cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arbitrator Selection and Regulatory Competition in International Arbitration Law

This paper examines empirically the effect of enacting a new or revised arbitration statute on the selection of international arbitrators. It considers three principal ways in which arbitrators may benefit from a new arbitration law. Parties may prefer to select arbitrators from the country in which the arbitration proceeding is held because of their expertise in the country‟s arbitration law (which governs the conduct of the arbitration proceeding). Thus, any increase in arbitration proceedings in a country following enactment itself likely benefits local arbitrators. In addition, enactment of a new arbitration statute might make it more likely that local arbitrators will be selected in proceedings held in the enacting country, because the changed legal regime makes local arbitrators‟ expertise more valuable than it was before enactment. Finally, successfully lobbying for a new arbitration statute may signal that arbitrators in the country have the sort of managerial or consensus-building skills that would make them effective arbitrators. If so, enactment might make it more likely that arbitrators in the enacting country will be selected for arbitration proceedings elsewhere. The paper uses cross-sectional data to estimate models of the selection of presiding and party-appointed arbitrators in arbitration proceedings administered by the International Chamber of Commerce (“ICC”) in 2000. The principal empirical findings are threefold. First, there is a strong relationship between the number of arbitration proceedings held in a country and the number of arbitrators selected from the country. Thus, as expected, an increase in arbitration proceedings held in a country following enactment of a new arbitration law almost certainly benefits prospective arbitrators in that country. Second, the rate at which local arbitrators are selected for arbitration proceedings held in a country increases after enactment of a new arbitration law. Enactment thus benefits local arbitrators not only by increasing the number of proceedings in the country, but also by increasing the rate at which local arbitrators are selected in those proceedings. Third, the rate at which local arbitrators are selected for arbitration proceedings held in other countries does not appear to increase after enactment of a new arbitration law, with the possible exception of presiding arbitrators in countries that have enacted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. The evidence thus does not support the theory that enactment of a new arbitration statute serves as a signal of arbitrator quality.
Autonomic runtime manager for adaptive distributed applications

For adaptive distributed applications, the computational complexity associated with each computational region varies continuously and dramatically both in space and time throughout the life cycle of the application execution. Consequently, static scheduling techniques are inefficient for such applications. In this paper, we present an autonomic runtime manager (ARM) that uses the application spatial and temporal characteristics as well as resource status as the main criteria to self optimize the execution of distributed applications at runtime. We applied the ARM system to a wildfire simulation and our experimental results show that the performance of the wildfire simulation has been improved by 45% when compared with a static partitioning algorithm. We also evaluate the performance of ARM using two partitioning strategies: natural regions (NR) approach and a graph partitioning approach.
The Confessing Church and Hitler's Foreign Policy: The Czechoslovakian Crisis of 1938*

The Confessing Church did not address itself to Hitler's foreign policy until war seemed imminent during the Czechoslovakian crisis of September, 1938. On the day of the Munich Agreement (September 30) liturgies of thanksgiving were held instead of a prayer service of confession and intercession written and circulated a few days earlier by three members of the Provisional Administration of the Confessing Church, Albertz, Bohm, and Miller. A controversy was touched off the following October 27 when the S.S. newspaper, Das Schwarze Korps, printed the prayer service and accused its authors of treason. Confessing Church moderates, led by Bishops Marahrens, Wurm, and Meiser, made no accusations of treason, but publicly disassociated themselves from the authors. Confession and intercession were unsuitable for the occasion, said the critics, and the failure to mention explicitly Hitler and the Sudeten Germans was a grievous error. On both counts Confessing Church radicals defended the prayer service and accused the bishops of yielding to pressure from Nazi authorities. The authors denied that either what the prayer service contained or omitted constituted a criticism of Hitler's foreign policy. Even though the Confessing Church did not question the morality of Hitler's foreign policy or consider whether it could in good conscience support a Hitler war effort, the prayer service set a precedent, followed by many Confessing Church clergymen thereafter: instead of proclaiming the righteousness of Germany's cause and praying for victory, Albertz, B6hm, and MUiller confessed Germany's sins, interceded for all peoples, and prayed for peace.
First-order and second-order necessary conditions for optimality of singular controls

Abstract The derivation of necessary conditions for the optimality of singular controls (in the sense of Pontryagin's maximum principle) in optimal control problems is inves- tigated. A new class of the necessary conditions is developed. This class of necessary conditions is composed of two parts, the first-order and second-order necessary conditions. As an application of these necessary conditions, an illustrative example is given, which shows that the necessary conditions developed are stronger than the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition. That is, the singular control in the example satisfies the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition, but does not satisfy the necessary conditions developed in this paper.
Direct and Indirect 3-D Reconstruction from Opti-Acoustic Stereo Imaging

Utilization of an acoustic camera for range measurements is a significant advantage for 3-D shape recovery of underwater targets by opti-acoustic stereo imaging, where the associated epipolar geometry of visual and acoustic image correspondences is described in terms of conic sections and trigonometric functions. In this paper, we propose and analyze a number of methods based on direct and indirect approaches that provide insight on the merits of the new imaging and 3-D object reconstruction paradigm. We have devised certain indirect methods, built on a regularization formulation, to first compute from noisy correspondences maximum likelihood estimates that satisfy the epipolar geometry. The 3-D target points can then be determined from a number of closed-form solutions applied to these ML estimates. An alternative direct approach is also presented for 3-D reocnstruction directly from noisy correspondences. Computer simulations verify consistency between the analytical and experimental reconstruction SNRs -- the criterion applied in performance assessment of these various solutions.
Fat cells directly sense temperature to activate thermogenesis

Classic brown fat and inducible beige fat both dissipate chemical energy in the form of heat through the actions of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1. This nonshivering thermogenesis is crucial for mammals as a defense against cold and obesity/diabetes. Cold is known to act indirectly through the sympathetic nervous systems and β-adrenergic signaling, but here we report that cool temperature (27–33 °C) can directly activate a thermogenic gene program in adipocytes in a cell-autonomous manner. White and beige fat cells respond to cool temperatures, but classic brown fat cells do not. Importantly, this activation in isolated cells is independent of the canonical cAMP/Protein Kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein pathway downstream of the β-adrenergic receptors. These findings provide an unusual insight into the role of adipose tissues in thermoregulation, as well as an alternative way to target nonshivering thermogenesis for treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases.
Erbb2 regulates inflammation and proliferation in the skin after ultraviolet irradiation.

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is the major cause of nonmelanoma skin cancer, the most common form of cancer in the United States. UV irradiation has a variety of effects on the skin associated with carcinogenesis, including DNA damage and effects on signal transduction. The alterations in signaling caused by UV regulate inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. UV also activates the orphan receptor tyrosine kinase and proto-oncogene Erbb2 (HER2/neu). In this study, we demonstrate that the UV-induced activation of Erbb2 regulates the response of the skin to UV. Inhibition or knockdown of Erbb2 before UV irradiation suppressed cell proliferation, cell survival, and inflammation after UV. In addition, Erbb2 was necessary for the UV-induced expression of numerous proinflammatory genes that are regulated by the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB and Comp1, including interleukin-1β, prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase 2 (Cyclooxygenase-2), and multiple chemokines. These results reveal the influence of Erbb2 on the UV response and suggest a role for Erbb2 in UV-induced pathologies such as skin cancer.
Effects of varying fat content of a high tryptophan diet on the induction of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase positive foci in the livers of rats treated with hepatocarcinogen

Abstract The influence of varying the dietary fat content on the emergence of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci in the livers of male rats fed elevated (2%) l -tryptophan (TRP) and exposed to a hepatocarcinogen was investigated. Subtotal hepatectomies were performed, and 18 h later the rats were treated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (30 mg/kg). Ten days later 4 dietary groups were followed for 10 weeks: (1) control diet containing 15% fat (C-HF); (2) control diet containing 5% fat (C-LF); (3) C-HF + TRP; (4) C-LF + TRP. Rats fed elevated TRP diets (C-HF + TRP and C-LF + TRP) similarly developed more and larger GGT+ foci than did rats fed the regular TRP diets (C-HF and C-LF), indicating that the promotional effect of elevated dietary TRP was not affected by the fat level (15% vs. 5%).
Constitutional nonsense germline mutations in the RB1 gene detected in patients with early onset unilateral retinoblastoma

Abstract The ‘two-hit' hypothesis for the development of the childhood eye cancer, retinoblastoma (Rb), predicts that bilaterally affected individuals will carry germline mutations. The second suggestion is that patients with early presentation of unilateral tumours also carry predisposing mutations. We have used SSCP analysis to study the 27 individual exons of the RB1 gene in constitutional DNA from 3 patients whose tumours were treated under the age of 12 months. Bandshifts on SSCP gels were detected in 2 of these patients which, on sequencing, were shown to be a C → T transition converting a CGA arg to a TGA stop codon in exon 17 and an 8 bp deletion in exon 20 resulting in a down-stream stop codon. The mutations seen in these patients are reminiscent of those seen in patients with hereditary Rb and confirms that at least some early onset unilateral cases carry constitutional mutations, which has important implications for genetic screening and counselling of these individuals.
Increased sensitivity to chronic ethanol in isolated mice.

Isolated C57BL/10 mice fed liquid diet as their only nutritional supply consumed 44% more diet than did groupedhoused mice. A similar increase due to isolation of 36% for C57BL/10 mice and of 89% for DBA/1 mice was demonstrated when the sucrose in the liquid diet was replaced by an equicaloric (6% v/v) amount of ethanol. The ethanol-drinking isolated mice suffered a higher mortality rate than the grouped mice. When isolated mice were given a restricted amount of ethanol diet to match the consumption of the grouped mice, their death rate still remained higher. It was concluded that isolation increased the sensitivity to ethanol effects. The observed changes in the sensitivity to ethanol effects may have been mediated by the known isolation-induced changes in the levels of brain amines and corticosterone. Generally, DBA/1 mice were more susceptible to chronic ethanol than C57BL/10, and the young more susceptible than the adults.
T-Cell Intestinal Lymphoma Associated with Celiac Sprue

Abstract A patient with a long history of celiac sprue developed a pleomorphic intestinal lymphoma. Cell suspensions of tumor cells and immunoperoxidase labeling of cell surface antigens in frozen ...
A New Genus and Species of Lobster (Decapoda, Nephropidae) From the Caribbean Sea

[Es wird eine neue Gattung und Art der Familie Nephropidae, Nephropides caribaeur, beschrieben, und die Unterschiede mit anderen Gattungen dieser Familie werden erwahnt. Zugleich wird ein Schlussel zu allen bekannten amerikanischen Nephropiden-Arten gegeben., Es wird eine neue Gattung und Art der Familie Nephropidae, Nephropides caribaeur, beschrieben, und die Unterschiede mit anderen Gattungen dieser Familie werden erwahnt. Zugleich wird ein Schlussel zu allen bekannten amerikanischen Nephropiden-Arten gegeben.]
Neural issues in the control of muscular strength.

Abstract During the earliest stages of resistance exercise training, initial muscular strength gains occur too rapidly to be explained solely by muscle-based mechanisms. However, increases in surface-based EMG amplitude as well as motor unit discharge rate provide some insight to the existence of neural mechanisms in the earliest phases of resistance exercise training. Moreover, other phenomena such as the cross transfer of strength following unilateral exercise and neural changes following limb immobilization also support a role for neural control in muscular strength. While studies to date have focused on the phenomenon of neural change, future studies will need to focus on the many motoneuron influences as well as intrinsic motoneuronal properties that may be responsible for these neural adaptations.
Effects of Bulk Density on Sediment Erosion Rates

By means of a recently developed flume, sediment erosion rates as a function of shear stress and with depth in the sediments have previously been determined for relatively undisturbed sediments from several rivers and lakes. These experiments demonstrated that erosion rates depended on at least the following parameters: bulk density (or water content) of the sediments, particle size distribution as well as mean particle size, mineralogy, organic content, and amounts and sizes of gas bubbles. In order to isolate and quantify the effects of one of these parameters, the bulk density, additional experiments have been done with reconstructed sediments and are reported here. These experiments first determined the bulk density as a function of depth in the sediments for three different types of sediments, for three different sediment core lengths, and for compaction times varying from 1 to 60 days. For each of these sediment cores and compaction times, the erosion rate as a function of shear stress and with depth was then measured and related to the local bulk density of the sediment The results demonstrate that, for a particular sediment and shear stress, the erosion rate is a unique function of the bulk density and can be expressed as a product of powers of the shear stress and bulk density.
The Glucomannokinase of the Gram-Negative Ruminal Bacterium, Prevotella bryantii B14, and its Sequence Conservation with Regulatory Glucokinases of Gram-Positive Bacteria☆

Abstract The glucomannokinase gene of Prevotella bryantii B 1 4, a strictly anaerobic ruminal bacterium, was amplified with degenerate PCR primers. The degenerate PCR primers were based on the N-terminal amino acid residues of the purified glucomannokinase and the C-terminus of other bacterial glucokinases. The PCR product had a molecular weight of approximately 550 bp. Because the purified glucomannokinase was composed of dimers with a monomer molecular weight of 34.5 kDa, the PCR product accounted for approximately 60% of the glucomannokinase DNA sequence. The B 1 4 sequence had significant similarity with the glucokinases of several aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria ( Streptomyces coelicolor , Staphylococcus xylosus , Bacillus subtilis , Bacillus megaterium ). Previous work indicated that the Gram-positive glucokinases and the B 1 4 glucomannokinase have a role in catabolite repression. These presumptive regulatory kinases formed a cluster that was distinct from other bacterial glucokinases. Amino acid sequence analyses indicated that the regulatory glucokinase genes (including the P. bryantii B 1 4 glucomannokinase gene) had a mean sequence similarity of 42 ± 2.4%. The regulatory kinases had some highly conserved regions with other bacterial glucokinases, but the mean similarity was lower (17 ± 2.0%). The role of regulatory kinases in catabolite repression has not been precisely defined, but sequence comparisons suggest a common theme may exist. Because P. bryantii B 1 4 is a Gram-negative bacterium, it appears that regulatory glucokinases may be widely distributed in eubacteria and not restricted to Gram-positive species.
Time-Frequency Hop Coding In Multi-User Environments

Time-frequency hop pulse train signals used in applications such as coherent multi-user radar or asynchronous spread spectrum communications must be selected on the basis of both auto- and cross-ambiguity characteristics. Neither codes based upon Costas arrays, which have nearly ideal auto- but not so good cross-ambiguity properties, nor codes based on linear congruences, which have nearly ideal cross- but unattractive auto-ambiguity properties, are entirely satisfactory. As a compromise, a new class of time-frequency hop codes is developed, based upon an extension of the theory of quadratic congruences. An uniform upper bound is placed on the entire cross-ambiguity function surface, and bounds are placed on the position and amplitude of spurious peaks in the auto-ambiguity function. These bounds depend on time-bandwidth product and code length exclusively, which leads to a discussion of the trade-offs involved between these two parameters.
Senders, Receivers and Authors in Document Classification

In many document classification problems, sets of people will be associated with the document. These sets might include document authors, or people who have read the document, or the sender of an electronic message, or the recipients of the message, or those carbon copied, or those blind carbon copied. It is obvious that these sets of people can constitute important information that can help to classify the document. In this paper, we propose a simple method for mapping the set of people in a sender or receiver category to a single, low dimensional vector in a latent space. There are many ways that this vector can be used to help with the document classification task, and in the paper we consider three distinct possibilities in detail. We find that mapping a set of senders or receivers to a latent space in this way and incorporating this mapping into a classifier can greatly boost classification accuracy on several real electronic discovery tasks.
A SIMULATION OF A MOTIONLESS MIXER

Continuous laminar mixing in segmented twisted-tape motionless mixers is considered. A solution to the steady isothermal creeping flow of a Newtonian fluid in a twisted-tape mixer has been obtained via two-dimensional numerical procedures. The developed flow within a section of the mixer has been solved in a helical coordinate system by an iterative scheme. The resulting solution is rigorously correct in the absence of entrance and exit flows at the junction between sections. An algorithm is presented for the modelling of these junction flows via two-dimensional procedures. Simulated cross-sectional mixing patterns have been generated for comparison with experimental results The performance of twisted-tape mixers is simulated for various designs, beginning with the particular geometry of the Kcnics Static Mixer, and for different operating conditions Results suggest that the rate of mixing as a function of the total twist per section is optimized with respect to pressure drop when sections contain 80 degr...
Limits on the production of neutrino-like particles in proton-nucleus interactions from calorimetry measurements☆

Abstract Using calorimetric techniques, we have searched for the production of neutrino-like particles in proton-nucleus collisions. Production limits for different parameterizations of the cross section for these particles are given. Charm production cross section limits imposed by the data are also discussed.
Factor analysis and matrix invariance of the HRNB-C category test

This study examined the factorial invariance of the six individual Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for Older Children (HRNB-C) Category subtests. The test scores for two large samples of learning disabled children were factor analyzed. A three-factor solution emerged for each group with a clear pattern of variable loadings. Category subtests IV and V load on Factor 1, subtests III and VI on Factor 2, and subtests I and II on Factor 3. Variable loadings were not only of similar pattern, but also magnitude and sign for both samples. Moreover, comparison statistics indicate an excellent fit between the two factor matrices. Results support the conclusion that the HRNB-C Category Test measures more than a single underlying construct.
Studies on thyroid proteins.—V immunochemical heterogeneity of human thyroglobulin☆

Abstract It has been shown that the 27S and 12S human thyroid proteins carry antigenic sites in common with thyroglobulin, the major antigen in crude extracts. Amounts up to 10 per cent of the 12 S protein, as well as amounts up to 28 per cent of the 27 S protein, in preparations of Tg had no significant effect on the nature of the gel diffusion precipitation reaction of the thyroglubulin. The immunochemical heterogeneity noted in these preparations of Tg seems to be inherent in the 19 S protein itself.
Differential response of some ectomycorrhizal fungi to cadmium in vitro.

SUMMARY Three ectomycorrhizal fungi originating from Pseudotsuga menziesii plantations were exposed to cadmium (Cd) concentrations up to 10 μM. Laccaria bicolor and Lactarius hepaticus showed a much higher sensitivity to Cd than Lactarius rufus. At 1 μM Cd, reductions in radial growth and in dry weight production were 91 % and 95% in L. bicolor, 100% and 100% in L. hepaticus and 14% and 8% in L. rufus, respectively. Cadmium increased the lag time of radial growth in L. bicolor but not in the other fungi examined.
Protective effects of tea polyphenols and caffeine

Compounds derived from botanical sources, such as polyphenols from tea, have been of interest as possible therapeutic agents. Their benefits in terms of cancer chemoprevention have also been investigated primarily through in vitro and animal in vivo studies. Ultraviolet light from solar radiation has been proven to initiate and promote skin cancer, which is the most common malignancy in light-skinned populations. This review discusses the effects of tea polyphenols in preventing cutaneous carcinogenesis. Although many of the mechanisms and pathways discussed may be applicable to other carcinogens, this review focuses mainly on those related to ultraviolet light-induced processes and potential action sites for tea polyphenols. Since caffeine is a component of tea, and has also been suggested as a possible chemoprotective agent, it is included in this review. Based on data from numerous studies published in the scientific literature, tea polyphenols are promising chemopreventive agents against ultraviolet-induced skin cancers. Their antioxidant properties, inhibitory effects on signal transduction pathways, cell proliferation, angiogenesis and capacity for apoptosis induction, as well as possible immune protective effects, are among the mechanisms that contribute to skin cancer prevention.
On the relationship between the golgi apparatus and annulate lamellae

Annulate lamellae were present in most in vitro melanoma cells studied by serial section. The nuclear membrane had a random distribution of pores, whereas pores of annulate lamellae were hexagonally arranged. No vesicles were found blebbing from the nuclear membrane during the cell cycle. It is postulated that annulate lamellae are transformed fenestrated cisternae of dictyosomes because of resemblance in size and arrangement of perforation. Direct continuity between annulate lamellae and dictyosomes was established as was an indirect continuity via rough-surfaced endoplasmatic reticulum. Annulate lamellae were mainly distributed in the Golgi zone. A few annulate lamellae were found near lipid droplet accumulations; one stack of annulate lamellae was in continuity with paired double membranes. The earliest appearance of annulate lamellae in the cell cycle was shortly after telophase. Rough-surfaced endoplasmatic reticulum was occasionally perforated by single pores of the types found in annulate lamellae and in the nuclear envelope. It is postulated that annulate lamellae are present in cells with either a highly active or a hypertrophied Golgi apparatus, such as in secreting and tumor cells.
Possible abnormalities of steroid secretion in children with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome and their parents

In early infancy, two unrelated children with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome were found to have elevated levels of androgen sulfates. When the steroid conjugates in the serum of normal infants were hydrolyzed and chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20, 4 androgen containing peaks (I, II, III, IV) were found. In the serum from these two infants with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Peaks I and III were increased, but Peaks II and IV were absent. The parents of the two children, and of three additional unrelated children with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, had exaggerated 17-hydroxyprogesterone responses to an intravenous bolus of ACTH. These findings suggest that a defect in steroid metabolism may be linked to the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.
Revenus des facteurs et agglomération

Nous presentons un modele simple d’economie geographique base sur la circularite suivante : (1) les regions ou vivent les travailleurs qualifies gagnant des revenus eleves sont attractives pour les firmes qui y trouvent des debouches importants ; (2) la presence de nombreuses firmes dans une region incite les travailleurs a acquerir les qualifications requises par ces firmes. Cette circularite peut pousser les firmes a s’agglomerer. Ce modele s’etend facilement a plusieurs regions. Il permet aussi d’envisager une analyse plus poussee en matiere de politique economique. La modelisation s’y pretant facilement, nous rappelons enfin quelques resultats standards de l’economie geographique.
Identification of Alcohol-Related Problems in OLDER WOMEN

The stereotype of an alcohol or drug abuser rarely elicits an image of an older woman. However, if an expanded definition of alcohol abuse is considered, many older women are at risk because of normal changes in the body due to aging and the high number of prescription and over-the-counter medications they use. This article reviews current knowledge about alcohol-related problems in older women.
Translational lessons from scarless healing of cutaneous wounds and regenerative repair of the myocardium

Regenerative healing is the process by which injured tissues are restored to their original structure and function. Many species are capable of healing in this manner. However, in mammals the healing response in most tissues is marked by fibroblast proliferation and scar tissue deposition. While scarring contributes to efficient resolution of mammalian wounds and restoration of at least partial structural and functional support, the final result of scar formation can be more deleterious than the initial insult. This is especially true in the heart, which is sensitive to electrical heterogeneities and altered mechanical properties produced by scarring. Several therapeutic modalities promoting regeneration in skin wounds have been developed that modulate various aspects of the healing process. Targets include cytokine stimulation, control of fibroblast activation, modulation of gap junctions, and stem cell differentiation. Here, we review and compare mechanisms of injury, repair, and scarring in the skin and heart and discuss the promise and caveats of future therapies that may translate to improving repair of myocardial tissues.
DNA−DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking by FR66979: Intermediates in the Activation Cascade

The antitumor antibiotics FR66979 (1), FR900482 (2), and FK973 (3) are similar in structure and biological activity to the DNA cross-linking antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C (4). The cytotoxic effects of 1-3 have been proposed to result from sequential bioreductive cleavage of the N-O bond and condensation of the thus-exposed amine and ketone functions to yield an indole (e.g., 9) which is structurally analogous to the mitosene nucleus of reductively activated mitomycins. We report herein evidence substantiating this proposal based upon study of the reductive activation chemistry of 1 and 2 using thiols and iron(II) in the absence and presence of DNA. Prolonged exposure of reductively activated 1 to sodium bornhydride afforded the dihydroindole 11, presumably through trapping of the iminium ion precursor (16). Kinetics measurements strongly implicate a relatively long-lived precursor to the iminium ion, which accumulates following iron(II)-catalyzed thiol-promoted reduction of 1, proposed herein to be one or both of the isomeric aminals 12. Under appropriate conditions, some step or steps between this intermediate and the iminium ion are shown to be rate limiting in DNA cross-linking, in production of the dihydroindole by borohydride trapping, and in the decay of the intermediate(s) competent to produce those same products. These studies clearly demonstrate the strong similarities in the cascade of reactions which follow reductive activation of FR66979 (1) [and presumably by extension FR900482 (2) and FK973 (3)] and the mitomycins.
Strong Photon-Photon Correlations in Photonic Crystals

We solve exactly two-photon transport in photonic-crystal waveguide coupled to a two-level system. Notable features include two-photon bound state that behaves as a composite particle, and effective attractive or repulsive interactions in space for photons.
The information center as a middle ground in offsetting personnel obsolescence

The primary purpose here is to present the profound impact of the IC on organizations and individuals; the concept's congealing force which is now patterning organizations forged around user interfaces and environments; and the dramatic effect of evolving an organization essentially with an innovative and effective mechanism for merging organizational and functional islands of information systems and services.
Conventional tube and microplate Limulus amoebocyte lysate procedures for determination of gram-negative bacteria in milk.

A comparison was made of the conventional tube and microplate Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay for detection of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide in milk. Raw whole milk samples were maintained frozen and portions were examined periodically on alternate days during 13-d storage to evaluate the reproducibility of both Limulus amoebocyte lysate procedures and to determine optimum reaction conditions for the microplate method. One-day-old, raw and locally purchased pasteurized milk samples, held at 7 degrees C, were analyzed during storage to establish the correlation of both procedures with aerobic and modified psychrotrophic plate counts. Vitamin- and mineral-fortified dairy-based products were examined using the microplate Limulus amoebocyte lysate test as a potential indicator of raw material or finished product bacterial quality and possible postprocessing contamination. Statistical analysis of the data collected comparing the conventional tube and the microplate Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay demonstrated no significant difference exists between the methods when either the modified psychrotrophic bacterial count or the aerobic plate count was used to determine gram-negative bacteria in pasteurized or raw milk (P less than .91). The microplate method, which uses half the lysate reagent, was a good indicator of the bacterial quality of milk and fortified dairy products, consistently detecting bacterial levels greater than 10(3) to 10(4)/ml.
Public relations strategies for creating mass media content: A case study of the National Basketball Association

Abstract In the relationship among public relations, mass media, and the audience, it is often the mass media who are deemed the power brokers in their ability to potentially influence an audience. The agenda-setting theoretical framework operates from the perspective of the mass media having the power to transfer the salience of an issue to the public. Perhaps, however, too much power is granted to the mass media without the consideration of the processes by which mass media content is selected and framed. This raises the question: who sets the public agenda? Public relations practitioners have the ability to assist the production of mass media content through various proactive public relations strategies that are designed to promote and present the organization they represent in the most positive manner. A case study of the National Basketball Association (NBA) reveals several public relations and promotional strategies, which indicate that much of the creation of NBA related mass media content is directed by the NBA itself. John A. Fortunato is an assistant professor of Communication at Saint Peter’s College, Jersey City, NJ.
A time-dependent multiple criteria single-machine scheduling problem

Abstract We introduce a nonpreemptive single-machine scheduling model with time-dependent multiple criteria. We formulate the problem as a knapsack problem and propose a dynamic programming (DP)-based algorithm to finding all efficient schedules. An illustrative example is enclosed.
Manual dexterity aptitude testing: a soap carving study.

Importance Currently there are few validated metrics for predicting surgical skill among otolaryngology residency applicants. Objective To determine whether manual dexterity aptitude testing in the form of soap carving during otolaryngology residency interviews at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center Oakland predicts surgical skill at the time of graduation from otolaryngology residency programs. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was conducted to determine how applicants with the best and worst soap carvings compared at the time of graduation with respect to various metrics including visuospatial ability and manual dexterity. Over the last 25 years, applicants to the residency program at Kaiser Permanente Oakland were required to carve soap during their residency interview. The 3 best and 3 worst soap carvings from 1990 through 2006 were determined. Of the individuals who carved those soaps, 62 qualified for the study and matriculated into otolaryngology residency programs. Interventions Surveys were sent to the 62 individuals’ residency programs to evaluate those individuals on a 5-point Likert scale in various categories as well as to rank those individuals as being in the top 50% or bottom 50% of their graduating class. Main Outcomes and Measures All else being equal, we hypothesized that applicants who had the manual dexterity and visuospatial skills to accurately carve a bar of soap would more likely possess the skills necessary to become a good surgeon. Results There was no difference between individuals with the best soap carvings and those with the worst soap carvings in all categories: cognitive knowledge, visuospatial ability, manual dexterity, decision making, and overall score ( P > .10 for all categories). There was a 95% response rate, with 35 of 37 residency programs responding and 59 of 62 surveys returned. Conclusions and Relevance Manual dexterity aptitude testing in the form of soap carving does not appear to correlate with surgical skill at the time of graduation. Further studies need to be conducted to determine the role of manual dexterity and visuospatial aptitude testing in the otolaryngology application process.
Motivation to Pursue Surgical Subspecialty Training: Is There a Gender Difference?

Background Few studies have examined whether women and men identify the same factors as important in choosing their specialty. We sought to evaluate whether the factors influencing residents' choice of surgical specialty differed by gender. Study Design A 32-item Web survey, designed to elucidate which factors motivated residents to seek fellowship training, was sent to 99 graduates of a university general surgery program, all of whom matriculated between 1985 and 2006. Results A total of 74 (75%) respondents replied (16 women, 58 men). There was a higher proportion of men who pursued fellowship training than women (69% versus 38%, p=0.04), but there was no significant difference in those who were currently in academic practice (men, 46% versus women, 27%, p=0.2). Both genders were equally likely to respond that interest in and intellectual appeal of their field, clinical opportunities in that field, and having an influential mentor during residency were important in choosing their future specialty. But significantly more women listed lifestyle as an important factor in choosing their future careers (69% versus 43%, p=0.03). When respondents' data from the most recent decade were analyzed, there was no difference between genders in completion of fellowship training or in those in academic practice. But lifestyle continued to be more important to women. Conclusions Both genders were influenced by many similar factors when deciding to pursue subspecialty training, but women were more likely than men to be influenced by their perception of the lifestyle associated with their career choice. These findings suggest that general surgical residency programs might improve efforts to recruit women by addressing the perception of the lifestyle associated with choosing a surgical career.
T. rex, the Crater of Doom, and the Nature of Scientific Discovery

Working from the 1970s to the early 1990s, Walter Alvarez and his research teamsought the cause of the mass extinction that claimed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. The present paper discusses thatresearch in terms of eight puzzling observations, eight episodes of hypothetico-predictive reasoning, enumerative induction,and Jung's interrogative theory of scientific discovery. The Alvarez case history paints scientific discovery as a process in whichcausal questions are raised and answered through the creative use of analogical reasoning followed by an equally creative process ofhypothesis testing in which predicted and observed results are compared. According to this account, puzzling observations, causalhypotheses, and imagined tests drive investigations and the search for evidence. Two implications follow. The firstconcerns the education of new scientists and science education researchers and the need to more clearlydifferentiate hypotheses from predictions in the research process. The second concerns standard science classroom instruction that shouldmore frequently engage students in open inquiries that raise causal questions and encourage the generation of alternative causalhypotheses, which can then be explicitly tested in ahypothetico-predictive fashion.
Increased synergistic effect of EGF and IGF-I on DNA synthesis of cultured psoriatic keratinocytes.

Background: DNA synthesis is significantly more stimulated in response to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in growth-arrested cultures of psoriatic than of nonpsoriatic keratino
Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements for studying molecular interactions: interaction of a calcium-binding probe with proteins

Abstract The binding of 2-[(2-bis[carboxymethyl]amino-5-methylphenoxy)-methyl]-6-methoxy-8-bis[carboxymethyl] aminoquinoline, the fluorescent calcium probe Quin2, to serum albumin and several other proteins has been investigated. Changes in fluorescence emission spectra and fluorescence anisotropy revealed interactions between Quin2 and several proteins including human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, aldolase, phosphoglucose isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase. Protein-probe interactions were inhibited by the presence of calcium. Binding was also measured by resonance energy transfer and gel permeation chromatography. Equilibrium binding constants for Quin2 were quantitated by the application of the recently-developed ‘SPECTRABIND’ program to spectroscopic data (D. Toptygin and L. Brand. Anal. Biochem., 224 (1995) 330–338). Binding of Quin2 to human serum albumin is discussed in terms of the published X-ray crystal structure of human serum albumin (X.M. He and D.C. Carter, Nature, 358 (1992) 209–215).
Identification and Characterization of a Mobilization Gene in the Streptococcal Plasmid, pVA380-1

Abstract The 4.2-kb cryptic streptococcal plasmid, pVA380-1, has a broad host range and replicates via a rolling circle mode. The nucleotide base sequence of the 2.5-kb basic replicon of this plasmid, containing a plus origin, a minus origin, and a rep gene, was reported previously. The completed nucleotide base sequence of pVA380-1 revealed the presence of two additional open reading frames, ORF2 and ORF3. The protein predicted by ORF2 shared 74% amino acid identity with the Mob protein of the Group B streptococcal plasmid, pMV158. The 170 bases immediately 5′ to ORF2 and to mob of pMV158 shared 87% homology and included a putative - 10 region and a RS a site. A derivative of pVA380-1 into which a kanamycin resistance gene was inserted outside of the above 170 base region and ORF2 was mobilized by the conjugative streptococcal plasmid, pAMβ1 into Enterococcus faecolis and Streptococcus sobrinus . Interruption of ORF2 by the same kanamycin resistance gone abolished the mobilizability of pVA380-1.
Optical constants of liquid ammonia in the infrared

On the basis of quantitative studies of spectral reflectance in the range 350–5100 cm−1 and spectral transmittance between 875 and 7000 cm−1, we have determined the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of liquid ammonia in the spectral region in which the two sets of measurements overlap. We have also determined these optical constants in the range 5000–350 cm−1 from a Kramers–Kronig analysis of the reflectance measurements. The results of the investigation are presented in graphical and tabular form.
Indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists and antagonists in T47D human breast cancer cells

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a major component of Brassica vegetables, and diindolylmethane (DIM) is the major acid-catalyzed condensation product derived from I3C. Both compounds competitively bind to the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor with relatively low affinity. In Ah-responsive T47D human breast cancer cells, I3C and DIM did not induce significantly CYP1A1-dependent ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity or CYP1A1 mRNA levels at concentrations as high as 125 or 31 microM, respectively. A 1 nM concentration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced EROD activity in these cells, and cotreatment with TCDD plus different concentrations of I3C (1-125 microM) or DIM (1-31 microM) resulted in a > 90% decrease in the induced response at the highest concentration of I3C or DIM. I3C or DIM also partially inhibited (< 50%) induction of CYP1A1 mRNA levels by TCDD and reporter gene activity, using an Ah-responsive plasmid construct in transient transfection assays. In T47D cells cotreated with 5 nM [3H]TCDD alone or in combination with 250 microM I3C or 31 microM DIM, there was a 37 and 73% decrease, respectively, in formation of the nuclear Ah receptor. The more effective inhibition of induced EROD activity by I3C and DIM was due to in vitro inhibition of enzyme activity. Thus, both I3C and DIM are partial Ah receptor antagonists in the T47D human breast cancer cell line.
Precise measurement of the dielectric constant of seawater at 1.413 GHz: The capillary exit hole correction

Summary form only given. The effect of the capillary-tube exit holes in the microwave resonant cavity used to measure the dielectric constant of seawater at L-band, is investigated. The cavity technique is a perturbation method that uses the change in the resonant frequency and Q of the cavity when seawater is added to determine the complex dielectric constant of seawater. The tube, through which the seawater is introduced into the cavity, enters through two small center holes in the cavity's endplates. It has been suggested in the literature that these small exit holes could affect the change in the resonant frequency measurement, thus introducing a frequency pulling error into the measurements. Numerical modeling of similar cavities indicates that a frequency pulling effect can occur due to the center holes in the endplates. These simulations indicate that a coaxial TEM-like mode is created in the connector that holds the capillary tube to the endplates. This TEM-like mode reflects from the end of the connector and acts as a resonant circuit. Since the seawater is acting as the center conductor of the TEM guide, the effect should be more noticeable as the conductivity of the seawater increases. The conductivity increases with increasingsalinity and temperature. To see whether the frequency-pulling effect is important, a lossy graphite cylinder with a hole in the center has been inserted into the connector, to attenuate the TEM wave. Measurements for high salinity and high temperatures have been made with and without the graphite cylinder. The results of the measurements will be discussed in this study.