen reserves were also noticeable. The mitochondria were found to contain much more intr...
Does Homeownership Education and Counseling (HEC) Help Credit Scores

Raising credit scores is often a key element to pre- purchase counseling for homeownership. This study examined the ef- fectiveness of credit counseling within, homeownership education and counseling (HEC), services on credit scores. The pre- and post-counsel- ing credit scores was obtained for 203 clients. Multiple regression analy- sis found that while client age, step-in-service delivery system after one year and initial credit score were found to be significant variables, diag- nostics suggest that the model needs further theoretical work. Policy goals and practice may need to be altered and alternatives to lower the cost of affordable housing should be considered. (Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: Website: © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.)
A Study on the Convergence of Series Solution of Non-Newtonian Third Grade Fluid with Variable Viscosity: By Means of Homotopy Analysis Method

This work is concerned with the series solutions for the flow of third-grade non-Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity. Due to the nonlinear, coupled, and highly complicated nature of partial differential equations, finding an analytical solution is not an easy task. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is employed for the presentation of series solutions. The HAM is accepted as an elegant tool for effective solutions for complicated nonlinear problems. The solutions of (Hayat et al., 2007) are developed, and their convergence has been discussed explicitly for two different models, namely, constant and variable viscosity. An error analysis is also described. In addition, the obtained results are illustrated graphically to depict the convergence region. The physical features of the pertinent parameters are presented in the form of numerical tables.
Chemolithoorganotrophic Growth of Nitrosomonas europaea on Fructose

The nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea can obtain all its carbon for growth from CO2 and all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of NH3 and is considered an obligate chemolithoautotroph. Previous studies have shown that N. europaea can utilize limited amounts of certain organic compounds, including amino acids, pyruvate, and acetate, although no organic compound has been reported to support the growth of N. europaea. The recently completed genomic sequence of N. europaea revealed a potential permease for fructose. With this in mind, we tested if N. europaea could utilize fructose and other compounds as carbon sources to support growth. Cultures were incubated in the presence of fructose or other organic compounds in sealed bottles purged of CO2. In these cultures, addition of either fructose or pyruvate as the sole carbon source resulted in a two- to threefold increase in optical density and protein content in 3 to 4 days. Studies with [14C]fructose showed that >90% of the carbon incorporated by the cells during growth was derived from fructose. Cultures containing mannose, glucose, glycerol, mannitol, citrate, or acetate showed little or no growth. N. europaea was not able to grow with fructose as an energy source, although the presence of fructose did provide an energy benefit to the cells. These results show that N. europaea can be grown in CO2-free medium by using fructose and pyruvate as carbon sources and may now be considered a facultative chemolithoorganotroph.
Fun and Creative Unit Assessment Ideas for All Students in Physical Education

Although traditional methods of assessment — such as rubrics, checklists, skill tests, and quizzes — have long been viable methods of evaluation in physical education, they may at times seem boring or overwhelming. Yet, assessment can be as fun and interesting as the activities that are taught in physical education, and can help to increase students' performance outcomes. Teachers can offer multiple modes of assessment that address the diversity of learning styles in the classroom while still allowing curricular objectives to be met and achieved. Permitting students to choose their assessment preference based on their personal strengths and interests can give them a sense of ownership and increase their enthusiasm for successful completion of the assessment project. This article provides several alternative modes of assessment for all K-12 grade levels, all of which can be adapted to fit the needs of the school's physical education curriculum, teacher, or students.
Nonlinear-optical calculations using fast-transform methods: Second-harmonic generation with depletion and diffraction

The authors describe an analytical approach to nonlinear-optics calculations which is well adapted to obtaining accurate and efficient numerical results for steady-state nonlinear interactions including finite transverse beam profiles, beam-diffraction effects, and power-depletion effects. This general approach is applied to obtain new results for optical second-harmonic generation with both Gaussian and unstable-resonator transverse beam profiles, under large-signal conditions where pump depletion as well as diffraction effects are important.
RM-04RETINOBLASTOMA BINDING PROTEIN 4 (RBBP4) MODULATES TEMOZOLOMIDE RESPONSE THROUGH REGULATION OF MGMT EXPRESSION IN GLIOBLASTOMA

Through shRNA library screen we identified RBBP4 as a modulator of TMZ response in glioblastoma (GBM). Consequently, we investigated the mechanisms whereby RBBP4 modulates TMZ response using shRNA to silence this gene in MGMT-expressing T98G and U138 GBM cells. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using fluorescence-based CYQUANT proliferation assay. A total of 4 shRNA constructs significantly suppressed RBBP4 in both T98G and U138. Cells expressing non-specific targeting shRNA (NT-shRNA) were used as control. RBBP4 knockdown significantly sensitized TMZ both in T98G and U138 cells; the relative fluorescence for the TMZ-treated (100 µM) control T98NT-shRNA cells was 1.17 ± 0.15, whereas for T98RBBP4-shRNA clones were 0.54 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.03, 0.36 ± 0.05, and 0.34 ± 0.03, respectively (p < 0.001). Similar sensitization was observed in U138 cells; relative fluorescence for the TMZ-treated (300 µM) control U138NT-shRNA cells was 0.70 ± 0.05 and for U138RBBP4-shRNA clones were 0.42 ± 0.06, 0.27 ± 0.01, 0.28 ± 0.02, and 0.30 ± 0.01, respectively (p < 0.001). Interestingly, knockdown of RBBP4 in T98G was accompanied with a synthetic lethality to PARP inhibition and increased response to TMZ-induced DNA damage, as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of KAP1, CHK1 and CHK2. Moreover, phosphorylation of H2AX in response to TMZ treatment was significantly higher in T98RBBP4-shRNA clones. Consistent with deficient homologous recombination (HR), T98RBBP4-shRNA clones significantly expressed less RAD51 compared with the control T98NT-shRNA cells. Even more interesting, RBBP4 knockdown silenced MGMT expression in both T98G and U138, which was accompanied by decreased recruitment of acetylated H3K9 coupled with increased recruitment of tri-methylated H3K9. Moreover, RBBP4 knockdown was coupled with loss of p300 recruitment to bind MGMT promoter region. Collectively, these findings suggest that RBBP4 modulates TMZ response in GBM cells through epigenetic regulation of MGMT, and perhaps through RAD51-mediated HR repair of DNA damage in selected GBM cells.
Lazy I/O is not the answer

Synchronization problems with input from terminal devices in Pascal have existed for several years. Recently, a technique known as "lazy I/O" has achieved popularity with implementors, and the latest published version of the draft ISO Pascal Standard is carefully worded to allow its use. This paper contends that lazy I/O is not an adequate general solution to the problem, and a simple solution that has been used successfully in several implementations is proposed as an alternative.
Proportional Chamber Data Acquisition Providing Maximum Spatial Resolution at High Rates

A proportional chamber readout system designed to provide maximum spatial resolution in two-dimensional images acquired at high data rates has been designed and constructed. This system has been tested on a spherical drift chamber area detector, described in another report at this conference, and it has yielded an image resolution of 0.4 mm FWHM at a count rate of 100,000 events per second in a finely collimated pencil beam. The ultimate resolution believed to be possible with the readout is about 0.2 mm FWHM, and the incident rate at which degredation of resolution occurs is expected to be in excess of 500,000 events per second. The readout is based on acquiring analog signal levels in time intervals comparable to the current pulses on anode wires, then processing these signals with high speed analog circuits and digitizing the result. The present system uses 80 parallel channels on each coordinate of a 50 cm square image area, has a total acquisition time of as little as 70 ns, and provides a throughput rate of up to 200,000 events per second.
Analysis of geodetic satellite (Geos I) observations in North America

Geos I observations made at thirty optical and four Secor stations were analyzed in the geometric and short-arc modes for the purpose of detecting systematic distortions in the North American Datum. The results indicate that the Nad at its origin (Meades Ranch, Kansas) requires an easterly rotation in azimuth and a westerly rotation in the prime vertical plane, both in the magnitude of one second of arc to fit the satellite data. There is also evidence of the need for a reduction in scale of about 1:200.000.
A laser Raman study of the stress dependence of vibrational frequencies of a monocrystalline polydiacetylene

The applicaiton of a tensile stress to a monocrystalline fiber of a polydiacetylene, an extended‐chain polymer, causes the Raman‐observed C≡C and C=C in‐chain vibrational frequencies to decrease linearly with elongation. The polymer studied, poly‐HDU, results from the solid state polymerization of R–C≡C–C≡C–R, where R=–CH2OCONHC6H5. This experimental relationship between bond frequency shifts and deformation is analyzed by calculating bond force constant changes as a function of macroscopic stress. It is shown that possible effects due to stress‐induced changes in electron delocalization in this fully conjugated polymer are negligible and the principal contributions to the bond frequency shifts are due to bond anharmonicity. Models which assume that the entire effect is due to bond anharmonicity produce calculated dependencies of ν (C=C) and ν (C≡C) upon fractional elongation, which are in good agreement with that observed.
Water–water and water–macromolecule interactions in food dehydration and the effects of the pore structures of food on the energetics of the interactions

Abstract A molecular dynamics (MD) modeling and simulations approach has been rationally built and developed to study porous food systems constructed with amylose and dextran chains. The findings from our MD studies indicate that the presence of food macromolecules decreases the energetics of the water–water interactions for the nearby water molecules in the pore space, but provides additional water–macromolecule interactions that can significantly outweigh the partial loss of water–water interactions to make the adjacent water molecules strongly bound to the food macromolecules so that the water activity and water removal rate are decreased as dehydration proceeds and, thus, the dehydration energy requirement would be increased. The effects of pore structures are greater in systems with higher densities of food macromolecules, smaller in size pores, and stronger water–macromolecule interactions. Dehydration of food materials can thus be reasonably expected to start from the largest pores and from the middle of the pores, and to have non-uniform water removal rates and non-planar water–vapor interfaces inside individual pores as well as across sections of the food materials. The food porous structures are found to have good pore connectivity for water molecules. As dehydration proceeds, water content and the support from water–water and water–macromolecule interactions both decrease, causing the food porous structures to adopt more compact conformations and their main body to decrease in size. Dehydration in general also reduces pore sizes and the number of pore openings, increases the water–macromolecule interactions, and leads to the reduction of the overall thermal conductivity of the system, so that more energy (heat), longer times, and/or greater temperature gradients are needed in order to further dehydrate the porous materials. Our thermodynamic analysis also shows that the average minimum entropy requirement for food dehydration is greater when the water–macromolecule interactions are stronger and the food macromolecular density is higher. The importance of the physicochemical affinity of food molecules for water and of the compatibility of the resultant porous structures with water configurational structures in determining food properties and food processing through the water–macromolecule interactions, is clearly and fundamentally verified by the results and discussion presented in this work.
Age-Related Degradation of Steam Generator Internals Based on Industry Responses to Generic Letter 97-06

This paper presents the results of an aging assessment of the nuclear power industry’s responses to NRC Generic Letter 97-06 on the degradation of steam generator internals experienced at Electricite de France (EdF) plants in France and at a United States pressurized water reactor (PWR). Westinghouse (W ), Combustion Engineering (CE), and Babcock & Wilcox (B & W) steam generator models, currently in service at U.S. nuclear power plants, potentially could experience degradation similar to that found at EdF plants and the U.S. plant. The steam generators in many of the U.S. PWRs have been replaced with steam generators with improved designs and materials. These replacement steam generators have been manufactured in the U.S. and abroad. During this assessment, each of the three owners groups (W , CE, and B&W) identified for its steam generator models all the potential internal components that are vulnerable to degradation while in service. Each owners group developed inspection and monitoring guidance and recommendations for its particular steam generator models. The Nuclear Energy Institute incorporated in NEI 97-06, “Steam Generator Program Guidelines,” a requirement to monitor secondary side steam generator components if their failure could prevent the steam generator from fulfilling its intended safety-related function. Licensees indicated that they implemented or planned to implement, as appropriate for their steam generators, their owners group recommendations to address the long-term effects of the potential degradation mechanisms associated with the steam generator internals.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The effects of 9/11 on intermarriage between natives and immigrants to the U.S.

The existing literature generally finds a negative impact of the 9/11 tragedy on immigrants’ labor market performance, consistent with increased discrimination in the labor market and stricter immigration policies. In this paper, we examine the impact of this tragic event on a particular measure of immigrants’ social outcomes—marriage with a native or intermarriage. We find that the tragic event actually increases Hispanic immigrants’ probability of being married to a native. We suggest that our results could be explained by that after 9/11, the deteriorated labor market conditions, along with tightened immigration policies, may have led to increased incentives of immigrants to marry natives. This effect is large relative to the potential discrimination effect, if any, that could reduce natives’ willingness to marry an immigrant. We also find that the magnitude of the effect is much smaller in the years immediately following 9/11 and becomes larger over time; and that there exists a large, statistically significant gender difference in the effects of 9/11 on intermarriage outcomes. Finally, we conduct indirect tests of proposed explanations; and our results imply existence of economic gains from intermarriage, and that discrimination may indeed exist.
In vitro effects of acetaminophen metabolites and analogs on the respiration of mouse liver mitochondria

Acetaminophen, an analgesic and antipyretic, is toxic in overdose to liver and kidney. The effects on mitochondrial respiration of acetaminophen, its less toxic analog, 3-hydroxyacetanilide, and metabolites which arise from these compounds have been investigated. The parent compounds inhibited NADH-linked respiration reversibly, whereas the metabolites inhibit all mitochondrial respiration, apparently in the Complex III region of the respiratory chain. The quinone derivatives, 4-acetamido-o-benzoquinone and 2-acetamido-p-benzoquinone, are the best inhibitors, with the onset of inhibition dependent on active respiration, suggesting interaction of these compounds with oxidized components of the electron transport chain.
Mechanistic study on the replacement reaction between silver nanostructures and chloroauric acid in aqueous medium.

The replacement reaction between silver nanostructures and an aqueous HAuCl4 solution has recently been demonstrated as a versatile method for generating metal nanostructures with hollow interiors. Here we describe the results of a systematic study detailing the morphological, structural, compositional, and spectral changes involved in such a heterogeneous reaction on the nanoscale. Two distinctive steps have been resolved through a combination of microscopic and spectroscopic methods. In the first step, silver nanostructure (i.e., the template) is dissolved to generate gold atoms that are deposited epitaxially on the surface of each template. Silver atoms also diffuse into the gold shell (or sheath) to form a seamless, hollow nanostructure with its wall made of Au−Ag alloys. The second step involves dealloying, a process that selectively removes silver atoms from the alloyed wall, induces morphological reconstruction, and finally leads to the formation of pinholes in the walls. Reaction temperature was f...