cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Book Abstract: Muhammad is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet

The Islamic claim to supersede Judaism and Christianity is embodied in the theological assertion that prophecy ended with Muhammad. The Qur’an identifies Muhammad as the Seal of Prophets, a figure of speech that came to be understood as signifying that he was the Last Prophet. The success of this claim was an achievement that required work. The Qur’an suggests that the office of prophecy is hereditary. Thus, if Muhammad had a son, he might not be the Last Prophet; and if he was the Last Prophet, he could not have a son. As is well-known, Muhammad had no natural sons who reached the age of maturity. Before receiving his first revelation, however, Muhammad is said to have adopted a man named Zayd as his son: Zayd’s name was changed to Zayd b. Muhammad and mutual rights of inheritance were created between the two men. This seemingly marginal figure, known as the Beloved of the Messenger of God, was the first adult male to become a Muslim and the only Muslim apart from Muhammad whose name is mentioned in the Qur’an. Eventually, Zayd would be repudiated by his father and sent to certain death on a battlefield in southern Jordan. By focusing attention on Muhammad’s relationship with Zayd, I seek to recover a neglected phase in early Islamic history. To secure the integrity of the claim that Muhammad was the Last Prophet, the first Muslims were compelled to substitute sonlessness for biological generativity. I argue that Muhammad’s repudiation of the Beloved of the Messenger of God and Zayd’s martyrdom at the Battle of Mu’ta were driven by theological imperatives designed to facilitate the doctrine of the finality of prophecy. To this end, the historical record was adjusted, legal institutions were abolished or reformed, and the consonantal skeleton of the Qur’an was modified.
Development of the head, pinnae, and acoustical cues to sound location in a precocial species, the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

The morphology of the head and pinna shape the spatial and frequency dependence of sound propagation that give rise to the acoustic cues to sound source location. During early development, the physical dimensions of the head and pinna increase rapidly. Thus, the binaural (interaural time and level differences, ITD and ILD) and monaural (spectral shape) cues are also hypothesized to change rapidly. Complex interactions between the size and shape of the head and pinna limit the accuracy of simple acoustical models (e.g. spherical) and necessitate empirical measurements. Here, we measured the cues to location in the developing guinea pig, a precocial species commonly used for studies of the auditory system. We measured directional transfer functions (DTFs) and the dimensions of the head and pinna in guinea pigs from birth (P0) through adulthood. Dimensions of the head and pinna increased by 87% and 48%, respectively, reaching adult values by ∼8 weeks (P56). The monaural acoustic gain produced by the head and pinna increased with frequency and age, with maximum gains at higher frequencies (>8 kHz) reaching values of 10-21 dB for all ages. The center frequency of monaural spectral notches also decreased with age, from higher frequencies (∼17 kHz) at P0 to lower frequencies (∼12 kHz) in adults. In all animals, ILDs and ITDs were dependent on both frequency and spatial location. Over development, the maximum ILD magnitude increased from ∼15 dB at P0 to ∼30 dB in adults (at frequencies >8 kHz), while the maximum low frequency ITDs increased from ∼185 μs at P0 to ∼300 μs in adults. These results demonstrate that the changes in the acoustical cues are directly related to changes in head and pinna morphology.
uOSC: The Open Sound Control Reference Platform for Embedded Devices

A general-purpose firmware for a low cost microcontroller is described that employs the Open Sound Control protocol over USB. The firmware is designed with considerations for integration in new musical interfaces and embedded devices. Features of note include stateless design, efficient floating-point support, temporally correct data handling, and protocol completeness. A timing performance analysis is conducted.
Fluorescence In situ Hybridization

During the last decade, pathology has progressed remarkably with the incorporation of molecular techniques into the arena of diagnostics. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular histopathological technique that can be readily used to identify DNA or RNA abnormalities at the cellular level with the use of an epifluorescence microscope. FISH technology is applicable to most forms of tissue preparation including peripheral blood, bone marrow, solid tumors, body fluids, amniotic fluids and products of conception. This technology enables the identification of gene, chromosomal and genomic abnormalities in histologically processed material, exfoliated cells, smears and monolayer cultures with appropriate fluorescently labeled DNA probes. The following chapter provides a broad overview and extensive technical details of FISH technology, thereby providing the reader with a complete picture of the field. In light of the applicability of this technology to interphase cells, FISH can serve to provide the pathologist with a genotypic analysis to accompany the phenotypic morphology of the cells for the purpose of diagnosis and prognosis. The utility of such a correlation defines FISH technology as a revolutionary technique in the field of research and diagnostics, particularly in areas of cancer, genetic abnormalities and infectious diseases.
Antidepressants and the FDA's black-box warning: determining a rational public policy in the absence of sufficient evidence.

The FDA's decision to put a black-box warning on antidepressant labels may be misleading because it implies that antidepressants have definitely been found to increase suicidality in adolescents, when in fact there is merely a lack of clear evidence about their safety.
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE SEARCH FOR BIOSYNTHETIC INTERMEDIATES

Many studies in biosynthesis are beset with such problems as extremely low ( via the acetate-malonate pathway. The polymerisation process involving a series of enzyme bound polyketide systems has been studied in order to secure structural evidence for these “prearomatic” materials. Using rather different methods, the secondary process of oxidative cleavage of aromatic rings is shown to be implicated in the biosynthesis of many interesting metabolites, for example, the fungal tropolones and patulin. Cell free systems, replacement cultures, and techniques with mutants can be used with these fungal systems to obtain satisfactory incorporation data and frequently to isolate sufficient of the intermediate for characterisation. In contrast to the biochemistry of fungi, incorporations in higher plants are frequently very low (0. 001%). The technique of short term labelling in young seedlings will be discussed as a method for the detection of short lived intermediates in a complex biosynthetic system which serves as a convenient alternative or complement to cell free studies.
The Role of Government in Water Markets (Book Excerpt)

Water is an increasingly scarce resource in developed regions throughout the world. Current methods to allocate it are not economically or environmentally efficient, but water markets offer one potential solution in the form of a regulatory response to water scarcity. The debate on water markets is often polarized. Proponents of water markets portray them as systems where government is out of the picture, but some oppose markets because they believe water should not be commodified, but administered by public agencies. Casado Perez argues that both sides of the debate are misguided, and that water markets require a deeper and more varied governmental intervention than markets for other goods. Drawing on economic theories of regulation based on market failure, she offers an explanation of the different roles government should play to ensure a functioning water market, and suggests that governments might have to take a leading role if a water market is to work properly. To analyze what impact government roles actually have on water markets operation, Casado Perez examines case studies of California and Spain to assess the success of their water markets. She explores in-depth why water markets have been more extensively institutionalized in California than in Spain in the ten years since they were introduced, and how the role of government in each study impacts water market operation. This unique analysis of governmental role in water markets, alongside qualitative studies of California and Spain, offers valuable scholarship in this increasingly important topic and will be of interest to students, practitioners, and policymakers in water law.
Mapping Society: The Spatial Dimensions of Social Cartography, by Laura Vaughan

Laura Vaughan, in Mapping Society: The Spatial Dimensions of Social Cartography, suggests that social maps can be ‘records of social enquiry in relation to the role of urban configuration in shapin...
The Secrets of Machine Learning: Ten Things You Wish You Had Known Earlier to be More Effective at Data Analysis.

Despite the widespread usage of machine learning throughout organizations, there are some key principles that are commonly missed. In particular: 1) There are at least four main families for supervised learning: logical modeling methods, linear combination methods, case-based reasoning methods, and iterative summarization methods. 2) For many application domains, almost all machine learning methods perform similarly (with some caveats). Deep learning methods, which are the leading technique for computer vision problems, do not maintain an edge over other methods for most problems (and there are reasons why). 3) Neural networks are hard to train and weird stuff often happens when you try to train them. 4) If you don't use an interpretable model, you can make bad mistakes. 5) Explanations can be misleading and you can't trust them. 6) You can pretty much always find an accurate-yet-interpretable model, even for deep neural networks. 7) Special properties such as decision making or robustness must be built in, they don't happen on their own. 8) Causal inference is different than prediction (correlation is not causation). 9) There is a method to the madness of deep neural architectures, but not always. 10) It is a myth that artificial intelligence can do anything.
Contextual Factors Influencing Implementation of Evidence-Based Care for Children Hospitalized With Asthma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The translation of research findings into routine care remains slow and challenging. We previously reported successful implementation of an asthma evidence-based care process model (EB-CPM) at 8 (1 tertiary care and 7 community) hospitals, leading to a high health care provider (HCP) adherence with the EB-CPM and improved outcomes. In this study, we explore contextual factors perceived by HCPs to facilitate successful EB-CPM implementation. METHODS: Structured and open-ended questions were used to survey HCPs (n = 260) including physicians, nurses, and respiratory therapists, about contextual factors perceived to facilitate EB-CPM implementation. Quantitative analysis was used to identify significant factors (correlation coefficient ≥0.5; P ≤ .05) and qualitative analysis to assess additional facilitators. RESULTS: Factors perceived by HCPs to facilitate EB-CPM implementation were related to (1) inner setting (leadership support, adequate resources, communication and/or collaboration, culture, and previous experience with guideline implementation), (2) intervention characteristics (relevant and applicable to the HCP’s practice), (3) individuals (HCPs) targeted (agreement with the EB-CPM and knowledge of supporting evidence), and (4) implementation process (participation of HCPs in implementation activities, teamwork, implementation team with a mix of expertise and professional’s input, and data feedback). Additional facilitators included (1) having appropriate preparation and (2) providing education and training. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple factors were associated with successful EB-CPM implementation and may be used by others as a guide to facilitate implementation and dissemination of evidence-based interventions for pediatric asthma and other chronic diseases in the hospital setting.
Epilogue: (re)membering and witnessing youth knowledge

In this edited volume, readers are presented with a series of vibrant and contemporary research articles that at once invite us to re-invigorate and learn from youth, their social locations in the ...
New results on families of pattern-replacement equivalences

Abstract We study pattern-replacement equivalences of a similar nature to those studied by Linton, Propp, Roby, and West. Given any partition P of S c , we consider two equivalence relations acting on S n associated with P , loose P -equivalence and tight P -equivalence. We develop a general framework for studying tight pattern-replacement equivalences. Using our machinery, we count equivalence classes in S n for three tight equivalences posed as open problems by Linton, Propp, Roby, and West, and we find systems of equivalence-class representatives for two others, also previously posed as open problems. In addition, we study several infinite families of tight equivalences. In particular, we characterize the equivalence classes in S n under the most general tight equivalence, tight S c -equivalence. Moreover, we extend past work on loose P -equivalences (for various P ) by characterizing equivalence classes under three infinite families of loose P -equivalences. Particularly interesting members of these families include loose { 123 , 132 } -equivalence (previously posed as an open problem by Linton, Propp, Roby, and West), and loose { 123 , 132 } { 321 , 231 } -equivalence. For both equivalences, we enumerate the classes in S n .
Pandemic Surge Models in the Time of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2: Wrong or Useful?

Public health decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic involves tradeoffs, uncertainty, and values, and models have been developed to inform administrative and policy decision makers to forecas...
P796 Reassessing the gram stain smear (GSS) polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) cutoff for diagnosing non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)

Background Recommended cutoffs for PMNs per high-power field (hpf) to define NGU vary. CDC treatment guidelines specify ≥2 PMNs/hpf. Other guidelines recommend ≥5 PMNs/hpf. Methods From 08/2014-08/2018, we enrolled symptomatic and asymptomatic male STD clinic patients ≥16 years with exclusively female partners in the past year. Men with gonorrhea or antibiotic use in the past month were excluded. We collected a urethral swab for GSS and urine for Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) testing (Aptima, Hologic). We calculated Youden’s Index (J=sensitivity+specificity-1), which maximizes sensitivity and specificity, and calculated the proportions of CT/MG cases missed and cases treated in the absence of CT/MG (test-negative) for three PMN/hpf cutoffs. CT/MG co-infections (N=3) were excluded. Results Among 369 participants, median age was 32 (range 17–71), 53% were white, and 25% were black. Among all men with 0-1, 2-4, 5-9, and ≥10 PMNs/hpf, CT prevalence was 1%, 5%, 11%, and 26%, respectively; MG prevalence was 5%, 3%, 15%, and 17%. J was maximized at ≥5 PMNs/hpf for CT, MG, and CT/MG. Thirteen percent, 17%, and 33% of CT/MG cases were missed at the ≥2, ≥5, and ≥10 PMNs/hpf cutoffs, respectively; 45%, 33%, and 21% of test-negative cases were treated. Among symptomatic men (N=166) with 0-1, 2-4, 5-9, and ≥10 PMNs/hpf, CT prevalence was 0%, 20%, 12%, and 31%, respectively; MG prevalence was 9%, 0%, 18%, and 19%. J was maximized at ≥5 PMNs/hpf for MG, and ≥10 PMNs/hpf for CT and CT/MG. Five percent, 8%, and 25% of CT/MG cases were missed at the ≥2, ≥5, and ≥10 PMNs/hpf cutoffs, respectively; 72%, 64%, and 43% of test-negative cases were treated. Conclusion The increase in missed CT/MG cases between the ≥2 PMNs/hpf cutoff and ≥5 PMNs/hpf cutoff was minimal; the ≥5 PMNs/hpf cutoff treats fewer cases without CT/MG. The ≥5 PMNs/hpf cutoff appears optimal in this population. Disclosure No significant relationships.
New Molecular-Mechanics Model for Simulations of Hydrogen Fluoride in Chemistry and Biology.

Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is the most polar diatomic molecule and one of the simplest molecules capable of hydrogen-bonding. HF deviates from ideality both in the gas phase and in solution and is thus of great interest from a fundamental standpoint. Pure and aqueous HF solutions are broadly used in chemical and industrial processes, despite their high toxicity. HF is a stable species also in some biological conditions, because it does not readily dissociate in water unlike other hydrogen halides; yet, little is known about how HF interacts with biomolecules. Here, we set out to develop a molecular-mechanics model to enable computer simulations of HF in chemical and biological applications. This model is based on a comprehensive high-level ab initio quantum chemical investigation of the structure and energetics of the HF monomer and dimer; (HF)n clusters, for n = 3-7; various clusters of HF and H2O; and complexes of HF with analogs of all 20 amino acids and of several commonly occurring lipids, both neutral and ionized. This systematic analysis explains the unique properties of this molecule: for example, that interacting HF molecules favor nonlinear geometries despite being diatomic and that HF is a strong H-bond donor but a poor acceptor. The ab initio data also enables us to calibrate a three-site molecular-mechanics model, with which we investigate the structure and thermodynamic properties of gaseous, liquid, and supercritical HF in a wide range of temperatures and pressures; the solvation structure of HF in water and of H2O in liquid HF; and the free diffusion of HF across a lipid bilayer, a key process underlying the high cytotoxicity of HF. Despite its inherent simplifications, the model presented significantly improves upon previous efforts to capture the properties of pure and aqueous HF fluids by molecular-mechanics methods and to our knowledge constitutes the first parameter set calibrated for biomolecular simulations.
Regionalization of ORL Boot Camps: Report of the Society of University Otolaryngologists Task Force.

OBJECTIVES Simulation-based boot camps have emerged as timely vehicles to help novice residents develop the skills needed to manage medical emergencies. Geographically regional boot camps provide opportunities for interaction between residents and faculty from multiple otolaryngology programs. The Society of University Otolaryngologists (SUO) Boot Camp Task Force investigated the concept of regional access to otolaryngology boot camps with the goal of making more regional boot camps available for otolaryngology residents across the United States. STUDY DESIGN Interviews. METHODS The SUO Boot Camp Task Force assessed regional access to otolaryngology boot camps with a focus on geographic distribution, curricular content, and finances. Boot camp directors were contacted by email and telephone and interviewed to elicit information on all these areas. RESULTS Data were available from 10 known regional simulation-based boot camps designed for novice residents. Individual boot camps included from 12 to 30 residents and 10 to 50 faculty members. Curricula included both technical (ie, procedural) and non-technical (eg, communication, leadership) skills for individuals and teams. Content was heavily weighted toward a variety of airway problems and management techniques, although various conditions involving hemorrhage, and airway fires were also addressed. Funding and expense structures had the greatest variability. CONCLUSIONS Considerable variability was identified among the known regional boot camps in terms of numbers of participants and finances, but fewer differences in curriculum. Geographic opportunity for 9 to 10 new boot camps was identified. The SUO Task Force recommends that a consensus be developed for several individual skill and teamwork scenario objectives to be included in each boot camp. Laryngoscope, 131:737-743, 2021.
Pathways for producing binary black holes with large misaligned spins in the isolated formation channel

Binary black holes (BBHs) can form from the collapsed cores of isolated high-mass binary stars. The masses and spins of these BBHs are determined by the complicated interplay of phenomena such as tides, winds, accretion, common-envelope evolution (CEE), supernova natal kicks, and stellar core-envelope coupling. The gravitational waves emitted during the mergers of BBHs depend on their masses and spins and can thus constrain these phenomena. We present a simplified model of binary stellar evolution and identify regions of the parameter space that produce BBHs with large spins misaligned with their orbital angular momentum. In Scenario A [B] of our model, stable mass transfer (SMT) occurs after Roche-lobe overflow (RLOF) of the more [less] massive star, while CEE follows RLOF of the less [more] massive star. Each scenario is further divided into Pathways 1 and 2 depending on whether the core of the more massive star collapses before or after RLOF of the less massive star, respectively. If the stellar cores are coupled weakly to their envelopes, highly spinning BBHs can be produced if natal spins greater than 10% of the breakup value are inherited from the stellar progenitors. BBHs can alternatively acquire large spins by tidal synchronization during the Wolf-Rayet stage in Scenario A or by accretion onto the initially more massive star during SMT in Scenario B. BBH spins can be highly misaligned if the kicks are comparable to the orbital velocity, which is more easily achieved in Pathway A1, where the kick of the more massive star precedes CEE.
Evaluation of US State-Level Variation in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.

Importance Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are important causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity in the US. However, the extent of statewide variation in the prevalence of chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia, and eclampsia in the US remains unknown. Objective To examine the extent of statewide variation in the prevalence of chronic hypertension, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia), and eclampsia in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study using 2017 US birth certificate data was conducted from September 1, 2019, to February 1, 2020. A population-based sample of 3 659 553 women with a live birth delivery was included. Main Outcomes and Measures State-specific prevalence of chronic hypertension, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and eclampsia was assessed using multilevel multivariable logistic regression, with the median odds ratio (MOR) to evaluate statewide variation. Results Of the 3 659 553 women, 185 932 women (5.1%) were younger than 20 years, 727 573 women (19.9%) were aged between 20 and 24 years, 1 069 647 women (29.2%) were aged between 25 and 29 years, 1 037 307 women (28.3%) were aged between 30 and 34 years, 523 607 women (14.3%) were aged between 35 and 39 years, and 115 487 women (3.2%) were 40 years or older. Most women had Medicaid (42.8%) or private insurance (49.4%). Hawaii had the lowest adjusted prevalence of chronic hypertension (1.0%; 95% CI, 0.9%-1.2%), and Alaska had the highest (3.4%; 95% CI, 3.0%-3.9%). Massachusetts had the lowest adjusted prevalence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (4.3%; 95% CI, 4.1%-4.6%), and Louisiana had the highest (9.3%; 95% CI, 8.9%-9.8%). Delaware had the lowest adjusted prevalence of eclampsia (0.03%; 95% CI, 0.01%-0.09%), and Hawaii had the highest (2.8%; 95% CI, 2.2%-3.4%). The degree of statewide variation was high for eclampsia (MOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.88-2.82), indicating that the median odds of eclampsia were 2.4-fold higher if the same woman delivered in a US state with a higher vs lower prevalence of eclampsia. Modest variation between states was observed for chronic hypertension (MOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.20-1.33) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (MOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.21). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that after accounting for patient-level and state-level variables, substantial state-level variation exists in the prevalence of eclampsia. These data can inform future public-health inquiries to identify reasons for the eclampsia variability.
Malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the ileum on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography with pathological correlation

A 75-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of abdominal pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a large solid mass in the left lower abdominal quadrant, suspicious for malignancy. Staging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/CT imaging demonstrated intense FDG uptake in the mass with no evidence of metastatic disease. Complete surgical resection was performed, and histopathological analysis confirmed a malignant perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of the ileum.
Differences in patient perceptions of integrated care among black, hispanic, and white Medicare beneficiaries.

OBJECTIVE This study sought to identify potential disparities among racial/ethnic groups in patient perceptions of integrated care (PPIC) and to explore how methodological differences may influence measured disparities. DATA SOURCE Data from Medicare beneficiaries who completed the 2015 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) and were enrolled in Part A benefits for an entire year. STUDY DESIGN We used 4-point measures of eight dimensions of PPIC and assessed differences in dimensions among racial/ethnic groups. To estimate differences, we applied a "rank and replace" method using multiple regression models in three steps, balancing differences in health status among racial groups and adjusting for differences in socioeconomic status. We reran all analyses with additional SES controls and using standard multiple variable regression. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Not applicable. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found several significant differences in perceived integrated care between Black versus White (three of eight measures) and Hispanic versus White (one of eight) Medicare beneficiaries. On average, Black beneficiaries perceived more integrated support for self-care than did White beneficiaries (mean difference = 0.14, SE = 0.06, P =.02). Black beneficiaries perceived more integrated specialists' knowledge of past medical history than did White beneficiaries (mean difference = 0.12, SE = 0.06, P =.01). Black and Hispanic beneficiaries also each reported, on average, 0.18 more integrated medication and home health management than did White beneficiaries (P <.01 and P <.01). These findings were robust to sensitivity analyses and model specifications. CONCLUSIONS There exist some aspects of care for which Black and Hispanic beneficiaries may perceive greater integrated care than non-Hispanic White beneficiaries. Further studies should test theories explaining why racial/ethnic groups perceive differences in integrated care.
Miscellaneous Neoplasia of the Ovary

The ovary is a frequent target for metastatic carcinomas, particularly of the GI and breast primaries. They represent more than 5% of ovarian malignant epithelial tumors at surgery. Bilateral ovarian involvement, ovarian surface tumors, the presence of multiple discrete and heterogeneous parenchymal tumor nodules, and the presence of lymphovascular tumor thrombi are common features of metastatic carcinoma. It is important to note that metastatic carcinomas may simulate a primary ovarian carcinoma by paradoxical metamorphosis, including maturation into a low-grade appearance, gross and microscopic cystic appearance, microscopic follicle-like changes, and stromal luteinization. In rare occasions, the metastatic tumor may present before the primary carcinoma is clinically detectable. Generally, when an extraovarian carcinoma is present, every effort should be made to histologically compare with the ovarian tumor. While high stage lymphomas of other organs may frequently involve the ovary, primary ovarian lymphomas do occur. Small cell carcinoma of hypercalcemic type is an aggressive tumor of unknown cell origin.
A SURVEY OF UROLOGY RESIDENCY PROGRAM DIRECTORS ASSESSING CRITERIA TO INTERVIEW APPLICANTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Introduction:We aimed to determine criteria of interest to urology residency program directors when selecting applicants for residency interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods:An anonymous s...
Direct Metal Laser Sintering Strategies for Fabrication of Finer Resolution Cellular Structures

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is an additive manufacturing technology that is capable of fabricating net-shape intricate metallic designs such as cellular structures with tailored mechanical properties. Ideally, these cellular structures replicate the human cancellous bone structure for proper bone tissue engineering applications. In this study, we present novel laser scanning strategies and their associated DMLS processing parameters to fabricate finer resolution Ti-6Al-4V cellular structures toward mimicking human cancellous bone resolution and improved mechanical performance. To this end, three DMLS scanning strategies with various laser power and scanning speed were defined to fabricate diamond and dodecahedron unit cells with four different cell sizes. With the constant laser spot size of 80μm, average powder size of 34μm, and layer thickness of 30μm for all the DMLS processes, the finest achieved resolution for the struts of the cellular structures are reported as 120μm in this study. Furthermore, correlations between DMLS processing parameters/scanning strategies with geometry, porosity, density, and mechanical performance of the cellular structures were comprehensively investigated and discussed. In conclusion, the porosity and mechanical properties of several fabricated dodecahedron cellular structures and human cancellous bone demonstrate significant similarities, e.g., a porosity of 72.6-87.4 %, compressive strength of 0.1-30 MPa, and elastic modulus of 0.01-3 GPa.
Creating research spaces for underserved communities: Expanding and extending intersectionality in contemporary educational contexts

Methods: Intersectionality has extended beyond the tenets of race, gender and class to include queer communities, religious issues, literacy concerns, pedagogical styles, etc. in South Africa, the European Union and beyond. Intersectionality is no longer solely relegated to the needs of African American women germane to the United States. Aim(s): This paper is also aimed at engaging researchers and practitioners in an intellectual dialog that may contribute to the ever-expanding research on intersectionality to include the United States, European Union, South Africa and other global communities. Background: Educators are cognisant of the dense demographic shifts and inequities in primary and secondary schools. The call for guidance, resources and policy is critically needed; the disproportionalities consistent in schools have manifested themselves in school disciplinary practices and student achievement. The manuscript encourages discourse and provides a roadmap to examine intersectionality’s expansion critically and how that expansion can aid in improving the lives of K-12 public education students on an international scale. Additionally, the manuscript addresses whether intersectionality or its expansion served as a pivotal voice for marginalised communities and structures domestically and abroad.
Java for the COBOL Programmer

1. Why you should learn Java 2. An introduction to object-oriented programming 3. Program format and structure 4. Defining data 5. Arithmetic operations 6. Decision making 7. Looping 8. Tables and arrays 9. Input and output 10. Additional Java topics.
Pediatric Liver Lesions

This is an entirely new part of this textbook that describes the important pediatric liver lesions. Although this part includes only three examples, it remains an important group of lesions, especially for the non-pediatric radiologists. The three examples are used to provide the pertinent background information in regard to the age-dependent differential diagnoses as well as management of the lesions. MR imaging findings have been described with ultrasound and CT correlation. We hope that the information provided here will trigger further reading and will help the radiologists and others to understand this field better.
Effects of tryptophan related compounds on nuclear regulatory control. Possible role in the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.

For many years our laboratory has been concerned with the unique effect of L-tryptophan on rat hepatic protein synthesis (Sidransky, 1985). Tryptophan administered alone, but not an administration of other single essential amino acids, induced a stimulatory response of protein synthesis in mice and rats as measured in vivo or in vitro(Sidransky, 1985; Sydransky et al., 1967; Sidransky et al., 1968). Other laboratories have confirmed our findings (Pronezuk et al., 1968; Cammarano et al., 1968; Rothschild et al., 1969; Oravec and Sourkes, 1970; Park et al., 1973; Jorgensen and Majumdar, 1975; Majumdar, 1982). Subsequent studies from our laboratory have enabled us to gain much insight into the mechanism/s by which L-tryptophan stimulates hepatic protein synthesis. Many of these findings will be reviewed in a subsequent section.
Characteristics of human antibody to diphtheria toxin.

Human antibody to diphtheria toxin was analyzed with an ammonium sulfate radioimmunoassay. In 15 immune sera with titers of between 0.03 and 25 units/ml, the avidity was similar to that of U.S. standard antitoxin. The proportion of the post-immunization anti-diphtheria antibody specific for fragment A was variable, but in the 10 sera tested constituted a substantial fraction of the antibody. Approximately 2% of healthy adult males tested failed to make an antidiphtheria toxin response after two booster doses of 1.5 Lf adsorbed diphtheriatetanus toxoid, although these nonresponders made precipitating antibody to tetanus toxoid and had normal immunoglobulin levels.
Multicultural Geography versus Multicultural Genealogy: Ancient Distinctions with Contemporary Impacts

This paper applies the concept of ancient commonplaces developed by Julio Caro Baroja to the study of nature-nurture concepts as they are employed in thinking about ethnicity. Centering on a comparison of the racialized notions of ethnicity prevalent in the United States and the regionalized concepts of ethnicity that are now hegemonic in Spain, it argues that a much deeper history of the concepts that underlie arguments about ethnicity is necessary for a meaningful anthropological approach to the subject. The essay stresses the need to examine these concepts against the field of the movement of concepts and ideas from the apex of a society to its base and viceversa in historical and spatial context by re-considering the value of the Great Tradition-Little Tradition models of analysis created in the 1950s.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUPPRESSANT EFFECTS OF TWO STIMULANT DRUGS ON THE GROWTH OF HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN

The effect of the regular intake of stimulant medication for two or more years on growth in weight and height was evaluated for 63 hyperactive children, 29 of whom received dextroamphetamine, 20 of whom received methylphenidate, and 14 of whom received no medication because of parental objection. Major findings were: the long-term use of dextroamphetamine in hyperactive children causes a highly significant suppression of growth in weight and height; the long-term use of methylphenidate causes a less striking growth suppression only when daily doses over 20 mg are administered; tolerance develops to the weight suppressant effects of dextroamphetamine, but not to is inhibition of height growth; increasing the total degree of stimulant drug use over time generally increases the degree of growth suppression.
Catch-up saccade amplitude is related to square wave jerk rate.

Mean catch-up saccade (CUS) amplitude and square wave jerk (SWJ) rate during pursuit were recorded in 20 normal controls, 23 patients with schizophrenia, and 15 patients with affective disorder, using infrared oculography. Target speed during pursuit was 5 degrees/sec. An especially robust correlation was noted in normal controls between SWJ rate during pursuit and mean CUS amplitude (Spearman's rs = 0.87, P less than 0.0001). This correlation also was present in the psychiatric patients (rs = 0.53, P = 0.0006), although it was significantly weaker than in normal controls (P less than 0.02). There were no significant differences between the patient groups regarding the strength of the relationship. Furthermore, similar strong correlations between SWJ rate during fixation and mean CUS amplitude also were found for normals (rs = 0.73, P = .0002) and both patient groups combined (rs = 0.52, P = 0.0009). The results suggest that saccadic intrusions during tracking tax the saccade correcting system, delaying correction for the position error that accumulates when gain is less than 1.0.
How does a bacterium find its middle

Escherichia coli cell division is restricted to the middle of the cell by the MinCDE system. Through complex interactions with MinC and MinD, the MinE protein promotes the correct placement of the cell division apparatus by specifically localizing to the cell center. The first detailed structural analysis of MinE provides key clues to help understand the critical actions of this protein.
Classroom and Community

Abstract Incorporating experiential, community-based assignments into the family studies and gerontological classroom curriculum prepares graduates for the workplace and active, responsible citizenship. The ongoing challenge, however, is to create appropriate, effective means of integrating classroom and community while maintaining pedagogical and civic integrity. This paper explores ways in which classroom and community have been paired in the family studies and gerontology curricula, including service-learning, internships, site visits, guest speakers, advocacy opportunities, and policy analyses. Illustrations from family studies and gerontology programs at two institutions are presented with the goals of offering an understanding of a range of community integration options and providing readers with techniques and tools to facilitate these various options. Additionally, some of the broader implications of connecting classroom and community for students in family studies and gerontology are discussed.
Pulsar Velocities and Neutrino Oscillations.

Neutrino oscillations, biased by the magnetic field, alter the shape of the neutrinosphere in a cooling protoneutron star emerging from the supernova collapse. The resulting anisotropy in the momentum of outgoing neutrinos can be the origin of the observed proper motions of pulsars. The connection between the pulsar velocities and neutrino oscillations results in a prediction for the {tau} neutrino mass of {ital m}({nu}{sub {tau}}){approximately}100 eV. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
A defuzzification strategy for a fuzzy logic controller employing prohibitive information in command formulation

A defuzzification strategy is presented that can handle the possibility of conflicting control commands during the defuzzification process while still producing smooth transitions. The strategy, which is the centroid of the largest area, has parameters that can be chosen to make it behave like both the centroid strategy and the mean of the maximum membership strategy. The strategy addresses the problem of prohibitive information in fuzzy control command formulation. This strategy was applied to a mobile robot path execution system and it was shown that this strategy overcomes some of the deficiencies of other strategies. This strategy not only makes the best choice when several are given, but also avoids abrupt transitions in the control command. >
Teaching Writing to Middle School Students: A National Survey.

A random sample of language arts, social studies, and science middle school teachers from the United States were surveyed about their preparation to teach writing, beliefs about responsibilities for teaching writing, use of evidence-based writing practices, assessment of writing, use of technology, and adaptations for struggling writers. The findings from this survey raised concerns about the quality of middle school writing instruction. Many teachers believed their preservice and inservice preparation to teach writing was inadequate. Middle school students spend little time writing or being taught how to write. While most teachers used a variety of evidenced-based writing practices and made adaptations for struggling writers, such methods were applied infrequently. Most teachers did not appear to use assessment data to shape how they taught writing, and computers played a relatively minor role in middle school writing instruction. Even though teachers generally agreed that writing was a collective responsibility, language arts teachers placed a greater emphasis on writing instruction than social studies and science teachers.
Changes in active and latent collagenase in human placenta around the time of parturition

Abstract High levels of collagenase are present in cervical extracts and in the circulation in women at parturition. This study examines the content of collagenase in human placentas at term, the possible contribution to circulating enzyme, and the changes that occur at parturition. Active and latent forms of collagenase are detectable in placentas with apparent relative molecular mass of 60,000 and 65,000 d, respectively. Gel-filtration chromatography was used to identify the presence of excess tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase as the major collagenase inhibitor in the extracellular matrix of human placentas. After the onset of labor, there was a significant increase in total collagenase activity. Inactivation of the tissue inhibitor of metal loproteinase by reduction of placental extracts with dithiothreitol and alkylation with iodoacetamide resulted in a twelvefold to seventeenfold increase in collagenase activity. Umbilical cord collagenase levels were significantly lower than those in maternal circulation. The possibility of circulating collagenase originating from placenta in labor is discussed.
Building scholarly writing capacity in the doctor of nursing practice program.

Purpose This article discusses a systematic teaching/learning approach to scholarly writing in the doctor of nursing practice program. The SMART Approach to building scholarly writing capacity in nursing consists of Strategies, Methods, and Assessment of Outcomes, Related to Teaching/Learning. The strategies include reiterating standards of excellence, building the discipline, dispelling fears, empowering with knowledge, facilitating independence, and celebrating excellence. Methods include scholarly writing assessment, planning and structure, evaluation and feedback, doing and redoing, mentoring for publication, and reiterating knowledge dissemination. The SMART Approach can achieve six key outcomes. Students who experience the developmental approach become stronger writers, and they achieve better course grades. Student evaluations of teaching suggest that this developmental approach is valuable, and faculty teaching is rated highly. Following manuscript development, students understand the relationship between didactic content and mentored activities that promote scholarly writing independence. Students learn that every professional activity provides a potential writing experience. Scholarly writing in nursing is a necessary skill set that can be learned. The SMART Approach to building scholarly writing capacity in nursing is effective because it uses a “guide by the side” approach as compared with traditional “sage on stage” principles.
Hydronephrosis in patients with cervical cancer: an assessment of morbidity and survival.

Purpose Hydronephrosis is a frequently observed but understudied complication in patients with cervical cancer. To better characterize hydronephrosis in cervical cancer patients, the current study sought (1) to describe hydronephrosis-associated morbidity and (2) to analyze the prognostic effect of hydronephrosis in patients with a broad range of cancer stages over time.
Spin trapping of oxygen and carbon-centered free radicals in ischemic canine myocardium

Abstract Oxygen free radical injury has been postulated to occur during myocardial ischemia. We have used Electron Spin Resonance and Spin Trapping techniques to directly demonstrate the production of carbon-centered (R′) and oxygen-centered lipid radical (RO′) in ischemic canine heart. In addition, venous effluent from the ischemic region showed that conjugated dienes (lipid peroxidation products) increased with ischemic duration. Our results suggest that the formation of the oxygen-centered and carbon-centered lipid radical species during ischemia are a consequence of oxy-radical peroxidation of myocardial membrane lipids.
Automated System for Single Molecule Fluorescence Measurements of Surface-immobilized Biomolecules

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) microscopy has been widely used to study the structure and dynamics of molecules of biological interest, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Single molecule FRET (sm-FRET) measurements on immobilized molecules permit long observations of the system -effectively until both dyes photobleach- resulting in time-traces that report on biomolecular dynamics with a broad range of timescales from milliseconds to minutes. To facilitate the acquisition of large number of traces for statistical analyses, the process must be automated and the sample environment should be tightly controlled over the entire measurement time (~12 hours). This is accomplished using an automated scanning confocal microscope that allows the interrogation of thousands of single molecules overnight, and a microfluidic cell that permits the controlled exchange of buffer, with restricted oxygen content and maintains a constant temperature throughout the entire measuring period. Here we show how to assemble the microfluidic device and how to activate its surface for DNA immobilization. Then we explain how to prepare a buffer to maximize the photostability and lifetime of the fluorophores. Finally, we show the steps involved in preparing the setup for the automated acquisition of time-resolved single molecule FRET traces of DNA molecules.
Comparison of the cold-collision losses for laser-trapped sodium in different ground-state hyperfine sublevels

We have measured the cold-collision loss rates of laser-trapped Na atoms in each ground-state hyperfine sublevel. The laser intensity dependence for the [ital F]=1 sublevel agrees with a simple theory and we establish experimentally that hyperfine-level-changing collision losses are absent as expected. We observed hyperfine-level-changing collisions in the [ital F]=2 sublevel but the dependence of the loss-rate constant on laser intensity disagrees with simple theories. Unexpected behavior observed for total trapping laser light intensity between 4 and 12 mW/cm[sup 2] may be a consequence of the sub-Doppler cooling in the [ital F]=2 trap.