cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of feed restriction on reproductive and metabolic hormones in ewes.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of short-term feed withdrawal on reproductive and metabolic hormones during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle in mature ewes. Mature ewes observed in estrus were assigned randomly to control and fasted groups (n = 10 per group Trials 1 and 2). For Trials 1 and 2, control ewes had ad libitum access to feed, whereas fasted ewes were not fed from d 7 through 11 of their estrous cycle; on d 12, all ewes were treated with 10 mg of PGF2alpha, and fasted ewes were gvien ad libitum access to feed. For Trial 1, blood samples were collected daily through fasting and at 2-h intervals following PGF2alpha for 72 h. Serum concentrations of insulin (P or = 0.60), were decreased during fasting compared with fed ewes. Serum concentrations of 29 (P = 0.02) and 34 kDa (P = 0.04) IGFBP were greater in fasted ewes at 96 h after initiation of fasting than in control ewes. Two control and four fasted ewes in Trial 1 did not exhibit a preovulatory surge release of LH by 72 h. Therefore, Trial 2 was conducted so that the timing of the LH surge could be predicted following the collection of blood samples at 2-h intervals for 112 h and then at 6-h intervals until 178 h following PGF2alpha administration and realimentation. The magnitude of the preovulatory LH surge in Trial 2 was decreased (P = 0.009) and delayed (P = 0.04), and serum concentrations of estradiol were diminished (P or = 0.32) by fasting in Trials 1 and 2. Serum concentrations of progesterone in both Trials 1 and 2 were, however, greater (P < 0.001) in fasted than in control ewes. A third trial with ovariectomized ewes was conducted to determine whether the increased serum concentrations of progesterone observed in fasted ewes during Trials 1 and 2 were ovarian-derived. Ovariectomized ewes were implanted with progesterone-containing intravaginal implants and allotted to control (n = 5) or fasted (n = 5) treatment groups and fed as described for Trials 1 and 2. Similar to intact ewes, serum concentrations of progesterone were approximately twofold greater (P < 0.001) in fasted than in control implanted ovariectomized ewes. In summary, feed withdrawal for 5 d during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle increased serum concentrations of progesterone and evoked endocrine changes that could perturb the subsequent estrous cycle.
Olefin Metathesis Catalyst: Stabilization Effect of Backbone Substitutions of N-Heterocyclic Carbene

Ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts bearing an N-phenyl-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand that are resistant to decomposition through C−H activation have been prepared and tested in ring closing metathesis (RCM), cross metathesis (CM), and ROMP reactions. The N,N′-diphenyl-substituted NHC complex proved to be one of the most efficient catalysts in RCM to form tetrasubstituted olefins.
Effect of microinjection of muscimol into the dorsomedial or paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus on air stress-induced neuroendocrine and cardiovascular changes in rats

Abstract The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contains neurons that release corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRH) and thus provide the stimulus for the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), the neuroendocrine hallmark of the response to stress. However, inhibition of neuronal activity in the nearby dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) by microinjection of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol suppresses cardiovascular changes seen in air stress in conscious rats, while similar treatment in the PVN has no effect. Because the DMH projects to the PVN and also contains CRH neurons, we decided to investigate the role of neuronal activity in the DMH in the neuroendocrine response to stress. In control rats or after microinjection of saline vehicle into either the PVN or the DMH, air stress resulted in equivalent increases in plasma levels of ACTH, heart rate, and arterial pressure. Bilateral microinjection of muscimol 80 pmol/100 nl/side into either the PVN or the DMH prior to air stress reduced the associated increases in plasma ACTH (−37% and −71%, respectively), while only injection into the DMH attenuated the accompanying tachycardia (−62%) and pressor (−83%) effects. Thus, neurons in the DMH, but not in the PVN, play a role in both the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine response to air stress.
Parental management, ADHD, and delinquent involvement: Reassessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory

A core proposition of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime is that ineffective parenting fosters low self-control in children, which leads to delinquent conduct. Using a sample of 2,472 students, we examined the impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on self-control and delinquency. The analysis revealed three main findings. First, low self-control was a strong predictor of both self-reported delinquency and self-reported arrests. Second, parental monitoring not only increased self-control, but had direct effects on both measures of delinquency. Third, the effects of ADHD on delinquency were largely through low self-control.
DESENSITIZATION OF MUTANT ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS IN TRANSGENIC MICE REDUCES THE AMPLITUDE OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPTIC CURRENTS

While the slow onset of desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), relative to the rate of acetylcholine removal, excludes this kinetic state from shaping synaptic responses in normal neuromuscular transmission, its role in neuromuscular disorders has not been examined. The slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndrome (SCCMS) is a disorder caused by point mutations in the AChR subunit-encoding genes leading to kinetically abnormal (slow) channels, reduced miniature endplate current amplitudes (MEPCs), and degeneration of the postsynaptic membrane. Because of this complicated picture of kinetic and structural change in the neuromuscular junction, it is difficult to assess the importance of the multiple factors that may be responsible for the reduced endplate current amplitudes, and ultimately the clinical syndrome. In order to address this we have used a transgenic mouse model for the SCCMS that has slow AChR ion channels and reduced endplate responsiveness in the absence of any of the degenerative changes. We found that the reduction in MEPC amplitudes in these mice could not be explained by either reduced AChR number or by reduced AChR channel conductance. Rather, we found that the mutant AChRs in situ manifested an activity-dependent reduction in sensitivity that caused diminished MEPC and endplate current amplitude with nerve stimulation. This observation demonstrates that the basis for the reduction in MEPC amplitudes in the SCCMS may be multifactorial. Moreover, these findings demonstrate that, under conditions that alter their rate of desensitization, the kinetic properties of nicotinic AChRs can control the strength of synaptic responses. Synapse 27:367–377, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mode interactions in KH2PO4

Abstract The anomalous lineshapes in the B 1 symmetry modes in crystal KH 2 PO 4 are explained in terms of anharmonic interactions between the modes and a broad background continuum. Excellent agreement with experimental results is obtained by applying a quantum mechanical formalism developed by Fano for the autoionization of atoms. Similar to the anomalies in the E spectrum treated by Scott and Wilson, the coupling parameter q in this case was found to be insensitive to temperature changes, while the linewidth increased linearly with temperature. The analogous spectrum in crystal NH 4 H 2 PO 4 (ADP) is qualitatively explained as a strong coupling of two vibrational modes to the same continuum.
Theoretical maximum of the power efficiency of a pulsed injection laser with a Fabry-Perot cavity

Abstract The maximum power efficiency of an injection laser operating in a Fabry-Perot mode is analyzed with a phenomenological theory which assumes that internal heating can be neglected. The efficiency is expressed in terms of two dimensionless geometric variables related to the length and the reflection coefficients of the cavity, and of a pair of dimensionless device parameters determined by the threshold constants, the product device resistance times area, and the output per unit width of junction. The power efficiency is maximized subject to independent variation of the two geometrical variables, and the optimum geometrical conditions are expressed as the only positive real root of a cubic equation. At low and at high efficiencies, the root has a simple approximate form. A graph of the root for all values of the device parameters is presented. The limiting efficiency is a monotonic function of a single parameter, the electrical quality factor, which is the ratio of the equivalent photon voltage of the radiation to the ohmic drop in the device at threshold. At low temperature where the electrical quality factor is large, the limiting efficiency is nearly independent of temperature, is proportional to the internal quantum efficiency, and can be close to unity. At higher temperatures where the factor becomes small, the limiting efficiency is proportional to the square of the internal quantum efficiency and drops toward zero. Measured values of the electrical quality factor of GaAs lasers show that the maximum power efficiency at 300°K is less than five per cent while at 80°K it exceeds fifty per cent. For device development, the best monitor of relative efficiency of a low-temperature laser is the differential external quantum efficiency, while for higher temperatures it is the threshold current density. The cavity length and reflection coefficients for optimum efficiency depend on the threshold parameters and the design power, but not in a critical way. A graph of the power efficiency against the electrical quality factor with cavity design as a parameter shows that a change from the optimum length by the factor one-half or two leaves the efficiency above 90 per cent of its optimum. The reflectivity has even less effect. The design tolerance for operation of a series-connected array of lasers is also discussed.
Revision of Cliniodes Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Odontiinae)

ABSTRACT Cliniodes Guenee, 1854, is revised to include 28 species of predominantly Neotropical distribution. The genus is found to be monophyletic in a phylogenetic analysis of all Odontiinae known to feed as larvae on Thymelaeaceae, and diagnoses of taxa are derived from the cladistic results. Heortia Lederer, 1863, and Mabilleodes Marion and Viette, 1956, are reviewed, and the following species are transferred to Heortia, Mabilleodes, Viettessa Minet, 1980, and Hemiscopis Warren, 1890: Heortia flavispila (Hampson, 1913a), new combination (from Epipagis Hubner); Heortia ocellata (Hampson, 1916), new combination (from Epipagis); Heortia plumbatalis (Zeller, 1852), new combination (from Loxostege Hubner); Heortia iospora (Meyrick, 1936), new combination (from Hapalia), and its synonym, Heortia pyrographa (Meyrick, 1937), new combination (from Hapalia Hubner); Mabilleodes kenrickalis (Marion and Viette, 1956), new combination (from Tegostoma Zeller); Mabilleodes catalalis (Viette, 1953a: 136), new combinati...
Burst Martensitic Transformations in a Pu-Ga Alloy

Martensitic transformations can occur via two modes: thermoelastic and burst. In thermoelastic martensites, deformation can be accommodated elastically and transformations occur smoothly with changes in temperature or stress. Burst martensitic transformations require both elastic and plastic deformation to accommodate strain; individual martensite particles form at the speed of sound, and the overall accumulation of martensite may increase in discrete, incremental steps. Here, we examine a unique martensitic transformation and reversion in a Pu-2.0 at% Ga alloy and show evidence that they proceed via the burst mode. Upon cooling from ambient conditions, the metastable delta phase partially transforms martensitically to the alpha-prime phase with a volume contraction of 20%. This large volume change suggests a burst transformation. Furthermore, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we observed that the alpha-prime to delta reversion proceeds in discrete increments, which appear as sharp peaks in DSC data. The DSC data is compared to similar results obtained using dilatometry and resistometry. This incremental progression is believed to be the result of autocatalytic cascades of many alpha-prime particles reverting nearly-simultaneously to the delta phase. Finite-element modeling suggests that residual stresses in the regions of reverted alpha-prime particles may catalyze (or retard) additional transformation. These stresses could initiate cascades of alpha-prime particles that revert nearly-simultaneously. The cascades are likely quenched by stress and/or temperature changes resulting from the transformation itself. During the forward delta to alpha-prime transformation, burst events are not observed with the above techniques. The transformation, however, is still expected to proceed via the burst martensite mode because of the large volume changes required. Because alpha-prime must be nucleated in the delta matrix before it can grow as an individual burst, the transformation may not occur cooperatively. These individual bursts may be too small to be resolved by the above techniques, and the signal observed corresponds to a cumulative total of all the events.
The Effect of Different Cold Storage Conditions on the Compositions of Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Storage conditions can affect the stability and quality of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). While many studies have reported the influence of high temperature and light exposure during storage, little is known on the influence of the cold storage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different storage conditions (25, 4.5 and −27 °C) on the various compositions of EVOO and to determine if cold storage will prolong shelf-life by retarding hydrolysis and oxidation. The changes of quality indices (FFA, PV, and UV) and natural antioxidants such as α-tocopherol and phenolic compounds were evaluated periodically during storage. The characterization and quantification of phenolics were achieved by ultra-performance liquid chromatography—diode array detector (UPLC-DAD). In addition, 1, 2-diacylglycerols (DAGs), pyropheophytin A (PPP) were measured to indicate thermal degradation during storage.
Biochemical changes associated with selenite-induced cataract in the rat

Subcutaneous injection of 20 μmol sodium selenite/kg body weight into 9-day-old male or female Sprague-Dawley rats caused the appearance of large nuclear cataracts within 72hr. Lens glutathione was depressed to 40% of normal after 24 hr, 50% of normal at 48 hr, and was still depressed to 70% of normal through 12 days post-injection. The lens NADPH pool was only 70% of normal 24 hr after selenite administration but was normal at 72 hr. Lens protein sulfhydryl content was also diminished by 12% when measured at 6 days post-injection and a reduced rate of lens growth was apparent by 12 days after treatment. Maximum lens selenium accumulation was observed at 24 hr post-injection and amounted to a tripling of the normal level of this element. The results indicate a direct and sustained interference of selenium with glutathione metabolism. The model should be useful for the further study of the role of glutathione in normal and abnormal lens metabolism.
Minimization of Heatwave Morbidity and Mortality

Global climate change is projected to increase the frequency and duration of periods of extremely high temperatures. Both the general populace and public health authorities often underestimate the impact of high temperatures on human health. To highlight the vulnerable populations and illustrate approaches to minimization of health impacts of extreme heat, the authors reviewed the studies of heat-related morbidity and mortality for high-risk populations in the U.S. and Europe from 1958 to 2012. Heat exposure not only can cause heat exhaustion and heat stroke but also can exacerbate a wide range of medical conditions. Vulnerable populations, such as older adults; children; outdoor laborers; some racial and ethnic subgroups (particularly those with low SES); people with chronic diseases; and those who are socially or geographically isolated, have increased morbidity and mortality during extreme heat. In addition to ambient temperature, heat-related health hazards are exacerbated by air pollution, high humidity, and lack of air-conditioning. Consequently, a comprehensive approach to minimize the health effects of extreme heat is required and must address educating the public of the risks and optimizing heatwave response plans, which include improving access to environmentally controlled public havens, adaptation of social services to address the challenges required during extreme heat, and consistent monitoring of morbidity and mortality during periods of extreme temperatures.
1109 BLOOD ENDOTOXIN DETERMINATIONS IN THE EVALUATION OF FEBRILE NEUTROPENIC PATIENTS

An increasing number of febrile episodes in neutropenic patients are never explained etiologically. As a result many such episodes are managed by purely empiric therapy. We wished to explore the hypothesis that some of these episodes might be explained by endotoxemia in the absence of bacteremia. To test this possibility we employed a highly sensitive endo toxin assay which is based on the chromogenic release of p-nitroaniline from a peptide-linked form in the presence of endotoxin (ET) and limulus lysate. This assay, as developed by Seikagaku Kogyo Co, Tokyo, is capable of detecting circulating ET in pg/ml concentrations. We found that circulating ET was not detectable in normal patients. By contrast circulating ET in concentrations ranging from 20–200 pg/ml was found in neutropenic patients suffering febrile episodes. Endotoxemia was found in the absence of bacteremia and, on occasion, the detection of endotoxemia preceeded the onset of demonstrable gram negative septicemia by several days. We believe that the sensitive detection of circulating ET can be a valuable adjunct in the assessment of the febrile neutropenic patient, and we are currently extending our studies.
Nonsegmental organization of positional information in regenerating Ambystoma limbs.

Abstract Positional information in cockroach appendages has previously been shown to be organized in homologous, segmentally repeating sequences ( H. Bohn, 1970, Wilhelm Roux' Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Organismen 165, 303–341; 1970, Develop. Biol. 23, 355–379 ). We have conducted experiments to determine whether similar sequences exist in Ambystoma limbs. The same or different segment levels of these limbs were combined by grafting together mature limb regions and by grafting regeneration blastemas to mature limb regions. The repeating segmental sequence hypothesis predicts that no intercalary regeneration should occur when the same segment levels are apposed, and that only the positional values necessary to restore a single segment sequence should be intercalated when different segment levels are apposed. When regeneration blastemas are grafted to mature limb regions, all of the missing limb regions are restored by intercalary regeneration, regardless of the segment levels that are combined. When mature limb regions are grafted together, only the host stump segment is intercalated, and this intercalation also takes place without regard to which segment levels are combined. These results are not compatible with the segmental sequence hypothesis, and suggest instead that positional information is organized in a single limb sequence. Histological data indicate that the reason more complete intercalation does not take place after grafting mature limb regions is that dedifferentiated cells are unable to display positional information and divide long enough to restore more than the host segment.
Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway

Cytokine production by the immune system contributes importantly to both health and disease. The nervous system, via an inflammatory reflex of the vagus nerve, can inhibit cytokine release and thereby prevent tissue injury and death. The efferent neural signaling pathway is termed the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. Cholinergic agonists inhibit cytokine synthesis and protect against cytokine-mediated diseases. Stimulation of the vagus nerve prevents the damaging effects of cytokine release in experimental sepsis, endotoxemia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hemorrhagic shock, arthritis, and other inflammatory syndromes. Herein is a review of this physiological, functional anatomical mechanism for neurological regulation of cytokine-dependent disease that begins to define an immunological homunculus.
Centrifuge Model Simulations of Rainfall-Induced Slope Instability

AbstractThis study focused on landslides resulting from heavy precipitation, such as rainfall from hurricanes. A series of centrifuge model simulations were performed with reference to a landslide that occurred during Typhoon Nabi in Japan in 2005. The procedures of simulation on the slope using a sand-clay soil mixture were illustrated. The rainfall event was simulated by applying precipitation in increments to the slope surface until it exceeded that of the field measurements. The instability was examined using an infinite slope analysis, and the mechanism of rainfall-induced failure was discussed. For this particular study, the results showed that incremental rainfall of less than 200 mm led to local failures, whereas total accumulation of 400 mm resulted in a global slope failure. A reduction in apparent cohesion in the soil combined with an increase in pore pressure because of infiltration was responsible for the slope instability during rainfall.
Fast perceptual region tracking with coding-depth sensitive access for stream transcoding

Object-based bit allocation can result in significant improvement in the perceptual quality of extremely compressed video. However, real-time video object detection in large format high fidelity video is computationally daunting. Most algorithms begin with extensive use of classical bit analysis, and thus remain computationally heavy. Based on some recent results in human visual perception, in this paper, we present an experimental visual region tracking algorithm particularly designed for perceptual stream transcoding. This exploits the cue order observed in human visual perception to achieve very high computation speed as well as tracking efficiency. Rather than begin processing from pixel level or using any pixel level processing at all, it employs high level motion cue and block shape cue analysis to identify signatures of various relative movements between object of interest, scene background and the camera on the motion vector set, and from there it identifies objects. It then uses predictive filters to track the regions. The result is a fast yet highly effective perceptual region tracking algorithm that can operate in stream rate and track regions of perceptually significant object despite camera movements such as zoom, panning and translation. The technique is not specific to any special class of objects. We have implemented this algorithm in a live ISO-13818/MPEG-2 perceptual transcoder. In this paper, we share the performance of this implementation. This fast object-aware video rate transcoder is particularly suitable for live streaming and can convert a regular stream into a perceptually coded video stream.
Acts, intentions, and moral permissibility: in defence of the doctrine of double effect

According to the doctrine of double effect (DDE), it is at least sometimes permissible to bring about as a foreseen but unintended side-effect some harm it would have been impermissible to aim at as a means or as an end, all else being equal. For example, it might in certain circumstances be permissible to bomb a hostile military target despite foreseeable harm to nearby civilians, while remaining impermissible deliberately to target the latter as part of a campaign of terror within the same war effort even if the overall consequences would be similar.' Some, however, have objected to the very idea that the concept of intention or aim can be relevant to determining an act's permissibility. Such a claim, they argue, amounts to making an act's permissibility turn on facts about particular agents' characters, with absurd results (Rachels 1994; Thomson 1999). In fact, however, this objection involves a fundamental misunderstanding of the way the concept of intention figures in the DDE a misunderstanding that persists in the work of prominent moral philosophers, encouraging many to reject the DDE on the basis of what amounts to a straw man argument. Consider, for example, Thomson's recent discussion of the DDE in her treatment of physician-assisted suicide:
TSV-to-TSV inductive coupling-aware coding scheme for 3D Network-on-Chip

A reliable Three Dimensional Network-on-Chip (3D NoC) is required for future many-core systems. Through-silicon Via (TSV) is the prominent component of 3D NoC to support better performance and lower power consumption. Inductive TSV coupling has large disruptive effects on Signal Integrity (SI) and transmission delay. In this paper, TSV inductive coupling is analyzed based on technology process, TSV length, and TSV radius for a range of frequencies. A classification of inductive coupling voltage is presented for different TSV configurations. A novel coding technique is devised to mitigate the inductive coupling effects by adjusting the current flow pattern. Simulations for a 4×8 TSV matrix show 23% coupled voltage mitigation, imposing 12.5% information redundancy.
Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified hippocampal proteins in mild cognitive impairment: Insights into the development of Alzheimer's disease

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is generally referred to the transitional zone between normal cognitive function and early dementia or clinically probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative stress plays a significant role in AD and is increased in the superior/middle temporal gyri of MCI subjects. Because AD involves hippocampal-resident memory dysfunction, we determined protein oxidation and identified the oxidized proteins in the hippocampi of MCI subjects. We found that protein oxidation is significantly increased in the hippocampi of MCI subjects when compared to age- and sex-matched controls. By using redox proteomics, we determined the oxidatively modified proteins in MCI hippocampus to be alpha-enolase (ENO1), glutamine synthetase (GLUL), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase 1 (PIN1). The interacteome of these proteins revealed that these proteins functionally interact with SRC, hypoxia-inducible factor 1, plasminogen (PLG), MYC, tissue plasminogen activator (PLAT) and BCL2L1. Moreover, the interacteome indicates the functional involvement of energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity and mitogenesis/proliferation. Therefore, oxidative inactivation of ENO1, GLUL and PIN1 may alter these cellular processes and lead to the development of AD from MCI. We conclude that protein oxidation plays a significant role in the development of AD from MCI and that the oxidative inactivation of ENO1, GLUL, PKM2 and PIN1 is involved in the progression of AD from MCI. The current study provides a framework for future studies on the development of AD from MCI relevant to oxidative stress.
Thin-layer chromatography for thyroid hormones.

Abstract A method of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has been developed which is effective in resolving mixtures of most of the known thyroid hormones. This TLC method has been used successfully to identify metabolites of l -thyroxine-131I (T4) in plasma and bile. Because of its effective resolving power and operational advantages, TLC is worthy of consideration in any situation requiring an effective and convenient method for the separation of thyroid hormones.
The Secondary Features of a Primary Relationship

This article is devoted to the examination of the sociological concept of primary relation, with special reference to the relation between husband and wife. For those unfamiliar with our textbook terminology a primary relation a la Cooley, is one which involves intimate, personal, emotional and multi-level interaction between two or more total personalities. It implies intrinsic, rather than extrinsic, judgments; judgments of people, not of performance, and of people on their own terms, not in terms of formalized standards with which their behavior is compared.1
The multilevel dependence of contraceptive use on socioeconomic development and family planning program strength

This study examines characteristics of countries and individuals or couples in a multilevel analysis of contraceptive use in 15 World Fertility Survey countries. The multilevel model is composed of a micro component which distinguishes ever and never use of contraception as a function of wifes education and type of place of childhood residence. In the macro component the micro coefficients depend stochastically on macro variables (here country characteristics.) The macro component employs 2 variables and an interaction between them: gross national product per capita (GNP) estimated from World Bank figures and the family planning effort (FPE) index both of which have implications for ideas about fertility regulation advantages of small family size and availability of birth control techniques. Results of this study indicate that although individuals socioeconomic conditions affect their use of birth control the net effect of macro socioeconomic conditions is weak. The multilevel analysis employed empirically distinguishes between effects of socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and effects on a societal scale. GNP has effects in the fertility analysis but not in the parallel analysis of contraceptive use. It is concluded that country characteristics effect reproductive behavior directly and through interactions with individual and couple characteristics.
Origin of a common trunk for the inferior phrenic arteries from the right renal artery: a new anatomic vascular variant with clinical implications

The inferior phrenic arteries constitute a pair of important vessels, supplying multiple organs including the diaphragm, adrenal glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, inferior vena cava, and retroperitoneum. The vast majority (80-90%) of inferior phrenic arteries originate as separate vessels with near equal frequency from either the abdominal aorta or the celiac trunk. Infrequently, the right and left inferior phrenic arteries can arise in the form of a common trunk from the aorta or from the celiac trunk. We herein present three patients with a new anatomic vascular variant: a common trunk of the inferior phrenic arteries arising from the right renal artery. In one case, the left inferior phrenic branch of the common trunk provided collaterals connecting with a supra-diaphragmatic branch of the left internal mammary artery and in another with the lateral wall of the pericardium. Angiographic identification of a common trunk for the inferior phrenic arteries arising from the right renal artery is important for proper diagnosis and clinical management. The presence of this unique vascular variant can impact revascularization of the renal arteries.
Chronic Dieting in Active Women: What Are the Health Consequences?

Evidence suggests that there is ever increasing pressure on American women to be thin. This pressure drives women to want to be thinner than what might be realistically achieved or required for good health. Our goal as nutrition and health professionals is to help women achieve and maintain a healthy body weight throughout the life-cycle. This includes helping young females accept their body size and shape as well and placing more emphasis on health and fitness than on weight in this population. This process begins with the identification of what constitutes a healthy body weight for a particular individual based on genetic, physiological, social, and psychological factors. In addition, it should be a weight that can be realistically maintained while keeping risk factors for chronic disease low. Table 1 outlines some strategies for helping individuals to identify and maintain a healthy body weight.
Gain coupling VECSELs

Vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) provide a laser design platform in order to explore a variety of systems, and their flexibility eases this exploration. Moreover, their high-brightness operation makes them attractive for many applications. In considering the methods of coupling VECSELs as well as their potential uses, we begin by reporting on the development of a gain coupled VECSEL for use in optical switching. In particular, two VECSEL cavities share a common gain region; the competition for a common set of carriers dictate how these cavities interact. The easiest manifestation to realize gain coupling is to utilize a linear cavity as well as a v-cavity, built around a single half-vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) chip. The cavity gain/loss of each cavity can be controlled independently through use of birefringent filters, allowing us to explore the design space, which can be divided up into coarse behavior, easy to analyze through comparing the two uncoupled lasers, and a fine behavior, where one cavity will affect the other and each cavity can lase simultaneously, sometimes at dramatically different wavelengths. These two regions may be explained with simple rate equations, and it will be shown that if prepared properly, spontaneous emission plays a large role in balancing the two laser cavities within the fine regime, while may be completely neglected in the coarse regime.
INCREASING SEAT BELT USE ON A COLLEGE CAMPUS: AN EVALUATION OF TWO PROMPTING PROCEDURES

Seat belt use is an important factor in the prevention of automobile accidents involving injuries and fatalities. The current study used a multielement design to compare the “Click It or Ticket” and “Please Buckle Up—I Care” procedures. Results indicate that the Click It or Ticket prompt resulted in a 20-percentage-point increase in seat belt use, and Please Buckle Up—I Care resulted in a 14-percentage-point increase.
Electrical stimulation of pneumotaxic center: activation of fibers and neurons

Electrical stimulations of the pneumotaxic center can result in a phase-switch from neural inspiration to expiration or the reverse. Terminations of inspiration are also obtained from many loci ventral to the pneumotaxic center. We hypothesized that responses to some stimulations reflect an activation of fibers rather than neurons. Studies were conducted in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats. Activities of the phrenic and triangularis sterni nerves were recorded. A multibarreled pipette was inserted into the rostral pons. Electrical stimulation was delivered through two barrels; another contained kainic acid to destroy neurons. The threshold current for producing inspiratory termination was not altered in most regions following the injections of kainic acid. However, stimulation of neurons did appear to underlie the premature onset of phrenic activity. In addition, neurons in medial pontile regions regulate triangularis sterni activity. We conclude that some functions ascribed to the pneumotaxic center are, in fact, subserved by neurons in other regions of the central nervous system.
Course and program descriptions

At the current time, there is intense interest in Computer Science Education within the academic community. Symposia have been and are being held (4), recommendations for degree programs have been made (1, 3), a special interest group within ACM (SIGCSE) is growing and discussion at national meetings is lively. Little information is available, however, on what specific curriculum are being offered. This report presents the curriculum leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science which is currently offered at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. The curriculum reflects our prejudices and local constraints. Because Computer Science involves such a wide spectrum of subject matter and because New Mexico Tech is a small college (total enrollment is about 800 students), the report specifically addresses the problem of building a viable curriculum within constraints imposed by the small college environment. The author invites any questions, comments or criticism from readers concerned about Computer Science Education.
Updating staff involvement with development

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to reinforce that library staff can be critical to development activities.Design/methodology/approach: This is a discussion of issues involving personal giving and a case study example.Findings: Several factors are discussed related to staff behaviors about giving.Originality/value: This is the author’s own experiences and research, the author was involved in the case study.
An empirical comparison of within-subjects and between-subjects expectancy theory models☆

One of the most consistent criticisms of expectancy theory research for the prediction of effort is that it has not been tested using the within-subjects choice model that the theory requires. The choice model proposed by the theory generates a motivational force score (MFS) for each of several effort levels for each subject and predicts that each will choose the level of effort which has the highest MFS for that subject. This study operationalizes the choice model and compares it with a difference model (derived from subtracting the MFS for low effort from the MFS for high effort) and a singlealternative model (MFS for high effort only). Subjects were 74 undergraduates who estimated valences and expectancies for the outcomes of six general student activities. The difference model, not the choice model, was generally the best predictor, while the single-alternative model predicted least well. Within-subjects predictions were of greater magnitude than between-subjects predictions. The results indicated that sufficiently designed future studies should gather data for three levels of effort (high, medium, and low) and then compare the models to determine the most effective predictor for that particular situation. While expectancy theory is the most widely accepted theory of motivation in contemporary industrial/organizational psychology, its empirical support has not been particularly strong. One reason could be that studies have used between- rather than within-subjects designs that are not consistent with the intended theoretical formulation (Mitchell, 1974). A withinsubjects approach compares a given subject's attitudes with other attitudes of that same subject, while a between-subjects approach compares one subject's attitudes with attitudes of other subjects for similar outcomes. Unfortunately, there has been no consistent approach to the construction of expectancy theory research. Most of the arguments given for using within-subjects research have referred to how the motivational force scores are measured and computed. Three alternative methods for measuring motivational force have or could be used in both within- and between-subjects studies.
The impact of mammography on the patterns of patients referred for definitive breast irradiation

To evaluate the impact of mammography on the patterns of patients referred for definitive breast irradiation, the records of 1507 cases of carcinoma of the breast in 1468 women treated between 1977 and 1988 with breast-conserving surgery and definitive irradiation were reviewed. All patients had undergone complete excision of the primary tumor with or without axillary staging. All patients had either noninvasive, intraductal carcinoma (American Joint Committee [AJC] Stage Tis, N0) or invasive carcinoma (AJC Stage T1 or T2, N0 or N1). The use of a mammographic needle localization breast biopsy for diagnosis of a nonpalpable carcinoma steadily increased over time from 3% (one of 32) in in 1977-78 to 26% (111/421) in 1987-88 (P less than 0.0001). The percentage of intraductal carcinomas was significantly increased for the cases in which a mammographic needle localization was used for biopsy of a nonpalpable carcinoma (P less than 0.0001). There was an increase in the incidence of intraductal carcinomas in patients referred for definitive breast irradiation over time from 6% (two of 32) in 1977-78 to 13% (53/421) in 1987-88 (P = 0.0004). These results demonstrate that the use of mammography has had a significant impact on the patterns of patients referred for breast conservation and definitive irradiation with an increase in the percentage of nonpalpable cancers diagnosed using mammographic needle localization and with an increase in the percentage of intraductal carcinomas referred over time.
Chiral anomalies in supersymmetric theories

Abstract The supersymmetric non-abelian chiral anomaly is computed in a theory of chiral scalar superfields coupled to external gauge superfields, both in a vector-current conserving scheme and in a left-right symmetric scheme. The corresponding supersymmetric Wess-Zumino term is discussed; in particular we give an explicit expression for the anomalous bosonic term.
Fluorometric ELISA method for rapid screening of anti-estrogen receptor antibody production in hybridoma cultures

Abstract A micro-fluorometric ELISA which required only 50 μl of reagent in each step is reported here for rapid detection of anti-estrogen receptor (ER) antibody production by hybridoma cultures. In this study, several factors which influence the sesitivity of ELISA, e.g., incubation time, substrates, microtiter plates, concentration of coating antigens, choice and concentration of specific antibody and enzyme were evaluated. We observed that micro-fluorimetric ELISA using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate-phosphatase system and MicroFluor W plates was the most sensitive; it detected readily 1 ng coating antigens or 1 ng antibody during a 15 min incubation. This system was used successfully for the detection of anti-ER antibodies in mouse immune sera, and in spent media from in vitro immunized spleen cells or hybridoma cells. This method is simple, sensitive, rapid and reliable for ER or anti-ER antibody determination.
Effect of prolonged prostaglandin exposure on prostaglandin synthesis by human lung fibroblasts

Abstract Pretreatment of human lung fibroblasts with PGE2 but not PGF2α enhanced synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs). The effect of the pretreatment on PG synthesis was related to the concentration of PGE2 that was added to the culture medium. Pretreatment with PGE2 at 5 × 10−12M did not enhance PG synthesis whereas pretreatment with PGE2 at 5 × 10−6M induced a maximal effect. Production of PGs was increased following 1 day of pretreatment with PGE2 and was increased further following 3 days of pretreatment. The PGE2 treated cells showed only a slight increase in the bradykinin-induced release of radioactivity from cells prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid but showed a dramatic increase in the bradykinin-induced synthesis of radio-labeled PGs. The conversion of free arachidonate to PGs in both intact cells and in a cell-free preparation was increased by PGE2 pretreatment. The presence of cyclohexamide during the pretreatment did not inhibit the PGE2-induced activation of PG synthesis. Taken together, the results indicate that pretreatment of cells with PGE2 increased PG synthesis by augmenting the conversion of arachidonate to PGs.
The paleolimnology of a small waterbody in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania, USA: reconstructing 19th–20th century specific conductivity trends in relation to changing land use

Remains of scaled chrysophytes, magnetic minerals and pollen were used to analyze the recent paleolimnological history of a small lake, Lake Waynewood, in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania. Important shifts in all three variables were observed over the 133 years represented by the core. The most significant changes occurred near the turn of the century when the watershed was heavily logged. Before the logging event, species such asSynura sphagnicola, S. spinosa, Mallomonas galeiformis andM. duerrschmidtiae were co-dominant members of the flora. Subsequent to the deforestation of the watershed other taxa, includingM. crassisquama, M. caudata andS. petersenii, increased in relative importance. Concurrent with changes in the scaled chrysophytes was a six-fold increase in the concentrations of magnetic material, presumably the result of increased erosion caused by the logging. Changes in pollen grains also correlate well with the onset of the deforestation event. The scaled chrysophyte inferred specific conductivity of the lake has more than tripled, with the primary increase occurring concurrent with the commencement of logging and the increase in magnetic mineral material. The effects of other human-related disturbances are also discussed.
The effect of dispersal on population size in a temporally varying environment

Abstract This paper concerns the effect of long-range dispersal by juveniles on the dynamics of otherwise functionally isolated populations. Population growth in both continuous and discrete time occurs in a randomly varying environment. In continuous time, dispersal increases mean population size and decreases its variance. These effects appear even when the number of local populations is small. In discrete time, dispersal may have the same effect or the opposite effect, or it may destabilize the system altogether, depending on parameter values. A mathematically simple description of dispersal, suitable for use in more inclusive multispecies and/or evolutionary models, is proposed.
Once there were twenty

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play a central role in protein synthesis by covalently linking the correct amino acid to the correct tRNA (1). Each aminoacyl-tRNA is then carried to the ribosome where it interacts with the cognate trinucleotide codon on the mRNA and transfers the amino acid onto a growing polypeptide chain. Work on tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from bacteria, fungi, plants, and mammals led to the general notion of the occurrence of 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in all organisms, one for each of the 20 amino acids. Early indication of an exception came from the finding that three Gram-positive bacteria lacked the enzyme glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS),† which covalently links glutamine to the glutamine tRNA (tRNAGln) (2). Instead the glutamine tRNA is first aminoacylated with glutamic acid using glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) to form Glu-tRNAGln. In a second step, the Glu-tRNAGln is converted to Gln-tRNAGln by an amidotransferase now called Glu-AdT (Fig. 1). The latter reaction requires ATP, which activates the side chain carboxyl group of glutamic acid on the tRNA to form a carboxyphosphate anhydride and glutamine or asparagine, which provides the amino group for transamidation (3). Thus, depending on the organism, there are two pathways for the synthesis of Gln-tRNAGln, a direct pathway involving GlnRS and an indirect pathway involving GluRS and Glu-AdT (Fig. 1). Further work showed that also in archaebacteria (4, 5), cyanobacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (6, 7), Gln-tRNAGln is formed not directly but in a two-step process as outlined above. In archaebacteria, such as halobacteria, Asn-tRNAAsn is also synthesized in an analogous two-step process involving Asp-tRNAAsn as an intermediate (8). The widespread utilization of the Glu-AdT pathway for incorporation of glutamine into proteins and its possible similarity to other glutamine dependent amidotransferase reactions involved in a …