cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and metals from contaminated sediment by freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii and clams, Corbicula fluminea.

Freshwater prawns,Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and clams,Corbicula fluminea, were exposed for 48 or 50 days to three concentrations of a river sediment that contained environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals. Sediment was obtained twice during 1980 from the same location. Prawns were exposed to the first batch, sediment 5–80, which contained higher concentrations of some metals and PCBs compared to sediment 11–80, used with the clams. The highest concentration of sediment 5–80 was toxic to the prawns; sediment 11–80 was not toxic to the clams. Tissue analyses of prawns for PCBs, as Aroclors® 1242 and 1254, demonstrated bioaccumulation. Maximum concentration of 1242 in prawns was achieved by day 7 while 1254 continued to accumulate in prawn tissues during the initial 40 days of the exposure period. The PCB sediment bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for prawns ranged from 0.11 to 0.90 for 1242 and 0.20 to 2.40 for 1254, and were highest for animals exposed to 10% sediment. Exposed clams also accumulated PCBs (1242 + 1254) from the sediment. Sediment BAFs for clams were 0.54 to 12.52 and were highest for animals exposed to 10% sediment. Analyses of clams for metals showed lead (Pb) in exposed animals at higher concentrations compared with controls. Bioaccumulation of Pb differed from PCB in that the Pb concentrations did not increase over time and concentrations were higher among animals exposed to 10% sediment compared to animals exposed to 100% sediment. Sediment 11–80 contained 99 mg/kg of Pb while exposed animals, at 48 days, contained approximately 2.2 mg/kg Pb. Analysis of clams for cadmium (Cd) showed exposed animals contained less Cd than controls.
Acoustic characteristics of three-year-olds' correct and incorrect monosyllabic Mandarin lexical tone productions

Abstract This study aimed to provide insights into children's development of lexical tone production by combining both perceptual and acoustic analyses. Duration and fundamental frequency analyses were performed on the monosyllabic Mandarin lexical tones produced by the 13 three-year-old children and four female adults reported in Wong, Schwartz, and Jenkins (2005) . Seven acoustic parameters that strongly associated with the tonal judgments of 10 Mandarin-speaking judges were identified. Qualitative differences of the seven parameters in adult correct, child correct, and child incorrect tone productions were compared and interpreted with reference to the perception data. The results confirmed that three-year-old children do not produce adult-like tones in isolated monosyllabic words. Even children's tones that are correctly categorized by adult listeners are phonetically different than adults' tones. The four tones from the most to the least adult-like are Tone 4 (Falling), Tone 1 (High Level), Tone 2 (Rising), and Tone 3 (Falling–Rising), perhaps corresponding to the complexity of speech motor control for producing these tones. Children demonstrate more difficulties producing low fundamental frequencies than high fundamental frequencies. The findings support the position that tone acquisition is a protracted process, which may be affected by production complexities.
INCIDENTAL VERSUS INTENTIONAL WORD LEARNING FROM CONTEXT

The purpose of this study was to examine incidental word learning from context, that is, whether students would spontaneously focus on and acquire meanings for unknown words encountered in text. Sixty‐five eleventh graders constituted two treatment groups, incidental and intentional learning, and a control group. Materials included (a) a U.S. history text passage embedding 10 target words, and (b) a newspaper article passage on a similar topic which did not embed these words. As a pretest, all subjects were given a list of the target words and 10 distractors; they were asked to indicate whether they knew each word and to supply a definition. Then, the intentional learning group read the text passage with the target words underlined and completed a redefinition task. The incidental learning group read a second form of the passage without the words emphasized, while the control group read the newspaper passage. The following day, all subjects were posttested on the same self‐report and definition tasks. Res...
Single versus hybrid time horizons for open access scheduling

Difficulty in scheduling short-notice appointments due to schedules booked with routine check-ups are prevalent in outpatient clinics, especially in primary care clinics, which lead to more patient no-shows, lower patient satisfaction, and higher healthcare costs. Open access scheduling was introduced to overcome these problems by reserving enough appointment slots for short-notice scheduling. The appointments scheduled in the slots reserved for short-notice are called open appointments. Typically, the current open access scheduling policy has a single time horizon for open appointments. In this paper, we propose a hybrid open access policy adopting two time horizons for open appointments, and we investigate when more than one time horizon for open appointments is justified. Our analytical results show that the optimized hybrid open access policy is never worse than the optimized current single time horizon open access policy in terms of the expectation and the variance of the number of patients consulted. In nearly 75% of the representative scenarios motivated by primary care clinics, the hybrid open access policy slightly improves the performance of open access scheduling. Moreover, for a clinic with strong positive correlation between demands for fixed and open appointments, the proposed hybrid open access policy can considerably reduce the variance of the number of patients consulted.
Relations between first grade stress, temperament, and behavior problems

Abstract This paper examines relations between first grade stress, temperament, and behavior problems in 164 children after the completion of first grade. Specifically, the goals of the study were (a) to examine relations between both child and parent reports of the child's stress in first grade and behavior problems in school, (b) to determine if school stress interacts with the moderator variable temperament in predicting behavior problems, and (c) to examine such relations separately for boys and girls to assess if gender differences are present. Child and parent reports of the occurrence and upsettingness of 18 items associated with first grade were collected. Parents completed a temperament inventory; behavior problems were assessed by teacher ratings. Both child and parent reports of event upsettingness correlated significantly with externalizing behavior problems for boys, and with both internalizing and externalizing problems for girls. There was also evidence for interactions between first grade stress and temperamental characteristics in predicting externalizing behavior problems. Implications for research on childhood stress resulting from developmentally relevant life transitions are discussed.
Work flexibility or nonwork support? Theoretical and empirical distinctions for work–life initiatives.

Summary and Overview of Study Our conceptual framework incorporates work exibility and nonwork support and differentiatesbetween the two, although most research aggregates worklife components into one index thatconfounds the two types. Before proceeding to test the predictive validity of the work exibilitynonwork support framework, we mapped the previous worklife research onto it. The purpose ofStudy 1 was to identify speci cally the issues on which previous research had focused its attention,whether on speci c work exibility initiatives, speci c nonwork support bene ts, and confoundedaggregates of the two. To meet these aims, we adopted a systematic literature review similar to theapproaches successfully adopted in other worklife research overviews (e.g., Eby et al., 2005; Kelly,Kossek, et al., 2008). Study 1Method Database search procedure. We performed a systematic review of the relevant literaturebecause it provided a standardized process for mapping previous worklife research onto ourconceptual model. Our goal was not to examine every article that was ever published on theworklife issue. Instead, our purpose was to identify one database that would yield enough articlesto provide a breadth of (a) different constructs, (b) disciplines (e.g., psychology, business, sociol-ogy), and (c) focal contexts (e.g., workplace, family, marriage). Our belief was that achieving thisgoal would assist us in mapping the literature in a representative way that would promote anexploratory follow-up study. Because our focus was on the psychological state of worklife balance,we chose to examine only articles referenced in the index PsycINFO, which emphasizes psychologyand psychological experiences (whereas other indices have a broader or different focus).Our database search spanned the years 19852007. We used the following search terms combinedusing the or function: worklife con ict , worklife interference , worklife facilitation , worklifeenhancement , worklife balance , workfamily , workfamily initiatives , workfamily practices ,worklife practices , worklife programs , and workfamily programs . This yielded 1,776 articles.We then removed all articles that did not either focus on at least one element of our model or presentWORK FLEXIBILITY AND NONWORK SUPPORT
ALDOSTERONE SECRETION AND METABOLISM IN HYPERTHYROIDISM AND MYXEDEMA.

Aldosterone secretion and metabolism were studied in 12 patients with clear evidence of myxedema or hyperthyroidism. Studies were repeated after return of thyroid function to normal. The secretion rate of aldosterone, which was usually in the lower range of normal in myxedema, increased when thyroid was administered. The metabolic clearance of labeled aldosterone from plasma was low in hypothyroidism and increased when thyroid was given. Estimates of the miscible pool and mean concentration of aldosterone in plasma were within normal limits in myxedema and showed no significant or consistent change with treatment. In hyperthyroidism, more rapid disappearance of labeled aldosterone from plasma was reflected by high metabolic clearance rate and increased turnover in pools per day, which returned to normal when thyroid excess was corrected. In one hyperthyroid patient, a high normal secretion rate declined significantly after treatment. The other 6 patients secreted average normal quantities of aldosterone, ...
Happy Birthday, Milton Friedman: A buyer-seller salute

Abstract Milton Friedman—famed economist, statistician, Nobel Memorial Prize winner, Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient, and proud champion of the free market—would have turned 100 years old this past July. In spite of his myriad contributions, business researchers and practitioners can easily overlook how his work impacted their own disciplines and areas of focus. A business-to-business buyer-seller perspective is offered herein, detailing how Dr. Friedman's work—specifically, his seminal book, Free to Choose—helped usher in the era we today call ‘relationship selling.’
Adaptive two‐stage designs in phase II clinical trials

Two-stage designs have been widely used in phase II clinical trials. Such designs are desirable because they allow a decision to be made on whether a treatment is effective or not after the accumulation of the data at the end of each stage. Optimal fixed two-stage designs, where the sample size at each stage is fixed in advance, were proposed by Simon when the primary outcome is a binary response. This paper proposes an adaptive two-stage design which allows the sample size at the second stage to depend on the results at the first stage. Using a Bayesian decision-theoretic construct, we derive optimal adaptive two-stage designs; the optimality criterion being minimum expected sample size under the null hypothesis. Comparisons are made between Simon's two-stage fixed design and the new design with respect to this optimality criterion.
Type III mucopolysaccharidosis: Report of a case with severe mitral valve involvement

Summary A patient with type III mucopolysaccharidosisis described with mitral valve involvement typical of that seen in the Hurler syndrome. The skeletal deformities and corneal clouding of the Hurler syndrome were absent. The valvular mucopolysaccharide does not appear to be dermatan sulfate. The patient may represent a new genotype of type III mucopolysaccharidosis.
Manetoelectronic Denisty of States for a Model Crystal

As shown previously, a first principles calculation of the quantum states of a crystalline electron in a magnetic field leads to a difference equation. The splitting of one Landau level by a particularly simple crystalline potential has been extensively studied. This paper proceeds further for this model case: All quantum numbers characterizing each individual state are exhaustively defined. One of them is discrete and the other two are contionous phases. It is shown that are ene gy eigenvalues depend only on the sum of the cosines of these phases. These properties permit the calculation of the density of states, which still shows as a function of the magnetic field the well known erratic behaviour. Physically understandable rusults are obtained, however, for the integrated density of states: at two magnetic fields which are numerically nearly equal, the intergrated densities of states of states are numerically almost indistinguishable although very different analytically. Es wurde fruher gezeigt, das die Berechung der Quantenzustande eines Kristallelektrons im Magnetfeld zu einer Differenzengleichung fuhrt. Die Aufspaltung der Energie eines Landauzustands durch ein besonders einfaches Kristallfeld war speziell das Objekt einer Reihe von Unterschungen. Diese Arbeit geht fur diesen Modellfall weiter: alle Quantenzahlen, die einen einzelnen Quantenzustand auszeichen. werden definiert. Eine der Zahlen ist diskret, und zwei andere sind kontinuierliche Phasen. Es wird gezeigt, das die Energie nur von Summe der Cosinus der beiden Phasen abhangt. Diese Eignschaften erlauben, die Zustandsdichte zu berechnien. Sie hat immer noch die ublichen erratischen Eigenschaften als Funktion des Feldes. Physikalische verstandliche Resultate kommen erst heraus, wenn man die intergierte Zustandsdichte berechnet: wenn zwei Magnetfelder numerisch fast glich sind, so sind die intergrierten Zustandsdichten numerisch gleich, obwohl die analytische Form sehr verschieden ist.
Will minimizing dyspnea impact sleep quality

In their article published in this issue of Sleep and Breathing, Nunes et al. present actigraphy data on COPD patients and provide a comparison to controls. It is well known that COPD patients often report poor-quality sleep [1–3]. Therefore, it is not necessarily surprising that they found worse sleep on actigraphy in their COPD patients. There are two findings that deserve mention though. One is the absence of correlation between actigraphy findings and subjective measures of sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI; Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS). This lack of correlation suggests actigraphy reveals decrements in sleep that might otherwise go undetected. Of course, actigraphy should only be ordered if it has prognostic or therapeutic value that is independent of subjective measures of sleep quality. This leads to the second finding, the independent association between dyspnea and sleep parameters measured on actigraphy (sleep efficiency and total sleep time). Because this is a crosssectional study, the direction of causality, and for that matter causality itself, cannot be definitively established. For example, patients with worse dyspnea are more likely to be on medication, and some medications have been associated with sleep fragmentation. [4]. Dyspnea may simply be a surrogate marker for more medication use, rather than an actual cause of disrupted sleep. Although patient medications are mentioned, there are no data on correlation with actigraphy, PSQI, or ESS. COPD severity is another potential confounder that is not accounted for in their model. If there is causality though, either poor sleep worsens dyspnea or, as the authors suggest, dyspnea adversely affects sleep. In this case, actigraphy provides important information that may not be captured by subjective questionnaires like the PSQI. It may prove to be a valuable, non-invasive tool to help improve symptoms in patients with COPD and poorly controlled dyspnea.
Theoretical analysis of the electronic spectra of water adsorbed on the rutile TiO2 (110) and MgO (100) surfaces

Abstract We present analysis of the molecular orbitals of an isolated water molecule physisorbed on the rutile TiO 2 (1 1 0) surface and MgO (1 0 0) surface. On the TiO 2 surface the 3a 1 and 1b 1 orbitals split due to the interactions with the surface atoms. This resembles the features of the experimental electronic spectra that were interpreted as an evidence for water dissociation. On MgO surface the water molecular orbitals exhibit some splitting for the 1b 1 orbital, but not sufficient to produce a π orbital-like peak in the electronic spectra. Perturbations of the 1b 2 and 3a 1 orbitals also contribute to broadening observed in the experimental electronic spectra.
Epoxide hydrolase activities and epoxy fatty acids in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

Culex mosquitoes have emerged as important model organisms for mosquito biology, and are disease vectors for multiple mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus. We characterized epoxide hydrolase activities in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, which suggested multiple forms of epoxide hydrolases were present. We found EH activities on epoxy eicosatrienoic acids (EETs). EETs and other eicosanoids are well-established lipid signaling molecules in vertebrates. We showed EETs can be synthesized in vitro from arachidonic acids by mosquito lysate, and EETs were also detected in vivo both in larvae and adult mosquitoes by LC-MS/MS. The EH activities on EETs can be induced by blood feeding, and the highest activity was observed in the midgut of female mosquitoes. The enzyme activities on EETs can be inhibited by urea-based inhibitors designed for mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH). The sEH inhibitors have been shown to play diverse biological roles in mammalian systems, and they can be useful tools to study the function of EETs in mosquitoes. Besides juvenile hormone metabolism and detoxification, insect epoxide hydrolases may also play a role in regulating lipid signaling molecules, such as EETs and other epoxy fatty acids, synthesized in vivo or obtained from blood feeding by female mosquitoes.
Interference of Cocal virus with Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly in DBA-2J mice.

SummaryIn studying the inhibitory effect of a single infectious or UV-inactivated arbovirus (Cocal) dose on Friend leukemia virus-induced leukemia in DBA/2J mice, the greatest degree of interference (reduction of splenomegaly) occurred when Cocal virus was administered 24-48 hr prior to Friend leukemia virus. The percentage and duration of splenomegaly inhibition was dependent on the dose and state (infectious or inactivated) of the Cocal virus.
Boron Nitride Composites By Chemical Vapor Deposition

Composites of boron nitride (BN) have been made by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of a BN matrix on a BN felt fiber substrate. Reactant gases were boron trifluoride and ammonia. The composites have a relatively high density (1.70 g/cm3), a crystallite size LC = 150 A and an interlayer spacing d002 = 3.35 A. Measurements of elastic modulus and thermal conductivity and expansion showed some anisotropy as a result of the preferred fiber orientation of the substrate.
Recording clinical data for computer analysis of an oncology unit

Abstract A clinical treatment scoring record, available for machine reading, has been developed in order to assess each treatment of cancer patients with greater efficiency. The input is a series of items checked by the managing physician. These data are key-punched onto cards, corrected for errors, then stored on magnetic tape. This has been done for 516 patients. Studies of data distribution and drug therapy analyses have demonstrated the record's efficacy. It is a simple, low-cost system, adaptable to other specialties.
Applying theories from other disciplines to logistics

Proposes that the discipline of logistics can benefit from borrowing theories from other areas of study. Presents examples of theories from other disciplines that have already been applied to logistics issues. Offers potential applications from a variety of non‐logistics disciplines, including accounting, anthropology and sociology, computing, economics, marketing, philosophy, political science, and psychology. Discusses examples from various disciplines in some detail and identifies some possible applications of the theory. Concludes with a discussion of the benefits of “borrowing” non‐logistics theories to logistics research, practice and theory development.
LexA protein inhibits transcription of the E. coli uvrA gene in vitro

Treatment of Escherichia coli with radiation or chemical carcinogens induces a number of cellular functions to counteract the damage inflicted by such treatments (see ref. 1 for a review). One of these inducible functions is the SOS response, which is controlled by the recA and lexA genes: single-stranded DNA produced as a result of DNA damage binds to recA protein (RecA), activating its protease function; activated RecA cuts lexA protein (LexA), the represser of the SOS genes, thereby inactivating it and turning on these genes2–4. The SOS genes include recA and lexA themselves, and recent work has shown that the two genes have similar operators where LexA binds in vitro, inhibiting their transcription3,4. It is anticipated that other genes under the control of recA and lexA will have similar operators. Recent genetic5,6 and biochemical7 data suggest that the excision repair genes uvrA and uvrB are part of the recA–lexA regulon and are at least partly responsible for recA–lexA-mediated inducible DNA repair. In support of these results we have reported that uvrB has a promoter that is repressed by LexA in vitro8. We now show that uvrA has an operator similar to those of other SOS genes and that LexA binds to this operator and inhibits the transcription of the uvrA gene in vitro.
Single-wall carbon nanotube nanobomb agents for killing breast cancer cells

We report the first application of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) as potent therapeutic nanobomb agents for killing breast cancer cells. We show here that by adsorbing water molecules in SWCNT sheets or loosely adsorbed on top of cells, potent nanobombs were created that heated the water molecules inside them to more than 100°C upon exposure to laser light of 800 nm at light intensities of approx 50–200 mW/cm2. Conversion of optical energy into thermal energy, and the subsequent confinement of thermal energy in SWCNT, caused the water molecules to evaporate and develop extreme pressures in SWCNT causing them to explode in solutions. Co-localized nanobombs killed human BT474 breast cancer cells in physiological phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. Cells that were treated with nanobombs exploded into fragments, while the surrounding cells not treated with nanobombs were viable. SWCNT-based nanobomb agents can potentially outperform most nanotechnological approaches in killing cancer cells without toxicity.
Altered synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of fragile X mental retardation

Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited form of human mental retardation, is caused by mutations of the Fmr1 gene that encodes the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Biochemical evidence indicates that FMRP binds a subset of mRNAs and acts as a regulator of translation. However, the consequences of FMRP loss on neuronal function in mammals remain unknown. Here we show that a form of protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity, long-term depression triggered by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, is selectively enhanced in the hippocampus of mutant mice lacking FMRP. This finding indicates that FMRP plays an important functional role in regulating activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the brain and suggests new therapeutic approaches for fragile X syndrome.
Profiles of eicosanoid production by superficial and proliferative colonic epithelial cells and sub-epithelial colonic tissue

Abstract The profile of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products in normal rat colonic epithelium and subepithelium was examined. Colons were thoroughly perfused to eliminate contamination with blood. Two preparations of colonic epithelium were employed. The first consisted of intact colonic crypts and epithelial sheets. The second yielded single cell suspension of superficial versus proliferative epithelial cells. Lipoxygenase product formation by colonic epithelium as measured by hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production (5-HETE> 12-HETE> 15-HETE> LTB4) accounted for 58% of the total colonic production of these moieties, whereas epithelium accounted for only 20% of total colonic protein. By contrast, prostaglandin (PG)E2 and PGF2α production occurred predominantly (>97%) in the subepithelial layers. The present studies also demonstrate markedly higher levels of accumulation of lipoxygenase products in proliferative versus superficial epithelial cells, whereas prostaglandin accumulation was greater in superficial cells. Previous studies have supported a role for lipoxygenase products in the control of colonic secretion, inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferative activity. The present results raise the possibility that the striking differences in the sites of production of these products within the colon has functional implications.
Problems in the Differential Diagnosis of Endometrial Hyperplasia and Carcinoma

The differential diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma is complicated not only by the resemblance of these lesions to each other, but also by their tendency to be overdiagnosed (particularly hyperplasia) on the background of polyps, endometritis, artifacts, and even normally cycling endometrium. Atypical hyperplasia may also be overdiagnosed when epithelial metaplastic changes occur in simple or complex hyperplasia without atypia. Low-grade adenocarcinomas are best recognized by architectural evidence of stromal invasion, usually in the form of stromal disappearance, desmoplasia, necrosis, or combinations of these findings between adjacent glands. Endometrioid adenocarcinomas are usually Type 1 cancers associated with manifestations of endogenous or exogenous hyperestrogenic stimulation and a favorable prognosis. Subtypes include adenocarcinomas with squamous differentiation and secretory, ciliated cell and villoglandular variants. Rules and pitfalls in the grading of endometrioid adenocarcinomas and the estimation and reporting of myometrial invasion are presented.
Ethnicity, world view, and experience in two Mesoamerican communities

Gregory G. Reck. In the Shadow of Tlaloc: Life in a Mexican Village. New York: Penguin Books, 1978. 224 pp. Photographs. $3.95. Kay B. Warren. The Symbolism of Subordination: Indian Identity in a Guatemalan Town. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978. xii + 209 pp. Photographs, references and bibliography. $11.95.
Pulmonary Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: An Unusual Case and a Review of the Literature

We describe a case of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, previously known as intravascular bronchoalveolar tumor, in a 35-year-old woman with an initial diagnosis made by transbronchial biopsy. This is a rare disease, with approximately 50 cases described in the literature. All previous cases have been diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy. Although our patient underwent thoracoscopic lung biopsy, the diagnosis was initially made on transbronchial biopsy; to our knowledge, this has not been previously described in the English-language literature. We also described findings on high-resolution CT, both typical and atypical relative to previously published reports. This tumor can affect multiple organs. The prognosis is very unpredictable, with life expectancy ranging from 1 to 15 years. There is no single effective treatment, though spontaneous regression and response to chemotherapy and interferon are reported.
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language

A MUCH debated question is whether sex differences exist in the functional organization of the brain for language1–4. A long-held hypothesis posits that language functions are more likely to be highly lateralized in males and to be represented in both cerebral hemispheres in females5,6, but attempts to demonstrate this have been inconclusive7–17. Here we use echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging18–21 to study 38 right-handed subjects (19 males and 19 females) during orthographic (letter recognition), phonological (rhyme) and semantic (semantic category) tasks. During phonological tasks, brain activation in males is lateralized to the left inferior frontal gyrus regions; in females the pattern of activation is very different, engaging more diffuse neural systems that involve both the left and right inferior frontal gyrus. Our data provide clear evidence for a sex difference in the functional organization of the brain for language and indicate that these variations exist at the level of phonological processing.
Self and group protection concerns influence attributions but they are not determinants of counterfactual mutation focus

The relative impact of differential motivation and knowledge for both counterfactual mutation focus and attributional processes were examined. Functional views of counter-factual thinking predict that what feature of an event is focused on during mutation is influenced by the perceiver's motivation, and that what is mutated is then perceived as causal of the outcome. Other research, however, has indicated that mutation and attribution are based on distinct processes and that the two are not necessarily correlated. In three experiments we investigated the relationship between target mutation and blame assignment following a negative outcome. As expected, both when a group that one is highly identified with and when the self is involved in a negative event, attributions were biased in favour of the self or the in-group. Mutation did not, however, show either a self- or group-serving bias. These findings support the view that mutation focus stems from a relatively automatic orientation towards features that may be differentially available to perceivers with varying degrees of knowledge about a domain, whereas the attribution of blame results from conscious processes that permit motivational influences to operate.
Optical microphone transduction techniques

Abstract Optical microphone technology is reviewed. A classification scheme is introduced which utilizes the transduction mechanism as the primary sorting criterion. The principles of operation and characteristics of various device types are described. A discussion of performance criteria follows, with an emphasis on sensitivity.
Educating for Citizenship: Freeing the Mind and Elevating the Spirit.

This speech examines the relationship between the college experience and education for citizenship in the United States. The research evidence finds changes toward greater altruism, humanitarianism and sense of civic responsibility and social conscience during the college years. Most research also shows that students' political attitudes and values become more liberal and that students have a greater interest in social and political issues and in participation in the political process. Studies also indicate that students become more egalitarian in their views on the equality of the sexes. Clear and consistlnt evi4ence indicates that students make statistically significant gains during college in the use of principled reasoning to judge moral issues. Students also appear to become more independent of parents and somewhat more mature in their interpersonal relations. Whether these changes are due to the college experience or normal maturation at this age, the weight of evidence overall suggests that a statistically significant if modest part of the changes during college can be attributed to the college experience. Institutional differences appear to have little impact on changes in students' attitudes, values, or principled moral reasoning. Certain kinds of experiences do appear to be more important: particularly place of residence and the type of interactions with faculty and peers that the living situation promotes. (Contains 11 references.) (a) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** k\r} OCE Deliverable EDUCATING FOR CITIZENSHIP: FREELNG THE MIND AND ELEVATING THE SPIRIT
Collaboration platforms in water management

In many parts of the world, management of water resources and infrastructures is fragmented between agencies at multiple levels – state, provincial, and local – and sometimes between functions within individual agencies. Consequently it is often impossible to take a holistic view of the issues at hand to enable effective management of the resource or infrastructure – either because of the overhead of managing the coordination required, and/or because of politics between the different stakeholders. In their work for IBM, the authors created a concept of an information technology (IT)-enabled “collaboration platform” that integrates different water data sources with IT tools to enable multiple entities to maintain and share a “common operating picture.” This greatly assists with coordination and reduces politics to manageable levels. In this paper, the authors describe the collaboration platform and its benefits by reference to examples of such platforms in use, and propose a reference technical architecture for creating collaboration platforms.
Effect of cardiac arrest time on cortical cerebral blood flow during subsequent standard external cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits

Standard external cardiopulmonary resuscitation (SECPR) produces high cerebral venous and intracranial pressure peaks, low cerebral perfusion pressure, and low cerebral blood flow (CBF). Cerebral viability seems to require 20% of normal CBF, which SECPR cannot reliably generate. We tested the hypothesis that SECPR can produce adequate CBF if started immediately, but not if started after a long period of cardiac arrest (no flow, stasis). Cardiac arrest times of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min were studied in rabbits. We measured unifocal cortical CBF with H2 clearance curves after saturation with H2 10%, O2 50% and N2O 40% by intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). Measurements were made during spontaneous circulation (control condition), and then after resaturation immediately before induction of asystole by KCl i.v., and H2 clearance starting at end of arrest time during SECPR-basic life support with IPPV 100% and manual chest compressions (120/min) during asystole. Control cortical CBF was 30-40 ml/100 g brain per min. During asystole and SECPR, CBF greater than 20% normal was achieved only after no-flow of 1 min. After longer arrest (no-flow) times, CBF was less than 20% normal. Values were near zero after 7 and 9 min of cardiac arrest. Decrease in mean arterial pressures (MAP) produced by SECPR during asystole paralleled CBF values. Thus, the longer the preceding period of stasis, the lower the MAP and CBF generated by SECPR without epinephrine. This effect may be the result of anoxia-induced vasoparalysis and stasis-induced increased blood viscosity.
Topophilia and the Quality of Life

With this research I tested the hypothesis that individual preferences for specific ecosystem components and restorative environments are significantly associated with quality of life (QOL). A total of 379 human subjects responded to a structured 18-item questionnaire on topophilia and to the 26-item World Health Organization's Quality of Life (WHOQOL-Bref) instrument. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed four domains of topophilia (ecodiversity, synesthetic tendency, cognitive challenge, and familiarity) and four domains of QOL (physical, psychological, social, and environmental). Synesthetic tendency was the strongest domain of topophilia, whereas the psychological aspect of QOL was the strongest. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the adequacy of a theoretical model linking topophilia and QOL. The model fit the data extremely well: chi(2) = 5.02, p = 0.414; correlation = 0.12 (p = 0.047). All four domains of topophilia were significantly correlated with the level of restoration experienced by respondents at their current domicile [for cognitive challenge: r = 0.19; p < 0.01; familiarity: r = 0.12; p < 0.05; synesthetic tendency: r = 0.18; p < 0.01; ecodiversity (the highest value): r = 0.28; p < 0.01]. Within ecodiversity, preferences for water and flowers were associated with high overall QOL (r = 0.162 and 0.105, respectively; p < 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). Within the familiarity domain, identifiability was associated with the environmental domain of QOL (r = 0.115; p < 0.05), but not with overall QOL. These results provide a new methodologic framework for linking environmental quality and human health and for implementing evidence-based provision of restorative environments through targeted design of built environments to enhance human QOL.
FATTY ACID PROFILES OF GOAT MILK AND DOMIATI CHEESE AS AFFECTED BY PASTURE FEEDING AND STAGE OF LACTATION

Twenty lactating Alpine goats were randomly allocated into four groups to investigate the effect of feeding regimes with concentrates on fatty acid profiles of goat milk and Domiati cheese at different stages of lactation. Pooled milk from each group was collected twice monthly for Domiati cheese making. Cheese was sampled fresh and at 1 and 2 months of pickling in whey. Caproic, caprilic and capric acids in goat milk were recorded at 1.9, 5.5 and 25.1 μg/g of fat, respectively, and accounted for 13.27% of total fatty acids. Total unsaturated fatty acids represented 28.87% of total fatty acids. In Domiati cheese, caproic, caprilic and capric acids were 4.2, 7.4 and 31.4 μg/g of fat, respectively, and accounted for 11.21% of total fatty acids. Total unsaturated fatty acids represented 26.83% of total fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of both milk and cheese was affected by feeding treatments and stages of lactation. All the fatty acids of milk and cheese were lower when goats were pasture-fed compared to other groups except linolenic and stearic acids in goat milk and linolenic acid in cheese. Concentrations of caproic, caprilic, capric, palmitic, myristic and oleic acids fluctuated throughout lactation with the highest values at mid lactation. The above observations indicate that pasture feeding during mid-lactation could result in improved quality and nutritionally healthy goat milk and cheeses.
Early grade curriculum-based reading measures for students with intellectual disability.

The purpose of this study was to extend previous research on the use of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) for students with intellectual disability by having 19 special education teachers monitor ...
Related attributes in the choice of comparison others: It's there, but it isn't all there is

Abstract Subjects within a group of nine were supposedly given different amounts of practice prior to taking a test on which performance was either related or unrelated to practice. After taking the test, each subject was given his score, his rank order in the group, and the amount of practice presumably done by each of the other group members. The subject was then given a choice of which performance score he would like to know; a second choice was also given. On both first and second choices, subjects in the related condition were more likely to choose to see the scores of others with the same amount of practice. Related condition subjects were more interested in their comparison choices and thought they had done better on the task than unrelated subjects. In addition to this confirmation of the related attributes hypothesis, there was a significant tendency toward comparison on the basis of similarity of performance per se and a significant tendency toward upward comparison.
Metabolism of fatty acids by mammary glands of cows fed normal, restricted roughage, or magnesium oxide supplemented rations.

Abstract Lactating Holstein cows were fed restricted roughage-high grain and normal rations in a sequential manner to study the effect of ration on mammary gland lipid metabolism. Biopsy samples of mammary tissue were analyzed for lipoprotein lipase and glyceride synthetase activities and long chain fatty acid composition. Cows fed restricted roughage-high grain rations exhibited a lower milk fat test than cows fed normal rations but had no difference in lipoprotein lipase and glyceride synthetase activities. Decreased milk fat per cent from feeding restricted roughagehigh grain rations was accompanied by decreased proportions of saturated and increased proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in mammary tissue. Decreases in milk fat per cent were related to increases in weight per cent of linoleic and oleic acids and to decreases in stearic and palmitic acids in the milk fat (r = −0.79,−0.94, 0.75 and 0.58, respectively). A qualitative alteration of long-chain fatty acids presented to the mammary gland when cows are fed restricted roughage-high grain rations may be in part responsible for reduced production of milk fat.
Olfactory jump reflex habituation in Drosophila and effects of classical conditioning mutations

Habituation is a nonassociative learning mechanism, in which an initial response toward repeated stimuli gradually wanes. This is amongst the simplest and most widespread forms of behavioral plasticity. So far, neither the underlying molecular mechanisms nor the precise neural networks of habituation are well understood. We have developed a novel paradigm to quantify habituation of the olfactory jump reflex in Drosophila. We present data demonstrating several behavioral properties of this phenomenon, generally observed in other species. We also show that the dunce and rutabaga memory mutants behave abnormally in this assay, suggesting that this assay might be used in behavioral screens for new mutants with defects in this simpler form of behavioral plasticity.
The U.S. Information Economy: Value, Employment, Industry Structure, and Trade

The U.S. Information Economy: Value, Employment, Industry Structure, and Trade explores the confluence of two events -- large economies in the world being dominated by services and a change from a material or physical economy to an information economy -- by examining the double dichotomy of products versus services and information versus material, which divides the economy into four supersectors. This transformation to information and information-intensive services has a wide array of consequences. The authors examine some of these consequences to indicate the substantial implications for both management and policy decisions. After an introduction, the authors review research on the information economy in the U.S. and survey the literature on related topics. Sections 3 and 4 present the main results of the study, in terms of the two-way breakdown of the U.S. economy based on GNP data and labor statistics. Section 5 presents the changing patterns of international trade in information services. Section 6 discusses possible reasons for these trends, and the authors analyze the consequences of industrialization for information-intensive services in Section 7. The monograph concludes in Section 8 with a summary and a description of our ongoing research on these topics. Finally, a technical appendix is available on the book homepage that provides a description of the detailed calculations that were carried out to measure the size and structure of the U.S. information economy.
Bacterial sources and sinks of isoprene, a reactive atmospheric hydrocarbon.

Physiological and biochemical processes in bacteria can have important impacts on the atmosphere. For example, methane is produced by anaerobic methanogens and then released from soils, sediments and ruminant animals to contribute to the atmospheric `greenhouse' effect (Crutzen, 1991; Conrad, 1996). Interestingly, it is estimated that the fraction of methane that reaches the atmosphere is only about 10% of that formed in anaerobic environments ± aerobic methanotrophs in soils and sediments and associated with plant roots are very adept at scavenging methane before it can be released to the atmosphere (King, 1992; Hanson and Hanson, 1996). Methanotrophs can also take up methane from the atmosphere, although the magnitude of this sink is unclear (Potter et al., 1996). Thus, the concentration of one of the most important trace gases in the atmosphere is controlled in part by the balance between bacterial methane producers and consumers. As reviewed by Conrad (1996), similar patterns of bacterial producers and consumers control emissions of other important atmospheric trace gases, such as CO, NO and N2O. From recently reported work, it appears that yet another bacterial source±sink phenomenon occurs with the volatile hydrocarbon, isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene). Isoprene emission has been detected from many different bacteria, especially bacilli (Kuzma et al., 1995; Wagner et al., 1999a), soils have been shown to contain signi®cant levels of isoprene-consuming bacteria (Cleveland and Yavitt, 1997; 1998), and progress has been made in unravelling the pathway for isoprene degradation in Rhodococcus (van Hylckama Vlieg et al., 1998; 2000). This work may signal new interest in bacterial roles in biosphere±atmosphere exchange processes. Why is there interest in biogenic isoprene? Isoprene is a reactive compound that is emitted to the atmosphere from terrestrial plants in large amounts, similar to global annual methane emissions (i.e. 500 million tons per year), and in smaller amounts from phytoplankton sources in the oceans (Guenther et al., 1995). Atmospheric chemists have been interested in the chemical reactions of isoprene for some time, and it is now known that, in the presence of sunlight and nitrogen oxides, isoprene reacts to form ozone, organic peroxides and carbon monoxide (Fehsenfeld et al., 1992). Indeed, in many ecosystems and even some urban areas, isoprene may dominate photochemical reactions in the atmospheric boundary layer (Chameides et al., 1988; Goldstein et al., 1998). Here, we review the emerging role of soil bacteria as sources or sinks of this important atmospheric hydrocarbon.
Anomalous resonant-tunneling effect in type II heterostructures

Abstract We have observed unusual negative differential-conductance features in the magneto-tunneling current–voltage characteristics of GaSb–AlSb–InAs–AlSb–GaSb heterostructures. These features are very narrow (∼2 mV) and shift to higher voltage with increasing magnetic field, both properties being in sharp contrast with those of the features associated with conventional resonant tunneling through Landau levels in the InAs well. The new results are explained by a three-step sequential tunneling process, in which two Landau levels – one empty and one occupied – are involved.