cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The grammar instinct

Previously, D. Leonard and J. Gilsdorf (1990) presented 45 instances of questionable usage, in full-paragraph contexts, to both academics and working business executives. These usage elements included sentence fragments, assorted punctuation problems, pronoun-antecedent (dis)agreement, and various examples of questionable word choice. Their intent was to assess the "botheration level" of each usage "error"; their conclusions were that: 1) academics are (nearly) always bothered by usage "errors" more than executives; and 2) usage elements that bothered survey respondents the least were evolving over time into acceptable English usage. Setting aside for now the problem of ongoing language change and its causes, the article focuses on the problem of predicting what will remain unchanged in language-usage rules and proposes an explanation for why certain rules will remain unchanged. This problem is critically important for anyone who is mentoring the writing of younger people, people whose primary audience will not follow our rules, but rather the rules of the next generation of readers.
Large deflection analysis of thin elastic structures by the assumed stress hybrid finite element method

Abstract Two assumed stress hybrid finite element models for analyzing the large deflection, linear elastic, static behavior of structures have been developed: a consistent model which satisfies the entire stress equilibrium equation and an inconsistent model which satisfies only the linear portion of this equation. These models are derived for two separate coordinate frames: a stationary system and a convected, updated system. Throughout the development “correction” terms are maintained in all the functionals to minimize the drifting of the approximate solution from the true solution. These correction terms correspond to checks on the stress equilibrium and compatibility in the reference state. Utilizing a tangent stiffness approach various incremental and incremental-iterative solution procedures are used. The actual applications utilize flat and shallow elements to analyze the large deflection (moderate rotation), small strain behavior of thin, linearly elastic beams and shells. For the beam problems a shallow curved, two node, six degree of freedom element is used. For the shell analysis flat and shallow shell elements are used. They are three node, fifteen degree of freedom, triangular elements. Example studies include comparisons of the consistent and inconsistent models, the flat and shallow elements, the two coordinate systems, the effectiveness of the correction terms and solution procedures, and the adequacy of the models and methods. The results demonstrate that the consistent and inconsistent models yield essentially the same results. Overall, the models yield satisfactory results with simple elements.
Glucocorticoids Regulate Gene Expression and Repress Cellular Proliferation in Human Uterine Leiomyoma Cells

Sex hormones and growth factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas. The uterus is also an abundant source of the glucocorticoid receptor but its role and function have been largely ignored. Human samples of uterine leiomyomas and matched myometrium retain expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) suggesting a potential role for GR in leiomyoma function. However, hormone responsive gene expression varies between normal myometrium and leiomyoma cells. We now employ genome-wide microarray studies comparing glucocorticoid and estrogen-treated human uterine leiomyoma cells to those treated with both steroids to identify the potential role of glucocorticoids in uterine leiomyoma cells. Treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) regulated 3,128 probes. Estrogen (E2) treatment identified 2,094 probes, and in the presence of both hormones, 4,626 probes were regulated. Of the 552 probes identified, the majority of genes co-regulated by Dex, E2, and Dex + E2 exhibited co-downregulation. Interestingly, a small group of 17 genes displayed antagonistic regulation by Dex and E2, where all genes in this group, Dex reversed the E2 effect with. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the data identified cell growth, development, and differentiation as significant glucocorticoid regulated pathways. Flow cytometry confirmed that glucocorticoids regulated cell proliferation and significantly reduced the percentage of S-phase cells either in the presence or absence of estrogen in leiomyomas but not smooth muscle cells. Translation of our results suggest that glucocorticoids may play a significant role in regulating uterine leiomyoma gene expression and cell growth, and thus may have implications for therapeutic development of uterine leiomyoma treatment.
Effects of sources and amounts of potassium on feed palatability and on potassium toxicity in dairy calves.

Abstract The palatability of four sources and four percents of potassium was determined in Holstein bull calves in 16 cafeteria-designed experiments. Sources included potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, and potassium bicarbonate. Amounts fed were .77% potassium (control diet) or the control diet plus 2, 4, or 6% potassium from the various sources. Groups of five or six calves were offered a choice of only two test diets for 3 to 7 days in each cafeteria experiment. Feeds supplemented with 2, 4, or 6% potassium as potassium chloride, and 2 or 4% potassium as potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, and potassium bicarbonate were consistently less palatable than the control diet. Palatability decreased with increased dietary amounts of potassium. Potassium chloride-supplemented feeds were more palatable than those supplemented with potassium carbonate but less palatable than those supplemented with potassium bicarbonate or potassium acetate. In a choice between two diets containing different sources or amounts of potassium, calves independently choose one diet over the other according to the source or amounts of potassium in the diets. Thus, the intake of one diet is relative to the intake of the other when two are offered simultaneously. Where calves were offered only one diet containing 2% supplemental potassium as potassium chloride, voluntary feed intake or growth were not affected adversely. However, 6% added potassium decreased voluntary feed intake and weight gains. The maximum dietary potassium which produced no clinical effect was between 2.8 and 7%.
Determination of a dependent variable in the measurement of discrete event computer simulation success

The purpose of this study is to establish the external validity of two general information system instruments. This research seeks to determine if the Davis (1989) measure of User Acceptance of Information Technology and the Doll and Torkzadeh (1988) measure of End-User Computing Satisfaction maintain psychometric stability when used to measure discrete event computer simulation success. The investigation focuses on establishing construct validity, internal validity and reliability. If the hypothesized psychometric properties of these instruments are consistent with prior studies, the use of these instruments can be extended to the measurement of success in discrete event computer simulation.
Effects of anesthesia and operation on the classical pathway of complement activation

Abstract The present study examined whether anesthesia and operation could alter serum complement function as reflected by CH 50 levels and individual component activity. Classical complement pathway function was significantly reduced, as reflected by lowered CH 50 levels, in patients undergoing anesthesia and operation. This diminution in CH 50 levels progressed with time, reaching a maximum reduction of 25% when blood samples taken 2 hr postanesthesia induction were compared with preanesthesia control blood samples from the same patients. Future studies should demonstrate whether this mean reduction in CH 50 levels has any significant effect on host immune defense mechanisms in surgical patients. Results show that the greatest percentage reduction in complement component function involved C3 in both ASA Class I and II patients. This was followed in groups by alterations in C6 function, diminution in C5 in Class I and C4 in Class II patients. Perhaps the most significant result of this investigation is the demonstration that anesthesia and operation may induce a significant reduction in C3 function. This is especially important because of the role of C3 in both the classical and alternate pathways of complement activation.
A Linguistic Analysis of Spanglish: Relating Language to Identity.

According to the 2000 census, 35.3 million Hispanics live in the United States. This number comprises 12.5% of the overall population rendering the Latino community the largest minority in the United States. The Mexican community is not only the largest Hispanic group but also the fastest growing: from 1990 to 2000, the Mexican population grew 52.9% increasing from 13.5 million to 20.6 million (U.S. Department of Commerce News, 2001). The influx of Mexican immigrants coupled with the expansion of their community within the United States has created an unparalleled situation of language contact. Language is synonymous with identity (cf. Granger, 2004, and works cited within). To the extent that this is true, Spanish is synonymous with being Mexican and by extension, Chicano. With the advent of amnesty programs such as Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which naturalized millions of Mexican migrants, what was once a temporal migratory population has become increasingly permanent (Durand et al., 1999). In an effort to conserve Mexican traditions and identity, the struggle to preserve the mother tongue while at the same time acculturate to mainstream Americana has resulted in a variant of Spanglish that has received little attention. This paper will examine the variant of Spanglish seen in the greater Los Angeles area and liken it to the bi-national identity under which these Mexican Americans thrive.
Predictive Value of the First Ictal Recording in Determining Localization of the Epileptogenic Region by Scalp/Sphenoidal EEG

The number of seizures recorded during a noninvasive evaluation for epilepsy surgery varies across centers. We retrospectively studied the accuracy of the first recorded seizure in predicting the final localization of the epileptogenic region. Sixty-six consecutive patients undergoing continuous EEG monitoring with scalp and sphenoidal electrodes were studied. The first recorded seizure was determined to be either well localized or nonlocalized and was compared with the ultimate localization after multiple seizures were recorded. The first seizure was well localized in 28 and nonlocalized in 38 patients. In the localized group, the first seizure correctly predicted the final localization of the EEG monitoring study in 26 patients, whereas 2 patients had bilateral independent temporal seizures. In the nonlocalized group, ictal onset remained nonlocalized in 34 patients despite recording of multiple (median of five) seizures. This gave a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 94% for the first recorded seizure to predict the final results of noninvasive EEG monitoring. We conclude that the first recorded seizure is highly predictive of the final results of prolonged noninvasive ictal EEG recordings but it cannot exclude the possibility of multiple epileptogenic foci.
Assembly in an in vitro splicing reaction of a mouse insulin messenger RNA precursor into a 60-40S ribonucleoprotein complex

An SP6/mouse insulin RNA precursor containing two exons and one intron can be spliced in a partially purified nuclear extract isolated from MOPC-315 mouse myeloma cells. We have detected the putative RNA splicing intermediate (intron-3'exon) in a lariat form, the excised intron in a lariat form, and the mRNA spliced product. The in vitro splicing reaction of gel-purified RNA precursors requires ATP and Mg2+ and was accompanied by the formation of a 60-40S ribonucleoprotein complex. The formation of the 60S complex requires ATP. At least two Sm snRNPs containing U1 and U2 RNAs are components of the 60-40S complex. The assemble of those snRNPs occurs early during the splicing reaction and it requires ATP and intron containing pre-mRNAs.
Effects of aging on quinolinic acid lesions in rat striatum.

Abstract Several neurologic illnesses in which excitotoxic mechanisms may play a role increase in prevalence with age. In the present study we examined the susceptibility of rats to quinolinic acid striatal lesions at 1, 4 and 20 months of age, and susceptibility to N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) at 1 and 4 months of age. The extent of the lesions was quantitated with measurements of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The lesions in the 4- and 20-month-old age groups showed significantly smaller depletions of SPLI and GABA than those in 1-month-old animals. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPYLI) and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were unchanged in the lesioned striata. NMDA lesions were also attenuated in 4-month- and 12-month-old animals as compared with 1-month-old animals. Uric acid concentrations showed marked dose-dependent increases in the lesioned striatum, and to a lesser extent in the overlying cerebral cortex, in all 3 age groups. There were no changes of SLI, NPYLI or SPLI with aging in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus. Kynurenine and kynurenic acid concentrations showed significant increases with aging in frontal cortex. The present results show a reduced susceptibility of animals to striatal quinolinic acid and NMDA lesions with normal aging. The delayed onset of several neurodegenerative illnesses is therefore unlikely to be due to an increasing susceptibility to excitotoxin lesions with aging.
The rise and fall of administrative careers

Managing and shaping the ascent of one's own career comes through understanding that what goes up must come down and that satisfaction in the experience is determined by recognizing the moment of balance.
Galactic cosmic strings as sources of primary antiprotons.

A possible signature of a class of superconducting cosmic strings trapped in the Milky Way plasma is the emission of low energy antiprotons due to baryon number violating processes on the string. We find the terrestrial flux and the energy spectrum of such antiprotons. Current observational bounds on the flux of low energy antiprotons place a {\it lower} bound on the string tension which is comparable to that given by the electroweak scale.
Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype, total cholesterol level, age, and sex in prediction of Alzheimer's disease: A case‐control study

Objective The joint effects of total cholesterol (TC) levels and the APOE genotype in Alzheimer9s disease (AD) were evaluated because of previous reports that the APOE locus ϵ4 allele was associated with both late-onset AD and elevated TC. Design Logistic regression was used to determine the effects of the APOE genotype, TC, age, and sex on prediction of AD in a community-based study of 206 cases and 276 controls. Results The relationship of the APOE genotype and AD was dependent on TC, age, and sex. However, current TC level does not fully explain the ϵ4-Alzheimer9s disease association. Affected men with higher TC and age under 80 years had the highest ϵ4 allele frequencies. The ϵ4 frequency declined significantly with age. Significance A pathologic role of higher TC or cholesterol-based differential survival of ϵ4-carrying individuals may be involved in the relationship of the ϵ4 allele with AD. The observed association of the APOE genotype and AD is expected to depend on the age, sex, and TC distributions of a given sample.
Allometric relationships in the structure of street-level databases

Abstract This study examines the relationship between the size of U.S. cities and the size of street-level databases containing information on the urban street network. Models deduced from work in two research domains, allometric theory and spatial database theory, are calibrated using regression analysis based on data for 240 Census Bureau Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) files for the 1980 U.S. census of population. The predictive power of the derived regression models is high (r 2 > .85), indicating that file size is closely correlated with urban area and population. The derived relationships may be useful in a variety of theoretical and applied contexts, including prediction of file size to enhance the efficiency of digital data encoding and transfer, estimation of execution time for spatial models such as shortest path and polygon overlay, and provision of base data necessary for fractal models of city structure and evolution.
Role of reproductive diapause in the population dynamics of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in western Massachusetts

Cohorts of mating pairs of newly-emerged first-generation Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) adults were established each week on potato foliage to examine seasonal changes in reproductive and diapause activity and to determine when diapause induction occurred in the field in western Massachusetts. The percentage of newly emerged females that oviposited before entering the soil was much higher in the 25 July cohort (81.8%) than in the 1 August cohort (8.3%), indicating that diapause induction occurred by early August in this region. Population data supported this finding. Differences in within-season population dynamics over a 6-yr period (1981–1986) were evaluated with respect to the role of timing of arrival of colonizing adults and diapause induction. Because oviposition consistently dropped off by mid-August due to diapause induction, the extent of second-generation populations was most influenced by the timing of oviposition by first-generation females. Substantial differences in the abundance of second-generation populations relative to that of first-generation resulted from differences in time of colonization by overwintered adults and subsequent emergence of first-generation adults. A temperature-dependent phenological model corroborated the importance of diapause and time of colonization in the phenology and population dynamics of this insect. Implications for pest management are discussed.
Feature selection and feature extraction for text categorization

The effect of selecting varying numbers and kinds of features for use in predicting category membership was investigated on the Reuters and MUC-3 text categorization data sets. Good categorization performance was achieved using a statistical classifier and a proportional assignment strategy. The optimal feature set size for word-based indexing was found to be surprisingly low (10 to 15 features) despite the large training sets. The extraction of new text features by syntactic analysis and feature clustering was investigated on the Reuters data set. Syntactic indexing phrases, clusters of these phrases, and clusters of words were all found to provide less effective representations than individual words.
Chemical and Physical Aspects of Surface Organic Microlayers in Freshwater Lakes

Abstract Existing information on the presence, composition, and formation of surface organic microlayers in freshwater systems is reviewed. Present sampling techniques are also discussed. Special emphasis is put on discussing observed enrichment of microcontaminants in Lakes Ontario, Michigan, and Lake Mendota.
Effect of Emetine Hydrochloride by Subcutaneous Injection on Oxygen Consumption in Human Subjects

SummaryIn 8 subjects on which 16 experiments were carried out a slight depression of oxygen consumption was noted following subcutaneous injections of therapeutic doses of emetine hydrochloride. Respiration was increased when affected. Changes in pulse rate were inconstant. A definite fall in blood pressure was noted in 2 instances when 455 to 520 mgm. were given over a 10-day period.
Child passenger restraints in relation to other second-row passengers: an analysis of the 2007-2009 National Survey of the Use of Booster Seats.

Objective: Child restraint systems (CRS) are increasingly being designed to accommodate larger children and to mitigate side impact injuries. Little is known about the impact of CRS on the safety of other vehicle passengers due to limitations of existing crash databases. This study provides the first assessment of the seating positions occupied by child passengers and the relationship between CRS and other second-row passengers in a national sample of vehicles transporting children. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted of data from the 2007–2009 National Survey of the Use of Booster Seats (NSUBS), a direct in-vehicle observational study of child passenger restraint use. Passengers riding in the same vehicle were identified and passenger position was determined. Vehicles with second-row child passengers were included in analyses of seat positions occupied by child passengers with and without CRS. Frequency counts for the different combinations of CRS and passengers in second rows were calculated. Re...
Combining β-adrenergic and peroxisome proliferator—activated receptor γ stimulation improves lipoprotein composition in healthy moderately obese subjects

Current pharmacological regimens for hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are limited to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha activating fibrates, niacin, and statins. This pilot study examined the impact of simultaneous stimulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate with a beta-adrenergic agonist and PPARgamma with pioglitazone (PIO) on lipoprotein composition in moderately obese, healthy subjects. Subjects were treated with PIO (45 mg) to stimulate PPARgamma or a combination of ephedrine (25 mg TID), a beta-agonist, with caffeine (200 mg TID), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (ephedrine plus caffeine), or both for 16 weeks. Lipoproteins were separated by gradient ultracentrifugation into very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and 3 HDL (L, M, and D) subfractions. Apolipoproteins were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. PIO alone reduced the core triglyceride (TG) content relative to cholesterol ester (CE) in VLDL (-40%), IDL (-25%), and HDL-M (-38%). Ephedrine plus caffeine alone reduced LDL CE (-13%), phospholipids (-9%), and apolipoprotein (apo) B (-13%); increased HDL-M LpA-I (HDL containing apoA-I without apoA-II, 28%), CE/TG (23%), and CE/apoA-I (8%) while reducing apoA-II (-10%); and increased HDL-L LpA-I (29%). Combination therapy reduced total plasma TG (-28%), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C, -10%), apoB (-16%), apoB/apoA-I ratio (-21%) while increasing HDL cholesterol (HDL-C, 21%), total plasma apoA-I (12%), LpA-I (43%), and apoC-I (26%). It also reduced VLDL total mass (-34%) and apoC-III (-39%), LDL CE (-13%), apoB (-13%), and total mass (-11%). Combination therapy increased HDL-L CE/TG (32%), apoC-I (30%), apoA-I (56%), and LpA-I (70%), as well as HDL-M CE (35%), phospholipids (24%), total mass (19%), apoC-I (25%), apoA-I (18%), and LpA-I (56%). In conclusion, simultaneous beta-adrenergic and PPARgamma activation produced beneficial effects on VLDL, LDL, HDL-L, and HDL-M. Perhaps the most important impact of combination therapy was dramatic increases in LpA-I and apoC-I in HDL-L and HDL-M, which were much greater than the sum of the monotherapies. Because LpA-I appears to be the most efficient mediator of reverse-cholesterol transport and a major negative risk factor for cardiovascular disease, this combination therapy may provide very effective treatment of atherosclerosis.
Potential impact of a 500-mL water bolus and body mass on plasma osmolality dilution

A methodological discrepancy exists in the hydration assessment literature regarding the establishment of euhydration, as some investigations utilize a pre-hydration technique, while others do not (overnight fluid/food fast). However, the degree that plasma osmolality (Posm) dilutes when using the pre-hydration method and how body mass/composition might influence the results is not known. Thirty subjects (22 M, 8 F; 20 ± 2 years (mean ± SD); 1.8 ± 0.1 m; 75.8 ± 13.5 kg) had Posm measured after an 8-h food and fluid fast (overnight fast) and 90 min after a 500-mL (4–9 mL/kg) water bolus (pre-hydration). From pre- to post-bolus, participants’ Posm declined from 297 ± 3.5 to 295 ± 3.8 mmol/kg (p 0.05). The correlation between body mass or total body water and change in Posm was weak (p > 0.05), as was the correlation between relative fluid intake based on mass and change in Posm (p > 0.05). The two methodologies appear to produce similar Posm values when measured in most individuals. However, the potential for significant dilution (>3 mmol/kg) should be considered when choosing the pre-hydration methodology.
Genetic alterations in leukemias and lymphomas : Impressive progress and continuing complexity

Abstract Cytogenetic clues and molecular techniques have led to the identification of a very large number of genes involved in the pathogenesis of human leukemias and lymphomas, most of them previously unknown and many of them “activated” by chromosomal translocations. The oncogenic effects of most of these genes are narrowly restricted to a particular cell lineage or stage of differentiation. Research is continuing on the mechanisms by which various types of cancer genes participate in the development of hemic neoplasms, and on how this information can be effectively utilized to develop new clinical approaches to the control of these disorders.
REREADING THE VARIETIES OF RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE IN TRANSATLANTIC PERSPECTIVE

. William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience is one of the world's most popular attempts to meld science and religion. Academic reviews of the book were mixed in Europe and America, however, and prominent contemporaries, unsure whether it was science or theology, struggled to interpret it. James's reliance on an inherently ambiguous understanding of the subconscious as a means of bridging between religion and science accounts for some of the interpretive difficulties, but it does not explain why his overarching question was so obscure, why psychopathology and unusual experiences figured so prominently, or why he gave us so many examples and so little argument. To understand these persistent puzzles we need to do more than acknowledge James's indebtedness to Frederic Myers's conception of the subconscious. We need to read VRE in the context of the transatlantic network of experimental psychologists and psychical researchers who provided the primary intellectual inspiration for the book. Doing so not only locates and clarifies the underlying question that animated the work but also illuminates the structural and rhetorical similarities between VRE and Myers's Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death. In contrast to the individual case studies of hysterics, mediums, and mystics produced by others in this network, both Myers and James adopted a natural-history approach in which they arranged examples of automatisms to produce a rhetorical effect, thus invoking science in order to evoke a religious response. Where Myers organized his examples to make a case for human survival of death, James organized his to make a case for the involvement of higher powers in the transformation of the self. Read in this way, VRE marks a dramatic shift from a religious preoccupation with life after death to a religious preoccupation with this-worldly self-transformation.
The Project Assessment by Simulation Technique

Project uncertainty is present in many places including the estimates for activity durations, in the occurrence of unplanned or unforeseen events, and in the availability of critical resources. The...
Waste minimization by process modification

Waste minimization means the reduction, to the extent feasible of hazardous waste that is generated prior to treatment, storage or disposal of the waste. The terms waste minimization and pollution prevention are becoming key initiatives of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) and the term is increasingly being used in all areas of current applied research and development [15].
Symbolic Computational Techniques for Solving Games

Abstract Games are useful in modular specification and analysis of systems where the distinction among the choices controlled by different components (for instance, the system and its environment) is made explicit. In this paper, we formulate and compare various symbolic computational techniques for deciding existence of winning strategies. The game structure is given implicitly, and the winning condition is of the form “p until q” for state predicates p and q. The first technique employs symbolic fixpoint computation using ordered binary decision diagrams [8]. The second technique checks for the existence of strategies that ensure winning within k steps, for a user specified bound k, by reduction to the satisfiability of quantified boolean formulas. Finally, the bounded case can also be solved by reduction to satisfiability of ordinary boolean formulas, and we discuss two techniques, one based on encoding the strategy tree, and one based on encoding a witness subgraph, for reduction to SAT. We compare the various approaches on two examples using existing tools such as M ocha [3], M ucke [7], S emprop [17], Q ube [11], B erkmin [12].
Singlet Oxygen Dimol-Sensitized Luminescence and Reactions of Singlet Oxygen with Organometallics

Singlet molecular dioxygen (hereafter referred to simply as singlet oxygen, 1O2) can be produced by photosensitization (Scheme 1) or by thermal processes (see below). Its luminescence is widely used for detection and investigation of 1O2 in systems of photobiological and photochemical importance. In scheme 1, S, 1S and 3S are photosensitizer in the ground and excited singlet and triplet states, respectively, and hv is light absorbed by the sensitizer.
FOCUS ON THE ESSENTIALS

You won't have to turn yourself into a propeller‐head, but it would behoove you to sharpen your focus on technology in the coming year.
Factors Associated With Recurrence and Survival in Lymph Node–negative Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A 7-Institution Study of the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative

Objectives:To determine pathologic features associated with recurrence and survival in patients with lymph node–negative gastric adenocarcinoma.Study Design:Multi-institutional retrospective analysis.Background:Lymph node status is among the most important predictors of recurrence after gastrectomy
Microbial metabolism of tholin

Tholin, a class of complex organic heteropolymers hypothesized to possess wide solar system distribution, is shown to furnish the carbon and energy requirements of a wide variety of common soil bacteria which encompasses aerobic, anaerobic, and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Some of these bacteria are able to derive not merely their carbon but also their nitrogen requirements from tholin. The palatability of tholins to modern microbes is speculated to have implications for the early evolution of microbial life on earth; tholins may have formed the base of the food chain for an early heterotrophic biosphere, prior to the evolution of autotrophy on the early earth.
Corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot. Evaluation of results.

Fifty patients with tetralogy of Fallot have had surgical correction of their complex defects made possible by the open technic during the past 5 years. The overall 5-year operative mortality was 18 per cent. This was reduced to 15 per cent during the past 2 years in 20 patients. Forty-one of the patients are alive, asymptomatic, and have normal physical activity. Ffteen patients have had cardiac evaluation studies including cardiac catheterization from 1½ to 3 years postoperatively. Thirteen patients had normal cardiac hemodynamics. In only two patients was there evidence of incomplete hemodynamic improvement even though marked clinical improvement was gained.
Will Books Be Different

ABSTRACT With all the attention on ebooks and ereaders in the consumer and trade markets, it is easy to conclude that the transition to reliance on scholarly ebooks will happen very quickly. This article takes a historical look at the leading factors that supported the print-to-electronic transition for journals to assess whether the environment is conducive to a rapid transition for books. Several of those factors, such as a much more constrained economic environment, competing proprietary formats for ebooks and ebook readers, and the lack of specialized capabilities that directly support academic research, combine to reduce the appeal of ebooks for users and therefore are likely to slow the transition. Librarians and publishers should pay special attention to usage data and the behavior of users and provide support during this period.
Recall and learning from broadcast news: Is print better?

Recall and learning from television, audio and print news was measured to determine how much is recalled by Kenyan and American college students. For both groups, recall from television and print was similar and significantly higher than from an audio source.
The effects of post -identification feedback and age on retrospective eyewitness memory

Two studies examined the effects of post-identification feedback, age, and retention interval on participants' memories and beliefs about memories for a videotaped event, as captured by a store surveillance camera. After viewing the video, they were then asked to identify the suspect from a target-absent photo line-up. After making their identification, some participants were given information suggesting that their identification was correct, while others were given no information about the accuracy of their identification. In both experiments participants who received confirming feedback indicated they were more confident in their identification, paid more attention to the video, and that they were more willing to testify in court than those who received no feedback. The confidence inflation effects of post-identification feedback did not vary with retention interval or age. These results are consistent with a position focusing on accessibility, which suggests that witnesses have little or no retrievable recollection of how sure they were at the time of their identification. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunoassay Methods of Plant Hormone Analysis

The use of immunoassays in the analysis of plant hormones has increased significantly since the founding work of Weiler and associates (58). Immunoassays are based on the ability of animals to produce proteins (antibodies) which recognize and bind to specific compounds (antigens) foreign to the animal. The specificity and sensitivity of antibodies make immunoassays attractive for the quantitation of plant hormones, which usually occur at low concentrations. Small amounts of plant tissue can thus be used in the assay, and, in addition, large numbers of samples can be processed in a brief period of time. Although some purification of extracts is generally required for the immunoassays, it is generally less than the more extensive clean-up needed in physico-chemical methods.
Cholesterol Content of Raw and Cooked Beef Longissimus Muscles with Different Degrees of Marbling

The relationships of marbling level (eight levels from “Moderately Abundant” to “Practically Devoid”) and cooking to cholesterol content of beef longissimus muscle steaks were studied. Only raw steaks with “Practically Devoid” marbling contained significantly less cholesterol (wet basis) than did raw steaks with any of the other seven marbling scores. However, steaks cooked to an internal temperature of 60° or 75°C showed no significant differences in cholesterol content among any of the eight marbling groups. The cholesterol content of cooked steaks was 22–48% higher than that of raw steaks when cooked to 60°C and 38–65% higher when cooked to 75°C; cooking reduced the weight of each steak, thereby increasing the cholesterol content of the steak expressed as a percentage of the cooked weight.
The beginning of connectomics: a commentary on White et al. (1986) 'The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans'.

The article ‘Structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans' (aka ‘The mind of a worm’) by White et al., published for the first time the complete set of synaptic connections in the nervous system of an animal. The work was carried out as part of a programme to begin to understand how genes determine the structure of a nervous system and how a nervous system creates behaviour. It became a major stimulus to the field of C. elegans research, which has since contributed insights into all areas of biology. Twenty-six years elapsed before developments, notably more powerful computers, made new studies of this kind possible. It is hoped that one day knowledge of synaptic structure, the connectome, together with results of many other investigations, will lead to an understanding of the human brain. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
Techniques, Cases, & Issues State Planning in New Jersey

In trying to develop a state plan to guide regulatory and spending decision making on land use as well as spending on transportation facilities and other forms of infrastructure, New Jersey has rejected mandatory compliance in favor of seeking voluntary compliance with the plan. Some have touted these efforts as offering new ways to achieve effective, democratic, comprehensive planning. Others, however, have argued that they did not produce significant results. This article examines the history of state planning in New Jersey and its effects on local and state decision making. It concludes that the planning process was explicitly designed to produce weak results and, to date, has produced few significant changes in decision making by either state agencies or localities. However, it also finds that the plan has significantly changed public discourse about land use and infrastructure spending in New Jersey. Whether such changes will result in significant shifts in actual policy making remains to be seen.
Systematic design and formal verification of multi-agent systems

This thesis presents methodologies for verifying the correctness of multi-agent systems operating in hostile environments. Verification of these systems is challenging because of their inherent concurrency and unreliable communication medium. The problem is exacerbated if the model representing the multi-agent system includes infinite or uncountable data types. We first consider message-passing multi-agent systems operating over an unreliable communication medium. We assume that messages in transit may be lost, delayed or received out-of-order. We present conditions on the system that reduce the design and verification of a message-passing system to the design and verification of the corresponding shared-state system operating in a friendly environment. Our conditions can be applied both to discrete and continuous agent trajectories. We apply our results to verify a general class of multi-agent system whose goal is solving a system of linear equations. We discuss this class in detail and show that mobile robot linear pattern-formation schemes are instances of this class. In these protocols, the goal of the team of robots is to reach a given pattern formation. We present a framework that allows verification of message-passing systems operating over an unreliable communication medium. This framework is implemented as a library of PVS theorem prover meta-theories and is built on top of the timed automata framework. We discuss the applicability of this tool. As an example, we automatically check correctness of the mobile robot linear pattern formation protocols. We conclude with an analysis of the verification of multi-agent systems operating in hostile environments. Under these more general assumptions, we derive conditions on the agents' protocols and properties of the environment that ensure bounded steady-state system error. We apply these results to message-passing multi-agent systems that allow for lost, delayed, received out-of-order or forged messages, and to multi-agent systems whose goal is tracking time-varying quantities. We show that pattern formation schemes are robust to leaders dynamics, i.e., in these schemes, followers eventually form the pattern defined by the new positions of the leaders.
Synthesis and hydroamination catalysis with 3-aryl substituted pyrrolyl and dipyrrolylmethane titanium(IV) complexes

Using an iridium-catalyzed borylation/Suzuki–Miyaura coupling sequence several 3-aryl-pyrroles were accessed; in addition, dipyrrolylmethanes incorporating these 3-arylpyrroles were synthesized. Using the monodentate pyrrolyls, Ti(NMe2)2(HNMe2)(pyr3,5-CF3)2 (1) and a 2,4-diarylpyrrolyl complex Ti(NMe2)3(pyrAr/Ar′) (2) were prepared and structurally characterized. Titanium species bearing the new dipyrrolylmethane ligands Ti(NMe2)2(NHMe2)(dpm3,5-CF3) (3) and Ti(NMe2)2(NHMe2)(dpmF3) (4) were also generated. Kinetics under pseudo-first order conditions with 3 and 4 showed them to be measurably more active than the parent derivative without the electron-withdrawing aryl groups.
Accounting-based heuristics for order processing and review in a stochastic environment

As manufacturers evolve from make-to-stock to make-to-order strategies, they are forced to rely less on inventory to meet demands and more on the effective usage of existing capacity as they determine which orders to accept and schedule. Several accounting-based heuristics are used to identify and accept those jobs that maximize plant throughput. Accounting heuristics have been suggested as surrogates for approximating the opportunity costs of manufacturing one order instead of another order. Research results suggest that the best heuristic is dependent on the balance of the manufacturing resources. Moreover, these tendencies are affected by product mix and load.
A collaborative spiral software process model based on Theory W

A primary difficulty in applying the spiral model has been the lack of explicit process guidance in determining the prospective system's objectives, constraints, and alternatives that get elaborated in each cycle. This paper presents an extension of the spiral model, called the Next Generation Process Model (NGPM), which uses the Theory W(win-win) approach (Boehm-Ross, 1989) to converge on a system's next-level objectives, constraints, and alternatives. The refined Spiral Model explicitly addresses the need for concurrent analysis, risk resolution definition, and elaboration of both the software product and the software process in a collaborative manner. This paper also describes some of the key elements of the support system developed based on the model and refined through experiments with it. It reports on experiences in applying NGPM to a large Department of Defense program. >
Learn++: an incremental learning algorithm based on psycho-physiological models of learning

An incremental learning algorithm, Learn++, which allows supervised classification algorithms to learn from new data without forgetting previously acquired knowledge, is introduced. Learn++ is based on generating multiple classifiers using strategically chosen distributions of the training data and combining these classifiers through weighted majority voting. Learn++ shares various notions with psycho-physiological models of learning. The Learn++ algorithm, simulation results, and how the algorithm is related to various concepts in psycho-physiological learning models are discussed. The algorithm was tested on a variety of real world and synthetic datasets. Two sets of results are presented for optical handwritten digit recognition and gas sensing.
A hierarchical Bayesian model for comparing transcriptomes at the individual transcript isoform level

The complexity of mammalian transcriptomes is compounded by alternative splicing which allows one gene to produce multiple transcript isoforms. However, transcriptome comparison has been limited to differential analysis at the gene level instead of the individual transcript isoform level. High-throughput sequencing technologies and high-resolution tiling arrays provide an unprecedented opportunity to compare transcriptomes at the level of individual splice variants. However, sequence read coverage or probe intensity at each position may represent a family of splice variants instead of one single isoform. Here we propose a hierarchical Bayesian model, BASIS (Bayesian Analysis of Splicing IsoformS), to infer the differential expression level of each transcript isoform in response to two conditions. A latent variable was introduced to perform direct statistical selection of differentially expressed isoforms. Model parameters were inferred based on an ergodic Markov chain generated by our Gibbs sampler. BASIS has the ability to borrow information across different probes (or positions) from the same genes and different genes. BASIS can handle the heteroskedasticity of probe intensity or sequence read coverage. We applied BASIS to a human tiling-array data set and a mouse RNA-seq data set. Some of the predictions were validated by quantitative real-time RT–PCR experiments.
Figure control of flexible structures: Optimal surfaces of thin deformable primary

Application of a modal control design technique to achieve discrete control of distributed parameter systems is considered. Results are presented for application of the design technique to achieve diffraction limited performance from the primary mirror of a space telescope and to provide flutter suppression for an aircraft wing.
INSECT MOUTHPARTS:Ascertaining the Paleobiology of Insect Feeding Strategies

▪ Abstract One of the most intensively examined and abundantly documented structures in the animal world is insect mouthparts. Major structural types of extant insect mouthparts are extensive, consisting of diverse variations in element structure within each of the five mouthpart regions—labrum, hypopharynx, mandibles, maxillae, and labium. Numerous instances of multielement fusion both within and among mouthpart regions result in feeding organs capable of ingesting in diverse ways foods that are solid, particulate, and liquid in form. Mouthpart types have a retrievable and interpretable fossil history in well-preserved insect deposits. In addition, the trace-fossil record of insect-mediated plant damage, gut contents, coprolites, and insect-relevant floral features provides complementary data documenting the evolution of feeding strategies during the past 400 million years. From a cluster analysis of insect mouthparts, I recognize 34 fundamental mouthpart classes among extant insects and their geochronol...
Approximate bilevel programming via pareto optimization for imputation and control of optimization and equilibrium models

We consider the problem of imputing the function that describes an optimization or equilibrium process from noisy partial observations of nearly optimal (possibly non-cooperative) decisions. We generalize existing inverse optimization and variational inequality problems to construct a novel class of multi-objective optimization problems: approximate bilevel programs. In this class, the “ill” nature of the complementary condition prevalent in bilevel programming is avoided, and residual functions commonly used for the design and analysis of iterative procedures, are a powerful tool to study approximate solutions to optimization and equilibrium problems. In particular, we show that duality gaps provide stronger bounds than l p norms of KKT residuals. The weighted criterion method is in some sense equivalent to existing formulations in the case of full observations. Our novel approach allows to solve bilevel and inverse problems under a unifying framework, via block coordinate descent, and is demonstrated on 1) consumer utility estimation and pricing and 2) latency inference in the road network of Los Angeles.