cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of the principle mythical gods in ancient greek medicine

Like their prehistoric ancestors, the people of early civilizations lived related to the supernatural. Facing life-threatening situations, such as illness and death, people of ancient civilizations resorted to divination, prophecy, or the oracle. Regarding the curative activities of the ancient Greek civilization, there was a period in which these processes were exclusively linked to a supernatural perspective of the origin of disease. This stage of development of Greek healing practices corresponds to what might be called pre-Hippocratic Greek medicine. In ancient Greek civilization, myths exerted a strong influence on the concepts of disease and the healing processes. Although the first divine figure of Greek mythology related to medicine was Paeon, healing cults related to Apollo and Asclepius had a higher importance in tradition and Greek mythology. The Apollonian divine healing consisted in the ability to eliminate chaos and keep away evil, while in the Asclepian perspective, the role of healer was linked to specific procedures. Personal and medical skills allowed Asclepius to surpass his father and achieve his final consecration as a god of medicine.
Detection of coronary stenosis and myocardial viability using a single intravenous bolus injection of BR14

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the study was to determine whether coronary stenosis can be detected and myocardial viability assessed after myocardial infarction from a single venous bolus injectio...
Genetic resistance to aflatoxin B1 toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: chromosome substitution analysis

Different wild-type strains of Drosophila melanogaster display variation in the ability to resist the toxic effects of continuous development from the egg stage on media supplemented with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, a potent insect toxigenic agent and vertebrate hepatocarcinogen). The genetic basis of differences in egg-pupa development time and egg-adult viability have been investigated by chromosome substitution analysis. Five strains were studied: A-11, a "resistant" strain showing relatively little effect from the AFB1 treatments, with increased development time, reduced viability, and smaller body size); and three strains produced by chromosomal substitution from A-11 and A-9, testing the effect of either chromosome X (strain R-X), 2 (strain R-2) or 3 (strain R-3) from A-11 against an A-9 background. Data from R-X, R-2, and R-3 indicate that autosomal genes on chromosomes 2 and 3 control the ability of strain A-11 to resist the toxic effects of AFB1 ingestion during larval development.
Basic Institutions of the Soviet-type Economy: (II) Relations with Households and Agriculture, Money, and Prices

The relationship of the SPE to the population, we have suggested, is similar to that of the single employer in a company town. In this relationship there is an illuminating contrast with the methods used for allocating resources and making decisions within the production establishment discussed in Chapter 2. The difficulty of trying to apply the command principle used within the SPE to the approximately 100 million persons in the Soviet labor force is obvious. It is as if each person in a company town were told what occupation to enter, what skills to acquire, and where to work, and allocated a set of supporting inputs — a specified ration of consumption items. Any attempt to do this would be impossibly cumbersome and inefficient. There are simply too many people involved, and they are too differentiated from each other in the relevant respects, i.e., their tastes and talents. . Given the tremendous variations in human personality and the requirements of different jobs, one important element in getting the most out of the labor force is to match the right person with the right job. Another is to suit the reward (primarily material) that he earns to his special tastes and circumstances.
Effects of ACE Inhbitors and Anti-Mineralocorticoids on Kinetic Parameters of Striated Muscle Contraction and Relaxation as Well as Measurements of Fatigability in Murine Models of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

In past decades, several investigators have characterized deficiencies in striated muscle contraction in murine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We have identified in multiple studies potential beneficial therapeutic combinations of ACE inhibitors and anti-mineralocorticoids. There has been an almost exclusive focus on the force deficits in tetanic contractions of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and diaphragm muscles from these models, as well as their susceptibility to fatigue from repeated contractions. However the force of contraction is not of sole importance. The kinetics of twitch contractions and baseline tension both are critically important parameters that can impact dysfunction. Here we show EDL and diaphragm muscles from dystrophin deficient (mdx) mice have significantly slower kinetic parameters of contraction and relaxation than their wild-type counterparts. We have also found that treatment with Lisinopril and Spironolactone can significantly alter these parameters, and in some cases, back to near-wild type values. Additionally, we investigated kinetic changes in another dystrophin deficient model that is also haplosufficient for compensating utrophin treated with Eplerenone. By calculating the impulse of twitch contractions, we can not only determine work being performed, but also the magnitude of previously mentioned kinetic parameters on this computation. We illustrate that the kinetic information in contractile measurements can further elucidate our understanding of both underlying pathology, as well as serve as quantitative markers of treatment effectiveness.
Electrocatalysis of CO2 Reduction in Brush Polymer Ion Gels

The electrochemical characterization of brush polymer ion gels containing embedded small-molecule redox-active species is reported. Gels comprising PS–PEO–PS triblock brush polymer, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIm-TFSI), and some combination of ferrocene (Fc), cobaltocenium (CoCp2+), and Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (1) exhibit diffusion-controlled redox processes with diffusion coefficients approximately one-fifth of those observed in neat BMIm-TFSI. Notably, 1 dissolves homogeneously in the interpenetrating matrix domain of the ion gel and displays electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO in the gel. The catalytic wave exhibits a positive shift versus Fc+/0 compared with analogous nonaqueous solvents with a reduction potential 450 mV positive of onset and 90% Faradaic efficiency for CO production. These materials provide a promising and alternative approach to immobilized electrocatalysis, creating numerous opportunities for application in solid-state devices.
The execution pipeline of the Intel i486 CPU

The integer instruction execution pipeline of the Intel i486 processor is described. The performance of the i486 CPU in a system is related to several systems based on competitive reduced-instruction-set-computer (RISC) processors. The instruction pipeline was designed to execute instructions at a sustained rate of 1 clock per instruction. A key to achieving this rate was the integration of the cache into the pipeline. Another key was pipelining the instruction decoder into two stages to provide a sustained throughput of 1 instruction per clock, while decoding the complex instruction formats of the Intel 386 family architecture. An overview of the pipeline is provided by giving a brief description of each pipeline stage. Then several multiple instruction examples are given to illustrate some key properties of the pipeline. >
Which Design Components of Nutrition Infographics Make Them Memorable and Compelling

OBJECTIVES Which design features of nutrition infographics make them memorable and compelling? METHODS First, we conducted 3 focus groups with a total of 28 participants to understand preferred infographic characteristics of adults who were mostly in their early 20s. Second, using between subject design, a slide show of single-image infographics was displayed to an independent sample of college students and young career university employees (N = 50). We assigned participants randomly to either active or passive processing conditions. We conducted correlation and regression analyses to examine differences in recall and intention by infographic characteristics and processing conditions. RESULTS Regardless of whether a person was actively or passively viewing the infographics, the most robust predictor of recall was an action-oriented title (p = .003). Surprisingly, infographics in color (vs black-and-white), humorous, or simply worded were no more memorable or effective than if they simply had actionable titles. CONCLUSIONS Action-oriented titles make infographics memorable and compelling. Regardless of how involved a person is in processing an infographic, cartoon, or illustration, time spent on perfecting an action-oriented title will be time better spent than on making the infographic colorful, humorous, or detailed. Whereas content and detail of the infographic are important, effectiveness might be improved by the command given in its title or subtitle.
Temporal-Fluctuation-Reduced Video Encoding for Object Detection in Wireless Surveillance Systems

In many distributed wireless surveillance applications, compressed videos are used for performing automatic video analysis tasks. The accuracy of object detection, which is essential for various video analysis tasks, can be reduced due to video quality degradation caused by lossy compression. In particular, it has been found that current standardized video encoding schemes cause temporal fluctuation for encoded blocks in stable background areas of a raw video, which has a strong effect on the accuracy of object detection. To obtain better object detection performance on compressed videos, this paper proposes a standard-compliant video encoding scheme that can suppress unnecessary temporal fluctuation in stable background areas. The proposed scheme uses the Sum-of-absolute Frame Difference (SFD) to measure the degree of temporal fluctuation for stable background blocks. New mode decision strategies are designed for both intra and inter frames with the objective to reduce SFD while maintaining acceptable rate-distortion performance. Experimental results show that, compared with traditional encoding schemes, the proposed scheme improves the performance of object detection and results in lower bitrate with comparable quality in terms of PSNR and SSIM.
12 – α2-Adrenergic Receptors

There are three subtypes of α 2 -adrenergic receptors (α 2 -ARs), encoded by three independent, intronless genes. These subtypes are denoted as α 2A (human chromosome 10), α 2B (human chromosome 2), and α 2C (human chromosome 4). Ligand selectivity for pharmacologic agents does exist for the various α 2 -AR subtypes, although this selectivity has been observed principally in vitro because not all of these ligands have been evaluated for their pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. The lack of specific ligands for each of the α 2 -AR subtypes, particularly antagonists, has prevented the unequivocal assignment of the differing α 2 -AR subtypes to various physiologic responses. However, tools to genetically manipulate the mouse genome to create mutant or null alleles of each of these subtypes now provide an understanding of many of the roles of the different α 2 -AR subtypes. The α 2A -AR also appears to respond to endogenous catecholamines to suppress epileptogenesis (kindling) and depressive symptoms. The α 2C -AR elicits depressive behaviors, behaving functionally the opposite of the α 2A -AR subtype. The α 2B -AR, in contrast to the α 2A -AR, is involved in the vascular hypertensive effect of α 2 -AR agonists.
Prevalence of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - United States, 2012-2013.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive and fatal neuromuscular disease; the majority of ALS patients die within 2-5 years of receiving a diagnosis (1). Familial ALS, a hereditary form of the disease, accounts for 5%-10% of cases, whereas the remaining sporadic cases have no clearly defined etiology (1). ALS affects persons of all races and ethnicities; however, whites, males, non-Hispanics, persons aged >60 years, and those with a family history of ALS are more likely to develop the disease (1-3). No cure for ALS has yet been identified, and the lack of proven and effective therapeutic interventions is an ongoing challenge. Current treatments available do not cure ALS but have been shown to slow disease progression. Until recently, only one drug (riluzole) was approved to treat ALS; however, in 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved a second drug, edaravone (4).
An optimization-based approach to calculating neutrino flavor evolution

We assess the utility of an optimization-based data assimilation (D.A.) technique for treating the problem of nonlinear neutrino flavor transformation in core-collapse supernovae. D.A. uses measurements obtained from a physical system to estimate the state variable evolution and parameter values of the associated model. Formulated as an optimization procedure, D.A. can offer an integration-blind approach to predicting model evolution, which offers an advantage for models that thwart solution via traditional numerical integration techniques. Further, D.A. performs most optimally for models whose equations of motion are nonlinearly coupled. In this exploratory work, we consider a simple steady-state model with two monoenergetic neutrino beams coherently interacting with each other and a background medium. As this model can be solved via numerical integration, we have an independent consistency check for D.A. solutions. We find that the procedure can capture key features of flavor evolution over the entire trajectory, even given measurements of neutrino flavor only at the endpoint, and with an assumed known initial flavor distribution. Further, the procedure permits an examination of the sensitivity of flavor evolution to estimates of unknown model parameters, locates degeneracies in parameter space, and can identify the specific measurements required to break those degeneracies.
The Combined Influence of Air Pollution and Home Learning Environment on Early Cognitive Skills in Children

Cognitive skills are one component of school readiness that reflect a child’s neurodevelopment and are influenced by environmental and social factors. Most studies assess the impact of these factors individually, without taking into consideration the complex interactions of multiple factors. The objective of this study was to examine the joint association of markers of environmental pollution and of social factors on early cognitive skills in an urban cohort of children. For this, we chose isophorone in ambient air as a marker of industrial air pollution. Low quality home learning environments was chosen as a marker of the social factors contributing to cognitive development. Using a subpopulation from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (N = 4050), isophorone exposure was assigned using the 2002 National Air Toxics Assessment. Home learning environment was assessed with a modified version of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory, and standardized math assessment scores were used as a measure of early cognitive skills. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the effect of both exposures on math scores. After adjustment for confounders, children living in areas with ambient isophorone in the upper quintile of exposure (>0.49 ng/m3) had math scores that were 1.63 points lower than their less exposed peers [95% CI: −2.91, −0.34], and children with lower HOME scores (at or below 9 out of 12) had math scores that were 1.20 points lower than children with better HOME scores [95% CI: −2.30, −0.10]. In adjusted models accounting for identified confounders and both exposures of interest, both high isophorone exposure and low HOME score remained independently associated with math scores [−1.48, 95% CI: −2.79, −0.18; −1.05, 95% CI: −2.15, 0.05, respectively]. There was no statistical evidence of interaction between the two exposures, although children with both higher isophorone exposure and a low HOME score had a decrement in math scale score beyond the additive effect of each exposure. This was primarily observed among male children. These findings suggest that aspects of both the physical and social environments are independently associated with children’s early cognitive skills. Future research aiming to improve children’s early cognitive skills and subsequent school readiness should address both domains.
Σ = 3, {112} Lateral Twin Boundaries in GaP

The structure of Σ = 3, {112} lateral twin boundaries in polycrystalline GaP has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The orientation of the polar bonding along the lateral twin boundary was characterized by convergent-beam electron diffraction and found to be mirror symmetric across the {112} interface. Rigid-body lattice translations and grain boundary dislocations along the boundaries were also characterized. The direction of the translation state between adjacent twin-related grains was studied by the α-fringe contrast technique. Models of the {112} interface in the GaP lattice are proposed and compared with the experimental observations.
The PASCO Wireless Smart Cart: A Game Changer in the Undergraduate Physics Laboratory

With the introduction of the Wireless Smart Cart by PASCO scientific in April 2016, we expect a paradigm shift in undergraduate physics laboratory instruction. We have evaluated the feasibility of using the smart cart by carrying out experiments that are usually performed using traditional PASCO equipment. The simplicity, convenience, and cost-saving achieved by replacing a plethora of traditional laboratory sensors, wires, and equipment clutter with the smart cart are reported here.
Acoustic Modal Testing of Bicycle Rims

The stiffness, strength, and safety of a bicycle wheel depend critically on the stiffness of its rim. However, the complicated cross-sections of modern bicycle rims make estimation of the stiffness by geometric methods very difficult. We have measured the radial bending stiffness and lateral-torsional stiffness of bicycle rims by experimental modal analysis using a smartphone microphone. Our acoustic method is fast, cheap, and non-destructive, and estimates the radial bending stiffness, $$EI_{11}$$ , to within 8% and the torsional stiffness, GJ, to within 11% as compared with a direct mechanical test. The acoustic method also provides a direct measurement of the coupled lateral-torsional effective stiffness, which is necessary for calculating many useful properties of bicycle wheels such as stiffness, buckling tension, and the influence of spoke tensioning. For a complete bicycle wheel, the lateral stiffness can be determined by a superposition of equivalent springs for each mode in series, where each mode stiffness contains a rim stiffness and spoke stiffness combined in parallel. We give example calculations on two realistic bicycle wheels using our experimentally derived rim properties to show how stiff spokes can compensate for a flexible rim, while a very stiff rim doesn’t necessarily result in a stiff wheel.
Mortality in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treated With Continuous Prostanoids.

Background Parenteral prostanoids are considered the treatment of choice for patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Prognostic studies for patients treated in the modern era are limited. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, patients initiating IV epoprostenol or IV or subcutaneous (SC) treprostinil therapy for PAH from 2007 to 2016 at UT Southwestern and The Ohio State University were included. Transplant-free survival was assessed from the time of IV/SC therapy initiation and from the time of first follow-up. The utility of traditional prognostic measures was assessed by using categories (lower, intermediate, and higher risk) recommended in the 2015 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society guidelines for functional class, 6-min walk distance, brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level, and hemodynamic results. Results Patients with group 1 PAH receiving IV epoprostenol (n = 132), IV treprostinil (n = 25), or SC treprostinil (n = 38) were included. Survival from IV/SC prostanoid initiation was 84%, 77%, and 67% at 1, 2, and 3 years. Follow-up assessment was performed after a minimum of 90 days' therapy (mean, 356 ± 247 days) in 163 patients. After treatment with an IV/SC prostanoid, better functional class, 6-min walk distance, brain natriuretic peptide/N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level, and mixed venous O2 saturation (but not cardiac index) was associated with survival, as was the total number of lower risk and higher risk findings. Having zero lower risk findings or two or more higher risk findings was associated with particularly poor outcomes. Conclusions In patients with PAH receiving treatment with a parenteral prostanoid, survival was significantly associated with the number of guideline-recommended lower risk and higher risk criteria achieved at first follow-up.
The p-cymene pathway in PseudomonasputidaPL: Isolation of a dihydrodiol accumulated by a mutant

A mutant strain (PL pT 1143) of Pseudomonasputida PL, has been isolated for its inability to growth with p-cymene as carbon source. The mutant oxidizes p-cymene (and p-cumate) to a compound (λmax 293 nm) which is readily converted to 3-hydroxy-p-cumate by acid. 4-Trifluoromethylbenzoate is oxidized by the mutant to an acid-stable intermediate (λmax 277nm) that has been crystallized. The spectral properties (u.v., i.r., NMR and mass) of this metabolite are consistent with those expected for a 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy derivative of 4-trifluoromethylbenzoate. Further support of this structure was provided by elemental analysis and the properties of two derivatives of the metabolite, 4-trifluoromethyl-3-hydroxybenzoate and an acetonide formed with 2,2-dimethoxypropane. The stability of a product obtained by treatment of the dihydrodiol metabolite with triacetylosmate indicates that it is the cis-isomer.
Early events in the generation of antigen-specific cytotoxicity in MLC.

The generation of cytotoxicity in vitro has been shown to be accompanied by proliferation of the responding lymphocytes. Interference with the proliferative phase of the reaction has been shown to decrease the magnitude of the cytotoxic response as measured several days later (1–3); moreover, proliferation can occur in MLC without leading to cytotoxic effector cells (4,5) Two key points yet to be established, however, are whether or not one or more rounds of cell division are absolutely required for the initial expression of cytotoxicity in response to alloantigens, and whether or not appearance of cytotoxic function in responding cells requires expression of new genetic information
States of Molecular Electrons

THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS correlate with their low lying electron configurations. The inertness of the rare gases He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Rn implies that their electron configurations are particularly stable. So when two elements react to form an ionic compound, the resulting electron configurations tend to be those of nearby inert gases. When atoms combine to form covalent bonds, the shared electrons tend to complete the pertinent subshells to also give inert gas configurations.
Expression of heme oxygenase in hemopoiesis.

Heme oxygenase has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from detergent solubilized adult human liver microsomes. Treatment of microsomes with Triton X-100, sodium cholate and subsequent batchwise DEAE-cellulose, 2′, 5′ ADP-sepharose 4B, Sepharose CLB and hydroxylapatite column resulted in 177% yield of the purified heme oxygenase. The reconsituted system of heme oxygenase, composed of heme oxygenase, NADPH cytochrome c (P450) reductase and biliverdin reductase was equiactive with 1 mM NADPH and 4 nM NADH and showed complete dependence on added heme for catalytic activity. The Km values for NADPH and NADH were.046 and.526 mM, respectively. While NADPH concentration was held constant, the Km value for heme was 1.01 μM with a specific activity of 583 unit/mg protein. The activity of the reconstituted heme oxygenase system was not affected by preincubation with heavy metals despite their inhibitory effect of NADPH cytochrome c (P450) reductase and biliverdin reductase. However, the metalloporphyrins of these heavy metals were found to be strong inhibitors of the reconsituted system with Ki values of 0.015, 0.6, 2.3 and 5 μM for Sn-, Co-, Zn- and Mg- protoporphyrins, respectively. Similarly, the sulfhydryl inactivating reagents, HgCl2, iodoacetamide and p-chloromercurylbenzoate, inhibited the reconstituted heme oxygenase activity.
Genetic Basis for Individual Discriminations: The Major Histocompatibility Complex of the Mouse

The factors which permit altruistic behaviors to be differentially directed to kin and non-kin have aroused much interest. Hamilton’s (1964) development of the concept of inclusive fitness allowed a rationale for the evolution of altruistic behavior. However, in order to evolve, such behaviors must be directed at kin, and thus kin and non-kin must be discriminated. Various means by which such discriminations take place have been elaborated by Alexander (1979), Blaustein (1983), Holmes and Sherman (1983) and others. One prominent issue is the extent to which phenotype matching (involving learning) and/or recognition alleles are involved in kin recognition. Here we consider this and other issues in the context of a specific set of studies that have explored a genetic basis for possible discriminations among individual mice.
WNT Signaling and Cardiac Fibrosis

Wnt signaling plays multiple significant roles in cardiac development, injury, repair, and fibrosis. A good understanding of the signaling pathways involved in these processes is a necessary prerequisite in developing therapeutic approaches for different cardiovascular conditions. Our current understanding of these signaling pathways is described in this chapter.
First-order intrinsic Gaussian Markov random fields for discrete optimisation via simulation

ABSTRACTWe propose first-order intrinsic Gaussian Markov random fields (GMRFs) for Gaussian process (GP) regression of response surfaces, defined on a subset of the integer lattice, in operations r...
The Sources of Violent and Nonviolent Offending among Women in Prison

This study involved an assessment of the relevance of women’s background characteristics for predicting their offending in prison. Data were collected from over 650 women confined in a large prison...
Bone and Soft Tissue

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is an important tool used by pathologists and cytotechnologists for evaluating the cellularity, in turn, the adequacy of fine needle aspiration smears, touch imprints of image-guided core biopsies, and intraoperative evaluation of bone and soft tissue samples. ROSE allows for increased diagnostic yield, preliminary diagnosis, and appropriate triage of specimen to facilitate a definitive diagnosis. Furthermore, ROSE is cost-effective.
Unraveling the Structure-Valence-Property Relationships in AMM′Q3 Chalcogenides with Promising Thermoelectric Performance

Properties of solids are strongly influenced by their crystal structures. Learning from the structure–property relationships of existing high-performance thermoelectrics (TEs), here we identify a f...
Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of ultrathin Ga2O3 nanowires

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) and its most stable modification, monoclinic β-Ga2O3, is emerging as a primary material for power electronic devices, gas sensors and optical devices due to a high breakdown voltage, large bandgap, and optical transparency combined with electrical conductivity. Growth of β-Ga2O3 is challenging and most methods require very high temperatures. Nanowires of β-Ga2O3 have been investigated extensively as they might be advantageous for devices such as nanowire field effect transistors, and gas sensors benefiting from a large surface to volume ratio, among others. Here, we report a synthesis approach using a sulfide precursor (Ga2S3), which requires relatively low substrate temperatures and short growth times to produce high-quality single crystalline β-Ga2O3 nanowires in high yields. Even though Au- or Ag-rich nanoparticles are invariably observed at the nanowire tips, they merely serve as nucleation seeds while the nanowire growth proceeds via supply and local oxidation of gallium at the substrate interface. Absorption and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy on individual nanowires confirms a wide bandgap of 4.63 eV and strong luminescence with a maximum ∼2.7 eV. Determining the growth process, morphology, composition and optoelectronic properties on the single nanowire level is key to further application of the β-Ga2O3 nanowires in electronic devices.
C57BL/6 mice require a higher dose of cisplatin to induce renal fibrosis and CCL2 correlates with cisplatin-induced kidney injury

C57BL/6 mice are one of the most commonly used mouse strains in research, especially in kidney injury studies. However, C57BL/6 mice are resistant to chronic kidney disease-associated pathologies, particularly the development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Our laboratory and others developed a more clinically relevant dosing regimen of cisplatin (7 mg/kg cisplatin once a week for 4 wk and mice euthanized at day 24) that leads to the development of progressive kidney fibrosis in FVB/n mice. However, we found that treating C57BL/6 mice with this same dosing regimen does not result in kidney fibrosis. In this study, we demonstrated that increasing the dose of cisplatin to 9 mg/kg once a week for 4 wk is sufficient to consistently induce fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice while maintaining animal survival. In addition, we present that cohorts of C57BL/6 mice purchased from Jackson 1 yr apart and mice bred in-house display variability in renal outcomes following repeated low-dose cisplatin treatment. Indepth analyses of this intra-animal variability revealed C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 as a marker of cisplatin-induced kidney injury through correlation studies. In addition, significant immune cell infiltration was observed in the kidney after four doses of 9 mg/kg cisplatin, contrary to what has been previously reported. These results indicate that multiple strains of mice can be used with our repeated low-dose cisplatin model with dose optimization. Results also indicate that littermate control mice should be used with this model to account for population variability.
Transcriptomic analysis of ileal tissue from Crohn's disease patients identifies extracellular matrix genes that distinguish individuals by age at diagnosis.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a debilitating gastrointestinal (GI) disorder that can impact the entirety of the GI tract. While substantial progress has been made in the medical management of CD, it rema...
Computational investigation of left ventricular hemodynamics following bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valve replacement.

Abstract The left ventricle of the heart is a fundamental structure in the human cardiac system that pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation. Several valvular conditions can cause the aortic and mitral valves associated with the left ventricle to become severely diseased and require replacement. However, the clinical outcomes of such operations, specifically the postoperative ventricular hemodynamics of replacing both valves, are not well understood. This work uses computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI) to develop an improved understanding of this effect by modeling a left ventricle with the aortic and mitral valves replaced with bioprostheses. We use a hybrid Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian/immersogeometric framework to accommodate the analysis of cardiac hemodynamics and heart valve structural mechanics in a moving fluid domain. The motion of the endocardium is obtained from a cardiac biomechanics simulation and provided as an input to the proposed numerical framework. The results from the simulations in this work indicate that the replacement of the native mitral valve with a tri-radially symmetric bioprosthesis dramatically changes the ventricular hemodynamics. Most significantly, the vortical motion in the left ventricle is found to reverse direction after mitral valve replacement. This study demonstrates that the proposed computational FSI framework is capable of simulating complex multiphysics problems and can provide an in-depth understanding of the cardiac mechanics.
Deep origins of chordate midbrain visual processing centers

Abstract Ciona larvae have two visuomotor behaviors, a looming shadow response and negative phototaxis. These are mediated by distinct, but overlapping, two-interneuron relay circuits connecting photoreceptors and motor neurons. We report that both behaviors operate via fold-change detection (FCD) mechanisms. In other words, they respond to relative changes in input, meaning that two stimuli of the same fold-change but different by three orders of illumination magnitude give identical behavioral outputs. However, the two behaviors have different response profiles to varying fold-changes, with the negative phototaxis showing a power-function, while the shadow response is linear. The photoreceptors project to putative FCD circuits in the posterior brain vesicle (pBV), but with different circuit architectures for the two behaviors, likely accounting for the differing behavioral responses. Finally, we speculate from similarities in anatomy, gene expression, and connectivity that the pBV has common origins with processing centers of the vertebrate midbrain, including the optic tectum.
The impact of alcohol use and withdrawal on trauma outcomes: A case control study.

Abstract Introduction Many patients admitted to hospitals with acute trauma have positive serum blood alcohol levels. Published associations between alcohol use, injury patterns, and outcomes are inconsistent. We sought to further delineate the impact of alcohol use and alcohol withdrawal on hospital outcomes amongst acute trauma patients. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of adult trauma patients hospitalized at a suburban level 1 trauma center between January 2015 and September 2019 with a blood alcohol level measurement and/or classification as alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Patients were separated into three groups: BAL ≤10 mg/dL, BAL >10 mg/dL, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Results Overall, 3896 patients met study criteria with 75.6% BAL ≤10, 23.2% BAL >10, and 1.2% AWS. The median age was significantly different (BAL ≤ 10: 59 years, BAL > 10: 44 years, AWS: 53.5 years). Alcohol withdrawal was experienced by patients with BAL ≤10 and BAL >10. While injury severity and mortality were similar across all 3 groups, AWS patients experienced significantly longer hospital and ICU lengths of stay, unplanned ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and higher rates of complications. Patients with AWS had high rates of acute neuropsychiatric symptoms, complicating their management. Conclusions Except for mortality, AWS patients experienced worse outcomes. The complex nature of alcohol withdrawal cases, including the possibility of developing AWS despite a negative BAL on admission, emphasizes the need for early assessment for alcohol withdrawal risk factors and input from specialists.
Appendix: Weapons of Mass Destruction and Bioterrorism

This chapter will provide you with a foundational understanding of terroristic acts and its implications in EMS. We will also discuss the care and treatment of victims of various weapons of mass destruction.
Ecology: A revolution in resource partitioning.

Summary Resource partitioning stabilizes species coexistence but has long been difficult to measure. DNA metabarcoding reveals previously hidden dimensions of this problem and insights relevant for understanding and fostering coexistence — not just among wild carnivores, but also between carnivores and people.
An Approach in Regenerative Medicine for the Treatment of Intractable Otitis Media

The aim of this clinical study was to develop a new treatment for intractable otitis media such as adhesive otitis media and severe cholesteatoma. Poor development of mastoid cavity and its air cells is often observed in chronic otitis media patients. The functions of mastoid air cells were not known for a long time. Recent studies, however, reported that mastoid air cells have a gas exchange function through blood capillaries in the mucosa that covers the wall of mastoid air cells. This system and the Eustachian tube function to keep the middle ear cavity at an adequate pressure. Therefore, failure of this system is thought to prevent the recovery from chronic otitis media. In this study, we attempted to regenerate pneumatic air cells and their gas exchange function in patients with chronic otitis media.
Externalism and action-guiding epistemic norms

In his book, Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, John Pollock argues that all externalist theories of justification should be rejected on the grounds that they do not do justice to the action-guiding character of epistemic norms. I reply that Pollock’s argument is ineffective -- because not all externalisms are intended to involve action-guiding norms, and because Pollock does not give a good reason for thinking that action-guiding norms must be internalist norms. Second, I consider rehabilitating Pollock’s argument by restricting his conclusion to theories that do involve action-guiding norms and providing a better reason to think that action-guiding norms must be internalist norms. But I claim that if Pollock’s argument is made strong enough to rule out all externalisms, it rules out too much, namely, any plausible conception of epistemic norms.
Dynamic growth and deposition of hygroscopic aerosols in the nasal airway of a 5-year-old child.

Hygroscopic growth within the human respiratory tract can be significant, which may notably alter the behavior and fate of the inhaled aerosols. The objective of this study is to evaluate the hygroscopic effects upon the transport and deposition of nasally inhaled fine-regime aerosols in children. A physiologically realistic nasal-laryngeal airway model was developed based on magnetic resonance imaging of a 5-year-old boy. Temperature and relative humidity field were simulated using the low Reynolds number k - e turbulence model and chemical specie transport model under a spectrum of four thermo-humidity conditions. Particle growth and transport were simulated using a well validated Lagrangian tracking model coupled with a user-defined hygroscopic growth module. The subsequent aerosol depositions for the four inhalation scenarios were evaluated on a multiscale basis such as total, subregional, and cellular-level depositions. Results of this study show that a supersaturated humid environment is possible in the nasal turbinate region and can lead to significant condensation growth (d / d(0) > 10) of nasally inhaled aerosols. Depositions in the nasal airway can also be greatly enhanced by condensation growth with appropriate inhalation temperature and humidity. For subsaturated and mild inhalation conditions, the hygroscopic effects were found to be nonsignificant for total depositions, while exerting a large impact upon localized depositions.
Dynamic visual acuity of varsity women volleyball and basketball players.

(1977). Dynamic Visual Acuity of Varsity Women Volleyball and Basketball Players. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 480-483.
Venture Capital Cycle, Opportunities, and Challenges in China

The venture capital industry in China has been developing rapidly since the early 1990s and venture capital has been playing a more and more important role in the development of small and medium-si...
Combining Query Translation and Document Translation in Cross-Language Retrieval

This paper describes monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual retrieval experiments using the CLEF 2003 test collection. The paper compares query translation-based multilingual retrieval with document translation-based multilingual retrieval where the documents are translated into the query language by translating the document words individually using machine translation systems or statistical translation lexicons derived from parallel texts. The multilingual retrieval results show that document translation-based retrieval is slightly better than the query translation-based retrieval on the CLEF 2003 test collection. Furthermore, combining query translation and document translation in multilingual retrieval achieves even better performance.
Magnetic instabilities in unconventional superconductors

We discuss how an unconventional superconductor, in zero applied magnetic field, can be subject to a ``magnetic'' instability if the parameters in the Ginzburg-Landau functional are in the appropriate range. In the instability, the order parameter distorts and generates a supercurrent; this supercurrent generates a magnetic field, which then lowers the free energy through its interaction with the order parameter. We discuss the compatibility of this instability with the fundamental constraints on the parameters in the free-energy functional.
Urban flight: understanding individual and population-level responses of Nearctic–Neotropical migratory birds to urbanization

Summary 1. Despite the fact that studies of urban ecology have become commonplace in the literature, ecologists still lack empirical evidence of the underlying mechanisms responsible for relationships between urbanization and animal community structure. In an effort to understand the processes that govern an apparent avoidance of urban landscapes by many Nearctic‐Neotropical migratory birds, we examined population- and individual-level responses of the Acadian flycatcher ( Empidonax virescens ) to urbanization within the landscapes surrounding 35 riparian forest stands in Ohio, USA. 2. From May to August 2001‐06 we surveyed birds, banded 175 territorial flycatchers to estimate both condition and survival, tracked nest initiation dates, monitored success of 387 nests and estimated annual reproductive productivity of 163 breeding pairs. 3. Neither apparent annual survival of males ( φ = 0·53 ± 0·056 SE) nor females ( φ = 0·23 ± 0·064 SE) was related to the amount of urban development within the landscape. Similarly, daily survival rates of nests, which ranged from 0·92 to 0·98 across sites, was not associated significantly with urbanization. In contrast, reproductive productivity was related negatively to the amount of urbanization surrounding riparian forests, perhaps due in part to the greater incidence of brood parasitism and fewer numbers of nesting attempts made by pairs in urban compared to rural forests. 4. Forests within urban landscapes experienced higher levels of turnover in site occupancy, and birds settling in urban areas initiated nests later, had marginally smaller body sizes and exhibited lower return rates following nest predation than birds in more rural landscapes. In this way, behavioural processes governing habitat selection, settlement patterns and site fidelity probably contributed to the lower levels of reproductive productivity achieved by pairs nesting in urban landscapes. 5. This study provides evidence that the negative association between Acadian flycatchers and urbanization results from both population- and individual-level responses to urbanizing landscapes surrounding their riparian forest habitats.
Optimal Programming of Lot Sizes, Inventory and Labor Allocations

The economic lot size programming problem, as studied originally by A. S. Manne and later by B. P. Dzielinski, C. T. Baker and A. S. Manne, is the problem of making economic lot size, inventory and work force decisions in a multi-production process. When several thousand distinct items are involved, the large number of equations that result from the linear programming formulation makes computation infeasible. Also, a large number of variables are involved because of inclusion of alternative set-up sequences for each item. In this paper, the application of the Dantzig and Wolfe decomposition principle and a method for creating alternative set-up sequences as they are needed by means of a computation of the Wagner and Whitin type is described as a method for overcoming the computational difficulty. A digital computer program has been developed using these methods. The results of some experiments where production was planned for a large number of distinct items are described.
Neural network benchmark

ABSTRACT In this paper, we will present a Neural Net Benchmark. In many neural algorithms, learning is defined as a change inconnection weight values that result in the capture of training information that can later be recalled. A typical learningalgorithm is: ii neuron A was active and A's activity caused a connected neuron B to fire, then the synaptic connectionbetween A and B should be increased by certain amount. The benchmark systematically tests a neural network for this ability.The benchmark can be written as: (L3, L4, L5, L6 ). L3tests the net's ability for 3-neuron correlation: ifA and B wereactive and A and B's activity caused a connected neuron C to fire, can the network recall it later? Similarly, L4, L5 , . . . tests a net for 4-neuron, 5-neuron correlation. We will also present a neural net classification based on the benchmarkKey words: pattern recognffion, Neural net learning ,artificial inteffigence, benchmark 1. INTRODUCTION Neural networks inspire many different models [lj; it is hard to know all ofthem. It is even harder to be able to compare allof them in order to choose one for a given application. When dealing with benchmarking, a major task is to determinerelevant factors to compare neural networks.In many neural algorithms [1], learning is defined as a change in connection weight values that result in the capture oftraining information that can later be recalled. A typical learning algorithm is related to the following:If a neuron A was active and A's activity caused a connected neuron B to fire, then the synaptic connection betweenA and B should be increased by certain amount:
Earth first! and the rhetoric of moral confrontation

Extreme elements within any major social movement create a tension that can threaten or energize the movement. In an examination of Earth First!, a small but vocal environmental group, this paper analyzes the function of agitative rhetoric in the context of the contemporary environmental movement. Consisting of sit‐ins, sabotage, pranks, and other nondiscursive forms of persuasion, Earth First!'s agitative rhetoric illuminates the rhetorical dimensions of social movements in three areas. First, agitative rhetoric is both instrumental and consummatory as a form of communication and thus is symbolic at two levels. Second, such discourse forces the social movement to reexamine its goals as well as the strategies and tactics used to achieve such goals. Third, agitative rhetoric generates public attention for specific issues and gives the public a touchstone to differentiate extreme and moderate elements within the social movement.
Psychiatric Disorder Dramaturgically Considered

This paper reports the results of an investigation into the empirical applicability of conceptualizing mental illness as dramaturgic incompetence and a corresponding attempt to operationalize dramaturgical thought. It was found that dramaturgic incompetence and subsidiary components were strongly associated with degree of psychiatric disturbance and general diagnosis as determined by psychiatric staff. It also was found that attainment of psychiatric identities proceeded through a series of stages consisting of performative incompetence, empathic incompetence, motive incompetence, meaning loss, and identity loss. This sequence was particularly evident in cases of psychosis.