cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal-Spatial Distribution of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-3β in Developing Human Lung and Other Foregut Derivatives

SUMMARY We assessed the temporal‐spatial distribution of hepatocyte nuclear factor3 b (HNF-3 b ) in developing human lung and other foregut derivatives. Tissue from 31 fetuses (10‐40 weeks) and 24 infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (2 days to 7 months) was studied. HNF-3 b was detected in nuclei of epithelial cells of trachea and of conducting and terminal airways at 10 weeks. Thereafter, epithelial nuclei were immunolabeled more widely in peripheral than proximal airways. HNF-3 b was confined to bronchiolo‐alveolar portals and Type II cells in nonfetal lung. In infants with BPD, HNF-3 b was expressed abundantly in regenerating epithelial cells at the periphery of lung lobules. HNF-3 b was also detected in fetal esophagus, pancreas, duodenum, stomach, and gallbladder, suggesting that it is a marker for progenitor cells in foregut derivatives. The pattern of expression of HNF-3 b in the lung was similar to that of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) at all ages. The temporal‐spatial patterns of HNF-3 b and TTF-1 in the developing and regenerating lung are consistent with their proposed role in epithelial cell differentiation, regeneration, and surfactant protein gene expression.
Characteristic electron energy losses in germanium

Abstract The characteristic electron energy loss spectrum of germanium was studied in a transmission type experiment as a function of the changes in structure due to electron bombardment. The structure of the material was characterized by electron micrograph and diffraction techniques. The electron energy loss spectrum of germanium was studied up to 45 eV, and loss peaks were observed at 15.7 eV and 31.6 eV as well as a 6 eV carbon loss. The positions of the most intense characteristic energy loss peak at 15.7 eV and its first multiple were constant for a large variation in the lattice parameters for the individual films.
Fabrication of nc-Si:H n-i-p single-junction solar cells using VHF PECVD at a deposition rate of 10 Å/s

Efforts on the fabrication and optimization of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) solar cells using VHP PECVD technique in our UT multi-chamber load-locked PECVD deposition system at a high deposition rate of 10 Aring/s are reported in this paper. nc-Si:H n-i-p single-junction solar cells with initial active-area (0.25 cm2) efficiencies of about 6.6% have been obtained with an i-layer deposition time of 25 min corresponding to a thickness of about 1500 nm and an short circuit current density Jsc of about 21 mA/cm2. The deposition conditions for n-layer and p-layer have also been optimized for the VHP nc-Si:H nip solar cells. With these optimizations, the best FF value of the VHP nc-Si:H single-junction solar cells was reached at 70.9% with an initial efficiency of eta=6.56%. The QE curve shows that the as-deposited nc-Si:H cell has a good spectral response in the long wavelength range and yields an AM1.5G integrated current density Jsc of 8.38 mA/cm2 over the wavelength region from 650 nm to 1000 nm, which is a good candidate as bottom component cell in a-Si:H/a-Si:H/nc-Si:H triple-junction solar cell
Effect of through-plane motion on left ventricular rotation: a study using slice-following harmonic phase imaging.

Non-invasive quantification of regional left ventricular (LV) rotation may improve understanding of cardiac function. Current methods employed to quantify rotation typically acquire data on a set of prescribed short-axis slices, neglecting effects due to through-plane myocardial motion. We combine principles of slice-following tagged imaging with harmonic phase analysis methods to account for through-plane motion in regional rotation measurements. We compare rotation and torsion measurements obtained using our method to those obtained from imaging datasets acquired without slice-following. Our results in normal volunteers demonstrate differences in the general trends of average and regional rotation-time plots in mid-basal slices, and of the rotation versus circumferential strain loops. We observe substantial errors in measured peak average rotation of the order of 58% for basal slices (due to change in the pattern of the curve), −6.6% for mid-ventricular slices, and −8.5% for apical slices; and an average error in base-to-apex torsion of 19% when through-plane motion is not considered. This study concludes that due to an inherent base-to-apex gradient in rotation that exists in the LV, accounting for through-plane motion is critical to the accuracy of LV rotation quantification.
"alien Health Game": An Embodied Exergame to Instruct in Nutrition and MyPlate

Abstract Objective: A feasibility study was run on an immersive, embodied exergame (“Alien Health Game”) designed to teach 4th–12th-grade students about nutrition and several U.S. Department of Agriculture MyPlate guidelines. This study assessed acceptability and limited efficacy. Students learned about the amount of nutrients and optimizers in common food items and practiced making rapid food choices while engaging in short cardiovascular activities. Subjects and Methods: Nineteen 4th graders played a “mixed reality” game that included both digital components (projected graphics on the floor) and tangible, physical components (hand-held motion-tracking wands). Players made food choices and experienced immediate feedback on how each item affected the Alien avatar's alertness/health state. One member of the playing dyad had to run short distances to make the game work. The final level included a digital projection of the MyPlate icon, and each food item filled the appropriate quadrant dynamically. Results:...
The association of cell cycle checkpoint 2 variants and kidney function: findings of the Family Blood Pressure Program and the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study.

BACKGROUND Recent experimental evidence suggests that DNA damage and cell cycle regulatory proteins are involved in kidney injury and apoptosis. The checkpoint 2 gene (CHEK2) is an important transducer in DNA damage signaling pathways in response to injury, and therefore, CHEK2 variants may affect susceptibility to kidney disease. METHODS We used tag-single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tag-SNPs) to evaluate the association of the CHEK2 with kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR) in 1,549 African-American and 1,423 white Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) participants. We performed replication analyses in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) participants (1,746 African Americans and 1,418 whites), GenNet participants (706 whites), and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants (3,783 African Americans and 10,936 whites). All analyses were race-stratified and used additive genetic models with adjustments for covariates and for family structure, if needed. RESULTS One tag-SNP, rs5762764, was associated with eGFR in HyperGEN (P = 0.003) and GENOA white participants (P = 0.009), and it was significantly associated with eGFR in meta-analyses (P = 0.002). The associations were independent of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CHEK2 variants may influence eGFR in the context of hypertension.
RNA Export: Searching for mRNA Identity

Efficient eukaryotic gene expression hinges on the ability of mRNA to travel from the nucleus to its cytoplasmic destination. Recent work lends insight into features that allow diverse mRNAs to be recognized by shared export machinery.
Nitric Oxide, Invertebrates and Hemoglobin

Abstract Rich redox chemistry of the diatomic NO gives this molecule the functional flexibility to interact with both metal and non-metal components of biological molecules. This important biological signaling and allosteric control has become evident in such varied applications as brain/nervous system function; immune response; growth and development; behavior; and gas transport. Many of the basic discoveries linking NO to biological systems have arisen from structure-function relationships in hemoglobin. For example, by analogy with hemoglobin, Lou Ignarro, in a now-classic paper on NO, proposed that the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase occurs via a NO-driven planar shift in the enzyme's heme iron (Ignarro et al., 1984). Many other proteins involved in NO biology are heme proteins where NO coordination plays an essential function. In this regard, we may view hemoglobin as a microcosm of NO biology. Invertebrates provide rich examples in which to explore alternate functions, or even perhaps the or...
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR PULSATION FREQUENCY IN GONIONEMUS.

The frequency of contraction of the bell of Gonionemus was studied in relation to temperature, with intact animals and also where different operations were made on the nervous system. A number of values of micro are found for intact animals namely 8,100+/-, 10,500+/-, 32,000+/- and 22,500+/-, with critical temperatures at 9.6 degrees , 12.3 degrees , and 14.0 degrees . Four different classes of operations were used: (1) Animals where the nerve ring was cut on two opposite sides of the bell; the micro values found are 10,500+/- and 21,300+/-, with a critical temperature at 13.4 degrees . (2) Animals with four cuts through the nerve ring gave micro = 10,600 +/- and micro = 21,000, with a critical temperature at 13.1 degrees . (3) In animals where the bell was cut in half the temperature characteristic was found to be 16,900. And finally (4) in the animals where the nerve ring was totally removed micro values of 8,100, 16,000+/-, and 29,000 were found, with critical temperatures at 15.0 degrees and 9.4 degrees . These results are discussed from the standpoint of the theory which supposes that definite "temperature characteristics" may be associated with the functional activity of particular elements in a complex functional unit, and that these elements may be separately studied and identified by suitable experimental procedures involving the magnitudes of the respective temperature characteristics and the locations of associated critical temperatures. The swimming bell of medusae with its marginal sense organs permits a fairly direct approach to such questions. It is found that even slight injuries to the marginal nerve ring, for example, produce specific modifications in the temperature relations which are different from those appearing when the organism is cut in half.
Age and Group-Specific Cohort Effects on Personality Test Scores A Study of Three Hawaiian Populations

There has been substantial social change in Hawaii in recent decades, with amount of change varying across ethnic groups and probably across sexes as well. If cohort effects have substantial influences on differences in personality test scores across age groups, then group-specific cohort effects should influence the magnitude of age correlations. We report correlations of personality test scores with age separately for members of three ethnic groups-Americans of European, Chinese, and Japanese ancestries living in Hawaii-and for the two sexes. The high degree of similarity in both magnitude and pattern of correlations of personality scale scores with age across sex and ethnic groups suggests that age, not cohort, is the major influence. The relatively small numbers of significant and important sex by age, ethnicity by age, and sex by ethnicity by age interactions support this conclusion.
Measurement of inner radiation belt electrons with kinetic energy above 1 MeV

Data from the Proton-Electron Telescope on the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite, taken during 1992–2009, are analyzed for evidence of inner radiation belt electrons with kinetic energy E > 1 MeV. It is found that most of the data from a detector combination with a nominal energy threshold of 1 MeV were, in fact, caused by a chance coincidence response to lower energy electrons or high-energy protons. In particular, there was no detection of inner belt or slot region electrons above 1 MeV following the 2003 Halloween storm injection, though they may have been present. However, by restricting data to a less-stable, low-altitude trapping region, a persistent presence of inner belt electrons in the energy range 1 to 1.6 MeV is demonstrated. Their soft, exponential energy spectra are consistent with extrapolation of lower energy measurements.
Reactivity of [U(CH2SiMe2NSiMe3)(NR2)2] (R = SiMe3) with elemental chalcogens: towards a better understanding of chalcogen atom transfer in the actinides

The reaction of the U(IV) metallacycle, [U(CH2SiMe2NSiMe3)(NR2)2] (R = SiMe3) with the elemental chalcogens, E (E = S, Se, Te) affords the insertion products, [U(ECH2SiMe2NSiMe3)(NR2)2], in good yields. All three can transfer the chalcogen atom to [U(NR2)3] to give the bridged mono-chalcogenides [U(NR2)3](μ-E) (E = S, Se, Te) and regenerate [U(CH2SiMe2NSiMe3)(NR2)2]. Additionally, the reaction of [U(Cl)(NR2)3] with 2 equiv. of KSCPh3 affords the di-sulfide, [K(Et2O)2][U(S2)(NR2)3].
Enzyme logic gates for the digital analysis of physiological level upon injury.

A biocomputing system composed of a combination of AND/IDENTITY logic gates based on the concerted operation of three enzymes: lactate oxidase, horseradish peroxidase and glucose dehydrogenase was designed to process biochemical information related to pathophysiological conditions originating from various injuries. Three biochemical markers: lactate, norepinephrine and glucose were applied as input signals to activate the enzyme logic system. Physiologically normal concentrations of the markers were selected as logic 0 values of the input signals, while their abnormally increased concentrations, indicative of various injury conditions were defined as logic 1 input. Biochemical processing of different patterns of the biomarkers resulted in the formation of norepi-quinone and NADH defined as the output signals. Optical and electrochemical means were used to follow the formation of the output signals for eight different combinations of three input signals. The enzymatically processed biochemical information presented in the form of a logic truth table allowed distinguishing the difference between normal physiological conditions, pathophysiological conditions corresponding to traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock, and abnormal situations (not corresponding to injury). The developed system represents a biocomputing logic system applied for the analysis of biomedical conditions related to various injuries. We anticipate that such biochemical logic gates will facilitate decision-making in connection to an integrated therapeutic feedback-loop system and hence will revolutionize the monitoring and treatment of injured civilians and soldiers.
Applications of Cryogenic NMR Probe Technology for the Identification of Low-Level Impurities in Pharmaceuticals

Following the detection of low-level impurities in pharmaceuticals, structural characterization of these components represents a continuing challenge. Irrespective of whether the impurity in question arises from side reactions of the chemical processes being employed for the synthetic elaboration of the active pharmaceutical, through degradation chemistry processes, or through accidental contamination, the identification of low-level impurities is a mandatory component of the preparation and marketing of pharmaceuticals. The development of cryogenic NMR probes and the corresponding increases in sensitivity that they provide has significantly impacted this phase of pharmaceutical development. The role of cryogenic NMR probe technology in the characterization of low-level impurities from pharmaceuticals is discussed.
Escherichia coli Free Radical-Based Killing Mechanism Driven by a Unique Combination of Iron Restriction and Certain Antibiotics

ABSTRACT Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is precipitating a medical crisis, and new antibacterial strategies are being sought. Hypothesizing that a growth-restricting strategy could be used to enhance the efficacy of antibiotics, we determined the effect of FDA-approved iron chelators and various antibiotic combinations on invasive and multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), the Gram-negative bacterium most frequently isolated from the bloodstreams of hospitalized patients. We report that certain antibiotics used at sublethal concentrations display enhanced growth inhibition and/or killing when combined with the iron chelator deferiprone (DFP). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry reveals abnormally high levels of cell-associated iron under these conditions, a response that correlates with an iron starvation response and supraphysiologic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The high ROS level is reversed upon the addition of antioxidants, which restores bacterial growth, suggesting that the cells are inhibited or killed by excessive free radicals. A model is proposed in which peptidoglycan-targeting antibiotics facilitate the entry of lethal levels of iron-complexed DFP into the bacterial cytoplasm, a process that drives the generation of ROS. This new finding suggests that, in addition to restriction of access to iron as a general growth-restricting strategy, targeting of cellular pathways or networks that selectively disrupt normal iron homeostasis can have potent bactericidal outcomes. IMPORTANCE The prospect that common bacteria will become resistant to all antibiotics is challenging the medical community. In addition to the development of next-generation antibiotics, new bacterial targets that display cytotoxic properties when altered need to be identified. Data presented here demonstrate that combining subinhibitory levels of both iron chelators and certain antibiotics kills pathogenic Escherichia coli. The mechanism of this effect is the production of supraphysiologic levels of reactive oxygen species, likely powered by the excessive import of iron. These findings were consistent for both clinically relevant and no longer clinically used antibiotics and may extend to Staphylococcus aureus as well.
Benign Neoplasms of the Head and Neck

This chapter describes a new approach to developing a differential diagnosis, based on collating a lesion’s tissue of origin and the disease process that is taking place. For the purposes of this approach, disease processes are categorized as Developmental, Allergic-Immune, Metabolic, Infectious, Environmental, or Neoplastic, yielding the mnemonic acronym DAMIEN. General characteristics of benign neoplasms and precancerous lesions are discussed. This is followed by a review of benign tumors that may occur at many different sites in the head and neck. This review is organized by tissue type and illustrated by clinical examples in many cases. Finally, there is a discussion of benign neoplasms that are specific to various anatomical sites.
The Escalating Peace Potential of Global Governance

The purpose of this chapter is to motivate more peace researchers to illuminate the widespread peacebuilding potential of escalating global governance. I will approach this issue primarily in the context of the threefold research and teaching agenda that I have pursued for many ears: (1) the UN System (Alger 2006), (2) the worldwide links of people and organizations in local communities (Alger 1990, 1999) and (3) peace research (Alger 2007a).
Preterm newborn lamb renal and cardiovascular responses after fetal or maternal antenatal betamethasone.

The optimal dose, route of administration, and treatment-to-delivery interval necessary to induce beneficial extrapulmonary effects of glucocorticoids are not known. Pregnant ewes (127 days gestation) were randomized to receive maternal or fetal intramuscular injections of betamethasone (0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg body wt) or saline 24 h before cesarean delivery of their lambs. Three hours after delivery, low-dose maternal vs. control lamb mean arterial pressure [64 +/- 4 vs. 47 +/- 2 (SE) mmHg], glomerular filtration rate (1.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1.kg-1), and total renal sodium reabsorption (219 +/- 31 vs. 85 +/- 12 mueq.min-1.kg-1) were increased. Comparable increases were observed in the high-dose maternal and fetal groups without effects in the low-dose fetal group. This study provides the first quantitative data demonstrating that even short-term (24-h) antenatal betamethasone exposure alters preterm newborn cardiovascular and renal functions. These responses are route and dose dependent and are comparable to glucocorticoid-induced maturational effects after longer-term antenatal exposure.
Studies in the Fall and Winter of Oviposition Prior to Diapause in the Boll Weevil with Observations on Reversion from Diapause to Reproduction

Studies of isolated female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in the fall and early winter seasons of 1963, 1964, and 1965 showed that oviposition prior to diapause was negligible. However, diapausing females about 30 days old often became reproductive. Observations on the general behavior of the females are given.
Control of Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) In Selected Wheat and Oat Cultivars with Seed Systemic Insecticides in the Greenhouse

Laboratory tests with carbofuran and disulfoton applied to seeds of wheat cvs. Abe (susceptible to barley yellow dwarf virus) and Caldwell (tolerant), and oat cvs. Clintland 64 (susceptible) and Porter (tolerant), showed that mortality of the bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), increased with dosage, with differences between cultivars. No additive effects were found between tolerance to the virus and insecticidal action at low dosages. Dosages of 1,000 ml (AI)/100 kg seed protected the plants from aphids for 2–4 wk. Longer residual effects were obtained in wheat than in oats.
Advances in Single Molecule Biophysics: Breaking the Nanometer Barrier with Optical Tweezers

Recent advances in optical trapping instrumentation for use in biophysical applications have reached atomic-level resolution for the motions of individual biomolecules. This tutorial will describe how it's done and some of what we've learned.
Obesity in Pregnancy

Abstract the prevalence of obesity among Canadian women of reproductive age is over 30 percent and rising. As such, this problem will be the most frequently encountered medical condition that obstetrical care providers will manage. Potential associated problems include an increased incidence of infertility, hypertension, diabetes, macrosomia, congenital anomalies, operative deliveries, infectious complications, thromboembolism, anesthetic complications, perinatal mortality, and poor self-image. Appropriate care demands recognition of these issues and vigilant monitoring of blood pressure, blood sugar, weight gain, and fetal growth through pregnancy, especially in the third trimester when stillbirth is up to four times more common. Appropriate advice regarding weight loss and exercise, screening for neural tube defects and gestational diabetes, antepartum counselling regarding the possibility of Caesarean section, anesthetic consultation, and recognition of depression are all fundamental components of good care.
Systematic Review of Thigh Symptoms after Lateral Transpsoas Interbody Fusion for Adult Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spine Disease.

Background Lateral transpsoas interbody fusion (LTIF) is a minimally invasive technique for achieving lumbar spinal fusion. While it has many advantages over open techniques it carries with it a distinct set of risks, most commonly post-operative ipsilateral thigh pain, weakness and sensory disturbances. It is vital for both the surgeon and patient to understand the risks for and outcomes of injury associated with this procedure. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the incidence, risks, and long-term clinical outcomes of post-operative thigh symptoms in patients treated with LTIF. Methods We conducted a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Collaboration Library, using keywords and MeSH terms, for English-language literature published through September 2014, as well as reference lists from key articles. Studies were then manually filtered to retrieve articles that met inclusion criteria. We were interested in studies that reported postoperative lower extremity symptoms after LTIF, such as pain, weakness and changes in sensation. The strength of evidence was determined based on precepts outlined by the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group (GRADE). Results A total of 392 articles were initially retrieved, with 24 ultimately meeting criteria for inclusion. The incidence of any post-operative thigh symptom varied, ranging as high as 60.7%, with 9.3% of patients experiencing a motor deficit related to direct nerve injury. Several studies reported cases of persistent symptoms at 6 months follow up. Additionally, inclusion of the L4-5 disc space and a longer duration of surgery were both identified as risks for developing postoperative thigh symptoms. Conclusion The risk of postoperative thigh symptoms after LTIF is high. Thigh pain, paresthesias and weakness were the most commonly reported symptoms. While most patients’ symptoms resolved by 6 months follow up, several studies reported patients with symptoms persistent as far as 12 months removed from surgery. Surgery at the L4-5 disc space and longer surgical duration place the patient at greater risk for developing postoperative and long-term thigh symptoms.
Peer-to-peer networks as extensions of web-based education: handhelds in support of coordination and autonomy

In recent years, we have witnessed the rapid evolution of handheld computing devices from leading manufacturers, somewhat fueled by a battle being waged between Palm Computing and Microsoft Corporation. Handheld devices are attractive for educational settings, because they are inexpensive, portable, and customizable. Furthermore, most handheld devices come "out of the box" with infrared ports, enabling them to automatically form a peer-to-peer network with other handhelds. In this chapter, how such peer-to-peer networks could support the interplay of autonomy and coordination underlying current and emerging learning models will be discussed. Findings from a pilot study suggest that the information management and connectivity features of the machines make them ideal devices for such learning environments. The entertainment capabilities of the devices motivate students to learn how to use them. However, students found the machines and add-ons expensive, limited in capability, and difficult to use.
Clinical Evaluation of Focused Transducers in Grey Scale Ultrasound

With the development of grey scale ultrasound, a new dimension of information has been achieved. Increased resolution in obstetrical and abdominal scanning is now available due to the simultaneous displaying of the soft and bright echoes on a single image. The commercially available display systems have more resolution available than is being used by the current collimated transducers.
A Single Stage Five Valve Pulse Tube Refrigerator Reaching 32 K

In order to enhance the performance of a single stage pulse tube refrigerator, a new G-M type pulse tube refrigerator with five valves is introduced in this paper. In this novel configuration, five valves with different flow coefficients are used to connect the compressor, regenerator, pulse tube and reservoir. The compression and expansion processes inside the pulse tube are realized by carefully controlling the opening and closing time of the five valves. The system is optimized by changing two intermediate pressures during the compression and expansion processes. A detailed description of the operating procedure and test results of a prototype five-valve pulse tube is given in the paper. Additionally, a simplified thermodynamic simulation is presented and compared with test results. Measurements of the refrigeration power and minimum temperature indicate that the performance of the new configuration is better than that of a standard two-valve double inlet configuration. A cooling capacity of 8 watts at 60 K is achieved with an input power of 1 kW, equivalent to an efficiency of 3.2% of Carnot. A minimum temperature of 32 K was reached with an operating frequency of 1.75 Hz.
E-Mail Is an Effective Tool for Rapid Feedback in Acute Stroke:

Objective:To determine whether e-mail is a useful mechanism to provide prompt, case-specific data feedback and improve door-to-needle (DTN) time for acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous t...
Racialized space and discourse in the picture books of Ezra Jack Keats

Abstract Scholars have argued elementary social studies is uniquely suited to build a foundation of critical knowledge of race and racism with young children (e.g. Bolgatz (2005) , Bolgatz (2007) ; Wills, 2005 ). To build this foundation, we must more deeply examine the materials, such as picture books, that are used in early classrooms. This research is a qualitative content analysis of one set of picture books: the neighborhood books of Caldecott award winner Ezra Jack Keats. Drawing on Goldberg׳s (1993) theory of racialized discourse and Neely and Sumatra׳s (2011) theory on racialized space, this research analyzes the racialized fictional space of Keats׳s neighborhood, and contextualizes the texts within broader socio-historical racial discourse. The author argues Keats׳s texts racialize neighborhood space through the characters’ relationships with each other, their interaction with the space, and the physical depiction of the setting. This research contributes to a growing movement toward addressing race and racism in elementary social studies by demonstrating how scholars, teachers, and students may interrogate picture books as transmitters of racial knowledge and history.
Introduction to Spring Systems

The new science of sound focuses on aspects of wave phenomena that have not been emphasized in traditional instruction. To elucidate these new aspects of wave phenomena, particularly the phase, in a clear exposition, we will rely on a number of simple models. We first define phase and group velocities using the one-dimensional monatomic harmonic crystal. Then, we advance to the diatomic one-dimension harmonic crystal and the one-dimensional harmonic crystal with alternating stiffness. We introduce the Green’s function approach to solving the wave equation, which will prove to be an indispensable tool in exploring phase related wave behavior. Three simple systems provide the basics of the Green’s function formalism, monatomic harmonic crystals with (1) a single mass defect, (2) a general perturbing potential, and (3) locally resonant structures. The introduction concludes with the introduction of Interface Response Theory (IRT) where we present the fundamental equations, introduce the cleavage operator, and demonstrate its use in a few examples. The Appendix 1 includes a Fortran77 code that will allow the reader to further explore the concepts presented here and in other chapters in greater detail.
Lowering rumen-degradable and rumen-undegradable protein improved amino acid metabolism and energy utilization in lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary rumen-degradable protein (RDP) and rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) on protein and energy metabolism in heat-stressed dairy cows. Eighteen primiparous and 30 multiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial (n = 12/treatment). Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments that included 2 levels of RDP (10 and 8%; D) and 2 levels of RUP (8 and 6%; U) of dry matter for 21 d as (1) 10D:8U, (2) 8D:8U, (3) 10D:6U, and (4) 8D:6U. Diets were isoenergetic and contained 50% forage and 50% concentrate (dry matter basis). Cows were housed in a freestall barn. Three weeks before start of treatments, all animals were fed the 10D:8U diet and received supplemental cooling to prevent heat stress. During the treatment period, cows experienced a daily increment in temperature-humidity index from 74 to 82 for 1000 to 2000 h. Blood samples were collected on d -1 and 21 of the treatment period to determine plasma concentrations of AA, glucose, insulin, fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyrate. For primiparous cows, reducing from 10 to 8% RDP decreased insulin concentrations. For multiparous cows, we found significant RDP by RUP interactions for insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate, fatty acids, total essential AA, and 3-methylhistidine concentrations. Reducing from 10 to 8% RDP decreased insulin concentrations at 6% RUP, but concentrations did not change when reducing RDP at 8% RUP. Reducing from 10 to 8% RDP decreased β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations at 8% RUP, but concentrations did not change when reducing RDP at 6% RUP. Reducing from 10 to 8% RDP increased nonesterified fatty acid and total essential AA concentrations at 8% RUP, but concentrations did not change when reducing RDP at 6% RUP. Reducing from 8 to 6% RUP decreased 3-methylhistidine concentration at 8% RDP, but not at 10% RDP. Reducing from 8 to 6% RUP increased milk protein yield efficiency in primiparous and multiparous cows. These results indicate that reducing RDP and RUP lowers circulating insulin, which was associated with mobilization and utilization of fatty acids. Reduced RDP and RUP increases the use of AA to maintain milk protein synthesis and limit AA catabolism in cows exposed to warm climates.
Confronting Urban Crisis and Opportunity in the 1990s: An Insiders’ View on How Fannie Mae’s Housing Research Helped Reset Policy and Remade Cities

AbstractIn response to the urban crisis of the early 1990s, the government-sponsored enterprise known as Fannie Mae used what would become the Annual Housing Conference (AHC) to influence urban and housing policy. This article traces the history of the AHC in relation to Housing Policy Debate as part of a concerted effort of Fannie Mae to invest in and upgrade the quality of urban and housing policy research during the 1990s. The impact of these conferences on the policy community in universities, Washington DC, the states, and indeed the world is analyzed by highlighting some of work that came out of the more influential conferences including the 1991 Homeless Conference, the 1994 Access to Opportunity Conference, and the 1997 Social Capital Conference. The article is concluded with an appraisal of the AHC’s legacy.
Carpenter and the Napoleon Ascription

I could never completely abandon the search for the connection. This lovely theorem in elementary geometry had been attributed to Napoleon!
Abstract 4499: A Randomized Pilot Trial for Treatment of Large Bifurcation Lesions with Simultaneous Kissing Stents: PRECISE-SKS Trial

Optimal stenting strategy for coronary bifurcation lesions continues to evolve with most of the earlier studies favoring stenting the main vessel (MV) over stenting both MV and the side-branch (SB). Simultaneous kissing stents (SKS) techniques involves deploying two stents simultaneously in both branches with guaranteed coverage of SB ostium, no stent deformation and excellent long-term results. Present SKS-Precise study is a randomized trial comparing SKS technique vs conventional stent strategy (CSS) of deploying stent in MV and provisional stent of the SB for the treatment of large bifurcation lesions (Duke type D). The primary endpoints were angiographic restenosis (>50% diameter stenosis of the target lesion) at 8-month and a major adverse cardiac events (MACE: TLR, stent thrombosis, MI or death) at 1-yr. A total of 100 pts were randomized (51 in SKS group and 49 in CSS group), with 1-yr clinical follow-up available in all pts and angiographic follow-up in 83 cases. The SB stenting in CSS group was needed in 28%. All pts received sirolimus-eluting stents (SES). Baseline clinical and angiographic variables were comparable, with lower angiographic success of SB in CSS. The SKS technique for large bifurcation lesions resulted in a trend towards better acute success and long-term patency, especially in the SB, compared to conventional stent technique. Therefore, SKS technique can be safely recommended in the treatment of the true large coronary bifurcations. ![Table][1] [1]: pending:yes
Energy Storage, Batteries, and Solid Electrolytes: Prospects and Problems

Historically, storing energy has generally been accomplished by containment of raw fuel. This has been satisfactory for the transportation sector since the fuel, petroleum, is portable and readily converted into the desired result — motion. In the electric utility industry, the necessity to supply energy on demand (which fluctuates seasonally, weekly, and daily) has been successfully accomplished by using different classes of generating equipment; namely, capital intensive base-loaded units using nuclear or coal fuel, older and smaller intermediate cycling plants fired by coal or petroleum, and relatively inexpensive peaking units fired by oil or gas. Recently, however, the high cost and limited reserves of petroleum are forcing a reconsideration of these approaches. With energy storage it would be possible to mitigate these concerns by indirectly using coal or nuclear energy to supply peaking and motive power which are the major uses of petroleum. In the longer term when petroleum-derived energy must be replaced by that derived from coal, fusion, nuclear, and/or solar, new chemical fuels must be produced and/or electrical energy must be stored for applications where direct use of these new energy sources is not possible.
Fertility-sparing surgery in stage IA2 cervical cancer: Associated factors and long-term survival.

e17012Background: Approximately 40% of cervical cancers are diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 44. Standard therapy for stage IA2 disease consists of non-fertility sparing options. We sought to e...
Multiple levers for overcoming the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass

The recalcitrance of cellulosic biomass is widely recognized as a key barrier to cost-effective biological processing to fuels and chemicals, but the relative impacts of physical, chemical and genetic interventions to improve biomass processing singly and in combination have yet to be evaluated systematically. Solubilization of plant cell walls can be enhanced by non-biological augmentation including physical cotreatment and thermochemical pretreatment, the choice of biocatalyst, the choice of plant feedstock, genetic engineering of plants, and choosing feedstocks that are less recalcitrant natural variants. A two-tiered combinatoric investigation of lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction was undertaken with three biocatalysts (Clostridium thermocellum, Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, Novozymes Cellic® Ctec2 and Htec2), three transgenic switchgrass plant lines (COMT, MYB4, GAUT4) and their respective nontransgenic controls, two Populus natural variants, and augmentation of biological attack using either mechanical cotreatment or cosolvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatment. In the absence of augmentation and under the conditions tested, increased total carbohydrate solubilization (TCS) was observed for 8 of the 9 combinations of switchgrass modifications and biocatalysts tested, and statistically significant for five of the combinations. Our results indicate that recalcitrance is not a trait determined by the feedstock only, but instead is coequally determined by the choice of biocatalyst. TCS with C. thermocellum was significantly higher than with the other two biocatalysts. Both CELF pretreatment and cotreatment via continuous ball milling enabled TCS in excess of 90%. Based on our results as well as literature studies, it appears that some form of non-biological augmentation will likely be necessary for the foreseeable future to achieve high TCS for most cellulosic feedstocks. However, our results show that this need not necessarily involve thermochemical processing, and need not necessarily occur prior to biological conversion. Under the conditions tested, the relative magnitude of TCS increase was augmentation > biocatalyst choice > plant choice > plant modification > plant natural variants. In the presence of augmentation, plant modification, plant natural variation, and plant choice exhibited a small, statistically non-significant impact on TCS.
Left ventricular function after noninvasive cardiac ablation using proton beam therapy in a porcine model.

Background Noninvasive cardiac ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) using radiotherapy has recently gained interest among electrophysiologists. The effects of left ventricular (LV) ablative radiation treatment on global LV function and volumes are unknown. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of noninvasive ablation on LV function over time. Methods Twenty domestic swine underwent proton beam treatment of LV sites in a dose-finding design and were followed for up to 40 weeks by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 4-week intervals. Doses investigated were either 40 Gy at 1 site (n = 8) or 30 Gy at 2 sites (n = 4) in the low-dose group and 40 Gy at 3 sites (n = 8) in the high-dose group. Results LV mean dose (13.2 ± 1.8 Gy vs 4.6 ± 1.8 Gy) and the volume receiving at least 20 Gy (V20Gy) (24.7% ± 4.8% vs 6.4% ± 3.0%) differed significantly between groups. Dose-dependent effects on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV end-diastolic volume became manifest about 3 months after treatment. LVEF decline was correlated to mean dose (correlation coefficient ρ = –0.69; P = .008) and V20Gy (ρ = –0.66; P = .01), as was LV dilation (ρ = 0.72; P = .005; and ρ = 0.75, P = .003 respectively). Conclusion Possible adverse effects on LV function, seen about 3 months after treatment, are dose dependent. Therefore, precise target definition and focused energy delivery are paramount in catheter-free ablation.
An Unworthy Foe: Heroic Ἔθη, Trickery, and an Insult in Ephesians 6:11

The literary and conceptual frameworks within which scholars have inter preted Eph 6:10-20 have been quite limited. Various studies have pointed out the similarities between this text and the divine warrior motif, especially in Isaiah, and its subsequent adaptation in the Wisdom of Solomon and the authentic Pauline letters.1 In addition, many notable scholars have pointed out the striking similari ties between the language and themes of Ephesians and certain writings from
Exact Inference with Approximate Computation for Differentially Private Data via Perturbations

Differential privacy protects individuals' confidential information by subjecting data summaries to probabilistic perturbation mechanisms, carefully designed to minimize undue sacrifice of statistical efficiency. When properly accounted for, differentially private data are conducive to exact inference when approximate computation techniques are employed. This paper shows that approximate Bayesian computation, a practical suite of methods to simulate from approximate posterior distributions of complex Bayesian models, produces exact posterior samples when applied to differentially private perturbation data. An importance sampling implementation of Monte Carlo expectation-maximization for likelihood inference is also discussed. The results illustrate a duality between approximate computation on exact data, and exact computation on approximate data. A cleverly designed inferential procedure exploits the alignment between the statistical tradeoff of privacy versus efficiency, and the computational tradeoff of approximation versus exactness, so that paying the cost of one gains the benefit of both.
Post-traumatic stress symptoms and social constraints in the communication with family caregivers among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors

The consequences of breast cancer on physical and psychological well-being have been extensively studied. One of the long-term effects of the disease is Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS). However, only a small number of studies examined PTSS among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors. This study investigated interpersonal and physical health predictors of PTSS and explored sociodemographic and clinical factors linked to PTSS in this group. We hypothesized that higher levels of social constraints and lower levels of social support, relationship closeness, and physical health would be associated with higher levels of PTSS. A sample of 96 Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors completed measures of PTSS, social constraints, social support, closeness, health-related quality of life, and acculturation. Bivariate correlation examined association between variables of interest. Then, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine predictors of PTSS. Participants reported an average score of 14.7 (SD = 10.46, range 0–44) on the severity of PTSS, with 54.2% (N = 52) meeting the criteria for likelihood of PTSD. PTSS were positively associated with social constraints and negatively associated with social support, closeness, and physical health. More medication usage was linked to worse PTSS. Only social constraints in the ability to communicate cancer-related concerns to the caregiver predicted worse PTSS severity. The study unveils the role of interpersonal factors in mental health outcomes of Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors. Future research should be conducted on larger samples and culturally relevant psychosocial interventions should be developed.
Editorial: Family History of Depression and Child Striatal Volumes in the ABCD Study: Promise and Perils of Neuroimaging Research With Large Samples

Every generation of psychopathologists is confronted with critical issues that, if left unaddressed, impede progress in both science and practice. As just one example, progress in psychiatry was hindered for many years by problems with diagnostic validity. Surmounting these problems required painstaking efforts to operationalize diagnostic criteria and to formulate effective structured interviews. More recently, critical issues facing psychiatry include tackling the so-called replication crisis, and mapping the overwhelming etiological complexity of psychopathology-two interrelated challenges. Many highly cited findings from past decades have failed to replicate, have not been subjected to replication, or have overestimated effect sizes considerably. Such findings apply to virtually all areas of psychiatric research, spanning genetics, central and peripheral biomarkers, and interventions.1,2.
The Reliability of Same-Race and Cross-Race Skin Tone Judgments

The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability of the skin tone measures in the widely used American National Election Studies data collection (ANES 2016 Time Series). Low reliability in skin tone measurement can lead to false conclusions regarding theoretically important relationships. Consistent with previous reliability analyses based on data from the General Social Survey, we find that different interviewers agree on Black and Latinx respondent skin tone less than 20% of the time and inter-rater reliability coefficients are very low (< .3). We also exploit unique features of the ANES data that allow us to (1) assess intra-rater reliability using Krippendorff’s alpha and (2) compare observer skin tone judgments to respondent self-appraisals. We find that even for cases where the same interviewer judges the same Black or Latinx respondent 2 months later, interviewers agree with their earlier assessment less than 35% of the time—only modestly exceeding expectations based on chance alone. Furthermore, we find weak correlations between how interviewers remember Black and Latinx respondent skin tone and how respondents self-describe. Importantly, our analyses indicate that these data patterns persist regardless of whether or not interviewer race/ethnicity matches that of the respondent. Thus, our results provide little support for the claim that measurement reliability can be significantly improved through a policy of matching respondents to interviewers of the same race and ethnicity. We discuss the implications for future research on skin tone’s relationship with social attitudes and outcomes.