cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Electron Microscopic and Morphometric Observations

Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is a well-circumscribed, flat, pigmented fundus lesion that is stable and generally nonprogressive. Light and electron microscopy and morphometric analysis was used to study a lesion with the clinical characteristics of CHRPE found in an eye enucleated for a posterior segment malignant melanoma. These studies showed that the lesion was composed of tall, maximally pigmented RPE cells that had a density 1.7 times greater than the density of the adjacent normal peripheral RPE. These observations suggested that cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy may contribute to CHRPE. Ultraviolet fluorescence microscopy showed no autofluorescent granules of lipofuscin in the CHRPE, suggesting that the lesion's constituent cells lack the capacity to phagocytose and digest photoreceptor outer segments. Photoreceptor degeneration in the overlying retina consequent to this functional defect could be responsible for the localized visual field defects that typically occur in patients with CHRPE.
Current Status of Cryogenic and Air-Blast Food Freezing Systems

Mankind’s greatest challenge in the years to come will be to provide health care, employment, and food for the world’s population which presently is increasing by 2.5 to 3% per year or approximately one hundred million persons a year [1]. The most difficult of these three challenges will be to provide and conserve food for these millions.
Pathology of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) and other plasma cell proliferative disorders (PCPD) are a group of systemic diseases which share as a unifying feature the presence of clonal plasma cells. As described in previous chapters, bone marrow is the most common tissue involved, but the neoplastic plasma cells may be found in virtually any tissue/organ.
Acceptability of at-issue co-speech gestures under contrastive focus

The status of content-bearing co-speech gestures, i.e., gestural adjuncts co-occurring with the verbal expressions they adjoin to, has recently become a matter of debate in formal semantics and pragmatics (Ebert & Ebert 2014; Ebert 2017; Tieu et al. 2017; 2018; Esipova 2018; Schlenker 2018; Zlogar & Davidson 2018). The general tendency has been to claim that co-speech gestures by default make not-at-issue contributions, however, the existing analyses differ in whether they in principle allow for at-issue interpretations of co-speech gestures and, if yes, in how much cost such at-issue interpretations can incur. In this study I use an acceptability judgement task to investigate the acceptability of at-issue interpretations of co-speech gestures forced by contrastive focus, as well as some factors that can potentially affect that acceptability. I conclude that while the overall results are in principle compatible with any analysis that posits a (strong) bias against at-issue interpretations of co-speech gestures, further inspection of individual variation in judgement patterns allows us to argue against analyses in which the level of such bias is fixed across speakers. In particular, the variation data can be taken as evidence against the analysis of co-speech gestures as Pottsian (2005) supplements akin to appositives (Ebert & Ebert 2014; Ebert 2017). As for the factors that can potentially affect the acceptability of at-issue interpretations of co-speech gestures under contrastive focus, neither the type of content encoded by the gesture, nor emphatic production of co-speech gestures have been found to have an effect.
Patient Characteristics Associated with Making Requests during Primary Care Visits.

Background: Patient requests for tests, treatments, or referrals occur frequently during primary care visits and pose challenges for clinicians to address, but little is known about patient characteristics that may predict requests. Objective: To identify patient characteristics associated with a higher rate of patient requests during primary care visits. Design, Setting, and Sample: Cross-sectional analyses of data from 1141 adult patients attending 1319 visits with 56 primary care physicians (including 45 resident and 11 faculty physicians) in an academic family medicine practice. Measurements: Postvisit patient surveys including measures of patient requests for tests, prescriptions, and referrals; sociodemographics; mental and physical health status; symptom bother or worry (3-item scale; range, 3 to 15; Cronbach9s α = 0.83); global life satisfaction; medical skepticism; and Five Factor Model personality traits. Results: Patients made 1 or more requests in 867 visits (65.7%). In multivariate analyses of the within-visit request count, the following patient variables were statistically significantly associated with a higher rate of requests: age in years (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.01]), increased symptom bother or worry (IRR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.03 to 1.08]), a more extroverted personality (IRR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.03 to 1.08]), greater life satisfaction (IRR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.02]), and any prior encounter with the visit physician (IRR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.04 to 1.32]). Conclusions: Primary care physicians should expect a greater frequency of requests from older patients, patients with greater symptoms bother or worry, more extroverted patients, patients with greater global life satisfaction, and patients with whom they have had prior visits.
Definition of the Polynomial Invariants

The purpose of this chapter is introduce and study Donaldson’s polynomial invariants defined in [36]. Let M be a closed, oriented, simply connected 4-manifold. Suppose that b 2 + (M) > 1. Fix an orientation β of H + 2 (M;ℝ).
Ineluctable Ambivalence: Embodying Pedagogical Tact

Pedagogical tact has been a topic of significant international interest since it was initially defined by J.F. Herbart in 1802—specifically as a “quick judgment and decision” able to address “the true requirements of the individual case”. This paper connects such early definitions with more recent accounts, particularly those that stress importance of reserve, of holding back for the sake of the student’s independence. It then explores manifestations of this at once active and passive character of tact in terms of body’s own aporias—its simultaneity as physical and lived (Leib and Korper), as a “visible seer,” as “hearing and heard, touching and touched, moving and moved”. By reflecting on an example of pedagogical engagement as shown in a short video clip, this paper develops the conclusion that this dual corporeal character is mirrored in the “reserved action” characteristic of pedagogical tact.
Growth analysis of Aristida coerulescens and Helictotrichon filifolium seedlings under simulated temperature and nutrient conditions.

This paper investigates the effects of temperature and nutrient on the growth of Aristida coerulescens and Helictotrichon filifolium seedlings, two native species from the semi-arid south-east Spain. It is hoped that this study will provide insights into the causal factors controlling the distribution of both species. Results from the comparative laboratory experiments indicate that temperature is more important in regulating seedling growth, especially in A. coerulescens.
Dynamic Patterns of Terrorist Networks: Efficiency and Security in the Evolution of Eleven Islamic Extremist Attack Networks

The current research examines how the efficiency/security tradeoff shapes the evolution of dynamic terrorist networks by focusing on the structural properties of these collectives. Some scholars argue that terrorist groups develop as chain-like, decentralized structures, while others maintain that terrorist networks form patterns of redundant ties and organize around a few highly connected individuals, or central hubs. We investigate these structural properties and consider whether patterns vary at different phases of a terrorist network’s formation. Using a variety of descriptive network measures and Separable Temporal Exponential Random Graph Models, we consider patterns of tie formation across eleven multi-wave terrorism networks from the John Jay & ARTIS Transnational Terrorism database. This dataset includes networks from prominent attacks and bombings that occurred in the last 3 decades (e.g., the 2002 Bali Bombings), where nodes represent individual terrorists and ties represent social relationships. We find that terrorist groups navigate the efficiency/security tradeoff by developing increasingly well-connected networks as they prepare for a violent incident. Our results also show that highly central nodes acquire even more ties in the years directly preceding an attack, signifying that the evolution of terrorist networks tends to be structured around a few key actors. Our findings have the potential to inform counterterrorism efforts by suggesting which actors in the network make the most influential targets for law enforcement. We discuss how these strategies should vary as extremist networks evolve over time.
Neuroscience Principles for ACL Rehabilitation and Reinjury Risk Reduction

The study of combined biomechanical and neurological approaches to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rehabilitation is a relevantly new area of research and clinical implementation. The classical view of orthopedic-focused ACL rehabilitation has been to treat the local knee joint and proximal hip and core structures to create improved stability and mobility for enhanced joint control. This approach has led to a predominately biomechanical centric focus on ACL rehabilitation that has yielded immense strides in understanding the mechanics associated with injury, yet ACL reinjury rates still remain high. The inability of current biomechanically focused interventions to fully optimize movement is readily apparent when athletes engage in cognitively challenging and sensory rich sport environments, because the rate of motor coordination errors increases under these complex field-based conditions. In this chapter, an overview is provided for the foundation of neuroscience integration into musculoskeletal rehabilitation. The initial overview begins with the association of neuromuscular control/injury and musculoskeletal knee injury. Next, we review the current status of neurocognitive and neurophysiological influences on ACL injury mechanism and its implication for movement control. Novel neurocognitive training approaches utilizing visual-motor function, multi-task paradigms, and sport specific neuroloading will be explored to provide sports medicine clinicians with advanced integrative practical knowledge to formulate new techniques for ACL rehabilitation and injury prevention plans.
Five-Year Outcomes Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children With In Utero Opioid Exposure.

The health of women and children affected by opioid use disorder is a priority for state Medicaid programs. Little is known about longer-term outcomes among Medicaid-enrolled children exposed to op...
Chapter 19 – Patient Group Directions

Publisher Summary Patient Group Directions (PGDs) are written instructions for the supply or administration of named medicines to groups of patients who are not individually identified before they present for treatment. They are documents that make it legal for medicines to be given to groups of patients—for example, in a mass casualty situation—without individual prescriptions having to be written for each patient. PGDs allow a range of specified healthcare professionals to supply or administer a medicine directly to a patient with an identified clinical condition without them necessarily seeing a prescriber. The healthcare professional working within the PGD is responsible for assessing that the patient fits the criteria set out in the PGD. Generally speaking, patient-specific directions are a direct instruction and do not require an assessment of the patient by the healthcare professional instructed to supply or administer the medicine. PGDs do not extend to independent and public-sector care homes or to those independent sector schools that provide healthcare entirely outside the National Health Service (NHS). They cannot produce PGDs for use within their individual institutions. However, healthcare professionals who visit patients in nursing and care homes in their routine practice can use PGDs—authorized by their own organizations—for domiciliary visits.
Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Fronto-Parietal Networks: Modulation by Mental State

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treats neuropsychiatric disorders, but effects of stimulation are highly state-dependent and in most therapeutic applications, mental state is not controlled. This exploratory proposal will test the broad hypothesis that when TMS, specifically intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), is applied during a controlled mental state, network changes will be facilitated, compared to stimulation when mental state is uncontrolled. We will focus on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the associated fronto-parietal network (FPN), which subserves cognitive control, an important neural and behavioral target of therapeutic TMS. After a baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, iTBS will be administered to 40 healthy subjects in three sessions over three days in a within-subjects, cross-over design: (1) dlPFC stimulation by iTBS alone, (2) dlPFC stimulation by iTBS while simultaneously performing a cognitive task, and (3) vertex (control) iTBS stimulation. Immediately after each iTBS session, we will measure blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation during a cognitive control task (“n-back” task) and during the resting state, using BOLD connectivity and arterial spin labeling (ASL). We will test hypotheses that persisting neural changes and performance enhancement induced by iTBS to the dlPFC, compared to iTBS to the vertex, will affect the FPN, and these effects will be modulated by whether or not subjects receive iTBS when they are engaged in a cognitive control task. Demonstrating this interaction between iTBS and mental state will lay critical groundwork for future studies to show how controlling mental state during TMS can improve therapeutic effects. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04010461.
The Brief Case: Nystagmus in a 3-Month-Old Leading to a Diagnosis of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection.

A previously healthy 3-month-old female presented to her pediatrician with nystagmus. The infant was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery to a gravida 1 para 0 mother at 41 weeks of gestation. The pregnancy was uncomplicated until 22 weeks of gestation, when the mother developed hypertension,
Loss of clustered protocadherin diversity alters the spatial distribution of cortical interneurons

Cortical interneurons (cINs) are locally-projecting inhibitory neurons that are distributed throughout the cortex. Due to their relatively limited range of influence, their arrangement in the cortex is critical to their function. cINs achieve this arrangement through a process of tangential and radial migration, and apoptosis during development. In this study, we investigated the role of clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) in establishing the spatial patterning of cINs. cPcdhs are expressed in cINs, and are known to play key functions in cell spacing and cell survival, but their role in cINs is poorly understood. Using spatial statistical analysis, we found that the two main subclasses of cINs, parvalbumin-expressing (PV) and somatostatin-expressing (SST) cINs, are non-randomly spaced within subclass, but randomly with respect to each other. We also found that the relative laminar distribution of each subclass was distinctly altered in whole a- or b-cluster mutants. Examination of perinatal timepoints revealed that the mutant phenotypes emerged relatively late, suggesting that cPcdhs may be acting during cIN morphological elaboration and synaptogenesis. We then analyzed an isoform-specific knockout for pcdh-ac2 and found that it recapitulated the a-cluster knockout, but only in SST cells, suggesting that subtype-specific expression of cPcdh isoforms may help govern subtype-specific spatial distribution.
Efficacy of denture adhesives in complete denture wearers compared to denture wearers not using denture adhesives. A systematic review

AIM The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of denture adhesives (DAs) in completely edentulous denture wearers compared to not using DAs. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were searched from the database inception up to 6 February 2020 for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) involving patients with complete dentures in both arches where the use of DAs was compared to no use of DAs. A total of 497 abstracts were reviewed, resulting in inclusion of 10 RCTs. Outcomes reported in the included trials were thoroughly reviewed and tabulated. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. All 10 studies were assessed at unclear (10%) or high risk of bias (90%). Studies showed DAs improved mainly retention/stability, and masticatory/chewing ability/performance, compared to no adhesives. CONCLUSION Most studies showed favorable results for DAs on retention and stability of complete dentures, masticatory performance, patient's comfort and satisfaction. Due to the heterogeneity of the outcomes, unclear/high risk of bias and small sample sizes, the quality of the evidence was very low. More high-quality research is needed with improved blinding and use of standardized methods to evaluate the efficacy of DAs.
A comparison of the Remote Food Photography Method and the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool for measuring full day dietary intake among school-aged children.

The limitations of self-report measures of dietary intake are well-known. Novel, technology-based measures of dietary intake may provide a more accurate, less burdensome alternative to existing tools. The first objective of this study was to compare participant burden for two technology-based measures of dietary intake among school-age children: the Automated-Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool-2018 (ASA24-2018) and the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM). The second objective was to compare reported energy intake for each method to the Estimated Energy Requirement for each child, as a benchmark for actual intake. Forty parent-child dyads participated in two, 3-d dietary assessments: a parent proxy-reported version of the ASA24 and the RFPM. A parent survey was subsequently administered to compare satisfaction, ease of use and burden with each method. A linear mixed model examined differences in total daily energy intake between assessments, and between each assessment method and the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER). Reported energy intake was 379 kcal higher with the ASA24 than the RFPM (P = 0·0002). Reported energy intake with the ASA24 was 231 kcal higher than the EER (P = 0·008). Reported energy intake with the RFPM did not differ significantly from the EER (difference in predicted means = -148 kcal, P = 0·09). Median satisfaction and ease of use scores were five out of six for both methods. A higher proportion of parents reported that the ASA24 was more time-consuming than the RFPM (74·4 % v. 25·6 %, P = 0·002). Utilisation of both methods is warranted given their high satisfaction among parents.
Near Infrared Camera Tube Studies with an Ag2 S Target

Publisher Summary This chapter presents near infrared camera tube studies with an Ag 2 S target. The successful operation of a television camera tube of the vidicon type requires a sensing layer material that has high resistivity in order to provide charge storage. The operational characteristics suggest that there is a Conductron effect combined with some charge storage. Measurements were made in a demountable all-magnetic camera tube, using a standard vidicon gun with an oxide coated cathode. The target was not shielded against radiation coming from the filament or the cathode, but only once was this felt to be a problem. In general, the levels of irradiation necessary to measure a photoresponse were higher than those due to the cathode and filament radiation. It is demonstrated that the currents are determined mostly by the target element resistance, while the electron beam dwells on this particular target element. This is the typical Conductron mode of operation, which is most efficient when the beam resistance is small compared to the target element resistance. This spectral region is of importance because the atmosphere has good transmission at 1.6 μm and under special atmospheric conditions even more transmitting than in the visible region at around 500 nm. This sensor gives imaging systems an appreciable range when operating in the 1–6 μm window.
ERRORS-2: a 3D object recognition system using aspect graphs

A prototype 3D object recognition system is described that is composed of three major sections; an object representation module, a feature extraction and matching module, and a recognition control strategy module. The object representation module uses an algorithm which constructs perspective projection aspect graphs of convex polyhedra. The feature extraction and matching module uses Fourier descriptors to characterize the complete 2D projection of an object. The recognition control strategy module uses the aspect graph object representation to control the application of a constrained optimization algorithm. The system is implemented in C on a Sun workstation, and some simple recognition experiments are reported that demonstrate the validity of the overall concept. >
Variability of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in man

The derived pharmacokinetic data for the intravenous administration of fentanyl obtained from seven previous studies were compared using computer simulation of predicted plasma concentrations following three intravenous dosage regimens. There was wide discrepancy between the reported calculated pharmacokinetic constants from the various studies, such that the volume of distribution ranged from 4.4 to 59.7 litres, estimates of terminal elimination half-life ranged from 141 to 853 minutes while total body clearance values ranged from 160 to 1530 ml/minute. The differences in predicted plasma concentrations were marked. The peak concentration following a bolus of 500 micrograms ranged from 8.4-113.6 ng/ml and took from 2.9 to 18.9 hours to fall to 0.5 ng/ml. The steady state plasma concentration reached with an infusion of 0.3 microgram/kg/minute varied from 12.2-119.9 ng/ml and the plateau level attained with a two-rate infusion (2.7 micrograms/kg/minute for 20 minutes then 0.3 micrograms/kg/minute) ranged from 10.6-50.8 ng/ml. The aim of descriptive pharmacokinetics is to allow the clinician to predict the plasma concentration achieved by a given dose and to facilitate dosage choice and adjustment. Recent interest has centred on the use of pharmacokinetics to calculate continuous intravenous infusion dosage regimens. The clinical application of current pharmacokinetic data for fentanyl is questionable.
An Overview of the Poleward Undercurrent and Upwelling along the Chilean Coast

The Chilean coast, with its long meridional coastline and consistent equatorward wind stress, is well recognized as one of the most biologically productive areas of the global ocean. This highly productive region is part of the Southeastern Pacific upwelling system extending from 5°S off Peru to 40°S off southern Chile. Exporting more fish meal than any other country in the world, Chile has long relied on the national fishing industry as a significant factor in its economy. Yet, in spite of its obvious importance, the waters south of 15°S are remarkably little known. Research efforts, either by Chilean investigators or by foreign expeditions have been, for the most part, isolated and modest.
The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database

The NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) is a research tool in the form of a central archive which accumulates published data, is organized for fast, flexible retrieval, and is accessible to all astronomers. This service was designed in response to an increasing need driven by ever larger data sets collected in surveys, by the exponential growth in the volume of the technical literature, and by a greater tendency among astronomers to take a multi-spectral approach to the study of astrophysical problems.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of No Promo Homo Policies in US Schools

This article presents a critical discourse analysis of no promo homo policies and their effects in US schools. No promo homo—short for “no promotion of homosexuality” (Eskridge, 2000, p. 1329)—polices have been adopted across nine states and several local school districts in the United States. They direct teachers and school officials to take a neutral position on the subject of sexual orientation and identity and often restrict or prohibit any school-based instruction, counseling, discussion, or activity that could be construed as being positive about or promoting homosexuality (Bonauto, n.d.; Cahill & Cianciotto, 2004; Eskridge 2000). Our analysis suggests that, despite their claim to neutrality, no promo homo policies are actively harmful both to students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT)1 as well as to the broader school community. In an effort to ultimately promote healthier, more equitable school environments and experiences for all students, this article aims to raise aw...
When the Exodos is not the End: The Closing Song of Aeschylus’ Suppliants

Dividing the song into a dialogue between two Danaid hemichoruses can be justified on dramatic grounds, and the resulting ambivalence hints at issues that would be addressed in the remainder of the trilogy.
Creating Rapport with Virtual Agents

Recent research has established the potential for virtual characters to establish rapport with humans through simple contingent nonverbal behaviors. We hypothesized that the contingency, not just the frequency of positive feedback is crucial when it comes to creating rapport. The primary goal in this study was evaluative: can an agent generate behavior that engenders feelings of rapport in human speakers and how does this compare to human generated feedback? A secondary goal was to answer the question: Is contingency (as opposed to frequency) of agent feedback crucial when it comes to creating feelings of rapport? Results suggest that contingency matters when it comes to creating rapport and that agent generated behavior was as good as human listeners in creating rapport. A "virtual human listener" condition performed worse than other conditions.
LA LÓGICA SOCIAL DEL BOXEO EN EL CHICAGO NEGRO. HACIA UNA SOCIOLOGÍA DEL BOXEO

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Aaron, Spanish manchild and gym buddy, whom the ring could not save from the street. This paper benefited from the reactions, critical comments and encouragement of a number of colleagues, among whom Pierre Bourdieu, Rogers Brubaker, Dan Chambliss, Lynn S. Chancer, Rick Fantasia, Harvey Molotch, Bill Wilson, and members of the Center for European Sociology in Paris. My gratitude also goes to my colleagues in the "sweet science" who taught me much more than how to throw a left jab, and to the friends and family who supported me morally during this strenuous project (with special mention to Elizabeth Bonamour du Tartre for a major on-site assist). This research was made possible in part by the financial support of the Maison des sciences de l'homme, a Lavoisier Fellowship from the French governement, and the Milton Fund of Harvard University.
IMPAIRMENT OF REPRODUCTION OF THE CIGARETTE BEETLE, LASIODERMA SERRICORNE (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) WITH THE INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR, METHOPRENE

Exposure of sexually mature female Lasioderma serricorne (F.) to filter paper treated with the insect growth regulator (IGR), methoprene, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in reproduction. Female reproductive behavior and fecundity were not affected. The lethal effect was manifested during late embryogenesis. Egg fertility was not influenced among untreated females that mated with males that had been exposed to the IGR. The effectiveness of this treatment suggests that methoprene may be useful in controlling the cigarette beetle on packaged commodities. RESUME DIMINUTION DE LA REPRODUCTION DE LASIODERMA SERRICORNE AVEC UN REGULATEUR DE CROISSANCE DES INSECTES, LE METHOPRENE L'exposition de la femelle adulte de Lasioderma serricorne au contact d'un papier filtre traite avec du methoprene, regulateur de croissance des insectes, a entraine une reduction significative de la reproduction, en fonction de la dose. Ni le comportement, ni la fecondite ne furent affectes. La fertilite des œufs n'a pas ete touchee chez les femelles non traitees qui s'accouplerent avec des males ayant ete exposes au methoprene. L'efficacite du contact avec le methoprene, en empěchant la reproduction des femelles de L. serricorne, aussi bien chez les femelles accouplees que chez les femelles vierges, et l'effet prolonge du methoprene, permettent de considerer favorablement son usage pour le controle de cette espece. Son emploi le plus efficace devrait concerner la protection des produits conditionnes en emballages.
The Two Faces of American Urban Policy

This article reviews and reconceptualizes America’s urban policy to highlight enduring sources of stability and change. It suggests that U.S. urban policy has two faces, one social and the other de...
Formant tones: weak components at formant frequencies actively generated in the vocal tract

The authors have discovered the presence of weak sinusoidal components located at formant frequencies in voiced speech segments. They refer to them as formant tones and propose a method to estimate and track the frequencies of these formant tones. These sinusoidal components are often located close to the strongest harmonic component under the formant peak and closely track the respective formant peaks with time. The formant tones seem to provide crucial incremental information required precisely to identify and track the formant location. These tones are not easily discernible using standard short-time Fourier transform or linear prediction methods. However, when the speech signal is decomposed into its harmonic components, tell-tale evidence of these formant tones is visible in their envelopes. Then the strong harmonic components are removed by high-pass filtering the envelopes. The high-pass filtered envelopes are subsequently used to identify the frequency tracks of these tones. Since the formant tones are non-harmonic, they must originate in the vocal tract as a reaction to the impinging glottal pulses. These tones appear to be angle-modulated by the glottal pulses. >
Baroclinic seiches in rotating basins of variable depth in the case of two-layer density stratification

We solve a plane problem of linear baroclinic seiches in closed rotating basins of variable depth with two-layer density stratification. In the long-wave approximation, we get a boundary-value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations and propose a numerical procedure for finding internal seiches. The analytic solutions of the problem are obtained for a basin of constant depth. The numerical analysis of seiches is performed for the distributions of depth corresponding to the zonal and meridional sections of the Black Sea and model basins including the cases of a shelf zone and an underwater ridge. It is shown that the baroclinic seiches become more intense in shallow-water regions and that the intense longshore currents caused by Earth’s rotation are formed in the shelf zones and over the underwater ridges.
Formulation and verification of a land surface parameterization for atmospheric models

The need for a well-defined lower boundary condition for atmospheric numerical models is well documented. This paper describes the formulation of a land surface parameterization, which will be used in atmospheric boundary-layer and mesoscale numerical models. The land surface model has three soil layers for the prediction of soil moisture and soil temperature. Model soil properties depend on soil texture and moisture content. A homogeneous distribution of vegetation is also included, so that transpiration may be included, as well as the interception of precipitation by vegetation elements. The simulated vegetation also affects the mean surface albedo and roughness characteristics.
Inhibition of Na+-stimulated glucose transport function and perturbation of intestinal microvillus membrane vesicles by ethanol and acetaldehyde.

Abstract The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on rat intestinal microvillus membrane integrity and glucose transport function were examined in vitro with purified membrane vesicles. Ethanol could influence glucose transport function by alterations in the conformation of the carrier, the lipid environment surrounding the carrier, or in the transport driving force (Na+ electrochemical gradient). Due to the rapid nature of glucose uptake, transport was assayed with the use of an apparatus that permitted uptake measurements as early as 1 s. Ethanol (340 m m ) partially and acetaldehyde (44 m m ) completely inhibited concentrative glucose uptake throughout the 1-min time course. Their inhibitory effects were reversible and irreversible, respectively. Kinetic measurements made during the initial rate of uptake (at 2 s) with various concentrations of glucose (0.05–8 m m ) showed that ethanol and acetaldehyde both caused a decrease in V. Although ethanol did not substantially alter the transport Km, acetaldehyde increased the Km almost 50%. To determine whether ethanol or acetaldehyde directly interfered with glucose carrier function, uptake was measured in the presence of equilibrated Na+. Only acetaldehyde had a significant inhibitory effect under these conditions. Membrane permeability, as determined by efflux of preloaded 6-carboxyfluorescein dye, increased upon exposure of the vesicles to ethanol or acetaldehyde. Membrane fluidity measurements by fluorescence polarization showed that only acetaldehyde had a significant fluidizing effect. These results indicate that ethanol and acetaldehyde acted to perturb membrane integrity and inhibited glucose uptake indirectly by allowing the Na+ gradient to dissipate. Acetaldehyde, which had a stronger inhibitory effect than ethanol, appeared also to directly inhibit carrier function.
Structure and Function of the CSL-KyoT2 Corepressor Complex: A Negative Regulator of Notch Signaling.

Notch refers to a highly conserved cell-to-cell signaling pathway with essential roles in embryonic development and tissue maintenance. Dysfunctional signaling causes human disease, highlighting the importance of pathway regulation. Notch signaling ultimately results in the activation of target genes, which is regulated by the nuclear effector CSL (CBF-1/RBP-J, Su(H), Lag-1). CSL dually functions as an activator and a repressor of transcription through differential interactions with coactivator or corepressor proteins, respectively. Although the structures of CSL-coactivator complexes have been determined, the structures of CSL-corepressor complexes are unknown. Here, using a combination of structural, biophysical, and cellular approaches, we characterize the structure and function of CSL in complex with the corepressor KyoT2. Collectively, our studies provide molecular insights into how KyoT2 binds CSL with high affinity and competes with coactivators, such as Notch, for binding CSL. These studies are important for understanding how CSL functions as both an activator and a repressor of transcription of Notch target genes.
The Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway can mediate growth inhibitory and differentiation signaling via androgen receptor downregulation in prostate cancer cells

Upregulated ERK1/2 activity is correlated with androgen receptor (AR) downregulation in certain prostate cancer (PCa) that exhibits androgen deprivation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation, but its functional relevance requires elucidation. We found that sustained ERK1/2 activation using active Raf or MEK1/2 mutants is sufficient to induce AR downregulation at mRNA and protein levels in LNCaP. Downregulation of AR protein, but not mRNA, was blocked by proteasome inhibitors, MG132 and bortezomib, indicating that the pathway regulation is mediated at multiple points. Ectopic expression of a constitutively active AR inhibited Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated regulation of the differentiation markers, neuron-specific enolase and neutral endopeptidase, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p16INK4A and p21CIP1, but not Rb phosphorylation and E2F1 expression, indicating that AR has a specific role in the pathway-mediated differentiation and growth inhibitory signaling. However, despite the sufficient role of Raf/MEK/ERK, its inhibition using U0126 or ERK1/2 knockdown could not block androgen deprivation-induced AR downregulation in an LNCaP neuroendocrine differentiation model, suggesting that additional signaling pathways are involved in the regulation. We additionally report that sustained Raf/MEK/ERK activity can downregulate full length as well as hormone binding domain-deficient AR isoforms in androgen-refractory C4-2 and CWR22Rv1, but not in LAPC4 and MDA-PCa-2b. Our study demonstrates a novel role of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in regulating AR expression in certain PCa types and provides an insight into PCa responses to its aberrant activation.
The audacity of building community: a teacher looks at the end of every fork

In this article, I theorize a specific pedagogical moment as a teacher educator by taking up a particular aspect of phenomenological philosophy – the phenomenological reduction – and a particular conception of pedagogy informed by Bourdieu’s philosophies – nomos and habitus – in order to put them in closer dialog with one another. I also bring the theoretical and conceptual work of other critical and poststructural thinkers – hooks and Boler – to bear on a nagging pedagogical concern I experienced as a teacher educator when one of my students made me painfully aware of something I had missed, creating a landscape for how each may be imagined as not only exercises of teaching but as larger commitments to practice and theory, relationship with learners, as well as relationship with self. This concern became a phenomenological pedagogical moment of self-discovery and defined possibility in the classroom where I learned to shift and suspend pedagogical practices and step back to take a moment to see what had ...
Saccharification and fermentation of Sugar Cane bagasse by Klebsiella oxytoca P2 containing chromosomally integrated genes encoding the Zymomonas mobilis ethanol pathway.

Pretreatment of sugar cane bagasse is essential for a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process which uses recombinant Klebsiella oxytoca strain P2 and Genencor Spezyme CE. Strain P2 has been genetically engineered to express Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding the ethanol pathway and retains the native ability to transport and metabolize cellobiose (minimizing the need for extracellular cellobiase). In SSF studies with this organism, both the rate of ethanol production and ethanol yield were limited by saccharification at 10 and 20 filter papaer units (FPU) g(-1) acid-treated bagasse. Dilute slurries of biomass were converted to ethanol more efficiently (over 72% of theoretical yield) in simple batch fermentations than slurries containing high solids albeit with the production of lower levels of ethanol. With high solids (i.e., 160 g acid-treated bagasse L(-1)), a combination of 20 FPU cellulase g(-1) bagasse, preincubation under saccharification conditions, and additional grinding (to reduce particle size) were required to produce ca. 40 g ethanol L(-1). Alternatively, almost 40 g ethanol L(-1) was produced with 10 FPU cellulase g(-1) bagasse by incorporating a second saccharification step (no further enzyme addition) followed by a second inoculation and short fermentation. In this way, a theoretical ethanol yield of over 70% was achieved with the production of 20 g ethanol 800 FPU(-1) of commercial cellulase. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interface effects on box-type reinforced concrete structures—II. Implementation

Abstract Implementation, modelling, and verification of the interface model described in part I of this paper are discussed in this part. A number of realistic examples are studied by using a combined finite difference-finite element approach with substructuring. The behavior of interface and the effects of interface on box-type reinforced concrete structures are also discussed. The results obtained from the study are compared with the others and those adopted by the current design code.
Control of a Photoreaction by ESR Transition of the Intermediate Radical Pair As Evaluated by Liquid Chromatography

The photochemical reduction of xanthone (XO; X = C13H8O) by xanthene (XH2) in a sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle was controlled by a resonant microwave pulse in a magnetic field. The product yields w...
Gigahertz bandwidth photon counting

Early applications driving the development of single photon sensitive detectors, such as fluorescence and photoluminescence spectroscopy, simply required low noise performance with kiloHertz and lower count rate requirements and minimal or no timing resolution. Newer applications, such as high data rate photon starved free space optical communications require photon counting at flux rates into megaphoton or gigaphoton per second regimes coupled with sub-nanosecond timing accuracy. With deep space optical communications as our application driver, we have developed and implemented systems to both characterize gigaHertz bandwidth single photon detectors as well as process photon count signals at rates beyond 100 megaphotons per second to implement communications links at data rates exceeding 100 megabits per second with efficiencies greater than two bits per detected photon. With these systems, we have implemented high bandwidth real-time systems using intensified photodiodes, visible light photon counter detectors, superconducting nanowire detectors, Geiger-mode semiconductor avalanche photodiodes, and negative avalanche feedback photon counters.
Recent peginterferon and ribavirin combination trials

Peginterferon alpha and ribavirin combination is the recommended first choice therapeutic regimen for chronic hepatitis C. Therapy duration and ribavirin dose are individualized according to the hepatitis C virus genotype. Patients with genotype 1 require 48-week courses with the usual ribavirin doses, whereas 24-week courses with lower ribavirin doses are sufficient for patients with genotype 2/3. In patients with genotype 1, the absence of an early (week 12) virologic response means no chance for sustained response and signals therapy discontinuation.
Developing Country O.R.—Is There a Difference?

Some descriptions of O.R. work carried out in developing countries suggest that the modelling approaches and techniques used in the West are inappropriate when transferred to different cultural settings. The paper argues that this divide is less real than it may appear. It is based on an inadequate view of O.R. in the developed world and on the expectation that O.R. itself can change the world, irrespective of the client's needs and objectives.
Cyst, What Art Thou?

A 51-year-old woman, with a medical history of abnormal Pap smears, extended menstrual cycles, and Barrett's esophagus, underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopic ultrasound for abnormal findings on a computed tomography scan. The ultrasound characterized a peripherally calcified, multicystic, and septated lesion that was close to both the pancreatic tail and the upper pole of the left …
EXISTENCE OF THE SCHRODINGER AND HEISENBERG PICTURES

IN a recent article in Nature1, a discussion on the foundations of quantum theory was presented by Dirac. He pointed out that the Schrodinger picture (S-picture) does not exist for quantized interacting fields such as quantum electrodynamics. Furthermore, the Heisenberg picture (H-picture) is assumed to exist with the H- and S-pictures not unitarily equivalent. We wish to point out here that there is a natural separable Hilbert space on which the S- and H-pictures both exist and are equivalent.
A Note on Block-Thresholded Wavelet Estimators with Correlated Noise

Hall et al. (1999) proposed block-thresholding methods to estimate mean regression functions with independent random errors. They showed that block-thresholded wavelet estimators attain minimax-optimal convergence rates when the mean functions belong to a large class of functions that involve a wide variety of irregularities, including chirp and Doppler functions, and functions with jump discontinuities. In this article, we show that block-thresholded wavelet estimators still attain minimax convergence rates when the mean functions belong to a wide range of Besov classes (where s > 1/p, p ≥ 1 and q ≥ 1) with long-memory Gaussian errors. Therefore, in the presence of long-memory Gaussian errors, wavelet estimators still provide extensive adaptivity.
A New Implicit Integration Scheme for the Simulation of Stiff-Complex Mechanical Systems

When performing the dynamic simulation of stiff mechanical systems, implicit type integration schemes are usually required to preserve stability. This article presents a new implicit time integrator, which is a particular application of a novel state-time formulation recently developed by the authors in a more general scope. The proposed scheme is constructed with the intent of benefitting from the accuracy and apparent robustness thus far achieved with this algorithm in an integration context. This is realized by first setting up the weighted residual form of the governing equations of the system in a form associated with the application of a time marching integration scheme. The resulting algebraic equations are then solved, minimizing the error of integration time step in a generalized energy sense, allowing one to capture the stiff behavior of solution in an efficient manner. Examples are provided to show the proposed method performance when dealing with a stiff system.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Competing Explanations for Minority Enrollments in Higher Education

Although diversity has been considered a vital component in higher education over the past several decades, little research—theoretical or empirical—has rigorously examined the determinants of minority enrollments in higher education. By drawing on literature across several fields, this article helps close this gap by testing competing theoretical explanations for minority enrollments in American public colleges and universities. We examine African-American and Latino freshman enrollments for over 500 public institutions from 1992 to 2000. Our results support claims made by university administrators regarding the importance of economic and environmental constraints on diversifying college campuses. We also find, however, that political, bureaucratic, and structural factors are also important determinants of diversity. These findings highlight the significance of contextual variables in determining policy outcomes.