cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The search for the hydrophobic force law

After nearly 30 years of research on the hydrophobic interaction, the search for the hydrophobic force law is still continuing. Indeed, there are more questions than answers, and the experimental data are often quite different for nominally similar conditions, as well as, apparently, for nano-, micro-, and macroscopic surfaces. This has led to the conclusion that the experimentally observed force–distance relationships are either a combination of different ‘fundamental’ interactions, or that the hydrophobic force-law, if there is one, is complex – depending on numerous parameters. The only unexpectedly strong attractive force measured in all experiments so far has a range of D ≈ 100–200 A, increasing roughly exponentially down to ∼10–20 A and then more steeply down to adhesive contact at D = 0 or, for power-law potentials, effectively at D ≈ 2 A. The measured forces in this regime (100–200 A) and especially the adhesive forces are much stronger, and have a different distance-dependence from the continuum VDW force (Lifshitz theory) for non-conducting dielectric media. We suggest a three-regime force-law for the forces observed between hydrophobic surfaces: In the first, from 100–200 A to thousands of angstroms, the dominating force is created by complementary electrostatic domains or patches on the apposing surfaces and/or bridging vapour cavities; a ‘pure’ but still not well-understood ‘long-range hydrophobic force’ dominates the second regime from ∼150 to ∼15 A, possibly due to an enhanced Hamaker constant associated with the ‘proton-hopping’ polarizability of water; while below ∼10–15 A to contact there is another ‘pure short-range hydrophobic force’ related to water structuring effects associated with surface-induced changes in the orientation and/or density of water molecules and H-bonds at the water–hydrophobic interface. We present recent SFA and other experimental results, as well as a simplified model for water based on a spherically-symmetric potential that is able to capture some basic features of hydrophobic association. Such a model may be useful for theoretical studies of the HI over the broad range of scales observed in SFA experiments.
Stroke caregivers: do they feel prepared?

A pilot study was administered to determine if stroke caregivers felt they were adequately educated, trained, and prepared to care for their stroke survivor upon discharge. The convenience sample consisted of 26 stroke caregivers from four Indiana facilities with established therapy/rehabilitation units and two Indiana stroke clubs. Subjects were divided into groups according to the amount of time after discharge in the caregiver role (1–3 days, 10–14 days, greater than 3 months). Survey results were obtained by phone interviews and by self-administration. Compilation of data occurred over 5 months, and interpretation involved visual inspection and frequency distributions. Overall preparedness for the newer caregivers was a 4 (prepared); whereas, the more experienced caregivers' average score was a 3 (somewhat prepared). This study can help rehabilitation staff in their efforts to prepare caregivers for assisting stroke survivors at home.
Bounds for reliability of consecutive k-within-m-out-of-n:F systems

Upper and lower bounds for the reliability of a (linear or circular) consecutive k-within-m-out-of-n:F system with unequal component-failure probabilities are provided. Numerical calculations indicate that, for systems with components of good enough reliability, these bounds quite adequately estimate system reliability. The estimate is easy to calculate, having computational complexity O(m/sup 2/*n). For identically distributed components, a Weibull limit theorem for system time-to-failure is proved. >
Evaluation of a statewide youth-focused relationships education curriculum

Romantic relationships matter for adolescents. Experiences in romantic relationships facilitate key areas of personal and interpersonal development, however, problems in romantic relationships and lack of positive role models can lead to increased risk of developing unhealthy relationship patterns that can persist into adulthood. The goals of this applied research project were to examine the effectiveness of a youth-focused relationships education curriculum, and to use the knowledge gained to inform practices in relationships education for adolescents. Findings from pre and post-intervention assessments and from two follow-up surveys provide evidence of program success and offer key insights for the development of an effective model of relationships education tailored for adolescents.
Large chip vs. MCM for a high-performance system

The capabilities of modern semiconductor processes enable us to design a system on a chip. This implies a large function on a large chip. However, as we approach-and eventually exceed-a 1-GHz clock rate, it is valid to ask whether partitioning this chip into a few smaller chips and using a multichip module (MCM) to interconnect the functions is better for performance and cost. This article explores the design, performance, and cost issues for a large chip and an MCM, focusing primarily on the on-chip and off-chip delays and the trade-offs between the two. It also shows performance trends for each approach, to help us understand future performance limits for microprocessors.
Quality of life: a basis for clinical decision‐making in community psychiatric care

This descriptive study used grounded theory methodology to illuminate how the concept of quality of life influences the practice of community psychiatric nurses caring for individuals with serious mental illnesses. In-depth interviews captured the practice wisdom of expert nurses. Data were verified through focus groups, member checks and peer debriefing. The constant comparative method was used to categorize data and identify key themes and concepts. Informants regarded the concept of quality of life as central to nursing practice. They cited examples of how it serves as a goal and philosophy of care, a basis for forming relationships, and a lens through which the nursing role becomes clearer. Quality of life is acknowledged to be a subjective concept. It is assessed in light of the individual's hopes, dreams and values, and within the context of his or her whole life. A quality of life focus is supported by the philosophies of holism and empowerment. Nurses promote quality of life through symptom management, educating and advocating for clients. Minimizing barriers to quality of life and helping the individual to have a broader vision of what his or her life could be, are also central to the psychiatric nursing role.
Simultaneous feature and HMM Model learning for landmine detection using Ground Penetrating Radar

Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) have been widely used in landmine detection with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) data; however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies that investigated the simultaneous learning of the features and the HMM parameters. In this paper, we present a novel method based on Gibbs sampling that both learns a feature extraction model as well as an HMM model. The new system allows for the training of new features when the sensor systems are different. Experiments show that our algorithm is more robust to initialization and can find better solutions.
LMIRcam: an L/M-band imager for the LBT combined focus

The L/M-band mid-InfraRed Camera (LMIRcam) will use a mid-wave (5.1 μm cut-off) Teledyne Imaging Systems HgCdTe HAWAII 1-RG array to image the coherently combined (Fizeau) focus of the Large Binocular Telescope's twin 8.4-meter primary mirrors generated by the University of Arizona's beam combiner - the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI). The 1024x1024 array will have a pixel scale of 10.9 milliarcsec (mas) per pixel and a field of view of 10"x10". The highest achievable angular resolution will be 26mas (34mas) for 3.6 μm (4.8 μm). LMIRcam will operate in parallel with the Nulling Infrared Camera (NIC), sharing the same Dewar. In addition to a suite of broad and narrow-band filters, LMIRcam will contain grisms for low-resolution spectroscopy, and serve as a test-bed for novel pupil masks to enable high-contrast imaging. The opto-mechanical design, anticipated performance, and a sample of potential science applications are presented. LMIRcam is funded by the National Science Foundation and the University of Virginia.
Proton spectroscopy of brain glutamine in acute liver failure

Evidence indicates that the accumulation of glutamine in the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis and severity of the encephalopathy of acute liver failure (ALF). This study uses in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) to assess brain glutamine (GLN) in five cases of acute liver failure. The findings are consistent with prior investigations and suggest that the alpha 1H of the GLN molecule can be used for noninvasive spectroscopic quantitation of brain GLN in patients with ALF.
Venilator Management and Criical Care Issues Following Cardiothoracic Trauma

Traumatic injury of the cardiac, pulmonary, or vascular systemsmay result in severe critical illness. Not only does the injury itself result in compromise of normal physiology, but initiation of th...
The “Instrumentality” Heuristic: Why Metacognitive Difficulty Is Desirable During Goal Pursuit

The literature overwhelmingly demonstrates that feelings of ease are good and that objects that are easy to process are much liked. We propose, and demonstrate across three experiments, that this is not the case when people are pursuing a goal. This is because people pursuing a goal (e.g., "become kinder") usually invest efforts in whichever means (e.g., donate to a particular charity) they perceive as most instrumental for attaining their goal. Consequently, in their minds there is a correspondence between instrumentality of a means and feelings of effort. This correspondence becomes reversed in people's minds during goal pursuit, and they also come to view an object that is associated with feelings of effort rather than ease as more instrumental for goal attainment and consequently more desirable. When an object is not a means to fulfill an accessible goal, or when goals relating to the means are not accessible, subjective feelings of ease improve evaluation, as found in previous research on ease of processing.
Are software failures chaotic

We report on an experimental investigation of software reliability data. Our hypothesis in this investigation is that software failures are the result of a fundamentally deterministic process, rather than being realizations of a stochastic process as is commonly assumed. Using the techniques of nonlinear time series analysis, we examine three software reliability datasets for the signatures of deterministic, and possibly chaotic, behavior. In these datasets, we have found firm evidence of deterministic behavior, and hints of chaotic behavior. However, the latter are too limited to permit a definitive conclusion about the presence or absence of chaotic behavior.
Pain medication administration in pediatric trauma patients with long bone fractures before emergency department arrival

Study objectives: We review the frequency with which pain medications are given in the field to alert pediatric trauma patients with long bone fractures and no apparent contraindications and determine the time to first pain medication administration in this group after emergency department (ED) arrival. Methods: This was a retrospective medical record review involving all pediatric trauma patients diagnosed at our Level I trauma center with 1 or more long bone fractures from January 1998 through August 2002. All nonintubated patients younger than 16 years and with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 were included in the search. Demographics; allergies; out-of-hospital times, vital signs, and pain medication use; pain scores on ED arrival; and time to first pain medication in the ED were all extracted from the records by a single trained abstracter using a structured data collection form. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data. Results: Of the 1,200 patients in the pediatric trauma registry, 55 met the specified search criteria and were included for evaluation. Four patients were not transported by emergency medical services, and 3 additional patients had incomplete data, necessitating their exclusion from analysis, which left a final sample size of 48 patients. The average age was 9.4 years, and 70% were male patients. All but 1 of the fractures involved the lower extremities. None of the children had a documented allergy to analgesics. The mean shock index was 0.9, with all but 2 patients having normal age-appropriate vital signs. The average transport time from the scene was 14 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI] 10 to 18 minutes). Four of 48 patients (8%; 95% CI 2% to 20%) received pain medications, with all 4 getting morphine. The median pain score on ED arrival on a 5-point scale was 4.5 (range 2 to 5), and the mean time from arrival to first dose of pain medication was 25 minutes (95% CI 18 to 31 minutes). Conclusion: Few pediatric trauma patients who had long bone fractures and were transported to the ED by ambulance were given pain medication in the field, and there was a substantial delay to pain medication after ED arrival. Future research will focus on what occurrence is appropriate, what barriers to adequate pain relief exist, and how to overcome them to improve pain management in the out-of-hospital setting.
A Bacterium's Sense of “Touch”

The sheer number of bacteria living on solid surfaces makes a compelling argument for the existence of surface sensing mechanisms. However, surface sensing abilities have not been widely studied in bacteria, because such abilities are not macroscopically observable in attached organisms with limited mobility. We report experimental evidence that attached Staphylococcus aureus cells recognize the steep gradient near their substrate interface and localize substrate-specific biomolecules toward that region. We present Atomic Force Microscopy-based affinity maps which reflect the cells' biochemical sensory response to the substrate and provide a unique view of regions indicating specific binding activity and bond resilience.
Fast Dynamics of Ionization in Ultraviolet Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization of Biomolecules

The kinetics of guest ion formation in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization was studied for substance P and insulin from 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (9-ACA), and sinapinic acid (SA) matrixes. The results show two very different responses. Although guest ion yields from DHB and SA follow a simple fast exponential decay (with decay times of 4.3 ± 0.7 ns and 4.6 ± 0.8 ns, respectively), the ions from the other two matrixes show extended maxima (at 6.1 ns for CHCA and 3.2 ns for 9-ACA) with only a moderate decline in their yield. Possible explanations for the fast exponential decay include the relaxation of electronically and/or vibrationally excited matrix precursors for DHB and SA. The explanation of extended maxima in the case of 9-ACA and especially CHCA can be based on competition for the protons between matrix and guest species. CHCA has significantly lower proton affinity than SA, thus, resulting in lower deprotonation rates...
Patients With Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease Hospitalized for Acute Respiratory Worsening: A Large Cohort Analysis.

Background Acute respiratory worsening (ARW) requiring hospitalization in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (f-ILD) is common. Little is known about the frequency and implications of ARW in IPF and non-IPF ILD patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation (AE) vs known causes of ARW. Methods All consecutive patients with f-ILD hospitalized with ARW at our institution from 2000 to 2014 were reviewed. ARW was defined as any worsening of respiratory symptoms with new or worsened hypoxemia or hypercapnia within 30 days of admission. Suspected AE was defined using modified 2007 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society criteria. Known causes of ARW were reviewed and collated along with in-hospital and all-cause mortality postdischarge. Results A total of 220 patients (100 with IPF and 120 non-IPF) composed 311 admissions for ARW. Suspected AE (SAE) comprised 52% of ARW admissions, followed by infection (20%), and subacute progression of disease (15%). In-hospital mortality was similar in patients with IPF vs patients without (55 vs 45%, P = .18), but worse in suspected AE admission types (OR, 3.1 [1.9-5.14]). One-year survival after last ARW admission for the whole cohort was 22%, despite only 27% of patients presenting with baseline oxygen requirement at admission and a mean admission Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 5.4 (expected 1-year survival, 89%). Survival after discharge was similar between SAE and secondary ARW admission types in both IPF and non-IPF patients. Conclusions Among patients with f-ILD, hospitalization for ARW appears associated with significant in-hospital and postdischarge mortality regardless of underlying fibrotic lung disease or non-AE cause of acute respiratory decline.
Norms and the Law: Social Norms and Other-Regarding Preferences

Contemporary legal scholars have become keenly interested in behavioral approaches to law that recognize that real people do not always behave in a rationally selfish fashion. For example, numerous recent papers examine how human choice can be distorted by endowment effects, anchoring effects, availability biases, and other cognitive deficiencies. There is a curious imbalance to the modern "behavioral law and economics" literature, however. In brief, critiques of the rational selfishness model tend to focus far more on the first modifier - the assumption of rationality - than on second - the assumption of self interest. This book chapter reverses the emphasis. It argues that the human tendency to act in an other-regarding fashion (that is, to sacrifice to help or harm others) is far more pervasive, powerful, and important than is generally recognized. In support of this claim, the chapter reviews the extensive empirical evidence that has been accumulated over the past four decades on human behavior in social dilemma games, ultimatum games and dictator games. In the right circumstances, experimental subjects routinely behave as if they care about costs and benefits to others. In the parlance of economics, subjects "reveal" other-regarding preferences. Moreover, the decision to act in an other-regarding fashion seems mostly driven not by personal payoffs but by social context - perceptions of what others believe, what others expect, and how others are likely to behave. These empirical findings are important not only to our understanding of individual behavior but also to our understanding of a wide variety of social institutions. To illustrate, the chapter considers how the phenomenon of other-regarding preferences may offer insight into the nature and workings of social norms. In particular, it considers how other-regarding preferences may shed light on a variety of questions that have long troubled the norms literature, including the questions of what sorts of behaviors are most likely to solidify into norms, why people follow norms, and how policymakers and "norm entrepreneurs" can best use norms to change behavior.
Feasibility of using MR enterography for the assessment of terminal ileitis and inflammatory activity in children with Crohn disease.

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:Radiation exposure increases cancer risk in children with Crohn disease (CD). Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) can image the gastrointestinal tract without exposure to radiation. The aim of the present study was to determine whether our MRE protocol could diagno
Economic effects of a reservoir re-operation policy in the Rio Grande/Bravo for integrated human and environmental water management

Abstract Study region The study region is the Big Bend Reach of the Rio Grande/Bravo, from Luis L. Leon reservoir in the Rio Conchos to Amistad reservoir in the Rio Grande/Bravo mainstem. This reach is part of the Rio Grande trans-boundary river basin between United States and Mexico, an area of recognized environmental and socioeconomic significance by both countries. Study focus A central challenge of Integrated Water Resources Management is the design and implementation of policies to allocate water to both humans and the environment in a sustainable manner. This study uses the results from a water-planning model of the Big Bend Reach of the Rio Grande/Bravo to quantify and compare the economic benefits of two water management policies: business as usual (Baseline) policy and a proposed reservoir re-operation policy to provide environmental flows (EFs). New hydrological insights This study determines the economic feasibility of the EF policy. Results show that a proposed Environmental Flow policy would increase irrigated agriculture profit, slightly decrease recreational activities profit, and reduce costs from flood damage and environmental restoration compared to the baseline policy. In addition to supporting ecological objectives, the proposed EF policy would increase the economic benefits of water management objectives.
575. High Content Analysis of CRISPR-Cas9 Gene-Edited Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Gene-edited human cells are important resources for drug target identification, regulatory science, regenerative medicine and basic biology. Recently, use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system drastically cut the time required to produce gene-edited cell lines down to a few months. Targeted gene disruption in a population of human cells followed by selection and next-generation sequencing can identify drug targets, however many of these methods destroy all mutant clones, so a subsequent gene-editing experiment is required to obtain living mutant cells for downstream analysis. Overall, there is a need to increase the speed, multiplexing and precision in generating CRISPR-Cas9 mutants. ArrayEdit, a simple approach utilizing surface-modified multiwell plates containing one-pot transcribed single-guide RNAs (see FigureFigure), separates thousands of edited cell populations for automated, live, high-content imaging and analysis. The approach lowers the time and cost of gene editing and produces edited human embryonic stem cells at high efficiencies. Edited genes can be expressed in both pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells from all three major germ layers. This allows for the real-time observation of mutations causing phenotypic differences that can be measured in in vitro tissues and organoids during culture as opposed to defined end points. The live cell and tissue assays on ArrayEdit are compatible with standard screening platforms and a variety of human cell types, thus permitting robust and sensitive detection of differences in proliferation, differentiation and other downstream effects of gene editing. This preclinical platform adds important capabilities to observe editing and selection in situ within complex structures generated by human cells, ultimately enabling optical and other molecular perturbations in the editing workflow that could refine the specificity and versatility of gene editing.FigureArrayEdit provides a new window into the process of gene editing human cells. Overview of ArrayEdit assembly and key components. Top: Schematic of one-pot PCR and T7 transcription. Bottom: Surface modification to the bottom of multiwell plates generates cell-adhesive µFeatures on a glass bottom. Each µFeature can be tracked over time via high-content imaging and stitched together to form a time-lapse visualization of edited cell phenotypes.View Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Town & Gown: Building Successful University-Community Partnerships

Innovative approaches for building “town and gown” relationships between practicing school nurses, community partners, and universities/colleges are presented through exemplars relating to research, education, policy, and practice. The exemplars demonstrate the critical factors of successful partnerships as validated by their outcomes.
Changes in parenting practices during Parent Management Training Oregon model with parents of children in foster care

Abstract This study examined changes in parenting practices among parents receiving Parent Management Training Oregon model (PMTO). These parents had children in foster care with serious emotional disturbance and were randomized to receive in-home PMTO for up to six months. Using data from the Parent Child Checklist, an observation-based measure administered by therapists after each parent-child session, latent growth curve modeling was conducted with a sample of 318 parents of children, aged 3–16 years old, in foster care. Results showed that overall parenting effectiveness improved and that the change trajectory was best fit by a cubic model (two changes in trajectory). Parenting effectiveness initially increased but was found to turn downward temporarily, then rebounded toward additional improvements. Similarly, three of the six subscales – skill encouragement, positive involvement, and communication/monitoring – demonstrated significant change and a cubic trajectory. In contrast, problem solving and effective discipline subscales showed significant improvement but the trajectory was best fit by a quadratic model, indicating that these parenting practices improved and then leveled off near the end of treatment. The ineffective discipline subscale did not demonstrate significant change. Additionally, parents with high initial scores experienced lower rates of improvement and higher rates of deceleration. However, parents who started with relatively high rates of change were better able to maintain improvements over time. Overall, the results suggested PMTO was associated with increased effective parenting but the trajectory for positive change included both gains and setbacks. Future research is needed to determine whether gains in parenting practices are sustained beyond the treatment period.
Catalytic graphitization in nanocast carbon monoliths by iron, cobalt and nickel nanoparticles

Abstract Hierarchically porous carbon monoliths containing metal (Fe, Co, Ni) nanoparticles were synthesized in a one-pot synthesis through a nanocasting technique using silica (SiO2) as the template. The macropore structure of SiO2 has been replicated in nanocast carbon and N2 adsorption analysis shows that the monoliths have high surface area, high mesopore volume, and that micropores are also present. The temperature effect on catalytic graphitization was studied by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. It is observed that iron was capable of producing turbostratic carbon at 500 °C, while turbostratic carbon was produced at temperatures of 700 °C when cobalt and nickel are present. Iron, cobalt, and nickel were found to be good graphitization catalysts with the order of catalytic activity being iron > cobalt > nickel. Raman spectroscopy experiments provide insight into the degree of ordering of the carbon of each sample and are in agreement with the results from the other techniques: with increasing pyrolysis temperature, with and without the presence of metals, ordering of amorphous carbon is confirmed. Detailed analysis of the Raman spectroscopic data showed clear differences between the metal catalyzed and non-catalyzed samples enabling the contributions from the two different mechanisms to be clearly distinguished.
Miniaturized Al/AgO coin shape and self-powered battery featuring painted paper electrodes for portable applications

Abstract This work presents the development and optimization of a very low cost, miniaturized and lightweight aluminum/silver oxide (Al/AgO) primary battery. The system is implemented on painted paper supported electrodes and it is activated using a small amount of water. The anode contains an improved composite based on aluminum powder. The cathode is made using an electrical conductive silver epoxy ink. The device displays a paper-based core comprising the electrodes and the paper matrix separator, modified with a highly concentrated dry potassium hydroxide salt, inside a flexible laminated plastic structure that provides sturdiness to the system making it safe and portable for the user. The battery turns on by applying 80 μl of water and as a result the system produces a maximum capacity of 0.5 mAh when 1.6 mA cm−2 are applied. The generated electrical power of two batteries in series is then used to power a LED during approximately one hour. Although there is room for improvement, these results allow envisaging the battery as a real commercial portable power source and allow planning potential uses of this energy to power microelectronics demanding low power consumption, such as sensors or wearable electronics.
Ultra high pressure and enhanced multiple injection – potentials for the diesel engine and challenge for the fuel injection system

ABSTRACT Worldwide diesel engines will keep their important role for passenger car power trains and especially for commercial engine applications. In Europe the on-road passenger car and truck standard Euro 6 as well as the off-road Stage 4 emission legislation with conventional combustion technology has resulted in significantly more complex after treatment systems. Engine out emission improvement and further fuel economy benefits have always been the driver for innovations in fuel injection systems as a contribution to diesel combustion improvement. Engine test evaluations have now proven the potential of increased injection pressures in combination with multi injection patterns for heavy duty as well as for passenger car engines. Targeting firstly 2500 bar injection pressure and later for commercial applications 3000 bar injection pressure, DENSO developed the fourth generation solenoid injection system. These high rail pressures are achieved by an optimized pump design and a leakage-free solenoid injector. More accurate and flexible multi injection calibration will be enabled by optimized hydraulic design of the injector and via lifetime be further enhanced by i-ART, DENSO’s closed loop injection control using an in-injector pressure sensor.
Anti-TNF therapies

Monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and soluble receptor complexes comprising the extramembrane portion of the TNF receptor coupled with the Fc portion of the human IgG1 molecule have been utilized as therapies for severe sepsis and septic shock. Over 5000 patients have been entered into clinical studies utilizing these two anti-TNF approaches, but no clear benefit in reducing mortality has been shown with such therapies. Although subgroups of infected patients, such as those with elevations in circulating IL-6, appeared to have improved outcome with anti-TNF therapies, no large study has prospectively confirmed such an effect. As a whole, the results for the anti-TNF clinical trials do not provide strong support for this therapeutic approach in broad groups of critically ill patients with sepsis.
International Labor Relations

In this chapter we address major problems the expansion of international business creates for both the multinational companies (MNCs) and national labor unions. The chapter opens with a discussion on how MNCs divide international industrial decisions between the headquarters and subsidiaries. One of the major issues of international industrial relations is the power and flexibility of the MNCs. Because of the power and flexibility of MNCs, workers are handicapped when dealing with them. Often, national labor unions face a dilemma in negotiating with MNCs because the unions cannot cross national borders, but the MNCs are not restricted to a particular location. This puts labor unions at a disadvantage against the MNCs. Labor unions complain that while they are forced to negotiate with the local subsidiary, the real decision-maker is the headquarters. There is some truth in this contention. While the subsidiary is assigned most operational decision-making for local industrial relations, strategic decisions such as locating a plant and increasing employment levels at various sites are made from headquarters.
Composition and Compensation: Effect on the Value of New Product Introductions: An Abstract

Abnormal returns are assumed to reflect the stock market’s reaction to the arrival of new value-relevant information about the firm (McWilliams and Siegel 1997). Prior research suggests significant heterogeneity in stock market reactions to firms’ new product introductions. The ability of the firm to effectively manage an event (in this case, new product introductions) is a key element that shareholders look for in assessing the value of the event. A critical determinant of the ability of a firm to successfully deal with changes in strategies and new strategic decisions is its governance (Sander and Carpenter 1998). Internal corporate governance mainly consists of the top management team (TMT) rewards, i.e., the compensation provided to the TMT (Gomez-Mejia 1992; Rajagopalan and Finkelstein 1992), and the functionality of members present in the team, i.e., composition of the TMT (Michel and Hambrick 1992; Wiersema and Bantel 1992). This article explores the role of two firm-specific factors in the stock market reaction to new product introductions: (a) the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compared to the compensation of other TMT members (i.e., the ratio of total compensation of the CEO to the total compensation of average of other TMT members) and (b) the composition of the TMT, particularly, whether the TMT includes a Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) or not.
I Am Not a Gobi Girl! Observations on Cultural Similarities and Differences Based on Four Years of Fulbright Fellowships in Poland, Latvia, and Outer Mongolia

Both genes and environment shape our personalities. During my Fulbright fellowships to Poland (1989–91), Latvia (1997–98) and Outer Mongolia (2003) I saw many significant similarities among residents of these former Soviet countries, including residual Soviet-era sloth, bureaucracy gone berserk, a rejection of all things Soviet, a certain hierarchy of needs, urban-rural class distinctions, comfortable sexuality, and an avid interest in all things western, including capitalist consumerism. I also saw the unique characteristics of Poles, Latvians, and Mongolians, especially involving social relationships, recovered traditions, religion, and the dead. Drawing primarily on my own journals and my own published works, I examine the likes and differences of three nationalities which spent half of the twentieth century as comrade workers of the world.
Abstract PD1-12: Omics profiling of CDK4/6 inhibitors reveals functionally important secondary targets of abemaciclib

The recent introduction of small molecule inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 to the clinic has improved the treatment of hormone receptor positive breast cancer, and shown promise in other malignancies. The three clinically used CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, are reported to be broadly similar although recent data suggest that abemaciclib has distinct single-agent activity in patients and a unique adverse effects profile. Key questions are: How do these drugs differ at the molecular level? Should such differences inform their use in the clinic? Can these three agents be used interchangeably or should patient stratification differ between them? We use molecular and functional profiling by mRNA sequencing, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and GR-based dose-response assays to obtain complementary views of the mechanisms of action of CDK4/6 inhibitors. We show that abemaciclib, but not ribociclib or palbociclib, is a potent inhibitor of kinases other than CDK4/6, including CDK1/Cyclin B, which appears to cause arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, and CDK2/Cyclin E/A, which is implicated in resistance to palbociclib. We show that inhibition of these additional targets is accessible in a xenograft model. Whereas ribociclib and palbociclib induce cytostasis, and cells adapt to these drugs within 2-3 days of exposure, abemaciclib induces cell death and durably blocks cell proliferation. Abemaciclib is active even in retinoblastoma protein (pRb)-deficient cells in which CDK4/6 inhibition by palbociclib or ribociclib is completely ineffective. The degree of polypharmacology of small molecule drugs is increasingly viewed as an important consideration in their design, with implications for efficacy, toxicity, and acquired resistance. In the case of CDK4/6 inhibitors, we propose that abemaciclib polypharmacology elicits unique molecular responses. More generally, we propose that multi-omic approaches are required to fully elucidate the spectrum of targets relevant to drug action in tumor cells. We expect such understanding to assist in stratifying patient populations and ordering sequential therapies when resistance arises. Citation Format: Mills CE, Hafner M, Subramanian K, Chen C, Chung M, Boswell SA, Everley RA, Walmsley CS, Juric D, Sorger PK. Omics profiling of CDK4/6 inhibitors reveals functionally important secondary targets of abemaciclib [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD1-12.
Survey of cellular immune responses to human cytomegalovirus infection in the microenvironment of the uterine-placental interface.

Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a leading cause of birth defects, yet there are no established treatments for preventing maternal–fetal transmission. During first trimester, HCMV replicates in basal decidua that functions as a reservoir for virus and source of transmission to the attached placenta and fetal hemiallograft but also contains immune cells, including natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cell subsets, that respond to pathogens, protecting the placenta and fetus. However, the specific cellular and cytokine responses to infection are unknown, nor are the immune correlates of protection that guide development of therapeutic strategies. Here we survey immune cell phenotypes in intact explants of basal decidua infected with a clinical pathogenic HCMV strain ex vivo and identify specific changes occurring in response to infection in the tissue environment. Using 4-color immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that at 3 days postinfection, virus replicates in decidual stromal cells and epithelial cells of endometrial glands. Infected cells and effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM) in contact with them make IFN-γ. CD8+ TEM cells produce granulysin and cluster at sites of infection in decidua and the epithelium of endometrial glands. Quantification indicated expansion of two immune cell subtypes—CD8+ TEM cells and, to a lesser extent, iNKT cells. Approximately 20% of immune cells were found in pairs in both control and infected decidua, suggesting frequent cross-talk in the microenvironment of decidua. Our findings indicate a complex immune microenvironment in basal decidua and suggest CD8+ TEM cells play a role in early responses to decidual infection in seropositive women.
Quality of Oral Anticoagulation Management in Pharmacist Vs Nurse Managed Models of Care

Abstract Systematic models of anticoagulation management result in better clinical outcomes than routine medical care. At the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center (UIMCC) systematic anticoagulation management is provided via 2 models of care: a pharmacist managed antithrombosis clinic (PMATC) and a nurse managed anticoagulation clinic (NMAC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of oral anticoagulation management in these two models of care by assessing efficacy, safety, monitoring and resource utilization outcomes. A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted between January 2005 and April 2007. A total of 200 patients, 100 in each group, were randomly selected and contributed 179.3 and 206.8 patient-years of therapy for the PMATC and NMAC respectively (p 60% of the time in therapeutic INR range had a lower median number of missed clinic monitoring appointments and a lower median number of deviations from the prescribed warfarin dose as compared to patients who spent
Multi-Objective Optimization of PV/Wind/ESS Hybrid Microgrid System Considering Reliability and Cost Indices

Recently, power system planers are moving toward sustainable sources of energy like solar and wind. However, some technical issues such as intermittent behavior of Renewable Energy Source (RES) and its reliability should be taken into account. In this paper, a hybrid PV/Wind system combined with hydrogen ESS system is compared to one with battery storage. Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) is employed to size system components in order to supply the load of an autonomous microgrid considering cost and reliability indices. In this problem, photovoltaic arrays and wind turbines are subject to failure. Moreover, to increase the accuracy of calculation, the annual load, wind, and solar profiles from NREL (Illinois, USA) are applied to the optimization problem. A comprehensive cost function is defined to cover the capital, replacement, operation and maintenance costs as well as the number of replacements and interest rate during the project period (20 years). To increase the reliability of a stand-alone system as well as customer's satisfaction three reliability indices i.e., Loss of Energy Expected (LOEE), Loss of Load Expected (LOLE), and Equivalent Loss Factor (ELF) are taken into account. Results reveal that the proposed method can find the best configuration for both fuel cell/ battery based ESS system with the highest reliability and the lowest cost.
Food Safety on the Farm: Good Agricultural Practices and Good Handling Practices – Sanitary Facilities

The Food Safety on the Farm series is a collection that reviews the generally recognized principles of GAPs (good agricultural practices) as they relate to produce, primarily at the farm level and with a particular focus on fresh Florida crops and practices. This publication focuses on GAPs and GHPs (good handling practices) relating specifically to sanitary facilities. Written by Jessica A. Lepper, Aswathy Sreedharan, Renee M. Goodrich-Schneider, and Keith R. Schneider and published by the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs159
Clinical Reasoning: A 59-year-old woman with multiple myeloma and lower extremity weakness and numbness

A 59-year-old woman with a history of stage 3 immunoglobulin G (IgG) lambda multiple myeloma (MM) on treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasone, chronic lower back pain, and chronic but improving bilateral lower extremity weakness and numbness presented with 2 to 3 weeks of worsening lower extremity weakness and numbness. Prior to presentation, the patient had been hospitalized for sepsis and cardiac arrest. Weakness affected the left lower extremity before progressing to the right lower extremity, whereas numbness was present in both feet. There was no bowel or bladder incontinence, saddle anesthesia, preceding trauma, or history of radiation therapy. The bilateral lower extremity weakness and numbness resulted in gait impairment and falls, which prompted admission for further investigation. Notably, bortezomib had been started 4 months prior to presentation.
UV-Ozone Oxide Treatment for Improved Surface Passivation

Surface passivation is a key process to achieve high-efficiency in silicon solar cells. In this paper we applied UV-ozone treatment to achieve high-quality passivation on both planar and textured, n-type and p-type wafers.
The Hebrew Bible and the ‘Animal Turn’:

Animal Studies refers to a set of questions which take seriously the reality of animal lives, past and present, and the ways in which human societies have conceived of those lives, related to them,...
Evaluating Patients' and Neonatologists' Satisfaction With the Use of Telemedicine for Neonatology Prenatal Consultations During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine plays a critical role in providing safe, effective healthcare services, while reinforcing social distancing and optimizing the use of personal protective equipment. In this context, the Oklahoma Children's Hospital implemented virtual neonatology prenatal visits for pregnant women with a diagnosis of fetal anomalies. While tele-consultations have been broadly used with a high degree of acceptance in rural and remote areas, satisfaction has not been assessed in this particular scenario, where patients and physicians discussing sensitive healthcare information had to rapidly adjust to this new modality. Objectives: To evaluate patients' and neonatologists' satisfaction with virtual prenatal consultations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare satisfaction levels of patients receiving virtual consultation with those receiving in-person consults. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated patients' and neonatologists' satisfaction with virtual consultations. Participants included pregnant women with diagnosis of fetal anomalies who received neonatology prenatal consultations at Oklahoma Children's Hospital, either in-person or through telemedicine, from May to mid-November 2020, and neonatologists providing virtual prenatal consultations in the same period. Virtual visits were delivered via Zoom Pro™. Patients and physicians who agreed to participate rated acceptability completing an anonymous 5-point Likert scale survey. Item frequencies and means for categories of items were computed by group (video-consult patients, in-person patients, physicians) and analyzed, using Welch's t for unequal sample size. Results: Overall consultation quality was rated good or excellent by 35 (100%) video-consult patients and 12 (100%) in-person patients. Patient group means computed on six 5-point Likert items about patient-physician communication did not differ significantly, video-consult: M = 28.71 (2.22); in-person consult: M = 28.92 (1.78) (p = 0.753263). All eight physicians (100%) agreed or strongly agreed that telemedicine was effective, using a 5-point Likert scale, and their combined consultation quality score computed on 10 survey questions was high: M = 46.4 (3.11). Conclusion: Despite patient inexperience with tele-consultations, the quick implementation of telemedicine, and the sensitive reason for the visit, patients and physicians were highly satisfied with virtual visits. Telemedicine is a safe, effective alternative for providing neonatology prenatal consultations for pregnant women with diagnosis of fetal anomalies during the pandemic.
“IN ORDER TO STUDY CONCHOLOGY”: ANDREW GARRETT (1823–1887) AND HIS 1859 EXPEDITION TO THE KINGSMILL ISLANDS (KIRIBATI)

Andrew Garrett, a self-taught naturalist and artist best known for his work as a conchologist and ichthyologist, spent his entire adult life documenting the flora and fauna of the Pacific Islands. Although he focused primarily on molluscs and fishes, he collected and described many other organisms, both marine and terrestrial. He also made hundreds of watercolor drawings, primarily of fishes but also molluscs and other marine invertebrates, most of which have never been published. Although he produced a number of publications on his own, his greatest legacy lies in documenting the rich faunas of these islands, which have since suffered high rates of extinction, and in making vast amounts of zoological specimens available to others who later published on his material, describing countless numbers of new species.