cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tutorial: Principles and Practices of Secure Cryptographic Coding in Java

Various software libraries and frameworks provide a variety of APIs to support secure coding. However, misusing these APIs can cost developers tremendous time and effort, introduce security vulnerabilities to software, and cause serious consequences like data leakage or Denial of Service (DoS) on servers. Our tutorial aims to educate people on the best practice of secure coding, the pitfalls that should be avoided, and the detection tools and fixing suggestions of insecure code.To increase the security awareness of developers and improve the quality of their software products, we propose a 90-minute tutorial to teach participants the principles and practices of Java secure coding, including the SSL/TLS and Spring Security configuration. In this tutorial, we will introduce the principles of using security APIs, analyze typical API misuse cases to explain the causes and effects. We will also introduce a tool that we recently developed to automatically detect API misuse in Java.There are five parts in our tutorial. To reveal the secure coding practice, we will first introduce the findings in our recent study on StackOverflow posts relevant to Java security. Second, we will discuss the recommended principles of API usage by security experts. Third, to correlate the principles with existing practice, we will discuss some API misuse examples for the SSL/TLS certificate verification, Spring Security authentication, etc. Fourth, we will ask participants to examine extra code examples and discuss the security property. Finally, We will give an overview of the available tools and resources, demonstrate a tool named CryptoGuard that we developed to automatically detect API misuse in Java. We will also help participants install and use CryptoGuard plugins on their own machines and ask them for trials.By actively involving participants in code discussion and tool trial, we aim to raise the security awareness among developers, improve their secure coding capabilities, and equip them with the tools they need for secure coding.
Obstacles Affecting the Implementation of the O-SCORE for Assessment of Orthopedic Surgical Skills Competency

Objectives There is a need for meaningful and reliable measures of surgical competency in residency education. The goal of the current study is to incorporate the Ottawa Surgical Competency Operating Room Evaluation (O‐SCORE) into the process of resident evaluation at our institution and to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of its use through a web‐based platform. Design This is a feasibility study that prospectively assesses the implementation of a web-based O-SCORE at our institution. Over a 16‐week period, 19 orthopedic surgery residents (PGY2‐PGY5) participated in a quality improvement study, which involved collecting 2 feedback forms per week. Each form consisted of a resident form and a linked attending form. At the conclusion of the 16‐week trial period, residents and faculty members were asked to complete a survey about their perceptions of the O‐SCORE program. Setting An academic medical center. Participants The study included only residents in postgraduate training years (PGY) 2 through 5 (n = 20) and attendings (n = 37). Results During the 16‐week study period, 608 resident surveys were requested for the 19 participating residents, of which 404 surveys (66.5%) were completed. Faculty completed 207 of 326 surveys for an overall compliance rate of 63.5%. The O‐SCORE was able to significantly differentiate between all training years (p Conclusions This study demonstrates that implementation of an immediate feedback program utilizing an electronic platform is achievable and offers reproducible construct validity. However, issues affecting compliance among both residents and faculty physicians must temper optimism for the program and should be systematically addressed to allow for successful implementation.
64. APPLICATION FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CLINICAL PERFORMANCE DURING PEDIATRIC INTERNSHIP: A 5-YEAR SINGLE CENTER RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

Background The specific components of an application to residency that predict clinical performance during training in pediatrics remain unknown. Methods Retrospective cohort study of all pediatric interns who matched into the Boston Combined Residency Program from 2013-2017. Demographics, subspecialty track, medical school ranking, USMLE scores, advanced degrees, clerkship grades, Alpha-Omega-Alpha (AOA) and Gold Humanism Honor Society membership, interview day performance, letters of recommendation (LOR) strength, and number of publications were extracted from application materials. The primary outcome was clinical performance at the end of internship, measured as a weighted average of existing ACGME pediatric milestones scores. Linear mixed effects modeling with random effects for grading committee and match year was used to identify factors independently associated with clinical performance. Variables with p-values Results 223 interns were included in the study. In the model (Table 1), higher average LOR score (B=.07, p=.01), having a master's degree (B =.19, p=.03), and not having a PhD (B =.13, p=.03) were associated with more advanced clinical performance at the end of pediatric internship. AOA membership, medical school ranking, public medical school attendance, time off prior to medical school, number of clerkship honors, and interview score were included in the model, but not significant predictors of clinical performance. The fixed effects explained 15% of the variance in milestones score, while the random effects (match year and grading committee) explained 8% of the variance (marginal R2=.15, conditional R2=.23). Conclusions Strong letters of recommendation, having a master's degree and not having a PhD are associated with more advanced clinical performance during pediatric internship. However, much of the variance in clinical performance remains unexplained by quantifiable application variables.
Hybrid stochastic and robust optimization model for lot-sizing and scheduling problems under uncertainties

Abstract Uncertainty is among the significant concerns in production scheduling. It has become increasingly important to take uncertainties into consideration for lot-sizing and scheduling. In this paper, we adopt the Hybrid Stochastic and Robust Optimization (HSRO) approach in lot-sizing and scheduling problems in which suppliers have the flexibility of satisfying a fraction of demand based on the market and their policies. Two types of uncertainties have been considered simultaneously: demand and overtime processing cost. Robust optimization is adopted for uncertain demand and Sample Average Approximation (SAA) technique is applied to solve the stochastic program for uncertain overtime processing cost. Numerical results based on a manufacturing company has been conducted to not only validate the proposed hybrid model but also quantitatively demonstrate the merit of our approach. Sample size stability test and sensitivity analyses on various parameters have also been conducted.
Climate and health damages from global concrete production

Growing infrastructure needs worldwide have created an unprecedented demand for concrete. Its production results in high GHG emissions, the primary focus of research and mitigation strategies in the sector. However, emissions of air pollutants and the economic burden of resultant health consequences are not yet known. Here, we show worldwide concrete production contributes approximately 7.8% of nitrogen oxide emissions, 4.8% of sulfur oxide emissions, 5.2% of particulate matter emissions smaller than 10 microns and 6.4% of particulate emissions smaller than 2.5 microns. Economic valuation of the damages from these and GHG emissions total ~75% of the cement and concrete industry current value. Commonly discussed GHG emissions mitigation strategies can halve these costs but, under certain scenarios, may increase local air pollution and associated health damages. These findings highlight potential synergies and trade-offs between GHG mitigation and improvements in local air quality, with implications for the political feasibility of different mitigation options. Concrete production emits high levels of GHGs. It also causes air pollution, with emissions of particulate matter as well as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, which together with GHG emissions cause climate and health damages nearing 75% of the industry value.
Sensemaking Practices in the Everyday Work of AI/ML Software Engineering

This paper considers sensemaking as it relates to everyday software engineering (SE) work practices and draws on a multi-year ethnographic study of SE projects at a large, global technology company building digital services infused with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) capabilities. Our findings highlight the breadth of sensemaking practices in AI/ML projects, noting developers' efforts to make sense of AI/ML environments (e.g., algorithms/methods and libraries), of AI/ML model ecosystems (e.g., pre-trained models and "upstream" models), and of business-AI relations (e.g., how the AI/ML service relates to the domain context and business problem at hand). This paper builds on recent scholarship drawing attention to the integral role of sensemaking in everyday SE practices by empirically investigating how and in what ways AI/ML projects present software teams with emergent sensemaking requirements and opportunities.
Comparing laboratory and in-the-wild data for continuous Parkinson’s Disease tremor detection

Passive, continuous monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) symptoms in the wild (i.e., in home environments) could improve disease management, thereby improving a patient’s quality of life. We envision a system that uses machine learning to automatically detect PD symptoms from accelerometer data collected in the wild. Building such systems, however, is challenging because it is difficult to obtain labels of symptom occurrences in the wild. Many researchers therefore train machine learning algorithms on laboratory data with the assumption that findings will translate to the wild. This paper assesses how well laboratory data represents wild data by comparing PD symptom (tremor) detection performance of three models on both lab and wild data. Findings indicate that, for this application, laboratory data is not a good representation of wild data. Results also show that training on wild data, even though labels are less precise, leads to better performance on wild data than training on accurate labels from laboratory data.Clinical relevance— Results in this paper suggest that, when building a system for in-the-wild PD symptom detection, it is better to train machine learning algorithms on data from the wild as opposed to from the lab, even though wild labels are less precise. This paper also presents a newly released dataset for PD tremor detection in lab and wild environments.
Stigma Associated With Pelvic Floor Disorders.

OBJECTIVES Although the impact of stigma is known for women with urinary incontinence, it has not been well studied among the full spectrum of pelvic floor disorders. This study quantifies the level of stigma among women presenting for urogynecologic care and tests the hypothesis that stigma related to pelvic floor disorders results in a delay in care seeking for these problems. METHODS Women presenting for new patient visits (N = 523) in university medical center-based urogynecology clinics completed 2 anonymous questionnaires (Stigma Scale for Chronic Illnesses 8-item version and Pelvic Floor Bother Questionnaire) before their visit. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the distributions of stigma scores. Logistic regression was used to model factors associated with a delay in seeking care. Spearman correlation was used to determine whether there was an association between stigma and bother scores. RESULTS Median stigma score was significantly higher for those presenting with complaints of urine leakage (P = 0.015), accidental bowel leakage (P < 0.001), and constipation (P < 0.001) compared with women without these symptoms. Women presenting with accidental bowel leakage had the highest median stigma score, and those presenting with pelvic organ prolapse had the lowest. Total stigma score had a moderately positive correlation (r = 0.5, P < 0.001) with bother score. In a logistic regression model, higher stigma score was associated with a decreased likelihood of waiting 1 year or more to seek care (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = 0.86-0.98). CONCLUSIONS Pelvic floor disorders carry varying levels of stigma. Women who feel more stigmatized by pelvic floor disorders seem to seek care earlier.
Sepsis impedes EAE disease development and diminishes autoantigen-specific naive CD4 T cells.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that can happen when the immune system overreacts to an infection and begins to damage tissues and organs in the body. It causes an extreme immune reaction called a cytokine storm, where the body releases uncontrolled levels of cytokines, proteins that are involved in coordinating the body’s response to infections. This in turn activates more immune cells, resulting in hyperinflammation. People who survive sepsis may have long-lasing impairments in their immune system that may leave them more vulnerable to infections or cancer. But scientists do not know exactly what causes these lasting immune problems or how to treat them. The fact that people are susceptible to cancer and infection after sepsis may offer a clue. It may suggest that the immune system is not able to attack bacteria or cancer cells. One way to explore this clue would be to test the effects of sepsis on autoimmune diseases, which cause the immune system to attack the body’s own cells. For example, in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the nervous system. If autoimmune disease is reduced after sepsis, it would suggest the cell-destroying abilities of the immune system are lessened. Using this approach, Jensen, Jensen et al. show that sepsis reduces the number of certain immune cells, called CD4 T cells, which are are responsible for an autoimmune attack of the central nervous system. In the experiments, mice that survived sepsis were evaluated for their ability to develop a multiple sclerosis-like disease. Mice that survived sepsis developed less severe or no autoimmune disease. After sepsis, these animals also had fewer CD4 T cells. However, when these immune cells were reinstated, the autoimmune disease emerged. The experiments help explain some of the immune system changes that occur after sepsis. Jensen, Jensen et al. suggest that rather than being completely detrimental, these changes may help to block harmful autoimmune responses. The experiments may also hint at new ways to combat autoimmune diseases by trying to replicate some of the immune-suppressing effects of sepsis. Studying the effect of sepsis on other autoimmune diseases in mice might provide more clues.
The Relationship Between Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and an Emotional–Behavioral Disability: A Scoping Review:

Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is an adverse childhood experience that often results in academic, behavior, and mental health difficulties. This study reviewed the empirical...
Tile-Based Power Delivery Networks for High Current, Voltage Stacked Systems

Due to the increasing throughput of high-performance integrated circuits, the power consumption of recent high-performance computing systems has grown significantly, leading to greater on-chip current demand. The large current flowing within the power delivery system produces challenging issues, such as electromigration, low power efficiency, and thermal hot spots. To reduce on-chip current demand, voltage stacking has become a topic of growing interest within the industrial and academic communities. The challenges of power delivery for on-chip voltage stacked systems are, however, significant. The power delivery system connects individual stacks and stacks to converters. Challenges include cross-core current paths. A tile-based power delivery design methodology is proposed for high current, voltage stacked systems. The tile-based power delivery system provides net separation, low parasitic impedance, and a scalable design process. The tile shape eases the design and characterization of the parasitic impedance, making this methodology effective for early stage exploration of the power delivery system within voltage stacked structures.
Extending dynamic mode decomposition to data from multiple outputs.

System identification based on Koopman operator theory has grown in popularity recently. Spectral properties of the Koopman operator of a system were proven to relate to properties like invariant sets, stability, periodicity, etc. of the underlying system. Estimation of these spectral objects has become widely accessible with the numerous algorithms developed in recent years. We show how one such algorithm -- extended dynamic mode decomposition -- can be used on data from multiple outputs of a system. These outputs that are functions of state are called observables in the literature and could be known outputs like the state itself or unknown outputs like data from sensors used in systems of biological interest. To this end, we approximate the desired observables and their iterates in time using minimizers of regularized least-squares problems which have analytic solutions with heuristic provisions for expected estimates.
Primary ovarian hydatidiform mole: A case report

Abstract A case is presented of primary ovarian hydatidiform mole treated by salpingo-oophorectomy. Choriocarcinoma has not developed in this patient during the 1½years following operation.
Abstract P429: Parallel Processes of Sedentary Behavior and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Obese Adolescents

Introduction: Sedentary time has been negatively associated with cardiometabolic health in adults. These associations are less clear in youth, may differ by sedentary measurement method, and rarely have been investigated longitudinally. Hypothesis: Greater accelerometer measured sedentary time and reported screen time will be associated with poorer status on cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline and longitudinally. Methods: Obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age and gender) 11-13 year olds were enrolled in a primary care weight loss trial. Half were girls and 82% were Hispanic. Of the 106 participants enrolled, 73 completed baseline and 12-month assessments. Assessments occurred in the clinic and included a fasting blood draw. Table 1 lists the risk factor variables. The first dependent variable was reported screen time (television and computer/video games). The second was total sedentary time, calculated from waist-worn Actigraph accelerometers as percent of wear time with counts < 100 per 60-second epo...
Priority Consistency in Protocol Architecture

The protocol processing software of a multimedia operating system must provide fast response time and predictable delays for time-constrained data streams like digital audio and video streams. This paper describes several different techniques for scheduling the protocol processing of messages. These techniques are analyzed and their (simulated) performance compared using various metrics. One of these metrics is the priority inversion factor which provides a way of quantifying priority inversion in the system. Protocol processing time and context switch time are given as parameters in the simulations, and we present guidelines for choosing between the message scheduling techniques based on the ratio of protocol processing time to context switch time for a given system.
The Remaking of the American University

Five powerful forces have the capacity to reshape higher education today. They are the rise of an information economy, changing demographics, new technologies, privatization of higher education, and a convergence of knowledge producing organizations. Among the possible consequences of these forces are a greatly expanded and more diverse set of higher education providers; the development of brick, click and brick-and-click colleges; a reduction in the number of physical campuses and the rise of international institutions; an increasing independence of faculty from campuses; and a growing customization of higher education and a shift in focus from teaching to learning.
Du goût de Chénier pour la poésie chinoise : essai sur son esthétique

Parmi les manuscrits d’Andre Chenier qui ne virent le jour qu’en 1901, soit plus d’un siecle apres sa mort, il y a un groupe de notes portant sur la litterature chinoise. Dans ces notes, dont la composition remonte aux annees 1780, Chenier s’interesse surtout aux poemes tires du Classique de la poesie, le premier recueil de poemes chinois, qu’on date du vie ou viie siecle avant notre ere, et il en loue constamment la beaute avec enthousiasme. Quelles beautes Chenier a-t-il pu trouver dans ces poemes, qu’il ne peut entrevoir que par une traduction tres approximative, et parfois meme fautive, du P. Cibot ? Cette etude tâche d’examiner la traduction du Jesuite par rapport aux textes chinois, d’une part, l’esthetique de Chenier qui a fait de lui, avec les Jesuites alors tombes en disgrâce, un des premiers admirateurs de la litterature chinoise, d’autre part.
Fuzzy sets and their applications to artificial intelligence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the basic theories of fuzzy sets. It demonstrates that various significant problems in the realm of uncertainty can be dealt with the use of fuzzy sets theory. This theory is aimed at the development of a body of concepts and techniques for dealing with sources of uncertainty or imprecision that are nonstatistical in nature. A similarity exists between the concepts of fuzziness and probability. The problems in which they are used are similar and even identical. These are problems in which indeterminacy is encountered because of random factors, inexact knowledge, or the theoretical impossibility of obtaining exact solutions. The chapter also discusses the relation of fuzziness and fuzzy statistics in the form of typicality theory, which is essential to the applicability of fuzzy set theory in artificial intelligence and expert systems. Using fuzzy logic, the expert system accepts vague data, compares it to all the rules in its memory simultaneously, and assigns each rule a weight.
U.S. healthcare reform and the pharmaceutical market: Projections from institutional history

Fiercely contested before, during, and after its passage, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is presently restructuring the U.S. healthcare market. This article describes the history of healthcare reform initiatives in the United States, analyzes the policy context in which the ACA was passed, and develops forecasts for the pharmaceutical market as insurance coverage grows. The institutional history of the U.S. healthcare system is revealing of the power of entrenched private interests, especially insurance and pharmaceutical firms, and of widespread opposition to price controls on prescription drugs or other forms of care. The ACA conforms to path dependency in the U.S. health system, continuing a unique mix of public and private insurance and private delivery of care. Building on the institutional analysis, the article develops specific projections for the U.S. prescription drug market in 2015 and 2020. The article concludes with a discussion of anticipated changes to pharmaceutical market structure under the ACA and the sustainability of free-market pricing for prescription drugs in the United States.
Reasoning by analogy in knowledge base systems

A discussion is presented of the integration of analogical reasoning into a knowledge base system. Such a system would retrieve stored examples on the basis of similarity to a current problem. A data model that permits a case-oriented representation is developed. The cases are organized in memory using an indexing scheme that permits directed search. The search strategy is based on the goal of the problem. Incorporating this type of reasoning into a database will provide a powerful search strategy which does not require users to be familiar with the organization of the database. >
Plantae Austro-Americanae, IV

Mayna amazonica / Mayna linguifolia / Mayna longifolia / Mayna longifolia Poeppig var. heIiocarpa R. E. Schultes, var. nov, / Mayna pacifica Cuatrecasas / Herrania albiflora.
Normal weight obesity and functional outcomes in older adults

Abstract Background Obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) is associated with higher levels of functional impairment. However, BMI strata misrepresent true adiposity, particularly in those with a normal BMI but elevated body fat (BF%) (normal weight obesity [NWO]) whom are at higher metabolic and mortality risk. Whether this subset of patients is associated with worsening functional outcomes is unclear. Methods Subjects aged ≥ 60 years with a BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 from NHANES III (1988–1994) were included. We created sex-specific tertiles of BF%. Data on physical limitations (PL), instrumental (IADL) and basic activities of daily living (BADL) were obtained. The analysis focused on the association between NWO and these outcomes. Comparative rates among each tertile using logistic regression (referent = lowest tertile) were assessed, incrementally adding co-variates. Results Of the 4484 subjects aged ≥ 60 years, 1528 had a normal BMI, and the range of the mean age of tertiles was 69.9–71.2 years. Lean mass was lowest in the elevated BF% group than in the middle or low tertiles (42.6 vs 44.9 vs 45.8; p Conclusions NWO is associated with increased physical impairment in older adults in females only, highlighting the importance of recognizing the association of obesity with disability in elders.
SU-E-T-344: Interfractional Needle Displacement During HDR Brachytherapy for Patients with Gynecological Cancer Using Interstitial Needle Template

Purpose: HDR Brachytherapy using interstitial needle templates for gynecological cancer is commonly delivered in 4–5 fractions. Potential movement of afterloading needles between fractions requires verification before each treatment. The current study analyzed the interfractional displacement of the implant needles relative to implanted fiducial markers (for tumor border) positions. Methods: 15 patients with interstitial needle implants were reviewed. Treatment plans were based on CT images and the superior and inferior borders of the target volumes were defined by fiducial markers. The implant position was verified with kV orthogonal images before each treatment. The 3D positions of the needle tip and fiducial markers were determined from the orthogonal images. Needle displacement was defined by the change of the 3D distance between needle tip and 2 fiducial markers between planning and before the last fraction. The relative 3D distances between 2 fiducial markers were also measured to assess possible markers migration. Results: The median needle was 1.1 mm and the displacement ranged from 0.2–7.8 mm for the needle that near superior fiducial marker, and was typically in the inferior direction. One patient had significant needle displacement (7.8 mm) and positions were corrected before treatment. The needle displacements in the remaining patients were less than 4 mm and were not corrected because of adequate treatment margins. The displacement between 2 fiducial markers changed from 0.2–4.9 mm with a median change of 1 mm. Conclusion: There was detectable displacement of implant needles between HDR fractions, typically in the inferior direction. Pretreatment verification using orthogonal imaging is required and used to correct needle position based on implanted fiducial markers and needle tip positions.
Process for improved reflectivity uniformity in extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) masks

Fabrication of EUVL masks requires formation of both a repair buffer layer and an EUV absorber layer on top of a molybdenum/silicon (Mo/Si) multilayer coated mask blank. Alteration of the Mo/Si multilayer during etch, repair or cleaning of the EUVL mask can be detrimental to the reflectivity and thus the functionality of the final mask. IBM’s Next Generation Lithography (NGL) group has reported on EUVL mask fabrication based on an absorber of low stress chromium (Cr) and a buffer layer of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ). Due to poor etch selectivity between SiO 2 and the underlying silicon capping layer, the finished masks had non-uniform and reduced EUV reflectivity after processing. This led to the development of an alternative absorber stack combination of an absorber layer of low stress TaN x on a buffer layer of low stress Cr. This paper describes the improved reflectivity uniformity of this type of mask along with several aspects of mask quality, such as CD control and image placement.
Understanding the sociocultural roots of childhood obesity: Food practices among Latino families of Bushwick, Brooklyn

Despite prevention efforts, childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. This ethnographic study seeks to enhance understandings of the sociocultural dimensions of childhood obesity and inform prevention efforts. Using participant observation, interviews, and life histories, this research probes the sociocultural roots of childhood obesity by exploring the food practices and everyday lives of Latino families in Bushwick, Brooklyn, a low-income neighborhood in New York City. Mired in persistent poverty, Latino families burdened by teetering resources provide for their children using coping strategies in which everyday food practices play an important part. These practices illuminate cultural ideas about good parenting, well-being, and conceptions of the body. We argue that these practices, embedded in the neighborhood food environment, drive food choice and related activities of families, often leading to overweight and obesity in their children. They form the sociocultural roots of childhood obesity, and their implications are critically important for how public health professionals approach the relationship of food, nutrition, and obesity.
Beta irradiation effects on reticulo-endothelial system following intravenous injection of radioactive chromium phosphate.

SummaryColloidal chromium phosphate suspensions containing graded amounts of P32 were injected intravenously into rats, thus exposing the reticulo-endothelial cells which phagocytized the radioactive colloidal matter to intensive beta radiation. 1. The radioactivity contents of livers were determined in rats sacrificed at different intervals from 1 hour to 10 days after chromium phosphate injection. The amount of radioactivity in the liver remained unchanged during observation period when chromium phosphate injection contained only 0.05 μc of P32. Considerable increase in radioactivity of the liver due to redistribution within the body was observed following the 0.29 μc dose, and still greater accumulation of radioactivity obtained following 0.39 μc. When, however, 17.91 μc were injected, the liver ceased to accumulate radioactive particles. 2. Rats were injected with radioactive chromium phosphate a day before parabiotic pairing with untreated rats; 4 days later radioactivity was found in the livers of t...
An audit on pediatric hydatid disease of uncommon localization: incidence, diagnosis, surgical approach, and outcome.

Abstract Background/Purpose Infestation of sites other than the liver and lungs by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus is rarely encountered in clinical practice. The present study aims to determine the incidence of hydatid disease of uncommon localization in children and to document the clinical and radiologic findings, the types of the operations performed, and the postoperative course of the disease. Methods A retrospective review of the demographical data as well as preoperative and postoperative clinical findings of children who underwent surgical treatment of hydatid disease was done. Results Hydatid disease of uncommon localization was encountered in 15 (7%) of 207 children reviewed. The sites in which the cysts were located were as follows: spleen (n = 4, 1.9%), kidney (n = 4, 1.9%), retroperitoneum (n = 3, 1.4%), omentum (n = 2, 1%), anterior abdominal wall (n = 1, 0.5%), and anterior thigh (n = 1, 0.5%). Radiodiagnostic tools such as ultrasonography were used in all. Partial pericystectomy was the surgical procedure of choice in most cases. There was 1 recurrence in a patient with splenic disease, with no mortality. Conclusions Pediatric hydatid disease can involve any body part. Radiologic imaging techniques are helpful in diagnosis. Surgery should aim to preserve as much tissue as possible while precautions to prevent recurrences are undertaken.
RISK EFFICIENCY AND COST EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSIFICATION

This study uses survey data and deterministic simulation to analyze the effects of geographic diversification in central Illinois on the variance of farm rates of return, and on transportation, monitoring, and other operating costs. Results indicate that risk reduction from geographic dispersion in Illinois is relatively small, and is more than offset by increased operating costs. Rather, demand for land for expansion is the major motivation for observed levels of geographic dispersion of farm units.
Structure of a combination of functional independence measure and instrumental activity measure items in community-living persons: A study of individuals with cerebral palsy and spina bifida

Abstract Objective: To analyze the structure of a combination of physical items from the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and seven instrumental activity items using ratings of dependence and perceived difficulty. Design: Disability in terms of dependence and subject's perceived difficulty was studied in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) and spina bifida (SB). Rasch analysis was used to construct calibrated linear measure and to identify suitable models with respect to rating steps. Setting: Interviews were performed at home with patients from an outpatient university rehabilitation unit for young disabled persons. Patients: Fifty-three CP and 20 SB patients (including 5 with other early acquired spinal cord lesions), 20 to 39 years of age, participated and represented 62% and 80%, respectively, of available patients. All had fulfilled an elementary school program. Results: The best scoring model using Rasch analysis was achieved using 5 levels for dependence and 4 levels for perceived difficulty. Hierarchic orders for all items are presented. The FIM items Bowel and Bladder showed different characteristics in the two groups of patients, especially for perceived difficulty, and were excluded in the joint calibrations. There was close overall agreement between the ratings of dependence and perceived difficulty. Person measure values from the Rasch analyses were separated between wheelchair users and walkers. Conclusion: The combination of physical items from FIM and instrumental activity measure (IAM) are useful for disability assessment in community-living persons and should be further studied in other impairment groups.
Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Breaking Strength of the Egg Shell

Abstract Sixty eggs with normal shells were randomly distributed into each of four temperature treatments. Eggs were placed in a water bath at temperatures of 13° C. (55° F.), 24° C. (75° F.), 35° C. (95° F.) and 46° C. (115° F.) for 15 minutes. One group of 30 eggs was immersed directly in the water bath and another group of 30 eggs was individually wrapped in plastic film before immersion into the water bath. Breaking strength of the eggs was determined immediately after removal from the water bath. Three replicates were run involving a total of 720 eggs. Shell temperatures, above 13° C, significantly reduced shell breaking strength. Wet shells coupled with higher temperatures also significantly reduced breaking strength when compared to that encountered from dry shell conditions. On the basis of this study, the overall concept of egg handling and processing may need re-evaluation.
(Un)official knowledge and identity: an emerging bilingual's journey into hybridity

Abstract Gabriela Montserrat (pseudonym) is a Mexican–American child classified by her school district as an ‘emerging bilingual’ and is the focus of this qualitative case study that took place at a public elementary school located in a suburban community in the southwestern US in Mrs Perez's (pseudonym) second-grade classroom. The student's use of personal stories to make connections between the literature she reads and her life is framed primarily by Cultural Hybridity Theory and Third Space Theory in Language And Literacy. Within this conceptualization, we began with broad research questions: (1) What is the role of Gabriela, an emerging bilingual second-grade student, in the hybrid or ‘third space’ that Mrs Perez, her teacher, has created for her literature classroom? and (2) How does Gabriela's background influence her interpretation of text(s)? To answer these questions, we employed both a qualitative case study research paradigm and a feminist research paradigm to explore the processes and dynamics...
Frequency Component and Modal Synthesis Analysis of Large Rotor-Bearing Systems with Base Motion Induced Excitations

Abstract Transient response of rotor-bearing systems is of continuous interest to both researchers and designers of large rotating machinery. The paper develops a comprehensive approach to this study using the modal method and numerical FFT analysis. Equations of motion of the rotor-bearing system are solved in the modal coordinates such that the number of degrees of freedom can be largely reduced. The transient modal time functions for each mode and the nonlinear bearing forces are examined in both time and frequency domains using numerical FFT analysis. This eliminates the examination of transient motion at certain locations in the rotor system that may lead to erroneous conclusions. A comparison of the overall transient motion, individual modal functions, unbalance excitations and the nonlinear bearing forces in frequency domain provides valuable information for the overall performance of the rotor-bearing system. A typical multimass rotor-bearing system is used as an example for this approach, and design conclusions are drawn from the results obtained.
Variability in Proteoglycan Synthesis Among Six Strains of Normal Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Several parameters of proteoglycan synthesis (incorporation of precursor isotope, distribution in culture compartments, sensitivity to chondroitinase ABC and Sepharose CL-2B elution profile) were investigated for six strains of normal human adult skin fibroblasts in culture in order to determine the range of variability in these parameters that could be expected in a normal population. When proteoglycan accumulation was measured in all cultures the uptake of Na235SO4 expressed per 106 cells had a coefficient of variation ranging from 17% to 50% in different experiments. Variability was always less when expressed per mg cell protein. The coefficient of variation was lowest when isotopic incorporation per mg cell protein was expressed as a percent of total incorporation of that isotope. Replicate tests indicated that the variability could not be explained by the assay methodologies alone. The protocol followed was designed to determine whether any consistent distinctions for individual cell strains could be...
Metathesis in phonological theory: The case of Leti☆

Abstract This paper examines two types of metathesis in the Austronesian language Leti. The first is motivated by a requirement that all phrases end in a vowel, and the second, by syllable well-formedness conditions: syllables have onsets and tautosyllabic consonant clusters are avoided. The analyses in this paper are cast within the framework of Correspondence Theory (CT), and bear directly upon the constraint Linearity , which penalizes the reversal of precedence relations among segments in a string. Through the interaction of Linearity with syllable structure and phrasal alignment constraints, a unified account of the Leti facts is provided. Further, it is argued that violations of Linearity are evaluated in a gradient manner. Constraints on metathesis are also shown to be needed to account for the observation that it is consistently the final vowel and consonant of a given morpheme that metathesize, even though metathesis involving other segments would result in equally well-formed Leti words. This study is of significance not only with respect to the theoretical implications it has for Correspondence Theory and, in particular, the constraint Linearity , but in addition, for further advancing our understanding of metathesis which is not only poorly understood, but perhaps misperceived as a marginal or even nonexisting process. This view is contradicted by Leti metathesis which is not only regular and productive, but may be driven by purely phonological considerations.
J-domain Protein, Jac1p, of Yeast Mitochondria Required for Iron Homeostasis and Activity of Fe-S Cluster Proteins

J-proteins are molecular chaperones with a characteristic domain predicted to mediate interaction with Hsp70 proteins. We have previously isolated yeast mutants of the mitochondrial Hsp70, Ssq1p, in a genetic screen for mutants with altered iron homeostasis. Here we describe the isolation of mutants of the J-domain protein, Jac1p, using the same screen. Mutant jac1 alleles predicted to encode severely truncated proteins (lacking 70 or 152 amino acids) were associated with phenotypes strikingly similar to the phenotypes of ssq1 mutants. These phenotypes include activation of the high affinity cellular iron uptake system and iron accumulation in mitochondria. In contrast to iron accumulation, Fe-S proteins of mitochondria were specifically deficient. In jac1 mutants, like in ssq1 mutants, processing of the Yfh1p precursor protein from intermediate to mature forms was delayed. In the genetic backgrounds used in this study, jac1 null mutants were found to be viable, permitting analysis of genetic interactions. The Deltajac1 Deltassq1 double mutant was more severely compromised for growth than either single mutant, suggesting a synthetic or additive effect of these mutations. Overexpression of Jac1p partially suppressed ssq1 slow growth and vice versa. Similar mitochondrial localization and similar mutant phenotypes suggest that Ssq1p and Jac1p are functional partners in iron homeostasis.
An overview of observations of unstable layers during the Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX)

[1] The Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX) was designed to measure the atmospheric response to the existence of unstable layers as determined by wind and temperature measurements from 80 to 105 km. TOMEX combined Na lidar measurements, from Starfire Optical Range in Albuquerque, New Mexico, with a launch of a payload from White Sands Missile Range, located between 100 and 150 km south of Starfire. The payload included a trimethyl aluminum chemical release to measure winds and diffusion, a 5-channel ionization gauge to measure neutral density fluctuations at high vertical resolution, and a 3-channel photometer experiment to measure atomic oxygen related airglow. The rocket was launched when the lidar data indicated the presence of convectively and dynamically unstable regions between 80 and 100 km altitude. For several hours prior to the launch, there had existed a large amplitude atmospheric gravity wave or tide which brought the background atmosphere into being nearly convectively unstable over the 85 to 95 km region. In addition a large overturning in Na density, possibly due to a convective roll, existed at altitudes around 100 km. This type of instability had not been previously seen and identified in this altitude region. The TOMEX payload measured the existence of Kelvin-Helmholz billows, enhanced neutral density fluctuations, enhanced energy dissipation, and well-mixed regions. These features were associated with convectively unstable regions, dynamically unstable regions, convective rolls, and the presence of this large wave. The unstable regions were persistent and covered large vertical (and horizontal regions) of the atmosphere. The atmospheric mixing and energy dissipation appeared to be largely determined by the presence and nature of these instabilities.
Reframing Social Responsibility Within a Technology-Based Youth Activist Program

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the transformation process in a youth group's conception of itself and its role in assuming responsibility for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use in the community. Building on a technology-based community program, an adult facilitator invited adolescents to collaborate on a youth-produced film that would encourage peers to adopt an ethic of social responsibility for one another. In this article, a framing metaphor is used to discuss the unique potential of film for enabling youth to redefine social issues (in this case, health and responsibility), the importance of an adult facilitator's role in providing alternative frames to the status quo, and the essential role that reframing plays in social change.
Benchmarking in the Two-Year Public Postsecondary Sector: A Learning Process

The recession prompted reflection on how resource allocation decisions contribute to the performance of community colleges in the United States. Private benchmarking initiatives, most notably those established by the National Higher Education Benchmarking Institute, can only partially begin to address this question. Empirical and financial barriers may limit the utility of private benchmarking initiatives, and this article argues that renewed interest in public benchmarking initiatives is needed in order to overcome these difficulties and advance the study of how resource allocation decisions contribute to the performance of community colleges. Data is provided to illustrate how the Integrated Postsecondary Data System can be used to compare key financial parameters of two-year public postsecondary institutions.
Cigarette smoking and the lifetime alcohol involvement continuum

Greater understanding of how alcohol use relates to the initiation, progression, and persistence of cigarette smoking is of great significance for efforts to prevent and treat smoking and excessive drinking and their substantial combined iatrogenic effects on health. Studies investigating the relationship between levels of alcohol involvement and smoking have typically been limited by analytic approaches that treat drinking behavior and alcohol use disorder diagnoses as separate phenomena rather than as indicators of a single latent alcohol involvement dimension. The purposes of the present study were (a) to create a lifetime index of alcohol involvement that integrates information about alcohol consumption and alcohol problems into a single measure and (b) to relate this index to initiation of smoking, progression from initiation to daily smoking, progression from initiation to dependence, and persistence of smoking. Rasch model analyses of data from 1508 middle-aged (34-44 years) adults showed that creating an additive index of lifetime alcohol involvement was psychometrically supported. Significant quadratic effects of alcohol involvement on initiation, progression, and persistence of smoking demonstrated that there were specific regions of the alcohol involvement continuum that were particularly strongly related to increased smoking. These results provide the most comprehensive depiction to date of the nature of the relationship between lifetime alcohol involvement and lifetime cigarette smoking and suggest potential avenues for research on the etiology and maintenance of smoking and tobacco dependence.