cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault location of hybrid distribution lines based on empirical mode decomposition

This paper presents a fault location method for cable hybrid distribution lines based on EMD and TEO algorithm. Firstly, the fault signal is decomposed by EMD. Then, the transient energy spectrum of high frequency imf1 component is obtained by using Teager energy operator. The first energy singularity is the time when the fault initial traveling wave head reaches the detection point. Finally, the fault location is carried out according to the fault search algorithm based on time variable. According to the simulation results, EMD and TEO methods have better fault extraction ability and higher accuracy in fault location.
Recurrent apnoea and respiratory failure in an infant: congenital central hypoventilation syndrome with a novel PHOX2B gene variant.

A 20-day-old term infant presented with recurrent apnoea, lethargy and respiratory failure. Examination revealed episodes of apnoea and desaturation to 85% without any signs of respiratory distress requiring initiation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). Capillary blood gas was indicative of respiratory acidosis and serum bicarbonate was elevated at 35 mmol/L. Chest radiograph, echocardiogram and evaluations for infectious aetiologies resulted normal. Due to inability to wean off NPPV with ensuing apnoea and desaturation, polysomnogram was performed and showed central and obstructive sleep apnoea, hypoxaemia and hypoventilation. Central apnoeas and hypoventilation were worse in non-rapid eye movement sleep. Paired-like homeobox 2B genetic studies showed a novel non-polyalanine repeat mutation (c.429+1G>A) establishing the diagnosis of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Our case highlights the utility of polysomnography in the evaluation of term infants with apnoea. Although rare, clinicians should consider a diagnosis of CCHS in the evaluation of infants with apnoea and hypoventilation.
Value disputes in urban ecological restoration: Lessons from the Chicago Wilderness.

Abstract As a practice to facilitate the recovery of degraded ecosystems, ecological restoration is an inherently value-laden endeavor. Urban ecological restoration further underlines the complexity of value-ladenness involved by situating restoration in politically, ethically, epistemically, and otherwise normatively heterogenous social contexts. One such context that is particularly rich in opportunities for both significant restoration projects and social disputes about the value of such projects is the Chicago Wilderness, a region comprised of a variety of ecosystems on public and private lands across Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Here I offer a close reading of value disputes in the Chicago Wilderness among ecologists, practitioners, policymakers, activists, and journalists over the aims, methods, and constitutive activities of urban ecological restoration.
Physical Activity Moderates Inflammatory Gene Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis

BackgroundWhile general population studies have shown associations between greater physical activity and lower inflammatory markers, effects of physical activity on inflammatory pathways in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether physical activity independently associates with differential expression of inflammatory genes in RA. MethodsData derived from an observational RA cohort. Physical activity was measured with the GT9X ActiGraph Link device. RNA extraction from peripheral blood, sequencing library preparation and transcriptomic analyses were performed using established methods. Genes differentially expressed in the most versus least physically active groups (top versus bottom activity tertiles) were identified using DESeq2 after adjusting for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and disease activity. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was employed to identify canonical biological pathways and upstream regulating cytokines associated with physical activity. Results35 participants were enrolled (mean age 56{+/-}12 years; 91% female; race/ethnicity 31% white, 9% African American, 9% Asian, 40% Hispanic). 767 genes were differentially expressed (padj<0.1) between high versus low activity groups. The high activity group exhibited downregulation of innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways, including CD40, STAT3, TREM-1, IL-17a, IL-8, toll-like receptor and interferon signaling. Upstream cytokine analysis demonstrated inhibition of TNF-alpha and interferon among individuals in the most active group. ConclusionIn a racially diverse RA cohort, patients who were more physically active had lower expression of immune signaling pathways implicated in RA pathogenesis, even after adjusting for disease activity, suggesting a potential protective effect of physical activity in RA.
Adverse cardiovascular events in patients treated with mogamulizumab

Abstract Study objectives Mogamulizumab is an important treatment for T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Adverse cardiovascular events (ACE) after mogamulizumab therapy have not been investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate ACE occurrence after mogamulizumab therapy. Methods The International World Health Organization database, VigiBase, was analyzed from January 2013 to August 2019 for all adverse events, including ACE, that occurred after mogamulizumab treatment. ACE was defined as: cardiac death, myocardial infarction, heart failure, myocarditis, arrhythmia, vasculitis, thrombosis, palpitations and new hypertension. Results ACE after mogamulizumab therapy affected 28 out of 650 unique patients (4.3%). Heart failure (42.8%) and ventricular arrhythmias (17.85%) were most common. ACE accounted for 10% of all fatal adverse outcomes, and 25% of all ACE were fatal. Time to fatal outcome was significantly shorter for patients with ACE compared to non-cardiovascular events, with a mean of 7.7 days (SD 6.91) vs 73 days (SD 90.7), p = 0.017, respectively. There was an increased total number of adverse cardiovascular events in patients greater than 65 and in Asian countries. Conclusions Cardiovascular toxicity with mogamulizumab is a possible early occurring adverse outcome associated with high mortality.
Times of Elephants: Foucault-Inspired Intervals of Production, Critique, and Accelerated Configurings

The chapter articulates a different formulation from current traditions of history and philosophy found elsewhere in this volume. It is original in a specific blurring of history and philosophy inspired by the French theorist Michel Foucault. His work broke with traditions both inside and outside of French thought in its own time. As a blurring, its structure plays with time and space, fiction and fact that is entirely contingent and nominal. To take up a Foucault inspiration, it invokes an intelligible arrangement of previously heterogeneous events under an auspices of a unique conception of interval. Intervals are composed of episodes and episodes of events, entailing internal elements of both chronology and analysis. Further, episodes develop their own relationships of non-structural production and critique. The story, ‘delightfully’ skipping over centuries, is “times of elephants”.
Matter, Form, and Individuation

Few notions are more central to Aquinas’s thought than those of matter and form. Although he invokes these notions in a number of different contexts, and puts them to a number of different uses, he always assumes that in their primary or basic sense they are correlative both with each other and with the notion of a “hylomorphic compound”—that is, a compound of matter (hyle) and form (morphe). Thus, matter is an entity that can have form, form is an entity that can be had by matter, and a hylomorphic compound is an entity that exists when the potentiality of some matter to have form is actualized. What is more, Aquinas assumes that the matter of a hylomorphic compound explains certain of its general characteristics, whereas its form explains certain of its more specific characteristics. Thus, the matter of a bronze statue explains the fact that it is bronze, whereas its form explains the fact that it is a statue. Again, the matter of a human being explains the fact that it is a material object, whereas its form explains the specific type of material object it is (namely, human). My aim in this chapter is to provide a systematic introduction to Aquinas’s primary or basic notions of matter and form. To accomplish this aim, I focus on the two main theoretical contexts in which he deploys them—namely, his theory of change and his theory of individuation. In both contexts, as we shall see, Aquinas appeals to matter and form to account for relations of sameness and difference holding between distinct individuals.
Calculated Boron Neutron Capture Dose Enhancement in ICRU 44 Brain with 252Cf

As 252Cf is a fast neutron emitter of relatively low average energy, there is potential to augment 252Cf brachytherapy with boron neutron capture (BNC) dose enhancement for treatment of malignant disease. 252Cf neutrons moderate within the human tissue and may be captured through the 10B(n,α + g)7Li nuclear reaction, Q = 2.79 MeV. Following this nuclear capture, a 477.6 keV photon is emitted 93.7% of the time by relaxation of the excited 7Li nucleus; however, the large majority of locally absorbed high-LET dose is deposited by the alpha particle and lithium ion. Consequently, it is possible that, with 10B-loaded drugs which have affinity towards malignant tumor cells, 252Cf brachytherapy may benefit from BNC dose enhancement. Calculations of the BNC dose enhancement are made for a variety of 10B loadings and sizes of phantom material composed of, as an illustration, of brain tissue, as well for tumors of diameter ranging from 2 to 6 cm. Additionally, the moderated 252Cf neutron energy spectrum is examined to demonstrate significant perturbation of the thermal neutron flux by increasing 10B loadings.
Fuel Injection Pressure Effects on the Cold Start Performance of a GDI Engine

The effects of reduced fuel injection pressure on the cold start performance of a GDI engine have been studied in a single-cylinder, optically-accessible research engine. Two Delphi Automotive Systems DI-G injectors, with included spray cone angles of 60° and 80° respectively, were studied. Both injectors are designed to operate at a nominal fuel line pressure of 10 MPa. For the study they were operated at several fuel feed pressures between 10 MPa and 2 MPa. Two start of injection timings (50° and 100° ATDC) were examined. Cold start performance was characterized by measurements of the GIMEP, COV of GIMEP, and total engine out UHCs. Simultaneous Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Mie Scattering images of the fuel spray were used to observe spray penetration, mixing, and in-cylinder fuel distribution throughout the intake and compression strokes. Ultimately these images were used to explain observed performance differences. Significant cold start performance changes are not observed until the injection pressure is reduced to below 5 MPa. The PLIF imaging shows that piston crown wetting and cylinder wall wetting have a dominant effect on engine cold start performance. This suggests that spray penetration and trajectory are at least as important to engine cold start performance as mean drop size. This indicates the desirability of developing an injector technology which can decouple injection pressure, drop size, and spray penetration.
Hydrogen Flux in Terbium Doped Strontium Cerate Membrane

Hydrogen production membranes of Sece 0.95 Tb 0.05 O 3-δ are synthesized using the liquid-phase method. The membranes are of perovskite-type structure with mixed ionic-electronic conductivities. The membranes are dense providing 100% hydrogen selectivity. Hydrogen permeability is studied as a function of temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, hydrogen dry conditions, and water vapor pressure. Also, the influence of nickel deposition on hydrogen flux is evaluated.
Depression, anxiety, and relevant cognitions in persons with mental retardation.

We assessed depression, anxiety, and relevant cognitions in persons with mental retardation by administering modified versions of the Reynolds Child Depression Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Cognitions Checklist to 46 persons with borderline to moderate mental retardation. Consistent with research with other groups, self-reports of depression and anxiety were highly correlated (r = .74) in these individuals, and cognitions were strong predictors of negative affect. Subscales measuring cognitions related to depression and anxiety were also highly related, limiting the "cognitive-specificity" hypothesis. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses offered mixed support for cognitive-specificity. We discuss the implications of these findings for the cognitive and affective assessment of persons with intellectual limitations.
Tritium Percolation, Convection, and Permeation in Fusion Solid-Breeder Blankets

Models are developed to describe the steadystate percolation of tritium through the solid-breeder interconnected porosity to the purge stream, convection of tritium by the helium purge stream, and permeation of tritium through the structural material to the primary coolant system. Important parameters in the models are tritium generation rate, breeder microstructure, tritium species in the gas phase, temperatures, tritium diffusivities and permeabilities, and effectiveness of oxide barriers. The models are used to perform calculations for fusion-blanket conceptual designs. The results indicate that for isotopic swamping of the purge stream with protium and relatively high oxide impedance factors 100 for nonbreeder-side surfaces) the leakage rate from the blanket can be limited to less than 100 Ci/day for reasonable purge flow rates and pressure drops. However, for lower impedance factors and/or for decreased protium partial pressure in the purge, problems do arise with limiting the tritium leakage.
Law and Custom in Korea: Comparative Legal History

1. Comparative reflections on the concepts of law and custom 2. Law and legal culture under the Choson Dynasty 3. Custom and legal reception: the Japanese precedent 4. Legal reforms in protectorate Korea, 1905-10 5. Colonial law and the legal system, 1910-45 6. Colonial jurisprudence and the construction of Korean customary law 7. The 'Japanese deviation': comparison of colonial customary law policies 8. Customary law in modern Korea 9. Conclusion: Korean law and custom in comparative perspective.
Kerberos : A Network Authentication System

From the Publisher: This handbook is a complete step-by-step guide to working with Kerberos, one of the most popular network authentication systems used by network administrators and programmers. Kerberos provides a clear explanation of network security principles and basic concepts, while taking you through each element of the Kerberos system. Written by a network security professional who has worked with Kerberos extensively, this practical guide reveals the experience-based tips that will help you avoid pitfalls and maximize the system's capabilities. The text shows you how to obtain, install, optimize, use, and administer Kerberos, and covers important information for developing Kerberized applications. You will find thorough explanations of such key topics as: Basic cryptography and hash functions Mutual authentication Establishing and changing passwords Manipulating credentials Installing the Key Distribution Center (KDC) Optimizing configuration Creating and administering a Kerberos database Adding, deleting, and modifying a principal Setting up cross-realm authentication Extensible function calls The GSS-API The various versions of Kerberos and their operational differences In addition to these topics, Kerberos also discusses the effect of public key cryptography on the Kerberos protocol, its incorporation into Windows NT 5.0, and its use with smart cards and PC cards. With this book in hand, the security, flexibility, and convenience of Kerberos is brought within easy reach of today's time-constrained administrator.
Fingerprint pore characteristics for liveness detection

In the search for viable fingerprint liveness detection techniques, one looks for unique characteristics that distinguish the friction ridge skin of a living finger from all other materials that could be made to imitate it. One such characteristic is the perspiration phenomenon, where small openings in the skin called pores, positioned periodically along the ridges, excrete sweat. These pores are often visible in images captured by a fingerprint scanner. This paper proposes an approach to fingerprint liveness detection, where pores are detected and a small region around each pore is analyzed to determine the perspiration activity. Results are presented using the LivDet 2011 and 2013 datasets, showing that the proposed approach is viable as a fingerprint liveness detection approach on its own and improves performance when combined with other liveness detection approaches.
For whom does a transitional jobs program work

Each year, more than 700,000 individuals are released from prisons nationwide (Sabol, West, and Cooper, 2009). Many former prisoners have lengthy criminal backgrounds and struggle to avoid recidivating while reintegrating into the communities to which they return. A person’s criminal history, age, and gender all contribute to the likelihood of future crime (Gendreau, Little, and Goggin 2006; Levinson, 2002). Among released prisoners, younger males with extensive criminal histories are often at greatest risk of future recidivism (Langan and Levin, 2002).1
The Tyranny of Guidelines

Fans of the “Prairie Home Companion” probably believe that Minnesota is densely populated with Norwegian bachelor farmers. However, I never met one until Mr. O was admitted to my medical service.
Israel's Law of Return: A Qualified Justification

��� A person of Bulgarian origin shall acquire Bulgarian citizenship through a facilitated procedure. 1 Can Israel’s ‘‘Law of Return’’ (LOR) be justified in the context of the norms of contemporary liberal thought? That is the question on which this article will focus. I shall argue, via several cumulative arguments, that it can be justified—albeit in a qualified manner that tends to either over-justify the law (by including cases beyond the law’s current formulation) or under-justify it (by excluding some of the categories included in the law). The justifications I shall present are as follows: (1) If the LOR is illiberal, it is ‘‘a response’’ to illiberal persecution, and therefore justified on the basis of the nation-state’s responsibility not to allow Diaspora members of the national group that exercise the right to self-determination in this state to be harmed; (2) the law is justified following several liberal–national arguments that justify preferential treatment of immigrants belonging to a national group that exercises the right to national self-determination in the ‘‘destination’’ country; and (3) following changes in conversion opportunities (including the first steps towards secular Jewish conversion), the LOR can be reinterpreted as cultural rather than ethnicity-based, and hence liberal and legitimate. 2 The LOR has won the attention of prominent scholars, and the reader may be familiar with some previous work done in this field, or she/he may encounter this subject for the first time. I have tried to maintain a careful balance between introducing an adequate amount of previous work and trying to produce some novel perspectives. In any case, the subject is important enough to justify more than one piece of research. The article will be organized in the following manner. ‘‘The Lor, An Introduction’’ section presents the LOR in its current version while briefly explaining some background details. ‘‘The Lor: Three
A Pixel-Based Landsat Compositing Algorithm for Large Area Land Cover Mapping

Information on the changing land surface is required at high spatial resolutions as many processes cannot be resolved using coarse resolution data. Deriving such information over large areas for Landsat data, however, still faces numerous challenges. Image compositing offers great potential to circumvent such shortcomings. We here present a compositing algorithm that facilitates creating cloud free, seasonally and radiometrically consistent datasets from the Landsat archive. A parametric weighting scheme allows for flexibly utilizing different pixel characteristics for optimized compositing. We describe in detail the development of three parameter decision functions: acquisition year, day of year and distance to clouds. Our test site covers 42 Landsat footprints in Eastern Europe and we produced three annual composites. We evaluated seasonal and annual consistency and compared our composites to BRDF normalized MODIS reflectance products. Finally, we also evaluated how well the composites work for land cover mapping. Results prove that our algorithm allows for creating seasonally consistent large area composites. Radiometric correspondence to MODIS was high (up to R2 > 0.8), but varied with land cover configuration and selected image acquisition dates. Land cover mapping yielded promising results (overall accuracy 72%). Class delineations were regionally consistent with minimal effort for training data. Class specific accuracies increased considerably (~10%) when spectral metrics were incorporated. Our study highlights the value of compositing in general and for Landsat data in particular, allowing for regional to global LULCC mapping at high spatial resolutions.
Open complex metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation. Two cases: Index finger and long finger

Two patients with open complex dislocation of a metacarpophalangeal joint were treated by cleansing of the wound, open reduction, primary wound closure, and early motion. One dislocation occurred in the index finger, the other in the long finger which is only the second such case to be described. Antibiotics were given before and continued for 5 days after operation. There were no infections, and both patients regained an excellent range of motion without pain.
LY-83583 stimulates glucose transporter-1-mediated glucose transport independent of changes in cGMP levels.

Abstract Exposure of Clone 9 cells, a nontransformed rat liver cell line expressing only the Glut1 glucose transporter isoform, to the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor LY-83583 was found to stimulate the rate of glucose transport (∼7- to 8-fold in 1 h). A similar response to LY-83583 was found in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes, and C 2 C 12 myoblasts. Neither the rate of glucose transport in cells under control conditions nor the effect of LY-83583 on glucose transport was altered by 10, 50, or 100 μM 8-bromo-cGMP or by addition of cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, zaprinast, or dipyridamole suggesting that glucose transport and the response to LY-83583 is independent of cGMP levels. In addition, the effect of LY-83583 on glucose transport was not mediated by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, since exposure to the agent resulted in no increase in lactate production. Incubation of Clone 9 cells in the presence of the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, however, attenuated the glucose transport response to LY-83583. Moreover, exposure to LY-83583 resulted in a rise in cell diacylglycerol content, and preincubation with U73122 significantly diminished this rise as well as the glucose transport response to LY-83583. The stimulatory effect of LY-83583 on glucose transport was significantly blocked by thapsigargin. Down-regulation of protein kinase C activity, resulting from 24 h pre-incubation in the presence of 160 nM phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate, did not attenuate the glucose transport response to LY-83583. It is concluded that the stimulation of glucose transport in response to LY-83583 is independent of changes in cGMP levels, is not mediated by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, and is mediated, at least in part, through stimulation of the phospholipase C pathway.
A Ricardo-Sraffa Paradigm Comparing Gains from Trade in Inputs and Finished Goods

Here is how the 1817 Ricardo comparative advantage trade benefit analysis has to be modified to take account of post-1960 Sraffian benefits from capital-using technologies. By bringing J. S. Mill's demand model up to date in terms of its implicit geometric-mean money-metric utility, specific measurements for real net national product are calculated to partition sources of welfare gains (from output enhancements and taste-preference accommodations) in scenarios of (1) trade between equals, (2) trade between poor and rich nations, and (3) for biased inventions that enable a poor country to take over production of items in which formerly the rich place enjoyed comparative advantage. History of economic doctrine is mined to advance today's frontier of scientific knowledge--a forward-looking function for "Whig history."
Expressive Language Recovery in Severely Brain-Injured Children and Adolescents

The spontaneous expressive language abilities of 9 severely brain-injured children and adolescents and their age-matched normal controls were examined seven times over a 12-month period following injury. Analysis of conversational language samples revealed a relatively stable pattern of language performance for the normal subjects over this time interval. The brain-injured subjects, as a group, demonstrated improvement on the majority of measures, but only a few reached the level of their control subjects and interindividual variability was considerable. Results suggest that the prognosis for clinically significant improvement in severely brain-injured subjects is good; however, deficits in expressive skills remain apparent up to at least 12 months following injury.
The effects of nicotine on specific eye tracking measures in schizophrenia

Abstract Background: The role of neuronal nicotinic receptors in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been suggested by postmortem findings as well as by linkage analysis implicating chromosome 15q14, the region where the α-7 nicotinic receptor gene is located. In addition, drug probe studies show that acute nicotine administration reverses sensory gating and eye-tracking deficits associated with the genetic liability for schizophrenia. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of acute administration of nicotine on specific measures of smooth pursuit eye movements and visual attention. Methods: Twenty nine subjects with schizophrenia (15 smokers and 14 nonsmokers), and 26 healthy comparison subjects (15 smokers and 11 nonsmokers) completed testing. The effects of 1 mg of nicotine, administered by nasal spray, on smooth pursuit initiation, pursuit maintenance, and predictive pursuit were examined. Results: Nicotine significantly improved eye acceleration during smooth pursuit initiation in both smoker and nonsmoker patients but had no effects in healthy subjects. The fact that patient initiation eye acceleration in response to nicotine was significantly higher than in healthy subjects suggests that the lack of effect in healthy subjects was not due to ceiling effects. Nicotine significantly improved pursuit gain during maintenance at a target velocity of 18.7 deg/sec. There were no effects of nicotine on visually guided and memory saccades, or visual attention (d′ from a continuous performance task). Conclusions: Nicotine showed differential effects in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. These effects of nicotine were unlikely the result of differences in vigilance or sustained attention, because saccadic peak velocity, a sensitive measure of vigilance, and continuous performance task measures were not affected by nicotine. These findings are not thought to be an artifact of nicotine withdrawal effects at baseline, because the abstinence period was very short, and there were similar effects of nicotine on initiation in nonsmoker patients. These findings suggest an abnormality in neuronal nicotinic system functioning in schizophrenic patients.
The role of the dsRNA-activated kinase, PKR, in signal transduction

Abstract The double stranded RNA (dsRNA) dependent, interferon (IFN)-induced protein kinase (PKR) plays a dual role in the interferon system. As an IFN-induced enzyme its primary role is in regulating protein synthesis initiation via phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF-2. Recently, manipulation of basal levels of PKR using antisense or gene ablation technologies has identified IκB, the inhibitor of transcription factor NFκB, as a new substrate for PKR. Phosphorylation of IκB by PKR results in the transcriptional activation of NFκB-dependent genes including interferon beta (IFN-β). PKR is also implicated as playing a role at either the translational or transcriptional level in the signal transduction pathways of other cytokines including IL3, PDGF and IFN γ.
Morphology of grain growth in response to diffusion induced elastic stresses: cubic systems

Abstract In diffusion-induced recrystallization (DIR), diffusion of a misfitting solute produces coherency strains in a solid and can lead to nucleation of new grains. The local interface velocity of the newly nucleated grains depends only on the magnitude of the reduction in the elastic energy density of the coherently stressed solid ahead of the migrating grain boundary, which in turn depends only on the local interface normal of the shrinking grain. Real-space calculations of the orientation-dependent elastic energy density are outlined in general and specific results are given for cubic systems. The method of characteristics described recently by Cahn, Taylor and Handwerker is employed to obtain predictions of the evolution in grain shape with time and the range of possible limiting growth shapes in terms of the edges and corners which develop on any growing grain. When the growing grain is free of elastic strains, the possible morphologies depend on only two parameters: the elastic anisotropy α (≡2(s11 − s12)/S44), and normalized linear compressibility β(s11 + 2s12)/S44). When the elastic anisotrophy α > 1, the morphology tends to be cuboidal, but the exact shape is found to depend on the value of the linear compressibility. For α
Confounding Effects of Aqueous-Phase Impinger Chemistry on Apparent Oxidation of Mercury in Flue Gases

Gas-phase reactions between elemental mercury and chlorine are a possible pathway to producing oxidized mercury species such as mercuric chloride in combustion systems. This study examines the effect of the chemistry of a commonly used sample conditioning system on apparent and actual levels of mercury oxidation in a methane-fired, 0.3 kW, quartz-lined reactor in which gas composition (HCl, Cl2, NOX, SO2) and quench rate were varied. The sample conditioning system included two impingers in parallel: one containing an aqueous solution of KCl to trap HgCl2, and one containing an aqueous solution of SnCl2 to reduce HgCl2 to elemental mercury (Hg0). Gas-phase concentrations of Cl2 as low as 1.5 ppmv were sufficient to oxidize a significant fraction of the elemental mercury in the KCl impinger via the hypochlorite ion. Furthermore, these low, but interfering levels of Cl2 appeared to persist in flue gases from several doped rapidly mixed flames with varied post flame temperature quench rates. The addition of 0...
Electrochemical oxygen pump using CeO2-based solid electrolyte for NOx detection independent of O2 concentration

Abstract The electrochemical oxygen pump has been studied using Ceo 0.8 Sm 0.2 O 1.9 as a solid electrolyte and gold metal as an electrode. The O 2 concentration in the flow of a mixture of 1000 ppm NO, 1–10% O 2 , 5% H 2 O and 5% CO 2 at a flow-rate of 20 ml min −1 was electrochemically controlled to a constant value of 5% by applying anodic or cathodic currents to the cell at 900 °C. During oxygen pumping, NO was not electrolyzed at all and the pumping amount of oxygen obeyed Faraday's law. A potentiometic- or amperometric-type sensor for NOx , when introduced into the resulting gas stream, exhibited an output signal without influence of the O 2 concentration.
Penetration and comparative metabolism of leptophos in susceptible and resistant houseflies.

The metabolism and rate of penetration of leptophos (O-methylO-4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate) was determined in a susceptible strain and a strain of houseflies which was 50-fold resistant to leptophos. Penetration of leptophos into resistant flies was substantially slower than into susceptible flies but large differences in metabolism, both quantitatively and qualitatively, were not observed. No difference was observed in the sensitivity of flyhead and thorax acetylcholinesterase to leptophos-oxonin vitro, and tolerance to leptophos by the resistant strain is explained in terms of decreased rates of penetration and minor differences in metabolism.
Are we there yet? On the convergence of financial reforms

Since the 1970s, there have been substantial financial reforms across the world, however little research has been devoted to studying the convergence path of these reforms. While Abiad and Mody (Am Econ Rev 95:66–88, 2005) find that there is movement towards a global ‘norm’ of financial reform, their findings are based upon a cross-sectional approach that has been widely criticized in the literature. In this paper we offer new time-series evidence on the convergence of financial reforms both across and within regions, which can also act as a metric to measure the degree of globalization among countries’ financial systems. We find that some regions of the world have fully converged, but the advanced economies and Sub-Saharan Africa are not converging. In addition, while most countries have fully converged within their own region, notable exceptions are also identified. These results suggest that while financial reforms have largely become homogenized, important distinctions still remain.
Capsule Commentary on Chang et al., Transforming Primary Care Training—Patient-Centered Medical Home Entrustable Professional Activities for Internal Medicine Residents

With the increasing implementation of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)‘s Next Accreditation System, the timely article by Chang et al. describes the development of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for internal medicine residents in a PCMH setting.1 The authors were part of the competency work group established for the Society of General Internal Medicine PCMH Education Summit that developed 25 EPAs for residents in, or preparing to work at, a PCMH setting. By using the EPA format and the six PCMH National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) standards of Enhancing Access and Continuity, Identifying and Managing Patient Populations, Planning and Managing Care, Providing Self-Care and Community Support, Tracking and Coordinating Care, and Measuring and Improving Performance, they developed the activities that can be evaluated either at the point of care (discrete) or longitudinally.2 For clinicians and residency administration, this article supplies framework for updating their primary care skills to better function in a PCMH model. It may be difficult for all the EPA’s to be instituted in every program, as primary care settings are quite different, even within a single program. The authors suggest using Scheele’s criteria for prioritizing implementation so they can be incorporated into any setting.3 For the Next Accreditation System, the ACGME and American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) have developed 16 EPAs that can be evaluated using 22 Reporting Milestones for Internal Medicine Residency Programs that will avoid generalization of the six current core competencies and facilitate easier evaluation of residents.4 By using the developed EPA’s, programs can effectively evaluate overlap with the new Reporting Milestones and carve out areas in their curriculum that can improve PCMH training. Reporting Milestones regarding recognizing system error and advocating for system improvement, identifying forces that impact health care and practicing cost-effective care, and monitoring practice with goals for improvement may be difficult to evaluate during an inpatient or consult rotation for trainees, but coincide very well with the PCMH EPAs provided. Regardless of the disparity in residency training and evaluations, these EPAs set the framework to improve all programs primary care training and prepare residents for working in the patient-centered design.
Magnetism of iron atoms in superconducting Sc2Fe3Si5

Abstract Mossbauer effect measurements on the ternary superconductor Sc 2 Fe 3 Si 5 in an applied magnetic field show that the magnetic moment on both the iron sites is less than 0.03 μ B .
Optimal decentralization of multi-agent motions

This paper addresses how to optimally decentralize the execution of a multi-agent mission defined at the trajectory-level, where the information flow among agents in the system are limited by a predefined network topology. Each agent's decentralized controllers are constrained to be parameterized functions of the relative distances and angles between itself and its neighbors. Starting with a discussion on what it means for a controller to be considered decentralized, the problem is posed as an optimal control problem for switched autonomous systems. We derive optimality conditions for the parameters defining each mode for each agent, which is combined with optimality conditions for when to switch between consecutive modes. Simulations are used to showcase the operation of the proposed optimal decentralization algorithm on a complex example.
Immersion Deposition of Metal Films on Silicon and Germanium Substrates in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

A low temperature carbon dioxide based on immersion deposition technology (SFID) has been developed for producing palladium, copper, silver, and other metal films on silicon-based substrates in supercritical CO2. The reaction is initiated by oxidation of elemental silicon to SiF4 or H2SiF6 by HF with the release of electrons that cause the reduction of metal ions in an organometallic precursor to the metallic form on silicon surface in CO2. Only the substrate surfaces are coated with metals using this method. Based on surface analysis of the films and spectroscopic analysis of the reaction products, the mechanism of metal film deposition is discussed. The metal films (Pd, Cu, and Ag) formed on silicon surfaces by the SFID method exhibit good coverage, smooth and dense texture, high purity and a metallic behavior. Similarly, metal films can also be deposited onto geranium substrates using SFID. The gas-like properties and the high pressure of the supercritical fluids, combined with the low reaction temperature, make this SFID method potentially useful for depositing thin metal films in small features, which are difficult to accomplish by conventional CVD methods.
High-damping energy-harvesting electrostatic CMOS charger

Because small batteries store little energy, micro-scale systems often trade functionality or lifetime, or both, for integration. Harnessing ambient energy can abate the sacrifice, but only to the extent transducer and circuit efficiencies allow. Optimally adjusting the electrical damping force in the transducer is therefore as important as lowering power losses in the circuit. In kinetic electrostatic harvesters, raising the voltage across the moving parallel plates increases this force, which is what the energy-harvesting 0.35-µm CMOS charger proposed achieves with a 10-nF capacitor CCLAMP. The system presented harnesses fifteen times (15-×) more energy at 16 V (with 15 nJ/Cycle) than at 4 V (with 1 nJ/Cycle) from 50 -– 250-pF, 60-Hz variations to generate (after discounting loses in the system) a net gain of 8.8 nJ/Cycle at 16 V.
Go and Tend the Earth: A Jewish View on an Enhanced World

Consider the thought experiment offered at the conference that generated this collection of essays: in this fantasy, face transplants are safe and effective. A young woman is the victim of a devastating accident. A face transplant will enable her to live a completely normal life. But, say she is African American, or Asian. Would it be ethically permissible to allow her to take the face of a Caucasian woman? Or, say you have a child with a muscle wasting disorder. Would it be permissible to alter his muscle repair system so that he not only does not have the genetic variation that causes the disease, but he has the capacity for enhanced muscular strength, beyond that of his peers, such that he could become a big league pitcher?
Individual differences in the effects of spontaneous mimicry on emotional contagion

Two experiments explored the role of mimicry and self-perception processes in emotional contagion. In Study 1, 46 subjects watched two brief film clips depicting an episode of startled fear. In a separate procedure, subjects adopted facial expressions of emotion, and reported whether the expressions had caused them to feel corresponding emotions. Those who reported feeling the emotions were identified as more responsive to self-produced cues for feeling. Subjects who visibly moved to mimic the behavior of the actor were significantly more likely to be those who were more responsive to self-produced cues. In Study 2, 57 subjects watched three film clips depicting happy people. During clips when they inhibited the movements of their faces, subjects reported less happiness than during clips when they moved naturally and were able to mimic, or when they exaggerated their movements. This effect occurred only among subjects who, in a separate procedure, had been identified as more responsive to self-produced cues.
Bipedalism as a brachiating adaptation

The original hominoid brachiators probably used typical terrestrial quadrupedalism as their alternate mode of ground locomotion. The development of knuckle walking made possible a shortening of the flexor muscles to improve the hand grip for more efficient arm-swinging. Bipedalism equally served to free the hands from palmar application to the ground, and likewise permits manual flexor shortening. Recently discovered australopithecine limb bones may be interpreted as indicating a primarily arboreal adaptation, emphasizing brachiation, with bipedalism being no more than an alternate mode. Thus the origin of bipedal adaptations might be viewed not as a means of leaving the trees, but rather as a step in perfecting brachiation.
Classification and indexing of gene expression images

In this paper, we present an approach for classification and indexing of embryonic gene expression pattern images using shape descriptors for retrieval of data in the biological domain. For this purpose, the image is first subjected to a registration process that involves edge fitting and size-standardization. It is followed by segmentation in order to delineate the expression pattern from the cellular background. The moment invariants for the segmented pattern are computed. Image dissimilarity between images is computed based on these moment invariants for each image pair. Area and Centroids of the segmented expression shapes are used to neutralize the invariant behavior of moment invariants during image retrieval. Details of the proposed approach along with analysis of a pilot dataset are presented in this paper.
Existence and uniqueness of traveling waves and error estimates for Godunov schemes of conservation laws

The existence and uniqueness of the Lipschitz continuous traveling wave of Godunov's scheme for scalar conservation laws are proved. The structure of the traveling waves is studied. The approximation error of Godunov's scheme on single shock solutions is shown to be O(1)Δx.
Hot and cold gas in early-type spirals: NGC 3623, NGC 2775, and NGC 1291

We have studied the distribution of cool, warm, and hot interstellar matter in three of the nearest bright Sa galaxies. New X-ray data for NGC 1291, the object with the most prominent bulge, confirm earlier results that the ISM in the bulge is dominated by hot gas. NGC 3623 has a lesser amount of hot gas in the bulge but has both molecular gas and ionized hydrogen in the central regions. NGC 2775 has the least prominent bulge; its X-ray emission is consistent with an origin in X-ray binary stars, and there is a strict upper limit on the amount of molecular present in the bulge. All three galaxies have a ring of neutral hydrogen in the disk. NGC 3623 and NGC 2775 each have in addition a molecular ring coincident with the hydrogen ring. We conclude that even within the morphological class Sa there can be significant differences in the gas content of the bulge, with the more massive bulges being likely to contain hot, X-ray–emitting gas. We discuss the possibility that the X-ray gas is part of a cooling flow in which cool gas is produced in the nucleus.
EFFECTIVE POTENTIAL APPROACH TO THE THRESHOLD BEHAVIOUR OF CROSS SECTIONS

The study of the energy dependence of scattering and reaction cross sections near thresholds is performed by a method which has its basis in the construction of the effective potentials in every single channel. The formalism employed presents some advantage with respect to other kind of approaches in that it gives a simple physical description of the anomaly (cusp or rounded step) which appears in the scattering cross section at the opening up of a new channel. Furthermore, with this method it is effectively possible to give an explanation why the energy derivative of the scattering cross section is infinite when the threshold is approached from below. The effect is found to be purely quantum mechanical.
Demography of Agile Gibbons (Hylobates agilis) in a Lowland Tropical Rain Forest of Southern Sumatra, Indonesia: Problems in Paradise

Gibbons are among the best-studied Asian primates, but few studies address their demography and life history strategies. We used annual censuses to study the demography of agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) between 1998 and 2009 in rain forests of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Indonesia. The population declined from 22 individuals (9 groups) to 14 individuals (5 groups) over the 12 yr of study. Infant survival to the juvenile age class was 33.3%, and 16.7% of infants survived to the subadult age class. The interbirth interval was 3.83±1.15 yr and birth rate was 0.22-0.28 infants female -1 yr -1 . Two groups colonized the study area but subsequently disappeared. We documented 7 immigrations, 17 disappearances, and ≥10 transients in the population. Compared to lar gibbons (Hylobates lar) and Bornean white-bearded gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis), Way Canguk's agile gibbon population is characterized by slow reproduction, low survival, and high group turnover. We hypothesize that, although the habitat is high in fruit resources, agile gibbons may be displaced or excluded from the best fruit resources by larger and more numerous competitors, incurring costs of decreased opportunities to forage and increased travel, and leading to higher mortality for young agile gibbons. The reproductive potential of this agile gibbon population is insufficient to compensate for high mortality, and the population is unlikely to persist without immigration from outside the area. Given the agile gibbons' endangered status and limited capacity to respond demographically to change, it is likely that intensive management interventions will be required to conserve this species.
The relationship of individual algal species to the surface microlayer of a small freshwater pond

Comparaison de la couche superficielle et de la couche subsuperficielle: composition floristique, abondance comparee des especes. Etude dans un petit etang du Wisconsin