cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's Two-Choice Learning of Predominantly Alternating and Repeating Sequences.

Abstract Sixty-four nursery Ss and 64 kindergarten Ss guessed which of two lights would come on for 100 acquisition and 100 transfer trials. There were four groups in acquisition, differing in repetition probability (π1) level (.1 or .9) and age. For transfer, π1 was reversed for half the Ss in each acquisition group, resulting in four groups at each age level (nonreversed .1-.1, non-reversed .9-.9, reversed .1-.9, and reversed .9-.1). Both nursery and kindergarten Ss exhibited dominant response tendencies; the nursery Ss had a tendency to repeat their response, while the kindergarten Ss had a tendency to alternate theirs. The nursery Ss' responses were more dependent upon the event sequence than previous findings have indicated. While both age groups were able to follow the highly predictable event sequence, the kindergarten Ss followed both the repeating and alternating patterns better than the nursery Ss. For all Ss, a repeating sequence was easier to follow than an alternating one. Response tendencies established during acquisition were extremely resistant to change; except for the .1-.9 kindergarten group, the effect of previous experience was not overcome in the 100 transfer trials. It was suggested that the kindergarten Ss performed better than the nursery Ss because they were superior to the nursery Ss in response inhibition. Since a repeating response tendency requires fewer inhibitory responses than an alternating one, it was further suggested that a dominant response tendency is an indicator of the level of response complexity a child can handle when processing information.
Theory and system design of online risk assessment on urban power system

This paper describes a practical method of Online Risk Assessment (ORA) on urban power system. It includes the Online Probabilistic Risk Indices (OPRI) & their arithmetic, and the models for computing parameters varying with operating conditions which are used for Probabilistic Risk Indices calculation. The ability of the method can provide operators in control center the near term identification on security level, weak point, and riskiest event of urban power system. Further more, the system architecture of Online Risk Assessment (ORA) is presented, which is the preparation of software implementation of Online Risk Assessment System (ORAS) on Urban Power System.
Geomorphology: Quake, rubble and roll

Temporal variations in coarse river deposits are often attributed to climate change. Cosmogenic nuclide concentrations of river cobbles suggest that climate plays a subordinate role to earthquake-induced landslides in producing coarse sediments in arid Peru.
The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize

In the course of an experiment designed to reveal the genic composition of the short arm of chromosome 9, a phenomenon of rare occurrence (or recognition) in maize began to appear with remarkably high frequencies in the cultures. The terms mutable genes, unstable genes, variegation, mosaicism, mutable loci or “position-effect” have been applied to this phenomenon. Its occurrence in a wide variety of organisms has been recognized. The most extensive investigations of this phenomenon have been undertaken in Drosophila melanogaster.1 In this organism, the conditions associated with the origin of genic instability have been well defined. The part played by the heterochromatic materials of the chromosomes, in inducing and controlling the type of variegation and its time and frequency of occurrence, has been established. It has not been generally recognized that the instability of genic expression in other organisms may be essentially the same as that occurring in Drosophila.
Quantification of Human Performance Circadian Rhythms

The quantification of worker performance changes during a shift is critical to establishing worker productivity. This investigation examined the existence of circadian rhythms in response variables that relate most meaningfully to the physiological and neurological state of the body for three subjects maintaining a resting posture for 25 hours on five separate occasions. Significant circadian variation ranging from 3% to 11% of the mean value was detected for elbow flexion strength, physiological tremor, simple reaction time, information processing rate and critical eye-hand tracking capacity.
A process-technology-scaling-tolerant pipelined ADC architecture achieving 6-bit and 4 GS/s ADC in 45nm CMOS

A process-technology-scaling-tolerant pipelined ADC architecture has been demonstrated achieving 4 GS/s and 6-bit resolution in 45nm SOI CMOS. It utilizes open-loop, op-amp-less residue amplifier stages employing background master-slave gain calibration in order to achieve 4 GS/s clock rates while maintaining compatibility with deeply scaled CMOS processes. The pipelined ADC consumes 38 mW of power from a 1.4 V supply while operating at 4 GS/s and occupies a core area of only 0.04 mm2 due to its use of compact open-loop residue amplifiers. The measured DNL and INL are −0.8/1.0 LSB and −1.0/0.9 LSB, respectively. The ADC SNDR at 4 GS/s is 31.6 dB with a 250 MHz input and 27.3 dB with a 1.8 GHz input.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN METHODS FOR SUICIDE

Summary.-Suicide rates were higher for men than for women whether using methods dependent upon modern rechnology or more traditional methods, both in a study of the USA from 1962-1989 and over 24 nations of the world in 1980. Wiedenmann and Weyerer (1993) classified methods for suicide into those requiring modern technology (use of poisons, gas, and firearms) and those not (hanging, drowning, jumping, and stabbing). To explore gender differences in the frequency of use of these methods, the suicide rates of men and women were compared for 25 nations in 1980 (Lester, 1990). Suicide rates per 100,000 per year for men using modern technological methods were higher than those for women (Ms= 12.07 versus 3.85; t,,= 2.28, two-tailed p < .05) as were the rates for nontechnological methods (Ms= 11.11 versus 4.67; t,,= 4.81, p< .001). Data from the USA from 1962 to 1989 yielded a similar ddference in suicide rates using modern technological methods (Ms = 12.55 versus 4.52; t,, = 26.68, p < .OO1) and nontechnological methods (Ms = 3.7 1 versus 1.28; t,, =37.73, p < .001).
Quality of Life After Treatment for Advanced Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer

Objectives: To compare health-related quality of life measures after treatment for advanced (stages III and IV) laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. Study Design: Retrospective chart review and patient response to Health Status Questionnaire-12 (HSQ-12). Methods: Our study included 54 patients identified from the Tumor Registry of the University of Louisville Brown Cancer Center who were diagnosed and treated between 1995 and 2000. Demographics, tumor data, and treatment information were obtained from the Tumor Registry database. Questionnaires were mailed to all patients and included telephone follow-up. Comparative data and responses were analyzed for the 24 patients who responded to the survey. Results: Fifteen patients were treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy (CRT). Six patients underwent surgery with postoperative radiation therapy (SRT). The remaining three patients were treated with radiation therapy but were not used in this analysis. The average follow-up was 35 months after treatment. The CRT and SRT groups were statistically similar regarding age, sex, duration of follow-up, tumor grade, and tumor stage. Laryngeal primary tumors were more common in the SRT group than in the CRT group (p = .005). Eight domains were assessed by the HSQ-12: physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, health perception, energy/fatigue, social functioning, role-mental, and mental health. No statistical differences were found between the CRT and SRT groups, except for role limitations attributable to physical health (p = .007). Conclusions: These results indicate that only one of eight domains differs significantly between treatment groups when using the HSQ-12. Two-year survival end-point analysis of global health assessment may represent a simplified and meaningful way to compare treatment modalities in patients with advanced-stage head and neck cancer.
Far-ultraviolet stellar occultation measurements of the upper atmosphere

We describe the analysis methods of the stellar occultation measurement technique, and present preliminary results of upper atmospheric measurements with Princeton University's Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrometer (IMAPS), which was flown on two Shuttle AstroSPAS missions. The primary objective of IMAPS was to study the interstellar medium, but it also made observations of some hot stars as they were occulted by Earth's upper atmosphere. These observations provided the first detailed measurements of upper atmospheric O and N2 by the stellar occultation method. We also present a conceptual design for a follow-on instrument, dedicated to stellar occultation measurements of the upper atmosphere, the Global Upper Atmospheric Neutral Density from Stellar Occultations investigation.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The DNA synthetic response of normal and abnormal human lymphocytes to mevalonic acid: The role of granulocytes as a helper population

In order to investigate the role of neutrophils in the DNA synthetic response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to mevalonic acid, we obtained preparations of both cells each free of cross-contamination by the other. Purified lymphocytes respond poorly to mevalonic acid, but their response can be significantly enhanced by one half their number of neutrophils. Preincubation of lymphocytes with neutrophils for 24 hr, even in the absence of mevalonic acid, further increases the lymphocyte response. We have been unable to demonstrate the production by granulocytes of either an intracellular or extracellular mevalonate-derived growth factor that in turn stimulates lymphocytes. Granulocytes preexposed to mevalonate do not acquire the ability to stimulate lymphocyte DNA synthesis in the absence of mevalonate. Our experiments suggest that neither neutrophil lysosomal enzymes nor reactive oxygen species generated by neutrophils are responsible for the help neutrophils provide. Normal E rosette-positive lymphocytes fail to respond to mevalonate, whereas E rosette-negative cells do. The mevalonate response of normal E rosette-negative cells is enhanced by the presence of granulocytes in contrast to B cell-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that synthesize DNA briskly in response to mevalonic acid in the absence of neutrophil help. These observations add to our knowledge of the relationship between mevalonate metabolism and the regulation of cellular DNA synthesis and mitosis.
Cytokines in rotator cuff degeneration and repair

The pathogenesis of rotator cuff degeneration remains poorly defined, and the incidence of degenerative tears is increasing in the aging population. Rates of recurrent tear and incomplete tendon-to-bone healing after repair remain significant for large and massive tears. Previous studies have documented a disorganized, fibrous junction at the tendon-to-bone interface after rotator cuff healing that does not recapitulate the organization of the native enthesis. Many biologic factors have been implicated in coordinating tendon-to-bone healing and maintenance of the enthesis after rotator cuff repair, including the expression and activation of transforming growth factor-β, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-β, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Future techniques to treat tendinopathy and enhance tendon-to-bone healing will be driven by our understanding of the biology of this healing process after rotator cuff repair surgery. The use of cytokines to provide important signals for tissue formation and differentiation, the use of gene therapy techniques to provide sustained cytokine delivery, the use of stem cells, and the use of transcription factors to modulate endogenous gene expression represent some of these possibilities.
Effects of subchronic treatment with valproate on L-5-HTP-induced cortisol responses in mania: evidence for increased central serotonergic neurotransmission.

The mechanisms underlying the acute and prophylactic antimanic properties of valproate have remained elusive. There are some reports that treatment with valproic acid may increase brain serotonergic neurotransmission in the rodent. This study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of subchronic therapy with valproate on central serotonin metabolism in manic patients. Toward this end, the authors examined plasma cortisol responses to 200 mg . . orally L-5-hydroxy-tryptophan L-5-HTP in 10 manic patients both before and after subchronic treatment with valproate. Administration of L-5-HTP resulted in significantly increased cortisol responses both before and after treatment with valproate. The L-5-HTP-induced cortisol responses were significantly higher after treatment with valproate than before treatment. It is suggested that valproate may increase central serotonergic neurotransmission and that this stimulation may play a role in the antimanic effects of valproate. Q 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on muscle glycogen use during exercise in well-trained runners

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-exercise glucose and fructose feedings on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise in six well-trained runners (\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } \)=68.2±3.4 ml·kg−1·min−1). On three separate occasions, the runners performed a 30 min treadmill run at 70%\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } \). Thirty minutes prior to exercise each runner ingested 75 g of glucose (trial G), 75 g of fructose (trial F) or 150 ml of a sweetened placebo (trial C). During exercise, no differences were observed between any of the trials for oxygen uptake, heart rate or perceived exertion. Serum glucose levels were elevated as a result of the glucose feeding (P<0.05) reaching peak levels at 30 min post-feeding (7.90±0.24 mmol·l−1). With the onset of exercise, glucose levels dropped to a low of 5.89±0.85 mmol·l−1 at 15 min of exercise in trial G. Serum glucose levels in trials F and C averaged 6.21±0.31 mmol·l−1 and 5.95±0.23 mmol·l−1 respectively, and were not significantly different (P<0.05). There were also no differences in serum glucose levels between any of the trials at 15 and 30 min of exercise. Muscle glycogen utilization in the first 15 min of exercise was similar in trial C (18.8±8.3 mmol·kg−1), trial F (16.3±3.8 mmol·kg−1) and trial G (17.0±1.8 mmol·kg−1), and total glycogen use was also similar in trial C (25.6±7.9 mmol·kg−1), trial F (35.4±5.7 mmol·kg−1) and trial G (24.6±3.2 mmol·kg−1). In contrast to previous research, these results suggest that pre-exercise feedings of fructose or glucose do not affect the rate of muscle glycogen utilization during 30 min of treadmill running in trained runners.
Prediction of Activated Carbon Injection Performance for Mercury Capture in a Full-Scale Coal-Fired Boiler

Activated carbon injection (ACI) is an effective mercury control technology demonstrated in both short-term and long-term full-scale tests. The effectiveness of mercury capture by activated carbon depends on the mercury speciation, total mercury concentration, flue gas composition, method of capture, and activated carbon properties, such as pore size, type of carbon impregnation, and surface area, etc. It is also desired that an ACI system be designed to produce good mixing between the activated carbon and the flue gas. In recent years, General Electric Energy has conducted both short-term and long-term tests in large-scale coal-fired boilers for ACI mercury capture demonstration. The programs consisted of (1) combustion optimization to improve natural mercury capture by fly ash, (2) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of activated carbon injection to design ACI lances, (3) a short-term test to select the activated carbon type, and (4) a long-term test to evaluate the mercury capture performance. ...
Controlled liquid antisolvent precipitation using a rapid mixing device

Abstract Particle formation by the liquid antisolvent (LAS) process involves two steps: mixing of solution–antisolvent streams to generate supersaturation and precipitation (which includes nucleation and growth by coagulation and condensation) of particles. Uniform mixing conditions ensure rapid and uniform supersaturation, making it a precipitation controlled process where the particle size is not further affected by mixing conditions and results in precipitation of ultra-fine particles with narrow particle size distribution (PSD). In this work, we demonstrate that the use of an ultrasonically driven T-shaped mixing device significantly improves mixing of solution and antisolvent streams for precipitation of ultra-fine particles in a continuous operation mode. LAS precipitation of ultra-fine particles of multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as itraconazole (ITZ), ascorbyl palmitate (ASC), fenofibrate (FNB), griseofulvin (GF), and sulfamethoxazole (SFMZ) in the size range 0.1–30 μm has been carried out from their organic solutions in acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and ethanol (EtOH). Classical theory of homogeneous nucleation has been used to analyze the result, which suggests that higher nucleation rate results in finer particle size. Interestingly, experimental determination of degree of supersaturation indicates that higher supersaturation does not necessarily result in higher nucleation rate and nucleation rates can be correlated to solvent polarity.
Concordance Between Measures of Anxiety and Physiological Arousal Following Treatment of Panic Disorder in Adolescence

This study examined the concordance (or synchrony/desynchrony) between adolescents' self-reports of anxiety and physiological measures of arousal (heart rate) both prior to and after treatment for panic disorder. Results indicated a decline in reported subjective units of distress (SUDS) for the treatment group only at the post-treatment measurement for two of three tasks. Within the treatment group, heart rate changes during the Behavioral Approach Test (BAT) were observed following treatment for one task only. Implications of this apparent desynchrony between self-report and physiological measures in adolescent panic disorder are discussed, with cognitive changes in participants' perception of anxiety after treatment suggested as an important factor in recovery.
The technique of Tibetan paintings

Using written accounts of observed methods and materials of Tibetan paintings as well as examination of numerous examples, the techniques of Tibetan paintings, especially paintings on cloth, are discussed. Brief mention is made of the regional styles of Tibetan painting, since the techniques used in the production of these paintings apparently vary throughout Tibet and China. Various types of supports are mentioned and analyses of the types of cloths are given. The preparation and materials used in the ground, pigments and preliminary drawings and prints are discussed. The iconometrics of Tibetan painting are mentioned, since the total conception of the object is dependent upon them.
Effects of protein kinase A inhibition on rat diaphragm force generation.

Although protein kinases are known to play a role in modulating a variety of intracellular functions, the direct effect of inhibition of these enzymes on skeletal muscle force production has not been studied. The purpose of the present study was to examine this issue by determining the effects produced on diaphragm force generation by two protein kinase inhibitors: (a) H7, an inhibitor of both cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and of protein kinase C, and (b) H89, a selective inhibitor of PKA. Experiments (n=15) were performed using isolated, arterially perfused, electrically stimulated rat diaphragms. Perfusate temperature was adjusted to maintain muscle temperature at 27°C and arterial pressure was kept at 150 Torr. Animals were divided into three groups: (a) a control group perfused with Krebs-Henselheit solution equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2, (b) a group in which H7 (2 μM) was added to the perfusate, and (c) a group perfused with solution containing H89 (4 μM). In all three groups, we assessed diaphragm twitch kinetics, force-frequency relationships and in vitro fatiguability. We found that both H7 and H89 administration slowed twitch relaxation, augmented force generation in response to low frequency stimulation, and increased the rate of development of fatigue. Specifically, for control, H7 and H89 groups, respectively, we found: (a) 1/2 relaxation time averaged 64±2 S.E.M., 87±6 and 90±2 ms, P<0.003, (b) force production during 10-Hz stimulation averaged 12.6±1.1, 20.1±2.3, and 20.3±2.1 N/cm2, P<0.035, and (c) force fell to 14.3±2.0, 9.5±0.5 and 8.7±0.2% of its initial value after 20 min of fatiguing stimulation, P<0.035. These data show that it is possible to produce large increases in low frequency skeletal muscle force generation by directly inhibiting PKA. We speculate that it may be possible to pharmacologically augment respiratory muscle force and pressure generation in clinical medicine by administration of PKA inhibitors.
Generating subsurface acoustic waves in indocyanine-green-stained elastin biomaterial using a Q-switched laser

A Q-switched frequency-doubled Nd-YAG laser coupled to an optical parametric oscillator generated 4.75 ns 800 nm laser pulses to create a subsurface acoustic wave in planar indocyanine green gel samples and flat segments of elastin biomaterial stained with indocyanine green. The acoustic waves traveled through the target and were detected by a piezoelectric transducer. The waveforms were converted to measurements of pressure (and temperature) as a function of depth in the material. An algorithm was developed and applied to the acoustic signals to extract information about the absorption coefficient as a function of depth in the samples.
Detecting an undiagnosed case of nonsyndromic facial dysmorphism using geometric morphometrics.

: The Johns Hopkins University Center for Craniofacial Development and Disorders estimates that 1 in 3,000 children born in the United States is diagnosed with a rare form of craniosynostosis. Although the medical literature has documented numerous descriptions of craniofacial disorders from an anthropometric or genetic perspective, considerably fewer reports of these anomalies have been documented in the context of forensic anthropology. Similar genetic origins of many craniofacial anomalies generate ranges of phenotypic variation between and even within documented cases, producing difficulties in acquiring correct diagnoses. Identical physical characteristics manifested in different disorders create further complications in identifying a craniofacial syndrome in skeletal remains. Reported here is an unusual case of a possibly undiagnosed craniofacial abnormality in a set of identified skeletal remains from a North Carolina homicide case. Traditional metric and geometric morphometric approaches were utilized to further investigate morphological shape differences between the case study and a reference sample. Results show significant differences suggesting a nonsyndromic form of craniosynostosis.
Raman difference studies of protein-nucleic acid interactions

Raman difference spectroscopy combined with isotope editing procedures were employed to obtain the Raman spectra of phosphates, nucleotides, nucleic acids and their fragments when bound to several proteins. The vibrational spectra were analyzed using a variety of empirical and ab initio methods to relate the vibrational wavenumbers to hydrogen bonding strengths, bond orders, bond lengths and geometry and to establish how the proteins bring about these interactions. Some recent results obtained using these methods are reviewed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arterial Obstruction and Ocular Neovascularization

A series of 12 patients (13 eyes) with neovascular glaucoma in association with arterial obstructive disease is presented. Appropriately characterized as having an ocular ischemic syndrome, the anterior segment findings in each included aqueous flare and rubeosis iridis. Posterior segment manifestations included midperipheral intraretinal hemorrhages (venous stasis retinopathy), narrowed retinal arteries, often a cherry red spot, and neovascularization of the disc and/or retina. Most eyes with the ocular ischemic syndrome have either ipsilateral common carotid artery obstruction or severe bilateral obstruction of the internal carotid arteries.
Estimation of the difference between molecular dynamics and monte carlo averages due to the truncation of the potential

Abstract A particular discrepancy between Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics calculations using a truncated potential is analysed and an approximate method for its estimate based on Monte Carlo calculation is presented. Results axe given for the configurational internal energy of the ST2 water at 10°C.
MICROTUBULES AND EARLY STAGES OF CELL-PLATE FORMATION IN THE ENDOSPERM OF HAEMANTHUS KATHERINAE BAKER

A fine structure study of the phragmoplast and developing cell plate has been made on glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide-fixed, dividing, cultured cells of the liquid endosperm of Haemanthus katherinae Baker. The phragmoplast arises between the telophase nuclei, usually in association with a remnant strand of spindle elements, and consists of an accumulation of microtubules oriented at right angles to the plane of the future cell plate. The microtubules, which are 200–240 A in diameter, occur in small clusters spaced at approximately 0.2–0.3 µ intervals along the plate. Short interconnections interpreted as "cross-bridges" have been observed between individual microtubules. Within each cluster there is an electron-opaque zone about 0.3 µ in width which can be attributed in part to an overlap of microtubules from both sides of the plate and in part to a local accumulation of an amorphous electron-opaque material. During development these dense zones become aligned in a plane which itself defines the plane of the plate. Vesicles, commonly observed in long files, are derived from a cytoplasmic matrix rich in elements of the endoplasmic reticulum and sparse in dictyosomes. They aggregate between the clusters of microtubules and eventually coalesce to form the cell plate.
Gender Equity in Two-Year Athletic Departments: Part I.

This chapter offers an overview of the impact of Title IX on athletics in two-year institutions.
A Structural Validation of the Schedule of Racist Events

This study examined the structural validity of the Schedule of Racist Events (SRE), a brief inventory that assesses the frequency and stressfulness of racism in the lives of African Americans. The ...
Detailed microscopic analysis of self-interstitial aggregation in silicon. II. Thermodynamic analysis of single clusters

We analyze results generated by large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations of self-interstitial clusters in crystalline silicon using a recently developed computational method for probing the thermodynamics of defects in solids. In this approach, the potential-energy landscape is sampled with lengthy molecular-dynamics simulations and repeated energy minimizations in order to build distribution functions that quantitatively describe the formation thermodynamics of a particular defect cluster. Using this method, a comprehensive picture for interstitial aggregation is proposed. In particular, we find that both vibrational and configuration entropic factors play important roles in determining self-interstitial cluster morphology. In addition to the expected role of temperature, we also find that applied (hydrostatic) pressure and the commensurate lattice strain greatly influence the resulting aggregation pathways. Interestingly, the effect of pressure appears to manifest not by altering the thermodynamics of individual defect configurations but rather by changing the overall energy landscape associated with the defect. These effects appear to be general and are predicted using multiple, well-tested, empirical interatomic potentials for silicon. Our results suggest that internal stress environments within a silicon wafer (e.g., created by ion implantation) could have profound effects on the observed self-interstitial cluster morphology.
Multiple-soliton solutions for the generalized (1+1)-dimensional and the generalized (2+1)-dimensional Ito equations

Abstract The generalized ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional and the generalized ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional Ito equations, obtained by introducing a new type of bilinearism, are studied. The tanh–coth method is used to obtain single soliton solutions and periodic solutions for the Ito equations. The Hirota bilinear method is used to determine the multiple-soliton solutions of sech-squared type for these equations. New entirely solutions are obtained. The analysis emphasizes the power of the two methods and its capability of handling completely integrable equations.
Responses of aerobically fit men and women to uphill/downhill walking and slow jogging

Few studies have thoroughly examined metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychophysiological responses to negative treadmill (TM) exercise. We compared oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion (RPE, 0-10 Borg scale) during incremental TM exercise featuring both downhill and uphill stages. Subjects were aerobically trained males (N = 12, VO2max = 61 ml.kg-1.min-1) and females (N = 12, VO2max = 53 ml.kg-1.min-1). On separate occasions, each subject walked (4.8 kph) or jogged (9.6 kph) for 25 min. Five minutes were spent at each of five grades (-10, -5, 0, 5, 10%, or the reverse). TM speed and percent progressions were randomized. VO2 and HR did not differ in the 4.8 kph condition when TM grade was negative. During 9.6 kph, both VO2 and HR significantly (P less than 0.001) increased with progressive increments, but increases were less when TM grade was negative. RPE did not differ in the 4.8 kph condition except at 10% grade, where responses were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher. In 9.6 kph, RPE responses were significantly (P less than 0.001) greater during positive stages. The only gender effect occurred at 10% in the 9.6 kph condition, where women had greater (P less than 0.01) RPE responses than men. Results suggest that both walking and jogging economies differ between negative and positive TM grades. Gender differences appear negligible when comparing aerobically trained men and women.
Effects of near-tip rotation on pre-buckle crack growth of compressed beams bonded to a rigid substrate

The macroscopic pre-cracked line scratch test (MPLST), in which a debonded edge of a film is loaded in in-plane compression, has been modeled as a generic, coupled fracture–buckle problem using simple beam theory. Near cracktip beam rotation (also called root rotation in literature), which always exists due to the eccentric loading in this type of test, has been incorporated into the governing equations. An analytical solution to the augmented problem has been derived. It is found that the near-tip rotation can introduce pre-buckle bending in the film. One important consequence of this pre-buckle bending is that it leads to the reduction of the critical buckling condition. This agrees well with the results of [Int. J. Fract. 113 (2002) 39] obtained by solving the full elastic field near the crack-tip. Furthermore, the prebuckle bending moment at crack-tip remains negative (leading to crack closure) as long as the pre-buckle crack length is small, but it becomes positive (leading to crack opening) at larger pre-buckle crack length. The negative bending moment causes the crack-tip energy release rate to decrease as the crack propagates, which results in a stable pre-buckle crack growth. Once it becomes positive, however, the bending moment causes crack-tip energy release rate to increase rapidly as crack length increases and hence leads to an unstable (pre-buckle) crack growth. Further, the nominal phase angle is initially larger than the classic prediction of 52.1 owing to the existence of the negative crack-tip bending moment, but it drops quickly upon approaching the buckle point. All these results are confirmed by a rigorous 2D FEM calculation using cohesive zone modeling (CZM) approach. Finally the derived analytical solution has been used to analyze a set of PLST data reported in the literature. It has been demonstrated that plasticity in the adhesive layer and in the bonded film is responsible for the strong R-curve toughening characteristics in the deduced interface toughness data. It has also been shown that, once the deduced interface toughness is incorporated into a CZM simulation, both the axial loading and buckling point can be accurately predicted. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Solid Solubility Study of Barium, Strontium, and Calcium Titanates

Solid solution in titanates has been studied by X-ray diffraction, with particular emphasis on barium, calcium, and strontium titanates. It was found that the lattice constants varied linearly with the atomic percentage of the solute, with a positive deviation for the calcium-strontium solutions, and the two ternary solutions, with a deviation varying from negative to positive for the strontium-barium solutions. In the barium-calcium solution, the lattice constants varied linearly within the limits of solubility.
Further studies on the hemolytic action of filipin and derivatives.

The interaction of filipin with model membrane systems, such as lipid monomolecular layers and bilayer films, has been described previously. To find additional criteria by which to evaluate various membrane models, several methods for producing derivatives of filipin, which have little or no biological activity, have been examined. Two methods have proved particularly useful: (a) reduction of the conjugated double bond sequence and (b) irradiation with visible light in the presence of FMN. Perhydrofilipin has approx. 1/100 the hemolytic activity of the parent antibiotic, whereas irradiated filipin no biological activity (either hemolytic or antifungal). The effect of these derivatives on model membrane systems is described in the following papers. We have extended our observations that also the antibiotic/erythrocyte ratio, and not only the absolute concentration of antibiotic, determines the rate and extent of hemolysis. This finding provides an additional criterion which must be met by an appropriate membrane model.
Improved pulmonary function and exercise tolerance with inspiratory muscle conditioning in children with cystic fibrosis.

This study documented the effect of inspiratory muscle conditioning in children with cystic fibrosis. Subjects, ages 7 to 14 years, were divided into two groups. The experimental group (n = 10) trained at a high pressure load (≥29 cm H2O) and the control group (n = 10) trained at a minimal pressure load (≤15 cm H2O), using a threshold loading device. Subjects trained SO min a day for 10 weeks. Pulmonary function, inspiratory muscle strength, and exercise tolerance were measured at the beginning and end of the training period. Pulmonary function was measured by body plethysmography. Inspiratory muscle strength was determined by standard measures of maximal inspiratory pressure against an occluded airway. Exercise tolerance was measured by the length of time subjects could walk on a treadmill. Findings indicated that the experimental group showed significant increases in inspiratory muscle strength, vital capacity, total lung capacity, and exercise tolerance in comparison to the control group.
Measurements of acoustic backscatter and density of captive Atlantic cod with synchronized 300-kHz multibeam and 120-kHz split-beam echosounders

Effective management strategies for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Gulf of Maine require stock assessments based on accurate estimates of its abundance and distribution. If multibeam echosounders are to provide data for such estimates, the relationship between acoustic backscatter and fish biology must be better understood. Working towards this goal, a series of acoustic measurements was made using a 120 kHz, split-beam echosounder (Simrad EK60) and a 300 kHz, multibeam echosounder (Kongsberg EM3002). The transducers from both systems were fixed to a platform over a submerged 98 m 3 cage made of 5 cm stretchednylon mesh. After standard-sphere calibrations, the cage was stocked with live, mature Atlantic cod, with a mean total length of 80.7 cm (range: 51.5 – 105.0 cm). The echosounders synchronously collected acoustic data, while the cod were monitored with two underwater video cameras. Cod were incrementally removed from the cage to provide a time-series of acoustic backscatter at four densities (n ¼ 128, 116, 66, and 23). Backscatter measurements of cod are compared between echosounders and over time, and the factors affecting the acoustically derived density estimates are discussed. The benefits and limitations of the EM3002 are highlighted.
Architectural support for fast symmetric-key cryptography

The emergence of the Internet as a trusted medium for commerce and communication has made cryptography an essential component of modern information systems. Cryptography provides the mechanisms necessary to implement accountability, accuracy, and confidentiality in communication. As demands for secure communication bandwidth grow, efficient cryptographic processing will become increasingly vital to good system performance.In this paper, we explore techniques to improve the performance of symmetric key cipher algorithms. Eight popular strong encryption algorithms are examined in detail. Analysis reveals the algorithms are computationally complex and contain little parallelism. Overall throughput on a high-end microprocessor is quite poor, a 600 Mhz processor is incapable of saturating a T3 communication line with 3DES (triple DES) encrypted data.We introduce new instructions that improve the efficiency of the analyzed algorithms. Our approach adds instruction set support for fast substitutions, general permutations, rotates, and modular arithmetic. Performance analysis of the optimized ciphers shows an overall speedup of 59% over a baseline machine with rotate instructions and 74% speedup over a baseline without rotates. Even higher speedups are demonstrated with optimized substitutions (SBOXes) and additional functional unit resources. Our analyses of the original and optimized algorithms suggest future directions for the design of high-performance programmable cryptographic processors.
Preparation, characterization and mechanical properties of epoxidized soybean oil/clay nanocomposites

Abstract New epoxidized soybean oil (ESO)/clay nanocomposites have been prepared with triethylenetetramine (TETA) as a curing agent. The dispersion of the clay layers is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD and TEM data reveal the intercalated structure of ESO/clay nanocomposites has been developed. The thermogravimetric analysis exhibits that the ESO/clay nanocomposites are thermally stable at temperatures lower than 180 °C, with the maximum weight loss rate after 325 °C. The glass transition temperature, T g , about 7.5 °C measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and T g about 20 °C measured by dynamic mechanical study have been obtained. The difference in the T g between DSC and dynamic measurements may be caused by different heating rate. The nanocomposites with 5–10 wt% clay content possess storage modulus ranging from 2.0×10 6 to 2.70×10 6 Pa at 30 °C. The Young's modulus ( E ) of these materials varies from 1.20 to 3.64 MPa with clay content ranging from 0 to 10 wt%. The ratio of epoxy (ESO) to hydrogen (amino group of TETA) greatly affects dynamic and tensile mechanical properties. At higher amount of TETA, the nanocomposites exhibit stronger tensile and dynamic properties.
Integrative genomic analysis of the human immune response to influenza vaccination

Identification of the host genetic factors that contribute to variation in vaccine responsiveness may uncover important mechanisms affecting vaccine efficacy. We carried out an integrative, longitudinal study combining genetic, transcriptional, and immunologic data in humans given seasonal influenza vaccine. We identified 20 genes exhibiting a transcriptional response to vaccination, significant genotype effects on gene expression, and correlation between the transcriptional and antibody responses. The results show that variation at the level of genes involved in membrane trafficking and antigen processing significantly influences the human response to influenza vaccination. More broadly, we demonstrate that an integrative study design is an efficient alternative to existing methods for the identification of genes involved in complex traits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00299.001
Efficient Node Collaboration for Mobile Multi-Target Tracking Using Two-Tier Wireless Camera Sensor Networks

To address the Mobile Multiple Targets Tracking (MMTT) problem, we propose the two-tier Wireless Camera Sensor Network (WCSN) and the corresponding the sensor collaboration scheme, which is developed by the Cardinality Balanced Multi-Bernoulli (CBMeMBer) filtering algorithm. In our proposed scheme, at each time step the tracked targets are regrouped, and the sensor with the best view of each group of the tracked targets is selected as the new Cluster Head (CH), which activates the sensors located within their communication ranges to be the cluster members. Furthermore, we also extend the single-directional WCSN to multiple-directional WCSN to improve the target-location estimate accuracy. Our simulation results validate the performances of our proposed dynamic node collaboration scheme.
Faster quantitative real-time PCR protocols may lose sensitivity and show increased variability

Quantitative real-time PCR has become the method of choice for measuring mRNA transcription. Recently, fast PCR protocols have been developed as a means to increase assay throughput. Yet it is unclear whether more rapid cycling conditions preserve the original assay performance characteristics. We compared 16 primer sets directed against Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) mRNAs using universal and fast PCR cycling conditions. These primers are of clinical relevance, since they can be used to monitor viral oncogene and drug-resistance gene expression in transplant patients and EBV-associated cancers. While none of the primers failed under fast PCR conditions, the fast PCR protocols performed worse than universal cycling conditions. Fast PCR was associated with a loss of sensitivity as well as higher variability, but not with a loss of specificity or with a higher false positive rate.
VALVE AND BAND MORPHOLOGY OF SOME FRESHWATER DIATOMS. V. VARIATIONS IN THE CINGULUM OF PLEUROSIRA LAEVIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Frustule ultrastructure of Pleurosira laevis (Ehr.) Compere from an epilithon sample collected from the Missouri River was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Valve characteristics were similar to those found by other authors, whereas certain features of the cingulum were new. The cingulum consists primarily of three girdle bands (a valvocopula and two pleurae). The valvocopula can be complete but open at one end, below the ocellus. However, it is more commonly bisegmented, with two narrow and severable connecting points located in the pars interior region underlapping the mantle. The first and second pleurae are either biligulate or uniligulate and closed, but the former, when uniligulate, may be an open band as well. The second pleura is narrower and more delicate than the first. When a natural cleavage of a band subtends a ligula, the band is prone to break along the cleavage during specimen preparation, thus making difficult the assessment of band form and cingulum arrangement. Regions of band overlap have smooth poreless edges, whereas those of underlap are rimmed with either fine fimbriae or, occasionally, a coarser comblike fringe. The variability of the bands results in a cingulum that can be assembled in at least four different arrangements.
The Performance of Charter Schools in Wisconsin.

How have charter schools in Wisconsin performed relative to traditional public schools? Two analyses provide an answer: First, a comparison of achievement test scores for students in Milwaukee charter and traditional schools from 1998 to 2002 for grades 3 through 10 finds a relative advantage for charter school students using fixed effects and first difference specifications. Second, a methodological approach new to the debate over performance in choice schools assesses schoollevel standardized tests in the fourth and eighth grades for 2000–01 and 2001–02. The results for fourth grade are generally favorable for charter schools; those for eighth grade are mixed. Overall, the results from these two analyses suggest that charter schools in Wisconsin are performing somewhat better than the traditional public schools from which they draw students. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Suppression of Emotional and Nonemotional Content in Memory: Effects of Repetition on Cognitive Control.

Two experiments utilized a think/no-think paradigm to examine whether cognitive control of memories differs depending on whether they contain information with negative or neutral emotional content. During a training phase, participants learned face-word pairs (Experiment 1) or face-picture pairs (Experiment 2). In a subsequent experimental phase, participants were shown faces and told to think of the items paired with some of the faces and to try not to think of the items paired with other faces. Finally, in a test phase, participants were again shown each face and asked to recall the item with which it had been paired previously. Results for both verbal (Experiment 1) and nonverbal (Experiment 2) items indicated that the facilitatory and inhibitory influences of cognitive control were larger for negative than neutral items.
Social Disorganization and Parochial Control: Religious Institutions and Their Communities'

Set within the framework of social disorganization theory, this article explores the relationship between social disorganization and parochial control. Specifically, this study investigates whether more disorganized communities support fewer religious institutions than less disorganized areas. It also examines the relationship between religious institutions and another type of community association: multi-issue, neighborhood-based organizations. Data are drawn from 1990 Census data, the 1991 Chicago telephone directory and local community organization directories. Findings support the idea that residential mobility and ethnic heterogeneity are negatively related to the prevalence of religious institutions whereas there is a curvilinear relationship between poverty and religious organizations. Finally, a strong relationship between the prevalence of religious institutions and the prevalence of multi-issue organizations is established.
The Origins of European Villages and the First European Expansion

The countryside of Europe in the Roman period was one of dispersed villas and farmsteads placed in a regular grid. That of post-Roman Europe was one of nucleated villages surrounded by irregular fields and “spider's web” tracks. The change occurred between the sixth and the ninth centuries, when the countryside was largely emptied of its population. The reasons for this change should be explored, for this reconstruction of the countryside was the start of the medieval economic expansion that gave Europe a density of population and intensity of land exploitation it had never before achieved.