cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of System Justification in Young Children

The near ubiquity of ingroup preference is consistent with the view that it is an automatic consequence of social categorization, possibly a basic foundation of intergroup relations. However, research with adults has demonstrated that automatic ingroup preference is notably absent among less dominant, less advantaged groups, an outcome predicted by System Justification Theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994). How basic is this tendency to justify existing social arrangements? Data from young children are crucial in addressing whether such an opposing orientation is itself a fundamental feature of intergroup social cognition. The developmental data summarized here suggest that knowledge about the relative status of one’s ingroup is absorbed and internalized sufficiently early in life, revealing system-justifying tendencies by age 5, the earliest age such questions have been examined to date. Across several studies summarized here young children from non-dominant groups failed to show an implicit ingroup preference, similar to their adult counterparts. We conclude that from an early age intergroup preferences are constrained by knowledge, implicit or explicit, about the relative status differences among groups and may suggest an orientation toward supporting existing social and political structures. The possibility that system-justifying tendencies may exist in even younger children remains open for future tests.
Pattern recognition: An exploration of the information processing operations of detectives

Studies suggest that a small minority of offenders are responsible for a large majority of criminal incidents. Efficient deployment of police resources would dictate that this small subset of criminal offenders be identified and targeted for arrest, making crime pattern identification a critical element of crime analysis. Several groups of Chicago Police Department expert robbery detectives are interviewed in focus groups to determine the information processing operations they use to accomplish this end. The results indicate that pattern recognition behaviors are related to organizational structure and the information processing characteristics of humans. Police detectives adapt to their information processing limitations by adopting a variety of heuristics, which are sufficient to identify only the most obvious patterns. Modifying the organizational structures to improve the pattern recognition environment will likely not increase the number of patterns discovered. The results suggest that comprehensive ...
Imaging the lowermost mantle (D?) and the core–mantle boundary with SKKS coda waves

SUMMARY In our previous studies we developed a method for imaging heterogeneity at and near the core– mantle boundary (CMB) with a generalized Radon transform (GRT) of (transverse component, broad-band) ScS data, and we developed a statistical model for producing images of the D �� discontinuity with variable confidence levels. In these applications, the background is smooth and perturbations are represented as contrasts. Here we extend the theory to allow (known) discontinuities, such as the CMB, in the background model. The resulting imaging operator, which is formally not a GRT, can be used, either alone or along with ScS, for the imaging of lowermost mantle structure and, in particular, the D �� discontinuity with the scattered SKKS wavefield. Synthetic seismograms calculated with the WKBJ method are used to test the performance of our approach. As a proof of concept, we transform ∼38 000 radial component SKKS waveforms into image gathers of a CMB patch beneath Central America. The SKKS image gathers and image traces are in good agreement with the image traces obtained from the GRT transform of ScS data.
On the limitations of force tracking control for hydraulic active suspensions

This paper presents analysis of a particular force tracking control problem for rectilinear hydraulic actuators governed by a servovalve. It presents no new theory, but rather uses a revealing model reduction insight coupled with classical analysis to explain a physical phenomenon. As such, this work is an attempt to explain why a seemingly innocuous problem is more subtle than initially believed. A motivation for this problem is given along with prior attempts at a simple solution. The solution method evaluated is a common proportional-integral-derivative type of controller. It is shown that the simple PID is quite adequate for other types of control objectives such as force regulation or position tracking. However, this simple solution method is shown to be inadequate for force tracking due to fundamental limitations of the problem formulation. Therefore, more advanced control algorithms are shown to be a necessity rather than a luxury.
Autophagy blockade sensitizes prostate cancer cells towards src family kinase inhibitors

There is overwhelming evidence that tyrosine kinases play an important role in cancer development. As a prototype of targeted therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are now successfully applied to cancer treatment. However, as single agents, tyrosine kinase inhibitors have not achieved satisfactory results in the treatment of prostate cancer, principally due to their inability to efficiently kill tumor cells. The authors’ laboratory has been interested in the role of the Src complex in prostate cancer progression, including the induction of androgen independence and metastasis. Previously, the authors reported that Src inhibitors such as saracatinib and PP2 caused G1 growth arrest and diminished invasiveness in prostate cancer cells but rarely apoptosis. Here, they have shown that Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitors can induce a high level of autophagy, which protects treated cells from undergoing apoptosis. Src siRNA knockdown experiments confirmed that autophagy was indeed caused by the lack of Src activity. The SFK inhibitor-induced autophagy is accompanied by the inhibition of the PI3K (type I)/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. To test whether autophagy blockade could lead to enhanced cell death, pharmacological inhibitors (3-methyladenine and chloroquine) and a genetic inhibitor (siRNA targeting Atg7) were used in combination with SFK inhibitors. The results showed that autophagy inhibition effectively enhanced cell killing induced by SFK inhibitors. Importantly, the authors showed that a combination of saracatinib with chloroquine in mice significantly reduced prostate cancer (PC3) xenograft growth compared with the control group. Taken together, these data suggest that (1) autophagy serves a protective role in SFK inhibitor-mediated cell killing, and (2) clinically acceptable autophagy modulators may be used beneficially as adjunctive therapeutic agents for SFK inhibitors.
High-efficiency W-band GaAs monolithic frequency multipliers

High efficiency monolithic frequency multipliers have been designed, fabricated, and tested in the W-band. In microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs), transmission lines with various impedances are used not only to transfer the input and output signals, but also to match the impedances of active devices to those of the input and output ports, with open and/or short stubs. Thus, loss in the transmission lines is one of the major limiting factors on circuit efficiencies. This paper presents high-efficiency MMIC frequency doublers with a balanced pair of GaAs Schottky barrier planar diodes operating in the W-band. The geometries of transmission lines were optimized to reduce the loss and thus to improve the efficiency. The demonstrated efficiency of 36.1% is the highest efficiency reported for a diode-based MMIC frequency multiplier in the W-band.
Development of a Novel Metalworking Fluid Engineered for Use With Microfiltration Recycling

Membrane microfiltration is a promising technology that has been shown to extend metalworking fluid (MWF) life by eliminating contaminants while allowing the fluid to stay in use. However, the efficacy of this technology is compromised by the clogging of the filter pores in a process known as membrane fouling. In this paper the fouling issue is addressed by the development of a semi-synthetic MWF specifically designed to reduce fouling of microfiltration membranes. The composition of the designed MWF is discussed and compared with a commercial MWF. Cross-flow microfiltration fouling tests were carried out in low pressure, high velocity conditions on ceramic α-alumina membranes. Several common MWF components are shown not to be factors of membrane fouling on these membranes. The flux of the designed fluid was found to reach an immediate steady-state at about twice the value of the steady-state flux of the tested commercial fluid. SEM imaging was used to further evaluate membrane fouling by each fluid. The machining capabilities of the designed fluid were examined in terms of cutting forces and machining temperature.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Measuring Modern Roundabout Traffic Conflict Exposure

This article provides a safety analysis on Wisconsin roundabouts using crash records and field video data. Crash records at 41 roundabouts were retrieved from an online database, and field video data were collected at two multilane roundabouts. The percentages of each of the seven identified crash types is estimated by averaging the crash type percentage of all 41 roundabouts. It is found that the most common crash type at single-lane roundabouts is entering-circulating crashes, whereas sideswipe crashes have a higher percentage at multilane roundabouts than at single-lane roundabouts. To examine the relationship between driver behavior and crash patterns at multilane roundabouts, field video data from two multilane roundabouts were used to quantify 12 types of undesired negotiation activities. The ratio of the number of undesired negotiations to the traffic count is defined as the exposure rate (to conflicts). The exposure rate can be utilized to estimate the crash type percentage. Although the chi-squared statistical test did not support the hypothesis of same crash type distribution between the expected crashes and actual ones, the exposure rates successfully identified the entering-circulating and sideswipe (in circulating lanes) crashes as the two major crash types.
αIIbβ3 biogenesis is controlled by engagement of αIIb in the calnexin cycle via the N15-linked glycan

Although much is known about αIIbβ3 structure and function, relatively little is understood about its biogenesis. Thus, we studied the kinetics of pro-αIIb production and degradation, focusing on whether proteasomal degradation or the calnexin cycle participates in these processes. In pulse-chase analyses, the time to half-disappearance of pro-αIIb (t1/2) was the same in (1) HEK293 cells transfected with (a) αIIb plus β3, (b) αIIb alone, (c) mutant V298FαIIb plus β3, or (d) I374TαIIb plus β3; and (2) murine wild-type and β3-null megakaryocytes. Inhibition of the proteasome prolonged the t1/2 values in both HEK293 cells and murine megakaryocytes. Calnexin coprecipitated with αIIb from HEK293 cells transfected with αIIb alone, αIIb plus β3, and V298FαIIb plus β3. For proteins in the calnexin cycle, removal of the terminal mannose residue of the middle branch of the core N-linked glycan results in degradation. Inhibition of the enzyme that removes this mannose residue prevented pro-αIIb degradation in β3-null murine megakaryocytes. αIIb contains a conserved glycosylation consensus sequence at N15, and an N15Q mutation prevented pro-αIIb maturation, complex formation, and degradation. Our findings suggest that pro-αIIb engages the calnexin cycle via the N15 glycan and that failure of pro-αIIb to complex normally with β3 results in proteasomal degradation.
Gender and the Use of Sexually Degrading Language

Based on feminist social constructionist theory, it was proposed that the sexual language women and men used would reflect male sexual power over women through degradation and objectification. In the first study, 79 women and 88 men (36 of whom were fraternity members) reported anonymously on the sexual language they used. The strongest effects found were that men (particularly those in a fraternity) were likely to use sexually degrading terms to refer to female genitals. Men were more likely than women to use aggressive terms to refer to copulation. In a second study, 56 women and 47 men college participants listened to a conversation between either two women or two men in which they were talking about having sex with someone they just met the night before. The speaker either used more degrading or less degrading language. In general, people judged anyone who used degrading language negatively. The person who was the object in the more degrading conversation compared to the less degrading conversation was judged as less intelligent and less moral. The results suggest that gender is associated with the sexual language people use, and that the degradation and objectification present in the sexual language men sometimes use might have harmful consequences on the person being objectified.
Quantifying the maximum phase-distortion error introduced by signal samplers

Quantifying the errors introduced by signal sampler imperfections is of interest to people who are doing frequency domain measurements. The phase-distortion introduced by the sampler is hard to quantify and is usually neglected. In this article, upper bounds for this phase-distortion error are derived which are based upon simple assumptions, namely that the sampler weighting function is strictly positive, that it is limited in time, and that the function has only one local maximum. The theoretical limits are applied in order to specify the accuracy of a calibration procedure for broadband sampling oscilloscopes.
The Use of Graphic and Contextual Information by Average and Below-Average Readers:

The use of graphic and contextual information by average and below- average readers was inferred by examining their oral reading miscues. It was hypothesized that inconsistent findings of previous studies comparing children of dif- fering reading abilities were due to unequal miscue rates between the groups. The present study equated miscue rate of average and below-average readers and examin- ed the effects of different miscue rates on the use of graphic and contextual informa- tion. Forty second-grade average readers and forty below-average readers in third to sixth.grades read two selections of second grade readability. Three levels of miscues per hundred words which span the functional reading levels were examined: 1-5, 6-10, and 11-15. The results show that miscue rate effects the use of contextual in- formation: miscues which are not syntactically correct increase as miscue rate in- creases, and miscues which are syntactically correct but change the author's meaning decrease as miscue rate increases. Below-average readers made proportionally more miscues which changed the author's meaning and showed greater dependence on graphic cues; a dependence which was unsuccessful in decoding unknown words. Average readers made proportionally more miscues which made no changes in the author's meaning. Instructional implications were discussed. It is well known that readers use a number of sources of information while reading and many of these, e.g., grapho-phonic, syntactic, semantic, and word fre- quency knowledge, may be interdependent (Goodman, 1969; Smith, 1971). Both the reader and text as sources of information tend to complement each other to maximize efficiency during reading. That is, the more information the reader brings to the reading task, the less demand on the text for meaning to be obtained from print. For example, in the sentence, "That animal living in the water is a whale," if the reader possesses enough syntactic information to expect a noun to occur as the last word in the sentence and world knowledge has permitted the reader to become familiar with
Improving The Impact Of Cause-Related Donation Exchanges Through Message Framing: A Conceptual Perspective

A conceptual framework is presented in support of a cause-related exchange model. Of interest is the possible effect of message framing on the likelihood of participating in a cause-related donation exchange. Framing the cause related marketing message concretely or abstractly, in regard to the dollar amount or percentage level of a cause-related purchase that will actually go to a designated cause, is posited to directly impact the likelihood of participating in a donation exchange. Furthermore, the level of cause support and the level of donation request are posited to mutually moderate the above-mentioned relationship. The cause support level is presented to have a central role, influencing both the effects of message framing on the likelihood of participating in a donation exchange and the level of donation request on the likelihood of participating in a donation exchange. It is the authors’ intention that the presentation of this conceptual model will contribute to cause-related research literature, and concomitantly, attract practitioner interest as well.
Cell-type specific regulation of cortical excitability through the allatostatin receptor system

Recent technical advances enable the regulation of neuronal circuit activity with high spatial and temporal resolution through genetic delivery of molecular activation or inactivation systems. Among them, the allatostatin receptor (AlstR)/ligand system has been developed for selective and quickly reversible silencing of mammalian neurons. However, targeted AlstR-mediated inactivation of specific neuronal types, particularly diverse types of inhibitory interneurons, remains to be established. In the present study, we achieved Cre-directed expression of AlstRs to excitatory and inhibitory cell types in the cortex, and found that the AlstR-mediated inactivation was specific and robust at single cell and neuronal population levels. Bath application of the allatostatin peptide markedly reduced spiking activity of AlstR-expressing excitatory and inhibitory neurons in response to intrasomatic current injections and laser photostimulation via glutamate uncaging, but control neurons without AlstR expression were not affected. As for the cortical network activity, the peptide application constrained photostimulation-evoked excitatory activity propagation detected by fast voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging of the slices expressing AlstRs selectively in excitatory neurons, while it augmented excitatory activity in those slices with inhibitory neurons expressing AlstRs. In addition, AlstR-mediated inactivation effectively suppressed pharmacologically-induced seizure activity in the slices targeting AlstRs to excitatory neurons. Taken together, our work demonstrated that the genetic delivery of AlstRs can be used for regulation of cortical excitability in a cell-type specific manner, and suggested that the AlstR system can be potentially used for fast seizure control.
Junction Operation of GaAs Wire Array Solar Cells

Wire array solar cells benefit from enhanced coupling of light into the active area of the device, significantly decreased collection lengths due to radial charge separation and collection, and easier access to grain boundaries for passivation which may enable future deposition on non-wafer substrates. We report on an analysis of the junction operation of wire array based GaAs solar cells through temperature and light intensity dependent current-voltage analysis and compare these data to matched planar devices. We see evidence of non-ideal recombination pathways indicated by activation energies for generation-recombination that are significantly less than the band gap of GaAs. We observe voltage shifts in the wire array devices at low temperature and high light intensity that we posit can be explained by electron accumulation in the window layers of the devices.
A NEW GEOGRAPHIC FORM OF THE SPINNER DOLPHIN, STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS, DETECTED WITH AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Analyses of skeletal and external morphology of spinner dolphins killed in to the yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishery in the eastern tropical Pacific led to the description of two subspecies of spinners from this region, the eastern spinnen dolphin and the Central American spinner dolphin (Perrin 1990). However, when we examined lengths of spinner dolphins taken from vertical aerial photographs from the same area, we found three unique morphotypes. Two of these forms correspond, at least in average length and distribution, to the existing subspecies. The third form is intermediate in length between the two recognized subspecies and is found along the edge of the continental shelf north of Cabo Corrientes, Mexico. We provisionally call this form the “Tres Marias spinner dolphin.” Our results demonstrate the value of a mix of fishery and fishery-independent data in studies of stock structure of impacted species.
Tidally Driven Vorticity, Diurnal Shear, and Turbulence atop Fieberling Seamount

Abstract Fine- and microstructure profiles collected over Fieberling Seamount at 32°26′N in the eastern North Pacific reveal a variety of intensified baroclinic motions driven by astronomical diurnal tides. The forced response consists of three phenomena coexisting in a layer 200 m thick above the summit plain: (i) an anticyclonic vortex cap of core relative vorticity − 0.5f, (ii) diurnal fluctuations of ±15 cm s−1 amplitude and 200-m vertical wavelength, and (iii) turbulence levels corresponding to an eddy diffusivity κe ≅ 10 × 10−4 m2 s−1. The vortex cannot be explained by Taylor–Proudman dynamics because of its − 0.3fN2 negative potential vorticity anomaly. The ±0.3f fortnightly cycle in the vortex’s strength suggests that it is at least partially maintained against dissipative erosion by tidal rectification. The diurnal motions are slightly subinertial, turning clockwise in time and counterclockwise with depth over the summit plain. They also exhibit a fortnightly cycle in their amplitude, pointing to...
Skin sloughing and lip lesions after a recent foot procedure.

A woman taking an antibiotic presented with fever, blistering on her lips, and progressive sloughing of skin. She also had diffuse muscle aches and increased pigmentation and edema on her face. Laboratory tests revealed new acute renal insufficiency.
Observations concerning Social and Moral Learnings in Athletics

(1925). Observations concerning Social and Moral Learnings in Athletics. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 502-503.
Early Mobilization and Rehabilitation of Patients Who Are Critically Ill

Neuromuscular disorders are increasingly recognized as a cause of both short- and long-term physical morbidity in survivors of critical illness. This recognition has given rise to research aimed at better understanding the risk factors and mechanisms associated with neuromuscular dysfunction and physical impairment associated with critical illness, as well as possible interventions to prevent or treat these issues. Among potential risk factors, bed rest is an important modifiable risk factor. Early mobilization and rehabilitation of patients who are critically ill may help prevent or mitigate the sequelae of bed rest and improve patient outcomes. Research studies and quality improvement projects have demonstrated that early mobilization and rehabilitation are safe and feasible in patients who are critically ill, with potential benefits including improved physical functioning and decreased duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care, and hospital stay. Despite these findings, early mobilization and rehabilitation are still uncommon in routine clinical practice, with many perceived barriers. This review summarizes potential risk factors for neuromuscular dysfunction and physical impairment associated with critical illness, highlights the potential role of early mobilization and rehabilitation in improving patient outcomes, and discusses some of the commonly perceived barriers to early mobilization and strategies for overcoming them.
Automated prediction of sensory scores for color and appearance in canned black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using machine vision

ABSTRACTEvaluation of canning quality of beans is commonly carried out by simple visual inspection that is time-consuming, resource intensive, and biased by the experience of the panelist. Moreover, there is not a standard scale to rate visual quality traits of canned beans. In this research, a machine vision system was implemented and tested for automatic inspection of color (COL) and appearance (APP) in canned black beans. Various color and textural image features (average, standard deviation, contrast, correlation, energy, and homogeneity from red, green, blue, lightness, red/green, yellow/blue, hue, saturation and value color scales) were extracted from beans and brine images, and evaluated to predict the quality rates for COL and APP of a group of bean panelists using multivariate statistics. Sixty-nine commercial canned black bean samples from different brands and markets were used for analysis. In spite of the “fair” agreement among the sensory panelists for COL and APP, as determined by multi-rate...
Verzweiflung und “Auferstehungen” auf dem Todesbett Bemerkungen zu Dürrenmatts Meteor

In dieser “Jedermann”-Version spielt das Bett-Motiv eine in der Kritik ubersehene Rolle. Die “Auferstehungen” wurden andererseits von Autor und Interpreten zu ernst genommen; sie sind, trotz der Nachbarschaft zu Kierkegaard, theatralisch relevanter als theologisch, was die positive Aufnahme des Stucks im fernen Osten miterklart. Erganzung durch andere Rezeptionsdokumente.
Outcomes of Trainees Performing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Does Resident Experience Matter?

Background Outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) are known to be dependent on attending surgeon volume, but the impact of resident experience is unknown. Our objective was to assess the influence of resident experience to understand the learning curve for CABG. Methods From 2008 to 2014, all isolated on-pump CABG (n = 1,668) during which a resident performed the entire operation (including sternotomy, mammary artery harvest, coronary anastomoses, and closure) were reviewed. Operations were stratified by individual resident CABG experience. Primary outcomes included operative time, which was further divided into "opening time" (incision to bypass initiation), cardiopulmonary bypass times, cross-clamp times, and "closing times" (bypass termination to close). Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality and major complications. Results Operative time was 29.7 minutes longer ( p p p Conclusions Total operative time during CABG is dependent on resident experience, with significant improvement by approximately the 30th case. Importantly, these differences do not translate into worse outcomes. These data support trainees performing all components of CABG—even early in the residency experience.
Cognitive Penetration and Attention.

Zenon Pylyshyn argues that cognitively-driven attentional effects do not amount to cognitive penetration of early vision because such effects occur either before or after early vision. Critics object that in fact such effects occur at all levels of perceptual processing. We argue that Pylyshyn’s claim is correct—but not for the reason he emphasizes. Even if his critics are correct that attentional effects are not external to early vision, these effects do not satisfy Pylyshyn’s requirements that the effects be direct and exhibit semantic coherence. In addition, we distinguish our defense from those found in recent work by Raftopoulos and by Firestone and Scholl, argue that attention should not be assimilated to expectation, and discuss alternative characterizations of cognitive penetrability, advocating a kind of pluralism.
Team Approach in the Management of Sarcoma Patients: Physician Extenders and Allied Health Professionals

The treatment of bone and soft tissue tumors is a highly specialized field requiring a multidisciplinary team approach. Personnel from a variety of disciplines are needed including medical, nursing, social work, case management, psychology, and rehabilitation. The lead physician, typically the orthopedic oncologist, must provide leadership and guidance to a group of medical personnel with a varied medical background and practice history. An integral part of the team is the advanced practice providers (APPs), which include advanced practice nurses (APRNs) and physician assistants (PAs). The APRNs are nurses with an advanced degree such as a master’s or doctorate degree in nursing. Nurses with advanced degrees can be a clinical nurse specialist (CNS), nurse practitioner (NP), certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), or nurse-midwife (CNM) depending on the education track followed. This chapter will focus on the roles and responsibilities of the clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and certified registered nurse anesthetists and describe the treatment and care they provide sarcoma patients.
Telling Apart Tweets Associated with Controversial versus Non-Controversial Topics

In this paper, we evaluate the predictability of tweets associated with controversial versus non-controversial topics. As a first step, we crowd-sourced the scoring of a predefined set of topics on a Likert scale from non-controversial to controversial. Our feature set entails and goes beyond sentiment features, e.g., by leveraging empathic language and other features that have been previously used but are new for this particular study. We find focusing on the structural characteristics of tweets to be beneficial for this task. Using a combination of emphatic, language-specific, and Twitter-specific features for supervised learning resulted in 87% accuracy (F1) for cross-validation of the training set and 63.4% accuracy when using the test set. Our analysis shows that features specific to Twitter or social media, in general, are more prevalent in tweets on controversial topics than in non-controversial ones. To test the premise of the paper, we conducted two additional sets of experiments, which led to mixed results. This finding will inform our future investigations into the relationship between language use on social media and the perceived controversiality of topics.
Regulation of Mitochondrial Structure and Dynamics by the Cytoskeleton and Mechanical Factors

Mitochondria supply cells with energy in the form of ATP, guide apoptosis, and contribute to calcium buffering and reactive oxygen species production. To support these diverse functions, mitochondria form an extensive network with smaller clusters that are able to move along microtubules aided by motor proteins. Mitochondria are also associated with the actin network, which is involved in cellular responses to various mechanical factors. In this review, we discuss mitochondrial structure and function in relation to the cytoskeleton and various mechanical factors influencing cell functions. We first summarize the morphological features of mitochondria with an emphasis on fission and fusion as well as how network properties govern function. We then review the relationship between the mitochondria and the cytoskeletal structures, including mechanical interactions. We also discuss how stretch and its dynamic pattern affect mitochondrial structure and function. Finally, we present preliminary data on how extracellular matrix stiffness influences mitochondrial morphology and ATP generation. We conclude by discussing the more general role that mitochondria may play in mechanobiology and how the mechanosensitivity of mitochondria may contribute to the development of several diseases and aging.
Special Considerations in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation.

Universally accepted as the treatment of choice for children needing renal replacement therapy, kidney transplantation affords children the opportunity for an improved quality of life over dialysis therapy. Immunologic and surgical advances over the last 15 years have improved the pediatric patient and kidney graft survival. Unique to pediatrics, congenital genitourinary anomalies are the most common primary diseases leading to kidney failure, many with urological issues. Early urological evaluation for post-transplant bladder dysfunction and emphasis on immunization adherence are the mainstays of pediatric pretransplant and post-transplant evaluations. A child's height can be challenging, sometimes requiring an intra-abdominally placed graft, particularly if the patient is
From governance to government: Banking union, capital markets union and the new EU:

European banking union and Capital markets union have emerged as two of the key pillars of European integration since the post-2008 financial crisis. Neither were anticipated prior to the financial crisis, nor was the rapidity of their construction. Both imply the same critical shifts in Europe’s institutional political economy. The first relocates national oversight and authority to supranational institutions (a political shift), while the second increases the power and responsibility of market actors by reducing national controls (an economic shift). If banking union aims to break the hold of national governments over banking entities to foster a less fragmented and more efficient European union banking market, capital markets union aims to remove national-level impediments to a single market for capital in which jurisdictional differences are minimized, investor freedoms maximized and business gains access to a greater range of financial resources.
Impact of cancer treatment on risk of infertility and diminished ovarian reserve in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To compare markers of fertility and ovarian reserve between cancer survivors and cancer-free women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Furthering Understanding of Cancer, Health, and Survivorship in Adult (FUCHSIA) Women's Study—a population-based cohort study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Female cancer survivors (n = 1,090) aged 22–45 years, diagnosed between ages 20 and 35 years, and at least 2 years after diagnosis; 369 participated in a clinic visit. Three hundred seventy-four reproductive-aged women without cancer also completed a clinic visit. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Infertility, time to first pregnancy after cancer diagnosis, and measures of ovarian reserve (antimullerian hormone [AMH] and antral follicle count [AFC]). Results Seventy-eight cancer survivors (7.2%) reported a PCOS diagnosis, with 41 receiving gonadotoxic treatment. Survivors with PCOS exposed to gonadotoxic treatment (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–4.5) and unexposed (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7–6.9) were more likely to report infertility than unexposed survivors without PCOS and were more likely to have fewer children than desired (exposed: OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0–4.2; unexposed: OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4–6.8). After adjusting for age, comparison women with PCOS had the highest markers of ovarian reserve (AMH: 2.43 ng/mL, 95% CI 1.22–4.82 ng/mL; AFC: 20.7, 95% CI 15.3–27.8), and cancer survivors without PCOS treated with gonadotoxic agents had the lowest levels (AMH: 0.19 ng/mL, 95% CI 0.14–0.26 ng/mL; AFC: 7.4, 95% CI 6.4–8.5). Conclusion(s) Despite having higher AMH and AFC on average after cancer treatment, cancer survivors with PCOS were less likely to meet their reproductive goals compared with survivors without PCOS.
Characterization of D-maltose as a T2-exchange contrast agent for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI

Purpose We sought to investigate the potential of D-maltose, D-sorbitol, and D-mannitol as T2 exchange magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. We also sought to compare the in vivo pharmacokinetics of D-maltose with D-glucose with dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) MRI. Methods T1 and T2 relaxation time constants of the saccharides were measured using eight pH values and nine concentrations. The effect of echo spacing in a multiecho acquisition sequence used for the T2 measurement was evaluated for all samples. Finally, performances of D-maltose and D-glucose during T2-weighted DCE-MRI were compared in vivo. Results Estimated T2 relaxivities (r2) of D-glucose and D-maltose were highly and nonlinearly dependent on pH and echo spacing, reaching their maximum at pH=7.0 (~0.08mM−1 s−1). The r2 values of D-sorbitol and D-mannitol were estimated to be ~0.02mM−1 s−1 and were invariant to pH and echo spacing for pH ≤7.0. The change in T2 in tumor and muscle tissues remained constant after administration of D-maltose, whereas the change in T2 decreased in tumor and muscle after administration of D-glucose. Therefore, D-maltose has a longer time window for T2-weighted DCE-MRI in tumors. Conclusion We have demonstrated that D-maltose can be used as a T2 exchange MRI contrast agent. The larger, sustained T2-weighted contrast from D-maltose relative to D-glucose has practical advantages for tumor diagnoses during T2-weighted DCE-MRI.
U.S. Policy in East Asia and the pacific: Building on the past and the present for the future

The author persuasively argues that U.S. policy in the Asia-Pacific region has been and must continue to be based upon four fundamental principles: 1) genuine respect for the interests and prerogatives of the peoples of the region; 2) support for the establishment of democratic institutions and processes in East Asia and the Pacific; 3) the expansion of trade and investment with basic reliance on the market forces of competition and free enterprise; and 4) recognition that peace and stability are best facilitated by addressing specific sources of regional tension.
Estimating natural fracture orientations using geomechanics based stochastic analysis of microseismicity related to reservoir stimulation

Abstract Natural Fractures are the primary pathways for fluid migration and production in geothermal reservoirs. Reactivation (and possible propagation) of natural fractures is an important component of stimulation. Slip on these natural fractures induces Microseismicity (MEQs) and the locations of MEQ events reveal aspects of stimulation. This work first presents a Geomechanics-Based Stochastic Analysis of Microseismicity (GBSAM) to quantitatively estimate natural fracture orientations from MEQs recorded during reservoir stimulation. This is achieved by combining geomechanics and geostatistics to better constrain uncertainties in natural fracture orientations. The reservoir response to pore pressure changes is modeled using a finite duration line source to simulate water injection. The mechanism for generating MEQs is based on Mohr Coulomb failure criterion while allowing one natural fracture to generate multiple MEQs. Mahalanobis distance, a type of similarity measure technique, is then used to measure the similarity between the simulated MEQ distribution and the field-observed MEQ distribution to find the best natural fracture distribution that fits the field-observed MEQ data. The natural fracture orientations which correspond to best simulated MEQ distribution in GBSAM are considered to be a realistic realization of the subsurface conditions. As an application, the proposed GBSAM is applied to Newberry EGS, and Fenton Hill HDR stimulations to estimate the natural fracture orientations of these two systems. Results from GBSAM show that the natural fractures dip and dip direction inverted from field-observed MEQ distribution are in good agreement with the field results reported from borehole televiewer.
Synthesis of arylglycines via the Dötz benzannulation reaction

Arylglycines are biologically active α-amino acids. Our approach toward the synthesis of arylglycines features the Dotz benzannulation reaction between a variety of Fischer chromium carbene complexes 3 and alkyne 4. This leads to the formation of protected arylglycinols 5, which can be transformed to the corresponding N-protected arylglycines.
Evaluation of three behavioural economics 'nudges' on grocery and convenience store sales of promoted nutritious foods.

Objective To evaluate the association between three behavioural economics 'nudges' and store sales of promoted healthier foods. Design Multiple interrupted time series. Setting Two predominantly rural counties in central North Carolina, USA. Participants Aggregated store transaction data from two grocery stores (one intervention, one control) and two convenience stores (one intervention, one control) were analysed using ANOVA to examine the association between three 'nudges' and store sales of promoted items. The nudges included: a 'cognitive fatigue' experiment, in which floor arrows guided customers to the produce sections; a 'scarcity' experiment, in which one sign in one area of the produce section portrayed a 'limited amount' message; and a 'product placement' experiment, where granola bars were moved into the candy bar aisle. Results In convenience stores, there were no significant differences between sales of the promoted items during the intervention period for any of the nudges when implemented individually. However, compared with baseline sales, implementation of all three nudges simultaneously was associated with an increase in sales during the intervention period based on proportional computations (P = 0·001), whereas no significant changes in sales were observed in the control convenience store. Among the grocery stores, there were no significant differences in sales during the intervention period for any of the nudges or the combined intervention compared with baseline sales. Conclusions Implementing three nudges concurrently in a convenience store setting may increase sales of promoted items. However, before stores consider implementing these nudges to increase sales of nutritious foods, additional research is warranted.
Allelic loss during progression of follicular lymphoma

1704 Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by a continuous rate of transformation to a high grade lymphoma, usually diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which results in a dismal prognosis and a poor response to chemotherapy. To expand the understanding of genetic changes in the progression of FL, we performed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses using 36 microsatellite markers on matched lymph nodes before and after progression. Seven cases progressed from FL to DLBCL, and 3 FL cases which remained FL at relapse, were biopsied both at diagnosis and at either recurrence or relapse. LOH was observed in four of the 10 cases (40 %) as the disease progressed (3 of 7 cases of transformed FL and 1 of 3 cases of relapse FL). Frequent allelic loss in > 20 % of the informative cases occurred on chromosome arms 6q (20 %), 9p (25 %), and 12p (22 %). Microsatellite instability was found in one of 7 (14 %) transformed lymphomas. These data suggest that altered tumor suppressor genes exist on 6q, 9p, and 12p that have an important role in the progression of FL. Also, genetic changes accumulated in relapsed FL in the absence of histological changes compared to initial diagnosis.
Fanning the embers.

In a recent Annals of Family Medicine article, ‘Colluding With the Decline of Continuity’, Dr John Frey was correct when he said, ‘Losing or designing away a focus on continuity of care in training and practice has real consequences for physicians and patients’.[1][1] He noted that lower
Tuberculosis drug discovery in the CRISPR era.

Stewart Cole and colleagues determined the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), in 1998 [1]. This was a landmark achievement that heralded a new age in TB drug discovery. With the genome sequence in hand, drug discoverers suddenly had thousands of new potential targets to explore. But the excitement has since faded [2]. It is unquestioned that genomics has transformed our understanding of the biology of this pathogen. However, the expectation that the Mtb genome sequence would rapidly lead to new therapeutic interventions remains unfulfilled [3]. One of the (many) reasons for this unrealized potential is that our tools to systematically interrogate the Mtb genome and its drug targets—so-called functional genomics—have been limited. In this Pearl, I argue that the recent development of robust CRISPR-based genetics in Mtb [4] overcomes many prior limitations and holds the potential to close the gap between genomics and TB drug discovery.
Transforming Undergraduate Education from the Middle out with Departmental Action Teams.

Universities are facing increased pressure to support educational change. But how can leaders promote change in a sustainable, scalable manner? Historically, many efforts have relied on either top-...
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF SYNCOPE

I present a case of an elderly male with an unusual presentation of syncope and elevated cardiac enzymes. The patient is an 84-year-old Caucasian male with a history of hypertension and a left internal capsule ischemic stroke two months prior who presents to the emergency room following a witnessed
Data-Driven Real-Valued Timed-Failure-Propagation-Graph Refinement for Complex System Fault Diagnosis

Timed Failure Propagation Graphs (TFPGs) have been widely used for the failure modeling and diagnosis of safety-critical systems. Currently most TFPGs are manually constructed by system experts, a process that can be time-consuming, error-prone, and even impossible for systems with highly nonlinear and machine-learning-based components. This letter proposes a new type of TFPGs, called Real-Valued Timed Failure Propagation Graphs (rTFPGs), designed for continuous-state systems. More importantly, it presents a systematic way of constructing rTFPGs by combining the powers of human experts and data-driven methods: first, an expert constructs a partial rTFPG based on his/her expertise; then a data-driven algorithm refines the rTFPG by adding nodes and edges based on a given set of labeled signals. The proposed approach has been successfully implemented and evaluated on three case studies.
Achilles Tendon Xanthoma Thickness and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in a Patient With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia on PCSK9 Inhibition: A Case Report and Literature Review

Ultrasound-guided measurement of carotid intima-media thickness can be used as a surrogate marker to predict future risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and to understand the efficacy of lipid-lowering drugs. Aggressive lipid-lowering drugs such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have been shown to reduce carotid artery plaque burden, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-c in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). We describe a patient with heterozygous FH treated with PCSK9 inhibitor over the course of two years, and the drug's impact on carotid intima-media thickness, Achilles tendon thickness, and cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
Region of Interest Based Graph Convolution: A Heatmap Regression Approach for Action Unit Detection

Machine vision of human facial expressions has been studied for decades, from prototypical expressions to Action Units (AUs), from hand-crafted to deep features, from multi-class to multi-label classifications. Since the widely adopted deep networks lack interpretation on learnt representations, human prior knowledge cannot be effectively imposed and examined. On the other hand, AU is a human defined concept. In order to align with this idea, a finer level of network design is desired. In this paper, we first extend the heatmaps to ROI maps, encoding the location of both positive and negative occurred AUs, then employ a well-designed backbone network to regress it. In this way, AU detection is performed in two stages, key regions localization and occurrence classification. To prompt the spatial dependency among ROIs, we utilize graph convolution for feature refinement. The decomposition of similarity matrix is supervised by AU labels. This novel framework is evaluated on two benchmark databases (BP4D and DISFA) for AU detection. The experimental results are superior to the state-of-the-art algorithms and baseline models, demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposed method.