cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Right of Publicity of Athletes in the United States and Europe

It has been four decades since the United States Supreme Court issued its only decision involving right of publicity claims: the Zacchini decision. Since this case, which was by all accounts an unusual one, the popularity of this right as well as the morass between right of publicity and free speech has significantly increased in the United States. Europe, on the other hand, is no stranger to this hot topic. “Image rights,” the preferred term in Europe, is of constant interest, especially in relation to the recent tax fraud allegations against the soccer player Lionel Messi and other world famous athletes. The right of publicity has attracted the interest of many scholars and practitioners around the world. Some argue in favor of increased uniformity, stressing the need for a federal law pertaining to the right of publicity in the United States, or protection to one’s persona for the entire European Union. Others argue the scope of the right of publicity is too broad and ambiguous, and emphasize that overprotecting one’s persona invites disaster. Regardless of one’s position regarding right of publicity, the sports industry deserves a specific focus due to its beyond-borders nature and large commercial market welcoming million-dollar sponsorships and endorsement deals for athletes. This Article surveys the legal landscape regarding right of publicity by focusing on the similarities in the United States and Europe. Further, it highlights major issues specific to sports industry. It concludes with suggesting a general consensus and set of rules applicable worldwide that would help eliminate the issues stemming from the disjointed applications by different states and countries.
Dung beetles show metabolic plasticity as pupae and smaller adult body size in response to increased temperature mean and variance

Abstract Though organisms may use thermal plasticity to cope with novel temperature regimes, our understanding of plastic responses is limited. Research on thermal plasticity has traditionally focused on the response of organisms to shifts in mean temperatures. However, increased temperature variation can have a greater impact on organismal performance than mean temperature alone. In addition, thermal plasticity studies are often designed to investigate plasticity in response to more extreme temperatures despite the fact that organisms make physiological adjustments to diurnal temperature fluctuations that they experience. Using pupae of the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, we investigated the potential for plasticity in response to increasing temperature mean and variance using thermal regimes that were well within the species critical thermal limits. We reared 40 beetles from egg to pupae (n = 20) or adults (n = 20) at one of nine incubation treatments, including all combinations of three mean temperatures (22, 24, 26 °C) and three amplitudes of fluctuation (±2, ±4, ±8 °C). To measure thermal plasticity of pupae, we quantified CO2 production across a range of temperatures (i.e., 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) for 20 beetles per treatment. The relationship between CO2 production and temperature provides an estimate of energetic costs at a given temperature (i.e., using the intercept) and thermal sensitivity (i.e., using the slope). We reared the remaining O. taurus in each treatment (n = 20) to adulthood and then recorded mass (g) to determine body size, a proxy for fitness. Pupae exhibited thermal plasticity in response to the additive and interactive effects of temperature mean and variance. Pupae reared in the warmest and most variable treatment (26 ± 8 °C) showed the greatest decrease in overall metabolism compared to all other treatments, and adult beetles from this treatment (26 ± 8 °C) were also significantly smaller than adult beetles from any other treatment. We found that both temperature mean and variance contributed to thermal plasticity of pupae and had consequences for adult body size, a trait related to dung beetle fitness. Importantly, the temperatures we used in our treatments are not extreme and are likely well below the critical thermal maxima of the species, demonstrating that organisms can make adjustments to temperatures they experience across diurnal or seasonal timescales.
Adapting vignettes for internet-based research: eliciting realistic responses to the digital milieu

Consisting of brief and evocative scenarios, vignettes effectively elicit stimulus responses, examine individual cognitions, and explore novel or sensitive topics. While information and communicati...
Raphaël Lemkin, Genocide, Colonialism, Famine, and Ukraine

Many words have been used to name and describe the Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33, including “famine” and “catastrophe,” “the Holodomor,” and now “genocide.” Was the famine genocide? Was the famine part of a genocide? Is the word genocide an exaggeration? Is naming the famine a genocide part of an attempt to dramatize events for political purposes today? Is the refusal to call the famine a genocide an act of genocide denial? This article argues that, though more than seven decades have passed and the Soviet Union has come and gone, questions about genocide in Ukraine remain intertwined in the discourses and narratives surrounding conflicts over Ukraine’s economic, political, social, and cultural position between the European Union and the Russian Federation. Given the implications of this word—“genocide”—within the context of current conflicts over Ukrainian history and identity and even sovereignty, it is important to reflect on how this concept has been used and applied. This paper analyzes conflict in Ukraine in the 1930s using Raphael Lemkin's definition of genocide, as opposed to the legal definition established by the UN Genocide Convention, and discusses the conceptual strengths of Lemkin's definition of genocide in terms of understanding a wide-spectrum of oppressive, repressive, and violent processes of empire-building and colonization that occurred in Ukraine, and which culminated in the Holodomor.
Harnessing an Integrated Health Communication (IHC) Framework for Campaigns: A Case of Prescription Drug Decision Making.

Drawing on a multiplicity of mass media and health behavior theories, we propose an integrated health communication (IHC) framework to understand and leverage the ways in which mass mediated and in...
Substrate dependence and oxygen sensitivity of tone and of spontaneous and evoked contractions of the distal colonic muscularis mucosae of opossum.

Abstract The muscularis mucosae of the opossum distal colon fails to maintain tone and to generate spontaneous contractions in an anaerobic environment in vitro. To investigate this phenomenon further, doseresponse curves to agonists under different oxygen concentrations were examined. In other experiments the tissue was actively exhausted (i.e., repeatedly stimulated in a substrate-free environment until no response to K + , acetylcholine, or histamine could be observed) and then equilibrated with an alternative substrate for 3 h, when the ability of the tissue to contract to agonists was reevaluated. Reducing the available oxygen abolished tone and caused a graded loss of responses to histamine; in contrast, at 0% oxygen maximum responses to acetylcholine were reduced by only 75%. Abolition of tone by the addition of cyanide to the bathing medium did not affect the amplitude of responses to histamine and acetylcholine. The tissue was able to use all the chosen alternative substrates to different degrees for acetylcholine-induced contraction; similarly, with the exception of β-hydroxybutyrate it could use all substrates to some degree to support responses to histamine. The evidence suggests that the source of energy required to maintain tone is different from the source required to sustain K + or agonist-induced contractions, and that the dependence of isotonic contractions on exogenous substrates varies with the pharmacologic stimulus.
Engineering Modelling of Data Acquisition and Digital Instrumentation forIntelligent Learning and Recognition

In data acquisition and digital instrumentation fields, it is essential to understand the learning and recognition to acquire data and information of objects to be studied. In recent years, engineering modelling and simulation contribute greatly to the understanding of intelligent learning and recognition problems. The ability to learn is one of the central features of intelligence, which makes it an important concern for both cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. In this paper, definitions and modelling aspects of learning are discussed. Fundamentals of learning and recognition and their applications are investigated and described. Illustrations are given to demonstrate the increasing applications of learning and recognition with engineering modelling in data acquisition and digital instrumentation fields.
CORR Insights ® : No Difference in Reoperations at 2 Years Between Ceramic-on-metal and Metal-on-metal THA: A Randomized Trial

W hen Engh Jr. and colleagues began studying metal-on-metal (MoM) versus ceramic-on-metal (CoM) bearings, determining the articulation of choice was an important question—at the time (between August 2005 and October 2006) MoM bearings were gaining in popularity. Therefore, a study that compares two different hard surfaces articulating with the same design of metal acetabular components promised to shed light on the relative performance of metal versus ceramic heads in this articulation. Nearly a decade later, MoM components have suffered a number of failures, as well as the recall of one design followed by lawsuits. All of this has dramatically reduced the interest in, and use of, hard bearings with a metal acetabular components. Today, the comparison might considered less relevant than it otherwise would have been. While there is decreased enthusiasm for these devices in the marketplace, it is important that we continue to follow and report on as many of the patients with hard-on-hard bearings as possible. The paper by Engh Jr. and colleagues provides short-term results of a well-designed and closely studied group of patients, which suggests that, against metal acetabula, ceramic heads may do somewhat better than metal heads in terms of survivorship. An important question still remains: Why do articulations with a ceramic head result in fewer revisions?
The wheat protein kinase gene, TaPK3/, of the PKABA1 subfamily is differentially regulated in greening wheat seedlings

We have identified a new wheat PKABA1-like protein kinase gene, TaPK3, that is expressed in greening wheat seedlings. TaPK3 has high sequence homology (97% similarity with some sequence diversity at the 3' end) to the wheat PKABA1 protein kinase mRNA, which is upregulated by cold-temperature treatment, dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA). Use of a TaPK3 gene-specific probe has revealed that TaPK3 is differentially expressed with respect to PKABA1. TaPK3 mRNA accumulates in greening shoot tissue of wheat, but is not affected by dehydration, cold-temperature treatment or ABA. Based on sequence and expression differences, we conclude that expression of the PKABA1-like protein kinases is not limited to stress responses.
Recruitment and Trophic Dynamics of Gizzard Shad

In this chapter, we develop a model of the addition of piscivorous (fish-eating) predators to a system that may enhance water quality by reducing algal biomass. These effects are obtained when predators diminish for example planktivore biomass, which in turn release zooplankton production. Increased numbers of zooplankton then result in lower numbers of algae, which increases water quality for human uses.
The Language of Global Management

Over the last two decades, organizations seeking global expansion have been mandating an English lingua franca, or common language to facilitate global collaboration regardless of the country location of their headquarters. This article explains why stipulating a lingua franca for employees has replaced the exclusive use of language brokers. In the era of a business lingua franca, nevertheless, gives rise to the phenomenon of native and nonnative speakers. While a lingua franca can unify a nationally and linguistically diverse workforce, nascent research reveals challenging dynamics among speakers of various levels of lingua franca fluency. In-depth studies at the micro-, macro-, and meso-levels can shed important light on this nascent field of research. Keywords: lingua franca; globalization; language brokers; native; non-native speakers
Element-Free Galerkin Method in Modeling Microwave Inspection of Civil Structures

This paper presents an application of the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method in modeling nondestructive evaluation of civil structures using microwaves. Use of the EFG method avoids mesh generation that is cumbersome in conventional finite element methods when complex geometries are to be modeled. The efficiency of the EFG method becomes more obvious if the numerical model is iteratively used in an inversion process to reconstruct object geometries because re-meshing is avoided. Computational results are presented in this paper and validated by comparing with analytical solutions of canonical scattering problems
THE TOPOGRAPHIC RELATIVE MOISTURE INDEX: AN APPROACH TO SOIL-MOISTURE ASSESSMENT IN MOUNTAIN TERRAIN

The Topographic Relative Moisture Index (TRMI), designed to indicate the relative soil moisture availability among sites in mountain terrain, is described. The TRMI is a summed scalar index of four slope parameters: topographic position, slope aspect, steepness, and slope configuration. A review of other methods of characterizing site moisture relations, including direct monitoring, water-balance climatology, site index, and other inferential topographic/edaphic indices, reveals that the simple, straightforward application of the TRMI is rapid, inexpensive, and effective in field research. The ability of the TRMI to portray significant patterns of plant response to environment is demonstrated from empirical studies at both the species-level (the ecology of Arizona cypress) and community-level (forest patterns in Yosemite National Park).
Fetal personhood and the sorites paradox.

Etude de la notion de personnalite foetale qui entre dans le debat public sur le statut moral de l'avortement. Rejetant l'objection selon laquelle la personnalite foetale est un predicat flou incoherent, l'A. defend la notion de flou qui caracterise les paradoxes sorites et montre que l'idee de personnalite entre dans cette categorie. Mais ne pouvant ni eliminer le flou du concept ni resoudre les paradoxes sorites, l'A. montre qu'une solution rationnelle au debat moral sur l'avortement requiert des arguments qui ne s'appuient plus sur le foetus mais proposent une perspective holiste dans laquelle les interets du foetus sont pris en compte au meme titre que ceux des autres patients
Efficient multi-match packet classification with TCAM

Today's packet classification systems are designed to provide the highest priority matching result, e.g., the longest prefix match, even if a packet matches multiple classification rules. However, new network applications, such as intrusion detection systems, require information about all the matching results. We call this the multi-match classification problem. In several complex network applications, multi-match classification is immediately followed by other processing dependent on the classification results. Therefore, classification should be even faster than the line rate. Pure software solutions cannot be used due to their slow speeds. We present a solution based on ternary content addressable memory (TCAM), which produces multi-match classification results with only one TCAM lookup and one SRAM lookup per packet - about ten times fewer memory lookups than a pure software approach. In addition, we present a scheme to remove the negation format in rule sets, which can save up to 95% of TCAM space compared with the straight forward solution. We show that using our pre-processing scheme, header processing for the SNORT rule set can be done with one TCAM and one SRAM lookup using a 135 KB TCAM.
Complex Forms of Quaternionic Symmetric Spaces

Some years ago, H. A. Jaffee found the real forms of Hermitian symmetric spaces ([J1], [J2]; or see [HO]). That classification turns out to be related to the classification of causal symmetric spaces. This was first observed by I. Satake ([S, Remark 2 on page 30] and [S, Remark on page 87]). Somewhat later, it was independently observed by J. Hilgert, G. Olafsson and B. Orsted; see [HO], especially Chapter 3 and the Notes at the end of that Chapter. I learned about that from Bent Orsted. He and Gestur Olafsson had informally discussed complex forms of quaternionic symmetric spaces and found examples for the classical groups, forG2 , and perhaps for F4.Orsted told me about the classical ones, and we rediscovered examples for G2 and F4. I thank Bent Orsted for agreeing to my incorporating those examples into this note. Later I used the computer program LiE [L] to find examples for E6, E7 and E8. In this note, I write down a complete classification for complex forms L/V of quaternionic symmetric spacesG/K . The definitions and some preliminary results are in Sections 2 and 3, the main results are stated in Section 4, and the proofs are in Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8. The case where G is a classical group and rank(L) = rank(G) is handled, essentially by matrix considerations, in Section 5. That, of course, does not work comfortably for the exceptional groups, which must be approached by means of their root structure. The tool for this is a script for the use of the computer program LiE; it is described in Section 6 alongwith some examples of its application.Those examples have the interesting property that the complexifications LC and KC are conjugate in GC. They cover the delicate cases for G exceptional and rank(L) = rank(G), and the
Aircraft Penetrations of Swiss Hailstorms -- An Update

An armored T-28 aircraft was used to make observations of the interiors of Swiss hailstorms during the summers of 1982 and 1983. The main objective was to determine the presence of any accumulations of supercooled raindrops in the so-called "Big Drop Zone." The principal finding was that extremely few supercooled raindrops were found in the Swiss storms. On the other hand, concentrations of ice particles, principally in the form of graupel, were of the order of 10^3-10^5 m^-3. Since there were so few supercooled raindrops, attempts to glaciate them by seeding in order to reduce the potential for hail do not appear to be appropriate. The observations strongly suggest that an ice process is the predominant precipitation mechanism.
Family caregiving in dementia.

Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias are a major health problem. Currently, there are 5.3 million people with Alzheimer’s disease in the U.S. This number is expected to grow significantly as the baby-boomer generation enters old age, with estimates that 7.7 million people will be affected by 2030. It is estimated that 65 to 75% of dementia patients are cared for at home by family members, including both spouses and adult children.1 According to the 2010 Alzheimer’s Association Facts and Figures report, 10.9 million Americans provide unpaid care for persons with dementia. They are involved in 12.5 billion hours of care per year, which is valued at almost $144 million. In Rhode Island, it is estimated that 39,138 individuals are providing about 44 million hours of care per year. Providing care for an individual with dementia is extremely stressful and has far-reaching consequences. Because dementia involves relentless cognitive deterioration, family caregivers have to manage changing demands and unexpected problem behaviors. Caregivers often sacrifice their own needs and well-being to provide care for their loved one. The distress experienced by dementia caregivers is typically referred to as caregiver burden, which includes both objective aspects of providing care (e.g., time and physical aspects of providing caregiver) and subjective experience of caregiving (e.g., perceptions and emotional reactions to caregiving). Although there are strong correlations between caregiver burden and depression, they are not necessarily the same construct.2 Our view is that caregiver burden represents a stressor that if not ameliorated will lead to mental health consequences such as depression. In this article, I will review the consequences of caring for an individual with dementia, briefly discuss theoretical models of caregiver stress, highlight the current state of the literature on psychosocial interventions for dementia caregivers, and identify future directions for dementia caregiver research.
Improving nutritional status in a pediatric cystic fibrosis center.

Summary Background The nutritional status of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is strongly associated with pulmonary function, respiratory status and survival. Malnutrition could result from a discrepancy between energy needs and food intake while malabsorption results from pancreatic insufficiency which occurs in 85% of people with CF. Methods A quality improvement (QI) project was designed to improve the nutritional status of patients with CF with low Body Mass Index (BMI) between 3 and 19 years of age. An algorithm was developed which included clinic-based assessments of patients' nutritional status and periodic assessment by a dietitian, social worker and/or psychologist during the project. Gastrostomy tube placement and feeding was offered as a last resort to improve caloric intake. Results 173 patients seen during January–June, 2010, were included in this project. They were classified into four BMI groups and data were collected quarterly through June, 2012. The project target population (BMI percentile ≤24) had a median BMI percentile at the start of the project of 11.8. At the end of the project median BMI percentile was 22 (46% improvement). Conclusion Improving nutrition and BMI for patients with CF is achievable. There must be a motivated, multi-disciplinary team that includes patients and families. A patient-specific combination of interventions must be used. These interventions could be quite basic for patients with BMI percentile ≥25, yet more elaborate for patients with BMI percentile <25. Clinic-based algorithms such as ours can successfully improve the BMI percentile in patients with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:544–551. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Craniometric Variation in the Aleutians: Integrating Morphological, Molecular, Spatial, and Temporal Data

Several hypotheses have been put forward about the origins and evolution of the inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands. Both Hrdlicka [The Aleutian and Commander Islands and Their Inhabitants (Philadelphia: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1945)] and Laughlin ["The Alaska gateway viewed from the Aleutian Islands," in Papers on the Physical Anthropology of the American Indian, W. S. Laughlin, ed. (New York: Viking Fund, 1951), 98-126] analyzed cranial morphology and came to somewhat different conclusions using a typological approach and limited analytical methods. Subsequent investigations using morphological data have not significantly improved our understanding of Aleut prehistory. More recently, radiocarbon dating and mitochondrial DNA analyses have shed light on Aleut genetic variation and changes over time, but better morphological methods using multivariate statistical analysis have not yet been used. We analyzed craniometric data using multivariate procedures and found that Aleuts demonstrate significant changes in cranial morphology over time, and these changes correspond to Hrdlicka's observations but may not necessarily reflect in-migration. The morphological changes were concentrated in the very aspects of morphology that are easily observable and that Hrdlicka most often measured, namely, cranial length, breadth, and height, but they were obscured when craniometric variation as a whole was analyzed. Also, we found that the morphological changes over time were not related to the changes in haplogroup frequencies over time, suggesting that migration into the Aleutians did not play a significant role in producing the morphological changes. However, craniometric variability apparently increases over time, suggesting in-migration, localized selection, and/or greater environmental heterogeneity. Our results contradict Laughlin's observations but may be more in line with his hypothesis of in situ evolutionary changes absent gene flow. In addition to selection, gene flow, and gene drift, however, sociocultural changes must also be considered as a factor in why morphology changed over time.
Zinc phosphide residues in gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus) fed fixed particles of a 2% grain bait

This study measured depelted-carcass residues of zinc phosphide (Zn3P2, CAS i1314-84-7) in 8 (4 and 4♀) gray-tailed voles (Microtus canicaudus). Six (3 3♀) voles were confined individually in 1.89 dkl (5 gal) plastic pails that contained 5, 2% Zn3P2 steam-rolled-oat (SRO) groats; 2 voles (1 and 1♀) served as analytical (unbaited) controls. Four test voles (3 1♀) died within 7.5 h after bait exposure; whereas, 2 test voles showed no signs of toxicosis and were euthanized 7.0 h after bait exposure. Whole carcasses were stored frozen and depelted carcasses were analyzed within 31 days for Zn3P2 residues using a acid-hydrolyzation, gas-chromatographic (GC) method. Analytical controls were euthanized, with carcasses stored and analyzed the same as test voles. A mean (±SD) 4.7 (±0.8) SRO groats were consumed by the test voles; this converted to a mean (±SD) intake of 2.15 (±0.38) mg Zn3P2 and dose of 73.25 mg⧹kg (±22.95) Zn3P2. The mean (±SD) Zn3P2 residue in the 6 test vole carcasses was 0.42 mg (±0.68); control carcasses contained 20 mg⧹kg) required to affect these species.
Plaque and Deposits in Nine Human Stone Diseases

Data concerning nine forms of human stone disease, along with observations on normal people give new insights into formation of interstitial apatite plaque and intra-tubular crystal deposits. In general, across multiple disease states, one can reproduce the same relationships between plaque abundance as is seen among patients within individual disease states, so that the link between plaque and high urine calcium excretion, and low urine volume and pH seems increasingly secure. From this, one can propose a specific model of plaque formation, susceptible to experimental test. In many diseases, formation of inner medullary collecting duct and Bellini duct deposits is compatible with simple crystallization driven by urine supersaturations; this is expected in that these segments contain tubule fluid quite close in composition to final urine. But in ileostomy, small bowel disease and obesity bypass patients, crystals found in deposits are not those expected: apatite and urates in deposits, despite formation of highly acidic urine. Also, this discrepancy suggests the possibility of divergence between bulk urine pH and pH of focal collecting ducts, a new kind of possibility that is susceptible to experimental test.
Free coating of viscous and viscoelastic liquids onto a partially submerged rotating roll

Experiments are performed on the dynamics of formation of a liquid coating picked up by a cylindrical roll rotating partially submerged in a free bath. Data on coating thickness for Newtonian fluids are found to correlate according to T = H(ρg/μU)1/2 = 0.56 for fluids whose viscosities range from 0.11 to 33 poise. Data for strongly non-Newtonian and Viscoelastic fluids (polyacrylamide solutions) can be forced to fit this correlation by defining an “equivalent coating viscosity.” It is clear that this defines a pseudo viscosity, because the “equivalent coating viscosity” is observed to increase with increasing roll speed. This suggests that strongly Viscoelastic fluids respond to the rapid deformation suddenly imposed in the dynamic meniscus near the pickup point in a distinctly elastic manner that alters the flow through the meniscus.
Insertion of the Impella 5.0 left ventricular assist device via right anterior mini-thoracotomy: a novel practical approach.

The Impella 5.0 microaxial pump is a miniaturized left ventricular assist device commonly used for circulatory support in acute cardiogenic shock. The catheter-based pump is designed to be inserted...
The Elimination of Interfering Substances in the Kay–Graham Phosphatase Test when Used for Hard Ripened Cheese

Summary A technic was developed for the selective separation of free phenol from interfering substances in the Kay-Graham phosphatase test when used on hard ripened cheese. Tyrosine and tyramine were important interfering substances. The elimination of the interfering substances was accomplished by using trichloracetic acid as a precipitant for the cheese proteins, and by extracting the free phenol, formed as a result of phosphatase activity in an alkaline substrate, with ether under acid conditions using a Mojonnier-type extractor. The ether containing the phenol was placed in distilled water and then was boiled off. The aqueous solution then was treated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the amount of phenol determined with a colorimeter. The amount of interfering substances in ripened cheese not removed by using the new trichloracetic acid technic was extremely low, as values averaging 0.004 mg. phenol per 0.5 g. cheese were obtained for 25 cheeses varying in age from 7 months to 10 years. Phenol values obtained on cheese using the new technic showed changes in phosphatase activity which corresponded well with results obtained on the same cheeses with the Sanders-Sager phosphatase method. The phenol values obtained using this new technic on cheese were on the order of those obtained on milk using the standard Kay-Graham method, but no complete data have been obtained yet to establish the final details of the test and to show at what point the new technic would distinguish raw from pasteurized milk cheese.
On the potential for plugged core pressurization following a hypothetical accident in an LMFBR

Steady state and transient conditions for a two-phase liquid-vapor cylindrical UO2 pool are analytically investigated. The analysis relies on extrapolation of experimental results from internally heated boiling simulant fluid pools. The internal heat generation rates that can sustain a vapor-liquid pool under steady state consitions are calculated. The pressure transients that can be expected in the event of an imbalance between heat generation rate and heat removal rate are also calculated. The analysis presented demonstrates the significance of accounting for heat removal from the pool for proper assessment of its pressurization potential.
Automated conversion from requirements documentation to an object-oriented formal specification language

In software engineering there have been very few attempts to automate the translation from a requirements document written in a natural language (NL) to one of the formal specification languages. One of the major reasons for this challenge comes from the ambiguity of the NL requirements documentation because NL depends heavily on context. We use Contextual Natural Language Processing (CNLP) to overcome the ambiguity in NL, and Two-Level Grammar (TLG) to construct a bridge between a NL requirements specification and a formal specification in VDM++, an object-oriented extension of the Vienna Development Method. The result is a system for mapping natural language requirements documents into an object-oriented formal specification language.
Fabrication of Sr2Nb2O7 thin films by sol-gel processing

Sol-gel Sr2Nb2O7 thin films were deposited on Si(100) and Pt-coated Si substrates for the first time by spin-coating. The Sr2Nb2O7 precursor solution was prepared from strontium metal dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol, acetylacetone, and niobium ethoxide. The formation of phase pure Sr2Nb2O7 occurred via an intermediate perovskite phase of composition close to Sr0.82NbO3. Crack-free Sr2Nb2O7 films of ∼0.4 μm thickness were deposited on these substrates using a single-coating followed by heat treatment at 850 °C for 12 h. SEM microstructure and thin film XRD results indicated the deposition of a grain-oriented film on the Pt-coated Si substrate. The room temperature dielectric constant and the loss values of the film measured at 10 kHz are 45 and 0.045, respectively.
Fabrication and properties of extruded and sintered BeO

This work describes the fabrication of BeO specimens of six compositions at three porosity levels with varying grain size, and shows the effects of composition and microstructure on the mechanical and physical properties. Three grades of BeO were used: UOX, a sulfate-derived high purity BeO; HPA, a hydroxide- derived high purify BeO; and AOX, a somewhat less pure grade of BeO. The UOX grade was also prepared with additions of 6.5 weight percent MgO or 3.0 weight percent ZrO/sub 2/ and the HPA with additions of 0.5 weight percent MgO. The impurities present, particle size by electron micrographs, x-ray crystallite size, and particle distribution of the BeO used are given. Impurity contents were also determined after sintering. All six compositions were prepared in the porosity range of 2 to 3 percent and having a nonfinal average grain size of 20 microns. Three of the six compositions, UOX 0.5 weight percent MgO, AOX, and HPA were prepared in taree porosity ranges (2 to 3%, 7 to 8.5%, and 12 to 14%) and in as many as six nominal average grain sizes (5, 10, 20, 50, 80, and 100 microns). Most of the samples were fabricated by extrusion of a dispersion ofmore » a powder mixed with an organic plasticizer but for comparison purposes, some were prepared by isostatic pressing. The samples were dried, prefired in air at about 1000 deg C to remove most of the organic matter, and sintered in a hydrogen atmosphere. Methods such as adding an orgaric filler'' or varying the time and temperature of the sintering cycle were used to achieve a given porosity and grain size. The effect of time, temperature, and additives on the density and grain growth are shown in tables and charts. The UOX grade BeO was the only grade that showed evidence of preferred orientation of crystallites in the extruded and sintered rods; however, no evidence of preferred orientation was found when specimens of UOX grade BeO were prepared by isostatic pressing and sintering. Pores were studied by electron microscopy and were found to give reflections of the crystal habit. The effect of porosity, grain size, and temperature on elastic moduli, modulus of rupture, compressive creep, lattice parameters, and thermal expansion are given. The correlation between the elastic moduli and porosity were found to be statistically significant for the ranges stated and these results are expressed as empirical equations. In addition, increasing orientation of the C- axis along the longitudinal axis of the specimen causes the elastic moduli to increase. Modulus of rupture data are presented which show the effect of grain size, porosity, composition, and temperature. Compressive creep for several combinations of composition, grain size, and porosity was measured in dry air at 1200 deg C for 500 hours at loads from 1000 to 10,000 psi, and the data are correlated with the Nabarro-Herring relationship. (auth)« less
Stability of multilayer structures: Capillary effects

The long term stability of multilayer materials composed of nonreactive, immiscible materials is related to the equilibrium shapes of the individual grains within the layers. These shapes are determined by the free energies and locations of the interfaces within the multilayer. We link the results of zero creep experiments with measured grain boundary groove angles to understand experimental observations of multilayer stability.
Heavy metal-nucleotide interactions. IX. Raman difference spectroscopic studies on the binding of CH3Hg(II) to 1-methylthymine, thymidine-5′-monophosphate, DNA models and native DNA

Abstract Raman spectra have been obtained for dTMP and its complex with CH3Hg (II) in aqueous solution as a function of pH. Difference spectroscopy is employed to increase the sensitivity of the Raman technique. The binding reaction is essentially quantitative from pH 3 to 9, and the value of the equilibrium constant for CH3HgOH2+ + dThd ⇌ CH3Hg(dThdH_1) + H3O+ is estimated from intensity measurements to be 0.6 in reasonable agreement with an earlier value based upon uv spectrophotometric data. Binding is to N(3) with substitution of CH3Hg+ for the proton. A similar reaction occurs with 1-MeThy. Raman spectra for aqueous and crystalline 1-MeThy and for the complex CH3Hg(1-MeThyH_1) are reported. The spectrum of crystalline Hg(1-MeThyH_1)2, for which the crystal structure is known, also was obtained for comparison. Raman difference spectroscopy was used to confirm that CH3Hg (II) binds to N(3) of dTMP and N(1) of GMP at r = 0.2 (MeHg+: phosphate) ratios with mixtures of GMP + CMP + AMP + dTMP. In contrast, native calf thymus DNA does not appear to bind CH3Hg(II) at these sites at r = 0.15, although no significant amount of free CH3HgOH is present. With r = 0.3, extensive binding occurs both to the Thy and Gua bases. Raman difference spectroscopy is a valuable technique for studying the binding of ions and molecules to polynucleotides in moderately dilute aqueous solution.
Microscale Thermoelectric Cooler Assembled from Bulk Materials for Thermal Management of Electronics

Electronic device thermal management improvements are critical to continued increases in computing performance. Thermoelectric coolers (TECs) show promise in meeting this need. This paper compares the performance of Bismuth Telluride (BiTe) in three different forms: thin film, bulk, and a hypothetical nanostructured bulk material. This hypothetical materials is based on recent experimental demonstrations in Lead Telluride. Performances of the TEC based on the three different BiTe forms are compared with respect to heat pumping capacity and optimum thickness. The simulations are based on 1-D models that include the effects of thermal and electrical contact resistance. Simulated results show a significant enhancement in maximum heat pumping capacity of ‘Nanostrutured-Bulk TEC’. Modified definitions of heat pumping capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) are proposed for evaluating TECs used to cool objects with temperatures above ambient temperature. It is observed that the appropriate heat sink selection is key factor for achieving the improved TEC performance while maintaining minimum thickness.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Uniqueness of the S-cone pedicle in the human retina and consequences for color processing

The purpose of this study was to investigate more fully the shape and content of ribbons and synapses to second-order neurons in the short-wavelength cone (S-cone, blue cone) pedicle and to learn more concerning the uniqueness of the S-cone system in the primate retina. A piece of well-fixed peripheral human retina (10 mm, 35° nasal to the fovea) was serially thick sectioned in the tangential plane from the level of the outer segments to the tops of the cone pedicles. Then serial electron microscope (EM) sections were collected through the whole depth of the pedicle-occupying region into the neuropil of the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The resultant EM micrograph montages of a large field of cone pedicles were perused, and S-cone pedicles were identified. Serial micrographs of a single S-cone pedicle, picked out of the montages, were digitized and reconstructed by computer three-dimensional methods. The S-cone pedicle arose from a slightly oblique axon and projected 0.5-1 μm more vitread in the OPL than other cone pedicles. It was bilobed in shape, with synaptic invaginations and ribbons in both lobes. No cone-contacting telodendria projected from the S-cone pedicle itself, but a small number of neighboring cones sent telodendria to its surface to make small gap junctions. Neighboring rod spherules also made small gap junctions. Four robust bipolar cell dendrites, most likely from S-cone-specific bipolar cells, made synapses at ribbons and basal (distal) junctions. A small number of other bipolar cell dendrites made narrow-cleft basal junction only. The majority of lateral elements were thought to be from HII horizontal cells, and a minority from HI horizontal cells. We conclude that the S-cone pedicle has a unique morphology and connectivity to second-order neurons that makes it quite different from the other two longer wavelength cone systems, and we speculate on the consequences for color processing in the visual system in general. J. Comp. Neurol. 386:443-460, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetoelectric coupling tuned by competing anisotropies in Mn 1 -x Ni x TiO 3

A flop of electric polarization from P$$\|$$c (Pc) to P$$\|$$ a (Pa) is observed in MnTiO3 as a spin flop transtion is triggered by a c-axis magnetic field, H$$\|$$c=7 T. The critical magnetic field for Pa is significantly reduced in Mn1-xNixTiO3 (x=0.33). Neutron diffraction measurements revealed similar magnetic arrangements for the two compositions where the ordered spins couple antiferromagnetically with their nearest intra- and inter-planar neighbors. In the x=0.33 system, the single ion anisotropies of Mn2+ and Ni2+ compete and give rise to an additional spin reorientation transition at TR. A magnetic field, Hc, aligns the spins along c for TRN. The rotation of the collinear spins away from the c-axis for TR alters the magnetic point symmetry and gives rise to new ME susceptibility tensor form. Such linear ME response provides satisfactory explanation for behavior of field-induced electric polarization in both compositions. As the Ni content increases to x=0.5 and 0.68, the ME effect disappears as a new magnetic phase emerges.
Removal of Cr(VI) from ground water by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Chromium can be removed from ground water by the unicellular yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Local ground water maintains chromium as CrO4 2- because of bicarbonate buffering and pH and E h conditions (8.2 and +343 mV, respectively). In laboratory studies, we used commercially available, nonpathogenic S. cerevisiae to remove hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] from ground water. The influence of parameters such as temperature, pH, and glucose concentration on Cr(VI) removal by yeast were also examined. S. cerevisiae removed Cr(VI) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with a slightly greater rate occurring under anaerobic conditions. Our kinetic studies reveal a reaction rate (Vmax) of 0.227 mg h-1 (g dry wt biomass)-1 and a Michaelis constant (Km) of 145 mg/l in natural ground water using mature S. cerevisiae cultures. We found a rapid (within 2 minutes) initial removal of Cr(VI) with freshly hydrated cells [55–67 mg h-1 (g dry wt biomass)-1] followed by a much slower uptake [0.6–1.1 mg h-1 (g dry wt biomass)-1] that diminished with time. A materials-balance for a batch reactor over 24 hours resulted in an overall shift in redox potential from +321 to +90 mV, an increase in the bicarbonate concentration (150–3400 mg/l) and a decrease in the Cr(VI) concentration in the effluent (1.9-0 mg/l).
Electroaddressable Selective Functionalization of Electrode Arrays: Catalytic NADH Detection Using Aryl Diazonium Modified Gold Electrodes

We report the application of 4-nitrophenyl diazonium modified electrodes towards the electrochemical detection of NADH. Selective activation of individual electrodes on a 5 element array by electro-addressable conversion of nitro groups to amines and subsequent EDC/NHS crosslinking to the NADH oxidant, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), is demonstrated. Inactivated electrodes retained nitro functionality and were protected against non-specific adsorption and mild chemical reactions. Electrodeposition conditions were used to control nitrophenyl film thickness and showed that while increased film thickness leads to greater functionalization density of PQQ, it also results in decreased electron transfer kinetics. The electrodeposition protocol can therefore serve as a method to control electrode functionalization density and film electron transfer kinetics. We believe this simple technique for selective electrode functionalization may facilitate the development of next generation multianalyte electrochemical sensors.
The length of the effect of aggregate advertising on aggregate consumption

Abstract We investigate the longevity of aggregate advertising effects on aggregate consumption over the period 1947–1988, using updated methods. The effects appear to linger for nine years, raising further questions. Perhaps a return to this near-dormant area of research could be productive.
Multi objective optimization of computationally expensive multi-modal functions with RBF surrogates and multi-rule selection

GOMORS is a parallel response surface-assisted evolutionary algorithm approach to multi-objective optimization that is designed to obtain good non-dominated solutions to black box problems with relatively few objective function evaluations. GOMORS uses Radial Basic Functions to iteratively compute surrogate response surfaces as an approximation of the computationally expensive objective function. A multi objective search utilizing evolution, local search, multi method search and non-dominated sorting is done on the surrogate radial basis function surface because it is inexpensive to compute. A balance between exploration, exploitation and diversification is obtained through a novel procedure that simultaneously selects evaluation points within an algorithm iteration through different metrics including Approximate Hypervolume Improvement, Maximizing minimum domain distance, Maximizing minimum objective space distance, and surrogate-assisted local search, which can be computed in parallel. The results are compared to ParEGO (a kriging surrogate method solving many weighted single objective optimizations) and the widely used NSGA-II. The results indicate that GOMORS outperforms ParEGO and NSGA-II on problems tested. For example, on a groundwater PDE problem, GOMORS outperforms ParEGO with 100, 200 and 400 evaluations for a 6 dimensional problem, a 12 dimensional problem and a 24 dimensional problem. For a fixed number of evaluations, the differences in performance between GOMORS and ParEGO become larger as the number of dimensions increase. As the number of evaluations increase, the differences between GOMORS and ParEGO become smaller. Both surrogate-based methods are much better than NSGA-II for all cases considered.
Business rules management in healthcare: A lifecycle approach

This paper proposes a framework to apply business rules management (BRM) to healthcare service delivery. Implementation of recently government-mandated quality standards for healthcare provider requires them to modify or change their business processes, practices, and approach to healthcare delivery. An automated business rules management will provide significant benefits to these providers. The benefits include greater control, improved flexibility, and the ability to rapidly deploy business rules across processes, information systems and channels (web, legacy, wireless and otherwise). These benefits, in addition to trends in service orientated architectures, web semantics, and business process management, have spawned an emerging business rules engine (BRE) market. Despite these developments, little has been published in MIS journals that examine the management of business rules management systems (BRMS) development and deployments in general, and in healthcare service sector in particular. Making use of structuration research methods, we collect data from leading developers, end-users, researchers and thought leaders from the industry. Data collection results revealed a business rules management lifecycle inclusive of these steps: align, capture, organize, author, distribute, test, apply, and maintain. The contextual influences, actors, inputs, outputs and artifacts are identified in each step. Academic and managerial contributions, as well as recommendations for future research are provided.