cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5503: Sonothrombolysis in a Rabbit Model of Acute Insoluble Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Evidence suggests that low-frequency ultrasound (US) improves tissue perfusion in the rabbit ischemic limb and enhances myocardial perfusion even without removing the arterial obstruction. We evaluated US-facilitated thrombolysis, or sonothrombolysis, with microbubbles (MB) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for decreases in infarct volume in rabbits with insoluble middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusions. Hypothesis: Sonothrombolysis with MB or tPA is effective at reducing infarcts without lysis of arterial obstruction. Methods: New Zealand White rabbits (n = 34; 5.2±0.07 kg) received angiography and three embolic spheres (diameter = 700 to 900 μ m) were injected into the internal carotid artery occluding the MCA. Rabbits were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Control (n = 10) rabbits were embolized but received no US, tPA, or MB. Other groups were tPA (n = 7) without US, tPA+US (n = 9), and MB+US (n = 8). Treatment was initiated one hour following angiographic verification of occlusion. Rabbits with US received pulsed wave US (1 MHz at 0.8 W/cm 2 ) for 1 hour and rabbits with tPA received intravenous tPA (0.9 mg/kg) over 1 hour. Rabbits with MB received intravenous MB (0.16 mg/kg) over 30 minutes. Rabbits were sacrificed at 24 hours and infarct volume was determined using vital stains on brain sections. Results: Percent infarct volume averaged 3.4±0.9%, 2.0±1.1%, 1.8±1.0%, and 0.92±0.9% for control, tPA, MB+US, and tPA+US rabbits, respectively; infarct volume tended (P = 0.066) to be decreased for rabbits treated with tPA+US compared to controls. Infarct volume did not differ (P > 0.26) between controls and rabbits treated with tPA and MB+US. Conclusions: Combined treatment with tPA and US shows a trend towards decreasing brain infarct volume in rabbits with permanent MCA occlusion, but not to the extent found in muscle or myocardium at lower frequencies.
Focusing in Synthetic Aperture Radar by Multiresolution Methods

Abstract In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR), the problem usually referred to as motion through resolution cells defocuses the radar image leading to significant loss of detection probability. This problem is traditionally compensated for at the SAR image formation process by using more computationally intensive methods. As the resolution of the SAR system increases, with longer integration times, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to correct for these defocusing effects. This problem is made worse with moving targets since it is harder to assign the target to a specific cell during the entire synthetic aperture interval. By analyzing the image formation process in SAR/ISAR systems, we observe that the defocused image of a SAR/ISAR target can be modeled as a superposition of space shifted replicas of the focused target signature. In this paper, we present a robust, simple detector that combines in a coherent way the energy in the different replicas to focus the image and provide increased resolution. Our approach approximates the maximum likelihood estimate of the defocused target signature (hard to determine) by the orthogonal projection onto a subspace that is close (in some sense) to the subspace generated by the multiple shifted replicas of the focused target signature. We apply multiresolution techniques to design the approximating subspace.
Tables for Group Screening

Groups of items must sometimes be screened so that each item in the group can be identified as either good or defective. The accompanying tables will minimize (on the average) the number of tests required when testing is done in groups and only two outc..
Cubic phase light emitters hetero-integrated on silicon

GaN emitters have historically been of hexagonal phase due to natural crystallization. Here we introduce a cubic phase GaN emitter technology that is polarization-free via cointegration on cheap and scalable CMOS-compatible Si(100) substrate.
Dream the Impossible Dream: A Case Study of U.S. Federal Website Accessibility Standards Compliance at Seton Hall University Libraries

ABSTRACTThis case study examines the process of meeting Web Accessibility compliance in a United States academic library for a medium sized University. This process was prompted by the Office of Civil Rights in the Department of Education, and resulted in the execution of a Voluntary Resolution Agreement (VRA). In addition to the process the author describes what a VRA is and the common component parts therein.
Elucidating the endocrine therapy experience of South Carolina breast cancer survivors.

186Background: Literature consistently shows high discontinuation and non-adherence rates for patients taking endocrine therapy (ET) for breast cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to underst...
Stochastic Seeding Coupled with mRNA Self-Recruitment Generates Heterogeneous Drosophila Germ Granules.

Summary The formation of ribonucleoprotein assemblies called germ granules is a conserved feature of germline development. In Drosophila , germ granules form at the posterior of the oocyte in a specialized cytoplasm called the germ plasm, which specifies germline fate during embryogenesis. mRNAs, including nanos ( nos ) and polar granule component ( pgc ), that function in germline development are localized to the germ plasm through their incorporation into germ granules, which deliver them to the primordial germ cells. Germ granules are nucleated by Oskar (Osk) protein and contain varying combinations and quantities of their constituent mRNAs, which are organized as spatially distinct, multi-copy homotypic clusters. The process that gives rise to such heterogeneous yet organized granules remains unknown. Here, we show that individual nos and pgc transcripts can populate the same nascent granule, and these first transcripts then act as seeds, recruiting additional like transcripts to form homotypic clusters. Within a granule, homotypic clusters grow independently of each other but depend on the simultaneous acquisition of additional Osk. Although granules can contain multiple clusters of a particular mRNA, granule mRNA content is dominated by cluster size. These results suggest that the accumulation of mRNAs in the germ plasm is controlled by the mRNAs themselves through their ability to form homotypic clusters; thus, RNA self-association drives germ granule mRNA localization. We propose that a stochastic seeding and self-recruitment mechanism enables granules to simultaneously incorporate many different mRNAs while ensuring that each becomes enriched to a functional threshold.
Light Near a Caustic

In the cold plasma model the sonic curve is a parabola. In the physical model presented in this chapter the sonic curve is a circle, and the elliptic region of the governing equation surrounds the hyperbolic region. Thus we can prescribe Dirichlet data on a suitable closed curve lying entirely in the elliptic region and obtain an elliptic–3hyperbolic boundary value problem. Eventually,we will construct such a problem and show that it possesses a weak solution. In the next chapter the sonic curve will also be a circle; but in that case the hyperbolic region of the governing equation will enclose the elliptic region, leading to a significant reduction in regularity for elliptic–hyperbolic Dirichlet problems.
Lecture 1 – Troubles Are Good for You

If you have built a perfect demonstration do not remove all traces of the scaffolding by which you have raised it.
Elemental Forms, Creativity and the Transformative Power of Literature in A-T. Tymieniecka’s Tractatus Brevis

In 1977, the novelist John Gardner in his popular book, On Moral Fiction, described the once common premise behind the writing and criticism of literature: It was once a quite common assumption that good books incline the reader to — in this wide and optimistic sense — morality. It seems no longer a common or even defensible assumption, at least in literate circles, no doubt partly because the moral effect of art can so easily be gotten wrong, as Plato got it wrong in the Republic. To Plato it seemed that if a poet showed a good man performing a bad act, the poet’s effect was a corruption of the audience’s morals. Aristotle agreed with Plato’s notion that some things are moral and others not; agreed, too, that art should be moral; and went on to correct Plato’s error. It’s the total effect of an action that’s moral or immoral, Aristotle pointed out. In other words, it’s the energeia — the actualization of the potential which exists in character and situation — that gives us the poet’s fix on good and evil; that is, dramatically demonstrates the moral laws, and the possibility of tragic waste, in the universe. It’s a resoundingly clear answer, but it seems to have lost its currency.1
Intracellular distribution, activity, and Ca(2+)-dependent translocation of 12-lipoxygenase in Lewis lung tumor cells.

The 12-lipoxygenase enzyme (12-LOX) has been found in platelets (1) and several other cell types including leukocytes, epidermal and epithelial cells (2–4), as well as in human (5,6) and rodent tumor cells (7,8). In tumor cells, the major metabolite, 12(S)-HETE, regulates their metastatic potential (9–11) through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism (7). The intracellular distribution of 12-LOX activity varies between different cells ranging from a predominantly cytosolic (2,4,12) to an exclusive or preferred localization in membranes (5,13,14). This distribution of 12-LOX activity can change upon stimulation of cells suggesting a translocation of the enzyme (15). However, these earlier studies on 12-LOX activity did not investigate in parallel the respective subcellular distribution of the 12-LOX protein itself. In order to obtain a more complete concept of the intracellular regulation and distribution of 12-LOX, we therefore analyzed the distribution of both 12-LOX activity and of 12-LOX protein in murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells (3LL cells) and compared their 12-LOX activity with homologous 12-LOX activity in platelets. Further we asked whether activation of the 12-LOX enzyme in 3LL cells encompasses a Ca2+-dependent translocation to membranes as is the case for 12-LOX in platelets or other enzymes of arachidonate metabolism such as phospholipase A2 and 5-LOX (16,17).
Restoration of Degraded and Desertified Lands: Experience from Iceland

Land degradation and desertification are a real threat to the future of human civilization in addition to being large contributors to the risks of climate change. Iceland has a long history of desertification and land degradation since its settlement by humans about 1,100 years ago. Organized battle against destruction of woodlands and soil erosion in Iceland began with a law that was set in 1907, establishing the Icelandic Soil Conservation Service (ISCS). Experience from the last 100 years shows that the key to success is reaching people through involvement and education using participatory approaches to soil conservation. The current goals of the ISCS are mitigation of land degradation, revegetation of eroded land, and attaining sustainable land use.
When Should Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients be Considered for Transplant and Deciding Which Organs to Transplant.

Abstract The number of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients continues to increase. Because of multiple related factors such as aging, residual cardiac lesions and prior palliative procedures, advanced heart failure (HF) is increasingly prevalent in this population. Consequently, there is an emerging need to determine which patients are best suited for advanced cardiac therapies, including heart transplantation (HT) and mechanical circulatory support. Unfortunately, optimizing patient selection for these therapies is complicated by patient heterogeneity, variable HF presentation across lesion-type, and a paucity of outcome data. The lack of patient specific data and the increasing number of ACHD patients with end-stage HF identifies a need to more precisely stratify risk and determine appropriate timing for referral. As such, this article will discuss the clinical recognition and classification of advanced HF in the ACHD patient populations and review current data regarding HT outcomes. Following, key considerations regarding the timing of HT in specific forms of ACHD, the role of device therapy, and when dual organ transplantation should be considered will be reviewed. Finally, existing knowledge gaps and key research needs will be highlighted.
Optimality Theory with Lexical Selection needs multiple PRIORITIES: A case study in Welsh allomorphy

This study illustrates that role of Lexical Selection (Mascaro 2007) in Optimality Theory in accounting for the Welsh definite article’s allomorphy. This is in response to the claims made by Hannahs & Tallerman (2006) that OT is unable to account for the behavior and distribution of the definite article. This study addresses three of the points that Hannahs & Tallerman raised which I am calling the grammar problem, the homophony problem, and the allomorph interaction. I show that Lexical Selection is uniquely adapted to account for each of the points concerning the definite article allomorphy. Additionally, this study proposes that Lexical Selection needs to be amended with multiple Priority constraints that are morpheme specific. It also appears that there appears to exist a unique relationship between the constraint rankings of these multiple Priority constraints in what is called the prioritization of the hierarchy.
Automation trust increases under high-workload multitasking scenarios involving risk

Trust is a critical construct that influences human–automation interaction in multitasking workspaces involving imperfect automation. Karpinsky et al. (Appl Ergon, 70, 194–201, 2018) investigated whether trust affects operators’ attention allocation in high-load scenarios using the multi-attribute task battery II (MATB). Results suggested that task load reduces trust towards imperfect automation, then reducing visual attention allocation to the monitoring task aided by the automation. Participants also reported reduced levels of trust in high-load conditions. However, it is possible that the participants in high-load conditions did not trust the system because their poor task performance did not have expressly adverse consequences (i.e., risk). The current experiments aimed to replicate and extend Karpinsky et al. (2018) by asking forty participants to concurrently perform a tracking task and system monitoring task in the MATB II with or without risk. The reliability of the automated aid supporting the system monitoring task was 70%. The study employed a 2 × 2 split-plot design with task load (easy vs. difficult) via magnitude of errors in the tracking task as a within-participant factor and risk (high vs. low) as a between-participant factor. Participants in the high-risk group received an instruction that poor performance would result in a repeat of the experiment, whereas participants in the low-risk group did not receive this instruction. Results showed that trust was comparable between the high- and the low-load conditions, but the high risk elevated trust in the high-load condition. This implies that operators display greater levels of trust when a multitasking environment demands greater attention and they perceive risk of receiving expressly adverse consequence, regardless of the true reliability of automated systems.
Toward effective feedback: From concept to practice

Feedback is the building block of assessment and an essential component of effective teaching. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive definition of feedback and a relevant conceptual framework for learning to explain how feedback can be used to improve performance. We will discuss the process of providing feedback, and the role teacher and learner can play to make it more effective. We will also examine the misunderstandings and pitfalls around feedback, as well as generational differences that may influence its impact.
Single-Stage Bi-Directional Matrix Converter with Regenerative Flyback Clamp Circuit for EV Battery Charging

The power converter configuration plays a significant role in charging of the electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The efficiency, bi-directional power transfer capability, power factor correction (PFC), etc. all depend on the selection of the suitable converter topology. This paper proposes an isolated single-stage bi-directional matrix-type AC-DC converter with flyback based clamp circuit for EV battery charging application. The proposed converter is developed with a half-bridge (HB) cycloconverter in the AC side, and a full-bridge (FB) inverter at the DC side. A soft switched unipolar pulse width modulation (UPWM) scheme is presented for both grid to vehicle (G2V) and vehicle to grid (V2G) mode of operation. The proposed converter requires a clamp circuit to provide seamless commutation for the current flowing through the filter inductor and leakage inductor of the high-frequency transformer. A flyback based regenerative clamp circuit is proposed for this purpose, which ensures significant reduction in power loss due to its regeneration capability. The converter performance with the proposed modulation scheme is evaluated in a SiC MOSFET based 1.5 kW prototype unit.
Boundaries, Bridges and Brands: A Comment on Alvesson, Hallett, and Spicer’s “Uninhibited Institutionalisms”:

This essay responds to Alvesson, Hallett, and Spicer’s recent critique of the instiutional literature. While it affirms and extends some of their particular criticisms, I reject their bleak assessm...
Factors affecting wood-bark adhesion for debarking of shrub willow

Debarking has the potential to make short rotation woody crops more economically attractive by both improving the quality of woody material and creating a new product stream from separated bark. Thus, in this research the ultimate strength of the wood-bark interface was studied relative to the development and optimisation of debarking systems and strategies. Four genetically different cultivars of shrub willow, three harvest times and different moisture levels were tested at a quasi-static extension rate of 0.5 mm min−1. Regression models show that moisture content has a negative correlation with wood-bark bond strength, which is similar to observations made on other species. Harvesting time had a significant effect on wood-bark strength of shrub willow (p
Authentic Leadership: Rediscovering What it Means to be Authentic

Although popular, authentic leadership has drawn several criticisms regarding its validity and underlying assumptions from critical leadership theorists. We offer an existential critique of authent...
Heat exchange between the human body and the environment: A comprehensive, multi-scale numerical simulation

Abstract This paper presents a new whole-body numerical simulation model to study wind chill and predict actual facial temperatures. This model is based on a physically realistic healthy human male and includes biothermal heat transfer processes. The human model was exposed to a parametric variation in wind speed (using an atmospheric wind velocity profile), wind temperature, and two different wind directions. For the range of wind speeds under investigation (U10 from 1 to 20 m/s) the corresponding Reynolds number range based on UFace was between 8000 and 150,000, and for the Reynolds number based on U10, the range was 10,000–220,000. The practical results of the present work include new Nusselt number correlations for the human face for both a forward wind and a side wind direction. The new Nusselt number correlation for the forward wind direction ranged between 3% and 34% lower than a previously reported correlation in the literature. In addition, the predicted facial temperatures, as a function of time, are reported for the range of wind speeds and the temperatures investigated. The present facial temperatures compared favorably to the limited available experimental data reported in the literature. A parametric study of Pennes' equilibrium constant was performed. The current model successfully predicted most of the measured data to within 5%. The success of the model encourages its application to other parts of the body and other thermal processes.
The Limits and Possibilities of Sharing Christian Worship in an Interreligious Educational Setting

This paper discusses a worship service I designed and led in November of 2014 at Andover Newton Theological School (ANTS). As a member of the faculty, a practicing Christian and a religious educator and interfaith organizer, I am invited to lead a service each year in the Chapel at ANTS. In particular, as the ANTS’ co-director of the Center for Interreligious and Communal Leadership Education (CIRCLE), a joint program between ANTS and Hebrew College, I was charged with making the service an “interfaith” gathering, open and inviting for Unitarian Universalist, Muslim, and Jewish guests, while still providing an authentic expression of Christian worship. This article offers a first-person narrative and thick description of the service, the planning process, the broader context of interreligious education at our schools, and reflections on both the possibilities and limits of sharing particular religious rituals across diverse religious traditions for educational purposes. Drawing on the work of interreligious educators I identify a set of goals for interreligious education and explore the potential for religious ritual to both contribute to and complicate these goals. I describe the worship service as a ritual event in the life of a Christian seminary as well as its meaning and role in the process of interreligious coformation that is part of CIRCLE’s work.
Impact of correlations and heavy tails on quantum error correction

We show that space- and time-correlated single-qubit rotation errors can lead to high-weight errors in a quantum circuit when the rotation angles are drawn from heavy-tailed distributions. This leads to a breakdown of quantum error correction, yielding reduced or, in some cases, no protection of the encoded logical qubits. While heavy-tailed phenomena are prevalent in the natural world, there is very little research as to whether noise with these statistics exists in current quantum processing devices. Furthermore, it is an open problem to develop tomographic or noise spectroscopy protocols that could test for the existence of noise with such statistics. These results suggest the need for quantum characterization methods that can reliably detect or reject the presence of such errors together with continued first-principles studies of the origins of space- and time-correlated noise in quantum processors. If such noise does exist, physical or control-based mitigation protocols must be developed to mitigate this noise as it would severely hinder the performance of fault-tolerant quantum computers.
The Transformative Environmental Effects Large-Scale Indoor Farming May Have On Air, Water, and Soil:

This article identifies the potential environmental effects large-scale indoor farming may have on air, water, and soil. We begin with an overview of what indoor farming is with a focus on greenhou...
Hospital volume is associated with cost and outcomes variation in 2,942 pelvic reconstructions.

Summary Background Complex pelvic reconstruction is challenging for plastic and reconstructive surgeons following surgical resection of the lower gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract. Complication rates and hospital costs are variable and may be linked to the hospital case volume of pelvic reconstructions performed. A comprehensive examination of these factors has yet to be performed. Methods Data were retrieved for patients undergoing pedicled flap reconstruction after pelvic resections in the American National Inpatient Sample database between 2010 and 2014. Patients were then separated into three groups based on hospital case volume for pelvic reconstruction. Multivariate logistic regression and gamma regression with log-link function were used to analyze associations between hospital case volume, surgical outcomes, and cost. Results In total, 2,942 patients underwent pelvic flap reconstruction with surgical complications occurring in 1,466 patients (49.8%). Total median cost was $38,469.40. Pelvic reconstructions performed at high-volume hospitals were significantly associated with fewer surgical complications (low: 51.4%, medium: 52.8%, high: 34.8%; p Conclusions Patients undergoing pelvic flap reconstruction after oncologic resections experience high complication rates. High case volume hospitals were independently associated with significantly fewer surgical complications but increased hospital costs. Reconstructive surgeons may approach these challenging patients with greater awareness of these associations to improve outcomes and address cost drivers.
Thematic Qualitative Content Analysis of Cishet Allies' Activism: Perceptions of Igniting Events and Barriers to Activism.

Though notable progress has been made in protections for LGBTQ people in the United States, they are still disproportionately victims of discrimination and harassment. Activism efforts on behalf of...
The impact of greenspace and air pollution exposure on incident dementia in the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: While long term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) has been linked to all-cause dementia, less is known about potential modification of these effects by greenspace expo...
China-US Competition: Measuring Global Influence

Beyond measuring US and Chinese influence capacity, the FBIC Index can be used to analyze changing influence capacity dynamics for more than 200 countries and between more than 20,000 country pairs from 1960 through 2020. Data include a summary measure of influence capacity as well as its primary components—bandwidth and dependence—and their political, economic, and security subcomponents.
Development and Pilot Test of the Shriners Pediatric Instrument for Neuromuscular Scoliosis (SPNS): A Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children With Spinal Cord Injuries

AbstractBackground/Objective: Children and adolescents who have sustained a spinal cord injury (SCI) are at risk of developing spine deformities and secondary complications that may affect their quality of life. The Shriners Pediatric Instrument for Neuromuscular Scoliosis (SPINS) is a condition-specific instrument that was developed to measure the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of this patient population. A pilot study was conducted to revise the SPINS and assess comprehensibility.Methods: Fourteen children with SCI (ages 6-16 y) from a pediatric hospital were administered either a child version (ages 10-18 y) or a parent version (ages 5-9 y) of the SPINS. Problematic items were identified based on participants' feedback or low statistical variance.Results: Ten of 14 (71 .6%) respondents understood at least 90% of the items, and 13 out of 14 (92.9%) comprehended more than 80% of relevant items on the SPINS.Conclusion: The SPINS has demonstrated comprehensibility. The next step is to measure the v...
Cardiac Vagal Chemosensory Afferents

Stimulation of cardiac vagal afferent endings evokes reflex hypotension and bradycardia, also known as a Bezold-Jarisch effect. The physiological importance of this reflex pathway remains uncertain today, but it is increasingly apparent that cardiac vagal afferents can play an important role in modulating cardiovascular control in pathophysiological states, particularly myocardial ischemia. The afferent endings that compose this vagal input are functionally diverse. Ventricular endings exist that are stimulated by wall motion. However, cardiac chemosensitive endings, stimulated by a variety of metabolically active substances known to be produced by the stressed myocardium (e.g., bradykinin, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species), play a major role in mediating reflex adjustments during myocardial ischemia. Data are presented highlighting the importance of arachidonic acid metabolites and oxygen radicals in activating cardiac vagal endings during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, and their role in modulating cardiac afferent sensitivity in the disease states of heart failure and insulin-dependent diabetes.
Learning Highly Structured Manifolds: Harnessing the Power of SOMs

In this paper we elaborate on the challenges of learning manifolds that have many relevant clusters, and where the clusters can have widely varying statistics. We call such data manifolds highly structured . We describe approaches to structure identification through self-organized learning, in the context of such data. We present some of our recently developed methods to show that self-organizing neural maps contain a great deal of information that can be unleashed and put to use to achieve detailed and accurate learning of highly structured manifolds, and we also offer some comparisons with existing clustering methods on real data.
Evaluation of Methodology for Quantifying Radiopharmaceuticals in Tertiary-Treated Sewage

The production and utilization of radioactive pharmaceuticals and radionuclides for medical diagnosis and therapy warrant consideration of their fate and their radiation hazard to the population after discharge. Some of these nuclides represent curies of activity from a single facility that are being released to the sewers over a years's time. Although their relatively short half-life and the large sewer dilution may reduce the activity in the waste by several orders of magnitude at the point of treatment, the unpredictable range of decontamination by normal sewage treatment practices means that some will remain in the final effluent. Even after tertiary treatment operations, necessary when sewage effluents are to be used as coolants for nuclear reactors, and the confirmation of the nuclides in these effluents becomes of major concern as possible radiation hazards. Methodology to identify and measure the activity of five radionuclides - /sup 131/I, /sup 85/Sr, /sup 57/Co, /sup 51/Cr, and /sup 75/Se - was developed and tested. Chemical yields agreed with radiochemical yields, and the chemical yields were at least 70%. Since the normal activity levels of each of these nuclides will be low, the required precision and accuracy can best be satisfied by radiochemical analysis of largemore » volumes. Analyses on the influents, sludges, and treated effluents will indicate the overall efficiency of the entire sewage treatment process, provide evidence of the fate of each nuclide discharged into the sewage stream, and indicate whether a potential radiation hazard exists.« less
A discrete event simulation for the management of surgical suite scheduling

This research into operating room scheduling procedures led to the development of an interactive simulation model written in the simulation language SLAM II. It serves as part of a larger decision support system for the management of hospital surgical suites.The paper presents the problem in detail, describes the systems model, gives an example for a suite of eight rooms and twelve surgical type operations, and shows the structure of the coding. The methods presented here have wide applicability and may be used whenever one is concerned with scheduling policies involving advanced bookings.
Dimensions of perceived training quality: a comparison of measurements.

ABSTRACT Diverse literature bases were coalesced to determine the dimensions of perceived training quality, a new training evaluation criterion. This exploratory research shifted the paradigm to look at training as a service, and engaged in a rigorous, multi-step scale development process that addressed idea generation, content adequacy assessment, questionnaire administration, exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency analysis, and construct validity. In the course of factor analysis, two measurements of perceived training quality were evaluated: a gap (perceptions minus expectations) measurement and a performance (perception only) measure. The final scale development step of replication utilized a sample of 164 supervisory and management level trainees from the hospitality industry to determine that performance was a better measurement, and that six dimensions define perceived training quality: interactivity, climate, courtesy, relevance, tangibles, and credibility.
So, talk to me: the effect of explicit goals on the comprehension of business process narratives

Unstructured data, most of it text-based and computer- mediated, makes up a rapidly growing majority of the knowledge store of most organizations. Entire classes of information systems-knowledge management systems and enterprise content management systems-have emerged to monitor, manage, and support decision making from this primarily textual data. IS research has treated text as a unitary variable. However, research from cognitive science strongly suggests that a deeper investigation of how text is comprehended would allow the development of more effective computer-based knowledge and communications systems. Our research extends IS research on the effects of information presentation on decision making by investigating the attributes of text rather than comparing text to other information presentation modes such as graphs or numbers. Our study also contributes to the sparse empirical IS research on problem formulation, the initial phase of decision making. Informed by research on information presentation, decision making, and narrative comprehension, we designed a series of experiments that demonstrate that the explicit inclusion of goal information for activities in narrative descriptions of problematic business processes increases overall comprehension, decision-making confidence, and short and long term recall. Based on our experimental findings we propose that augmenting text-based IS to elicit and saliently present explicit goal information would significantly enhance the decision support capability of these systems especially for rapid, ad hoc decisions about business process situations.
Failure to Design for People—A Lack of Impact of Ergonomics is Still Seen Today

The lack of impact of ergonomics on the design of many modern items is seen every day. This paper examines examples as evidence of a lack of consideration of ergonomics in design. Because many examples are examined, the orientation is toward a visual presentation, accompanied by a discussion of different methods of categorizing design faults which are ergonomic in nature. Language: en
EFFECT OF CHOLESTEROL ON THE SENSITIVITY OF MYCOPLASMA LAIDLAWII TO THE POLYENE ANTIBIOTIC FILIPIN.

Weber, Morton M. (St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.), and Stephen C. Kinsky. Effect of cholesterol on the sensitivity of Mycoplasma laidlawii to the polyene antibiotic filipin. J. Bacteriol. 89:306–312. 1965.—The polyene antibiotic, filipin, inhibited growth and caused lysis of Mycoplasma laidlawii cells which had been cultured in the presence of cholesterol. The antibiotic did not inhibit growth and did not promote lysis of the organism when grown in the absence of cholesterol. These results constitute strong support for the contention that the presence of sterol in the cell membrane is a necessary prerequisite for polyene sensitivity. Higher concentrations of filipin were required to inhibit growth when serum was added to the assay medium than when it was absent. These results suggest binding of the antibiotic to some component in the serum and may partially account for the previous inability to demonstrate growth inhibition by low concentrations of the polyene antibiotics. The extent of growth inhibition due to filipin decreased upon prolonged incubation. Subculture in the presence of high concentrations of antibiotic indicated that the apparent reversal of inhibition was caused by emergence of a filipin-resistant cell population. It was also observed that cells, which originally were rapidly lysed by filipin and digitonin, were no longer responsive to the action of these agents upon incubation in sterol-free medium at 25 or 37 C for several hours. This effect could be prevented by keeping the cells at 2 C. These results may indicate that filipin-resistant cells carry out a metabolic conversion of membrane-localized sterol to a form which can no longer react with the antibiotic. Other possible causes of resistance, which cannot be excluded on the basis of the present data, are discussed.
Out-of-the-Box monitoring of VM-based high-interaction honeypots

Honeypot has been an invaluable tool for the detection and analysis of network-based attacks by either human intruders or automated malware in the wild. The insights obtained by deploying honeypots, especially high-interaction ones, largely rely on the monitoring capability on the honeypots. In practice, based on the location of sensors, honeypots can be monitored either internally or externally. Being deployed inside the monitored honeypots, internal sensors are able to provide a semantic-rich view on various aspects of system dynamics (e.g., system calls). However, their very internal existence makes them visible, tangible, and even subvertible to attackers after break-ins. From another perspective, existing external honeypot sensors (e.g., network sniffers) could be made invisible to the monitored honeypot. However, they are not able to capture any internal system events such as system calls executed. It is desirable to have a honeypot monitoring system that is invisible, tamper-resistant and yet is capable of recording and understanding the honeypot's system internal events such as system calls. In this paper, we present a virtualization-based system called VMscope which allows us to view the system internal events of virtual machine (VM)-based honeypots from outside the honeypots. Particularly, by observing and interpreting VM-internal system call events at the virtual machine monitor (VMM) layer, VMscope is able to provide the same deep inspection capability as that of traditional inside-the-honeypot monitoring tools (e.g., Sebek) while still obtaining similar tamper-resistance and invisibility as other external monitoring tools. We have built a proof-of-concept prototype by leveraging and extending one key virtualization technique called binary translation. Our experiments with real-world honeypots show that VMscope is robust against advanced countermeasures that can defeat existing internally-deployed honeypot monitors, and it only incurs moderate run-time overhead.
Incorporation of Exogenous Purines and Pyrimidines by Methanococcus voltae and Isolation of Analog-Resistant Mutants.

Methanococcus voltae incorporated exogenous adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and uracil, but not thymine. Growth of M. voltae was also sensitive to purine and pyrimidine analogs. Of the 20 analogs tested, 12 were inhibitory at 1 mg/ml. The most effective inhibitors were purine analogs with endocyclic substitutions. Nucleoside analogs and analogs with exocyclic substitutions or additions were less effective. Four purine analogs, 8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine, 8-azaguanine, 8-azahypoxanthine, and 6-mercaptopurine and one pyrimidine analog, 6-azauracil, were especially toxic. The MICs were 20, 0.5, 2.0, 80, and 10 μg/ml, respectively. Spontaneous resistance mutants were isolated for these five analogs. The MICs for these mutants were 20.5, 8.2, >65, >41, and 20.5 mg/ml, respectively. These concentrations far exceeded the solubilities of the analogs and represented an increase in resistance of at least three orders of magnitude. In addition to demonstrating cross resistance to several of the analogs, four of these mutants lost the ability to incorporate exogenous bases. These appeared to be mutations in the salvage pathways for purines and pyrimidines. In contrast, the mutant resistant to 6-mercaptopurine was not defective in purine uptake. Instead, it degraded 6-mercaptopurine. In the presence or absence of high concentrations of the analogs, the growth rates of the resistant mutants were no less than one-half of the growth rate of the wild type in the absence of the analog. The high level of resistance and rapid growth are very desirable properties for the application of the mutants in genetic experiments.
Issues in the Long-Term Evaluation of Diet in Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are very useful for studying diet/disease relationships. The fundamental components of a longitudinal study are that: 1) data are collected for two or more distinct time periods; 2) the subjects are the same or comparable from one time period to the next; and 3) data are compared between or among time periods in the analysis. A longitudinal study is often assumed to be synonymous with a cohort study, but there are at least four possible definitions for a longitudinal study. While focusing on cohort studies, the paper describes the nature of longitudinal studies, including a discussion of how the different definitions differ from a cohort study and a set of important assumptions necessary to cohort studies. It also highlights some of the major issues associated with such studies, including the selection of a dietary survey methodology; data collection issues in multicultural, multilingual societies; the importance of nutrient databases; measurement error and misclassification in nutrient intake and energy adjustment.
Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase (CD73) Attenuates Allograft Airway Rejection through Adenosine 2A Receptor Stimulation

There are multiple drivers of leukocyte recruitment in lung allografts that contribute to lymphocytic bronchitis (LB) and bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). The innate mechanisms driving (or inhibiting) leukocyte trafficking to allografts remain incompletely understood. This study tested the hypothesis that CD73 (ecto-5'nucleotidase), an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of AMP to adenosine, is a critical negative regulator of LB and BO. Implantation of tracheal allografts from wild type (WT) mice into CD73(-/-) recipients revealed a striking increase in airway luminal obliteration at 7 d (62 +/- 4% and 47 +/- 5% for CD73(-/-) and WT allograft recipients, respectively; p = 0.046). There was also a concordant increase in CD3(+) lymphocytic infiltration (523 +/- 41 cells and 313 +/- 43 cells for CD73(-/-) and WT allograft recipients, respectively; p = 0.013). Because real-time PCR revealed a 43-fold upregulation of mRNA for the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in WT allografts compared with WT isografts (p = 0.032), additional experiments were performed to determine whether the protective effect of CD73 was due to generation of adenosine and its stimulation of the A2AR. Treatment of WT recipients with an A2AR agonist significantly reduced CD3(+) lymphocyte infiltration and airway luminal obliteration; similar treatment of CD73(-/-) recipients rescued them from LB and airway obliteration. These data implicate CD73 acting through adenosine generation and its stimulation of the A2AR as a critical negative modulator of lymphocyte recruitment into airway allografts. The CD73/adenosine axis might be a new therapeutic target to prevent BO.
Financial disclosure management in the nonprofit sector: A framework for past and future research

This paper provides a review and synthesis of past research regarding financial disclosure management by nongovernmental nonprofit organizations and suggests directions for future study. The primary purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence on financial disclosure management to help regulators and other stakeholders understand why, how, and to what extent nonprofits engage in this behavior. The paper begins by defining disclosure management in nonprofit organizations and exploring the motivations for why it might occur. Next is a survey of the nongovernmental nonprofit financial reporting environment: objectives, common practices, and the informational needs of users of nonprofit financial reports. Research exploring the motives, methods, and consequences of disclosure management is summarized. The evidence suggests that nongovernmental nonprofit managers have a variety of incentives to manage reported numbers and that they do in fact alter spending decisions, choose accounting methods, and design cost allocations to achieve certain performance benchmarks. Furthermore, this review sheds light on the consequences of disclosure management and what can or should be done to limit it.
Ethylene on graphite: A low-energy electron-diffraction study.

Several phases of monolayer ethylene on single-crystal graphite have been studied using low-energy electron diffraction. We have determined the unit cell and orientation with respect to the graphite substrate of the orientationally ordered and disordered low-density phases (OLD and DLD), in which molecules are believed to lie with the C?C bond parallel to the surface. Based on published neutron-scattering results, we propose a basis for the OLD phase. The low-coverage DLD phase, believed to undergo a continuous melting transition at 70 K, appears to be a higher-order commensurate structure at this transition. We also report observations of ordered and disordered high-density phases in which molecules stand on end, in both commensurate and incommensurate epitaxies.
Purification of Tetrahymena telomerase and cloning of genes encoding the two protein components of the enzyme

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein DNA polymerase that catalyzes the de novo synthesis of telomeric simple sequence repeats. We describe the purification of telomerase and the cloning of cDNAs encoding two protein subunits from the ciliate Tetrahymena. Two proteins of 80 and 95 kDa copurified and coimmunoprecipitated with telomerase activity and the previously identified Tetrahymena telomerase RNA. The p95 subunit specifically cross-linked to a radiolabeled telomeric DNA primer, while the p80 subunit specifically bound to radiolabeled telomerase RNA. At the primary sequence level, the two telomerase proteins share only limited homologies with other polymerases and polymerase accessory factors.
Transverse instability of counterpropagating waves in photorefractive media

The transverse instability of counterpropagating waves in nonlinear media with a photorefractive or Kerr-type nonlinearity is studied. The problem is formulated for a sluggish nonlinear medium that responds much slower than the optical frequency. In this limit, a general dispersion relation, valid for arbitrary longitudinal variation of the optical intensities, is obtained and solved numerically for several representative cases. It is found that, while photorefractive media provide sufficient nonlinear coupling for the observation of transverse instabilities, such observations may be difficult due to the presence of strong amplified incoherent scattering (fanning) in photorefractive media.