cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suicidal–Homicidal Ideation in Mass Killers and Transcendence

This article examines the role that suicidal–homicidal ideation plays in influencing mass killers and draws on the author’s concept of transcendent fantasy theory. Although numerous researchers touch on the fact that 50% of mass killers commit suicide, few have traced and compared the suicidal person’s fantasy process with that of the suicidal–homicidal killer’s fantasy process. Suicidal individuals tend to be intropunitive. They internalize the blame for real or imagined failures, and they seek to escape from such failures, or to inflict punishment on him- or herself for the same reasons. Mass killers externalize the blame for their real or imagined losses. Due to their mordant bitterness toward self and others, these suicidal–homicidal individuals often fantasize not only about escaping, but transcending their feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, and worthlessness by having society see them as powerful, clever, and superior for pulling off a massacre and making (in their view) oppressive people pay.
Moving Onward The Nuts and Bolts of Becoming a Nurse Scientist

This column is concerned with the mechanics of transitioning from being a new doctoral graduate to being a researcher with a solid program of study. To clarify these mechanics, Carol Kostovich, Karen Saban, and Eileen Collins discuss the roles of being a nurse mentor, the expectations of being a mentee, and practical tips for sustaining a successful relationship as mentor-mentee.
Wnt and Frizzled RNA expression in human mesenchymal and embryonic (H7) stem cells

Background: Wnt signals are important for embryonic stem cells renewal, growth and differentiation. Although 19 Wnt, 10 Frizzled genes have been identified in mammals, their expression patterns in stem cells were largely unknown. Results: We conducted RNA expression profiling for the Wnt ligands, their cellular receptors "Frizzleds" and co-receptors LRP5/6 in human embryonic stem cells (H7), human bone marrow mesenchymal cells, as well as mouse totipotent F9 teratocarcinoma embryonal cells. Except failing to express Wnt2 gene, totipotent F9 cells expressed RNA for all other 18 Wnt genes as well as all 10 members of Frizzled gene family. H7 cells expressed RNA for each of the 19 Wnt genes. In contrast, human mesenchymal cells did not display detectable RNA expression of Wnt1, Wnt8a, Wnt8b, Wnt9b, Wnt10a, and Wnt11. Analysis of Frizzled RNAs in H7 and human mesechymal cells revealed expression of 9 members of the receptor gene family, except Frizzled8. Expression of the Frizzled co-receptor LRP5 and LRP6 genes were detected in all three cell lines. Human H7 and mouse F9 cells express nearly a full complement of both Wnts and Frizzleds genes. The human mesenchymal cells, in contrast, have lost the expression of six Wnt ligands, i.e. Wnt1, 8a, 8b, 9b, 10a and 11. Conclusion: Puripotent human H7 and mouse F9 embryonal cells express the genes for most of the Wnts and Frizzleds. In contrast, multipotent human mesenchymal cells are deficient in expression of Frizzled-8 and of 6 Wnt genes.
The Unique N-Terminus of R-Ras Is Required for Rac Activation and Precise Regulation of Cell Migration

The Ras family GTPase, R-Ras, elicits important integrin-dependent cellular behaviors such as adhesion, spreading and migration. While oncogenic Ras GTPases and R-Ras share extensive sequence homology, R-Ras induces a distinct set of cellular behaviors. To explore the structural basis for these differences, we asked whether the unique N-terminal 26 amino acid extension of R-Ras was responsible for R-Ras–specific signaling events. Using a 32D mouse myeloid cell line, we show that full-length R-Ras activates Rac and induces Rac-dependent cell spreading. In contrast, truncated R-Ras lacking its first 26 amino acids fails to activate Rac, resulting in reduced cell spreading. Truncated R-Ras also stimulates more β3 integrin-dependent cell migration than full-length R-Ras, suggesting that the N-terminus may negatively regulate cell movement. However, neither the subcellular localization of R-Ras nor its effects on cell adhesion are affected by the presence or absence of the N-terminus. These results indicate that the N-terminus of R-Ras positively regulates specific R-Ras functions such as Rac activation and cell spreading but negatively regulates R-Ras–mediated cell migration.
Deregulated expression of DP1 induces epidermal proliferation and enhances skin carcinogenesis

E2F transcription factors have been implicated in several cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, and oncogenic transformation. A functional E2F factor consists of a heterodimer containing an E2F polypeptide (E2F1-E2F6) and a DRTF1-polypeptide (DRTF1-polypeptide-1 (DP1) or DRTF1-polypeptide-2). It is the E2F subunit that supplies the transcriptional activation domain and the motif involved in binding to members of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor family. The role of the DP subunit in regulating E2F-dependent activities is not completely understood. To examine the properties of DP1 in vivo, we generated transgenic mouse lines expressing DP1 under the control of a keratin 5 (K5) promoter. Overexpression of DP1 in basal layer keratinocytes caused mild hyperplasia and hyperproliferation of the epidermis but did not result in increased apoptosis or spontaneous tumor development. Coexpression of DP1 with E2F1 or E2F4 in the epidermis of bigenic mice modestly enhanced proliferation and apoptosis over the levels induced by E2F1 or E2F4 expression alone. In a two-stage chemical carcinogenesis assay, more and larger skin tumors developed in K5 DP1 transgenic mice than in nontransgenic mice. These findings show that in this in vivo model, deregulated expression of DP1 on its own induced proliferation and enhanced carcinogenesis.
Management of Mandible Fractures

Mandible fractures are common injuries and vast amounts of scientific literature are dedicated to defining and refining the principles and techniques that guide their repair. The purpose of this article is to review, evaluate, and summarize the most notable and recent contributions to this body of literature. Several recent articles demonstrate that mandible fractures occur primarily in young men and are most commonly sustained through low-velocity blunt force trauma. Open management of condylar and subcondylar fractures is being widely advocated as yielding better long-term functional results with acceptable surgical morbidity. As open reduction and internal fixation of most subsite fractures gains traction, the use of post-operative maxilla–mandibular fixation is being used less commonly in favor of early mobilization. Finally, absorbable plates may yield equivalent functional outcomes without interfering with the growth of the mandible in pediatric patients. These articles summarize the current opinion regarding the management of mandibular fractures. Articles describing the epidemiology of these fractures and recent technical advances are summarized.
Platelets in defense against bacterial pathogens

Platelets interact with bacterial pathogens through a wide array of cellular and molecular mechanisms. The consequences of this interaction may significantly influence the balance between infection and immunity. On the one hand, recent data indicate that certain bacteria may be capable of exploiting these interactions to gain a virulence advantage. Indeed, certain bacterial pathogens appear to have evolved specific ways in which to subvert activated platelets. Hence, it is conceivable that some bacterial pathogens exploit platelet responses. On the other hand, platelets are now known to possess unambiguous structures and functions of host defense effector cells. Recent discoveries emphasize critical features enabling such functions, including expression of toll-like receptors that detect hallmark signals of bacterial infection, an array of microbicidal peptides, as well as other host defense molecules and functions. These concepts are consistent with increased risk and severity of bacterial infection as correlates of clinical abnormalities in platelet quantity and quality. In these respects, the molecular and cellular roles of platelets in host defense against bacterial pathogens are explored with attention on advances in platelet immunobiology.
Examining the Efficacy of Personal Response Devices in Army Training

Benefits of personal response devices (PRDs) have been demonstrated in a variety of settings and disciplines in higher education. This study looked outside of higher education to investigate the efficacy of PRDs in an Army training course in terms of trainee performance, engagement, and satisfaction. Instructors were also surveyed to determine their perceptions of the impact of PRDs on student learning and engagement. Participant trainees reported that they were more engaged and had a better understanding of how well they understood the material because of the PRDs. Participants who had previously taken the course without PRDs reported a preference for the training with PRDs in terms of being more engaged, learning more, and enjoying the course more. No improvement in performance was detected when comparing final exam scores in these courses to prior courses that did not use PRDs. Instructors appeared to see benefits afforded to their students, but they also found the course more challenging to teach, highlighting the need for adequate training to use the new technology, and care taken to developing effective questions.
The competitive assessment laboratory: introducing engineering design via consumer product benchmarking

In today's quickly changing and increasingly competitive market place, it is imperative that manufacturers keep abreast of the technological advances and design innovations incorporated into competing product lines. The term competitive assessment (or benchmarking) has been coined by manufacturers to describe the process of ethically acquiring, inspecting, analyzing, instrumenting, and testing the product lines of other manufacturers. The Competitive Assessment Laboratory at Rowan University is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). In the laboratory, multidisciplinary teams of freshman engineering students from each of the four engineering departments perform each of the above tasks on a consumer product. The laboratory contains a series of consumer appliance test stations featuring PC-based data acquisition systems capable of measuring thermocouple and voltage/current signals. Each station is also equipped with mechanical measurement equipment and portable materials testing equipment. In addition to introducing students to the science and art of design, the Competitive Assessment Laboratory enables the faculty to assess the constantly evolving initial conditions under which the typical engineering student enters his or her course of study.
Gene ranking through the integration of synchronization experiments

Identification of genes expressed in a cell-cycle-specific periodical manner is of importance and has attracted significant interest recently. However, the identification of cell cycle regulated genes by microarray gene analysis is complicated by both synchronization loss and the presence of noise, and remains an interesting challenge. It is known that periodicity and regulation are two vital components observed in popularly used synchronization experiments-alpha arrest, cdc15, and cdc28. We hypothesize that an integrated analysis of aligned synchronization experiments can improve the identification of cell-cyclic genes of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) data set. In this paper, we propose a unique ranking scheme based on an integrated analysis of two synchronization experiments (cdc15 and cdc28) for a gene using Pearson correlation coefficients and principle component analysis (PCA). Skewness and kurtosis based features vectors are also discovered for the correlated information space. Genetic algorithm based classification employed for the identification of known cell cycle genes from the discovered features of the ranked genes results in higher degrees of accuracy.
BONE ANCHOR INFECTIONS IN FEMALE PELVIC RECONSTRUCTIVE PROCEDURES: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF SERIES AND CASE REPORTS

Purpose: We determined the reported prevalence of infectious osseous complications due to the use of bone anchors for suture fixation in female pelvic reconstructive procedures. In addition, the type and method of bone anchors as well as the reported pathogens associated with osseous infections were reviewed.Materials and Methods: Primary reported series of female pelvic reconstructive procedures involving bone anchor suture fixation referenced in Index Medicus from January 1990 to July 2000 were extracted using the MEDLINE bibliographic database on English language articles involving humans. All case reports of infectious osseous complications due to bone anchor use in female reconstructive procedures were also reviewed during this period.Results: Since the inception of bone anchor suture fixation for female pelvic reconstructive procedures 10 years ago, the overall prevalence of related infectious complications has been 6 cases in 1,018 procedures (0.6%). This type of adverse event developed between fol...
The Persean Ethic: Consistency of Belief and Action in Managerial Practice

The Persean ethic in managerial practice refers to the willingness of managers to follow through on their espoused beliefs with others in their immediate working network. It is considered to be among the most important of managerial practices since through it managers can monitor their beliefs to ensure that their actions are consistent with otherwise salutary espoused theories. In order to assess the dependent variable of Persean conduct, or consistency of belief and action, the core respondents' immediate work set, including their superior, peers, and subordinates, were surveyed as well as themselves. In an attempt to create an explanatory model of Persean conduct, individual personality and background factors, situational characteristics, their interaction, and learning factors were evaluated. Respondents were found to vary on Persean conduct, the Persean ethic was found not to be unidimensional, and although each of the independent variable clusters was represented in the predictor list, personality f...
Effects of a novel dual lipid synthesis inhibitor and its potential utility in treating dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome

We have identified a novel omega-hydroxy-alkanedicarboxylic acid, ESP 55016, that favorably alters serum lipid variables in obese female Zucker (fa/fa) rats. ESP 55016 reduced serum non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triglyceride, and nonesterified fatty acid levels while increasing serum HDL-C and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in a dose-dependent manner. ESP 55016 reduced fasting serum insulin and glucose levels while also suppressing weight gain. In primary rat hepatocytes, ESP 55016 increased the oxidation of [(14)C]palmitate in a dose- and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I)-dependent manner. Furthermore, in primary rat hepatocytes and in vivo, ESP 55016 inhibited fatty acid and sterol synthesis. The "dual inhibitor" activity of ESP 55016 was unlikely attributable to the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway because AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation states as well as ACC activity were not altered by ESP 55016. Further studies indicated the conversion of ESP 55016 to a CoA derivative in vivo. ESP 55016-CoA markedly inhibited the activity of partially purified ACC. The activity of partially purified HMG-CoA reductase was not altered by the xenobiotic-CoA. These data suggest that ESP 55016-CoA favorably alters lipid metabolism in a model of diabetic dyslipidemia in part by initially inhibiting fatty acid and sterol synthesis plus enhancing the oxidation of fatty acids through the ACC/malonyl-CoA/CPT-I regulatory axis.
Failed Warnings: Evaluating the Impact of Academic Probation Warning Letters on Student Achievement

Background:Academic probation is a nearly universal but underresearched policy practiced at most postsecondary institutions.Objectives:To evaluate the impact of probation warning letters on student...
Bonding and Reactivity of a Dicopper(I) μ-Boryl Cation

A siloxide-bridged dicopper(I) cation reacts with bis(catecholato)diboron to form the boryl-bridged dicopper cation {[(SIDipp)Cu]2(μ-Bcat)}+ (SIDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene; cat = 1,2-C6H4O2). The solid-state structure shows an acute angle about the boryl, with a short intermetallic distance. Density functional theory calculations indicate a small but significant copper–copper bond order. The boryl-bridged cation deprotonates phenylacetylene and reacts with methanol to form a hydride-bridged dicopper cation.
Theoretical Explanations for Bullying in School: How Ecological Processes Propagate Perpetration and Victimization

Bullying is a complex social dynamic that can best be understood by using various theoretical frameworks. The current article uses social capital theory, dominance theory, the theory of humiliation, and organizational culture theory to better understand the motivations behind bullying behavior, bullying’s negative effects on victims, and how school culture and climate play a role in the prevalence of bullying. Specifically, the acquisition and maintenance of social capital and the desire for dominance are prime motivating factors for the initiation and continuation of bullying perpetration. The lack of social capital experienced by victims serves to maintain victims in their current role and prevents them from gaining social status. Further, the domination used by bullies to subjugate victims results in intense humiliation that has lasting negative effects on victims, such as anger and depression. The overall culture and climate of the school setting impacts the prevalence and severity of bullying behavior, highlighting the need for whole school bullying interventions. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
A proposal for policy makers implementing baby-friendly care.

As of January 2014, the Joint Commission mandate requires U.S. hospitals to measure exclusive breastfeeding. Unquestionably, feeding babies only breastmilk ranks highest of Baby-Friendly practices associated with exclusive breastfeeding postdischarge. Yet, the best strategy to implement the 10 Baby-Friendly Steps must take into account the diverse needs of all mother–infant dyads, including the most obviously vulnerable (such as preterm infants), as well as those one does not even suspect there may be a problem. Here is a proposal, not yet validated, but reasonable and based on current research and described in greater detail in an earlier publication in Breastfeeding Medicine. The success of this proposed plan (or any effective implementation plan) must include three ingredients: prevention, availability, and sustainability. Although this may sound intuitively obvious, these ingredients run counter to conventional practice.
Preservation and Use of Chemically Treated High‐Moisture Corn by Weanling Pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate (i) application rates and effective preservation time of a buffered C 3 (propionic acid, 80%) and C 2 (acetic acid, 20%) solution for preservation of high moisture corn (Zea mays L.) stored under aerobic conditions and (ii) the nutritional value of the preserved corn in the diet of growing pigs (Suide suinus). Shelled corn containing 30% moisture was treated with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of a chemical preservative (pH 6.1). An additional 1.0 lb of preservative for each 1.0% of moisture above 25% (total of 5 lb) was used per ton of the 30% high moisture corn (all treatments except 0.0%) (...)
A New Hypothesis for Glyceride Distribution

It is possible to calculate glyceride distribution by the assumption that the group of saturated acids are distributed in 1, 3, and 2 positions of glycerides in order by variable degree, and the positions remained are occupied by the group of unsaturated acids. This “ordered distribution”, named after its arrangement of acids, covers even distribution, modified Youngs' distribution, and random distribution. A few acid distribution curves suffice to explain the glyceride type distributions of many oils. Calculated glyceride compositions of cacao butter agree well with analytical data, and those of corn oil permit to suppose that this oil may belong to even distribution, or more exactly, to strict ordered distribution.
The Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride from Aluminum Hydride

The reaction between ammonia and aluminum hydride (AIH3) was investigated as a possible synthetic route to aluminum nitride (AIN), using tetrahydromran (THF) as the solvent. When an excess of ammonia was employed, a white powder was obtained which was converted to AIN by calcination. However, when a stoichiometric amount of ammonia was used, a soluble intermediate was obtained. This intermediate polymerized slowly at room temperature via a condensation reaction involving the elimination of hydrogen to give a gel that could be converted to AIN.
Effects of Storage on Serum Non-Esterified Fatty Acid Concentrations.

SummaryThe effects of storage of serum at various temperatures on NEFA concentrations have been studied. Appreciable increases in NEFA occurred within 24 hours even in frozen sera. Refrigerated heptane extracts of sera for NEFA analysis are stable for at least several days. Sera for NEFA analyses should be extracted promptly after collection.
User experience librarians: user advocates, user researchers, usability evaluators, or all of the above?

User Experience (UX) is gaining momentum as a critical success factor across all industries and sectors, including libraries. While usability studies of library websites and related digital interfaces are commonplace, UX is becoming an increasingly popular topic of discussion in the community and is emerging as a new specialization for library professionals. To better understand this phenomenon, this paper reports the results of a qualitative study involving interviews with 16 librarians who have "User Experience" in their official job titles. The results show that UX Librarians share a user-centered mindset and many common responsibilities, including user research, usability testing, and space/service assessments, but each individual UX Librarian is also somewhat unique in how they approach and describe their work. As a whole, the research sheds light on an emerging library specialization and provides a valuable snapshot of the current state of UX Librarianship.
The discovery of LRRK2 p.R1441S, a novel mutation for Parkinson's disease, adds to the complexity of a mutational hotspot

Mutations in the LRRK2 gene result in autosomal dominant, late onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Three such mutations (p.R1441C, p.R1441G, and p.R1441H) are known to occur within codon 1441, and haplotype analyses indicate that each one has arisen independently on multiple occasions. We sequenced the entire coding region of 18 casual genes for PD or other parkinsonian neurodegenerative disorders in the proband of a family with autosomal dominant PD. We discovered a new missense mutation in the LRRK2 gene, c.4321C>A (p.R1441S). The mutation was predicted to be highly deleterious in silico (Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion score of 25.5) and segregated with disease in the pedigree. The clinical characteristics of affected family members were similar to those described in PD families with other mutations in LRRK2 codon 1441 and included resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, unilateral onset, and a good response to levodopa. Age at onset ranged from 41 to 76. Two of the affected members of the pedigree underwent detailed, longitudinal neuropsychological testing, and both displayed evidence of mild cognitive deficits at or slightly preceding the onset of motor symptoms. LRRK2 p.R1441S represents the fourth pathogenic mutation observed within codon 1441 and its discovery adds to the remarkable complexity of a mutational hotspot within the ROC domain of the LRRK2 protein. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific issues in the cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia.

Cognitive-behavioral approaches to the treatment of social phobia are selectively reviewed. The review examines three specific questions of importance in the cognitive-behavioral treatment literature: (1) What is the role of cognitive techniques in the treatment of social phobia, especially in conjunction with behavioral techniques like in vivo exposure or social skills training? (2) Is there long-term maintenance of gains as a result ot cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia? (3) How does cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia compare with ph-armacologic treatment approaches? This review presents studies that address these questions, offers tentative answers, and outlines directions for future research on the cognitive-behavioral treatment of social phobia
Self-reported and automatic cognitions are associated with exercise behavior in cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE Physical activity is beneficial for cancer survivors, but exercise participation is low in this population. It is therefore important to understand the psychological factors underlying exercise uptake so that more effective interventions can be developed. Social-cognitive theory constructs such as outcome expectancies predict exercise behavior, but self-report measures have several limitations. We examined the associations between implicit (automatic) cognitions and exercise behavior and self-efficacy in endometrial cancer survivors. METHOD This was a longitudinal study to examine predictors of exercise behavior in female endometrial cancer survivors who all received an exercise intervention. Participants (N = 100, mean age of 57.0) completed questionnaires to assess self-report exercise-related measures (outcome expectancy and attitudes about and identification with exercise) and reaction time (RT) tasks to assess implicit exercise cognitions (expectancy accessibility, implicit attitudes about exercise, and implicit self-identification with exercise) at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 months at follow-up. Exercise behavior was measured using accelerometers and self-report. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. RESULTS Expectancy accessibility was associated with exercise duration independent of the corresponding self-report measure. Exercise implicit attitudes and self-identification were prospectively associated with exercise self-efficacy only after adjustment for the corresponding self-report measures and baseline self-efficacy. Self-report measures were also associated with study outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Both self-reported cognitions and implicit cognitions may be useful to identify individuals at risk of failing to exercise. Individuals so identified might be provided with a different or more intensive intervention. The data also suggest cognitive targets for intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record
State modeling to identify critical situations

A method for modeling complex human-integrated systems is presented, in which “critical situations,” which are system configurations where a possible but unexpected control action by an agent in the system can result in an accident in less time than agents need to detect and respond, can be identified. The models are developed from the perspective of the system, and can be demonstrated to be complete. It is argued that, in order to ensure a system is safe, these situations must be controlled, but in many cases such an assurance would render the system impractical or even infeasible. Lastly, it is shown how this method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a system, in addition to its safety.
APPROXIMATE COMPUTING: Unlocking Efficiency with Hardware-Software Co-Design

Generations of computer scientists and practitioners have worked under the assumption that computers will keep improving themselves: just wait a few years and Moore's Law will solve your scaling problems. This reliable march of electrical-engineering progress has sparked revolutions in the ways humans use computers and interact with the world and each other. But growth in computing power has protected outdated abstractions and encouraged layering even more abstractions, whatever the cost.
Jean E. Rosenfeld (Ed.). Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy: The Four Waves Theory and Political Violence

The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States Government.This book was difficult f...
LEFT ATRIAL VOLUME INDEX OVER LATE DIASTOLIC MITRAL ANNULAR VELOCITY: A NEW NON-INVASIVE PARAMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF LEFT VENTRICULAR END DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

Background: Over the years many non-invasive methods for prediction of elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) have attracted attention. The aim of this study is to see the correlation between a new non-invasively obtained parameter- Left Atrial Volume Index Over Late Diastolic
To Math or Not to Math: The Algebra-Calculus Pipeline and Postsecondary Mathematics Remediation

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a study designed to estimate the effect of high school coursetaking in the algebra-calculus pipeline on the likelihood of placing out of postsecondary remedial mathematics. A nonparametric variant of propensity score analysis was used on a nationally representative data set to remove selection bias and test for an effect among all comparable students and among students least likely to enroll in precalculus, trigonometry, or calculus. The effect failed to reach practical significance among all comparable students and was particularly weak among students least likely to take precalculus, trigonometry, or calculus. These findings suggest that the regression-based results that factor strongly into discussions on high school graduation requirements for mathematics coursetaking contain substantial selection bias.
Benefits of a Statewide Student Identifier System for California

Abstract : The information California currently uses to evaluate schools and educational programs is often incomplete, leading to possible errors in accountability decisions and lack of conclusive evidence on the effectiveness of educational interventions. Many other states have already adopted a mechanism for linking students' scores over time, which is an important element of a comprehensive accountability system. Assessment data is far more valuable for improving teaching and learning, identifying best practices, and determining program effectiveness when those data are valid and reliable, and when they provide a clear picture of the value added by a school or program.
A window of opportunity: Subdominant predators can use suboptimal prey

Introduced species have been linked to declines of native species through mechanisms including intraguild predation and exploitative competition. However, coexistence among species may be promoted by niche partitioning if native species can use resources that the invasive species cannot. Previous research has shown that some strains of the aphid Aphis craccivora are toxic to a competitively dominant invasive lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Our objective was to investigate whether these aphids might be an exploitable resource for other, subdominant, lady beetle species. We compared larval development rate, survival, and adult weight of five lady beetle species in no-choice experiments with two different strains of A. craccivora, one of which is toxic to H. axyridis and one that is nontoxic. Two lady beetle species, Cycloneda munda and Coleomegilla maculata, were able to complete larval development when feeding on the aphid strain that is toxic to H. axyridis, experiencing only slight developmental delays relative to beetles feeding on the other aphid strain. One species, Coccinella septempunctata, also was able to complete larval development, but experienced a slight reduction in adult weight. The other two lady beetle species, Hippodamia convergens and Anatis labiculata, demonstrated generally low survivorship when consuming A. craccivora, regardless of aphid strain. All five species showed increased survival and/or development relative to H. axyridis on the “toxic” aphid strain. Our results suggest that this toxic trait may act as a narrow-spectrum defense for the aphids, providing protection against only some lady beetle enemies. For other less-susceptible lady beetles, these aphids have the potential to provide competitive release from the otherwise dominant H. axyridis.
CPS Runtime Architecture And Automated Transformation of Applications

National Academy of Science's study on dependable software systems concluded that simplicity is the key. Reducing the complexity of software has been investigated by the FEAST community on automated transformation of application software and by the CPS runtime community on the development of runtime architectures that simply the development of applications. This creates the need of collaboration between these two communities. The goal of this review paper is to bring this need to the attention of FEAST community.
Nickel-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross Couplings with Unprotected Allylic Alcohols Enabled by Bidentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)/Phosphine Ligands

Cross couplings between simple allylic alcohols and aryl and vinyl boronic acids are efficiently catalyzed by nickel(0) catalysts and bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene/phosphine ligands. The bidentate nature of the ligand is shown to extend catalyst lifetime and enable high yields of the corresponding cross coupling products. X-ray crystallography confirms the bidentate nature of the ligand scaffold. Multistep cross coupling-alkene/alkyne insertions reactions are also conducted and the bidentate nature of the substrate makes the pendant phosphine of the ligand unnecessary.
Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients Presenting to Primary Care with Rectal Bleeding

Rectal bleeding is a common, frequently benign problem that can also be an early sign of colorectal cancer. Diagnostic evaluation for rectal bleeding is complex, and clinical practice may deviate from available guidelines. To assess the degree to which primary care physicians document risk factors for colorectal cancer among patients with rectal bleeding and order colonoscopies when indicated, and the likelihood of physicians ordering and patients receiving recommended colonoscopies based on demographic characteristics, visit patterns, and clinical presentations. Cross-sectional study using explicit chart abstraction methods. Three hundred adults, 40–80 years of age, presenting with rectal bleeding to 15 academically affiliated primary care practices between 2012 and 2016. 1) The frequency at which colorectal cancer risk factors were documented in patients’ charts, 2) the frequency at which physicians ordered colonoscopies and patients received them, and 3) the odds of ordering and patients receiving recommended colonoscopies based on patient demographic characteristics, visit patterns, and clinical presentations. Risk factors for colorectal cancer were documented between 9% and 66% of the time. Most patients (89%) with rectal bleeding needed a colonoscopy according to a clinical guideline. Physicians placed colonoscopy orders for 74% of these patients, and 56% completed the colonoscopy within a year (36% within 60 days). The odds of physicians ordering recommended colonoscopies were significantly higher in patients aged 50–64 years of age than in those aged 40–50 years (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.04, 4.80), and for patients whose most recent colonoscopy was 5 or more years ago (OR = 4.04, 95% CI: 1.50, 10.83). The odds of physicians ordering and patients receiving recommended colonoscopies were significantly lower for each primary care visit unrelated to rectal bleeding (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.96). Diagnostic evaluation of patients presenting to primary care with rectal bleeding may be suboptimal because of inadequate risk factor assessment and prioritization of patients’ other concurrent medical problems.
Linking the Gut Microbiota to Bone Health in Anorexia Nervosa

The purpose of this review is to examine the anorexia nervosa-microbiota-bone relationship, offering a compilation of the relevant human and animal studies that may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of potential mechanisms involved. Recent studies have implicated fermentation by-products of the gut microbiota in bone metabolism. Compromised bone health often accompanies anorexia nervosa due to energy deficiency and hypoestrogenism. The gut microbiome has been implicated as a link between these conditions and impaired bone growth phenotypes. Current research supports decrements in Firmicutes and short-chain fatty acids with increases in Methanobrevibacter smithii and Proteobacteria in anorexia nervosa. A potential mechanism for microbiome-regulated bone growth is through modulation of insulin-like growth factor-1. Future research should aim to examine short-chain fatty acids, probiotics, and prebiotics as alternative therapies to treat low bone density in anorexia nervosa.
Risk Factors for Delays in Adjuvant Chemotherapy following Immediate Breast Reconstruction.

Background:Concerns exist that immediate breast reconstruction may delay adjuvant chemotherapy initiation, impacting oncologic outcomes. Here, the authors determine how postoperative complications impact chemotherapy timing, and identify factors associated with greater risk for delays.Methods:Retros
Language Adapts to Environment: Sonority and Temperature

The phonetic patterns of human spoken languages have been claimed to be in part shaped by environmental conditions in the locales where they are spoken. This follows predictions of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis, previously mainly applied to the study of bird song, which proposes that differential transmission conditions in different environments explain some of the frequency and temporal variation between and within species’ songs. Prior discussion of the relevance of the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis to human language has related such characteristics as the total size of the consonant inventory and the complexity of the permitted maximum syllable structure, rather than patterns in continuous speech, to environmental variables. Thus the relative frequency with which more complex structures occur is not taken into account. This study looks at brief samples of spoken material from 100 languages, dividing the speech into sonorous and obstruent time fractions. The percentage of sonorous material is the sonority score. This score correlates quite strongly with mean annual temperature in the area where the languages are spoken, with higher temperatures going together with higher sonority scores. The role of tree cover and annual precipitation, found to be important in earlier work, is not found to be significant in this data. This result may be explained if absorption and scattering are more important than reflection. Atmospheric absorption is greater at higher temperatures and peaks at higher frequencies with increasing temperature. Small-scale local perturbations (eddies) in the atmosphere created by high air temperatures also degrade the high-frequency spectral characteristics that are critical to distinguishing between obstruent consonants, leading to reduction in contrasts between them, and fewer clusters containing obstruent strings.
Buckypaper embedded self-sensing composite for real-time fatigue damage diagnosis and prognosis

Abstract In this study, buckypaper (BP) membranes have been used to introduce self-sensing capability in glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix (GFRP) laminates by embedding them in the interlaminar region of the laminates. Piezoresistive characterization studies were conducted by subjecting the self-sensing GFRP (SGFRP) specimens to cyclic loading and high sensitivity to strain was observed. A measurement model for real-time quantification of fatigue crack, developed using in-situ resistance measurements obtained under fatigue loading, was used to quantify fatigue crack length in real time. The fatigue crack growth rates and the nature of crack propagation in baseline and SGFRP specimens were compared. The results show that the introduction of BP reduced the average crack growth rate by an order of magnitude as a result of crack tip blunting during fatigue, while facilitating real time strain sensing and damage quantification. A fully probabilistic prognosis methodology was also developed by combining the in-situ measurement model with a machine learning based prognosis model to accurately predict the real-time fatigue crack propagation using sequential Bayesian techniques.
Religiosity and teen drug use reconsidered: a social capital perspective.

Background Although religiosity has often been shown to have a deterrent effect on teen drug use, noteworthy theoretic gaps and contradictory findings have left important questions unanswered. Methods Conceptualizing religion as a measure of social capital and using cross-sectional data from Monitoring the Future (1996), a nationally representative sample of American high school seniors collected annually, this study is designed to shed new light on the relationship between religiosity and drug use among American youth. Levels of teen drug use for three different components of faith-based social capital—exposure to and internalization of religious norms, integration within religious networks, and trust in religious phenomena—are explored with respect to high school seniors’ use of alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs during the year prior to the survey. In addition, drug use associated with faith-based and secular forms of civic engagement among teens (e.g., participation in religious youth groups vs secular organizations such as sports and school clubs, theistic trust vs secular trust) are compared. Results Among religiosity variables, integration within congregational networks (i.e., worship service attendance) exhibits the most consistent negative association with youth drug use. Theistic trust is not associated with teen drug use, but secular trust and civic participation in secular organizations are associated with less drug use. Conclusions Elements of both religious and secular social capital are associated with lower reported drug use, thereby suggesting that multiple avenues for the prevention of teen drug use might be pursued. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Glykolyse und Gluconeogenese

Der erste Stoffwechselweg, dem wir begegnen, ist die Glykolyse, ein alter Weg, den viele Organismen verwenden. Die Glykolyse ist eine Folge von Reaktionen, in denen ein Molekul Glucose zu zwei Molekulen Pyruvat umgewandelt wird und gleichzeitig zwei Molekule ATP entstehen. Dieser Prozess verlauft anaerob (das heist, er braucht keinen Sauerstoff), da er sich vor der Ansammlung groserer Mengen Sauerstoff in der Atmosphare entwickelt hat. Das Pyruvat kann weiter anaerob zu Lactat (Milchsauregarung) oder zu Ethanol (alkoholische Garung) umgewandelt (vergoren, fermentiert) werden. Unter aeroben Bedingungen kann das Pyruvat vollstandig zu CO2 oxidiert werden. Dabei entsteht viel mehr ATP, wie wir in den Kapiteln 17 und 18 besprechen werden.
Cytonuclear discordance in the Florida Everglades invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus) population reveals possible hybridization with the Indian python (P. molurus).

The invasive Burmese python (Python bivittatus) has been reproducing in the Florida Everglades since the 1980s. These giant constrictor snakes have caused a precipitous decline in small mammal populations in southern Florida following escapes or releases from the commercial pet trade. To better understand the invasion pathway and genetic composition of the population, two mitochondrial (mtDNA) loci across 1,398 base pairs were sequenced on 426 snakes and 22 microsatellites were assessed on 389 snakes. Concatenated mtDNA sequences produced six haplotypes with an average nucleotide and haplotype diversity of π = 0.002 and h = 0.097, respectively. Samples collected in Florida from morphologically identified P. bivittatus snakes were similar to published cytochrome oxidase 1 and cytochrome b sequences from both P. bivittatus and Python molurus and were highly divergent (genetic distances of 5.4% and 4.3%, respectively). The average number of microsatellite alleles and expected heterozygosity were N A = 5.50 and H E = 0.60, respectively. Nuclear Bayesian assignment tests supported two genetically distinct groups and an admixed group, not geographically differentiated. The effective population size (N E = 315.1) was lower than expected for a population this large, but reflected the low genetic diversity overall. The patterns of genetic diversity between mtDNA and microsatellites were disparate, indicating nuclear introgression of separate mtDNA lineages corresponding to cytonuclear discordance. The introgression likely occurred prior to the invasion, but genetic information on the native range and commercial trade is needed for verification. Our finding that the Florida python population is comprised of distinct lineages suggests greater standing variation for adaptation and the potential for broader areas of suitable habitat in the invaded range.
Computational Simulation of an Additively Manufactured Marine Component

Early work in finite-element analysis of additive manufacturing (AM) components was not able to include distortion and residual stress of the entire build, yielding uncertainty in the computational model predictions. To address this, current versions of recently developed computational tools are being used to understand their role in validation at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, for laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) AM. A 316L stainless steel L-PBF build containing multiple parts, which exhibited the same local part failure over multiple AM fabrication runs, was selected for computational analysis. Single-part simulations analyzed optimization of computational speed and prediction accuracy. Full-build simulations exposed the smallest re-coater tolerances early in part fabrication as a result of part shrinkage and subsequent cupping. This cupping was predicted to change the powder spreading and result in the non-consolidation of the support structures, which paralleled the failures seen in the physical builds. Part redesign of the conventionally produced part to align with AM fabrication requirements was recommended to alleviate the build failures. This project is part of a larger program focused on validation of the computational tools to determine best practices for insertion of AM simulation into the greater Naval enterprise.
Interactions between recreational cannabis use and cognitive function: lessons from functional magnetic resonance imaging

Cannabis use is becoming increasingly popular as a growing number of states pass legislation to legalize cannabis and cannabis-derived products for recreational and/or medical purposes. Given the widespread use of cannabis, it is critical to understand the neural consequences related to cannabis use. In this review, we focus on evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that document acute and residual alterations in brain function during tasks spanning a variety of cognitive domains: executive function, attention and working memory, memory, motor skills, error monitoring, and reward and affective processing. Although it is clear that cannabis affects brain function, the findings are somewhat inconsistent; variables that potentially affect study outcomes are outlined, including a discussion of the impact of chronological age and age of cannabis onset as well as length of abstinence at the time of assessment, which are important considerations when measuring cannabis use patterns. Inherent differences between recreational/adult cannabis use versus use for medical purposes are also discussed, given their importance to public policy decisions.