cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appropriate Liability Rules for Tying and Bundled Discounting

Professor Einer Elhauge’s highly acclaimed article, Tying, Bundled Discounts, and the Death of the Single Monopoly Profit Theory, 123 Harv. L. Rev. 397 (Dec. 2009), contests two propositions on which efficiency-minded antitrust scholars have largely agreed: (1) that there should be no tying liability absent substantial tied market foreclosure (a position contrary to the legal status quo), and (2) that courts should recognize a safe harbor for any bundled discount that results in above-cost pricing that could be matched by an equally efficient, single-product rival. Elhauge maintains that tie-ins that do not cause substantial tied market foreclosure may nonetheless occasion adverse “power” effects that the U.S. Supreme Court has properly deemed to be anticompetitive. Those power effects may also result, Elhauge argues, from bundled discounts (even “above-cost” bundled discounts) that involve artificial inflation of the unbundled “linking” product price. These conclusions lead Elhauge to defend prevailing tying doctrine and to advocate a bundled discount rule that eschews price-cost comparisons and instead focuses on whether the discounter has raised the unbundled price of its linking product above but-for levels. This Article asserts a comprehensive response to Elhauge’s provocative arguments. With respect to tying, the Article shows that governing Supreme Court precedent does not deem the non-foreclosure “power” effects of the practice to be anticompetitive and that those effects are unlikely to reduce social welfare in the long run, especially after accounting for dynamic efficiencies. With respect to bundled discounting, the Article shows that Elhauge’s proposed liability rule is both inapposite to consumer harm and inadministrable and that both “linked” market foreclosure and a form of below-cost pricing are necessary for anticompetitive harm and should therefore be prerequisites to antitrust liability.
THE GENUS GRAMMOTAULIUS IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (TRICHOPTERA, LIMNEPHILIDAE)

Four species of the Genus Grammotaulius , one of which is now considered a synonym, have been recognized in North America. These have been recorded only from Greenland, Canada, and northwestern United States. In August, 1940, Dr. C. E. Mickel and Mr. H. E. Milliron collected a series including both sexes of a new species in Colorado.
Two-Level Scratchpad Memory Architectures to Achieve Time Predictability and High Performance

In modern computer architectures, caches are widely used to shorten the gap between processor speed and memory access time. However, caches are time-unpredictable, and thus can significantly increase the complexity of worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis, which is crucial for real-time systems. This paper proposes a time-predictable twolevel scratchpad-based architecture and an ILP-based static memory objects assignment algorithm to support real-time computing. Moreover, to exploit the load/store latencies that are known statically in this architecture, we study a Scratchpad Sensitive Scheduling method to further improve the performance. Our experimental results indicate that the performance and energy consumption of the two-level scratchpad-based architecture are superior to the similar cache based architecture for most of the benchmarks we studied.
Linear TimeInvariant (LTI) Systems

This chapter contains sections titled: Linear Systems Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems The Convolution Integral The Unit-Impulse Sifting Property Convolution This chapter contains sections titled: Problems ]]>
Losses in Microstrip

Expressions are derived for the conductor loss in microstrip transmission lines. The formulas take into account the finite thickness of the strip conductor and apply to the mixed dielectric system. Good agreement with experimental data is obtained for rutile and alumina substrates.
Playing New Games with Old Tools: Leaders and Referenda

The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy. By Mark Clarence Walker. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 166 pp., $49.95 (ISBN: 1-4039-6263-4). The Strategic Use of Referendums by Mark Clarence Walker is a brief but informative book that contributes to several literatures, including work on leadership, comparative legislative-executive relations, and the post-Soviet states. In it, Walker places the leader who desires to increase his power (especially vis-a-vis the legislative branch of government) at center stage and builds a theory about how the referendum can be used for that purpose. Walker's theory begins with the premise that, regardless of the type of political system (democratic, authoritarian, or transitional), leaders use similar strategies to call and hold referendums. He defines the referendum as “a submission of a proposed public measure or actual statute to a direct popular vote” (p. 1). About the basic mechanism of referendum politics, he makes three claims (p. 3): 1. Referendums are part of a bargaining process between elites whose bases of power lie in different institutional settings. 2. Referendums give political actors the political legitimacy to pursue change and potentially alter status quo institutions. 3. When introducing referendums, executives can better position themselves along a policy spectrum to win than legislatures can. To explain the third proposition, Walker uses “spatial models” (Morrow 1994) that map the positions of political actors (in this case, executives and legislatures) vis-a-vis the electorate to illustrate that executives are generally closer to the public than is the legislature. To build his theory, Walker explores the cases of Charles De Gaulle and Augusto Pinochet. His primary method is the case study, using a …
Mechanism of Pyrethroid Pesticide–Induced Apoptosis: Role of Calpain and the ER Stress Pathway

Exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin has been demonstrated to cause apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. However, the molecular pathways leading to deltamethrininduced apoptosis have not been established. To identify these pathways, SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells were exposed to deltamethrin (100nM–5mM) for 24–48 h. Deltamethrin produced a time- and dose-dependent increase (21–300%) in DNA fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis. Data demonstrate that the initiation of DNA fragmentation resulted from interaction of deltamethrin with Na 1 channels and consequent calcium influx, as tetrodotoxin and the intracellular Ca 21 chelator BAPTA-AM completely prevented apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was accompanied by increased caspase-9 and -3 activities and was abolished by specific caspase-9 and -3 inhibitors. However, deltamethrin did not increase cytosolic cytochrome c levels, indicating that the mitochondrial pathway was likely not involved. Additional studies demonstrated that deltamethrin exposure activated caspase-12 activity and that pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown of calpain prevented deltamethrin-induced DNA fragmentation, thus indicating a role for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. This was confirmed by the observation that inhibition of eIF2a abolished deltamethrininduced DNA fragmentation. Together, these data demonstrate that deltamethrin causes apoptosis through its interaction with Na 1 channels, leading to calcium overload and activation of the ER stress pathway. Because ER stress and the subsequent unfolded protein response have been observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, these data provide mechanistic information by which high-level exposure to pyrethroids may contribute to neurodegeneration.
Focus on . . . The Pension Provisions of EGTRRA

This article describes the pension changes made by the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA), most of which take effect in 2002. Many of these changes are controversial, but there is no doubt that they offer significant planning opportunities.
Spectroscopic characterization of acetylene-terminated sulfone resin

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the thermal polymerization of the acetylene-terminated (AT) resin, bis[4-(3-ethynylphenoxy)phenyl]sulfone. Spectral processing techniques (including the method of factor analysis) were utilized in the analysis of the infrared data. The degree of cure was quantitatively monitored as the resin was thermally polymerized. Factor analysis indicated that only one reaction product is spectroscopically distinguishable. Further band analysis indicated the formation of predominantly trans conjugated polyene structures. No evidence for cyclotrimerization was found.
Comparative GLC‐MS Analysis of Phenolic Acids of Selected Tree Nuts

Phenolic acids were extracted from the nutmeats and/or testae of pine nut, almond, filbert, American Chestnut, a hybrid American chestnut, Chinese chestnut, black walnut, butternut and shagbark hickory and analyzed as their methyl esters/trimethylsilyl derivatives by GLC-MS. Both qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among samples in the acids present with gallic acid being predominant except in pine nut, almond and filbert. Caffeic was the predominant acid in pine nut; protocatechuic acid was predominant in almond and filbert. Phenolic acids isolated and identified were p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, vanillic, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, caffeic and ferulic acids.
Computational evidence for the foundations of numerical competence

INFANT is a computational model of Simon's (1997) ‘non-numerical’ account of the foundations of numerical competence. It operationalizes the memory, individuation, object permanence and spatiotemporal representation competencies of that account into a simulation of the Simon, Hespos & Rochat (1995) study. Results demonstrate that infants’ responses can indeed be reproduced without numerical representations.
Rates of convergence of nearest neighbor estimation under arbitrary sampling

Rates of convergence for nearest neighbor estimation are established in a general framework in terms of metric covering numbers of the underlying space. The first result is to find explicit finite sample upper bounds for the classical independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random sampling problem in a separable metric space setting. The convergence rate is a function of the covering numbers of the support of the distribution. For example, for bounded subsets of R/sup r/, the convergence rate is O(1/n/sup 2/r/). The main result is to extend the problem to allow samples drawn from a completely arbitrary random process in a separable metric space and to examine the performance in terms of the individual sample sequences. The authors show that for every sequence of samples the asymptotic time-average of nearest neighbor risks equals twice the time-average of the conditional Bayes risks of the sequence. Finite sample upper bounds under arbitrary sampling are again obtained in terms of the covering numbers of the underlying space. In particular, for bounded subsets of R/sup r/ the convergence rate of the time-averaged risk is O(1/n/sup 2/r/). The authors then establish a consistency result for k/sub n/-nearest neighbor estimation under arbitrary sampling and prove a convergence rate matching established rates for i.i.d. sampling. Finally, they show how their arbitrary sampling results lead to some classical i.i.d. sampling results and in fact extend them to stationary sampling. The framework and results are quite general while the proof techniques are surprisingly elementary. >
Scattering from microrough surfaces: comparison of theory and experiment

Scattering data taken at 0.6328, 3.39, and 10.6 μm are compared with theoretical calculations based on vector and scalar theories of scattering. Methods are described for obtaining the rms surface height using various degrees of dependence on the models of scattering.
Use of aromatic hydroxylation of phenylalanine to measure production of hydroxyl radicals after myocardial ischemia in vivo. Direct evidence for a pathogenetic role of the hydroxyl radical in myocardial stunning.

A pathogenetic role of .OH in myocardial stunning has been inferred from the protective effects of .OH scavengers and iron chelators. However, conclusive demonstration of the .OH radical hypothesis of myocardial stunning requires direct verification of three major, but still unproven, assumptions: (1) .OH is produced in the stunned myocardium in vivo; (2) antioxidant therapy inhibits .OH production; and (3) such inhibition results in enhanced recovery of contractility (ie, .OH is necessary for the development of myocardial stunning). Since phenylalanine (Phe) reacts with .OH to form the hydroxylated products ortho-, meta-, and para-tyrosines (o-, m-, and p-tyr), we used aromatic hydroxylation of Phe to detect .OH formation in the stunned myocardium. Open-chest dogs undergoing a 15-minute coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion received an intravenous infusion of Phe (54.3 mg/kg for 11.5 minutes beginning 90 seconds before reperfusion); these animals were given either no antioxidant therapy (group I, n = 15), N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (MPG) (group II, n = 11), or MPG combined with superoxide dismutase, catalase, and desferrioxamine (group III, n = 12). In addition, group IV (nonischemic control group, n = 6) received Phe but did not undergo coronary occlusion, whereas group V (ischemic control group, n = 16) underwent a 15-minute occlusion but did not receive Phe or antioxidants. The plasma concentrations of tyrosines in the local venous effluent and in the arterial blood were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. In group I, production of o- and m-tyr, which are specific markers of .OH formation, began during coronary occlusion but increased dramatically immediately after reperfusion, peaking at 1 minute and continuing up to 10 minutes of reperfusion. In group II, the production of o- and m-tyr was markedly decreased throughout the first 10 minutes of reperfusion. In group III, the production of m-tyr was decreased to levels similar to those in group II, whereas the production of o-tyr was almost completely abolished. There was no appreciable production of o- or m-tyr in group IV. Recovery of contractile function (assessed as systolic wall thickening) was increased in group I vs group V. Recovery of function was further enhanced in group II, with only a slight additional improvement in group III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Metagenomic insights into S(0) precipitation in a terrestrial subsurface lithoautotrophic ecosystem

The Frasassi and Acquasanta Terme cave systems in Italy host isolated lithoautotrophic ecosystems characterized by sulfur-oxidizing biofilms with up to 50% S(0) by mass. The net contributions of microbial taxa in the biofilms to production and consumption of S(0) are poorly understood and have implications for understanding the formation of geological sulfur deposits as well as the ecological niches of sulfur-oxidizing autotrophs. Filamentous Epsilonproteobacteria are among the principal biofilm architects in Frasassi and Acquasanta Terme streams, colonizing high-sulfide, low-oxygen niches relative to other major biofilm-forming populations. Metagenomic sequencing of eight biofilm samples indicated the presence of diverse and abundant Epsilonproteobacteria. Populations of Sulfurovum-like organisms were the most abundant Epsilonproteobacteria regardless of differences in biofilm morphology, temperature, or water chemistry. After assembling and binning the metagenomic data, we retrieved four nearly-complete genomes of Sulfurovum-like organisms as well as a Sulfuricurvum spp. Analyses of the binned and assembled metagenomic data indicate that the Epsilonproteobacteria are autotrophic and therefore provide organic carbon to the isolated subsurface ecosystem. Multiple homologs of sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (Sqr), together with incomplete or absent Sox pathways, suggest that cave Sulfurovum-like Epsilonproteobacteria oxidize sulfide incompletely to S(0) using either O2 or nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, consistent with previous evidence that they are most successful in niches with high dissolved sulfide to oxygen ratios. In contrast, we recovered homologs of the complete complement of Sox proteins affiliated Gammaproteobacteria and with less abundant Sulfuricurvum spp. and Arcobacter spp., suggesting that these populations are capable of the complete oxidation of sulfide to sulfate. These and other genomic data presented here offer new clues into the physiology and genetic potential of the largely uncultivated and ecologically successful cave Sulfurovum-like populations, and suggest that they play an integral role in subsurface S(0) formation.
COMPLETE SPACE-LIKE HYPERSURFACES OF A DE SITTER SPACE WITH r = kH

In this paper, we classify complete space-like hypersurfaces in a de Sitter space with non-negative sectional curvature and r = kH, where k is a nonnegative constant, and r and H are the scalar curvature and the mean curvature respectively.
Elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm based RF IC optimizer

An optimization tool for radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) based on an elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm is introduced. It casts RF circuit synthesis as a multi-objective optimization problem and produces multiple solutions along the Pareto optimal front. Optimization is followed by sensitivity assessment wherein Monte Carlo simulations are performed for the Pareto points with respect to process, voltage, and temperature variations. The tool is validated in the synthesis of a 5.2-GHz direct-conversion receiver front-end that includes a common-gate differential low-noise amplifier, I/Q down-conversion mixers, and a quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator in a 250-nm SiGe BiCMOS process.
Using an Autothrottle to Compare Techniques for Saving Fuel on a Regional Jet

ight to maximize the range of a particular aircraft. This paper compares six of these methods using the same aircraft model and discusses how to implement these techniques in an autothrottle. Alternative implementations also include adding the algorithm to the Flight Management System to use during ight planning, or to including it in the databases to use during dispatch calculations. The results show that the speeds calculated by these methods are more fuel ecient than the usual cruise operating speed.
Comminuted tibial eminence anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fractures: Failure of arthroscopic treatment

Multisuture arthroscopic repair of two comminuted tibial eminence anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fractures in adult patients is reported. Lack of rigid fixation and a tentative rehabilitation program resulted in arthrofibrosis and limited knee motion.
School Gender Culture and Student Subjective Well-Being

This study explores the impact of school gender culture in the United States on boys’ and girls’ attachment to school and symptoms of depression. We consider multiple dimensions of school gender culture and hypothesize that student subjective well-being is lower in schools with a lower percentage of females, stronger orientations toward marriage, more prevalent contact sports, and a student body that engages more often in fighting and drinking. xThe hypotheses are derived from theories of gendered organizations, heteronormativity, and hypermasculinity. Analyses of a national sample of middle and high school students in the U.S. (5,847 girls, 5,347 boys) from the 1994–95 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health show considerable variation in school gender cultures, and regression analyses yield some support for the hypotheses. A higher proportion of female students is associated with fewer depressive symptoms among girls as predicted, but weaker school attachment for boys. The results more consistently supported the hypotheses that student well-being suffers in schools where more classmates get into fights or get drunk. Finally, we find no evidence that student subjective well-being is affected by contexts in which marital plans are more prevalent or greater proportions of students play collision contact sports. We find some evidence that school gender composition and school contexts of fighting and drinking are consequential for student subjective well-being. We reject the hypothesis that school levels of marriage orientations and contact sports participation undermine student well-being. Overall, more work is needed in the conceptualization and measurement of school gender cultures.
Arudou v. Earth Cure: Judgment of November 11, 2002 Sapporo District Court

Plaintiffs sued public bath for refusing them entrance to the facility. They each won one million yen in damages from the public bath, but lost their lawsuit against the municipal government to pass an anti-discrimination ordinance.
Vertical impact simulations of a full-size and simplified scaled models of an aircraft fuselage section

Computer simulations of aircraft crashworthiness of aircraft using validated models have provided insight into the nature of the energy-absorption of structures and allow parametric studies in evaluation of different crash energy management designs. In this study, the dynamic responses of scaled aircraft fuselage models in comparison with a detailed full-size fuselage model in vertical impact are investigated. The detailed full-size model, constructed from a Boeing 737 mid-section fuselage, consists of a rigid auxiliary fuel tank and a cargo door. The detailed full-size model is dropped from a height of 4.26 m (14 ft) onto a rigid surface, which corresponds to a vertical impact speed of 9.14 m/s (30 ft/s). The drop test simulations are performed using the non-linear explicit code, LS-DYNA. Correlation of the detailed full-size model with the experimental test conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration is presented and demonstrated. The scale modeling technique applied to the aircraft fuselage section is then utilized and for this purpose, a simplified full-size model is first constructed without the auxiliary fuel tank and cargo door. The crash responses of the simplified full-size models in relation to the detailed full-size model are examined. 1/5th, 1/10th and 1/20th scaled models are constructed utilizing the scaling techniques on the simplified full-size model. The vertical impact simulations of the scaled models are carried with identical impact speed as that of the detailed full-size model. General scaling laws for geometry, mass, velocity, acceleration and forces are utilized to predict the output parameters for different scaled models. The results from this study on scaling technique demonstrate a cost-effective and innovative method on the design and crashworthiness analysis of an aircraft structure.
Balancing the Four Es; or Can We Achieve Equity for Social Equity in Public Administration?

Although social equity was brought to the table in the New Public Administration of the 1960s and named the fourth pillar of public administration by the National Academy of Public Administration n...
Depressed intracellular calcium transients and contraction in myocytes from hypertrophied and failing guinea pig hearts

We investigated the basis for impaired left ventricular function of hearts in which hypertrophy was produced by gradual pressure overload. We measured myoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) with fura-2 and sarcomere shortening in single myocytes isolated from control hearts and hypertrophied failing hearts. Diastolic [Ca2+]i was normal, but [Ca2+]i at the peak of contraction was depressed in myocytes from failing hypertrophied hearts. Increasing drive rate from 0.20 Hz to 5.00 Hz increased both diastolic and peak [Ca2+]i. Norepinephrine (3 x 10(-6) M) increased diastolic [Ca2+]i in all cells and tended to normalize peak [Ca2+]i in myocytes from hypertrophied failing hearts during 5.00 Hz drive. Depressed peak [Ca2+]i in the hypertrophied cells was paralleled by significant decreases in both the velocity and percent of sarcomere shortening, which were measured in cells not loaded with fura-2. Sarcomere length was correlated with estimates of [Ca2+]i in intact cells and with controlled levels of [Ca2+] in chemically "skinned" myocytes. A plot of sarcomere length against [Ca2+] gave a single continuous relationship that spanned resting and peak values at all drive rates in both the control and hypertrophied myocytes. Thus heart failure in this model is reflected in impaired myocyte contraction, which is closely related to reduced levels of [Ca2+]i during systole rather than to depressed myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+.
Cameras as clocks

Consumer-grade digital cameras have become ubiquitous accessories of science. Particularly in glaciology, the recognized importance of short-term variability has motivated their deployment for increasingly time-critical observations. However, such devices were never intended for precise timekeeping, and their use as such needs to be accompanied by appropriate management of systematic, rounding and random errors in reported image times. This study describes clock drift, subsecond reporting resolution and timestamp precision as the major obstacles to precise camera timekeeping, and documents the subsecond capability of camera models from 17 leading manufacturers. We present a complete and accessible methodology to calibrate cameras for absolute timing and provide a suite of supporting scripts. Two glaciological case studies serve to illustrate how the methods relate to contemporary investigations: (1) georeferencing aerial photogrammetric surveys with camera positions time-interpolated from GPS tracklogs; and (2) coupling videos of glacier-calving events to synchronous seismic waveforms.
Neonatal Cerebral Infarction and Neuromotor Dysfunction

Twenty-two children with cerebral infarction on neonatal MRI were examined neurologically at school age in a study at Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith, London, UK.
Thromboelastography is a suboptimal test for determination of the underlying cause of bleeding associated with cardiopulmonary bypass and may not predict a hypercoagulable state.

Objectives: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are at risk of bleeding. The goal of this investigation was to compare thromboelastography (TEG) with standard coagulation tests (prothrombin time [PT], partial thromboplastin time [PTT], fibrinogen, and D-dimer) in patients with active bleeding. Methods: A retrospective study of patients who underwent cardiac surgery with CPB was performed. A second analysis was performed to determine if a shortened TEG R time is associated with thrombosis. Results: Paired TEG and standard coagulation tests were available from 21 bleeding patients; of the 15 patients with normal TEG values and three with a shortened R time, all had abnormalities of standard coagulation tests. Eighteen of 67 patients who underwent surgery with CPB had an episode of postoperative bleeding. The TEG R time and coagulation index, PT, and PTT collected after CPB were associated with postoperative bleeding in the univariate analysis, but only PT was independently associated with postoperative bleeding in the multivariate analysis. In the second analysis, three of 38 patients with a normal TEG and four of 43 patients with a shortened R time had a thrombotic event during hospitalization ( P = 1.00). Conclusions: TEG had limited utility in identifying the underlying cause of bleeding and was not predictive of postoperative bleeding associated with cardiac surgery compared with conventional coagulation tests. A shortened TEG R time may not represent a hypercoagulable state.
Photophysical characterization of a helical peptide chromophore-water oxidation catalyst assembly on a semiconductor surface using ultrafast spectroscopy

We report a detailed kinetic analysis of ultrafast interfacial and intra-assembly electron transfer following excitation of an oligoproline scaffold functionalized by chemically linked light-harvesting chromophore [Ru(pbpy)2(bpy)]2+ (pbpy = 4,4′-(PO3H2)2-2,2′-bipyridine, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) and water oxidation catalyst [Ru(Mebimpy)(bpy)OH2]2+ (Mebimpy = 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine). The oligoproline scaffold approach is appealing due to its modular nature and helical tertiary structure. They allow for the control of electron transfer distances in chromophore–catalyst assemblies for applications in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs). The proline chromophore–catalyst assembly was loaded onto nanocrystalline TiO2 with the helical structure of the oligoproline scaffold maintaining the controlled relative positions of the chromophore and catalyst. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze the kinetics of the first photoactivation step for oxidation of wa...
The use of extended criteria donors decreases one-year survival in high-risk lung recipients: A review of the United Network of Organ Sharing Database

Abstract Objective The study objective was to investigate the impact of matching donor quality to recipient severity on survival after lung transplant. Methods By using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing dataset, we analyzed lung transplant recipients from May 4, 2005, to December 31, 2012. By using adjusted Cox regressions, we identified extended criteria donors as those who had 1 or more of the following: age 65 years or more, smoking history of 20 pack-years or more, diabetes mellitus, or African-American race. All other donors were considered standard donors. Recipients were categorized by lung allocation score: lung allocation score less than 70 and lung allocation score 70 or greater. Our primary outcome was 1-year survival after lung transplantation. Results Of the 10,995 lung recipients, 3792 (34%) received extended criteria donor organs. Extended criteria donors were associated with an increased hazard of death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.56; P P P = .017) for recipients with a lung allocation score 70 or greater who received standard donor and extended criteria donor organs, respectively. In Cox regression models, the hazard of death was increased for recipients with a lung allocation score less than 70 + extended criteria donor (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.27-1.60; P P = .005), and was the highest for recipients with a lung allocation score 70 or greater + extended criteria donor (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.40-2.33; P Conclusions Extended criteria donors are associated with reduced 1-year survival, and recipients with a lung allocation score 70 or greater who receive extended criteria donor organs have the lowest survival.
Hormonal control of inhibin secretion.

The studies in this manuscript are mainly concerned with the question: What determines the output of inhibin from the ovary? In an attempt to answer this question we have chosen to examine inhibin output using two approaches, (1) Quantification of the amount of inhibin secreted into the ovarian vein of the rat in vivo during various reproductive states and (2) secretion of inhibin from the granulosa cell compartment of the pig ovary in vitro.
Online MBA programs and the threat of disruptive innovation

Abstract Online MBA programs are examined through the lens of disruptive innovation theory. Disruptive innovations appear at first to be inferior to the level acceptable to the consumers of the products offered by incumbents, targeting an audience ignored by the latter; as they improve, challengers can challenge market share. Using data from the 2011–2012 US News and World Report survey of online MBA programs, this paper evaluates the extent to which this model applies to online MBA programs offered by institutions accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) (incumbents), and those offered by MBA programmes with other accreditation (challengers). Many significant differences are found, in areas such as acceptance rates, target audiences of potential students, pricing, faculty, class sizes, and support services. These differences indeed cast the incumbents and challengers in the roles outlined by the disruptive innovations theory, indicating that incumbents may be at risk of disruption.
Children’s distributive justice: the role of gender norms in different settings

AbstractChildren ages 6, 8 and 10 (N = 66) distributed resources to a boy and a girl when the proportion of feminine and masculine resources varied, when the preferences of the boy and the girl varied, and when the setting was public or private. Children used gender norms to sort the resources but they primarily sorted the resources equally, even when it required violating gender norms. When there was an atypical preference, participants provided more atypical resources to the children. However, when the setting was public, they provided fewer atypical resources. Overall the results indicate that gender norms are especially strong in public settings but explicit information about preferences can lead children to be flexible about gender norms.
The Rotolon Catchment Early-Warning System

Severe instability processes have affected the Rotolon catchment (Eastern Italian Alps) for long time. The first written proof of a landslide occurrence dates back to 1798. The last re-activation occurred in November 2010 when, after a cumulative rainfall of 637 mm in 12 days, a mass of approximately 320,000 m3 detached from the unstable slope and evolved into a debris flow that ran for about 4 km along the channel, threatening the villages along the stream. Since then, the design and the implementation of an early-warning system was considered of primary importance, in order to mitigate the risk for the valley inhabitants. A monitoring network consisting of 42 topographic benchmarks and 6 wire extensometers was installed and a warning system was deployed along four sections of the channel. The latter consists of 3 pendulum sections and a trip-wire section. Alarm sirens installed near the settlements are activated when the warning system is triggered by a debris-flow event, guaranteeing some minutes lead time to the local population. In this way the inhabitants could evacuate in time and reach safe areas thus reducing the risk. A Decision Support System (DSS) is also integrated with the deployed sensors, therefore technicians may support crisis response with a user-friendly instrument.
The New York City Police Department's Domain Awareness System

The New York City Police Department NYPD, the largest state or local police force in the United States, is charged with securing New York City from crime and terrorism. The NYPD's Domain Awareness System DAS is a citywide network of sensors, databases, devices, software, and infrastructure that informs decision making by delivering analytics and tailored information to officers' smartphones and precinct desktops. DAS development began in earnest in 2008; since then, the NYPD has used the system to employ a unique combination of analytics and information technology, including pattern recognition, machine learning, and data visualization. DAS is used throughout the NYPD, and the DAS software has been sold to other agencies, bringing in revenue for New York City. Through improving the efficiency of the NYPD's staff, DAS has generated estimated savings of $50 million per year. Most importantly, the NYPD has used it to combat terrorism and improve its crime-fighting effectiveness. Since DAS was deployed department wide in 2013, the overall crime index in the city has fallen by six percent.
Semi-supervised pattern synthesis in spatially distributed dynamical systems

Pattern producing networks of dynamical systems are useful in a variety of applications ranging from formation control in multi-agent robotics to biological networks. We propose a formal methods framework with minimal user input to synthesize system parameters that result in the emergence of global steady state patterns in spatially distributed dynamical systems. Our framework consists of extensive exploration of steady state behaviors, dividing these behaviors into groups of patterns using a clustering algorithm, and determining system parameters for each pattern cluster using a recently developed formal methods approach for parameter synthesis. A case study illustrating the implementation of this framework on a network of locally interacting living cells is included.
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Melatonin in Alzheimer’s Neurodegeneration

Oxidative stress is a constant feature in the pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease. Free radical overproduction derived from different pathways in those areas where amyloid-beta forms aggregate pushes the balance between endogenous antioxidants and the homeostatic redox control toward a state of oxidative stress. Additionally, a vicious cycle between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation is formed, which further complicates the return to a physiologic balance. Even though amyloid-beta, by itself, may initiate a free radical chain reaction, free radicals in the Alzheimer’s brain come mainly from the microglial respiratory burst and from damaged mitochondria (electron leakage). The majority of Alzheimer hypotheses – including the cholinergic hypothesis, the mitochondrial cascade, the calcium hypothesis, the insulin resistance hypothesis and the lipid connection – all include oxidative stress-related processes. The amyloid-beta processing is itself an oxidative stress-related process. Melatonin is a free radical scavenger which additionally modulates the neuroinflammatory response and may even directly interact with the amyloid-beta, preventing its aggregation. This chapter is devoted to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of melatonin in Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration.
Targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) carries a dismal prognosis with a median survival of only a little over a year (1). Current standard of care for patients includes maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide. However, data over the past decade has revealed that a subpopulation of cells within these tumors, commonly referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are refractory to these therapeutic interventions and can contribute to recurrence (2,3). As a result, numerous research groups have focused their efforts on identifying unique biological features of CSCs in the hope of identifying treatment strategies that will inclusively target the CSCs and potentially reduce recurrence.
Flipped Library Instruction Does Not Lead to Learning Gains for First-Year English Students

A Review of: Rivera, E. (2017). Flipping the classroom in freshman English library instruction: A comparison study of a flipped class versus a traditional lecture method. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 23(1), 18-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2016.1244770 Abstract Objective – To determine whether a flipped classroom approach to freshman English information literacy instruction improves student learning outcomes. Design – Quasi-experimental. Setting – Private suburban university with 7,000 graduate and undergraduate students. Subjects – First-year English students. Methods – Students in six sections of first-year “English 2” received library instruction; three sections received flipped library instruction and three sections received traditional library instruction. Students in the flipped classroom sections were assigned two videos to watch before class, as an introduction to searching the Library’s catalog and key academic databases. These students were also expected to complete pre-class exercises that allowed them to practice what they learned through the videos. The face-to-face classes involved a review of the flipped materials alongside additional activities. Works cited pages from the students’ final papers were collected from all six sections, 31 from the flipped sections and 34 from the non-flipped sections. A rubric was used to rate the works cited pages. The rubric was based on the Association of College and Research Libraries’ Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education (ACRL, 2000), Standard Two, Outcome 3a, and included three criteria: “authority,” “timeliness,” and “variety.” Each criterion was rated at one of three levels: “exemplary,” “competent,” or “developing.” Main Results – Works cited pages from the students who received non-flipped instruction were more likely to score “exemplary” for at least one of the three criteria when compared to works cited pages from the flipped instruction students (68.6% vs. 52.7%). Differences were found in the scores for “timeliness” (88.2% non-flipped scored “exemplary” compared to 58% flipped), and “variety” (55.9% non-flipped scored “exemplary” vs. 35.5% flipped). This pattern was not found for the “authority” category, in which 61.8% of non-flipped works cited pages scored “exemplary” vs. 64.5% of flipped works cited pages. Conclusion – The results suggest that the flipped library instruction approach did not improve student learning outcomes. The study’s findings are limited by the small sample size, the unknown impact of the variability of research assignments between sections, and the lack of control over whether students in the flipped sections completed the pre-class assignments. The author also notes that future research should examine how well the content of flipped library instruction mirrors that of non-flipped instruction sessions. The study concludes that the flipped classroom model needs further research to understand whether it is a strong fit for one-shot library instruction.
Severe carvedilol toxicity without overdose - caution in cirrhosis.

Carvedilol is used in the management of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure and most recently, portal hypertension. It has been associated with improved outcomes regarding variceal bleeding, hepatic decompensation and death when compared to propranolol and endoscopic band ligation. The main cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis and therefore carvedilol is increasingly used in these patients. Due to its extensive hepatic metabolism, carvedilol is contraindicated in severe hepatic impairment. However, there are no dosage adjustments in the manufacturer’s labelling for mild to moderate hepatic impairment. We present a case of cardiogenic shock that occurred after carvedilol 25 mg orally was administered to a patient with cirrhosis. As there was no overdose, the diagnosis was based on clinical recognition of the toxidrome. The patient was successfully treated with glucagon 5 mg bolus followed by infusion. Patients with cirrhosis represent a special at-risk group for beta blocker toxicity. The typical threshold for carvedilol toxicity in overdose is 50 mg but in patients with cirrhosis this is not applicable. Nurses and physicians need to recognize the toxidrome early. Hospitals where carvedilol is used in patients with cirrhosis should have glucagon in formulary at doses to treat toxicity (bolus and infusion). Finally, dose adjustment and slow uptitration of carvedilol in cirrhosis is recommended.
Bayesian estimation of the Cox model under different hazard rate shape assumptions via slice sampling

In this paper, we provide a full Bayesian analysis for Cox's proportional hazards model under different hazard rate shape assumptions. To this end, we select the modified Weibull distribution famil...
Structure, Elastic Constants and XRD Spectra of Extended Solids under High Pressure

We present results of evolutionary simulations based on density functional calculations of a potentially new type of energetic materials called extended solids: P-N and N-H. High-density structures with covalent bonds generated using variable and fixed concentration methods were analysed in terms of thermo-dynamical stability and agreement with experimental X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. X-ray diffraction spectra were calculated using a virtual diffraction algorithm that computes kinematic diffraction intensity in three-dimensional reciprocal space before being reduced to a two-theta line profile. Calculated XRD patterns were used to search for the structure of extended solids present at experimental pressures by optimizing data according to experimental XRD peak position, peak intensity and theoretically calculated enthalpy. Elastic constants has been calculated for thermodynamically stable structures of P-N system.
1. Work Function Measurements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the determination of the surface work function is an important part of the overall characterization of a surface. Any change in the chemical or physical state of the surface, such as absorption or geometric reconstruction, can be observed through work function modification. It discusses the techniques that may be used for routine measurements of the work function to complement other surface analysis methods. It discusses the thermionic and field emission retarding-potential techniques as well as the capacitor methods that gave accurate, reproducible results with experimentally simple arrangements. The chapter also discusses work function theory for metal surfaces. The techniques of work function measurement are divided into three categories. The first deal with methodss involving the cathode of an electron emission system and includes thermionic, photoelectric, and field emission techniques. The second category also involves electron emission, but the work function being measured is that of the anode; these methods are referred to as retarding-potential methods. Considerations are given to capacitive contact potential methods. Finally, experimental embodiments are discussed and the various techniques are compared.
The Bochner Technique

One of the oldest and most important techniques in modern Riemannian geometry is that of the Bochner technique. In this chapter we shall prove some of the classical theorems Bochner proved about obstructions to the existence of Killing fields and harmonic 1-forms. We also explain how the Bochner technique extends to forms. This will in the next chapter lead us to a classification of compact manifolds with nonnegative curvature operator. To establish the relevant Bochner formula for forms, we have used the language of Clifford multiplication. It is, in our opinion, much easier to work consistently with Clifford multiplication, rather than trying to keep track of wedge products, interior products, Hodge star operators, exterior derivatives, and their dual counterparts. In addition, it has the effect of preparing one for the world of spinors, although we won’t go into this here. In the last section we give a totally different application of the Bochner technique. In effect, we try to apply it to the curvature tensor itself. The outcome will be used in the next chapter, where manifolds with nonnegative curvature operator will be classified. The Bochner technique on spinors is only briefly mentioned in this chapter, but Appendix C is devoted to this subject.