cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can you hear me now? The rise of smartphones and their welfare effects

The advent of smartphones has caused a dramatic change in consumers' access to information and media. Using data on consumer telephone service choices, along with geographic data on cellular network infrastructure and software applications, we estimate the demand for telephone services. We allow for the possibility that consumers purchase both landline and wireless service. Among our results, we find evidence that smartphones are much stronger substitutes to landlines than traditional wireless services, suggesting the growth of smartphones may speed up the decline of landline services. Using our demand estimates, we estimate the effect that smartphone availability has had on consumer welfare. We estimate that average monthly surplus (per-consumer) from smartphone introduction is approximately $35.50, which implies an aggregate monthly consumer surplus of approximately $7.03 billion for wireless consumers in the United States. This welfare increase is due to the expanded consumer choice set, as well as the effect that smartphone growth has had on improvements in cellular networks and a reduction in the price of wireless voice services. HighlightsWe estimate demand for telephone services (both landline & wireless) in the U.S.We estimate monthly consumer surplus from smartphone introduction to be $35.50.This aggregates to $7.03 billion monthly for wireless consumers in the U.S.Smartphones are found to be stronger landline substitutes than traditional cell phones.This suggests the growth of smartphones may speed up the decline of landlines.
Chapter 15 Chemical transmission in the brain: homeostatic regulation and its functional implications

Publisher Summary Homeostatic regulation has been detected in many of the interactions between neurons and their targets, both effectors and other neurons. This chapter discusses this regulation in the nervous system. The regulation consists of a wide variety of negative feedback loops that can be categorized into local versus multisynaptic, synthesis-modulating versus release-modulating, and rapid versus slow. The chapter focuses on the implications of homeostasis of cell–cell interactions for the response to neuronal injury—in particular, the one that is associated with Parkinson's disease. For this study, rats are treated with neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine to produce a selective loss of dopamine neurons within the brain. The chapter discusses neuroregulatory deficits and their implications. Deficits in the ability to invoke compensations may exist in circumstances such as senescence, leading to accelerated rates of behavioral decline.
The Language Library: supporting community effort for collective resource production

Relations among phenomena at different linguistic levels are at the essence of language properties but today we focus mostly on one specific linguistic layer at a time, without (having the possibility of) paying attention to the relations among the different layers. At the same time our efforts are too much scattered without much possibility of exploiting other people's achievements. To address the complexities hidden in multilayer interrelations even small amounts of processed data can be useful, improving the performance of complex systems. Exploiting the current trend towards sharing we want to initiate a collective movement that works towards creating synergies and harmonisation among different annotation efforts that are now dispersed. In this paper we present the general architecture of the Language Library, an initiative which is conceived as a facility for gathering and making available through simple functionalities the linguistic knowledge the field is able to produce, putting in place new ways of collaboration within the LRT community. In order to reach this goal, a first population round of the Language Library has started around a core of parallel/comparable texts that have been annotated by several contributors submitting a paper for LREC2012. The Language Library has also an ancillary aim related to language documentation and archiving and it is conceived as a theory-neutral space which allows for several language processing philosophies to coexist.
Observations on the anemia in ducks infected with P. lophurae.

This study of the anemia produced by P. lophurae in ducks emphasizes the significance of a decrease in the number of red cells in this disease, and furthermore, it suggests that the rapid diminution in the number of parasites following the peak of the parasitemia may be directly related to the character of this anemia since these parasites apparently do not prefer young erythroblasts to mature erythrocytes. The observations made in this study show that erythrocytes in the ducks first appear as spherical bodies in stained smears and when mature they are elliptical in shape. Under abnormal conditions such as may occur with a severe parasitemia, erythroblasts appear in the peripheral blood in large numbers, sometimes almost completely replacing the adult type of red cell. Both microcytes and macrocytes appear in the blood stream. The amount of hemoglobin within some of these young erythrocytes is small as indicated by the hemoglobin determinations and the staining reaction. Small young erythroblasts with little hemoglobin appear in the peripheral blood when the maximum load is placed upon the hematopoietic tissues.
Glaucoma, capillaries and pericytes. 5. Preliminary evidence that carbon dioxide relaxes pericyte contractile tone

We undertook this study to determine if pericytes respond to carbon dioxide in a manner such that they could help control capillary blood flow and that their physiologic responses to pCO2 might be worthy of detailed study. Pericytes were isolated from bovine retinas and grown in cell culture. Changes in the contractile tone of the pericytes upon changing the ambient pCO2 were observed by noting changes in the wrinkling of an elastic silicone surface on which they were grown. An increase in pCO2 caused acidosis of the medium and relaxation of the pericytes in a reversible, concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the regulation of blood flow to meet local metabolic needs does not reside entirely in the arterioles and precapillary sphincters, but at least in part in the capillary bed through the contractile properties of pericytes. The local pCO2 is one of several potential indicators of whether or not local blood flow is adequate for local tissue needs. The response to local conditions may modulate or be modulated by the effect of neurotransmitters and hormones on the local rate of blood flow.
Improved efficiency of asymmetric hydrolysis of 3‐substituted glutaric acid diamides with an engineered amidase

Aims To improve the efficiency of asymmetric hydrolysis of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) glutaric acid diamide (CGD) using a recombinant Comamonas sp. KNK3-7 amidase (CoAM) produced in Escherichia coli. Methods and Results The CoAM gene was cloned, sequenced, and found to comprise 1512 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 54,054 Da. CoAM-transformed E. coli were able to perform R-selective hydrolysis of CGD; however, complete conversion of 166.2 mmol l−1 CGD in 28 h could not be obtained. We attempted to optimize the reactivity of CoAM by mutating single amino acids in the substrate-binding domain. Notably, the methionine-substituted L146M mutant enzyme showed increased reactivity, completing the conversion of 166.2 mmol l−1 CGD in just 4 h. The Km value for L146M was lower than that of CoAM. Conclusions We succeeded in creating the L146M mutant of CoAM with increased substrate affinity and found that this was the best mutant for the hydrolysis of CGD. Significance and Impact of the Study Increasing the efficiency of hydrolysis of 3-substituted glutaric acid diamides is useful to improve the synthesis of optically active 3-substituted gamma-aminobutyric acid, used in the production of pharmacological drugs. This is the first report of efficient hydrolysis of CGD using amidase mutant-producing E. coli cells. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Is grand-parental smoking associated with adolescent obesity? A three-generational study.

Background/objectives Data from previous studies consistently suggest that maternal smoking is positively associated with obesity later in life. Whether this association persists across generations is unknown. We examined whether grand-parental smoking was positively associated with overweight status in adolescence. Subject/methods Participants were grandmother-mother-child triads in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II), the Nurses Mothers' Cohort Study and the Growing up Today Study (GUTS). Grandmothers provided information on their and their partner's smoking during pregnancy with the child's mother. Information on child's weight and height at ages 12 (N=3094) and 17 (N=3433) was obtained from annual or biennial GUTS questionnaires. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of being overweight or obese, relative to normal weight. Results Grand-maternal smoking during pregnancy was not associated with overweight status in adolescence. After adjusting for covariates, the OR of being overweight or obese relative to normal weight at age 12 years in girls whose grandmothers smoked 15+ cigarettes daily during pregnancy was 1.21 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-1.98; P(trend)=0.31) and 1.07 (0.65-1.77; P(trend)=0.41) in boys. Grand-paternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with being overweight or obese at age 12 in girls only, but not at age 17 for either sex: the OR for being overweight or obese at age 12 was 1.38 (95% CI 1.01-1.89; P(trend)=0.03) in girls and 1.31 (95% CI 0.97-1.76; P(trend)=0.07) in boys. Among children of non-smoking mothers, the OR for granddaughter obesity for grand-paternal smoking was attenuated and no longer significant (OR 1.28 (95% CI 0.87-1.89; P(trend)=0.18)). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the association between maternal smoking and offspring obesity may not persist beyond the first generation. However, grand-paternal smoking may affect the overweight status of the granddaughter, likely through the association between grand-paternal smoking and maternal smoking.
Diruthenium Alkynyl Compounds with Phosphonate Capping Groups

The reaction between Ru2(ap)4Cl (ap = 2-anilinopyridinate) and LiC≡C-4-Ph-P(O)(OtBu)2 afforded Ru2(ap)4-C≡C-4-Ph-P(O)(OtBu)2 (1), which was further reacted with LiC≡C-4-Ph-S(CH2)2SiMe3 to yield trans-(4-Me3Si(CH2)2S-Ph-C≡C)-Ru2(ap)4-C≡C-4-Ph-P(O)(OtBu)2 (2). trans-Ru2(DMBA)4(C≡C-4-Ph-P(O)(OtBu)2)2 (3; DMBA = N,N′-dimethylbenzamidinate) was obtained from the reaction between Ru2(DMBA)4(NO3)2 and either HC≡C-4-Ph-P(O)(OtBu)2 in the presence of Et3N or LiC≡C-4-Ph-P(O)(OtBu)2. Compounds 1–3 were characterized by HR-MS, X-ray diffraction, and voltammetric techniques, which revealed the retention of essential characteristics in molecular and electronic structures upon the phosphonate capping.
Gene frequency clines for host races of Rhagoletis pomonella in the Midwestern United States

Speciation in many host specific parasites may be initiated in sympatry when populations shift and adapt to new hosts. The recent shift of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) from its native host plant hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) to introduced, domesticated apple (Malus pumila), provides a direct test of the “sympatric speciation” hypothesis by indicating whether partially reproductively isolated “host races” can evolve in the absence of geographic isolation. We report finding significant allele frequency differences for six allozymes between paired apple and hawthorn infesting populations of R. pomonella from across the midwestern United States. Latitudinal allele frequency clines exist among both apple and hawthorn populations, however, for a majority of the loci displaying racial differences. Inter-host genetic differentiation is therefore superimposed on clinal patterns of variation within the races such that the magnitude of host associated divergence is a function of latitude. The results indicate that host associated races can form in sympatry and implicate differences in host plant recognition and developmental timing (related to ambient temperature) as key factors restricting gene flow between apple and hawthorn populations. However, some of the same processes differentiating apple and hawthorn populations at sympatric sites also appear to be occurring within the two host races across their respective ranges. R. pomonella populations are therefore diverging with respect to both their host plant affiliations and local environmental conditions.
Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis of myeloid leukemia cells by activation of caspases

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether caspases are involved in arsenic trioxide(ATO)-induced apoptosis of human myeloid leukemia cells. A secondary objective was to determine whether apoptosis induced by ATO compared with VP-16 is differentially affected by an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which has been reported to inhibit apoptosis induced by some chemotherapeutic agents. NB4 and HL60 cells were incubated with ATO in the presence and absence of the caspase protease inhibitors Z-VAD.fmk or Y-VAD. cho. Apoptosis was assessed by morphology, DNA laddering and flow cytometry. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage was used as a marker for the activation of caspases. PARP cleavage occurred during ATO-induced apoptosis in both NB4 and HL60 cells. Z-VAD.fmk, a broad-spectrum inhibtor, could block ATO-induced apoptosis and PARP cleavage, whilst Y-VAD. cho, a selective inhibitor of caspase 1, had no such effect. PMA pre-incubation for up to 8 hours under conditions known to activate PKC had no effect on either ATO- or VP-16-induced apoptosis. We conclude that in cultured myeloid leukemia cells ATO-induced apoptosis is executed by caspases from the distal, PARP-cleaving part of the activation cascade and that PKC activation has no effect on apoptosis induced by either ATO or VP-16 in these cells.
Ingestion of rabbit erythrocytes containing 51Cr-labeled hemoglobin by Psoroptes spp. (Acari: Psoroptidae) that originated on cattle, mountain sheep, or rabbits.

Washed rabbit erythrocytes labeled with radioactive chromium in vitro were injected into 3 groups of 2 adult rabbits each. One group was heavily infested with the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis ; the 2nd group was infested with Psoroptes mite from Mexican Mountain Sheep, and the 3rd group was infested with the ear canker mite, P. cuniculi . After 36 h, mites and scabs were harvested and the radioactivity determined. At time of collections, mites from all groups had an average of 8.9 ± 2.0 μl of blood per 100 mg of mites. More than 70% of the consumed hemoglobin had been digested by the mites. The data suggest that the ingestion of whole blood is not specific to a particular mite species but may be common to Psoroptes mites when feeding on rabbit hosts.
Power Through Problem Solving: Latino Immigrants and the Inconsistencies of Economic Restructuring

Employment restructuring is a transformative process that brings about significant changes in how work is organised and experienced. Scholars who study restructuring in industries that employ large numbers of immigrant workers, including construction, food processing, or janitorial services, often point to the undermining effects of this transformation on industry wage standards, working conditions, and training supports. But often missing from these accounts is a recognition that restructuring is uneven and incomplete at best and often produces shortcomings and limitations that continue to frustrate and perplex immigrant and native-born workers alike. Drawing on a multi-year study of construction workers in Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, we find Latino immigrants are far from passive inheritors of the problems of restructuring that they and others encounter during their daily work. Rather, they respond to these challenges with innovative and lasting solutions, developing new work structures and routines that support industry skill development, knowledge sharing, and quality standards. Equally important, their native-born supervisors and co-workers have learned to value these solutions and ultimately have stepped in as influential allies, helping immigrant workers leverage these contributions to secure improved working conditions and higher compensation levels. These exchanges have tethered immigrant and non-immigrant workers together and in ways that challenge standard narratives of native dominance and immigrant exploitation. The result is intensified interdependency and ultimately the creation of an enduring relational resource for promoting worker rights and also for guiding further immigrant advocacy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Analysis of 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency B Gene Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification

Background:Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is often met in pediatric endocrine clinic. Disorders of 21-hydroxy- lase account for over 95% of patients with CAH. Now the kinds of gene in 21-hydroxylase deficiency were found. Methods: 32 unrelated CAH patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency were studied with PCR-amplified method. 21-hydroxylase defi-ciency B gene deletion in exon 3 and exon 6 300 base pair (bp) and 600 bp were directly analysed. Results:3 patients existed deletion in exon 3 300 bp and exon 6 600 bp,3 patients existed deletion in exon 3 300 bp,3 patients existed deletion in exon 6 600 bp. Conclusion:This method is simple,and the results are dependable.
The analysis of demographic characteristics among TB/HIV patients in Yunnan Province

Objective To analyze the demographic characteristics among TB/HIV patients in Yunnan province, and to provide evidence for the future TB/HIV prevention and control.Methods The data of TB/HIV patients were collected through China Information System for Disease Control TB Information System in 7 counties with Global Fund project in Yunnan province during 2010 and 2013,the different demographic characteristics were analyzed. Results There were 540 TB/HIV patients during January 2010 to June 2013,the male was 4 times as much as female in gender,the male patients were much more than the female;92.22% of them aged between 20 to55 years old,62.96% were farmer and unemployed,and 13.7% were person in custody; Among all the patients,85.74% from TB screening in positive HIV case,50.56% patients were transferred to CDC,and 30.93% visited doctor for symptom; 85.56% were negative in sputum smear,and 56.11% were new cases. The median of time of relay was 39 days;83.52% were with entire supervision in treatment and management.Conclusions Early detection of TB cases among people living with HIV and properly treatment management in time could improve the life quality of TB/HIV patients, focusing on young male in rural and person in custody. It is necessary to strength the professional capability of doctor and accessibility of public health.
Postreduction Breast Augmentation.

Most breast reduction patients are highly satisfied after surgery. However, there is a subset of women who seek breast augmentation years later to restore lost volume chiefly associated with weight loss and postpartum changes. Breast shape and overall aesthetics are often revised at the same time. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 2 surgeons’ experiences with post-reduction breast augmentation. Twenty patients were identified between 2002 and 2014. An in-depth chart review was conducted to determine patient motivation and to examine the operative techniques employed. Implant variables, a reduction specimen weight to implant volume comparison (where available), and complications are reported. Results: The average age was 37.1 years and average body mass index was 21.8 kg/m2. Most patients waited over a decade to have their breasts revised. Weight loss was the motivating factor in 8 patients and pregnancy changes in 11. Nineteen patients wished to stay with the same bra size or 1 cup size larger. Although all patients elected to have an implant placed, 19 patients wished to have an improved breast shape, not specifically a larger volume. The average breast implant was 203.5 cm3 (range, 120–340 cm3). Complications from implant placement included a seroma treated by aspiration and a Baker class III capsular contracture that required surgical correction. Conclusions: A small subset of reduction mammaplasty patients seek breast augmentation many years later primarily to improve breast contour, not to restore their prereduction breast volumes. Conservative augmentation combined with revision of breast shape and areolar aesthetics yields good results with minimal complications.
Identification of Vibrio vulnificus by cellular fatty acid composition using the Hewlett-Packard 5898A Microbial Identification System: collaborative study.

A gas chromatographic method using a capillary column for rapid identification of Vibrio vulnificus was examined in a collaborative study. Identifications were performed by analysis of cellular fatty acid profiles which were automatically searched against reference profiles stored in a computer-generated library. Each of the 13 collaborators was sent 15 unknown isolates, which included 10 V. vulnificus isolates and 5 negative control isolates. Each collaborator was furnished with a computer-generated library, developed by the Dallas U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratory, which contained entries for V. vulnificus, V. cholerae, V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus, V. mimicus, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Of the 195 isolates sent to the collaborators, results for 190 isolates were received. The other 5 isolates were nonviable before analyses began. Of the 126 V. vulnificus isolates analyzed, 118 (93.7%) were correctly identified. Of the 65 negative control isolates sent, one was nonviable, one was misidentified as V. vulnificus, and 2 were misidentified as V. parahaemolyticus. Of the 64 negative controls analyzed, 95.3% were correctly identified. Statistical analysis shows a sensitivity rate of 0.872, specificity rate of 0.982, false positive rate of 0.010, and false negative rate of 0.206. The gas chromatographic method for identification of Vibrio vulnificus by microbial fatty acid profile has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE BODY: Physical Principles and Technical Challenges

Methods for body MR angiography must contend with problems of motion, complex flow patterns and geometrics, and suppression of undesired material, while striving for adequate spatial resolution and signal-to-noise. Fortunately, MR offers a wide array of imaging options to tackle this formidable set of challenges, making this field an active area of research and development.
Doctor Who Fandom: Bigger on the Inside

This chapter describes fans’ affective play at Gallifrey One, a contemporary Doctor Who fan convention. In contrast to the Supernatural fan convention, where fan-created events happen outside the boundaries of Creation’s stage, at the Doctor Who fan convention, fan-events dominate. This chapter explores two aspects of fandom at the convention: LobbyCon, the unofficial mingling of guest and fan, and ribbon culture, the exchange of ribbons for badges. Much like SuperWhoLock asks fans to position the fan-reading more centrally than it does any particular textual reading, LobbyCon reveals the tension between hierarchies in fandom while the garnering of ribbons highlights a transformative aspect to fan conventions.
A Mixed-Method Analysis of Reports on 100 Cases of Improper Prescribing of Controlled Substances:

Improper prescribing of controlled substances contributes to opioid addictions and deaths by overdose. Studies conducted to-date have largely lacked a theoretical framework and ignored the interaction of individual with environmental factors. We conducted a mixed-method analysis of published reports on 100 cases that occurred in the United States. An average of 17 reports (e.g., from medical boards) per case were coded for 38 dichotomous variables describing the physician, setting, patients, and investigation. A theory on how the case occurred was developed for each case. Explanatory typologies were developed and then validated through hierarchical cluster analysis. Most cases involved physicians who were male (88%), >40 years old (90%), non-board certified (63%), and in small private practices (97%); 54% of cases reported facts about the physician indicative of self-centered personality traits. Three explanatory typologies were validated. Increasing oversight provided by peers and trainees may help prevent improper prescribing of controlled substances.
The Varied and Vital Roles of Faculty in Residential College Life

The strengths arising from the residential college system are multiple and varied, as detailed in the chapters of this book. Many of these arise from the opportunities created by the residential college for students to work together in an organised community. However, the residential college organisation also creates a variety of unique opportunities for interactions between faculty and students. Significantly, these faculty activities enhance the students’ university experiences both within the residential college and in the classroom, the research programme, and beyond.
Light-field displays and light-field optics

Light-field optics is a novel system in which image is exchangeable in between 2D (light-field data) and real 3D, although this technology is well known just for refocusing camera
An Introduction to Female Olympians

Flipping the long-standing paradigm about negative media representations of sportswomen, this book celebrates their progress, especially relative to the Olympic Games. Inspired by 2012 London, it begins by reviewing theoretical approaches to the topic before introducing the author’s gendered critical discourse analysis (GCDA), along with the notion of sport mediatization, a review of the literature, and applications of sexism, racism, and ageism. Globally celebratory, it introduces both well-known and lesser-known female Olympians (and Paralympians) and outlines what to expect in next chapters in terms of their intersecting history, politics, economics, and sociocultural accomplishments.
Physicalism and neo-Lockeanism about persons

AbstractThe central objection to neo-Lockeanism about persons (NLP) is the too many thinkers problem: NLP ends up with an absurd multiplication of thinkers. Sydney Shoemaker attempts to solve this problem by arguing that the person and the animal do not share all of the same physical properties. This, according to him, leads to the idea that mental properties are realized in the person’s physical properties only. The project of this paper is to reject Shoemaker’s physicalist solution to the too many thinkers problem. I first argue that his physicalism fails to explain why two physically indistinguishable objects differ in their persistence conditions and physical properties. I then argue that Shoemaker illicitly treats the case of the person and the case of the animal differently, first in regard to cerebral function and its relation to mental properties, and second in regard to brainstem function and its relation to biological properties. This shows that Shoemaker’s solution actually undermines his entir...
The effect of overcrowding in the US school System, A simulation approach

This study applies a simulation to analyze overcrowding (congestion) in a school system. This work aims to analyze the overcrowding and to describe a decision support system that needs to be developed to help in assessing the need for classrooms in different schools and to develop a systematic approach to improve such overcrowding. Education leaders face extraordinary challenges as the nation’s schools struggle to rise to the challenge of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Education leaders are now expected to be instructional leaders, show a strong commitment to closing the achievement gap between majority and minority students, and use data to improve teaching and learning. All of this is in addition to the logistics of running a school system such as making sure that busing and meal services operate smoothly. Some researchers stated that education leadership must do much more than it has in the past (Davis, S.; Darling-Hammond, L.; LaPointe, M.; & Meyerson, D. (2005)..
A Review of Lattice Boltzmann Models for Compressible Flows

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for compressible flows. The LBM is a relatively new numerical approach for simulating complex flow and transport phenomena in cases where a direct solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is impractical or undesirable. Unlike the conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method based on macroscopic continuum equations, the LBM uses a microscopic equation—the Boltzmann equation—to determine macroscopic fluid dynamics. The LBM is flexible, has broad applicability, and may be easily adapted for parallel computing. The LBM originated from a Boolean model known as the lattice gas automata (LGA). The LB model is applied to various physical problems, such as single component hydrodynamics, multiphase, and multi-component fluid flows, magneto hydrodynamics, reaction-diffusion systems, flows through porous media, and other complex systems at small Mach numbers. Models that retain the conventional small velocity set and equilibrium distribution function generally still suffer limitations of small Mach numbers. Most of the new compressible flow models have been only applied to simple wave problems, with the exception of the adaptive velocity model by the present authors.
Future Shock: Telecommunications Technology and Infrastructure in Regional Research

Telecommunications technologies and their associated infrastructure play a critical role in shaping regions. From economic development and competitiveness, to shaping how citizens participate in a digital society, broadband and wireless telecommunications systems are key general purpose technologies that will continue to influence regions for many years to come. The purpose of this chapter is to explore key challenges in the continued development of the telecommunications ecosystem highlighting how future technologies might impact regions. Challenges discussed include: (1) infrastructure deployment, (2) shifting needs and uses of telecommunications systems, and, (3) future technologies. Implications for regional research and policy are addressed.
Ticagrelor and Eptifibatide Bolus Versus Ticagrelor and Eptifibatide Bolus With 2‐Hour Infusion in High‐Risk Acute Coronary Syndromes Patients Undergoing Early Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

BackgroundIn patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, ticagrelor, was inferior to tirofiban infusion ...
X-ray and EM structures of a natively glycosylated HIV-1 envelope trimer

The structural and biochemical characterization of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) has been essential in guiding the design of potential vaccines to prevent infection by HIV-1. While these studies have revealed critical mechanisms by which bNAbs recognize and/or accommodate N-glycans on the trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env), they have been limited to the visualization of high-mannose glycan forms only, since heterogeneity introduced from the presence of complex glycans makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution structures. 3.5 and 3.9 A resolution crystal structures of the HIV-1 Env trimer with fully processed and native glycosylation were solved, revealing a glycan shield of high-mannose and complex-type N-glycans that were used to define the complete epitopes of two bNAbs. Here, the refinement of the N-glycans in the crystal structures is discussed and comparisons are made with glycan densities in glycosylated Env structures derived by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.
Correction to: Ab Initio Calculated Results Require New Formulations for Properties in the Limit of Zero Density: The Viscosity of Methane ($$\hbox {CH}_4$$)

A wide-ranging formulation for the viscosity of methane in the limit of zero density is presented. Using ab initio calculated data of Hellmann et al. (J Chem Phys 129, 064302, 2008) from 80 K to 1500 K, the functional form was developed by guided symbolic regression with the constraints of correct extrapolation to $$T \rightarrow 0$$ and in the high-temperature limit. The formulation was adjusted to the recalibrated experimental data of May et al. (Int J Thermophys 28, 1085–1110, 2007) so that these are represented within their estimated expanded uncertainty of 0.053 % ( $$k = 2$$ ) in their temperature range from 210.756 K to 391.551 K. Based on comparisons with original data and recalibrated viscosity ratio measurements, the expanded uncertainty of the new correlation is estimated outside this temperature range to be 0.2 % to 700 K, 0.5 % to 1100 K, 1 % to 1500 K, and physically correct at higher temperatures. At temperatures below 210 K, the new correlation agrees with recalibrated experimental data within 0.3 % down to 150 K. Hellmann et al. estimated the expanded uncertainty of their calculated data at 1 % to 80 K. The new formulation extrapolates without a singularity to $$T\rightarrow 0$$ .
A major human lacrimal gland mRNA encodes a new proline-rich protein family member.

Purpose. To examine the existence of novel protein products of the human lacrimal gland. Methods. cDNA clones corresponding to a highly abundant human lacrimal gland mRNA were isolated and sequenced. Tissue distribution of expression was studied by Northern blot analysis, RNase protection analysis, and in situ hybridization. Results. A highly abundant 600-base mRNA was identified, and corresponding cDNA clones were isolated. The mRNA has a 134-residue open reading frame encoding a secreted protein of 13458 Da. This protein shows 45.5% similarity to human salivary acidic proline-rich proteins PRP 1 and has a similar domain structure, but, unlike other members of the proline-rich protein family, it lacks a conserved repetitive domain. The lacrimal proline-rich protein is encoded by a single gene, designated as LPRP. Expression of LPRP was also detected in the human submandibular, von Ebners, sublingual, and parotid glands. LPRP was expressed in the acinar cells of the lacrimal gland, and in the submandibular gland expression of the LPRP and PRP 1 genes was localized to the serous acini and demilunes. Conclusions. The human lacrimal gland produces a previously unknown member of the proline-rich protein family. By analogy with other proline-rich proteins, this LPRP most likely mediates protective functions in the eye, such as modulation of the microflora. In contrast to other proline-rich protein genes, LPRP is expressed in the lacrimal acinar cells, and other anterior exocrine glands. LPRP should be a useful marker for human lacrimal gland acinar cell function in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :2020-2031.
Groups with Operators

In this chapter we resume our study of the theory of groups. The results that we obtain concern the correspondence between the subgroups of a group and those of a homomorphic image, normal series and composition series, the Schreier theorem, direct products and the Krull-Schmidt theorem. The range of application of these results is enormously extended by introducing the new concept of a group with operators. This concept, which was first considered by Krull and by Emmy Noether, enables one to study a group relative to an arbitrary set of endomorphisms. In this way, one achieves a uniform derivation of a number of classical results that were formerly derived separately. Also applications to the theory of rings are obtained by considering the additive group relative to the sets of multiplications as operator domains.
White dwarf pollution by asteroids from secular resonances

In the past few decades, observations have revealed signatures of metals polluting the atmospheres of white dwarfs. The diffusion timescale for metals to sink from the atmosphere of a white dwarf is of the order of days for a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere. Thus, there must be a continuous supply of metal-rich material accreting onto these white dwarfs. We investigate the role of secular resonances that excite the eccentricity of asteroids allowing them to reach star-grazing orbits leading them to tidal disruption and the formation of a debris disc. Changes in the planetary system during the evolution of the star lead to a change in the location of secular resonances. In our Solar System, the engulfment of the Earth will cause the $\nu_6$ resonance to shift outwards which will force previously stable asteroids to undergo secular resonant perturbations. With analytic models and $N$--body simulations we show that secular resonances driven by two outer companions can provide a source of continuous pollution. Secular resonances are a viable mechanism for the pollution of white dwarfs in a variety of exoplanetary system architectures.
Bone Graft Substitutes in Fracture Management: Basic Science and Clinical Results

The experimental and clinical results of several osteoconductive, porous calcium phosphate ceramic materials were studied. Interporous hydroxyapatite, derived from a South Pacific coral, has proven to be as effective as autogenous cancellous bone for the filling of traumatic metaphyseal defects. Collagraft, a composite of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate ceramic, bovine dermal collagen, and autogenous bone marrow aspirate, is effective in the filling of comminuted cortical defects. These materials are biocompatible, bioinert, and osteoconductive. When used in conjunction with rigid internal fixation, they are as effective as autogenous graft, with the possible exception of their use in segmental diaphyseal fractures. The major complication with these materials has been slow bone remodeling and a slightly higher refracture rate. Definition of their role in the routine filling of traumatic bony defects awaits further experimental and clinical studies.
Magnetic Drug Targeting: A Novel Treatment for Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors

Most applications of nanotechnology in cancer have focused on systemic delivery of cytotoxic drugs. Systemic delivery relies on accumulation of nanoparticles in a target tissue through enhanced permeability of leaky vasculature and retention effect of poor lymphatic drainage to increase the therapeutic index. Systemic delivery is limited, however, by toxicity and difficulty crossing natural obstructions, like the blood spine barrier. Magnetic drug targeting (MDT) is a new technique to reach tumors of the central nervous system. Here, we describe a novel therapeutic approach for high-grade intramedullary spinal cord tumors using magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). Using biocompatible compounds to form a superparamagnetic carrier and magnetism as a physical stimulus, MNP-conjugated with doxorubicin were successfully localized to a xenografted tumor in a rat model. This study demonstrates proof-of-concept that MDT may provide a novel technique for effective, concentrated delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to intramedullary spinal cord tumors without the toxicity of systemic administration.
Abstract 104: DOCA Induced Natriorexigenic and Hypertensive Effects are Blunted by Central Infusion of AT1 Receptor Biased Agonist TRV120027

TRV120027 (TRV) is biased agonist at the angiotensin AT1 receptor that activates the β-arrestin pathway, causing receptor internalization. AT1 signaling within the hypothalamus is required for the ...
Monitoring Bodily Oscillation With RFID Tags

Traditional systems for monitoring and diagnosing patients’ health conditions often require either dedicated medical devices or complicated system deployment, which incurs high cost. The networking research community has recently taken a different technical approach of building health-monitoring systems at relatively low cost based on wireless signals. However, the radio frequency signals carry various types of noise and have time-varying properties that often defy the existing methods in more demanding conditions with other body movements, which makes it difficult to model and analyze the signals mathematically. In this paper, we design a novel wireless system using commercial off-the-shelf RFID readers and tags to provide a general and effective means of measuring bodily oscillation rates, such as the hand tremor rate of a patient with Parkinson’s disease. Our system includes a series of noise-removal steps, targeting at noise from different sources. More importantly, it introduces two sliding window-based methods to deal with time-varying signal properties from channel dynamics and irregular body movement. The proposed system can measure bodily oscillation rates of multiple persons simultaneously. Extensive experiments show that our system can produce accurate measurement results with errors less than 0.4 oscillations per second when it is applied to monitor hand tremor, even when the individuals are moving.
Improved RPL for IoT Applications

RPL is a light IPv6 network routing protocol that can make a full use of the energy of smart devices and it is very important for the overall performance of Internet of Things (IoT). RPL has become the routing protocol for IoT. However, RPL struggles to provide desirable performance regarding energy-efficiency and reliability simultaneously. In this paper, a reliable and energy-efficient RPL is proposed. The proposed RPL obtains decent links for information routing and provides optimal transmission power.
The pratfall effect and interpersonal impressions of a robot that forgets and apologizes

The current study examines the pratfall effect and interpersonal impressions of how humans perceive robots that appear forgetful and apologetic regarding information given to them by a human. Results demonstrated that the non-forgetful robot was perceived higher for interpersonal impressions when compared to the forgetful and forgetful apologizing robots.
In-situ current distribution and mass transport analysis via strip cell architecture for a vanadium redox flow battery

Abstract Understanding mass transport mechanisms in VRFB electrodes is critical to improving performance, efficiency, and depth-of-discharge. In this study, diffusion and convection are experimentally investigated in a VRFB test bed using a strip cell architecture, having only one straight channel and 1 cm2 active area. To study diffusion and convection-dominated mass transport regimes, various channel depths (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 mm) are employed. The diffusion-dominated condition is imposed with deeper channel depths while convection-dominated condition is achieved with shallower channel depths. It is found that diffusion-dominated cells have large current gradients; convection-dominated cells have relatively uniform current distribution from inlet to outlet under a mass transport limited condition. Although increasing flow rate is frequently found to improve electrochemical performance, it is observed that there is no discernible change in current distribution when increasing flow rate in diffusion-dominated VRFB cells. Pressure drop tests also show that superior electrochemical performance can be achieved with reduced relative pressure drop in convection-dominated cells. In light of such findings, an optimization point is proposed for the strip cell architecture; such a point will vary with any other architecture and system, but this approach can be applied to any flowing system.
P349 ‘Unravelling the DNA’ – Audit of Non-Attendance at General Paediatric Outpatient Clinics

Aim ‘Did not attends’ (DNAs) are a frequent occurrence at outpatient clinics. These affect waiting list times, cost the hospital money, and may mean children are not receiving the medical care that they require. The Health Service Executive (HSE) DNA targets for 2016 were 12% for new attendance DNA rates1, and for 70% of consultants to have a DNA rate of Method The scheduled patients and non-attenders of two General Paediatric clinics were included from January to April 2017. Parents of children who did not attend were contacted to participate in a telephone questionnaire. These responses were analysed. Results Twenty-two clinics were included, amounting to 329 patients. There were 59 (17.93%) DNAs giving an average of 2.68 DNAs per clinic. There was no significant difference in DNA rates between sexes, appointment times or new vs return patients. There were higher DNA rates in children aged 11 or older. Twenty-seven (45.76%) parents responded to the questionnaire. Thirty (51%) parents’ contact numbers were not working or unavailable. The most common reasons for not attending were: not aware had appointment (n=9, 33%), child now well (n=4, 15%), parent working (n=3, 11%). Many parents suggested appointment times outside of office-hours or on Saturdays so their child would not miss school. Parents prefer text as method of appointment reminder. Each DNA cost the hospital €250. Conclusion ‘Did not attends’ are a frequent occurrence at General Paediatrics clinics. This is costly and affects waiting-list times. Children are dependent on their caregiver to bring them to outpatient appointments. Potential solutions are multiple reminders, appointment times outside of office hours and a hospital appointment mobile phone app. Lack of up-to-date caregiver contact details is a major issue to be overcome.
Method development for the quantification of ferritin in staple food crops

Biofortification is a strategy for combating iron deficiency that involves the selective breeding of food crops to increase total bioavailable iron. Evidence showing ferritin as a good source of bioavailable iron has created interest for enhancing ferritin content in seeds. However, the successful implementation of ferritin biofortification requires a method to rapidly measure ferritin in staple food crops. The objective of this study was to develop an ELISA to quantify ferritin in red beans, white beans, wheat, maize, and brown rice. The following steps were taken for ELISA development. A common amino acid sequence among all seed ferritins was identified to produce an anti-ferritin antibody, ferritin was extracted from the seeds using a crude extraction procedure, and immunoblotting techniques were used to verify the immunoreactivity of the antibodies with the ferritin sample. Using our developed ELISA with the polyclonal antibody and recombinant pea ferritin standard, the quantity of ferritin by crude extraction was found to be 10.2±1.0, 4.38±0.9, 1.2±0.3, 0.38±0.1, and 0.04±0.01 μg/g in red beans, white beans, wheat, maize, and brown rice, respectively. There was no significant correlation between ferritin and iron in red beans;
Subcellular drug targeting illuminates local kinase action.

In order for an animal cell to divide it needs to duplicate its DNA and split this genetic material equally between its daughter cells. This process, also known as mitosis, requires a number of different proteins that work together to coordinate this vital aspect of the cell’s lifecycle. For example, two enzymes known as Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and Aurora A (AurA) accumulate at specialized structures within the cell called centrosomes, where they receive signals from other parts of the cell to promote this process. Plk1 and AurA also operate at other locations in the cell, but it remains unclear whether these proteins have different activities at each individual location. Current methods for measuring protein activities use drugs or genetic approaches that switch off the target protein’s activities everywhere in the cell. Now, Bucko et al. have developed a new tool named LoKI that is able to direct drugs to specific locations in animal cells to switch off a target protein’s activity only at these sites. The experiments showed that inhibiting the activities of Plk1 and AurA at the centrosomes led to defects that prolonged mitosis. The new tool developed by Bucko et al. provides a means to more precisely study local events that occur in healthy and diseased cells. This will help us to understand how cancer and other diseases develop and may ultimately lead to new treatments for human patients with these conditions.