cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transparency rights, technology, and trust

Information theorists often construe new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as leveling mechanisms, regulating power relations at a distance by arming stakeholders with information and enhanced agency. Management theorists have claimed that transparency cultivates stakeholder trust, distinguishes a business from its competition, and attracts new clients, investors, and employees, making it key to future growth and prosperity. Synthesizing these claims, we encounter an increasingly common view: If corporations voluntarily adopted new ICTs in order to foster transparency, trust, and growth, while embracing the redistributions of power they bring about, both corporations and stakeholders would benefit. The common view is short-sighted, however. In order to realize mutual benefit, transparency can not be conceived merely as efficient or economical. The implementation and use of new ICTs will be morally unsatisfactory unless they stably protect stakeholders. Moreover, without such protections, transparency is unlikely to produce lasting trust and growth. More specifically, corporate disclosures ought to be guided by a theory of stakeholder rights to know about threats or risks to stakeholders' basic interests. Such rights are necessary moral protections for stakeholders in any business environment. Respect for transparency rights is not simply value added to a corporation's line of goods and services, but a condition of a corporation's justifiable claim to create value rather than harm, wrong, or injustice in its dealings.
Technique of percutaneous, CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of small renal lesions under conscious sedation

RESULTS: From July 2001 to July 2005 we ablated 27 tumors in 23 patients with a mean follow-up of 24 months. The mean patient age was 74 years with a mode ASA score of 3. The mean renal mass size was 2.71 cm. The mean preoperative serum creatinine was 1.34, and the mean postoperative serum creatinine was 1.46, yielding a change which was not statistically different(p 0.46). Follow-up imaging revealed a 70%(16/23)initial success rate and a 17%(4/23)initial failure rate. Two of these failures underwent successful repeat ablation, 1 is on watchful waiting and 1 patient was a true failure. Our only complication was a large perinephric hematoma which resolved spontaneously.
Optimization of quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy in the low loss region: phosphorus L-edge.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to optimize quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of elements that have characteristic edges in the low energy loss region and are components of organic matrices. The optimum parameters for phosphorus L 2,3 -edge (at 135 eV) detection were determined by numerical analysis of computer-generated, Poisson-noisy spectra and by experimental measurements (at 80 keV) of films of the phosphoprotein, phosvitin. When the first, second and third valence electron/plasmon scatterings are included in the multiple least-squares (MLS) fit, the background subtraction of (first-difference) spectra is significantly more accurate than that obtained with the “inverse power law” method, even for a specimen thickness of only 0.25λ. Taking into account the effects of plural scattering, the optimal thickness for P quantitation is approximately 0.3λ. Signal-to-noise ( S / N ) ratio decreases rapidly with thickness, and at 1.0λ, it is only about 60% of the optimum S / N . The combined effects of the statistical uncertainty of measurements and of the systematic error due to gain variations of the parallel detector were evaluated, and the relative sensitivities of the no-difference (raw spectrum), first-difference and second-difference methods were compared. For channel-to-channel gain variations greater than 0.1% and up to 0.8%, the first-difference method results in the lowest uncertainty of P measurements. In the absence of gain variations, direct fitting provides the greatest sensitivity (least uncertainty), whereas at larger gain variations it may be necessary to use the second-difference method. The optimum energy shift for collecting a first-difference spectrum, approximately 15 eV, did not show any great variation between 5 and 25 eV, and is, in general, specimen dependent. Quantitation with EELS showed excellent correlation with simultaneous electron probe X-ray microanalysis, but, for the detection of P in a 0.25λ thick specimen, EELS was approximately five to six times more sensitive than X-ray. The minimal detectable P concentration, with 0.5 nA beam current for 100 s in a 0.25λ thick specimen, was 8.4 mmol/kg (0.01 at%) at the 99% confidence level, equivalent to 34 phosphorus atoms for a 15 nm probe. This value is close to the theoretical prediction of 7.5 mmol/kg, and can be improved only by further reducing the gain variation and directly fitting the non-difference spectrum. Appropriate reduction of the gain variations to less than 0.1% would result in a further, approximately two-fold, improvement in the parallel EELS detection system. However, in order to obtain the optimal specimen thickness for phosphorus quantitation in cryosections, it will be necessary to use higher (approximately 200 keV) excitation voltages.
A Drosophila adenosine receptor activates cAMP and calcium signaling

Adenosine receptors (AdoR) are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and mediate extracellular adenosine signaling, but the mechanism of adenosine signaling is still unclear. Here we report the first characterization of an insect AdoR, encoded by the Drosophila gene CG9753. Adenosine stimulation of Chinese hamster ovary cells carrying transiently expressed CG9753 led to a dose-dependent increase of intracellular cAMP and calcium, but untransfected controls showed no such response, showing that CG9753 encodes a functional AdoR. Endogenous CG9753 transcripts were detected in the brain, imaginal discs, ring gland and salivary glands of third-instar Drosophila larvae, and CG9753 overexpression in vivo caused lethality or severe developmental anomalies. These developmental defects were reduced by adenosine depletion, consistent with the proposed function of the CG9753 product as an AdoR. Overexpression of the G protein subunit Galpha(s) or of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) partially mimicked and enhanced the defects caused by ectopic expression of AdoR. Our results suggest that AdoR is an essential part of the adenosine signaling pathway and Drosophila offers a unique opportunity to use genetic analysis to study conserved aspects of the adenosine signaling pathway.
Manhood and Politics: A Feminist Reading in Political Theory

'Is politics gendered? Wendy Brown things so, and argues for this point with elegance, imagination and pungent phrases. Brown's book is challenging, provocative and...original; it does force us to question the degree to which gender controls our politics.'-THE REVIEW OF POLITICS
Salmonella typhimurium Recognizes a Chemically Distinct Form of the Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Signal AI-2

Bacterial populations use cell-cell communication to coordinate community-wide regulation of processes such as biofilm formation, virulence, and bioluminescence. This phenomenon, termed quorum sensing, is mediated by small molecule signals known as autoinducers. While most autoinducers are species specific, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), first identified in the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi, is produced and detected by many Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The crystal structure of the V. harveyi AI-2 signaling molecule bound to its receptor protein revealed an unusual furanosyl borate diester. Here, we present the crystal structure of a second AI-2 signal binding protein, LsrB from Salmonella typhimurium. We find that LsrB binds a chemically distinct form of the AI-2 signal, (2R,4S)-2-methyl-2,3,3,4-tetrahydroxytetrahydrofuran (R-THMF), that lacks boron. Our results demonstrate that two different species of bacteria recognize two different forms of the autoinducer signal, both derived from 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD), and reveal new sophistication in the chemical lexicon used by bacteria in interspecies signaling.
The Complexity of Cell Signaling and the Need for a New Mechanics

Cell signaling systems respond to multiple inputs, such as ligands of cell-surface receptors; and produce multiple outputs, such as changes in gene expression and cellular activities, including motility, proliferation, and death. This “macroscopic” input-output behavior is generated by a web of molecular interactions that can be viewed as taking place at a lower, “microscopic” level. These interactions prominently involve posttranslational modification of proteins and the nucleation of protein complexes. Behaviors at both the micro- and macroscopic levels are complex and must be probed systematically and characterized quantitatively as a prelude to the development of a predictive understanding of a cell signaling system. We must also have a theoretical framework or a mechanics within which we can determine how macroscopic behaviors emerge from known microscopic behaviors or change with manipulations of microscopic behaviors. To connect behaviors at both levels, we suggest that a new mechanics is now required. Newly available data support the idea that this mechanics should enable one to track the site-specific details of molecular interactions in a model, such as the phosphorylation status of individual amino acid residues within a protein.
Tudor Religious Cultures in Practice: The Piety and Politics of Grace Mildmay and Her Circle

This essay explores the diversities, complexities, and ambiguities of English religious cultures during the period of religious and political turmoil that constituted the Tudor era. An examination of the religious practices and writings of Grace Sharington Mildmay, members of her natal and conjugal families, and her Northamptonshire neighbors provides a snapshot of the diverse, complex range of Catholicisms and Protestantisms in existence from the beginning of the reign of the first Tudor monarch Henry VII through the end of the Elizabethan regime. The essay emphasizes continuity as well as change, providing an overview of competing versions of the historiography of Tudor religion and underlining the need to reconsider overly simplified understandings of such terms as “Calvinist,”“Puritan,”“recusant,” and “church papist.” It also highlights, through a comparative reading of texts written by Grace Mildmay and the medieval mystic and anchoress Julian of Norwich, the need to rethink the binaries of “medieval” and “early modern” as well as “Catholic” and “Protestant.”
Student Values and Research: Are Millennials Really Changing the Future of Reference and Research?

ABSTRACT This article provides perspective on the research habits of Millennials, placing them in generational context while questioning whether adherence to generational differences hinders educational pedagogy. An exploratory survey at Pima Community College (PCC) East Campus provides context from which Millennial behaviors, commonly perceived by faculty and in literature, can be scrutinized. The article discusses the preference for experiential learning across generations and the misnomer of the digital native, while discussing the student as information consumer and the consumer behavior behind library use. The significance of customer service and user education to library use is demonstrated. The future of libraries is discussed to include service barriers and the outlook that the Web is enhancing rather than eliminating the need for libraries.
Participation of EL2 in the donor activation of silicon implanted into GaAs.

A simple model describing the electrical activation of moderate doses of silicon implanted into GaAs is presented. It involves only the defects ${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathit{i}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathrm{Ga}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathrm{As}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and EL2. Besides fitting available activation data (carrier concentration versus silicon concentration), it also fits existing data describing the variation of carrier concentration with substrate EL2 concentration.
Complexity of circumscribed and inscribed ellipsoid methods for solving equilibrium economical models

An exchange-production model and the Arrow-Debreu model with linear utility functions are considered. These models are reduced to special convex programming problems. These problems can be solved by the inscribed and circumscribed ellipsoid methods. It is proved that the inscribed ellipsoid method's complexity, in this case, is less than the complexity of the circumscribed ellipsoid method.
Developmental patterns of bcl-2 and bcl-x polypeptide expression in the human spinal cord

The cell death suppressors bcl-2 and bcl-x are developmentally regulated and may modulate physiologic cell death in the central nervous system (CNS). However, little data are currently available on the expression patterns of these polypeptides in the human CNS. We examined the ontogeny of bcl-2 and bcl-x in 12 human spinal cords of gestational ages (GA) between 5 and 39 weeks and in 3 adult cords. Paraffin sections were probed by immunohistochemistry using well-characterized, commercially available antibodies that had been raised against poorly conserved epitopes of these homologous proteins. Between 5 and 10 weeks GA, bcl-2 immunoreactivity was identified in primitive neuroepithelial cells of the ventricular zone. Individual cells of the mantle zone were stained including clusters of early anterior horn cells. Bcl-x immunoreactivity was most prominent in differentiating neurons of the mantle zone and less pronounced in the ventricular zone. Between 10 and 14 weeks GA, bcl-2 staining was observed in cells lining the central canal, neurons of the dorsal horn (especially laminae I and II), and in anterior horn cells. The latter exhibited a range of staining intensities from moderate to nondetectable. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity became markedly reduced between 15 and 25 weeks GA, persisting only in ependymal cells. In contrast, strong bcl-x staining was observed in most neurons throughout development and into adulthood. The period of apparent bcl-2 down-regulation overlaps with a peak in physiologic motoneuron death and the establishment of functional neuromuscular synapses in the human spinal cord. These findings suggest that bcl-2 and bcl-x may both be required for survival of early postmitotic neurons before appropriate synaptic connections have been established. Continued neuronal survival (after bcl-2 is down-regulated) may require persistent bcl-x expression in addition to target-derived neurotrophic factors made available through the formation of appropriate synapses.
Cadmium-filter, neutron-activation analysis for determination of phosphorus and magnesium

Abstract A cadmium-filter, neutron-activation analysis technique was developed to analyze wheat samples for phosphorus. In this technique the gamma rays from 28Al, simultaneously produced from 31P, 28Si, 27Al, and 26Mg during a neutron irradiation, were used as the indicator for phosphorus. An “area-of-interest” unfolding technique was used in the analysis of each gamma-ray spectrum. Phosphorus concentrations varied from (1320±96) ppm to (2976±139) ppm. Concurrent analyses for magnesium content was also obtained.
Effect of contact angle on the morphology of different polymer-solvent systems produced by AAO templates

Nanostructured polymers can be used in a variety of applications including drug delivery, sensors, MRI contrasting and imaging agents. Template assisted fabrication is a simple and effective method to produce various nanomorphologies by controlling the polymer, solvent and template characteristics. In this contribution, the importance of the surface interactions between the solution and the template in controlling the morphology of the nanostrucuctures has been highlighted. Contact angle between various biopolymer solutions and the template have been determined. The morphology of the resulting nanostructure has been related to the measured contact angles. It is generally observed that nanorods are produced at low contact angles and elongated nanotubes are produced at high contact angles. Thus the desired nanomorphology for a given medical application can be obtained by controlling the contact angle.
6DMG: a new 6D motion gesture database

Motion-based control is gaining popularity, and motion gestures form a complementary modality in human-computer interactions. To achieve more robust user-independent motion gesture recognition in a manner analogous to automatic speech recognition, we need a deeper understanding of the motions in gesture, which arouses the need for a 6D motion gesture database. In this work, we present a database that contains comprehensive motion data, including the position, orientation, acceleration, and angular speed, for a set of common motion gestures performed by different users. We hope this motion gesture database can be a useful platform for researchers and developers to build their recognition algorithms as well as a common test bench for performance comparisons.
A Multipurpose Radiac for Field Surveys and Training

The Instrument Technologies Group at Los Alamos has developed a multipurpose radiac. It uses a variety of detectors coupled with a CMOS microprocessor to provide ease of use and an unambiguous display. It allows concurrent surveys for alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation. In addition, it has an external data link for coupling to and from data acquisition/storage equipment, hence making it a perfect training tool. The instrument is small (4×8×2.5 in.) and lightweight (<2 lbs.). It runs for 50 hours on common batteries.
Inhibition of histidine decarboxylase activity in vitro by norepinephrine and related compounds.

Abstract Norepinephrine and several structurally related compounds were found to inhibit histidine decarboxylase (prepared either from fetal rat tissue or adult rat gastric mucosa) activity in vitro. This inhibition was reversible and had the characteristics of competition with the cofactor, pyridoxal-phosphate, and also with substrate. Substances that possessed inhibitory activity had the following structural features in common. They were m-hydroxy derivatives of phenylethylamine with unsubstituted primary amine endings in the side chain. Substitution of either a methyl or a carboxyl group on the α-carbon altered inhibitory potency only slightly; substitution of both inactivated the compound completely. β-Hydroxylation increased slightly the potency of an inhibitor. Although histidine decarboxylase is stereospecific for l -histidine, both d -dopa and l -dopa were inhibitors. Identical structural requirements must also be met for phenylethylamine derivatives to form tetrahydroisoquinoline condensation products with pyridoxal-phosphate. It is suggested that formation of such substance may be an essential step in the inhibition of histidine decarboxylase activity by norepinephrine and related substances.
The Estate Tax and Inter Vivos Transfers over Time

The strong dislike evidenced by the American public towards the estate tax suggests that the wealthy wish to transfer resources to their heirs tax-free and would thus exploit mechanisms allowing them to reduce the tax burden whenever possible. However, I find strong evidence that the wealthy fail to utilize what is perhaps the simplest method of tax avoidance--that of making transfers to eventual heirs up to the annual exclusion. Instead they transfer far less than the amount permitted by the tax code, whether measured in cross-section or over time. In failing to give more, they forgo significant tax savings.
Petrological evidence for shock melting of carbonates in the martian meteorite ALH84001

The meteorite ALH84001--a shocked igneous rock of probable martian origin-contains chemically and isotopically heterogeneous carbonate globules, associated with which are organic and inorganic structures that have been interpreted as possible fossil remains of ancient martian biota. A critical assumption underlying this suggestion is that the carbonates formed from low-temperature fluids penetrating the cracks and voids of the host rock. Here we report petrological studies of ALH84001 which investigate the effects of shock on the various mineralogical components of the rock. We find that carbonate, plagioclase and silica were melted and partly redistributed by the same shock event responsible for the intense local crushing of pyroxene in the meteorite. Texture and compositional data show that, during the period of shock decompression, monomineralic melts were injected into pyroxene fractures that were subsequently cooled and resealed within seconds. Our results therefore suggest that the carbonates in ALH84001 could not have formed at low temperatures, but instead crystallized from shock-melted material; this conclusion weakens significantly the arguments that these carbonates could host the fossilized remnants of biogenic activity.
The potential of target-specific oral anticoagulants for the acute and long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism.

AbstractBackground:Venous thromboembolism (VTE) comprises both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. VTE is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and its increasing incidence and prevalence are a major health concern. The primary medical objective during the acute phase of VTE treatment is to prevent thrombus extension and embolization. Extended treatment aims to prevent or minimize long-term complications, such as recurrent VTE, post-thrombotic syndrome and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.Scope:Anticoagulant therapy has been the mainstay of treatment for VTE and traditionally involves initial therapy with heparin, overlapping with and followed by a vitamin K antagonist. Although effective, standard heparin/vitamin K antagonist therapy has several limitations that can be overcome by more recently developed target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs). These agents have predictable pharmacokinetics, a rapid onset of action and few drug–drug or drug–food interactions. Fur...
Experimental Analysis of Application Specific Energy Efficiency of Data Centers with Heterogeneous Servers

Energy efficiency is an important issue for data centers given the amount of energy they consume yearly. However, there is still a gap of understanding of how exactly the application type and the heterogeneity of servers and their configuration impact the energy efficiency of data centers. To this end, we introduce the notion of Application Specific Energy Efficiency (ASEE) in order to rank energy efficiency of heterogeneous servers based on the hosted applications. We conducted extensive sets of experiments using three benchmarks: TPC-W, BS Seeker, and Matrix Stress mark. We observed that each server has different ASEE value based on the type of application running, the size of the virtual machine, the application load, and the scalability factor. In some cases, we witnessed 70% of ASEE improvement by changing the virtual machine size within the same node while keeping an identical load. In different cases, we witnessed up to 86% of ASEE improvement by running the same application with the same load within the same size of virtual machine but on different nodes. Our observation has many implications which include but are not limited to improving virtual machine scheduling based on the ASEE rank of the node. Another implication stresses on the importance of accurate prediction of application load and selecting the appropriate virtual machine size in order to improve the ASEE.
Critical Assessment of Pavement Distress Segmentation Methods

Image segmentation is the crucial step in automatic image distress detection and classification (e.g., types and severities) and has important applications for automatic crack sealing. Although many researchers have developed pavement distress detection and recognition algorithms, full automation has remained a challenge. This is the first paper that uses a scoring measure to quantitatively and objectively evaluate the performance of six different segmentation algorithms. Up-to-date research on pavement distress detection and segmentation is comprehensively reviewed to identify the research need. Six segmentation methods are then tested using a diverse set of actual pavement images taken on interstate highway I-75/I-85 near Atlanta and provided by the Georgia Department of Transportation with varying lighting conditions, shadows, and crack positions to differentiate their performance. The dynamic optimization-based method, which was previously used for segmenting low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) digital radiography images, outperforms the other five methods based on our scoring measure. It is robust to image variations in our data set but the computation time required is high. By critically assessing the strengths and limitations of the existing algorithms, the paper provides valuable insight and guideline for future algorithm development that are important in automating image distress detection and classification.
Incidence and management of vaginal extrusion of acellular porcine dermis after incontinence and prolapse surgery

We report our experience with vaginal extrusion of acellular porcine dermis in women undergoing pelvic reconstructive surgery. Over 5 years, 270 patients received a Pelvicol™ pubovaginal sling (PVS) or prolapse repair using interposition graft. Charts were retrospectively evaluated for evidence of graft extrusion, management, and outcomes. Chi-square analysis was conducted to evaluate the association of extrusion with perioperative variables. Nineteen women (7%) had partial or complete vaginal graft extrusion. After a PVS, 11 of 13 women healed by re-epithelialization and remained continent, while 2 required operative debridement. Four of six patients receiving interposition grafts healed after small incisional separations. Two women underwent additional surgery to address extensive extrusion, and both prolapses recurred. After statistical analysis, vaginal extrusion was significantly associated with PVS and concomitant urethral diverticulectomy. Small incisional separations frequently heal and cause no symptom recurrence. Larger areas of extrusion may require debridement and may contribute to recurrence of symptoms.
Surface thermal capacity effects in transient natural convection flows at high Prandtl number

Abstract A perturbation analysis is presented for the transient natural convection flow resulting from the sudden generation of a uniform heat flux inside a vertical plate surrounded by a high Prandtl number fluid. A matched asymptotic expansion technique is used to construct time-dependent expansion solutions for flows near surfaces with zero and finite thermal capacity. Throughout the transient, the flow is found to have the same dual-layer structure which is characteristic of the steady flow at high Prandtl number (σ). The true transient regime, where surface thermal capacity effects are comparable to convection and diffusion effects, is shown to correspond to values of the parameter λ = Q ∗ σ − 4 5 between about 1 and 10. Forlarge σ, the time to steady state is found to increase proportional to σ 3 5 . Uniformly valid expansions for the velocity and temperature profiles near the surface are found to be in good agreement with calculated solutions of the full governing equations for σ as low as 16. For surfaces of small thermal capacity, a simple relation for the propagation of the leading edge effect is also obtained which is consistent with the experimental and theoretical results of previous studies at large Prandtl number.
Racial identification and developmental outcomes among Black–White multiracial youth: A review from a life course perspective

Abstract This selective review of the literature utilizes core life course principles to enhance current understanding of the complex relations between structural constraints, social contextual influences, and racial identification, and their implications for Black–White multiracial youth's developmental pathways. We assert that weakening structural constraints permit overall higher levels of human agency in contemporary multiracial youth's racial identification. We also argue that the social context within which these youth are embedded affords varying levels of human agency. Multiracial youth negotiate their racial identity in response to these micro-level social constraints. Finally, to understand the diversity of developmental pathways among contemporary multiracial youth, scholars must consider the dynamic interplay between macro- and micro-level constraints and racial identification. Research on multiracial youth's racial identity formation and psychosocial adjustment has the potential to inform efforts to promote resilience in this growing population. Mixed-method and longitudinal studies should examine multiple levels of developmental contexts, racial identification, and their joint effects on Black–White multiracial youth's psychosocial development over the life course. Scholars must also carefully attend to race measurement as it relates to sampling bias in studies of youth of color.
Total half-body systemic irradiation for occult metastases in non-small cell lung cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology group pilot report

There is a high probability for patients with locally advanced, unresectable, nonmetastatic, nonsmall-cell bronchogenic carcinoma (NSCBC) to harbor subclinical distant metastases at diagnosis. Approximately 30% will disseminate in the first three months and an additional 50% will disseminate before a year has elapsed. Twenty advanced nonmetastatic patients with NSCBC were treated with localized split-course chest irradiation (LCI) plus total body body (upper and lower half-body) irradiation for occult metastases. Thirty equally advanced, nonmetastatic patients, who were treated with only localized split-course chest irradiation, were matched and served as a retrospective control group. The first 11 patients received HBI after LCI (Pilot Study No. 1), but five (45%) had evidence of distant metastases before UHBI was delivered. This was not different from the control group where 11 (37%) of the patients had evidence of distant dissemination less than 2 1/2 months from the onset of treatment. The remaining nine patients received UHBI first followed by LCI and LHBI (Pilot Study No. 2); only one (11%) had evidence of distant metastases in the first 2 1/2 months. Apparently, the median recurrence free survival, metastatic free interval, and median survival were significantly prolonged, and there was a decrease in the incidence of liver metastases in patients receiving HBI for occult metastases over the patients of the control group. An increase in local tumor control was seen when large single doses of UHBI were added to LCI. Although elective HBI seems to delay the appearance of distant metastases, it did not prevent their occurrence, alter patterns of first relapse, or significantly improve the overall survival. Nevertheless, a therapeutic gain may have been achieved and is discussed. These two high-risk Phase II Pilot Studies for the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) have served as the basis for a larger randomized protocol where this therapeutic strategy will be tested against other therapies. The incidence of radiation pneumonitis with 800 rad of UHBI corrected for lung transmission was 9%, or one of 11 patients. A hypothesis and rationale for a more effective combined modality therapy in these patients is given.
Clinical Considerations of Empirical Treatment Studies of Abused Children

The following questions are considered in this article from a clinician's perspective, in light of the data provided by three articles in this special section: Should therapy be abuse specific? Who should be the focus of treatment, children or families? Is more severe abuse harder to treat than moderate abuse? Are certain symptoms harder to treat than others? What is the preferable treatment modality? How long should therapy last to make a difference? Should developmental stages be considered in child therapy? How can a practicing clinician most efficiently measure outcome? In addition, the implications of the studies represented in these articles are discussed, and the author stresses the usefulness and value of research and empirical data in the effort to improve treatment outcomes in clinical practice.
Cultured human lymphocytes.

Success in establishing human lymphoid cell lines from patients with various genetic, infectious, and malignant disorders and from normal persons has facilitated many new avenues of research. Most lymphoid cell lines seem to remain stable for months and years and can be preserved in cell banks. The cells maintain many specific characteristics and produce at least 10 identifiable cell products. The continuing synthesis of immunoglobulins is of great interest to immunologists. It is possible to culture kilogram quantities of lymphoid cells for biochemical experiments. Large amounts of cells are useful for studies of lymphocyte-tumor cell interaction and the possible treatment (lymphocytotherapy) of certain infections and malignancies.
Sugar Beet Performance with Curly Top Is Related to Virus Accumulation and Age at Infection.

ABSTRACT Resistance to curly top disease caused by Beet curly top virus (BCTV) and related curtoviruses has been important to sustainable sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production in the western United States for most of the last century. Recent advances in sugar beet genetics have led to the development of high-yielding cultivars, but these cultivars have little resistance to curly top disease. These cultivars are highly effective when disease management practices or environmental factors minimize curly top incidence, but can result in significant losses in years with early infection or abundant curly top. A greenhouse assay has been developed to rapidly test cultivars for a broad array of factors affecting performance in the presence of curly top. Previous studies have shown that sugar beet plants were more susceptible and losses more severe when seedlings were infected by BCTV, but less severe when plants were larger at the time of infection. To evaluate more precisely the relationship between age at infec...
Distinct asymmetry in rupture‐induced inelastic strain across dipping faults: An off‐fault yielding model

[1] Off-fault stresses associated with rupture propagation cause material yielding under a Mohr-Coulomb condition, leaving irrecoverable deformation in the fault zone. 2D dynamic rupture simulations for a 30° reverse fault and a 60° normal fault in a depth-dependent stress environment show that the yielding (inelastic) zone off the fault broadens as it nears the surface with decreasing confining pressure, forming a skewed ‘flower-like’ structure bounded at the top by the free surface. The inelastic strain in the hanging wall is significantly larger and broader than the footwall for both reverse and normal faults. The occurrence of inelastic strain, however, significantly reduces ground motion (especially on the hanging wall) and gives rise to a reduced asymmetry in ground motion on the hanging wall and footwall compared to elastic solutions. These results provide theoretical predictions for fault zone structure of dipping faults that can be tested by future observational experiments.
Single-length and double-length channels formed by nystatin in lipid bilayer membranes.

Nystatin forms two types of channels in sterol-containing planar bilayer membranes. One type is formed when it is added to onlyone side of the membrane: the other is formed when it is added toboth sides of the membrane. The relative permeability of these channels to nonelectrolytes (urea and glycerol) is identical. The sensitivity of membranes to the one-sided action of nystatin is critically dependent on their thickness; in particular, membranes made from monoglycerides with more than 18 carbon atoms in their acyl chain are insensitive to nystatin's one-sided action. These data are consistent with a model in which the two types of channels formed by nystatin have essentially identical structures, except that the channel formed by its two-sided action is twice the length of that formed by its one-sided action, because it is a tail-to-tail dimer of the latter.
Positive and negative impacts of longwall mine subsidence on a sandstone aquifer

Subsidence due to longwall underground coal mining changes the hydraulic properties, heads, yields, and in some cases the groundwater chemistry of overlying bedrock aquifers. A 7-year study of a sandstone aquifer overlying an active longwall mine in Illinois has supported a comprehensive model of these impacts. Subsidence caused increases in permeability and storativity over the longwall panel. These changes initially caused a major decline in water levels in the sandstone, but the aquifer recovered slightly within a few months and fully within several years after mining. The enhanced hydraulic properties combined with potentiometric recovery resulted in a zone of greater well yield. However, at sites with very poor transmissivity and inadequate recharge pathways, recovery may not occur. Also, at the study site, the physical enhancement was accompanied by a deterioration in groundwater quality from slightly brackish, sodium bicarbonate water to more brackish water with increased sulfate levels.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Assess the Welfare of Weaned Pigs During Transport at Three Space Allowances

Transport can be a stressful experience for pigs, especially in pigs simultaneously experiencing weaning stress. The objective of this study was to use a multidisciplinary approach to assess the welfare of weaned pigs during transport at 3 space allowances. A commercial semitrailer, fitted with compartments, provided 0.05, 0.06, and 0.07 m(2)/pig. The study recorded frequency of standing, lying, sitting, and standing-rearing on another pig during the entire duration of transport. Blood samples, body weights, and lesion scores were collected from a subset of pigs (n = 48 per space allowance) in each experimental compartment. Transport time for the pigs was 148.0 +/- 10.0 min to the wean-to-finishing site. Total white blood cell counts, cortisol, and several blood chemistry values increased (p < .05) after transport regardless of space allowance. Glucose and body weight decreased (p < .05) after transport regardless of space allowance. Space allowance influenced stand-rearing, sitting, standing, and lying behaviors in pigs. Combining behavioral and physiological measures of stress provides a robust picture of piglet welfare during transport at different space allowances.
The Archaeology of Trading Systems, Part 1: Towards a New Trade Synthesis

After almost three centuries of investigations into the question of what it means to be human and the historical processes of becoming human, archaeologists have amassed a huge volume of data on prehistoric human interactions. One of the largest data sets available is on the global distribution and exchange of materials and commodities. What still remains insufficiently understood is the precise nature of these interactions and their role in shaping the diverse cultures that make up the human family as we know it. A plethora of theoretical models combined with a multitude of methodological approaches exist to explain one important aspect of human interaction—trade—and its role and place in shaping humanity. We argue that trade parallels political, religious, and social processes as one of the most significant factors to have affected our evolution. Here we review published literature on archaeological approaches to trade, including the primitivist-modernist and substantivist-formalist-Marxist debates. We also discuss economic, historical, and ethnographic research that directly addresses the role of traders and trade in both past and contemporary societies. In keeping with the complexities of interaction between trade and other aspects of human behavior, we suggest moving away from the either/or perspective or strong identification with any particular paradigm and suggest a return to the middle through a combinational approach to the study of trade in past societies.
High-resolution spectra of self-phase modulation in optical fibers

We present theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of self-phase-modulation spectra generated with picosecond laser pulses at 532 and 1064 nm propagating in optical fibers. The spectral structures of self-phase-modulation spectra are observed with a high-resolution optical spectral analysis system. The experimental observations are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
A DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALOG FILTERS WITH LINEAR PHASE

A new methodology is proposed for the synthesis of two-dimensional analog filters with linear phase. The Fourier series theory is employed to design a noncausal Laguerre type filter and Hankel approximation machinery is then used to synthesize the causal, stable two-dimensional analog filter with linear phase. The proposed design technique is illustrated by design of a lowpass filter.
Groundmass oxide minerals in the Koidu kimberlite dikes, Sierra Leone, West Africa

Petrology and oxide mineral chemistry are presented on 5 kimberlite dikes that are classified into three groups: (1) one dike is highly carbonated and highly oxidized (> MH) and is characterised by chlorite+Mn-titanomagnetite+rutile+hematite (after chlorite)+maghemite (after titanomagnetite), with ilmenite and perovskite being absent; (2) three dikes are typified by atoll-textured spinels +phlogopite+euhedral Mn-picroilmenite, of intermediate oxidation state (WM-FMQ) with coexisting deuterically serpentinized olivine+Ni-Fe alloys and magnetite; (3) the remaining dike records an early crystallization event under very low (≤ WM) redox conditions that precipitated anionic-deficient spinels and a Mg-Ti-Cr-wustite-type phase, followed by late stage more oxidizing (=FMQ) Mnpicroilmenite. Spinels are complexly zoned and crystallization trends among the dikes are diverse, underscoring the fact that no single compositional trend, or evolutionary sequence is typical of kimberlites. Ilmenites are euhedral, and criteria for groundmass crystallization are established. Extraordinarily high MnO (max 17 wt%) contents and high geikielite (62 mole%) concentrations expand the ilmenite field typically assigned to that of kimberlites. Zirconium, Nb and Cr are present in concentrations of 0.5–3 wt% (as oxides) in ilmenite. These highly incompatible elements, along with Mn, are concentrated in late stage melt fractions. The high pyrophanite contents, which are more typical of silicic alkali suites, are accompanied by phlogopite in the Koidu dikes. Objective evaluations of kimberlite-carbonatite relations, as outlined in the literature, cannot be made based on the oxide mineral group. Much of the compositional data for oxides in kimberlites are on mantle-derived xenolith suites and are not from oxides derived from the crystallization of kimberlitic melts. Assessments of the fO2's of kimberlites have considerable potential in evaluating diamond survival through redox reactions. Manganese-rich (+Nb, Zr, Cr) ilmenites are typical of many kimberlites and should be considered in the suite of index minerals employed in prospecting.
Design of Flexible Supercapacitors Using Metal Oxide-Decorated Carbon Nanotube Sheet

The economical production of flexible, chemically-functionalized carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes is appealing for the manufacture of electronic textiles with integrated charge storage capability. In this paper, a commercial CNT sheet is treated with 0.02 M potassium permanganate at room temperature to accomplish in-situ deposition of manganese dioxide. The morphology, elemental oxidation states, and crystallinity of the modified CNT sheet are studied using SEM, EDX, XPS, and XRD. Manganese loading is varied from 4 to 20 weight-percent by tuning solution treatment time, and metal oxide hydration state is influenced by thermal annealing at 200 °C. Electrochemical measurements reveal that charge is stored not only via CNT-induced electrical double-layer capacitance, but also through metal oxide-mediated Faradic reactions. The MnO2-decorated CNT sheet exhibits a specific capacitance of 89.6 F/g at 1 A/g, a tenfold enhancement compared to pristine CNT sheet. Overall, this simplified processing approach holds promise for cost-effective incorporation of electrochemical capacitors into functional fabrics for energy-generation applications.
Slow-folding kinetics of ribonuclease-A by volume change and circular dichroism: Evidence for two independent reactions

The slow refolding of guanidine-HCl-denatured ribonuclease-A was studied by volume change and by kinetic CD at 222 and 276 nm. Dilatometric measurements revealed that on refolding there is a fast volume change of +232 mL/mol of protein. This is followed by a very slow nonexponential change that takes about 25 min to reach equilibrium. By adding varying amounts of (NH4)2SO4, the slow volume change curve was resolved into 2 concurrent reactions. The faster of the 2 slow events entails a negative volume change of -64 mL/mol of protein and appears to arise from proline isomerization. The slower process, attended by a positive change of +53 mL/mol of protein, has properties consistent with the "XY" reaction of Lin and Brands (1983, Biochemistry 22:563-573). This reaction is so named because the conformational nature of neither its initial (Y) nor its final state (X) is known; the transition is characterized solely by its absorbance and fluorescence kinetics. These are the first direct physical measures attributable to the "XY" process. The early formation of a compact structure in the event responsible for the rapid +232-mL/mol volume change, however, is consistent with the sequential model of folding (Cook KH, Schmid FX, Baldwin RL, 1979, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:6157-6161; Kim PS, Baldwin RL, 1980, Biochemistry 19:6124-6129). The usefulness of volume change measurements as a method of detecting structural rearrangements was confirmed by finding agreement between time constants obtained from parallel volume change and kinetic CD experiments. The measured volume changes arise from both changes in hydration and changes in the packing of atoms in the interior of the protein.
A Strategy for Photostable Proximity Bioassays

Novel reporters based on juxtaposed lanthanide chelates and noble metal nanoparticles have the potential to enable new photostable proximity assays with high on/off ratios. Results achieved to date show good promise for this approach.
Counseling Adult Males

This article suggests that counselors must examine their own gender-role issues, become aware of the body of knowledge about men which is emerging in the literature, examine the implications of that literature on counseling men, and develop an effective approach to counseling men. The author presents a counseling focus on male gender-role issues similar to a decision model for counseling and explores the use of that focus for both counseling and research with adult males.
Assessing Deception Detection Accuracy with Dichotomous Truth–Lie Judgments and Continuous Scaling: Are People Really More Accurate When Honesty Is Scaled?

Deception detection experiments consistently find that people are only slightly better than chance at distinguishing truths from lies. Interpersonal deception theory research, however, claims that people can accurately detect deception when honesty is assessed with continuous scaling. This article reports an experiment (N = 140) directly testing if the type of measurement meaningfully impacts accuracy results and conclusions. The findings suggest that the difference is largely illusory, and that the differences that are observed are attributable to differential variances in the measures. Substantively, both methods yield similar conclusions including slightly better-than-chance accuracy, persistent truth bias, and a robust veracity effect.