cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinocerebellar Ataxia 11 (SCA11)

Publisher Summary Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type III is characterized by a slowly progressing, often mild, and late onset cerebellar syndrome without a major involvement of other neurological systems. Although the nature of the mutation is not yet identified, the clinical features included gait ataxia, dysarthria, horizontal nystagmus, and hyperreflexia. Adult-onset ataxia with predominantly cerebellar features (ADCA type III) is associated with a number of gene mutations. When familial, this phenotype is most commonly due to mutations in the CACNAIA gene (SCA6). But mutations in the SCA5 and 8 genes have also been associated with pure cerebellar ataxia, variably associated with pyramidal findings. Linkage and mutational analysis shows that the disease allele identified is unlinked to any other known SCAs. A number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and known genes are mapped to this region, but SCA11 has not yet been isolated.
Irinotecan-induced dysarthria: A case report and review of the literature:

Irinotecan-induced dysarthria has been reported in the literature, but the underlying mechanism of this neurotoxicity remains unclear. Here, we present a 35-year-old female with metastatic colon cancer who experienced dysarthria during irinotecan infusion. Her symptoms were decreased and eventually eliminated with subsequent increases in infusion time. When the patient returned to original 90 min infusion time, symptoms were significantly reduced in both severity and duration as compared to the first infusion. We suggest infusion time as a potential intervention for patients experiencing dysarthria, and we review the existing literature, explore treatment options, and discuss proposed mechanisms surrounding this unusual adverse drug reaction.
Social Isolation and Ethanol Drinking: A Preclinical Model of Addiction Vulnerability in Males, but Not Females

In male rats, social isolation during adolescence has been shown to increase a number of behaviors associated with increased vulnerability to addiction. For example, social isolation results in greater anxiety-like behaviors, increased locomotion in a novel environment, and greater ethanol intake and preference. Several laboratories are now using this model to successfully identify neurobiological substrates that may be associated with increased risk of addiction. Unfortunately, studies suggest that adolescent social isolation does not engender a similar addiction-vulnerable phenotype in female rats. This represents a critical gap in knowledge given that women do have high rates of comorbidity for anxiety, mood, and addiction disorders. A major future goal is to develop a preclinical model of addiction vulnerability in female rats that is as useful to the study of behavioral and neurobiological correlates of addiction as the social isolation model continues to be in male subjects.
Social Organization and Home Range of Roosevelt Elk

Social organization of Roosevelt elk ( Cervus canadensis roosevelti ) and its interrelationship to habitat use was studied at Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park, California. Behavior and movements were observed in the Gold Bluffs Beach herd, whose size ranged between two and 27 and averaged 16 members. This matriarchal herd was a semistable association in which elk entered and left the group freely. The adult females and their calves formed the most constant part of the herd. Other sex and age classes were less attached to this cow-calf nucleus. Older cows usually dominated younger ones. Cow herd composition was most stable for the seven months from November through May. Division of the cow herd into smaller units was high during calving, post-calving, and rutting periods. As males increased in age from yearlings to adults, they left the herd and joined groups of males. Males associated with the cow herd more often in winter than during other seasons. The size of groups of elk was largest on the prairies, smallest in the brushland, and most variable in cutover redwood forest. The home range was a 9.6-kilometer long and 100 to 450-meter wide strip of beach and coastal prairie with a surface area of three square kilometers. Use of the home range's three ecological regions was highly correlated with available forage (r = .98). The herd spent over half its time within the central fourth of its home range, an area with a relative abundance of preferred herbaceous perennial forage. Although no active defense was observed, the central area was exclusively occupied by the tagged study herd and no other groups of elk were ever seen there.
A 3D EULER / NAVIER-STOKES AEROELASTIC CODE FOR PROPULSION APPLICATIONS

This paper describes the development and verification of an aeroelastic code (TURBO-AE) based on an Euler / Navier-Stokes unsteady aerodynamic code (TURBO). The aeroelastic formulation is described. The modeling of the dynamics of the blade using a modal method is detailed, along with the grid deformation procedure used to model the elastic deformation of the blade. The work-per-cycle method used to evaluate aeroelastic stability is described. Representative results are presented for a helical fan test configuration used to verify the code. Results included are for both zero and non-zero interblade phase angles. Excellent agreement with linear theory is seen in all cases. Some representative results are also presented for a realistic compressor configuration. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the development thus far, and some plans for further development and validation of the TURBO-AE code.
American Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford, Connecticut

sis of the Shakespearean original but offers instead a series of allusions to that original, so that at least a part of the audience's experience consists in recalling the larger contexts to which the theatrical performance alludes. I propose as the name for this genre of plays the term "shadows," Theseus' name for the mechanicals' version of "Pyramus and Thisbe." In either case, the audience's imagination is expected to "amend them." There is one modern playwright who has recognized this genre and made it peculiarly his own. I am thinking of the author of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, which may be considered the twentieth-century "shadow" of Hamlet. More recently Stoppard has given us the brilliantly entertaining Dogg's Hamlet and Cahoot's Macbeth, which between them say perhaps all there is to say about the genre I have tried to define.
Further Remarks on the Relationships of the Grackles of the Subgenus Quiscalus

In the 'Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History' for 1892 (Vol. IV, pp 1-20) I published a "Preliminary Study" of the relationships of the Bronzed, Purple and Florida Grackles. It showed that the Bronzed Grackle breeds from the Rio Grande Valley west to the Rocky Mountains, north to Great Slave Lake and Newfoundland, east to Connecticut and the Alleghanies; that the Florida Grackle ranged from Florida north to South Carolina and west to Louisiana, while the Purple Grackle occupied the area intervening between the ranges of the Bronzed and Florida birds. It was also shown that throughout its vast range, the Bronzed Grackle varied significantly in color only when it came in contact with the Purple Grackle with which it then completely intergraded. This intergradation was proven, by breeding specimens, to occur from Massachusetts to Pennsylvania but it was believed that it would take place wherever the breeding ranges of the two birds came together. The Florida Grackle, at least in peninsular Florida and north to Charleston, was shown also to be constant in color but the Purple Grackle was found to be so variable that it was described under three phases of color, (1) the bottle-green, (2) the bronze purple, (3) the brassy bluish-green. In my original paper I expressed a belief that the Bronzed Grackle is a species which intergrades with the Purple Grackle by hybridization, the hybrid being phase No. 3 of the latter; while the Florida Grackle was considered the highest development of phase No. 1 of the Purple Grackle. Further studies confirm my belief in the specific standing of a-neus and of its hybridization with the Purple Grackle, which I now find is accomplished in Louisiana, just as it is in the northern states, through phase No. 3 of the Purple Grackle. But instead of considering the Florida Grackle an offshoot of the Purple Grackle, I now take the opposite view and believe that the Florida bird is the ancestral form. This view is the logical outcome of a theory which introduces the climatic influences exerted by the last Glacial Period as fundamental factors in creating the conditions we observe to-day. It seems clear that, in order to hybridize, the ranges of the forms concerned must come together, and it seems equally clear that, in order to come together, they must previously have been apart. Whether, as my colleague Mr. J. T. Zimmer suggests, the ranges of the Bronzed and Purple Grackles may have been continuous prior to the last Glacial Period, there is certainly ground for the theory that during the height of this Period their ranges were disconnected. To the climatic influences of this time Dr. J. A. Allen was
Research on XML Language Query Standards & Its Technology

The XML Language query standards issued through W3C was introduced,however XPath and XQuery took LORE system of Stamford University,USA,as its example.Detail description was made of actual practice in XML Language query implementation.Finally,the generally used coding technique and different methods were proposed to support XML query.
Optic pathway tumors.

Optic pathway tumors refer to glial tumors that involve the anterior visual axis, i.e., the optic nerve chiasm and tract. Because of their indolent nature, there has been little consensus regarding when or how to treat these tumors. From 15% to 35% of optic pathway tumors have been associated with neurofibromatosis. Upon evidence of progression of an intraorbital mass, surgery, although sacrificing vision, may provide a complete cure. For tumors that present intracranially, treatment consists of biopsy when appropriate, followed by adjuvant therapy, i.e., radiation or chemotherapy. This article reviews the above issues and the anatomy, presentation, and natural history of tumors of this anatomic region.
M2 TRANSITIONS IN NUCLEI.

A survey of experimental data about $M2$ transitions between low-lying nuclear states shows that the great majority of transitions in nuclei with $Ag30$ is severely inhibited. For heavy nuclei with a permanent deformation, the inhibition can be ascribed either to $K$ forbiddenness or to an asymptotic selection rule. Even when a permanent deformation is not present, the effect of this selection rule may persist, and it can lead to $M2$ transitions whose lifetimes are several hundred times the single-particle estimate. In light nuclei, some transitions are inhibited by an isobaric-spin effect. Theroetical values are obtained for comparison with some recently measured $M2$ lifetimes in the region around $A=40$. Both quadrupole deformation and the isobaric-spin effect can contribute to inhibitions in this region. The isobaric-spin effect is sufficient to account for the lifetimes in ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{41}$. For nuclei further removed from ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$, the effect of deformation is also necessary. In some simple examples we show that such a trend results from the nature of the particle-hole interaction.
Using a Web GIS Plate Tectonics Simulation to Promote Geospatial Thinking

ABSTRACT Learning with Web-based geographic information system (Web GIS) can promote geospatial thinking and analysis of georeferenced data. Web GIS can enable learners to analyze rich data sets to understand spatial relationships that are managed in georeferenced data visualizations. We developed a Web GIS plate tectonics simulation as a capstone learning activity in an undergraduate Earth Science course that integrated geological and geophysical data sets to allow students to dynamically reconstruct ancient plate motions. To assess the effectiveness of the Web GIS tectonics simulation, all 12 students in the course submitted three artifacts that were assessed with a reliable, criterion-based rubric. The students also completed a survey to assess the effectiveness of the online interface and its capability to promote geospatial thinking. The students preformed quite well on the assignment. The survey results supported that the students perceived the Web GIS tectonics simulation as having helped them thin...
ACUTE CHEST SYNDROME with RESPIRATORY Syncytial VIRUS and SEASONAL INFLUENZA In CHILDREN with SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Abstract 4845 Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been recognized as a cause of acute chest syndrome (ACS) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, the proportion of children with RSV and SCD that are admitted to hospital or develop ACS is unknown. In studies of young children without SCD, RSV has traditionally been associated with more hospitalizations in the first three years of life then influenza has. To compare the relative severity of RSV vs. seasonal influenza in children with SCD, we compared the clinical characteristics and complications associated with these infections at a single tertiary care hospital. Methods: We defined a case as laboratory-confirmed RSV infection in a patient Results: We identified 47 patients with SCD and RSV and 76 with influenza during the study period. Clinical symptoms, such as reported fever (83% vs. 89%), cough (98% vs. 93%), and rhinorrhea (90% vs. 80%), were similar for RSV and influenza as were complications, including acute chest syndrome (Table). Treatments given for RSV and influenza including antibacterials (100% vs. 97%), transfusions (7% vs. 11%), and invasive ventilation (4% vs. 0%, p=0.15),with possibly more bronchodilator use for RSV (50% vs. 33%, p=0.055). In a multivariable logistic regression model, older age (OR 1.3 per year, 95% CI 1.04 –1.5, P=.02) and increased white blood cell count (WBC) at presentation (OR 1.2 per 1000/ul increase, 95% CI 1.03 – 1.4, P=0.02) were independently associated with increased risk of ACS in children with RSV. Discussion: Laboratory confirmed RSV infection was predominantly identified in infants and toddlers, while influenza infection was identified in children of all ages. This parallels RSV hospitalizations in the general population, where children are most likely to be hospitalized in the first few years of life. Both older age and high WBC at presentation may be a risk factor for more severe disease. This is unlikely to reflect referral bias (with only the sickest older children being referred for tertiary pediatric care) as a similar pattern was not seen for influenza infection. We conclude that RSV infection is often associated with ACS and similar in severity to influenza infection in children with SCD. An episode of ACS in the first three years of life was associated with more frequent ACS episodes later in childhood in the Dallas Newborn cohort. Since a significant proportion of patients with RSV develop ACS at a young age, RSV infection may represent a modifiable risk factor for recurrent ACS. An area for further study would be the efficacy or cost effectiveness of prevention of RSV-related hospitalizations. Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody to RSV, has been shown to prevent complications related to RSV in other high risk groups and could be considered as an intervention in SCD that may decrease morbidity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Energy Scenarios for the U.S.

In this lecture I will talk about the U.S. only and this is both a strength and a weakness. It is a strength because the U.S. maintains good statistical records and a weakness because international issues pay an increasingly important part in the energy policy of the Western countries.
LINE-1 couples EMT programming with acquisition of oncogenic phenotypes in human bronchial epithelial cells

Although several lines of evidence have established the central role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) in malignant progression of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), the molecular events connecting EMT to malignancy remain poorly understood. This study presents evidence that Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon couples EMT programming with malignancy in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). This conclusion is supported by studies showing that: 1) activation of EMT programming by TGF-β1 increases LINE-1 mRNAs and protein; 2) the lung carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene coregulates TGF-β1 and LINE-1 mRNAs, with LINE-1 positioned downstream of TGF-β1 signaling; and, 3) forced expression of LINE-1 in BEAS-2B cells recapitulates EMT programming and induces malignant phenotypes and tumorigenesis in vivo. These findings identify a TGFβ1-LINE-1 axis as a critical effector pathway that can be targeted for the development of precision therapies during malignant progression of intractable NSCLCs.
Measuring photoelastic coefficients with Schaefer-Bergmann diffraction

A novel technique for measuring the relative photoelastic coefficients using Schaefer-Bergmann diffraction is introduced and applied to fused silica and α-BaB2O4. The measurements of fused silica agree with the accepted values to within 0.4%, and the α-BaB2O4 measurements are verified with results presented in this paper from the established Dixon method.
A ddPCR Assay for Identification of Autographa gamma (Noctuidae: Plusiinae) in Bulk Trap Samples

The silver Y moth [Autographa gamma (Linneaus) (Noctuidae: Plusiinae)] is a pervasive crop pest in its native range but has not been found in moth surveys in the United States. Specimens of A. gamma are often intercepted at U.S. ports of entry, so the risk of introduction of this invasive species is high. Currently, identification of Plusiinae adults captured in domestic surveys is done by morphlogical comparison; however, this method is time consuming and misidentifications have occurred in the past. A recent study outlined a real-time PCR assay capable of rapidly identifying individual A. gamma specimens using CO1. This same study provided preliminary data for a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay capable of processing bulk trap samples. Here, we develop and test a ddPCR assay for detecting a single A. gamma in a trap sample of 200 individual moths. This assay will drastically reduce the time and cost needed to screen domestic trap samples for A. gamma.
Contours of the energy transition: Investment by international oil and gas companies in renewable energy

Abstract International oil and gas companies are deploying a range of strategies to invest in renewable energy technologies and projects. By now, the IOCs have become substantive players in the renewables market, lending their scale and business expertise to deploying clean energy. But they have seen mixed success in their efforts thus far, and the models IOCs choose to follow as they become interested in deploying renewables are still emerging.
Tailor-Made Pyrazolide-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Selective Catalysis.

The predesignable porous structures in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) render them quite attractive as a host–guest platform to address a variety of important issues at the frontiers of science. In this work, a perfluorophenylene functionalized metalloporphyrinic MOF, namely, PCN-624, has been rationally designed, synthesized, and structurally characterized. PCN-624 is constructed by 12-connected [Ni8(OH)4(H2O)2Pz12] (Pz = pyrazolide) nodes and fluorinated 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl)-porphyrin (TTFPPP) linker with an ftw-a topological net. Notably, PCN-624 exhibits extinguished robustness under different conditions, including organic solvents, strong acid, and base aqueous solutions. The pore surface of PCN-624 is decorated with pendant perfluorophenylene groups. These moieties fabricate densely fluorinated nanocages resulting in the selective guest capture of the material. More importantly, PCN-624 can be employed as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the selec...
Harnessing the anisotropic multistability of stacked-origami mechanical metamaterials for effective modulus programming:

This study examines a three-dimensional, anisotropic multistability of a mechanical meta material based on a stacked Miura-ori architecture, and investigates how such a unique stability property ca...
Robotic Bead Rolling

The robotic workflow proposed analyzes the bead rolling process, its potential digital interpretation, and improved fabrication aspects that accompany such a translation. For this process, a robotic tool has been developed that integrates multiple variables observed from existing bead rolling machines, while simultaneously allowing further control. Material-informed decisions required a series of tests evaluating optimum tool and workflow design. While the process provokes a multitude of potentialities, it has been put towards a structural behavior testing scenario to demonstrate its validity. It attempts to bridge analysis methods with prototyping as means of direct performance testing and evaluation. Deeply rooted within a parametric modeling environment, the workflow creates a single digital interface that links several platforms that otherwise are not in direct communication.
West and East: the Continuity of Persons

This essay, written in connection with a conference on Rethinking Religion in India, questions the claim of Professor S. N. Balagangadhara that a conception of persons as possessed of intentionality and choice is “almost unintelligible” to “the Indian mind.”
Understanding crowdfunding for business funding – a legal and platform review

Significant research works explore the broadly used and successful rewards-based crowdfunding (CF) platforms, including the key motives for both creators and funders. This paper aims to examine whether the motives identified by previous researchers for rewards-based CF also apply to peer-to-peer (P2P) CF.,This research includes a review of current laws, as well as a focus on participant motives to participate in P2P CF. It also looks at how these motives differ between P2P CF and rewards-based CF. The CF platforms were then analyzed by characteristic to identify the current qualities of P2P platforms.,This research shows that though there are some common underlying motives, the differences will demand a new participant approach and a P2P CF platform that are notably different from those that support rewards-based CF.,This research is limited by the relative newness of both the Jumpstart our Business Startups Act and the P2P CF sites.,As more P2P CF platforms are created, additional research on the ability to manage investors, create effective project plans and identify keys to successful projects will further the understanding.,There is little research today, however, that connects the qualities of successful rewards-based CF to successful P2P CF platforms. In addition, regulations connected with P2P CF are not clearly defined and enforcement is not well understood.
Women’s Participation in the Jordanian Military and Police: An Exploration of Perceptions and Aspirations:

Cross-national research contends that women’s military participation has been associated with military function and organization, social structure, culture, and political factors. This exploratory ...
Understanding Identity and Positioning for Responsive Critical Literacies.

This article revisits questions on the utility of identity in literacy studies. Following a review of the range of conceptions of identity and framings of its uses, we argue that identity-as-positi...
10 HIV/AIDS

Health psychologists have played a pivotal role in the prevention and care of HIV disease. Biopsychosocial and behavioral interventions in HIV/AIDS have generally focused on reducing the incidence of HIV (primary prevention) and, to a lesser extent, reducing the prevalence and severity of HIV (secondary prevention). In this chapter, we review the primary and secondary prevention efforts that have led to reductions in the rates of HIV transmission. We focus our review on research conducted in the United States but include illustrative findings from international trials. We conclude the chapter by identifying important research needs and outlining our expectations regarding future developments. Keywords: HIV; AIDS; intervention; prevention; behavior; adherence
Hospital Volume Improves Primary, Revision, and Delayed Cleft Palate Repair.

BACKGROUND High volume centers (HVC) is commonly associated with increased resources and improved patient outcomes. This study assesses efficacy and outcomes of high volume centers in cleft palate repair. METHODS Cleft palate procedures were identified in the Kids' Inpatient Database from 2003-2009. Demographics, perioperative factors, co-morbidities, and complications in HVC (90th percentile, >48 cases/year) and non-high volume centers (NHVC) were compared across various cohorts of cleft repair. RESULTS Four thousand five hundred sixty-three (61.7%) total cleft palate surgeries were performed in HVC and 3388 (38.3%) were performed in NHVC. The NHVC treated a higher percentage of Medicaid patients (P = 0.005) and patients from low-income quartiles (P = 0.018). HVC had larger bedsizes (P <0.001), were more often government/private owned (P <0.001), and were more often teaching hospitals (P <0.001) located predominantly in urban settings (P <0.001). The HVC treated patients at younger ages (P = 0.008) and performed more concurrent procedures (P = 0.047). The most common diagnosis at HVC was complete cleft palate with incomplete cleft lip, while the most common diagnosis at NHVC was incomplete cleft palate without lip. Overall, length of stay and specific complication rates were lower in HVC (P = 0.048, P = 0.042). Primaries at HVCs showed lower pneumonia (P = 0.009) and specific complication rates (P = 0.023). Revisions at HVC were associated with older patients, fewer cardiac complications (P = 0.040), less wound disruption (P = 0.050), but more hemorrhage (P = 0.040).
Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac cachexia, loss of muscle mass associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), is associated with increased morbidity and shorter survival times in people, but an association between cardiac cachexia and survival has not been reported in dogs. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of cachexia and its associations with clinical, laboratory, and survival data in dogs with CHF. ANIMALS: Two hundred sixty‐nine dogs with CHF. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. Cachexia was defined by 1 of 2 definitions: (1) mild, moderate, or severe muscle loss or (2) weight loss of ≥5% in 12 months or less. Variables were compared between dogs with and without cachexia. RESULTS: One hundred thirty of 269 dogs (48.3%) had cardiac cachexia based on muscle loss, whereas 67 of 159 dogs (42.1%) with pre‐evaluation body weights had cachexia based on weight loss. Dogs with cachexia (based on muscle loss) were significantly older (P = .05), more likely to have a cardiac arrhythmia (P = .02), had higher chloride concentrations (P = .04), and had a lower body condition score (P < .001), hematocrit (P = .006), hemoglobin (P = .006), and albumin (P = .004) concentrations. On multivariable analysis, cachexia (P = .05), clinically important tachyarrhythmias (P < .001), azotemia (P < .001), and being under‐ or overweight (both P = .003) were associated with shorter survival times. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Cardiac cachexia in common in dogs with CHF and is associated with significantly shorter survival. This emphasizes the importance of preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle loss in dogs with CHF.
Classifying Ego-Vehicle Road Maneuvers from Dashcam Video

A key challenge for self-driving vehicle researchers is to curate massive instrumented vehicle data sets. A common task in their development workflow is to extract video segments that meet particular criteria, such as a particular road scenario or vehicle maneuver. We present a novel approach for detecting vehicle maneuvers from monocular dash-cam video building upon a deep learning visual odometry model (DeepV2D) to estimate frame-accurate ego-vehicle movement. We classify movement sequences against reference maneuvers using dynamic time warping and simple heuristics. We show that using deep learning visual odometry to estimate location is superior to consumer-grade high-resolution GPS for this application. We describe and implement a greedy approach to classify maneuvers and evaluate our approach on non-trivial road maneuvers, finding an overall AUROC value of 0.84.
Identifying global hotspots of avian trailing-edge population diversity

Abstract Climate change is causing the ranges of many species to shift poleward and to higher elevations. Trailing-edge populations near the low-latitude edge of a shifting range are predicted to be at high risk of climate-induced extinction, but conservation efforts are hindered by a lack of information about the global distribution of trailing-edge populations. We used a large spatial dataset on the ranges of nearly all extant avian species to identify potential hotspots where trailing-edge populations represent a large proportion of the total avifauna. We identified potential trailing-edge population hotspots by isolating and overlaying low latitude regions of species’ ranges, and computing the proportion of total species richness in a location comprised of low-latitude populations. We identified potential hotspots on all continents other than Antarctica. Potential trailing-edge population diversity was highest near the equator, low-latitude margins of mountain ranges, desert edges, and along coastlines. Because a potential trailing-edge population hotspot might not be an actual trailing-edge population hotspot if the low-latitude populations are not declining, information on population trends is necessary for confirmation. As a case study, we focused on one of the identified hotspots, the Southern Appalachian Mountains, where our analysis indicated that 30 bird species have potential trailing-edge populations. Even though more population studies have been conducted in the Appalachian Mountains than in most of the other potential hotspots that we identified, there was insufficient information available from the high elevations where these species occur to make strong inferences about population declines. Our research highlights the need for a concerted effort to gather more information about population trends in the regions we identified as potential hotspots of trailing-edge population diversity.
Optical Metrology and Computer Tomography for Measurement of Temperature and Density

This paper is a brief tutorial introduction to the application of holographic interferometry to measurements in transparent media. Emphasis is on quantitative evaluation of interferograms. Interferometric measurements of transparent media are relevant to industrial and research work in stress analysis, flow visualization, aerodynamics, heat transfer and plasma diagnostics. Of particular interest is the use of computer tomography for analysis of interferometric data to produce measurements of two- and three-dimensional fields. Although the discussion of the field of holographic interferometry is general, most illustrative applications are drawn from work in the author’s laboratory at The University of Michigan.
MeXT-SE: A Design Tool to Transparently Generate Secure MPSoC

Hardware accelerators are increasingly employed in conjunction with general-purpose processors to meet stringent performance constraints. In these heterogeneous systems, security has become a prime concern. In this article, we present a design approach to generate platform-independent secure multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoC) from a high-level abstraction. The aim of this article is to simplify the implementation of MPSoC, while ensuring security. The proposed design flow starts with a set of abstract and concrete specifications of a system, provided by the user, and ends up generating a generic description of the appropriate hardware design by setting up the communication structure of different components. The resulting abstract architecture is further processed using the vendor tool-chain to generate the target platform’s configuration. To enforce security, we proposed a distributed isolation framework for multilevel security, resource assess control including access to and from hardware accelerators. From a user specification, the security layer is transparently generated and security rules and requirements transparently enforced at run-time. Experimentation results show that our proposed tool can generate MPSoC designs capable of providing secure hardware execution with negligible execution overhead.
Characterization of the joint effects of tridiphane and paraquat in soybean

Investigations were conducted to determine the effect of tridiphane on paraquat-induced injury in field-grown plants. Tridiphane was applied one day prior to paraquat and concurrently with paraquat to field plots containing soybean, com, and giant foxtail plants. Visual ratings of percent necrotic leaf injury indicate that, in each species, the addition of tridiphane to paraquat increased leaf injury compared to the injury produced by an equal dosage of paraquat alone. This may indicate an increased level of oxidative stress in tridiphane treated leaf tissue. Investigations of the effects of pretreatment with tridiphane on paraquatinduced inhibition of soybean plant growth indicate that, in 1986, under environmental conditions that inhibited growth in plant height, tridiphane increased the potency of paraquatinduced inhibition of height accumulation compared to the inhibition produced by paraquat applied alone. However, in 1987, environmental conditions did not inhibit soybean plant growth, and tridiphane did not increase the potency of paraquatinduced inhibition of soybean height or dry weight accumulation. These results indicate exposure to tridiphane may affect the potency of paraquat only under certain environmental conditions. Soybean plants exposed to tridiphane appeared to develop less new leaf tissue, and in 1987, accumulated plant height less rapidly than plants not exposed to tridiphane. This inhibition of new growth by tridiphane may have contributed to the increases in paraquat-induced leaf injury and inhibition of plant height accumulation. Nomenclature: tridiphane, 2-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,2,2-trichloroethy1)oxirane: paraquat, 1'1-
Self-Management in Nutrition and Exercise

Chronic disease is a burden to patients and healthcare systems around the world, compromising patient welfare and creating exorbitant costs. Lifestyle interventions such as self-management to support appropriate nutrition and exercise can effectively prevent, manage, and cure various chronic diseases. However, patients struggle to incorporate proper nutrition and exercise regimens in their daily lives; one in four adults do not meet the World Health Organization’s physical activity guidelines, and global rates of obesity have tripled in the past 30 years. As a result, rates of chronic disease and related complications are on the rise. Simultaneously, the fitness industry has experienced paralleled growth. The global expansion of health clubs and gyms has produced 50% growth in revenue over the last decade. In 2018, the Global Wellness Institute estimated the physical activity economy to be worth 828 billion US dollars, with projections for continued growth. Nutrition and exercise professionals are becoming liaisons between formal healthcare recommendations and patients in need of lifestyle interventions. This chapter will describe the context of fitness facilities, explain the rationale for self-management in the industry, and assist fitness professionals to facilitate improved health behaviors.
Damage control laparotomy in trauma: a pilot randomized controlled trial. The DCL trial.

Background Although widely used in treating severe abdominal trauma, damage control laparotomy (DCL) has not been assessed in any randomized controlled trial. We conducted a pilot trial among patients for whom our surgeons had equipoise and hypothesized that definitive laparotomy (DEF) would reduce major abdominal complications (MAC) or death within 30 days compared with DCL. Methods Eligible patients undergoing emergency laparotomy were randomized during surgery to DCL or DEF from July 2016 to May 2019. The primary outcome was MAC or death within 30 days. Prespecified frequentist and Bayesian analyses were performed. Results Of 489 eligible patients, 39 patients were randomized (DCL 18, DEF 21) and included. Groups were similar in demographics and mechanism of injury. The DEF group had a higher Injury Severity Score (DEF median 34 (IQR 20, 43) vs DCL 29 (IQR 22, 41)) and received more prerandomization blood products (DEF median red blood cells 8 units (IQR 6, 11) vs DCL 6 units (IQR 2, 11)). In unadjusted analyses, the DEF group had more MAC or death within 30 days (1.71, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.63, p=0.159) due to more deaths within 30 days (DEF 33% vs DCL 0%, p=0.010). Adjustment for Injury Severity Score and prerandomization blood products reduced the risk ratio for MAC or death within 30 days to 1.54 (95% CI 0.71 to 3.32, p=0.274). The Bayesian probability that DEF increased MAC or death within 30 days was 85% in unadjusted analyses and 66% in adjusted analyses. Conclusion The findings of our single center pilot trial were inconclusive. Outcomes were not worse with DCL and, in fact, may have been better. A randomized clinical trial of DCL is feasible and a larger, multicenter trial is needed to compare DCL and DEF for patients with severe abdominal trauma. Level of evidence Level II.
Identifying Consumer Preferences From User-Generated Content on Amazon.Com by Leveraging Machine Learning

Inexperienced consumers may have high uncertainty about experience goods that require technical knowledge and skills to operate effectively; therefore, experienced consumers’ prior reviews can be useful for inexperienced consumers. However, one-sided review systems (e.g., Amazon) only provide the opportunity for consumers to write a review as a buyer and contain no feedback from the seller’s side, so the information displayed about individual buyers is limited. Therefore, this study analyzes consumers’ digital footprints (DFs) for programmable thermostats to identify and predict unobserved consumer preferences, using a dataset of 141 million Amazon reviews. This paper proposes novel approaches (1) to identify unobserved consumer characteristics and preferences by analyzing the target consumers’ and other prior reviewers’ DFs; (2) to extract product-specific product content dimensions (PCDs) from review text data; (3) to predict individual consumers’ sentiment before they make a purchase or write a review; (4) to classify consumers’ sentiment toward a specific PCD by using context-based word embedding and deep learning models. Overall, this approach developed in this paper is applicable, scalable, and interpretable for distinguishing important drivers of consumer reviews for different goods in a specific industry and can be used by industry to design customer-oriented marketing strategies.
Single-variable porous nanomaterial series from polymer structure-directing agents

Block polymer structure-directing agents (SDA) enable the production of porous nanoscale materials. Most strategies rely upon polymer equilibration where diverse morphologies are realized in porous functional materials. This review details how solvent selectivity determines the polymer SDA behaviors, spanning from bulk-type to solution-type. Equilibrating behavior of either type, however, obscures nanostructure cause-and-effect since the resulting sample series convolve multiple spatial variations. Solution-type SDA behaviors include both dynamic and persistent micelles. Persistent micelle templates (PMT) use high solvent selectivity for kinetic entrapment. PMTs enable independent wall thickness control with demonstrated 2 A precision alterations. Unimodal PMT pore size distributions have spanned from 11.8 to 109 nm and multimodal pore sizes up to 290 nm. The PMT method is simple to validate with diffraction models and is feasible in any laboratory. Finally, recent energy device publications enabled by PMT are reviewed where tailored nanomaterials provide a unique perspective to unambiguously identify nanostructure–property–performance relationships.
Spaced training enhances equine learning performance.

This field experiment examined whether the well-documented benefit of spaced over massed training for humans and other animals generalizes to horses. Twenty-nine randomly selected horses (Equus ferus caballus) repeatedly encountered a novel obstacle-crossing task while under saddle. Horses were randomly assigned to the spaced-training condition (2 min work, 2 min rest, 2 min work, 2 min rest) or the massed-training condition (4 min work, 4 min rest). Total training time per session and total rest per session were held constant. Days between sessions (M = 3) were held as consistent as possible given the constraints of conducting research on a working ranch and safety-threatening weather conditions. During each training session, the same hypothesis-naive rider shaped horses to cross a novel obstacle. Fifteen of 16 horses in the spaced-training condition reached performance criterion (94% success) while only 5 of 13 horses in the massed-training condition reached performance criterion (39% success). Horses in the spaced-training condition also initiated their first obstacle-crossing faster than horses in the massed-training condition and were faster at completing eight crossings than horses in the massed-training condition. Overall, task acquisition was higher for horses undergoing spaced training despite both groups experiencing the same total work and rest time per session. These findings generalize the learning-performance benefit observed in human spaced practice to horses and offer applied benefit to equine training.
The Biologic Significance of Glycoprotein Hormone Oligosaccharides

The glycoprotein hormones lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), thyrotropin (TSH), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are dimeric proteins. They consist of a common a subunit and highly homologous, but hormone-specific, β subunits (Fig. 1). Even though the structures of the glycoprotein hormones are closely related at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, the structures of their Asn-linked oligosaccharides differ. LH and TSH bear oligosaccharides which terminate with the unique sequence SO44GalNAcβ1, 4GlcNAcβ1, 2Manα (S4GGnM) whereas FSH and CG bear oligosaccharides which terminate with the sequence sialic acid α2, 3/6Galβ1, 4GlcNAcβ1, 2Manα (Baenziger and Green 1991; Green and Baenziger 1988a, b; Green et al. 1985b; Endo et al. 1979; Mizuochi and Kobata 1980). The synthesis of these sulfated oligosaccharides reflects the activity of two highly specific enzymes, a GalNAc-transferase and a sulfotransferase.
Policy and Procedures for Using Mutagenicity Data in Assessing Genetic Risk

Before a regulatory agency such as the U.S. Environmental Proection Agency (EPA) can use mutagenicity data to assess genetic risk, many societal and bureaucratic events must occur. First, the Congress must recognize the need for environmental legislation to protect the public and the environment against exposure to harmful toxicants. This recognition is initiated primarily by public episodes and awareness, such as the kepone and PCB incidences, which prompt the Federal Government to take appropriate action through legislation.
Epidemiology and Genetic Background of HIV-1 Strains Circulating in Shandong, China

Shandong is a relatively developed coastal province in China with 17 cities, a population of 91.23 million, and increasing numbers of HIV/AIDS cases. We investigated the epidemiology of circulating HIV-1 strains from 97 HIV-1 infected cases from 1992 to 2004 in Shandong. Fragments of HIV-1 env C2-V3, gag P17/P24, 1st exon of tat and adjacent region were PCR amplified and sequenced, followed by phylogenetic, homology and recombination analysis. We found 7 circulating HIV-1 subtypes/CRFs, which are B' (75.3%), CRF01_AE (10.3%), CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC (i.e. B'/C, 4.1% respectively), B, C and CRF02_AG (2.1% respectively). Subtype B' was found mostly in paid blood donors, while B'/C recombinants were primarily in injecting drug users. The remaining subtypes distributed mainly in sexually transmitted subjects. Genetic divergence and amino acid sequence analysis showed that B' strains are closely related to B.CN.RL42; B'/C strains to 97CN54A and 97CNGX6F; CRF01_AE strains to 01_ae.th.90.cm2; CRF02_AG, C and B strains were related to standard strains from Cameroon, Ethiopia and America, respectively. Genetic divergence of env of B' strain showed that it started circulating in Shandong 7–10 years ago. The large strain variation and occurrence of CRFs signify the rapidly increasing HIV-1 epidemic in Shandong, and have implications for vaccine design. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present

Immigration, Ethnicity, and National Identity in Brazil, 1808 to the Present examines the immigration to Brazil of millions of Europeans, Asians and Middle Easterners beginning in the nineteenth century. Jeffrey Lesser analyzes how these newcomers and their descendants adapted to their new country and how national identity was formed as they became Brazilians along with their children and grandchildren. Lesser argues that immigration cannot be divorced from broader patterns of Brazilian race relations, as most immigrants settled in the decades surrounding the final abolition of slavery in 1888 and their experiences were deeply conditioned by ideas of race and ethnicity formed long before their arrival. This broad exploration of the relationships between immigration, ethnicity and nation allows for analysis of one of the most vexing areas of Brazilian study: identity.
Longitudinal Analysis of Opioid Analgesic Dose and Diabetes Quality of Care Measures

Objective To examine associations of opioid analgesic dose with quality of care for diabetes mellitus. Design Longitudinal statewide cohort. Subjects Subjects with diabetes filled one or more prescriptions for Schedule II/III opioids for noncancer pain in Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas from 2008 through 2012. Methods Opioid dose and outcomes were assessed in 6-month intervals after first filled prescription. Two morphine equivalent dose measures were daily dose and quartiles of total dose from all filled prescriptions. In fixed effects models adjusted for clinical and treatment variables, associations of opioid measures were examined for five outcomes: hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) test, any hospitalization, any diabetes-related preventable hospitalization, and any emergency department (ED) visit. Results All daily and total opioid doses were associated ( P 900 mg), respectively, vs no opioids but >900 mg total dose had the lowest AOR for LDL testing (0.74 [CI 0.68, 0.80]). The AORs of any hospitalization or diabetes-related hospitalization were, respectively, 8.19 (CI 7.21, 9.30) and 2.76 (CI 2.19, 3.48) for >900 mg total dose but only 6.22 (CI 4.94, 7.83) and 2.16 (CI 1.34, 3.48) for >100 mg daily dose. Both opioid measures had nonmonotonic associations with ED use. Conclusions Daily opioid dose but especially total dose of opioids was strongly associated with poorer diabetes quality of care in a statewide cohort.