cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The imprint of pop III stars on the first galaxies

Here we present three adaptive mesh refinement radiation hydrodynamics simulations that illustrate the impact of momentum transfer from ionising radiation to the absorbing gas on star formation in high-redshift dwarf galaxies. Momentum transfer is calculated by solving the radiative transfer equation with a ray tracing algorithm that is adaptive in spatial and angular coordinates. We find that momentum input partially affects star formation by increasing the turbulent support to a three-dimensional rms velocity equal to the circular velocity of early haloes. Compared to a calculation that neglects radiation pressure, the star formation rate is decreased by a factor of five to 1.8 × 10−2 M⊙ yr−1 in a dwarf galaxy with a dark matter and stellar mass of 2.0 × 108 M⊙ and 4.5 × 105 M⊙, respectively, when radiation pressure is included. Its mean metallicity of 10−2.1 Z⊙ is consistent with the observed dwarf galaxy luminosity-metallicity relation. In addition to photo-heating in H II regions, radiation pressure ...
Optical measurements of the antiferromagnetic energy gap in chromium-manganese alloys

Abstract We report observation of absorption peaks in the infrared spectra of a series of Cr-rich Cr-Mn alloy single crystals at 4.2°K. The position of the peaks and their intensity are studied as a function of Mn concentration.
Differential effects of acute and repeated stress on hippocampus and amygdala inputs to the nucleus accumbens shell

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and ventral subiculum (vSub) of the hippocampus convey emotion and context information, respectively, to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Using in vivo extracellular recordings from NAc neurons, we examined how acute and repeated restraint stress alters the plasticity of the vSub and BLA afferent pathways. High-frequency (HFS) and low-frequency (LFS) stimulation was applied to the vSub to assess the impact on NAc responses to vSub and BLA inputs. In addition, iontophoretic application of the dopamine D2-antagonist sulpiride was used to explore the role of dopamine in the NAc in mediating the effects of stress on plasticity. Acute and repeated restraint caused disparate effects on BLA- and vSub-evoked responses in the NAc. Following repeated restraint, but not after acute restraint, HFS of the vSub failed to potentiate the vSub–NAc pathway while instead promoting a long-lasting reduction of the BLA–NAc pathway and these effects were independent of D2-receptor activity. In contrast, LFS to the vSub pathway after acute restraint resulted in potentiation in the vSub–NAc pathway while BLA-evoked responses were unchanged. When sulpiride was applied prior to LFS of the vSub after acute stress, there was a pronounced decrease in vSub-evoked responses similar to control animals. This work provides new insight into the impact of acute and repeated stress on the integration of context and emotion inputs in the NAc. These data support a model of stress whereby the hippocampus is inappropriately activated and dominates the information processing within this circuit via a dopaminergic mechanism after acute bouts of stress.
A new species of Ctenoplectrella in Baltic amber (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

A new species of the extinct bee genus Ctenoplectrella COCKERELL (Megachilinae: Ctenoplectrellini) is described and figured from two females preserved in a single piece of middle Eocene (Lutetian) Baltic amber. Ctenoplectrella gorskii ENGEL, sp. n. is distinguished from other species of the genus most notably in the venation of the forewing.
Management and control of transparent optical networks

Multiwavelength optical networking is expected to play a significant role in the next-generation transport networks providing capacity enhancements as well as built-in network survivability and reconfigurability. While advances have been made in the hardware technologies, considerable research effort is still required in the area of network management and control in order for optical networking to be proven commercially viable. This paper investigates key design issues concerning optical network management and control and examines how the networking architecture is influenced by the various management considerations.
Does Intracranial Venous Thrombosis Cause Subdural Hemorrhage in the Pediatric Population

Unexplained SDH in infants and children is an accepted marker for AHT. It has been proposed that IVT may be the initiating event leading to the development of acute SDH, mimicking the appearance of traumatic SDH. Our study aims to investigate if nontraumatic IVT causes SDH in the pediatric population. We retrospectively identified 36 patients with IVT and reviewed neuroimaging studies for the concurrent presence of SDH. In our 36 patients with IVT, no associated SDH was observed. Even with extensive IVT, no SDH was present. Three false-positive diagnoses of IVT were identified in the setting of mastoiditis and traumatic SDH, demonstrating pitfalls in imaging. In conclusion, our findings do not support the previous AHT literature stating that IVT is associated with, or leads to, SDH in neonates, infants, or children.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Least-Cost Size of Plant

A general model used to analyze the effects of assembly and distribution factors and economies of scale in processing on least-cost size of plant and on cost components is described. This model is applied to empirical data from fluid milk plants and country elevators. In both cases, it appears that total per unit cost combined assembly, processing and distribution cost is a continuously falling function of plant size, at least to the limit of observed plant sizes. In the two cases studied, the larger plants observed appeared to have from 20 to 30 percent lower cost than plants of average size. The results of these two applications indicate the basis for much of the current consolidation of plants.
Impaired cerebellar synapse maturation in waggler, a mutant mouse with a disrupted neuronal calcium channel γ subunit

The waggler, a neurological mutant mouse with a disrupted putative neuronal Ca2+ channel γ subunit, exhibits a cerebellar granule cell-specific brain-derived neurotrophic factor deficit, severe ataxia, and impaired eyeblink conditioning. Here, we show that multiple synapses of waggler cerebellar granule cells are arrested at an immature stage during development. Synaptic transmission is reduced at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses. The Golgi cell–granule cell synaptic currents show immature kinetics associated with reduced γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α6 subunit expression in granule cells. In addition, the mossy fiber–granule cell synapses exhibit N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), but not α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated EPSCs. Our results suggest that voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are involved in synapse maturation. This deficient synaptic transmission in the waggler cerebellum may account for their behavioral deficits.
Understanding Community Policing and Legitimacy-Seeking Behavior in Virtual Reality: A National Study of Municipal Police Websites

Using a national probability sample of municipal police departments, this study provides the first systematic look at the prevalence, predictors, and content of municipal police websites in the United States. A content analysis revealed that police agencies with websites (42% of all police agencies nationwide in 2008) were more inclined to use websites to “push out” information rather than “pull in” information from the community. The results support the hypothesis that departments with a greater emphasis on community policing (defined by Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics [LEMAS] data) would be more likely to have a website, exhibit greater transparency in the display of data and provide more opportunities for citizen input. Crime rate and population size were also important determinants of website creation and content, respectively. This study concludes that websites are underutilized by both the police and research communities.
Theories of coalition formation and the effects of reference groups

The predictions of four theories of coalition behavior were compared to the results obtained from three coalition games conducted under two reference group conditions. Participants were given a set to use a reference group composed either of the other players in their experimental session or of players in other groups in the same position as themselves (“similar others”). While the different games had an impact on the accuracy of the theoretical predictions, the data as a whole tended to support Bargaining theory ( Komorita & Chertkoff, 1973 ) and the Weighted Probability model ( Komorita, 1974 ) over Minimum Resource theory ( Gamson, 1961 ) and Minimum Power theory ( Shapley & Shubik, 1954 ). The results also indicated that a reference group of “similar others” led to more accurate theoretical predictions and to higher payoffs for the powerful player in each of the games, even though his demands were higher in these conditions. The use of four-person coalition games in coalition research was also discussed.
Importance of multiple mating to female reproductive output in Diaphorina citri

The importance of multiple mating to female reproductive output in Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is evaluated by grouping indi- vidual females with one or three males for 24 h (short duration) or 2 weeks (long duration) and examining oviposition over 18 - 19 days. For the short-duration treat- ments, females lay more eggs per day when grouped with multiple males, whereas females in the long-duration treatments lay more eggs when paired with one male. When held for 24 h with one or three males, females show a decline in fecundity beginning 10 and 15 days after mating, respectively. Total fecundity is relatively high for females paired with one male for 2 weeks, but fecundity is low and mortal- ity high when females are held with three males for 2 weeks. In treatments in which females are held with males for 2 weeks, oviposition increases dramatically in the days after removal of males. For females paired with a male for 24 h and re-paired for 24 h, 9 days later, fecundity remains high throughout the 18 - 19-day observation period. Egg fertility does not differ among treatments, but varies over time in a man- ner that is similar among treatments. The present study demonstrates that, in D. citri , females require multiple matings over time to achieve high reproductive output, but oviposition is constrained by the presence of males.
Design for Improved Trans-Tibial Prosthetic Devices Using Four Bar Mechanisms

Currently available prosthetic devices for trans-tibial (below the knee) amputees allow a great deal of mobility, but they do not allow amputees to walk with a normal gait. Most designs utilize passive elements to approximate the complex nonlinear response of the foot and ankle. This paper outlines early work in the design of a hybrid passive/active prosthesis that uses the inherent nonlinearity of a four bar mechanism and the power of numerical optimization to more closely duplicate the function of the human foot/ankle complex during walking.© 2005 ASME
Description, Circumscription and Phylogenetics of the Diglyphosematini Belizin 1961, and the Description of a New Genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)

Abstract. The genera comprising the Diglyphosematini Belizin (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae) are redescribed, all of the valid species are cataloged, and a key to all Diglyphosematini genera is provided. To determine the monophyly of each of the included genera, a phylogenetic analysis of 1060 ribosomal characters, 392 mitochondrial characters, and 169 morphological/biological characters was conducted for 18 ingroup taxa in both a parsimony and Bayesian framework. Based on the results presented here and elsewhere, the Diglyphosematini are comprised of the following genera: Banacuniculus Buffington, Diglyphosema Forster, Disorygma Forster, Ealata Quinlan, Ganaspidium Weld, Gronotoma Forster, Microstilba Forster, Nordlanderia Quinlan, Paradiglyphosema Lin, and Tobiasiana Kovalev. Disorygma was not recovered as monophyletic; Sinatra Buffington, new genus, also included in Diglyphosematini, is described to accommodate S. pacifica (Yoshimoto). Nordlanderia, revised status, is removed from synonymy with To...
A practical implementation of the factoring theorem for network reliability

The factoring theorem is a simple tool for determining the K-terminal reliability of a network, i.e. the probability that a given set K of terminals in the network are connected to each other by a path of working edges. An implementation of an algorithm which uses the factoring theorem, in conjunction with degree-1 and degree-2 vertex reductions, to determine the reliability of a network is presented. Networks treated have completely reliable nodes and have edges which fail statistically and independently with known probabilities. The reliability problem is to determine the probability that all nodes in a designated set of nodes can communicate with each other. Such an implementation of the factoring theorem can be incorporated in a small, stand-alone program of about 500 lines of code. A program of this type requires little computer memory and is ideally suited for microcomputer use. >
Phase Mapping Sputter Deposited Wide Band-Gap Metal Oxides

Reactive sputter deposition is a widely-used process for growing films of high melting point materials near room temperature and desirable metastable structures not attainable in material grown under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. Both categories include wide band-gap metal oxides. A first step towards reproducible growth is to develop a “phase map” for the metal-oxygen system of interest. The map graphically relates independent sputter deposition process parameters, the growth environment, and the metallurgical phase(s) formed in the film. This paper shows how phase maps are constructed and used to observe general trends in oxide phase formation sequence, with examples from the Nb-O, Y-O, and Zr-O systems.
Optimizing Surface-Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Limit of Detection Based on a Cramer–Rao Bound

This paper addresses the optimization of prism-coupled, wavelength-interrogated surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. Limit of detection (LOD), rather than sensitivity, is chosen as a figure of merit. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for spectral shift estimation allows lower bounds to be placed on LOD independent of interrogation system and estimation algorithm. Analytic evaluation of the CRB for a Lorentzian spectral feature justifies common observations about the relationship between resonance line shape and sensor performance. Numerical evaluation of standard SPR sensor configurations shows that maximizing sensitivity is an insufficient criterion for minimizing limit of detection. Designs optimized for LOD are presented for common SPR sensor materials and geometries.
A comparison of successful and failed protein interface designs highlights the challenges of designing buried hydrogen bonds

The accurate design of new protein–protein interactions is a longstanding goal of computational protein design. However, most computationally designed interfaces fail to form experimentally. This investigation compares five previously described successful de novo interface designs with 158 failures. Both sets of proteins were designed with the molecular modeling program Rosetta. Designs were considered a success if a high-resolution crystal structure of the complex closely matched the design model and the equilibrium dissociation constant for binding was less than 10 μM. The successes and failures represent a wide variety of interface types and design goals including heterodimers, homodimers, peptide-protein interactions, one-sided designs (i.e., where only one of the proteins was mutated) and two-sided designs. The most striking feature of the successful designs is that they have fewer polar atoms at their interfaces than many of the failed designs. Designs that attempted to create extensive sets of interface-spanning hydrogen bonds resulted in no detectable binding. In contrast, polar atoms make up more than 40% of the interface area of many natural dimers, and native interfaces often contain extensive hydrogen bonding networks. These results suggest that Rosetta may not be accurately balancing hydrogen bonding and electrostatic energies against desolvation penalties and that design processes may not include sufficient sampling to identify side chains in preordered conformations that can fully satisfy the hydrogen bonding potential of the interface.
Scalable modeling and optimization of mode transitions based on decoupled power management architecture

To save energy, many power management policies rely on issuing mode-change commands to the components of the system. Efforts to date have focused on how these policies interact with the external workload. However, the energy savings are ultimately limited by the set of power-saving modes available to the power manager. This paper proposes new power-saving opportunities to existing system-level power managers by handling each desired mode change in terms of an optimal sequence of mode transitions involving multiple components. We employ algorithms to optimize these transition sequences in polynomial time, making them applicable to static and dynamic policies. The decoupling between policies and mechanisms also makes this approach modular and scalable to devices with complex modes and intricate dependencies on other devices in the system. Experimental results show significant energy savings due to these sequentialized mode-change opportunities that would otherwise be difficult to discover manually even by experienced designers.
Structural Evaluation of the Heart by Transesophageal Echocardiography

It is well-known that the echocardiographic evaluation of congenital heart disease (CHD) can present challenges due to a number of factors: the multiplicity of the different forms of CHD, the variations in anatomy and physiology associated with each class of cardiac lesion, and the complex (and unique) three-dimensional anatomy seen with many of the individual cardiac defects. These challenges have been well documented with transthoracic and fetal echocardiography, and they are equally daunting, if not more so, with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) due to the limited availability of echocardiographic windows afforded by the esophageal/gastric location of the probe. Nonetheless, in most patients with CHD, an excellent and comprehensive TEE study can be performed using a variety of probe manipulations and views as well as a systematic approach to evaluation. The goal of this chapter is to discuss the general aspects of structural evaluation of CHD by TEE. The standard American Society of Echocardiography/Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (ASE/SCA) TEE views and probe manipulations will be detailed, along with their specific application (and modifications) for CHD evaluation. Throughout this textbook, these guidelines will be used for the assessment of the various cardiac defects. This chapter also presents a methodology for a comprehensive, systematic, and segmental approach to the TEE evaluation of a patient with CHD.
In Quest of the Circumstellar Dust Shell Structure in Proto-Planetary Nebulae

Dusty mass loss during the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phase of low to intermediate initial mass stars results in a physically-detached circumstellar dust shell, also known as a proto-planetary nebula (PPN), in the subsequent post-AGB phase. PPNe can be observed indirectly via dust-scattering in the optical/near-IR and directly via thermal dust emission in the IR. The PPN morphologies, especially in those that are optically thin, therefore, provide critical clues for the elusive mass loss mechanisms. Here, a quest in search of the innermost PPN structures in the past 15 years is summarized.
Ontogenetic shifts in a freshwater cleaning symbiosis: consequences for hosts and their symbionts

Animal fitness is influenced by diverse assemblages of internal and external symbionts. These assemblages often change throughout host ontogeny, but the mechanisms that underlie these changes and their consequences for host fitness are seldom revealed. Here we examine a cleaning symbiosis between crayfish and an assemblage of ectosymbiotic branchiobdellidan worms to uncover what mechanisms drive changes in symbiont composition during host ontogeny and the consequences of these changes for both the host and symbionts. In surveys of a North Carolina river, the dominant worm species shifted from Cambarincola philadelphicus to Cambarincola ingens as crayfish (Cambarus bartonii) increased in size. We demonstrate that this shift is a function of host regulation by small crayfish and exclusion by a dominant symbiont on large crayfish. In a controlled lab experiment, small crayfish often removed their symbionts but C. ingens was removed at a higher rate than C. philadelphicus. In contrast, C. ingens had higher survivorship and reproduction than C. philadelphicus on large crayfish. We also measured the effect of each worm species on crayfish growth through ontogeny; neither worm species had an effect on small crayfish but both species had similar positive effects on the growth of large crayfish relative to controls. Evidence from another experiment suggested that intraguild predation by C. ingens caused a decline in C. philadelphicus on large crayfish. We have shown that shifts in partner fitness are a function of host size and that these shifts can involve the succession of symbionts. Further, our results suggest that changes in the outcome of symbioses can remain robust throughout host ontogeny despite interactive mechanisms that lead to shifts in symbiont community structure.
Government Ideology and Unemployment in the U.S. States

Research shows that when the more liberal Democratic Party controls the national government, unemployment is lower, but whether liberal state governments are associated with lower unemployment has ...
Stress in Persons with Dementia: Benefits of a Memory Center Day Program

Most persons with dementia are cared for by family members who are so overwhelmed that their mental and physical health declines. Adult day care programs (ADC) are growing in number to meet caregivers' needs for respite but little is known about their effect on enrollee mental health. We examined mental health of enrollees (stress, anxiety, mood, emotions) and arousal (blood pressure and salivary cortisol) from day program enrollment to 3 months following enrollment. Results showed significant decreases in morning cortisol level at 1 and 3 months (p=.047). Perceived stress decreased at 1 and 3 months measured by Perceived Stress Scale (p=.03) and Index of Clinical Stress (p=.01). Results provide support for ADC as a stress-reducing environment for individuals with mild to moderate cognitive impairment. Future studies should be conducted to examine which elements of ADC are beneficial.
Mucosal histamine inhibits Na absorption and stimulates Cl secretion across equine tracheal epithelium.

When the equine tracheal epithelium is mounted in Ussing chambers and bathed in plasma-like Ringer solution, the tissue generates a lumen-negative transepithelial potential (PD) of 22 mV and a shor...
Idiopathic clubbing of fingers in the African. Report of a case.

An examination is given of an African who had marked clubbing of his fingers, but no cause could be found.
Patient-reported outcomes 5 years after laser in situ keratomileusis

Purpose To assess vision-related, quality-of-life outcomes 5 years after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and determine factors predictive of patient satisfaction. Setting Optical Express, Glasgow, Scotland. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Data from patients who had attended a clinical examination 5 years after LASIK were analyzed. All treatments were performed using the Visx Star S4 IR excimer laser. Patient-reported satisfaction, the effect of eyesight on various activities, visual phenomena, and ocular discomfort were evaluated 5 years postoperatively. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine factors affecting patient satisfaction. Results The study comprised 2530 patients (4937 eyes) who had LASIK. The mean age at the time of surgery was 42.4 years ± 12.5 (SD), and the preoperative manifest spherical equivalent ranged from −11.0 diopters (D) to +4.88 D. Five years postoperatively, 79.3% of eyes were within ±0.50 D of emmetropia and 77.7% of eyes achieved monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and 90.6% of eyes achieved binocular UDVA of 20/20 or better. Of the patients, 91.0% said they were satisfied with their vision and 94.9% did not wear distance correction. Less than 2.0% of patients noticed visual phenomena, even with spectacle correction. Major predictors of patient satisfaction 5 years postoperatively were postoperative binocular UDVA (37.6% variance explained by regression model), visual phenomena (relative contribution of 15.0%), preoperative and postoperative sphere and their interactions (11.6%), and eyesight-related difficulties with various activities such as night driving, outdoor activities, and reading (10.2%). Conclusion Patient-reported quality-of-life and satisfaction rates remained high 5 years after LASIK. Uncorrected vision was the strongest predictor of satisfaction. Financial Disclosure Dr. S.C. Schallhorn is a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., Zeiss Meditec AG, and Autofocus Inc. and a global medical director for Optical Express. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Effective Theory at the Weak-Scale

Having established in the previous chapter ingredients for general construction of heavy particle Lagrangians, we may now proceed to use heavy-particle methods to efficiently describe the interactions of a WIMP, of mass M, with much lighter Standard Model degrees of freedom such as those of n f = 5 flavor QCD (in the case m b ≪ M, where m b is the bottom quark mass) or those of the electroweak sector (in the case m W ≪ M, where m W is the W± boson mass).
Tradeoff between Quality-of-Service and resiliency: A mathematical framework applied to LTE networks

Adaptability in the presence of disruptive events is key to improve the resilience of the smart grid. As such, this paper presents a mathematical framework that quantifies the tradeoff between resilience and the Quality-of-Service (QoS) delivered by loads when they are information and communication technology (ICT) systems. The framework is based on the introduction of a quantity, named the over-demand factor, that measures the ratio between the resources required by the load under normal operating conditions and those available when in a degraded state. As a case study, the mathematical framework was applied to the study of the resilience-QoS tradeoff in an LTE base station. Moreover, the results from the study are applied to realistic power outage scenarios to obtain numerical results that provide insights into the resilience performance and operation of the LTE eNB. These results reveal that by trading off during disruptive events tolerable reductions in the QoS, it is possible to noticeably reduce the required size for a backup battery bank or to extend the operation from the backup batteries for the same planned autonomy. The results also show how trading off tolerable reductions in the QoS addresses the main issue with deployment of photovoltaic arrays as supplemental backup power source by noticeably reducing the solar panels size requirements to achieve a target availability level. Conversely, the framework allows to quantify the improvement in resilience from trading off QoS for a given PV array area.
Evaporation of a droplet larger than the Kolmogorov length scale immersed in a relative mean flow

Abstract An experimental effort to understand the contribution of turbulence to the evaporation rate of fuel droplets has been performed with particular attention to conditions when the turbulence scale is smaller than the droplet diameter. N-heptane has been chosen as working fluid to give measurable evaporation rates from droplet images over relatively short experiment times. An active turbulence grid wind tunnel is built for the requirements of this experiment. A camera triggered by a pulse generator takes images of the droplets pinned on wires across the tunnel. The results show a small increase in evaporation rate with increasing turbulence intensity, and that mean flow around the droplets has more impact on evaporation than does the turbulence state.
Linking Network Structure to Support Messages: Effects of Brokerage and Closure on Received Social Support

Building on the network theory of brokerage and closure, this study takes a structural approach to examine network structure and its influence on reception of different types of social support. The study extracted ego networks of 227 active users from a large online health social network and tracked their received supportive comments on personal profiles for 3 months. A total of 3,270 comments were analyzed. The results showed that network brokerage (operationalized as effective size) predicted the amount of informational and network support, whereas network closure (operationalized as local clustering coefficient) predicted the amount of emotional and esteem support received on one's profile. Moreover, brokerage was found to predict received emotional support. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.
Supporting Address Translation for Accelerator-Centric Architectures

While emerging accelerator-centric architectures offer orders-of-magnitude performance and energy improvements, use cases and adoption can be limited by their rigid programming model. A unified virtual address space between the host CPU cores and customized accelerators can largely improve the programmability, which necessitates hardware support for address translation. However, supporting address translation for customized accelerators with low overhead is nontrivial. Prior studies either assume an infinite-sized TLB and zero page walk latency, or rely on a slow IOMMU for correctness and safety—which penalizes the overall system performance. To provide efficient address translation support for accelerator-centric architectures, we examine the memory access behavior of customized accelerators to drive the TLB augmentation and MMU designs. First, to support bulk transfers of consecutive data between the scratchpad memory of customized accelerators and the memory system, we present a relatively small private TLB design to provide low-latency caching of translations to each accelerator. Second, to compensate for the effects of the widely used data tiling techniques, we design a shared level-two TLB to serve private TLB misses on common virtual pages, eliminating duplicate page walks from accelerators working on neighboring data tiles that are mapped to the same physical page. This two-level TLB design effectively reduces page walks by 75.8% on average. Finally, instead of implementing a dedicated MMU which introduces additional hardware complexity, we propose simply leveraging the host per-core MMU for efficient page walk handling. This mechanism is based on our insight that the existing MMU cache in the CPU MMU satisfies the demand of customized accelerators with minimal overhead. Our evaluation demonstrates that the combined approach incurs only a 6.4% performance overhead compared to the ideal address translation.
The Roommates' Decision

This case is designed for use in undergraduate courses that cover negotiation skills and organizational behavior. Its relatable context and integrated lessons fits well within modules on multiperson situations, coalitions, and conflict resolution. It particularly complements "Kicks Inc.: Background Information" (UVA-QA-0739) well, and could be used as a precursor for complicated multiperson negotiations and situations.Devin Moore, Jessie Taylor, and Alex Johnson are three students at Jefferson University who decided early in their junior year to room together in an off-campus house for their senior year. In a rush to secure housing, the three have signed a lease for a house without working out any details. The house has three distinct bedrooms that differ in size, natural light, closet size, and charm. Each roommate has different preferences, but each prefers one bedroom to the alternatives. The roommates also must discuss additional elements associated with living together, including parking, utilities, and rent—which will further complicate the discussion. Excerpt UVA-QA-0846 Rev. Sept. 19, 2016 The Roommates' Decision Along with many other students at Jefferson University, Devin Moore, Jessie Taylor, and Alex Johnson began contemplating their living situations for their senior year in the early months of their junior year. The off-campus options at Jefferson University were diverse: apartments, townhouses, and houses were available in Marytown, a vibrant college community. The most desirable housing, however, was often taken before the middle of October of the year prior to occupancy. This competitive housing market, which featured limited supply and high demand, made decisions about housing difficult and often rushed, especially if one wanted to sign a lease for a highly coveted safe, clean living situation that was close to classes as well as to The Edge—an area across from campus lined with shops, restaurants, and bars that was a popular hangout for all students. After the Outdoors Club's first hosted hike of the year, Moore, Taylor, and Johnson carpooled back to Jefferson. During the car ride, they got caught up and shared stories from the summer. The three discussed the unpacking and the decorating of the current rooms that awaited them when they got back to school and jokingly brought up housing for next year. Although it was only mid-September, the three began talking seriously about living together next year. All three had known each other since their freshman year, when they had joined the Outdoors Club. They knew that they needed to decide on living arrangements soon, and they believed the three of them could live together happily. Moore and Johnson already knew they were compatible because they had been roommates for the last two years. Johnson was also excited to have someone with whom to drive to soccer practice because Taylor was also part of the university's club team. . . .
Optimal Pricing Strategies for Primary and Contingent Products under Duopoly Environment

The purpose of the current paper is to study optimal pricing policies for duopoly firms that introduce two new related products: a primary and a nondurable captive contingent product. The use of the former requires the latter product, and the diffusion and the sales of the latter are contingent upon the diffusion of the former. The competition is modelled as a differential game and the solutions are derived as open-loop Nash equilibria. The results of our analysis show that the prices of the contingency product are constant, determined by constant cost, shadow price and own- and cross-elasticities. On the other hand, the price trajectories of the primary product are characterized by such parameters as the directionality of the diffusion effect of the primary product, the magnitude of the coefficient of the repeat purchase of the contingent product and the convexity or concavity of the cumulative adoption of the primary product with respect to time.
Symmetrical fault detection during power swings: An interpretable supervised learning approach

Distance relay operation due to power swing conditions should be blocked in order to prevent unnecessary line trips leading to the formation of unplanned islands and the propagation of outages. In this work, a machine learning classification approach to improve the detection of symmetrical faults during power swing conditions in conventional distance relays is presented. The approach is intended to augment existing power swing blocking methods and trains a classifier with a focus on accuracy and interpretability. The contribution of the approach is the training of classifiers that maintain performance of other methods, while providing interpretable results. Training and test data is generated from time-domain simulations of the IEEE 9-Bus system for 17280 scenarios. The following classifiers are compared and evaluated: support vector machine, random forest, gradient tree boosting, decision tree, and k-nearest neighbors. Utilizing mutual information for feature selection and only local measurements, our results show performance comparable to prior methods and provides the ability to view the decision boundary for greater understanding of the classifier output. Trade-offs between interpretability and performance are also assessed.
Wild greens knowledge and consumption: a qualitative exploration of human agency in the Southern Arizona food system

This qualitative, single case study explores the influence of the dominant food system (DFS) on the knowledge and consumption of three wild greens (amaranth, lambquarters, purslane) by 24 Latinxs l...
Bioethics in the Ruins of Christendom: Why John Paul II's Diagnosis Requires a More Radical Cure Than May and Colvert Provide

William May’s and Gavin Colvert’s and rich and insightful essays on the moral theology of John Paul II critically diagnose a profound shift in moral commitments within the dominant intellectual culture of western Europe and the United States. As each notes, these changes have been especially prominent in medicine and medical morality. Where abortion had once been forbidden, it is now widely practiced. Where the destruction of human embryos had once been understood as equivalent to murder, it has become more or less routine. Third-party assisted reproduction, such as in vitro fertilization, frequently results in both embryo wastage and elective abortion for fetal reduction. Such practices enjoy legal protection as part of a tradition of procreative liberty and for all practical purposes no longer appear outside of the social norm. Moreover, there exists the expectation that significant medical developments will follow from basic research on human embryos. The dominant secular bioethics simply fails to comprehend the destruction of embryos or fetuses as homicide. Indeed, as May and Colvert are aware, the bioethics dominant in the United States and western Europe frequently lays claim to a universal account of proper moral deportment, including the foundations of law and public policy to guide healthcare decisions and medical research, divorced from traditional Christian moral and religious commitments. In the face of such challenges, how can one sustain traditional Christian medical morality? How can one sustain a culture that supports the cardinal elements of human flourishing? As May and Colvert are aware, answers to these fundamental and pressing questions depend on one’s background moral anthropology. Each notes that John Paul II frames the justification for biomedical practices in Roman Catholic anthropology, which, they argue, is grounded firmly in the natural law. John Paul II thereby sustains, they urge, thick concepts of the common good and human dignity, together with the basic goods and rights that constitute the central elements of moral practical reason. Here, however, conflicts among moral anthropologies should be appreciated as especially salient: different background moral anthropologies will ground divergent accounts of human flourishing, and
Inter-Religious Marriage and Migration

This study analyzes the influence of inter-religious marriage and differing levels of church attendance within a married couple on migration behavior. We hypothesize that the propensity for migration is higher for inter-faith couples than for couples with the same religion and for couples who attend church at different frequencies. Largely, this research, as well as research on other differences between husbands and wives, indicates that inter-group married couples have higher migration rates than intra-groups couples. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth in 1979 was used to analyze the relationships between these aspects of religious identities and migration, and between church attendance and migration. Other determines utilized were age, education, and length of residence. Results actually show slightly lower migration odds for inter-group couples than for intra-group couples.
Expiration times for Tc-99m

Expiration times of Tc-99m eluates may be shortened by the presence of Mo-99. Based on current limits for Mo-99 contamination, calculations are presented that establish expiration times for Tc-99m eluates.
Tension at the Cell Surface

Although phenomena connected with surface tension must have been noticed by many observers since the study of nature began, important scientific observations date from the latter part of the 17th century. The subject was considered by Robert Boyle, whose contribution to the Royal Society in 1676 was entitled: “New experiments about the Superficial Figures of Fluids, especially of Liquors contiguous to other Liquors.” In this paper he stated that Mr. Hooke 1 had already enquired why water rises “in narrow pipes” and Boyle expressed his own opinion that the concave figure of the surface (the meniscus) was determined by the contiguous fluid, the air. He endeavored to prove his point by placing another fluid, turpentine, on the water surface in a small tube, when the concavity immediately decreased and the surfaces of contact became nearly plane.
COMPARISON OF METHODS OF SOLUTION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS FOR THE LARGE DISPLACEMENT ANALYSIS OF ARCHES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the comparison of methods of solution of the finite element equations for the large displacement analysis of arches. The first method comes from the minimum potential energy formulation where the stress–strain and strain-displacement relations are substituted into the equilibrium equations resulting in a system of equations to be solved for the displacements alone. This system represents the Euler–Lagrange equations associated with the minimization of the strain energy functional. The other method one consider, the mixed method, results from using instead a modified form of the Bellinger–Reissner stationary variation principle where the stresses and bending moments appear as independent variables in addition to the displacements. The method of solution on which comparison is based consists of taking the load to be given by f = λf0 and tracing successive solutions for a sequence of values of λ.
Unified Stochastic Dynamic and Damage Cost Model for the Structural Analysis of Tall Buildings in Thunderstorm-Like Winds

AbstractStochastic calculus has been used traditionally in the field of finance since it can model variability in the stock market and fluctuations of monetary variables (assets, savings, etc.) in ...
Assessment of the bovine tuberculosis elimination protocol in the United States.

ABSTRACT In this study, we analyzed the performance of the USDA's bovine tuberculosis (bTB) elimination protocol in a 1,000-cow closed dairy herd using an agent-based simulation model under different levels of initial bTB infection. We followed the bTB test sensitivity and specificity values used by the USDA in its model assessment. We estimated the net present value over a 20-yr horizon for a bTB-free milking herd and for bTB-infected herds following the USDA protocol. We estimated the expected time to identify the infection in the herd once it is introduced, its elimination time, the reproductive number (R0), and effective reproduction number (Re) under the USDA protocol. The optimal number of consecutive negative whole-herd tests (WHT) needed to declare a herd bTB-free with a 95% confidence under different bTB prevalence levels was derived. Our results support the minimum number of consecutive negative WHT required by the USDA protocol to declare a herd bTB-free; however, the number of consecutive negative WHT needed to eliminate bTB in a herd depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the tests. The robustness of the protocol was analyzed under conservative bTB test parameters from the literature. The cost of implementing the USDA protocol when 1 infected heifer is introduced in a 1,000-cow dairy herd is about $1,523,161. The average time until detection and the time required to eliminate bTB-infected animals from the herd, after 1 occult animal is introduced in the herd, were 735 and 119 d, respectively.
Bargain Shopping: How Candidate Sex Lowers the Cost of Voting

Previous research shows that candidate sex serves as a heuristic that lessens the informational burden of political decision making. Building upon this research, we investigate the heuristic effects of candidate sex on the decision to turnout to vote in an election. We posit that by providing ideological and nonideological information about the candidates, candidate sex serves as an informational shortcut that reduces the costs associated with voting and enhances the likelihood of voting in elections when a female candidate is present. Our expectations are supported, even after controlling for a variety of individual-, candidate- and district-level characteristics that are correlated with turnout. Individuals are more likely to turnout in elections featuring a woman candidate, and consistent with our expectations, these effects are especially strong for female Democrats, whose sex and party heuristics convey a consistent “liberal” cue. Our research offers theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on gender, candidate heuristics, and voter turnout.
List-edge-colouring planar graphs with precoloured edges

Abstract Let G be a simple planar graph of maximum degree Δ , let t be a positive integer, and let L be an edge list assignment on G with L ( e ) ≥ Δ + t for all e ∈ E ( G ) . We prove that if H is a subgraph of G that has been L -edge-coloured, then the edge-precolouring can be extended to an L -edge-colouring of G , provided that H has maximum degree d ≤ t and either d ≤ t − 4 or Δ is large enough ( Δ ≥ 16 + d suffices). If d > t , there are examples for any choice of Δ where the extension is impossible.
Behind Occupation and Surveillance: The Armed Forces Special Powers Act and the Right to Privacy in Kashmir

This chapter discusses attempts by the Indian government to extend national policies within the disputed region of Kashmir, where Indian security forces can impose “special measures” to maim and kill with impunity. It argues that rights given to Indians are rendered meaningless for Kashmiris under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), a draconian law enforced in J&K. Using the “Right to Privacy” as an example, this chapter demonstrates how such constitutional amendments and presidential orders passed by the Indian government since 1948 have been a mode of “legalized” annexation steadily deployed to criminalize the demand for sovereignty and undermine the regional autonomy and personal freedoms of Kashmiris.