cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the self-efficacy of Florida school-based agricultural education teachers delivering online and in-person instruction

The purpose of this study was to examine the self-efficacy of Florida SBAE teachers for in-person and online instruction. The methodology included a descriptive survey approach to determine the self-efficacy of Florida SBAE teachers. A census of SBAE teachers was conducted in the Fall of 2020 and Spring of 2021. The population included a total of 500 SBAE teachers in the Florida. Major findings included a significantly different self-efficacy score for in-person instructors (M =4.22, SD = 0.48) when compared to instructors who taught online (M = 2.98, SD = 0.67). Navigating online platforms for teaching, coupled with the conditions in which teachers had to move to online instruction during COVID-19 could have reduced the self-efficacy of teachers. Recommendations include training for teachers on how to navigate online platforms, as well as professional development to enhance skillsets of teachers in pedagogical practices for engaging online learners. Teachers should look for support from their peers who are proficient in online teaching. Preservice teacher education programs should consider integrating online delivery instructional practices into existing coursework and moving back to in-person instruction when it is safe to do so.
E-Cigarettes and Adult Smoking: Evidence from Minnesota

E-cigarettes use a battery powered heater to turn a liquid containing nicotine into a vapor. The vapor is inhaled by the user and is generally considered to be less harmful than the smoke from combustible cigarettes because the vapor does not contain the toxins that are found in tobacco smoke. Because e-cigarettes provide an experience that is very similar to smoking, they may be effective in helping smokers to quit, and thus the availability of e-cigarettes could increase quit rates. Alternatively, e-cigarettes may provide smokers with a method of bypassing smoking restrictions and prolong the smoking habit. There is very little causal evidence to date on how e-cigarette use impacts smoking cessation among adults. Although there is no federal tax on e-cigarettes, a few states have recently imposed heavy taxes on them. We provide some of the first evidence on how e-cigarette taxes impact adult smokers, exploiting the large tax increase in Minnesota. That state was the first to impose a tax on e-cigarettes by extending the definition of tobacco products to include e-cigarettes. This tax, which is 95% of the wholesale price, provides a plausibly exogenous deterrent to e-cigarette use. We utilize data from the Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplements from 1992 to 2015, in conjunction with a synthetic control difference-in-differences approach. We assess how this large tax increase impacted smoking cessation among adult smokers. Estimates suggest that the e-cigarette tax increased adult smoking and reduced smoking cessation in Minnesota, relative to the control group, and imply a cross elasticity of current smoking participation with respect to e-cigarette prices of 0.13. Our results suggest that in the sample period about 32,400 additional adult smokers would have quit smoking in Minnesota in the absence of the tax. If this tax were imposed on a national level about 1.8 million smokers would be deterred from quitting in a ten year period. The taxation of e-cigarettes at the same rate as cigarettes could deter more than 2.75 million smokers nationally from quitting in the same period. The public health benefits of not taxing e-cigarettes, however, must be weighed against effects of this decision on efforts to reduce vaping by youth.
Maternal Emotion Socialization of Adolescent Girls Engaging in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury.

Non-suicidal self injury (NSSI) is a transdiagnostic maladaptive behavior that is highly prevalent in adolescence. A greater understanding of the mechanisms leading to NSSI is needed to guide the development of prevention efforts. The current study examined the relationship between maternal socialization of emotions and NSSI behaviors in their children. Female adolescents (N = 90, 12–17 years old) who demonstrated a range of NSSI lifetime episodes from none to very frequent were included in this sample. Maternal responses to their children’s displays of sadness, anger, and happiness were assessed. Principal components analysis was used to categorize items into supportive and unsupportive maternal emotion socialization responses for the three emotions. Adolescents whose mothers reported less supportive maternal responses to child’s expressions of sadness and anger had more lifetime NSSI episodes. Many of these patterns remained when follow-up analyses considered an extreme group approach (e.g., high counts of NSSI versus no NSSI), when analyses focused on specific diagnostic subgroups (e.g., depression and anxiety), and to some extent (socialization of anger) when current NSSI was considered. While the cross-sectional study design prevents causal conclusions, transactional theories raise the possibility that mothers’ emotion socialization may impact offspring NSSI and offspring engagement in NSSI may result in mothers altering their socialization practices to accommodate their child’s unique needs. Future research should employ longitudinal methodology to examine the time course, consider the role of emotion regulation as an explanatory mechanism, and consider intervention methods that may teach effective emotion socialization for parents.
Spiritual Care of Inpatients Focusing on Outcomes and the Role of Chaplaincy Services: A Systematic Review

To identify demographic trends associated with patient utilization and healthcare provider request for spiritual care services and to describe the impact of spiritual care on the quality of life (QoL), spiritual well-being (SWB) and level of satisfaction (SAT) of hospitalized patients. A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, was combined with review of relevant bibliographies. A total of 464 titles and abstracts were reviewed. Data were independently extracted by reviewers according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data on the effects of spiritual interventions on QoL, SWB and SAT were extracted, along with demographic data reflecting chaplain services. The results of the studies are presented narratively and in a qualitative manner. Observational or experimental studies investigating chaplain utilization demographics (n = 12), patient satisfaction (n = 9) and QoL/SWB (n = 3) were included. Perceived severity of illness, average length of stay and older age were consistently found to be predictors of higher need for spiritual care. Receipt of spiritual care was correlated with increased patient and family satisfaction, independent of clinical outcome. Chaplain interventions were associated with improvement in perceived QoL and SWB. In spite of this, healthcare workers rarely attempt to explore the patient’s or family’s need for spiritual care, with the majority of chaplaincy consults occurring in the final day of the patient’s life, potentially leading to a failure to meet the spiritual needs of non-terminal patients who have spiritual trauma related to their resolving illnesses. Attention to the spiritual needs of hospitalized patients is an essential yet often overlooked aspect of patient care. Chaplains serve as spiritual care specialists whose services can enhance the hospital experience, improve patient satisfaction and help to bridge potential gaps between the patient and medical providers.
Case 32: Malignant Hyperpyrexia

You, an anesthesiologist, are part of a medical team who are going to work for 6 months in a mission hospital in Botswana, a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The team consists of one operating room nurse, a recovery nurse, an anesthesia technician, and yourself. A general surgeon, who is part of the team, has been delayed for 3 days. As you walk into the hospital, there is a call from the emergency room. A 6-year-old boy (22 kg and 4′) has just been admitted with an acute appendix. He is otherwise healthy and is on no medical treatment. His mother and father, who accompany him, tell you that one of their other children died during a general anesthetic 1 year ago. The cause, they were told, was a very high fever. The parents are very worried. You tell them that this sounds like a case of malignant hyperthermia. Although very dangerous, you tell them that you know how to give an anesthetic that should not cause malignant hyperthermia. The child is taken to the operating room. To your dismay, you discover that there is no “clean anesthesia machine,” nor is there a functioning gas analyzer. You call your anesthesia technician and ask him to bring you the gas analyzers that you have brought with you. Unfortunately, he tells you that both gas analyzers have been dropped and damaged. He hopes to have them working in 24 hours. Since the only Ambu bag and T-piece in the hospital is not guaranteed to be free from halogenated anesthetics, you abandon that idea. You consider trying to make a T-piece (Mapleson E or F) out of existing tubing but find nothing suitable. A very young doctor who is the only surgeon available states that he can’t do the operation without full muscle paralysis. You realize that the only option is to give IV prophylactic dantrolene 2 mg/kg, use the anesthesia machine, and paralyze the patient. You now curse yourself for not having taken with you a portable lightweight T-piece [1] (Picture 32.1).
Effectiveness of Hospitality Programme Design in Developing Skills among the Graduates from Vocational Education and Training in Arusha Region, Tanzania

Tourism and hospitality sector in Tanzania contributes to 18 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and about 10 percent employment rate in the country. However, industry professionals are complaining about the quality of human resource from training institutions. While some authors have addressed the quality of human resources in relation to graduates’ skills possession using the managers, trainers and the nature of services they render, the researcher could not find a study that has addressed the issue in relation to programme design from the trainers, heads of department and hotel managers. This study was set to answer the main research question: How is VET hospitality programme designed to contribute to skills development among the graduates in Arusha region? The study employed convergent design to assess VET hospitality programme design in developing skills among the graduates. Participants were obtained through simple random sampling of training institutions and purposive sampling of hotels belonging to HAT in Arusha region. Data were collected through semi structured interview with the hotel managers and heads of department, structured interview with the trainers and content analysis of programme document. Data were analyzed by transcription of data from the interviews. Programme activities were used to analyze the collected data and used for data interpretation. Interpretation and discussion of data analysis results were summarized and compared with the reviewed literature and theories. The findings for this study indicated that VET programme for Food and Beverages Service and Sales and Front Office Operations are well designed to enhance skills development among the graduates and if well implemented should lead to the acquisition of hospitality knowledge, skills, values and attitudes. English and communication skills, as a supporting course needs to be structured for implementers to understand designated learning outcomes, learning activities, teaching and training methods and assessment activities.
Evolutionary and Ontogenetic Determinants of Animal Suffering and Well-Being

Most people have definite ideas about the events or circumstances that cause suffering and stress in animals. Many of these ideas are based on personal experiences and, in some cases, on observations of wild and domestic animals. It is tempting to be anthropomorphic in interpreting the experiences of nonhuman animals despite the knowledge that species differ in genetic backgrounds, in perception of their respective environments, and in the experiences that contribute to the development of characteristic phenotypes. This chapter emphasizes that the suffering or stress experienced by an animal in response to any given set of environmental circumstances may be determined directly or indirectly by some combination of factors relating to its evolutionary and ontogenetic or developmental past. That is, the characteristics that an animal inherits from its ancestors and the experiences it acquires during its lifetime may have a profound effect on its ability to adapt to any existing set of environmental circumstances. For example, nobody would deny that terrestrial mammals have inherited fewer adaptations for swimming and surviving in an aquatic environment than mammals living in or near the water, e.g., whales, dolphins, and seals. If an adult human and an adult seal were placed in deep water for the first time, the human would undoubtedly exhibit the fewest adaptations and thus experience the most stress or suffering. Likewise a human that has never been in the water before would exhibit fewer adaptations and experience more stress than one who had previously learned to swim. The message here is that what is stressful for one species or individual is not necessarily stressful to another species or individual. This point may seem rather obvious or trite, but in the literature on animal stress and suffering (particularly the popularized literature) this fact is seldom discussed. For this reason, I emphasize some of the theoretical and practical issues regarding evolutionary and ontogenetic determinants of animal wellbeing and suffering that relate to the subject of animal welfare.
Estimating the length of trunk tours for environmental and cost evaluation of distribution systems

During the last 10 years the road freight traffic in Germany, measured by vehicle miles, increased dramatically by about 41%. About 40–50% of this mileage is estimated to be caused by the distribution of consumer goods. Thus, the decisions of the single industrial companies on their distribution systems have a strong influence on the total freight traffic and on the environment. In a distribution network the majority of the traffic (about 70–80%) is caused by the delivery from the warehouses to the customers, commonly served in tours. Therefore, we distinguish between local delivery tours for small order sizes over short distances and direct deliveries of orders with a large size in trunk tours. Usually, in the framework of strategical distribution network design the assignment of the customers to the warehouses or transshipment points is optimized on the base of direct distances between warehouse and customers; the real length of the tours are not regarded. Considering that most of the environmental parameters for evaluating the traffic in distribution systems (e.g. fuel consumption, emissions) behave nearly proportional to the vehicle miles, the estimation of the tour length is very important. Futhermore transportation costs are strongly dependent on the tour length. The investigation aims at estimating the length of direct deliveries in trunk tours. We focus on the presentation of an estimation model, and first computational results are shown comparing the accuracy of the model with real tour data of a consumer goods manufacturer. In addition, we show numerical examples for evaluating the trunk traffic by environmental measures and by costs.
Exon-primed, intron-crossing (EPIC) loci for five nuclear genes in deep-sea protobranch bivalves: primer design, PCR protocols and locus utility

We describe PCR primers and amplification protocols developed to obtain introns from conserved nuclear genes in deep-sea protobranch bivalves. Because almost no sequence data for protobranchs are publically available, mollusk and other protostome sequences from GenBank were used to design degenerate primers, making these loci potentially useful in other invertebrate taxa. Amplification and sequencing success varied across the test group of 30 species, and we present five loci spanning this range of outcomes. Intron presence in the targeted regions also varied across genes and species, often within single genera; for instance, the calmodulin and β-tubulin loci contained introns with high frequency, whereas the triose phosphate isomerase locus never contained an intron. In introns for which we were able to obtain preliminary estimates of polymorphism levels in single species, polymorphism was greater than traditional mitochondrial loci. These markers will greatly increase the ability to assess population structure in the ecologically important protobranchs, and may prove useful in other taxa as well.
Localization of monoclonal antibody TNT-1 in experimental kidney infarction of the mouse.

An experimental kidney infarction model was developed in the mouse to study the uptake of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody previously shown to bind to degenerating cells in malignant tumors. To d...
Malignant mixed mesodermal tumor of the uterus: An ultrastructural study

Abstract Two cases of malignant mixed mesodermal tumor of the uterus were studied by light and electron microscopy. The carcinomatous foci were similar ultrastructurally to pure endometrial carcinomas previously reported. The stromal sarcoma cells were quite different in appearance, showing lack of cell attachments, less prominent glycogen and lysosomes, and a remarkable proliferation of microvesicles, apparently derived from the Golgi apparatus. Intermediate forms between these basic stromal cells and cells differentiated as fibroblasts and chondrocytes were seen, but no transitions from carcinoma cells to these types were noted. Dark cells, probably indicative of degenerative phenomena, were also present. In view of these findings, and of previous light microscopic and tissue culture studies which have been summarized, it is suggested that the carcinomatous elements are derived from Mullerian duct epithelium, and the sarcomatous elements (both “pure” endometrial stromal and heterotopic) are from the mesenchyme formed from and surrounding the Mullerian duct.
The ‘Chicago Idea’: Patronage, Authority, and Scientific Autonomy at the Field Columbian Museum, 1893–97

AbstractThe ‘Chicago idea’, as anthropologist William Henry Holmes defined it, was that a businessman was uniquely qualified to conduct the business of a museum. Chicago philanthropists and businessmen embraced this idea when they appointed Frederick J. V. Skiff, a former world's fair administrator with no scientific training and no museum experience, to be director of the new Field Columbian Museum. Skiff's appointment was somewhat controversial in the scientific community. In 1895, only two years after the museum was first established, the outspoken paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope sharply criticized Skiff's style of management in American Naturalist. By 1897, Skiff's scientific staff was in open rebellion, charging the director with incompetence and worse. The difficulties of Skiff's early tenure as museum director are examined here, with special emphasis on his troubled relationships with the curatorial staff. An examination of the ‘Chicago idea’ — as embodied by Skiff — provides an insight into the...
Diet-Induced Obesity Does Not Impact the Generation and Maintenance of Primary Memory CD8 T Cells

The extent to which obesity compromises the differentiation and maintenance of protective memory CD8 T cell responses and renders obese individuals susceptible to infection remains unknown. In this study, we show that diet-induced obesity did not impact the maintenance of pre-existing memory CD8 T cells, including acquisition of a long-term memory phenotype (i.e., CD27hi, CD62Lhi, KLRG1lo) and function (i.e., cytokine production, secondary expansion, and memory CD8 T cell–mediated protection). Additionally, obesity did not influence the differentiation and maintenance of newly evoked memory CD8 T cell responses in inbred and outbred hosts generated in response to different types of systemic (LCMV, L. monocytogenes ) and/or localized (influenza virus) infections. Interestingly, the rate of naive-to-memory CD8 T cell differentiation after a peptide-coated dendritic cell immunization was similar in lean and obese hosts, suggesting that obesity-associated inflammation, unlike pathogen- or adjuvant-induced inflammation, did not influence the development of endogenous memory CD8 T cell responses. Therefore, our studies reveal that the obese environment does not influence the development or maintenance of memory CD8 T cell responses that are either primed before or after obesity is established, a surprising notion with important implications for future studies aiming to elucidate the role obesity plays in host susceptibility to infections.
Managerialism, Structuralism, and Moral Judgment: Law, Reform Discourse, and the Pathologies of Financial Reform in Historical Perspective

Five years after the financial crisis, it remains unclear the degree to which regulatory reforms have succeeded in addressing the root causes of the financial crisis. This paper argues that ongoing policy debates about financial reform are undermined by a tension not between pro- and anti-regulatory views, but rather a deeper tension within reform discourse between two rival conceptual frameworks of how financial regulation should operate. The predominant approach to financial regulation in the United States, especially on matters of systemic risk and financial stability has revolved around a “managerial” approach, that relies heavily on the ability of insulated expert regulators to optimize and manage the vicissitudes of the financial system. Although this approach may seem logical, it is nevertheless at odds with a rival reform discourse present today, and historically. In this rival approach, the emphasis is less on expert macroeconomic management, and more on “structural” regulations: reforms that impose strict constraints on the size and powers of financial firms, potentially at greater cost to industry but also more easily implemented. This paper identifies this disjuncture between managerial and structural approaches in financial regulation discourse today (Part I). It then traces historically how the managerial ethic comes to dominate financial reform law and policy over the last century (Part II). In short, I argue that the gravitation towards managerialism stems from an underlying unease with making moral judgments about the social value of finance, and an overeager deference to financial innovation as an unqualified good. This avoidance of moral judgment in turn has created pathologies in the law of financial regulation, displacing a fundamentally moral and substantive judgment about the value of various financial firms and activities into proxy debates over, for example, agency jurisdiction, centralization, or the quality of regulatory expertise (Part III). These pathologies continue to constrain the effective implementation of financial reform in the United States. The paper then returns to some of the major financial regulation debates today to suggest that addressing issues like “too-big-to-fail” or new financial instruments necessarily requires making a moral judgment about the social value of finance — and that such judgments, once embraced, open up a range of more structural, rather than managerial, approaches to financial reform (Part IV).
Effects of Recent Stress and Variation in the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on Depressive Symptoms: A Repeated-Measures Study of Adults Age 50 and Older

Depending on genetic sensitivity to it, stress may affect depressive symptomatology differentially. Applying the stress-diathesis hypothesis to older adults, we postulate: (1) recent stress will associate with increased depressive symptom levels and (2) this effect will be greater for individuals with at least one short allele of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Further, we employ a design that addresses specific limitations of many prior studies that have examined the 5-HTTLPR × SLE relation, by: (a) using a within-person repeated-measures design to address fluctuations that occur within individuals over time, increase power for detecting G × E, and address GE correlation; (b) studying reports of exogenous stressful events (those unlikely to be caused by depression) to help rule out reverse causation and negativity bias, and in order to assess stressors that are more etiologically relevant to depressive symptomatology in older adults. The sample is drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a U.S. population-based study of older individuals (N = 28,248; mean age = 67.5; 57.3 % female; 80.7 % Non-Hispanic White, 14.9 % Hispanic/Latino, 4.5 % African American; genetic subsample = 12,332), from whom measures of depressive symptoms and exogenous stressors were collected biannually (1994-2010). Variation in the 5-HTTLPR was characterized via haplotype, using two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ordered logit models were constructed to predict levels of depressive symptoms from 5-HTTLPR and stressors, comparing results of the most commonly applied statistical approaches (i.e., comparing allelic and genotypic models, and continuous and categorical predictors) used in the literature. All models were stratified by race/ethnicity. Overall, results show a main effect of recent stress for all ethnic groups, and mixed results for the variation in 5-HTTLPR × stress interaction, contingent upon statistical model used. Findings suggest there may be a differential effect of stressors and 5-HTTLPR on depressive symptoms by ethnicity, but further research is needed, particularly when using a haplotype to characterize variation in 5-HTTLPR in population-based sample with a diverse ethnic composition.
Computed tomography in the evaluation of the suspected carcinomatous prostate

Twenty-six patients with physical findings suspicious for prostatic cancer were examined by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the prostate region prior to prostatic biopsy or resection. Twelve had benign hypertrophy and/or prostatis and fourteen had adenocarcinoma. Prostatic contour, density, seminal vesicle “angle,” extraprostatic soft tissue “mass,” and the pelvic fat planes were evaluated. A nodular prostatic contour was found only in patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, indicating a role for CT in the diagnosis of this disease. Two patients with benign prostatic disease had extraprostatic soft tissue “masses” identical to those seen in six patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate, suggesting limited usefulness of CT in staging patients with known tumor.
Three-Dimensional Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Hot Radial Forging Process for Large Diameter Tubes

A nonlinear coupled finite element model is developed to predict the behavior of large diameter tubes subjected to mechanical and thermal loadings during hot radial forging process. The model is formulated in a three-dimensional (3D) framework to account for both axial and circumferential effects. This model considers both material and geometric nonlinearities. A rate-dependent material model is used to describe the viscoplastic behavior of the workpiece subjected to high temperature and large strain. A tubular workpiece with the mandrel inside and four forging dies outside is modeled in commercial finite element code. A subroutine is developed and implemented to simplify the modeling process for radial forging simulation. Numerical results presented include residual stress, plastic strain, and temperature distribution along the axial and hoop directions in the deformed workpiece. Results are also presented for contact force to evaluate the performance of the die in the forging process. Finite element mod...
Effects of acclimatization on energy expenditure by meat goats

Abstract Eight Spanish and eight Boer yearling doelings were used to assess relationships between energy expenditure (EE) and ambient temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and temperature–humidity index (THI). Four doelings of each genotype were housed in two 5.6 m × 3.1 m pens of an enclosed facility with a concrete floor without cooling and with heat provided only to prevent damage to waterers and water lines from freezing. EE was determined over 2-day periods 13 times during a 1 year period based on EE:heart rate (HR) of each doeling. Climate variables were averaged over 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks preceding EE measurement. Doelings were fed to meet the maintenance energy requirement (MEm). Average mean, low, and high values during the 2 weeks preceding EE determination were 19.9, 7.9, and 31.8 °C for Ta and 53.6, 36.1, and 62.5% for RH, respectively. Neither Ta nor THI were correlated with or had significant effects in regressions to predict the difference between EE at particular measurement times and the 1 year mean (EEdiff). Conversely, RH was correlated (P
Sampling field sensor with anisotropic fan-out.

We describe a new common-path, phase-shift, and shearing interferometric device capable of single-shot detection of optical phase profiles. It samples the input field and uses birefringent plates to fan out phase-shifted copies of the samples in the empty space between them. The phase shifts are given by the thickness of the plates and not by the relative position of the components, as in classical interferometers. This makes the device insensitive to vibrations. We recorded repeatability better than λ/100, even though strong shocks were applied to the air table in proximity to the system. We recorded better than λ/1000 repeatability under quiet conditions and estimated the accuracy to be better than λ/3000 at the shot-noise limit. In addition, the device is compact and easy to integrate in a variety of setups that require the measurement of optical phase profiles.
Output feedback control for systems with constraints and saturations: scalar control case

We consider the problem of regulating the state of a linear system within a prescribed region of the state-space in the presence of disturbances and control saturations. While prior work has focused on full state-feedback, we consider the case of noisy output feedback. For the scalar control case, we combine existing work on full state-feedback and set-valued observers to derive a computational procedure which determines a priori whether the desired constrained regulation is possible. Furthermore, we show that constrained regulation can always be achieved by a set-valued observer followed by static feedback.
Scleral resection in combination with vitrectomy

Scleral resection with the intent to shorten the eye wall was used in conjunction with vitreous surgery when mobilization of the retina was insufficient. In cases with massive periretinal proliferation, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and trauma, this can result in an unexpected high anatomical success rate (10 of 23 cases, 43%). There were no complications that could be contributed to the scleral resection. Visual recovery depended upon the status of the retina and optic nerve (7 of 23 cases, 30%).
The born expansion in non-relativistic quantum theory

Potential scattering of a non-relativistic particle is studied by means of the Born series for the Green’s function, wave function, and scattering amplitude. For a wide class of potentials, these series are proved to converge at sufficiently high incident energies. The validity of the Born approximation in the high energy limit is also shown.
Laser Spectroscopy of CeO: Characterization and Assignment of States in the 0-3 eV Range

Abstract Wavelength-resolved fluorescence excitation techniques have been used to record thirty one electronic transitions of CeO at a resolution of 0.03 cm −1 . All of the 16 states that correlate with Ce 2+ (4ƒ6 s )O 2− were characterized. Ω assignments were unambiguously determined from observations of the first lines in at least two rotational branches. Accurate term energies and rotational constants are reported. The results are in good accord with a ligand field theory model of the low-lying states. New assignments were established for four previously observed transitions, and spectra for three new excited states were analyzed. Ligand held theory calculations have been used in an attempt to provide configurational assignments for the excited states (including those from previous studies). Twenty-two states are tentatively assigned to the Ce 2+ (4ƒ6 p )O 2− configuration. Twelve others are tentatively assigned to Ce 2+ (4ƒ5 d )O 2− .
High-Energy Approximations in Potential Scattering Theory

The relationship between the eikonal approximation of Glauber and the impact-parameter approximation of Blankenbecler and Goldberger is clarified. This is done by comparing the approximate forms for the scattering amplitude for nonrelativistic scattering by a potential with the Born expansion, which at high energy assumes the natural form of a series of terms in inverse powers of the center-of-mass momentum $p$. It is found that both approximations reproduce the first Born term and, to order $\frac{1}{p}$, the on-energy-shell part of the second Born term, for all momentum transfers. Furthermore, the Glauber approximation correctly gives the leading contribution (in powers of $\frac{1}{p}$) to the on-energy-shell part of every term in the Born series, whereas the Blankenbecler-Goldberger approximation fails to do this for Born terms beyond the second. However, since the comparison to the Born series shows that both approximations neglect contributions of order $\frac{1}{{p}^{2}}$, neither approximation, in the simple forms commonly used, is correct beyond terms of order $\frac{1}{p}$.
Bovine fetal anoxia observed in pregnant beef heifers experimentally inoculated with Anaplasma marginale

Abstract Six heifers in the third trimester of gestation were inoculated with Anaplasma marginale carrier blood. Laparohysterotomies were performed under local anesthesia at varying stages of anemia induced by anaplasmosis and the placental blood gas exchange was examined. Laparohysterotomies were similarly performed on three uninoculated control heifers and the placental blood gas exchange compared to the fetuses recovered from anemic (inoculated) heifers. Blood samples from the dam and fetus were recovered at the time of surgery and arterial blood gases and pH determined. A decline in fetal oxygen tension accompanied the maternal anemia. The evidence suggests that third trimester fetal death in heifers experimentally inoculated with Anaplasma marginale is due to fetal anoxia.
Enhancing behavioral couple therapy: Addressing the therapeutic alliance, hope, and diversity

The strengths and weaknesses of behavioral couple therapy (BCT) are well documented and disseminated, and this couple therapy approach continues to evolve. Newer behaviorally based approaches share an openness to integration and can enhance the ability of BCT to address three key process-related variables: the therapeutic alliance, hope, and diversity. Similarly, some nonbehavioral techniques fit the format of typical BCT sessions and can be integrated into a BCT framework; they can facilitate the couple's ability to benefit from BCT, and function to accomplish the same goals. Examples of interrelated usage of these techniques with a case example and relevant citations provide practical ways to enhance the ability of BCT to address the therapeutic alliance, hope, and diversity throughout treatment.
Polish ultrametric Urysohn spaces and their isometry groups

Abstract In this paper we give some new constructions of Polish ultrametric Urysohn spaces and investigate the universality properties of their isometry groups. It is shown that all isometry groups of Polish ultrametric Urysohn spaces, regardless of their distance sets, are embeddable into each other, and in particular universal for all isometry groups of Polish ultrametric spaces. We also consider a strengthening notion, called extensive isometric embedding, and show that any isometric embedding from a compact ultrametric space into a Polish ultrametric Urysohn space is extensive. It is shown that every isometry between two compact subsets of a Polish ultrametric Urysohn space can be extended to an isometry of the entire space. We introduce a notion of generalized trees to study Polish ultrametric spaces and prove a duality theorem between the categories of Polish ultrametric spaces and their generalized tree representations. Finally we draw some conclusions about the descriptive complexity of embeddability, biembeddability and isometry relations among Polish ultrametric spaces.
Bending of a single crystal thin foil of material with slip gradient effects

The simulation of the cyclic bending of a single crystal thin foil is presented. The simulations demonstrate a constitutive model that incorporates the effects of geometrically necessary dislocations that accompany slip gradients and includes a slip gradient proportional hardness and energetically conjugate long range stresses and strains proportional to the second gradient of slip. Results are presented for three cycles of bending and straightening for foil thicknesses of 25, 50 and 100 µm. Various combinations of the gradient hardness coefficient and the long range strain length parameter are examined. The results show an isotropic type hardening behavior due to the gradient hardness and a kinematic type hardening behavior due to the long range strains. Comparing the results from the three different thickness specimens shows an obvious decrease in the effects of the gradient hardness and the long range strain with an increase in the foil thickness.
Experimental study of wind effects on unglazed transpired collectors

High wind velocity affects the performance of unglazed transpired collectors (UTC); indeed, wind flow on the collector’s surface reduces useful heat transferred to the collector fluid by effectuating convection losses and suction in the pores and thereby outflow from the plenum. Wind does not impinge uniformly on all points on a large area; the velocity distribution depends on wind direction and surroundings of the concerned area. The paper describes an experimental and analytical parametric study to assess the effect of wind on UTCs. Velocity measurements obtained using wind-tunnel experiments were applied to analytical models of UTC performance evaluation and were found to influence UTC performance. The assumption that a reference wind speed acts uniformly throughout the UTC area, as opposed to the more realistic non-uniform distribution, resulted in the overestimation of heat exchange effectiveness up to 50% and underestimation of convective heat transfer coefficients up to 20%. The importance of using actual velocity distribution, as opposed to an assumed uniform velocity distribution in building simulation, has been discussed.
Promoting the Social Capital Agenda

Social Capital. By David Halpern. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005. 400 pp., $64.95 cloth (ISBN: 0-7456-2547-9), $26.95 paper (ISBN: 0-7456-2548-7). Social Capital is an engaging and well-written book on a topic currently of great interest and popularity in both academic and government circles. David Halpern inhabits the two worlds seemingly with aplomb. A senior advisor to Tony Blair and a social scientist at Cambridge, the author's expertise is easily apparent—as is his enthusiasm for promoting the social capital “agenda” and his ability to break down the mind boggling amount of research that has accumulated on this topic in a relatively short period. The book succeeds on many levels—mostly in its readability and comprehensiveness. But it does have a few weaknesses that deserve mention. Few can have missed how the concept of social capital has become a buzzword since the mid-1990s. A “Google” search performed for this review showed over one million “hits” on the term (1,160,000 to be precise). A search of the online book seller Amazon.com revealed 342 books containing the phrase “social capital” in their title—more than half (182) of which have been published since 2000. The latter date is telling because this is when the book Bowling Alone by Robert Putnam was published (which was based on his seminal 1995 journal article of the same title), considered by some as the definitive statement on the subject. Certainly, Putnam and Halpern can be credited with advancing social capital into the hallways of public policymaking. Putnam was a Clinton Administration advisor and in recent years has …
Dynamics behind the Formation of a Business Class: Tucson's Hispanic Business Elite

The problem of an underdeveloped Mexican-American business class has traditionally been examined from an organizational perspective. This article examines for the first time the formation of a business class in a traditional southwestern city from an ideological perspective. In many of the cities of the Southwest, old business elites have been almost completely replaced by a new elite, in contrast to the continuity of development of elites for other social groups. This basic problem forms the core of the analysis, which is based on archival and interview data. Two generations of business elites in Tucson, Arizona, are examined-the generation that roughly spanned the period 1880 to 1950 and the contemporary generation. The study shows that the existence of twso normative enclaves for Mexican ancestry entrepreneurs, one based on mainstream capitalism and the other ont traditional cuilture, has complicated the lives of both the old and thle new elites.
Smoke Above Clouds

Aerosols in the atmosphere alter the radiative balance of the Earth by reflecting or absorbing solar radiation. Spaceborne measurements of clouds and aerosols advected over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean indicate that the greater the cloud cover below the aerosols, the more likely the aerosols are to heat the planet.
Allosteric activation of the 5-HT3AB receptor by mCPBG

The 5-HT_3AB receptor contains three A and two B subunits in an A-A-B-A-B order. However, serotonin function at the 5-HT_3AB receptor has been shown to depend solely on the A-A interface present in the homomeric receptor. Using mutations at sites on both the primary (E122) and complementary (Y146) faces of the B subunit, we demonstrate that meta-chlorophenyl biguanide (mCPBG), a 5-HT_3 selective agonist, is capable of binding to and activating the 5-HT_3AB receptor at all five subunit interfaces of the heteromer. Further, mCPBG is capable of allosterically modulating the activity of serotonin from these sites. While these five binding sites are similar enough that they form to a monophasic dose – response relationship, we uncover subtle differences in the heteromeric binding sites. We also find that the A-A interface appears to contribute disproportionately to the efficacy of 5-HT_3AB receptor activation.
Preliminary Assessment of Activity Analysis and Modeling for Homeland Security Applications

A review of 46 activity-based models is conducted and details features that are required for homeland security applications. Two examples of homeland security studies are included to highlight these needs. This review demonstrates that only a few models have the desired characteristics of fine spatial and temporal resolutions. Because the criticality of locations varies because of time or day of the week or both, depending on the presence of individuals and the fact that potential targets are specific locations within a city, data needs for modeling these types of scenarios exceed typical planning and forecasting modeling as well as research modeling. A discussion of a homeland security-related modeling application conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratory using TRANSIMS for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security is included to demonstrate the level of detail that is achieved by using nationally available data sources. In addition, the literature contains many data and information gaps, including virt...
Evidence for calcium mediated conformational changes in calbindin‐D28K (the vitamin D‐induced calcium binding protein) interactions with chick intestinal brush border membrane alkaline phosphatase as studied via photoaffinity labeling techniques

The role of the vitamin D-induced calcium binding protein termed calbindin-D (CaBP) in the biological response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was assessed by photoaffinity labeling techniques. The heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent methyl-4-azidobenzoimidate was employed for studies with the 28 KD chick intestinal calbindin-D28K. Calcium-dependent interactions were evident with purified chick intestinal CaBP-immunoglobulins and bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase; in the absence of Ca2+ there was a greatly diminished crosslinking process. There were also at least two membrane components of chick intestinal brush border membranes, with M(R) = 60,000 and 130,000, which were photoaffinity cross-linked with CaBP in a calcium-dependent manner. Similar interactions were demonstrated following incubations of CaBP with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-treated supernatant fractions from chick intestinal brush borders. PI-PLC was shown to release 14% of the alkaline phosphatase from chick intestinal brush borders compared to greater than 80% for rabbit and chick kidney BBM preparations. Specific interactions between CaBP and brush border membrane proteins could also be demonstrated in the absence of photoaffinity labeling by Sephadex G-150 chromatography of Triton X-100 solubilized incubations between calbindin-D28K and chick intestinal BBMS, with 17% of the radiolabelled CaBP comigrating with alkaline phosphatase activity. These studies collectively demonstrate that calbindin-D28K undergoes calcium-dependent conformational changes which alter its subsequent interactions with cellular proteins in a way consistent with other calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin or troponin C.
Second trimester sonographically diagnosed placenta previa: Prediction of persistent previa at birth

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the natural history of second trimester sonographically diagnosed placenta previa, and to ascertain whether the position of the placenta with respect to the cervical os at second trimester sonography can accurately predict persistence of the placenta previa at term. METHODS: The study population included all women consecutively diagnosed by ultrasound with placenta previa between 14 and 20 weeks' gestation. Medical records of the patients requiring cesarean section were reviewed to determine the presence of placenta previa. We reviewed the second trimester sonogram of patients who underwent abdominal delivery for placental and nonplacental indications to determine whether the central (symmetrical) versus the partial (asymmetrial) position of the placenta with respect to the internal os predicted the presence of placenta previa at delivery. RESULTS: A total of 925 second trimester-patients were sonographically identified as having placenta previa. Two hundred and sixty seven patients underwent cesarean delivery, 43 of which had placenta previa (43/925 or 4.6%). Twenty-two of the 43 were asymptomatic without anteparturn bleeding. Analysis of the second trimester position of the placenta revealed that symmetry of the placenta with respect to the internal os at second trimester scan had a sensitivity of 49% for prediction of placenta previa at birth. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of placental symmetry with respect to the internal os during the second trimester successfully predicted the previas most likely to persist at delivery with a sensitivity of 49% (95% CI 34–64) and specificity of 93%.