cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPUTING NIELSEN NUMBERS OF SURFACE HOMEOMORPHISMS

and let f:X + X be a continuous self-mapping. Then X admits a local fixed point index and one defines the Nielsen number, N(f), off as follows: first, an equivalence relation is defined on the set of fixed points off, denoted Fix(f), by x N y if and only if there exists a path a in X going from x to y such that f(a) is homotopic to
The preservation of nerve cells in rat neostriatal slices maintained in vitro: A morphological study

Abstract The in vitro preservation of neurons in 300 μm thin neostriatal slices, which are routinely used for electrophysiological studies, was examined by light and electron microscopy and was compared to 700 μm thick neostriatal slices. The thin slices displayed well-preserved cells after up to 5 h of incubation. This finding correlated well with whether electrical activity could be recorded. In cross-section, the thin slices consisted of three layers: the inner layer contained many intact cells (80%) and was sandwiched between the outer layers where deteriorating cells predominated. In contrast to the thin slices, the thick slices (700 μm) displayed no layering of intact cells in cross-section. Instead, the majority of cells throughout these thick slices was swollen (98%), with only small patches of intact cells. Two types of deteriorating cells were apparent: swollen cells and dark (pycnotic) cells. The proportion of swollen cells increased with incubation time. In the thin slices this swelling occurred in the outer layers with the middle layer of intact cells remaining relatively unchanged over long incubation periods, whereas all cells in thick slices were swollen after 2 h of incubation. Dark cells were localized to the outer portion of both slices and the number of such dark cells did not change with incubation time.
On the propagation of uncertainty in inflow turbulence to wind turbine loads

When stochastic simulation of inflow turbulence random fields is employed in the analysis or design of wind turbines in normal operating states, it is common to use well-established standard spectral models represented in terms of parameters that are usually treated as fixed or deterministic values. Studies have suggested, though, that many of these spectral parameters can exhibit some degree of variability. It is not unreasonable to expect, then, that derived flow fields based on simulation with such spectral models can be in turn highly variable for different realizations. Turbine load and performance variability would also be expected to result if response simulations are carried out with these variable flow fields. The aim here is to assess the extent of variability in derived inflow turbulence fields that arises from the noted variability in spectral model parameters. Simulation of these parameters as random variables forms the basis of this study. A commercial-sized 1.5 MW concept wind turbine is considered in the numerical studies. Variability in turbulence power spectra at field points on the rotor plane and in turbulence coherence functions for separations on the order of a rotor diameter and smaller is studied. Using time domain simulations, variability in various wind turbine response measures is also studied where the focus is on statistics such as response root-mean-square and 10-min extreme estimates. It is seen that while variability in inflow turbulence spectra can be great, the variability in turbine loads is generally considerably lower. One exception is for turbine yaw loads whose larger variability arises due to sensitivity to a coherence decay parameter that is itself highly variable. Finally, because reduced-order representations of turbulence random fields using empirical orthogonal decomposition techniques allow useful physical insights into spatial patterns of flow, variability in the energy distribution and the shapes of such empirical eigenmodes is studied and a simplified model is proposed that retains key variability sources in a limited number of modes and that accurately preserves overall inflow turbulence field uncertainty.
Patent ductus arteriosus hemodynamics in very premature infants treated with poractant alfa or beractant for respiratory distress syndrome.

Patent ductus arteriosus hemodynamics in very premature infants treated with poractant alfa or beractant for respiratory distress syndrome
Persistent infection of rhesus macaques with T-cell-line-tropic and macrophage-tropic clones of simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV)

Abstract To elucidate the functions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genes in a nonhuman primate model, we have constructed infectious recombinant viruses (chimeras) between the pathogenic molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac239 and molecular clones of HIV-1 that differ in phenotypic properties controlled by the env gene. HIV-1SF33 is a T-cell-line-tropic virus which induces syncytia, and HIV-1SF162 is a macrophage-tropic virus that does not induce syncytia. A DNA fragment encoding tat, rev, and env (gp160) of SIVmac239 has been replaced with the counterpart genetic region of HIV-1SF33 and HIV-1SF162 to derive chimeric recombinant simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strains SHIVSF33 and SHIVSF162, respectively. In the acute infection stage, macaques inoculated with SHIVSF33 had levels of viremia similar to macaques infected with SIVmac239, whereas virus loads were 1/10th to 1/100th those in macaques infected with SHIVSF162. Of note is the relatively small amount of virus detected in lymph nodes of SHIVSF162-infected macaques. In the chronic infection stage, macaques infected with SHIVSF33 also showed higher virus loads than macaques infected with SHIVSF162. Virus persists for over 1 year, as demonstrated by PCR for amplification of viral DNA in all animals and by virus isolation in some animals. Antiviral antibodies, including antibodies to the HIV-1 env glycoprotein (gp160), were detected; titers of antiviral antibodies were higher in macaques infected with SHIVSF33 than in macaques infected with SHIVSF162. Although virus has persisted for over 1 year after inoculation, these animals have remained healthy with no signs of immunodeficiency. These findings demonstrate the utility of the SHIV/macaque model for analyzing HIV-1 env gene functions and for evaluating vaccines based on HIV-1 env antigens.
Volunteer motivation and demographic influences at a professional tennis event

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine the demographic make‐up of volunteers and their motives for participating in a professional tennis event.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses a cross‐sectional descriptive study to investigate the primary motivation of volunteers from a US Open Series professional tennis event. A MANOVA was also conducted to compare the volunteer motivation factors (purposive, egoistic, leisure, material, external) by demographic factors (gender and age).Findings – Volunteers' demographics closely resemble the tennis participation population and are similar to other tournament volunteers in the sport of golf. Volunteers were strongly motivated by material and purposive factors. Gender and age had no significant effect on the motivation to volunteer.Research limitations/implications – The sample being from a single event can limit the generalizations, but the work can serve as a framework for more extensive studies, including focusing on a women's event to examine t...
Identification of Novel Fluorochemicals in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams Used by the US Military

Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are a vital tool to fight large hydrocarbon fires and can be used by public, commercial, and military firefighting organizations. In order to possess these superior firefighting capabilities, AFFFs contain fluorochemical surfactants, of which many of the chemical identities are listed as proprietary. Large-scale controlled (e.g., training activities) and uncontrolled releases of AFFF have resulted in contamination of groundwater. Information on the composition of AFFF formulations is needed to fully define the extent of groundwater contamination, and the first step is to fully define the fluorochemical composition of AFFFs used by the US military. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and high resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) were combined to elucidate chemical formulas for the fluorochemicals in AFFF mixtures, and, along with patent-based information, structures were assigned. Sample collection and analysis was focused on AFFFs...
Adrenergic nerve function and contractile activity of the caudal artery of the streptozotocin diabetic rat

Abstract The adrenergic nerve function and contractile responses of the densely innervated caudal artery of the 8-week streptozotocin (SZ) (65 mg/kg i.p.) diabetic rat were investigated. Segments of this artery were removed from diabetic and control rats, placed in Krebs-filled tissue baths (37° C) and isometric tension recorded. Contractile responses to sympathetic nerve activation by electrical stimulation and to cumulative concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and tyramine were recorded. In order to determine NE content, the NE was extracted from the caudal artery, isolated by adsorption chromatography, and quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection. NE accumulation and release were also studied by quantifying the amount of tritiated NE ([ 3 H]NE) and its metabolites in extracts of the tissue or incubation medium. The responses of the caudal artery of SZ diabetic rats to electrical stimulation (4–16 Hz) and to tyramine (1 × 10 −5 · 1 × 10 −4 M) were significantly less than those of arteries from control rats and the NE content reduced by 41%, while sensitivity to NE was unchanged. Diabetic arteries also accumulated and released more [ 3 H]NE than did arteries from control rats. These results establish that neurovascular function of the isolated caudal artery of the 8-week SZ diabetic rat is abnormal and suggest that problems in the ability of adrenergic nerves to store and release NE may contribute to this dysfunction. Such changes may play a role in the cardiovascular disturbances associated with diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Mucosal expression of aquaporin 5 and epithelial barrier proteins in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study is to characterize the association between altered epithelial barrier function, represented by changes in histology and differential expression of the mucosal water membrane permeability protein aquaporin 5 (AQP5), and the pathophysiology of chronic refractory sinusitis (CRS) in patients with and without nasal polyposis. Study design Prospective clinical study. Setting Tertiary rhinology referral center. Participants Sinonasal samples were obtained from seven CRS subjects with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), seven CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP), and five control healthy patients. Methods Mucosal membrane changes were evaluated through hematoxylin and eosin staining of the membrane barrier and immunohistochemical staining of AQP5 expression, a membrane channel protein that affects trans-epithelial water permeability and tissue edema. AQP5 expression was confirmed by real-time PCR (rt-PCR) and western blot. Levels of other membrane proteins, including E-cadherin and Septin-2, were also assessed. Results CRSwNP patients showed substantial histologic evidence of membrane remodeling with increased edema and glandular hyperplasia. The epithelial expression of AQP5 was significantly lower in CRSwNP as compared to CRSsNP or control. There was no significant difference in the expression of E-cadherin and Septin-2. Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that the mucosal epithelial barrier is compromised in the context of CRS (predominantly in CRSwNP) when compared to control and that AQP5 acts as a key tight junction protein in the maintenance of mucosal water homeostasis. We hypothesize that AQP5 plays a possible role in the pathophysiology of mucosal edema and polyp formation.
Self-Managed Work Teams: an innovation whose time has come?

Self-managed work teams (SMWTs) may be an early manifestation of the changing paradigm of organization. A key tenet of transformational theory is that consciousness creates external, structural forms which represent beliefs, values and attitudes inherent in the dominant paradigm. Previous paradigmatic assumptions of the Industrial Era created the bureaucracy; transformational thinking (the new, emerging paradigm) is creating newer organizational structures such as SMWTs.
Commentary Anthropologic Methods, Not Legislation, Should Be Used to Modify Risky ATV Use

Introduced in 1971 for use in outdoor occupations such as farming and construction, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are motorized three- or four-wheeled cycles designed for riding in off-road areas. Despite their occupational intent, ATVs have become extremely popular in the United States as a recreational vehicle for both children and adults alike, with approximately 2.4 million ATVs currently in use (Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention, 2000). In 1988 the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned the sale of 3-wheeled ATVs and established safety guidelines for the use of 4-wheelers. Despite these safety guidelines, a steady increase in the popularity of 4-wheeled ATVs in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in moderate to severe injuries and deaths, which has many policy makers, researchers, consumer groups, and physician organizations rallying for more stringent ATV laws, including mandatory helmet laws. Laws, however, will not impact ATV behaviors in rural America for two reasons:...
METHODS FOR ANALYZING EXPERIMENTS WITH MULTIPLE CRITERIA

An approach to analyzing experimental data with multiple criteria is explained and demonstrated on data from a test of the effectiveness of two posters. As a supplement to traditional multivariate analysis of variance and covariance, the application of a step-down F test is advocated when an ordering of the criterion is meaningful, and an analysis of contrasts is recommended when such an ordering is not managerially relevant. The step-down procedure has the advantage of simultaneously testing an overall hypothesis and hypotheses on each criterion variable.
Mitochondria and the regulation of free radical damage in the eye

Neuronal cell death can be determined by the overall level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from the combination of extrinsic sources and intrinsic production as a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation. Key controllers of the intrinsic production of ROS are the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs). By allowing a controlled leak of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane activation of these proteins can decrease ROS and promote cell survival. In both primate models of Parkinson’s disease and mouse models of seizures, increased activity of UCP2 significantly increased neuronal cells survival. In the retina UCP2 is expressed in many neurons and glial cells, but was not detected in rod photoreceptors. Retinal ganglion cell survival following excitotoxic damage was much greater in animals overexpressing UCP2. Traditional Chinese medicines, such as an extract of Cistanche tubulosa, may provide benefit by altering mitochondrial metabolism.
Mechanistic Study of the Biomimetic Synthesis of Flavonolignan Diastereoisomers in Milk Thistle

The mechanism for the biomimetic synthesis of flavonolignan diastereoisomers in milk thistle is proposed to proceed by single-electron oxidation of coniferyl alcohol, subsequent reaction with one of the oxygen atoms of taxifolin’s catechol moiety, and finally, further oxidation to form four of the major components of silymarin: silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B. This mechanism is significantly different from a previously proposed process that involves the coupling of two independently formed radicals.
Signatures of stellar collapse in electron-type neutrinos

Neutrinos provide a direct probe for observing the internal convulsions of stars at the end of their thermonuclear life. Implications of developments on the theory of stellar collapse1 have not been explored systematically for neutrino emission. In view of experiments2,3 that can detect extraterrestrial neutrinos, a summary of the theoretical signatures expected in neutrino emission from stellar collapse is needed. If such experiments2,3 record an event with features indicative of stellar collapse, its signatures will provide valuable tests for present theories on stellar demise. The current hypothesis1 of stellar collapse is that the iron core (Mc ∼ 1.5 M⊙) of a massive star (M*>12M⊙) loses its pressure support at the end point of thermonuclear evolution. The core implodes to densities above that of nuclear matter where the collapse halts. The bounce forms a shock at the surface of the core, which then propagates into the infalling mantle. The outcome may be either continued collapse to a black hole or a supernova, depending on the initial mass of the iron core. Here we examine the ve emission for both cases. In particular, we give analytical expressions for the rise-time and magnitude of the leading pulse and the average energy of the emitted neutrinos. We then discuss subsequent behaviour of the emission. Ongoing terrestrial experiments can resolve much of the emission's structure up to distances of ∼2 kpc.
Application of OSSEs to observing system design

Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) are an important tool for evaluating the potential impact of proposed new observing systems, as well as for evaluating trade-offs in observing system design, and in developing and assessing improved methodology for assimilating new observations. Extensive OSSEs have been conducted at NASA/ GSFC and NOAA/AOML in collaboration with Simpson Weather Associates and operational data assimilation centers over the last 23 years. These OSSEs determined correctly the quantitative potential for several proposed satellite observing systems to improve weather analysis and prediction prior to their launch, evaluated trade-offs in orbits, coverage and accuracy for space-based wind lidars, and were used in the development of the methodology that led to the first beneficial impacts of satellite surface winds on numerical weather prediction. In this paper, we summarize OSSE methodology and earlier OSSE results, and present methodology and results from recent OSSEs.
Calculation of impact ionization enhanced photovoltaic efficiency

Abstract A possible structure for increased single junction photovoltaic efficiency is a heterojunction diode with bandgaps differing by a factor of two or more. Excess energy from carriers photogenerated in the wide bandgap material may excite additional carriers in the narrow bandgap material by impact ionization. Photovoltaic efficiencies are calculated as a function of bandgap for both ideal and good quality solar cells. Assuming a plausible solar spectrum, the maximum efficiency may be increased by impact ionization, but the potential gain is relatively modest. Ideal cell maximum efficiency can be increased 1.5%; with more realistic assumptions, the increase is less than 1%.
Hidden Markov Models as Self-Organizing Maps to Exploit Time Dependencies in Data Clustering

We propose a novel hidden Markov model which acts as a self-organizing map to exploit temporal dependencies in data clustering. The proposed technique is able to automatically identify the number of clusters contained in the data in an unsupervised manner. It also makes it possible to cluster together sequences that are shifted and scaled versions of each other, a problem that to the best of our knowledge has not been systematically addressed in the literature.
Plasmonic-enhanced Si Schottky barrier solar cell

By introducing plasmonic silver nanoparticles on top of a SiO 2 spacer layer, we enhance the power conversion efficiency of a Si-based Schottky barrier solar cell by 80% (from 2.5% to 4.5%).
Discussion on Peshkov et al., “Boltzmann-Ginzburg-Landau approach for continuous descriptions of generic Vicsek-like models”

A discussion on the contribution of Peshkov, Bertin, Ginelli and Chate [1] in this special issue.
Gust Load Alleviation of an Aeroelastic System using Nonlinear Control

The authors develop a nonlinear longitudinal model of an aircraft modeled by rigid fuselage, tail, and wing, where the wing is attached to the fuselage with a torsional spring. The main focus is to retain the full nonlinearities associated with the system and to perform gust load alleviation for the model by comparing the impact of a proportional-integral-lter nonzero setpoint linear controller with control rate weighting and a nonlinear Lyapunovbased controller. The four degree of freedom longitudinal system under consideration includes the traditional longitudinal three degree of freedom aircraft model and one additional degree of freedom due to the torsion from the wing attachment. Computational simulations are performed to show the aeroelastic response of the aircraft due to a gust load disturbance with and without control. Results presented in the paper show that the linear model fails to capture the true nonlinear response of the system and the linear controller based on the linear model does not stabilize the nonlinear system.
Effect of leaf surface extraction on palatability of romaine lettuce to Diabrotica balteata

The leaf surface of a plant, especially its chemical components, constitutes the first line of resistance to herbivores and other pests. Our previous research indicated that ‘Valmaine’ (Val) romaine lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., was highly resistant to feeding by adult banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte, while ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG) was highly susceptible. We investigated the leaf surface chemistry of these two cultivars for its possible role in their resistance to D. balteata . Three solvents with different polarity (hexane, methylene chloride, and methanol) were tested to remove leaf surface chemicals, but only methylene chloride and methanol extracts were used in feeding bioassays. Adult D. balteata consumed much more of the leaf tissue of Val and TG when their surface chemicals were removed with methylene chloride, but not methanol, compared to nonextracted leaf tissue, leading us to hypothesize that methylene-chloride extractable leaf surface chemicals may have a role in the expression of lettuce resistance. However, leaf surface chemicals extracted from Val with methylene chloride were not a deterrent to adult D. balteata when applied to palatable lima bean leaf surfaces at various concentrations in dual-choice tests. Furthermore, the application of surface extracts from TG did not stimulate beetle feeding in similar choice tests. In a no-choice feeding test, there was no significant difference in leaf area consumption on lima bean leaves sprayed with extracts of Val or TG. These results suggest that leaf surface chemicals in romaine lettuce do not explain the resistance of Val to adult D. balteata , and that factors inside the leaf may play a role in resistance. We discuss the possibility that the solvent may have increased the palatability of lettuce leaves to D. balteata by causing enzymatic browning and cellular damage, which is likely to have degraded internal feeding deterrents and impaired the plant’s ability to emit latex.
Design issues for monolithic DC-DC converters

This paper presents various ideas for integrating different components of dc-dc converter on to a silicon chip. These converters are intended to process power levels up to 0.5W. Techniques for integrating capacitors and design issues for MOS transistors are discussed. The most complicated design issue involves inductors. Expressions for trace resistance and inductance estimation of on-chip planar spiral inductor on top metal layer of CMOS process are compared. These inductors have high series resistance due to low metal trace thickness, capacitive coupling with substrate and other metal traces, and eddy current loss. As an alternative, a CMOS compatible three-dimensional (3-D) surface micromachining technology known as plastic deformation magnetic assembly (PDMA) is used to fabricate high quality inductors with small footprints. Experimental results from a monolithic buck converter using this PDMA inductor are presented. A major conclusion of this work is that the 3-D "post-process" technology is more viable than traditional integrated circuit assembly methods for realizing of micro-power converters.
The ‘Ecosystem’ Approach to Managing Human Uses and Abuses of Natural Resources in the Great Lakes Basin

The Great Lakes Basin of North America is a large, politically shared, mid-continent 'ecosystem'.t It covers an area of 750,000 km2 and has a 2: 1 surface ratio of land to water. Over the past 200 years, human population in the Basin has risen from about 300,000 with a demotechnic index (ratio of technological to physiological metabolism) of less than 2.0, to a population of 38 millions with a demotechnic index in the range of 80 to 100. This exponential growth has stressed both human and non-human parts (Beeton, 1965; Francis et al., 1979; Burns, 1985) of the 'ecosystem'. In response, there has been a succession of increasingly integrative approaches to management. These have been characterized by Christie et al. (1986) as egocentric (indifferent to environmental values), piecemeal (dealing with problems one by one), environmental (integrative management in respect of air, water, land, and living resources) and, most recently, as 'ecosystemic'(invo1ving, in this case, holistic management of a human-environment system). The term 'ecosystem' is used here to mean a subdivision of The Biosphere with boundaries which are arbitrarily defined according to some particular purpose or purposes in hand. Our primary focus is on the 'Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem',t which is defined in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (1978) as: 'the interacting components of air, land, water, and living organisms, including man, within the drainage basin of the St. Lawrence River at or upstream from the point at which this River becomes the
The Effects of Confidence and Advisor Motives on Advice Utilization

This article examined the premises of interpersonal deception theory (IDT) within an advice-giving context. Advisors with quality and persuasion goals provided advice concerning stock rankings to decision makers either primed or not primed to be suspicious of advisors’ motives. Two competing hypotheses were proposed. First, suspicious decision makers were predicted to accept less advice from all advisors and be no more likely to detect advisors’ motives than nonsuspicious decision makers. Second, suspicious decision makers were predicted to be better able to detect the motives of advisors and accept less advice from the advisor with the persuasive motive than nonsuspicious decision makers. The first hypothesis was supported. The persuasive advisor had significantly higher confidence than the quality advisor on the rankings used to give advice, although not on private rankings. Advisors’ confidence on these rankings fully mediated their influence on the decision maker.
Can Community Monitoring improve the Accountability of Public Officials

This article discusses the nature and characteristics of monitoring the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme’s implementation with a focus on the community control mechanisms existing in the two pioneering states of Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. These two states represent two relatively diverse models. Elements of both models need to be incorporated in order to make the process of community control of public programmes effective and sustainable. ublic programmes in most developing countries are notorious for b eing ineffective due to rampant corruption. One of the oft-emphasised mechanisms whereby they can be made effectual is of giving control to local communities in the implementation and monitoring of such schemes. However, evidence on the effectiveness of community control in improving the delivery of public goods and services in developing countries is conflicting. Some recent studies suggest that community monitoring of public pro
Heat capacity from 5 to 350 K and thermodynamic properties of cesium nitrate to 725 K

Abstract The low-temperature heat capacity (5 to 350 K) of CsNO3 was determined by adiabatic calorimetry. No anomalies were observed in this temperature region, the curve of heat capacity against temperature having the normal sigmoid shape. These measurements yielded the thermodynamic properties at 298.15 K: C p ° =(96.47±0.19) J K − mol − ; S ° =(153.95±0.31) J K − mol − ; {H ° (T) − H ° (O)} =(20046±40) J mol − ; {G ° (T) − H ° (O)} T =(86.71±17) J K − mol − . These measurements have been combined with published high-temperature heat capacities to give the thermodynamic properties of CsNO3 to 725 K.
Set-valued multiple-target tracking

The performance of an MTT (multiple target tracking) method should degrade gracefully as the conditions of the collection become less favorable to optimal operation. By stressing the avoidance, rather than the explicit minimization, of error, a decision rule is obtained for trajectory-data association that does not require the resolution of all conflicting hypotheses when the database does not contain sufficient information to do so reliably. >
Oceanic Isopycnal Slope Spectra. Part I: Internal Waves

Horizontal tow measurements of internal waves are rare and have been largely supplanted in recent decades by vertical profile measurements. Here, estimates of isotherm displacements and turbulence dissipation rate from a towed vehicle deployed near Hawaii are presented. The displacement data are interpreted in terms of horizontal wavenumber spectra of isopycnal slope. The spectra span scales from 5 km to 0.1 m, encompassing both internal waves and turbulence. The turbulence subrange is identified using a standard turbulence fit, and the rest of the motions are deemed to be internal waves. The remaining subrange has a slightly red slope ( k 1/2 x ) and vertical coherences compatible with internal waves, in agreement with previous towed measurements. However, spectral amplitudes in the internal wave subrange exhibit surprisingly little variation despite a four-order-of-magnitude change in turbulence dissipation rate observed at the site. The shape and amplitude of the horizontal spectra are shown to be consistent with observations and models of vertical internal wave spectra that consist of two subranges: a “linear” subrange ( k 0) and a red “saturated” subrange ( k 1 z ). These two subranges are blurred in the transformation to horizontal spectra, yielding slopes close to those observed. The saturated subrange does not admit amplitude variations in the spectra yet is an important component of the measured horizontal spectra, explaining the poor correspondence with the dissipation rate.
Engineering the Enterprise

This paper suggests a way of engineering the capabilities of large-scale enterprises that is different from classical "specify and build" approaches commonly employed by government agencies in acquiring individual systems or systems of systems. The view presented is that enterprise engineering does not replace or add a layer to classical systems engineering but that it complements classical approaches by shaping the environment in which individual systems are developed to achieve enterprise goals.
Illusive Competition in School Reform: Commentary on Merrifield's “Imagined Evidence and False Imperatives” and Merrifield's Reply

Merrifield (2009) provides a useful polemic about the sad state of data analysis too frequently encountered in the school choice literature. Available data come from limited policy experiments with only modest amounts of choice and competition. The effects of very modest changes in school choice on school performance are, as one might expect, small and often not statistically different from zero. Those who study school reform initiatives mistakenly extrapolate from these null effects of small policy shifts to make sweeping predictions about the ineffectiveness of broader policy shifts aimed at expanding choice and competition through creation of new institutions governing the supply of educational services. In debates about how to interpret the existing evidential record and what our priorities for collecting more empirical information about the performance of different educational institutions should be, it is difficult to cleanly separate theoretical priors from empirical evidence. Virtually all empiric...
Functional and structural characterization of Vibrio cholerae extracellular serine protease B, VesB.

The chymotrypsin subfamily A of serine proteases consists primarily of eukaryotic proteases, including only a few proteases of bacterial origin. VesB, a newly identified serine protease that is secreted by the type II secretion system in Vibrio cholerae, belongs to this subfamily. VesB is likely produced as a zymogen because sequence alignment with trypsinogen identified a putative cleavage site for activation and a catalytic triad, His-Asp-Ser. Using synthetic peptides, VesB efficiently cleaved a trypsin substrate, but not chymotrypsin and elastase substrates. The reversible serine protease inhibitor, benzamidine, inhibited VesB and served as an immobilized ligand for VesB affinity purification, further indicating its relationship with trypsin-like enzymes. Consistent with this family of serine proteases, N-terminal sequencing implied that the propeptide is removed in the secreted form of VesB. Separate mutagenesis of the activation site and catalytic serine rendered VesB inactive, confirming the importance of these features for activity, but not for secretion. Similar to trypsin but, in contrast to thrombin and other coagulation factors, Na+ did not stimulate the activity of VesB, despite containing the Tyr250 signature. The crystal structure of catalytically inactive pro-VesB revealed that the protease domain is structurally similar to trypsinogen. The C-terminal domain of VesB was found to adopt an immunoglobulin (Ig)-fold that is structurally homologous to Ig-folds of other extracellular Vibrio proteins. Possible roles of the Ig-fold domain in stability, substrate specificity, cell surface association, and type II secretion of VesB, the first bacterial multidomain trypsin-like protease with known structure, are discussed.
Starting Over: International Adoption as a Natural Experiment in Language Development

Language development is characterized by predictable shifts in the words children produce and the complexity of their utterances. Because acquisition typically occurs simultaneously with maturation and cognitive development, it is difficult to determine the causes of these shifts. We explored how acquisition proceeds in the absence of possible cognitive or maturational roadblocks, by examining the acquisition of English in internationally adopted preschoolers. Like infants, and unlike other second-language learners, these children acquire language from child-directed speech, without access to bilingual informants. Parental reports and speech samples were collected from 27 preschoolers, 3 to 18 months after they were adopted from China. These children showed the same developmental patterns in language production as monolingual infants (matched for vocabulary size). Early on, their vocabularies were dominated by nouns, their utterances were short, and grammatical morphemes were generally omitted. Children a...
Optimizing model size in diagnosing complex aerospace systems

Describes a model-based approach for efficiently diagnosing complex aerospace systems with structural replication, i.e., the occurrence of multiple copies of components within a system. Model-based diagnostics provide the capability for high-fidelity, component-based diagnostics, but are typically both memory- and computation-intensive. We describe a component-based technique that reduces the memory and computation requirements of a model by taking advantage of structural replication without sacrificing diagnostic completeness or soundness. For example, in many systems it is common to have doubly- or triply-redundant sub-systems for improved system reliability. In other domains, a large system is composed of multiple replications of a small set of components. In either case, this component-based approach allows us to take advantage of the structural replication to produce a smaller model, which provide the same guarantees of diagnostic completeness and soundness as the traditional model.
Using Grid Computing to Solve Hard Planning and Scheduling Problems

Production planning and scheduling problems routinely arise in process industries. In spite of extensive research work to develop efficient scheduling methods, existing approaches are inefficient in solving industrial-scale problems in reasonable time. In this paper we develop a dynamic decomposition scheme that exploits the structure of the problem and facilitates grid computing. We consider the problem of simultaneous batching and scheduling of multi-stage batch processes. The proposed method can be used to solve hard problems on a grid computer to optimality in reasonable time.
Synthesizing speech animation by learning compact speech co-articulation models

While speech animation fundamentally consists of a sequence of phonemes over time, sophisticated animation requires smooth interpolation and co-articulation effects, where the preceding and following phonemes influence the shape of a phoneme. Co-articulation has been approached in speech animation research in several ways, most often by simply smoothing the mouth geometry motion over time. Data-driven approaches tend to generate realistic speech animation, but they need to store a large facial motion database, which is not feasible for real time gaming and interactive applications on platforms such as PDAs and cell phones. In this paper we show that accurate speech co-articulation model with compact size can be learned from facial motion capture data. An initial phoneme sequence is generated automatically from text-to-speech (TTS) systems. Then, our learned co-articulation model is applied to the resulting phoneme sequence, producing natural and detailed motion. The contribution of this work is that speech co-articulation models "learned" from real human motion data can be used to generate natural-looking speech motion while simultaneously preserving the expressiveness of the animation via keyframing control. Simultaneously, this approach can be effectively applied to interactive applications due to its compact size.
Performance of the adaptive sidelobe blanker detection algorithm in homogeneous environments

The adaptive sidelobe blanker (ASB) algorithm is a two-stage detector consisting of a first stage adaptive matched filter (AMF) detector followed by a second-stage detector called the adaptive coherence (or cosine) estimator (ACE). Only those data test cells that survive both detection thresholdings are declared signal (target) bearing. We provide exact novel closed-form expressions for the resulting probability of detection (PD) and false alarm (PFA) for the ASB algorithm and demonstrate that under homogeneous data conditions with no signal array response mismatch that (i) the ASB is a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithm, (ii) the ASB has a higher or commensurate PD for a given PFA than both the AMF and the ACE, and (iii) the ASB has an overall performance that is commensurate with Kelly's (1986) benchmark generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). A compact statistical summary is derived providing distributions and dependencies among the GLRT, AMF, and the ACE decision statistics.
Prediction of Periodic Response of Blades Having 3D Nonlinear Shroud Constraints

In this paper, a 3D shroud contact model is employed to predict the periodic response of blades having 3D nonlinear shroud constraint. When subjected to periodic excitation, the resulting relative motion at the shroud contact is assumed to be periodic in three-dimensional space. Based on the 3D shroud contact model, analytical criteria are used to determine the transitions between stick, slip, and separation of the contact interface and are used to simulate hysteresis loops of the induced constrained force, when experiencing periodic relative motion. The constrained force can be considered as a feedback force that influences the response of the shrouded blade. By using the Multi-Harmonic Balance Method along with Fast Fourier Transform, the constrained force can be approximated by a series of harmonic functions so as to predict the periodic response of a shrouded blade. This approach results in a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, which can be solved iteratively to yield the periodic response of blades having 3D nonlinear shroud constraint. In order to validate the proposed approach, the predicted results are compared with those of the direct time integration method. The resonant frequency shift, the damping effect, and the jump phenomenon due to nonlinear shroud constraint are examined. The implications of the developed solution procedure to the design of shroud contact are also discussed.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Performance analysis and prediction of processor scheduling strategies in multiprogrammed shared-memory multiprocessors

Small-scale shared-memory multiprocessors are commonly used in a workgroup environment where multiple applications, both parallel and sequential, are executed concurrently while sharing the processors and other system resources. To utilize the processors efficiently, an effective scheduling strategy is required. We use performance data obtained from an SGI multiprocessor to evaluate several processor scheduling strategies. We examine gang scheduling (coscheduling), static space sharing (space partitioning), and a dynamic allocation scheme called loop-level process control (LLPC) with three new dynamic allocation heuristics. We use regression analysis to quantify the measured data and thereby explore the relationship between the degree of parallelism of the application, the size of the system, the processor allocation strategy and the resulting performance. We also attempt to predict the performance of an application in a multiprogrammed environment. While the execution time predictions are relatively coarse, the models produce a reasonable rank-ordering of the scheduling strategies for each application. This study also shows that dynamically partitioning the system using LLPC or similar heuristics provides better performance for applications with a high degree of parallelism than either gang scheduling or static space sharing.
Measuring smoking-related attentional bias with a change detection task

Despite well known health risks, cigarette smoking remains very prevalent in the United States. In addition, those who attempt to quite are very likely to relapse. Cognitive predictors have not been well examined to date, despite evidence from the IncentiveSensitization model of addiction that cognitive processes play a large role in relapse and continued addictive behavior (Robinson & Berridge, 1993). To address if the cognitive adaptations involved in the Incentive-Sensitization model are permanent or semi-permanent, this current study examined the abilities of current smokers (n = 15), former smokers (n = 13), and never smokers (n = 15) to detect changes involving both smoking-related stimuli and neutral stimuli using a flicker paradigm. Contrary to the hypotheses, the current smokers did not exhibit a bias in attention toward smoking-related stimuli, and no group differed in change-detection capabilities when compared to any other group. Possible reasons for the unexpected findings are presented, as well as discussion about the construction of an effective change-detection task.
Optimal Patent Jurisprudence

We model judicial learning about optimal patent policy. The court is infinitely lived; the plaintiff and defendant are short lived. Litigated cases provide the court with information about the optimal rule. Different cases provide different sorts of information. Opinions influence the stream of future cases likely to be litigated and, as a result, change the flow of information to the court. In structuring opinions, courts make decisions whether to learn fast or slow. We have three main results. First, patent law will stabilize even if the court places zero value on the "predictability" of legal rules. Second, path dependence of law is a rare outcome. It occurs only when the court stops learning and decides that the error costs (the losses from some cases going the wrong way) are lower than the decision costs. Finally, the law can be optimally incoherent in the short run. The court will pay lip service to prior holdings, while dramatically altering the legal landscape. Patent opinion incoherence, which is often the subject of much scholarly critique, makes sense because it facilitates future learning from a population of cases most important to the court for policy-making.
Differential oviposition by Aedes hendersoni and Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in response to chemical cues associated with treehole water.

The oviposition behavior of Aedes hendersoni Cockerell and Aedes triseriatus (Say) was examined in the laboratory by offering gravid females oviposition sites containing water from different treehole types and by varying the physical characteristics of oviposition sites. Ae. hendersoni females oviposited more frequently in containers with water from treeholes in which they are found commonly in nature (maple “deep rotholes”) than in containers with water from holes in which they are found rarely (beech “pans“). In contrast, Ae. triseriatus eggs were distributed uniformly in containers holding the two types of treehole water. There were no differences between species in response to oviposition container height or orientation of the entrance hole (vertical or horizontal). Females of both species laid nearly all their eggs in containers with horizontal openings, and most were deposited at the higher of two levels. We suggest that the adaptive value of the oviposition behavior of Ae. hendersoni is to maximize fitness by reducing interspecific contact with Ae. triseriatus .
Excretion of Lactic Acid in Sweat

The reaction, osmotic pressure and volume relationship of the body fluids are closely dependent on the properly regulated acid-base equilibrium. Under normal conditions 800.to 1000 cc. of fluid are...
Epithelioid glomus tumor of the uterine cervix: A case report and review

Herein, we report a case of epithelioid glomus tumor involving the uterine cervix. A 67-yr-old woman with a long-standing history of cervical dysplasia underwent cervical conization. In addition to the patient's high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, histologic examination demonstrated an incidental, 0.2-cm glomus tumor in the cervical submucosa. The tumor was composed of bland epithelioid cells in scattered nests closely associated with small-caliber blood vessels. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for smooth muscle actin and caldesmon and only focally positive for desmin and CD34. To our knowledge, only 2 similar case reports exist in the literature. The present case is the first cervical case seen with epithelioid features and in association with cervical dysplasia.
The Best Polynomial Approximation of Functions

2. Statement of the problem. Let f(x) and 0(x) be given functions which are continuous in the finite closed interval (a, b). The problem is to find values of the parameters Po, Pit ... , pn such that the polynomial Pn(x) =poxn+p1x"1' + * * * +pn, of degree not exceeding n, will differ in absolute value as little as possible from f(x) in the sense that the deviation (1) Dn(p) = Dn(p0 pi, , pn) = max I f(x) P,(x)/0(x) I a -<x-<b
Теоремы типа Хаусдорфа-Юнга и Пэли-Винера для преобразований Фурье быстро убывающих функций

Ранее для преобразований Фурье вида $$F(z) = \int_\mathbb{R} {e^{ - izt} g(t)f(t)dt, f \in L^p (\mathbb{R}), p \geqslant 1,}$$ где, g(t) = exp(−a|t|α), были известны теоремы типа Хаусдорфа-Юнга и Пэли- Винера. В данной статье рассмотрен гораздо более сложный случай, когда g(t) имеет вид $$g(t) = (|t| + 1)^\eta \mu (|t|)e^{ - |t|^\alpha l(|t|)} , \alpha > 1, \eta \in \mathbb{R},$$ , где l(t) и μ(t) — медленно меняющиеся функции.