cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal opportunity structure and social movement strategy in Northern Ireland and southern United States

The Civil Rights Movements in the southern United States and Northern Ireland were able to mobilize African Americans and Irish Catholics respectively against minority discrimination. These movements initially displayed very similar goals and tactics, looking at courts to counter institutional discrimination, but in successive stages of contention their trajectories fundamentally diverged. While legal mobilization in the United States constituted one of the pillars of the civil rights strategy of contention, in Northern Ireland legal tactics were supplanted by a transgressive (and at times violent) repertoire of contention. To explain this discrepancy, this article relies on the concept of legal opportunity structure (LOS) as an analytical tool to investigate how a state’s legal structure affects social movement legal mobilization. Accessibility to courts, availability of justiciable rights and judiciary receptivity are identified as the three core dimensions of the LOS shaping its degree of openness/clos...
A neural network for probabilistic information retrieval

This paper demonstrates how a neural network may be constructed, together with learning algorithms and modes of operation, that will provide retrieval effectiveness similar to that of the probabilistic indexing and retrieval model based on single terms as document components.
Acute rupture of a feeding artery aneurysm after embolization of a brain arteriovenous malformation

BackgroundStaged endovascular embolization of large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is frequently performed to gradually reduce flow and prevent abrupt hemodynamic changes. While feeding artery aneurysms have been associated with increased risk of hemorrhage in the setting of AVMs, decisions regarding if and when to treat these aneurysms vary. Acute, fatal rupture of a feeding artery aneurysm following embolization of a large, unruptured AVM has been infrequently reported in the literature.Case descriptionA 69-year-old female presented with headache and mild left hemiparesis referable to a 5 cm right fronto-parieto-temporal AVM with surrounding vasogenic edema. The AVM was associated with numerous bilateral feeding artery aneurysms (the largest was a 2 cm right middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation aneurysm). There was also a large, partially thrombosed venous varix. Staged embolization of the AVM was performed. Several hours after the third stage of her embolization, she became obtunded, with a fix...
Market and design solutions to the short-term economic impacts of marine reserves

Well-managed fisheries support healthy ocean ecosystems, coastal livelihoods and food security for millions of people. However, many communities lack the resources to implement effective fisheries management. No-take marine reserves are a ubiquitous management intervention that provide conservation benefits and under certain circumstances can provide long-term fishery benefits as a result of larval and adult emigration from reserve boundaries. But, support for marine reserves by fishery participants is often limited due to short-term economic impacts resulting from foregone yields. In this study, we examine the timing and magnitude of economic impacts of marine reserves by utilizing a novel metric that discounts future economic benefits of enhanced productivity resulting from reserve protection. We ask under what circumstances long-term benefits outweigh short-term impacts of marine reserve implementation. We simulate fisheries for six species commonly caught in coastal environments and show that while conservation benefits accrue rapidly, more than a decade is often required to provide net fisheries benefits, even under circumstances favourable for reserves. We explore a suite of strategies for mitigating these short-term economic losses, including flexible reserve designs, loans and enhanced ex-vessel revenues. Results indicate that market-based incentives show promise to offset short-term economic losses. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding and communicating likely outcomes from marine reserve implementation and the need to engage supply chain actors to incentivize marine conservation that minimizes impacts to fishermen.
Restoring the Moral Landscape: Character and Blame in Stuart Green's 'Thirteen Ways to Steal a Bicycle'

Stuart Green’s "Thirteen Ways to Steal a Bicycle" is a thoughtful and comprehensive analysis of the law and morality of theft that sets the terms of a long-overdue debate about the shift toward consolidation in Anglo-American theft law. Despite Green’s considerable achievement, however, I argue that his mixed approach — adopting a mixed theory of criminal responsibility and a mixed methodological approach — neglects relevant moral distinctions. In particular, I suggest that attention to motive and character may broaden the range of considerations relevant to the moral analysis that underlies Green’s legal prescriptions and provide an added dimension to the normative assessment of popular opinion.
Influence of cenozoic geology on mass movement and sediment yield response to forest removal, North Westland, New Zealand

Clear-felling of beech-podocarp-hardwood forests and their replacement withP. radiata plantations on steep, dissected hill country underlain by massive, late-Tertiary sandstone and siltstone has resulted in an increase in denudation rate from c. 100 m3/km2/a to c. 4000 m3/km2/a. Landslide densities increased from 1/km2 to 20/km2. Forest operations of this nature on topographically similar areas underlain by late-Pleistocene and early-Pleistocene gravels have been followed by less-severe increases in mass-movement. Analyses of slope stability using the infinite slope model indicate that slopes greater than 25° underlain by late-Tertiary sandstone are unstable when saturated, unless additional shear strength is provided by a network of tree roots. Principal causes of this instability are 1) the impermeable sandstone promotes regolith saturation during moderatesized rainstorms (1 – 2 yr return period), 2) the sandstone surface is smooth, planar, coated with an allophane-rich organic clay layer, and is rarely pentrated by tree roots; shear strength at the regolith-sandstone interface is low.
Temperature as a Modifying Factor in the Spring Pelage Change of Short-Tailed Weasels

Ten short-tailed weasels ( Mustela erminea bangsi ), in white pelage, were trapped in Taylor County, Wisconsin during November and December 1960. On 11 January 1961, the animals were divided into 2 groups of 5 animals each and placed in environmental rooms having artificial daylengths of 18 hours. Group I was exposed to a constant temperature of ca. 70°F; Group II was exposed to a constant temperature of ca. 20°F. All of the animals had molted into a brown pelage by 16 March 1961. The onset of the molt was delayed in the cold room; but once started, proceeded rapidly, the white winter pelage being completely replaced by brown as the molt progressed. As white hairs were shed in the warm room, brown hairs appeared, producing intermixed areas of brown and white.
Abstract A137: NO initiates progression of human melanoma via a feedback loop mediated by APE/Ref-1, new opportunities for chemoprevention.

A137 It is well recognized that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in tumor progression, including melanoma. Measurement of proliferative and metastatic capacity by MTS and Matrigel-invasion assays respectively were done. NO-treated melanoma cells(especially metastatic Lu1205) exhibited a higher capacity compared with control, especially metastatic Lu 1205 cells. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox effector factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein, and its role in tumor biology has attracted considerable attention. To determine whether APE/Ref-1 plays a role in mediating NO-stimulation of melanoma progression, we investigated the effect of DETA/NO on levels of APE/Ref-1 and related downstream targets (Activator Protein-1 (AP-1)/Jun D, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), Bcl-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) by Western Blot and RT-PCR analysis. Following DETA/NO treatment, APE/Ref-1 and other downstream molecules were induced. Knockdown of APE/Ref-1 or AP-1/Jun D by specific siRNA markedly reversed the induction by NO stress of target proteins. These results present evidence for the existence of a functional feedback loop contributing to progression and metastatic capacity of melanoma cells. Resveratrol has been demonstrated to be an APE/Ref-1 inhibitor, and significant decreases in AP-1/JunD, MMP-1, Bcl-2, and iNOS protein levels occurred after exposure to resveratrol. This phenolic antioxidant as well as other inhibitors of Ref-1 may be an appropriate choice for combining with other compounds against melanoma cells that develop resistance by up-regulations of these molecules. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A137.
Arthropod parasites of the brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater ater, in Ohio.

Prior to this study, no intensive investigations had been undertaken to determine the arthropod parasites of the Brown-headed Cowbird. Records of the arthropod fauna of this host are limited to surveys of bird ectoparasi tes covering a number of host species. These include Bishop & Trembley (1945, J. Parasitol. 37 : 1–54), Geist (1931, Ohio J. Sci. 31 : 505–09), Kellogg (1896, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 6 : 3–138, 431–568), Malcomson (1960, Wilson Bull. 72 : 182–97) and Peters (1928, Ohio J. Sci. 28 : 215–28; 1936, Bird-Band. 7 : 9–27). Clark (1963, Proc. Helm. Soc. Wash. 30 : 173–76), Pence (1972, J. Parasitol. 58 : 1162–69), Strandtmann & Furman (1956, Pan-Pacific Ent. 32 : 167–73) have conducted surveys and specialized studies of the nasal mites of Cowbirds.
Flow Cytometric Monitoring of Residual Disease in Acute Leukemia

Multiparameter flow cytometry offers the unique ability to simultaneously assess and correlate multiple cellular properties at the single cell level in a timely and efficient manner. Application of this technique to the detection of residual acute leukemia after therapy has been shown to be of singular importance to monitor response to therapy and provide prognostic information. Principles and methods that allow for the sensitive detection of acute leukemia following therapy are presented. The basic protocol outlines a simple and efficient method for the labeling of white cells with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell surface antigens. A second method describes a general method for the simultaneous assessment of surface and cytoplasmic antigens using a combination of fixation followed by membrane permeabilization. An illustrative panel of validated reagents currently in use for residual disease detection for acute lymphoblastic leukemia of B or T cell lineage as well as acute myeloid leukemia is provided. Principles of data analysis that allow for the reproducible detection of small populations of abnormal hematopoietic cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow are presented.
Consumers’ Use of Internet-Based Nursing Home Report Cards

Article-at-a-Glance Background Few studies have addressed the extent to which consumers use nursing home report cards and how they use this information. These questions, which are significant because the nursing home market presents several challenges to the effectiveness of report cards, were pursued in a study. Methods Data used in this investigation came from three mail surveys conducted in 2006 of family members of nursing home residents (N = 4,754), family members of assisted-living residents (N = 496), and elders living in high-rise buildings (N = 1,252). Results Some 31% of family members of nursing home residents, 53% of family members of assisted-living residents, and 23% of elders living in high-rise buildings used the Internet in looking for a nursing home. In general, these different types of consumers look for different types of nursing home information. Discussion According to the results, most consumers who used the Internet to look for a nursing home also used a report card. In addition, between 6% and 17% of consumers specifically identified using Nursing Home Compare when looking for a nursing home. The highest use of report cards was reported by family members of assisted-living residents, followed by family members of nursing home residents. Many consumers primarily used the report cards simply to find the location of nursing homes—a useful first step when examining the facility choices available. Yet relatively few consumers primarily used report cards for the arguably more important step of comparing quality information. Future research should investigate why the quality information is not used to a greater extent and what hinders consumers from using this information.
Chapter 16 Moving People or Jobs? A New Perspective on Immigration and International Outsourcing

We present a model that allows us to compare the effects that frictions involved in immigration and international outsourcing have on the skilled–unskilled wage inequality. We show that, for any given level of contractual friction in the production of intermediate goods, the wedge between the wages of the skilled and unskilled workers widens as the frictions in immigration wear out. The skilled–unskilled wage gap, for any given level of friction in immigration, is sensitive to variations in contractual frictions in intermediates that affect international outsourcing.
VON MISES FUNCTIONALS AND MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a class of estimators of a parameter θ that were Fisher consistent (FC) and that satisfied suitable regularity conditions, such as Frechet differentiability, as functional of distribution functions. Any statistic belonging to this class is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed with asymptotic variance greater than or equal to [n i(θ)]−1, where i (θ) is Fisher's information function. The chapter discusses the problem afresh by replacing Frechet differentiability by a weaker analytical concept that of Volterra (or V) differentiability—also called weak or Gateaux differentiability. The chapter discusses von Mises functionals of the second order and the maximum likelihood functional and its properties.
Oxytocin modulates GABA A R subunits to confer neuroprotection in stroke in vitro

Oxytocin protects against ischemia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, and is associated with GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter) signaling transduction in neurons. However, the molecular mechanism by which oxytocin affords neuroprotection, especially the interaction between oxytocin receptor and GABAA receptor (GABAAR), remains to be elucidated. Primary rat neural cells were exposed to oxytocin before induction of experimental acute stroke model via oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. Pretreatment with oxytocin increased cell viability, decreased the cell damage against oxidative stress, and prevented the release of high mobility group box1 during OGD/R. However, introduction of oxytocin during OGD/R did not induce neuroprotection. Although oxytocin did not affect the glutathione-related cellular metabolism before OGD, oxytocin modulated the expression levels of GABAAR subunits, which function to remove excessive neuronal excitability via chloride ion influx. Oxytocin-pretreated cells significantly increased the chloride ion influx in response to GABA and THIP (δ-GABAAR specific agonist). This study provides evidence that oxytocin regulated GABAAR subunits in affording neuroprotection against OGD/R injury.
Integrating Nanopatterned Ferromagnetic and Ferroelectric Thin Films for Electrically Tunable RF Applications

Tunable radio-frequency (RF) components are pivotal elements in frequency-agile and multifunctional systems. However, there is a technical barrier to achieve miniaturized fully electrically tunable RF components. This paper provides and demonstrates the efficacy of a first unique design methodology in developing fully electrically tunable RF components by integrating ferromagnetic [e.g., permalloy (Py)] and ferroelectric (e.g., lead zirconate titanate) thin-film patterns. Py thin film has been patterned in nanometer scale to improve its ferromagnetic resonance frequency for RF applications. Tunable inductors are developed with the utilization of different thicknesses of Py thin film, which show over 50% increment in inductance and over 4% in tunability with dc current. More tunability can be achieved with multiple layers of Py thin film and optimized thickness. A fully electrically tunable slow-wave RF transmission line with simultaneously variable inductance and capacitance density has been implemented and thoroughly investigated for the first time. The measured results show that a fixed phase shift of 90° can be achieved from 1.5 to 1.85 GHz continuously by applying external dc current from 0 to 200 mA and external dc voltage from 0 to 15 V, respectively.
"Puzzling Questions" and the Poetry of Healing.

Human illness and healing are not simply technological problems, but are true mysteries. The highest response of the healer is to respond to the other by evoking the human mystery inside himself or herself Healing; at its highest calling, combines the technical mastery of the problem with the response of the whole human being to the mystery. That response of the whole human healer; with its rhythm and its figures of speech, its empathy and its scientific objectivity, its concreteness and application to the individual situation and its openness to the universal, is poetry.
Spiral Perfusion Imaging With Consecutive Echoes (SPICE™) for the Simultaneous Mapping of DSC- and DCE-MRI Parameters in Brain Tumor Patients: Theory and Initial Feasibility

Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the perfusion imaging techniques most frequently used to probe the angiogenic character of brain neoplasms. With these methods, T1- and T2/T2*-weighted imaging sequences are used to image the distribution of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents. However, it is well known that Gd exhibits combined T1, T2, and T2* shortening effects in tissue, and therefore, the results of both DCE- and DSC-MRI can be confounded by these opposing effects. In particular, residual susceptibility effects compete with T1 shortening, which can confound DCE-MRI parameters, whereas dipolar T1 and T2 leakage and residual susceptibility effects can confound DSC-MRI parameters. We introduce here a novel perfusion imaging acquisition and postprocessing method termed Spiral Perfusion Imaging with Consecutive Echoes (SPICE) that can be used to simultaneously acquire DCE- and DSC-MRI data, which requires only a single dose of the Gd contrast agent, does not require the collection of a precontrast T1 map for DCE-MRI processing, and eliminates the confounding contrast agent effects due to contrast extravasation. A detailed mathematical description of SPICE is provided here along with a demonstration of its utility in patients with high-grade glioma.
How Biomechanical Improvements in Running Economy Could Break the 2-hour Marathon Barrier

A sub-2-hour marathon requires an average velocity (5.86 m/s) that is 2.5% faster than the current world record of 02:02:57 (5.72 m/s) and could be accomplished with a 2.7% reduction in the metabolic cost of running. Although supporting body weight comprises the majority of the metabolic cost of running, targeting the costs of forward propulsion and leg swing are the most promising strategies for reducing the metabolic cost of running and thus improving marathon running performance. Here, we calculate how much time could be saved by taking advantage of unconventional drafting strategies, a consistent tailwind, a downhill course, and specific running shoe design features while staying within the current International Association of Athletic Federations regulations for record purposes. Specifically, running in shoes that are 100 g lighter along with second-half scenarios of four runners alternately leading and drafting, or a tailwind of 6.0 m/s, combined with a 42-m elevation drop could result in a time well below the 2-hour marathon barrier.
Swift-boating in Antiquity: Rhetorical Framing of the Good Citizen in Fourth-Century Athens

This paper applies cognitive linguistic frame analysis to three long speeches from fourth-century Athens. It examines how Aeschines constructs and successfully deploys the socio-political concept or frame of the good citizen against Timarchus in 346/5 B.C. and then in a more elaborate form against Demosthenes in 330 B.C. and how Demosthenes wins the case by redefining the frame through metaphor-based reframing of the good, steadfast citizen. This framing analysis reveals Aeschines' overall rhetorical strategy and facilitates rhetorical assessment of the two crown speeches through a comprehensive, socio-politically integrated perspective.
Usage of Discrete Spatial Separation and Multiplexing of Whispering Gallery Mode Sensors to Rapidly and Simultaneously Target Analytes

The WGM biosensor serves as an optically resonant sensor basis, utilized for many different applications. More specifically, the biosensor has been developed as a promising platform that can discriminate among different viral strains.
Reactions of ketones on oxide surfaces. I. Reaction sequence of cyclohexanone on alumina

The reaction of cyclohexanone on alumina is investigated at various temperatures and contact times. The poisoning of the surface of pure alumina as well as of alumina impregnated with different amounts of sodium is also studied. The main reaction products are a dimeric aldol condensation product and cyclohexene. The reaction sequence of cyclohexanone on alumina involves first a rapid polymerisation of cyclohexanone on the surface. At low temperatures, hydrogen transfer from the polymer to cyclohexanone is responsible for the formation of cyclohexene, the polymer itself being converted to coke which poisons the surface. At higher temperatures the disproportionation of cyclohexanone is the dominant mechanism for the formation of cyclohexene. Cyclohexanol itself is not formed under the reaction conditions employed. Conditions of low acidity and temperature favour the formation of the dimer.
Soil functional responses to ecological restoration treatments in frequent‐fire forests of the western United States: a systematic review

We investigated general effects of ecological restoration treatments on soil function in frequent-fire forests of the western United States using a systematic review methodology. We searched numerous publication databases for original research papers and used well-defined criteria developed a priori to select papers for review. We used meta-analysis and qualitative summaries to compare reported responses of macronutrients, nitrogen cycling, and soil respiration among tree thinning (thin), prescribed fire (burn), and thinning plus prescribed fire treatments (composite). Results of meta-analysis showed that mean differences in macronutrients were consistently higher in composite treatments (standardized using controls) when compared to thin-only and burn-only treatments. Mean responses related to nitrogen cycling showed similar patterns, with significant increases detected in composite treatments for all nitrogen cycling variables (mineralization, ammonification, and nitrification) and insignificant responses for the majority of the burn-only and thin-only treatments. Mean difference in response for soil respiration following composite treatments showed increases as compared to the controls, and no significant differences were detected in response to burn- and thin-only treatments. While soil function, nutrient cycling, and soil respiration differed among treatments, the most significant effects were observed for nitrogen and carbon responses, net mineralization and nitrification, ammonium availability, and soil respiration rate, which experienced the greatest increase following treatments that were both thinned and burned.
Performance -based design of steel moment frames using target drift and yield mechanism.

A performance-based seismic design procedure for steel moment frames based on pre-selected yield mechanism and target drift is proposed in this paper. The design base shear is derived from a modified energy balance equation incorporating the concept of seismic force reduction factor and the displacement amplification factor. A new seismic lateral force distribution based on nonlinear dynamic analyses is also presented. Three steel moment frames were designed using the proposed lateral force distribution and the performance plastic design methodology with specified pre-selected target drifts. The inelastic seismic behaviors of the three frames were studied through nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. The results showed that all three frames performed very well under design level ground motions; in particular, all frames exhibited expected yield mechanism with story drifts within the target limit. That is, the structural performance can be well predicted and “controlled” by employing the proposed performance-based design procedure.
Algorithm for optimal chance constrained linear assignment

In this paper, we design provably-good algorithms for task allocation in multi-robot systems in the presence of payoff uncertainty. We consider a group of robots that has to perform a given set of tasks where each robot performs at most one task. The payoffs of the robots doing the tasks are assumed to be Gaussian random variables with known mean and variances. The total payoff of the robots is a sum of the individual payoffs of all the robots. The goal is to find an assignment with maximum payoff that can be achieved with a specified probability irrespective of the realization of the random variable. This problem can be formulated as a chance constrained combinatorial optimization problem. We develop a novel deterministic technique to solve this chance constrained optimization problem that ensures that the chance constraints are always satisfied. Adopting the notion of risk-aversion from the economics literature, we formulate a risk-averse task allocation problem, which is a deterministic integer optimization problem. We prove that by repeatedly solving the risk-averse task allocation problem using a one-dimensional search on the risk aversion parameter we find a solution for the chance constrained optimization formulation of the linear assignment problem with uncertain payoffs. We provide simulation results on randomly generated data to demonstrate our approach and also compare our method to existing approaches.
Categories of models of R-mingle

Abstract We give a new Esakia-style duality for the category of Sugihara monoids based on the Davey-Werner natural duality for lattices with involution, and use this duality to greatly simplify a construction due to Galatos-Raftery of Sugihara monoids from certain enrichments of their negative cones. Our method of obtaining this simplification is to transport the functors of the Galatos-Raftery construction across our duality, obtaining a vastly more transparent presentation on duals. Because our duality extends Dunn's relational semantics for the logic R-mingle to a categorical equivalence, this also explains the Dunn semantics and its relationship with the more usual Routley-Meyer semantics for relevant logics.
Snap-through of shallow reticulated domes under unilateral displacement control

Abstract Snap-through instability of shallow reticulated (lattice) domes subjected to a quasi-static downward displacement or force at a joint is analyzed. For the case of unilateral displacement control, the joint is pushed downward by an indentor until it snaps (jumps) to another equilibrium configuration, and then pushed further until another snap occurs, and so on. Under force control, the magnitude of the force is increased, and a different sequence of snaps (local and then global) is exhibited. Green–Lagrange strain is assumed, as well as engineering strain for the smaller dome. The equilibrium equations are solved numerically using Mathematica. For force control, snaps may occur on the equilibrium path (force versus displacement at the force) at limit (maximum) points and at bifurcation points. For unilateral displacement control, snaps may occur at points where the associated downward force decreases to zero, at turning points (which have a vertical tangent), and at bifurcation points (if the bifurcating path moves downward at the loaded joint).
Clinicopathological correlation of PD-L1 expression in primary and metastatic breast cancer and infiltrating immune cells.

Few studies have evaluated the expression of the programmed cell death-1 and its ligand-1 (PD-L1) in breast cancer. In this study, we correlated differential expression of PD-L1 in breast cancer (BC) and its microenvironment from a cohort of patients with BC, paired locally metastatic disease to regional lymph nodes (LNs) and nonpaired distantly metastatic disease (mets). PD-L1 expression was correlated with several pathologic and clinical parameters in tumor and tumor immune cells (ICs; CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD68) using the Ventana antibody (SP263) in 41 BCs, 46 paired mets in LNs, and 46 distant mets. There was 100% agreement for PD-L1 expression on tumor and ICs between BC and matched LN. PD-L1 is differentially expressed in primary BC and regional nodal disease. Expression correlated with higher grade, hormone receptor negativity, and highly proliferative tumors (P CD4) than CD20 cells in primary and metastatic tumors. Correlation of PD-L1 expression in BC and its microenvironment may be useful for the development of new treatment strategies.
An Alternative Approach to Major Tritium Production

Two schemes have been proposed to replace the aging tritium production facilities at Savannah River, South Carolina. The U.S. Department of Energy and the federal government have reiterated their plan to build a heavy water reactor and a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor at a cost of about $7 billion as replacements for the Savannah River facility. A group of scientists from national laboratories, on the other hand, have proposed the use of a linear accelerator to accelerate protons to produce neutrons to be used to produce tritium in lithium targets. Yet another scheme is proposed that is safe and potentially less expensive than the other two. It relies on existing or rapidly developing laser technology to drive a magnetically insulated inertial confinement fusion device, which has already produced copious amounts of neutrons that could readily be used in producing tritium.
Phosphate and Nitrate Movement Through Simulated Golf Greens

Phosphorus and nitrogen can leach from porous golf greens potentially causing degradation of ground water quality. Agreenhouse experiment was carried out with 52 cm columns (15 cm diam.) made to USGA green specifications and sodded to `Tifdwarf' bermudagrass to determine the effects of fertilizer sources at various rates on P and N leaching. Fertilizers were balanced soluble and controlled-release (polyand sulfur coated) sources at N rates of 0, 12, 24, and 49 kg N ha-1 and at P rates of 0, 5, 11, and 21 kg ha-1 every other week for a total of 6 applications. Controlled-release N was from NH4 and urea and the soluble source N was from KNO3, urea, and (NH4)PO4. Irrigation rate was 0.63 cm per day initially and increased to 1.25 cm per day at week 7. Weeklyleachate collections for 23 weeks were analyzed for P andNO3-N. Concentrations of N and P were lower in the leachatefor the controlled-release source than for the soluble source. Leaching of P continued for the entire 23 weeks of theexperiment, whereas N was essentially exhausted by week 15indicating that P leaches at a slower rate than N. For the low Prate (5 kg ha-1) for the controlled-release source there was no increase in P concentration in the leachate compared to control. Thus, low P rates will not result in degradation of water quality due to increased P. For the controlled-release source at the low rate <10% of the P added leached, whereasthe values for N were in the range of 20 to 45% for all ratesand sources. Control treatments resulted in N concentrations in the leachate as high as 26 mg L-1. Results show thatP leaching is a potential problem only at high rates of solublesources and high irrigation, whereas N is more readily leached.
Circadian Effects on Performance and Effort in Collegiate Swimmers.

Although individual athletic performance generally tends to peak in the evening, individuals who exhibit a strong diurnal preference perform better closer to their circadian peak. Time-of-day performance effects are influenced by circadian phenotype (diurnal preference and chronotype—sleep-wake patterns), homeostatic energy reserves and, potentially, genotype, yet little is known about how these factors influence physiological effort. Here, we investigate the effects of time of day, diurnal preference, chronotype, and PER3 (a circadian clock gene) genotype on both effort and performance in a population of Division I collegiate swimmers (n = 27). Participants competed in 200m time trials at 7:00 and 19:00 and were sampled pre- and post-trial for salivary α-amylase levels (as a measure of physiological effort), allowing for per-individual measures of performance and physiological effort. Hair samples were collected for genotype analysis (a variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PER3). Our results indicate significant and parallel time-of-day by circadian phenotype effects on swim performance and effort; evening-type swimmers swam on average 6% slower with 50% greater α-amylase levels in the morning than they did in the evening, and morning types required 5–7 times more effort in the evening trial to achieve the same performance result as the morning trial. In addition, our results suggest that these performance effects may be influenced by gene (circadian clock gene PER3 variants) by environment (time of day) interactions. Participants homozygous for the PER3 4,4 length variant (rs57875989) or who possess a single G-allele at PER3 SNP rs228697 swam 3–6% slower in the morning. Overall, these results suggest that intra-individual variation in athletic performance and effort with time of day is associated with circadian phenotype and PER3 genotype.
Design of Cloud Based Robots Using Big Data Analytics and Neuromorphic Computing

Understanding the brain is perhaps one of the greatest challenges facing twenty-first century science. While a traditional computer excels in precision and unbiased logic, its abilities to interact socially lags behind those of biological neural systems. Recent technologies, such as neuromorphic engineering, cloud infrastructure, and big data analytics, have emerged that can narrow the gap between traditional robots and human intelligence. Neuromorphic robotics mimicking brain functions can contribute in developing intelligent machines capable of learning and making autonomous decisions. Cloud-based robotics take advantage of remote resources for parallel computation and sharing large amounts of information while benefiting from analysis of massive sensor data from robots. In this paper, we survey recent advances in neuromorphic computing, cloud-based robotics, and big data analytics and list the most important challenges faced by robot architects. We also propose a novel dual system architecture for robots where they have a brain centered cloud with access to big data analytics.
Catalyst-free, highly selective synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and water by a plasma electrolytic system

There is a growing need for scalable ammonia synthesis at ambient conditions that relies on renewable sources of energy and feedstocks to replace the Haber-Bosch process. Electrically driven approaches are an ideal strategy for the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia but, to date, have suffered from low selectivity associated with the catalyst. Here, we present a hybrid electrolytic system characterized by a gaseous plasma electrode that facilitates the study of ammonia formation in the absence of any material surface. We find record-high faradaic efficiency (up to 100%) for ammonia from nitrogen and water at atmospheric pressure and temperature with this system. Ammonia measurements under varying reaction conditions in combination with scavengers reveal that the unprecedented selectivity is achieved by solvated electrons produced at the plasma-water interface, which react favorably with protons to produce the key hydrogen radical intermediate. Our results demonstrate that limitations in selectivity can be circumvented by using catalyst-free solvated electron chemistry. In the absence of adsorption steps, the importance of controlling proton concentration and transport is also revealed.
Relationship of Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympics athletes.

Background The Functional Reach Test is used to assess balance of Special Olympic athletes as part of the FUNfitness screens held at Special Olympics games. However, it is unknown if the Functional Reach Test is an accurate assessment of balance in this population. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympic athletes. Methods Data were collected as a part of the FUNfitness screens during Arizona Special Olympics games. The Functional Reach Test scores of 272 Special Olympic athletes were recorded. Athletes were asked to report the number of falls they experienced in the last 12 months. Results A two-tailed Kendall tau test revealed little to no relationship between number of falls and Functional Reach Test scores of either the left upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.063, P = 0.202) or the right upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.107, P = 0.030). Sensitivity of the Functional Reach Test to identify fallers was 28.8%, and specificity was 83.5%. Conclusions Scores of the Functional Reach Test did not correlate with actual falls. The relatively high specificity indicates the assessment is good at identifying non-fallers, while the low sensitivity results in a high number of fallers not being recognised as such. Therefore, the cut-off scores used for the Functional Reach Test in FUNfitness screenings may need to be altered to more accurately identify balance deficits in this population. FUNfitness screens need to be quick, efficient and accurate. As such, selection of the most appropriate assessment tools is essential. Consideration should be given on how to make the Functional Reach Test the most beneficial as a FUNfitness screen.
The Origins of Climate Science—The Idea of Energy BalanceOpen image in new window

The nature of heat was a puzzle. Antoine Lavoisier, the father of modern chemistry, thought it was a fluid, which he named ‘caloric.’
A Qualitative Study of Wisconsin Computer Science in K-12

The number of students enrolling into CS(Computer Science) is currently recovering from a period of declining numbers. Although the number of students enrolling in CS isn't declining anymore, there is still a lot of ground to be covered as far as student enrollment in CS goes. This is because the number of computer science jobs, on the other hand, is and has been steadily rising. The disconnect between students enrolling in CS and the increase of Jobs for CS leaves a deficiency for in the CS work field for qualified workers. We wish to look for ways to increase K-12 student interest in CS related fields in an attempt to increase the number of students pursuing CS. This first starts with the teachers teaching the class. To address these issues, we investigated the implementation of teachers who had been through Computer Science professional developments in the K12 school environment. Using the data, gathered from a qualitative study approach, we present results found from interviews conducted on K12 teachers from all across Wisconsin to demonstrate the impact of professional development on teacher's ability to teach.
Language assistance for limited English proficiency patients in a public ED: determining the unmet need

Many patients who present to public Emergency Departments (EDs) have Limited English Proficiency (LEP). LEP patients have worse understanding of their conditions and high rates of ED recidivism. LEP patients are entitled to language assistance under Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The objective of this study is to characterize the unmet need for language assistance in a public ED. Retrospective chart review of 48 h of successive patient encounters in a public ED. Registration workers asked each patient their preferred language and whether they would like an interpreter. On recent implementation of a new electronic health record (EHR), however, providers were unable to see the responses recorded. When discovered, this created a natural experiment to compare patient request for language assistance with documented practice of the providers who were unaware of the patient’s stated preference at registration. The study was set in a public, urban ED, annual census of 50,000 visits, with language assistance services available 24/7 via video units and phone line. The subjects included all patients presenting to the ED for a 48-h period. Those with altered level of consciousness and those who left before being seen were excluded. Age, race, ethnicity, preferred language, preference for language assistance, status of the provider as certified bilingual, documentation of language assistance use, type of language assistance used (video, phone, bilingual staff or ad hoc) were captured. Descriptive statistics were used with proportions and 95% CIs to describe the unmet need. In total, 253 encounters met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 41 years, 201/253 (79.5%) were Hispanic or Latino, and 134/253 (53%) preferred to use a language other than English (97% Spanish, 2% Armenian and 0.8% Tagalog). Of the 110/253 (43%) patients requesting an interpreter, 12/110 (10.9%) were seen by a certified bilingual provider and 5/110 (4.6%) had written documentation by the primary provider that language assistance was used. The calculated unmet need for spoken language assistance was 93/110 (84.5%) of patients requesting language assistance or 93/253 (36.8, 95%CI 31–42.9%) of total ED patients. In this public ED, there is a large unmet need for language assistance for LEP patients.
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Saline Brine Formations

Publisher Summary Carbon dioxide emissions from US national energy consumption are estimated to increase at an average annual rate of 1.5 percent, from 1,562 million metric tons carbon equivalent in 2000 to 2,088 million in 2020. Sequestration of CO2, where the greenhouse gas is firstly captured and secondly stored in a permanent medium, could be a viable option to mitigate CO2 emissions. The principle of the carbonation process includes the formation of stable calcium, magnesium, and iron carbonates that are solids and will be stored permanently in the crust of the earth. The minerals necessary for the formation of these carbonates are abundant in saline brine formations, which are widely spread across the United States Although brine formations have the largest potential capacity for permanent CO2 sequestration in geologic formations, little is known about the mechanisms of storing CO2 as mineral carbonates in brine. This chapter focuses on the kinetics of mineral carbonate formation using high-pressure thermogravimetric analysis that mimics the actual conditions found in saline brine formations. The transformation of gaseous CO2 into stable carbonates was investigated at various pressures and temperatures. While considering pressures between 200 and 600 psi and temperatures between 50 and 75°C, the experimental conditions are equivalent to those attainable through CO2 injection into shallow oil and gas wells.
Handling of Specimens with a Nonpalpable Lesion

According to the American Cancer Society, about one in four cases diagnosed as breast cancer represent ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The majority of these cases are nonpalpable. In addition, some small invasive tumors are only detected by imaging studies without forming a lump or a mass. For several years, frozen sections on excisions for nonpalpable lesions have been discouraged and intraoperative evaluation of these surgical specimens is no longer a standard practice. However, in 2009, the CAP has required a staging summary for DCIS that includes the documentation of extent of the disease and several other characteristics of this lesion. Therefore, the handling of breast specimens for nonpalpable lesions has become more critical (Fig. 4.1) and this chapter is dedicated to this subject.
The impact of theological foundations of restorative justice for the human rights protections of North Korean stateless women as victims of human trafficking

Restorative justice, with its most prominent characteristic being rebuilding social relationships among victims, perpetrators and the community that was damaged by a crime, has been proposed as an alternative to the traditional retributive justice model to treat criminal acts. Both secular and religious groundings exist for restorative justice, and religious theorists have developed theological groundings for restorative justice based on scripture and other sources. In this article, I will explore how a theologically grounded restorative justice model, focusing on Christopher Marshall’s theological exposition of restorative justice, can contribute to the thought and action of Christians and the larger public in the face of the moral injury caused by human trafficking. I will address how this model can also contribute to social structural change. In my analysis, I will employ a case study of North Korean stateless women who reside in China and who are victims of human trafficking.
In your own backyard: legitimising local communities as a way to increase language learning motivation

This study examines the impact of two types of culture instruction on students’ motivation —a traditional curriculum that pivots on Spanish-speaking countries and a redesigned curriculum focused on...
Edgeworth Price Cycles and Focal Prices: Computational Dynamic Markov Equilibria

Author(s): Noel, Michael D. | Abstract: Motivated by the discovery of apparent Edgeworth Cycles in many retail gasoline markets, this paper extends the Maskin a Tirole [1988] theory Edgeworth Cycles to a wide range of more complicated and realistic settings. Taking a computational approach to search for Markov Perfect Equilibria, I examine models involving duopoly and triopoly, differentiation, capacity constraints, and different sharing rules, discount factors and initial beliefs about price leading behavior. I find Edgeworth Cycles equilibrium in many scenarios outside the homogenous-good Bertrand mold. Cycle characteristics and average markups depend on the scenario.
Novel preclinical method for evaluating the efficacy of a percutaneous treatment in human ex vivo calcified plaque

The lack of suitable atherosclerotic calcification models and testing strategies inhibits preclinical efficacy testing of existing and novel percutaneous devices. The goal of this study is to develop a preclinical testing method for quantitatively and qualitatively evaluating the efficacy of noncompliant balloon angioplasty (NC BA) treatment in human ex vivo calcified plaque (CP). NC BA using a 3- and 4-mm diameter balloon was performed on an ex vivo tibial calcified vessel obtained from an amputation. Three-dimensional microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) imaging was performed pre- and post-BA to compare crack density in the CP. Comparing the pre- and posttreatment three-dimensional μ-CT images showed a glass-like cracking that occurred in the CP due to the BA procedure. Expansion of the 3-mm balloon showed little tissue deformation and no CP cracking. Although expansion of the 4-mm balloon occurred nonuniformly along balloon length and across the perpendicular projections, the balloon generated cracking throughout the CP, which allowed the surrounding elastic tissue to be dilated. This combined X-ray microscopy and μ-CT technique is a useful preclinical tool for quantifying the efficacy of percutaneous treatments for CP. Because of its nondestructive nature, the CP structure can be visualized pre- and posttreatment to determine the treatment effect.