cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Which Photodiode to Use: A Comparison of CMOS-Compatible Structures

While great advances have been made in optimizing fabrication process technologies for solid state image sensors, the need remains to be able to fabricate high quality photosensors in standard CMOS processes. The quality metrics depend on both the pixel architecture and the photosensitive structure. This paper presents a comparison of three photodiode structures in terms of spectral sensitivity, noise and dark current. The three structures are n+/p-sub, n-well/p-sub and p+/n-well/p-sub. All structures were fabricated in a 0.5 mum 3-metal, 2-poly, n-well process and shared the same pixel and readout architectures. Two pixel structures were fabricated-the standard three transistor active pixel sensor, where the output depends on the photodiode capacitance, and one incorporating an in-pixel capacitive transimpedance amplifier where the output is dependent only on a designed feedback capacitor. The n-well /p-sub diode performed best in terms of sensitivity (an improvement of 3.5 times and 1.6 times over the n+/p-sub and p+/n-well/p-sub diodes, respectively) and signal-to-noise ratio (1. 5times and 1.2 times improvement over the n+/p-sub and p+/n-well/p-sub diodes, respectively) while the p+/n-well/p-sub diode had the minimum (33% compared to other two structures) dark current for a given sensitivity.
α-amidoalkylation of polystyrene

Crystal polystyrene was alkylated with N-methylolacetamide (CH3CONHCH2OH), boron trifluoride being used as the catalyst. A linear relationship between degree of N-methyleneacetamide substitution and the glass transition temperature Tg of the polystyrene was observed. The Tg values ranged from 104°C for 0% amidization to 125°C for 20% amidization. The critical strain ec of these materials was measured at room temperature in air, hexane, and oil (50–50, a cottonsed oil–oleic acid) and an increase in the ec above which crazing occurs was observed as the degree of alkylation increased. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the amidized polystyrenes in air at 250°C showed these materials to become more stable as the amount of N-methylene substitution increased. Tensile data show that the amidized polystyrene, although stronger than the unsubstituted material, exhibits the same elongation at break and tensile modulus.
Preferences for clinic privileges, retail items and social activities in an outpatient buprenorphine treatment program ☆

This study evaluated preferences for various clinic privileges, retail items, and social activities for use in an outpatient opioid dependence treatment program. Fifty-three opioid-dependent patients who received treatment with buprenorphine for at least 30 days rank ordered 11 clinic privileges, 19 retail items, and 8 social activities from the most desirable (a rank of 1) to the least desirable (a rank equal to the number of items in that category). Additional questions determined preference for counseling frequency and dosing levels. The top three mean rankings for clinic privileges were $50 cash for opioid-negative urines (2.8), take-home doses of buprenorphine (3.6), and voucher points for opioid-negative urines (4.7). The top three mean rankings for retail items were restaurant gift certificates (4.1), movie passes (4.9), and videotape movie and player rentals (6.8). The top three mean rankings for social activities were movies (2.4), barbecues (3.8), and hiking trips (4.3). There was no preference reported for increases or decreases in counseling frequency. Seventy-four percent of subjects preferred to increase their buprenorphine dose by an average of 60.84% independent of their present dose. Consistent with previous findings from methadone treatment, cash payments for opioid-negative urines and take-home medication were the highest ranked clinic privileges. These results suggest that various retail items and social activities may also be useful for reinforcing positive treatment outcomes during outpatient opioid treatment.
Setting the Virgin on Fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán Peasants, and the Redemption of the Mexican Revolution

In this beautifully written work, Marjorie Becker reconstructs the cultural encounters which led to Mexico's post-revolutionary government. She sets aside the mythology surrounding president Lazaro Cardenas to reveal his dilemma: until he and his followers understood peasant culture, they could not govern. This dilemma is vividly illustrated in Michoacan. There, peasants were passionately engaged in a Catholic culture focusing on the Virgin Mary. The Cardenistas, inspired by revolutionary ideas of equality and modernity, were oblivious to the peasants' spirituality and determined to transform them. A series of dramatic conflicts forced Cardenas to develop a government that embodied some of the peasants' complex culture. Becker brilliantly combines concerns with culture and power and a deep historical empathy to bring to life the men and women of her story. She shows how Mexico's government today owes much of its subtlety to the peasants of Michoacan.
High-level control of modular robots

This paper discusses the creation of provably correct control for modular robots from high-level tasks expressed using sentences in structured English. Due to the nature of modular robots, we address problems that include requirements on the geometry and motion characteristics of the robot; these requirements are captured using traits in the specification that are then used in the control generation process. Outlined in this paper is our approach for generating all the lower levels of control for a modular robot given the high-level problem statement. The approach includes the use of a configuration-gait-trait library for characterizing modular robots and tools for populating this library such as a physics-based simulator and gait creator. The approach is demonstrated in simulation and with the CKBot hardware platform.
Experimental investigation of the concept of molecular migration within sheared polystyrene

Several important aspects of the flow in polymer melts through capillaries remain unexplored. This paper examines experimentally one such effect associated with the radial shear-stress gradient in capillaries. During capillary melt flow of a polymer with a wide molecular weight distribution, migration of the large molecules away from the region of highest shear stress, i.e., at the capillary wall, has been predicted but only modestly investigated. This effect has the potential to produce a molecular weight spectrum over the cross section of extruded polymer. Studies of distribution in shear were conducted on a well-characterized wide-distribution polystyrene (Mw = 234,000). An Instron Rheometer equipped with a long capillary (length/diameter ratio of 66.7) was used to perform the extrusion at temperatures of 160–250°C. A solvent coring procedure was used to dissolve away concentric layers of polymer from the extrudate for molecular weight analyses. The method has been shown to cut clean sections without selective extraction. Values of Mw, Mn and Mw/Mn were calculated from complete molecular weight distribution data obtained by calibrated gel permeation chromatography. For a wide range of shear rates and temperatures, no evidence for molecular fractionation was observed. Shear degradation of this polymer was found to be small. However, at high shear rates at 250°C, evidence indicating extensive shear-induced thermal degradation was found. No evidence for oxidative degradation at the extrudate surface was found at either low or high shear rates at this temperature.
The Evidence for a Pathophysiologic Significance of the Sympathetic Overactivity in Hypertension

Interest for the role of the sympathetics in the genesis of hypertension has come full circle from early enthusiasm, through a period of neglect, to present understanding that strong evidence cannot be ignored. Sympathetic overactivity starts in childhood and is easily evident in 30% of patients with incipient hypertension. Later, in advanced hypertension, altered cardiovascular responsiveness obscures the obvious signs of sympathetic overactivity but the brain maintains its decisive pathophysiologic role. The early onset, the bimodal distribution of the neurogenic "hyperkinetic" pattern and familial aggregation suggest a genetic component in sympathetic overactivity. Patients with hypertension are at high risk for coronary disease and some of that risk is not directly related to blood pressure elevation. High sympathetic tone explains the pathophysiology of "pressure-independent" risk for premature coronary atherosclerosis in hypertension and for excess mortality/morbidity in patients who had already developed coronary heart disease.
Density-dependent responses of reproductive allocation to elevated atmospheric CO2 in Phytolacca americana.

Summary •This study was conducted to determine whether elevated CO 2 alters patterns of plant reproduction, and whether density affects population- and individual-level responses to elevated CO 2 . •Phytolacca americana was grown in a glasshouse at three population densities under ambient and elevated CO 2 environments, and harvested at both vegetative and seed mature stages. •CO2 did not affect the observed or estimated minimum size required for reproduction. At the population-level, elevated CO2 increased the total and above-ground biomass at both harvests. Density decreased both measurements at the second harvest. At the individual-level, elevated CO2 increased reproductive mass but decreased seed size, and the responses of reproductive allocation were density-dependent. Net photosynthesis at saturating light (Pmax) increased under elevated CO2, but decreased with density, with a CO2 × density interaction. •hese results indicate that CO 2 advances timing of flowering by changing growth rate rather than modifying minimum size required for reproduction, while density modifies the responses of reproductive allocations to elevated CO 2 in P. americana .
Increased Bone Mineral Density in a Man with Known Compression Fractures

Abstract A 70-yr-old man was referred for bone mineral density because of a history of vertebral and hip fracture. His past history included prednisone-treated rheumatoid arthritis and stroke resulting in hemiparesis and expressive aphasia. He had received injections for back pain at another hospital. The overall spine T -score was +3.40 with L3 at +10.92. The overall hip T -score was -1.09 with the femoral neck at -1.75 and Ward's triangle at -2.94. Radiographs of the spine revealed increased densities of L2-4. The patient's wife provided information the aphasic patient could not. The back injections were part of a vertebroplasty for stabilization. The patient had such great pain relief that he ambulated too soon, fell, and suffered a right hip fracture. Injection of polymethylmethyacrylate is a new addition to the treatment of spinal osteoporosis. The case demonstrates the importance of acquiring a complete medical history.
Early Upper Paleolithic Man and Late Middle Paleolithic Tools

The appearance of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Europe, the Near East, and Africa must represent either an in situ evolution of Neandertals or a migration. Those who suggest the latter claim a sudden replacement of Neandertals by anatomically modern Homo sapiens. However, the “evidence” actually cited claims only the sudden replacement of Middle by Upper Paleolithic industries. We criticize the migration explanation on two grounds. (1) There is no “sudden replacement” of Middle Paleolithic by Upper Paleolithic industries, but rather a gradual change in the frequencies of already present tools. Numerous sites in these areas exhibit transitional industries. (2) Concomitantly, there is no morphological evidence indicating a “sudden replacement” of hominids. There is no absolute association between anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Upper Paleolithic industries. Instead, the evidence clearly shows that early anatomically modern Homo sapiens is a late Middle Paleolithic local phenomenon.
Synthetic host volatiles increase efficacy of trap cropping for management of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)

Abstract 1 The attractiveness of pitfall traps baited with a synthetic host volatile attractant to colonizing adult Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was evaluated in a field setting. 2 Significantly more postdiapause, colonizing adult L. decemlineata were captured in baited than unbaited pitfall traps. 3 The potential for this synthetic kairomone to enhance the efficacy of trap cropping as a management tool was evaluated by comparing conventionally managed plots with like-sized plots bordered by either attractant-treated trap crop or untreated trap crop. 4 More postdiapause, colonizing adults, egg masses and small larvae were present in attractant-treated trap crops than in untreated trap crops. 5 There were no significant differences in egg mass and small larvae densities between plots bordered by attractant-treated trap crops and conventionally managed plots, but there were significantly fewer large larvae and adult beetles in conventionally managed plots. 6 Plant canopy area of conventionally managed plots was significantly greater than in plots bordered by either type of trap crop. 7 Yields for conventionally managed plots and plots bordered by attractant-treated trap crops did not differ, and less insecticide (44%) was applied to plots bordered by attractant-treated trap crops.
On Measuring Productive Potential and Relative Efficiency

I. The main argument, 451. — II. Problems of time series including more than two years, 457. — III. The aggregation of inputs as well as outputs for the measurement of "efficiency," 459. — IV. The treatment of "new products" in input and output indexes, 465.
Dietary Protein Intake Is Protective Against Loss of Grip Strength Among Older Adults in the Framingham Offspring Cohort

BACKGROUND Age-related decline in muscle strength is an important public health issue for older adults. Dietary protein has been associated with maintenance of muscle mass, yet its relation to muscle strength remains unclear. METHODS We determined the association of dietary protein (total, animal, and plant) intake, measured by food frequency questionnaire, with change in grip strength over 6 years in 1,746 men and women from the Framingham Offspring cohort. RESULTS Mean age at baseline was 58.7 years (range: 29-85), and mean total, animal, and plant protein intakes were 79, 57, and 22 g/d, respectively. Adjusted baseline mean grip strength did not differ across quartiles of energy-adjusted total, animal or protein intake. Greater protein intake, regardless of source, was associated with less decrease in grip strength (all p for trend ≤.05): participants in the lowest quartiles lost 0.17% to 0.27% per year while those in the highest quartiles gained 0.52% to 0.60% per year. In analyses stratified by age, participants aged 60 years or older (n = 646) had similar linear trends on loss of grip strength for total and animal (all p for trend <.03) but not plant protein, while the trends in participants younger than 60 years (n = 896) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Higher dietary intakes of total and animal protein were protective against loss of grip strength in community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. Increasing intake of protein from these sources may help maintain muscle strength and support prevention of mobility impairment in older adults.
Transnational Organized Crime

More than ever before, we are faced with collections of highly adaptable crooks that expand and contract over time to maximize their profits as discrete opportunities arise across the globe. These transnational organized crime groups are pilfering billions of dollars from the American economy alone. Their huge profits from supplying illicit goods to the world’s wealthy markets make them particularly challenging for state enforcement agencies, and no single nation can quell the threat they present. Transnational organized crime, with its dire implications for public safety, public health, democratic institutions, and economic stability, accelerates many of the most serious threats to national and international security in our brave new world and consequently poses a significant and growing threat to global stability.
Regularity of particle production in hadron collisions and the structure of the nucleon

The multiplicity distribution for charged secondaries emitted from pp, π±p, pn, π±n, nn, K+p andp-p collisions was found to define a single set of curves which can be expressed by a universal set of «multiplicity distribution functions» constructed from Poisson terms when conservation laws are suitably incorporated. The ΛK0 accompanying the pions produced in π-p collision, and the neutrals (mostly π0) produced in π-p inelastic charge-exchange reactions were also found to follow the same distribution. The distribution functions so obtained contain no adjustable parameter and fit well theNN cosmic-ray jet data. The Poissonian characteristic of the multiplicity regularity found points immediately to the existence of a number of nearly independent production regions or «cells» inside the nucleon (and other hadrons), and the fireball.
Within treatment therapeutic alliance ratings profiles predict posttreatment frequency of alcohol use

Although past research has demonstrated a positive relationship between the therapeutic alliance (TA) and improved drinking outcomes, specific aspects of the alliance have received less attention. In this study, we examined the association between alliance characteristics during treatment and 4-month follow-up drinking reports. Sixty-five treatment-seeking alcohol dependent clients who participated in 12 weeks of individual outpatient treatment provided weekly TA ratings during treatment and reported on pretreatment, during treatment, and posttreatment alcohol use. Latent profile analysis was conducted to discern distinct profiles of client and therapist ratings of therapeutic alliance with similar alliance characteristics. TA profiles were based on clients' and therapists' mean alliance rating, minimum alliance rating, maximum alliance rating, the range of alliance ratings, and the difference in session number between maximum and minimum alliance ratings. One- through 4-class models were fit to the data. Model fit was judged by comparative fit indices, substantive interpretability, and parsimony. Wald tests of mean equality determined whether classes differed on follow-up percentage of days abstinent (PDA) at 4-months posttreatment. Three-profile solutions provided the best fit for both client and therapist ratings of the therapeutic alliance. Client alliance rating profiles predicted drinking in the follow-up period, but therapist rating profiles did not. These results suggest that distinct profiles of the therapeutic alliance can be identified and that client alliance rating profiles are associated with frequency of alcohol use following outpatient treatment.
Computational Study of the Properties and Reactions of Small Molecules Containing O, S, and Se

The reactions and properties of a series of chalcogen-containing compounds (CH3)2X and (CH3)2C═X, where X = O, S, and Se, were studied computationally at the CBS-QB3 level to examine the differences among these molecules. The reactions and properties investigated include the double bond dissociation energy, the ionization potential, the interaction energies with a series of acids including a proton, CH3+, Li+, MeLi, and MeOH, and the enolization energies of the (CH3)2C═X species. The effect of substituting the O of acetamide with S or Se also was studied. The changes that result from these reactions were examined via changes in structure and changes in charge distribution using the Hirshfeld charges.
Proof of Concept of an In-FIight Aerodynamic Model Identification Technique

This paper describes the development of an in-flight near real-time aerodynamic model identification (RAMI) technique. The model was based on flight data gathered from "2-3-1-1" alternating step manoeuvres with the NRC Falcon 20 aircraft. The aircraft was flown at ten thousand feet over a speed range of 150-225 knots. The air data systems were calibrated using a flush 4-hole nose-cone and DGPS technique. The installed data suite included parameters of standard aircraft inertial response, control parameters and air data pressure. The flight data was sampled onboard the aircraft's acquisition system, transferred to a high speed PC computer for analysis and display and was analysed using time domain (MMLE3) (Ref. 1,2) system identification techniques. This paper describes the flight test planning and execution, with emphasis on instrumentation and test input design. The CramerRao bounds for all derivatives were lower than 20% indicating that the final derivatives were robust. Excellent aircraft model fidelity was obtained using the time domain technique. The longitudinal and lateral model derivatives were estimated within 2 and 8 seconds respectively after the manoeuvre was completed.
Structure of Turbulent Boundary Layers and Surface Pressure Fluctuations with Sparse Roughness

Measurements of the mean flow and turbulent statistics were made in a 2D flat plate turbulent boundary layer over several fetches of hemispherical roughness elements with various spacings using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). These measurements were used to study the effect of roughness spacing on the wall shear stress. Methods for estimating the wall shear stress by fitting data to a model profile were evaluated against an integral momentum balance technique. Results suggest that the von Karman constant may not be a constant for rough walls. Spectra of surface pressure fluctuations were also measured.
Prediction of Transmission Loss for Two Turboprop Engine Inlet Designs

This paper describes two concepts for the attenuation of broadband noise propagating through the inlet of a turboprop engine, and presents predictions of transmission loss for each concept, based on simulations performed using the ACTRAN/TM acoustic analysis software. The first attenuation concept consisted of two types of acoustic treatment applied to a conventional inlet duct for a turboprop engine. The second attenuation concept consisted of a novel dual inlet design, with turning diffusing ducts which supplied a plenum leading to the compressor inlet. Predicted transmission loss for the conventional inlet duct with treatment ranged between 5.5-7.5 dB, for frequencies up to 5000 Hz. The predicted transmission loss for the plenum inlet design was significantly higher, with a range of 12.014.5 dB, at the same frequencies.
Incorporation of Chloride from Na36Cl into 2,6-Dichlorophenol in Lone Star and Gulf Coast Ticks,

Adult lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), and Gulf Coast ticks, A. maculatum Koch, that developed from engorged nymphs which had been injected with Na36Cl contained 36Cl-labeled 2,6-dichlorophenol, indicating that biosynthesis of this chlorinated phenol occurs in the ticks. Special efforts were made to consider the alternative that the labeling could have occurred as the result of isotope exchange, but findings did not support this hypothesis.
A Simple Device for Insect Mechanocardiogram

To examine closely the beat of the heart of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), a very successful capacitance device was designed which gives linear response to the motion of the heart.
Assessment Report Sandia National Laboratories Fuel Cycle Technologies Quality Assurance Evaluation of FY15 SNL FCT M2 Milestone Deliverables

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Fuel Cycle Technologies (FCT) program activities are conducted in accordance with FCT Quality Assurance Program Document (FCT-QAPD) requirements. The FCT-QAPD interfaces with SNL approved Quality Assurance Program Description (SNL-QAPD) as explained in the Sandia National Laboratories QA Program Interface Document for FCT Activities (Interface Document). This plan describes SNL's FY16 assessment of SNL's FY15 FCT M2 milestone deliverable's compliance with program QA requirements, including SNL R&A requirements. The assessment is intended to confirm that SNL's FY15 milestone deliverables contain the appropriate authenticated review documentation and that there is a copy marked with SNL R&A numbers.
LEARNING STRUCTURE FROM DATA

This chapter discusses the problem of constructing a network automatically from direct empirical observations, thus bypassing the human link in the process known as knowledge acquisition. The task of finding a generic model of empirical data falls under the category of learning or induction. In contrast, the task of interpreting or explaining a specific pattern of observations is known as abduction. Learning can be thought of as the process of acquiring an effective internal representation for the persistent constraints in the world. Routine diagnosis tasks involving fixed-domain knowledge require abduction, while acquiring the knowledge necessary to perform an adequate diagnosis requires learning. The latter is comprised of two subtasks: extracting generic hypothesis-evidence relationships from records of medical experience and organizing such relationships in a data structure to facilitate quick response using a minimal amount of memory. The chapter focuses on learning structures. It focuses on causal structures and in particular on causal trees and poly trees, where the computational role of causality as a modularizer of knowledge achieves its fullest realization. It elaborates on the nature of causation, reiterating the thesis that causation is not a property of nature but rather a mental construct devised for the efficient organization of knowledge. The chapter further discusses the development of techniques to discover causal structures in empirical data.
The effects of maternal obesity on perinatal outcomes among those born small for gestational age

AbstractBackground: Maternal obesity has been associated with higher birth weight. Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates born to obese women may be associated with pathological growth with increased neonatal complications.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of all non-anomalous singleton neonates born in Texas from 2006–2011. Analyses were limited to births between 34 and 42 weeks gestation with birth weight ≤10th percentile. Results were stratified by maternal pre-pregnancy BMI class. The risk for stillbirth, neonatal death, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and five minute Apgar scores <7 were estimated for each obesity class and compared to the normal weight group. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to control for potential confounding variables.Results: The rate of stillbirth was 1.4/1000 births for normal weight women, and 2.9/1000 among obese women (p < 0.001, aOR: 1.83 [1.43, 2.34]). The rate of neonatal deaths among normal weight women was 4.3/1000 ...
Investigating Susceptibility to Diabetes Using Features of the Adipose Tissue in Response to In Utero Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure

Background: In recent times, there has been an increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) particularly in chil dren. Adipocyte dysfunction provide a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance resulting in diabetes outcome. Further, environmental chemical exposure during early years of life might be a significant contributing factor to the increase in the inci dence of T2DM. This study tests the idea that exposure to environmental contaminants (2-aminoanthracene [2AA]) in utero will show effects in the adipose tissue (AT) that signify T2DM vulnerability. 2AA is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in a va riety of products. Methods: To accomplish the study objective, pregnant dams were fed various amounts of 2AA adulterated diets from gestation through postnatal period. The neonates and older offspring were analyzed for diabetic-like genes in the ATs and analysis of serum glucose. Furthermore, weight monitoring, histopathology and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68 in AT, adipocyte size determination and adiponectin amounts in serum were undertaken. Results: Up-regulation of adiponectin and interleukin-6 genes were noted in the pups and older rats. Combination of intrauter ine 2AA toxicity with moderate high fat diet exhibited gene expression patterns similar to those of the neonates. Elevated serum glucose levels were noted in treated groups. IHC of the AT indicated no significant malformations; however, CD68+ cells were greater in the animals treated to 2AA. Similarly, mean sizes of the adipocytes were larger in treated and combined 2AA and mod erate high fat animals. Adiponectin was reduced in 2AA groups. Conclusion: From the preceding, it appears intrauterine 2AA disturbance, when combined with excess fat accumulation will lead to greater risk for the diabetic condition.
The effects of instruction on the singing ability of children ages 5 - 11: A meta-analysis

The purpose of the meta-analysis was to address the varied results within the area of singing ability research by statistically summarizing the data of related studies. Across 34 studies, analyses ...
A Lifelong Learning Topic Model Structured Using Latent Embeddings

We propose a latent-embedding-structured lifelong learning topic model, called the LLT model, to discover coherent topics from a corpus. Specifically, we exploit latent word embeddings to structure our model and mine word correlation knowledge to assist in topic modeling. During each learning iteration, our model learns new word embeddings based on the topics generated in the previous learning iteration. Experimental results demonstrate that our LLT model is able to generate more coherent topics than state-of-the-art methods.
The Polarization Resistance Technique for Measuring Corrosion Currents

In 1938 Wagner and Traud1 published a paper: “Concerning the Evaluation of Corrosion Reactions by Superposition of Electrochemical Partial Reactions and Concerning the Potential Formation on Mixed Electrodes.” This paper is today considered the classical paper on mixed potential theory, which postulates that, even without the assumption of the existence of local anodes and cathodes, one can explain corrosion reactions by assuming that cathodic and anodic partial reactions occur at the phase boundary metal/electrolyte in constant change with statistical distribution of location and time of the individual reaction. Wagner and Traud showed further that under certain conditions (yielding certain forms of the partial potential-current curves) it is possible to calculate the rate of a given reaction using electrochemical measurements. These principles were then applied to the dissolution rate of zinc amalgam in acid solutions. Good agreement was found between corrosion rates calculated from polarization curves using the technique, which today is called “Tafel slope extrapolation” and from the amount of hydrogen evolved. These experimental results were considered proof for the general postulations of the mixed potential theory.
Forgiveness, Humility, and Hope: An Interview with Everett L. Worthington Jr

In this article, the authors interviewed Everett L. Worthington Jr. regarding his impact on research related to forgiveness, humility, and hope. They briefly highlight Worthington's professional career, provide the transcription of a detailed interview, and offer a list of suggested readings on the topics discussed in this interview. The authors' aim is to highlight Worthington's scholarly works, driving motivation, and thoughts on future research and to provide resources for working with forgiveness, humility, and hope with clients.
Commensal Gut Microbiota Immunomodulatory Actions in Bone Marrow and Liver have Catabolic Effects on Skeletal Homeostasis in Health

Despite knowledge the gut microbiota regulates bone mass, mechanisms governing the normal gut microbiota’s osteoimmunomodulatory effects on skeletal remodeling and homeostasis are unclear in the healthy adult skeleton. Young adult specific-pathogen-free and germ-free mice were used to delineate the commensal microbiota’s immunoregulatory effects on osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, marrow T-cell hematopoiesis, and extra-skeletal endocrine organ function. We report the commensal microbiota has anti-anabolic effects suppressing osteoblastogenesis and pro-catabolic effects enhancing osteoclastogenesis, which drive bone loss in health. Suppression of Sp7(Osterix) and Igf1 in bone, and serum IGF1, in specific-pathogen-free mice suggest the commensal microbiota’s anti-osteoblastic actions are mediated via local disruption of IGF1-signaling. Differences in the RANKL/OPG Axis in vivo, and RANKL-induced maturation of osteoclast-precursors in vitro, indicate the commensal microbiota induces sustained changes in RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Candidate mechanisms mediating commensal microbiota’s pro-osteoclastic actions include altered marrow effector CD4+T-cells and a novel Gut-Liver-Bone Axis. The previously unidentified Gut-Liver-Bone Axis intriguingly implies the normal gut microbiota’s osteoimmunomodulatory actions are partly mediated via immunostimulatory effects in the liver. The molecular underpinnings defining commensal gut microbiota immunomodulatory actions on physiologic bone remodeling are highly relevant in advancing the understanding of normal osteoimmunological processes, having implications for the prevention of skeletal deterioration in health and disease.
A Thematic Analysis of Spectator Violence at Sporting Events in North America

This study examines aggravating and mitigating circumstances surrounding spectator fights at stadiums and arenas in North America. Data were collected utilizing a sample of video recordings posted ...
Reversed Protection: A Discrimination Claim Gone Wild in Fisher v. Texas

This Article sets forth admissions data by race, calculations of selection rates, and racial disparate impact analysis for the admissions cycle challenged in Fisher v. Texas and finds a disparity between the white selection rate and the African American and Latino selection rates large enough to constitute evidence of Title VI disparate impact discrimination against African Americans and Latinos. It also presents neglected factual details about UT’s race-conscious holistic review process and critiques the Court’s use of strict scrutiny in reviewing UT’s admissions policy as the application of doctrinal rules that have improperly reversed the protection conferred by the Equal Protection Clause by pointing to the current doctrine’s failure to require reverse discrimination claimants to demonstrate the race-conscious policy they challenge has a demonstrable “reverse discriminatory” effect.
Revisiting Who, When, and Why Stakeholders Matter: Trust and Stakeholder Connectedness:

With limited resources and attention, managers have sought ways to categorize and prioritize stakeholders. The underlying assumption is that some stakeholders matter more than others. However, in t...
Parent-child acculturation and cultural values differences: Associations with children’s self-esteem and aggression

Abstract Latinos are the fastest growing minority group in the US with children of Latino immigrants being the fastest growing sector among this group. Therefore, it is imperative to examine how living in a country that is not the family’s country of origin influences their behavioral and socioemotional outcomes. Among immigrant families, some work indicates that individuals from the same family acculturate at different rates, thus creating an acculturation difference. Parent-child differences in acculturation and acculturation-related constructs have been inconsistently linked to child outcomes. The current study investigates the link between parent-child differences in acculturation and Latino cultural values (i.e., familism and respect) on self-esteem and aggression. Data was obtained from 89 Latino immigrant parent-child dyads from Southern California. Results demonstrated that differences in acculturation were not linked to child outcomes, while differences in values were unfavorably associated with self-esteem and aggression. Specifically, differences in which parents endorsed Latino cultural values more so than their children predicted lower self-esteem and greater aggression. Findings point to the importance of recognizing and understanding the complexity in parent-child differences, their contribution to child outcomes, and potential contribution to programmatic efforts.
Oxidation Behavior of Nonirradiated UO2

As a first phase in the investigation of the feasibility of storing light water reactor spent fuel in air, oxidation tests were performed on nonirradiated UO2 pellets over the temperature range of 150 to 345°C. The objective of the tests was to determine the important independent variables that affect the oxidation behavior of fuel. Pellets tested at the high end of the temperature range (>230°C) oxidized very rapidly from the standpoint of projected storage periods in air. These results suggest that acceptable spent-fuel storage temperatures should be <230°C. The tests also revealed that the oxidation was initially retarded by the presence of a coating, probably a higher oxide, that formed on pellets during the period of air storage before they were tested. The oxide coating became increasingly semiprotective after longer storage periods. Other variables identified as important to oxidation behavior of fuel were temperature, radiolysis of a static air atmosphere, fuel microstructure, gadolinia content, a...
Generalized Spring Boundary Conditions and Scattering Coefficients for Interface Imperfections with Arbitrary Orientations

Elastic-wave interactions with imperfect interfaces between two solids have important applications for their nondestructive evaluation. To model such imperfect interfaces non-classical boundary conditions (B.C.) are generally used. For fractured interfaces one can use micro-mechanical analysis to define the B.C. directly, such as the quasi-static (spring) model for cracked interfaces [1, 2]. These studies and more recent theoretical and experimental work [3, 4, 5] suggest that fractured interfaces can be modeled by such spring B.C. For interfaces with porosities/inclusions one can use thin multi-phase interfacial layers to model such solid-solid interfaces, and use asymptotic expansions to substitute for the interphases by equivalent interface B.C. [6, 7, 8]. Here “thin” means that the interfacial layer thickness-to-wavelength ratio is small. An important aspect of wave interaction is the effect of interface imperfection orientation when the interface symmetry axes deviate from the incident-wave plane. Typical examples for (a) a fractured interface with preferred crack orientation and (b) an interphase with cylindrical-like pores or inclusions are shown in Fig. 1.
Laplace Equations for Real Semisimple Associative Algebras of Dimension 2, 3 or 4.

We study calculus on an associative algebra \(\mathcal{A}\) of dimension n = 1, 2, 3, and 4 over the real numbers. Following the approach of numerous authors from Scheffers (Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse 46:120-134, 1894) to Vladimirov and Volovich (USSR Acad Sci 59(1):3-27, 1984) we take \(\mathcal{A}\)-linearity of the differential as the defining condition of \(\mathcal{A}\)-differentiability. The necessary condition for \(\mathcal{A}\)-differentiability is the generalized Cauchy Riemann equations. The Cauchy Riemann equations are seen as conditions to place the Jacobian matrix in the left regular representation of the algebra. We introduce the \(\mathcal{A}\)-Laplace equation as an n-th order partial differential equation solved by \(\mathcal{A}\)-differentiable functions. In contrast, Wagner constructed \(\frac{n(n-1)} {2}\) Laplace equations for the case of Frobenius algebras. We discuss the distinction between our approach and that of Wagner. Explicit Cauchy Riemann equations and the \(\mathcal{A}\)-Laplacian are given for each of the nine associative semisimple real algebras of dimensions 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Effects of gonadectomy on scent-marking behavior of shelter dogs

Abstract In male domestic dogs, castration appears to reduce frequency of sexually dimorphic behaviors, such as mounting and roaming, but results for urine-marking, another highly dimorphic behavior, are less clear. Using two different experimental designs, I studied effects of gonadectomy on scent-marking behavior during leash walks of dogs at two animal shelters in NY (Cortland Community SPCA and Tompkins County SPCA). In the between-dog study, I compared intact males and females and gonadectomized males and females with respect to rate of urination (a highly sexually dimorphic behavior), likelihood of ground-scratching (a somewhat sexually dimorphic behavior), and likelihood of defecation (a sexually monomorphic behavior). In my within-dog study, I compared rate of urination before and after gonadectomy in a subset of males and females. For the between-dog study, I found that castrated males urinated at lower rates than intact males and that spayed females and intact females urinated at similar rates; this pattern characterized dogs at both shelters. Gonadectomy did not influence likelihood of ground-scratching by either males or females at either shelter. For males and females at the Tompkins shelter and females at the Cortland shelter, gonadectomy did not influence likelihood of defecation. However, intact males were more likely to defecate than castrated males at the Cortland shelter. For dogs observed both before and after gonadectomy in the within-dog study, overall rates of urination decreased after castration in males but did not significantly change after spaying in females (sample sizes sufficient for analysis at the Cortland shelter only). Individual differences characterized male behavioral response to castration: while one male showed a very slight increase in mean rate of urination after castration (4%), the remaining sixteen males differed in degree of response, with percentage decreases in mean rate of urination after castration ranging from 14% to 72%. The source of this individual variation remains to be identified. In summary, spaying did not influence urination, ground-scratching, or defecation by female dogs. For male dogs, I found the most robust effects of castration on urine-marking, the most sexually dimorphic of the three scent-marking behaviors studied. This study is the first research based on direct observations of individual dogs to find decreased urine-marking by males after castration.
Note on Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness

To say that quantum mechanics is not complete is to affirm its tolerance, indeed its need, for progressive deepening and refinement. It seems unlikely that its radical probability character can be altered by the installation of physical hidden variables. The introduction of consciousness as a variable complementing a quantum state to render it classically deterministic, perhaps even as a submanifold of Hilbert space or an ingredient of the Hamiltonian, seems fantastic though not contradictory to anything we know. Wigner, himself, when suggesting the need for implementation of quantum mechanics to render it applicable to physiological and psychological processes, has hinted sympathetically at such contingencies. There is a philosophic argument which, though highly metaphysical, gives it a measure of credibility, but in a somewhat surprising, quasireligious sense. At the risk of inviting condemnation by many colleagues in physics I make bold to voice it here as a most unconventional but defensible suggestion transcending, to be sure, the currently accepted principles of quantum theory.
Mathematical Optimization of Gear Shift Schedules for Hybrid Electric Vehicle's Fuel Economy Improvement

Gear shift schedule for HEV transmission is very complex and significantly affects fuel economy (FE) and drivability. An inefficient shift schedule causes high mechanical losses in powertrain, less regenerative power, and degraded powertrain efficiency. In this paper, the approaches for mathematical optimization of HEV transmission gear shift schedules and application of driveability constrains are discussed. Moreover, during engine-off coast-down process, an energy based strategy of gear shift for maximizing regenerative power is also discussed. The mathematical optimization of gear shift schedules for maximizing FE is performed on a HEV, and characteristics of energy flow, gear shifts and powertrain performance are analyzed.
Picking Up the Dead

In his story, “Picking Up the Dead,” stand-up comedian Louis Bishop describes how he became a mortuary assistant to finance his goal of becoming a full-time comedian. When a woman overdoses on heroin and decomposes for more than two months inside her mobile home, Bishop is called upon to pick her up and drive her to the mortuary. Dr. Eric Shouse adds a response to Bishop’s story that explains how Bishop is like Sisyphus, the protagonist of an ancient Greek myth, who was sentenced by the gods to an eternity of rolling a stone up a hill only to have it roll back down again.
Detection of plasmonic behavior in colloidal indium tin oxide films by impedance spectroscopy

Impedance spectroscopy was conducted on colloidal ITO thin films that had been subjected to alternating oxygen and argon plasma treatments, followed by air annealing from 150 to 750 °C. An equivalent circuit consisting of an RC element nested within another RC element, featuring a negative resistance and a negative capacitance, fitted the data well. These results are interpreted as being due to surface plasmons that are a function of the presence of nanoporous ITO-rich regions surrounded by isolated ITO nanoparticles coated with an amorphous polymer that intertwines with the ITO-rich regions as a function of annealing treatment.
7 – Composite materials for spinal implants

In this chapter, the state of the art of spinal implants such as interbody spacers and intervertebral disc (IVD) prostheses made of conventional materials, is described and the role of composite biomaterials for spine applications highlighted. In particular, the possibility of designing multifunctional devices with tailored mechanical properties is emphasized. A biomimetic approach to developing an IVD prosthesis with appropriate biological, transport and mechanical properties, is also presented. Finally, in the field of composite biomaterials for spine applications, future challenges and strategies are discussed.
New Series: Imaging in practice

Each article begins with an actual case and focuses on how imaging should be used to establish or exclude a particular diagnosis, with emphasis on the care of the patient.
Relationship Between Morphology and Hydrodynamics Below Arctic Sea Ice in the Vicinity of a Pressure Ridge Keel

Abstract : Drag generated as the wind pushes sea ice over the underlying ocean can be generated by flow distortion and separation over large roughness features on the underside of the ice (form drag) or by viscous stress and wakes past small-scale disturbances in a thin viscous or roughness sublayer. To date, there have been no studies in which concurrent hydrodynamic and high-resolution morphological measurements have been used to relate measured drag with directly-observed, under-ice morphology. Pressure ridge keel may occupy a significant fraction of the IOBL. The relatively large size of the keels (compared to roughness elements in the atmospheric boundary layer and the ocean bottom boundary layer, for example) makes the ridge keel problem unique. Turbulent processes in the vicinity of ridge keels, such as downstream wakes, may be a dominant source of drag and mixing in the IOBL (Skyllingstad et al 2003). The affects of a measured ice keel on the turbulent structure of the ocean mixed layer will be directly measured over a range of forcing conditions. Fine-scale morphological observations will allow estimation of the distribution of roughness elements which we will try to relate to the hydrodynamic transition from smooth to rough boundary layer flow, in which the roughness length z0 changes from being dependent on surface stress to being directly proportional to the size of the roughness elements. Previous under-ice boundary layer studies have reported roughness length values in both of these regimes (Shaw et al 2008) but without direct observations of the local ice/ocean interface morphology.