cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parametric primitives for motor representation and control

The use of motor primitives for the generation of complex movements is a relatively new and interesting idea for dimensionality reduction in robot control. We propose a framework in which adaptive primitives learn and represent synergetic arm movements. A simple and fixed set of postural and oscillatory primitives form the substrate through which all control is elicited. Higher level adaptive primitives interact and control the primitive substrate in order to handle complex movement sequences. We implemented this model on a simulated 20 DOF humanoid character with dynamics. We present results of the experiments involving the presentation and learning of synergetic arm movements.
Fatigue Design of Modular Bridge Expansion Joints

Experimental and analytical research was recently performed to develop performance-based specifications and commentary for the fatigue design of modular bridge expansion joints (MBEJ). The resulting proposed fatigue-design and test specifications resulting from this research are discussed. These specifications are intended for integration into the present AASHTO Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications. For consistency with the bridge design specifications, the proposed MBEJ fatigue-design specifications used the same fatigue-design truck as was used by the present AASHTO bridge specifications. However, one important modification of the AASHTO truck loading for MBEJ is the explicit recognition that the rear axles of the HS series trucks actually represent tandem axles. A simplified method to estimate the distribution factor (i.e., the fraction of the range of the design-wheel load assigned to a single "centerbeam") is recommended. Dynamic impact on both the vertical and horizo...
Update in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in 2010

The year 2010 marked several milestones for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Unfortunately, COPD moved from fourth leading cause of death in the United States to third. On the other hand, the United States also celebrated the 1-year anniversary of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA), which led to increased regulation of tobacco marketing, and the implementation of public health strategies to reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality (1). Also in 2010, the editorial team of the Journal published an article entitled “What the Journal Would Like to Publish on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease” (2). This article challenged the scientific community to focus on issues such as understanding disease susceptibility, the mechanism of inflammation persistence after smoking exposure is withdrawn, and the multicomponent nature of the disease. The review that follows is an overview of key publications on COPD in the last year. So I invite you to be the judge: Have we risen to the challenge? The obstacles we face in understanding and treating COPD are great, but not unique. The year 2010 also marked the 5-year anniversary for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative. In reviewing the past 5 years, Bill Gates reflected, “We were naive when we began.” The rate of discovery in medical research may seem slow relative to the exponential pace of advance in fields such as computing. Yet we are making progress. The articles that follow demonstrate progress in our understanding of host susceptibility and the inflammatory response in COPD, and also the mechanisms of currently available therapies and how biomarkers may help us better target therapies in the future.
Role of the Membrane-Proximal Domain in the Initial Stages of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein-Mediated Membrane Fusion

We have examined mutations in the ectodomain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 within a region immediately adjacent to the membrane-spanning domain for their effect on the outcome of the fusion cascade. Using the recently developed three-color assay (I. Munoz-Barroso, S. Durell, K. Sakaguchi, E. Appella, and R. Blumenthal, J. Cell Biol. 140:315-323, 1998), we have assessed the ability of the mutant gp41s to transfer lipid and small solutes from susceptible target cells to the gp120-gp41-expressing cells. The results were compared with the syncytium-inducing capabilities of these gp41 mutants. Two mutant proteins were incapable of mediating both dye transfer and syncytium formation. Two mutant proteins mediated dye transfer but were less effective at inducing syncytium formation than was wild-type gp41. The most interesting mutant proteins were those that were not capable of inducing syncytium formation but still mediated dye transfer, indicating that the fusion cascade was blocked beyond the stage of small fusion pore formation. Fusion mediated by the mutant gp41s was inhibited by the peptides DP178 and C34.
Reduction of Ripple Voltage in a Dynamitron

We determined that a precise neutralization of the RF ripple voltage on the high voltage terminal of a Dynamitron has previously been prevented by a nonnegligible phase shift of RF currents in the two halves of the ~l00 kHz class C oscillator tank circuit, which is actually constituted of two slightly unequal high-Q coupled circuits because it has two ground points: the inescapable center-tap-ground in the capacitive legs and a center-tap-ground lead to the induction coil. The latter is needed to prevent damage by flashover transients; equivalent to its removal was the adjusting of RF ground return current to a null by aid of a current transformer on this lead and the suitable adjusting of trimmer capacitance. While the phase shift was thus held to a null, the actual ripple amplitude on the hv terminal was minimized by adjusting additional trimmer capacitances installed in the terminal of the machine. Then p/p 100 kHz ripple at 2 MV DC output was reduced to about 50V and RMS resolution by (p,?) resonance threshold data near 1 MV was about 250 V. The limit to resolution has various causes including mechanical vibrations and unbalanced harmonics of the RF.
Multimodal approach for automatic recognition of machiavellianism

Machiavellianism, by definition, is the tendency to use other people as a tool to achieve one's own goals. Despite the large focus on the Big Five traits of personality, this anti-social trait is relatively unexplored in the computational realm. Automatically recognizing anti-social traits can have important uses across a variety of applications. In this paper, we use negotiation as a setting that provides Machiavellians with the opportunity to reveal their exploitative inclinations. We use textual, visual, acoustic, and behavioral cues to automatically predict High vs. Low Machiavellian personalities. These learned models have good accuracy when compared with other personality-recognition methods, and we provide evidence that the automatically-learned models are consistent with existing literature on this anti-social trait, giving evidence that these results can generalize to other domains.
Water reduction by a p-GaInP2 photoelectrode stabilized by an amorphous TiO2 coating and a molecular cobalt catalyst.

Producing hydrogen through solar water splitting requires the coverage of large land areas. Abundant metal-based molecular catalysts offer scalability, but only if they match noble metal activities. We report on a highly active p-GaInP2 photocathode protected through a 35-nm TiO2 layer functionalized by a cobaloxime molecular catalyst (GaInP2–TiO2–cobaloxime). This photoelectrode mediates H2 production with a current density of ∼9 mA cm−2 at a potential of 0 V versus RHE under 1-sun illumination at pH 13. The calculated turnover number for the catalyst during a 20-h period is 139,000, with an average turnover frequency of 1.9 s−1. Bare GaInP2 shows a rapid current decay, whereas the GaInP2–TiO2–cobaloxime electrode shows ≤5% loss over 20 min, comparable to a GaInP2–TiO2–Pt catalyst particle-modified interface. The activity and corrosion resistance of the GaInP2–TiO2–cobaloxime photocathode in basic solution is made possible by an atomic layer-deposited TiO2 and an attached cobaloxime catalyst. Producing hydrogen via solar water splitting with metal-based molecular catalysts offers scalability. An active p-GaInP2 photocathode stabilized by a TiO2 layer functionalized by a cobaloxime molecular catalyst is now reported for water reduction.
Leveraging Formal Methods and Fuzzing to Verify Security and Reliability Properties of Large-Scale High-Consequence Systems

Formal methods describe a class of system analysis techniques that seek to prove specific propertiesabout analyzed designs, or locate flaws compromising those properties. As an analysis capability,these techniques are the subject of increased interest fromboth internal and external customersof Sandia National Laboratories. Given this lab's other areas of expertise, Sandia is uniquelypositioned to advance the state-of-the-art with respect toseveral research and application areaswithin formal methods. This research project was a one-yeareffort funded by Sandia's CyberSecurity S&T Investment Area in its Laboratory Directed Research&Development program toinvestigate the opportunities for formal methods to impactSandia's present mission areas, morefully understand the needs of the research community in the area of formal methods and whereSandia can contribute, and clarify from those potential research paths those that would best advancethe mission-area interests of Sandia. The accomplishmentsfrom this project reinforce the utilityof formal methods in Sandia, particularly in areas relevantto Cyber Security, and set the stagefor continued Sandia investments to ensure this capabilityis utilized and advanced within thislaboratory to serve the national interest.4
MIT app iventor: democratizing personal mobile computing

MIT App Inventor is a blocks-based visual programming tool that allows anyone to design and build their own fully functional mobile apps. It was developed to provide transformative experiences to people who may not feel that they have much mastery over technology. App Inventor provides a low-floor, high-ceiling development environment that invites novices to engage in digital creation in personally meaningful and relevant ways. In short, it aims to democratize personal mobile computing. Professor Hal Abelson of MIT developed App Inventor while on sabbatical at Google. He and a team of Google engineers launched the first version in 2009 as a project of Google Labs. Late in 2011, with a seed grant from Google, Abelson brought the project to MIT where it is now housed in the new Center for Mobile Learning (CML) at the Media Lab. CML is co-directed by Abelson together with Mitchel Resnick, Director of the MIT Media Lab's Lifelong Kindergarten group, the home of Scratch, and Eric Klopfer, Director of MIT's Scheller Teacher Education Program, home of StarLogo TNG.
Notification System to Address PACS Filter Deficiencies and Ensure Timely Interpretation of Neonatal Exams

Filtered radiology worklists can result in exams that slip through the cracks and do not get interpreted. We discovered an error that caused neonatal exams to not be displayed on our worklists, and therefore, these exams were not interpreted in a timely fashion. Because of familiarity with our departmental data, we were able to rapidly build a notification tool to alert us to these exams. This tool resulted in clinically significant impact on interpretation turnaround time and care of neonates in our hospital.
Epidemiology and Hereditary Aspects of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas

The lymphomas have been of unusually great interest to epidemiologists for several reasons. First, both Hodgkin lymphoma and the non-Hodgkin lymphomas have long been suspected of having an infectious etiology and both have been associated with immunosuppression. Second, Hodgkin lymphoma has an unusual pattern of incidence with age, which has suggested that it is at least two different diseases with important underlying environmental determinants. In contrast to Hodgkin lymphoma, the likelihood on clinical and histopathologic grounds that the non-Hodgkin lymphomas are several different disease entities has probably impeded epidemiologic and other research interest in this group of diseases.
Below Gap Excitation of Photoluminescence in a-Si:H

PL measurements on device-quality samples of a-Si:H (dark ESR bulk signal, Ns 1.7 eV) depends only weakly on the temperature at constant Ex
Vickers Indentation Crack in Superplastically Compressive Deformed Silicon Nitride with Highly Anisotropic Microstructure

Vickers indentation in the silicon nitride, which was produced by superplastic compressive deformation, was conducted. The specimen had a highly anisotropic microstructure, where rod-shaped grains oriented almost two-dimensionally. The Vickers crack introduced in such microstructure exhibited an unusual crack system with a Cone-Vickers complex shape. Three dimensional crack system was estimated on the basis of the observation, and the crack evolution process was discussed.
Obtaining a cross-engineering collaborative environment via transition to a model-based system engineering (MBSE) approach:

The integrated defense acquisition, technology, and logistics (IDAT&L) life cycle management system (LCMS) is currently a document-centric process, i.e., the IDAT&L LCMS process is a document-based approach where engineering strategies, plans, and design documents are manually generated, maintained, and sustained. This approach causes unnecessary time spent on correlating and managing interrelated system documentation. In addition, a change to the system could easily be miscommunicated or not relayed to another engineering group, e.g., test and evaluation. Hence the program experiences delay in the schedule and additional cost occurs due to test plan and execution rework as a result of test criteria not met. This paper addresses benefits of applying a model-based system engineering approach to the IDAT&L LCMS process and how it promotes a cross-engineering collaborative environment.
A Case-control Study on Risk Factors of Emerging Hepatitis B in Tanggu District of Tianjin City during 2007-2009

[Objective]To understand the prevalence and influencing factors(individual factors,living habits and family factors)of emerging hepatitis B in Tanggu District.[Methods]1∶2 case-control study was adopted to analyze the emerging hepatitis B in this district during 2007-2009.[Results]One factor analysis of variance showed the OR values of family members with hepatitis B,intravenous injection,traumatic treatment in beauty salon,tooth extraction,blood transfusion and operation were 100.00,33.79,24.09,13.44,4.00 and 2.25 respectively.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated factors that finally entered the regression equation were family members with hepatitis B,intravenous injection,traumatic treatment in beauty salons.[Conclusion]Family members with hepatitis B,intravenous injection,traumatic treatment in beauty salon,tooth extraction,blood transfusion and operation are risk factors of emerging hepatitis B.
Three-Stage Supply Chain Management and Its Improvement

Six problems in the three-stage supply chain management are studied, including uncertainties, coordination, organizational organizational boundary, inventory cost, degree of customer satisfaction, operation regulations and information system. Some measures to solve the problems are presented with the introduction of the organi- zation and improvement of three-stage supply chain in an Electric Machinery Corp. in Shenyang.
The analyses of detection results of disinfectant using in medical agencies in Lanzhou

Objective:To be aware of the effective ingredients of disinfectant using in medical agencies in Lanzhou to prevent and control the infection in hospitals.Methods:It is guided by "Technical Regulation for Cleaning and Disinfectant" and "Standards of Disinfectant Sanitation in Hospitals"(GB15982-1995) issued by Ministry of Health for testing.Results:The total qualified rate of samples for testing is 50.1%.The qualified rate of urban grade hospitals is 81.8%,the qualified rate of county hospitals is 66.6%,the qualified rate of community hospitals is 33.3% and the qualified rate of individual clinics is 46.4%.Conclusion:There exists obvious difference in the effective ingredients of the disinfectant and the qualified rates of the various disinfectant using in medical agencies.So we have to strengthen the management of disinfectant in medical agencies and train the medical personnels effectively,especially those working in community hospitals and individual clinics.
Mustard vesicant-induced lung injury: Advances in therapy

Most mortality and morbidity following exposure to vesicants such as sulfur mustard is due to pulmonary toxicity. Acute injury is characterized by epithelial detachment and necrosis in the pharynx, trachea and bronchioles, while long-term consequences include fibrosis and, in some instances, cancer. Current therapies to treat mustard poisoning are primarily palliative and do not target underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. New knowledge about vesicant-induced pulmonary disease pathogenesis has led to the identification of potentially efficacious strategies to reduce injury by targeting inflammatory cells and mediators including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, proteases and proinflammatory/cytotoxic cytokines. Therapeutics under investigation include corticosteroids, N-acetyl cysteine, which has both mucolytic and antioxidant properties, inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, liposomes containing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and/or tocopherols, protease inhibitors, and cytokine antagonists such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody and pentoxifylline. Antifibrotic and fibrinolytic treatments may also prove beneficial in ameliorating airway obstruction and lung remodeling. More speculative approaches include inhibitors of transient receptor potential channels, which regulate pulmonary epithelial cell membrane permeability, non-coding RNAs and mesenchymal stem cells. As mustards represent high priority chemical threat agents, identification of effective therapeutics for mitigating toxicity is highly significant.
Renormalization Group and String Field Theory

We review two approaches to string dynamics: the renormalization group method and the string field theory formalism. The emphasis is on the relationship between these two seemingly different methods. The basic line of thought is that a renormalization group flow of a most general background coupled σ-model should lead to the equations of string field theory. Recent progress on this is summarized and a critical review of the results is given. Some new ideas concerning most general couplings are described.
Mannosidosis and Cognitive Functioning

Longitudinal assessments of the biochemistry and cognitive functioning in three brothers with mannosidosis are reported from the Department of Pediatrics in Human Development; Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
The Gift of Feedback: Child HCAHPS

* Abbreviations: CMS — : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services HCAHPS — : Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Instruments to measure and assess patient experience are widely used in US hospitals. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented a standardized survey, Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS), for adult hospitals in 2006, and public reporting of HCAHPS results commenced in 2008. Widespread adoption of the adult HCAHPS tool has been facilitated by federal policy. The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 created incentives for acute care hospitals to participate in HCAHPS. Hospitals subject to the Inpatient Prospective Payment System must collect and submit HCAHPS data to receive full reimbursement. In 2012, Hospital Value-Based Purchasing linked a portion of Inpatient Prospective Payment System hospital payment from CMS to a set of quality metrics. HCAHPS data are the basis for the Patient and Caregiver Centered Experience of Care/Care Coordination metric, which is 25% to 30% of a hospital’s Total Performance Score. Also, since 2008, adult hospital HCAHPS scores are publicly reported based on 4 consecutive quarters … Address correspondence to Kerry L. Rosen, MD, MBA, 700 Children’s Drive, T3108, Columbus, OH 43205. E-mail: kerry.rosen{at}nationwidechildrens.org
Identification of HIV-1 Tat-Associated Proteins Contributing to HIV-1 Transcription and Latency

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat is a virus-encoded trans-activator that plays a central role in viral transcription. We used our recently developed parallel analysis of in vitro translated open reading frames (ORFs) (PLATO) approach to identify host proteins that associate with HIV-1 Tat. From this proteomic assay, we identify 89 Tat-associated proteins (TAPs). We combine our results with other datasets of Tat or long terminal repeat (LTR)-associated proteins. For some of these proteins (NAT10, TINP1, XRCC5, SIN3A), we confirm their strong association with Tat. These TAPs also suppress Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription. Removing suppression of HIV-1 transcription benefits the reversal of post-integrated, latent HIV-1 proviruses. We demonstrate that these transcriptionally suppressing TAPs contribute to HIV-1 latency in Jurkat latency (J-LAT) cells. Therefore, our proteomic analysis highlights the previously unappreciated TAPs that play a role in maintaining HIV-1 latency and can be further studied as potential pharmacological targets for the "shock and kill" HIV-1 cure strategy.
Adult functions for the Drosophila DHR78 nuclear receptor.

BACKGROUND The Testicular Receptors 2 and 4 (TR2, TR4) comprise a small subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors. Genetic studies in mouse models have identified roles for TR4 in developmental progression, fertility, brain development, and metabolism, as well as genetic redundancy with TR2. Here we study the adult functions of the single Drosophila member of this subfamily, DHR78, with the goal of defining its ancestral functions in the absence of genetic redundancy. RESULTS We show that DHR78 mutants have a shortened lifespan, reduced motility, and mated DHR78 mutant females display a reduced feeding rate. Transcriptional profiling reveals a major role for DHR78 in promoting the expression of genes that are expressed in the midgut, suggesting that it contributes to nutrient uptake. We also identify roles for DHR78 in maintaining the expression of genes in the ecdysone and Notch signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a new context for linking the molecular activity of the TR orphan nuclear receptors with their complex roles in adult physiology and lifespan. Developmental Dynamics 247:315-322, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Increasing Racialization of American Electoral Politics, 1988-2016:

In this article, we examine the relationship between racial resentment and a host of political attitudes, predispositions, and behaviors across 28 years and 7 presidential elections. We find, contr...
HEALTH ACTIVISM FROM THE BOTTOM UP: PROGRESSIVE ERA IMMIGRANT CHICAGOANS’ VIEWS ON GERM THEORY, ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, AND CLASS INEQUALITY

Drawing on Chicago immigrant communities’ archives, memoirs, and native-language newspapers, this article advances our understanding of Progressive Era environmental politics by delving into cross-class immigrant communities’ views on and activism concerning health. Everyday ethnic Chicagoans—medical and journalistic professionals alongside working-class immigrants—displayed a sophisticated understanding of health. Well versed in medical and scientific germ theories, they embraced a mixture of germ and environmental theories that made them, in effect, “disease ecologists,” revealing a widespread health ecology orientation not limited to the educated white professionals and reformers about whom scholarship has revealed much more. Such perspectives contribute to reinterpretations of earlier scholarly assumptions that germ theory largely displaced environmental analyses. Moreover, ethnic communities’ interpretations of health as ecological underpinned some of their political activism in pursuit of greater environmental parity. Many ethnic activists from across Chicago's class spectrum fought alongside white reformers to rectify environmental health inequities. They sometimes even initiated efforts, displaying an early version of environmental justice activism. At the same time, other cross-class ethnics at least partly blamed individual or ethnic communities’ habits and failures, mirroring to a degree the condescension visible among many Anglo reformers and professionals.
Capital punishment politics and policies in the States, 1977-1997

Since the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the death penalty constitutionalin 1976, thirty-eight states have readopted new capital punishmentstatutes consistent with Supreme Court decisions on procedural guidelines. While much of the literature about capital punishmentaddresses the legal aspects of the issue, this essay examines thepolitics of the major institutions of state government in the formulation of capital punishment policies. In some states, thereis agreement between key officials in the institutions on the desirability of, or opposition to, capital punishment. However, inmost other states, the debate over the appropriateness of deathpenalty policies is vigorously waged between the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Overall, 432 felons were executedin 30 states between 1977 and 1997. However, no executions haveoccurred in nine of these states. Twelve states have no provisionsfor the death penalty. The majority of executions since 1977 havetaken place in just six states. In addition to the abolitioniststates, the others can be categorized as (1) aggressive executioners,(2) occasional executioners, (3) reluctant executioners, and (4)nonusers where the death penalty has been restored for politicalpurposes but no executions have been carried out in over two decadesand none are likely to be in the immediate future given the minisculenumber of inmates on death row.
Catalyst Transport in Corn Stover Internodes

The transport of catalysts (chemicals and enzymes) within plant biomass is believed to be a major bottleneck during thermochemical pretreatment and enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose. Subjecting biomass to size reduction and mechanical homogenization can reduce catalyst transport limitations; however, such processing adds complexity and cost to the over-all process. Using high-resolution light microscopy, we have monitored the transport of an aqueous solution of Direct Blue-I (DB-I) dye through intact corn internodes under a variety of impregnation conditions. DB-I is a hydrophilic anionic dye with affinity for cellulose. This model system has enabled us to visualize likely barriers and mechanisms of catalyst transport in corn stems. Microscopic images were compared with calculated degrees of saturation (i.e., volume fraction of internode void space occupied by dye solution) to correlate impregnation strategies with dye distribution and transport mechanisms. Results show the waxy rind exterior and air trapped within individual cells to be the major barriers to dye transport, whereas the vascular bundles, apoplastic continuum (i.e., the intercellular void space at cell junctions), and fissures formed during the drying process provided the most utilized pathways for transport. Although representing only 20–30% of the internode volume, complete saturation of the apoplast and vascular bundles by fluid allowed dye contact with a majority of the cells in the internode interior.
The Education of Indigenous Students

This article presents an overview of Indigenous education from a global perspective, emphasizing the importance of Indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing in improving the educational status of Indigenous children and youth across the globe. This is in contrast to Western educational practices, which have tended to misunderstand, underutilize, and, in many cases, exclude Indigenous knowledge from national systems of education. As a result, education has worked to assimilate and acculturate Indigenous people around the world. Although there has been increased movement toward Indigenous self-determination, resulting in increased participation and Indigenous control of education, a number of challenges remain. One of the most salient challenges is the need to recognize and utilize educational practices based on Indigenous knowledge. For many Indigenous people, Indigenous knowledge is viewed as critical to the preservation of Indigenous languages and cultures, as well as improvement of the educational status of Indigenous children and youth around the globe.
Chemoprevention Studies in Familial Polyposis

Familial polyposis is a classic prototype of hereditary human precancer. Patients with polyposis coli were chosen for our studies of chemoprevention because the precursors and histology of sporadic large bowel cancer are mirrored and truncated in time by polyposis. One of several clearly defined precancerous lesions of genetic origin, polyposis, is characterized by the development of numerous adenomas of the large bowel at a young age, with a risk approaching 100% of eventually developing single or multiple adenocarcinomas (1). Familial polyposis is transmitted as an autosomal-dominant disorder with a high degree of penetrance (2), and occurs at an expected frequency of 1 in 6850 to 1 in 23,790 live births (2,3). The study of environmental factors in the more dynamic setting provided by polyposis may identify modes of chemoprevention relevant to sporadic large bowel cancer, as well as provide this information in less time. Thus, it is hypothesized that the important genetic mutational event requires subsequent promotional events for the induction of adenomas and cancer and that these promotional events can be blocked by chemopreventive agents.
Reduced Construction in Universal Grammar: Evidence from the Polish Object Control Construction

This paper presents a Relational Grammar analysis of the Polish Object Control Construction (OCC) and considers the viability of clause reduction as a universal analysis of reduced constructions. Polish OCC sentences parallel Romance reduced sentences in exhibiting both monoclausal and biclausal characteristics. To the extent that the OCC and reduced constructions in other languages are a reflex of a single phenomenon, the Polish data demonstrate that any successful universal analysis should be general enough to allow for a variety of mono- and biclausal effects cross-linguistically and must allow for simultaneous mono- and biclausal effects. Since Polish and Romance reduced constructions show similar syntactic effects and since analyses which appeal to morphology or place strong emphasis on word order do not extend to the OCC, the Polish data argue that an analysis which is independent of surface expression is more explanatory.
Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy. Implications, Evaluation, and Treatment

The dynamic changes across pregnancy affect sleep and wakefulness producing sleep disturbances, which causes sleep disorders in some cases. This review will identify common sleep disorders in pregnancy, related maternal-fetal outcomes, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and potential therapies to guide clinicians in serving this population.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunting

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting has significantly improved the lives of patients with hydrocephalus. It was a major advance in the 1950s when safe implantable materials for the manufacturing of shunt tubing and valves were identified. CSF shunts, however, are not a cure for hydrocephalus. In most cases, the shunted patient is faced with a lifelong commitment to an implanted device with a high failure rate. Shunts fail for a variety of reasons including obstruction, infection, and mechanical failure. Efforts to identify alternative treatment strategies and a cure will continue; however, until a better treatment is found, CSF shunts remain the mainstay of treatment for hydrocephalus. It is critical to understand how shunts work and fail and to identify ways to improve shunt function. This chapter explores these topics in detail.
Ovine uterine artery hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis in vivo: effects of ovarian cycle and pregnancy†.

Uterine vasodilation dramatically increases during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle and pregnancy, which are estrogen-dominant physiological states. Uterine vasodilation is believed to be mainly controlled by local uterine artery (UA) production of vasodilators and angiogenic factors. The extremely potent vasodilator and proangiogenic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is synthesized via metabolizing L-cysteine by cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH). This study was designed to determine if UA H2S production increases with augmented expression and/or activity of CBS and/or CTH during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in sheep. Uterine arteries from intact nonpregnant (NP) luteal and follicular phase and late (130-135 days, term ≈ 145 days) pregnant (P) ewes were collected; endothelium-enriched proteins (UAendo) and endothelium-denuded smooth muscle (UAvsm) were mechanically prepared for accessing CBS and CTH proteins by immunoblotting; their cellular localization was determined by semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. H2S production was measured by the methylene blue assay. Immunoblotting revealed that CBS but not CTH protein was greater in P > > > NP follicular > luteal UAendo and UAvsm (P > > NP UAendo and UAvsm (P < 0.01). Pregnancy-augmented UAendo and UAvsm H2S production was inhibited by the specific CBS but not CTH inhibitor. CBS and CTH proteins were localized to both endothelium and smooth muscle; however, only CBS protein was significantly greater in P vs NP UA endothelium and smooth muscle. Thus, ovine UA H2S production is significantly augmented via selectively upregulating endothelium and smooth muscle CBS during the follicular phase and pregnancy in vivo.
Foster Care as a Problem and a Solution

This chapter first describes how foster care, intended as a temporary but necessary solution for children who cannot safely remain at home, is increasingly described as a problem in and of itself rather than as a solution to a difficult problem. Specifically, we identify and address the primary criticisms levied against the foster care system by scholars, media, and the public, namely that (1) foster care is overused as an intervention; (2) foster care is harmful to children; and (3) racial and class bias affect decisions about the removal of children. We describe the philosophical frameworks that inform perspectives about foster care and then examine and discuss the empirical evidence pertinent to these arguments. We conclude that, although there are numerous ways in which the quality of the current foster care system could be improved, an objective review of relevant research does not validate the most critical claims about foster care.
Evaluation of a sustainable land use planning model in the Elmalı basin.

Whereas most studies addressing soil erosion have focused on determining the spatial distribution and extent of the problem, efforts to solve problems of erosion have remained limited. In response, a model for sustainable land use planning (SLUP) was used to improve the sustainable management of watersheds by preventing soil loss according to land use. The model was applied to a small-scale rural basin with forest, pasture and farmland at risk of soil erosion by integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and the universal soil loss equation (USLE) model. Initial mean soil loss in the basin was 4.9 t ha−1 yearly, most of which had occurred in the farmland. Although contour farming and strip cropping had reduced soil loss in the farmland by 19.5% and 59.4%, respectively, such methods failed to maintain the basin’s sustainability. However, with the model, soil loss decreased to 0.08 t ha−1 yearly. Thus, for the basin’s sustainable management, the land use planned there should be 88% forest, 10% pasture and 2% water surface. The results showed that the model for sustainable management can be used as a convenient tool for watershed management.
Contemporary 2-Stage Treatment of Periprosthetic Hip Infection with Evidence-Based Standardized Protocols Yields Excellent Results: Caveats and Recommendations.

Abstract Background This study quantified the effectiveness of contemporary and evidence-based standardized 2-stage treatment for periprosthetic hip infection. Findings illustrate potential limitations of criticisms of 2-stage protocols and potential consequences of adopting single-stage protocols before definitive data are available. Methods Fifty-four consecutive hips treated with 2-stage resection and reimplantation were retrospectively reviewed. Standardized protocols were adhered to including implant resection, meticulous surgical debridement, antibiotic spacer, 6-week intravenous antibiotics, a 2-week drug holiday, and laboratory assessment of infection eradication before reimplantation. After reimplantation, patients were placed on prophylactic intravenous antibiotics until discharge and discharged on oral antibiotics for a minimum of 7 days until intraoperative cultures were final. Successful treatment was defined per Delphi-based International Multidisciplinary Consensus. Results The overall treatment success rate was 95.7% (44 of 46 cases) with mean infection-free survivorship of 67.2 (range, 23.8-106.4) months. Success rates were 100% for early and acute hematogenous infections regardless of host type and 100% for chronic infections in uncompromised hosts. 95% (19/20) of chronic infections in compromised hosts and 83.3% (5/6) of chronic infections in significantly compromised hosts were successfully treated. About 4% of primary hips and 20% of revision hips required repeat debridement and spacer exchange after initial resection. No patients died because of treatment. Conclusion Details from this consecutive series of patients undergoing 2-stage treatment for hip infection suggest that some criticisms of 2-stage treatment as well as some arguments in support of single-stage treatment may be overstated. Promotion and uncritical adoption of single-stage treatment protocols are discouraged until further and more definitive data exist.
Falsely elevated ethylene glycol results in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis

Abstract Ethylene glycol (EG) is a colorless, odorless, highly toxic synthetic liquid that is found in antifreeze and windshield wiper fluids. EG is an important cause of intentional and unintentional poisonings. Patients with EG poisoning usually present with altered mental status, severe metabolic acidosis, high osmolal gap, and may have oxalate crystals in urine. Direct methods of EG measurement are often not readily available but include enzymatic assays, modified enzymatic assays, and gas chromatography. The enzymatic assays are susceptible to false-positive results due to interference with chemicals such as propylene glycol, glycolate, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase, lactate, or ketoacids. We describe the case of falsely elevated EG results from the enzymatic assay in a diabetic patient who presented with altered mental status and severely aberrant laboratory results. This spurious result was likely the result of interference with elevated levels of ketoacids and confirmed negative by gas chromatography.
Automating creativity assessment with SemDis: An open platform for computing semantic distance

Creativity research requires assessing the quality of ideas and products. In practice, conducting creativity research often involves asking several human raters to judge participants' responses to creativity tasks, such as judging the novelty of ideas from the alternate uses task (AUT). Although such subjective scoring methods have proved useful, they have two inherent limitations-labor cost (raters typically code thousands of responses) and subjectivity (raters vary on their perceptions and preferences)-raising classic psychometric threats to reliability and validity. We sought to address the limitations of subjective scoring by capitalizing on recent developments in automated scoring of verbal creativity via semantic distance, a computational method that uses natural language processing to quantify the semantic relatedness of texts. In five studies, we compare the top performing semantic models (e.g., GloVe, continuous bag of words) previously shown to have the highest correspondence to human relatedness judgements. We assessed these semantic models in relation to human creativity ratings from a canonical verbal creativity task (AUT; Studies 1-3) and novelty/creativity ratings from two word association tasks (Studies 4-5). We find that a latent semantic distance factor-comprised of the common variance from five semantic models-reliably and strongly predicts human creativity and novelty ratings across a range of creativity tasks. We also replicate an established experimental effect in the creativity literature (i.e., the serial order effect) and show that semantic distance correlates with other creativity measures, demonstrating convergent validity. We provide an open platform to efficiently compute semantic distance, including tutorials and documentation ( https://osf.io/gz4fc/ ).
Treat or Wait? Natural Perioperative Course of Overactive Bladder Symptoms at the Time of Midurethral Sling Placement.

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to describe the perioperative course of untreated overactive bladder (OAB) (urinary frequency [UF] and urgency urinary incontinence [UUI]) before and after isolated retropubic midurethral sling (MUS) and to identify the time point for spontaneous OAB symptom improvement in the most patients. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study of women undergoing an isolated MUS. Women completed the Urogenital Distress Inventory 6 and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire 7 preoperatively and weekly for 13 weeks postoperatively. Bothersome UF and UUI were defined as a response of "moderately" or "greatly" bothered on questions 1 and 2 of the Urogenital Distress Inventory. The treatment for OAB was deferred until 13 weeks after surgery. RESULTS Fifty-four women were included with a mean ± SD age of 48 ± 9 years. Preoperatively, 41% of women reported both bothersome UF and UUI. Six weeks after surgery, only 15% and 6% reported bothersome UF and UUI (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Between 6 and 13 weeks, percentages of bothersome symptoms remained low (11.7% UF and 5.8% UUI). In addition, the impact of these urinary symptoms on activities, relationships, and feelings became consistently negligible (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire 7 median score <1) at 5 weeks postoperatively. Only 3 women desired treatment for UUI after the study period. CONCLUSIONS Overactive bladder is common before and immediately after MUS. However, the majority of patients have spontaneous symptom resolution by 6 weeks after surgery; it may be reasonable to discontinue preoperatively initiated overactive bladder treatment or defer starting treatment until this time point.
A Quarter Century of "Social-ism" in Writing Studies.

Looking back on the ways writing studies has developed as a discipline in the 25 years since he guest edited an issue of The Clearing House, Pemberton discusses how the “social constructionist” mov...
Risk factors for pre-adolescent onset suicidal behavior in a high-risk sample of youth.

Abstract Objective To identify risk factors for preadolescent onset suicidal behavior compared with adolescent/young adult onset suicidal behavior in a longitudinal sample of youth with parental history of mood disorders. Methods The sample includes 545 youth who were age 21 years or less at the time of their baseline assessment. Participants underwent baseline and yearly study assessments. Observations were censored at the time point closest to the first episode of suicidal behavior for youth with suicidal behavior and at the time of last observation for youth without suicidal behavior. Youth were categorized into 3 groups: first onset of suicidal behavior before the age of 13 (n = 32), first onset of suicidal behavior between the ages of 13–21 (n = 51) and those without suicide related behaviors (n = 462). ANOVA, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and multinomial regression were used to test the hypotheses. Results Significant predictors of preadolescent onset suicidal behavior were diagnosis of depressive disorder (RRR = 11.41, p Limitations These results are most applicable to offspring of parents with significant mood disorders. Conclusions The strongest predictor of suicidal behavior in both groups was a diagnosis of depressive disorder, and the risk was nearly 3 times higher in preadolescents. ADHD was a significant predictor only for preadolescents, while female sex and self-reported suicidal ideation predicted suicidal behavior in adolescents.
Electronic clinical decision support for children with minor head trauma and intracranial injuries: a sociotechnical analysis.

Current management of children with minor head trauma (MHT) and intracranial injuries is not evidence-based and may place some children at risk of harm. Evidence-based electronic clinical decision support (CDS) for management of these children may improve patient safety and decrease resource use. To guide these efforts, we evaluated the sociotechnical environment impacting the implementation of electronic CDS, including workflow and communication, institutional culture, and hardware and software infrastructure, among other factors. Between March and May, 2020 semi-structured qualitative focus group interviews were conducted to identify sociotechnical influences on CDS implementation. Physicians from neurosurgery, emergency medicine, critical care, and pediatric general surgery were included, along with information technology specialists. Participants were recruited from nine health centers in the United States. Focus group transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. The final themes were then cross-referenced with previously defined sociotechnical dimensions. We included 28 physicians and four information technology specialists in seven focus groups (median five participants per group). Five physicians were trainees and 10 had administrative leadership positions. Through inductive thematic analysis, we identified five primary themes: (1) clinical impact; (2) stakeholders and users; (3) tool content; (4) clinical practice integration; and (5) post-implementation evaluation measures. Participants generally supported using CDS to determine an appropriate level-of-care for these children. However, some had mixed feelings regarding how the tool could best be used by different specialties (e.g. use by neurosurgeons versus non-neurosurgeons). Feedback from the interviews helped refine the tool content and also highlighted potential technical and workflow barriers to address prior to implementation. We identified key factors impacting the implementation of electronic CDS for children with MHT and intracranial injuries. These results have informed our implementation strategy and may also serve as a template for future efforts to implement health information technology in a multidisciplinary, emergency setting.
Capital Constraints and Risk Shifting: An Instrumental Approach

When firms approach distress, whether they engage in asset substitution (risk shifting) or rebuild equity (risk management) may depend on their access to capital markets. The property-casualty insurance industry has two features that make it ideal for testing this hypothesis: (1) the main losses for insurers are exogenous events like hurricanes that provide a strong instrument for financial distress; and (2) many insurers are organized as mutual companies, which cannot issue stock. Consistent with the importance of capital constraints, stock companies issue new equity following a negative shock, while mutual companies increase the riskiness of their investment portfolios.