cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of pseudospectral methods in shock wave applications

Abstract In this paper we use shock capturing spectral methods to simulate compressible flows in the presence of shock waves. Three applications are considered. The first is an interaction of a one-dimensional shock with an entropy wave. The second case deals with interactions between shock wave and an entropy wave in two space dimensions and the third case is two-dimensional shock-vortex interactions. The first two applications are found in the study of turbulence in high speed flow. The last application is a key element in understanding the acoustic dynamics in aeroacoustic and in design of supersonic jet in aerodynamics. The purpose of this study is to show the feasibility of simulating shocked flow with spectral methods. The numerical methods involved are the Chebyshev and Fourier collocation methods. The Euler equations of gas dynamics is discretized by pseudospectral (collocation) methods in space and a nonlinearly stable third-order Runge-Kutta methods in time. The fluxes are evaluated pointwise directly and not by the cell-averaging technique. A significant reduction in CPU time and storage usage are achieved by incorporating several well-established numerical techniques, such as grid transformation and filtering, into the spectral algorithm. The results of this study indicate that spectral method is well suited not only for smooth problems but also for those with discontinuity.
Effects of weak electromagnetic fields onPhysarum polycephalum: Mitotic delay in heterokaryons and decreased respiration

Continuous exposure ofPhysarum polycephalum to a 75 Hz, 2.0 G, and 0.7 V/m electromagnetic field results in a depressed respiration rate and a lengthening of the mitotic cell cycle. If unexposedPhysarum are mixed with exposedPhysarum the onset of synchronous mitosis in the mixed culture is delayed, occurring at a time between those of the 2 parent cultures.
Does heart failure exacerbation increase response to warfarin? A critical review of the literature.

ABSTRACTBackground: Numerous factors, such as other drugs, diet, and age, are well documented as altering response to warfarin. Less attention has been focused on the effect of disease states on the response to oral anticoagulants. Decompensated heart failure is reported to increase response to warfarin, but documentation is limited.Objective: The purpose of this review is to critically examine the evidence of a possible effect of heart failure exacerbations on response to warfarin.Research design and methods: A literature search was completed of the last 60 years using several databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS. Key terms in our search included ‘warfarin’ AND ‘heart failure’ and ‘heart failure exacerbation’ (or ‘decompensated heart failure’) AND ‘effect on warfarin’. When relevant citations were found, the references cited by those authors were checked.Results: Several reports from 1946–1989 suggested that decompensated heart failure increases response to oral anticoagulants. Unfort...
Complete endovascular debranching of the aortic arch: A report of two cases

Patients suffering from aortic arch aneurysms continue to encounter few treatment options. Because of co-morbidities, most are deemed to not be open surgical candidates. The two cases presented here demonstrate a novel endovascular approach in the care of an arch aneurysm complicated by dissection. Even though final graft configurations differed slightly between the two cases, all three great vessels were successfully de-branched through the combination of standard endovascular aneurysm repair techniques and modifications to off-the-shelf devices. Aortic flow was compartmentalized in the ascending aorta at or near the level of the sinotubular junction. This was done with a physician-assembled endografts. One of these lumens was dedicated to the descending aorta, while the other was further divided into three channels used to stent the great vessels. Completion angiography demonstrated patency in the arch, great vessels, and descending aorta. No endoleaks have been reported. Although data is limited, this approach appears promising.
Experiences gained using the Navy's IDSS weapon system testability analyzer

The weapon system testability analyzer (WSTA), which has the ability to measure the testability of a design by modeling the actual process used during online, real-time fault diagnosis, is described. The results of experiences gained applying the ESTA to various levels of analysis are presented, including: built-in test (BIT) assessment at the organizational level; verification of complete testability from system, subsystem, and weapon replacable assembly (or line-replaceable unit) levels; and, through card-level testability, detection and isolation accurately and efficiently at the piece-part level. The ease of modeling, the reports generated and their usefulness to the testability process, and the unique features associated with the use of the tool are discussed. >
Altered prefrontal activity and connectivity predict different cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

Background Cognitive dysfunction is considered a core feature of schizophrenia, and impaired performances in episodic memory (EM) and executive function (EF) tasks are consistently reported in schizophrenia patients. Traditional fMRI and EEG studies have helped identifying brain areas, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), involved in these tasks. However, it is unclear whether intrinsic defects in prefrontal function per se contribute to poor performance in schizophrenia, given the presence of confounds like reduced motivation and psychotic symptoms. TMS/hd-EEG measurements are obtained without cognitive effort, and can be calculated in any cortical area. Methods We performed TMS/hd-EEG recordings in parietal, motor, premotor, and PFC in healthy individuals (N = 20) and schizophrenia patients (N = 20). Source modeling of TMS-evoked responses was performed, and measures of cortical activity (significant current density, SCD) and connectivity (significant current scattering, SCS) were computed. Patients with schizophrenia also performed Penn Word memory delayed (CPWd) and Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET). CPWd evaluates EM and involves primarily PFC, whereas PCET reflects EF and implicates PFC with other brain regions. Findings We found no difference in SCD and SCS after TMS of parietal/motor cortices, whereas those parameters were reduced in premotor/prefrontal areas in schizophrenia patients. In PFC, where these measures were most defective, SCD was negatively correlated with performance in CPWd whereas higher SCS values were associated with more errors in PCET. Conclusion These findings indicate that schizophrenia patients have intrinsic defects in both activity and connectivity of PFC, and that these defects are specifically associated with impairments in cognitive abilities. Hum Brain Mapp 36:4539–4552, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The MicroSafari: A Journey into Microbiology, an Expedition into Engagement.

In the area of hands-on science with the public, microbiology poses particular challenges in offering activities that are safe and cheap, as well as intriguing and engaging. We developed MicroSafari as part of our work with the UW–Madison Biology Outreach Club (BOC), an all-volunteer organization of biology graduate students. During the period 2005–2009, we led over a dozen MicroSafaris at venues on campus and in communities, for groups of families and youth, with group size ranging from 30 to 100. The MicroSafari is a hands-on version of Dyer’s Field Guide, using theater-based elements to share examples of these macroscopic characteristics of microscopic organisms.
Foraging Behavior of Free-Ranging Wild and Hatchery Brown Trout in a Stream

Abstract Wild brown trout Salmo trutta in a fertile, high-conductivity stream in central Pennsylvania were observed from camouflaged towers for three consecutive years in order to quantify the diurnal feeding and social behavior of undisturbed adults. The foraging behavior observed was characterized in general as one of net energy maximization effectuated principally by cost minimization. Individuals ranging in age from young of the year to 8 years spent 86% of foraging time in a sit-and-wait search state, used discrete, energy-saving foraging sites year after year, and fed mainly off drift, taking less than 15% of their food items directly off the bottom. Feeding rates decreased with age, were highest in spring and fall, and showed little effect of time of day except for short peaks at dusk in May and June. The home range of most individuals was established in the first or second year of life and changed little thereafter. The mean size of the home range of individuals was 15.6 m2 and decreased slightly ...
Injecting the how into the what: investigating a finite classical logic

Computer scientists routinely design algorithms to efficiently solve problems found in nature. The resulting algorithms encapsulate the original problem as well as extra information about how to solve that problem; thus, nature's original description that says what the problem is has been augmented with information about how to solve it. In this paper, we investigate the automation of this process by concentrating on declarative languages, arguing that certain classes of declarative languages encode more information about how to solve a problem than others, and demonstrating techniques for automatically translating between two languages separated in the what-to-how spectrum.
A Dynamic Model of Loss, Retirement, and Tenure in the U.S. House of Representatives

This article analyzes the relative importance of falling electoral loss rates and retirement rates in creating the structure of tenure in the modern Congress. We develop a dynamic model in which electoral loss and voluntary retirement determine a unique long-run equilibrium (or steady-state) tenure profile, which is the fraction of members in each term of service. The model is then used to derive steady-state tenure profiles for the period 1870 to 1930 and to compare them to profiles that are simulated under different counterfactual hypotheses about loss and retirement. We briefly consider more recent congresses as well. We find that declining retirement accounts for 75% of the total long-run change in turnover from 1870 to 1930. However, declining electoral loss accounts for 82% of the total long-run change in turnover from the period of "pre-incumbency" (1926-1946) to the 1980s (1982-1988).
Changes in Cotton Fiber Surfaces Due to Washing

Several "washing" procedures have been applied to harvested cotton fibers in at tempts to remove byssinogenic agents before processing. These procedures included washing at various temperatures, scouring, and bleaching. Microscopical examination, by both transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, of cotton fiber surfaces showed a reduction in the number of loose surface particles present. Changes were also observed in the nature of the coatings on the fiber surfaces. Natural coatings appeared to have been removed in some cases, and heavier deposits were found on some surfaces. The nature of these deposits could not be determined since finishes had been added in the final bath of all washing processes.
Aqueous-phase reactive uptake of dicarbonyls as a source of organic aerosol over eastern North America

We use a global 3-D atmospheric chemistry model (GEOS-Chem) to simulate surface and aircraft measurements of organic carbon (OC) aerosol over eastern North America during summer 2004 (ICARTT aircraft campaign), with the goal of evaluating the potential importance of a new secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathway via irreversible uptake of dicarbonyl gases (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) by aqueous particles. Both dicarbonyls are predominantly produced in the atmosphere by isoprene, with minor contributions from other biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Dicarbonyl SOA formation is represented by a reactive uptake coefficient g ¼ 2.9 � 10 �3 and takes place mainly in clouds. Surface measurements of OC aerosol at the IMPROVE network in the eastern U.S. average 2.2 � 0.7 m gCm �3 for July–August 2004 with little regional structure. The corresponding model concentration is 2.8 � 0.8 m gCm �3 , also with little regional structure due to compensating spatial patterns of biogenic, anthropogenic, and fire contributions. Aircraft measurements of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) aerosol average 2.2 � 1.2 m gCm �3 in the boundary layer (<2 km) and 0.9 � 0.8 m gCm �3 in the free troposphere (2–6 km), consistent with the model (2.0 � 1.2 m gCm �3 in the boundary layer and 1.1 � 1.0 m gCm � 3 in the free troposphere). Source attribution for the WSOC aerosol in the model boundary layer is 27% anthropogenic, 18% fire, 28% semi-volatile SOA, and 27% dicarbonyl SOA. In the free troposphere it is 13% anthropogenic, 37% fire, 23% semi-volatile SOA, and 27% dicarbonyl SOA. Inclusion of dicarbonyl SOA doubles the SOA contribution to WSOC aerosol at all altitudes. Observed and simulated correlations of WSOC aerosol with other chemical variables measured aboard the aircraft suggest a major SOA source in the free troposphere compatible with the dicarbonyl mechanism.
“‘Whisper to a Scream’: The Collateral Consequences of Parental Incarceration”

“We have seen that, in penal justice, the prison transformed the punitive procedure into a penitentiary technique; the carceral archipelago transported this technique from the penal institution to the entire social body.” (Foucault, 1977, p. 198)
The impact of recipient body mass index on survival after lung transplantation

Background Lung transplant (LTx) candidates are frequently over or underweight. Few studies have examined recipient weight and outcomes after LTx. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database provides an opportunity to examine outcomes related to body mass index (BMI) in a large cohort of LTx patients. Methods The UNOS data set was retrospectively reviewed for 11,411 adult primary LTx patients (1998 to 2008). Patients were stratified by recipient BMI (kg/m 2 ): less than 18.5 (underweight), 18.5 to 24.9 (normal), 25.0 to 29.9 (overweight), more than 30 (obese). All-cause mortality was examined with Cox proportional hazard regression incorporating 15 variables. Survival was modeled using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Of 11,411 recipients, 1,355 (11.9%) were underweight, 4,998 (43.8%) were normal weight, 3,662 (62.1%) were overweight, and 1,396 (12.2%) were obese. During the study, 4,959 patients (43.5%) died. Mortality was significantly different between the strata, with incremental increases in death for each BMI category above or below normal. On multivariable analysis, BMI strata predicted death compared with normal weight. Risk of death was increased in recipients who were underweight (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–1.26; p = 0.01), overweight (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.99–1.14; p = 0.1), and obese (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04–1.28; p = 0.005). Kaplan-Meier modeling showed a significant effect of BMI on survival; however, this effect was no longer significant when first-year deaths were excluded. Conclusions Mortality is higher in underweight, overweight, and obese LTx patients than in normal-weight controls. However, this effect appears to be governed by survival in the first year after LTx.
On filling-in missing attribute values for Bayes and fuzzy classifiers

Multidimensional classification problems often must address the issue of missing attribute values. The solution for this problem in the case of two frequency based classifiers is discussed here. The Bayes approach of boosting low frequency values, or filling-in missing values is compared to the interpolation operation used in the fuzzy classifiers.
Health Risk Behaviours and Ethnicity in Hawaii

This study has examined the relationships of health-related behaviours to sociodemographic factors with special emphasis on ethnicity in Hawaii. Behavioural variables investigated were non-use of car seat belts, overweight, physical inactivity, smoking, heavier alcohol use, and driving while intoxicated. Sociodemographic factors considered were ethnicity, island, sex, age, education, employment status, marital status, and household income. Major ethnic groups studied were Caucasians, Hawaiians including part-Hawaiians, Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese. The relationships of ethnic factors with the behavioural characteristics were studied by logistic regression after fitting significant non-ethnic sociodemographic variables. Multiple risk behaviour was investigated by canonical correlation analysis. Different behavioural factors were found to be associated with different sets of non-ethnic socioeconomic variables. There were significant ethnic differences in individual at-risk behaviours except for driving while intoxicated. Overweight was most prevalent among Hawaiians followed by Caucasians. Caucasians and Hawaiians were at higher risk for non-use of seat belts, cigarette smoking, and heavier alcohol use compared to Chinese, Filipinos, and Japanese. Orientals were physically less active than Caucasians and Hawaiians. Implications of the observed ethnic differences are discussed.
Compositional sector zoning in dolomite

ABSTRACT Systematic compositional differences between nonequivalent growth sectors in dolomite rhombs from the Mississippian Burlington Fm., Southeastern Iowa, are documented using various analytical methods. Cathodoluminescence petrography reveals that sectors forming under {1120} faces have a different overall luminescence than adjacent sectors forming under {1014} faces, indicating differences in Mn and/or Fe contents. Microprobe analyses confirm such a difference, with {1120) sectors enriched in Fe and slightly enriched in Mn relative to {1014} sectors. In addition, {1120} sectors are enriched with Mg relative to {1014} sectors; both sector types are rich in calcium, however. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that growth microstructures differ within these different growth sectors. The sectoral variations can be explained using a model that depicts atomic configurations on different growth surfaces in relation to occupancies of partially formed cation sites called protosites. It is shown that sector zoning requires metastable growth, since growth layers added simultaneously on nonequivalent faces are compositionally different. Both trace and major element distributions for these dolomites, and perhaps many other carbonates, are influenced by factors relating to the mechanisms and perhaps rates of growth on different faces, and do not represent equilibrium. In addition, crystal habit may indirectly influence bulk composition.
Trehalase: A New Pollen Enzyme

Pollen from 5 plant species ( Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Mill., Hermerocallis minor Mill., Galtonia condicans Decne., Camellia japonica L., and Lathyrus odoratus L.) representing 4 families germinated well in media containing trehalose as the sole carbon source. Data are presented indicating that pollen metabolized this disaccharide for germination and subsequent pollen-tube growth; the sugar was not merely an osmoregulator. An inhibitor of trehalase activity depressed germination in trehalose but not in sucrose. Phloridzin dihydrate, an inhibitor of glucose transport, depressed germination in both disaccharides. Biochemical tests demonstrated that a pollen extract was capable of hydrolyzing trehalose to its constituent glucose monomers. Heat inactivation experiments confirmed the presence of a distinct trehalase having a rigid specificity for its substrate. By this method, trehalase activity was completely distinguishable from the activities of other α- and β-glucosidases and β-galactosidases. Localization data indicated that the enzyme diffused from intact grains and was probably soluble. The presence of its substrate could not be demonstrated in pollen or in stigmatic or stylar tissues.
Use of a four-parameter logistic model to evaluate the quality of the protein from three insect species when fed to rats

The quality of three insect protein sources [Mormon cricket meal (MCM), house cricket meal (HCM) and Eastern tent caterpillar meal (TCM)] was evaluated relative to that of lactalbumin (LA) and soy protein (SP) by using both amino acid analysis and a rat bioassay. The amino acid pattern of the three insect meals indicated that methionine should be the first limiting amino acid for growing rats. In the rat bioassay, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed graded levels of the five proteins in purified diets and the response (weight or nitrogen gain) evaluated as a function of nitrogen intake. The individual nitrogen intake-animal response results could be described by a series of curves using a four-parameter logistic model. The use of parameter sharing permitted the full range of responses to be described so that statistical differences between the dose-response curves could be identified. When used for either weight maintenance, nitrogen equilibrium, maximum weight gain or maximum nitrogen retention, the five protein sources could be ranked in the following order: LA greater than HCM greater than MCM = SP greater than TCM. Relative to lactalbumin, the value of all four protein sources decreased with increasing nitrogen intake. The low values obtained for TCM may have been related to factors other than protein quality. The results of this study indicate that some insect proteins are equivalent or superior to soy protein as a source of amino acids for growing rats.
Plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase associates with CLP36, α-actinin and actin in human platelets

The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) plays an essential role in maintaining low cytosolic Ca2+ in resting platelets. Earlier studies demonstrated that the 4b isoform of PMCA interacts via its C-terminal end with the PDZ domains of membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins. Activation of saponin-permeabilized platelets in the presence of a peptide composed of the last ten residues of the PMCA4b C-terminus leads to a significant decrease of PMCA associated with the cytoskeleton, suggesting that PDZ domain interactions play a role in tethering the pump to the cytoskeleton. Here we present experiments conducted to evaluate the mechanism of this association. Co-immunoprecipitation assays coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis and immunoblotting were used to identify proteins that interact with PMCA in the resting platelet. Our results indicate that the only PDZ domain-containing protein associated with PMCA is the LIM family protein, CLP36. Glutathione-S-transferase pull-down from a platelet extract using a fusion protein containing the C-terminal PDZ domain binding motif of PMCA confirmed binding of CLP36 to PMCA. Gel filtration chromatography of detergent-solubilized platelets demonstrated the existence of a 1,000-kDa complex containing PMCA and CLP36, and in addition, α-actinin and actin. Immunoflourescence microscopy confirmed the co-localization of PMCA with CLP36 in resting and activated platelets.Taken together these results suggest that PMCA is localized in non-filamentous actin complexes in resting platelets by means of PDZ domain interactions and then associates with the actin cytoskeleton during cytoskeletal rearrangement upon platelet activation. Thus, in addition to the reversible serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation events previously described in human platelets, PMCA function may be regulated by interactions with anchoring and cytoskeletal proteins.
A comparative study of lesionectomy versus corticectomy in patients with temporal lobe lesional epilepsy

Abstract We performed a retrospective study comparing surgical outcome of anterior temporal lobectomy (n = 20) and stereotactic lesionectomy (n = 14) in 34 consecutive patients with intractable partial epilepsy evaluated at this institution between June 1986 and June 1992. All patients had medically refractory partial seizures and a neuroimaging-identified temporal lobe foreign-tissue lesion. Patients underwent a pre- and postoperative comprehensive evaluation. In all patients, postoperative neuroimaging studies indicated complete lesion resection. Seventy-one percent of lesionectomy patients and 90% of lobectomy patients, respectively, experienced a worthwhile reduction in seizure tendency. Forty-three percent of lesionectomy patients and 85% of lobectomy patients, respectively, were seizure-free postoperatively. Mean duration of follow-up was 51 months (range, 21–83 months). Morbidity occurred in three patients who underwent corticectomy: complete homonymous hemianopsia (1) and dysphasia (2). No significant morbidity was associated with lesionectomy. Results of this study have altered the surgical strategy at this institution for patients with temporal lobe lesional epilepsy and have proved useful in counseling patients regarding neurologic outcome.
TGFB1 and TGFBR1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study.

Background: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) forms a signaling complex with transforming growth factor beta receptors 1 and 2 and has been described as both a tumor suppressor and tumor promoter. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in TGFB1 and a microsatellite in TGFBR1 have been investigated for association with risk of breast cancer, with conflicting results. Methods: We examined polymorphisms in the promoter region of the TGFB1 gene as well as the TGFBR1*6A microsatellite in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Results: No overall associations between the L10P polymorphism of TGFB1 or the TGFBR1 microsatellite were detected. However, we observed an inverse association between the -509 C/ T polymorphism of TGFB1 (p-trend = 0.04), which was stronger and more significant among women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Conclusion: Polymorphisms in the promoter region of TGFB1 are not likely to be associated with large increases in breast cancer risk overall among Caucasian women.
Modification of radiation injury by ramipril, inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme, on optic neuropathy in the rat

Abstract Kim, J. H., Brown, S. L., Kolozsvary, A., Jenrow, K. A., Ryu, S., Rosenblum, M. L. and Carretero, O. A. Modification of Radiation Injury by Ramipril, Inhibitor of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, on Optic Neuropathy in the Rat. Radiat. Res. 161, 137–142 (2004). Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) have been used to reduce radiation-induced normal tissue injury. The present study was carried out to determine whether ramipril, one of the inhibitors of ACE, would ameliorate radiation-induced brain damage, using a well-characterized optic neuropathy model in the rat, one of the most critical and radiosensitive structures in the brain. The brains of adult Fischer rats were irradiated stereotactically with 30 Gy using a single collimated beam. Six months after irradiation and 1.5 mg/kg day−1 ramipril (started 2 weeks after irradiation), rats were assessed for optic nerve damage functionally, using visual evoked potential, and histologically. Results show that ramipril conferred significant m...
Proton transfer function of carbonic anhydrase: Insights from QM/MM simulations.

Abstract Recent QM/MM analyses of proton transfer function of human carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) are briefly reviewed. The topics include a preliminary analysis of nuclear quadrupole coupling constant calculations for the zinc ion and more detailed analyses of microscopic pKa of the zinc-bound water and free energy profile for the proton transfer. From a methodological perspective, our results emphasize that performing sufficient sampling is essential to the calculation of all these quantities, which reflects the well solvated nature of CAII active site. From a mechanistic perspective, our analyses highlight the importance of electrostatics in shaping the energetics and kinetics of proton transfer in CAII for its function. We argue that once the pKa for the zinc-bound water is modulated to be in the proper range (~ 7.0), proton transfer through a relatively well solvated cavity towards/from the protein surface (His64) does not require any major acceleration. Therefore, although structural details like the length of the water wire between the donor and acceptor groups still may make a non-negligible contribution, our computational results and the framework of analysis suggest that the significance of such “fine-tuning” is likely secondary to the modulation of pKa of the zinc-bound water. We encourage further experimental analysis with mutation of (charged) residues not in the immediate neighborhood of the zinc ion to quantitatively test this electrostatics based framework; in particular, Φ analysis based on these mutations may shed further light into the relative importance of the classical Grotthus mechanism and the “proton hole” pathway that we have proposed recently for CAII.
Shape-Based Retrieval of Construction Site Photographs

Digital photographs of construction site activities are gradually replacing their traditional paper based counterparts. Existing digital imaging technologies in hardware and software make it easy f...
Singular Reduction of Generalized Complex Manifolds

In this paper, we develop results in the direction of an analogue of Sjamaar and Lerman's singular reduction of Hamiltonian symplectic manifolds in the context of reduction of Hamiltonian generalized complex manifolds (in the sense of Lin and Tolman). Specifically, we prove that if a compact Lie group acts on a generalized complex manifold in a Hamiltonian fashion, then the partition of the global quotient by orbit types induces a partition of the Lin-Tolman quotient into generalized complex manifolds. This result holds also for reduction of Hamiltonian generalized Kahler manifolds.
Suppression of propagating second harmonic in ultrasound contrast imaging

Contrast agents, such as bubbles, are used in ultrasound to enhance backscatter from blood. To increase contrast between these agents and tissue, nonlinear methods such as harmonic imaging can be used. Contrast is limited, however, by tissue second harmonic signals. We show that a major source of this signal is nonlinear propagation through tissue. In addition, we present methods to suppress this second harmonic generation. One simple approach is to decrease the f/number of the imaging system. Simulations show that doubling the size of the array, while keeping total power output constant, decreases propagating second harmonic generation. A second approach uses active noise cancellation to suppress second harmonic generation. A specific method, the harmonic cancellation system (HCS), is developed and presented as an example. In simulations, HCS decreased second harmonic generation by over 30 dB. Using such methods, contrast can be improved between tissue and bubbles in harmonic imaging.
Transportation and Telecommunications Networks: Planning Urban Infrastructure for the 21st Century

The availability, quality and use of telecommunications and transportation systems are keys to socio-economic development throughout the world over the next century, but the extent and diversity of use of these systems hinge crucially on the ease and quality of access to local networks by a diversity of users. Since commonly-used, these networks require public attention both to sustain an optimal level and to ensure the smooth integration of a variety of distances, modes and services. While for economic efficiency and technological development purposes it may be important to have private providers of individual components, the efficient planning, co-ordination and method of recovery of common network costs for the entire system require public oversight. Furthermore, the transportation and telecommunications systems interact, sometimes as substitutes, sometimes as complements, having long-run ramifications for the spatial configuration of economic activity and the long-term use of this infrastructure.
Comparison of Distributional Statistics ofAquariusand Argo Sea Surface Salinity Measurements

AbstractSalinity is an indicator of the interaction between ocean circulation and the global water cycle, which in turn affects the regulation of the earth’s climate. To thoroughly understand sea surface salinity’s connection to processes that define the hydrological cycle, such as surface forcing and ocean mixing, there is need for proper validation of remotely sensed salinity products with independent measurements, beyond central tendencies, across the entire distribution of salinity. Because of its fine spatial and temporal coverage, Aquarius presents an ideal measurement system for fully characterizing the distribution and properties of sea surface salinity. Using the first 33 months of Aquarius, version 3.0, level 2 sea surface salinity data, both central tendencies and distributional quantile characteristics across time and space are investigated, and a statistical validation of Aquarius measurements with Argo in situ observations is conducted. Several aspects are considered, including regional char...
At the Margins of the Asian American Political Experience: The Life of Grace Lee Boggs

(1999). At the Margins of the Asian American Political Experience: The Life of Grace Lee Boggs. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 18-41.
Effects of temperature on escape jetting in the squid Loligo opalescens.

In Loligo opalescens, a sudden visual stimulus (flash) elicits a stereotyped, short-latency escape response that is controlled primarily by the giant axon system at 15 C. We used this startle response as an assay to examine the effects of acute temperature changes down to 6 C on behavioral and physiological aspects of escape jetting. In free-swimming squid, latency, distance traveled and peak velocity for single escape jets all increased as temperature decreased. In restrained squid, intra-mantle pressure transients during escape jets increased in latency, duration and amplitude at low temperature. Recordings of stellar nerve activity revealed repetitive firing of the giant motor axon accompanied by increased activity in the non-giant motor axons that run in parallel. Selective stimulation of giant and non-giant motor axons in isolated nerve-muscle preparations failed to show the effects seen in vivo, i.e. increased peak force and increased neural activity at low temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that L. opalescens is able to compensate escape jetting performance for the effects of acute temperature reduction. A major portion of this compensation appears to occur in the central nervous system and involves alterations in the recruitment pattern of both the giant and non-giant axon systems.
Abstract 3669: Bisphosphonate use following first primary ER+ breast cancer and risk of second primary breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: Recent studies suggest that bisphosphonates, drugs commonly prescribed for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, may reduce risk of developing a first breast cancer. This is the first population-based assessment of the effect of bisphosphonate use on risk of developing a second breast cancer among breast cancer survivors. Methods: Within a population-based nested case-control study of women diagnosed with a first primary ER+ invasive breast cancer (BC) at ages 40-79, we assessed the association between bisphosphonate use after first breast cancer diagnosis and risk of asynchronous primary in the contralateral breast (CBC). Conditional logistic regression was used to compare 359 CBC cases to 649 incidence density matched controls (women not diagnosed with CBC). Analyses of duration were restricted to women followed for similar time periods. Results: Use of nitrogenous bisphosphonates for ≥12 months following first primary ER+ BC diagnosis was associated with a 56% decrease in CBC risk relative to no bisphosphonate use in this period (95% CI: 0.24-0.80, p-value: 0.008). Increasing duration of bisphosphonate use was associated with greater reductions in CBC risk (OR≥6months: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31-0.89, p-value: 0.02; OR≥16months: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.21-0.83, p-value: 0.01; OR≥36months: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07-0.84, p-value: 0.03). Use within 6 months also appeared protective (OR: 0.50, CI: 0.29-0.88, p-value: 0.02). Conclusions: This study suggests that use of nitrogenous bisphosphonates, following diagnosis with ER+ BC, may reduce second primary CBC. Given bisphosphonate tolerability and other potential benefits in this high-risk population, bisphosphonate therapy may be a feasible approach for CBC risk reduction, and merits further investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3669. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3669
Research and Design of Fire Protection Information System Application Integration Based on SOA

To settle isolated islands of the information system of fire protection and to implement intercommunication and share of the information systems,the thesis analyzes principle,benefits and shortcomings of the traditional application integration,and introduces basic concept,architecture and advantages of SOA.Combining the practice of fire protection information system,this thesis proposes fire protection information system integration architecture based on SOA.
Clinical significance of measuring neuron-specific enolase in early diagnosis of severe hand, foot and mouth disease

Objective To evaluate clinical significance of the level of neuron-specific enolase(NSE) in the diagnosis of children with severe hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD). Methods The clinical data of 320 HFMD patients treated in the department of pediatrics of our hospital from Apr. 2011 to Nov. 2012 were collected. The patients were divided into a mild group(n=235) and a severe group(n=85) according to clinical manifestations, and an enterovirus(EV) 71 antibody positive group(n=89) and an EV71 antibody negative group(n=231) according to the detection of antibodies against EV71. Seventy-five healthy children receiving physical examination in health care department of our hospital were selected as a control group. Chemiluminescence methods were used to detect serum NSE level in different groups, and the serum NSE level was compared between the HFMD group and the control group, between the EV71 antibody positive group and the EV71 antibody negative group, between the mild group and the severe group, and between the onset phase and the recovery phase of HFMD complicated by intracranial infection. Results Serum NSE level in the HFMD group was significantly higher than that in the control group, that in the EV71 antibody positive group was significantly higher than that in the EV71 antibody negative group, that in the severe group was significantly higher than that in the mild group, and that in the onset phase of HFMD complicated by intracranial infection was significantly higher than that in the recovery phase( P 0.05). Conclusions The serum NSE level in HFMD children is significantly higher, especially in the EV71 antibody positive children. The higher the serum NSE level, the severer the condition. Serum NSE level is not only a reliable indicator reflecting the disease course of HFMD, but also an effective indicator predicting the severity of HFMD.
The petrosal and inner ear of Herpetocetus sp. (Mammalia; Cetacea) and their implications for the phylogeny and hearing of archaic mysticetes

r-This paper describes the petrosal (periotic) and the inner ear of Herpetocetus sp., an archaic mysticete whale (Mysticeti, Mammalia) from the Yorktown Formation (Pliocene) of North Carolina, USA. Parsimony analysis of 28 petrosal characters of Herpetocetus sp. and 11 other cetacean taxa supports the monophyly of mysticetes and the division of odontocetes and mysticetes. The in-group taxa of this analysis are: Herpetocetus, Parietobalaena, Pelocetus, Balaenidae, Eschrichtius, and Balaenopteridae. Odontocetes and the archaeocete Zygorhiza were used as successive outgroups to root phylogenetic trees and to establish character polarities. Among the moder mysticetes, the Balaenopteridae (rorquals) and the Eschrichtiidae (gray whales) are more closely related to each other than either is to the Balaenidae (bowhead and right whales). Several Miocene "cetotheriid" mysticetes and balaenids share some resemblance in the petrosal, suggesting their affinities. Quantitative information of the inner ear of Herpetocetus sp. was obtained by serial sectioning and computer graphic reconstruction. Herpetocetus sp. is much less developed than odontocetes in the cochlear structures that are crucial for high frequency hearing. Some cochlear structures in this fossil mysticete resemble more closely the non-echolocating moder mysticetes than early fossil toothed whales, indicating a possible specialization in low frequency hearing. This suggests that the archaic mysticetes of the Miocene and Pliocene did not have high frequency hearing necessary for echolocation. Herpetocetus sp. is similar to modem mysticetes but different from odontocetes in the spherical shape of the vestibule.
Adding affective argumentation to the GenIE assistant

This paper presents preliminary results of an empirical study to investigate effects of adding affective argumentation to the GenIE Assistant, an implemented proof-of-concept computational model of normative biomedical argument generation. The Assistant has been implemented in the domain of genetic counseling, a domain where human writers are advised to show empathy in addition to presenting clinical arguments for the diagnosis and source of a patient's condition.
Should prostate cancer be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with osteolytic bone lesions

Objective Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, as well as the second leading cause of death among cancers after lung cancer. In the United States, it is more prevalent in African-American men than in Caucasian men. Prostate cancer frequently metastasizes to the bone, with most of the reported lesions appearing to be osteoblastic on radiographs. Here, we describe an unusual presentation of metastatic prostate cancer with diffuse osteolytic bone lesions. Case presentation An 80-year-old previously healthy Hispanic man presented with worsening back pain, difficulty with ambulation, and bladder outlet obstruction. Physical examination was significant for spinal tenderness in the thoracic and lumbar region. Digital rectal examination was remarkable for asymmetric enlargement of the prostate with nodularity and firmness. Imaging studies revealed diffuse osteolytic lesions. His prostate-specific antigen was 562.8 ng/mL (normal 0-4). Prostate biopsy and imaging studies confirmed a diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer. Conclusions This case demonstrates that bone metastases of prostate cancer are not purely osteoblastic although most of the reported bone metastases in prostate cancer have been osteoblastic in nature. Therefore, clinicians are to consider metastatic prostate cancer as a differential diagnosis for patients with osteolytic bone lesions.
Market impact of proved reserves disclosures by US publicly held oil and gas exploration and development companies

US generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) permit publicly held oil and gas exploration and development companies (OGEs) to report exploration and development costs under either the successful efforts (SE) or the full cost pool (FC) method, which results in a lack of comparability of financial statements of FC and SE companies. In an attempt to eliminate information asymmetry, OGEs must disclose detailed information about proved reserves, including the discounted present value of future cash flows from proved reserves. This study investigates whether these reserve disclosures enhanced comparability between firms using FC and SE accounting. Quantitative research methods utilising multiple regression analysis techniques examine whether the present value of future cash flows from proved reserves discounted at 10% (PV10) and reserve quantity disclosures predict changes in market capitalisation. Although the various reserve disclosures required by the FASB (2014b) reduce information asymmetry between management and investors, the findings from this research indicate that investors in FC and SE companies use different data to determine the prices they are willing to pay for the companies' stocks. Therefore, these disclosures have not provided investors with a uniform set of criteria that can be used to compare a FC company with an SE company.
Abstract B27: Blockade of protein kinase A (PKA) localization augments the trafficking and anti-tumor efficacy of adoptively transferred chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells

Infusion of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells) is still relatively ineffective in solid tumors due to the presence of immunosuppressive mediators (such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and adenosine), and poor T cell trafficking. Since PGE2 and adenosine activate protein kinase A (PKA), which then inhibits T cell receptor (TCR) activation, we generated CAR T cells that expressed a small peptide called the “regulatory subunit I anchoring disruptor” (RIAD) that inhibits the association of protein kinase A (PKA) with ezrin; this interaction is required for the negative effects of PKA on TCR activation. After exposure to PGE2 or adenosine in vitro, CAR-RIAD T cells showed increased TCR signaling, more cytokine release, and enhanced killing of tumor cells compared to CAR T cells. When injected into tumor-bearing mice, murine and human CAR-RIAD T cells demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor efficacy compared to CAR T cells due to increased T cell infiltration of established tumors, and attenuated tumor-induced hypofunction. Subsequent in vitro assays showed that both mouse and human CAR-RIAD cells migrated more efficiently than CAR cells in response to the chemokine CXCL10 and also adhered better to various matrices. Our data therefore show that the addition of the RIAD peptide to adoptively transferred CAR T cells augments their efficacy by increasing their effector function and by improving trafficking into tumor sites. This treatment strategy should therefore be considered for clinical application in treating solid tumors. Citation Format: Kheng Newick, Shaun O9Brien, Jing Sun, Veena Kapoor, Steve Maceyko, Albert Lo, Ellen Pure, Ed K. Moon, Steven M. Albelda. Blockade of protein kinase A (PKA) localization augments the trafficking and anti-tumor efficacy of adoptively transferred chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr B27.
No differences in longevity of direct and indirect composite restorations

Data sourcesMedline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS), Brazilian Library of Dentistry (BBO), clinicaltrials.gov and SIGLE databases.Study selectionOnly randomised clinical trials were considered that compared direct vs indirect composite restorations, with or without cusp involvement, having a follow-up period of two years or greater.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers selected studies for inclusion, abstracted data and assessed risk of bias. A fixed effects meta-analysis was conducted.ResultsNine studies met the inclusion criteria with six contributing to the meta-analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical longevity for direct and indirect resin composite restorations; relative risk (RR) = 1.494 (95% CI; 0.893-2.500, p = 0.126). Comparing molars and premolars restored with DRC and IRC at three years there was no significant difference; RR = 0.716 (95% CI; 0.177-2.888, p = 0.638).ConclusionsThe results of the review indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in failure rate of direct resin composites vs indirect resin composites. Longitudinal studies on today's improved materials should, however, be considered for further review.