cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The activity of copper in solid copper-platinum alloys and some observations on the ordering of Cu3Pt☆

Abstract The activities and relative partial molar free energies of copper-platinum alloys containing 6.9 to 49.2 at.% platinum were determined over the temperature range 550° to 800°C. The measurements were made with a galvanic cell employing a calcia stabilized zirconia electrolyte. The activity of copper exhibits negative deviations from Raoult's law over the entire range of composition and temperature investigated. The changes in activity on ordering indicate that both Cu 3 Pt and CuPt are formed by first-order transitions. Where comparisons are possible, the thermodynamic quantities determined in this investigation are in good agreement with the previous work of Weibke and Matthes. The breaks observed in the cell potential-temperature curves indicate that ordering within the region of the Cu 3 Pt superlattice occurs at much higher temperatures and that the maximum critical temperature is at a lower platinum content than shown by the electrical resistivity measurements of Schneider and Esch. High temperature X-ray diffraction studies confirmed this conclusion. The details of the X-ray diffraction and thermodynamic observations indicate rather complex ordering behavior within the Cu 3 Pt region. For alloys containing more than 19 at.%Pt a second-order reaction appears to occur above the critical temperature. Based on circumstantial evidence, it is suggested that this reaction may be associated with the formation of periodic anti-phase domains similar to those observed in Cu 3 Pd. At least one additional reaction, the character of which is unknown, can be detected at temperatures substantially below the critical temperatures.
Computation of the Viscous Supersonic Flow over External Axial Corners

The viscous supersonic flowfield surrounding symmetric and asymmetric swept external axial corners is computed using existing second-order, implict and explicit finite-difference computer codes. The governing partial differential equations in conservation-law form are hyperbolic with respect to time and are assumed to be conical; that is, any variation of the radial convective or diffusive terms is assumed to be negligible. An inviscid numerical study for symmetric 90 deg dihedral rounded corners reveals both single and triple crossflow stagnation point flows, depending on the corner radius of curvature. For asymmetrical 90 deg dihedral configurations (i.e., those obtained by varying one of the wedge angles), both single and triple stagnation point flows are also observed. For certain highly asymmetrical configurations, the inviscid flow spills over the corner and in so doing generates a local embedded supersonic bubble. Viscous numerical solutions are obtained for both symmetric and highly asymmetric axial corners for which experimental surface oil flow and vapor screen data are available. For the symmetric configuration, both the laminar and turbulent numerical solutions result in flow away from the corner, which agrees with the experimental data. For the highly asymmetrical configuration, the viscous numerical solution and the experimental data result in flow around the corner. The computed shock locations for both configurations agree fairly well with the experimental vapor screen results.
The influence of electron exchange and relativistic corrections on elastic low energy electron diffraction from compound semiconductors

Abstract The model of the electron-solid interaction used for dynamical low energy electron diffraction (LEED) calculations is extended to include both an energy dependent local exchange interaction and relativistically computed ion-core charge densities. These extensions of earlier work based on non-relativistic, local exchange models are tested for the (110) surfaces of InP, ZnTe and InSb. Calculations reveal discernible differences between LEED intensities computed using the energy dependent exchange force and those obtained using energy independent local exchange forces. The replacement of the non-relativistic ion-core potential with a relativistic one produces smaller changes which are most apparent when the energy dependent exchange force is used for compound semiconductors containing one or more components from the fifth row or lower in the periodic table (e.g., Cd, In, Sb or Te).
EFFECTS OF ANDROGENS ON DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEMS

WE RECENTLY reported an inhibitory effect on the succinoxidase system of rat liver homogenates by certain water-soluble androgens (Kalman, 1952). There was some evidence in this work that succinic dehydrogenase was the target of the inhibitor. Because different dehydrogenases respond similarly to a number of inhibitors it was decided to try the effect of the androgens on the malic dehydrogenase system. In addition certain observations regarding kinetics of succinoxidase inhibition are included in this report. methods Adult white rats of the Slonaker-Wistar strain were used. No sex differences in regard to the work reported were noted and males and females were used interchangeably. The animals were killed by decapitation, and appropriate amounts of liver tissue were removed, weighed, and homogenized in cold, distilled water. Homogenates were prepared as described by Potter and Elvehjem (1936). For each enzyme system control runs were made to ensure that optimal amounts of all components were present. Cont...
ANAESTHESIA FOR PAEDIATRIC TONSILLECTOMY Comparison of Spontaneous Ventilation and Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation

Fifty children undergoing tonsillectomy were anaesthetized using either a spontaneous ventilation (SV) technique with halothane (and nitrous oxide in oxygen) or intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) (with nitrous oxide, in oxygen) facilitated by atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1. Time to full recovery was significantly less in the IPPV group (1.8±3.79min) than the SV group (20.0±6.77min) (P
Predicting onset and cessation of bulimic behaviors during adolescence: A longitudinal grouping analysis

Because research has not examined the predictors of the onset and cessation of specific bulimic behaviors, the present study tested whether a series of putative risk factors predicted the onset and cessation of binge eating and compensatory behaviors over a 9-month period in a community sample of female adolescents (N = 218). Greater perceived social pressure to be thin, internalization of the thin-ideal, body dissatisfaction, dieting, and negative affect predicted the onset of binge eating and compensatory behaviors. Further, lower thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and dieting predicted the cessation of these behaviors. Multivariate analyses suggested that this set of risk factors predicted the onset of binge eating and compensatory behaviors, but showed weaker relations to the cessation of these behaviors. Results support the assertion that these variables constitute risk factors for the development of bulimic behaviors, but suggest that somewhat different processes may serve to maintain bulimic symptoms.
Automotive Powertrain Control — A Survey

This paper surveys recent and historical publications on automotive powertrain control. Control-oriented models of gasoline and diesel engines and their aftertreatment systems are reviewed, and challenging control problems for conventional engines, hybrid vehicles and fuel cell powertrains are discussed. Fundamentals are revisited and advancements are highlighted. A comprehensive list of references is provided.
Identification of a Glycosylated Relaxin-like Molecule from the Male Atlantic Stingray, Dasyatis sabina†

The alkaline gland fluid of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) contains a molecule that cross-reacts weakly to anti-porcine relaxin antibodies. This material was isolated and purified to homog...
A model for a distributed OS automatic generation system

While much work has been done in distributed operating system development, problems exist and much work is still to be done. To address some of the issues and problems associated with distributed operating systems the authors present a Model for a Distributed OS Automatic Generating System (DOSAGS), which is characterized by intelligence, integration and plasticity. The system structure, functions, work principles and key issues in the implementation of DOSAGS are presented in this paper. The authors believe that the distributed OS generated by DOSAGS represents a new generation of distributed Operating systems.
Epidemiology of Signs and Symptoms in Temporomandibular Disorders: Clinical Signs in Cases and Controls

An epidemiologic study of clinical signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) was conducted with a probability sample of adults enrolled in a major health maintenance organization (HMO). This report presents data from a first wave field examination and interview conducted by trained, calibrated dental hygienist field examiners. Significant gender differences for vertical jaw opening measures were observed but no significant age differences were found for the distribution of clinically relevant findings. Clinic cases showed smaller amounts of vertical range of jaw motion but did not differ from community cases or controls on extent of lateral, protrusive, or retrusive mandibular movements; on classification of occlusion; or on dentally related variables. Clinic cases had more pain during all jaw excursions as well as during muscle and joint palpation. Joint clicking sounds were also observed more frequently in clinic cases.
Preoperative computed tomography scanning and arthroscopy in predicting outcome after lateral retinacular release

We initiated a study to look at preoperative, flexed-knee, midpatellar computed tomography (CT) scans and intraoperative arthroscopic findings of lateral patellar articular degeneration in predicting the results after lateral retinacular release for failed nonoperative treatment of anterior knee pain. Twenty patients with 30 painful knees underwent preoperative flexed-knee, midpatellar CT scans that were retrospectively classified by the method of Fulkerson into normal alignment, lateral subluxation, lateral patellar tilt, and combined tilt and subluxation. Arthroscopy was performed before open lateral release. The lateral facet of the patella was graded as either minimal changes (Outerbridge I or II) or advanced (Outerbridge III or IV) changes. Patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years and graded on a standard patellofemoral rating scale. Only 22 of 30 knees that were thought to be clinically malaligned, actually were malaligned by CT scan; eight CT scans were interpreted as normal. The results were further stratified into group A (CT-documented tilt, minimal facet changes), group B (CT-documented tilt, advanced facet changes), and group C (normal CT). Ninety-two percent of group A were rated good or excellent. Twenty-two percent of Group B rated good/excellent, 33% fair, 44% poor. Only 13% of group C rated good (one patient). Based on the results of the study, we recommend lateral release for anterior knee patients with CT-proven patellar tilt who have not responded to conservative treatment and have minimal facet changes with minimal or no subluxation. Lateral retinacular release should not be offered as a treatment to the patient with a normally aligned patella because poor results will most likely result.
Cultural Backgrounds: What Should We Know About Multilingual Students?

Biggs, J., & Watkins, D. (1996). The Chinese learner in retrospect. In D. A. Watkins & J. B. Biggs (Eds.), The Chinese learner: Cultural, psychological, and contextual influences (pp. 269-285). Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre. Carson, J. G., & Nelson, G. L. (1996). Chinese students' perceptions of ESL peer response group interaction. Journal of Second Language Writing, 5, 1-19. George, D. (1984). Working with peer groups in the composition classroom. College Composition and Communication, 35, 320-326. Leibowitz, A. H. (1971). Educational policy and political acceptance: The imposition of English as the language of instruction in American schools. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Leki, I. (1997). Cross-talk: ESL issues and contrastive rhetoric. In C. Severino, J. C. Guerra, & J. E. Butler (Eds.), Writing in multicultural settings (pp. 234-244). New York: Modern Language Association. Nelson, G. L., & Murphy, J. M. (1992). An L2 writing group: Task and social dimensions. Journal of Second Language Writing, 1, 171-193. Pratt, M. L. (1991). Arts of the contact zone. Profession '91, 33-40.
Tumours of the respiratory tract in rats and hamsters following chronic inhalation of engine exhaust emissions.

The potential carcinogenic effect of inhaled automobile exhaust emissions was examined in rodents. Both rats and hamsters were exposed to the emissions from (1) a gasoline engine, (2) a gasoline engine fitted with a three-way catalytic converter, (3) a diesel engine and (4) a diesel engine with particle filtration. Exposures were for 16 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 2 years. All hamsters were sacrificed at the end of the 2 year exposure period, whereas the rats surviving after 2 years of exposure were maintained for a further 6 month observation period without additional exposure to emissions. Some of the hamsters in each treatment group were pretreated with diethylnitrosamine to induce respiratory tract tumours. No statistically significant changes were seen in the incidence of respiratory tract tumours in emission-exposed hamsters compared to controls. This lack of a treatment-related effect was seen in both the nitrosamine pretreated and the non-pretreated hamsters. There was no increase in the incidence of lung tumours in rats exposed to filtered diesel exhaust or to the exhaust from the gasoline or gasoline-catalyst engines. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung tumours in rats exposed to diesel engine emissions compared to controls. A clear dose response was evident in both males and females, although the incidence of lung tumours was markedly higher in females (96% in rats surviving beyond 2 years) than in males (44% in rats surviving beyond 2 years). An increased incidence of lung tumours was observed only in rats exposed to mean concentrations of diesel soot particles of either 2200 or 6600 μ/m3. No increase was observed at 700 μ/m3. In comparison, the projected mean concentration of diesel soot particles in major US cities with 20% of light-duty vehicles diesel-powered has been estimated to be 0.5 μ/m3.
Intracellular events in platelet activation induced by antiphospholipid antibodies in the presence of low doses of thrombin

Objective Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia are features of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), suggesting that antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) may bind platelets, causing activation and aggregation of platelets and thrombosis. The intracellular events involved in aPL-mediated platelet activation are not fully understood and are therefore the subject of this study. Methods IgG fractions and their F(ab′)2 fragments were purified from the sera of 7 patients with APS and from the pooled sera of 10 healthy subjects (as controls). Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK-1/2, and [Ca2+]-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) was determined in lysates of washed platelets pretreated with low doses of thrombin and aPL or control IgG or their F(ab′)2 fragments, by immunoblot. The effects of aPL on platelet aggregation in the presence or absence of a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, were examined. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on gel-filtered platelets treated with aPL and thrombin, with or without SB203580. Calcium mobilization studies were done utilizing a fluorometric assay. Results Treatment of platelets with IgG aPL, or their F(ab′)2 fragments, in conjunction with subactivating doses of thrombin resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Neither the IgG aPL nor their F(ab′)2 fragments increased significantly the phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 MAPKs. Furthermore, pretreatment of platelets with SB203580 completely abrogated the aPL-mediated enhanced aggregation of the platelets. Platelets treated with F(ab′)2 aPL and thrombin produced significantly larger amounts of TXB2 when compared with controls, and this effect was completely abrogated by treatment with SB203580. In addition, cPLA2 was also significantly phosphorylated in platelets treated with thrombin and F(ab′)2 aPL. There were no significant changes in intracellular [Ca2+] when platelets were treated with aPL and low doses of thrombin. Conclusion The data strongly indicate that aPL in the presence of subactivating doses of thrombin induce the production of TXB2 mainly through the activation of p38 MAPK and subsequent phosphorylation of cPLA2. The ERK-1/2 pathway does not seem to be involved in this process, at least in the early stages of aPL-mediated platelet activation.
The Human Virome in Children and its Relationship to Febrile Illness

This study investigates the relationship of viruses to febrile illness in children. Subjects are normal children 2-36 months of age with fever along with normal children of the same age without fever, plus immunocompromised children with fever along with immunocompromised children without fever. Specimens obtained include blood, nasopharyngeal secretions, and feces. Specimens are analyzed using a panel of virus-specific PCR assays and also by high throughput sequencing using 454 and Illumina platforms.
Methyl bromide emission from fields partially covered with a high-density polyethylene and a virtually impermeable film

Recent field studies in the interior valley of southern California have indicated that 56--73% of methyl bromide (MeBr) used in soil fumigation is lost to atmospheric emission when the fields are covered completely with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film. The emission can be reduced to less than 5% when a virtually impermeable film or Hytibar is used to cover the fields. This study was conducted to determine MeBr emission from bedded field plots where only the beds were covered with a HDPE or a virtually impermeable plastic film. The results provide an assessment on MeBr emission from field beds partially covered with the HDPE film and the suitability of using a virtually impermeable film for emission reduction. Methyl bromide gas was applied to replicated field beds covered with either a HDPE or the Hytibar film. The films were removed 6 days after MeBr application. Replicated soil cores were taken from different locations of the field beds, 20 days after MeBr application, for the determination of soil bromide ion concentrations. The total amount of MeBr degraded from each plot was calculated from the measured bromide ion concentrations, and the potential emission was determined as the difference between the amount of appliedmore » and that of degraded. Results indicated that the potential emission from this bedded system was about 95% for the HDPE treatment and 90% for the Hytibar-covered plots. Regardless of the small improvement with the virtually impermeable film, the experiment clearly indicates that partially covering the field with either a HDPE or a virtually impermeable film would result in unacceptably high emission losses.« less
Pore-lining residues identified by single channel SCAM studies in Cx46 hemichannels.

The substituted cysteine accessibility method was applied to single Cx46 hemichannels to identify residues that participate in lining the aqueous pore of channels formed of connexins. Criteria for assignment to the pore included reactivity to sulfydryl-specific methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents from both sides of an open hemichannel and observable effects on open channel properties. We demonstrate reactivity to MTS reagents over a stretch of seventeen amino acids, D51 through L35, that constitute segments of E1 and TM1. Qualitatively, the nature of the effects caused by the Cys substitutions alone and their modification with MTS reagents of either charge indicate side chain valence is most influential in determining single channel properties with D51 and L35 defining the extracellular and intracellular limits, respectively, of the identified pore-lining region. A number of Cys substitutions beyond L35 in TM1 caused severe alterations in hemichannel function and precluded assignment to the pore. Although...
High-temperature stability of alumina in argon and argon/water-vapor environments

The high-temperature stability of alumina (Al2O3) in argon and argon/water-vapor (Ar/H2O) environments has been investigated. Samples were exposed at temperatures of 1300°C–1700°C for 10 h. The microstructure, flexural strength, and volume all showed significant changes in the Ar/H2O environment at 1700°C. Samples also became whiter, because of the oxidation of graphite impurities that had diffused from the hot-processing dies. In the Ar/H2O environment at 1700°C, grain-boundary etching occurred and was much more severe than in the pure-argon environment, which was very likely caused by the enhanced formation of gaseous Al(OH)3 and Al(OH)2 along grain boundaries. In addition, in the Ar/H2O environment, substantial grain growth occurred in the surface vicinity. This grain growth, together with grain-boundary etching, led to a decrease in flexural strength.
Exception Handling Controllerss: An application of pushdown systems to discrete event control

Recent work by the author has extended the Supervisory Control Theory to include the class of control languages defined by pushdown machines. A pushdown machine is a finite state machine extended by an infinite stack memory. In this paper, we define a specific type of deterministic pushdown machine that is particularly useful as a discrete event controller. Checking controllability of pushdown machines requires computing the complement of the controller machine. We show that Exception Handling Controllers have the property that algorithms for taking their complements and determining their prefix closures are nearly identical to the algorithms available for finite state machines. Further, they exhibit an important property that makes checking for controllability extremely simple. Hence, they maintain the simplicity of the finite state machine, while providing the extra power associated with a pushdown stack memory. We provide an example of a useful control specification that cannot be implemented using a finite state machine, but can be implemented using an Exception Handling Controller.
Public Self-Focus and Sex Differences in Behavioral Self-Handicapping: Does Increasing Self-Threat Still Make it “Just a Man’s Game?”

The present study examined the effects of public self-focus and participants’ sex on self-handicapping behavior. Research in the area of self-handicapping has consistently shown that men alone tend to self-handicap behaviorally. Because conditions of public self-focus tend to make the evaluative implications of per formance more salient, the authors hypothesized that people would self-handicap more when they are self-focused (as opposed to other-focused). Men and women were presented with an important intellectual evaluation and were allowed to practice for the upcoming test as much as they wanted. Results showed that men self-handicap more when they are self-focused but women do not behaviorally self-handicap under self-or other-focused conditions. Heightened concern over possible failure in self-focused conditions appeared to be the critical mediator in encouraging self-handicapping behavior among men.
Intensive intervention for fear of childbirth did not reduce requests for caesarean section but decreased duration of vaginal labour.

(2001) Obstet Gynecol 98, 820; Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi JE, et al. . A randomized controlled trial of intervention in fear of childbirth. . Nov; . : . –6 . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In pregnant women with a fear of vaginal delivery, is intensive treatment more effective than conventional treatment for reducing requests for caesarean section? Randomised {allocation not concealed*}†, blinded {clinicians and data analysts}†,* controlled trial with follow up 3 months postpartum. Outpatient clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 176 pregnant women referred for fear of vaginal delivery (mean age 32 y, mean 25 wk gestation, 51% nulliparous) who were at low obstetric risk and physically healthy. Exclusion criterion was a contraindication to vaginal delivery. Follow up was 100%. Women were allocated to intensive (n=85) or conventional (n=91) treatment. Intensive treatment consisted of provision of information and conversation regarding previous obstetric experiences, feelings, and misconceptions; routine obstetric check ups; and cognitive treatment. A midwife appointment and visits … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DObstetrics%2B%2526%2BGynecology%26rft.stitle%253DObstet%2BGynecol%26rft.issn%253D0029-7844%26rft.aulast%253DSaisto%26rft.auinit1%253DT.%26rft.volume%253D98%26rft.issue%253D5%2BPt%2B1%26rft.spage%253D820%26rft.epage%253D826%26rft.atitle%253DA%2Brandomized%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial%2Bof%2Bintervention%2Bin%2Bfear%2Bof%2Bchildbirth.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0029-7844%252801%252901552-6%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11704175%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01552-6&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11704175&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F5%2F3%2F87.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000171952400019&link_type=ISI
APOPTOSIS-INDUCING ACTIVITY OF CLOFAZIMINE IN MACROPHAGES

Clofazimine is a riminophenazine compound which has been used for the treatment of leprosy since the 1960s. Although the drug is effective in the management of leprosy reactions because of its anti-inflammatory activity, the mechanism leading to the cessation of inflammation is not well understood. In the present study, it was shown that clofazimine exhibits apoptosis-inducing activity in macrophages. When human monocyte-derived macrophages were cultured in vitro in the presence of clofazimine, the cells exhibited a marked decrease in metabolic activity and showed shrinkage in cell size, indicating cell death. Nuclear condensation and fragmentation were also observed by Giemsa and Hoechst 33248 stains. The endonuclease inhibitor ZnCl(2) inhibited the clofazimine-induced cell death. Significant enhancement of caspase-3 activity was observed in clofazimine-treated macrophages and THP-1 cells. Collectively, these results suggest the apoptosis-inducing activity of clofazimine in macrophages, which may also be responsible for the antibacterial properties of clofazimine.
Inhaling One Hundred Percent Oxygen Eliminates the Systemic Arterial Hypoxemic Response of Broilers to Intravenous Microparticle Injections

ABSTRACT The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites) includes the development of systemic arterial hypoxemia (reduction in the saturation of hemoglobin with O2, HbO2), which can be mimicked in clinically healthy broilers by i.v. injections of microparticles (MP). In experiment 1, arterial blood samples were collected from clinically healthy broilers before and after i.v. MP injections, and during a subsequent 100% O2 inhalation period. The arterial samples were analyzed for HbO2, partial pressure of O2 and CO2, and pH using a blood gas analyzer. In experiment 2, broilers that initially averaged ≥75% HbO2 were assigned to a “high O2” group, whereas those that initially averaged
Civil Wars and Criminality: The Spillover of Violence

In this paper I address a negative externality of internal conflicts for neighboring countries: the rise in criminality associated with a civil conflict in a nearby state. I propose that two mechanisms may cause an increase in crime rates in countries located in the neighborhood of a war-torn country. First, the refugee flow leads to social tensions between the local population and the refugee groups. Second, the economic hardship created by the civil war in the neighboring country (disruption of trade, departure of investors). I test my hypotheses with panel data from the UN World Surveys on Crime Trends and Criminal Justice Systems (1970-1994). I run a simple fixed effects model and several robustness checks, and find empirical support for my arguments.
Clinical and Mental Health Correlates and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence among HIV-Positive Women in an Inner-City HIV Clinic

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious health concern for women in the United States, and HIV-positive women experience more frequent and severe abuse compared with HIV-negative women. The goals of this study were to determine the prevalence of IPV among HIV-infected women receiving care in an urban clinic and to determine the HIV clinical and mental health correlates of IPV among HIV-positive women. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 196 women visiting an inner-city HIV clinic. Women were eligible if they were 18 years of age or older, English speaking, and received both HIV primary and gynecologic care at the clinic. The survey queried demographics, drug and alcohol history, depressive symptoms, and IPV, using the Partner Violence Scale. Antiretroviral therapy (ART), CD4 cell count, HIV-1 RNA level, and appointment adherence were abstracted from clinical records. Findings Overall, 26.5% of women reported experiencing IPV in the past year. There were no differences in sociodemographics, substance use, ART prescription, CD4 count, or HIV-1 RNA level between women who experienced IPV and those who had not. Women with mild and severe depressive symptoms were significantly more likely to report IPV compared with those without, with adjusted odds ratios of 3.4 and 5.5, respectively. Women who missed gynecologic appointments were 1.9 times more likely to report experiencing IPV. Conclusions IPV is prevalent among women presenting for HIV care, and depressive symptoms or missed gynecologic appointments should prompt further screening for IPV.
Anti-Inflammatory and Liver Sulfhydryl Content-Altering Effects of Certain Nonsteroids in the Rat

Selected agents were evaluated orally in the male rat for their capacity to prevent carrageenin-induced pedal edema and to alter liver sulfhydryl levels. Indomethacin was the most potent anti-inflammatory agent, followed by tetrabenazine and chlorpromazine. Cryogenine and phenylbutazone were equieffective, with cyproheptadine, aspirin, and sparteine being least potent. Carrageenin-induced pedal edema alone did not lower liver sulfhydryl content. Aspirin elevated the sulfhydryl concentration both in the presence and absence of carrageenin-induced edema, while chlorpromazine, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, cryogenine, tetrabenazine, and sparteine were without significant effect at anti-inflammatory dosages. Cyproheptadine lowered liver sulfhydryl levels, but this was considered to be a nonspecific or toxic effect resulting from the high dosages employed.
The catalytic oxidation of propylene: VI. Mechanistic studies utilizing isotopic tracers

Abstract The mechanism of propylene oxidation has been investigated over well-characterized selective oxidation catalysts: Bi 2 Mo 3 O 12 , Bi 2 MoO 6 , and Bi 3 FeMo 2 O 12 . Oxygen-18 and deuterated propylene were used as tracers under steady-state reaction conditions over the temperature range 350 to 450 °C. These data indicate that acrolein is formed exclusively via the redox mechanism over the molybdate catalysts and that numerous sublayers of lattice oxygen are involved. Carbon dioxide is formed by the consecutive oxidation of acrolein over Bi 2 Mo 3 O 12 and Bi 2 MoO 6 and by the consecutive and parallel pathways over Bi 3 FeMo 2 O 12 . The rate-limiting step of acrolein formation is the abstraction of an allylic hydrogen from propylene.
Vertical Vegetation Structure Below Ground: Scaling from Root to Globe

The structure of vegetation that is below ground truly is the hidden half (Waisel et al. 2002), hidden from view and too often hidden from biological research. Over the last 30 years, the Biological Abstracts database has recorded almost twice as many publications in plant ecology that address the ecology of leaves than studies of root ecology. Biologists do not even have a term to refer to the subterranean parts of vegetation. In the English language, biologists use the term canopy to refer to the collective arrangement of all leaves in a plant community, but lack such a term for roots. (The old-fashioned word rootage suggests itself.) Despite this unequal attention to the visible and the hidden halves of vegetation, the two parts are equally important for the function of terrestrial plants and ecosystems and have general functions in common: Both halves are structured to enable resource capture. They are made up of organs that are specialized for resource acquisition, leaves above ground and the distal parts of roots below ground, and of the axes that support and connect these sites of resource acquisition within individual plants. Both also contain structures that are devoted to mechanical support, to storage of resources, and to reproduction; these are, however, beyond the scope of this chapter. Both exhibit a vertical structure that responds to resources that have a strong vertical dimension, light above ground, water, nutrients, and physical soil structure below ground.
Pneumocystis carinii glycoprotein A binds macrophage mannose receptors

Pneumocystis carinii causes life-threatening pneumonia in patients with impaired immunity. Recent studies suggest that alveolar macrophages interact with P. carinii through macrophage mannose receptors. However, the ligand(s) on P. carinii that is recognized by these receptors has not been fully defined. P. carinii contains a major mannose-rich surface antigen complex termed glycoprotein A (gpA). It was therefore hypothesized that gpA binds directly to macrophage mannose receptors and mediates organism attachment to these phagocytes. To assess this, gpA was purified from P. carinii by continuous-elution gel electrophoresis. 125I-labeled gpA bound to alveolar macrophages in a saturable fashion. In addition, gpA binding was substantially inhibited by both alpha-mannan and EDTA, further suggesting that gpA interacts with macrophage mannose receptors. Macrophage membrane proteins capable of binding to gpA were isolated with a gpA-Sepharose column. A 165-kDa membrane-associated protein was specifically eluted from the gpA-Sepharose column with EDTA (20 mM). This protein was identified as the macrophage mannose receptor by immunoprecipitation with a polyclonal anti-mannose receptor antiserum. To further investigate the role of gpA in P. carinii-macrophage interactions, 51Cr-labeled P. carinii cells were incubated with macrophages in the presence of increasing concentrations of soluble gpA, and organism attachment was quantified. Soluble gpA (2.5 mg/dl) competitively inhibited P. carinii attachment to alveolar macrophages by 51.3% +/- 3.7% (P = 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that gpA present on P. carinii interacts directly with mannose receptors, thereby mediating organism attachment to alveolar macrophages.
Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World: A Review of the Literature

This paper reviews roughly 200 recent studies of mobile (cellular) phone use in the developing world, and identifies major concentrations of research. It categorizes studies along two dimensions. One dimension distinguishes studies of the determinants of mobile adoption from those that assess the impacts of mobile use, and from those focused on the interrelationships between mobile technologies and users. A secondary dimension identifies a subset of studies with a strong economic development perspective. The discussion considers the implications of the resulting review and typology for future research.
Assessment of an Illness-specific Dimension of Self-esteem in Youths with Type 1 Diabetes

Objective The initial validation of a brief assessment of a diabetes-specific self-esteem dimension in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods Youths with type 1 diabetes (n ¼87) aged 10–16 years were administered the multidimensional Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEQ) and a newly designed assessment of diabetes-specific self-esteem (DSSE). Their parents completed parallel forms. Adherence to the diabetes regimen and glycemic control were also assessed. Results In factor analysis, DSSE items formed a distinct dimension of self-esteem in addition to the SEQ dimensions. This factor uniquely contributed to differences in youths’ global self-esteem. Significant associations with adherence and glycemic control suggested its concurrent validity. Agreement between youth- and parent-report DSSE forms supported inter-rater reliability. Conclusions The findings provide preliminary support for recognizing the importance of a DSSE dimension in adolescents’ adjustment to diabetes, and for the reliability and validity of the proposed assessment strategy.
Epidemiologic Study of Infant Botulism in Pennsylvania: Report of the Infant Botulism Study Group

The majority of the almost 400 confirmed cases of infant botulism in the United States have occurred in California, Pennsylvania, and Utah. In Pennsylvania, 44 of 53 (83%) cases occurred within a geographic area of Southeastern Pennsylvania which represents one tenth of the Commonwealth's area and one third of the population at risk for infant botulism. In Southeastern Pennsylvania, a map of the residences of cases circumscribes a discrete ring around Philadelphia. A case-control study performed to seek host-related risk factors, identifies the significant associations of botulism with infants who are white, breast-fed, and born at term into two-parent families with hospitalization insurance. County control studies were performed to identify differences in host-related factors between areas of high and low prevalence of botulism. Although some "protection" could be afforded Philadelphia infants by their feeding and family characteristics, the differences in case rates between Philadelphia and the botulism "ring counties" cannot be explained entirely by host-related factors. Further, the absence of botulism in counties just outside of the botulism "ring," where infants were found to have identical potential risk factors, suggests that an uneven distribution of botulinal spores in the environment is the most significant determinant of case rate.
Enlarger‐Produced Photographs for the Measurement of Black Crappie Otoliths

Abstract Measurements of black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) otoliths from enlarger-produced photographs provide an attractive alternative to measurements with an ocular micrometer and microscope. The photographs are convenient to mark, interpret and store. Measurements are made with greater precision than with a microscope.
Micromechanics of three-dimensional fibrewebs: constitutive equations

This paper extends the fibre–network theory of Cox to three–dimensional anisotropic fibrewebs. It presents a micromechanical model employing fibre axial deformation as the elemental deformation mechanism giving rise to assembly stress as a result of applied normal and shearing strain field. This model predicts the elastic constants of an assembly in terms of fibre linear density, fibre elastic modulus, fabric bulk density and the first 15 spherical harmonic coefficients of direction distribution function. A computer simulation has been performed to study the effect of structure on the initial elastic moduli of fibrewebs. This simulation shows that: (a) Young9s modulus evaluated for each fabric axis is directly dependent on the fibre orientation distribution density (FODD) along the same axis; (b) shear modulus in any reference plane is maximized when orientation distribution function is isotropic in that plane and it decreases with increasing FODD along the direction normal to that plane; and (c) Poisson9s ratio, ν ij , increases as the FODD along the i –axis decreases and the FODD along the j –axis increases, but the effect of FODD along the k –axis is minimal.
Inhibition of nitric oxide production aggravates myocardial hypoperfusion during exercise in the presence of a coronary artery stenosis.

Regulation of coronary vasomotor tone during myocardial hypoperfusion is incompletely understood. The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that endogenous production of nitric oxide contributes to resistance vessel dilation distal to a coronary artery stenosis that results in myocardial ischemia during exercise. Seven dogs instrumented with a Doppler velocity probe, hydraulic occluder, and indwelling microcatheter in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were studied during treadmill exercise in the presence of a coronary artery stenosis before and after intracoronary infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA, 20 mg/kg). This dose of LNNA inhibited the maximal increase in LAD flow produced by intracoronary acetylcholine by 82 +/- 5% but did not alter the response to intracoronary nitroprusside. Coronary pressure distal to the stenosis was maintained constant during the control period and after administration of LNNA. LNNA increased aortic and left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures at rest and during exercise. During control in the absence of a stenosis, LNNA had no effect on coronary blood flow. In the presence of a stenosis that decreased distal coronary pressure to 55 +/- 2 mm Hg, mean myocardial blood flow measured with microspheres was 1.09 +/- 0.13 mL.min-1.g-1 in the LAD-dependent and 2.57 +/- 0.50 mL.min-1.g-1 in the posterior control region, respectively. With no change in distal coronary pressure, LNNA decreased mean myocardial blood flow in the LAD region to 0.68 +/- 0.11 mL.min-1.g-1 (P < .01). To avoid systemic hemodynamic effects, LNNA was administered in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg IC to four additional dogs. This low dose inhibited the coronary blood flow increases produced by acetylcholine by 61 +/- 5% but was devoid of systemic hemodynamic effects. During exercise in the presence of a coronary stenosis that decreased coronary pressure to 52 +/- 1 mm Hg, this dose of LNNA decreased mean myocardial blood flow from 0.89 +/- 0.23 to 0.66 +/- 0.21 mL.min-1.g-1 (P < .02). These data demonstrate that nitric oxide contributes to the maintenance of myocardial perfusion distal to a flow-limiting coronary artery stenosis during exercise.
Properties of Ultra-Thin Thermal Silicon Nitride

Growth behavior and film properties of ultra-thin Si3N4 layers formed by RTN (rapid thermal nitridation) were characterized. The self-limiting growth characteristics of the RTN process are appealing for precise thickness control in the range of 0.5–2.5nm. From SCA (surface charge analysis), the existence of negative fixed charge and electron traps in nitrides was found, in contrast to positive fixed charge and hole traps in oxides, and improvements in interface properties were seen after high temperature annealing. From annealing ambient dependences, the physical origin of the electron traps is likely N-H bonds in the nitride films. AFM (atomic force microscopy) analysis revealed that an atomically flat nitride surface is obtained by post-nitridation spike annealing, but a longer anneal leads to a rougher surface. Effectiveness of ultra-thin nitride barriers against boron penetration from a p+ poly-Si gate was also confirmed by SRA (spreading resistance analysis).
The Role of Alcohol Consumption in Future Classifications of Alcohol Use Disorders

Background Item response theory (IRT) was used to determine whether DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence and consumption criteria were arrayed along a continuum of severity.
Increasing Abused Children's Access to Evidence-Based Treatment: Diffusion via Parents as Consumers:

This investigation evaluated an experimental protocol employed by nurses with parents to increase access to evidence-based mental health treatment for children who are suspected victims of abuse. The protocol was compared with typical services during forensic medical examinations, first in a quasi-experimental design, then as a randomized controlled trial. In both studies, the protocol produced a significant increase in parental reports of having discussed evidence-based treatment during a mental health appointment within 1 month after the forensic medical examination. Likewise, both studies showed that the protocol produced a significant increase in parent-reported satisfaction with the forensic medical examination. Similarly, nurses viewed the protocol favorably. These findings suggest that this approach may be sustainable as a standard component of forensic medical examinations for children who are suspected victims of abuse.
Assessment of medical professionalism: Who, what, when, where, how, and … why?

Medical professionalism is increasingly recognized as a core competence of medical trainees and practitioners. Although the general and specific domains of professionalism are thoroughly characterized, procedures for assessing them are not well-developed. This article outlines an approach to designing and implementing an assessment program for medical professionalism that begins and ends with asking and answering a series of critical questions about the purpose and nature of the program. The process of exposing an assessment program to a series of interrogatives that comprise an integrated and iterative framework for thinking about the assessment process should lead to continued improvement in the quality and defensibility of that program.
Simulation of homogeneous and incompressible Çinlar flows

Abstract We study the simulation of stationary, homogeneous, incompressible and isotropic Cinlar flows on R 2 . The flow is generated by a velocity field obtained by the superposition of vortices of rotation. The arrival time and location of vortices form a Poisson point process. The two stages of the simulation of the flow are the generation of the velocity field and the integration of the particle paths. We generate the velocity field on a bounded domain D exactly. The velocity field on D is fully described by the parameters of vortices that are stored in a stack the size of which is fairly stable at the stationary regime. We obtain the particle path by integrating the flow equation using a fourth order Runge–Kutta method. A range of ratios of the two relevant time scales lead to a variety of particle paths. Under some regimes, the paths are nearly Brownian, under other, the paths are clearly circular with some drift. Finally, we compute single particle dispersion, Lagrangian autocorrelation, and diffusivity estimators through Monte Carlo simulations. The results are useful for fitting the model to real data.