cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION ON THE WATER POLLUTION OF TREATMENT IN ORAL DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL INSTITUTION

Objective To find out the water pollution of treatment in oral department of medical institution and point out the control measures. Methods Collecting the water of treatment in oral department and testing the total bacterial count were used for investigating the pollution situation of water for treatment in oral department of local medical institutions in Jiaxing City. Results From year 2009 to 2013,the passing rates of health quality of the treatment water in the comprehensive hospital were as follows: 20. 00%,57. 41%,60. 00%,55. 36% and 89. 66% respectively,which had an upward tendency. But in the community clinic the passing rates from year 2010 to 2012 were as follows: 20. 59%,23. 08% and18. 73% respectively,which had no obvious improvement. Conclusion The pollution of treatment water in oral department of medical institution is severe,especially in the community clinic. More efforts should be put on the monitor to water for treatment in the oral department.
Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using spriometry.

Case study: A 50-year-old woman presents for a routine check-up and medication refills. She has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for more than 30 years but does not report chest pain or breathing problems.
The Wounded Self in Trauma Treatment.

The potential role of hypnosis in the treatment of trauma is both venerable and underappreciated. This article underscores the importance of the wounded-self concept by proposing a Kohutian perspective complimentary to the cognitively-driven model of Alladin (2014a, 2014b) discussed elsewhere in this issue. It explores selected topics that demonstrate (1) the importance of considering the wounds to the sense of self experienced by trauma victims and their implications for individualization of treatment in planning a psychotherapy; (2) the possibility of enhancing access to memories using shame alleviating techniques with minimal suggestive properties; (3) the use of hypnosis to facilitate less disruptive processing of traumatic materials; and (4) the importance of hypnosis in enhancing the safety of the trauma patient between sessions. Absent contraindications, the circumspect use of hypnosis as a facilitator of trauma treatment deserves consideration for inclusion in the mainstream of contemporary trauma...
Octogenarians: noncompliance with breast cancer treatment recommendations.

Recent research suggests that women older than 70 years of age with early breast cancer who choose lumpectomy may forgo radiation if they take antihormonal medication. However, many elderly patient...
Treatments Affecting Fluid and Electrolyte Status During Exercise

A number of feeding and management practices, dietary electrolyte supplements, and medications may affect fluid and electrolyte status in resting and exercising horses. The contents of the gastrointestinal tract of the equine athlete, unlike its human counterpart, are responsible for more than 10% of body weight. Although ingesta traditionally has been considered dead weight for the sprinting horse, it is a valuable reservoir of fluid and electrolytes that may be used during endurance exercise. Numerous strategies for hyperhydration of the equine athlete and for replacement of fluid and electrolytes lost via sweating were developed in preparation for competing in the hot and humid climate of the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. These strategies have implications for all equine athletes. Medications, including sodium bicarbonate, furosemide, and acetazolamide commonly are used to enhance performance by either buffering alterations in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis or by ameliorating the effects of other conditions that may limit performance.
Application of Big Data Analytics via Cloud Computing

Advances in sensor technology, the Internet of things (IoT), social networking, wireless communications and huge collection of data from years have all contributed to a new field of study Big Data is discussed in this paper. The System of Systems (SoS) integrates independently operating, non-homogeneous systems to achieve a higher goal than the sum of the parts. Recently, management of data has become strenuous and SoS helps in solving the problems and providing solutions, with the new approaches in Data Analytics. Data Analytics uses both statistical and cloud computing using machine learning or computational intelligence to reduce the size of Big Data to a manageable size to extract information, build a knowledge base using the derived data, and eventually develop a nonparametric model for the Big Data. In this research, the approaches towards the cloud environment for Data Analytics is discussed which is one of the key application areas of Big Data. Through this analysis and survey, we provide recommendations for the research community on future directions on providing data-based decisions for cloud-supported Big Data computing and analytic solutions.
Connective tissue diseases: Promises and challenges of metabolomics in SLE.

Despite a multitude of confounding variables, common themes are emerging in metabolomic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Newly revealed metabolites and pathways are likely to complement the biomarkers and insights into SLE pathogenesis that are emerging from genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies.
BORANE CLUSTERS, METAL CLUSTERS, AND CATALYSIS

Abstract Electron counting formalisms which focus on the number of framework electrons in boranes, heteroboranes, and their metalloderivatives have proven useful for the suggestion of structure and reaction chemistry. The extension of these rules to naked-metal clusters such as pb52−, sn94−, etc., appears to be valid. However, for metal clusters encumbered with ligands, an unmodified extrapolation of these rules is difficult. Metal-cluster structures differ from those of heteroboranes as do electron counts. However, are there parallels between metal cluster and metalloheteroborane reaction chemistry? Molecular metal clusters are currently under intense investigation as homogeneous catalysts which might mimic metal surfaces. A number of investigators have observed catalysis by metal clusters and isolated organometallics which serve as models for the activation of hydrocarbons by metal surfaces. Catalysis by molecular metal clusters must involve steps such as chemisorption or oxidative addition, migration, insertion, and reductive elimination. Catalysis also has been observed for a variety of metalloheteroboranes. A major question is posed regarding the nature of the latter catalysis. Is the heteroborane ligand “innocent”, and does the substrate interact only with the metal center, or does the substrate also interact with the heteroborane so that the catalysis is a multicenter reaction reminiscent of metal clusters? Heteroborane derivatives and reaction chemistry which serve as models for the activation of a variety of substrates and multicenter catalysis, respectively, are presented. Some new and potential metalloborane catalysts which place several metal centers in proximity have been prepared and are under continued investigation.
Are there different pathways to explicit false belief understanding? General language and complementation in typical and atypical children

Abstract Though converging empirical evidence strongly supports the role of language in explicit false belief understanding (FBU), there is a lack of consensus on the theoretical basis of this link. This debate has centered on whether complement syntax is required for FBU or whether general language skills are sufficient. Although hundreds of investigations have confirmed the role of language in FBU, the precise role of complementation and general language remains unclear. In the present review, we selectively examine through both meta-analysis and qualitative analysis, only studies that utilize both complementation and general language measures in typically and atypically developing children (e.g., children with autism). These analyses supported the general language hypothesis, but not the complementation hypothesis in typically developing children. In contrast, the complementation hypothesis was supported in the children with autism, as well (children with deafness and SLI). Together, these results suggests there are different linguistic pathways for developing FBU in typical and atypical children. These alternate routes may be attributable to differences in children's ability to benefit from social interactions in acquiring FBU. Finally, we discuss suggestions for future research including methodological choices in research design, language assessments, and populations.
A Plastic Network Approach to Model Calving Glacier Advance and Retreat

Calving glaciers contribute substantially to sea level rise, but they are challenging to represent in models. Fine resolution is required for continental-scale models to accurately resolve calving dynamics and in many cases glacier geometry is too complicated to be adequately reflected by more simplified models. Flowline models are able to resolve flow along the main branch of a glacier, but many of those in current use either ignore tributaries entirely or parameterize their effect using a measure of “equivalent width”. Here we present a simple method to simulate terminus advance and retreat for an interacting network of glacier branches, based on a model extending Nye’s 1953 perfect plastic flow approximation to calving glaciers. We apply the method to case studies of four marine-terminating glaciers: Jakobshavn Isbrae and Helheim Glacier of Greenland, and Columbia and Hubbard Glaciers of Alaska. Given bed topography and upstream elevation history, our method reproduces observed patterns of terminus advance and retreat in all cases, as well as centerline profiles for all branches.
Picture this: Women's self-sexualization in photos on social media

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which young women post sexualized photos of themselves on Instagram and Facebook, whether these photos garner positive feedback in the form of “likes” and friends/followers, explore individual differences that predict which women post self-sexualized photos, and test whether posting self-sexualized photos on social media actually relate to feelings of sexual agency (i.e., control over one's own sexuality). Undergraduate women (N = 61) downloaded the ten most recent photographs of themselves posted on Instagram and/or Facebook and completed a variety of survey measures. Systematic coding of the resulting 1060 photos revealed that rates of self-sexualization were relatively low, though participants posted more sexualized photos to Instagram than to Facebook. Wanting attention on social media was the strongest predictor of posting self-sexualized photos, and indeed, more sexualized photos garnered more likes on Instagram than less sexualized photos, and women who post more sexualized photos tend to get more likes in general and more friends/followers on both Instagram and Facebook. Interestingly, posting self-sexualizing photos was not associated with actual sexual agency in offline encounters. These findings suggest the importance of cultural differences between platforms and of understanding women's desire for attention on social media.
Tailored activated carbon from glycerol: role of acid dehydrator on physiochemical characteristics and adsorption performance

Glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, was systematically investigated as a liquid precursor for activated carbon (AC). In this study, acid-mediated dehydration, polymerization, and carbonization of liquid glycerol forms solid chars with unique surface textures and compositions. For the first time, a description of the dehydration acid's role in char formation is reported, relating decomposition mechanisms of H2SO4 and H3PO4 to resulting char properties. With this understanding, chars with variable functional groups and porosities are prepared based on distinguished acid–glycerol relationships. Porosity in chars is added with rapid physical activation, generating ACs with surface areas up to 2470 m2 g−1 and pore volumes up to 1.44 cm3 g−1. By combining different dehydration acids and activation agents (steam or CO2) with controlled pyrolysis/activation conditions, intentionally tailored ACs with variable surface areas, pore widths, structural configurations, and surface chemistries are obtained. To justify use, ACs are applied for removal of gas phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aqueous phase chromium (Cr(VI)), outperforming commercial ACs. Toluene, hexane, and Cr(VI) adsorption capacities as high as 1.5 g g−1, 1.1 g g−1, and 56 mg g−1, respectively, are reported. Overall, glycerol is used to prepare AC with high and tuned porosity, and a facile method for producing tailored ACs from a liquid industrial waste is introduced.
Functional Aspects of Primate Jaw Morphology

The morphology of the face, including the jaws and teeth, varies widely in mammals. This variation is sufficiently correlated with diet so that suites of characters have become identified with dietary preferences. Such characters are used predictively (retroactively?) when the correlations between diet and morphology in modern mammals are extrapolated to the fossil record. Although the higher primates are comparatively homogeneous, the primates as a group have been generally regarded as showing two major trends in the evolution of the craniofacial system: first, the face, including the jaws, becomes ‘shorter’; second the foramen magnum moves from the back to the base of the skull. Although it is tempting to correlate ‘facial shortening’ with a change in diet from insectivory to frugivory or herbivory, modern metrical analysis shows this not to be the case (Radinsky, pers. comm.). Nevertheless the general morphology of the jaw apparatus in herbivorous primates is very different from the long-jawed physiognomy of other herbivores. Similarly, although a progressive shift towards an ‘upright’ feeding and resting posture may be linked with change in foramen magnum position, there is a much closer correlation with increase in brain size (Radinsky, pers. comm.). The net effect, however, regardless of primary cause, has been to change the spatial relationship between the cranium and vertebral column and so affect the function and morphology of the oropharyngeal system. These are just two aspects of the problems of interpretation and explanation to be addressed in accounting for the pattern of primate and particularly hominoid and hominid craniofacial evolution.
An Automated Image Analysis Method for Segmenting Fluorescent Bacteria in Three Dimensions

Single-cell fluorescence imaging is a powerful technique for studying inherently heterogeneous biological processes. To correlate a genotype or phenotype to a specific cell, images containing a population of cells must first be properly segmented. However, a proper segmentation with minimal user input becomes challenging when cells are clustered or overlapping in three dimensions. We introduce a new analysis package, Seg-3D, for the segmentation of bacterial cells in three-dimensional (3D) images, based on local thresholding, shape analysis, concavity-based cluster splitting, and morphology-based 3D reconstruction. The reconstructed cell volumes allow us to directly quantify the fluorescent signals from biomolecules of interest within individual cells. We demonstrate the application of this analysis package in 3D segmentation of individual bacterial pathogens invading host cells. We believe Seg-3D can be an efficient and simple program that can be used to analyze a wide variety of single-cell images, espe...
Linking Sociology Majors to Labor Market Success

Colleges and universities face pressures from multiple stakeholders to attend to the labor market success of their graduates. In this article, we argue that it is in the best interests of sociology...
On Certain Dense, Uncountable Subsets of the Real Line

AbstractIt is a challenge to define an uncountable set of real numbers that is dense in the real line and whose complement is also uncountable and dense. In this article we specify, for any positiv...
Auditor Perceptions of Audit Workloads, Audit Quality, and Job Satisfaction

SYNOPSIS We survey over 700 auditors about audit workloads and the relationship between audit workloads, perceived audit quality, and job satisfaction. Our findings indicate that auditors are worki...
In Vitro Effects and Biological Potential of Long Duration, Moderate Hyperthermia

The response of cells to elevated temperatures has been studied at many levels of organization in the cell. Studies of the effects of heat exposure on gene regulation, membrane structure and function, cytoskeletal organization, and metabolic processes have provided a large body of literature describing the response of biological systems to temperature perturbation (Laszlo 1992; Nover 1991; Roti Roti and Laszlo 1988). From a basic science viewpoint, the heat shock response is important as it allows examination of the genetic regulation of a certain class of proteins that are hypothesized to ameliorate the detrimental effects of stress exposure in living systems (Georgopoulos et al. 1990). Furthermore, the response of other cellular processes to relatively mild temperature perturbations yields insight as to the importance of steady-state phenomena in a biological context (Mackey and Roti Roti 1992). From a practical standpoint, the use of hyperthermia as a cancer treatment modality has stimulated interest in determining the mechanism of cell killing by heat, as such clinical use might benefit from explicit knowledge of critical lethal events (Stewart 1988).
THE EXORBITAL LACRIMAL GLANDS OF THE RAT ARE TENSED IN SITU

The main lacrimal gland of rodents is a paired, extraorbital organ. Each exists subcutaneously anterior to and slightly below the ear. This study will demonstrate that this exorbital lacrimal gland exists under tension. This characteristic became manifest when we noted that the gland’s width and length diminished as its attachments were removed during excision. Were it not tensed, no such dimensional changes would have occurred as it was freed (Fig. 1).
An Alternate Approach to Use Sommerfeld Integrals Codes for Electric Current to Derive Voltage Vector for Magnetic Frill Current in the Context of MoM

A method is proposed to use existing Sommerfeld integrals codes written for electric current sources to derive the voltage vector for the magnetic frill current source problem in the context of the Method of Moments (MoM). The proposed method is validated for the case of a short dipole used as a testing function for the field radiated by the magnetic frill current.
Faster gait speeds suppress human auditory electrocortical responses

To study the effects of gait speed on human auditory electrocortical processing, we recruited healthy subjects to walk at a range of speeds while identifying contrasting auditory tones. We used an auditory go/no-go task to detect electrocortical responses while recording high density mobile EEG from subjects who were asked to press or not press a handheld button in response to target sounds. To overcome limitations associated with EEG motion artifact contamination at fast gait speeds, we used mobile dual layer EEG hardware and signal processing methods for artifact removal. Dual layer EEG processing allowed us to identify the involvement of sensory, motor, and cognitive cortical processing centers during the task. Activity from left auditory cortex and anterior cingulate cortex showed spectral power synchronizations in delta, theta, and alpha bands immediately following the auditory tone and this activity peaked approximately 160ms later. Left auditory cortex spectral power desynchronizations in alpha and beta bands occurred within approximately 300ms of the tone and lasted for nearly 350ms. At faster gait speeds, auditory electrocortical responses showed limited spectral power fluctuations and reduced ERP component amplitudes, possibly due to motor-related cortical suppression and selective auditory processing with increased sensory feedback.
CT-Based Characterization of Transverse and Longitudinal Trabeculae and Its Applications.

Osteoporosis is a common age-related disease characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD), micro-structural deterioration, and enhanced fracture-risk. Although, BMD is clinically used to define osteoporosis, there are compelling evidences that bone micro-structural properties are strong determinants of bone strength and fracture-risk. Reliable measures of effective trabecular bone (Tb) micro-structural features are of paramount clinical significance. Tb consists of transverse and longitudinal micro-structures, and there is a hypothesis that transverse trabeculae improve bone strength by arresting buckling of longitudinal trabeculae. In this paper, we present an emerging clinical CT-based new method for characterizing transverse and longitudinal trabeculae, validate the method, and examine its application in human studies. Specifically, we examine repeat CT scan reproducibility, and evaluate the relationships of these measures with gender and body size using human CT data from the Iowa Bone Development Study (IBDS) (n = 99; 49 female). Based on a cadaveric ankle study (n = 12), both transverse and longitudinal Tb measures are found reproducible (ICC < 0.94). It was observed in the IBDS human data that males have significantly higher trabecular bone measures than females for both inner (p < 0.05) and outer (p < 0.01) regions of interest (ROIs). For weight, Spearman correlations ranged 0.43-0.48 for inner ROI measures and 0.50-0.52 for outer ROI measures for females versus 0.30-0.34 and 0.23-0.25 for males. Correlation with height was lower (0.36-0.39), but still mostly significant for females. No association of trabecular measures with height was found for males.
Comments on “So you want to go to graduate school? Factors that influence admissions to economics PhD programs” by Jones et al.

In, “So You Want to Go to Graduate School? Factors that Influence Admissions to Economics PhD Programs,” Jones et al. (2020) provide a welcome and useful analysis of the factors that graduate admis...
Pregnancy Outcomes and Documentation Status Among Latina Women: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: The impression that Latinas experience paradoxically good pregnancy outcomes in the United States persists, despite evidence showing that these outcomes are not enjoyed by all Latina subgr...
Hardness, elastic modulus and structure of indium nitride thin films on AlN-nucleated sapphire substrates

The structural properties of epitaxial indium nitride thin films were characterized and related to the mechanical properties as measured by nanoindentation. The seven epitaxial InN films examined were deposited over the temperature range 200–400°C by reactive magnetron sputtering on (0 0.1) sapphire substrates buffered with a thin AlN layer. The hardness, surface texture and crystal quality of the InN films were functions of the deposition temperature, with the maximum hardness (11.2 GPa), the smoothest surface, the minimum c-lattice constant (0.5708 nm), and the minimum (0 0.4) X-ray rocking curve width (0.6°) all occurring at the deposition temperature of 350°C. The crystal quality and the hardness of the InN films degraded at both higher and lower temperatures.
Analysis of Characteristics and Survival of Primary Cutaneous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Background/objectives Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma (PCACC) is a rare skin tumor. The head and neck (HN P Conclusion This study represents the largest cohort of H&N PCACC studied to date and provides important clinicopathologic information for this rare tumor. Additionally, our results emphasize the importance of health insurance as an independent predictor of survival in PCACC.
An FPGA-based Optimized Memory Controller for Accessing Multiple Memories

Memory bandwidth is an essential constraint while implementing computationally intensive applications on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). To achieve high performance, the computational core must be able to process data at the highest possible data rates. The memory bandwidth can be significantly increased if multiple data words are accessed from multiple memory banks simultaneously. The increase in memory bandwidth will positively impact the overall performance of the FPGA-based accelerators.In this paper, we present an optimized memory controller that enhances memory bandwidth. Our optimized memory controller is capable of reading and writing data to multiple memories. Additionally, the memory controller performs pipelined read, execute, and write operations which helps to increase the performance of the computational core implemented on an FPGA. We also present the Natural Logarithm hardware implementation used to show the merits of the memory controller being optimized. Our experiments demonstrate that the results obtained using our optimized multi-memory controller is 30X and 7X faster than software and OpenMP implementation executing the Natural Logarithm function on the conventional multi-core processor.
Culture and the regulation of insider trading across countries

Abstract We find that individualistic countries regulate insider trading activities more intensely. The result is robust to controlling for alternative culture variables, additional controls, and instrumental variable analysis. We also document that individualism's effect is magnified in democratic countries. In addition, we study the economic and financial consequences of individualism, insider trading regulation, and its enforcement. The analysis suggests that individualism and the enforcement of insider trading regulation promote financial development. Interaction effects reveal that individualism and insider trading regulation serve as complements to promote financial development. These findings contribute to the insider trading debate since regulation alone may not be the primary determinant of market efficiency . Combined, our results challenge prior works concluding that individualism is anti-regulation.
Iron tricarbonyl α-diimine complexes: Synthesis, characterization, and electronic structure based on X-ray crystal structures

Abstract A series of iron tricarbonyl α-diimine complexes, Fe(ArDABMe)(CO)3, were synthesized, in which the identity of the aryl substituent on the α-diimine ligand was varied (ArDABMe = Ar-N C(Me)-(Me)C N Ar; 2a Ar = C6H5; 2b Ar = 3,5-(CH3)2C6H3; 2c Ar = 2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2; 2d Ar = 3,5-Cl2C6H3), and the complexes were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The IR spectra of compounds 2a-d exhibit three carbonyl stretches between 2040 and 1950 cm−1, and all four compounds can be reduced by two electrons at potentials between −1.8 and −2.8 V vs. Cp2Fe/Cp2Fe+. The differences in νCO and reduction potentials are related to the differences in electron donating abilities of the α-diimine aryl substituents. The structures of 2a-d were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments; compounds 2a, b, and d have distorted square pyramidal structures, whereas, compound 2c is distorted trigonal bipyramidal. In order to assess the oxidation state of the α-diimine ligand in compounds 2a-d, we synthesized and crystallographically characterized a series of compounds that contain the neutral forms of the four α-diimine ligands. In compounds 2a-d, the average C N bond lengths are 1.332(1) A and average backbone C C bond lengths are 1.403(2) A, compared to 1.279(1) A and 1.520(3) A, respectively, in the neutral ligands. The lengthening of the C N bonds and shortening of the C C bonds are indicative of reduction of the α-diimine ligands. Therefore, compounds 2a-d are best described as containing Fe(I) centers bonded to radical anionic α-diimine ligands.
Quantitative investigation of gas flow, powder-gas interaction, and powder behavior under different ambient pressure levels in laser powder bed fusion

Abstract The powder motion in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processes causes defect and variability issues in the built products. It has been reported that the ambient pressure has a significant influence on the powder motion, but the physical effects of the ambient pressure on the gas flow, powder-gas interaction, and powder behavior are not quantitatively understood. In this work, we have developed the first three-dimensional multiphysics model for LPBF to simulate the molten pool dynamics, depression zone evolution, gas flow structure, and powder motion in a fully coupled manner. The model enables the first quantitative investigation of the gas flow, powder-gas interaction, and powder behavior in LPBF with different ambient pressure levels, all of which are difficult to measure by experiments. The simulation results show a consistent gas flow structure for all different pressure levels, but the gas flow parameters (temperature, velocity, Reynolds number, and Knudsen number) vary significantly with the ambient pressure. Four powder-gas interaction modes are defined by the gas flow around the particle and the gas-induced forces on the particle, and the interaction modes, individually or collectively, control the motion of each particle. With the changes in the ambient pressure and the gas flow parameters, the significance of the four modes to the powder motion varies, and the powder behavior (temperature, force, velocity, and ejection angle) becomes different. A new strategy is proposed to mitigate the powder motion based on the modeling results.
Inherited Risk for Childhood Leukemia

Childhood leukemia is the most common pediatric malignancy, diagnosed in nearly a third of pediatric cancer patients. Awareness and identification of the hereditary component of childhood leukemia continues to increase. Childhood leukemia, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), has been attributed to a dysregulated immune system with different patterns of infectious exposure at a young age. Candidate gene studies have revealed inconsistent associations with specific SNPs related to folate metabolism, xenobiotic metabolism, DNA repair, immunity, and B-cell development. More recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated stronger associations with SNPs in B-cell development genes and increased risk for childhood ALL. Identical twins have been described with childhood leukemia due to presumed placental transfer, but non-twin siblings with childhood leukemia also have been very rarely reported suggesting a genetic link to disease susceptibility. In this chapter, we review the known hereditary cancer syndromes associated with leukemia which can be divided into six categories: (1) DNA repair syndromes, (2) RASopathies, (3) bone marrow failure syndromes, (4) immunodeficiency syndromes, (5) germline predisposition to leukemia, and (6) congenital syndromes.
Human Capital, Wealth, and Nutrition in the Bolivian Amazon

We analyze anthropometric variables of a society of forager-horticulturalists in the Bolivian Amazon (Tsimane') in 2001-2002. Community variables (e.g., inequality, social capital) explain little of the variance in anthropometric indices of nutritional status, but individual-level variables (schooling, wealth) are positively correlated with nutritional status. Dietary quality (foods high in animal proteins), access to foraging technology, and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants are related to better anthropometric indices.
Association of Comorbid Behavioral and Medical Conditions With Cannabis Use Disorder in Pregnancy.

Importance Prenatal cannabis use continues to increase, yet studies of the demographic, psychiatric, and medical characteristics associated with cannabis use in pregnancy are limited by size and use of self-report, and often do not consider cannabis use disorder (CUD) or concomitant substance use disorders (SUDs). Understanding the factors associated with CUD in pregnancy is paramount for designing targeted interventions. Objective To examine the prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric and medical conditions of US pregnant individuals hospitalized with and without CUD by concomitant SUDs. Design, setting, and participants The study analyzed restricted hospital discharge data from the 2010 to 2018 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases in 35 states. Data were analyzed from January to August 2021. Weighted linear regressions tested whether the prevalence of psychiatric and medical conditions differed between individuals with and without a CUD diagnosis at hospitalization. Inpatient hospitalizations of pregnant patients aged 15 to 44 years with a CUD diagnosis were identified. Pregnant patients aged 15 to 44 years without a CUD diagnosis were identified for comparison. Patients were further stratified based on concomitant SUD patterns: (1) other SUDs, including at least 1 controlled substance; (2) other SUDs, excluding controlled substances; and (3) no other SUDs. Exposures CUD in pregnancy. Main outcomes and measures Prevalence of demographic characteristics, psychiatric disorders (eg, depression and anxiety), and medical conditions (eg, epilepsy and vomiting). Results The sample included 20 914 591 hospitalizations of individuals who were pregnant. The mean (SD) age was 28.24 (5.85) years. Of the total number of hospitalizations, 249 084 (1.19%) involved CUD and 20 665 507 (98.81%) did not. The proportion of prenatal hospitalizations involving CUD increased from 0.008 in 2010 to 0.02 in 2018. Analyses showed significant differences in the prevalence of almost every medical and psychiatric outcome examined between hospitalizations with and without CUD diagnoses, regardless of concomitant SUDs. Elevations were seen in depression (0.089; 95% CI, 0.083-0.095), anxiety (0.072; 95% CI, 0.066-0.076), and nausea (0.036; 95% CI, 0.033-0.040]) among individuals with CUD only at hospitalization compared with individuals with no SUDs at hospitalization. Conclusions and relevance Considerable growth was observed in the prevalence of CUD diagnoses among individuals hospitalized prenatally and in the prevalence of depression, anxiety, nausea, and other conditions in individuals with CUD at hospitalization. This study highlights the need for more screening, prevention, and treatment, particularly in populations with co-occurring CUD and psychiatric disorders. Research on the determinants and outcomes associated with CUD during pregnancy is needed to guide clinicians, policy makers, and patients in making informed decisions.
Time in History and Culture

Historical cultures, like individuals, developed different internal times in the course of their evolution. As a result, philosophers of history have offered different temporal models to explain the birth and demise of historical cultures. The theory of complex system also allows us to model the dynamical development of social, economic, and cultural systems. In this chapter, we will learn that at least some aspects of irreversible temporal developments in human society may be analyzed by methods analogous to those used for physical and biological processes. But this does not imply a naturalistic reductionism. In historical and technological cultures, time represents the emergence of a new phase of biological and socio-cultural evolution.
Differences in brain information processing between print and computer screens

This study tests 34 subjects to see if reading differs between print materials and the same information delivered via computer CRT (cathode ray tube) screen. It looks at both the early visual processing stream, or bottom-up attention, and later top-down processing after the brain has had time to respond to the information. Significant differences are found in both bottom-up and top-down measures, with print establishing attention better than CRT screen. Previous research indicates that a ‘flicker’ effect can affect brain processing and this may be the reason for the observed differences.
Applying testability to an ASIC architectural core

The device-level testing of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that is designed using VLSI cores and LSI peripheral cells is discussed. The Intel ASIC UCS51 microcontroller product family is described, and the UCS51 test methodology is compared to that of the Intel standard product 80C51. A solution that provides the ASIC customer with a flexible design environment without compromising device testing is accomplished by employing built-in test modes, which are designed into the microcontroller core and accessed through a minimal amount of device package pins. >
Increasing organ donation after cardiac death in trauma patients

Abstract Background Organ donation after cardiac death (DCD) is not optimal but still remains a valuable source of organ donation in trauma donors. The aim of this study was to assess national trends in DCD from trauma patients. Methods A 12-year (2002 to 2013) retrospective analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database was performed. Outcome measures were the following: proportion of DCD donors over the years and number and type of solid organs donated. Results DCD resulted in procurement of 16,248 solid organs from 8,724 donors. The number of organs donated per donor remained unchanged over the study period ( P = .1). DCD increased significantly from 3.1% in 2002 to 14.6% in 2013 ( P = .001). There was a significant increase in the proportion of kidney (2002: 3.4% vs 2013: 16.3%, P = .001) and liver (2002: 1.6% vs 2013: 5%, P = .041) donation among DCD donors over the study period. Conclusions DCD from trauma donors provides a significant source of solid organs. The proportion of DCD donors increased significantly over the last 12 years.
Gastric processing and emptying of fat

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine whether fat leaves the stomach within or bound to the surface of particles of solid food. We studied gastric emptying of fat in 6 human subjects and in 6 dogs with Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomies so that chyme leaving the stomach could be collected free of bile and pancreatic enzymes. Humans were studied with a duodenal multilumen tube so that phase-specific, nonabsorbed markers in the meal could be tracked with corresponding, phase-specific markers perfused into the duodenum. In this way, we observed the separate time-courses of gastric emptying of the aqueous and solid phases, as well as the extracellular fat (ECF) and intracellular fat (ICF) phases of the meal. In the dogs, all chyme leaving the stomach was collected from a Roux-en-Y fistula and was analyzed directly for aqueous, solid, ECF, and ICF markers in the meal. In both the humans and the dogs, the aqueous phase emptied promptly, whereas the solid, ECF, and ICF phases emptied together, in parallel, after an initial lag. In humans, 22% of the ECF versus 51% of the ICF (p
Modeling cocaine-induced alterations in organization and patterning of neocortical development using human pluripotent stem cells

Disorders of human neocortical development are particularly difficult to study by using animal models because of the marked complexity and unique features of the human cerebral cortex. Developmental effects of cocaine, as well as other drugs and toxins, are particularly challenging to study due to complicating factors such as variations in genetic background, time of exposure, and exposure to multiple substances. Studies aimed at elucidating the effects of cocaine on fetal brain development have used rodent cell lines, primary human cells, and rat models to show that cocaine metabolism by cytochrome P450 results in oxidative ER stress and subsequent impairment of neural progenitor cell proliferation. Recently, in vitro models of neocortical development have been generated by using pluripotent stem cells. One such model, utilizing human pluripotent stem cells, reproduced the formation of neocortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons on radial glial scaffolding structure in a temporally sensitive manner mimicking human in vivo neocortical development. Cocaine exposure resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), premature neuronal differentiation, accelerated generation of deep-layer and upper-layer glutamatergic projection neurons, and increased formation of GABAergic interneurons. Each of these changes was inhibited by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor cimetidine. These studies suggest that, in the developing human cerebral cortex, cocaine metabolism through cytochrome P450-dependent ROS generation leads to premature neuronal differentiation of neocortical progenitors and impaired neocortical patterning.
Software reliability modeling by concatenating failure rates

The concatenation of failure rate functions results in point process models that need not possess independent increments, or lack memory features of Poisson processes. Processes having a memory are more realistic as compared to those that do not, and as a consequence provide a credible framework for tracking reliability and predicting failure times. The purpose of the paper is to propose and describe a model for software reliability based on this paradigm. The proposed model is adaptive, can explain empirically observed phenomena, and outperforms the predictive ability of its competitors. The model and its inferential mechanism are complex, but software to implement it with ease, is available.
Thirst driving and suppressing signals encoded by distinct neural populations in the brain

Thirst is the basic instinct to drink water. Previously, it was shown that neurons in several circumventricular organs of the hypothalamus are activated by thirst-inducing conditions. Here we identify two distinct, genetically separable neural populations in the subfornical organ that trigger or suppress thirst. We show that optogenetic activation of subfornical organ excitatory neurons, marked by the expression of the transcription factor ETV-1, evokes intense drinking behaviour, and does so even in fully water-satiated animals. The light-induced response is highly specific for water, immediate and strictly locked to the laser stimulus. In contrast, activation of a second population of subfornical organ neurons, marked by expression of the vesicular GABA transporter VGAT, drastically suppresses drinking, even in water-craving thirsty animals. These results reveal an innate brain circuit that can turn an animal’s water-drinking behaviour on and off, and probably functions as a centre for thirst control in the mammalian brain.
Consumer demographics and reaction to product tampering

With product tampering becoming a more common phenomenon, the impact on consumer psychology will possibly become a major factor in consumer reaction to packaged products; consumer attitudes, as well as actions may change accordingly. This article reports on a study that examined how different demographic groups reacted to tampering. The results indicate there are some differences in the groups, especially in terms of age and education. The findings seem to point to some underlying factors that may have an effect on consumer reaction to the problem.
Further study of the severe storm with a rotating updraft configuration

A two-dimensional, non-entraining, axial-symmetric, steady-state model of a severe storm with a rotating updraft is presented. The input data of these particular model are formulated around the assumption that the horizontal wind field fits a Rankine vortex and that the updraft configuration has a warm core structure. This model represents the second in a series of three which are being produced at Saint Louis University. The other two carry the same basic modelling assumptions and differ only in the parameters chosen to specify the input data. The findings, presented in this paper, result from comparisons between the parameters calculated by the specific model under consideration and two other sources: 1) observational data, or deductions therefrom, as reported in the literature, and 2) computed values derived from whichever of the other models in the hierarchy that happens to rely most heavily on input data of the same type, as that most accurately observed for each given storm. The data bases for each storm are thus rendered more comprehensive by using augmented generated data of different mixes in accordance with the reliability of observed data. Comparisons between these three sets of data are presented throughout the text and summarized in the conclusion section. Rationale underlying the assumptions of the model is presented. The strengths and weaknesses of the model are discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1972.tb01548.x
The Sirente crater field, Italy

We propose the Sirente crater field to be the first discovered impact craters in Italy. They are located in the Sirente plain within the mountains of the Abruzzo region, central Italy. The craters are distributed in a field 450 m long and 400 m wide. This field consists of about 17 smaller craters close to a larger main crater. The main crater is located in the southern end of the crater field and is 140 m long and 115 m wide, measured rim-to-rim. It has a well-developed, saddle-shaped rim that rises at a maximum 2.2 m above the surrounding plain. Radiocarbon dating of the target surface preserved below the rim gave a calibrated age of formation at about 412 A.D. (1650 ± 40 radiocarbon years B.P.). This young age is consistent with the apparent little modification of the rim. The morphology of the main crater and its relation to a crater field strongly points to its origin by impact from a projectile that broke up during its passage through the atmosphere. Quartz is very rare in the target and no planar deformation features (PDFs) have been found so far. The rim material and the upper 4 m of the main crater infill are impregnated with ferric oxides, which gives a more reddish colour compared to the other sediments of the plain. Rusty crusts with high Fe and Mn content occur in the rim material, but have not been found in the plain's sediments. Some of these crusts can be separated by magnet, and have sporadic micron-sized Ni-rich granules. The main crater is in the size range of craters with explosive dispersion of the projectile and has many features comparable to both large experimental and meteoritic impact craters formed in loose sediments. We suggest that this crater represents a rare example of well-preserved, small impact craters formed in unconsolidated target materials.
Pgrmc1 (Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1) Associates with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Regulates Erlotinib Sensitivity

Tumorigenesis requires the concerted action of multiple pathways, including pathways that stimulate proliferation and metabolism. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor-tyrosine kinase that is associated with cancer progression, and the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib/tarceva and tyrphostin/AG-1478 are potent anti-cancer therapeutics. Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a cytochrome b5-related protein that is up-regulated in tumors and promotes cancer growth. Pgrmc1 and its homologues have been implicated in cell signaling, and we show here that Pgrmc1 increases susceptibility to AG-1478 and erlotinib, increases plasma membrane EGFR levels, and co-precipitates with EGFR. Pgrmc1 co-localizes with EGFR in cytoplasmic vesicles and co-fractionates with EGFR in high density microsomes. The findings have therapeutic potential because a Pgrmc1 small molecule ligand, which inhibits growth in a variety of cancer cell types, de-stabilized EGFR in multiple tumor cell lines. EGFR is one of the most potent receptor-tyrosine kinases driving tumorigenesis, and our data support a role for Pgrmc1 in promoting several cancer phenotypes at least in part by binding EGFR and stabilizing plasma membrane pools of the receptor.