cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening for colorectal cancer.

A healthy 50-year-old woman with no risk factors for colorectal cancer other than age comes in for an annual examination. Which screening test for colorectal cancer should be recommended?
The Dependence of the Diamagnetism of Water upon Its Temperature

The anomalous results described in a previous communication are explained in part, and the results of recent experiments relating to the dependence of the specific susceptibility ($\ensuremath{\chi}$) of water upon its temperature are given. For the temperature range from 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 66\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C these results are represented with fair approximation by the parabolic formula: $\frac{\ensuremath{\chi}}{{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{20}}=1+1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{20})\ensuremath{-}0.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{20})}^{2}.$ A comparison is made of the results obtained with those found by previous observers.
Temporal and Spatial Expression of 2S Albumin in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)

We studied the temporal and spatial expression of the 2S albumin in castor (Ricinus communis L.) during seed development, germination, post-germination, and plant development. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the 2S albumin transcript accumulated to a maximum level at the middle of seed development, showing a bell-shaped temporal pattern. Residual levels of the transcript were present in the mature seed and degraded rapidly upon germination. Immunodetection analysis was performed using an anti-2S albumin antibody under reducing conditions. During seed development, the 2S albumin precursor pro-protein began to be synthesized at 26 days after pollination (DAP); the pro-protein was thereafter processed to mature proteins at 40 DAP, suggesting that the post-translation modification of 2S albumin takes place during this time period. Both the 2S albumin precursor pro-protein and the mature proteins accumulated throughout seed maturation and desiccation stages. During seed germination,...
A k-Stage test procedure using p-Values

A k-stage test procedure which combines p-values from independent samples is given. The procedure is non-parametric in the sense that it can be used with any test of hypotheses where p-values can be calculated. Exact test boundaries can be calculated for two-stage tests and approximate boundaries can be found using numerical integration on the computer for three or more stages. Power studies, both exact and Monte Carlo, show that these tests compare favorably with single sample tests while yielding a considerable savings in average sample size.
Semantic deep web: automatic attribute extraction from the deep web data sources

"Deep Web" refers to the rich information and data hidden in backend databases, etc., that search engines or Web crawlers cannot access. It is mostly accessible through manual query interfaces. This paper introduces the Semantic Deep Web, utilizing an ontology to determine relevance of query interface attributes to access the Deep Web. In addition, we present a novel approach to automatically extracting attributes from query interfaces in order to address the current limitations in accessing Deep Web data sources. Our Automatic Attribute Extraction method (1) identifies attributes that are used by query Web page designers, called Programmer Viewpoint Attributes, and (2) attributes that are presented as labels to users, called User Viewpoint Attributes. An ontology enriches the candidate query attributes by providing synonyms and by supporting the attributes used by designers and users. Our experimental results in several e-commerce domains show that the attributes obtained by our algorithm compare favorably with manually determined attributes to be used for Deep Web queries.
Laminar arcjet mixing and heat transfer - Theory and experiments.

Laminar argon arcjet mixing with coaxial flow of cool helium, considering turbulent characteristics and heat transfer
An analysis of ill-formed input in natural language queries to document retrieval systems☆

Abstract We analyzed natural language document retrieval queries from the Thomas Cooper Library at the University of South Carolina in order to investigate the frequency of various types of ill-formed input, such as spelling errors, co-occurrence violations, conjunctions, ellipsis and missing or incorrect punctuation. The primary reason for analyzing ill-formed inputs was to determine whether there is a significant need to study ill-formed inputs in detail. After analyzing the queries, we found that most of the queries were sentence fragments and that many of them contained some type of ill-formed input. Conjunctions caused the most problems. The next most serious problem was caused by punctuation errors. Spelling errors occurred in a small number of the queries. The remaining types of ill-formed input considered, ellipsis and co-occurrence violations, were not found in the queries.
Bose-Einstein Condensation of Long-Lifetime Polaritons in Semiconductor Microcavities

I will review experiments by several groups in the past few years on Bose condensates of polaritons, and present new results from our structures with polaritons with 100 ps lifetime and long distance propagation.
Large-scale instabilities of turbulent wakes

The equations describing the statistical features of small amplitude waves in a turbulent shear flow are derived from the Navier-Stokes equations. Closure is achieved through a postulated constitutive equation for the alteration of the statistical properties of the turbulence by the organized wave. The theory is applied in an examination of the stability of a hypothetical wake consisting of small-scale turbulence enclosed within a steady uncontorted superlayer. A set of superlayer jump conditions is derived from fundamental considerations, and these are of more general interest. For this hypothetical flow the analysis predicts largescale instabilities and superlayer contortions reminiscent of large-eddy structures observed in real flows. These instabilities therefore offer an explanation of the presence of large-scale organized motions in turbulent free shear flows.
The diagnosis of organic mitral stenosis in the presence of sickle-cell anemia.

Abstract A case of sickle-cell anemia is reported in which the presence of organic mitral stenosis (proved at necropsy) was strongly suspected clinically as a result of the finding of elevated pulmonary capillary pressure on cardiac catheterization.
The comparative enhancing effects of prostaglandin E1 on colony formation by erythroid progenitor (BFU-E) cells from bone marrow of mice differing in the Fv-2 locus

Prostaglandin E1(PGE1) was assessed for its colony enhancing effects on erythroid (BFU-E) progenitor cells and for its colony suppressive effects on granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitor cells from bone marrows of mice differing in the Fv-2 locus. The Fv-2 locus has been reported by others to control the proportion of BFU-E, but not of CFU-GM, in DNA synthesis. PGE1 significantly enhanced erythroid colony formation by marrow cells from DBA/2 (Fv-2ss), C57BL/6 (Fv-2rr) and BDF1 (Fv-2rs) mice, but the DBA/2 cells were more sensitive to the PGE1 enhancing effects than were cells from C57BL/6 or BDF1 mice. The enhanced sensitivity of DBA/2 cells to PGE1 was associated with the higher cycling rate of DBA/2-BFU-E in comparison with C57BL/6- and BDF1-BFU-E, and removal of S-phase DBA/2-BFU-E by pulse exposure of cells to high specific activity tritiated thymidine in vitro eliminated the erythroid colony enhancing effects of PGE1. The differences in sensitivity of BFU-E from mice differing in the Fv-2 locus to the effects of PGE1 were verified using Fv-2 congenic mice. In contrast, no significant differences were noted in sensitivity of CFU-GM from these different mouse strains, including mice congenic for the Fv-2 locus, to the suppressive effects of PGE1. This correlated with the similar cycling characteristics of CFU-GM from these mice, and the non-cycle specific effects of PGE1 on mouse CFU-GM. These studies substantiate further the regulatory effects of the Fv-2 locus on mouse erythroid progenitor cells which are a manifestation of the cycling rates of these cells.
Propulsion and power for 21st century aviation

Abstract Air transportation in the new millennium will require revolutionary solutions to meet public demand for improving safety, reliability, environmental compatibility, and affordability. NASA's vision for 21st century aircraft is to develop propulsion systems that are intelligent, highly efficient, virtually inaudible (outside airport boundaries), and have near zero harmful emissions (CO2 and NOx). This vision includes intelligent engines capable of adapting to changing internal and external conditions to optimally accomplish missions with either minimal or no human intervention. Distributed vectored propulsion will replace current two to four wing mounted and fuselage mounted engine configurations with a large number of small, mini, or micro engines. Other innovative concepts, such as the pulse detonation engine (PDE), which potentially can replace conventional gas turbine engines, also are reviewed. It is envisioned that a hydrogen economy will drive the propulsion system revolution towards the ultimate goal of silent aircrafts with zero harmful emissions. Finally, it is envisioned that electric drive propulsion based on fuel cell power will generate electric power, which in turn will drive propulsors to produce the desired thrust. This paper reviews future propulsion and power concepts that are under development at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Work Situations Triggering Participation in Informal Learning in the Workplace: A Case Study of Public School Teachers

Interviews and site visits were conducted with 22 teachers to identify the work situations that trigger their engagement in informal learning and the personal characteristics that enhance their motivation to engage in informal learning when dealing with such situations. Analysis of the data found that three types of work situations triggered engagement in informal learning: new teaching tasks, new leadership roles, and adherence to policies and procedures. Motivation to engage in informal learning was enhanced by teachers' initiative, self-efficacy, commitment to life-long learning, and interest in their content area. Implications of the findings for theory, research, and the facilitation of informal learning are discussed.
A low cost LST pointing control system

Vigorous efforts to reduce costs, coupled with changes in LST guidelines, took place in the Fall of 1974. These events made a new design of the LST and its Pointing and Attitude Control System possible. The major design changes are summarized as: an annular Support Systems Module; removal of image motion compensation; reaction wheels instead of CMG's; a magnetic torquer system to also perform the emergency and backup functions, eliminating the previously required mass expulsion system. Preliminary analysis indicates the Low Cost LST concept can meet the newly defined requirements and results in a significantly reduced development cost.
Elucidating the trophic ecology of foraging leatherback turtles: editorial comment on the feature article by Wallace et al.

to date, the research on characterizing the diet and trophic status of leatherbacks has been conducted in nesting grounds, in large part because of the ease of sampling nesting females. In contrast, Wallace et al. focus their attention on the trophic status of foraging, instead of nesting, leatherbacks in Canadian waters. their study find significant differences in nitrogen isotopic values as a function of body size, a proxy for age, but detected no differences between male and female adults. the authors conclude that the observed isotopic differences may be driven by different isotopic incorporation rates as leatherbacks grow or by differences in behavior and physiology based on reproductive status, two hypotheses that are supported by existing research. the findings from Wallace et al. help direct future research and the authors outline new analytical and empirical approaches that can resolve these unanswered questions. What do we learn by elucidating the trophic ecology of foraging leatherbacks? Understanding the drivers of trophic status variation is fundamental to identifying important foraging areas, ocean habitat that is critical for management and protection of this imperiled species. the status and fate of foraging individuals, ultimately, determines long-term population dynamics. the results from Wallace et al. demonstrate the importance of contextualizing findings within an ocean basin context to adequately assess trophic ecology, population status, and dynamics of widely distributed, highly migratory species like leatherbacks.
Mining web search behaviors: Strategies and techniques for data modeling and analysis

There is a growing interest in modeling Web searching behaviors using query log data. In this project, we identified some gaps in current research. We propose to model Web search behaviors along three dimensions: interactions, linguistic and cognitive behaviors. We propound Web search session as a vital important concept to study interactive behaviors using query logs. A highly granular, comprehensive relational model is presented for data extraction and transformation along with strategies and methods for session identification. To facilitate analysis, we developed an interactive Web tool for exploring different session thresholds. We demonstrate statistically that the 80-20 empirical rule shows promise for setting session boundaries. In addition, we recommend that decisions for session boundary thresholds should be determined based on specific query corpus characteristics such as type and size of the database searched, and type of searchers who submit the queries. Our approach is based on the fact that data mining researchers do not always know all the hypotheses that the data can answer at the outset and the log data are diverse across environments due to the lack of standardization. This model maximizes transactional data inclusion, is flexible in handling data content, and can be extended easily to incorporate new hypotheses and new data elements as mining progresses.
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Approaches for Investigating Schizophrenia

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the potential for identifying, in vivo, specific brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. The detection of small morphological differences in areas such as the prefrontal cortex, limbic structures, and basal ganglia requires attention to a number of technical and methodological details. The effects of age, height, sex, head size, and overall tissue loss are of particular concern and are discussed. MRI acquisition and processing techniques for improving gray/white tissue contrast and image resolution are described, as are techniques for quantitative, volumetric measurement of localized regions of interest and specific brain structures as well as of the brain as a whole. Techniques for evaluating frontal lobes, temporal lobes, and basal ganglia integrity are reviewed, and recent observations on these brain regions in patients with schizophrenia are described.
Medical Therapy for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: What Recent Clinical Trials Have Taught Us About Diuretics and Vasodilators

Diuretics and vasodilators have been the cornerstone of heart failure (HF) therapy for decades. Although not shown to reduce mortality, diuretic and vasodilator therapy remain commonplace for treating acute decompensated HF, with diuretics being the mainstay of therapy for the removal of excess fluid in all patients with HF. This article discusses results of recent trials concerning diuretic or vasodilator therapy and HF, including the Diuretic Optimization Strategies Evaluation (DOSE) trial, the Placebo-Controlled Randomized Study of the Selective A1 Adenosine Receptor Antagonist Rolofylline for Patients Hospitalized With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Volume Overload to Assess Treatment Effect on Congestion and Renal Function (PROTECT), and the Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST), as well as results from the Acute Study of Clinical Effectiveness of Nesiritide in Decompensated Heart Failure (ASCEND-HF) trial and the Preliminary Study of Relaxin in Acute Heart Failure (Pre-RELAX-AHF).
Distributed Uniform Sampling in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks

Uniform sampling in networks is at the core of a wide variety of randomized algorithms. Random sampling can be performed by modeling the system as an undirected graph with associated transition probabilities and defining a corresponding Markov chain (MC). A random walk of prescribed minimum length, performed on this graph, yields a stationary distribution, and the corresponding random sample. This sample, however, is not uniform when network nodes have a non-uniform degree distribution. This poses a significant practical challenge since typical large scale real-world unstructured networks tend to have non-uniform degree distributions, e.g., power-law degree distribution in unstructured peer-to-peer networks. In this paper, we present a distributed algorithm that enables efficient uniform sampling in large unstructured non-uniform networks. Specifically, we prescribe necessary conditions for uniform sampling in such networks and present distributed algorithms that satisfy these requirements. We empirically evaluate the performance of our algorithm in comparison to known algorithms. The performance parameters include computational complexity, length of random walk, and uniformity of the sampling. Simulation results support our claims of performance improvements due to our algorithm.
Prevalence and clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias originating from the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva.

Background Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) can be rarely ablated from the noncoronary cusp (NCC) of the aorta. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and the clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of idiopathic NCC VAs. Methods We studied 90 consecutive patients who underwent successful catheter ablation of idiopathic aortic root VAs (left coronary cusp [LCC] 33, right coronary cusp [RCC] 32, junction between LCC and RCC 19, NCC=6). Results NCC VAs occurred in significantly younger patients (all 25 ms), and larger atrial to ventricular electrogram amplitude ratio (A/V) at the successful ablation site (all but one >1) than the other VAs. QRS morphology of the NCC VAs was similar to that of RCC VAs, but NCC VAs always exhibited a left bundle branch block and left superior (n = 1) or inferior axis (n = 5). All NCC VAs exhibited ventricular tachycardias, although premature ventricular contractions were dominant in the other VAs. Conclusion NCC VAs were very rare (7%) and occurred in significantly younger patients than those among the other aortic root VAs. In a limited set of six patients, the ECG and electrophysiologic characteristics of NCC VAs were similar to those of RCC VAs but were characterized by narrower QRS duration, smaller III/II ratio, earlier ventricular activation in the HB region, and A/V ratio >1 at the successful ablation site.
Interaction of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Ribonuclease H with an Acylhydrazone Inhibitor

HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a bifunctional enzyme, having both DNA polymerase (RNA- and DNA-dependent) and ribonuclease H activities. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase has been an exceptionally important target for antiretroviral therapeutic development, and nearly half of the current clinically used antiretrovirals target reverse transcriptase DNA polymerase. However, no inhibitors of reverse transcriptase ribonuclease H are on the market or in preclinical development. Several drug-like small molecule inhibitors of reverse transcriptase ribonuclease H have been described, but little structural information is available about the interactions between reverse transcriptase ribonuclease H and inhibitors that exhibit antiviral activity. In this report, we describe NMR studies of the interaction of a new ribonuclease H inhibitor, BHMP07, with a catalytically active HIV-1 reverse transcriptase ribonuclease H domain fragment. We carried out solution NMR experiments to identify the interaction interface of BHMP07 with the ribonuclease H domain fragment. Chemical shift changes of backbone amide signals at different BHMP07 concentrations clearly demonstrate that BHMP07 mainly recognizes the substrate handle region in the ribonuclease H fragment. Using ribonuclease H inhibition assays and reverse transcriptase mutants, the binding specificity of BHMP07 was compared with another inhibitor, dihydroxy benzoyl naphthyl hydrazone. Our results provide a structural characterization of the ribonuclease H inhibitor interaction and are likely to be useful for further improvements of the inhibitors.
Comparing the accuracy of ultrasound versus fluoroscopy in glenohumeral injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of fluoroscopic-guided glenohumeral injections with that of ultrasound-guided glenohumeral injections as reported in prior studies. Methods We reviewed the databases of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar using combinations of the keywords “ultrasound,” “fluoroscopy,” “injection,” and “shoulder” for articles reporting the injection accuracy, confirmed by imaging, of the first attempt under either fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of fluoroscopic-guided glenohumeral injections versus ultrasound-guided glenohumeral injections. Results Five of 42 pertinent studies met our inclusion criteria for a total of 406 glenohumeral injections, of which 115 were fluoroscopy-guided and 291 were ultrasound-guided. The meta-effect estimates for the proportion of joints successfully injected with ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance were 93% (95% CI, 86% to 98%) and 80% (95% CI, 63% to 93%), respectively, which did not reach statistical significance (Q[df] = 2.55 [1], p = 0.11). Conclusions Our meta-analysis indicates that glenohumeral injections guided by ultrasound are more accurate than injections guided by fluoroscopy but this difference did not reach statistical significance. As the use of ultrasound does not expose the patient or practitioner to radiation, its similar accuracy may make it the preferred modality for image-guided glenohumeral joint injections. Limitations to our analysis include the retrospective nature, limited number of studies included, and the potential generalizability of our findings to regions outside of those included in our study. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:411–416, 2014
Influence of the indigenous microbiota on amounts of protein, DNA, and alkaline phosphatase activity extractable from epithelial cells of the small intestines of mice.

Germfree mice housed in isolators under controlled environmental and nutritional conditions were associated with an intestinal microflora. These associated animals and germfree mice drawn from the same population were used in experiments in which saline extracts of cells from the small intestine were assayed for alkaline phosphatase activity and for protein and DNA content. Epithelial cells were harvested from the intestines sequentially from the villous tips to the crypts of Lieberkuhn. In all preparations, germfree animals yielded from one and one-third to one and one-half times the mass (wet weight) of cells yielded by associated mice. Likewise, for all preparations, extracts of the mass of cells from germfree mice contained more protein and DNA per milliliter than did extracts from associated animals. The ratio of the amount of extractable protein or DNA per milliliter of extract to the total wet weight of the cells in milligrams was about the same, however, for preparations from germfree and associated animals. All preparations from germfree animals yielded higher total alkaline phosphatase activities than those from associated mice. When related to the amount of DNA in the cells, the enzymatic activities were slightly but not significantly higher in preparations from germfree animals, except for preparations of cells removed from the tips of the villi. When related to the amount of protein in the extracts, the enzymatic activity (i.e., specific activity) was about the same in preparations from germfree and from associated mice, except (again) for preparations of cells removed from the tips of the villi. In the latter preparations, the specific alkaline phosphatase activities and enzymatic activities calculated relative to the amount of DNA were substantially higher for germfree animals than for mice with a microflora. Individual intestinal epithelial cells from germfree and associated animals, except those close to the villous tips, contain about the same alkaline phosphatase activity. Therefore, germfree mice must yield more activity of such microvillous enzymes than do mice with a microflora, partly because enterocytes at the tips of the villi in germfree mice contain more protein with enzymatic activity than do cells in a comparable location in mice with a microflora. In addition, the small intestines of germfree mice contain more activity of enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase than do those of associated animals because the small intestines of the former animals contain more enterocytes than do those of the latter.
Full-Swing and High-Gain Pentacene Logic Circuits on Plastic Substrate

We demonstrate low-voltage full-swing p-type transistor-based organic digital logic circuits with high gain on a plastic substrate. A solution-processed polyvinyl alcohol gate dielectric layer with a UV crosslinker enabled a low-temperature process without any photolithography step. The transistors had an average carrier mobility of 0.48 cm2/V·s, and the inverter circuits showed an average voltage gain of 14 with a single power supply of - 6 V. We adapted a bootstrap structure to obtain full-swing outputs and higher voltage gains than conventional p-type-only circuits. A NAND logic gate was also implemented and tested.
Effects of pH on the response of peripheral nerve to anoxia.

Purpose/Aim: Changes in pH are not infrequently encountered in clinical situations and can be associated with significant effects on ion channels, mitochondria and axon function. The purpose of this paper is to study the modulatory effects of pH on the anoxic response in peripheral nerve. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 rat sciatic nerves were studied in vitro in a perfusion apparatus. Experiments were carried out at 6 pH levels from 6.0 to 7.8. Results: The amplitude of the nerve action potential (NAP) drops more dramatically with repetitive periods of anoxia when the pH is reduced below 6.5. In addition, velocity decreases and duration increases more with each cycle of anoxia at low pH values. Despite these effects of pH on recovery after anoxia, there was no significant effect of pH on the time course of changes during anoxia. During recovery from anoxia, the NAP recovered more slowly when the pH was lowered. Conclusions: The pattern of changes in amplitude, velocity and duration suggest that they...
Lack of EP4 receptors on bone marrow-derived cells enhances inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions

Aim Prostaglandin E2, by ligation of its receptor EP4, suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in macrophages in vitro . Thus, activation of EP4 may constitute an endogenous anti-inflammatory pathway. This study investigated the role of EP4 in atherosclerosis in vivo , and particularly its impact on inflammation. Methods and results Ldlr−/− mice transplanted with EP4+/+ or EP4−/− bone marrow consumed a high-fat diet for 5 or 10 weeks. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation promoted exacerbation of atherosclerosis irrespective of EP4 genotype, compatible with prior observations of exacerbated atherogenesis by allogenicity. EP4 deficiency had little effect on plaque size or morphology in early atherosclerosis, but at the later time point, mice deficient in EP4 displayed enhanced inflammation in their atherosclerotic plaques. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interferon-γ inducible protein 10 increased, and there was a corresponding increase in macrophage and T-cell infiltration. These plaques also contained fewer smooth muscle cells. Despite these changes, mice deficient in EP4 in bone marrow-derived cells at an advanced stage had similar lesion size (in both aorta and aortic root) as mice with EP4. Conclusion This study shows that in advanced atherosclerosis, EP4 deficiency did not alter atherosclerotic lesion size, but yielded plaques with exacerbated inflammation and altered lesion composition.
Impact of academic computing on teaching electrical engineering at Clarkson University

The impact of academic computing on undergraduate electrical engineering courses at Clarkson University is described. The many changes made possible or made necessary by the ready availability of the computer are organized in two broad categories: changes to content and changes in presentation. Changes to content are appropriate since techniques that would require prohibitive effort if done by hand have now become manageable with the computer as a tool. Changes in presentation are also appropriate because computing power can be used to present material in ways that foster insight. >
A Decade of Changing Perceptions about Neuropeptides

The last decade has seen rapid growth in research with neuropeptides. During this time, we have been actively developing several concepts including the highly controversial one that peptides can cross the blood-brain barrier in intact form. One of the endogenous brain peptides used as a prototype for that concept, Tyr-MIF-1, also was used for the concept of the existence of endogenous antiopiate neuropeptides. As has been true for most novel developments in science, these concepts, as well as some older ones, were met with a great deal of skepticism when first suggested. Eventually, however, amnesia concerning the difficulties initially encountered with the introduction of new concepts occurs, with their subsequent "rediscovery" made easier.
Involvement of abscisic acid-dependent and -independent pathways in the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity during NaCl stress in cotton callus tissue.

The role of abscisic acid (ABA) in the signal transduction pathway associated with NaCl-induced up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity was examined in a NaCl-tolerant cotton callus cell line treated with NaCl, ABA, paraquat, or H2O2 in the presence and absence or fluridone, an inhibitor of terpene, and therefore, ABA synthesis. Treatment with NaCl resulted in a rapid increase (within 30 minutes) in the ABA levels of the callus tissue, and the NaCl, ABA, and paraquat treatments induced rapid increases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Pre-treatment with fluridone significantly suppressed the NaCl-induced increases, but only slightly delayed the increases in tissue subjected to exogenous ABA treatment. This implies that ABA is involved in the signal transduction pathway associated with the NaCl-induced up-regulation of these antioxidant enzymes. Pre-treatment with fluridone had no effect on the paraquat-induced increases, suggesting that these ...
Primary sclerosing cholangitis diagnosis and management

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive cholestatic liver disease of unknown etiology. The disease is characterized by inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the biliary tree with subsequent development of cirrhosis with risk of portal hypertension, liver failure and cancer. There is currently no treatment that has been shown to reverse or stabilize disease progression. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is important in making the diagnosis as well as palliating the effects of biliary obstruction. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis with an emphasis on endoscopic principles and techniques.
Managing Uncertainty during a Corporate Acquisition: A Longitudinal Study of Communication During an Airline Acquisition.

This study examined pilots' (N at T1 = 140; N at T2 = 126; N at T3 = 104) reactions to communication and uncertainty during the acquisition of their airline by another airline. Quantitative results indicate that communication helped to reduce uncertainty and was predictive of affective responses to the acquisition. However, contrary to expectations, reductions in uncertainty did not lead to more positive affective responses. In addition, while pilots felt more job security over time, they developed less positive attitudes toward the acquisition. Qualitative data indicated that this occurred because the pilots felt more secure about having a job since the acquiring organization was more financially solvent, but that they were dissatisfied with how their seniority was credited. These results contribute to an increased understanding of the complex relationships among communication, uncertainty, and outcomes in organizational contexts.
Granular finger formation in a rotating cylinder

It is well known that the front of a fluid sheet flowing over an inclined surface is unstable to spanwise perturbations. This instability, which manifests itself in the formation of fingers of fairly constant wavelength, reflects a competition between viscous stresses and surface tension. We present the results of an experiment involving a thin granular layer flowing within a horizontal rotating cylinder and report an assortment of stationary and temporally varying spatial patterns. In particular, we observe a spanwise instability characterized by serrated frontal shapes remarkably similar to those encountered with Newtonian fluids. Because the materials used in these experiments are cohesionless and, thus, unable to sustain surface tension, this instability is surprising. As a step toward understanding these mechanisms, we develop a system of evolution equations that accounts for the steady motion of grains within the cylinder and for more complicated kinds of grain motions such as saltation and reptation. We find that the model is able to predict some of the qualitative features observed from our experiment.
Decision Aids The Effect of Labeling Options on Patient Choices and Decision Making

Background. Conscious and unconscious biases can influence how people interpret new information and make decisions. Current standards for creating decision aids, however, do not address this issue....
Flexible policy-directed code safety

The article introduces a new approach to code safety. We present Naccio, a system architecture that allows a large class of safety policies to be expressed in a general and platform-independent way. Policies are defined in terms of abstract resource manipulations. We describe mechanisms that can be used to efficiently and conveniently enforce these safety policies by transforming programs. We are developing implementations of Naccio that enforce policies on JavaVM classes and Win32 executables. We report on results using the JavaVM prototype.
Systematic and optimal cyclotomic space-time code designs

A systematic diagonal space-time block code (cyclotomic space-time code) design is proposed by using high dimensional cyclotomic lattices and some algebraic number theory. This design can be applied to any number of transmit antennas and for a fixed number of transmit antennas, there are infinitely many cyclotomic space-time codes. It is shown that all the cyclotomic space-time codes from the design have full diversity. Furthermore, optimal cyclotomic space-time codes from the design for different numbers of transmit antennas are obtained, where the optimality is in the sense that, for a fixed mean transmission signal power, its diversity product is maximized, or for a fixed diversity product, its mean transmission signal power is minimized. Although there are some cyclotomic space-time codes existed in the literature, most of them are not optimal.
Scaling regression testing to large software systems

When software is modified, during development and maintenance, it is regression tested to provide confidence that the changes did not introduce unexpected errors and that new features behave as expected. One important problem in regression testing is how to select a subset of test cases, from the test suite used for the original version of the software, when testing a modified version of the software. Regression-test-selection techniques address this problem. Safe regression-test-selection techniques select every test case in the test suite that may behave differently in the original and modified versions of the software. Among existing safe regression testing techniques, efficient techniques are often too imprecise and achieve little savings in testing effort, whereas precise techniques are too expensive when used on large systems. This paper presents a new regression-test-selection technique for Java programs that is safe, precise, and yet scales to large systems. It also presents a tool that implements the technique and studies performed on a set of subjects ranging from 70 to over 500 KLOC. The studies show that our technique can efficiently reduce the regression testing effort and, thus, achieve considerable savings.
Fast digital feedback system for energy and beam position stabilization

A digital fast feedback system for beam energy and position stabilization at the target of the CEBAF accelerator is capable of suppressing beam motion in the frequency band from 0 to 80 Hz and also performs narrow band suppression at the first twelve power line harmonics. The system utilizes two VME computers and runs at a 2.4 kHz sampling rate. The numerical algorithm is based on a recursive digital filter with an additional feedforward loop for suppression of high power line harmonics. The system suppresses beam motion by a factor greater than ten, thus achieving the stabilization of relative beam energy fluctuations to better than 10/sup -5/ and stabilization of beam position on the target to better than 20 /spl mu/m.
From genes to therapies: the role of animal models

Abstract Recent excitement with the human genome project stems partly from the belief that the identification of the genes underlying the nearly 12 000 known genetic disorders will bring us closer to the development of therapies. However, it is still unclear how genetic information can be translated into treatments for inherited disorders. Here, we will review how molecular, physiological and behavioral studies in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) have improved our understanding of the learning deficits associated with this tragically common genetic disorder. We also discuss insights from these studies about the nature and usefulness of animal models of brain disorders. Similar issues are also likely to impact the study of other neurological and psychiatric disorders.
The formal structure of a gender-segregated low-income economy

Abstract Based upon insights drawn from research concerning the nature of the gender-based division of labor in agrarian regions of developing countries, a formal model is advanced of the interactions that take place in such a setting. Males are characterized as seeking to maximize their income from production of an exportable cash crop by drawing women out of household/social maintenance activities, by dint of coercion, cooperation and compensation. The paper also explores repercussions on the efficiency and output of the social maintenance or “subsistence” sector due to the loss of female laborpower to the male-controlled export sector. Finally, the impact of an International Monetary Fund mandated currency devaluation on an economy of this type is considered as well.
“Para salir adelante”: The Emergence and Acceleration of International Migration in New Sending Areas of Puebla, Mexico

RESUMEN Este articulo examina el inicio y la aceleracion de la migracion internacional en areas recientemente incorporadas por las redes migratorias a traves del analisis de como Zapotitlan Salinas, Puebla, un pueblo rural en el centro-sur de Mexico, fue rapidamente transformado a una comunidad de migrantes durante los ultimos veinte anos. A mediados de los ochenta, algunos individuos de Zapotitlan migraron a la ciudad de Nueva York para salir adelante y mejorar su calidad de vida en Mexico. Para mediados de los noventa, el impacto local de la prolongada crisis economica en Mexico, las politicas economicas neoliberales implementadas para contrarrestar la crisis, y otros factores locales y regionales practicamente destruyeron la industria local del onix, eliminando la mayoria del empleo local. Los niveles crecientes de consumo y las expectativas del consumo entre Zapotitecos junto con la ausencia de los empleos adecuados local y regionalmente afirmaron la toma de decision de individuos para migrar, sobre todo en el contexto del empeoramiento de las condiciones economicas y sociales en Mexico. La aceleracion de la migracion internacional en Zapotitlan Salinas fue acompanada por cambios en el significado y experiencia de la migracion a traves del tiempo. This paper examines the emergence and acceleration of international migration in new sending areas of Mexico by analyzing how Zapotitlan Salinas, Puebla, a rural town in south-central Mexico, was rapidly transformed into a migrant sending community over the last 20 years. In the mid-1980s, some individuals from Zapotitlan set out for New York City in order to salir adelante (do well for themselves) in the hopes of improving their standard of living in Mexico. By the mid-1990s the local impact of Mexico's deepening economic crisis, the neoliberal economic policies implemented to counteract the crisis, and other local and regional factors virtually destroyed the town's onyx industry, eliminating most local sources of employment. Increasing levels of consumption and consumption expectations among Zapotitecos along with the lack of suitable local and regional employment options reinforced individuals' decisions to migrate, particularly in the context of worsening economic and social conditions in Mexico. The acceleration of international migration in Zapotitlan Salinas was accompanied by changes in the meaning and experience of migration over time.
ASSET PRICING WITH BORROWING CONSTRAINTS AND EX ANTE HETEROGENEITY

In answer to the question “Will borrowing constraints necessarily intensify aggregate fluctuations and aggregate cyclical variability?” it has been found that complete markets equilibrium displays aggregate fluctuations that may be dampened when borrowing constraints are introduced. Like others, I find that variability in the distribution of labor productivity shocks amplifies aggregate fluctuations. I also find that allowing agents to have different permanent incomes amplifies aggregate fluctuations, enriching the asset-pricing implications of the complete contingent claims model when demand aggregation is not possible. Although agents are able to equalize their intertemporal marginal rates of substitution (IMRS) of consumption state-by-state, the IMRS of labor is not equalized across agents, creating gains from specialization. To determine how frictions affect aggregate variability, two types of borrowing constraints are studied. In the first model, dividend payments are restricted and, in the second, nonhuman wealth is restricted to be positive. Either type of borrowing constraint can dampen aggregate fluctuations.
Using Paired Comparisons to Measure Reciprocity

From ethnographic observations and interviews, the author discovered that the concept of obligation was important in structuring power relationships in Chicago union locals. This was pivotal because relationships of reciprocity underlie the politics of union locals and resistance to some programs from the international organization. Here, the author discusses how he used paired comparisons to test ethnographically derived hypotheses about the salience of concepts of reciprocity and obligation to move beyond qualitative ethnographic intuition to measure cultural concepts and test hypotheses. In conclusion, he suggests that such approaches and methods can enlighten our understanding of reciprocity.
Extension of a typology of alcohol dependence based on relative genetic and environmental loading

Mild, severe, and dyssocial subtypes of alcohol dependence, previously identified among Caucasian men from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, were also identified among Caucasian men and women with DSM-IV alcohol dependence from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (n = 2,703; 1,746 respectively). These subtypes were not identified among African American and Hispanic American men or women with DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Among Caucasians with alcohol dependence, the subtypes were characterized by differential loading on three dimensions: genetic, general environmental, and dyssocial environmental symptom scales developed in a prior twin study. The mild subtype (60% of men and 66% of women) was distinguished by low mean scores on all three scales; the dyssocial subtype (24% of men and 20% of women) by low mean genetic and general environmental scores but high mean dyssocial environmental scores; and the severe subtype (16% of men and 14% of women) by high scores on the genetic and general environmental scales. These subtypes also showed the expected distinctions in clinical characteristics. The severe subtype showed greater comorbid drug dependence and major depression, more treatment seeking, and a higher prevalence of parental alcoholism. The severe subtype also showed significantly greater genetic influence adjusted for overall severity of alcohol dependence (genetic ratio). Only the severe subtype showed a pattern of scale scores and clinical characteristics suggestive of substantial genetic influence. The present study indicates a robustness of the typology originally developed among DSM-III alcohol-dependent Caucasian men by empirical extension of the subtypes to a different sample of Caucasian men and, separately, Caucasian women. The use of this typology may aid in distinguishing between Caucasian alcohol-dependent individuals on the basis of relative genetic influence, enabling genetic, behavioral, and epidemiological investigations to reduce genetic or environmental "noise" and better focus on specific aspects of alcohol dependence.
Sustainability and the Proper Role of Business Leaders: Economics, Moral Philosophy, and Jesuit Education

What is the proper role of business leaders with regard to sustainability? In this paper, we dialectically bring the disciplines of economics and philosophy to bear on this question. To the extent that goods are commensurable, the economic perspective informs and suggests a two-fold role: pursue profit and refrain from rent-seeking. To the extent that goods are apparently incommensurable, a philosophical perspective informs, especially one drawn from the Aristotelian tradition of the virtues, and suggests the need both to develop practical wisdom and to foster a disposition of wonder. Both perspectives suggest a vital role for Jesuit education in the cultivation of future business leaders.