cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suicidal Behaviour Among Youth in Five Public Sectors of Care.

BACKGROUND: Rates of suicidal ideation and behaviors as well as associated risk factors are examined among youth recruited from five public sectors of care (i.e. child welfare, juvenile justice, special education services, alcohol and drug services, and county mental health). METHOD: 1057 youth (ages 11-18) completed a diagnostic interview and questionnaires assessing relevant suicide risk factors at baseline and 2-year follow-up. RESULTS: While past year thoughts about death (28%) and talking about killing oneself (7.1%) were comparable to community norms, rates of lifetime suicide attempts (20.1%) were considerably higher in this sample. However, youth in the special education sector reported significantly more suicidal thoughts and behaviors relative to the other sectors. In multivariate analyses, longitudinal predictors of suicidality included major depression, female gender, and involvement in the special education sector. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to implement screening and evidence based interventions for depression and suicide in the public sector, particularly special education services, are necessary. Language: en
Secure channel establishment in disadvantaged networks : Optimizing TLS using intercepting proxies

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a secure communication protocol that is used in many secure electronic applications. In order to establish a TLS connection, a client and server engage in a handshake, which usually involves the transmission of digital certificates. In this paper we present a practical speedup of TLS handshakes over bandwidth-constrained, high-latency (i.e. disadvantaged) links by reducing the communication overhead associated with the transmission of digital certificates. This speedup is achieved by deploying two specialized TLS proxies across such links. Working in tandem, one proxy replaces certificate data in packets being sent across the disadvantaged link with a short reference, while the proxy on the other side of the link restores the certificate data in the packet. Local or remote caches supply the certificate data. Our solution preserves the end-to-end security of TLS and is designed to be transparent to third-party applications, and will thus facilitate rapid deployment by removing the need to modify existing installations of TLS clients and TLS servers. Testing shows that this technique can reduce the overall bandwidth used during a handshake by 50% in test emulation and by over 20% of TLS session volume in practice. In addition, it can reduce the time required to establish a secure channel by over 40% across Iridium, a widely used satellite link in practice.
The metabolic effects of hemodialysis with and without glucose in the dialysate.

The present study compares some of the metabolic effects of hemodialysis of fasting patients with and without glucose in the dialysate bath. Unlike glucose dialysis, glucose-free dialysis caused marked decreases in blood levels of glucose, insulin, lactate, and pyruvate along with profound increases in acetoacetate and f1-hydroxybutyrate. It is concluded that oxidation of fatty acids increases to meet energy demands and that the combined processes of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis serve to prevent critical hypoglycemia during glucose-free dialysis. Am. J. Cli,,. Nut,.31: 1870-1875, 1978.
DENSITY-DEPENDENT MASS GAIN BY WILSON'S WARBLERS DURING STOPOVER

Abstract The need restore energetic reserves at stopover sites constrains avian migration ecology. To describe that constraint, we examined relationships among mass gained by Wilson's Warblers (Wilsonia pusilla) during stopover, abundance of Wilson's Warblers (i.e. capture rate), and arthropod abundance during autumn migration. We found that amount of mass gained by Wilson's Warblers during stopover declined as a function of their abundance. We found no relationship between mass gained by Wilson's Warblers and arthropod abundance. Abundance of Wilson's Warblers was positively associated with arthropod abundance. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that mass gain during stopover is density dependent. They also suggest that Wilson's Warblers respond numerically to abundance of food at that stopover site. This numerical response may override any functional response and thereby account for lack of a relationship between mass change and arthropod abundance.
How were vendobiont bodies patterned

It is difficult to assign the animal-like body fossils of the late Neoproterozoic to crown metazoan phyla. Many Neoproterozoic fossils appear to share an architectural theme, which was characterized by Seilacher (1984, 1989) as modular; he noted that the modules, named pneus, could be arranged in a series of distinctive geometries to produce many of the Neoproterozoic fossil morphologies. The assemblages of pneus formed “quilted” constructions. Seilacher further suggested that these fossils might represent a multicellular clade that evolved independently of Metazoa—in effect, that they represented a kingdom of their own, which he named the Vendozoa. In later contributions, Seilacher (1992) renamed putatively quilted forms as the Vendobionta, and Buss and Seilacher (1994) considered Vendobionta to be a possible sister to Eumetazoa. The affinities suggested for vendobionts by various workers form a long list, ranging from protistans through fungi to several animal groups. Many vendobionts appear to be at the tissue grade of construction, and in this respect resemble cnidarians, to which they are most often compared. Neoproterozoic fossil assemblages also contain numbers of forms that are unlikely to be vendobionts, including a variety of “medusoids,” tentaculate fossils such as Hiemolora and Ediacaria (see Fedonkin 1992) that somewhat resemble sea anemones and may well be stem anthozoans. Additionally, numbers of Neoproterozoic forms have been suggested to be bilaterians, most notably the sluglike Kimberella (Fedonkin and Waggoner 1997). The contents and morphological limits of Vendobionta, and of some other higher taxa proposed for Neoproterozoic forms, are uncertain. Using molecular techniques, developmental biologists have clarified the basic genetic underpinnings of animal bodyplans (see Gilbert 1997; Wolpert et al. 1998; Carroll et al. 2001). Hox genes were among the earliest of the key developmental genes to be identified, first in Drosophila, and later in all eumetazoan phyla whose genomes have been …
The management and treatment of children with Fabry disease: A United States-based perspective

Fabry disease is an inherited X-linked disorder that presents during childhood in male and female patients. Young patients may initially experience pain, hypohidrosis, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Other manifestations of Fabry disease, such as renal and cardiac disease, manifest later in adolescence or adulthood. In the pediatric population, renal damage is typically subclinical and identifiable only through biopsy. Specialists from the United States with expertise in Fabry disease convened during 2013-2014 in order to develop these consensus guidelines about the management and treatment of children with Fabry disease. The presence of symptoms in boys and girls of any age is an indication to begin therapy. Early treatment before the onset of potentially irreversible vital organ pathology is ideal. Asymptomatic children with Fabry mutations should be followed closely for the development of renal, cardiac, neurological, or gastrointestinal signs, symptoms, or laboratory changes, which would warrant treatment initiation. A comprehensive care plan should be implemented by the treating physicians to guide the management of children with Fabry disease.
Transmedullary Venous Anastomoses: Anatomy and Angiographic Visualization Using Flat Panel Catheter Angiotomography

Flat panel catheter angiotomography, a recently developed angiographic technique, offers a spinal equivalent to the venous phase obtained during cerebral angiography. This report of 8 clinical cases discusses the flat panel catheter angiotomography appearance of a type of spinal venous structure until now principally known through the analysis of postmortem material, transmedullary venous anastomosis. The illustrated configurations include centrodorsolateral, median anteroposterior, median anteroposterior with duplicated origin, and combined centrodorsolateral/median anteroposterior transmedullary venous anastomoses, while a pathologic example documents the potential role of transmedullary venous anastomoses as collateral venous pathways. Two of the reported configurations have not been previously documented. Transmedullary venous anastomoses are normal venous structures that need to be differentiated from spinal cord anomalies, such as intramedullary vascular malformations.
Implementation of a Lactation Support Program in a Primary Care Pediatric Practice

Background and Objective. Breastfeeding has been shown to have an overall impact on the health and well-being of mothers and infants. Statistically, national and state breastfeeding rates are below...
Democratic Accountability and Retrospective Voting in the Lab

I conduct a laboratory experiment to investigate whether voters focus on the problem of electoral selection or if they instead focus on electoral sanctioning. If voters are forward-looking but also uncertain about politicians' unobservable characteristics, then it is rational to focus on selection. But doing so undermines democratic accountability because selection renders sanctioning an empty threat. As a consequence, politicians have no incentives to utilize policy-relevant expertise to serve the interests of voters, so any expertise they have is wasted. In contrast to the game theoretic predictions, the experimental results indicate a strong behavioral tendency to use a retrospective voting rule even when the rule is not sequentially rational. Additional experiments suggest two reasons. Retrospective voting is a simple heuristic that voters use to cope with the cognitive complexity presented by a difficult inference and decision problem. Voters also have a preference for accountability and are concerned about sanctioning politicians rather than purely focused on selection. Although voters are not fully rational, their bounded rationality ensures that politicians are democratically accountable.
Regional changes in adipose tissue blood flow and metabolism in rats after a meal

Adipose tissue blood flow was measured in five depots, and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and triglyceride were measured at 0, 15, 30, and 45 min after the start of a meal in unanesthetized, freely moving rats. In addition, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in four depots before and 45 min after the start of a meal. Plasma glucose was significantly elevated only at the 15-min time point, and while plasma triglyceride increased these changes did not reach significance. Plasma insulin was significantly elevated at all time points after a meal. Feeding resulted in a consistent decrease of adipose tissue blood flow expressed per gram wet weight of tissue. This decrease was maximal at 30 min after the start of feeding. The decrease in adipose tissue blood flow averaged 45% at 45 min after the start of feeding for the five depots evaluated. Lipoprotein lipase activity significantly increased in the retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat depots at 45 min after the meal start, but did not change in the epididymal or dorsal subcutaneous fat depots. These results suggest that a decrease in adipose tissue blood flow is a normal result of a meal in the rat. The regional specificity of changes in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity supports the concept of regional specificity of function for adipose tissue and suggests that the mesenteric and retroperitoneal depots are particularly important for the storage of triglycerides immediately after a meal.
A portable water-tube tiltmeter

The accumulation of magma within a volcano deforms the ground surface around it. Although pendulum-type tiltmeters are our most sensitive and convenient tool for detecting such deformations, their records are generally difficult to interpret because purely local disturbances obscure the subtle changes produced by the volcano. A new tiltmeter consisting of a permanent tilt base and a portable water-tube leveling system was developed to measure tilting around Kilauea caldera. Because the tilt bases for this instrument are on the ground surface outdoors, the leveling system must be operated under conditions that are far from ideal. If the work is performed at night and if a carefully standardized procedure is followed, leveling can be carried around a circuit consisting of three piers at the vertices of a triangle 2,000 inches on a side with a closure error of less than 10µ (corresponding to an error in the measurement of tilt of less than 0.2 × 10-6 radian). Tilting at four new tilt bases around Kilauea caldera between October, 1958, and February, 1959, shows that the summit of the volcano is swelling. An analysis of the tilting around the caldera suggests that magma is accumulating in a reservoir about 4 kilometers beneath the southwest end of the caldera.
Foreign Affairs Analysis: An Activist vs. A Hippie

The debate between Andrew M. Scott and E. Raymond Platig resembles a dialogue between a political activist and a hippie.' The activist goes outside of himself to change societal structures and beliefs. Happiness to an activist is having an impact on his environment. Moreover, the activist strategy is to mobilize the services of outside agitators to bring about social happenings that change a given area. The hippie, on the other hand, turns inwardly to change himself rather than society. Happiness to a hippie is "getting his own thing together." Happenings to the hippie are mind-expanding rather than social change in nature. Scott, the activist, would bring social science outsiders into the Department of State to provoke a change in the subculture at State. Platig, the hippie, would turn inwardly to expand the mind of State. Platig anticipates mind-blowing experiences to follow from increases in the personnel and budget for foreign affairs analysis. Scott acknowledges the need for more analysis but he feels that the hippie subculture would prevent adequate analysis. What is the validity of the claims of Scott and Platig? Consider some of their specific points in this regard. Scott elaims that eighteen elements comprise the subculture of the Department of State. Scott rakes State over the coals for not
Chronic disease management for depression in US medical practices: results from the Health Tracking Physician Survey.

BACKGROUND: Chronic care model (CCM) envisages a multicomponent systematic remodeling of ambulatory care to improve chronic diseases management. Application of CCM in primary care management of depression has traditionally lagged behind the application of this model in management of other common chronic illnesses. In past research, the use of CCM has been operationalized by measuring the use of evidence-based organized care management processes (CMPs). OBJECTIVES: To compare the use of CMPs in treatment of depression with the use of these processes in treatment of diabetes and asthma and to examine practice-level correlates of this use. STUDY DESIGN: Using data from the 2008 Health Tracking Physician Survey, a nationally representative sample of physicians in the United States, we compared the use of 5 different CMPs: written guidelines in English and other languages for self-management, availability of staff to educate patients about self-management, availability of nurse care managers for care coordination, and group meetings of patients with staff. We further examined the association of practice-level characteristics with the use of the 5 CMPs for management of depression. RESULTS: CMPs were more commonly used for management of diabetes and asthma than for depression. The use of CMPs for depression was more common in health maintenance organizations [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) ranging from 2.45 to 5.98 for different CMPs], in practices that provided physicians with feedback regarding quality of care to patients (AOR range, 1.42 to 1.69), and in practices with greater use of clinical information technology (AOR range, 1.06 to 1.11). CONCLUSION: The application of CMPs in management of depression continues to lag behind other common chronic conditions. Feedbacks on quality of care and expanded use of information technology may improve application of CMPs for depression care in general medical settings.
Plasma and erythrocyte kinetic considerations in lithium therapy

Developments in the analysis and pharmacokinetics of lithium, and the role of the pharmacist in the management of lithium therapy in affective disorders, are described. Research showing that lithium levels in the brain may be better predicted from erythrocyte lithium levels than plasma levels is reviewed. Also reviewed is lithium kinetics in affective disorders. The pharmacist (1) determines relevant aspects of the patient's condition, (2) develops an appropriate blood sampling schedule, (3) initiates and maintains a serial lithium erythrocyte and plasma patient profile, (4) evaluates erythrocyte and serum levels in relation to established criteria to provide a basis for differential diagnosis of the patient, and (5) individualizes lithium dosage and schedules. Four cases are used to illustrate this approach. It is suggested that outpatient mental health clinics would be likely settings for the further development of this clinical role.
Pulsed Fiber Laser Development at LLNL

Pulsed fiber laser systems are under development at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as photo-cathode drive lasers for linear accelerators and injection seed lasers. The presents status and future potential will be reviewed.
The NF-κB family: Key players during embryonic development and HSC emergence

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family is a crucial transcription factor group known mainly for its role in the regulation of the immune system and its response to infection in vertebrates. The signaling pathway leading to NF-κB activation and translocation to the nucleus to exert its function as a transcription factor is well conserved among Kingdom Animalia, which has helped to elucidate other roles that NF-κB plays in other biological contexts such as developmental biology. The manipulation of NF-κB members in a diverse range of animal models results in severe developmental defects during embryogenesis, very often leading to embryonic lethality. Defects include dorsal-ventral patterning and limb, liver, skin, lung, neural, notochord, muscle, skeletal, and hematopoietic defects. Here, we recapitulate the research that has been done to address the role that NF-κB plays during embryonic development, in particular to emphasize its recently discovered role in the specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the foundation of the hematopoietic system in vertebrates.
Erythropoietin treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction

All 128patients admitted with ST-elevation AMI had undergone successful percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Patients were randomly assigned into control group and EPO group.The EPO group were given 12 000 U EPO and the control group were given saline after PCI besides conventional therapy.All the patients were followed up for 6months.The clinical efficacy and safety in both groups were observed.The results showed that left ventricular end diastolic volume index(LVESVI)decreased and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)significantly increased in the EPO group.The total ratio of major adverse cardiac events(MACE)during 6months in EPO group was significantly lower than that in control group.
Intrinsic Doping Dependence of Raman 2D Mode in Graphene: Signatures of Electron–Electron Interaction

We have studied the Raman 2D mode in graphene, a resonant second-order process involving optical phonons pairs near the K point, under highly controlled variation in the charge density. To achieve excellent homogeneity of the charge density, we make use of electrostatic gating of graphene monolayers deposited on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrates. In contrast to previous reports, we find, within our experimentally accessible range of doping levels, that the frequency of the 2D mode increases symmetrically for increasing doping by both electrons and holes. We are able to account for the measured frequency change of 25 cm−1 per eV shift of the graphene Fermi energy as the result of renormalization of the graphene electronic band structure from screening of the many-body interactions. A broadening of the spectra of 24 cm−1 per eV with doping, symmetrical for electrons and holes, is also observed and ascribed to changes in the lifetime of the optically excited carriers.
Braid Group Relations

Study of the symmetriesT’ ie on Λλ. In this and the next subsection, we assume that the root datum is X-regular and Y-regular. Let \({\rm{\lambda }} \in X^ + \). Let \(\eta \in \Lambda _{\rm{\lambda }} \) be as in 3.5.7.
How to Ruin a Queen: Marie Antoinette and the Diamond Necklace Affair. By Jonathan Beckman. (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 2014. Pp. 386. $26.99.)

Historical memory of prominent political figures often suffers from remarks wrongly attributed to them. The most misquoted of them all, Winston Churchill, is credited with all kinds of sayings he n...
Making and its promises

AbstractA fundamental goal of Participatory Design (PD) scholarship has long been the democratisation of technology production. To democratise technology production in PD is a political project, driven in part by the desire to protect and create democratic societies by virtue of opening up computing and design. Recently, DIY (do it yourself) making has come to be seen by PD scholars as rejuvenating such ideals at the heart of their project. Beyond just PD, the idea that making is an ideal avenue to implement societal and political change has been endorsed by a variety of actors from politicians, corporates and activists, across regions. In this paper, we draw from long-term ethnographic research in China and Indonesia to show how making’s global appeal does not arise from its supposedly inherent logic of democratisation. Rather, work goes into aligning making with particular political ideals. We found that the political projects and promises people attached to making were highly situated. We propose that ...
Hamster Scrapie: Evidence for Alterations in Serotonin Metabolism

The subacute spongiform virus encephalopathies—scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy, kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease—are central nervous system disorders characterized histopathologically by neuronal loss, vacuolation of neuron processes, and glial hypertrophy (1). Clinical disease appears only after the production of high titers of virus in the brain itself (2). Significant reductions in brain choline acetyltransferase activities have been reported during the late stages of clinical disease caused by several strains of mouse scrapie (3), thus suggesting a disturbance in the cholinergic nervous system. We have investigated the involvement of serotonergic neurons by comparing the effects of a serotonin precursor and an agonist on the behavior of scrapie-infected and control hamsters and by measurement of brain serotonin (L-5-hydroxytryptamine) concentrations in both groups. We have also compared blood serotonin concentrations in infected and control animals.
l-Carnitine Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production of SIM-A9 Microglia Cells

Microglia are the resident immune effector cells of the central nervous system. They account for approximately 10–15% of all cells found in the brain and spinal cord, acting as macrophages, sensing and engaging in phagocytosis to eliminate toxic proteins. Microglia are dynamic and can change their morphology in response to cues from their milieu. Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease, associated with reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. It is thought that Parkinson’s disease is caused by the accumulation of abnormally folded alpha-synuclein protein, accompanied by persistent neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and subsequent neuronal injury/death. There is evidence in the literature for mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease as well as fatty acid beta-oxidation, involving l-carnitine. Here we investigate l-carnitine in the context of microglial activation, suggesting a potential new strategy of supplementation for PD patients. Preliminary results from our stud...
Differences in Sensory Pain, Expectation, and Satisfaction Reported by Outpatients with Cancer or Sickle Cell Disease.

Abstract Background: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) report pain scores that appear greater than those reported in a meta-analysis for patients with cancer, but statistical comparisons of the pain scores from both populations have not been published. Aims: The goal of the study described here was to compare pain outcomes reported by outpatients with cancer or SCD. Design: Descriptive comparative study. Setting: Outpatient oncology or sickle cell clinics. Subjects: The participants were outpatients (N = 415) from three studies: (1) 106 patients with SCD, 93% African-American (referent group); (2) 140 patients with cancer, 90% Caucasian (race discordant); (3) 169 patients with cancer, 20% Caucasian, 65% African-American (race concordant). Methods: Patients completed the PAINReportIt including pain location, quality, pattern, intensity, expectation, satisfaction, and demographic questions. Analyses included the χ2 test, analysis of variance, and regression. Results: Outpatients with SCD reported more pain location sites than the race-discordant (p
Radioligand Recognition of Insecticide Targets

Insecticide radioligands allow the direct recognition and analysis of the targets and mechanisms of toxic action critical to effective and safe pest control. These radioligands are either the insecticides themselves or analogs that bind at the same or coupled sites. Preferred radioligands and their targets, often in both insects and mammals, are trioxabicyclooctanes for the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, avermectin for the glutamate receptor, imidacloprid for the nicotinic receptor, ryanodine and chlorantraniliprole for the ryanodine receptor, and rotenone or pyridaben for NADH+ ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Pyrethroids and other Na+ channel modulator insecticides are generally poor radioligands due to lipophilicity and high nonspecific binding. For target site validation, the structure–activity relationships competing with the radioligand in the binding assays should be the same as that for insecticidal activity or toxicity except for rapidly detoxified or proinsecticide analogs. Once the radioligand ...
Effect of Substrate Depth and Planting Season on Sedum Plug Survival on Green Roofs

Abstract Green roofs, a roofing technology that entails growing plants on rooftops, provide many benefits such as improved stormwater management, energy conservation, mitigation of the urban heat island effect, increased longevity of roofing membranes, reduction in noise and air pollution, and improved aesthetics. Plants on rooftops are more susceptible to extremes in temperature and drought due to their shallow substrate and elevation above ground. Because of these unfavorable growing conditions, plant selection and season of establishment are critical. The major objective of this study was to quantify the effect of substrate depth and planting season on successful establishment of plugs of Sedum species on green roofs. Plugs of nine species of Sedum were planted in East Lansing, MI, in autumn (September 20, 2004) or spring (June 8, 2005) and then evaluated for survival on June 1, 2005, and June 1, 2006, respectively. Overall, spring planting exhibited superior survival rates (81%) compared to autumn (23...
Carbon-Based Materials for Thermoelectrics

This article reviews the recent progress towards achieving carbon-based thermoelectric materials. A wide range of experimental and computational studies on carbon allotropes and composites is covered in this review paper. Specifically, we discuss the strategies for engineering graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphene nanomesh, graphene nanowiggle, carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, graphyne, and carbon quantum dot for better thermoelectric performance. Moreover, we discuss the most recent advances in CNT/graphene-polymer composites and the related challenges and solutions. We also highlight the important charge and heat transfer mechanisms in carbon-based materials and state-of-the-art strategies for enhancing thermoelectric performance. Finally, we provide an outlook towards the future of carbon-based thermoelectrics.
Assessing the implementation of clinical process innovations: A cross-case comparison

Clinical process innovations (CPI) are central to the ability of organizations to negotiate the challenges of cost containment and quality improvement, yet many CPI have not met expectations. Perhaps most alarming is that the dissemination and implementation of CPI is not well understood. This is the second of two articles addressing the dissemination and use of CPI in integrated delivery systems. This article discusses those factors that have been identified as either facilitating or impeding the various stages in implementing CPI and suggests some intervention strategies to enhance opportunities for continuous CPI. Identifying the process and the factors driving the implementation of CPI is only part of the challenge. The development of CPI adequate to fully meet current challenges will require managers to re-examine existing paradigms and values influencing their actions to date. Within this context, the necessary staging of the innovation process within the life cycle, developing partnerships both within and outside the organization to gather the necessary resources and support, and multidimensional performance monitoring and feedback can prepare organizations and managers to better face the reality of managing the innovation process.
Critical historical research method and marketing scholarship

As a research toolkit grounded in the philosophy and practice of critical analysis, critical ‘historical research method’ (critical HRM) can help explain marketing-related phenomena that shape and are shaped by social context and human agency. The value to marketing scholarship of critical HRM, which relies on critical realism (CR) and abductive reasoning (AR), is shown by (1) presenting elements of effective historical research, and (2) arguing historical research that entails social factors and their interactions compels a methodology for capturing the social and dynamic features of research objects. Implications of critical HRM for theory building and marketing practice are then summarised.
Reliability Analysis of Water Distribution Systems Using Physical Probabilistic Pipe Failure Method

AbstractWater distribution systems (WDSs) are among the most essential infrastructure systems for the sustenance of societies. Therefore, their continued reliability is of utmost importance. Howeve...
A breath of fresh air for donor lungs

Donor lungs damaged by gastric aspiration can be regenerated to meet transplantation criteria by an interventional cross circulation platform.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of cobalt catalysts. 3. Sulfidation properties in hydrogen sulfide/hydrogen

In petroleum-refining applications, Co-containing catalysts are used for hydrodesulfurization. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the sulfidation properties of bulk Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} and Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} supported on large (Co/SiO{sub 2}-62) and small (Co/SiO{sub 2}-923) pore size silica. The sulfidation process in H{sub 2}S/H{sub 2} proceeded as Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} {yields} CoO {yields} Co {yields} Co{sub 9}S{sub 8}, with direct conversion of the Co oxides into Co{sub 9}S{sub 8} also being observed. For all three samples, the surface of the Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} particles readily sulfided at 200 C. This surface sulfide layer appeared to inhibit further sulfidation of the larger Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} particles by restricting the diffusion of the sulfiding species. These diffusion limitations were overcome by increasing the reaction temperature. The ease of sulfidation increased in the order Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} < Co/SiO{sub 2}-62 < Co/SiO{sub 2}-923, which correlated with decreasing Co{sub 3}O{sub 4} particle size. The ease of sulfidation ranking for these catalysts were opposite to their ease of reduction, because direct sulfidation of the Co oxides on the supported catalysts eliminated the high-temperature CoO {yields} Co hydrogen reduction step. Upon sulfidation of the Co{sub 3}O{sub 4}-supported particles tomore » Co{sub 9}S{sub 8}, the particles size decreased {approximately}20%. For the sulfided Co/SiO{sub 2}-62 sample, the XPS measured Co{sub 9}S{sub 8} particle size was 145 {angstrom}. For the sulfided Co/SiO{sub 2}-923 sample, the XPS measured Co{sub 9}S{sub 8} particle size was 40 {angstrom}.« less
The Dynamics of Wolf-Rayet Winds

We review the dynamics of Wolf-Rayet stellar winds, with emphasis on how multi-line scattering can lead to mass loss rates for which the wind’s radial momentum flux Ṁv∞ greatly exceeds the limit for single-scattering of the star’s radiative momentum L */c. The geometrical considerations that allow this to occur are illuminated through connections to multiple scattering in an effectively gray medium. The so-called “WR wind momentum problem” would be better characterized as an “opacity problem” of simply identifying a sufficiently dense ensemble of optically thick lines.
Transient expression of a purine-selective nucleoside transporter (SPNTint) in a human cell line (HeLa).

Purpose. The goal of this study was to develop a mammalian expression system for the cloned rat intestinal, Na+-dependent, purine-selective nucleoside transporter (SPNTint) and to study the interactions of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs with this transporter.
War and diplomacy on the world stage: Crisis bargaining before third parties:

I analyze a three-actor model of crisis bargaining with two key features. First, diplomatic opposition raises the costs of war, but an informed state can avoid it by conveying restraint to a suppor...
Abstract P2-14-20: The impact of recurrence score versus sentinel lymph node biopsy on treatment decisions in early breast cancer

Rationale: Choosing Wisely: In an era of genomic medicine, what role does nodal information play in decisions regarding adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer ? Authors: Fowler RL, Lew KP, Dizon DS, Ciambella CC, Wakeley M, Taneja C, Wiggins DL, Lopresti ML, Constantinou M, Strenger R, Wang Y, Fenton MA, Graves TA. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: For women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer, the Recurrence Score (RS) informs prognosis and impacts treatment decisions; whether and to what degree nodal information impacts these decisions is not clear. We conducted a retrospective review of patients with newly diagnosed HR+ early stage breast cancer who underwent a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and had the RS obtained to discriminate the impact both evaluations had on the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. We hypothesized that for these patients, the RS supersedes nodal information in determining adjuvant treatment. METHODS: 416 patients with T1 to T2 breast cancers seen at our multidisciplinary clinic between 2013 and 2017 were identified. Data collected included demographics, node stage, RS, and adjuvant therapies. RS was stratified in to High, Intermediate, and Low Risk according to criteria used in the TAILORx trial. Continuous variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics and categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-Square or Fisher’s Exact Test. All statistics were performed using STATA 15.0. RESULTS: For this cohort, the median age was 59 years (range 27-79). The vast majority (94%) underwent initial surgical excision or mastectomy with SLNB. Of these, 338 patients (81%) had node-negative disease. Of the remaining, 37 patients (8.9%) had micro-metastasis to a single node, 39 (9.3%) had N1a disease, including one patient with 3 positive lymph nodes. RS risk was characterized as high, intermediate, and low in 12, 65, and 23%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, only age at diagnosis (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For women with early-stage, clinically node-negative, HR+ breast cancer, the RS and age of the patient was associated with the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although these data are limited to recommendations surrounding adjuvant chemotherapy and not decisions surrounding adjuvant radiation therapy, these data support the Choosing Wisely™ campaign against routine use of SLNB in low-risk patients. Citation Format: Rachel L Fowler, Kaitlyn P Lew, Don S Dizon, Chelsey C Ciambella, Michelle Wakeley, Charu Taneja, Doreen L Wiggins, Mary L Lopresti, Maria Constantinou, Rochelle Strenger, Yihong Wang, Mary A Fenton, Theresa Graves. The impact of recurrence score versus sentinel lymph node biopsy on treatment decisions in early breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-14-20.
Have your cake, and your asparagus, too: Young children expect variety-seeking behavior from agents with diverse desires

Abstract While adults robustly seek variety and expect others to do so, it is unclear whether children expect others to enjoy and preferentially choose variety in the domain of food. Seventy-nine children encountered an agent, depicted by a puppet, who liked two diverse foods. The children themselves liked only one of these foods. Older children (M = 5;11) expected this agent to be happier with, and to preferentially choose, a serving of both foods rather than a serving of a single food type, consistent with variety-seeking preferences. Five- and 6-year-olds can therefore simultaneously represent others’ diverse desires as co-existing and causing preferences for variety over homogeneity. In contrast, younger children (M = 4;0) did not robustly attribute variety-seeking preferences to this agent. Predictions of variety-seeking food preferences may relate to children’s developing theory of mind abilities and could be harnessed in nutritional interventions to improve children’s diets.
Analysis of pathogenic bacteria and their drug resistance of hospital-acquired pneumonia in elderly paraplegic patients

Objective To investigate pathogens distribution and their drug resistance of hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) in local elderly paraplegic patients,and to help to gain experience in early using antibiotics.Methods One hundred and thirty six elderly patients diagnosed as HAP from January 2007 to December 2010 in our hospital were selected.Pathogens distribution and their drug resistance were detected.Results One hundred and fifty two pathogens are isolated from the 136 patients,and most of them are gram negative bacteria which accounts for 70.4％.The first three pathogens are Klebsiella pneumonia(24.3％),Escherichia coli (20.4％) and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (18.4％).Gram-positive cocci accounts for 25.0％ in total pathogens,among them,staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae account for the most,and the number of Fungi is the fewest.Drug resistance rate of gram-negative bacteria is higher than that of Gram-positive bacteria.Gram-negative bacteria has higher resistance to ampicillin,cefoperazone,ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin and eotrimoxazole.Gram-positive bacteria has higher resistance to penicillin,cefazolin and gentamicin.Conclusion To elderly paraplegic HAP patients,the main pathogenic flora is gram-negative bacterium which shows multiple resistances.Being familiar with the features of pathogens and their drug resistance will provide better guidance on early treatment and improve prognosis of elderly paraplegic HAP patients. Key words: Hospital acquired pneumonia; Pathogen; Antibiotics; Drug resistance
Stochastic Acceleration of Electrons by Fast Magnetosonic Waves in Solar Flares: The Effects of Anisotropy in Velocity and Wavenumber Space

We develop a model for stochastic acceleration of electrons in solar flares. As in several previous models, the electrons are accelerated by turbulent fast magnetosonic waves ({sup f}ast waves{sup )} via transit-time-damping (TTD) interactions. (In TTD interactions, fast waves act like moving magnetic mirrors that push the electrons parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field). We also include the effects of Coulomb collisions and the waves' parallel electric fields. Unlike previous models, our model is two-dimensional in both momentum space and wavenumber space and takes into account the anisotropy of the wave power spectrum F{sub k} and electron distribution function f {sub e}. We use weak turbulence theory and quasilinear theory to obtain a set of equations that describes the coupled evolution of F{sub k} and f {sub e}. We solve these equations numerically and find that the electron distribution function develops a power-law-like non-thermal tail within a restricted range of energies E in (E {sub nt}, E {sub max}). We obtain approximate analytic expressions for E {sub nt} and E {sub max}, which describe how these minimum and maximum energies depend upon parameters such as the electron number density and the rate at which fast-wave energy is injected intomore » the acceleration region at large scales. We contrast our results with previous studies that assume that F{sub k} and f {sub e} are isotropic, and we compare one of our numerical calculations with the time-dependent hard-X-ray spectrum observed during the 1980 June 27 flare. In our numerical calculations, the electron energy spectra are softer (steeper) than in models with isotropic F{sub k} and f {sub e} and closer to the values inferred from observations of solar flares.« less
An Examination of Measurement Invariance Using a Multilevel Explanatory Rasch Model.

In this study, we proposed a multilevel explanatory Rasch model for examining measurement invariance of international food-insecurity measures on the Food Insecurity Experience (FIE) Scale from dif...
A new combination in Psorothamnus arborescens (Fabaceae)

The new combination Psorothamnus arborescens (Torr. ex A. Gray) Barneby var. californicus (S. Watson) Sutherl., Gandhi, & Vincent is made here to accommodate Dalea californica S. Watson and Parosela californica (S. Watson) Vail var. simplicifolia Parish at varietal rank in Psorothamnus arborescens, necessitated by the priority of the varietal autonym Parosela californica var. californica created in 1913.
Modelling species distributions and environmental suitability highlights risk of plant invasions in western United States

Aim: Non-native invasive plants impact ecosystems globally, and the distributions of many species are expanding. The current and potential distributions of many invaders have not been characterized at the broad scales needed for effective management. We modelled the distributions of 15 non-native invasive grass and forb species of concern in western North America to define their environmental niches and predict potential invasion risk. Location: Arid and semi-arid western United States. Methods: We modelled species distribution using presence/absence data from > 148,000 vegetation survey plots to predict the probability of presence of each species based on associated climate, soil, topography and disturbance records. Boosted regression tree models were trained and tested within a buffer distance from presence observations of each species. Buffers were optimized by adding absence observations from increasingly large areas until prediction of presence was maximized, as defined by the area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC). We evaluated model AUPRC and other metrics by cross-validation within training areas, then projected final models within focal EPA level III ecoregions. Results: Focal species were present in 2.7% to 21% of plots within model training areas of 40 to 340 km radius. Models conservatively estimated potential species presence, with typically low false positive rates and moderate sensitivity. The most influential predictors of presence included minimum temperature (especially for grasses), climatic water deficit, precipitation seasonality and fire history. Cold desert ecoregions were impacted by the most species, with predicted range expansion into the prairie ecoregions and infilling for Warm Desert species. Main conclusions: Invasive forb and grass species are likely to expand their ranges and continued increases in temperature, aridity and area burned will increase invasion risk. Monitoring species presence and absence and mapping known and potential ranges with a focus on presence detection, as in our methodology, will aid in identifying new invasions and prioritizing prevention and control.
Modeling and Optimization of Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes

Abstract The increased availability of software tools for solids-based process modeling has created opportunities to enhance pharmaceutical development through the use of models. In particular, recent work in the area of integrated process modeling has demonstrated the potential of these simulations to complement experimental studies during process development. Once developed, these models also facilitate the use of other mathematical tools like process feasibility analysis and optimization. This work will emphasize recent developments in the area of flowsheet modeling for pharmaceutical processes. Methods for feasibility analysis and optimization of these complex process models will also be discussed. These tools can play an important role in pharmaceutical process development.
Spatial Segregation: The Deep Subsurface Story

This chapter focuses on the physical and chemical characteristics of the terrestrial subsurface that are most likely to influence microbial evolution, with emphasis on the spatial segregation issue, and suggests possible directions for future research. Subsurface environments are any terrestrial environments situated beneath the topsoil zone of the Earth's crust. Microorganisms are present in many different types of subsurface environments. Some subsurface microbes may be physically isolated from other microorganisms because they are surrounded by layers of dense, impermeable material. Spatial segregation could even be an important issue within some kinds of geological formations, especially those with very low porosity, in which the movement of groundwater, chemicals, and microbial cells is greatly restricted. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences may provide evidence for long-term spatial segregation of microbes in some types of subsurface environments. Physical characteristics like permeability may affect spatial segregation of microbes in the subsurface by determining whether microbes, water, and nutrients can move from one location to another. Microbes and microbial communities in ultra-deep environments may have evolved unique combinations of traits in response to long-term spatial segregation. Analysis of antibiotic resistance traits of subsurface microbes might provide preliminary evidence for gene transfer in some kinds of subsurface environments. Sometimes the physical nature of the environment leads to spatial segregation, such that subsurface microbes may be physically isolated from those at the surface for very long periods.