cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reentry and the American Dream: People Returning to the Community Share the Same Dream but Lack the Same Access

Criminal justice researchers and professionals often define successful reentry using one measure: recidivism. However, current recidivism rates suggest something might be missing from this limited definition of successful reentry. Additionally, research reveals that reintegration is a reflexive process between the individual and the community. To fully understand the various perspectives regarding reentry, and the potential pitfalls, this study used semi-structured interviews and a survey experiment derived from the interviews. Qualitative analysis reveals that people reintegrating into the community have the same goals as everyone else: they aspire to own a house, have a family, enjoy their job, and feel like productive members of society. However, the quantitative results suggest that people in the community view certain aspects of success as less important for people who have been incarcerated. Because successful reintegration in the community lowers recidivism and improves public safety, a variety of policy implications are discussed.
Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam – By Kecia Ali

This scholarly work examines the treatment of marriage, divorce, and slavery in the foundational Islamic jurisprudential texts for the Maliki, Hanafi, and Shafi'i Sunni law schools with occasional ...
Global auroral power as an index for geospace disturbances

[1] We propose to use global auroral power (in gigawatt) as a new geospace activity index, GAP. The auroral power is inferred from auroral luminosity in the N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield bands (λ ∼1700 ± 100 A) observed by the ultraviolet imager on the Polar satellite. We demonstrate, on the basis of one-day's worth of data, that GAP correlates well with the 1-min quick-look auroral electrojet AEQL index (r = 0.85). We also propose a local-time auroral keogram (LAK) to illustrate dynamic evolution of global auroral energy deposition. The combination of GAP and LAK provides a powerful tool for morphological study of aurora on a global scale. The importance of these new indices is demonstrated by an analysis of substorm onset timing in comparison with the AE index. It is found that the auroral onset often precedes the magnetic onset, indicated by the AEQL index.
Depression, inflammation, and incident cardiovascular disease in women with suspected coronary ischemia: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored WISE study.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively whether inflammation explains the relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Background It is unclear whether inflammation is a mechanism linking depression to CVD. Methods We measured C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 in 559 women with suspected coronary ischemia who completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at baseline and were followed over 5.9 years. We considered indicators of past and current depression to classify women into 3 groups: 1) depression, having both elevated depressive symptoms (BDI ≥10) and a previous diagnosis of depression requiring treatment; 2) possible depression, having either indicator but not both; and 3) no depression, having neither indicator of depression. The main outcome was incidence of CVD events (hospital stays for nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, and CVD-related mortality). Results Compared with women without depression, women with depression had a 70% higher CRP (p = 0.0008) and a 25% higher IL-6 (p = 0.04), whereas women with possible depression had 30% higher CRP (p = 0.02) and 28% higher IL-6 (p = 0.01). Depression was a significant predictor of CVD (hazard ratio 2.58, p = 0.0009), but possible depression was not (hazard ratio 1.12, p = 0.68). Adjustment for other patient factors did not substantially affect the results. Addition of CRP decreased the estimate for depression by 13% and addition of IL-6 decreased it by 4%. Both depression and inflammatory biomarkers remained independent predictors of outcome. Conclusions Despite their robust association with depression, inflammatory biomarkers explain only a small portion of the association between depression and CVD incidence.
Long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors does not affect the frequency, growth, or histologic characteristics of colon adenomas

Summary Background The clinical significance of the trophic effects of long-term proton pump inhibitors (PPI)-related hypergastrinemia on colon polyps remains unknown. Aim To study the frequency, growth, and histology of colon polyps in patients on chronic PPI therapy (cases), compared to those not receiving acid suppression (controls). Methods Medical records of 2868 consecutive patients who underwent two or more colonoscopies, performed 3 or more months apart were reviewed. Cases (116) that used PPIs between the two colonoscopies were then compared to controls (194). Results Demographics and risk factors for colon cancer were comparable between the two groups. At baseline the mean frequency and size of adenomatous polyps were similar in cases and controls (P > 0.05) and at follow-up, these were 0.89 and 1.18 (P > 0.05; 95% CI of −0.08 to 0.66) and 4.09 mm and 4.00 mm (P > 0.05; 95% CI −2.29 to 2.11), respectively with no significant change. However, control group had a higher mean frequency and size of hyperplastic polyps at baseline as well as at follow-up colonoscopy (P < 0.05). Conclusions The long-term use of PPI does not influence the frequency, growth, or histology of adenomatous polyps, but is associated with a reduction in both baseline and interval development of hyperplastic polyps.
Sea of polymer pillars: dual-mode electrical-optical Input/Output interconnections

Sea of Polymer Pillars (SoPP) provides highly integrated wafer-level optical and electrical Input/Output (I/O) interconnections for the die-to-module/board interconnection level. The advantages of this integrated interconnection technology include dual-mode I/O interconnections, high I/O density (>10/sup 5//cm/sup 2/), high performance, compliant electrical and optical interconnects, ease of assembly, wafer-level test compatibility, and ease of fabrication. The purpose of this paper is to extend the work developed by describing SoPP configurations, fabrication, and measurements.
A NEW EUGLOSSINE-POLLINATED SPECIES OF DALECHAMPIA (EUPHORBIACEAE) FROM MEXICO

Dalechampia magnistipulata is described from Veracruz, Mexico. Belonging to sect.Scandentes, it has passed asD. tiliifolia Lam., but is not closely related to that or to any other Meso-american species. Its nearest affinity may be with South American species such asD. stipulacea andD. variifolia.
The FBI Gets Agile

In the basement of the Hoover building in Washington, DC, FBI employees and contractors are working together to create Sentinel, a case-management software system designed to revolutionize how the FBI gathers, stores, and links its data. Learn how the FBI team used agile methods to transform this time-consuming, expensive, and off-track government IT project into a successful program. The FBI's experience in developing Sentinel provides practical insight into how government agencies and other traditionally nonsoftware-development-focused organizations can exploit agile methodologies.
Magnet technology at the NHMFL

Abstract The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) is, as part of its charter with the NSF, developing a series of state-of-the-art magnets which exploit the limits of today's magnet technology. The different magnet systems and development programs are described.
Leader of the Capsid Protein in Feline Calicivirus Promotes Replication of Norwalk Virus in Cell Culture

The inability to grow human noroviruses in cell culture has greatly impeded the studies of their pathogenesis and immunity. Vesiviruses, in the family Caliciviridae, grow efficiently in cell culture and encode a unique protein in the subgenomic region designated as leader of the capsid protein (LC). We hypothesized that LC might be associated with the efficient replication of vesiviruses in cell culture and promote the replication of human norovirus in cells. To test this hypothesis, a recombinant plasmid was engineered in which the LC region of feline calicivirus (FCV) was placed under the control of the cytomegalovirus promoter (pCI-LC) so that the LC protein could be provided in trans to replicating calicivirus genomes bearing a reporter gene. We constructed pNV-GFP, a recombinant plasmid containing a full-length NV genome with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the place of VP1. The transfection of pNV-GFP in MVA-T7-infected cells produced few GFP-positive cells detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. When pNV-GFP was cotransfected with pCI-LC in MVA-T7-infected cells, we observed an increase in the number of GFP-positive cells (ca. 3% of the whole-cell population). Using this cotransfection method with mutagenesis study, we identified potential cis-acting elements at the start of subgenomic RNA and the 3' end of NV genome for the virus replication. We conclude that LC may be a viral factor which promotes the replication of NV in cells, which could provide a clue to growing the fastidious human noroviruses in cell culture.
A Review of Infections in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management

Since the advent of ventricular assist devices with smaller configurations and continuous-flow technology, survival rates for patients with end-stage heart failure have dramatically improved. While the burden of infectious complications is decreased in patients on continuous-flow ventricular assist devices compared to bulkier pulsatile-flow devices, infection remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. The majority of infections occur at the driveline exit site, beginning with a disruption or trauma to the barrier between the skin and driveline and sometimes spreading deeper. Once infections develop, they can be difficult to eradicate. Depending on the degree of infection, treatment options may include local wound care, antibiotics, or surgical treatment. Preventive strategies and careful surveillance are crucial to improve patient outcomes.
Physical Examination of the Shoulder in the Primary Care Setting

Shoulder problems are extremely common reasons for visiting a primary care physician. To make a correct diagnosis, an appropriate physical examination must be performed. This article describes a systematic approach to the physical examination, correlating the various maneuvers and tests with the anatomy and pathology of the shoulder. The steps in this examination are: inspection, observation, palpation, manual muscle testing, and special testing. With this type of systematic approach, the physician is more likely to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
Simple model for river network evolution

We simulate the evolution of a drainage basin by erosion from precipitation and avalanching on hillslopes. The avalanches create a competition in growth between neighboring basins and play the central role in driving the evolution. The simulated landscapes form drainage systems that share many qualitative features with Glock`s model for natural network evolution and maintain statistical properties that characterize real river networks. We also present results from a second model with a modified, mass conserving avalanche scheme. Although the terrains from these two models are qualitatively dissimilar, their drainage networks share the same general evolution and statistical features.
Estimation and testing goodness-of-fit for some models of codon fixation variability.

Three models of codon fixation variability are formulated. The first assumes that all codons have the same fixation rate. The second assumes that some codons are invariant and that all variable codons have the same fixation rate. The third assumes that some codons are invariant and that the variable codons comprise two classes, all members of each class having the same fixation rate. Maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters and tests of goodness-of-fit are given for each model.
Interpretation of experimental J PC exotic signals

The authors investigate theoretical interpretations of the 1.4 GeV J{sup PC} exotic resonance reported by the E852 collaboration. It is argued that interpretation in terms of a hybrid meson is untenable. A K-matrix analysis shows that the 1.4 GeV enhancement in the E852 {eta}{pi} data can be understood as an interference of a non-resonant Deck-type background and a resonance at 1.6 GeV. A final state rescattering calculation shows that the 1.6 GeV hybrid has a {eta}{pi} width which is bounded above by 57 {+-} 14 MeV.
Solid-state shot noise.

Shot noise and thermal-equilibrium noise are often, and incorrectly, viewed as additive and independent noise sources. The two forms of noise can even be identical, as recognized by several pionering investigators long ago. Shot noise measures the graininess of the conduction process, and in samples with a fixed number of carriers, where the mean free path is short compared to the sample length, it is determined by the passage of a carrier through its mean free path. For a classical nondegenerate conductor we show that shot noise calculated that way is the thermal-equilibrium current. For mesoscopic conductors that transmit elastically with a probability small compared to unity, thermal-equilibrium noise is also shown to be approximately the sum of two shot-noise terms, one for the arriving stream at each reservoir. For a semiclassical metallic conductor, at zero temperature, the noise proportional to current flow is shot noise related to the charge transferred between sample electrodes, when a carrier goes through a mean free path. At higher temperatures, a suggestive physical argument is used to show that noise increases above thermal-equilibrium noise according to the square of the ratio of the energy gained in one mean free path, to the thermal energy.
The use of a break-even analysis: financial analysis of a fast-track program.

Objective: To calculate the financial break-even point and illustrate how changes in third-party reimbursement and eligibility could affect a program's fiscal standing. Methods: Demographic, clinical, and financial data were collected retrospectively for 446 patients treated in a fast-track program during June 1993. The fast-track program is located within the confines of the emergency medicine and trauma center at a 1,050-bed tertiary care Midwestern teaching hospital and provides urgent treatment to minimally ill patients. A financial break-even analysis was performed to determine the point where the program generated enough revenue to cover its total variable and fixed costs, both direct and indirect. Results: Given the relatively low average collection rate (62%) and high percentage of uninsured patients (31%), the analysis showed that the program's revenues covered its direct costs but not all of the indirect costs. Conclusions: Examining collection rates or payer class mix without examining both costs and revenues may lead to an erroneous conclusion about a program's fiscal viability. Sensitivity analysis also shows that relatively small changes in third-party coverage or eligibility (income) requirements can have a large impact on the program's financial solvency and break-even volumes.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts by a human nonsuppressible insulin-like protein (NSILP).

Abstract When nonsuppressible insulin-like protein (NSILP) isolated and purified from human serum was added at concentrations of 5 and 50 ug/ml to cultures of human dermal fibroblasts, both cell proliferation and DNA synthesis were enhanced. However, NSILP, 50 ug/ml, had no effect on glucose uptake. In contrast, insulin, 40 ng/ml (1.0 mU/ml), had no effect on cell proliferation or DNA synthesis, but stimulated glucose uptake. These observations suggest that human NSILP may play an important role in tissue repair or growth by enhancing fibroblast proliferation, but not a significant glucoregulatory role.
Thermomechanical Finite Element Analysis of Problems in Electronic Packaging Using the Disturbed State Concept: Part 1—Theory and Formulation

Accurate prediction of the thermomechanical cyclic behavior of joints and interfaces in semiconductor devices is essential for their reliable design. In order to understand and predict the behavior of such interfaces there is a need for improved and unified constitutive models that can include elastic, inelastic, viscous, and temperature dependent microstructural behavior. Furthermore, such unified material models should be implemented in finite element procedures so as to yield accurate and reliable predictions of stresses, strains, deformations, microcracking, damage, and number of cycles to failure due to thermomechanical loading. The main objective of this paper is to present implementation of such an unified constitutive model in a finite element procedure and its application to typical problems in electronic packaging; details of the constitutive model are given by Desai et al. (1995). Details of the theoretical formulation is presented in this Part 1, while its applications and validations are presented in Part 2, Basaran et al. (1998).
A cellular and malignant blue nevus: a light and electron microscopic study.

A rare malignant blue nevus resected from the back of a 34-year-old Caucasian woman is reported. Histopathologic examination showed the presence of a CBN as well as MBN. The CBN elements of this lesion showed the characteristic prominent neural type fascicles intertwined with melanocytes. The deeper regions of this skin neoplasm showed considerable variation in histopathologic patterns. Metastascs to the axillary lymph nodes and multiple subdermal soft tissue sites, invasion of the underlying skeletal muscle, and several recurrences in the chest wall indicate that this neoplasm is malignant, though of a lower order than a malignant melanoma. The ultrastructural characteristics of neoplastic cells indicate that this neoplasm is of Schwann cell origin.
Neuropsychological aspects of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Abstract The goal of this paper is to review current research relevant to neuropsychological aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and guide future research by providing an overview of central nervous system involvement associated with HIV, by reviewing the HIV-related neuropsychological literature and discussing common methodological and statistical problems in this relatively new area of study, and by considering the possibility of HIV dementia being a “subcortical dementia” to illustrate the importance of theory in HIV-related neuropsychological research.
Age-related increase in activity of specific lysosomal enzymes in the human retinal pigment epithelium.

Abstract Age related changes in the activity of lysosomal enzymes have been studied in the cultured human retinal pigment epithelium cells collected from 26–85 year old donors. Among four such enzymes studied, activities of cathepsin D and β-glucuronidase increased with the age of the donors while no notable change in activity of arylsulfatase B and α-mannosidase was observed. Kinetic parameters of β-glucuronidase was measured in retinal pigment epithelium cells isolated from donors of different ages. Similar kinetic parameters for β-glucuronidase at different ages suggest that the observed increase in the activity of the enzyme with age is not due to post-translational modification of the enzyme. Western blot analysis provides evidence for increased synthesis of β-glucuronidase with aging. Relative proportions of glycosaminoglycans, the natural substrates of β-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase B, in the retinal pigment epithelium altered with the age of the donors. A significant decrease of dermatan sulfate levels with aging correlates well with the observed increase in the level of β-glucuronidase activity.
Imaging of δ- and μ-opioid receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy by positron emission tomography

The involvement of opioid neurotransmitter systems in seizure mechanisms is well documented. In previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies in patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy, we have found evidence for differential regulation of the opioid-receptor subtypes. The present study extends our previous observations to delta-opioid receptors by using the delta-receptor-selective antagonist [11C]methylnaltrindole ([11C]MeNTI). Paired measurements of delta- and mu-opioid receptor binding and metabolic activity were performed with PET using [11C]MeNTI and [11C]carfentanil ([11C]CFN) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), respectively. Binding of [11C]MeNTI and [11C]CFN increased and [18F]FDG uptake decreased in the temporal cortex (TC) ipsilateral to the focus. Decreases in [18F]FDG uptake were more widespread regionally than were increases in opioid receptors. Increases in the delta- and mu-receptor binding showed different regional patterns. Increases in mu-receptor binding were confined to the middle aspect of the inferior TC, whereas binding of delta receptors increased in the mid-inferior TC and anterior aspect of the middle and superior TC. The increase in delta receptors suggests their anticonvulsant action, as previously shown for the delta-receptor subtype, whereas the different regional pattern of receptor alterations suggest the distinct roles of different opioid-receptor subtypes in seizure phenomena.
An automated approach for conditioning and testing the hearing of gerbils.

Abstract A simple, inexpensive hardware and software protocol is described for conditioning and testing hearing of gerbils with minimal experimenter involvement. Behavioral thresholds correspond closely with data which employ nonautomated procedures. Partial source listings of the programs written in the ‘C’ programming language are provided.
On Aculifera: a review of hypotheses in tribute to Christoffer Schander

A review of the phylogenetic relationships among the major molluscan lineages, focusing on Aculifera (Polyplacophora, Caudofoveata, Solenogastres), is provided, centering on the newest developments in phylogenetic analysis of large molecular datasets in the light of the newest fossil discoveries. Support for the monophyly of Aculifera and Aplacophora is found among modern studies, and the anatomical implications for such relationships are discussed, but analyses of target-gene approaches often contradict this clade. The review is concluded with a discussion of the breadth and importance of the work of the late Christoffer Schander to molluscan systematics.
Investigation of the Interfaces of Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) Aluminum with Ag and Al Using Surface Raman Spectroscopy

Surface Raman spectroscopy in ultrahigh vacuum is used to interrogate interfaces formed between tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) and vapor-deposited Ag and Al. Vapor deposition of Ag onto Alq3 films results in preservation of the Alq3 structure with evolution of simple surface enhancement of Alq3 spectral intensities. Changes in the relative intensities of ring breathing and ring stretching modes of Alq3 upon deposition of Ag are consistent with weak interaction of Ag with the conjugated ring of the ligand. In contrast, vapor deposition of Al onto Alq3 films results in the appearance of new vibrational modes, but only for Al coverages >10 A mass thickness, consistent with the formation of an Al−Alq3 adduct. At these coverages, slight surface enhancement of spectral intensities is also observed along with growth of several broad modes consistent with partial graphitization of the organic film.
III. On the asymmetry in the distribution of secondary cathode rays produced by X-rays; and its dependence on the penetrating power of the exciting rays

The ratio of emergence to incidence cathode rays produced in gold and silver by beams of fluorescent secondary X-rays has been measured with the object of finding the dependence of the ratio on the...
Decisionmaking in the motor carrier industry

Distinct discrete decisions made by the same economic actor are likely to be correlated, particularly those decisions involved in transportation demand. These correlations may be due to economic interactions among the decisions, or to heterogeneity, or both. This paper develops an econometric method that can distinguish among these possibilities and applies this method to analyzing motor carrier deregulation. One overall goal of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980, which substantially reduced federal regulation, was to promote greater competition in the industry. Other things equal, the more competition in an industry, the less concentration. However, concentration has been increasing among general freight carriers since deregulation. The positive correlations found between the decisions to acquire broker authority and to be a general freight carrier could be due to joint economies between broker authority and general freight carriage, in which case the two interact as economic complements, or to heterogeneity among motor carrier licensees. In the first case, but not the second, deregulation of broker authority could lead to increased concentration in the general freight sector. Empirically, we find that the decisions are correlated due to heterogeneity, but do not interact. Thus, increased concentration in the general freight sector must be attributed to other causes.
The Rat SSTR2 Somatostatin Receptor Subtype Is Coupled to Inhibition of Cyclic AMP Accumulation

Abstract The rat somatostatin receptor SSTR2 subtype has been cloned and expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Four different radioligands were used to determine the pharmacological properties of this somatostatin receptor subtype. [125ITyr11]S-14, [125ITyr25]S-28, and cyclo (D-Trp-Lys-Abu-Phe-MeAla-[125ITyr]) displayed comparable affinities for the SSTR2 subtype (∼100 pM). The affinity of a fourth radioligand, D-βNal-cyclo (Cys-[125ITyr]-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys)-Thr-H2N, was approximately 10-fold lower (∼1000 pM) than the three other radioligands. Competition of [125I]S-14 with either S-14 or S-28 also revealed comparable IC50 values (250 pM). In CHO cells transfected with the SSTR2 cDNA, S-14 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation by 75% in a dose-dependent fashion (EC50 = 350 pM).
A light weighted damage tracking quarantine and recovery scheme for mission-critical database systems

As online applications gain popularity in today's E-Business world, surviving DBMS from an attack is becoming crucial because of the increasingly critical role that database servers are playing. Although a number of research projects have been done to tackle the emerging data corruption threats, existing mechanisms are still limited in meeting four highly desired requirements: near zero run time overhead, zero system down time. In this paper, we propose TRACE, a light weighted database Damage Tracking, Quarantine, and Recovery (DTQR) solution with negligible run time overhead.
Sexual Orientation and Psychoanalytic Study and Intervention Among Lesbians and Gay Men

The issue of same-gender sexual orientation became a subject of particular interest for psychoanalysis almost from the outset of Freud's study of mental life. The new scientific focus on the study ...
Analysis of query processing in distributed database systems with fully replicated files: hierarchical approach

Abstract A distributed database system consisting of N nodes is considered where each node has a complete copy of a file. Read queries and update requests arrival at each node according to Poisson processes. Read queries are processed locally while update requests must be executed at all nodes. The update executation has preemptive priority over the execution of read queries. A general stochastic model is developed and analyzed for evaluating the mean ergodic response times for read queries and update requests. The model provides a hierarchical structure, separating local processing at each node from complicated interactions among various nodes at the network level. Furthermore a hybrid analysis/simulation approach can be employed where the two processing time distributions for read queries and update requests may be obtained either by analysis, via simulation, or through a combination of both. Numerical examples are given for illustrating the usefulness of the hierarchical approach.
Factors Affecting Range Expansion in the Introduced Mediterranean Gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus

Exotic species colonize new areas through the processes of jump dispersal, population establishment, and diffusion dispersal. From 1962 to 1997, Mediterranean Geckos, Hemidactylus turcicus, were intentionally introduced multiple times into a science building on the campus of the University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma. In 2005, we recorded 365 captures of 305 individuals. The population size was estimated to be 1005 individuals with a density of 478 geckos/ha. The population has dispersed a maximum distance of 200 m from the point of introduction which translates to a maximum rate of diffusion dispersal of 20 m/yr. These results support the hypothesis that range expansion of introduced Mediterranean Geckos has occurred because of multiple jump dispersal events, despite slow diffusion dispersal.
The value-added of laboratory experiments for the study of institutions and common-pool resources

Abstract This article provides an overview of the effects of communication on experimental studies of behavior and outcomes in common-pool resource (CPR) dilemmas. Aggregate outcomes in CPR dilemmas without communication approximate predictions of non-cooperative game theory, but allowing cheap talk results in higher outcomes. When exogenous rules are monitored at realistic levels, subjects cheat even though following the rule would generate optimal outcomes. If given the opportunity, experimental subjects will devise their own rule systems and impose sanctions on each other. These findings complement field research on more complex resources and communities by confirming the critical importance of communication and endogenous rule formation.
Oviposition preference and larval performance within a diverging lineage of lycaenid butterflies

Abstract. 1. The butterfly genus Mitoura in Northern California includes three nominal species associated with four host plants having parapatric or interdigitated ranges. Genetic analyses have shown the taxa to be very closely related, and adults from all host backgrounds will mate and produce viable offspring in the laboratory. Oviposition preference and larval performance were investigated with the aim of testing the hypothesis that variation in these traits can exist in a system in which non-ecological barriers to gene flow (i.e. geographic barriers and genetic incompatibilities) appear to be minimal. 2. Females were sampled from 12 locations throughout Northern California, including sympatric and parapatric populations associated with the four different host-plant species. Oviposition preference was assayed by confining wild-caught females with branches of all four host species and counting the number of eggs laid on each. Offspring were reared on the same host species and two measures of larval success were taken: per cent survival and pupal weight. 3. For populations associated with one of the hosts, incense cedar, the preference–performance relationship is simple: the host that females chose is the plant which results in the highest pupal weights for offspring. The preference–performance relationship for populations associated with the other hosts is more complex and may reflect different levels of local adaptation. The variation in preference and performance reported here suggests that these traits can evolve when non-ecological barriers to gene flow are low, and that differences in these traits may be important for the evolution of reproductive isolation within Mitoura.
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES IN LITIGATION

I. INTRODUCTION Litigation is, by its very nature, an adversarial process. It can result in parties involved feeling aggrieved in response to both the actions chosen by others and the actions that a priori had been expected of others. Parties often want to have their day in court in order to see justice done or to vent a retributive intent. This paper shows that certain emotions can result in a higher frequency of trials oc- curring in a general class of litigation games than in the absence of such emotional factors. Such emotions usually depend not only on the behavior of another but also on the beliefs over that behavior. Ellickson (1991, 1989, 1987) has criticized law and economics for using a limited notion of what constitutes rational behavior and suggested expanding the rational actor model to incorporate other elements. We begin just such an extension in this paper. There are two central questions about legal disputes: What are the incentives for a plaintiff to sue? What determines the decision of a defendant to settle or go to court? In fact, many suits that could be brought are not, and of those suits that are filed, most do not result in a trial. Theoretical analyses of the litigation process can be divided into three stages. The first stage includes models by Landes (1971), Gould (1973), and Posner (1973), and culminates with Shave11 (1982). Single-per- son decision theory is used in these studies to describe rational choices by poten- tial litigants. The second stage maintains the symmetric information assumption but explicitly models the strategic interaction of multiple decision-makers. A re-
Fractal nature of viscous fingering in two‐dimensional pore level models

Use of saturation-dependent relative mobilities leads to linear flow; however, experiment and theory show that, in the limit of very large viscosity ratio, the flow is not linear but fractal. Generally, fractional flows and relative mobilities depend on both saturation and time. Use of a standard pore-level model of 2-D flow in the limit of infinite capillary number shows that this flow is fractal for large viscosity ratios (M = 10,000) and the saturation and fractional flows agree with the results of the general arguments. For realistic viscosities (M = 3--300), the modeling of the unstable flow shows that, although the flows are initially fractal, they become linear on a time scale, {tau}, increasing as {tau} = {tau}{sub 0}M{sup 0.17}. Once linear, the saturation front advances as x {approx} v{sub 0}M{sup 0.068}t; the factor M{sup 0.068}acts as a 2-D Koval factor.
Development and intercomparison of a reusable radon-in-water standard

Abstract Radium-free standards are not readily available for proficiency testing of laboratories that conduct radon ( 222 Rn) analyses of water. For this study, 33 identical, reusable, radon-in-water standards were prepared using a 226 Ra-loaded filter sandwiched in polyethylene sheeting. The 222 Rn concentrations in the 226 Ra-free standards were measured by liquid scintillation counting and compared to 10 reference solutions containing 226 Ra. The 222 Rn concentrations measured in the standards were consistent (standard deviation of 226 Ra reference standards. At full ingrowth, 86% of the 222 Rn produced by the sandwiched 226 Ra sources emanated into the water. An intercomparison of radon-in-water standards, performed to examine the accuracy of analyses by commercial, government, and private companies, showed that 18 of the 21 participants reported concentrations within 25% of the known (693 Bq l −1 ).
The Space Dust (SPADUS) instrument aboard the Earth-orbiting ARGOS spacecraft: I - instrument description

Abstract The Space Dust (SPADUS) instrument is being carried aboard the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS). ARGOS was launched into a circular, sun-synchronous polar orbit at ∼850 km altitude on February 23, 1999 on the Air Force ARGOS P91-1 Mission. The instrument provides time-resolved measurements of dust particle flux, mass distribution, and trajectories, as well as high time resolution measurements of energetic charged particles from the SPADUS Ancillary Diagnostic Sensor (ADS) subsystem, during the nominal three-year ARGOS mission. SPADUS uses Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) dust sensors developed at the University of Chicago. PVDF sensors have been used earlier on the Vega-1 and Vega-2 missions to Halley's Comet, and are currently being carried on experiments aboard the Cassini spacecraft to Saturn, as well as the Stardust spacecraft to Comet WILD-2. The SPADUS PVDF sensors have a total area of 576 cm 2 , and the SPADUS velocity/trajectory system permits distinction between orbital debris and cosmic (natural) dust, as well as a determination of the orbital elements for some of the impacting particles. The SPADUS instrument measures particle mass over the mass range ∼5×10 −11 g (3.3 μm diameter) to ∼1×10 −5 g (200 μm diameter), and also measures integral flux for particles of mass >∼1×10 −5 g .
Local and landscape scale variables impact parasitoid assemblages across an urbanization gradient

Abstract Urbanization is a major driver of land cover change worldwide, yet little is known about how urbanization affects beneficial arthropod communities. This study examined how local and landscape scale variables associated with urbanization influenced parasitic Hymenoptera abundance and diversity in residential and commercial properties along a rural to urban landscape gradient in Wisconsin. At a landscape scale, 300 m surrounding sites, land cover percentages were calculated for five cover classes: impervious cover, forest, grassland, agriculture, and urban green space. In addition, habitat diversity (Simpson's index) was calculated for the landscape surrounding study sites. At a local scale (within the boundaries of an individual property), flower diversity, flower area, tree density, and hardscape were measured and related to parasitoid abundance and diversity. During 2006 and 2007, parasitoids were sampled twice a month June–August using yellow sticky cards. Parasitoid abundance was a positive function of flower diversity, a local scale variable. The positive relationship between parasitoid abundance and flower diversity only occurred in areas containing high to moderate levels of urban development, suggesting parasitoids locally benefited from the increased availability of floral resources in urban but not rural sites. Parasitoid diversity decreased as impervious cover increased in the surrounding landscape. Parasitoid diversity decreased by approximately 10% in highly urbanized sites relative to rural sites, a pattern driven by several parasitoid families not detected in urban sites. These results suggest conservation strategies that focus on landscape variables at multiple scales can play an integral role in preserving beneficial arthropods across urban landscapes.
Stress Relaxation Measurement of Agar Using a Polymer-Based Microfluidic Device

In light of the significance of the viscoelastic property of agar to cell-based tissue engineering, this paper presents the stress relaxation measurement of agar using a polymer-based microfluidic device. Comprised of a single polymer rectangular microstructure and a set of electrolyte-enabled distributed transducers, this device is capable of detecting continuous distributed static and dynamic loads. In the measurement, an agar specimen is placed on the device and a rigid probe is utilized to press the specimen against the device with a step displacement input. Consequently, the stress relaxation behavior of the specimen translates to time-dependent continuous distributed loads acting on the device and is further registered as discrete resistance changes by the device. Two agar specimens of 1% and 3% in concentration, respectively, are measured using this device; and the data analysis is conducted on the measured results to extract Young’s relaxation modulus, which is further expressed by a Prony-series representation of the Maxwell model with two exponential terms. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using this device to measure the stress relaxation behavior of soft materials.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Baryon magnetic moments and spin dependent quark forces

The J=3/2 Δ, J=1/2 nucleon mass difference shows that quark energies can be spin dependent. It is natural to expect that quark wave functions also depend on spin. In the octet, such spin dependent forces lead to different wave functions for quarks with spin parallel or antiparallel to the nucleon spin. A two component Dirac equation wave function is used for the quarks assuming small current quark masses for the u and d quarks. Then, the neutron/proton magnetic moment ratio, the nucleon axial charge, and the spin content of the nucleon can all be simultaneously fit assuming isospin invariance between the u and d quarks, but allowing for spin dependent forces. The breakdown of the Coleman–Glashow sum rule for octet magnetic moments follows naturally in this Dirac approach as the bound quark energy also effects the magnetic moment. Empirically the bound quark energy increases with the number of strange quarks in the system. Allowing the strange quark wave function similar spin dependence predicts the magnetic moments of the octet, in close agreement with experiment. Differences between the octet and decuplet magnetic moments are also explained immediately with spin dependent wave functions.
Determination of equivalent pore radius for human red cells by osmotic pressure measurement.

A new method has been developed to measure the equivalent pore radius in cellular membranes, and has been applied to human red cells. When red cells are suddenly introduced into a non-isosmolar concentration of non-lipid-soluble non-electrolyte molecules, water will enter or leave the cell. The rate of cell swelling or shrinking is determined and extrapolated to zero time to give the initial rate of volume change. By suitable adjustment of the concentration of the external solution the initial rate may be brought to zero. The transient equilibrium concentration, determined by interpolation from experimental data, gives a measure of Staverman's reflection coefficient, σ. The zero time method has enabled us to determine σ for nine permeant molecules. σ is directly related to the equivalent pore radius; the experimental data lead to a value of 4.2 A for the equivalent pore radius in man, in good agreement with the previous figure of 3.5 A given by Paganelli and Solomon. The zero time method offers a number of advantages over previous methods for determination of this parameter. It requires no measurement of the rate of water entrance into the cell, and is essentially independent of the kinetics of cell swelling. It may be applied to a variety of living cells so that many additional membranes may now be characterized in terms of their equivalent pore radius.
Name letter matching and implicit egotism: Friends as self-extensions

Favorable evaluations of letters appearing in peoples’ names were examined and found to vary according to a focus on the self versus others. Students described their personal preferences after thinking about either positive or negative qualities of themselves or a friend. Matches of consonant letters in preferences with consonants in first and last names was higher when the self-concept was challenged by an induced focus on negative personal traits, as well as when people thought about something of “theirs.” Thus, evidence of implicit egotism was seen when students thought (for good or for ill) of one of their self-chosen items, their best friend, or when they required a self-esteem boost, but not when they were focused on their own positive personal qualities. Results are discussed in terms of how name letter matching reflects a desire to keep a complimentary outlook about ourselves.
A geographically variable model of hemlock woolly adelgid spread

The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae) has spread through the range of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) leaving dead hemlock trees in its wake. We combined county and previously unavailable township level infestation records with geographic variables including plant hardiness zone, elevation, forest cover type, urbanization, precipitation, temperature, and hemlock range in a geographic information system to build models linking HWA spread to the structure and characteristics of the environment. We explored the connections between site variables and spread rate using quantile regression, Tobit regression, a parametric model for heterogeneous error variance, and classification and regression tree modeling. The results show that since 1990 HWA has spread at a rate closer to 12.5 km/yr rather than the 20–30 km/yr previously estimated, however spread rates vary significantly with environmental variables. County-based data show a faster rate of range expansion in the south, 15.6 km/yr, and very slow spread in the northern part of the current range of HWA. The rate of spread based on township records for Pennsylvania and north is 8.13 km/yr. Our study suggests that HWA spreads more slowly in colder areas, with a mean minimum temperature of − 26.1°C (plant hardiness zone 5B) delineating areas of slower range expansion. HWA also spreads more slowly during cold years, those with lower than average mean January temperatures. Our analysis demonstrates the value of quantile regression, Tobit regression, and classification and regression tree models for understanding the spread of invasive, exotic insects.
A mechanostimulation system for revealing intercellular calcium communication in HUVEC networks

This paper reports a mechanostimulation system for studying mechanically induced intercellular calcium signaling in networks of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). By incorporating a capacitive (comb drive) force probe and plasma lithography cell patterning, the roles of biophysical factors, including force, duration, and network architecture, in calcium intercellular communication can be investigated systematically. Particularly, we observed cancellation of calcium waves in linear networks and bi-directional splitting in cross junctions. The effects of key biophysical factors on intercellular calcium wave propagation were studied. These results demonstrate the applicability of the mechanostimulation system in studying intercellular calcium signaling and reveal the robustness of calcium signaling in HUVEC networks, which mimics the vasculature.
Currency restrictions, government transaction policies and currency exchange

We study how currency restrictions and government transaction policies affect the values of fiat currencies in a two country, divisible good, search model. We show that these policies can generate equilibria where both currencies circulate as medium of exchange and where currency exchange occurs between citizens of different countries. Restrictions on the internal use of foreign currency can cause the domestic currency to be relatively more valuable to domestic agents while taxes on domestic currency create an incentive for home agents to hold foreign currency. We demonstrate that some policies increase prices and lower welfare while others do the reverse.