cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The preparation and properties of some 2-acetamido-2-deoxyhexonic acids

Abstract The oxidation of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -mannose (Scheme I, 1 ) with aqueous bromine in the presence of barium benzoate leads to the isolation of crystalline 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -mannonic acid ( 2 ). With aqueous dicyclohexylamine, 2 gives dicyclohexylammonium 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -mannonate ( 4 ), a crystalline salt readily distinguishable from its known D - gluco isomer ( 5 ). Both 2 and 4 are convertible into the known 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -mannono-1,4-lactone ( 3 ), showing that the configurations assigned to these structures are correct. As the salt ( 4 ) is stable in saturated aqueous dicyclohexylamine solution, the conversion of 3 into 5 by aqueous dicyclohexylamine, reported earlier, probably involves an inversion prior to opening of the lactone ring. The behavior of 3 with aqueous dicyclohexylamine has been reinvestigated and found to produce 4 as well as 5 . With anhydrous dicyclohexylamine, 3 slowly undergoes a β-elimination to give 6 . 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy- D -gluconic acid (Scheme II, 8 ) can be prepared through the bromine—barium benzoate oxidation of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucose, ( 7 ) but the yield is higher when bromine—cadmium carbonate is used. The acid ( 8 ) may also be made from 5 through its silver salt. The conversion of the lactone 10 into 3 through the action of anhydrous dicyclohexylamine, reported earlier, has been confirmed; the available evidence appears to indicate that 3 and the as yet uncharacterized lactone 10 are readily interconvertible under alkaline conditions. The preparation of a crystalline hydrate of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactonic acid ( 11 ) from the corresponding dicyclohexylammonium salt is described. On dehydration in vacuo , 11 gives the known 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactono-1,4-lactone ( 12 ) in high yield.
Generalized Shuffle Permutations on Boolean Cubes

Abstract In a generalized shuffle permutation an address (aq−1aq−2 … a0) receives its content from an address obtained through a cyclic shift on a subset of the q dimensions used for the encoding of the addresses. Bit-complementation may be combined with the shift. We give an algorithm that requires K 2 + 2 exchanges for K elements per processor, when storage dimensions are part of the permutation, and concurrent communication on all ports of every processor is possible. The number of element exchanges in sequence is independent of the number of processor dimensions σr in the permutation. With no storage dimensions in the permutation our best algorithm requires ( σ 4 r + 1)[ K 2σ r ] element exchanges. We also give an algorithm for σr = 2, or the real shuffle consists of a number of cycles of length two, that requires K 2 + 1 element exchanges in sequence when there is no bit complement. The lower bound is K 2 for both real and mixed shuffles with no bit-complementation. The minimum number of communication start-ups is σr for both cases, which is also the lower bound. The data transfer time for communication restricted to one port per processor is σ r ( K 2 ) , and the minimum number of start-ups is σr. The analysis is verified by experimental results on the Intel iPSC/1, and for one case also on the Connection Machine model CM-2.
Dichotomous relationship between DNA reactivity and the induction of sister chromatid exchanges in vivo and in vitro

Structural analyses of the determinants associated with the induction of bone marrow sister chromatid exchanges in mice indicate that the phenomenon is based on an electrophilic attack on DNA. In that respect this phenomenon is different from the basis of the induction of SCE in cultured cells or of micronuclei in the bone marrow of rodents. The latter two phenomena involve other targets as well. Based on the recognition that the vast majority of recognized human carcinogens are genotoxic, the present finding indicates that the in vivo induction of SCE is a good biomarker, possibly even a biodosimeter, for exposure to potential carcinogens.
Vegetation conversion for fire control in Los Angeles

Abstract The success of attempts to convert coastal sage scrub permanently to vegetation of lower flammability by the initial application of fertilizer, water and herbicides to exotic plantings has been reevaluated. Invasion by native species has succeeded in restoring a substantial foliar cover (98%) to a 2-ha experimental site in Los Angeles 13 years after initial clearing and treatment. The site now resembles mature scrub sites in floristic composition, with a S∅rensen coefficient of community of 30%. Combinations of grasses and legumes, with various levels of fertilizer and irrigation inputs, fared poorly in maintaining a sward once such inputs ceased, but certain exotic shrubs of low flammability succeeded relatively well in excluding successional invaders. Irrigation and fertilization appear to have acted to enhance the ability of native species to recolonize and produce significant foliar growth on the experimental sites. Small amounts of water applied to unweeded sites during dry periods to keep foliage “moist” would appear in this area to aggravate rather than reduce the fire hazard. Soil erosion (7.9 m 3 /ha or more) and herbicide contamination of the environment accompanied the initial conversion process. It is suggested that high-density settlements surrounded by a belt of fire-retardant exotic shrubs, and controlled burning during suitable seasons in nearby fire-prone wilderness areas, is a more desirable policy for environmental protection than attempts at massive vegetation conversion amidst low-density settlement.
Preparation of Ultrapure Thorium Under Outer Space Conditions

Introduction O of the most effective methods of purifying refractory metals is by electrotransport at high temperatures. In this process, a direct current is passed through a metal rod (sample), thereby heating it resistively and simultaneously producing electrotransport. Purification occurs as the charge carriers transport impurities with them, so that the impurities are swept to one of the ends of the rod, thus purifying a major portion of the rod. The earliest electrotransport work was that of Seith and Kubaschewski in 1935 on the movement of carbon in iron. The potential for applying electrotransport for the ultrapurification of metals has been described by Verhoeven and Peter son. The purity attainable by this technique has been limited by the presence of the residual gases in the Earth's atmosphere even under so-called high vacuum conditions. Another problem that is often encountered in the electrotransport purification of polycrystalline metals in earthbound experiments is that of high-temperature "grain sliding," which is a displacement of the grains due to plastic deformation caused by the weight of the sample. This sliding becomes apparent after only one or two days of heating and, as a result, a region of high electrical resistance often develops resulting in localized overheating and premature termination of the experiment. Both of these limitations to terrestrial electrotransport processing could be overcome in the noncontaminating, microgravity environment of a molecular shield device. A theoretical analysis of the density within a hemispherical molecular shield has been made by Hueser and Brock. From this analyses, Melfi et al. have shown that the atmospheric component (atomic hydrogen) of the gas density within the shield corresponds to an equilibrium pressure of ~ 3 x 10 ~ Torr (N2). The purpose of the present study was to develop a prototype electrotransport apparatus and test it in a simulated space environment to evaluate if ultrapurification of refractory metals could most effectively be accomplished in an orbiting low-density materials laboratory.
Nonsurgical Therapy for Pulmonary Hydatid Cyst Disease

Therapeutic and diagnostic aspiration of Echinococcus granulosus liver cysts, but not pulmonary cysts, are increasingly being performed. Documented herein is the utility of percutaneous drainage and of albendazole treatment in a patient with a large recurrent, isolated, pulmonary echinococcal cyst for whom traditional therapy would have resulted in severe morbidity. Therapeutic options and possible complications are discussed.
Reward, performance, and the response strength method in self-stimulating rats: validation and neuroleptics

The response strength method consists of exposing the subject to a series of variable interval schedules of reinforcement at differing densities. Response rate is plotted against obtained reinforcement rate for each schedule. The data conform to a negatively accelerated curve that is fit well by an analytical representation which contains two parameters. The values of these parameters are obtained from the fitted curve, and are suggested to independently reflect reinforcement and performance functions. In a first experiment, two manipulations were conducted that validated these suggestions. First, lowering the frequency of brain stimulation pulses induced a relatively selective shift in the reinforcement parameter. Second, increasing the force required to press the lever primarily altered the performance parameter. In a second experiment, the effects of neuroleptic administration on these two parameters were noted and compared to the results of the first experiment. In general, neuroleptics were seen to produce both reward and motor/performance impairments in self-stimulating rats.
Qumran and Jerusalem: Two Jewish Roads to Utopia

forms of Utopianism, social and revolutionary. The social Utopian would restore society to its ancient ideal, proposing to reconstruct the city out of its own stone and mortar. The revolutionary Utopian would build a new society on the ruins of the old, destroying in order to create. These two Utopian forms recall the efforts of "moral men" in an earlier "immoral society," that of Jewish Palestine during the Second Commonwealth. In the centuries before the start
Photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers and arrays

Photonic crystal confinement in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers is demonstrated as a technology for achieving operation in the fundamental transverse mode with up to several milliwatts of output power, and is extended to multiple defects to achieve in-phase coherent coupling within a 2-dimensional array.
Simplification of aggregate culture of human mesenchymal stem cells as a chondrogenic screening assay

Aggregate culture provides a three-dimensional (3-D) environment for differentiating or differentiated cells; it is particularly useful to study in vitro chondrogenesis and cartilage biology. We ha...
Test Data Compression Using Efficient Bitmask and Dictionary Selection Methods

Higher circuit densities in system-on-chip (SOC) designs have led to drastic increase in test data volume. Larger test data size demands not only higher memory requirements, but also an increase in testing time. Test data compression addresses this problem by reducing the test data volume without affecting the overall system performance. This paper proposes a novel test data compression technique using bitmasks which provides a substantial improvement in the compression efficiency without introducing any additional decompression penalty. The major contributions of this paper are as follows: 1) it develops an efficient bitmask selection technique for test data in order to create maximum matching patterns; 2) it develops an efficient dictionary selection method which takes into account the bitmask based compression; and 3) it proposes a test compression technique using efficient dictionary and bitmask selection to significantly reduce the testing time and memory requirements. We have applied our method on various test data sets and compared our results with other existing test compression techniques. Our algorithm outperforms existing dictionary-based approaches by up to 30%, giving a best possible test compression of 92%.
Carrier Transport in High-Mobility III–V Quantum-Well Transistors and Performance Impact for High-Speed Low-Power Logic Applications

DC and high-frequency device characteristics of In0.7Ga0.3As and InSb quantum-well field-effect transistors (QWFETs) are measured and benchmarked against state-of- the-art strained silicon (Si) nMOSFET devices, all measured on the same test bench. Saturation current (Ion) gam of 20% is observed in the In0.7Ga0.3As QWFET over the strained Si nMOSFET at (Vg - Vt) = 0.3 V, Vds = 0.5 V, and matched Ioff, despite higher external resistance and large gate-to-channel thickness. To understand the gain in Ion, the effective carrier velocities (veff) near the source-end are extracted and it is observed that at constant (Vg - Vt) = 0.3 V and Vds = 0.5 V, the veff of In0.7Ga0.3As and InSb QWFETs are 4-5times higher than that of strained silicon (Si) nMOSFETs due to the lower effective carrier mass in the QWFETs. The product of veff and charge density (ns), which is a measure of "intrinsic" device characteristics, for the QWFETs is 50%-70% higher than strained Si at low-voltage operation despite lower ns in QWFETs. Calibrated simulations of In0.7Ga0.3As QWFETs with reduced gate-to-channel thickness and external resistance matched to the strained Si nMOSFET suggest that the higher veff will result in more than 80% Ion increase over strained Si nMOSFETs at Vds = 0.5 V, (Vg - Vt) = 0.3 V, and matched Ioff, thus showing promise for future high-speed and low-power logic applications.
Learning From Bad Experiences

Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace: American Leadership in the Middle East. Edited by Daniel C. Kurtzer, Scott B. Lasensky. United States Institute of Peace Press, 2008. 291 pp., $16.500 (ISBN 978-1-6012730-6). The authors of this small but remarkable book provide a concise assessment of US efforts since the end of the Cold War to bring peace between Arabs and Israelis, and the lessons to be garnered from that assessment. They begin with the assertion that an analysis of those diplomatic efforts “reveals an alarming pattern of mismanaged diplomacy. Missteps in US diplomacy have been strategic and tactical” (p. 4). The analysis of this “devastating failure” was made by a distinguished study group of the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). The study group was co-directed by Daniel Kurtzer, former US Ambassador to Egypt and to Israel, and by Scott Lasensky, USIP senior research associate. Three area experts constituted a core team for the study group: William Quandt, Steven Spiegel, and Shibley Telhami. Starting in 2006, members of the study group met with more than a hundred current and former officials, academics, and civil society leaders with experience related to Israeli-Arab conflicts; they included Americans, Arabs, Israelis, and Europeans. The authors report matters of general consensus and also note some differences within the study group and among the persons they consulted. This is the first product of the project, …
An FPGA-based digital control and communication module for space power management and distribution systems

A field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based digital control and communication module (DCCM), designed to be the backbone for future space power management (PMAD) systems, is developed and implemented. In this paper, the hardware architecture and logic design of the module are addressed. A basic proportional-integral controller and an advanced linear active disturbance rejection controller are implemented on the FPGA for feasibility and performance tests. The logic implementation of the control algorithms is presented and the hardware test results are shown. The disturbance rejection ability of both control algorithms arc evaluated and compared. The communication implementation is discussed. Finally, a multi-converter with communication function testbed is shown to explore the potential benefits of the new control and communication module.
Nanoshells as contrast agents for scatter-based optical imaging

Optical properties of gold nanoshell-based contrast agents for optical coherence tomography (OCT) were determined using calculations based on concentric sphere Mie scattering theory. Nanoshells capable of optimal optical scattering in the near infrared (NIR) were subsequently fabricated. We show that scattering nanoshell possess higher backscattering efficiencies at longer wavelengths. Results show enhanced OCT signal intensities after addition of gold nanoshells to scattering tissue phantoms. In addition, in vivo mouse tumor model studies show clear evidence of enhancement of tumor scatter after nanoshell injection as compared to control (phosphate buffered saline, PBS) injections, further demonstrating the potential of gold nanoshells as NIR contrast agents to improve scattering-based optical imaging technologies. In addition to the data shown in this preliminary paper, the talk will present more recent data using immunotargeted nanoshells for molecular contrast OCT.
Psychological profiles and adolescent adjustment: A person-centered approach

The association between young adolescents' psychological profiles and their subsequent adjustment was examined in a sample of 606 adolescents (ages 12-13) drawn from the mother-child data set of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Cluster analysis was used to identify distinct groups of youth based on self-regulation, proneness to risk, self-worth, and perceived academic competence. Five replicable clusters were identified corresponding to optimal, average, behavioral risk, low self-regulation, and emotional risk groups. These clusters were associated with distinct patterns of adjustment 4 years later. At ages 16-17, youth in the optimal group tended to report better academic performance, less problem behavior, and less depression than youth in the three risk groups; however, their functioning did not differ significantly from youth in the average group. The three risk groups differed in self-reported depression symptoms and academic performance but not in levels of problem behavior. Differences among the five groups persisted when demographic and contextual variables were controlled. These results support the existence of different groups of youth who follow distinct developmental trajectories and may experience different patterns of adjustment.
Coloring Objects Built From Bricks

We address a question posed by Sibley and Wagon. They proved that rhombic Penrose tilings in the plane can be 3colored, but a key lemma of their proof fails in the natural 3D generalization. In that generalization, an object is built from bricks, each of which is a parallelopiped, and they are glued face-to-face. The question is: How many colors are needed to color the bricks of any such object, with no two face-adjacent bricks receiving the same color? For arbitrary parallelopiped bricks, we prove zonohedra are 4-colorable, and 4 colors are sometimes necessary, by establishing two Sibley conjectures for zonohedra. For orthogonal bricks, we narrow the chromatic number to {3,4}, and have several results. Any genus-0 object (a “ball”) is 2-colorable; any genus-1 object is 3-colorable. For objects of higher genus, we show that if an object’s holes are “nonplanar” in a technical sense, then it is 2-colorable regardless of its genus, and for various special cases of planar holes, we can establish 3-colorability. We conjecture that all objects built from orthogonal bricks are 3-colorable. This would imply that the chromatic number does not increase when passing from 2D to 3D.
Element III Segregation During Mocvd Growth on Structured Substrates

The crystal habits of GaAs and GaAlAs grown on structured substrates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) have been investigated. The growth behavior was delineated by depositing alternating thin layers of AlGaAs and GaAs over grooves and mesas. A strong temperature dependence of facet growth rate and an anisotropy of Al composition with facet orientation are observed. This latter effect so far undocumented in MOCVD has been analysed by Auger Electron Spectroscopy performed on cleaved cross-sections. BCF theory has been used to extract quantitative microscopic data. These observations demonstrate the importance of surface effects and provide an insight into MOCVD growth mechanisms.
Application of Pharmacokinetics in the Diagnosis of Chemical Abuse in Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy

The case of a preschooler who was chemically abused in Munchausen syndrome by proxy is presented. Though there were many clinical characteristics that raised suspicions of this syndrome, the definitive diagnosis was made by the application of pharmacokinetics during a hospital admission. This is the first reported use of this diagnostic approach to confirm this elusive disorder. Standard pharmacological equations can be used to provide this information from pharmacokinetic data which are readily available in most hospital settings.
Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) inhibitors

Inhibitors of topoisomerase I (Top1) that result in stalled Top1 cleavage complexes (Top1cc) are commonly employed against cancer. Combination chemotherapy with DNA repair inhibitors can potentially improve response to these widely used chemotherapeutics. One line of inquiry focuses on inhibitors of tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1), a repair enzyme for Top1cc. Tdp1 catalyzes the hydrolysis of DNA adducts covalently linked to the 3'-phosphate of DNA, including Top1-derived peptides and also 3'-phosphoglycolates. Tdp1 inhibitors should synergize not only with Top1-targeting drugs (camptothecins, indenoisoquinolines), but also with bleomycin, topoisomerase II (Top2) inhibitors (etoposide, doxorubicin) and DNA alkylating agents. Here, we summarize the structure-activity relationship obtained from the reported Tdp1 inhibitors. Better understanding of Top1cc repair in vivo coupled with detailed structural studies on Tdp1-inhibitor interaction will be crucial in guiding the rational design of Tdp1 inhibitors.
A Plant Genome Initiative

Over the last several months, we have attended various meetings and small conferences concerning the need for a coordinated and comprehensive plant genome initiative (PGI). From these meetings, and from our extensive discussions with plant and animal scientists with interests in genetics,
Optimization of superconducting bending magnets for a 1.0 to 1.5 GeV compact light source

Compact light sources are being proposed for protein crystallography, medical imaging, nano-machining and other areas of study that require intense sources of X-rays at energies up to 35 keV. In order for a synchrotron light source to be attractive, its capital cost must be kept low. The proposed compact light source has superconducting bending elements to bend the stored beam and produce the X-rays. Additional focusing for the machine is provided by conventional quadrupoles. An important part of the cost optimization of a compact light source is the cost of the bending magnets. In the case of a machine with superconducting bending elements, the bending magnet system can represent close to half of the storage ring cost. The compact light source storage rings studied here have a range of stored electron energies from 1.0 to 1.5 GeV, For a number of reasons, it is desirable to keep the storage ring circumference below 30 meters. Cost optimization parameters include: (1) the number of superconducting bending elements in the ring, and (2) the central induction of the dipole. A machine design that features two superconducting dipoles in a single cryostat vacuum vessel is also discussed.
Glucose Oxidase-Mediated Polymerization as a Platform for Dual-Mode Signal Amplification and Biodetection

We report the first use of a polymerization-based ELISA substrate solution employing enzymatically mediated radical polymerization as a dual-mode amplification strategy. Enzymes are selectively coupled to surfaces to generate radicals that subsequently lead to polymerization-based amplification (PBA) and biodetection. Sensitivity and amplification of the polymerization-based detection system were optimized in a microwell strip format using a biotinylated microwell surface with a glucose oxidase (GOx)–avidin conjugate. The immobilized GOx is used to initiate polymerization, enabling the detection of the biorecognition event visually or through the use of a plate reader. Assay response is compared to that of an enzymatic substrate utilizing nitroblue tetrazolium in a simplified assay using biotinylated wells. The polymerization substrate exhibits equivalent sensitivity (2 µg/mL of GOx-avidin) and over three times greater signal amplification than this traditional enzymatic substrate since each radical that is enzymatically generated leads to a large number of polymerization events. Enzyme-mediated polymerization proceeds in an ambient atmosphere without the need for external energy sources, which is an improvement upon previous PBA platforms. Substrate formulations are highly sensitive to both glucose and iron concentrations at the lowest enzyme concentrations. Increases in amplification time correspond to higher assay sensitivities with no increase in non-specific signal. Finally, the polymerization substrate generated a signal to noise ratio of 14 at the detection limit (156 ng/mL) in an assay of transforming growth factor-beta. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1521–1528. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improvement of 4H-SiC Power p-i-n Diode Switching Performance Through Local Lifetime Control Using Boron Diffusion

A comparison is carried out of the switching characteristics of 4H-SiC conventional p-i-n rectifiers, where the p-layer is formed by aluminum doping during epitaxial growth, with that of p-i-n diodes, where the p-layer is formed by codiffusion of aluminum and boron. It is demonstrated that p-i-n diodes that are produced by high-temperature diffusion exhibit better switching capability as compared to epigrown p-i-n diodes. The improved behavior is attributed to the reduced lifetime region that is created by the diffused boron layer. Also, the reduced lifetime region was implemented in a SiC conventional epitaxial p-i-n structure by boron diffusion through the epitaxial aluminum-doped p+ layer; the switching behavior of such a "hybrid" p-i-n diode is identical to that of the diffused one. The improvement of reverse-recovery characteristic is attributed to the effect of localized lifetime control by recombination centers that are created by diffused boron
Do Biological and Bedsite Characteristics Influence Survival of Neonatal White-Tailed Deer?

Coyotes recently expanded into the eastern U.S. and potentially have caused localized white-tailed deer population declines. Research has focused on quantifying coyote predation on neonates, but little research has addressed the potential influence of bedsite characteristics on survival. In 2011 and 2012, we radiocollared 65 neonates, monitored them intensively for 16 weeks, and assigned mortality causes. We used Program MARK to estimate survival to 16 weeks and included biological covariates (i.e., sex, sibling status [whether or not it had a sibling], birth weight, and Julian date of birth). Survival to 16 weeks was 0.141 (95% CI = 0.075-0.249) and the top model included only sibling status, which indicated survival was lower for neonates that had a sibling. Predation was the leading cause of mortality (35 of 55; 64%) and coyotes were responsible for the majority of depredations (30 of 35; 86%). Additionally, we relocated neonates for the first 10 days of life and measured distance to firebreak, visual obstruction, and plant diversity at bedsites. Survival of predation to 10 days (0.726; 95% CI = 0.586-0.833) was weakly associated with plant diversity at bedsites but not related to visual obstruction. Our results indicate that neonate survival was low and coyote predation was an important source of mortality, which corroborates several recent studies from the region. Additionally, we detected only weak support for bedsite cover as a covariate to neonate survival, which indicates that mitigating effects of coyote predation on neonates may be more complicated than simply managing for increased hiding cover.
Dominant interfering Fas gene mutations impair apoptosis in a human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Five unrelated children are described with a rare autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) characterized by massive nonmalignant lymphadenopathy, autoimmune phenomena, and expanded populations of TCR-CD3+CD4-CD8- lymphocytes. These findings, suggesting a genetic defect in the ability of T lymphocytes to respond to normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, prompted an evaluation of lymphocyte apoptosis. Each child had defective Fas-mediated T lymphocyte apoptosis associated with a unique, deleterious Fas gene mutation. One mutation appeared to cause a simple loss of function; however, four others had a dominant negative phenotype when coexpressed with normal Fas. Family studies demonstrated the inheritance of the mutant Fas alleles. The occurrence of Fas mutations together with abnormal T cell apoptosis in ALPS patients suggests an involvement of Fas in this recently recognized disorder of lymphocyte homeostasis and peripheral self-tolerance.
Fuzzy logic's diffusion in the study of business, the social sciences, philosophy, and medicine

The diffusion of innovations can be traced over time. Fuzzy logic constitutes one such innovation in the realm of academic research. I investigate to what extent fuzzy logic has diffused throughout the social sciences, business, medicine, and philosophy. The number of journal articles published on fuzzy logic in each field is measured as the degree to which fuzzy logic has been "adopted" by academic researchers. The results indicate that fuzzy logic has been adopted by at least a few researchers in each of the four academic disciplines. Researchers in business, and specifically in the area of operations, have published the greatest number of articles using fuzzy logic.
A randomized phase 1 pharmacokinetic trial comparing the potential biosimilar PF-05280014 with trastuzumab in healthy volunteers (REFLECTIONS B327-01).

Aims The pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity between PF-05280014, a proposed trastuzumab biosimilar, trastuzumab sourced from European Union (trastuzumab-EU) or from United States (trastuzumab-US) was evaluated. Safety and immunogenicity were also assessed.
High-fat diets cause insulin resistance despite an increase in muscle mitochondria.

It has been hypothesized that insulin resistance is mediated by a deficiency of mitochondria in skeletal muscle. In keeping with this hypothesis, high-fat diets that cause insulin resistance have been reported to result in a decrease in muscle mitochondria. In contrast, we found that feeding rats high-fat diets that cause muscle insulin resistance results in a concomitant gradual increase in muscle mitochondria. This adaptation appears to be mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ by fatty acids, which results in a gradual, posttranscriptionally regulated increase in PPAR γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) protein expression. Similarly, overexpression of PPARδ results in a large increase in PGC-1α protein in the absence of any increase in PGC-1α mRNA. We interpret our findings as evidence that raising free fatty acids results in an increase in mitochondria by activating PPARδ, which mediates a posttranscriptional increase in PGC-1α. Our findings argue against the concept that insulin resistance is mediated by a deficiency of muscle mitochondria.
Functional safety certification: Practice and issues

As the increasing use of programmable electronic systems to carry out safety functions of automation control systems, there is an emerging need for functional safety certification in order to protect people, equipment and work in progress (WIP) from injuries and damages. The current practice of functional safety certification and other existing control logic verification methods that could be used for functional safety certification are compared, and issues are identified. With that, a new approach and the associated technical challenges for its implementation are discussed. It aims to improve the certification process by significantly reducing setup cost, saving certification time, and improving certification quality. The paper concludes with a future research plan for solving identified challenges.
Autonomous Control Systems: Architecture and Fundamental Issues

Autonomous control systems must perform well under significant uncertainties in the plant and the environment for extended periods of time and they must be able to compensate for system failures without external intervention. Such control systems evolve from conventional control systems and their development requires interdisciplinary research. A hierarchical functional autonomous control architecture is introduced here and its functions are described in detail. The fundamental issues in autonomous control system modelling and analysis are discussed.
Short‐term and Long‐term Changes in the Postischemic Hippocampus

We have demonstrated a far more widespread and selective ischemic cell damage than previously thought. In area CA3, a distinct subpopulation of interneurons, characterized by their spiny dendrites and their calretinin content, was selectively vulnerable in the absence of any other CA3 involvement. In the dentate hilus, four different types of spiny cells were consistently damaged. The common denominator in these two cell groups is the presence of spines on their dendrites and hence the greater density of mossy fiber innervation they receive. A common mechanism of cell death may be the presence of non-NMDA receptor subtypes that are highly permeable to calcium. We speculate that they may constitute an important control mechanism in the CA3 region and the hilus, and impairment of this mechanism may be causal to delayed neuronal death in CA1. We have also shown that neuronal degeneration does not end after delayed cell death of CA1 pyramidal cells. Our results suggest that there is progressive degeneration throughout the life of the animal and degeneration of additional cell populations (e.g. CA1 interneurons and CA3 pyramidal cells) may also occur secondary to the insult.
The Effect of Structural Holes on Social Capital and Individual Performance Within Social Media Networks

The increasing use of social media has transformed the way that individuals interact with each other and has accelerated the exchange of information and knowledge. Social media has also created the phenomenon of social capital defined as the expected collective or economic benefit derived from the cooperative interaction between individuals and groups. Our research paper explores the effect on structural holes on social capital and participant performance. Structural holes have been defined as weak links to other social media groups outside the primary social network group. Research posits that weak links generate more alternate sources of new information and knowledge than strong links and thus, create more social capital and affect individual performance within a social network. Our results discuss the effect of frequency of user logins, posts counts and hierarchy (as a measure of structural hole) on experience and activeness as a measure of individual performance.
Dependant Care Tax Benefits a Second Look

Current federal tax law includes two possible benefits for people who need to pay dependent care costs to make employment possible. One is a dependent care tax credit and the other is an exclusion from income for employer-paid dependent care costs. Our previous Tax Notes article focused on these dependent care tax benefits. One conclusion of that article is that the wording of the tax code with respect to the credit offers benefits which may not actually be available for low-income taxpayers. Another conclusion is that low-income taxpayers may be encouraged by employers to participate in an employer dependent care assistance program even though they might be better off with the credit than the exclusion.Although the conclusions reached were appropriate based on the analysis provided, additional analysis is needed, especially with respect to the second conclusion. The reason additional analysis is needed is that some simplifying assumptions were made in the prior article. Fewer simplifying assumptions are made in this article, making the analysis more realistic and providing some interesting conclusions that need to be noted. The stark results presented indicate a need for appropriate consideration to changes in tax laws.
Mimicking Protein Functions with Entropically Constrained Peptides

The biological functions of proteins, from molecular recognition to enzymatic activity, depend on the thermodynamic stability of a conformationally constrained folded structure which positions a small number of amino acid residues in an appropriate position and orientation to carry out their intended function. Most proteins use many weak interactions along a long polypeptide chain to pay the entropic penalty of occupying the native state, though there are examples in biology of short polypeptides which use a few strong or covalent interactions to stabilize a rigid structure. We have developed a completely synthetic high throughput screening platform capable of identifying conformationally constrained macrocyclic peptides with a defined biological function. Proximity-catalyzed in situ click enables discovery of short constrained peptides capable of binding to a chosen site on a protein surface with no requirements for binding pockets or naturally addressable residues in a manner analogous to monoclonal antibodies. We have successfully targeted post-translational modifications, single amino acid mutations and allosteric sites which have revealed new avenues for drug discovery. Recently, discovery of constrained peptides capable of mimicking biological activity on small molecule targets is made possible through the use of suicide substrate activity-based probes. Short constrained peptide motifs capable of activating natural residues and cofactor mimics for nucleophilic attack and decarboxylation have been identified.
Minds, Composition, and Hume's Skepticism in the Appendix

This essay gives a new interpretation of Hume's second thoughts about minds in the Appendix, based on a new interpretation of his view of composition. In Book 1 of the Treatise, Hume argued that, as far as we can conceive it, a mind is a whole composed by all its perceptions. But—this essay argues—he also held that several perceptions form a whole only if the mind to which they belong supplies a “connexion” among them. In order to do so, it must contain a further perception or perceptions. But when the perceptions in question are all of those belonging to a given mind—as in the section “Of personal identity” and the Appendix—there cannot be a further perception in that mind, and so those perceptions do not form a whole. Hence, Hume's views were inconsistent. This essay argues that, unlike most others, this interpretation explains his retreat to skepticism in the Appendix.
Quantitative Motion Analysis from Rotating Mirror Framing Camera Records

Detailed motion analyses represent a powerful tool for studying the characteristics of energetic dynamic events such as hypervelocity impacts and explosions. Techniques for evaluating and correcting systematic errors in rotating mirror framing camera records and for improving data analysis methods have been applied to a Beckman & Whitley Model 300 framing camera. Magnification and distortion errors were determined by photographing a precision grid. Precise inter-frame time variations were determined by measuring the angle of rotation of the framing mirror to within 30″ of arc by a reflected laser technique. The use of fiducial markers, specialized film measurement techniques, and semiautomatic data reduction techniques, have made motion analyses with rotating mirror cameras feasible for a wide range of dynamic event studies.
Feasibility and accuracy of using mobile phone images of electrocardiograms to initiate the cardiac catheterization process

We assessed the feasibility of interpreting the presence of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) using ECGs captured and transmitted by mobile phones. Transmitted ECGs were interpreted by four independent and blinded physicians, who classified them as STEMI, non-STEMI or indeterminate. After 2-4 weeks the same physicians were given the original paper ECGs for interpretation. In total, 87 ECGs were randomly selected for review. The overall agreement between the digital image readings and the printed copy readings was 94%. Of the 87 patients, 65 (75%) had cardiac catheterization following a STEMI ECG and 22 (25%) did not receive cardiac catheterization. The accuracy of digital ECGs and printed ECGs when compared to the findings from cardiac catheterization was similar. Agreement in ECG interpretations between printed images and mobile phone images was excellent, and both had similar accuracy in activating the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Mobile phone transmission is an inexpensive method of evaluating ECG images sent from pre-hospital settings to the emergency department.
A Drainage Map of Mexico

Students wishing to illustrate the distribution of aquatic or riparian organisms frequently cannot find suitable drainage maps of the area of their interests. This is true for Mexico, a region in which biologists of many disciplines are actively working. A drainage map of that Republic is described here so that others who find it suitable for their work may obtain copies. The base used for the map is "Mexico and Central America," prepared by the National Geographic Society, March, 1953. The scale is 1:3,500,000, about 55 miles (92 km.) to the inch. After the preliminary draft was made, the drainages were checked against the sheets of the "Carta Geographica de la Republica Mexicana," scale 1: 500,000, 1957-58. Reference was also made to the "Carta Geologica de la Republica Mexicana," scale 1:2,000,000, 1960. For upto-date information on reservoirs (presas), the second edition (1966) of "Caminos de Mexico" was used. This is published by La Compafiia Hulera Euzkadi, S. A., in a most attractive format, and is available at Sanborn's in Mexico City. Outside measurements of the map are 37 inches long and 27 inches wide; actual map size is 351/2 X 26 inches. Drainage detail was designed for reduction to page size (approximately 8 x 51/2 inches), with placement of the map lengthwise on the page. Consequently, some playas, lakes, and reservoirs had to be made larger than they actually are, some streams had to be cut short so that they would not coalesce with adjacent ones on opposite sides of drainage divides, and many creeks and lagunas could not be included. Shoreline features also have been simplified. State boundaries are shown, but some are only approximate. Brackish water lagoons are differentiated from freshwater bodies by a coarser stipple; playas are shown by a dashed outline. Natural lakes and reservoirs have the same stippling. The map was drafted by William L. Cristanelli, with some subsequent modifications by Jeanne Koelling and Martha B. Lackey. My wife, Frances H. Miller, devoted many hours to the tedious checking of drainages, an often frustrating experience since rarely do two maps of Mexico agree in their hydrographic detail. Roger Conant and Rezneat M. Darnell kindly supplied corrections and suggestions for improvement. The Yucatan Peninsula is blank because the outer part (most of Yucatan) has no surface streams and it is impossible to show the numerous steep-sided cenotes (limestone sinks) and funnel-shaped sink holes (aguadas) at the scale of this map; the basal part has neither surface streams nor natural wells (see Handbook of Middle American Indians, 1964, vol. 1:377 and fig. 18, Univ. Texas Press). An attempt was made to show intermittent streams, but this met with only partial success because of scale size and insufficient information. Despite all these difficulties it is believed that the map will prove useful to many. Those using it are urged to let me know of noteworthy errors and omissions. The map is for sale through the Secretary of the Museum of Zoology (see address below) and across the counter. Support from NSF GB 6272X is gratefully acknowledged.
Temperature-independent, seasonal fluctuations in immune function of the Mojave Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)

As long-lived reptiles, Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii (Cooper, 1861)) are expected to make substantial energetic investments in immune defense. This species also has many adaptations to living in an arid environment characterized by seasonal extremes in temperature and resource availability. By housing G. agassizii at a controlled, constant ambient temperature, we quantified predominantly temperature-independent, seasonal fluctuations in innate immune function and circulating leukocytes in a reptile. We found a decrease in bacteriocidal activity of the blood plasma in winter, with reduced function lasting into the spring. Lymphocyte numbers were elevated in fall and winter, whereas eosinophil numbers increased in summer. Thus, properties of the immune system were up- or down-regulated in different directions across the seasons. We found a much higher level of variation of leukocyte profiles among individuals than has previously been reported for other chelonians. Heterophil:lymphocyte ratios...
The Structure of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Is Adapted for Low-pH Catalysis

Human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) expression in many cancers is associated with hypoxic tumors and poor patient outcome. Inhibitors of hCA IX have been used as anticancer agents with some entering Phase I clinical trials. hCA IX is transmembrane protein whose catalytic domain faces the extracellular tumor milieu, which is typically associated with an acidic microenvironment. Here, we show that the catalytic domain of hCA IX (hCA IX-c) exhibits the necessary biochemical and biophysical properties that allow for low pH stability and activity. Furthermore, the unfolding process of hCA IX-c appears to be reversible, and its catalytic efficiency is thought to be correlated directly with its stability between pH 3.0 and 8.0 but not above pH 8.0. To rationalize this, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of hCA IX-c to 1.6 A resolution. Insights from this study suggest an understanding of hCA IX-c stability and activity in low-pH tumor microenvironments and may be applicable to determining pH-related effe...
Environmental Sustainability of Laser Metal Deposition: The Role of Feedstock Powder and Feedstock Utilization Factor

Abstract Metal additive manufacturing (AM) is commonly promoted as a sustainable technology because of its capability to produce engineering components of complex geometries in a single step. Prior studies on environmental impact assessment of metal AM have underestimated the resource consumption due to the overestimation of the material utilization factor and neglecting the energy consumption needed to produce the desirable feedstock powder. This paper aims to address the role of feedstock powder and the actual material utilization factor in environmental impact assessment of laser metal deposition. Recycling and reuse of the unfused powder as the feedstock for subsequent depositions are proposed.