cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The TGV transgenic vectors for single-copy gene expression from the Escherichia coli chromosome

Plasmid-based cloning and expression of genes in Escherichia coli can have several problems: plasmid destabilization; toxicity of gene products; inability to achieve complete repression of gene expression; non-physiological overexpression of the cloned gene; titration of regulatory proteins; and the requirement for antibiotic selection. We describe a simple system for cloning and expression of genes in single copy in the E. coli chromosome, using a non-antibiotic selection for transgene insertion. The transgene is inserted into a vector containing homology to the chromosomal region flanking the attachment site for phage lambda. This vector is then linearized and introduced into a recombination-proficient E. coli strain carrying a temperature-sensitive lambda prophage. Selection for replacement of the prophage with the transgene is performed at high temperature. Once in the chromosome, transgenes can be moved into other lysogenic E. coli strains using standard phage-mediated transduction techniques, selecting against a resident prophage. Additional vector constructs provide an arabinoseinducible promoter (PBAD), PBAD plus a translation-initiation sequence, and optional chloramphenicol-, tetracycline-, or kanamycin-resistance cassettes. These Transgenic E. coli Vectors (TGV) allow drug-free, single-copy expression of genes from the E. coli chromosome, and are useful for genetic studies of gene function. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Cluster/dislocation interactions in dilute aluminum-based solid solutions

The influence of single solute atoms and solute clusters on an extended edge dislocation dipole in Al was studied by atomistic simulation. Single Cu and Ag solute/dislocation interaction energy calculations showed that Cu interacts strongly with an Al extended dislocation and prefers sites in the compressive region, in agreement with elasticity theory predictions. Single Ag atoms, however, are strongly repelled by an Al extended dislocation, in contrast with elasticity theory predictions. Monte Carlo simulations of Al: 1% Cu, Al: 2% Cu, Al: 1% Ag, Al: 0.5% Cu, 0.5% Ag, and Al: 0.75% Cu, 0.25% Ag were carried out in the presence of an extended dislocation dipole at 600 K allowing for solute segregation. Cu atoms in the binary alloys were observed to segregate to the compressive regions of the extended dislocation dipole, forming widespread “atmospheres” over the width of both extended dislocations which did not affect the partial dislocation spacing. Ag in the binary alloy formed small Ag zones which also had little influence on the spacing between the partials. The ternary systems, however, exhibited highly localized solute clusters that had a large impact on the extended dislocation dipole structure, increasing the separation between the partial dislocations. The resulting cluster structures are discussed along with their influence on the apparent stacking fault energy of the alloy systems.
Renin, a Secretory Glycoprotein, Acquires Phosphomannosyl Residues

Renin is an aspartyl protease which is highly homologous to the lysosomal aspartyl protease cathepsin D. During its biosynthesis, cathepsin D acquires phosphomannosyl residues that enable it to bind to the mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) receptor and to be targeted to lysosomes. The phosphorylation of lysosomal enzymes by UDP-GlcNAc:lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosaminylphosphotransferase (phosphotransferase) occurs by recognition of a protein domain that is thought to be present only on lysosomal enzymes. In order to determine whether renin, being structurally similar to cathepsin D, also acquires phosphomannosyl residues, human renin was expressed from cloned DNA in Xenopus oocytes and a mouse L cell line and its biosynthesis and posttranslational modifications were characterized. In Xenopus oocytes, the majority of the renin remained intracellular and underwent a proteolytic cleavage which removed the propiece. Most of the renin synthesized by oocytes was able to bind to a Man-6-P receptor affinity column (53%, 57%, and 90%, in different experiments), indicating the presence of phosphomannosyl residues. In the L cells, the majority of the renin was secreted but 5-6% of the renin molecules contained phosphomannosyl residues as demonstrated by binding of [35S]methionine-labeled renin to the Man-6-P receptor as well as direct analysis of [2-3H]mannose-labeled oligosaccharides. Although the level of renin phosphorylation differed greatly between the two cell types examined, these results demonstrate that renin is recognized by the phosphotransferase and suggest that renin contains at least part of the lysosomal protein recognition domain.
Malonaldehyde Content of Food

Several types of commercially available food both cooked and uncooked were tested for the presence of the carcinogenic initiator and mutagen, malonaldehyde, which is a breakdown product of unsaturated fatty acids. The thiobarbituric acid derivative of malonaldehyde from meat extract was identified either by thin layer chromatography or by gas chromatography after silylation. Malonaldehyde was also identified directly by gas chromatography. Among the meats purchased from supermarkets, beef had the greatest amounts of malonaldehyde. Turkey and cooked chicken had high levels. Most cheeses had only small amounts of malonaldehyde. In contrast, many vegetables and fruits had either minute amounts or no malonaldehyde.
Towards Data Confidentiality and a Vulnerability Analysis Framework for Cloud Computing

This chapter explores two related challenges in the context of secure processing in cloud computing. The first is the concern of “loss of control” that results from outsourcing data and computation to the clouds. While loss of control has multiple manifestations, the chapter focusses on the potential loss of data privacy and confidentiality when cloud providers are untrusted. Instead of using a well studied (but still unsolved) approach of encrypting data when outsourcing it and computing on the encrypted domain, the paper advocates risk-based processing over a hybrid cloud architecture as a possible solution. Hybrid clouds are a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability. Hybrid clouds offer an opportunity to selectively outsource data and computation based on the level of sensitivity involved. The paper postulates a risk-aware approach to partitioning computation over hybrid clouds that provides an abstraction to address secure cloud data processing in a variety of system and application contexts. Solutions to the workload partitioning problem are sketched in two example settings such as partitioning database workloads and distributing map reduce task across public and private machines. The paper also explores a related challenge of developing vulnerability assessment frameworks for cloud computing environments. Preliminary work on an ontology driven framework for vulnerability assessment is described. The proposed framework addresses the challenges introduced by the complexity of running software on the cloud environment where the exact infrastructure used is not known or constrained prior to execution and applications/services could be composed to form additional services.
Requirements Engineering by Connecting Requirements Directly to Data and Operations during Modeling

Requirements are more than a set of system level goal-statements, which originate from different viewpoints of stakeholders. We can classify the requirements objectively along several dimensions: users, data, operations, performance, security, etc. There are important relationships among requirements that are based on the relationships among the data and operations. We study the role of these relationships and their implications in requirements engineering, and provide a systematic method for requirements engineering based on the workflow-model and the data-model of the system.
Dynamic Task Assignment in Distributed Manufacturing Systems

Paradigms of decentralized and “on-line” control developed in the context of distributed computing systems will be relevant to distributed manufacturing systems of the future. In this paper, we explore certain aspects of decentralized task allocation in distributed systems using formal mathematical models and analyses to justify effective control strategies. We analyze two schemata for task allocation in distributed manufacturing systems modeled as stochastic processes. The first schema has to do with the selection of on-line policies for task assignment in distributed environments with the feature that the uncertainty in the status of machines can be removed by incurring query costs. In the second schema, optimal task allocation in the distributed batch processing model of the manufacturing system is resolved using techniques from Markov decision theory.
Growth Conditions and Cell Cycle Phase Modulate Phase Transition Temperatures in RBL-2H3 Derived Plasma Membrane Vesicles

Giant plasma membrane vesicle (GPMV) isolated from a flask of RBL-2H3 cells appear uniform at physiological temperatures and contain coexisting liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases at low temperatures. While a single GPMV transitions between these two states at a well-defined temperature, there is significant vesicle-to-vesicle heterogeneity in a single preparation of cells, and average transition temperatures can vary significantly between preparations. In this study, we explore how GPMV transition temperatures depend on growth conditions, and find that average transition temperatures are negatively correlated with average cell density over 15°C in transition temperature and nearly three orders of magnitude in average surface density. In addition, average transition temperatures are reduced by close to 10°C when GPMVs are isolated from cells starved of serum overnight, and elevated transition temperatures are restored when serum-starved cells are incubated in serum-containing media for 12h. We also investigated variation in transition temperature of GPMVs isolated from cells synchronized at the G1/S border through a double Thymidine block and find that average transition temperatures are systematically higher in GPMVs produced from G1 or M phase cells than in GPMVs prepared from S or G1 phase cells. Reduced miscibility transition temperatures are also observed in GPMVs prepared from cells treated with TRAIL to induce apoptosis or sphingomyelinase, and in some cases a gel phase is observed at temperatures above the miscibility transition in these vesicles. We conclude that at least some variability in GPMV transition temperature arises from variation in the local density of cells and asynchrony of the cell cycle. It is hypothesized that GPMV transition temperatures are a proxy for the magnitude of lipid-mediated membrane heterogeneity in intact cell plasma membranes at growth temperatures. If so, these results suggest that cells tune their plasma membrane composition in order to control the magnitude of membrane heterogeneity in response to different growth conditions.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS : III. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE AGE OF THE PATIENT, THE AREA OF THE WOUND, AND THE INDEX OF CICATRIZATION.

The first article of this series showed that it was possible to express mathematically the phenomenon of cicatrization. The principal point consisted in determining by means of an equation, a constant, or index, characterizing each wound. The calculation had to be made for each patient for each wound, and required two observations, 4 days apart. The index having proved to be a continuous function of the size of the wound and of the age of the patient, of the form See PDF for Equation where S is the area, i the index, a a decimal exponent, and K a constant, it was then possible to draw a chart by means of which this index i could be obtained without calculation. The advantage of the new way of determining the index is, above all, that this index is a general, average, normal index, and no longer an individual index. Hence, the differences between the observed rate of cicatrization of man and the normal rate may give some indication of the general state of the patient. Another advantage is that the determination of the index is no longer controlled by the temporary accidents which may happen between the two observations of S and S' .
Economic Liberalization and Multilatinas (Liberalizacion Economica y Multilatinas)

Multinational firms from Latin America, or Multilatinas, have recently emerged among the largest multinational firms in the World. This paper describes the phenomenon and argues that the emergence of Multilatinas is a consequence of the process of economic liberalization of the decade of the eighties and nineties. The reduction in the protection that Latin American firms had during the period of import substitution and the increase in foreign competition that accompanies the economic liberalization have force Latin American firms to improve their levels of competitiveness. This improvement has enabled them to overcome the difficulties in internationalization and become Multilatinas.
Assessing state-level active living promotion using network analysis.

Background: Physical inactivity is a growing problem in the United States, one that is being addressed through the development of active living communities. However, active living promotion requires collaboration among organizations that may not have previously shared goals. Methods: A network analysis was conducted to assess Hawaii’s active living promotion network. Twenty-six organizations playing a significant role in promoting active living in Hawaii were identified and surveyed about their frequency of contact, level of collaboration, and funding flow with other agencies. Results: A communication network was identified linking all agencies. This network had many long pathways, impeding information flow. The Department of Health (DOH) and the State Nutrition and Physical Activity Coalition (NPAC) were central nodes, but DOH connected state agencies while NPAC linked county and voluntary organizations. Within the network, information sharing was common, but collaboration and formal partnership were low...
Illudoids from Omphalotus olivascens and Clitocybe subilludens

(1983). Illudoids from Omphalotus Olivascens and Clitocybe Subilludens. Mycologia: Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 920-922.
Jaundice Due to Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency complicates the usually benign neonatal jaundice managed by existing prenatal and postnatal screening in the United States. Estimated at ∼3.4% incidence, the condition ranges by infant race/ethnicity (12.2% in African American male infants to nearly 0% in white female infants). Oxidant stressors, sepsis, and delay in bilirubin elimination (such as co-inheritance with Gilbert9s disease or persistent enterohepatic recirculation) add to total plasma or serum bilirubin (TSB) rise, need for phototherapy, and risk for exchange transfusion. Biology of G6PD deficiency, in the context of gender, race, ethnicity, enzyme concentration, and interaction with postnatal environment, affects clinical presentations. Mutation of the X-linked G6PD gene results in varying enzyme activity. A combination of clinical patterns are suggested: (1) early-onset hyperbilirubinemia (ie, TSB >75th percentile and increased bilirubin production); (2) predischarge TSB 2 weeks age; and (5) complicated by acute-onset, dramatic hyperbilirubinemia with TSB rise >1 mg/dL per hour (“favism”). Absent G6PD deficiency diagnosis, postdischarge management for phototherapy requires expert assessment and triage for probable risk of favism. Screening as well as clinician and parental awareness of G6PD enzyme deficiency has been shown to reduce adverse neonatal consequences in several communities worldwide.
General formulations for predicting longevity of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces composed of pores or posts.

Superhydrophobicity can arise from the ability of a submerged rough hydrophobic surface to trap air in its surface pores, and thereby reduce the contact area between the water and the frictional solid walls. A submerged surface can only remain superhydrophobic (SHP) as long as it retains the air in its pores. SHP surfaces have a short underwater life, and their longevity depends strongly on the hydrostatic pressure at which they operate. In this work, a comprehensive mathematical framework is developed to predict the mechanical stability and the longevity of submerged SHP surfaces with arbitrary pore or post geometries. We start by deriving an integro-partial differential equation for the 3-D shape of the air–water interface, and use this information to predict the rate of dissolution of the entrapped air into the ambient water under different hydrostatic pressures. For the special case of circular pores, the above integro-partial differential equation is reduced to easy-to-solve ordinary differential equ...
3-Trimethylsilylcyclobutylidene. The γ-Effect of Silicon on Carbenes

3-Trimethylsilylcyclobutylidene was generated by pyrolysis of the sodium salt of the tosylhydrazone derivative of 3-trimethylsilylcyclobutanone. This carbene converts to 1-trimethylsilylbicyclobutane as the major product. A labeling study shows that this intramolecular rearrangement product comes from 1,3-hydrogen migration to the carbenic center and not 1,3-silyl migration. Computational studies show two carbene minimum energy conformations, with the lower energy conformation displaying a large stabilizing interaction of the carbene center with the rear lobe of the C3-Si bond. In this conformation, the trimethylsilyl group cannot migrate to the carbene center, and the most favorable process is 1,3-hydrogen migration. When the carbene is generated photochemically in methanol, it reacts by a protonation mechanism giving the highly stabilized 3-trimethylsilylcyclobutyl carbocation as an intermediate. When generated in dimethylamine as solvent, the carbene undergoes preferred attack of this nucleophilic solvent from the back of this C-Si rear lobe stabilized carbene.
Effect of refrigeration on bactericidal activity of four preserved multiple-dose injectable drug products.

The influence of refrigeration on the bactericidal capability of preservative systems in multiple-dose injectable drug products was studied. Commercially available multiple-dose injectable drug products containing preservatives--atropine/phenol, lidocaine/methylparaben, cyanocobalamin/benzyl alcohol and diphenhydramine/benzethonium chloride--were divided into two groups, one to be maintained under refrigeration (5C) and the other to be maintained at room temperature (25C). In separate tests the multiple-dose vials (MDVs) were individually inoculated with the following organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens, and cultured to establish bacterial concentrations at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Bacteria in the preservative systems tested remained viable significantly longer under refrigeration. (Data for diphenhydramine/benzethonium were not obtainable with the methodology used.) It is recommended that sterile medications maintained in preserved MDVs be stored at romm temperature after initial use (i.e., after exposure to possible contamination) unless drug stability considerations dictate otherwise.
Research on Switching Pulse Triggering Compensation Algorithm Suitable for Real-Time Digital Simulation

Fixed step-size algorithm can only change the switch state at the moment of intact step-size and it leads to the delay of switch action and makes uncharacteristic harmonics appearing in voltage and current waveforms.A switching pulse triggering compensation algorithm suitable for real-time digital simulation is proposed,that is,to solve the inconsistency of the moment of switcher action with simulation step-size in the fixed step-size simulation a compensating current source is connected to the terminals of the switcher in parallel when it acts.Results of simulation on applying the switching pulse triggering compensation algorithm to single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier,thyristor controlled series compensator(TCSC) and static synchronous compensator(STATCOM) show that the proposed algorithm is effective and feasible,and using the proposed algorithm the accuracy of simulation results of power electronic circuits by advanced digital power system simulator(ADPSS) can be improved.
Analysis on the Restricted Factors of the Investment on Rural Vocational Education——The Case of Anhui Province

In recent years,the gross investment on rural vocational education of Anhui province is continually increasing,but it can not satisfy the practical development need,and compared with general higher education,there exists a large gap.The primary causes that result in theses problems include the insufficient understanding for rural vocational education development,the disadvantageous system supply,restricted social involvement,etc.Therefore,the following policies and measures should be taken: fully perform government functions,and optimize the transfer payment system;increase the financial investment,and construct long-term support mechanism;actively broaden the financing channels.
Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History

n a recent address to the Western History Association, Howard Lamar, of Yale University, noted the remarkable progress made over the past quarter-century in advancing the scholarship of western history. Traditional frontier topics have been treated with impressive new conceptualizations and methodologies; and long-neglected social, ethnic, female, and twentieth-century subjects are now being addressed fully and with greater sophistication. Indeed there is, as Lamar put it, "much to celebrate."1 Yet most of us who labor in western studies still bear the onus, as heavy as it was twenty-five years ago, of working in a field that is deemed by many to be intellectually barren and cluttered with trivia. Our own Walter Prescott Webb said as much three decades ago; and a number of our colleagues say so today. Many historians still confuse the West as a defunct frontier process with the West as a geographical region of the United States, and this garbled terminology serves to hinder serious study of the region's modern past and to nudge western history toward antiquarianism. Several leading universities of the West have deemphasized the study of their own region, as if to say that it has no significant history, or at least that its history is less relevant than, say, that of old Byzantium or of Central Asia.2 In demonstrating their cosmopolitanism these universities default their responsibility as cultural leaders of their own communities and puzzle citizens who harbor the quaint notion that their homeland has a significant history.
Autolymphocytotoxins in Cardiac Transplantation: Serology, Significance, and Association with HLA-A1 and HLA-A3

The presence of an autolymphocytotoxin (ALCT) in any potential organ recipient, and particularly cardiac recipients who often receive procainamide, can easily be confused with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies when serum screening and donor cross matching are done unless autocross matching and appropriate absorptions are performed. This has been a routine procedure in our pretransplant serum testing for cardiac transplant candidates and has revealed five patients with an ALCT.
SU-F-J-26: Performance of 2.5MV Portal Imaging in Comparison with KV X-Ray and 6MV and Flattening-Filter-Free 6MV Portal Imaging

Purpose: To assess image quality and imaging dose of 2.5MV electronic portal imaging in comparison to kV imaging and 6MV and Flattening-Filter-Free 6MV (6MVFFF) portal imaging using a DMI imager. Methods: Quantitative assessment of image quality was performed with Leeds and Las Vegas test phantoms in conjunction with qualitative evaluation of clinical patient images for kV imaging and 2.5MV, 6MV and 6MVFFF portal imaging. High and low contrast resolutions were evaluated and imaging doses were measured using these x-rays. Phantom test was performed both in air and in solid water. Clinical patient portal images were also reviewed and qualitatively assessed for these three imaging MV energies. Results: Among the 28 objects in Las Vegas phantom, 16, 17 and 26 of them were resolved using Low Dose technique and 18, 22 and 26 were resolved using High Quality technique with 6MV, 6MVFFF and 2.5MV, respectively. The number of Leeds low contrast objects resolved by 6MV, 6MFFFF and 2.5MV was 6, 15 and 18 with Low Dose technique and 14, 17 and 18 with High Quality technique, respectively. When the test phantoms were embedded in 20cm thick solid water, the results were noticeably affected, but the performance of 2.5MV was still substantially better than 6MV and 6MVFFF. Imaging dose with 2.5MV measured at 10 cm depth was about half of that with 6MV or 6MVFFF. Clinical patient portal images were reviewed and qualitatively assessed for different sites including brain, head-and-neck, chest and pelvis. 2.5MV imaging provided more details and substantially higher contrast. Conclusion: While portal imaging with 6MVFFF provides noticeably better image quality than that with 6MV, the performance of 2.5MV portal imaging is substantially better than both 6MV and 6MVFFF in terms of high and low contrast resolutions as well as lower imaging dose. 2.5MV imaging provides near kV imaging quality.
Novelty Detection in Human Behavior through Analysis of Energy Utilization

The value of smart environments in understanding and monitoring human behavior has become increasingly obvious in the past few years. Using data collected from sensors in these environments, scientists have been able to recognize activities that residents perform and use the information to provide context-aware services and information. However, less attention has been paid to monitoring and analyzing energy usage in smart homes, despite the fact that electricity consumption in homes has grown dramatically. In this chapter we demonstrate how energy consumption relates to human activity through verifying that energy consumption can be predicted based on the activity that is being performed. We then automatically identify novelties in human behavior by recognizing outliers in energy consumption generated by the residents in a smart environment the reasons for these abnormalities. To validate these approaches, we use real energy data collected in our CASAS smart apartment testbed and analyze the results for three different data sets collected in this smart home. INTRODUCTION Smart homes have become a very popular research area. One of the most exciting applications of this work is activity recognition and health monitoring for homes. Smart homes provide a forum for observing how these activities are performed, how they are affected by a variety of conditions, and for better understanding the nature of human behavior. Most of the analyzed sensors are used to identify the location of the environment residents as well as the objects with which they are interacting. In this book chapter we focus on a different type of information that can be gathered and analyzed in smart environments. In particular, we gather and analyze electricity usage that is generated in a smart environment. By observing energy consumption in a smart environment we can perform novel types of analyses that correlate activity performance with energy consumption. We can also analyze energy consumption by itself to detect anomalies in the data and see if they correlate back to abnormalities in resident behavior. The long-term vision for this project is to enhance understanding of human resource consumption and to provide resource efficiency in smart homes. We envision this as a three step process: 1) predict the energy that will is used to support specific daily activities, 2) analyze electricity usage to identify trends and anomalies, and 3) automate activity support in a more energy-efficient manner. This chapter addresses the first two steps in the process. We hypothesize that energy consumption is correlated with the type of activities that are performed and can therefore be predicted based on the automatically-recognized activities that occur in a smart environment. We further postulate that anomalies can be automatically detected and that these outliers can provide inside on novelties that occur in the behavior of residents in the space. We validate these hypotheses by implementing algorithms to perform these steps and
Detection of Circulating ADAMTS13 Immune Complexes by Antibody Class-Specific ELISA

Abstract 4361 A severe functional deficiency of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) cleaving protease ADAMTS13 results in the accumulation of uncleaved, highly adhesive VWF multimers in plasma leading to increased platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in the microcirculation. Anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies that either neutralize ADAMT13’s activity or enhance protein clearance are the major cause of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Circulating anti-ADAMTS13 immune complexes that may play a role in disease pathogenesis have been described in plasma of TTP patients. We have developed a new ELISA assay to specifically determine the levels of ADAMTS13-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC) in which the antigen portion is immobilized by a polyclonal anti-ADAMTS13 IgG and the immunoglobulin component detected by a class-specific antibody. An inverse correlation between levels of circulating anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies and ADAMTS13-specific CIC has been observed in plasma of acquired TTP patients. The correlation between free anti-ADAMTS13 titer and the level of CIC and insight into the immunoglobulin (sub) classes involved may provide valuable prognostic information about disease severity and progression, and aid patient treatment monitoring. Disclosures: Plaimauer: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ferrari: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Gruber: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Rottensteiner: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Turecek: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ehrlich: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Scheiflinger: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.
Vitamin D supplementation inhibits oxidative stress and upregulate SIRT1/AMPK/GLUT4 cascade in high glucose-treated 3T3L1 adipocytes and in adipose tissue of high fat diet-fed diabetic mice.

Abstract This study examined the hypothesis that vitamin-D prevents oxidative stress and upregulates glucose metabolism via activating insulin-independent signaling molecules in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. To investigate the mechanism 3T3L1 adipocytes were treated with high glucose (HG, 25 mM) and 1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) (0–50 nM). Results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation decreased NOX4 expression, ROS production, NF-κB phosphorylation, and increased the expression of Nrf2 and Trx in HG-treated cells. 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation upregulated SIRT1 expression and AMPK phosphorylation and stimulated the IRS1/PI3K/PIP3/AKT/PKCζ signaling cascade, GLUT4 expression, and glucose uptake in HG-treated adipocytes. The effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the phosphorylation of both AMPK and IRS1, GLUT4 expression, and glucose uptake was significantly inhibited in SIRT1-knockdown adipocytes. This suggests the role of insulin-independent signaling molecules (SIRT1, AMPK) in mediating the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the signaling cascade of glucose uptake. In addition, cholecalciferol supplementation significantly upregulated pAMPK, SIRT-1 and GLUT-4 levels in adipose tissue of mice fed with HFD. This study demonstrates a novel molecular mechanism by which vitamin-D can prevent oxidative stress and upregulates glucose uptake via SIRT1/AMPK/IRS1/GLUT4 cascade in HG-treated adipocytes and in adipose tissue of HFD diabetic mice.
The Construction of a Processor

In this chapter, we study the construction of a microprocessor, using the circuitry developed in Chapter 5. A microprocessor is a large circuit, and designing a large circuit involves many of the complexities of designing a large program. We try to steer clear of most of those issues and provide only a rough sketch of the circuit.
The Salicylamide Derivative, Niclosamide, Inhibits CREB Function in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding protein) is a transcription factor that is overexpressed in primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) cells and is associated with a decreased event-free survival and increased risk of relapse. We previously demonstrated that CREB overexpression increases leukemia cell growth and survival. Transgenic mice overexpressing CREB in myeloid cells develop a myeloproliferative neoplasm and myelodysplasia. CREB knockdown inhibits AML cell proliferation but not normal hematopoietic stem cell activity in vivo. To demonstrate the feasibility of targeting CREB for treatment for AML, we recently described a small molecule inhibitor of CREB, N-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthamide (XX-650-23), which is a compound originally based on naphthol AS-E phosphate first identified as an inhibitor of CREB interaction with its coactivator, CBP (CREB Binding Protein). To identify a lead candidate with improved potency and physicochemical properties, we performed structure-activity relationships (SAR) studies for a series of salicylamides derived from naphthol AS-E phosphate. Development of this series led to the identification of the anthelmintic niclosamide as a potent agent that suppresses cell viability of five AML cell lines (IC50= 280 nM (HL60), 340 nM (KG1), 420 nM (MOLM13), 560 nM (MV411), 360 nM (U937), without a significant decrease in colony forming activity of normal bone marrow cells up to 10 μM (18- to 36-fold therapeutic window). Niclosamide binds CBP with a KD of 22.3 nM by Surface Plasmon Resonance (Biacore) analysis. To determine whether niclosamide specifically inhibits CREB-mediated gene expression in cells, luciferase reporter gene activity under the control of a promoter containing two CRE elements was measured after treatment of niclosamide for 6 hours. Niclosamide inhibited CREB-driven luciferase activity in HL60 cells with an IC50 of 1.09 μM. We also examined the efficacy of niclosamide in an AML patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model. Niclosamide significantly inhibited the progression of AML in mice injected with primary AML cells. The percentage of circulating AML cells in the peripheral blood (%), vehicle vs. niclosamide treatment 5 weeks after engraftment were 28.75 ± 3.507 vs. 0.5363 ± 0.2744 (n=8, p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Meaning of `turnover' in biochemistry.

HEVESY1 considers the determination of the rate of renewal, or turnover, as one of the most important applications of tracers. A clear definition of the term ‘turnover’ is therefore of obvious interest. In the present literature the term ‘turnover’ is used with two different meanings. This leads to confusion.
Brain Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying Breathing: Insights for Sleep Pathology

Processes underlying regulation of breathing during development can be revealed by pathologic respiratory patterns emerging during sleep. Among these pathologies are obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), extreme periodic or Cheyne–Stokes breathing, and sustained hypoventilation of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). These pathologic patterns are primarily sleep waking state specific and are accompanied by brain structural deficits and impaired neural responses to ventilatory and blood pressure challenges, as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures; the aberrant structure and function are useful for outlining both normal and pathological breathing regulatory mechanisms.
Non-Invasive Alveolar Pressure/Flow Pattern Determination by Computerized Plethysmography

In the past measurement of alveolar pressure patterns has required the insertion of uncomfortable esophageal balloon catheters. We have developed a Plethysmographic method to measure alveolar pressure during forced expirations. We use a DEC PDP 11/10 computer to sample Plethysmograph pressure and pneumotach flow at .002 second intervals. After correcting for heat exchange effects, data are displayed as flow/volume and flow/alveolar pressure plots.
Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Preterm Infants

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER), generally defined as the passage of gastric contents into the esophagus, is an almost universal phenomenon in preterm infants. It is a common diagnosis in the NICU; however, there is large variation in its treatment across NICU sites. In this clinical report, the physiology, diagnosis, and symptomatology in preterm infants as well as currently used treatment strategies in the NICU are examined. Conservative measures to control reflux, such as left lateral body position, head elevation, and feeding regimen manipulation, have not been shown to reduce clinically assessed signs of GER in the preterm infant. In addition, preterm infants with clinically diagnosed GER are often treated with pharmacologic agents; however, a lack of evidence of efficacy together with emerging evidence of significant harm (particularly with gastric acid blockade) strongly suggest that these agents should be used sparingly, if at all, in preterm infants.
Chapter 4 Classification of Sedimentary Carbonate Rocks

Summary The objective of this chapter is to evaluate some of the proposed classifications of sedimentary carbonate rocks, and to present suggestions for naming and describing them. It is not an historical review of existing schemes of classification alone, although a critical appraisal has been made of the various systems that have been published in the past 60 years in an attempt to arrive at a systematic petrologic and petrographic plan of study.
Polarized Drell-Yan experiments at RHIC and J-PARC

We present physics motivations and experimental consideration for a fixed-target polarized DrellYan dimuon experiments at RHIC and at J-PARC. Dimuons from the Drell-Yan process are detected using a spectrometer based on the existing Fermilab E906/SeaQuest spectrometer. Through the detections of the Drell-Yan events, a broad physics program addressing various issues in QCD is pursued. The primary goal of the proposed experiments is to extract the Sivers parton distribution function in the valence-quark region from the measurement of the single-spin asymmetry. The sensitivity of the proposed fixed-target experiments will provide a stringent test of the QCD prediction that the Sivers function in the Drell-Yan process has an opposite sign to that in deepinelastic scattering. Many other rich programs of spin-dependent structure function physics are carried out through the measurements of unpolarized, singly polarized, and doubly polarized Drell-Yan processes.
Management Considerations for the Delivery of CRRT in Children

Physicians providing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in children face multiple challenges to be able to deliver a safe and efficient therapy. Many of these challenges are related to the specific patient’s condition and others, to some technical aspects of the therapy. Other special considerations to keep in mind when prescribing the therapy are the changes in the electrolyte and fluid balance that the patient experiences, the difference in nutritional needs, and the changes in the drug delivery during the course of therapy.
Coordination and variability during anticipated and unanticipated sidestepping.

Abstract Background Numerous investigations have attempted to link the incidence and risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries to specific intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. However, these are often measured in isolation. Research question This study utilizes a dynamical systems approach to investigate differences in coordination and coordination variability between segments and joints in anticipated and unanticipated sidestepping, a task linked to a high risk of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Methods Full body, three-dimensional kinematics and knee kinetic data were collected on 22 male collegiate soccer players during anticipated and unanticipated sidestepping tasks. A modified vector coding technique was used to quantify coordination and coordination variability of the trunk and pelvis segments and the hip and knee joints. Results Sagittal and frontal plane trunk-pelvis coordination were more in-phase during unanticipated sidestepping. Sagittal plane hip-knee and hip (rotation)-knee (flexion/extension) coordination were more in-phase with the knee dominating the movement during unanticipated sidestepping (P Significance Our results suggest that coordination becomes more in-phase and the variability of this coordination increases as a function of task complexity and reduced planning time as that which occurs in unanticipated sporting task scenarios. Consequently, injury prevention programs must incorporate perceptual components in order to optimise planning time and coordinate appropriate postural adjustments to reduce external knee joint loading and subsequent injury risk in sport.
EVIDENCE OF A FUNCTIONAL RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN THE CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS)

Abstract Salination of freshwater (FW) bodies has the potential to affect homeostatic regulation of osmotic and volume balance in FW organisms. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important...
Perioperative and Periprocedural Care of Patients With Intrathecal Pump Therapy.

Introduction There are an ever-increasing number of patients who have implanted devices for targeted delivery of drug therapy to the intrathecal space for the management of spasticity or chronic pain. This leads to a growing number of people with implanted pumps presenting for procedures and surgeries, yet there is a paucity of consolidated information available to describe the appropriate precautions and patient management during this period. Methods This was a systematic review to provide a summary of existing literature on intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS) management in the perioperative and procedural period, and to highlight additional areas that require further research. Topics addressed include the time surrounding magnetic resonance imaging, defibrillation, radiation therapy, high output ultrasound, lithotripsy, ablation, diathermy, electroconvulsive therapy, and the perioperative period, all of which have their own specific considerations. Results A total of 42 articles met criteria to be included in this review. Inclusion criteria were English language, and that the article was primarily focused on the perioperative or periprocedural management of IDDSs. Exclusion criteria included commentaries, surveys, published abstracts, or articles that did not discuss the perioperative or periprocedural care of IDDS. Conclusion Our article outlined perioperative considerations when dealing with a patient with intrathecal pump undergoing surgical or imaging modality.
Microfluidic-based transcriptomics reveal force-independent bacterial rheosensing

Multiple cell types sense fluid flow as an environmental cue. Flow can exert shear force (or stress) on cells, and the prevailing model is that biological flow sensing involves the measurement of shear force1,2. Here, we provide evidence for force-independent flow sensing in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A microfluidic-based transcriptomic approach enabled us to discover an operon of P. aeruginosa that is rapidly and robustly upregulated in response to flow. Using a single-cell reporter of this operon, which we name the flow-regulated operon (fro), we establish that P. aeruginosa dynamically tunes gene expression to flow intensity through a process we call rheosensing (as rheo- is Greek for flow). We further show that rheosensing occurs in multicellular biofilms, involves signalling through the alternative sigma factor FroR, and does not require known surface sensors. To directly test whether rheosensing measures force, we independently altered the two parameters that contribute to shear stress: shear rate and solution viscosity. Surprisingly, we discovered that rheosensing is sensitive to shear rate but not viscosity, indicating that rheosensing is a kinematic (force-independent) form of mechanosensing. Thus, our findings challenge the dominant belief that biological mechanosensing requires the measurement of forces.
Discovery and identification of the first platinum anticancer compound

Abstract Irradiation of solutions of the complex ion, [PtCl6]2−, in the presence of NH4+ results in photochemical changes in which the chlorides of the complex are replaced by 1, 2, or more ammonia molecules with the charge decreasing by one for each replacement. These replacements were followed by changes in absorption spectra and electrochromatographic patterns and were isolated by continuous curtain electrochromatography. Each species had unique effects on the bacteriological growth of Escherichia coli. The doubly negative species is a bacteriocide and the singly negative species had little effect on either cell growth or cell division. The neutral species caused significant inhibition of cell division, formed filamentous cells, and was bacteriologically determined to be [PtCl4(NH3)2]. The cis and trans isomers of [PtCl4(NH3)2] were synthesized and tested. Bacteriological studies comparing both isomers of the neutral species showed that the trans isomer had little effect on inhibition of cell growth or cell division, whereas the cis isomer was fully efficient. The starting complex for synthesis of the cis complex, cis-[PtCl2(NH3)2], known medically as cisplatin, was biologically tested and also found to be fully effective in inhibiting cell growth.