cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DT Tutor: A Decision-Theoretic, Dynamic Approach for Optimal Selection of Tutorial Actions

DT Tutor uses a decision-theoretic approach to select tutorial actions for coached problem solving that are optimal given the tutor's beliefs and objectives. It employs a model of learning to predict the possible outcomes of each action, weighs the utility of each outcome by the tutor's belief that it will occur, and selects the action with highest expected utility. For each tutor and student action, an updated student model is added to a dynamic decision network to reflect the changing student state. The tutor considers multiple objectives, including the student's problem-related knowledge, focus of attention, independence, and morale, as well as action relevance and dialog coherence. Evaluation in a calculus domain shows that DT Tutor can select rational and interesting tutorial actions for real-world-sized problems in satisfactory response time. The tutor does not yet have a suitable user interface, so it has not been evaluated with human students.
A Feminist Analysis of Popular Music: Power Over, Objectification of, and Violence Against Women

Abstract A qualitative content analysis was conducted on lyrics to identify predominant themes in popular music. The songs for analysis were determined by “The Hot 100” list generated by Billboard Chart Research Services. Feminist and cognitive social learning theories provided a foundation to identify themes. Power over, objectification of, and violence against women was the overall framework that emerged from the lyrics. Within this framework, six themes were identified: men and power, sex as top priority for males, objectification of women, sexual violence, women defined by having a man, and women as not valuing themselves. These themes send gender and relationship messages to music listeners, who are predominantly adolescents. As marriage and family therapists, we can utilize these deconstructed lyrical messages to teach clients about power socialization and its negative effects on relationships.
A Theory of Probabilistic Programs

We define a propositional programming language for probabilistic program schemes and study the equational properties of the programs thus arising.
A Relational Ethic of Solidarity

At the center of critical pedagogy’s ethical description of the student-teacher relationship stands the contested — yet politically and existentially profound — concept, “solidarity.” Paulo Freire made solidarity the defining aspect of a radical educational ethic in the early pages of Pedagogy of the Oppressed, where he draws the distinction between “false generosity” and “true solidarity.” Bourgeois pedagogy, he argues, pretends to serve the interests of oppressed students while simultaneously defining them as “poor unfortunates” and excluding their knowledge from the curriculum. The teacher who joins oppressed students in “true solidarity,” in contrast, engages students as equals in praxis and pledges to work with the students to transform unjust institutions into institutions that allow all students to seek their own humanization. True solidarity is achieved only as teachers are able to abandon the interests of the oppressor group and commit themselves to a bond of unity with oppressed students. This fundamental vision of a teacher in solidarity with his or her students has enobled many educators who pursue their craft in hope that they can further the development of a better society. And for many critical educators, a commitment to solidarity with one’s students stands as an unquestioned maxim.
Bevacizumab-induced perforation of the gastrointestinal tract: clinical and radiographic findings in 11 patients

To present the gastrointestinal (GI) complications associated with bevacizumab therapy and their findings on abdominal imaging studies. A computerized search identified 11 patients with GI complications of bevacizumab therapy on abdominal CT (n = 11) and fluoroscopic GI contrast studies (n = 4) who met our study criteria (including five patients with ovarian cancer, five with colon cancer, and one with cervical cancer). The medical records and imaging studies were reviewed to determine the clinical and radiographic findings in these patients. All 11 patients had findings of GI perforation on CT, or CT and GI contrast studies. CT revealed a localized extraluminal collection containing gas, fluid, and/or contrast material in eight patients (73%) with focal perforation, and free abdominal air and fluid in three (27%) with free perforation The imaging studies also revealed seven fistulas, including two colovaginal, one rectovaginal, one enterocutaneous, one colocutaneous, one gastrocolic, and one colorectal fistula. Eight (73%) of the 11 patients died within 1 year of the development of GI perforation, and the perforation was felt to be the cause of death in four patients (36%). Abdominal CT and fluoroscopic GI contrast studies are useful imaging tests for the diagnosis of potentially life-threatening GI perforation as a complication of bevacizumab therapy. When GI perforation is detected on abdominal imaging studies, treatment with bevacizumab should immediately be discontinued.
Attention effects on auditory scene analysis in children

Auditory scene analysis begins in infancy, making it possible for the baby to distinguish its mother's voice from other noises in the environment. Despite the importance of this process for human behavior, the question of how perceptual sound organization develops during childhood is not well understood. The current study investigated the role of attention for perceiving sound streams in a group of school-aged children and young adults. We behaviorally determined the frequency separation at which a set of sounds was detected as one integrated or two separated streams and compared these measures with passively and actively obtained electrophysiological indices (mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3b) of the same sounds. In adults, there was a high degree of concordance between passive and active electrophysiological indices of stream segregation that matched with perception. In contrast, there was a large disparity in children. Active electrophysiological indices of streaming were concordant with behavioral measures of perception, whereas passive indices were not. In addition, children required larger frequency separations to perceive two streams compared to adults. Our results suggest that differences in stream segregation between children and adults reflect an under-development of basic auditory processing mechanisms, and indicate a developmental role of attention for shaping physiological responses that optimize processes engaged during passive audition.
Parent Academic Involvement as Related to School Behavior, Achievement, and Aspirations: Demographic Variations Across Adolescence

A longitudinal model of parent academic involvement, behavioral problems, achievement, and aspirations was examined for 463 adolescents, followed from 7th (approximately 12 years old) through 11th (approximately 16 years old) grades. Parent academic involvement in 7th grade was negatively related to 8th-grade behavioral problems and positively related to 11th-grade aspirations. There were variations across parental education levels and ethnicity: Among the higher parental education group, parent academic involvement was related to fewer behavioral problems, which were related to achievement and then aspirations. For the lower parental education group, parent academic involvement was related to aspirations but not to behavior or achievement. Parent academic involvement was positively related to achievement for African Americans but not for European Americans. Parent academic involvement may be interpreted differently and serve different purposes across sociodemographic backgrounds.
Ketones enhance mitochondrial function and reverse synaptic deficits in hippocampal slices from triple transgenic ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE mice

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in AD may reflect dysfunction in frontal areas. In patients with NPS, anterior cingulate Myo-inositol elevations correlated with NPS severity (Shinno et al., 2007). ELND005, an amyloid anti-aggregation agent, demonstrated pathological and cognitive benefits in preclinical models. In Study AD201 (Salloway et al. 2011), ELND005 treatment led to dose-dependent reductions in brain Myo-inositol, and to reduced emergence of NPS (Tariot et al. Neurology 2012). Methods: Study AD201 evaluated 3 ELND005 doses (250mg, 1000mg and 2000mg, all BID) versus placebo in 351 patients. Brain Scyllo-inositol and Myo-inositol were assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS, n1⁄4104): percent changes from baseline (PCBLs) were calculated from observedMRS data. Across the four treatment groups, four quartiles of PCBL in Scyllo-inositol andMyo-inositol brain levels were plotted against the emergence probability of individual NPS. Logistic regression models were estimated to quantify the effect of exposure to 250mg of ELND005 compared to placebo.Results:Of 12 NPS, depression, anxiety, apathy, and irritability exhibited a V-shaped pattern with lowest probability of emergence mostly at 2 nd quartile of brain Scyllo-inositol AUC 0-24 hr, corresponding to the 250V‘mg dose. Plots of NPS emergence versus Myo-inositol PCBL showed a similar V-shaped pattern for depression, anxiety, apathy with Myo-inositol PCBL of 30%50%, also correspondng to the 250mg ELND005 dose. Logistic regressions revealed trends (p< 0.1) at various visits for decreased emergence of agitation, depression, anxiety, disinhibition, and nighttime behavior. At some visits, trends further reached significance (p< 0.05) for agitation, depression, and nighttime behavior. Conclusions: Decreased emergence of affective NPS was associated with specific ScylloandMyo-inositol changes in brain assessed by MRS. The neuropsychiatric effects of ELND005 may be partly mediated by brain Myo-inositol regulation.
Methods of error source identification and process optimization for photomask manufacturing

The optimization of a manufacturing process for linewidth uniformity is dependent on the ability to identify and eliminate the major sources of systematic error. When investigating a process composed of many individual sequential steps, it is necessary to decouple these steps and determine the relative magnitude of their contributions. Often, classical approaches in experimental design are either inappropriate or prohibitively expensive. Alternative statistical methods exist which provide sufficient accuracy of results with limited sample sizes and cost effectiveness.
Spa in Counseling.

A place may be made in nearly every counseling session for spa: uplifting, positive experiences in which the focus is placed directly on helping clients feel good about themselves. With many clients, a few minutes at the end of each interview may be saved for these positive experiences; with some clients the entire effort of an individual session may be that of spa. The simplest of the several examples of spa in counseling offered in this article is the activity “Things I Can Do,” in which the counselor helps the client focus on and savor some of the most often-repeated actions of which he or she is capable: breathe, walk, talk, eat, sleep, think, and so on. All counseling clients can benefit from the emerging sense of wellness that can come from spa in counseling.
Abstract 4369: The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) contributes to tumor growth and metastasis though interaction with the host immune response

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) is overexpressed in many cancers and the degree of expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness. MIF contains a conserved tautomerase activity for which a physiological substrate or function has yet to be identified. We determined that sulforaphane (SFN), a chemopreventive agent prevalent in broccoli, covalently modifies MIF and inhibits its enzymatic tautomerase activity with an IC50 within the concentration range observed in the plasma of human subjects following a broccoli sprout meal. We are examining the role of MIF in tumor growth and metastasis in the 4T1 model of breast carcinoma. This model recapitulates many aspects of human breast tumor progression, including spontaneous metastasis from the mammary fat pad to similar target organs in similar proportions. We found that a 4T1 tumor cell line depleted of MIF forms smaller tumors than the 4T1 cells that express, and is reduced in its ability to metastasize to the lung. Reconstitution of the MIF deficient 4T1 cells with wild-type MIF rescues the defect in tumor growth and metastasis, while a tautomerase-deficient MIF does not. This suggests a function for the tautomerase activity in tumor progression and metastasis. Importantly, the MIF dependent growth differences are only manifested in vivo, as the MIF KD cell line is not compromised in growth or colony formation in vitro, suggesting that MIF may be contributing to the interaction between the tumor and the host immune response. This was confirmed by our demonstration that MIF deficient and MIF containing tumors exhibited similar growth properties in immunodeficient animals. This may represent an alternative mechanism for chemoprevention in which SFN can target the tumor microenvironment rather than the tumor cells. We are currently working to characterize a leukocyte population whose recruitment is altered in MIF depleted tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4369. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4369
Sources of variation in regional economies

This paper employs a vector autoregressive (VAR) methodology to examine the role of oil price shocks, defense shocks, national, and local shocks in explaining fluctuations in non-farm employment in a sample of ten states/MSAs in the US in the period 1969–2000. These include a sample of energy rich states and a sample of presumed beneficiaries of defense spending. Existing literature provides mixed evidence on the effects of defense shocks and oil shocks or does not focus on individual states. Results of this paper indicate that oil shocks and defense shocks have more pronounced effects at the local level than they do at the national level. An increase in the price of oil has a fairly large and for the most part statistically significant positive impact on the energy rich states and has a negative and statistically significant impact in the case of the Detroit-Flint MSA. When defense shocks occur they have a sizable impact on local economies that are beneficiaries of defense spending, even though their importance over the whole sample is not always significant. A key policy implication that emerges is that macroeconomic policy at the aggregate level may not be sufficient to uniformly stabilize regional economies that face oil, defense, and local shocks. Furthermore, to the extent that some of these states are linked more to their own local economies rather than to the US economy, they would have to rely more on local stabilization policies when faced with adverse local shocks.
Age-related osteopenia in the mouse: effects of an H1 blocker, a phenothiazine, and promethazine.

Abstract Mature and old B6AF 1 and B6D2F 1 mice were given acidified tap water or promethazine HCl (a phenothiazine with H1 receptor blocking activity), chlorpheniramine (an H1 blocker) or trifluoperazine (a phenothiazine with no H1 blocking activity) in their drinking water, and the effects of these agents on bone mineral content were assessed by intermittently measuring the 24-h whole body retention of Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate (Tc 99m MDP, an indicator of bone metabolism) and at the end of the studies by determining ash weights of femur, ilium and sacrum. It was found that 24-h retention of Tc 99m MDP was elevated in old mice as it is in old osteopenic human, that promethazine but not chlorpheniramine or trifluoperazine inhibited bone loss in aging mice, and that there was a correlation between decrease in retention of Tc 99m MDP and decreased bone loss. These preliminary results suggest that the ability of promethazine to inhibit age-related bone loss may not be mediated through its action as an H1 blocker or as a phenothiazine. However, more agents of each type need to be tested before this point can be established.
Initiation of DNA Strand Cleavage by 1,2,4-Benzotriazine 1,4-Dioxide Antitumor Agents: Mechanistic Insight from Studies of 3-Methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-Dioxide

The antitumor agent 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, TPZ, 1) gains medicinal activity through its ability to selectively damage DNA in the hypoxic cells found inside solid tumors. This occurs via one-electron enzymatic reduction of TPZ to yield an oxygen-sensitive drug radical (2) that leads to oxidatively generated DNA damage under hypoxic conditions. Two possible mechanisms have been considered to account for oxidatively generated DNA damage by TPZ. First, homolysis of the N−OH bond in 2 may yield the well-known DNA-damaging agent, hydroxyl radical. Alternatively, it has been suggested that elimination of water from 2 generates a benzotriazinyl radical (4) as the ultimate DNA-damaging species. In the studies described here, the TPZ analogue 3-methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (5) was employed as a tool to probe the mechanism of DNA damage within this new class of antitumor drugs. Initially, it was demonstrated that 5 causes redox-activated, hypoxia-selective oxidation of DNA a...
Loss of PINK1 causes mitochondrial functional defects and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder thought to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Loss of function mutations in the putative mitochondrial protein PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) have been linked to familial forms of PD, but the relation of PINK1 to mammalian mitochondrial function remains unclear. Here, we report that germline deletion of the PINK1 gene in mice significantly impairs mitochondrial functions. Quantitative electron microscopic studies of the striatum in PINK1(-/-) mice at 3-4 and 24 months revealed no gross changes in the ultrastructure or the total number of mitochondria, although the number of larger mitochondria is selectively increased. Functional assays showed impaired mitochondrial respiration in the striatum but not in the cerebral cortex at 3-4 months of age, suggesting specificity of this defect for dopaminergic circuitry. Aconitase activity associated with the Krebs cycle is also reduced in the striatum of PINK1(-/-) mice. Interestingly, mitochondrial respiration activities in the cerebral cortex are decreased in PINK1(-/-) mice at 2 years compared with control mice, indicating that aging can exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction in these mice. Furthermore, mitochondrial respiration defects can be induced in the cerebral cortex of PINK1(-/-) mice by cellular stress, such as exposure to H(2)O(2) or mild heat shock. Together, our findings demonstrate that mammalian PINK1 is important for mitochondrial function and provides critical protection against both intrinsic and environmental stress, suggesting a pathogenic mechanism by which loss of PINK1 may lead to nigrostriatal degeneration in PD.
In VitroPhosphorylation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein by Protein Kinase C: Evidence for the Phosphorylation of Amino Acid Residue Serine-46

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase C in a calcium-, diacylglycerol-, and phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. Maximum phosphorylation is reached at a stoichiometry of between 0.45 and 0.5 mol of phosphate per mol of Tat. Several Tat peptides, containing serine at position 46, are the only ones which are phosphorylated at significant rates. Several other Tat peptides containing potential protein kinase C phosphorylation sites are not phosphorylated.
Interaction of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase with a chromosomal promoter

Abstract Chemical and enzymatic probes of the contacts between the principal vegetative form of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase and the chromosomal veg promoter indicate two regions at which alterations are observed subsequent to enzyme binding. One of these is the previously defined veg promoter region, within which protection from and enhancement of both methylation and DNase I action are observed. The second region is centered some 65 base-pairs upstream from the transcriptional start-point. DNA sequencing has revealed that this region contains a second copy of the hexanucleotide sequences attributed to RNA polymerase recognition. This second apparent RNA polymerase binding site encompasses a region of dyad symmetry, which may serve as an additional recognition element. We postulate that the strength of the veg promoter previously noted may be due in part to the ability of the dual promoter system to sequester RNA polymerase molecules.
Modeling of thermodynamically coupled reaction-transport systems

Nonisothermal reaction-diffusion systems control the behavior of many transport and rate processes in physical, chemical and biological systems, such as pattern formation and chemical pumps. Considerable work has been published on mathematically coupled nonlinear differential equations by neglecting thermodynamic coupling between a chemical reaction and transport processes of mass and heat. This study presents the modeling of thermodynamically coupled system of a simple elementary chemical reaction with molecular heat and mass transport. The thermodynamic coupling refers that a flow occurs without or against its primary thermodynamic driving force, which may be a gradient of temperature or chemical potential or reaction affinity. The modeling is based on the linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics approach by assuming that the system is in the vicinity of global equilibrium. The modeling equations lead to unique definitions of cross-coefficients between a chemical reaction and heat and mass flows in terms of kinetic parameters, transport coefficients and degrees of coupling. These newly defined parameters need to be determined to describe some coupled reaction-transport systems. Some methodologies are suggested for the determination of the parameters and some representative numerical solutions for coupled reaction-transport systems are presented.
Optimization of a novel combined power/refrigeration thermodynamic cycle

A novel combined power/refrigeration thermodynamic cycle is optimized for thermal performance in this paper. The cycle uses ammonia-water binary mixture as a working fluid and can be driven by various heat sources, such as solar, geothermal and low temperature waste heat. It could produce power as well as refrigeration with power output as a primary goal. The optimization program, which is based on the Generalized Reduced Gradient (GRG) algorithm, can be used to optimize for different objective functions. Examples that maximize second law efficiency, work output and refrigeration output are presented, showing the cycle may be optimized for any desired performance parameter. In addition, cycle performance over a range of ambient temperatures was investigated. It was found that for a source temperature of 360K, which is in the range of flat plate solar collectors, both power and refrigeration outputs are achieved under optimum conditions. All performance parameters, including first and second law efficiencies, power and refrigeration output decrease as the ambient temperature goes up. On the other hand, for a source of 440K, optimum conditions do not provide any refrigeration. However, refrigeration can be obtained even for this temperature under non-optimum performance conditions.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Does resident involvement effect surgical times and complication rates during laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis? An analysis of 16,849 cases from the ACS-NSQIP.

Abstract Background Controversy exists regarding whether resident involvement during surgery impacts patient outcomes. We compared surgical times and perioperative complications of patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy with and without residents. Methods Patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis during 2005 to 2008 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Results During the study period, 16,849 patients underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis (residents participated in 68% of procedures). There were no statistical and/or clinically meaningful differences between median age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiology score, and morbidity probability between the 2 groups, suggesting that case mix was not a significant confounder. Patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy with residents compared with patients undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy without residents had a higher incidence of serious and overall morbidity and longer surgical times. However, surgical times and complications were similar between residents in postgraduate years 1 to 5. Conclusions Regardless of the postgraduate year level, resident involvement resulted in a clinically appreciable increase in surgical times and a statistically significant increase in certain complications.
Resonance and Parton-Model Descriptions of Final States of Deeply Inelastic Reactions

It is pointed out within the context of parton and resonance models that identical physics governs the threshold regions of seemingly distinct inclusive spectra. For example, the threshold region of $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ and the edge of the current fragmentation region of deeply inelastic reactions share identical descriptions. This idea is made explicit within the context of an intuitive quark-parton model in which only ordinary hadrons are produced as the result of deeply inelastic collisions. The properties of the distribution in momentum space of these hadrons are discussed and a realization of Bjorken's correspondence method is obtained. Relations between the shape of the hadron spectrum near the edge of the current fragmentation region, Regge intercepts, and the asymptotic falloff of elastic and transition form factors emerge.
The continuation of education after marriage among women in the United States: 1970.

Data from the 1970 National Fertility Study are used to assess the extent and determinants of post-nuptial education among women in the United States. Over one-fifth of all women have attended high school or college since marriage; over one-third either have returned to school or anticipate returning to an academic institution sometime in the future. This phenomenon is apparently increasing since women married less than five years have already attended school in as great a proportion as women married 15–19 years. Examination of differentials reveals for both blacks and whites that post-nuptial education is higher among women who: (1) attended college before marriage, (2) married early, (3) are currently separated or divorced, (4) support egalitarian sex-role attitudes, or (5) whose most recent occupation is in the professional, managerial, or administrative category. Post-nuptial trends in education undoubtedly reflect the much broader social phenomenon of changing sex-role perceptions.
Agent-based holonic design and operations environment for distributed manufacturing

This paper describes a practical system framework for holonic design and operations in a distributed manufacturing environment using multi-agent systems (MASs) and simulation techniques. Three components are proposed and developed in this system: holonic control, virtual simulation, and human/system integration. With the common system goal as the objective, the holonic control, established upon the JADETM platform in a distributed method, acts as the brain of the entire system. The virtual simulation simulates actions and operations of the physical devices under the holonic control. While the human/system integration facilitates human experts' interaction with the system to choose or override the system's holonic solution. A conceptual material transport system is developed to demonstrate and validate the proposed idea. These key attributes of holonic manufacturing system (HMS), such as robustness when faced with perturbation, autonomous, cooperation and coordination were tested and validated in this open and distributed environment. It shows that the proposed system can satisfy the agility, distribution, and robustness requirements.
Induction of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projection in Xenopus laevis by thyroxine

Hormones are important in the development of behaviour and there is now abundant evidence that they also affect the morphological development of the nervous system1–6. In principle, hormones could act by inducing new patterns of connectivity between widely separated structures in the nervous system or by influencing local connectivity. Most available work documents effects of the latter sort. We present here evidence for the former. Our results indicate that thyroxine, the hormone which causes metamorphosis in the frog Xenopus laevis, can induce precociously in a pre-metamorphic tadpole the ipsilateral retinothalamic projection, a retinofugal pathway which normally develops during metamorphosis. Our evidence suggests that the hormone's presence in one eye alone is sufficient to cause axons of some ganglion cells in that eye to grow to targets in the ipsilateral thalamus and to form terminal fields of appropriate morphology. Since the axons of the induced pathway project ipsilaterally, unlike axons in the normal pre-metamorphic tadpole, virtually all of which project contralaterally, our results are also relevant to questions concerning the control of axonal trajectory in the optic chiasm.
The Future of Distributed Competence: Constructing a Post‐Education Paradigm

Introduces the notion of Distributed Competence and Performance Base Learning. Notes that cannot always learn for the future and asserts that DC ensures that people learn for the present. Provides examples of Distributed Competence Intervention and Performance Base Learning in practice.
Electron microscopy of abnormal secretory products of rat incisor ameloblasts in tetracycline‐induced lesions

Lesions were created in the incisor enamel organs of adult rats by a single dose of tetracycline, and the secretory products in these lesions were examined with the transmission electron microscope. The following abnormal products were found: 1) circumscribed areas of a mottled uncalcified material within the enamel; 2) an uncalcified material consisting of tubules with dimensions similar to the crystal coat of normal enamel, 3) spherical calcified masses which at their periphery resemble normal enamel; 4) layers of a basal lamina-like material in the extracellular spaces between Tomes' processes, and an attachment site-like modification of the cell borders next to this material. It is suggested a) that the enamel tubule is a primary secretory product of the ameloblast; in normal enamel it would support the growth of the crystal; b) that, in the lesion, enamel can grow by diffusion of precursors from distant ameloblasts, while rat enamel normally grows only in direct contact with the ameloblast cell membrane.
A Field Observation of Atmospheric Free Convection

Abstract Measurements during periods of atmospheric free convection have been made using acoustic echo sounders and conventional wind sensors on a meteorological tower. Comparison of data from the two instrument systems shows good agreement. Fourier analysis of the data indicates that the predominant horizontal scales of motion are approximately six times the depth of the convecting layer, in good agreement with laboratory convection experiments.
Pulsed laser deposition and refractive index measurement of fully substituted bismuth iron garnet films

Abstract A systematic study of the pulsed-laser deposition of fully substituted bismuth iron garnet (BIG, or Bi 3 Fe 5 O 12 ) has been carried out. Garnet-structure BIG films grow epitaxially onto gallium gadolinium garnet substrates under deposition conditions that lead to a stoichiometric film. The variation of stoichiometry with deposition conditions is discussed. The refractive index, n , of BIG decreases from 2.819 at 633 nm to 2.584 at 1550 nm, with an imaginary part, k , less than 0.05.
First approved inhaled insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus

The long-term benefits of tight glycemic control in preventing microvascular and macrovascular complications are well established in both Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM). Nonetheless, achievement of recommended haemoglobin A1c (HbA(1c)) goals (< or = 6.5 - 7.0%) has remained elusive, especially in patients with diabetes who require insulin therapy. Delayed/suboptimal titration of insulin is partly related to poor acceptance of multiple injection regimen by both physicians and patients. EXUBERA (human insulin [rDNA origin]; Pfizer), the first approved inhaled insulin for the treatment of diabetic patients, has been shown to be safe and as effective as regular/rapidly acting insulin in improving glycemic control. In addition to controlling postprandial glucose excursions, EXUBERA exerts a major action to reduce fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration. Thus, it has the potential to be used as a monotherapy in Type 2 DM, as well as in combination with an insulin sensitizer in Type 2 DM or in combination with long-acting insulin in both Type 2 DM and Type 1 DM.
Effort, intensity and position taking: Reconsidering obstruction in the pre-cloture senate

Effort is a crucial element of the legislative process — writing bills, forming coalitions, crafting strategies, and debating. We develop a model in which legislative decisions are the product of competitive effort by two teams, one trying to pass new legislation, and the other to block it. Teams choose effort levels based on preferences over the policy outcome, political rewards for effort, and opportunity costs, and the team that produces more effort wins. We apply this model to four cases of major legislation from the pre-cloture Senate: passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, the Ship Purchase Act of 1915, the Ship Arming bill of 1917, and the adoption of the Senate cloture rule in 1917. These cases demonstrate the value of looking beyond legislative voting and the rules that structure it, and of including effort as a key element of the legislative game.
Carbon dioxide dissolution in structural and stratigraphic traps

The geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide ( CO2) in structural and stratigraphic traps is a viable option to reduce anthropogenic emissions. While dissolution of the CO2 stored in these traps reduces the long-term leakage risk, the dissolution process remains poorly understood in systems that reflect the appropriate subsurface geometry. Here, we study dissolution in a porous layer that exhibits a feature relevant for CO2 storage in structural and stratigraphic traps: a finite CO2 source along the top boundary that extends only part way into the layer. This feature represents the finite extent of the interface between free-phase CO2 pooled in a trap and the underlying brine. Using theory and simulations, we describe the dissolution mechanisms in this system for a wide range of times and Rayleigh numbers, and classify the behaviour into seven regimes. For each regime, we quantify the dissolution flux numerically and model it analytically, with the goal of providing simple expressions to estimate the dissolution rate in real systems. We find that, at late times, the dissolution flux decreases relative to early times as the flow of unsaturated water to the CO2 source becomes constrained by a lateral exchange flow though the reservoir. Application of the models to several representative reservoirs indicates that dissolution is strongly affected by the reservoir properties; however, we find that reservoirs with high permeabilities ( Darcy) that are tens of metres thick and several kilometres wide could potentially dissolve hundreds of megatons of CO2 in tens of years.
Simplified Derivation of the Properties of Elementary Transcendentals

The purpose of the present paper is to give a derivation of the properties of the elementary transcendentals from a more unified point of view than is customary. It will be assumed that the general properties of analytic functions are established. In particular we shall use the theorem that the real (or imaginary) part of an analytic function cannot assume its maximum value in the inside of a closed domain in which it is regular. Similarly, use will be made of Weierstrass’s theorem about a set of uniformly converging analytic functions, of Liouville’s and Rolle’s theorems.§ All of these theorems can be established without the use of the properties of the transcendental functions, using only elementary calculations and the concept of convergence. The present paper shows how the properties of the elementary transcendentals can then be derived from the aforementioned theorems by means of the methods of the theory of complex functions. From the point of view of this theory, this appears to be more appropriate than taking over the results concerning the properties of these functions, at least for real arguments, from other parts of analysis. An outline of our procedure follows.
Preliminary studies on postoperative volume flows after bilateral internal mammary artery implantation.

Abstract A cineangiographic technic for clinical application in determining postoperative volume flow through implanted internal mammary arteries in patients is described. Information obtained by this technic provides another parameter by which to evaluate the possible benefits of internal mammary artery myocardial revascularization.
Exposure Assessment Strategies for Crystalline Silica Health Effects

Abstract Occupational exposure to dusts containing crystalline silica have long been associated with the induction of silicosis, a focal fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma. Since only the dust that could penetrate to the gas exchange region of the lung, defined as respirable dust, could produce a pneumoconiosis such as silicosis, size-selective respirable dust inlets were developed for air samplers to restrict the dust analyses to the respirable fraction of the airborne dust. Analyses of respirable dust are reported in terms of mass concentration, although a case can be made for associating the hazard more closely with the surface area of the dust. The hazards associated with inhaling crystalline silica within dust mixtures also depend on the properties of the coconstituents of the mixed aerosol, as documented in epidemiological studies on miners. Other considerations affecting exposure assessment strategies are concerns about diseases other than silicosis that may be caused by exposure to dusts contain...
A SAS macro for direct adjusted survival curves based on Aalen's additive model

Aalen's additive model defines the covariate effects on the survival outcome to be time-varying. The aim of this paper is to explore the application of Aalen's model in assessing treatment effects, adjusting for possibly different patient profiles between the treatment groups. We treat Aalen's model as the underlying model and compute the direct adjusted survival curves for different treatments. The treatment comparison can be performed by finding a confidence interval for the difference between two direct adjusted survivals. We developed a SAS macro that calculates the direct adjusted survival estimates and the standard errors, based on Aalen's model. In this paper, we give two examples to explain the syntax for using the macro.
Symplectic topology in the nineties

Abstract This is a survey of some selected topics in symplectic topology. In particular, we discuss lowdimensional symplectic and contact topology, applications of generating functions, Donaldson's theory of approximately complex manifolds and some other recent developments in the field.
Molecular thermodynamics of solute‐polymer‐supercritical fluid systems

The distribution coefficients of the solutes (toluene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene) are reported at infinite dilution between silicone rubber and supercriticalfluid carbon dioxide. A new technique is described in which a thin film of polymer is coated and cross-linked onto silica, and the distribution coefficient is measured rapidly by elution supercritical-fluid chromatography. Because CO2 significantly enhances the solute's volatility and its diffusion coefficient in the polymer, it is possible to study solute-polymer interactions at room temperature for nonvolatile compounds which would be difficult to study by conventional techniques such as gas chromatography. These infinite dilution data are used to determine solutepolymer interaction parameters to calculate phase diagrams over a wide concentration range. The residual, combinatorial, and cross-link contributions to the solute activity coefficient in the polymer are discussed as a function of concentration. In addition, pronounced pressure and temperature effects are described in terms of experimentally measured solute partial molar volumes (to – 14 L/mol) and partial molar enthalpies (to – 850 kJ/mol) in the fluid phase.
Slip Diffusion and Lévy Flights of an Adsorbed Gold Nanocluster

Anomalous diffusion of a gold nanocrystal Au{sub 140} , adsorbed on the basal plane of graphite, exhibiting L{acute e}vy-type power-law flight-length and sticking-time distributions, is predicted through extensive molecular dynamics simulations. An atomistic collective slip-diffusion mechanism is proposed and analyzed. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Abstract 1144: High-throughput genetic and expression analysis of circulating tumor cells

We are developing novel sample preparation technologies for genomic analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs): a new cell-sorting device for purification of single CTCs from a tube of blood; and highly sensitive and quantitative genomic technologies for single cell analysis using Illumina9s microarray and next-generation sequencing platforms. We have prototyped a new ultra-rare cell enrichment device that produces cell samples compatible with Illumina9s nucleic-acid analysis platforms. Sorting is performed on whole blood samples with no pre-fractionation, to minimize the genetic alteration of CTCs. To validate the performance of our cell sorting device, we have monitored the recovery of LNCaP prostate cancer cells spiked into 7.5ml normal blood samples at concentration of 10 cells/7.5ml. For ease of analysis, the cancer cells were labeled with cell tracker dye and leukocyte nuclei in blood were labeled with Hoechst 33342 dye. Cancer cells were immunomagnetically labeled in blood with EpCAM beads and then isolated by our cell sorter. We found that the capturing efficiency of our platform was 60% ± 24% for 10 cells/7.5ml samples. The purity of cancer cells among contaminating white blood cells was 91% ± 6%, after a second round of extraction of individual cancer cells. The entire purification protocol of CTCs from 7.5ml blood samples takes 2 hours. This platform has been earlier validated for CTC isolation from blood samples of breast cancer patients and is currently under evaluation for prostate and ovarian cancer patients. We are also developing new genomic technologies for whole-genome expression profiling, somatic mutation analysis, and transcriptome sequencing of purified CTCs: a) using a Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA)-based protocol and a 300K-SNP chip readout, we were able to obtain 88.3% and 93.9% call rate, and 97.4% and 99.9% call accuracy with direct cell lysis from 1 and 5 LNCaP cells, respectively. We also detected the chromosomal amplification and loss-of-heterozygosity; b) with our current RNA amplification protocol, we were able to generate reproducible expression profiles, R 2 = 0.37 and 0.75, from 1 and 10 cell inputs, respectively. In addition, the expression profiles correlated well with those obtained with standard 100 ng total RNA input, R 2 = 0.36 and 0.72, respectively; c) we have also developed next-generation sequencing protocols to profile single-cell transciptomes. We have introduced a new platform for isolation of small numbers of CTCs from patient blood samples that are compatible with Illumina genomic assays. Our gDNA and RNA amplification protocols work with direct cell lysates; no need to extract DNA or RNA from single cells. The protocols are compatible with Illumina microarray and next-gen sequencing platforms. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1144.
Task Partitioning: An Innovation Process Variable

Abstract Innovation projects are “partitioned” into smaller tasks. Precisely where the boundaries between such tasks are placed can affect project outcome and the efficiency of task performance due to associated changes in the problem-solving inter-dependence among tasks. I propose that problem-solving inter-dependence among tasks can be predicted in many projects and can then be managed by strategies involving (1) adjustment of the task specifications and/or (2) reduction of the barriers to problem-solving interaction across selected or all task boundaries. The potential value of studying and managing task partitioning is illustrated by exploring how problematic areas of the innovation process, such as the design-build and marketing-R&D interfaces, can be better understood through that lens.
The Current State of Social Mobility Research

Blau's and Duncan's reconceptualization of social mobility analysis in terms of the status attainment model led to a rapid growth in the number of studies of mobility processes in the United States...
Metabolic abnormalities of the hyperglycemic obese Zucker rat.

Abstract In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated the metabolic profiles of lean (Fa/?) and obese (fafa) Zucker male rats at 4 to 8 months of age. Although all of the obese rats (N = 108) demonstrated glucose intolerance, most of the obese rats exhibited only mild elevations of fasted and fed plasma glucose. Only 14 of the obese rats were severely hyperglycemic, which resulted in substantial elevations of glyceohemoglobin (GHb) levels. The nerve and lens levels of glucose, sorbitol, and fructose were elevated, and the myo -inositol was depleted in all hyperglycemic obese rats, but not in the euglycemic obese rats. With increasing duration of hyperglycemia, the neural myo -inositol level approached normal, while the lenses became cataractous. All obese rats had increased urinary albumin excretion (UAE), which was dependent on age ( r = .45, P