cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Molecular Motor Forces In Vivo: Implications for Tug-of-War Models of Bidirectional Transport

Molecular motor proteins use the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to generate force and haul cargoes along cytoskeletal filaments. Thus, measuring the force motors generate amounts to directly probing their function. We report on optical trapping methodology capable of making precise in vivo stall-force measurements of individual cargoes hauled by molecular motors in their native environment. Despite routine measurement of motor forces in vitro, performing and calibrating such measurements in vivo has been challenging. We describe the methodology recently developed to overcome these difficulties, and used to measure stall forces of both kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein-driven lipid droplets in Drosophila embryos. Critically, by measuring the cargo dynamics in the optical trap, we find that there is memory: it is more likely for a cargo to resume motion in the same direction—rather than reverse direction—after the motors transporting it detach from the microtubule under the force of the optical trap. This suggests that only motors of one polarity are active on the cargo at any instant in time and is not consistent with the tug-of-war models of bidirectional transport where both polarity motors can bind the microtubules at all times. We further use the optical trap to measure in vivo the detachment rates from microtubules of kinesin-1 and dynein-driven lipid droplets. Unlike what is commonly assumed, we find that dynein’s but not kinesin’s detachment time in vivo increases with opposing load. This suggests that dynein’s interaction with microtubules behaves like a catch bond.
Realistic calculations for strangeness exchange at rest.

Calculations have been performed for the $^{12}\mathrm{C}$(${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${)}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{12}$C, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$(${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${)}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{12}$Be, and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$(${\mathrm{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${)}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}^{12}$C reactions with stopped kaons. A g-matric YN interaction is employed in structure calculations with the recoil corrected continuum shell model. This provides a realistic prediction of the hypernuclear structure above the hyperon escape threshold. The \ensuremath{\Sigma}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}N conversion process is treated by both absorption in the \ensuremath{\Sigma}N interaction and by effective lambda channels in separate calculations. Both seem to be necessary for a complete representation of capture rates. No observable structure is predicted due to substitutional states in $_{_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{12}}\mathrm{Be}$. The substitutional states in $_{_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{12}}\mathrm{C}$ are obscured by a large quasifree background. It is concluded that experiments based on capture of stopped kaons will not provide definitive information on the structure of \ensuremath{\Sigma} hypernuclei.
Learning about danger by young hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis): are antipredator strategies ontogenetically plastic?

Some aquatic species are able to learn to recognize chemical cues from predators through classical conditioning. In previous tests, laboratory-reared larval hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) showed weak antipredator responses to introduced predators (trout) compared to responses to their native predators, such as bass and sculpin. However, hellbender larvae that were conditioned with conspecific alarm cues at six months of age learned to recognize trout odour, but the responses of younger larvae to alarm cues have not been tested and the ontogeny of learning abilities is not known. In this study, we successfully trained younger larval hellbenders (4 months old) to recognize trout. Moreover, we found that the learned responses of younger hellbenders (decreased activity) are different from those of the older hellbenders (increased activity) in the previous study. This ontogenetic shift in behaviour may result from larvae increasing locomotor and sensory abilities and becoming more visible during the 4-6 month time period.
Trust in emergency evacuation robots

Would you trust a robot to lead you to safety in an emergency? What design would best attract your attention in a smoke-filled environment? How should the robot behave to best increase your trust? To answer these questions, we have created a three dimensional environment to simulate an emergency and determine to what degree an individual will follow a robot to a variety of exits. Survey feedback and quantitative scenario results were gathered on two different robot designs. Fifteen volunteers completed a total of seven scenarios each: one without a robot and one with each robot pointing to each of three exits in the environment. Robots were followed by each volunteer in at least two scenarios. One-third of all volunteers followed the robot in each robot-guided scenario.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray mass spectrometry for speciation analysis: applications and instrumentation

Abstract To gain an understanding of the function, toxicity and distribution of trace elements, it is necessary to determine not only the presence and concentration of the elements of interest, but also their speciation, by identifying and characterizing the compounds within which each is present. For sensitive detection of compounds containing elements of interest, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a popular method, and for identification of compounds via determination of molecular weight, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is gaining increasing use. ICP-MS and ESI-MS, usually coupled to a separation technique such as chromatography or capillary electrophoresis, have already been applied to a large number of research problems in such diverse fields as environmental chemistry, nutritional science, and bioinorganic chemistry, but a great deal of work remains to be completed. Current areas of research to which ICP-MS and ESI-MS have been applied are discussed, and the existing instrumentation used to solve speciation problems is described.
The influence of power-law rheology on flow distribution in coathanger manifolds†

Coathanger dies are effective in delivering uniform flow if a polymer melt; however, when the fluid flow index varies from the design values, the flow is not uniform. Although mechanisms such as die lip adjustments have been effective tools for adjusting flow profiles, the issue of a variable flow index has not been fully addressed at the design stage. An analytical solution, based on the assumptions present in the 1-D design equation, has been developed for the flow distribution in a coathanger manifold. This solution determines the flow distribution for a power-law fluid with a flow index n* in a manifold designed for a separate flow index n*. From this solution, a uniformity index and a critical design angle are defined. The critical design angle is the angle at which the local derivative of the uniformity index with respect to n* approaches a maximum (for n* n) as a function of the design angle. The critical design angle is independent of n and is presented as a function of the manifold aspect ratio.
Psychological treatments for perinatal depression.

Perinatal depression is prevalent and greatly affects the mother and infant. Fortunately, empirically validated psychological treatments are available for postpartum depression and depression during pregnancy. Primary among these are interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive–behavioural therapy, which have been shown to be effective for perinatal women across the spectrum from mild to severe depression. At present, interpersonal psychotherapy is better validated than antidepressant medication for perinatal depression, and should be considered as a first-line treatment option, especially for pregnant and breast-feeding women who are depressed. More studies are needed to evaluate further the relative efficacy of psychotherapy and medication, and more thoroughly test other psychological treatments.
Differentiation of mouse thymus cultured in diffusion chambers.

Considerable evidence has been brought forward in recent years to show that thymus growing in intraperitoneally implanted diffusion chambers will partially restore immunological competence to mice thymectomized at birth (Osoba and Miller, '63); Levey, Trainen and Law, '63; Law, Trainen, Levey and Barth, '64; Law, Dunn, Trainen, and Levey, '64; Osoba, ('65). Since it was suggested that the thymus cells secrete a factor that mediates the restoration, it was of interest to examine the thymic cells that grew or survived in the diffusion chamber. Whole thymuses from new-born mice were grown in thymectomized or intact, syngeneic or allogeneic hosts of various ages. Whole-mount preparations were made of the thymus tissue after it had grown for from 9--86 days. Thymic lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts migrated rapidly from the explant, the latter forming a sheet that covered the entire chamber. Viable lymphocytes were present in chambers removed from the host after 86 days. The striking feature of the cultures was the differentiation of the epithelium into sheets, clusters, and cords of cells reminiscent of glandular epithelium. Whorls of cells resembling Hassall's bodies were occasionally seen. These epithelial cells were distinguished by the presence of large lipid-filled vacuoles and neutral mucopolysaccharide in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that the epithelial cells were engaged in secretory activity.
Comparison of two empirical cost functions

Abstract In this paper we compare two hypotheses regarding the cost function that have been used in past studies of production smoothing. The two hypotheses tested are not nested. The comparison is done using two types of tests designed for non-nested hypotheses: the J-test of Davidson and McKinnon and the Encompassing test. Each of the models was capable of explaining much of the observed monthly output variations in the twenty four industries studied. Yet the J-test leads us to reject both models. The results of the Encompassing test however, indicate that each of the models contributes significantly to the explanation of output variation after accounting for the contribution of the alternative model.
GLOBAL LAURENT EXPANSIONS ON RIEMANN SURFACES

We discuss global Laurent expansions for meromorphich-forms on a compact Riemann surface of genusg≧2. Our approach is motivated by Krichever and Novikov's work on string theory.
The Potential of Computation Regrouping for Improving Locality

Improving program locality has become increasingly important on modern computer systems. An effective strategy is to group computations on the same data so that once the data are loaded into cache, the program performs all their operations before the data are evicted. However, computation regrouping is difficult to automate for programs with complex data and control structures. This paper studies the potential of locality improvement through trace-driven computation regrouping. First, it shows that maximizing the locality is different from maximizing the parallelism or maximizing the cache utilization. The problem is NP-hard even without considering data dependences and cache organization. Then the paper describes a tool that performs constrained computation regrouping on program traces. The new tool is unique because it measures the exact control dependences and applies complete memory renaming and re-allocation. Using the tool, the paper measures the potential locality improvement in a set of commonly used benchmark programs written in C.
Ultrahigh density, high-data-rate NEMS-based AFM data storage system

We report on an AFM-array concept (''Millipede'') for data storage of potentially ultrahigh density, terabit capacity, and high data rate. Thermomechanical writing and reading in very thin polymer films is used to store and sense 30-40-nm-sized bits with similar pitch size in very thin layers of PMMA, resulting in 400-500 Gbit/in^2 storage densities. Data rates of several hundred Mbit/s are envisioned by operating very large (32x32) 2D AFM arrays in parallel. We have successfully batch-fabricated first all-silicon 5x5 and 32x32 AFM cantilever array chips. They constitute a major step of the Millipede concept towards terabit storage systems with small form factor and high data rates. Our 32x32 array chip is the first VLSI-NEMS (Nano ElectroMechanical Systems) for nanotechnological applications.
Human Stem Cells for Modeling Heart Disease and for Drug Discovery

A major research focus in the field of cardiovascular medicine is the prospect of using stem cells and progenitor cells for cardiac regeneration. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, major efforts are also underway to use iPSCs to model heart disease, to screen for new drugs, and to test candidate drugs for cardiotoxicity. Here, we discuss recent advances in the exciting fields of stem cells and cardiovascular disease.
The use of assembled phonology during performance of a letter recognition task and its dependence on the presence and proportion of word stimuli

Abstract Although predominant accounts of the word superiority effect (WSE) as produced by the Reicher–Wheeler task (Reicher, 1969; Wheeler, 1970) emphasize an orthographic code, evidence is mounting that a phonological code may have a role in the performance of other tasks. The present study tested the influence of a phonological code as a determinant of performance in the Reicher–Wheeler task. Pseudohomophones and matched controls were presented in a letter identification task using a two alternative, forced choice method. Subjects performed significantly worse when the test letters spelled a pseudohomophone and the incorrect alternative formed the sound alike word, for example, when WERD is followed by the choice alternatives E and O for the second position. This effect was greater when words were included in the experiment. Implications for current models of lexical access and word recognition are discussed.
Limited surgical management for primary breast cancer: a commentary on the NSABP reports.

This report presents an overview of findings from 2 interrelated studies carried out during the past 15 years by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project to determine the efficacy of alternative local and regional treatments of primary breast cancer. Findings from the first clinical trial, begun in 1971 involving 1,665 women, indicate that after 10 years of follow-up there are no significant differences in disease-free survival, distant disease-free survival, or survival among patients treated by radical mastectomy or total mastectomy with and without radiation. The findings also indicate that radiation of internal mammary nodes in patients with inner quadrant lesions does not improve survival and that results obtained at 5 years accurately predict the outcome through 10 years. The second clinical trial, implemented in 1976 and accruing 1,843 women, demonstrates that after 5 years, treatment by segmental mastectomy (lumpectomy) with or without radiation results in disease-free, distant disease-free, and overall survival at least equivalent to, and in certain aspects better than, that achieved after total breast removal. Whereas 92% of those treated with radiation remained free of breast tumor at 5 years, when breast radiation was not employed, 72% (p<0.001) were without tumor reoccurrence. In positive-node patients, 98% of those radiated remained tumor free, whereas only 64% of those receiving no radiation were free of tumor although both groups received chemotherapy. While the clinical significance of these findings is obvious, their biological importance has received less attention. When considered in conjunction with other laboratory and clinical investigations, they lend no support for the anatomic and mechanistic precepts that have dictated thinking relative to metastasis production and have influenced surgical thinking. Clinical issues have arisen as a consequence of the 2 studies, particularly the second. Should a mastectomy be performed when lumpectomy specimen margins are involved with tumor? How should tumor reoccurrence in the ipsilateral breast following lumpectomy be managed? Can lumpectomy be employed for subareolar tumors or for tumors ≥4 cm? How extensive need radiation therapy be following lumpectomy? We have commented on all of these issues and have presented our current thinking regarding the management of patients in whom they arise.
A model-independent open-source geospatial tool for managing point-based environmental model simulations at multiple spatial locations

A novel geospatial tool box named Geospatial Simulation (GeoSim) has been developed, which can be used to manage point-based model simulations at multiple locations using geospatial data within a geographic information system (GIS). The objectives of this paper were to describe GeoSim and demonstrate its use. GeoSim has been developed as a plug-in for Quantum GIS, and both of these software programs are open-source and freely available. An important feature of GeoSim is its model-independent nature, meaning any point-based simulation model that uses ASCII files for input and output can be managed spatially. GeoSim facilitates the transfer of geospatial data from the GIS database to the model input files and from the model output files back to the GIS database. GeoSim presently includes six software tools, each with a graphical user interface. A case study demonstrates the use of GeoSim for processing geospatial data layers at a field site, conducting spatial model simulations, and optimizing model parameters for site-specific conditions. Two cropping system models, AquaCrop and the DSSAT Cropping System Model, were implemented to simulate seed cotton yield in response to irrigation management, nitrogen management, and soil texture variability for a 14 ha study area near Lamesa, Texas. Geoprocessing tools within GeoSim were able to summarize 5592 data points within 405 polygon features in 3.8 s. Simulation tools were able to swap 33,316 and 44,550 parameters values to complete 405 spatial simulations with the AquaCrop and DSSAT models in 112 s and 398 s, respectively. These results demonstrate the utility of GeoSim for summarizing large geospatial data sets and transferring the data to the file formats of multiple models. Simulation duration was increased as compared to stand-alone model simulations without parameter swapping, which may be problematic for applications requiring large numbers of simulations. The flexible design of GeoSim is intended to support spatial modeling exercises for a variety of models and environmental applications.
Modeling a Diving Board

The beam equation is a classic fourth-order partial differential equation used to de scribe the transverse displacement of a vibrating beam. One may encounter it in an introductory course on boundary value problems or mathematical physics. One par ticular type of beam modeled with this equation is the cantilever, which is a long, thin, rectangular bar with one end clamped and the other end free to move up and down [3]. Cantilever beams appear in a variety of applications, including bridge con struction [13], aircraft wing design [1], architecture [9,11], microwave imaging [15], temperature measurement [19], and virus detection [7]. This paper came about as the result of an undergraduate Honors Thesis project at Ball State University [16]. The goal of the thesis was to address the question: Since we can think of a diving board as a cantilever, how well does the beam equation model a diving board? To answer this question, we created a simple experimental set-up con sisting of a two-meter stick with one end clamped to a table and the free end set in motion. Vertical displacements at tape-marked positions along the beam were cap tured with a digital video camera, analyzed with the freely available World-in-Motion physics demonstration software [4], and compared to a model based on the standard beam equation. As is often the case with models of real-world phenomena, our initial model failed to match the measured data. Using the wave equation as a model [2], we first introduced a damping term to improve results and then a forcing term to arrive at a reasonable model.
Biologic response modifier OK-432 pretreatment reduces mortality in burned mice infected with gram-negative bacteria

When compared with a control group, mice pretreated with the biologic response modifier OK-432 showed increased survival when burned and infected with several strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. Quantitative microbial counts in the skin, liver, and kidneys of burned mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that although skin counts were not different between control groups pretreated or untreated with OK-432, liver and kidney counts were reduced significantly in the group pretreated with OK-432. We speculate from these results that OK-432 pretreatment may enhance survival by enhancing host clearance of microorganisms entering the circulation from the burn wound. Making mice granulocytopenic by cyclophosphamide treatment or macrophage-deficient/dysfunctional by carrageenan treatment nullified any survival advantage given by OK-432 pretreatment. These results supported our speculation and suggested that both of these cell types were important in the mechanisms of enhanced survival afforded by OK-432 pretreatment.
Change in Activation Volume for Plastic Deformation of Zr-based Bulk Metallic Glass following Annealing

We performed nanoindentation creep experiments on the bulk metallic glass Zr54Cu38Al8 in an effort to measure the scale of the individual deformation events responsible for plastic deformation. From a nanoindentation creep experiment, we can determine V*, the activation volume, which we interpret as the volume of a shear transformation zone (STZ) multiplied by the shear strain undergone by the STZ during thermal activation. For the as-cast alloy hardness, H, is 5.33 ± 0.06 GPa, and V* is 87 ± 5 A3. The alloy was then annealed near Tg for 24 hr and retested. No crystallization occurred during annealing as verified by XRD and TEM. Following annealing H increased to 7.36 ± 0.08 GPa and V* increased to 160 ± 10 A3. We interpret the change in V* as arising from an increase in the number of atoms involved in the STZ.
Mucin-like enhancement of microbial virulence for mice by bile salts and certain surfactants.

SummaryIntraperitoneal injection of bile salts and certain surfactants into mice followed by adjusted, non-lethal inocula of a variety of different microbes results in significant enhancement of latter's virulence for mice. With few exceptions, mortality induced with these adjuvants is associated with high incidence of bacteremia involving intraperitoneally injected microorganisms.
The Tragedy of the Anticommons: A Concise Introduction and Lexicon

This article gives a concise introduction to the ‘tragedy of the anticommons.’ The anticommons thesis is simple: when too many people own pieces of one thing, nobody can use it. Usually, private ownership creates wealth. But too much ownership has the opposite effect – it leads to wasteful underuse. This is a free market paradox that shows up all across the global economy. If too many owners control a single resource, cooperation breaks down, wealth disappears, and everybody loses. Conceptually, underuse in an anticommons mirrors the familiar problem of overuse in a ‘tragedy of the commons.’ The field of anticommons studies is now well-established. Over a thousand scholars have detailed examples from across the innovation frontier, including drug patenting, telecom licensing, climate change, compulsory land purchase, oil field unitisation, music and art copyright, and post-socialist economic transition. Fixing anticommons tragedy is a key challenge for any legal system committed to innovation and economic growth.
The gas-phase ligand exchange of copper and nickel acetylacetonate, hexafluoroacetylacetonate and trifluorotrimethylacetylacetonate complexes.

The gas-phase ligand-exchange reactions between Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes containing the acetylacetonate (acac), hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac), and trifluorotrimethylacetylacetonate (tftm) ligands were investigated using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The gas-phase mixed-ligand products of [Cu(acac)(tftm)] + , [Ni(acac)(tftm)] + , [Cu(hfac)(tftm)] + , and [Ni(hfac)(tftm)] + were formed following the co-sublimation of either homo-metal or hetero-metal precursors. The gas-phase formation of [Cu(acac)(tftm)] + , [Cu(hfac)(tftm)] + , [Ni(acac)(tftm)] + , and [Ni(hfac)(tftm)] + complexes is reported herein for the first time. The corresponding fragmentation patterns of these species along with those of Cu(tftm) 2 and Ni(tftm) 2 are also presented. Mass-selected ion-neutral reactions were investigated.
Web history and economics

In retrospect, the Web appears a very natural development, a byproduct of the growth of the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. Still, the success of the Web was actually attained through a series of fundamental misunderstandings about the direction that various technologies would take, and how society would use them. It was a tool that happened to be ''good enough'' to meet some urgent needs, but not ideal. A brief survey of the history and pre-history of the Web is presented, with an emphasis on its economics and the many misleading notions that played key roles in its development. This survey leads to some speculative thoughts about the future of the Web.
Parasite transmission in complex communities: predators and alternative hosts alter pathogenic infections in amphibians.

While often studied in isolation, host–parasite interactions are typically embedded within complex communities. Other community members, including predators and alternative hosts, can therefore alter parasite transmission (e.g., the dilution effect), yet few studies have experimentally evaluated more than one such mechanism. Here, we used data from natural wetlands to design experiments investigating how alternative hosts and predators of parasites mediate trematode (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection in a focal amphibian host (Pseudacris regilla). In short-term predation bioassays involving mollusks, zooplankton, fish, larval insects, or newts, four of seven tested species removed 62–93% of infectious stages. In transmission experiments, damselfly nymphs (predators) and newt larvae (alternative hosts) reduced infection in P. regilla tadpoles by ∼50%, whereas mosquitofish (potential predators and alternative hosts) did not significantly influence transmission. Additional bioassays indicated that predators cons...
Effect of relative humidity on SOA formation from isoprene/NO photooxidation: enhancement of 2-methylglyceric acid and its corresponding oligoesters under dry conditions

Abstract. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of isoprene under initially high nitric oxide (NO) conditions (i.e., isoprene/NO ~3) was investigated in a dual outdoor smog chamber. Based upon particle volume concentration measurements and the detailed chemical characterization of isoprene SOA using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-Q-TOFMS), enhanced SOA formation was observed under lower RH conditions (15–40 %) compared to higher RH conditions (40–90 %). 2-methylglyceric acid (2-MG) and its corresponding oligoesters, which have been previously shown to form from further oxidation of methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN), were enhanced in the particle-phase under lower RH conditions. In addition, an abundant unknown SOA tracer likely derived from the further oxidation of MPAN was detected and enhanced under lower RH conditions. In contrast, the 2-methyltetrols, which are known to mainly form from the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) under low-NO conditions in the presence of acidified aerosol, did not substantially vary under different RH conditions; however, isoprene-derived organosulfates were found to be enhanced under high-RH conditions, indicating the likely importance of the aqueous aerosol phase in their formation. Based upon the detailed chemical characterization results, particle-phase organic esterification is tentatively proposed to explain the observed enhancements of isoprene SOA mass under lower RH conditions. Alternative mechanisms explaining the enhancement of 2-MG and its corresponding oligoesters cannot be completely ruled out. This is one of only a few chamber studies that have examined the effect of RH on isoprene SOA formation. In comparison to our recent results obtained from aromatic SOA formation, the effect of RH on isoprene SOA formation is reversed. The results of this study highlight the importance of elucidating the key reactive intermediates that lead to SOA formation, especially since RH likely affects their ability in forming SOA. Furthermore, ignoring the effects of RH may significantly affect the accuracy of both regional and global SOA models.
Interhemispheric connections of the somatosensory cortex in the rabbit.

Corpus callosal connections of somatosensory cortex were studied in rabbits by combining anatomical tracing and electrophysiological mapping in the same animals. The results show that callosal connections are unevenly distributed in SI and SII. In SI, the representations of all body surfaces caudal to the neck and midline structures of the head have dense callosal connections. Conversely, connections are sparse to absent within representations of laterally positioned surfaces of the head, such as the sinus hairs, vibrissae, and nonmidline portions of the lips. Almost all of SII has dense callosal connections; only the representations of the vibrissae and sinus hairs have moderate callosal connections. The laminar distribution of callosal connections in rabbit SI and SII is similar to that observed in other mammals. Callosal terminations extend from the inner portion of layer I to the outer portion of layer VI, are moderately denser in the supragranular layers, and are sparse in layer IV. Callosally projecting cells are found predominantly in layers II, III, and V and are sparse in layers IV and VI. These data further emphasize the direct correspondence between the pattern of callosal connections in SI and the functional importance of particular body surfaces. Hence, representations of body surfaces important in the exploration of the environment are relatively free of callosal connections, whereas representations of midline and more lateral surfaces, less significant in tactile exploration, receive dense callosal connections. Callosal connections in rabbits are distributed extensively throughout responsive koniocortical regions rather than being relegated to distinct, specialized regions of “unresponsive” dysgranular cortex as in rodents.
Ecological approaches to diversity maintenance in evolutionary algorithms

Evolutionary algorithms have shown great promise in evolving novel solutions to real-world problems, but the complexity of those solutions is limited, unlike the apparently open-ended evolution that occurs in the natural world. In part, nature surmounts these complexity barriers with natural ecological dynamics that generate an incredibly diverse array of raw materials for the evolutionary process to build upon, the efficacy of which has been demonstrated in the artificial life system Avida [1]. Here, we introduce a method to integrate ecological factors promoting diversity into an EA using limited resources. We show that populations evolving with this method are able to find and cover multiple niches in a simple string-matching problem, and we analyze the conditions that lead to specialists vs. generalists in this environment. These concepts lay a groundwork for building a more comprehensive ecology-based evolutionary algorithm able to achieve higher levels of complexity.
EXPLICIT EVALUATIONS OF TWO RAMANUJAN–SELBERG CONTINUED FRACTIONS

This paper gives explicit evaluations for two Ramanujan–Selberg continued fractions in terms of class invariants and singular moduli.
Myxoid chondrosarcoma of the phalanx with an EWS translocation: A case report and review of the literature

Myxoid chondrosarcoma is a histologically and genetically distinct tumor that predominantly originates in soft tissue, unlike conventional chondrosarcoma, which arises primarily in bone1-3. Several hundred cases of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma have been reported, but true intraosseous myxoid chondrosarcoma tumors have rarely been reported. Several nonrandom chromosomal translocations, most commonly t(9;22) EWS-CHN, have been identified in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma4,5. These translocations can help with diagnosis; however, to date, no such translocation has been identified in an unequivocal skeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma tumor, leading previous authors to conclude that skeletal and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma tumors are separate and distinct entities6,7. We present the case of a patient with myxoid chondrosarcoma with both a clear skeletal origin and an EWS-containing chromosomal translocation, thus providing evidence that the skeletal and extraskeletal forms of myxoid chondrosarcoma represent the same pathologic entity. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she consented. A nineteen-year-old woman presented with a nine-month history of a progressively enlarging, painful mass of the right long finger. There was no history of trauma or foreign-body penetration. She had no constitutional symptoms, and the medical history was remarkable only for asthma. On examination, there was a 2 × 1.5 × 1.5-cm mass involving the middle phalanx (Fig. 1). There was decreased active digital flexion, mild ulnar deviation of the finger, and normal sensation. The patient had no antecubital or axillary lymphadenopathy. Fig. 1 Photograph demonstrating a mass in the middle phalanx of the long finger. Radiographs demonstrated a lytic expansile lesion of the middle phalanx of the long finger (Figs. 2-A and 2-B). No full-thickness cortical destruction was evident, although the extensive endosteal scalloping made this difficult to confirm. The lesion extended to the proximal articular surface, …
Intercellular bridges in the embryo of the Atlantic squid, Loligo pealei. I. Cytoplasmic continuity and tissue differentiation.

SUMMARY In the post-gastrulation embryo of the Atlantic squid, Loligo pealei, the cells of the developing blastoderm are joined to each other by intercellular bridges which may provide a means of cytoplasmic communication between the cells. This paper describes an electron microscope survey of bridges in the developing blastoderm just prior to, and during, the onset of differentiation. The bridges are similar to those described in the gonadal tissue of many animal species and appear to result from incomplete cytokinesis followed by the disappearance of the spindle remnant. The bridges persist and chains of cells result which are generally branched and coiled. In the undifferentiated blastoderm the chains of cells show no apparent orientation to each other. However, in the apical blastoderm undergoing differentiation, chains of bridged cells appear to coincide closely with the developing mantle and shell gland primordia. The configuration a chain of cells assumes depends upon the degree of branching (i.e. the number of cells having three bridges) and the degree of coiling of the chain. Whereas coiling is probably affected by the crowding of neighboring cells, both branching and coiling appear to be functions of spindle orientation relative to previous bridges. During mitosis the bridges appear to become occluded by systems of transverse membranous cisternae, and mitotic nuclei are thus isolated. However, the bridges apparently re-open during Gl5 and during periods of protein synthesis the cells within a group share a common cytoplasm. It is suggested that gene products are shared and protein synthesis of the entire bridged group may be synchronized. As the sharing of control molecules may also be facilitated, these essentially syncytial groups may respond uniformly to inducers from the yolk syncytium, or other tissues and differentiation may be synchronized within the group.
On topological via minimization and routing

The authors consider the topological via minimization problem in a bounded region. The problem is known to be NP-complete. An approximation algorithm is proposed for this problem, which solves the two-layer topological via minimization problem in a bounded region with at most 0.25m* more vias than the optimal number of vias, where m* is the size of the maximum two-planar subset of nets for the given problem. A graph-theoretic heuristic algorithm is also proposed to obtain a geometric routing from a topological solution. >
Enhanced sensitivity of the postnatal lung to environmental insults and oxidant stress.

Examination of the current state of health in the United States suggests that childhood lung diseases are increasing at an alarming rate. Looking more closely at the data, it can be seen that this increase is especially true for chronic respiratory diseases such as allergic asthma. This is a disease that is thought to have its roots in childhood insults. The demographics of the current wave of asthma and other chronic lung diseases reveal that the incidence is highest among children in polluted inner cities, where it seems to have reached epidemic proportions. This gives rise to a number of serious questions as to causality. Has the nature of the urban environment changed to such an extent as to lead to increased disease? Are current populations more sensitive to existing environmental insults? Is the increase real, or has our ability to detect it improved? This article addresses the possibility that factors intrinsic to the lung and its development have combined with specific environmental risk factors to have an adverse impact on children’s health.
Hypothesis Testing in Palaeoanthropology

Hypothesis testing is used to guide scientific research by narrowing down possible explanations for a phenomenon, using the principle of elimination of alternative scenarios. Thus, scientists test hypotheses by attempting to falsify them. A hypothesis is deduced from observed patterns and aims at linking those patterns to the factors proposed to have caused it. Hypothesis testing is frequently accompanied by statistical tests of null hypotheses, focusing on the inferential analysis of sample properties such as the mean and the variance. For instance, if there is less than a 5% chance that two samples are drawn from the same entity, we reject the null hypothesis and claim that these samples are significantly different. A salient point to keep in mind when testing hypotheses is that a successful evaluation of a hypothesis depends critically on the manner in which it was formulated. Hypotheses pertaining to the origin of modern humans are reviewed and evaluated. Key Concepts A hypothesis links observed patterns to the factors proposed to have caused it. Scientists do not attempt to prove that a hypothesis is true. Hypothesis testing guides scientific research by narrowing down possible explanations for a phenomenon, using the principle of elimination of alternative scenarios. Statistical tests assess the probability that a hypothesis is true or false. It is important for hypotheses to specify testable predictions. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of modern humans. Hypotheses explaining modern human origins each make several predictions, some of which can be readily tested using paleontological and genetic data. Keywords: hypothesis; deductive thinking; statistical significance; origin of modern humans; replacement; multiregional
Gene Knockout Mice in the Study of Parturition

To review recent studies of parturition control in mice with relevance to understanding the control of human parturition Assimilation of published studies of gene knockout mice with mutations in neuropeptides, prostaglandin synthetic enzymes and receptors, and other molecules implicated in parturition. The central role of prostaglandins in murine labor is demonstrated by mice with gene mutations at multiple levels of the prostaglandin synthetic pathway. In addition, novel molecules such as steroid 5α-reductase are found to play an essential role in the progression of labor. Surprisingly, deficiency of neuropeptides such as oxytocin and corticotropin-releasing hormone have little effect on parturition. Molecular genetic analyses in mice provide an efficient way to define molecules critical for murine parturition. Extrapolation of the importance of these molecules to human parturition provides the next challenge.
Sediment Distribution in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea

An isopach map of the total sediment thickness over acoustic basement in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea is constructed on the basis of 44,000 km of seismic-reflection profiler data and available seismic-refraction information. The map shows a regional first-order deposition pattern that is believed to result from development of the ocean by sea-floor spreading. Where the pattern breaks down, the proximity to the continents governs the sediment distribution which also is locally complex. Most of the sediment in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea is suggested to be of terrigenous origin. Buried marginal basement highs exist in three locations near the base of the continental slope and have acted as barriers for the seaward flow of the terrigenous material during the early stage of development of the ocean. The oceanic basement surface is intersected by several fracture zones that are expressed as a linear series of basement peaks and sediment-filled troughs. The data are compatible with shifts of the active spreading axis south of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone. An extinct ridge axis in the Norwegian Basin is defined by a continuous sediment-filled rift valley surrounded by partly buried axial mountains. A thick continuous sequence of relatively transparent sediments is located on the eastern rise of the Icelandic Plateau and on the northern flank of the Faeroe-Iceland Ridge; however, the prominent north-south trend in the bathymetry at the eastern boundary of the Icelandic Plateau is not reflected in the basement topography. Portions of the Icelandic Plateau are underlain by a smooth acoustic basement which is suggested to consist of volcanic debris. Erosion near the base of the continental slope and at the fracture zones may reflect bottom-water flow.
Utilizing novel diversity estimators to quantify multiple dimensions of microbial biodiversity across domains

Background Microbial ecologists often employ methods from classical community ecology to analyze microbial community diversity. However, these methods have limitations because microbial communities differ from macro-organismal communities in key ways. This study sought to quantify microbial diversity using methods that are better suited for data spanning multiple domains of life and dimensions of diversity. Diversity profiles are one novel, promising way to analyze microbial datasets. Diversity profiles encompass many other indices, provide effective numbers of diversity (mathematical generalizations of previous indices that better convey the magnitude of differences in diversity), and can incorporate taxa similarity information. To explore whether these profiles change interpretations of microbial datasets, diversity profiles were calculated for four microbial datasets from different environments spanning all domains of life as well as viruses. Both similarity-based profiles that incorporated phylogenetic relatedness and naive (not similarity-based) profiles were calculated. Simulated datasets were used to examine the robustness of diversity profiles to varying phylogenetic topology and community composition.
New Geographies of Tourism in Peru: Nature-based Tourism and Conservation in the Cordillera Huayhuash

Abstract This research examines new tourism networks, conservation, and social and economic changes in Peru. In doing so, the article illustrates how current political and economic change, global tourism and new forms of conservation are contributing to new geographies of tourism in the country. Through a case study of the Cordillera Huayhuash, the article evaluates the nature of recent increases in tourism in the region, the ways in which these new tourist-related activities are interfacing with new conservation areas, and how they are contributing to local environmental, economic and political change. Based on a mix-methods qualitative approach, the article's major findings illustrate the magnitude and composition of recent increases in tourism to the Cordillera Huayhuash and the economic and social impacts of these activities on communities and households in the region. The article concludes with a set of questions for further geographical research concerned with the ways in which tourism is related to...
Recreational Fisheries Management

This sport has a high economic value and is of considerable importance in the entire fisheries industry (commercial and recreational). Fisheries management plans require knowledge of total harvest from fish stocks, yet management plans were based only upon the commercial catch figures available from government agencies until comparatively recently. Commercial catch figures are incomplete without recreational fisheries catch records. Recreational catch records, by reason of the very nature of recreational fisheries, are diffuse, difficult, and expensive to collect; and, because of this, recreational catches for many years were omitted in fisheries management programs and underestimations of total catches resulted. Such catches may be as much as 13 times greater than the commercial catch. In some areas, catches of king mackerel may be 15 times greater. Both commercial and recreational catches must be available and used for fish management equations to be effective.
Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis

Deciding to and becoming a parent is filled with many emotional changes and challenges for the individual, the couple, and the broader family. When an individual or couple first contemplates parenthood, it is usually through the lens of society, their culture, religion, and family system. Despite some differences, in general parents hope for a healthy child, and even during pregnancy often begin imagining their child’s entire life, from birth through adulthood. Undergoing prenatal testing as a part of the pregnancy process can potentially add an additional layer of complication that was not historically present – women, couples, and families now have the potential ability to learn some health information about their prospective child and have the ability to make decisions in light of that information. This context of genetic testing in the obstetrics realm is quite different from that performed in a pediatric setting (where one is providing testing as part of a diagnostic workup, usually for a child known or suspected to have a genetic condition) or from that performed in an adult setting (where one is testing oneself, often in a predictive manner).