cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract C79: Methylnaltrexone inhibits EGF‐ and IGF‐induced human bronchioloalveolar carcinoma proliferation and migration

Introduction: Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a very poor prognosis and improved therapies are needed. Expression of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) is increased in metastatic sites of patients with NSCLC. Previous work by our laboratory and others suggested a role of opioids in several aspects of tumor growth (Wang et al., Anticancer Res, 2009; Mol Cancer Ther, 2008; Gupta et al., Cancer Res, 2002). In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of MOR by the peripheral MOR antagonist, methylnaltrexone (MNTX), attenuates EGF‐ and IGF‐mediated human bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) molecular pathways involved in NSCLC oncogenic potential. Methods: Human H358 BAC cells were pretreated with various siRNAs targeting MOR, Akt, cortactin, Gab1, PLC 1 or STAT3 or pretreated with MNTX (1.0–250 nM), 10‐(4 ‐(N‐diethylamino)butyl)‐2‐chlorophenoxazine (Akt inhibitor, 5 µM), U‐73122 (PLC inhibitor, 1 µM) or 6‐Nitrobenzo[b]thiophene‐1,1‐dioxide (STAT3 inhibitor, 1 µM) prior to the addition of EGF or IGF (10 ng/ml). Functional (cell proliferation and migration) and biochemical studies (immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting) were then conducted. Results: 14 NSCLC cell lines (7 adenocarcinomas, 3 SCC, 2 bronchoioloalveolar carcinoma, 1 large cell carcinoma, 1 adenosquamous carcinoma) were examined for MOR expression using immunoblotting techniques. MOR expression was increased in most NSCLC cell lines with BAC having the highest levels of MOR expression (7–9 fold higher that control primary lung epithelial or BEAS‐2B cells). EGF and IGF treatment of BAC (10 ng/ml, 5–30 minutes) stimulated MOR association with the EGF and IGF receptor, respectively. MNTX inhibited EGF‐ and IGF‐mediated BAC, but not control BEAS‐2B, proliferation and migration in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50 = ∼10 and 100 nM). On a mechanistic level, we observed that MNTX inhibited both EGF‐ and IGF‐induced recruitment of the adaper protein, Gab1 (GRB2‐associated binding protein 1), to the plasma membrane and complex formation with the EGF/IGF receptor in BAC. Silencing (siRNA) MOR, Gab1 or MNTX treatment inhibited EGF/IGF‐mediated Akt (serine/threonine kinase), cortactin (actin regulatory protein), PLC 1 (phospholipase) and STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription protein) phosphorylation/activation, events which are involved in BAC oncogenic signaling. In addition, inhibiting (siRNA and/or chemical inhibitors) Akt, cortactin, PLC 1 and/or STAT3 attenuated both EGF‐ and IGF‐induced BAC growth and migration (50–90%). Conclusion: We have shown that MNTX inhibits EGF/IGF‐mediated oncogenic signaling through inhibition of MOR‐mediated Gab1 recruitment to the plasma membrane and consequent attenuation of Akt, cortactin, PLC 1 and STAT3 activation leading to reduced BAC proliferation and migration. Further study of this molecule as a potential therapeutic agent is warranted. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C79.
Gaps in the epidemiology of in utero radiation-exposure effects

Abstract Several gaps exist in our knowledge about in utero radiation exposure and cancer induction. More data are needed on the magnitude of risk from in utero exposure, especially since the case-control studies tend to show stronger associations than the cohort studies do. There is also uncertainty as to whether the relative risk (RR) for various cancer types is similar following prenatal irradiation. The lifetime cancer risk from prenatal radiation exposure is undefined; the atomic bomb study suggests that for ages 17–46 the RR at 1 Gy is about 3-fold, but this is based on Regarding neurological and mental effects of prenatal radiation exposures, an important question is whether there is a dose–effect threshold for intellectual impairment by ionizing radiation. This has been examined in the Japanese atomic bomb in utero cohort for severe mental retardation, but not for intelligence in general. There is also residual uncertainty about the effects of irradiation on brain development during the first 7 weeks postconception. No human information is available on the impact of dose fractionation or dose rate, or of high-LET radiations, upon mental-deficit outcomes. Data on the impact of prenatal irradiation upon neurological or cognitive functions other than intelligence are sparse.
Motivations and Antecedents of Consumer Engagement With Brand Pages on Social Networking Sites

Brand pages on social networking sites (SNSs) have become the key platform where consumers interact with brands. This study explored the types of consumer engagement with brand pages on Facebook as well as the motivations and antecedents that drive such engagement. Given the participatory and communal nature of SNSs, this study focused on the effects of social media dependency and three social relationship factors, including parasocial interaction, perceived source credibility, and community identification on consumer engagement with Facebook brand pages. A web survey was conducted to understand the motivations and antecedents of consumer engagement. The results confirm that, with the exception of perceived credibility, relationship-oriented factors played a significant role in inducing consumer engagement on SNSs.
Molecular cloning and characterization of rabbit pancreatic triglyceride lipase

Abstract Pancreatic lipase (triacylgycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.l.3) has been cloned from a gtll cDNA library made from poly A + RNA of adult rabbit pancreas. Pancreatic lipase (PL) assits the absorption of dietary triglycerides by hydrolyzing them at 1 and 3 positions to free fatty acids and 2-monoacylglycerol in the presence of bile acids and colipase in the intestinal lumen (1). Since rabbits are classically used for the study of the diet induced changes in the lipid metabolism, as a prelude to studying the diet and age dependent changes in the expression of this enzyme, a full length PL cDNA clone was obtained from its pancreas. The coding region of rabbit pancreatic lipase cDNA consists of 1407 base pairs contained in an open reading frame encoding 469 amino acids including the 16 that constitute the signal peptide. Northern blot analysis revealed a band around 1.5 kb. When rabbit enzyme is compared to other species, an over all homology of 70–80% was observed at the nucleotide level. High homology in the amino acid sequence and composition is also apparent between rabbit and other species like dog (65%), pig (76%) and rat (63%). Highest homology is found to be around active-site serine. The regions of homology with other species may help to define sites of interaction of lipase with co-lipase.
Structures of the novel diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana.

Abstract From the commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana , two new diterpenoid glycosides were isolated besides the known steviol glycosides including stevioside, rebaudiosides A–F, rubusoside, and dulcoside A. The structures of the two new compounds were identified as 13-[(2- O -6-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent -kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β- d -glucopyranosyl ester ( 1 ), and 13-[(2- O -6-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl-3- O -β- d -glucopyranosyl-β- d -glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent -kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β- d -glucopyranosyl ester ( 2 ), on the basis of extensive NMR and MS spectral data as well as chemical studies.
A Peccary Skull from the Barstow Miocene, California.

In November, 1936, a group of students from the Webb School, Claremont, California, visited the fossil beds of the Barstow Miocene under the leadership of Mr. Raymond M. Alf. On this occasion William Webb had the good fortune to find the remains of a peccary skull and jaw to be described in this paper. The specimens were generously presented to the California Institute.
Predictors of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background Severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is associated with hospital mortality and length of stay. However, as there is no consensus regarding how to predict the development of severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome (SAWS), we sought to determine independent predictors of SAWS. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating hospitalized patients with AWS versus SAWS—delirium tremens (DT) and/or seizures. Random-effects meta-analysis [PRISMA guidelines] was performed on common baseline variables and predictive effects for development of SAWS were calculated using RevMan v5.2. Funnel plots were constructed, and tests of heterogeneity were performed. Results Of 226 studies screened, 17 met criteria and 15 were included in the meta-analysis. The primary findings were that an incident occurrence of DT or alcohol withdrawal seizures was significantly predicted by history of a similar event (OR 2.58 for DT vs. no-DT, 95% CI 1.41, 4.7; OR 2.8 for seizure vs. no-seizure, 95% CI 1.09, 7.19). Both a lower initial platelet count and serum potassium level were predictive of an incident occurrence of DT (platelet count mean difference [MD] −45.64/mm3 vs. no-DT, 95% CI −75.95, −15.33; potassium level MD −0.26 mEq/l vs. no-DT, 95% CI −0.45, −0.08), seizures, and SAWS. Higher initial alanine aminotransferase was seen in patients with SAWS (MD 20.97 U/l vs. no-SAWS, 95% CI 0.89, 41.05). Higher initial serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was seen in patients with incident alcohol withdrawal seizures (MD 202.56 U/l vs. no-seizure, 95% CI 3.62, 401.5). Significant heterogeneity was observed, and there was evidence of publication bias. Notably, neither gender nor comorbid liver disease was predictive. Conclusions The course of prior episodes of AWS is the most reliable predictor of subsequent episodes. Thrombocytopenia and hypokalemia also correlate with SAWS. We propose further research into drinking patterns, gender, and medical comorbidities.
Abstract 1339: Upregulation of the glutathione detoxification pathway protects against cytotoxicity induced by the alkylating agent, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES)

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a vesicating agent that was first used in chemical warfare over 100 years ago. SM alkylates DNA and is mutagenic in various model systems. Epidemiological studies indicate that chronic exposure increases the risk of cancer in exposed tissues. Due to its incapacitating effects, and the relative ease with which it may be synthesized, mustard gas remains a potential chemical threat to the present day. Currently, there are no antidotes for SM-induced toxicity; therefore, chemopreventive and therapeutic measures are needed. Glutathione (GSH) exerts a protective effect against SM toxicity, and detoxification of SM is believed to occur, in part, via GSH conjugation. The rate-limiting step in GSH synthesis is catalyzed by the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) holoenzyme, which is composed of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit (GCLC and GCLM, respectively). Cancer chemopreventive agents are known to modulate expression of GCL and GSH S-transferases (GSTs) via activation of the transcription factor, Nrf2, and may, therefore, have utility in inhibiting SM-induced damage in the skin. We have screened 6 chemopreventive agents for ability to induce GSH synthesis and protect cultured NCTC2544 human keratinocytes against the SM analogue, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). We found that sulforaphane and methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) stimulated nuclear localization of Nrf2 and induced expression of GCLM. Additionally, we found that treatment with CDDO-Me elevated reduced GSH content of NCTC2544 cells (118.0±11.6 nmol/mg protein versus 66.5±7.9 nmol/mg protein) and preserved their viability by ∼3-fold following exposure to CEES. CDDO-Me acted additively with 2,6-dithiopurine (DTP), a nucleophilic scavenging agent, to increase the viability of keratinocytes exposed to CEES by 6-fold (60% in cells treated with a combination of CDDO-Me and DTP vs 10% in cells treated with vehicle only). In vivo, topical application of either sulforaphane or CDDO-Me elevated epidermal GSH and GST levels in the skin of C57BL/6 mice. These results suggest that CDDO-Me and sulforaphane are promising chemopreventive agents for SM toxicity in the skin. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1339. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1339
Mechanics of glochidial attachment (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae).

Glochidia are third-class levers in which the valves form the lever arms and the single adductor muscle produces the force. In this study the lengths of the lever arms and the areas of glochidial valves and adductor muscles were determined for 57 species of unionid glochidia. The position of the adductor muscle relative to the dorsal margin of the larval valve was also determined for each species. From these data and an analysis of the possible configurations of adductor muscle and valve dimensions, we determined that most of the glochidia within the Unionidae emphasize area of sweep during valve adduction. These glochidia possess long resistance arms and short force arms and generally had small-diameter adductor muscles. Other glochidia, however, were found to possess one or all of the following: short resistance arms, long force arms, and large-diameter adductor muscles. It is suggested that these glochidia are adapted for strength of valve adduction and that for these larvae a trade-off exists between strength of valve adduction and acceptable valve gape. Furthermore, this study suggests that the mode of attachment employed by glochidia has played a major role in the development of these bivalve larvae and has produced convergence in valve shape and adductor muscle size.
Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine

5-methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA plays an important role in gene expression, genomic imprinting, and suppression of transposable elements. 5mC can be converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by the Tet (ten eleven translocation) proteins. Here, we show that, in addition to 5hmC, the Tet proteins can generate 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) from 5mC in an enzymatic activity–dependent manner. Furthermore, we reveal the presence of 5fC and 5caC in genomic DNA of mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse organs. The genomic content of 5hmC, 5fC, and 5caC can be increased or reduced through overexpression or depletion of Tet proteins. Thus, we identify two previously unknown cytosine derivatives in genomic DNA as the products of Tet proteins. Our study raises the possibility that DNA demethylation may occur through Tet-catalyzed oxidation followed by decarboxylation.
EFFECTS OF INTENSE NOISE ON PROCESSING OF CUTANEOUS INFORMATION OF VARYING COMPLEXITY.

36 enlisted men identified a series of electropulse messages under varying auditory noise conditions. 3 levels of message complexity were combined factorially with intermittent noise, continuous no...
Mate-Finding as an Overlooked Critical Determinant of Dispersal Variation in Sexually-Reproducing Animals

Dispersal is a critically important process in ecology, but robust predictive models of animal dispersal remain elusive. We identify a potentially ubiquitous component of variation in animal dispersal that has been largely overlooked until now: the influence of mate encounters on settlement probability. We use an individual-based model to simulate dispersal in sexually-reproducing organisms that follow a simple set of movement rules based on conspecific encounters, within an environment lacking spatial habitat heterogeneity. We show that dispersal distances vary dramatically with fluctuations in population density in such a model, even in the absence of variation in dispersive traits between individuals. In a simple random-walk model with promiscuous mating, dispersal distributions become increasingly ‘fat-tailed’ at low population densities due to the increasing scarcity of mates. Similar variation arises in models incorporating territoriality. In a model with polygynous mating, we show that patterns of sex-biased dispersal can even be reversed across a gradient of population density, despite underlying dispersal mechanisms remaining unchanged. We show that some widespread dispersal patterns found in nature (e.g. fat tailed distributions) can arise as a result of demographic variability in the absence of heterogeneity in dispersive traits across the population. This implies that models in which individual dispersal distances are considered to be fixed traits might be unrealistic, as dispersal distances vary widely under a single dispersal mechanism when settlement is influenced by mate encounters. Mechanistic models offer a promising means of advancing our understanding of dispersal in sexually-reproducing organisms.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is induced in growth-arrested hepatoma cells.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA is elevated in H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells cultured at high density, suggesting that PEPCK expression and growth arrest may be coordinately regulated. Induction of growth arrest either by contact inhibition (high culture density) or by serum deprivation correlated with significant increases in PEPCK protein and its mRNA. The observation that PEPCK mRNA was induced by contact inhibition in the presence of serum indicates that the effect of high density is independent of insulin or any other serum component. The magnitudes of the changes in PEPCK expression during growth arrest were greatly enhanced in KRC-7 cells, an H4IIEC3 subclone that is much more sensitive to growth arrest than its parental cell line. Restimulation of proliferation in growth-arrested KRC-7 cells, either by addition of serum or insulin to serum-deprived cells or by replating contact-inhibited cells at low density, caused a rapid decrease in PEPCK expression. However, PEPCK mRNA is not always reduced in proliferating cells since treatment of serum-starved cells with epidermal growth factor stimulated entry into the cell cycle but did not affect PEPCK mRNA levels. Finally, dexamethasone induction of PEPCK mRNA was blunted in cells cultured at high density but was unaffected by the presence or absence of serum. Collectively, these data suggest the possibility of cross-talk between the control of PEPCK expression and growth arrest in KRC-7 cells.
Hyperon electroproduction in a crossing and duality constrained model.

Using our previously developed crossing and duality consistent model for kaon photoproduction and radiative capture, we investigate the kaon electroproduction processes p(e,e'${\mathit{K}}^{+}$)Y for Y=\ensuremath{\Lambda}, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{0}$, and \ensuremath{\Lambda}(1405). Because there is no electroproduction data near threshold, consistency requires extending the energy range of our photoproduction model parametrization from an upper bound of ${\mathit{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\mathrm{lab}}$=1.4 to 2.2 GeV. We find that baryon resonances with spin greater than 1/2 are necessary to describe the higher energy photoproduction data (1.4\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{E}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\mathrm{lab}}$\ensuremath{\le}2.2 GeV). We also extend our use of duality by representing these higher-spin s- and u-channel baryon resonances with the low-lying t-channel vector, ${\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{*}}$(890), and pseudovector, ${\mathit{K}}_{1}$(1270), mesons. Using this extended crossing and duality consistent model, we obtain reasonable agreement with the data for both photoproduction and electroproduction processes.
Human metabolic response to systemic inflammation: assessment of the concordance between experimental endotoxemia and clinical cases of sepsis/SIRS.

Two recent, independent, studies conducted novel metabolomics analyses relevant to human sepsis progression; one was a human model of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) challenge (experimental endotoxemia) and the other was community acquired pneumonia and sepsis outcome diagnostic study (CAPSOD). The purpose of the present study was to assess the concordance of metabolic responses to LPS and community-acquired sepsis. We tested the hypothesis that the patterns of metabolic response elicited by endotoxin would agree with those in clinical sepsis. Alterations in the plasma metabolome of the subjects challenged with LPS were compared with those of sepsis patients who had been stratified into two groups: sepsis patients with confirmed infection and non-infected patients who exhibited systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Common metabolites between endotoxemia and both these groups were individually identified, together with their direction of change and functional classifications. Response to endotoxemia at the metabolome level elicited characteristics that agree well with those observed in sepsis patients despite the high degree of variability in the response of these patients. Moreover, some distinct features of SIRS have been identified. Upon stratification of sepsis patients based on 28-day survival, the direction of change in 21 of 23 metabolites was the same in endotoxemia and sepsis survival groups. The observed concordance in plasma metabolomes of LPS-treated subjects and sepsis survivors strengthens the relevance of endotoxemia to clinical research as a physiological model of community-acquired sepsis, and gives valuable insights into the metabolic changes that constitute a homeostatic response. Furthermore, recapitulation of metabolic differences between sepsis non-survivors and survivors in LPS-treated subjects can enable further research on the development and assessment of rational clinical therapies to prevent sepsis mortality. Compared with earlier studies which focused exclusively on comparing transcriptional dynamics, the distinct metabolomic responses to systemic inflammation with or without confirmed infection, suggest that the metabolome is much better at differentiating these pathophysiologies. Finally, the metabolic changes in the recovering patients shift towards the LPS-induced response pattern strengthening the notion that the metabolic, as well as transcriptional responses, characteristic to the endotoxemia model represent necessary and “healthy” responses to infectious stimuli.
Challenges of biomarkers in drug discovery and development.

Biomarker data are essential in the discovery and development of new drugs. However, pathways needed to make sure that biomarker data are accepted by regulatory agencies may be considered an unnecessary burden on the critical path for drug development. There is the need to consider early in discovery and development that these pathways for biomarker acceptance or qualification not only are necessary, but may also enhance the success of novel therapies through regulatory review and clinical use. There also needs to be a focus on the challenge in the application of biomarkers as these approach regulatory evaluation. Regulatory guidance is needed on how a patient population may be defined by the molecular phenotype classification associated with specific mutations in patient genomes. Enzyme replacement therapies have been implicitly approved in the past assuming a molecular phenotype of a defective enzyme, but these and other precedents have not yet been translated into regulatory guidance. A second regulato...
A framework for interactive generation of music for games

Tonal music has had a rich history in Video Games and movies, and in fact, music generation has played a minor role in the history of game music as well. Recent developments in Music Theory has derived representions of chord progressions using geometric topologies. Unlike prior generative music, the framework proposed in this paper attempts to approach tonal music generation by building networks of chords using the geometric topologies. This geometric network of chords can then be used inside of reinforcement learning models for learning the best motions in the progression. The proposed method uses Q Learning models, by rewarding acceptable chords, such as Major and minor chords. Rewards are also given to chords within a specified scale. The proposed framework approaches tonal chord progressions by keeping a tonal center in the progression. Methods for creating interactive and unique music for video games are also discussed.
A staging system for mouse limb development

A series of 15 stages of development for the mouse limb bud have been defined, spanning the time from the first appearance of the limb bud to the completion of limb outgrowth. The stages are based on changes in the morphology of the limb in living preparations. The development and regression of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) as well as the development of the skeletal structures are also described. This staging system has been developed in response to the need to standardize in situ experimental analyses of the mouse limb bud. Comparable stages of the commonly used chick wing and mouse whole embryo systems are presented.
Visualization of bile homeostasis using 1H-NMR spectroscopy as a route for assessing liver cancer

Changes in bile synthesis by the liver or alterations in the enterohepatic circulation due to a variety of etiological conditions may represent a novel source of liver disease-specific biomarkers. Bile from patients with liver diseases exhibited significant changes in the levels of glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and urea relative to non-liver disease controls. Cholangiocarcinoma and non-malignant liver diseases (NMLD) showed the most significant alterations. Further, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could be differentiated from NMLD (p = 0.02), as well as non-liver disease controls (p = 0.02) based on the amounts of bile acids, phospholipids and/or cholesterol. HCC also differed with cholangiocarcinoma although not significantly. Urea increases somewhat in non-malignant liver disease relative to non-liver disease controls, while the bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol all decrease significantly. The ratio between some major bile metabolites also distinguished NMLD (p = 0.004–0.01) from non-liver disease controls. This snapshot view of bile homeostasis, is obtainable from a simple nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach and demonstrates the enormous opportunity to assess liver status, explore biomarkers for high risk diseases such as cancers and improve the understanding of normal and abnormal cellular functions.
New diagnostic tools for tissue testing

Abstract Diagnostic procedures that identify nutrient deficiencies and excesses in crops will likely gain prominence in the future. One reason is environmental concerns are driving producers to more timely and judicious use of fertilizers and waste products. Economics is an equally important factor that ultimately dictates producer practices. Advancements made in global positioning systems (GPS), geographical information systems (GIS), and variable rate application technology (VRAT) have made it possible to make nutrient management practices more site specific and reduce losses through runoff and leaching. These technologies open many opportunities for tissue testing because as whole‐field fertilizer application practices become more closely scrutinized, and nutrient deficiencies will become more obvious. Diagnosing these deficiencies will likely involve a combination of new technologies, such as on‐the‐go yield monitoring devices and aerial photography to identify problem areas in fields. Various analyti...
Electroproduction of Single Pions with Large Transverse Momenta

We report measurements of the electroproduction reaction $\mathrm{ep}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n$ for pions produced between 60 and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the virtual-photon-proton center-of-mass system. The cross section is studied as a function of the center-of-mass energy, $W$, and the square of the virtual-photon mass, $\ensuremath{-}{Q}^{2}$, in the region $1.2 \mathrm{GeV}l~Wl~3.0 \mathrm{GeV}$, $1.2 \mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{V}}^{2}l~{Q}^{2}l~4.4 \mathrm{Ge}{\mathrm{V}}^{2}$. The data show a strong $W$ dependence in accord with simple quark-model predictions but exhibit a ${Q}^{2}$ dependence which is difficult to explain in the context of such a model.
Analysis of gas stripping during ethanol fermentation—II. A combined product-substrate inhibition case

Abstract Gas stripping during ethanol fermentation (GSEF) in a CSTR for a combined product-substrate inhibition case has been analyzed using a modification of the Ghose-Tyagi specific growth rate model and the Luedeking-Piret production model to simulate the GSEF system. The system exhibits three multiple steady states which are associated with a hysteresis effect and stability problems. The advantages of using gas stripping are shown by simulation of profiles of cell concentration, substrate concentration, ethanol concentration remaining in the broth, and productivity as a function of dilution rate and stripping factor. The results are the same only for the case of product inhibition presented previously. For the hysteresis effect, the gas stripping provides an additional advantage of extending the range of operational variables to subdue the noise problem. The local stability criteria and the attraction region of initial concentration on global stability are also presented.
P-1427 - Season of birth in relation to risk of completed suicide

Introduction Several studies show that the season of birth of suicide victims does not follow a random distribution. Aim and method To examine season of birth, of a sample of suicide victims from Greece. We collected data from the Athens Department of Forensic Medicine, the largest in Greece, referring to the suicide victims of a 2-year period (November 2007-October 2009). Results Date of birth was available for 296 out of a total of 335 suicide victims; 30% were born in winter, 30.5% in spring, 19.3% in summer & 20.3% in autumn. Relatively more were born in January (15.2%) & May (12.2%), fewer in June (4.1%) & November (5.1%). Our findings are in accordance with most of the relevant literature: It has been also shown that a seasonal distribution is associated with the high sensitivity of the CNS to environmental exposure in utero, infections, hormonal changes, maternal diet, photoperiod, temperature & weather conditions. Winter-borns more frequently present modifications in the behavioral expression of dopaminergic genetic polymorphisms that could predispose to impulsive & risky, as well as sensation seeking behaviors, later in life. Furthermore, low serotonin turnover at birth has been observed in those born between February & April; it is well-known that similar findings have been documented in adult suicidal behavior too. Conclusion Risk of completed suicide seems to be higher for those born during winter & spring. More research is needed in order to clarify if season-month of birth should be included in the future assessment of suicide risk.
The glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium lophurae (avian malaria).

Abstract The agent of avian malaria, Plasmodium lophurae , contains an NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) which is capable of oxidizing glutamate to α-ketoglutarate. This glutamate dehydrogenase exists as a single electrophoretic form in both the free parasite and in the malaria-infected cell; the normal erythrocyte contains two other electrophoretic forms of low activity. It is suggested that the oxidation of glutamate, and its further metabolism via the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle may provide an additional energy source for the parasite.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding and Double H-Atom Transfer in Peroxy and Alkoxy Radicals from Isoprene

Quantum mechanical calculations were used to determine the structure and stability of second-generation peroxy and alkoxy radicals formed in the atmospheric degradation of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene). Certain of these radicals exhibit a novel hydrogen bonding motif, consisting of two intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds are donated in series, with an enol group donating a hydrogen bond to a −CH2OH group, which donates in turn to the oxygen radical center. This hydrogen bonding motif opens a new reaction pathway: the simultaneous transfer of two H-atoms across the hydrogen bonds with a barrier of only ∼5 kcal/mol in the alkoxy radicals, but ∼20 kcal/mol in the peroxy radicals. Rate constants for these reactions were calculated, and the effects of tunneling on the rate constant were examined. All species and reactions were analyzed at the B3LYP/6-311G(2df,2p) level of theory; the transition states for the double H-atom transfer reactions were also studied using the MPW1K functional and t...
Variation in Children's Nonverbal Communication as a Function of Listener and Second-Language Development

Abstract Nonverbal behavior of 50 children attending bilingual kindergarten programs was recorded during children's conversations with a puppet on three separate occasions. To determine the influence of the listener's language on children's code selection, the puppet spoke a different language on each occasion. Of particular interest was the extent to which children made pragmatic adjustments in their nonverbal code in response to different listener needs. Differences in code selection that could be attributed to variation in second-language proficiency were also explored by the contrasting behavior of children classified as monolingual, limited second-language speakers, or bilingual. Distinctive variations in nonverbal communication were found to be associated with the listener's language and the children's proficiency in a second language.
Stereoscopy in Static Scientific Imagery in an Informal Education Setting: Does It Matter?

Stereoscopic technology (3D) is rapidly becoming ubiquitous across research, entertainment and informal educational settings. Children of today may grow up never knowing a time when movies, television and video games were not available stereoscopically. Despite this rapid expansion, the field’s understanding of the impact of stereoscopic visualizations on learning is rather limited. Much of the excitement of stereoscopic technology could be due to a novelty effect, which will wear off over time. This study controlled for the novelty factor using a variety of techniques. On the floor of an urban science center, 261 children were shown 12 photographs and visualizations of highly spatial scientific objects and scenes. The images were randomly shown in either traditional (2D) format or in stereoscopic format. The children were asked two questions of each image—one about a spatial property of the image and one about a real-world application of that property. At the end of the test, the child was asked to draw from memory the last image they saw. Results showed no overall significant difference in response to the questions associated with 2D or 3D images. However, children who saw the final slide only in 3D drew more complex representations of the slide than those who did not. Results are discussed through the lenses of cognitive load theory and the effect of novelty on engagement.
Explaining gender difference in bicycling behavior

Although men and women bicycle at relatively equal rates in industrialized countries such as the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark, research has consistently found that in the United States men's total bicycle trips surpass women's by a ratio of at least 2 to 1. Current evidence, though limited, suggests that women are affected to greater or lesser degrees than men by certain factors. The purpose of this study is to provide insight on gender differences with the factors that influence the decision to use a bicycle, with the intent of supporting policy development aimed at increasing bicycle ridership, particularly among women. Bicycle use in six small cities in the western United States is examined to determine how gender interacts with individual factors and social and physical environments to influence bicycle behavior. Analysis of data from an online survey using a binary logistic regression approach shows strong interaction of gender with individual factors such as safety perception and household resp...
Changes in Simple Spike Activity of Some Purkinje Cells in the Oculomotor Vermis during Saccade Adaptation Are Appropriate to Participate in Motor Learning

Adaptation of saccadic eye movements provides an excellent motor learning model to study theories of neuronal plasticity. When primates make saccades to a jumping target, a backward step of the target during the saccade can make it appear to overshoot. If this deception continues for many trials, saccades gradually decrease in amplitude to go directly to the back-stepped target location. We used this adaptation paradigm to evaluate the Marr–Albus hypothesis that such motor learning occurs at the Purkinje (P)-cell of the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of identified P-cells in the oculomotor vermis, lobules VIc and VII. After documenting the on and off error directions of the complex spike activity of a P-cell, we determined whether its saccade-related simple spike (SS) activity changed during saccade adaptation in those two directions. Before adaptation, 57 of 61 P-cells exhibited a clear burst, pause, or a combination of both for saccades in one or both directions. Sixty-two percent of all cells, including two of the four initially unresponsive ones, behaved differently for saccades whose size changed because of adaptation than for saccades of similar sizes gathered before adaptation. In at least 42% of these, the changes were appropriate to decrease saccade amplitude based on our current knowledge of cerebellum and brainstem saccade circuitry. Changes in activity during adaptation were not compensating for the potential fatigue associated with performing many saccades. Therefore, many P-cells in the oculomotor vermis exhibit changes in SS activity specific to adapted saccades and therefore appropriate to induce adaptation.
FT-IR Spectra of Water in Microporous KBr Pellets and Water's Desorption Kinetics

The structure and spectra of water adsorbed on microporous (pore size <3 μm) KBr pellets were investigated, with the use of an infrared absorption technique at 220 < T < 450 K; P = 0.13 Pa, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements at 100 < T < 320 K. In addition, water's overall desorption kinetics from KBr pellets were determined by isothermal runs at 330 < T < 400 K, P = 0.13 Pa by means of in situ transmission Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results suggest that KBr/water interaction is complex and that water is retained by pellets in three modes. In the first, water forms a monolayer around KBr particles in which hydrogens of water are held at the surface via bonding between hydrogen and Br- ions. This monolayer contains the dominant water in KBr pellets. In the second mode, small water clusters are trapped between the KBr particles and in micropores, and we believe that this type of water is trapped during pellet preparation. Additional water bands, observed at ~3300 and ~1670 cm−1, have been assigned to a coordinated type of water, near or at the surface, which constitutes a third type. DSC results indicate that none of the three types of water are capable of forming ice in KBr pellets. On increasing the water content in the pellets, additional water is adsorbed on the top of the monolayer type water, with the other two types being uneffected. The water's desorption kinetics data were tested for ten different decomposition models, and the results can best be described by a 3-dimensional diffusion desorption model, suggesting that micropores are blocked by KBr particles and/or that pores do not run across the width of the pellet.
A narratological approach to interpreting and designing interstellar messages

Abstract Contemporary narratology (narrative theory) offers a useful framework for interpreting interstellar messages that have already been sent to potential extraterrestrial recipients, as well as for designing messages that may be transmitted in the future. In this paper, narratological concepts are used to analyze in depth a single interstellar message sequence, elucidating methods by which various parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) can be paired with pictures to describe the human body in motion. The concept of focalization is applied to the message sequence's use of isolation and magnification, which highlight the structure and function of the human body and its constituent parts. The challenges of interpreting gaps within narratives, as well as the setting in which events occur, are considered. The importance of closure in providing a fitting end to narratives is examined, and the plausibility of creating images that could be interpreted correctly by extraterrestrial intelligence is assessed. Narratological concepts examined here, as well as additional aspects of narrative, provide important resources for future work in interpreting and designing interstellar messages.
Rigid intertetrahedron angular interaction of nonmolecular carbon dioxide solids

We have theoretically investigated several polymeric (nonmolecular) ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ solids analogous to various phases of ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}.$ Our calculations reveal that ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ differs dramatically from ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ because of its rigid intertetrahedron angular interaction. Because of this, we find that a $\ensuremath{\beta}$-cristobalitelike phase is energetically the favored polymeric ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ phase rather than quartz, which is preferred in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}.$ The calculated Raman spectrum of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-cristobalite ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ shows a dominant ${A}_{1}$ peak at about 780 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 40 GPa which shifts down to about 640 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 1 GPa. This is consistent with the recent high-pressure experiments of Iota et al. [Science 283, 150 (1999)].
Cell Cycle of Normal and Psoriatic Epidermis In Vitro

Studies of growth kinetics of normal and psoriatic epidermal cells in vitro indicate that there is no significant difference in the rate of proliferation under these conditions. The data may also be compatible with the hypothesis that both kinds of cells replicate at similar rates in vivo and that earlier conclusions regarding the markedly shortened cell cycle in psoriasis were based on insufficient data regarding the size of the proliferative pool in normal steady state epidermis.
The role of consumers in the public policy process

This paper describes the current role of consumers in the development of public policy and supports the need for more consumer inputs in the public policy process. The concept of balance among various interacting publics is viewed as a framework for understanding public policy formation and improving the representation of the consuming public in this process. In a pluralistic political system, relevant publics should be heard. Government should restructure itself to obtain more consumer inputs and marketing public policy decisions should be based on social, technological, as well as market structure considerations.
An algebraic theory of graph factorization

An algebraic theory of graph factorization is introduced. For a factor h, a graph G(h) is constructed whose structure contains information about h-factorability. The 1-factorable and cycle factorable graphs over Z"2 are characterized, and properties of the corresponding graph G(h) are obtained.
Science and Antiscience: In Response to Kenneth Weiss

Jamil Hanifi's review of David Edwards's Before Taliban (AA 106[1]:185-187) fails to explain the important contribution of this work to our knowledge of Afghanistan during a critical period of its history. Because I have already reviewed the book in a forthcoming issue of Iranian Studies, this is not the place to elaborate on my own estimation of Edwards's work. Here, I merely want to object to Hanifi's tone and insinuation.
Anticancer drug delivery systems: N4-acyl poly(ethyleneglycol) prodrugs of ara-C: I. Efficacy in solid tumors

Abstract A systematic study of N4 amino PEG-prodrugs of ara-C (1) was conducted and provided a series of disubstituted amides, as well as a carbamate derivative. These conjugates showed hydrolysis half lives in rat plasma from about 1 h to 3 days, but were stable for >24 h in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. In an LX-1 solid lung tumor model some of the PEG prodrugs exhibited superior activity to ara-C when compared on a molar basis. One problematic issue that was identified in this investigation was the need to increase the loading of ara-C onto PEG in order to avoid highly viscous solutions.
Durability of Partial Humeral Head Resurfacing

Background Partial humeral head resurfacing arthroplasty uses a stemless device, which conserves bone and restores normal anatomy. We hypothesized that this does not offer a reasonable alternative to full resurfacing or total shoulder arthroplasty. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 39 shoulders with focal chondral defects of the humeral head treated with partial resurfacing arthroplasty. A minimum of 2 years’ follow-up was reported, unless failure and operative intervention superseded this duration. The mean follow-up period was 51.3 months. The mean age was 45.6 years (range, 27-76 years). Preoperative and postoperative evaluation included history, physical examination, radiographs, and clinical scoring with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Score Index and Subjective Shoulder Value. Results Of the 39 shoulders, 25 (64.1%) showed functional improvement and decreased pain. Significant mean improvements were observed in forward flexion (121° to 152°, P = .002), external rotation (37° to 58°, P = .0003), mean Subjective Shoulder Value (31% to 74%, P P Conclusion Concomitant pathology and prior or concomitant surgical procedures potentially impair the outcome of the resurfacing procedure and could be a contraindication. Long-term success remains guarded with this treatment modality, especially in patients whose chondral injury is not an isolated finding.
Cholinergic activity and amyloid precursor protein metabolism

With more than 4 million Alzheimer's victims nationwide, there is intense research to elucidate the relationship among the hallmarks of the disease, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. There has been much debate about which of these is the primary lesion, and which develops secondarily. The correlation between plaques and tangles and dementia is not absolute, but a consistent feature of Alzheimer's disease is loss of cortical and hippocampal cholinergic function as a result of basal forebrain compromise. Additionally, factors associated with the cholinergic system have been shown to influence the processing and metabolism of the amyloid precursor, a protein that contains the amyloidogenic sequence found in plaques. In this paper, the relationship between cholinergic compromise and amyloid deposition, as well as the cholinergic system-associated factors which appear to participate in amyloid precursor protein processing, are discussed.
Protein–protein docking: is the glass half-full or half-empty?

Are current docking methods capable of building complexes from putative component protein structures? Results of recent computational studies, including those of the CAPRI (Critical Assessment of Protein Interactions) competition, were used to determine the key properties for successful docking and introduce a classification of protein complexes based on docking difficulty. Enzyme-inhibitor complexes could be determined with reasonable accuracy - possibly to within a few alternative structures. Results for antigen-antibody pairs are less predictable, and data for small signaling complexes are generally poor. However, moderate amounts of experimental data can remove uncertainty and the methodology is rapidly improving. Transient complexes with large interface areas undergo substantial conformational change and are beyond the reach of current docking methods. The docking of such complexes might therefore require fundamentally new approaches.