cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monitoring SIP service availability in IPv4/IPv6 hybrid networks

With the increasing deployment of IPv6, IPv6-based SIP applications draw more attention from service providers. To date, most work on SIP operations and management (OAM) is undertaken on IPv4 networks. In this paper we present a framework called MoSA for monitoring SIP service availability in heterogeneous IPv4/IPv6 networks. We also investigate the fault tolerance issue of our approach analytically. A prototype has been implemented in Providence University for validation.
Impact of corona on the long-term performance of nonceramic insulators

A majority of nonceramic insulator (NCI) application is under relatively clean conditions where leakage current may be nonexistent. Occurrence of corona for long periods of time on NCI operating under relatively clean conditions is possible due to localized high electric field (E-field) brought about by design and manufacturing deficiencies. Therefore, resistance to corona-induced degradation of NCI housing materials is an important factor that impacts NCI long-term reliability, and is the focal point of this paper. Two sources of corona have been investigated: corona from a metal electrode, and corona from water droplets. Field inspections were performed on 230 and 500 kV insulators to demonstrate the existence of corona even under relatively clean and dry conditions. Three commonly used NCI housing materials, namely high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber (SIR), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and a blend of EPDM and silicone polymer were evaluated in the laboratory. In addition, housing materials from several insulators removed from the field were analyzed. Data gathered from electrical and physicochemical analyses show that corona induced degradation is dominantly due to a combination of electro-chemical reactions rather than thermal effects.
Community program therapist adherence and competence in a motivational interviewing assessment intake session

Background: Teaching community program therapists to use motivational interviewing (MI) strategies for addictions treatment with sufficient frequency (i.e., adherence) and skill (i.e., competence) is a priority and challenge for the field. The development of psychometrically valid MI integrity measures that can be used for supervision and evaluation and be both sensitive and robust across clinical situations is needed. Objective: This article examines the performance of the Independent Tape Rating Scale (ITRS) () when used to evaluate the delivery of MI within a one-session assessment intake (). Methods: Audiotapes of 315 sessions of therapists in MI and counseling-as-usual conditions were rated according to the ITRS by raters blind to treatment condition. Results: Results indicate that community therapists were successfully trained and supervised to use MI within an assessment intake session, with MI adherence and competence that was discriminable from counseling-as-usual practices. Increased therapist M...
Oceans on titan

If global oceans on methane exist on Titan, the atmosphere above them must be within 2 percent of saturation. The two Voyager radio occultation soundings, made at low latitudes, probably occurred over land, since they imply a relative humidity less than or equal to 70 percent near the surface. Oceans might exist at other low-latitude locations if the zonal wind velocities in the lowest 3 kilometers are less than or equal to 4 centimeters per second.
Resonant obliquity of Mars

The large-scale oscillations generated by the obliquity of Mars through spin-axis and orbit-plane precessions constitute basic climate system drivers with periodicities of 100,000 yrs in differential spin axis-orbit precession rates and of over 1 million yrs in amplitude modulations due to orbital-inclination changes. Attention is presently given to a third time-scale for climate change, which involves a possible spin-spin resonance and whose mechanism operates on a 10-million-yr time-scale: this effect implies an average obliquity increase for Mars of 15 deg only 5 million yrs ago, with important climatic consequences.
Synthesis of LiNixFe1−xPO4 solid solution as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

a b s t r a c t Nanosize LiNixFe1−xPO4 solid solution and LiNixFe1−xPO4/C nanocomposites were prepared via a solid state reaction method under argon atmosphere. A single phase olivine-type structure with Pnma space group was determined by X-ray diffraction. Crystallite sizes were found to be around 50 nm. A linear relationship was observed between lattice parameters and chemical composition which follows Veg- ard's law. Synthesized materials displayed electronic conductivity similar to previous reported values of LiFePO4. Carbon coating further increased the overall conductivity of nanocomposites to the order of 10 −3 S/cm. Chemical delithiation via NO2BF4 oxidant extracted more than 95% of lithium from the solid solution material accompanied by a decrease in lattice parameters.
Phosphorus uptake, not carbon transfer, explains arbuscular mycorrhizal enhancement of Centaurea maculosa in the presence of native grassland species

Summary 1Previous studies have shown that arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) enhance the growth of the invasive forb Centaurea maculosa when growing with native grass species. Using 13CO2, we tested the hypothesis that this enhancement is explained by carbon transfer from native species to C. maculosa via mycorrhizal hyphal linkages. 2A C. maculosa plant was paired with one of five native species – three grasses (Festuca idahoensis, Koeleria cristata and Pseudoroegneria spicata) and two forbs (Achillea millefolium and Gaillardia aristata) – in pots that separated the plants with either a mesh barrier (28 µm, excludes fine roots but not hyphae) or a membrane barrier (0·45 µm, excludes roots and hyphae). 313CO2 was added to the atmosphere of either Centaurea or the native species after 20 weeks’ growth. A 25 min pulse application was followed by 7 days’ growth and subsequent harvest. 4The biomass response of C. maculosa was consistent with previous experiments: C. maculosa was larger when growing in mesh barrier pots, when hyphae were able to access the opposite side of the pot; in mesh barrier pots only, biomass varied with neighbouring species. Native plant biomass did not vary between mesh- vs membrane-barrier pots. 5There was no evidence of carbon transfer, either from the native plant to C. maculosa or in the reverse direction. 6Centaurea maculosa contained significantly more phosphorus in mesh-divided pots, but this depended on the neighbouring plant. The P concentration in C. maculosa was significantly higher in mesh-divided pots when growing with a grass and not a forb. Native species contained more P in mesh-divided pots than membrane-divided pots, and P concentration differed between species (higher in forbs than grasses), but did not vary between mesh- and membrane-divided pots. 7Our study suggests that C. maculosa is able to exploit its mycorrhizal symbiosis more effectively than the native grassland species. The mechanism for this appears to be luxury consumption of P through efficient utilization of extra-radical hyphae, but that effect is dependent on neighbouring species, and occurs when growing with a grass neighbour. 8Although no single study can disprove the carbon-transfer hypothesis, our work suggests that AM-mediated neighbour effects are the result of mycorrhizal networks that increase species’ access to P. Whether the synergistic effects of neighbours are due to complementarity of AM fungal symbionts utilized by different plant species, or have to do with the structure of AM networks that develop more extensively with multiple host plants, remains to be investigated.
A significant number of women present with palpable breast cancer even with a normal mammogram within 1 year

Abstract Background Although mammography is the gold standard for breast cancer screening, clinical breast examination (CBE) and self breast examination (SBE) are important adjuncts whose utility has been questioned. Methods A retrospective review of invasive breast cancer patients from 2000 to 2008 was performed. We compared 3 groups: breast cancer detected by (1) imaging only (nonpalpable) or palpable mass with a normal mammogram (2) ≥1 year (mammogram ≥1 year) or (3) Results Of 1,222 women, presentation included 67% nonpalpable, 21% mammogram ≥1 year, and 13% mammogram Conclusion A significant number of women present with palpable breast cancer within 1 year of a normal mammogram, many with an aggressive cancer. Therefore, we continue to advocate SBE and CBE for breast cancer screening.
Handedness differences in self-assessment of sleep quantity: Non-right versus strong right handers

Handedness differences in self-reported sleep variables were examined. Strongly right-handed (SRH) and non-right-handed (NRH) college students were queried as to average sleep duration, amount of sleep desired, and number of dreams per week. Analyses were performed on these variables and on calculated sleep time reduction. Non-right handed students expressed decreased sleep duration (392.80 ± 69.56 min) compared with SRH (417.59 ± 70.46 min); P < 0.05. That gross measures of handedness and sleep produced significant effects indicates the ease with which handedness classifications can be used, the robustness of handedness effects on sleep measures, and the necessity of controlling for handedness in sleep investigations.
Nutritional changes in nonhuman primates during mechanical ventilation.

To characterize the baseline nutritional changes occurring in healthy baboons receiving an acute lung injury, we prospectively evaluated serial nutritional changes in eight adult baboons that received oleic acid (0.08 mL/kg) and then required mechanical ventilation for a period of8 d. The animals were given hypocaloric feeding. Nutritional assessment included the measurement ofchanges in muscle mass and changes in visceral protein concentration and plasma lipids. Both serum protein and albumin concentrations decreased for 3 d after mechanical ventilation began but then remained stable. The animals exhibited a marked increase in bron- choalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein concentrations after receiving oleic acid. We conclude that previously healthy baboons receiving only dextrose infusion during mechanical ventilation have marked decreases in serum albumin occurring after the lung injury. Decreases in albumin occur very early and may represent pooling of albumin in the lung after the oleic acid in- jury. Am J Clin Nutr l987;46:900-4.
Evaluation of Renal Growth by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computerized Tomography Volumes

ABSTRACTPurpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT) are commonly used to image complex medical conditions but limited data have been reported concerning normal renal volumetric measurement with these imaging techniques. We examined whether normative renal growth curves could be constructed from data derived from these imaging modalities, and from these curves assessed normal and abnormal renal development.Materials and Methods: Patients who had undergone prior renal MRI or CT were identified. Total renal volume and renal cortical fraction (CF, cortical/total volume) were calculated, and growth curves were derived. To examine the curve utility for abnormal growth assessment, renal ultrasonography of children with reflux nephropathy was examined, and MRI and radionuclide scans were compared.Results: A total of 60 patients 2 months to 39 years old who underwent MRI were included in the growth curve. The CF of the 120 kidneys was 75.8 ± 4.3% and independent of sex and age. In 19...
Unified model of hole trapping, 1/f noise, and thermally stimulated current in MOS devices

Capture cross-section data from the literature and recent density-functional theory (DFT) calculations strongly suggest that the 1/f noise of MOS devices is caused by the thermally activated capture and emission of carriers at O vacancy centers near the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface. At least two kinds of defects can contribute to the noise of unirradiated and irradiated devices. The first is a "dimer" vacancy associated with the E/sub /spl delta//' center, which is shown by DFT to be a metastable electron trap when the Si-Si spacing is stretched beyond its equilibrium value, as likely can occur in strained SiO/sub 2/ near the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface. The second is a neutral or positively charged E/spl gamma/' center, which has two configurations. One is puckered (one of the Si atoms relaxes through its local bonding plane) and forms a dipole after electron capture (E(/spl gamma//sup 4/)'). The other is shown via DFT to be a different kind of puckered configuration, including a fivefold coordinated Si (E(/spl gamma//sup 5/)'); this does not form a dipole. These results strongly suggest a common model of charge exchange with O vacancies can account for much of the oxide-trap charge and 1/f noise in MOS devices. Applying this model to thermally stimulated current (TSC) experiments suggests hole emission in TSC may well be due to the thermal relaxation of a puckered E/spl gamma/' into a dimer E/sub /spl delta//'. This can explain literature discrepancies between optical and thermal estimates of trapped-hole energies.
End-of-life preparation: advance care planning.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAANUniversity of California—Los Angeles, School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California, USACultures differ considerably in providing a framework for how a p...
Integrated optically driven millimeter wave sources and receivers

HBTs driven by mixing stabilized lasers and by mode locked semiconductor lasers have been used to make millimeter wave sources. New receiver configurations have been fabricated using edge coupled devices with integrated optical guides formed from InGaAsP quaternary layers and from polyimide. Further integration of our new polymer optical modulators now permits us to make modules suitable for applications in radar and communications. >
Bones, Clones and Biomes. The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals by B. D. Patterson and L. P. Costa (eds.)

Patterson, B. D., and L. P. Costa (eds.). 2012. Bones, Clones and Biomes. The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 432 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-226-64919-1, price (hardbound), $65.
The use of transient electric birefringence to characterize the conformation of DNA in solution, the mechanism of DNA gel electrophoresis, and the structure of agarose gels

Abstract Two small, 153 base-pair (bp) DNA restriction fragments, one of which migrates anomalously slowly during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, have been characterized by transient electric birefringence (TEB). The decay of the birefringence of the anomalously slowly migrating fragment is faster than that of the normal fragment under a variety of buffer conditions, suggesting that the anomalous fragment is stably bent or curved in free solution. Reversing field experiments suggest that both the anomalous and normal DNA fragments orient in the electric field by a slow induced dipole mechanism. Birefringence relaxation times have also been measured for three DNA molecules embedded in agarose gels of various concentrations. The embedded DNA molecules become oriented in the electric field, just as in free solution. If the median pore diameter of the gel is approximately twice as large as the apparent end-to-end length of the DNA in solution, the relaxation times of the embedded DNA molecules are unaffected by the presence of the gel, indicating that the DNA retains its usual wormlike coil conformation in the gel matrix. However, as the end-to-end length of the DNA approaches the median pore diameter of the gel, the DNA molecules become stretched out and elongated in the electric field, leading to a repetitive, or end-on, mode of migration during electrophoresis. The relaxation times of the stretched DNA molecules scale as the 2.8 power of molecular weight, in reasonable agreement with reptation theories. The structure of agarose gels has also been characterized by TEB. The long, low voltage electric fields used for pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) cause extensive orientation of the agarose gel fibers. A wide range of relaxation times is observed after the field is removed, corresponding to the orientation of gel fibers up to 22 μm in length. The sign of the birefringence is variable, indicating that the gel fibers can be oriented in different directions in different parts of the gel. Surprisingly, the sign of the birefringence reverses upon field reversal, suggesting that the gel fibers change their direction of orientation in reversing electric fields. This anomalous orientation behavior is not observed for chemically crosslinked polyacrylamide gels. The apparent orientation and reorientation of agarose gel fibers in rapidly reversing electric fields may lead to ‘dynamic pores’ in the gel matrix, facilitating the migration of very large DNA molecules during PFGE.
Partial replay of long-running applications

Bugs in deployed software can be extremely difficult to track down. Invasive logging techniques, such as logging all non-deterministic inputs, can incur substantial runtime overheads. This paper shows how symbolic analysis can be used to re-create path equivalent executions for very long running programs such as databases and web servers. The goal is to help developers debug such long-running programs by allowing them to walk through an execution of the last few requests or transactions leading up to an error. The challenge is to provide this functionality without the high runtime overheads associated with traditional replay techniques based on input logging or memory snapshots. Our approach achieves this by recording a small amount of information about program execution, such as the direction of branches taken, and then using symbolic analysis to reconstruct the execution of the last few inputs processed by the application, as well as the state of memory before these inputs were executed.We implemented our technique in a new tool called bbr. In this paper, we show that it can be used to replay bugs in long-running single-threaded programs starting from the middle of an execution. We show that bbr incurs low recording overhead (avg. of 10%) during program execution, which is much less than existing replay schemes. We also show that it can reproduce real bugs from web servers, database systems, and other common utilities.
Stator-winding fault diagnosis of PM brushless DC motor drives

A model-based diagnostic system for stator winding inter-turn faults of PM brushless DC motor drives is presented. A transient model of the drive system is set up and run under different healthy and faulty conditions. The steady-state supply current is selected as the diagnostic signal to compare the healthy operation to the faulty operation under different loads. The supply current signal is transformed to the frequency domain using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Appropriate diagnostic indices are extracted from the supply current spectrum to differentiate between healthy and different faulty conditions.
Wavelet models of event-related potentials

Presents a wavelet approach to the statistical analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs). The recorded data are represented by a linear combination of unknown component waveforms. A unique decomposition is obtained by prior time/frequency constraints imposed in the wavelet representation, and by differential effects of experimental conditions on the components. Even though the wavelets are orthogonal, the modeled component waveforms need not be orthogonal and may overlap in time and frequency. The author demonstrates estimation of components and condition effects in applications to the cat auditory evoked potential recorded at various stimulus rates and to the human auditory P300 recorded before and after administration of clonidine. >
High-risk acute myelogenous leukemia: treatment today … and tomorrow

High-risk acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) constitutes a distinct subset of disease based on clinical and biological characteristics and comprises a significant percentage of all cases of adult AML. Biologic features such as distinct clonal cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities identify a subgroup of AML patients characterized by poor response to induction chemotherapy and poor long-term survival after treatment with consolidation chemotherapy. Clinical variables that predict for poor response include AML relapsed after less than 1 year of remission and AML characterized by resistance to conventional agents. We review here our understanding of the defining biologic subtypes of AML and discuss how adequate initial evaluation can be used to inform the choice of treatment. By defining high-risk biologic and clinical variables, a strong case can be made for treating patients with investigational agents, with treatment directed at distinct cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities. Allogeneic transplantation is the only form of therapy available outside of the setting of a clinical trial that may offer a chance for long-term survival for patients with high-risk AML.
A kinetic analysis of high temperature fatigue crack growth

Abstract : The increased fatigue crack growth rate at high temperature is primarily caused by environmental effects. The amount of the environmental effect depends on the penetration rate of the detrimental chemical specie relative to the crack growth rate. Depending upon the relative chemical penetration rate, there can either be no, partial, or full environmental effects. In both cases of no or full environmental effects, da/dN is not sensitive to cyclic frequency and temperature. In the case of partial environmental effect, da/dN is controlled by the rate of the transport of the detrimental chemical specie to crack tip, and da/dN is both frequency and temperature dependent. The da/dN data of IN 100, Waspaloy, and 304 stainless steel were analyzed. The data seem to support the analysis. (Author)
Observations on the fine structure of the macronucleus of Tokophrya infusionum.

The macronucleus in Tokophrya infusionum is composed of numerous Feulgen-positive chromatin bodies (about 0.5 µ in diameter) which appear in thin sections as a dense spongework, homogeneous throughout. The same appearance characterizes metaphase chromosomes of higher forms. Some chromatin bodies of the macronucleus were found to possess a highly organized structure in certain old organisms. This structure appears in cross-sections as a honeycomb and in longitudinal sections as parallel lines about 120 A in diameter evenly spaced (about 230 A). As far as is known this is the first time a regular structure has been found in bodies of chromosomal character at the dimensional level presently explored by electron microscopy. The demonstration that OsO 4 can preserve order in chromatin material is another significant aspect of these findings.
Tree representations of graphs

A graph is chordal if and only if it is the intersection graph of some family of subtrees of a tree. Applying ''tolerance'' allows larger families of graphs to be represented by subtrees. A graph G is in the family [@D,d,t] if there is a tree with maximum degree @D and subtrees corresponding to the vertices of G such that each subtree has maximum degree at most d and two vertices of G are adjacent if and only if the subtrees corresponding to them have at least t common vertices. It is known that both [3,3,1] and [3,3,2] are equal to the family of chordal graphs. Furthermore, one can easily observe that every graph G belongs to [3,3,t] for some t. Denote by t(G) the minimum t so that G@?[3,3,t]. In this paper, we study t(G) and parameters t(n)=min{t:G@?[3,3,t] for every G@?K"n} and t"b"i"p(n)=min{t:G@?[3,3,t] for every G@?K"n","n}. In particular, our results imply that logn
Designs for Studies of Personal Exposure to Air Pollution and the Impact of Measurement Error

This article discusses the impact of measurement error on various designs for the study of the health effects on humans of exposure to air pollution. It discusses time-series studies in which total deaths (or other events) are related to day-to-day variations in air pollution level, and relates the power of these studies to the power of more complex studies in which geographical variation and data on individual exposures are included in time-series analysis, and in which individual outcomes are included as well. Much emphasis is on the recent analysis of Sheppard (this issue) as a source of information concerning variations in grouped and individual air pollution.
Socioeconomic Status, Resources, Psychological Experiences, and Emotional Responses: A Test of the Reserve Capacity Model

The current study used ecological momentary assessment to test several tenets of the reserve capacity model (L.C. Gallo & K. A. Matthews, 2003). Women (N = 108) with varying socioeconomic status (SES) monitored positive and negative psychosocial experiences and emotions across 2 days. Measures of intrapsychic and social resources were aggregated to represent the reserve capacity available to manage stress. Lower SES was associated with less perceived control and positive affect and more social strain. Control and strain contributed to the association between SES and positive affect. Lower SES elicited greater positive but not negative emotional reactivity to psychosocial experiences. Women with low SES had fewer resources relative to those with higher SES, and resources contributed to the association between SES and daily experiences.
Behavioral theory of depression: Reinforcement as a mediating variable between avoidance and depression

Behavioral theory posits that certain environmental changes and avoidant behaviors inhibit individuals from experiencing environmental reward and reinforcement and subsequently leads to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. Using self-report and behavioral (daily diary) indices of environmental reward as proxy measures for positive reinforcement, this investigation examined whether environmental reward mediated the relationship between avoidance and depression. When controlling for anxiety, both indices of environmental reward significantly mediated the relationships of depression with cognitive, behavioral and total avoidance. Post-hoc mediation analyses were conducted to examine potential gender differences. Self-reported environmental reward significantly mediated the relationship between avoidance and depression across both genders. Among females, however, daily diary-measured reward only mediated the relation between cognitive avoidance and depression. In males daily diary reward was a mediator with all three forms of avoidance and depression. This investigation provides initial support for reinforcement as a significant mediator between avoidance and depression and further highlights the relevance of avoidance and reinforcement in behavioral conceptualizations of depression.
Cellular mechanism of mechanotranscription in colonic smooth muscle cells

Mechanical stretch in obstruction induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in gut smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The stretch-induced COX-2 plays a critical role in motility dysfunction in obstructive bowel disorders (OBDs). The aims of the present study were to investigate the intracellular mechanism of mechanotranscription of COX-2 in colonic SMCs and to determine whether inhibition of mechanotranscription has therapeutic benefits in OBDs. Static stretch was mimicked in vitro in primary culture of rat colonic circular SMCs (RCCSMCs) and in colonic circular muscle strips. Partial obstruction was surgically induced with a silicon band in the distal colon of rats and COX-2-deficient mice. Static stretch of RCCSMCs significantly induced expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein and activated MAP kinases ERKs, p38, and JNKs. ERKs inhibitor PD98059, p38 inhibitor SB203580, and JNKs inhibitor SP600125 significantly blocked stretch-induced COX-2 expression. Pharmacological and molecular inhibition of stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) and integrins significantly suppressed stretch-induced expression of COX-2. SAC blockers inhibited stretch-activated ERKs, p38, and JNKs, but inhibition of integrins attenuated p38 activation only. In colonic circular muscle strips, stretch led to activation of MAPKs, induction of COX-2, and suppression of contractility. Inhibition of p38 with SB203580 blocked COX-2 expression and restored muscle contractility. Administration of SB203580 in vivo inhibited obstruction-induced COX-2 and improved motility function. Stretch-induced expression of COX-2 in RCCSMCs depends on mechanosensors, SACs, and integrins and an intracellular signaling mechanism involving MAPKs ERKs, p38, and JNKs. Inhibitors of the mechanotranscription pathway have therapeutic potentials for OBDs.
Short-Term Stability of Resting Pulse Rates in Chiropractic Students.

Objective This study assessed the short-term stability of resting pulse rate (RPR) over an approximate 10-minute period in college students.
The Painting on the Wall

This personal essay describes what influenced my development as a creative writer, in my childhood and adolescence. It delineates the effect on my imagination of family story-telling and of images—paintings and prints. I grew up in Italy, where I spent the first thirty years of my life.
The Many Faces of HRD Academic Programs: Directions for Growth and Development

The ProblemThe different perspectives on human resource development (HRD) academic programs in this issue call for a theoretical contribution that situates and extends the descriptive detail offere...
Human Factors in IBM

Ensuring the long-term usability and usefulness of real computer systems is a complex process. I report on some of the ways that IBM attempts to promote good human factors in their products.
Phenyl Shifts in Substituted Arenes via Ipso Arenium Ions

The isomerization of substituted arenes through ipso arenium ions is an important and general molecular rearrangement that leads to interconversions of constitutional isomers. We show here that the superacid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH), ca. 1 M in dichloroethane (DCE), provides reliable catalytic reaction conditions for these rearrangements, easily applied at ambient temperature, reflux (84 °C), or in a microwave reactor for higher temperatures. Interconversion of terphenyl isomers in TfOH/DCE at 84 °C gives an ortho/meta/para equilibrium ratio of 0:65:35, nearly identical to values reported earlier by Olah with catalysis by AlCl3. For the three triphenylbenzenes, TfOH-catalyzed equilibration strongly (>95%) favors the 1,3,5-triphenyl isomer. Equilibration of the three possible tetraphenylbenzenes gives a 61:39 mixture of the 1,2,3,5- and 1,2,4,5-substituted isomers. Under the reaction conditions explored, none of these structures undergoes significant Scholl cyclization. DFT calculations with in...
Morphological transformation in an established line of pig kidney cells.

SummaryMorphological transformations occurred in 2 clone populations of pig kidney cells. Both populations carried distinct chromosomal markers whose incidence and type did not alter during transformation. Thus, the alteration of morphology was intrinsic and could not be due to cell contamination. In one clone, a change in chromosome number seemed to be related to the appearance of a new morphological type.
Elevated Sodium Levels in the Public Drinking Water as a Contributor to Elevated Blood Pressure Levels in the Community

Further statistical analyses of previously reported preliminary data upheld results showing elevated levels of sodium in drinking water may exert an adverse health effect on normal, healthy persons. High school sophomores residing in a community with elevated levels of sodium in the drinking water (107 mg/l) exhibited a marked upward shift in blood pressure distribution patterns for systolic and diastolic pressure, when compared with students in an appropriately matched community (8 mg/l). Females exhibited a blood pressure distribution pattern characteristic of persons 10 yr older, while for males the upshift was similar to that of a group approximately 2 yr older.
Sustained Low-Efficiency Daily Dialysis as Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill:

Understanding proper management of acute kidney injury (AKI) is important given that studies consistently demonstrate an increasing incidence rate of AKI in the critically ill. AKI carries a significant risk for mortality, which only increases if dialysis becomes a necessary treatment. It is not clear whether modalities other than conventional intermittent hemodialysis improve outcomes in AKI. Sustained low-efficiency daily dialysis (SLEDD) is a more recent extracorporeal treatment whose distinguishing characteristic is its hybrid integration of both continuous and intermittent hemodialysis modalities. Besides providing comparable hemodynamic stability through its decreased blood flow rate and extended hours of use, SLEDD is less complicated, is less expensive, and is convenient for staff and patient. As a result, its use in critical care is on the rise.
A formal theory for conceptualizing artefacts and tool manipulations.

Artefacts (physical and institutional) are ubiquitous of our social environment. We live in a tight network of socio-technical systems, which are systems where agents interact with created objects. There is an increasing need for rigorous methods to model, specify, and reason about socio-technical systems in general, and about artefacts and their functions in particular. We propose a formal theory that serves at the conceptualization of artefacts and their manipulations: design, implementation, existence, use, and persistence.
Emerging regulatory paradigms in glutathione metabolism

One of the hallmarks of cancer is the ability to generate and withstand unusual levels of oxidative stress. In part, this property of tumor cells is conferred by elevation of the cellular redox buffer glutathione. Though enzymes of the glutathione synthesis and salvage pathways have been characterized for several decades, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of their independent and coordinate regulatory mechanisms. Recent studies have further revealed that overall central metabolic pathways are frequently altered in various tumor types, resulting in significant increases in biosynthetic capacity and feeding into glutathione synthesis. In this review, we will discuss the enzymes and pathways affecting glutathione flux in cancer and summarize current models for regulating cellular glutathione through both de novo synthesis and efficient salvage. In addition, we examine the integration of glutathione metabolism with other altered fates of intermediary metabolites and highlight remaining questions about molecular details of the accepted regulatory modes.
Atmosphere: Context, detachment, and the view from above Earth

Since the 1950s, views of Earth from above have been critiqued for provoking detachment from and decontextualization of human, terrestrial concerns. These critiques thus establish Earth's enveloping atmosphere as the ultimate context for meaningful and grounded accounts of humanness, and outer space as a site for abstract, generalizable knowledge. But in outer space, the explanatory work done by “context” is put in question, because spacefaring humans must attend to basic and constantly shifting conditions for life that lie beyond “context” on Earth, including breathing. Attention to humans in real and speculative space environments reveals context as a naturalizing device that establishes universal nature/culture distinctions through recourse to grounding terrestrial ontologies.
An enhanced directional greedy forwarding for VANETs using link quality estimation

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is emerging as a new technology to support safety, entertainment, and traffic efficiency applications in smart transportation systems. Since VANET is a subclass of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), performance of MANET routing protocols when applied to VANET have been studied extensively during the last years. One of the most interesting areas is applying geographic routing to VANETs since it does not require route establishment nor does it require route maintenance. Most of the work in this area is focused on selecting the closest next-hop to destination without considering link quality. Geographic routing tend to select nodes at the border of the communication range. As the distance between a sender and a receiver increases, the link becomes less stable due to local environment conditions such as interference and node's mobility. Thus, geographic routing may lead to poor selection of next-hop which affects the routing reliability and degrades the performance of real-time safety applications in VANETs. In this paper, we propose an enhanced directional greedy forwarding (DGF-ETX) that incorporates the well known link quality estimation metric, ETX, into a multi-metric routing function that considers distance and direction of candidate forwarders. Results from our simulation experiments of dense urban environments show that using ETX with distance and direction reduces the packet loss ratio while Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and the total network throughput is increased.
Supplementary Sensorimotor Seizures

The diagnosis, clinical features, video EEG and MRI findings, medical and surgical treatment, pathology, and prognosis in eleven children and adolescents with supplementary sensorimotor area seizures (SSMA) are reported from the Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Radiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
Transmission Electron Microscope-Based Spectroscopy

This chapter provides an introductory overview of transmission electron microscope (TEM)-based spectroscopy techniques for use in geochemical sample analysis. The chapter addresses the basic questions of why TEM-based spectroscopy is useful, what the most common types of TEM-based spectroscopy are and what information they provide, critical aspects of TEM and spectrometer instrumentation, and the most common sample preparation techniques. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy techniques are illustrated with example analyses of the composition of a multiphase, nanoscale cometary dust impact residue. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy examples include elemental analysis with core-loss spectroscopy, distinguishing carbon polytypes with near-edge spectroscopy, and oxidation state analysis.
Identification of unique venous thromboembolism-susceptibility variants in African-Americans

To identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) in African-Americans (AAs), we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of VTE in AAs using the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network, comprised of seven sites each with DNA biobanks (total ~39,200 unique DNA samples) with genome-wide SNP data (imputed to 1000 Genomes Project cosmopolitan reference panel) and linked to electronic health records (EHRs). Using a validated EHR-driven phenotype extraction algorithm, we identified VTE cases and controls and tested for an association between each SNP and VTE using unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, stroke, site-platform combination and sickle cell risk genotype. Among 393 AA VTE cases and 4,941 AA controls, three intragenic SNPs reached genome-wide significance: LEMD3 rs138916004 (OR=3.2; p=1.3E-08), LY86 rs3804476 (OR=1.8; p=2E-08) and LOC100130298 rs142143628 (OR=4.5; p=4.4E-08); all three SNPs validated using internal cross-validation, parametric bootstrap and meta-analysis methods. LEMD3 rs138916004 and LOC100130298 rs142143628 are only present in Africans (1000G data). LEMD3 showed a significant differential expression in both NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Mayo Clinic gene expression data, LOC100130298 showed a significant differential expression only in the GEO expression data, and LY86 showed a significant differential expression only in the Mayo expression data. LEMD3 encodes for an antagonist of TGF-β-induced cell proliferation arrest. LY86 encodes for MD-1 which down-regulates the pro-inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide; LY86 variation was previously associated with VTE in white women; LOC100130298 is a non-coding RNA gene with unknown regulatory activity in gene expression and epigenetics.
Effectiveness of QE: An assessment of event-study evidence

Abstract Event-studies are widely used to investigate the effectiveness of quantitative easing (QE) and the announcement effects found in this literature are widely cited as evidence that QE significantly reduced long-term yields. However, these announcement effects can be considered evidence of the effectiveness of QE in reducing long-term yields only if the announcement effects are due solely to QE news and are statistically significantly. This paper contributes to the literature by investigating whether announcement effects reported in the QE event-study literature meet this evidentiary standard.
Basket Studies: Redefining Clinical Trials in the Era of Genome-Driven Oncology.

Understanding a tumor's detailed molecular profile has become increasingly necessary to deliver the standard of care for patients with advanced cancer. Innovations in both tumor genomic sequencing technology and the development of drugs that target molecular alterations have fueled recent gains in genome-driven oncology care. “Basket studies,” or histology-agnostic clinical trials in genomically selected patients, represent one important research tool to continue making progress in this field. We review key aspects of genome-driven oncology care, including the purpose and utility of basket studies, biostatistical considerations in trial design, genomic knowledgebase development, and patient matching and enrollment models, which are critical for translating our genomic knowledge into clinically meaningful outcomes.
Searching for a Sound: A Proposal for Creating Consistent De Minimis Sampling Standards in the Music Industry

For the past decade, Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films has set the standard for music sampling, requiring that all samples, regardless of length, are infringing without licenses. However, the Ninth Circuit in VMG Salsoul, LLC v. Ciccone recently declined to follow its’ sister circuit’s holding. Instead, the VMG Salsoul court applied a de minimis standard to samples in order to determine infringement. Because the deadline for the plaintiff in VMG Salsoul to submit a petition for certiorari to the Supreme Court passed this past September, this circuit split will remain for the foreseeable future, dividing the legal status of potentially de minimis samples in Los Angeles and Nashville, two centers of the music industry. This paper will examine the history of sampling and the sampling licensing market, the impact of Bridgeport Music and the recent circuit split, and present an industry-driven solution to the unclear state of sampling in the music world. Without the guidance of further judicial decisions or congressional legislation on the issue of sampling, the music industry should come to a consensus about the use of de minimis sampling without licenses, and develop guidelines for best practices in music sampling. The development of “best practice” guidelines for fair use has been effective in the field of documentary filmmaking, providing creators with guidance that is largely accepted by the industry, and resulting in fewer unnecessary copyright clearances for uses that fall within fair use. This paper proposes that similar “best practices” guidelines for the use of de minimis sampling without licenses be created or endorsed by music industry organizations to provide musicians with guidance and legal support for cutting back the strict licensing requirements that are a result of Bridgeport, and to effectively write the de minimis doctrine back into music copyright law.
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis mimicking iron deficiency anemia: a delayed diagnosis?

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is an uncommon chronic disorder in children. It is characterized by recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage and may result in hemoptysis and pulmonary insufficiency. The most common hematologic manifestation of IPH is iron deficiency anemia. The etiology of IPH is not known and its diagnosis may be difficult due to the variable clinical courses. The most helpful signs for identifying IPH are iron deficiency anemia and recurrent or chronic cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing. We report here 5 pediatric cases of IPH presenting with iron deficiency anemia and without pulmonary symptoms. Mean corpuscular volume was low in all patients; iron was low in 4 out of 5 cases; total iron binding capacity was high in all of them; ferritin was low in 3 patients. At follow up, none of them had responded successfully to the iron therapy. Although they didn’t present with pulmonary symptoms, chest radiographs incidentally revealed diffuse reticulonoduler shadows in all of them. Computed tomography revealed diffuse ground-glass opacities, consolidation, increased density. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of hemosiderinladen macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and gastric aspirate. If patients with iron deficiency anemia don’t respond to iron therapy, they should be examined for IPH. Chest radiographs should be taken even in absence of pulmonary symptoms. Early diagnosis is important for a timely management of IPH.
Perceptual distinctiveness between dental and palatal sibilants in different vowel contexts and its implications for phonological contrasts

Mandarin Chinese has dental, palatal, and retroflex sibilants, but their contrasts before [_i] are avoided: The palatals appear before [i] while the dentals and retroflexes appear before homorganic syllabic approximants (a.k.a. apical vowels). An enhancement view regards the apical vowels as a way to avoid the weak contrast /si-ɕi-ȿi/. We focus on the dental vs. palatal contrast in this study and test the enhancement-based hypothesis that the dental and palatal sibilants are perceptually less distinct in the [_i] context than in other vowel contexts. This hypothesis is supported by a typological survey of 155 Chinese dialects, which showed that contrastive [si, tsi, tsʰi] and [ɕi, tɕi, tɕʰi] tend to be avoided even when there are no retroflexes in the sound system. We also conducted a speeded-AX discrimination experiment with 20 English listeners and 10 Chinese listeners to examine the effect of vowels ([_i], [_a], [_ou]) on the perceived distinctiveness of sibilant contrasts ([s-ɕ], [ts-tɕ], [tsʰ-tɕʰ]). The results showed that the [_i] context introduced a longer response time, thus reduced distinctiveness, than other vowels, confirming our hypothesis. Moreover, the general lack of difference between the two groups of listeners indicates that the vowel effect is language-independent.
Disability and Sexual Orientation Disclosure on Employment Interview Ratings: An Analogue Study:

This study examined the effects of sexual orientation disclosure, disability type disclosure (physical, psychiatric, no disability disclosed), and an applicant’s gender on employment interview ratings. Utilizing an experimental 2 × 2 × 3 analogue research design administered via Internet, a total of 424 undergraduate university students from a Southeast U.S. urban university volunteered to participate in the study. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of 12 conditions in which a mock applicant’s sexual orientation and disability type were not disclosed. Participants reviewed resume and interview transcripts of the applicant they were randomly assigned to, and then rated the applicant’s qualifications, work skills, and their own personal comfort with disclosure. Participants were also asked to provide narratives regarding their decision-making process. A factorial MANCOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction effect for sexual orientation disclosure, disability type disclosure, and gender. F...