cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomic Distribution of the Growth-Associated Protein GAP-43 in the Developing Human Brainstem

GAP-43 is a membrane phosphoprotein whose expression is high in neurons undergoing development or remodeling of axonal connections. This study used a monospecific antibody to GAP-43 to investigate the sequences of fiber tract elongation and synaptic development in the human brainstem. Immunocytochemistry was performed in 14 fetal and infant brainstems; two child and adult cases were also examined for comparison. At midgestation, GAP-43 immunostaining was moderately intense across nuclei and fiber tracts, except for the corticospinal tract, where levels were higher, and cranial nerve nucleus VII, superior olive, inferior colliculus, inferior olivary hilum, inferior cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, and medial longitudinal fasciculus, where staining was nearly absent. By the end of the neonatal period, the relative distribution of GAP-43 immunostaining appeared well-established and similar, although not identical, to that in the child and adult brainstem. Immunostaining was absent or negligible in almost all the cranial nerve somato- and branchiomotor nuclei, auditory-relay nuclei, and vestibular nuclei, while remaining intense in visceral-related nuclei, reticular formation, cochlear nucleus, and periaqueductal gray. Staining was also virtually absent in all fiber tracts at birth, except for the corticospinal tract and central tegmental tract. Persistence of GAP-43 staining in the corticospinal tract past the fetal period suggests that this tract remains in a plastic state beyond initial axonal elongation. Intense immunostaining in visceral-related nuclei into adulthood suggests that these regions may continue to undergo synaptic reorganization. This study provides baseline information relevant to understanding developmental brainstem disorders in early human life.
Infrared spectrum of CS2: “Hot” bands associated with the 2185 cm−1 band and evidence for the CS2 laser assignment

Abstract The 10 0 100 0 0 band of CS 2 has been measured with a resolution of 0.030 cm −1 . The following “hot” bands associated with this transition were also measured and analyzed: 11 1 101 1 0, 12 0 102 0 0, 12 2 102 2 0, 13 3 103 3 0, 20 0 110 0 0, 30 0 120 0 0, 21 1 111 1 0, and 22 0 112 0 0. In addition, the 10 0 100 0 0 bands of the isotopic species 13 C 32 S 2 , 12 C 32 S 33 S, and 12 C 32 S 34 S were measured in natural abundance. With the results of these measurements it is shown that the 02 0 112 0 0 transitions do indeed coincide with the CS 2 laser transitions, as do the 00 0 110 0 0 transitions. New arguments are given favoring the latter assignment.
Steroidogenesis in dispersed cells of human fetal adrenal.

Steroidogenesis in dispersed fetal zone cells of midtrimester human fetal adrenal was stimulated acutely by ACTH. Polypeptide hormones such as hCG, αMSH, ovine PRL, and LH did not produce a similar stimulation of steroidogenesis. The principal steroid products of ACTH-stimulated fetal adrenal cells were dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone. Only minimal production of the δ4-3-ketosteroids, cortisol, corticosterone, and progesterone, was observed. Cyanoketone (2α-cyano-4,4,17α-trimethyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-3-one; an inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity) treatment of the cells caused only a minor increase in 3β-hydroxysteroid formation, confirming that 3β-hydroxysteroid formation is the principal steroidogenic fate of cholesterol in these cells. SU-10603 [7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-(3-pyridyl)naphthalen-1-(2H)one; a steroid 17α-hydroxylase inhibitor] treatment of the cells caused a marked accumulation of pregnenolone sulfate, indica...
The Dark Webs: Perspectives on Colonialism in Africa (review)

Toyin Falola, ed. The Dark Webs: Perspectives on Colonialism in Africa. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2005. ix + 486 pp. Photographs. Notes. References. Index. $45.00. Paper. Toyin Falola has been examining European colonialism in Africa since the 1970s. Editor of the recently published five-volume Africa series from Carolina Academic Press, two volumes of which directly consider colonialism, Falola has produced a separate work here using new scholarship that takes this difficult topic in challenging directions. Whereas the former series was created for the general public and undergraduates, The Dark Webs is an intellectual history more appropriate for professors, advanced undergraduates, and graduate students. The book is divided into three parts: the context for colonialism in Africa, literary texts on colonialism, and the ideas of African intellectuals and political leaders. The editor provides readers with an introductory chapter that sets the stage for those that follow. Falola considers racism, violence, cultural hegemony, and economic issues-all of which color the tense, unequal relationship between colonial powers and Africa. He concludes with a paragraph that calls for reparations from the West, but does not include references on this topic, such as AIi Mazrui's 1994 African Studies Association Abiola Lecture or Falola's own work; in view of its focus on colonialism, the collection would have benefited from a section in the bibliography on reparations or even a chapter on the historiography of reparations and remedies proposed for the festering legacy of the Atlantic slave trade. The first part of the book (almost half) focuses on case studies as well as broader themes, including a historical survey of the rise of African nationalism, British plans for decolonization in 1947, the diaspora and pan-Africanism, precolonial society and colonial responses of the Igala in Nigeria, the relationship between African Christianity and Ethiopianism, rents in colonial Africa, and the Niger Delta. A much briefer second part explores literary issues and African identity: fiction and colonialism, colonialism's impact on Africa's new intellectuals, South African literature, and individual figures such as Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Valentin-Yves Mudimbe, and Micere Mugo. Africaniste who draw on literature in their teaching will find this a rich source. The third part considers African intellectuals and is particularly useful for Africanist historians like myself. Common themes in this last section are historiographies of African history and African studies, which are often considered in courses in which Africaniste dispel Western myths about Africa and discuss issues related to sources. …
Effects of hydrogen content in sputtering ambient on ZnO:Al electrical properties

Abstract ZnO-based transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films have received increased attention recently because of their potential to reduce production costs compared to those of the prevalent TCO indium tin oxide (ITO). Undoped ZnO and ZnO:Al (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% Al2O3) polycrystalline films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. Controlled incorporation of H2 and O2 in the Ar sputtering ambient was investigated. Though optimal substrate temperature was found to be 200 °C for films grown in 100% Ar, the addition of H2 permits improved electrical performance for room-temperature depositions. Temperature-dependent Hall data suggest that ionized impurity and acoustic phonon scattering dominate at high and intermediate carrier concentration levels, respectively, with evidence of temperature-activated transport at the lowest levels. Lightly doped ZnO:Al demonstrates reduced infrared absorption compared to the standard 2 wt%-doped ZnO:Al, which may be beneficial to device performance.
The nature and type of arrhythmias in acute experimental hyperkalemia in the intact dog.

Abstract Progressive A-V block was produced in the intact dog by rapid intravenous infusion of isotonic potassium chloride (KCl) solution. The site of the conduction disturbance was determined with electrode catheter recordings from the atria and region of the His bundle, and a simultaneous conventional ECG. First-degree and seconddegree A-V block and then complete A-V dissociation were produced, with the block above the bundle of His, the ventricles following a pacemaker originating in the bundle of His. During A-V dissociation, atrial potentials maintained their control rate. “Sinoventricular” conduction could not be produced under the conditions of the experiments. Further infusion of KCl produced conduction defects below the bundle of His with an irregular ventricular action. Unexpectedly, with the most rapid infusions of KCl, the experimental animals developed complete block below the site of the His bundle recording at a time when conduction above the junctional pacemaker was only partially blocked. Ventricular arrhythmias, including terminal tachycardias, are probably the consequence of depressed or failing propagation of the cardiac impulse.
Impact of Project SCOPE on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Screening Colonoscopies

A federally funded demonstration project (Project SCOPE) was conducted to develop a model for delivering screening colonoscopy to underinsured patients in Suffolk County, NY. The recruitment model featured collaboration between Stony Brook University Medical Center and the Suffolk County Department of Health Services’ network of community health centers; bilingual patient navigators, and reimbursement of physicians and the hospital at Medicare rates. We conducted a retrospective analysis of all (11,752) colonoscopies performed at Stony Brook Medicine, during the pre-SCOPE time period (2003–2004), during SCOPE period (2007–2008), and post-SCOPE (2010–2011), to measure the impact of SCOPE on reducing racial and ethnic disparities. Multiple logistic regression models were used to compare the likelihood of a patient being Hispanic or African American after adjusting for potential covariates. The numbers of Hispanics undergoing colonoscopies were 146 (4.3 %), 506 (12.3 %), and 262 (6 %) during the pre-SCOPE, SCOPE, and post-SCOPE time periods. The numbers of African Americans were 166 (5.1 %), 298 (7.2 %), and 255 (5.8 %). The odds ratio (OR = 1.4, 95 % CI = 1.06–1.83, p = 0.014) of a screening colonoscopy patient being Hispanic during the Project SCOPE period compared to the post-SCOPE period remained significant after taking into consideration the other covariates, such as diabetes, smoking, and insurance status. Project SCOPE had a significant impact on increasing the proportion of Hispanics undergoing screening colonoscopies. Factors such as bilingual patient navigators, in addition to removing financial barriers, may have contributed to the increase.
Facile access to pentavalent uranium organometallics: one-electron oxidation of uranium(IV) imido complexes with copper(I) salts.

Uranium(V)−imido−iodide complexes have been prepared by chemical oxidation of the corresponding uranium(IV)−imido complexes with copper(I) iodide. These U(V) organometallic systems show reversible ...
Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acids and Rhamnolipids Are Synthesized Sequentially in Hexadecane Fermentation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145

Rhamnolipids and poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoic acids) (PHAs) are important fermentation products of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both contain beta-hydroxyalkanoic acids as main constituents. To investigate the possible relationship between their syntheses, we studied the n-hexadecane fermentation by P. aeruginosa (ATCC 10145). PHA synthesis was found to occur only during active cell growth, while substantial rhamnolipid production began at the onset of the stationary phase. The specific synthesis rate of beta-hydroxyalkanoic acids was estimated as 12.6 mg HA/(g dry cells.h) from the PHA formation during the exponential-growth phase. A similar rate was obtained from the beta-hydroxyalkanoic acid incorporation in the rhamnolipids produced during the early stationary phase. A regulatory switch of the flow of beta-hydroxyalkanoic acids from PHA polymerization to rhamnolipid synthesis is clearly indicated to occur when the culture reaches the stationary phase. Five rhamnolipid structures were identified using HPLC-MS. Three are monorhamnolipids, two dirhamnolipids. All have a chain of two beta-hydroxyalkanoic acids. The two major components contain only beta-hydroxydecanoic acids; the three minors also have a beta-hydroxydecanoic acid linked to the sugar but a beta-hydroxydodecanoic acid or beta-hydroxydodecenoic acid as the second acid. The PHA accumulation reached about 7.5% of the cell dry weight. The monomer composition was relatively constant at different stages of production: in weight fractions, beta-hydroxyoctanoic acid, 0.25 (+/-0.05); beta-hydroxydecanoic acid, 0.41 (+/-0.06); beta-hydroxydodecanoic acid, 0.11 (+/-0.05), beta-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, 0.11 (+/-0.06), and beta-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, 0.12 (+/-0.06). beta-Hydroxydecanoic acid was clearly the primary monomer.
Prospecting the utility of a PMI/mannose selection system for the recovery of transgenic sugarcane ( Saccharum spp. hybrid) plants

For the first time, the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI, EC 5.3.1.8)/mannose-based “positive” selection system has been used to obtain genetically engineered sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid var. CP72-2086) plants. Transgenic lines of sugarcane were obtained following biolistic transformation of embryogenic callus with an untranslatable sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strain E coat protein (CP) gene and the Escherichia coli PMI gene manA, as the selectable marker gene. Postbombardment, transgenic callus was selectively proliferated on modified MS medium containing 13.6 μM 2,4-D, 20 g l−1 sucrose and 3 g l−1 mannose. Plant regeneration was obtained on MS basal medium with 2.5 μM TDZ under similar selection conditions, and the regenerants rooted on MS basal medium with 19.7 μM IBA, 20 g l−1 sucrose, and 1.5 g l−1 mannose. An increase in mannose concentration from permissive (1.5 g l−1) to selective (3 g l−1) conditions after 3 weeks improved the overall transformation efficiency by reducing the number of selection escapes. Thirty-four vigorously growing putative transgenic plants were successfully transplanted into the greenhouse. PCR and Southern blot analyses showed that 19 plants were manA-positive and 15 plants were CP-positive, while 13 independent transgenics contained both transgenes. Expression of manA in the transgenic plants was evaluated using a chlorophenol red assay and enzymatic analysis.
Mass analyzed threshold ionization: structural information for a mass spectrum and mass information for ionic spectroscopy

Abstract Mass analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy is a technique for simultaneously recording a mass spectrum and an optical spectrum for each parent ion present. In this method a laser is tuned through the ionization continuum of the sample, while the instrument is set up to record a given mass only when the light is tuned to an ionization threshold. The presence of an ionization threshold is signaled by the presence of long-lived high Rydberg states which are field ionized after they are separated from directly produced ions. A reflectron mass spectrometer then provides mass information to go with the optical spectrum of the ions provided by scanning the laser. Vibrational structure of the ionic ground state is easiest to obtain, but future development may enable rotational information to be gained as well. The technique should find use in resolving isomeric ambiguity in mass spectra, in determining the structure of species present in mixtures, and for examining the photophysics of both the neutral and ionic states of the molecule of interest.
An approximate model for estimating the faradaic efficiency loss in zinc/bromine batteries caused by cell self-discharge

Abstract An approximate mathematical model for estimating the faradaic efficiency loss in zinc/bromine batteries caused by the cell self-discharge is described. Parametric studies have been performed to determine the effects on the cell self-discharge of the volume of oil phase in the electrolyte storage tank, the bromine distribution coefficient of the quaternary ammonium salts, the equivalent thickness of the microporous plastic separator, and the hydrodynamic flow condition in the electrolyte chambers. A discussion is presented based on these parametric investigations.
Effects of profanity, touch, and sex of the counselor on perceptions of the counselor and behavioral compliance: Implications for rational-emotive therapists

The present study investigated the effects of profanity, touch, and sex of the counselor on perceptions of the counselor and on behavioral compliance. Ninety six undergraduate psychology students attended a self help presentation on principles of mental health, according to rational-emotive theory. At the end of each presentation the counselor recommended that the subject pick up a book request card (initial compliance) and mail it away (delayed compliance) in order to receive a free copy ofA New Guide To Rational Living. The subjects were also asked to rate their preceptions of the counselor on the dimensions of expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. The results indicated that the use of profanity led to significantly lower perceptions of trustworthiness and a significantly lower level of delayed compliance. Female counselors were rated as more expert, attractive, and trustworthy as compared with male counselors. There was no effect of touch on any of the dependent measures. Implications of these findings for the rational emotive therapist are discussed.
An Energy Based Approach to Undervoltage Load Shedding

Abstract A novel effort to apply Lyapunov's energy methods towards developing an energy based load shedding scheme in order to alleviate voltage instability is presented. An ‘absolute’ energy function is derived which eliminates the need to calculate the unstable equilibrium points (UEPs) and thus saves a considerable amount of computation time. The localized and zonal nature of early voltage instability symptoms is studied and exploited. The functions are then used to generate three-dimensional (3-D) security region plots. Based on the proximity of the system state to the stability boundaries (that can be mapped on the 3-D plots), load shedding decisions can be carried out. The sensitivity of the derived energy measure with respect to the real and reactive loads is also calculated. From these sensitivity measures, a quantitative yardstick is obtained that determines the proportions of real and reactive load to be shed. The method is computationally efficient and is easily interpreted, demonstrating a strong potential for real-time monitoring and control application.
Energetics of the lithium-magnesium imide–magnesium amide and lithium hydride reaction for hydrogen storage: An ab initio study

Abstract An ab initio study within the density functional theory of the recently described reversible hydrogen storage reaction Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH ⇔ Li2Mg(NH)2 + 2H2 has been conducted. The electronic structure, structural parameters, vibrational spectra, and enthalpies of formation of all the reactants and products as well as the heat of the overall reaction at zero and finite temperature have been calculated in the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to the exchange correlation potential. The heat of the overall reaction is calculated to be 53.4 kJ/mol H2 in contrast to the experimentally obtained overall heat of reaction of ∼44.1 kJ/mol H2. The difference of ∼20% between the experimental and calculated values is discussed.
Plasma 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration of Dahl salt-sensitive rats decreases during high salt intake

Dahl salt-sensitive rats, but not salt-resistant rats, develop hypertension in response to high salt intake. We have previously shown an inverse relationship between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration and blood pressure of Dahl salt-sensitive rats during high salt intake. In this study, we report on the relationship between high salt intake and plasma 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25-(OH)(2)D) concentration of Dahl salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. Rats were fed a high salt diet (8%) and sacrificed at day 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Plasma 24,25-(OH)(2)D concentrations of salt-sensitive rats were reduced to 50% of that at baseline at day 2-when blood pressure and plasma 25-OHD concentration were unchanged, but 25-OHD content in the kidney was 81% of that at baseline. Plasma 24,25-(OH)(2)D concentration was reduced further to 10% of that at baseline from day 7 to 14 of high salt intake, a reduction that was prevented in rats switched to a low salt (0.3%) diet at day 7. Exogenous 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-(OH)(2)D(3)), administered at a level that increased plasma 24,25-(OH)(2)D concentration to five times normal, did not attenuate the salt-induced hypertension of salt-sensitive rats. Plasma 24,25-(OH)(2)D concentration of salt-resistant rats was gradually reduced to 50% of that at baseline at day 14 and returned to baseline value at day 28 of high salt intake. We conclude that the decrease in plasma 24,25-(OH)(2)D concentration in salt-sensitive rats during high salt intake is caused by decreased 25-OHD content in the kidney and also by another unidentified mechanism.
Factors influencing the prognosis of cerebral thrombosis and infarction due to atherosclerosis

Abstract A prospective study was made of the survival of 100 patients with cerebral infarction or ischemia due to atherosclerosis. During the initial hospitalization, 10 patients died as a result of the acute infarction or its complications. In the ensuing 2 years, 23 additional patients died—usually from cerebral or systemic vascular disease. Increased mortality was found in patients having a history of previous cerebral infarction, signs of diffuse or bilateral brain stem lesions, or severe hypertension. Approximately one-fourth of the survivors returned to work. The serious prognosis of cerebral infarction is demonstrated by this study, and attention is directed to the high rate of recurrence (20 per cent) of cerebral infarction among the immediate survivors. Although treatment of the generalized atherosclerosis and its thromboembolic complications may be successful in decreasing the over-all mortality, a more definitive therapeutic approach to the cerebral vasculature by surgery or other means appears necessary to reduce the high mortality and morbidity caused by recurrent strokes.
Bioinformatic analysis reveals cRel as a regulator of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes.

Interferons (IFNs) are critical to the host innate immune response by inducing the expression of a family of early response genes, denoted as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The role of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT proteins in the transcription activation of ISGs is well-documented. Recent studies have indicated that other transcription factors (TFs) are likely to play a role in regulating ISG expression. Here, we describe a novel integrative approach that combines gene expression profiling, promoter sequence analysis, and literature mining to screen candidate regulatory factors in the IFN signal transduction pathway. Application of this method identified the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) protein, cRel, as a candidate regulatory factor for a subset of ISGs in mouse embryo fibroblasts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and real-time PCR assays confirmed that cRel directly binds to the promoters of several ISGs, including Cxcl10, Isg15, Gbp2, Ifit3, and Ifi203, and regulates their expression. Thus, our studies identify cRel as an important TF for ISGs, and validate the approach of using Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI)-based methods to identify regulatory factors from microarray data.
Resolving the emergence-reduction debate

The debate between emergentists and reductionists rests on the observation that in many situations, in which it seems desirable to work with a coherent and unified discourse, key predicates fall into different groups, such that pairs of members one taken from each group, cannot be co-predicated of some common subject. Must we settle for ‘island’ discourses in science and human affairs or is some route to a unified discourse still open? To make progress towards resolving the issue the conditions under which such segregations of predicates seem inexorable must be brought out. The distinction between determinable and determinate properties throws light on some aspects of this problem. Bohr’s concept of complementarity, when combined with Gibson’s idea of an affordances as a special class of dispositional properties is helpful. Several seeming problems melt away, for example, how it is possible for a group of notes to become hearable as a melody. The mind-body problem and the viability of the project of reducing biology to chemistry and physics are two issues that are more difficult to deal with. Are mental phenomena, such as feelings and memories emergent from material systems or are they actually material properties themselves? Are the attributes of living beings emergent from certain accidental but long running collocations of chemical reactions, or are they nothing but chemical phenomena? If emergent, in what way are they distinctive from that from which they emerge?
General Data Analysis Supported SPC

The issue of autocorrelation in statistical process control (SPC) data has been and continues to be a much discussed and researched topic. In nearly all published studies and in SPC training modules, the predominate models for autocorrelation come from a class of time-series models known as autoregressive-integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. However, little attention is given to a variety of systematic patterns pervasive in SPC applications that are not adequately modeled by the ARIMA framework. In this paper, we suggest the need for an even broader perspective than defined by ARIMA models. Furthermore, we argue that effective SPC training not only requires attention to data analysis tools for modeling systematic patterns but also to tools for diagnostically checking the distributional assumptions of variable and attribute charts.
Sequential clinical trials in emergency medicine

In a traditional clinical trial, a fixed number of patients are evaluated before the data are analyzed. This has the disadvantage that more patients may be enrolled than are necessary to achieve a statistically significant result. Sequential statistical techniques provide a method for the analysis of clinical trials so that a reliable result is obtained with a minimum number of patients. In a sequential trial, the data are analyzed after each patient's outcome is known, and the trial is halted as soon as treatment efficacy or lack thereof is demonstrated. This study was undertaken to confirm the advantages of sequential statistical techniques over conventional fixed-sample-size statistical techniques for the analysis of clinical trials. Using sequential techniques, we conducted computer simulations of two fixed-sample-size clinical studies from the literature — a trial of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men ( N Engl J Med 1980;303:833–841) and a trial of the pneumatic antishock garment in hypotensive patients with penetrating abdominal trauma ( Ann Emerg Med 1987;16:653–658). In the trial simulations, patients were randomly assigned to the control and test groups, their outcomes were determined randomly according to the frequency of outcomes observed in the actual studies, and the simulated sequential studies were continued until conclusions were reached. Thousands of possible realizations of each trial were simulated; thus, the distribution of required patient numbers was determined. The risks of type I and type II errors were set at 0.05. A sequential trial sufficiently sensitive to detect a vaccine-induced reduction in hepatitis B of 50% would have required a median of 150 patients to complete the follow-up to terminate and demonstrate efficacy given the observed vaccine efficacy of 92%. The actual hepatitis B vaccine study included 1,083 patients. Given the same lack of efficacy seen in the original trial, a sequential study designed to detect a 50% reduction in mortality with use of the pneumatic antishock garment would have required a median of 102 patients and demonstrated lack of efficacy. The actual study included 201 patients. A disadvantage of sequential trials in that while the number of required patients is reduced, the estimated magnitude of the treatment effect is slightly less accurate than that of conventional fixed-sample-size trials. The theoretical properties of sequential trials are confirmed by our simulations and make this trial design advantageous for many clinical trials in emergency medicine.
New Regge Phenomenology of Inclusive Reactions

Inclusive reactions are studied in terms of familiar techniques of Regge phenomenology. Distributions are predicted to approach limiting behavior as $A+B{s}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{2}}$. The constraints of duality and factorization lead to many interesting relations between different single-particle spectra, all of which can be tested at energies below 20 GeV.
Law and the Labor Market

▪ Abstract Legal rules governing the employer-employee relationship are many and varied. This review is concerned with the economic analysis of such rules. The review focuses on areas of employment regulation that have not been reviewed elsewhere from an economic perspective. Topics considered in the review include workplace safety regulation, privacy protection in the workplace, fringe benefits mandates, targeted mandates such as medical and family leave, and rules requiring that employees receive overtime pay. Both economic theory and empirical evidence are considered.
Name-based content routing in information centric networks using distance information

The Distance-based Content Routing (DCR) protocol is introduced, which enables routers to maintain multiple loop-free routes to the nearest instances of a named data object or name prefix in an information centric network (ICN), and establish content delivery trees over which all or some instances of the same named data object or name prefix can be contacted. In contrast to all prior routing solutions for ICNs, DCR operates without requiring routers to establish overlays, knowing the network topology, using complete paths to content replicas, or knowing about all the sites storing replicas of named content. It is shown that DCR is correct and that is orders of magnitude more scalable than recent name-based routing approaches for ICNs, in terms of the time and signaling overhead needed to obtain correct routing to named content.
Was a change in thermohaline circulation responsible for the Little Ice Age

Long-term (≈800-year) and short-term (≈20-year) estimates of the rate of deep water formation in the Southern Ocean are in serious disagreement. This disagreement suggests to me that the rate of deep water formation may have been larger during the Little Ice Age (LIA) than it is now.
Interconnect performance corners considering crosstalk noise

Process induced variations in the interconnect capacitance and resistance have resulted in significant uncertainly in the interconnect delay. In this work, we propose a new method to compute the interconnect corner considering coupling-noise due to simultaneous switching of aggressors. In prior approaches, the interconnect corners were computed under the assumption that the aggressor nets are not switching and no coupling-noise is injected on the victim net. In this paper, we first show that the interconnect corners obtained under such assumptions could in reality be much different from the true interconnect corner and could therefore result in optimistic delay analysis, particularly for fast-path analysis performed to check hold time violations. We also show that in some cases, the interconnect corner may not lie at an extreme point of the process variation range. In this work, we use the Elmore delay metric to efficiently search for the correct interconnect corner of the victim stage considering delay noise. We then show experimental results to verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach and demonstrate that the traditional approaches of computing the interconnect corners could lead to errors of up to 60% on a net by net basis.
A new approach to partial denture design for unilaterally remaining lower teeth

Abstract The usual types of removable partial dentures do not function adequately in mouths where one or a few lower teeth remain on only one side and where there are edentulous regions anterior and posterior to the teeth. The amount of rotation around framework fulcrums of sections of the denture base varies greatly. This uneven movement may cause excessive resorption of the ridge on the side opposite the remaining teeth. Fulcrum points or areas of the framework on a horizontal plane must be eliminated to permit a uniform vertical movement of the base. This objective can be accomplished by eliminating occlusal rests and the engaging points of stress-breaking devices. The natural tooth contours are modified by crowns to allow continuing contact of the framework and abutment teeth during function and following ridge resorption. Crowns placed on abutment teeth are contoured to have surfaces 4 to 5 mm. long that are parallel to each other in a vertical direction. These surfaces are contacted by metal bands that encircle the crowns. The contacts are 0.5 mm. in diameter, and they are made at the center of the 2.5 mm. wide metal bands. Space is established 1 mm. occlusal to and gingival to the area of contact. This space permits rotation without causing excessive torque on the abutment teeth. Contact is established after the initial rotation. The amount of space is determined by such clinical factors as the condition of ridges, crown heights, root lengths, and periodontal evaluation of the remaining teeth. The crowns may be constructed of gold or porcelain on metal. No attempt is made to attain primary retention. Occlusal displacement is counteracted by the stabilizing effect of the framework and patient training in proper tongue position. Since this type of prosthesis functions similar to a complete denture, it should be constructed only in conjunction with a complete upper denture. Acrylic resin teeth are used on the upper denture and porcelain teeth on the lower one. The teeth of the upper denture that oppose the crowns are set out of contact. Dentures of this type were constructed for 19 patients over a 2 year period. Observations on the patients were made at 6 month intervals. The observations were on patient reaction, tissue condition, stability, periodontal condition and mobility of abutment teeth, retention, maintenance of occlusion, and ridge resorption. The results were generally favorable with good patient acceptance and satisfaction. The long-term potential of the procedure requires further clinical study and observation. Information on length of time that abutment teeth can be retained, the magnitude of ridge resorption, and the relationship of ridge resorption to tooth extrusion must be secured before a final evaluation of the procedure can be made.
Visualization enhancements for power system situational assessment

Over the last decade or so there have been significant advances in the area of power system visualization. This panel presentation discusses some of the newer techniques, focusing on those that can improve operator situational awareness.
Uncovering the secret: giving voice to the experiences of nurses who misuse substances.

Journal of Advanced Nursing39(3), 219–229Uncovering the secret: giving voice to the experiences of nurses who misusesubstancesAim of the study. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the experience ofbeing a nurse with a substance misuse problem.Rationale. Several members of the research team work in a withdrawal programmespeciﬁcally designed for nurses by nurses. Gaining insight into nurses’ experienceswill contribute to the development of appropriate guidelines to assist with preven-tion, identiﬁcation and intervention strategies.Background. Published research is almost exclusively from North America. Muchof it represents work completed in the 1980s, with very few research-based accountsfrom the perspective of nurses, highlighting that this is a poorly researched andunderstood problem in Australia.Research methods. This phenomenological study used in-depth, unstructuredinterviews either face to face or via the telephone with a purposive sample of 12nurses who had experienced problem substance use.Findings. Five major themes were identiﬁed: nurses’ justiﬁcation for using sub-stances, the fear surrounding being discovered, the personal meaning for nurses, theprofessional impact and the turning point in their road to recovery.Discussion. The ﬁve themes derived from the data are inextricably linked to thenature of nursing and of the nursing workplace. Information about potential riskfactors and the experiences of nurses with substance misuse problems is critical tothe development of prevention and treatment strategies.Conclusions. Issues of occupational health and safety are raised due to the in-creasingly demanding and often traumatic nursing work environment. Fears aboutstigma and loss of their nursing identity highlight nurses’ perceptions that treatmentprogrammes are often punitive in nature. Guidelines for the workplace addressingissues such as conﬁdentiality, stress reduction and strategies for handling situationswhere a colleague is suspected of having a problem are beginning steps that will helpaddress the problem of substance misuse in the nursing profession.
Growth Inhibition of Human Ovarian Cancers by Cytotoxic Analogues of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Background: Receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) are found in nearly 80% of human ovarian cancers. The chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin can be linked to [D-lysine 6 ]LH-RH to form a cytotoxic analogue (AN-152) that may have greater specificity for tumor cells. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of AN-152 on the growth of LH-RH receptor-positive OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancers. Methods: Nude mice bearing human ovarian tumors, OV-1063 or UCI-107 (LH-RH receptor negative), were injected intraperitoneally with saline (control) or with equimolar doses of AN-152 or doxorubicin; experiments involving mice with OV-1063 tumors also included groups that were administered [D-lysine 6 ]LH-RH either alone or in combination with doxorubicin. Tumor volume, weight, doubling time, and burden (i.e., tumor weight/body weight) as well as tumor apoptotic and mitotic indices were determined. The levels of receptors for LH-RH and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and their messenger RNAs were measured by use of radioreceptor and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively. Results: The growth of OV-1063 ovarian tumors in nude mice, as based on reduction in tumor volume, was inhibited significantly (all P<.05, two-sided) 4 weeks after treatment with AN-152, even at the lowest dose tested (413 nmol/20 g weight); the toxic effects of an equivalent dose of doxorubicin caused substantial mortality. High-affinity receptors for LH-RH and EGF were found on cell membranes of OV-1063 cancers; however, after in vivo treatment with AN-152, LH-RH receptor-binding sites were not detectable and EGF receptors were reduced in number. The growth of UCI-107 ovarian cancers was not inhibited by AN-152. Conclusions: In nude mice bearing LH-RH receptor positive OV-1063 epithelial ovarian cancers, systemic administration of AN-152 is less toxic and inhibits tumor growth better than equimolar doses of doxorubicin.
Parallel implementation of the periodic boundary condition (PBC) in the FDTD for the investigation of spatial filters

Two-dimensional periodic structures, that exhibit spatial filtering characteristics, find a variety of applications in defense as well as communication. Several PBC/FDTD schemes have been proposed for analyzing such structures. By incorporating the PBC, which takes advantage of the periodicity inherent in the geometry as well as the excitation, the simulation of the original problem is reduced to that of a single unit cell, considerably simplifying the process. However, the simulation time may still be extensive because of the multiple reflections that might occur, especially when the periodic structure is comprised of multiple screens, and the waves can bounce back and forth between them. In this paper, we propose an efficient parallel implementation of the PBC/FDTD based on the split-field formulation, which can significantly reduce the total simulation time when multiple processors are used. For truncating the open boundary of the computational domain, the convolutional PML (CPML) has certain advantages over other types of PML, namely that it is numerically-efficient and essentially independent of the material that it terminates. In this work, we propose a stable implementation of CPML in the PBC/FDTD algorithm.
Forcing of the Austral Autumn Surface Pressure Change over the Antarctic Continent

Pronounced seasonal variations in the surface pressure field are present over the Antarctic continent. Surface pressures over the ice sheet decrease during the austral autumn period January‐April and increase during the austral springtime months September‐December. The largest changes are found over the highest portions of the Antarctic ice sheets where seasonal surface pressure changes of up to 20 hPa are common. The outstanding feature of these surface pressure changes is that typically the isallobaric contours closely follow the Antarctic orography during both transition periods, suggesting a strong seasonal diabatic adjustment within the lower troposphere. During austral autumn, the pronounced cooling of the lower atmosphere adjacent to the ice sheets leads to an enhancement of the Antarctic katabatic wind regime and hence the lower branch of the mean meridional circulation over the high southern latitudes. The mass transport provided by these drainage flows is proposed as the mechanism behind the autumn pressure falls. Numerical simulations of the evolution of the Antarctic katabatic wind regime indicate that the radiative cooling of the sloping ice fields and attendant mass transport result in a modification of the temperature and pressure fields in the lower troposphere similar to what is seen during the early austral autumn period.
Microarray analysis of ethanol-treated cortical neurons reveals disruption of genes related to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and protein synthesis.

Background: Chronic ethanol abuse results in deleterious behavioral responses such as tolerance, dependence, reinforcement, sensitization, and craving. The objective of this research was to identify transcripts that are differentially regulated in ethanol-treated cortical neurons compared with controls by using a pathway-focused complementary DNA microarray. Methods: Cortical neurons were isolated from postconception day 14 C57BL/6 mouse fetuses and cultured according to a standard protocol. The cortical neuronal cells were treated with 100 mM ethanol for five consecutive days with a change of media every day. A homeostatic pathway-focused microarray consisting of 638 sequence-verified genes was used to measure transcripts differentially regulated in four ethanol-treated cortical neuron samples and four control samples. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to verify the mRNA expression levels of genes of interest detected from the microarray experiments. Results: We identified 56 down-regulated and 10 up-regulated genes in ethanol-treated cortical neurons relative to untreated controls at a 5% false-discovery rate. The expression of many genes involved in ubiquitin-proteasome and protein synthesis was decreased by ethanol, including ubiquitin B, ubiquitin-like 3, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E3A, 20S proteasome α- and β-subunits, and members of the ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of heat shock proteins, myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, and FK506 binding protein rapamycin-associated protein (FKBP) (mTOR) was also decreased in ethanol-treated cortical neurons. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome cascade revealed a down-regulation of these genes, thereby corroborating our microarray results. Conclusions: Our results indicate that chronic ethanol treatment of cortical neurons resulted in decreased mRNA expression of genes involving the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and ribosomal proteins together with mTOR expression leading to disruption of protein degradation mechanism and impairment of protein synthesis machinery.
Foreign body retention in glass-caused wounds.

Study objective: To describe patient and wound characteristics that are clinically useful in identifying wounds that were caused by glass and retained a foreign body. Design: Retrospective consecutive case review. Setting: Urban, university-affiliated teaching hospital. Type of participants: Four hundred thirty consecutive patients with a total of 578 evaluable wounds caused by glass during a 12-month period. Measurements and results: Medical records were reviewed to determine patient demographics, primary wound data leg, location, type, description), mechanism of injury, type of glass involved, and presence of foreign body sensation. Glass was found by examination in 7% of wounds. Eight percent of 137 radiographs were positive. Wounds with the highest prevalence of retained glass were puncture wounds ( P P P Conclusion: Characteristics of wounds most likely to retain glass were identified in this retrospective study. The presence of these factors should increase the clinician's suspicion of a retained glass foreign body. The indications for radiography for the detection of retained glass in wounds should be clarified with prospective studies.
Z‐protected glutamic acid‐based biodegradable thermoplastic and thermosetting polyesters: Synthesis and characterization

Biodegradable polymers were formed from N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid with the comonomers ethylene glycol, diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol, and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. The three polymers were a linear and a crosslinked heterochain polyester and a crosslinked polyester that contained aromatic units within its network chains. The thermoplastic resin and the soluble fractions for the thermosetting resins were characterized by gel permeation chromatography. Conversions for carboxylic acid were determined by titrations. A quality, 22,000 molecular weight thermoplastic resin was formed. The two thermosets were cured past their gel points. Gelation analysis revealed that the relative rate constants for the sequential oxirane/acid and alcohol/acid reactions were distinct. With diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol, the ratio of the respective rate constants was 3; with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, the ratio approached 200. The resins hydrolyzed to monomers in the presence of lipase, but in the presence of a mixed microbial culture, only the first two resins decayed to biomass, respiratory gases, and water. The third resin was inert during the period of observation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 869–879, 1999
Using the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a Model to Understand Viral Polymerase Structure, Function and Dynamics

Viral polymerases replicate and transcribe the genomes of several viruses of global health concern such as Hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Ebola virus. For this reason they are key targets for therapies to treat viral infections. Although there is little sequence similarity across the different types of viral polymerases, all of them present a right-hand shape and certain structural motifs that are highly conserved. These features allow their functional properties to be compared, with the goal of broadly applying the knowledge acquired from studying specific viral polymerases to other viral polymerases about which less is known. Here we review the structural and functional properties of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) in order to understand the fundamental processes underlying the replication of viral genomes. We discuss recent insights into the process by which RNA replication occurs in NS5B as well as the role that conformational changes play in this process.