cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Techniques in Pediatric Rheumatology

Therapy begins when the doctor greets the patient at the doorstep and continues as the history is taken. The interview should be a constructive experience for the patient and the family, clearly indicating the physician’s compassionate interest in them and in the details of the problem that has brought them. The parents and older child are the physician’s allies in working out the problem; it is a joint undertaking. Skillful interviewing with a thorough approach to organization and analysis of detail in the effort to ascertain just what is wrong and what steps are needed to further define or treat the problem convinces the family they are in good hands and encourages cooperation.
Energy and Dissipation Range Spectra in the Inertial Range of Homogeneous Turbulence

Deviations from classical scaling behavior are shown to result in flattened energy and dissipation-fluctuation inertial-range spectra in fully developed turbulence.
Symbolic Computing and Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Engineering: A New Challenge

Publisher Summary In the area of chemical process development and design, computers are used for process simulation and analysis; equipment sizing and costing; optimization; integrated design of energy management systems, reactor networks, and separation sequences; layout of piping networks; and project planning. Research in chemical engineering science relies very heavily on numerical simulation of postulated physical and chemical models to reveal behavior that is hard to capture through experimentation or to complement experimental evidence. Quite often, the exclusion of available qualitative and approximate-quantitative knowledge is detrimental because the user either overlooks fundamentally sound scientific knowledge or distorts such knowledge to fit it into a quantitative representational scheme. Artificial intelligence and symbolic computing are expanding the scope of engineering problems in which computers can play an important role. Computers offer much more than simple number crunching, and artificial intelligence research leads the way in exploiting this untapped potential.
Assessing the accuracy of a multiphase diagnosis procedure for dementia

Summary. Multiphase (stage) designs that involve more than two phases are increasingly used by clinicians and psychologists for diagnosis and screening of dementia and many other diseases, e.g. colorectal or breast cancer. The multiphase design is an extension of the commonly used two-phase design, where an inexpensive initial screening test is followed by a gold standard. In a typical three-phase design, the screening test in phase 1 usually has high sensitivity but relatively low specificity. Phase 2 consists of a repeated application of the initial screening test and/or a more confirmatory test and then the gold standard test is used in phase 3. In such designs, both the verification process and the accuracy of each screening test may depend on patients’ characteristics. In addition, multiple-screening tests are correlated and composite decision rules may be used. However, no estimation methods exist for assessing the accuracy of a multiphase diagnosis procedure. To address these problems, we develop a method of estimating the diagnostic accuracy for each individual test and for the whole diagnostic procedure in a multiphase design in the presence of verification bias. Simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the performance of the method proposed and to compare different strategies of combining sequential tests. The method proposed is applied to data from a multiphase study of dementia.
Volunteering Among Latter-Day Saints

In this article, we shed light on the volunteering behaviors of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons). While some information was known about this group and its volunteering practices, detailed and reliable data were not available. This is the first study by a secular research institution to be given permission by the church to collect data within Latter-Day Saint congregations. We found a high rate of volunteering by almost all members, which was mostly, but not only, for religious purposes. About half the volunteering comes from fulfilling “callings,” while members initiate the other half. We found variations in volunteering based on the studied regions, age, income, education, gender, and generational membership. These findings provide the first reliable and detailed information regarding Latter-Day Saint volunteering and may serve as a springboard for future research on the pro-social behaviors of various religious groups.
Thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of flurandrenolone acetonide and some closely related foreign steroids

A method is presented for the separation and determination of flurandrenolone acetonide (6α-fluoro-11β,16α,17α,21-tetrahydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione-16,17-acetonide) and some closely related steroids. This is achieved by TLC on silica gel using a one-dimensional multiple development technique. The related foreign steroids are determined semiquantitatively while flurandrenolone acetonide is determined quantitatively by extracting its spot from the plate, and comparing it to a standard treated similarly.
The isolation and in vitro translation of undegraded messenger RNAs from human postmortem brain

Abstract The ability to isolate undegraded messenger RNAs from human postmortem brain is particularly useful for the molecular analysis of brain disease and senescence. We show that a variety of extraction techniques can be used to isolate intact, high-molecular-weight mRNAs from rat and human postmortem cerebella. Control studies on rat cerebella showed that 80% of cytoplasmic mRNA biological activity was retained after storing the cerebella for up to 16 h at room temperature and that the biological activity of the mRNA was not improved either by homogenizing the cerebellum directly in guanidinium chloride or by using ribonuclease (RNase) inhibitors in the initial aqueous homogenization step. Comparison of the abundant mRNA populations by two-dimensional gel analysis of their in vitro translation products showed that the mRNAs isolated from rat cerebella stored for 16 h at room temperature were virtually identical to those isolated from fresh cerebella. Total RNAs were also extracted from two human cerebella 4 and 16 h postmortem. The two-dimensional gel analysis of the in vitro synthesized proteins showed that postmortem storage for 4 and 16 h at room temperature had little effect on the spectrum of isolated mRNAs. Thus, we conclude that (i) several different isolation techniques can be used to isolate undegraded mRNAs from normal and diseased postmortem human brains. (ii) These undegraded mRNAs can be used to direct the in vitro synthesis of specific highly labeled proteins characteristic of the in vivo tissue.
How Rearing History Affects Alarm‐call Responses of Belding’s Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi, Sciuridae)

Juvenile, but not adult, Belding’s ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) exhibit markedly different responses to alarm calls as a function of their environment. Compared with same-aged, free-living juveniles, captive juveniles (housed in large outdoor enclosures) are more likely to respond to playbacks, to exhibit more exaggerated initial responses (e.g. enter a burrow vs. freeze) and to remain alert longer following playbacks of alarm and non-alarm calls. Two studies were conducted to identify the factors contributing to these response differences. Postemergent rearing environments (such as the opaque enclosure walls that limited visual and auditory stimulation in captivity, or the increased number of conspecifics and natural alarm calls that free-living juveniles experienced) could not account for the majority of response differences between captive and free-living juveniles (Study 1). To determine if the attenuated responses of free-living juveniles were due to foraging pressures, we compared the behaviours of food-provisioned captive juveniles with those of non-provisioned captive juveniles. Although sample sizes were small, no differences were evident in the development or expression of responses as a function of foraging pressure. Next, the development of captive juveniles was compared with that of juveniles reared in the field but housed in captivity after emergence (Study 2). Differences in the response patterns of field-reared and captive-reared animals matched the differences reported previously, as the responses of field-reared animals observed in captivity mirrored those of free-living juveniles that remained in the field. Thus, the differences in alarm-call responses originally observed between captive and free-living juveniles are attributed to their pre-emergent, but not post-emergent, rearing histories. Captive pups experienced levels of auditory, visual, tactile, and olfactory stimulation that were greater than those typically experienced by free-living pups. The increased exposure to conspecific alarm calls may have primed captive pups to respond more often and more intensely to the auditory stimuli they heard as juveniles. Sensitivity to early rearing environments may be adaptive for young ground squirrels if it facilitates the development of antipredator behaviour patterns that are appropriate for the local predator environment (e.g. openness of habitat, frequency of predators, availability of refuges).
Multilevel metal interconnection utilizing CVD tungsten and liftoff processing

Interconnections between semiconductor devices in integrated circuits continue to present difficult problems in the tradeoffs between RC time constants, production worthiness, reliability, structural complexity, and compactibility for any single technology. A process and structure has been demonstrated for integrated circuit interconnections which uses a conformai tungsten layer deposited by chemical vapor deposition to provide step coverage into via holes of variable height. The film is then patterned with a via interconnect pattern designed for liftoff processing, layers of chromium copper and chromium are then depositedinsitu on the wafers by way of evaporation. The undesired material is lifted off in a solvent process and the resulting metal pattern is used as the mask for the reactive ion etching of CVD tungsten. This combination of materials and process allows for high conductivity reliable interconnections with negligable step coverage problems. Processing and test information will be presented in the paper.
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Animal Models of Glomerular Disease

Reactive oxygen metabolites have been demonstrated to play a pathobiologic role in a number of experimental models of both immune and nonimmune glomerular injury. Using scavenging substances, enzyme inhibitors, and transition metal chelators, all of the major reactive oxygen metabolites have been implicated in glomerular injury. In addition, in neutrophil-dependent models, interaction between neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase and halide anions has been shown to be involved in glomerular damage, as well as halogenation of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). Finally, recent attention has focused on the role of cytokines (perhaps elaborated by infiltrating monocytes/ macrophages) in stimulating mesangial cells (MC) to produce reactive oxygen species. Theoretically, this pathobiologic sequence could further enhance an inflammatory state within the glomerular tuft and enable the propagation of initial glomerular injury, which may be associated with an increase in monocyte infiltration into the mesangium, to glomerulosclerosis in experimental models that manifest this transition.
The deictically controlled wheelchair

Abstract We are developing a ‘gopher’ wheelchair robot which can be used as an aid for disabled individuals. The robot uses a shared control architecture where the robot and the human user share the responsibility for a retrieve and replace task. The medium of the interactive interface between the robot and the user is stereo video images. In addition, the stereo cameras serve as a primary sensor to detect and track targets which guide the robot's low-level servoing. The person is responsible for selecting objects or targets in the environment and then instructing the robot how to move relative to these targets. This paper first describes the hardware and the control interface of this human-robot system. The description here focuses on the system's video algorithms for tracking and evaluating targets. The system builds a binary shape model for each target selected by the user. It also forms a color mapping used to highlight the target in the image. This mapping is used on subsequent images to create a binary image which can be quickly matched with the target's shape model. We have tested this tracking algorithm on videotaped image sequences and on some runs with our wheelchair mobile robot. Our initial results show that this algorithm is reasonably robust for various types of edge and corner targets necessary for navigation.
Does Religious Discrimination Promote Dissent? A Quantitative Analysis

Can religious grievances serve as a catalyst for political violence? This paper seeks to examine the impact of religious discrimination on the probability of ethnic dissent. It is argued that relig...
Mindfulness and Acceptance in the Treatment of Disordered Eating

Mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches to the treatment of clinical problems are accruing substantial empirical support. This article examines the application of these approaches to disordered eating. Theoretical bases for the importance of mindfulness and acceptance in the treatment of eating problems are reviewed, and interventions for eating problems that incorporate mindfulness and acceptance skills are briefly described. Empirical data are presented from a pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy adapted for treatment of binge eating.
Faster Converging Global Heuristic for Continuous Network Design Using Radial Basis Functions

In light of the demand for more complex network models and general solution methods, this research introduces a radial basis function-based method as a faster alternative global heuristic to a genetic algorithm method for the continuous network design problem. Two versions of the algorithm are tested against the genetic algorithm in three experiments: the Sioux Falls, South Dakota, network with standard origin-destination flows; the same network with double the flows to test performance under a more congested scenario; and an illustrative experiment with the Anaheim, California, network to compare the scalability of performance. To perform the experiments, parameters for the network design problem were developed for the Anaheim network. The Anaheim test would be the first instance of testing the radial basis function methods on a 31-dimensional network design problem. Results indicate that the multistart local radial basis function method performs notably better than the genetic algorithm in all three exp...
The physical and mechanical properties of anterior and posterior composite restorative materials

The physical and mechanical properties of two photo-cured anterior filling materials and a photo-cured posterior filling material have been compared with those of a conventional-cure resin composite. The properties of these materials were found to be dependent on their matrix resin compositions, filler contents, and filler particle sizes. One material with a low (50%) inorganic filler content of small particle size (0.04 micron) was found to have a lower mechanical strength with significantly higher water sorption and solubility characteristics than more heavily filled materials. A new hybrid photo-cured anterior composite with a smaller filler particle size was found to have comparable sorption and solubility behavior but a tensile strength superior to that of a conventional-cure composite. The superior properties of the new photo-cured systems are thought to result from their hybrid composite structures and the smaller filler particle sizes.
"The Impact of Managerial Coaching on Employee Voice, Motivation to Learn, and Psychological Safety"

Few studies have explored the value of managerial coaching behavior for employees and organizations. Using a sample of 693 employees and 173 leaders, the purpose of this study was to examine the re...
Freeze-fracture electron microscopic analysis of ultrarapidly frozen envelope membranes on intact chloroplasts and after purification

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of ultrarapidly frozen intact pea chloroplasts has been used to characterize the supramolecular architecture of their outer and inner envelope membranes, to follow changes in these membranes caused by experimental treatments, and to identify the composition of purified envelope membrane subfractions. Examination of intact chloroplasts revealed that the two membranes exhibit dramatically different densities of intramembrane particles, with the inner membrane particle density approximately fourfold that of the outer. Analysis of purified envelope membrane subfractions indicates that the low bouyant density fraction (1.08 g/cm3) corresponds to the outer envelope membrane, whereas the relatively higher bouyant density fraction (1.13 g/cm3) is predominantly inner membrane. From qualitative and quantitative morphological data we conclude that the outer membrane subfraction is pure whereas the inner membrane subfraction is significantly contaminated by outer membrane. These results confirm conclusions reached from biochemical analysis of these membranes.
Meditation and the psychotherapist.

While meditation derives from religious traditions, it is a behavior accessible to investigation. Recent physiological and behavioral studies are surveyed, and meditation behavior is described. Greater awareness of fellings, enhanced interpersonal perception, and increased present-centeredness are behaviors transferred from meditation, and facilitative both to the psychotherapist and to interpersonal functioning. Language: en
Up-regulation of Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein IAP-2 by Hypoxia. Hif-1-independent Mechanisms

Hypoxia is a key determinant of tissue pathology during tumor development and organ ischemia. However, little is known regarding hypoxic regulation of genes that are directly involved in cell death or death resistance. Here we report the striking induction by severe hypoxia of the anti-apoptotic protein IAP-2. Hypoxic cells with IAP-2 up-regulation became resistant to apoptosis. IAP-2 was induced by hypoxia per se rather than by the secondary effects of hypoxia, including ATP depletion and cell injury. The inductive response did not relate to alterations of cellular redox status or arrest of mitochondrial respiration. On the other hand, IAP-2 induction was attenuated by actinomycin D, suggesting a role for gene transcription. In vitro nuclear run-on assays demonstrated specific increases in IAP-2 transcriptional activity after hypoxia exposure. HIF-1, the primary transcription factor that is responsible for multiple gene activation under hypoxia, does not have a role in IAP-2 expression. HIF-1 and IAP-2 were induced by different degrees of hypoxia; severe hypoxia or anoxia was required for IAP-2 induction. Moreover, cobalt chloride and desferrioxamine activated HIF-1 but not IAP-2. Finally, IAP-2 was induced by severe hypoxia in mouse embryonic stem cells that were deficient of HIF-1. Thus, this study not only provides the first demonstration of hypoxic regulation of an anti-apoptotic gene but also suggests the participation of novel hypoxia-responsive transcription mechanisms.
Parathyroid venous sampling: a pictorial review of normal and variant applied venous anatomy

Learning Objectives To facilitate widespread utilization of the parathyroid venous sampling, this pictorial assay reviews normal anatomy and its variants of considerable clinical importance. We will also present the problems and challenges they pose for the interventional radiologist. Background Parathyroid venous sampling for para-thyroid hormone (PTH) is a highly promising method for localization and diagnosis of parathyroid tumors. Sampling of small veins is the goal. The reported sensitivity of parathyroid venous sampling is 70-80%. However, patients with congenital variation in anatomy and also those with distorted anatomy due to previous surgery can sometime present significant challenge to successful completion of bilateral parathyroid venous sampling resulting in false negative test. Clinical Findings/Procedure Details Technical Details : This pictoral review presents parathyroid venous anatomy along with the details of catheterization and retrograde venography of the parathyroid venous bed wherever necessary. In the entire series of no significant complication has occurred. Normal Anatomy and Variants : The thyroid venous bed is composed of: (a) a diffusely anastomosing, valveless plexus of veins arising from and investing the thyroid gland; and (b) paired, draining superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins. - Superior thyroid veins - Middle thyroid veins - Inferior thyroid veins - most common patterns - Thymic mediastinal veins - Azygos vein and left superior intercostal veins - Few confusing veins such as anterior jugular and the vertebral veins as well as mediastinal veins. - Interesting cases Conclusion and/or Teaching Points The roentgenographic anatomy of parathyroid veins is presented. As usual with venous anatomy, variations from the preceding standard description are common. Parathyroid drainage occurs predominantly via the inferior thyroid vein. Although inferior thyroid drainage is variable, bilateral samples could be obtained in a high percentage of cases. Probably least important for parathyroid drainage, the superior thyroid was the most constant and predictable of the thyroid veins.
In-Laws and the Concept of Family

(1999). In-Laws and the Concept of Family. Marriage & Family Review: Vol. 28, No. 3-4, pp. 161-172.
Productive infection of dendritic cells by simian immunodeficiency virus in macaque intestinal tissues.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that likely play multiple roles in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pathogenesis. This paper describes the effects of pathogenic SIV infection on the networks of DCs in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) intestinal tissues. Intestinal tissues were obtained from macaques at different stages of disease following infection with the pathogenic SIV/DeltaB670 isolate. The patterns and levels of expression of SIV and DC-associated mRNAs were examined and quantitated directly in intestinal tissue sections. In situ hybridization was performed for SIV, DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), DC-specific lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (DC-LAMP), DC-specific C-type lectin 1 (DECTIN-1), CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), CCR7, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3α (MIP-3α/CCL20) mRNAs and quantitative image analysis was performed to measure mRNA expression levels. To identify the cell types productively infected by SIV, simultaneous in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining were performed. The DC networks in macaque intestinal tissues were found to be extensive and although they generally remained intact during the course of SIV infection, there were alterations in the expression of markers for immature DCs. One alteration was an increase in the expression in intestinal submucosa of DC-SIGN, a molecule that binds to HIV-1/SIV and increases its infectivity. Concomitant with this increase, it was found that during AIDS, the population of productively infected cells included DCs, based on co-expression of DC-SIGN and DECTIN-1 mRNAs. These data indicate that SIV infection affects subpopulations of macaque intestinal DCs, including productive infection of DC-SIGN+ DCs, the consequences of which are likely to be ongoing viral propagation and decreased immunostimulatory function. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex Bias in Clinical Judgment: Later Empirical Returns:

This paper updates an earlier review of research on sex bias in psychological evaluation and psychotherapy. The experimental analogue continues to dominate the literature and to return a resoundingly negative verdict. This evidence, however, is often discounted on the grounds of the analogue's transparency and clinical impoverishment. Naturalistic data have likewise failed to support claims of widespread sex bias, but have nonetheless whetted suspicions that gender and sex role attributes affect circumscribed clinical decisions. These correlational field studies are often dismissed, however, on the basis of their inadequate control for potential confounds. This empirical deadlock is discussed within the context of the sexual politics of research and of methodological preference in particular. The interpretive gerrymandering that has plagued this literature is linked to an unwillingness to be open about the sex role heritage of research strategies themselves and the deep personal and political investments ...
Use of vasopressin during abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized control study

Objective: This prospective randomized double-masked placebo controlled trial was designed to investigate if the use of vasopressin during abdominal hysterectomy would decrease blood loss. Methods: Fifty-one patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy with the diagnosis of leiomyomatous uterus were randomized and received either vasopressin 10 U/10 mL of normal saline or 10 mL of normal saline, injected 5 mL bilaterally, 1 cm medial to the uterine vessels into the lower uterine segment. The sample size was determined assuming a one third reduction in total blood loss would be clinically relevant. A power analysis determined that 25 patients would be required in each group to assure a power of 0.80, at the 0.05 significance level. Results: Overall, the two groups were very similar with regard to their demographics, preoperative diagnosis, and relevant findings at the time of surgery. The mean total blood loss in the vasopressin and placebo groups was 445.41 mL and 748.42 mL respectively. Total blood loss was significantly decreased by 40% in the vasopressin group compared with the placebo group (P<.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to possible confounding variables or surgical complications. Conclusion: The injection of vasopressin into the uterus at the time of abdominal hysterectomy significantly reduces blood loss without increasing morbidity. We have shown that it is a useful adjunct during abdominal hysterectomy.
Steady state multiplicity of lumped parameter systems in which two parallel chemical reactions occur

Abstract This work examines and classifies the steady state behavioral features of lumped parameter systems in which two parallel first order chemical reactions occur. In addition, we derive sufficient conditions for uniqueness and multiplicity of the steady state solutions. Several new and surprising features were found such as the occurence of multiple solutions for two parallel endothermic reactions and the existence of steady state multiplicity over an unbounded range of Damkohler numbers. The examples indicate that the interaction between the chemical and transport rate processes can turn an undesired reaction, whose rate is negligible at the ambient conditions, into the controlling one.
Rescaling Global Governance: Imagining the Demise of the Nation-State

Much has been written recently about the supposed decline in the sovereign power of nation-states due to global economic processes and the emergence of supranational governing institutions like the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, NAFTA, the EU, etc. This has posed what some consider a problem for still largely nation-state-centric social theory in terms of making sense of what appears to be a major transformation in global governance patterns and institutions. This article argues that the apparent transformation in global governance is less historically revolutionary than evolutionary with the key being a shift in power relations among capitalist class factions at all levels of governance. Toward substantiating this claim, the article focuses on what some argue to be the (re)-emerging global political-economic significance of subnational city-regions as a result of the apparent geographic rescaling of global governance downward from dominant inter-nation-state relations. Of importance is that th...
Dynamic response of single cables with initial sag

Abstract Governing equations for the plane motion of a single cable oscillating between two fixed end supports are simplified to study the specific case of small oscillations about an initially deformed state. It is shown that for small but finite initial sag, the governing equation can be cast in a form where the influence of initial sag depends on a single parameter. A closed-form solution for mode shapes and frequencies of an undamped cable can be obtained for arbitrary values of this cable parameter, and it is shown that significant changes in the lowest natural frequency are possible within the practical ranges of the cable parameter.
Gender differences among spouses of surgeons

Abstract Background The goal of this study was to identify whether gender differences exist regarding the degree of spousal support for, satisfaction with, and perception of surgeons’ careers. Methods A survey was performed of spouses of academic surgeons in the United States and Canada. Results Female respondents were significantly less likely to work outside of the home and were significantly more likely to be the major decision-makers at home. They were less likely to credit their surgeon spouses with contributing to household duties and childcare. If both spouses worked outside of the home, the female spouse was still more likely to be the major decision maker. Overall, male and female respondents rated their role in and their satisfaction with their spouses’ career choices similarly. Conclusions Male and female spouses contribute equally to the career choices of their surgeon spouses. However, female spouses, both surgeon and nonsurgeon, are more likely to make the majority of the decisions at home and contributions to household care.
Selecting a discrete portfolio

Abstract We study the problem of selecting an optimal portfolio out of a finite set of available assets. Assets are characterized by their expected returns and the covariance matrix, and investors are assumed to have a mean–variance utility, that is, their utility function is linear in the mean and variance of the portfolio they hold. When assets are negatively correlated, or even when a slightly more general condition is satisfied, we provide an algorithm for selecting an optimal portfolio. We illustrate the usefulness of this algorithm by some comparative statics result. When assets can be positively correlated, we deliver a negative result regarding the existence of useful algorithms for selecting an optimal portfolio.
Possible tests and improvements for Monte Carlo renormalization-group studies.

Exploiting the solvability of the $d=2$ nearest-neighbor Ising model we construct the critical surface in a thirteen-dimensional parameter space in the vicinity of the nearest-neighbor transition point. We see if the flows generated from this point by recent Monte Carlo renormalization-group transformations lie on this surface. We clarify and quantify the effects of truncation. We unearth a truncation scheme that should speed up the convergence to the fixed point even in $d=3$.
A report describing the effect of di-2-pyridyl ligand architecture on the coordination properties with gold(III)

Abstract In an effort to develop novel gold-based chemotherapies, gold(III) coordination complexes possessing a series of di-2-pyridyl ligands were targeted as synthetic products. It was found that di-2-pyridyl ligands linked by different groups exhibited varying coordination to gold(III). Di-2-pyridyl sulfide (DPS) exhibited bidentate binding to gold(III), and formed a complex ion with a gold tetrachloride counter ion {[(DPS)AuCl2]AuCl4; compound 3}; di-2-pyridyl ether (DPO) formed a neutral monodentate coordination complex with gold(III) {[(DPO)(AuCl3)]; compound 4}; and attempts to make a gold(III) complex with di-2-pyridyl ketone (DPK) were unsuccessful, as a complex ion possessing the protonated ligand and a gold tetrachloride anion was isolated {[HDPK][AuCl4]; compound 5}. Compounds 3–5 were structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography, which confirmed the different coordination environments around the gold(III) metal centers.
Effects of front-of-package and shelf nutrition labeling systems on consumers.

As standards are considered for nutrition front-of-package (FOP) and shelf-labeling systems in the United States, it is important to know what types of systems are most effective in conveying scientifically accurate and useful information to consumers. A systematic literature review identified 38 empirical studies on consumer response to FOP nutrition labeling and shelf labeling. Studies indicate that consumers can more easily interpret and select healthier products with nutrient-specific FOP nutrition labels that incorporate text and symbolic color to indicate nutrient levels rather than nutrient-specific labels that only emphasize numeric information, such as Guideline Daily Amounts expressed as percentages and/or grams. Summary systems may influence consumers to purchase healthier products. However, more research is needed to assess the influence of nutrient-specific labels on consumers’ purchases. This review identified few studies that compared consumers’ ability to select healthier products using nutrient-specific systems that incorporate text and color codes with multiple-level summary icons. More research is needed to determine the effects of FOP nutrition labeling on consumers’ actual shopping behaviors and dietary intakes.
Eliminate the Middletoad

Philosophical controversy about the mind has flourished in the thin air of our ignorance about the brain. The humble toad, it now seems, may provide our first instance of a creature whose whole brain is within the reach of our scientific understanding. What will happen to the traditional philosophical issues as our theoretical and factual ignorance recedes? Discussion of the issues explored in the target article is, as Ewert says, "often too theoretical, sometimes philosophical and even [as if that weren't bad enough?--DCD] emotion-laden." The research reported by Ewert has interesting philosophical implications, as he probably recognizes, but he wisely leaves the philosophy to the philosophers. Being one, I would like to draw some of the conclusions he eschews.
Southern Appalachia: analytical models, social services, and native support systems.

The model of ethnicity has been applied in this paper to Appalachian natives. The problems suffered by Appalachians in terms of high dropout rates, institutional discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping are familiar to other ethnic minority groups. Yet because the majority of the population in Appalachia are racially indistinct from mainstream Americans, there is resistance to the notion of ethnic difference. This has significant repercussions. Ironically, service providers and others in the region often recognize the distinctive nature of native Appalachians while, at the same time, reaffirming that they are white Americans like anywhere else. This is often said with good intentions. The result, however, justifies a lack of action taken to improve services for native Appalachians. If they are perceived as no different, inequalities go unrecognized and unredressed. If, on the other hand, differences are perceived only on the basis of socioeconomic class and/or rural residence, social services may miss the cultural dimension that may be all-important in identifying problems and potential means of improvement. It is hoped that application of the notion of ethnicity to mountain people will be helpful in the structuring of human services in the region.
Determining the discharge rate from a submerged oil leak jet using ROV video

Abstract With expanded deep sea drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, and possibly the Arctic, it is imperative to have a technology available to quickly and accurately measure the discharge rate from a submerged oil leak jet. This paper describes an approach to measure the discharge rate using video from a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). ROV video can be used to measure the velocity of visible features (turbulent eddies, vortices, entrained particles) on the boundary of an oil leak jet, from which the discharge rate can be estimated. This approach was first developed by the Flow Rate Technical Group (FRTG) Plume Team, of which the authors Savas and Shaffer were members, during the response to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil leak. Manual tracking of visible features produced the first accurate government estimates of the oil discharge rate from the DWH. However, for this approach to be practical as a routine response tool, software is required that automatically measures the velocity of visible features. To further develop this approach, experiments were conducted to simulate a submerged oil leak jet using a dye-colored water jet in the U.C. Berkeley Tow Tank facility. Jet exit diameters were 10.2 cm and 20.3 cm. With flow rates up to 11 gal/s, Reynolds numbers in the range of the DWH oil leak jets (up to 500,000) were achieved. The dye-colored water jets were recorded with high speed video and radial profiles of velocity were mapped with Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) software was applied to measure the velocity of visible features. The velocities measured with PIV software were in good agreement with the LDA measurements. Finally, the PIV software was applied to ROV video of the DWH oil leak jet. The measured velocities were 10–50% lower than manual measurements of velocity. More research is required to determine the reasons why PIV software produced much lower velocities than manual tracking for the DWH oil leak jet.
SYMMETRY OF THE PAIRED-ASSOCIATE BOND

The nature of the paired associates bond was discussed in terms of the following hypotheses which were confirmed by experiment. Unidirectional lists are learned more rapidly than bidirectional ones, and this is related to greater item learning in the latter. A unidirectional transfer series A-B, B-A requires as many total trials for mastery as does a bidirectional list, and recall following transfer is equal to recall following bidirectional learning. The usual anticipation method yields greater availability for recall of B members. The association value of the syllables is important in item learning. The bond was made symmetrical or asymmetrical depending upon the task set for S.
Mannitol hemodilution-perfusion: the kinetics of mannitol distribution and excretion during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Abstract The theoretical considerations which lead us to include hypertonic mannitol as part of the blood perfusion mixture in selected patients undergoing open-heart surgery are reviewed. In over 500 total body perfusions, mannitol has proven to be an effective, non-toxic substance which has significantly reduced our incidence of postoperative renal failure. The distribution of mannitol occurs in two phases and appears to be confined to the extracellular fluid space. Equilibration within this space requires more than 3 hours; 83% of the administered mannitol was recovered during the succeeding 24 hours. The plasma disappearance curve cannot be used to measure renal clearance, since the volume of distribution is constantly expanding during the period of observation plus the occurrence of renal tubular reabsorption of approximately 20% of the filtered mannitol. The salures is induced by hypertonic mannitol during cardiopulmonary bypass was restricted to the interval of maximum osmotic diuresis and did not lead to postoperative hyponatremia.
Predicting impacts of increased CO2 and climate change on the water cycle and water quality in the semiarid James River Basin of the Midwestern USA

Abstract Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols from human activities continue to alter the climate and likely will have significant impacts on the terrestrial hydrological cycle and water quality, especially in arid and semiarid regions. We applied an improved Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to evaluate impacts of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration and potential climate change on the water cycle and nitrogen loads in the semiarid James River Basin (JRB) in the Midwestern United States. We assessed responses of water yield, soil water content, groundwater recharge, and nitrate nitrogen (NO3–N) load under hypothetical climate-sensitivity scenarios in terms of CO2, precipitation, and air temperature. We extended our predictions of the dynamics of these hydrological variables into the mid-21st century with downscaled climate projections integrated across output from six General Circulation Models. Our simulation results compared against the baseline period 1980 to 2009 suggest the JRB hydrological system is highly responsive to rising levels of CO2 concentration and potential climate change. Under our scenarios, substantial decrease in precipitation and increase in air temperature by the mid-21st century could result in significant reduction in water yield, soil water content, and groundwater recharge. Our model also estimated decreased NO3–N load to streams, which could be beneficial, but a concomitant increase in NO3–N concentration due to a decrease in streamflow likely would degrade stream water and threaten aquatic ecosystems. These results highlight possible risks of drought, water supply shortage, and water quality degradation in this basin.
Categorical analyses of international trade performance

Seventy-eight nations are examined for their qualitative attributes on three measures of trade performance: import performance, export performance, and competitive position. Tests for association among export and import performance qualities suggest that there are two distinctive groups of nations in the international economy; traders and non-traders. In addition, logit regression analyses suggest that it is a nation's export sector that determines its competitive position quality, while the import sector has little impact.
Non-traditional book publishing

Non-traditional book publishing, prospering on the Internet, now accounts for over eight times the output of traditional publishing. Non-traditional publishing includes books published by their authors and books representing the reuse of content, most of it not covered by copyright. The result is an heterogeneous, hyper-abundant contemporary book environment where the traditional mixes with the non-traditional and finding books that match a reader’s taste is more difficult than previously and may involve new methods of discovery.
Mechanistic Studies on Transcorneal Permeation of Fluorometholone

The mechanism of corneal fluorometholone penetration was studied using albino rabbits, and the apparent rate and extent of steroid accumulation in the various cell layers of the cornea and aqueous humor were determined for normal and abraded eyes. The results are compared and contrasted to the mechanism previously reported for pilocarpine. Fluorometholone readily penetrates the intact corneal epithelium and accumulates in the hydrophilic stromal layers of the cornea. The kinetic profile is similar to that of pilocarpine and is largely a result of the pre-corneal dynamic processes. Pharmacokinetic parameters for each tissue were determined to establish an overall mechanism for corneal permeation of the steroid.
Arguments for and against HIV self-testing

Approximately 60% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are unaware of their infection, and stigma and discrimination continue to threaten acceptance of HIV testing services worldwide. Self-testing for HIV has garnered controversy for years and the debate reignited with the approval of a point-of-care test for over-the-counter sale in the US in 2012. Here, we present arguments for and against HIV self-testing. The case in support of HIV self-testing contends that: the modality is highly acceptable, especially among the most at-risk individuals; self-testing empowers users, thus helping to normalize testing; and mutual partner testing has the potential to increase awareness of risk and avert condomless sex between discordant partners. Arguments against HIV self-testing include: cost limits access to those who need testing most; false-negative results, especially during the window period, may lead to false reassurance and could promote sex between discordant partners at the time of highest infectivity; opportunities for counseling, linkage to care, and diagnosis of other sexually transmitted infections may be missed; and self-testing leads to potential for coercion between partners. Research is needed to better define the risks of self-testing, especially as performance of the assays improves, and to delineate the benefits of programs designed to improve access to self-test kits, because this testing modality has numerous potential advantages and drawbacks.
Pinosylvin methyl ether deters snowshoe hare feeding on green alder

Pinosylvin methyl ether (PME), a toxic phenol, is a potent deterrent to showshoe hare feeding on green alder. Concentrations of PME found in green alder parts can account for the low palatability of winter-dormant foliar buds and staminate catkins but cannot affect internode palatability. The lack of a PME-related defense system in internodes suggests that green alder has at least a two-level defense system: defense of growth stages and defense of parts within growth stages.
2.4.2 A Blueprint to Effective Enterprise Risk Management

Traditional risk management models have typically focused on the acquisition and operational phases of a product life cycle, with the second dimension of these models being that they are also system-centric. Modern transportation systems are defying the traditional system-centric approach to design, development, and deployment and represent an unprecedented level of complexity to be factored into decision making. This level of complexity, both in the solution space and at the organizational level, demands a more robust approach to risk and opportunity management than has traditionally been considered. This paper discusses the factors that must be addressed in establishing a viable opportunity and risk management presence in a Systems of Systems (SoS) context.
UbiqBio: Adoptions and Outcomes of Mobile Biology Games in the Ecology of School.

The integration of learning games into schools holds significant promise, yet faces numerous obstacles. Ubiquitous games (casual games for smart phones) attempt to motivate students to engage repeatedly with content beyond school, while enabling teachers to facilitate deeper reflection on game-related curricula during class. During a two-year study, researchers developed four biology-themed UbiqGames and curricula. An analysis of gameplay patterns and posttest data suggests that both male and female students played the games. Correlation of content knowledge gains with specific game design attributes (e.g., simulation feedback and depth of content) suggested areas for further research on “casual” learning games.