cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Survival of Patients With Alveolar Hemorrhage Secondary to Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis.

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a clinical syndrome that can be caused by a variety of nonimmune-mediated and immune-mediated etiologies, including antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). DAH is one of the most severe and life-threatening manifestations of AAV, occurring in up to 25% of patients with AAV1. Some studies have suggested that DAH may be more common in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) than in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), but reported frequencies may be affected by factors including variable epidemiology of MPA versus GPA in different regions of the world, applied disease definitions, and local referral patterns to tertiary care centers2,3,4,5. Preexisting airway disease has been reported as an independent risk factor for the development of DAH in AAV3. Irrespective of the frequency and severity of DAH in AAV, there is only a limited number of studies addressing the prognosis of DAH in patients with AAV (Table 1). The combination of glucocorticoids (GC) with cyclophosphamide (CYC) or rituximab (RTX), variably combined with plasma exchange (PLEX), is usually effective to induce remission of the disease in the majority of patients, and the main causes of death are infections or cardiovascular complications rather than vasculitis activity2,6,7,8,9,10. View this table: Table 1. The published cohorts of DAH occurring in patients with AAV (only studies with ≥ 20 patients are reported). In this issue of The Journal , Tang and colleagues11 report on their analysis of clinical features at presentation and the main prognostic factors of DAH in a single-center cohort of 92 patients with MPA. This is the largest cohort of DAH in patients with MPA published so far. Interestingly, in this cohort, the mortality was the highest reported for DAH in patients with … Address correspondence to Dr. A. Berti, Rheumatology Department, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie D’Oro 9, 38121, Trento, Trentino, Italy. Email: alvise.berti{at}apss.tn.it.
A New Low Dose of Tranexamic Acid for Decreasing the Rate of Blood Loss in Posterior Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Background Previous studies have demonstrated that the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss and transfusion requirements in children undergoing scoliosis surgery. Although TXA is safe and effective, significant adverse events have been reported. Using the lowest effective dose of TXA is advisable. We evaluated a new low dosing regimen for TXA based on an improved pharmacokinetic model and therapeutic plasma concentration. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this new low dosing regimen in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion when compared with a control group who did not receive TXA. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 90 consecutive patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion at our institution from 2017 to 2020. Forty patients received TXA at the new dosing regimen (10 mg/kg load, 5 mg/kg/h infusion) and 50 patients were in the non-TXA control group. The same 2 orthopaedic surgeons, working as a team, performed all surgical procedures. We assessed the use of TXA as an independent risk factor for estimated blood loss and transfusion requirement after adjusting for age, surgical duration, body mass index, major coronal curve, and sex. Results A comparison of the intraoperative cumulative blood loss in the 2 groups showed a significantly lower blood loss in the TXA group. (583.5±272.0 vs. 479.5±288.7 mL, P=0.03) This difference persisted when blood loss was calculated as percent of total blood volume and per vertebral level. Transfusion requirements were lower in the TXA group (4/50 patients vs. 0/40 patients, P=0.13). No patient in the TXA group required a blood transfusion during their hospitalization. Conclusion This study is the first to provide evidence that a new low dosing regimen of TXA can significantly reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements for idiopathic scoliosis patients and supports the need for a prospective, randomized clinical trial to confirm these findings. Level of evidence Level III-retrospective cohort study.
Complication Rates After IntraOperative Radiation Therapy: Do Applicator Size and Distance to Skin Matter?

ABSTRACT Background Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has gained popularity for early stage breast cancer treatment. Few studies have examined the relationship between complications and both demographic and technical factors. The objective of the current study was to determine if applicator size or distances to the skin were significant risk factors for complications. Methods Data was prospectively collected on patients who underwent lumpectomy followed by IORT from November 1, 2013 to August 31, 2018. Exclusion criteria included any prior radiation exposure or personal history of breast cancer. Comorbid conditions such as body mass index, diabetes, and smoking as well as technical specifications such as applicator size and distances to the skin were included for investigation. Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, and odds ratios were utilized for statistical analysis. Results The study was comprised of 219 patients. None developed Clavien-Dindo grade 2 or above complications. Of 21.0% (n = 46) had minor complications. The most common complication was a palpable breast seroma (n = 37). Diabetes was the only comorbid condition with increased risk for complications (OR 3.2; 95% CI1.3-7.5; P = 0.008). The applicator sizes and average skin distances were similar between groups. Surprisingly, the closest skin distance was not a significant risk factor for post-operative complications (1.4 +/- 1.6 versus 1.4 +/- 1.9 cm; P = 1.0). Conclusion Neither applicator size nor the closest skin distance were associated with increased complications. Traditionally described risk factors such as BMI and smoking were not predictive. This data provides support for potentially expanding the utilization for IORT without increasing complications.
Biomechanics of the Knee

The knee is a complex 3D joint whose normal function depends on the coordination of a supporting structure made of ligaments, muscles tendons, cartilage, menisci working together to preserve stability and gait. Any disruptions of these soft tissues lead to a mechanical disadvantage, pain, and knee pathologies such as cartilage defect that might require surgery. To preserve the integrity of the knee anatomy during TKA or ligament reconstruction, it is important that the biomechanics of the knee is well understood, the role each substructure plays in our daily activities and in achieving our performance goals. The knee articulation of the femur over the tibia is also guided and driven by the patellofemoral surface articulation and muscle producing forces to balance and regulate the energy-work expenditure by muscles. This chapter objective is to describe the biomechanics of the knee and its anatomy, modeling techniques, and gait analysis use in evaluation of knee performance. Finally, use of advance techniques in imaging, FEA, and multibody dynamics to understand the in-depth role of the knee mechanics for future clinical evaluation of new prostheses design and knee repairs to restore normal knee function.
Comparative (In)Equalities: CEDAW and the Gender of Jurisdiction

A formal model of treaty-making identifies nation-states as pivotal parties to transactions. A formal model of equality rejects distinctions treating women and men differently. Both kinds of formalisms miss practices making plain the permeable boundaries of the nation-state, the variegated texture of transnational lawmaking, and the challenges of materializing equal treatment. This essay explores these boundary-bendings by examining the affiliations with, reservations to, and antagonism generated by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), empowering discursive exchanges between the U.N.-based expert committee overseeing CEDAW ’s implementation and the ratifying states. Interactions around CEDAW depart from the uniformity and universalism often associated with international law. Rather than a singular formal moment of ratification through a monovocal nation-state, the parties to CEDAW file, and some withdraw, reservations; the CEDAW Committee reviews and questions practices of party-states and episodically issues new general directives; and a few localities make CEDAW domestic law while others aim to ward off any such efforts by general bans on references to “foreign law.” National treaty reservations and subnational internationalism join other mediating mechanisms — such as judicial doctrines providing a “margin of appreciation” or federalism discounts that permit some deviance among subunits and forms of constitutional pluralism — that reflect constrained affiliations across borders. These diverse legal postures underscore the heterogeneity found in transnational exchanges and, in addition to the positive account of the need to recognize these facets of lawmaking, the normative argument advanced is to appreciate the utilities of disaggregated internationalism that, in the context explored here, reveals the challenges of operationalizing aspirations for equality.
Old teachers, old ideas, and the effect of population aging on economic growth

Abstra c t As populations age, the degree to which workers׳ human capital reflects the cutting edge of technology falls because education took place further in the past. This “pure vintage” effect of aging is well known. In this paper, we explore a second effect of aging: in an older population, older teachers pass on knowledge that was current further in the past. We show that this “teacher multiplier” can significantly increase the technological backwardness of the labor force. We present both an analytic model that can be solved for steady states and a numerical model that can describe transitions in the average vintage of human capital as population age structure changes over time. We also discuss evidence on the effect of age on the technological up-to-dateness of workers in general and teachers in particular.
The association of antidepressant medications and diabetic retinopathy among people with diabetes.

Abstract Objective To determine if the use of antidepressants was associated with lower odds of diabetic retinopathy and if so, to determine if this association was mediated by decreased inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP). Design This was a cross sectional study of 1,041 participants with type 2 diabetes 40–85 years old from the 2005–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between the outcome of diabetic retinopathy and the primary exposure of antidepressant medication usage. We also determined whether CRP meets standard criteria as a mediator between antidepressant use and diabetic retinopathy. Results Participants using antidepressants were less likely to have diabetic retinopathy (OR 0.50, 95% CI: 0.31–0.82). CRP did not meet one of the criteria for mediation. However, CRP was an effect modifier such that the association of antidepressant use and diabetic retinopathy was only present among participants with CRP ≥ 0.3 mg/dl. Among the antidepressant drug classes, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) users had significantly lower odds of developing diabetic retinopathy compared to non-users of antidepressants. Conclusions Using representative survey data of US adults with type-2 diabetes, this study found that antidepressant use was associated with lower odds of diabetic retinopathy. Further longitudinal and experimental studies are necessary to confirm this finding and to determine if there is a role for antidepressants in preventing diabetic retinopathy in select patient populations.
Controlling Large Fluctuations: Theory and Experiment

We review some recent results on large infrequent fluctuations in which a system moves far away from a metastable state or makes a transition between metastable states. Although fluctuations happen at random, the motion in a large fluctuation is essentially deterministic. This makes it possible to change fluctuation probabilities exponentially strongly by comparatively weak fields, paving the way for selective control of escape rates. To investigate large fluctuations experimentally, we trap a dielectric Brownian particle in a double-well potential created by two independent optical beams. By analyzing thermal fluctuations, we can fully map the three-dimensional potential. This has allowed us to put Kramers' theory of thermally activated transitions to a quantitative experimental test. A suitable periodic modulation of the optical intensity breaks the spatio-temporal symmetry of an otherwise spatially symmetric system. This has allowed us to localize a particle in one of the symmetric wells.
Verifying large-scale system performance during installation using modelling

In this paper we describe an important use of predictive application performance modelling - the validation of measured performance during a new large-scale system installation. Using a previously-developed and validated performance model for SAGE, a multidimensional, 3D, multi-material hydrodynamics code with adaptive mesh refinement, we were able to help guide the stabilization of the Los Alamos ASCI Q supercomputer. This system was installed in several stages and has a peak processing rate of 20-Teraflops. We review the salient features of an analytical model for SAGE that has been applied to predict its performance on a large class of Tera-scale parallel systems. We describe the methodology applied during system installation and upgrades to establish a baseline for the achievable "real" performance of the system. We also show the effect on overall application performance of certain key subsystems such as PCI bus speed and processor speed. We show that utilization of predictive performance models can be a powerful system debugging tool.
The Multimedia Multicast Channel

The Multimedia Multicast Channel is a dissemination-oriented communication abstraction providing a service analogous to that of a cable television broadcast channel. A source transmits multimedia information such as video and audio streams onto a channel, and a varying number of receivers “tune in” to the channel to receive a selected set of the streams. To support heterogeneity, each receiver may tailor the selected streams to meet individual needs through the use of filters. The design encourages a very loose coupling between the source and the receivers, promoting open-loop control for the underlying network protocols.
Iron-Mediated Control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Staphylococcus aureus Interactions in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Communication is an important factor for bacterial survival, growth, and persistence. Much work has examined both inter- and intraspecies interactions and their effects on virulence. Now, researchers have begun to explore the ways in which host-modulated factors can impact bacterial interactions and subsequently affect patient outcomes. In this issue, two papers discuss how the host environment alters interactions between the pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, largely in the context of cystic fibrosis.
Post-Announcement Drift

Brown, Goetzmann and Ross (1995) document that ex-post conditioning can significantly bias empirical results based on observed rates of return. These results have interesting implications for cross-sectional cumulated excess return measures [CAR s] that are commonly used in the context of event studies (see Brown and Warner, 1981). Ball and Brown [1968] note an upward drift in cumulated excess returns subsequent to a positive earnings announcement surprise. Subsequent work by Foster [1977] and Foster et al [1984] among others has documented that this drift is related to size of the firm in question. The current state of this literature is summarized in Ball [1992].
Impaired serotonin transporter function in the small intestine of mice on a high fat diet (1110.6)

Background: Obesity can alter 5-HT (serotonin) availability in the gut mucosa disrupting motility. 5-HT availability depends on 5-HT released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells and by 5-HT uptake by ...
A Promising Mimic of Hydrogenase Activity

A chemical compound that mimics the active site of nickel-iron hydrogenases is catalytically active. Related compounds may serve as catalysts in a hydrogen economy.
Unmanned Aircraft Capture and Control Via GPS Spoofing

The theory and practice of unmanned aerial vehicle UAV capture and control via Global Positioning System GPS signal spoofing are analyzed and demonstrated. The goal of this work is to explore UAV vulnerability to deceptive GPS signals. Specifically, this paper 1 establishes the necessary conditions for UAV capture via GPS spoofing, and 2 explores the spoofer's range of possible post-capture control over the UAV. A UAV is considered captured when a spoofer gains the ability to eventually specify the UAV's position and velocity estimates. During post-capture control, the spoofer manipulates the true state of the UAV, potentially resulting in the UAV flying far from its flight plan without raising alarms. Both overt and covert spoofing strategies are considered, as distinguished by the spoofer's attempts to evade detection by the target GPS receiver and by the target navigation system's state estimator, which is presumed to have access to non-GPS navigation sensor data. GPS receiver tracking loops are analyzed and tested to assess the spoofer's capability for covert capture of a mobile target. The coupled dynamics of a UAV and spoofer are analyzed and simulated to explore practical post-capture control scenarios. A field test demonstrates capture and rudimentary control of a rotorcraft UAV, which results in unrecoverable navigation errors that cause the UAV to crash.
Immunology of the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus: Comparison of Mammary Tumor Virus With the Agent Found in C3Hf/Crgl Mice

C3Hf/Crgl mice, containing no biologically active mammary tumor virus, nonetheless possess both type-B virus particles and a component which cross-reacts serologically with the mammary tumor virus. Neutralization studies and the immunodiffusion assay for measuring the antigenicity of the mammary tumor virus indicate that transfer of the virus particles from C3Hf to BALB/cCrgl mice is accompanied by transfer of the cross-reacting antigenic component.
Hemagglutinin Spatial Distribution Shifts in Response to Cholesterol in the Influenza Viral Envelope

Influenza virus delivers its genome to the host cytoplasm via a process of membrane fusion mediated by the viral hemagglutinin protein. Optimal fusion likely requires multiple hemagglutinin trimers, so the spatial distribution of hemagglutinin on the viral envelope may influence fusion mechanism. We have previously shown that moderate depletion of cholesterol from the influenza viral envelope accelerates fusion kinetics even though it decreases fusion efficiency, both in a reversible manner. Here, we use electron cryo-microscopy to measure how the hemagglutinin lateral density in the viral envelope changes with cholesterol extraction. We extract this information by measuring the radial distribution function of electron density in >4000 viral images per sample, assigning hemagglutinin density by comparing images with and without anti-HA Fab bound. On average, hemagglutinin trimers move closer together: we estimate that the typical trimer-trimer spacing reduces from 94 to 84 A when ∼90% of cholesterol is removed from the viral membrane. Upon restoration of viral envelope cholesterol, this spacing once again expands. This finding can qualitatively explain the observed changes to fusion kinetics: contemporary models from single-virus microscopy are that fusion requires the engagement of several hemagglutinin trimers in close proximity. If removing cholesterol increases the lateral density of hemagglutinin, this should result in an increase in the rate of fusion.
Anthrax Toxins Inhibit Neutrophil Signaling Pathways in Brain Endothelium and Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Meningitis

Background: Anthrax meningitis is the main neurological complication of systemic infection with Bacillus anthracis approaching 100% mortality. The presence of bacilli in brain autopsies indicates that vegetative bacteria are able to breach the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB represents not only a physical barrier but has been shown to play an active role in initiating a specific innate immune response that recruits neutrophils to the site of infection. Currently, the basic pathogenic mechanisms by which B. anthracis penetrates the BBB and causes anthrax meningitis are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using an in vitro BBB model, we show for the first time that B. anthracis efficiently invades human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC), the single cell layer that comprises the BBB. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling of hBMEC during infection with B. anthracis revealed downregulation of 270 (87%) genes, specifically key neutrophil chemoattractants IL-8, CXCL1 (Groα) and CXCL2 (Groβ), thereby strongly contrasting hBMEC responses observed with other meningeal pathogens. Further studies using specific anthrax toxin-mutants, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and in vivo assays indicated that anthrax toxins actively suppress chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment during infection, allowing unrestricted proliferation and dissemination of the bacteria. Finally, mice challenged with B. anthracis Sterne, but not the toxin-deficient strain, developed meningitis. Conclusions/Significance: These results suggest a significant role for anthrax toxins in thwarting the BBB innate defense response promoting penetration of bacteria into the central nervous system. Furthermore, establishment of a mouse model for anthrax meningitis will aid in our understanding of disease pathogenesis and development of more effective treatment strategies. © 2008 van Sorge et al.
Optimal Pricing and Advertising Policies for New Product Oligopoly Models

In this paper our previous work on monopoly and oligopoly new product models is extended by the addition of pricing as well as advertising control variables. These models contain Bass's demand growth model, and the Vidale-Wolfe and Ozga advertising models, as well as the production learning curve model and an exponential demand function. The problem of characterizing an optimal pricing and advertising policy over time is an important question in the field of marketing as well as in the areas of business policy and competitive economics. These questions are particularly important during the introductory period of a new product, when the effects of the learning curve phenomenon and market saturation are most pronounced. We consider first the monopoly case with linear advertising cost, exponential demand, and three different pricing rules: the optimal variable pricing, the instantaneous marginal pricing, and the optimal constant pricing rules. Several theoretical results are established for these rules including the facts that the instantaneous marginal pricing rule is a myopic version of the optimal pricing rule and the optimal constant pricing rule is a weighted average over time of the instantaneous marginal pricing rule. Another surprising result is that, after the market is at least half saturated, a pulse of advertising must be preceded by a significant drop in price. Numerical solutions of a number of examples are discussed. Oligopolistic models are analyzed as nonzero-sum differential games in the rest of the paper. The state and adjoint equations are easy to write down, but impossible to solve in closed form. Hence we describe how to reformulate these models as discrete differential games, and give a numerical algorithm for finding open loop Nash solutions. The latter was used to solve three triopoly models. In each case it was found that optimal prices and advertising rates start high and steadily decline.
On the Contributions of Cognitive Sociology to the Sociological Study of Race

In this article, we argue for cognitive sociology as a framework for studying the sociology of race. Cognitive sociology concerns itself with classification, identity construction, meaning and collective memory and is thus centrally concerned with generic issues that apply well to racial category construction and maintenance. We, first, outline the cognitive sociology framework. We then elaborate on traditions in the sociology of race and racism that have implicit affinities to cognitive sociology. We argue that cognitive sociology provides a useful generic framework with which to look at specific issues in racial classification, the social construction of race, and to racist cognitions, while critical race theory and other sociology of race frameworks can compliment cognitive sociology by addressing issues of power and domination in cognitive frameworks.
Predicted threshold against backward balance loss following a slip in gait

The purpose of this study was to use a 7-link, moment-actuated human model to predict, at liftoff of the trailing foot in gait, the threshold of the center of mass (COM) velocity relative to the base of support (BOS) required to prevent backward balance loss during single stance recovery from a slip. Five dynamic optimization problems were solved to find the minimum COM velocities that would allow the simulation to terminate with the COM above the BOS when the COM started 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 foot lengths behind the heel of the stance foot (i.e., behind the BOS). The initial joint angles of the model were based on averaged data from experimental trials. Foot-ground contact was modeled using 16 visco-elastic springs distributed under the stance foot. Slipping was modeled by setting the sliding coefficient of friction of these springs to 0.02. The forward velocity of the COM necessary to avoid a backward balance loss is nearly two times larger under slip conditions under non-slip conditions. The predicted threshold for backward balance loss following a slip agreed well with experimental data collected from 99 young adults in response to 927 slips during walking. In all trials in which a subject's COM had a velocity below the predicted threshold, the subject's recovery foot landed posterior to the slipping foot as predicted. Finally, combining experimental data with optimization, we verified that the 7-link model could more accurately predict gait stability than a 2-link model.
Biological control: lessons from a study of California red scale

A 20-year study of suppression of California red scale, a world-wide pest of citrus, by the parasitoid Aphytis melinus has established that the interaction is dynamically stable and that the mechanisms leading to control and stability operate at a local scale: spatial processes are not important. Key features appear to be an invulnerable class in the pest and rapid development of the parasitoid compared with the pest, as well as the fact that the parasitoid is an in situ specialist on the pest. Although another parasitoid species and two predator species are also present, they play at most a negligible role in pest control. These features—long-term persistence, suppression by a single natural enemy, an invulnerable stage in the pest and rapid development in the natural enemy—appear to be common in other coccid pest systems. By contrast, in temporary crops where the pest and enemy populations are open (i.e., sustained over the long run mainly by immigration) and non-persistent locally, as is frequently found in aphid pests, we expect that multiple generalist enemies are required for control and, of course, that spatial processes are important. There are very few well-studied examples of such systems, but these support our expectations. In these cases, it also appears that neither rapid enemy development nor an invulnerable pest stage is important for successful control.
What is type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. It is associated with reduced life expectancy owing to a greater risk of heart disease, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, renal disease, blindness and amputation. The best known predictors of increased diabetes risk are elevated fasting plasma glucose, abnormal glucose tolerance test, obesity and evidence of impaired insulin action. However, the mechanisms by which people with impaired fasting glucose and/or abnormal glucose tolerance ‘progress’ to overt T2DM are not completely understood. Moreover, T2DM is defined in a ‘negative’ sense (hyperglycemia not accounted for by autoimmune destruction of islet cells or other known causes). This has two potentially negative consequences – first, T2DM may actually encompass a heterogenous group of hyperglycaemic disorders with multiple different mechanisms; second, defining such a complex disease affecting many different metabolic pathways simply in terms of hyperglycaemia may oversimplify the nature of the condition. In this review, we explore some of the mechanisms suggested to underlie T2DM, and attempt to remind readers that hyperglycaemia is only one of its characteristics.
The Spanish Entrada: A Model for Assessing Claims of Pre-Columbian Contact between the Old and New Worlds

The vast majority of evidence marshaled by those who support scenarios of the pre-Columbus, pre-Viking discovery, exploration, and settlement of the New World has been epigraphic. Virtually no archaeological evidence has been presented in support of such claims. Here, the historically documented, early sixteenth-century Spanish exploration of the American Southeast is used as a model for the kind of archaeological evidence to be expected for such exploration and culture contact. It is suggested that unless and until similar evidence is forthcoming for an eariler presence of Celts, Libyans, Chinese, or other visitors from the Old World, their visits remain unproved.
X-ray flux from a burnthrough Au foil

Abstract The experiments reported in this paper were undertaken to measure the rear x-ray flux of foils having different thicknesses. The targets were burnthrough foils, planar free-standing Au foils and CH supported Au foils, that were nearly entirely ablated during the laser pulse. The x-ray flux from the non-irradiated rear side is of sufficient intensity that it can serve as an x-ray heating source, backlight, or photon pump. The foils were irradiated with one smoothed beam of Nova which provided ∼ 3300 J of 2ω0 light in a 1 nsec square pulse. The primary diagnostics measured absolute flux and transmitted laser light. The time-dependent absolute flux measurements, the total-integrated energy of the x-ray spectrum, and the temporal evolution will be discussed.
A historical perspective on measurement of ventricular function with scintigraphic techniques: Part II--Ventricular function with gated techniques for blood pool and perfusion imaging.

In this 2-part article, we have tracked the development of nuclear cardiology from its rudimentary but inventive beginnings to its current, somewhat unenviable position at the pinnacle of all diagnostic and prognostic imaging in our health care system. The tools have changed, but the goal has essentially been constant. For all of its biochemical, endovascular, valvular, and neural complexity, the heart is ultimately and simplistically still just a hydraulic pump. Thus any relevant cardiac imaging modality or therapy will begin with, parallel, target, or end with the assessment of cardiac function. As nuclear cardiology moves into the future with multimodality image integration (eg, hybrid imaging with SPECT or positron emission tomography perfusion and computed tomography calcium scoring and angiography), dynamic assessment of ventricular function will predictably be a critical ingredient to the clinical success of these new modalities.
Working in partnership with parents of handicapped infants

A partnership of parents and professionals, so important for optimizing intervention procedures very early in the lives of handicapped infants and toddlers, needs nourishing. Suggestions for improving the partnership include: starting the relationship as soon after birth as possible; serving as a reliable and empathic support system for families; sharing child development knowledge and building observation skills together; use of assessments as interventions; modelling encouragement and joy for small developmental advances; marshalling community resources; organizing parents as resources to help each other; and, effective supervision for professional staff to prevent burnout. † Paper presented as keynote speech at the Johns Hopkins University Infant Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland, August, 1981.
Retrospective review of a case of serotonin syndrome after discontinuation of risperidone: Was withdrawal neuroleptic malignant syndrome missed?

INTRODUCTION The job of the pharmacist rarely involves evaluating diagnostic impressions or making definitive diagnoses. However, the pharmacist may often be called upon to give his or her assessment of a clinical picture when drugrelated or drug-induced factors may be at play. In addition, pharmacists may be called upon to give therapy recommendations, frequently evaluating appropriate dosing, drug interactions and even therapeutic endpoints of medications. As patient and drug-regimen complexity increase, the ability of the pharmacist to give valuable input to the diagnostic impression or assessment of drugrelated factors regarding a patient’s clinical presentation becomes paramount. This may be particularly true in the context of mental health patients treated with more than one psychotropic agent.
A representative consumer theorem for discrete choice models in networked markets

We provide an alternative way to model sequential decision processes, which is consistent with the random utility maximization hypothesis and the existence of a representative agent. Our result is stated on terms of a direct utility representation, and it does not depend on parametric assumptions.
Refinements in acute dietary exposure assessments for chlorpyrifos.

Food pesticide residue data are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine potential dietary risk from chronic and acute exposures. An acute dietary risk assessment determines the pesticide exposure resulting from a single-day consumption of food, and uses stepwise refinement of residue estimates to better judge actual exposures. All exposure refinements use estimates of the fraction of crops treated and food residues measured increasingly closer to the point of actual food consumption, without changes in the pesticide uses. Exposure distributions at all levels of data refinement were extremely right skewed. At the highest level evaluated, estimated exposures at the 99.9th percentile were 0.00087 mg/kgBW/day compared to 0.2648 mg/kgBW/day at the tolerance level for children 1-6 years, theoretically the highest-exposed population sub-group. The estimated exposure at the 99.9th percentile of the U.S. population was approximately twice the exposure at the 99th percentile and 33 times the exposure at the 90th percentile. This evaluation showed the calculated exposure at the highest tier of assessment was 300 times lower than the tolerance level assessment for children 1-6 years at the 99.9th percentile. Reduction in exposure estimates between these tiers was due to a combination of the following factors: food residue measurements in a specially designed market-basket study, government-sponsored monitoring data, probabilistic methodologies, market share information, and food processing data. This case study demonstrates that an improved understanding of the uncertainties of acute dietary exposure from pesticides is possible by using well-established statistical tools and applying them to comprehensive exposure information, including residue monitoring data, consumption data, and pesticide use information.
Modern Trends of Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers

The history of low-voltage air circuit breakers has paralleled the development of power distribution. The desire for improved contacts led from an automatic knife-switch type of circuit breaker to an air circuit breaker equipped with a laminated copper brush. The trend from d-c systems to polyphase a-c systems led from the ``nontrip free'' type of air circuit breaker to the ``trip free'' breaker; and now the requirements for low maintenance, safety of operation, increased continuity of service, together with the trend to steel enclosing of switchboards and individual devices, is being met by new air circuit breakers equipped with solid silver main contacts, alloy arcing tips, and a new type of arc interrupter herein described.
The effect of heater plate thickness on boiling heat-transfer coefficients

Abstract The effect of heater-plate thickness on boiling heat-transfer coefficients was observed for three liquids:water, ethanol, and n -heptane, using stainless steel plates with three thicknesses: 0.025 mm, 0.051 mm and 0.13mm. Heat fluxes during boiling ranged from 30000 to 100 000 W/m 2 . It was found that plate thickness had only a small effect on the boiling heat-transfer coefficient in the range of variables studied. However, the heat-transfer coefficient did increase somewhat with increasing plate thickness for the larger measured values of δT; for the smaller values the trend was the opposite.
A Practical Method for Modeling PCB Transmission Lines with Conductor Surface Roughness and Wideband Dielectric Properties

This paper discusses the modeling techniques to account for transmission line high frequency effects, and proposes a method to integrate these techniques into a practical and design-worthy model generation flow. The frequency tabulated transmission line models are capable of predicting wideband dielectric characteristics and high frequency conductor losses due to skin effect and surface roughness. They can be used to accurately model high volume, low cost printed circuit board traces which often have roughened trace surfaces and pronounced frequency variation in dielectric properties. The model accuracy is verified up to 20 GHz in frequency domain, thus suitable for Multi-Gigabit signaling analysis.
Engendered/endangered: women, tuberculosis, and the project of citizenship

Abstract The anti-tuberculosis campaign of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was an unprecedented display of medical authority and public health purview. With accumulating evidence that the disease disproportionately struck the poor, tuberculosis by the early decades of the century was perceived epidemiologically as embedded in individual practices including hygiene and domestic order. Tuberculosis was in a sense a trope for national degeneration, and as such it became the vehicle for a self-conscious thrust towards national renewal and moral regeneration. This paper uses a feminist Foucauldian framework in its analysis of the anti-tuberculosis campaign. In the case of San Francisco, efforts to combat tuberculosis centred in part on women in their roles as wives and mothers. Women were the gatekeepers of health because they were responsible for keeping the home clean and bacillus free. Not only did this focus become a medical legitimization of women's domestic duties, but it also became a discourse of citizenship. Whether explicitly or implicitly, physicians concentrated their attention on white middle class women in their messages of health maintenance. Within sanatoria, a primary agenda of tuberculosis treatment was the inculcation of middle class behaviour into the working class patients. The anti-tuberculosis campaign was thus a part of the early-twentieth-century project of nationhood where citizenship was largely calculated through the lens of class and race.
Hyperfine interactions in the heavy fermion CeMIn5 systems

The CeMIn5 heavy fermion compounds have attracted enormous interest since their discovery six years ago. These materials exhibit a rich spectrum of unusual correlated electron behaviour, and may be an ideal model for the high-temperature superconductors. As many of these systems are either antiferromagnets, or lie close to an antiferromagnetic phase boundary, it is crucial to understand the behaviour of the dynamic and static magnetism. Since neutron scattering is difficult in these materials, often the primary source of information about the magnetic fluctuations is nuclear magnetic resonance. Therefore, it is crucial to have a detailed understanding of how the nuclear moments interact with conduction electrons and the local moments present in these systems. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the hyperfine coupling based on anisotropic hyperfine coupling tensors between nuclear moments and local moments. Because the couplings are symmetric with respect to bond axes rather than crystal lattice directions, the nuclear sites can experience non-vanishing hyperfine fields even in high symmetry sites.
Reassembling the "Environment": Science, Affect, and Multispecies Educative Practice at the Aquarium of the Pacific

This study utilized Michel Foucault’s concepts of biopolitics and governmentality, theorized through the lens of neoliberalism, to understand how educative assemblages of both human and non-human a...
A MDP Model for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Intervention Strategies for BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers

Purpose: Women with BRCA1/2 mutations have higher risk for breast and ovarian cancers. Available intervention actions include prophylactic surgeries and breast screening, which vary significantly in cost, cancer prevention, and in resulting death from other causes. We present a model designed to yield optimal intervention strategies for mutation carriers between the ages of 30 and 65 and any prior intervention history. Methods: A Markov decision process (MDP) model is developed that considers yearly state transitions for the mutation carriers and state dependent intervention actions. State is defined as a vector comprising mutation type, health states, prior intervention actions, and age. A discounted value iteration algorithm is used to obtain optimal strategies from the MDP model using both cost and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) as rewards. Results: The results from MDP model show that for 30-year-old women with BRCA1 mutation and no prior intervention history, the cost-optimal strategy is a combination of prophylactic mastectomy (PM) and prophylactic oophorectomy (PO) at age 30 with no screening afterwards. Whereas, the QALYs-optimal strategy suggests PO at age 30 and PM at age 50 with screening afterwards. For BRCA2 mutation carriers at age 30, the cost-optimal strategy is PO at age 30, PM at age 40, and yearly screening only after age 56. Corresponding QALYs-optimal strategy is PM at age 40 with screening. Strategies for all other ages (31 to 65) are obtained and presented. It is also demonstrated that the cost-optimal strategies offer near maximum survival rate and near minimum cancer incidence rates by age 70, when compared to other ad hoc strategies.
Hemolytic anemia in hereditary pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency. II. Effect of pyrimidine nucleotides and their derivatives on glycolytic and pentose phosphate shunt enzyme activity.

We evaluated the glycolytic intermediate concentrations from the erythrocytes of a patient with hereditary pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase (P5′N) deficiency. Conclusive evidence for a metabolic block was not found. We evaluated the effects of the pyrimidine (cytidine and uridine) tri- and diphosphate nucleotides (CTP, CDP, UTP, UDP) and the choline and ethanolamine derivatives of CDP (CDP-choline, CDP-ethanolamine) on the activities of key enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. CTP and UTP inhibited fructose-6-phosphate competitively for phosphofructokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate competitively for pyruvate kinase. In both cases, the Ki of the pyrimidine nucleotide and Km of the glycolytic substrate were above their intraerythrocytic concentrations. CTP was a competitive inhibitor of ADP for pyruvate kinase with a Ki near its intraerythrocytic concentration. CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine had no effect on the activities of EmbdenMeyerhof or pentose phosphate shunt enzymes. Thus, the nature of the hemolytic anemia in hereditary P5′N deficiency remains enigmatic.
Combustion of Liquefying Hybrid Propellants: Part 2, Stability of Liquid Films

The stability of a liquid layer under strong blowing and subjected to large shear forces is investigated. This case is of practical importance for application to theregression rate estimation of liquefying hybrid rocket fuels such as solid cryogenichybrids. An Orr ‐Sommerfeld equation forthelinearstability of the liquid ‐gas interface is derived, and an exact solution is found for a linear base velocity proe le. The exact solution for the liquid phase is coupled with thelinearized gas-phase response with appropriate boundary conditions at the interfaceto give an eigenvalue problem for the linear stability of the layer. The results for liquid layer Reynolds numbers of practical interest (50‐300) show the existence of a range of unstable wave numbers. It is observed that both the most amplie ed wave number and the maximum amplie cation increases with the liquid Reynolds number. It is also discovered that increasing surface tension and liquid viscosity have a stabilizing effect on the e lm. This prediction is supported by experimental results showing fast burning rates for low-viscosity fuels such as solid cryogenic pentane and noncryogenicwax. Finally, thestability theory is applied to the classical polymeric hybrid propellants that burn by forming a melt layer. Because the melt layers of these polymeric materials are highly viscous, they can not sustain thin e lm instabilities.
Metabolic abnormalities of erythrocytes from patients with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia

Summary The clinical course, hematologic data, and red cell glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase studies are reported for 6 patients who had a congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. On the basis of these findings the patients could be divided into three groups. Group 1 consists of three Caucasian boys belonging to two families. The anemia and reticulocytosis were mild, red cell morphology was normal, red cell glutathione was unstable in the presence of acetylphenylhydrazine, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was absent. Glutathione and enzyme studies on the family members indicated that these abnormalities were genetically determined and that their transmission was sex-linked. A Caucasian boy and a Negro girl comprise Group 2. The anemia and reticulocytosis were quite marked, and the erythrocytes were macrocytic, slightly hypochromic, and occasionally target shaped and finely stippled. Nucleated red cells were usually present in the peripheral blood. Glutathione and enzyme studies were normal. Group 3 consists of a 15-year-old Caucasian girl who was first described by Lange and Akeroyd. 11 She had a severe hemolytic anemia between 21/2 and 10 years of age, and inclusion bodies were observed in the red cells. Frequent epileptic seizures and blackcolored urine were also noted. Whole blood glutathione values and the glutathione stability test were abnormal. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased. The father's peripheral blood count was normal, but his glutathione and enzyme values were similar to those observed in the patient. These studies emphasize the importance of biochemical techniques in shedding light on the mechanism of hemolysis and the pattern of inheritance of congenital hemolytic disorders. Even though our knowledge of the etiologic role of many of these metabolic aberrations is incomplete, newer paths for exploration are becoming apparent. When these pathways are finally mapped, therapeutic application of this knowledge may become possible.