cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction of aminoglycoside antibiotics with reverse micelles

The reverse micelle system of sodium di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate was used to extract aminoglycoside antibiotics, neomycin and gentamicin. The aminoglycosides can be efficiently extracted into a reverse micelle solution, and the antibiotics extracted into the micelle phase can readily be recovered back to a divalent cation aqueous solution, such as Ca2+. The transfer efficiency, %E, is heavily dependent on pH and salt concentration in the aqueous feed solution. %E decreases drastically with pH in the pH range 8.5-11, and declines with increasing (NH&SO, concentration. A simple transfer mechanism was proposed which suggests that the antibiotic molecules were extracted into the inner water cores of reverse micelles through attractive electrostatic interaction during forward transfer. In backward transfer, the antibiotics loaded in the micelle phase are released back to an aqueous phase through breaking up of the reverse mi- celles by using divalent cation solutions. The model is supported by the results of dynamic light scattering and infra-red spectroscopy study.
Transport in a one-channel Luttinger liquid.

We study theoretically the transport of a one-channel Luttinger liquid through a weak link. For repulsive electron interactions, the electrons are completely reflected by even the smallest scatterer, leading to a truly insulating weak link, in striking contrast to that for noninteracting electrons. At finite temperature (T) the conductance is nonzero, and is predicted to vanish as a power of T. At T=0 power-law current-voltage characteristics are predicted. For attractive interactions, a Luttinger liquid is argued to be perfectly transmitted through even the largest of barriers. The role of Fermi-liquid leads is also explored.
A Two-Part Model for Determining the Electromagnetic and Physiologic Behavior of Cuff Electrode Nerve Stimulators

A two-part model for determining the electrophysiological behavior of a cuff electrode designed for unidirectional nerve stimulation is presented. In the first part, a model is described which evaluates the potential field of the cuff electrode system in the absence of a nerve. The model recognizes boundary conditions through the specification of secondary sources on the cuff; the unknown source strengths are found through the solution of a Fredholm integral equation. In the second part of the study, the potential field derived for the cuff is taken to be the applied field of a myelinated nerve fiber considered through a linear core-conductor model. The simulation confirms the existence of a "window" of the unidirectional stimulation, a condition that must exist to implement a collision block. The result corresponds to that obtained experimentally by van den Honert and Mortimer [11], [12], and suggests the applicability of such models to determine optimum cuff electrode designs.
Localization of retinoic acid-binding protein in nuclei.

Abstract Retinoic acid-binding component has been detected in the nuclei of chick embryo skin. The physicochemical properties of this macromolecule are in agreement with the properties of the retinoic acid-binding protein isolated from tissue cytosol. Although no binding protein could be detected in normal colon or lung tissue, nuclei isolated from a transplantable colon tumor and Lewis lung carcinoma contained this protein.
Aging Accentuates Alcohol-Induced Decrease in Protein Synthesis in Gastrocnemius

The present study sought to determine whether the protein catabolic response in skeletal muscle produced by chronic alcohol feeding was exaggerated in aged rats. Adult (3 mo) and aged (18 mo) femal...
GABAA receptor plasticity in status epilepticus

Seizures become self-sustaining during status epilepticus (SE) in part due to altered inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA A ) receptors (GABA A Rs). This chapter reviews mechanisms of altered GABA A R function during SE. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jaspers Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado-Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
A TEAM OF HUMANOID GAME COMMENTATORS

We present a team of two humanoid robot commentators for AIBO robot soccer games. The two humanoids stand by the side lines of the playing field, autonomously observe the game, wirelessly listen to a "game controller" computer, recognize events, and select announcing actions that may require coordination with each other. Given the large degree of uncertainty and dynamics of the robot soccer games, we further introduce a "Puppet Master" control that allows humans to intervene, prompting the robots to commentate an event if previously undefined or undetected. The robots recognize events based on input from these three sources, namely own and shared vision, game controller, and occasional Puppet Master. We present the two-humanoid behavioral architecture and the vision-based event recognition, including a SIFT-based vision processing algorithm that allows for the detection of multiple similar objects, such as the identical shaped robot players. We introduce the commentating algorithm that probabilistically selects a commentating action from a set of weighted actions corresponding to a detected event. The probabilistic selection uses the game history and updates the action weights to effectively avoid repetition of comments to enable entertainment. Our work, corresponding to a fully implemented system, CMCast, with two QRIO robots, contributes a team of two humanoids fully executing a challenging observation, modeling, coordination, and reporting task.
Achieving Broader Impacts in the National Science Foundation, Division of Environmental Biology

Since 1997, the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) efforts to promote the Broader Impacts Criterion (BIC) have yielded mixed results. Here, we evaluate proposals to the Division of Environmental Biology (DEB) from submission through the reporting stage to assess DEB’s implementation of the BIC. Our results suggest that within DEB, past principal investigators have tended to underreport broader impact activities, and past reviewers have paid them less attention than intellectual merit activities. Activities targeting broadening participation of underrepresented groups were particularly rare in all of the document types that we examined (i.e., proposals, panel summaries, and reports). In 2013, the NSF overhauled the review and reporting processes and recommended institutional links to promote the BIC. By examining both the mechanics of the Broader Impacts Criterion and the policy setting within which it has been implemented we hope to contribute to efforts to clarify the broader impacts concept and improve its effectiveness.
Emphasizing the Future in Empathy Responses

Recently, a view of the human being as a fundamentally futureoriented organism has become more popular in both psychotherapy and personality theory. The future-oriented nature of the human consists ofthe fact that there is always a "next" in human experience and of a sense of possibility. A goal of therapy is to restore the sense of "next" and of possibility. Empathy responses can be framed to focus on present aspects of experience or on future-oriented aspects. Research showed that future-oriented empathy responses increased subjects' sense of power and efficacy to solve their problems.
Analysis of CO 2 bands near 2600 cm −1

The collision-broadened linewidths and band intensities of three overlapping CO2 bands near 2600 cm−1 have been determined from spectra obtained with a Fourier transform spectrometer. These spectra have SNRs in excess of 500 and a spectral resolution of ~0.06 cm−1. Calculated spectra were matched to the observed spectra by nonlinear least squares regression over 100-cm−1 intervals. More than forty parameters were estimated simultaneously, and the mean differences between the spectra were about one and a half times the mean noise in the experimental spectra.
Syndrome of Hypokalemic Metabolic Alkalosis and Hypomagnesemia Associated with Gentamicin Therapy: Case Reports

Nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by renal insufficiency is a well-known consequence of gentamicin therapy. We report two patients with gentamicin-induced syndrome of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and hypomagnesemia. Both had complete recovery of renal tubular function after cessation of antibiotic therapy. These cases emphasize the need to routinely monitor patients receiving gentamicin therapy for electrolyte abnormalities to avoid potential morbidity.
A Study Of Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques

Some results of a study of techniques for the noninvasive and ambulatory measurement of blood pressure are presented. A method for computer processing ambulatory or stress test data to determine blood pressure is described. It appears that good accuracies can be obtained with ambulatory patients during normal ranges of physical activities and perhaps during treadmill tests. The development and testing of a new transducer for the noninvasive beat-by-beat measurement of blood pressure is described. The transducer outputs are similar to intraarterial wave-forms that are obtained by catheter, and it is expected that the transducer will be used in the operating room, the ICU, and the CCU.
Sponge Model for the Kinetics of Surface Thermal Decomposition of Microcrystalline Solids: Application to HMX

A microscopic model is developed to describe the kinetics of thermal decomposition of microcrystals taking place on the crystals' surface, and the model is used to interpret certain experimentally observed decomposition rate (and product-formation) data of high-energy crystalline materials such as solid HMX. This so-called sponge model does not invoke autocatalytic steps yet is consistent with phenomenologically observed rate laws that display rapid rate enhancements early in the decomposition process. Its most essential assumptions are that (1) a molecule on the surface of a microcrystal undergoes unimolecular decomposition to form products (mainly gases) that promptly vacate the neighborhood of the just-decomposed molecule and (2) a molecule lying within the microcrystal (i.e., not on its surface) experiences packing forces from the surrounding crystal molecules that essentially prohibit its unimolecular decomposition. These assumptions, when incorporated into a kinetic model, allow the microcrystals to...
Verilog-AMS-PAM: verilog-AMS integrated with parasitic-aware metamodels for ultra-fast and layout-accurate mixed-signal design exploration

Current Verilog-AMS system level modeling does not capture the physical design (layout) information of the target design as it is meant to be fast behavioral simulation only. Thus, the results of behavioral simulation can be very inaccurate. In this paper a paradigm shift of the current trend is presented that integrates layout level information (with full parasitics) in Verilog-AMS through polynomial metamodels such that system-level simulation of a mixed-signal circuit/system is realistic and as accurate as the true parasitic netlist simulation. As a specific case study, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) Verilog-AMS behavioral model and design flow are proposed to assist fast PLL design exploration. Based on a quadratic polynomial metamodel, the PLL simulation achieves approximately a 10X speedup compared to the layout extracted, parasitic netlist. The simulations using this behavioral model attain high accuracy. The observed error for the simulated lock time and average power consumption are 0.7% and 3%, respectively. This behavioral metamodel approach bridges the gap between layout accurate but fast simulation and design space exploration.
Interoperability of manufacturing applications using the Core Manufacturing Simulation Data (CMSD) standard information model

The goal of this paper is to propose an approach to enhance interoperability between manufacturing applications using the Core Manufacturing Simulation Data Information Model (CMSDIM) in order to streamline design and manufacturing activities throughout the product life cycle. To this end, a system framework required to facilitate such interoperability is first presented. The proposed approach, architecture, and developed translators are then illustrated and demonstrated using two separate case studies. The first case study facilitates design for manufacturing and assembly improvements for the development of new products, allowing for part of a discrete event simulation model of a downstream manufacturing and assembly process to be automatically generated from corresponding product assembly information contained in the lean design engineering software. Conceptual design and development of this case study, which extracts outputs from Design Profit(TM) lean design software and generates a corresponding discrete event simulation model in ProModel(TM) for a Nikon(R) L-100 Camera, is then discussed. The second case study demonstrates interoperability of three applications (order and inventory system, Gantt chart scheduler, and discrete event simulation) for a generic job shop operation. Using the considered case studies, this paper also details and demonstrates the benefits of interoperability enhancement using the CMSDIM, which is an important consideration in any product life cycle. Finally, we discuss how future research opportunities integrating additional manufacturing applications can be used to address intellectual challenges present in our current approach.
Accuracy of Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting Improvement of Regional Myocardial Function in Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI demonstrates a pattern of hypoenhancement early after contrast injection in acute myocardial infarction (MI) and a pattern of hyperenhancement late after contrast injection. Because the significance of these CE patterns for myocardial viability remains debated, we evaluated their diagnostic accuracy to quantitatively predict late functional improvement of regional contractility.
Afrotheria: plate tectonics meets genomics.

Afrotheria is one of the most remarkable hypotheses in mammal evolution. It suggests that one-third of the orders of placental mammals form an ancient group that evolved on Africa when that continent was isolated from others through plate tectonics (1). Although this hypothesis has been predicted by molecular clock studies (2), evidence for it has emerged only in the last 3 years from phylogenetic analyses of DNA and protein sequence data (1, 3–6). Many mammalogists remain baffled and see no support from traditional sources of data such as anatomy (7). The recognition of Afrotheria splits apart other established groups of mammals, including ungulates and insectivores, yet it is the most strongly supported grouping of mammalian orders in molecular phylogenies (4). In this issue of PNAS, van Dijk et al. (8) take a slightly different approach in analysis of molecular data and find additional support for Afrotheria.
Feminism and Psychology: Analysis of a Half-Century of Research on Women and Gender.

Starting in the 1960s, feminists argued that the discipline of psychology had neglected the study of women and gender and misrepresented women in its research and theories. Feminists also posed many questions worthy of being addressed by psychological science. This call for research preceded the emergence of a new and influential body of research on gender and women that grew especially rapidly during the period of greatest feminist activism. The descriptions of this research presented in this article derive from searches of the journal articles cataloged by PsycINFO for 1960-2009. These explorations revealed (a) a concentration of studies in basic research areas investigating social behavior and individual dispositions and in many applied areas, (b) differing trajectories of research on prototypical topics, and (c) diverse theoretical orientations that authors have not typically labeled as feminist. The considerable dissemination of this research is evident in its dispersion beyond gender-specialty journals into a wide range of other journals, including psychology's core review and theory journals, as well as in its coverage in introductory psychology textbooks. In this formidable body of research, psychological science has reflected the profound changes in the status of women during the last half-century and addressed numerous questions that these changes have posed. Feminism served to catalyze this research area, which grew beyond the bounds of feminist psychology to incorporate a very large array of theories, methods, and topics.
Synthesizing minimum total expansion topologies for reconfigurable interconnection networks

Abstract The performance of a parallel algorithm depends in part on how well the interconnection topology of the target parallel system matches the communication patterns of the algorithm. We describe how to generate a topology for a network that can be configured into any r -regular topology. The topology generated has small total expansion with respect to a given task graph. The expansion of an edge in a task graph is the length of the shortest path that the edge maps to in the processor graph. The algorithm used to generate the topologies is analyzed and its average case behavior is determined. In addition, this synthesis method is compared to the conventional approach of mapping a task graph onto a fixed processor topology.
A central limit theorem for empirical processes

The empirical measure Pn for independent sampling on a distribution P is formed by placing mass n−1 at each of the first n sample points. In this paper, n½(Pn − P) is regarded as a stochastic process indexed by a family of square integrable functions. A functional central limit theorem is proved for this process. The statement of this theorem involves a new form of combinatorial entropy, definable for classes of square integrable functions.
The asymptotical stability of a dynamic system uppercasewith structural damping

A dynamic system with structural damping described by partial differential equations is investigated. The system is first converted to an abstract evolution equation in an appropriate Hilbert space, and the spectral and semigroup properties of the system operator are discussed. Finally, the well-posedness and the asymptotical stability of the system are obtained by means of a semigroup of linear operators.
Modulation of bone marrow stromal cell functions in infectious diseases by toll-like receptor ligands

Bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs, or as they are frequently referred to as mesenchymal stem cells) have been long known to support hematopoiesis and to regenerate bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue. In the last decade, however, a vast amount of data surfaced in the literature to suggest new roles for these cells including tissue regeneration and immunomodulation. A great number of review articles appeared that summarize these new data and focus on different aspects of the physiology of these cells. In this present short review, we will try to summarize the available data based on both mouse and human cells describing how the function of BMSCs might be affected by an infectious environment. These data strongly support the idea that different toll-like receptor ligands can lead to substantial changes in the function of BMSCs that affect their proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and their production and release of immunomodulatory factors.
On the Annual Rossby Wave in the Tropical North Pacific Ocean

Abstract Annual variation in the depth of the 14°C isotherm (i.e., the main thermocline) throughout the tropical Pacific Ocean between 30°N and 30°S is studied on the basis of 156 000 bathythermographs. Large-amplitude variations are confined in the region between 4 and 15°N. Near 6°N the variations in depth propagate westward. Near 12°N they have almost the same phase across the ocean from the American coast to 145°E. These variations are approximately consistent with a simple model that permits an oceanic response to local Ekman pumping, modified by nondispersive, baroclinic Rossby waves forced by the wind. Near 12°N, the rate of change in thermocline depth is nearly in phase with the Ekman pumping velocity, with only a minor but significant contribution coming from Rossby wave propagation. This type of response depends critically on variations in the eastern boundary region. Near 6°N, the westward propagating variations are generated by relatively large variability in Ekman pumping in the eastern Pacif...
Translation control of argininosuccinate synthetase in melanoma and clinical implications for therapy

4493 It is known that melanoma cells (MC) do not express argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and hence are unable to synthesize arginine (Arg) from citrulline. Depletion of Arg using Arg deiminase (ADI, provided by Polaris) results in apoptosis in MC. This concept has been translated into clinical trial and responses have been observed in patients with advanced melanoma treated with ADI. One of the important parameters in predicting response or failure is ASS gene expression. Although the ASS gene has been cloned, however, its transcription and translation control in tumor cells have not been established. We have studied the translation control in MC using 4 MC lines (A-2058, Sk-mel2, A-375 and M1220) and one ADI resistant variant. When exposed to Arg free media or ADI treated media, ASS expression by westernblot analysis starts to develop at 48 hr and then further increases at 72 hr in all but one cell line (Mel 1220). This increase was highest in A-2058 followed by Sk-mel2 and A-375. After replacement with normal media, the ASS expression declined and was not detectable in 72 hr. The expression was not detectable by northernblot, but was slightly visible on RT-PCR. Thus, it appears that upon exposure to ADI or Arg free media, certain MC are capable of turning on ASS translation and transciption. MC which are able to turn on high amounts of ASS protein (A-2058) can become resistant to ADI upon further exposure to ADI (A-2058R). The ASS expression in this cell line is high and can be detected by northernblot. We have further studied the possible mechanism of translation of ASS in MC. It has been reported that upon amino acid deprivation, cells can attenuate translation by decreasing mTOR activity, a central regulation for translation and /or by increased GCN2 which in turn phosphorylates eIF2α and halts translation. Our results showed that A-2058 possess the highest amount of phospho-4E-BP as well as phospho-p70S6 kinase, followed by Skmel-2, A-375, and M1220. Upon exposure to ADI or Arg free media, phosphor 4E-BP decreased gradually in A-375, Skmel2 and M1220, but in A-2058, phosphor 4E-BP only decreased slightly. Interestingly, phospho-p70S6 kinase increased in A-375, Skmel2 and M1220 in 24 hr. then declined, whereas in A-2058 the amount of p-70S6 kinase decreased in 24 hr, then returned to normal in 72 hr. The amount of pAMPK also increased in all cell lines with A-2058 showing the smallest increase. In contrast, the amount of GCN2 increased slightly in all 4 cell lines (2 fold) with A-375 showing the highest increase (6 fold). To further prove that mTOR controls ASS translation, we have added CCI-779 at 0.05 ug/ml simultaneously with ADI in A-2058 cell line and assayed ASS expression. Our results indicate that adding CCI-779 decreased ASS expression and improved the therapeutic efficacy of ADI. We conclude that the mechanism of ASS translation is complex and mTOR most likely plays a role in its translation. Supported by RO1CA109578
Regulation of cancer stem cells by RING finger ubiquitin ligases

Like normal stem cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of self-renewal, either by symmetric or asymmetric cell division. They have the exclusive ability to reproduce malignant tumors indefinitely, and to confer resistance in response to radiation or chemotherapy. The ubiquitin modification system plays various roles in physiology and pathology. The key component for the specificity of this system is ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Of these E3s, the majority are RING finger proteins. Many RING finger E3s, such as the Cullin1-Skp1-F-box protein (SCF) E3s, CBL, BRCA1, MDM2 and von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL), are crucial in the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation. As a result, many RING finger E3s are implicated in the positive and negative regulation of CSC maintenance. This review summarizes current knowledge in this research field.
Apparatus to Measure Thermal Conductivity in Filled Rubber Stocks

Abstract An instrument to measure thermal conductivity of cured rubber stocks is described. The apparatus can be used with readily available equipment or additional equipment may be purchased. The results obtained are as accurate and precise as those obtained using other instruments and can be done at a rate of three samples per hour. The apparatus is designed around a calibrated heat flux probe which measures the sample's heat flux. The heat flux, the temperature drop across the sample, and the sample thickness values permit conversion of the above data into a thermal conductivity value. Thirteen samples of Butyl rubber in a curing bladder formulation with 40-part loadings of various carbon blacks were prepared and tested. The thermal conductivity values obtained varied from 0.096 to 0.117 (Btu)/(ft2) (hr)(°F/ft) over a range of 95° F to 212° F with an overall relative standard deviation of 1.2%. The thermal conductivity of the above samples were also measured on a modified apparatus over a temperature r...
Response of a store with tunable natural frequencies in compressible cavity flow

Fluid–structure interactions that occur during aircraft internal store carriage were experimentally explored at Mach 0.58–1.47 using a generic, aerodynamic store installed in a rectangular cavity having a length-to-depth ratio of seven. The store vibrated in response to the cavity flow at its natural structural frequencies, and it exhibited a directionally dependent response to cavity resonance frequencies. Cavity tones excited the store in the streamwise and wall-normal directions consistently, whereas the spanwise response to cavity tones was much more limited. Increased surface area associated with tail fins raised vibration levels. The store had interchangeable components to vary its natural frequencies by about 10–300 Hz. By tuning natural frequencies, mode-matched cases were explored where a prominent cavity tone frequency matched a structural natural frequency of the store. Mode matching in the streamwise and wall-normal directions produced substantial increases in peak store vibrations, though the...
Labor Organizing among Mexican-born Workers in the United States Recent Trends and Future Prospects

This article surveys unionization patterns and other workplace-oriented organizing among Mexican-born workers since the mid-1990s. Although the number of Mexican-born union members grew during that decade, the unionized proportion declined, especially among noncitizens. The decline reflects the large proportion of new immigrants in the Mexican-born population and the increased geographic dispersion of immigration in recent years away from highly unionized states such as Illinois and California. Another factor is that recent Mexican immigrants are underrepresented in the most unionized sectors (such as government employment). However, unions, especially in California, have effectively mobilized Mexican immigrants into electoral politics in the 1990s, and new community-based organizations with a focus on economic justice have also recruited low-wage Mexican immigrant workers in occupations such as day labor and domestic service, in which conventional unionism is rare.
Stressors and problem-solving: The individual as psychological activist.

Sociological researchers have tended to deemphasize the degree to which people are conscious, active agents in their own lives, focusing instead on factors which promote vulnerability to stress. But people are often motivated to act deliberately to resolve both acute and chronic role-related stressors. Thus, the relationship between stress experiences and negative psychological outcomes may be attributable primarily to stressors which individuals are unable to resolve. Using panel data on 532 married and divorced respondents in Indianapolis, I illustrate the effects of solved and unsolved problems (in the domains of work and love/marriage) on changes in psychological distress and substance use. People who failed to solve their job or love problems had more psychological symptoms, while the symptoms of successful problem-solvers did not differ from those of individuals whose situations were nonproblematic. Further exploratory analyses showed that the personality characteristics of mastery and self-esteem served to select individuals into--and out of--stressful circumstances, and that individuals were affected by the outcomes of problem-solving efforts in the work domain, or by attempts to solve problems in the love/marriage domain. These illustrative findings suggest that it can be theoretically and empirically fruitful to view individuals as agents making and shaping their lives, rather than primarily as passive subjects overwhelmed by situational stress.
Is Insomnia a Risk Factor for Decreased Influenza Vaccine Response

Healthy young adult college students (N = 133) with Insomnia (n = 65) or No Insomnia (n = 68) were compared on influenza serum antibody levels pre- and four weeks postvaccination. Volunteers underwent structured clinical interviews for sleep disorders to ensure insomnia diagnoses, as well as psychiatric interviews, physical examinations, and drug testing to ensure comorbid health problems were not potential confounds. There were significant time (both groups had increases in antibody levels pre- to postvaccination) and group (Insomnia group had lower HI antibody levels overall) main effects, but the time × group interaction was nonsignificant. Exploratory analyses did find significant PSQI x Time (p < .001) and Insomnia Status × Time (p = .002) interaction effects. Results indicate insomnia may be a risk factor for lowered immunity to the influenza virus.
A New Reconstruction of OC Phonology

This article posits a binary high/low tonal division in OC. and 4 types of syllabic structure. with -r or -l as a linkage between open syllables and abrupt closed syllables. Instead of about 30 "rhyming groups", there are 75 rhymes. with 5 pairs of vowels. The high vowel assignation to the "hai" rhyme is abandoned in favour of a short /a/. The OC onset structure tends to be an open system. The author posits 20 single initial consonants, and many complex onsets. Jakhontov's medial -l- for the 2th division is restored, in the line of the -l- of Chongniu(重纽) ⅢA. while ⅢB has -r-. Such a distinction is supposed to be found also in the set Jing(精), set Zhi(知), set Zhuang(庄), set Zhang(章), and the sets Yun (云) Yi (以). Cognate words and Xiesheng (谐声) rules are cited to account for the transmutation of onset groups.
Adapting livelihoods to floods and droughts in arid Kenya: Local perspectives and insights

Adaptation of rural livelihoods to climate change hazards such as floods and droughts is critical. However, policy has focused on large scale adaptation policies that often ignore local knowledge. In this paper, we explore local perceptions and insights about viable livelihood adaptation strategies in arid Isiolo County, Kenya. Research included 270 household surveys and 6 focus group discussions in 7 communities. Results indicate that the three livelihoods that communities saw as being a viable option for themselves in the context of future climate change included camel keeping, business, and modern agriculture. Camels were cited as being resilient to drought. Business was seen as an option less impacted by floods and droughts than other livelihood options, and modern agriculture could improve food security and income. These local insights should be included in climate change adaptation policy in order to sustain, and even improve, the livelihoods of vulnerable communities in the future. Key words: Adaptation, drought, flood, Kenya, livelihoods, policy
Epigenetics of Mediterranean Diet: Altering Disease Risk

A Mediterranean diet (MD) pattern is characterized by consumption of olive oil, plant foods, fish, seafood, and low-fat dairy foods, a moderate intake of wine and low consumption of red meat and processed meat products. Such a dietary pattern has been thought to counter conditions/diseases such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, obesity, pulmonary diseases, and cognition disorders.The disease prevention activites of a MD may be attributed to epigenetic mechanisms.
Factors Associated with Student Pharmacist Philanthropy to the College Before and After Graduation

Objective. To examine the early stages of a student giving program, to evaluate the program’s influence on college donations, and to evaluate other factors that may affect student and year-one postgraduation giving at a college or school of pharmacy. Methods. A review of student records for graduates of 2013 and 2014 was conducted. Data included student characteristics, scholarship support, international program participation, senior class gift participation, and postgraduation giving. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Chi-square analyses were performed. Results. Of 273 graduates, the majority were female (57.1%) and white (74%). Class of 2014 contributed a higher amount to the class gift than the prior class. In 2014, those who received scholarships gave higher amounts to the class gift. For the combined classes, there was an association between the number of students who gave pregraduation and the number who gave postgraduation. In the 2013 class, individuals gave greater amounts postgraduation compared to pregraduation, and a higher percentage of alumni (8%) gave postgraduation compared to alumni from the previous class (<1%). Conclusion. Participation in year-one postgraduation giving increased after implementation of the senior class gift program. Receiving scholarships influenced giving to the class gift but was not associated with postgraduation giving. Future studies are needed to develop a more comprehensive understanding of student and alumni philanthropy.
Religious beliefs and stage at diagnosis in a biracial sample of newly diagnosed colon cancer patients.

6556 Background: Blacks are more likely to present with advanced stage colon cancer and more likely to die from this disease than Whites. Blacks are also more likely to place God in control of thei...
An explorer in a cardboard land: emotion, memory, and the embodied experience of doing jigsaw puzzles

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how playing a game or engaging in a leisure activity provides the participant with an experience which integrates physical, mental, and emotional elements. I use an autoethnographic approach to study the process of completing jigsaw puzzles. The main focal point of the paper is the connection between engagement in a physical activity (completing a puzzle) and how the mind works and where it goes during the performance of that activity. The goal of the paper is to illustrate the connections between action and thought, and to show how one of the benefits, pleasures or rewards of engagement in leisure activities is the way these activities facilitate the wandering of our minds toward productive thoughts, images, insights, memories, and emotions. These findings may aid our understanding of the nature and appeal of playing games or participating in various types of leisure activities.
Marine and estuarine natural microbial biofilms: ecological and biogeochemical dimensions

Marine and estuarine microbial biofilms are ubiquitously distributed worldwide and are increasingly of interest in basic and applied sciences because of their unique structural and functional features that make them remarkably different from the biota in the plankton. This is a review of some current scientific knowledge of naturally occurring microbial marine and estuarine biofilms including prokaryotic and microeukaryotic biota, but excluding research specifically on engineering and applied aspects of biofilms such as biofouling. Because the microbial communities including bacteria and protists are integral to the fundamental ecological and biogeochemical processes that support biofilm communities, particular attention is given to the structural and ecological aspects of microbial biofilm formation, succession, and maturation, as well as the dynamics of the interactions of the microbiota in biofilms. The intent is to highlight current state of scientific knowledge and possible avenues of future productive research, especially focusing on the ecological and biogeochemical dimensions.
A Facebook Follow-Up Strategy for Rural Drug-Using Women.

Purpose Facebook (FB) use has grown exponentially over the past decade, including in rural areas. Despite its popularity, FB has been underutilized as a research follow-up approach to maintain contact with research participants and may have advantages in less densely populated areas and among more hard-to-reach, at-risk groups. The overall goal of this study was to examine FB as a supplemental follow-up approach to other follow-up strategies with rural drug-using women. Methods Face-to-face interviews were conducted with randomly selected women who completed baseline interviews in 3 rural jails in 1 state. Analyses focus on participants who were released from jail and were eligible for 3-month follow-up (n = 284). Bivariate analyses were used to examine differences between FB users and nonusers, and multivariate logistic regression models examined predictors of 3-month follow-up participation and being located for follow-up using FB. Findings About two-thirds (64.4%) of participants were regular FB users. Bivariate analyses indicated that FB users were younger, more educated, and more likely to have used alcohol in the 30 days before incarceration but less likely to have a chronic health problem. Regression analyses indicated that rural FB users had more than 5 times the odds of being located for the 3-month follow-up interview, even after controlling for other variables. There were no significant predictors of being followed up using FB. Conclusions Findings suggest that FB is widely used and well accepted among rural drug-using women. Among hard-to-reach populations, including those in rural, geographically isolated regions, FB serves as a method to improve participant follow-up.
Diagnostic Accuracy and Visual Search Efficiency: Single 8 MP vs. Dual 5 MP Displays.

This study compared a single 8 MP vs. dual 5 MP displays for diagnostic accuracy, reading time, number of times the readers zoomed/panned images, and visual search. Six radiologists viewed 60 mammographic cases, once on each display. A sub-set of 15 cases was viewed in a secondary study using eye-tracking. For viewing time, there was significant difference (F = 13.901, p = 0.0002), with 8 MP taking less time (62.04 vs. 68.99 s). There was no significant difference (F = 0.254, p = 0.6145) in zoom/pan use (1.94 vs. 1.89). Total number of fixations was significantly (F = 4.073, p = 0.0466) lower with 8 MP (134.47 vs. 154.29). Number of times readers scanned between images was significantly fewer (F = 10.305, p = 0.0018) with 8 MP (6.83 vs. 8.22). Time to first fixate lesion did not differ (F = 0.126, p = 0.7240). It did not take any longer to detect the lesion as a function of the display configuration. Total time spent on lesion did not differ (F = 0.097, p = 0.7567) (8.59 vs. 8.39). Overall, the single 8 MP display yielded the same diagnostic accuracy as the dual 5 MP displays. The lower resolution did not appear to influence the readers’ ability to detect and view the lesion details, as the eye-position study showed no differences in time to first fixate or total time on the lesions. Nor did the lower resolution result in significant differences in the amount of zooming and panning that the readers did while viewing the cases.
Microstructural characterization of morphological changes and grain-boundary fractures in coal comminution

Abstract A novel coal comminution process has recently been developed in our laboratory, by which both the liberation of pyrite and ash-minerals from coal and the energy efficiency of coal grinding can be significantly increased. In this paper, the change of coal particle morphology and grain-boundary fracture induced by swelling pretreatment has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscope. The SEM studies demonstrate that after the coal specimen was soaked in the swelling agent for a certain time, intensive cracking and fracturing were developed, as compared with the original surfaces that had only a few pre-existence cracks. In some cases, the coal particles were even fractured into small pieces and had little resemblance to their original samples. The intensity of fracture propagation depends on the specific swelling agent and contact time. The EDX-SEM analyses also show that cracks and fractures were induced preferentially along the inherent fractures and/or along the boundaries between the mineral/pyrite particles and the coal matrix. The relationship between the coal swellability and enhancement of liberation as well as grinding energy reduction has been investigated.
Computerized Assessment of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Size using Advanced Morphological Imaging Operators

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) describes a pathological aperture at the level of the arcuate eminence. Techniques for quantifying defect size are described with most studies using two-dimensional lengths that underestimate the pathology. The objective of this study is to describe a novel method of measurement that combines manual segmentation of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of the temporal bone and a morphological skeletonization transform to calculate dehiscence volume. Images were imported into a freely available image segmentation tool: ITK-SNAP (version 3.4.0; available at: http://www.itksnap.org/ ) software. Coronal and sagittal planes were used to outline the dehiscence in all slices demonstrating the defect using the paintbrush tool. A morphological skeletonization transform derived a single-pixel thick representation of the original delineation. This “sheet” of voxels overlaid the dehiscence. Volume was calculated by counting the number of nonzero image voxels within this “sheet” and multiplying this number by the volume (mm 3 ) of each voxel. A total of 70 cases of SSCD were identified. Overall, mean volume was 0.88 mm 3 (standard deviation: 0.57, range: 0.11–2.27). We present a novel technique for measuring SSCD, which we believe provides a more accurate representation of the pathology, and has the potential to standardize measurement of SSCD.
The Learning Styles of High-Achieving and Creative Adolescents in Hungary

AbstractThe learning-style preferences, levels of academic achievement, and extracurricular creative activities among students from one junior high school and four high schools in Hungary were investigated and compared. The Learning Style Inventory (Dunn, Dunn, & Price, 1996) and the Tel Aviv Activities Inventory (Milgram, 1987) were used to identify leaming-style preferences and areas of creative performance prevalent among these students. High, average, and low academic achievers and students creative in various domains demonstrated significantly distinct leaming-style characteristics.
Improving the Accounting Student Resume Language: Accounting Faculty Best Practice Tools

Seeking internship opportunities while pursuing a degree provides the future accounting professional better understanding of their career choice, a means of economic support, and a broader set of skills and capabilities. Prospective employers generally require a resume as part of the application process. However not all individuals maintain a current or accurately prepared resume. This paper examines root causes for why some individuals are unable to define their experiences through professional accounting and business language for a properly constructed and competitive entry-level resume. This article also presents best practice remediation processes which include; 1) a tool for individuals to independently reshape their resume language; and 2) suggestions for accounting faculty to expand their trusted advisory role with intentional incorporation of modeled standard professional language into the classroom.
Language attitudes and intergroup dynamics in multilingual organizations

This article takes an intergroup communication perspective to conceptualizing language-related issues in multilingual multinational corporations (MNCs). Language is one of the most salient identifi...
Perceived Social Position of Asian Americans: Neighborhood Context and Social Comparison

This paper examines the social factors associated with Asian Americans’ perception of their social position in the United States. The neighborhood may be an immediate context through which individuals sort their social position in a social hierarchy and reinforce distinctions between classes. We hypothesize that Asians’ subjective social status assignment process is determined by the neighborhood socioeconomic status and the relative position of individuals in their neighborhood. Data on Asian Americans is drawn from the National Latino and Asian American Study (N = 2095 nested in 251 census tracts). Hierarchical linear modeling is used to estimate the associations between individual household income, neighborhood median household income, relative income, and subjective social status. Results show that Asians who have high household income and whose household income is higher than the neighborhood median reported higher subjective social status. This finding highlights the potential contribution of social comparison in the neighborhood context on internalized class identity and relative success of Asian Americans in the U.S.
How social science should complement scientific discovery: lessons from nanoscience

This article examines the state of social science of science, particularly nanoscience. It reviews what has been done and offers a series of constructive criticisms. It examines some of the problems associated with experts and expertise and itemizes challenges we confront dealing with them. It presages some of the social science research work that we may consider to embrace in the future.
Implicit and dynamic trees for high performance rendering

Recent advances in GPU architecture and programmability have enabled the computation of ray casted or ray traced images at interactive frame rates. However, the rapid performance gains of the hardware cannot by themselves address the challenge posed by the steady growth in the geometric and temporal complexity of computer graphics datasets. In this paper we present a novel versatile tree data structure that can accommodate both sparse and dense data sets and is more memory efficient than state-of-the-art representations. A key feature of our data structure for rendering applications is that it fully supports efficient, parallel building. As a result, our implicit tree representation significantly outperforms existing techniques in the rendering of time-varying scenes. We show how this data structure can be extended to encode other classic representations such as BSP-trees and we discuss the high-performance implementation of our general approach on the GPU.