cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collective effects of low cell pH and inorganic phosphate on force, velocity, stiffness, and power in rat slow and fast muscle fibers (1102.7)

Muscle fatigue is a loss of power resulting from a decline in both force and velocity. Intense exercise induces high rates of ATP hydrolysis and glycolysis, increasing inorganic phosphate (Pi) and H+. These factors are thought to induce fatigue by interfering with key steps in the cross bridge cycle, including ATP hydrolysis, ADP release, and rate and extent of cross-bridge transition from the low- to high-force state. Skinned fibers from rat soleus (slow) and gastrocnemius (fast) were isolated, and the combined effects of elevated H+ (pH 6.2) and Pi (30 mM) on force, velocity, stiffness, and power at low (15°C) and high (30°C) temperatures studied. At 30°C, pH 6.2 plus 30 mM Pi depressed force by 39% (158 to 97 kN/m2) in slow fibers and 42% (189 to 111 kN/m2) in fast fibers. Velocity was depressed by 17% (Vmax 4.23 to 3.56 Fl/s) in slow fibers and 44% (6.91 to 3.88 Fl/s) in fast fibers. The a/Po ratio was depressed in slow fibers but increased in fast fibers in pH 6.2, 30 mM Pi conditions, resulting in a...
Anterior capsule opacification : A histopathological study comparing different IOL styles

Abstract Objective To compare the degree of anterior capsule opacification (ACO) in human eyes obtained postmortem containing various rigid and foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) designs. Design Comparative autopsy tissue study with clinicopathologic correlations. Materials Four hundred sixty human globes containing the following PC-IOL styles were analyzed: (1) one-piece polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) optic-PMMA haptic ( n = 50), (2) one-piece silicone-plate IOL, large hole ( n = 40), (3) one-piece silicone-plate IOL, small hole ( n = 67), (4) three-piece PMMA optic-PMMA/Prolene haptic ( n = 51), (5) three-piece acrylic optic-PMMA haptic ( n = 96), (6) three-piece silicone optic-PMMA haptic ( n = 24), (7) three-piece silicone optic-polyimide haptic ( n = 40), and (8) three-piece silicone optic-prolene haptic ( n = 92). Testing The globes were sectioned in the equatorial plane for gross examination and then processed through paraffin; sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin–eosin, periodic acid–Schiff, and Masson's trichrome stains; and examined by light microscopy. Main outcome measures Anterior capsule opacification was scored in each eye by grading the histologic sections from 0 to III, according to the amount (thickness) of proliferative tissue and cells measured in sagittal sections on the inner surface of the anterior capsule at the capsulorhexis margin. Results The difference among the eight groups was significant ( P Conclusions Our results confirm previous clinical observations that the rate of ACO is relatively high with plate-haptic silicone IOLs. The lowest rate was noted with the three-piece acrylic optic-PMMA haptic IOL. The IOL design and IOL material are significant factors in the development of ACO.
Calcium signalling in cardiac muscle cells

In heart cells, several distinct kinds of transient spatial patterns of cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) can be observed: (1) [Ca2+]i waves, in which regions of spontaneously increased [Ca2+]i propagate at high velocity (100 microns/s) through the cell; (2) Ca2+ 'sparks', which are spontaneous, non-propagating changes in [Ca2+]i that are localized in small (approximately 2 microns) subcellular regions; and (3) evoked [Ca2+]i transients that are elicited by electrical depolarization, in association with normal excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling. In confocal [Ca2+]i images, evoked [Ca2+]i transients appear to be nearly spatially uniform throughout the cell, except during their rising phase or during small depolarizations. In contrast to [Ca2+]i waves and spontaneous Ca2+ sparks, evoked [Ca2+]i transients are triggered by L-type Ca2+ channel current and they are 'controlled', in the sense that stopping the L-type Ca2+ current stops them. Despite their different characteristics, all three types of Ca2+ transient involve Ca(2+)-induced release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, we address the question of how the autocatalytic process of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release, which can easily be understood to underlie spontaneous regenerative ('uncontrolled'), propagating [Ca2+]i waves, might be 'harnessed', under other circumstances, to produce controlled changes in [Ca2+]i, as during normal excitation-contraction coupling, or changes in [Ca2+]i that do not propagate. We discuss our observations of Ca2+ waves, Ca2+ sparks and normal Ca2+ transients in heart cells and review our results on the 'gain' of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release. We discuss a model involving Ca2+ microdomains beneath L-type Ca2+ channels, and clusters of Ca(2+)-activated Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may form the basis of the answer to this question.
Selecting and presenting writing assignments in engineering classes: tips for new professors

This paper suggests possible writing assignments in engineering classes and some effective ways to present them. Types discussed are various reports, writing to learn, and other creative assignments. Ideas are drawn from experienced engineering professors and some technical writing professors through an informal survey of frequently assigned writing at Vanderbilt University Engineering School, published sources, and a personal collection of professors' writing assignments.
Knowledge of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination act among individuals affected by Huntington disease

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2008 was the first US legislation to address genetic discrimination. We sought to assess understanding of GINA among individuals affected by the autosomal dominant condition, Huntington disease (HD). We conducted a cross-sectional survey of individuals with varying risk of HD to assess their familiarity with GINA. As a control, individuals were surveyed about their familiarity with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Those who reported familiarity with GINA were asked about their knowledge of specific provisions of the legislation. The survey was offered to 776 participants and completed by 410 (response rate 53%). Respondents across all groups were less familiar with GINA (41% slightly, somewhat, or very familiar) than with HIPAA (65%; p < 0.0001). Of individuals with or at risk for HD who reported some familiarity with GINA, less than half correctly identified GINA's protections, and less than 15% correctly identified its limitations. Thus, among individuals affected by HD, familiarity with and knowledge of GINA are low. The effectiveness of the legislation may be limited by this lack of knowledge.
Family Mediation of Stress

Serious and prolonged illness such as childhood leukemia is a common source of stress that poses major problems of adjustment, not only for the patient but also for family members. It is important to emphasize family as well as individual reactions in coping with stress since the family has a unique responsibility for mediating the reactions of its members.
In situ vascularization of injectable fibrin/poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels by human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells.

One of the greatest challenges in regenerative medicine is generating clinically relevant engineered tissues with functional blood vessels. Vascularization is a key hurdle faced in designing tissue constructs larger than the in vivo limit of oxygen diffusion. In this study, we utilized fibrin-based hydrogels to serve as a foundation for vascular formation, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to modify fibrinogen and increase scaffold longevity, and human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSC) as a source of vascular cell types (AFSC-EC). AFSC hold great potential for use in regenerative medicine strategies, especially those involving autologous congenital applications, and we have shown previously that AFSC-seeded fibrin-PEG hydrogels have the potential to form three-dimensional vascular-like networks in vitro. We hypothesized that subcutaneously injecting these hydrogels in immunodeficient mice would both induce a fibrin-driven angiogenic host response and promote in situ AFSC-derived neovascularization. Two weeks postinjection, hydrogels were sectioned, and the following was demonstrated: the average maximum invasion distance of host murine cells into the subcutaneous fibrin/PEG scaffold was 147 ± 90 µm after 1 week and 395 ± 138 µm after 2 weeks; the average number of cell-lined lumen per square millimeter was significantly higher in hydrogels seeded with stem cells or cocultures containing stem cells (MSC, 36.5 ± 11.4; AFSC, 47.0 ± 18.9; AFSC/AFSC-EC, 32.8 ± 11.6; and MSC/HUVEC, 43.1 ± 25.1) versus endothelial cell types alone (AFSC-EC, 9.7 ± 6.1; HUVEC, 14.2 ± 8.8); and a subset of these lumen were characterized by the presence of red blood cells. Select areas of cell-seeded hydrogels contained CD31+ lumen surrounded by α-smooth muscle cell support cells, whereas control hydrogels with no cells only showed infiltration of α-smooth muscle cell–positive host cells. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2645–2653, 2015.
Improved Three Subaperture Method for Elevation Angle Estimation

The three subaperture method is a technique for estimating the arrival angles of two targets located in the main beam of a radar. The problem of estimating the arrival angle of a target in the presence of multipath is considered, and it is shown how the accuracy of the three subaperture method can be improved by making use of the information that the amplitude of the direct ray is larger than that of the reflected ray.
Effect of display luminance on the feature detection rates of masses in mammograms

Our purpose in this study was to determine the importance of the luminance range of the display system for the detection of simulated masses in mammograms. Simulated masses were embedded in selected portions (512 x 512 pixels) of mammograms digitized at 50 micro pixels, 12 bits deep. The masses were embedded in one of four quadrants in the image. An observer experiment was conducted in which the observer's task was to determine in which quadrant the mass is located. The key variables involved in each trial included the position of the mass, the contrast level of the mass, and the luminance of the display. The contrast of the mass with respect to the background was fixed to one of four selected contrast levels. The digital images were printed to film, and displayed on a mammography lightbox. The display luminance was controlled by placing neutral density films between the laser printed films of mammographic backgrounds and the lightbox. The resulting maximum luminances examined in this study ranged from 34 cd/m2 to 2056 cd/m2. Twenty observers viewed 80 different images (20 observations at each of 4 different mass contrast levels) under each of the 5 luminance conditions for a total of 800 independent observations per observer. An analysis of variance yielded no statistically significant correlation between the luminance range of the display and the feature detection rate of the simulated masses in mammograms. However, the performance of the lower luminance display systems (less than 300 cd/m2), may be reduced due to the high levels of ambient light found in many reading environments.
Annular erythema of infancy

An urticarial annular erythema began in our patient at 6 weeks of age and resolved completely by 14 months of age. Individual lesions lasted 2 to several days and tended to erupt in cycles, with each cycle lasting S to 6 weeks. The lesions were totally asymptomatic and left no residual scaling or hyperpigmentation. Histologically, a dense perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, histiocytes, eosinophils, and a few plasma cells was evident. The clinical appearance, course, and histologic characteristics resemble closely the case reported by Peterson and Jarratt in 1981.
Loss of Gbx2 results in neural crest cell patterning and pharyngeal arch artery defects in the mouse embryo

Abstract Several syndromes characterized by defects in cardiovascular and craniofacial development are associated with a hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11 in humans and involve defects in pharyngeal arch and neural crest cell development. Recent efforts have focused on identifying 22q11 deletion syndrome modifying loci. In this study, we show that mouse embryos deficient for Gbx2 display aberrant neural crest cell patterning and defects in pharyngeal arch-derived structures. Gbx2−/− embryos exhibit cardiovascular defects associated with aberrant development of the fourth pharyngeal arch arteries including interrupted aortic arch type B, right aortic arch, and retroesophageal right subclavian artery. Other developmental abnormalities include overriding aorta, ventricular septal defects, cranial nerve, and craniofacial skeletal patterning defects. Recently, Fgf8 has been proposed as a candidate modifier for 22q11 deletion syndromes. Here, we demonstrate that Fgf8 and Gbx2 expression overlaps in regions of the developing pharyngeal arches and that they interact genetically during pharyngeal arch and cardiovascular development.
Incompressibility of Nuclear Matter from the Giant Monopole Resonance

E0 strength distributions in {sup 90}Zr , {sup 116}Sn , {sup 144}Sm , and {sup 208}Pb have been measured with inelastic scattering of 240-MeV {alpha} particles between 0{degree}{le}{theta}{sub lab} {le}6{degree} to greater precision than previously available. In Sn, Sm, and Pb, E0 strength was concentrated in approximately symmetric peaks, whereas in {sup 90}Zr it had a significant high energy tail. Comparing with microscopic calculations using the Gogny interaction, these and our previously reported results for {sup 40}Ca are consistent with a nuclear matter incompressibility of 231{plus_minus}5 MeV . Previous data gave an average of 215thinspthinspMeV and the value for different nuclei disagreed by up to 40thinspthinspMeV. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society }
Preparation and structure of a compound containing a triply bridged binuclear Mo(V) cation and the [MoOCl4(H2O)]− anion

Abstract The reaction of di-μ-oxo-bis[oxo-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamatomolybdenum(V)], Mo2O4(S2CNEt2)2, with thiophenol produces a red-orange diamagnetic compound which contains thiophenol and diethyldithiocarbamate in a 1:1 ratio. The attempted recrystallisation of this material from CHCl3/CCl2 in the presence of excess thiophenol resulted in an unexpected chemical reaction and the formation of green crystals shown to be [Mo2O2 —(SPh) 2Cl(S2CNEt2)2]+ [MoOCl2(H2O)]-CHCl3 by a single-crystal X-ray structure determination and by supporting physical data. The μ-chloro-di-μ-thiophenolatobis [oxo-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamatomolybdenum(V)] cation contains two [MoO]3+ units which are triply bridged by the S atoms from the two SPh ligands and by the Cl atom. The bridging Cl atom is approximately trans to the terminal O atoms of each Mo. A diethyldithiocarbamato ligand completes the distorted six-coordinate geometry about each Mo. The effective symmetry of the cation is nearly C2v and the Mo…Mo distance is 2.822(2) A. The monomeric oxo-tetrachloroaquomolybdate(V) anion, [MoOCl4(H2O)]-, has approximate C4v symmetry with Mo−O t = 1.641(7) A , Mo−Cl = 2.344(2) − 2.396(4) A and Mo−OH 2 = 2.342(8) A . The compound has a magnetic moment consistent with the presence of one unpaired electron per formula unit.
First- and second-line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer.

In the USA, colorectal cancer is the fourth most prevalent cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death after lung cancer. In 2006, 148,610 colorectal cancer cases are expected in the USA, with 55,170 deaths expected from this disease . After years of stagnation, the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer has recently made dramatic advances. The previous standard of care, 5-fluorouracil, is the now the backbone of combination regimens with oxaliplatin or irinotecan. The addition of biological agents, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, bevacizumab, and the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, cetuximab and panitumumab, have further enhanced the activity of conventional chemotherapy. These advances have increased the overall survival of advanced colorectal cancer patients, which was once 6 months with best supportive care, to over 2 years if all active agents are used in the course of the disease.
Polarization in distant Coulomb collisions of charged particles with atoms

The inelastic collisions of a heavy fast particle of charge ${Z}_{1}e$, incident at an impact parameter $b$, with an electron bound in an atom isotropically and harmonically is considered. The "atom" is treated by quantum mechanics, extending an earlier classical calculation by Ashley, Ritchie, and Brandt. A multiople of the Coulomb interaction for distanct collisions is used. Two methods are employed to calculate ${Z}_{1}^{3}$ contributions to the mean energy loss and the excitation probabilities due to dipole and quadrupole terms in the multipole expansion. In one method the dipole interaction is taken into account exactly by applying the quantum formalism of the forced harmonic oscillator, and the quadrupole interaction is treated as first-order perturbation. The second method of calculation employs both dipole and quadrupole interactions as time-dependent perturbations to second order on the free harmonic oscillator. The energy loss calculated for a particle incident on a straight-line trajectory agrees with the classical calculation. Reasons for this agreement are goven. Simplifications of the calculation owing to time-reversal symmetry considerations and selection rules for the harmonic oscillator are discussed. Comments are made concerning the relative importance of distant and close collisions at high and low velocities.
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry identification of proanthocyanidins in rat plasma after oral administration of grape seed extract.

Abstract Proanthocyanidin rich plant extracts derived from grape seed extract (GSE), hawthorn and cranberry are on markets for their preventive effects against cardiovascular diseases and uroinfections in woman. However, the importance of these health beneficial effects of these botanicals remains elusive due to incomplete understanding of uptake, metabolism and bioavailability of proanthocyanidins in vivo . In the present study rats were given GSE orally (300 mg/kg, twice a day) and blood and urine were collected over a 24 h period. Monomeric catechins and their methylated metabolites, and proanthocyanidins up to trimers were detected in blood samples treated with GSE using LC-MS/MS operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. A new tetramethylated metabolite of dimeric proanthocyanidin ( m/z 633) in GSE-treated urine was tentatively identified. Using LC-MS/MS, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin were identified in the brain conclusively. These data suggested that GSE catechins cross the blood brain barrier and may be responsible for the neuroprotective effects of GSE.
Caspase-Mediated Cleavage of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein within Degenerating Astrocytes of the Alzheimer's Disease Brain

Recent studies demonstrate roles for activation of caspases and cleavage of cellular proteins within neurons of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. To determine whether a similar role for caspases also occurs within glial cells in AD, we designed a site-directed caspase-cleavage antibody specific to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a cytoskeleton protein specifically expressed in astrocytes. In vitro characterization of this antibody using both a cell-free system and a cell model system of apoptosis demonstrated that the antibody (termed GFAP caspase-cleavage product antibody or GFAP-CCP Ab) immunolabeled the predicted caspase-cleavage fragment, but not full-length GFAP, by Western blot analysis. To determine whether caspases cleave GFAP in vivo, tissue sections from control and AD brains were examined by immunohistochemistry using the GFAP-CCP Ab. Two prominent features of staining were evident: immunolabeling of degenerating astrocytes in proximity to blood vessels and staining within plaque-rich regions of the AD brain. Furthermore, co-localization of the GFAP-CCP Ab and an antibody specific to active caspase-3 was demonstrated within damaged astrocytes of the AD brain. These data suggest that the activation of caspases and cleavage of cellular proteins such as GFAP may contribute to astrocyte injury and damage in the AD brain.
Dorsal nerve blockade for pain relief after circumcision.

In a prospective study, dorsal nerve blockade was compared with intravenous morphine administration for pain relief in children after circumcision. The group receiving dorsal nerve blockade needed significantly less analgesia in the post-operative period. The technique of dorsal nerve blockade is described and is considered particularly suitable for day case paediatric surgery. In paediatric practice, the popularity of day case surgery has increased, and attempts to minimise post-operative pain have resulted in a greater use of local anaesthesia. Two regional anaesthetic techniques are available for the relief of post-circumcision pain; caudal anaesthesia and blockade of the dorsal nerves of the penis. A comparison of these two forms of regional anaesthesia has been reported (Lunn, 1979). In the present study dorsal nerve blockade was compared with intravenous morphine administration for pain relief after circumcision.
Welding of polymer interfaces

Studies of strength development at polymer-polymer interfaces are examined and applications to welding of similar and dissimilar polymers are considered. The fracture properties of the weld, namely, fracture stress, σ, fracture energy, GIc, fatigue crack propagation rate da/dN, and microscopic aspects of the deformation process are determined using compact tension, wedge cleavage, and double cantilever beam healing experiments. The mechanical properties are related to the structure of the interface via microscopic deformation mechanisms involving disentanglement and bond rupture. The time dependent structure of the welding interface is determined in terms of the molecular dynamics of the polymer chains, the chemical compatibility, and the fractal nature of diffuse interfaces. Several experimental methods are used to probe the weld structure and compare with theoretical scaling laws, Results are given for symmetric amorphous welds, incompatible and compatible asymmetric amorphous welds, incompatible semicrystalline and polymer-metal welds. The relevance of interface healing studies to thermal, friction, solvent and ultrasonic welds is discussed.
Growth Patterns and Nutritional Factors Associated with Increased Head Circumference at 18 Months in Normally Developing, Low-birth-weight Infants

Abstract Objective To identify patterns of growth, nutrition practices, and feeding behaviors associated with normal Denver II developmental screening results at 18 months of age. Design A retrospective review of hospital medical charts was conducted to collect discharge diagnosis and dietary data. Developmental clinic charts were reviewed to collect growth and diet data, Denver II results, and medical data from 4-, 9-, and 18-month visits. Subjects/setting Twenty-eight children were identified from a review of developmental clinic records in a mid-western children's hospital. Criteria were single or twin birth, birth weight of 2,000g or less, follow up at the hospital developmental clinic, and completion of 3 screening visits. Statistical analyses performed National standards were used to calculate z scores. Patterns of growth were analyzed using analysis of variance. Stepwise forward linear regression analysis was done to construct a model predicting head circumference at 18 months of age. Results Significant catch-up growth ( P =.0006) occurred as length z score increased from −0.87 at 4 months of age to −0.45 at 18 months. A regression model predicting head circumference at age 18 months was developed that included nutrition and growth variables such as head circumference at 9 months, type of parenteral amino acids administered in the hospital, z score of weight at 4 months' adjusted age, and time of first enteral feeding. Applications Interventions designed to support breastfeeding in the hospital and at home are indicated as is increased emphasis on monitoring growth. Delays in growth need to be treated aggressively; for example, nutrition interventions should begin by the age of 4 months if weight gain is not appropriate. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:1522–1526 .
A modified method for determining tannin-protein precipitation capacity using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and microplate gel filtration.

The protein precipitation assay used by Robbins et al., (1987) Ecology 68:98–107 has been shown to predict successfully the reduction in protein availability to some ruminants due to tannins. The procedure, however, is expensive and laborious, which limits its utility, especially for quantitative ecological or nutritional applications where large numbers of assays may be required. We have modified the method to decrease its cost and increase laboratory efficiency by: (1) automating the extraction by using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE); and (2) by scaling and automating the precipitation reaction, chromatography, and spectrometry with microplate gel filtration and an automated UV–VIS microplate spectrometer. ASE extraction is shown to be as effective at extracting tannins as the hot methanol technique. Additionally, the microplate assay is sensitive and precise. We show that the results from the new technique correspond in a nearly 1:1 relationship to the results of the previous technique. Hence, this method could reliably replace the older method with no loss in relevance to herbivore protein digestion. Moreover, the ASE extraction technique should be applicable to other tannin–protein precipitation assays and possibly other phenolic assays.
Abnormal Eye Movements Associated with Unilateral Loss of Vestibular Function

Acute unilateral loss of peripheral vestibular function causes spontaneous nystagmus. Initially, nystagmus is present during visual fixation.
The in vivo effects of four steroids on glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity of c57L/J mouse erythrocytes

Abstract Preliminary dose‐response relationships were established by in vitro incubation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and epiandrosterone (EPI) with human blood. DHEA in increasing concentration resulted in 61% to 76% inhibition of erythrocyte G‐6‐PD activity, while EPI in increasing concentration resulted in 69 to 85% inhibition (p = .001). In vivo tests were conducted using G‐6‐PD‐low C57L/J mouse erythrocytes. Mice were orally administered 0.2 ml of 450 or 900 mg/kg of DHEA, EPI, pregnenolone (PREG) or androstanedione (ANDR) every other day for seven days (four doses) and sacrificed three hours after the final dose. Blood samples revealed no significant reductions in G‐6‐PD activity, possibly due to a lack of receptor sites for the steroids on the erythrocyte membrane.
Analysis of titanium coatings deposited and exposed in macrotor and microtor

Abstract Metal coatings of Ti are vapor-deposited (200 A/day) in MACROTOR and MICROTOR during low temperature H2-discharge cleaning and operated far away from the gettering threshold for plasma impurity control. Several methods of analysis (X-ray diffraction, ESCA, AES, SEM) show that after several months of deposition two major effects have an impact on the coating: (a) formation of a porous microstructure which enhances H2,-gas trapping: (b) formation of Ti-hydride of a 100 A crystallite size and with large microstrain present. Both effects are responsible for a mechanically and chemically unstable first wall. H/D-exchange and H-retention are affected most by the existing wall condition. These difficulties may be avoided by using a hot (≈400°C) liner.
Ballistic impact modeling of woven fabrics considering yarn strength, friction, projectile impact location, and fabric boundary condition effects

The combined effects of yarn tensile strength, inter-yarn friction, projectile impact location, and fabric clamping conditions on the probabilistic impact response of flexible woven Kevlar KM2 fabrics are studied using a 0.22 caliber spherical projectile. The statistical nature of yarn tensile strength is accounted for by mapping Weibull strength distributions onto the individual yarns of the fabric model. Variability in projectile impact location relative to the yarns at the impact site is accounted for by randomly selecting one of 25 predetermined impact locations around a warp-fill yarn cross-over location at the center of the fabric. Five different inter-yarn friction levels are deterministically implemented, ranging from 0.0 to 0.4. Two boundary conditions are considered, 4-sided clamped and 2-sided clamped. Forty impact simulations are used to generate a probabilistic impact response (PVR) curve for each test case, describing the probability of fabric penetration as a function of projectile impact velocity. The fabric V50 velocity and impact performance variability were observed to decrease with increasing inter-yarn friction levels for the 4-sided clamped cases, while they increased for the 2-sided clamped cases.
Insight into the genesis of irregularity during crystal growth achieved monochromatic high sensitivity monochromatic synchrotron x-radiation diffraction imaging (topography)

Abstract Lattice irregularities observed in monochromatic synchrotron x-radiation diffraction imaging (topography) are summarized. Important recent advances in sensitivity and resolution are described. The resulting insight into the genesis of variation in high quality crystals is reviewed. Finally, areas in which additional progress can be anticipated in light of these advances are indicated.
Low-loss ultra-wideband double-sided parallel-strip line transition and power divider

A low-loss transition from a coaxial transmission line to a double-sided parallel-strip line is presented, and a 0° power divider is demonstrated using this transition. Simulated results from CST Microwave Studio and measured results show good agreement and good performance over the ultra-wideband range (3.1-10.6 GHz).
Training in the use of double-function terms

Twenty first-, second-, and third-grade chidren were tested, trained, and retested in their use of double-function words (e.g.,hard, deep, bright). Children first understand such words as they refer to inanimate objects, then to people in a physical sense, and last to people in a psychological sense. Wide variations in initial understanding and trainability of double-function words occurred. It is easier to train children to understand a double-function words as applied to a person in a physical sense than in a psychological sense. Words with tactual referents (sweet, warm, dry, cold, hard) are understood earlier than words with visual referents (bright, crooked, sharp, deep) but words with visual referents show greater gains after training. Several possible explanations of these results are discussed.
Simulating a Skilled Typist: A Study of Skilled Cognitive-Motor Performance

We review the major phenomena of skilled typing and propose a model for the control of the hands and fingers during typing. The model is based upon an Activation-Trigger-Schema system in which a hierarchical structure of schemata directs the selection of the letters to be typed and, then, controls the hand and finger movements by a cooperative, relaxation algorithm. The interactions of the patterns of activation and inhibition among the schemata determine the temporal ordering for launching the keystrokes. To account for the phenomena of doubling errors, the model has only “type” schemata—no “token” schemata—with only a weak binding between the special schema that signals a doubling, and its argument. The model exists as a working computer simulation and produces an output display of the hands and fingers moving over the keyboard. It reproduces some of the major phenomena of typing, including the interkeystroke interval times, the pattern of transposition errors found in skilled typists, and doubling errors. Although the model is clearly inadequate or wrong in some of its features and assumptions, it serves as a useful first approximation for the understanding of skilled typing.
A simple, rapid fluorometric assay for antigens

Abstract A method is described for the assay of microgram amounts of antigens containing a primary amino group. The method is restricted to antigens which form soluble antigen-antibody complexes. The antigen preparation is first reacted with a fluorogenic compound, ‘Fluram’; it is then reacted with the appropriate antibody. The antigen-antibody complex is separated from non-antigenic substances by column chromatography and assayed fluorometrically. The percentage of antigenic material in the preparation can then be calculated.
Static strength evaluation of two modified unilateral external skeletal fixators

The relative static strengths of two modified unilateral external skeletal fixation configurations, intended for use in humeral and femoral fracture management, were compared with each other and with a type la (unilateral, uniplanar) and a type lb (unilateral, biplanar) configuration, using an in vitro model. The parameters of yield strength, ultimate (failure) strength and stiffness (slope) were measured for each of the four configurations in the disruptive modes of axial compression, craniocaudal bending and lateromedial bending. The two modified unilateral configurations (models 3 and 4) were biomechanically superior to the type la configuration (model 1) for all parameters, when loaded in axial compression and craniocaudal bending. Model 3 was stronger than the type lb (model 2) configuration for all parameters when loaded in axial compression. There were no significant differences among the models with lateromedial bending loads, except for the parameter of stiffness. The results of this study suggest that the two modified unilateral configurations are biomechanically superior to the type la fixator configuration. The results also suggest that the modified unilateral configurations equal or exceed the biplanar configuration (model 2) in stiffness when loaded in axial compression.
Alternative RNA splicing of the murine αA-crystallin gene: Protein-coding information within an intron

Abstract The eye lens contains a structural protein (α-crystallin), composed of two homologous primary gene products, αA 2 and αB 2 . In certain rodents, there is another minor α-crystallin polypeptide, αA ins , which is identical to αA 2 except for a 22 amino acid insert between residues 63 and 64 of the αA 2 chain. Here we show that the mouse contains a single αA-crystallin gene, which has a 1376 bp intron separating codons 63 and 64 of the αA 2 -crystallin mRNA. A sequence encoding a 23 amino acid insert peptide was found 266 bp into the intron. The nucleotide borders of this sequence deviate from the AGGT consensus sequence. The DNA sequence encoding the insert peptide hybridizes to a cytoplasmic 14S RNA, demonstrating that it is transcribed in the lens. We propose that the murine αA 2 -crystallin gene generates both the αA 2 and the αA ins mRNAs by alternative splicing.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Preterm Birth Were not Associated with Primary Teeth Caries

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Are intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth associated with dental caries? Saraiva MC, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, Silva AA. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007;35(5):364-76. Level of Evidence Level 3: Other evidence. Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable. Purpose/Question To investigate the association of small for gestational age (SGA), fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth with dental caries. Source of Funding Information not available. Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional analytical study.
Turkana Basin-Middle Awash Valley correlations and the age of the Sagantole and Hadar Formations

Abstract The Moiti, Lomogol and Wargolo Tuffs of the Turkana Basin correlate with similar layers in the Sagantole Formation exposed in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. These correlations demonstrate that the tephrostratigraphy of the Turkana Basin can be applied to the Middle Awash Valley. Consideration of our analyses together with previous analyses shows that more volcanic ash layers are present in the Sagantole Formation than have been reported and also that the proposed correlation of VT-2 between Bodo and Belohdelie is incorrect. In addition, the correlations suggest that the age of the Cindery Tuff of the Sagntole Formation is about 3·8 Ma, at the young end of the range proposed earlier (3·8–4·0 Ma). This implies that the hominid skull fragments from the Sagantole Formation are 3·8–3·9 Ma. The upper part of the Sagantole Formation contains the Lomogol Tuff (ca. 3·6 Ma). Because the Sagantole Formation underlies the Hadar Formation, the base of the Hadar Formation can be no older than 3·8 Ma and is probably younger than 3·6 Ma, in agreement with correlation of the Tulu Bor (ca. 3·35 Ma) and Sidi Hakoma Tuffs. As all hominid fossils presently known from the Hadar Formation are younger than the Sidi Hakoma Tuff, they must be younger than 3·35 Ma. This estimate agrees with faunal evidence from the lower part of the Hadar Formation, and allows placement of hominids from Laetoli, the Middle Awash Valley and the Turkana Basin in temporal order.
Epi-Detected Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy Using Long-Wavelength Excitation

Epi-detected stimulated Raman scattering microscopy using a high NA objective and long-wavelength excitation is presented. The increased NA and reduced scattering loss allow for high resolution imaging with deeper tissue penetration.
An analysis of secured debt

Abstract This paper analyzes the pricing of two types of secured debt and shows that secured debt can be used to increase the value of the firm. In particular, it is shown that some profitable projects will not be undertaken by a firm which can use only equity or unsecured debt to finance them but will be undertaken if they can be financed with secured debt. Secured debt is priced for a firm with two assets and some unsecured debt outstanding. The pricing results are used to illustrate the benefits of the security provision of secured debt.
Investigation of EDTA anticoagulant in plasma to improve the throughput of liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assays.

In this study, EDTA and heparin are compared as anticoagulants with respect to their efficiency in preventing clot formation in plasma samples that were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). A pilot in vivo pharmacokinetic study for the drug chlorpheniramine was conducted in which both EDTA and heparin plasma samples were collected simultaneously. All conditions except the anticoagulant were held constant during the pharmacokinetic study. Bioanalytical results were compared from samples transferred by manual pipette and by an automated liquid handler workstation. The concentration of chlorpheniramine in samples was determined by LC/MS/MS. Results from the analysis of variances (ANOVA) of log-transformed plasma chlorpheniramine concentrations were used to calculate 90% confidence intervals for the ratio least-squares mean values for anticoagulants and for transfer methods. Analytical concentrations of the drug chlorpheniramine were equivalent in heparin- and EDTA-containing plasma. Results suggest that the failure rate for transfer of EDTA plasma (50 micro L by automated workstation or manually) is less than that for heparinized plasma. As a consequence of these results, the vast majority of plasma samples in our laboratories are now collected in EDTA, which allows for use of automated sample transfer resulting in a three-fold timesaving over manual transfer using a single-channel pipette. The ability to use automation has resulted in improved efficiency and cost savings.
Si E′ centers and UV-induced compaction in high purity silica

Abstract Paramagnetic defect centers induced by 6.4 eV excimer-laser photons in high purity silicas at room temperature were studied by electron spin resonance and their line shapes computer simulated. Broad spectra with g-values about the same as those of Si E′ proceeds with an centers were observed at high laser pulse energies in cylindrical samples which strongly focused the laterally impinging UV light to a line in the interior. Data are presented which indicate that this broad line shape is the spectrum of an E $ center variant located in the focused region of the silica, which has been densified by UV-irradiation.
Revised stratigraphy of Area 123, Koobi Fora, Kenya, and new age estimates of its fossil mammals, including hominins.

Abstract Recent geologic study shows that all hominins and nearly all other published mammalian fossils from Paleontological Collection Area 123, Koobi Fora, Kenya, derive from levels between the KBS Tuff (1.87 ± 0.02 Ma) and the Lower Ileret Tuff (1.53 ± 0.01 Ma). More specifically, the fossils derive from 53 m of section below the Lower Ileret Tuff, an interval in which beds vary markedly laterally, especially those units containing molluscs and algal stromatolites. The upper Burgi Member (~2.00–1.87 Ma) crops out only in the southwestern part of Area 123. Adjacent Area 110 contains larger exposures of the member, and there the KBS Tuff is preserved as an airfall ash in lacustrine deposits and also as a fluvially redeposited ash. We observed no mammalian fossils in situ in this member in Area 123, but surface specimens have been documented in some monographic treatments. Fossil hominins from Area 123 were attributed to strata above the KBS Tuff in the 1970s, but later they were assigned to strata below the KBS Tuff (now called the upper Burgi Member). This study definitively places the Area 123 hominins in the KBS Member. Most of these hominins are between 1.60 and 1.65 myr in age, but the youngest may date to only 1.53 Ma, and the oldest, to 1.75 Ma. All are 0.15–0.30 myr younger than previously estimated. The new age estimates, in conjunction with published taxonomic attributions of fossils, suggest that at least two species of Homo coexisted in the region along with A. boisei until at least 1.65 Ma. Comparison of crania KNM-ER 1813 and KNM-ER 1470, which were believed to be of comparable age, is at the focus of the debate over whether Homo habilis sensu lato is in fact composed of two species: Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis . These two crania are separated in time by ∼0.25 myr, and therefore, arguments for their conspecificity no longer need to confront the issue of unusually high contemporaneous variation within a single species.
Duality Relations Between SU($N$)-k and SU(k)-$N$ {WZW} Models and Their Braid Matrices

Abstract Dual relations are found between the primary fields, correlators, and conformal blocks of SU ( N ) k and SU ( k ) N WZW models, which in turn imply dual relations between the braid matrices of the two theories. These results are a consequence of the fact that the spaces of conformal blocks of SU ( N ) k and SU ( k ) N correlation functions are dual.
Effects of Chemical Modification of Thiol-Ene Networks on Enthalpy Relaxation

The highly uniform and dense network structure of photopolymerized thiol−enes was chemically modified, and the enthalpy relaxation of the networks was measured. n-Alkyl acrylate and hydroxyl acrylate groups were incorporated into thiol−ene networks using a phosphine-catalyzed Michael addition reaction. The effect of flexible alkyl side chains and hydrogen bonding on sub-Tg relaxation was evaluated without sacrificing network uniformity. Overall both the rate and extent of enthalpy relaxation decreased as a function of the flexible n-alkyl chain length, while hydrogen bonding resulted in enhanced enthalpy relaxation. A trithiol−triene−triacrylate ternary system was investigated by correlating enthalpy relaxation and network uniformity. A multifunctional acrylate (TMPTA), being capable of homopolymerization as well as thiol−acrylate copolymerization, was incorporated into a thiol−ene network structure, thereby decreasing the network uniformity and significantly affecting the enthalpy relaxation behavior. In...
Correcting Iron Deficiency in Corn with Seed Row–Applied Iron Sulfate

Corn (Zea mays L.) grown on calcareous, high-pH soils is susceptible to Fe deficiency, which can reduce grain yield by as much as 20%. The objective of this study was to evaluate several treatments of FeSO 4 that could be used with precision-farming technologies to alleviate Fe deficiency in irrigated corn. Three sites in 1999 and four in 2000 were selected (based on a history of Fe deficiency) for small-plot (3 by 12.2 m) studies in western Kansas. In 1999, five treatments, including four rates of FeSO 4 .H 2 O (0-81 kg ha -1 product) applied in the seed row and one foliar treatment (chelated Fe), were evaluated. In 2000, two additional treatments, CaSO 4 .2H 2 O (85 kg ha -1 product) and liquid FeSO 4 .7H 2 O (91 kg ha -1 product) applied in the seed row, were included. Grain yield increased linearly with increasing rates of FeSO 4 .H 2 O at four of seven site-years, increasing 0.02 Mg ha -1 for each kilogram per hectare of FeSO 4 .H 2 O applied. Based on yield responses observed in this study, 81 kg ha -1 FeSO 4 .H 2 O was the most consistent treatment for correcting Fe deficiency in corn. If the average yield response obtained in this study can be achieved on 15% of an individual cornfield, the expected return would be $3.00 ha -1 for the entire field. Current precision-farming technologies allow application of FeSO 4 .H 2 O only to areas susceptible to Fe deficiency. Employing these technologies provides a practical solution to the spatial heterogeneity of Fe deficiency in irrigated corn and increases the probability of crop response to the fertilizer application.
Craniovertebral junction database analysis: incidence, classification, presentation, and treatment algorithms

Introduction The initial treatment of bony lesions at the craniocervical junction consisted of posterior decompression with enlargement of the foramen and removal of the posterior arch of the atlas and axis vertebra. This was regardless of the site of compression. Needless to say, the results were poor when an irreducible ventral lesion at the craniocervical junction caused compression of the cervicomedullary area. It was predictable that an adverse outcome would occur in approximately 35–40% of patients treated with dorsal decompression with a fixed anterior abnormality at the craniovertebral junction. Thus, it became essential to identify the causes of failure and recognize the pathology as well as attempt to improve the treatment. The need to identify natural history led to a prospective database. This database now lists 5,300 patients who were analyzed. Of these, 2,000 were children and this has been reviewed here.
Effects of a Putty-Form Hydroxyapatite Matrix Combined With the Synthetic Cell-Binding Peptide P-15 on Alveolar Ridge Preservation

Background: Various grafting materials have been used for preservation of the dimensions of the residual alveolar ridge following tooth extraction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical, histomorphometric, and radiographic healing 4 months after tooth extraction with or without placement of a putty-form anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix combined with a synthetic cell-binding peptide P-15 (Putty P15) to determine the effect on alveolar ridge preservation following exodontia.Methods: Twenty-four consecutive subjects in need of extraction of maxillary premolars were recruited. Recruited subjects were randomly assigned to the test (Putty P15 and bioabsorbable collagen wound dressing material) or control (bioabsorbable collagen wound dressing material only) group. Data were recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks after ridge preservation procedures. At 16 weeks, a reentry surgery was performed, clinical measurements were repeated, and bone core biopsies were obtained for histomorphometri...