cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The time reversal invariant fractional Josephson effect

One of the most basic consequences of topological superconductivity is the fractional Josephson effect, which arises due to the coherent tunneling of single electrons between two superconductors, leading to an ac Josephson effect with half the usual Josephson frequency. In this paper we will review the theoretical and experimental foundations of topological superconductivity and the fractional Josephson effect. We will then describe recent work in which we have clarified the role of time reversal symmetry. We find that time reversal symmetric Josephson junctions are classified by two distinct Z2 topological invariants. One of these characterizes a junction mediated by the edge states of a quantum spin Hall insulator. In that case, we showed that electron interactions stabilize a 'Z4 fractional Josephson effect' with one quarter the usual Josephson frequency. For strong interactions this Josephson effect is associated with the tunneling of charge quasiparticles. For weak tunneling, this theory describes a fourfold ground state degeneracy that is similar to that of coupled 'fractional' Majorana modes, but is protected by time reversal symmetry.
Colorful Math: Developing Algorithmic Methodology to Visualize and Analyze the Dynamics of a Deciduous Tree

The purpose of this study is to determine if it is possible to use LIDAR (light detection and ranging) point cloud data collected using a FARO Focus3D laser scanner to: 1) generate a high quality 3D virtual representation of a scanned tree and reduce noise due to environmental variability, 2) develop an algorithm to differentiate between different sections of trees based on RGB values associated with these point clouds and calculate the respective volumes of these sections, and 3) project leaf color change dynamics over time. The visualization tools used are Matlab and R. Additional analysis was done with a high performance computing cluster (Clemson University's Palmetto cluster). The data is of an American Sycamore Platanus occidentalis over a period of eight weeks as the tree transitions from fall into winter. The conclusions of this study have implications in outlining innovative approaches to three-dimensional tree dynamic measurement using advanced technology and tools. These approaches can provide the baseline information of a forest structure for greater understanding of how a tree changes seasonally, as well as the establishment of methodology for making laser scanning software and Matlab's Image Processing Toolbox more flexible to use. The visualization aids in this study can inform and be used to estimate with greater precision the effects that disturbances, such as fires and hurricanes, have on forest structures.
Bailing Out Sovereign Debt : An Old Texan Precedent

The fate of the distressed debt issued by the 1836-1845 Republic of Texas has received surprisingly little attention. Annexation by the United States was almost certainly a necessary condition for the debt rising from the pennies-on-the-dollar values seen in the early 1840s. But the largest gains awaited legislation in the early 1850s that fixed the repayment terms on the debt. Statistical analysis confirms the link between the debt price and actual, or anticipated, congressional actions on the debt settlement after 1844.
A Re-Analysis of Historical Los Alamos Critical Assembly Reaction Rate Measurements

Starting in the 1950s and continuing into the early 1970s, a number of foil irradiations and fission chamber measurements were made in a variety of Fast critical assemblies at Los Alamos National Laboratory. These include (i) Godiva, a bare HEU spherical assembly; (ii) Flattop-25, a spherical assembly consisting of an HEU core and a natural uranium reflector; (iii) Jezebel, a bare 239 Pu assembly; and (iv) Flattop-Pu, a spherical assembly consisting of a 239 Pu core and a natural uranium reflector. In most instances the irradiations occur at or near the center of the assembly, but in selected instances data were obtained for a radial traverse extending into the Flattop reflector region. Measurements were made for a number of threshold reactions, including 45 Sc(n,2n)44m Sc, 51 V(n ,α)48 Sc, 75 As(n,2n)74 As, 89 Y(n,2n)88 Y, 90 Zr(n,2n)89 Zr, 103 Rh(n,2n)102g Rh, 107 Ag(n,2n)106m Ag, 169 Tm(n,2n)168 Tm, 175 Lu(n,2n)174 Lu, 191 Ir(n,2n)190 Ir, 197 Au(n,2n)196 Au, 203 Tl(n,2n)202 Tl, 204 Pb(n,2n)203 Pb and 238 U(n,2n)237 U. Fission ratio data for 238 U(n,f)/235 U(n,f) and 239 Pu(n,f)/235 U(n,f) were also obtained. We report C/E values from MCNP6 calculations using ENDF/B-VII.1 and IRDFF-v1.03 cross section data.
Tightening up the structure, lighting up the pathway: application of molecular constraints and light to manipulate protein folding, self-assembly and function

Chemical cross-linking provides an effective avenue to reduce the conformational entropy of polypeptide chains and hence has become a popular method to induce or force structural formation in peptides and proteins. Recently, other types of molecular constraints, especially photoresponsive linkers and functional groups, have also found increased use in a wide variety of applications. Herein, we provide a concise review of using various forms of molecular strategies to constrain proteins, thereby stabilizing their native states, gaining insight into their folding mechanisms, and/or providing a handle to trigger a conformational process of interest with light. The applications discussed here cover a wide range of topics, ranging from delineating the details of the protein folding energy landscape to controlling protein assembly and function.
On the design of a simple proof for Morley’s Theorem

The general opinion — with which I concur — is that Frank Morley’s Theorem about the angle trisectors of a triangle is a geometrical curiosity that is of historical interest at best. Independently of the (in) significance of the theorem proved by it, a proof may deserve our attention, for instance, by virtue of its structure, its simplicity, or its brevity. For the proof to be shown below, such a claim can be made: requiring no auxiliary lines or points, it is so simple that the theorem’s late discovery (1899) and the elapsed decade before the first proofs were published (1909) become the more striking. When I found this proof years ago, I was only too willing to ascribe that discovery to my great ingenuity and all that. The purpose of this note, however, is to show how, in the mean time, the art and science of proof design have advanced to a stage in which the design of such proofs has almost become a routine exercise, requiring the usual care in arrangement and notation, but a minimum of invention.
Use of crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia (Myrtales: Lythraceae), cultivars as a pollen source by native and non-native bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Quincy, Florida

Abstract Crape myrtle, Lagerstroemia species (Myrtales: Lythraceae), has become a dominant flowering plant in the ecosystems of the southeastern USA. Examination of flower records for bees shows few records of pollinators visiting these species even though they produce dimorphic pollen. Sampling of bees from a multi-cultivar crape myrtle planting at the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, North Florida Research & Education Center in Quincy, Florida, via established transect walks in 2009 and 2010, and intensive net collecting in 2011, indicated that bee species from several functional groups (based on taxonomy, body size, and sociality) visited crape myrtle. Results also indicated that crape myrtle cultivars were used differently by the following major bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae): the honey bee, Apis mellifera L.; the bumble bees Bombus impatiens Cresson and Bombus fraternus (Smith); and the carpenter bees Xylocopa micans Lepeletier and Xylocopa virginica (L.). Numbe...
Determination of residues of alachlor and related herbicides in crops by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A method is described for determining residues of 3 acetamide herbicides-alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(ethoxymethyl)acetamide), and butachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(butoxymethyl)-acetamide)-by liquid chromatography (LC). Currently no published method determines metabolites from all 3 herbicides in crops. Strong-base hydrolysis after extraction of a test portion with water-acetonitrile results in the formation of 2,6-diethylaniline (DEA) and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-ethylaniline from alachlor metabolites, 2-ethyl-6-methylaniline and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylaniline from acetochlor metabolites, and DEA from butachlor. The anilines are isolated by steam distillation, partitioned with Supelclean ENVI-Chrom P solid-phase extraction columns, and methylated prior to LC analysis. The limit of quantitation of aniline moieties is about 0.01 ppm. Recoveries of 0.01-0.40 ppm aniline moieties are generally 74-103%, with relative standard deviations of 2.2 to 14.0%.
24 Hour Ambulatory Electroencephalographic Monitoring in Pediatrics

Prolonged ambulatory electroencephalographic monitoring was evaluated in 38 children, aged five weeks to 20 years. Eleven children with known seizure disorders who also had additional episodic symptomatology of unknown etiology were monitored, in eight of these children the "spells" were recorded. For 38% of these cases (3/8) the symptoms were shown to be seizures, while for the other 62% the episodic symptomatology did not represent a seizure. In another 23 children without previously documented seizure disorders, the "spells" were recorded in 11 cases. Only two of these 11 (18%) children with episodic symptomatology were shown to have seizures. This study demonstrates the usefulness of outpatient electroencephalographic monitoring in pediatrics for evaluation of episodic symptomatology of unclear etiology.
Hydrography, micronutrients, and phytoplankton at four stations in Hjeltefjorden, western Norway

Abstract The study covers the period February to August 1978. The hydrography differed little from that of the coastal water in general, possibly with the exception of a more stable surface layer. Salinities at the surface ranged from 27.7‰ to 32.9‰ in the bottom water (250 m) from 34.4 to 34.9‰. The highest temperature was 14.5° C at 0 m in August and the lowest was 4° C at 0 m at the end of March. At 250 m depth the temperature decreased from 7.7° C in February to 6.7° C in July. Oxygen saturation was above 100% during the phytoplankton growth period down to a depth of la-3D m. In the deep water oxygen saturation was 86–88%. Two blooms were recorded, one in March-April and Onein June, both dominated by Skeletonema costatum. The highest cell numbers, 105–1071-1, the highest chlorophyll a concentrations, 2.6–3.3 mg m-3, and the highest carbon assimilation rates, 10–20 mg C m-3h-1 (100 μE m-2sec-1 )-1, were all round during the blooms, At other times cell numbers were low, and chlorophyll a concentrations ...
Protection by metals against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in the rat. Comparative biochemical and pharmacologic studies implicate protein sulfhydryls.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests a role of endogenous sulfhydryls (SHs) in gastric “cytoprotection.” Because divalent metals bind to or oxidize SH groups, their effect on ethanol-induced gastric erosions was studied. For comparative biochemical studies the SH cysteamine, the glutathione depletor diethylmaleate, and SH alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) were also used. Rats pretreated with CdCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , or Cu(NO 3 ) 2 6 h before absolute ethanol showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in the mucosal lesions. Copper was effective in preventing the lesions up to 15 min before the ethanol. Iron and manganese were active at 30 min, but not at 6 h before the ethanol lesions. Indomethacin administration decreased the protection afforded by iron, manganese, and cadmium, but did not modify that by lead and copper. N -ethylmaleimide abolished the protection by iron, manganese, and cadmium, but did not affect the protection caused by lead and copper when given after the metals. However, when NEM was given before lead and copper, it diminished the protection. Secretory studies revealed that cadmium and zinc slightly inhibited gastric acid secretion, but a similar reduction of acid output by cimetidine did not decrease the ethanol-induced gastric erosions. Biochemical studies of endogenous SH showed that the protective metals and NEM decreased the glutathione concentration in the nonprotein fraction, whereas these metals diminished and NEM, which antagonizes mucosal protection, elevated the cysteine concentration in the protein fraction of the gastric mucosa. The common factor with the protective agents thus seems to be the blocking of protein SH by binding or oxidation by protective agents. These endogenous SHs may mediate cellular responses to injury.
Prevention of lipid peroxidation does not prevent oxidant-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction.

We tested whether, with exposure to an extraneous iron-catalyzed free radical-generating system, prevention of lipid peroxidation with U74006F, a 21-aminosteroid, could also prevent myocardial contractile dysfunction. Rabbits received either U74006F (10 mg/kg iv) or vehicle (V). Thirty minutes later the hearts were excised and perfused by a non-recirculating Langendorff technique. Six U74006F- and six V-treated hearts were exposed for 7.5 min to a .OH-generating system (H2O2 and Fe(2+)-ADP chelate). Myocardial lipid peroxides were measured by glutathione peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of exogenous glutathione. With exposure to .OH, cytosolic lipid peroxide levels were increased threefold in V-treated hearts, but there was no increase in U74006F-treated hearts. After 30 min of recovery, developed pressure and maximum first derivative of left ventricular pressure were greater in U74006F-treated hearts than in V-treated hearts but were still 50 and 44% of levels in saline hearts, respectively. Coronary flow was markedly reduced after exposure to free radicals and was only slightly less depressed when U74006F was administered. When coronary flow following oxidant exposure was increased by nitroglycerin, U74006F again only modestly improved systolic function. Thus, although U74006F blocked lipid peroxidation, it only slightly improved the ventricular dysfunction caused by .OH. Therefore, factors other than lipid peroxidation play a major role in oxidant-induced myocardial stunning.
Mitotic Chromosome Structure: An Update, December 1984

Even though the study of mitotic chromosomes dates back to the 19th century, little is known about the details of chromosome architecture and the mechanism of chromosome condensation at mitosis (for reviews see references 1 and 2). In this review, I will briefly describe the current models of chromosome architecture and subsequently examine the current status of the chromosome scaffold model in greater depth.
Abstract 835: Comparison of direct transplantation of colon cancer cells vs. tumor xenografts using orthotopic mouse model for colon cancer progression and metastasis

Orthotopic transplantation is the process of implantation of cancer cells or tumor xenograft tissues into the organ of origin of the cancer. This procedure enables cells to grow and proliferate in their natural microenvironment. The orthotopic transplantation model has been observed to be highly amenable to cancer cells and recapitulates the human disease with high fidelity. Orthotopic transplantation is very common in clinical cancer research using athymic nude mouse as a model system. A major advantage of the orthotopic transplantation model is its ability to study the development and progression of cancer metastasis. The identification and therapeutic validation of anti-metastatic agents is of urgent need since till date there are no effective anti-metastatic therapies available for colon cancer. The procedure of xenograft transplant is time consuming and costly because of the involvement of more number of mice. Popular method for orthotopic transplant is to grow a subcutaneous tumor injecting human cancer cells and then transplant a small piece of xenograft to the immune deficient mouse for clinical study. In this study, we directly injected the tumor cells below the sub-serosal layer of the caecum to develop colorectal cancer bypassing the formation of xenograft and its subsequent transplantation. We compared the effectiveness in tumor progression and metastasis between the cell transplant and xenograft implant to the caecum. GFP labelled HCT116 cells were used for this study to develop colorectal cancer. First, we injected 8 million cells subcutaneously to the athymic nude mice to generate xenograft for further transplant to the caecum. On another set of experimental animals, a total of 2 million cells were directly injected below the sub-serosal membrane to develop primary tumor on the colon. Whole body GFP imaging revealed that within a week of transplantation of cancer cells or xenografts, primary tumor starts to develop to the colon and metastasized within 4-5 weeks after implantation. In both the cases, we record a 100% of primary tumor formation with 50-60% liver and 75-80% lung metastasis. To confirm the metastasis in liver and lung we studied GAPDH expression on the tissues and conduct HE 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 835.
Sparse representation classification via sequential Lasso screening

The sparse representation of signals with respect to an over-complete dictionary has been of recent interest in a broad range of applications. One of the most used methods for obtaining sparse codes, the Lasso problem, becomes computationally costly for large dictionaries and this hinders the use of this approach to large-scale decision tasks. Recently, dictionary screening has been used to address this computational issue. In this spirit, we show how sequential Lasso screening can also facilitate faster completion of sparse representation decision tasks, such as classification, without affecting statistical accuracy. Moreover, the sequential screening process allows us to employ an early decision mechanism that can further accelerate classification, possibly at the cost of small decrease in accuracy.We demonstrate this empirically for several classification tasks. In particular, for clip-level music genre classification, using scattering features and a new voting scheme, we show that the proposed method yields improved clip classification accuracy and considerable computational speedup.
Using integrated process and microeconomic analyses to enable effective environmental policy for shale gas in the USA

As one of the largest consumers of energy and emitters of greenhouse gases in the world, the USA must balance energy demand and security with environmental responsibility. Recently, shale gas has emerged as a promising element toward a solution to this dilemma. Currently, shale gas production is regulated under the same rules that govern traditional oil and gas operations, without consideration for the unique environmental challenges associated with the unconventional gas extraction process. It involves small independent operators that typically utilize the most cost-effective extraction processes without necessarily prioritizing the environmental impact of their operations. As a result, opposition to shale gas extraction threatens the continuity and sustainability of the shale gas industry. The negative externalities and information asymmetry associated with this market continue to be captured in a price of natural gas which is not inclusive of the environmental costs of the extraction processes. The objective of this work is to determine the environmental policies that will lead to sustainable shale gas production. A hierarchical approach is developed to benchmark current technologies and to generate, assess and select technologies and policies that overcome market hurdles while addressing EHSS objectives. The approach analyzes the technical and microeconomic impacts of environmental remediation techniques and then takes a multipronged policy approach which supports the microeconomic, environmental, health and safety goals. To illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach, a case study is solved for the Barnett Shale play to assess at the microeconomic and environmental implications of environmental remediation technologies for shale gas operations. Based on the results of the analysis, technology changes create both economic and environmental benefits for operators indicating a market failure resulting in the priceless favorable technologies do not reflect their impact on the environment. The market failures in the process are analyzed and four policy alternatives to the status quo are evaluated against four policy goals. The primary recommendation resulting from the analysis, the Comprehensive policy alternative, uses a phased approach to drive ongoing innovation in the shale gas industry, stimulate demand for natural gas and reduce the information asymmetry. The implementation of this policy is then applied to an economic and environmental model of a cluster of wells in the Barnett Shale to determine how the policy would be implemented.
SIBERIA: PERESTROYKA AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This paper assesses a number of factors (within the conceptual framework of Braudelian time scales) which have contributed to a downward spiral in the Siberian and Far Eastern economies under perestroyka. A key role is played by the changing, increasingly negative linkages between West Siberia and the European USSR (given depletion of the most commercially viable Siberian oil and gas reserves and changing world market prices) and the long lead times and uncertain prospects for development of East Siberian and Far Eastern resources.
Problem Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Association with Verbal Ability and Adapting/Coping Skills

Data from the Autism Inpatient Collection was used to examine the relationship between problem behaviors and verbal ability, which have generally, though not universally, been highly associated. In a comparison of 169 minimally-verbal and 177 fluently-verbal 4 to 20-year-old psychiatric inpatients with ASD, the severity of self-injurious behavior, stereotyped behavior, and irritability (including aggression and tantrums) did not significantly differ, when controlling for age and NVIQ. Verbal ability was not strongly related to the severity of problem behaviors. However, lower adapting/coping scores were significantly associated with increasing severity of each type of problem behavior, even when accounting for verbal ability. Interventions to develop adapting/coping mechanisms may be important for mitigation of problem behaviors across the spectrum of individuals with ASD.
Energy-speed-accuracy relation in complex networks for biological discrimination.

Discriminating between correct and incorrect substrates is a core process in biology, but how is energy apportioned between the conflicting demands of accuracy ($\ensuremath{\mu}$), speed ($\ensuremath{\sigma}$), and total entropy production rate ($P$)? Previous studies have focused on biochemical networks with simple structure or relied on simplifying kinetic assumptions. Here, we use the linear framework for timescale separation to analytically examine steady-state probabilities away from thermodynamic equilibrium for networks of arbitrary complexity. We also introduce a method of scaling parameters that is inspired by Hopfield's treatment of kinetic proofreading. Scaling allows asymptotic exploration of high-dimensional parameter spaces. We identify in this way a broad class of complex networks and scalings for which the quantity $\ensuremath{\sigma}ln(\ensuremath{\mu})/P$ remains asymptotically finite whenever accuracy improves from equilibrium, so that ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{eq}}/\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. Scalings exist, however, even for Hopfield's original network, for which $\ensuremath{\sigma}ln(\ensuremath{\mu})/P$ is asymptotically infinite, illustrating the parametric complexity. Outside the asymptotic regime, numerical calculations suggest that, under more restrictive parametric assumptions, networks satisfy the bound, $\ensuremath{\sigma}ln(\ensuremath{\mu}/{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{eq}})/Pl1$, and we discuss the biological implications for discrimination by ribosomes and DNA polymerase. The methods introduced here may be more broadly useful for analyzing complex networks that implement other forms of cellular information processing.
Impact of Marijuana Legalization in Colorado on Adolescent Emergency and Urgent Care Visits

Abstract Purpose Approximately 6%–8% of U.S. adolescents are daily/past-month users of marijuana. However, survey data may not reliably reflect the impact of legalization on adolescents. The objective was to evaluate the impact of marijuana legalization on adolescent emergency department and urgent cares visits to a children's hospital in Colorado, a state that has allowed both medical and recreational marijuana. Methods Retrospective review of marijuana-related visits by International Classification of Diseases codes and urine drug screens, from 2005 through 2015, for patients ≥ 13 and Results From 2005 to 2015, 4,202 marijuana-related visits were identified. Behavioral health evaluation was obtained for 2,813 (67%); a psychiatric diagnosis was made for the majority (71%) of these visits. Coingestants were common; the most common was ethanol (12%). Marijuana-related visits increased from 1.8 per 1,000 visits in 2009 to 4.9 in 2015. ( p = Conclusions Despite national survey data suggesting no appreciable difference in adolescent marijuana use, our data demonstrate a significant increase in adolescent marijuana-associated emergency department and urgent cares visits in Colorado.
Recycling Benzoxazine–Epoxy Composites via Catalytic Oxidation

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are structural composites used in the aerospace and sporting goods industries. Their chief appeal lies in their high specific properties, which generally outperform metallic counterparts. There is a contemporary need for viable methods for recycling CRFPs at the end of their lifecycles and for utilizing the considerable production waste (ca. 30%) of CFRP part manufacturing. The cost associated with these waste streams is a principal economic driver inhibiting the penetration of CRFPs into larger-scale manufacturing, particularly in the automotive industry. Reported techniques for CRFP degradation involve pyrolysis or mechanical grinding of the CFRP, processes which are outlawed in some jurisdictions and can reduce the thermomechanical properties of the recycled products. In this study, we report a conceptually different approach to degrading a commercial blended benzoxazine/epoxy resin under mild, oxidative conditions. The thermosetting resin is polymerized, charac...
Attribution, Socialization, and Moral Decision Making

This chapter deals with the interplay between emotions and cognitions about emotions, using emotion attribution theory concepts. It examines research indicating that causal attributions about the sources and meaning of emotional arousal determine the impact of that emotional response in moral decisions and behavior for adults and children. Within the culture of “middle America,” for example, situations involving theft, or others being hurt, may be perceived by most people as clearly calling for moral decisions, whereas less consensus as to moral relevance would exist for some other issues. A series of studies are presented to illustrate the point that specific attributions made about temptation situations determine whether an individual will respond to a temptation situation as a moral dilemma. In the placebo research with adults, emotion attributions were manipualted in a manner quite dissimilar from real-life experiences. The chapter analyses effectiveness of various socialization techniques for both normal and psychopathic individuals, using emotion attribution concepts.
Erfolgsfaktoren von Supply Chain Management-Strategien am Beispiel von After Sales Services in der Elektronik- und Hightechindustrie

Wie kaum eine andere Branche befindet sich die Elektronik- und Hightechindustrie inmitten eines andauernden Strukturwandels. Globalisierung, Zusammenwachsen von Technologien und Markten sowie zunehmende Schwankungen auf Nachfrage- und Angebotsseite pragen diese Branche nachhaltig und manifestieren so die Forderungen nach Innovation und Flexibilitat. Andererseits pragt und verandert dieser Sektor die Welt von heute wie kein anderer. So zeigt bereits der Blick in ein Auto, dass der Elektronik-Anteil in einem modernen Kraftwagen bereits rund 20 Prozent betragt. In zehn Jahren, so die Schatzung von Experten, wird sich dieser Anteil auf etwa 40 Prozent verdoppeln. Dieser Strukturwandel birgt einerseits Wachstums- und Innovationspotenziale, andererseits gilt es, Marktrends und -risiken fruhzeitig zu erkennen und notwendige Veranderungen in der Wertschopfungskette durchzufuhren.
The evolution of empirical research in IS: a study in IS maturity

Abstract The Information Systems (IS) field has been subject to much introspection by IS researchers over the past decade. This study attempts to integrate this research systematically in an effort to assess the changing maturity of the IS field over the past 10 years. Data are collected on past empirical work and evaluated with respect to preestablished criteria. The results indicate that while there is little indication of change in maturity, there are definite directions toward which the IS field should evolve.
MOUNTAIN METEOROLOGY | Overview

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 3, pp 1400–1405, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract 1280: Chromosome-scale haplotyping enables comprehensive discovery of cancer rearrangements and germline-related susceptibility mutations

To understand the complexity of cancer genomes, one needs to define both the structure and order of genomic variants relative to their respective parental chromosome. This process is commonly referred to as phasing and generates haplotypes with group of variants that originated from one parental chromosome or the other. Importantly, genetic variants such as rearrangements are difficult to detect and phase with conventional next-generation sequencing; short reads do not contain long-range genomic information for phasing. Recently, we demonstrated a new technology called linked-read sequencing, which uses droplet barcoding to tag high-molecular-weight (HMW) DNA in order to reconstruct genomic haplotypes and SVs in the range of megabases. Using single nanograms of DNA, we determined the structure of normal and cancer genomes at single-molecule resolution. In this study, we developed a method to generate haplotypes spanning entire chromosome arms and even across centromeric regions. The method is based on leveraging identity-by-descent (IBD) principles in haplotype-resolved sequence data. Taking advantage of shared haplotypes between an individual and a single parent, we exploited the fact that any single chromosomal homologue consists of a contiguous segment from one parent regardless of any recombination events that occurred during meiosis. By determining which of the two homologous segments in a haplotyped segment belongs to a parent, we can then stitch together the haplotypes that are physically contiguous in the child. Using phased haplotypes generated from linked-read sequencing, we improve on the experimentally generated haplotypes by at least an order of magnitude. As a control, we performed this type of analysis on a series of control genomes with comprehensive haplotype information. We achieved near-perfect concordance in the comprehensive phasing of these control samples regardless of which parental genome was used. We performed this analysis on linked-read whole-genome sequence data derived from familial cohorts with an inherited predisposition to cancer of unknown origin. For example, in one family predisposed to cholangiocarcinoma, we resolved the haplotype structure of entire chromosomes and segregated entire segments belonging to affected and unaffected individuals. A similar process was applied to the cancer samples originating from affected family members. The joint information was used to identify potential candidate driver genes for this cancer type. Overall, we demonstrated the utility of linked-read analysis and whole-chromosome haplotypes in discovering cancer genes. Citation Format: Stephanie U. Greer, Billy T. Lau, Lincoln D. Nadauld, Hanlee P. Ji. Chromosome-scale haplotyping enables comprehensive discovery of cancer rearrangements and germline-related susceptibility mutations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1280.
Die Reaktion des schweizerischen Parlaments auf die Finanzkrise anhand des UBS-Rettungspakets und der neuen Bankenregulierung

In October 2008 the most important Swiss bank UBS had to be rescued by the Swiss government. The article illustrates and evaluates the debates and requests of the Swiss parliament on the rescue package as well as on bank regulation in general for the period from October 2008 until December 2010. It is shown that parliament is able to fulfill its role as a supervising and controlling body. Especially the report of the joint Control Committee (GPK) criticizing the supervision authority Finma and the government for its crisis management proves the GPK to be competent and practical. But when it comes to legislation parliament does not seem to be able to act adequately without concrete proposals of government in such a complex topic.
Collision-Induced Unfolding of Partially Metalated Metallothionein-2A: Tracking Unfolding Reactions of Gas-Phase Ions

Metallothioneins (MTs) constitute a group of intrinsically disordered proteins that exhibit extreme diversity in structure, biological functionality, and metal ion specificity. Structures of coordinatively saturated metalated MTs have been extensively studied, but very limited structural information for the partially metalated MTs exists. Here, the conformational preferences from partial metalation of rabbit metallothionein-2A (MT) by Cd2+, Zn2+, and Ag+ are studied using nanoelectrospray ionization ion mobility mass spectrometry. We also employ collision-induced unfolding to probe differences in the gas-phase stabilities of these partially metalated MTs. Our results show that despite their similar ion mobility profiles, Cd4-MT, Zn4-MT, Ag4-MT, and Ag6-MT differ dramatically in their gas-phase stabilities. Furthermore, the sequential addition of each Cd2+ and Zn2+ ion results in the incremental stabilization of unique unfolding intermediates.
Shooting War: 18 Profiles of Conflict Photographers, by Anthony Feinstein

Australian photographer Ashley Gilbertson, on assignment in Fallujah, Iraq, in 2004 for the New York Times, heard from a Marine about insurgent gunfire coming from a mosque. If true, such an attack...
Connecting Classroom to Community through Photovoice: Pedagogical Implications.

This paper explores the pedagogical implications of using arts-based research in an advanced community practice course in a Master of Social Work program. Per the course design, graduate students implemented a photovoice project with undergraduate students focusing on transforming campus rape culture. At the end of the project, graduate students wrote reflection papers that constitute the data for this paper. The data analysis resulted in three categories: enhancing the learning of content, understanding the role of a social worker in macro-level practice, and engaging with the community.
Associations between riparian plant morphological guilds and fluvial sediment dynamics along the regulated Colorado River in Grand Canyon

Effects of riparian vegetation on fluvial sediment dynamics depend on morphological traits of the constituent species. Determining the effects of different morphological guilds on sedimentation rates, as influenced by multiple aspects of dam operations, can help identify viable strategies for streamflow and vegetation management to achieve riparian resource goals. Plants of increasing size and branching density or complexity have been found to have greater effects on sedimentation in free‐flowing systems; however, this relationship could differ in regulated rivers. We tested the hypothesis that plant guilds of increasing height and branching complexity would be positively associated with sedimentation rates on 23 sandbars deposited in zones of recirculating flow (eddies) along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. We used an image‐based vegetation classification and digital elevation models from annual topographic surveys to track associations between six plant morphological guilds and topographic change over 5 years. Vegetation had significant associations with deposition after accounting for geomorphic setting, but the ordinal guild scale was not positively correlated with deposition magnitude. Instead, low‐statured rhizomatous and herbaceous guilds were particularly effective at capturing sediment in the separation zone of sandbars, whereas tall herbs and large shrubs were most effective at capturing sediment in reattachment zones. These nuanced interactions between geomorphic position and morphological guild may be a direct consequence of flow regulation through modifications to physical deposition and erosion processes. Flow regulation may also select for a narrow subset of morphological guilds, reducing the diversity of vegetation feedbacks on sedimentation and emphasizing geomorphic drivers.
The Pretravel Consultation: Recent Updates

Estimates suggest that 43%-79% of international travelers may develop travel-related illnesses. Most such illnesses are considered mild and self-limited; however, some are life-threatening. The pretravel consultation is aimed at assessing risks for a range of illnesses, communicating these risks, and then providing individualized recommendations and interventions to minimize or manage such risks. The effective consultation is predicated on a well-prepared clinician and motivated traveler, understanding the traveler's perception of, and tolerance for, risk, and providing education applicable to the actual itinerary. Integral to the clinician's preparation is regular review of up-to-date trip-specific recommendations; country-specific information and recommendations are readily available and can now be efficiently accessed. From the infectious diseases perspective, immunizations, malaria chemoprophylaxis, insect repellent use, and travelers' diarrhea and its self-management are cornerstones of the consultation. This review focuses primarily on updating these 4 topics with recently published information relevant to adult travelers.
Inverse design of broadband highly reflective metasurfaces using neural networks

Metamaterials exhibit optical properties not observed in traditional materials. Such behavior emerges from the interaction of light with precisely engineered subwavelength features built from different constituent materials. Recent research into the design and fabrication of metamaterial-based devices has established a foundation for the next generation of functional materials. Of particular interest is the all-dielectric metasurface, a two-dimensional metamaterial exploiting shape-dependent resonant features while avoiding losses through the use of dielectric building blocks. However, even this simple metamaterial class has a nearly infinite number of possible configurations; researchers now require new methods to efficiently explore these types of design spaces. In this work, we employ rigorous coupled wave analysis to calculate reflection and transmission spectra associated with a class of open-cylinder all-dielectric metasurface. By altering the geometric parameters of open-cylinder metasurfaces, we generate a sparse training data set and construct artificial neural networks capable of relating metasurface geometries to reflection and transmission spectra. Here, we successfully demonstrate that pseudo autodecoder neural networks can suggest device geometries based on a requested optical performance---inverting the design process for this metasurface class. As an example, we query for and discover a particular open-cylinder metasurface displaying a reflection band $R\ensuremath{\ge}99%$ centered at ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}=1550\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ that is much broader $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\lambda}=450\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ than anything reported for optical metasurfaces. We then analyze the modal interplay in the open-cylinder metasurface to better understand the underlying physics driving the broadband behavior. Ultimately, we conclude that neural networks are ideally suited for generally approaching these types of complex inverse design problems.
A Data Mining Based Protection and Classification of Transients for Two-Core Symmetric Phase Angle Regulators

Several conventional and non-conventional transient conditions cause differential relays associated with Phase Angle Regulators to malfunction. For Two-core Symmetric Phase Angle Regulators, this article investigates the suitability of time and time-frequency feature-based estimators to differentiate internal faults from other transient conditions such as overexcitation, external faults with current transformer (CT) saturation, and magnetizing inrush. Subsequently, the faulty core unit (series or exciting) is located, and the transients are identified. Six well-known classifiers are trained on features extracted from one-cycle of post transient 3-phase differential currents filtered by an event detector. Maximum Relevance Minimum Redundancy, Random Forest, and exhaustive search with Decision Trees are used to select the relevant wavelet energy, time-domain, and wavelet coefficient features respectively. The fault detection scheme trained on XGBoost classifier with hyperparameters obtained from Bayesian Optimization gives an accuracy of 99.8%. The reliability of the proposed scheme is verified with varying tap positions, noise levels, and transformer ratings; and under different conditions like CT saturation, fault during magnetizing inrush, series core saturation, low current faults, and integration of wind energy. As a potential application, the methodology can be deployed to supervise microprocessor-based differential relays to improve the security and dependability of the protection system.
Size Distribution Effects on Mobility and IntrabandGap of HgSe Quantum Dots

In this work, we investigate the effect of size distribution on the mobility, the conductivity gap, and the intraband photoconduction of HgSe colloidal quantum dots (CQDs). Using electrochemistry, we measure the mobility for a series of ethandithiol cross-linked n-doped HgSe quantum dot films with different size distribution but a similar average size. The results show that mobility is exponentially dependent on size dispersion. This is interpreted as the size dispersion causing an increase in the average activation energy for hopping transport and the effect is reproduced by a model and a simulation. Comparing with the interband HgTe where the optical gap is between the valence and the conduction band, the conductivity gap in n-doped HgSe between the 1Se and 1Pe states is more strongly softened by the size distribution. This harms the intraband photoconductive properties and it implies that improved size distribution will be needed when using intraband photodetectors.
ETH: An Architecture for Exploring the Design Space of In-situ Scientific Visualization

As high-performance computing (HPC) moves towards the exascale era, large-scale scientific simulations are generating enormous datasets. Many techniques (e.g., in-situ methods, data sampling, and compression) have been proposed to help visualize these large datasets under various constraints such as storage, power, and energy. However, evaluating these techniques and understanding the trade-offs (e.g., performance, efficiency, and quality) remains a challenging task.To enable exploration of the design space across such trade-offs, we propose the Exploration Test Harness (ETH), an architecture for the early-stage exploration of visualization and rendering approaches, job layout, and visualization pipelines. ETH covers a broader parameter space than current large-scale visualization applications such as ParaView and VisIt. It also promotes the study of simulation-visualization coupling strategies through a data-centric approach, rather than requiring coupling with a specific scientific simulation code. Furthermore, with experimentation on an extensively instrumented supercomputer, we study more metrics of interest than was previously possible. Importantly, ETH will help to answer important what-if scenarios and trade-off questions in the early stages of pipeline development, helping scientists to make informed choices about how to best couple a simulation code with visualization at extreme scale.
Insurgent Aesthetics: Security and the Queer Life of the Forever War

Review of the book Insurgent Aesthetics: Security and the Queer Life of the Forever War, by Ronak K. Kapadia.
Randomized phase II trial of radium-223 (RA) plus enzalutamide (EZ) versus EZ alone in metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer (mCRPC): Final efficacy and safety results.

135Background: We previously reported that treatment with EZ+RA was associated with a decline in serum bone metabolism markers (BMM), which correlated with improved outcomes compared to EZ alone (A...
Classification of Semiconductors Using Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a nondestructive optical method that is widely used to characterize semiconductors. In the photoluminescence process, a substance absorbs photons and emits light w...
Swimming Dynamics Near a Wall in a Weakly Elastic Fluid

We present a fully resolved solution of a low-Reynolds-number two- dimensionalmicroswimmerinaweaklyelasticfluidnearano-slipsurface.Theresults illustrate that elastic properties of the background fluid dramatically alter the swim- ming hydrodynamics and, depending on the initial position and orientation of the microswimmer, its residence time near the surface can increase by an order of magni- tude. Elasticity of the extracellular polymeric substance secreted by microorganisms canthereforeenhancetheiradhesionrate.Thedynamicalsystemisexaminedthrougha phase portrait in the swimming orientation and distance from the wall for four types of self-propulsionmechanisms,namely:neutralswimmers,pullers,pushers,andstirrers. The time-reversibility of the phase portraits breaks down in the presence of polymeric materials. The elasticity of the fluid leads to the emergence of a limit cycle for pullers and pushers and the change in type of fixed points from center to unstable foci for a microswimmer adjacent to a no-slip boundary.
Smart Sensors: A Study of Power Consumption and Reliability

The development of wireless structural health monitoring systems utilising low-cost MEMS sensors, promises to make the deployment of large scale sensor networks for damage detection economically feasible. However, wireless transmission of full vibration time series is a potentially expensive and difficult bottleneck in the monitoring process. Smart sensors, equipped with microprocessors for computation, allow damage detection algorithms to be executed prior to the wireless transmission of data. This decentralised, parallel computing approach can condense the amount of data to be transmitted, potentially reducing power consumption and increasing transmission reliability. In this paper, several data-based damage detection algorithms are implemented on board a custom built MEMS sensor mote equipped with a microcontroller. A real campus building is instrumented with these sensors, and a quantitative study of the tradeoff between computation and transmission is conducted to investigate the advantages of carrying out part of the damage detection process at the sensor level.