cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber connections between the dorsal thalamus and corpus striatum in the cat.

An attempt was made to establish the projection of fibers from the caudate nucleus and to determine the efferent fiber connections from certain nuclei of the dorsal thalamus to the basal ganglia. Single, unilateral, electrolytic lesions were placed in the head of the caudate nucleus, and in the dorsomedial, centromedian, or lateral thalamic nuclei of the cat. Sections were stained by the Nauta silver impregnation method for degenerated nerve fibers. It was shown that the caudate nucleus contributes fibers to the globus pallidus, nucleus subthalamicus, and the rostral portion of the substantia nigra pars reticulata; however, the caudate does not appear to contribute fibers to the putamen or the dorsal thalamus. Results of a previous investigation of the basal ganglia necessitated a further study of the dorsal thalamus in relation to the corpus striatum. The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus sends fibers into the adjacent thalamic nuclei; the majority of fibers course rostrally into the nucleus ventralis anterior and nucleus reticularis and a smaller number to the caudate nucleus. The centromedian nucleus contributes fibers to the globus pallidus and putamen, and a small number of fibers are sent to the head of the caudate nucleus. It also contributes a number of fibers to the nucleus ventralis lateralis, nucleus dorsomedialis, nuclei of the mid-line, a few fibers to the same nuclei of the opposite side, and a number of fibers rostrad to the reticular and the anterior thalamic nuclei. The globus pallidus sends fibers into the nucleus ventralis lateralis of the dorsal thalamus through the field H1 of Forel. Since the nucleus ventralis lateralis of the dorsal thalamus contributes fibers to the medial and intralaminar nuclei and these nuclei discharge to the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, a circuit is established whereby the dorsal thalamus is interrelated with striatal activity directly, and indirectly through the anterior and reticular thalamic nuclei and through the cortex.
Uterine horn hematometra simulating a “Gonadal” mass in a gonadectomized XO female

Abstract A 16½-year old girl with mixed gonadal dysgenesis was born with ambiguous genitalia and had undergone bilateral gonadectomy in infancy. She developed a right adnexal mass and recurrent right lower abdominal pain after starting cyclical replacement estrogen and progesterone therapy. The location and characteristics of the mass raised concern that a neoplasm had developed from a portion of the dysgenetic gonad which might not have been removed during the original surgery. Upon exploratory laparotomy, the right adnexal mass was observed to be a hematometra of a rudimentary uterine horn that had become distended with blood. The uterine horn was removed and the uterus was left undisturbed.
The modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium.

Abstract The anisotropic diffusion of cosmic rays in the interplanetary medium is discussed with the assumption that the fluctuating component of the magnetic field produces a scattering effect which can be described by a simple mean free path treatment. The results of this discussion are applied to a plausible model of the interplanetary medium with the aim of providing a basis for the understanding of the processes causing the more important modulations of the galactic cosmic ray intensity. It is suggested that a gradient of the cosmic ray density exists, and that this plays a significant role in producing the solar cycle and 27-day modulation effects; in addition, the associated cosmic ray pressure gradient might affect the size of the cavity resulting from the interaction between the solar wind and the interstellar medium. Since the gradient could be present even at sunspot minimum it is possible that the energy density of cosmic rays in the galaxy is larger than the maximum value observed at the Earth, and hence this value should be regarded only as a lower limit. The main contribution to the solar diurnal variation of the cosmic ray intensity is suggested to be due to co-rotation of the cosmic rays with the Sun. However above a certain energy, which varies through the solar cycle, the galactic cosmic rays appear to be unaffected by the roughness of the interplanetary magnetic field, thus any streaming which occurs at these higher energies should cause a sidereal diurnal variation of the intensity.
THE FAILURE OF SULPHHYDRYL COMPOUNDS, AET, MEA, AND GLUTATHIONE TO PROTECT AGAINST X-RAY INDUCED CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN MALE DROSOPHILA.

SummaryPre-treatment with the mammalian radioprotective sulphhydryl compounds AET, MEA, and glutathione did not protect the Drosophila testis from radiation-induced genetic damage. Protection was not given to spermatozoa, spermatids, spermatocytes and spermatogonia. The responses measured were production of recessive sex-linked lethals, translocations, deletions, loss of X and Y chromosomes and ‘dominant lethals’. MEA increased the recessive lethals in the 3–6 day brood. Pre-treatment with glutathione increased the incidence of XO males in the 6–9 day brood and post-treatment in 0–3 day brood. MEA and glutathione increased the percentage of eggs that failed to develop in ‘dominant lethal’ tests.
Regulating B2B online reverse auctions through voluntary codes of conduct

Abstract In response to real and perceived abuse by market makers, buyers, and sellers, some industry trade groups representing suppliers have developed voluntary codes of conduct, white papers, and other forms of guidance for online reverse auction participants. The intent of these guidelines is to improve both the reverse auction process and relationships between buyers and sellers. This paper examines the rationale for creating guidelines and codes of conduct, and examines their efficacy in regulating reverse auctions to achieve improved outcomes for market makers, buyers, and sellers. Data from primary and related secondary sources indicate that industry-specific codes of conduct and guidelines have not had a favorable impact.
Role of dissolved organic matter composition on the photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of iron.

The photochemical reduction of Cr(VI) by iron and aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) was investigated. DOM sampled from a number of surface waters (a eutrophic wetland, a blackwater stream, and river water from a mix-use watershed) was used in this study. Moreover, a fulvic acid from Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, was also used to represent a DOM derived from a strictly autochthonous source. Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) at pH 5.5 was observed for all target DOMs used in this study, but rates varied widely. In general, photoreduction rates increased with increasing iron concentrations, but the type of DOM appeared to influence the kinetics to a larger degree. The rate of reduction was significantly greater for DOM derived from terrestrial systems than from predominantly autochthonous materials even if additional iron was added to the later. A positive correlation was observed between rates of Cr(VI) photoreduction and properties of the isolated DOM samples whereby faster reduction was observed for larger mor...
Herpes Zoster Knowledge, Prevalence, and Vaccination Rate by Race

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of self-reported herpes zoster (HZ) disease and vaccination in a geriatric population and to characterize the deciding factors to receive the HZ vaccine. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of patients older than age 60 years at 3 university-based primary care clinics in the southeastern United States. Participants provided information for age, race, sex, education level, history of having “shingles” or knowing someone else who had shingles, past vaccinations, and factors influencing their decision to receive the HZ vaccine. Results: We surveyed 403 patients (49% African American [AA], 47% white). The prevalence of HZ was 12.4% overall and was significantly different among races (8% AA, 17% white; P = .01). Only 29% of patients (16% AA, 42% white; P Conclusion: There is a large difference in self-reported HZ and vaccination rates among races. The HZ vaccination rate was low overall, but most patients were interested in receiving the vaccine after the survey. More public awareness and education is needed to improve rates of HZ vaccination.
Predictors of At-Risk Intoxication in a University Field Setting: Social Anxiety, Demographics, and Intentions

AbstractObjective: The determinants of alcohol consumption among university students were investigated in a downtown field setting with blood alcohol content (BAC) as the dependent variable. Participants: In total, 521 participants completed a brief survey and had their BAC assessed during April 2013. Methods: Between 10:00 pm and 2:00 am, teams of researchers recruited passersby at 3 heavy-drinking locations near a university campus. Before the BAC assessment, participants completed a questionnaire regarding their drinking intentions, drinking group, and social anxiety. Results: The average BAC of drinking students was 0.107 g/dL, which was 0.033 g/dL higher than their intended BAC. Males and members of a Greek-life organization consumed significantly more alcohol than their demographic counterparts. A significant positive curvilinear relationship was observed between social anxiety and BAC. Conclusions: University students achieve high levels of intoxication, often exceeding their intended BAC. Social a...
Language Matters: Wording Considerations in Hazard Perception and Warning Comprehension

Abstract Research concerning warning labels has established a comprehensive set of components that generally lead to an effective means of communicating potential hazards. To explore and detail specific labeling effects, the authors tested prototypical warning labels (as found on a hypothetical household cleaner). Experiment 1 tested the effects on label believability of explicit vs. implicit mention of the product's hazard-causing agent. Experiment 2 tested the effects on label believability of explicit vs. implicit mention of the worst possible outcome of interacting with the product. Experiment 3 tested the effects on label believability of probabilistic vs. definite statement of label instructions. Measures of perceived product dangerousness and likelihood of product use, and cued recall for label contents were also obtained. Results indicated that explicit statement of the hazard-causing agent and the worst possible consequences, and definite statement of consequences increased label believability. I...
On the most effective test for models with free parameters

Abstract We describe a set of tests for models with free (undetermined) parameters. In the case when candidate models are represented by parallel subspaces in a space of observables, the general solution of the optimization problem is given with the resulting conditions for the necessary precision of the experimental data required to discriminate the candidate models.
Iterative Controller Tuning in the Time-Scale Domain

A novel method of controller tuning is introduced to achieve a desired closed-loop response. It uses the same strategy as Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT), but instead of relying on a scalar cost function of the performance error between the desired response and system response, it utilizes the expanded version of the performance error in the time-scale domain for estimating the suitable controller parameters. The proposed method relies on the enhanced delineation of output sensitivities in the time-scale domain to identify regions in the time-scale domain wherein the performance error can be attributed to individual controller parameters [1]. It then relies on the error association in each region to estimate the corresponding controller parameter. It is shown that given a realistic desired response for the closed-loop system, the proposed method can lead to satisfactory controller parameters. It is also shown that the results from this method can be integrated with those from IFT to represent the best of the two solutions from the time and time-scale domains.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
High Quantum Efficiency Opaque CsI Photocathodes for the Extreme and Far Ultraviolet

We present measurements of the quantum efficiency of opaque CsI photocathodes applied directly onto the surface of microchannel plates in open face detectors and sealed tube devices. The quantum efficiency as a function of the radiation input angle (0° to 40°) and wavelength (44A to 1800A) has been studied with and without the use of a photoelectron collection field. These measurements provide confirmation of recent published results of high quantum efficiencies (>60%) at 100A. We also present new results for the region 250A to 1800A which show quantum efficiences higher (>30%) than have been achieved to date. The contribution to the quantum efficiency of a photoelectron collection field is shown to be significant, particularly where the photon absorption coefficient is high. The fabrication of CsI photocathodes is described and the quantum efficiency is discussed in relation to the reflection of incident radiation, cathode absorption coefficient and photoelectron escape probability. Assessments of the spatial uniformity of the quantum efficiency are also presented.
Phytol metabolism in the bovine.

Summary 1. Phytol, dihydrophytol and phytanic acid were identified in amounts below 1% of the total lipids in rumen contents from two normal lactating Holstein cows. The plasma level of phytanate measured in one of these animals was of the same magnitude as that found in the rumen and that reported in milk fat. 2. A tracer experiment with uniformly 14 C-labeled phytol indicated conversion to dihydrophytol and phytanic acid in the rumen. Only free phytol, as opposed to that on chlorophyll, appeared to be hydrogenated. 3. The relationship of these findings to high levels of phytanic acid detected on occasions in cow blood lipids and to the human affliction known as Refsum's syndrome is discussed. 4. Thin-layer and gas-chromatographic techniques useful in the isolation, identification and analysis of phytol and some of its derivatives were developed.
Using Personality Inventories to Identify Thugs and Agitators: Applied Psychology's Contribution to the War against Labor

Abstract This article describes a period in the history of applied psychology when personality inventories were used to screen applicants for unionization sympathies. Articles appeared in leading personnel management magazines of the 1930s and 1940s that advocated using personality inventories which measured psychopathology, such as the Humm–Wadsworth Temperament Scale, to identify potential malcontents, agitators, and thugs. These types of personality inventories were used because there was a widespread belief, among managers, that workers who engaged in union activities were likely to have psychological problems. I argue that this use of personality inventories was motivated by the passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which outlawed discriminatory hiring practices used previously to exclude union sympathizers. Implications of this practice related to personality testing in industry are discussed. Ethical implications for research in organizations are also discussed.
The influence of inoculum density and environment on the development of potato blackleg

Significant increases in pre-emergence seedpiece decay and preemergence shoot infection were observed asErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica inoculum density increased. As inoculum density increased, a point was reached where virtually 100 per cent of the disease was expressed as preemergence decay and no typical postemergence blackleg occurred.
The multi-functional cellular adhesion molecule CD44 is regulated by the 8;21 chromosomal translocation

The 8;21 translocation is a common chromosomal abnormality in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We recently identified a naturally occurring leukemogenic splice variant, AML1-ETO9a (acute myeloid leukemia-1 transcription factor and the eight-twenty-one corepressor-9a), of t(8;21). To understand the leukemic potential of AML1-ETO9a, we performed microarray analysis with the murine multipotential hematopoietic FDCP-mix A4 cell line. We identified changes in expression of various genes including CD44. CD44 is a type I transmembrane protein and functions as the major cellular adhesion molecule for hyaluronic acid, a component of the extracellular matrix. CD44 is expressed in most human cell types and is implicated in myeloid leukemia pathogenesis. We show that the presence of AML1-ETO9a significantly increased the expression of CD44 at both RNA and protein levels. Furthermore, the CD44 promoter is bound by AML1-ETO9a and AML1-ETO at the chromatin level. In addition, in the AML1-ETO9a leukemia mouse model CD44 is regulated in a cell context-dependent manner. Thus, our observations suggest that AML1-ETO and its splice variant AML1-ETO9a are able to regulate the expression of the CD44 gene, linking the 8;21 translocation to the regulation of a cell adhesion molecule that is involved in the growth and maintenance of the AML blast/stem cells.
Dissociative Photodetachment Studies of Cooled HOCO¯ Anions Revealing Dissociation Below the Barrier to H + CO2

Dissociative photodetachment of internally cold HOCO¯ has been performed in a new cryogenically cooled photoelectron−photofragment coincidence apparatus, characterizing the HOCO potential energy surface in the Franck−Condon region determined by the anion. Three processes are observed in three distinct regions of this surface: detachment to stable HOCO, dissociative photodetachment to OH + CO, and dissociative photodetachment to H + CO2. Relative to earlier work on internally hot anions, the H + CO2 channel is significantly enhanced, with efficient dissociation to H + CO2 unambiguously detected below calculated barriers in the OH + CO → H + CO2 reaction. This finding shows that an important low-energy pathway exists to the exit channel in this reaction, reinforcing the need for further refinement of this important potential energy surface and providing benchmarks for further theoretical efforts.
Thoughts of suicide among HIV-infected rural persons enrolled in a telephone-delivered mental health intervention.

This study characterized rates and predictors of suicidal thoughts among HIV-infected persons living in rural communities of eight U.S. states. Self-administered surveys were completed by 201 HIV-infected persons living in communities of 50,000 or fewer that were located at least 20 miles from a city of 100,000 or more. All participants were clients of rural AIDS service organizations and had recently enrolled into a randomized clinical trial of a telephone-delivered, coping improvement-group intervention designed specifically for HIV-infected rural persons. At baseline, participants reported on thoughts of suicide, psychological symptomatology, life-stressor burden, ways of coping, coping self-efficacy, social support, and barriers to health care and social services. Thirty-eight percent of HIV-infected rural persons had engaged in thoughts of suicide during the past week. A logistic regression analysis revealed that participants who endorsed thoughts of suicide also reported more depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-3.63, p < .002), less coping self-efficacy (OR = 0.70; 95% CI = 0.56-0.88, p < .002), more frequently worried about transmitting their HIV infection to others (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.14-2.40, p < .008), and experienced more stress associated with AIDS-related stigma (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.07-2.35, p < .03). As AIDS prevalence rates increase in rural areas, interventions that successfully identify and treat geographically isolated HIV-infected persons who experience more frequent or serious thoughts of suicide are urgently needed.
The gender gap: Differences in political attitudes and social dominance orientation

Survey data over recent decades show men to differ from women on a number of political attitudes and on political party identification. We provide evidence that many such differences can be attributed to individual differences in Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)--preference for inequality among social groups--that are sex linked. Results from a US college student sample (N = 463) and a US 1992 voter sample (N = 478) replicate previous findings of more male support of conservative ideology, military programmes, and punitive policies and more female support of social programmes and equal rights. Consistent with our hypotheses, men were more social dominance oriented than women, and SDO accounted for much of the sex-linked variability in political attitudes, SDO was also a significant predictor of candidate choice in the US 1992 presidential election through its influence on policy attitudes and political ideology. Implications of these results for theories of gender and politics are discussed.
Cryofixation and freeze substitution of teliospores of Gymnosporangium clavipes: an ultrastructural investigation

Teliospores of the rust fungus Gymnosporangium clavipes were cryofixed using high-pressure freezing or cold-metal slamming techniques and prepared for transmission electron microscopy by freeze substitution. Both cryofixation techniques provided excellent ultrastructural preservation of the teliospore cytoplasm. Gross cytoplasmic freeze damage was not observed in any spore frozen in a dextran solution under high pressure and only a low number had minor freeze damage. More spores exhibited cytoplasmic freeze damage using the cold-metal slamming technique. A comparison of these cryotechniques indicated that dextran induced no obvious ultrastructural artifacts during high-pressure freezing. Artifacts induced by high-pressure freezing were identified as breaks in the spore wall and disruptions of the nuclear envelope. In most teliospores, regions of the cytoplasm separated from the inner surface of the teliospore wall creating electron-transparent gaps. Teliospores consisted of two cells separated by a transverse septum. Each cell contained a single, spherical nucleus with a well-preserved nucleoplasm. A spindle pole body and oblong, fibrillar bodies were associated with the outer nuclear envelope. Ribosomes, glycogen particles, mitochondria, microbodies, lipid bodies, strands of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, complex membranous networks, double membraned cisternae and numerous vesicles were present throughout the cytoplasm. Golgi equivalents were not observed. Microtubules were observed in the cytoplasm and often seen near the outer surfaces of nuclei. Microfilaments were not detected in the cytoplasm but were observed in the nuclear matrix. The utility and fidelity of high-pressure freezing in preserving fungal cells for ultrastructural analysis are discussed.
Application level security using an object-oriented graphical user interface

The Trusted Computer Security Eva.lua.tion Crit.eria has become a defacto standxd for securit(y features in trusted systems. Unfort,mna,tely, the TCSEC was formulated at a time when computing was done in centralized facilities wit.11 low level a.ccess (i.e. opera.ting system access) to the computer. Present comput.er use is much different. Users a.ccess a.pplica.tions, and only rely on the operaking syst,em t.0 support the application. In this style of computing the a.pplica.tion is more important for security, yet the TCSEC pla.ces a.11 the responsibility in the opera.ting syst.em. In t,his paper we outline some of the changes required to move the focus for security from t#he operating syst,em to the applciation. Since much of t.he application relies on the user interface, some of this cha.nge must a.lso address the user interface. By empha.sizing the application and interface securit,y can be easier a.nd more consistent across applications, and different computer systems. In the United Stat,es, the primary sta.tement, of computer security has been the DOD Trked Comput.er Security Eva.luation Criteria [i], bet.ter know11 as t.he Orange Book or TCSEC. iVuch objection to the TCSEC stems from its focus on a. single securit,y policy; the DOD hierarchical system for protection of classified information [l-4]. These compla.ints a.re valid but there is a more fundamental problem with the TCSEC. That problem stems from the time t,ha.t the TCSEC was originally developed in the mid to late 1970’s. Our current view of computing is different from tl1a.t t,ime, and even if the TCSEC was freed from the st,rict.ly hierarchical policy it would st,ill not address current, trends in computer use. We propose an a.lterna.tive t,o t.lie whole style of protections provided in the TCSEC, a different. view of security. In the TCSEC t,he protecl.ions a.re loca.ted in the operating system. In the new view prot,ect,ions are distributed between the opera.t.ing system, a.nd the application. The new view is necessary beca.use t.he t.rend a.way from syst.ems level operations t.o applicat,ions. The syskln proposed here c>sploit.s t.hcse t.rc~lds. It relies upon t.he abst,ra.ct,ions provitl(Yl by modern applications and object. orient,ed grapllical user iut.crfaces to enhance the securit,y t.1~a.t is provided by the oper-
A detailed description of the solar wind triggers of two dayside transients: Events of 25 July 1997

[1] Traveling Convection Vortices (TCVs), a specific type of dayside transient event, offer a good opportunity to study the modes of interaction between the solar wind, bow shock and the magnetosphere/ionosphere system. We study here in detail the solar wind triggers of two TCV events that occurred at 1500 UT and 1835 UT on 25 July 1997. During these two events there was a fortuitous conjunction of four solar wind monitors near the Earth's magnetosphere. We were able to identify the exact solar wind discontinuity that triggered each ground TCV. We found that the 1500 UT TCV was triggered by the density (and thus dynamic pressure) enhancement accompanying a tangential discontinuity. We were able to determine the orientation of the discontinuity plane and thus predict, in good agreement with observations, the propagation of the discontinuity between the four spacecraft as well as the propagation of the transient in the magnetosphere (geosynchronous) and ionosphere. The ground transient was generated in the early afternoon local time and then propagated westward, first toward local noon and then away from noon toward dawn. The 1835 UT TCV, which was stronger, was triggered by a more complicated solar wind discontinuity that exhibited significant spatial structure and an unusual propagation pattern. A detailed analysis of the orientation of the discontinuity fronts explained the propagation of the discontinuity in the solar wind. Even though the discontinuity did not carry a significant dynamic pressure enhancement, it had the properties required to generate a hot flow anomaly (HFA) or a foreshock cavity at the bow shock. The corresponding pressure reduction in the magnetosheath interacted with the magnetosphere to generate the transient near local noon that propagates eastward toward dusk. Geosynchronous observations confirm these conclusions. To strengthen our conclusions, we compared the discontinuity that triggered the ground TCV event with four other discontinuities that occurred in the same 2-hour window. We found that none of the other four discontinuities carried significant dynamic pressure enhancements or had properties required to create a HFA at the bow shock. They did not trigger detectable transients on the ground. It thus seems that TCVs can be triggered by solar wind discontinuities that either carry dynamic pressure enhancements (or alternatively reductions) or by discontinuities that create HFAs or foreshock cavities at the bow shock.
Status of soft X-ray photoemission microscopy utilizing synchrotron radiation

Abstract We briefly review recent progress in the field of soft X-ray photoemission spectromicroscopy. Different approaches have produced instruments which are highly complementary to each other. We observe that the field has matured from demonstration experiments to work which utilizes the unique capabilities of each microscope, providing new insights in various fields such as materials science, surface physics, and biology. Advances in X-ray sources, optics, detectors, and alignment techniques will be synergistic in the continuing development of this field. In particular, the advent of. next generation synchrotrons with unprecedented brightness will enable routine operation at the theoretical limits of several microscope designs as well as allow other photoemission techniques to become viable.
Infrared High-Speed Fabry-Perot Interferometer For Rapid-Scan Laser Spectroscopy Measurements

A high-speed scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) has been developed to provide time-resolved spectral data on a pulsed iodine laser operating at 1.3152 Am. The instrument consists of a Fabry-Perot etalon operating in the bull's-eye (Haidinger) fringe mode, combined with transfer optics and a polygon scan mirror for streaking a slit image containing the Fabry-Perot spectrum onto a lead sulfide vidicon camera. The FPI is adjusted for a free spectral range of 0.250 nm in order to detect any or all of the six possible iodine transitions. Spectra with pulse lengths as long as 50 μs can be measured to a resolution better than 500 ns. The instrument is coupled to a personal computer based video frame grabber for data acquisition and analysis.
The organizational effects of oxytocin on the central expression of estrogen receptor α and oxytocin in adulthood

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that neonatal manipulation of oxytocin (OT) has effects on the expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the central production of oxytocin observed in juveniles (at weaning, 21 days of age). The goal of this study was to determine whether the effects of neonatal manipulation of OT last into adulthood, and if the effects differ from those observed during the early postnatal period. On the first day of life, prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) received one of three doses of OT (High, 3 µg; Med, 0.3 µg; Low, 0.03 µg), an OT antagonist, or isotonic saline. Another group was handled, but not injected. Then as adults, brains were collected, sectioned, and stained for ERα or OT using immunocytochemistry. Results: In females, treatment with OT increased the expression of ERα immunoreactivity in the ventral lateral septum (0.03 µg) and the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and central amygdala (0.3 µg). In males, OT antagonist increased ERα expression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. There was no apparent effect of OT on the number of cells producing OT in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Conclusion: The current results suggest that neonatal manipulation of OT has long-term organizational effects on the expression of ERα in both males and females. The lack of effect on OT neurons in the paraventricular nucleus suggests that some developmental effects of OT previously observed in weanlings do not persist into adulthood. Developmental effects of OT on ERα patterns were sexually dimorphic, dose-dependent, and site-specific.
The biophysics of ligand-receptor interactions.

For the cells of an organism to act in the coordinated fashion necessary for complex functioning, they must be able to receive and transmit information. Information transfer is mediated by molecules released by the cells and may be local, as in the case of neurotransmitters, or long range, as in the case of hormones. It is apparent, however, that irrespective of the range of interaction, a cell must be able to distinguish, with a high degree of precision, the signals relevant to it from an enormous flow of background noise.Molecular recognition at the cell surface is mediated by receptors: cell surface glycoproteins that usually form an integral part of the plasma membrane (see, for example, Cuatrecasas & Greaves, 1978). Typically, receptors bind the ligands they are designed to recognize with affinities of the order of 108 M-1, and they translate that interaction into a sequence of signals that ultimately lead to biological activity.
N-hydroxysuccinimide ester labeling 5'-aminoalkyl DNA oligomers: reaction conditions and purification.

Abstract Difficulties were encountered in labeling 5′-aminoalkyl DNA oligomers with glycolketo electrophore N-hydroxysuccinimide esters in aqueous sodium bicarbonate (a common base for this purpose), followed by C 18 -silica reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to achieve purification. The electrophore-labeled oligomers were not separated readily either from the hydrolyzed electrophore or from the starting oligomer. This problem was overcome by conducting the reaction with triethylamine as a base, organic washing the reaction mixtures after evaporation, and separating on a C 18 -poly(styrene–divinylbenzene) HPLC packing.
Induction of choline acetyltransferase in the neuroblastoma x glioma cell line NG108-15

The mechanism of the induction of choline acetyltransferase activity in the hybrid cell line NG108-15 was studied. Induction by cyclic AMP analogs, forskolin, and prostaglandin E1 + theophylline was found to be rapid with an increase in choline acetyltransferase specific activity detectable within 8 hrs and maximal after 24 hrs. Immunoblot analysis was used to demonstrate that the increase in choline acetyltransferase specific activity induced by prostaglandin E1 + theophylline was due to an increase in enzyme protein. Cycloheximide effectively blocked the induction of choline acetyltransferase by prostaglandin E1 + theophylline. These results demonstrate that the induction of choline acetyltransferase activity involves the synthesis of new enzyme protein. Attempts to measure choline acetyltransferase turnover by blocking its synthesis with cycloheximide indicated that this enzyme is a relatively stable protein with a half-life of greater than 24 hrs.
Apolipoprotein E, a Gene with Complex Biological Interactions in the Aging Brain ☆

Abstract Age-dependent neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD) may be viewed as a complex interaction among: (i) susceptibility polymorphisms, (ii) somatic mutations or alterations that occur over extended periods of time, and (iii) environmental interactions. Putative “sporadic” diseases appear to have a much stronger genetic component than had been considered previously. For example, in Alzheimer disease, apolipoprotein E is a major susceptibility locus that accounts for approximately half the heritability. Specific APOE genotypes are associated with different relative risks and age of onset distributions. Disease may be expressed as a confluence of several genetic risk factors, superimposed upon the age-dependent increments of somatic mitochondrial mutations, and environmental determinants such as head injury, stroke, or hypoxia. A matrix involving each of these complex factors may influence the age of onset of AD in a particular individual. With careful clinically based family and epidemiological studies, it is now possible to tease out the relevant genetic contributions from the confluence of other factors leading to complex disease affecting specific sets of neurons. The highly intricate maze of contributing factors provides many potential unanticipated opportunities to design rational therapeutic and preventative strategies.
STREAM: Sensor Topology Retrieval at Multiple Resolutions

Large-scale sensor networks need energy-efficient mechanisms to extract topology for various aspects of sensor network management. Some network properties can be inferred from a relatively low-resolution representation of topology. Different topology resolutions suffice for different management applications to perform at a desired level. In these cases, it is an overkill to retrieve the entire topology of large-scale networks particularly because sensor nodes are energy constrained. In this paper, we describe a distributed parameterized algorithm for Sensor Topology Retrieval at Multiple Resolutions (STREAM), which makes a tradeoff between topology details and resources expended. We also define various classes of topology queries and rules for optimal parameter selection to support these queries.
Survey research: it's just a few questions, right?

Summary While most anesthesiologists and other physician- or nurse-scientists are familiar with traditional descriptive, observational, and interventional study design, survey research has typically remained the preserve of the social scientists. To that end, this article provides a basic overview of the elements of good survey design and offers some rules of thumb to help guide investigators through the survey process.
Standards for Resuscitation After Cardiac Surgery

Of the 250 000 patients who undergo major cardiac operations in the United States annually, 0.7% to 2.9% will experience a postoperative cardiac arrest. Although Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) is the standard approach to management of cardiac arrest in the United States, it has significant limitations in these patients. The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) has endorsed a new guideline specific to resuscitation after cardiac surgery that advises important, evidence-based deviations from ACLS and is under consideration in the United States. The ACLS and ERC recommendations for resuscitation of these patients are contrasted on the basis of the essential components of care. Key to this approach is the rapid elimination of reversible causes of arrest, followed by either defibrillation or pacing (as appropriate) before external cardiac compressions that can damage the sternotomy, cautious use of epinephrine owing to potential rebound hypertension, and prompt resternotomy (within 5 minutes) to promote optimal cerebral perfusion with internal massage, if prior interventions are unsuccessful. These techniques are relatively simple, reproducible, and easily mastered in Cardiac Surgical Unit-Advanced Life Support courses. Resuscitation of patients after heart surgery presents a unique opportunity to achieve high survival rates with key modifications to ACLS that warrant adoption in the United States.
Studies on the Early Effects of Thyroid Hormones

Thyroidectomized rats were injected with triiodothyronine or thyroxine and the magnitude of the response was measured at various time intervals. The heart rate and the lipolytic effect of epinephrine on adipose tissue were increased 3 hr after giving 45 μg of T3 intravenously and at 6 hr after giving 15 or 45 ng of T3 subcutaneously. Five μg of T3 and 60 μg of T4 produced significant effects on the heart rate and the epinephrineinduced lipolysis in adipose tissue at 12 hr. The magnitude of these effects did not increase with the longer intervals of pretreatment, nor did it increase with the higher doses of hormone. Thyroidectomy elevated cardiac glycogen and pretreatment with thyroid hormone reduced it. Body temperature was sometimes increased by 12 hr but no consistent changes in liver glycogen were produced by thyroidectomy or thyroid replacement. The findings suggest that the latent period is shortest for those effects arising from increased sensitivity to catecholamines and that the subsequent alterat...
Synthesis and reactivity of aluminized fluorinated acrylic (AlFA) nanocomposites

Abstract Fluorinated materials, such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and its co-polymers, have attracted significant interest throughout the energetic materials community due to their strong reactivity with aluminum powders. Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel composite material produced through the in situ polymerization of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate in the presence of aluminum nanoparticles which have been previously functionalized with phosphoric acid 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ester to promote chemical integration into the polymer matrix. These materials, which we have termed aluminized fluorinated acrylic (AlFA) composites, have been prepared with particle contents ranging from 10% to 70% by weight. At particle loadings of 60 wt.% or less, the AlFA composites exhibited thermoplastic behavior and were able to be processed by melt extrusion. The AlFA-50 composite demonstrated the highest reactivity (most intense flame and shortest time to achieve complete deflagration) during air combustion experiments performed on consolidated pellets. Chemical analysis of the char indicated the presence of AlF 3 , in addition to Al 2 O 3 , Al 4 C 3 and residual Al, indicating that reaction with the fluoropolymer matrix does result in fluorination of the aluminum during the deflagration, however, this mechanism competes kinetically with air oxidation and carbide formation at higher particle loadings.
New fabrication techniques for high dynamic range tunneling sensors

We have developed high dynamic range (105-106 g's) tunneling accelerometers1,2 that may be ideal for smart munitions applications by employing both surface and bulk micromachining processing techniques. The highly miniaturized surface-micromachined devices can be manufactured at very low cost and integrated on chip with the control electronics. Bulk-micromachined devices with Si as the cantilever material should have reduced long-term bias drift as well as better stability at higher temperatures. Fully integrated sensors may provide advantages in minimizing microphonics for high-g applications. Previously, we described initial test results using electrostatic forces generated by a self-test electrode located under a Au cantilever3. In this paper, we describe more recent testing of Ni and Au cantilever devices on a shaker table using a novel, low input voltage (5 V) servo controller on both printed wiring board and surface-mount control circuitry. In addition, we report our initial test results for devices packaged using a low-temperature wafer-level vacuum packaging technique for low-cost manufacturing.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence for the presence of β-lactamase inStreptomyces glaucescens and its inhibition by sodium clavulanate

Streptomyces glaucescens is shown to possess β-lactamase activity which is inhibitable by clavulanate. This is important in regard to its use as a cloning host for enzymes of \-lactam biosynthesis.
Melatonin and the coding of day length in male Syrian hamsters.

: Two experiments investigated the response of the pituitary-gonadal axis of pinealectomized male Syrian hamsters to programmed systemic administration of melatonin. In the first experiment, castrated male Syrian hamsters were housed in a short photoperiod (8L:16D) and maintained on subcutaneous testosterone implants for 7 weeks. These males were then pinealectomized or sham-pinealectomized and their testosterone capsules removed. Daily infusions of melatonin 250 ng/infusion) or its vehicle were administered for 3 weeks; infusion duration was long (11 or 12 hr) or short (6 hr). Measurement of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) following this 3-week period indicated that long-duration melatonin infusions mimicked short-day conditions (LH levels were low), but short-duration infusions did not (LH levels were significantly elevated). In the second experiment, pinealectomized, gonadally intact males were housed in a 12L:12D photoperiod and injected once daily with melatonin or its vehicle, either 3 or 5 hr after dark onset for 11 weeks. These times were chosen to coincide with the light: dark cycle phase that according to published reports is optimally responsive to exogenous melatonin for the induction of short-photoperiodic effects. Melatonin injections did not induce gonadal regression in pinealectomized hamsters. Melatonin and vehicle-treated males responded similarly; their testis widths and serum testosterone levels were not significantly different at the end of the experiment. These results support the hypothesis that the duration of melatonin secretion each night is an important variable in conveying photoperiodic information, but that the circadian phase during which melatonin is present is not.
Equivariant cohomology, Koszul duality, and the localization theorem

(1.1) This paper concerns three aspects of the action of a compact group K on a space X . The ®rst is concrete and the others are rather abstract. (1) Equivariantly formal spaces. These have the property that their cohomology may be computed from the structure of the zero and one dimensional orbits of the action of a maximal torus in K. (2) Koszul duality. This enables one to translate facts about equivariant cohomology into facts about its ordinary cohomology, and back. (3) Equivariant derived category. Many of the results in this paper apply not only to equivariant cohomology, but also to equivariant intersection cohomology. The equivariant derived category provides a framework in both of these may be considered simultaneously, as examples of ``equivariant sheaves''. We treat singular spaces on an equal footing with nonsingular ones. Along the way, we give a description of equivariant homology and equivariant intersection homology in terms of equivariant geometric cycles. Most of the themes in this paper have been considered by other authors in some context. In Sect. 1.7 we sketch the precursors that we know about. For most of the constructions in this paper, we consider an action of a compact connected Lie group K on a space X , however for the purposes of the introduction we will take K  S1 to be a torus. Invent. math. 131, 25±83 (1998)
Alkyl Chain Length and Temperature Effects on Structural Properties of Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids: A Combined Atomistic Simulation and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([CnMPy][Tf2N], n = 3, 4, 6, 8, 10) were conducted using an all-atom model. Radial distribution functions (RDF) were computed and structure functions were generated to compare with new X-ray scattering experimental results, reported herein. The scattering peaks in the structure functions generally shift to lower Q values with increased temperature for all the liquids in this series. However, the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the longer alkyl chain liquids displays a marked shift to higher Q values with increasing temperature. Alkyl chain-dependent ordering of the polar groups and increased tail aggregation with increasing alkyl chain length were observed in the partial pair correlation functions and the structure functions. The reasons for the observed alkyl chain-dependent phenomena and temperature effects were explored.
Spectral Properties of Plants

The spectral properties of plant leaves and stems have been obtained for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared frequencies. The spectral reflectance, transmittance, and absorptance for certain plants is given. The mechanism by which radiant energy interacts with a leaf is discussed, including the presence of plant pigments. Examples are given concerning the amount of absorbed solar radiation for clear sky and overcast conditions. The spectral properties of desert plants are compared with those of more mesic plants. The evolution of the spectral properties of plant leaves during the early growing season is given as well as the colorimetric behavior during the autumn.
Fish Otoliths: Daily Growth Layers and Periodical Patterns

The early-stage annual rings in otoliths from some cold-temperate fish consist of thin growth bands, the number of which corresponds to that of the days in a year. This indicates that growth takes place by daily increments. Other recurrent patterns show a fortnightly and monthly periodicity. Spawning rings are microscopically distinguishable from winter rings.