cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periorbital Reconstruction with Adjacent‐Tissue Skin Grafts

Background. Reconstruction in the periorbital area is challenging owing to the complex function of the eye, relative lack of adjacent loose tissue, free anatomic margin, central facial location, and the need to maintain symmetry with the contralateral eye. Reconstructive options risk crossing anatomic margins, deviation of the lid margin (ectropion), persistent lymphedema, and repair with skin of dissimilar color, texture, and thickness. Objective. The purpose was to describe a reconstructive option that would avoid crossing cosmetic units or subunits, minimize the risk of ectropion, repair with tissue of similar surface characteristics, and maintain function and symmetry with the contralateral side. Methods. The adjacent-tissue skin graft provides closure in cosmetic units and subunits, avoids tension on the lid margin, and provides similar skin for repair. The procedure is demonstrated by graphic and photographic examples. Results. The procedure provides for esthetic repair of the periorbital area and minimizes the risk of ectropion, lymphedema, asymmetry, and dysfunction of the lids and lacrimal system. Conclusion. Adjacent-tissue skin grafts are a useful alternative for reconstruction of partial-thickness defects on the eyelid and periorbital area. ANDREW J. KAUFMAN, MD, HAS INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
MR/FDTD: A multiple‐region finite‐difference‐‐time‐domain method

Multiple-region FDTD (MR/FDTD), an extension of classical FDTD to multiple subregions within a problem domain, is introduced. In MR/FDTD the problem domain is broken into several independent FDTD subregion lattices. The subregions lattices are terminated with the use of a surface integrated radiation boundary condition applied simultaneously to all subregions providing mutual interaction between the subregions. The advantages of MR/FDTD for sparse modeling problems include computation and memory efficiencies that result from confirming the FDTD lattices to the space near objects and from the ability to use different lattices and/or lattice orientations within each subregion. MR/FDTD also eliminates the need for local absorbing boundary conditions. Comparison between MR/FDTD and classical FDTD is provided through numerical examples. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 14, 101–105, 1997
Low-lying normal parity excitations in the 208Pb(p, p')208Pb reaction at Ep = 61.2 MeV

Abstract Differential cross sections for the excitation of the 31−, 51−, 52−, 71−, 21+, 41+, 61+ levels in 208Pb by 61.2 MeV protons have been measured. The results of collective-model and microscopic-model calculations are compared with the data. A “realistic” two-body interaction is used in the microscopic calculations. Transition densities obtained from electron scattering data and particle-hole wave functions are both considered. The results obtained using the electron scattering transition densities are quite good and provide an indication that ϱn ≧ ϱp for these excitations. The results obtained using the theoretical transition densities give only qualitative reproduction of the data. Finally, some discrepancies in earlier analyses of 208Pb+p data are resolved.
Early spermatogenesis inRhynchosciara

The development of differentiation of spermatogonia in the testes ofRhynchosciara is a relatively synchronous process. The testes are composed of three cell types. The first are small cells, possibly aberrant spermatogonia which have failed to differentiate, which actively synthesize RNA and DNA from the beginning of the first instar to the beginning of meiosis. The second cell type consists of large polytene cells whose cytoplasm anastomoses extensively and which may have a Sertoli cell-like function. The third cell type, the spermatogonia, synthesizes RNA from the first instar until the beginning of meiosis. However, DNA synthesis as well as mitotic division stops at mid-fourth instar. Groups of these cells are connected via cytoplasmic bridges, probably formed as a result of incomplete cytokinesis. These groups of cells develop synchronously. Shortly after the cessation of mitotic activity the mitochondria acquire unique inclusions. These consist of a mass of electron-lucid material which continues to accumulate throughout the last half of the fourth instar. Following the completion of meiosis, the mitochondria begin to fuse so that in the mature sperm there is a single mass of material in the matrix of what appears to be a single elongated mitochondrion.
Correlation length bounds for disordered Ising ferromagnets

Thed-dimensional, nearest-neighbor disordered Ising ferromagnet: $$H = - \sum {J_{ij} \sigma _i \sigma _j }$$ is studied as a function of both temperature,T, and a disorder parameter,λ, which measures the size of fluctuations of couplingsJij≧0. A finite-size scaling correlation length,ζf(T, λ), is defined in terms of the magnetic response of finite samples. This correlation length is shown to be equivalent, in the scaling sense, to the quenched average correlation lengthζ(T, λ), defined as the asymptotic decay rate of the quenched average two-point function. Furthermore, the magnetic response criterion which definesζf is shown to have a scale-invariant property at the critical point. The above results enable us to prove that the quenched correlation length satisfies: $$C\left| {\log \xi (T)} \right|\xi (T) \geqq \left| {T - T_c } \right|^{ - {2 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {2 d}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} d}}$$ which implies the boundv≧2/d for the quenched correlation length exponent.
Regulation of NIH-3T3 cell G1 phase transit by serum during exponential growth.

The proliferation rate of mammalian cells is regulated normally in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. During this phase, it is convenient to assign positive and negative roles to the molecular programs that regulate the duration of G1 and the phase transition from G1 to S phase. Density-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation results in an increase in the duration of G1. This form of regulation is due to both secreted factors and cell—cell contact. Serum is mitogenic to a variety of mammalian cell types. Because quiescent cells enter S phase as a result of serum addition to culture media, serum is usually regarded as a source of positive regulatory growth factors. We have measured the length of the G1, S and G2+ M phases of NIH 3T3 cells during exponential growth as a function of cell density and serum concentration. The G1 length increases during exponential growth as a function of density while S and G2+ M are relatively constant. Further, this increase in G1 phase time, or density mediated negative regulation, is inhibited by increasing serum concentration. This phenotype is saturable between 10% to 20% serum. Serum concentrations above 2.5% are able to increase the rate of cell cycling (decrease the G1 phase time) by inhibiting density dependent negative regulation of NIH 3T3.
Predictors of sexual satisfaction in an adolescent and college population.

Abstract Study Objective To assess the degree to which adolescents/young adults are satisfied in their current sexual relationships and to evaluate intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors of sexual satisfaction among that population. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting Participants were recruited from an adolescent medicine clinic and a college in Cincinnati, Ohio. Participants A total of 313 sexually experienced adolescent/young adults ranging in age from 14 to 24 participated. Fifty percent were white and 60% female. Methods Participants completed a questionnaire about their demographics, romantic relationships, mental health, sexual history/behavior, and sexual satisfaction. Univariate logistic regression models were conducted to determine the relationship between each predictor and satisfaction with their current sexual relationship. To identify the most important predictors of sexual satisfaction, a final multiple logistic regression model was created using backward elimination. Results Approximately 85% of adolescents/young adults in the present study reported feeling satisfied in their current sexual relationships. Those who were in an overall positive relationship, who were less sensitive emotionally within interpersonal relationships, and who had more frequent sex, fewer lifetime sexual partners, and more condom-protected sex were more likely to be satisfied with the current sexual relationship. Conclusions Sexuality develops within the context of both intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. Thus, researchers should incorporate a multi-factorial approach when designing studies on adolescent sexuality.
Diagnostic radiography and adult acute myeloid leukaemia: an interview and medical chart review study.

Correction to: British Journal of Cancer (2012) 104, 1482–1486, doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.114 After publication, it was noted that the dose category labels contained in Table 4 of this paper were presented at magnitude 100 times higher than was correct. The full, correct Table 4 is now presented, below:
Resistance as a factor in career counseling

Resistance can no longer be seen as a concept that is relevant only to personal counseling. The career literature includes ample reference to the role of threat and anxiety in inhibiting the decision-making process, a process that is analogous to resistance in the eclectic counseling literature. Assimilation of knowledge about resistance into the planning and implementation of career programming holds promise for helping motivate students/clients to use the career decision-making process more effectively with less defensiveness.
Voriconazole exposure and the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients

Background Voriconazole is a commonly used antifungal medication in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) patients. In solid organ transplantation, voriconazole use has been associated with the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We sought to determine if voriconazole use was associated with SCC in patients undergoing allo-HSCT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed consecutive adult patients who underwent allo-HSCT at Mayo Clinic from January 2007 through July 2012. Multivariable Cox models were created to assess the relationship of SCC with two time-dependent voriconazole exposure variables: (i) history of voriconazole exposure (yes/no), and (ii) cumulative days of voriconazole use. Results In our cohort of 381 allo-HSCT patients, SCC developed in 26 of 312 patients exposed to voriconazole (25 post-voriconazole) and in 1 of 69 patients who received alternative antifungal agent(s). Cumulative incidence of SCC was estimated to be 19% at 5 years post allo-transplant. Cumulative days of voriconazole use was found to be a risk factor for SCC, and this relationship persisted in a multivariable model using previously identified risk factors as covariates (hazard ratio 1.859 for each 180 days of use, P < 0.001). Conclusion This is the first study, to our knowledge, to identify cumulative days of voriconazole use as a risk factor for SCC development following allo-HSCT, and may help guide appropriate antifungal use in this patient population.
Differences in safety climate between hospital personnel and naval aviators.

We compared results of safety climate survey questions from health care respondents with those from naval aviation, a high-reliability organization. Separate surveys containing a subset of 23 similar questions were conducted among employees from 15 hospitals and from naval aviators from 226 squadrons. For each question a "problematic response" was defined that suggested an absence of a safety climate. Overall, the problematic response rate was 5.6% for naval aviators versus 17.5% for hospital personnel (p < .0001). The problematic response was 20.9% in high-hazard hospital domains such as emergency departments and operating rooms. Problematic response among hospital workers was up to 12 times greater than that among aviators on certain questions. Although further research on safety climate in health care is warranted, hospitals may need to make substantial changes to achieve a safety climate consistent with the status of high-reliability organizations.
Developmental Experiments in Hypnosis

Abstract Two-hundred-forty children, including ten boys and girls at each year level from five through sixteen, were selected from the entire public school population of a small city for testing on the Children's Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. For most of these children, testing was repeated yearly for the next two years. Reliability for the Children's Scale was quite satisfactory for individual prediction. There were absolutely no differences in the hypnotic susceptibility of boys and girls in this sample. Intelligence had only low positive correlations with susceptibility. The correlation of age with susceptibility, measured either cross-sectionally or longitudinally, is positive and significant, but small. Changes in individual performance over time are generally minimal, and hypnotic susceptibility may be considered a relatively stable component of personality structure.
Perinatal stress and the premature neonate: I. Effect of fluid and calorie deprivation*

The metabolic adjustments of the premature infant with or without accompanying perinatal stresses such as respiratory distress, asphyxia, toxemia in the mother, or a breech delivery were evaluated for the first 6 days of life. During the first 72 hours no fluid or calories were given. Basic similarities in the patterns of change in all groups were remarkable. Hypernatremia and prolonged acidosis were frequent findings in infants initially asphyxiated; increased weight loss and increased potassium excretion were seen in the lowest weight group in association with respiratory distress.
Vertebral Artery Dissection in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Cervical Spine Disease

A 59-year-old woman with long-standing active rheumatoid arthritis presented with posterior circulation ischemic stroke after vertebral dissection. She had severe multilevel degenerative changes of her cervical spine. She did not have classic stroke risk factors nor evidence of atherosclerotic disease or other systemic diseases. The most likely mechanism appears to be injury of the artery wall by an osteophyte, causing dissection that resulted in thrombosis and subsequent embolic strokes.
Isometric Contraction Period of the Left Ventricle in Acute Myocardial Infarction

The usefulness of nontraumatic methods for measuring the left ventricular isometric contraction period (ICP) in myocardial infarction (MI) has been evaluated. The ICP was measured in 13 normal men and 38 patients admitted to a coronary care unit with chest pain, including 18 with acute MI, 12 with old MI, and nine with chest pain of miscellaneous origin; one of these nine was also included in the group with acute myocardial infarction. ICP was determined by three different methods: (1) time between the onset of systolic wave (A) of apexcardiogram (ACG) and the beginning of upstroke (C) of carotid pulse tracing (CPT); (2) time between A and ejection crest (E) of the ACG; and (3) time between the initial low frequency, low amplitude vibration of the first heart sound, and the C of CPT. Statistically significant differences of ICP between the normal group and the three groups of patients were demonstrated only by method 1. Likewise, acute coronary ligation in seven dogs produced characteristic changes in ICP...
Trajectory-Tracking Guidance Law for Low-Thrust Earth-Orbit Transfers

Introduction S OLAR electric propulsion (SEP) may soon become a realistic option for performing Earth-orbit transfers after its successful demonstration by the  rst new millenniummission, Deep Space 1. Most of the previouswork regardinglow-thrustEarth-orbit transfers has focused on computing optimal (minimum-fuel or minimumtime) trajectories.1 i 3 Trajectory optimization results, however,may not be well suited as a basis for a practical guidance method. For example, a typical transfer from low Earth orbit (LEO) to geosynchronous orbit (GEO) using SEP would require hundreds of days of continuous thrusting and thousands of revolutions.Therefore, it may be impractical to store the optimal control solution onboard a spacecraft. These issues present several challenges for designing a good guidance system for low-thrust Earth-orbit transfers. Characteristicsof a good guidancemethod includesimplicity,autonomy,and near-optimaltrajectoryperformance.An early example of a low-thrust guidancescheme for a lunarmission is presentedby Battin, and a recent guidancemethod for low-thrust interplanetary missions is presented by Noton.5 The volume of work on guidance methods for many-revolution, low-thrust Earth-orbit transfers is somewhat limited; recent work is presented in Refs. 6–8. This Note presents a guidance scheme for performing low-thrust Earth-orbittransfers.The guidancecomputesthe thruststeeringcontrols so that a stored reference trajectory is tracked. A numerical simulation of a low-thrust LEO-GEO transfer is presented in order to demonstrate the proposed guidance scheme.
Heparin-induced platelet aggregation in burn patients

Abstract Platelets from patients with thermal injury were studied to evaluate the effect of beef lung and intestinal mucosal heparin upon platelet aggregation. In contrast to controls, 15% of samples from burn patients demonstrated spontaneous aggregation, and 60% showed either first or second phase aggregation after exposure to either heparin preparation. No difference was observed between burn patient and normal control platelets in their aggregation response to ADP. Increased spontaneous and heparin-induced aggregation seen in burn patient platelet-rich plasma could not be correlated with platelet count, sampling time, or plasma factors. The enhanced response to heparin seen in these patients appears to be intrinsic to the platelet.
Swing dynamics as primal-dual algorithm for optimal load control

In electricity transmission networks, loads can provide flexible, fast responsive, and decentralized sources for frequency regulation and generation-demand balancing, complementary to generation control. We consider an optimal load control (OLC) problem in a transmission network, when a disturbance in generation occurs on an arbitrary subset of the buses. In OLC, the frequency-insensitive loads are reduced (or increased) in real-time in a way that balances the generation shortfall (or surplus), resynchronizes the bus frequencies, and minimizes the aggregate disutility of load control. We propose a frequency-based load control mechanism and show that the swing dynamics of the network, together with the proposed mechanism, act as a decentralized primal-dual algorithm to solve OLC. Simulation shows that the proposed mechanism can resynchronize the bus frequencies, balance demand with generation and achieve the optimum of OLC within several seconds after a disturbance in generation. Through simulation, we also compare the performance of the proposed mechanism with automatic generation control (AGC), and discuss the effect of their incorporation.
Thermal and Mechanical Performance of a Carbon/Carbon Composite Spacecraft Radiator

Carbon-carbon composite materials offer greater thermal efficiency, stiffness to weight ratio, tailorability, and dimensional stability than aluminum. These lightweight thermal materials could significantly reduce the overall costs associated with satellite thermal control and weight. However, the high cost and long lead-time for carbon-carbon manufacture have limited their widespread usage. Consequently, an informal partnership between government and industrial personnel called the Carbon-Carbon Spacecraft Radiator Partnership (CSRP) was created to foster carbon-carbon composite use for thermally and structurally demanding space radiator applications. The first CSRP flight opportunity is on the New Millennium Program (NMP) Earth Orbiter-1 (EO-1) spacecraft, scheduled for launch in late 1999. For EO-1, the CSRP designed and fabricated a Carbon-Carbon Radiator (CCR) with carbon-carbon facesheets and aluminum honeycomb core, which will also serve as a structural shear panel. While carbon-carbon is an ideal thermal candidate for spacecraft radiators, in practice there are technical challenges that may compromise performance. In this work, the thermal and mechanical performance of the EO-1 CCR is assessed by analysis and testing. Both then-nal and mechanical analyses were conducted to predict the radiator response to anticipated launch and on-orbit loads. The thermal model developed was based on thermal balance test conditions. The thermal analysis was performed using SINDA version 4.0. Structural finite element modeling and analysis were performed using SDRC/1-DEAS and UAI/NASTRAN, respectively. In addition, the CCR was subjected to flight qualification thermal/vacuum and vibration tests. The panel meets or exceeds the requirements for space flight and demonstrates promise for future satellite missions.
1 methyl dl tryptophan beta 3 benzofuranyl dl alanine the oxygen analog of tryptophan and beta 3 benzo b thienyl dl alanine the sulfur analog of tryptophan are competitive inhibitors for indoleamine 2 3 dioxygenase

1-methyl-DL-Trp, beta-(3-benzofuranyl)-DL-alanine (the oxygen analog of Trp), and beta-[3-benzo(b)thienyl]-DL-alanine (the sulfur analog of Trp), each of which has a substitution at the indole nitrogen atom, were found to be the first examples of potent substrate analog competitive inhibitors (Ki 7-70 microM) with respect to the substrates D-Trp and L-Trp for rabbit small intestinal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Binding studies using optical absorption and CD spectroscopy demonstrated that these three inhibitors cause spectral changes upon binding to the native ferric, ferrous, ferrous-CO, and ferrous-NO enzymes. Such spectral effects of 1-methyl-DL-Trp on all of these enzyme derivatives were similar to those caused by L-Trp, while the sulfur and the oxygen analogs of Trp exhibit relatively small effects except for those observed for the sulfur analog with CD spectroscopy. Each of these three Trp analog inhibitors competes with L-Trp for the ferrous-CO enzyme, a model for the ferrous-O2 enzyme. The present findings demonstrate that, although substitution of a methyl group for the hydrogen atom on the indole nitrogen or of a more electron-inductive sulfur or oxygen atom for the indole nitrogen atom does not prevent the binding of the resulting Trp analog to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the free form of the indole nitrogen base is an important physical and/or electronic structural requirement for Trp to be metabolized by the enzyme. The inability of 1-methyl-Trp to serve as a substrate for the dioxygenase supports a view that singlet oxygen is not the reactive oxygen species involved in the dioxygenation of Trp by the enzyme.
Influence of polymer characteristics and melt‐spinning conditions on the production of fine denier poly(ethylene terephtalate) fibers. Part I. Rheological characterization of PET polymer melt

The rheological characterization of four poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) polymers, with viscosity average molecular weight ranging from 2.7 × 104 to 7.1 × 104, has been performed in the Instron capillary rheometer. The apparent elongational viscosity was obtained from the shear flow and entrance pressure data, following the methods proposed by Cogswell and Binding in contraction flow experiments. The PET polymers showed a tension thinning behavior in the deformation rate range of 300–3000 s−1 employed in this study. These results were explained on the basis of the network model. Polymers with similar behavior in shear may be distinct in elongational and may lead to distinct polymer processability. Polymers with lower apparent elongational viscosity level were shown to allow spinning of finer denier fibers, which is determined by the polymer spinnability.
Irreversible enzyme inhibitors LXXXVII. Hydrophobic bonding to dihydrofolic reductase IX. Mode of binding of m-aryloxyalkyl groups on 4, 6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1-phenyl-s-triazine

The relative binding to dihydrofolic reductase by 16 m -substituted 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-phenyl- s -triazines—nine of which are newly synthesized— has been measured. Strong evidence is presented to indicate that the increased binding by terminal phenyl groups on a m -substituent is due to complexing to a relatively hydrophilic area since terminal benzyl and terminal phenoxy groups give nearly the same increments in binding. The possible conversion of such compounds to candidate active-site-directed irreversible inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase is discussed.
New sources of nonspecific resistance to rust and common bacterial blight in dry bean landrace Pompadour

Thirty four lines derived from a Pompadour landrace and three other lines from the Dominican Republic were co-inoculated with three cultures of Uromyces appendiculatus and three cultures of Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli on separate leaves. The majority of the lines had dense trichomes (1–2 mm long) on the abaxial surfaces of upper leaves and developed small uredinia of moderate resistant rust reaction on the pubescent trifoliolate leaves and larger uredinia of moderate susceptible reaction on the primary glabrous leaves. Lines that lacked dense abaxial pubescence developed susceptible or moderate susceptible reactions on both primary and trifoliolate leaf stages. Differential reactions between strains of X. c phaseoli were observed on both leaf and pod infections and reactions on the leaf and on the pods were often different. Pompadour lines K, AE, R, and M had overall moderate resistance to three strains of X. c phaseoli and resistant or moderate resistance to three cultures of U. appendiculatus. These lines also have indeterminate growth habit associated with favorable and more stable seed yields and can now serve as valuable new germplasm sources for multiple disease resistance.
Weak interactions between deposited metal overlayers and organic functional groups of self-assembled monolayers

The purpose of our research is to study the reactions, interactions or penetration between vacuum-deposited metals (M) and the organic functional end groups (OFGs) of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) under controlled conditions. Metal/SAM systems are models for understanding bonding at M/organic interfaces and the concomitant adhesion between the different materials. In broad terms, the M/OFGs form interacting interfaces (e.g., Cr/COOH or Cu/COOH) in which the deposit resides on top of the OFGs or weakly interacting interfaces through which the overlayer penetrates and resides at the SAM/gold interface. We present a review of XPS results from weakly interacting systems (e.g., Cu/OH, Cu/CN, Ag/CH 3 , Ag/COOH) and discuss in more depth the time-temperature dependence of the disappearance of the metal from the M/SAM interface following deposition. In this work, XPS and ISS were used to characterize octadecanethiol (ODT, HS(CH 2 ) 17 CH 3 ), mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA, HS(CH 2 ) 10 COOH), and mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA, HS(CH 2 ) 1S COOH) SAMs before and after depositing up to 1.0 nm Ag or Cu at ca. 10 -7 torr. The SAMs were prepared by self-assembly onto gold films on silicon substrates in an ethanolic thiol solution. XPS spectra indicate that no strong interaction occurs between the deposited Ag and the COOH organic functional group (OFG) of MUA or MHA, although a stronger interaction is evident for MHA, and a unidentate is formed for Cu on mercaptoundecanol (MUO). The Ag interaction with ODT is weak. ISS compositional depth profiles (CDPs) for Ag on MHA and MUA and ODT are compared over a temperature range of 113 to 293 K. The ISS results indicate that Ag remains on the surface of MUA for up to 1 h after deposition, whereas Ag penetrates ODT in less than 5 min at 295 K. The time for Ag to penetrate into MHA is several times longer than for MUA, depending on the SAM temperature. The time dependence of the slower Ag penetration through MUA and MHA is compared with that for ODT at temperatures below 295 K. Although Ag/OFGs are expected to have relatively weak interactions, the Ag/COOH system was anticipated to be more interactive than was found, so rapid penetration of Ag through the COOH SAM is an unexpected result.
EPR line shifts and line shape changes due to spin exchange of nitroxide-free radicals in liquids 4. Test of a method to measure re-encounter rates in liquids employing 15N and 14N nitroxide spin probes.

EPR line shifts due to spin exchange of perdeuterated 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-oxyl (14N−PDT) in aqueous solutions and the same probe isotopically substituted with 15N (15N−PDT) were measured from 293 to 338 and 287 to 353 K, respectively. Nonlinear least-squares fits of the EPR spectra yielded the resonance fields of the nitrogen hyperfine lines to high precision from which the shifts were deduced. The shifts are described by two terms: one linear and the other quadratic in the electron spin-exchange frequency, ωe. The quadratic term is due to spin exchange that occurs when two spin probes diffuse together and collide. A linear term is predicted for spin exchanges that occur upon re-encounter of the same two probes while they occupy the same “cage” before diffusing apart. The quadratic term has no adjustable parameters, while the linear term has one: the mean time between re-encounters, τRE. The theory is cast in terms of the spin-exchange-induced line broadening that can be measured from ...
Cell separation with counter-current chromatography and thin-layer countercurrent distribution in aqueous two-phase system

Abstract When mixed in aqueous solution at low concentrations the neutral polymers dextran and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) form a two-phase system consisting of a PEG-rich phase floating on a dextran-rich phase. These polymer phase systems have previously been shown to selectively partition cells and other particles between the phases and their interface on the basis of various surface properties of the particles. In combination with automated countercurrent techniques, partitioning in polymer phase systems gives rapid and sensitive fractionation of particle mixtures. This article contrasts separations obtained with mixtures of erythrocytes in polymer phase systems, using a nonsynchronous coil planet centrifuge (NSCPC - a version of Ito's countercurrent chromatograph) and in three different thin-layer countercurrent distribution (CCD) instruments. The result from CCD are shown to be in accord with simple theory and thus provide assistance in interpreting the theoretically complex results from the NSCPC. F...
Electronic nose for detecting multiple targets

The discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 1977 (garnering the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the three discovering scientists) has attracted considerable interest in the application of polymers as the semiconducting and conducting materials due to their promising potential to replace silicon and metals in building devices. Previous and current efforts in developing conducting polymer microsystems mainly focus on generating a device of a single function. When multiple micropatterns made of different conducting polymers are produced on the same substrate, many microsystems of multiple functions can be envisioned. For example, analogous to the mammalian olfactory system which includes over 1,000 receptor genes in detecting various odors (e.g., beer, soda etc.), a sensor consisting of multiple distinct conducting polymer sensing elements will be capable of detecting a number of analytes simultaneously. However, existing techniques present significant technical challenges of degradation, low throughput, low resolution, depth of field, and/or residual layer in producing conducting polymer microstructures. To circumvent these challenges, an intermediate-layer lithography method developed in our group is used to generate multiple micropatterns made of different, commonly used conducting polymers, Polypyrrole (PPy), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene (PEDOT) and Polyaniline (PANI). The generated multiple micropatterns are further used in an "electronic nose" to detect water vapor, glucose, toluene and acetone.
Predicting state test scores better with intelligent tutoring systems: developing metrics to measure assistance required

The ASSISTment system was used by over 600 students in 2004-05 school year as part of their math class. While in [7] we reported student learning within the ASSISTment system, in this paper we focus on the assessment aspect. Our approach is to use data that the system collected through a year to tracking student learning and thus estimate their performance on a high-stake state test (MCAS) at the end of the year. Because our system is an intelligent tutoring system, we are able to log how much assistance students needed to solve problems (how many hints students requested and how many attempts they had to make). In this paper, our goal is to determine if the models we built by taking the assistance information into account could predict students' test scores better. We present some positive evidence that shows our goal is achieved.
Implementing virtual stairs on treadmills using torso force feedback

Describes the simulation of stairs on a treadmill style locomotion interface using torso force feedback. The active mechanical tether of the Sarcos Treadport locomotion interface applies a specialized force profile to simulate the forces of stair walking. The biomechanics of subjects walking on real stairs versus walking under the specialized force profile were compared. It was found that the tether force was able to adjust the subject's motion from standard slope walking towards that of stairs.
ON THE EVOLUTIONARY COSTS OF SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY: INCOMPLETE REPRODUCTIVE COMPENSATION DUE TO POLLEN LIMITATION

Pollen limitation affects plants with diverse reproductive systems and ecologies. In self-incompatible (SI) species, pollen limitation may preclude full reproductive compensation for prezygotic rejection of pollen. We present a model designed to explore the effects of incomplete reproductive compensation on evolutionary changes at a modifier locus that regulates the level of SI expression. Our results indicate that incomplete reproductive compensation greatly increases the evolutionary costs of SI, particularly in populations with low S-allele diversity. The evolutionary fate of modifiers of SI expression depends on the rate at which they are transmitted to future generations as well as the effects of SI on offspring number and quality. Partial SI expression can represent a stable condition rather than an evolutionarily transient state between full expression and full suppression. This unanticipated result provides the first theoretical support for the evolutionary stability of such mixed mating systems, the existence of which has recently been documented.
GABITOV–TURITSYN EQUATION FOR SOLITONS IN OPTICAL FIBERS

The dynamics of optical solitons with dispersion-management propagating through optical fibers with damping and amplification is studied. A multiple-scale perturbation expansion method is used to analyze the nonlinear Schrodinger's equation that governs the propagation of such solitons. In this paper we have considered both polarization preserving as well as birefringent fibers. Finally, the case of dense wavelength-division-multiplexed soliton system is also considered.
Constraints on surface deformation in the Seattle, WA, urban corridor from satellite radar interferometry time-series analysis

SUMMARY We apply differential InSAR (DInSAR) time-series techniques to the urban corridor between Tacoma, Seattle and Everett, WA, using 93 interferograms from three satellites (ERS 1, ERS 2 and RADARSAT-1) between 1992 and 2007. Our goal is to study local tectonic, geomorphic and groundwater processes. Consequently, we remove long-wavelength (>50–100 km) deformation signals from unwrapped interferograms. By comparing surface velocities generated via the time-series technique at more than two million points within the overlapping region between two independent ERS tracks, we estimate the uncertainty of relative surface velocity measurements to be ∼0.5 mm yr−1 in the vertical. We estimate the uncertainty of relative displacement measurements to be ∼5.4 mm, given our comparisons of DInSAR-derived time-series to GPS data, a result that is consistent both with previous DInSAR time-series analysis and with the uncertainty expected from GPS displacements projected onto the radar line-of-sight. Active tectonic deformation at shallow depths on the region's numerous east–west structures is absent over the ∼11.5 yr of SAR data examined. Assuming that the south-dipping thrust beneath Seattle and Tacoma takes up 3 mm yr−1 of north–south shortening, our data indicate that the fault must be currently locked to a depth of greater than 10 km. We also document extensive groundwater-related deformation throughout much of the study region. Most notably, we identify sharp, linear deformation gradients near Federal Way, WA, and running between Sumner, WA, and Steilacoom, WA. These features may mark the locations of previously unmapped fault splays that locally control groundwater movement. We find no slow landslide deformation on any of the numerous mapped slide complexes within Seattle, although regions of known active landsliding, such as along Perkins Lane in Seattle, exhibit radar phase de-correlation. These observations are consistent with relatively infrequent and rapid landslide deformation within Seattle.
Multi-stream dialect classification using SVM-GMM hybrid classifiers

In this paper, we investigate two important issues that influence dialect classification: (i) exploring dialect dependent features, and (ii) an effective way of combining spectral, excitation, and vocal tract information to improve dialect classification. The motivation is that dialect dependent features such as formants, LSP (line spectral pairs) and MEPZ (MFCCs + energy + pitch) span a wider range of speech production traits and are therefore better suited than traditional MFCCs for characterizing dialects. After establishing the proposed algorithm, we compare individual performances of each feature on a corpus of three dialects of Spanish. Next, we present a method for combining these features using GMM-SVM hybrid classifiers. The final combined system achieves a 30% relative improvement in dialect classification accuracy, confirming that the proposed advances significantly outperform conventional methods for dialect classification.
Managerial Leadership and the Ethical Importance of Legacy

A good theory of leadership unites personal integrity, moral commitments, legal authority, and accountability and effectiveness. This chapter presents leaving a legacy as an approach to organize managers’ and leaders’ ethical reflection. It unites personal meaning with organizational mission and connects a person's significance with organizational results. It embeds leaders in an historical setting, linking their inheritance and their obligations to the future. Thinking of a legacy guides leaders to a less controlling style, supporting people and institutions capable of adaptation and growth. While legacy does not capture all aspects of managerial leadership, it maps broad and rich understanding of leadership and responsibility linked to trusteeship.
Using Drosophila to Decipher How Mutations Associated With Human Branchio- Oto-Renal Syndrome and Optical Defects Compromise the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase and Transcriptional Functions of Eyes Absent

Eyes absent (EYA) proteins are defined by a conserved C-terminal EYA domain (ED) that both contributes to its function as a transcriptional coactivator by mediating protein-protein interactions and possesses intrinsic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. Mutations in human EYA1 result in an autosomal dominant disorder called branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome as well as congenital cataracts and ocular defects (OD). Both BOR- and OD-associated missense mutations alter residues in the conserved ED as do three missense mutations identified from Drosophila eya alleles. To investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby these mutations disrupt EYA function, we tested their activity in a series of assays that measured in vivo function, phosphatase activity, transcriptional capability, and protein-protein interactions. We find that the OD-associated mutations retain significant in vivo activity whereas those derived from BOR patients show a striking decrease or loss of in vivo functionality. Protein-protein interactions, either with its partner transcription factor Sine oculis or with EYA itself, were not significantly compromised. Finally, the results of the biochemical assays suggest that both loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and reduced transcriptional capability contribute to the impaired EYA function associated with BOR/OD syndrome, thus shedding new light into the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease.
A design methodology for low power, reduced area, reliable CMOS buffers

Circuit speed, power dissipation, physical area, and system reliability are the four performance criteria of primary concern in tapered buffer design. Each places a separate, often conflicting constraint on the design of a tapered buffer. This paper presents a unified design methodology for CMOS tapered buffers which permits trade-offs to be easily made among these four performance criteria. The methodology utilizes analytical expressions for each of the performance criteria. A process dependent look-up table is constructed based on these expressions and is used in conjunction with application-specific performance constraints to efficiently determine the optimal implementation for each particular buffer instantiation.
Fractional charge and zero modes for planar systems in a magnetic field

Attention is drawn to a relation between the recently discovered three-dimensional chiral anomaly and fermion zero modes. Application to planar systems of electrons in an external magnetic field is suggested.
The influence of lead and arsenite on the inhibition of human breast cancer MCF-7 cell proliferation by American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolius L.)

American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolius) has a number of purported therapeutic effects, including inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The ability of environmentally relevant heavy metals to alter ginseng effects on cancer cell growth was the subject of this study. A water extract of American ginseng root was applied alone or in combination with physiologically relevant doses of either lead (Pb) or arsenite to MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro and effects on cell proliferation were determined. Ginseng alone produced a significant dose-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation starting at 0.5 mg ml(-1). Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 2.5 microM arsenite significantly decreased MCF-7 cell proliferation (p < 0.01). When cells were treated with arsenite (1.25 or 2.5 microM) in combination with ginseng extract (0.5 mg ml(-1)), there was an apparent synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation. Treatment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells with 50 microM Pb significantly decreased cell proliferation relative to control (p < 0.01), and concomitant ginseng and Pb treatment did not lead to a further decrease. These results suggest that contaminant heavy metals, some of which have been detected in ginseng root extracts or commercial ginseng preparations, may alter the biological activity of ginseng.
Diffusive tortuosity factor of solid and soft cake layers: A random walk simulation approach

Diffusive tortuosity factor of solid (colloidal) and soft (biofilm) cake layers formed during membrane filtration is investigated using the random walk simulation of solute tracers. Four different structures are investigated as possible candidate structures of the cake layers: simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and random colloidal cake (RCC) structures. Low porosity of the deformable, compressible soft cake is mimicked by allowing overlaps among the adjacent particles and taking into account only the void spaces. When the volume fraction of each structure is less than its own maximum packing ratio of mono-dispersed solid spheres, Maxwell's theoretical prediction of the diffusive tortuosity factor is accurately superimposed on the simulation results, showing structural indifference of the tortuosity factor. However, when the soft cake is compressed so that the volume fraction becomes greater than the maximum packing ratio, the diffusive tortuosity factor surpasses Maxwell's theory and tends to diverge as the porosity reaches zero. The deviation of simulation results from the theory starts near the maximum packing ratio of each structure, and SC and FCC structures show higher diffusive tortuosity factors in comparison to the BCC structure. Most important, the RCC layer with a realistic irregular configuration has the highest diffusive tortuosity factor over almost the entire range of volume fraction. This implies that the solute diffusion within the soft cake layer of a random irregular structure is most hindered so that the concentration polarization and osmotic pressure of the solutes are accordingly enhanced on the membrane surface.
Cellular Telephone Use and Risk of Intratemporal Facial Nerve Tumor

Objectives/Hypothesis Microwave radiation exposure from cellular telephone use has been implicated in the development of intracranial tumors. The intratemporal facial nerve (IFN) is exposed to higher levels of cellular telephone radiation than intracranial tissues. The purpose of the study was to determine whether cellular telephone use is associated with an increased risk of IFN tumors. Study Design Case-control using a structured telephone survey at an academic, tertiary-care referral center. Methods Patients with IFN tumors (n = 18) were case-matched with patients treated for acoustic neuroma (n = 51), rhinosinusitis (n = 72), and dysphonia or gastroesophageal reflux disease (n = 69). Risk of facial nerve tumorigenesis was compared by extent of cellular telephone use and other risk factors. Results The odds ratio of developing an IFN tumor was 0.6 (95% CI, 0.2–1.9) with any handheld cellular telephone use and 0.4 (95% CI, 0.1–2.1) with regular cellular telephone use. No factors were associated with an increased risk for IFN tumor development. Conclusions Regular cellular telephone use does not appear to be associated with a higher risk of IFN tumor development. The short duration of widespread cellular telephone use precludes definite exclusion as a risk for IFN tumor development.
Comparison of toxicity profiles of fluorouracil versus oxaliplatin regimens in a large population-based cohort of elderly patients with colorectal cancer

ABSTRACT Background Population-based studies of adverse events are scarce. Our objective was to evaluate chemotherapy-associated adverse events among elderly colorectal cancer (CRC) patients treated in the community. Patients and methods Data on elderly patients aged ≥65 years diagnosed with CRC at any stage between 2003 and 2005 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)–Medicare Database. Results Of 46 692 patients assessed, 36 137 (77.4%) received no i.v. chemotherapy, 5472 (11.7%) received fluorouracil (5-FU) alone, 2284 (4.9%) received oxaliplatin-containing regimens, 1306 (2.8%) received bevacizumab-containing regimens but without oxaliplatin, and 1493 (3.2%) received other chemotherapy. Symptoms and laboratory test abnormalities were commonly found in elderly, even in those who had not received any i.v. chemotherapy. The addition of i.v. chemotherapy was associated with higher incidences of adverse events. Oxaliplatin-based regimens led to higher incidences in nausea, neutropenia, and neuropathy compared with 5-FU alone. Patients aged ≥70 years (n = 37 601, 80.5%) tended to experience higher rates of certain adverse events, including infection, anemia, delirium, and heart disease than patients aged 65–69 years (n = 9091, 19.5%). Conclusions Among community-dwelling elderly with CRC, the addition of i.v. chemotherapy and advanced age were associated with increasing adverse events. Appropriate selection of patients and assessment of social support may be important.