cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved Economics Through Scorch Control

In the present economic climate, a major objective for most manufacturers is to decrease product costs. In the rubber industry, raw materials tend to be the first target for such cost reductions. However, optimization of mixing and processing operations has a greater potential for cost and energy savings without increasing labor and capital costs or compromising performance. Scorch safety is often a major factor limiting mixing and processing rates. The development of prevulcanization in hibitors has largely overcome this basic limitation and permits the achieve ment of higher mixing and processing throughput. This paper describes applications of a prevulcanization inhibitor for increasing output in the mixing operation and converting two-stage to single-stage mixing cycle. The measurement of total power consumption during mixing enables the savings in energy produced by such changes in cycle to be readily assessed. The same principle has also been applied to permit faster processing speeds during calende...
Accelerating surgical training and reducing the burden of surgical disease in Haiti before and after the earthquake

In general, university-based global health initiatives have tended to focus on expanding access to primary care. In the past, surgical programs may have been characterized by sporadic participation with little educational focus. However, there have been some notable exceptions with plastic surgery volunteer missions. We offer another model of regularly scheduled surgical trips to rural Haiti in plastic and general surgery. The goal of these trips is to reduce the burden of surgical disease and ultimately repair every cleft lip/palate in Haiti. Another principal objective is to accelerate the training of American residents through increased case load and personal interaction with attending surgeons in a concentrated period. Diversity of the case load and the overall number of surgeries performed by residents in a typical surgical trip outpaces the experiences available during a typical week in an American hospital setting. More importantly, we continue to provide ongoing training to Haitian nurses and surgeons in surgical techniques and postoperative care. Our postoperative complication rate has been relatively low. Our follow-up rates have been lower than 70% despite intensive attempts to maintain continued communication with our patients. Through our experiences in surgical care in rural Haiti, we were able to quickly ramp up our trauma and orthopedic surgical care immediately after the earthquake. Project Medishare and the University of Miami continue to operate a trauma and acute care hospital in Port au Prince. The hospital provides ongoing orthopedic, trauma, and neurosurgical expertise from the rotating teams of American surgeons and training of Haitian surgeons in modern surgical techniques. We believe that surgical residencies in the United States can improve their training programs and reduce global surgical burden of disease through consistent trips and working closely with country partners.
Some new aspects of germanate and fluoride phosphors

By crystallizing with excess magnesium oxide the photo-luminescent efficiency of manganese-activated magnesium orthogermanate has been increased 500 percent. The emission spectra of these materials extend from 6100A to 6700A, and exhibit a unique fine structure consisting of four bands about 50A wide and having peaks approximately 90A apart. Small changes in composition leave the positions of the emission peaks invariant but greatly change the relative intensities of the peaks. This fine structure offers a valuable key to determining the optical transitions involved in the luminescence of manganese-activated phosphors. Manganese-activated zinc-magnesium fluoride phosphors exhibit under cathode-ray excitation the longest trulyexponential afterglow of any efficient known luminescent material. Crystallization of these phosphors under 100 atmospheres of hydrogen fluoride does not greatly alter their luminescent characteristics. Fluoride phosphors, particularly manganese-activated zinc fluoride, possess the unique feature among luminescent materials of being capable of evaporation and condensation in a vacuum to form thin uniform transparent layers without unduly affecting the luminescent efficiency.
Optimal cells for TESLA accelerating structure

The shape of TESLA accelerating structure can be improved to decrease the peak surface magnetic field by sacrificing and increasing peak surface electric field. This sacrifice may be necessary because the magnetic field is a hard limit but electric field emission can be decreased by processing. For the case of superconducting cavities RF magnetic strength should be more of a concern.
A role for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in fetal mesenchyme-induced pancreatic beta-cell growth

We have investigated the role of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) in the growth and/or differentiation of pancreatic islet beta-cells. We found that in the human fetal pancreas immunoreactive HGF/SF receptor (c-met proto-oncogene product) is preferentially associated with the developing beta-cells. In the adult pancreas, c-met messenger RNA is highly enriched in the islets and the immunoreactive protein is also restricted to the islet beta-cells. HGF/SF messenger RNA content of fetal pancreas-derived fibroblasts is more than 10-fold higher than that of adult fibroblasts. Culture of human fetal pancreatic epithelial cells in conditioned medium from the fetal pancreatic fibroblasts caused a 2.4-fold stimulation of the formation of islet-like cell clusters that was due to both mitogenic and morphogenic effects. Beta-cell proliferation in the cell clusters was stimulated 3.5-fold by the conditioned medium, and this was associated with a marked decrease in insulin content. All of the effects of...
Inelastic light scattering in halide and oxide glasses: Intrinsic Brillouin linewidths and stimulated Brillouin gain

Abstract Brillouin scattering measurements on various multicomponent halide and oxide glass compositions were performed as a function of composition, lattice temperature and configurational temperature. The intrinsic Brillouin linewidth measurements, the Brillouin intensities and the Brillouin frequency shifts allowed the calculation of phonon attenuations, the Pockels' elastoopic coefficients and the stimulated Brillouin scattering gain coefficients. From the parameters obtained in the above measurements we are able to calculate the threshold energy for the onset of stimulated Brillouin scattering in halide and oxide glasses. The results show that the threshold power for stimulated Brillouin scattering is larger in some of the halide glass compositions than some of the silica based glasses. This finding has important ramifications as a selection criteria for halide-based glasses versus oxide-based glasses in their use as possible single mode waveguide materials. The phonon attenuation values of some of the halide glasses, as measured from the linewidth data have magnitudes that correspond more to a liquid than to a solid. These anomalous phonon attenuation findings will be discussed in the light of existing theories.
Theory of the Instability and Failure of Viscoelastic Materials in Tension

In a tensile test of a bar or fiber formed from a transversely isotropic viscoelastic material, the initial motion in regions away from the clamps is a homogeneous uniaxial extension. If the applied tensile load is “tame” in the sense that it is given by a piecewise smooth function of time, then during the early stages of loading, the homogeneous extension of the specimen is also tame. It is, however, often the case that at a time tc, previous to the instant of fracture, the motion departs from a tame homogeneous extension. The critical time tc is the “failure time” of the specimen, i.e., the time at which the motion first changes character; tc precedes, often by a constant factor, the time at which neck-down is easily visible. The problem of calculating tc for a given loading program is here treated within the framework of the general theory of nonlinear simple materials with fading memory. For such materials the instantaneous tensile modulus, i.e., the derivative of the immediate change in tensile stress with respect to a sudden change in tensile strain, depends upon the previous history of the strain. Reasons are presented here for identifying tc with the earliest time t0 at which the instantaneous tensile modulus becomes zero. It is shown that at a time at which the instantaneous modulus vanishes one cannot arbitrarily assign the rate of change of tensile stress and have the motion remain in the class of tame homogeneous extensions.
Detection and Monitoring of Corrosion in Structural Carbon Steels Using Electromagnetic Sensors

An electromagnetic sensor was assessed as a possible instrument for nondestructive detection and monitoring of corrosion in structural carbon steels. In this study, the magnetic response of three structural carbon steel rods (AISI 1018, AISI 1045, and AISI 1045-High Mn), was evaluated in the as-received (uncorroded) and corroded conditions. Initially, the material was systematically machined out from each steel rod, followed by the magnetic evaluation of each specimen. Other set of metal rods were exposed to uniform corrosion and later examined by the electromagnetic sensor. Correlations have been established between the degree of mass loss and magnetic response of the test specimen. Based on the results, it can be said that the electromagnetic sensor has the potential to be used as a reliable nondestructive tool to detect corrosion at early stages based on the variation in magnetic properties. A metallurgical analysis of all test rods was also undertaken, which showed that microstructures have an important effect of the magnetic properties of the steels.
DEVELOPMENTS IN APPARATUS FOR THE CULTURE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS: DESIGN FEATURES OF A LABORATORY TWO STAGE CONTINUOUS FLOW CULTURE APPARATUS

SUMMARY A two stage continuous flow apparatus with a first stage working volume of 2–3 1. and a second stage working volume of 6–14 1. is described. Each stage has separate controls over the environmental factors; temperature, pH value and nutrient supply; and over foaming. In the first stage the dilution rate is altered by changing the flow rate; in the second stage the dilution rate is altered by changing the working volume. The apparatus has proved suitable for the continuous culture of a filamentous mould, which is more exacting from the engineering standpoint than culture of bacteria.
Removal of intracanal smear by doxycycline in vitro

Cleansing and shaping result in a smear layer on the instrumented canal wall surfaces. The smear layer may inhibit close contact between sealers and dentin, and inhibits diffusion of medicaments. Objective. This study assessed the effect of doxycycline hydrochloride (DH) on smear layer on intracanal walls. Study design. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the remaining smear layer using different concentrations of DH. Single-canal palatal roots of extracted maxillary molars were irrigated with saline - 15% EDTA; saline - 25 mg/ml DH; saline - 50 mg/ml DH; saline - 100 mg/ml DH; NaOCl - 15% EDTA; NaOCl - 25 mg/ml DH; NaOCl - 50 mg/ml DH; and NaOCl - 100 mg/ml DH. The roots were fractured into halves and the amount of smear layer assessed in the middle and apical third. Results. Doxycycline-HCl of 100 mg/ml was the most effective in removing smear layer. In the saline group, 100 mg/ml of DH was more effective than EDTA. In the hypochlorite group, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml of DH were more effective than EDTA (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Doxycycline solution may be an effective irrigant.
The Ocean Ranger Oil Rig Disaster: A Risk Analysis

This paper analyzes quantitatively the design of the Ocean Ranger off-shore oil drilling rig that capsized and sank on February 15, 1982 off the coast of Canada. A review of the actual disaster is also included based on evidence gathered by the Canadian Royal Commission. The risk analysis includes the construction of a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) table, a fault tree, and a quantitative evaluation including common cause failure of the rig components. In the case of the Ocean Ranger ballast control system, it was shown that the analysis was able both to successfully model the catastrophic system failure of the portholes, the actual system failure mode, and identify a common cause failure mode of the pump system. This study represents an application of reliability and risk techniques to the oil services industry.
The current state of precision farming

Abstract Precision farming, or site‐specific farming, has emerged as a promising group of technologies that could increase agricultural productivity with environmental stewardship. It is a knowledge‐based system that integrates many advanced information technologies. Precision farming enables farmers to apply precise amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, water, seeds or other inputs to specific areas where and when they are needed for optimal crop growth. The major components include grid sampling, Global Positioning System (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, yield monitors, variable rate application (VRA), and computer simulation models. This paper reviews the current state of the art of precision farming and its major components, and discusses economic feasibility and potential implications for agricultural structure and rural communities.
Trust, but verify: The necessity of empirical verification in quantitative neurobiology

The preferred procedure for estimating neuron number has been the subject of intense discussion. Sampling error, systematic bias, and the physical properties of the tissue examined all contribute to the possibility that estimates may not reflect actual neuron number. Even when restricting analysis to a particular, well-defined structure such as dorsal root ganglia, these factors act in a manner that varies with maturity of the animal, species, fixation, processing, and neuron size. These considerations reinforce the necessity of comparing estimates with the actual number of neurons as determined by three-dimensional reconstructions.
Urban agriculture and the prospects for deep democracy

The interest in and enthusiasm for urban agriculture (UA) in urban communities, the non-profit sector, and governmental institutions has grown exponentially over the past decade. Part of the appeal of UA is its potential to improve the civic health of a community, advancing what some call food democracy. Yet despite the increasing presence of the language of civic agriculture or food democracy, UA organizations and practitioners often still focus on practical, shorter-term projects in an effort both to increase local involvement and to attract funding from groups focused on quantifiable deliverables. As such, it seems difficult to move beyond the rhetoric of food democracy towards significant forms of popular participation and deliberation within particular communities. In this paper we provide a theoretical framework—deep democracy—that helps to contextualize nascent attempts at civic agriculture or food democracy within a broader struggle for democratic practices and relationships. We argue that urban agriculture efforts are well positioned to help citizens cultivate lasting relationships across lines of difference and amidst significant power differentials—relationships that could form the basis of a community’s collective capacity to shape its future. We analyze the theory of deep democracy through recent experiences with UA in Denver, Colorado, and we identify ways in which UA can extend its reach and impact by focusing more consciously on its political or civic potential.
Membrane‐associated proteins of adriamycin sensitive and resistant murine leukemic P388 cells

We have isolated an 84-fold adriamycin resistant subline, P388/R84, from mouse leukemia P388 cells by serial cultivation in methylcellulose in the presence of increasing drug concentrations. Electrophoresis of detergent soluble fractions of radiolabeled sensitive and resistant cells suggested marked alterations in the protein fractions of 160, 100, 60, 45, and 30 kd. In resistant clones labeled with 125I an increase in 160 and 100 kd proteins was accompanied by concomitant reduction in the 60, 45, and 30 kd proteins. In 35S methionine-labeled resistant cells, similar increases in the 160 and 100 kd components were observed but in contrast to 125I-labeled cells the 30 kd component was also higher. Alterations in surface proteins were confirmed in experiments where the cell extracts were adsorbed to concanavalin A polymers and extracted with 0.26 M methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. Our data confirm earlier reported observations on cell-surface protein changes in cells resistant to anthracyclines and alkaloids.
Breastfeeding: Perceived Barriers and Benefits/Enhancers in a Rural and Urban Setting

This study investigated differences in perceived benefits/enhancers and barriers between women who planned to breastfeed, those who were uncertain, and those who did not plan to breastfeed. The volunteers were obtained from rural (60) and urban (82) public health department prenatal clinics. Fifty-three percent of the women were married, the average age was 23 years, 25% had not graduated from high school, 38% were black, and 46% were planning to return to work. The breastfeeding inventory consisted of 13 items to measure benefits and enhancers, 15 to measure barriers, and an open-ended question. Cronbach's alphas for internal consistency for benefits and enhancers and barriers were 0.88 and 0.83 respectively. Analysis of variance found significant differences among the three groups on perceived benefits and barriers. Rural and urban differences existed in perceived benefits/enhancers, but not in perceived barriers. In a multiple discriminant function analysis that included demographic characteristics, the most important predictor of breastfeeding decision was perceived benefits.
On Wheatley's POEM ON THE DEATH OF CHARLES ELIOT, AGED 12 MONTHS

The elegies of Phillis Wheatley are unique. In their expressions of multiple messages that conceal the slave-poet's tragic plight, they are quintessentially American. On one level, her funeral song...
Increased dietary cholesterol promotes enhanced mutagenesis in DNA polymerase kappa-deficient mice.

Abstract DNA polymerase kappa (Polκ) bypasses planar polycyclic N2-guanine adducts in an error-free manner. Cholesterol derivatives may interact with DNA to form similarly bulky lesions. In accordance, these studies examined whether increased mutagenesis of DNA accompanies hypercholesterolemia in Polk−/− mice. These mice also carried apoE gene knockouts to ensure increased levels of plasma cholesterol following exposure to a high cholesterol diet. The mice carried a reporter transgene (the λ-phage cII gene) for subsequent quantitative analysis of mutagenesis in various tissues. We observed significantly increased mutation frequencies in several organs of apoE−/−Polk−/− mice following a high cholesterol diet, compared to those remaining on a standard diet. Regardless of dietary regime, the mutation frequency in many organs was significantly higher in apoE−/−Polk−/− than in apoE−/−Polk+/+ mice. As expected for polycyclic guanine adducts, the mutations mainly consisted of G:C transversions. The life expectancy of apoE−/−Polk−/− mice maintained on a high cholesterol diet was reduced compared to apoE−/−Polk+/+ mice. Overall, this study demonstrates a role for Polκ in bypass of cholesterol-induced guanine lesions.
Frequency-Scanning Eddy Current NDE for Duplex Metallic Coatings

EPRI is involved in a multi-year program to test, evaluate, and develop a field-deployable eddy current NDE system for life assessment of blade coatings for advanced gas turbines. An eddy current system was assembled and tested on service-aged 7FA first stage blade buckets, which were coated with GT 33+ duplex metallic coatings. Testing of transverse cutout sections showed presence of normal coating, coating degradation due to β-phase depletion, and cracked coatings with some cracks penetrating into the GTD-111 substrate. By plotting normalized multiple-frequency eddy current coil impedance values, the eddy current technique was able to assess and provide the following coating and airfoil conditions: 1) normal coating; 2) degraded coating; 3) cracked coating; and 4) possible corrosion of GTD-111 substrate. Using a built-in three-layer inversion program, conductivity values of topcoat, bond coat, and GTD-111 substrate were also estimated using aged blade buckets.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Herbicide and Antibiotic Removal by Woodchip Denitrification Filters: Sorption Processes

In situ denitrification walls and biofilters made of wood chips are being implemented as innovative technologies for the removal of nitrates in tile drainage water from farms to reduce pollution of surface waters and the hypoxia problem in the Gulf of Mexico. Although fairly effective in removing nitrates, not much is known about the effectiveness of the biofilters in removal of herbicides, pesticides, and antibiotics in the drainage water. Using weathered wood chips obtained from an in situ denitrification wall, four common pollutants tested sorbed strongly to wood chips in the following order: enrofloxacin > monensin A > atrazine > sulfamethazine. Of the four chemicals tested, enrofloxacin was found to desorb the least by water extraction. The apparent hysteresis index for atrazine was found to be lower than that for enrofloxacin and sulfamethazine indicating greater sorption–desorption hysteresis for atrazine than enrofloxacin and sulfamethazine. Consecutive steps of water desorption and organic solvent extraction indicated that more than 65% of the sorbed atrazine, 70% of sulfamethazine, 90% of enrofloxacin, and 80% of monensin A were retained in wood chips. Results of this study showed that wood chip denitrification walls or biofilters have an added benefit in retaining herbicides and antibiotics and therefore can act as a barrier to reduce pollution of surface water and groundwater.
The Co-activator CREB-binding Protein Participates in Enhancer-dependent Activities of Bicoid

Bicoid (Bcd) is a transcriptional activator required for early embryonic patterning in Drosophila. Despite extensive studies, it currently remains unclear how Bcd activates transcription and what proteins participate in its activation process. In this report, we describe experiments to analyze the role of the Drosophila co-activator dCBP in Bcd-mediated activation. In Drosophila S2 cells, the Bcd activity is increased by the co-transfection of plasmids expressing dCBP and reduced by double-stranded RNA-mediated interference against dCBP. We further show that Bcd and dCBP can interact with each other and that Bcd-interacting domains of dCBP can cause dominant negative effects on Bcd activity in S2 cells. Our comparison of two Bcd-responsive enhancers, hunchback (hb) and knirps (kni), reveals a differential role of dCBP in facilitating Bcd activation. A dCBP mutant defective in its histone acetyltransferase activity exhibits a reduced, but not abolished, co-activator function for Bcd. Our chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that dCBP can increase not only the occupancy of Bcd itself at the enhancers but also the recruitment of general transcription factors to the promoter. Together, these experiments suggest that dCBP is an enhancer-dependent co-activator of Bcd, facilitating its activation through multiple mechanisms.
Environmental determinants of behaviour in the rat fetus. II. The emergence of synchronous movement

Abstract Rat fetuses were observed directly in different micro-environments (in utero and ex utero) on successive days during the last third of gestation. Synchronous movements comprising two or more regions of the body became common on day 17 of gestation and were especially prevalent ex utero. Their occurrence could not be explained satisfactorily by a stochastic model involving chance association of individual body regions. If synchronized movements are considered as evidence of behavioural organization, then fetal behaviour appears more diverse than previously recognized and exhibits specific linkages between body regions that imply emergent coordination and the prenatal development of species-typical action patterns.
Ethanol effects on total sialic acid of various brain regions and visceral organs.

These experiments were designed to extend our earlier observations on acute ethanol effects on brain sialic acid (SA), an acidic sugar component of membrane gangliosides and many glycoproteins. Here, we tested for differential effects of ethanol on total sialic acid in various brain regions and for effects on other organs, such as liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle. Subjects were young adult, male rats. The first experiment compared two commonly accepted analytical methods for brain SA on peripheral tissues. Consistently higher levels were evident with the resorcinol method in all tissues, especially in liver, compared with the thiobarbiturate method. Resorcinol-measured levels in the liver and kidney were on the order of 350 μg/g, wet weight. In the brain of controls, the resorcinol method revealed total SA levels to be on the order of 550–650 μg/g in the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus. Brainstem levels were significantly lower. Ethanol, given IP at 2 g/kg, seemed to decrease total SA in all brain regions at four hours after injection, with statistically significant decreases in the hippocampus and brainstem. With 3 g/kg, only the cerebellum showed a significant decrease at four hours, compared to saline-injected controls, but the decrease was large (25%). Analysis of the other organs showed that, compared to saline-injected controls, ethanol decreased SA in the liver. There was a small, but significant, decrease in heart SA at four hours after 3 g/kg. In skeletal muscle, ethanol significantly increased total SA at 2 g/kg, but not at 3 g/kg. This work supports our previous observations that acute ethanol can decrease brain SA and extends those findings to show that not all brain areas are equally affected. The data also show that ethanol also affects SA in other organs.
The effects of PGF2α, PGI2, and TxB2 on human CFU-C in healthy and leukemic patients

This study was undertaken to test the effects of certain arachidonate derivatives, PGF2 alpha, PGI2 and TxB2 on in vitro bone marrow granulocyte colony growth (CFU-C) in leukemia patients receiving maintenance chemotherapy and in normal controls. The addition of PGF2 alpha did not result in increased numbers of colonies, but it did cause a shift in the size of the colonies so that there was a significant increase in larger colonies (P less than 0.001) and significantly fewer small colonies (P less than 0.05) as compared to untreated samples. Of the prostenoids tested in a Tris-buffered system, PGI2 affected the greatest increase in CFU-C (P less than 0.01) followed by PGF2 alpha (P less than 0.05) whereas 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (the stable hydrate of PGI2) did not affect colony growth. Time-response curves revealed a linear growth pattern for PGF2 alpha with a peak at 10 days, whereas there was a 6-day growth lag with PGI2 followed by linear growth with a peak at 13 days. TxB2 added to cultures significantly reduced the number of bone marrow CFU-C at all doses tested. The prostanoid effects on CFU-C derived from leukemic patients on maintenance chemotherapy and from normal individuals were identical in every respect.
Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease

Fifty years ago, cardiovascular genetics simply did not exist. Genetics was a nascent field of basic research, with little apparent relevance to cardiovascular science or any other medical subspecialty. Today, cardiovascular genetics is a discipline that fully integrates high-technology laboratory investigation and clinical medicine. From this hybrid have emerged discoveries that have precisely identified the cause of heretofore “idiopathic” disorders, provided fundamental insights into disease processes, and delineated subtypes in well-defined pathologies. Insights from these discoveries uproot traditional anatomic classifications of disease and integrate cell physiology and molecular biochemistry into the study of pathology. For researchers, practitioners, and patients alike, cardiovascular genetics is having a growing impact on the definition and diagnosis of disease, the explanation of prognosis, and the expansion of treatments. While appreciating the progress that cardiovascular genetics has achieved, one must be mindful of antecedent and seminal discoveries in the broader field of genetics that enabled the birth and growth of the molecular era. By the mid 1900s, Mendel’s theory of inheritance was proven, the segregation and assortment of chromosomes during meiosis was recognized, the linear arrangement of genes on chromosomes was appreciated, and recombination frequency was accepted as an accurate assessment for the distances between genes.1 Even the potential for assigning genetic traits to specific chromosomes through the study of human inheritance was appreciated: familial transmission of color blindness and hemophilia was correctly interpreted to indicate genes encoded on the X chromosome.2 3 Any review of the critical developments that fostered the birth of cardiovascular genetics must acknowledge the enormous contributions made by clinicians, patients, and families. For advances in genetics to become relevant to clinical cardiology, the heritable nature of cardiovascular disease needed to be recognized. This recognition was gained through case reports, descriptions of the familial aggregation of diseases, and epidemiological studies, …
Shyness, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol use: Discovery of a suppressor effect

Abstract Despite anecdotal evidence that shyness is associated with alcohol use, studies have failed to show a reliable relation between these variables. The present study tested the hypothesis that expectancies about alcohol's positive consequences in social evaluative situations moderate the relation between shyness and drinking. In hierarchical regression analyses, peer influence, shyness, and alcohol expectancies made significant contributions to predicting alcohol use, but the shyness by alcohol expectancy interaction did not increase prediction of drinking. Also, it was found that alcohol expectancies operated as a suppressor variable. Although the simple correlation between shyness and alcohol use was near zero, inclusion of expectancies in the regression removed irrelevant variance in shyness leading to a significant, inverse relation between shyness and drinking. Results are discussed relative to how shyness problems may relate to minimal drinking activity and how alcohol expectancy findings are consistent with recent tests of the alcohol expectancy model.
Testable implications of transferable utility

Although the Transferable Utility (TU) assumption is widely used in micro theory, little is known about its testable consequences, and in particular how one can, from the observation of a group’s demand, test whether the TU assumption is satisfied within this group. We derive a set of necessary and sufficient conditions on demand that characterize the TU context. The conditions are of two types. First, TU requires the group to behave as a single decision maker. Secondly, within the unitary setting, the representative utility generated by a TU framework must be of the Generalized Quasi Linear (GQL) form. We derive testable properties of the demand function that fully characterize GQL utilities. These additional restrictions only involve specifi cp rices namely, those of the goods that are publicly consumed within the household.
Experience‐weighted Attraction Learning in Normal Form Games

In ‘experience-weighted attraction’ (EWA) learning, strategies have attractions that reflect initial predispositions, are updated based on payoff experience, and determine choice probabilities according to some rule (e.g., logit). A key feature is a parameter δ that weights the strength of hypothetical reinforcement of strategies that were not chosen according to the payoff they would have yielded, relative to reinforcement of chosen strategies according to received payoffs. The other key features are two discount rates, φ and ρ, which separately discount previous attractions, and an experience weight. EWA includes reinforcement learning and weighted fictitious play (belief learning) as special cases, and hybridizes their key elements. When δ= 0 and ρ= 0, cumulative choice reinforcement results. When δ= 1 and ρ=φ, levels of reinforcement of strategies are exactly the same as expected payoffs given weighted fictitious play beliefs. Using three sets of experimental data, parameter estimates of the model were calibrated on part of the data and used to predict a holdout sample. Estimates of δ are generally around .50, φ around .8 − 1, and ρ varies from 0 to φ. Reinforcement and belief-learning special cases are generally rejected in favor of EWA, though belief models do better in some constant-sum games. EWA is able to combine the best features of previous approaches, allowing attractions to begin and grow flexibly as choice reinforcement does, but reinforcing unchosen strategies substantially as belief-based models implicitly do.
Overview of epithelial ovarian cancer and updates in management strategies

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic-related cancer deaths. Mortality from this disease remains high owing to the lack of screening tools for early disease, resulting in a high percentage of patients diagnosed with advanced stages. The role of surgery to determine the extent of spread and to remove metastatic deposits has remained at the forefront of management. The majority of patients experience a complete clinical response after primary surgery and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, a high percentage of relapse remains, and treatment for recurrent disease has not achieved the success rates desired. Thus, scientific efforts have focused on improving current treatment and the use of biological/molecular agents. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of epithelial ovarian cancer and to discuss updates in the management of this disease.
Comparison of the Diamond-Forrester method and a new score to estimate the pretest probability of coronary disease before exercise testing.

Abstract Objective We compared the Diamond-Forrester (DF) tabular method to assess pretest probability of coronary artery disease to a new scoring method (NS). Methods We evaluated 544 patients with suspected coronary disease who underwent both exercise electrocardiography and coronary angiography. The prevalence of any coronary artery disease (CAD) (≥1 vessel with a ≥50% stenosis) within low, intermediate, and high pretest probability groups defined by the 2 methods was compared. The DF method used age, sex, and symptoms. The NS used those 3 factors plus 7 other risk factors. Results Overall prevalence of CAD was 41%. We compared the respective prevalence of CAD within pretest probability groups. Low probability: DF 27% versus NS 17% ( P P Conclusion In symptomatic patients, the accuracy of the 2 methods was the same. In asymptomatic patients, further evaluation in larger populations will be needed. (Am Heart J 1999;138:740-5.)
Introduction to the Session on Trapped Ions

The excellent papers in this session might just convince the expert audience, that only an individual trapped ion offers solid promise for any kind of optical frequency standard with an accuracy and 1000-day reproducibility of 10−18. While such an ion, say Ga+, is only a passive standard, its frequency would be exactly that of a free ion in the Andromeda nebula and a measurement need take no longer than a few hours. All this is no wonder, because high resolution spectroscopy on anything else but on an individual isolated metastable atomic particle at rest in the laboratory will always be affected by shifts of various kinds. In single ion work highest resolution has been demonstrated in the beautiful laser spectroscopy experiments on Hg+ in a 1-m m rf trap which JAMES BERGQUIST will report. Similar work on Ba+, with a potentially even higher resolution, but sorer limited by lack of a good laser flywheel oscillator, will be described by my colleague WARREN NAGOURNEY. My former colleague PETER TOSCHEB has carefully studied the vibrations of a Ba+ ion in his rf trap. Isolation from the environment is most easily approached in the laboratory when the electronic states between which the (clock) transition of interest occurs have zero electronic angular momentum, as for Thallium+ homologues, but not for Hg+ or Be+. Such states may have life times of hours. GUENTHER WERTH will discuss his extensive measurements of ion life times. If more than one ion are packed into a trap their interactions are important. Uncontrolled plasma oscillations have been reported in rf traps and delight chaos fanciers. Most affected by such cooperative phenomena are microwave frequency standards employing clouds of Hg+, Yb+ in rf traps and Be+ in a Penning trap. In the past the rf trap work was limited by micromotion 2nd Doppler effect. It has used only the standard cap-ring-cap trap geometry and buffer gas cooling, while in the Penning trap work laser cooling has lowered the temperature to ≈2k.
Transformation of Visual Signals by Inhibitory Interneurons in Retinal Circuits

One of the largest mysteries of the brain lies in understanding how higher-level computations are implemented by lower-level operations in neurons and synapses. In particular, in many brain regions inhibitory interneurons represent a diverse class of cells, the individual functional roles of which are unknown. We discuss here how the operations of inhibitory interneurons influence the behavior of a circuit, focusing on recent results in the vertebrate retina. A key role in this understanding is played by a common representation of the visual stimulus that can be applied at different stages. By considering how this stimulus representation changes at each location in the circuit, we can understand how neuron-level operations such as thresholds and inhibition yield circuit-level computations such as how stimulus selectivity and gain are controlled by local and peripheral visual stimuli.
Kinematic inversion for the 2-D horizontal and vertical qP-wave velocities and depths to interfaces applied to the TACT seismic profile, southern Alaska

SUMMARY We propose a quasi-compressional wave (qP-wave) traveltime inversion technique for determination of the 2-D horizontal and vertical qP-wave velocities and depths to interfaces from seismic reflectiodrefraction data sets. Synthetic test model studies demonstrate that the method is effective if ray-path coverage within the model is adequate, and indicate that horizontal qP-wave velocities and depths to interfaces are better resolved than vertical qP-wave velocities. We applied our inversion technique to the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) profile, southern Alaska, between SP19 and SP11. The results of the inversion suggest that the upper 5 km of the crust is anisotropic. The range of anisotropy for the derived model is between 10 and 25 per cent, consistent with the range determined in previous studies and from laboratory measurements. The cause of anisotropy is thought to be preferred mineral orientations in the foliation planes of the metasedimentary rocks. Based on the test model studies and the applications to actual seismic data sets, it is suggested that future traveltime inversion studies will require particularly high-quality data with dense ray-path coverage in which multiple sources and receivers and both reflection and refraction data are utilized.
Decentralized thinking and understanding of evolution in K-12 evolution education

Previous work found four areas critical to understanding evolution: variation, selection, inheritance, and deep time. An exploratory qualitative approach was taken with a variety of data sources from a larger data corpus. Data were analyzed for emphasis of either decentralized or centralized thinking. Data were analyzed and discussed exploring how a group of high school biology teachers from the same department taught evolutionary concepts. The paper presents evidence that demonstrates a common lack of thinking from this perspective or incorrectly thinking that evolutionary processes are “driven” by some centralized force. We now identify a critical fifth component: decentralized mindset or thinking of evolution as a complex system. Possibilities of how this new area can affect learning about evolution are discussed and implications for assessment are also discussed.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 binds to and transactivates the human but not the rat CYP7A1 promoter.

Abstract Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), a liver-specific enzyme, catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the degradation pathway of cholesterol to bile acids, and thus plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis. To elucidate the mechanisms that control hepatic expression of the human CYP7A1 gene, we are studying the promoter region. Initially, we observed that up to 40% of the overall transcriptional activity of the promoter in HepG2 cells was associated with DNA sequences from −65 to −1 of the human gene. Within this region, a binding site for the liver-enriched transcription factor HNF-1 (−56 to −49) has been identified. Binding of HNF-1 to this site leads to transcriptional activation of the human promoter. The corresponding segment from the rat CYP7A1 gene does not bind HNF-1; instead, it is bound by the orphan receptors ARP-1 (COUP-TFII) and LXRα, that are implicated in dietary regulation.
Sex-biased maternal effects reduce ectoparasite-induced mortality in a passerine bird

Duration of developmental stages in animals evolves under contrasting selection pressures of age-specific mortality and growth requirements. When relative importance of these effects varies across environments, evolution of developmental periods is expected to be slow. In birds, maternal effects on egg-laying order and offspring growth, two proximate determinants of nestling period, should enable rapid adjustment of developmental periods to even widely fluctuating mortality rates. We test this hypothesis in a population of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) breeding under two contrasting mortality risks: (i) a nest mite-free condition when selection on offspring survival favors a longer time in the nest; and (ii) a mite infestation when selection favors a shorter nest tenure. Mites affected survival of sons more than daughters, and females breeding under mite infestation laid male eggs last and female eggs first in the clutch, thereby reducing sons' exposure to mites and associated mortality. Strong sex bias in laying order and growth patterns enabled mite-infested offspring to achieve similar fledging size, despite a shorter nest tenure, compared with mite-free conditions. In mite-infested nests, male nestlings hatched at larger sizes, completed growth earlier, and had faster initial growth compared with mite-free nests, whereas mite-infested females grew more slowly but for a longer period of time. A combination of heavily sex-biased laying order and sex differences in growth patterns lowered mite-induced mortality by >10% in both sexes. Thus, strong maternal effects can account for frequently observed, but theoretically unexpected, concordance of mortality risks and growth patterns, especially under fluctuating ecological conditions.
Are single-parent families different from two-parent families in the treatment of adolescent bulimia nervosa using family-based treatment?

Objective: To examine whether familybased treatment (FBT) for adolescent bulimia nervosa (BN), which emphasizes family involvement in helping to reduce binge eating and purging behaviors, is differentially efficacious in single-parent families versus two-parent families. Method: Forty-one adolescents (97.6% female; 16.0 6 1.7 years old) with either BN (n 5 18) or subthreshold BN (n 5 23) were randomized to FBT as part of a larger randomized controlled trial studying treatments for adolescent BN. Results: Two-parent (n 5 27; 65.9%) and single-parent (n 5 14; 34.2%) families were compared on demographic variables, presence of comorbid psychiatric illnesses, and symptoms of BN at baseline, post, and 6-month follow-up. ANOVA and chi-square analyses revealed no statistically significant differences between twoparent and single-parent families on any variables with the exception of ethnicity, for which a greater proportion of Caucasians and Hispanic families had twoparent families compared with AfricanAmerican families (v 2 5 8.68, p 5 .01). Discussion: These findings suggest that FBT may be an appropriate and efficacious treatment for single-parent families as well as two-parent families, despite the reliance on parental intervention to reduce bulimic symptoms and normalize eating patterns. V C 2008 by
TEMPORAL, PROCESSOR, AND SPATIAL LOCALITY IN MULTIPROCESSOR MEMORY REFERENCES

The performance of cache-coherent multiprocessors is strongly influenced by locality in the memory reference behavior of parallel applications. While the notions of temporal and spatial locality in uniprocessor memory references are well understood, the corresponding notions of locality in multiprocessors and their impact on multiprocessor cache behavior are not clear. A locality model suitable for multiprocessor cache evaluation is derived by viewing memory references as streams of processor identifiers directed at specific cache/memory blocks. This viewpoint differs from the traditional uniprocessor approach that uses streams of addresses to different blocks emanating from specific processors. Our view is based on the intuition that cache coherence traffic in multiprocessors is largely determined by the number of processors accessing a location, the frequency with which they access the location, and the sequence in which their accesses occur. The specific locations accessed by each processor, the time order of access to different locations, and the size of the working set play a smaller role in determining the cache coherence traffic, although they still influence intrinsic cache performance. Looking at traces from the viewpoint of a memory block leads to a new notion of reference locality for multiprocessors, called processor locality. In this paper, we study the temporal, spatial, and processor locality in the memory reference patterns of theree parallel applications. Based on the observed locality, we then reflect on the expected cache behavior of the three applications.
Role of liquid reactant volatility in gas absorption with an exothermic reaction

A film-theory model is presented for nonisothermal gas absorption with a second-order exothermic reaction. The model accounts for the volatility of the liquid reactant and heat transfer from the liquid surface to the gas phase. The pertinent equations were solved numerically using B-spline collocation. Results from this solution show that for intermediate values of Hatta number the liquid-reactant volatility is deterimental to the enhancement of gas absorption. As Hatta number approaches zero or infinity, however, the effect of liquid-reactant volatility becomes minor. Heat losses to the gas phase drastically reduce the interfacial temperature rise, which in turn enhances or inhibits the absorption rate depending on the effective activation energy being larger or less than zero, respectively. Approximate expressions for the enhancement factor and the interfacial temperature rise were also developed. Comparisons with the “exact” numerical solution verified the accuracy of these expressions over a reasonable spectrum of parameter values. The model developed was applied to two cases representing real conditions: the chlorination of toluene and the sulfonation of dodecylbenzene. Volatility effects are shown to be important for the former system, while the relatively nonvolatile dodecylbenzene served as a counter example.