cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Increased Tyrosine (Tyr99) Phosphorylation of Calmodulin During Hypoxia in the Cerebral Cortex of Newborn Piglets: The Role of nNOS-Derived Nitric Oxide

The present study aims to investigate the mechanism of calmodulin modification during hypoxia and tests the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced increase in Tyr99 phosphorylation of calmodulin in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets is mediated by NO derived from nNOS. Fifteen piglets were divided into normoxic (Nx, n = 5), hypoxic (Hx, FiO2 of 0.07 for 1 h, n = 5) and hypoxic-pretreated with nNOSi (Hx-nNOSi, n = 5) groups. nNOS inhibitor I (selectivity >2,500 vs. eNOS and >500 vs. iNOS) was administered (0.4 mg/kg, I.V.) 30 min prior to hypoxia. Cortical membranes were isolated and tyrosine phosphorylation (Tyr99 and total) of calmodulin determined by Western blot using anti-phospho-(pTyr99)-calmodulin and anti-pTyr antibodies. Protein bands were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence, analyzed by densitometry and expressed as absorbance. The pTyr99 calmodulin (ODxmm2) was 78.55 ± 10.76 in Nx, 165.05 ± 12.26 in Hx (P < 0.05 vs. Nx) and 96.97 ± 13.18 in Hx-nNOSi (P < 0.05 vs. Hx, P = NS vs. Nx). Expression of total tyrosine phosphorylated calmodulin was 69.24 ± 13.69 in Nx, 156.17 ± 16.34 in Hx (P < 0.05 vs. Nx) and 74.18 ± 3.9 in Hx-nNOSi (P < 0.05 vs. Hx, P = NS vs. Nx). The data show that administration of nNOS inhibitor prevented the hypoxia-induced increased Tyr99 phosphorylation of calmodulin. Total tyrosine phosphorylation of calmodulin was similar to Tyr99 phosphorylation. We conclude that the mechanism of hypoxia-induced modification (Tyr99 phosphorylation) of calmodulin is mediated by NO derived from nNOS. We speculate that Tyr99 phosphorylated calmodulin, as compared to non-phosphorylated, binds with a higher affinity at the calmodulin binding site of nNOS leading to increased activation of nNOS and increased generation of NO.
Limiting behavior of the ICF test for normality under Gram–Charlier alternatives

Abstract The integrated characteristic function (ICF) test, introduced by Epps and Pulley (1983, Biometrika 70, 723–726) and Baringhaus and Henze (1988, Metrika 35, 339–348) , has become recognized as a powerful omnibus test for univariate and multivariate normality. Although the test statistic is of simple closed form, it is derived as a weighted integral of the squared modulus of the difference between the c.f.s of the standardized sample and the spherical normal. The canonical weight function depends on an arbitrary smoothing parameter that the user must specify. We derive here an approximate lower bound for the power of the ICF test when the data are from a distribution represented as a finite Gram–Charlier expansion. The result sheds light on how the test's power depends on the smoothing parameter and the characteristics of the data.
Differential mRNA stabilities affect mRNA levels in mutant mouse myeloma cells.

A series of mouse myeloma cell lines producing mutant γ2b immunoglobin heavy chains, which resemble heavy chain disease proteins, were analyzed for messenger RNA abundance as a function of mRNA alterations. A mutation effectively deleting the γ2b-CH1 domain of the mRNA had little or no effect on Ig heavy chain mRNA abundance on half-life (mutant 10.1). A mutation in the γ2b-CH2 and CH3 domain, causing premature termination of translation, had more deleterious effects on Ig heavy chain mRNA abundance and half-life (mutant 117). Substitution of the deleted portions of the γ2b mRNA with γ2a sequences by subclass switching in the cells (mutants K23 and K25) resulted in increased heavy chain abundance and half-life relative to the parent 117. In contrast, kappa light chain mRNA levels and half-lives remain constant among the mutants. The wild-type and mutant cell lines transcribed the Ig heavy chain γ2b locus equally when compared with an internal β-actin standard by transcription run on studies. Therefore, half-life of the Ig heavy chain mRNA seems to be the principal determinant in cytoplasmic mRNA abundance in this system.
All Political Participation Is Socially Networked?: New Media and the 2012 Election

This research examined the influence of attention to specific forms of traditional and online media on young adults' online and offline political participation as well as voter turnout during the fall 2012 presidential campaign. A three-wave panel survey demonstrated that attention to traditional media did not increase offline and online political participation in September; instead, participation was heightened by attention to online sources, particularly presidential candidate websites, Facebook, Twitter, and blogs. In the following months, individual-level change in participation was attributable to attention to several online media sources as well as change in media attention. In the case of voter turnout, results suggest that television attention was positively linked to voter likelihood in September but was negatively linked to individual-level change in voter turnout in November.
A Medieval Feminist Critique of the Chinese World Order: The Case of Wu Zhao (r. 690–705)

Abstract Medieval Chinese held that the circumscribed social space women might inhabit in life was encoded in the nature of their bodies. Gender conceptions common to China’s three religions—Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism—confirmed that women were allied to the passive and inner. Accounts of the only woman in Chinese history to occupy the throne in her own name, Wu Zhao, follow Chinese historians in portraying her as contravening this cosmology. Drawing on recent studies of the religious history of the body, I argue instead that Wu Zhao constructed a legitimizing strategy that took seriously, in ways not contemplated before, these fundamental tenets of Chinese religion.
Optimizing Weather and Research Forecast (WRF) Thompson cloud microphysics on Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC)

The Thompson cloud microphysics scheme is a sophisticated cloud microphysics scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The scheme is very suitable for massively parallel computation as there are no interactions among horizontal grid points. Compared to the earlier microphysics schemes, the Thompson scheme incorporates a large number of improvements. Thus, we have optimized the speed of this important part of WRF. Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) ushers in a new era of supercomputing speed, performance, and compatibility. It allows the developers to run code at trillions of calculations per second using the familiar programming model. In this paper, we present our results of optimizing the Thompson microphysics scheme on Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture (MIC) hardware. The Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor is the first product based on Intel MIC architecture, and it consists of up to 61 cores connected by a high performance on-die bidirectional interconnect. The coprocessor supports all important Intel development tools. Thus, the development environment is familiar one to a vast number of CPU developers. Although, getting a maximum performance out of MICs will require using some novel optimization techniques. Those optimization techniques are discusses in this paper. The results show that the optimization improved MIC performance by 3.4x. Furthermore, the optimized MIC code is 7.0x faster than the optimized multi-threaded code on the four CPU cores of a single socket Intel Xeon E5-2603 running at 1.8 GHz.
Can Insurance Cause Medical Care Spending to Grow too Rapidly

Zusammenfassung Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags steht die Frage, ob wettbewerbsfahige Krankenversicherungsmarkte und wettbewerbsfahige Markte fur medizinische Leistungen zu effizienten Wachstumsraten von qualitatsverbessernden, aber kostensteigernden Technologien fuhren. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass es auf der einen Seite vielerlei Grunde gibt, warum diese Wachstumsraten unter dem Optimum liegen konnen. Andererseits ist es schwierig, okonomische Modelle zu entwickeln, die ein ubermasiges Wachstum und die damit verbundenen Kosten gleichzeitig abbilden. Wenn Krankenkassen es ablehnen konnen, neue Leistungen zu versichern, werden neue Technologien, die zu einer Wohlfahrtsminderung fuhren, nicht eingefuhrt. Dies trifft auch dann zu, wenn die Krankenkassen durch gesetzliche oder administrative Regelungen dazu verpflichtet werden, die gleiche Selbstbeteiligung fur alle von der Versicherung abgedeckten Leistungen anzubieten. Die Folge ist, dass der relativ hohe technologiebedingte Kostenanstieg in weniger regulierten ...
JOHN HOMANS: THE DORSIFLEXION SIGN

Abstract Discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot, commonly termed “Homans' sign” was first described in the medical literature in 1934. As an indicator of calf vein thrombophlebitis, a positive Homans' sign is predicated on dorsiflexion eliciting discomfort or resistance to passive motion due to irritation of the posterior calf muscles. Subsequent investigations have, however, demonstrated the sign's diagnostic limitations. A number of studies have shown Homans' sign to be a poor identifier of the patient with deep vein thrombophlebitis. However, other classic physical findings of thrombosis, such as swelling, erythema, and tenderness have been found to be similarly unreliable. Consequently, investigation by means of venography or noninvasive diagnostic methods should be applied liberally to define deep vein thrombosis, especially in individuals susceptible to this entity, even in the absence of classic physical findings.
Characterization of Catalytic Supports by Infrared Spectroscopy and ESCA

This study compares the properties of γ-alumina, silica, and titania using ESCA and in situ FT-IR. The FWHM's of the O1s and metal 2p ESCA peaks increased systematically from titania to γ-alumina; the O1s/metal 2p ESCA peak area ratios were nearly equal for γ-alumina and silica. For titania, however, the value was half that obtained for γ-alumina. In situ FT-IR showed hydroxyl bands with increasing frequencies from titania to silica. Alumina and titania form carbonate-type structures after exposure to CO at elevated temperatures. Silica exhibited no additional bands after CO treatment that could be assigned to physically adsorbed CO or carbonate-type structures. At 100°C, there is a direct correlation between the specific surface area and the intensity of infrared absorbance of the free-hydroxyl and the hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl bands for silica. The intensities of the infrared bands due to matrix modes were not affected by surface area.
Application of Quantitative Feedback Theory to a Class of Missiles

A control design problem is investigated for a class of missiles that exhibits unstable and nonminimum phase behavior over a large flight envelope. Traditional control design for this class consists of a set of controllers, designed at different operating points within the flight envelope, which are implemented using the gain-scheduling method. The quantitative feedback theory is proposed for this class to overcome certain control design and implementation difficulties related to gain scheduling. In particular, the advantages in using quantitative feedback theory are that 1) it is possible to investigate the feasibility of fixed controllers for the whole flight envelope, and 2) it reveals tradeoffs between the size of flight envelope, controller complexity, and closed-loop specifications. These advantages are illustrated using a control design for the longitudinal dynamics of a Vanguard missile.
Influence of Zone Cooling on Performance of Cows Lactating During Stressful Summer Conditions

Abstract Twelve lactating cows (4 Holstein, 4 Jersey, and 4 Guernsey) were used to study the effect of zone cooling (head and neck) during the summer months on milk yield and milk constituents, rectal temperature, and respiration rate. The air supply to the cows in the zone cooling was 8.4C cooler during mid-day and 3.0C cooler during the midnight. The daily milk production of the zone-cooled cows averaged 20.6kg, 19% above that of the control cows (P Apparently, zone-cooled cows were able to dissipate more body heat, since they had lower respiration rates and rectal temperatures (P
Transcription factor directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into the pancreatic endocrine lineage

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells represent a potentially unlimited source of transplantable beta-cells for the treatment of diabetes. It has been reported that hES cells can be directly induced through cytokines or gene manipulations to insulin-producing cells ((IPCs). Here we describe a novel differentiation strategy that robustly directs H1, an National Institutes of Health (NIH)-registered hES cell line, into IPCs. Pdx1, a crucial regulator for pancreatic development, has been shown to convert hES into IPCs by viral vector mediated gene manipulation. Here we report that the TAT-Pdx1 protein can efficiently permeate H1 cell line due to the TAT protein transduction domain sequence fused to its structure. The TAT-Pdx1 protein was transduced in a dose-dependent manner. The transuded Pdx1 functions similarly to endogenous Pdx1: it binds to the insulin promoter and activates its expression. It also activated the expression of transcription factors that are critical to the differentiation of the pancreas such as endogenous Pdx1, NeroD, Ngn3. Functional secretion of insulin into the medium after glucose challenge was observed by ELESA. We also investigated the mechanism of TAT-Pdx1 protein transduction. The Tat-Pdx1 protein penetrated cells by macropinocytosis and was released from endosomes homogeneously in cytoplasm and nuclei. These data suggest that TAT-Pdx1 protein transduction could be a safe and valuable strategy for enhancing insulin gene transcription without requiring gene transfer.
Spectrum Crack Growth in Adhesively Bonded Structure

A method is presented by which crack growth of damage tolerance type flaws can be predicted in adhesively bonded structure subjected to spectrum loading. The method accounts for a laminate stress intensity correction factor, induced bending and axial load transfer between plies, as well as a crack growth analysis procedure to predict the crack growth retardation behavior under spectrum load. Analytical predictions are compared to several test results to show the applicability of the prediction method presented.
Technique of Laparoscopic Ureterocalicostomy in a Pediatric Patient

Purpose To present a video demonstrating the technical details of a successful laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in a pediatric patient. Material and Methods Pyeloplasty is the contemporary definitive surgical management of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. However, under certain circumstances such as a small intrarenal pelvis, extremely thinned parenchyma, and/or failed pyeloplasty, ureterocalicostomy may be utilized as an alternative surgical option for reconstruction. There have been only a handful of reports of laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in the adult population. To our knowledge, there are no reports of standard laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in children. The patient is 13-year-old female who was scheduled for a transabdominal laparoscopic pyeloplasty to treat symptomatic UPJ obstruction. During the procedure she was found to have a high insertion of the UPJ as well as multiple lower pole crossing vessels, compromising access to the obstruction for reconstruction with a traditional pyeloplasty. Ureterocalicostomy was felt to be a safer option for this patient. The video demonstrates the technique of a primary laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in this patient utilizing a 5mm camera port and two 3mm working ports. Results The patient was discharged home in stable condition on postoperative day one with a ureteral stent in place, tolerating a regular diet, ambulating, and pain free. Follow-up ultrasound at 8 months showed near total resolution of severe hydronephrosis. She remains asymptomatic and free of complications with 2-year follow-up. Conclusions Laparoscopic transabdominal ureterocalicostomy can be performed safely and effectively in the pediatric population.
Interactions between comoving magnetic microswimmers.

The artificial microswimmer [R. Dreyfus et al., Nature (London) 437, 862 (2005)] whose mechanism of propulsion is the magnetically driven undulation of a flagellum-like tail composed of chemically linked paramagnetic beads can be used as a physical model with which to study low-Reynolds-number swimming. Understanding how such swimmers interact provides insight into the related problem of quantifying the hydrodynamic interactions between microorganisms. In this study, particle-based numerical simulations are conducted of two comoving artificial swimmers. The resulting swimming speeds are determined over a range of separations for swimmers driven by planar and rotational magnetic fields. The far-field hydrodynamic interactions are analyzed and found to decay as ${h}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ where $h$ is the separation distance. Additionally, the role of the interswimmer magnetic forces is determined.
A Family of Concepts of Dependence for Bivariate Distributions

Abstract A family of concepts of stochastic dependence for bivariate distribution functions is introduced. Each concept gives rise to a family of bivariate distribution functions. We show the equivalence of some of these families with families of positively dependent distribution functions, which are known in the literature, and characterize some of them by notions from reliability theory. Interrelations among the various families are studied, and some moment inequalities are derived. Some examples and applications are discussed.
Comparison of SIMCA pattern recognition and library search identification of hazardous compounds from mass spectra

Abstract SIMCA pattern recognition methods have been applied to mass spectral data from a target list of hazardous chemicals. A scheme has been proposed for classification and identification of five classes of compounds including aromatics, chlorocarbons, bromocarbons, hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In addition, partial least squares regression has been used to predict the number of chlorine atoms present in the PCBs. A training set of 429 compounds was used. Classification models were derived by using principal components analysis of the autocorrelation transformed spectra and were applied to two gas chromatography—mass spectrometry ambient air field samples and one hazardous waste sample. An optimal number of three principal components was determined. For identification the mass spectra of the unknowns were compared with the training set mass spectra in the predicted class. The overall classification and identification rates for training spectra were 89% and for the unknowns were 92% and 82%, respectively. Identification results of the SIMCA scheme for an ambient air field sample also was compared to that of probability based matching (PBM). Correct identification for the spectra in this sample by SIMCA was 71/84 (85%) as opposed to 35/84 (42%) by PBM.
Prospective corneal topographic analysis in surgery for postkeratoplasty astigmatism.

• Computer-assisted photokeratoscopy was used to evaluate the topographic characteristics of corneas preoperatively and postoperatively in seven patients who underwent surgery for correction of postkeratoplasty astigmatism. The steep hemimeridians were typically separated by an angle other than 180° (mean, 162.5°) and the flat hemimeridians were often not orthogonal to the steep hemimeridians. Asymmetry of power (1.5 or more diopters) between these two major hemimeridians was also observed in three patients. Relaxing incisions were placed in the two steep hemimeridians and compression sutures were placed in the flat hemimeridians. The mean percent of reduction of astigmatism (vector-corrected) was 81.1%. The amount of keratometric astigmatism, and the degree of asymmetry of the hemimeridians were not correlated with the percent of reduction of astigmatism after placement of the relaxing and compression sutures. Computer-assisted topographic analysis may prove useful in planning transverse keratotomies centered on the steep hemimeridians and in placement of compression sutures in flat hemimeridians.
Absence of exotic hadrons in flux-tube quark models.

Flux-tube quark models based upon strong-coupling QCD are studied in the limit of small coupling between different flux-tube topologies. In this limit, it is shown that no bound exotic states exist, in contrast with predictions made with bag and other mean-field and two-body potential quark models. Results are presented for the 2q-2q\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, 4q-q\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}, and 6q sectors, and the various quark models are compared. The extent to which ``exotic'' states are observed experimentally can be regarded to some degree as a test of the relevance of strong-coupling-based flux-tube models.
Probable origin and toxin profile of Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech from southern Brazil

Abstract The distribution of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense Lebour has apparently expanded within the southern hemisphere during the last 2 decades. Toxic blooms of A. tamarense were recorded in Argentinean coastal waters since 1980; however, the first documented bloom in southern Brazil was in 1996. In this study, 13 strains of A. tamarense from southern Brazil were isolated and kept in culture. Phylogenetic analysis using RFLP and DNA sequences of the D1–D2 region of large subunit ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clearly indicates that Brazilian strains are most closely related to other South American strains. The strains from South America are placed firmly within a phylogenetic clade which contains strains from North America, northern Europe and northern Asia, previously called the North American clade. Possible dispersal hypotheses are discussed. The cultures were also analyzed for saxitoxin and its derivatives by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The main saxitoxin groups found were the low toxicity N-sulfocarbamoyl group, C1, 2 (30–84%), followed by the high potency carbamate toxins, gonyautoxins 1, 4 (6.6–55%), gonyautoxins 2, 3 (0.3–29%), neosaxitoxin (1.4–24%) and saxitoxin (0–4.4%). The toxin composition is similar to that of other strains from South America, supporting a close relationship between A. tamarense from southern Brazil and other areas of South America. Toxicity values were variable (7.07–65.92 pg STX cell−1), with the higher range falling among the most toxic values recorded for cultures of A. tamarense, indicating the significant risk for shellfish contamination and human intoxication during blooms of this species along the southern Brazilian coast.
Multidisciplinary Journal Usage in Veterinary Medicine: Identifying the Complementary Core

Researchers in veterinary medicine depend on the literature of many complementary fields of study. The literature of the biological sciences, including laboratory and clinical science, is essential, as are most aspects of human medicine, since they overlap in varying degrees with veterinary medicine. This article describes the resources and processes used to identify the nonveterinary journals of importance to veterinary researchers at the University of Illinois. The methodology employed in this study may also be useful for libraries supporting other allied health fields in which large medical research libraries or collections are absent. Ensuring access to the most relevant and up-to-date peer-reviewed journal literature is an essential function of the library. The services outlined in this article make keeping up with the changing information usage and needs of a library's users possible. Objective: Identify the primary nonveterinary journals used by researchers at a college of veterinary medicine. Meth...
A hybrid technê of the soul?: Thoughts on the relation between philosophy and rhetoric in Gorgias and Phaedrus

Whether Plato coined the word rhetoric, what is striking is that he was the first to attempt to make it disappear.' My argument may well add some strength to Schiappa's contention that Plato may have coined the word rhetoric by suggesting that to make something disappear, one would need to be dealing with something like a well-defined object (though entering directly into the heart of these often heated debates is not the focus of this essay) ("Did Plato Coin the Word Rhetorike?"; "Neo-Sophistic Rhetorical Criticism"). If Plato desires to make rhetoric disappear, as I shall argue he did at least in the Gorgias, then it behooves him to have a well-articulated target of concern. If it is the case that naming a set of practices helps to constitute those practices as an object domain, then it makes sense to suggest that Plato has cause to name a set of practices "rhetoric" so as to be able to deal with them.
A test of the Hapke photometric model

[1] We conducted a test of the Hapke (1981, 1984, 1986, 2002) photometric model to determine what physical parameters could be confidently linked to a surface's photometric behavior. The first author selected and measured the bidirectional reflectance distribution functions of 14 different samples in up to three different wavelengths using the Bloomsburg University Goniometer Laboratory. A total of 29 data files were obtained, each file containing more than 700 measurements from different viewing geometries; phase angles varied from 3° to 130°. The 29 files were initially sent “in-the-blind” to the second author, who was charged with inverting the data files and extracting best fit model parameters. Our baseline model used the most recent Hapke (2002) formulation with a two-term Henyey-Greenstein particle phase function and shadow-hiding backscatter opposition effect (SHOE) model. We also inverted the data with three other variations that included three-term Henyey-Greenstein phase functions and both SHOE and the coherent backscatter opposition effect (CBOE) models. Our results were compared with the known physical properties of our samples. We found no compelling evidence that individual photometric parameters could be uniquely interpreted to reveal the physical state of our samples, either in an absolute or relative sense. Rather, combinations of physical properties such as albedo, roughness, and porosity were convolved within each retrieved photometric parameter. On the basis of our empirical evidence, we speculate that the fault lies with the inability of radiative transfer models to adequately account for discrete media and the effects of porosity, and its deficient assumption that individual particles are the primary scattering units.
Hepatocellular processing of endocytosed proteins

In conclusion, proteins of hepatobiliary transport utilize receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular vesicles and rely on functionally dynamic microtubules for their transport by hepatocytes. The many diverse transport pathways in hepatocytes reflect the many functions served by the uptake of various proteins from the blood. The mechanisms of sorting of ligands and their receptors in endosomes and the factors that regulate the intracellular transport pathways are not yet known. Future investigations in this area promise to yield many exciting discoveries about the hepatocellular processing of proteins.
Synthesis of the antifouling polyamine pseudoceratidine and its analogs: Factors influencing biocidal activity

Abstract Syntheses of the title compound 1 and its N 8 and N 1 -monoacylated analogs 5 and 8 , respectively, are reported. Assays of 1, 5 , and 8 indicate that the number and position of the acyl substituents affect bioactivity.
Cloud computing security, data, and performance issues

Cloud computing offers an exceptional elasticity of resources and remarkable economic advantages in the Information Technology sector. It also provides an infrastructure for processing large and complex scientific data for data mining applications. While offering compelling throughput gains, it also introduces several challenges related to security, efficient storage of data, and performance. We first present the basics and a brief history of cloud computing; followed by its benefits, architecture, implementation and applications. Finally, we provide an insight into the issues and challenges associated with cloud computing.
Spin Reorientation Transitions in Perpendicularly Exchange-Coupled Thin Films Studied Using Element Specific Imaging

Spatial variations in the spin-reorientation transition of an exchange-coupled Co-wedge/YIG (Y3Fe5O12) bilayer, from perpendicular to in-plane domain structure, was studied using magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and photo-emission electron microscopy (PEEM). Even though MFM measurements of the YIG film showed perpendicular stripe domains, it was not possible to unambiguously resolve the domain structure of only the top ferromagnetic metal layer because of complications arising from the stray fields of the much thicker YIG underlayer. Hence, using element-specific, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) of the transition metal L3,2 edges (Co and Fe, respectively) for magnetic contrast, PEEM measurements were carried out to resolve the domain structure of the individual Co and YIG layers. The two were identical up to a Co thickness of 4.5 nm, confirming that the Co layer was exchange coupled with the YIG underlayer; however, a transition of the Co domains, from perpendicular to in-plane, was observed at thickness of 4.5-6 nm. For thicker regions of the Co film (>6 nm), a sizeable portion of the Co layer showed in-plane domains; their spins were perpendicular to the domain walls of the stripe domains with Co XMCD values in the range of -5% to +5%-a value much smaller than that of the perpendicular domains
Locke and Natural Law

L'auteur soutient que Locke, dans l'Essai, est un egoiste en ethique. Bien que la position de Locke a propos des modes mixtes implique que les verites morales soient aussi demontrables que les mathematiques, elle apparait incompatible avec les principes de base de la doctrine traditionnelle de la loi naturelle. Portant attention aux discussions menees par Locke au sujet des tendances psychologiques en rapport avec ses conceptions du bien, du bien moral et de l'obligation, on soutient ici que Locke s'est fait le champion d'une forme d'egoisme naturaliste qui fournit les bases de l'obligation morale et epistemique. L'article montre, en conclusion, comment l'egoisme lockien fournit la base d'une theorie de la loi naturelle.
International high technology cooperation: lessons learned

In February 1986, in response to the Nunn Amendment in the United States, a special Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) examined possible ways to foster cooperative high technology research and development programs within the NATO Alliance. As a result, they established the Special Working Group on Ada Programming Support Environments (SWG APSE) to oversee the development of a multinational software development environment for developing real-time weapon systems in the Ada programming language. The Working Group also developed a requirements specification for a software development environment interface standard. The author describes the benefits and pitfalls of this joint software development. He also describes the lessons learned from such joint multinational development efforts. Further, the author describes the management issues that are unique to such an international collaborative effort and gives a frank assessment of the techniques that had helped and hindered the program's progress.
Interleukin-10 Anti-Inflammatory Response to Borrelia burgdorferi, the Agent of Lyme Disease: a Possible Role for Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling 1 and 3

It has been established that interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages in response to Borrelia burgdorferi or its lipoproteins. The mechanism by which IL-10 exerts this anti-inflammatory effect is still unknown. Recent findings indicate that suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are induced by cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated stimuli, and in turn they can down-regulate cytokine and TLR signaling in macrophages. Because it is known that SOCS are induced by IL-10 and that B. burgdorferi and its lipoproteins most likely interact via TLR2 or the heterodimers TLR2/1 and/or TLR2/6, we hypothesized that SOCS are induced by IL-10 and B. burgdorferi and its lipoproteins in macrophages and that SOCS may mediate the inhibition by IL-10 of concomitantly elicited cytokines. We report here that mouse J774 macrophages incubated with IL-10 and added B. burgdorferi spirochetes (freeze-thawed, live, or sonicated) or lipidated outer surface protein A (L-OspA) augmented their SOCS1/SOCS3 mRNA and protein expression, with SOCS3 being more abundant. Pam3Cys, a synthetic lipopeptide, also induced SOCS1/SOCS3 expression under these conditions, but unlipidated OspA was ineffective. Neither endogenous IL-10 nor the translation inhibitor cycloheximide blocked SOCS1/SOCS3 induction by B. burgdorferi and its lipoproteins, indicating that the expression of other genes is not required. This temporally correlated with the IL-10-mediated inhibition of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor α. Our data are evidence to suggest that expression of SOCS is part of the mechanism of IL-10-mediated inhibition of inflammatory cytokines elicited by B. burgdorferi and its lipoproteins.
Global aphasia without hemiparesis: language profiles and lesion distribution.

OBJECTIVES—Global aphasia without hemiparesis (GAWH) is an uncommon stroke syndrome involving receptive and expressive language impairment, without the hemiparesis typically manifested by patients with global aphasia after large left perisylvian lesions. A few cases of GAWH have been reported with conflicting conclusions regarding pathogenesis, lesion localisation, and recovery. The current study was conducted to attempt to clarify these issues. METHODS—Ten cases of GAWH were prospectively studied with language profiles and lesion analysis; five patients had multiple lesions, four patients had a single lesion, and one had a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Eight patients met criteria for cardioembolic ischaemic stroke. RESULTS—Cluster analysis based on acute language profiles disclosed three subtypes of patients with GAWH; these clusters persisted on follow up language assessment. Each cluster evolved into a different aphasia subtype: persistent GAWH, Wernicke's aphasia, or transcortical motor aphasia (TCM). Composite lesion analysis showed that persistent GAWH was related to lesioning of the left superior temporal gyrus. Patients with acute GAWH who evolved into TCM type aphasia had common lesioning of the left inferior frontal gyrus and adjacent subcortical white matter. Patients with acute GAWH who evolved into Wernicke's type aphasia were characterised by lesioning of the left precentral and postcentral gyri. Recovery of language was poor in all but one patient. CONCLUSIONS—Although patients with acute GAWH are similar on neurological examination, they are heterogeneous with respect to early aphasia profile, language recovery, and lesion profile.
Temporal Patterns of Stroke Onset The Framingham Study

Background and Purpose Several studies have shown stroke onset to vary by season, day of the week, and time of day. These temporal patterns, which may provide insights into pathogenesis, were found mainly in clinical series, which can be subject to selection bias. To obtain a less distorted picture of stroke onset, we examined the month and season, day of the week, time, and place stroke occurred in a community-based cohort. Methods Over a 40-year period of surveillance of the Framingham Study cohort of 5070 people aged 30 to 62 years and free of stroke and cardiovascular disease at entry, 637 completed initial strokes occurred. Month, season, day of the week, time of day, and place of occurrence of stroke were ascertained systematically and related prospectively to stroke incidence, subtype, and gender. Results Winter was the peak season for cerebral embolic strokes. Significantly more stroke events occurred on Mondays than any other day, particularly for working men. For intracerebral hemorrhages, a thi...
A Process Modeling Tool for Systems Analysis of NASA's Distributed Active Archives Centers

Ground stations receive data from satellites for processing and storage. The increasing amount of incoming satellite data and increases in the demand for the data are causing an excessive load on the system. Changes to the current data archiving architecture of ground stations may be necessary to continue providing data efficiently to users. A process model and simulation of the current system could reveal bottlenecks and constraints. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate whether process modeling is a useful method for analyzing data archiving systems within ground stations. This paper outlines the methods applied during the model development process and examines the overall effectiveness of process modeling in this capacity. The architecture of NASA's Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) was used as a basis for developing the process model, which demonstrates the value of such a method for analyzing data archiving systems. The value of this particular model would be improved with a formal empirical data collection for model validation.
Characterization of La Crosse Virus RNA in Autopsied Central Nervous System Tissues

A reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) technique was used to detect La Crosse (LAC) virus RNA in the central nervous system (CNS) tissues of two patients who died of LAC encephalitis in 1960 and 1978. Viral RNA was readily detected by RT-PCR although the tissues had been stored frozen for up to 37 years. LAC virus was detected in the cerebral cortex but not in other CNS tissues. RT-PCR allowed detection of replicative forms of the virus, indicating that the virus was actively replicating in the specific CNS tissues. The small (S) RNA segments of the viruses from the CNS samples were demonstrated to be genetically similar by single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses. These S RNA segments were then sequenced; only two base changes were demonstrated between the 1960 and the 1978 samples, suggesting that LAC virus is genetically stable in areas of endemicity. The RT-PCR analyses of analyte directly from CNS tissues allows study of the virus without passage in cell culture.
Effect of an automated chest radiograph at triage protocol on time to antibiotics in patients admitted with pneumonia

Abstract Objective We derived and tested a protocol to automatically order a chest radiograph (CXR) at emergency department triage for patients with signs and symptoms of pneumonia to reduce time to antibiotics. Methods We derived a protocol using a retrospective study of admitted adult patients with pneumonia then prospectively tested the protocol on time to antibiotics. The protocol included patients with a chief complaint of chest pain, shortness of breath, upper respiratory tract infection, hemoptysis, fever, and cough. Of those, patients 50 years or older with any vital sign abnormality and patients younger than 50 with a comorbidity of immunocompromise, cancer, diabetes, transplant, or chronic alcoholism had a CXR ordered automatically. Results Although the protocol was only 35% (95% confidence interval, 28%-43%) sensitive in identifying patients admitted with pneumonia, time to antibiotics (in hours) (3.4 vs 4.2, P = .01) and time to CXR (3.0 vs 2.0, P = .01) for patients admitted with pneumonia were lower during the study period. Conclusion Automated CXR at triage reduces time to antibiotics in patients admitted with pneumonia.
Reversal of tuberculin reaction in early tuberculosis.

remain so for the rest of the patient’s life has been widely accepted for many years. The present study was carried out to detect tuberculosis in its earliest phases by means of a positive tuberculin reaction in individuals who reacted negatively to previous test or tests. These positive patients were then followed by repeated tuberculin tests for signs of change in their reactions. The opportunity to study the natural history of tuberculosis has been provided in the tuberculosis clinics of the Los Angeles Health Departments where hundreds of tests performed weekly on contacts made it possible to select individuals whose skin reactivity changed from a negative test to a positive one. In the past two years 160 individuals have been discovered with a known negative test who have converted to a positive reaction within three months or within 12 months or were infants under one year of age who were found to have a positive reaction. It has been assumed in the case of infants under one year that they were early converters. One hundred twenty one individuals have been tested two or more times and 68 of these have changed from a positive reaction to a negative one. A total of 618 tests have been done on the entire group of 160 subjects. Although all of the subjects in order to be accepted in the study had an initial negative test or were under one year of age, the high rate of change from a positive to a negative test was very surprising. A search of the literature has revealed a few papers in which the instability or reversability of the tuberculin reaction has been found. Dahlstrom1 pointed to the finding of “calcified nodules, presumably of tuberculous origin” in individuals not reacting to tuberculin and raised the question as to whether or not this might indicate a loss of tuberculin allergy after complete healing. He showed a clear relation between the intensity of allergy and the probability of its ultimate disappearance. His data revealed that over 70 per cent of those showing the “weakest detectable reaction” (one plus) lost their allergy, and that 62 per cent of those individuals with a two plus reaction subsequently became negative. With respect to age factors, he further points out that reversability occurs in early life in an overwhelming majority and is rare in adult life. Blatman, Rapmund, Newstrand, and Alexander2 also state that “changes in tuberculin allergy have been surprising,” and they found no difference in the patients with positive as opposed to negative gastric contents in
MAXIMAL ORDER OF MULTIPOINT ITERATIONS USING n EVALUATIONS

This paper deals with multipoint iterations without memory for the solution of the nonlinear scalar equation f(m)(x) = 0, m ≥ 0. Let pn(m) be the maximal order of iterations which use n evaluations of the function or its derivatives per step. We prove the Kung and Traub conjecture pn(0) = 2n−1 for Hermitian information. We show pn(m+1)≥pn(m) and conjecture pn(m) = 2n−1. The problem of the maximal order is connected with Birkhoff interpolation. Under a certain assumption we prove that the Polya conditions are necessary for maximal order.
Evaluation of the ARTAFIT Method for Fitting Time-Series Input Processes for Simulation

Time-series input processes occur naturally in the stochastic simulation of many service, communications, and manufacturing systems, and there are a variety of time-series input models available to match a given collection of properties, typically a marginal distribution and an autocorrelation structure specified via the use of one or more time lags. The focus of this paper is the situation in which the collection of properties are not “given,” but data are available from which a time-series input model is to be estimated. The input model we consider is the very flexible autoregressive-to-anything (ARTA) model of Cario and Nelson [Cario, M. C., B. L. Nelson. 1996. Autoregressive to anything: Time-series input processes for simulation. Oper. Res. Lett.19 51--58]. Recently, we developed a statistically valid algorithm (ARTAFIT) for fitting this model to stationary univariate time-series data using marginal distributions from the Johnson translation system. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive numerical study to assess the performance of our algorithm relative to the two most commonly used approaches: (a) fitting the marginal distribution but ignoring the autocorrelation structure, and (b) fitting separately the marginal distribution as in (a) and the autocorrelation structure using the sample autocorrelation function. We find that ARTAFIT, which fits the marginal distribution and the autocorrelation structure jointly, outperforms both (a) and (b), and we demonstrate the importance of taking dependencies into account while developing input models for stochastic simulation.
The Dynamics of Audience Fragmentation: Public Attention in an Age of Digital Media

Audience fragmentation is often taken as evidence of social polarization. Yet the tools we use to study fragmentation provide limited information about how people allocate their attention across digital media. We offer a theoretical framework for understanding fragmentation and advocate for more audience-centric studies. This approach is operationalized by applying network analysis metrics to Nielsen data on television and Internet use. We find extremely high levels of audience duplication across 236 media outlets, suggesting overlapping patterns of public attention rather than isolated groups of audience loyalists.
Variations in surface roughness within Death Valley, California: Geologic evaluation of 25-cm-wavelength radar images

Images — processed from 25-cm wavelength, side-looking airborne radar — of the salt flats and gravel fans on the floor of Death Valley, California, show distinctive variations in radar backscatter (that is, variations in image gray tones) that can be correlated with systematic changes in the surface roughness of different geologic units. Well-developed desert pavements on the oldest boulder gravel units of late Pleistocene age are clearly delineated as weak backscatterers on the images. A gradation in the size of gravel constituents near the base of the giant gravel fans is associated with an abrupt change in the backscatter energy. The change takes place at gravel radii between 0.08λ and 0.14λ (2.0 and 3.5 cm). A breakpoint observed in the Rayleigh scattering region of the total radar cross section is virtually independent of the antenna depression angle as long as the resolution area does not lie in the first pulse width of the echo (the 90° depression angle). With the longer wavelength radar systems, antenna depression angles of 45° to 90° appear to be well suited for investigations of surface roughness because of the suppression of radar shadows and the increased radar return from the near range.
The Least of These: How Eduardo Diaz's Image of Drug Users in Pakistan Offers an Alternate Media Representation of Addiction

In this article, I propose that typical news photographs of drug users comprise an image genre that supports an inaccurate and destructive media discourse on drug use. I use a social semiotic analysis of an image of drug users that appeared in the Daily Mail to explicate how visual resources in a genre-typical news photograph support this destructive discourse. I then examine a second image of drug users by photographer Eduardo Diaz that appeared that same month in the Telegraph. I demonstrate how semiotic resources within the Diaz image rupture the boundaries of the genre in ways that could support a more rational media discourse on drug users.