cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of corticotropin-releasing hormone-deficient mice by targeted mutation in embryonic stem cells.

The generation of transgenic mice by introduction of intact or altered genes into the pronuclei of fertilized oocytes has proven a powerful tool in elucidating the consequences of ectopic or tissue-appropriate overproduction of a given gene product; in defining DNA elements responsible for gene-specific patterns of temporal, spatial, and regulated transcription; and in targeted oncogenesis for the development of cell culture lines for detailed in vitro study. This technology, however, has had limited success in addressing the role and essential function of specific peptides in the intact organism, except in the circumstance in which dominant negative alleles, capable of abrogating function of the normal allele, are available.1,2 With the establishment of embryonic stem (ES) cell culture systems amenable to in vitro manipulation for introduction of mutated genes, methods for selection of relatively rare homologous recombination events, and most importantly, the sustained capacity of these ES cells to contribute to the germline of chimeric mice, a method of addressing the consequences of loss of gene function has emerged.3,5 Targeted gene inactivation in ES cells with subsequent generation of deficient mice yields inheritable, complete loss of function at all stages of development and in all tissues. This is an advantage when assessing ontogenic importance, ability of interacting systems to compensate for loss of function, and the effects of chronic deficiency. These factors can also impair whole-organism analysis of function, inasmuch as chronic deficiency may allow up-regulation of compensatory systems, masking the in vivo function of the mutation, and global deficiency may make characterization at a specific site of synthesis difficult to determine. Most severely, loss of expression at all stages of development may lead to organism inviability.
Filtration Studies on Pyrogenic Inulin

Summary and Conclusions1. The febrile reaction elicited by intravenous injections of some samples of inulin is similar to that following the intravenous administration of pyrogenic infusion fluids in 'both dog and man. 2. The pyrogen in the inulin as well as that in the pyrogenic infusion fluid is filterable through a Berkefeld filter, but held back by filtration through 2 Seitz Serum No. 3 filter pads and by Zsigmondy membrane filters of from 200 to 300 sec-onds. 3. The pyrogen in inulin, like that in pyrogenic infusion fluids, is therefore of a particulate nature of a large order of mag-nitude. It is likewise adsorbable.
The Effect of Cement Line Properties and Crack Orientation on Crack Propagation in Cortical Bone

Microstructural features such as osteons and cement lines are considered to play an important role in determining the crack growth behavior in cortical bone. Cracks that penetrate the osteons may lead to complete failure of the bone [1]. On the other hand, the cracks that are deflected into the cement line slow down the crack propagation and increase the crack resistance of the bone. Although various factors were reported in the literature [1–4], the underlying mechanisms of crack propagation behavior in cortical bone have not been completely understood.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Wound care following CO2 laser resurfacing using Kaltostat, Duoderm, and Telfa for dressings.

Background. There are a variety of dressings available for wound care following CO2 laser resurfacing. Objective. To share the experience of using Kaltostat and Duoderm for wound care following laser resurfacing. Methods. A total of 27 patients underwent laser resurfacing, including 12 for wrinkles and 15 for acne scars. Kaltostat pads and Duoderm sheets were cut into appropriate shapes to cover the laser-treated areas. The patients' families changed the dressings when the exudate accumulating under Duoderm began to leak. Kaltostat pads were used only for the first 2–3 days when the amount of discharge was profuse. Telfa pads were used rather than Kaltostat in two cases. Duoderm alone was used thereafter to the day of complete reepithelialization. Patients returned to the hospital on days 4, 7, and 10. Results. Complete reepithelialization occurred by day 7 in patients with wrinkles and day 10 in patients with acne scars. The degree of postoperative erythema was mild to moderate. Conclusions. Duoderm worked well for postresurfacing wound healing. Kaltostat fibers were difficult to remove totally. Telfa pads can be used instead of Kaltostat.
Enhancing Scientific Reasoning and Discussion with Conversational Agents

This paper investigates the use of conversational agents to scaffold online collaborative learning discussions through an approach called academically productive talk (APT). In contrast to past work on dynamic support for collaborative learning, which has involved using agents to elevate the conceptual depth of collaborative discussion by leading students in groups through directed lines of reasoning, this APT-based approach lets students follow their own lines of reasoning and promotes productive practices such as explanation of reasoning and refinement of ideas. Two forms of support are contrasted, namely, Revoicing support and Feedback support. The study provides evidence that Revoicing support resulted in significantly more intensive reasoning exchange between students in the chat and significantly more learning during the chat than when that form of support was absent. Another form of support, namely, Feedback support increased expression of reasoning while marginally decreasing the intensity of the interaction between students and did not affect learning.
Paging strategies for highly mobile users

In this work, we consider the problem of minimizing average paging cost and polling delay in a wireless system. It is assumed that users to be paged move according to a general motion process during the paging events. We find and evaluate the optimal sequential paging strategies for given maximum delay tolerance and compare our results to the classical paging strategy as well as the optimal strategies for stationary units (users).
Public choice and the EPA: Empirical evidence on carbon emissions violations

This study provides evidence of public choice determinants of the penalties assessed by the Environmental Protection Agency for carbon emissions violations. Following the work of Stigler (1971), Peltzman (1976), Tollison (1982), and Tullock (1989), this study points out that powerful business interest groups are able to use their political influence to shape EPA environmental policy for urban areas. The statistical estimates presented here suggest that business groups have limited power (through lobbying activity) in affecting the probability of the occurrence of an EPA citation for carbon emissions violations, while they may have considerable power in influencing thedegree of an EPA citation for carbon emissions standards, once a citation occurs.
Under the hood Issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models

This paper reviews a number of conceptual issues pertaining to the implementation of an explicit “spatial” perspective in applied econometrics. It provides an overview of the motivation for including spatial effects in regression models, both from a theory-driven as well as from a data-driven perspective. Considerable attention is paid to the inferential framework necessary to carry out estimation and testing and the different assumptions, constraints and implications embedded in the various specifications available in the literature. The review combines insights from the traditional spatial econometrics literature as well as from geostatistics, biostatistics and medical image analysis.
Phytochrome B Promotes Branching in Arabidopsis by Suppressing Auxin Signaling

Many plants respond to competition signals generated by neighbors by evoking the shade avoidance syndrome, including increased main stem elongation and reduced branching. Vegetation-induced reduction in the red light:far-red light ratio provides a competition signal sensed by phytochromes. Plants deficient in phytochrome B (phyB) exhibit a constitutive shade avoidance syndrome including reduced branching. Because auxin in the polar auxin transport stream (PATS) inhibits axillary bud outgrowth, its role in regulating the phyB branching phenotype was tested. Removing the main shoot PATS auxin source by decapitation or chemically inhibiting the PATS strongly stimulated branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) deficient in phyB, but had a modest effect in the wild type. Whereas indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels were elevated in young phyB seedlings, there was less IAA in mature stems compared with the wild type. A split plate assay of bud outgrowth kinetics indicated that low auxin levels inhibited phyB buds more than the wild type. Because the auxin response could be a result of either the auxin signaling status or the bud’s ability to export auxin into the main shoot PATS, both parameters were assessed. Main shoots of phyB had less absolute auxin transport capacity compared with the wild type, but equal or greater capacity when based on the relative amounts of native IAA in the stems. Thus, auxin transport capacity was unlikely to restrict branching. Both shoots of young phyB seedlings and mature stem segments showed elevated expression of auxin-responsive genes and expression was further increased by auxin treatment, suggesting that phyB suppresses auxin signaling to promote branching.
Adaptive Karhunen-Loeve transform for enhanced multichannel audio coding

A modified MPEG Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) scheme based on the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) to remove inter-channel redundancy, which is called the MAACKL method, has been proposed in our previous work. However, a straightforward coding of elements of the KLT matrix generates about 240 bits per matrix for typical 5 channel audio contents. Such an overhead is too expensive so that it prevents MAACKL from updating KLT dynamically in a short period of time. In this research, we study the de-correlation efficiency of adaptive KLT as well as an efficient way to encode elements of the KLT matrix via vector quantization. The effect due to different quantization accuracy and adaptation period is examined carefully. It is demonstrated that with the smallest possible number of bits per matrix and a moderately long KLT adaptation time, the MAACKL algorithm can still generate a very good coding performance.
Recovery of corrupted DCT coded images based on reference information

This paper presents a novel error detection and correction methodology for corrupted discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients caused by the transmission of DCT coded images over a noisy wireless channel. This method is based on the properties of DCTs and the transmission of exact intensity values of a few reference pixels. These allow us to identify the error pattern and correct the corrupted DCT coefficients. It is possible for the receiver to correct up to t corrupted DCT coefficients in an image block with the knowledge of 2t+1 reference pixel intensity values for each image block. When the number of corrupted DCT coefficients exceeds the correction capability of the proposed algorithm, concealment techniques are employed to recover the corrupted image block by using the reference pixel intensity values. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of our algorithm.
Parasitism of Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) in Commercially Managed Michigan Apple Orchards

Abstract The obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), is one of the major arthropod pests of apple in the United States. In 1999 and 2000, a survey of the obliquebanded leafroller parasitoid complex in commercially managed apple orchards in Michigan’s two largest fruit production regions was conducted to determine the species present and their importance to obliquebanded leafroller population management. In total, 8,961 obliquebanded leafroller larvae were collected of which 2,174 were parasitized. Parasitism increased from the overwintering generation to the summer generation for both regions and both years. In 1999, 11% of the 1,126 overwintering obliquebanded leafrollers collected were parasitized, whereas 28% of the 3,669 summer generation were parasitized. In 2000, 8% of the 489 overwintering obliquebanded leafrollers collected were parasitized, whereas 26% of the 3,677 summer generation obliquebanded leafrollers collected were parasitized. In total, 20 species of hymenopteran and ...
Corrigendum to "Impact of cloud-borne aerosol representation on aerosol direct and indirect effects" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4163–4174, 2006

Ghan and Easter (2006) (hereafter referred to as GE2006) used a global aerosol model to estimate the sensitivity of aerosol direct and indirect effects to a variety of simplified treatments of the cloud-borne aerosol. They found that neglecting transport of cloud-borne particles introduces little error, but that diagnosing cloud-borne particles produces global mean biases of 20% and local errors of up to 40% for aerosol, droplet number, and direct and indirect radiative forcing However, we have recently found that in those experiments we had inadvertently turned off the first aerosol indirect effect. In the radiation module, the droplet effective radius was prescribed at 10 microns rather than related to the droplet number concentration. The second indirect effect, in which droplet number influences droplet collision and coalescence, was treated, so that the simulations produced an aerosol indirect effect, albeit one that is much smaller (about -0.2Wm-2 for anthropogenic sulfate) than other previous estimates.
Characterization of the anaerobic propionate-degrading syntrophs Smithella propionica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Syntrophobacter wolinii.

A strain of anaerobic, syntrophic, propionate-oxidizing bacteria, strain LYPT(= OCM 661T; T = type strain), was isolated and proposed as representative a new genus and new species, Smithella propionica gen. nov., sp. nov. The strain was enriched from an anaerobic digestor and isolated. Initial isolation was as a monoxenic propionate-degrading co-culture containing Methanospirillum hungateii JF-1Tas an H2- and formate-using partner. Later, an axenic culture was obtained by using crotonate as the catabolic substrate. The previously described propionate-degrading syntrophs of the genus Syntrophobacter also grow in co-culture with methanogens such as Methanospirillum hungateii, forming acetate, CO2 and methane from propionate. However, Smithella propionica differs by producing less methane and more acetate; in addition, it forms small amounts of butyrate. Smithella propionica and Syntrophobacter wolinii grew within similar ranges of pH, temperature and salinity, but they differed significantly in substrate ranges and catabolic products. Unlike Syntrophobacter wolinii, Smithella propionica grew axenically on crotonate, although very slowly. Co-cultures of Smithella propionica grew on propionat and grew slowly on crotonate or butyrate. Syntrophobacter wolinii and Syntrophobacter pfennigii grow on propionate plus sulfate, whereas Smithella propionica did not. Comparisons of 16S rDNA genes indicated that Smithella propionica is most closely related to Syntrophus, and is more distantly related to Syntrophobacter.
Arm exercise stress perfusion imaging predicts clinical outcome

Treadmill exercise capacity in resting metabolic equivalents (METs) and stress hemodynamic, electrocardiographic (ECG), and myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) responses are independently predictive...
Particle interactions in zirconia-toughened alumina

In order to determine the effect of the coarse tail of the ZrO/sub 2/ size distribution of the monoclinic ZrO/sub 2/ content of zirconia-toughened alumina, quantitative hot-stage X-ray measurements were made on AL/sub 2/O/sub 3/-10% ZRO/sub 2/ (submicrometer with a coarse tail >1 {mu}m), Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-10% ZrO/sub 2/ with the coarse tail of the ZrO/sub 2/ carefully removed by centrifugation, and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-10% ZrO/sub 2/ in which 10% of ZrO/sub 2/(1) and 90% of ZrO/sub 2/(2) were used. The monoclinic content of the third measurement was compared with the weighted average of the first two. A disproportionate amount of monoclinic ZrO/sub 2/ was found in the third and its was concluded that transformation of the coarse particles promotes transformation in finer particles. Microstructural examination supports this conclusion. Results are interpreted as being due both to autocatalytic transformation and to constraint relief from microcracking.
Family and Work Influences on the Transition to College Among Latina Adolescents

This study investigates the effect of family obligations and part-time work on Latina adolescents' stress and academic achievement during the transition to college. One hundred seventeen Latina col...
Radon‐222 as a test of convective transport in a general circulation model

The distribution of 222 Rn over North America is simulated with a 3-d chemical tracer model (CTM) based on the meteorology of the GISS general circulation model (GCM). The GISS GCM has been used extensively for studies of climate change and global transport of chemical tracers. Simulation of 222 Rn (e-folding lifetime 5.5 days) tests the ability of the model to describe the transport of pollutants in the boundary layer and the exchange of mass between the boundary layer and the free troposphere. Model results are compared to surface observations from 5 sites in the United States. It is found that the 222 Rn concentrations are regulated primarily by dry convection. At night, the model underpredicts observations because it does not resolve the sharp 222 Rn concentration gradient which forms near the surface. In daytime, the predicted and observed concentrations are usually in good agreement, indicating that vertical mixing of surface air is reasonably simulated. Inspection of seasonal trends reveals, however, several significant discrepancies which are traced to anomalies in the GCM meteorology. In particular, the simulated 222 Rn concentrations over the northeastern United States are too high in the spring, because of excessive rainfall which suppresses dry convection, and too low in the fall, because of a severe drought which allows intense dry convection. Ventilation of 222 Rn to the free troposphere is most efficient in the western half of the North American continent, due to intense dry convection, and is followed by rapid eastward advection of 222 Rn in the upper westerlies. This transport mechanism produces a layer of high 222 Rn concentrations in the upper troposphere over the eastern United States and over the western Atlantic Ocean in summer. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.00012.x
AMDRS, A real-time command and control concept

The automatic mobile director and reporting system (AMDRS) was designed to provide continuous control of each field unit. Consisting of three major subsystems: control center, command computer, and field unit, AMDRS is intended to provide real-time control with a minimum radio-frequency spectrum usage. Both the control center and the field unit make use of visual displays. An automatic vehicle locator and director is included to furnish position information directly to a vehicle operator. All digital message functions are automatically handled by the computer including optimum unit selection. Among the advantages claimed for AMDRS are: 1) real-time command with a minimum of spectrum usage 2) instant direction without requiring the field unit operator to depend on maps or memory 3) a degree of privacy owing to digital communications 4) system flexibility allowing various degrees of implementation.
On the relationship between meaning in life and boredom proneness: examining a logotherapy postulate

Logotherapy, developed by Viktor Frankl, posits that when one lacks meaning in life, boredom can result. Thus, the two constructs should be inversely related. To examine this relationship, 279 students (M = 19.8 yr., SD = 2.6; 179 women, 98 men) from a university in the southern United States were administered the Purpose of Life test and the Boredom Proneness Scale. As expected, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between the scores on the two scales (r = -.71). Directions for research are offered.
Cancer: A Disease of the DNA

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and spread unrestrained throughout the body. Cancers can arise in nearly any type of cell that retains the ability to divide. Although there are more than 100 forms of cancer, the basic processes underlying all of them are very similar. The process by which normal cells become cancerous is called carcinogenesis. Cancers stem from mistakes and misapplication of cellular mechanisms, the cell’s inability to heed normal growth and division controls or to undergo self-destruction, called apoptosis, when it detects that it is damaged. Normal cells are part of a cellular community and coordinate their activities with those of their neighbors especially regarding growth and division. Cancerous cells ignore cellular controls and even produce false signals for coercing their neighbors to help them. This errant behavior comes about due to the accumulation of small mutations, changes to the cellular genome that are perpetuated in cell reproduction. Two gene classes play major roles in choreographing the cellular life cycle: proto-oncogenes initiate cell growth and division, and tumor suppressor genes inhibit cell growth and division. When protooncogenes go awry and become oncogenes, they maintain continuous growth signals, like a car with the accelerator pedal stuck on. By contrast, dysfunctional tumor suppressor genes are like a car with no brakes. In order for a tumor to develop, mutations usually must occur in several genes.
SAP America: Strategic Move from Global to Mid-tier Markets

This case serves as an example of organizational self-renewal in order to survive against changing and volatile market requirements. Self-renewal is the last stage of lifecycle for a business ecosystem, where an ecosystem is the organization combined with its business partners and customers. This stage occurs when mature business communities are threatened by rising new ecosystems and innovation. The alternative ecosystems, which were raised by Oracle and PeopleSoft, if proved successful, SAP America would not only loose their position as a market leader, but could also become non-existent. SAP in order to remain a market leader needed to have a solid foothold on the mid-tier markets and service-based industries in addition to their existing grip on the manufacturing based industries consisting of companies with a turnover of $2.5 Billion. SAP America essentially had three alternatives to choose from, which are, (a) to slow the growth of the alternative ecosystems raised by Oracle and PeopleSoft, (b) try to incorporate innovation into their own ecosystem, and (c) fundamentally restructure themselves to cope with the new ecosystem. SAP chose the third alternative. They essentially restructured their organization from a horizontally to a more vertically integrated approach to enter the mid-tier market. In order to change both the myth and reality that SAP implementation was costly and time consuming, they diversified their focus, to include presales, consulting and implementation, in addition to their previous focus on product development, enhancement and licensing. Following this SAP America, not only survived the changes in the market, but also remained the industry leader and made their R/3 a De-facto standard throughout the industry. This case illustrates what it takes to become what Gary Hamel calls, the Grey haired revolutionary.
Electrochemical Processing of Layered Composite Coatings of Nickel - Aluminum - Alumina / Alumina - Yttria Stabilized Zirconia

Multilayered coatings of single and dual particle metal matrix composites, with or without ceramic overlayers, have been produced by a novel combination of electrochemical deposition (electroplating and electrophoretic deposition) and reaction bonding. The coatings contain the following layers in a variety of combinations deposited on Ni substrates: (i) electroplated composites of Ni with Al and/or alumina particles, (ii) precursor Al + A12O3 + yttria stabilized ZrO2 transformed into A12O3 + yttria stabilized ZrO2 by the reaction bonding method, and (iii) yttria stabilized ZrO2. In order to determine the appropriate processing parameters for the multilayered coatings, uniform one-layer coatings were deposited and characterized. We find that in the dual particle Ni-Al-Al2O3 coatings the volume percent of the particles does not show a dependence on deposition current density. However, volume percent alumina in these coatings has a strong dependence on the amount of this particle in the plating bath, while the volume percent Al shows only a weak dependence on its bath content. Comparison of the deposition behavior of these dual particle with single particle coatings, containing Al or alumina only, reveals that the presence of Al in the bath interferes with the codeposition of alumina. This interference, however, is not reciprocal. When coatings containing Al are annealed, Ni and Al react to form a solid solution of Al in Ni (γ) or a two phase mixture of this solid solution and the intermetallic, Ni3Al, (γ-γ’) depending on the annealing temperature. Finally, we find that the formation of the reaction bonded alumina plus yttria stabilized zirconia layer requires the oxidation resistance afforded by aluminum in the underlying electroplated layer.
Vegetative and reproductive development of the Montana blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare Rydb.)

SummaryThe Montana blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare Rydb.) is a popular and highly sought wild fruit in the western United States. Because it is becoming increasingly difficult to meet growing market demands from wild harvests, growers and state officials are funding projects to investigate cultivation of the fruit. This study investigates the vegetative and reproductive growth patterns of this species as a prelude to its cultivation. Such information is critical in properly scheduling fertilizing, pruning and other cultural practices. The species produces fixed sympodial, non-episodic vegetative extension growth over a four-week period each season, followed by apical abortion and the formation of vegetative or mixed buds. Floret differentiation begins shortly after cessation of shoot growth and all floral parts are differentiated by late summer of the year prior to anthesis.
Influence of thyroactive compounds on serum and liver cholesterol in rats.

SummaryIn a series of 5 separate experiments, rats were fed high fat and high fat-high cholesterol diets and were treated with various thyroactive compounds. Two dosages of 3;5,3′-triiodothyropropionic acid (Triprop) (0.03 mg and 0.15 mg/100 g body weight) were administered subcutaneously and, in general, were found to lower serum and liver cholesterol levels when compared with controls. Administration of D-thyroxine (0.05 mg/100 g body weight) and L-thyroxine (0.005 mg/100 g) also lowered serum and liver cholesterol levels. Among individual experiments there was a variation in magnitude, and in a few instances in the direction. of effect.
Elution Patterns from Capillary GC for Methyl-Branched Alkanes

A common and confusing problem in analyses of insect hydrocarbons is in making sense of complicated gas chromatograms and interpreting mass spectra since branched chain compounds differing by one or two carbons in backbone or chain length may elute from the column at nearly the same time. To address this confusing situation, relative gas chromatography (GC) retention times are presented for typical mono-, di-, tri-, and tetramethylalkanes comprising most of the commonly appearing series of homologous methyl-branched alkanes up to 53 carbons that are found in insect cuticular hydrocarbons. Typical insect-derived methylalkanes with backbones of 33 carbons were characterized by Kovats indices (KI); monomethyl alkanes elute between KI 3328 and 3374, dimethylalkanes elute between KI 3340 and 3410, trimethylalkanes elute between KI 3378 and 3437, and tetramethylalkanes elute between KI 3409 and 3459, depending upon the positions of substituents. A protocol is described for identification of methyl-branched hydrocarbons eluted from nonpolar polysiloxane DB-1 capillary GC columns. In this protocol, retention indices (KI values) are assigned to peaks, then the patterns in GC peaks that probably contain homologs are marked to assist subsequent GC-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) interpretation. Use of the KI allows assignment of likely structures and the elimination of others, with demonstrative consistency, as there are no known exceptions. Interpretation of electron ionization mass spectra can then proceed within narrowed structural possibilities without the necessity of chemical ionization GC-MS analysis. Also included are specific examples of insect hydrocarbons that were assembled from 30 years of the literature, and these are intended to help with confirmation of confusing or contradictory structures.
Analysis of surveillance on Vibrio Cholerae between 2005 and 2010 in Wuhan city

Objective:25 suspected strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated between 2005 and 2010 in the Vibrio cholerae surveillance program were identified and analyzed by different kinds of assays.Methods:The isolates were analyzed by conventional diagnostic methods and PCR assays for their molecular typing and virulence-related genes,and drug sensitivity test.Results:In 25 suspected strains of Vibrio cholerae,there were 21 vibrio cholerae isolates and four strains cross-agglutinating with Vibrio cholerae,respectively.Vibrio Cholerae Serogroup O139 came mostly from patients,and Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 was mostly isolated from natural circumstances.Six strains of Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O139 were positive for ctxAB gene,and others were negative.The drug sensitivity tests indicated that all suspected strains of Vibrio cholerae were sensitive to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin,and exhibited varying degrees of resistance to other antibiotics.Conclusion:The suspected strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from patients were mostly Vibrio Cholerae Serogroup O139,and Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 came mostly from natural circumstances.All suspected isolates showed varying degrees of resistance to antibiotics.
Skin Effect Analysis and Structure Optimization of ±1000 kV UHVDC Current Transformer

It is very important to research ±1000 kV UHVDC current transformer,and analyzing skin effect by shunt in ±1000 kV,±1000 kV UHVDC current transformer is necessary to research the transformer in depth.Consequently,the development necessity of ±1000 kV UHVDC current transformer was discussed,moreover,the section,configuration,performance,and other key technology of ±1000 kV UHVDC current transformer were researched in detail by analyzing skin effect by shunt in ±1000 kV and structural designing of ±500 kV HVDC in guizhou-gaungzhou.The designed ±1000 kV UHVDC current transformer can satisfy the requests of error character.The results can develop ±1000 kV UHVDC current transformer by holding key technology.
Intraperitoneal blood transfusions.

L'anemie chronique specialement chez l'enfant est frequente en zone tropicale associee au paludisme, aux parasitoses intestinales, a la malnutrition et a des problemes hematologiques. Lorsque l'anemie est severe la transfusion sanguine s'impose
Natural Processes Linked to Climate Changes that Threaten Food Security

Food security in many parts of the world is threatened when soil becomes non-productive or when arable land is lost. This can be considered a hazard that threatens the well being of citizens where salinization is an existing problem or could become a problem or intensify from global warming/climate change. In addition to a progressive loss of crop quality and yield from soil erosion and nutrient withdrawal without replenishment, the salinization process gradually coats the roots of growing produce with an accumulation crusts of salts that precipitate from rain or irrigation water until nutrients can not penetrate the crusts and plants wilt and die. Mitigation of this process is possible by regularly flushing out the salts before they reach concentrations that precipitate and encrust crop roots and moving the dissolved salt charged flush waters away from productive land [1].
Issues of Forming Inventory Management System in Small Businesses

An increase in the inventories efficient use gives a jump-start to the growth of small business economic efficiency. Application of the system approach to inventory management allows monitoring the whole process of material flow and minimize randomness of this process. The very system of inventory management should be understood as a system of material flow planning, control and regulation. Application of the system approach to inventory management allows carrying out goal and target decomposition at different levels of management. For the said purpose, the stages of forming inventory management system taking into account the whole cycle of enterprise material flow are represented in the article. Keywords : Inventory, functions of the inventory management JEL Classifications: G31, L2
Adopting an Entrepreneurial Mindset to Achieve Excellence in Teaching (While Not Sacrificing Research)

A successful entrepreneurship scholar achieves excellence in the classroom. This chapter provides some advice on how to approach teaching and manage work to be able to achieve this important objective. Specifically, I dispel a number of myths about teaching in terms of its importance at teaching schools, the organizing of teaching and research, teaching MBAs, teaching evaluations, and attributions about students. I then offer advice on approaching teaching as an opportunity for all to learn, signaling dedication to the class and students, setting student expectations, deciding on what to teach and how to teach it, and dealing with trouble students and grading.
Introduction to scala and its use in CS education

Scala is one of a new generation of hybrid languages that merge the functional and object-oriented paradigms. Thanks to its concise and expressive syntax, paired with JVM support and Java integration capabilities, Scala has been adopted by many companies and currently leads the pack of second-tier languages in the RedMonk ranking.
Open OnDemand: Transforming Computational Science Through Omnidisciplinary Software Cyberinfrastructure

The Open OnDemand Project is an open-source software project, based on the Ohio Supercomputer Center's proven "OSC OnDemand" platform, that enables HPC centers to install and deploy advanced web and graphical interfaces for their users. Open OnDemand also includes features such as allowing users to build their own web apps that can then be shared with other HPC users. The Open OnDemand team is completing the first year of the project and releasing its first version in the summer of 2016. In this paper, we describe the user experience and design of Open OnDemand and discuss the next steps for the project.
Variable Selection in Kernel Regression Using Measurement Error Selection Likelihoods

ABSTRACTThis article develops a nonparametric shrinkage and selection estimator via the measurement error selection likelihood approach recently proposed by Stefanski, Wu, and White. The measurement error kernel regression operator (MEKRO) has the same form as the Nadaraya–Watson kernel estimator, but optimizes a measurement error model selection likelihood to estimate the kernel bandwidths. Much like LASSO or COSSO solution paths, MEKRO results in solution paths depending on a tuning parameter that controls shrinkage and selection via a bound on the harmonic mean of the pseudo-measurement error standard deviations. We use small-sample-corrected AIC to select the tuning parameter. Large-sample properties of MEKRO are studied and small-sample properties are explored via Monte Carlo experiments and applications to data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Mechanism of Kinsein-2 Navigation Around Obstacles on the Microubule Surface

Intracellular cargo transport is a complex and highly regulated process. Molecular motors are responsible for navigating these cargos along complex microtubule paths containing microtubule-associated proteins. Many cargos contain more than one directionally similar motors i.e., kinesin-1 and kinesin-2, and it is not well understood why directionally similar teams of motors work together. We have previously shown, in vitro, that kinesin-2's motility is insensitive to a neuronal MAP called Tau, unlike kinesin-1 which is strongly inhibited by Tau. Kinesin-2's longer neck-linker was demonstrated to be essential to successfully navigate Tau obstacles when compared to kinesin-1's shorter neck-linker. However, the mechanism by which kinesin-2 efficiently navigates Tau is unknown. Based on our previous work, we hypothesize that mammalian kinesin-2 side-steps to adjacent protofilaments to maneuver around MAPs. To test this, we use single-molecule imaging to track the side-stepping behavior of kinesin-1 and kinesin-2 in the absence and presence of both static (i.e., monomeric rigor kinesin motor domains) and dynamic (i.e., Tau) obstacles on the microtubule surface. Furthermore, we also examine the rotation of microtubules sparsely decorated with quantum dots in the gliding filament assay to observe torque generation (i.e., side-stepping behavior) in the absence and presence of Tau. Defining kinesin-2's mechanism of navigation on the crowded microtubule surface provides a previously unappreciated and unique contribution to understanding how teams of directionally-similar motors facilitate long range intracellular cargo transport.
High-k polymer nanocomposites for gate dielectric applications

Organic electronics such as organic field effect transistors (OFETs) have been recognized as promising technology for next generation electronics, as they are important to realize the fabrication of low cost, light-weight, flexible electronics. Motivated by these recent development, the materials used for these emerging technologies have received increasing attention In addition to the research and development of the organic semiconductors with high charge-mobility, gate dielectrics for organic electronics have been the focus of recent attention as well. For this application, the dielectric materials should ideally exhibit good compatibility with flexible substrate, solution processibility, and larger capacitance to increase the drain current while operating at low biases. Complementary to conventional high dielectric constant (k) inorganic materials and those readily accessible and solution processible polymer materials, polymer/inorganic hybrid films which could be deposited by spin-coating are well suited to provide a better solution. In this study, a solution processible high-k barium titanate (BT)/benzocyclobutene (BCB) nanocomposite was developed. Dielectric and electrical properties of the as prepared BT/BCB nanocomposites were investigated. A k value of 50 and a capacitance density of 19 nF/cm2 were achieved for a nanocomposite with 50 vol. % BT loading at 10 kHz. And the dielectric breakdown strength was as high as 1.65 MV/cm, which is even higher than those of some polymers themselves. The preliminary result of the electrical output of OFET prototype incorporating high-k BT/BCB nanocomposite as gate insulator layer shows that the OFET can be operated at very low voltage. This demonstrates the feasibility of using high-k BT/BCB nanocomposite as gate dielectric insulator in the OFET.
Distorted-Wave Born-Approximation Analysis of the Zr-90(d,alpha)Y88 and Y89(He3,alpha)Y88 Reactions

The levels of $^{88}\mathrm{Y}$ have been studied with the $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(d,\ensuremath{\alpha})$ and $^{89}\mathrm{Y}(^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha})$ reactions with 30-to 40-keV resolution at 15-MeV incident energy. The ($d,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) angular distributions for transitions to eight prominent levels below 2.2 MeV have been measured over $15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The reliability of parameters entering distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations was checked in detail. The ($d,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) calculations include the finite-range correction of Chant and Mangelson. The two-nucleon form factors (f.f.) were generated by the oscillator-expansion technique of Drisko and Rybicki, and the effect of residual interaction on the f.f. and angular distributions was studied. An attempt has been made to determine the ($d,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) absolute normalization constant based on local zero-range calculations, and limits of $20\ensuremath{\le}D_{0}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}30$ have been set. Two-nucleon f.f. generated by the Bayman-Kallio method were compared with the Drisko-Rybicki f.f. The ($^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha}$) angular distributions for eight strongly populated levels below 1.7 MeV were measured over $20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\le}125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Spectroscopic factors and ${l}_{n}$ transfers have been extracted with both local zero-range and nonlocal finite-range calculations. The ($^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha}$) results were compared with ($d,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) results to determine unique parities and narrow ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ limits for the levels studied. $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ elastic scattering on $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ have also been measured and optical-model potentials have been determined. Good agreement between this work and the recently reported $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n\ensuremath{\gamma})^{88}\mathrm{Y}$ results is seen for the level energy and ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ assignments made.
Biosynthesis of 1-octen-3-ol and 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid using a crude homogenate of Agaricus bisporus: Optimization of the reaction: Kinetic factors

Abstract 1-Octen-3-ol and 10-oxo- trans -8-decenoic acid (ODA) are the products of the enzymic breakdown of linoleic acid (LA) in mushrooms by a lipoxygenase and a hydroperoxide lyase. Based on this reaction, natural 1-octen-3-ol and ODA can be produced with a crude enzyme homogenate from mushrooms in a bioreactor. The influence on this reaction of temperature (5–24 °C), concentration of LA (1.3–13.3 mg/g mushrooms), stirring speed (500–1500 rpm), concentration of oxygen (23.2–100% saturation), and pH (6.5–7.5) was studied in a 1 l standard bioreactor by monitoring the production of 1-octen-3-ol. A central composite rotatable and an algorithmic experimental design were used to study the five factors. Only LA concentration and temperature were found to affect significantly the yield of the reaction. The optimal parameters that maximized the production of 1-octen-3-ol were 12 mg of linoleic acid (99% purity) per gram of mushroom, 7.8 °C, and a pH of 7.5; with a predicted yield of 2.7±0.4 mg of 1-octen-3-ol per gram of mushroom.
Examining human heat stress with remote sensing technology

Heat stress as an environmental hazard which can seriously affect productivity, health, or even survival of individuals has long been studied. Despite the endeavors that have been made to address the issue quantitatively with various heat stress indices, they are often measured at scatter sites. This research devotes to revealing human heat stress within continuous space with remote sensing technology. The study began with the retrieval of dry-bulb temperature from land surface temperature (LST) with empirical models. As wet-bulb temperature was calculated from dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, discomfort index (DI) as an indicator of heat stress was revealed for the study area at 1 km spatial resolution for three summer days. Results indicated that DI can be derived within continuous space with remotely sensed data, and its spatial distribution can be dramatically affected by relative humidity. Further comparison between DI and LST indicated that LST as a widely utilized indicator of surface th...
The order of information processing alters economic gain-loss framing effects.

Abstract Adaptive decision making requires analysis of available information during the process of choice. In many decisions that information is presented visually – which means that variations in visual properties (e.g., salience, complexity) can potentially influence the process of choice. In the current study, we demonstrate that variation in the left-right positioning of risky and safe decision options can influence the canonical gain-loss framing effect. Two experiments were conducted using an economic framing task in which participants chose between gambles and certain outcomes. The first experiment demonstrated that the magnitude of the gain-loss framing effect was greater when the certain option signaling the current frame was presented on the left side of the visual display. Eye-tracking data during task performance showed a left-gaze bias for initial fixations, suggesting that the option presented on the left side was processed first. Combination of eye-tracking and choice data revealed that there was a significant effect of direction of first gaze (i.e. left vs. right) as well as an interaction between gaze direction and identity of the first fixated information (i.e. certain vs. gamble) regardless of frame. A second experiment presented the gamble and certain options in a random order, with a temporal delay between their presentations. We found that the magnitude of gain-loss framing was larger when the certain option was presented first, regardless of left and right positioning, only in individuals with lower risk-taking tendencies. The effect of presentation order on framing was not present in high risk-takers. These results suggest that the sequence of visual information processing as well as their left-right positioning can bias choices by changing the impact of the presented information during risky decision making.
Investigating rank reversal in reciprocal fuzzy preference relation based on additive consistency: Causes and solutions

Abstract Rank reversal is a common phenomenon in decision making. Rank reversal occurs when a new alternative is added to (or removed from) a set of alternatives, which causes change in the ranking order of the alternatives. This paper studies the possible causes of rank reversal in reciprocal preference relation based on additive consistency. Our investigation reveals that inconsistency of information is the main cause of this phenomena in preference relations followed by ranking score aggregation. We propose score aggregation methods to address the phenomenon of rank reversal. The proposed methods are illustrated using numerical examples. The results are better than other tested methods.
Self-Injurious Behavior: A Bi-Modal Treatment Approach to Working with Adolescent Females

The topic of self-injurious behavior (SIB), particularly among female adolescents, has been gaining widespread attention in mainstream culture (Favazza, 1998). However, limited research has been generated examining effective treatment modalities. Given the lack of information concerning treatment models, this article presents a bi-modal treatment approach with a female adolescent SIB client