cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining Conceptual Understanding in General Chemistry

Among the many possible goals that instructors have for students in general chemistry, the idea that they will better understand the conceptual underpinnings of the science is certainly important. Nonetheless, identifying with clarity what exemplifies student success at achieving this goal is hindered by the challenge of clearly articulating what conceptual understanding entails. While this may be a case of “we know it when we see it”, the design of assessments ultimately requires a specific definition of conceptual understanding. Without such a specific definition of the construct, it may be readily argued that a proposed measure does not provide evidence about, in this case, conceptual understanding because the construct itself is insufficiently identified. Given the wide range of possible definitions, the availability of empirical data about instructor perceptions of the meaning of conceptual understanding can play an important role in constructing a definition that meets the broadest possible needs of...
Discussion of the Z-Value to Use in Calculating the F0-Value for High-temperature Sterilization Processes

The appropriate z-value to use in integrating heat process time-temperature data in the temperature range of 120.0-140.0 degrees C (248.0-284.0 degrees F) is discussed. We conclude that for control of Clostridium botulinum there is little risk in extrapolating a public health F0-value for C. botulinum to temperatures in the 132.0-138.0 degrees C (270.0-280.0 degrees F) range using a z-value of 10.0 degrees C (18.0 degrees F). It would seem prudent, at this time, when extrapolating data to conditions in the 132.0-138.0 degrees C (270.0-280.0 degrees F) range, that as a starting point an F0-value of 3.0 minutes be used as the minimum public health process. A design z-value of 10.0 degrees C (18.0 degrees F) is appropriate for Clostridium sporogenes to temperatures of 140.0 degrees C (284.0 degrees F). To control thermophilic microorganisms such as Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus coagulans with processes at temperatures from 120.0-140.0 degrees C (248.0-284.0 degrees F), the effective z-value will be in the range of 7.0-8.0 degrees C (12.6-14.4 degrees F) instead of 10.0 degrees C (18.0 degrees F). This means that when we design and calculate processes at temperatures from 120.0-140.0 degrees C (248.0-284.0 degrees F), using a z-value of 10.0 degrees C (18.0 degrees F), the lethal effect against these organisms will be much larger than indicated by the F0-value of the process.
Parent–teen behavior therapy + motivational interviewing for adolescents with ADHD.

Objective This study evaluates a parent-teen skills-based therapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) blended with motivational interviewing (MI) to enhance family engagement. Supporting Teens' Autonomy Daily (STAND) is an adolescent-specific treatment for ADHD that targets empirically identified adolescent (i.e., organization, time management, and planning, or OTP skills) and parent-based (i.e., monitoring and contingency management) mechanisms of long-term outcome through individual parent-teen sessions. Method The current randomized trial (N = 128) evaluates efficacy at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up. Participants were ethnically diverse teens (7.7% non-Hispanic White, 10.8% African American, 78.5% Hispanic, 3.0% other) randomly assigned to STAND or Treatment As Usual (TAU). Results Primary findings were that (1) STAND was delivered in an MI-adherent fashion and most families fully engaged in treatment (85% completed); (2) STAND produced a range of significant acute effects on ADHD symptoms, OTP skills, homework behavior, parent-teen contracting, implementation of home privileges, parenting stress, and daily homework recording; and (3) 6 months after treatment ceased, effects on ADHD symptom severity, OTP skills, and parenting stress maintained, while parent use of contracting and privilege implementation strategies, as well as teen daily homework recording and homework behavior gains, were not maintained. Conclusion Skills-based behavior therapy blended with MI is an acutely efficacious treatment for adolescents with ADHD although more work is needed to establish the nature of long-term effects. (PsycINFO Database Record
Norepinephrine-dependent protein phosphorylation in intact C-6 glioma cells. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Norepinephrine rapidly induced phosphorylation of 7 of the more than 200 neutral and acidic phosphoproteins which were resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of a whole cell extract of C-6 glioma cells. Cellular ATP pools were nearly optimally labeled by 32 P i , after a 4-hr exposure, and norepinephrine treatment did not modify the specific radioactivity of the γ-phosphate of cellular ATP. That the 32 P-labeled spots of two-dimensional gels were indeed phosphopolypeptides was verified by comparing the migration of 35 S-methionine-labe1ed and 32 P i -labeled samples and by extensive solvent extractions and chemical treatments. Subcellular fractionation resulted in assignment of a subcellular compartment to five of the seven norepinephrine-dependent phosphopolypeptides. These modified proteins were designated the "phosphoprotein domain" of norepinephrine for the C-6 glioma cell and each was provisionally named in terms of molecular weight, isoelectric point, and, where possible, subcellular compartment. Accordingly the proteins were named: 58K-5.7-nuclear; 50K-6.1, 48K-6.8-cytosolic; 38K-6.4-cytosolic; 20K-6.2, 19K-6.6-mitochondrial; and 16.5K-6.3-cytosolic. We have concluded that protein 58K-5.7-nuclear is the intermediate filament protein of the C-6 glioma cell based on similarities of molecular weight, isoelectric point, abundance, subcellular fractionation, nuclear binding, and elution as well as phosphorylation.
Pharmaceuticals in the environment: lessons learned for reducing uncertainties in environmental risk assessment.

Abstract Pharmaceuticals in the environment are often present at trace levels (e.g., ng/L) in surface waters and effluents of developed countries, yet represent contaminants of emerging concern. Attributes of many of these substances, such as potency, chirality, and ionization, present challenges to historical environmental risk assessment and management paradigms. In this chapter, we critically examine several important aspects of pharmaceuticals, specifically highlighting some of the lessons we have learned from studying these substances in the environment over the past 15 years. We submit that incorporating such “lessons learned” during environmental risk assessments promises to reduce uncertainties and support more sustainable management efforts.
Factors influencing the diuretic response to ingested water.

Abstract Water diuresis in normal humans was studied during changes in posture, infusion of hypotonic solutions of sodium salts, infusion of mannitol, and the ingestion of urea in order to determine whether urinary dilution might be affected by changes in sodium excretion more than by equal changes in the excretion of other solutes. It was found that changes in sodium excretion were accompanied by changes in free water clearance in the same direction, even though total solute excretion remained unchanged, or changed in the opposite direction. Thus, the increase in free water clearance which accompanies natriuresis cannot be explained by the osmotic effect of the excreted sodium. It is concluded that during natriuresis under these conditions delivery of isotonic sodium-containing fluid to the distal tubule is augmented because of increased glomerular filtration rate or decreased reabsorption in the proximal tubule. As a result, there is not only increased sodium excretion but also increased distal hypertonic reabsorption of sodium salts, which causes the observed increase in free water clearance.
An Acute Retinal Model for Evaluating Blood Retinal Barrier Breach and Potential Drugs for Treatment.

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An inflammatory factor, histamine, is demonstrated to compromise vessel integrity in the cultured retina through positive staining of IgG outside of the blood vessels. The effects of histamine itself and those of candidate drugs for potential treatments, such as lipoxin A4, are assessed using three parameters: blood vessel leakage via IgG immunostaining, activation of Muller cells via GFAP staining and change in neuronal dendrites through staining for MAP2. Furthermore, the layered organization of the retina allows a detailed analysis of the processes of Muller and ganglion cells, such as changes in width and continuity. While the data presented is with swine retinal culture, the system is applicable to multiple species. Thus, the model provides a reliable tool to investigate the early effects of compromised retinal vessel integrity on different cell types and also to evaluate potential drug candidates for treatment.
Immunogenicity of a Booster Dose of Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Previously Immunized HIV-Infected Children and Youth.

Background The US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a booster dose of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) after initial immunization for patients at high risk for meningococcal infection. Methods The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescents AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) P1065 trial evaluated the use of MCV4 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and youth. The final step of this trial was an open-label study of an MCV4 booster dose 3.5 years after primary MCV4 immunization. Antibody titers were evaluated at the time of the booster vaccine and 1, 4, and 24 weeks after the booster. Immunogenicity was measured by rabbit serum bactericidal antibody (rSBA) against each meningococcal serogroup. Immunologic memory was defined as either seroprotection (rSBA titer ≥1:128) or a ≥4-fold increase 1 week after the booster dose. Primary response was defined as either a ≥4-fold response or seropositivity 4 weeks after the booster in the absence of immunologic memory. Adverse events were assessed for 4 weeks after the booster dose. Results Of 174 participants with serology results at entry and 1 and 4 weeks later, the percentage with protective antibody levels at entry varied according to serogroup, ranging from a low of 26% for serogroup C to a high of 68% for serogroup A. A memory response to at least 1 serogroup occurred in 98% of the participants: 93% each for serogroups A and Y, 88% for serogroup C, and 94% for serogroup W-135; 83% had a memory response to all 4 serogroups. Overall, rates of any memory or primary response were ≥90% for all serogroups. No serious adverse events were encountered. Conclusions A booster dose of MCV4 elicited a memory response in 88% to 94% of previously immunized HIV-infected participants depending on serogroup, including those who lacked a protective titer level for that serogroup before booster vaccination.
Electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light with optomechanics

Controlling the interaction between localized optical and mechanical excitations has recently become possible following advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques. So far, most experimental studies of optomechanics have focused on measurement and control of the mechanical subsystem through its interaction with optics, and have led to the experimental demonstration of dynamical back-action cooling and optical rigidity of the mechanical system. Conversely, the optical response of these systems is also modified in the presence of mechanical interactions, leading to effects such as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and parametric normal-mode splitting. In atomic systems, studies of slow and stopped light (applicable to modern optical networks and future quantum networks) have thrust EIT to the forefront of experimental study during the past two decades. Here we demonstrate EIT and tunable optical delays in a nanoscale optomechanical crystal, using the optomechanical nonlinearity to control the velocity of light by way of engineered photon-phonon interactions. Our device is fabricated by simply etching holes into a thin film of silicon. At low temperature (8.7 kelvin), we report an optically tunable delay of 50 nanoseconds with near-unity optical transparency, and superluminal light with a 1.4 microsecond signal advance. These results, while indicating significant progress towards an integrated quantum optomechanical memory, are also relevant to classical signal processing applications. Measurements at room temperature in the analogous regime of electromagnetically induced absorption show the utility of these chip-scale optomechanical systems for optical buffering, amplification, and filtering of microwave-over-optical signals.
Testing challenges on NASA's james webb space telescope (JWST) spacecraft

• All test objectives were met in an efficient and timely manner □ RE UHF • Limiting frequency range to that including known RF receivers • Dipole instead of DRG • RF tent did its job; beware of broadband emissions from touching it □ RE S-band • Real-time FFT receiver — worth its weight in gold • Test could/should have been performed as CE106 at unit level □ RS • Limiting frequency range to that including known RF transmitters • Moving antenna back to cover full S/C cavity in 1 position • War Story: broadband noise from amplifier; removing lock on S-band uplink as success criterion □ RF self-compatibility • Applying uplink signal 6 dB lower than below minimum level specified by link budget • Many thanks to everyone on the NASA/GSFC EMI test team and the Northrop Grumman EMI and I&T teams project team who contributed to the planning and execution of this test and helped to make it the amazing success that it was
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Biomarker for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI). Currently, CTE can only be diagnosed after death by postmortem, as validated in vivo biomarkers of CTE do not yet exist. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures brain tissue metabolism in vivo and could facilitate a “probable CTE” diagnosis during life. Here, we propose MRS as one potential biomarker for CTE through a review of CTE neuropathology, and the extant literature that has examined the acute and long-term effects of RHI exposure on brain chemistry. There is preliminary empirical support for MRS in the detection of later-life neurological impairment associated with RHI exposure, but further ante- and postmortem research is needed before MRS can be considered a diagnostic biomarker for CTE.
Trabecular bone quality is lower in adults with type 1 diabetes and is negatively associated with insulin resistance.

We evaluated trabecular bone score (TBS) and factors affecting TBS in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched adults without diabetes. Adults with T1D had lower TBS compared to controls. Abdominal obesity and insulin resistance are associated with lower TBS. We evaluated TBS, a non-invasive method to evaluate trabecular bone quality at the lumbar spine, in adults with T1D compared to age-, sex-, and BMI-matched adults without diabetes. We calculated TBS from adults with T1D (n = 47) and controls (n = 47) who had a lumbar spine dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at their third visit (2006–2009) of the ongoing “Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) Study.” The linear relationships of TBS and bone mineral density (BMD) with hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, lipids, and insulin resistance were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Multiple linear regression was used to test the association of TBS with sex and diabetes while adjusting for other potential confounders. TBS was significantly lower in adults with T1D compared to controls (1.42 ± 0.12 vs 1.44 ± 0.08, p = 0.02) after adjusting for age, sex, current smoking status, and lumbar spine BMD, despite no difference in lumbar spine BMD between the groups. Components of the metabolic syndrome, including diastolic blood pressure, BMI, triglycerides, and insulin resistance were negatively correlated with TBS among patients with T1D. Trabecular bone score, an indirect measurement of trabecular bone quality, was lower in adults with T1D compared to controls. Components of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were associated with lower TBS in adults with T1D.
Arthroscopic Suprapectoral Biceps Tenodesis With Tenodesis Screw.

Abstract There are many methods for long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) tenodesis, but a consensus on a superior method has yet to be met. In this article, we introduce a method for arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis using a tenodesis screw in the bicipital tunnel. The intra-articular portion of the biceps tendon is transected. The subdeltoid space is then viewed via a lateral portal, and the tendon is mobilized from the bicipital tunnel. The tendon is retrieved through the anterior portal, and 5 whipstitch passes and a second distal stitch are placed. Three of the suture tails are passed through the tenodesis screwdriver, and the tendon is maneuvered to the previously reamed bone socket located 1.5 cm superior to the pec tendon, just inferior to the bicipital groove. Once the tenodesis screw is fixated in sufficient bone stock, 5 alternating half hitches reinforce the construct by creating a closed loop through the screw. This described technique allows full visualization of the LHBT dissection and tenodesis throughout the procedure. Additionally, this technique provides a method to incorporate whipstitching with an arthroscopic tenodesis screw to provide additional strength to tendon fixation.
Scientific documentary animation: how much accuracy is enough?

Scientific documentary animation presents final results, and thus has a somewhat different purpose than the scientific visualization used in their discovery. For an audience of non-specialists, production quality in the graphics, pacing, narration, music, and story-telling are important. However, the animation need only be qualitatively correct in order to communicate the desired information. When physical simulations are used to produce animated movement, the laws of motion can be adjusted to give a nicer appearance, to allow for easier programming, to compensate for incompatible time or size scales, or to artificially push things in a desired direction. Graphic tricks may even be used to disguise inadequacies in the simulation. Biological structures which are not yet completely understood may be given an arbitrary or approximate form in order to show their function. But in illustrating mathematics, it is often easy to be completely accurate.
Examining Unihemispheric Sleep and its Potential Relation to Lateral Resting Behaviour and Unipedal Resting Stance in Caribbean Flamingos

While much recent research has examined flamingo unipedal resting, as well as laterality in the resting behaviours of these birds, the phenomenon of unihemispheric sleep is not well documented in f...
Comparative usability evaluation of consultation order templates in a simulated primary care environment.

Abstract Communication breakdowns in the referral process negatively impact clinical workflow and patient safety. There is a lack of evidence demonstrating the impact of published design recommendations addressing contributing issues with consultation order templates. This study translated the recommendations into a computer-based prototype and conducted a comparative usability evaluation. With a scenario-based simulation, 30 clinicians (referrers) participated in a within-group, counterbalanced experiment comparing the prototype with their present electronic order entry system. The prototype significantly increased satisfaction (Cohen's d = 1.80, 95% CI [1.19, 2.41], p
NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF OBESITY

Obesity is a common problem in all affluent societies. Estimates of the number of overweight individuals in the United States vary from 10 to 50 million, depending upon the criteria used. Using 20% above desirable weight as the index of obesity, recent prevalence data for this country show that 24% of the women and 14% of men aged 18 to 74 are overweight1. These numbers indicate that at least 16.3 million American women and 8.5 million American men are significantly overweight. The importance of these data lies in the associated medical and social risks and the current social setting which says that “thin is in”.
Longitudinal Correlates of Arrest Status Among At-Risk Males

We examined the longitudinal adjustment, from grade 4 to grade 11, of a sample (n = 76) of boys judged to be at-risk for developing antisocial behavior patterns. We also examined subgroups of the sample differentiated by risk status and arrest records at grade 11. Antisocial behavior patterns exhibited by these boys demonstrated considerable stability over time. Differences were noted among high and lower-risk groups who were and were not arrested. In particular, measures of academic and social skills dimensions were related to better overall adjustment as indicated by lower arrest rates. Implications of these results for intervention are presented.
Plant Identity Influences Foliar Fungal Symbionts More Than Elevation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.

Despite colonizing nearly every plant on Earth, foliar fungal symbionts have received little attention in studies on the biogeography of host-associated microbes. Evidence from regional scale studies suggests that foliar fungal symbiont distributions are influenced both by plant hosts and environmental variation in climate and soil resources. However, previous surveys have focused on either one plant host across an environmental gradient or one gradient and multiple plant hosts, making it difficult to disentangle the influence of host identity from the influence of the environment on foliar endophyte communities. We used a culture-based approach to survey fungal symbiont composition in the leaves of nine C3 grass species along replicated elevation gradients in grasslands of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. In these ecosystems, the taxonomic richness and composition of foliar fungal symbionts were mostly structured by the taxonomic identity of the plant host rather than by variation in climate. Plant traits related to size (height and leaf length) were the best predictors of foliar fungal symbiont composition and diversity, and composition did not vary predictably with plant evolutionary history. The largest plants had the most diverse and distinctive fungal communities. These results suggest that across the ~ 300 m elevation range that we sampled, foliar fungal symbionts may indirectly experience climate change by tracking the shifting distributions of plant hosts rather than tracking climate directly.
JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration: from Drosophila to vertebrates

The JAK/STAT pathway is a conserved metazoan signaling system that transduces cues from extracellular cytokines into transcriptional changes in the nucleus. JAK/STAT signaling is best known for its roles in immunity. However, recent work has demonstrated that it also regulates critical homeostatic processes in germline and somatic stem cells, as well as regenerative processes in several tissues, including the gonad, intestine and appendages. Here, we provide an overview of JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration, focusing on Drosophila and highlighting JAK/STAT pathway functions in proliferation, survival and cell competition that are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates.
COMBINATION OF INVASIVE ANGIOGRAPHY AND CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY AS A NOVEL IMAGING FUSION MODALITY TO IMPROVE ANTEGRADE REVASCULARIZATION OF CORONARY CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION

Revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) are challenging as often the vessel course is unclear. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) may overcome this shortcoming. A 70 year old man with a RCA CTO (~100mm) (figure 1(a)) and an occluded bypass graft to the RCA presented
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF THE USE PHASE OF CONVENTIONAL TIRES COMPARED TO GUAYULE NR TIRES

ABSTRACT Guayule NR can be grown in the United States and offers a potentially more secure and sustainable alternative to the substantial Hevea NR that is imported from Southeast Asia. This paper p...
Impact of anthocyanin-rich whole fruit consumption on exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Context Supplementing with fruits high in anthocyanins to reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation has produced mixed results. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to discuss the impact of whole fruits high in anthocyanins, including processing methods and the type and amount of fruit, on inflammation and oxidative stress. Data sources PICOS reporting guidelines and a customized coding scheme were used to search 5 databases (SPORTDiscus, Science Direct, Web of Science [BIOSIS], Medline [Pubmed], and the Cochrane Collaboration) with additional cross-referencing selection. Data extraction A random-effects meta-analysis was used to measure effects of the fruit supplements with 3 statistics; the QTotal value based on a χ2 distribution, τ2 value, and I2 value were used to determine homogeneity of variances on 22 studies (out of 807). Outliers were identified using a relative residual value. Results A small significant negative summary effect across the sum of all inflammatory marker outcomes (P 0.05) differences between subgrouping variables. Conclusions Results indicate that consumption of whole fruit high in anthocyanins can be beneficial for reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation in a pancreatic-sufficient cystic fibrosis patient.

Abstract For children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) suffering from acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP), abdominal pain can be severe, difficult to treat, impair their quality of life, affect participation at school, and can lead to chronic opioid dependence. Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is an uncommon treatment that is reserved for refractory cases of ARP. We present a case of a 4 year old female with pancreatic-sufficient CF, refractory ARP, frequent hospital admissions for abdominal pain, and continued growth failure despite gastrostomy tube and parenteral nutrition. One year after successful TPIAT, the patient is insulin-independent, growing well, and has not been re-hospitalized for abdominal pain. To our knowledge, this is the youngest patient with CF to undergo TPIAT for debilitating ARP. With CFTR modulators restoring some pancreatic function, CF clinicians should have increased vigilance for the development of ARP.
Well-Designed Public Private Partnerships

Our country’s aging infrastructure is increasingly vulnerable due to impacts of severe weather, growing population in cities, and technology-driven, land-use patterns. According to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), years of neglect and systemic infrastructure deficits present significant challenges for both the public as well as the private sectors today. On the other hand, such significant challenges represent unprecedented opportunities for leadership and investment of greater proportions for these sectors. Never have the public and private sectors been so interdependent, creating unique opportunities for intersectoral relationships or collaborations to deliver important public infrastructures. Arguably, the public policy and financial interests of these sectors have never been so clearly aligned for what could be the greatest social good since the Progressive Era ushered in by the strong voice of President Theodore Roosevelt’s White House or the New Deal proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt immediately after the Great Depression of 1929–1939. While several procurement methodologies have brought the sectors together over the last century, none could have a more profound impact on our economy today than well-structured involvement of the private sector in the delivery of public infrastructures through the use of procurement and contracting arrangements broadly known as public private partnerships or technically referred to as performance-based initiatives or infrastructures.
Astrophysical computational research in a small college setting

At a small, primarily baccalaureate public institution, the resources normally available to astronomers at larger campuses are not to be found. No trained graduate student population is present, and limits on funding, computing resources, and standard astronomical equipment availability create obstacles to research that are unique to smaller campuses. These problems are particularly pronounced in the absence of a major or minor program in astronomy.In this paper, we will discuss the research in computational astrophysics being conducted at Shepherd College, a public institution in West Virginia with a student population of 4600. Shepherd has no physics major, no astronomy or astrophysics major or minor, and a physics minor that has had no students complete it in the past four years, and only four students complete it in the twelve years prior to 1997. Nevertheless, astrophysical research has been undertaken at Shepherd forsss the past four years, and incorporates students and staff into research in every semester. We will discuss some of the pitfalls that have been encountered, and successes that we have achieved.
Evaluation and Treatment of Borderline Dysplasia: Moving Beyond the Lateral Center Edge Angle

The purpose of this manuscript is to 1 define the features associated with borderline acetabular dysplasia and 2 review current status of diagnostic algorithms and treatment options for borderline dysplasia. Acetabular dysplasia is a common cause of hip pain secondary to insufficient coverage of the femoral head by the bony acetabulum. Historical classification of acetabular dysplasia has utilized the lateral center edge angle (LCEA); values above 25° are normal and below 20° are considered pathologic. Borderline dysplasia describes hips with LCEA between 20 and 25o; treatment of these patients is controversial. While many studies utilize LCEA in classification of borderline dysplasia, isolated reliance on measurement of lateral femoral head coverage to define severity of undercoverage will continue to mislabel morphology. Thorough assessment of the characteristics of mild acetabular undercoverage is necessary for future studies, which will allow effective comparisons of results between hip arthroscopy and periacetabular osteotomy.
Метод топологической грубости в задачах исследования и управления синергетическими системами

The method of a research of roughness of dynamic systems based on a concept of roughness according to Andronov—Pontryagin and named with "method of topological roughness" is considered. The concepts "roughness" and "bifurcation" of dynamic systems formulated at a dawn of formation of the scientific direction of mathematics — topology, are given by the great French scientist A. Poincare. Also the concept of roughness according to Andronov—Pontryagin is formulated and conditions of accessibility of required roughness of a dynamic system are defined. The definitions of concepts of the maximum roughness and minimum non roughness of dynamic systems entered by the author earlier are given. The corresponding theorems of necessary and sufficient conditions of accessibility of the maximum roughness and the minimum non roughness and also emergence of bifurcations of topological structures of dynamic systems, which were proved in the fundamental works of the author given in the list of references are formulated. At the same time it is claimed that sets of rough and not rough systems make roughnesses of a set, continuous on an indicator. As a roughness indicator in a method the number of conditionality of a matrix of reduction to a diagonal (quasidiagonal) type of a matrix of Jacobi in special points of phase space of a system is used. The method allows to controling roughness of control systems on the basis of the theorem formulated with use of the matrix equation of Sylvester and proved in works of the author which is also provided in this work. The main stages of researches of roughness and bifurcations of systems by means of the considered method are formulated in the form of the corresponding algorithm. In work questions of synergetic systems and chaos (strange attractors) in them, founders of science of synergetics — H. Haken, I. Prigozhin are briefly stated. The method can be used for researches of roughness and bifurcations of dynamic systems and also synergetic systems and chaos of the different physical nature. In works of the author the method is approved on examples of many synergetic systems, such as Lorenz attractors and R o ssler, Belousov-Zhabotinsky’s systems, Chua, "predator-prey", Henon, Hopf’s bifurcations, etc. In this work of a possibility of a method are illustrated on examples of synergetic system Chua and also a technical system in the form of the nonlinear servomechanism.
Diversion-associated bowel diseases

Abstract Fecal diversion with ileostomy, colostomy, or jejunostomy is effective modality for the treatment of refractory disease in downstream segment of the bowel. Long-term fecal diversion can lead to various disorders of the bypassed segment of bowel. Among them are diversion-associated bowel diseases (e.g., diversion colitis, proctitis, and pouchitis) and diversion-associated bowel strictures. Patients with underlying inflammatory bowel disease carry a higher risk for diversion-associated bowel disorders. The diverted colon, rectum, or ileal pouch is not immune to the development of neoplasia. Therefore diagnostic and surveillance endoscopy is routinely performed. Endoscopic therapy can be safely performed in patients with diversion-associated primary or secondary strictures.
Affording Extremes: Incivility, Social Media and Democracy in the Indian Context

In this mixed-methods study of political discourse, we study the affordances of Twitter in the context of free speech in India. We critically examine specific cases of the legal prosecution of free speech and the use of extreme speech in attacks on people to document the risks to citizens when they engage in antagonistic online discourse, particularly against the state or political institutions. We follow this up with quantitative study of the use of extreme speech through 477 hashtags used by a random sample of thousand political actors on Twitter and find that politicians are rewarded, through higher retweet rates, when they engage in extreme or uncivil messaging. We contextualize these findings to the postcolonial history of India and the laws and institutions that enable differential consequences for engaging in various forms of speech. In conclusion, we propose that the affordances of new ICTs like social media need to be carefully considered for their unintended consequences, and that functional access to free speech may differ dramatically based on one's access to institutions.
The Use and Misuse of Nineteenth-Century English and American Ceramics in Archaeological Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use and misuse of 19th century English and American ceramics in archaeological analysis. It also discusses several topics that should interest archaeologists who have not had much experience in analyzing historical period pottery and porcelain. These include (1) published sources useful for background information, (2) the concept of ware and problems in using the concept, (3) how pottery was decorated and the dates for different methods of decoration, and (4) sources for the identification of various backmarks. Without adequate knowledge of the ceramic materials, that is, knowledge that permits correct identification, analytical results obviously will be seriously flawed. This is not an infrequent occurrence in historical archaeology, and it has hampered otherwise well-thought-out studies of time-and-space systematics, studies of formation processes, and at the highest level, studies of human behavior. There are several temporal and spatial limits to this study. The chapter discuses ceramic materials manufactured in the Great Britain and the United States between approximately 1800 and 1900, because these are arbitrary limits that crosscut several important trends in ceramic manufacturing and marketing.
Collaborative Suturing: A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Automate Hand-off Task in Suturing for Surgical Robots

Over the past decade, Robot-Assisted Surgeries (RAS), have become more prevalent in facilitating successful operations. Of the various types of RAS, the domain of collaborative surgery has gained traction in medical research. Prominent examples include providing haptic feedback to sense tissue consistency, and automating sub-tasks during surgery such as cutting or needle hand-off - pulling and reorienting the needle after insertion during suturing. By fragmenting suturing into automated and manual tasks the surgeon could essentially control the process with one hand and also circumvent workspace restrictions imposed by the control interface present at the surgeon's side during the operation. This paper presents an exploration of a discrete reinforcement learning-based approach to automate the needle hand-off task. Users were asked to perform a simple running suture using the da Vinci Research Kit. The user trajectory was learnt by generating a sparse reward function and deriving an optimal policy using Q-learning. Trajectories obtained from three learnt policies were compared to the user defined trajectory. The results showed a root-mean-square error of [0.0044mm, 0.0027mm, 0.0020mm] in ℝ3. Additional trajectories from varying initial positions were produced from a single policy to simulate repeated passes of the hand-off task.
Impact of local intervention-based photo-immunotherapy on tumor microenvironment

Immunotherapies hold high promise for the treatment of metastatic cancers. However, as a systemic approach, current immunotherapies have only achieved limited success in clinical studies. A local intervention-based immunotherapy has the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy and to reduce systemic negative side effects of the immunotherapies. Specifically, the local treatment, together with appropriate immunological stimulation can change the tumor microenvironment to potentiate a tumor-specific immunity through the increased quantity and improved quality of tumor-infiltrating T cells. We used local, non-invasive laser irradiation of mammary tumors in a mouse model, followed by local administration of an immunostimulant. The treatment significantly delayed tumor growth and prolonged the animal survival. After the treatment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells were analyzed at the cellular and transcriptional levels. The specific responses of different subsets of immune cells
Direct Communication Between Brains: A Systematic PRISMA Review of Brain-To-Brain Interface

This paper aims to review the current state of brain-to-brain interface (B2BI) technology and its potential. B2BIs function via a brain-computer interface (BCI) to read a sender's brain activity and a computer-brain interface (CBI) to write a pattern to a receiving brain, transmitting information. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to systematically review current literature related to B2BI, resulting in 15 relevant publications. Experimental papers primarily used transcranial magnetic stimulation (tMS) for the CBI portion of their B2BI. Most targeted the visual cortex to produce phosphenes. In terms of study design, 73.3% (11) are unidirectional and 86.7% (13) use only a 1:1 collaboration model (subject to subject). Limitations are apparent, as the CBI method varied greatly between studies indicating no agreed upon neurostimulatory method for transmitting information. Furthermore, only 12.4% (2) studies are more complicated than a 1:1 model and few researchers studied direct bidirectional B2BI. These studies show B2BI can offer advances in human communication and collaboration, but more design and experiments are needed to prove potential. B2BIs may allow rehabilitation therapists to pass information mentally, activating a patient's brain to aid in stroke recovery and adding more complex bidirectionality may allow for increased behavioral synchronization between users. The field is very young, but applications of B2BI technology to neuroergonomics and human factors engineering clearly warrant more research.
Pseudocanariomyces americanus, gen. nov., sp. nov., A New Thielavia-Like Species in the Chaetomiaceae: Identification and Management of a Prosthetic Hip Infection.

This report describes the phenotypic characteristics of a novel fungal species, isolated from a prosthetic hip infection. The patient, who had undergone multiple total hip arthroplasties due to Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, presented with continued fever and wound dehiscence. Findings upon incision and draining were notable for necrotic tissue and a sinus tract from the fluid collection. Intraoperative cultures were positive for a sterile filamentous fungus. BLASTn results following DNA sequencing placed the isolate within the family Chaetomiaceae close to the genera Madurella, Canariomyces, Stolonocarpus, Stellatospora, Ovatospora, Carteria and Melanocarpus. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolate was a new thielavia-like species, Pseudocanariomyces americanus. Antifungal susceptibility was performed, and low minimum inhibitory concentrations were observed with amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. The patient was initially treated with voriconazole but was switched to posaconazole secondary to a photosensitivity reaction. Acceptable posaconazole trough concentrations were achieved, and the patient remained stable without pain or drainage from her surgical incision.
More and Better: Reappraisal Quality Partially Explains the Effect of Reappraisal Use on Changes in Positive and Negative Affect

A substantial body of research suggests that cognitive reappraisal is effective at improving momentary affect, but it remains unclear how reappraisal leads to these changes. We tested the quality of reappraisal as one potential mechanism. A sample of 314 participants (Mage = 36.30; 51.0% female; 69.4% White) recruited online were instructed in the use of reappraisal and were asked to reappraise an upsetting memory for 5 min. Afterwards, participants rated the degree to which they used reappraisal during the task and independent raters coded the quality of participants’ written descriptions. Participants also rated the intensity of positive and negative affect before and after the memory task. Reappraisal quality explained a significant proportion of the effect of reappraisal use on improvements in negative, ab = − 1.49, SE = .33, 95% CI [− 2.17, − .90], and positive affect, ab = 2.67, SE = .54, 95% CI [1.64, 3.79]. Depression symptom severity moderated these relations—the indirect effects of reappraisal quality were stronger among those with fewer depressive symptoms. These results suggest the quality with which reappraisal is used is one way through which reappraisal predicts improvements in affect, especially among people lower in depressive symptoms. Our findings enhance our understanding of the process of reappraisal and offer potential targets for interventions.
Meson Spectroscopy in Radiative J/ψ Decays and Hadron Production

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that gg bound states (glueballs) and q q g bound states (hybrids) should exist along with ordinary mesons and baryons in 1-2.5 GeV mass region. Experimentally, however, the spectroscopy of glueball, hybrids and mesons are very close related. The main signature is the observation of extra states which do not fit into q q nonets. Glueballs are, in addition, SU(3) flavor singlets and should be produced in gluon enriched channels such as radiative J/ψ decays, double pomeron exchange or OZI-violating decays. They should not occur in γγ interactions nor in peripheral hadron production. Therefore, the identification of glueballs and hybrids depends crucially on a complete understanding of all nearby q q nonets. Several candidates have been observed, among which the τ/η(1440), and the θ/f 2(1720) are at present the most promising. This brief report will present new results on the following topics: production of scalar states in radiative J/ψ decays by Mark III, partial wave analyses of the K K π system produced in K - p and π - p collisions by LASS and the BNL-E771 group, observation of pseudoscalars in two-vector-meson final states (VV) seen in radiative J/ψ decays by Mark III and a study of the ωω mass spectrum produced in π - p collisions by GAMS.
Adventures of a Pioneer Mayanist

Alfred Maudslay and the Maya . A Biography. Ian Graham. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 2002. 323 pp. $39.95. ISBN 0-8061-3450-X. Drawing on Maudslay's publications, field notes, and family papers, Graham explores the life and work of one of the pioneer investigators of ancient Mayan ruins.
Having Rights and Being Right: Thomas Hobbes on the Nature of Right

Thomas Hobbes is widely acknowledged as one of the first theorists to put forward a view of rights that is recognizably modern. The primary way that his thought is identified as characteristically “modern” is through the postulation that right is antecedent to the formation of civil society and government, that is, that government derives its legitimacy (or rights) from the original consent of the governed. In Hobbes’ way of speaking, this equates to the view that “right is prior to law,” or “jus is prior to lex.” Hobbes’ thoughts on right are nascent by our standards, and not what we would think of as crisp and precise. They are complex and often confused, but much richer for that complexity and the struggles he undergoes to put forth a new way of looking at politics and morality. The points around which Hobbes struggles contain profound insights and provide fecund ground for our own understanding of the nature rights and the evolution our thoughts on this topic over the centuries. I am specifically interested in exploring the link in Hobbes’ thought between reasoning, judgments, epistemic authority, and rightness or rights. In this paper I lay out Hobbes’ complex views on the nature of right(s), and then address several of my favorite aspects of Hobbes work, specifically, the relationship between the sovereign and the individual, and Hobbes’ views on what I call “having the right to be wrong.” The latter is one of the more interesting pieces of Hobbes’ work, and what places him squarely in the camp of liberalism as opposed to authoritarianism. One important reason to grapple with Hobbes’ views on right and rights is its tremendous relevance to our current thought and the long tradition which has influenced it. Since the work of Hobbes and Grotius, liberal thought everywhere has placed a heavy focus on the rights of individuals as being antecedent to and at times superior to the needs of a civil political body. Yet this view is acknowledged to have problems, to the extent that numerous thinkers have dismissed the idea of natural rights altogether. Margaret MacDonald is one such thinker, arguing that the idea that intangible “things” called rights could “attach” to people is absurd. I want to rescue Hobbes’ thought from this perception, as his views of natural rights fall nowhere within MacDonald’s description. Grasping Hobbes’ view of natural rights (and civil rights, for that matter) helps dispel the increasingly more common view that rights theories and their justifications are untenable.