cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airgap analysis of floating structures: first- and second-order transfer functions from system identification

Abstract System identification is used in a detailed comparison of model test data and numerical diffraction results. ‘Optimal’ quadratic transfer functions based on system identification of measured data are compared with those resulting from WAMIT hydrodynamic analysis and those from Stokes theory in order to understand the implications of a previously proposed ‘Stokes substitution’, which applies a hybrid of second-order transfer functions resulting from hydrodynamic diffraction and those resulting from Stokes wave theory. The goodness-of-fit of a second-order model, i.e. fraction of power explained through a second-order system identification, is examined to assess the possibility that a higher-order model may be needed. The results of the system identification suggest that (a) the Stokes substitution is reasonable and (b) quadratic transfer functions at high frequencies resulting from WAMIT analysis are not reasonable.
Recombination‐deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium are avirulent and sensitive to the oxidative burst of macrophages

Summary Mutations in the genes recA and recBC were constructed in the virulent Salmonella typhimurium strain 14028s. Both the recA and recBC mutants were attenuated in mice. The mutants were also sensitive to killing by macrophages in vitro. The recombination mutants were no longer macrophage sensitive in a variant line of J774 macrophage-like cells that fail to generate superoxide. This suggests that repair of DNA damage by Salmonella is necessary for full virulence in vivo and that the oxidative burst of phagocytes is one source of such DNA damage.
A FACTOR FOR YELLOW-GREEN CHLOROPHYLL COLOR IN MAIZE AND ITS LINKAGE RELATIONS

Page 503, table 3, heading, for " YgWx " read " Yg—Wx . Page 504, chromosome map, for " gy " read " yg ." Page 511, table 10, under progeny number, last figure, for "4993" read "4493
Management of Pain in the Emergency Department

Since pain is a primary impetus for patient presentation to the Emergency Department (ED), its treatment should be a priority for acute care providers. Historically, the ED has been marked by shortcomings in both the evaluation and amelioration of pain. Over the past decade, improvements in the science of pain assessment and management have combined to facilitate care improvements in the ED. The purpose of this review is to address selected topics within the realm of ED pain management. Commencing with general principles and definitions, the review continues with an assessment of areas of controversy and advancing knowledge in acute pain care. Some barriers to optimal pain care are discussed, and potential mechanisms to overcome these barriers are offered. While the review is not intended as a resource for specific pain conditions or drug information, selected agents and approaches are mentioned with respect to evolving evidence and areas for future research.
Time-Serial Substitution Effects of Absence Control on Employee Time-Use

A 6-year study tracked the effects of a group-level absence control program within a Midwestern urban bus company. By modeling employee time-use options systemically, effects were examined graphically with daily precision. Short-term nonlegitimate absence decreased and time worked increased, but unintended substitution effects occurred as employees discovered legitimate ways to exploit absence and time scheduled off. Propositions for future research and methodological insights are noted.
Pay for performance: a work in progress.

Any time money changes hands in health care, perverse consequences can result. This fact of financial life applies to the entire spectrum of payment options, including the 2 methodologies that define its extremes: fee for service potentially rewards clinicians for doing more than patients need, whereas capitation potentially rewards them for doing less. Pay for performance is an intermediate payment approach with some attractive features, but it carries its own set of potential problems. In the absence of any perfect payment model, the challenge for leaders in health care is to understand the risks of various payment methods and consider how to mitigate them. Article see p 2978 This challenge has never been timelier. Interest in changing the payment system is approaching commitment because of the combination of rising healthcare costs, a historic economic downturn, and growing concern about the high proportion of Americans who are uninsured or underinsured. Pay for performance is widely considered a step in the right direction for the fragmented US healthcare system because it introduces incentives to clinicians and hospitals for more than the performance of visits, tests, and procedures. In its more rudimentary forms, pay for performance provides small (eg, 1% to 2%) bonuses for reduction of errors of underuse (eg, failure to measure low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with diabetes mellitus) in their patient population. Just asking providers to worry about a population rather than just the individual patients who present with acute complaints is a subtle game-changer for American medicine. But pay for performance has limitations and raises concerns. At least in its early forms, it doesn’t seem to produce dramatic change. For example, hospitals that participated in a pay for performance demonstration project funded by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services had 3% to 4% improvements in composite measures …
Innovation and the international diffusion of environmentally responsive technology

Abstract New evidence is presented on environmental innovation and diffusion over the 1970s and 1980s. At a global level, a substantial amount of innovations occurred. In the United States, Japan, and Germany, the share of environmental patents in all patents varied between 0.6 and 3%, and as such was higher than the corresponding share of pollution abatement expenditure in GDP. Japanese environmental innovation rates were consistently high. Certain plausible connections between environmental regulation and innovation also emerge. Across these three countries and over time, innovation responded to pollution abatement expenditure, an indicator of the severity of environmental regulations. Environmental patenting rates in developing countries were also high, reaching 2% in many years in Brazil. Developing country innovators obtained a non-trivial number of patents, most of which appear geared towards adapting imported technologies to local conditions. However, domestic innovation was only one path to new technologies. ‘Imports’ of disembodied environmental technologies (foreign patents registered in developing countries) were substantial. Foreign patents were typically ‘important’ or generic patents; evidence also suggests that such patents protected intellectual property in equipment exported. Developing countries, especially in East Asia, often chose to obtain technologies embodied in pollution abatement equipment.
Fretting wear volume and wear coefficient at the dimple/gimbal interface of a hard disk drive suspension

The effect of normal load on fretting wear of the dimple---gimbal interface in a hard disk drive suspension is investigated experimentally. The wear volume, the wear coefficient and the friction loop are studied as a function of the number of fretting wear cycles. The wear volume of the dimple is calculated based on wear scar measurements using a scanning electron microscope. The wear coefficient is calculated using Archard's wear equation. It is found that the wear coefficient decreases with an increase in the number of fretting wear cycles. The wear volume calculation is validated theoretically.
Effect of Pantothenic Acid on the Longevity of Mice

Summary1) Thirty-three young male and female C-57 black mice were given approximately 300 μg of calcium pantothenate daily in drinking water. Forty-one control mice did not receive the vitamin supplement. 2) The mean life span for the mice given supplementary calcium pantothenate was 653.1 days and that for the control mice was 549.8 days. The statistical difference between the 2 groups is P = 0.05 (T test) 0.01 (U test). 3) The mice which received the vitamin supplement maintained slightly greater body weight after they were approximately 250 days old.
Factors Associated With High Resource Utilization in Pediatric Skin and Soft Tissue Infection Hospitalizations

Objective: To describe factors associated with prolonged lengths of stay (LOS) and increased charges for pediatric skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) hospitalizations. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional analysis of pediatric SSTI hospital discharges in 2009 within the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’ Inpatient Database. Outcomes were prolonged LOS (>75th percentile) and increased hospital charges (>75th percentile). Multivariate logistic regression controlling for patient and hospital level factors was conducted for 2009 data to assess associations among variables. Results: The 75th percentile for LOS was 3 days. Infants had higher odds of prolonged LOS than other age groups ( 75th percentile compared with the age category 75th percentile compared with white subjects (black subjects: 1.38 [95% CI: 1.17–1.62]; Hispanic subjects: 1.90 [95% CI: 1.59–2.26]; and other races: 1.26 [95% CI: 1.06–1.50]). Conclusions: Vulnerable populations, including infants, racial/ethnic minorities, and publicly insured children, had higher odds of increased resource utilization during hospitalizations for SSTIs. The findings of this study provide potential targets for future preventive and public health interventions.
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Ivies (Hedera spp., Araliaceae), a Polyploid Complex of Woody Vines

Ivy ( Hedera spp., Araliaceae) is a polyploid complex of woody vines. Native to Eurasia and northern Africa, ivy is cultivated worldwide and has become an aggressive invader of North American forests. Despite its ecological impacts and economic significance to the horticultural industry, the taxonomy of Hedera is controversial and historical relationships are poorly defined. Here we characterize the phylogeny of Hedera based on the low-copy nuclear locus Granule-bound starch synthase I ( GBSSI ) and twelve non-coding cpDNA regions. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of both data sets identified Hedera as monophyletic. For GBSSI , we isolated eighteen haplotypes that were widely shared across species. There was no evidence of fixed heterozygosity or haplotype additivity in polyploids, suggesting pos- sible autopolyploid origins. For cpDNA, we isolated sixteen haplotypes that were highly structured by geography. Haplotype diversity and phylogenetic structure were greatest in northern Africa and southern Europe. Thus, while most members of the Araliaceae reside in tropi- cal and subtropical Asia, the early diversification of Hedera probably occurred in the Mediterranean Basin. Geographically-structured clades included diploid and polyploid species, suggesting that genome duplication has occurred repeatedly in the genus. Closely-related ivies often differed in leaf size and trichome morphology, indicating evolutionary lability of traits traditionally used for classification. Nonetheless, we recovered similar or identical DNA sequences within morphologically-defined species. Notable exceptions included southern populations of H. helix ( H. helix subsp. caucasigena and H. helix subsp. rhizomatifera ) that had cpDNA haplotypes distinct from those of central and northern Europe ( H. helix subsp. helix ).
Shallow Great Lake–Scale Atmospheric Thermal Circulation Imaged by Synthetic Aperture Radar

Abstract Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has proven to be a useful tool for observing a wide variety of oceanographic and atmospheric phenomena. This is because capillary waves whose amplitudes are modulated in space and time by oceanic and atmospheric processes are efficient scatterers at SAR wavelengths. In this paper, a SAR image of Lake Michigan taken during the Lake-Induced Convection Experiment is analyzed. The image shows three broad parallel bands identifiable as the components of a shallow, Great Lake–induced thermal circulation:two bands associated with opposing land-breeze circulations, and a middle band containing the signature of boundary layer convection. A cross-frontal cut shows that the width of the two land-breeze fronts varies in a manner consistent with previously reported observations of land and sea breezes superimposed on synoptic flows. The SAR image analysis in conjunction with a mesoscale analysis of a Great Lake–scale convection pattern substantially increases the available knowl...
A Public-Private Approach to Public Safety Communications: The best way to make rapid and affordable progress in implementing the government's FirstNet plan is to start by taking advantage of the existing commercial infrastructure.

After the tragic bombing at the Boston marathon, Boston’s cellular networks instantly filled with calls. One company spokeswoman had to publicly plead with its customers “to use text or email to free up voice capacity for public safety officials at the scene." In other words, this nation allocates resources that are critical for emergency response through use of plaintive press releases. U.S. public safety agencies do have the alternative of using their own communications systems, although most of today’s public safety systems are based on pre-Internet, pre-cellular technology that does not meet the needs or expectations of today’s emergency responders.
AlGaSb/InAs Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor With On-Current of 78 $\mu\hbox{A}/\mu\hbox{m}$ at 0.5 V

Record high on-current of 78 μA/ μm in a tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is achieved at 0.5 V at room temperature. The TFET employs a staggered AlGaSb/InAs heterojunction with the tunneling direction oriented in-line with the gate field. The measured results are consistent with numerical simulation of the device structure. Simulations of optimized structures suggest that switching speed comparable to that of the MOSFET should be achievable with improvements in the source and drain resistances.
Functional outcome after open reduction internal fixation of intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus in the elderly.

Objective: We conducted a study to evaluate the functional outcomes of elderly patients after open reduction internal fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures. Design: Retrospective clinical and radiographic evaluation. Setting: A Level I trauma and tertiary referral center. Patients/Participants: We identified 23 eligible patients aged older than 65 years from the center's orthopaedic trauma registry between 1997 and 2005. Fourteen patients were available for follow-up. We had a mean follow-up of 51 months with a range of 20 to 99 months. Intervention: All enrolled patients were acutely treated with open reduction internal fixation of their distal humerus. Main Outcome Measurements: All enrolled patients were contacted and evaluated radiographically and with physical examination. Functional outcome was assessed with the Mayo Elbow Performance, Disabilities of Arm and Shoulder and Hand, and Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment functional questionnaires. Results: All 14 fractures united. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance score was 83. The mean elbow flexion-extension arc was 20° to 120°. There was no significant loss of forearm pronation-supination (P > 0.05) or grip strength (32.6 versus 34.0 lbs, P > 0.05) compared with the contralateral arm. The mean Disabilities of Arm and Shoulder and Hand score was 37.6. Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment scores demonstrated disability with a mean total score of 33.4 (normative 9.3), hand score of 34.7 (normative 3.7), and self-care score of 31.8 (normative 1.7). One patient required reoperation for a disabling flexion contracture. Conclusions: Intra-articular distal humerus fractures are severely disabling injuries, particularly in the elderly population. Good results can be achieved with stable fixation and fracture union. Despite reasonable range of motion, patient-directed questionnaires revealed persistent pain and functional limitations.
Nuclear architecture and patterns of molecular evolution are correlated in the ciliate Chilodonella uncinata

The relationship between nuclear architecture and patterns of molecular evolution in lineages across the eukaryotic tree of life is not well understood, partly because molecular evolution is traditionally explored as changes in base pairs along a linear sequence without considering the context of nuclear position of chromosomes. The ciliate Chilodonella uncinata is an ideal system to address the relationship between nuclear architecture and patterns of molecular evolution as the somatic macronucleus of this ciliate is composed of a peripheral DNA-rich area (orthomere) and a DNA-poor central region (paramere) to form a "heteromeric" macronucleus. Moreover, because the somatic chromosomes of C. uncinata are highly processed into "gene-sized" chromosomes (i.e., nanochromosomes), we can assess fine-scale relationships between location and sequence evolution. By combining fluorescence microscopy and analyses of transcriptome data from C. uncinata, we find that highly expressed genes have the greatest codon usage bias and are enriched in DNA-poor regions. In contrast, genes with less biased sequences tend to be concentrated in DNA abundant areas, at least during vegetative growth. Our analyses are consistent with recent work in plants and animals where nuclear architecture plays a role in gene expression. At the same time, the unusual localization of nanochromosomes suggests that the highly structured nucleus in C. uncinata may create a "gene bank" that facilitates rapid changes in expression of genes required only in specific life history stages. By using "nonmodel" organisms like C. uncinata, we can explore the universality of eukaryotic features while also providing examples of novel properties (i.e., the presence of a gene bank) that build from these features.
Research of fault lateral enclose of buried hill Chegu 20 in Shengli oil field

There are three patterns of lateral enclose for the faults of buried hill Chegu 20: sealed by lithology joint, sealed by shale-smear and sealed by high displacement pressure in fault zone. By the evaluation of the lateral sealing we believe taht most of the interior faults in the intervals of the main oil formation in the buried hill are open. The connectivity of the oil formations in the buried hill Chegu 20 is fine, and the oil accumulation can be described as stratification and large area.
Current trends in biomedical ethics in the United States of America

In the United States, contemporary biomedical ethics began to develop in the 1960s, together with the advent of major advances in basic research and clinical application and the establishment of health care entitlement programs. Problems of a moral nature promptly arose in the fields of biology and medicine that have generated ongoing debate. Today, the five topics of greatest importance are the rights and autonomy of the patient, the meaning of the "sanctity of life" as opposed to the "quality of life," interventions in nature, the allocation of resources, and the function of the public in decision-making about health. Ethics committees have been set up in 60% of hospitals to examine the most difficult problems and provide pertinent advice. Another trend that may be very significant in the future is a politicization of bioethical questions and a division into factions that will introduce political rhetoric into the field of medicine.
The Anti-Trumps: In Their Own Words

On “Super Tuesday” March 1, 2016, Donald Trump solidified his lead as the GOP frontrunner by seizing 8 of the 12 States that were up for grabs that day. He did so even though he had insulted every fellow Republican who has criticized him, the nation of Mexico, the entirety of the Muslim world and even Pope Francis: the undisputed sovereign of Christianity (albeit very carefully). Trump’s comments were consistently tinged with racism and intolerance; and these veiled epithets garnered the support of such disparate figures as Vladimir Putin and David Duke. Conventional wisdom would dictate that his political aspirations should have been derailed long ago. But his constant vitriol only served to increase his support among a large plurality of the electorate who felt increasingly disenfranchised by the policies of their government both domestically and abroad. Beginning with Trump’s announcement that he would run for the presidency in June, 2015, the mainstream media became fascinated by the collective psyche and enthusiasm of Trump supporters. There were Anti-Trumps all the while but they did not demonstrate nearly as much overt enthusiasm in their efforts to derail his candidacy. They just figured that Trump’s ideas were so outrageous that he would derail himself. But with Trump’s decisive victories on March 1, which now looks like a significant turning point, the entire dynamic of the presidential race phased into an entirely new dynamic. The media spotlight, which had previously shone mainly on Trump and his supporters, was about to be shared with a widely disparate group of oppositionists who shared one common goal: Stop Trump! And strange bedfellows they became.
Inhibitors of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway: a patent review (2008-2015)

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a critical signaling pathway and plays a diverse role in embryonic pattern formation and is implicated in a variety of disease processes, including anemia, bone formation, atherosclerosis, skin diseases, and cancers, among others.Areas covered: This review covers small molecule inhibitors/antagonists of BMP in patent applications between 2008 – 2015, along with brief synopses of the disclosed inhibitors in the primary literature.Expert opinion: The development of potent and selective BMP inhibitors is ongoing with most of the work centered around improving the selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile. Early work was for the treatment of the rare and neglected disease, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Recently, however, there has been increased interest in their use in a number of other diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and anemia of chronic disease, to name a few. Although the primary participants in the early work were from ...
Emergency Radionuclide Imaging of the Thorax and Abdomen

Nuclear medicine (NM) utilizes a variety of unsealed radioactive compounds, known as radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers. Given in small (tracer) quantities, radiopharmaceuticals typically consist of two components: a radionuclide (also known as a radioisotope) and a molecular or cellular carrier; the latter determines the biologic distribution upon administration to a patient. The most common routes of administration in clinical practice are intravenous (IV) and oral.
PMU-based monitoring of power system stability incorporating load and voltage dynamics

The availability of high-resolution, synchronized measurements from phasor measurement units (PMUs) presents an opportunity to develop advanced analytical techniques for evaluation of power system dynamic performance?? This paper proposes a PMU-based technique for online monitoring of power system stability. The algorithm of Maximum Lyapunov Exponent (MLE) is used to determine if a power system swing leads to instability. Advanced models are applied to consider the frequency dynamics of the loads and voltage dynamics of the generators. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques is illustrated on a 179-bus system model. The results show that the MLE technique predicts system stability in real-time. It is also illustrated that, with the extended models, the accuracy for stability prediction is further improved.
Impact of the errors in the PMU response on synchrophasor-based fault location algorithms

Over the past decades, many synchrophasor applications have been developed but the performance under various PMU errors has not been explored and is unknown for most applications. This paper discusses the impact of PMU measurement errors and limitations originated from hardware implementation of various phasor estimation algorithms on the accuracy of the synchrophasor-based fault location application, in particular on the fault location algorithm that uses synchronized phasors at both line terminals. The application test procedure is implemented on a simple two-bus system modeled in ATP-EMTP with different types of fault scenarios simulated and various real PMUs exposed to the fault signals through hardware-in-the-loop testing. Results acquired from such evaluations provide invaluable knowledge about limitations and vulnerabilities of synchrophasor end-use applications.
Sleep Regulation, Physiology and Development, Sleep Duration and Patterns, and Sleep Hygiene in Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool-Age Children.

Sleep problems are common, reported by a quarter of parents with children under the age of 5 years, and have been associated with poor behavior, worse school performance, and obesity, in addition to negative secondary effects on maternal and family well-being. Yet, it has been shown that pediatricians do not adequately address sleep in routine well-child visits, and underdiagnose sleep issues. Pediatricians receive little formal training in medical school or in residency regarding sleep medicine. An understanding of the physiology of sleep is critical to a pediatrician׳s ability to effectively and confidently counsel patients about sleep. The biological rhythm of sleep and waking is regulated through both circadian and homeostatic processes. Sleep also has an internal rhythmic organization, or sleep architecture, which includes sleep cycles of REM and NREM sleep. Arousal and sleep (REM and NREM) are active and complex neurophysiologic processes, involving both neural pathway activation and suppression. These physiologic processes change over the life course, especially in the first 5 years. Adequate sleep is often difficult to achieve, yet is considered very important to optimal daily function and behavior in children; thus, understanding optimal sleep duration and patterns is critical for pediatricians. There is little experimental evidence that guides sleep recommendations, rather normative data and expert recommendations. Effective counseling on child sleep must account for the child and parent factors (child temperament, parent–child interaction, and parental affect) and the environmental factors (cultural, geographic, and home environment, especially media exposure) that influence sleep. To promote health and to prevent and manage sleep problems, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that parents start promoting good sleep hygiene, with a sleep-promoting environment and a bedtime routine in infancy, and throughout childhood. Thus, counseling families on sleep requires an understanding of sleep regulation, physiology, developmental patterns, optimal sleep duration recommendations, and the many factors that influence sleep and sleep hygiene.
Ultracompact Position-Controlled InP Nanopillar LEDs on Silicon with Bright Electroluminescence at Telecommunication Wavelengths

Highly compact III–V compound semiconductor active nanophotonic devices integrated with silicon are important for future low power optical interconnects. One approach toward realizing heterogeneous integration and miniaturization of photonic devices is through nanowires/nanopillars grown directly on silicon substrates. However, to realize their full potential, the integration of nanowires/nanopillars with silicon-based electronics must be made scalable via precise control of nanopillar site and dimensions. Here we demonstrate the first electrical-pumped InGaAs/InP multiquantum-well (MQW) light emitting diodes (LED) using nanopillar array directly grown on a Si substrate with site control, with current conduction directly through the silicon. The growth is via catalyst-free, low-temperature metal organic chemical vapor deposition, which is CMOS compatible. We report excellent optical properties including long minority carrier lifetimes and room-temperature lasing under optical pumping. InGaAs/InP quantum w...
Effect of Ball Milling Time on Microstructure and Hardness of Porous Magnesium/Carbon Nanofiber Composites

Porous magnesium/carbon nanofiber composites were produced using a powder metallurgic method to study the effect of ball milling time on their microstructure and hardness. Three ball milling times (240 min, 320 min, and 480 min) and two carbon nanofiber concentrations (0.05% and 1%) were utilized in the production of these porous composites. The increase of ball milling time led to the gradual decrease of the average size of magnesium powders from the initial 40 µm to about 26 µm after 480 min of ball milling. The powder size range first increased with the increase of ball milling time from 240 min to 320 min, and then decreased with the further increase of ball milling time to 480 min. Among the three ball milling times, the produced porous composites from the powders after 320 min of ball milling have the largest average pore size. With the increase of ball milling time from 240 min to 320 min and then to 480 min, the average Vickers microhardness data first decreased and then increased for Mg-1%C porous composites along the cross-sections parallel to the compact processing direction, increased for the cross-sections perpendicular to the compact processing direction for Mg-1%C porous composites, first increased and then decreased for the cross-sections parallel to the compact processing direction for Mg-0.05%C porous composites, and slightly decreased for the cross-sections perpendicular to the compact processing direction for Mg-0.05%C porous composites.
Automated transplantation and differential testing for clones

Code clones are common in software. When applying similar edits to clones, developers often find it difficult to examine the runtime behavior of clones. The problem is exacerbated when some clones are tested, while their counterparts are not. To reuse tests for similar but not identical clones, Grafter transplants one clone to its counterpart by (1) identifying variations in identifier names, types, and method call targets, (2) resolving compilation errors caused by such variations through code transformation, and (3) inserting stub code to transfer input data and intermediate output values for examination. To help developers examine behavioral differences between clones, Grafter supports fine-grained differential testing at both the test outcome level and the intermediate program state level. In our evaluation on three open source projects, Grafter successfully reuses tests in 94% of clone pairs without inducing build errors, demonstrating its automated code transplantation capability. To examine the robustness of G RAFTER, we systematically inject faults using a mutation testing tool, Major, and detect behavioral differences induced by seeded faults. Compared with a static cloning bug finder, Grafter detects 31% more mutants using the test-level comparison and almost 2X more using the state-level comparison. This result indicates that Grafter should effectively complement static cloning bug finders.
Die Stacking Is Happening

After two decades of research effort, fine-pitched 3D integrated circuits are finally appearing in a growing range of industry products that leverage the benefits of high-bandwidth, high-density circuit integration. This article reflects on the historical development of these 3D technologies, their unique benefits over alternate 3D packaging methods, and the recent industry and research trends in 3D memories and 2.5D integration. Although die stacking is now happening, many potential benefits offered by these technologies remain to be explored, providing an opportunity for researchers and developers to solve these remaining challenges in architecture, methodology, and business.
Two Cases of Brief Therapy in an HMO

More than 100 million Americans are now covered by HMOs and other forms of managed care such as IPAs, PPOs, EAPs, student health ser-vices, and armed forces psychiatric services (Austad & Berman, 1991; Bennett, 1988; Boaz, 1988; Feldman & Fitzpatrick, 1992; Goldman, 1988; Zimet, 1989).1 Although there are important differences within and between these different approaches to regulating the costs, utilization, and/or site of services, psychotherapy provision arrangements in man-aged health care settings all have as their ideal the principle of optimal use of time and resources. Brief therapy is the backbone of these approaches, the way to provide some services to many rather than many services to a privileged few. Therapists working within HMOs and other managed care settings know the challenge of our Sullivanian epigram through dally experience.
Microcomputer Based Ultrasonic Imaging

This report discusses an informational poster paper on acoustic imaging presented at the 1984 Sagamore Conference. Ultrasonic velocity, attenuation, defect, and contact C-scan maps are illustrated and discussed. This report also shows images of ultrasonic beam radiation patterns. All of the acoustic images presented in this paper are part of an on-going effort at AMMRC in the area of microcomputer based ultrasonic imaging.
Quadratic Forms, Limit Theorems and Mixing Conditions

There are a number of related topics that are discussed in this chapter. One object is to obtain results on the large sample distribution of covariance estimates under appropriate conditions when sampling from a stationary process. Related quadratic forms are also considered. For this, we need to derive appropriate types of central limit theorems that will be employed in this chapter as well as in derivations in later chapters. However, in most central limit theorems for random processes, some type of effective “mixing” condition expressing asymptotic independence of random variables with large time separation is required. It is for this reason that the apparently distinct topics are joined in this chapter.
Up-regulation of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 during human liver injury.

AIM: To investigate the expression and activity of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in human liver specimens obtained from patients with liver damage due to acetaminophen (APAP) overdose or primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS: NQO1 activity was determined in cytosol from normal, APAP and PBC liver specimens. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine patterns of NQO1 expression using a specific antibody against NQO1. RESULTS: NQO1 protein was very low in normal human livers. In both APAP and PBC livers, there was strong induction of NQO1 protein levels on Western blot. Correspondingly, significant up-regulation of enzyme activity (16- and 22-fold, P < 0.05) was also observed in APAP and PBC livers, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis highlighted injury-specific patterns of NQO1 staining in both APAP and PBC livers. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that NQO1 protein and activity are markedly induced in human livers during both APAP overdose and PBC. Up-regulation of this cytoprotective enzyme may represent an adaptive stress response to limit further disease progression by detoxifying reactive species.
Infection by Fusarium proliferatum in aerial garlic bulbils is strongly reduced compared to rates in seed cloves when both originate from infected bulbs

Abstract Infection of bulbs of garlic (Allium sativum) by Fusarium proliferatum is increasingly documented worldwide and management of the pathogen is problematic. Garlic bulbs were harvested at the USDA-ARS Plant Introduction farm near Pullman, WA in fall 2015. From a sample of 18 bulbil-producing accessions whose bulbs were documented as infected by F. proliferatum, a mean of 64% of cloves from infected bulbs contained the pathogen. In umbels produced from infected bulbs, a mean of 11% were detected with the pathogen, with a mean infection rate of bulbils in infected umbels of 42%, resulting in a probability of bulbil infection of less than 5%. In bulbs harvested in fall 2016 from 15 accessions whose bulbs were previously documented as infected, a mean of 34% of cloves in infected bulbs contained the pathogen, but the pathogen was not detected in umbels or bulbils. Overall incidence of F. proliferatum in bulbs surveyed for infection in 2016 (99 accessions) at the same farm was assessed via a cumulative geometric distribution, and indicated occurrence in 87% of accessions, with probability of infection in a given bulb between 25 and 50%. In 2016, all but 0.01% of whole bulbs harvested for this survey of overall incidence were asymptomatic at harvest on the basis of firmness, but 77% of cloves were symptomatic (inclusive of all biological and abiotic causes) when peeled and plated to agar media 9–16 months after harvest. Bulbils take at least a year longer to mature into full size bulbs than do seed cloves, presenting a longer window for infection by several pathogens, but if planted to pathogen-free soil might represent a cost-effective means to strongly reduce infection of propagation material by F. proliferatum.
The impact of regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) in practice: an empirical study at the ecosystem scale

Regular expressions (regexes) are a popular and powerful means of automatically manipulating text. Regexes are also an understudied denial of service vector (ReDoS). If a regex has super-linear worst-case complexity, an attacker may be able to trigger this complexity, exhausting the victim’s CPU resources and causing denial of service. Existing research has shown how to detect these superlinear regexes, and practitioners have identified super-linear regex anti-pattern heuristics that may lead to such complexity. In this paper, we empirically study three major aspects of ReDoS that have hitherto been unexplored: the incidence of super-linear regexes in practice, how they can be prevented, and how they can be repaired. In the ecosystems of two of the most popular programming languages — JavaScript and Python – we detected thousands of super-linear regexes affecting over 10,000 modules across diverse application domains. We also found that the conventional wisdom for super-linear regex anti-patterns has few false negatives but many false positives; these anti-patterns appear to be necessary, but not sufficient, signals of super-linear behavior. Finally, we found that when faced with a super-linear regex, developers favor revising it over truncating input or developing a custom parser, regardless of whether they had been shown examples of all three fix strategies. These findings motivate further research into ReDoS, since many modules are vulnerable to it and existing mechanisms to avoid it are insufficient. We believe that ReDoS vulnerabilities are a larger threat in practice than might have been guessed.
The Historian’s Craft: Creating the Past in Colonial Latin America

This essay reviews the following works: Unlocking the Doors to the Worlds of Guaman Poma and His Nueva coronica. Edited by Rolena Adorno and Ivan Boserup. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2015. Pp. 483. $78.00 paperback. ISBN: 9788763542708. Alva Ixtlilxochitl’s Native Archive and the Circulation of Knowledge in Colonial Mexico. By Amber Brian. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 187. $55.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780826520975. Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl and His Legacy. Edited by Galen Brokaw and Jongsoo Lee. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2016. Pp. vi + 306. $60.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816500727. Inca Garcilaso and Contemporary World-Making. Edited by Sara Castro-Klaren and Christina Fernandez. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 373. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822963646. Epics of Empire and Frontier: Alonso de Ercilla and Gaspar de Villagra as Spanish Colonial Chroniclers. By Celia Lopez-Chavez. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 293. $29.95 hardcover. ISBN: 9780806152295. Annals of Native America: How the Nahuas of Colonial Mexico Kept Their History Alive. By Camilla Townsend. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016. Pp. xi + 313. $35.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780190628994. Indigenous Elites and Creole Identity in Colonial Mexico, 1500–1800. By Peter B. Villella. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. xi + 337. $120.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781107129030.
Parent Partners: Evaluation of a Novel Peer-Support Intervention for the Caregivers of Children Hospitalized for Behavioral Health Conditions.

Abstract Objective Nearly 10% of all hospitalized children have a primary behavioral health diagnosis, but the effectiveness of treatment can be limited by caregivers’ challenges navigating the behavioral health system. In this study, we assessed a novel peer-support intervention (“parent partners”) designed for the caregivers of children admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit. Methods We used a mixed-methods approach including 1) document review and interviews to assess implementation and 2) a difference-in-differences analysis using claims for Medicaid-enrolled children admitted to the intervention inpatient psychiatric unit and matched comparison children admitted to other inpatient psychiatric units to assess the impacts on health care use after discharge. Results Ninety-six percent of caregivers who were offered the intervention engaged with a parent partner. The primary challenges to implementation were accommodating the needs of parent partners to address behavioral health crises among their own children and initial limited engagement from behavioral health clinicians. The intervention leaders reported success in addressing these through adjustments to staffing policies, training parent partners in engagement with clinicians, and incorporating parent partners into team rounds. We did not find a statistically significant difference in follow-up outpatient behavioral health visits (adjusted treatment to comparison difference +3% [90% CI = −2%, +9%]), readmissions (+5% [−33%, +43%]), or behavioral health ED visits (−15% [−44%, +14%]). Conclusions This novel intervention was implemented successfully, and although our study did not find statistically significant impacts on health care use after discharge, the findings for ED visits are suggestive of benefits. Parent peer support in inpatient settings warrants additional investigation.
Minimally Invasive Sacroiliac Joint Fusion: The Current Evidence.

ABSTRACT Background: Fusion of the sacroiliac (SI) joint as a treatment for low back pain remains controversial. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current literature and clinical outcomes of SI joint fusion surgery. Methods: We conducted a literature review and included studies with the term “sacroiliac joint fusion” that had at least 12 months of clinical follow-up, reported on minimally invasive techniques, and included patient-reported outcome measures. Results: Two approach types (dorsal and lateral) and numerous different implant manufacturers were identified. Most studies included level 4 data, with a small number of level 2 prospective cohort studies and 2 prospective level 1 studies. Every reviewed study reported clinical benefit in terms of improved pain scores or improvement in validated disability measures. Complication rates were low. Conclusions: Minimally invasive SI joint fusion provides clinically significant improvement in pain scores and disability in most patients, across multiple studies and implant manufacturers. Level of Evidence: 5 Clinical Relevance: Emerging evidence in support of SI joint fusion indicates that clinicians should examine the SI joint and include SI joint pain in their differential diagnosis for low back pain patients.
Evaluation and Management of Dysphagia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists' Clinical Practice.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the evaluation and management of dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients by speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Methods A 15-question web-based survey sent to SLPs in general clinical practice. Results Forty-nine SLPs responded. Although only 8 (17.0%) of the SLPs worked in ALS clinics, 46 (93.9%) had worked with ALS patients. A variety of dysphagia evaluation protocols were used by 43 (97.7%) SLPs. Most SLPs, 40 (88.9%), recommended instrumental assessments, but timing and indication varied greatly: 19 (42.2%) SLPs recommended this at baseline even without bulbar symptoms, whereas others recommended this based on symptoms and/or clinical assessments. Conclusions There is currently no uniform approach as to the indication, timing, and specific methods to use in the evaluation of dysphagia in ALS patients among SLPs. There is need for further research to assist in the development of definitive guideline recommendations for this population.
Recording 3-D Neural Activity

Traditional light-field microscopy (LFM) relies on the intermediate reconstruction of visual renderings, followed by digital analysis, which applications in deeper layers of the brain as optical scattering destroys image quality. We have developed an LFM technique that eliminates the need to reconstruct a volume image, instead detecting and localizing neurons by leveraging the sparsity of brain activity in space and time for better performance in highly scattering environments.
Reapproaching Old Treatments: Considerations for PK/PD Studies on Phage Therapy for Bacterial Respiratory Infections

Antibiotic resistant bacterial respiratory infections are a significant global health burden, and new therapeutic strategies are needed to control the problem. For bacterial respiratory infections, this need is emphasized by the rise in antibiotic resistance and a lean drug development pipeline. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is a promising alternative to antibiotics. Phage are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. Because phage and antibiotics differ in their bactericidal mechanisms, phage are a treatment option for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, we review the history of phage therapy and highlight recent preclinical and clinical case reports of its use for treating antibiotic-resistant respiratory infections. The ability of phage to replicate while killing the bacteria is both a benefit for treatment and a challenge for pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies. In this review, we will discuss how the phage lifecycle and associated bidirectional interactions between phage and bacteria can impact treatment. We will also highlight PK/PD considerations for designing studies of phage therapy to optimize the efficacy and feasibility of the approach.
SKOPE—Study of Ketorolac vs Opioid for Pain after Endoscopy: A Double-Blinded Randomized Control Trial in Patients Undergoing Ureteroscopy

Purpose:Pain is the leading cause of unplanned emergency department visits and readmissions after ureteroscopy, making postoperative analgesic stewardship a priority given the current opioid epidem...