cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection and localization of triadin in rat ventricular muscle

Dyads (transverse tubule—junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum complexes) were enriched from rat ventricle microsomes by continuous sucrose gradients. The major vesicle peak at 36% sucrose contained up to 90% of those membranes which possessed dihydropyridine (DHP) binding sites (markers for transverse tubules) and all membranes which possessed ryanodine receptors and the putative junctional foot protein (markers for junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum). In addition, the 36% sucrose peak contained half of the vesicles with muscarine receptors. Vesicles derived from the nonjunctional plasma membrane as defined by a low content of dihydropyridine binding sites per muscarine receptor and from the free sarcoplasmic reticulum as defined by the Mr 102K Ca2+ ATPase were associated with a diffuse protein band (22–30% sucrose) in the lighter region of the gradient. These organelles were recovered in low yield. Putative dyads were not broken by French press treatment at 8,000 psi and only partially disrupted at 14,000 psi. The monoclonal antibody GE4.90 against skeletal muscle triadin, a protein which links the DHP receptor to the junctional foot protein in skeletal muscle triad junctions, cross-reacted with a protein in rat dyads of the same Mr as triadin. Western blots of muscle microsomes from preparations which had been treated with 100mm iodoacetamide throughout the isolation procedure showed that cardiac triadin consisted predominantly of a band of Mr 95 kD. Higher molecular weight polymers were detectable but low in content, in contrast with the ladder of oligomeric forms in rat psoas muscle microsomes. Cardiac triadin was not dissolved from the microsomes by hypertonic salt or Triton X-100, indicating that it, as well as skeletal muscle triadin, was an integral protein of the junctional SR. The cardiac epitope was localized to the junctional SR by comparison of its distribution with that of organelle markers in both total microsome and in French press disrupted dyad preparations. Immunofluorescence localization of triadin using mAb GE4.90 revealed that intact rat ventricular muscle tissue was stained following a well-defined pattern of bands every sarcomere. This spacing of bands was consistent with the interpretation that triadin was present in the dyadic junctional regions.
Shoaling preferences and the effects of sex ratio on spawning and aggression in small laboratory populations of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Owing to a lack of basic information on the biology of zebrafish (Danio rerio), lab managers must often base decisions regarding the care and use of this species on anecdotal information. In an effort to provide researchers with context-specific behavioral information, the authors evaluated shoaling and spawning behaviors in small groups of zebrafish. In each shoaling assay, a fish was given a choice to shoal with either a single fish or a group of three fish. Females preferred to shoal with a group of three individuals rather than with a single individual, regardless of the sex of the other fish. Males preferred groups of three males over single males but preferred single females to groups of three females. In spawning assays, zebrafish were placed in breeding tanks in one of three sex ratios (1 male:1 female; 3 males:1 female; 1 male:3 females). Reproductive efficiency did not differ among groups, but aggression (evaluated according to presence of shed scales) was more frequently observed in the male-dominated treatment group.
Prelimbic cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, septum, and delayed alternation in rats

Rats were trained preoperatively on contingently reinforced delayed alternation in a T-maze. Then different matched groups of rats received lesions in the prelimbic cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, posterodorsal septum (aimed at transecting the precommissural fornix), and control operations (no brain lesions). Following a 2-week recovery period the rats were retested in the T-maze for retention of delayed alternation. Control rats were unaffected by the control operations and the testing hiatus of the recovery period. Rats with lesions in the prelimbic cortex performed at chance levels on the first postoperative session as did rats with posterodorsal septal lesions, but both groups recovered with continued experience, i.e., they could relearn the task. Rats with lesions in mediodorsal thalamus were only slightly affected by the lesions, The results suggest that a restricted field in the medial pregenual cortex, the prelimbic area, is critically involved in T-maze alternation. However, the data also suggest that a major subcortical source of afferents to prelimbic cortex, the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, is not crucial for retention of delayed alternation. Impairment in retention of contingently reinforced T-maze delayed alternation following interference with septo-hippocampal circuitry is consistent with data previously reported.
On the Question of Overlap between Tl: 6s and Cu: 3d Bands in the Tl1-yLaBa1-zSrzCuO5-x System

Wet-chemical analysis was used to characterize the thallium and oxygen contents y and x of the system Tl[sub 1-y]LaBa[sub 1-z]Sr[sub z]CuO[sub 5-x] before and after annealing in an O[sub 2] atmosphere at 500[degrees]C. The values of y and x were found to vary sensitively with the conditions of the initial synthesis, and the oxygen content increased after the 500[degrees]C anneal in O[sub 2]. Single-phase samples were obtained for y [le] 36; the CuO[sub 2] sheets were never reduced below (CuO[sub 2])[sup 2[minus]], and the ability to reduce to this state decreased with increasing y. Bulk superconductivity may be obtained for all values of z in the range 0 [le] z [le] 1, and the change in Meissner fraction and superconductive onset temperature T[sub on] varies with the oxidation state of the CuO[sub 2] sheets in the same manner as the system La[sub 2-x]Sr[sub x]CuO[sub 4] in the range 0 [le] x [le] 0.16, provided the oxidation state of the CuO[sub 2] sheets is calculated on the basis that all the thallium are present as Tl[sup 3+]. There is no evidence of an electron transfer from the CuO[sub 2] sheets to Tl-6s states at low temperatures in this Tl monolayer system,more » which distinguishes it from the Tl bilayer systems. These observations are at variance with speculation in the literature; they also demonstrate how experimental observations in the thallium cuprates may be misleading if they are not accompanied by chemical analysis.« less
Replantation of the upper extremity: Indications and outcomes

Since the introduction of microsurgical technique over 40 years ago, replantation of the upper extremity has been performed throughout the world with regularity. Instead of focusing solely on survival of the replanted parts, hand surgeons are more aware of the functional, health-related quality of life and economic issues associated with this complex procedure. Derived from several decades of experience, the indications for replantations in the upper extremity have become more defined and the functional outcomes have improved. In indicated cases, replantation procedures provide patients with reconstruction that is unmatched by any other means. This article discusses the current status of replantation and condenses the particulars of performing upper-extremity replantations. Copyright © 2002 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
The little locksmith: A cautionary tale for the electronic age

Abstract Technology offers an unparralleled opportunity to preserve information and to provide superior means of locating it. While acknowledging the need for enhanced access to new publications, including electronic resources, this article, through an illustrative case study, emphasizes the importance of enriched access to older materials.
Evaluating Subsurface Damage with Quantum Dots

Quantum dots were added to abrasive slurries used to finish glass samples. Confocal fluorescence microscopy detected quantum dots up to 7 µm beneath the surface, agreeing with depths of brittle fracture observed by etching.
Formation and thermodynamic stability of (polymer + porphyrin) supramolecular structures in aqueous solutions

Abstract Optical properties of porphyrins can be tuned through (polymer + porphyrin) (host + guest) binding in solution. This gives rise to the formation of supramolecular structures. In this paper, the formation, thermodynamic stability and spectroscopic properties of (polymer + porphyrin) supramolecular structures and their competition with porphyrin self-association were investigated by both isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and absorption spectroscopy. Specifically, reaction enthalpies and equilibrium constants were measured for meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) self-association and TPPS binding to the polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, 40 kg/mol) in aqueous solutions at pH 7 and three different temperatures (12, 25 and 37 °C). ITC, compared to spectroscopic techniques, provides two independent means to determine reaction enthalpies: direct measurements and Van’t Hoff plot. This was used as a criterion to assess that (1) self-association of TPPS is limited to the formation of dimers and (2) TPPS binds to PVP in its monomeric state only. The formation of TPPS dimers and (PVP + TPPS) supramolecular structures are both enthalpically driven. However, (polymer + porphyrin) binding was found to be entropically favored compared to dimerization. Furthermore, the reaction enthalpies of these two processes significantly depend on temperature. This behavior was attributed to hydrophobic interactions. Finally, the limiting absorption spectra of monomeric, dimeric and polymer-bound states of TPPS were extracted from our spectroscopic measurements combined with the thermodynamic parameters obtained by ITC. The observed spectral shifts indicate that the two hydrogens in the central porphyrin are involved in (PVP + TPPS) binding. This work provides valuable information on thermodynamic stability of (polymer + porphyrin) supramolecular nanostructures and the general understanding of complex competing associative processes in solution.
Input-to-state stability and boundedness in Lurie systems

We analyze the input-to-state stability (ISS) of the feedback interconnection of a linear block and a nonlinear element. This study is of importance for establishing robustness against actuator nonlinearities and disturbances. In the absolute stability framework, we prove ISS from a positive real property of the linear block, by restricting the sector nonlinearity to grow unbounded as its argument tends to infinity. When this growth condition is violated, examples show that the ISS property is lost. The result is used to give a simple proof of boundedness for negative resistance oscillators, such as the van der Pol oscillator. In a separate application, we relax the minimum phase assumption of an earlier boundedness result for systems with nonlinearities that grow faster than linear.
Interdiffusion, Crystallinity and Exchange Bias in Mn x Pt 1-x /Co Bilayers

Abstract : The structure of the antiferromagnet (AF) in the Ta/Mn(x)Pt(1-x)/Co/Ta system must have the facecentered tetragonal CuAu structure in order to obtain a measurable exchange bias (H(sub E)). The formation of this structure has an onset temperature of approximately 240 degrees C. Increasing the annealing temperature increases the amount of CuAu ordering, which increases H(sub E), and also increases the MnPt/Co interdiffusion, which decreases H(sub E). These two competing processes result in an optimum annealing temperature that maximizes H(sub E).
Injection molded solder - A new fine pitch substrate bumping method

Injection molded soldering (IMS) technology has been developed for solder bumping of fine-pitch organic substrates. Pure molten solder is injected through a flexible film mask that is aligned to the recessed pad openings to form solder bumps on the substrate. The new substrate bumping method is a simple one pass operation for various size pads, with the capability of forming high solder volume on fine pitch substrate.
The Interhospital Medical Intensive Care Unit Transfer Instrument Facilitates Early Implementation of Critical Therapies and Is Associated With Fewer Emergent Procedures Upon Arrival

Background:Interhospital transportation of critically ill patients is challenging. The risk incurred by the patient is compounded when stabilization and application of appropriate therapies are delayed. The purpose of this study was to first develop an interhospital intensive care unit (ICU) transfer instrument to systematize communication and determine feasibility of use. Then, the transfer instrument was tested for effects on patient mortality, stability on arrival, and recommended therapy implementation.Method:The instrument was developed and pilot tested for 6 months to optimize function and applicability. Then, a before-and-after quasi-experimental study tested this instrument by assessing several key outcomes. Outcomes measured included 48-hour mortality, ICU mortality, hospital mortality, emergent intubation, emergent central venous catheter insertion, immediate change in antibiotics, and addition of vasopressors immediately on arrival. Patients were compared by age, gender, cause for admission, an...
Review of Developments in Electrometallurgy 1982

Few papers appeared in 1981 on new or improved plants, reflecting the lower rate of expansion of the electrometallur­ gical industry in the late 1970s. There were some useful reviews of the state of the art, and fundamental research continued at a healthy level. The second volume of the "Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry," edited by Bockris et aI., is welcome; it features two excellent chapters on electrometallurgy. Ettel and Tilak1 deal with electrolytic refining and winning in aqueous solutions, and Haupin and Frank2 discuss the electrometallurgy of aluminum. Reviews of advances in the smelting of aluminum3 and magnesium4 and the production of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium5 were presented at the U.S.A.-China Bilat­ eral Conference on metallurgy. Jacobi6 discussed recent developments and future prospects for electrolytic processes in hydrometallurgy. ELECTRO REFINING An issue of EMJ high current efficiency and low labor costs were achieved in a small conventional plant through automation and improved technology . There were significant developments and continuous prog­ ress at older existing refineries. Perry et al.9 reported the successful use of permanent stainless steel cathodes and the automatic stripping at the Copper Refinery Pty., Ltd. plant in Australia. Tobback et al.lO described the auto­ matic stripping and the handling of starting sheets at Metallurgie Hoboken Overpelt in Belgium, and Dompas et al. 11 updated their previous report on the casting of anodes with integral lugs at the same plant. McCririck12 discussed the relative merits of periodic current reversal versus direct current from the viewpoints of operating costs and capital costs for new copper refineries. Braun13 calculated the energy balance and showed its rela­ tion to the water balance in refining or electrowinning tank houses. Somers et al. 14 discussed energy conservation opportunities in copper refining facilities and their poten­ tial economic return.
PHOSPHORYLATION OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS IN ERYTHROCYTES TREATED WITH LEAD

In immature rat microvessels, endothelial cells and glioma cells, exposure to lead results in an increase in the level of protein kinase C in membranes. In this paper we have extended these studies to human erythrocytes and, in addition, studied the phosphorylation of membrane proteins. A significant increase in the phosphorylation of membrane cytoskeletal proteins of molecular mass 120, 80, 52 and 45 kDa was observed in human erythrocytes treated for 60 min with lead acetate at concentrations greater than 100 nM. These same proteins were phosphorylated when erythrocytes were treated for 10 min with 50 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Similarly, protein kinase C activity was elevated and an increase in the amount of protein kinase C-α was observed in membranes from erythrocytes exposed to concentrations of lead acetate above 100 nM. No changes, however, in the activities of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein phosphatases I and IIA or casein kinase were observed. Phosphorylation of these membrane proteins stimulated by lead acetate or by PMA was not observed in erythrocytes depleted of protein kinase C by a 72-h treatment with 500 nM phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. Finally, no changes in the levels of calcium or diacylglycerol were observed in erythrocytes stimulated with 100 nM lead acetate. These results indicate that, in erythrocytes, lead acetate stimulates the phosphorylation of membrane cytoskeletal proteins by a mechanism dependent on protein kinase C. Since levels of calcium or diacylglycerols did not increase, it appears that lead may activate the enzyme by a direct interaction.
Prepartum grain feeding and subsequent lactation forage program effects on performance of dairy cows in early lactation.

Abstract One hundred fifty-six Holstein cows were balanced prior to drying off to one of three diets offered during the dry period (dry matter basis): A) forage only (50% corn silage: 50% alfalfa silage), B) forage as A plus a standard dairy grain mix (1.73% calcium), and C) same as B except a low calcium grain mix (.35% calcium). Grain feeding started 3 wk prepartum. Cows from each dry treatment were assigned to one of two treatments during the first 21 d postpartum: total mixed ration (dry matter basis); 50% grain:50% corn silage; or 50% grain: 25% corn silage: 25% alfalfa silage. Dry period feeding program had no effect on postpartum dry matter intake, milk yield, or composition. Prepartum grain feeding resulted in increased body weight gain during the last 3 wk of the dry period. Feeding corn silage postpartum as the sole forage resulted in higher dry matter intakes (15.0 vs. 14.1 kg/d), milk production (31.3 vs. 29.7 kg/d), and less body weight loss (36 vs. 58 kg) during the first 21 d postpartum than feeding a 50% corn silage:50% alfalfa silage mixture. However, differences varied depending on dry cow feeding program. All dry cow treatments resulted in a high incidence of milk fever (11.5, 11.5, and 15.5% for A, B, and C, respectively). Dry cow rations containing as little as 50% alfalfa silage appear to predispose cows to increased incidence of milk fever.
Pregnane X receptor and natural products: beyond drug–drug interactions

The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is activated by a myriad of compounds and natural products in clinical use. Activation of PXR represents the basis for several clinically important drug–drug interactions. Although PXR activation has undesirable effects in patients on combination therapy, it also mediates the hepatoprotective effects exhibited by some herbal remedies. This review focuses on PXR activation by natural products and the potential therapeutic opportunities presented. In particular, the biological effects of St. John’s Wort, gugulipid, kava kava, Coleus forskolii, Hypoxis, Sutherlandia, qing hao, wu wei zi, gan cao and other natural products are discussed. The impact of these natural products on drug metabolism and hepatoprotection is highlighted in the context of activation and antagonism of PXR.
Considerations for Diagnostic Ultrasonic Imaging

It is becoming increasingly apparent that ultrasonic imaging (focused and holographic) will develop into a useful tool for diagnostic medicine. In this paper we examine the benefits to be derived with this application, particularly as they compare to the results obtainable with currently-used techniques of diagnostic ultrasonics.
A retrospective analysis of survival and prognostic factors after stereotactic radiosurgery for aggressive meningiomas

Background: While most meningiomas are benign, aggressive meningiomas are associated with high levels of recurrence and mortality. A single institution’s Gamma Knife radiosurgical experience with atypical and malignant meningiomas is presented, stratified by the most recent WHO classification. Methods: Thirty-one patients with atypical and 4 patients with malignant meningiomas treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery between July 2000 and July 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent prior surgical resection. Overall survival was the primary endpoint and rate of disease recurrence in the brain was a secondary endpoint. Patients who had previous radiotherapy or prior surgical resection were included. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate survival and identify factors predictive of recurrence and survival. Results: Post-Gamma Knife recurrence was identified in 11 patients (31.4%) with a median overall survival of 36 months and progression-free survival of 25.8 months. Nine patients (25.7%) had died. Three-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 78.0% and 65.0%, respectively. WHO grade II 3-year OS and PFS were 83.4% and 70.1%, while WHO grade III 3-year OS and PFS were 33.3% and 0%. Recurrence rate was significantly higher in patients with a prior history of benign meningioma, nuclear atypia, high mitotic rate, spontaneous necrosis, and WHO grade III diagnosis on univariate analysis; only WHO grade III diagnosis was significant on multivariate analysis. Overall survival was adversely affected in patients with WHO grade III diagnosis, prior history of benign meningioma, prior fractionated radiotherapy, larger tumor volume, and higher isocenter number on univariate analysis; WHO grade III diagnosis and larger treated tumor volume were significant on multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas remain difficult tumors to treat. WHO grade III diagnosis and treated tumor volume were significantly predictive of recurrence and survival on multivariate analysis in aggressive meningioma patients treated with radiosurgery. Larger tumor size predicts poor survival, while nuclear atypia, necrosis, and increased mitotic rate are risk factors for recurrence. Clinical and pathologic predictors may help identify patients that are at higher risk for recurrence.
Random reals and the relation 171-1171-1171-1

It is consistent that ω1→(ω1,(α:n))2 holds in any random extension for n finite and α countable.
Scalability Considerations in BGP/MPLS IP VPNs

The scalability of the BGP/MPLS IP VPN solution is one of the main reasons for the wide deployment of this technology. This article first discusses the scaling properties of BGP/MPLS IP VPNs. Then, it explores more advanced topics, such as techniques for scaling the provider edge routers to support a large number of customers and enhancements for reducing the number of VPN route advertisements
Collaboration in Software Engineering: A Roadmap

Software engineering projects are inherently cooperative, requiring many software engineers to coordinate their efforts to produce a large software system. Integral to this effort is developing shared understanding surrounding multiple artifacts, each artifact embodying its own model, over the entire development process. This focus on model- oriented collaboration embedded within a larger process is what distinguishes collaboration research in software engineering from broader collaboration research, which tends to address artifact-neutral coordination technologies and toolkits. This article first presents a list of goals for software engineering collaboration, then surveys existing collaboration support tools in software engineering. The survey covers both tools that focus on a single artifact or stage in the development process (requirements support tools, UML collaboration tools), and tools that support the representation and execution of an entire software process. Important collaboration standards are also described. Several possible future directions for collaboration in software engineering are presented, including tight integration between web and desktop development environments, broader participation by customers and end users in the entire development process, capturing argumentation surrounding design rationale, and use of massively multiplayer online (MMO) game technology as a collaboration medium. The article concludes by noting a problem in performing research on collaborative systems, that of assessing how well certain artifacts, models, and embedded processes work, and whether they are better than other approaches.
Persistent and Recurrent Tinea Corporis in Children Treated With Combination Antifungal/ Corticosteroid Agents

Background. Combination antifungal/corticosteroid preparations are widely used by nondermatologists in the treatment of superficial fungal infections in patients of all ages. Over half of the prescriptions written for the most commonly used combination agent clotrimazole 1%/betamethasone diproprionate 0.05% cream (Lotrisone, Schering, Kenilworth, NJ) were prescribed for children younger than 4 years old. Our pediatric dermatology division has recently encountered a series of children with recurrent or persistent tinea corporis, especially tinea faciei, treated initially with combination antifungal/corticosteroid cream. Methods. All children evaluated for tinea corporis in a university hospital pediatric dermatology clinic from January through June 2001 were identified from the clinic registry for a retrospective chart review. Response to therapy was confirmed by telephone survey and/or follow-up visits at least 1 month after clearing of infection. Results. Six children ranging in age from 4 to 11 years were evaluated for tinea corporis in a pediatric dermatology clinic at our institution during the 6-month period. All 6 children were diagnosed clinically by their pediatrician with tinea corporis and initially treated with clotrimazole 1%/betamethasone diproprionate 0.05% cream for 2 to 12 months. In our pediatric dermatology clinic, patients had their diagnosis confirmed with a positive potassium hydroxide preparation and were treated with one of several oral or topical antifungal agents with clearing of all tinea infections. Conclusion. The use of combination clotrimazole 1% cream/betamethasone diproprionate 0.05% cream (Lotrisone) for the treatment of tinea corporis may be associated with persistent/recurrent infection.
A Simple, Sensitive, and Rapid Method for the Determination of Cotinine in Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection

Cotinine levels in biological fluids are a reliable indicator of the presence of nicotine. In this paper, a simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure for the determination of cotinine in urine following liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane in an alkaline medium is described. Calibration curves show linearity over the 50 to 3000 ng/mL range with low intra- and interday variability as well as good selectivity and specificity. No solid-phase extraction is performed because the liquid dichloromethane extraction step yields excellent results. This method is a good alternative for routine analysis of urinary cotinine in laboratories where gas chromatography or HPLC-mass spectrometry is not available.
A bubble-free goniolens

A modified Goldmann-type gonioscopy lens has been developed which can be successfully applied to the cornea without requiring methylcellulose or other viscous solution between the cornea and the inner surface of the contact lens. This goniolens does not indent the cornea, leaving the anterior chamber angle configuration unaltered during gonioscopy. In addition the optic disc can be visualized with the slit lamp by looking through the central portion of the goniolens.
Portfolio theory as a management tool to guide conservation and restoration of multi‐stock fish populations

Habitat degradation and harvest have upset the natural buffering mechanism (i.e., portfolio effects) of many large-scale multi-stock fisheries by reducing spawning stock diversity that is vital for generating population stability and resilience. The application of portfolio theory offers a means to guide management activities by quantifying the importance of multi-stock dynamics and suggesting conservation and restoration strategies to improve naturally occurring portfolio effects. Our application of portfolio theory to Lake Erie Sander vitreus (walleye), a large population that is supported by riverine and open-lake reef spawning stocks, has shown that portfolio effects generated by annual inter-stock larval fish production are currently suboptimal when compared to potential buffering capacity. Reduced production from riverine stocks has resulted in a single open-lake reef stock dominating larval production, and in turn, high inter-annual recruitment variability during recent years. Our analyses have shown (1) a weak average correlation between annual river and reef larval production (ρ = 0.24), suggesting that a natural buffering capacity exists in the population, and (2) expanded annual production of larvae (potential recruits) from riverine stocks could stabilize the fishery by dampening inter-annual recruitment variation. Ultimately, our results demonstrate how portfolio theory can be used to quantify the importance of spawning stock diversity and guide management on ecologically relevant scales (i.e., spawning stocks) leading to greater stability and resilience of multi-stock populations and fisheries.
Strategies for implementing implementation science: a methodological overview

A key reason for the consistent gaps between evidence and practice across all areas of medicine is that there has been little attempt to identify or target factors critical for successful implementation of an evidence-based intervention. There is either no explicit implementation strategy or the strategy is based on a best guess rather than on a systematic assessment of crucial barriers and enablers. A different approach is needed to close the evidence-practice gap and thereby achieve the triple aim of improved health, improved patient experience and reduced healthcare costs. We present three fundamental principles of implementation science, which is a methodology that offers a systematic and comprehensive approach to improving healthcare practice and a series of 'how to' steps to conduct implementation science research. In an accompanying article, a scoping review of the types of implementation science research conducted in emergency medicine is reviewed, and several of the principles related to this review are discussed.
Effect of growth hormone and oxytocin upon milk yield in the lactating rat.

Summary(1) We have investigated the effect of growth hormone (GH) and oxytocin alone, and in combination, upon lactation in the rat. Amount of milk obtained by a litter of 6 during 30 minutes nursing on day 14 postpartum, expressed as percent litter body weight, was used as the index of response. (2) Control yields averaged 3.8% with normal distribution. Removal of milk with aid of .1 USP unit/kg oxytocin i.v. resulted in 50% higher yield with more uniformity among individual values. (3) GH injected subc., from days 7-13 at dose of 1 mg/rat/day evoked a 41.1% increase in milk yield. Yields obtained in GH-treated lactating rats with aid of oxytocin were greater and more uniform than with GH or oxytocin alone. The significance of this is discussed. (4) GH had no effect upon pituitary, thyroid or adrenal weight/100 g body weight. GH caused a significant increase in percent weight gain of mothers but not their litters. Litter growth rate as an index of lactation in the rat is discussed.
Numerical Investigation of Porous Medium Heat Transfer

This work deals with numerical investigation of porous medium heat transfer for square tube cross flow heat exchanger. The simulation is done for 2D turbulent flow. In order to resolve the flow field, Reynolds Average Navier-stokes (RANS) model is used. Standard k-epsilon model is considered among different RANS model in order to resolve the mean velocity field, pressure drop and temperature distribution. Both average velocity, temperature distribution and pressure drop are calculated for three different cases having three different porosity (ϕ), permeability (K) and inertial coefficient (β). The results of three different cases are compared and presented. First the mesh independence test is done by different mesh size. ANSYS Fluent is used for the simulation. A pressured based solver is used with SIMPLE solution scheme, in order to find different flow variables. Finally the Nusselt number (Nu) and surface heat transfer coefficient (h) are determined and presented.© 2014 ASME
Professional experiences of recent graduates.

CUP graduates in this study rated work experience and undergraduate education as making the greatest contributions toward development of competency in their positions as dietitians.
Una aproximación a la idea de “Constitución económica” y sus alcances en la Constitución chilena

La Constitucion es una norma con techo ideologico abierto que se funda en acuerdos entre diferentes cosmovisiones. Por lo mismo, sera un espacio cuyo elemento esencial es definir entre todos el “minimum constitucional” de reglas y principios que determinan las bases del sistema constitucional. En tal contexto, en este trabajo se analizan los alcances que tendria la idea de “Constitucion economica”, como marco de opciones legislativas en esta materia, especialmente en el ambito de la Constitucion chilena vigente. A estos efectos, se propone un giro hermeneutico en la tradicional construccion que realizan la doctrina y la jurisprudencia en esta materia, partiendo del supuesto de que el concepto es contingente y se desarrolla bajo un lenguaje equivoco. La apertura de los conceptos constitucionales unida a una lectura dinamica de la sociedad y la Constitucion permiten que la interpretacion pueda ir adaptandose a las cambiantes circunstancias sociales, politicas o economicas.
The Modern World-System as environmental history?: Ecology and the rise of capitalism

This article considers the emergence of world environmental history as a rapidly growing but undertheorized research field. Taking as its central problematic the gap between the fertile theorizations of environmentally-oriented social scientists and the empirically rich studies of world environmental historians, the article argues for a synthesis of theory and history in the study of longue dureesocio-ecological change. This argument proceeds in three steps. First, I offer an ecological reading of Immanuel Wallerstein's The Modern World-System. Wallerstein's handling of the ecological dimensions of the transition from feudalism to capitalism is suggestive of a new approach to world environmental history. Second, I contend that Wallerstein's theoretical insights may be effectively complemented by drawing on Marxist notions of value and above all the concept of “metabolic rift,” which emphasize the importance of productive processes and regional divisions of labor within the modern world-system. Finally, I develop these theoretical discussions in a short environmental history of the two great “commodity frontiers” of early capitalism – the sugar plantation and the silver mining complex.
Factor VIII Biosynthesis and the Unfolded Protein Response.

Abstract Abstract SCI-19 Factor VIII is the protein deficient in the × chromosome-linked bleeding disorder hemophilia A. Previous studies demonstrated that FVIII expression in mammalian cells is limited due to protein misfolding of the newly synthesized polypeptide in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although oxidative stress can disrupt protein folding, how protein misfolding and oxidative stress impact each other has not been explored. We have analyzed expression of FVIII to elucidate the relationship between protein misfolding and oxidative stress. Accumulation of misfolded FVIII in the lumen of the ER activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), causes oxidative stress, and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in mice. Strikingly, antioxidant treatment reduces UPR activation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and increases FVIII secretion in vitro and in vivo. The findings indicate that reactive oxygen species are a signal generated by misfolded protein in the ER that cause UPR activation and cell death. Genetic or chemical intervention to reduce reactive oxygen species improves protein folding and cell survival and may provide an avenue to treat and/or prevent diseases of protein misfolding. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
SEPARATION OF COCKROACH GIANT ACTION POTENTIALS USING MULTIUNIT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACT Multi-unit analysis techniques are applied to extracellular recordings from the cockroach ventral nerve cord as a step in the identification of the different giant axons. The waveforms are classified using several different methods, including peak amplitude measurement, Fourier spectral analysis, and principal component analysis, and the results are compared. This preparation has the potential of absolute identification of units by histology. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this work.
Introduction: Oscar Wilde and the Cultures of Childhood

This introductory chapter opens with a discussion of Oscar Wilde’s enduring interest in the cultures of childhood. The first section begins with an analysis of the figure of the child in one of Wilde’s best-known fairy tales, “The Happy Prince,” before looking closely at his experience as a loving father to his two sons Cyril and Vyvyan, who were estranged from him after he was sentenced to prison in May 1895. Through reference to his son Vyvyan Holland’s memoir, Son of Oscar Wilde (1954), the chapter turns to Wilde’s grief when he realized in jail that he would never see his boys again. The analysis then moves to Wilde’s writings on his dismay at the mistreatment of juveniles in HM Reading Prison. Thereafter, the chapter examines Wilde’s long prison letter, later known as De Profundis, in which he speaks of the ways in which his incarceration reminded him that he was a child in the eyes of God. The second section provides an overview of the eight chapters that follow.
The influence of sociodemographic factors on operative decision-making in small bowel obstruction.

Abstract Background Current guidelines for small bowel obstruction (SBO) recommend a limited trial of nonoperative management of no more than 3-5 d. For patients requiring surgery, it is uncertain if sociodemographic factors are associated with disparities in the duration of the trial of nonoperative therapy. Methods The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample from 2012 to 2014 was queried for discharges with a primary diagnosis of SBO. Primary outcomes of interest were the effects of sociodemographic factors, including race, insurance status, and income on the rate of receiving any operative management for SBO, and subsequently, among patients managed surgically, the risk of operative delay, defined as operative management ≥ 5 d after admission. We did this by using logistic hierarchical generalized linear models, accounting for hospital clustering and adjusted for sex, age, comorbidity, and hospital factors. Results Of the 589,850 admissions for SBO between 2012 and 2014, 22.0% underwent operations. Overall, 26.2% were non-White, including 12.2% Black and 8.6% Hispanic patients, and the majority (56.0%) had Medicare insurance coverage. Income quartiles were evenly distributed across the overall study population. In adjusted logistic regression, operative delay was associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 1.30 95% confidence interval [1.10, 1.54]). Adjusted for patient and hospital factors, Black patients were significantly more likely to receive operations for SBO, whereas Medicaid and Medicare patients were significantly less likely. However, Black, Medicaid, and Medicare patients who were managed operatively were significantly more likely to have an operative delay of 5 or more d. There was no significant association between income and operative management in adjusted regression models. Conclusions Significant disparities in the operative management were based on race and insurance status. Further research is warranted to understand the causes of, and solutions to, these sociodemographic disparities in care.
Batocrinidae (Crinoidea) from the Lower Mississippian (lower Viséan) Fort Payne Formation of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama: systematics, geographic occurrences, and facies distribution

The Batocrinidae are characteristic faunal elements in Lower Mississippian shallow-marine settings in North America. Recent delineation of objectively defined genera allows a reexamination of batocrinid species and their distribution in the Fort Payne Formation (early Visean, late Osagean), a well-studied array of carbonate and siliciclastic facies. The Fort Payne batocrinid fauna has 14 species assigned to six genera, plus hybrid specimens. Magnuscrinus spinosus (Miller and Gurley, 1895a) is reassigned to its original placement in Eretmocrinus. Hybrid specimens (Ausich and Meyer, 1994) are regarded as Eretmocrinus magnificus × Eretmocrinus spinosus. Macrocrinus casualis is the dominant species of Macrocrinus in the Fort Payne, and M. mundulus and M. strotobasilaris are recognized in the Fort Payne Formation for the first time. Magnuscrinus cumberlandensis n. sp. is named, 13 species are designated as junior synonyms, the name for the hybrid specimens is changed to Eretmocrinus magnificus × Eretmocrinus spinosus, and the previous occurrences of two species in the Fort Payne are rejected. The Eastern Interior Seaway was a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic setting with both shallow- and deep-water epicontinental sea facies ranging from relatively shallow autochthonous green shales to deep-water turbidite facies. Dizygocrinus was restricted to shallow-water carbonate and siliciclastic facies, Eutrochocrinus was restricted to shallow-water carbonate facies, and Magnuscrinus was restricted to deep-water facies. Species distributions varied from Abatocrinus steropes, Alloprosallocrinus conicus, Macrocrinus mundulus, and Uperocrinus nashvillae, which occurred throughout the Eastern Interior Seaway, to species that were restricted to a single facies. Eretmocrinus magnificus, Alloprosallocrinus conicus, and Uperocrinus robustus were the dominant batocrinids in the Fort Payne Formation.UUID: http://zoobank.org/703aafd8-4c73-4edc-9870-e2356e2d28b8
Treatment of Progressive Hodgkin's Disease With Intensive Chemoradiotherapy and Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation

Twenty-six patients with progressive Hodgkin9s disease after conventional chemotherapy received intensive chemoradiotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT); 19 also received additional involved-field radiotherapy. Twenty-one patients [81%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 61% to 94%] attained complete (n = 18) or partial responses. Ten patients (38%, 95% CI 20% to 59%) are disease- free a median of 4.5 years later (range 3.5 to 7.0 years), including seven patients with continuous complete responses. The likelihood of overall response was not significantly influenced by any clinical or treatment variable examined. However, there was a trend favoring patients with higher Karnofsky scores, and higher scores were associated with attainment of complete responses (P = .06 and P = .02, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test). Both higher Karnofsky scores and shorter durations of disease before transplantation were associated with improved survival in a stepwise Cox multivariate analysis. The chief cause of failure was progression at sites previously involved with Hodgkin9s disease. No patient relapsed in the marrow, and two of three patients with a history of marrow involvement with Hodgkin9s disease achieved durable complete responses after transplantation. These data suggest that inadequate pretransplant conditioning, and not the reinoculation of occult tumor cells in the autologous marrow, caused most relapses. Fatal treatment-related toxicity occurred in six patients. Three patients died of idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis; each had previously received local mediastinal irradiation before intensive chemoradiotherapy. Intensive chemoradiotherapy and ABMT produces durable responses in some patients with Hodgkin9s disease incurable with conventional therapy. Use of such therapies at the first sign of failure with conventional chemotherapy and development of more effective conditioning regimens should further improve results.
Role of the Androgen Receptor and PI3K/Akt in the Survival of Androgen-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cells

In summary, our data demonstrate that following androgen withdrawal, a majority of LNCaP androgen-sensitive PCA cells did not undergo apoptosis, but rather transient neuroendocrine differentiation, and eventually relapsed to an androgen-refractory phenotype. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was overexpressed during this complex process. Additionally, the PI3K/Akt survival pathway was further activated due to androgen withdrawal. Moreover, we found that loss of PTEN and overexpression of Bcl-2 are inversely correlated in primary prostate tumors. Ectopic expression of PTEN resulted in decreased expression of Bcl-2 in PTEN-null PCA cells by negatively regulating the Akt and CREB signaling pathway. Furthermore, expression of Bcl-2 in PCA cells is androgen-regulated. Androgen treatment of PCA cells downregulates Bcl-2 expression in an E2F1-dependent manner. Therefore, our data suggest that deregulation of PI3K/Akt/CREB and E2F1 pathways caused by loss of PTEN function and/or androgen deprivation contributes to the overexpression of Bcl-2 in androgen-refractory prostate tumors.
A New Method for Classification of Hazardous Driver States Based on Vehicle Kinematics and Physiological Signals

Hazardous driver states are the cause of many traffic accidents, and there is therefore a great need for accurate detection of such states. This study proposes a new classification method that is evaluated on a previously collected driving dataset that includes combinations of four causes of hazardous driver states: drowsiness, high traffic density, adverse weather, and cell phone usage. The previous study consisted of four sessions and eight scenarios within each session. Four physiological signals (e.g. electrocardiogram) and eight vehicle kinematics signals (e.g. throttle, road offset) were recorded during each scenario. In both previous and present studies, the presence or absence of the different causes of hazardous driver states was classified. In this study, a new classifier based on principal component analysis and artificial neural networks is proposed. The obtained results show improvement across all classification accuracies, especially when only vehicle kinematics data are used (mean of 12.7%).
Infrared spectra, vibrational assignment and ab initio calculations for 2,2,2-trifluoroethanimidamide

The infrared spectra of gaseous and solid 2,2,2-trifluoroethanimidamide, CF3(NH2)C=NH, have been recorded from 4000 to 80 cm−1. A vibrational assignment for the normal modes is proposed based on group frequencies and normal coordinate calculations utilizing C1 symmetry. The structures for both the cis [hydrogen atom of the =NH group is cis to the NH2 group] and trans geometric isomers have been determined from ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations employing the GAUSSIAN-82 program with the 3–21G basis set. The most stable conformer at this level of calculation is found to be a C1, structure with a partially rotated CF3 group and the hydrogen atom of the imine group trans to the NH2 group. The calculated structural parameters have only very small differences between the conformers. Barriers to internal rotation for the NH2 and CF3 groups and vibrational frequencies have been calculated for the C1 form. The results of this investigation are compared with similar data on some corresponding molecules.
A conceptual framework for orthotic and prosthetic education.

Background:Variables that influence orthotic and prosthetic patient outcomes beyond direct care are poorly conceptualized for orthotic and prosthetic students. Restructuring educational curricula a...