cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of the electromagnetic forming of sheet metals: state-of-the-art and future needs

Abstract The electromagnetic forming (EMF) process relies on a driving force that is induced by eddy current and magnetic field, both of which are generated in the workpiece by a transient current in a nearby coil. The high deformation rates achievable using this forming method enhances the formability of materials such as aluminum. Also, the dynamics of contact with the forming die can eliminate springback, an undesired effect that can be problematic in other forming techniques such as stamping. The advancement of the EMF technology is currently awaiting rigorous numerical modeling capabilities that can adequately simulate the forming process and be used to design the forming system. Such capabilities must be based on physical models that address the strong coupling between the electromagnetic, deformation and thermal response of the deforming workpiece and other system structure. In this paper, a brief exposition of the EMF method and its applications and a review of the existing models are given. In addition, a mathematical framework, which can be further developed numerically for the purpose of process simulation, is outlined. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges to advancing the EMF technology.
The Effects of Native Oxide Surface Layer on the Electrochemical Performance of Si Nanoparticle-Based Electrodes

Author(s): Xun, S; Song, X; Wang, L; Grass, ME; Liu, Z; Battaglia, VS; Liu, G | Abstract: This study controllably reduces the silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer on Si nanoparticles and evaluates its effect on the performance of Si nanoparticle-based electrodes in Li-ion batteries. Various thicknesses of this native oxide are present on Si nanoparticles generated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) due to the process conditions and exposure to oxygen during storage. This layer can be effectively reduced by hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, which results in improved electrochemical performance over as-received samples. As-received Si sample has a higher first-cycle capacity loss than that of the etched Si samples, when the capacity loss is normalized to the surface area of the Si particles. Spectroscopic analysis reveals that when the Si electrode is held at a low potential, the oxide layer can be converted to a more stable silicate form due to the irreversible consumption of lithium species in the cell. The thick SiO2 surface layer also isolates the Si core from lithium-ion alloying; therefore, the as-received Si nanoparticles deliver a lower specific capacity than their etched counterpart. Incomplete lithiation of the as-received Si particles is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which shows that nanocrystalline Si domains remain after cycling. The surface insulating effects of SiO2 also cause high impedance in the Si electrode. © 2011 The Electrochemical Society.
A Step Forward in Research on Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia

The Boston group have devoted 10 years to a thoughtful, comprehensive, and much needed study that will undoubtedly become a classic reference in the field. If the emphasis is placed on differences that reached statistical significance, the major finding is minimal outcome differences between exploratory, insight-oriented (EIO) and reality-adaptive, supportive (RAS) therapies with, if anything, significant advantages to RAS in recidivism and performance. Selective beneficial effects for EIO gain only very weak support. The results should contribute to a climate wherein we may move on to study how psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy can be combined to achieve optimal results and minimize toxic effects.
Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep

Recent studies indicate that chronic sleep restriction can have negative consequences for brain function and peripheral physiology and can contribute to the allostatic load throughout the body. Interestingly, few studies have examined how the sleep–wake system itself responds to repeated sleep restriction. In this study, rats were subjected to a sleep-restriction protocol consisting of 20 h of sleep deprivation (SD) followed by a 4-h sleep opportunity each day for 5 consecutive days. In response to the first 20-h SD block on day 1, animals responded during the 4-h sleep opportunity with enhanced sleep intensity [i.e., nonrapid eye movement (NREM) delta power] and increased rapid eye movement sleep time compared with baseline. This sleep pattern is indicative of a homeostatic response to acute sleep loss. Remarkably, after the 20-h SD blocks on days 2–5, animals failed to exhibit a compensatory NREM delta power response during the 4-h sleep opportunities and failed to increase NREM and rapid eye movement sleep times, despite accumulating a sleep debt each consecutive day. After losing ≈35 h of sleep over 5 days of sleep restriction, animals regained virtually none of their lost sleep, even during a full 3-day recovery period. These data demonstrate that the compensatory/homeostatic sleep response to acute SD does not generalize to conditions of chronic partial sleep loss. We propose that the change in sleep–wake regulation in the context of repeated sleep restriction reflects an allostatic process, and that the allostatic load produced by SD has direct effects on the sleep–wake regulatory system.
3.0-T Evaluation of Knee Cartilage by Using Three-Dimensional IDEAL GRASS Imaging: Comparison with Fast Spin-Echo Imaging

The results of our study indicate that iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation gradient-recalled acquisition in steady-state imaging can be used at 3.0 T to provide rapid morphologic assessment of the articular cartilage of the knee joint in clinical patients.
Monkey Model of Neonatal Monocular Pseudophakia

The safety and efficacy of correcting monocular aphakia during infancy with an intraocular lens was evaluated using a monkey model. The study was conducted at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. A translucent contact lens was placed on the right eye of a group of newborn Rhesus monkeys to simulate a congenital cataract. When the monkeys were 2-weeks-old, a lensectomy was performed on the right eye coupled with the implantation of an intraocular lens (IOL) into the posterior chamber. The fellow eyes were then randomized to part-time occlusion therapy or no treatment. The monkeys were then examined at regular intervals for complications. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was evaluated using forced-choice preferential looking and operant testing. The pseudo-phakic eyes were studied histopathologically at the end of the study. A variety of complications occurred postoperatively including fibrin encapsulation of the intraocular lens, glaucoma, haptic breakage, and lens reproliferation into the pu...
Active millimeter-wave standoff and portal imaging techniques for personnel screening

Active millimeter-wave imaging systems can be configured as personnel screening portals or standoff systems that can operate at ranges of up to 20 meters or more. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a variety of active millimeter-wave imaging systems and technologies including the cylindrical imaging technique that has been successfully commercialized with L3-Communications/Safeview, and has continued to advance the cylindrical imaging technology using higher frequency ranges up to 100 GHz, and polarimetric imaging techniques. In addition, a standoff, three-dimensional imaging technique and prototype that operates near 350 GHz has been developed. This prototype system uses focusing optics coupled to a high-speed mirror scanning system and can obtain an image in 10 seconds, which is sufficiently fast to conduct extensive imaging tests on cooperative subjects. In this paper, these advanced imaging techniques are described in detail and numerous experimental imaging results are shown.
An Asymptotically Efficient Estimator for TDOA and FDOA Positioning of Multiple Disjoint Sources in the Presence of Sensor Location Uncertainties

This correspondence considers the problem of locating multiple disjoint sources using time differences of arrival (TDOAs) and frequency differences of arrival (FDOAs) in the presence of sensor position and velocity errors. Previous work applies to one source only with suboptimum performance for near source, or requires joint estimation of the source and sensor locations that could be computation demanding. Through nonlinearly transforming the measurements and converting them with respect to the inaccurate sensor locations, we have developed an algebraic solution to this problem. The solution is shown analytically to achieve the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) performance over small noise region and does not require joint estimation with sensor locations.
Phosphorylation of ankyrin down-regulates its cooperative interaction with spectrin and protein 3.

Ankyrin mediates the primary attachment between beta spectrin and protein 3. Ankyrin and spectrin interact in a positively cooperative fashion such that ankyrin binding increases the extent of spectrin tetramer and oligomer formation (Giorgi and Morrow: submitted, 1988). This cooperative interaction is enhanced by the cytoplasmic domain of protein 3, which is prepared as a 45–4l-kDa fragment generated by chymotryptic digestion of erythrocyte membranes. Using sensitive isotope-ratio methods and non-denaturing PAGE, we now demonstrate directly (1) the enhanced affinity of ankyrin for spectrin oligomers compared to spectrin dimers; (2) a selective stimulation of the affinity of ankyrin for spectrin oligomer by the 43-kDa cytoplasmic domain of protein 3; and (3) a selective reduction in the affinity of ankyrin for spectrin tetramer and oligomer after its phosphorylation by the erythrocyte cAMP-independent membrane kinase. The phosphorylation of ankyrin does not affect its binding to spectrin dimer. Ankyrin also enhances the rate of interconversion between dimer-tetramer-oligomer by 2–3-fold at 30°C, and in the presence of the 43-kDa fragment, ankyrin stimulates the rate of oligomer interconversions by nearly 40-fold at this temperature. These results demonstrate a long-range cooperative interaction between an integral membrane protein and the peripheral cytoskeleton and indicate that this linkage may be regulated by covalent protein phosphorylation. Such interactions may be of general importance in nonerythroid cells.
Frequency domain modeling using implicit spatial finite difference operators

SUMMARY Frequency domain modeling requires solving linear systems whose bandwidths (the determinant factor of memory cost) are very sensitive to the order of accuracy of the numerical operators. Consequently, the speed-accuracy tradeoff is probably more pronounced for frequency domain modeling than for time domain modeling. In this work, we propose to use implicit spatial finite difference operators to alleviate this difficulty. Unlike time domain modeling where implicit operators often cause efficiency penalties, frequency domain modeling benefits from implicit operators since it requires solving linear systems no matter whether explicit or implicit operators are employed for spatial derivative discretizations. We show through dispersion analyses and numerical examples that implicit operators improve both the accuracy and the efficiency of seismic wave simulations in the frequency domain.
Incorporating version histories in information retrieval based bug localization

Fast and accurate localization of software defects continues to be a difficult problem since defects can emanate from a large variety of sources and can often be intricate in nature. In this paper, we show how version histories of a software project can be used to estimate a prior probability distribution for defect proneness associated with the files in a given version of the project. Subsequently, these priors are used in an IR (Information Retrieval) framework to determine the posterior probability of a file being the cause of a bug. We first present two models to estimate the priors, one from the defect histories and the other from the modification histories, with both types of histories as stored in the versioning tools. Referring to these as the base models, we then extend them by incorporating a temporal decay into the estimation of the priors. We show that by just including the base models, the mean average precision (MAP) for bug localization improves by as much as 30%. And when we also factor in the time decay in the estimates of the priors, the improvements in MAP can be as large as 80%.
Hybrid numerical scheme for time‐evolving wave fields

Many problems in geophysics, acoustics, elasticity theory, cancer treatment, food process control and electrodynamics involve study of wave field synthesis (WFS) in some form or another. In the present work, modelling of wave propagation phenomena is studied as a static problem, using finite element method and treating time as an additional spatial dimension. In particular, WFS problems are analysed using discrete methods. It is shown that a fully finite element-based scheme is very natural and effective method for the solution of such problems. Distributed WFS in the context of two-dimensional problems is outlined and incorporation of any geometric or material non-linearities is shown to be straightforward. This has significant implications for problems in geophysics or biological media, where material inhomogeneities are quite prevalent. Numerical results are presented for several problems referring to media with material inhomogeneities and predefined absorption profiles. The method can be extended to three-dimensional problems involving anisotropic media properties in a relatively straightforward manner.
Power smoothing and power ramp control for wind energy using energy storage

Due to randomness of wind speed, the wind farm output power varies drastically. These fluctuations make undesirable effects on the voltage, frequency, and transient stability of the utility grid. In this paper, two types of energy storage devices are integrated with a wind farm to support the short-term shortcomings of wind energy. The support specifically improves power ramp rate control and power smoothing. The utilized energy storages devices are zinc bromide flow battery and Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LIC). The actual models of the battery and ultracapacitor, which are derived from testing, are used in this study. The power data for the wind farm and load are actual data from a local power system. The analysis shows that considerable improvements can be made to shape the output power of the farm using the energy storage systems.
Discrimination with a Difference: Can Employment Discrimination Law Accommodate the Americans with Disabilities Act?

This paper analyzes the three recent ADA employment cases in the Supreme Court to highlight the unique features of the ADA. While all civil rights statutes have both an antidiscrimination command and a redistributive norm, the ADA is unique in that its definition of discrimination is based in large part on the failure to redistribute. Unlike the customary model of antidiscrimination law, which at its heart compels that similarly situated persons be treated similarly, the ADA begins with a premise of difference and then defines discrimination as the failure to reasonably accommodate those difference. Thus, despite the fact that Congress drafted the ADA to fit the model of Title VII, the ADA uniquely carries a cost burden for employers who, even if they act entirely without animus, may be forced to hire employees with discernibly different skills or abilities.This article argues that the Court's oftentimes tortured analysis of the ADA in the 1999 employment trilogy stems from this basic dilemma: The Court had to make wealth-redistributive value judgments sub silentio under a statutory scheme that obscures the scope of its redistributive mandate with the time-tested language of antidiscrimination. The article begins with an analysis of the divisions between the majority and dissents in these cases that turns on the need to craft rules of judicial administration. While the dissent would allow cases to proceed to the employer's duty to accommodate, and would allow a case-specific analysis to follow, the majority opts for a more restrictive view of the Act that would allow the earlier termination of claims. Under the majority's view, the appropriate threshold is whether an employee is disabled or regarded as disabled in a "major life activity." The court holds that seeking a particular job when other, less desirable positions in related lines of work might be available does not render an individual disabled in such a major life activity. More shockingly, the Court suggested that working is not even a major life activity.This article concludes by asking how this statute is different from other vaguely-worded statutes. The differences between the ADA and other statutes are its unfunded mandate quality, its lack of a bright-line standard, and its inability to spread the costs evenly across society. Ultimately, these difficulties can be traced to the incongruence of a primarily wealth-redistributive statute being imposed on to the form of a but-for discrimination statute.
Workload reduction via coordinated control during free-flying manipulation

Future space servicing operations may involve manually controlled manipulation from a free-flying platform; direct control of such a free-flying telerobot will impose a large workload on the operator. In order to reduce the workload on the human operator, a supervisory control strategy is developed where the operator only controls the end effector, rather than specifying the motion of the entire vehicle-manipulator system. Two control modes are compared: independent, where the operator directly controls the entire system; and coordinated, which combines pseudoinverse and reaction-compensation techniques. Experimental results indicate that the supervisory mode was best for new tasks, where the operator was not fully trained. >
Prokaryotic DNA Replication

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY ..... 673 INTRODUCTION TO REPLICATION OPERATIONS 674 ELONGATION..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 677 The DNA Polymerase Complexes 677 Primosomes .. . .... . ... .. . ..... . ...... . . ...... ... . . . ....... ... . ..... 684 The Replication Fork 690 INITIATION .... . .. .. ........ . ........ .... ........ ....... . .. 696 At oriC 696 Initiation at oriA . . ....... . . ...... . . .. ........ 703 Origins that Require DnaA, but not for Unwinding-P 1 and F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 Initiation by Dor R-Loop Formation-pBR322 ........ 708 Primary Initiation on Bacteriophages T4 and 17 . ..... . .... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . 710 ARREST OF REPLICATION FORK PROGRESSION . .... . . . .. .. . ...... . .. ...... .... . . .... . 711
Effects of phosphate, nitrate and chloride on calcium, magnesium and manganese content of cigar‐wrapper tobacco

Abstract Nutrient solutions containing three levels of phosphate, nitrate, and chloride were applied to cigar‐wrapper tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants growing in sand culture for a period of 18 days. Concentrations of other nutrient elements in the nutrient solutions were held constant and the solutions were applied to pots as needed to maintain favorable moisture conditions for plant growth. Plants were in the two leaf stage when transplanted and were maintained on a single nutrient solution for 38 days before treatments were started. At the end of an eight weeks growing period, plant leaves were harvested and analyzed for Ca, Mg, and Mn. Dry matter yield was significantly (P=0.01) increased when 2 mM/1 of Ca(NO3)2 replaced an equivalent amount of Ca(H2PO4)2 or CaCl2 in the nutrient solution. Nitrate significantly (P=0.05) increased Ca and Mg content and decreased Mn concentration in leaf tissue in comparison to chloride. Calcium and Mg content were significantly (P=0.05) decreased and Mn content of...
Comparative alternative materials assessment to screen toxicity hazards in the life cycle of CIGS thin film photovoltaics

Copper–indium–gallium–selenium–sulfide (CIGS) thin film photovoltaics are increasingly penetrating the market supply for consumer solar panels. Although CIGS is attractive for producing less greenhouse gas emissions than fossil-fuel based energy sources, CIGS manufacturing processes and solar cell devices use hazardous materials that should be carefully considered in evaluating and comparing net environmental benefits of energy products. Through this research, we present a case study on the toxicity hazards associated with alternative materials selection for CIGS manufacturing. We applied two numeric models, The Green Screen for Safer Chemicals™ and the Toxic Potential Indicator. To improve the sensitivity of the model outputs, we developed a novel, life cycle thinking based hazard assessment method that facilitates the projection of hazards throughout material life cycles. Our results show that the least hazardous CIGS solar cell device and manufacturing protocol consist of a titanium substrate, molybdenum metal back electrode, CuInS2 p-type absorber deposited by spray pyrolysis, ZnS buffer deposited by spray ion layer gas reduction, ZnO:Ga transparent conducting oxide (TCO) deposited by sputtering, and the encapsulant polydimethylsiloxane.
Detecting Evolutionary Strata on the Human X Chromosome in the Absence of Gametologous Y-Linked Sequences

Mammalian sex chromosomes arose from a pair of homologous autosomes that differentiated into the X and Y chromosomes following a series of recombination suppression events between the X and Y. The stepwise recombination suppressions from the distal long arm to the distal short arm of the chromosomes are reflected as regions with distinct X-Y divergence, referred to as evolutionary strata on the X. All current methods for stratum detection depend on X-Y comparisons but are severely limited by the paucity of X-Y gametologs. We have developed an integrative method that combines a top-down, recursive segmentation algorithm with a bottom-up, agglomerative clustering algorithm to decipher compositionally distinct regions on the X, which reflect regions of unique X-Y divergence. In application to human X chromosome, our method correctly classified a concatenated set of 35 previously assayed X-linked gene sequences by evolutionary strata. We then extended our analysis, applying this method to the entire sequence of the human X chromosome, in an effort to define stratum boundaries. The boundaries of more recently formed strata on X-added region, namely the fourth and fifth strata, have been defined by previous studies and are recapitulated with our method. The older strata, from the first up to the third stratum, have remained poorly resolved due to paucity of X-Y gametologs. By analyzing the entire X sequence, our method identified seven evolutionary strata in these ancient regions, where only three could previously be assayed, thus demonstrating the robustness of our method in detecting the evolutionary strata.
Advancing Strategic Entrepreneurship Research: The Role of Complexity Science in Shifting the Paradigm:

Five areas are identified wherein more development might enhance the current model of strategic entrepreneurship (SE): exploration–exploitation, opportunity, newness, micro–macro interaction, and dynamics. Complexity science is presented as an alternative theoretical lens for addressing these issues, and enhancing the potential of SE in a world characterized by fluctuations, irreversibility, nonlinearity, and instabilities. Using this lens, a rearticulation of SE is proposed that centers on the notion of an opportunity space and a paradigm built around forms, flows, and functions. SE's domain consists of a complex set of phenomena that cannot be neatly bundled according to disciplinary boundaries.
Asymptotic properties of the GMLE in the case 1 interval-censorship model with discrete inspection times†

We consider the case 1 interval censorship model in which the survival time has an arbitrary distribution function F0 and the inspection time has a discrete distribution function G. In such a model one is only able to observe the inspection time and whether the value of the survival time lies before or after the inspection time. We prove the strong consistency of the generalized maximum-likelihood estimate (GMLE) of the distribution function F0 at the support points of G and its asymptotic normality and efficiency at what we call regular points. We also present a consistent estimate of the asymptotic variance at these points. The first result implies uniform strong consistency on [0, ∞) if F0 is continuous and the support of G is dense in [0, ∞). For arbitrary F0 and G, Peto (1973) and Tumbull (1976) conjectured that the convergence for the GMLE is at the usual parametric rate n½ Our asymptotic normality result supports their conjecture under our assumptions. But their conjecture was disproved by Groeneboom and Wellner (1992), who obtained the nonparametric rate ni under smoothness assumptions on the F0 and G. Nous considerons le modele de censure d'intervalle de cas 1 dans lequel le temps de survie a une fonction de repartition arbitraire F0 et le temps d'inspection a une fonction de repartition discrete G. Dans un tel modele on est seulement capable d'observer le temps d'inspection et si la valeur du temps de survie est superieure ou inferieure le temps d'inspection. Nous prouvons convergence forte de l'estimateur du maximum de vraisemblance generalise (GMLE) de la fonction de repartition F0 aux points de support de G et sa normalite asymptotique et l'efficacite a ce que l'on appelle les points reguliers. Nous presentons egalement un estimateur convergent de la variance asymptotique a ces points. Le premier resultat implique une convergence uniforme forte sur [0, ∞) si F0 est continu et le support de G est dense en [0, ∞). Pour des F0 et G arbitrages, Peto (1973) et Turnbull (1976) ont conjecture que la convergence du GMLE est au taux parametrique habituel de n½. Notre resultat de normalite asymptotique supporte leur conjecture sous nos hypotheses. Mais leur conjecture a ete refutee par Groeneboom et Wellner (1992) qui ont obtenu le taux non-parametrique de n⅓ sous des hypothese de F0 et G lisses.
An integrated circuit/architecture approach to reducing leakage in deep-submicron high-performance I-caches

Deep-submicron CMOS designs maintain high transistor switching speeds by scaling down the supply voltage and proportionately, reducing the transistor threshold voltage. Lowering the threshold voltage increases leakage energy dissipation due to subthreshold leakage current even when the transistor is for switching. Estimates suggest a five-fold increase in leakage energy in every future generation. In modern microarchirectures, much of the leakage energy is dissipated in large on-chip cache memory structures with high transistor densities. While cache utilization varies both within and across applications, modern cache designs are fixed in size resulting in transistor leakage inefficiencies. This paper explores an integrated architectural and circuit level approach to reducing leakage energy in instruction caches (i-caches). At the architectural level, we propose the Dynamically Resizable i-cache (DRI i-cache), a novel i-cache design that dynamically resizes and adapts to an application's required size. At the circuit-level, we use gated-V/sub dd/, a mechanism that effectively turns of the supply voltage to, and eliminates leakage in, the SRAM cells in a DRI i-cache's unused sections. Architectural and circuit-level simulation results indicate that a DRI i-cache successfully and robust exploits the cache size variability both within and across applications. Compared to a conventional i-cache using an aggressively-scaled threshold voltage a 64K DRI i-cache reduces on average both the leakage energy-delay product and cache size 62%, with less than 4% impact on execution time.
The Effects of 24-hour Sleep Deprivation on the Exploration-Exploitation Trade-off.

Sleep deprivation has a complex set of neurological effects that go beyond a mere slowing of mental processes. While cognitive and perceptual impairments in sleep deprived individuals are widespread, some abilities remain intact. In an effort to characterize these effects, some have suggested an impairment of complex decision-making ability despite intact ability to follow simple rules. To examine this trade-off, 24-hour total sleep deprived individuals performed two versions of a resource acquisition foraging task, one in which exploration is optimal (to succeed, abandon low value, high saliency options) and another in which exploitation is optimal (to succeed, refrain from switching between options). Sleep deprived subjects exhibited decreased performance on the exploitation task compared to non-sleep deprived controls, yet both groups exhibited increased performance on the exploratory task. These results speak to previous neuropsychological work on cognitive control.
Surface Properites of a Lead-Tin Alloy

This report describes the surface properties of a lead-tin alloy with seventy weight percent lead. The equilibrium properties of clean surfaces are characterized for temperatures up to the bulk liquidus line. These results are discussed in the context of a theory of the variation of alloy surface composition during melting. We also studied the effects of ion bombardment and previous thermal history on the approach to equilibrium.
SIPO Patent Databases - Focus on Searching China Medicine Patents

With more than 13 million patent applications submitted before SIPO, China has become one of the most important patent markets all over the world. Globally competing companies just can't afford not to pay attention to China patents. In order to facilitate the public use of patent information, SIPO has made great efforts to provide the public with user friendly and functional patent databases for searching patents. The overall China patent status is introduced to reflect the growing China patent market. Internal SIPO patent search platforms used by SIPO examiners are briefly introduced, while external SIPO databases are described in more details, including external PSSS and CPRS, CNIPR and a specialized China medicine patent database, CHMP. Due to the unique challenges for medicine patent search, case studies are used to illustrate patent searching on CHMP, for both the old and new version. Users will be able to manipulate those SIPO patent platforms following instructions illustrated in this paper and make better use of patent information.
Endoscopic evaluation of gastric conduit perfusion in minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy.

Introduction Laser-assisted indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent dye angiography has been used in esophageal reconstructive surgery where it has been shown to significantly decrease the anastomotic leak rate. Recent advances in technology have made this possible in minimally invasive esophagectomy.
The Study of Change: Chemistry in China, 1840-1949

Abbreviations Preface Introduction Part I. Science and Self-Strengthening, 1840-1895: 1. The advocates: chemical translators, John Fryer and Hsu Shou 2. Changing Chinese: chemical translations of the Kiangnan Arsenal 3. The limits of change: science, state and society in the nineteenth century Part II. The Interregnum, 1895-1927: 4. First-generation scientists: makers of China's new culture 5. Learning about science 6. The beginning of chemical research 7. Chinese entrepreneurs and the rise of the chemical industry Part III. The Nanking Decade, 1927-1937: 8. Science and the state during the Nanking Decade 9. Scientific education: the balance achieved 10. Scientific research: the balance threatened 11. The chemical industry and the limits of growth Part IV. The War, 1937-1945: 12. Science in nationalist China: the wartime experience 13. Science in communist China I: innovations in industry 14. Science in communist China II: scientists versus the state 15. Conclusion Appendix Glossary Bibliography Index.
A numerical model of monopropellant deflagration under unsteady conditions

A numerical model has been developed to calculate the pressure and heat flux responses for burning monopropellants. The QSHOD assumptions were imposed hi the model, however distributed condensed phase decomposition reactions were allowed. Furthermore, the commonly used gas phase flame assumptions, such as a flame sheet or simple kinetics, were relaxed in favor of a more rigorous multiple reaction approach. The gas phase utilized the PREMK code developed by Sandia National Laboratories in connection with a curve-fitting procedure. Results for both Rp and R, are presented for RDX at 1 atm pressure and compare favorably with experimental laser recoil response data.
Simulated impact of climate change on hydrology of multiple watersheds using traditional and recommended snowmelt runoff model methodology

For more than two decades researchers have utilized the snowmelt runoff model (SRM) to test the impacts of climate change on streamflow of snow-fed systems. SRM developers recommend a parameter shift during simulations of future climate, but this is often omitted. Here we show the impact of this omission on model results. In this study, the hydrological effects of climate change are modeled over three sequential years with typical and recommended SRM methodology. We predict the impacts of climate change on water resources of five subbasins of an arid region. Climate data are downscaled to weather stations. Period change analysis gives temperature and precipitation changes for 55 general circulation models which are then subsampled to produce four future states per basin. Results indicate an increase in temperature between 3.0 and 6.2 °C and an 18% decrease to 26% increase in precipitation. Without modifications to the snow runoff coefficient ( c S ), mean results across all basins range from a reduction in total volume of 21% to an increase of 4%. Modifications to c S resulted in a 0–10% difference in simulated annual volume. Future application of SRM should include a parameter shift representing the changed climate.
Abstract B22: Fatigue among long-term survivors of breast cancer: A prospective cohort study with longitudinal follow-up

Background : Fatigue is a common side effect of cancer treatment, but the longer terms effects of cancer diagnosis and treatment on fatigue are not well quantified. Study population: Participants from the prospective Nurses9 Health Study who completed the Medical Outcomes Short-Form-36 (SF36) in 1992, 1996, and 2000. Outcomes: The 5-item Fatigue subscale from the SF36. A score of ≤ 50 is considered to represent fatigue: Results : 46,851 women without a history of cancer, 1015 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1984 and 1991, and 187 women diagnosed with in situ breast cancer between 1984 and 1991 were included in this analysis. All fatigue assessments were performed at least one year after diagnosis. Using the three time points, several fatigue trajectories were investigated including: persistently fatigued at all three time points, persistently non-fatigued at all time points, and developing fatigue over time. In age-adjusted analyses, the frequencies of the different fatigue trajectories were similar across the three groups: cancer free women, breast cancer survivors with invasive breast cancer, and survivors with in situ disease. That is, the chances of being persistently fatigued, persistently non-fatigued, or developing fatigue was similar across all three groups (p>0.09). Instead, the strongest predictor of fatigue trajectories was age. The prevalence of persistent fatigue and persistent non-fatigue varied strongly with age with a U-shaped curve (p Conclusions : After a cancer diagnosis, the prevalence of persistent fatigue or developing fatigue is similar comparing cancer-free women compared to breast cancer survivors. Self-assessments of fatigue appear to be more strongly related to age. Age needs to be carefully considered in all fatigue analyses and would provide a useful way to target interventions to improve fatigue. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B22.
Youth comprehension of political messages in YouTube videos

This article investigates the extent to which young people are able to comprehend the political messages contained in satirical videos that circulate online. We do so through an analysis of responses to videos embedded within an online survey of 15- to 25-year-olds (N = 2070) conducted in 2011. Respondents were randomly assigned to view one of two short, humorous YouTube videos relating to immigration policy and were then asked questions that tested their comprehension of what they had seen. Substantial proportions of our sample were unable to answer these correctly. Further analysis indicates that individuals’ levels of political knowledge and their predisposition to agree with the message contained in the video are strong predictors of comprehension. These findings indicate that the potential impact of incidental exposure to online political communications is smaller than many scholars have assumed, particularly when the message is inconsistent with the viewer’s prior beliefs.
A Standardized Assessment of Functional Disability Predicts 1-year Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Refractory Ascites.

GOALS To determine the association between functional disability and mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). BACKGROUND TIPS is a common therapeutic procedure for cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. The conventional metric for periprocedure risk stratification is the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), which uses biochemical parameters to predict post-TIPS mortality. It does not account for functional disability. STUDY This is a retrospective cohort study of 83 patients admitted at an academic liver transplant center with cirrhosis and refractory ascites for the purpose of TIPS placement. We assessed the association of patients' reported activities of daily living (ADL) on a scale of 1 to 21 before TIPS with a primary outcome of 1-year mortality. Multivariable regression to adjust for MELD and Child class was performed. RESULTS A higher ADL score or functional independence, was associated with decreased 1-year mortality when modeled as both a continuous variable [odds ratio (OR), 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-0.97; P=0.02) and a dichotomous variable (ADL 21 vs. <21; OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05-0.70; P=0.01). After adjusting for MELD and Child class, functional independence was associated with decreased 1-year transplant-free mortality (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05-0.77; P=0.02). An ADL score consistent with dependence (<21) was significantly associated with a 3.40-day (95% CI, 1.76-5.04) longer hospital stay, adjusting for MELD and Child class (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Functional disability is a predictor of post-TIPS mortality and length of stay after controlling for MELD.
Neurally mediated syncope: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.

Article abstract-Neurally mediated syncope is the most frequent cause of syncope in patients who do not have structural heart disease. Neurally mediated syncope is believed to be a reflex triggered by excessive afferent discharge from mechanoreceptors located in the arterial tree or viscera, particularly the left ventricle of the heart. In response to these signals, a CNS-mediated sudden rise in parasympathetic efferent activity occurs, causing relative or absolute bradycardia and sympathoinhibition with arterial vasodilation and hypotension. Although our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome is still incomplete, it is well established that sympathetic nerve activity and norepinephrine release fall inappropriately during neurally mediated syncope, whereas appropriate increases in plasma concentrations of epinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin, and endothelin-1 occur. Recent studies from our laboratory suggest that synthesis of the vasodilator nitric oxide increases during neurally mediated syncope. This suggests that nitric oxide-mediated arterial vasodilation could contribute to the profound hypotension characteristic of this syndrome. The diagnosis of neurally mediated syncope can be made with acceptable levels of specificity and sensitivity by the upright tilt test. Explaining the mechanisms responsible for arterial vasodilation in neurally mediated syncope may lead to effective treatment.
A Meta-Analysis of Voice and Its Promotive and Prohibitive Forms: Identification of Key Associations, Distinctions, and Future Research Directions

This article reports meta-analyses intended to clarify and enhance our understanding of voice and its promotive and prohibitive forms. We find that undifferentiated constructive voice is associated with a wide range of antecedents that fit in Morrison's (2014) five categories: (a) dispositions, (b) job and organizational attitudes and perceptions, (c) emotions, beliefs, and schemas, (d) supervisor and leader behavior, and (e) contextual factors. However, relative weight analyses reveal a highly dominant variable within each category (personal initiative, felt responsibility, engagement, leader–member exchange, and positive workplace climate). We also find that undifferentiated constructive voice has a moderate zero-order association with job performance that is nonsignificant when task performance and organizational citizenship behavior are also considered. Finally, we explore how associations vary as a function of whether voice is promotive or prohibitive. First, there are significant differences in associations with over a third of the antecedents (core self-evaluations, felt responsibility, organizational commitment, detachment, psychological safety, ethical leadership, and leader openness). Second, although promotive voice has a positive association with job performance, the opposite is true for prohibitive voice. We conclude with suggestions to enhance our understanding of voice, especially with respect to efforts needed to clarify and distinguish promotive and prohibitive voice.
Successful motor mapping with transcranial magnetic stimulation in an infant: A case report.

Accurate assessment of motor function is critical, particularly in the context of presurgical functional mapping. There are a few noninvasive tools available for preoperative motor mapping in older children and adults undergoing surgery for brain tumor or refractory epilepsy including fMRI, magnetoencephalography (MEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).1,2 However, assessing motor function is challenging in very young children. Direct cortical stimulation, a standard procedure in adults, is associated with a high incidence of intraoperative seizures, and is often unsuccessful in young children.3,4 Alternately, noninvasive motor mapping using MEG and fMRI attempted during sleep or under sedation primarily localize the somatosensory cortex from which the location of motor cortex is inferred.5,6 Furthermore, these methods have a low success rate (∼25%) and have risks associated with sedation.6 However, TMS has the advantage of mapping the motor cortex directly without requiring sedation. We have previously reported on successful mapping of the motor cortex in young children aged between 17 and 35 months.7 Here we describe a case of an 11-month-old infant who is, to our knowledge, the youngest person to undergo successful presurgical motor mapping with TMS.
History and Scope of Forensic Odontology

Abstract Forensic odontology has well-established roots dating back 2000 years. Originally, it was not scientific and certainly not a discipline requiring advanced training. There have been many technological advances in the science of dentistry since the 4th century. Dental imaging techniques, new materials, and methods involving dental care have advanced the profession into the modern era of dentistry. These advances offer the forensic odontologist valuable armamentarium permitting archived cases to be revisited. The disciplines within the forensic odontology profession have expanded beyond dental identifications to include recognition and reporting of child and elder abuse, age assessment, and bitemark analysis. It assists the courts in resolution of civil litigation disputes involving violation of the standard of care and cases involving potential insurance fraud.
Stillbirth, inflammatory markers, and obesity: results from the stillbirth collaborative research network.

Background Obesity is associated with increased risk of stillbirth, although the mechanisms are unknown. Obesity is also associated with inflammation. Serum ferritin, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and histologic chorioamnionitis are all markers of inflammation. Objective This article determines if inflammatory markers are associated with stillbirth and body mass index (BMI). Additionally, we determined whether inflammatory markers help to explain the known relationship between obesity and stillbirth. Study Design White blood cell count was assessed at admission to labor and delivery, maternal serum for assessment of various biomarkers was collected after study enrollment, and histologic chorioamnionitis was based on placental histology. These markers were compared for stillbirths and live births overall and within categories of BMI using analysis of variance on logarithmic-transformed markers and logistic regression for dichotomous variables. The impact of inflammatory markers on the association of BMI categories with stillbirth status was assessed using crude and adjusted odds ratios (COR and AOR, respectively) from logistic regression models. The interaction of inflammatory markers and BMI categories on stillbirth status was also assessed through logistic regression. Additional logistic regression models were used to determine if the association of maternal serum ferritin with stillbirth is different for preterm versus term births. Analyses were weighted for the overall population from which this sample was derived. Results A total of 497 women with singleton stillbirths and 1,414 women with live births were studied with prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) categorized as normal (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), or obese (30.0 + ). Overweight (COR, 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14–1.94) and obese women (COR, 1.60; 95% CI: 1.23–2.08) were more likely than normal weight women to experience stillbirth. Serum ferritin levels were higher (geometric mean: 37.4 ng/mL vs. 23.3, p Conclusion Maternal serum ferritin levels, elevated white blood cell count, and histologic chorioamnionitis were positively and C-reactive protein levels negatively associated with stillbirth. Elevated BMIs, both overweight and obese, were associated with stillbirth when compared with women with normal BMI. None of the inflammatory markers fully accounted for the relationship between obesity and stillbirth. The association of maternal serum ferritin with stillbirth was stronger in preterm than term stillbirths.
Machine-Learning Energy Gaps of Porphyrins with Molecular Graph Representations

Molecular functionalization of porphyrins opens countless new opportunities in tailoring their physicochemical properties for light-harvesting applications. However, the immense materials space spanned by a vast number of substituent ligands and chelating metal ions prohibits high-throughput screening of combinatorial libraries. In this work, machine-learning algorithms equipped with the domain knowledge of chemical graph theory were employed for predicting the energy gaps of >12 000 porphyrins from the Computational Materials Repository. Among a variety of graph-based molecular descriptors, the electrotopological-state index, which encodes electronic and topological structure information, captures the energy gaps of porphyrins with a prediction RMSE < 0.06 eV. Importantly, feature sensitivity analysis suggests that the carbon structural motif in methine bridges connected to the anchor group predominantly influences the energy gaps of porphyrins, consistent with the spatial distribution of their frontier ...