cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hardware/Software System For Implementing Geophysical Diffraction Tomography

Geophysical diffraction tomography is a technique for high resolution, quantitative imaging of subsurface cross-sections. The method is based upon an imaging process known as filtered backpropagation which is a generalization of the inverse straight ray tracing process referred to as backprojection. In backpropagation, an image of spatial variations in refractive index is formed by backpropagating data received along an array of detectors, by means of the reduced wave equation, from the array into the support volume of the host medium. Important steps in this imaging process include: (1) the synthesis of a coherent incident wave, (2) the determination of complex phase perturbations relative to a homogeneous background, and (3) the numerical application of a holographic lens. While there has been considerable development in the theory of backpropagation, less effort has been devoted to problems associated with its implementation. Problems of practical importance that must be considered include: (1) the development of a data acquisition system capable of resolving the necessary wave characteristics, (2) quantification of the incident field in a homogeneous host matrix, and (3) in-field, real-time signal processing. This paper describes a microprocessor-based data acquisition system specifically designed and fabricated for geophysical diffraction tomography, discusses signal processing algorithms which are implemented on the system and presents results of several field studies.
Mechanics of delamination of a brittle coating strip on a brittle substrate

Abstract A shear lag analysis was developed to quantify the nature of the stresses that develop both within a strip of brittle coating adhered to a brittle substrate and at the coating/substrate interface. The results are compared to results obtained using a more rigorous finite element model. As expected from the shear-lag analysis, the maximum interfacial shear stresses predicted by this model was at the coating ends in the coating/substrate interfacial layer, whereas axial compressive stresses within the coating itself were zero at the coating ends and were a maximum at the center of the coating. In this shear-lag model, the magnitude of these stresses as a function of the applied compressive stress was derived in terms of a single non-dimensional parameter, κ , that took into account the elastic and geometric properties of the coating and the substrate. The results of the shear-lag analysis were fully consistent with the finite element model results except at the corner between the coating and the substrate wherein the finite element model predicted a singularity. An approximate expression for the interfacial fracture toughness was obtained in terms of κ and in terms of the compressive stress at the onset of coating delamination using the analysis.
The Electronic Structure and Vibrational Spectrum of trans-HNOO

This paper reports the theoretical results of a thorough, state-of-the-art, coupled-cluster, renormalized coupled-cluster, and vibrational study on the molecule imine peroxide, HNOO, in its trans conformation. This molecule is isoelectronic with ozone and presents many of the same difficulties for theory as ozone. We report both the theoretical geometry and the vibrational frequencies, including anharmonic corrections to the computed harmonic vibrational frequencies obtained by calculating the quartic force field at the high levels of coupled cluster theory, including CCSD(T) and its renormalized and completely renormalized extensions and methods including the combined effect of triply and quadruply excited clusters [CCSD(TQf) and CCSDT-3(Qf)]. The motivation behind our study was the disagreement between two previous reports that appeared in the literature on HNOO, both reporting theoretical (harmonic) and experimental (matrix isolation) vibrational spectra of HNOO. Our new theoretical results and our ana...
The impact of plastics on the environment

In 1987, Campbell Soup Company introduced the Souper Combo, a line of frozen soup and sandwiches. Melvin Druin, vice‐president for packaging, called it “the perfect combination of old‐fashioned good taste and today's convenience. No mess. No fuss. Easy to use. All you have to do is clean your spoon. Everything else just throw away.” Unfortunately, the multi‐layered plastic‐coated packaging does not just disappear when thrown away. Plastics packaging, particularly from convenience products, has become a waste disposal nightmare. Garbage, an environmental magazine, gave the Souper Combo an “in the dumpster” award, saying, “It's precisely the kind of product that's created the municipal landfill monster.”
Marginal cost pricing revisited

Abstract Marginal cost pricing is the appropriate approach for achieving economic efficiency. Its proper application requires that marginal costs must be estimated on the basis of long-run incremental costs which must include all current and future running costs plus full replacement costs of all existing plant and equipment. If this is not done, unwarranted and, most likely, uneconomic windfall losses or gains may occur. If there are temporary surpluses or shortages, short-run marginal costs, limited to these portions of overall supply, should be used to deal with them.
Regression of Metastatic Hypernephroma

A 71-year-old woman had massive pulmonary metastases from a right hypernephroma, as shown by a chest roentgenogram. Nine days after nephrectomy, there was no roentgenographic evidence of such metastases. This represents the most rapid regression of clear-cell pulmonary metastases ever reported. Metastases reappeared six months postoperatively and the patient died of widespread metastatic disease 18 months after nephrectomy. The unpredictable behavior of metastatic hypernephroma is discussed.
Peer Prompting Reduces Disruptive Vocalizations of a Student with Developmental Disabilities in a General Eighth-Grade Classroom:

Using an ABAB withdrawal design, we investigated the effects of a simple peerprompting procedure on reducing or eliminating annoying/disruptive sounds made by a boy with developmental disabilities included in a general eighth-grade classroom. The data reveal that peer prompting notably reduced his inappropriate noises. Follow-up data 3 1/2 weeks and 5 weeks later revealed that the improvement persisted. In addition, anecdotal reports from the student's mother and new teacher when he advanced to a high school setting suggested that he responded well to a new peer and had not made any inappropriate/disruptive vocalizations in that second inclusive setting.
Isolation and Purification of Human Serum Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein

Abstract Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (or orosmucoid) was obtained in a pure state from normal human serum by ion exchange chromatography followed by curtain electrophoresis and a final ion exchange chromatography step. Pure α1 acid glycoprotein (α1A) has a sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S and a diffusion coefficient of 5.2 × 10−7cm2 sec−1, which yields a molecular weight of 44,680 Daltons and an asymmetry factor of 14.6. The αA prepared in the manner here described appears less denatured than the same protein isolated by the Cohn fractionation method.1,2 ' Alpha-1 A acts as a depressant of phagocytosis3 and is one of the constituents of Mowbray's serum fraction,″which induces a prolongation of skin homografts.
Quantum affine algebras and deformations of the Virasoro and 237-1237-1237-1

Using the Wakimoto realization of quantum affine algebras we define new Poisson algebras, which areq-deformations of the classicalW. We also define their free field realizations, i.e. homomorphisms into some Heisenberg-Poisson algebras. The formulas for these homomorphisms coincide with formulas for spectra of transfer-matrices in the corresponding quantum integrable models derived by the Bethe-Ansatz method.
Characteristics of Victims Coarrested for Intimate Partner Violence

This study evaluated the frequency of coarrest in female victims who utilized 911 for intimate partner violence (IPV) and any patterns or circumstances that increased the likelihood of coarrest. All cases of police-documented IPV where a female IPV victim was arrested in conjunction with the perpetrator were included. Each incident report was reviewed to determine demographic characteristics of the victim, weapon and substance involvement, presence of children, and violence severity. Of IPV victims, 9% (131 of 1,489) were arrested. Having a weapon, alcohol use, not being married, and older age were associated with increased likelihood of arrest (p < .001). The presence of a child decreased the likelihood of victim arrest (p < .001). Race, prior incidents of IPV, offender restraining order, and incident severity were not significantly associated with coarrest. Although coarrest occurred in a minority of cases, it may deter victims from contacting police for future incidents of police.
NPY-induced overfeeding suppresses hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression: potential roles of plasma insulin and leptin.

To test the hypothesis that NPY-induced overfeeding activates compensatory responses that inhibit hypothalamic NPY gene expression, we investigated the effect of chronically administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) on plasma hormones involved in energy balance and on the level of mRNA for hypothalamic neuropeptides. After cannulation of the third cerebral ventricle, male Long-Evans rats received a 4.5-day intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of either human NPY (12 μg per day), or synthetic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). NPY-treated animals were either allowed ad libitum access to food or were pairfed to the intake of CSF-treated controls. In rats fed ad libitum, icv NPY induced significant increases in food intake (75%), body weight (9%), plasma insulin (150%) and plasma leptin levels (300%) as compared to the icv CSF group. Levels of plasma leptin, but not insulin, remained elevated in NPY-treated rats that were pairfed to the intake of the CSF group. NPY mRNA levels in the midregion of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) were reduced by 50% in NPY-treated rats that were allowed to overeat, but not in the pairfed group, as determined by in situ hybridization. In contrast, mRNA for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the rostral ARC were not significantly different among groups. These findings indicate that NPY-induced overfeeding suppresses ARC NPY mRNA expression, and that this effect unlikely to be mediated by a direct action of NPY, since it was abolished by limiting food intake in NPY-treated animals to that observed in controls. NPY-induced overfeeding was also associated with elevated plasma levels of leptin and insulin. The effect of these hormones to inhibit NPY gene expression may therefore have contributed to the decrease of NPY mRNA.
Coalescence in the recent past in rapidly growing populations

Abstract In a rapidly growing population one expects that two individuals chosen at random from the n th generation are unlikely to be closely related if n is large. In this paper it is shown that for a broad class of rapidly growing populations this is not the case. For a Galton–Watson branching process with an offspring distribution { p j } such that p 0 = 0 and ψ ( x ) = ∑ j p j I { j ≥ x } is asymptotic to x − α L ( x ) as x → ∞ where L ( ⋅ ) is slowly varying at ∞ and 0 α 1 (and hence the mean m = ∑ j p j = ∞ ) it is shown that if X n is the generation number of the coalescence of the lines of descent backwards in time of two randomly chosen individuals from the n th generation then n − X n converges in distribution to a proper distribution supported by N = { 1 , 2 , 3 , … } . That is, in such a rapidly growing population coalescence occurs in the recent past rather than the remote past. We do show that if the offspring mean m satisfies 1 m ≡ ∑ j p j ∞ and p 0 = 0 then coalescence time X n does converge to a proper distribution as n → ∞ , i.e., coalescence does take place in the remote past.
DYNAMIC RUDERMAN-KITTEL-KASUYA-YOSIDA INDIRECT INTERACTION

We consider the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction between two spins, when they are affected by a frequency-dependent magnetic field. It is shown that the RKKY indirect interaction, i.e., value of the coupling, its spatial dependence, and the periods of spatial oscillations, in the three-dimensional free-electron gas for transversal component of the spins depends on the frequency. For the high-frequency range h\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\leqslant}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ three main uncommensurable periods of oscillations ${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{F}}$, (1+$\sqrt{2}$)${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{F}}$, ($\sqrt{2}$-1)${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ are found. The spatial dependence of the coupling for large ${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ r contains terms proportional to ${\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and ${\mathrm{r}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$. The value of the coupling is of the order (${\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ r${)}^{2}$ as much as in the static case. For the frequency range h\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ the dynamic RKKY interaction contains the terms whose values and spatial periods are determined by the frequency of the magnetic field. It is shown that there is a frequency-dependent anisotropy of the dynamic RKKY interaction.
Estimating Pollution Source Contributions from Temporally Correlated Air Quality Observations

In the receptor modeling literature, the standard tool for solving the chemical mass balance (CMB) equations is the effective variance solution. Using pollution source profiles, profile uncertainties, and measurement error variances, the CMB model can be fit in order to partition the ambient pollutants measured at the receptor into a collection of source contributions. We discuss the use of the CMB model for the analysis of a multivariate time series of air quality measurements. We consider new multivariate extensions of the effective variance solution for temporally correlated observations. New estimation and inference procedures which account for the multiple sources of correlation in the data are presented. Using computer simulation, approaches are compared under various scenarios in which ambient measures are collected over time and in which other standard model assumptions are violated.
Sequence-specific RNA binding by a Nova KH domain: implications for paraneoplastic disease and the fragile X syndrome.

Abstract The structure of a Nova protein K homology (KH) domain recognizing single-stranded RNA has been determined at 2.4 A resolution. Mammalian Nova antigens (1 and 2) constitute an important family of regulators of RNA metabolism in neurons, first identified using sera from cancer patients with the autoimmune disorder paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia (POMA). The structure of the third KH domain (KH3) of Nova-2 bound to a stem loop RNA resembles a molecular vise, with 5′-Ura-Cyt-Ade-Cyt-3′ pinioned between an invariant Gly-X-X-Gly motif and the variable loop. Tetranucleotide recognition is supported by an aliphatic α helix/β sheet RNA-binding platform, which mimics 5′-Ura-Gua-3′ by making Watson-Crick-like hydrogen bonds with 5′-Cyt-Ade-3′. Sequence conservation suggests that fragile X mental retardation results from perturbation of RNA binding by the FMR1 protein.
Collective behavior in populations of coupled stochastic oscillators

Study objectives: Theoretical studies of coupled oscillators have potential implications for such diverse fields as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and biology. One crucial question about the collective behavior of such populations is whether or not coupling causes the individual oscillators to eventually come into phase (ie, whether the population synchronizes). Previous studies have shown that populations of diffusively coupled identical oscillators tend to synchronize. Other studies have shown that populations of coupled oscillators with a range of natural frequencies may or may not synchronize, depending on the strength of coupling. Less is known about this question for populations of coupled stochastic ("noisy") oscillators. A stochastic oscillator is characterized by random variation in the period and amplitude of oscillation. Because all biochemical systems are to some extent noisy, the behavior of such systems is relevant to biology. We examine under what conditions populations of diffusively coupled stochastic oscillators tend to synchronize. Methods: This was a theoretical study using computer simulation. Using an algorithm from the theory of stochastic dynamical systems, the behavior of populations of coupled stochastic oscillators was simulated. A model chemical oscillator known as the "Brusselator" was chosen for simulation. Each oscillator was coupled equally to all the others by a process akin to chemical diffusion. Two main sets of simulations were conducted. In the first, the strength of the coupling parameter was gradually increased from zero through 9 successive values to a maximum. All other system parameters were held constant. In the second set of simulations, the number of oscillators was set at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100. All other system parameters were held constant, including strength of coupling. In each simulation, the average behavior of the population was graphed against time. For populations with no synchrony, the average behavior is expected to fluctuate irregularly around a baseline with no clear oscillatory behavior. For synchronized populations, the average is expected to clearly oscillate around a baseline. Results: As the coupling parameter is increased, there is a clear trend from no synchrony in the population to a high degree of synchrony. For higher values of the coupling parameter, the degree of synchrony increases less. As the number of oscillators in the population is increased, there is a clear trend from less synchrony to more synchrony. The degree of change in synchrony is less than that observed as the coupling parameter is varied. Conclusion: Increased coupling and increased population size tend to increase synchrony in populations of coupled stochastic oscillators. For the conditions examined, the effect of coupling is stronger than that of population size. Coupled biochemical oscillators may regularize and synchronize their behavior by stronger coupling or increased population size.
Synthesis, depletion and cell-type expression of a protein from the male accessory glands of the dengue vector mosquito Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti males transfer sperm and seminal fluid proteins (Sfps), primarily produced by male accessory glands (AGs), to females during mating. When collectively injected or transplanted into females, AG tissues and/or seminal fluid homogenates have profound effects on Aedes female physiology and behavior. To identify targets and design new strategies for vector control, it is important to understand the biology of the AGs. Thus, we examined characteristics of AG secretion and development in A. aegypti, using the AG-specific seminal fluid protein, AAEL010824, as a marker. We showed that AAEL010824 is first detectable by 12h post-eclosion, and increases in amount over the first 3 days of adult life. We then showed that the amount of AAEL0010824 in the AG decreases after mating, with each successive mating depleting it further; by 5 successive matings with no time for recovery, its levels are very low. AAEL010824 levels in a depleted male are replenished by 48 h post-mating. In addition to examining the level of AAEL010824 protein, we also characterized the expression of its gene. We did this by making a transgenic mosquito line that carries an Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein (EGFP) fused to the AAEL0010824 promoter that we defined here. We showed that AAEL010824 is expressed in the anterior cells of the accessory glands, and that its RNA levels also respond to mating. In addition to further characterizing AAEL010824 expression, our results with the EGFP fusion provide a promoter for driving AG expression. By providing this information on the biology of an important male reproductive tissue and the production of one of its seminal proteins, our results lay the foundation for future work aimed at identifying novel targets for mosquito population control.
Removal of intra-class associations in joint transform power spectrum

Abstract A technique to remove the spectral contents of the intra-class association (ICA) with a hybrid joint transform correlator (JTC) is presented. We have shown that the removal of ICA content from the joint transform power spectrum (JTPS) can significantly improve the performance of correlations, the space bandwidth product and efficiency for a joint transform correlator particularly for multiple target detection environment. Simulated results using the ICA removal algorithm are provided, in which we have shown that the removal of the ICA contents performs better as compared with the conventional JTC.
GlueX: Photoproduction of Hybrid Mesons

The goal of the GlueX experiment is to provide critical data to help understand the soft gluonic field responsible for binding quarks in hadrons. Hybrid mesons, and in particular exotic hybrid mesons, provide the ideal laboratory for testing QCD in the confinement regime since these mesons explicitly manifest the gluonic degrees of freedom. Photoproduction is expected to be particularly effective in producing exotic hybrids but there is little data on the photoproduction of light mesons. GlueX will use the new 12-GeV electron beam to produce a 9-GeV beam of linearly polarized photons using the technique of coherent bremsstrahlung. A solenoid-based hermetic detector is under construction, which will be used to collect data on meson production and decays. These data will also be used to study the spectrum of conventional mesons, including the poorly understood excited vector mesons. This talk will describe the latest theoretical developments to help understand how the data of hybrid mesons can provide insights into the fundamental theory of strong interactions.
After the Sa‐i‐gu (April 29) Los Angeles riots: Correlates of subjective well‐being in the Korean‐American community

Using 498 randomly selected Korean residents in Los Angeles from a recent epidemiological health telephone survey, correlates of subjective well-being in the Korean-American community were investigated including riot victim status, perceived riot effects, demographic variables (age, gender, and income), acculturation, and social support and social integration variables, approximately 6 months after the Sa-i-gu (April 29) Los Angeles Riots. Multiple regression analyses indicated that two indices of subjective well-being, general happiness and perceived physical health status, though significantly correlated, appeared to be influenced by different psychological processes. Moreover, significant gender differences were found in various types of correlates in accounting for the two indices of subjective well-being. Overall, of the correlates investigated, demographic (age and income) factors, perceived riot effects, acculturation indices, and social support/social integration contributed to both Korean-American men and women's subjective well-being. Certain effects of social support and social integration were not consistent with past research. Implications for future research and limitations were discussed in terms of community psychology's focus on extraindividual, as opposed to micro-level individual approaches.
VARIABILITY OF CARROTS TO AUXIN, CASEIN HYDROLYSATE AND COCONUT MILK

STORAGE ORGANS such as carrot root, potato tuber, Jerusalem artichoke tuber, etc., have been used for years as tissue sources in various kinds of physiological investigations. With clonal material such as potato, genetic variability usually plays a very small role; however, even with specific strains of non-clonal material such as carrot, genetic variability may play a role which is becoming more appreciated. In the carrot bio-assay for growth factors of the type found in coconut milk, the magnitude of the growth response of explants from individual carrots has been shown to vary from root to root in the presence of coconut milk (Caplin and Steward, 1952), as well as to casein hydrolysate and one of the active crystalline factors isolated from coconut milk (Steward and Shantz, 1954), identified later as 1,3 diphenylurea (Shantz and Steward, 1955). Oxygen partial pressure has also been shown to affect differently the growth of explants from different carrot roots (Steward et al., 1952). Where explants from one carrot responded little to increased oxygen, those from another showed marked response (producing at 50 per cent oxygen 3.5 times the amount of growth in air). From the morphological standpoint, carrots of the same strain, selected for uniformity in diameter, even growing near each other in the same field, show differences of interest. For example, the relative thicknesses of secondary phloem and xylem are rarely constant, and cambia vary widely in crosssectional configuration. Some roots have regular, circular cambia; others are stellar-shaped or irregular. Some have a lighter (to lemon-yellow) or a darker (to deep orange) xylem in comparison with the phloem. Some even have what appear to be concentric growth rings in the phloem, whereas others do not. Explants from different carrots cultured in the presence of coconut milk show other interesting differences. From most carrots, explants grown in light become pale green; from some, brightgreen cultures are formed; more rarely from others, anthocyanin forms in cells at or near the surface, giving to the cultures a brownish or purplish tinge.
Contesting the Emerging Modern: Early Modern Critiques of Mainstream Modernity

The author argues that postmodern, ecofeminist, and ecopsychological critiques of mainstream modernity are clearly anticipated by several early modern writers. In fact, they, among others, may be taken to represent the second, or self-critical, tendency in modernity. Michel de Montaigne, William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, and Moliere all seem to recognize what Pierre Bourdieu has argued explicitly: the "world" made available by representations for supposedly objective cognition is not the world we actually inhabit, but it can disastrously replace that world, which is the only one wherein we can survive. The represented world is a network of merely symbolic relationships and exchanges, into which only delusive versions of the self and the real can be incorporated. The writers looked at here denounce the suffocating proliferation of artifacts and representations, the dangerous craving for certainty, and the delusive detachment of mind from matter.
Impact of medication non-adherence on survival after pediatric heart transplantation in the USA

Background Medication non-adherence (NA) can result in life-threatening illness in children after solid-organ transplantation. Little is known about the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of NA in large numbers of pediatric heart transplant (HT) recipients. Methods Organ Procurement Transplant Network (OPTN) data were used to identify all children Results Of 2,070 pediatric heart transplants performed the median age at transplant was 6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0 to 13 years); 40% had congenital heart disease (CHD), 7% were re-transplants, 42% were non-white and 43% had Medicaid insurance. Overall, 186 (9%) children had a report of NA at a median age of 15 years with more than two-thirds of NA episodes occurring after 12 years of age. Factors independently associated with NA were: adolescent age at transplant (hazard ratio [HR] 7.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.1 to 12, compared with infants); black race (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7 to 3.3, compared with white); Medicaid insurance (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5 to 2.7, compared with non-Medicaid insurance); and ventilator or ventricular assist device (VAD) support at transplant. The risk of mortality conditional upon report of NA was 26% at 1 year and 33% at 2 years. Conclusions Medication NA is an important problem in pediatric HT recipients and is associated with high mortality. Adolescent age, black race, Medicaid insurance and invasive hemodynamic support at transplant were associated with NA, whereas time on the wait list and gender were not. Targeted interventions among at-risk populations may be warranted.
Disubstituted Indazoles as Potent Antagonists of the Integrin αvβ3

A new series of indazole-containing αvβ3 integrin antagonists is described. Starting with lead compound 18a, variations in a number of structural features were explored with respect to inhibition of the binding of β3-transfected 293 cells to fibrinogen and to selectivity for αvβ3 over GPIIbIIIa, another RGD-binding integrin. Indazoles attached to a 2-aminopyridine or 2-aminoimidazole by a propylene linker at the indazole 1-position and to a diaminopropionate derivative via a 5-carboxylate amide provided the best potency with moderate selectivity. Several differences in the SAR of the diaminopropionate moiety were observed between this series and a series of isoxazoline-based selective GPIIbIIIa antagonists. Compound 34a (SM256) was a potent antagonist of αvβ3 (IC50 2.3 nM) with 9-fold selectivity over GPIIbIIIa.
Some results on pooling

This paper examines the notion of pooling estimates from different samples in order to estimate a common parameter, Slutsky's Theorem is used to provide asympototic results, An example is given comparing three pooled estimates of the common standard deviation of several Normal Populations
Uranium geochemistry and dating of Pacific island apatite

Abstract Uranium-series disequilibrium dating of island phosphate deposits is evaluated in terms of known associated coral ages, uranium geochemistry, and stratigraphic sequences as well as the concordance between the geochronometers 234 U/ 238 U, 230 Th/ 234 U and 226 Ra/ 238 U. U(VI) is the predominant oxidation state of uranium in island phosphorites and by analogy to the youngest surficial deposits, most of the uranium initially bound is in the form of U(VI) sorbed by surfaces from seawater. Insular deposits contain more organic matter than even very young ocean floor samples and this leads to a greater probability of reduction of available recoil uranium than occurs in marine deposits. As a consequence, R ( VI ) ⩽ R ( T ) ⩽ R ( VI ), where R represents the 234 U/ 238 U activity ratio. This situation is completely opposite from that observed for marine-origin phosphorites. We determined that a fraction of U(VI) in ancient insular phosphorites is very labile and lost to alkaline carbonate solutions with a uranium activity ratio even more depleted in 234 U than the bulk R ( VI ). Most younger samples appear to have no more discordance between 234 U/ 238 U, 230 Th/ 234 U and 226 Ra/ 238 U than marine phosphorites of similar apparent age. Young, surficial atoll-rim apatite cements and unconsolidated phosphorites date in the range of 1500–8000 years B.P., consistent with the concept of partial submergence of low-lying coral islands prior to 2000 years B.P. Sub-surficial samples in the same environment date older at about 20,000 years B.P. Violation of the closed system assumption occurs in at least 6 out of 13 ancient (> 800,000 year) samples. Uranium-series disequilibrium dating of insular apatite shows some promise as a recorder of climatic/sea level events, but the assumptions necessary for valid ages must be carefully evaluated for each occurrence.
The Early Days

John Virgo and I were classmates, both as undergraduate and graduate students. John earned a B.A. in economics in 1967 and an M.A. in economics in 1969 from California State Fullerton. I received a B.A. in business administration with a concentration in economics in 1968 and a M.A. in economics in 1969, also from CSUF. We were then both accepted into the doctoral program in economics at the Claremont Graduate School, now called Claremont Graduate University. We were both primarily interested in labor economics. John was awarded a Ph.D. in 1972, but I finished in 1974. How did he finish so fast? Aside from being an expert in mnemonics and speed reading, John was exceptionally focused and was an accomplished planner. Those traits would serve him his entire professional career. In the early days as an undergraduate, John had an interest in labor economics—particularly labor immigration. Whenever he was required to write a class paper, John would choose a topic related to immigration. He wrote papers on the migrant worker program in California and on illegal manpower flows. And lo and behold, when he passed the doctoral qualifying exams, he submitted his dissertation, supervised by Professor Paul Sultan, a few days later. John had been working on aspects of his thesis for years. He knew exactly what he wanted to accomplish early on. I would call that extraordinary planning and focus. We lost close touch with each other after graduate school. I took a job as Director of the Manpower division of the Illinois Institute for Social Policy, a think tank created by the governor housed within the Illinois Department of Welfare. I lost that job after one year when a new governor took office, and I was fortunate to be offered a position as Assistant Professor of Quantitative Methods at CSUF. John took a position as Assistant Professor of Economics at Virginia Commonwealth University. In 1975, he moved to Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, where he stayed until he retired in 2005. Atl Econ J (2013) 41:317–318 DOI 10.1007/s11293-013-9367-1
Population trends of selected phytophagous arthropods and predators under different pesticide programs in Virginia apple orchards.

Population trends of selected pests in Virginia apple orchards [ Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), Aphis citricola Van der Goot, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini), Platynota . spp.] and predators [ Leptothrips mali (Fitch), Haplothrips subtilissimus Haliday, Orius insidiosus Say, Stethorus punctum (LeConte), Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler), Chrysopa spp.] were monitored during 1977 and 1978 under three reduced-pesticide programs. The pesticide program with phosalone and Dikar® [a blend of Dithane® M-45 (coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithio=carbamate) and technical Karathane® (2,4-dinitro-6-octylphenyl crotonate, 2,6-dinitro-4 octylphenyl crotonate, and nitro-octyl-phenols)] as its major components allowed the largest number of predators to remain in the orchard and controlled most pests. Platynota spp. caused economic damage during August and September, regardless of the pesticides used or the number of predators in the orchards. L. mali and H. subtilissimus were the most abundant predators and probably responded numerically to densities of A. schlechtendali . The presence of this mite species may aid the development of large numbers of thrips within an apple orchard. O. insidiosus and D. nebulosus usually increased too late in the season to reduce aphid populations, but aphids may be important in attracting these general predators into the orchard. S. punctum ’s response to densities of P. ulmi was inconsistent, but together with other predators it may have had an important role in reducing P. ulmi populations. Chrysopa spp. remained at consistently low levels throughout the study under all pesticide programs.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies on the DNA-binding domain of the multidrug transporter activation protein (MtaN) from Bacillus subtilis.

The N-terminal DNA-binding domain of the multidrug transporter activation protein (MtaN) was crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using lithium chloride as a precipitant. The crystals are orthorhombic and belong to the space group I212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 49.4, b = 67.8, c = 115.0 A. Diffraction data have been collected at 100 K to 2.75 A resolution at a synchrotron-radiation source.
Self-stabilizing algorithms for finding centers and medians of trees

Locating a center or a median in a graph is a fundamental graph-theoretic problem. Centers and medians are especially important in distributed systems because they are ideal locations for placing resources that need to be shared among dierent processes in a network. This paper presents simple self-stabilizing algorithms for locating centers and medians of trees. Since these algorithms are self-stabilizing, they can tolerate transient failures. In addition, they can automatically adjust to a dynamically changing tree topology. After the algorithms are presented, their correctness is proven and upper bounds on their time complexity are established. Finally, extensions of our algorithms to trees with arbitrary, positive edge costs are sketched.
Commercial Banks, Interlocking Directorates and Economic Power: An Analysis of the Primary Metals Industry

This paper addresses the issues of corporate control and bank power by analyzing relations between commercial banks and firms in the primary metals industry. We construct three models of corporate control: management control, single bank control, and collective bank control. We test the validity of these models for the primary metals industry by comparing (1) frequencies and distributions of bank-corporate interlocks and bank-trust department stockholdings; and (2) relationships between bank interlocks and measures of relative short-term debt and dividend payout rate. Our results support none of the models fully but lend partial support to the collective bank-control model. Two additional approaches to the study of economic powerthe resource dependence perspective and the class cohesion perspective-are then discussed and suggestions made for further research. Corporations, and the managers and stockholders that govern them, have enormous power in our society (Bell, 1973); yet our knowledge of how corporations function, and of how they cooperate and compete, is severely limited (Useem, 1979, 1980). The ability of commercial banks and bankers to influence non-financial corporations is one important area that requires more research. This paper constructs and evaluates different models of economic power, with special emphasis on the influence they attribute to banks. To this end, we examine the frequency with which firms in an important U.S. industry (primary metals) maintain interlocking directorates
Sarcolipin and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase 1 mRNAs are over-expressed in skeletal muscles of α-tocopherol deficient mice

The transcriptome of ataxic muscles from alpha-tocopherol transfer protein deficient (ATTP-KO), 23-month old, mice was compared with that of their normal littermates. Genes encoding sarcolipin (sln) and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (uchl1) were over-expressed (> or =10-fold) in ataxic muscles. SLN is a 3.2 kDa membrane protein that binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, regulates Ca(+ +) transport and muscle relaxation-contraction cycles. UCHL1 is a 24.8 kDa member of proteosome proteins; it is over-expressed in myofibrillar myopathy and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, six additional transcripts, three encoding thin-filament proteins and three encoding Ca(+ +) sensing proteins that participate in contraction-relaxation cycle, and eight transcripts that encode members of lysosomal proteins were also over-expressed in ataxic muscles. These observations suggest that chronic alpha-tocopherol (AT) deficiency activates critical genes of muscle contractility and protein degradation pathways, simultaneously. The magnitude of induction of sln and uchl1 was lower in asymptomatic, 8-month old, ATTP-KO mice and in 8-month old mice fed an AT-depleted diet. These studies suggest sln and uchl1 genes as novel targets of AT deficiency and may offer molecular correlates of well documented descriptions of neuromuscular dysfunctions in AT-deficient rodents. Since the neuromuscular deficits of ATTP-KO mice appear to be similar to those of patients with ATTP mutations, it is suggested that over-expression of sln and uchl1 may also contribute to AT-sensitive ataxia in humans.
Raman-brillouin light scattering determination of the structural correlation range in ges2 glass☆

Abstract Polarized Brillouin and low frequency (3 cm −1 ⩽ ω ⩽ 40 cm −1 ) Raman spectra of GeS 2 glass have been measured. Parameters determined from the Brillouin spectra have been used in the theory of Martin and Brenig to obtain from a fit of the Raman spectrum the structural correlation range, 2σ. We find 2σ = 8 ± 1 A.
The Expected Maximum Distance Objective in Facility Location

In this paper we introduce a new objective function for the minimax location problem. Every demand point generates demand for service with a given probability (during a given period of time) and the objective is to minimize the expected maximum distance. The planar problem is proven to be convex and thus standard solution techniques such as using the Solver in Excel can be applied for its solution. Properties for the problem on the network are proven and an efficient algorithm proposed for its solution.
Extraction of Formic Acid from Sodium Formate

This paper presents the laboratory results of extraction of formic acid from the reaction of sodium formate with carbon dioxide: HCOONa(w) + CO2(g) + H2O(w) + Am(o) ⇄ NaHCO3(s,w) + HCOOHAm(o). The...
“Nobody Understands”: On a Cardinal Phenomenon of Palliative Care

In the clinical practice of palliative medicine, recommended communication models fail to approximate the truth of suffering associated with an impending death. I provide evidence from patients' stories and empiric research alike to support this observation. Rather than attributing this deficiency to inadequate training or communication skills, I examine the epistemological premises of the biomedical language governing the patient-physician communication. I demonstrate that the contemporary biomedicine faces a fundamental aporetic occlusion in attempting to examine death. This review asserts that the occlusion defines, rather than simply complicating, palliative care. Given the defining place of aporia in the care for the dying, I suggest that this finding shape the clinicians' responses to the needs of patients in clinical care and in designing palliative research. Lastly, I briefly signal that a genuinely apophatic voice construing the occlusion as a mystery rather than an aporia may be superior to the present communication and empathy models.
Novel therapeutic strategy targeting the Hedgehog signalling and mTOR pathways in biliary tract cancer

Activation of the PI3K/mTOR and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathways occurs frequently in biliary tract cancer (BTC). Crosstalk between these pathways occurs in other gastrointestinal cancers. The respective signalling inhibitors rapamycin and vismodegib may inhibit BTC synergistically and suppress cancer stem cells (CSCs). Gene expression profiling for p70S6k and Gli1 was performed with BTC cell lines. Tumour and pathway inhibitory effects of rapamycin and vismodegib were investigated in BTC preclinical models and CSCs. Rapamycin and vismodegib synergistically reduced BTC cell viability and proliferation. This drug combination arrested BTC Mz-ChA-1 cells in the G1 phase but had no significant effect on the cell cycle of BTC Sk-ChA-1 cells. Combined treatment inhibited the proliferation of CSCs and ALDH-positive cells. Nanog and Oct-4 expression in CSCs was decreased by the combination treatment. Western blotting results showed the p-p70S6K, p-Gli1, p-mTOR, and p-AKT protein expression were inhibited by the combination treatment in BTC cells. In an Mz-ChA-1 xenograft model, combination treatment resulted in 80% inhibition of tumour growth and prolonged tumour doubling time. In 4 of 10 human BTC specimens, tumour p-p70S6K and Gli1 protein expression levels were decreased with the combination treatment. Targeted inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR and Hhpathways indicates a new avenue for BTC treatment with combination therapy.
Creating Respectful Classroom Environments.

Creating respectful classroom environments Respect is a critical variable in education. It is critical to each individual child in the classroom environment as well as to the teaching and learning that takes place in the classroom. Children learn by example. Where do they get their examples? This article explores the parameters of teaching and encouraging respect in classrooms for young children. Emphasis is placed on the creation of respectful classroom environments taught by teachers who have themselves been prepared to nurture this kind of environment.
Augmentation of spelling therapy with transcranial direct current stimulation in primary progressive aphasia: Preliminary results and challenges.

Background: Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects language functions and often begins in the fifth or sixth decade of life. The devastating effects on work and family life call for the investigation of treatment alternatives. In this article, we present new data indicating that neuromodulatory treatment, using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with a spelling intervention, shows some promise for maintaining or even improving language, at least temporarily, in PPA.Aims: The main aim of the present article is to determine whether tDCS plus spelling intervention is more effective than spelling intervention alone in treating written language in PPA. We also asked whether the effects of tDCS are sustained longer than the effects of spelling intervention alone.Methods & Procedures: We present data from six PPA participants who underwent anodal tDCS or sham plus spelling intervention in a within-subject crossover design. Each stimulation con...
Unsteady High-Angle-of-Attack Aerodynamic Models of a Generic Jet Transport

Accurate simulation of flight beyond normal conditions requires models of the aircraft aerodynamics at high angles of attack, for which the flow over the wing and control surfaces may be rapidly changing and massively separated. This study focuses on large-amplitude forced oscillations of a benchmark commercial aircraft configuration. Existing models are modified to describe the unsteady aerodynamic forces on the aircraft up to stall range. Steady-state and periodically forced unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation data are employed to calibrate the model parameters. The results of the reduced-order models are in good overall agreement with those observed in the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations.
Going public in the 1980s: Evidence from Sweden

The paper explores the going public decision in a sample of family-owned corporations in Sweden, 1970–1991. the issuers' motivations for going public are documented and contrasted with economic theory. We find that the average firm is old, that a significant portion of the shares are sold by existing shareholders, that most going public activity took place after an exceptionally sharp stock price increase, and that going public activity is not related to the business cycle. the findings suggest that firms were taken public by their owners who wanted to liquidate their investment to finance consumption or portfolio diversification. the findings strike the common view that firms go public to finance growth. Data from other European countries exhibit similar patterns and suggest that our findings for Sweden may extend to other markets as well.
LINEAR ALGEBRA IN GEOGRAPHY, EIGENVECTORS OF NETWORKS

Accessibility of towns on a road map is measured by the principal eigenvector of its adjacency matrix.