cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depth discrimination of a line is improved by adding other nearby lines.

Abstract Depth discrimination thresholds are shown to be lowered by up to a factor of 10 when a few reference lines are added to a stimulus containing a single isolated test line. Four reference lines are better than two, which are better than one, and the improvement in performance is greater when the test line lies between the two reference lines in depth. Stereoacuity for the relative depth of a target line, relative to other nearby reference lines, is shown to be insensitive to changes of disparity of the whole pattern of up to about ± 5arc min and is only weakly sensitive to larger displacements of up to ±10arc min.
WHOLE-BODY PROTEIN METABOLISM IN EDEMATOUS MALNUTRITION AND SYSTEMIC INFECTION: A COMPARISON OF EGG WHITE AND MILK AS DIETARY SOURCES OF PROTEIN. 493

WHOLE-BODY PROTEIN METABOLISM IN EDEMATOUS MALNUTRITION AND SYSTEMIC INFECTION: A COMPARISON OF EGG WHITE AND MILK AS DIETARY SOURCES OF PROTEIN. 493
Electrowinning of gadolinium metal below 1000°C. An introductory investigation

Gadolinium was recovered as dendrites by electrolysis of Gd2O3 dissolved in molten LiF-GdF3 (65-35 mol%) at 850–900°C. Both inert anodes (noble metals) and graphite anode were used. With a platinum anode, anodic corrosion began at current densities (cd) of about 9 A dm−2. Below this cd the platinum appears to be passivated, and no platinum was detected in the electrowon gadolinium. Electrolysis with graphite anode resulted in carbon contamination of about 0.14 wt% of the gadolinium metal. The electrowon metal contained 100–500 wt ppm oxygen, depending on the oxide concentration in the electrolyte.
Report on the cost-benefit/effectiveness of treatment at the Johns Hopkins Center for Pathological Gambling

It is mandatory that programs, particularly social programs, generate evidence of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of the treatment of illness. Thus a study was conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of treatment of pathological gamblers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Pathological Gambling. This Center provides two types of treatment programs: an intensive residential program, and an out-patient program. Although abstinence is but one measure of the success of these programs, they have demonstrated an 80 percent and 90 percent abstention rate respectively, measured at an average of six months after completion of treatment for the residential programs and after six months while in treatment in the out-patient program. Similar high success rates were obtained for the stabilization, maintenance, and/or restoration of families, initiation and maintenance of restitution, indictments saved by restitution or other plans, and return to employment. Data from the Johns Hopkins Center for Pathological Gambling, indicates the benefit to cost ratio of treatment in excess of 20:1. Pathological gambling not only ranks amongst the most expensive illnesses afflicting society, but also is the least expensive to treat and the most “cureable” when treated. Without public education, and awareness, and without dollars for treatment and research, untreated pathological gambling will far surpass the costs of other catastrophic illnesses as the latter remain the focus of our health care expenditures while the former is ignored.
Molecular Architecture of the DNA-Binding Region and Its Relationship to Classification of Basic Helix–Loop–Helix Proteins

Multivariate statistical analyses are used to explore the molecular architecture of the DNA-binding and dimerization regions of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. Alphabetic amino acid data are transformed to biologically meaningful quantitative values using a set of 5 multivariate "indices." These multivariate indices summarize variation in a large suite of amino acid physiochemical attributes and reflect variability in polarity-accessibility-hydrophobicity, propensity for secondary structure, molecular size, codon composition, and electrostatic charge. Using these index score data, discriminant analyses describe the multidimensional aspects of physiochemical variation and clarify the structural basis of the prevailing evolutionary classification of bHLH proteins. A small number of amino acids from both the binding dimerization domains, when considered simultaneously, accurately distinguish the 5 known DNA-binding groups. The relevant sites often have well-documented structural and functional characteristics.
Revisiting the issue of safety in numbers: The likelihood of receiving help from a group

This article re‐examines Latane and Nida's (1981) meta‐analysis on the inhibiting effect of groups on helping behavior and highlights the distinction between social inhibition and a victim's likelihood of receiving help. Correcting a minor miscalculation in one of Latane and Nida's analyses indicated that, under restricted communication among bystanders, victims were significantly more likely to receive help from a group than from an individual. New correlational analyses indicated that as group size increased, the likelihood of receiving help increased under restricted communication and did not change under full communication. I address several implications of these new findings, including those regarding the case of Kitty Genovese and the role of communication type in bystander intervention. I also briefly report on recent studies on online requests for help.
High School Automated External Defibrillator Programs as Markers of Emergency Preparedness for Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Context: School-based automated external defibrillator (AED) programs have demonstrated a high survival rate for individuals suffering sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in US high schools. Objective: To ...
Selective biomolecular photocatalytic decomposition using peptide-modified TiO2 nanoparticles

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a photocatalyst widely used for the degradation of inorganic and organic contaminants in the environment; however, its lack of chemical specificity can be a particular limitation since every species in solution, including valued, innocuous, and deactivating compounds, will be degraded or deleterious to the process. Here, we describe a means to target the photocatalysis by surface modification of nanoparticulate TiO2 with a 13 amino acid streptavidin binding peptide (SBP) for the selective degradation of streptavidin, a 60 kDa tetrameric protein. Modification of the TiO2 surface with the affinity peptide was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV/Vis absorbance, and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), while streptavidin binding and affinity to bound SBP were tested using fluorescently tagged antibodies against streptavidin. Results show that the SBP retains its affinity toward streptavidin after immobilization onto TiO2. Photodegradation studies using the visible region of simulated solar radiation (≥360 nm) showed rapid streptavidin degradation by SBP–TiO2 both in solution and while the photocatalyst was immobilized as a thin film on a glass substrate. In contrast, photocatalytic degradation of a non-target protein, lysozyme, was inhibited by the SBP monolayer and incompletely degraded, indicating that surface modification with biorecognition agents can control and modulate the photocatalytic process. Moreover, after extended illumination (3 h), the SBP-modified TiO2 surface retained its ability to bind streptavidin demonstrating that the SBP is stable at the TiO2 surface and that the SBP–TiO2 surface is reusable. These results indicate that the modification of TiO2 with covalently bound peptide recognition moieties offers the ability to selectively degrade target proteins of interest, leaving non-target components largely unaffected.
Endenese fisheries: Exploratory findings on environmental perceptions, fish effort, and overfishing in Eastern Indonesia

Fishing fleets in South East Asia have recently experienced unprecedented expansion. Consequently, catches and regional diversity have dramatically decreased throughout the Indian Ocean. Regional governments and conservation organizations blame the local fishermen and their use of damaging fishing practices for the present state of resources. However, many of these institutions endorse a narrow perspective on bioeconomic governance and human action (rational action choice) that compromises the understanding of resource use and exploitation among small-scale fisheries. Over the last few decades, there is a growing recognized tradition that points to the importance of ecological systems of knowledge, uncertainty representation, and traditional skills, in conceptualizing processes of environmental decision-making and the likelihood of introducing successful sustainability practices. In line with this perspective, this article presents preliminary findings regarding resource use decision-making processes among Endenese fishing villages in central Flores Island, Indonesia. Grounded on 22 months of ethnographic, experimental and ecological research (semistructured interviews, participant observation, visual surveys, probability and uncertainty assessments), and exploring local cognitive representations of marine processes, climate, ichthyology and the role of luck, this article discusses the current economic representations of small-scale fishers as avid maximizers. It concludes by emphasizing the need to further explore the role of mental models and beliefs regarding uncertainty in motivating fishing effort to design adequate conservation and governance programs.
On the Republic of Apartments

When I was a graduate student, we would seek entertainment as graduate students do—that is, cheaply and without an overabundance of ethical concerns. One cool Chicago weekend, fortified with coffee...
Examining the unique relations between anxiety sensitivity factors and suicidal ideation and past suicide attempts

Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has recently been linked to suicidality. Specifically, AS cognitive concerns has been implicated as a risk factor, and AS physical concerns as a protective factor, for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. However, no studies have used structural equation modeling (SEM) to address issues of skewed suicide variables and bifactor modeling of AS to address the high degree of overlap between the lower-order dimensions of AS that limit interpretation of these past findings. AS, suicidal ideation, past suicide attempts, and depression were assessed in a clinical sample of 267 individuals (M age=35.45 years, SD=16.53; 52.1% female). The global AS and AS cognitive concerns factors were positively, significantly associated with suicidal ideation, though these effects were nonsignificant controlling for depression. The global AS factor was positively, significantly associated with suicide attempts, controlling for depression. The current study demonstrated that the relations between AS and suicidal ideation are not maintained when accounting for depression, suggesting that the relation between AS and suicidal ideation may be mediated by depression. The positive relation between global AS and suicide attempts is consistent with theories positing suicide attempts as a consequence of an inability to cope with intolerable distress.
Computer-assisted applications (telephone systems)

Capabilities of computer-to-telephone system linkages are discussed. The intelligent answering, coordinated voice/data transfer, preview dialing, and predictive dialing features of computer-assisted telephone systems are described. The CallPath Services Architecture, which provides an application program interface that masks out the differences between telephone systems, is also discussed. >
The excitatory thalamo-"cortical" projection within the song control system of zebra finches is formed by calbindin-expressing neurons.

The learning and production of vocalizations in songbirds are controlled by a system of interconnected brain nuclei organized into a direct vocal motor pathway and an anterior forebrain (pallium-basal ganglia-thalamo-pallial) loop. Here we show that the thalamo-pallial (“thalamo-cortical”) projection (from the medial part of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus to the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium—DLM to LMAN) within the anterior forebrain loop is composed of cells positive for the calcium-binding protein calbindin. We show that the vast majority of cells within DLM express calbindin, based both on immunocytochemistry (ICC) for calbindin protein and in situ hybridization for calb mRNA. Using a combination of tract-tracing and ICC we show that the neurons that participate in the DLM-to-LMAN projection are calbindin-positive. We also demonstrate that DLM is devoid of cells expressing mRNA for the GABAergic marker zGAD65. This observation confirms that the calbindin-expressing cells in DLM are not GABAergic, in accordance with previous electrophysiological data indicating that the DLM-to-LMAN projection is excitatory. Furthermore, we use ICC to determine the trajectory of the fibers within the DLM-to-LMAN projection, and to demonstrate a sex difference in calbindin expression levels in the fibers of the DLM-to-LMAN projection. Our findings provide a clear-cut neurochemical signature for a critical projection in the songbird vocal control pathways
Evaluation of MapReduce for Gridding LIDAR Data

The MapReduce programming model, introduced by Google, has become popular over the past few years as a mechanism for processing large amounts of data, using shared-nothing parallelism. In this paper, we investigate the use of MapReduce technology for a local gridding algorithm for the generation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The local gridding algorithm utilizes the elevation information from LIDAR (Light, Detection, and Ranging) measurements contained within a circular search area to compute the elevation of each grid cell. The method is data parallel, lending itself to implementation using the MapReduce model. Here, we compare our initial C++ implementation of the gridding algorithm to a MapReduce-based implementation, and present observations on the performance (in particular, price/performance) and the implementation complexity. We also discuss the applicability of MapReduce technologies for related applications.
Unsupervised induction of natural language morphology inflection classes

We propose a novel language-independent framework for inducing a collection of morphological inflection classes from a monolingual corpus of full form words. Our approach involves two main stages. In the first stage, we generate a large data structure of candidate inflection classes and their interrelationships. In the second stage, search and filtering techniques are applied to this data structure, to identify a select collection of "true" inflection classes of the language. We describe the basic methodology involved in both stages of our approach and present an evaluation of our baseline techniques applied to induction of major inflection classes of Spanish. The preliminary results on an initial training corpus already surpass an F1 of 0.5 against ideal Spanish inflectional morphology classes.
Final Answer: Ghrelin Can Suppress Insulin Secretion in Humans, but Is It Clinically Relevant?

Ghrelin is a 28–amino acid peptide initially isolated from rat and human stomachs as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) (1) using an intracellular calcium influx assay on a stable cell expressing rat GHS-R. At the time of its discovery in 1999, ghrelin was known to increase growth hormone release from the pituitary gland by binding to GHS-R1a, and 1 year later, its role in food intake and body adiposity was described (2). Since then, numerous additional effects of ghrelin have been demonstrated, including regulating cell proliferation and survival, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, development and reproduction as well as metabolism. Recently, it has become of great research interest whether ghrelin also has a role in β-cell function. This research area is particularly important given its potential to lead to the development of novel strategies to increase insulin secretion for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In humans, circulating ghrelin levels surge immediately before meals and fall to a nadir within 1 h after food intake, which results in a two- to threefold variation in plasma levels. Circulating ghrelin is primarily produced in the stomach, but smaller amounts are also produced in the brain, heart, lung, kidney, placenta, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. Within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, ghrelin production has been found in α-cells, β-cells, and the more recently discovered e-cells (3). Ghrelin peptides exist in two major forms, unacylated ghrelin and acylated ghrelin, and only the latter binds to GHS-R1a. Acylation is catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), which is, interestingly, highly expressed in the stomach and the pancreas in humans (4). Consistent with the multitude of effects of ghrelin, GHS-R1a is expressed in variety of tissues. Most importantly, with regard to insulin …
Image registration and object recognition using affine invariants and convex hulls

This paper is concerned with the problem of feature point registration and scene recognition from images under weak perspective transformations which are well approximated by affine transformations and under possible occlusion and/or appearance of new objects. It presents a set of local absolute affine invariants derived from the convex hull of scattered feature points (e.g., fiducial or marking points, corner points, inflection points, etc.) extracted from the image. The affine invariants are constructed from the areas of the triangles formed by connecting three vertices among a set of four consecutive vertices (quadruplets) of the convex hull, and hence do make direct use of the area invariance property associated with the affine transformation. Because they are locally constructed, they are very well suited to handle the occlusion and/or appearance of new objects. These invariants are used to establish the correspondences between the convex hull vertices of a test image with a reference image in order to undo the affine transformation between them. A point matching approach for recognition follows this. The time complexity for registering L feature points on the test image with N feature points of the reference image is of order O(N/spl times/L). The method has been tested on real indoor and outdoor images and performs well.
Compound prism design principles, III: linear-in-wavenumber and optical coherence tomography prisms

We extend the work of the first two papers in this series [Appl. Opt. 50, 4998-5011 (2011), Appl. Opt. 50, 5012-5022 (2011)] to design compound prisms for linear-in-wavenumber dispersion, especially for application in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). These dispersive prism designs are believed to be the first to meet the requirements of high resolution OCT systems in direct-view geometry, where they can be used to shrink system size, to improve light throughput, to reduce stray light, and to reduce errors resulting from interpolating between wavelength- and wavenumber-sampled domains. We show prism designs that can be used for thermal sources or for wideband superluminescent diodes centered around wavelengths 850, 900, 1300, and 1375 nm.
Growth Patterns of Body and Abdominal Fat Weights in Male Broiler Chickens

Abstract Male chickens from a purebred male broiler selection line were grown and slaughtered weekly from 1 to 69 days of age. The Gompertz equation was chosen to fit the data of live weight, carcass weight, abdominal fat weight, percentage abdominal fat of live weight, and percentage abdominal fat of carcass weight to investigate growth patterns. Twenty sires each provided a single progeny for each slaughter age. The Gompertz equation for this study was in the form: W t = W 0 · e ( L / K ) · ( 1 − e − kt ) The predicted curves closely fitted the weight data points. The data points for both percentage fat curves showed a dip beginning at 20 to 27 days of age, probably because of starter ration fed up to 4 weeks of age. The peak gains per day were determined from the first derivative of the equation. The ages for the peak gains were: live body weight, 44 days; carcass weight, 45 days; abdominal fat weight, 43 days; percentage abdominal fat of live weight, 19 days; and percentage abdominal fat of carcass weight, 15 days. Growth rate of abdominal fat deposition was slower than live weight after 19 days and carcass weight after 15 days.
Decreasing Heavy Drinking in First-Year Students: Evaluation of a Web-Based Personalized Feedback Program Administered During Orientation

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a web-based personalized normative feedback program, electronic Check-Up to Go (e-CHUG). in decreasing heavy drinking among Ist-year university students. Results indicated high-risk students receiving the e-CHUG program during Ist-year orientation activities reported significantly greater reductions in heavy drinking and alcohol-related consequences than did students in an assessment-only control group at a 3-month follov^-up. Recommendations for integrating e-CHUG into orientation activities are discussed.
Multiple Testing with Minimal Assumptions

Resampling-based multiple testing methods that control the Familywise Error Rate in the strong sense are presented. It is shown that no assumptions whatsoever on the data-generating process are required to obtain a reasonably powerful and flexible class of multiple testing procedures. Improvements are obtained with mild assumptions. The methods are applicable to gene expression data in particular, but more generally to any multivariate, multiple group data that may be character or numeric. The role of the disputed "subset pivotality" condition is clarified.
Reverse Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Associated With the Consumption of an Energy Drink

A 24-year-old man presented to the emergency room with chest pain, acute respiratory failure, and palpitations shortly after the ingestion of small amounts of an energy drink in little cups one after another. He was afebrile, with frequent runs of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia and underlying sinus tachycardia. The patient was treated with fluids and metoprolol but required intubation because of progressive hypoxia. Chest x-ray revealed bilateral fluffy pulmonary infiltrates. His ECG was free of ischemic changes, and an echocardiogram at that time showed hypokinesis of all basal left ventricular segments with apical sparing and an ejection fraction of 35% (Figure 1 and Movie I in the online-only Data Supplement). His troponin was mildly increased and serially measured brain natriuretic peptide was elevated at 8000 pg/mL. Figure 1. ECG recorded at admission showing sinus tachycardia and nonspecific T-wave inversion in leads I and aVL. After treatment with furosemide, nitroglycerine, heparin, and aspirin, the patient responded with clinical improvement of vital signs and chest x-ray. Episodes of agitation and delirium ensued, delaying extubation. Computerized tomography brain scan and electroencephalogram were negative, and toxicological testing demonstrated no cocaine, cannabis, or …
Responses of fatty livers of mice of carbon tetrachloride.

Female mice of the Taconic Swiss stock were fed one of the three diets described below then injected subcutaneously with 0.035 cm3CCl4/100 gm body weight in a mineral oil solution. One group was fed an adequate commercial laboratory ration, then mice were killed 12, 24 and 48 hours after CCl4; another a cholinedeficient, high-fat, low-protein diet for 14 days, then injected with CCl4, and killed 12, 24 and 48 hours later; and another group, a choline-supplemented (2 gm choline chloride/100 gm diet), high-fat, low-protein diet for 14 days, then injected with CCl4 and killed 24 hours later. In the group fed the normal diet, the polyhalogen produced within 24 hours the expected centrolobular necrosis and glycogen depletion, involving one-third to one-half of the lobular areas. In fatty livers produced by feeding the choline-deficient diet, necrosis at 24 hours post injection was limited in a majority of instances to a zone one or two cells thick immediately surrounding the central vein. Despite this decreased necrosis in fatty livers centrolobular glycogen depletion still involved one-third to one-half of lobules and there was an infiltration of inflammatory cells immediately adjacent to the central vein. The hepatic necrosis at 12 and 48 hours paralleled that in the normal dietary group. Feeding of the choline-supplemented, high-fat, low-protein diet for two weeks produced an extremely limited parenchymal liposis. In such relatively non-fatty livers CCl4 produced hepatic necrosis comparable to that in mice receiving normal diets. The extent of protection from the necrogenic actions of CCl4 was clearly associated with extensive intracytoplasmic liposis of hepatic parenchyma.
Carney syndrome and the plastic surgeon: presentation, recognition, and evaluation

Carney syndrome is a rare clinical entity usually treated by plastic surgeons. We present a patient with Carney syndrome and review the literature emphasising the plastic and reconstructive surgical aspects of the syndrome.
Stable Isotope Ratios as Biomarkers of Diet for Health Research

Diet is a leading modifiable risk factor for chronic disease, but it remains difficult to measure accurately due to the error and bias inherent in self-reported methods of diet assessment. Consequently, there is a pressing need for more objective biomarkers of diet for use in health research. The stable isotope ratios of light elements are a promising set of candidate biomarkers because they vary naturally and reproducibly among foods, and those variations are captured in molecules and tissues with high fidelity. Recent studies have identified valid isotopic measures of short- and long-term sugar intake, meat intake, and fish intake in specific populations. These studies provide a strong foundation for validating stable isotopic biomarkers in the general US population. Approaches to improve specificity for specific foods are needed; for example, by modeling intake using multiple stable isotope ratios or by isolating and measuring specific molecules linked to foods of interest.
The Representation of Constraints by Means of an Electronic Differential Analyzer

The use of high gain amplifiers is shown to be helpful in the representation of constraints. This method enables one to represent constrained systems in a manner such that all coordinates are available for the application of arbitrary forces or displacements. The procedure is explained by means of an example.
Correlates of hospital provision of prevention and health promotion services.

This study investigates the factors associated with hospital provision of prevention and health promotion services. The authors conceptualize the provision of these services as a hospital response to the community health concerns of environmental stakeholders. The response depends on hospital recognition and interpretation of institutional and resource dependence pressures and is related to interorganizational linkages, resource dependencies, and information processing structure. Data for the study came from 3,453 U.S. hospitals. The authors found that hospital provision of prevention and health promotion services is positively related to alliance and network membership, the diffusion of such services among other area hospitals, the use of community health status information, and hospital size. Also, for-profit hospitals provide fewer prevention and health promotion services than not-for-profit hospitals. These findings have policy and management implications.
An experiment comparing double exponential smoothing and Kalman filter-based predictive tracking algorithms

We present an experiment comparing double exponential smoothing and Kalman filter-based predictive tracking algorithms with derivative free measurement models. Our results show that the double exponential smoothers run approximately 135 times faster with equivalent prediction performance. The paper briefly describes the algorithms used in the experiment and discusses the results.
The Role of Women in Africa

Pre-colonial Africa was, in most parts, matriarchal, matrilineal and, in some parts, martifocal. Women had leadership roles in abundance. A dual sex political system in which each sex managed its own affairs prevailed. The males were governed by queen-mothers known as Omu by the Igbo, Kentake by the Cush, Nandi by the Zulu, Lyalode by the Yoruba, Ohemaa in Ashanti, Indlovukati in South Africa and Candmu Kule by the Bemba. Womens interests were represented at all levels. Women in pre-colonial Africa achieved recognition and distinction. They were queens, elders, priestesses and the titled elites. They were independent. They controlled the market, the farm, and ultimately the economy. Things began to fall apart starting with the western colonization of Africa. Europeans were patriarchal, hence the canceled out the female institution and replaced female leaders with males. Women fought back in various ways, the most outstanding of which was the Igbo Women War of 1929.
Notes on the Life History of the Roosevelt Elk in California

The Roosevelt elk (Cervus roosevelti) (Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 48, p. 187, 1935) formerly ranged throughout northwestern California from the Oregon line south to the northern side of San Francisco Bay. Today but a small group of these animals remains in this state, principally in extreme northern Humboldt County. Although this species is not uncommon in parts of Washington and Oregon, it seems worthwhile to record any information that may be obtained concerning its habits and abundance at the southernmost extremity of its present range, where it is slowly approaching extinction. The following brief notes were gathered between October 17 and December 19, 1935, while I was working for the National Park Service in northern Humboldt and southern Del Norte counties, California. Where it has seemed advisable, information is included which has been furnished by certain local residents of this region who have observed these animals for many years. Habitat.-The majority of the Roosevelt elk in California now inhabit the country within 3 or 4 miles of the coast, between the mouth of Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, and the Del Norte-Humboldt county line, some 12 miles to the northward. A small percentage of the total population occurs outside of this defined area, principally in southern Del Norte County. The occupied territory is principally forest land. Inland this cover consists chiefly of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), and coast hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), while adjacent to the coast it is composed entirely of tideland spruce (Picea sitchensis). The small, forested valley of Prairie Creek, a tributary of Redwood Creek, extends through the center of the area parallel to the coast. Along the course of this stream there are a number of small, grassy clearings, surrounded principally by salmon-berry (Rubus spectabilis), which seemingly prove attractive to elk during the late spring, summer, and early autumn months. Single individuals or small groups were not infrequently observed in such situations during the latter half of October and the early part of November before the leaves had fallen from the salmon-berry. After the leaves have fallen from this dense brush and it is no longer capable of providing either food or shelter, the elk appear to move from this valley and the adjacent ridges toward the coast, where a number of individuals are reported to remain throughout the year. Here they inhabit the spruce forests and the dense coastal brush, composed mainly of salal (Gaultheria shallon) and huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), interspersed with occasional thickets of young spruce. Food.-No definite browsing places were observed, although this method of 62
In vitro Conversion of Prontosil-Soluble to Sulfanilamide by Various Types of Microorganisms.

SummaryDifferent strains of bacteria vary in their ability to decolorize prontosil-soluble. It was shown that it was more difficult for microorganisms to decolorize prontosil-soluble than methylene blue.
Formation of the Aquatic Insects Subsection, ESA

The late Robert L. Usinger, in his popular book “Aquatic Insects of California,” reminded us that aquatic entomology is a large and diverse field, pursued by persons with quite unrelated interests and objectives. With this in mind, it is appropriate that an organized Subsection has evolved over the past several years within ESA to accommodate professional and interested aquatic entomologists.
Quasi-static response and texture evolution of α- and γ-RDX: a comparative study

AbstractIn this paper, we undertake a comparative study of the stress–strain response and slip activity of α- and γ-polymorph of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) under pressure loading using a rate-dependent single-crystal plasticity model. Texture evolution studies are performed to further understand the effects of the dominant slip systems. The simulations indicate that the difference in elastic moduli and lattice parameters for α- and γ-RDX lead to different elastic–plastic constitutive response in the two polymorphs. γ-RDX exhibits more plastic slip compared to α-RDX for loading on (1 1 1) plane and the two polymorphs have different sets of dominant slip systems. We observe that the high-pressure slip system (0 0 1)[0 1 0] that is determined using molecular dynamics simulations is the most dominant slip system for this orientation. Whereas, for loading on (2 1 0) plane, α-RDX has marginally higher plastic slip than γ-RDX, though the same slip system is dominant for both the polymorphs. Th...
Realization for dynamic CBR transmission in mixed streaming media

The realization method of mixed media transmission was discussed in detail. In this design,in order to improve resource and networking band with utilization ratio,the method that VBR become dynamic CBR in network communication was put forward. Meanwhile was encoded with channel,transmission and receive effectiveness; and the way of encode combined with flow control and PRI were adopted. An adaptive dynamic CBR transmission is realized both in single media and in mixed media.,so the best transmission effect is achieved upon the whole system.
[Study on the non-and-low response and its determinants to recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines among neonates after primary immunization in Shanghai].

Objective To evaluate the non-and-low response to primary immunization of recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines (YDVs) among neonates and to probe its determinants, in Shanghai. Methods Two thousand and forty-seven infants, born during 2008-2009 in three districts of Shanghai and administered with 3 dosages of YDVs according to 0-1-6 month schedule, were selected as subjects. Anti-HBs titers were evaluated by Chemiluminescence Microparticle Immuno Assay and related information was collected from parents through questionnaires. Univariate analysis and logistic regression model were used to probe the determinants among those infants with non-and-low response. Results The max-titer of anti-HBs in 2047 subjects was 14 982.7 mIU/ml, whereas the min-titer was 0.52 mIU/ml. The GMC was 408.04 mIU/ml after primary immunization of YDVs. The proportion of infants with titers of ＜100 mIU/ml (non-and-low response) was 17％, in which the proportion with titers of ＜ 10 mIU/ml (non response)was 1.86％ and the proportion with titers of 10-99 mIU/ml (low response) was 15.14％. Data from both univariate analysis and Ordinal logistic regression suggested that gender, age, premature labor,type of vaccines, double positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg were determinants of non-and-low response for infants, with the OR value of 1.365 for male infants, 3.133 for infants with 13-18 months old, 2.824 fo r prematured infants, 4.540 for infants administered by 5 μg YDVs and 2.298 for infants whose mother was double positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg. Conclusion Male infants,infants with 13-18 months old, prematured infants, infants administered by 5 μg YDVs and infants whose mother were double positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg had comparatively worse response for YDVs, suggesting that the anti-HBs titer surveillance programs set for these infants should be strengthened. Key words: Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine; Infants; Non and low response; Determinant
A simple external fixator of Kirschner wires and electric clips for use on fingers

A simple external fixator is introduced made of Kirschner wires and electric clips. This external fixator has been used for fifteen years and has a number of indications: phalangeal fractures, infections, and cross-finger flaps.
Infectious Disease Problems in Adolescents

Although adolescents are a generally healthy group, infection can create significant morbidity and occasional mortality. As in all patients, early diagnosis and treatment can shorten the duration of infection and limit complications. Physicians should provide teenage patients with guidance necessary to prevent transmission and recurrence.
Toward Participatory Discovery Networks: A Critique of Current Mass Collaboration Environments and a Possible Learning-Rich Future

MOOCs, crowdsourcing systems, online games, and the maker movement are just a subset of the many genres for mass collaboration that have emerged over the past few years. All of these environments succeed in generating large participation and production. However, they vary considerably in the extent to which they are well-designed learning environments. I enumerate a set of findings from the learning sciences about the characteristics of good learning environments and then apply them to critical analyze current mass collaboration environments. After identifying the apparent strengths and weaknesses of these socio-technical systems, I describe how future mass collaboration environments might better support both mass production and mass learning.
Leak Repairs and Detection

He-leak checking is commonly used, either in the shop with a portable leak detector, or in the laboratory where a mass spectrometer inside the vacuum system is used for detection. A common problem involves the detection of a small leak at some point, where subsequent investigation will show that there is really no leak at that point.
Optical Mapping of Membrane Potential and Epicardial Deformation in Beating Hearts

Cardiac optical mapping uses potentiometric fluorescent dyes to image membrane potential (Vm). An important limitation of conventional optical mapping is that contraction is usually arrested pharmacologically to prevent motion artifacts from obscuring Vm signals. However, these agents may alter electrophysiology, and by abolishing contraction, also prevent optical mapping from being used to study coupling between electrical and mechanical function. Here, we present a method to simultaneously map Vm and epicardial contraction in the beating heart. Isolated perfused swine hearts were stained with di-4-ANEPPS and fiducial markers were glued to the epicardium for motion tracking. The heart was imaged at 750 Hz with a video camera. Fluorescence was excited with cyan or blue LEDs on alternating camera frames, thus providing a 375-Hz effective sampling rate. Marker tracking enabled the pixel(s) imaging any epicardial site within the marked region to be identified in each camera frame. Cyan- and blue-elicited fluorescence have different sensitivities to Vm, but other signal features, primarily motion artifacts, are common. Thus, taking the ratio of fluorescence emitted by a motion-tracked epicardial site in adjacent frames removes artifacts, leaving Vm (excitation ratiometry). Reconstructed Vm signals were validated by comparison to monophasic action potentials and to conventional optical mapping signals. Binocular imaging with additional video cameras enabled marker motion to be tracked in three dimensions. From these data, epicardial deformation during the cardiac cycle was quantified by computing finite strain fields. We show that the method can simultaneously map Vm and strain in a left-sided working heart preparation and can image changes in both electrical and mechanical function 5 min after the induction of regional ischemia. By allowing high-resolution optical mapping in the absence of electromechanical uncoupling agents, the method relieves a long-standing limitation of optical mapping and has potential to enhance new studies in coupled cardiac electromechanics.
Aging of the Nervous System

The aging nervous system encompasses two related research areas. One is the effect of aging itself on nervous system function, also referred to as “normal” aging. A second area of consideration is that of neurodegenerative diseases with aging-associated onset, which are not representative of normal nervous system aging. This chapter examines both aspects of the aging nervous system, with emphasis on comparative studies that have revealed important insights in these areas. Both normal and pathological nervous system aging involve elevated oxidative stress, perturbed energy metabolism and the accumulation of protein aggregates. Changes in pathways for cell replacement, regeneration and repair are also important factors that are altered in the aging nervous system. The major neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging are Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and ALS. Clinical, cellular and molecular features of each disease are described. For many of these diseases, underlying genetic and environmental causes have been identified. Environmental factors capable of modifying nervous system aging and neurodegenerative disease susceptibility are also examined. Overall, many factors impact the nervous system during aging in humans as well as other species. Recent studies have shown that some are protective (exercise, dietary energy restriction and cognitive stimulation) while others (diabetes, depression and dietary factors) enhance nervous system decline at the end of life. Comparative approaches have identified those changes that represent evolutionarily conserved aspects of nervous system aging.
Experimentally demonstrated filament-based switching mechanism for Al/Cu x O/Cu memristive devices

Al/Cu x O/Cu memristive devices created via a plasma oxidation step have previously demonstrated complete nonpolar switching behavior [1]. An additional material contamination control measure resulted in improved uniformity of I-V curve behavior but necessitated an initial forming step in most devices. The operation voltages were irrespective of switching style and top electrode (TE) size. The high resistance state resistance increased with decreasing TE size; the low resistance state resistance remained invariant. Lateral switching of memristive device pairs unambiguously indicated filament-based device switching. A voltage-driven Cu x O filament composition modulation switching mechanism is suggested instead of the popular Joule heating RESET mechanism.
On Translation Mistakes, with Special Attention to Kafka in Amerika

›Translation‹ refers to a relation between two texts, and the history of translation theory to the continually adjusted redescription of this relation. Because texts mediate intricately associated worlds or fates or languages, accounts of translation may focus instead on the relation of worlds or fates or languages brought on by the shock of juxtaposition. Thus Walter Benjamin’s startling essay Die Aufgabe des Ubersetzers disrupts the two-text model in describing translation as a relation between two languages, the goal of which is to bring to light a third language — »reine Sprache«. In this enterprise the translator’s task is least of all the salvaging of an original meaning through precise communication (»genaue Mitteilung«), for alle Mitteilung, aller Sinn, und alle Intention [trifft] endlich auf eine Schicht, in der sie zu erloschen bestimmt sind. Und eben aus ihr bestatigt sich die Freiheit der Ubersetzung zu einem neuen und hohern Rechte. Nicht aus dem Sinn der Mitteilung, von welchem zu emanzipieren gerade die Aufgabe der Treue ist, hat sie ihren Bestand.2
‘More [Time] is better or less is more?’ Neoliberal influences on teaching and learning time

AbstractThis article examines the neoliberal influences on ‘Port City Schools’ (PCS) unique district-wide extended learning time (ELT) initiative. Despite the recent popularity of ELT in urban schools, there have been few qualitative studies that question how stakeholders make sense of ELT on the ground. This research fills that gap in the literature by exploring ELT programming across PCS’s choice and neighborhood K-8 schools. The interview and observation data reveal an inherent tension between ‘more time is better’ in the enrichment-filled choice schools and ‘less is more’ in the intervention-filled neighborhood schools. Findings illuminate the ways in which school choice, neighborhood segregation, and high stakes testing push the district to use ELT to boost test scores in the lower performing neighborhood schools, while the choice schools are given flexibility in ELT programming because they are meeting expectations for student success. Because neoliberalism fails to take into account the strong rela...
Robust and fully automated segmentation of mandible from CT scans

Mandible bone segmentation from computed tomography (CT) scans is challenging due to mandible's structural irregularities, complex shape patterns, and lack of contrast in joints. Furthermore, connections of teeth to mandible and mandible to remaining parts of the skull make it extremely difficult to identify mandible boundary automatically. This study addresses these challenges by proposing a novel framework where we define the segmentation as two complementary tasks: recognition and delineation. For recognition, we use random forest regression to localize mandible in 3D. For delineation, we propose to use 3D gradient-based fuzzy connectedness (FC) image segmentation algorithm, operating on the recognized mandible sub-volume. Despite heavy CT artifacts and dental fillings, consisting half of the CT image data in our experiments, we have achieved highly accurate detection and delineation results. Specifically, detection accuracy more than 96% (measured by union of intersection (UoI)), the delineation accuracy of 91% (measured by dice similarity coefficient), and less than 1 mm in shape mismatch (Hausdorff Distance) were found.
Fire codes capable of correcting bursts beyond their guaranteed burst-correcting capabilities

Fire codes are the most well-known class of burst-correcting codes. They are designed to correct bursts up to a given guaranteed burst-correcting capability. However, they may be able to correct longer bursts. In this paper, the true burst-correcting capability of Fire codes is studied. Fire codes are classified based on their parameters and the maximum true burst-correcting capability of each class is considered. Computations of bounded complexity can be performed to determine this maximum for each class. It is shown that each class contains an infinite number of Fire codes that attain the maximum burst-correcting capability. Examples of Fire codes that can correct bursts of lengths exceeding twice their guaranteed burst-correcting capabilities are presented.
The K Way Anova Model

For a K way Anova model, A1, …, A K are the factors with l i levels for i = 1, …, K. Hence there are l1l2⋯l K treatments where each treatment uses exactly one level from each factor. First the two way Anova model is discussed and then the model with K > 2. Interactions between the K factors are important.
Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. By Frank McLynn. (Boston, MA: Da Capo Press, 2015. Pp. xxxvi, 648. $32.50.)

This study is the author's first venture into Central Asian history and adds to the growing lists of biographies of the founder of the Mongol Empire. He successfully writes for a popular audience, ...