cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-isothermal kinetics of a moving phase boundary

In this paper we derive an explicit formula for a kinetic relation governing the motion of a phase boundary in a bilinear thermoelastic material capable of undergoing solid-solid phase transitions. To obtain the relation, we study traveling wave solutions of a regularized problem that includes viscosity, heat conduction and convective heat exchange with an ambient medium. Both inertia and latent heat of transformation are taken into account. We investigate the effect of material parameters on the kinetic relation and show that in a certain range of parameters the driving force becomes a non-monotone function of the interface velocity. The model also predicts a nonzero resistance to phase boundary motion, part of which is caused by the thermal trapping.
Online Scheduling of Parallel Programs on Heterogeneous Systems with Applications to Cilk

We study the problem of executing parallel programs, in particular Cilk programs, on a collection of processors of different speeds. We consider a model in which each processor maintains an estimate of its own speed, where communication between processors has a cost, and where all scheduling must be online. This problem has been considered previously in the fields of asynchronous parallel computing and scheduling theory. Our model is a bridge between the assumptions in these fields. We provide a new more accurate analysis of an old scheduling algorithm called the maximum utilization scheduler . Based on this analysis, we generalize this scheduling policy and define the high utilization scheduler . We next focus on the Cilk platform and introduce a new algorithm for scheduling Cilk multithreaded parallel programs on heterogeneous processors. This scheduler is inspired by the high utilization scheduler and is modified to fit in a Cilk context. A crucial aspect of our algorithm is that it keeps the original spirit of the Cilk scheduler. In fact, when our new algorithm runs on homogeneous processors, it exactly mimics the dynamics of the original Cilk scheduler.
Translational science and multitasking: Lessons from the lab for the everyday world

Abstract This article is an Introduction to the Special Issue “Living in the ‘Net’ Generation: Multitasking, Learning, and Development”. It provides an overview of the diverse contributions to the Issue that ties them together as examples of everyday multitasking. Common attention and cognitive processes that underlie the various activities are illustrated.
Stability Relations of Magnesium Metasilicate Polymorphs

The observed stability relations of enstatite, protoenstatite, and clinoenstatite were in good agreement with the findings of earlier workers. Polycrystalline preparations of MgSiO3 polymorphs were synthesized with the aid of small additions of MgF2 or LiF as mineralizers. At 1042°± 3°C, enstatite, the stable low-temperature modification, inverts to protoenstatite, the stable high-temperature modification. The metastable transition between protoenstatite and clinoenstatite occurs at 865°± 5°C, the rate of transformation of polycrystalline protoenstatite to clinoenstatite being dependent on type and amount of mineralizer used, degree of compaction of sample, firing temperature, rate of cooling, degree of grinding at room temperature, and time at room temperature. Under certain conditions, a 1 to 2 mole % substitution of Mn2+ for Mg2+ inhibits the inversion of protoenstatite to either stable enstatite or metastable clinoenstatite below about 1042°C. Metastable clinoenstatite was never found to invert to the stable enstatite modification below the metastable inversion temperature of clinoenstatite to protoenstatite at 865°C. Above this temperature but below 1042°C, it inverts to protoenstatite which in turn inverts to enstatite. The aggregate linear thermal expansion coefficients of enstatite, protoenstatite, and clinoenstatite between 300° and 700° C were respectively 120 × 10−7, 98 × 10−7, and 135 × 10−7°C−1.
Analysis of apparent quantum efficiency

Abstract Quantum efficiency measurements were made on both crystalline silicon and polycrystalline thin film solar cells. Such measurements are generally reliable input for photocurrent loss analysis when the forward current of the diode is small compared to the photogenerated current. All cells, however, exhibit major reductions in apparent quantum efficiency under forward bias. For the crystalline cells, this reduction is fully explained by the series resistances of the circuit and the cell. For polycrystalline cells, the voltage dependence is often additionally affected by an increase in diode quality factor or a reduction in series resistance with radiation intensity. In no case does the voltage dependence of collection efficiency play a significant role.
Psychopathology and pediatric complex partial seizures: seizure-related, cognitive, and linguistic variables.

Summary: Purpose: This study examined the role of cognition, language, seizure-related, and demographic variables in the psychopathology of children with complex partial seizure disorder (CPS) of average intelligence. Methods: One-hundred one CPS and 102 normal children, aged 5.1 to 16.9 years, had a structured psychiatric interview and cognitive and language testing. Parents provided demographic, perinatal, and seizure-related information, as well as behavioral information through the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a structured psychiatric interview about the child. Results: Significantly more CPS patients had psychopathology, cognitive deficits, and linguistic deficits than did those in the normal group. Among the patients, Verbal IQ predicted the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis, as well as CBCL scores in the borderline/clinical range. Seizure, linguistic, and demographic variables were unrelated to psychopathology. The cognitive and linguistic deficits of the CPS group, however, were predicted by seizure factors (e.g., prolonged seizures/febrile convulsions; seizure frequency/number of antiepileptic drugs) and demographic factors (e.g., minority status). Conclusions: Because subtle verbal cognitive deficits predict behavioral disturbances in pediatric CPSs, the study's findings highlight the importance of assessing behavior, cognition, and language in these children. They also underscore the negative impact of prolonged seizures, febrile convulsions, seizure frequency, and antiepileptic drug polytherapy on cognition and language in pediatric CPSs.
Use of Green Fluorescent Protein-Conjugated β-Actin as a Novel Molecular Marker for in Vitro Tumor Cell Chemotaxis Assay

To study the dynamics of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in living cells, an eukaryotic expression vector expressing a β-actin-GFP fusion protein was generated. The expression construct when transfected into NIH3T3 fibroblast, A2058 human melanoma and 293T human embryonic kidney carcinoma cell lines expressed β-actin-GFP fusion protein, which colocalized with endogenous cellular actin as determined by histoimmunofluorescence staining. The β-actin-GFP was also observed to be reorganized in response to treatments with the chemoattractant type IV collagen. Cells extended pseudopodial protrusions and altered the morphology of their cortical structure in response to type IV collagen stimulation. More importantly, β-actin-GFP accumulated in areas undergoing these dynamic cytoskeleton changes, indicating that β-actin-GFP could participate in actin polymerization. Although ectopic expression of β-actin-GFP lead to minor side effects on cell proliferation, these studies suggest that this strategy provides an alternative to the invasive techniques currently used to study actin dynamics and permits real-time visualization of actin rearrangements in response to environmental cues.
Reality brings excitement to engineering education

The intellectual content and social activity of engineering product development are a constant source of surprise, excitement, and challenge for engineers. When our students experience product-based-learning (PBL), they experience this excitement (Brereton et al., 1995). They also have fun and perform beyond the limits required for simple grades. We, their teachers, experience these things too. Why, then, are so few students and faculty getting the PBL message? How, then, can we put the excitement back in engineering education? In part, we think this is because of three persistent mistakes in engineering education:1. We focus on individual students.2. We focus on engineering analysis versus communication between engineers.3. We fail to integrate thinking skills in engineering science and engineering practice.
Filtering with a normalized Laplacian of a Gaussian kernel

Our approach to segmenting images involves object definition via multiscale methods. Typically, at small scales an object consists of many details. At larger scales these details are less noticeable, and other more global features are prominent. In either case we want to characterize those scales at which features of interest occur. The dominant trend in object definition has been to describe object boundaries via edge detection processes [1]. For binary objects, an alternate approach is to describe object shape with medial axes [2] or with skeletons using the methods of mathematical morphology [3]. Extensions of these ideas to objects described by gray scale images can be found in the literature, for example [4,5]. Such results are based on geometric properties of the graph of the intensity function. We may also apply filters to the intensity function which measure medialness of points. At a given point, the filter should have a strong response when the point is approximately midway between two boundaries. The response of the filter should be proportional to distance from the point to the boundary. We analyze a particular filter which has these properties, called the normalized Laplacian of Gaussian filter. Section 2 gives motivation and a mathematical description of the filter. The filter is described in a continuous variable setting. For discrete images viewed continuously as piecewise constant functions, an exact formula for the response of the filter is given. Section 3 gives the algorithm for construction of medial axes. In section 4 we discuss the numerical implementation of the filter. The appendix contains C code for an implementation of the filter using fast convolutions.
A Simulated Channel Spectrum

In order to obtain the highest accuracy in interferometric wavelength measurements with energy integrating devices, the theory of the Fabry-Perot interferometer must be extended. In this paper the portion of the theory dealing with the integrated energy in the part of the Fabry-Perot ring system virtually intercepted by a slit of finite length is presented. We are assuming that the interferometer is placed in parallel light and an infinitely narrow band of wavelengths is used. For this situation, it is shown how the order at the center of the ring pattern corresponding to maximum and minimum energies respectively varies with slit height. The contrast is then determined as a function of slit height. The experimental methods for measuring these quantities are described and the results compared with theory. The theory is also extended to the case of an actual channel spectrum where a finite band of wavelengths is present.
Nonlinear waves and solitons in water

Abstract A new theoretical model is introduced for evaluating three-dimensional gravity-capillary waves in water of uniform depth to various degrees of validity for predicting nonlinear dispersive water wave phenomena. It is first based on two basic equations, one being the continuity equation averaged over the water depth, and the other the horizontal projection of the momentum equation at the free surface. These two partial differential equations are both exact (for flows assumed incompressible and inviscid), but involve three unknowns: the horizontal velocity at the free surface (in two horizontal dimensions), u ; the depth-mean horizontal velocity, u ; and the water surface elevation, Ξ. Clsure of the system for modeling fully nonlinear and fully dispersive water waves is accomplished by finding for the velocity field a third exact equation relating these unknowns. Interesting phenomena in various cases are illustrated with review and discussion of literature.
Opt-Out Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States: Progress and Challenges

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing for all persons aged 13 to 64 years in all health care settings. Signed consent would not be required and counseling with referral would be managed as it is for other serious conditions. The goal of the recommendations is to promote earlier entry into care to reduce unnecessary mortality and facilitate prevention by behavioral changes that accompany knowledge of serostatus. Concerns about the change include laws in some states that mandate signed consent and counseling, a perception that counseling is an effective prevention strategy, variability in payment coverage for the test, concerns about the stigma and discrimination that may accompany the HIV diagnosis, and the possibility that other testing policies would be more effective. Eleven of 16 states have changed legislation to reduce barriers to testing, 35 of 74 national professional societies have endorsed the new recommendations, and multiple demonstration projects have shown feasibility. Metrics to evaluate the health outcomes of the CDC's recommendations for HIV testing have been defined, but the data necessary to determine the effects on early entry into care, the actual reduction in disease incidence, and the unanticipated consequences are not yet available.
SU‐FF‐T‐285: Independent Monitor Unit Verification with the RadCalc® Program of Serial Tomotherapy IMRT Treatment Delivery

Purpose: To present our initial experience with the implementation of commercially available independent monitor unit (MU) verification calculation software (RadCalc®) for dose verification for patients undergoing IMRT (serial tomotherapy) treatments planned using a commercially available IMRT planning system (CORVUS® 6.0) and delivered using the multileaf intensity modulating collimator (MIMiC) delivery device. Method and Materials: As a first step we defined a separate machine within the RadCalc® software to facilitate the dose verification process. At our facility, serial tomotherapy is used to deliver IMRTtreatments. This is accomplished using the MIMiC delivery device attached to a Varian 600C linear accelerator producing a 6 MV photon beam. Dosimetric data for this treatment machine which included collimator and phantom scatter factors (Sc and Sp) and leaf transmission for the MIMiC were also incorporated in the RadCalc® Software. After the treatment plans are approved for treatment by the radiation oncologist a hybrid QA (quality assurance) plan is generated and delivered to an ion chamber and film placed in a rectangular solid water phantom of dimensions 30 cm × 30 cm × 22 cm. The phantom geometry was also defined in the RadCalc® software to facilitate dose calculation and comparison with the dose determined from ion‐chamber measurements. In this preliminary study a total of 13 patients undergoing IMRTtreatment with the MIMiC were analyzed. Results: Initial results indicate a good agreement (within ±5%) between dose calculated from the hybrid plan, ion chamber measurements, and the dose calculated by the RadCalc® program. Conclusion: Based on initial results presented here we have set an action level of ±5% which will be reviewed and revised as necessary as we continue to acquire and analyze additional patient data.
Notes on Miscellaneous Species of the Tribe Thelypodieae (Brassicaceae)

The limits of Mostacillastrum are expanded to include 12 additional species from South America, Haiti, Mexico, and southwestern United States. A new species, M. saltaensis (Argentina) is described, and a new name, M. subauriculatum, and new combinations, M. arcuatum, M. ekmanii, M. haitiense, M. incisum, M. longipes, M. pandurifolium, M. purpusii, M. retrofractum, M. vaseyi, and M. versicolor, are proposed. A key to all 30 species of Mostacillastrum is presented.
Potential mechanisms for hypoalgesia induced by anti-nerve growth factor immunoglobulin are identified using autoimmune nerve growth factor deprivation

Nerve growth factor (NGF) antagonism has long been proposed as a chronic pain treatment. In 2010, the FDA suspended clinical trials using tanezumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-NGF antibody, to treat osteoarthritis due to worsening joint damage in 16 patients. Increased physical activity in the absence of acute pain which normally prevents self-harm was purported as a potential cause. Such an adverse effect is consistent with an extension of tanezumab's primary mechanism of action by decreasing pain sensitivity below baseline levels. In animal inflammatory pain models, NGF antagonism decreases intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density and attenuates increases in expression of nociception-related proteins, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Little is known of the effects of NGF antagonism in noninflamed animals and the hypoalgesia that ensues. In the current study, we immunized rats with NGF or cytochrome C (cytC) and examined (1) nocifensive behaviors with thermal latencies, mechanical thresholds, the hot plate test, and the tail flick test, (2) IENF density, and (3) expression of CGRP, SP, voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8 (Nav1.8), and glutaminase in subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons separated by size and isolectin B4 (IB4) labeling. Rats with high anti-NGF titers had delayed responses on the hot plate test but no other behavioral abnormalities. Delayed hot plate responses correlated with lower IENF density. CGRP and SP expression was decreased principally in medium (400-800 μm(2)) and small neurons (<400 μm(2)), respectively, regardless of IB4 labeling. Expression of Nav1.8 was only decreased in small and medium IB4 negative neurons. NGF immunization appears to result in a more profound antagonism of NGF than tanezumab therapy, but we hypothesize that decreases in IENF density and nociception-related protein expression are potential mechanisms for tanezumab-induced hypoalgesia.
Competing Effects of Dielectrophoresis and Buoyancy on Nucleate Boiling and an Analogy With Variable Gravity Boiling Results

An experiment was performed that produced a controlled electrical body force (dielectrophoretic force or DEP force) over the length of a horizontal platinum wire heater during boiling. The DEP force was generated such that it either aided or opposed terrestrial gravity or acted nearly alone in microgravity. The net effect can be thought of as simply either reducing or increasing'' buoyancy. To account for this change in force an ''effective gravity ratio'' g' (b,e) was defined that represents the ratio of the total DEP and buoyancy body forces to the constant terrestrial-gravity buoyancy force. Based on our own experimentation and on the published literature, it was argued that the nucleate boiling will be enhanced if the effective gravity acts to hold the vapor bubbles near the heater surface, while at the same time permitting access of the liquid to the surface in order to prevent dryout. However, a large electroconvection effect can dominate and reverse the trend. The nonboiling portion of the heat transfer coefficient was shown to be significant with an applied electric field, especially at high subcoolings
Steady-state and dynamic properties of concentrated fiber-filled thermoplastics

Rheometric data for short-fiber-filled thermoplastics are presented using a parallel-plate viscometer. Polypropylene tensile bars contain short and long fibers with glass weight percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, polycarbonate tensile bars with glass percentages of 0%, 5%, and 10% long fibers, and nylon 6/6 tensile bars with 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% short fibers. The short fibers were initially 3 mm in length and 12.7 microns in diameter. The long fibers were initially 6 mm in length and 10 microns in diameter. In the steady-state experiments, the fibers increase the viscous stresses and the normal stresses in proportion to the concentration of fibers. At low shear rates, the viscosity is increased by the addition of the fibers, but at high shear rates the viscosity approaches that of the neat resin. In dynamic testing, the fibers increase the viscous and elastic components as measured by the complex viscosity and modulus. The fibers increase the viscous and elastic nature of the fiber-filled composite at low frequencies and to a lesser extent at higher frequencies. The fibers increase the elastic component more than the viscous component at low frequencies and less at higher frequencies as demonstrated by tan δ.
Simultaneous occurrence of superficial and deep thrombophlebitis in the lower extremity

Forty-two consecutive patients diagnosed with superficial phlebitis were seen during a 5-year period. Thirty-five of the 42 patients were outpatients. The diagnosis of superficial phlebitis was made by the presence of palpable subcutaneous cords in the course of the greater saphenous vein or its tributaries in association with tenderness, erythema, and edema. The presence of concurrent deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was assessed by impedance plethysmography in 37 patients, compression venous ultrasonography in 3 patients, and venography in 8 patients. Five of the 42 patients (12%) had DVT. Four of these five patients had a positive impedance plethysmographic or ultrasonographic test result followed by a confirmatory venogram. The fifth patient had a positive ultrasonographic test result, but no venogram was performed. Two of the five patients had clots that involved the popliteal or femoral veins. Four of 23 patients (17%) with superficial phlebitis at or above the knee had DVT. Only 1 of the 19 patients (5%) with superficial phlebitis below the knee had DVT. Three of the five patients with both superficial phlebitis and DVT had undergone surgery recently. All but 3 of the 42 patients (93%) had varicose veins. No patients had clinically apparent pulmonary emboli. DVT occurred in 17% of the patients with above-knee extension of the superficial phlebitis. In the clinical management of superficial lower-limb thrombophlebitis, noninvasive tests should be performed to guide therapy. When superficial phlebitis develops after recent surgery or the superficial phlebitis extends above the knee, diagnostic surveillance should be especially strict. When the noninvasive test results are equivocal, phlebography is indicated to rule out DVT.
Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein for managing the anemia of chronic kidney disease

Since its introduction, recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has become the standard of care for renal anemia. Because of its relatively short half-life, however, it generally is administered two to three times per week. Darbepoetin alfa (novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein [NESP]) is a longer acting erythropoietic agent that allows less frequent dosing to treat anemia. Decreased dosing frequency should result in enhanced patient compliance and convenience and minimize the burden of frequent administration on staff. NESP is biochemically distinct from rHuEPO, having five N-linked carbohydrate chains (two more than rHuEPO). In animal studies, NESP had a half-life approximately three times longer than rHuEPO and raised hemoglobin effectively when administered less frequently than rHuEPO. NESP has been evaluated in clinical trials of dialysis and chronic kidney disease patients. Pharmacokinetic data confirmed that patients with anemia required less frequent dosing with NESP than rHuEPO. After intravenous administration, the mean elimination half-life of NESP was 25.3 hours versus 8.5 hours for rHuEPO. In patients who are rHuEPO-naive and in patients previously managed with rHuEPO, NESP is as effective as rHuEPO for maintaining hemoglobin concentration when administered intravenously or subcutaneously at a reduced frequency of once weekly or once every other week. NESP is well tolerated and has a safety profile comparable to that of rHuEPO. There have been no reports of antibody formation associated with NESP. NESP is an important new tool for physicians to use in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease.
Latinos/as in the criminal and juvenile justice systems

With few exceptions, prior explanations of racially disparate punishment have followed a dichotomous approach (i.e., African American versus Caucasian), due in part to the limitations of existing data. Researchers have either excluded Latino/a, defendants or treated them as a monolithic group. Consequently, there is not much on Latinos/as, whose experiences with the criminal and juvenile justice systems differ from those of African American and Caucasian. This article expands on current literature by providing a thorough overview of existing literature on Latino/as. It critiques this body of literature and lists ten common methodological flaws that may contribute to findings of equal treatment. Finally, it provides a concise summary of the main subgroups within the umbrella term ‘Latino/a’ to highlight the heterogeneity within this classification.
Evaluation of moisture ingress from the perimeter of photovoltaic modules

Many thin film photovoltaic (PV) technologies can be sensitive to corrosion induced by the presence of water vapor in the packaging materials. Typically impermeable front and backsheets are used in conjunction with an edge-seal around the perimeter to prevent water vapor ingress. These edge-seal materials are often made of a polyisobutylene resin filled with desiccant, which dramatically increases the time for moisture to reach sensitive module components. While edge-seals can prevent moisture ingress, even the lowest diffusivity transparent encapsulant materials are insufficient for the lifetime of a module. To evaluate the performance of edge-seal and encapsulant materials in a manner that simulates their function in a PV module, an optical method was devised where ingress is detected by reaction of a Ca film with water. Using this method, we have exposed test samples to heat and humidity allowing quantitative comparison of different edge-seal and encapsulant materials. Next, we use measurements of polymer diffusivity and solubility to evaluate the ability to model this moisture ingress. Here, we find good agreement between these two methods highlighting the much greater ability of polyisobutylene materials to keep moisture out as compared with typical encapsulant materials used in the PV industry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-terminal low inductance capacitor delamination failure

The following details a new test methodology offered as a cost effective alternative to module form-factor testing for detecting the delamination fail mode observed in Multiterminal low inductance capacitors (MTLICs) under temperature humidity bias (THB) reliability stress testing. This MTLIC test methodology yields the same delamination reliability failure-mode as observed in the module form-factor. We draw on this new testing methodology to highlight the influence of packaging materials, module form factor and component supplier on THB reliability performance of MTLIC components.
Smoking Cessation Intervention: The Practices of Maternity Care Providers

Background: Little is known about the actual smoking intervention practices of maternity care providers. This study examines smoking intervention practices of maternity care providers in a large Midwestern city. Methods: A telephone survey was used to collect information on the care of pregnant patients who smoke (n = 73). Results: After brief counseling during the first prenatal care visit (98 percent), 84 percent of providers readdressed smoking at follow-up visits. Family physicians were significantly more likely than obstetricians to provide further counseling (97 versus 72 percent, P Conclusion: Maternity care providers underutilize effective methods of smoking cessation for their patients who smoke and rely on less effective methods.
Brown-ing the American Textbook: History, Psychology, and the Origins of Modern Multiculturalism

In June 1944, a delegation of African-American leaders met with New York City school officials to discuss a central focus of black concern: history textbooks. That delegation reflected a broad spectrum of metropolitan Black opinion: Chaired by the radical city councilman Benjamin J. Davis, it included the publisher of the Amsterdam News—New York's major Black newspaper—as well as the bishop of the African Orthodox Church. In a joint statement, the delegates praised public schools' recent efforts to promote “intercultural education”—and to reduce “prejudice”—via drama, music, and art. Yet if history texts continued to spread lies about the past, Blacks insisted, all of these other programs would come to naught. One book described slaves as “happy”; another applauded the Ku Klux Klan for keeping “foolish Negroes” out of government. “Such passages… could well have come from the mouths of the fascist enemies of our nation,” the Black delegation warned. Even as America fought “Nazi doctrine” overseas, African Americans maintained, the country needed to purge this philosophy from history books at home.
The effects of dietary omega 3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study

The rarity of atherosclerotic vascular disease and a mild bruising tendency in Greenland Eskimos has been linked to their ingestion of omega 3 fatty acids contained in foods obtained from the sea. Previous studies have shown that feeding salmon oil to normal volunteers resulted in reductions of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. We wished to learn whether salmon oil feeding would result in the incorporation of omega 3 fatty acids into platelets and whether platelet function or platelet-vessel interaction would be altered. Diets containing salmon oils led to the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 omega 3) into platelets (6.1%) with a reduction in arachidonic acid (C20:4 omega 6). The ratio of C20:5/C20:4 increased from 0.0045 on the control diet to 0.3 on the salmon diet. Bleeding times were prolonged (from 6.75 to 10 min, p less than 0.005), platelet retention on glass beads was mildly reduced (from 89% to 78%, p less than 0.0005), and platelet aggregation in response to dilute concentrations of ADP was inhibited in the subjects ingesting the salmon oil. We conclude that in normal subjects dietary omega 2 fatty acids derived from salmon oil are incorporated into platelet phospholipids and that these changes are accompanied by alterations in bleeding time and platelet function.
Cerebral Oximetry as a Real-Time Monitoring Tool to Assess Quality of In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Post Cardiac Arrest Care.

Background Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) as assessed by near infrared frontal cerebral spectroscopy decreases in circulatory arrest and increases with high‐quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We hypothesized that higher rSO2 during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) would predict survival to discharge and neurological recovery. Methods and Results This prospective case series included patients experiencing in‐hospital cardiac arrest. Cerebral oximetry was recorded continuously from initiation of resuscitation until ROSC and up to 48 hours post‐arrest. Relationships between oximetry data during these time periods and outcomes of resuscitation survival and survival to discharge were analyzed. The cohort included 27 patients. Nineteen (70.3%) achieved ROSC, and 8 (29.6%) survived to discharge. Median arrest duration was 20.8 minutes (range=8 to 74). There was a significant difference in rSO2 between resuscitation survivors and resuscitation nonsurvivors at initiation of the resuscitative efforts (35% versus 17.5%, P =0.03) and during resuscitation (36% versus 15%, P =0.0008). No significant association was observed between rSO2 at ROSC or during the post‐arrest period and survival to discharge. Among patients who survived to discharge, there was no association between cerebral performance category and rSO2 at ROSC, during resuscitation, or post‐arrest. Conclusions Higher rSO2 levels at initiation of resuscitation and during resuscitation are associated with resuscitation survival and may reflect high‐quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, in this small series, rSO2 was not predictive of good neurological outcome. Larger studies are needed to determine whether this monitoring modality can be used to improve clinical outcomes.
Sampling rabbit pox aerosols of natural origin

Natural aerosols of rabbit pox virus produced by groups of infected rabbits were sampled with a slit and Andersen sampler using an adhesive surface sampling technique (Thomas, 1970). The higher rate of successful recoveries of airborne virus compared with a previous report is believed to be due to the much larger volume of air sampled by this technique and to the processing of the whole of the sample collected by the direct addition of a cell suspension to demonstrate the presence of viable virus.
The Role of Piezoelectric Instrumentation in Rhinoplasty Surgery.

Background In rhinoplasty surgery, management of the bony vault and lateral walls is most often performed with mechanical instruments: saws, chisels, osteotomes, and rasps. Over the years, these instruments have been refined to minimize damage to the surrounding soft tissues and to maximize precision. Objectives This article will present the evolution of the authors’ current operative technique based on 185 clinical cases performed over an 19-month period using piezoelectric instrumentation (PEI). Methods A two-part study of cadaver dissections and clinical cases was performed using PEI. Evolution of the authors’ clinical technique and the operative sequence were recorded. Results Thirty cadaver dissections and 185 clinical cases were performed using PEI, including 82 primary and 103 secondary cases. An extended subperiosteal dissection was developed to visualize all aspects of the open rhinoplasty including the osteotomies. Ultrasonic rhinosculpture (URS) was utilized in 95 patients to shape the bony vault without osteotomies. To date, 11 revisions (6%) have been performed. There were no cases of bone asymmetry, irregularity, or excessive narrowing requiring a revision. Conclusions Based on the authors' experience, adoption of PEI is justified and offers more precise analysis and surgical execution with superior results in altering the osseocartilaginous vault. With extensive exposure, surgeons can make an accurate diagnosis of bony deformity and safely contour the bones to achieve narrowing and symmetry of the bony dorsum. Stable osteotomies can be performed under direct vision with precise mobilization and control. As a result of PEI, the upper third of the rhinoplasty operation is no longer shrouded in mystery. Level of Evidence 4![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Intramuscular Anabolic Signaling and Endocrine Response Following Resistance Exercise: Implications for Muscle Hypertrophy

Maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function is critical for disease prevention, mobility and quality of life, and whole-body metabolism. Resistance exercise is known to be a major regulator for promoting muscle protein synthesis and muscle mass accretion. Manipulation of exercise intensity, volume, and rest elicit specific muscular adaptations that can maximize the magnitude of muscle growth. The stimulus of muscle contraction that occurs during differing intensities of resistance exercise results in varying biochemical responses regulating the rate of protein synthesis, known as mechanotransduction. At the cellular level, skeletal muscle adaptation appears to be the result of the cumulative effects of transient changes in gene expression following acute bouts of exercise. Thus, maximizing the resistance exercise-induced anabolic response produces the greatest potential for hypertrophic adaptation with training. The mechanisms involved in converting mechanical signals into the molecular events that control muscle growth are not completely understood; however, skeletal muscle protein synthesis appears to be regulated by the multi-protein phosphorylation cascade, mTORC1 (mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1). The purpose of this review is to examine the physiological response to resistance exercise, with particular emphasis on the endocrine response and intramuscular anabolic signaling through mTORC1. It appears that resistance exercise protocols that maximize muscle fiber recruitment, time-under-tension, and metabolic stress will contribute to maximizing intramuscular anabolic signaling; however, the resistance exercise parameters for maximizing the anabolic response remain unclear.
Methodology as Outreach: A Public Mini-Course on Archival Principles and Techniques

Suggested strategies for archival outreach usually focus on promoting research use of the collections archivists maintain. Recent discussions on enhancing the profession's image among the public, however, also have concluded that archivists can and should encourage an appreciation of the curatorial methods they employ. Ironically, although archivists work hardest at marketing collections, it may be archival methods, particularly preservation skills, that most intrigue the general public. People who are wholly unfamiliar with the significance, usefulness, or even the meaning of archives often are extremely interested in learning how to manage and care for their own records. For instance, how many archivists, after trying to explain what they do for a living, have been greeted with the reply, "I have these old photographs in my atticwhat should I do with them?" The archivist's ability to satisfy such interests offers the opportunity to cultivate closer ties between the archival community and the rest of society. Archivists can exercise this type of outreach in a number of ways. Some of the more common include lectures or workshops on basic conservation practices, consultation services about establishing archives, and assistance in producing historical displays for various types of community institutions or groups. Another approach has been implemented recently at the University of Toledo with promising results. The university offers a public, noncredit minicourse on the recognition, appreciation, and basic care of historical records commonly found in the home. The course is sponsored by the university's Division of Continuing Education and is directed toward individuals seeking advice on how to properly maintain their own documents and memorabilia. Entitled "Historical Family Records: How to Recognize and Preserve," the class is taught by an archivist and carries a $35.00 standard continuing education fee (anyone over 60 years of age may enroll free). Meetings take place in the special collections and archives department of the university library, and classes are limited in size to twelve students. The
MAPPING OF TRICHODERMIN RESISTANCE IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE: A GENETIC LOCUS FOR A COMPONENT OF THE 60S RIBSOMAL SUBUNIT

Resistance to the protein synthesis inhibitor trichodermin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied. A single recessive nuclear gene was responsible for resistance. The resistance locus, tcm1 was found to be closely linked (1 centimorgan) to the locus pet 17 on the right arm of chromosome XV. The mutation to trichodermin resistance conferred resistance to other 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes and to the structurally unrelated antibiotic anisomycin.
Improved Compliance with Recommended Infection Control Procedures among Beijing Dentists in 2000 vs 2005

OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in Beijing dentists′ infection control(IC) practices in 2000 vs 2005.METHODS Data from questionaires of 647 dentists in 2000 and 592 dentists in 2005 were compared by using descriptive statistics and Person′s χ2.RESULTS Their response rates were 95.00%(2000) and 93.00%(2005).There were improvements in 2005 vs 2000 in reports of routine use of gloves(94.59% vs 73.31%);masks(56.78% vs 13.94%);and protective gown(38.87% vs 14.51%);change of gloves after each patient(93.47% vs 63.25%);vaccination for hepatitis B virus(HBV)(73.60% vs 32.66%);autoclave sterilization of dental handpieces after each patient(95.07% vs 41.24%);flushing waterlines after each use(70.78% vs 42.01%);and high-volume suction(44.92% vs 11.19%).CONCLUSIONS The compliance with recommended infection control procedures among Beijing dentists is improving in 2005 vs 2000.More education and inspection is needed to develop the infection control practices in dental health care settings.
The Integration of English Language Development and Inquiry Science into a Blended Professional Development Design

Over a 4-year period, a large urban California school district developed and implemented a blended inquiry science and English Language Development (ELD) program in an effort to provide their English language learners opportunities to develop proficiency in English through participation in inquiry-based science. The resulting, “science/ELD blended program,” utilized a combined science/ELD lesson plan to structure and guide teachers’ efforts to use science as the context for language development. In this paper we describe the development and outcomes of this program. A sample that included 3 school principals, 60 teachers, and over 2000 students in Kindergarten through 5th grade provides windows into the effectiveness of the program. Implementation of this program resulted in enhanced status for science, increases in students’ English oral language use, and changes in teachers’ understanding of their own teaching practice. Additionally, participating students’ English and science achievement, compared to a similar group of students who were using the district’s established English language development curriculum, demonstrates modest, but statistically significant improvement. Results from this study suggest that restricting instructional minutes for science to provide additional time for ELD and English language arts may be unnecessary. Rather, allowing consistent time for science instruction that incorporates ELD instruction along with inquiry science experiences may provide the authentic and purposeful context students need to develop new language without restricting access to science content.
Some Connections Between Resolvents and Linear Semigroups

This group of problems may be thought of as a continuation of those in Chapter 5. A review of Chapter 5 might be in order.
Therapeutic Cocktail Approach for Treatment of Hyperhomocysteinemia in Alzheimer’s Disease:

In the United States, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, accompanied by substantial economic and emotional costs. During 2015, more than 15 million family members who provided care to AD patients had an estimated total cost of 221 billion dollars. Recent studies have shown that elevated total plasma levels of homocysteine (tHcy), a condition known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is a risk factor for AD. HHcy is associated with cognitive decline, brain atrophy, and dementia; enhances the vulnerability of neurons to oxidative injury; and damages the blood-brain barrier. Many therapeutic supplements containing vitamin B12 and folate have been studied to help decrease tHcy to a certain degree. However, a therapeutic cocktail approach with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, methyl B12, betaine, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have not been studied. This novel approach may help target multiple pathways simultaneously to decrease tHcy and its toxicity substantially.
Optimistic Transactional Boosting

The last two decades witnessed the success of many efficient designs of concurrent data structures. A large set of them has a common base principle: each operation is split into a read-only traversal phase, which scans the data structure without locking or monitoring, and a read-write commit phase, which atomically validates the output of the traversal phase and applies the needed modifications to the data structure. In this paper we introduce Optimistic Transactional Boosting (OTB), an optimistic methodology for extending those designs in order to support the composition of multiple operations into one atomic execution by building a single traversal phase and a single commit phase for the whole atomic execution. As a result, OTB-based data structures are optimistic and composable . The former because they defer any locking and/or monitoring to the commit phase of the entire atomic execution; the latter because they allow the execution of multiple operations atomically. Additionally, in this paper we provide a theoretical model for analyzing OTB-based data structures and proving their correctness. In particular, we extended a recent approach that models concurrent data structures by including the two notions of optimism and composition of operations.
Актуальные процессы современного русского синтаксиса

The paper is devoted to the tendencies of syntactic development and functioning of syntactic units in contemporary Russian prose. The recent syntactic processes (reduction of the syntactic relationships, simplification, compression, contamination of syntactic units, integration and disintegration of its components, etc.) are considered in the aspects of language, speech, and text. The author provides a critical analysis of the analytic progress of Russian syntax on the basis of contemporary prosaic discourse (e.g. L. Petrushevskaya, S. Dovlatov, V. Sorokin, V. Makanin, T. Tolstaya, V. Pelevin, S. Bolmat, M. Palei, etc.) and screenplay. Today screenwriting became the main occupation of many Russian authors such as M. Mareeva, A. Mindadze, O. Osetinsky, and others. Contemporary discourse stimulates the development of new syntactic phenomena. The main task is to analyze the qualification of syntactic units (combinations of words, sentences, multicomponent complex statements, syntactic complex, direct speech,...
Complexities of Viral Mutation Rates

Many viruses evolve rapidly. This is due, in part, to their high mutation rates. Mutation rate estimates for over 25 viruses are currently available. Here, we review the population genetics of virus mutation rates. We specifically cover the topics of mutation rate estimation, the forces that drive the evolution of mutation rates, and how the optimal mutation rate can be context-dependent.
Marijuana Regulatory Frameworks in Four US States: An Analysis Against a Public Health Standard.

The movement to legalize and regulate retail marijuana is growing. We examined legislation and regulations in the first 4 states to legalize recreational marijuana (Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska) to analyze whether public health best practices from tobacco and alcohol control to reduce population-level demand were being followed.Only between 34% and 51% of policies followed best practices. Marijuana regulations generally followed US alcohol policy regarding conflict of interest, taxation, education (youth-based and problematic users), warning labels, and research that does not seek to minimize consumption and the associated health effects.Application of US alcohol policies to marijuana has been challenged by some policy actors, notably those advocating public health policies modeled on tobacco control. Reversing past decisions to regulate marijuana modeled on alcohol policies will likely become increasingly difficult once these processes are set in motion and a dominant policy framework and tra...