cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telling stories about abortion: abortion-related plots in American film and television, 1916–2013

Abstract Objectives Popular discourse on abortion in film and television assumes that abortions are under- and misrepresented. Research indicates that such representations influence public perception of abortion care and may play a role in the production of social myths around abortion, with consequences for women’s experience of abortion. To date, abortion plotlines in American film and television have not been systematically tracked and analyzed. Study design A comprehensive online search was conducted to identify all representations of pregnancy decision making and abortion in American film and television through January 2013. Search results were coded for year, pregnancy decision and mortality outcome. Results A total of 310 plotlines were identified, with an overall upward trend over time in the number of representations of abortion decision making. Of these plotlines, 173 (55.8%) resulted in abortion, 80 (25.8%) in parenting, 13 (4.2%) in adoption and 21 (6.7%) in pregnancy loss, and 16 (5.1%) were unresolved. A total of 13.5% (n= 42) of stories ended with the death of the woman who considered an abortion, whether or not she obtained one. Conclusions Abortion-related plotlines occur more frequently than popular discourse assumes. Year-to-year variation in frequency suggests an interactive relationship between media representations, cultural attitudes and policies around abortion regulation, consistent with cultural theory of the relationship between media products and social beliefs. Patterns of outcomes and rates of mortality are not representative of real experience and may contribute to social myths around abortion. The narrative linking of pregnancy termination with mortality is of particular note, supporting the social myth associating abortion with death. Implications This analysis empirically describes the number of abortion-related plotlines in American film and television. It contributes to the systematic evaluation of the portrayal of abortion in popular culture and provides abortion care professionals and advocates with an initial accurate window into cultural stories being told about abortion.
LiSO 4 − , RbSO 4 − , CsSO 4 − , and (NH4)SO 4 − ion pairs in aqueous solutions at pressures up to 2000 atm

Electrical conductance data at 25°C for Li2SO4, Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4, and (NH4)2SO4 aqueous solutions are reported at concentrations up to 0.01 eq.-liter−1 and as a function of pressure up to 2000 atm. The molal dissociation constants are as follows: $$\begin{gathered} LiSO_4^ - : - log K_m = - 1.02 + 1.03 \times 10^4 P \pm 0.019 \Delta \bar V^o = - 5.8 \hfill \\ RbSO_4^ - : - log K_m = - 1.12 + 0.58 \times 10^4 P \pm 0.020 \Delta \bar V^o = - 3.3 \hfill \\ CsSO_4^ - : - log K_m = - 1.08 + 1.10 \times 10^4 P \pm 0.014 \Delta \bar V^o = - 6.2 \hfill \\ \left( {NH4} \right)SO_4^ - : - log K_m = - 1.12 + 0.58 \times 10^4 P \pm 0.020 \Delta \bar V^o = - 3.3 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ whereP is in atmospheres and\(\Delta \bar V^o \) is in cm3-mole−1. These values were obtained by using the Davies-Otter-Prue conductance equation and Bjerrum distance parameters. A simultaneous Λ°,Km search was used to determine the equilibrium constantKm, a different procedure than used earlier for KSO4−, NaSO4−, and MgCl+. Recalculated values for these salts are as follows: $$\begin{gathered} KSO_4^ - : - log K_m = - 1.03 + 1.04 \times 10^4 P \pm 0.020 \Delta \bar V^o = - 5.9 \hfill \\ NaSO_4^ - : - log K_m = - 1.00 + 1.30 \times 10^4 P \pm 0.019 \Delta \bar V^o = - 7.3 \hfill \\ MgCl^ + : - log K_m = - 0.75 + 0.71 \times 10^4 P \pm 0.028 \Delta \bar V^o = - 4.0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
The possible relationship between mercury from dental amalgam and diseases I: Effects within the oral cavity

Mercury is released from dental amalgams, and therefore it is necessary to consider the biological and clinical consequences of such exposure. Intraorally, it would appear as though mercury can cause hypersensitivity/toxic reactions resulting in lichen planus lesions, and may play a major role in the pathogenesis of gingivitis, periodontitis and periodontal disease.
The pressure dependence of the dielectric constant and density of acetonitrile at three temperatures

The static dielectric constant of liquid acetonitrile is reported at 10, 25, and 40°C and at pressures up to 3 kbar. Densities of pure acetonitrile were measured where needed in order to analyze the dielectric measurements using the Kirkwood-Frohlich equation. The Kirkwood correlation factorg K was found to be less than unity with a positive temperature but negative pressure coefficient, suggesting an increasing anticorrelation of dipoles with decreased temperature and increased pressure. Theg K factors are analyzed by a dipole pair-bonding model as outlined by Dannhauser and Flueckinger in which the lowg K values are attributed to the presence of dimers consisting of completely anticorrelated dipoles. The implication of this model on other measurements, especially MNR relaxation studies, is examined.
The effects of weathering on the strength and chemistry of Columbia River Basalts and their implications for Mars Exploration Rover Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) results

Abstract Basalt physical properties such as compressive strength and density are directly linked to their chemistry and constitution; as weathering progresses, basalts gradually become weaker and transition from intact rock to saprolite and ultimately, to soil. Here we quantify the degree of weathering experienced by the Adirondack-class basalts at the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit site by performing comparative analyses on the strength and chemistry of a series of progressively weathered Columbia River Basalt (CRB) from western Idaho and eastern Washington. CRB samples were subjected to compressive strength tests, Rock Abrasion Tool grinds, neutron activation analysis, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Analyses of terrestrial basalts indicate linked strength-chemical changes, as expected. Weathering sufficient to induce the loss of more than 50% of some cations (including >50% of MgO and MnO as well as ∼38% of Fe2O3 and 34% of CaO) was observed to weaken these samples by as much as 50% of their original strength. In comparison with the terrestrial samples, Adirondack-class basalts are most similar to the weakest basalt samples measured in terms of compressive strength, yet they do not exhibit a commensurate amount of chemical alteration. Since fluvial and lacustrine activity in Gusev crater appears to have been limited after the emplacement of flood basalt lavas, the observed weakness is likely attributable to thin-film weathering on exposed, displaced rocks in the Gusev plains (in addition to some likely shock effects). The results indicate that Adirondack-class basalts may possess a several mm-thick weak outer rind encasing an interior that is more pristine than otherwise indicated, and also suggest that long rock residence times may be the norm.
Remote material analysis of nuclear power station steam generator tubes by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Abstract We report on a novel design 75-m length umbilical fiber-optic LIBS (FOLIBS) system suitable for remotely determining the copper content of 316H austenitic stainless steel superheater bifurcation tubing within the pressure vessels of Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (AGR) nuclear power stations. The system was deployed during the routine reactor outage programs for Hunterston ‘B’ and Hinkley Point ‘B’ stations during the summer of 1999 and used successfully to determine the copper content of the bifurcations over the range 0.04%
Czechoslovakia's Penetration of Africa, 1955-1962

I HE water is safe to drink in Alexandria and Cairo, Egypt, thanks to a water filter station established by Czechoslovak engineers. A shoe factory in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is being built by Czech technicians. Across the frontier, in Somalia, Czechs are building a technical institute to teach some young Somalis the techniques necessary to staff modern factories. Across the continent in Conakry, Guinea, airport inscriptions are in Czech as well as in French and English to accommodate the many Czechs arriving on the direct Prague-to-Conakry airline. In the smaller villages of Ghana special trucks are delivering Czech beer to the local inhabitants. In Mali journalists are being trained by Czechs in the establishment of their own press agency. And in Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, there are numerous Africans among the more than 2,000 students from Africa, Asia, and Latin America enrolled at Czech state expense in institutions of higher learning. To say that Africa has assumed a role of real importance for the Czechs is an understatement. How has all this come about? Why is Czechoslovakia so deeply involved in a continent that until 1955 was extremely remote from her? What consequences will this have for the Czechs? These are the questions that this article will attempt to answer.1
Environmental stimulants to asexual reproduction in the planarian,Dugesia dorotocephala

Studies of environmental factors that stimulate asexual reproduction in the planarian,Dugesia dorotocephala (Woodworth), feeding onCulex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say revealed that unchlorinated well and irrigation waters were superior to buffered aqueous media for fission. Constant darkness also was superior to constant light; although, a 12/12-hr photoperiod also allowed good asexual reproduction. Fluctuating dissolved oxygen levels between 3 and 8 ppm apparently stimulated fission. A coarse gravel substrate was superior to smooth plastic. Daily temperature increases of 0.8°C/day between 22.5° and 28.9°C also stimulated fission. Fission rates decreased with increased densities ofD. dorotocephala in unfiltered aquaria, contrary to earlier results obtained in filtered aquaria. The addition of the ostracods,Cypridopsis vidua (Muller) andPhysocypria pustulosa Sharpe, to a diet of mosquito larvae increased fission. Brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) and red tubifex worms (Tubifex sp.) were not as suitable as mosquito larvae for food, apparently because the planaria had difficulty capturing these prey.D. dorotocephala was tolerant of salinities between 250–1,000 ppm, but feeding activity was impaired above and below this range. Mechanical sectioning of individuals was not a practical method for mass production; although if sectioning were coupled with media filtration, some reproductive acceleration might result.
Genetic variation and estimates of gene flow in Clarkia speciosa subsp. polyantha (Onagraceae)

Estimates of interpopulational gene flow and the levels and distribution of genetic variation in Clarkia speciosa subsp. polyantha were obtained using enzyme electrophoresis. Eight enzymes encoded by 17 loci were analyzed. Nei's mean genetic identity was 0.96, indicating little genetic divergence among populations. Gene diversity statistics also suggest little heterogeneity among populations. Interpopulational gene flow, estimated according to Slatkin (1985), was fairly high, Nm = 3.9, probably accounting for the lack of differentiation among populations. LEVELS AND PATTERNS of genetic variation play a major role in determining the evolutionary potential of a population or species. Not only may the level of genetic variation affect the adaptive ability of the population or species, but the distribution of that variation may influence both modes and mechanisms of evolutionary change. Therefore, a thorough and accurate understanding of the evolutionary biology of an organism requires a knowledge of the genetic variation within the species. Many factors may affect both the level and pattern of genetic variation within a species. Levels of genetic variation may be determined by the recent evolutionary history ofthe species (Soule, 1976). In addition, many ecological and life-history characteristics may affect genetic variability (Hamrick, Linhart and Mitton,
Analytic wave functions for neutral bulk excitations in fractional quantum Hall fluids

We show the model wave functions for the neutral collective modes in fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states have simple analytic forms obtained from judicially reducing the powers of selected pairs in the ground state Jastrow factor. This scheme of ``pair excitations''works for the magnetoroton modes of single-component Abelian and non-Abelian FQH states, as well as the neutral fermion mode for the Moore-Read state. The analytic wave functions allow us to compute the ``quadrupole gap'' of the magnetoroton mode in the thermodynamic limit, which was previously inaccessible to the numerics. The quadrupole gap is related to the fusion of the charges in the two-dimensional plasma picture, extending the plasma analogy to neutral excitations. A lattice diagrammatic method of representing these many-body wave functions and FQH elementary excitations is also presented.
Symptoms of 100 patients with electromyographically verified carpal tunnel syndrome.

To determine the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), screening evaluations were performed in 244 consecutive patients with sensory symptoms in the hand and unequivocal slowing of median nerve conduction at the wrist. This yielded 100 patients thought to have no explanation other than CTS for their upper limb complaints. These patients completed a hand symptom diagram (HSD) and questionnaire (HSQ) about their symptoms. CTS symptoms were most commonly reported in median and ulnar digits, followed by median digits only and a glove distribution. Unusual sensory patterns were reported by some patients. Based on the HSQ, paresthesias or pain proximal to the wrist occurred in 36.5% of hands. The usefulness of the HSD and HSQ for diagnosis was determined by asking three physicians, blinded to the diagnosis, to rate the likelihood of CTS in the patients with CTS and in 50 patients with other causes of upper extremity paresthesia. The sensitivities of the instruments ranged from 54.1% to 85.5%. Combining the HSD and HSQ ratings increased the range of sensitivities to 79.3% to 93.7%.
Food limitation of a Delaware salt marsh population of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.).

The relationship of the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, to its food supply was examined using 8 m x 20 m enclosures under field conditions. Density effects were examined by stocking these enclosures with fish at densities ranging from 1/8 to four times the natural population density. Mean growth rate in each pen was estimated from measurements on individually marked fish. Fish enclosed at normal density grew at the same rate as fish from the natural population, indicating that caging had minimal effects on growth rate. When enclosed below natural density, mummichogs had a growth rate that was 2–3 times higher than that of the natural population. Fish enclosed at four times normal density had a negative mean growth rate, a higher mortality rate than fish enclosed at natural density, and no egg production.
Characteristics and Mechanisms in Ion-Conducting Polymer Films as Chemical Sensors Polyethyleneoxide

Solid polymer electrolytes are widely used in batteries and fuel cells because of the high ionic conductivity that can be achieved at room temperature. The ions are usually Li or protons, although other ions can be shown to conduct in these polymer films. There has been very little published work on solid polymer electrolyte films used as chemical sensors, We have found that thin films of polymers like polyethylene oxide (PEO) are very sensitive to low concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as common solvents. Evidence of a new sensing mechanism involving the percolation of ions through narrow channels of amorphous polymer is presented. We will present impedance spectroscopy of PEO films in the frequency range 0.0001 Hz to I MHz for different concentrations of VOCs and relative humidity. We find that the measurement frequency is important for distinguishing ionic conductivity from the double layer capacitance and the parasitic capacitance.
Switched time delay elements based on AlGaAs/GaAs optical waveguide technology at 1.32µm for optically controlled phased array antennas

Integrated optical time-shift networks consisting of cascaded pairs of 2 x 2 linear electrooptic switches and optical delay lines in GaAs waveguides at 1.32 micron are investigated for true-time optical beam forming in phased array antennas. We report new state-of-the-art results in curved waveguide and corner bend insertion loss, and preliminary results from 2-bit time delay generators (TDGs) constructed in the form of GaAs-based photonic integrated circuits utilizing these components. These results represent significant progress in our longer-term goal of demonstrating a 7-bit TDG with a loss matching monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) delay line techniques, while providing very wide bandwidth unmatched by MMIC technology.
NUCLEIC ACID DERIVATIVES ASSOCIATED WITH GROUP N STREPTOCOCCI. I. CELL-FREE FRACTION.

Abstract The intracellular nucleotide contents of five strains of Group N streptococci and their relationship to acid production were studied by ion exchange, paper chromatography and ultraviolet absorption. The principal nucleoside and nucleotide compounds isolated and identified from the five cultures were: uridine, guanosine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine monophosphate, uridine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate, and uridine diphosphate. Streptococcus lacti s C2, the most rapid acid producer exhibited the most complex nucleotide pattern, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Streptococcus lactis 11454, a slow acid producer, and Streptococcus cremoris R1, a weak acid producer in partially defined broth formed uridine diphosphate intermediates. Streptococcus lactis E, an intermediate acid producer, contained less than one-half of the total amount of nucleic acid derivatives of S. lactis C2, whereas Streptococcus diacetilactis DRC1, the poorest acid producer was deficient in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and guanosine monophosphate derivatives. Several of the nucleotides were found to contain an additional sugar. Acid hydrolysis of these nucleotide-carbohydrate complexes revealed three different complexing hexoses which varied in R f values on the same chromatograph.
Correlation of Density Pedestal Width and Neutral Penetration Length

Pedestal studies in DIII-D and MAST find good correlation between the width of the H-mode density barrier and the neutral penetration length [1, 2]. These results suggest that the width may be set by the combined effects of neutrals and plasma transport. This paper is a report on fluid simulations of boundary plasma using the BOUT code[3] with a neutral source added. Thus both neutral and plasma physics are treated. The plasma transport is self-consistently driven by boundary turbulence due to the resistive X-point mode, while neutrals are described by a simple analytic model. The plasma profiles are evolved on the same time scale as the turbulence for the given heat source from the core plasma and particle source from the neutrals. For prescribed neutral profiles, we find the formation of a density pedestal inside the separatrix in the L-mode even though the calculated plasma diffusion coefficients are almost radially constant and without the formation of a temperature pedestal. These results support the hypothesis that particle fueling can provide the dominant control for the size of the H-mode density barrier. The width of the density barrier decreases as the pedestal density increases which is also consistent with experimental data.
Factors involved in maintenance of cardiac catecholamine content: Relative importance of synthesis and re-uptake

1 . When animals were exposed to a temperature of 4° C for 6 hr, endogenous catecholamines remained unaltered or reduced slightly depending upon the strain of rats used. In contrast, labelled noradrenaline declined rapidly, but the decline was inhibited when animals were pretreated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 2 . Increased sympathetic nervous activity associated with cold resulted in a four-fold increase in rate of synthesis of noradrenaline. 3 . Reduction in endogenous and labelled catecholamine levels associated with cold was exaggerated by pretreatment with cocaine, imipramine or phenoxy-benzamine—drugs known to inhibit the uptake of noradrenaline into the nerve terminal. 4 . Cocaine and imipramine in higher doses inhibited the release of both endogenous and labelled noradrenaline, suggesting a dual action: in small doses they increased the depletion of catecholamines by blocking the reincorporation, while in higher doses they inhibited the release of noradrenaline. 5 . It is concluded that, under normal conditions, the re-uptake mechanism may not play a significant role in the maintenance of normal cardiac catecholamine levels and that such levels are maintained by synthesis alone. However, when the heart is subjected to high impulse nerve activity, synthesis is not sufficiently accelerated to compensate for impulse-induced massive release and may require the support of an additional mechanism, such as the partial reincorporation of released transmitter. In fact, the re-uptake mechanism is enhanced during high impulse activity.
Performance of an off-axis ophthalmic adaptive optics system with toroidal mirrors

Ophthalmic adaptive optics is commonly implemented with off-axis telescopes formed by spherical mirrors. As these systems often suffer from astigmatism, beam displacement and beam distortion, we investigate toroidal mirrors as a possible solution.
Clinical Pharmacology of Incretin Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Treatment

Abstract Background Increased understanding of the role of incretin hormones in maintaining glucose homeostasis has enabled the development of pharmacotherapies that target deficient incretin activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Incretin therapies are premised on 1 of 2 approaches: (1) augmenting the activity of the hormone glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 (GLP-1 receptor agonists) and (2) inhibiting the degradation of GLP-1 by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 (DPP-4 inhibitors). Objective This review discusses the pharmacokinetic properties and clinical profiles of the GLP-1 receptor agonists (exenatide twice daily, liraglutide once daily, exenatide once weekly, taspoglutide, and albiglutide) and the DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin, and alogliptin) available for use or in late-stage development. Methods A search of PubMed for literature published between 2000 and mid-2010 was conducted using the names of each agent as key words. Phase III and IV studies were included in the review of efficacy and tolerability. Supplemental searches of abstracts from major diabetes conferences provided additional information on pharmacokinetic properties. Searches of all reference lists were performed to identify additional references of interest. Results The PubMed search identified multiple randomized, controlled clinical studies of the GLP-1 receptor agonists and the DPP-4 inhibitors administered as monotherapy or in combination regimens. Reductions from baseline in glycosylated hemoglobin ranged from 0.4% to 1.5% with exenatide 5 to 10 μg/d (7 studies), 0.6% to 1.5% with liraglutide 0.6 to 1.8 mg/d (6 studies), 0.3% to 1.0% with sitagliptin 25 to 200 mg/d (9 studies), 0.5% to 0.9% with saxagliptin 2.5 to 10 mg/d (3 studies), 0.4% to 1.0% with vildagliptin 50 to 100 mg/d (6 studies), and 0.4% to 0.8% with alogliptin 12.5 to 25 mg/d (4 studies). Dosage adjustments and caution in prescribing incretin therapies are recommended in patients with renal disease, with those recommendations varying based on the agent and the degree of dysfunction. Incretin therapies have been associated with few interactions with commonly used antihyperglycemic and cardiovascular therapies. Conclusion Based on the pharmacokinetic and therapeutic characteristics described in previously published Phase III and IV studies of incretin therapies, these agents may provide an option for the management of T2DM.
Output stream of a binding neuron

For a binding neuron with threshold 2 stimulated by a Poisson stream, we determine the intensity of the output stream and the probability density for the lengths of the output interpulse intervals. For threshold 3, we determine the intensity of the output stream.
Attributional style, dreaming and depression

Abstract The relationship between attributional style, depression and dreaming was explored by analysing dream reports from 80 subjects for evidence of attributional style using the Content Analysis of Verbatim Material (CAVE) technique. These scores were then compared with a waking measure of attributional style—the Expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire (EASQ) and with levels of depression as measured by the BDI. Contrary to expectations, dream attributional style did not correlate with waking attributional style, nor was there a significant correlation between internal, global and stable attributional style in dreams and level of depression. Results did support previous research that an internal, stable and global waking attributional style correlates with depression.
Para-aminosalicylic acid-induced malabsorption.

A patient developed a reversible syndrome of malabsorption secondary to the usual therapeutic dosage ofp-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), characterized by steatorrhea, deficiency pattern on small bowel roentgenogram and depressed serum folate and cholesterol. Steatorrhea usually occurs only with high doses of PAS and, except in rare cases, is also asymptomatic. Subclinical malabsorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid commonly occurs with PAS therapy. The hypocholesterolemic effect is variable and depends on the form and dose of PAS used. Malabsorption of vitamin B12 and hypocholesterolemia may be mediated through folic acid deficiency.
Branchial ion fluxes and toxicant extraction efficiency in lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) exposed to methylmercury

Abstract This study used tubes to hold eel-like freshwater fish, larval lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). This apparatus allowed convenient measurement of: (1) how toxicants affect flux rates of Na+ and Cl− across the pharynx; and (2) the efficiency with which the pharynx extracts toxicant from solution. Methylmercury was presented to lampreys for 2–4 h at 13°C in an aqueous medium (0.2 mM NaCl and KHCO3) at a concentration of 180 μg Hg/l (about a 40-h LC50). Compared to control lampreys, animals exposed to methylmercury exhibited a significantly lower influx of Cl− (by 30%: 0.15 vs. 0.21 μM/g per h), a greater efflux of Na+ (by 30%: 0.34 vs. 0.26 μM/g per h), and a greater efflux of Cl− (by 22%: 0.36 vs. 0.3 μM/g per h). Influx of Na+ (0.23 μM/g per h) was not affected by methylmercury. The elevated efflux of Na+ and Cl− from the gills is consistent with established hypotheses that methylmercury increases the permeability of cell membranes to cations and other small molecules. Our data do not, however, support an oftenstated hypothesis that methylmercury inhibits the enzyme responsible for Na+ uptake into cells, Na+K+ATPase. Lampreys extracted methylmercury from solution with efficiencies of 41–66%, higher percentages than are recorded for other fish. Such exceptional extraction efficiencies may relate to the soft water used in this study.
The NASA telerobot technology demonstrator

The ongoing development of a telerobot technology demonstrator is reported. The demonstrator is implemented as a laboratory-based research testbed, and will show proof-of-concept for supervised automation of space assembly, servicing, and repair operations. The demonstrator system features a hierarchically layered intelligent control architecture which enables automated planning and run-time sequencing of complex tasks by a supervisory human operator. The demonstrator also provides a full bilateral force-reflecting hand control teleoperations capability. The operator may switch smoothly between the automated and teleoperated tasking modes in run-time, either on a preplanned or operator-designated basis.
Influence of accommodation on the viewing of an optical illusion

This study demonstrates the role of microfluctuations of accommodation in the viewing of the concentric ring illusion. Four experiments were carried out. Experiment I consisted of changing the dist...
Implicatures: a schematic approach

Abstract Grice's theory of implicatures is still considered one of the most valuable descriptions of conversational logic. However, when it comes to specifying how persons reason from the content of an uttered proposition to some other proposition it implicates, Grice is vague. If implicatures were actually that open-ended and indeterminate, reliably communicating something “off the record,” indirectly, by means of what one implicates, would be impossible. This paper proposes to develop a solution that grounds the calculation of implicatures in Greimas' [Greimas, A.J., 1987. On Meaning. Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory (Perron, Paul J., Collins, Frank H., Transl.). Francis Pinter, London; Greimas, A.J., 1990. The Social Science: A Semiotic View (Perron, Paul, Collins, Frank H., Transl.). University of Minneapolis Press, Minneapolis, MI] model of narrative. Based on a semio-narrative approach to indirectness [Cooren, F., Taylor, J.R., 2000. Association and dissociation in an ecological controversy: the great whale case. In: Coppola, N.W., Karis, B. (Eds.), Technical communication, Deliberative Rhetoric, and Environmental Discourse: Connections and Directions. Ablex, Stamford, CT, pp. 171–190] and Sanders' [Sanders, R.E., 1987. Cognitive Foundations of Calculated Speech: Controlling Understandings in Conversation and Persuasion. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY] model of calculated speech, we show that the general mechanism of implicatures, as first introduced by Grice [Grice, H.P., 1975. Logic and conversation. In: Cole, P., Morgan, J.L. (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics, vol. 3. Academic Press, New York, pp. 41–58; Grice, H.P., 1989a. Further notes on logic and conversation. In: Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 41–57; Grice, H.P., 1989b. Logic and conversation. In: Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 22–40], can be operationalized by mobilizing schemata that were devised to explore the universal forms of narratives.
Trehalase of the differential grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis☆

Trehalase, trehalose 1-glucohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.28), has been purified forty-sixfold from the adult differential grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis. The optimum pH was 5·55, the heat of activation 6560 cal/mole at 30°C, and Km = 5·1 × 10−3M. The enzyme does not possess transglucosidase activity. Trehalase has a titratable group with pK=4·2 and may have another with pK=6·9. Trehalase is inhibited by trehalosamine and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane but not by pyridine, glucosamine, or MgCl2 at the concentrations tested.
Granting and revoking discretionary authority

Abstract The revocation of a supervisor's authority may affect the authority of other individuals who were previously delegated authority from that supervisor. A range of strategies for automatic authority revocation is presented. Each strategy supports a different degree of automatic revocation of authority from subordinates. These revocation strategies may be applied to organizational structures with distributed authority, such as database administration functions distributed among several individuals or military security organizations consisting of individuals with differing levels of security clearance.
When does the Moss-Harlow effect occur in discrimination reversal contexts?

An experiment tested for the Moss-Harlow effect in a discrimination reversal context by presenting 3-to 5-year-old children two-object discriminations followed by single-object information trials which indicated that a reversal was in effect, then by reversal test trials. The Moss-Harlow effect was not found, although it is normally found in preschoolers. This is consonant with other research with children using the reversal paradigm but not with research with monkeys. The divergent findings may result from species differences or the extent of the subjects’ experience in the reversal situation. Researchers are advised against the use of the technique solely to familiarize subjects with test stimuli in Moss-Harlow research.
Studies on three structurally related phenylenediamines with the mouse micronucleus assay system

Three structurally related compounds, 4-chloro-o-phenylenediamine (COP), 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP) and p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (PPD), are used in fur dyes, inks and hair coloring formulations. COP has been reported to be carcinogenic in both rats and mice. NOP and PPD are non-carcinogens, but have consistently tested positive in short-term in vitro genotoxicity assays. Studies were undertaken to evaluate their genotoxicity with the in vivo mouse bone-marrow micronucleus assay. Five CD-1 male mice per dose were injected i.p. with the compounds and sacrificed at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 h. 2000 cells were scored per animal to determine the frequency of micronucleated-polychromatic erythrocytes (MPCE). COP induced significant dose-related increases in MPCE over the 3 doses tested at each of the sampling intervals. The peak response occurred at 24 h. No response was observed in animals treated with PPD or NOP.
A Comparison of Amino Acid Separations on Silica Gel, Cellulose, and Ion Exchange Thin Layers

Abstract Separations of amino acids on silica gel, high performance silica gel, preadsorbent silica gel, microcrystalline and fibrous cellulose, and Fixion strong acid cation exchange layers were compared under standardized conditions using a mixture of the nine essential acids and a more complex 18-component mixture. Fixion layers were evaluated using three different development conditions, and loading studies of raw urine were carried out on all of the layers. Tables and figures are presented illustrating which amino acids can be resolved in each of the chromatographic systems.
Reconstitution of the malignant phenotype of genitourinary cancer in gradient culture.

The diagnosis of cancer is made on histologic examination by recognizing the characteristics of the malignant phenotype, i.e. abnormal cells in abnormal groupings, often in abnormal locations. Histophysiologic gradient culture reconstitutes conditions that meet the spatial imperatives of tissues in nature. A variety of carcinomas arise in the genitourinary system involving both glandular and stratified epithelium. To be considered here are the contrasting polarizations of proliferation of normal and neoplastic rat urothelium, the continuity of sheets of epithelium in nature, the poorly understood stable and unstable interepithelial boundaries, and the formation of organoid endocrinelike tissue in histophysiologic gradient culture of normal human amnion epithelium.
EFFECT OF BILE DUCT CANNULATION ON PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS.

SummaryThe effect of bile duct cannulation on the plasma lipoproteins was markedly influenced by the type and level of dietary fat and by the age of the birds. The low density lipoprotein level of cannulated chicks fed 1 % fat decreased, while the level in cannulated chicks fed 10% fat increased; the greater increase occurred in the group fed corn oil. High density lipoprotein levels were unaffected. The increases in level of low density lipoproteins in the chicks fed 10% fat were followed by a stationary period and by a gradual decline as observed in cannulated adult birds.The fatty acid composition of the lipoproteins also changed after cannulation. In all cannulated birds except those fed 10% corn oil the linoleic acid content of the low density lipoproteins decreased. Fatty acid composition of the high density lipoproteins showed closely parallel changes. The mixed fatty acid composition of the bile from cannulated chicks and that from corresponding serum lipoproteins of non-cannulated chicks were ver...
Resonant conditions for a storage ring short wavelength FEL with power exceeding Renieri limit

Abstract In this paper we discuss the possibility of operating a storage ring FEL with resonant conditions providing for preservation of electron beam structure on an optical wave scale. We suggest tuning the storage ring betatron and synchrotron tunes on one of the high (Nth) order resonances to compensate dynamic diffusion of optical phase. This mode of operation does not require isochronicity of the ring lattice. In these conditions optical phase will be restored after N turns around the ring and stochastic conditions used in the derivation of Renieri limit are no longer applicable. We discuss the influence of high order terms in electron motion, RF frequency stability, and synchrotron radiation effects on preservation of optical phase.
Endogenous dopamine in bivalve gills

Abstract 1. 1. Dopamine was identified in gill extracts of Modiolus demissus, Mytilus edulis and Modiolus modulus in concentrations ranging from 0·12 to 0·98 μg/g. 2. 2. Incubation of gills in 2 × 10 −4 M l -dopa for 2 hr resulted in a greater than tenfold increase in endogenous dopamine levels. 3. 3. Norepinephrine is apparently not present at levels comparable to those of dopamine.
Relationship between wire EMG activity, muscle length, and torque of the hamstrings.

Abstract Objective. To determine the effect of change of muscle length on the torque and wire electromyographic activity of six knee flexor muscles. Design. Maximum isometric knee flexion torque and wire EMG data were collected at nine different positions. Background. In vivo EMG–length–tension relationship is difficult to determine because of the interaction between muscle length and moment arm. The study of two-joint muscles allows the change of muscle length at one joint while preserving stable mechanical relationships at the other. This model facilitates understanding of length–tension and EMG–length relationship in vivo. Methods. Nineteen subjects performed maximum isometric knee flexion contraction at nine positions of varying hip and knee angles. Wire EMG activity was recorded from semitendionsus, semimembranosus, long and short head of the biceps femoris, gracilis and sartorious muscles. Results. As the two-joint hamstrings were lengthened, torque was significantly increased. Maximum isometric torque ranged from 257 to 716 kg cm. The ratio of the torque values to EMG activity of all muscles was increased at longer muscle lengths. A change in the muscle length of the two-joint hamstrings did not produce a consistent change of EMG activity. The short head of the biceps femoris and sartorius muscles increased their activity as the angle of knee flexion increased. Conclusions. Maximum torque of knee flexion occurs at the most lengthened position of the hamstrings. EMG activity did not consistently change with the change in muscle length. Relevance Understanding in vivo length–tension relationship and associated EMG activity is important for designing rehabilitation protocols, tendon lengthening and transfer and interpretation of EMG data.
Modeling of the effects of propagating thrust slip on pore pressures and implications for monitoring

Abstract Recent observations at subduction zones and other environments have brought attention to the variety of slip processes along fault zones, including aseismic slip, slow slip, and very-low-frequency seismicity. Pore pressure records from monitoring wells have the potential to provide information on the nature of these slip processes. In this study, an analytical solution for strain due to fault slip is combined with fluid flow modeling to illustrate the effects of propagating fault slip on pore pressure records. Results indicate that propagating slip produces a distinct pore pressure record (as compared to a single slip event over the same interval) that is best observed with boreholes distributed in the direction of slip progression. For slip propagating at 100 m/day for 50 days, fluid flow does not significantly affect the pore pressure signal if hydraulic diffusivities are ≤ 0.001 m 2 s − 1 . Most clay- and silt-rich sediments would be expected to have significantly lower hydraulic diffusivities and thus should provide a good record of propagating slip. In contrast, sand-rich sediments or permeable basaltic crust would provide a poor record of propagating slip. Additional simulations examined the impact of high permeability within the fault zone and found it has little impact on pore pressure results. The model results provide insight on observation data from the Costa Rica and Nankai subduction zones.
Adverse Reactions to β-adrenergic Receptor Blocking Drugs: A Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program

Of 14,344 hospitalised medical patients monitored in a drug surveillance program, 319 (2.4 %) received propranolol during one or more admissions. Angina and cardiac arrhythmias were the most common indications for therapy. Adverse reactions were attributed to propranolol in 30 (9.4 %) of the 319 patients. 22 of these reactions clearly involved impairment of cardiac function (bradycardia, heart block, hypotension, congestive heart failure), and in 8 cases they were considered life-threatening. Half of the adverse reactions occurred in patients taking low doses (less than 40 mg per day). In 11 cases, the reaction developed within 24 hours of the first dose. A literature survery of 797 ambulatory patients receiving oral propranolol revealed the most common adverse effects to be gastro-intestinal disturbances (11.2 % of patients), impaired cardiac function (6.9 %), and peripheral arterial insufficiency (5.8 %). Disturbances in central nervous system (CNS) function (fatigue, dizziness, impaired sleep, alterations in mood and thought) were also common. The data for propranolol suggest that treatment with β-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs is not without considerable risk, particularly in hospitalised patients with severe organic heart disease.
Economic constraints in the diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease

BACKGROUND The discovery of Helicobacter pylori and its role in upper gastrointestinal disease has changed the outlook on diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease. OBJECTIVES To address the questions of what types of diagnostic tests and how many of each type are needed to diagnose among patients with dyspepsia as many ulcers as possible at least cost. METHODS Bayes' formula and a decision tree were used to follow the outcomes of alternative test combinations for ulcer diagnosis. RESULTS Assuming unlimited resources, only endoscopy of all subjects results in the correct diagnoses of all ulcers, but costs $5600 per diagnosis. Barium swallow followed by endoscopy is less expensive ($2980), but misses 5% of all ulcers. Serology for H. pylori followed by endoscopy or barium meal provides relatively high diagnostic yields (85 or 81% of all ulcers detected) at lower costs ($2900 or $1050 per ulcer diagnosis, respectively). In general, a higher number of ulcers is found at a lower cost if the cheap tests are used to screen patients before subjecting them to the more expensive tests. CONCLUSIONS The ideal work-up depends on the urgency of a correct diagnosis, the willingness to miss some ulcer diagnoses and the availability of resources. H. pylori serology followed by endoscopy or barium meal represents two cost-effective strategies.
Leaf Consumption and Development of Tobacco Hornworm Larvae Feeding on Burley and Dark Tobacco

Leaf consumption and development of larvae of Manduca sexta (Johannson) feeding on burley and dark tobacco grown in the field and the greenhouse were studied. Recording leaf consumption with a Xerox 914 Copying Machine® and measuring the area consumed with a polar planimeter was rapid, convenient, and accurate. Larvae reared on burley tobacco grown in the greenhouse consumed almost twice as much leaf area as larvae reared on burley tobacco grown in the field, but the dry weight of the field-grown tobacco was greater than that of the greenhouse-grown tobacco. Larvae that fed on field-grown dark tobacco consumed the smallest leaf area, but the dry weights of field-grown burley and dark tobacco consumed were very close, 6.054 and 6.468 grams, respectively. The source of the leaf did not a fleet the percentage of total leaf eaten by the various instars; the accumulative average was 0.07% by the 1st, 0.32% by the 2nd, 1.25% by the 3rd, 7.48% by the 4th, and 90.88% by the 5th instar. Larvae that fed on field-grown and greenhouse-grown burley tobacco completed development in an average of 15.7 and 18.5 days, respectively; the former produced the heaviest and the latter the lightest pupae.
Absence of temperature-driven first-order phase transitions in systems with random bonds (invited)

Temperature-driven first-order phase transitions are converted to second-order phase transitions by the introduction of infinitesimal bond randomness, in spatial dimensions d≤2 or d≤4, respectively for systems composed of discrete or continuous microscopic degrees of freedom. Above these dimensions, this phenomenon still occurs, but requires a threshold amount of bond randomness. This quenched-fluctuation-induced criticality occurs for phase transitions involving a symmetry breaking. If no symmetry breaking is involved at the first-order transition, the phase transition is eliminated under the above conditions.
THz spectroscopy of explosives and related compounds

In this work, we present initial results of time-domain Fourier transform spectroscopy in the THz frequency range (from 1 to 20 THz) to detect and identify explosives and related compounds (ERCs). Comparison is made with conventional FT-IR spectroscopy. A comparison can also be make with the results of chemical modeling calculations (reported previously) to obtain spectroscopic information on ERCs and environmental background.
The Dynamic Performance of PEM Fuel Cells under Various Operating Conditions of a Laptop Computer

In this paper, a dynamic model is presented to simulate the dynamic behavior of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell system. The PEM fuel cell system is used for powering a laptop computer. The power requirement of a laptop computer varies significantly under different operational conditions. The analysis and modeling of the PEM fuel cell system are verified by developing a detailed simulation software using the Matlab, Simulink and SimPowerSystems Blockset for portable applications. The PEM fuel cell model is able to operate at an ambient temperature (20degC) and pressure. The load voltage is adjusted using a PID controller system in order to maintain the load voltage at a desirable level under various operational conditions.
Algebraic elimination of slide surface constraints in implicit structural analysis

Slide surface and contact boundary conditions can be implemented via Lagrange multipliers in the algebraic equations in implicit structural analysis. This indefinite set of equations is difficult to solve by iterative methods and is often too large to be solved by direct methods. When there are m constraints and there exists a set of m variables where each variable is only involved in a single constraint, we advocate a direct elimination technique which leaves a sparse, positive definite system to solve by iterative methods. We prove that the amount of ‘fill-in’ created by this process is independent of the size of the slide surfaces. In addition, the eigenvalues of the reduced matrix do not differ significantly from the eigenvalues of the unconstrained matrix. This method can be extended to the case where constrained surfaces intersect and leads to a graph theoretic approach for determining which variables can be eliminated efficiently for constraints with more general structure. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Review of: “John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt. The Israel Lobby.”

The Israel Lobby has a simple thesis: that the political lobby that advocates for American support for Israel is dangerously powerful and that the consequences of that lobby's advocacy efforts are ...