cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superradiant light scattering from trapped Bose-Einstein condensates

We propose an alternative formulation for atomic side mode dynamics from superradiant light scattering of trapped atoms. A detailed analysis of the recently observed superradiant light scattering from trapped Bose gases [S. Inouye et al., Science 285, 571 (1999)] is presented. We find that scattered light intensity can exhibit both oscillatory and exponential growth behaviors depending on densities, pump pulse characteristics, temperatures, and geometric shapes of trapped gas samples. The total photon scattering rate as well as the accompanying matter wave amplification depend explicitly on atom number fluctuations in the condensate. Our formulation allows for natural and transparent interpretations of subtle features in the experimental data, and provides numerical simulations in good agreement with most important aspects of the experimental observations.
Perception and Interpretation of Leisure Travel Articles

Limited attention has been paid to how readers perceive and interpret media messages about leisure travel experiences. This study examined college students' perceptions and interpretations of newspaper leisure travel articles revealing three central themes: intimacy and trust, tradition and authenticity, and socio-cultural knowledge. These themes are explored in order to understand the social justification of beliefs used by these college students when assigning meaning to leisure travel articles. Among the findings is the considerable role that leisure travel writers play as cultural intermediaries between local realities, readers, and future tourists. In particular, perception and interpretation of leisure travel articles revealed the expectations and shared meanings of these college students.
Economic Analysis and Environmental Quality

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLOITATION and the subsequent consequences of pollution and various ecological imbalances have in recent years become topics of increasing importance. Scientists and students of all disciplines, men of law and of letters, physicians, politicians and the informed public generally have been drawn into the arena of concern in a multiplicity of ways. Not only has environmental preservation become a topic of growing interest; it is (and perhaps unfortunately) becoming one that is apparently in the process of being elevated to a level that, in other less enlightened times, was associated with motherhood and all other indisputably and absolutely "good" things. That is to say: Who can reasonably and justifiably be for the destruction and despoilation of the natural surroundings that encase and support us all? But all "good" things have associated costs of some kind. Indeed, this is the basic premise upon which the discipline of economics is founded-i.e., nothing is, in reality, free. Or, to say the same thing: All "goods" bring with them corresponding "bads" (call the latter "real" costs). Thus, preserving and maintaining the environment at some quality level is only one part of the issue: The issue in toto involves the acceptable balancing of "good things" (e.g., a given quantitative and qualitative standard of living) against "bad things" (e.g., costs in the form of environmental transformation). It is almost an ecological truism that to live is to destroy and pollute-at least to some degree and in some
Quantitation of acidosis in neonatal brain tissue using the 31P NMR resonance peak of phosphoethanolamine

/sup 31/P NMR brain spectra were obtained from piglets over a range of mild hypocarbia to severe hypercarbia (PaCO225 to 198 mm Hg). The chemical shifts of the phosphoethanolamine and inorganic phosphate were used to calculate intracellular brain pH (pHet and pHpi, respectively). Both pHpi and pHet underwent parallel significant decreases during hypercarbia, corresponding to 51 and 53% pHregulation, respectively. We conclude that the chemical shift of the phosphomonoester peak in vivo can be used to measure decreases in intracellular pH in neonatal brain.
Effect of temperature on linolenic acid loss and 18:3 Δ9‐cis, Δ12‐cis, Δ15‐trans formation in soybean oil

Oil was extracted from soybeans, degummed, alkalirefined and bleached. The oil was heated at 160, 180, 200, 220 and 240°C for up to 156 h. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by boron trifluoride-catalyzed transesterification. Gas-liquid chromatography with a cyanopropyl CPSil88 column was used to separate and quantitate fatty acid methyl esters. Fatty acids were identified by comparison of retention times with standards and were calculated as area % and mg/g oil based on 17:0 internal standard. The rates of 18:3ω3 loss and 18:3 Δ9-cis, Δ12-cis, Δ15-trans (18:3c,c,t) formation were determined, and the activation energies were calculated from Arrhenius plots. Freshly prepared soy oil had 10.1% 18:3ω3 and no detectable 18:3c,c,t. Loss of 18:3ω3 followed apparent first-order kinetics. The first-order rate constants ranged from .0018±.00014 min−1 at 160°C to .083±.0033 min−1 at 240°C. The formation of 18:3c,c,t did not follow simple kinetics, and initial rates were estimated. The initial rates (mg per g oil per h) of 18:3c,c,t formation ranged from 0.0031±0.0006 at 160°C to 2.4±.24 at 240°C. The Arrhenius activation energy for 18:3ω3 loss was 82.1±7.2 kJ mol−1. The apparent Arrhenius activation energy for 18:3c,c,t formation was 146.0±13.0 kJ mol−1. The results indicate that small differences in heating temperature can have a profound affect on 18:3c,c,t formation. Selection of appropriate deodorization conditions could limit the amount of 18:3c,c,t produced.
Immunocytochemical Localization of Serotonin and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Brain and Pituitary Gland of the Atlantic Croaker Micropogonias undulatus

The distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (GnRH-ir) elements in the brain and pituitary gland of the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) was studied using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence techniques. 5-HT- and GnRH-ir perikarya were observed in the ventrolateral region of the olfactory bulbs and in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area bordering the third ventricle as well as in regions distal to the ependyma of the third ventricle. The immunoreactive elements of the two systems appear to overlap in these regions. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting 5-HT-ir neurons were found in the periventricular hypothalamus, particularly in the preoptic area and in the nucleus posterior periventricularis, nucleus ventromedialis thalami, nucleus recessus lateralis, and nucleus recessus posterioris. Immunoreactivity to 5-HT in the pituitary was strongest in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) and in a few scattered cells bordering the pars intermedia. Dendritic processes of 5-HT neurons could be seen contacting the adjoining hypophysial cells in the PPD. GnRH-ir fibers were seen entering the pituitary stalk and the immunoreaction was concentrated in the ventral PPD. Several large 5-HT-ir perikarya were located in the raphe region forming a column in the mediosagittal plane. The results suggest that the general organization of the 5-HT system in the brain of the Atlantic croaker is similar to that described in other vertebrates. The demonstration that 5-HT and GnRH systems are in close proximity, particularly in the olfactory bulbs and in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area of the croaker brain, suggests that the two systems may interact in these regions of the teleostean brain to control several reproductive functions including spawning behavior and gonadotropin release.
Alteration of radiation-sensitive processes associated with cancer and longevity by dietary 2-mercaptoethanol

Background: Previous results demonstrated dietary 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) delayed appearance of cancer in certain murine strains. In addition, it had a benefit not found with other organosulfurs, in that it completely prevented spontaneous development of cancer in BXSB-Yaa + over an entire lifespan. Aims: These benefits raise the question: What, if any, alteration of radiation-induced tumorigenesis would 2-ME impart that may differ from that of other sulfur antioxidants? This is relevant based on the extensive use of radiation in diagnoses and therapy and 2-ME's superior in vitro and in situ immune enhancement properties. Materials and Methods: This was addressed by exposing long-lived, B10.A (4R) mice to sublethal, 5.5 Gy ionizing gamma-rays and then tumor development monitored over a lifetime. Statistical Analysis: Two-tailed P-values were determined using the Fischer's Exact Test. Results: The only tumors detected were mammary and only in animals that were both exposed to radiation and not treated with 2-ME. The 43% incidence differed significantly from the absence of tumors in non-irradiated mice that were or were not exposed to 2-ME and in those irradiated and treated daily with 2-ME, irrespective of whether treatment was started prior to or post irradiation. However, quite unexpectedly, radiation shortened longevity 29% from undefined causes, including cancer, in animals pretreated with 2-ME; longevity was not altered in those not pretreated or if treatment was started post-irradiation. Conclusions: The findings have relevance for cancer prevention and the controversy relative to ''long term survival/safety'' of currently used antioxidants as free radical scavengers in humans undergoing radiotherapy.
Localization of RF emitters using compressed sensing with multiple cooperative sensors

Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have limits on the weight and size of direction finding (DF) systems that can be used. However, by employing multiple sensors that work cooperatively, simple DF systems need only to provide a rough estimate of the signal's angle of arrival (AOA) and received signal strength (RSS). As the UAVs move, a plurality of data points can be obtained from diverse locations. Combining this information from multiple sensor locations can provide a low-cost and effective solution to electronic emitter location problems, using low-accuracy DF technology. In this paper we present an algorithm, based on the compressed sensing technique, that uses AOA and RSS from mobile sensors (UAVs) to geolocate the source of radio signals on the ground.
More on the Motive of Duty

A number of neo-Kantians have suggested that an act may be morally worthy even if sympathy and similar emotions are present, so long as they are not what in fact motivates right action–so long as duty, and duty alone, in fact motivates. Thus, the ideal Kantian moral agent need not be a cold and unfeeling person, as some critics have suggested. Two objections to this view need to be answered. First, some maintain that motives cannot be present without in fact motivating. Such non-motivating reasons, it is claimed, are incoherent. Second, if such motives are not in fact motivating, then nonetheless the moral agent's performance of right action will be objectionably cold and unfeeling. While the first objection is not compelling, since the alternative according to which all motives in fact motivate but differ in strength suffers from the very same problems attributed to the neo-Kantian view, the second has force, and any account of moral worth must make room for motives such as sympathy actually motivating right action.
What is the Effect of A Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mutation on Cardiac Myosin Function

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease which is a major cause of heart failure. The landmark discovery that a point mutation at residue 403 (R403Q) in the β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) can cause a lethal form of FHC was made in 1990, but the effect of this mutation on the functional properties of human cardiac myosin remains poorly understood. One problem has been that the prevalent mouse model for FHC expresses predominantly α-MHC. The β-MHC, however, is the predominant isoform in the ventricles of all larger mammals. Even though the α- and β-MHC share > 90 % sequence identity, they differ ∼ 2-fold in enzymatic and mechanical properties, raising the possibility that the effect of a disease mutation may depend on the isoform backbone. To address this question we used a transgenic mouse model in which the endogenous α-MHC was replaced with transgenically encoded β-MHC. A His-tag was cloned at the N-terminus of α- and β-MHC, along with the R403Q mutation, to facilitate isolation of myosin or its head subfragment-1 (S1).We find that the steady-state ATPase activity and in vitro motility of mouse α-MHC is enhanced by the R403Q mutation, as reported previously, but the R403Q mutation in a β-MHC background shows a slight reduction in activity. A more in-depth analysis of the R403Q phenotype is being undertaken by stopped-flow kinetics to measure the nucleotide turnover in these mutant S1 isoforms. In order to determine the extent of species-dependent differences, we are comparing the functional properties of β-cardiac myosin in the mouse with those in the rabbit, a model system which more closely resembles humans in protein composition and disease phenotypes.
Do ethics classes teach ethics

The ethics assessment industry is currently dominated by the second version of the Defining Issues Test (DIT2). In this article, we describe an alternative assessment instrument called the Sphere-S...
INMATE SEXUAL ASSAULT: THE PLAGUE THAT PERSISTS

As the population of incarcerated inmates continues to swell to record proportions in the United States, the problem of inmate sexual assault continues to occur. Although no one is immune from such attacks, there are known characteristics that place inmates at increased risk of victimization. The trauma of inmate sexual assault is devastating and pervasive, with complex medical, physical, psychological, and social consequences that must be carefully managed in an interdisciplinary manner. In addition, the recognition that correctional staff of all disciplines may also victimize inmates complicates the management of this process. Mental health staff members are in a key role to shape and contribute to staff training efforts, administrative policies and procedures, and sound intervention protocols that are necessary to respond to individual inmate victims and to ensure safety and security within correctional institutions.
Evaluation of natural enemies for biological control: A behavioral approach

The success of biological pest control has stimulated the development of analytical models that explore the dynamics of natural enemies and their hosts or prey. These models seek to identify those general characteristics o f the natural enemy, host or prey population that lead to economic pest control. Because the models are strategic in nature, they are of limited value in identifying the specific attributes of an effective biological control agent prior to its introduction. Empirically developed criteria have also been of limited predictive value because they too provide only general guidelines. Behavioral ecology and foraging and sexratio theories may be useful adjuncts to these approaches, by identifying the evolutionary constraints and thus helping to define better the attributes of an effective natural enemy.
End-to-End and Mac-Layer Fair Rate Assignment in Interference Limited Wireless Access Networks

In this paper, the problem of end-to-end weighted max-min fair rate assignment in a two-channel multi-hop CDMA wireless access network is discussed. We show that end-to-end endweighted global max-min fairness (hierarchical as well as flow-based) can be achieved by simple extension of mac-layer fairness. In particular, we show that weighted end-to-end flow-based as well as hierarchical global max-min fairness can be simply insured if and only if weighted mac-layer max-min and weighted transport-layer max-min fair rates are achieved. The same results can easily be shown to be valid for more general wireless networks, which will be briefly discussed in this paper as well. In addition, we discuss a mac-layer algorithm, MAC-G G algorithm, that, with careful choice of parameters, not only provides weighted ?-proportional fairness at the mac layer, but also leads to end-to-end weighted global max-min fairness (both flow-based and hierarchical) with an appropriate higher-layer protocol (i.e. weighted transport-layer max-min fair protocol).
New Concepts in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies, Part II

In most patients, the hypertrophy develops initially in the septum and extends to the free walls, often giving a picture of concentric hypertrophy. In ≈25% of patients with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM), asymmetrical septal hypertrophy leads to a highly variable pressure gradient between the apical left ventricular chamber and the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT).1 LVOT obstruction with a consecutive increase of left ventricular pressure fuels a vicious circle of further hypertrophy and increased LVOT obstruction. Clinical manifestations of LVOT may be present in early childhood or may develop much later in life.2 In most patients with LVOT obstruction, the hypertrophy is most pronounced in the high intraventricular septum compared with the rest of the left ventricle.3,4 Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is characterized by a sphincter-like dynamic midventricular obstruction that creates an outflow tract pressure gradient of varying severity.5–7 The small left ventricular cavity is the main reason for the systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve (SAM), whereby the anterior leaflet may touch the hypertrophied septum.8 Mitral incompetence is almost invariably present with LVOT obstruction.4 Controversy exists regarding the contribution of the Venturi effect secondary to the increased ejection velocity. Most likely, this Venturi effect is the consequence rather than the origin of the LVOT gradient.9 Diastolic left ventricular abnormalities result from loss of myocardial compliance owing to fibrosis and hypertrophy. Whether ischemia is a primary feature or a consequence of the obstruction remains obscure. Because the LVOT obstruction is dynamic, patients in whom the disease is suspected and who do not have a gradient at rest should undergo provocation maneuvers with agents such as dobutamine to determine the severity of the gradient. If pressure gradients of >30 mm Hg at rest are present, the potential for further hypertrophy and deterioration is highly …
Template routes to interlocked molecular structures and orderly molecular entanglements

Abstract This review discusses the synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules where templates orient the reactants to produce permanent structures as the result of new linkages. An introduction outlines the concepts and opportunities of the field, paying special attention to the components of chemical templates. Next, the chemical template types most successfully applied to the synthesis of new interlocked molecular structures, metal ion templates, hydrogen bonded templates, cyclodextrin templates, and π-donor π-acceptor templates, are described. The progress each template type has made towards the goal of true polymeric interlocked structures is noted. The conclusion summarizes the current state of the field and points out new directions that appear ripe for future exploration.
YIG rod ferrite limiter with extended dynamic range

Analytical and experimental results obtained on a C -band ferrite limiter which utilizes a YIG rod inserted down the center of a coupled dielectric resonator bandpass structure are described. This device is aimed at providing receiver protection for communication systems operating in a dense, high signal power environment. By utilizing a long thin single-crystal YIG rod instead of YIG spheres, the dynamic range has been extended from 20 dB to 35 dB. The threshold power varies from 5 dBm at 4.4 GHz to 15 dBm at 5 GHz with an insertion loss of less than 1 dB.
A low-cost compliant 7-DOF robotic manipulator

We present the design of a new low-cost series-elastic robotic arm. The arm is unique in that it achieves reasonable performance for the envisioned tasks (backlash-free, sub-3mm repeatability, moves at 1.5m/s, 2kg payload) but with a significantly lower parts cost than comparable manipulators. The paper explores the design decisions and tradeoffs made in achieving this combination of price and performance. A new, human-safe design is also described: the arm uses stepper motors with a series-elastic transmission for the proximal four degrees of freedom (DOF), and non-series-elastic robotics servos for the distal three DOF. Tradeoffs of the design are discussed, especially in the areas of human safety and control bandwidth. The arm is used to demonstrate pancake cooking (pouring batter, flipping pancakes), using the intrinsic compliance of the arm to aid in interaction with objects.
Artemisia scoparia extract attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced obesity mice by enhancing hepatic insulin and AMPK signaling independently of FGF21 pathway

Objective Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease which has no standard treatment. In this regard, we sought to evaluate the effects of extracts of Artemisia santolinaefolia (SANT) and Artemisia scoparia (SCO) on hepatic lipid deposition and cellular signaling in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) animal model.
The effects of power and partnership on application service provider commitment, cooperation, and compliance

The growth of information technology (IT) outsourcing has dramatically increased during the 1990s by tens of billions of dollars annually. Part of this current growth may come from new kinds of outsourcing services such as application service providers (ASPs). But despite market growth, several of these outsourcing ventures are failing. Thus, if the IT outsourcing model, especially its new forms, is to succeed in the future it becomes necessary to identify how to successfully manage these complex relationships in order to ensure the delivery of high quality and consistently reliable IT products and services. Using an experimental methodology, this research investigates the impact of partnership quality and the client's power on the service provider's compliance, cooperation, and commitment. The results show that the client's power and the quality of their partnership with the provider motivates the IT service provider to comply with the contractual obligations, cooperate with the client, and invest additional resources into the IT outsourcing relationship.
A model for testing reliable VLSI routing architectures

Presents a model for testing the reliability of VLSI interconnection topologies. It is assumed that terminals on an electronic board may fail to operate independently and with manufacturer-supplied probabilities. The authors are concerned with the ability of the operating terminals to communicate in order to carry out their tasks. The two schemes examined are the channel and match-box routing topologies which are translated to their underlying probabilistic graphs as an illustration of the applicability of combinatorial optimization techniques. Their optimality is tested under all possible failure vectors. >
Pie slice sectoring algorithm for computer generated imagery

A graphics-database-sectoring algorithm has been developed and used to realize real-time computer-generated imagery for helicopter simulator outside-the-window visual displays. The main considerations in the development of the database were: frame rates high enough for smooth real-time animation, and high scene detail to achieve maximum realism. These two objectives are conflicting and tradeoffs are required. Maximum scene realism is achieved by using texturing, pop-up detail, shadows and fading of the sky. High frame speed is maintained by sectoring the database and displaying only the sectors in the direction of the pilot's heading, with the near ones in high detail and those far away in low detail. The display of the sectors in the pilot's field of view is done by dividing the database into 12 pie-shaped slices where the origin of the frame of reference of the pie slices is attached to the pilot and moves with him. Frame time is further reduced by accomplishing hidden surface removal using an indexing technique in which each object is displayed according to an assigned index number dependent on physical location in the database. >
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of d(ACGTAGCTACGT)2:[actinomycin D, (echinomycin)2] and d(ACGTAGCTACGT)2: [actinomycin D, (triostin A)2] complexes

A DNA–multiple drug complex, d(ACGTAGCTACGT)2:[actinomycin D, (echinomycin)2] has been crystallized. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 85.6, b = 72.8, c = 56.6 A, β = 101.5° at 93 K and Z = 8. The crystal diffracted to 3.0 A resolution along the DNA fiber axis and to 3.5 A resolution in other directions. The Patterson maps indicate that all complexes in the crystal are oriented along their helical axes in the [10\bar 1] direction.
Example-based skeleton extraction

We present a method for extracting a hierarchical, rigid skeleton from a set of example poses. We then use this skeleton to not only reproduce the example poses, but create new deformations in the same style as the examples. Since rigid skeletons are used by most 3D modeling software, this skeleton and the corresponding vertex weights can be inserted directly into existing production pipelines. To create the skeleton, we first estimate the rigid transformations of the bones using a fast, face clustering approach. We present an efficient method for clustering by providing a Rigid Error Function that finds the best rigid transformation from a set of points in a robust, space efficient manner and supports fast clustering operations. Next, we solve for the vertex weights and enforce locality in the resulting weight distributions. Finally, we use these weights to determine the connectivity and joint locations of the skeleton.
A 'rule of unity' for human intestinal absorption.

The ability to predict the passive intestinal absorption of organic compounds can be a valuable tool in drug design. Although Lipinski's ‘rule of 5’ is commonly used for this purpose, it does not routinely give reliable results. An alternative ‘rule of unity’ is proposed to predict the absorption efficiency of orally administered drugs that are passively transported. The rule of unity based upon the theoretical principals that govern passive transport. The ‘rule of 5’ and the ‘rule of unity’ are compared using experimentally determined passive human intestinal absorption data for 155 drugs. Absorption values which are >50% of the dose are classified as well absorbed and absorption values which are ≤50% of the dose are classified as classified as poorly absorbed. Comparison of the two models using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot and McNemar's test reveal striking differences in absorption predictability. The ‘rule of 5’ gives twice as many false predictions than the ‘rule of unity.’
Biomechanical Effects of Neuromuscular Training in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Subjects

Objectives: Second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur at a 10-20-fold higher rate than primary injury, and result in significantly poorer outcomes. Targeted neuromuscular training (NMT) alters biomechanics and reduces rates of primary ACL injury, but its effects in an ACL-injured population have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of NMT on high-risk biomechanics at the hip and knee in ACL-reconstructed (ACLR) subjects. We hypothesized that trained subjects would demonstrate reduced peak hip rotation and knee abduction motion and moments compared to controls.
Do Impressions of Health, Dominance, and Warmth Explain Why Masculine Faces are Preferred More in a Short-Term Mate?:

Men high in facial masculinity are preferred more as a short-term partner (STP) than a long-term partner (LTP). We used a representative sample of natural faces to examine whether the greater preference for masculine-looking men as a STP could be explained by the fact that they look healthier, more dominant, or lower in warmth. None of these attributes explained the greater preference for facial masculinity in a STP. Rather, masculinity mediated the greater preference for healthy and dominant looking men as a STP. Women also preferred men who appeared high in warmth more as a LTP than a STP, an effect independent of facial masculinity, but mediated by facial expression. Our results suggest that women do not prefer masculine-looking men more as a STP than a LTP simply because they look healthier, more dominant, or less warm.
Cost Analysis for Sourcing Alternatives for Emerson Electric Company Acp Division

This supplement to the case "Emerson Electric Company ACP Division: The Fan Subpack Sourcing Decision" (UVA-OM-0631) contains data from an Excel-spreadsheet model comprising a cost analysis of alternatives described in the case. The supplement is intended for use with executive- education audiences.
Judging Judgments: The 1991 Civil Rights Act and the Lingering Ghost of Martin v. Wilks

Among the principles essential for orderly adjudication is the ability of parties to litigation to rely on the finality of judgments. A dispute resolution mechanism that does not provide for a high degree of finality would have little practical utility, either to the parties or to society. As important as finality, however, is the basic notion that due process protects those who were not participants or in privity with participants in prior litigation from being bound by any judgment entered. The rights of nonparties who did not have their day in court should not be prejudiced.These two principles -- the finality of judgments and the nonbinding nature of judgments on nonparties-came into sharp conflict in the 1989 Supreme Court decision of Martin v. Wilks, in which the Court basically subordinated finality to the rights of nonparties by holding that failure to intervene in the original suit did not affect the ability of nonparties to challenge in another action the changes mandated by the prior decree. While the Court indicated that both sets of concerns could be accommodated by aggressive use of Rule 19 joinder by the original parties, many commentators expressed doubt about the practicality of the Court's suggestion. These doubts found official expression in the Civil Rights Act of 1991 in which Congress attempted to strike a substantially different balance between finality of judgments and the rights of nonparties. Essentially, the Act provides that nonparties are barred from attacking employment practices mandated by a prior order when (1) they were either adequately represented by a party to the proceeding or when (2) they had actual notice of the threat to their interest and an opportunity to protect themselves. This Article considers both Martin v. Wilks and the changes wrought by the new Civil Rights Act. It notes that the new statute leaves Martin entirely intact outside the employment area, and argues that in such cases, or when the immunity requirements of the new statute are not satisfied, courts can still reach sensible results by properly construing Martin v. Wilks. They can do so by preserving prior decrees from attack while ensuring that nonparties who are affected by such decrees have a cause of action for damages. The authors’ reading of Martin would maximize finality and still protect the rights of nonparties who failed to intervene in the prior proceeding.
NFκB‐inducing kinase inhibits NFκB activity specifically in neurons of the CNS

The control of NFκB in CNS neurons appears to differ from that in other cell types. Studies have reported induction of NFκB in neuronal cultures and immunostaining in vivo, but others have consistently detected little or no transcriptional activation by NFκB in brain neurons. To test if neurons lack some component of the signal transduction system for NFκB activation, we transfected cortical neurons with several members of this signaling system along with a luciferase-based NFκB-reporter plasmid; RelA was cotransfected in some conditions. No component of the NFκB pathway was permissive for endogenous NFκB activity, and none stimulated the activity of exogenous RelA. Surprisingly, however, the latter was inhibited by cotransfection of NFκB-inducing kinase (NIK). Fluorescence imaging of RelA indicated that co-expression of NIK sequestered RelA in the cytoplasm, similar to the effect of IκBα. NIK-knockout mice showed elevated expression of an NFκB-reporter construct in neurons in vivo. Cortical neurons cultured from NIK-knockout mice showed elevated expression of an NFκB-reporter transgene. Consistent with data from other cell types, a C-terminal fragment of NIK suppressed RelA activity in astrocytes as well as neurons. Therefore, the inhibitory ability of the NIK C-terminus was unbiased with regard to cell type. However, inhibition of NFκB by full-length NIK is a novel outcome that appears to be specific to CNS neurons. This has implications for unique aspects of transcription in the CNS, perhaps relevant to aspects of development, neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation. Full-length NIK was found to inhibit (down arrow) transcriptional activation of NFκB in neurons, while it elevated (up arrow) activity in astrocytes. Deletion constructs corresponding to the N-terminus or C-terminus also inhibited NFκB in neurons, while only the C-terminus did so in astrocytes. One possible explanation is that the inhibition in neurons occurs via two different mechanisms, including the potential for a neuron-specific protein (e.g., one of the 14-3-3 class) to create a novel complex in neurons, whereas the C-terminus may interact directly with NFκB. [Structure of NIK is based on Liu J., Sudom A., Min X., Cao Z., Gao X., Ayres M., Lee F., Cao P., Johnstone S., Plotnikova O., Walker N., Chen G., and Wang Z. (2012) Structure of the nuclear factor κB-inducing kinase (NIK) kinase domain reveals a constitutively active conformation. J Biol Chem. 287, 27326-27334); N-terminal lobe is oriented at top].
Chemical, Structural, and Quantitative Analysis of the Ligand Shells of Colloidal Quantum Dots

This review outlines the set of technical approaches to answering three major questions about the surface chemistry of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs): (i) What is the chemical structure of the ligands on the surface of the QD? (ii) How many of each type of ligand are on the surface of the QD? (iii) What is the intermolecular structure (geometry) of the ligands on the surface of the QD? Each section addresses the accessability of the relevant techniques—which include 1D and 2D NMR, vibrational and electronic absorption and transient absorption spectroscopies, and various elemental analyses—and their sensitivity and applicability to the specified observable of interest.
Detached-Eddy Simulation of a Reattaching Shear Layer in Compressible Turbulent Flow

Simulations of a Mach 2.9 turbulent shear layer in a back-step/ramp configuration were performed using both Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) methods. The results from these simulation are compared with experimental measurements including shear layer and reattaching boundary layer profile surveys, along with surface pressure and skin friction on the reattachment ramp.
Investigation on the carrying rate of enterovirus in close contacts of HFMD case in Ningbo,2011-2013

Objective To analyze the carrying rate of enterovirus in close contacts of hand- foot- and- mouth disease( HFMD) cases in Ningbo. Methods The samples from close contacts of HFMD cases were collected for identification and the detection data were analyzed by using statistical software. Results The carrying rate of enterovirus was 27. 59% in close contacts of HFMD case. There were significant differences of carrying rate of enterovirus in different years,different relationships,different ages,and different epidemic periods( P 0. 05); There were no significant differences of carrying rate of enterovirus in differert sex( P 0. 05). Conclusion The infection rate of enterovirus was higher in close contacts of HFMD cases,and the isolation management of HFMD diseases patients and self- protection of the close contacts should be strengthened.
Do open projects "break the mirror"?: re-conceptualization of organizational configurations in open source software (OSS) production

The mirroring hypothesis predicts that loosely-coupled developers will develop a loosely-coupled software system. However, empirical studies have brought confusing results about the mirroring relationship in open source software (OSS) production: loosely-coupled OSS contributors have developed a tightly-coupled system, deviating from theoretical prediction, but are still successful. This study aims to provide better understanding about "breaking the mirror" in community-based OSS production in which there is no significant corporate participation. We propose it is not the mirroring hypothesis that is broken, but the manner in which we conceptualize and measure organizational configurations in OSS production.
Some Thoughts on the Future of Legal Education: Why Diversity and Student Wellness Should Matter in a Time of Economic "Crisis"

Some vocal critics have loudly proclaimed that the challenges of law school economic have reached “crisis” proportions. They point to the well-known facts about recent developments in the market for law schools. Law schools have experienced a precipitous drop in applications. The global recession decimated the legal job market. To make matters worse, rising tuition has resulted in increasing debt loads for law graduates. In light of the changes in the legal marketplace, stabilization of the budgetary picture is currently the first priority of virtually every American law school. Faculty members have been let go. Staffs reduced. Enrollment of students — and the collection of tuition revenues — have critical budgetary consequences. Linked to the economic “crisis” facing law schools and students was deep concern with each school’s relative placement in the much-watched U.S. News and World Report law school rankings. These rankings, among other things, affect admissions and enrollment, and thus budgetary bottom lines for law schools. Much less publicized concerns with legal education involve non-financial issues. The lack of racial and other diversity of students attending law school, and ultimately entering the legal profession, and faculty, has long been a problem. In addition, today’s students demand a more humane legal education and are asking for additional academic support, career and mental health counseling, experiential learning opportunities, and more. The costs of the additional services and programs have further added to budgetary pressures on law schools.This Essay contends that law schools should strive to address the noneconomic as well as the economic problems with modern legal education. In a time of considerable change, this is a most opportune time to consider and implement deep and enduring improvements that benefit students as well as the entire legal profession.
Southwood Smith: the intellectual sources of public service.

Discussion sur la vie de Smith (S.), non pas du point de vue de sa carriere de medecin mais plutot dans le contexte de la politique de l'administration du service public
Review of Gaymon Bennett, Technicians of Human Dignity: Bodies, Souls, and the Making of Intrinsic Worth1

Recent innovations in gene modification technology as well as the Precision Medicine Initiative have brought renewed attention to the problem of how to conduct biotechnological research in a manner...
Follow-up imaging in parenchymal cysticercosis

We studied the natural history of intracranial parenchymal cysticercosis lesions by obtaining follow-up imaging studies. From 6 weeks to 4 years in 92 patients, along with their clinical findings and laboratory data. Patients treated with medical therapy were excluded. The natural history in the majority of patients with intracranial parenchymal cysticercosis cysts without medical or surgical intervention is self-limiting. Treatment is not warranted in these patients. However, a small group of patients with progression of the disease documented on follow-up imaging studies may require medical or surgical intervention.
Ash Characterization for Two Alaskan Low-Rank Coals

Chemical and physical properties of typical low-rank coal (LRC) ash are significantly different than bituminous coal ash. With the exception of extraneous ash, which is incorporated during mining or is due to ash partings within or between coal seams, LRC ash consists primarily of inherent ash that is bonded into the coal's organic matrix or finely disseminated mineral matter. This paper reviews the nature of ash from two Alaskan LRCs, both inherent and extraneous, and how this impacts the prospects of producing a low ash coal for formulation into low-rank coal-water fuel for utilization in heat engines. This study is particularly relevant in light of the recently funded Alaskan Low-Rank Coal-Water Fuel - Diesel Project, which is designed to demonstrate the economic feasibility of commercial production and utilization of low-rank coal-water fuel (LRCWF) in an oil-designed, 3MWe boiler and a medium speed (400rpm) diesel engine (9.6MWe). Washability data, proximate and ultimate analyses and ash composition ...
Dockin' USA—A Spatial Hedonic Valuation of Waterfront Property

A spatial hedonic model was constructed to price over 1,000 waterfront properties on a lake in South Carolina. We confirmed a hierarchy of pricing premiums relative to quality of a property's view,...
Measuring fairness: Axioms and applications

We present a set of five axioms for fairness measures and prove that there is a unique family of fairness measures satisfying the axioms. This unique family is constructed in closed form and shown to include both symmetric and asymmetric ones as special cases. The results are further extended to quantify fairness of continuous dimension inputs, where resource allocations vary over time. We demonstrate the applications of the axiomatic theory in congestion control, routing, and spectrum management problems.
Mutagenic Analysis as a Means of Detecting Carcinogens in Foods 1.

The Ames test is a valuable screening procedure for environmental carcinogens which are believed to be responsible for a large part of the cancer incidence in the U.S. Mutagens originally detected in bacterial nutrient containing "beef extract" have now been detected in commercial beef extract and in commercial foods containing beef extract. The mutagens did not occur in uncooked beef tissue or in beef stock. The mutagens were formed when beef stock was extensively boiled to produce beef extract. The same mutagens (as evidenced by their chromatographic behavior) were found when ground beef hamburgers are cooked at temperatures in excess of 150-200 C. Well-done hamburgers cooked on an electric frying pan or hot plate, or an electric hamburger cooker (cooking temperatures 190-300 C) contained the mutagens. Hamburgers cooked under the heating element of an electric broiler, or in a microwave oven (but not on the "browning tray") contained no significant mutagenic activity. Mutagen content increased with cooking time, and was concentrated in the outer surface of the cooked hamburgers. These results need to be interpreted in terms of the known relationships between mutagenic activity toward Salmonella and carcinogenic activity toward laboratory animals and between the latter and the risk of cancer in people. The results show that the mutagens which have been found in beef extract and in cooked hamburgers represent a possible risk of cancer of unknown magnitude to people who ingest them. The results also show how the nutritional benefits of hamburgers can be enjoyed without incurring this risk, by a suitable choice of cooking methods.
Surgical Reconstruction for Innominate Artery Occlusive Disease

The incidence of occlusive disease affecting the innominate artery is unknown because severe atherosclerotic lesions remain undetected by commonly employed screening modalities such as duplex ultrasound. Furthermore, symptoms are frequently minimal and clinical examination findings are subtle. However, abnormalities of the aortic arch branch vessels are increasingly encountered in patients with severe peripheral vascular disorders (Ballard 2001; Chang et al. 1997; Owens et al. 1995; Sakopoulos et al. 2000; Twena and Ballard 2000). In addition, the atherosclerotic process tends to occur in the proximal one-third of these arteries. This makes upper mediastinal access ideal for surgical reconstruction of innominate artery occlusive disease (Owens et al. 1995; Twena and Ballard 2000). The mini-sternotomy technique described in this chapter maximizes direct surgical reconstruction options such as aorto-in-nominate artery bypass and, less commonly, innominate artery endarterectomy. Alternatively, extrathoracic bypass procedures utilizing the subclavian and/ or axillary arteries may be advisable for prohibitive surgical risk patients or if the planned sternotomy would be a complex re-do procedure.
Phosphorylation of Rap1 by cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) Creates a Binding Site for KSR to Sustain ERK Activation by cAMP

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important mediator of hormonal stimulation of cell growth and differentiation through its activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. Two small G proteins, Ras and Rap1 have been proposed to mediate this activation. Using HEK293 cells as a model system, we have recently shown that both Ras and Rap1 are required for cAMP signaling to ERKs. However, cAMP-dependent Ras signaling to ERKs is transient and rapidly terminated by PKA phosphorylation of the Raf isoforms C-Raf and B-Raf. In contrast, cAMP-dependent Rap1 signaling to ERKs and Rap1 is potentiated by PKA. We show that this is due to sustained binding of B-Raf to Rap1. One of the targets of PKA is Rap1 itself, directly phosphorylating Rap1a on serine 180 and Rap1b on serine 179. We show that these phosphorylations create potential binding sites for the adaptor protein 14-3-3 that links Rap1 to the scaffold protein KSR. These results suggest that Rap1 activation of ERKs requires PKA phosphorylation and KSR binding. Because KSR and B-Raf exist as heterodimers within the cell, this binding also brings B-Raf to Rap1, allowing Rap1 to couple to ERKs through B-Raf binding to Rap1 independently of its Ras-binding domain.
Management of Complications: After Paraesophageal Hernia Repair

Laparoscopic surgery is considered the standard approach for the treatment of paraesophageal hernias (PEH). Despite its advantages, this approach is technically demanding with a significant learning curve. It is also important to emphasize that some of the complications overlap with but they are different. Although postoperative morbidity and mortality seem to be lower after laparoscopic operations, there are a number of specific complications related to this technique that require cautious analysis. Even though, there is some overlap between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and PEH the patient population and complications are different. Herein, we describe the most common side effects and complications after PEH.