cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Following Spine Trauma

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high-resolution images without ionizing radiation. It has substantially improved our diagnostic capability following spine trauma, especially for assessing soft-tissue structures. Strong, changing magnetic fields are used to generate cross-sectional images on the basis of the anatomy and chemical composition of the tissues. Nevertheless, compared with radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans, MRI has several disadvantages, including inadequate visualization of bones, the considerable amount of time required for the procedure (rendering this method impractical in emergency situations), logistical considerations (including the availability of infrastructure and skilled technicians and the necessity for patient transfer), and high cost. Moreover, MRI is routinely performed with the patient in the supine position and therefore may not detect instability associated with loading (upright) positions. Finally, MRI is contraindicated for patients …
Implementing Generalized Audit Software in the Classroom

Abstract This paper describes resources designed to help instructors easily integrate the leading generalized audit software (GAS) packages, Audit Command Language (ACL) and Interactive Data Extraction and Analysis (IDEA), into their classes. Specifically, we provide project assignments, exam questions, as well as teaching notes describing implementation issues. The projects require students to: (1) evaluate sales and accounts receivable data, and then create confirmation letters by exporting data from GAS and then importing it into word processing software for a mail merge, (2) use inventory, accounts payable, and payroll data to work with expressions, filters, data extractions, and relations between tables, and (3) import a database and prepare several reports. We also present student self-assessment data on their ability to use GAS as well as their understanding of the general benefits and applications of GAS. The evidence suggests that hands-on projects can improve perceived knowledge of GAS regardles...
The Stationary Phase Method for Real Analytic Geometry

Abstract We prove that the existence of isolated solutions of systems of equations of analytical functions on compact real domains in R p , is equivalent to the convergence of the phase of a suitable complex valued integral I ( h ) for h → ∞ . As an application, we then use this result to prove that the problem of establishing the irrationality of the value of an analytic function F ( x ) at a point x 0 can be rephrased in terms of a similar phase convergence.
Government Liability and Immunity from Personal Injury Claims

This article argues that municipalities in New York, and indeed nationally, are faced with an excessive numbers of personal injury judgments. This has a serious impact on municipal budgets. In 1996, judgments in New York City accounted for the same value as 2,400 new police or firefighters, or 3,000 new teachers. The issue is whether this situation is brought by out of control jury verdicts, or brought by the negligence of municipalities. This article explores this issue to provide insight into how to correct this problem and avoid the pitfalls of these verdicts against municipalities. It finally leads to a suggestion about how to remedy the problem.
Burdens of Proof

The rules about burdens of proof provide the logical and legal framework within which judicial fact finders answer often difficult questions affecting life, liberty, and property. The are important to fact finders such as a judge or jury, but become additionally important when the fact finder is a jury guaranteed by both federal and state constitutions, for they also then become the practical guarantors of consitutional right.
When Neighbors Quarrel: Canada-U.S. Dispute-Settlement Experience

This paper presents an overview of Canada-U.S. dispute settlement experience; reviews the techniques, institutions and approaches through which the two countries have tried to deal with their differences; discusses some salient and recurrent problem areas in Canada-U.S. relations; and suggests some lessons which might be drawn from this experience. The paper first discusses the concept of dispute-management and unique features of Canada-U.S. relations, quarrels and approaches to dispute-settlement. Focusing on specific dispute-settlement techniques, the paper examines in detail the two countries' extensive practice of arbitration, prior notification and consultation and joint commissions - in particular, the Canada-U.S. International Joint Commission. The paper then looks at how the two countries have dealt with differences arising in particular issue areas such as acid rain, trade, Great Lakes and other boundary water regulation and water quality, other boundary questions, Artic jurisdiction, extraterritorial and fisheries. The paper concludes by noting the distinct contributions of Canada-U.S. dispute-settlement experience to international law and international relations, commenting on some differences in attitude and perspective and continuing issues between the two countries, and suggesting ways for further developing the two countries' dispute-management arrangements and continued collaboration. This paper is the integrated text of "The Claude T. Bissell Lectures on Canada-U.S. Relations" delivered at the University of Toronto, 1986-87.
Relative and Seasonal Abundance of Predaceous Arthropods in Alabama Peanut Fields as Indexed by Pitfall Traps

Pitfall traps were used to monitor the seasonal abundance of predators in conventionally tilled, irrigated, and nonirrigated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields in Alabama in 1987 and 1988. A diverse fauna of predaceous arthropods was captured ; Labidura riparia (Pallas) (Dermaptera : Labiduridae) was the most abundant. Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera : Formicidae), Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera : Lygaeidae), carabids, staphylinids, and lycosids were also common. Traps placed between plant rows and those within rows yielded similar averages. All predaceous groups were captured throughout the peanut-growing season but in varied densities. Predator abundances peaked 70-100 d after planting, depending on the group. Capture of most predators increased exponentially for part or all of the growing season
The Probability Problem in Everettian Quantum Mechanics Persists

AbstractEverettian quantum mechanics (EQM) results in ‘multiple, emergent, branching quasi-classical realities’ (Wallace [2012]). The possible outcomes of measurement as per ‘orthodox’ quantum mech...
Giant Enhancement of Magnetic Anisotropy in Ultrathin Manganite Films via Nanoscale 1D Periodic Depth Modulation.

The relatively low magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) in strongly correlated manganites $(\mathrm{La},\mathrm{Sr}){\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ has been a major hurdle for implementing them in spintronic applications. Here we report an unusual, giant enhancement of in-plane MCA in 6 nm ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.67}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.33}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ (LSMO) films grown on (001) ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ substrates when the top 2 nm is patterned into periodic stripes of 100 or 200 nm width. Planar Hall effect measurements reveal an emergent uniaxial anisotropy superimposed on one of the original biaxial easy axes for unpatterned LSMO along $⟨110⟩$ directions, with a 50-fold enhanced anisotropy energy density of $5.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{erg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ within the nanostripes, comparable to the value for cobalt. The magnitude and direction of the uniaxial anisotropy exclude shape anisotropy and the step edge effect as its origin. High resolution transmission electron microscopy studies reveal a nonequilibrium strain distribution and drastic suppression in the $c$-axis lattice constant within the nanostructures, which is the driving mechanism for the enhanced uniaxial MCA, as suggested by first-principles density functional calculations.
Influence of DNA-Microbubble Coupling on Contrast Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Transfection in Muscle and Liver.

Background Contrast ultrasound–mediated gene delivery (CUMGD) is a promising approach for enhancing gene therapy that relies on microbubble (MB) cavitation to augment complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) transfection. The aims of this study were to determine optimal conditions for charge-coupling cDNA to MBs and to evaluate the advantages of surface loading for gene transfection in muscle and liver. Methods Charge coupling of fluorescently labeled cDNA to either neutral MBs (MB N ) or cationic MBs (MB + ) in low- to high-ionic conditions (0.3%-1.8% NaCl) was assessed by flow cytometry. MB aggregation from cDNA coupling was determined by electrozone sensing. Tissue transfection of luciferase in murine hindlimb skeletal muscle and liver was made by CUMGD with MB N or MB + combined with subsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated cDNA concentrations (2.5, 50, and 200 μg/10 8 MBs). Results Charge-coupling of cDNA was detected for MB + but not MB N . Coupling occurred over almost the entire range of ionic conditions, with a peak at 1.2% NaCl, although electrostatic interference occurred at >1.5% NaCl. DNA-mediated aggregation of MB + was observed at ≤0.6% NaCl but did not reduce the ability to produce inertial cavitation. Transfection with CUMGD in muscle and liver was low for both MBs at subsaturation concentrations. In muscle, higher cDNA concentrations produced a 10-fold higher degree of transfection with MB + , which was approximately fivefold higher ( P N . There was no effect of DNA supersaturation. The same pattern was seen for liver except that supersaturation further increased transfection with MB N equal to that of MB + . Conclusions Efficient charge-coupling of cDNA to MB + but not MB N occurs over a relatively wide range of ionic conditions without aggregation. Transfection with CUMGD is much more efficient with charge-coupling of cDNA to MBs and is not affected by supersaturation except in the liver, which is specialized for macromolecular and cDNA uptake.
Obstructive sleep apnoea and nocturnal arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease

Introduction: Arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF), are independent risk factors of mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). While there is a growing body of evidence that suggests an association between Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) and arrhythmias, evidence on this relationship in patients with IHD has been scant and inconsistent. We hypothesize that in patients with IHD, OSA is associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias during sleep. Methods: This is a prospective study of consecutive patients with a previous diagnosis of IHD referred to the sleep laboratory at National University Hospital. Exposed subjects were defined as patients who had an Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 30/hour (OSA). All ECGs were interpreted by the SomteECG analysis software and confirmed by a physician blinded to the presence or absence of exposure. Data was entered using SPSS 15.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, IL). Arrhythmia subtypes (ventricular, atrial and conduction delay) were analyzed as dichotomous outcomes using multiple logistic regression models. Results: AF (p= 0.003; odds ratio [OR], 13.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.66 – 109.83) was found to be more common in the OSA than the non-OSA group. After adjusting for potential confounders, which included patient characteristics and co-morbidities, compared with those without OSA, IHD patients with OSA had almost a hundred times the odds of experiencing AF during sleep (OR 98.5; 95% CI 2.2 – 4332.9). No significant difference in ventricular and conduction delay arrhythmias was noted between the two groups. Conclusion: We found a significant association between OSA and nocturnal AF in patients with IHD.
Cambridge and University Works

In 1610, during his first year at Cambridge, Herbert announced his design to write religious verse characteristic of the Sidney-Herbert circle. In his University writings of 1612–1623, he signaled his dedication to international Protestantism, as well as his interest in high office in church or state. His views about church issues were those of the Elizabethan settlement and King James — Calvinist in theology and conformist in church structure and ceremony. At times he aligned himself with positions and people closer to Anglo-Catholicism. For instance, he opposed war with Catholic Spain and dedicated one work to the Arminian Lancelot Andrewes. However I will argue that these were the exceptions to the rule, and may have been the result not of personal conviction but politic strategy. On the whole and in the vast majority of cases, Herbert expressed his commitment to a Protestant England and its potential as an imperial power.
States’ Rights against Federal Administrative Enforcement: Contesting Dependency

In the fall of 1938, the two-year-old Indiana State Department of Public Welfare was filled with optimism. Staff of the department's new division for information and public relations had launched a massive campaign of “interpretation” to explain the department's good work, logging some sixty thousand miles within the state in a single year (“twice around the world and more than a third of the way ’round again!” boasted the department newsletter). Through films and radio scripts, exhibits at county fairs, “literature kits” given out to interested groups, and carefully produced “human interest” stories designed for local newspapers, department employees cheerfully spread the word. Just twelve years later, in 1950, the outlook was much darker. Despite the department's earnest “Know Your Welfare Program” slideshow, despite its stated commitment to “building windows and turning on lights so that everyone … can see and know what we are doing,” public welfare in Indiana was under siege. The charge, ironically, was that the Public Welfare Department had concealed its operations from public view, and forced local welfare agencies to do the same, by requiring that the identities of public assistance recipients be kept confidential. Conservative state politicians, aided by powerful allies in the local media, conjured images of liberal bureaucrats frittering away taxpayer dollars behind an “iron curtain of secrecy,” a convenient and evocative Cold War reference. Hiding behind the principle of client confidentiality, these critics alleged, the department had encouraged welfare fraud, aided socialism, and attempted to build a behemoth centralized bureaucracy. When the department countered that it was simply obeying an established requirement of the Social Security Act – on which Indiana's generous federal assistance grants hinged – critics took the fight to Washington. There they confronted federal welfare administrators and, when stymied, convinced Congress to nullify the offending provision of federal law. This bit of political maneuvering stands in stark contrast to how such actors had resolved their differences in the past. And it was not an isolated incident. Around the same time, officials in Arizona and New York also rebelled against federal administrative authority. Following Indiana's challenge to federal mandates, Arizona sued federal administrators for refusing to tolerate the state's long-running discrimination against American Indian public assistance claimants – discrimination, not coincidentally, that federal administrators helped expose in the 1940s.
Taking the tiger by the tail: Leading effective tiger teams and working groups on flight projects

Space flight projects typically bring with them a demanding schedule, deep technical challenges, and diverse personalities. As issues arise, project management regularly employs working groups, or “tiger teams,” to assess a problem that has arisen or to answer a specific question. Leading a working group or “tiger team” in this environment can be difficult and still, in the end, rewarding. This paper explores some methods used to effectively lead these teams while being responsive to the needs of the flight project. Experiences and examples are drawn from many tiger teams and working groups led by the author throughout the Mars Science Laboratory development and post-launch cruise to Mars.
Theoretical Integrations and Practical Applications

In the previous chapters we examined the role of nonverbal behavior in various social psychological processes. Of necessity, these discussions have tended to be rather focused, and as a result, the commonalities across these various processes may not have been apparent to the reader. Nevertheless, it is possible to provide some theoretical integrations across our earlier divergent concerns. In developing this discussion it may be useful to review briefly several theoretical explanations before describing a new comprehensive approach to nonverbal behavior.
Latest results from the hyper - NA immersion scanners

Intensive immersion scanner development has enabled resolution of the main technical challenges that had been considered potential show-stoppers for immersion lithography. Leading-edge immersion scanners, such as the Nikon NSR-S610C, deliver not only the 1.30 numerical aperture required for 45 nm half-pitch production, but also provide overlay accuracy, defectivity comparable to dry exposure tools.
Universal Human Papillomavirus Typing Assay: Whole-Genome Sequencing following Target Enrichment

ABSTRACT We designed a universal human papillomavirus (HPV) typing assay based on target enrichment and whole-genome sequencing (eWGS). The RNA bait included 23,941 probes targeting 191 HPV types and 12 probes targeting beta-globin as a control. We used the Agilent SureSelect XT2 protocol for library preparation, Illumina HiSeq 2500 for sequencing, and CLC Genomics Workbench for sequence analysis. Mapping stringency for type assignment was determined based on 8 (6 HPV-positive and 2 HPV-negative) control samples. Using the optimal mapping conditions, types were assigned to 24 blinded samples. eWGS results were 100% concordant with Linear Array (LA) genotyping results for 9 plasmid samples and fully or partially concordant for 9 of the 15 cervical-vaginal samples, with 95.83% overall type-specific concordance for LA genotyping. eWGS identified 7 HPV types not included in the LA genotyping. Since this method does not involve degenerate primers targeting HPV genomic regions, PCR bias in genotype detection is minimized. With further refinements aimed at reducing cost and increasing throughput, this first application of eWGS for universal HPV typing could be a useful method to elucidate HPV epidemiology.
The Role of Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma, Plasmacytoma, and Other Plasma Cell Disorders

Plasma cell malignancies are radioresponsive. Radiation is used as primary or adjunctive therapy of plasma cell disorders (PCDs). Palliation of symptoms is the commonest indication for radiation to the skeletal and soft tissue myelomatous lesions. Other indications include pretransplant conditioning, myeloma-related cord compression, or impending pathological fractures. Radiation is also utilized in the management of solitary osseous and extramedullary plasmacytomas, POEMS syndrome with a limited number of lesions, localized AL amyloidosis and rarely, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Anecdotal reports outlining successful use of radiation with novel anti-myeloma agents exist. This chapter focuses on conventional radiation and chemo-radiation-based management strategies in PCDs.
Uncertainty quantification (UQ) techniques to improve predictions of laser beam control performance

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the study of the effects of uncertainty on the values of analytical results and the predictions of scientific models. Sources of uncertainty include imprecise knowledge of the exact values of parameters, lack of confidence in the physical models, use of imperfectly calibrated models, and irreducible uncertainties due to physical characteristics. The Air Force Research Laboratory has undertaken the challenge of understanding, developing and analyzing the techniques of UQ as they apply to Laser Beam Control. This paper proposes a simple methodology and simple results with our first attempt of applying UQ as a new analysis tool. The software toolkit which was chosen was an analytical group of algorithms from a Sandia National Laboratory (SNL) package called DAKOTA (Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications). The specific application of interest to the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is the analytical prediction of the performance of a Laser Beam Control systems under various scenarios, conditions, and missions. The application of rigorous UQ techniques to the models used to predict beam control performance could greatly improve our confidence in these predictions and also improve the acceptance of advanced Laser Beam Control systems within the science and engineering communities1,2. The proposed work would follow a multi-step approach, analyzing the more easily quantified sources of uncertainty, and then including increasingly complicated physical phenomena as the work progresses. Will present the initial results, and the first steps in the incorporation of UQ into our Laser Beam Control Modeling and Simulation environments.
Compatibility of Insect Growth Regulators and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in Controlling Green Peach Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Greenhouse Chrysanthemums

In laboratory and greenhouse studies, the compatibility of a spore suspension of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) with insect growth regulators (IGRs) was determined. When B. bassiana was applied over residues of 7 different IGRs, infectivity of greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella (L), exposed to leaf rinsates was reduced by two of the IGRs. Azadirachtin and diflubenzuron reduced the infectivity of B. bassiana by up to 50%. Fenoxycarb, cyromazine, S-kinoprene, pyriproxyfen, and buprofezin did not significantly reduce the infectivity of B. bassiana. Under greenhouse conditions, the population levels of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), on chrysanthemums, were not significantly different when Botanigard® (B. bassiana strain GHA) was used independently or in combination with the IGR S-kinoprene. In laboratory tests, 100% of wax moth larvae were infected with B. bassiana when they were exposed to leaf washes 24 h post Botanigard application to chrysanthemum foliage. Infectivity decreased rapidl...
Micropropagation of Pieris floribunda

Abstract Shoot tips excised from actively growing stock plants of Pieris floribunda (Pursh ex Sims) Benth. and Hook. (mountain andromeda) in the adult growth phase, were surface disinfested, the te...
Murine Red Blood Cells Lack Ligands for B Cell Siglecs, Allowing Strong Activation by Erythrocyte Surface Antigens.

CD22 and sialic acid–binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec)-G are members of the Siglec family of inhibitory coreceptors expressed on B cells that participate in enforcement of peripheral B cell tolerance. We have shown previously that when a BCR engages its cognate Ag on a cell surface that also expresses Siglec ligands, B cell Siglecs are recruited to the immunological synapse, resulting in suppression of BCR signaling and B cell apoptosis. Because all cells display sialic acids, and CD22 and Siglec-G have distinct, yet overlapping, specificities for sialic acid–containing glycan ligands, any cell could, in principle, invoke this tolerogenic mechanism for cell surface Ags. However, we show in this article that C57BL/6J mouse RBCs are essentially devoid of CD22 and Siglec-G ligands. As a consequence, RBCs that display a cell surface Ag, membrane-bound hen egg lysozyme, strongly activate Ag-specific B cells. We reasoned that de novo introduction of CD22 ligands in RBCs should abolish B cell activation toward its cognate Ag on the surface of RBCs. Accordingly, we used a glyco-engineering approach wherein synthetic CD22 ligands linked to lipids are inserted into the membrane of RBCs. Indeed, insertion of CD22 ligands into the RBC cell surface strongly inhibited B cell activation, cytokine secretion, and proliferation. These results demonstrate that the lack of Siglec ligands on the surface of murine RBCs permits B cell responses to erythrocyte Ags and show that Siglec-mediated B cell tolerance is restricted to cell types that express glycan ligands for the B cell Siglecs.
Centuries-old foundry process finds new high-tech use

Researchers from Virginia Tech University are using neutrons at the Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to study cast aluminum lattice structures produced at lower cos...
A peripheral blood transcriptome biomarker test to diagnose functional recovery potential in advanced heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that causes systemic hypoperfusion and failure to meet the body’s metabolic demands. In an attempt to compensate, chronic upregulation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone leads to further myocardial injury, HF progression and reduced O2 delivery. This triggers progressive organ dysfunction, immune system activation and profound metabolic derangements, creating a milieu similar to other chronic systemic diseases and presenting as advanced HF with severely limited prognosis. We hypothesize that 1-year survival in advanced HF is linked to functional recovery potential (FRP), a novel clinical composite parameter that includes HF severity, secondary organ dysfunction, co-morbidities, frailty, disabilities as well as chronological age and that can be diagnosed by a molecular biomarker.
The Impact of Religion on Family Functioning in Low-Income African American Families With Adolescents:

The current study explores the association between religion and family functioning. Specifically, this study examined whether two aspects of religion, social religious support (from clergy and memb...
Open-ended responses from early adolescents: Method matters.

Abstract This study investigates whether the length and pattern of early adolescents' (N = 261) responses to open-ended self-reflective questions varied according to data collection method: paper and pencil versus online survey. Adolescent students' (Npaper = 157; Ncomputer = 104) responses from a suburban, United States sample of fifth grade students were significantly longer on computerized surveys than on paper surveys. Students provided higher quality responses (i.e., lexically richer) on the computerized survey. Findings were consistent when responses were relevant to two subject areas: mathematics and reading. Results suggest that the use of computerized survey methods in psychological research with early adolescent samples is both appropriate and valuable.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia: The Current State of Genetics and Genetic Testing Since the Advent of Next-Generation Sequencing

The advent of next-generation sequencing has changed genetic diagnostics, allowing clinicians to test concurrently for phenotypically overlapping conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, to interpret genetic results, clinicians require an understanding of the benefits and limitations of different genetic technologies, such as the inability to detect large repeat expansions in such diseases as C9orf72-associated FTD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Other types of mutations such as large deletions or duplications and triple repeat expansions may also go undetected. Additionally, the concurrent testing of multiple genes or the whole exome increases the likelihood of discovering variants of unknown significance. Our goal here is to review the current knowledge about the genetics of AD and FTD and suggest up-to-date guidelines for genetic testing for these dementias. Despite the improvements in diagnosis due to biomarkers testing, AD and FTD can have overlapping symptoms. When used appropriately, genetic testing can elucidate the diagnosis and specific etiology of the disease, as well as provide information for the family and determine eligibility for clinical trials. Prior to ordering genetic testing, clinicians must determine the appropriate genes to test, the types of mutations that occur in these genes, and the best type of genetic test to use. Without this analysis, interpretation of genetic results will be difficult. Patients should be counseled about the benefits and limitations of different types of genetic tests so they can make an informed decision about testing.
Fractal analogies for general intelligence

A theory of general intelligence must account for how an intelligent agent can map percepts into actions at the level of human performance. We describe a new approach to this percept-to-action mapping. Our approach is based on four ideas: the world exhibits fractal self-similarity at multiple scales, the design of mind reflects the design of the world, similarity and analogy form the core of intelligence, and fractal representations provide a powerful technique for perceptual similarity and analogy. We divide our argument into two parts. In the first part, we describe a technique of fractal analogies and show how it gives human-level performance on an intelligence test called the Odd One Out. In the second, we describe how the fractal technique enables the percept-to-action mapping in a simple, simulated world.
Oropharyngeal kaposi sarcoma in related persons negative for human immunodeficiency virus.

Objectives: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor that can affect the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Although KS is the most common malignancy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, it is rare in immunocompetent persons. We describe an unusual presentation of KS in 2 related individuals and describe our attempts to determine whether oropharyngeal KS is associated with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Methods: All relevant clinical and surgical information, including information on tumor histopathologic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serologic tests, was abstracted from the patient charts and electronic databases. HHV-8 immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-fixed specimens. Results: Both patient 1 and patient 2 (the nephew of patient 1) were referred for workup of a tonsillar mass that was pathologically confirmed to be KS. In each case, HIV serologic testing was negative, and a screening immunologic workup, including a quantitative natural killer cell count, a B- and T-lymphocyte count, and immunoglobulin analysis, also yielded findings that were within normal limits. Immunohistochemistry performed on 1 pathological specimen showed positive staining for the presence of HHV-8, the etiologic agent of KS. Conclusions: The presence of oropharyngeal KS in 2 related HIV-negative individuals supports a role for genetic factors in susceptibility to KS, a common exposure to an infectious agent such as HHV-8, or both. Whereas most KS cases in industrialized countries are associated with immunodeficiency, clinical and laboratory data do not suggest that either of the patients described in this report are immunodeficient. Their susceptibility to KS may be secondary to a subtle inherited defect in host resistance to HHV-8, or another unknown factor.
Opposite development of short- and long-range anterior cingulate pathways in autism

Autism has been linked with the changes in brain connectivity that disrupt neural communication, especially involving frontal networks. Pathological changes in white matter are evident in adults with autism, particularly affecting axons below the anterior cingulate cortices (ACC). It is still unknown whether axon pathology appears early or late in development and whether it changes or not from childhood through adulthood. To address these questions, we examined typical and pathological development of about 1 million axons in post-mortem brains of children, adolescents, and adults with and without autism (ages 3–67 years). We used high-resolution microscopy to systematically sample and study quantitatively the fine structure of myelinated axons in the white matter below ACC. We provide novel evidence of changes in the density, size and trajectories of ACC axons in typical postnatal development from childhood through adulthood. Against the normal profile of axon development, our data revealed lower density of myelinated axons that connect ACC with neighboring cortices in children with autism. In the course of development the proportion of thin axons, which form short-range pathways, increased significantly in individuals with autism, but remained flat in controls. In contrast, the relative proportion of thick axons, which form long-range pathways, increased from childhood to adulthood in the control group, but decreased in autism. Our findings provide a timeline for profound changes in axon density and thickness below ACC that affect axon physiology in a direction suggesting bias in short over distant neural communication in autism. Importantly, measures of axon density, myelination, and orientation provide white matter anisotropy/diffusivity estimates at the level of single axons. The structural template established can be used to compare with measures obtained from imaging in living subjects, and guide analysis of functional and structural imaging data from humans for comparison with pathological states.
Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes, and Gruiformes

Abstract This chapter focuses on Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes, and Gruiformes, a widely diverse group of birds with shared features and ecology, such as life histories that include spending a large amount of time near water sources. Members of this group often have unique adaptations to fill this niche. Prominent diseases in free-ranging birds are associated with congregations of large numbers of animals in one location, for example, during annual migrations. In captivity, prominent diseases are often related to changes in immune responses. Waterfowl and shorebirds are the reservoir hosts of avian influenza viruses, which are a focus of international surveillance programs and research. As indicators of environmental health, diseases of importance in this group (e.g., lead poisoning) have resulted in changes in legislation to protect these and other species. Diseases that impact this group are highlighted in this chapter.
Mourning a Late King through Portraiture: Articulations of the Sacred and Profane in the Primate City of Bangkok:

This article employs an urban sociological reading to examine mourning portraiture in the primate city of Bangkok, Thailand, following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). The article ar...
Experimental study on removal of Cu2+ in water by nano-modified hydroxyapatite

Nano-hydroxyapatite prepared by homogeneous precipitation using calcium nitrate and diammonium phosphate as raw materials has a good effect on removing heavy metal ions in water, and its reaction mechanism belongs to an adsorption action. The adsorption capacity of heavy metal ions on nano-hydroxyapatite modified by modifier was greatly improved. At present, the laboratory has been able to successfully synthesize nano hydroxyapatite and modify its surface with modifier.In this paper, the surface modification of nano hydroxyapatite using different modifiers was briefly introduced, and the effect of modified nano hydroxyapatite on removing Cu2+ in water was studied. Based on the results of the data, we find out the modifier with the highest removal rate of Cu2+, which is used to guide the applications of the future in industry.
Needle Aponeurotomy Versus Collagenase Injections for Dupuytren Disease: A Review of the Literature and Survey of Patient-Reported Satisfaction, Recurrence, and Complications After Needle Aponeurotomy

Needle aponeurotomy (NA) and collagenase injections (CI) for treatment of Dupuytren disease are practical and clinically efficient techniques. The purpose of this report is to review the comparative literature and present postprocedure survey data on NA. We reviewed the current literature on treatment of Dupuytren disease with NA and report on direct and indirect comparisons of the 2 treatment options. We also retrospectively identified patients treated with NA for Dupuytren disease, reviewed the demographic details of treatment in the medical records, and solicited patients' feedback on satisfaction, recurrence, and complications using a phone survey. The results of the survey are discussed in the context of current literature. A total of 250 completed the survey an average of 34 months after treatment. Of those, 178 (71%) were very satisfied or satisfied, 187 (75%) reported some recurrence, and 5% reported a complication. Patients less than 2 years from the procedure were statistically significantly more likely to be satisfied with the procedure and more likely to have it again, and reported less recurrence of disease. Current literature does not clearly suggest a best treatment option for Dupuytren disease. Recent analyses suggest that there is a cost difference, with NA presenting as a more cost-effective option. Survey results demonstrated a low complication rate although the rate of recurrence was high, which was consistent with other studies. Needle aponeurotomy is safe and effective, and results in high patient satisfaction despite a high recurrence rate.
Failed RC Surgery

As primary rotator cuff repairs (RCR) are being performed more often, the prevalence of failed primary repairs within the population is increasing and will continue to increase, leading to a subsequent increase in the necessity for revision repairs [1, 2]. Revision rotator cuff repair presents a challenge to the surgeon due to both paucity and inadequacy of current literature as well as the technically challenging nature of the revision repair. The goal of this chapter is not only to present the current literature but to provide the reader with a conceptual basis with which to approach the re-torn rotator cuff.
VANISHING PERICARDIAL EFFUSION AFTER CPR

A rare phenomenon of vanishing pericardial effusion (PCE) after CPR emphasizes the role of echo guidance for pericardiocentesis (Pc). A 64-year-old male with a recent diagnosis of carcinoma of unknown origin presented with dyspnea, and chest pain. His TTE revealed a large PCE with echocardiographic
Adversarial Examples and the Deeper Riddle of Induction: The Need for a Theory of Artifacts in Deep Learning.

Deep learning is currently the most widespread and successful technology in artificial intelligence. It promises to push the frontier of scientific discovery beyond current limits. However, skeptics have worried that deep neural networks are black boxes, and have called into question whether these advances can really be deemed scientific progress if humans cannot understand them. Relatedly, these systems also possess bewildering new vulnerabilities: most notably a susceptibility to "adversarial examples". In this paper, I argue that adversarial examples will become a flashpoint of debate in philosophy and diverse sciences. Specifically, new findings concerning adversarial examples have challenged the consensus view that the networks' verdicts on these cases are caused by overfitting idiosyncratic noise in the training set, and may instead be the result of detecting predictively useful "intrinsic features of the data geometry" that humans cannot perceive (Ilyas et al., 2019). These results should cause us to re-examine responses to one of the deepest puzzles at the intersection of philosophy and science: Nelson Goodman's "new riddle" of induction. Specifically, they raise the possibility that progress in a number of sciences will depend upon the detection and manipulation of useful features that humans find inscrutable. Before we can evaluate this possibility, however, we must decide which (if any) of these inscrutable features are real but available only to "alien" perception and cognition, and which are distinctive artifacts of deep learning-for artifacts like lens flares or Gibbs phenomena can be similarly useful for prediction, but are usually seen as obstacles to scientific theorizing. Thus, machine learning researchers urgently need to develop a theory of artifacts for deep neural networks, and I conclude by sketching some initial directions for this area of research.
Assessing Prescriber Behavior with a Clinical Decision Support Tool to Prevent Drug-Induced Long QT Syndrome

Objective Clinical decision support (CDS) alerts built into the electronic health record (EHR) have the potential to reduce the risk of drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS) in susceptible patients. However, the degree to which providers incorporate this information into prescription behavior and the impact on patient outcomes is often unknown. Methods We examined provider response data over a period from October 8, 2016 until November 8, 2018 for a CDS alert deployed within the EHR from a 13-hospital integrated health care system that fires when a patient with a QTc ≥ 500 ms within the past 14 days is prescribed a known QT-prolonging medication. We used multivariate generalized estimating equations to analyze the impact of therapeutic alternatives, relative risk of diLQTS for specific medications, and patient characteristics on provider response to the CDS and overall patient mortality. Results The CDS alert fired 15,002 times for 7,510 patients for which the most common response (51.0%) was to override the alert and order the culprit medication. In multivariate models, we found that patient age, relative risk of diLQTS, and presence of alternative agents were significant predictors of adherence to the CDS alerts and that nonadherence itself was a predictor of mortality. Risk of diLQTS and presence of an alternative agent are major factors in provider adherence to a CDS to prevent diLQTS; however, provider nonadherence was associated with a decreased risk of mortality. Conclusion Surrogate endpoints, such as provider adherence, can be useful measures of CDS value but attention to hard outcomes, such as mortality, is likely needed.
Lacking Evidence: A Response to Jeffrey Bellin’s The Evidence Rules That Convict the Innocent

This is a critical review of Jeffrey Bellin's article The Evidence Rules That Convict the Innocent. Topics covered include the conflation of innocence with exoneration, the presentation of misleading evidence, and the conspicuous lack of any solution.
An ecological momentary intervention study of emotional responses to smartphone-prompted CBT skills practice and the relationship to clinical outcomes

Abstract The practice of therapeutic skills outside of sessions in which they are learned is one presumed key component of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Yet, our understanding of how skills practice relates to clinical outcomes remains limited. Here, we explored patients’ emotional responses to CBT skills practices in a pilot study pairing smartphone app-delivered skills reminders and guided practice (ecological momentary intervention [EMI]) using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Participants (n = 25) were adults recently hospitalized for a suicide attempt or severe suicidal thinking. They received brief inpatient CBT (1 to 3 sessions covering core CBT skills from the Unified Protocol), followed by one month of EMI and EMA after discharge. On average, participants reported modest reductions in negative affect after skills use (i.e., immediate responses; median time elapsed = 4.30 minutes). Additionally, participants tended to report less negative affect when the timepoint preceding the current assessment included EMI skills practice, rather than EMA alone (i.e., delayed responses; median time elapsed between prompts = 2.17 hours). Immediate effects were unrelated to longer-term clinical outcomes, whereas greater delayed effects were associated with lower symptom severity at follow-up. Future studies should further examine how CBT skills use in daily life may alleviate symptoms.
Quality of life, burden of treatment, safety, and avoidance of future events (QBSAfe) protocol: a pilot study testing an intervention to shift the paradigm of diabetes care.

Diabetes care has been traditionally focused on targeting certain levels of glycemic control. This narrow emphasis may impose burdens on patients, including high treatment costs, illness-related work, or side effects from medications, while leaving other patient needs and goals under-addressed. The authors aim to shift the paradigm of care for people with diabetes, to focus on quality of life, burden of treatment, safety, and avoidance of future events: the QBSAfe domains. We describe a single-arm pilot study to assess the feasibility and acceptability of using the QBSAfe agenda setting kit (ASK) during routine clinical visits. The set of 14 conversation aid cards was co-developed with patients, family caregivers, and clinicians. The ASK will be used in the context of a clinic visit, which will be recorded by members of the study team to identify patterns of clinician-patient conversations. Feasibility will be measured by the number of participants recruited, time to goal accrual, and completeness of data collection; acceptability will be assessed using post-visit surveys of patients and clinicians. A subgroup of patients will be invited to participate in post-visit qualitative semi-structured interviews for additional feedback. This study will be conducted across three medical centers in the Midwest and East Coast of the USA. Current healthcare infrastructure and associated demands and pressures on clinicians make changes in care difficult. However, this intervention has the potential to shift conversations during clinical encounters so they can address and directly respond to patient needs, symptoms, and capacity. As part of the QBSAfe ASK, the authors are also actively collaborating with a variety of stakeholders to create tools to help clinicians respond more effectively to patient concerns as they are raised during the clinical encounters. Additional insights about the use of the QBSAfe approach in the virtual space will be gathered during the process of our study due to restrictions imposed upon face to face visit during the COVID-19 pandemic. ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04514523 . Registered 17 August 2020—retrospectively registered.
DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

Diesel exhaust aerosol particle size measurements were made using techniques based on electrical mobility, diffusion, and inertial separation. Particle samples were also examined by electron microscopy, and volatile fractions were determined by vacuum sublimation. Measurements involved a direct injection engine and an indirect injection swirl chamber engine. Engine operating conditions were chosen to give a wide range of exhaust particle characteristics. Results demonstrated that number size distributions and number mean diameters obtained with an electrical aerosol analyzer and a diffusion battery system were in good agreement for various diesel exhaust aerosols. Submicrometer-diameter mass fractions measured with a micro-orifice impactor agreed well with submicrometer-volume fractions determined using the electrical aerosol analyzer, although mass fractions were slightly higher than volume fractions. Most of this difference probably resulted from particle bounce and density-related effects rather than from fundamental differences between sizing characteristics of the two instruments. Engine and operating conditions leading to the formation of particles with a high volatile fraction also produced high concentrations of submicrometer-diameter particles. Electron microscope photographs showed that significant fraction of these particles were spherical. They were apparently formed by the condensation of volatile materials sometime during the engine expansion, exhaust, or dilution process.