cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat stress affects floral morphology, silique set and seed quality in chamber and field grown winter canola

The impact of heat stress coinciding with reproductive stages in winter canola was studied using walk‐in controlled environment chambers and field‐based tents. Six different cultivars (46W94, Edimax CL, Mercedes, Popular, DKW44‐10 and DKW46‐15) were used in both the experiments following a split‐plot design. Under controlled environment chambers, all six cultivars were exposed to HDT (day/night; 34/15°C), HNT (23/20°C), HDNT (34/20°C) and control (23/15°C) conditions for 14 days coinciding with flowering. Under field conditions, custom built ‘heat tents’ were used to impose heat stress starting seven days after 50% of flowering till maturity. The results demonstrated that HDT and HDNT induced significant impact on floral morphology, extreme levels of floral sterility and complete yield loss with two weeks of stress exposure during flowering. However, biomass, seed weight and oil concentration at maturity were either significantly increased or unchanged which demonstrated significant post‐stress phenotypic plasticity in canola to overcome damage caused by short episode of HDT and HDNT during flowering. The long duration heat stress under field conditions recorded significant decrease in yield parameters and oil concentration in the canola cultivars. Incorporating greater post‐stress phenotypic plasticity will help develop canola as an ideal alternative crop under future climates associated with enhanced frequency of short heat stress episodes coinciding with critical reproductive stages.
Motion Characteristics of the Functional Spinal Unit During Lumbar Disc Injection (Discography) Including Comparison Between Normal and Degenerative Levels.

OBJECTIVE While provocation lumbar discography has been used to identify discs responsible for low back pain, the biomechanical effects of disc injection have received little attention. The purpose of this study was to assess the motion of the functional spinal unit including the endplate and facet/pedicle region during disc injection including comparison between normal and degenerative discs. SUBJECTS Subjects represent 91 consecutive patients referred for discography with chronic low back pain. METHODS Lateral projection vertebral motion was retrospectively analyzed at 232 levels (normal: 76 [32.8%], degenerative: 156 [67.2%]). Pre- and postinjection fluoroscopic images were size scaled, and lower endplates were superimposed on separate PowerPoint images. Upper endplate and facet/pedicle motion was separately and independently analyzed on toggled PowerPoint images, subjectively graded as prominent, intermediate, questionable/uncertain, or no motion. Disc morphology was graded using the anteroposterior/lateral postinjection disc appearance (Adams criteria). RESULTS Prominent or intermediate endplate and facet/pedicle motion was identified at most lumbar levels with substantial overall agreement (degenerative: κ = 0.93, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.87-1.00; normal: κ = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.61-1.00). Degenerative levels were strongly associated with a lower degree of endplate and facet/pedicle motion compared with normal: ("prominent" motion grade: endplate: 61% [95/156] vs 89% [68/76], P < 0.001; facet/pedicle: 60% [93/156] vs 88% [67/76], P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Disc injection expands the disc space inducing endplate motion, pedicle motion, and facet translation in almost all normal and most degenerate levels. Disc injection therefore biomechanically "provokes" the entire functional spinal unit. When provoked pain is encountered during lumbar discography, contribution from the associated facet joint and myotendinous insertions should be considered.
Amygdala hyperconnectivity in the paranoid state: A transdiagnostic study.

Abstract Background Paranoia significantly contributes to social impairments across clinical diagnoses, and amygdala dysfunction has been identified as a neurobiological marker of paranoia among individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate amygdala functional connectivity (FC) in paranoia across diagnoses. Methods Forty-five patients with recent history of clinically significant paranoid ideation and a current DSM-5 diagnosis of any disorder underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging either in a paranoid (N = 23) or non-paranoid (N = 22) state. Amygdala FC were compared between paranoid and non-paranoid patients. Supplemental correlation analyses between amygdala FC and paranoia score were performed separately in patients and a non-equivalent healthy control (HC; N = 60) group. Results Increased FC was found between right amygdala and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, the triangular part and the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG); right orbital part of IFG], the frontal cortex (bilateral median cingulate, left precentral gyrus), and subcortical areas (right insula) in the paranoid group compared with the non-paranoid group. No significant between-group differences were observed in left amygdala FC. FC between right amygdala and PFC and frontal cortex was positively correlated with paranoia in patient and HC groups. Conclusion Paranoia is associated with right amygdala hyperconnectivity with PFC, frontal cortex, and insula. This hyperconnectivity was evident regardless of diagnosis and therefore identify a likely transdiagnostic neural mechanism, which may help to identify treatment targets that could potentially improve the social functioning of individuals with clinical diagnoses.
COVID-19 vaccine platforms: Delivering on a promise?

The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has brought into sharp focus the need for a vaccine to prevent this disease. Vaccines have saved millions of lives since their introduction to the...
Deep learning and inverse design of artificial electromagnetic materials

Deep neural networks are empirically derived systems that have transformed research methods and are driving scientific discovery. Artificial electromagnetic materials, such as electromagnetic metamaterials, photonic crystals, and plasmonics, are research fields where deep neural network results evince the data driven approach; especially in cases where conventional computational and optimization methods have failed. We propose and demonstrate a deep learning method capable of finding accurate solutions to ill-posed inverse problems, where the conditions of existence and uniqueness are violated. A specific example of finding the metasurface geometry which yields a radiant exitance matching the external quantum efficiency of gallium antimonide is demonstrated.
Association of venous thromboembolism following pediatric traumatic spinal injuries with injury severity and longer hospital stays.

Objective Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can cause significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, and may disproportionately occur in patients with limited mobility following spinal trauma. The authors aimed to characterize the epidemiology and clinical predictors of VTE in pediatric patients following traumatic spinal injuries (TSIs). Methods The authors conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of children who experienced TSI, including spinal fractures and spinal cord injuries, encoded within the National Trauma Data Bank from 2011 to 2014. Results Of the 22,752 pediatric patients with TSI, 192 (0.8%) experienced VTE during initial hospitalization. Proportionally, more patients in the VTE group (77%) than in the non-VTE group (68%) presented following a motor vehicle accident. Patients developing VTE had greater odds of presenting with moderate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-4.8) or severe Glasgow Coma Scale scores (aOR 4.3, 95% CI 3.0-6.1), epidural hematoma (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.7), and concomitant abdominal (aOR 2.4, 95% CI 1.8-3.3) and/or lower extremity (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.0) injuries. They also had greater odds of being obese (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-5.5). Neither cervical, thoracic, nor lumbar spine injuries were significantly associated with VTE. However, involvement of more than one spinal level was predictive of VTE (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.7). Spinal cord injury at any level was also significantly associated with developing VTE (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8-3.5). Patients with VTE stayed in the hospital an adjusted average of 19 days longer than non-VTE patients. They also had greater odds of discharge to a rehabilitative facility or home with rehabilitative services (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.8-3.6). Conclusions VTE occurs in a low percentage of hospitalized pediatric patients with TSI. Injury severity is broadly associated with increased odds of developing VTE; specific risk factors include concomitant injuries such as cranial epidural hematoma, spinal cord injury, and lower extremity injury. Patients with VTE also require hospital-based and rehabilitative care at greater rates than other patients with TSI.
Transcriptional pulse-chase analysis reveals a role for a novel snRNP-associated protein in the manufacture of spliceosomal snRNPs.

Abstract Vertebrate spliceosomal snRNAs associate with a conserved set of proteins, the Sm proteins, via a conserved RNA sequence, the Sm site. Assembly of this complex is required for the accumulation of stable snRNPs, hypermethylation of the 5' cap structure and nuclear import of the resultant particles. The function of individual core snRNP proteins is poorly understood, in part because of the difficulty of selectively inactivating individual polypeptides in vivo. Using a transcriptional pulse-chase method we have defined for the first time the steps of snRNP biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We describe a novel component of spliceosomal snRNPs, Brr1, which is distinct in sequence from Sm core proteins and yet which shares many of their properties, as well as a genetic interaction with the yeast homolog of Sm D1 core protein. Through a kinetic analysis of snRNP formation in wild-type and brr1 mutant cells we demonstrate specific defects in a subset of steps in the brr1 mutant: newly synthesized snRNAs are destabilized and 3'-end processing is slowed, whereas the cap hypermethylation reaction is unaffected. Notably, the stability of mature particles, as measured by promoter shut-off experiments, is normal in the absence of the Brr1 snRNP protein.
Panorama - a software maintenance tool

Much of the effort in software maintenance is spent on finding relevant information and on program comprehension. Of the several challenges encountered during this process, some are: a) inadequate documentation, b) the developer doing the maintenance activity may not be the one who actually developed it and may be unfamiliar with the application domain (in addition to the unfamiliar code), c) information overload, and d) the relevant code may be scattered across multiple files of different types making it harder to find. Existing documentation in the form of Javadoc is inadequate in providing a global view of the working of the software. Panorama, a java based Eclipse plug-in, was developed to facilitate maintenance activities by providing mechanisms to document and to view expert knowledge and relevant code in the form of a concern. Some features of Panorama are: a code tracing feature that allows the expert to quickly find (so he can document it) lines of code executed in carrying out a function, a concern management feature that allows the expert to create and organize concern information in a hierarchical manner, a concern visualization and context management feature that helps the maintainer to handle information overload by allowing him to switch between contexts, an enhanced user-interface that helps the maintainer to easily navigate between relevant contexts and codes. Panorama also provides a Javadoc -like documentation of cross-cutting concerns that supplement existing Javadoc documentation to provide comprehensive information about the software. In a case study done to validate the usefulness of our tool, Panorama was used to document the SAVER software (a VB.NET based fairly large GIS software with 26,704 executable lines of code that is being actively used by the Iowa Department of Transportation to analyze automobile crashes over a period of time). SAVER has been undergoing continual bug-fixes and enhancement activities – and preliminary studies indicate that the supplementary documentation provided by Panorama has proven beneficial.
Calculation of the Multiloop Stability Margin

A mapping theorem by Zadeh and Desoer [1] serves as the basis for an algorithm that computes the stability margin k m of diagonally perturbed multivariable feedback systems without conservativeness. The algorithm is applicable to both real and complex parameter uncertainty.
Hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B polymerase)

Approximately 170 million people world-wide are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) (BRADLEY et al. 1983; CHOO et al. 1989; HOUGHTON 1996; A;LTER 1997; also see Thomas, this volume). Although chronic infection with HCV frequently produces no symptoms for 5–30 years, it eventually has adverse effects on the host and constitutes a major cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (BISSEL 1997; also see Dickens and Fried, this volume). HCV evades host antiviral defenses by mechanisms that remain to be identified and establishes a chronic infection is a majority (70%–90%) of patients. One factor that is likely to play a role in the ability of HCV to avoid host antiviral defences in the high frequency of mutation that occurs in the HCV genome. This property is typical of RNA viruses and in part reflects the lack of proofreading activity in the polymerases (HOLLAND et al. 1992). Our current knowledge of the mechanisms of HCV genomic RNA replication is rudimentary and encompasses only several biochemical characteristics of recombinant HCV NSSB polymerase. Although the indolent nature of chronic hepatitis C may provide a wide window for therapeutic intervention, current antiviral therapies remain relatively ineffective and have significant side effects. In addition, the lack of an easily established tissue culture system to propagate HCV has impeded progress toward understanding the critical steps in HCV replication and the development of small molecule inhibitors of HCV RNA replication.
Z 2 spin liquid and chiral antiferromagnetic phase in the Hubbard model on a honeycomb lattice

In a Schwinger-fermion representation we classify all 128 possible spin liquids that preserves $\mathit{SU}(2)$ spin-rotational symmetry, honeycomb lattice group symmetry, and time-reversal symmetry. Among them we identify a ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquid called the sublattice-pairing state (SPS) as the spin liquid phase discovered in recent numerical study on a honeycomb lattice [Meng et al., Nature (London) 464, 847 (2010)]. Our method provides a systematic way to identify spin liquids close to Mott transition. We also show that the SPS is identical to the zero-flux ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquid in Schwinger-boson representation [Wang, Phys. Rev. B 82, 024419 (2010)]. through an explicit duality transformation. SPS is connected to an unusual antiferromagnetic ordered phase, which we term the chiral-antiferromagnetic (CAF) phase, by an $O(4)$ critical point. The CAF phase breaks the $\mathit{SU}(2)$ spin rotational symmetry completely and has three Goldstone modes. Our results indicate that there is likely a hidden phase transition between the CAF phase and the simple antiferromagnetic phase at large $U/t$. We also propose numerical measurements to reveal the CAF phase and the hidden phase transition.
Breaking the take home pesticide exposure pathway for agricultural families: workplace predictors of residential contamination.

Background Pesticides used in agriculture can be taken into worker homes and pose a potential risk for children and other family members. This study focused on identification of potential intervention points at the workplace. Methods Workers (N = 46) recruited from two tree fruit orchards in Washington State were administered a 63-item pesticide safety questionnaire. Dust was collected from commuter vehicles and worker homes and analyzed for four organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (azinphosmethyl, phosmet, chlorpyrifos, malathion). Results Geometric mean azinphosmethyl concentrations in dust for three worker groups (16 pesticide handlers, 15 green fruit thinners, 15 organic orchard workers) ranged from 0.027–1.5 μg/g, with levels in vehicle dust higher than in house dust, and levels in house dust from handlers' homes higher than levels from tree fruit thinners' homes. Vehicle and house dust concentrations of azinphosmethyl were highly associated (R2 = 0.44, P < 0.001). Significant differences were found across worker groups for availability of laundry facilities, work boot storage, frequency of hand washing, commuter vehicle use, parking location, and safety training. Conclusions These findings support a focus on intervention activities to reduce take home pesticide exposure closer to the source of contamination; specifically, the workplace and vehicles used to travel to the workplace. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1063–1071, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystallization kinetics of a glass in the Y2O3-Fe2O3-B2O3 system using differential thermal analysis

On etudie, par analyse thermique differentielle, la cinetique de cristallisation d'un verre du systeme Y 2 O 3 -Fe 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on hemoglobin A(1c) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background There is little conclusive data regarding the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). An earlier meta-analysis included two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and found no significant effect of CPAP on HbA1c. The meta-analysis presented here was conducted to include all relevant observational studies and RCTs on the effect of CPAP on HbA1c.
Critical fluctuations in Ni observed with the Mössbauer effect

Spin correlation times for $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ atoms in a Ni host are derived from M\"ossbauer-effect line broadening. The results agree with those derived from perturbed angular correlations in $\mathrm{Ni} ^{100}\mathrm{Rh}$ to within a factor of 2, and suggest that hyperfine correlation times in the critical region are not strongly probe dependent.
Human Rights in the Practice of Family Therapy: Domestic Violence, a Case in Point

In this article the authors introduce a human rights framework into the practice of family therapy. In particular, the authors explore the relevance of human rights to the practice of liberation-based work, arguing for situating individual experience within collective human rights discourse; drawing from human rights movements to promote resistance and resilience; and using a human rights framework to promote restorative justice and accountability. Domestic violence is offered as a case in point.
Additional Accurate Excitation Energies of 11 B

Inelastic proton scattering was used to measure the excitation energies of states in $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ up to 9.3 MeV. Values for states up to 6.5 MeV agree with previous work. New values are 7285.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.5, 7978.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.7, 8559.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.9, 8920.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0, and 9274.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0 keV. Tabulated values disagree by as much as 18 keV. The 7978.0 value is in exact agreement with a recent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray measurement.
Using Social Justice Group Work with Young Mothers Who Experience Homelessness.

Research indicates (e.g., Bassuk et al., 1997) that women and children make up a large percentage of the total number of individuals living without permanent shelter. This article represents a reflective analysis of our work as group facilitators who conducted a series of personal growth groups for young mothers living in a residential facility located in a Midwestern city in the United States. We discuss our role as group facilitators who infused social justice principles in our group work, share challenges we experienced along the way, and offer suggestions for facilitating group counseling interventions.
Observation of the H band in the crystal spectrum of 4-[4,4-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-1,3-butadienyl]-N,N-dimethylbenzeneamine (FSMB)

Abstract A single crystal study of the (01 1 ) face of 4-[4,4-bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]-1,3-butadienyl]-N,N-dimethylbenzeneamine (FSMB) by polarized specular reflection spectroscopy has revealed the presence of two electronic bands. The low-energy system is identified with the molecular π*←π transition. The higher-energy band arises as result of dimer formation in the crystal and is identified with the aggregate H band commonly observed in the solution spectra of dyes. This band undergoes a significant decrease in reflectivity between 160 and 120 K.
Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein GRP-78 mediates endocytosis of dentin matrix protein 1.

Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), a phosphorylated protein present in the mineral phase of both vertebrates and invertebrates, is a key regulatory protein during biogenic formation of mineral deposits. Previously we showed that DMP1 is localized in the nuclear compartment of preosteoblasts and preodontoblasts. In the nucleus DMP1 might play an important role in the regulation of genes that control osteoblast or odontoblast differentiation. Here, we show that cellular uptake of DMP1 occurs through endocytosis. Interestingly, this process is initiated by DMP1 binding to the glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP-78) localized on the plasma membrane of preodontoblast cells. Binding of DMP1 to GRP-78 receptor was determined to be specific and saturable with a binding dissociation constant KD = 85 nm. We further depict a road map for the endocytosed DMP1 and demonstrate that the internalization is mediated primarily by caveolae and that the vesicles containing DMP1 are routed to the nucleus along microtubules. Immunohistochemical analysis and binding studies performed with biotin-labeled DMP1 confirm spatial co-localization of DMP1 and GRP-78 in the preodontoblasts of a developing mouse molar. Co-localization of DMP1 with GRP-78 was also observed in T4-4 preodontoblast cells, dental pulp stem cells, and primary preodontoblasts. By small interfering RNA techniques, we demonstrate that the receptor for DMP1 is GRP-78. Therefore, binding of DMP1 with GRP-78 receptor might be an important mechanism by which DMP1 is internalized and transported to the nucleus during bone and tooth development.
The Effectiveness of Using New Instructors to Teach an LGBT Ally Development Course

We examined student responses to three new instructors who taught a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) ally development course as described in a study by Ji, Finnessy, and Dubois (2009). Our analysis of the responses indicated that students did improve as LGBT allies in ways similar to those reported in the 2009 study. The findings suggest that the course could be disseminated provided that instructors actively encouraged students to engage in experiences that develop their LGBT ally identities.
The efficiency of RF current drive in the presence of fast particle losses

The effects of losses of the fast electron current carriers are included in a calculation of the efficiency of RF current drive. The analytical expressions obtained for the current drive efficiency J/PA and bulk heating rate PD/PA are explicitly dependent on the fast electron confinement time, TF. In most present tokamak experiments, fast particle losses are predicted to reduce the current drive efficiency from 50% to more than an order of magnitude. However, in future fusion plasmas fast electron confinement appears to be sufficient to allow nearly ideal efficiencies to be achieved.
Influence of Exothermic Interaction on the Morphology and Droplet Coalescence of Melt-Mixed Immiscible Polymer Blends Containing a Block Copolymer

We investigate morphology evolution under melt blending of an immiscible mixture of two polymers, to which small amounts of a block copolymer are added as an emulsifier. We demonstrate the effect o...
Covalent linking of proteins and cytokines to suture: Enhancing the immune response of head and neck cancer patients

Background The immune system of advanced stage head and neck cancer patients is frequently suppressed. Poor immune function has been correlated with poor clinical outcome. Immunotherapeutic strategies have been previously attempted in an effort to enhance immune function and improve survival. Previous studies have shown surgical suture can be transformed into an immune stimulant capable of activating the T lymphocytes of cancer patients. The development of a process for covalently linking proteins and cytokines to suture could have enormous potential for the in vivo manipulation of the immune system. Hypothesis We hypothesize proteins and cytokines can be covalently linked to surgical suture while preserving their functional properties. Study design Prospective study testing normal donor and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient lymphocytes. Method Polyester suture was acid hydrolyzed followed by reacting with 1-ethyl-3(-3-dimethylamino propyl carbodiimide) (EDAC) to create a suture-EDAC intermediate. Next, selected proteins (horseradish peroxidase [HRP] or bovine serum albumin [BSA]) or cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2 or interferon [IFN]-gamma) were reacted with the suture-EDAC intermediate to test the covalent linkage of the selected protein or cytokine to suture. Functional activity of the linked proteins was measured spectrophotometrically. The linking of cytokines to suture was tested by stimulating normal donor peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) or HNSCC patients' lymphocytes. The functional activity was confirmed by proliferation, enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA), and phenotype expression of T cells. RESULTS The conditions for optimally linking a protein to polyester suture were defined using HRP as a model protein. HRP retained its enzymatic activity. The optimal conditions for linking IL-2 or IFN-gamma were defined. The covalently linked cytokines retained their immune enhancing properties for stimulating PBL and lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) from HNSCC patients to proliferate, generate a TH1 immunologic profile of cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IFN-gamma), and stimulate T lymphocytes. Conclusion This is the first report to demonstrate that cytokines can be covalently linked to surgical sutures and retain their immune-stimulating properties. Proteins linked to suture also retained their enzymatic activity. The clinical implications of functionally active cytokines or proteins linked to surgical suture may be very significant in the future for manipulating the immune system in vivo or enhancing wound healing.
Energy cost to sputter an atom from a surface in keV ion bombardment processes

We propose that the energy cost to remove one atom from the surface during ion bombard-ment is larger than the surface binding energy or bulk heat of sublimation. It is this value of the energy cost that is appropriate for use in analytic models of the sputtering process.
Micro-fading Spectrometry: A Tool for Real-time Assessment of the Light-fastness of Dye/Textile Systems

Micro-fading spectrometry is a technique that combines visible reflectance spectroscopy and accelerated light aging testing. Therefore, it is a useful tool for determining the light-stability of dyes applied on textile substrates in a relatively short amount of time. Traditional accelerated light aging methods usually require controlling many variables such as time and intensity of illumination, correct positioning of the sample during irradiation, and reproducible spot selection for each subsequent spectrocolorimetric measurement. The use of micro-fade testing as an alternative way of conducting light-fastness assessments of dye/textile systems has been explored. The results indicate that the technique is suitable for testing the color stability of cultural heritage materials and industrially manufactured textiles since it is a direct and non-contact method that takes into account the aforementioned experimental variables.
Specifying divergent migrations in the concept of stock: the contingent hypothesis

Abstract The current concept of stock does not sufficiently accommodate the effects of migration behavior on population dynamics. New insight on the prevalence and ecological significance of divergent migrations within stocks has arisen through advancing technologies in tracking fishes. In particular, otolith elemental analysis may provide unique perspective on divergent migrations within stocks. Using otolith elemental fingerprints of Hudson River striped bass (Morone saxatilis), I evaluated Clark’s (Clark, J.,1968. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 97, 320–343.) contingent hypothesis of intrapopulation migratory groups. Similar to the results of Clark’s earlier tagging study, I observed three spatially discrete cohorts of Hudson River striped bass. An intriguing question is, if such contingents exist, then how are they regulated? Using frameworks for understanding smoltification in salmonids and ontogenetic niche shifts, I hypothesized that early life decisions regarding energy allocation lead to later divergence in habitat shifts (migration). This mechanism results in the maintenance of “retentive” and “exploratory” behaviors and contributes to features of population regulation including persistence, range contraction and expansion, and colonization. Support for the contingent hypothesis, i.e. divergent migration tactics, exists for a diverse array of fish taxa. Assignment of contingents should allow improved specification of factors which affect a population’s accessibility to human impacts. Consideration of stock structure should incorporate a hierarchy of biological levels which evaluate both lineage (sub-population–population–meta-population–sub-species–species) and accessibility (individual–brood–school/shoal–year class–contingent).
The effect of seed dispersion on the foraging success of dominant and subordinate dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of seed dispersion on the rate of seed consumption by dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis, feeding in dyads and in triads. In the dyad experiments, dominants consumed significantly more seeds than subordinates when seeds were clumped in a patch of 0·09 m2, but subordinates obtained as many seeds as dominants when food was dispersed in a larger 1·44-m2 patch. In the triad experiments, there was a significant difference in seed consumption between dominants, intermediates and subordinates when food was dispersed in patches of 0·09 m2 and 1·44 m2, but there was no significant difference between ranks when it was dispersed in a larger 2·88-m2 patch. Dominants had significantly more agonistic interactions with intermediates than with subordinates. This was not related to differences in distances maintained between birds. Dispersion of seeds in the environment can have a marked effect on whether dominants realize an immediate foraging advantage over subordinates.
The metallic bond: Elastic properties

Establishing relationships between electronic structure and the properties of metals and alloys has relied heavily on assigning various attributes to the metallic bond. Principal among these is that of a directional bond. Bond directionality has been evoked as an explanation for the magnitudes of elastic shear constants, elastic anisotropy, the susceptibility to brittle failure, and preferred allotropic and alloy structure. Though bond directionality is frequently used as an explanation of metallic and alloy properties, it has never been rigorously defined. In this paper, a definition of bond directionality is provided which allows for its quantification. Using this definition, it is shown that the relative magnitudes of the single crystal shear elastic constants for f.c.c. metals can be correlated with bond directionality. The only information which is required to provide a measure of bond directionality is the total charge density corresponding to the given metal or alloy. This information can now be easily determined through the use of modern electronic structure techniques.
Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum: an undescribed species causing canker on butternut.

Widespread dying of butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) was reported first in Wisconsin in 1967 (Renlund, 1971). The number and extent of the diseased areas, the deterioration of the dead trees, and the determination of canker age by ring count indicated that the disease has been active for several years (Kuntz et al., 1977). Butternut canker since has been found throughout the range of butternut in the midwestern and eastern United States (Anderson and LaMadeleine, 1977). An undescribed fungus has been isolated from diseased specimens collected in several midwestern states. Repeated inoculations of seedlings, saplings, and mature trees of butternut have demonstrated its pathogenicity according to Koch's postulates. Diagnostic symptoms of butternut canker include discrete, elliptical to fusiform cankers involving the bark and wood of twigs, branches, stems, and even exposed buttress roots (Kuntz et al., 1978). Young cankers commonly originate at leaf scars, buds, lenticels, bark wounds, including insect wounds, natural bark cracks, and occasionally at points free of apparent injury. Older cankers on trunks are large, open or partly 641
Chemisorption site retention during thermal desorption — A study of O2 chemisorption on Pt(112)

Abstract Three molecular states of chemisorbed O 2 are observed in thermal desorption from a stepped Pt(112) surface containing three atom wide (111) terraces separated by (100) steps. Isotopic studies of 16 O 2 and 18 O 2 desorption have shown that site exchange between these three molecular O 2 states does not occur at the temperature of desorption (∼100–200 K) from the molecular O 2 states. The results imply that the three molecular states may be associated with the three kinds of adsorption sites on the Pt(111) terraces which exhibit Pt-Pt coordination numbers in the range 10−7. Migration of O 2 (a) species from site to site is slow compared to desorption. It has been shown that site retention is observed at saturation O 2 coverages as well as at partial initial O 2 coverages.
Central nervous system serotonergic responsivity and aggressive disposition in men

To determine whether normative variability in aggressive behavior correlates negatively with central nervous system (CNS) serotonergic function among men, plasma prolactin (PRL) responses to a standard fenfluramine challenge (administered to assess central serotonergic responsivity) were examined in relation to interview-assessed aggression histories among 118 adult males derived from a nonpatient, community sample. Fenfluramine-induced, peak PRL rises were smaller in subjects whose 'aggression' scores fell above the sample median, compared to their less aggressive counterparts (P<.002). Across subjects, participants' peak PRL responses likewise covaried inversely with aggression history (r(s)=-.32, P<.0005). Additional analyses were conducted on data of 58 subjects who had also been genotyped for a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the X chromosomal, monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) gene. The four variants of this repeat polymorphism were grouped for analysis (alleles '1+4' vs. '2+3') based on prior report of enhanced transcriptional efficiency in MAO-A promoter constructs containing alleles 2 and 3 (repeats of intermediate length). Men in the 2/3 allele group had significantly higher aggression scores (P<.05) and smaller peak PRL responses to fenfluramine (P<.009) than men in the 1/4 allele group. When adjusted by analysis of covariance for concomitant variability in subjects' PRL responses, aggressive disposition no longer varied significantly by genotype. This finding suggests that association of the MAO-A promoter polymorphism with this behavioral phenotype may be mediated, in part, by allele-specific variation in central serotonergic responsivity.
Effect of a Partial Report Visual Cue on Information Available in Tachistoscopic Presentations of Alphanumeric Characters Varying in Number and Type

The capacity of iconic memory is investigated using a variety of cueing techniques. As an alternative to auditory recall cues, a tachistoscopically presented arrow, with two exposure-fields at different luminances, was employed in a partial report paradigm. Alphanumeric target stimulus arrays varied in number and type. Results with 12 normal adults indicated that subjects recalled fewer items when the target array contained nine elements, as opposed to six, and when the visual cue was presented at a higher luminance. In all cases, numbers appeared easier to recall than letters. In general, subjects had less information available for recall than reported in previous studies employing auditory cues. It is possible that the effects observed are the result of backward masking by the visual cue. Nevertheless, subjects' performance suggests that the visual modality should not necessarily be abandoned for recall cueing.
Lifetime Spectra for Room-Temperature Phosphorescence

A large number of articles on the subject of Room Temperature Phosphorescence (RTP) on solid substrates have recently appeared in the literature, confirming the fact that multiple lifetimes are involved for the analyte. This is not an unexpected observation, considering the heterogeneity of the filter paper substrate employed and the large number of possible interactions between the analyte (A) and substrate (S). A further set of interactions occurs between the spin-orbit coupler (C), included in the sample to promote inter-system crossing, and S and A, and all combinations of S plus A.
1,4-Dihydropyridine activators in the tiamdipine series

Abstract The pharmacologic and radioligand binding properties of 5-nitro analogs of the 1,4-dihydropyridine Ca 2+ channel antagonist, tiamdipine (2-(2-aminoethylthio)methyl-3-carboethoxy-5-carbomethoxy-6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine) and its N-formyl derivative have been measured in rat tail artery, guinea pig ileum and rat heart. The enantiomers of both analogs showed activator and an tagonist properties, the latter being exhibited at lower concentrations.
Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease

Abstract The performances of groups of patients with left, right and bilateral frontal lesions were compared on a battery consisting of two tests presumed to be related specifically to left hemisphere function, two tests presumed to be related specifically to right hemisphere function, and two tests presumed to be related specifically to bilateral frontal lobe function. Eighteen predictions, based on both theoretical considerations and the indications of previous literature, were made concerning the differences in performance to be expected among the three groups. Fifteen of the 18 predictions were confirmed by the results. It is concluded that some of the interhemispheric differences in performance which have been found in comparisons of patients with unilateral post-Rolandic lesions are also demonstrable in patients with unilateral frontal lesions and that certain task performances are particularly susceptible to the effects of bilateral frontal lobe damage.
All-optical switch at telecom wavelength based on the quantum zeno effect (QZE)

We present experimental realizations and numerical simulations of an optically controlled Polarizer and Waveplate at telecom wavelength using ladder transitions in 87Rb. When combined, it can be used to realize a QZE based all-optical switch.
Noninvasive Study of Gel Formation in Polymer-Stabilized Dense Colloids Using Multiply Scattered Light

We use diffusing-wave spectroscopy to monitor the evolution of a colloidal gel. Changes in particle diffusion are resolved without perturbing the system and are used to distinguish between unstable and stable emulsions during the early stages of their development. Our observations suggest that multiple-scattering spectroscopies may be a valuable diagnostic of an industrially useful dispersion.
Temperature Prediction on Substrates and integrated Circuit Chips

This work deals with application of semianalytical methods for evaluation of temperature distribution on substrates and integrated circuit chips. This approach is based on a method proposed by Hein and Lenzi in 1969 which is a combination of Fourier transform. Green's function, and surface-element methods. The application of the method has evolved from a model that predicts the steady-state temperature on one-layer structures with lead connectors (modeled as lumped thermal resistances) and planar-discrete sources to a model that includes the effects of multiple layers and anisotropic thermal conductivity. Further generalization of the method to three new cases is presented. The first includes the transient thermal behavior in the one-layer structures with planar-discrete sources and anisotropic conductivity. The second deals with the steady-periodic behavior of two-layer structures with planar-discrete-periodic sources and anisotropic conductivity. The third case solves for the steady-state temperature in...
Follicular lymphoma: the case for timely intervention

After decades of slow progress in the management of follicular lymphoma (FL), important strides are occurring. An aim for cure is realistic and appropriate for some patients, including those with stage I–II disease, some histologic subtypes of FL (e.g., FL grade 3b) and even some relapsing patients following allogeneic stem cell transplantation approaches. Survival outcomes are improving, probably in large part related to the inclusion of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in current treatment strategies.
Role of a novel excipient poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-histidine) in retention of physical stability of insulin in aqueous solutions.

Purpose This study is to investigate whether poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-b-poly(L-histidine) [PEG-polyHis] can reduce aggregation of insulin in aqueous solutions on agitation by forming ionic complexes.
Noise in a High Sensitivity Open-Loop Fiber Optic Gyro

Noise in an open-loop, high sensitivity fiber optic gyro, including shot, thermal, electronic, and source(RIN) contributions, is investigated experimentally. Contributions to the random walk coefficient are calculated and shown to be in agreement with experiment.
BARNACLE FOULING OF THE ORNATE DIAMONDBACK TERRAPIN, MALACLEMYS TERRAPIN MACROSPILOTA

Balanomorph barnacles are one of the more common and conspicuous elements that comprise the epifaunal community of marine and brackish water turtles. We had the opportunity recently of examining a female ornate diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota Hay, fouled by both barnacles and mollusks. Allen & Neil (1952) noted that commonly diamondback terrapins are fouled by barnacles, but they failed to cite any species. The purpose of this note, therefore, is to record the unique occurrence of an oyster, a gastropod, and two species of barnacles on M. t. macrospilota. The terrapin was collected by Charles Cowles on 9 December 1962 in the shal lows off Shired Island in the California Swamp, Dixie County, Florida (approxi
Developmental biology meets materials science: Morphogenesis of biomineralized structures

Biomineralization is the process by which metazoa form hard minerals for support, defense, and feeding. The minerals so formed, e.g., teeth, bones, shells, carapaces, and spicules, are of considerable interest to chemists and materials scientists. The cell biology underlying biomineralization is not well understood. The study of the formation of mineralized structures in developing organisms offers opportunities for understanding some intriguing aspects of cell and developmental biology. Five examples of biomineralization are presented: (1) the formation of siliceous spicules and frustules in sponges and diatoms, respectively; (2) the structure of skeletal spicules composed of amorphous calcium carbonate in some tunicates; (3) the secretion of the prism and nacre of some molluscan shells; (4) the development of skeletal spicules of sea urchin embryos; and (5) the formation of enamel of vertebrate teeth. Some speculations on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that support biomineralization, and their evolutionary origins, are discussed.
Entre Dos Mundos/Between Two Worlds: Bicultural Development in Context.

How do Mexican immigrant adolescents balance different, and often oppositional, cultural influences in the acculturation process? In this article, we explore how acculturating adolescents absorb cultural messages and go about creating their (multiple) identities. Guided by Alternation Theory, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 undocumented Mexican adolescents and 14 of their parents who had immigrated to North Carolina within the past 7 years. All of the families had adolescent children who were born in Mexico. At least one parent and one adolescent from each family were interviewed. Interviewing multiple family members allowed us to examine how bicultural development progressed differently for various family members, and how the whole family balanced between cultural systems. Mexican parents and adolescents were acculturating while trying to resist assimilation pressures. They maintained strong Mexican identities that were preserved by practicing Mexican customs, values, and traditions in their homes and churches. Meeting U.S. cultural and linguistic demands at work and in school placed Mexican parents and adolescents between the two cultural systems. This prompted adolescents and parents to integrate some U.S. customs, language, or social behaviors into their daily lives, increasing bilingualism and, in some cases, biculturalism.
The effect of distractions on the crash types of teenage drivers

Teenage drivers are overrepresented in crashes when compared to middle-aged drivers. Driver distraction is becoming a greater concern among this group as in-vehicle devices, opportunities for distractions, and teenage drivers’ willingness to engage in these activities increase. The objective of this study was to determine how different distraction factors impact the crash types that are common among teenage drivers. A multinomial logit model was developed to predict the likelihood that a driver will be involved in one of three common crash types: an angular collision with a moving vehicle, a rear-end collision with a moving lead vehicle, and a collision with a fixed object. These crashes were evaluated in terms of four driver distraction categories: cognitive, cell phone related, in-vehicle, and passenger-related distractions. Different driver distractions have varying effects on teenage drivers’ crash involvement. Teenage drivers that were distracted at an intersection by passengers or cognitively were more likely to be involved in rear-end and angular collisions when compared to fixed-object collisions. In-vehicle distractions resulted in a greater likelihood of a collision with a fixed object when compared to angular collisions. Cell phone distractions resulted in a higher likelihood of rear-end collision. The results from this study need to be evaluated with caution due to the limited number of distraction related cases available in the U.S. GES crash database. Implications for identifying and improving the reporting of driver distraction related factors are therefore discussed.