cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A general method for determining the role of spectroscopically observed species in reaction mechanisms: Analysis of coverage transients (ACT)

Abstract A kinetic method is described to determine the role of adsorbed intermediates in heterogeneous reaction mechanisms. The method, denoted as analysis of coverage transients (ACT), involves comparing the time response of a spectroscopically observed species in an inert gas and a reactive gas to differentiate between adsorption–desorption processes and reaction. The method is applied in a kinetic study of pyridine hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) on a 12.2 wt% silica-supported nickel phosphide (Ni2P/SiO2) catalyst at 423 K and atmospheric pressure. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements of pyridine adsorbed on Ni2P revealed the formation of a pyridinium surface intermediate. The concentration of the pyridinium intermediate increased with pyridine partial pressure and decreased in the presence of hydrogen, suggesting that it was a reaction intermediate. However, transient and steady-state kinetic measurements showed that the rate of reaction of the intermediate did not correspond to the overall reaction rate, and it is concluded that the pyridinium intermediate is not directly involved in the HDN reaction of pyridine over Ni2P. The studies demonstrate that mere observation of an adsorbed surface species at reaction conditions is not sufficient to prove that it is a reaction intermediate. The ACT method has potential as it can be used with any type of spectroscopy, as long as the surface coverage can be calibrated.
Ca+–Ar2 complexes: linear or bent?

Abstract Ca+–Ar2 complexes are investigated with mass-selected photodissociation spectroscopy and with high-level ab initio calculations. Theory finds two minima with comparable energies for the ground state, a linear Ar–Ca+–Ar structure and a C 2 v Ca + – Ar 2 structure with a significant argon dimer interaction. The latter is computed to be slightly lower in energy. Electronic spectroscopy finds a sharp spectrum near the forbidden Ca + ( 2 D – 2 S ) atomic interval. Two vibronic progressions are assigned that have significantly different linewidths. Analysis of the spectrum establishes that the complex is most likely linear.
Understanding molecular level effects during post exposure processing

The perpetual advancement of materials and equipment for microlithography has resulted in reduction of critical dimensions to scales approaching the size of the molecules that constitute a photoresist. As a result, molecular scale effects such as line edge roughness have become an increasing concern for resist manufacturers and process engineers alike. Computer simulation of lithography has become an integral tool for both process optimization and development of new technologies. However, these simulation tools are generally based upon continuum approximation of the resist material, and are therefore unable to investigate molecular level variations. In this work we investigate the increasing importance of molecular level effects, especially in terms of the contributions of the post exposure bake (PEB) to feature roughness. A linkage has been made between a previously reported mesoscale simulation of the post exposure bake. The mesoscale simulation models discrete transport and reaction events during the post exposure bake to determine solubility variations on the scale of a single oligomeric chain. These solubility variations are then imported into PROLITH and transformed into photoresist topography using the familiar Mack dissolution model. This method has been used to simulate line-edge formation in an APEX-type resist. It is found that the distribution of photoproducts produced during exposure can lead to significant solubility variations during the PEB. These solubility variations can become manifest as roughness of resist feature topogrpahy.
Contextual Model of Leadership Influence in Hospital Units

Using Kerr and Jermier's (1978) taxonomy of substitute and neutralizer variables, the contextual model indicates that the staff nurse's education, group cohesion, and work technology substitute for...
Low temperature growth of high crystallinity GeSn on amorphous layers for advanced optoelectronics

High crystallinity GeSn substitutional alloy thin films with up to 8.7 at.% Sn are directly grown on amorphous SiO2 layers at low crystallization temperatures of 370~470 °C for potential applications in 3D electronic-photonic integration on Si as well as inexpensive virtual substrates for tandem solar cells. The optimal Ge0.913Sn0.087 thin film demonstrates a strong (111) texture and an average gain size of 10 μm, and its grain boundaries are mostly twin and low-angle boundaries with low densities of defect recombination centers. The 8.7 at.% Sn incorporated substitutionally into the Ge lattice far exceeds the ~1 at.% equilibrium solubility limit. Correspondingly, the direct band gap is significantly red-shifted from 0.8 eV for pure Ge to ~0.5 eV for crystalline Ge0.913Sn0.087, right at the verge of the indirect-to-direct gap transition that occurs at 8-10 at.% Sn alloying. Optoelectronic properties are greatly enhanced due to this transition.
Development of capabilities for imaging mass spectrometry under ambient conditions with desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)

Abstract Aspects of the development of mass spectrometry over the past three decades are briefly reviewed and growth points in the subject are identified. Molecular imaging by mass spectrometry is one such growth area. The development of a capability for 2D chemical imaging of surfaces is described, based on the combination of a desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) ion source with an automated surface stage capable of x , y translational motion. The lateral resolution of this new system is found to be less than 200 microns, using a test ink pattern. Chemical imaging of surfaces is demonstrated using model examples of organic and biological systems: (i) imaging of a 2D pattern written in different colored inks on photographic paper and (ii) imaging of thin coronal sections of rat brain tissue fixed onto a glass microscope slide. In both cases, full mass spectra are recorded as a function of x , y -position on the surface. In the chemical imaging example, the distributions of the two different inks on the paper surface were mapped by tracking the abundance of the intact organic cation which characterizes each particular ink dye. In the tissue imaging example, distributions of specific lipids in coronal sections of rat brain tissue were followed from the abundance distributions in 2D space of the deprotonated lipid molecules recorded in the negative ion mass spectra. These latter distributions reveal distinct anatomical features of the rat brain. The results of these studies demonstrate the feasibility of performing surface imaging studies using DESI and show that at this stage of its development it has a lateral spatial resolution of a few hundred microns.
Monitoring the Monsoon in the Himalayas: Observations in Central Nepal, June 2001

Abstract The Monsoon Himalayan Precipitation Experiment (MOHPREX) occurred during June 2001 along the south slopes of the Himalayas in central Nepal. Radiosondes were launched around the clock from two sites, one in the Marsyandi River basin on the eastern footslopes of the Annapurna range, and one farther to the southwest near the border with India. The flights supported rainfall and other hydrometeorological observations (including surface winds) from the Marsyandi network that has been operated in this region since the spring of 1999. The thermodynamic profiles obtained from the soundings support the observed nocturnal maximum in rainfall during the monsoon, with total column moisture and instability maximized just before rainfall peaks. Coinciding with the appearance of a monsoon depression over central India, the onset of the monsoon in this region was characterized by a weeklong weakening of the upper-level westerlies, and an increase in moisture and convective instability. The vertical structure of...
Reproductive Hormone and Ovarian Changes in Cows with Ovarian Cysts

Changes in ovaries and concentrations of reproductive hormones were monitored for 30 days in eight dairy cows with ovarian cysts. Diagnosis of ovarian cysts was based upon detection of single or multiple follicular structures on one or both ovaries of at least 2.5 cm in diameter twice at 10 days apart. Eleven days following the initial diagnosis (day 0) cows were bled at .5-h intervals for 4 h. Beginning the next day eight blood samples were collected from each cow at 4-day intervals. Ovarian examinations were subsequent to blood collection on days 1 to 29. Although concentrations of luteinizing hormone in plasma were variable within cows, only four cows had maximum concentrations greater than 3.0 ng/ml at any time. During the 29 day interval concentrations of progesterone and estradiol-17 beta were not only different among cows but also variable within cows. Over the 29 days, only one cow had mean concentrations of progesterone in plasma greater than 1.0 ng/ml, but concentrations were 1.0 ng/ml or greater in seven of the cows in at least one of the eight plasma samples. Ovarian cycles were not reestablished in any of the cows. However, cystic structures regressed in six cows but only in conjunction with the formation of new ovarian cysts.
Versatile microsecond movie camera.

A laboratory-type camera is readily assembled using the following off-the-shelf components: a 3-mW He–Ne laser; an acoustooptic modulator; an electromechanical beam deflector; and a video (TV) tape recorder. The present camera is distinct in its operation in that submicrosecond laser flashes freeze the image motion while still allowing the simplicity of (millisecond range) electromechanical image deflection. The gating and pulse delay circuits of an oscilloscope synchronize the modulator and scanner relative to the subject being photographed. The pictures consist of a 3–64 frame sequence; the interframe time ranged from ~1 μsec to >1000 μsec. Video recording provides immediate monitoring of the picture quality and accuracy of synchronization. A number of variations are available for particular applications. For example, one can change the electrical pulsing to produce either streak or stroboscopic pictures instead of frames, and film can be substituted for video recording in order to retain more details of the image.
Electron microscopy of gametangial interaction and oospore development in Phytophthora capsici

Gametangial development and oospore formation were studied, with emphasis on cell wall morphogenesis, on mated cultures (A1xA2) of Phytophthora capsici. In this species, the oogonial and antheridial hyphae interact to produce a typical amphigynous antheridium. The following developmental steps were recognized: 1) contact between oogonial and antheridial initials; 2) penetration of the antheridial initial by the oogonial initial; 3) reemergence of the oogonial initial; 4) oogonial expansion; 5) gametangial delimitation and oogonial wall thickening; 6) penetration of the oogonium by the antheridial fertilization tube; 7) oosphere formation; 8) periplasm degeneration and outer oospore wall formation; and 9) inner oospore wall formation. Electron micrographs were obtained of steps 3–9. Steps 1 and 2 were reconstructed from subsequent events. Steps 3–6 are stages of active wall formation with clear indication of intensive dictyosome activity leading to the formation of numerous wall-destined vesicles of two different sizes and electron densities. No vesicles were seen associated with the development of the inner oospore wall; however, by this stage of development the oosphere cytoplasm exhibited an overall intense electron density that obscured fine detail. Cytoplasmic appearance changed enormously during differentiation, from a developing oogonium rich in mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and their vesicles, through an oosphere filled with large “finger-print” vacuoles and lipid-like bodies, to a mature oospore with a large central vacuole (ooplast) surrounded by a cortex of numerous lipid-like bodies; other organelles are confined to the interstitial space between these storage bodies.
Factors Contributing to Petroleum Foaming. 1. Crude Oil Systems

Gas/oil separation can often be accompanied by unwanted foaming. To study this phenomenon, 20 crude oils were subjected to low-pressure foaming experiments. Eleven of the crudes were from offshore platforms where foaming occurs regularly. Two foaming parameters, foam volume (or foamability) and collapse slope (i.e. the rate of foam collapse in the absence of sparge gas), were compared with several crude oil properties, namely, density, bulk viscosity, surface tension, asphaltene and resin content, asphaltene and resin molecular weight, and asphaltene and resin heteroatom content. For asphaltenic crudes, collapse slope was found to correlate with asphaltene content as well as several other crude oil properties: density, viscosity, and surface tension. Foam volume did not relate to any asphaltenic crude oil property. However, for crudes having little to no asphaltenes, foam volume, not collapse slope, strongly related to crude oil surface tension. For low asphaltenic crudes, results further indicate that r...
Petascale Computing for Geosciences Research

A 2005 report describes the opportunities facilitated by, and the feasibility of, establishing a leadership-class computing facility dedicated to geosciences research. A forthcoming workshop will focus on implementation of the vision outlined in this report. The geosciences research community has progressed significantly in its ability to monitor and model components of the Earth system, and now is poised to make significant breakthroughs in understanding the system as a whole. Computational simulation, along with theory and observation, has become established as a fundamental methodology for making progress in Earth system science. Increasingly, numerical simulations are not only tested by observations, but they also provide the first glimpses of new phenomena and quantitative characterization of complex processes. In turn, simulations inspire new theoretical investigations and observational strategies. For example, properties of complex minerals at temperatures and pressures inaccessible to laboratory measurements are beginning to be derived from first-principles-based computations with accuracies sufficient for direct input to Earth models.
In Vivo Administration of Nimesulide, a Selective PGHS-2 Inhibitor, Increases In Vitro Myometrial Sensitivity to Prostaglandins While Lowering Sensitivity to Oxytocin:

To investigate the action of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on uterine sensitivity to established stimulants of myometrial activity, we tested the effect of in vivo administration of nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, into ovariectomized nonpregnant sheep on subsequent in vitro myometrial responsiveness to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGE2α, and oxytocin. Sixteen ovariectomized ewes were infused intravenously with either estradiol (2 μg h, n = 8) or estradiol plus nimesulide (20 mg h, n = 8); for 48 h before necropsy. Longitudinal strips of myometrium were superfused with Krebs buffer solution and their spontaneous baseline contractility recorded after 1 hour. pD2 values and maximum percentage increases in contractile tension were derived from dose-response curves to 10-9 to 10-5 mol/L PGE2 and PGE2α, and 10-11 to 10-7 mol/L oxytocin. Baseline activity was lower in myometrium from estradiol-treated ewes infused with nimesulide as compared with ewes infused with estradiol alone. Maximum tension increase in response to all three agonists was similar in myometrium from estradiol- and nimesulide-treated ewes, but the pD2 in myometrium from nimesulide-treated ewes was higher in response to PGE2 and PGE2α and lower in response to oxytocin. The results show that nimesulide lowers spontaneous myometrial contractility and sensitivity to oxytocin while increasing sensitivity to PGs, indicating a down-regulation of oxytocin receptor and an up-regulation of PG receptors and/or intracellular signaling events.
Evaluation of a silicone lubricant injected spinally.

Abstract Dimethylpolysiloxane fluid, Dow-Corning MF 360, was injected spinally in an appraisal of possible toxic effects which might occur from trace quantities entering the spinal canal. The compound is used as a lubricant in disposable syringes. There was no evidence of neurological effect or tissue inflammation when the compound was injected into the cisterna magna of rats or the spinal canal of rabbits and monkeys. Metabolism studies indicated that most material gaining access to the body was distributed in the fat of the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. None was excreted and there was no evidence of biotransformation. Most of the material placed in the spinal canal of rats was found there 45 days after injection, and except for the fat only trace quantities were found elsewhere.
Public health and medical education: a natural alliance for a new regional medical school.

Abstract A century ago, the Flexner Report challenged U.S. medical schools to critically evaluate their curricula in order to nurture physicians equipped to meet the needs of an evolving society. Recently, medical educators have been charged to increase the emphasis on prevention, care of populations, public health, and community medicine. The Commonwealth Medical College (TCMC) is a new MD-granting medical school inspired by and founded in response to a community need. The founders' vision was to recruit and train physicians to fill workforce needs in Northeast Pennsylvania. In its first few years, TCMC embarked on two major public health initiatives, the Regional Health Assessment and the Community Health Research Projects (CHRPs). The results of the health assessment have been used to guide TCMC's curricular development and research agenda. The CHRPs foster commitment to community involvement, regional engagement, and participatory research. TCMC partners with various organizations and community physicians to ensure that students learn (1) to apply knowledge and skills acquired through the course of their studies to public health research in varied settings; (2) the fundamentals of community engagement, collaboration, and service-based practice; and (3) to address the different needs of patient subgroups and populations. These programs provide opportunities for students to be active participants in community capacity building while achieving specific competencies in public health. Existing partnerships with community organizations are enhanced, strengthening the regional focus of the school. This model of incorporating public health into medical education can potentially be replicated in other institutions in the U.S. and internationally.
Neutron-deuteron elastic scattering from 6 to 12.5 GeV/c☆

The differential cross section for neutron-deuteron elastic scattering was measured for four-momentum transfers 0.3 < −t < 2.0 (GeV/c)2 with incident neutron momenta between 6 and 12.5 GeV/c. The measurement was made with spark chambers at the Argonne ZGS. Results are compared with proton-deuteron elastic scattering at comparable energies as a test of isospin invariance in strong interactions and with the predictions of the Glauber multiple scattering theory. Very good agreement is found.
Studies on bilirubin production and excretion in mice and rats treated with phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, norethandrolone, acetohexamide or enovid.

Two possible mechanisms were considered in an attempt to explain the origin of drug-potentiation of α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced hyperbilirubinemia. The first mechanism investigated was a drug-induced decrease in biliary excretory capacity additive to that produced by ANIT. Maximum biliary bilirubin excretion studies in mice treated with phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, acetohexamide, or Enovid failed to reveal any significant decrease in hepatic excretory capacity. In fact, both phenobarbital and chlorpromazine significantly increased the apparent biliary bilirubin excretory maximum. The second mechanism considered as a possible explanation for the origin of drug-potentiation of ANIT-induced hyperbilirubinemia was an increased rate of bilirubin formation. Studies of the rate of endogenous bile bilirubin excretion and the incorporation of δ-aminolevulinic acid-14C (ALA-14C) into bilirubin in rats revealed that phenobarbital and chlorpromazine significantly increased the rate of bile bilirubin production (μg/100 g/hr) and that phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, and norethandrolone significantly increased the percent incorporation of ALA-14C into bilirubin. Acetohexamide and Enovid both produced an increased, but irregular, response in bile bilirubin excretion and ALA-14C incorporation. The results suggest that an increased rate of bilirubin production may in part contribute to the potentiation of ANIT-induced hyperbilirubinemia.
Investigation of first-passage-time problems in the two-mode dye laser.

The two-mode dye laser exhibits a quasibistable behavior wherein the lasing switches alternately between the modes at random intervals. This behavior can be described in terms of a first-passage-time (FPT) formalism. A Langevin model of the system has been the basis for most analytical approximations to the problem and here the results of detailed, four-dimensional, Monte Carlo simulations are presented. These results are compared to the various analytical and experimental results available. Attention is paid to the differences in alternative FPT problems and especially to problems involved in comparison with experimental data. One recent major advance in modeling the dye laser has been the introduction of pumping fluctuations into the Langevin equations. Effects of the introduction of pumping fluctuations on the FPT problem are explored and comments are made on previous attempts to account for their presence by the use of averaging techniques.
Graphics for social scientists

The social science computing environment and the implications of this for the developers of computer graphics is described. Graphic software developed for social scientists at the University of Michigan is illustrated. MULTIGROUP is used to generate displays in the process of data analysis. GRAPH is used to report results to others. A graphical editor is employed to customize displays.
Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the tonsil and its treatment

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a rare neoplasm affecting mainly the minor salivary glands of the oral cavity. We describe an unusual case of HCCC involving the tonsil and its successful management. A 67-year-old Hispanic woman was discovered to have an asymptomatic right tonsillar mass on routine clinic visit that revealed HCCC on biopsy. A right radical tonsillectomy was performed and pathology confirmed HCCC with positive deep surgical margins. She declined the recommended adjuvant radiation therapy. A follow-up CT of the neck with contrast done a year later revealed a suspicious area of enhancement around the prior resection margin with regional cervical lymphadenopathy. Further workup, including biopsy, confirmed local recurrence. She was treated with definitive cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy, achieving complete response. She remains without recurrence with more than 24 months of follow-up.
Singles ads: Gender, social class, and time

The contents of 800 singles ads were examined. They were compared by the gender of the advertiser, the year of appearance (1991 and 1986), and the SES of the target readership (affluent and general). There were very few advertisers who listed themselves as black, so these ads were not included in the study. Gender differences were most important. Men were more likely to offer financial security and seek attractiveness. Women were more likely to offer attractiveness and seek financial security. The gender differences were in agreement with those reported for over a decade and from many geographical areas, although less than half of the advertisers mentioned either finances or attractiveness. Contrary to our hypotheses, the contents of mens' and womens' ads were more different in 1991 than they had been in 1986 and more in conformity with sexual stereotypes. Ads in a paper with an affluent readership were more likely to mention educational and financial status while ads in a paper with a readership throughout the metropolitan area were more likely to mention physical characteristics.
Pathways to Power: Racial Differences in the Determinants of Job Authority

This study uses data from the 1985 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to assess predictions from the particularistic mobility thesis concerning how African-American and white males reach different hierarchical levels of job authority. Relative to whites, African Americans move into different hierarchical levels of the authority structure by a narrow and circumscribed route. For African Americans, the acquisition of significant human capital credentials and experience at a similar level in the occupational structure in next-to- last job with the same employer are prerequisites to being promoted into present positions of job authority. However, findings from separate analyses by employment sector suggest there is substantially greater similarity in the determinants of job authority in the public than the private sector. I discuss the implications of these findings for explaining racial differences in paths to positions of job authority.
Effect of urethral plate characteristics on tubularized incised plate urethroplasty.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined outcomes of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty based on preoperative urethral plate configuration or width.Materials and Methods: Records of consecutive prepubertal boys undergoing tubularized incised plate distal hypospadias repair were reviewed. The urethral plate was characterized as flat, cleft or deep, and results in each group were noted. In addition, the width of the plate after separation from the glans wings before midline incision was measured in some patients, with outcomes determined according to those less than 8 mm versus 8 mm or greater.Results: Of 159 patients plate configuration was recorded in 143, widths in 48 and both in 46. Outcomes were determined at a mean of 8 months postoperatively. Overall, there were no cases of meatal stenosis and fistulas occurred in 3 patients (2%). No significant difference in results was predicted by plate configuration or width.Conclusions: Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias repair has a low c...
America's Four Gods: What We Say About God – And What That Says About Us

Paul Froese and Christopher Bader, America's Four Gods: What We Say About God – And What That Says About Us. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, 258 pp., $24.95, ISBN 978-0-19-53414...
Methylprednisolone does not benefit patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and early tracheal extubation

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine whether methylprednisolone, when administered to patients undergoing cardiac surgery, is able to ward off the detrimental hemodynamic and pulmonary alterations associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: After institutional review board approval and informed consent was obtained, 90 patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomized to 1 of 3 groups. Group 30MP patients received 30 mg/kg intravenous methylprednisolone during sternotomy and 30 mg/kg during initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, group 15MP patients received 15 mg/kg methylprednisolone at the same 2 times, and group NS patients received similar volumes of isotonic sodium chloride solution at the same 2 times. Perioperative care was standardized, and all caregivers were blinded to treatment group. Various hemodynamic and pulmonary measurements were obtained perioperatively, as well as fluid balance, weight, peak postoperative blood glucose level, and tracheal extubation time. Results: Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and intraoperative data were similar among the 3 groups. Patients receiving methylprednisolone (either dose) exhibited significantly increased cardiac index ( P =.0006), significantly decreased systemic vascular resistance ( P =.0005), and significantly increased shunt flow ( P =.0020) during the immediate postoperative period. All 3 groups exhibited significant increases in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient ( P P P P =.016) among group NS (234 ± 96 mg/dL), group 15MP (292 ± 93 mg/dL), and group 30MP (311 ± 90 mg/dL). In patients extubated within 12 hours of intensive care unit arrival, a statistically significant difference in extubation times existed ( P =.025) between group NS (5.7 ± 2.3 hours), group 15MP (5.9 ± 2.2 hours), and group 30MP (7.5 ± 2.7 hours). Conclusions: Methylprednisolone, as used in this investigation, offers no clinical benefits to patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass and may in fact be detrimental by initiating postoperative hyperglycemia and possibly hindering early postoperative tracheal extubation for undetermined reasons. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:561-9)
An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes

For more than 30 years, we have understood that genes may be organized within genomic DNA in complex spatial arrangements. In particular, gene-coding sequences can overlap: a given segment of genomic DNA can encode more than one gene product, with the overlapping genes often oriented on opposite
Abstract 4227: PARP inhibitors sensitize glioblastoma stem cells to oncolytic herpes simplex virus therapy

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an invariably fatal brain tumor in adults and remains a great challenge for preclinical and clinical research. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been used alone or in combination with genotoxic agents for the treatment of cancers with homologous recombination (HR) repair deficiencies. Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) are genetically-engineered to selectively replicate in cancer cells, and previous studies have shown that oHSV infection of glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) induces DNA damage and compromises HR DNA repair. Therefore, we hypothesized that PARPi and oHSV would synergistically kill GSCs through inducing lethal DNA damage. Here, we show that PARPi consistently inhibited PARylation in a panel of patient-derived GSC lines. Surprisingly, half of GSCs (4 of 8) were sensitive to PARPi killing, with the other half being resistant. When combined with 2 different oHSVs, MG18L and G47Δ, PARPi olaparib and oHSV synergistically killed olaparib-sensitive GSCs in vitro. Moreover, olaparib sensitized PARPi-resistant GSCs to the cytotoxic effects of MG18L or G47Δ, leading to increased DNA damage and cell death. While monotherapy with systemic olaparib or intratumoral injection of MG18L increased survival in an orthotopic xenograft model generated with olaparib-sensitive GSCs, combination treatment greatly extended survival over either monotherapy alone, with concomitant induction of robust DNA damage and apoptosis in the tumors. Furthermore, in an orthotopic model with olaparib-resistant GSCs, in which olaparib monotherapy was not effective, combinatorial therapy of olaparib and MG18L was significantly more efficacious than MG18L alone in prolonging lifespan. Our studies demonstrate that PARPi have anti-GSC activity in about half of GBMs tested, and combining PARPi with oHSV targets DNA damage responses and induces a synthetic lethal effect in vitro and in vivo against both PARPi-sensitive and -resistant GSCs. This report describes a new therapeutic strategy for GBM and supports investigations of this combination in the clinic. Citation Format: Jianfang Ning, Hiroaki Wakimoto, Robert Martuza, Samuel Rabkin. PARP inhibitors sensitize glioblastoma stem cells to oncolytic herpes simplex virus therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4227. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4227
Invited: The semiconductor industry - An unfilled promise

The U.S. technological developments required to continue their leading role in the global expansion of the solid-state electronics industry will be assessed, Economic implications for solid-state engineers will be stressed.
Specialization and Career Dynamics Evidence from the Indian Administrative Service

In this article, we attempt to resolve the tension between two conflicting views on the role of specialization in workers� careers. Some scholars argue that specialization is a net benefit that allows workers to get ahead, while others argue that broad experience across several domains is the only way to be truly exceptional. We use rich longitudinal data from 1974 to 2008 on the careers of Indian Administrative Service officers, members of the Republic of India�s elite bureaucratic service, to test both these hypotheses. We find that specialization benefits officers throughout their career. We distinguish between skill-based and signal-based mechanisms that relate specialization to promotion, by exploring the match (or lack thereof) between the skills officers acquire and the jobs to which they are promoted, and we find that both mechanisms operate, but at different points in the career. Specialization is rewarded later in officers� careers because of the skills they acquire by specializing. Earlier in their careers, skills are less important; it appears that specialization benefits officers because it is a signal of general ability. These results contradict studies that find that specialization helps early in careers but fades with experience, but they also call into question the idea that specialization always reflects accumulated skill. Our results support both types of theories but suggest important scope conditions for when one mechanism or the other is likely to dominate.
An information‐theoretic perspective on teleconnections

[1] A classical paradigm for terrestrial climate variability involves remote sea surface temperature forcing, communicated to receptor regions via atmospheric teleconnections. Here the teleconnection link is abstracted in terms of Shannon's information-theoretic measure “channel capacity.” An upper bound on the channel capacity for December-January-February (DJF) seasonal precipitation teleconnections with sea surface temperature in the NINO3.4 region, when both variables are tercile-quantized, is estimated as 1 bit, meaning that it is only marginally possible to distinguish reliably between two NINO3.4 input states on the basis of observed precipitation output amounts, the central tercile acting principally to degrade reliability. A relationship between the channel capacity in a continuous model and the correlation coefficient is established; the corresponding nonlinear transformation provides a useful shift in perspective on the communication of information as such via teleconnections.
Popular Support for Regional Economic Integration in Latin America

Regional economic integration schemes abound in Latin America, yet very little is known about the degree of popular support for such programmes. Now that democratic regimes rule in almost all of Latin America, public opinion can have an important impact on national policies. This paper examines the attitudes toward economic integration in 17 mainland Latin American countries with interview data from over 18,000 people. Bi-variate and multivariate analyses are conducted on the factors related to support for regional integration. Perceived benefits of integration and perceptions of personal and national economic situation prove to be important factors, as are higher levels of education, support for democracy and gender (males favour integration more than females). Two novel findings are that a positive opinion of the European Union along with satisfaction with the functioning of democracy are both linked to greater support for integration.
Sleep transistor sizing and control for resonant supply noise damping

A fact that has generally been unnoticed is that sleep transistors for leakage reduction can significantly damp the resonant supply noise due to their series resistance. This paper describes an optimal sleep transistor sizing method considering the dominant resonant supply noise. We show that a smaller sleep transistor can offer a smaller worst case supply noise due to the increased damping. We also propose an adaptive sleep transistor technique which automatically dampens the resonant noise only when it is detected. Simulations in 32nm CMOS show that the resonant noise is reduced by 32% using the proposed technique.
Predicting Camera Views for Image-Based Measurements in Wind Tunnels

This paper describes a method for creating virtual images of wind-tunnel scenes and shows how these images can be used to plan image-based measurements. The method has been implemented as a stand-alone Windows application and was used extensively to plan Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements for recent wind-tunnel tests of a 3% scale model of the Space Shuttle. Real and virtual images from these tests are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
Costs of screening and brief intervention for illicit drug use in primary care settings

Objective:In this article, the authors estimate implementation costs for illicit drug screening and brief intervention (SBI) and identify a key source of variation in cost estimates noted in the alcohol SBI literature. This is the first study of the cost of SBI for drug use only.Method:Using primary data collected from a clinical trial of illicit drug SBI (n = 528) and a hybrid costing approach, we estimated a per-service implementation cost for screening and two models of brief intervention. A taxonomy of activities was first compiled, and then resources and prices were attached to estimate the per-activity cost. Two components of the implementation cost, direct service delivery and service support costs, were estimated separately.Results:Per-person cost estimates were $15.61 for screening, $38.94 for a brief negotiated interview, and $252.26 for an adaptation of motivational interviewing. (Amounts are in 2011 U.S. dollars.) Service support costs per patient are 5 to 7.5 times greater than direct service...
Interaction Patterns of Adolescents With Depression and the Important Adults in Their Lives

The purpose of this study is to describe common interaction patterns between adolescents who are depressed and the important adults in their lives, with special attention given to interactions that influence the course of the teens' depression. Data are drawn from an ongoing grounded theory study of the management strategies and service usage patterns of adolescents who are depressed. The sample includes 52 young adults between the ages of 18 and 21 who experienced depressive symptoms as adolescents, 4 of their parents, and 8 professionals who work with youths. All participants discussed how both adolescents and adults ignore, hide, or minimize the adolescents'distress by putting up a facade. The three common interaction patterns that were identified (maintaining the facade, poking holes in the facade, breaking down the facade) are responses to the facade. The author discusses interaction patterns and their influence on the course of the adolescents' depression.
Different regional patterns of cortical thinning in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia

Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) can be difficult to differentiate clinically because of overlapping symptoms. Distinguishing the two dementias based on volumetric measurements of brain atrophy with MRI has been only partially successful. Whether MRI measurements of cortical thinning improve the differentiation between Alzheimer's disease and FTD is unclear. In this study, we measured cortical thick- ness using a set of automated tools (Freesurfer) to reconstruct the brain's cortical surface from T1-weighted structural MRI data in 22 patients with Alzheimer's disease, 19 patients with FTD and 23 cognitively normal subjects.The goals were to detect the characteristic patterns of cortical thinning in these two types of dementia, to test the relationship between cortical thickness and cognitive impairment, to determine if measurement of cortical thickness is better than that of cortical volume for differentiating between these dementias and normal ageing and improving the classification of Alzheimer's disease and FTD based on neuropsychological scores alone. Compared to cognitively normal subjects, Alzheimer's disease patients had a thinner cortex primarily in bilateral, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes (P50.001), while FTD patients had a thinner cortex in bilateral, frontal and temporal regions and some thinning in inferior parietal regions and the posterior cingu- late (P50.001). Compared to FTD patients, Alzheimer's disease patients had a thinner cortex (P50.001) in parts of bilateral parietal and precuneus regions. Cognitive impairment was negatively correlated with cortical thick- ness of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes in Alzheimer's disease, while similar correlations were not signifi- cant in FTD. Measurement of cortical thickness was similar to that of cortical volume in differentiating between normal ageing, Alzheimer's disease and FTD. Furthermore, cortical thickness measurements significantly improved the classification between Alzheimer's disease and FTD based on neuropsychological scores alone, including the Mini-Mental State Examination and a modified version of the Trail-Making Test. In conclusion, the characteristic patterns of cortical thinning in Alzheimer's disease and FTD suggest that cortical thickness may be a useful surrogate marker for these types of dementia.
Nonlinear pairwise alignment of seismic traces

Seismic trace alignment is a recurring need in seismic processing and interpretation. For global alignment via static shift, there are robust tools available, including crosscorrelation. However, another kind of alignment problem arises in applications as diverse as associating synthetic seismograms to field data, harmonizing P‐ and S‐wave data, residual NMO, and final multilevel flattening of common image gathers. These cases require combinations of trace compression, extension, and shift—all of which are time variant. The difficulty is to find a mapping between the traces that is in some senseoptimum.This problem is solved here using a modified form of the Needleman‐Wunsch algorithm, a global optimization method originally developed for aligning amino acid sequences in proteins. Applied to seismic traces, this algorithm provides a nonlinear mapping of one seismic trace onto another. The method extends to multitrace alignment since that problem can be broken down into a cascade of pairwise alignments. Se...
Calibration and optimization of 3D digital breast tomosynthesis guided near infrared spectral tomography.

Calibration of a three-dimensional multimodal digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) x-ray and non-fiber based near infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system is challenging but essential for clinical studies. Phantom imaging results yielded linear contrast recovery of total hemoglobin (HbT) concentration for cylindrical inclusions of 15 mm, 10 mm and 7 mm with a 3.5% decrease in the HbT estimate for each 1 cm increase in inclusion depth. A clinical exam of a patient’s breast containing both benign and malignant lesions was successfully imaged, with greater HbT was found in the malignancy relative to the benign abnormality and fibroglandular regions (11 μM vs. 9.5 μM). Tools developed improved imaging system characterization and optimization of signal quality, which will ultimately improve patient selection and subsequent clinical trial results.
Legal Immigration in the 21st Century

This contribution to a book on proposed immigration law reforms offers concrete proposals for reform of U.S. immigration law. Professor Johnson's proposals are based on the following basic principles: (1) consistent with modern civil rights sensibilities in the United States, our immigration laws should not discriminate on the basis of race or national origin. Nor should the laws seek to shield the nation from the racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity found throughout the world; (2) In fashioning effective legal immigration proposals, immigration law and policy must take into account undocumented immigration. When the demand for migration far outstrips the numbers of immigrants who may be lawfully admitted, undocumented immigration, either through visa overstays and violations or through entries without inspection, will flourish; (3) Mexico is the leading country of origin of legal and undocumented immigrants to the United States. Regularizing the flow of immigrants - particularly undocumented immigrants - from Mexico obviously is critical to making a legal immigration system work effectively and efficiently; and (4) The United States must strive to integrate all immigrants into the political, economic, and social fabric of American life. Under current political conditions in the United States, an open borders policy does not appear politically viable. Assuming that the political process demands limits on immigration, we must ensure that such limits do not invidiously discriminate and that the U.S. government does not selectively enforce the laws against citizens of certain nations. This paper offers some concrete immigration law reform proposals consistent with the basic foundational principles outlined above.
Globalization and Deindustrialization: Direct lnvestment and the Decline of Manufacturing Employment in 17 OECD Nations

Recent years have witnessed a fairly dramatic upswing in the level of foreign direct investment, a phenomenon which has played an integral part in a larger process of globalization. While sociologists have devoted a good deal of attention to the consequences of direct investment for the developing hosts of foreign direct investment, much less attention has been paid to the implications of direct investment for the advanced industrial societies. ln this paper, I focus on one of the more interesting links that has been drawn between direct investment and its effects: that between the outflowof direct investment - often cast as "capital flight" - and deindustrialization. To examine this link I employ a pooled time-series of cross-sections dataset which combines observations on 17 OECD nations across the 1967-1990 period (N=408) . Random effects regression models, which control for unmeasured country-specific effects, reveal strong support for arguments which link direct investment to the relative decline of the labor force in manufacturing in core societies. ln addition, results show that deindustriali zation across this period is largely explained by a model that combines classic generalizations of the process of economic development with an attention to a range of more immediate factors identified by contemporary students of deindustrialization.
Pressure gradients in the atria and pulmonary veins in man.

Summary1. During cardiac catheterization, a pressure gradient was found between a distal point in a pulmonary vein and either or both atrial chambers during the major portion of the cardiac cycle in 2 cases of atrial septal defect, in a third case wherein an anomalous pulmonary vein drained into the right atrium, and in a fourth in which an anomalous pulmonary vein emptied into the superior vena cava.2. The magnitude of the gradient between pulmonary vein and right atrium varied from 3.0 to 5.8 mm of mercury with an average value of 4.2 mm in the 4 cases studied.3. Evidence that this gradient could not be entirely due to an end pressure or Pitot effect was obtained from study of a model in which the end pressure effect was shown to be 0.5 to 0.8 mm of mercury at the same calculated flow velocities.4. It is suggested that this pressure gradient is a result of the pressure transmitted by the right ventricle through the pulmonary circulation, and is an important factor in the left-to-right shunt observed at ...