cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tacrolimus fails to regulate collagen expression in dermal fibroblasts.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tacrolimus on human fibroblasts derived from unwounded skin, hypertrophic scars (HTS), and keloids. We hypothesized that tacrolimus, a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant drug known to attenuate solid organ transplant fibrosis, would block collagen expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Methods We performed genomewide microarray analysis on human dermal fibroblasts treated with tacrolimus in vitro . We used principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering to identify targets regulated by tacrolimus. We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction to validate the effect of tacrolimus on collagen 1 and 3 expression. Results We identified 62, 136, and 185 gene probes on microarray analysis that were significantly regulated ( P P Conclusions Tacrolimus does not modulate the expression of collagen 1 or 3 in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro . Microarray gene expression of NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3-2H9 are blocked by tacrolimus in pathologic fibroblasts but not normal fibroblasts, and may represent novel genes underlying HTS and keloid pathogenesis. Tacrolimus-based anti-fibrotics might prove more effective if non-fibroblast populations such as inflammatory cells and keratinocytes are targeted.
Synthesis and Characterization of an ABC Miktoarm Star Terpolymer of Cyclohexadiene, Styrene, and 2-Vinylpyridine

The three arms of the novel ABC mixed-arm star terpolymerdescribed herein were chosen purposefully to create, uponexposure to a silica or mica surface, a conformationallyasymmetric binary brush having a P2VP “anchor” block withboth PS and high 1,4-PCHD “buoys”. The chemical dissimilarityof the arms and the short-term longevity of poly(cyclohexadi-enyl) macroanions combine to pose a difﬁcult synthetic chal-lenge. For example, the cyclohexadiene block needs to besynthesized in nonpolar media without the presence of P2VPas polar components complicate both control of the PCHD anionstability and the resultant microstructure of the PCHD polymerobtained. In contrast, polymerization of 2-vinylpyridine is mostsuccessfully achieved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at low temper-atures, so switching of polymerization media during thesynthesis was required.The target polymer was sought through the use of a1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE)-based strategy as shown in Scheme1. Employing anionic polymerization techniques previouslydetailed,
Functional interaction between RAFT1/FRAP/mTOR and protein kinase Cδ in the regulation of cap‐dependent initiation of translation

Hormones and growth factors induce protein translation in part by phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). The rapamycin and FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-target 1 (RAFT1, also known as FRAP) is a mammalian homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae target of rapamycin proteins (mTOR) that regulates 4E-BP1. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in growth factor-initiated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) associates with RAFT1 and that PKCδ is required for the phosphorylation and inactivation of 4E-BP1. PKCδ-mediated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 is wortmannin resistant but rapamycin sensitive. As shown for serum, phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 by PKCδ inhibits the interaction between 4E-BP1 and eIF4E and stimulates cap-dependent translation. Moreover, a dominant-negative mutant of PKCδ inhibits serum-induced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1. These findings demonstrate that PKCδ associates with RAFT1 and thereby regulates phosphorylation of 4E–BP1 and cap-dependent initiation of protein translation.
The NOAA trajectory analysis planner: TAP 11

Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP 11) is a computer-based tool designed to investigate the probabilities that spilled oil will move and spread in particular ways within a particular area, such as a large bay or inlet with substantial ship traffic. By graphically presenting the results of thousands of oil-spill trajectory simulations, TAP 11 helps emergency planners understand and anticipate many possible outcomes when developing local-area contingency plans for oil spill response. TAP 11 assists in the following planning tasks: assessing potential threats from possible spill sites to a given sensitive location; determining which shoreline areas are likely to be threatened by a spill originating from a given location; calculating the probability that a certain amount of oil will reach a given site within a given time-period; estimating the levels of impact on a given resource from a spill; analyzing shortfalls in response personnel and equipment.
Eosinophil and T cell markers predict functional decline in COPD patients

Background The major marker utilized to monitor COPD patients is forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). However, asingle measurement of FEV1 cannot reliably predict subsequent decline. Recent studies indicate that T lymphocytes and eosinophils are important determinants of disease stability in COPD. We therefore measured cytokine levels in the lung lavage fluid and plasma of COPD patients in order to determine if the levels of T cell or eosinophil related cytokines were predictive of the future course of the disease.
Passive subharmonic generation using LC-oscillators

This paper presents a passive subharmonic generation and frequency downconversion method using a memoryless nonlinear circuit coupled to a linear passive resonator. The frequency downconverter can be used to transfer the energy from a high frequency signal to a lower frequency without requiring any DC power supply. In the synchronous mode, the passive downconverter acts as a self-powered frequency divider. As a proof of concept, a low-frequency prototype is implemented with discrete components. Also, an integrated 12 GHz divide-by-2 circuitry has been designed and fabricated in a 0.13µm CMOS technology.
Microorganisms and their roles in fundamental biogeochemical cycles

Biogeochemistry is the discipline that strives to understand intricate processes, often microbially mediated ones, that transform and recycle both organic and inorganic substances in soils, sediments, and waters. These processes, manifestations of diverse and highly evolved cellular mechanisms catalyzed by Bacteria and Archaea, maintain the biosphere. Progress in biogeochemistry relies upon the underlying science of environmental microbiology. Over the last 2 years, important discoveries have advanced the ecological, physiological, biochemical, and genomic bases for a variety of microbiological processes including anaerobic methane oxidation, photosynthesis, phosphorous uptake, biodegradation of organic pollutants, and numerous aspects of the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Here recent literature is assessed and placed within a five-stage paradigm for making scientific progress in environmental microbiology, biogeochemistry, and biotechnology.
Evaluation of Physical Capture Efficiency and Disinfection Capability of an Iodinated Biocidal Filter Medium

Poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-4-(methyltrimethylammonium) triiodide (PMT) has recently been applied onto nonwoven air filter media to purportedly combine filtration and iodine disinfection to achieve enhanced attenuation of viable airborne pathogens without aggravating the pressure drop of the medium. This paper reports and compares the physical capture efficiency and biological removal efficiency of the novel biocidal filter medium. During challenges with inert fluorescent particles, bothiodine-treated and untreated media displayed statistically equivalent physical capture efficiencies ＞ 97%, and typically ＞ 99%. The pressure drag (3.2 kPa•s/m) was less than 10% that of a glass fiber HEPA (38 kPa•s/m) medium. Biological disinfection by the media was evaluated using aerosols containing M. luteus and E. coli vegetative bacterial cells. Biological removal efficiency (99.997%) was observed to be two logs greater than inert particle capture. Viable penetration through the biocidal filters was observed in only two of 10 experiments. The results suggest that an antimicrobial-coated filter medium can provide effective protection against airborne pathogens with a significantly lower pressure drop than that imposed by conventional high-efficiency filtration systems. A near-contact mechanism is proposed in which the distances of nearest approach to treated fiber surfaces as a microbe penetrates through the filter define the probability that charge sites on the microbe’s surface will capture enough iodine molecules from triiodide complexes at the surfaces to terminate viability.
Postoperative medication management after surgical ablation: Clarifying the role of amiodarone therapy.

The investigation in this issue of the Journal by Ad and colleagues 1 iswelldesigned, isclearlywritten,andprovides information that is helpful to surgeons performing surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). The field of surgical ablation has had difficulty in establishing helpful guidelines for surgeons because of the wide variety of techniques used to perform the ablations and the variability that exists in the follow-up and management of these patients. 2,3 Ad and colleagues 1 are to be commended for trying to address the postoperativemanagement ofthesepatientsandspecifically the role of amiodarone therapy. The results of this investigation fit nicely with the recently published randomized trial The Effect of Short Term Amiodarone Treatment After Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation (AMIO-CAT), which investigated the use of amiodarone after endocardial ablation. 4 And although there are limitations in directly applying results obtained after a percutaneous, endocardial ablation to those of a surgical Cox maze procedure, both studies have similarly documented significantly fewer postablation AF or atrial tachycardia recurrences during the 3-month blanking period in patients receiving amiodarone therapy. This study by Ad and colleagues 1 was neither designed nor powered to address secondary clinical end points, but future investigations should address the additional findings of AMIO-CAT that demonstrated that amiodarone use, when clinically tolerated by patients, had the ability to significantly reduce postablation rehospitalizations and cardioversions for several months after the procedure. The potential benefit of reduced readmissions after cardiac surgery, if realized, will likely be sufficient in and of itself to justify postoperative amiodarone therapy within the surgical ablation population. 5
Alternative Risk Management Policies for State and Local Governments

The last decade has seen a very rapid expansion of activity by the federal government with regard to societal hazards and risks. Although federal regulatory decisions have tended to avoid quantifying the question “How safe is safe enough?” there is growing attention, on the federal level, to efforts to quantify risks and to examine various policies concerning “acceptable” or “assumable” risk. However, matters pertaining to many hazards and risks fall under the direct control of state, county, or municipal government. While there exists much current effort on risk quantification and risk management at the federal level, little information is available on the extent and magnitude of risks subject to local control. In addition, little has been done to examine the ramifications of various possible risk management policies at the state or municipal level.
Algorithms for optimizing multiple routes through constrained geometric domains

We study optimization problems associated with routing multiple moving objects through a two- or three-dimensional geometric domain. We focus primarily on trajectories for moving disks, which can be used to model motion of objects (e.g., aircraft) that are required to remain separated by certain distances. Our primary motivation comes from air traffic management. We examine three main types of problems; for each type, we consider variations, given hardness results, and present algorithms for approximation or special cases. The first type of problem is that of finding multiple routes for moving objects through a given geometric domain. The moving objects must avoid obstacles (holes) within the domain. The objective is to maximize the number of possible routes through the domain, for moving objects that enter through a source (portion of the boundary) and exit through a sink (portion of the boundary). We study two variations of the problem: that in which trajectories of moving objects are required to be straight and that in which trajectories form a bounded degree tree, such as arises in arriving aircraft that must merge as they approach an airport. A second type of problem is to estimate the “capacity” of a domain, defined to be the maximum number of possible routes through the domain from source to sink. We are not required to compute the actual routes, but only to determine the maximum number possible. The exact solution can be found using a geometric version of the theory of maximum flows and minimum cuts in a network. We demonstrate that one can compute an approximate solution using the notion of geometric spanner graphs, such as the Delaunay diagram. Further, we perform a sensitivity analysis of capacity estimation, under probabilistic models of uncertainty in the description of the domain. This problem arises in applications to air traffic management in the face of uncertainty in weather forecasts. The third type of problem involves scheduling the dispatch of the moving objects, each of which is required to follow a pre-established route. In this situation, we consider the domain to be decomposed into a number of subregions (e.g., sectors, in the air traffic control scenario), and the goal is to determine dispatch times for each object such that we minimize the maximum number of objects ever simultaneously in a single sub-region. Typically, the dispatch times are constrained to be within some time interval. The problem is motivated by flight scheduling in order to optimize capacity in the air traffic control system. We examine the algorithmic complexity, propose algorithms, and conduct performance experiments for instances using actual and synthetic air traffic and weather data.
Introduction to Dense Optical Flow

Before the notion of motion is generalized to arbitrary images, we first give a brief introduction to motion analysis for videos. We will review how motion is estimated when the underlying motion is slow and smooth, especially the Horn–Schunck (Artif Intell 17:185–203, 1981) formulation with robust functions. We show step-by-step how to optimize the optical flow objective function using iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS), which is equivalent to conventional Euler–Lagrange variational approach but more succinct to derive. Then we will briefly discuss how motion is estimated when the slow and smooth assumption becomes invalid, especially how large displacement motion is estimated.
Sex Matters: Considering Gender in Consumer Contracts

We hear about the so-called “War on Women” and persisting salary gaps between men and women in the popular media, but contracts scholars and policymakers rarely discuss gender. Instead, dominant voices in the contracts field often reflect classical and economics-driven theories built on assumptions of gender neutral and economically rational actors. Furthermore, many mistakenly assume that market competition and antidiscrimination legislation address any improper biases in contracting. This Article therefore aims to shed light on gender’s importance by distilling data from my own e-survey of Colorado consumers along with others’ research regarding gender differences in contract outcomes, interests and behaviors. In light of this research, the Article calls for open discussion of gender in contract and consumer law. It also suggests ideas for considering research findings and the importance of context in designing financial literacy and contract education programs that acknowledge gender while honoring individuality and avoiding stereotype reinforcement.
5-HT-Mediated synaptic potentials in the dorsal raphe nucleus: Interactions with excitatory amino acid and GABA neurotransmission

1. Intracellular recordings from neurons within dorsal raphe nucleus in slices from rat brain were used to study an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) evoked by electrical stimulation. 2. The IPSP was observed in approximately 70% of neurons, had a latency to onset of 40-65 ms, reached a peak in 350-400 ms, had a total duration of 1-2 s, and reversed polarity at the potassium equilibrium potential. 3. This IPSP was blocked by spiperone (1 microM) and prolonged by fluoxetine (300 nM-30 microM) suggesting that it was mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). 4. Superfusion with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists were used to block "fast" synaptic potentials that preceded the IPSP such that it could be studied in isolation. Blockade of the GABA-mediated synaptic potentials increased the amplitude of the IPSP by 1.3-fold. The amplitude of the IPSP was reduced by 30% after blockade of the excitatory amino acid-mediated synaptic potential. 5. The results indicate that the IPSP recorded in dorsal raphe neurons was caused by 5-HT released at least in part from indirect (synaptically induced) excitation of 5-HT-containing cells within the slice.
Perceptions of trauma research with a sample of at-risk youth.

Growing body of research demon-strates that participants generally report favorable perceptions of participating in trauma research. However, questions remain on the long-term impact of asking at-r...
Effect of Metal Ratio and Preparation Method on Nickel–Tungsten Carbide Catalyst for Hydrocracking of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Corn Oil

The hydrocracking of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) corn oil over bimetallic carbide catalysts was explored for green diesel production. A catalyst composed of nickel–tungsten (Ni–W) carbide supported on Al-SBA-15 was designed based on the ability of nickel to adsorb and activate hydrogen and the potential of tungsten for hydrogenation reactions. Four different Ni–W ratios (1:9, 1:1, 2:1, and 9:1) were prepared by the impregnation method to study the effect of metal ratio on the catalyst structure, activity, and selectivity. Catalyst activity was evaluated in a fixed bed reactor at 400 °C and 650 psi (4.48 MPa) with a hydrogen flow rate of 30 mL min–1 and DDGS corn oil flow rate of 0.08 mL min–1. The catalysts showed significant differences in activity and selectivity, with the catalyst having a Ni–W ratio of 9:1 achieving 100% conversion of corn oil and 100% selectivity to diesel for 2 days. Results indicate that by minimizing metal alloy formation and enhancement of the metal dispersion le...
Myeloperoxidase Detection by Three-Color Flow Cytometry and by Enzyme Cytochemistry in the Classification of Acute Leukemia

In the classification of acute leukemia, the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) within the leukemic blasts indicates myeloid leukemia. Previous studies compared enzyme cytochemistry (EC) or flow cytometry (FC) with immunocytochemistry in detecting MPO. Our study is the first direct comparison of EC with 3-color FC in a large group of acute leukemias. We studied 26 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 4 cases of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Classification was according to the French-American-British criteria. The cells were analyzed for MPO expression by 3-color FC after cell permeabilization followed by staining with anti-MPO antibody. For FC, the blasts were defined by a combination of light scatter characteristics and dim CD45 expression. Concordance between EC and FC was seen in 27 of 30 cases (23/26 AML and all B-ALL), including all AML cases of Ml, M2, M3, and M4 subtypes. In 1 of 4 AML-MO and 2 of 5 AML-M5a cases, FC demonstrated the presence of MPO in 8%, 86%, and 94% blasts; EC detected none. Three-color FC may be more sensitive than routine EC in demonstrating the presence of MPO in AML cases and may offer the advantage of multiparametric analysis.
Clinical Analysis of 73 Cases of Neonatal and Infantile Purulent Meningitis

Objective To explore the similarities and differences of clinical characteristics,prognosis of the neonatal and infantile purulent meningitis and the methods of early diagnosis.Methods Seventy-three cases of infantile purulent meningitis under 3 months were retrospectively analyzed. According to the ages, the cases were divided into neonatal group and infantile group. The clinical characteristics and the types of seizure,incorporated infection,pathogen,results of computed tomography,complications,laboratory indicators of infection and prognosis of two groups were compared. Results The most common clinical manifestations of neonatal and infantile purulent meningitis were hyperthermia or hypothermia,lathargy,unwillingness to breast-feed and seizure. Subtle seizure was found more often in neonatal group than that in infantile group(P0.01). Tonic and clonic seizure were found more often in infantile group than those in neonatal group(Pa0.01).More patients incorporated with sepsis in neonatal group than that in infantile group, and there was significant difference between two groups(P0.01). Higher complication rate was found in infantile group (P0.01). The interval of those whose outcome was adverse was longer than those whose outcome was good(Pa0.01). Conclusions The damage of purulent meningitis is severe both in neonatal and infantile, early recognition is important. Close observation is the key to early recognition. Lumbar puncture shall be made as soon as possible. Subdural effusion is often seen in infantile patients.
A Bayesian model of pedagogical reasoning

Much of learning and reasoning occurs in pedagogical situations – situations in which teachers choose examples with the goal of having a learner infer the concept the teacher has in mind. In this paper, we present a model of teaching and learning in pedagogical settings which predicts what examples teachers should choose and what learners should infer given a teachers’ examples. We present experimental results affirming the predictions of the pedagogical model and discuss future directions. Much of human learning and reasoning goes on in pedagogical settings. In schools, teachers impart their knowledge to students about mathematics, science, and literature through examples and problems. From early in life, parents teach children words for objects and actions, and cultural and personal preferences through subtle glances and outright admonitions. Pedagogical settings – settings where one agent is choosing information to transmit to another agent for the purpose of communicating a concept – dominate human learning and reasoning. If learners’ assumptions about how teachers sample information reflected this purposeful sampling, then learners might be able to make much stronger inferences in pedagogical situations. Sampling assumptions are assumptions that a learner makes about the source of data, in order to better interpret the evidence for statistical learning. Recent research suggests that even infants are sensitive to the sampling processes that underlie observed data (Xu & Tenenbaum, 2007) and young children make qualitatively different inferences when data are sampled by a teacher (Gergely, Egyed, & Kiraly, 2007). Consider a simple example which we call the rectangle game: a game where the teacher thinks of a rectangle on a board, and tries to communicate that concept to a learner by choosing to label points inside and/or outside the rectangle (cf. Tenenbaum, 1999). In the rectangle game, the learner’s job is to try to infer, given the labeled examples chosen by the teacher, what rectangle the teacher is thinking of. Figure 1 presents potential teacher and learner scenarios. In each case, there seem to be choices which are obviously better than others. As a person trying to teach someone the Copyright c © 2008, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. O O O O O O X
Kripke Semantics for Dependent Type Theory and Realizability Interpretations

Constructive reasoning has played an increasingly important role in the development of provably correct software. Both typed and type-free frameworks stemming from ideas of Heyting, Kleene, and Curry have been developed for extracting computations from constructive specifications. These include Realizability, and Theories based on the Curry-Howard isomorphism. Realizability — in its various typed and type-free formulations — brings out the algorithmic content of theories and proofs and supplies models of the “recursive universe”. Formal systems based on the propositions-as-types paradigm, such as Martin-Lof's dependent type theories, incorporate term extraction into the logic itself.
International Co-operation and Global Justice

Many of the problems in the international relations of interdependence arise from a combination of the free rider problem, Olson’s problem,1 and the prisoners’ dilemma. Indeed, the free rider, or contributor’s, dilemma is a special case of the prisoners’ dilemma. The free rider problem exists because some of the solutions of international difficulties consist in the provision of public goods (Kindleberger, 1978, p. 15 and 1986). A public good is one from the supply of which all those who value the good derive some benefit, irrespective of whether they have contributed to its costs. The concept can readily be extended to cover common goals or common interests, the achievement of which benefits all, irrespective of whether they have contributed to the costs of achieving these goals or interests. The enjoyment of the good or service by one person does not detract from the enjoyment by others. In this sense international co-operation and the prevention of international wars are public goods. So are markets and a working international monetary order, with an international central bank as a lender of last resort and as a provider of liquidity. Scientific research is of this kind. An international income tax or the co-ordination of international fixed investment decisions fall under the same heading.
Time Domain Waveforms of a Line-Focus Transducer Probing Anisotropic Solids

Ultrasonic wave velocity measurements can be used to evaluate material properties such as elasticity, texture (crystalline structure), surface roughness, coating thickness, porosity, and residual stress. These properties may vary as a function of material sample position and orientation. Scanning acoustic microscope systems equipped with line-focus transducers have been successfully used to measure many of these inhomogeneous and anisotropic properties. These systems use a technique that relies on the measurement of the reflected high frequency (∼200 MHz) tone-burst echo amplitude, V, as a function of the defocus distance, z. Analysis of the interference minima in the V(z) curve yields the surface wave velocity in a direction perpendicular to the focal line, with a resolution of tens of micrometers in the propagation direction. Both theory and instrumentation are well documented for this technique [1–3].
School Functioning and Use of School-Based Accommodations by Treatment-Seeking Anxious Children:

Anxiety disorders are commonly occurring among children and are associated with increased risk for poor educational outcomes. However, little is known about the specific supports and accommodations provided to anxious children in schools. This study examines reports of school functioning and school-based supports and accommodations among a sample of 51 anxious youth and their mothers seeking treatment at an outpatient clinic. Children and their mothers reported significant anxiety-related impairment in school functioning, particularly for older children. Children identified as needing special education and related services (through Individualized Education Program [IEP] and 504 plans) more often received anxiety-related supports and accommodations at school than their peers who did not receive IEP/504 services. However, these accommodations were not always well matched to child needs and, in some cases, might facilitate avoidance of anxiety. Results suggest that some children with anxiety disorders receiv...
Smart transmission and wide-area monitoring system

Global positioning system (GPS) time-synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) were introduced in the 1980s and have been gradually deployed throughout the electric power system. At present, almost all the major countries in the world have ambitious PMU deployment plans. The applications of a PMU-based wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) in electric transmission grid management have attracted continuous interest as a result. In this chapter, after a brief introduction of its principles and development history, the architecture of WAMS is introduced and its many applications in smart transmission are summarized. Furthermore, FNET/GridEye, which is a pioneering WAMS system, is also introduced in this chapter as an example of WAMS.
Evolution of Social Vulnerability and Risks of Chemical Spills during Storm Surge along the Houston Ship Channel

AbstractIndustrial infrastructures such as aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) have suffered major damage in past hurricanes, affecting not only the environment but also the well-being of communities....
The relationship between intelligence and mindset

Abstract Intelligence mindset refers to one's belief that either intelligence is a malleable trait that can improve with effort—a “growth” mindset—or is a relatively stable trait—a “fixed” mindset. According to proponents of mindset theory, holding a growth mindset is beneficial (e.g., greater academic persistence) while holding a fixed mindset is detrimental. Is there a relationship between one's intelligence mindset and one's intelligence? Proponents of mindset theory suggest that the answer is yes, and that this relationship differs by gender, with more intelligent females holding more of a fixed mindset (aka, the “bright girl effect”). However, investigations of all three factors—measured intelligence, intelligence mindset, and gender—have only been conducted with children and adolescents. Therefore, we tested whether, among adults, women have more of a fixed mindset than men, and whether women with higher intelligence are more likely to hold fixed mindsets. We found no evidence for women holding fixed mindsets more so than men. We found very limited evidence for a “bright woman effect”: Three-way interactions between age, gender, and intelligence predicting mindset emerged, however, the relationships were not consistently driven by brighter women (young or old) holding more of a fixed mindset than their less intelligent female counterparts or men. Furthermore, we did not find evidence to support the notion that holding more of a growth mindset results in greater academic persistence. We conclude that neither gender nor intelligence is consistently associated with mindset.
Associations between feelings of social anxiety and emotion perception

Abstract Background Abnormally biased perceptual judgment is a feature of many psychiatric disorders. Thus, individuals with social anxiety disorder are biased to recall or interpret social events negatively. Cognitive behavioral therapy addresses such bias by teaching patients, via verbal instruction, to become aware of and change pathological misjudgment. The present study examined whether targeting verbal instruction to specific decision parameters that influence perceptual judgment may affect changes in anger perception. Method We used a signal detection framework to decompose anger perception into three decision parameters (base rate of encountering anger vs. no-anger, payoff for correct vs. incorrect categorization of face stimuli, and perceptual similarity of angry vs. not-angry facial expressions). We created brief verbal instructions that emphasized each parameter separately. Participants with social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and healthy controls, were assigned to one of the three instruction conditions. We compared anger perception pre-vs. post-instruction. Results Base rate and payoff instructions affected response bias over and above practice effects, across the three groups. There was no interaction with diagnosis. Discussion The ability to target specific decision parameters that underlie perceptual judgment suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy might be improved by tailoring it to patients’ individual parameter “estimation” deficits.
Isotopic niche variation from the Holocene to today reveals minimal partitioning and individualistic dynamics among four sympatric desert mice

1.Species interact with each other and their environment over a range of temporal scales, yet our understanding of resource partitioning and the mechanisms of species coexistence is largely restricted to modern time-scales of years to decades. Furthermore, the relative magnitudes of inter- versus intraspecific variation in resource use are rarely considered, despite the potential for the latter to influence a species’ ability to cope with changing environmental conditions. 2.Modern desert rodent communities are thought to be strongly structured by competitive interactions, with niche partitioning of food resources hypothesized to explain the coexistence of multiple sympatric granivores. Yet the stability of niche dynamics over extended temporal scales within desert rodent communities is unknown. 3.I examined the isotopic niche dynamics of four common sympatric desert mice (three granivores: Chaetodipus formosus, Perognathus longimembris, and Reithrodontomys megalotis, and one omnivore: Peromyscus maniculatus) in the Smoke Creek Desert of northwestern Nevada using 13C and 15N isotopes obtained from “Modern” (2008-2013 CE), “Historical” (1989-2005 CE), and Holocene fossil specimens spanning the last ca. 7,500 years. 4.I found significant variation in niche position, niche breadth, and interspecific niche overlap of these species through time. The niche breadth dynamics of the cricetids (P. maniculatus and R. megalotis) were positively correlated with one another, while the niche breadth dynamics of the heteromyid C. formosus were negatively correlated with those of all other species. Body size, dietary functional group, paleoenvironmental trends, and time-averaging provided little explanatory power. Importantly, Modern and Historical patterns of resource use and partitioning differed from Holocene baselines in terms of decreased niche overlap and in the absolute and relative position of each species’ niche in at least one isotopic axis. 5.These observations suggest that each species’ resource use changed individualistically over the Holocene, hence niche dynamics are poorly explained by the hypothesis of temporally-stable species interactions at millennial time-scales. Furthermore, changes to the resource base over the last century (likely due to the spread of invasive cheatgrass) may be increasing resource partitioning in the Modern, pushing species past their baseline ranges of resource use variation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Addressing Faulty Prescribing Practices of Psychotropic Medication Among Court-Involved Children and Adolescents:

Recent data have illustrated the increasing use of psychotropic medication among children and the disproportionality of use among court-involved children and adolescents and have raised serious concerns among mental health professionals. As a result of advocacy efforts by practitioners and researchers promoting awareness of the issue, child welfare professionals and legislators have begun taking steps to address the issue at both the public system and state levels. This article examines the results of recent advocacy efforts to address this issue to date, explores the complexity of factors that continue to influence the problem, and offers specific strategies for counselors and other mental health professionals to employ in resolving the problem.
Complete Genome Sequences of 44 Arthrobacter Phages.

ABSTRACT We report here the complete genome sequences of 44 phages infecting Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 21022. These phages have double-stranded DNA genomes with sizes ranging from 15,680 to 70,707 bp and G+C contents from 45.1% to 68.5%. All three tail types (belonging to the families Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae) are represented.
Controlling for temporal discounting shifts rats from geometric to human-like arithmetic bisection

How our brains measure the passage of time is still largely open for debate. One behavioral task commonly used to study how durations are perceived is the Temporal Bisection Task, in which subjects categorize time durations as either "short" or "long". The duration equally likely to be categorized as short or long is known as the bisection point. It has been consistently demonstrated that for humans, the bisection point is near the arithmetic mean of the longest and shortest durations the subject was trained on. In contrast, for non-human subjects it has been consistently found near the geometric mean. This difference implies that humans may process or represent temporal durations differently than other species. Here we present a behavioral model that reconciles the differences by demonstrating that rats9 performance on this task is driven not only by their noisy estimates of duration, but also by the temporally-discounted value of future rewards. The model correctly predicts shifts in the bisection point induced by unequal rewards and explains otherwise-paradoxical psychometric reversals documented three decades ago. Furthermore, as predicted by the model, we found that modifying the Temporal Bisection Task to eliminate the temporally-discounted reward component shifted the rats9 bisection point from the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean, thus bringing the rat results into line with the human results. We therefore propose that humans and rats (and perhaps other non-human subjects as well) process temporal information similarly, and that the difference between them in the Temporal Bisection Task may be simply due to rats weighing temporal discounting of future rewards more strongly than humans.
Adaptive model predictive control with propulsion load estimation and prediction for all-electric ship energy management

Abstract Electric ships experience large propulsion-load fluctuations on their drive shaft due to encountered waves and the rotational motion of the propeller, affecting the reliability of the shipboard power network and causing wear and tear. To address the load fluctuations, model predictive control has been explored as an effective solution. However, the load torque of the propulsion system, knowledge of which is essential for model predictive control, is difficult to measure and includes multi-frequency fluctuations. To deal with this issue, an adaptive model predictive control is developed so that the load torque estimation and prediction can be incorporated into model predictive control. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive model predictive control, an input observer with linear prediction is developed as an alternative approach to obtain the load estimation and prediction. Comparative studies are performed to illustrate the importance of the load torque estimation and prediction, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive model predictive control in terms of improved efficiency, enhanced reliability and reduced wear and tear.
Deep Disagreements and Rational Resolution

The purpose of this paper is to bring together work on disagreement in both epistemology and argumentation theory in a way that will advance the relevant debates. While these literatures can intersect in many ways, I will explore how some of views pertaining to deep disagreements in argumentation theory can act as an objection to a prominent view of the epistemology of disagreement—the Equal Weight View. To do so, I will explain the Equal Weight View of peer disagreement and show how it entails that deep disagreements between epistemic peers are rationally resolvable. I will then examine a challenge to the Equal Weight View that claims that this consequence is untenable. Having motivated the challenge, I show that there is a viable response to make on behalf of the Equal Weight View. I conclude by considering and responding to several objections to this response.
Control of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by its Key Physiological Regulators

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a critical role in maintaining the nearly constant level of the extracellular ionized calcium concentration (Ca 2+ 2 ) that is required for the well-being of complex organisms, including humans. Therefore, an understanding of the factors controlling PTH secretion and the mechanisms by which they do so is essential for a thorough comprehension of this regulatory system. The discussion that follows covers the key factors determining the overall rate of PTH secretion by virtue of their control of the secretion of preformed hormonal stores, hormonal degradation, and synthesis of PTH, as well as parathyroid cellular proliferation. In addition to the well-recognized roles of Ca 2+ 2 , phosphate, and 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 in controlling parathyroid function, it has been discovered more recently that FGF23, the principal regulator of phosphate homeostasis, can also modulate parathyroid function and Ca 2+ 2 homeostasis. Therefore, a discussion of PTH secretion and its control will necessarily address our newer understanding of the interactions in the control of PTH and FGF23 secretion and the relationships between the homeostatic systems for phosphate and Ca 2+ 2 .
60 Sunlight Exposure and Skin Thickness Measurements as a Function of Age: Risk Factors for Melanoma

Epidermal thickness is used for studying tissue weight, protein, and/or DNA content since epidermal metabolism occurs at the level of single keratinocytes [1] and varies significantly over anatomic sites but not significantly from person to person [2]. Epidermal thickness is greater in males than in females [2] and can be further evaluated in regard to risk factors for melanoma. In fact, centuries ago, heliotherapy via intense sun exposure was used to treat illness [3]. Aging, which produces dermal damage to elastic and collagen fibers that releases thickened, stiff, tangled, and degraded non-functional fibers of skin, is a continuous process that decreases rapid production of keratinocytes and is enhanced by sun exposure [4]. Outward signs of skin aging, as determined by photogoaging [5–7] or simply by sun exposure [8], are seen as a decrease in size of appendages and subcutaneous fat [8]. These changes are a result of local regulatory factors not operating as accurately as they once did in younger skin – examples include loss, thinning, and de-pigmentation of hair, decreased secretion of sebum, increased dryness, and thinning and atrophy of the epidermis [8].
Experimental Aspects of Friction Research on the Macroscale

The earliest investigations of sliding friction were prompted by engineering problems like the launching of ships and the braking of wagon wheels. Experiments were first performed on the objects themselves, and later, by building replicas that could be more conveniently managed. Concepts for early friction measuring instruments are credited to Leonardo da Vinci who documented his designs for various sleds, pulleys, journals and inclined planes during the period of 1452-1519 [Dowson (1979)]. Recent work has benefited from the development of sensors capable of measuring and recording friction forces with high precision and accuracy. Yet, even in the face of such advances, friction coefficients are still usually reported to only one or two significant figures. Additional measures of fractional behavior are now readily available. These will be discussed later.
Advances in the Understanding of the Molecular Pathogenesis of Aggressive B Cell Lymphomas

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) include neoplasms originating from lymphoid cells and characterized by a high degree of biological and clinical heterogeneity (for review see Magrath, 1990). Most NHL derive from the B-cell lineage, in particular from mature B-cells characterized by rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain genes and by the expression of cell surface Ig and B-cell associated markers. The wide clinico-pathological heterogeneity of NHL correlates with distinct genetic lesions, particularly chromosomal translocations, associated with its pathogenesis (Table 1; Gaidano and Dalla-Favera, 1993). Among low-grade NHL, “mantle zone” lymphoma are associated in 50% of cases with the t(11;14) translocation involving the juxtaposition of the IgH locus to the BCL-1/PRAD-1/cyclin D1 gene coding for a protein involved in the control of cell cycle progression (Tsujimoto et al., 1984; Motokura et al., 1991; Raffeid et al., 1991). In follicular-type NHL(FL), the t(14;18) translocation juxtaposes the IgH locus to BCL-2 (Bakhshi et al., 1985; Tsujimoto et al., 1984; Cleary et al., 1985), a gene coding for a protein that prevents programmed cell death or apoptosis (Korsmeyer, 1992). After years of indolent course, a significant fraction of FL undergoes histologic transformation and clinical progression into Diffuse Large Cell Lymphoma (DLCL), an event which is associated with loss or mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (Lo Coco et al., 1993). “De novo” DLCL are associated with rearrangements and deregulation of the BCL-6 gene, which codes for a zinc-finger transcription factor (Ye et al., 1993a, 1993b; Kerckaert et al., 1993). In Burkitt Lymphoma (BL), the t(8;14), t(8;22), and t(2;8) chromosomal translocations lead to the deregulated expression of the c-Myc proto-oncogene by juxtaposition to one of the Ig loci (Dalla-Favera et al., 1982; Taub et al., 1982; Dalla-Favera et aI., 1983; Dalla-Favera, 1991). A sizable fraction (35%) ofBL are also associated with loss or mutations of the p53 gene (Gaidano et aI., 1991).
Viticulture for Winemakers

Viticulture is a science and technology separate from enology and winemaking per se. It has its own extensive literature. References that give more detail than possible here as well as additional perspectives include fairly recent examples in English from several different countries (Coombe and Dry 1988; Jackson and Schuster 1987; Pongracz 1978; Wagner 1976; Weaver 1976; Winkler et al. 1974). Examples in other languages from major wine-producing countries can also be useful (Champagnol 1984; Galet 1988; Huglin 1986; Reynier 1989; Altman 1987; Currle et al. 1983; Kadisch 1986; Ferraro-Olmos 1983; Larrea-Redondo 1981; Fregoni 1985; Saracco 1984). Although wine-makers should know as much as possible about viticulture, the professions are so demanding that it is difficult to be fully expert in both.