cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Residual Flexibility for Improved Observation of Reaction Forces in Flexible Structures

This paper focuses an developing a full-state observer that can be used to obtain unmeasurable reaction forces in a flexible structure. In the context of modal truncation of a distributed parameter system, accurate representation of reaction forces is discussed and is shown to require a more comprehensive model than for displacement representation. This fact, coupled with the difficulty in directly measuring reaction forces in many applications points to the need for accurate estimation of forces with reduced-order models. The residual flexibility, a term from past literature, is used to recapture some of the lost force information in a truncated model. This paper presents numerical and experimental results of a study where the residual flexibility is used in conjunction with a Kalman filter so that accurate force information may be obtained from a small set of displacement measurements with a reduced-order model. The motivation for this paper is to be able to obtain accurate information about dynamic bearing loads in a rotating machine for diagnostic and control purposes.
Robust adaptive vector sensor processing in the presence of mismatch and finite sample support

We present analytical results which quantify the effect of system mismatch and finite sample support on acoustic vector sensor array performance. One noteworthy result is that the vector aspect of the array ldquodampensrdquo the effect of array mismatch, enabling deeper true nulls. This is accomplished because the variance of the vector sensor array spatial response (due to rotational, positional and filter gain/phase perturbations) decreases in the sidelobes, unlike arrays of omnidirectional hydrophones. When sensor orientation is measured within a reasonable tolerance, the beampattern variance dominates the average sidelobe power response. Our analysis also suggests that vector sensor array gain performance is less sensitive to rotational than to positional perturbations in the regions of interest. We analytically characterize the eigen-SNR threshold, which depends on the signal and noise covariance and the number of noise-only and signal-plus-noise snapshots, below which (asymptotically speaking) reliable detection using sample eigenvalue based techniques is not possible. Thus for a given number of snapshots, since the dimensionality of the snapshot in a vector sensor array is larger than that of a hydrophone-only array, the eigen-SNR detection threshold will be greater whenever the eigenvector information is discarded. We present processing techniques customized to the unique characteristics of vector sensors, which exploit information encoded in the sample eigenvectors and are robust to the mismatch and finite sample support issues. These methods include adaptive processing techniques with multiple white noise constraints.
Demonstration of sub-meter GPS orbit determination and 1.5 parts in 10 8 three-dimensional baseline accuracy

Differential tracking of theGPS satellites in high-earth orbit provides a powerful relative positioning capability, even when a relatively small continental U.S. fiducial tracking network is used with less than one-third of the fullGPS constellation. To demonstrate this capability, we have determined baselines of up to2000 km in North America by estimating high-accuracyGPS orbits and ground receiver positions simultaneously. The2000 km baselines agree with very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) solutions at the level of1.5 parts in10 8 and showrms daily repeatability of0.3–2 parts in10 8. The orbits determined for the most thoroughly trackedGPS satellites are accurate to better than1 m. GPS orbit accuracy was assessed from orbit predictions, comparisons with independent data sets, and the accuracy of the continental baselines determined along with the orbits. The bestGPS orbit strategies included data arcs of at least one week, process noise models for tropospheric fluctuations, estimation ofGPS solar pressure coefficients, and combined processing ofGPS carrier phase and pseudorange data. For data arcs of two weeks, constrained process noise models forGPS dynamic parameters significantly improved the solutions.
A hydrostatic profiler for nearshore surveying

Abstract A portable beach-profiling system is described that utilizes the hydrostatic pressure principle to measure vertical differences between a pressure sensor that follows the profile and a reference sensor on the shoreline. The two instruments are connected by a fluid-filled tube. Horizontal distance is determined by measuring the extension of the tube. The complete profiling system, including a data-logging capability on magnetic tape, is carried in a small four-wheel-drive vehicle. Vertical accuracy in ocean surveys is estimated to be 2.5 cm and horizontal accuracy approximately 1 m. This accuracy is sufficient to resolve sediment transport volumes in most applications. Surveying the underwater portion of nearshore beach profiles has presented significant accuracy problems in the past. The highest accuracy is required at the greatest offshore distance to resolve sediment motions. Boat-supported surveying systems, using the sea surface as a horizontal datum, suffer from the presence in the record of surface waves with a broad range of periods which are difficult to remove from the profile. A number of systems have been developed to eliminate the sea-surface intermediate reference and to measure the submerged portion of the profile directly. These systems involve large vehicles that are propelled or pulled along the bottom and are restricted by portability limitations. The system described eliminates many of the portability problems.
Crystal structure of complement protein C8γ in complex with a peptide containing the C8γ binding site on C8α: Implications for C8γ ligand binding☆

Abstract Human C8 is one of five complement components (C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9) that interact to form the cytolytic membrane attack complex. It contains three genetically distinct subunits; C8α and C8γ form a disulfide-linked C8α–γ heterodimer that is noncovalently associated with C8β. The C8α subunit is homologous to C8β, C6, C7 and C9 and together they form the MAC family of proteins. By contrast, C8γ is the only lipocalin in the complement system. Like other lipocalins, it has a core β-barrel structure forming a calyx with a distinct binding pocket for a small and as yet unidentified ligand. The binding site on C8α for C8γ was previously localized to a 19-residue segment which contains an insertion (indel) that is unique to C8α. Included in the indel is C8α Cys 164 which links to Cys 40 in C8γ. In the present study, C8γ containing a C40A substitution was co-crystallized with a synthetic indel peptide containing the equivalent of a C8α C164A substitution. The X-ray crystal structure shows that the indel peptide completely fills the upper portion of the putative C8γ ligand binding pocket and is in contact with all four loops at the calyx entrance. The lower part of the C8γ cavity is either unoccupied or contains disordered solvent. The validity of the structure is supported by the spatial arrangement of C8α Ala 164 in the peptide and C8γ Ala 40, which are within disulfide-bonding distance of each other. Corresponding studies in solution indicate the C8γ ligand binding site is also occupied by the indel segment of C8α in whole C8. These results suggest a role for C8α in regulating access to the putative C8γ ligand binding site.
Detection and characterization of natural transformation in the marine bacterium Pseudomonas stutzeri strain ZoBell

Soil isolates of Pseudomonas stutzeri have been shown previously to acquire genes by natural transformation. In this study a marine isolate, Pseudomonas stutzeri strain ZoBell, formerly Pseudomonas perfectomarina, was also shown to transform naturally. Transformation was detected by the Juni plate method and frequencies of transformation were determined by filter transformation procedures. Maximum frequencies of transformation were detected for three independent antibiotic resistance loci. Transformation frequencies were on the order of 4×10-5 transformants per recipient, a frequency over 100 times that of spontancous antibiotic resistance. Transfer of antibiotic resistance was inhibited by DNase I digestion. Marine isolates achieved maximum competence 14 h after transfer of exponential cultures to filters on solid media, although lower levels of competence were detected immediately following filter immobilization. Like soil isolates, P. stutzeri strain ZoBell is capable of cell contact transformation, but unlike soil isolates where transformation frequencies are greater for cell contact transformation as compared to transformation with purified DNA, the maximum frequency of transformation achieved by cell contact in the marine strain was approximately 10-fold less than transformation frequencies with purified DNA. These studies establish the first marine model for the study of natural transformation.
The 'omics' tools: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and their potential for solving the aflatoxin contamination problem

Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxin contamination of food and feed is an age old problem of particular concern over the last four decades. Now, for the first time control measures for this problem appear within reach. For practical and sustainable control of aflatoxin contamination to be realised, however, additional information is needed rather rapidly, particularly for understanding the specific molecular factors (both in the plant and the fungus) involved during host plant-fungus interaction. The information derived from the use of novel tools such as genomics, proteomics and metabolomics provides us with the best and the quickest opportunity to achieve a clear understanding of the survival of toxigenic fungi in the field, the ability of the fungus to invade crops, and the process of toxin contamination under various environmental conditions. Significant progress has been made recently in unde...
The structure of southern bean mosaic virus protein crystals.

Abstract From measurements on a series of electron micrographs of single crystals of the southern bean mosaic virus protein it is shown that their molecules are in a cubic close packed arrangement. The tetramolecular unit cube has the edge length a0 = 345 A corresponding to a dried particle diameter of 245 A. The various faces that appear on the crystals are identified and illustrated, and a possible relation suggested between their occurrence and the way the crystals have grown.
Remote sensing of volcanic ash properties

Remote sensing is an important tool to track hazardous volcanic plumes, providing an overview of the ash cloud. Francis et al. describe a method of using infrared data from instruments on board the Meteosat satellite to detect volcanic ash and derive quantitative measurements of its physical properties. They demonstrated their technique using data from the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption and validated their retrieved properties against space-borne and airborne lidar data. They show that their retrieved properties are realistic, and the method should help improve ash cloud analysis and forecasting. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2011JD016788, 2012)
The role of reagents accelerating the deactivation reactions of water-splitting enzyme system Y (ADRY reagents) in destabilizing high-potential oxidizing equivalents generated in chloroplast Photosystem II

Abstract A class of compounds, usually referred to as ADRY reagents, destabilize intermediates in the photosynthetic water-oxidizing process. The effects of these species on the reduction kinetics of Z⨥, the oxidized donor to P-680, have been monitored in Tris-washed chloroplasts by following the decay of EPR Signal IIf. In the presence of ADRY reagents (e.g., sodium picrate, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) this process follows an exponential time course, the decay half-time of which decreases as the ADRY reagent concentration increases. From this pseudo-first-order behavior, the second-order rate constants for four commonly used ADRY reagents have been extracted. The ADRY-induced acceleration in Z⨥ reduction proceeds independently of conditions imposed on the acceptor side of Photosystem II and shows no synergism with exogenous electron donors. These observations are most easily rationalized in terms of a model which proposes direct reduction of Z⨥ by the ADRY reagent followed by regeneration of the reduced ADRY reagent in a nonspecific reaction with membrane components such as carotenoids, chlorophyll or protein. A comparison of the second-order rate constants we obtain for ADRY reagents in their reaction with Z⨥ in Tris-washed chloroplasts with those obtained from the literature for the ADRY- reagent induced deactivation of states S2 and S3 in oxygen-evolving chloroplasts reveals a close similarity between the two processes. From this observation, a general model for the action of ADRY reagents in destabilizing the high-potential oxidizing equivalents generated in Photosystem II is proposed.
Program page reference patterns

This paper describes a set of measurements of the memory reference patterns of some programs. The technique used to obtain these measurements is unusually efficient. The data is presented in graphical form to allow the reader to "see" how the program uses memory. Constant use of a page and sequential access of memory are easily observed. An attempt is made to classify the programs based on their referencing behavior. From this analysis it is hoped that the reader will gain some insights as to the effectiveness of various memory management policies.
Design of a divide-by-N asynchronous odd-number counter with 50/50 duty cycle

Methods of designing an asynchronous divide-by-N odd-number counter with 50/50 duty-cycle output are presented. The counter can be implemented by an EXCLUSIVE OR gate associated with a divide-by-(N + 1)/2 counter and a flip-flop, or by the combination of EXCLUSIVE OR gates and flip-flops.
The effects of stimulus expectancy on evoked brain potentials.

The effects of self-generated expectancy of stimulus content on the visual evoked potential to physically identical stimuli were studied in college students. The subject set up his own internal expectant; by choosing to see either a bright or dim Hash. When a bright or dim Hash was anticipated, the potentials evoked by u medium stimulus intensity resembled the responses elicited by an actual bright or dim flash, respectively. Significant differences in visual evoked potential amplitude were obtained between identical medium intensity stimuli depending on the stimulus intensity expected, despite (he constant physical properties of the stimulus. 1 In1 results suggest that a subject's expectancy of certain physical parameters of a stimulus are as important In determining (he resultant visual evoked potential as the actual physical features of the stimulus.
Does a longer duration of oral factor Xa therapy increase the risk of bleeding or transaminitis

Abstract Background There is little data regarding the risk of bleeding or transaminitis with a longer duration of oral factor Xa therapy. Our goal was to analyze data from randomized trials to better define the relationship between drug duration and drug safety. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and several internet sources of data from 1988 through the second week of March 2010. We identified (1) randomized controlled trials that (2) compared oral factor Xa inhibitors to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or vitamin-K antagonists (3) in humans. There were no restrictions on journal type or population studied. The primary outcomes were any bleeding and transaminitis defined as an on treatment alanine aminotransferase increase greater than three times the upper limit of normal. All data was stratified into two groups: short duration ( 1 month of therapy). Results Seventeen randomized studies were identified which included a total of 24,979 patients for safety analysis. The relative risk of bleeding among patients treated with short duration therapy was 1.10 (95% CI = 0.86-1.40; P = 0.46) and long duration 0.99 (95% CI = 0.82-1.20; P = 0.94); there was no difference in the relative risk of bleeding between the duration groups (P = 0.50). The relative risk of transaminitis among patients treated with short duration therapy was 0.75 (95% CI = 0.55-1.04; P = 0.08) and long duration 0.37 (95% CI = 0.14-0.97; P = 0.02); there was no difference in the relative risk of transaminitis between the duration groups (P = 0.17). Conclusions In this analysis longer treatment duration does not increase either bleeding risk or the risk of liver injury.
Relationships between cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in primate primary visual cortex (V1) and the distribution of neurons projecting to the middle temporal area (MT)

The cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs and interblobs in layer 3B of primate visual cortex have different sets of corticocortical connections. Cortical layers below layer 3B also project corticocortically, but the relationship of efferent projections from the deeper layers to the overlying blob/interblob architecture is less clear. We studied the tangential organization of neurons projecting from primary visual cortex (V1) to the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to the CO blobs. MT-projecting neurons in two primate species, bush babies and owl monkeys, were retrogradely labeled, then charted in tangential sections, and compared to the positions of the overlying CO blobs. In both primate species, MT-projecting neurons in layer 3C were unevenly distributed in the tangential plane, with dense patches of labeled cells that were aligned with the CO blobs. A novel two-dimensional spatial correlation method was used to show the colocalization of MT-projecting cells with the overlying blobs. Chi-square analyses performed with the cortical surface equally divided into compartments of blob, interblob, and blob/interblob borders showed that blob columns tended to have about 1.5 times more MT-projecting cells (P < 0.0001) than interblob columns. Similar analyses were applied to published data on V1 cells projecting to area MT in macaque monkey (Shipp and Zeki [1989] Euro J Neurosci 1:310-332). Again, the results showed a significant correlation between the cell distribution and CO blobs. Taken together, these results suggest that layer 3C is not uniform but is made up of a mosaic of cells that project to area MT and cells that project to some other location. These findings also indicate that the mosaic organization of layer 3C is related in some unique way to the overlying CO architecture.
Inhibition of Familial Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Mutant Amyloid β-Protein Fibril Assembly by Myelin Basic Protein

Deposition of fibrillar amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain is a prominent pathological feature of Alzheimer disease and related disorders, including familial forms of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Mutant forms of Aβ, including Dutch- and Iowa-type Aβ, which are responsible for familial CAA, deposit primarily as fibrillar amyloid along the cerebral vasculature and are either absent or present only as diffuse non-fibrillar plaques in the brain parenchyma. Despite the lack of parenchymal fibril formation in vivo, these CAA mutant Aβ peptides exhibit a markedly increased rate and extent of fibril formation in vitro compared with wild-type Aβ. Based on these conflicting observations, we sought to determine whether brain parenchymal factors that selectively interact with and modulate CAA mutant Aβ fibril assembly exist. Using a combination of immunoaffinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we identified myelin basic protein (MBP) as a prominent brain parenchymal factor that preferentially binds to CAA mutant Aβ compared with wild-type Aβ. Surface plasmon resonance measurements confirmed that MBP bound more tightly to Dutch/Iowa CAA double mutant Aβ than to wild-type Aβ. Using a combination of biochemical and ultrastructural techniques, we found that MBP inhibited the fibril assembly of CAA mutant Aβ. Together, these findings suggest a possible role for MBP in regulating parenchymal fibrillar Aβ deposition in familial CAA.
Continuous and simultaneous fermentation and recovery of lactic acid in a biparticle fluidized-bed bioreactor

A continuous biparticle fluidized-bed reactor (BFBR) is developed for the simultaneous fermentation and recovery of lactic acid. In this processing scheme, bacteria are immobilized in gelatin beads and are fluidized in a columnar reactor. Solid particles (weak-base resin IRA-35) with sorbent capacity for the product are introduced at the top of the reactor and fall countercurrently to the biocatalyst, effectingin situ removal of the inhibitory lactic acid while also controlling reactor pH at optimal levels. One-week-long fermentation trials using immobilizedLactobacillus delbreuckii with sorbent addition demonstrated a volumetric productivity (6.9 g/L·h) at least 16-fold higher than that of a free-cell batch fermentation with base pH control and identical biomass concentration and medium composition. Regeneration of the loaded sorbent from the BFBR has effected a 35-fold concentration of lactic acid compared with original levels in the fermentation broth (70 vs 2 g/L). Lactic acid concentrations as high as 610 g/L have been observed when the loading solution contained 50 g/L lactic acid. Rich medium formulations did not seem to increase BFBR performance. The benefits of this reactor system, as opposed to conventional batch fermentation, are discussed in terms of productivity and process economics.
Further Studies on the Adjuvant Principle of Pertussis Vaccine for the Mouse

WE have already presented evidence that the capacity of pertussis vaccine to enhance antibody formation in mice to unrelated protein antigens is labile to heat and therefore, contrary to the view of many workers, cannot be attributed to the heat-stable endotoxin of the pertussis organism1. We postulated that the protective antigen is not only capable of sensitizing mice to histamine but may also be responsible for this typical adjuvant effect associated with pertussis vaccine. We further proposed that the autonomic nervous system may be involved in an enhancement of the immune response in mice mediated by pertussis. The object of this communication is to describe certain experiments designed to determine the validity of these postulations.
Sweet taste induced by miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum)

Abstract Topical application of miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) caused subsequently tasted hydrochloric and citric acids to taste less sour than normal and as if they had been sweetened. Gymnema sylvestre abolished this sweetness and returned the sourness of both acids to approximately their normal intensities although Gymnema sylvestre alone did not significantly affect the taste of the acids. This suggests that miracle fruit adds sweetness to acids without directly blocking sour receptor sites. When sugar was added to citric acid to make it about as sweet as it was after miracle fruit, then the sourness was suppressed in the mixture just as sourness was suppressed by miracle fruit. This suggests that the reduction in sourness after miracle fruit resulted from mixture suppression, i.e., the mutual suppression usually observed between different qualities in a mixture. When several acids were matched in sourness they did not become equally sweet after miracle fruit.
Prescription of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with renal failure.

Prescription of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with renal failure. Background Although patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at increased risk for early menopause, osteoporosis, cognitive dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease, few postmenopausal women are prescribed hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The reasons for the low prescription rate are not known. This study uses data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) to assess the prevalence and predictors of HRT use in postmenopausal women with ESRD. Methods Data were obtained from the USRDS Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study Wave 2. All women who were at least 45 years of age were considered postmenopausal and were selected for our analysis. Demographics, behavior and medical characteristics were abstracted from the database. Logistic regression was used to estimate the independent contribution of population characteristics in predicting the use of HRT. Linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between HRT use and both triglycerides and total cholesterol. Results The overall prevalence of HRT prescription was 10.8%. Important predictors of HRT use included age (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.88, P P P P = 0.05). Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were higher among women treated with HRT than among those not treated with HRT (264 ± 155 vs. 217 ± 159 mg/dl, P = 0.001 and 220 ± 62 vs. 209 ± 55 mg/dl, P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions HRT is prescribed less frequently in postmenopausal ESRD patients than in the general population. Younger age, higher education levels, white race, and the ability to ambulate were important predictors of HRT use. Targeting populations of patients who are likely to benefit from but less likely to be prescribed HRT may increase the prescription of HRT.
The Effect of Pre-Bed Care on Alcoholic Patients’ Behavior During Inpatient Treatment

Sixty-five alcoholic patients admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit were studied regarding the effect of an outpatient pre-bed care participation program on subsequent behavior. There were no differences in on-ward behavior between the pre-bed care and direct admission patients. However, the pre-bed care patients were less likely to leave the inpatient unit AMA and more likely to still be active in aftercare treatment 6 months after discharge.
The eroding shores and the disappearing beach

Beach watchers around the country, and for that matter, around the world, increasingly note a narrowing and often a complete loss in front of developing coastal areas. Communities as diverse as Galveston, Texas; Bay St. Louis, Mississippi; Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Tybee Island, Georgia; Ocean City, Maryland; and Cape May, New Jersey have little beach left and what remains is fast disappearing. Beaches around the world are eroding, including perhaps 80–90% of America’s shores. Most of North Carolina’s shoreline is moving back at 3–6 feet per year (although one island is actively building seaward). Most of the Texas shore is eroding at higher rates than North Carolina strandlines.
Graphs with Asymptotically Invariant Degree Sequences under Restriction

Abstract Scaling-free graphs are often used to describe a class of graphs that have the self-similarity property. The degree sequences of many scaling-free graphs follow the power-law distribution. In this paper,we study the distributions of graphical degree sequences that are invariant under “scaling.” We show that the invariant degree sequence must be a power-law distribution for sparse graphs if we ignore isolated vertices,or more generally,the vertices of degree less than a fixed constant k. We obtain a concentration result on the degree sequence of a random induced subgraph. The case of hypergraphs (or set systems) is also examined.
The Effect of Prolonged Sodium Depletion and of Hydrallazine Hydrochloride and Hexamethonium Bromide on the Digital Vascular Resistance in Primary Hypertension

The effect of dietary sodium depletion and of oral hydrallazine hydrochloride and parenteral hexamethonium bromide on the digital circulation was studied by repeated measurements of pressure and flow before and after inhibition of sympathetic nerve discharge in a small series of hypertensive patients. Sodium depletion had no demonstrable effect on neurogenic digital vasoconstriction but produced either a decrease in intrinsic digital vascular resistance, a decrease in intrinsic flow, or both. The chief effect of the drugs studied, in contrast, was elimination of neurogenic digital vasoconstriction.
Vibrations of prismatic shells with hexagonal cross section

Abstract Presented is an approximate method for the vibration analysis of nuclear reactor subassembly ducts in form of slender thin-walled polygonal shells with hexagonal cross section. The method is based on the semimembrane shell theory. Inadequacies of this approximate theory are not expected to play a significant role in the determination of fundamental natural frequencies. According to the simplified theory employed, three basic types of motion appear as independent: purely longitudinal vibrations, flexural vibrations and distortional vibrations.
HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTIONS BETWEEN REFRACTORY URANIUM COMPOUNDS AND METALS

Solid-solid reactions of various metals (Al, Cr, Fe, Mo, Nb, Ni, Th, Ti, V, Zr, and 304 stainless steel) with refractory uranium compounds (UC, UC/sub 2/, and UN) were investigated at elevated temperatures. The rates of growth of reaction zones were measured, and the products of reaction of some of the more reactive systems were identified. (auth)
On the Hopf Algebra Structure of the mod 2 Cohomology of a Finite H-Space

The action of the Steenrod algebra on the cohomology of a finite //-space has placed several restrictions on the possible spaces which can be finite //"-spaces. It is now known, for example, that the loop space of a finite //-space has no homology torsion. We continue this study here by showing that in the mod 2 cohomology of a finite //-space, every generator of degree 4/e + l is in the image of Sq. This result has several consequences. For example, if an integer n has dyadic expansion n=2+ •••+2
Online fathering: the experience of first-time fatherhood in combat-deployed troops.

Background More than 90% of fathers in the United States attend the births of their children. Each year, thousands of fathers are absent during this important life transition because of military deployment in combat regions; however, it is unknown how this population experiences new fatherhood. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of first-time fatherhood from the unique perspective of military men deployed to combat regions during birth. Method A phenomenological approach was used. Seventeen men who were stationed in Okinawa, Japan, and had returned recently from a combat deployment participated. Unstructured, in-depth interviews were conducted 2 to 6 months after the births. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results Disruption of the protector and provider role was a main theme that encompassed four theme clusters: (a) worry-a traumatic and lonely childbirth; (b) lost opportunity; (c) guilt-an absent father; and (d) fear of death and dismemberment-who will be the father? Although their absence interfered with their ability to fulfill the fatherhood role as they perceived it, this was offset by the theme cluster Communication: The ties that bind, highlighting the role of online communication with their partner (e.g., e-mail, instant messaging, Facebook, blogs, and chat rooms) in restoring balance to the protector and provider role. Discussion Insight is provided into the needs of first-time fathers who are combat-deployed during the births of their babies. Understanding these experiences assists nurses in identifying better ways to prepare and to support men in an involved fatherhood role, despite the limitations of a stressful combat environment and geographic separation. This information can set the stage for a healthy reunion, which may take place at military bases and within communities across the globe, and thus is of benefit to all nurses working with military families.
Further Remarks on Red Tide Models

Vertical migration as an accumulation mechanism in the formation of red tide models is discussed with reference to extant mathematical models. Its relationship to other biological and physical factors such as population density changes, tidal rhythms, nutrient limitation and light intensity is evaluated in terms of its possible causal role in red tides.
Ruby at high pressure. I. Optical line shifts to 156 GPa

We have measured the pressure shifts of the ruby R lines and several surrounding lines to 156 GPa in a quasihydrostatic xenon pressure medium. We fit these lines to a cubic crystal-field scaling theory, including trigonal field distortions and spin-orbit coupling as perturbations. By scaling with volume, rather than pressure, we obtained good agreement with the observed curvature in the line shifts with pressure. Measurements of the ${R}_{3}^{\mathcal{'}}$ line to 140 GPa in a nonhydrostatic environment yielded ${R}_{3}^{\mathcal{'}}$ line shifts similar to those observed in the quasihydrostatic measurements. We also measured the U absorption band shift to 106 GPa in a nonhydrostatic environment and found good agreement with our scaling theory. We infer a U-band--B-line anticrossing near 70 GPa and predict an ${R}_{3}^{\mathcal{'}}$-R line crossing near 200 GPa. The implications of these results to pressure measurements using the ruby pressure scales are discussed.
Finding gauges where Z(p) equals one

Abstract We demonstrate a general method for finding gauges where Z(p), the chiral symmetry conserving part of the fermion self-energy, equals one to single loop order. For an unbroken gauge theory we show that the Landau gauge is one of an infinite number of gauges with this property. We compare our results for massive vector bosons with previous studies.
Phosphorylation-dependent contraction of actomyosin gels from amphibian eggs

Actin networks or gels are a major structural component of the cytoplasm in most eukaryotic cells, especially those exhibiting motility1,2. Cell-free extracts from a variety of cell types, including sea urchin eggs3 and Xenopus oocytes4, have been successfully used to examine the regulation of actin gelation and contraction. Although it has been shown that actin gel contraction is myosin-dependent (for review, see ref. 1), nothing is known of the role of myosin phosphorylation in this process. Indeed, much of the evidence suggesting that actomyosin-dependent movement in nonmuscle cells is regulated by myosin phosphorylation is provided by experiments showing that phosphorylation affects actin-activated ATPase activity5,6. Here we report that the rate of actin gel contraction is increased, and several additional gels form and contract, in extracts from Xenopus laevis eggs prepared in conditions that promote protein phosphorylation. Since, in these conditions the 18,000-molecular weight (MW) light chain of myosin is the major phosphorylated component of the contracted gels, these results demonstrate a direct relationship between myosin phosphorylation and actin gel contraction. Evidence is also presented demonstrating that the recurrent waves of gelation and contraction occur in the absence of fluctuations in free-Ca2+ or pH.
Morphology and Scaling of Ejecta Deposits on Icy Satellites

Continuous ejecta deposits on Ganymede consist of two major units, or facies: a thick inner hummocky pedestal facies, and a relatively thin outer radially scoured facies defined also by the inner limit of the secondary crater field. Both ejecta facies have a well-defined power-law relationship to crater diameter for craters ranging from 15 to approx. 600 km across. This relationship can be used to estimate the nominal crater diameter for impact features on icy satellites (such as palimpsests and multiring basins) for which the crater rim is no longer recognizable. Ejecta deposits have also been mapped on 4 other icy satellites. Although morphologically similar to eject deposits on the Moon, ejecta deposits for smaller craters are generally significantly broader in extent on the icy satellites, in apparent defiance of predictions of self-similarity. A greater degree of rim collapse and enlargement on the Moon may explain the observed difference.
Nitro-l-Arginine Analogues Dose- and Time-Related Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Brain

Background and Purpose The purpose of the present study was to measure cortical nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and determine the appropriate doses of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or Nω-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA) for near-complete enzyme inhibition in dogs, cats, and pigs. We anticipated that NOS inhibition was dose- and time-dependent and questioned if the dose-response relationship was related to the specific drug or animal species. Methods Saline or L-NAME or L-NNA in escalating doses was administered to pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs, dogs, and cats. Brain temperature and arterial blood gas, hemoglobin, and blood pressure levels were maintained within the physiological range. Cortical tissue was biopsied at baseline and 30, 120, and 360 minutes after agent administration for measurement of NOS activity by isotopic assay of the conversion of [14C]arginine to [14C]citrulline. Results L-NAME produced >70% enzyme inhibition at a dose of 20 mg/kg across the species tested. Arterial blood p...
Targeted Identification of Glycosylated Proteins in the Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp)

Virulence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is directly linked to the pathogen's ability to glycosylate proteins; for example, Hp flagellin proteins are heavily glycosylated with the unusual nine-carbon sugar pseudaminic acid, and this modification is absolutely essential for Hp to synthesize functional flagella and colonize the host's stomach. Although Hp's glycans are linked to pathogenesis, Hp's glycome remains poorly understood; only the two flagellin glycoproteins have been firmly characterized in Hp. Evidence from our laboratory suggests that Hp synthesizes a large number of as-yet unidentified glycoproteins. Here we set out to discover Hp's glycoproteins by coupling glycan metabolic labeling with mass spectrometry analysis. An assessment of the subcellular distribution of azide-labeled proteins by Western blot analysis indicated that glycoproteins are present throughout Hp and may therefore serve diverse functions. To identify these species, Hp's azide-labeled glycoproteins were tagged via Staudinger ligation, enriched by tandem affinity chromatography, and analyzed by multidimensional protein identification technology. Direct comparison of enriched azide-labeled glycoproteins with a mock-enriched control by both SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry-based analyses confirmed the selective enrichment of azide-labeled glycoproteins. We identified 125 candidate glycoproteins with diverse biological functions, including those linked with pathogenesis. Mass spectrometry analyses of enriched azide-labeled glycoproteins before and after cleavage of O-linked glycans revealed the presence of Staudinger ligation-glycan adducts in samples only after beta-elimination, confirming the synthesis of O-linked glycoproteins in Hp. Finally, the secreted colonization factors urease alpha and urease beta were biochemically validated as glycosylated proteins via Western blot analysis as well as by mass spectrometry analysis of cleaved glycan products. These data set the stage for the development of glycosylation-based therapeutic strategies, such as new vaccines based on natively glycosylated Hp proteins, to eradicate Hp infection. Broadly, this report validates metabolic labeling as an effective and efficient approach for the identification of bacterial glycoproteins.
From wind-solar energy educational demo system (WISE) to sustainable energy research facility (SERF)

The paper describes education, outreach, and research activities on residential use of wind and solar energy performed at Frostburg State University (FSU). A residential size wind and solar energy demonstration system named “WISE” consisting of a 2-kW solar (PV) array and 1.8-kW wind turbine was constructed on FSU campus. A broad range of community outreach presentations have been offered to increase the public awareness of the residential use of wind and solar energy. The “WISE Certified Education Program” developed to provide instruction and training on design, installation, and maintenance of wind and solar PV generation systems was offered in spring and fall 2008. The WISE initiative led to construction of “Sustainable Energy Research Facility (SERF)” on FSU campus. SERF will be an off-grid residential building supplied by clean renewable energy and house the FSU Renewable Energy Center to offer research, education, and outreach programs.
CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells in acquired MHC tolerance

Tolerance to self-antigens is an ongoing process that begins centrally during T-cell maturation in the thymus and continues throughout the cell's life in the periphery by a network of regulated restraints. Remaining self-reactive T-cells that escape intrathymic deletion may be silenced within the peripheral immune system by specialized regulatory CD4+ cells. By analogy, regulatory CD4+ cells that control immunity to "acquired self" should arise in circumstances where the immune system acquires tolerance to foreign MHC, such as the tolerance that develops following the exposure to foreign MHC antigens during the neonatal period. We have used this classic model of neonatal tolerance to examine the role of regulatory CD4+ cells in acquired tolerance to disparate class I and class II MHC. Adoptive transfer of unfractionated but not CD4+-depleted spleen cells from neonatal tolerant mice into SCID recipients inhibited skin graft rejection by immunocompetent CD8+ T cells. Using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation, standard cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assays, short-term interferon-gamma ELISPOT, and intracellular FACS analysis to study CD8+ T-cell effector function, we demonstrated that neonatal tolerant mice contain CD4+CD25+ cells that suppress the development of anti-donor CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro. We conclude that regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells initiate and/or maintain tolerance by preventing the development of CD8+ T-cell alloreactivity.
Mixtec Transnational Identity

As Mexican migrants have found new lives in the United States, the appearance of migrant organizations reflects the revitalization of ancestral community life. One example, the Binational Oaxacan Indigenous Front, includes participants from cities along the border and represents diverse organizations of indigenous migrants from Oaxaca. Its creation reflects the vast changes that have taken place in migrants lives in less than thirty years. Mixtec Transnational Identity is the first book to describe in detail the emergence of a wide range of transnational indigenous organizations and communities in the greater Mexico?U.S. border region. It documents and analyzes the construction of novel identities formed within transnational contexts that may not conform to identities in either the 'sending? or ?receiving societies. Laura Velasco Ortiz investigates groups located on both sides of the border that have maintained strong links with towns and villages in the Mixteca region of Oaxaca in order to understand how this transformation came about. Through a combination of survey, ethnography, and biography, she examines the formation of ethnic identity under the conditions of international migration, giving special attention to the emergence of organizations and their leaders as collective and individual ethnic agents of change. Velasco Ortiz reconstructs the Mixtec experience through three lines of analysis: the formation of organizations beyond the confines of home communities; the emergence of indigenous migrant leaders; and the shaping of ethnic consciousness that assimilates the experiences of a community straddling the border. Her research brings to light the way in which the dispersion of members of different communities is offset by the formation of migrant networks with family and community ties, while the politicization of these networks enables the formation of both hometown associations and transnational pan-ethnic organizations. An important focus of her analysis is gender differentiation within the ethnic community. There has been little research into the relationship between the process of collective agency and the reconstitution of the migrants ethnic identity. Mixtec Transnational Identity should stimulate further study of Latino migration to the U.S. border region and its consequences on ethnic identity.
Liquid-liquid phase transition in compressed hydrogen from first-principles simulations

The properties of compressed liquid hydrogen, the most abundant fluid in the universe, have been investigated by means of first-principles molecular dynamics at pressures between 75 and 175 GPa and temperatures closer to the freezing line than so far reported in shock-wave experiments. Evidence for a liquid–liquid transition between a molecular and a dissociated phase is provided. The transition is accompanied by a 6% increase in density and by metallization. This finding has important implications for our understanding of the interiors of giant planets and supports predictions of a quantum fluid state at low temperatures.
The Human Meaning of the Brain

This study attempts to show that brain research brings to light religious meanings. There is a physical basis of religion in that the way the brain has evolved makes possible the religious meanings of human experience. The brain grows out of and reflects the universe. The brain is an icon of God. In the analysis of the brain's various parts and functions the relational dimensions of reality are uncovered in their physical basis. This points to ultimate reality as social and to a social God. As such, the structures of reality, experienced through the brain, reflect the reality of God.
Learning and memory

Memory is broadly divided into declarative and nondeclarative forms of memory. The hippocampus is required for the formation of declarative memories, while a number of other brain regions including the striatum, amygdala and nucleus accumbens are involved in the formation of nondeclarative memories. The formation of all memories require morphological changes of synapses: new ones must be formed or old ones strengthened. These changes are thought to reflect the underlying cellular basis for persistent memories. Considerable advances have occurred over the last decade in our understanding of the molecular bases of how these memories are formed. A key regulator of synaptic plasticity is a signaling pathway that includes the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase. As this pathway is required for normal memory and learning, it is not surprising that mutations in members of this pathway lead to disruptions in learning. Neurofibromatosis, Coffin-Lowry syndrome and Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome are three examples of developmental disorders that have mutations in key components of the MAP kinase signaling pathway.