cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
l-Carnitine rescues ketamine-induced attenuated heart rate and MAPK (ERK) activity in zebrafish embryos

Ketamine, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors, is a pediatric anesthetic. Ketamine has been shown to be neurotoxic and cardiotoxic in mammals. Here, we show that after 2 h of exposure, 5 mM ketamine significantly reduced heart rate in 26 h old zebrafish embryos. In 52 h old embryos, 1 mM ketamine was effective after 2 h and 0.5 mM ketamine at 20 h of exposure. Ketamine also induced significant reductions in activated MAPK (ERK) levels. Treatment of the embryos with the ERK inhibitor, PD 98059, also significantly reduced heart rate whereas the p38/SAPK inhibitor, SB203580, was ineffective. Ketamine is known to inhibit lipolysis and a decrease of ATP content in the heart. Co-treatment with l-carnitine that enhances fatty acid metabolism effectively rescued ketamine-induced attenuated heart rate and ERK activity. These findings demonstrate that l-carnitine counteracts ketamine's negative effects on heart rate and ERK activity in zebrafish embryos.
Theory of redundancy for logic circuits to maximize yield/area

The down scaling of feature sizes and higher process variations in future CMOS nano-technologies are anticipated to introduce higher manufacturing anomalies. On the other hand designs are getting more complicated due to more innovative applications where they need higher numbers of transistors. These phenomena significantly reduce the functional yield. Redundancy has been used for a long time in regular structures such as memory to tolerate defects; however, for typical irregular logic circuits this would be very challenging. In this paper we introduce a theory that justifies the necessity of using redundancy at sub-chip level of granularity to maximize yield/area (number of healthy dies) for future technologies with higher defect rates. In addition, redundancy at finer levels of granularity, aggravates the overheads of interconnect (steering logics, i.e., forks, joins and switches) such as yield, area, and testing overheads. These overheads limit the level of granularity for logic replication. Current yield estimators are generally pessimistic for interconnects because they do not take circuit and logic context into consideration, and/or they assume all defects are killer-defects, i.e., always result in unacceptable circuit behavior. In this paper we propose a CAD tool to compute the functional yield of the configurable and testable steering logics using (i) actual layout geometries, and (ii) factory data related to density and size of opens (missing metal), shorts (extra metal) and open vias. The experimental results show that our theory of redundancy considering the overheads of steering logics can improve the yield/area by 2.8 times for a real highly-defected circuit (OpenSparc T2 core).
Physiological responses to temperature of caterpillars of a desert population of Manduca sexta (lepid: Sphingidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Total transpiration varied from 1.13 mg cm −2 hr −1 at T a = 25°C to 6.07 mg cm −2 hr −1 at 45°C. At any given temperature cuticular transpiration was not significantly different. These rates were higher than any desert insect but not unusual when compared with those of other terrestrial arthropods. 2. 2. Oxygen consumption showed little change between 25 and 35°C but had a Q 10 of about 2 between 15 and 25 and between 35 and 40°C. 3. 3. Growth rates increased with increasing T a to a maximum of 2.3 g/day at 30°C and declined at higher T a . 4. 4. Heart rates are tightly coupled to body temperature and were similar at a given T b during heating and cooling. 5. 5. The present study gives no indication of physiological control of T b or any special adaptations of M. sexta to hot, dry environments.
Effects of Symptoms of Comorbid Psychopathology on Challenging Behaviors among Atypically Developing Infants and Toddlers as Assessed with the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with Autism Traits (BISCUIT).

Comorbid psychopathology and challenging behaviors often occur among persons with developmental disabilities. However, little attention to this issue has been reported in young children. In this study, individuals 17 through 36 months of age with varying diagnoses, such as intellectual disability, developmental delay, and Down syndrome, among others, were evaluated. Greater levels of symptoms of comorbid psychopathology were related to higher rates of challenging behaviors. Additionally, Inattention/Impulsivity, Avoidant Behavior, Anxiety/Repetitive Behaviors, and Tantrum/Conduct Problems were significantly related to high rates of Aggressive and Destructive Behaviors, Stereotypies, and Self-Injurious Behavior. Also, those who displayed greater levels of Eating/Sleep Problems engaged in more Aggressive and Destructive Behaviors and Stereotypies but not Self-Injurious Behavior. Thus, even at young ages, children with atypical development without an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis are at high risk for a ...
An Entropy Formula for Time-Varying Discrete-Time Control Systems

The results of this paper generalize the formula for the entropy of a transfer function to time-varying systems. This is done through the use of some results on spectral factorizations due to Arveson and properties of the $\cW$-transform which generalizes the usual $\cZ$-transform for time-varying systems. Using the formula defined, it is shown that for linear fractional transformations like those that arise in time-varying $f$ control, there exists a unique, bounded contraction which maximizes the entropy. This generalizes known results in the time-invariant case. Possible extensions are discussed, along with state-space formulae.
β1,4-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GM2 Synthase) Is Released from Golgi Membranes as a Neuraminidase-sensitive, Disulfide-bonded Dimer by a Cathepsin D-like Protease

Many Golgi membrane-bound glycosyltransferases are released from cells in a soluble form. To characterize this release process, we stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells with three myc epitope-tagged forms of cloned beta1, 4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAcT); two of these forms resided in the Golgi, while the third was retained in the ER. GalNAcT was released into the culture medium from cells transfected with the Golgi forms but not with the ER form of the enzyme. The medium from cells transfected with the Golgi forms contained disulfide-bonded dimers of GalNAcT, which carried neuraminidase sensitive, complex N-linked carbohydrate chains. This soluble species represented the major degradation product of cellular GalNAcT, which turned over with a half-time of about 1.7 h. The soluble species consisted of a mixture of truncated GalNAcT molecules, the major form of which was produced by cleavage near the boundary between the transmembrane and lumenal domains between Leu-23 and Tyr-24. This cleavage site fits the sequence pattern for sites cleaved by cathepsin D (van Noort, J.M., and van der Drift, A. C.M. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 14159-14164). These findings suggest that GalNAcT is converted from a membrane-bound to a soluble form as a result of cleavage by a cathepsin D-like protease in a compartment late in the Golgi secretory pathway.
The role of secondary char oxidation in the transition from smoldering to flaming

Abstract The transition from forward smoldering to flaming in polyurethane foam is observed using in-depth thermocouples and ultrasound probing. The experiments are conducted with small parallelepiped samples vertically placed in an upward wind tunnel. Three of the vertical sample sides are maintained at elevated temperature and the fourth is exposed to an upward oxidizer flow and a radiant heat flux. An ultrasound probing technique is used to measure the line-of-sight average permeability of the sample at the same heights as the thermocouples. The smolder front propagation is tracked by both the thermocouples and ultrasound data, which show an increase in temperature and permeability upon passage of the smolder front. The permeability data also show that the transition to flaming is preceded by rapid fluctuations in permeability in the char region below the smolder front, indicating the formation of pores by secondary char oxidation. The pores provide locations for the onset of gas-phase ignition (i.e., transition to flaming). The results from all the tests indicate that the formation of pores is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the transition to flaming. Two novel measures of the intensity of the secondary char oxidation are introduced: the time derivative of permeability, and the secondary char oxidation velocity. The time derivative of permeability, which provides a measure of the pore formation rate, is found to increase as the oxygen concentration and/or radiant heat flux increase, and to indicate the likelihood of the transition to flaming. The permeability data offers a means to track the propagation of the secondary char oxidation, and to calculate the secondary char oxidation velocity, which is found to be strongly correlated to the transition to flaming. A simplified energy balance model is able to predict the dependence of the secondary char oxidation velocity on oxygen concentration and radiant heat flux.
The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Enhanced Gas Recovery in the Eugene Island Field by Use of the Coproduction Technique

Coproduction, the simultaneous production of gas and water, is used to control water influx into water-drive gas reservoirs. The coproduction technique can increase gas recovery by as much as 20%. Reservoir selection criteria and study methodology are presented and illustrated with a U.S. gulf coast reservoir. Basic material-balance analysis, tank-model simulation, and a preliminary economic analysis demonstrated the technical and economic feasibility of the process for a case study of the Louisiana gulf coast Eugene Island Block 305 10,300-ft (3140-m) -sand gas reservoir. This study also shows that the coproduction technique could result in a substantial increase in recovery efficiencies in many other water-drive gas reservoirs under specific economic conditions.
The Effects of Fixation of the Ulna to the Radius in Young Foals

The effects of radioulnar fixation were studied in 21 Quarter horse foals by applying a bone plate to the caudal aspect of the proximal part of the ulna, with screws engaging both the radius and the ulna. The plates were applied at 1 month of age in six foals (group I), 5 months of age in six foals (group II), and 7 months of age in three foals (group III). Six foals underwent sham operations at 1 month of age to serve as controls (group IV). Ulnar dysplasia and elbow subluxation developed in all treated foals. The magnitude of ulnar dysplasia was inversely related to the patient's age at fixation and was accompanied by degenerative joint disease and lameness in foals undergoing fixation at 1 and 5 months of age. Removal of the fixation appliances 16 weeks after implantation in three foals from each of groups I and II failed to reverse the degree of ulnar dysplasia. Although foals undergoing fixation at 7 months of age (group III) were not lame, radiographic evidence of subluxation and subtle degenerative changes in the articular cartilage of the treated elbow did develop. Recommendations for avoidance of radioulnar fixation were developed from these observations.
Immortalized intrahepatic mouse biliary epithelial cells: immunologic characterization and immunogenicity.

Nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (NSDC), a process of T-cell-mediated destruction of biliary epithelia observed in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and hepatic allograft rejection (HAR), also occurs in the B10. D2-->BALB/c model of GVHD. To advance studies of immunopathogenesis in this murine model, we immortalized 4 BALB/c intrahepatic biliary epithelial cell (BEC) lines as a reliable source of target cells. Freshly isolated BEC, as well as each cell line, expressed cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). None expressed albumin. Immortalized cells also expressed SV40 large T antigen. Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was expressed by >97% of immortalized cells, while class II MHC and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression ranged from 0% to 13% and 14% to 74%, respectively. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) induced aberrant class II MHC expression and increased expression of ICAM-1. Variable proportions of immortalized cells expressed B7-1/B7-2 molecules and FAS. IFN-gamma significantly reduced B7-1 expression in some lines and significantly increased B7-2 expression in others. Allografts of freshly isolated and immortalized BEC injected into subscapular fat pads spontaneously formed duct-like structures. Inflammation was absent in BALB/c recipients. In contrast, inflammatory lesions in B10.D2 recipients were reminiscent of NSDC. Our results indicate that BALB/c-immortalized intrahepatic biliary cells: 1) retain the phenotype of mouse BEC; 2) can be induced to express aberrant class II MHC and increased ICAM-1; 3) express costimulatory B7-1/B7-2 molecules and FAS; and 4) spontaneously form duct-like structures after in vivo injection that are immunogenic in B10.D2 mice. These cell lines should facilitate future studies of the immunopathogenesis of NSDC in the B10. D2-->BALB/c murine model.
A new algorithm for bi-directional link self-healing for arbitrary redundant networks

Summary form only given. The bidirectional link self healing network (BLSN) automatic protection switching (APS) algorithm can protect arbitrary redundant networks from link and node failures by using loopback. This means that the more bandwidth efficient loopback APS method can be used to protect lowest cost redundant networks regardless of their topology.
Functions of the adverbial ya in Spanish narrative discourse

Abstract The Spanish adverbial ya ‘already’, ‘finally’, ‘presently’, ‘now’, is, as its glosses denote, a time adverb that conveys a range of aspectual information. It is used very frequently in oral narrative discourse in Mexico and Central America. This study examines its functions in the narrative context; specifically, as a reflector of aspect as well as a discourse marker that can serve to transmit an emotional intensity about designated information and to create cohesion in the discourse. Because it is multi-functional, it is useful to the narrator to convey an emotional element and to organize the content of the narrative.
Comparative carcinogenicity of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine and N-nitrosomethyl(2-oxopropyl)amine following subcutaneus or oral administration to rats

Abstract The carcinogenicity of N-nitrosomethyl(2-oxopropyl)amine (MOP), a postulated proximate carcinogen of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP), was tested after either a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or weekly intragastric (i.g.) administration in Wistar-derived MRC rats and was compared with the effect of BOP, given similarly and at equitoxic doses. Following i.g. administration, MOP induced a high incidence of neoplasms in the pharynx and esophagus which, however, were not affected by BOP; on the other hand, tumors of the thyroid, lungs, colon and urethra occurred in a greater incidence following BOP than after MOP, and renal neoplasms were found only following MOP, given s.c. Moreover, there were remarkable sex differences in the responses of the rats' respiratory and urothelial tissues to these two carcinogens: nasal cavity carcinomas, pulmonary adenomas, urinary and urethra papillomas were induced primarily or exclusively in male rats treated with BOP, either s.c. or i.g., whereas such sex differences were not found following either route of MOP administration. There were also differences in the spectrum of the neoplasms induced by BOP or MOP depending upon the route of their administration. For example, MOP was more effective in inducing nasal, esophageal and hepatic tumors when given orally, compared to its effect following the s.c. route, and thyroid and renal tumors were induced only after its s.c. injection. The results point to a complexity of nitrosamine carcinogenesis and also indicate that in some tissues activation of BOP, but not of MOP, depends on sex hormones.
Nasal Bone Measurement To Diagnose Down Syndrome

Abstract Down syndrome occurs in 1 of 1000 live births and in most cases occurs in families with no previous history of the syndrome. Ultrasound and maternal blood samples are screening tests used to identify women with an increased risk of carrying a baby with Down syndrome. In the past 30 years, extensive progress has been made in fetal ultrasound technology, as well as in Down syndrome detection. However, Down syndrome detection continues to be one of the main challenges of perinatal medicine. It is important to keep in mind that even the best combination of ultrasound findings and other screening tests are only predictive and not diagnostic. Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling is necessary for true diagnosis; however, nasal bone measurement appears to be an encouraging marker for earlier detection of Down syndrome.
Expression of arginase isozymes in mouse brain.

The two forms of arginase (AI and AII) in man, identical in enzymatic function, are encoded in separate genes and are expressed differentially in various tissues. AI is expressed predominantly in the liver cytosol and is thought to function primarily to detoxify ammonia as part of the urea cycle. AII, in contrast, is predominantly mitochondrial, is more widely expressed, and is thought to function primarily to produce ornithine. Ornithine is a precursor in the synthesis of proline, glutamate, and polyamines. This study was undertaken to explore the cellular and regional distribution of AI and AII expression in brain using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. AI and AII were detected only in neurons and not in glial cells. AI presented stronger expression than AII, but AII was generally coexpressed with AI in most cells studied. Expression was particularly high in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons, medulla, and spinal cord neurons. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, postulated to be related to the risk of glutamate excitotoxic and/or γ-aminobutyric acid inhibitoxic injury, were similarly ubiquitous in their expression and generally paralleled arginase expression patterns, especially in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, pons, medulla, and spinal cord. This study showed that AI is expressed in the mouse brain, and more strongly than AII, and sheds light on the anatomic basis for the arginine→ornithine→glutamate→GABA pathway. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:406–422, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Soil Cover and Tillage Influenced Metolachlor Mobility and Dissipation in Field Lysimeters

Leaching studies using soil column field lysimeters were conducted in 1991 and 1992 to determine the influence of tillage [conventional (CT) and reduced (RT)], soil cover (fallow, soybean, and bermudagrass sod), and water input level on 14 C metolachlor mobility. Runoff and leachate collectors were installed. Leachate was collected weekly and analyzed for herbicide content At 128 d after treatment (DAT), the lysimeters were removed, and the soil was analyzed for herbicide concentration as a function of depth. In 1991,10% greater amounts of 14 C metolachlor volatilized from CT than from RT (32 vs. 22%). Amounts of metolachlor recovered in surface cover were 2.3% less (2.1 vs. 4.4%), amounts in subsoil were 8% less (47 vs. 55%), and amounts recovered in leachate were 0.7% less (0.7 vs. 1.4%) under CT than RT. In 1992, measured parameters of 14 C distribution in soil for tillage treatments were similar, except 14 C recovered in leachate was 3% greater under RT (7 vs. 4%). Amounts of 14 C metolachlor retained by soil cover were greatest in bermudagrass sod (16%), less in soybean (4%), and least in fallow (1%) and were similar for each treatment both years. Carbon-14 metolachlor recovered in leachate of all treatments was approximately five times greater in 1992 (5%) than in 1991 (1%) due to the 7% greater water input in 1992, much of which occurred shortly after Day 0. Leachate volume collected in 1992 (8 L) was also twice that of 1991 (4 L). Tillage and soil cover interaction effects occurred both years.
Applications of the pattern variability index (σz) to the quantification of dysmorphogenesis in the hand

We have generated percentiles for the pattern variability index (a,) of the hand in 1,088 normal infants, children, and adults and have analyzed pattern variability indices for 820 individuals representing 50 congenital malformation syndromes with respect to the normal percentiles. The majority of the affected individuals exhibited elevated a, values for the hand, some vastly in excess of normal, while such syndromes as Down, Turner, and the Prader-Willi syndrome were low rather than high in pattern variability of the hand.
Diffusion Limitations in the Porous Anodes of SOFCs

Concentration polarization is important because it determines the maximum power output of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) at high fuel utilization. Anodic concentration polarization occurs when the demand for reactants exceeds the capacity of the porous ceramic anode to supply them by gas diffusion mechanisms. Many models simulate this behavior by assuming an anomolous high value for the tortuosity (eg, t=17), a measure of the bulk diffusional resistance for a porous ceramic. However, recent experiments at several laboratories, including results reported herein, have provided strong evidence that typical sintered powder ceramics (30-50% porosity) have much lower tortuosities (t=2.5-3), indicating that the bulk diffusional resistance is too small to be responsible for concentration polarization. We find evidence that concentration polarization originates in the immediate vicinity of the reactive sites near the anode/electrolyte interface, at the triple phase boundaries (TPBs) between the Ni catalyst particles, the gas, and the oxygen conducting YSZ ceramic. A model is proposed to describe how concentration polarization is controlled by two localized phenomena: competitive adsorption of reactants in areas adjacent to the reactive TPB sites, followed by relatively slow surface diffusion to the reactive sites. The model parameters (adsorption activation energy and surface diffusion coefficients) were more » determined by fitting to well-characterized SOFC voltage-current performance data, and are in good agreement with data from the literature. Results suggest that future SOFC design improvements should focus on optimization of the reactive area, adsorption, and surface diffusion at the anode/electrolyte interface, rather than on anode thicknesses or bulk porosities. « less
In vitro translation of a 2.3-kb splicing variant of the hamster pgp1 gene whose presence in transfectants is associated with decreased drug resistance.

Purpose: P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a product of the Chinese hamster pgp1 gene, confers multidrug resistance to mammalian cells in which it is overexpressed either by transfection or as a result of drug selection. It is encoded by a 4.3-kb mRNA and in its unglycosylated form has a predicted molecular weight of approximately 141 kDa. When a cDNA containing this sequence is transfected into drug-sensitive Chinese hamster lung cells and is expressed under the control of the β-actin promoter, both the full-length 4.3-kb mRNA and a 2.3-kb transcript are produced. The latter results from a splicing event that utilizes near consensus 5′ and 3′ splicing signals resident in the full-length mRNA, and it has also been found to be present in cell lines that express the native gene. Therefore, it is a splicing product of pgp1 per se. This report is concerned with the biological relevance of this transcript. Methods: In vitro transcription and translation experiments were used to show that the putative open reading frame of the 2.3-kb transcript encodes a novel 57-kDa protein (p57pgp1) that contains transmembrane domains 9–12 and the C-terminal ATP binding fold of P-gp. To elucidate the function of p57pgp1, expression vectors containing cDNAs representing (1) the 2.3-kb transcript, (2) the full-length 4.3-kb mRNA, and (3) a splice-disabled 4.3-kb transcript in which production of the 2.3-kb transcript is eliminated by an in-frame mutation at the 3′ splice site, were constructed and transfected into DC-3F cells. Additional expression vectors in which p57pgp1 represented the N-terminus of a green fluorescent protein fusion construct were also prepared and used for transient expression studies. Results: Overexpression of the 2.3-kb transcript alone did not confer multidrug resistance. Transfectants in which both the 4.3-kb transcript and the 2.3-kb transcript were present, compared with transfectants in which no 2.3-kb transcript was expressed, but in which the level of expression of the 4.3-kb mRNA alone was the same, showed little change in cross-resistance pattern. However, the overall level of resistance in the latter cells was increased by approximately twofold. Hence the presence of the 2.3-kb transcript was associated with a decrease in drug resistance. In vitro transcription and translation experiments and transient expression studies indicate that p57pgp1 can be expressed both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that a splicing variant of pgpl contains an open reading frame capable of translation in vitro and in vivo and suggest that alterations in splicing may contribute both directly and indirectly to the overall mechanism of pgp1-mediated multidrug resistance in CHL cells.
Re-visioning the family life cycle theory and paradigm in marriage and family therapy

Abstract Theorizing, research, and psychotherapeutic practice in regard to family life course and family developmental theories have been largely dominated by the family life cycle (FLC) paradigm in psychological and psychotherapeutic disciplines. This article discusses some of the specific problems associated with the adoption of the FLC paradigm in marriage and family therapy (MFT). Four ideas are offered as ways to “re-vision” the FLC paradigm in MFT in the areas of theory, research, and therapy. These ideas involve using new action theory ideas, using the narrative metaphor and narrative accounts of life, questioning the underlying constructs of MFT theories and their adoption of the FLC paradigm, and an example of questions for therapists concerning personal beliefs and the FLC paradigm.
Indomethacin and Aspirin Prevent the Starvation-Induced Fall in Plasma Insulin

To investigate whether prostaglandins (PGs) play a role in the regulation of insulin secretion during starvation, we have studied the effects of two inhibitors of PG synthesis, indomethacin (INDO) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), on plasma insulin during a 72-h fast. Five lean males and six obese females were given 200 mg INDO daily throughout a 72-h fast during which plasma glucose was maintained at normal postabsorptive levels by a continuous infusion of glucose. In addition, four obese females were treated with 3 g ASA in a similar protocol. Another six lean males and six obese females served as a control group, receiving only iv glucose during the fast. In both the lean and obese control subjects, a significant decrease in plasma insulin was noted by 72 h (lean, 53 ± 8% of basal insulin; obese, 69 ± 6% P < 0.02). By contrast, aspirin and INDO administration prevented the decline in plasma insulin in both lean (INDO, 92 ± 5%) and obese (INDO, 109 ± 11% ASA, 111 ± 17%) subjects. These data suggest that e...
Partial observability for some distributed parameter systems

In this paper, a quantitative measure of partial observability is defined for PDEs. The quantity is proved to be consistent if the PDE is approximated using well-posed approximation schemes. A first order approximation of an unobservability index using an empirical Gramian is introduced. Several examples are presented to illustrate the concept of partial observability. The theory is developed for the estimation of initial value. However, the concept can be extended to the observability of state variables at final time or any fixed time moment.
Practical methods of mutation detection

The past few years have seen a marked increase in the demand for practical methods of mutation detection. Over this period of time, both the development of new methods and improvements in existing methods have made mutation detection in the research setting a less cumbersome task. Nevertheless, all of the commonly used approaches to this problem are labor intensive, and truly practical mutation detection methods in the clinical setting will depend on the development of more fully automated technology.
Lexical Analysis of Words on Commonly Used Standardized Spelling Assessments

The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics (i.e., number of morphemes in each word, degree of transparency between a derived morpheme and its root word) and frequency data (i.e., the standard frequency index; SFI) of six commonly used standardized spelling assessments and their alternate forms (when available). Results indicate high variability among the assessments and their alternate forms on the use of multimorphemic transparent and opaque words. Variability based on the SFI index between tests and their alternate forms was relatively low. Findings are discussed in regard to providing researchers and practitioners with a deeper understanding diagnostically of the morphological and frequency requirements and complexities of these standardized spelling assessments.
Abstract 3366: An inhibitor of the NF-kappaB pathway targets cancer stem cells and prevents tumor recurrence

Multidrug resistance and tumor recurrence are two of the major challenges in cancer treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), found in most solid tumor types, have been proposed as the root cause of cancer growth and recurrence. These CSCs share similarities with normal Stem Cells, such as “stemness” gene profile expression, overexpression of Sox2, Nanog and Oct4, as well as ability to grow in spheres and to repopulate tumors. Additionally, CSCs also have a high resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, probably due to their dormancy and overexpression of ABC transporters. Since CSCs markers are highly variable between cell lines and tumor samples, we used a functional assay to select a drug candidate targeting CSCs, based on their capability to efflux dyes such as Hoechst 33324 by a side population (SP). This drug decreased SP and spheres formation in vitro, and reduced protein expression of CSC genes such as Sox2, Nanog, Survivin and Oct4. Another serious limitation of cancer chemotherapy is its toxic side effect due to poor targeting to the tumor and its microenvironment (TME). To address this issue, we developed targeted nanoparticles (tNP) to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs specifically to tumor cells and their TME, resulting in substantially reduced systemic toxicity, as well as eradication of tumors and prevention of their recurrence in a preclinical setting. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3366. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3366
A new species of physaria (Cruciferae) from wyoming

The proposal to give Physaria condensata Rollins protection under the Endan gered Species Act prompted extensive field work on this and other related specie: in Wyoming. Since 1977, observations by R. Dorn and me have indicated muct variation in growth forms within various species. Not only was P. condensat~ capable of forming condensed rosettes, but individuals of apparently other mon common species occasionally expressed this habit when found growing in harst habitats. These occasional occurrences of tightly condensed individuals prompte( the following study. Field observations of vegetative, flowering, and fruiting characters along wit! growth forms were measured over a three year period. A descriptive analysis o the habitat was also recorded. Laboratory analyses including flavonoid chemistry volatile chemistry, and scanning electron micrographs were done on thirty-fou populations of six different taxa. Specimens examined in this study represen personal collections deposited at RM and GH and borrowed specimens from th, following institutions: COLO, DAO, GH, ID, MONT, MONTU, NDA, NEB NY, RM, SDU, US, and UTC. The leaf flavonoids expressed no detectable distinctions between species o populations. The flavonoid compounds were studied by UV spectroscopy whicl indicated di- and triglycosides of a methylated derivative of quercetin. The vol atiles were steam distilled using a circulatory steam apparatus (Kaiser & Lan E 1951 as described in von Rudloff, 1969). Of the fifteen compounds detected, al were found in each population studied. Only quantitative differences were noted Scanning electron micrographs did show differences between certain species. Th differences are discussed below. The study confirmed that two main groups of physarias occur in Wyoming those with two funiculi per locule and those with four or more funiculi per loculc The condensed growth form species of Physaria in Wyoming are members of th four funiculi group. The earlier hypothesis that P. condensata may be one of th more common species responding to climatic conditions can now be dismissec In southwestern Wyoming, individuals ofP. acutifolia Rydb. occasionally expres the condensed growth form. These individuals can be distinguished as P. acutifoli by the linear shape of the replum and only two funiculi. Physaria didyrnocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray, which has four funiculi, occasionall has a condensed growth form. Physaria condensata has an obovate replum, entir leaves with acute tips, and an inflorescence that barely exceeds the leaves. Physari didymocarpa has a linear replum, dentate leaves with obtuse tips, and an inflc rescence that greatly exceeds the leaves.
The preparation of multiaxially oriented polyethylene morphologies with high mechanical properties in planar direactions

The development of multiaxially oriented films of low molecular weight (Mw ≈ 59,000) high density polyethylene with high mechanical properties in planer directions has been pursued by inducing fibrillar crystallization under curvilinear flow conditions in a contained geometry using an extrudomolding process and by simulating similar crystallization conditions in an optical plate–plate rheometer. The films, like the uniaxially drawn morphologies of the same low molecular weight high density polyethylene by solid-state extrusion, had a high modulus (12–20 GPa) and strength (0.25 GPa) along the residual flow lines but they exhibited also a modulus enhancement (5 GPa) in the transverse direction as a result of the orientation gradient of the molecular chains in the thickness directions.
Light-stimulated formation of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical in the presence of uroporphyrin and ascorbate

Abstract Blue light irradiation of 2-deoxyribose (DOR) in the presence of uroporphyrin I (UP), ascorbate (AH−), trace iron, and phosphate buffer resulted in a strong stimulation of hydroxyl radical (OH.)-dependent oxidation of DOR. Photostimulated generation of H2O2 was monitored after removal of residual AH− (i) by ascorbate oxidase treatment, or (ii) by anion exchange of mini-columns of DEAE-Sephadex. Irradiation of the above mixture produced a strong burst of H2O2 which was intensified by desferrioxamine and suppressed by catalase or EDTA. The mechanism suggested by these observations is one in which photoreduction of UP to the radical anion initiates the formation of H2O2, which gives rise to OH. via Fenton chemistry. This is the first known investigation of H2O2 fluxes in a Type I (free radical) photoreaction involving AH− as the electron donor.
Locating the Community Field: A Study of Interorganizational Network Structure and Capacity for Community Action*

I examine the concept of the community field to identify the structures, elements, and processes that generate improved capacity for community action. I conduct analysis of interlocking leadership among local organizations and recent community action in three Midwestern communities to determine the structure and attributes of the community field. I use findings from community poster research to anticipate and guide interpretation of the different network structures found in each community. A community field is identified in the communities with pyramidal and coalitional structures. Inclusive, coordinating networks, institutions with stockpiled resources, and the existence of local planning processes are some of the community field-like structures and processes I identify. The findings have implications for future rural community research and practice, including support for increased use of network analysis as a diagnostic tool for community development
Vectorial imaging of deep subwavelength mask features in high NA ArF lithography

As silicon processes scale toward the 45-nm node using conventional 0.25-magnification, the feature sizes on the photomask are below the ArF (193.3 nm) laser wavelength. At these scales, traditional scalar and paraxial approximations used for optical image modeling are no longer valid. Thick-mask and vector-based rigorous models are equired to account for mask topographic effects and large incident angles at the reticle plane in ultra-high numerical aperture (NA) systems. Experimental depolarization measurements through advanced optical reticles at 193 nm are compared to rigorous finite-difference timedomain vector-based electromagnetic simulations. The validated simulation model is extended to explore the impact of polarization purity, mask absorber profile, mask film properties, and Fresnel effects through the pellicle on the imaging process window and requirements for optical proximity correction (OPC) in immersion imaging. The model has shown that line-end pullback has a strong correlation with mask shadowing under TE-polarized off-axis illumination (OAI).
Detection and prevention of uterine cancer

The two major uterine cancers, squamous carcinoma of the cervix and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, are highly vulnerable to detection technology and, therefore, secondary prevention. High risk groups for each have been defined, cancer precursors described, i.e., dysplasia of the cervix and adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium, and efficient screening methods made available. For the cervical tumor cytologic testing is most appropriate, while histologic screening is more efficient for endometrial precursor lesions. The strategies of approach of these accessible tumors are models for detection and prevention methods elsewhere in the body and we should exploit them to virtual eradication of these uterine tumors.
EPA-0017 – Remission decreased outpatient visit counts in depressed primary care patients treated with collaborative care management or usual care

Introduction Depression symptoms contribute to significant morbidity and health care utilization. Healthcare reform should consider improvements in clinical outcomes as well as decreased overall utilization as mechanisms to control health care costs. Objectives/Aims The aim of this study was to determine the impact of remission on outpatient clinical visits by depressed primary care patients in collaborative care management (CCM) or usual care (UC). The hypothesis was that depressed patients with worse outcomes at six months would have increased outpatient visit counts, regardless of treatment type. Methods The study was a retrospective, chart review analysis of 1,733 patients with six month follow-up data. The data set included baseline data (demographic information, diagnosis, medical comorbidity, prior outpatient visit counts and depression severity) and six month follow up data (PHQ-9 scores and number of outpatient visits utilized). Results Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that remission at six months was an independent predictor of outpatient visit outlier status (>8 visits) (OR 0.609 CI 0.460-0.805, p Conclusions In primary care patients treated for depression, successful treatment to remission at six months decreased the likelihood of the patient having more than 8 visits during the six months after diagnosis. This holds true even when controlling for the individual patient's prior outpatient visit counts, health care comorbidities and enrollment into CCM vs. UC.
Studies on the influence of pH and pancreatin on 13C-formaldehyde-induced gelatin cross-links using nuclear magnetic resonance.

ABSTRACTCarbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and 13C-enriched formaldehyde (13CH2O) were utilized to observe cross-linking in gelatin. Thus, when a 6% solution of gelatin in water was treated with 2000 ppm 13 CH2O at 20°C, the 15 hr 13C-NMR spectrum of the crosslinked gel showed peaks representing carbinolamines (methylols) of arginine and lysine, as well as a peak ascribed to a methylene cross-link between arginine and lysine. Similar results were obtained when these cross-linking reactions were conducted using only 100 ppm 13 CH2O. When pancreatin (1 % w/v) was added to the solution of 6% gelatin cross-linked with 2000 ppm 13 CH2O, the gel began to revert to a clear fluid solution. After incubation for 24 hr at 37°C, the 13C-NMR spectrum of this solution confirmed the presence of the methylols of lysine and arginine, and the lysine-arginine cross-link. When 13 CH2O (2000 ppm) was added to a 6% solution of gelatin at pH 13.0, the arginine methylol and the lysine-arginine crosslinks were produce...
Enzymatic preparation of high specific activity radiolabeled (I)-l-5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamate

Abstract 5-CH3[G-3H]H4PteGlu (sp act 5.0 Ci/nmol) was synthesized by direct enzymatic reduction of [G-3H]PteGlu by dihydropteroylglutamate reductase to H4PteGlu. The latter was reacted with formaldehyde to give 5,10-CH2-H4-PteGlu which was reduced to the final product by sodium borohydride. A single chromatographic step on TEAE-cellulose afforded 5-CH3[G-3H]H4PteGlu in high yield at a radiochemical purity of about 99%.
Bias of mean value and mean square value measurements based on quantized data

This paper investigates the imperfect fulfilment of the validity conditions of the noise model quantization. The general expressions of the deviations of the moments from Sheppard's corrections are derived. Approximate upper and lower bounds of the bias are given for the measurement of first- and second-order moments of sinusoidal, uniformly distributed, and Gaussian signals. It is shown that because of the uncontrollable mean value at the input of the ADC (offset, drift), the worst-case values have to be investigated; it is illustrated how a simple-form envelope function of the errors can be used as an upper bound. Since the worst-case relative positions of the signal and the quantization characteristics are taken into account, the results are valid for both midtread and midrise quantizers, while in the literature results are given for a selected quantizer type only. >
Amorphization of ceramic materials by ion beam irradiation

Abstract Ion-beam-induced amorphization of a wide variety of ceramic materials has been investigated using in situ TEM with 1.5 MeV Kr+ or Xe+ ions at temperatures between 20 and 1000 K. Except for a few ‘amorphization resistant’ materials which usually have simple crystal structures, most ceramic materials under study amorphized after a fraction of a dpa (displacement per atom) at cryogenic temperatures. In general, critical amorphization dose increases with the irradiation temperature at a rate determined by the kinetics of the amorphization and crystallization processes. Based on a cascade quenching model and an analysis on the structural resistance to recrystallization, a semiempirical parameter which can easily be calculated from both structural and chemical parameters of a material, has been developed to predict the susceptibility of ceramics to amorphization. The calculated results for over ten phases in the Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 system agree quite well with the experimental data. The results for phases in the Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 system have also suggested a parallel in the kinetics between ion-beam-induced amorphization and glass formation. The critical amorphization temperature, above which irradiation-induced amorphization cannot be completed, is found to be closely related to the glass transition temperature. The ratio between glass transition and melting temperatures can also be used to predict the susceptibility of a ceramic material to amorphization, equivalent to the Debye temperature criterion.
Using What Works in Educational Psychology Courses

This article describes the w e of What Works in educational psychology courses. What Works, a U.S. Department of Education (USDE, 1987) publication, is a distillation of research in the field of education. Students in educational psychology courses can be given a short test based on the content of What Works at the beginning of the semester tO reveal their common misconceptions about "what works" in education. This approach leads to a discussion of other not so obvious research findings, research methodologies, and information databases, such as those available through the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC).
A note on free convection

The limiting condition of µ*, →0 in the unstable atmospheric boundary layer is usually referred to as ‘free convection’. Some of the similarity laws that are proposed for this condition do not agree with experiment. A mechanism is proposed in this paper to show why the asymptotic free convection condition is never completely reached near the surface. It is shown that local turbulent shear production plays an important role in shaping the temperature profile even when the average velocity is zero.
The macromolecular crystallography facility at the advanced light source

Abstract Synchrotron radiation offers several advantages over the use of rotating anode sources for biological crystallography, which allow for the collection of higher-resolution data, substantially more rapid data collection, phasing by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) techniques, and time-resolved experiments using polychromatic radiation (Laue diffraction). The use of synchrotron radiation is often necessary to record useful data from crystals which diffract weakly or have very large unit cells. The high brightness and stability characteristics of the advanced light source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, along with the low emittance and long straight sections to accommodate insertion devices present in third generation synchrotrons like the ALS, lead to several advantages in the field of macromolecular crystallography. We are presently constructing a macromolecular crystallography facility at the ALS which is optimized for user-friendliness and high-throughput data collection, with advanced capabilities for MAD and Laue experiments. The X-rays will be directed to three branchlines. A well-equipped support lab will be available for biochemistry, crystal mounting and sample storage, as well as computer hardware and software available, along with staff support, allowing for the complete processing of data on site.
Calix[4]pyrrole as a promoter of the CuCl-catalyzed reaction of styrene and chloramine-T

Calix[4]pyrrole, an easy-to-prepare anion receptor, acts to promote the cuprous chloride-catalyzed aziridination of styrene by the nitrene source chloramine-T in acetonitrile. The mechanism of acti...