cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying intrinsic and extrinsic determinants that regulate internal initiation of translation mediated by the FMR1 5' leader

Regulating synthesis of the Fragile X gene (FMR1) product, FMRP alters neural plasticity potentially through its role in the microRNA pathway. Cap-dependent translation of the FMR1 mRNA, a process requiring ribosomal scanning through the 5' leader, is likely impeded by the extensive secondary structure generated by the high guanosine/cytosine nucleotide content including the CGG triplet nucleotide repeats in the 5' leader. An alternative mechanism to initiate translation – internal initiation often utilizes secondary structure to recruit the translational machinery. Consequently, studies were undertaken to confirm and extend a previous observation that the FMR1 5' leader contains an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Cellular transfection of a dicistronic DNA construct containing the FMR1 5' leader inserted into the intercistronic region yielded significant translation of the second cistron, but the FMR1 5' leader was also found to contain a cryptic promoter possibly confounding interpretation of these results. However, transfection of dicistronic and monocistronic RNA ex vivo or in vitro confirmed that the FMR1 5' leader contains an IRES. Moreover, inhibiting cap-dependent translation ex vivo did not affect the expression level of endogenous FMRP indicating a role for IRES-dependent translation of FMR1 mRNA. Analysis of the FMR1 5' leader revealed that the CGG repeats and the 5' end of the leader were vital for internal initiation. Functionally, exposure to potassium chloride or intracellular acidification and addition of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid as mimics of neural activity and double stranded RNA, respectively, differentially affected FMR1 IRES activity. Our results indicate that multiple stimuli influence IRES-dependent translation of the FMR1 mRNA and suggest a functional role for the CGG nucleotide repeats.
Clinical Application of Gene Therapy: Emerging Opportunities and Current Limitations

Protocols for human gene therapy have been approved and a number of investigative trials are in place. While somatic gene therapy is favored over germline therapy, it must be recognized that transformation of somatic cells may occur inadvertently. Ex vivo and in vivo approaches offer two different strategies for genetic intervention and are discussed in the context of therapy for inborn errors of metabolism, brain tumors and other neurological diseases, and AIDS and other infectious diseases. Current technology appears quite promising, but serious limitations remain before routine application of gene therapy is possible.
Cation sites, spermine, and the reaction sequence of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase

Abstract Spermine, at 0.3 mM, inhibits the K+-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity of a dog kidney (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparation, increasing the K 0.5 for K+, reducing the K m for substrate, and affecting little the inhibition by Na+. These actions can be attributed, in a model of the phosphatase reaction, to parallel decreases in affinity for K+ and Na+ at their cytoplasmically accessible sites. In the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase reaction, spermine increases the K 0.5 for Na+ and, to a lesser degree, the K 0.5 for K+ as activators. With spermine, the double-reciprocal plots of velocity vs. ATP concentration (in the range 0.3–3 mM), at fixed levels of K+ (from 1 to 10 mM), remain parallel but are rotated clockwise and spread somewhat, reflecting stimulation at low ATP concentrations and inhibition at high ATP but low KCl concentrations. These actions can be attributed, in a steady-state ping-pong model of the ATPase reaction, solely to decreased rates of binding of Na+ and K+ to their sites, with major effects at the cytoplasmically accessible sites for Na+ (acceptance) and K+ (discharge), and with a lesser effect at the extracellularly accessible sites for K+ (acceptance). On these grounds, spermine is a highly specific and potentially valuable reagent for studying the reaction. Furthermore, the model for K+-ATP interactions not only supports a specific reaction sequence (K+ addition, Pi release, ATP addition, K+ release) but also argues against the availability of low-affinity substrate sites except during sharply restricted segments of the reaction sequence, thereby favoring proposals that the low-affinity substrate sites are transformed into high-affinity substrate sites with the E2 to E1 conformational change.
New technique for real-time distortion-invariant multiobject recognition and classification

A real-time hybrid distortion-invariant OPR system was established to make 3D multiobject distortion-invariant automatic pattern recognition. Wavelet transform technique was used to make digital preprocessing of the input scene, to depress the noisy background and enhance the recognized object. A three-layer backpropagation artificial neural network was used in correlation signal post-processing to perform multiobject distortion-invariant recognition and classification. The C-80 and NOA real-time processing ability and the multithread programming technology were used to perform high speed parallel multitask processing and speed up the post processing rate to ROIs. The reference filter library was constructed for the distortion version of 3D object model images based on the distortion parameter tolerance measuring as rotation, azimuth and scale. The real-time optical correlation recognition testing of this OPR system demonstrates that using the preprocessing, post- processing, the nonlinear algorithm os optimum filtering, RFL construction technique and the multithread programming technology, a high possibility of recognition and recognition rate ere obtained for the real-time multiobject distortion-invariant OPR system. The recognition reliability and rate was improved greatly. These techniques are very useful to automatic target recognition.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Consumer health information searching process in real life settings

Current research on consumer health information searching focuses on users' adoption of sources or their behaviors of using a specific system. Yet, few studies take a holistic perspective to examine health information searching as a process that takes place in real life settings and the cognitive activities involved. To fill this gap, we interviewed twenty-one young consumers about their specific health information searching experiences. The results indicated that health information searching is as much social as it is private, as participants not only relied on search engines, but also consulted their close social ties and healthcare providers. When examining information from a source, participants followed a set of heuristics. When evaluating results, they initially focused on making a quick assessment of the relevance of the information, followed by an evaluation of its quality. Participants performed various cognitive activities, including building mental models, testing hypotheses, comparing and validating information, and taking mental notes, to process the information that they found. The knowledge gained from the search had an immediate impact on participants' health behaviors and health-related decisions.
Vascular lesions in pigs experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 serogroup B.

Vasculitis is a hallmark lesion of the severe form of systemic porcine circovirus–associated disease (PCVAD). In 2 experimental studies with porcine circovirus type 2 serogroup b (PCV2b), 2 pigs developed fatal PCVAD with acute vasculitis, and 5 related pigs developed chronic lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic peri- and endarteritis. Five of these pigs (1 with acute vasculitis and 4 with chronic vasculitis) had also been inoculated with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV1) or BVDV1-like virus. Vascular lesions were similar, independent of whether pigs had been inoculated singly with PCV2b or dually with PCV2b and BVDV1 or BVDV1-like virus. The acute vasculitis was accompanied by marked pulmonary and mesenteric edema and pleural effusion. In situ hybridization demonstrated abundant intracytoplasmic porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) nucleic acid in endothelial, smooth muscle–like, and inflammatory cells within and around affected arteries. The pigs with lymphohistiocytic and plasmacytic vasculitis had l...
Quantum mechanical reactive scattering: An accurate three-dimensional calculation

Accurate three–dimensional (3–D) quantum–mechanical calculations of differential and total cross sections for the H + H2 exchange reaction on the Porter and Karplus potential energy surface have been performed. These are the first such calculations which are vibrationally and rotationally converged, and the results are believed to be accurate to 5% or better. They can serve as a comparison standard against which approximate methods can be tested.
Refreshing and integrating visual scenes in scene-selective cortex

Constructing a rich and coherent visual experience involves maintaining visual information that is not perceptually available in the current view. Recent studies suggest that briefly thinking about a stimulus (refreshing) can modulate activity in category-specific visual areas. Here, we tested the nature of such perceptually refreshed representations in the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using fMRI. We asked whether a refreshed representation is specific to a restricted view of a scene, or more view-invariant. Participants saw a panoramic scene and were asked to think back to (refresh) a part of the scene after it disappeared. In some trials, the refresh cue appeared twice on the same side (e.g., refresh left-refresh left), and other trials, the refresh cue appeared on different sides (e.g., refresh left-refresh right). A control condition presented halves of the scene twice on same sides (e.g., perceive left-perceive left) or different sides (e.g., perceive left-perceive right). When scenes were physically repeated, both the PPA and RSC showed greater activation for the different-side repetition than the same-side repetition, suggesting view-specific representations. When participants refreshed scenes, the PPA showed view-specific activity just as in the physical repeat conditions, whereas RSC showed an equal amount of activation for different-and same-side conditions. This finding suggests that in RSC, refreshed representations were not restricted to a specific view of a scene, but extended beyond the target half into the entire scene. Thus, RSC activity associated with refreshing may provide a mechanism for integrating multiple views in the mind.
Identifying multiple preference segments from own- and cross-price elasticities

The authors develop an approach to decompose a market-level matrix of own- and cross-price elasticities to reveal potentially overlapping preference segments. The approach is grounded on the premise that markets may be represented by a parsimonious number of relatively homogeneous segments. Market-level elasticities are expressed as functions of segment weights and within-segment market shares. These relationships permit segment weights and within-segment market shares to be estimated from the market-level elasticity matrix and patterns of brand substitutability to be analyzed. The approach is illustrated with data on the grocery coffee category.
On channels without a capacity

which therefore always exists when C(k) exists. Many writers on information theory call by implication C(0-k) the capacity of the channel. They do this by proving a coding theorem and a weak converse (Wolfowitz, 1961, Section 7.6), and then calling the constant involved the capacity. In Wolfowitz (1961), where C is called the capacity, I pointed out that, to prove that C is the capacity, one has to prove a coding theorem and strong converse (Wolfowitz, 1961, Section 5.6, esp. p. 59).
The electrical conduction of pure and doped silver bromide membranes in aqueous solutions

Abstract The results of an experimental investigation of ion transport between aqueous solutions separated by thin single-crystal silver bromide membranes are reported. Two distinct types of experiments were performed: membrane-resistance experiments, which consisted of measuring the transmembrane electrical resistance under various test conditions using small amounts of transported charge; and membrane-transport experiments, which studied the effects of transporting large amounts of charge through membranes under various test conditions. The membrane-resistance experiments showed that large variations in the membrane resistance occur when test-solution silver ion concentration is varied. These resistance variations were enhanced in plastically deformed membranes, and reduced in membranes prepared from silver sulfide- or cadmium bromide-doped crystals. The membrane-transport experiments showed that the membrane resistance is also varied by charge transported through membranes in contact with test solutions of low silver ion concentrations. The electrode position of a small amount of additional silver bromide onto the surfaces of a membrane by a transport method increased the membrane resistance and reduced the membrane resistance variations with test solution silver ion concentration. A photomicrograph of such an electrodeposited membrane surface illustrates that epitaxial deposition occurs preferentially at specific sites. Using a transport method to cause electroerosion, perforation of the membranes occurred when less than 0.05% of the membrane mass had been removed. The results of these experiments are in qualitative agreement with a model which considers that the transmembrane current flow in undoped membranes occurs predominantly along channels. The channels are presumed to be the regions along crystal dislocations. It is concluded that the large membrane resistance variation with test solution silver ion concentration occurs as a result of variations in the contact resistance between the channels and the test solutions. These results also indicate that the room temperature bulk conductivity of undoped silver bromide crystals depends on the density of bulk crystal dislocations as well as the density of point defects.
Leveraging ubiquitous computing as a platform for collecting real-time occupant feedback in buildings

Building occupants represent a rich source of information for evaluating environmental design practices and building operations. This article presents a scalable diagnostic technology for collecting real-time indoor environmental quality (IEQ) feedback from building occupants: an interactive desktop polling station. The device demonstrates the potential of ubiquitous computing, a model of human–computer interaction in which information processing is integrated into everyday objects, to engage occupants in providing IEQ feedback in real work environments. Example data from a field study of a high-performance office building are presented demonstrating the applicability of multiple devices to acquire detailed feedback over daily and seasonal variations in climatic conditions. Sample results show how polling station data can help identify the frequency and magnitude of discomfort with the spatial and temporal granularity needed to assess, validate, and improve the performance of environmentally responsive bu...
Long-term protection of central axons with phenytoin in monophasic and chronic-relapsing EAE

Axonal degeneration is a major contributor to non-remitting deficits in multiple sclerosis, and there is thus considerable current interest in the development of strategies that might prevent axonal loss in neuroinflammatory disease. Dysregulation of sodium ion homeostasis has been implicated in mechanisms leading to axonal degeneration, and several studies have shown that blockade of sodium channels can ameliorate axon damage following anoxic, traumatic and nitric oxide-induced CNS injury. Two sodium channel blockers, phenytoin and flecainide, have been reported to protect axons in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) for 30 days, but long-term protective effects have not been studied. We demonstrate here that oral administration of phenytoin provides long-term (up to 180 days) protection for spinal cord corticospinal tract (CST) and dorsal column (DC) axons in both monophasic (C57/BL6 mice) and chronic-relapsing (Biozzi mice) murine EAE. Untreated C57/BL6 mice exhibit a 40–50% loss of CST and DF axons at 90 and 180 days post-EAE induction via myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) injection. In contrast, only 4% of DF axons are lost at 90 days, and only 8% are lost at 180 days in phenytoin-treated C57/BL6 mice with EAE; only 21–29% of CST axons are lost at 90 and 180 days in phenytoin-treated C57/BL6 mice with EAE. Attenuation of dorsal column compound action potentials was ameliorated and clinical status was also significantly enhanced with phenytoin treatment at 90 and 180 days in this model. In addition, inflammatory cell infiltration into the dorsal columns was reduced in phenytoin-treated mice with EAE compared with untreated mice with EAE. Similar results were obtained in Biozzi mice with chronic-relapsing EAE followed for 120 days post-injection. These observations demonstrate that phenytoin provides long-term protection of CNS axons and improves clinical status in both monophasic and chronic-relapsing models of neuroinflammation.
Flow and antibody binding properties of hydrated fibrins prepared from plasma, platelet rich plasma and whole blood.

Abstract Previous studies, using cross-linked fibrin prepared from purified fibrinogen, showed low binding of a fibrin-specific monoclonal antibody designated T2G1 (Procyk et al., Blood 77:1469-75, 1991). In this study we investigated the binding of T2G1 and one other antibody to clots prepared from platelet poor plasma (PPP), platelet rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood. In contrast to our previous study, we used unlabelled antibodies and quantitated the level bound by ELISA, measuring antibody concentration in the non-adsorbed fraction. Antibody T2G1 bound 1.35±0.10 pmol/pmol fibrin (n=11) to whole blood columns, 1.64±0.18 (n=10) to PRP columns and 1.58±0.13 (n=8) to PPP columns. The binding of T2G1 to columns made from purified fibrinogen was 0.78±0.05 pmol/pmol fibrin (n=15). An antibody to a conformation-dependent epitope on Fragment D (Fd4-7B3) bound in comparable amounts to the different fibrins. Flow data show that whole blood columns, and also, but to a lesser extent those made with plasma, had a higher flow rate, permeability and fiber mass-length ratio than columns prepared from fibrinogen indicating a more coarse fibrin network. These data show that the presence of other proteins and blood cells, similar to what might occur in vivo, not only lead to an increase in the permeability of gels but also allow for better exposure of some epitopes.
HTII-280, a Biomarker Specific to the Apical Plasma Membrane of Human Lung Alveolar Type II Cells

The pulmonary alveolar epithelium is composed of two morphologically distinct cell types, type I (TI) and type II (TII) cells. Alveolar TII cells synthesize, secrete, and recycle surfactant components; contain ion transporters; and secrete immune effector molecules. In response to alveolar injury, TII cells have the capacity to act as progenitor cells, proliferating and transdifferentiating into TI cells. Although various proteins are associated with TII cells, a plasma membrane marker specific to human TII cells that would be useful for identification in tissue and for isolating this cell type has not been described previously. We devised a strategy to produce a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific to the apical surface of human TII cells and developed an MAb that appears to be specific for human TII cells. The antibody recognizes a 280- to 300-kDa protein, HTII-280, which has the biochemical characteristics of an integral membrane protein. HTII-280 is detected by week 11 of gestation and is developmentally regulated. HTII-280 is useful for isolating human TII cells with purities and viabilities >95%. HTII-280 is likely to be a useful morphological and biochemical marker of human TII cells that may help to advance our understanding of various lung pathological conditions, including the origin and development of various lung tumors.
Proinflammatory chemokines during Candida albicans keratitis

Chemotactic cytokines mediate the recruitment of leukocytes into infected tissues. This study investigated the profile of chemokines during experimental Candida albicans keratitis and determined the effects of chemokine inhibition on leukocyte infiltration and fungal growth during murine keratomycosis. Scarified corneas of BALB/c mice were topically inoculated with C. albicans and monitored daily over one week for fungal keratitis. After a gene microarray for murine chemokines compared infected corneas to controls, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunostaining assessed chemokine expression in infected and mock-inoculated corneas. An anti-chemokine antibody was then administered subconjunctivally and evaluated for effects on clinical severity, corneal inflammation, fungal recovery, and cytokine expression. Of 33 chemokine genes examined by microarray, 6 CC chemokines and 6 CXC chemokines were significantly (P<0.05) upregulated more than two-fold. Chemokine (CC-motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) was upregulated 108-fold (P=0.03) by real-time RT-PCR within one day after fungal inoculation and remained increased 28-fold (P=0.02) at one week, and its in situ expression increased in the epithelium and stroma of infected corneas. Compared to the control antibody-treated group, eyes treated with anti-CCL3 antibody showed reduced clinical severity (P<0.05), less corneal neovascularization (P=0.02), and fewer inflammatory cells infiltrating corneal tissue, but the amount of recoverable fungi was not significantly (P=0.4) affected. Anti-CCL3 treatment significantly (P=0.01) reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1beta in infected corneas. These results indicate that chemokines, especially the CC chemokine CCL3, play important roles in the acute inflammatory response to C. albicans corneal infection.
The flagellar apparatus ofMesostigma viride (Prasinophyceae): Multilayered structures in a scaly green flagellate

Mesostigma virideLauterborn (Prasinophyceae) is the first green flagellate found to have multilayered structures (MLS) in its flagellar apparatus. MLS's were previously known from green algae only in charophycean swarmers, linking theCharophyceae to the origin of land plants, whose male gametes (when flagellated) also possess an MLS.M. viride is, therefore, probably more closely related to the origin of theCharophyceae than any other green flagellate that has been thoroughly studied so far. The occurrence of MLS's in green flagellates and apparently in other algae and protozoans suggests that an MLS occurred in an ancient group of flagellates and has survived in various protistan lines, including the line of green algae related to land plants. The occurrence of a synistosome inM. viride and other of its characteristics suggest that it is more closely related toPyramimonas than to other genera of scaly green flagellates.
Substrate-Enhanced Microbial Fuel Cells for Improved Remote Power Generation from Sediment-Based Systems

A sediment microbial fuel cell (MFC) produces electricity through the bacterial oxidation of organic matter contained in the sediment. The power density is limited, however, due in part to the low organic matter content of most marine sediments. To increase power generation from these devices, particulate substrates were added to the anode compartment. Three materials were tested: two commercially available chitin products differing in particle size and biodegradability (Chitin 20 and Chitin 80) and cellulose powder. Maximum power densities using chitin in this substrate-enhanced sediment MFC (SEM) were 76 ± 25 and 84 ± 10 mW/m2 (normalized to cathode projected surface area) for Chitin 20 and Chitin 80, respectively, versus less than 2 mW/m2 for an unamended control. Power generation over a 10 day period averaged 64 ± 27 mW/m2 (Chitin 20) and 76 ± 15 mW/m2 (Chitin 80). With cellulose, a similar maximum power was initially generated (83 ± 3 mW/m2), but power rapidly decreased after only 20 h. Maximum powe...
The Light Chain Binding Domain of Expressed Smooth Muscle Heavy Meromyosin Acts as a Mechanical Lever

Structural data led to the proposal that the molecular motor myosin moves actin by a swinging of the light chain binding domain, or "neck." To test the hypothesis that the neck functions as a mechanical lever, smooth muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) mutants were expressed with shorter or longer necks by either deleting or adding light chain binding sites. The mutant HMMs were characterized kinetically and mechanically, with emphasis on measurements of unitary displacements and forces in the laser trap assay. Two shorter necked constructs had smaller unitary step sizes and moved actin more slowly than WT HMM in the motility assay. A longer necked construct that contained an additional essential light chain binding site exhibited a 1.4-fold increase in the unitary step size compared with its control. Kinetic changes were also observed with several of the constructs. The mutant lacking a neck produced force at a somewhat reduced level, while the force exerted by the giraffe construct was higher than control. The single molecule displacement and force data support the hypothesis that the neck functions as a rigid lever, with the fulcrum for movement and force located at a point within the motor domain.
Characterization of the hepatitis B virus EnhI enhancer and X promoter complex.

Abstract The hepatitis B virus EnhI enhancer element overlaps the promoter of the X gene. By performing methylation interference experiments, four protein factor binding sites clustered in a 120-bp region were found to control the EnhI enhancer and X promoter activities. Deletion mapping experiments indicated that the two upstream protein factor binding sites constituted a basal enhancer module. This module, likely bound by a liver-specific factor and a ubiquitous factor, could activate the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene promoter by 5- or 10-fold, depending on the orientation, in Huh7 cells, a liver-derived cell line, but not in other cell types tested. The two downstream protein factor binding sites interact with the upstream basal enhancer module in an orientation- and distance-dependent manner to increase the enhancer activity by another 10-fold. In addition, at least one of the two downstream protein factor binding sites is also essential for the X promoter activity.
Everything is alive: towards the future wisdom Web of things

The Everything is Alive (EiA) project at University of Arkansas is focused on pervasive computing. We consider that every physical object can be a living smart object and any services can be a living phenomenon. The goal of EiA is to make everything alive to make our lives revive with the objective to make use of all objects and services surrounding us to make our life better. Our project is goal-oriented, and the scope of this project is broad, encompassing Ubiquitous Intelligence, Cyber-Individual, Brain Informatics, and Web Intelligence. In this paper, we discuss how those technologies can be integrated together and fit into a seamless cycle like the one proposed in the Wisdom Web of Things (W2T). We also provide two case studies from our EiA project. The first case study is to demonstrate how a concept first tested in a virtual environment can be successfully implemented in the real world later when technological advances finally caught up. The data collection step and the ability to manually control smart objects of the W2T cycle are fulfilled in this step. The second case study is to show how the software simulator and hardware implementation are abstracted from the underlying algorithm, and thus, it serves as an example of how virtual worlds can be used as a test bed for W2T, especially with regards to the development of the remaining steps of the W2T cycle.
Plasma Glutathione Peroxidase and Its Relationship to Renal Proximal Tubule Function

Selenium-dependent extracellular glutathione peroxidase (E-GPx) is found in plasma and other extracellular fluids. Previous studies have indicated that patients with chronic renal failure on dialysis have low plasma GPx activity. In this study, dialysis patients had approximately 40% of control plasma GPx activity, while anephric individuals had lowest plasma GPx activities ranging from 2 to 22% of control. The residual plasma GPx activity in anephric individuals could be completely precipitated by anti-E-GPx antibodies, indicating that all plasma GPx activity can be attributed to E-GPx in both normal and anephric individuals. Plasma GPx activity rises rapidly following kidney transplantation, often reaching normal values within 10 days. The plasma GPx activity in some transplanted patients rises to levels higher than the normal range, followed by a return to the normal range. Since E-GPx in the kidney is primarily synthesized in the proximal tubules, we investigated whether nephrotoxic agents known to disrupt proximal tubule function also affected plasma GPx activity. The beta-lactam antibiotic cephaloglycin rapidly caused a decrease in plasma GPx activity in rabbits. In addition, the chemotherapeutic agent ifosfamide caused a decrease in plasma GPx activity in pediatric osteosarcoma patients. Fanconi syndrome associated with either ifosfamide therapy or valproic acid therapy also caused a decrease in plasma GPx activity. Thus plasma GPx activity is related to kidney function and is decreased in certain situations where nephrotoxic drugs are administered. Monitoring plasma GPx activity may have predictive value in evaluating the function of transplanted kidneys or in predicting those patients particularly at risk of nephrotoxic injury associated with certain medications.
On the treatment of cerebral palsy: the outcome of 177 patients, 74 totally untreated, by Richmond Paine, MD, Pediatrics, 1962;29:605-616.

This seminal paper represents one of the earliest attempts to determine the effect of physical therapy upon three types of cerebral palsy—spastic hemiparesis, spastic tetraparesis, and extrapyramidal. The groups studied were drawn from 1821 patients with cerebral palsy known to Children's Hospital of Boston between 1930 and 1950, and formed the basis for the follow-up study of Drs Bronson Crothers and Richmond Paine. The patients were divided into two cohorts, one untreated, the other receiving intensive therapy with stratification into a mild group and a severe group. Other considerations were taken into account. The data regarding the 177 cerebral palsy patients were previously included in the above-mentioned follow-up study, thus reasonable and detailed information …
Biological Characterization of Selected Palladium (II) Poly(amides), Poly(thioamides) and Poly(hydrazides)

A number of palladium-containing polymers were tested biologically for their ability to inhibit HF5 (normal), HeLa (human cervical carcinoma), Hep-2 (human laryngeal carcinoma) and Girardi human heart (transformed) cells. There appears to be a direct relationship between the inhibition exhibited by the monomeric diamine and the corresponding polymer. In most cases, Inhibition was superior to that observed for cis-DDP.
Generalized fracture toughness of brittle materials

A generalization of the concept of fracture toughness of brittle materials, when subjected to multiaxial loadings, is presented. The theory characterizes the fracture strength of materials under any combination of the three basic modes of crack surfaces displacement.
Effect of lysozyme or antibiotics on faecal zoonotic pathogens in nursery pigs

Aims The objective of this study was to determine the effect of lysozyme and antibiotics on zoonotic pathogen shedding in faeces from nursery pigs housed without and with an indirect disease challenge. Methods and Results Two replicates of approximately 650 pigs each were weaned and randomly assigned to one of 24 pens in either a nursery room that had been fully disinfected or a nursery room left unclean. Pigs were randomly assigned to control diet (Control), control diet + antibiotics (Antibiotic; chlortetracycline and tiamulin), or control diet + lysozyme (Lysozyme; 100 mg kg−1 diet). Rectal swab samples were collected on day 0 and 28 of treatment, and enriched and cultured for Campylobacter spp. and shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC). Enrichments from rectal swab samples also were analysed for presence of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) virulence genes (hlyA, eae, stx1 and stx2). Room hygiene had little effect on day 28 results. Percentage of samples culture positive for Campylobacter spp. was lowest for lysozyme diets (P 0·1), but there was a tendency for fewer samples positive for stx1/stx2 in antibiotic or lysozyme diet groups (P < 0·07) compared to control diet (1·2, 2·1 and 5·8% respectively). Salmonella spp. and specific STEC types tested were rarely detected in the study. Conclusions In nursery swine, room hygiene had little effect on pathogen shedding. Dietary chlortetracycline and tiamulin did not reduce pathogen shedding but dietary lysozyme reduced faecal shedding of Campylobacter. Significance and Impact of the Study Lysozyme can effectively replace antibiotics in the diet of nursery swine and can be effective for pathogen control.
A Mutation of the Circadian System in Golden Hamsters

A mutation has been found that dramatically shortens the period of the circadian locomotor rhythm of golden hamsters. The pattern of inheritance of this mutation suggests that it occurred at a single, autosomal locus (tau). Wild-type animals have rhythms with free-running periods averaging about 24 hours; animals heterozygous for the mutation have periods of about 22 hours, whereas homozygous animals have rhythms with periods close to 20 hours. Animals that carry the mutant alleles exhibit abnormal entrainment to 24-hour light:dark cycles or are unable to entrain.
Sex, hormones and the cardiovascular system.

The meeting "Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Health and Disease" was held in Madison, WI USA, on 24 July 2002.
TWO FACES OF SIGN: ICONIC AND ABSTRACT*

In this paper, we show that the total range of the communication system of the deaf is considerably enriched but at the same time rendered more difficult to analyze, because pantomime and other spontaneous nonsign representations occur in the same mode as regular ASL signs in deaf discourse. We note that the rarification of what was originally nonsign depiction is clearly an important source of regular ASL signs. We show that criteria can be established that would distinguish the clear cases of pantomime from the regular ASL signs. Nonetheless, there remain a sizable number of regular ASL signs which, although they are neither pantomimic nor otherwise freely mimetic, still appear to retain an iconic cast. We show that very few ASL signs are actually transparent; that is, a nonsigner cannot guess the meaning of a sign in the absence of further information. On the other hand, many signs are iconic in the sence that nonsigners, when given the sign and its meaning, show considerable agreement in how the two are related. More important in terms of language and its users is the significance of iconicity for deaf signers themselves. This paper shows that while in special circumstances the deaf do play on iconic elements of certain signs for special effects, iconicity plays no observable role in the coding of signs in short-term memory. The abstract formational parameters definitely dominate. We further note that it is the abstract system and not purely iconic aspects that have determined observed historical changes in the form of ASL signs. We interpret this as indicating the deeper structural significance of the abstract formational level. Finally, we show that very widespread and productive grammatical processes, especially suited for a visual-gestural language, override the iconic aspects of signs also at the synchronic structural level.
A parallel transient algorithm for structures with extended independent substructure computation

A parallel algorithm for linear structure transient response problems is presented in which transient response is computed independently for substructures for extended periods of time, and these substructure responses are then corrected to obtain the response of the overall coupled structure. The correction of the uncoupled substructure responses only requires the interface portions of these responses sampled occasionally in time, and is done independently for different substructures in a streamlined procedure. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the method and show its accuracy.
SÍNTESIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN RMN 1D Y 2D DE DERIVADOS SULFURADOS DE LA 1- FENIL-3- METIL-2-PIRAZOLÍN-5-ONA Y SU POTENCIAL CAPACIDAD LIGANTE

En este trabajo se presenta el resultado de la sintesis del 4-ditiocarboxilato de hexil-1-fenil-3-metil-2-pirazolin-5-ona (PirC6) y del 4-ditiocarboxilato de dodecil-1-fenil-3-metil-2-pirazolin-5-ona (PirC12). Se caracterizan los productos obtenidos usando el microanalisis, laespectroscopia infrarroja, la espectroscopia RMN de H1 y C13 y la RMN en dos dimensiones(HSQC y HMBC) para determinar sus estructuras. Se estudia su potencial capacidad liganteen la formacion de compuestos de coordinacion con el UO22+.
Novel Schizosaccharomyces pombe N-linked GalMan9GlcNAc isomers: role of the Golgi GMA12 galactosyltransferase in core glycan galactosylation.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe synthesizes very large N-linked galactomannans, which are elongated from the Man9GlcNAc2 core that remains after the trimming of three Glc residues from the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 originally transferred from dolichyl pyrophosphate to nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Prior to elongation of the galactomannan outer chain, the Man9GlcNAc2 core is modified into a family of Hex10-15GlcNAc2 structures by the addition of both Gal and Man residues (Ziegler et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem., 269, 12527-12535). To understand the pathway of Man9GlcNAc2 modification, the Hex10GlcNAc-sized pool was isolated by Bio-Gel P-4 gel filtration from the endo H-released N-glycans of S.pombe glycoproteins. This pool yielded four major fractions, a, b, c, and g, on preparative high pH, anion exchange chromatography, that represented 10, 29, 46, and 13% of the total Hex10GlcNAc present, respectively. Structures of the glycan isomers present in each fraction were determined by one- and two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy techniques. Fraction a is principally (approximately 93%) a Man10GlcNAc with a new alpha1,2-linked Man cap on the upper-arm of Man9GlcNAc. Fraction b contained two isomers of GalMan9GlcNAc in which an alpha1,2-linked terminal Gal had been added either to the upper (b1, 30%) or middle-arm (b2, 70%) of Man9GlcNAc. The gma12 - alpha1,2-galactosyltransferase-negative S. pombe strain (Chappell et al. (1994) Mol. Biol. Cell., 5, 519-528) did not make fraction b implying that the gma12p galactosyltransferase is responsible for synthesis of both isomers b1 and b2. Isomer c is Man10GlcNAc in which a new branching alpha1, 6-linked Man had been added to the lower-arm alpha1,3-linked core residue as found earlier in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris. Fraction g had less than molar stoichiometry of both Gal and Glc. The major isomer (g1, 85%) is the Man9GlcNAc core with an alpha1,3-linked branching Gal on the penultimate 2-O-substituted Man of the lower arm. This residue is also found on a novel O-linked oligosaccharide recently described in S.pombe; Manalpha1,2(Galalpha1, 3)Manalpha1,2Mannitol (Gemmill and Trimble (1999) Glycobiology, 9, 507-515). The second isomer (g2, 15%) is the partially processed Glc2Man9GlcNAc intermediate. Defining these Hex10GlcNAc structures provides a starting point for understanding the enzymology of N-linked galactomannan core heterogeneity seen on S.pombe glycoproteins.
The Baltic resettlement of 1939 and National Socialist racial policy

(1977). The Baltic resettlement of 1939 and National Socialist racial policy. Journal of Baltic Studies: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 79-89.
Several small Josephson junctions in a resonant cavity: Deviation from the Dicke model

We have studied quantum mechanically a system of several small identical Josephson junctions in a lossless single-mode cavity for different initial states, under conditions such that the system is at resonance. This system is analogous to a collection of identical atoms in a cavity, which is described under appropriate conditions by the Dicke model. We find that our system can be well approximated by a reduced Hamiltonian consisting of two levels per junction. The reduced Hamiltonian is similar to the Dicke Hamiltonian, but contains an additional term resembling a dipole-dipole interaction between the junctions. This extra term can be understood as a natural consequence of degenerate second-order (L\"owdin) perturbation theory. For typical, physically reasonable values of the junction-cavity coupling, we find that this perturbation treatment is an adequate way to include the junction energy levels beyond the lowest two. As in the Dicke model, we find that, when N junctions are present in the cavity, the junction-cavity interaction is enhanced by $\sqrt{N},$ with a corresponding decrease in the Rabi oscillation period. We find that this enhancement survives even if the junctions differ slightly from one another, as expected in a realistic system. Since coherence effects thus reduce the Rabi period, it may become smaller than the decoherence time due to dissipation, making these oscillations observable.
Histidine-Tailed Microperoxidase-10: A pH-Dependent Ligand Switch

The electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of ferric histidine-tailed microperoxidase-10 (His-MP10) change dramatically as the pH is raised from 1.8 to 11.8. Two distinct species are observed (pK_a= 4.4). The spectra of acidic ferric His-MP10 nearly match those of ferric mesoporphyrin-reconstituted myoglobin and so the axial ligands are assigned to be histidine and water. The retention of histidine ligation below pH 4 contrasts to the behavior of myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase which convert to five-coordinate water ligated and then lose the heme prosthetic group at even lower pH. Neutral and alkaline ferric His-MP10 have spectra that are very similar to those of the imidazole complex of ferric mesoporphyrin-reconstituted myoglobin. Thus, we conclude that it is bis-histidine ligated with the C-terminal histidine bound as the sixth ligand. Thus, ferric His-MP10 exhibits a pH-dependent ligand switch with a change in axial ligation from water and histidine at low pH to bis-histidine at neutral and alkaline pH.
Sub-kHz linewidth GaSb semiconductor diode lasers operating near 2 μm

We report on the phase noise properties of DFB lasers operating near 2.0 μm. Measured noise spectra indicate intrinsic linewidths below 1 kHz. Less than 200 kHz effective linewidth is estimated for 5 ms measurement time.
Impact of NSAIDs on cardiovascular risk and hypertension

Summary Introduction In recent years, there has been a great deal of evaluation of the cardiovascular (CV) effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. Materials and methods In this brief review, the focus is on both effects of the NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors on blood pressure and CV events. The literature was searched using PubMed for both clinical trials and observational studies reviewing the relations among NSAIDs, blood pressure, and CV events. Results Clinical trial results for NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors have shown varying levels of destabilization of blood pressure control in treated hypertensive patients as well as variable incident rates of the development of arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Discussion The non-selective and COX-2 selective NSAIDs can be used with care in selected arthritis patients with hypertension and stable CV disorders (excluding congestive heart failure and moderate to severe kidney dysfunction) when the individual clinical benefit of anti-inflammatory therapy outweighs the CV and gastrointestinal risk.
An Exemplar for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Using the Magnet® Model as the Framework for Change: Oral Feeding Practice in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Implementation of research evidence into practice can be challenging in areas such as the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where the environment is complex and rapidly changing and caregiving goals have shifted from simply infant survival to supporting positive long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Clinical nurse specialists (CNS) are ideally positioned to use research to obtain new knowledge, innovations, and improvements in care as part of an interdisciplinary team. The authors describe the role of the CNS in changing NICU culture around feeding infants, an important and frequent nursing activity, with the Magnet® model as the framework for change.
Thermal-structural relationship of individual titania nanotubes

The thermal properties of nano-scale materials are largely influenced by their geometry. The zero, one and quasi one dimensional forms of the same material could exhibit unique thermal transport properties depending upon the shape and nano-scale feature size. In order to gain a clear understanding of the contributions from geometrical scattering effects on thermal transport, it is required to study these nano-materials in a single isolated form rather than in clusters or films. In the past decade, titanium dioxide nanotube arrays fabricated by anodic oxidation of titanium emerged as a useful semiconductor architecture for a variety of applications, particularly for solar energy conversion. Nonetheless, the thermal properties of individual nanotubes that are important for their use in high temperature applications have not been clearly understood. Here we report the thermal transport properties of individual titania nanotubes as revealed by our preliminary study using a suspended microdevice that facilitates the thermal conductivity measurements and crystal structure investigation on the same nanotube. The nanotubes were prepared by anodic oxidation of a titanium foil in HF-DMSO electrolyte at 60 V, having outer diameters in the range of 200 to 300 nm and wall thicknesses of ∼30 to 70 nm in either amorphous or polycrystalline anatase phase. The thermal conductivity of single nanotubes was found to be very close to that of the amorphous phase (1.5 W mK(-1) and 0.85 W mK(-1) respectively) and it was only half of the thermal conductivity of the nanotube arrays in the film form. The thermal conductivity of bulk TiO2 is known to be almost six times higher. The observed thermal conductivity suppression in single nanotubes was explained using a transport model developed by considering diffuse phonon-surface scattering and scattering of phonons by ionized impurities of concentrations in the order of 10(18)-10(19) cm(-3).
Substance use and mental diagnoses among adults with and without type 2 diabetes: Results from electronic health records data

Background Comorbid diabetes and substance use diagnoses (SUD) represent a hazardous combination, both in terms of healthcare cost and morbidity. To date, there is limited information about the association of SUD and related mental disorders with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Relationship Between Hydrogen Pickup and Susceptible Paths in Stress Corrosion Cracking of Type 304 Stainless Steel

Abstract The susceptible paths for stress corrosion cracking in Type 304 stainless steels were identified by electron microscopic examination of thin sections before and after exposure to boiling 4...