cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Initiation-Promotion-Progression Model of Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis:

Carcinogenesis is a multistage process consisting of the three distinct stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. The initiation-promotion-progression (IPP) protocol models these stages and establishes a method whereby agents that possess a carcinogenic risk can be classified as acting primarily at any one or combination of these stages. In one hepatocarcinogenesis IPP protocol, rats were initiated with 10 mg of diethylnitrosamine/kg body wt at 5 days of age, started on the promoting agent phenobarbital at weaning, subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy at 6 months, and, at the peak of proliferation, given a putative progressor agent, ethylnitrosourea ([ENU] 100 mg/kg, ip) or hydroxy-urea ([HU] 3 x 150 mg/kg, ip). Administration of the promoting agent was discontinued after the progressor agent was given, and the rats were sacrificed 6 months later. The number and volume fraction of promoter-independent (growth in the absence of the promoting agent) altered hepatic foci (AHF) were then determined by quantitative stereology. The number of such AHF increased with either ENU or HU treatment compared with animals not given a progressor agent. In addition, hepatocytes isolated from animals subjected to an IPP regimen with ENU as the progressor agent exhibited a greater degree of chromosomal breakage and aneuploidy than animals not given a second initiator. A variation of this model, in which the promoting agent was maintained after administration of the progressor agent, was examined. In this IPP model, the number of heterogeneous AHF (foci-in-foci) increased after application of the progressor agent (ENU or HU). An increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was also observed in animals subjected to the IPP protocol when promotion was maintained until sacrifice. Thus, the characteristics of progression--increased chromosomal damage, aneuploidy, growth of AHF in the absence of continued tumor promotion, the presence of foci-in-foci, and an increased incidence of malignant neoplasia--have been used as end points for the demonstration of progressor activity by ENU. In addition, the potential progressor activity of HU and benzene has been demonstrated with the IPP model of rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
Influence networks based on coexpression improve drug target discovery for the development of novel cancer therapeutics

The demand for novel molecularly targeted drugs will continue to rise as we move forward toward the goal of personalizing cancer treatment to the molecular signature of individual tumors. However, the identification of targets and combinations of targets that can be safely and effectively modulated is one of the greatest challenges facing the drug discovery process. A promising approach is to use biological networks to prioritize targets based on their relative positions to one another, a property that affects their ability to maintain network integrity and propagate information-flow. Here, we introduce influence networks and demonstrate how they can be used to generate influence scores as a network-based metric to rank genes as potential drug targets. We use this approach to prioritize genes as drug target candidates in a set of ER + breast tumor samples collected during the course of neoadjuvant treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. We show that influential genes, those with high influence scores, tend to be essential and include a higher proportion of essential genes than those prioritized based on their position (i.e. hubs or bottlenecks) within the same network. Additionally, we show that influential genes represent novel biologically relevant drug targets for the treatment of ER + breast cancers. Moreover, we demonstrate that gene influence differs between untreated tumors and residual tumors that have adapted to drug treatment. In this way, influence scores capture the context-dependent functions of genes and present the opportunity to design combination treatment strategies that take advantage of the tumor adaptation process. Influence networks efficiently find essential genes as promising drug targets and combinations of targets to inform the development of molecularly targeted drugs and their use.
Parametric effects of syntactic-semantic conflict in Broca's area during sentence processing.

The hypothesized role of Broca’s area in sentence processing ranges from domain-general executive function to domain-specific computation that is specific to certain syntactic structures. We examined this issue by manipulating syntactic structure and conflict between syntactic and semantic cues in a sentence processing task. Functional neuroimaging revealed that activation within several Broca’s area regions of interest reflected the parametric variation in syntactic–semantic conflict. These results suggest that Broca’s area supports sentence processing by mediating between multiple incompatible constraints on sentence interpretation, consistent with this area’s well-known role in conflict resolution in other linguistic and non-linguistic tasks.
In vitro evaluation of tobramycin and aztreonam versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on cystic fibrosis-derived human airway epithelial cells

OBJECTIVES Aztreonam for inhalation solution (AZLI) was recently approved by the FDA for treating cystic fibrosis (CF) patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here we investigated the effect of aztreonam alone or in combination with tobramycin on P. aeruginosa biofilms grown on CF airway epithelial cells. METHODS P. aeruginosa biofilms, produced by laboratory strains or clinical isolates, were formed on confluent CF airway cells before treatment overnight with aztreonam or tobramycin alone or in combination. Alternatively, antibiotics were added 1 h after bacterial inoculation to assess their ability to impair biofilm formation at 5 h. Bacterial cfu remaining after treatment were then determined by plate counting. RESULTS In the absence of antibiotics, all strains developed biofilms that disrupted CF airway epithelial monolayers overnight. Tobramycin reduced the cfu of all strains grown as biofilms. Aztreonam reduced the cfu of some strains by ∼1 log unit without preserving the integrity of cystic fibrosis airway cell monolayers, while decreasing the biofilms of other clinical isolates by ∼4 log units and protecting the monolayers from being compromised. The combination of aztreonam and tobramycin reduced the cfu of two strains by an additional 0.5 and 2 log units, respectively. Of all the mechanisms explored, Psl exopolysaccharide production might explain the variations in biofilm tolerance to aztreonam in some of the strains. CONCLUSIONS Effects of aztreonam on P. aeruginosa biofilms in the in vitro co-culture model are strain-dependent. The simultaneous application of aztreonam and tobramycin may be beneficial for a subset of CF patients by eliminating susceptible P. aeruginosa strains.
Exploiting split browsers for efficiently protecting user data

Offloading complex tasks to a resource-abundant environment like the cloud, can extend the capabilities of resource constrained mobile devices, extend battery life, and improve user experience. Split browsing is a new paradigm that adopts this strategy to improve web browsing on devices like smartphones and tablets. Split browsers offload computation to the cloud by design; they are composed by two parts, one running on the thin client and one in the cloud. Rendering takes place primarily in the latter, while a bitmap or a simplified web page is communicated to the client. Despite its difference with traditional web browsing, split browsing still suffers from the same types of threats, such as cross-site scripting. In this paper, we propose exploiting the design of split browsers to also utilize cloud resources for protecting against various threats efficiently. We begin by systematically studying split browsing architectures, and then proceed to propose two solutions, in parallel and inline cloning, that exploit the inherent features of this new browsing paradigm to accurately and efficiently protect user data against common web exploits. Our preliminary results suggest that our framework can be efficiently applied to Amazon's Silk, the most widely deployed at the time of writing, split browser.
The kicked rydberg atom: Regular and stochastic motion

Abstract We have investigated the dynamics of a three-dimensional classical Rydberg atom driven by a sequence of pulses. Both the deterministic system with periodic pulses and the closely related “noisy” system with random pulses have been studied in parallel. The Lyapunov exponent is calculated as a function of pulse height and the angular momentum of the initial state. We find differences between noisy and deterministic perturbations to be most pronounced for small pulse heights. Low angular momentum orbits show enhanced diffusion in agreement with recent experimental data for ion-solid interaction.
Subunits of purified calcium channels: a 212-kDa form of alpha 1 and partial amino acid sequence of a phosphorylation site of an independent beta subunit.

Abstract Antibodies prepared against peptides CP2, CP4, and CP5, which occur within the first 1522 amino acid residues of the alpha 1 subunit of dihydropyridine-sensitive skeletal muscle calcium channels, specifically recognized a 175-kDa form of the alpha 1 subunit in immunoblots and immunoprecipitation experiments. In contrast, antibodies prepared against peptide CP1, which represents the C-terminal 18 amino acid residues predicted by cloning and sequence analysis of the alpha 1 subunit, recognized a minor, previously undescribed 212-kDa protein, which is the size predicted for the full length of the alpha 1 subunit from cDNA cloning [Tanabe, T., Takeshima, H., Mikami, A., Flockerzi, V., Takahashi, H., Kangawa, K., Kojima, M., Matsuo, H., Hirose, T. & Numa, S. (1987) Nature (London) 328, 313-318]. Both the 175-kDa and 212-kDa forms were phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and both were present in isolated transverse tubule membranes. The 175-kDa form may arise from posttranslational proteolytic cleavage of the C terminus of the 212-kDa form of the alpha 1 subunit predicted by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis. Partial amino acid sequencing of the 54-kDa beta subunit of the calcium channel indicated this protein was not derived from the proteolytically cleaved C terminus of the alpha 1 subunit. This analysis identified a threonine residue in the sequence (Lys/Arg)-Arg-Pro-Thr-Pro of the beta subunit that was phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylation of this residue in the beta subunit may play a role in modulation of calcium channel function. Separate functional roles of the 175-kDa form of the alpha 1 subunit in excitation-contraction coupling and of the 212-kDa form in ion conductance are proposed.
Improving Patent Examination Efficiency and Quality: An Operations Research Analysis of the USPTO, using Queuing Theory

In recent years, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has proposed a variety of structural reforms to reduce the backlog of pending applications. These proposed reforms have included outsourcing patent examiners' search function to commercial vendors, limiting the number of claims examined in each application, and offering the options of deferred examination and accelerated examination. In 2006, the USPTO proposed a limit on the number of Requests for Continued Examination (RCEs) and "continuing" applications (which the USPTO defines as continuations, continuations-in-part, and divisional applications). What has been lacking in the discussion about these and other proposed reforms is an operations research framework. A quantitative model that can describe the existing system, and that can be adjusted to predict the effects of various functional changes, would provide much needed insight into the effectiveness of the proposed reform. The purpose of this article is to provide a first step in this direction. This article creates a model of the current patent system, using concepts taken from a sub-specialty of operations research known as queuing theory.
Transport and Sustainability

Transport is a major industry that is vital for economic development but at the same time imposes serious burdens on the environment. Transport provides the physical lubrication that allows for industrial growth and trade, but it also is responsible for a wide range of local atmospheric pollution, noise and soil and water contamination, as well as being a large and growing contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable development is generally understood to mean that the current population should leave their heirs a resource base comparable to the one that they inherited. This involves not only environmental factors but also economic and social considerations. It is also a holistic concept that, for example, allows for trade-offs between such things as transport and other activities provided the resource base remains intact. Operationalization of the concept, however, has led to stove piping with notions such as sustainable transport or sustainable mobility lending to efforts to simply optimize within transport. The result has been a series of policy initiatives at various levels of government designed to retain a given level of mobility without depleting the resource base.
Presynaptic Ca2+ Influx at the Inhibitor of the Crayfish Neuromuscular Junction: A Photometric Study at a High Time Resolution

Presynaptic calcium influx at the inhibitor of the crayfish neuromuscular junction was investigated by measuring fluorescence transients generated by calcium-sensitive dyes. This approach allowed u...
Fertility is not a function of geographic distance in Tetrahymena

The fertility of crosses between wild stocks of Tetrahymena americanis (n = 93) and T. hegewischi (n = 52) was not significantly related to the square root of the distance separating the parental stocks. Much of the death was probably caused by age-related damage to the micronucleus. Despite the confounding age-related death, the conclusion that neither species has detectably isolated local populations is supported.
A Review of: “James F. Miskel. Disaster Response and Homeland Security: What Works, What Doesn't.”

Brought to the forefront of public consciousness by the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in August of 2005, disaster response is now a key concern for public off...
An improved method for anaerobic cultures

In previous articles,' it was shown that the various ways of procuring anaerobic conditions are not alike in their effect on bacterial growth, and the conclusion was that anaerobic life is more than life without oxygen, carbon dioxide being needed in some, if not in all, instances. It was also emphasized that anaerobic conditions as produced by alkaline pyrogallic acid were not satisfactory, because it not only removes the oxygen, but all of the carbon dioxide, even that produced by bacteria when they are present in small numbers. It is apparent that the ideal way of producing anaerobic conditions is by not only removing the oxygen, but also preventing the removal of carbon dioxide and even adding, if possible, small quantities of carbon dioxide. Displacement with gases is too elaborate a procedure for routine laboratory work, hence the following method was devised, which is both simple and satisfactory. METHOD
Reciprocity in Ramanujan's Sum

Reciprocity laws have held a special place in the theory of numbers ever since Gauss, at the age of nineteen, proved the first number-theoretic reciprocity law, the law of quadratic reciprocity. Since that time, many reciprocity laws have been discovered. Following a general discussion of reciprocity laws, we present a recently discovered reciprocity law for a well-known function of number theory, Ramanujan's sum [5]. The proofs of the reciprocity law are elementary and use concepts normally presented in an undergraduate number theory course. This is but another example demonstrating that once a fact is known, it is often not too difficult to prove.
The Taxonomic Value of Ovipositors in Some Empoasca Species

Recent researches in the biology and control of certain species of Empoasca Walsh revealed the need of ready means of distinguishing these forms. The work of DeLong (Tech. Bul. 231, U. S. D. A., 1931) on the male genitalia laid a sound basis for the classification of the males of the genus. It is, however, equally or even more desirable to have characters for identifying the species in the female sex. The ovipositors of thirteen reared species were therefore studied carefully with regard to their comparative structures to determine in a preliminary manner whether adequate valvular characters occur on which the classification of the females of the genus could later be based. Most of the material used was reared by F. W. Poos and his staff at Arlington Experiment Farm (P. O. Rosslyn, Va.), in connection with life-history and other studies. The female parents of these specimens had been, for the most part, definitely associated with authentically determined males. A few species, in part recognizable by external characters and reared from nymphs collected on their food plants, were chosen to supplement the material from life-history studies.
Analyzing the impact of modeling choices and assumptions in compartmental epidemiological models

Computational disease spread models can be broadly classified into differential equation-based models EBMs and agent-based models ABMs. We examine these models in the context of illuminating their hidden assumptions and the impact these may have on the model outcomes. Drawing relevant conclusions about the usability of a model requires reliable information regarding its modeling strategy and its associated assumptions. Hence, we aim to provide clear guidelines on the development of these models and delineate important modeling choices that cause the differences between the model outputs. In this study, we present a quantitative analysis of how the choice of model trajectories and temporal resolution continuous versus discrete-event models, coupling between agents instantaneous versus delayed interactions, and progress of patients from one stage of the disease to the next affect the overall outcomes of modeling disease spread. Our study reveals that the magnitude and velocity of the simulated epidemic depends critically on the selection of modeling principles, various assumptions of disease process, and the choice of time advance. In order to inform public health officials and improve reproducibility, these initial decisions of modelers should be carefully considered and recorded when building and documenting an ABM.
WITHDRAWN: An Introduction to Plasma Physics for Materials Processing

This title has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy ). This Book/Chapter has been withdrawn as Elsevier no longer has the publishing rights.
Genomic Alteration–Driven Clinical Trial Designs in Oncology

The established molecular heterogeneity of human cancers necessitates the development of new paradigms to serve as a reliable basis for precision medicine. The assumptions underlying some of the conventional approaches to clinical trial design and analysis are no longer appropriate because of the molecular heterogeneity of tumors of a given primary site. This article reviews some clinical trial designs that have been actively applied in the codevelopment of therapeutics and predictive biomarkers to inform their use in oncology. These include the enrichment design, the basket design, and the umbrella design. Oncology leads most other therapeutic areas in development of personalized or precision medicine. Personalized or precision medicine is practiced daily in oncology on the basis of tumor genomics and may evolve in other therapeutic areas as it has in oncology, rather than according to inherited polymorphisms as so often imagined. Consequently, some of the clinical trial designs described here may serve as a possible blueprint for therapeutic development in fields other than oncology.
Neurons Self-Organize Around Salivary Epithelial Cells in Novel Co-Culture Model

Salivary gland bioengineering requires understanding the interaction between salivary epithelium and surrounding tissues. An important component of salivary glands is the presence of neurons. No previous studies have investigated how neurons and salivary epithelial cells interact in an in vitro co-culture model. In this study, we describe the self-organization of neurons around salivary epithelial cells in co-culture, in a similar fashion to what occurs in native tissue. We cultured primary mouse cortical neurons (m-CN) with a salivary epithelial cell line (Par-C10) on growth factor-reduced Matrigel (GFR-MG) for 4 days. After this time, co-cultures were compared with native salivary glands using confocal microscopy. Our findings indicate that m-CN were able to self-organize basolaterally to salivary epithelial cell clusters in a similar manner to what occurs in native tissue. These results indicate that this model can be developed as a potential platform for studying neuron-salivary epithelial cell interactions for bioengineering purposes.
Comparison of 2 Population Health Management Approaches to Increase Vitamin B12 Monitoring in Patients Taking Metformin

Background: Population health management uses proactive, targeted interventions to improve health outcomes. Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of and time required for 2 pharmacist-driven population health management interventions to improve vitamin B12 monitoring in patients taking metformin. Methods: Physicians were randomized to 1 of 2 population health management interventions. For all patients of physicians assigned to the patient portal intervention, a pharmacist communicated need for vitamin B12 monitoring directly to the patient using an electronic patient portal. For all patients of physicians assigned to the office visit intervention, a pharmacist communicated monitoring recommendations to the physician prior to a scheduled office visit through the electronic health record. The proportion of patients in each group who received vitamin B12 monitoring 30 days after the intervention was quantified. Results: A total of 489 patients of 26 physicians within 5 general internal medicine clinics wh...
Determinants of sensitivity to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in HCT 116 and NCI-H630 human colon carcinoma cells.

The cytotoxicity and metabolism of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (AraC) and its effects on DNA synthesis and integrity were studied in HCT 116 and NCI-H630 human colon cancer cells. In 116 cells, 0.1 microM AraC decreased colony formation by approximately 50%, whereas 1 microM was required in H630 cells. AraCTP levels after a 24-hr AraC exposure were 2.3- to 3.5-fold lower in H630 cells due to increased ability to deaminate AraCMP. AraC DNA levels increased in proportion to AraCTP pools (r = 0.99) and were 2-fold higher in 116 cells after a 24-hr exposure to 0.1 and 1 microM AraC. Although the half-life of AraCTP was 80% of AraC DNA was retained at 24 hr after drug removal. Clonogenic capacity was inversely related to the extent of AraC DNA incorporation. Interference with nascent DNA chain elongation increased with increasing AraC concentration x time. A 24-hr AraC exposure produced a dramatic shift in the elution profile of nascent DNA during a 15-hr elution at pH 12.1; these effects were greater in 116 cells (DNA retained on filter [percentage of control]): 78%, 23%, and 9% with 0.1, 1, and 10 microM AraC versus 84%, 42%, and 18% in H630 cells, respectively. The extent of nascent DNA damage was proportional to AraC DNA content. Net DNA synthesis was potently inhibited during AraC exposure in both lines. H630 cells had partial recovery of DNA synthesis at 24 hr after drug removal, whereas persistent inhibition was noted in 116 cells. A slight excess of double-strand breaks in parental DNA was detected after a 24-hr exposure to 10 microM AraC in 116 cells. The extent of DNA fragmentation was more pronounced 16 hr after drug removal and was greater in 116 cells: 8.5%, 19%, and 21% with 0.1, 1, and 10 microM AraC DNA content, magnitude of nascent DNA damage, duration of DNA synthetic inhibition, and induction of double-stranded DNA fragmentation appeared to be the crucial determinants of lethality.
On the characteristics of local geology and their influence on ground motions generated by the Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region, California

Strong ground motions recorded at 34 sites in the San Francisco Bay region from the Loma Prieta earthquake show marked variations in characteristics dependent on crustal structure and local geological conditions. Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity inferred for sites underlain by “rock” generally occur on the transverse component of motion. They are consistently greater with lower attenuation rates than the corresponding mean value predicted by empirical curves based on previous strong-motion data. Theoretical amplitude distributions and synthetic seismograms calculated for 10-layer models suggest that “bedrock” motions were elevated due in part to the wide-angle reflection of S energy from the base of a relatively thin (25 km) continental crust in the region. Characteristics of geologic and geotechnical units as currently mapped for the San Francisco Bay region show that average ratios of peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement increase with decreasing mean shear-wave velocity. Ratios of peak acceleration for sites on “soil” (alluvium, fill/Bay mud) are statistically larger than those for sites on “hard rock” (sandstone, shale, Franciscan Complex). Spectral ratios establish the existence of predominant site periods with peak amplifications near 15 for potentially damaging levels of ground motion at some sites underlain by alluvium and fill/bay mud. Average spectral amplifications inferred for vertical and the mean horizontal motion are, respectively, (1,1) for sites on the Franciscan Complex (KJf), (1.4, 1.5) for sites on Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks (TMzs), (2.1, 2.0) for sites on the Santa Clara Formation (QTs), (2.3, 2.9) for sites on alluvium (Qal), and (2.1, 4.0) for sites on fill/Bay mud (Qaf/Qhbm). These mean values are not statistically different at the 5% significance level from those inferred from previous low-strain data. Analyses suggest that soil amplification and reflected crustal shear energy were major contributors to levels of ground motion sufficient to cause damage to vulnerable structures at distances near 100 km in the cities of San Francisco and Oakland.
USSR Constitutional Oversight Committee, 1989–91

The Soviet Constitutional Oversight Committee was, by all accounts, a failure. It existed for only two years and during its tenure was not involved in the successful resolution of those constitutional disputes that did arise. Not only did politicians not seek to involve it in the resolution of political conflicts in 1990–91, but when a decision was issued, the committee’s recommendations were most often ignored. Why?
Jewish Messianism and the History of Philosophy: Nonbeing Ensouled, Nonbeing Embodied: Levinas versus Rosenzweig on the Role of the Other in Messianic Anticipation

It is by now a truism that the most dramatic development in American modern Jewish thought since the 1960s, and especially since the 1990s, has been the explosion of work on the writings of Franz Rosenzweig (1886–1929) – the interpretive secondary works, the new translations, the scores of conference papers. Rosenzweig is an ideal standard-bearer for the task of formulating a Jewish philosophy for the postmodern era: his language evokes the texts of the Talmud, Kabbalah, and Maimonides and is ahead of its time insofar as it anticipates the rise of phenomenology in Continental philosophy as well as the linguistic turn of recent French thought and American pragmatism. The multiple “Rosenzweigs” apparent in a reading of the Star of Redemption (first published in 1921) parallel the text's multiple Judaisms: the extensive evocation of the concrete life of Jewish ritual liturgy in the third book, as well as a demythologized view of revelation and religious ethics in the second book. The Star is a book for everyone. Indeed, Rosenzweig may be even better suited than Levinas for the task of providing an organic Jewish philosophy. Levinas is definitely implicated in both the Jewish and postmodern worlds by virtue of his ethical critique of the totalizing humanist systems that reduce the particular to the general, and by virtue of his verifying this critique through a return to Jewish texts, both from the Talmud and from the ethico-Kabbalistic texts of the Lithuanian musar movement.
Effect of Uncertainty of Tensile Strength of Mortar Joints on the Behavior of Masonry Walls under Lateral Loads

AbstractAnalyzing the behavior of a masonry structure is a complex issue due to the complicated nature of masonry. Moreover, random spatial variation of masonry properties due to workmanship quality makes the prediction of its behavior even harder. This paper studies the effect of random spatial variability of mortar joint properties on the lateral strength of masonry walls under in-plane loads. Tensile strength of mortar joints is considered a random variable whose variation represents different quality of workmanship. Using a 3D nonlinear FE model, the influence of the random spatial variability of bed joint and head joint properties on the performance of unreinforced masonry walls is investigated. Results show the considerable effect of random spatial variability of bed joint properties on the performance of masonry walls under in-plane loads, while similar variation in head joint properties has a negligible effect on the wall response. The influence of correlation in bed joint properties on the wall s...
Context-Aware Chinese Microblog Sentiment Classification with Bidirectional LSTM

Recently, with the fast development of the microblog, analyzing the sentiment orientations of the tweets has become a hot research topic for both academic and industrial communities. Most of the existing methods treat each microblog as an independent training instance. However, the sentiments embedded in tweets are usually ambiguous and context-aware. Even a non-sentiment word might convey a clear emotional tendency in the microblog conversations. In this paper, we regard the microblog conversation as sequence, and leverage bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) models to incorporate preceding tweets for context-aware sentiment classification. Our proposed method could not only alleviate the sparsity problem in the feature space, but also capture the long distance sentiment dependency in the microblog conversations. Extensive experiments on a benchmark dataset show that the bidirectional LSTM models with context information could outperform other strong baseline algorithms.
Sexual identity and the lesbian earnings differential in the U.S.

Two decades of research on wage differentials by sexual orientation uses data-sets that do not ask respondents about their own sexual orientation, even though sexual identity is key to theories that explain why a wage differential might exist. We show that many women who claim a lesbian identity for themselves are not classified as lesbian by researchers using the behavioral proxies typically available in the data. Conversely, many women who describe themselves as heterosexual are classified as lesbian because they report sexual experiences with women. Misclassification may lead to erroneous conclusions about changes in labor market outcomes. The results highlight the need to develop robust methods for collecting data on sexual identity and for more research on the interrelationship between sexual identity and behavior, especially occupational choice.
The effects of pressure on pH of Tris buffer in synthetic seawater

Abstract Equimolar Tris (2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol) buffer prepared in artificial seawater media is a widely accepted pH standard for oceanographic pH measurements, though its change in pH over pressure is largely unknown. The change in volume (Δ V ) of dissociation reactions can be used to estimate the effects of pressure on the dissociation constant of weak acid and bases. The Δ V of Tris in seawater media of salinity 35 (Δ V Tris ⁎ ) was determined between 10 and 30 °C using potentiometry. The potentiometric cell consisted of a modified high pressure tolerant Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor pH sensor and a Chloride-Ion Selective Electrode directly exposed to solution. The effects of pressure on the potentiometric cell were quantified in aqueous HCl solution prior to measurements in Tris buffer. The experimentally determined Δ V Tris ⁎ were fitted to the equation Δ V Tris ⁎ = 4.528 + 0.04912 t where t is temperature in Celsius; the resultant fit agreed to experimental data within uncertainty of the measurements, which was estimated to be 0.9 cm − 3 mol − 1 . Using the results presented here, change in pH of Tris buffer due to pressure can be constrained to better than 0.003 at 200 bar, and can be expressed as: ∆ pH Tris = − 4.528 + 0.04912 t P ln 10 RT . where T is temperature in Kelvin, R is the universal gas constant (83.145 cm 3 bar K − 1 mol − 1 ), and P is gauge pressure in bar. On average, pH of Tris buffer changes by approximately − 0.02 at 200 bar.
Social buffering in a eusocial invertebrate: termite soldiers reduce the lethal impact of competitor cues on workers.

While the impact of predator-induced stress on prey has received considerable attention, there has been far less research into the effect of competitors. Cues from aggressive competitors should be particularly likely to evoke behavioral and/or physiological responses, since they may be indicative of both direct (interference) and indirect (exploitative) threats. The danger posed by such competitors, and the ‘fear’ they evoke, should be reduced at lower competitor densities and by the presence of individual conspecifics specialized for defense. We assessed how Reticulitermes flavipes termite workers and soldiers were affected by cues from conspecific nestmates, conspecific non-nestmates, and the heterospecific competitor R. virginicus. Competitor cues altered flavipes worker and soldier behavior, decreasing worker growth and increasing their mortality. The presence of flavipes soldiers largely ameliorated these negative impacts: adding even a single soldier (5% of flavipes individuals) decreased worker mortality by 50-80%. Although worker mortality increased with competitor density, increased soldier densities did not increase the benefit to workers. The small number of soldiers required to substantially alter cue-mediated interactions suggests that this caste, in addition to providing direct defense, also occupies a ‘keystone role’ by providing homeostatic feedback to workers functioning in stressful environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Tracking hidden objects using stochastic probing

Tracking trajectories of objects is conventionally achieved by direct beam probing or by sequential imaging of the target during its evolution. However, these strategies fail quickly when the direct line of sight is inhibited. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate real-time tracking of objects, which are completely surrounded by scattering media that practically conceal the objects. We show that full 3D motion can be effectively encoded in the statistical properties of spatially diffused but temporally coherent radiation. The method relies on measurements of integrated scattered intensity performed anywhere outside the disturbance region, which renders flexibility for different sensing scenarios as well as low-light capabilities.
The Impact of Statin and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Therapy on Cognitive Function in Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Background Although statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are generally well tolerated, the impact of these therapies individually or in combination on the change in neurocognitive function in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection is unknown. Methods The study included participants in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials cohort participants not receiving a statin or ACEI/ARB within 30 days of first neurologic assessment (baseline), with assessments by NPZ-3 (z score of averaged Trailmaking A and B tests and digit symbol test [DST]) from ≥2 measurements. Marginal structural models estimated the causal effect of statin or ACEI/ARB initiation on neurocognitive function; initial constant slope was assumed during the first year of treatment and a second constant slope thereafter. Results Of 3949 eligible participants, 16% started therapy with a statin, 11% with an ACEI/ARB, and 5% with both. Statin therapy had no significant effect on the composite NPZ-3 (primary outcome), Trailmaking B test, or DST. A small, nonsignificant positive effect on the Trailmaking A test was seen during year 1 (estimate, 0.088; 95% confidence interval, -.010 to .187; P = .08) and a small but significant negative effect (-0.033; -.058 to -.009; P = .007) in each subsequent year. ACEI/ARB therapy had a significant negative effect on the DST (-0.117; 95% confidence interval, -.217 to .016; P = .02) during year 1 but minimal effect in subsequent years or on other neurocognitive domains. Conclusions In summary, although modest declines in neurocognitive performance were seen in single domains with statin or ACEI/ARB therapy, we did not find consistent evidence that statins or ACEI/ARB have an effect on global neurocognitive function. Future studies should focus on long-term neurocognitive effects.
Amyloid and Tau Pathology in Normal Cognitive Aging.

Detecting deviations from healthy brain aging is critical for identifying individuals at greatest risk for developing dementia. Yet because there is substantial overlap in patterns of cognitive decline and neural changes between those with dementia and nondemented older adults, dissociating normal
After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War. By Gregory P. Downs. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. ix, 342. $32.95.)

In a tightly woven narrative of nine chapters and a conclusion, utilizing the technique of data mining, the author focuses on the postsurrender wartime actions of President Andrew Johnson and congr...
Novel use of video glasses during binocular microscopy in the otolaryngology clinic.

Abstract Introduction The development of portable, high resolution video displays such as video glasses allows clinicians the opportunity to offer patients an increased ability to visualize aspects of their physical examination in an ergonomic and cost-effective manner. The objective of this pilot study is to trial the use of video glasses for patients undergoing binocular microscopy as well as to better understand some of the potential benefits of the enhanced display option. Methods This study was comprised of a single treatment group. Patients seen in the otolaryngology clinic who required binocular microscopy for diagnosis and treatment were recruited. All patients wore video glasses during their otoscopic examination. An additional cohort of patients who required binocular microscopy were also recruited, but did not use the video glasses during their examination. Patients subsequently completed a 10-point Likert scale survey that assessed their comfort, anxiety, and satisfaction with the examination as well as their general understanding of their otologic condition. Results A total of 29 patients who used the video glasses were recruited, including those with normal examinations, cerumen impaction, or chronic ear disease. Based on the survey results, patients reported a high level of satisfaction and comfort during their exam with video glasses. Patients who used the video glasses did not exhibit any increased anxiety with their examination. Patients reported that video glasses improved their understanding and they expressed a desire to wear the glasses again during repeat exams. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrates that video glasses may represent a viable alternative display option in the otolaryngology clinic. The results show that the use of video glasses is associated with high patient comfort and satisfaction during binocular microscopy. Further investigation is warranted to determine the potential for this display option in other facets of patient care as well as in expanding patient understanding of disease and anatomy.
The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of renal and perirenal abscesses.

AbstractComputed tomography was done on 4 patients suspected of having an intrarenal or perirenal abscess based on clinical grounds and an abnormal excretory urogram. Intrarenal abscesses with perinephric extension were demonstrated in 3 patients and a solitary perinephric abscess was demonstrated in 1. Computed tomography is a valuable tool in the diagnostic study of suspected intrarenal and perirenal abscesses because not only can the primary abscess be shown but also its possible extrarenal extension.
Humanities and the Legal Profession

This draft paper describes the work of the two co-authors (Joseph P. Tomain and Michael L. Cioffi) with their experiences in J.D. and post-J.D. education linking legal ethics and professionalism to the humanities. This paper first provides a working definition of the humanities and then goes on to discuss the development of legal ethics and professionalism in the United States starting with the work of David Hoffman and George Sharswood taking it through the CPR, the Model Rules, and Ethics 2000. The paper also references key works on professionalism, including key ABA reports such as the MacCrate Report. The article closes with examples describing how Plato's REPUBLIC, Sophocles' ANTIGONE, and Machiavelli's THE PRINCE have been used to sharpen discussion of legal ethics and professionalism.
Data-based fuel-economy optimization of connected automated trucks in traffic

In this paper we perform fuel-economy optimization for a connected automated truck that utilizes motion information from multiple vehicles ahead via vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Position and velocity data collected from a chain of human-driven vehicles is utilized to design a connected cruise controller that can respond to traffic perturbations while maximizing energy efficiency. The results are compared to those obtained using a high-fidelity truck model and the robustness of the design is validated on multiple data sets. It is shown that optimally utilizing V2V connectivity may lead to 4%-13% fuel economy improvements compared to the best non-connected design.
Genome-wide function of MCM-BP in Trypanosoma brucei DNA replication and transcription

In Trypanosoma brucei, genes are arranged in Polycistronic Transcription Units (PTUs), which are demarcated by transcription start and stop sites. Transcription start sites are also binding sites of Origin Recognition Complex 1 (ORC1). This spatial coincidence implies that transcription and replication in trypanosomes must occur in a highly ordered and cooperative manner. Interestingly, a previously published genetic screen identified the T. brucei MCM-BP, which interacts with subunits of MCM helicase, as a protein whose downregulation results in the loss of transcriptional silencing at subtelomeric loci. Here, I show that TbMCM-BP is required for DNA replication and transcription. TbMCM-BP depletion causes a significant reduction of replicating cells in S phase and genome-wide impairments of replication origin activation. Moreover, levels of sense and antisense transcripts increase at boundaries of PTUs in the absence of TbMCM-BP. TbMCM-BP is also important for transcriptional repression of the specialized subtelomeric PTUs, the Bloodstream-form Expression-Sites (BESs), which house the major antigenic determinant (the Variant Surface Glycoprotein, VSG gene) as well as TbORC1 binding sites. Overall, this study reveals that TbMCM-BP, a replication initiation protein, also guides the initiation, termination and directionality of transcription.
Evidence That Analyst Forecasts Do Not Reflect Their Expectations

The results of this article imply that analysts have become better informed about companies’ earnings prospects and have therefore become more accurate in forecasts made well in advance of the reporting period end. However, towards the reporting period end, when investors position themselves to profit from earnings surprise, analysts’ earnings forecasts now deliberately reflect less of their true expectations and have become less accurate. A possible explanation for this development is that as analysts have better and more valuable private information, they have increased incentives to provide select clients with exclusive use of their private information. The implications are that i) an unintended effect of Reg FD may be that less information is now disseminated in financial markets, ii) the decline in hedge fund performance in recent years may be due to the greater uncertainty in determining market expectations, and iii) earnings surprise strategies might be successful again if one could better measure market expectations prior to the earnings announcement.
Utility of glufosinate in postemergence row middle weed control in Florida plasticulture production

Herbicides are the foundation for row-middle weed control in Florida plasticulture production. Paraquat is commonly used as a burndown herbicide, and resistance issues have subsequently developed. Halosulfuron is mixed with PRE and POST herbicides to provide additional control of nutsedge. The objective of the study was to determine glufosinate efficacy on weeds emerging in the row-middle and suitability in mixture with halosulfuron for nutsedge control. For total weed control, the high dose of glufosinate (983 g ai ha-1) gave the highest overall control (98% and 64% at 4 wk after treatment for experiments 1 and 2, respectively), and the low rate of glufosinate (656 g ha-1) (67% and 39%) gave results comparable to paraquat (57% and 44%). The high glufosinate dose and paraquat gave comparable control of Brazil pusley (74% to 77% control). Glufosinate + halosulfuron mixture had lower efficacy on Brazil pusley than halosulfuron + paraquat mixture. Glufosinate application reduced grass densities, whereas paraquat did not. Increasing the glufosinate dose did not further decrease grass densities. Similar trends in grass control were also demonstrated in their respective mixtures. Mixing halosulfuron with glufosinate or paraquat did not provide consistent reductions in nutsedge densities, nor did adding paraquat or glufosinate further reduce densities compared with halosulfuron alone for the 4-wk study period. Both paraquat and glufosinate antagonized halosulfuron and reduced efficacy on nutsedge. Compared to controls, there was a reduction between expected and actual nutsedge control for paraquat and glufosinate (25% and 36%), respectively. For total weed control, glufosinate is a suitable alternative to paraquat for row-middle weed management in vegetable production.Nomenclature: Glufosinate; halosulfuron; paraquat; Brazil pusley, Richardia brasiliensis Gomes RCHBR; nutsedge, Cyperus spp.