cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Dura Matter? Loss Causation and the Implications of Dura Pharmaceuticals V. Broudo

Dura Pharmaceuticals v. Broudo has been heralded as the most important securities case of the past decade. Many have suggested that its requirement that plaintiffs provide evidence of a significant stock price decline associated with a corrective disclosure will make it significantly harder to bring securities fraud cases. We use event study techniques to examine how hard it would have been to meet this requirement in a comprehensive dataset of 10b-5 cases in the two decades before Dura was decided. If those cases are representative of what cases might be brought post-Dura, our findings suggest that Dura will not have much of an effect.
Steel-Plate Composite Wall-to-Wall T-Joints: Joint Shear Strength

AbstractSteel-plate composite (SC) walls are used in the containment internal structures (CIS) of safety-related nuclear facilities. CIS are typically composed of multiple SC walls intersecting eac...
Every child, every time: hospital-wide child abuse screening increases awareness and state reporting.

A review of our child abuse evaluation system demonstrated a lack of standardization leading to low reporting levels. The purpose of this quality improvement initiative was to develop a standard child abuse screening tool; an education program increasing awareness to child abuse; and to measure the impact of the screening tool in reporting. A screening tool was developed and implemented for all trauma patients < 15 years of age; staff was educated; and a child protection team (CPT) was established. Within 9 months, screening was extended to all patients admitted to the children’s hospital. Screening compliance, number of child abuse reporting forms (CY-47) filed, and consultations to the CPT were monitored. Initially, there was an average screening compliance of 56%. After making the program hospital-wide, the compliance rate increased to an average of 96%; and the average number of CPT consults increased from 2 to 10 per month. Over this study period, the average number of CY-47s filed increased from 6.1 to 7.3 per month. Hospital-wide use of an objective screening tool, frequent re-education, and the support of an experienced child protection team led to improved child abuse screening compliance and more consistent suspected-abuse reporting rates.
Modification of Chloroplast Development by Irradiance

Vascular plants and green algae respond to changes in the light environment in which they grown. Acclimation of plants to different irradiance regimes affects chloroplast development as well as the composition, structure and function of the photochemical apparatus [1,28]. The response may involve the cab gene expression, affecting both the size and composition of the chlorophyll (Chl) antenna of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), the PSII/PSI stoichiometry in the thylakoid membrane, and the operation of the PSII repair cycle which is responsible for the degradation and replacement of damaged D1/32 kDa (organelle psb A gene product) proteins in chloroplasts [25].
Agreement on Major Pathological Response in NSCLC Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Abstract Introduction We have suggested that major pathologic response (MPR) could serve as a surrogate endpoint for survival and provide rapid means of comparing different neoadjuvant treatment regimens. Here, we confirm that MPR is predictive of long-term overall survival (OS) in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection, to assess agreement on MPR between 2 observers, and to determine the minimum number of slides needed to obtain an accurate determination of MPR. Patients and Methods We identified 151 patients with NSCLC who had been treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by complete surgical resection from 2008 to 2012. Tissue specimens were retrospectively evaluated by 2 pathologists who had been blinded to patients’ treatment and outcome. We assessed the relationships between MPR and OS, the levels of agreement between the pathologists, and determined the number of slides needed to obtain an accurate determination of MPR. Results Our results reveal that MPR examined by either observer 1 (experienced) or by observer 2 (trained) was significantly predictive of long-term OS after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. MPR was associated with long-term OS in patients with NSCLC undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy on multivariable analysis (hazard ratio 2.68; P = .01). The levels of agreement between 2 pathologists were high after direct in-person training by one pathologist or the other (R2 = 0.994). Our data suggest that at least 3 slides should be read to accurately determine MPR. Conclusions MPR is significantly predictive of long-term OS in neoadjuvant chemotherapy–treated patients with NSCLC. MPR may serve as a surrogate endpoint for evaluating novel chemotherapies and immunotherapy response in biomarker-driven translational clinical trials.
Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple Procedure)

This chapter discusses technical aspects of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure), including instrumentation and equipment, patient positioning and trocar placement, and surgical steps. The authors also offer pearls and pitfalls.
Working towards consensus in the management of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis

Abstract Objective The prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), defined by mucosal thickening on imaging, approaches 100% in the cystic fibrosis (CF) population. CRS is associated with significant morbidity in CF, including its ability to trigger pulmonary exacerbations. CRS in CF is typically managed by pediatricians, otolaryngologists and pulmonologists. This survey evaluates the variance in practice patterns of CRS in CF amongst specialists. Methods This is a cross-sectional, electronic survey in which maximum variation purposive sampling was used by a multi-disciplinary group of pediatric, otolaryngology and pulmonology providers in order to select a survey population with expertise in CRS in CF patients. The survey was distributed to 381 practitioners from September to October 2019. Results 175 participants responded (45% response rate). Ten (of 54) statements achieved 75% consensus agreement. Consensus statements included: The decision to pursue surgical intervention for CRS in CF is a multi-disciplinary approach (94%; n = 146); maximal medical management should include nasal saline irrigation (93%; n = 142), topical steroids (75%; n = 117), maximal medical management should not include intravenous steroids (79%; n = 122); image guidance in surgery is necessary for all surgery involving the frontal sinuses (77%; n = 43), and all revision surgery(80%, n = 45); the appropriate setting for sinus surgery in a CF patient varies depending on patient presentation (89%; n = 133); post-operative regimen should include nasal saline (93%; n = 137); but does depend on the severity of disease discovered intra-operatively (84%; n = 124); post-operative antibiotics should be guided by intra-operative culture data (82%; n = 121). Conclusions There is a great deal of variation amongst specialists in the treatment of CRS in CF, however 10 statements met consensus criteria and should be considered when forming clinical care guidelines in this population.
Macroeconomic stabilization through taxation and indexation: The use of firm-specific information

Abstract This paper considers two alternative approaches to stabilizing an economy with firm-specific productivity disturbances. The first uses wage contracts tying wages in each firm to these disturbances as well as the price level. The second uses a taxation scheme together with a wage indexation rule tying wages to prices alone. Both these schemes are viable as long as the firm-specific disturbance is known to all agents. If the firm alone observes the productivity disturbance, under either scheme it has an incentive to misrepresent current conditions. However, a combination of these two schemes is both welfare maximizing and incentive compatible.
All Alone in Arbitration

To put it mildly, the relationship between the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) and class actions is controversial. Since 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court has decided a rash of cases that make it impossible for the millions of consumers and employees who are subject to forced arbitration clauses to aggregate claims. Opinions like AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion have made class arbitration waivers bulletproof. Likewise, in Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, the Court prohibited judges and arbitrators from interpreting an arbitration provision that does not expressly authorize class arbitration to permit such proceedings. Dozens of policymakers, lower courts, journalists, interest groups, and academics have objected that placing the onus on individuals to arbitrate their own small-dollar com-plaints functions as a “‘[g]et out of jail free’ card” for corporate liability. Nevertheless, Hila Keren’s Divided and Conquered: The Neoliberal Roots and Emotional Consequences of the Arbitration Revolution manages to say something new about the “arbitration revolution.” This invited response to her article has two goals. First, I discuss why I admire her piece while also flagging one constructive criticism. Second, I use her analysis as the springboard to discuss the budding phenomenon of mass arbitration.
Increasing temperature weakens the positive effect of genetic diversity on population growth

ABSTRACT Genetic diversity and temperature increases associated with global climate change, are known to independently influence population growth and extinction risk. Whether increasing temperature may influence the effect of genetic diversity on population growth, however, is not known. We address this issue in the model protist system Tetrahymena thermophila. We test the hypothesis that at temperatures closer to the species thermal optimum (i.e., the temperature at which population growth is maximal), genetic diversity should have a weaker effect on population growth compared to temperatures away from the thermal optimum. To do so, we grew populations of T. thermophila with varying levels of genetic diversity at increasingly warmer temperatures and quantified their intrinsic population growth rate, r. We found that genetic diversity increases population growth at cooler temperatures, but that as temperature increases, this effect almost completely disappears. We also show that a combination of changes in the amount of expressed genetic diversity (G), plastic changes in population growth across temperatures (E), and strong GxE interactions, underlie this temperature effect. Our results uncover important but largely overlooked temperature effects that have implications for the management of small populations with depauperate genetic stocks in an increasingly warming world.
Surgical telementoring: Feasibility, applicability, and how to

Surgical training does not end at the conclusion of residency training. Expansions in medical technology and surgical technique have created a steep learning curve for the young attending surgeon. The emergence of intraoperative telementoring has allowed experienced surgeons to guide learners through complex surgical cases remotely with the assistance of streaming video technology. Here, we describe the basics of telementoring, financial and legal considerations, and recommend hardware specifications for optimal use.
Identifying gaps in training on sexual health for caregivers of adolescents in foster care

Youth in foster care are a vulnerable group of adolescents that experience worse sexual health outcomes, including higher rates of STIs, HIV, and early and repeat pregnancy, compared to youth not i...
Prognostic Scores for Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes

Purpose of the Review Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for large vessel occlusion strokes (LVOS) presents several treatment challenges. We provide a summary of existing tools for patient selection (pre-EVT tools) and for prognostication of long-term outcomes following reperfusion therapy (post-EVT tools). Recent Findings Recently published randomized trials demonstrated superiority of EVT over medical therapy alone for LVOS. Uniform patient selection paradigms based on demographic, clinical, and radiographic variables are not completely standardized, leading to variability in patient selection for EVT for LVOS. Post-EVT, an accurate assessment of long-term prognosis is critical in the decision-making process. Summary Prognostic scores can serve as useful adjuncts to facilitate clinical decision-making during early management of patients with ischemic stroke, particularly those with LVOS. The acute management of LVOS comprises rapid clinical assessment, triage, and cerebrovascular imaging, followed by evaluation for candidacy for thrombolysis and EVT. Pre-EVT prognostic tools that accurately predict the likelihood of benefit from EVT may guide reliable, efficient, and cost-effective patient selection. Following EVT, severe stroke deficits and subacute poststroke complications that portend a poor prognosis may warrant invasive therapies. Clinical decisions regarding these treatment options involve careful discussions between providers and patient families, and are also based on prognosis provided by the treating clinician. Reliable post-EVT prognostic tools can facilitate this by providing accurate and objective prognostic information. Several prognostic tools have been developed and validated in the literature, some of which may be applicable in the pre-EVT and post-EVT settings, although clinical utility and application varies. Validation in contemporary datasets as well as implementation and impact studies are needed before these scales can be used to guide clinical decisions for individual patients.
Assembly of Nucleosomal Templates by Salt Dialysis

Because it is convenient to assemble nucleosomal templates through salt dialysis, large amounts of chromatin complexes can be made easily and in a short amount of time. This unit includes instructions for the various salt dialysis schemes (step versus gradient), which are accompanied by protocols for purification of core histones from bacteria and preparation of DNA for the nucleosomal arrays. Electrophoretic procedures to analyze the reconstituted complexes are also included.
Technical Tips: Electrode Safety in Pediatric Prolonged EEG Recordings

ABSTRACT.Electrodes are an essential element of electroencephalography. Complications related to the use of recording electrodes are known to occur but not much is known about the mechanism, risk factors, and incidence of such complications. In this study, we wanted to identify the incidence and potential risk factors for electrode related skin injuries. We found that such injuries occur in 11.4% of children.
Podcasting, Cognitive Theory, and Really Simple Syndication: What is the potential impact when used together?

The addition of video capabilities to portable media playing devices has engendered a broader definition of the term pod cast to include video files. Current research designs on pod cast use in education are neglectful of the considerations of cognitive load on student learning. Podcasting is the process by which multimedia learning objects (MLos) are delivered via Really Simple Syndication (RSS). This review identifies connections between the technology, pedagogy, and student learning that should be emphasized in podcast research. The importance of using podcasts is discussed, and the current types and uses of podcasting are identified. Areas where the potential of podcasts have not been realized, such as rss us age, are also identified. Cognitive load theory and the impli cations of podcast and learner attributes on the design princi ples for MLos are discussed. Finally, conclusions of the cur rent review and suggestions for future studies are presented.
An evaluation of methods for measuring cell osmolarity with invitroand invivogrownLycopersiconplants

Abstract Three standard techniques (thermocouple psychrometry, cell sap extraction, and plasmolysis) and two novel methods (osmometer solution, and image analysis) were comparatively evaluated for estimation of leaf cell water and osmotic potentials in vitro and in vivo. The test plants, tomato (Lycopersicon) assessionsL. esculentum ‘Chico III’,L. pennellii, L. peruvianum, and L. cheesmanii, were grown as whole plants under microculture and growth chamber cultural environments. Each of the methods for measuring total water potential (thermocouple psychrometry, osmometer solution, and image analysis) and osmotic potential (thermocouple psychrometry, cell sap extraction) yielded consistent results when applied to microculture test plants (from a highly controlled, uniform environment), but results from growth chamber grown plants were too variable (between methods) to be conclusive. Plasmolysis gave unrealistically high estimates of osmolarity in all cases. Tissue water potential and osmolarity estimates we...
Effects of supplemental soybean oil level on in vitro digestion and performance of prepubertal beef heifers.

In vitro digestion and growth studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of level of soybean oil inclusion in forage-based diets. In Exp. 1, diets were bromegrass hay (H), bromegrass hay and corn-soybean meal supplement (C), C with 3% added soybean oil (O3), and C with 6% added soybean (O6). Diets containing supplements were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Treatment means were compared using a single-degree-of-freedom contrast (H vs C, O3, and O6) and orthogonal polynomial contrasts within diets C, O3, and O6. Diet H had the lowest (P = .0003) IVDMD and a linear decline (P = .0001) in IVDMD was observed from C to O6, but 24-h IVDMD disappearance was greatest (P = .001; quadratic) for O3. Total VFA increased from C to O3 and then decreased from O3 to O6 (quadratic; P = .001), and acetate:propionate ratio decreased linearly (P = .0001) from C to O6. Changes in long-chain fatty acids reflected biohydrogenation by ruminal microbes; however, only 18:3 was hydrogenated to the same extent across all diets. In Exp. 2, 36 Angus x Gelbvieh heifers (260.0 +/- 6.0 kg initial BW) were individually fed C, O3, or O6 as mixed rations for 104 d. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and provide ADG of .91 kg. Feed efficiency and ADG was greatest (P or = .10) among dietary treatments. Inclusion of soybean oil at 3% of a forage-based diet increased total VFA, many blood metabolites, ADG, and feed efficiency, and it decreased time to conception. Adding soybean oil as 3% of a forage-based diet is an acceptable feeding strategy for developing beef heifers.
Raman spectra of hydrated phospholipid bilayers: Part 1. Measurement of humidity-dependent phase transitions

Abstract Details of the design and construction of a humidity-controlled Raman cell are presented. The cell provides for the observation of 160° backscattering from a horizontal trough containing a lipid dispersion in equilibrium with N2 gas at controlled humidity and temperature. Phase transitions were induced by controlling the humidity (water content) of the gas passed over the sample. Changes in spectral band intensities were used to monitor the lipid phase transition from fluid to gel. The phase-transition temperature (lamellar liquid crystal to lamellar gel) or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine was found to increase by 0.44°C per relative-humidity (RH) unit decrease.
Degradation of off-state leakage in PMOS transistors under hot carrier injection

This research investigates the degradation of the off-state leakage current and punchthrough voltage as a function of channel hot carrier stress for buried-channel as well as surface-channel devices. A number of additional parameters such as Idlin, Idsat, Vt, and Gm were also monitored throughout the stress; however, the off-state leakage current degraded the fastest. Changes in leakage current of greater than three orders of magnitude can be hot carrier induced combined with a substantial reduction in punchthrough voltage. Since the off-state leakage has a strong temperature dependence, these effects can become particularly severe at junction temperatures approaching 100/spl deg/C. The activation energy of the hot carrier temperature dependence was calculated to be about -0.2 eV. Degradation rate modeling indicated a simple power law dependence on maximum gate current with an exponent of 2. It was shown that hot carrier robustness could be improved in pMOS transistors by implementing an LDD structure.
Eutectic salt catalysts for graphite and coal char gasification

Low melting binary and ternary eutectics of the alkali metal halides, carbonates and sulphates have been found to be more effective low temperature catalysts for the CO2 and steam gasification of graphite and coal chars than the pure salt components. The reduced melting points of the eutectic phase facilitate contact between the catalyst and the carbonaceous substrate.
Does Neonatal Bladder Exstrophy Closure Lead to Better Bladder Growth than Delayed Closure

Purpose Neonatal bladder exstrophy closure is thought to offer the advantage of early bladder cycling leading to better bladder growth in subsequent years compared to delayed bladder closure. This study was designed to verify this assumption. Material and Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed classic bladder exstrophy patients treated at their institution who had repeated cystograms between the age of 1 and 5 years. Patients with previous failed bladder closure were excluded. Two groups were identified according to the timing of bladder closure: neonatal (group A) and delayed (group B). Patients in group B had small bladder templates which did not allow neonatal bladder closure. A bladder growth trend line was fit for patients in group A and B. Student t-test was used to compare age of closure, cystographic capacity at 1 and 5 years and the rate of bladder growth in group A and B. Results Seventy-three patients were identified: 46 in group A (33 male and 13 females) and 27 in group B (21 males and 6 females). Table 1 shows the main results for both groups. Patients in group A had larger cystographic capacity at the age of 1 and 5 years compared to those in group B, however the rate of bladder growth (ml/year) was not statistically significantly different between the 2 groups. Group A Group B P value Mean (SD) age at closure (days) 3 (2) 375 (218) Mean (SD) capacity at 1 year (ml) 62 (38) 36 (24) 0.04 Mean (SD) capacity at 5 years (ml) 114 (48) 82 (37) 0.01 Bladder growth rate (ml/year) 12.2 12.5 NS Conclusions Patients with small bladder templates, who underwent delayed bladder closure, showed smaller cystographic capacities compared to those with bigger bladder templates, who underwent neonatal bladder closure. However, timing of closure did not modify the rate of bladder growth in our exstrophy population.
Large network models using the brain organization simulation system (BOSS)

BOSS is a discrete-event simulation system designed for large models of neural networks. Because of the flexibility of its parameters, it has also been used to simulate an integrated-circuit logic array intend ed for picture processing. A test of a circuit of 2700 logic elements illustrates the pictorial inputs and outputs for BOSS simulations. A much more com plex model of a section of cerebellar cortex involving 22,000 synapses and 1,800 neurons of 12 different functional types has been used to demonstrate one possible mechanism by which the brain is able to learn.
Analysis of scintillator crystal production via the edge-defined film-fed growth method

A model of edge-defined film-fed (EFG) crystal growth is developed to study melt growth of cylinders of the scintillator crystal cesium iodide (CsI). This system is characterized by strongly nonlinear interactions of heat transfer, capillarity, and die geometry that give rise to multiple solution states under a single set of operating conditions. A thermal-capillary instability is identified that stems from meniscus sag due to gravity, which causes an inflection point to appear in the meniscus shape. This shape allows two solutions to coexist that correspond to different crystal diameters and gap sizes (axial length of liquid bridge between die and crystal). Also identified is an instability of convective heat transfer characterized by a strong interaction of thermal convection with the geometry of the growth interface.
Engineering overview of the Integrated Cybernetic Music System research project

The Center for Music Research at the Florida State University School of Music has embarked on an ambitious research project which will culminate in the creation of an Integrated Cybernetic Music System (ICMS), a general purpose computer system for music research, composition, performance, and instruction. The ICMS project involves the design and construction of several computer devices, and the completed ICMS will be able to read printed scores, "hear" melodies either sung or played on musical instruments, play music automatically through a powerful multi-voice synthesizer, and print music via standard computer printing hardware. All components of the ICMS can communicate through a single central database. The ICMS will permit interactive editing of music in standard music notation.The creation of the ICMS represents an interesting engineering challenge, because music is inherently such a complex and high-bandwidth artform. Each user's "music station" must perform special purpose computations locally. The ICMS research will include experimentation with new types of "human input" devices, which will permit real-time user control of computer-aided performances.
Radiation effects in nitrided oxides

Electron radiation effects on silicon dioxide films, before and after ammonia annealing (nitridation), have been studied. The most striking result is that the generation of radiation-induced interface states is nearly eliminated in the nitrided oxides.
Controlled nucleation of hydroxyapatite on alginate scaffolds for stem cell-based bone tissue engineering

Current bone tissue engineering strategies aim to grow a tissue similar to native bone by combining cells and biologically active molecules with a scaffold material. In this study, a macroporous scaffold made from the seaweed- derived polymer alginate was synthesized and mineralized for cell-based bone tissue engineering applications. Nuclea- tion of a bone-like hydroxyapatite mineral was achieved by incubating the scaffold in modified simulated body fluids (mSBF) for 4 weeks. Analysis using scanning electron micros- copy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis indicated growth of a continuous layer of mineral primarily composed of cal- cium and phosphorous. X-ray diffraction analysis showed peaks associated with hydroxyapatite, the major inorganic constituent of human bone tissue. In addition to the mineral characterization, the ability to control nucleation on the sur- face, into the bulk of the material, or on the inner pore surfa- ces of scaffolds was demonstrated. Finally, human MSCs attached and proliferated on the mineralized scaffolds and cell attachment improved when seeding cells on mineral coated alginate scaffolds. This novel alginate- HAP composite material could be used in bone tissue engineering as a scaf- fold material to deliver cells, and perhaps also biologically active molecules. V C
Statistical Calibration of Wafer Probe Data into a Fixtured Environment

A methodology for improving the design verification process will be discussed. Statistical regression was used to determine the relationship between wafer probe and fixtured S-parameter and compression measurements. Statistical calibration is discussed in the context of modeling measurements of both the magnitude and phase in a fixtured environment given wafer probe data. The calibration procedure was successfully demonstrated on power amplifier data over the 6.5- to 20-GHz range.
Retrospective Review of Digoxin Exposures to a Poison Control System following Recall of Digitek® Tablets

Background In April 2008, Digitek® digoxin tablets were recalled by the manufacturer as possibly containing double the labeled amount of drug. The recall to March 2006 involved 800 million tablets.
Biliteracy and Schooling in an Extended-Family Nicaraguan Immigrant Household: The Sociohistorical Construction of Parental Involvement.

Situating parental involvement in education within a sociohistorical context, this case study of a Nicaraguan immigrant household in California contrasts the perspectives of two sisters-inlaw who shared a home and whose daughters attended the same urban elementary school. Although the two women were involved in their daughters' schooling in different ways, the article illustrates how both women drew on a variety of personal, family, and community resources to support the girls' academic success.
Electric power resource provisioning for large scale public EV charging facilities

The mainstream adoption of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (EVs/PHEVs) requires the wide deployment of public charging stations of large scale. Such facilities are essential for this goal, and probably represent the only option for drivers living in densely populated areas. They could also provide complementary service to extend the EV range for drivers who also have access to domicile charging. On the other hand, since these stations will mainly operate during the day, stochastic customer demand exerted on the power grid may threaten its reliability. Hence, the problem of electric power resource provisioning should be carefully considered. In this study, we propose a capacity planning framework by exploiting the stochastic behavior of customer demand at each charging slot in large capacity stations. Our framework assigns a constant power to each charging slot. Thus, aggregated stochastic demand is approximated by a deterministic quantity, at the price of denying service to a very small percentage of customers. Our model leads to significant savings in power provisioning and provides critical insights about the design of charging station.
The effect of ocean tides on the Earth's rotation as predicted by the results of an ocean tide model

The published ocean tidal angular momentum results of Seiler (1991) are used to predict the effects of the most important semidiurnal, diurnal, and long period ocean tides on the earth's rotation. The separate, as well as combined, effects of ocean tidal currents and sea level height changes on the length-of-day, UT1, and polar motion are computed. The predicted polar motion results reported here account for the presence of the free core nutation and are given in terms of the motion of the celestial ephemeris pole so that they can be compared directly to the results of observations. Outside the retrograde diurnal tidal band, the summed effect of the semidiurnal and diurnal ocean tides studied here predict peak-to-peak polar motion amplitudes as large as 2 mas. Within the retrograde diurnal tidal band, the resonant enhancement caused by the free core nutation leads to predicted polar motion amplitudes as large as 9 mas.
Influences on Adoption of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets among US States, 1998-2008.

While the United States has not established federal regulations for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, many US states have adopted their own standards and guidelines. In this study we examine state adoption of targets for GHG reductions during the ten-year period of 1998-2008, and identify factors that explain variation in target adoption. Potential influences are drawn from research from the public policy formulation and diffusion literature, and from studies specific to climate policy adoption. Potential influences on GHG reduction efforts among US states include socioeconomic attributes of residents, political and ideological orientations of citizens and state government, interest group activities, environmental pressures, and proximity to other states that have adopted GHG reduction targets. The findings of the multinomial logistic regression analysis indicate that states are more likely to adopt GHG reduction targets if they share a border with another state with a similar climate program and if their citizens are more ideologically liberal. Other factors including socioeconomic resources and interest group activities were not found to be associated with policy adoption. The findings yield insights into the conditions under which states are more likely to take action to reduce GHG’s, and are relevant both to state policy makers and residents with an interest in climate planning, and for researchers attempting to estimate future greenhouse gas reduction scenarios.
Exact and heuristic solution approaches for the mixed integer setup knapsack problem

We consider a class of knapsack problems that include setup costs for families of items. An individual item can be loaded into the knapsack only if a setup cost is incurred for the family to which it belongs. A mixed integer programming formulation for the problem is provided along with exact and heuristic solution methods. The exact algorithm uses cross decomposition. The proposed heuristic gives fast and tight bounds. In addition, a Benders decomposition algorithm is presented to solve the continuous relaxation of the problem. This method for solving the continuous relaxation can be used to improve the performance of a branch and bound algorithm for solving the integer problem. Computational performance of the algorithms are reported and compared to CPLEX.
Electrochemical Li-ion storage in defect spinel iron oxides: the critical role of cation vacancies

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are the preferred power source for consumer electronic devices, but the cost and toxicity of many cathode materials limit their scale-up. Worldwide research efforts are addressing this concern by transitioning from conventional Co- and Ni-based intercalation hosts towards Fe- and Mn-based alternatives. The unfavorable energetics of the Fe2+/3+redox couple and limited Li-insertion capacities render the use of iron oxides impractical. We address this limitation with the defect spinel ferrite γ-Fe2O3 as a model structure for Li-ion insertion by replacing a fraction of the Fe3+ sites with highly oxidized Mo6+ to generate cation vacancies that shift the onset of Li-ion insertion to more positive potentials as well as increase capacity. In the present study, native and Mo-substituted iron oxides are synthesized via base-catalyzed precipitation in aqueous media, yielding nanocrystalline spinel materials that also exhibit short-range disorder characteristic of a proton-stabilized structure. The Mo-substituted ferrite reported herein is estimated to have ∼3× as many cation vacancies as γ-Fe2O3 with a corresponding increase in the Li-ion capacity to >100 mA h g−1 between 4.1 and 2.0 V vs.Li/Li+. This dual enhancement in capacity and insertion potential will enable these and related defect spinel ferrites to be explored as positive electrode materials for lithium batteries, while retaining the cost advantages of a material whose metal composition is still predominately iron based.
Global asymptotic stability for minimum-delay difference equations

This paper considers equations of the form Conditions on f and which guarantee global asymptotic stability of positive solutions are provided. The results generalize recent work in the literature for equations of the form . Asymptotic periodicity for solutions is also considered.
William James: The Center of His Vision

William James made a significant contribution to American intellectual life and the discipline of psychology. This biography ties his thought and life together in a personal and detailed way. The text uses material including James' diaries, class notes, family correspondence, and love letters to his wife, Alice and goes beyond a chronology of key events in James' life to focus on a detailed account of his intellectual and creative development. Instead of concentrating on the importance of James' "spiritual crisis" in the late 1800s, it reveals the emotional dependence that he had on his wife Alice.
Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Over the past 50 years, relationships between stress and the neurobiological changes seen in psychiatric disorders have been well-documented. A major focus of investigations in this area has been the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, both as a marker of stress response and as a mediator of additional downstream pathophysiologic changes. This review examines the emerging literature concerning the relationship between stress, HPA axis function, and depression, as well as the role of early life stress as an important risk factor for HPA axis dysregulation. The more recent studies reviewed suggest that the prominence of HPA axis hyperactivity in adults with depressive and anxiety disorders may constitute a link between the occurrence of adversity in childhood and the development of adult psychopathology
Refractive index of LiF films as a function of time

The optical properties and thickness of evaporated LiF films on silver or aluminum were determined by attenuated total reflection techniques as a function of time after deposition. With the LiF films maintained in vacuum, the refractive index increased from ~1.3 to ~1.4, or close to the crystalline value, in the course of a few days. This implies that the LiF, loosely packed when first deposited, anneals over a period of time to the more closely packed crystalline configuration. The LiF films were found to be optically isotropic in contrast to earlier reports of anisotropy.
Influence of gravity on growth orientations of tin single crystals

Abstract Growth orientations are given for tin single crystals solidified while under the influence of from one through five gravity forces. A previously unobserved growth orientation preference is exhibited.
Re-Visioning the Interface: Technological Fashion

ABSTRACT This paper elucidates two positions (the positivist and the critical) that inform the creative design of technological fashion. On the one side is the instrumentalist trend toward the minimized or disappearing interface. On the other, some theorists and artists suggest that increased invisibility presents social and ethical concerns (such as invasiveness and control) when networking and communication devices are involved. The positivist side has roots in modernist design. Positivist designers create responsive and controllable fabrics using shape-changing polymers, e-textiles, and nano-scale electronics to resolve clumsy and prohibitive problems of hardware vs. body. The critical side draws upon archetypal ideas about technology and the body that are familiar from literature and science fiction, and includes writers and media artists who emphasize the intractable or mechanic nature of technological clothing to enhance, rather than erase, the body. The paper concludes that both positions must be c...
Large-scale anisotropy in the extragalactic gamma-ray background as a probe for cosmological antimatter

Intrinsic anisotropies in the extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB), which should be detectable with the forthcoming Gamma Ray Observatory, can be used to examine some of the mechanisms proposed to explain its origin, one of which, the baryon-symmetric big bang (BSBB) model, is investigated here. In this simulation, large domains containing matter and antimatter galaxies produce gamma rays by annihilation at the domain boundaries. This mechanism can produce mountain-chain-shaped angular fluctuations in the EGB flux.
Stargardt's Disease and the ABCR Gene

Stargardt's disease is an autosomal recessive form of juvenile macular degeneration. The clinical presentation, relevant ancillary tests, and classic histologic features will be reviewed. The role of genetic mutations in the pathophysiology of Stargardt's disease will also be explored. Stargardt's disease is caused by mutations in the ABCR (ABCA4) gene on chromosome 1. Mutations in this gene have also been attributed to some cases of cone-rod dystrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. The genetic and molecular pathways that produce Stargardt's disease will be discussed. Future diagnostic and therapeutic objectives for this visually disabling condition will also be presented.
Continuous hydrothermal synthesis of iron oxide and PVA-protected iron oxide nanoparticles

Abstract Factors that affect the size, size distribution, and morphology of α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles obtained via continuous hydrothermal synthesis have been investigated in this work. The presence of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) during synthesis is shown to limit the aggregation of particles and to produce narrow particle size distributions than in the case when PVA is absent. Narrow particle size distributions are also obtained with an increase in PVA concentration, beyond a minimum concentration required to cover all particles with a polymer layer. The average particle size is shown to increase with temperature and residence time, and is accompanied by morphology changes in some cases. Both modeling and experimental studies indicate that equilibrium species distributions do not affect the particle morphology, so that changes in morphology in this work are probably due to kinetic phenomena.
Use of knowledge acquisition to build wildfire representation in Geographical Information Systems

Wildfire provides a good example to study spatio-temporal representations for GIS applications because of its spatio-temporal variability. One of the salient features ofa GIS is itsbuilt-in capability to calculate and maintain centroid, length, area, and topological relations among spatial objects. Likewise, a competent temporal GIS should be able to support queries about temporal measures, such as rate, frequency, life expectancy, and temporal relations. In doing so, temporal GIS need well-designed representations to structure spatiotemporal constructs and their relations. While temporal information is often incorporated into GIS by time-stamping attributes or layers, this research applies knowledge acquisition techniques of written materials analysis and unstructured interviews with wildfire professionals to elicit conceptual models for wildfire representation. Four elicited conceptual models form a wildfire information cycle which presents a continuum in wildfire conceptualization across different type...
FROM CONNECTION TO SEPARATION (AND BACK): SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND MAY DAY

The following considers the interplay between connection and separation in social movements. Exploring the example of the May 1, 2007 police raid on the Immigrant Rights rally in MacArthur Park in Los Angeles, the following considers the ways the Global Justice Movement has benefited and suffered from such an interplay. In addition, the work reviews recent contributions to the social movement literature. Particular attention is given to concepts of failure, collective joy, suppression, interconnection, separation, and connection.
Suggested sequential mode of control of changes in cell behaviour in adult bone remodelling.

Suggested Sequential Mode of Control of Changes in Cell Behaviour in Adult Bone Remodelling
Alcohol demand indices predict outcomes among heavy-drinking young adults receiving a brief intervention

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e13 Alcohol demand indices predict outcomes among heavy-drinking young adults receiving a brief intervention Michael Bernstein2,1, J. Murphy3, J. MacKillop4, S. Colby1 1 Brown University, Providence, RI, United States 2 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States 3 University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States 4 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States Aims: This study looked at the impact of baseline alcohol demand indices on alcohol consumption following a brief alcohol intervention. Methods: Participants (N=150, 43% female, 65% White, ages 17–20)were non-college-attending heavy episodic drinkers proactively enrolled in an intervention study that compared the efficacy of a motivational interview (MI) and relaxation training control (REL) on reducing alcohol use. Using self-reported data, we calculated participants’ average number of drinks per week and frequency of heavy drinking (HD, 5+ drinks) at baseline, a 6 week follow up (W6), and a three month (M3) follow up. At baseline, participants also completed a hypothetical alcohol purchase task, by indicating howmany alcoholic drinks they would purchase and consume across a range of prices ($0 to $20). From this task, five demand indices were calculated: Breakpoint (first price that completely suppresses consumption), Omax (maximum expenditure), Pmax (price atwhichdemandbecomeelastic), Intensity (consumption when drinks are free), and elasticity (slope of the demand curve, or sensitivity to price). Results: Hierarchical regressions controlling for gender and baselinedrinking showed that several demand indiceswerepredictive of drinking outcomes. Specifically, greater baseline Omax and intensity, and less elasticity predictedmoreW6 drinks/week in the MI condition. At M3, greater baseline breakpoint, Omax, intensity, and less elasticity predicted more drinks/week in the REL condition. Demand indices were predictive of W6 HD frequency in the MI condition and M3 HD frequency in the REL condition. Conclusions: The results suggest that elevated demand indices (except elasticity, which negatively predicted consumption) may be a risk factor of poor intervention response. However, there were differences according to condition, assessment period, and alcohol use measures. Financial support: The first author plans to complete the early career travel award application. Otherwise, there is currently no support. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.056 Pair housing of juvenile male rhesus macaques: A pilot study Megan L. Bertholomey, Stephen Kohut, P. Fivel, Nancy K. Mello Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,
A language modeling approach to entity recognition and disambiguation for search queries

The Entity Recognition and Disambiguation (ERD) problem refers to the task of recognizing mentions of entities in a given query string, disambiguating them, and mapping them to entities in a given Knowledge Base(KB). If there are multiple ways to interpret the query, then an ERD system is supposed to group candidate entity annotations into consistent interpretations.In this paper, we propose a four step solution to this problem. First, we generate candidate entity strings by segmenting queries in different ways. Second, we retrieve candidate entities by searching for these candidate entity stringsin Freebase. Third, we rank the candidate entities using language model based query likelihood scores. Finally, we group the entity annotations into interpretations. We also present both quantitative and qualitative evaluation of our methods based on 91 training, 500 validation and 1000 test queries. Our system achieved an F1 score of 0.42 on the set of validation queries, whereas the NULL baseline which returns no annotations for any query achieved an F1 score of 0.3. Similarly, on the test queries, our method achieved an F1 score of 0.36 and outperformed the NULL baseline which achieved an F1 score of 0.2.
Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 mediates the bowel injury induced by platelet-activating factor.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent endogenous mediator of bowel inflammation. It activates neutrophils that are needed to initiate the inflammatory response. Macrophage inflammatory prote...