cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testosterone, thrombophilia, thrombosis.

We screened previously undiagnosed thrombophilia (V Leiden–prothrombin mutations, Factors VIII and XI, homocysteine, and antiphospholipid antibody [APL] syndrome) in 15 men and 2 women with venous thromboembolism (VTE) or osteonecrosis 7 months (median) after starting testosterone therapy (TT), gel (30–50 mg/d), intramuscular (100–400 mg/wk), or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (6000 IU/wk). Thrombophilia was studied in 2 healthy control groups without thrombosis (97 normal controls, 31 subjects on TT) and in a third control group (n = 22) with VTE, not on TT. Of the 17 cases, 76% had ≥1 thrombophilia vs 19% of 97 normal controls ( P P = 0.002). Cases differed from normal controls by Factor V Leiden (12% vs 0%, P = 0.021), by high Factor VIII (>150%) (24% vs 7%, P = 0.058), by high homocysteine (29% vs 5%, P = 0.007), and from both normal and TT controls for APL syndrome (18% vs 2%, P = 0.023, vs 0%, P = 0.04). Despite adequate anticoagulation with TT continued after the first deep venous thrombosis–pulmonary embolus (DVT-PE), 1 man sustained 3 DVT-PEs 5, 8, and 11 months later and a second man had 2 DVT-PEs 1 and 2 months later. Of the 10 cases with serum T measured on TT, 6 (60%) had supranormal T (>800 ng/dL) and of 9 with estradiol measured on TT, 7 (78%) had supranormal levels (>42.6 pg/mL). TT interacts with thrombophilia leading to thrombosis. TT continuation in thrombophilic men is contraindicated because of recurrent thrombi despite anticoagulation. Screening for thrombophilia before starting TT should identify subjects at high risk for VTE with an adverse the risk to benefit ratio for TT.
Development of complement therapeutics for inhibition of immune‐mediated red cell destruction

A major objective of my National Blood Foundation (NBF)-funded proposal was to produce recombinant soluble forms of a complement regulatory protein called complement receptor 1 (CR1) that carries the Knops blood group system antigens to perform antibody neutralization studies. By generating these recombinant proteins, we were able to inhibit several Knops antibodies in patient serum samples, thereby demonstrating their usefulness for clinical use. Interestingly, the recombinant CR1 proteins generated through NBF funding were also found to strongly reduce complement-mediated red cell destruction in a mouse hemolytic transfusion model. In this review, I will outline our NBF-funded studies, give an overview of recent advances from our group and others in the development of complement therapeutics, and highlight their potential use in the transfusion medicine setting.
Home Is Where It Begins: Parents, Children, and Stressful Events

A 20-event, 7-point scale on the stressfulness of selected unpleasant experiences was administered to 364 children in Grades 4 to 6 in an American intermediate school. Independently, a parallel questionnaire was given to their parents to indicate (a) how upsetting they would find each event themselves, (b) what they estimate their own children's ratings to be, and (c) whether they think their children have actually experienced each event. The parent-child agreements among the 239 responding pairs were quite close on (1) the scale values (the median upsettingness ratings) with an r of .96, (2) the discriminal dispersions (the interquartile ranges of ratings) with an r of .79, and (3) the incidences with an r of .96. The striking contrasts with the earlier comparisons with professional judgements invite a reassessment of parents as dependable observer-reporters.
Psychometric evaluation of the Fatigue Severity Scale in patients with major depression

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), a widely used unidimensional fatigue measure, in patients with major depression.
Nonpharmacologic management of osteoarthritis

Several nonpharmacologic interventions for osteoarthritis are in different stages of development, investigation, and application. Such interventions capitalize on current knowledge of the causes of symptoms, disease progression, and disability in patients with osteoarthritis. Many nonpharmacologic interventions are low in cost and incorporate self-management approaches or home-based activities and, as such, may ultimately have substantial public health impact. Recent studies and reviews of exercise, weight loss, education, inserts, footwear, bracing, therapeutic ultrasound, acupuncture, and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy will be highlighted in this review. For many of these interventions, further investigation will be necessary to define their place in the management of osteoarthritis.
Integrated microcalorimeters using Ir TES and Sn mushroom absorbers

The University of Miami has recently started a program to fabricate fully integrated microcalorimeter arrays using iridium thin films as Transition Edge Sensors (TES) and tin mushroom absorbers. We present our preliminary results in both areas.
Solvent vapor effects on planar high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract The effects of various concentrations of solvent vapor (either water or methanol) added to the curtain/drift gas in a planar high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometer (FAIMS) have been examined. Two different groups of analyte ions (the [M−H]− ions of three positional isomers of phthalic acid and the M− and [M−H]− ions of four explosives: TNT, 2,4 DNT, 2,6 DNT, and 3,4 DNT) were analyzed. Results showed that with the addition of small amounts of solvent vapor (∼1.5% water and 12.3% methanol), there were dramatic shifts to larger CV values for all ions analyzed. There were substantial benefits provided by adding solvent vapor, including dramatically increased resolving power of isomeric ions (up to ∼141). Specifically, analyte ions examined in dried nitrogen exhibited overlapping, undistinguishable CV values, but with large CV shifts afforded by addition of solvent vapor, these analyte ions were completely resolved from one another.
Nonlinear Behavior of a Rotorcraft Model During Air Resonance

This paper presents a study of the effects of nonlinearities on the dynamical behaviour of a simplified air resonance model. In order to provide a direct comparison between the behavior of the linearized system and the nonlinear one, a linear analysis of the air resonance model is first performed. Then, the system is analyzed for the effect of selected nonlinearities on its steady state dynamical responses. Geometric nonlinearities and cubic lag damping are considered in these analyses
The magnetic field produced by the conduction system of the human heart

We have exploited the spatial resolution of the magnetic sensor to provide numerical estimates of the atrial contribution to magnetic fields recorded just prior to ventricular depolarization. The contribution is found to be small, strenghening our original interpretation that such fields originate mostly in the conduction system of the heart.
Semantic Models For Second-Order Lambda Calculus

The second-order lambda calculus is a typed expression language with polymorphic functions and abstract data typcs. Several definitions of models for this language have been proposed, each relying on the syntax of terms to characterize closure under explicite definition. This work aims to releive the model theorist of syntactic considerations.
Changes in the compositions of the null cell compartment with murine autoimmunity.

Abstract The subpopulations that comprise the null cell compartment were examined sequentially in various strains of autoimmune-prone mice. Different patterns emerged that were consistent within strains but differed from strain to strain. Abnormalities appear earlier in life in short-lived mice, such as male BXSB and MRL/1 mice, than in relatively long-lived strains, such as female BXSB and NZB mice. The accumulation of T cells in MRL/1 mice was accompanied by null cell changes that contrasted with those that developed in AKR/J mice after their spleens were infiltrated with leukemic T cells. It would seem that lymphocyte perturbations with murine autoimmunity also involve their precursor cells and that these precursor cell changes vary in different strains, perhaps in relation to different genetic factors.
Sex‐Stereotyped and Nonstereotyped Introductions of New Toys in the Preschool Classroom: An Observational Study of Teacher Behavior and Its Effects

In Study 1, the behavior of teachers in introducing sex-typed and nonsex-typed toys in the classroom was observed in nine preschool classes. Results indicated that teachers called on more boys to demonstrate a “masculine” toy than girls, p < .01. No significant differences were found in the mean number of boys and girls called on to demonstrate “neutral” or “feminine” toys. However, teachers were more variable in demonstrating the sex-typed feminine toys than the nonstereotyped toy, p < .05. In a second study, two sets of toys, each including five dolls and five trucks, were introduced using stereotyped and nonstereotyped introductions to two classes of 3- and 4-year-old children. No significant sex differences in toy choices were found following the nonstereotyped introductions. Following the stereotyped introductions, the children's toy choices were consistent with sex-role stereotypes. These results are consistent with laboratory studies suggesting that bias in the introduction of toys by adults may co...
Statistical analysis of damage induced by water drop or water jet impact

Emploi des distributions statistiques de la longueur de fissure ou de la position radiale pour caracteriser l'etat apres choc mecanique sur des echantillons de ZnS, ZnSe, Si 3 N 4 , MgO, MgF 2 , verres de borosilicate, 3Al 2 O 3 •2GeO 2 , 3Al 2 O 3 •2SiO 2
Effect of time lapse between mixing and loading on the flow of tissue conditioning materials .

1 issue conditioning materials are a group of soft,‘ resilient plastic materials which were introduced to the dental profession in 1959 by a plastics manufacturer.’ Since then, several manufacturers have marketed tissue conditioning products. These materials are referred to in dentistry as tissue conditioning materials, tissue treatment materials, treatment reline materials, functional impression materials, and tissue conditioners. Tissue conditioning materials are widely accepted by the dental profession because of their numerous clinical applications and ease of manipulation.‘-‘” They are used as part of a treatment regimen, to prepare the oral tissues for denture construction, as well as in relining or rebasing of existing dentures. l-17. ?I. 22. ?J-26. 2%43 In addition, tissue conditioning materials are frequently used as a final impression material for the tissue surface of dentures““. IO-Ii. 22. 2.4.26. 2b-3.h. JR-13 and intraoral maxillofacial prosthesis.‘“, I’. I’. “X RX-4’1 They may also be used to develop the facial, lingual, and palatal polished surface contours of dentures.7. I4 These materials are used as an aid in stabilizing record bases or temporary denture bases in denture construction,“~ 23. “. “N. 45 and they are also used as a diagnostic aid in evaluating and treating problem denture patients. I-T,. 7. 10-15. 25. 26. ?8-31f In oral surgery, tissue conditioning materials serve as a temporary relining material for dentures following extractions and other oral surgeryll. ii. Ii. 25. 26. :38-43 and as an aid
FOG‐1 recruits the NuRD repressor complex to mediate transcriptional repression by GATA‐1

Transcription factor GATA-1 and its cofactor FOG-1 coordinate erythroid cell maturation by activating erythroid-specific genes and repressing genes associated with the undifferentiated state. Here we show that FOG-1 binds to the NuRD corepressor complex in vitro and in vivo. The interaction is mediated by a small conserved domain at the extreme N-terminus of FOG-1 that is necessary and sufficient for NuRD binding. This domain defines a novel repression module found in diverse transcriptional repressors. NuRD is present at GATA-1/FOG-1-repressed genes in erythroid cells in vivo. Point mutations near the N-terminus of FOG-1 that abrogate NuRD binding block gene repression by FOG-1. Finally, the ability of GATA-1 to repress transcription was impaired in erythroid cells expressing mutant forms of FOG-1 that are defective for NuRD binding. Together, these studies show that FOG-1 and likely other FOG-like proteins are corepressors that link GATA factors to histone deacetylation and nucleosome remodeling.
Complementarity of one-particle and two-particle interference

In a two-particle interferometer, one can study the variation of both single- and joint-detection probabilities as functions of the phase shifts of the beams. By combining the usual definition for one-particle fringe visibility ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}}$ (i=1,2) with a reasonable proposed definition for two-particle fringe visibility ${\mathit{v}}_{12}$, we show that ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}}^{2}$+${\mathit{v}}_{12}^{2}$\ensuremath{\le}1 or, equivalently, ${\mathit{v}}_{\mathit{i}}$${\mathit{v}}_{12}$\ensuremath{\le}1/2. Some extensions are discussed.
Mass Spectrometry—Finding the Molecular Ion and What It Can Tell You: An Undergraduate Organic Laboratory Experiment

Mass spectrometry is a widely used method to obtain information about the structures of molecules. This technique was introduced to beginning first-year organic chemistry students as an experiment that focused on the identification of the molecular ion from experimental data. After students had correctly identified the molecular ion in their samples, they learn other information that can be deduced from the molecular ion.
Simulation of detachment of specifically bound particles from surfaces by shear flow

The receptor-mediated adhesion of cells to ligand-coated surfaces is important in many physiological and biotechnological processes. Previously, we measured the detachment of antibody-coated spheres from counter-antibody- and protein A-coated substrates using a radial-flow detachment assay and were able to relate mechanical adhesion strength to chemical binding affinity (Kuo and Lauffenburger, Biophys. J. 65:2191–2200 (1993)). In this paper, we use "adhesive dynamics" to simulate the detachment of antibody-coated hard spheres from a ligand-coated substrate. We modeled the antibody-ligand (either counter-antibody or protein A) bonds as adhesive springs. In the simulation as in the experiments, beads attach to the substrate under static conditions. Flow is then initiated, and detachment is measured by the significant displacement of previously bound particles. The model can simulate the effects of many parameters on cell detachment, including hydrodynamic stresses, receptor number, ligand density, reaction rates between receptor and ligand, and stiffness and reactive compliance of the adhesive springs. The simulations are compared with experimental detachment data, thus relating measured bead adhesion strength to molecular properties of the adhesion molecules. The simulations accurately recreated the logarithmic dependence of adhesion strength on affinity of receptor-ligand recognition, which was seen in experiments and predicted by analytic theory. In addition, we find the value of the reactive compliance, the parameter which relates the strain of a bond to its rate of breakage, that gives the best match between theory and experiment to be 0.01. Finally, we analyzed the effect of varying either the forward or reverse rate constants as different ways to achieve the same affinity, and showed that adhesion strength depends uniquely on the equilibrium affinity, not on the kinetics of binding. Given that attachment is independent of affinity, detachment and attachment are distinct adhesive phenomena.
Pulsed electrochemical detection of thiols and disulfides following capillary electrophoresis

Pulsed electrochemical detection (PED) following capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been applied to the direct detection of thiocompounds. Both reduced and oxidized thiol moieties are detected without the need of derivatization. Thiocompounds can be detected over a wide range of pH conditions (i.e., pH 0-14), and except for pH, their response is relatively unperturbed by buffer composition. Integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IPAD) results in more stable baselines, eliminates oxide-induced artifacts, and yields lower limits of detection than other PED waveforms. Mass detection limits using optimized IPAD waveforms are typically 2 pg (5 fmol) or less. The high selectivity of PED for thiocompounds reduces sample preparation and produces simpler electropherograms of complex samples containing these biologically significant compounds.
99mTc-MAG3, a new renal imaging agent: preliminary results in patients.

99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) is a new renal radiopharmaceutical which has been shown to have biological properties similar to131I-hippurate (OIH) in animals and volunteers.99mTc-MAG3 has now been compared with131I-orthoiodohippurate (OIH) in a group of patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. In all cases, the99mTc-MAG3 images were superior regardless of serum creatinine. Selected examples are illustrated including scans and renogram curves in a normal volunteer, transplant patients with creatinines of 9.8 mg/dl and 2.6 mg/dl respectively, and a furosemide study in a patient with questionable obstruction. Our preliminary results suggest that99mTc-MAG3 performs well in patients with impaired renal function and may well provide an acceptable replacement for OIH. A kit formulation has been developed and will soon be undergoing clinical evaluation.
The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War

Winner of the National Intelligence Study Center's Award for Intelligence Literature, this book is set at the height of the Cold War. In 1961 and 1962, Oleg Penkovsky became the highest-ranking Soviet military official ever to co-operate with the West. This true story details how the CIA "runs" its agents, and how brutally the KGB hunts down its turncoats. Jerold Schecter is the co-editor of "Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes".
Deficiency of RAMP1 Attenuates Antigen-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Mice

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the lung, characterized by breathing difficulty during an attack following exposure to an environmental trigger. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that may have a pathological role in asthma. The CGRP receptor is comprised of two components, which include the G-protein coupled receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). RAMPs, including RAMP1, mediate ligand specificity in addition to aiding in the localization of receptors to the cell surface. Since there has been some controversy regarding the effect of CGRP on asthma, we sought to determine the effect of CGRP signaling ablation in an animal model of asthma. Using gene-targeting techniques, we generated mice deficient for RAMP1 by excising exon 3. After determining that these mice are viable and overtly normal, we sensitized the animals to ovalbumin prior to assessing airway resistance and inflammation after methacholine challenge. We found that mice lacking RAMP1 had reduced airway resistance and inflammation compared to wildtype animals. Additionally, we found that a 50% reduction of CLR, the G-protein receptor component of the CGRP receptor, also ameliorated airway resistance and inflammation in this model of allergic asthma. Interestingly, the loss of CLR from the smooth muscle cells did not alter the airway resistance, indicating that CGRP does not act directly on the smooth muscle cells to drive airway hyperresponsiveness. Together, these data indicate that signaling through RAMP1 and CLR plays a role in mediating asthma pathology. Since RAMP1 and CLR interact to form a receptor for CGRP, our data indicate that aberrant CGRP signaling, perhaps on lung endothelial and inflammatory cells, contributes to asthma pathophysiology. Finally, since RAMP-receptor interfaces are pharmacologically tractable, it may be possible to develop compounds targeting the RAMP1/CLR interface to assist in the treatment of asthma.
Failure Analysis in Subsystem Design for Space Missions

In order for the Function-Failure Design method to be applicable to modern conceptual design, the method needs to be extended from the mechanical domain to include the electrical domain as very few modern systems are purely mechanical in nature. Towards this goal, we supplement previous efforts describing a standardized vocabulary for mechanical failures by presenting the current state of an electrical and a mechanical failure mode taxonomy. Failure is defined in terms of the cause of the failure mode, the failure mode, and the effect of the failure mode that renders a mechanical, electrical, or electromechanical device incapable of satisfactorily performing its intended function under normal usage conditions. We utilize an elemental physics of failure approach to define failure mode and then use this definition and a variety of resources to develop the electrical failure modes presented in the taxonomy. The list of proposed electrical failure modes is tested against a set of NASA problem reports before being revised to include additional failure modes encountered in space applications. The resulting taxonomy is summarized in the form of 38 electrical failure modes organized into 13 categories. The final version of the mechanical and electrical failure mode taxonomy will be combined with a functional modeling approach to predict potential failures during the conceptual stages of design.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Epoxide formation by the photolysis of cyclic oxalate esters

Abstract The cyclic oxalate esters from meso - and d , 1 -hydrobenzoin were prepared and photolyzed. Meso -hydrobenzoin oxalate gave only cis -stilbene oxide upon photolysis while the d , 1 isomer gave trans -stilbene oxide.
A dominant mutation in Arabidopsis confers resistance to auxin, ethylene and abscisic acid.

We have screened a large population of M2 seeds ofArabidopsis thaliana for plants which are resistant to exogenously applied indole-acetic acid (IAA). One of the resistant lines identified in this screen carries a dominant mutation which we have namedaxr2. Linkage analysis indicates that theaxr2 gene lies on chromosome 3. Plants carrying theaxr2 mutation are severe dwarfs and display defects in growth orientation of both the shoot and root suggesting that the mutation affects some aspect of gravitropic growth. In addition, the roots ofaxr2 plants lack root hairs. Growth inhibition experiments indicate that the roots ofaxr2 plants are resistant to ethylene and abscisic acid as well as auxin.
Training for Fieldwork in Endangered-Language Communities

Fieldwork situations in language-endangered communities are as diverse as the communities and fieldworkers they represent. Conducting fieldwork under different conditions imposes very different requirements. This article addresses these conditions as they affect linguistic anthropologists and other academic professionals working in indigenous North American communities. In particular, I consider: (1) the current movement for language revitalization in Native North American communities; (2) knowledge and skills required of language fieldworkers; and (3) crucial issues of fieldworkers' ethics and responsibility.
MCT4 is an important determinant for the growth of highly glycolytic and aggressive malignancies

Constitutive upregulation of glycolysis is likely to be an adaptation to hypoxia that develops as premalignant lesions grow progressively distant from their blood supply. Increased lactic acid production caused by the upregulation of glycolysis results in microenvironmental acidosis. Cell populations that emerge from this adaptation have a powerful growth advantage, as they alter their environment through increased glycolysis in a way that is toxic to other phenotypes, but harmless to themselves or their reprogrammed stromal environment. Our goal is to elucidate the molecular basis for this aberrant behavior, and harness that knowledge towards the development of effective therapeutic strategies against malignant tumors. Here we describe in vitro/in vivo functional analysis of MCT1, MCT4 and CD147 in three different cell contexts, where MCT1 and MCT4 are expressed either alone or together and confer differential growth advantages under hypoxic or normoxic conditions. We show the selective enrichment of CD147 and MCT4 in highly tumorigenic CD133/CD44 positive cells from colon cancer patient-derived-xenografts. Our findings indicate that MCT4 is an important determinant for the growth of highly glycolytic and aggressive malignancies, which so far has not been explored as a target for therapeutic purposes and may provide a unique avenue for anticancer therapy. We will provide in-vitro and in-vivo evidence for tumor contexts, where the selective inhibition of MCT4 is sufficient as well as contexts, for which the combined inhibition of MCT1 and MCT4 is required for providing a therapeutic benefit.
Amplitude of bison bellows reflects male quality, physical condition and motivation

Sound amplitude (measured as sound pressure level) is an acoustical parameter that has received little attention within communication research, especially in mammals. Although difficult to measure in the field, amplitude is a potentially important parameter of sexually selected signals. In North American plains bison, Bison bison, ‘bellows’ are low, guttural vocalizations made by bulls during the breeding season in the context of male–male contests. It has been hypothesized that bison use bellow amplitude to assess males during male–male competition or female mate choice. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that amplitude is significantly related to measures of bull competitive ability (quality, condition and motivation), and thus, could function as a sexually selected signal. During peak rut over 2 years, courtship and threat behaviours were recorded daily. During observation sessions, bellow amplitude was measured as peak sound pressure levels using a sound level meter. Subsequent genetic parentage analysis determined offspring sired by males. Based on aspects of signalling and game theory, we predicted positive associations between amplitude and mating and reproductive success, dominance, physical condition, motivation to retain females, age and weight. Our results supported a positive association between amplitude and both physical condition and motivation. Conversely, the results showed a negative association between amplitude and quality, as measured by mating and reproductive success. Supporting evidence and alternative hypotheses for these results are explored. Our findings provide support for the notion that bellow amplitude could be used as a sexually selected signal to assess rival males during male–male competition.
Enthalpies of mixing in the liquid mixtures of the alkali chlorides with MnCl2, FeCl2 and CoCl2

Abstract The enthalpies of mixing of MnCl2, FeCl2 and CoCl2 with the alkali chlorides have been measured at 810°C (all systems) and at 690°C (MnCl2LiCl, FeCl2LiCl, MnCl2CsCl and FeCl2CsCl only). The results are compared with similar data recently reported by the authors for the NiCl2-alkali chloride systems, and discussed with respect to the following points; (1) comparison with the theory of Davis; (2) “complexing” in the mixture; (3) effect of d electrons; (4) effect of possible covalent and covalent-bridging interactions; and (5) effect of temperature. In a few systems partial enthalpy data are calculated and compared with corresponding excess free energy data. This gives some insight with respect to the excess entropy of mixing.
Purification of human blood clotting factor X by blue dextran agarose affinity chromatography

Abstract Blue Dextran 2000 coupled covalently to agarose has been used as an affinity column for the rapid separation of human blood clotting Factor X, Factor X has been isolated with approximately 2000-fold purification from human citrated plasma and shows single-component behavior by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Affinity columns prepared with Blue Dextran chromophore (Cibacron blue) derivatized to agarose or Sepharose gave negative results. These studies have shown that Blue Dextran agarose possesses unique biospecific and nonbiospecific properties, both of which are essential to achieve resolution of Factor X from other vitamin K-dependent blood clotting factors.
Interaction of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide with clean silver in ultrahigh vacuum

It is shown that when a clean polycrystalline silver surface is subjected to sulfur dioxide at a pressure of 1 nanotorr, sulfur is chemisorbed to the silver. Heating the contaminated silver leads to an estimation of the minimum heat of desorption of 59 kcal/mol. Sulfur Auger peak height and relative function measurements of the surface during exposure show that adsorption occurs during 6 microtorr/sec exposure at 1 nanotorr.
Educating nurses to impact change in nursing's image

Abstract The widely held view that nursing is not intellectually demanding or challenging is the result of media representation of nurses. The television producers of dramas with a health care focus or new medical dramas need a clear understanding of a nurse's function and the important tasks performed as essential members of the health care team. The expression of professional nursing practice publicly focuses on the nursing shortage, staffing ratios, and patient safety issues. This article provides an overview of the media's impact on nursing's image and offers a challenge to nurse educators and nurses to speak out and justify the existence of nursing.
Incremental evaluation for attribute grammars with unrestricted movement between tree modifications

This paper concerns the design of editors that perform checks on a language's context-dependent constraints. Our particular concern is the design of an efficient, incremental analysis algorithm for systems based on the attribute-grammar model of editing. With previous incremental evaluation algorithms for arbitrary noncircular attribute grammars, the editing model required there to be a restriction on the operation that moves the editing cursor: moving the cursor was limited to just a single step in the tree — either to the parent node or to one of the child nodes of the current cursor location. This paper describes a new updating algorithm that can be used when an arbitrary movement of the cursor in the tree is permitted. After an operation that restructures the tree, the tree's attributes can be updated with a cost of 0 ((1+¦AFFECTED¦)·√m), where m is the size of the tree and AFFECTED is the subset of the tree's attributes that require new values, when the cost is amortized over a sequence of tree modifications. the editing cursor may be moved from its current location to any other node of the tree in a single, unit-cost operation. CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.2.3 [Software Engineering]: Coding — program editors; D.2.6 [Software Engineering]: Programming Environments; D.3.1 [Programming Languages]: Formal Definitions and Theory — semantics, syntax D.3.4 [Programming Languages]: Processors — translator writing systems and compiler generators F.3.2 [Logics and Meanings of Programs]: Semantics of Programming Languages — denotational semantics.
Area effects and the rapid threshold decrease in early dark adaptation.

At the beginning of dark adaptation there is a sudden decrease of threshold that appears distinct from the subsequent course of regular dark adaptation. The present research indicates that the decrease cannot be a result of losing the lateral inhibitory effects that occurred during the light adaptation prior to dark adaptation. The results thus imply that the early threshold drop must be based on a process somewhere in the direct line from receptor to higher centers.
Physical separation of combustion and rock sources of graphitic black carbon in sediments

In order to discriminate between graphitic black carbon (GBC) from different sources, we separated surface sediments from two contrasting environments according to size and density and analyzed the fractions for GBC. In Lake Washington, an urban lake, over 70% of the GBC was in the two lightest fractions ( 2.0 g/cm3), and 70% was silt-sized (3–63 μm). These data suggest that Washington Coast Slope GBC is dominated not by combustion-derived soot but by mineral-associated carbon, probably weathered out of continental rocks, and support previous research suggesting that petrogenic graphite is the source of this carbon (Dickens, A.F., Gelinas, Y., Masiello, C.A., Wakeham, S., Hedges, J.I., 2004. Reburial of fossil organic carbon in marine sediments. Nature 427 336–339). Based on the physical separation of the two types of GBC, we estimate that the Lake Washington GBC contains ∼73% soot-BC, whereas the Washington Coast GBC is ∼70% rock-derived GBC. The evidence for two different sources of sedimentary GBC indicates that this pool of carbon is not a homogenous subfraction of BC, and caution must be used when interpreting the results of this and other BC analyses. The different physical properties of the two GBC subfractions suggest that they will follow different distribution pathways in the environment.
B74-15 Iterative Methods for Nonlinear Optimization Problems

This book consists mainly of the descriptions of a large number of algorithms for solving mathematical programming problems. The authors state in the preface that "Because of the fast growth of the theory and applications of optimization in the past decade, there has been a need for critical review in this area, which would serve at least two purposes: to be a manual for practitioners and an orderly description of the state of the art." The book does serve these two purposes quite well, and especially the first of these.
Tight Glycemic Control After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery in High-Risk Patient Populations A Secondary Analysis of the Safe Pediatric Euglycemia After Cardiac Surgery Trial

Background—Our previous randomized, clinical trial showed that postoperative tight glycemic control (TGC) for children undergoing cardiac surgery did not reduce the rate of health care–associated infections compared with standard care (STD). Heterogeneity of treatment effect may exist within this population. Methods and Results—We performed a post hoc exploratory analysis of 980 children from birth to 36 months of age at the time of cardiac surgery who were randomized to postoperative TGC or STD in the intensive care unit. Significant interactions were observed between treatment group and both neonate (age ≤30 days; P=0.03) and intraoperative glucocorticoid exposure (P=0.03) on the risk of infection. The rate and incidence of infections in subjects ≤60 days old were significantly increased in the TGC compared with the STD group (rate: 13.5 versus 3.7 infections per 1000 cardiac intensive care unit days, P=0.01; incidence: 13% versus 4%, P=0.02), whereas infections among those >60 days of age were signific...
Excimer Laser Projection Photoablation Patterning of Metal Thin Films for Fabrication of Microelectronic Devices and Displays

A nonlithographic process is demonstrated for patterning Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Ti, and W thin films, which are widely used in microelectronic and display fabrication. A projection photoablation process using 248-nm-deep ultraviolet radiation from a KrF excimer laser was used to pattern a polyimide film coated on a SiN layer deposited on glass. The photoablation-patterned polyimide film was used as a sacrificial layer in a lift-off patterning process for the metal films, which resulted in clean metal patterns with fine line-edge definition being fabricated after lift-off. This process provides a simpler and more economical patterning technique compared to conventional lithography methods, eliminating the developing and etching steps.
Iron Modulates Phenotypic Variation and Phosphorylation of P270 in Double-Stranded RNA Virus-Infected Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomonas vaginalis infected with a double-stranded RNA virus undergoes phenotypic variation on the basis of surface versus cytoplasmic expression of the immunogenic protein P270. Examination of batch cultures by flow cytofluorometry with monoclonal antibody (MAb) to P270 yields both fluorescent and nonfluorescent trichomonads. Greater numbers and intensity of fluorescent organisms with surface P270 reactive with MAb were evident in parasites grown in medium depleted of iron. Placement of iron-limited organisms in medium supplemented with iron gave increased numbers of nonfluorescent trichomonads. Purified subpopulations of trichomonads with and without surface P270 obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting reverted to nonfluorescent and fluorescent phenotypes when placed in high- and low-iron media, respectively. No similar regulation by iron of P270 was evident among virus-negative T. vaginalis isolates or virus-negative progeny trichomonads derived from virus-infected isolates. Equal amounts of P270 were detectable by MAb on immunoblots of total proteins from identical numbers of parasites grown in low- and high-iron media. Finally, P270 was found to be highly phosphorylated in high-iron parasites. Iron, therefore, plays a role in modulating surface localization of P270 in virus-harboring parasites.
Automated virtual colonoscopy

Virtual colonscopy (VC) is a minimally invasive alternative to conventional fiberoptic endoscopy for colorectal cancer screening. The VC technique involves bowel cleansing, gas distension of the colon, spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning of a patient's abdomen and pelvis, and visual analysis of multiplanar 2D and 3D images created from the spiral CT data. Despite the ability of interactive computer graphics to assist a physician in visualizing 3D models of the colon, a correct diagnosis hinges upon a physician's ability to properly identify small and sometimes subtle polyps or masses within hundreds of multiplanar and 3D images. Human visual analysis is time-consuming, tedious, and often prone to error of interpretation.We have addressed the problem of visual analysis by creating a software system that automatically highlights potential lesions in the 2D and 3D images in order to expedite a physician's interpretation of the colon data.
ORGANIZATION-MOTIVATED AGGRESSION: A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

Aggression and violence are of increasing concern to American employees and employers; however, these issues have received limited research attention in the management literature. We focus here on those aggressive actions and violent outcomes that are instigated by factors in the organization itself, labeled organization-motivated aggression (OMA) and organization-motivated violence (OMV). Specifically, we define the terms OMA and OMV, provide a social learning model of OMA, and present research propositions related to the model.
Calspermin gene transcription is regulated by two cyclic AMP response elements contained in an alternative promoter in the calmodulin kinase IV gene.

sis. We demonstrate that this testis-specific calspermin transcript can be produced in heterologous cells by utilization of a promoter located in an intron of the calmodulin (CaM) kinase IV gene. Critical motifs within this promoter are two cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-like sequences located about 270 and 250 bp upstream of the transcriptional initiation site. Both CRE motifs are footprinted by the authentic testis-specific transcriptional activator CREMtor by CREMtpresent in adult testis nuclear extract. Whereas a 2.1-kb DNA fragment containing the calspermin promoter is inactive when transfected into NIH 3T3 cells, activity can be restored by cotransfection of CREMt and protein kinase A or CaM kinase IV but not CaM kinase IIa. Restoration of activity is greatly reduced by mutation of the two CRE motifs. Since CRE-like motifs have been identified in many genes uniquely expressed in postmeiotic germ cells, which contain abundant CREMt protein, we suggest that CREMt may function as one transcription factor responsible for the expression of postmeiotic germ cell-specific genes. Spermatogenesis is a cyclic and continual process by which spermatogonia are produced from renewable stem cells (32). Each stem cell divides mitotically, and the daughter cells remain associated by a cytoplasmic bridge. Subsequent mitotic divisions yield a cohort of interconnected cells that undergo two meiotic divisions, resulting in haploid spermatids. These
Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viremia and Provirus in Resting CD4+ T Cells Reveals a Novel Source of Residual Viremia in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia to clinically undetectable levels. Despite this dramatic reduction, some virus is present in the blood. In addition, a long-lived latent reservoir for HIV-1 exists in resting memory CD4(+) T cells. This reservoir is believed to be a source of the residual viremia and is the focus of eradication efforts. Here, we use two measures of population structure--analysis of molecular variance and the Slatkin-Maddison test--to demonstrate that the residual viremia is genetically distinct from proviruses in resting CD4(+) T cells but that proviruses in resting and activated CD4(+) T cells belong to a single population. Residual viremia is genetically distinct from proviruses in activated CD4(+) T cells, monocytes, and unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The finding that some of the residual viremia in patients on HAART stems from an unidentified cellular source other than CD4(+) T cells has implications for eradication efforts.
Low-phase-noise 54GHz quadrature VCO and 76GHz/90GHz VCOs in 65nm CMOS process

This paper presents new circuit topologies and design techniques for low-phase-noise CMOS mmWave Quadrature VCO (QVCO) and VCOs. A transformer coupling with extra phase shift is proposed in QVCO to decouple the tradeoff between phase noise (PN) and phase error and improve the PN performance. This technique is demonstrated in a mmWave QVCO with a measured PN of -119.2 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz offset of a 56.2 GHz carrier and a tuning range of 9.1% (FOM T of -179 dBc/Hz). To our best knowledge, this QVCO has the lowest PN at 10 MHz offset among all the QVCOs around 50-60 GHz frequency range. In addition, an inductive divider feedback technique is proposed in VCO design to improve the transconductance linearity, resulting in larger signal swing and lower PN compared to the conventional LC VCOs. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated in a 76 GHz VCO and a 90 GHz VCO, both fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process, with an FOM T of 173.6 dBc/Hz and 173.1 dBc/Hz, respectively.
Comparison of the Sacramento Peak Fe XIV Index with a Model Index Computed from Differential Emission Measure Maps

We compare the Sacramento Peak Fe XIV 5303 A green line index with a model index time series for the period of operations of the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), covering the years 1996-2002, from cycle minimum past the peak of the current activity cycle 23. We compute a differential emission measure (DEM) map for each day using images from the four channels of EIT at 171, 195, 284, and 304 A. From the daily DEM map we then calculate a daily synthetic Fe XIV 5303 A intensity image. The Sacramento Peak index is an average intensity, measured using a circular aperture 12 in diameter, sampling the off-limb corona in 3° steps around disk center. It is taken at several different heights beyond the daily white light limb. We modeled the daily index values, for the aperture center at 1.15 and 1.25 R☉ from disk center, as the weighted average intensity within an annulus covering 1.11-1.19 and 1.21-1.29 R☉ superposed on the daily synthetic intensity image. We compare the observed index with our model results and find a high correlation of the short-term values but a long-term systematic difference in the absolute values. We examine the accuracy of the respective calibrations and argue that the model results, based on the calibration of the EIT images used to produce the daily DEM maps, are more plausible in absolute value.
Akt Kinase Phosphorylation of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors *

A consensus RXRXX(S/T) substrate motif for Akt kinase is conserved in the C-terminal tail of all three inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) isoforms. We have shown that IP3R can be phosphorylated by Akt kinase in vitro and in vivo. Endogenous IP3Rs in Chinese hamster ovary T-cells were phosphorylated in response to Akt activation by insulin. LnCAP cells, a prostate cancer cell line with constitutively active Akt kinase, also showed a constitutive phosphorylation of endogenous type I IP3Rs. In all cases, the IP3R phosphorylation was diminished by the addition of LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Mutation of IP3R serine 2681 in the Akt substrate motif to alanine (S2681A) or glutamate (S2681E) prevented IP3R phosphorylation in COS cells transfected with constitutively active Akt kinase. Analysis of the Ca2+ flux properties of these IP3R mutants expressed in COS cell microsomes or in DT40 triple knock-out (TKO) cells did not reveal any modification of channel function. However, staurosporine-induced caspase-3 activation in DT40 TKO cells stably expressing the S2681A mutant was markedly enhanced when compared with wild-type or S2681E IP3Rs. We conclude that IP3 receptors are in vivo substrates for Akt kinase and that phosphorylation of the IP3R may provide one mechanism to restrain the apoptotic effects of calcium.
Numerical and structural chromosome aberrations induced by etoposide (VP16) during oocyte maturation of mice: transmission to one-cell zygotes and damage to dictyate oocytes

The antineoplastic drug etoposide (ET) inhibits topoisomerase II (topo II) activity by forming a ternary complex (DNA-ET-topo II). This complex prevents the DNA-strand-rejoining activity of topo II and may result in structural chromosome aberrations. Inhibition of topo II activity may also predispose cells to aneuploidy because this enzyme is needed for removing regions of DNA catenation prior to chromosome segregation. Our objectives were to study the dose response for ET-induced numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations in mouse one-cell zygotes, to compare these data with those obtained from a contemporary metaphase II (MII) oocyte study and to evaluate the sensitivity of dictyate oocytes to ET-induced aneuploidy. ICR female mice were superovulated and injected i.p. with either 6% dimethylsulphoxide (controls) or 20, 40 or 60 mg/kg ET 2 h after human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). ICR males were paired (1:1) with females immediately after treatment. After 17 h the males were removed, and after 24 h the females with a vaginal plug were given colchicine. One-cell zygotes were harvested for cytogenetic analysis 17 h after colchicine. The percentages of hyperploid zygotes were 1.1, 5.7, 13.8 and 20.7 and of zygotes with structural aberrations were 2.5, 16.3, 37.7 and 64.7, for control, 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg ET respectively. The differences between each succeeding dose for both structural and numerical aberrations were statistically significant (P < 0.01). When the ET dose response aneuploidy data from zygotes were compared with similar data from a contemporary study involving metaphase II oocytes, the frequencies of hyperploidy were greater in zygotes than in oocytes. We conclude that when ET is administered during the preovulatory phase of meiosis, it is both an aneugen and a clastogen in mouse one-cell zygotes.