cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior

In view of the increased interest in a developmental approach to psychopathology, and mounting evidence of the importance of parent-child interactions in the etiology of early antisocial behavior, the following questions were posed for this review. What theories of parent-child relationships and family management techniques are available? How developmental are they, how specific and transactional are they relative to parent and child behaviors involved? And how well do they cover the period in which antisocial behavior develops? Six theories have some developmental features but the attachment theories (by L. A. Sroufe, B. Egeland, and M. T. Greenberg) and two social learning theories (by G. R. Patterson and J. Martin) are most clearly developmental. They postulate reciprocal interactions of parent and child, and transformations in the form of normative changes in the child or changes in family processes. The social learning theories of Patterson and Martin are most specific, microanalytic in fact, as to the interaction processes involved, and the attachment theories at least specify kinds of behavior involved and also do not rely on traits or types of influence as their units of analysis. Conceptualization is most weak and overly general between late infancy and the preschool years. This gap makes it difficult to link attachment and social learning theories, both of which have driven a large number of studies. A bridging theory is offered to link the two sets of theories in the critical period involved.
Exciton-Enhanced Raman Scattering by Optical Phonons

The theory of exciton-enhanced Raman scattering is formulated in terms of the scattering of polaritons by optical phonons via the exciton part of the coupled modes. The expression for the exciton contribution to the scattering tensor is given, within a constant factor, in terms of the same parameters that determine the exciton contribution to the frequency-dependent dielectric constant. The theory also provides a new mechanism for the exciton contribution to the electro-optic effect.
Paper Chromatography of Several Veratrum Alkaloids

Veratrum alkaloids may be sharply separated by paper chromatography on paper which is distinctly moist with pH 3.5 buffer. The location of the alkaloids is detected with the indicator dye bromphenol blue, which is sensitive to 1 μg. of alkaloid.
SENSITIVE BIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR MEDICAL GRADE PLASTICS. I. TOXICITY OF ORGANO-TIN STABILIZERS.

Tissue implantation and the measurement of inflammation by the dye extravasation technique are sensitive and rapid methods for screening plastics for toxicity. The subcutaneous and the intramuscular implantation of polyvinyl chloride plastics containing organo-tin stabilizers produces severe local tissu reaction. The degree of extravasation of trypan blue at the site of the injection of a suitable plastic extract is also an indication of compatibility with animal tissues. Mineral oil was found to be a suitable, nonirritating agent for extracting the plastic. The same techniques are suitable for screening raw materials before incorporation into the plastic formulation. Tin stabilizers, such as dibutyltin dilaurate, caused irritation in dilutions as great as 1:10,000.
Capillary zone electrophoretic and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic separations of polyaminopolycarboxylic acids as their copper complexes

Abstract Capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic (MECC) separations with UV absorbance detection at 290 nm were developed for separation and detection of the negatively-charged copper complexes of the polyaminopolycarboxylic acids. A standard mixture that contained ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), nitrilotriacetic (NTA), ethylenediaminetriacetic (ED3A), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic (DPTA) and hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic (HEDTA) acids was utilized to demonstrate these separation methods. MECC techniques were performed with either cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) or anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) surfactants. All three separation techniques achieved separation of the standard components with baseline resolution. A fast separation (7.5 min) was obtained with CTAB surfactant that provided a detection limit of 38 pg for HEDTA. The cationic micellar strategy was also extended to separations of mixed-metal EDTA complexes.
Synthesis and characterization of cyclohexyl-containing poly(ether ketone sulfone)s

A series of poly(ether ketone sulfone)s were synthesized from 1,4-di(fluorobenzoyl)cyclohexane, difluorodiphenylsulfone and bisphenol A. These polymers were characterized by NMR, IR, SEC, DSC, TGA, tensile tests and DMA. The results from NMR, IR, and SEC indicated that essentially no side reactions, such as cross-linking, associated with enolate chemistry take place during the polymerizations although cis/trans stereochemistry inversion was observed. Comparison of the Tgs of the polymers with 1,4-cyclohexyl units to those of the terephthaloyl analogs suggested that the trans-1,4-cyclohexyl imparts slightly higher Tg than the terephthaloyl control. Tensile tests and DMA revealed that polymers with 1,4-cyclohexyl have essentially the same storage moduli as the corresponding aromatic analogs despite the inherent flexibility of the cyclohexyl unit. DMA also showed that the cyclohexyl unit imparts a larger magnitude of sub-Tg motion than terephthaloyl unit while maintaining high modulus.
Crystal growth of a new hybrid nonlinear optical compound [(18C6)K][Cd(SCN)3] from aqueous solution

Abstract It is reported here, for the first time, that high quality, large single crystals of [(18C6)K][Cd(SCN) 3 ] can be grown from aqueous solution via evaporation or temperature lowering techniques. The crystal of [(18C6)K][Cd(SCN) 3 ] exhibits efficient second order nonlinear optical effects (as demonstrated by second harmonic generation) and has a wide optical transparency range from 220 to 3300 nm, covering continuously the entire near-ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared spectral regions.
The Myth of Abandonment: The Use and Abuse of the Holocaust Analogy

The Holocaust has become an important part of the everyday discourse of American life. Indeed, it has become one of the central historical analogies for thinking about U.S. foreign policy in the post-Cold War world. The received wisdom about the Holocaust among most Americans is that the United States and the rest of the civilized world turned away Jews seeking to escape Nazi Germany before World War II, and then sat idly by while the Third Reich murdered nearly 6 million of them during the course of the war. In light of this reprehensible indifference, the United States shares some responsibility for the Holocaust, and it must “never again” allow large numbers of people to be slaughtered because of their race, ethnicity, or religion. Historical analogies are ubiquitous in foreign policy debates. Not only do they routinely shape state behavior, they usually do so for the worse. Hence, we should be wary of all historical analogies and examine them carefully to make sure they are based on sound history and ...
LANDFIRE: a nationally consistent vegetation, wildland fire, and fuel assessment

LANDFIRE is a 5-year, multipartner project producing consistent and comprehensive maps and data describing vegetation, wildland fuel, fire regimes and ecological departure from historical conditions across the United States. It is a shared project between the wildland fire management and research and development programs of the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service and US Department of the Interior. LANDFIRE meets agency and partner needs for comprehensive, integrated data to support landscape-level fire management planning and prioritization, community and firefighter protection, effective resource allocation, and collaboration between agencies and the public. The LANDFIRE data production framework is interdisciplinary, science-based and fully repeatable, and integrates many geospatial technologies including biophysical gradient analyses, remote sensing, vegetation modelling, ecological simulation, and landscape disturbance and successional modelling. LANDFIRE data products are created as 30-m raster grids and are available over the internet at www.landfire.gov, accessed 22 April 2009. The data products are produced at scales that may be useful for prioritizing and planning individual hazardous fuel reduction and ecosystem restoration projects; however, the applicability of data products varies by location and specific use, and products may need to be adjusted by local users.
Making Transatlantic Connections between Varieties of English The Case of Plural Verbal -s

L'A. veut determiner les elements syntaxiques qui attestent de la connection entre l'anglais d'Angleterre et celui d'Amerique du Nord. Il examine la maniere par laquelle une telle connection peut etre developpee en analysant comment le vieil anglais s'est modifie dans le Nouveau Monde au contact des differents dialectes
Mechanism of Catalyst Degradation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

A mechanism of catalyst particle growth in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) by Ostwald ripening is presented. Particle growth occurs as a coupled process involving platinum ion transport through aqueous liquid and/or ionomer, and electron transport through a carbon support. The dominating factor in degradation of a catalyst supported on carbon is the presence of platinum ions in solution (in liquid and/or in ionomer). Experiments were conducted on commercial PEMFC electrodes in three liquids, PtCl 4 solution, dilute acid solution, and deionized water. Pt particle size grew from ∼4 nm to >20 nm after 1 week in PtCl 4 solution. By contrast, no detectable growth occurred in dilute acid or in deionized water. This demonstrates that the higher the Pt ion concentration, the faster the kinetics. The role of electronic conduction through support was verified by conducting experiments in PtCl 4 solution on Pt supported on an electronically insulating material, namely alumina. While significant growth occurred in Pt supported on carbon, no detectable growth occurred in Pt supported on alumina. This observation is in complete accord with the model, and demonstrates the role of electronic transport on degradation. That is, when supported on alumina, lack of an electronically conducting path suppresses degradation even with PtCl 4 present in solution.
A model of particle velocities and trajectories in a slurry pot erosion tester

Abstract A model is presented to describe quantitatively particle trajectories and particle impact velocities for a dilute suspension flowing about a cylindrical erosion target. The model embodies the effects of drag, inertia and pressure variation and the contribution to particle retardation caused by the squeeze film on the target surface at impact. Experimental values of free-stream velocity, particle and liquid density, particle size, fluid viscosity, target cylinder diameter and coefficient of restitution are used as input to the program which yields values of impact velocity for any particle, collision efficiency, circumferential erosion angle, impact angle and mean kinetic energy of particle impact. Results predicted by the model are compared with erosion data from a slurry pot erosion tester for the variation of impact velocity, collision efficiency, circumferential erosion angle and erosion rate as a function of particle size, free-stream velocity or liquid viscosity for a variety of experimental conditions. The model predicts the formation of a sliding bed of particles at the specimen surface at lower impact velocities and small particle sizes giving rise to mass loss by abrasion, as opposed to particle impact. The method used may be applied to more complex flow fields providing that they can be accurately defined.
Roentgen cephalometric analysis of ridge resorption and changes in jaw and occlusal relationships in immediate complete denture wearers

In eighteen subjects assigned for immediate complete upper and lower dentures, roentgen cephalometric recordings were made before extraction of the residual anterior dentition and 3 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after denture insertion. The cephalometric analysis was based on electronic measurements of linear and angular morphological variables and computer head plots generated from 177 reference points (Walker, 1967), derived for each subject for each of the five observation stages. The reduction of the alveolar ridges was most rapid during the first 3 months of denture wear and particularly during the post-extraction period of 3 weeks. The reduction in anterior height of the lower ridge was on average twice as great as that of the upper ridge. The ridge resorption and the accompanying settling of the dentures on the basal seats, measured from lead shots inserted in the dentures, brought about an upward rotation of the mandible with a resulting decrease in occlusal vertical dimension and reduction in overjet of the dentures. In accordance with the amount of ridge reduction, these changes showed great individual variation.
The Influence of Grain Interactions on the Plastic Stability of Heterophase Interfaces

Two-phase bimetal composites contain both grain boundaries and bi-phase interfaces between dissimilar crystals. In this work, we use a crystal plasticity finite element framework to explore the effects of grain boundary interactions on the plastic stability of bi-phase interfaces. We show that neighboring grain interactions do not significantly alter interface plastic stability during plane strain compression. The important implications are that stable orientations at bimetal interfaces can be different than those within the bulk layers. This finding provides insight into bi-phase microstructural development and suggests a pathway for tuning interface properties via severe plastic deformation.
Alternative alkalis for ASP flooding in anhydrite containing oil reservoirs

Abstract The presence of gypsum or anhydrite in oil reservoirs limits the application of alkali–surfactant–polymer (ASP) flooding using conventional alkalis such as sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) because these alkalis precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in the presence of gypsum leading to high alkalinity loss and permeability damage. Sodium metaborate (NaBO 2 ) and ammonium hydroxide (NH 4 OH) were investigated as possible alternatives to Na 2 CO 3 . Batch mixing experiments were performed with these alkalis in the presence of excess gypsum, single phase brine-alkali transport experiments were performed in sandstone and carbonate cores containing gypsum, and ASP corefloods were performed in outcrop and reservoirs cores (containing gypsum). Effluent pH and ion concentrations including boron, calcium and sulfate were measured using an ion chromatograph (IC) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). NaBO 2 and NH 4 OH were found to maintain and propagate a high pH of more than 10 in the batch and transport experiments without significant permeability changes. Gypsum dissolution was not increased by NH 4 OH (over that of the brine itself) in batch or transport experiments. It, however, increased during NaBO 2 injection depending on the flow rate. High oil recoveries and low surfactant retentions were obtained in the ASP corefloods with both sodium metaborate and ammonium hydroxide performed in cores containing gypsum.
Strategy Making and the Search for Authenticity

Recent work in the business ethics field has called attention to the promise inherent in the concept of authenticity for enriching the ways we think about core issues at the intersection of management ethics and practice, like moral character, ethical choices, leadership, and corporate social responsibility [Driver, 2006; Jackson, 2005; Ladkin, 2006]. In this paper, I aim to extend these contributions by focusing on authenticity in relation to a set of organizational processes related to strategy making; most specifically an organization’s strategic intent, arguing that these provide an ideal venue for particularising this exploration, as they represent the key processes through which an organization defines the self it aspires to be. In order to do this, I examine specifically what a shift from “business as usual” to the search for the creation of a more authentic corporate self might look like in practice, contending that such a shift offers the possibility for improving both the moral good and the business outcomes of an institution simultaneously. I conclude with assessment of the risks inherent in undertaking such a search for more authentic strategic intention in business organizations today.
Hydrocarbon emissions from industrial release events in the Houston-Galveston area and their impact on ozone formation

Abstract Ambient measurements have shown that ozone formation in the Houston-Galveston area of Texas is frequently much more rapid than in other urban areas. One of the contributing factors is believed to be short-term episodic or “event” emissions from industrial facilities, particularly releases that contain significant mass fractions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs). In this work, time series analyses are used to compare average annual flow rates for air pollutant emissions with those released during reported emission events. The results indicate that the magnitude and frequency of HRVOC event emissions are an important element in accurately reflecting ozone precursor emission patterns in the Houston-Galveston area, particularly in Harris, Brazoria, Galveston, and Chambers counties. More than 50% of the reported episodic (event) emissions of HRVOCs are ethene and approximately a third are propene; the remainders are isomers of butene and 1,3-butadiene. Most events last less than 24 h. The mass released in an event can vary from a few hundred to more than 100,000 lb, and the dominant type of industrial source is chemical manufacturers (SIC 2869). Daily emissions from a single facility can vary from annual average emissions by multiple orders of magnitude at a frequency of several times a year. Because there are so many facilities in the Houston-Galveston area, HRVOC emission variability of this magnitude can be expected daily, at some time and some location in the Houston-Galveston area. If the emission variability occurs at times and locations where atmospheric conditions are conducive to ozone formation, both ambient data and photochemical modeling indicate that industrial emission events can lead to elevated concentrations of ozone. Specifically, peak, area-wide ozone concentration can be increased by as much as 100 ppb for large HRVOC emission events.
Urocanic acid photobiology. Photochemical binding to calf thymus DNA

— Urocanic acid (UA) has previously been shown to photochemically react with N, N-dimethylthymine and with phage G4 single-stranded DNA. In this study, E-[ring-2-14C]-U A and calf thymus DNA have been irradiated with UV light (Λ > 270 nm) in buffered, aqueous solutions. Rc-isolation of the DNA indicates covalent binding of UA at levels of up to 80 nmol UA/mg DNA. Binding is observed for both native and heat denatured DNA. Equilibrium dialysis studies give no evidence for complexation of UA to either form of DNA in the dark. Enzymatic cleavage of the UA bound DNA and analysis by HPLC shows peaks for l4C-labelled products with retention volumes identical to those of a marker mixture prepared by irradiating UA with [3H-methyl]thymidine. Photolysis of the DNA before irradiation with U A leads to the formation of a second product with a retention volume corresponding to that for a deoxyadenosine/UA marker.
Validation of cardiologists' decisions to initiate reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with electrocardiograms viewed on liquid crystal displays of cellular telephones.

Abstract Background The transmission of 12-lead electrocardiograms from remote locations to hand-held computers of cardiologists is now possible with the development of wireless technology and computer software. This investigation determined whether the cardiologist's decisions regarding reperfusion therapy for patients with symptoms suggestive of an acute myocardial infarction are the same when given electrocardiograms displayed on a cellular telephone as on a standard paper recording. Methods Cardiologists were given 20 electrocardiograms of patients with acute chest pain suggestive of acute myocardial infarction to test the diagnostic reliability of the Nokia 9000i cellular telephone liquid crystal display (LCD) screen. The cardiologists made their decision to initiate or not initiate reperfusion therapy for the patients after viewing their electrocardiograms displayed on both 5-mm and 1-mm formatted grids and twice on traditional printout electrocardiograms. The control level of intraobserver agreement between the responses from the 2 sets of paper display electrocardiograms was compared with the experimental level of intraobserver agreement between the 1-mm LCD electrocardiograms and both sets of paper display electrocardiograms to determine whether the viewing medium affected the cardiologist's decisions. The 1-mm and 5-mm LCD screen electrocardiograms were compared to determine if the grid size affected the cardiologist's decisions. Results Ninety-three percent of the 2 sets of paper-guided decisions were in agreement. When comparing the 1-mm LCD–guided decisions with both sets of paper-guided decisions, 94% and 89% of the decisions, respectively, were in agreement. The differences between the control and experimental degrees of intraobserver agreement of 1% and 4% were not statistically significant ( P 1=.81, P 2=.29). Ninety-one percent of the 1-mm LCD–guided decisions were in agreement with the 5-mm LCD–guided decisions. Conclusions Cardiologists' decisions did not vary significantly when viewing either traditional paper electrocardiograms or LCD screen electrocardiograms. Even though there was not a significant difference in the cardiologists' decisions when they viewed electrocardiograms displayed on both the 1-mm and 5-mm grid, it is recommended that the 1-mm grid be used for clinical implementation of the LCD screen. (Am Heart J 2000;140:747-52.)
In-line skating injuries

In-line skating has remained a popular recreational activity all over the world. The number of injuries seemingly reached a plateau in the late 1990s. However, there are still more injuries caused by in-line skating than from skateboarding, hockey or lacrosse and rugby. In 1997, the estimated annual cost of medical treatment for these injuries in the US was over $US4 billion. Adolescence still represents the largest group of skaters, both in participation and injury. Although 10- to 14-year-olds account for 60% of injuries, in 1996 the US Consumer Product Safety Commission reported nearly 1500 injuries in individuals 65 years and over. Risk factors for injury include inexperience, aggressive skating and amount of time spent skating. There are also more recent data to suggest that self-reported expert skaters are more likely to sustain an injury. Reluctance to use personal protective equipment (PPE) by in-line skaters remains high. The general consensus is that PPE is effective in reducing the incidence and severity of in-line skating injuries. Therefore, efforts should be made to increase awareness of risk factors for injury in all skaters; to increase use of safety equipment; to provide safe environments for skating; and to legislate skating laws that will protect skaters from injuries.
Investigation of off-site airborne transport of lead from a superfund removal action site using lead isotope ratios and concentrations☆

Abstract Lead (Pb) concentration and Pb isotopic composition of surface and subsurface soil samples were used to investigate the potential for off-site air transport of Pb from a former white Pb processing facility to neighboring residential homes in a six block area on Staten Island, NY. Surface and subsurface soil samples collected on the Jewett White Pb site were found to range from 1.122 to 1.138 for 206Pb/207Pb and 2.393 to 2.411 for 208Pb/207Pb. The off-site surface soil samples collected from residential backyards, train trestle, near site grass patches and background areas varied from 1.144 to 1.196 for 206Pb/207Pb and 2.427 to 2.464 for 208Pb/207Pb. Two soil samples collected along Richmond Terrace, where Jewett site soils accumulated after major rain events, varied from 1.136 to 1.147 for 206Pb/207Pb and 2.407 to 2.419 for 208Pb/207Pb. Lead concentration for on-site surface soil samples ranged from 450 to 8000 ug/g, on-site subsurface soil samples ranged from 90,000 to 240,000 ug/g and off-site samples varied from 380 to 3500 ug/g. Lead concentration and isotopic composition for the Staten Island off-site samples were similar to previously published data for other northeastern US cities and reflect re-suspension and re-mobilization of local accumulated Pb. The considerable differences in both the Pb isotopic composition and Pb concentration of on-site and off-site samples resulted in the ability to geochemically trace the transport of particulate Pb. Data in this study indicate minimal off-site surface transport of Pb from the Jewett site into the neighboring residential area.
CSF Aβ42 and tau in Parkinson’s disease with cognitive impairment

We tested the hypothesis that the CSF biomarker signature associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is present in a subset of individuals with Parkinson's disease and Dementia (PD-D) or with PD and Cognitive Impairment, Not Dementia (PD-CIND). We quantified CSF Aβ42, total tau (T-tau), and phospho-tau (P181-tau) using commercially available kits. Samples were from 345 individuals in seven groups (n): Controls ≤50 years (35), Controls >50 years (115), amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) (24), AD (49), PD (49), PD-CIND (62), and PD-D (11). We observed expected changes in AD or aMCI compared with age-matched or younger controls. CSF Aβ42 was reduced in PD-CIND (P < 0.05) and PD-D (P < 0.01), whereas average CSF T-tau and P181-tau were unchanged or decreased. One-third of PD-CIND and one-half of PD-D patients had the biomarker signature of AD. Abnormal metabolism of Aβ42 may be a common feature of PD-CIND and PD-D. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
THE CONCENTRATION EFFECT IN NITELLA.

A METHOD DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE CONCENTRATION EFFECT DUE TO THE CELL WALL AND THAT DUE TO THE PROTOPLASM IS DESCRIBED: the importance of this lies in the fact that if the protoplasm shows a concentration effect one or both ions of the salt must tend to enter its outer surface. Studies on the concentration effect of KCl with living protoplasm of Nitella show that when P.D. is plotted as ordinates and the logarithm of concentration as abscissae the graph is not the straight line demanded in the ideal case by theory but has less slope and is somewhat concave to the axis of the abscissae. With a variety of salts the dilute solution is positive, which indicates that the cation has a greater mobility in the protoplasm than the anion or that the partition coefficient of the cation (A(c)) increases faster than that of the anion (A(a)) as the concentration increases. If the result depended on the partition coefficients we should say that when A(c) / A(a) increases with concentration the dilute solution is positive. When A(c) / A(a) decreases as the concentration increases the dilute solution is negative. In either case the increase in concentration may be accompanied by an increase or by a decrease in the relative amount of salt taken up. Theoretically therefore there need be no relation between the sign of the dilute solution and the relative amount of salt taken up with increasing concentration. Hypothetical diagrams of the electrical conditions in the cell are given. If we define the chemical effect as the P.D. observed in leading off at two points with equivalent concentrations of different salts we may say that the chemical effect of the protoplasm is very much greater than that of the cell wall.
Integrating science and policy: The case of an alternative energy course

The future of the energy industry has become the centerpiece of many technical, social and political debates in recent years and yet there is no comprehensive plan to include energy as a core requirement in undergraduate STEM programs. Since the current and future state of the energy industry has a direct effect on the daily lives of individuals, we believe that some degree of familiarity with this industry is of great value to our students; especially to those who major in engineering, sciences or other STEM related fields. As more natural resources are depleted and as the pursuit for alternative sources of energy to replace fossil fuels continues, it is important to prepare the next generation of students for the many challenges that lie ahead. In accordance with the efforts to provide our undergraduate students with an interdisciplinary curriculum, we have designed and implemented an energy course that focuses on the science and technology aspects of the energy industry and also it examines the important role that policies, policy makers and the government play in shaping the future of the energy industry. This paper presents some of the highlights of this cross-disciplinary course, which is an example of a possible synergy between STEM disciplines and the social science fields.
The bulk viscosity of a fluid: the inverse power potential

Abstract The bulk viscosity coefficient of a moderately dense gas has been evaluated numerically for an inverse power potential. The calculation, to order density squared, is based on the microscopic theory of Snider et al. The results are compared to those from the corresponding expression of the modified Enskog theory. Agreement between the sets of values is within 1%.
High-resolution lattice imaging in radiation sensitive materials.

Experimental electron microscopy results of lattice imaging in electron beam-sensitive materials are described. The electron doses to record lattice images and to destroy crystalline diffraction have been measured and compared in copper phthalocyanine and cytosine monohydrate. The results indicate that it is possible to record electron micrographs at a resolution close to the theoretical limit even in materials which exhibit a relatively high resistance to radiation damage and therefore have structures which are resolvable on a molecular scale.
LEARNING TO LOVE SOFTWARE: A BRIDGE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE

Students love learning software, while faculty often avoid teaching it. This essay argues that a key way to reengage both students and faculty is to approach software as an analytical tool, a means of not only describing and generating meaningful form, but also synthesizing the practical goal of production with the theoretical goal of conceptual development. Software can thus be a bridge between theory and practice. Theory is by definition general: it is a description or model capable of sustaining its relevance across countless unique situations. Practice, on the other hand, is lived, grounded, and specific: it is the ongoing application of ideas to circumstances, a process that in turn reforms our models, warping and transforming our theories. Like theory, software is general, while practice is specific. Software exists prior to any practical use of it, and yet it is designed to anticipate those uses. Tools such as Photoshop, InDesign, and AfterEffects have cast a net around our field of practice, filtering our daily production of typography, symbols, images, and information systems. No theory or pedagogical practice yet exists to address the role these commercially developed and distributed digital technologies play in shaping and describing design’s visual language.
Locomotor performance and lesions of the posterior cerebellar cortex in the rat

Abstract Rats with posterior cerebellar cortex lesions were compared with sham operated controls on a parallel rod locomotor performance task. Lesioned animals showed marked deficits in negotiating the task even though gross signs of locomotor disturbance were no longer obvious.
Studies of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide blends): I. Copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride†

Blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-l,4-phenylene oxide) and copolymers of styrene and maleic anhydride have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile measurements. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicate a single broadened glass transition for each blend of a 8 wt.% maleic anhydride copolymer, P(S-8MA), but two glass transitions when the copolymer composition is 14 wt.% MA, P(S-14MA). The glass transition temperatures of the former blends follow a sigmoidal dependence on blend composition, which is explained on the basis of evidence for phase separation from their dynamic mechanical tan 8 spectra. Tensile moduli of both blends reach a maximum at intermediate blend compositions; however, large-strain mechanical properties are highly dependent on blend compatibility and the method of sample preparation. The more homogeneous P(S-8MA) blends yield at low-to-intermediate copolymer compositions but fail in a brittle mode at higher compositions. All heterogeneous P(S-14MA) blends undergo brittle failure, but comparison of experimetal values of ultimate stress and strain with predictions from empirical relationships developed for composites indicate that interfacial adhesion is strong in these systems.
Exenatide as a treatment for diabetes and obesity: Implications for cardiovascular risk reduction

Among the challenges in improving outcomes in patients with diabetes is effectively implementing existing pharmacotherapies. However, current therapies for diabetes are often limited by adverse effects such as edema, hypoglycemia, and weight gain. Understanding the role of the incretin effect on the pathophysiology of diabetes has led to the development of new therapeutic agents. Exenatide is the first in a new class of agents termed "incretin mimetics," which replicate several glucoregulatory effects of the endogenous incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1. In clinical trials, patients with type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide demonstrate sustained improvements in glycemic control, with reductions in fasting and postprandial glucose levels and improvements in glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Improvements in glycemic control with exenatide are coupled with reductions in body weight. Lipid parameters, blood pressure, and C-reactive protein have been shown to improve favorably in patients treated with exenatide. The sustained glycemic improvements and progressive reduction in body weight with exenatide treatment support a shift toward a more favorable cardiovascular risk profile and may have a positive impact on decreasing the risk of associated long-term complications.
An Investigation of Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations: The Role of Organizational Mission:

Nonprofit organizations are experiencing increasing pressures to be more business-like and to focus on financial outcomes for sustainability and growth. There have been questions whether this attention on performance might come at the cost of serving an organization's mission. The research presented here indicates that a nonprofit organization's mission can facilitate innovation, which has been shown to be a key mediating step in achieving superior organizational performance. Two studies were conducted among nonprofit hospitals in the United States to investigate the role of the nonprofit organization's mission in the innovation process. The findings indicate that a clear, motivating organizational mission helps an organization to focus its attention on those innovations that will most likely support the accomplishment of that mission. Such a mission also creates a climate in which innovations are given a fair chance to succeed. As a result, firms with clear, motivating missions tend to be more innovative.
The Impact of Complications after Vascular Surgery in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers

The impact of perioperative complications on clinical outcomes and resource utilization was assessed for 8702 veterans who, during fiscal years 1991-1994, underwent vascular surgery procedures in DRGs 110 and 111, which include aortic and peripheral aneurysm repairs as well as renal artery and some peripheral vascular reconstructions. In-hospital mortality rate was 6.2% (537/8702). Mortality was 9.8% with any ICD-9-CM-coded complication vs 4.9% without (P < 0.001). Mortality was 28.9% in those with both cardiac and pulmonary complications, 11.0% with either cardiac or pulmonary complications, and 3.7% with neither cardiac nor pulmonary complications. Length of stay (LOS) was 25.8 +/- 21.9 days with any ICD-9-CM-coded complication vs 18.9 +/- 14.1 days without (P < 0.001). Further, RIS (Resource Intensity Scale), a measure of intensity of resource utilization, was greater in those with (3.01 +/- 0.81) vs without (2.76 +/- 0.70; P < 0.001) a complication. Pulmonary complications impacted LOS and RIS more adversely than cardiac. A logistic regression model of mortality indicated that increasing age [odds ratio (OR) 1.065], arrhythmia (OR 1.31), pneumonia (OR 2.52), surgical complications of the heart (OR 2.8), respiratory insufficiency (OR 4.75), stroke (OR 5.48), MI (OR 5.78), and acute renal failure (ARF, OR 9.58) were associated with increasing likelihood for death, whereas treatment in the largest, academically affiliated VAMCs (RPM 5) was associated with reduced mortality (OR 0.795). Increasing age, treatment in the largest affiliated (RPM 5) hospitals, arrhythmia, MI, CHF, any ICD-9-CM-coded complication, acute renal failure, respiratory insufficiency, pneumonia, and stroke progressively increased LOS by linear regression analysis, whereas surgical complications of the heart and postoperative death reduced LOS. Complications after vascular surgery have an adverse impact on perioperative mortality, length of stay, and utilization of resources.
Optimal dual-fuel propulsion for minimum inert weight or minimum fuel cost

An analytical investigation of single-stage vehicles with multiple propulsion phases has been conducted with the phasing optimized to minimize a general cost function. Some results are presented for linearized sizing relationships which indicate that single-stage-to-orbit, dual-fuel rocket vehicles can have lower inert weight than similar single-fuel rocket vehicles and that the advantage of dual-fuel vehicles can be increased if a dual-fuel engine is developed. The results also indicate that the optimum split can vary considerably with the choice of cost function to be minimized.
Heart Failure in Older Adults: Keys to Successful Management

Recent American Heart Association statistics indicate that approximately 5 million people experience heart failure, and that an estimated 400,000 to 700,000 new cases are expected annually. Improved efforts in the emergency care of myocardial infarction and the increased life expectancy of the population in general are credited for the rapidly increasing number of elderly adults with such chronic cardiac diseases as heart failure. New drug therapies are tested daily to improve the treatment of heart failure. However, drugs alone cannot improve the lives of elderly men and women with this disorder. Skillful delivery of expert care is necessary if advanced practice nurses are to reduce the burden of heart failure and improve the lives of the individuals who must live with this devastating disease.
Real-time list-mode processing of gated cardiac blood pool examinations with forward-backward framing.

List-mode processing of gated cardiac blood pool data has be shown to been more accurate than standard frame-mode processing, but it has not gained widespread clinical use because of the difficulties associated with post-processing of the acquired data. We therefore investigated the possibility of performing the list-mode processing concurrently with the acquisition of the data, i.e. real-time list-mode processing. A programme for simultaneous acquisition and processing of gated cardiac images was written in assembly code and implemented on a personal computer. The programme was tested in phantom studies, then used in 200 consecutive patient examinations. Data could be concurrently acquired from the gamma-camera and processed with forward-backward framing at a great enough speed so that no loss of information occurred at up to 40000 counts per second, a value exceeding typical count rates observed in clinical practice. The ease-of-use and the clinical benefits of real-time list-mode processing suggest that it may become a standard method for gated examinations of the left ventricle in the near future.
Survival following treatment for intracranial ependymoma: a review.

The actual definition of survival rates following treatment for intracranial ependymomas is substantially influenced by the strict interaction among different factors. Age, location, and grading, for example, act together, negatively influencing the prognosis of younger children also invariably influenced by the more demanding role of surgery and the still limited use, up to recently, of radiotherapy under 3 years of age. In the same direction, the worse prognosis in most series of infratentorial ependymomas if compared with their supratentorial counterpart should be cautiously considered, midline posterior fossa tumors having completely different implications from those originating or predominantly extending to the cerebellopontine angle, where the extent of surgery has more invariably to compare with patients’ quality of life. New radiotherapic regimens and their applications in infancy are promisingly demonstrating an improvement of present prognostic criteria, with the limit of still insufficient information on their long-term secondary effects. Similarly, molecular biology research studies, though still in their preclinical stage, are prompting to change the concept of a substantially chemoresistant tumor helping to stratify these lesions with the final aim of targeted pharmacological therapies. In the present review paper, we investigated singularly the role that the more commonly considered prognostic factors have had in the literature on survival of children affected by intracranial ependymomas, trying to elucidate their cumulative effect on the actual knowledge of this issue.
WIMPless dark matter in anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking with hidden QED

In anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking, superpartners in a hidden sector have masses that are proportional to couplings squared and so naturally freeze out with the desired dark matter relic density for a large range of masses. We present an extremely simple realization of this possibility, with WIMPless dark matter arising from a hidden sector that is supersymmetric QED with N{sub F} flavors. Dark matter is multicomponent, composed of hidden leptons and sleptons with masses anywhere from 10 GeV to 10 TeV, and hidden photons provide the thermal bath. The dark matter self-interacts through hidden sector Coulomb scatterings that are potentially observable. In addition, the hidden photon contribution to the number of relativistic degrees of freedom is in the range {Delta}N{sub eff}{approx}0-2, and, if the hidden and visible sectors were initially in thermal contact, the model predicts {Delta}N{sub eff}{approx}0.2-0.4. Data already taken by Planck may provide evidence of such deviations.
Distributed Web Content Management

ABSTRACT A database driven Web site adds richness and distributes responsibility for Web content development and management. Librarians without special knowledge of HTML or Web authoring software can contribute content to a database in natural language. A transformation in the role of the Web specialist will be necessary for best results.
Industry size and ‘destructive competition’ in cournot oligopoly models of exhaustible resource exploration and extraction

Abstract In this paper, we show that requiring all firms to conduct non-negative levels of exploration restricts the number of firms in exhaustible resource industries. Thus exploration creates a natural barrier to the degree of competition in exhaustible resource industries. Relative to the competitive case, the oligopolist explores more and extracts more in the first period. Increasing the number of firms in the industry lowers the oligopolist's levels of exploration and extraction but increases the industry levels of exploration and extraction.
15-Lipoxygenase-1 Expression Upregulates and Activates Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor in Prostate Cancer Cells

We previously discovered that a fat-metabolizing enzyme, 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1), is high in human prostate cancer (PCa) and correlates with disease progression. The biologic link between the aberrant 15-LO-1/linoleic acid (LA) metabolism and fat (which is a rich source of growth factors) in PCa is unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the metabolic product of the polyunsaturated fatty acid LA (i.e., 13-Shydroxyoctadecadienoic acid or 13-(S)-HODE) affects the proliferation status of PCa cells through one or more growth factors. We used parental prostate cancer cell line-3 (PC-3) and engineered PC-3 cell lines [PC3-Zeo (mock-transfected), PC3-15LOS (15-LO-1-overexpressing), and PC3-15LOAS (15-LO-1-blocked)] to test our hypothesis. Of the growth factors examined, only insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) exhibited a two-fold to three-fold increase in growth response on PC3-15LOS cells compared to PC3-Zeo (control) cell line (P < .01). Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) immunohistochemical analyses of human normal and adenocarcinoma prostate tissues, as well as levels in tumors derived from nude mice injected with PC-3 cells, demonstrated that elevated IGF-1R expression correlated with 15-LO-1 levels. Radioligand binding assays demonstrated two-fold higher IGF-1 binding sites in PC3-15LOS cells (P < .05 vs PC3-Zeo cells). IGF-1R promoter reporter assay and affinity-purified IGF-1R receptor levels demonstrated a four-fold higher activity in PC3-15LOS cells (P < .01 vs PC3-Zeo cells). IGF-1R promoter activation is 13-(S)-HODE-dependent. IGF-1R blockade with a dominant-negative adenovirus caused significant growth inhibition in PC-3 cells (P < .0001; PC3-15LOAS versus PC3-15LOS cells), as well as affected the IGF-1-stimulated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (Erk1/2) and Akt activation levels. Our study suggests that overexpression of 15-LO-1 in PCa contributes to the cancer progression by regulating IGF-1R expression and activation.
An optimization framework for web farm configuration

A common problem that sales consultants face in the field is the selection of an appropriate hardware and software configuration for web farms. Over-provisioning means that the tender will be expensive while under-provisioning will lead to a configuration that does not meet the customer criteria. Indy is a performance modeling environment which allows developers to create custom modeling applications. We have constructed an Indy-based application for defining web farm workloads and topologies. The paper presents an optimization framework that allows the consultant to easily find configurations that meet customers' criteria. The system searches the solution space creating possible configurations, using the web farm models to predict their performance. The optimization tool is then employed to select an optimal configuration. Rather than using a fixed algorithm, the framework provides an infrastructure for implementing multiple optimization algorithms. In this way, the appropriate algorithm can be selected to match the requirements of different types of problem. The framework incorporates a number of novel techniques, including caching results between problem runs, an XML based configuration language, and an effective method of comparing configurations. We have applied the system to a typical web farm configuration problem and results have been obtained for three standard optimization algorithms.
The Doomed Ugly Duckling Will Never Turn into a Swan: Meir Vizeltir Writes Holocaust

When I was a child Reed and masts were erecting by the seashore And I, while lying down there, Failed to tell the difference among them, Since all of them ascended to the sky over my head.Yehuda Amichai. “When I Was a Child”