cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Winter recreationists’ perspectives on seasonal differences in the outdoor recreation setting

Abstract The relationship between the outdoor recreation setting and the recreation experience is of perennial interest to recreation researchers. However, few studies have investigated how seasonal setting attributes impact the outdoor recreation experience. During the winter season, outdoor recreation environments are materially transformed, most notably through cold air temperature and the addition of snow to the landscape. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore recreationists’ perceptions of residence proximate winter recreation settings in relation to their behaviors and experiences. The study involved coding and thematically analyzing 28 semi-structured interviews from a larger investigation of winter recreationists living and recreating in the Salt Lake City, Utah region. The findings indicate that recreationists perceive many changes to the biophysical and social outdoor recreation settings during winter, and link these seasonal attributes to specific experiential outcomes and associated dimensions. These differences result in a distinct winter persona character whose dimensions are aesthetic, sensory, and material. The findings are displayed using six summary themes for winter settings. The key discovery is that seasonal changes to the recreation environment lead to a qualitatively different outdoor recreation experience. This study contributes to a gap in empirical knowledge about winter recreation that can inform management, and opens the door to future research on the impacts of seasonality on recreation experience. Management implications The study findings regarding the importance of winter aesthetics, the introduction of novelty, the expansion of terrain, increased solitude, altered wildlife experiences, and seasonal opportunities for adventure and challenge, suggest potential avenues for promoting park visitation. Managers could · develop messaging about the novelty of visiting familiar places during winter, · emphasize the opportunity to try new recreational activities, and experience the environment in a different way, · highlight the special restorative quality of the winter setting, · use these benefits in advocating for year-round funding to support these places.
EDGE: Entity-Diffusion Gaussian Ensemble for Interpretable Tweet Geolocation Prediction

Knowing the locations of tweets can benefit a wide variety of applications such as venue recommendation, event detection, and monitoring disaster outbreaks. However, the problem of fine-grained tweet geolocation prediction is challenging since tweets are short and therefore may not contain any geo-indicative words or may contain ambiguous, noisy information. Existing solutions either yield an unsatisfactory accuracy in practical applications or make predictions that even experts struggle to interpret, failing to engender sufficient trust and actionability for real-world deployment. Our paper presents a tweet geolocation prediction framework, EDGE (Entity-Diffusion Gaussian Ensemble), which delivers predictions that are both accurate and highly interpretable without requiring any additional contextual information such as user profile and location history. In EDGE, we cast the geolocation problem as a neutral network optimization problem by learning probabilistic generative models. Compared with existing works, EDGE has two distinctive features: (1) the inference builds on mining the correlation between non geo-indicative entities and geo-indicative entities by diffusing their semantic embeddings over the constructed graph neural network (Entity Diffusion) and (2) each prediction result is represented as a Gaussian mixture instead of specific geographical coordinates (Gaussian Ensemble). Extensive experiments using real-world tweet datasets validate the superiority of EDGE over the state of the art in terms of all distance-based and POI-based metrics.
Of Chipped Stone Tools, Elephants and the Clovis Hunters: An Experiment

The experimental butchering of an elephant using chipped stone tools modeled after implements from Clovis sites is discussed. A description of the stone tools produced and utilized for this work is...
Genotyping Sugarcane for the Brown Rust Resistance Locus Bru1 Using Unlabeled Probe Melting

Brown rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia melanocephala, is a major disease of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) in Florida, Louisiana, and other sugarcane growing regions. The Bru1 locus has been used as a durable and effective source of resistance, and markers are available to select for the trait. The markers currently being used by the USDA Sugarcane Field Station in Canal Point, FL for Bru1 genotyping have two disadvantages. One marker (here Bru1B) is dominant, which means that a Bru1-negative individual cannot be distinguished from a failed PCR reaction. The second marker (here Bru1A) is codominant, but genotyping requires enzyme restriction and gel electrophoresis, adding time and cost to the analysis. A closed-tube, codominant assay for Bru1 would significantly decrease the time and cost currently required for Bru1 genotyping. By sequencing the Bru1A PCR product from Bru1-positive and Bru1-negative individuals, we indentified two SNPs (here Bru1A1 and Bru1A2) that alter the relevant restriction enzyme recognition sequence. An unlabeled probe assay was designed to target each of the SNPs. Unlabeled probe assays are DNA melting assays that rely on the dissociation of an oligonucleotide probe from its target DNA strand. The dissociation is detected by the decrease in fluorescence of double-stranded DNA binding dyes and is sensitive enough to detect single base pair changes. A comparison between the traditional genotyping method and unlabeled probe melting using 344 genotypes showed a 94.7 % success rate, with 100 % concordance between Bru1A and unlabeled probe genotyping. We also confirmed prior unpublished results that discovered a rare recombination between Bru1A and Bru1B. We have demonstrated that unlabeled probe melting can be used to detect the Bru1 locus, eliminates the risk of false negatives, and is faster and less expensive than the current method.
Imminently Eminent: A Game TheoreticAnalysis of Takings Since Kelo v. City ofNew London

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1620II. Kelo v. City of New London and Eminent Domain 1624A. Eminent Domain Jurisprudence and What Kelo Changed 1625B. Reactions to Kelo 16321. Restrictions Based on Purpose 16332. Procedural and Compensation Requirements 1635III. A Game Theoretic Model of Eminent Domain 1638A. The Hold Out Problem: Bargaining with a Low Valuation Owner 1640B. Adding the Power of Eminent Domain to Solve the Hold Out Problem 1643C. Adding Uncertainty of Success to the Model 1646IV. Analysis of the Post-Kelo Proposals 1647A. Restrictions Based on Purpose 16471. Narrow Interpretation with a Low Valuation Owner 16472. Narrow Interpretation with a High Valuation Owner 1649B. Compensation Above Market Value 16491. Compensation Above Market Value with a Low Valuation Owner 16502. Compensation Above Market Value with a High Valuation Owner 1651V. Conclusion 1652VI. Mathematical Appendix 1654I. IntroductionOn June 23, 2005, the United States Supreme Court decided Kelo v. City of New London1 and reignited the debate over the proper role of property rights and the power of eminent domain. There was considerable backlash. According to Congressman Phil Gingrey, the majority decision in KeIo "placed a for-sale sign on the doorstep of every American home or business;"2 Justice O'Connor, in her dissent to Kelo, noted that the majority decision "effectively [deleted] the words 'for public use' from the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment."3 The decision, however, practically invited legislative reexamination of eminent domain,4 which has been followed by a scholastic reconsideration of how much the government should be able to interfere in economic matters.5 The scholastic debate Kelo sparked was as heated as the one between the majority and the dissent.6 Even before Kelo, there were some clearly drawn sides in the public use debate; in broadest terms, the eminent domain debate comes down to a balance between efficiency and equity.7Those on the side of efficiency typically point to the impossibility of efficiently purchasing large parcels of land on the open market.8 Because land is unique, property owners have a monopoly and can, absent the power of eminent domain, extract monopoly prices for their land.9 Typical market negotiations would result in very high transaction costs, making whatever project a buyer intends cost prohibitive.10 Market imperfections allow at least one party to extract rents from the other and to reduce ultimate social welfare.11 For this reason, the efficiency camp argues that the government should maximize welfare by using eminent domain to channel the property into its best use.12 Judge Posner provided a very qualified defense of the KeIo decision, but expressed frustration that the Court did not consider the hold out problem.13The equity side of the debate, which is generally the larger camp, tends to center around the argument that a liberal use of eminent domain will allow a government or those acting with the power of government to unjustly acquire property. …
Nuclear spin induced decoherence of a quantum dot in Si confined at a SiGe interface: Decoherence dependence on 73 Ge

We theoretically study the nuclear spin induced decoherence of a quantum dot in Si that is confined at a SiGe interface. We calculate decoherence time dependence on ${}^{73}$Ge in the barrier layer to evaluate the importance of Ge as well as Si enrichment for long decoherence times. We use atomistic tight-binding modeling for an accurate account of the electron wave function which is particularly important for determining the contact hyperfine interactions with the Ge nuclear spins. We find decoherence times due to Ge spins at natural concentrations to be milliseconds. This suggests that SiGe/Si quantum dot devices employing enriched Si will require enriched Ge as well in order to benefit from long coherence times. We provide a comparison of ${T}_{2}$ times for various fractions of nonzero spin isotopes of Si and Ge.
Metaphysical Healing and Health in the United States

Healing has always been at the heart of metaphysical religious practice in the United States. This article discusses the American history of metaphysical healing from the colonial era to the present. It also examines the diverse characteristics that comprise this kind of healing, which include an emphasis on the power of the mind, the manipulation of omnipresent energy, alternative states of reality, complementary and alternative medicines, holistic health, and the re-fashioning of non-Western spiritualities. Mesmerism, spiritualism, New Thought, Christian Science, neo-shamanism, and the New Age movement are examples of metaphysical healing traditions that are analyzed with special attention to their relationships with biomedicine, science, and Christianity. The article suggests that changing racial and ethnic minority engagements with metaphysical healing in combination with ongoing debates about cultural appropriation of so-called global or universal wisdom promise to make this an increasingly complex subfield in the study of American religions.
LARGE-N c BARYONS

▪ Abstract A spin-flavor symmetry emerges for baryons in the large-Nc limit. Large-Nc baryons form irreducible representations of the spin-flavor algebra, and their static properties can be computed in a systematic expansion in 1/Nc. Symmetry relations for static baryon matrix elements are obtained at various orders in the 1/Nc expansion by neglecting subleading 1/Nc corrections. Equivalent relations arise in the quark and Skyrme models, which satisfy the same large-Nc group theory as quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The 1/Nc expansion yields useful results for QCD baryons with Nc = 3.
[125I]Azidonicotinoid photoaffinity labeling of insecticide-binding subunit of Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract The novel synthetic nicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid is a high affinity ligand for the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The goal of this study is to identify the ligand- and insecticide-binding subunit of Drosophila nAChR with a novel [ 125 I]azidonicotinoid ([ 125 I]AN) photoaffinity probe modeled on imidacloprid. [ 125 I]AN photoaffinity labels a single polypeptide in Drosophila head membranes corresponding in molecular mass to 66 kDa at a specific site inhibited by various cholinergic ligands including (−)-nicotine, cytisine, carbachol, α -bungarotoxin and d -tubocurarine as well as the insecticides imidacloprid and acetamiprid, pharmacologically consistent with the ligand- and insecticide-binding subunit. The Drosophila nAChR, isolated with three putative subunits (69, 66 and 61 kDa) using a nicotinoid-agarose affinity column, is labeled by [ 125 I]AN primarily at the 66 kDa subunit and secondarily at the 61 kDa subunit. Clearly, the novel synthetic nicotinoid insecticides are valuable contributors in exploring the structure and function of the Drosophila nAChR.
Solid phase synthesis of 2-aminobenzothiazoles.

A traceless solid supported protocol for the synthesis of 2-aminobenzothiazoles is described, employing resin-bound acyl-isothiocyanate and a series of anilines. Cyclization of the resulting N-acyl, N′-phenyl-thioureas generates the 2-aminobenzothiazole scaffold, which can be further elaborated prior to hydrazine-mediated cleavage of the final products from the carboxy-polystyrene resin. A small, focused library of 2-aminobenzothiazoles was prepared.
Self-monitoring, need for cognition, and the Stroop effect: a preliminary study.

The color-word Stroop task requires an individual to ignore one piece of information (word) while responding to another (color). Since self-monitors are good at adapting their responses to fit a situation and those high in need for cognition carefully think through information before responding, this study explored the relationship between self-monitoring and need for cognition using Stroop interference. It was anticipated that self-monitoring would reduce Stroop interference, while need for cognition would increase Stroop interference. 23 General Psychology students (10 men, 13 women, M(age) = 18.8 yr.) participated. Participants were given the Self-monitoring Scale, the Need for Cognition Scale, and the Stroop Color-Word Test. Analysis indicated that Need for Cognition was not correlated with Stroop interference (r = .31) but higher scores on Self-monitoring were correlated with lower Stroop interference (r = .43). Implications for research are suggested.
Organizational rewards and coalitions in the industrial buying center

Abstract This paper focuses on the critical role of coalitions in organizational buying. Organizational buying is frequently a mixed-motive decision scenario in which decisions are actually made by coalitions among the members of the buying center. It is argued that the organization reward and measurement system is a major causal influence on coalition behavior. The results of an experiment are described in which the impact of reward systems which encourage competition, cooperation, and a mixture of both on coalition formation and conflict in the buying center is examined. The results suggest that coalitions are less likely the more the reward system places strong emphasis on cooperation or competition, and more likely when it creates a mixed-motive bargaining situation. Managerial implications are drawn for selling organizations.
H reflexes and F waves fundamentals, normal and abnormal patterns

H reflexes and F waves have become integral parts of the electrodiagnostic examination in general, and nerve conduction studies in particular. They supplement the sensory and motor conduction studies by assessing the entire nerve segments including proximal portions of the motor and sensory axons. H reflexes and F waves have their own advantages and limitations, similarities and differences. These "late" responses are useful in patients with radiculopathies, plexopathies, and peripheral polyneuropathies, including the Guillain-Barre syndrome. They are also helpful in spinal cord disorders.
On the treatment of advection in flux formulations for variable grid models, with application to two models of the atmosphere☆

Abstract Numerical simulations using the flux form of the conservation equations on a nonuniform, staggered grid are shown to require careful consideration with respect to the selection of the advective velocities used to calculate the flux transport terms. Results from both a simplified form of an urban boundary layer model and from a complex global climate model demonstrate the appropriateness of the “flux-weighted” averaging technique which is presented in the paper as an alternative to linear averaging.
Fuzzy based attitude controller for flexible spacecraft with on/off thrusters

A fuzzy-based attitude controller is designed for attitude control of a generic spacecraft with on/off thrusters. The controller is comprised of packages of rules dedicated to addressing different objectives (e.g., disturbance rejection, low fuel consumption, avoiding the excitation of flexible appendages, etc.). These rule packages can be inserted or removed depending on the requirements of the particular spacecraft and are parameterized based on vehicle parameters such as inertia or operational parameters such as the maneuvering rate. Individual rule packages can be 'weighted' relative to each other to emphasize the importance of one objective relative to another. Finally, the fuzzy controller and rule packages are demonstrated using the high-fidelity Space Shuttle Interactive On-Orbit Simulator (IOS) while performing typical on-orbit operations and are subsequently compared with the existing shuttle flight control system performance.
Pressure Overload–Induced Myocardial Hypertrophy in Mice Does Not Require gp91phox

Background— Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may mediate pressure overload–induced myocardial hypertrophy. NADPH oxidase may be involved in this process, because its expression and activity are upregulated by pressure overload and because myocardial hypertrophy caused by a subpressor infusion of angiotensin is attenuated in mice deficient in the gp91phox catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase. Methods and Results— To test the role of NADPH oxidase–dependent ROS in mediating pressure overload–induced myocardial hypertrophy, we subjected transgenic mice lacking gp91phox to chronic pressure overload caused by constriction of the ascending aorta. Contrary to our hypothesis, neither myocardial hypertrophy nor NADPH-dependent superoxide generation was decreased in gp91phox-deficient mice after aortic constriction. Aortic constriction caused an exaggerated increase in p22phox and p47phox mRNA in gp91phox-deficient mice. Conclusions— These results indicate that gp91phox is not necessary for pressure overload–induced hyp...
Self-treatment patterns among adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea

Abstract Study Objective To describe both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments used by adolescents with dysmenorrhea. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Urban academic medical center. Participants Healthy adolescents aged 19 years or younger (n = 76) with moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea were included; those using hormonal contraception were excluded. Intervention We collected baseline data via interview from adolescent girls at enrollment in a clinical trial of oral contraceptives versus placebo for primary dysmenorrhea. The interview data, collected prior to any intervention, included information on demographics, dysmenorrhea duration and severity, and self-treatment. We used the validated pain subscale of the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire and a 0–10 pain rating scale to estimate pain severity. Main Outcome Measure Investigator-administered questionnaire. Results Adolescents' mean age was 16.8 years (SD = 2). Similar proportions described themselves as white (26%), black (30%) or Hispanic (28%). Dysmenorrhea was moderate in 42%, severe in 58%, associated with nausea in 55%, and vomiting in 24%. Of those attending school (n = 66), 46% reported missing one or more days monthly due to dysmenorrhea. Nearly all discussed their pain with someone; however, a minority sought formal medical care. All used nonpharmacological remedies such as sleeping and heat application. Nearly all used at least one medication, 31% reported using two, and 15% used three medications (not concurrently). Many participants reported using medication at sub-therapeutic doses for pain. Conclusions Adolescents with moderate and severe dysmenorrhea reported high morbidity. Girls used numerous non-pharmacologic remedies as well as medications for pain but infrequently accessed formal medical care. Medication dosing was often sub-therapeutic.
Effects of sulfluramid-treated bait blocks on field colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae)

Wooden boards impregnated with sulfluramid were nailed together with boards treated with acetone to form a block for placement in selected monitoring stations of 3 colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, in Hallandale, FL. Under this choice-test condition, sulfluramid-treated boards initially accepted by termites were later avoided. When sulfluramid concentration was reduced, differences in feeding between sulfluramid-treated boards and boards treated with acetone only became insignificant, indicating nonpreferential feeding by the same population at the reduced toxicant concentration. Feeding deterrence was detected even for the reduced toxicant boards in later months for some colonies. We hypothesized an associative learning by C. formosanus to avoid feeding on the treatments. The 12-mo baiting with sulfluramid-treated blocks reduces foraging populations of the treated colonies by 52-86%. Without additional baiting, all populations substantially recovered in later years. It is suggested that lethal time (time required to kill) of a bait toxicant must be dose independent to be delivered to the majority of the population using a feeding medium.
Degradation of the P0, P1, and Pr proteins in peripheral nervous system myelin by plasmin: implications regarding the role of macrophages in demyelinating diseases.

: Activated macrophages secrete a variety of neutral proteinases, including plasminogen activator. Since macrophages are implicated in primary demyelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Guillain-Barre syndrome and experimental allergic neuritis, we have investigated the ability of plasmin and of conditioned media from cultured macrophages, in the presence of plasminogen, to degrade the proteins in bovine and rat PNS myelin. The results indicate that (a) the major glycoprotein P0 and the basic P1, and Pr, proteins in PNS myelin are extremely sensitive to plasmin, perhaps more so than is the basic protein in CNS myelin; (b) the initial product of degradation of P0 by plasmin has a molecular weight higher than that of the “X” protein; (c) large degradation products of P0 are relatively insensitive to further degradation; and (d) the neuritogenic P2 protein in PNS myelin is quite resistant to the action of plasmin. Results similar to those with plasmin were obtained with conditioned media from macrophages and macrophage-like cell lines together with plasminogen activator, and the degradation of the PNS myelin proteins, P0 and P1, under these conditions was inhibited by p-nitrophenylguanidinobenzoate, an inhibitor of plasmin and plasminogen activator. The results suggest that the macrophage plasminogen activator could participate in inflammatory demyelination in the PNS.
Synthetic spectra for radioactive strontium production QA/QC

Radioactive 82Sr/82Rb produced at Los Alamos National Laboratory is routinely used in generators for hospitals and medical laboratories to support cardiac imaging. The proper quantification of strontium radioisotopes in a sample is important to ensure quality and regulatory compliance. However, the quantification of the impurity 85Sr is difficult, because its primary gamma-ray at 514 keV interferes with the annihilation peak at 511 keV from 82Rb. Synthetic spectra were created as a quality test of several gamma-ray spectral analysis tools’ ability to resolve peaks in the 511/514 keV multiplet. The peak fitting results from the spectroscopy tools (RAYGUN, SPECANAL, GammaVision, UNISAMPO, and GAMANAL) are presented. These spectra can also be useful for other programs to test their annihilation peak analysis procedures.
The cooperative subject: Myth or reality?

Abstract A number of researchers have suggested that cooperativeness on the part of subjects in supporting the hypotheses of experimenters yields artifactual data in some social psychological experiments. An experiment was conducted to examine the nature of this cooperation. We predicted that cooperativeness, per se , would not manifest itself when the subject's own ends would be better sat's-fied by not cooperating. Forty subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions or a control condition. In the experimental conditions, subjects were led to believe that they knew the experimenter's specific hypothesis. In two of these conditions the subject could confirm the experimenter's hypothesis and also “look good.” In the third experimental condition these outcomes were mutually exclusive. In this third condition the subjects chose to “look good,” thereby disconfirming the experimenter's “hypothesis.” Thus, the results supported our prediction. Subsequently the control condition was replicated and a condition in which subjects knew the broad nature, but not the specifics of the experimenter's hypothesis, was added. The results again provided evidence for the hypothesis that subjects try to “look good.”
Mechanisms of nutritive endocytosis. III. A freeze-fracture study of phagocytosis by digestive cells of Chlorohydra

Abstract Freeze-fracturc was used to compare the ultrastructure of plasma with phagosomal membranes of digestive cells of green hydra. Changes in both the pattern and density of intramembrane particles (IMP) were evident during the transition from plasma to phagosomal membrane. Small particle-free regions and associated aggregates of three to eight IMP were observed in presumptive adherent and enveloping plasma membranes, as well as in fully formed phagosomal membranes. Larger particle-free regions were observed as rims around the tips of enveloping membranes which had nearly completed enclosure of particles. The density of IMP in newly formed phagosomal membranes was 1.5-fold greater than that in the parent plasma membrane from which they derived, and was greater also than in older phagosomal membranes.
One- and two-dimensional, differential, reflective fiber displacement sensors.

A family of differentially connected, multimode fiber reflectometers is described, which detects absolute position of a specularly or diffusely reflecting linear or point target. Low noise-equivalent displacement (0.026 nm/√Hz) and bipolar output make this sensor type ideal for use with feedback controlled mechanical stages with submicron precision. Several algorithms for estimating the location of the target point from reflected intensities are investigated and compared through high-resolution error surface plotting.
Photo-thermo-refractive glasses for high-efficiency Bragg gratings in UV, visible, and IR regions

Summary form only given. The wide spread use of holographic elements is constrained by the lack of available holographic materials. Hariharan's recent book notes that among the photosensitive materials available for high efficiency hologram recording, each have merits, as well as drawbacks. This paper describes properties and performance of inorganic glass as a medium for volume hologram recording, which meets most requirements cited. The use of inorganic photosensitive glasses for phase hologram recording was described several years ago. The two-step process of exposure to UV radiation and thermal development (photo-thermo-refractive process) has been used to record phase patterns in glass defined as photo-thermo-refractive (PTR). Relative diffraction efficiency of up to 90% was recorded at that time, however, strong scattering from the thermal development process resulted in a low absolute diffraction efficiency, not exceeding 45%.
Magnitude of ocean temperature feedback effects in a coupled carbon-budget energy-balance model for the period 1800?2100

The ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux in an existing model is reformulated as a function of both surface temperature (SST) and carbon content. The CO2 model is run in tandem with an energy balance model whose infrared flux to space is modulated by atmospheric CO2 concentration. Global (averaged over latitude and longitude) temperature values obtained from the tandem model are very similar to those produced by simple logarithmic scaling of CO2 concentrations. Simulations indicate the effect of SST feedback is slight, on both a seasonal and long-term basis. It is concluded that there is little advantage to running global CO2 models, as they are presently configured, in tandem with climate models.
A comparison of three screening tests and the WISC-R in special education evaluations

Eighty public school children referred for psychological assessment for potential special education placement were given the Slosson Intelligence Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised. Correlational and regression techniques were used to determine the effectiveness of the three former measures in predicting WISC-R IQ scores. SIT IQs were found to be the best predictors of WISC-R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs; however, these statistical relationships reveal little about the clinical utility of the screening measures. Problems with use of the current findings and those of other studies are discussed.
Advanced damage tolerance and risk analysis methodologies and tools for aircraft structures containing multiple-site and multiple-element fatigue damages:

This article presents the results obtained from the development of advanced damage tolerance analysis (DTA) and risk analysis methodologies and tools for aircraft structures, including build-up str...
COMPUTER‐ASSISTED GUIDANCE: DESCRIPTIONS OF SYSTEMS

Eighteen currently operating computer-assisted guidance systems are described on the same set of topics: scope and content, structure, and procedures.
Stem cells in veterinary medicine

The stem cell field in veterinary medicine continues to evolve rapidly both experimentally and clinically. Stem cells are most commonly used in clinical veterinary medicine in therapeutic applications for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in horses and dogs. New technologies of assisted reproduction are being developed to apply the properties of spermatogonial stem cells to preserve endangered animal species. The same methods can be used to generate transgenic animals for production of pharmaceuticals or for use as biomedical models. Small and large animal species serve as valuable models for preclinical evaluation of stem cell applications in human beings and in veterinary patients in areas such as spinal cord injury and myocardial infarction. However, these applications have not been implemented in the clinical treatment of veterinary patients. Reviews on the use of animal models for stem cell research have been published recently. Therefore, in this review, animal model research will be reviewed only in the context of supporting the current clinical application of stem cells in veterinary medicine.
Memristive devices for computing

Memristive devices are electrical resistance switches that can retain a state of internal resistance based on the history of applied voltage and current. These devices can store and process information, and offer several key performance characteristics that exceed conventional integrated circuit technology. An important class of memristive devices are two-terminal resistance switches based on ionic motion, which are built from a simple conductor/insulator/conductor thin-film stack. These devices were originally conceived in the late 1960s and recent progress has led to fast, low-energy, high-endurance devices that can be scaled down to less than 10 nm and stacked in three dimensions. However, the underlying device mechanisms remain unclear, which is a significant barrier to their widespread application. Here, we review recent progress in the development and understanding of memristive devices. We also examine the performance requirements for computing with memristive devices and detail how the outstanding challenges could be met.
Incorporation of Linearized Sensitivities in the Ward Method of Equivalencing

In system planning, engineers specify an area of interest within an interconnected power network. Utilities often use the Ward equivalent to reduce external areas to a minimal representation. However, the industry has reported poor results using Ward equivalents in approximate contingency analysis. This paper proposes a simple method of updating the Ward equivalent using linearized sensitivities. The technique is computationally economical and is more accurate than the standard Ward equivalent in studying system changes.
Explicit Local Error Estimators for Electromagnetic Integral Equations

Several local (cell-by-cell) error estimation techniques for use with the electric field integral equation (EFIE) for TE-to-z polarization are proposed. These error estimators are evaluated for use in adaptive refinement in the locally-corrected Nystrom (LCN) solution of the EFIE for various problems with localized high-error regions. The error estimation schemes are shown to correctly identify the high-error regions.
Inferring large-scale brain connectivity from spectral properties of the EEG

Introduction Study of recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) data has demonstrated that the brain exhibits global dynamics with specific spectral properties [1]. In particular, it is noted that large-scale brain activity consists of the superposition of background "pink noise" and a number of specific frequency bands whose spacing reduces the potential for cross-talk (band peaks are evenly spaced on a logarithmic scale). The relationship between network topology and observed activity is a topic of ongoing research, but it has been observed anatomically that largescale connectivity in the brain is nonrandom, displaying a small-world topology [2]. This topology maximizes the complexity of the brain dynamics, allowing for a large repertoire of physiologically relevant activity patterns. Thus, it is desirable to infer details regarding the connectivity of a neural network based on observation of its dynamics.
Discrete Euler processes and their applications

This paper introduces discrete Euler processes and shows their application in detecting and forecasting cycles in non-stationary data where periodic behavior changes approximately linearly in time. A discrete Euler process becomes a classical stationary process if ‘time’ is transformed properly. By moving from one time domain to another, one may deform certain time-varying data to non-time-varying data. With these non-time-varying data on the deformed timescale, one may use traditional tools to do parameter estimation and forecasts. The obtained results then can be transformed back to the original timescale. For datasets with an underlying discrete Euler process, the sample M-spectrum and the spectra estimator of a Euler model (i.e., EAR spectral) are used to detect cycles of a Euler process. Beam response and whale data are used to demonstrate the usefulness of a Euler model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binary multiplication with PN sequences

It is shown how an nth-order PN sequence can be used to multiply two n/2-bit numbers to n-bit accuracy. Hardware implementation for digital filtering is also discussed. >
The election eve address of Edmund Muskie: A case study of the televised public address

The election eve address of Senator Edmund Muskie on November 2, 1970, provides a case study model for examining the dimensions of the televised public address as an emerging rhetorical genre of pervasive influence in contemporary affairs.
Development, structure, and occurrence of secretory trichomes ofPharbitis

Secretory trichomes develop from epidermal cells on the leaf primordia and stem ofPharbitis nil. Following an initial growth phase, trichomes begin active secretion of a protein-carbohydrate mucilage. This mucilage covers the shoot apex and developing leaves ofPharbitis.
Low temperature specific heat of Cu3Au

Abstract Contrary to a recent letter of Gavignet-Tillard and Hammann, it has been shown that ordering does have a significant effect on the electronic specific heat of Cu3Au.
Examining Perceptions of Ambiguous and Unambiguous Threats of Racial Harassment and Managerial Response Strategies1

Scenarios involving ambiguous or unambiguous threats of racial harassment were crossed with four managerial response strategies (taking action, acknowledgment, reframing, denial). Results suggest that minority members are more likely to view repeated racial jokes as severe and are more likely to report the behavior to a manager. For minority group members, racial identification moderated the relationship between type of harassment and perceived severity. For majority group members, blindness to privilege and unawareness of racial issues moderated the relationship between type of harassment and likelihood to report the incident. Taking action was associated with more positive perceptions of organizational justice and a belief that the organization would be less tolerant toward future incidents involving racial harassment. Differences across groups (Whites, African Americans, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians) were found, suggesting a perceptual gap based on racial schema.
Jets in Quasi-stellar Objects

McCREA1 has raised the interesting possibility that the line spectrum from quasi-stellar objects could arise from a jet aimed toward the observer. McCrea states that this sort of model avoids the intergalactic absorption of Lyman α from 3C9 predicted by Gunn and Peterson2 if the density of neutral intergalactic hydrogen at z = 2 is of the order of 10−11 cm−3 or more. Here I shall point out that this model still leads to difficulties with Lyman α absorption of the type predicted by Gunn and Peterson.
Evaluating the ecological niche of American chestnut for optimal hybrid seedling reintroduction sites in the Appalachian ridge and valley province

This study examines the ecological niche of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh) and the latest blight resistant American chestnut × Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) hybrids. Planted seedlings of chestnut, tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) were subjected to two levels of light and two soil types in parallel field and greenhouse studies. The field study took place in the Appalachian ridge and valley province of Virginia. Growth and survival were quantified after three growing seasons. The interaction between light levels and topographic position (soil type) was significant for growth rates in the field and greenhouse. Species were significantly different from each other although hybrid varieties were not significantly different from each other or from pure American chestnut. Tulip poplar showed the greatest growth rates under all treatments in the field. Both tulip poplar and chestnut had the greatest growth rates in large gaps within mesic, mid and lower slope (MML) sites in the field. In contrast to growth, optimal conditions for survival differed among species. Tulip poplar had the greatest survival (71%) within large gaps in MML sites while chestnuts and oaks had the greatest overall survival (64%) in small gaps within xeric, upper slope and ridge (XUR) sites. In the greenhouse, tulip poplar did not outperform chestnut. Discrepancies in field and greenhouse studies were accounted for by uncontrolled factors, such as rodent predation. We conclude that optimal sites for planting American chestnut hybrids are in small gaps located within XUR sites.
Lithium salt of tetrahydroxybenzoquinone: toward the development of a sustainable Li-ion battery.

The use of lithiated redox organic molecules containing electrochemically active C═O functionalities, such as lithiated oxocarbon salts, is proposed. These represent alternative electrode materials to those used in current Li-ion battery technology that can be synthesized from renewable starting materials. The key material is the tetralithium salt of tetrahydroxybenzoquinone (Li4C6O6), which can be both reduced to Li2C6O6 and oxidized to Li6C6O6. In addition to being directly synthesized from tetrahydroxybenzoquinone by neutralization at room temperature, we demonstrate that this salt can readily be formed by the thermal disproportionation of Li2C6O6 (dilithium rhodizonate phase) under an inert atmosphere. The Li4C6O6 compound shows good electrochemical performance vs Li with a sustained reversibility of ∼200 mAh g−1 at an average potential of 1.8 V, allowing a Li-ion battery that cycles between Li2C6O6 and Li6C6O6 to be constructed.
Rheological Properties of Nematic Solutions of Rodlike Polymers

Abstract The rheological properties of nematic solutions of rodlike polymers are discussed. Comparisons are made with the behavior of isotropic solution of rodlike polymers as well as that of small molecule nematogens. Evaluation of the Frank elastic constants and the Leslie-Ericksen viscosity coefficients by light scattering methods is discussed, along with theoretical prediction of the latter of rodlike systems. The nature of shear deformation over a wide range of shear rates is discussed in terms of possible flow instabilities revealed by rheological and rheo-optical observations.
Toxicology update: the cardiotoxicity of the oxidative stress metabolites of catecholamines (aminochromes).

This toxicology update reviews the oxidative stress metabolites of catecholamines, postulated to be the biochemical initiators of cardiotoxicity. A brief overview of catecholamine metabolism is provided with several noteworthy historical observations relating to the autoxidation and rearrangement of epinephrine. The basic chemical and physical properties of adrenochrome and adrenolutin are discussed. The autoxidative, enzymatic and cellular basis for the transformation of catecholamines to oxidative metabolites is reviewed. Mechanisms seeking to account for the observed cardiotoxic changes in isolated heart perfusion studies and in vivo models are described.
Culture and Consumer Ethics

Disparity in consumer ethics reflects cultural variations; these are differences in the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes one culture from another. This study explores the differences in consumer ethics across cultural dimensions using Hofstede’s (in Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values, Sage, Beverly Hills, 1980) model (collectivism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance) and Muncy and Vitell (in J Bus Res 24(4):297–311, 1992) consumer ethics model (i.e., illegal, active, passive, and no harm). This is the first study to empirically explore consumer ethics using these two major constructs. Seven hundred sixty one African American consumers were used to test the four major hypotheses developed in this study. Current research has revealed that there are significant differences in ethics between consumers who score high and consumers who score low on Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions. In general, this research revealed that consumers who score high on collectivism, high on uncertainty avoidance, low on masculinity, and low on power distance scales reject questionable activities more than consumers who score low on collectivism, low on uncertainty avoidance, high on masculinity, and high on power distance. This study should prove valuable to international marketers because the Hofstede cultural model allows managers to identify differences in consumer ethics across different cultures and thus provides a theoretical base for designing effective marketing strategies.
Power‐laws and snow avalanches

[1] This paper presents evidence of frequency-size power-laws in several groups of snow avalanche paths. Other natural hazards, such as earthquakes and forest fires, exhibit similar power-law relationships. In addition, an analysis of the response of one group of snow avalanche paths to storms through time demonstrates a power-law between the response of the system and the binned frequency of those responses. Our results, as well as our experience with these complex, non-linear systems, are consistent with self-organized criticality. The practical implication of this work is that the frequency-size relationship for small and medium sized avalanches may be useful for quantifying the risk of large snow avalanches within a group of avalanche paths.
Resistivity-recharge relationships — Field study

Abstract Resistivity soundings were made at sites in Nebraska where artificial groundwater recharge studies had previously been conducted. The measured resistivity values, and hydraulic conductivity data from the literature and field and laboratory measurements, are used to demonstrate relationships between electrical and recharge characteristics of vadose and soil zones.
Distinct evolution of the human carcinoma-associated transmembrane mucins, MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16

The MUC family of mucins consists of secreted and membrane-bound forms. Overexpression of the membrane-bound family members, MUC1 (CA15-3), MUC4 and MUC16 (CA125), is found in diverse human carcinomas. However, despite being classified in the same family, little is known about the genetic origins of the carcinoma-associated mucins. The present results show that MUC1 homologs are restricted to mammalian species. MUC1 has no sequence similarity with the other membrane-bound mucins, except for the presence of a sea urchin sperm protein-enterokinase-agrin (SEA) domain. The results indicate that the MUC1 SEA domain originated from heparin sulfate proteoglycan of basement membrane (HSPG2; perlecan), an inducer of tumor cell growth. MUC4 has no SEA domain, but does have (i) a NIDO domain that evolved from an ancestor common to nidogen, and (ii) AMOP and VWD domains that originated from an ancestor common to the Sushi-domain containing protein. MUC16 contains multiple SEA domains that are found in a chicken gene and were subsequently repeated through duplication events. The SEA domains in MUC16 appear to have evolved from agrin before the divergence of birds and mammals. These findings indicate that MUC1, MUC4 and MUC16 evolved from distinct ancestors and that the membrane-bound mucins consist of different subgroups based on their genetic backgrounds.
Fluoride substitution in the Mn cluster from Photosystem II: EPR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies

Abstract X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Mn K-edge X-ray fluorescence absorption were used to study the effects of fluoride inhibition on the Mn complex in Photosystem II. The tetrameric Mn complex, responsible for the light-induced oxidation of H2O to form molecular oxygen, is influenced by treatments in which the naturally occurring chloride salts are removed or replaced. Inhibition of the complex by fluoride is examined by parallel enzyme activity and EPR studies. It is found that, as a function of increasing fluoride concentration, the declining enzymatic activity is paralleled initially by an exchange of the S = 1 2 ‘multiline’ EPR signal for the S > 1 2 , ‘g = 4’ EPR signal in illuminated samples. High concentrations of fluoride induce a broad (≈ 200 G), featureless radical signal in samples which have not been illuminated; subsequent illumination of these samples also generates the g = 4 EPR signal. X-ray absorption studies (XAS) of fluoride-inhibited samples show subtle alterations of the conformation of the Mn complex that are consistent with the presence of two dissimilar pairs of Mn atoms. The halide studies are discussed in terms of structural models for the Mn complex.