cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Publius Cornelius Tacitus

Rhetorische Ausbildung in Rom; angesehener Redner; 81/82 Quaestor; 88 Praetor und Mitglied der ›quindecimviri sacris faciundis‹ (eines der bedeutendsten romischen Priesterkollegien); 97 Konsul; 112/13 Statthalter der Provinz Asia; literarische Tatigkeit ab 98 bis zum Tod (vor allem als Historiker).
Interconnectedness in the CDS Market

Concentrated risks in the market for credit default swaps (CDSs) are widely considered to have contributed significantly to the 2007–08 financial crisis. We examine the structure of the CDS market using a network-based approach that allows us to capture the interconnectedness between dealers and nondealers of CDS contracts. We find a high degree of interconnectivity among major market participants. Our work helps assess the stability of the CDS market and the potential contagion among market participants. Our findings are of practical importance because even after central clearing becomes mandatory, counterparty risk will remain a relevant systemic consideration owing to the long-term nature of CDS contracts.
RNA-Dependent Synthesis of Mammalian mRNA: Identification of Chimeric Intermediate and Putative End Product

Our initial understanding of the flow of protein-encoding genetic information, DNA to RNA to protein, a process defined as the central dogma of molecular biology, was eventually amended to account for the information back-flow from RNA to DNA (reverse transcription), and for its side-flow from RNA to RNA (RNA-dependent RNA synthesis, RdRs). These processes, both potentially leading to protein production, were described only in viral systems, and although putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was shown to be present, and RdRs to occur, in most, if not all, mammalian cells, its function was presumed to be restricted to regulatory. Here we report the occurrence of protein-encoding RNA to RNA information transfer in mammalian cells. We describe below the detection, by next generation sequencing (NGS), of a chimeric double-stranded/pinhead intermediate containing both sense and antisense globin RNA strands covalently joined in a predicted and uniquely defined manner, whose cleavage at the pinhead would result in the generation of an end-product containing the intact coding region of the original mRNA. We also describe the identification of the putative end product of RNA-dependent globin mRNA amplification. It is heavily modified, uniformly truncated at both untranslated regions (UTRs), terminates with the OH group at the 5-prime end, consistent with a cleavage-generated 5-prime terminus, and its massive cellular amount is unprecedented for a conventional mRNA transcription product. It also translates in a cell-free system into polypeptides indistinguishable from the translation product of conventional globin mRNA. The physiological significance of the mammalian mRNA amplification, which might operate during terminal differentiation and in the production of highly abundant rapidly generated proteins such as some collagens or other components of extracellular matrix, with every genome-originated mRNA molecule acting as a potential template, as well as possible implications, including physiologically occurring intracellular PCR process, iPCR, are discussed in the paper.
Infertility: Demographic Aspects

This article first defines infertility and discusses its measurement, and then offers an overview of the extent of infertility and its consequences and treatment. Noncontracepting and contracepting populations are dealt with separately. In summary, the evidence shows that infertility from senescence increases gradually with age. Variation is quite local and is influenced by disease patterns, especially of STDs. In contracepting populations, the perception of infertility varies with the proportion of people who want only a few children and stop after having them. Clearly those who postpone childbearing until their late 30s are at an increased risk of infertility. In much of the world the most pressing need is for the prevention and treatment of STDs.
Gastrointestinal Organoids: Understanding the Molecular Basis of the Host-Microbe Interface.

In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to the concept that microorganisms play an integral role in human physiology and pathophysiology. Despite this, the molecular basis of host–pathogen and host–symbiont interactions in the human intestine remains poorly understood owing to the limited availability of human tissue, and the biological complexity of host–microbe interactions. Over the past decade, technological advances have enabled long-term culture of organotypic intestinal tissue derived from human subjects and from human pluripotent stem cells, and these in vitro culture systems already have shown the potential to inform our understanding significantly of host-microbe interactions. Gastrointestinal organoids represent a substantial advance in structural and functional complexity over traditional in vitro cell culture models of the human gastrointestinal epithelium while retaining much of the genetic and molecular tractability that makes in vitro experimentation so appealing. The opportunity to model epithelial barrier dynamics, cellular differentiation, and proliferation more accurately in specific intestinal segments and in tissue containing a proportional representation of the diverse epithelial subtypes found in the native gut greatly enhances the translational potential of organotypic gastrointestinal culture systems. By using these tools, researchers have uncovered novel aspects of host–pathogen and host–symbiont interactions with the intestinal epithelium. Application of these tools promises to reveal new insights into the pathogenesis of infectious disease, inflammation, cancer, and the role of microorganisms in intestinal development. This review summarizes research on the use of gastrointestinal organoids as a model of the host–microbe interface.
Continuum Deformation of a Multi-Agent System over Nonlinear Surfaces

In this chapter, it is shown how a multi-agent system (MAS) consisting of N agents can move collectively on a nonlinear surface through local communication. Collective motion of the MAS is treated as continuum deformation, therefore, interagent distances can be largely expanded or contracted. For collective motion on a p-D (p ≤ 3) nonlinear surface, leader-follower approach is applied and continuum deformation is prescribed by p + 1 leaders that move independently. Each follower uses a first-order discrete-time dynamics and communicate with p + 1 in-neighbor agents to acquire desired position specified by the continuum deformation. Similar to collective motion on linear surfaces, followers’ communication weights are consistent with agents’ initial positions. Examples of collective motion on an arbitrary curve as well as a 2-D nonlinear surface in a 3-D motion space are also provided.
Genome-wide transcriptomics of aging in the rotifer Brachionus manjavacas , an emerging model system

Understanding gene expression changes over lifespan in diverse animal species will lead to insights to conserved processes in the biology of aging and allow development of interventions to improve health. Rotifers are small aquatic invertebrates that have been used in aging studies for nearly 100 years and are now re-emerging as a modern model system. To provide a baseline to evaluate genetic responses to interventions that change health throughout lifespan and a framework for new hypotheses about the molecular genetic mechanisms of aging, we examined the transcriptome of an asexual female lineage of the rotifer Brachionus manjavacas at five life stages: eggs, neonates, and early-, late-, and post-reproductive adults. There are widespread shifts in gene expression over the lifespan of B. manjavacas; the largest change occurs between neonates and early reproductive adults and is characterized by down-regulation of developmental genes and up-regulation of genes involved in reproduction. The expression profile of post-reproductive adults was distinct from that of other life stages. While few genes were significantly differentially expressed in the late- to post-reproductive transition, gene set enrichment analysis revealed multiple down-regulated pathways in metabolism, maintenance and repair, and proteostasis, united by genes involved in mitochondrial function and oxidative phosphorylation. This study provides the first examination of changes in gene expression over lifespan in rotifers. We detected differential expression of many genes with human orthologs that are absent in Drosophila and C. elegans, highlighting the potential of the rotifer model in aging studies. Our findings suggest that small but coordinated changes in expression of many genes in pathways that integrate diverse functions drive the aging process. The observation of simultaneous declines in expression of genes in multiple pathways may have consequences for health and longevity not detected by single- or multi-gene knockdown in otherwise healthy animals. Investigation of subtle but genome-wide change in these pathways during aging is an important area for future study.
Diphtheria toxin-based anti-human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19 + tumors.

CD19 is expressed on normal and neoplastic B cells and is a promising target for immunotherapy. However, there is still an unmet need to further develop novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of the refractory/relapsing human CD19+ tumors. We have developed a diphtheria toxin-based anti-human CD19 immunotoxin for targeting human CD19+ tumors. We have constructed three isoforms of the CD19 immunotoxin: monovalent, bivalent, and foldback diabody. In vitro binding affinity and efficacy analysis demonstrated that the bivalent isoform had the highest binding affinity and in vitro efficacy. The in vivo efficacy of the CD19 immunotoxins was assessed using human CD19+ JeKo-1 tumor-bearing NOD/SCID IL-2 receptor γ-/- (NSG) mouse model. In these animals, CD19 immunotoxins significantly prolonged the median survival from 31 days in controls to 34, 36, and 40 days in animals receiving the monovalent isoform, foldback diabody isoform, and bivalent isoform, respectively. The bivalent CD19 immunotoxin is a promising therapeutic drug candidate for targeting relapsing/refractory human CD19+ tumors.
Sensitivities of 1-km Forecasts of 24 May 2011 Tornadic Supercells to Microphysics Parameterizations

AbstractOn 24 May 2011, Oklahoma experienced an outbreak of tornadoes, including one rated EF5 on the enhanced Fujita (EF) scale and two rated EF4. The extensive observation network in this area makes this an ideal case to examine the impact of using five different microphysics parameterization schemes, including single-, double-, and triple-moment microphysics, in an efficient high-resolution data assimilation system suitable for nowcasting and short-term forecasting with low latencies. Additionally, the real-time configuration of the 1-km ARPS, which assimilated increments produced by 3DVAR with cloud analysis using incremental analysis updating (IAU), had success providing a good baseline forecast. ARPS forecasts of 0–2 h are verified using observation-point, neighborhood, and object-based verification techniques. The object-based verification technique uses updraft helicity fields to represent mesocyclone centers, which are verified against tornado locations from three supercells of interest. Varying ...
The Nature and Consequences of Cognitive Deficits among Tobacco Smokers with HIV: A Comparison to Tobacco Smokers without HIV

HIV-infected smokers lose more years of life to tobacco-related disease than HIV. Since neurocognitive deficits are common among those with HIV and are associated with smoking persistence, these deficits may be a unique barrier to smoking cessation among HIV-infected smokers. Documenting unique differences in and correlates of cognition among HIV-infected smokers is a critical step towards developing a population-specific tobacco cessation treatment. We compared neurocognitive function between HIV-infected (n = 103) and HIV-uninfected smokers (n = 70), accounting for demographic and smoking-related variables. We also evaluated whether HIV-related health outcomes (e.g., CD4 count, viral load, depression ratings, quality of life [QoL]) and HAART adherence were associated with cognition. Participants completed neurocognitive tasks (N-back and Continuous Performance Task [CPT]) measuring working memory, attention, and processing speed, and intra-individual variability. Stepwise regression models were conducted and validated with resampling techniques. HIV-infected smokers performed worse than HIV-uninfected smokers on working memory, processing speed, and intra-individual variability (all p < 0.01). ROC analysis for the model including cognitive measures demonstrated 85% area under the curve, which indicates “good prediction” for distinguishing between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected smokers. This was a significant improvement over the model including demographic and smoking-related variables only (p = 0.0003). Among HIV-infected smokers, neurocognitive performance was negatively associated with QoL and depression ratings. Smoking cessation interventions for HIV-infected smokers should consider cognitive neurorehabilitation as a potential strategy to decrease the likelihood of nicotine relapse and decrease tobacco-related morbidity in this population.
Data Secrecy Protection Through Information Flow Tracking in Proof-Carrying Hardware IP—Part I: Framework Fundamentals

Proof-carrying hardware intellectual property (PCHIP) is a previously proposed framework for ensuring trustworthiness of third-party hardware IP through the development of formal proofs for security properties designed to prevent introduction of malicious behavior. Based on this framework, we introduce new approaches for assuring that the secrecy of internal information in a hardware design is not compromised by design flaws or malicious hardware Trojans. Specifically, we devise two PCHIP-based information flow tracking approaches, which enhance the formal PCHIP framework with secrecy tags and/or sensitivity levels in order to provide mechanisms for proving that sensitive information does not reach undesired sites. To assist in the development of data secrecy properties, we also introduce the concept of theorem generation functions, which enable generation of security theorems independent of the target circuit, thereby paving the way for proof automation. In addition, we enhance the PCHIP framework with a hierarchy-preserving methodology and we show its utility in preventing malicious data modification, which may indirectly result in sensitive information leakage, such as by modifying the secret key in a cryptographic core. This enhanced PCHIP framework also enables development of hybrid module libraries, which contain hardware description language code along with proofs of lemmas for these modules. These module libraries can then be used for hierarchically proving security properties in higher level designs, thereby reducing the proof development burden in the general PCHIP framework. Efforts toward automation of the proposed methodologies, as well as evaluation of their effectiveness in identifying design flaws or hardware Trojans in various cryptographic hardware designs are presented in part II of this paper series.
Mentoring to Promote Courage and Confidence Among Elementary School Students With Internalizing Problems: A Single-Case Design Pilot Study

ABSTRACTThere is a paucity of selective, Tier 2 interventions that educators can implement for students with internalizing problems as part of their schools' Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports. To fill this void, the authors' purpose was to evaluate the efficacy, acceptability, and integrity of a structured school-based mentoring program, the Courage and Confidence Mentor Program (CCMP), for elementary students. A single-case experimental multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the efficacy of the CCMP with 6 students. Visual analysis of the results and single-case effect size estimates revealed that all but 1 of the participants demonstrated noticeable reductions in internalizing problems as measured by teacher-completed direct behavior ratings. Findings were confirmed by other dependent variables gathered from students and teachers. Limitations of the methods and directions for future research involving Tier 2 interventions for elementary students with internalizing problems are ...
Is Index Trading Benign

Passive investors allocate their capital between the market portfolio and the risk-free asset, whereas active investors invest in individual assets. In a rational expectation model, we show that a CAPM risk-return relation holds. Active investors are indistinguishable from closet indexers, while the constraint of passive investors to the capital market line is binding. Passive investors are not free riders. As more active traders become passive, the proportion of an asset's idiosyncratic risk to total risk increases, comovement in prices increases, comovement in returns decreases, and for any portfolio other than the market portfolio, the Sharpe ratio decreases and the conditional variance of payoff increases.
Targets of Copper Responsive Gene Expression in Chlamydomonas are Required for PSI Accumulation in Copper-Deficient Cells of Chlamydomonas

The nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains genetic information for the functionally equivalent photosynthetic electron carriers plastocyanin and cytochrome c6 (cyt c6). Plastocyanin is the major copper sink in Chlamydomonas, binding a single copper ion at its active site which is required for the redox activity of the protein. Expression of plastocyanin and cyt c6 is controlled by the availability of copper ions, with approximately 9 × 106 copper ions per cell required to maintain a full complement of plastocyanin molecules (1). If the cellular copper ion concentration decreases below this amount, cyt c6 is synthesized to restore the photosynthetic carrier capacity. Chlamydomonas also responds to copper deficiency by coordinate induction of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic enzyme coproporphyrinogen (coprogen) oxidase (2), presumably to accommodate the increased demand for heme. High affinity copper transport and copper reductase activities are also induced, and the production of cyt c6 enables diversion of copper from plastocyanin to essential copper proteins such as mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. Copper-responsive elements have been identified by site-directed mutational analysis of the promoters of the Cyc6 and Cpxl genes. We are using insertional mutagenesis to isolate genes involved in the regulation of copper-responsive gene expression as well as genes encoding additional targets of the pathway. In addition, we describe the phenotypes of mutants arising from serendipitous insertions of the Arg7 marker and promoter/reporter constructs into novel targets of copper-dependent gene expression. In these copper response target (crt) mutants the chlorophyll content of copper-deficient cells is reduced and photosynthetic electron transfer is inhibited. Further analysis of the crtl mutant revealed that in this strain PSI and LHC polypeptides are less abundant in copper-deficient cells, whereas in wild-type cells these proteins accumulate independently of copper.
Employing a Quasi-Experimental Technique to Measure the Effects of Conditional Admissions:

Colleges and universities employ conditional admission policies to identify students with subpar academic qualifications, who may need additional support to succeed. Using institutional data of mor...
On the effectiveness of Monte Carlo for initial uncertainty forecasting in nonlinear dynamical systems

Abstract This paper considers the problem of initial uncertainty forecasting in deterministic nonlinear continuous-time dynamical systems via particle ensembles. The popular Monte Carlo method, which while simple to implement, faces fundamental issues. In particular, it is not clear how well the propagated particles continue to represent the true state-uncertainty at future times. This paper evaluates the performance of Monte Carlo forecasting by analyzing it in the context of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) theory. The propagated ensemble is viewed as the realization of a Markov chain at each time instant, generated by an associated instantaneous transition kernel. It is shown that for a special class of nonlinear systems that have zero divergence, the propagated kernel is in detailed balance with the true state probability density function. This guarantees statistical consistency of the Monte Carlo ensemble with the truth at all times for such systems. On the other hand, no such guarantee is possible for systems with non-zero divergence.
Series versus parallel reboilers in distillation columns

Abstract Multiple reboilers are used in distillation columns for several reasons such as implementing heat integration, intermediate reboilers, auxiliary reboilers and vapor recompression. If there is a single source of hot vapor to be used in multiple heat exchangers, the flowsheet can use either a series or a parallel arrangement, depending on the temperature levels of the heat sinks. The purpose of this paper is to point out that the series arrangement can present difficult control problems because of interaction between the units. In the parallel configuration, the heat transferred to each sink can be easily divorced from the others. In the series configuration, more complex methods must be used such as bypassing and flooding to adjust heat transfer in individual units. The controllability of the parallel configuration is demonstrated for a lower-partitioned divided-wall reactive distillation column with vapor recompression.
Managing the Crossroads of Academia and Industry

The transition between academic research and joining the industry workforce is often met with uncertainty, doubt, and changes in perspectives. Things that seem important while taking courses, reading through the literature, or getting captivated in a research topic can quickly change when starting to work in the industry. It takes many recent college graduates more time than expected to acclimate during their transition to the industry. This presentation will provide deeper insights into what to expect during the transition into industry, an overview of attacks the industry battles day-to-day, the importance of collaboration, details around why communication skills are a necessity, and methods for continuing to be a successful researcher as a security practitioner. In optimal situations, industry and academia partner together to address difficult to solve problems with innovative solutions. However, there is sometimes a disconnect between academia and the industry. Industry often has lofty expectations of joint research projects with academia but often provide poorly defined data sets for those projects. On the other hand, academia can struggle with their industry partners because the industry researchers lack time and struggle to properly scope problems. These differences can often cause projects to not get funded or lose focus and fade away. Despite this, successful collaborations between industry and academia surface every so often in the literature. Such work is often highly successful because of the precision and drive that academic researchers offer being complemented by the industry's real world data sets and the breadth and depth of knowledge around specific issues. The presentation will provide the audience with successful project use cases that PayPal's Information Security team has accomplished through internships and funding university projects.
Energy Homeostasis and the Tumor/Host Interaction: The role of the Brain

The defensive regulation of energy homeostasis by neural and endocrine systems is examined to evaluate the role of the brain in macroenvironmental metabolic control systems that help counterattack the aggressive tumor. Brain homeostatic mechanisms (neural and hormonal) discussed are those linked to metabolic rhythms, food intake and adiposity. Homeostasis is discussed in terms of rheostasis, the low probability of dysregulation, and the potential risks for the defense. The perspective of this review is that many of the metabolic alterations observed in tumor progression may be due to appropriate central homeostatic regulation. Clear deficits in homeostatic regulation during tumor growth have not been unequivocally demonstrated. Yet the brain of the host is clearly under duress due to the tumor. Clarification of homeostatic macroenvironmental regulatory responses may be useful in developing strategies that collaborate with these brain mechanisms. Further analysis of these regulatory systems may identify key changes that ultimately subserve the lethal failure of all host responses. Strategies that protect the brain from the pathological consequences of tumor growth (glucoprivation, oxidative stress, ketogenic diets) and thereby enable a stronger defense are discussed.
Implementation Issues: Compilation

In this and subsequent chapters, we look at some implementation issues. We study how the sequential parts of programs can be translated from the program notation that we have been using to the program notation used by a typical machine, such as a sequential machine consisting of one processor and a linear store.
Chapter 15 Food processing and distribution: An industrial organization approach

Abstract This chapter focuses upon competitive relationships in agricultural markets. These markets often exhibit high and increasing levels of buyer and/or seller concentration. Both food manufacturing and retailing are characterized by aggressive attempts by firms to achieve product differentiation. Vertical coordination within the sector through integration or various forms of vertical control is also increasingly important. In addition agriculture is relatively unique among industries in that governments often permit and encourage producers to form selling cartels. Exports and imports of agricultural commodities also often involve intervention by marketing boards and state trading agencies. We review and evaluate recent research on each of these topic areas.
Partial Differential Approximants for Multicritical Singularities: An Overview

The partial differential approximant (or PDA) is a two variable generalization of the Dlog Pad4 approximant which permits effective series analysis of multicritical behavior. This brief review surveys the motivation of PDAs, their applications and their matematical properties. Full literature references are included
Plant Sources of Drugs and Chemicals

Natural products from plants have formed the basis for many of our current as well as historical pharmaceuticals and agrichemicals. This article presents examples of useful plant-derived pharmaceutical agents, illustrates the complexity of the drug discovery process, and emphasizes the importance of maintaining biological diversity in order to preserve this inherent chemical diversity and its genetic origins.
Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ Lives

1. Introduction: Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ Lives Janice L. Ristock Section 1: Framings 2. Reframing the Heteronormative Constructions of Lesbian Partner Violence: An Australian Case Study Kierrynn Davis and Nel Glass 3. The Meaning of "Risk" For Intimate Partner Violence Among Women in Same-Sex Relationships Diane Hiebert-Murphy, Janice L. Ristock and Douglas A. Brownridge 4. Reflections on Approaches to Trans Anti-Violence Education Joshua Mira Goldberg and Caroline White Section 2: LGBTQ Lives 5. Exploring Emotion Work in Domestically Abusive Relationships Catherine Donovan and Marianne Hester 6. Beyond Good and Evil: The Social Construction of Violence in Intimate Gay Relationships Maurice Kwang-Lai Poon 7. Women Who Abuse their Female Intimate Partners Carrol Smith 8. Holding Tensions of Victimization and Perpetration: Partner Abuse in Trans Communities Nicola Brown 9. The Impact of Minority Stress on Gay Male Partner Abuse Jesmen Mendoza 10. I Ain't Never Been a Kid: Early Violence Exposure and Other Pathways to Partner Violence for Sexual Minority Men with HIV David W. Pantalone, Keren Lehavot, Jane M. Simoni and Karina L. Walters Section 3: Responding to Relationship Violence: An Ethical Challenge 11. Troubling Normalcy: Examining 'Healthy Relationships' Discourses in Lesbian Domestic Violence Prevention Cindy Holmes 12. Documenting the Same Sex Abuse Project, Toronto, Canada Patricia Durish 13. There's No Pride in Domestic Violence: The Same Sex Domestic Violence Interagency, Sydney, Australia Kate Duffy 14. Running Same-Sex Batterer Groups: Critical Reflections on the New York City Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project and the Toronto David Kelley Services' Partner Assault Response Program Jesmen Mendoza and Diane R. Dolan-Soto 15. "We Are All Treaty People": An Anti-Oppressive Research Ethics of Solidarity with Aboriginal LGBTQ People Living with Partner Violence Catherine G. Taylor and Janice L. Ristock
Malingering in the Psychiatric Emergency Department: Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes.

Objective:Malingering is commonly encountered in the psychiatric emergency department, yet little is known about its prevalence, objectives, or effect on patient management. This study analyzed cha...
Robots command enzymes.

Enzymatic approaches to synthesize oligosaccharides offer an alternative to chemical syntheses for the production of homogeneous glycans; however, enzyme-based routes typically require lengthy processes. Now, the design of a water-soluble affinity tag has enabled the automation of multistep enzymatic syntheses of mammalian oligosaccharides.
Feminist Legal Theory

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by L. Obiora, R. Perry, volume 8, pp. 5464–5469, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Cultural Deprivation: A Commentary in the Sociology of Knowledge

"Culturally deprived" children and "cultural deprivation" are terms that have been extensively used and heard in recent years. Perhaps enough time has now passed to warrant an examination of and reflection upon the idea of cultural deprivation in the tradition of the sociology of knowledgelooking into its nature, social and cultural context, development, impact, and interest group support and opposition.1 The years from about 1955 through early 1967 will be surveyed, with emphasis upon the 1960's
Role of Local Polymer Conformations on the Diverging Glass Transition Temperatures and Dynamic Fragilities of Isotactic-, Syndiotactic-, and Atactic-Poly(methyl methacrylate)s

The profound stereosequence dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) offers the possibility to evaluate any conformational contributions to their gl...
Finite molecular assemblies in the organic solid state: toward engineering properties of solids

Abstract Assemblies of organic molecules that form finite structures represent targets for crystal engineers that can exhibit properties largely independent of crystal packing. Such finite molecular assemblies can display function, such as host–guest behavior and chemical reactivity. Here, we provide a review of finite molecular assemblies characterized in the organic solid state. The assemblies are classified as being either purely synthetic or functional. Examples from both the areas are presented and discussed.
Tinea Infections: From Head to Toe

Tinea infections are the most common of all mucocutaneous infections. They can impact humans literally from head to toe: from tinea capitis to onychomycosis. The primary care clinician should be able to recognize the various infections by pattern and location. Some conditions are well treated with topical preparations where some require oral therapy. In primary care, it is important to be able to accurately target the conditions with the proper manner of therapy.
An Automatic Approach to Reestablish Final Dental Occlusion for 1-Piece Maxillary Orthognathic Surgery.

Accurately establishing a desired final dental occlusion of the upper and lower teeth is a critical step in orthognathic surgical planning. Traditionally, the final occlusion is established by hand-articulating the stone dental models. However, this process is inappropriate to digitally plan the orthognathic surgery using computer-aided surgical simulation. To date, there is no effective method of digitally establishing final occlusion. We propose a 3-stage approach to digitally and automatically establish a desired final dental occlusion for 1-piece maxillary orthognathic surgery, including: (1) to automatically extract points of interest and four key teeth landmarks from the occlusal surfaces; (2) to align the upper and lower teeth to a clinically desired Midline-Canine-Molar relationship by minimization of sum of distances between them; and (3) to finely align the upper and lower teeth to a maximum contact with the constraints of collision and clinical criteria. The proposed method was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively and proved to be effective and accurate.
Sequence Alignment and the Evolution of Sex Chromosomes

We now return to the question that we posed at the beginning of this part: Are the human X and the chicken Z chromosomes homologous? That is, did they descend from a common ancestor? To answer this question, we’ll compare genes on a number of mammalian and avian chromosomes including the X and the Z. We’ll measure the similarity between pairs of mammalian and avian genes and use our results to identify orthologous pairs. Finally, having found pairs of orthologs, we’ll be able to assess the relationship between entire mammalian and avian chromosomes. This approach requires a biologically reasonable way of scoring the similarity between pairs of genes. In Chapter 5, we developed the differences function and in Chapters 6 and 7 we developed the longest common subsequence (LCS) method. While both of these approaches provide some measure of similarity, they fail to capture some important biological processes. Thus, our first task is to develop a more realistic scoring method. With that new method in hand, we’ll return to exploring the homology of sex chromosomes.
Characterization of Forage Utilization and Pasture Management Practices on Florida Horse Operations.

Abstract This study used an online survey to gather information on forage utilization and pasture management practices implemented on horse farms in Florida. We hypothesized that pastures were inadequately managed and underutilized, resulting in greater reliance on hay. Data from 80 complete responses were submitted to descriptive analysis and Fisher’s exact test. Significantly associated variables were also evaluated using multiple correspondence analysis. The primary function of the facility most reported was recreational horse use (62%). Nearly all operations (n = 79) had pasture available, with 57% reporting housing horses on pasture full time (24 hr/d) and 48% reporting implementation of rotational stocking. Most respondents reported using a combination of hay and pasture (57.5%) as their primary source of forage, followed by pasture only (32.5%) and hay only (10%). Pasture maintenance was performed by 82% of respondents, and 6% did not implement any type of pasture management. Primary forage fed to the horses was related to the type of pasture management implemented (P = .0313) and turnout practices (P = .0003). The multiple correspondence analysis showed that relying on hay as the primary source of forage was associated with a shorter duration of pasture access and lack of pasture management. Most operations did not have their hay (89%) or pasture (94%) analyzed for nutrient composition. Despite pasture availability, lack of adequate pasture management appeared to contribute to a greater dependence on hay feeding. Pasture management practices and forage analysis are potential areas for horse owner education in Florida.
Patient, Caregiver, and Provider Perceptions of Transition Readiness and Therapeutic Alliance during Transition from Pediatric to Adult Care in Epilepsy

Transition from pediatric to adult health care is a time of high risk for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with epilepsy. Our aims are to examine patient, caregiver, and provider perceptions of transition readiness and the influence of patient-provider alliance in the context of transition readiness. Our cross-sectional study included 82 AYAs with epilepsy prior to transition. Patients, caregivers, and providers completed questionnaires (e.g., transition readiness and working alliance). Statistical analyses included independent samples and paired t-tests. Participants were 17.3 ± 2.8 years on average, 54% were females, 84% were White (non-Hispanic), and 38% had generalized epilepsy. Caregivers reported significantly higher transition readiness than their AYAs (t (72) = −10.6, p
Voices of Strength: A Survey of Librarians Working with Chronic Illnesses or Conditions

This research attempts to understand the ways that librarians overcome the challenges associated with a chronic condition in the workplace. Six hundred sixteen respondents completed a survey about ...
The biophysical basis of protein domain compatibility

Understanding the biophysical mechanisms that govern the combination of protein domains into viable proteins is essential for advancing synthetic biology and biomedical engineering. Here, we use massively parallel genotype/phenotype assays to determine cell surface expression of over 300,000 variants of the inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.1 recombined with hundreds of protein motifs. We use machine learning to derive a quantitative biophysical model and practical rules for domain recombination. Insertional fitness depends on nonlinear interactions between the biophysical properties of inserted motifs and the recipient protein, which adds a new dimension to the rational design of fusion proteins. Insertion maps reveal a generalizable hierarchical organization of Kir2.1 and several other ion channels that balances stability needed for folding and dynamics required for function.
1,3-Alkyl Transposition in Allylic Alcohols Enabled by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer

A method is described for the isomerization of acyclic allylic alcohols into β-functionalized ketones via 1,3-alkyl transposition. This reaction proceeds via light-driven proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) activation of the O-H bond in the allylic alcohol substrate, followed by C-C β-scission of the resulting alkoxy radical. The transient alkyl radical and enone acceptor generated in the scission event subsequently recombine via radical conjugate addition to deliver β-functionalized ketone products. A variety of allylic alcohol substrates bearing alkyl and acyl migratory groups were successfully accommodated. Insights from mechanistic studies led to a modified reaction protocol that improves reaction performance for challenging substrates.
The Mescalero Apache Indians and Monitored Retrievable Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: A Study in Environmental Ethics

The proposal of the Mescalero Apache Indians of New Mexico to host a nuclear waste storage facility raised difficult questions about political sovereignty, environmental justice, and democratic consent. While the proposal had numerous drawbacks and deserved to be opposed, many of the arguments used against it were conceptually flawed and paternalistic. Arguments decrying bribery of a poor community were particularly weak, while those criticizing targeting of Indian tribes by the United States government and coercion of tribal members by the Mescalero leadership had more merit. The core ethical arguments should be separated from the rhetoric so that policy makers, Native Americans, environmentalists, and industry leaders can better evaluate similar projects in the future.
Intramolecular attack on coordinated nitriles: metallacycle intermediates in catalytic hydration and beyond

Hydration of nitriles is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrile hydratase, with iron or cobalt active sites, and by a variety of synthetic metal complexes. This Perspective focuses on parallels between the reaction mechanism of the enzyme and a class of particularly active catalysts bearing secondary phosphine oxide (SPO) ligands. In both cases, the key catalytic step was proposed to be intramolecular attack on a coordinated nitrile, with either an S-OH or S–O− (enzyme) or a P-OH (synthetic) nucleophile. Attack of water on the heteroatom (S or P) in the resulting metallacycle and proton transfer yields the amide and regenerates the catalyst. Evidence for this mechanism, its relevance to the formation of related metallacycles, and its potential for design of more active catalysts for nitrile hydration is summarized.
Modifications of the genital kidney proximal and distal tubules for sperm transport in Notophthalmus viridescens (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae)

Male salamanders use nephrons from the genital kidney to transport sperm from the testicular lobules to the Wolffian duct. The microstructure of the epithelia of the genital kidney proximal tubule and distal tubule was studied over 1 year in a population of Notophthalmus viridescens from Crawford and Pike counties in central Missouri. Through ultrastructural analysis, we were able to support the hypothesis that the genital kidney nephrons are modified to aid in the transportation of sperm. A lack of folding of the basal plasma membrane, in both the genital kidney proximal and distal tubules when compared to the pelvic kidney proximal and distal tubules, reduces the surface area and thus likely decreases the efficiency of reabsorption in these nephron regions of the genital kidney. Ciliated epithelial cells are also present along the entire length of the genital kidney proximal tubule, but are lacking in the epithelium of the pelvic kidney proximal tubule. The exact function of these cilia remains unknown, but they may aid in mixing of seminal fluids or the transportation of immature sperm through the genital kidney nephrons. Ultrastructural analysis of proximal and distal tubules of the genital kidney revealed no seasonal variation in cellular activity and no mass production of seminal fluids throughout the reproductive cycle. Thus, we failed to support the hypothesis that the cellular activity of the epithelia lining the genital kidney nephrons is correlated to specific events in the reproductive cycle. The cytoplasmic contents and overall structure of the genital and pelvic kidney epithelial cells were similar to recent observations in Ambystoma maculatum, with the absence of abundant dense bodies apically in the epithelial cells lining the genital kidney distal tubule. J. Morphol. 275:914–922, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Searching for Alien Life Having Unearthly Biochemistry

The search for alien life in the solar system should include exploring unearth-like environments for life having an unearthly biochemistry. We expect alien life to conform to the same basic chemical and ecological constraints as terrestrial life, since inorganic chemistry and the laws of ecosystems appear to be universal. Astrobiologists usually assume alien life will use familiar terrestrial biochemistry and therefore hope to find alien life by searching near water or by supplying hydrocarbons. The assumption that alien life is likely to be based on carbon and water is traditional and plausible. It justifies high priority for missions to search for alien life on Mars and Europa, but it unduly restricts the search for alien life. Terrestrial carbon-water biochemistry is not possible on most of the bodies of our solar system, but all alien life is not necessarily based on terrestrial biochemistry. If alien life has a separate origin from Earth life, and if can survive in an environment extremely different from Earth's, then alien life may have unearthly biochemistry. There may be other solvents than water that support alien life and other elements than carbon that form complex life enabling chain molecules. Rather than making the exploration-restricting assumption that all life requires carbon, water, and terrestrial biochemistry, we should make the exploration-friendly assumption that indigenous, environmentally adapted, alien life forms might flourish using unearthly biochemistry in many places in the solar system. Alien life might be found wherever there is free energy and a physical/chemical system capable of using that energy to build living structures. Alien life may be discovered by the detection of some general non-equilibrium chemistry rather than of terrestrial biochemistry. We should explore all the potential abodes of life in the solar system, including those where life based on terrestrial biochemistry can not exist.
Meta-Analysis: The preferred method of choice for the assessment of distance learning quality factors

Current comparative research literature, although abundant in scope, is inconclusive in its findings, as to the quality and effectiveness of distance education versus face-to-face methods of delivery. Educational research produces contradictory results due to differences among studies in treatments, settings, measurement instruments, and research methods. The purpose of this paper is to advocate the use of a meta-analytic approach by researchers, in which they synthesize the singular results of these comparative studies, by introducing the reader to the concept, procedures, and issues underlying this method. This meta-analytic approach may be the best method appropriate for our ever-expanding and globalizing educational systems – in general, crossing over geographical boundaries with their multiple languages, and educational systems in particular. Furthermore, researchers are called to contribute to a common database of distance learning factors and variables, from which future researchers can share, glean, and extract data for their respective studies.
Language containment of non-deterministic omega-automata

Algorithms and techniques to determinize and complement Ω-automata with various forms of fairness constraints are investigated and implemented. A tool-box is constructed by supplementing these algorithms with less complex ones for certain special cases. Recently published constructions which are asymptotically optimum constitute some of the core routines. The principal use of these tools is in checking language containment between two non-deterministic automata. In language containment based verification, the need for this check may arise in two occasions: when checking whether a system satisfies a property expressed as a non-deterministic automaton, or, in hierarchical verification, where the more detailed system description must satisfy the more abstract specification.
Sepsis‐induced Changes in Pancreatic Hormone Secretion

The sections in this article are: 1 Alterations in Insulin Concentration, Secretion, and Clearance 1.1 Hemorrhage and Acute Blood Loss 1.2 Thermal Injury 1.3 Traumatic Injury 1.4 Bacterial Infection 1.5 Endotoxin and Related Insults 1.6 Summary 2 Alterations in Glucagon Concentration, Secretion, and Clearance 2.1 Hemorrhage and Acute Blood Loss 2.2 Thermal Injury 2.3 Traumatic Injury 2.4 Bacterial Infection 2.5 Endotoxin and Related Insults 2.6 Summary 3 Stress-Induced Changes in Other Pancreatic Hormones 3.1 Amylin 3.2 Somatostatin 3.3 Pancreatic Polypeptide 4 Impact of Trauma-Induced Changes in Glucagon and Insulin on Metabolism
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in a subpopulation of murine prostate luminal epithelial cells induces high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia

Background Wnt/β-catenin signaling is important for prostate development and cancer in humans. Activation of this pathway in differentiated luminal cells of mice induces high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Though the cell of origin of prostate cancer has yet to be conclusively identified, a castration-resistant Nkx3.1-expressing cell (CARN) may act as a cell of origin for prostate cancer.