cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labour, leisure and liminality: disciplinary work at play.

Academics rank high among those groups of people who derive their sense of personal identity and meaning from their particular form of employment. Yet, part of what being a university academic means – and part of the satisfaction that academics obtain from their jobs – lies in being paid to engage in ‘absorbing play.’ This essay explores some ways in which concepts of work and play, labour and leisure, are at issue in the organisation, imagination and experience of professorial employment in general, and how, in particular, such concepts informed and were negotiated in the interdisciplinary space of the 2006‐7 Humanities Institute seminar at the University of Texas at Austin out of which the papers collected in this special issue emerged.
Fibrillins Can Co-assemble in Fibrils, but Fibrillin Fibril Composition Displays Cell-specific Differences

Fibrillins are microfibril-forming extracellular matrix macromolecules that modulate skeletal development. In humans, mutations in fibrillins result in long bone overgrowth as well as other distinct phenotypes. Whether fibrillins form independent microfibrillar networks or can co-polymerize, forming a single microfibril, is not known. However, this knowledge is required to determine whether phenotypes arise because of loss of singular or composite functions of fibrillins. Immunolocalization experiments using tissues and de novo matrices elaborated by cultured cells demonstrated that both fibrillins can be present in the same individual microfibril in certain tissues and that both fibrillins can co-polymerize in fibroblast cultures. These studies suggest that the molecular information directing fibrillin fibril formation may be similar in both fibrillins. Furthermore, these studies provide a molecular basis for compensation of one fibrillin by the other during fetal life. In postnatal tissues, fibrillin-2 antibodies demonstrated exuberant staining in only one location: peripheral nerves. This surprising finding implicates distinct functions for fibrillin-2 in peripheral nerves, because a unique feature in humans and in mice mutant for fibrillin-2 is joint contractures that resolve over time.
Thermodynamic studies of the interaction of trp aporepressor with trytophan analogs

Abstract The association Of l -tryptophan and some of its analogs, including three conformationally restricted analogs with trp aporepressor (apo trpR) was studied by isothermal titration microcalorimetry. Contributions of the functional groups of a ligand to the free energy change, Δ G °′, and enthalpy change, Δ H °′, of the interaction were evaluated on a molecular basis. Analogs without the α-amino group (i.e.desamino analogs) bind with a slightly higher affinity to the protein. On the other hand, descarboxy analogs show weaker binding to the apo trpR. In addition, it is found that there exists enthalpy-entropy compensation for the association of the congener series of ligands with the protein. The entropy change, Δ S °′, appears to play a more important role in the binding of the conformationally restricted analogs than in the binding of l -tryptophan and the unlocked ligands
Teaching surgeons to operate. Principles of psychomotor skills training

Although the ultimate success of surgery depends on the use of adequate psychomotor skills, the evaluation of the abilities of a trainee and the teaching of these skills has not been systematized. The choice of a trainee in surgery should be based at least partially on his innate abilities, and his training should be begun at an appropriate level. The procedures he may do should be analyzed to determine the skills required for their performance. Then these skills should be taught specifically, initially in non-threatening situations such as laboratory settings, and their acquisition assessed so that he can be progressed to more advanced work at the appropriate time. Ultimately a decision must be made whether to train a candidate to a skill level or whether to train him for a set period and then counsel him regarding which procedures he has the skills to perform. There are well developed concepts in educational psychology that may be used in developing improved methods to assess and train prospective surgeons.
Wechsler Performance IQ > Verbal IQ Index in a Forensic Sample: A Reconsideration.

Explored the relationships of the Performance IQ (PIQ) greater than Verbal IQ (VIQ) to type of crime, ethnicity, and reading disability in a corrections sample of 70 adult males incarcerated on felony charges. The PIQ greater than VIQ sign was not related to Full Scale IQ or to violent vs. nonviolent crime, per se. The PIQ greater than VIQ sign showed a trend toward association with Ethnicity (black vs. white) and was related significantly to reading disability, with the reading disabled inmates more likely to show the sign, and to type of crime, with perpetrators of sex crimes most likely (87%) to show the sign and those incarcerated for murder or attempted murder least likely (33%) to show it. The difference in the proportion of inmates who showed the sign in these two classes of violent crimes (murder and sex crimes) was significant, and further analysis showed that with murder excluded, PIQ greater than VIQ occurred significantly more frequently in those accused of violent crimes than for nonviolent crimes. The latter findings suggested that differences between studies in the relationship of PIQ greater than VIQ and violence may be the result of differences in the proportion of murderers in the violent samples. Additional analyses indicated that the significant relationships between PIQ greater than VIQ and both type of crime and reading disability were most likely independent of ethnicity and each other.
A Branch on the Tree of Whitman: Martín Espada Talks about Leaves of Grass

Interview with poet Martin Espada about what drew him to Whitman, how Whitman influenced him, and about the Whitman poetic tradition.
The capture of holes in deep-lying acceptor levels in gold-doped germanium

Abstract The capture cross-section for holes and its temperature dependence have been measured on gold-doped germanium for the 0.145 eV acceptor level by pulsed field effect in the temperature range from 50°K to 100°K. The result: \ gs p = 7 × 10 −13 (T/100) −n cm 2 with a value for n between 1 2 and 1. Effective cross-sections of the first acceptor level for gold, nickel and manganese in germanium show a correlation with maximum solubility and segregation constant indicating that these impurities may introduce an appreciable perturbation in the homopolar germanium host lattice, the geometrical extension of which may be responsible for the observed large capture cross-sections.
Correlation of erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity between siblings

CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (COMT) is the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, and other catechol compounds to their O-methylated metabolites1. COMT is widely distributed in many tissues including the red blood cell (RBC)1,2 and individual differences in the activity of this enzyme in human beings may be involved in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric and neurological diseases3,4. Inhibitors of COMT have been used experimentally in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and other neurological diseases5. COMT activity is decreased in red blood cells obtained from depressed women3 and is increased in erythrocytes obtained from children with Down's syndrome6.
Persuasiveness of Confidence Expressed via Language and Body Language

In previous studies (Johnson & London, 1968; London et al., 1970a) expressed confidence has been identified as a new ‘message’ variable causing persuasion. However, the variable has been extracted from naturalistic discussion in a dyad. In order to determine further its efficacy, we manipulated expressed confidence in two studies. In Study 1 expressed confidence was manipulated via language. In Study 2 expressed confidence was manipulated via body language. The results confirm earlier findings and indicate that a ‘channel’ notion is required to understand the expression of confidence.
Ultrafast electron and lattice dynamics in semiconductors at high excited carrier densities

Abstract We directly measure ultrafast changes in the dielectric function of GaAs over the spectral range from the near-IR to the near-UV caused by intense 70-fs laser excitation. The dielectric function reveals the nature of the ultrafast phase transformations generated in the material, including a semiconductor-to-metal transition for the strongest excitations. Although the electron and lattice dynamics are complex when large carrier densities are excited — between 1 and 20% of the valence electrons — the dominant processes and their timescales can be deduced.
In utero bone marrow transplantation induces donor-specific tolerance by a combination of clonal deletion and clonal anergy

Abstract Background/Purpose: In utero bone marrow transplantation can induce donor-specific tolerance to postnatal solid organ transplantation, although the mechanisms remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the role of clonal deletion and clonal anergy in the maintenance of tolerance in a murine model of in utero bone marrow transplantation. Methods: DBA/2 mice (Mls a+ ) were used as donors of adult bone marrow, and 14-day-gestation fetal Balb/c mice (Mls a− ) were used as recipients. Tolerance was defined by donor-specific skin graft survival for more than 8 weeks. Clonal deletion was assessed by flow cytometry for Vβ6 T cell receptor usage. A tolerant animal demonstrating partial deletion of CD4+/Vβ6+ T cells and a nontolerant animal were selected for analysis of clonal anergy by a proliferation assay using plate-bound anti-Vβ6 antibody for stimulation with or without exogenous interleukin-2 (IL2). Results: Vβ6+ splenocytes constituted 6.32% of CD4 + T cells in the tolerant animal compared with 9.19% in the nontolerant animal, demonstrating incomplete clonal deletion in the tolerant animal. Stimulation with plate-bound anti-Vβ6 induced a good proliferative response in the nontolerant animal but a significantly attenuated response in the tolerant animal ( P Conclusions: In this murine model of in utero bone marrow transplantation, the tolerant state is characterized by partial clonal deletion of donor reactive T cells and clonal anergy of nondeleted donor reactive T cells. The anergic state can be abrogated by exogenous IL2, suggesting that the mechanism of anergy is a deficiency of IL2 production.
Optimal combination of InSAR and GPS for measuring interseismic crustal deformation

High spatial resolution measurements of interseismic deformation along major faults are critical for understanding the earthquake cycle and for assessing earthquake hazard. We propose a new remove/filter/restore technique to optimally combine GPS and InSAR data to measure interseismic crustal deformation, considering the spacing of GPS stations in California and the characteristics of interseismic signal and noise using InSAR. To constrain the longer wavelengths (>40 km) we use GPS measurements, combined with a dislocation model, and for the shorter wavelength information we rely on InSAR measurements. Expanding the standard techniques, which use a planar ramp to remove long wavelength error, we use a Gaussian filter technique. Our method has the advantage of increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, controlling the variance of atmosphere error, and being isotropic. Our theoretical analysis indicates this technique can improve the signal-to-noise ratio by up to 20%. We test this method along three segments of the San Andreas Fault (Southern section near Salton Sea, Creeping section near Parkfield and Mojave/Big Bend section near Los Angeles), and find improvements of 26%, 11% and 8% in these areas, respectively. Our data shows a zone of uplift to the west of the Creeping section of the San Andreas Fault and an area of subsidence near the city of Lancaster. This work suggests that after only 5 years of data collection, ALOS interferograms will provide a major improvement in measuring details of interseismic deformation.
Regression Testing UML Designs

As model driven architectures (MDAs) gain in popularity, several techniques that test the UML models have been proposed. These techniques aim at early detection and correction of faults to reduce the overall cost of correcting them later in the software life-cycle. Recently, Pilskalns et al., 2003 proposed an approach to test the UML design models to check for inconsistencies. They create an aggregate model which merges information from class diagrams, sequence diagrams and OCL statements, then generate test cases to identify inconsistencies. Since designs change often in the early stages of the software life-cycle, we need a regression testing approach that can be performed on the UML model. By classifying design changes, and then further classifying the test cases, we provide a set of rules about how to reuse part of the existing test cases, and generate new ones to ensure all affected parts of the system are tested adequately. The approach is a safe and efficient selective retest strategy. A case-study is reported to demonstrate the benefits
Reconnaissance Study of the Strontium Isotopic Composition of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Northwestern Great Basin

Sixteen mafic and intermediate lava flows of Eocene to Pleistocene age from the northwestern Great Basin have initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios of from 0.7029 to 0.7047. Seven upper Miocene mafic and intermediate lava flows have initial ratios of from 0.7037 to 0.7041, suggesting a common source for the Steens Basalt and contemporaneous rocks of the northwestern Great Basin. Values of 0.7047 and 0.7033 obtained on olivine basalts of early Miocene and Quaternary ages, respectively, suggest that these lavas were derived from different source materials than were the late Miocene rocks. Unusually low values of 0.7029 obtained on two specimens of andesite from the Eocene Cedarville Series of Russell (1928) suggest that these lava flows were derived from still another source material. Ten silicic volcanic rocks, most from widespread and voluminous ash-flow sheets and lava complexes, have initial ratios of approximately 0.7023 to 0.7057. Some of the more radiogenic values, obtained on very highly differentiated and strontium-poor rock units, provide only an upper limit for the initial Sr 87 /Sr 86 ratios of the parent magmas. The close similiarity of the strontium isotopic composition of the silicic rocks to those of spatially and temporally associated intermediate lavas supports the concept that the widespread Miocene silicic volcanic rocks of the northwestern Great Basin were produced by the fractional crystallization of enormous volumes of mantle-derived mafic magma. The data also provide indirect support for the interpretation that the relatively radiogenic character of many salic volcanic rocks from other parts of the Great Basin largely reflects the presence of an unusually radiogenic mantle rather than the involvement of crustal material.
Universal portfolios with side information

We present a sequential investment algorithm, the /spl mu/-weighted universal portfolio with side information, which achieves, to first order in the exponent, the same wealth as the best side-information dependent investment strategy (the best state-constant rebalanced portfolio) determined in hindsight from observed market and side-information outcomes. This is an individual sequence result which shows the difference between the exponential growth wealth of the best state-constant rebalanced portfolio and the universal portfolio with side information is uniformly less than (d/(2n))log (n+1)+(k/n)log 2 for every stock market and side-information sequence and for all time n. Here d=k(m-1) is the number of degrees of freedom in the state-constant rebalanced portfolio with k states of side information and m stocks. The proof of this result establishes a close connection between universal investment and universal data compression.
Dissemination of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria across Geographic Borders

The development of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria in any country is of global importance. After their initial selection and local dissemination, AR bacteria can be transferred across international borders by human travelers, animal and insect vectors, agricultural products, and surface water. The sources and routes of importation of strains of AR bacteria are most often unknown or undetected, because many bacteria carrying resistance genes do not cause disease, and routine surveillance often does not detect them. Control of international dissemination of AR bacteria depends on methods to reduce selection pressure for the development of such bacteria and improved surveillance to detect their subsequent spread.
Microfabrication in Biology and Medicine

Microfabrication uses integrated-circuit manufacturing technology supplemented by its own processes to create objects with dimensions in the range of micrometers to millimeters. These objects can have miniature moving parts, stationary structures, or both. Microfabrication has been used for many applications in biology and medicine. These applications fall into four domains: tools for molecular biology and biochemistry, tools for cell biology, medical devices, and biosensors. Microfabricated device structures may provide significantly enhanced function with respect to a conventional device. Sometimes microfabrication can enable devices with novel capabilities. These enhancing and enabling qualities are conferred when microfabrication is used appropriately to address the right types of problems. Herein, we describe microfabrication technology and its application to biology and medicine. We detail several classes of advantages conferred by microfabrication and how these advantages have been used to date.
Risk Group and Death From Prostate Cancer: Implications for Active Surveillance in Men With Favorable Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer

Importance Active surveillance (AS), per the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, is considered for patients with low-risk prostate cancer (PC) and a life expectancy of at least 10 years. However, given the grade migration following the 2005 International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference, AS may be appropriate for men presenting with favorable intermediate-risk PC. Objective To estimate and compare the risk of PC-specific mortality (PCSM) and all-cause mortality (ACM) following brachytherapy among men with low and favorable intermediate-risk PC. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective cohort study of 5580 consecutively treated men (median age, 68 years) with localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with brachytherapy at the Prostate Cancer Foundation of Chicago between October 16, 1997, and May 28, 2013. Intervention Standard of practice per the NCCN guidelines. Main Outcomes and Measures Fine and Gray competing risks regression and Cox regression analyses were used to assess whether the risks of PCSM and ACM, respectively, were increased in men with favorable intermediate-risk vs low-risk PC. Analyses were adjusted for age at brachytherapy, year of treatment, and known PC prognostic factors. Results After median follow-up of 7.69 years, 605 men had died (10.84% of total cohort), 34 of PC (5.62% of total deaths). Men with favorable intermediate-risk PC did not have significantly increased risk of PCSM and ACM compared with men with low-risk PC (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.64; 95% CI, 0.76-3.53; P = .21 for PCSM; adjusted HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.88-1.39; P = .38 for ACM). Eight-year adjusted point estimates for PCSM were low: 0.48% (95% CI, 0.23%-0.93%) and 0.33% (95% CI, 0.19%-0.56%) for men with favorable intermediate-risk PC and low-risk PC, respectively. The respective estimates for ACM were 10.45% (95% CI, 8.91%-12.12%) and 8.68% (95% CI, 7.80%-9.61%). Conclusions and Relevance Men with low-risk PC and favorable intermediate-risk PC have similarly low estimates of PCSM and ACM during the first decade following brachytherapy. While awaiting the results of ProtecT, the randomized trial of AS vs treatment, our results provide evidence to support AS as an initial approach for men with favorable intermediate-risk PC.
Improved Methods for Immunoassay of Mycothiol

Improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods have been developed for the determination of femtomole amounts of mycothiol (MSH), the main low-molecular-weight thiol in mycobacteria. The immunoassays utilize an affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibody that is highly specific for the pseudodisaccharide moiety of MSH. MSH was first biotinylated by the thiol-specific reagent 3-(N-maleimidopropionyl)biocytin. The MSH-biotin adduct was then captured with immobilized avidin and detected with anti-MSH antibody (biotin-capture ELISA) or was captured with immobilized anti-MSH antibody and detected with alkaline phosphatase-labelled avidin (MSH-capture ELISA). The MSH-capture ELISA was the most sensitive method, measuring as little as 0.3 fmol of MSH. Methods for biotinylating MSH directly from Mycobacterium spp. are described. The MSH-capture ELISA was tested for the detection of M. avium seeded in human urine or cerebrospinal fluid samples and for screening mutant M. smegmatis strains to detect MSH production.
Optimal image classification employing "optimal" polarimetric variables

Analysis of polarimetric SAR data often proceeds after first identifying important degrees of freedom in the data, thereby reducing the dimensionality of the problem. Various derived parameters (e.g. entropy, polarization fraction) and/or descriptions of polarimetric data (e.g. scattering matrix, covariance matrix, Stokes Parameters) are employed to effectively reduce the dimensionality of the data while at the same time preserving the relevant polarimetric information. The classification presented in this work involves two steps: first determine the reduced set of variables, from the data, that "optimally" represents the polarimetric information. Second, employ these newfound variables to segment (and classify) the polarimetric SAR image. Finally, the classification results are compared with standard statistical maximum likelihood techniques.
Serum cholesterol methodology: 100 years of development

Serum cholesterol is the third nationally recommended health screening test. It is the first test which depends upon the chemical analysis of a serum compound. Over the past 100 years, the methods of measurement and methods of standardizing these measurements have improved owing to the combined efforts of clinical research, governmental and non-governmental actions, and commercial producers. The future constancy of serum cholesterol measurement will be based on: (1) National Bureau of Standards (NBS) pure cholesterol standard, (2) NBS Definitive Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrography Method, (3) Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Lipid Laboratory Reference Method, and (4) CDC National Reference System for Serum Cholesterol.
Acute pancreatitis in primary hyperparathyroidism: a population-based study.

Context: The association between acute pancreatitis and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is controversial. Objective: The aim of the study was to address the incidence and disease characteristics of acute pancreatitis in PHPT from a large inception cohort of community residents. Design and Setting: Patients with acute pancreatitis were identified in an Olmsted County, Minnesota, cohort of PHPT subjects diagnosed from 1965–2001 and compared to matched control subjects. Main Outcome Measures: The estimated rate of developing acute pancreatitis was calculated by person-years method. Cox models assessed the effect of PHPT disease status on the development of acute pancreatitis. Results: Of 684 patients with PHPT, 10 patients (1.5%) developed acute pancreatitis, compared to 32 of 1364 control patients (2.3%). The estimated rate of development of acute pancreatitis in PHPT was 114 per 100,000 person-years, compared to 140 per 100,000 person-years in control subjects (P = 0.56). The estimated hazard ratio of acute pancreatitis for PHPT relative to the control subjects was 0.84 (P = 0.89). The majority of subjects with PHPT and acute pancreatitis were women (n = 7), and the mean age was 70.6 yr at the time of acute pancreatitis. PHPT was present an average of 137 months before the development of acute pancreatitis, and contributing causes for acute pancreatitis were in identified in four patients. Maximal serum calcium levels in PHPT were not significantly associated with the development of acute pancreatitis. Conclusions: Acute pancreatitis was not increased in community patients with PHPT, and therefore, there does not appear to be a causal relationship between PHPT and acute pancreatitis.
Effects of Outcome Valence and Severity on Attribution of Responsibility

Summary.-The effects of severity (mild vs severe) and outcome (positive vs negative) on attributions of responsibility for equally probable evens were investigated. In line with predictions derived from attribution theory, severity of outcome was found to influence attributions of responsibility. This influence was most pronounced for negative outcomes. Attributions of effort, a central component of personal causation, increased as the severity of positive outcomes increased and decreased as the severity of negative outcomes increased. Furthermore, evaluations of both actors' effort and ability were greater when they received positive than when they received negative consequences. These results support a cognitive rather than a motivational, e.g., self-defensive or self-enhancing, interpretation of attribution of responsibility. Finally, the meaningfulness of measures traditionally employed to assess attribuuon of responsibility, especially with regard to positive outcomes, was discussed The hypothesis of defensive attribution suggests that perceivers are biased observers of another's fortune, and further, that these biases are enhanced when the consequences of the other's behavior are serious rather than mild. Observation of another's misfortune supposedly motivates perceivers to defend themselves against the possibility that they might undergo similar suffering; consequently, perceivers tend to hold the actor responsible for negative consequences (Walster, 1966). Observation of another's good fortune supposedly motivates perceivers to maximize the possibility that they too might experience similar happiness; consequently, perceivers tend to hold the actor less responsible for positive consequences (Shaw & Skolnick, 1971). TO preserve the belief that positive consequences could befall anyone, such outcomes are attributed to chance rather than the actor's special gifts or talents. These motives bias subsequent attributions of responsibility such that with increases in the severity of an outcome, attributions of responsibility increase for negative outcomes and decrease for positive ones. In an original study by Walster ( 1966), subjects heard about a student's car causing an accident after a disengaged brake allowed the unattended vehicle to roll down a hill. The results supported the self-defensive hypothesis. Subjects saw the student-owner as more responsible when the runaway auto caused severe consequences (vehicle destruction or serious injury to innocent bystanders) than . . when the consequences were mild (a dented fender or possible injury to innocent
When Empathy Fails

In recent years, there has been a growing research interest in the various qualities of the infant cry. In some investigations, the acoustic features of the cry have been analyzed (e. g., Vuorenkoski, Lind, Wasz-Hockert, & Partanen,1971; Zeskind & Lester,1978), whereas in others, the effects of the cries on the listener have been examined (e. g., Frodi, Lamb, Leavitt, & Donovan, 1978; Frodi & Lamb, 1980b; Lounsbury, 1978). This chapter will focus on the latter. Within this perspective, the infant cry is seen as a proximity-eliciting and proximity-maintaining signal, which is functional virtually from the time of birth.
Light-Induced Electron Transfer Reactions in Solution, Organized Assemblies and at Interfaces: Scope and Potential Applications

Light-induced electron transfer reactions and redox chemistry resulting from these processes have been the subject of extensive investigations during the past several years. Quenching of a very wide variety of excited states by electron transfer or by formation of exciplexes in which there is considerable charge separation has been shown to be quite general; the chemical consequences of these quenching events can range from no net chemistry to such diverse processes as cycloadditions, free radical or radical ion reactions and polar substitutions or additions.2–27 Much study in this area has focused on excited states of transition metal complexes; the rich array of accessible redox states available in many complexes coupled with low excitation energies and relative photostability makes them potentially attractive candidates for a number of applications.
Dynamic Moduli and Damping Ratios for a Soft Clay

Cyclic, simple shear, and free vibration tests were performed on 12-in × 12-in × 6-in block samples of a remolded 3:1 kaolinite-bentonite clay mixture of various water contents. The simple shear tests were performed by using predetermined sinusoidal displacements at frequencies ranging from 1 cps to 10 cps. A free-vibration damping factor was obtained from the logarithmic decrement of the free-vibration decay curve. By using the theory of the transverse vibration of shear beams, it was possible to obtain the shear modulus from a known period of free vibration. The shear moduli, established by simple shear and free-vibration tests, were in good agreement. The modulus for a given strain decreased as the shear strain increased and as the number of cycles increased. The damping value, which is also strain-dependent, increased with increasing strain. The value of free-vibration damping was always higher than the value of hysteretic damping for a given strain value.
An IT Perspective on Standards, Service Architectures and Platforms

Telecom services and internet services have traditionally been deployed using very different service architectures, conforming to different sets of industry standards. With the evolution of the network infrastructure to NGN and with the migration of both IT and telecom services to the cloud, there is an increasing harmonization of service architectures and an increasing adoption of IT technology within telecom environments. In this chapter, we describe how standardization activities in the IT industry have helped to transform the internet into a global service infrastructure and how a combination of standard technologies, open APIs and common platforms has helped to drive the growth of web services. We also highlight some of the emerging standards and platforms that are shaping the mobile application and cloud computing spaces.
Postictal immobility and generalized EEG suppression are associated with the severity of respiratory dysfunction

Summary Objective The pathophysiology of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) remains undetermined. Seizures are accompanied by respiratory dysfunction (RD). Postictal generalized electroencephalography (EEG) suppression (PGES) may follow generalized tonic–clonic seizures (GTCS). Following GTCS patients have impaired arousal and may be motionless. Patients with SUDEP are usually prone. Postictal immobility (PI) may contribute to SUDEP by not permitting repositioning of the head to allow unimpeded ventilation. To determine whether RD and/or ictal characteristics are associated with PI, we analyzed patients with GTCS in the epilepsy monitoring unit. Method We investigated for associations between PI duration and PGES, ictal/postictal oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), seizure localization, duration, and tonic and total convulsive phase duration. We investigated for linkage between PGES and these measures. Results Seventy patients with 181 GTCS and available SpO2 and/or ETCO2 data were studied. Simple linear regression analysis by seizures showed that PI duration was associated with peak periictal ETCO2 (p = 0.03), duration of oxygen desaturation (p = 0.005) and with SpO2 nadir (p = 0.02). PI duration was not associated with tonic, convulsive phase or total seizure duration. Analysis by patients also showed significant association of PI with RD. Duration of PI was longer following seizures with PGES (p < 0.001). PGES was not associated with the tonic, convulsive phase or total seizure duration. SpO2 nadir was lower in seizures with PGES (p = 0.046), ETCO2 peak change (p = 0.003) was higher, and duration of ETCO2 elevation (p = 0.03) was longer. Multivariable regression analysis showed that PGES and severe RD were associated with PI duration. Significance The duration of PI and presence of PGES are associated with periictal RD. The duration of PI is also associated with the presence of PGES. Seizure duration or duration of the convulsive phase is not associated with PI or PGES. Interventions aimed at reversing impaired arousal and PI may reduce SUDEP risk.
Seasonal changes in home-range area and fidelity of martens

We evaluated seasonal variation in home-range area and documented the extent of home-range fidelity among seasons for nonjuvenile (≥1 year) male and female martens ( Martes americana ) in a forest preserve that was closed to trapping. Indices of home-range area were not different between early (1 November–31 December) and late winter (1 January–31 March) for either sex ( P > 0.52). Further, home-range area and indices to home-range area of males and females did not differ ( P > 0.27) between summer and winter, suggesting that martens responded to changing seasonal conditions at scales smaller than the home range. The proportion of males maintaining residency throughout the period monitored was higher ( P = 0.02) than that of females, indicating that home ranges of females were more dynamic than home ranges of males among seasons. Five resident females abandoned their home-ranges, despite two of the females having previously lactated. For martens that maintained resident status for consecutive seasons, a median of 71% of radio locations of 37 males and 83% of radio locations of 14 females occurred within the home range of the previous season. Neither males or females adjusted the size of their home ranges among seasons; however, males tended to shift location of their home ranges in response to increases in available space. In contrast to males, females either maintained a high degree of fidelity among seasons without shifting location of their home range, or completely abandoned previously established home ranges. Spacing systems of female martens appear more rigid than those of males. Abandonment of existing home ranges by some females may result from stresses associated with high density in untrapped populations.
Macroscopic imaging of microscopic tissue scattering parameters using high spatial-frequency imaging

This study describes the use of high spatial frequency imaging to quantitatively map the anisotropic scattering phase function distribution in tissue.
Endoscopically assisted decompression for metastatic thoracic neoplasms.

Study Design. The author describes a technique for complete vertebrectomv and anterior decompression followed by a formal anterior column reconstruction, using readily available endoscopic instruments. This procedure is indicated in patients with radioresistant metastasis of the thoracic spine, particularly those involving the upper thoracic segments where a Thoracoromy is difficult and causes a high rate of morbidity. This is also a suitabie technique for patients with pulmonary disease who cannot tolerate a standard thora cotomy. Objectives. To demonstrate the feasibility and potential benefits of endoscopically controlled decompression through an extrapleural, posteroiateral approach of Background Data. Posterolateral decompression of the thoracic spine offers potential advantages in comparison with traditional anterior-posterior procedures combining thoracotomy and posterior instrumentation, including decreased operative time, decreased morbidity, and reduced hospital stay. Results of previous studies have not demonstrated the same benefit for posterolateral decompression as for anterior vertebrectomy and decompression. Drawbacks to the traditional postorolateral decompressions have included poor visualization of the spinal cord and anterior tumor, poor access to tumor on the side contralateral to the approach, and the need to manipulate the spinal cord to completely remove adjacent tumor and tumor adherent to the durs. Methods. Surgical indications, rationale, and tecnnique are provided, and initial clinical results are described. Results. Transpedicular decompression using endoscopy is describes in five patients. The mean operative time for the combined procedure was 7.25 hours. with a mean blood loss of 1800 mL. Neurologic recovery and maintenance were excellent. Inpatient days averaged 7.5, and intensive care days averaged 2. One patient died of disease 8 months after surgery, and four were living, with disease, 3-24 months after surgery. Conclusions. Endoscopically assisted decompression can reduce morbidity, hospital stay, and treatment costs while matching the efficacy of traditional combined procedures. Endoscopy provides a readily available and easily applied tool that aromatically improves the surgeon's vision, providing light, magnification, and a direct view of remote structures.
Room Temperature Rapid Photoresponsive Azobenzene Side Chain Liquid Crystal Polymer

A new room temperature photoresponsive side chain liquid crystalline polymer has been synthesized and tested. It combines a side-on azobenzene LC with a low glass transition temperature polysiloxane backbone to obtain a nematic LCP at room temperature. The LCP also exhibits a crystalline phase that is kinetically trapped by the nematic phase at room temperature. Thermal transitions were observed at −7, 42, and 73 °C for the Tg, Tm, and Tiso, respectively, and polarizing optical microscopy with in situ UV irradiation was used to characterize the room temperature photoresponsive behavior of its metastable nematic phase. Upon irradiation, the nematic phase almost completely disappeared in about 35 s. The isotropization was linear with a rate of 1.9 × 10–11 mol/s at short times, but the final clearing process was exponential with a time constant of 4.6 s. These relatively short response times can be achieved at room temperature and are fast enough to be relevant for actuator and responsive elastomer applications.
Experimental Research on the Current Rating of 10 kV Three-core XLPE Cables

Three-core cables are widely used in distribution network presently.Reliable operation of cables is closely associated with operation temperature of its insulation,so the accurate calculation of cable ampacity is the basis of its safe and economic operation.However,complexity of distribution cables causes the lack of standards in cable management and ampacity calculation.To standardize calculation of three-core cable ampacity,based on typical layout mode of 10 kV three-core XLPE cable in Guangzhou,ampacity experiments of three-core cable were done.The experiments include several laying method such as in air,directly buried installation,duct installation and 2×3 duct installation.The temperature falls of cable body detected and calculated are compared,showing the correctness of calculation.The precise calculation of ampacity of three-core cable offers a theoretical support of load control,ensures district cable operation safely,and make a full use of its transfer capacity.The precise calculation of ampacity could provide a reference for the operation of distributed cable,insure the reliability of cables and make full use of its transfer capacity.
A Study on Relationship Governance Between Local Government's Land Finance and Central Government's Financial System

The paper analyzes central finance,local finance,land transfer revenue and land tax revenue from 1995 to 2010 and finds the following results: first,the implementation of tax sharing financial system results in an increasing proportion of land financial revenue in the total local financial revenue due to the decreasing percentage of the local and the national financial revenue;second,the total fiscal budgets of local government have strong dependence on land revenue.Based on above analysis,the paper proposes countermeasures to governance and ways to improve the relationship between the local finance and the central finance system which provides theoretical bases for establishing sustainable local financial revenue mode.
Vancomycin Resistance in the Enterococcus: Relevance in Pediatrics

Enterococci are nosocomial pathogens intrinsically resistant to a variety of commonly used antimicrobial agents. The frequent use of antimicrobial agents such as cephalosporins has been associated with the increased isolation of enterococci in pediatric hospitals. In addition to their intrinsic resistance traits, the enterococci have rapidly accumulated a variety of acquired resistance determinants. Strains that are resistant to all currently available antibiotics are now being isolated from infected children. The threat of untreatable enterococcal infection and the possibility that vancomycin resistance may spread from the enterococci to the more virulent pneumococci or staphylococci argue for vigilant surveillance for resistant strains, isolation and barrier precautions for infected patients, increased research into the mechanisms of resistance, and a reinvigorated effort to identify new classes of antimicrobial agents.
[A study of the substitution effect of hOGG1 and hMTH1 in oxidative DNA damage with gene-deficient cell strains].

Objective To investigate the potential substitution effect of hOGG1 and hMTH1 on oxidative DNA damage, based on gene-deficient cell strains models. Methods hOGG1 and hMTH1 gene deficient cell strains models were established by Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HFL) cells. After HFL cells being exposed to 100 μmol/L H2O2 for 12 h, HPLC-EC detecting technique and RT-PCR method were adopted to analyze the genetic expression level of 8-oxo-dG (7, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine). Results The gene-deficient cell strains models of hOGG1 and hMTH1 were obtained by infecting target cells with high titer of lentivirus. The mRNA expression level of hOGG1 was 0.09±0.02, 91% lower than it in normal HFL cells, which was 1.00±0.04. As the same, the mRNA expression level of hMTH1 (0.41±0.04) also decreased by 60% compared with it in normal HFL cells (1.02±0.06). After induced by 100 μmol/L H2O2 for 12 h, the genetic expression level of hMTH1 in hOGG1 gene-deficient cells (1.26±0.18) increased 25% compared with it in control group (1.01±0.07). Meanwhile, the genetic expression level of hOGG1 in hMTH1 gene-deficient cells (1.54±0.25) also increased by 52%. The DNA 8-oxo-dG levels in hOGG1 gene-deficient cells (2.48±0.54) was 3.1 times compared with it in the control group (0.80±0.16), the difference showed statistical significance (P<0.01). Whereas the 8-oxo-dG levels in hMTH1 gene-deficient cells (1.84±0.46) was 2.3 times of it in the control group, the difference also showed statistical significance (P<0.01). Conclusion Based on gene-deficient HFL cells models, a synergetic substitution effect on DNA damage and repair activity by both hOGG1 and hMTH1 were firstly discovered when induced by oxidation. The substitution effect of hOGG1 were stronger than that of hMTH1. Key words: RNA interference; Genetic defect; DNA oxidation; Repair gene; Biomarker; Substitution effect
Management of Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Serotonin syndrome (SS) and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) can present similarly and range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Although they are easily misdiagnosed, each is distinct clinically and pathophysiologically. It is important to distinguish between the two, as therapeutic options differ. An accurate and thorough medication history plus knowledge of the various clinical presentations of both syndromes are the first steps in management. After this, removing the offending agents and aggressive supportive care are crucial. This includes controlling muscle rigidity and hyperthermia, providing cardiovascular support, and alleviating agitation. In severe cases, paralysis, sedation, and intubation are required. Agents to reverse either surplus serotonergic activity or dopamine blockage can be useful. However, the diagnosis must be clear, as use of these agents in the incorrect syndrome can worsen symptoms. In pharmacologically refractory cases of NMS, electroconvulsive therapy should be pursued.
Unlocking the Power of Integrated Marketing Communications: How Integrated Is Your IMC Program?

The future of advertising and marketing communications will be marked by an increasingly diverse collection of new digital options added to the traditional media and communication options already available to marketers. By taking advantage of the unique strengths of different communication options, and combining them and sequencing them strategically, marketers have the opportunity to drive sales and build brands in ways never before possible. Doing so, however, will require new concepts, new tools, and new thinking. Toward that goal, this article describes seven integrated marketing communications (IMC) choice criteria that marketers can use to judge how effectively and efficiently they have assembled their IMC programs. The article also outlines five priority areas for future research to help further guide the successful design and implementation of IMC programs.
415 Evidence-based fire safety education and training material for social and healthcare service providers

Background Fire safety in institutional care of vulnerable people in Finland is at a good level. However, in assisted living, residential and home care fatal fires still occur. Risk assessment, as well as knowledge of good procedures is therefore needed. Information of fire safety is included in vocational education of social and health care sector but for formal, non-formal and in-formal education material to improve care practices and identify the fire hazards at clients home is lacking. Objective The aim of the project was to produce evidence-based educational material about fire safety for social and health care professionals. To produce this material, data gathered by National Institute for Health and Welfare, literature and good practices from social and health care and rescue services were utilised. The project took place 2012–2016 and was sponsored by Fire Protection Fund. Results Fire safety education material for social and health care professionals, students and planners was first published in 2014. The web-based material includes information about background, legislation, fatal fire cases, principles of risk management and learning from accidents. In addition, there are statistic, special knowledge about fire sensitive fabrics, electrical equipment and chemicals and also good practices to improve fire safety. Additional compact educational package for craft teachers is available. The material can be used also in voluntary work and for example for people taking care of their relatives. Conclusions Web-based material is freely available at https://www.thl.fi/fi/tutkimus-ja-asiantuntijatyo/hankkeet-ja-ohjelmat/step-hanke/stepin-koulutusaineisto. The material is available in Finnish and Swedish. English version is under consideration as there is urgent need of fire safety training also for increasing number of foreigners and immigrants in Finland.