cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on Posttreatment Return of Claustrophobic Fear, Arousal, and Avoidance Using Mock Diagnostic Imaging:

Fear sometimes returns after attenuation via exposure. Return of fear is poorly understood due to conflicting results from diverse experiments. This article reports on two experiments in which claustrophobic fear during mock diagnostic imaging was attenuated and allowed to return so the experiments could be evaluated and return of fear studied. Attentional focus versus distraction during exposure was a between-subjects independent variable. Attempts were made to predict return of fear, return of heart-rate responsivity, and behavioral avoidance using levels of fear and heart-rate during initial mock diagnostic imaging as predictor variables. One third of participants displayed return of fear, heart-rate response, or avoidance 1 week after fear reduction. Heart-rate response during initial mock imaging predicted posttreatment return-of-fear classification; level of fear during initial imaging did not. Neither initial heart rate nor initial fear predicted return of heart-rate reactivity or avoidance. The experiments are offered as models for programmatic research.
Association of Raoultella bacteremia with diseases of the biliary tract.

To the Editor,The report by De Jong et al. [1] of several cases of Raoultella bacteremia associated with biliary disease was interesting to us as we recently encountered a similar patient.A 66-y-ol...
Nerve transfers for the upper and lower extremities

Complex extremity nerve injuries are a challenging problem for the reconstructive surgeon. Traditionally, nerve grafts or tendon transfers have provided options for restoration of function. Advances in nerve repair and in the understanding of the internal topography of the nerve have contributed to the development of nerve transfers. Nerve-to-nerve transfers offer a superior alternative for functional restoration in isolated or multiple nerve injuries when early reinnervation of the target end organ is necessary, such as in proximal injuries or in delayed treatment. Expendable sensory or motor axons close to the end organ allow for earlier regeneration and preclude the need for nerve grafts. Assessment and criteria for nerve transfers as well as the management and surgical techniques for well-established nerve transfers are described herein.
Does the antihyperalgesic disruptor of endothelial cells, octoxynol-9, alter nociceptor function?

The vasoactive mediator, endothelin-1, elicits a novel form of hyperalgesia, stimulation-dependent hyperalgesia. Acting on its cognate receptor on the vascular endothelial cell, endothelin-1 produc...
Outcome effect, controllability and performance evaluation of managers: some field evidence from multi-outlet businesses

Abstract This field study provides evidence of the outcome effect in performance evaluations of managers in an organization. Specifically, in a retail chain, subjective evaluations of store managers by their supervisors were negatively impacted by unfavorable outcome knowledge. As expected, outcome determinants over which the managers have control influence their performance evaluations and environmental determinants of outcome over which they have no control do not influence their evaluations. However, unexpectedly, central management determinants of outcome over which the managers have no control also influence their evaluations. After these outcome determinants are considered, we find evidence of an outcome effect since failure of the store to meet its target outcome results in a more negative performance evaluation of the managers. Also, the extent to which store managers' evaluations are prone to the outcome effect is not contingent on the measure of the outcome used.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE STABLE AND UNSTABLE MANIFOLD OF AN EQUILIBRIUM POINT

We consider the evolution of the stable and unstable manifolds of an equilibrium point of a Hamiltonian system of two degrees of freedom which depends on a parameter,. The eigenvalues of the linearized system are complex for 0. Thus for 0 these stable and unstable manifolds are gone. We study the system defined by the truncated generic normal form in this situation. One of two things happens depending on the sign of a certain quantity in the normal form expansion. In one case the two families detach as a single invariant manifold and recedes from the equilibrium as tends away from 0 through positive values. In the other case the stable and unstable manifold are globally connected for <0 and the whole structure of these manifolds shrinks to the equilibrium as ! 0 and disappears. These considerations have interesting implications about Str ¨ omgren's conjecture in celestial mechanics and the blue sky catastrophe of Devaney.
Mode initialization for on-line estimation of power system electromechanical modes

Measurement-based mode-estimation methods are utilized to estimate electromechanical modes of a power system using phasor measurement units (PMU) data. These methods need to extract a certain amount of information before they can provide a useful mode estimation. Traditionally, the information is gathered solely from measurement data. A priori mode information from other resources (e.g. model eigenvalue analysis, engineering knowledge) are not fully utilized. For real-time applications, this means that the mode estimation takes time to converge. By adding a mode regularization term in the objective function, this paper proposes a mode initialization method to include a priori mode information in a regularized robust recursive least squares (R3LS) algorithm for on-line mode estimation. The proposed method is tested using a simple model, a 17 machine model and is shown to be able to shorten the convergence period of the R3LS algorithm. The proposed method is also applied on the measurement data recorded right before a major power outage in the western North American Grid on August 10th 1996 to show its potential application in detecting an approaching small signal stability problem.
Review of grazing incidence optics fabrication techniques for x-ray astronomy

This paper covers the various techniques that are currently being used and developed to fabricate grazing incidence x-ray optics for the energy range from about 0.2 to 20 keV. Techniques covered will include diamond turning, thin foils, epoxy/carbon-fiber replication, electroforming replication, and float glass/Kirkpatrick-Baez techniques.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) : A New Paradigm for Thermal Science and Engineering

The use of artificial neural network (ANN), as one of the artificial intelligence methodologies, in a variety of real-world applications has been around for some time. However, the application of ANN to thermal science and engineering is still relatively new, but is receiving ever-increasing attention in recent published literature. Such attention is due essentially to special requirement and needs of the field of thermal science and engineering in terms of its increasing complexity and the recognition that it is not always feasible to deal with many critical problems in this field by the use of traditional analysis. The purpose of the present review is to point out the recent advances in ANN and its successes in dealing with a variety of important thermal problems. Some current ANN shortcomings, the development of recent advances in ANN-based hybrid analysis, and its future prospects will also be indicated.
Robust solution of time-domain integral equations using loop-tree decomposition and bandlimited extrapolation

A stabilization method that eradicates low frequency instabilities in the solution of the time-domain integral equations of electromagnetic scattering is presented. The method uses the loop-tree decomposition originally suggested for the solution of low frequency scattering problems via the method of moments. Specifically, a temporally differentiated form of the pertinent integral equation is tested using tree basis functions, and the undifferentiated form is tested using solenoidal basis functions. The underlying solution method uses bandlimited interpolation functions (BLIFs) and the higher-order divergence-conforming vector bases of Graglia et al. for the temporal and spatial discretization of the integral equations, respectively. An extrapolation technique has been implemented to overcome the noncausality introduced into the system by the BLIFs. Numerical results will demonstrate the stability and accuracy of the proposed technique.
Further discussion on linear production functions and DEA

Abstract The purpose of the current paper is to clarify the misunderstanding in using the constant returns to scale (CRS) model in data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate returns to scale (RTS) classification. By illustrating the following two different assumptions: (a) all decision making units (DMUs) are assumed to be compared to a CRS frontier in the CCR model, i.e., all DMUs are assumed to be capable of operating under CRS and (b) all DMUs exhibit CRS, several incorrect points about RTS estimation raised by Chang, K.P. and Guh, Y.Y. (1991) (European Journal of Operational Research 52, 215–223) and Chang. K.P. (1997) (European Journal of Operational Research 97, 597–599) are examined. It is shown that the assumption (a) does not mean that the RTS classification cannot be estimated. The CRS frontier assumption cannot change the RTS nature of each DMU. Since the CCR model mixes a technical efficiency and a scale efficiency, it is possible and meaningful to use the CCR results to determine the RTS classification. Finally, the infeasibility of Chang and Guh's (1991) treatment of non-archimedean infinitesimal is discussed.
Bounds on the trajectories of a system of weakly coupled rotators

In this paper we study a classical mechanical system of weakly coupled rotators on a one-dimensional lattice. Such systems are of interest in statistical mechanics. We prove that for any site in the system there is a “large” set of initial conditions for which there exists a canonical change of variables such that the trajectory of that site, in the transformed system, is essentially indistinguishable from that of an integrable system for a long (but finite) time. Alternatively, the trajectory of this site lies very close to a torus in the phase space of the system for times very long in comparison with the typical period of the unperturbed rotators. All the estimates in this theory areindependent of the number of degrees of freedom in the system. We propose this mechanism as an explanation of certain numerical experiments.
Impression management training: Conceptualization and application to personal selling

This article addresses the need for knowledge about impression management as a communication phenomenon in the training industry. The article discusses the importance of impression management, as a communicative phenomenon, in a variety of real‐world contexts, provides a comprehensive conceptualization of the impression management process, and demonstrates how this conceptualization of the impression management process can facilitate effective training of salespeople.
The interaction of the novel 30C02 cyst nematode effector protein with a plant β-1,3-endoglucanase may suppress host defence to promote parasitism

Phytoparasitic nematodes secrete an array of effector proteins to modify selected recipient plant cells into elaborate and essential feeding sites. The biological function of the novel 30C02 effector protein of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, was studied using Arabidopsis thaliana as host and the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, which contains a homologue of the 30C02 gene. Expression of Hg30C02 in Arabidopsis did not affect plant growth and development but increased plant susceptibility to infection by H. schachtii. The 30C02 protein interacted with a specific (AT4G16260) host plant b-1,3-endoglucanase in both yeast and plant cells, possibly to interfere with its role as a plant pathogenesis-related protein. Interestingly, the peak expression of 30C02 in the nematode and peak expression of At4g16260 in plant roots coincided at around 3‐5 d after root infection by the nematode, after which the relative expression of At4g16260 declined significantly. An Arabidopsis At4g16260 T-DNA mutant showed increased susceptibility to cyst nematode infection, and plants that overexpressed At4g16260 were reduced in nematode susceptibility, suggesting a potential role of host b-1,3-endoglucanase in the defence response against H. schachtii infection. Arabidopsis plants that expressed dsRNA and its processed small interfering RNA complementary to the Hg30C02 sequence were not phenotypically different from non-transformed plants, but they exhibited a strong RNA interference-mediated resistance to infection by H. schachtii. The collective results suggest that, as with other pathogens, active suppression of host defence is a critical component for successful parasitism by nematodes and a vulnerable target to disrupt the parasitic cycle.
Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin

Two new, extinct taxa of peccaries from upper Miocene deposits of the western Amazon Basin provide the first data documenting the presence of these North American mammals in South America in the Miocene. One, Sylvochoerus woodburnei n. gen. n. sp., is allied morphologically to Tayassu pecari, whereas the second, Waldochoerus bassleri n. gen. n. sp., is more similar to Pecari tajacu. Both new taxa reflect an intermediate position between middle Miocene peccaries and modern Tayassu and Pecari. The specimens reported here were unstudied, but when collected they were referred to living species of Tayassu and Pecari based on their general similarity to species of those two living genera, and they were dated to the Pleistocene, presumably based on a long–standing model of the Great American Faunal Interchange. The presence of peccaries in South America at approximately the same time that South American ground sloths began appearing in upper Miocene deposits of North America, and soon after the appearance of gomphotheres in South America, indicates that dispersal between the Americas was earlier and involved more taxa than previously interpreted. Molecular divergence data are consistent, in part, with a late Miocene dispersal of peccaries to South America.
Bifurcation structure of adaptation versus depolarization block

Midbrain dopamine neurons fire in a pacemaker-like fashion in vitro where they are deprived of most afferent input. In vivo, these neurons can emit a burst of action potentials with fast (~50 Hz) frequencies [1]. However, simple somatic depolarization of these neurons does not elicit such rapid firing because the neurons cease firing at levels of depolarizing somatic current injection stronger than those that elicit repetitive firing at about 10 Hz [2]. Here we argue that in the case of simple somatic current injection, firing ceases due to adaptation rather than depolarization block. We hypothesize that the primary adaptation mechanism is the slow inactivation of the fast sodium current [3], which causes the spike threshold to become more depolarized with each spike until spiking fails. We contrast the bifurcation structure of a simple 3 variable model that ceases to fire via this mechanism with a two variable model that fails by going into depolarization block. In both cases, spontaneous firing is characterized by an N shaped voltage nullcline with two stable branches. For the depolarization block, firing ceases when the fixed point moves from the unstable to the stable branch at the knee of the nullcline (Fig.​(Fig.1).1). The action potentials decrease in amplitude both at the peak and the trough, and the resulting stable potential is much more depolarized than the spike threshold for the adaptation case. In contrast, for the adaptation case, only the peaks of the action potential decrease slightly, and the final stable potential is at the spike threshold. As slow inactivation proceeds, the voltage nullcline loses the unstable middle branch, and the two stable branches merge. Spiking fails when the trajectory no longer crosses the unstable middle branch (the spike threshold) because the increasing ISI length allows for more fast inactivation. The two mechanisms can be differentiated experimentally: an additional depolarizing square pulse of current applied just after the last spike should evoke an additional action potential for adaptation, but not depolarization block. Figure 1 Spike Failure via Adaptation. (A) Time course of the membrane potential (top) and slow Na+ channel inactivation, middle), during spike failure after a depolarizing current step (bottom). (B) Phase plane for fast/slow analysis. The N shaped voltage nullcline ...
3-Dimensional Structures of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Binding Sites of Agonists and Antagonists

We summarize here recent progress in predicting the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and in predicting the binding sites for various agonists and antagonists. These receptors play a critical role in cell communications (dopamine, histamine, epinephrine, and serotonin) and in sensing the outside world (vision, smell, taste, and pain). There are no experimental 3D structures available for human GPCR despite their vital function and importance as therapeutic targets. Indeed, considering every form of life, there is an experimental structure for only 1 GPCR: bovine rhodopsin. Consequently, we developed the MembStruk method to predict the 3D structure without using homology. We then validated our predicted structures by using them to predict their binding sites and binding energies for strongly binding agonists and antagonists. The results were in excellent agreement with available binding and mutation experiments. We will summarize the results for adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors, chemokine receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and a tetrapeptide receptor (mas-related gene C11).
The Spectrum of Loop Current Variability from Gappy Data

Abstract The goal of this work was to understand the rate at which large anticyclonic rings are shed from the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico. The northward penetration of the Loop Current is used here as a surrogate variable. Data are primarily from satellite IR maps and are supplemented with XBT sections and older hydrographic data. The IR data have gaps from poor summertime visibility, bad weather, and the ambiguity of not knowing exactly when a ring separates. A least-squares method is developed for computing the spectrum. The computations are performed in the time domain to avoid problems with explicit calculation of the Fourier transform. The slightly smoothed spectrum can be recovered to high accuracy at low frequencies for the case of long segments of continuous data separated by large gaps. The method requires choosing an appropriate smooth data window to widen the spectral window, determining the effective Nyquist frequency of the method, filtering the continuous data segments to remove power...
Creatine Kinase and its Isoenzymes in Neoplastic Disease

The CK-BB isoenzyme is ubiquitous in neoplastic tissue, but with low activity. Accordingly, it might be a nonspecific and insensitive tumor marker. Evaluation of BB isoenzyme in serum might indicate the extent of diseases or the response to therapy. The presence of CK-MB in patients with cancers may cause confusion with AMI. Serial determinations of both CK and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes are of great help in differential diagnosis. The presence of mit-CK is a poor prognostic sign in patients with malignancy. The greatest clinical significance of CK-BB and macro-CK isoenzyme lies in their effect on various assays for CK-MB. Macro-CK types 1 and 2 are much more heat stable than are CK-MB and CK-BB, and so by heating samples for 20 min at 45 degrees C the presence of thermostable macro types can be demonstrated. Macro-CK type 2 has a much higher activation energy than macro-CK type 1. If macro-CK is present, determination of the activation energy easily differentiates between types 1 and 2. CK-Bi seems to be glycosylated protein, and it is thought that glycosylation may be a general way of enzyme inactivation. If inactivation inside the cell is postulated, it has to be shown that enzymes indeed pass into the cell compartments where glycosylating enzymes are located. Another possible mechanism is within the circulation. Whether malignant cells themselves produce Ck-Bi or if inactivation occurs in the blood is still unknown. In this connection, one finding is that in plasma of cancer patients, CK-Bi can be reactivated to CK-BB by mercaptoethanol to 95%, whereas in plasma of normal persons there is no reactivation of the much lower CK-Bi concentrations.
Manganese accumulates in leaves of radishes grown in manganese supplemented soils (1143.10)

Manganese (Mn) is a naturally occurring element, essential in trace amounts for living organisms, but is potentially toxic in high concentrations. Certain occupations including mining, welding and ...
Sensory symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder, other developmental disorders and typical development: A longitudinal study

Sensory symptoms are prevalent in autism spectrum disorder but little is known about the early developmental patterns of these symptoms. This study examined the development of sensory symptoms and the relationship between sensory symptoms and adaptive functioning during early childhood. Three groups of children were followed across three time points from 2 to 8 years of age: autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and typical development. At each time point, parents filled out questionnaires regarding their child's sensory symptoms and adaptive functioning. At the initial time point, parents of children with autism spectrum disorder reported more sensory symptoms in their children than parents in the typical development group. Parents in the autism spectrum disorder group reported more sensory symptoms than parents in the developmental delay group within smell, taste, and auditory domains. While the typical development group decreased in reported sensory symptoms across the study period, the clinical groups demonstrated no significant change across assessment points. Sensory symptoms for all groups were not independently predictive of adaptive functioning when verbal mental age was also included in the model. The young age range at the initial assessment and pattern of results suggest that sensory symptoms are present early in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disorders and remain stable over time.
Frequency Modulation

RADIO communication makes use of a medium common to the whole world for the transmission of many signals simultaneously. In order to accomplish this a high-frequency electromagnetic wave has one of its characteristics varied in accordance with the instantaneous variations of the signal to be transmitted. The control of these variations is called modulation. The various simultaneous messages can then be separated by: (a). Differences in the frequency band used. (b). Differences in signal strength. (c). Differences in direction of the source.
Integration of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Energy via VSC-HVDC in Day-Ahead Scheduling

This paper presents a security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) solution for the optimal integration of large-scale offshore wind energy into a power grid. The solution considers a linear static state representation of multiterminal voltage source converter (VSC)-based high voltage direct current (HVDC) network and effectively incorporates this model into SCUC. The proposed algorithm consists of two major solution components: 1) component implements a SCUC solution for the inland power system; 2) component executes a scheduling of multi-terminal VSC-based offshore HVDC power system. Auxiliary problem principle technique is utilized to coordinate the power injections/withdrawals at HVAC/DC grid interfaces, which are obtained from both the inland and offshore scheduling components. Numerical tests illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in the integration of large-scale offshore wind energy into the power grid.
Relation of Seasonal Changes in Extrafloral Nectar and Foliar Protein and Arthropod Populations in Cotton

Insects found to feed on cotton extrafloral nectar included Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Geocoris pallens Stal (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Collops vittatus (Say)(Coleoptera: Melyridae), and Notoxus calcaratus Horn (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). The maximum volume of extrafloral nectar was produced in late July. Soluble solids in the nectar and percentage protein in the foliage were highest in young plants and decreased as the plants matured. Western flower thrips were abundant in flowers from late July to mid-Aug. The thrips population decreased when the last bolls set and nectar production and foliar protein levels were low. A small population of western bigeyed bugs was found on cotton throughout the season. The predators fed on thrips but did not show a pronounced numerical response to increases in the prey population. Bigeyed bugs were found to use extrafloral nectar as an alternate food. These observations uphold the concept that cotton extrafloral nectaries support small predator populations that protect the plant from phytophagous insect attack. Spider mites became abundant in Aug. and the mite population increased even though the protein content of the leaves was decreasing. Minute pirate bugs fed on both thrips and nectar, but the number of predators only increased after the mite population increased.
Liver Lipid Accumulation and Performance of Hens as Affected by Cage Density and Initial Body Weight

Abstract Hens housed in individual cages (25 × 46 cm.) laid significantly more eggs, consumed significantly more feed and had significantly larger livers with a higher lipid content than hens housed three to a cage in two experiments. Body weight gain was significantly higher for individually housed birds in experiment 1, but not in experiment 2. No difference was observed in mean egg weight or kg. feed per dozen eggs. In experiment 2 hens housed two to a cage laid slightly fewer eggs and accumulated slightly less liver fat but the differences were not significantly different from those housed individually. Hens socially dominant in three bird pens had higher liver fat accumulation than hens lower on the peck order but liver fat accumulation for the dominant hens still averaged less than hens housed either two or one per cage. Comparison of two strains in experiment 1 revealed a significant difference in rate of egg production and feed efficiency but no difference in liver fat accumulation. Pullets placed in four body weight classes prior to the start of the experiment did not differ significantly in liver fat accumulation per unit of body weight or percent of dry matter of the liver at the end of the experiment. Rate of egg production and feed efficiency were also not significantly different among the body weight classes.
@Todayin1963: Commemorative journalism, digital collective remembering, and the March on Washington

This study uses content analysis and social network analysis methods to examine the process of collective remembering during National Public Radio's (NPR) novel use of Twitter to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Specifically, this study explores the extent to which NPR's coverage followed “conventionalized” patterns of traditional news coverage, including the “protest paradigm,” which obscure the specific civil rights demands at the heart of the march. Twitter's social network data also make it possible to visualize and examine the users’ active participation in collective remembering, and whether that participation changes which aspects of the coverage—and the march—are ultimately most salient for collective memory retrieval. However, the “most influential” Twitter accounts in the network that developed around the @todayin1963 coverage that this study focuses on are among those institutions and individuals who have traditionally had more cultural auth...
Direct Recordings from Chronically Implanted Electrodes on the Specialized Conducting System of the Heart.

SummaryBy utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass, permanent electrodes with external leads have been sutured over the bundle of His and the Purkinje-papillary junction of the right anterior papillary muscle. For the first time this technic allows the activity of the specialized conducting system to be studied directly over extended periods of time and permits observations to be made not feasible in acute experiments.
Nutritional Studies of Labyrinthula Sp.

Nutritional studies of a marine Labyrinthula sp. are described for the first time from growth in axenic culture in defined media. Optimal levels of the major mineral nutrients were determined. Sodi...
From the Alleys to City Hall An Examination of Participatory Communication and Empowerment among Homeless Activists in Oregon

From September 2013 to April 2014, an independent collection of homeless men and women planted their own tent city, Whoville in downtown Eugene, Oregon. Over these 8 months, they fought with the city for more housing for Eugene’s growing homeless population, initiating a citywide dialogue on the marginalization of the homeless. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the homeless tenants of the Whoville community used participatory communication to achieve their long-term goals in sustaining a working camp and also carrying on with their plans after the government intervened. Drawing on seven interviews with camp tenants, highly involved volunteers, board members, and articles from the Eugene Register Guard, I examine the dynamic of participatory communication in sustaining this movement. What components of participatory communication helped these activists form a community and then mobilize the surrounding community? I argue that two key strategies, applicable to other situations of homeless resistan...
Worried, concerned and untroubled: antecedents and consequences of youth worry

Using a pattern-based approach, worry was explored in relation to military youths' developmental and contextual characteristics, and pivotal outcomes (depressive symptoms, self-efficacy, well-being, coping styles, academic performance and deployment adjustment). Data were collected from parents and adolescents, age 11 to 18, living in the USA (n = 273 families). Variations in individual characteristics (age and gender), military family factors (rank, recent deployment, parents' resilient coping abilities) and family relational characteristics (parents' marital status, warm parenting, marital quality) were related to heterogeneous worry typologies. Depressive symptoms, self-efficacy and well-being, varied across the worry typologies. Implications are drawn from these findings for identifying potential interventions that can be accessed to modify these worry patterns and limit their harmful effects.
Quantification of Variation in Expression Networks

Gene expression microarrays allow rapid and easy quantification of transcript accumulation for almost transcripts present in a genome. This technology has been utilized for diverse investigations from studying gene regulation in response to genetic or environmental fluctuation to global expression QTL (eQTL) analyses of natural variation. Typical analysis techniques focus on responses of individual genes in isolation of other genes. However, emerging evidence indicates that genes are organized into regulons, i.e., they respond as groups due to individual transcription factors binding multiple promoters, creating what is commonly called a network. We have developed a set of statistical approaches that allow researchers to test specific network hypothesis using a priori-defined gene networks. When applied to Arabidopsis thaliana this approach has been able to identify natural genetic variation that controls networks. In this chapter we describe approaches to develop and test specific network hypothesis utilizing natural genetic variation. This approach can be expanded to facilitate direct tests of the relationship between phenotypic trait and transcript genetic architecture. Finally, the use of a priori network definitions can be applied to any microarray experiment to directly conduct hypothesis testing at a genomics level.
Measurements of Propanal Ignition Delay Times and Species Time Histories Using Shock Tube and Laser Absorption

Propanal is an aldehyde intermediate formed during the hydrocarbon combustion process. Potentially, the use of oxygenated biofuels reduces greenhouse gas emissions; however, it also results in increased toxic aldehyde by-products, mainly formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and propanal. These aldehydes are carcinogenic, and therefore it is important to understand their formation and destruction pathways in combustion systems. In this work, ignition delay times were measured behind reflected shock waves for stoichiometric (Φ = 1) mixtures of propanal (CH3CH2CHO) and oxygen (O2) in argon bath gas at temperatures of 1129 K < T < 1696 K and pressures around 1 and 6 atm. Measurements were conducted using the kinetics shock tube facility at the University of Central Florida. Current results were compared to available data in the literature as well as to the predictions of three propanal combustion kinetic models: Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI), National University of Ireland at Galway, and McGill mechanisms. In addition, a continuous wave-distributed feedback interband cascade laser centered at 3403.4 nm was used for measuring methane (CH4) and propanal time histories behind the reflected shock waves during propanal pyrolysis. Concentration time histories were obtained at temperatures between 1192 and 1388 K near 1 atm. Sensitivity analysis was carried for both ignition delay time and pyrolysis measurements to reveal the important reactions that were crucial to predicting the current experimental results. Adjustments to the POLIMI mechanism were adopted to better match the experimental data. Further research was suggested for the H abstraction reaction rates of propanal. In addition to extending the temperature and pressure region of literature ignition delay times, we provide the first high-temperature species concentration time histories during propanal pyrolysis.
Mantle Dynamics: An Introduction and Overview

Mantle dynamics is the study of how the Earth and solid planets and moons cool, evolve, and flow under the action of thermal convection. This chapter provides an overview of key historical figures in the development of the science of thermal convection and mantle dynamics, a summary of issues that are well studied and for which our knowledge is reasonably complete, the leading issues which remain unsolved, and some new and future directions for the next generation of mantle dynamics models. This volume as a whole is essentially composed of two parts. First, it treats the physics of mantle convection and covers the various laboratory, theoretical, and computational approaches to studying mantle dynamics. Second, it provides thorough reviews of the first-order issues of convection pertinent specifically to the mantle, which include the energy budget and cooling history of the mantle; the generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection; the dynamics of mid-ocean ridges, lithosphere, and upper mantle; subduction zones and descending slabs; hotspots and mantle plumes; dynamics of the core-mantle boundary region; and and mantle heterogeneity, mixing and geochemical constraints on mantle dynamics.
Design of a sectionalized MnO2-Co3O4 electrode via selective electrodeposition of metal ions in hydrogel for enhanced electrocatalytic activity in metal-air batteries

Abstract Tailored designing of highly active electrocatalysts plays a key role in determining the overall electrochemical performance of metal-air batteries for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We report herein a facile agarose gel-mediated strategy for the selective electrodeposition of MnO2 and Co3O4 onto 3D porous nickel foam, in an attempt to produce a sectionalized MnO2-Co3O4 electrode with low physical interference on catalytic function. The as-prepared agarose hydrogel with metal precursor ions allows the electrochemical deposition only onto the contact area between the gel and the substrate. The resulting electrodes are completely sectionalized by two different catalyst (MnO2 and Co3O4) coating layers within the 3D porous nickel foam. This novel structure enhances both the ORR/OER catalytic activities compared to those of bare metal oxide catalyst electrodes and even after 400 h of operation (equivalent to ~100 cycles), the sectionalized MnO2-Co3O4 electrode shows excellent cycling performance and long-term stability in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. As such, this novel sectionalized electrode configuration has potential for wide applications in the fabrication of other electrode structures employing various metal oxides.
A Practical Scoring System to Select Optimally Sized Devices for Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure.

Background Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been linked to cryptogenic stroke, and closure has been reported to improve clinical outcomes. However, there are no clear guidelines to direct device sizing. This study sought to use patient characteristics and echocardiographic findings to create a prediction score for device sizing. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients undergoing percutaneous PFO closure at our institution between July 2010 and December 2014. Demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded, and all pre- and intraprocedural echocardiography results were evaluated. Results Thirty-six patients underwent percutaneous PFO closure during the study period. All procedures were performed using an Amplatzer Septal Occluder "Cribriform" (ASOC) device in one of three disc diameters: 25, 30, or 35 mm. Closure was indicated for cryptogenic stroke/transient ischemic attack in 75% of cases. Every case (100%) was successful with durable shunt correction at the 6-month follow-up without complications of erosion or device embolization. The presence of atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) (p = 0.027) and PFO tunnel length >10 mm (p = 0.038) were independently associated with increased device size. A scoring system of 1 point for male sex, 1 point for ASA, and 1 point for PFO tunnel >10 mm long was associated with the size of closure device implanted (p = 0.006). Conclusions A simple scoring system may be used to select an optimally sized device for percutaneous PFO closure using the ASOC device.
Certification Mechanisms for Credence Attributes of Foods: Does It Matter Who Provides Diagnosis?

Credence goods markets are subject to failure because consumers are unable to punish fraudulent experts who diagnose and supply treatment, and they lack the technical expertise with which to verify the quality of treatment actually offered. The focus of research in agricultural economics has been almost entirely on how labeling and certification of food products that contain credence attributes resolve the lemons problem. This ignores the crucial role that firms, nongovernmental organizations, or government regulatory agencies, acting either independently or jointly as experts, play in the process of diagnosis and treatment in credence goods markets. This is important if experts fail to act in good faith through their diagnosis and treatment.
Magnetically responsive nano filtration membranes for treatment of coal bed methane produced water

Abstract Magnetically responsive membrane obtained by grafting polyHEMA on nanofiltration membrane by atom transfer radical polymerization was demonstrated to break concentration polarization by micro mixing in presence of external magnetic field during the treatment of coal bed methane produced water. A systematic study was carried out to optimize the time and frequency of the magnetic field with respect to the increased energy costs for creating the field and decreased pumping costs due to increased flux. The effect of optimized experimental parameters on the performance of the modified membranes has been investigated in terms of permeability and salt rejection. A comparative evaluation was carried out to investigate the effect of cleaning and change in surface properties in terms of functionality as well as morphology due to the treatment of actual coal bed methane produced water using base membrane and magnetically activated membranes.
Mental Transformation Skill in Young Children: The Role of Concrete and Abstract Motor Training

We examined the effects of three different training conditions, all of which involve the motor system, on kindergarteners' mental transformation skill. We focused on three main questions. First, we asked whether training that involves making a motor movement that is relevant to the mental transformation-either concretely through action (action training) or more abstractly through gestural movements that represent the action (move-gesture training)-resulted in greater gains than training using motor movements irrelevant to the mental transformation (point-gesture training). We tested children prior to training, immediately after training (posttest), and 1 week after training (retest), and we found greater improvement in mental transformation skill in both the action and move-gesture training conditions than in the point-gesture condition, at both posttest and retest. Second, we asked whether the total gain made by retest differed depending on the abstractness of the movement-relevant training (action vs. move-gesture), and we found that it did not. Finally, we asked whether the time course of improvement differed for the two movement-relevant conditions, and we found that it did-gains in the action condition were realized immediately at posttest, with no further gains at retest; gains in the move-gesture condition were realized throughout, with comparable gains from pretest-to-posttest and from posttest-to-retest. Training that involves movement, whether concrete or abstract, can thus benefit children's mental transformation skill. However, the benefits unfold differently over time-the benefits of concrete training unfold immediately after training (online learning); the benefits of more abstract training unfold in equal steps immediately after training (online learning) and during the intervening week with no additional training (offline learning). These findings have implications for the kinds of instruction that can best support spatial learning.
The Use of Transgenic Plants to Study Phytochrome Domains Involved in Structure and Function

During the 30 years since its initial isolation, a great body of information has accumulated concerning the structure of phytochrome, the physiological responses it controls, and the genes whose expression it affects, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms of phytochrome action. The recent advent of technologies allowing the expression of heterologous phytochrome genes in transgenic plants provide an important new method for research into the mechanisms of phytochrome action (Keller et al., 1989; Boylan and Quail, 1989; Kay et al., 1989). In the first report of this approach, Keller et al. (1989) described the expression of a functional oat phytochrome in tobacco. Transgenic plants expressing the oat protein have a radically altered phenotype characterized by decreased stem elongation, increased leaf chlorophyll content, reduced apical dominance, and delayed leaf senescence. Exploiting this “light-exaggerated” phenotype as an assay, it is now possible to identify and examine domains involved in phytochrome structure and function by in vitro mutagenesis.
Release of the cytoskeleton and flagellar apparatus from Chlamydomonas.

Publisher Summary Flagellar apparatus can be released from cells in a complex that includes the flagella, the basal bodies, the rootlet microtubules, the structures linking the basal bodies to the nucleus (nucleus-basal body connectors), and a chromatin-containing nuclear remnant. This complex is called the nucleoflagellar apparatus, or NFAp. Studies of isolated Chlamydomonas NFAps, in both wild-type and mutant organisms have led to a better understanding of the structures that makeup this basic unit of the basal apparatus and have allowed for detailed analysis of its components at the cytological and biochemical levels. The juxtaposition of mitochondria, nucleus, and basal body apparatus makes it problematic to determine, in a whole cell, whether a protein is localizing to the basal body apparatus, whereas the distinction can readily be made using isolated NFAps. Isolated NFAps greatly simplified protein composition as compared with whole cells. The cytoskeleton, the flagellar apparatus, and the nucleus exist as a physically integrated complex. Two strains have been used for most of the basal body apparatus isolations: the “cell wall”-less strain cw 92 (CC503) and the wild-type strain 137c (CC125). cw 92 cells are easily lysed with nonionic detergents, facilitating separation of the NFAps from the other cellular components, while detergent extraction of walled cells allows for the isolation of cell “ghosts” with the NFAps trapped inside. There are details of the solutions and the procedures—preparation of NFAps on glass slides for light microscopy and electron microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy, isolation of NFAps, and preparation of cell ghosts containing NFAps for light or electron microscopy. Additional treatments like Flagella can be removed prior to sample preparation; removal of Mg 2+ from the nucleus buffer results in the preparation of flagellar apparatuses without attached nuclei possibly as a result of loss of the nucleus-basal body connectors, etcetera.
Virtue and Medicine from Early Christianity Through the Sixteenth Century

In order to examine the relationship of virtue and medicine from early Christianity through the sixteenth century, we shall first discuss the history of concepts of virtue from a variety of perspectives without any anticipation of possible relevance to medicine at this stage. We shall begin with a consideration of virtue in New Testament thought and then examine changing concepts of virtue through the sixteenth century. Our discussion here, though topical, will be essentially chronological, ending with the Protestant Reformation. We shall then look briefly at concepts of virtue in that cultural milieu popularly called the Renaissance which, especially in Italy, occurred during the late Middle Ages and in northern Europe was roughly concurrent with the Reformation. Finally, we shall be in a position to suggest various historical relationships between virtue and medicine.
Dynamics of a slow electron hole coupled to an ion-acoustic soliton

This paper demonstrates stable embedding of an electron phase-space hole into an ion-acoustic soliton simulated using one-dimensional Particle-In-Cell simulation, forming a stable Coupled Hole-Soliton pair, which is a coupled state of a fluid soliton and a Bernstein-Green-Kruskal mode electron phase-space hole. Collision tests reveal that its collisional dynamics are a hybrid of soliton collision and electron hole merging. This hybrid state is separated from the classical free electron hole branch by a gap in their ion-frame velocities. Transition is possible from the coupled state to the free state by ion Landau damping and in the opposite direction by hole growth. Buneman instability simulation is performed, showing generation of both types of electron holes depending on the ion temperature. The results from our work can be readily applied to better understand the electrostatic solitary wave observations in space plasmas.