cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light absorption properties of the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary

Seasonal and spatial variations of the light absorption coefficient, a(λ), were investigated in the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary (i.e., Jamaica Bay, Hudson/Raritan Bay, and Inner Harbor) from August 2008 through June 2009 to characterize the bio-optical characteristics of the estuary. The nonalgal particles (NAP) made a constant light absorption contribution of 18 ± 6% (mean ± standard deviation) (440 nm) over the entire estuary. Covariation among chlorophyll a, total suspended solid, and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was not observed, indicating optical complexity of the estuary. Two optical domains were observed: a phytoplankton-dominated regime (Jamaica Bay) and a CDOM dominated regime (Inner Harbor and Hudson/Raritan Bay). Specific absorption coefficient a ph * (λ) decreased with increasing chlorophyll a; this was due to the large cell sizes of diatoms based on package effect analysis. The sources of CDOM and NAP were terrestrial and of in situ origins, respectively. The slopes of CDOM (S CDOM) and NAP (S NAP) of the estuary were reported for the first time. Overall, this study provided the most complete characterization of light absorption for the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary, which will provide critical parameters and insights to build/refine remote sensing models for monitoring water quality in the estuary.
Comb-calibrated frequency-modulated continuous-wave ladar for absolute distance measurements

We demonstrate a comb-calibrated frequency-modulated continuous-wave laser detection and ranging (FMCW ladar) system for absolute distance measurements. The FMCW ladar uses a compact external cavity laser that is swept quasi-sinusoidally over 1 THz at a 1 kHz rate. The system simultaneously records the heterodyne FMCW ladar signal and the instantaneous laser frequency at sweep rates up to 3400 THz/s, as measured against a free-running frequency comb (femtosecond fiber laser). Demodulation of the ladar signal against the instantaneous laser frequency yields the range to the target with 1 ms update rates, bandwidth-limited 130 μm resolution and a ~100 nm accuracy that is directly linked to the counted repetition rate of the comb. The precision is <100 nm at the 1 ms update rate and reaches ~6 nm for a 100 ms average.
Nemo-like kinase inhibits osteoblastogenesis by suppressing bone morphogenetic protein and WNT canonical signaling.

The bone morphogenetic protein/Signaling mothers against decapentaplegic (BMP/Smad) and the WNT signaling pathways regulate the commitment of mesenchymal cells to the osteoblastic lineage. Nemo like kinase (Nlk) is an evolutionary conserved kinase that suppresses Smad transactivation and WNT canonical signaling. However, it is not clear whether these effects of Nlk have any consequence on the differentiation of mammalian cells. To study the function of Nlk during the commitment of ST-2 bone marrow stromal cells to the osteoblastic fate, Nlk was downregulated by RNA interference (RNAi), following transfection of a specific small interfering (si)RNA. Nlk downregulation increased alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression and sensitized ST-2 cells to the effects of BMP2 and WNT3 on alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression and activity. Accordingly, Nlk downregulation enhanced the effect of BMP2 on the transactivation of the BMP/Smad reporter construct 12xSBE-Oc-pGL3, and on the levels of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8, whereas it did not affect the transactivation of the transforming growth factor-β/Smad reporter pSBE-Luc. Nlk downregulation sensitized ST-2 cells to the effects of WNT3 on the transactivation of the WNT/T-cell factor (Tcf) reporter construct 16xTCF-Luc, whereas it did not affect cytosolic β-catenin levels,. To understand the function of Nlk in cells committed to the osteoblastic lineage, Nlk was suppressed by RNAi in primary calvarial osteoblasts. Downregulation of Nlk increased alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin transcripts and sensitized osteoblasts to the effects of BMP2 on alkaline phosphatase activity and Smad1/5/8 transactivation and phosphorylation. In conclusion, Nlk suppresses osteoblastogenesis by opposing BMP/Smad and WNT canonical signaling.
Issues in accessing and sharing confidential survey and social science data

Researchers collect data from both individuals and organizations under pledges of confidentiality. The U.S. Federal statistical system has established practices and procedures that enable others to access the confidential data it collects. The two main methods are to restrict the content of the data (termed "restricted data") prior to release to the general public and to restrict the conditions under which the data can be accessed, i.e., at what locations, for what purposes (termed "restricted access"). This paper reviews restricted data and restricted access practices in several U.S. statistical agencies. It concludes with suggestions for sharing confidential social science data.
Finite element modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with periodic dielectric structures

A finite element formulation is presented for the modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with dielectric structures which are periodic in one dimension in a cartesian coordinate system. The structures are two-dimensional, in the sense that the geometry and material properties remain invariant in one of the other two dimensions; however, they may vary arbitrarily in the third dimension. Fourier series expansions of the periodic permittivity function and Floquet's theory are used to reduce the problem into a system of coupled ordinary differential equations. The system is solved numerically using an efficient one-dimensional finite element method. Applications of the proposed method include plane wave diffraction by dielectric gratings as well as dispersion analysis of periodically segmented waveguides. Comparisons with results obtained using alternative methods are used to verify the proposed method and demonstrate its accuracy. >
The Natufian hunting conundrum: spears, atlatls, or bows? musculoskeletal and armature evidence

Research efforts to identify, measure, and interpret musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) provide data which have utility as independent tests of archaeological hypotheses. The purpose of this paper is to examine MSM from the upper appendicular skeletal elements of prehistoric hunter gatherer groups in the southern Levant of southwest Asia to investigate what forms of weapon technology were being used. Examination of 72 Natufian (12 500–10 000 B.P.) individuals from sites in Jordan and Palestine comprise the skeletal data set. Observations and ordinal measures of the grade and type of MSM reflect higher functional demands and pronounced right side asymmetry among Natufian males. Among the 22 muscle and ligament attachment sites examined, males scored consistently higher, significantly so, with respect to a suite of synergistic muscles that are associated with overhand throwing motions. While this evidence does not preclude the use of bow and arrow technology during the Natufian, it does suggest that hand- and atlatl-delivered projectiles may have continued to play an important role in hunting activities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Old and new ways not to study comprehension: comments on Petretic & Tweney's (1977) experimental review of Shipley, Smith & Gleitman (1969)*

This paper rebuts a recent article in this journal (Petretic & Tweney 1977), which claimed to overthrow prior findings of ours. We show that subject populations, methods, and scoring procedures differed materially in the two studies, logically disallowing comparative interpretation of them. We demonstrate that the original study concerned syntactic organization; and that interpretation of it, or of the recent study, as bearing on comprehension is largely unjustified. Finally, we comment on our prior work in the context of new developments and findings about child language which postdate its publication in 1969.
Adaptive interfaces: modeling tasks and users

The use of fuzzy logic is suggested as a powerful set of techniques for building user models. With this in mind, the author presents an introductory overview of several projects that are approaching user modeling from a fuzzy perspective. It is suggested that fuzzy user models and fuzzy users can provide the necessary adaptive mechanisms for intelligent human-computer interfaces. >
Oxidation of Hafnium Carbide in the Temperature Range 1400° to 2060°C

After hafnium carbide has been oxidized at temperatures in the range of 1400° to 2060°C, three distinct layers are present in the film cross section: (a) a residual carbide layer with dissolved oxygen in the lattice, (b) a dense-appearing oxide interlayer containing carbon, and (c) a porous outer layer of hafnium oxide. Experimental measurements of layer thicknesses and oxygen concentrations are combined with an extended formulation of moving-boundary diffusion theory to obtain the diffusion constants of oxygen in each of the three layers. The results indicate that the oxide interlayer is a better diffusion barrier for oxygen than either of the other layers. Based on X-ray microanalysis, X-ray diffraction, and resistance measurements, the interlayer is an oxygen-deficient oxide of hafnium with a carbon impurity. The interlayer hardness equals that of the residual carbide layer.
Study of the imaging properties in high N.A. projection optics

As requiring the higher resolution in photo-lithography, the numerical aperture (NA) of the projection optics is enlarging year by year. It seems obvious that optical resolution is simply proportional to the NA of the optical system. However, this is not exactly valid in high NA imaging because of the vectorial nature of light. We study this problem by using the rigorous diffraction theory.
Discoidal Porous Silicon Particles: Fabrication and Biodistribution in Breast Cancer Bearing Mice

Porous silicon (pSi) is emerging as a promising material in the development of nanovectors for the systemic delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents. The integration of photolithographic patterning, typical of the semiconductor industry, with electrochemical silicon etching provides a highly flexible strategy to fabricate monodisperse and precisely tailored nanovectors. Here, a microfabrication strategy for direct lithographic patterning of discoidal pSi particles is presented that enables precise and independent control over particle size, shape, and porous structure. Discoidal pSi nanovectors with diameters ranging from 500 to 2600 nm, heights from 200 to 700 nm, pore sizes from 5 to 150 nm, and porosities from 40 to 90% are demonstrated. The degradation in serum, interaction with immune and endothelial cells in vitro, and biodistribution in mice bearing breast tumors are assessed for two discoidal nanovectors with sizes of 600 nm × 400 nm and 1000 nm × 400 nm. It is shown that both particle types are degraded after 24 h of continuous gentle agitation in serum, do not stimulate cytokine release from macrophages or affect endothelial cell viability, and accumulate up to about 10% of the injected dose per gram tissue in orthotopic murine models of breast cancer. The accumulation of the discoidal pSi nanovectors into the breast tumor mass is found to be up to five times higher than for spherical silica beads with similar diameters.
A component-based visual simulator for MIPS32 processors

Processor implementation and performance analysis are fundamental in computer architecture education. A processor can be described at different abstraction levels: a black box with inputs and outputs, the composition of RT (Register-Transfer) level components, the composition of gate level components, etc. Performance of a processor is impacted by factors such as clock cycle, programs, and componentspsila propagation delays. With the traditional text-based educational material, teaching and learning of the processor implementation is difficult. Processor simulation offers an effective way for education through dynamic visualization and flexible experimentation. This paper presents a MIPS32 Processor Simulator that models the single-cycle, multi-cycle, and pipeline processors described in the classic textbook, ldquoComputer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interfacerdquo written by Patterson and Hennessy. The Simulator is developed in DEVSJAVA simulator, a realization of the Discrete Event System Specification with support for modeling parallel, hierarchical, and component-based systems. This simulator provides animation at RT-level during instruction execution, collects performance data (including cycle count, execution time, and instruction count), allows viewing components at desired abstraction levels, and is platform independent. The simulator can also be easily extended/reused to develop other processor types. Existing MIPS processor simulators do not provide sufficient support for the above mentioned features.
Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in infants and children.

Summary Objective: To review the technology required for and the applications of transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TC-CO2) monitoring in infants and children. Data source: A computerized, bibliographic search regarding the applications of transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TC-CO2) monitoring in infants and children. Results: Although the direct measurement of PaCO2 remains the gold standard, it provides only a single measurement of what is often a rapidly changing and evolving clinical picture. Given these concerns, there remains a clinical need for a means to continuously monitor PaCO2 without the need for repeated blood gas analysis. Although initially introduced into the neonatal intensive care unit; with improvements in the technology, TC-CO2 monitoring can now be used in infants, children and even adults. When compared with end-tidal carbon dioxide (ET-CO2) monitoring techniques, TC-CO2 monitoring has been shown to be equally as accurate in patients with normal respiratory function and more accurate in patients with shunt or ventilation–perfusion inequalities. TC-CO2 monitoring can be applied in situations that generally preclude ET-CO2 monitoring such as high frequency ventilation, apnea testing, and noninvasive ventilation. TC-CO2 monitoring has also been used in spontaneously breathing children with airway and respiratory issues such as croup and status asthmaticus as well as to monitor metabolic status during treatment of acidosis related to diabetic ketoacidosis. Conclusions: Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring may be a useful adjunct in various clinical scenarios in infants and children. It should be viewed as a complimentary technology and may be used in combination with ET-CO2 monitoring.
Thermodynamical cost of reversible computing

Since reversible computing requires preservation of information throughout the entire computational process, it implies that all the errors that appear as a result of the interaction of the information-carrying system with uncontrolled degrees of freedom must be corrected. This can only be done at the expense of an increase in the entropy of the environment corresponding to the dissipation of the "noisy" part of the energy of the system in the form of heat.This paper gives an expression of that energy in terms of the effective noise temperature, and calculates the relationship between the energy dissipation rate and the rate of computation.
Inflammatory breast carcinoma: a community hospital experience.

Abstract Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare form of rapidly progressive breast cancer. We reviewed the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of IBC in our inner city community-based hospital and compared results with previous published reports. Study Design: Twenty-five patients were diagnosed and treated for IBC at the Catholic Medical Center of Brooklyn and Queens during the 6-year period of January 1989 through December 1995. Criteria for inclusion in this study were clinical or histopathologic evidence, or both, of inflammatory carcinoma. Results: IBC comprised 2.0% (25 of 1,257) of all breast cancer patients initially diagnosed during this study. All presented with clinical signs of IBC. Invasion of dermal lymphatics by neoplastic cells was demonstrated in 68% (17 of 25) of biopsy specimens. Sixty-eight percent (17 of 25) of patients presented with metastatic (ie, stage IV) disease and 28% (7 of 25) with stage IIIb; one patient (4%) died before staging. Estrogen and progesterone receptor studies were done on 72% (18 of 25) of all specimens. Of those patients who died, 85% were estrogen and progesterone receptor negative; of those surviving, 60% were estrogen receptor positive. Twenty (80%) of the 25 patients died, after a mean survival of 11.8 months and 5 (20%) remain alive, with a mean survival of 44.8 months. Of those who died, 85% were stage IV at presentation. All five survivors were stage IIIb at presentation. Patients underwent a variety of multimodal therapies. Survival was significantly associated with earlier stage at diagnosis and estrogen receptor positivity. Conclusions: IBC is characterized by rapid progression and dismal outcome. Earlier stage at diagnosis and positive estrogen receptor status suggest a more favorable prognosis. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as part of a multimodal approach, has significantly improved the outcome for IBC, but this is limited to patients with stage IIIb disease. Most of our patients presented with stage IV disease. If improvement is to be realized at the community level, limited health care resources must be directed toward aggressive physician and public education.
Multiculturalism and Racialization in Latin America and the Caribbean

This article, which is based on a keynote address, delivered for the 2nd International Congress of Caribbean Studies, held at the Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia, in August of 2012, argues that Caribbean nations are in dire need to analyze and deconstruct the foundational myths upon which their national unities were constructed after achieving independence. This process is under way in such countries as Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia, but has not been carried out for most Caribbean nations, maybe with the exception of Cuba. Where such efforts have not been pursued vigorously, myths of racial harmony tend to prevail. These myths, while having served the initial purpose of undermining factionalism and potential secession, are now standing in the way of recognizing cultural diversity so that it can be addressed with meaningful public policies. Before a thorough dismantling of such foundational myths of racial harmony is achieved, multiculturalism, i.e. the equal recognition of different cultures living in one country, remains elusive.
Framework for energy brokerage system with reserve margin and transmission losses

The power industry in the United States is presently participating in a changing business environment. While planning to meet future peak demand is still a concern, the efficient utilization of existing generation and transmission resources is fast becoming of primary interest. This interest suggests to move from cost-based market operations to price-based market operations. In such a business environment, a need for a mechanism to determine the pricing of various ancillary services is desired as the ancillary services go together with electrical power transfer. The proposed approach develops a novel method of pricing mechanism for reserve margins and transmission losses as a part of the overall transaction in an energy brokerage system. The brokerage model described in this paper is based on formulations using linear programming.
An experimental exploration of Waddington’s epigenetic landscape

Variation in the branching morphologies of clonal plants, fungi, and sessile marine invertebrates is frequently correlated with a suite of life-history traits (e.g. ‘phalanx’ or ‘guerilla’). These correlations have been interpreted to be the causal product of selection. A tacit assumption of selection on a trait is that development is canalized in the manner Waddington originally suggested for aclonal taxa, i.e. small perturbations in development result in a return to an equilibrial morphology. We tested this assumption by manipulating developing colonies of the hydroid Hydractinia echinata . The growth trajectory of these colonies follows a clone-specific schedule of production of three structures: feeding polyps, stolonal mat, and peripheral stolons. Isogeneic manipulations of the relative frequency of these structures show that developing colonies can regulate the rate of production of these three structures, but that regulation does not result in rapid convergence on a common growth trajectory.
Pharmacological protection of CNS white matter during anoxia: actions of phenytoin, carbamazepine and diazepam.

The effects of phenytoin (DPH), carbamazepine (CBZ) and diazepam (DZP) on anoxia-induced injury in CNS white matter were studied using the in vitro rat optic nerve preparation. Optic nerves were subjected to 60 min of anoxia and functional recovery was assessed using the area under the compound action potential. Under normoxic conditions, application of DPH, CBZ and DZP reduced compound action potential area over concentration ranges known to block sodium channels. All three compounds, however, protected against anoxic injury at concentrations below those that inhibited the normoxic compound action potential. Thus, the application of 1 microM DPH, CBZ or DZP during anoxia resulted in compound action potential recovery to 60.0, 53.8 and 69.2% of control, respectively, compared to compound action potential recovery of 34.8% in the absence of drugs (P < .05 in all three cases). In the cases of CBZ and DPH, 60% improvement in recovery from anoxia was produced by concentrations well below those employed clinically to treat epilepsy, suggesting a potential role for these drugs in the protection of CNS white matter from anoxic injury.
A Critical Peep into Tourism Education in India: An Ex-Insider's Reflections

The present paper provides some intensely personal reflections about the past, present, and future of tourism higher education in India. In addition to more trivial issues such as curriculum design, instruction, and campus placements, deeper currents that manipulate the system such as authority and dogma are touched upon. Special mention is accorded to the historical factors that resulted in the current state of institution development and the future outlook. The author worked as a faculty member in one of the Central Universities of India teaching tourism before he migrated to the United States five years back, which gives him the unique vantage point of an ex-insider. While no grand design is offered as a panacea, it is hoped that the discussion contained here will help clarify the issues better, which is the first major step in identifying meaningful solutions.
The results of treatment—Medical and surgical—in gall bladder disease

In this paper I have tried to bring before you the results of my experience in this field, mycredo, if you will, and to ask you to share with me certain beliefs that have, through many years, gradually crystallized in my mind and which have helped me in my attempt to attack this very difficult problem in the way that is best for patient and for doctor. I am sure that it is wrong to consider the gall bladder as a separate entity and not as a part of the entire biliary tree, although in a considerable proportion of cases, the major portion of the pathology is concentrated there and it is in this group of cases where surgical attack upon the gall bladder is likely to be most successful. I am convinced that, in analyzing the symptoms, we must determine how many are referable to the gall bladder itself, how many to liver, ducts and biliary tract, for on the results of such analysis, must rest our decision as to medical or surgical treatment; and, if the latter is decided upon, what is the best operative procedure? I am quite convinced that cholecystectomy is the operation of choice in the vast majority of cases in which surgery is indicated, and, that in a good many of these cases, complete relief may be obtained by the removal of the gall bladder. I am equally convinced that where there is evidence of extensive liver and biliary tract infection as well, it is far wiser, if surgery is to be done, to employ cholecystostomy, possibly followed later by cholecystectomy or cholecystogastrostomy. I have touched upon the physiological basis for medical and dietetic treatment and its simplicity and its success in a fair number of chronic cases if carried out conscientiously, but I have tried not to over-emphasize its value because surgery must be utilized in most of the severe and many of the milder cases. Finally (for after all what is the value of treatment if diagnosis is not correct?), I have tried to preach the doctrine of thoroughness in reaching one’s final conclusions as to the underlying pathology: I have insisted upon the absolute necessity of a careful history of the case as well as the utilization of all the laboratory methods at our command. I have pointed out the difficulties in diagnosis in this field because of the striking tendency of the gall bladder to mirror symptoms due to disease elsewhere and in turn to be the cause of referred symptoms. To me, this will always be a fascinating field, a field beset with many difficulties, a field in which often we must grope rather blindly for a while, but one which I feel sure will become easier and easier of exploration if we attack each individual case thoroughly and scientifically—without prejudice and without bias—and if we try to learn as much, or more, from our failures than from our successes.
Spectral element methods for shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction analysis

In high speed flows the interactions of shock waves with turbulent boundary layers are important design considerations because of the complex flowfields resulting in increased adverse pressure gradients, skin friction, and temperatures. Unsteadiness and three-dimensional flowfield structure are also characteristic of shock wave turbulent boundary layer interactions. Such physical phenomena require sophisticated numerical schemes in the solution of governing equations. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to introduce an accurate and effic'tent approach the Mixed Explicit-Implicit Generalized Galerkin Spectral Element Method (MEI-GG-SEM) with Legendre .polynomial spectral elements in which flowfield dependent implicitness parameters automatically provide adequate computational requirements for compressible and incompressible floTtecor high speed and low speed flows. This is in contrast to the traditional approach in which allspeed-regime analysis requires a separate hyperbolic-elliptic pressure equation for pressure correction if the flow becomes incompressible. In the MEI-GG-SEM scheme, mesh refinements are carried out adaptively until shock waves are resolved, followed then by the adaptive increase of Legendre polynomial degrees until turbulence microscales are resolved, in which the traditional turbulence modeling is no longer required, aimed toward direct numerical simulation. In order to demonstrate the validity of the theory and numerical procedure, two-dimensional flat plate and compression corner high speed flows are investigated. Comparisons of the present study with experimental measurements and other numerical studies show favorable agreements.
Cyp1b1 affects external control of mouse hepatocytes, fatty acid homeostasis and signaling involving HNF4α and PPARα.

Cytochrome P450 1b1 (Cyp1b1) is expressed in endothelia, stellate cells and pre-adipocytes, but not hepatocytes. Deletion alters liver fatty acid metabolism and prevents obesity and hepatic steatosis. This suggests a novel extra-hepatocyte regulation directed from cells that express Cyp1b1. To characterize these mechanisms, microarray gene expression was analyzed in livers of normal and congenic Cyp1b1-ko C57BL/6 J mice fed either low or high fat diets. Cyp1b1-ko gene responses indicate suppression of endogenous PPARα activity, a switch from triglyceride storage to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and decreased oxidative stress. Many gene responses in Cyp1b1-ko are sexually dimorphic and correspond to increased activity of growth hormone mediated by HNF4α. Male responses stimulated by GH pulses are enhanced, whereas responses that decline exhibit further suppression, including Cyp regulation by PPARα, CAR and PXR. These effects of Cyp1b1 deletion overlap with effects caused by deletion of the small heterodimeric partner, a suppressor of these nuclear factors. Redirection of gene expression associated with liver fat homeostasis in Cyp1b1-ko mice that directs hypothalamic control of GH and leptin. Cyp1b1-ko suppresses neonatal Scd1 and delays adult maturation of dimorphic GH/HNF4α signaling. Alternatively, deletion may diminish hypothalamic metabolism of estradiol, which establishes adult GH regulation.
Different Levels of Leadership for Learning: Investigating Differences between Teachers Individually and Collectively Using Multilevel Factor Analysis of the 2011-2012 Schools and Staffing Survey.

AbstractThis study investigated the differences between how individual teachers perceive leadership for learning and how teachers collectively perceive leadership for learning, using a large nationally generalizable data-set of 7070 schools from the National Center for Education Statistics 2011–2012 Schools and Staffing Survey. This study used cross-validation multilevel factor analysis to find that individual teachers view leadership for learning as consisting of six factors (school influence, classroom control, collegial climate, student attendance, neighbourhood context, teacher commitment) whereas teachers collectively (e.g. as a faculty) perceive three factors that are non-isomorphic with the individual-level factors (instructional leadership, management, social environment). These results imply that teachers collectively have a functional view of leadership, while individual teachers have views more aligned to specific areas of influence. This article provides the beginning of a theoretical framewor...
Epidemiology and mechanisms of sudden cardiac death.

Les moyens limites pour reperer les individus, plutot que les populations, a risque constituent un defi particulier pour la prevention de la mort cardiaque subite. Les facteurs de risque genetiques et moleculaires font partie des nouvelles mesures a etre explorees. En attendant l'acces a une reconnaissance efficace des risques et a des methodes de stratification, la prevention generale - y compris les traitements cardioprotecteurs et l'acces generalise aux defibrillateurs externes automatises - demeure essentielle.
Engineering the 1BS chromosome arm in wheat to remove the Rf multi locus restoring male fertility in cytoplasms of Aegilops kotschyi , Ae. uniaristata and Ae. mutica

Key message By removing theRfmultilocus from chromosome 1BS of wheat via chromosome engineering we were able to generate a resource for the production of male sterile wheats in three new cytoplasms.
Impact of Desensitization on Antiviral Immunity in HLA-Sensitized Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Viral infections represent significant morbidity and mortality factors in kidney transplant recipients, with CMV, EBV, and BKV infections being most common. Desensitization (DES) with IVIg and rituximab with/without plasma exchange followed by kidney transplantation with alemtuzumab induction increased successful transplant rates in HLA-sensitized patients but may represent an increased risk for viral infections due to severe lymphocyte depletion. Here, we report on the posttransplant viral infection status in 372 DES versus 538 non-DES patients. CMV and EBV viremia were significantly lower in DES patients, while BKV viremia was similar. This trend was observed primarily in CMV sero(−), EBV sero(+), and sero(−) patients. No patient developed PTLD. The incidence of BKAN, allograft, and patient survival was similar in both groups. These viral infections were not associated with subsequent allograft rejection which occurred within 6 months after the infection. Conclusions. The IVIg + rituximab desensitization combined with alemtuzumab induction with triple immunosuppression maintenance does not increase the risk for CMV, EBV, and BKV infections. Possible factors include, in addition to posttransplant antiviral prophylaxis and PCR monitoring, presence of memory T cells and antibodies specific to CMV and likely EBV, NK cell-mediated ADCC despite lymphocyte depletion, elimination of EBV and CMV reservoirs by rituximab and alemtuzumab, and use of IVIg with antiviral properties.
Insomnia, Sleep Quality, and Quality of Life in Mild to Moderate Parkinson’s Disease

Rationale: Sleep disorders are prevalent in Parkinson’s disease but underreported in clinical settings. The contribution of sleep disorders to health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for patients with this degenerative neurological disease are not well known.Objectives: To evaluate the impact of insomnia symptoms, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and poor sleep quality on HRQOL in a cohort of patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease.Methods: We enrolled a convenience sample of 66 adults seen in the University of Miami Movement Disorders Clinic between July 2011 and June 2013. Participants completed validated questionnaires to determine insomnia symptoms, OSA risk, depression, anxiety, and HRQOL. All patients underwent unattended polysomnography to confirm OSA. Results were compared for those with and without insomnia symptoms. Principal component and regression analyses were performed to evaluate determinants of HRQOL.Measurements and Main Results: Participants were predominately Hispanic males with mild...
A Review and Analysis of Selected School Climate Measures

Although it is widely agreed that there is no universally accepted definition for school climate, most professionals ground it in shared beliefs, values, and attitudes reflecting the quality and ch...
Unbundling household preferences for improved sanitation: A choice experiment from an urban settlement in Nicaragua

Many urban settlements in developing countries still lack access to sanitation services, which puts the environment and population health at risk. The lack of knowledge on household preferences for improved sanitation has been an impediment to extending conventional and onsite sanitation infrastructure. This study implemented a choice experiment to elicit households' willingness to pay for the disposal of different types of waste (i.e. wastewater, excreta, and rainwater) in an urban settlement in Nicaragua. Generalized multinomial logit models were estimated to account for heterogeneity among respondents in both choice behavior and preferences for specific attributes. Findings indicate that households are willing to pay a considerable amount of money for improved disposal of wastewater, excreta, and rainwater. However, households have stronger preferences for wastewater and excreta removal than for disposal of rainwater.
The Adventures of Superoxide Dismutase in Health and Disease: Superoxide in the Balance

This chapter focuses on superoxide dismutases (SOD), a group of enzymes important for removing biologically generated superoxide anion radical (O 2 ). These enzymes function by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, and their action helps to protect cells from oxidation of lipids, proteins and DNA. These enzymes are crucial in maintaining a proper balance of superoxide within specific cellular compartments that is essential for normal cellular signaling and stress responses. Three forms of SOD exist in humans: copper and zinc containing SOD (CuZnSOD), manganese containing SOD (MnSOD) and extracellular SOD (ecSOD). Each of the three SOD proteins plays a unique physiological role based in part on its tissue distribution and sub cellular localization. For example CuZnSOD is generally found in the cytosol, but can also be localized in the nucleus under certain conditions. CuZnSOD protects proteins, lipids and nuclear DNA from oxidation. In contrast, MnSOD, an enzyme required for life in an oxygen atmosphere, is located specifically in the mitochondrial matrix and protects the respiratory machinery and mitochondrial DNA from oxidative damage. ecSOD is found both extracellularly and on the plasma membrane. Its expression is greatest in endothelial cells of blood vessels where its key role appears to be regulating superoxide interactions with nitric oxide. Superoxide and nitric oxide react to form peroxynitrite, a toxic species. This reaction decreases the bioavailability of nitric oxide so it can no longer function to maintain vascular tone and health. The balance of superoxide and nitric oxide is therefore vital for proper vasculature function. In disease processes, dysregulation of SODs results in a pathogenic imbalance of superoxide, leading to profound effects on cells and tissue. For example, aberrant structure or activity of CuZnSOD has been linked to the neurological disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and developmental abnormalities seen in Down’s syndrome. Similarly, decreases in the function of MnSOD Free Radical & Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, 100 Newton Road, B180 ML, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA * Corresponding author: Tel: 319-335-8018; Fax: 319-335-8039; Email: frederick-domann@uiowa.edu G. Valacchi, P.A. Davis (eds.) Oxidants in Biology, 183 © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008 184 K.M. Powers et al. have been shown to play a role in carcinogenesis. Finally, cardiovascular disease is associated with poor vascular tone following lowered nitric oxide bioavailability. Decreased ecSOD function results in increased peroxynitrite formation that causes damage to the vasculature, thus accelerating cardiovascular disease. In summary, SODs are an essential group of enzymes that must be present at appropriate levels, structure, and locations to maintain a healthy balance of superoxide, necessary for development and disease prevention.
Patience on a Monument: Prophetic Time in Shakespeare, Fuseli, and Michelangelo

This essay shows how a political–theological reading of Twelfth Night yields a literary criticism alert to the injurious biases of inveterate prejudice and unequal power while seeking within the un...
Enhancing hydrogen-dependent growth of and carbon dioxide fixation by Clostridium ljungdahlii through nitrate supplementation

Synthesis gas (syngas) fermentation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway is receiving growing attention as a possible platform for the fixation of CO 2 and renewable production of fuels and chemicals. However, the pathway operates near the thermodynamic limit of life, resulting in minimal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and long doubling times. This calls into question the feasibility of producing high-energy compounds at industrially relevant levels. In this study, we investigated the possibility of co-utilizing nitrate as an inexpensive additional electron acceptor to enhance ATP production during H 2 -dependent growth of Clostridium ljungdahlii, Moorella thermoacetica, and Acetobacterium woodii. In contrast to other acetogens tested, growth rate and final biomass titer were improved for C. ljungdahlii growing on a mixture of H 2 and CO 2 when supplemented with nitrate. Transcriptomic analysis, 13 CO 2 labeling, and an electron balance were used to understand how electron flux was partitioned between CO 2 and nitrate. We further show that, with nitrate supplementation, the ATP/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratio and acetyl-CoA pools were increased by fivefold and threefold, respectively, suggesting that this strategy could be useful for the production of ATP-intensive heterologous products from acetyl-CoA. Finally, we propose a pathway for enhanced ATP production from nitrate and use this as a basis to calculate theoretical yields for a variety of products. This study demonstrates a viable strategy for the decoupling of ATP production from carbon dioxide fixation, which will serve to significantly improve the CO 2 fixation rate and the production metrics of other chemicals from CO 2 and H 2 in this host.
Academic Achievement, Stress, and Energy Drink Consumption Among Middle School Youth

Background: Many early adolescents regularly consume energy drinks (EDs); however, little is known about the associated academic and psychosocial factors. The aim of this study was to examine assoc...
THERMOREGULATORY CHANGES FOLLOWING THE MENOPAUSE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study to examine thermoregulatory changes following menopause. Eight patients were studied of whom five had spontaneously entered the climacteric and three had undergone oophorectomy. The age range was 37–66 years. Four normal menstruating subjects in the early follicular phase of the cycle were also studied. Measurements were carried out during a 24 h period on two separate occasions, approximately 7 days apart, with the subjects lightly clothed in bed in a thermally controlled room. During the first period of study, the patient was allowed to sleep during the normal time; in the second period, her sleeping time was reversed. Twenty-five flushing episodes were analyzed in detail in the postmenopausal patients. The mean values of the measured parameters are illustrated in the chapter.
Testing for Hepatitis C in Pregnancy: the Time has Come for Routine Rather than Risk-based.

The purpose of this review is to discuss the reasons for HCV testing during pregnancy and to review what is known about antiviral treatment during pregnancy. Hepatitis C virus affects over 3 million persons in the USA and is one of the leading infectious causes of death. While HCV is most commonly transmitted via parenteral exposures, thus affecting people who inject drugs, it is also transmitted from mother-to-child. Due to an expanding opioid crisis, an increasing number of women of childbearing age are now infected, resulting in transmission to infants. Risk-based screening has never been proven effective and thus universal screening of pregnant women for HCV infection has been recommended. Obstetricians may play a key role in the USA by implementing universal testing for HCV in pregnant women, thereby enhancing the health of mothers and identifying children at risk.
RAY CURVATURE AND REFRACTION OF WAVE PACKETS

Directional wave data obtained simultaneously at two measurement sites is used to confirm the constancy, and therefore the validity, of Snell's laws for wave packets. It is found that the wave packets refract according to Snell's law with the geometric group velocity whereas the wavelets within a packet refract according to Snell’s law with phase velocity. An expression for the ray curvature of a wave packet is derived which is suitable for use in wave prediction programs. The ray curvature of the wave packet is found to vanish if the packet direction becomes either perpendicular or parallel to the wave speed contours, assuming the wavelet direction is not parallel to the contours. This means that as a hydron (wave packet) moves into shoaling water refraction tends eventually to turn the hydron so that it is directed either perpendicular or parallel to the shoreline. The first case is similar to monochromatic waves. For parallel water depth contours, it is the result for hydrons which begin in deep water if the angle of incidence is between 0° and 74.8° with respect to the contour normal. However, for deep water angles of incidence equal to or greater than 74.8° the hydrons are turned and move parallel to shore in water of intermediate depth. The packet ray curvature approaches infinity as the wavelet direction, but not the hydron direction, becomes parallel to the wave speed contours. The result is total reflection of the waves. Total reflection occurs if a hydron is moving into deeper water and its initial direction exceeds a critical angle. At the reflection point the hydron direction becomes perpendicular to the water depth contours. Further, the hydron velocity goes to zero, which is consistent with a particle concept. As in quantum mechanics, the wave-particle duality is encountered.
Establishing initial auditory-visual conditional discriminations and emergence of initial tacts in young children with autism spectrum disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often display impaired listener skills, and few studies have evaluated procedures for establishing initial auditory-visual conditional discrimination skills. We developed and evaluated a treatment package for training initial auditory-visual conditional discriminations based on the extant research on training such discriminations in children with ASD with at least some preexisting skills in this area. The treatment package included (a) conditional-only training, (b) prompting the participant to echo the sample stimulus as a differential observing response, (c) prompting correct selection responses using an identity-match prompt, (d) using progressively delayed prompts, and (e) repeating trials until the participant emitted an independent correct response. Results indicated all participants mastered all listener targets, and the two participants for whom we tested the emergence of corresponding tacts showed mastery of most tacts without direct training. We discuss these results relative to prior research on listener skills and tacts.
Indigenous representation and engagement in research using routinely collected data.

I would like to thank Dr. Janet Smylie and Wanda Phillips-Beck for their thoughtful commentary in CMAJ .[1][1] I agree with them that the low uptake of prenatal care among mothers who had a child placed in care goes well beyond what we discussed in our study, including ongoing colonialism, anti-
Racism postrace: edited by Roopali Mukherjee, Sarah Banet-Weiser, and Herman Gray, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2019,3542 pp., $27.95(pb), ISBN 978-1-4780-0180-5

The notion of postrace assumes that race is no longer an impediment to success. With enough ambition and hardwork, success is now presumably possible for any of us, regardless of our racial differe...
Cell type specific gene expression profiling reveals a role for the complement component C3A in neutrophil migration to tissue damage

Abstract Following acute injury, leukocytes rapidly infiltrate into tissues. For efficient recruitment, leukocytes must sense and respond to signals from both from the damaged tissue and from one another. However, the cell type specific transcriptional changes that influence leukocyte recruitment and wound healing have not been well characterized. In this study, we performed a large-scale translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) and RNA sequencing screen in larval zebrafish to identify genes differentially expressed by neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelial cells in the context of wounding. We identified the complement pathway and c3a.1, homologous to the C3A component of human complement, as significantly increased in neutrophils in response to a wound. We report that c3a.1−/− zebrafish larvae have impaired neutrophil responses to both tail wounds and localized bacterial infections, as well as increased susceptibility to infection due to a neutrophil-intrinsic function of C3A. We further show that C3A enhances migration of human primary neutrophils to IL-8 and that c3a.1−/− larvae have impaired neutrophil migration in vivo, and a decrease in neutrophil directed migration speed early after wounding. Together, our findings suggest a role for C3A in mediating efficient neutrophil migration to damaged tissues and support the power of TRAP to identify cell-specific changes in gene expression associated with wound-associated inflammation.