cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of Field Potentials, Slow Waves, and the EEG

By far, the larger portion of the book thus far has been concerned with modeling studies which can be related to electrical recordings attributable to single neurons. There exists, however, another class of recordings which measure continuous, graded and more slowly fluctuating waves of activity thought to represent the combined activity of large numbers of neurons or of large regions of neuronal tissue. Such recordings are usually made with macroelectrodes inbedded within nervous tissue, or on the surface of the skull or brain. Even though such recordings were first reported 45 years ago by Berger, contemporary understanding of their physiological basis is remarkedly undeveloped. It is generally assumed that these slow waves are somehow associated with the conglomerate of extracellular field potentials arising from generator potentials in the vast numbers of neurons and glial cells in the general regions recorded from. It is not clear if the characteristic signals of the EEG are determined by physiological properties of individual units, by characteristic patterns of interconnection within local neuronal networks, by interregional circuits, by glial cells, or by some combination of these. Moreover, it is not clear whether or not these fields in turn modulate and influence the activity of neighboring cells such that a truly adequate and comprehensive model would have to include interaction between two distinct but interrelated models of electrical signaling. Moreover, the relationship of unit activity or even multiple unit activity to characteristic features of the EEG has not been established for any significant situation. Quantitative models for any of these processes (which are as yet only understood in outline if at all qualitatively) are virtually nonexistent.
An Approach to Optimizing Helicopter Logging Operations

A spatial computer model is being developed to assist in the strategic and tactical planning of helicopter logging operations. The strategic model operates in two phases. First it searches among alternative paths between log pickup points and landings to identify the shortest flight time from each pickup point to each landing considering topography and helicopter operating characteristics. Second it searches for the combination of roads and landings that minimizes total construction plus yarding costs. The tactical model uses information from the strategic model to determine the sequence of yarding during a day to maximize yarding productivity.
OREXIN, STRESS AND ANXIETY/PANIC STATES

A panic response is an adaptive response to deal with an imminent threat and consists of an integrated pattern of behavioral (aggression, fleeing, or freezing) and increased cardiorespiratory and endocrine responses that are highly conserved across vertebrate species. In the 1920s and 1940s, Philip Bard and Walter Hess, respectively, determined that the posterior regions of the hypothalamus are critical for a "fight-or-flight" reaction to deal with an imminent threat. Since the 1940s it was determined that the posterior hypothalamic panic area was located dorsal (perifornical hypothalamus: PeF) and dorsomedial (dorsomedial hypothalamus: DMH) to the fornix. This area is also critical for regulating circadian rhythms and in 1998, a novel wake-promoting neuropeptide called orexin (ORX)/hypocretin was discovered and determined to be almost exclusively synthesized in the DMH/PeF perifornical hypothalamus and adjacent lateral hypothalamus. The most proximally emergent role of ORX is in regulation of wakefulness through interactions with efferent systems that mediate arousal and energy homeostasis. A hypoactive ORX system is also linked to narcolepsy. However, ORX role in more complex emotional responses is emerging in more recent studies where ORX is linked to depression and anxiety states. Here, we review data that demonstrates ORX ability to mobilize a coordinated adaptive panic/defense response (anxiety, cardiorespiratory, and endocrine components), and summarize the evidence that supports a hyperactive ORX system being linked to pathological panic and anxiety states.
Hyperadhesive mutant of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli associated with formation of FimH organelles (fimbriosomes)

The relationships of the genes and gene-products mediating D-mannose-specific attachment of type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells were investigated by deletion mutation analysis of recombinant plasmid pSH2, which carries the genetic information for the synthesis and expression of functional type 1 fimbriae. Mutant pUT2004 was derived by a deletion remote from the structural gene encoding the 17-kilodalton (kDa) subunit protein of type 1 fimbriae. Phenotypically, the mutant demonstrated an eightfold-higher mannose-specific hemagglutination titer than the parent strain. On electron microscopy, the mutant strain expressed the same number of fimbriae as the parent strain. However, numerous 10-nm-diameter rounded structures (fimbriosomes) were observed both closely associated with fimbriae and in the culture medium. Fimbriosomes isolated from the medium agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes in a mannose-sensitive manner. Dissociation of the fimbriosomes yielded a single 29-kDa protein, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Antibodies raised against fimbriosomes reacted with a 29-kDa protein on immunoelectroblots of dissociated type 1 fimbriae and also blocked the adherence of other strains of type 1 fimbriated E. coli to eucaryotic cells. These findings suggest that the enhanced adhesive properties of the mutant pUT2004 strain are associated with overproduction of the 29-kDa FimH in the form of fimbriosomes which contain the determinant of the D-mannose-sensitive adhesion of type 1 fimbriae.
Commentary: results of efficacy trials in Alaska and Finland of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine.

One of the currently licensed Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide conjugate vaccines currently recommended for use in children 18 months of age and older, polyribosylribitol-phosphate-diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D, Connaught Laboratories), has been evaluated in two studies for its protective efficacy in children immunized before 6 months of age.1 The peak incidence of invasive disease caused by H. influenzae type b occurs in children 6 to 18 months of age; therefore, prevention of this disease depends on the efficacy of vaccines in this younger age group. In a large, randomized, unblinded trial conducted in Finland, relatively low levels of antibody were induced after a series of three primary PRP-D immunizations at 3, 4, and 6 months of age. Despite these limited immunogenicity results, a high level of protective efficacy was shown during a 3-year period (protective efficacy of 87%, 95% confidence intervals 50% to 96%). Another trial, which was randomized, double blind, and placebo controlled, was conducted among 2113 Native Alaskan infants immunized (20 µg/0.5 mL) at 2, 4, and 6 months of age as part of their routine childhood immunizations. This population was chosen for the trial because it has the highest known incidence of invasive disease caused by H influenzae type b, and a trial in such a high-risk population could be conducted more carefully, with fewer study subjects, and in a shorter period of time. As in the Finnish trial, in this younger age group immune responses to PRP-D vaccine were meager, apparent only after the third dose of vaccine at 6 months of age.
A minimally invasive approach to defects of the pars interarticularis: Restoring function in competitive athletes.

Abstract Objectives To understand that young athletes have a higher incidence of pars interarticularis defects than the general population. This may be due to an immature spine put under higher stress loads at an early age. Traditionally, surgery was reserved for those who failed conservative therapy, and consisted of open exposure, bone grafting and placement of pedicle screws. This leads to a long recovery period and limited ability to return to competitive sport. Methods Four collegiate and professional level athletes, three high school athletes, and one member of the National Guard presented with back pain from spondylolysis without spondylolisthesis. All underwent minimally invasive surgery (MIS) to directly repair the pars defect, for a total of sixteen pars defects repaired in eight patients. Described is an application of a MIS pars repair technique that has not previously been reported, which recreates the normal anatomy rather fusing across a motion segment. Results Five patients were discharged the day following surgery and three were discharged on postoperative day 2. Six of the patients returned to their previous level of competitiveness. Two were unable to achieve the same level of play, both of whom failed to fuse the spondylolysis. Patients all initially reported clinical improvement postoperatively and there was overall mean improvement on patient reported outcome measures (SF36 physical and mental component scores, visual analog scale, and Oswestry disability index). Conclusion MIS advantages include less muscle tissue disruption and restoration of the natural anatomy. This leads to a more rapid recovery, decreased perioperative pain, minimal blood loss, earlier mobilization and decreased hospital length of stay. Overall this allows the athlete to start therapy earlier and return to competition sooner and at his/her pre-operative competitive level. The described MIS repair technique outcomes are similar to those that have been reported in the literature and have allowed a high rate of return to athletics in high performing patients; critical to their quality of life.
Feasibility analysis of multi-radio in DSRC vehicular networks

Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) is a MAC layer and physical layer standard designed for vehicular networks. A multi-radio based DSRC system can have several noticeable advantages, e.g., shorter hand off latency, larger bandwidth higher spectrum utilization, etc. However, Multiple-radio in DSRC system has to address several issues in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and the deployment. In this paper, we prove that multi-radio DSRC is feasible in future vehicular networks. We evaluate free-space path loss and optional adjacent channel rejections. We analyze the SNR of modulations in DSRC Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system, and study the performance of BER according to SNR and FEC. The isolation requirement of antenna pair is discussed later in this paper. We also analyze applicable decoupling methods and technologies to achieve the decoupling requirement. At least one decoupling method could meet the isolation requirement of multi-radio system and can be used in the future multi-radio DSRC networks. This point is supported by our experiment results.
Racial disparities in in vitro fertilization outcomes

Objective To evaluate the impact of race on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting Private practice. Patient(s) All women who underwent a first autologous IVF cycle at Fertility Centers of Illinois from January 2010 to December 2012. Intervention(s) Information was collected on baseline characteristics, cycle parameters, and outcomes. Race was self-reported. Main Outcome Measure(s) Clinical intrauterine pregnancy and live birth rates. Result(s) A total of 4,045 women were included: 3,003 white (74.2%), 213 black (5.3%), 541 Asian (13.4%), and 288 Hispanic women (7.1%). A multivariable logistic regression was performed to control for confounders. Compared with white women, the adjusted odds ratio for clinical intrauterine pregnancy was 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–0.88) in black women, 0.73 (95% CI 0.60–0.90) in Asian women, and 0.82 (95% CI 0.62–1.07) in Hispanic women. The adjusted odds ratio for live birth was 0.50 (95% CI 0.33–0.72) in black women, 0.64 (95% CI 0.51–0.80) in Asian women, and 0.80 (95% CI 0.60–1.06) in Hispanic women compared with white women. The spontaneous abortion rate was 14.6% in white women versus 28.9% in black women, 20.6% in Asian women, and 15.3% in Hispanic women. Conclusion(s) Black and Asian women had lower odds of clinical intrauterine pregnancy and live birth and higher rates of spontaneous abortion compared with white women. Further research is needed to better characterize the mechanisms associated with this racial disparity and to improve treatment options for black and Asian women.
Regional cerebral function and blood flow: Complementary single photon emission computed tomography of the brain using Xenon-133 and [123I]iodoamphetamine

Regional cerebral function and blood flow can be imaged using isopropyl[123I]iodoamphetamine (IMP), or 133Xe (DSPECT), respectively. Both of these essentially non-invasive, quantitative, methods are suitable for many nuclear medicine laboratories. This study assessed the in vivo information about intracerebral disease provided by IMP and DSPECT techniques to determine the optimal diagnostic use of these modalities. Single photon emission computed tomograms of 53 subjects were acquired using similar displays for IMP and DSPECT data. Lobar tracer distributions were graded by three experienced observers and analyzed using a kappa statistic to eliminate chance agreements. Overall, both IMP and DSPECT had similar patterns. However, while similar, one or the other technique often displayed abnormalities not present on both. Although technical factors may account for some differences between the modalities, a case of arteriovenous malformation proves that discordant findings can result directly from tracer localization properties. Thus at least some discordances provide truly complementary diagnostic information lacking in either single study taken alone.
PatBugs: A Pattern-Based Bug Detector for Cross-platform Mobile Applications

Mobile app developers suffer a lot from the fragmentation of mobile platforms (e.g., needs to rewrite an app for a new platform). To alleviate this problem, cross-platform development techniques provide a cost-effective way (i.e., write-once-deploymany) to develop mobile applications. Such cross-platform techniques usually provide a set of relevant APIs to operate a native component (e.g., the accelerometer sensor) of a mobile device, and developers usually need to use these APIs under some certain temporal constraints (e.g., developers need to explicitly call the method clearWatch after the method watchAcceleration to safely release an accelerometer sensor). Once such constraints are violated, temporal bugs would be introduced (e.g., resulting in energy problems). Compared with traditional native apps (e.g., developed based on Java for Android or Objective-C for iOS), cross-platform apps are mostly based on cross-platform but dynamic languages (e.g., JavaScript). The syntax flexibility and the event-based programming nature of such dynamic languages pose difficulties for the automatic detection of temporal bugs in cross-platform applications. In this paper, we propose an effective pattern-based detection approach for temporal bugs in cross-platform applications. In our approach, we propose a Flexible Bug Pattern Specification Notation (FBPSN), which supports flexible specification of a bug pattern involving a set of relevant APIs with temporal constraints. Based on specified bug patterns, our approach supports to systematically detect related temporal bugs in cross-platform applications. Through the evaluations, we show that our approach is both effective and efficient.
The Influence of Cooperative Programs on Union-Management Relations, Flexibility, and Other Labor Relations Outcomes

There has been considerable interest recently in joint union-management committees as a means of promoting union-management cooperation. At the same time, many unionized firms have been experimenting with quality of worklife and other workplace-level programs aimed at the average employee in the bargaining unit. Survey data were obtained concerning firms’ actual experiences with these programs with regard to union officer-management relations, grievances and the ability to resolve them informally, labor flexibility, absenteeism, and turnover. There is no indication that the workplace-level programs impede union-management cooperation. Instead, they generally have positive effects on the union-management relations outcomes examined, although those effects generally are smaller than those of the joint committees.
Work: The process and the person

For the most of us, work is an entirely non-discretionary activity, an inescapable and irreducible fact of existence. According to E. F. Schumacher one of the darkest aspects of contemporary work life is the existence of an appalling number of men and women condemned to work which has no connection with their inner lives, no meaning for them whatever. Work for too many people is perceived as down-time, something that has to be done, but seldom adding to who they are. And yet recent surveys indicate that 74% of the work force would chose to work even if they were not financially required to do so. Why?
The Other Two Rs in the Discrete Mathematics Course

Independent of the content and placement of the discrete mathematics course in the computer science curriculum, a common goal is to improve the students’ ability to read and communicate mathematical or technical material. This paper describes a teaching format for the discrete mathematics course that fosters this goal. Instead of lecturing, the instructor responds to questions and asks questions over material the students have read. In periodic problem sessions, student groups polish and present problem solutions for the rest of the class to critique. This approach not only improves the technical reading and communication skills of the students, but involves students more actively in the total learning process.
Institutionalization and Cognitive Functioning of Schizophrenics

Cognitive dysfunctions, which are frequently attributed as wholly due to schizophrenia, may partly arise from the institutionalization to which schizophrenics are subjected rather than from schizop...
Design of a non-blocking shared-memory copy network for ATM

The design of a copy network is presented for use in an ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) switch supporting BISDN (broadband integrated services digital network) traffic. Inherent traffic characteristics of BISDN services require ATM switches to handle bursty traffic with multicast connections. In typical ATM switch designs a copy network is used to replicate multicast cells before being forwarded to a point-to-point routeing network. In such designs, a single multicast cell enters the switch and is replicated once for each multicast connection. Each copy is forwarded to the routeing network with a unique destination address and is routed to the appropriate output port. Non-blocking copy networks permit multiple cells to be multicasted at once, up to the number of outputs of the copy network. Another critical feature of ATM switch design is the location of buffers for the temporary storage of transmitted cells. Buffering is required when multiple cells require a common switch resource for transmission. Typically, one cell is granted the resource and is transmitted while the remaining cells are buffered. Current switch designs associate discrete buffers with individual switch resources. Discrete buffering is not efficient for bursty traffic as traffic bursts can overflow individual switch buffers and result in dropped cells, while other buffers are under-used. A new non-blocking copy network is presented in this paper with a shared-memory input buffer. Blocked cells from any switch input are stored in a single shared input buffer. The copy network consists of three banyan networks and shared-memory queues. The design is scalable for large numbers of inputs due to low hardware complexity, O (N log2N), and distributed operation and control. It is shown in a simulation study that a switch incorporating the shared-memory copy network has increased throughput and lower buffer requirements to maintain low packet loss probability when compared to a switch with a discrete buffer copy network.
Analysis of selected herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water of the United States

One of the primary goals of the US Geological Survey USGS Laboratory in Lawrence, Kansas, is to develop analytical methods for the analysis of herbicide metabolites in surface and ground water that are vital to the study of herbicide fate and degradation pathways in the environment. Methods to measure metabolite concentrations from three major classes of herbicides } triazine, chloroacetanilide and phenyl-urea } have been developed. Methods for triazine metabolite detection cover nine compounds: six compounds are detected by gas chromatographyrmass spectrometry; one is detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection; and eight are detected by liquid chromatographyrmass spectrometry. Two metabolites of the chloroacetanilide herbicides } ethane sulfonic acid and oxanilic acid } are detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and liquid chromatographyrmass spectrometry. Alachlor ethane sulfonic acid also has been detected by solid-phase extraction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Six phenylurea metabolites are all detected by liquid chromatographyrmass spectrometry; four of the six metabolites also are detected by gas chromatographyrmass spectrometry. Additionally, surveys of herbicides and their metabolites in surface water, ground water, lakes, reservoirs, and rainfall have been conducted through the USGS laboratory in Lawrence. These surveys have been useful in determining herbicide and metabolite occurrence and temporal distribution and have shown that metabolites may be useful in evaluation of non-point-source contamination. Q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Restricting dosage compensation complex binding to the X chromosomes by H2A.Z/HTZ-1.

Dosage compensation ensures similar levels of X-linked gene products in males (XY or XO) and females (XX), despite their different numbers of X chromosomes. In mammals, flies, and worms, dosage compensation is mediated by a specialized machinery that localizes to one or both of the X chromosomes in one sex resulting in a change in gene expression from the affected X chromosome(s). In mammals and flies, dosage compensation is associated with specific histone posttranslational modifications and replacement with variant histones. Until now, no specific histone modifications or histone variants have been implicated in Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation. Taking a candidate approach, we have looked at specific histone modifications and variants on the C. elegans dosage compensated X chromosomes. Using RNAi-based assays, we show that reducing levels of the histone H2A variant, H2A.Z (HTZ-1 in C. elegans), leads to partial disruption of dosage compensation. By immunofluorescence, we have observed that HTZ-1 is under-represented on the dosage compensated X chromosomes, but not on the non-dosage compensated male X chromosome. We find that reduction of HTZ-1 levels by RNA interference (RNAi) and mutation results in only a very modest change in dosage compensation complex protein levels. However, in these animals, the X chromosome–specific localization of the complex is partially disrupted, with some nuclei displaying DCC localization beyond the X chromosome territory. We propose a model in which HTZ-1, directly or indirectly, serves to restrict the dosage compensation complex to the X chromosome by acting as or regulating the activity of an autosomal repellant.
Enhanced photocatalytic water oxidation efficiency with Ni(OH)2 catalysts deposited on α-Fe2O3via ALD

Atomic layer deposition was used to deposit NiO onto thin-film α-Fe2O3 electrodes for photocatalytic water splitting. Photoelectrochemical conditioning of the deposited NiO converts it to Ni(OH)2, which results in a stable reduction of the photocurrent onset potential for water oxidation by ∼300 mV and improves photocurrent density by two-fold at 1.23 V vs. RHE as compared to untreated α-Fe2O3. This enhanced performance is shown to be due to improved charge separation with the ion-permeable Ni(OH)2 catalyst film. These results not only demonstrate one of the most effective water oxidation catalysts when integrated with hematite, but help establish the operational principles that lead to the improved performance.
CDK11p58 is required for the maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion

Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) mRNA produces a 110-kDa protein (CDK11 p110 ) throughout the cell cycle and a 58-kDa protein (CDK11 p58 ) that is specifically translated from an internal ribosome entry site sequence during G2/M. CDK11 p110 is involved in transcription and RNA processing, and CDK11 p58 is involved in centrosome maturation and spindle morphogenesis. Deletion of the CDK11 gene in mice leads to embryonic lethality at E3.5, and CDK11-deficient blastocysts exhibit both proliferative defects and mitotic arrest. Here we used hypomorphic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to demonstrate that, in addition to playing a role in spindle formation and structure, CDK11 p58 is also required for sister chromatid cohesion and the completion of mitosis. Moderate depletion of CDK11 causes misaligned and lagging chromosomes but does not prevent mitotic progression. Further diminution of CDK11 caused defective chromosome congression, premature sister chromatid separation, permanent mitotic arrest and cell death. These cells exhibited altered Sgo1 localization and premature dissociation of cohesion complexes. This severe phenotype was not corrected by codepletion of CDK11 and either Plk1 or Sgo1, but it was rescued by CDK11 p58 . These findings are consistent with the mitotic arrest we observed in CDK11-deficient mouse embryos and establish that CDK11 p58 is required for the maintenance of chromosome cohesion and the completion of mitosis.
On Stieltjes functions and Hankel operators

Abstract Let G be a Stieltjes function which is analytic in the open right half plane. It is shown that G is in H ∞ ( RHP ) if and only if the Hankel operator H G on H 2 ( RHP ) with symbol G is nuclear. If G is in H ∞ ( RHP ) it is shown that the non-tangential limit of G at s = 0 equals twice the nuclear norm of H G .
Sticking and splashing in yield-stress fluid drop impacts on coated surfaces

Yield-stress fluids, including gels and pastes, are effectively fluid at high stress and solid at low stress. In liquid-solid impacts, the fluid motion can be halted by the yield stress at different points of the event, and these fluids can therefore stick and accumulate where they impact, motivating several applications of these rheologically complex materials. Here, we use high-speed imaging to experimentally study liquid-solid impact of yield-stress fluids on pre-coated horizontal surfaces. With a pre-coating of the same material, we can observe large long-lifetime ejection sheets with redirected momentum which extend away from the impact location. Under critical splash conditions, sheet breakup occurs and ejected droplets can be nonspherical and threadlike due to the inability of capillary stresses to deform material above a certain lengthscale. By varying the droplet size, impact velocity, surface coating thickness, and rheological material properties, we develop appropriate dimensionless parameters and present a low-dimensional regime map of impact behaviors.
High rates of unprotected sex and serosorting among men who have sex with men: A national online study in Norway

Unprotected sexual contact between men remains the predominant means of HIV transmission in men. Aim: To ascertain predictors of unprotected anal intercourse between non-primary partners among a sa...
Social closeness based clone attack detection for mobile healthcare system

The inclusion of embedded sensors in mobile phones, and the explosion of their usage in people's daily lives provide users with the ability to collectively sense the world. The collected sensing data from such a mobile phone enabled social network can be mined for users' behaviors and their social communities, and to support a broad range of applications including mobile healthcare systems. However, such mobile healthcare systems built upon social networks are vulnerable to clone attacks, in which the adversary replicates the legitimate nodes and distributes the clones throughout the network to undermine the successful application deployment. Existing clone attack mitigation approaches either only focus on the prevention techniques or can only work in static or well-connected networks, and hence are not applicable to our targeted mobile healthcare systems. In this paper, we propose a social closeness based method in a mobile healthcare disease control system to detect any clone attacks that may be launched to disrupt the normal operations of the system. Our social closeness based method exploits the social relationships among users for clone attack detection. Specifically, we define a new metric called community betweenness, which considers mobile users' community information. We find that the value of this metric changes significantly under the clone attack, which is suitable to be used for clone attack detection. We derive both analytical and training based approaches to determine the threshold setting of the community betweenness for robust clone attack detection. Extensive trace-driven simulation studies reveal that our social closeness based method can detect clone attacks with high detection ratio and low false positive rate.
A dislocation pile-up model of dynamic yielding and flow in steel

Abstract The predictions of the dynamic yield and flow behaviour of steel obtained from a dislocation pile-up model with a viscous removable obstacle were compared with results of both constant-stress and constant strain-rate tests on several steels. Very good agreement was found between the predicted and measured dynamic yield behaviour. The post-yield flow predictions exhibited trends similar to experimental results, but the quantitative agreement was less accurate. The calculated results indicate that the onset of yielding is controlled by the time history of loading, and that it depends primarily on two material parameters—the average limiting dislocation velocity να, and the drag stress D. It was found that a constant critical value of plastic microstrain is reached at yield and a corresponding yield condition was formulated. The values of material parameters used in the calculations, derived by matching predicted and experimental results, are similar to those found bv other investieators.
Anomalies in the asymmetric hydroboration of olefins with the adduct of (+)-α-pinene and BH3 · THF

The hydroboration of cis-2-butene and cis-3-hexene with pure diisopinocampheylborane (IPC2BH) and monoisopinocampheylborane (IPCBH2), both prepared from (+)-α-pinene, were studied. In contrast to IPC2BH, which yielded R-(−)-2-butanol and R-(−)-3-hexanol in 98.4 and 94.5% optical purities, IPCBH2 yielded S-(+)-2-butanol and S-(+)-3-hexanol in 23.6 and 19.7% optical purifies respectively. PMR examination of the methanolyzed products were utilized to establish the species present in the freshly prepared and aged 11 adduct from (+)-α-pinene and BH3 · THF. The results confirm the interpretation previously advanced for the major differences realized in asymmetric hydroboration with the fresh and aged 11 adducts.
Reproducibility of a scoring system for computed tomography scanning in cystic fibrosis.

IntroductionComputerized tomography (CT) scanning shows promise as an outcome surrogate for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease progression. The scoring system used to convert the CT image to numeric data is an essential determinant of the performance of CT scanning.MethodsThree radiologists independe
Physical Examination for the Academic Psychiatrist: Primer and Common Clinical Scenarios

As clinical psychiatry has evolved to mirror the patient care model followed in other medical specialties, psychiatrists are called upon increasingly to utilize general medical skills in routine practice. Psychiatrists who practice in academic settings are often required to generate broad differential diagnoses that include medical and neurologic conditions and, as a result, benefit from incorporating physical examination into their psychiatric assessments. Physical examination allows psychiatrists to follow and to teach patient-informed clinical practices and comprehensive treatment approaches. In this commentary, the authors encourage routine use of a targeted physical examination and outline common scenarios in which physical examination would be useful for the academic psychiatrist: delirium, toxidromes, and unexplained medical conditions (e.g., somatic symptom disorders).
Benchmarking Image Fusion Algorithm Performance

Registering two images produced by two separate imaging sensors having different detector sizes and fields of view requires one of the images to undergo transformation operations that may cause its overall quality to degrade with regards to visual task performance. This possible change in image quality could add to an already existing difference in measured task performance. Ideally, a fusion algorithm would take as input unaltered outputs from each respective sensor used in the process. Therefore, quantifying how well an image fusion algorithm performs should be base lined to whether the fusion algorithm retained the performance benefit achievable by each independent spectral band being fused. This study investigates an identification perception experiment using a simple and intuitive process for discriminating between image fusion algorithm performances. The results from a classification experiment using information theory based image metrics is presented and compared to perception test results. The results show an effective performance benchmark for image fusion algorithms can be established using human perception test data. Additionally, image metrics have been identified that either agree with or surpass the performance benchmark established.
Governance Regimes for Protected Geographic Indicators Impacts on Food Marketing Systems

Using a method based on historical narrative, we argue that the structure of governance regimes impacts the effectiveness of the marketing systems associated with protected geographic indicators (PGIs). A PGI is a form of communal intellectual property that is combined with privately held resources to enable the exclusive production and marketing of traditional specialty food and beverage products. We use two factors to differentiate governance regimes: the heterogeneity of producer interests and capabilities and the level of communal control over production and marketing. Together these factors determine how committed producers are to participation and how strongly they coordinate their actions. Commitment and coordination in turn influence the quality and consistency of production, the effectiveness of promotion, the kinds of placement the product can achieve, and the availability of price premiums.
Is there a homolytic substitution chemistry (SH2) of sulfones

[reaction: see text] A series of 2-alkylsulfonyl-2'-biphenyl radicals, in which the alkyl group is primary, secondary, or tertiary, were generated and the products of their reactions investigated. Dibenzothiophene S,S-dioxide was not identified among the products, which arose mainly from intramolecular hydrogen abstraction from the alkyl group or addition to the solvent, benzene. On this basis, it is concluded that homolytic substitution at sulfonyl sulfur, if possible at all, is too slow to take precedence over a number of competing decomposition pathways. Previous literature results suggesting the possibility of intramolecular homolytic substitution at sulfonyl sulfur may be explained by alternative processes.
Retinoids as well as tumour promoters enhance deacylation of cellular lipids and prostaglandin production in MDCK cells.

Retinoids as well as tumour promoters enhance deacylation of cellular lipids and prostaglandin production in MDCK cells
Oscillatory enhancement of the squeezing flow of yield stress fluids: A novel experimental result

The extrusion of a yield stress fluid from the space between two parallel plates is investigated experimentally. Oscillating the magnitude of the squeezing force about a mean value ( F = f [1+αcos(ω t )]) was observed to significantly enhance the flow rate of yield stress fluids, while having no effect on the flow rate of Newtonian fluids. This is a novel result. The enhancement depends on the magnitude of the force, the oscillatory frequency and amplitude, the fluid being squeezed, and the thickness of the fluid layer. Non-dimensional results for the various flow quantities have been presented by using the flow predicted for the constant-force squeezing of a Herschel–Bulkley yield stress fluid as the reference. In the limit of constant-force squeezing, the present experimental results compare very well with those of our earlier theoretical model for this situation (Zwick, Ayyaswamy & Cohen 1996). The results presented in this paper have significance, among many applications, for injection moulding, in the adhesive bonding of microelectronic chips, and in surgical procedures employed in health care.
The source of information in impression formation

Ratings of the value of personality information provided by persons identified by occupational title were obtained. In a subsequent experiment, rated value of a communication source was found to affect the favor ability judgments of fictitious persons these sources described. Rated likeability of the sources affected favorability judgments less discriminatively.
Non-parametric testing of discrete panel data models

Abstract The stochastic structures of the homogeneous multinomial process, the heterogeneous multinomial process, the Markov chain and the heterogeneous Markov chain are analyzed within a discrete panel data framework. A general theoretical and computationally tractible framework to test the stochastic structures is proposed. Our testing framework is non-parametric in nature and can incorporate the presence of time-varying exogenous variables and can be applied to the general polychotomous response cases. Asymptotically optimal tests can be easily implemented. The LM tests for the stochastic structures are simply to test certain orthogonality conditions with residuals.
Obsidian Hydration Dating Applied to Dating of Basaltic Volcanic Activity

Basalt flows and bombs that contain remelted rhyolite glass can be dated by obsidian hydration dating.
Hall-Petch strengthening in nanocrystalline metals

Abstract The tensile behavior and microhardness of nanocrystalline Cu and Pd were measured as a function of grain size. In the case of Cu, an increase in strength with grain refinement continues down to the finest-grain material tested, whereas Pd shows little dependence of strength on grain size in the nanocrystalline regime. Both nanocrystalline Cu and Pd are significantly stronger than conventional grain size material. A literature search and experiments show that negative Hall-Petch slopes at ultrafine grain sizes observed in some studies are not associated with room temperature creep but rather with the use of a single sample annealed repeatedly to change the grain size.
Ultrafast Infrared Studies of the Reaction Mechanism of Silicon−Hydrogen Bond Activation by η5-CpV(CO)4

The photochemical Si−H bond activation reaction by the group VB, d4 organometallic compound η5-CpV(CO)4 (Cp = C5H5) has been studied in neat triethylsilane under ambient conditions. The spectral evolutions of the metal-bonded CO stretching bands were monitored from 300 fs to 800 ps following UV photolysis using femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopic methods. The reactive intermediates observed on the ultrafast time scale were also studied using density functional theory as well as ab initio quantum chemical modeling. It was found that photolysis of vanadium tetracarbonyl resulted in the formation of tricarbonyls in either the singlet or triplet electronic state following CO loss. The subsequent reaction was partitioned into two pathways by the initial solvation of the tricarbonyls through the Si−H bond or an ethyl group of the solvent molecule. Knowledge of the elementary reaction steps including changes in molecular morphology and electronic multiplicity allowed a comprehensive description of the chemical ...
Overview of the University of Pennsylvania's TIPSTER Project

CAMP software has been used in a variety of areas, but at the end of TIPSTER it finishes as it started--as a coreference annotation system. The coreference output has been used to participate in MUC-6 and MUC-7, served as the foundation for three types of summarization engines and been input to a cross-document coreference system for names and events. This document focuses on the most successful of these application, a query sensitive summarization system and a cross-document coreference system.
Cerebral responses to acute maternal alcohol intoxication in immature fetal sheep.

ABSTRACTS: Previous studies in mature fetal sheep have shown that alcohol depresses cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral O2 consumption (CMRO2), and cerebral glucose consumption (CMRglu). This effect earlier in gestation might contribute to the pathogenesis of fetal alcohol syndrome. Physiologic studies of immature fetal sheep have demonstrated lower CBF, CMRO2, and CMRglu as well as a blunted vasodilatory response to hypoxia compared with mature fetal sheep. The purpose of this study was to determine whether immature fetal responses to alcohol are blunted compared with near-term fetal responses. We studied seven immature fetal sheep in utero at 92 ± 1 d gestation (term = 147 d) 2 d after placement of vascular catheters. Pure ethanol (1 g/kg) was infused i.v. to the mother over 1 h. We measured CBF and myocardial blood flow by radioactive microspheres and calculated CMRO2 and CMRglu using arterial and sagittal sinus O2 and glucose concentrations. At a fetal ethanol concentration of 33 + 8 mmol/L (150 ± 37 mg/dL), there were no significant changes in CBF, CMRO2, or CMRglu. There was mild hypoglycemia (glucose concentration = 1.05 ± 0.2 versus 1.33 ± 0.2 mM baseline) and lactic acidemia (lactate concentration = 1.29 ± 0.3 versus 1.07 ± 0.2 mM baseline). Cardiovascular variables were unchanged as was myocardial blood flow. The immature fetal sheep brain shows no significant cerebrovascular and metabolic response to acute alcohol intoxication compared with mature fetal sheep. Mild hypoglycemia and lactic acidemia did develop. The reason for the developmental differences in response to alcohol and their relationship to fetal alcohol syndrome remain to be elucidated.
Reading the Early Soviets: Alexander S. Gumberg and the Collection, Translation, Exchange, and Preservation of Russian Print Matter (1917–1930)

In this article, the author investigates Alexander S. Gumberg's (1887–1939) pioneering role in the development of US-Soviet print relations between 1917 and 1930. The article is based on analysis of records from Gumberg's personal archive and has two parts. The first considers Gumberg's collection of documents concerning the founding of the Soviet state in revolutionary Russia, their presentation in the American press, and their deposit in the New York Public Library. The second examines Gumberg's establishment of bilateral exchanges of print materials in the 1920s and offers insights into their theoretical and practical aspects from American and Soviet perspectives.
Decision depths of convolutional codes

The decision depth function of a convolutional code L/sub D/(w) is the first trellis depth at which all unmerged incorrect subset paths exceed weight w. The authors tabulate this function for most codes in common use. L/sub D/(w) specifies the path memory length of a decoder. It follows a clear asymptotic growth rule. >
A study of the tribological and electrical properties of sputtered and burnished transition metal dichalcogenide films

Abstract Films of transition metal dichalcogenides of the form MX 2 (M = Mo, W, Nb or Ta; X = S, Se or Te) were deposited onto 440C stainless steel substrates by either burnishing or sputtering. Not all the dichalcogenides formed adherent films. The coefficients of friction and contact resistances of the films were measured simultaneously using a modified CSEM pin-on-disc tribometer at a current of 1 A. Static resistivities of the films were measured using a standard four-point probe before and after sliding tests. Wear rates were also determined. The tribological and electrical properties of thin films were found to be significantly different from those of the corresponding hot-pressed compacts. MoS 2 showed the best lubrication performance among all the films. Sliding contact resistances for all the dichalcogenide films were about the same and did not show any correlation with static resistivities. In addition, the static four-point resistivities of films were three to five orders of magnitude greater than that of stainless steel, while the sliding contact resistances were only one order of magnitude higher. These results were attributed to the localized heating-melting at points of contact caused by the applied current.
Study of firebrand trajectories in a turbulent swirling natural convection plume

Abstract A combined theoretical and experimental study has been performed of the behaviour of firebrands in a turbulent, swirling natural convection plume. For the theoretical treatment, firebrands were idealized as spheres of constant density, the burning rate a constant for each type of combustible material. Concentration of firebrands was assumed low enough so that the fluid phase was considered undisturbed by the particulate phase. Results of the study showed that the trajectory of the firebrand was dependent upon a balance of forces on the firebrand. As the particle swirled about the axis of the plume, a balance was established between a radially inward drag force on the particle and the centrifugal force, which caused the particle to move either towards or away from the axis. The magnitude of the velocity field was dependent upon the altitude of the particle in the plume. Trajectories were terminated either by burnout of the particle or by grounding. Experimentally, test particles were injected into a plume, and the trajectories observed. The important parameters that determined the particles' trajectory were the burning rate, the initial size of the particle, and the density of the particle. Initial placement in the plume also affected the particles' trajectory. Experimentally it was determined that flat particles were more stable in the plume than spherical particles.
Clinical training and the duty to protect.

Given that the duty to protect is now a well established clinical and legal expectation, training in professional psychology should assist students in developing conceptual models for violence risk assessment and management. This report presents a training model incorporating recent advancements in risk assessment (such as the assessment of psychopathy), the need for basic legal understanding, and knowledge of specific risk management strategies. Additionally, academic and internship training programs in Michigan were surveyed by telephone about current training patterns. Preliminary results indicated program strengths in general awareness and training in risk factors. However, the data also suggested a need to formalize a faculty role in risk education, improve the training of students in relevant legal information, and establish coherent conceptual models of dealing with potential patient violence. It is argued that improving training of future professionals in this way will improve clinical practice, reduce legal liability, and improve public safety. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.