cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying polymer-forming SAM domains.

Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) domains are common protein modules in eukaryotic cells. It has not been possible to assign functions to uncharacterized SAM domains because they have been found to participate in diverse functions ranging from protein-protein interactions to RNA binding. Here we computationally identify likely members of the subclass of SAM domains that form polymers. Sequences were virtually threaded onto known polymer structures and then evaluated for compatibility with the polymer. We find that known SAM polymers score better than the vast majority of known non-polymers: 100% (7 of 7) of known polymers and only 8% of known non-polymers (1 of 12) score above a defined threshold value. Of 2901 SAM family members, we find 694 that score above the threshold and are likely polymers, including SAM domains from the proteins Lethal Malignant Brain Tumor, Bicaudal-C, Liprin-β, Adenylate Cyclase and Atherin.
The Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator

During the past several years, there has been tremendous progress on the development of the RF system and accelerating structures for a Next Linear Collider (NLC). Developments include high-power klystrons, RF pulse compression systems and damped/detuned accelerator structures to reduce wakefields. In order to integrate these separate development efforts into an actual X-band accelerator capable of accelerating the electron beams necessary for an NLC, we are building an NLC Test Accelerator (NLCTA). The goal of the NLCTA is to bring together all elements of the entire accelerating system by constructing and reliably operating an engineered model of a high-gradient linac suitable for the NLC. The NLCTA will serve as a testbed as the design of the NLC evolves. In addition to testing the RF acceleration system, the NLCTA is designed to address many questions related to the dynamics of the beam during acceleration. In this paper, we will report on the status of the design, component development, and construction of the NLC Test Accelerator. >
Effectiveness of treatments for major depression in primary medical care practice: a post hoc analysis of outcomes for African American and white patients

Objective: To retrospectively determine whether race differentially influences treatment adherence and clinical outcomes among 68 African Americans and 92 whites treated for major depression in four urban, primary care settings. Method: Study participants were randomly assigned to standardized interpersonal psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy with nortriptyline, and were assessed at baseline, and successive time points up to 8 months for severity of depression, and mental and physical health-related functioning. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses revealed no treatment or race-specific differences in symptomatic recovery when both groups were provided standardized psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. However, African Americans had poorer functional outcomes than whites. Conclusions: African American and white primary medical care patients are effectively treated with standardized psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Future research should assess the impact of cultural context on symptom presentation, psychosocial functioning, and treatment adherence and response.
Barium studies of the comparative action of banthine, tincture of belladonna and placebos on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in man.

Summary 1.The barium method has been employed to study the comparative action of Banthine, tincture of belladonna and placebos on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in 13 young, healthy, male subjects in a fasting state. Each subject was tested with all three agents for a total of 87 studies. A drug or a placebo was given at 8:00 a.m. and the barium at 9:00 a.m. At 9:15 a.m., 10:00 a.m. and at 12:00 o'clock noon, X-rays were taken of the abdomen with the subject in the supine position. 2.Banthine, given in a dose of 100 mg. orally, caused a more striking decrease in the movement of barium along the intestine and in the delay of gastric evacuation than was noted in the placebo and tincture of belladonna tests. There were no differences between the results of the belladonna and placebo tests for gastric evacuation. The results of these two agents were similar also for the forward movement of barium along the intestine except at the 12:00 o'clock noon period in which there appeared to be a slightly greater delay following the administration of tincture of belladonna in either dosage than was noted with the placebo tests. 3.Side reactions were not a striking feature in any of the studies with the exception of dryness of the mouth and scratchy or ""sore throat."" These side reactions were somewhat more prominent in the Banthine than in the tincture of belladonna studies. 4.These preliminary results indicate that the barium technique is a useful method for comparing the action of drugs on the propulsive activity of the stomach and intestine in man.
Coups d’État and Foreign Aid

Do international donors penalize coups d’etat by reducing aid? How significant is the impact of coups on aid flows? These questions have become increasingly important over the past three decades as the concept of political conditionality has gradually permeated the donor community, pushing for stringent actions to be taken against democratic transgressions like coups. I argue that the end of the Cold War was a historical juncture that reshaped the international donor community’s aid-based sanctioning policy toward coups. However, I also posit that the U.S. does not comply with the growing international norm of political conditionality due to its geopolitical interests trumping its rhetorical commitment to penalizing coups. This paper exploits exogenous variation in the success and failure of coups to estimate the causal effect of coup-led regime change on aid flows. My empirical evidence supports the preposition that since the end of the Cold War, the donor community on average has reduced the amounts of aid disbursements in response to coups d’etat although the U.S. has been inconsistent in applying aid sanctions against coups both during the Cold War and post-Cold War periods. While demonstrating a genuine shift in the international community’s collective responses toward coups since the end of the Cold War, my findings also attest to potential heterogeneity across major bilateral donors, which may undermine the overall effectiveness of aid and political conditionality.
Kinematic gait synthesis for snake robots

Snake robots are highly articulated mechanisms that can perform a variety of motions that conventional robots cannot. Despite many demonstrated successes of snake robots, these mechanisms have not been able to achieve the agility displayed by their biological counterparts. We suggest that studying how biological snakes coordinate whole-body motion to achieve agile behaviors can help improve the performance of snake robots. The foundation of this work is based on the hypothesis that, for snake locomotion that is approximately kinematic, replaying parameterized shape trajectory data collected from biological snakes can generate equivalent motions in snake robots. To test this hypothesis, we collected shape trajectory data from sidewinder rattlesnakes executing a variety of different behaviors. We then analyze the shape trajectory data in a concise and meaningful way by using a new algorithm, called conditioned basis array factorization, which projects high-dimensional data arrays onto a low-dimensional representation. The low-dimensional representation of the recorded snake motion is able to reproduce the essential features of the recorded biological snake motion on a snake robot, leading to improved agility and maneuverability, confirming our hypothesis. This parameterized representation allows us to search the low-dimensional parameter space to generate behaviors that further improve the performance of snake robots.
Surface Reconstruction from Intensity Image Using Illumination Model Based Morphable Modeling

We present a new method for reconstructing depth of a known object from a single still image using deformed underneath sign matrix of a similar object. Existing Shape from ShadingSFS methods try to establish a relationship between intensity values of a still image and surface normal of corresponding depth, but most of them resort to error minimization based approaches. Given the fact that these reconstruction approaches are fundamentally ill-posed, they have limited successes for surfaces like a human face. Photometric Stereo PS or Structure from Motion SfM based methods extend SFS by adding additional information/constraints about the target. Our goal is identical to SFS, however, we tackle the problem by building a relationship between gradient of depth and intensity value at the corresponding location of image of the same object. This formula is simplified and approximated for handing different materials, lighting conditions and, the underneath sign matrix is also obtained by resizing/deforming Region of InterestROI with respect to its counterpart of a similar object. The target object is then reconstructed from its still image. In addition to the process, delicate details of the surface is also rebuilt using a Gabor Wavelet NetworkGWN on different ROIs. Finally, for merging the patches together, a Self-Organizing MapsSOM based method is used to retrieve and smooth boundary parts of ROIs. Compared with state of art SFS based methods, the proposed method yields promising results on both widely used benchmark datasets and images in the wild.
Arithmetic of Ordered Sets

The fundamental operations of ordinal and cardinal arithmetic have been extended to arbitrary binary relations and their isomorphism types. (Whitehead and Russell [1912], pp. 291 ff.) When applied to (partially) ordered sets, these operations yield new ordered sets. A unified treatment of these operations was initiated in Birkhoff [1937] and [1942], where it was shown that most of the basic laws of arithmetic apply in this general setting. See also Birkhoff [1967], pp. 55 ff.
Practical Platform for Nanophotonics with Refractory Plasmonic Metal Nitrides and Transparent Conducting Oxides

Advances in alternative plasmonic materials, specifically CMOS-­-compatible materials including refractory transition metal nitrides and transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), have propelled a new generation of nanophotonic devices for applications in on-­-chip optics, data storage, and energy conversion. As a plasmonic component, gold (Au) or silver (Ag) have some of drawbacks such as difficulty in fabricating ultrathin films, incompatibility with well-­-established processes for silicon-­-based products and lack of tunability, preventing them to be realized as practical devices in the telecommunication range. One potential transition metal nitride is titanium nitride (TiN), with a permittivity cross-­-over near 500 nm. TiN can attain ultra-­-thin, ultra-­-smooth epitaxial films on substrates such as c-­-sapphire, MgO, and silicon. Partnering TiN with CMOS-­-compatible silicon nitride enables a fully solid-­-state waveguide which is able to achieve a propagation length greater than 1 cm for a ~8 μm mode size at 1.55 μm. In fact, designs using TiN have outperformed similarly structured gold waveguides due in large part to the reduced scattering loss of epitaxial quality films.
The inordinate complexity of delivering laboratory services in the USA.

The performance of clinical laboratory testing in the USA is regulated under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1967 (CLIA '67) and its amendments of 1988 (CLIA '88). The act defines a clinical laboratory as 'a place where materials derived from the human body are examined for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of any disease or impairment of, or assessment of the health of human beings'. Under this definition some 150000 locations ranging from physicians' offices to hospital laboratories and local and national reference laboratories qualify as laboratories and are affected by the standards that are integral to the law and its amendments. The standards apply particularly to the qualifications of laboratory personnel, quality control and quality assurance. The standards are formulated around the complexity of a test and the potential to harm a patient if an incorrect result is obtained and a physician takes an inappropriate action because of it. Three categories of complexity have been defined: waived, moderately complex (with a sub-category of physicianperformed microscopy) and highly complex. Waived testing is typically the only testing performed in a physician's office although some offices also perform moderately complex testing, and an even smaller number might perform highly complex tests. There are no personnel or regulatory inspection requirements for waived testing, but requirements are defined for the other test categories.
Electrical and Optical Characterization of InSb Grown on GaAs by MBE

InSb has been grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. By growing an InSb buffer layer at 300 C prior to the main InSb layer growth at 420 C, the effect of the 14% lattice mismatch between GaAs and InSb was minimized. A typical 5 µrn InSb film had a room temperature carrier concentration and electron Hall mobility of 2 × 1016/cm3 and 6×104 cm2/Vs, respectively. At 77 K these values became 2 × 1015/cm3 and 1.1 ×105 cm2/Vs. Temperature dependent Hall measurements revealed a peak in the mobility at 85 K and 70 K for the 5 and 10 µm samples. Capacitance-voltage measurements using MIS capacitors produced 77 K carrier concentrations in agreement with the low fieldHall measurements. Carrier lifetimes were determined by photoconductive response measurements. Lifetimes of 20 ns and 50 ns were determined for the 5 and 10 µm films. For comparison, the carrier lifetime in bulk n-type InSb was found to be 200 ns. Optical characterization by room temperature IR transmission spectroscopy showed a broad absorption edge, with an absorption coefficient of 1.4 × 103/cm at a wavelength of 6 µm. Epilayer thickness was determined from observed interference fringes. Raman spectroscopy showed that each epitaxial layer had a spectrum equivalent to that of bulk InSb.
Induced Changes in the Pattern of Pulmonary Blood Flow in the Rabbit

1. In the normal, unanesthetized rabbit, resting quietly in its normal position, catheterization of the right ventricle (and central veins) altered the distribution of blood throughout the lung in a characteristic manner. 2. Regional pulmonary vasoconstriction, rather than passive changes in vascular caliber or in the flow properties of blood, seemed to be involved. 3. The mechanism for the regional pulmonary vasoconstriction is considered in terms of a neurohumoral pathway, involving afferent pathways from the right heart, connecting channels in the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord, and release of a histamine-like substance at the neuro-vascular junctions.
A model in mice for the pathogenesis and treatment of rabies.

to the incubation periods seen in man. Amputation of the inoculated feet within 18 days after inoculation was a life-saving procedure, indicating that the virus stays at or near the site of introduction for most of the long incubation period. Equine antiserum to rabies administered 24 hr after inoculation of virus failed to reduce mortality but resulted in singularly prolonged incubation periods. A significant reduction in mortality was noted in only two groups, one given equine antiserum to rabies and daily doses of duck-embryo vaccine (23% vs. 51% in the controls), and the other given one dose of a highly potent tissue-culture vaccine (3% vs. 51%). In rabies studies over the years, attempts have been made to establish animal models that simulate the incubation periods in man in order to study the pathogenesis of the disease and to evaluate treatment. Most experiments were done with some type of fixed virus or "street" virus isolate, with relatively short periods of incubation between inoculation of virus and onset of disease [1-6], and were often terminated within a few months after initiation. In the majority of the experiments, no protection was found with any kind of postexposure treatment. Incubation periods in man are rarely as short as those observed in experimental animals; the median for 22 persons who died of rabies in the United States between 1946 and 1965
Injury Research in Pediatric and Adolescent Sports

Although children and adolescents have been involved in organized sport for more than 120 years, research into the risks and injury characteristics of sports participation for this population has lagged well behind the need. However, interest is growing, with approximately 50 % of the available research literature in this area being produced in the last decade (2005–2014). While 41 % of that work was conducted in the USA, 52 different countries are represented, with 19 of them being credited with at least ten studies each. Analysis of the contributions for the five decades prior to 2005 showed only 37 countries represented, with just nine having at least ten papers each.
Analysis on status development of Guangdong modern agricultural industry in 2014

In 2012, the overall situation of Guangdong agriculture presented a stable development trend, compared to that in 2011, the total output value and added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery increased by3.7% and 3.9%, respectively. The agricultural added value accounting for the province's contribution to the GDP growth rate reached 2.2% with an increase of 0.2%. The overall price of agricultural commodities including rice, pig stabilized,while price of flowers, poultry and other agricultural products fluctuated frequently. Foreign trade of agricultural products kept growth trend, but the industrial differentiation was serious; rice import increased, export slumped; pork export declined; water, seafood export increased. In 2012, Guangdong agricultural science and technology contribution rate was58%, but the contributions of rice and vegetables were lower than the average level of agricultural industry.
Anémie néo-natale grave par transfusion fœto-maternelle: Intérêt du test de Kleihauer

Resume Les auteurs rapportent un cas d'anemie neo-natale grave due a une transfusion fœto-maternelle de volume important. Cette observation est rendue singuliere par l'existence d'un ictere a bilirubine non conjuguee. Le test de Kleihauer a permis de faire le diagnostic et de suivre la decroissance des hematies fœtales dans la circulation maternelle pendant plus de trois mois. La technique du test de Kleihauer et ses difficultes sont discutees.
Speaking of Stigma and the Silence of Shame: Young Men and Sexual Victimization

This study addresses male sexual victimization as that which is both invisible and incomprehensible. Forensic interviews with young men following reports of suspected sexual assault reveal patterns...
Tight bounds on one- and two-pass MapReduce algorithms for matrix multiplication

We study one- and two-pass mapReduce algorithms for multiplying two matrices. First, consider one-pass algorithms. In the literature, there is a tight bound for the tradeoff between communication cost and parallelism. It measures communication cost using the replication rate r, and measures parallelism by reducer size q. It gives a tight bound on qr for multiplying dense square matrices. We extend it in two different ways: First, to sparse rectangular matrices; second, to a different measure of parallelism, namely, reducer workload w. We present tight bounds on qr and wr2, for multiplying sparse rectangular matrices. We also show that the lower bound on qr follows from the lower bound on wr2; so, the lower bound on wr2 is stronger.Next, consider two-pass algorithms. It has been shown that, for a given reducer size, the two-pass algorithm has less communication cost than the one-pass algorithm. We present tight bounds on qfrfrs and wfr2frs, for multiplying dense rectangular matrices; the subscripts f and s correspond to the first and second pass, respectively. Also, using our bound on qfrfrs, we present a tight bound on the total communication cost as a function of qf. Our lower bounds hold for the class of two-pass algorithms that perform all the real number multiplications in the first pass.
Novel Organotellurium Heterocycles Derived From Bis(2-Aminophenyl) Ditelluride

Novel methods for the preparation of organotellurium heterocycles derived from bis(2-aminophenyl) ditelluride were developed. Thus, highly nucleophilic 2-aminobenzenetellurol generated by reduction in situ reacted smoothly with malonitrile to 2-cyanomethylbenzo-1,3-tellurazole, while its treatment with carbon disulfide and subsequent methylation generated 2-methylmercaptobenzo-1,3-tellurazole. Amidation to (2-haloacetamidophenyl) ditellurides, followed by reduction under carefully controlled conditions, furnished previously inaccessible 2H-1,4-benzotellurazin-3(4H)-ones in yields ranging from 47-62%.
Effective Network Quarantine with Minimal Restrictions on Communication Activities

This paper studies a network structure design problem constrained by the epidemic outbreaks. In our model, geographic locations (nodes) and their connections (edges) are modeled as a ring graph. The movement of a person is represented as a flow from one location to another. A person can be infected at a location (node), depending on the number of infected flows (persons) going through that location. In our paper, diseases are not limited to real human diseases; they can also refer to the general epidemic information propagations. Given desired interaction traffic from a node to other nodes in terms of flows, and a greedy shortest path routing scheme that is analogous to the greedy coin change, we focus on the structure design (representing quarantine rules) that determines the number and distribution of chords on the virtual ring network for remote connections. Our objective is to minimize the average number of routing hops, while the epidemic outbreaks are controlled under given infection and recovery rates. We provide a systematic isomorphic structure design on nine different cases, based on three traffic distribution and three infection rate models. Two hypercube-based structures are proposed. We also provide a greedy solution for constructing polymorphic structures. Our study reveals some intriguing theoretical results, validated through experiments, on tradeoffs between local and global infections. Our work casts new light on the effective network quarantine that places minimal restrictions on connections, i.e., maximal preservation of normal communication activities, while controlling epidemic outbreaks.
The Future of Integrative Pediatrics

Integrative pediatrics is a quickly developing field due to demand from the patient population . As CAM modalities become increasingly popular, general pediatric practitioners bear the burden of becoming knowledgeable about CAM medicines and therapies. Although the vast majority of pediatric providers will not specialize in integrative pediatrics, all pediatric providers need a basic understanding of the various types of medicine and therapies available to their patients. This knowledge is vital to protecting and guiding pediatric patients and their families. As the body of literature grows, effective therapies will be utilized more frequently and less effective therapies will be utilized less frequently. With time, it is possible that all of pediatrics will be considered integrative pediatrics with a focus on mind, body, and spirit and with a concept of utilizing all effective therapies, allopathic and non-allopathic, for the good of the patient .
The Global Burden of Disease: A critical resource for informed policy making in the Gulf region

The Gulf countries have made tremendous improvements in their health systems in a short period of time due to extensive investments. However, during the same time period, rapid changes in lifestyle habits led to a changing burden of disease. In this manuscript, we report the burden of disease and risk factors for the Gulf countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen) measured by causes of death, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for the years 1990 to 2013. Our findings showed a decline of infectious diseases and a rising burden of road traffic accidents and non-communicable diseases while Yemen is still facing a large burden from communicable diseases. Our findings call for the development and implementation of programmes to reduce these burdens and engage other sectors such as the Government and the community in these efforts. These programmes need to be developed and adopted locally since many of the programmes found in the literature may not succeed in the region. Moreover, there is an urgent need for a political will and legislations to ensure their success.
Atomic Layer Deposition for Sensitized Solar Cells: Recent Progress and Prospects

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) are vapor phase deposition techniques used to create conformal coatings with molecular-level control of thickness and composition. Recently, ALD and MLD have been extensively exploited to engineer the complex interfaces of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and other molecularly functionalized photoelectrochemical devices to improve the performance and long-term stability. This progress report describes the recent advances in the applications of ALD and MLD for sensitized solar cells including DSSCs then discusses current challenges and future opportunities of ALD.
New Government Initiatives

There has been a great deal of activity in the area of federal healthcare policies over the last few years. These changes have and will affect how healthcare services are accessed, managed, and paid for. Health records and protection of individual health records have also seen legislation passed. Also, further changes to patient record keeping and billing, coding of medical records, and the electronic storage of these records are occurring. This chapter will discuss some of the newer activities in healthcare policy that have made changes in healthcare industry over the last few years, making alterations currently and more changes in the future. These changes will affect every part of healthcare; and the administrators and physicians need to be aware of these legislative actions. Some of the healthcare policy changes include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, accountable care organizations, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and the change of diagnosis codes from ICD-9 to ICD-10. While some of these new laws have already been implemented and in effect, there are many actions from these laws to be enacted over the next few years. These laws have impinged and will impinge on all participants in healthcare system including the insured, the uninsured, providers of healthcare services, payers of healthcare services, taxpayers, businesses, and all US citizens.
INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY'S ANSWER TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH MANPOWER SHORTAGE1

Indiana State University is attempting to meet some of the unmet needs for competent environmental health manpower by: (a) encouraging participation in and assisting the national and local sanitarian associations, (b) promoting a program of studies in Environmental Health that prepares a Generalist in the field of Environmental Health (instead of a General Scientist who then needs considerable training by future employers), (c) preparing students to understand the broader health needs and other needs of society to show where Environmental Health fits into the picture, (d) actively recruiting students into the field, (e) working closely with existing competent health departments in providing necessary work experiences as part of the undergraduate program of studies, and (f) informing the public that the Sanitarian does not refer to “privy sniffer,” but rather to the Environmental Health practitioner who participates in community life and provides the services needed to prevent our environment from controll...
Tissue sodium accumulation and peripheral insulin sensitivity in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Background Recent data suggest that sodium (Na+) is stored in the muscle and skin without commensurate water retention in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. In this study, we hypothesized that excessive Na+ accumulation would be associated with abnormalities in peripheral insulin action. Methods Eleven MHD patients and eight controls underwent hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic–euaminoacidemic clamp studies to measure glucose (GDR) and leucine disposal rates (LDR), as well as lower left leg 23Na magnetic resonance imaging to measure Na+ concentration in the muscle and skin tissue. Results The median GDR and LDR levels were lower, and the median muscle Na+ concentration was higher in MHD patients compared with controls. No significant difference was found regarding skin Na+ concentration between group comparisons. Linear regression revealed inverse relationships between muscle Na+ concentration and GDR and LDR in MHD patients, whereas no relationship was observed in controls. There was no association between skin Na+ content and GDR or LDR in either MHD patients or controls. Conclusions These data suggest that excessive muscle Na+ content might be a determinant of IR in MHD patients, although the causality and mechanisms remain to be proven.
Microwave method of assessing the quality of high temperature superconductor thin films

A simple cavity resonator is described for measuring surface resistance (R s ) of high temperature superconductor (HTS) thin films. The cavity is a one-half wavelength of WR-28 waveguide with the HTS forming a short across one end. A choke ring reduces the need for low resistance contact. Quantitative R s measurements can be made over the range of 10 mΩ to 500 mΩ at liquid nitrogen temperature and at the operating frequency of 31 Ghz.
Trading Bankruptcy for Health: A Discrete-Choice Experiment.

Abstract Background Although nearly two-third of bankruptcy in the United States is medical in origin, a common assumption is that individuals facing a potentially lethal disease opt for cure at any cost. This assumption has never been tested, and knowledge of how the American population values a trade-off between cure and bankruptcy is unknown. Objectives To determine the relative importance among the general American population of improved health versus improved financial risk protection, and to determine the impact of demographics on these preferences. Methods A discrete-choice experiment was performed with 2359 members of the US population. Respondents were asked to value treatments with varying chances of cure and bankruptcy in the presence of a lethal disease. Latent class analysis with concomitant variables was performed, weighted for national representativeness. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken to test the robustness of the results. Results It was found that 31.3% of the American population values cure at all costs. Nevertheless, for 8.5% of the US population, financial solvency dominates concerns for health in medical decision making. Individuals who value cure at all costs are more likely to have had experience with serious disease and to be women. No demographic characteristics significantly predicted individuals who value solvency over cure. Conclusions Although the average American values cure more than financial solvency, a cure-at-all-costs rubric describes the preferences of a minority of the population, and 1 in 12 value financial protection over any chances of cure. This study provides empirical evidence for how the US population values a trade-off between avoiding adverse health outcomes and facing bankruptcy. These findings bring to the fore the decision making that individuals face in balancing the acute financial burden of health care access.
Arthur’s Truncated Eisenstein Series for SL(2, Z) and the Riemann Zeta Function: A Survey

Eisenstein series are not in \(\mathcal{L}^{2}\). Maass, and later Selberg, naively truncated the constant term of Eisenstein series (for symmetric spaces of rank 1) so that the resulting truncated Eisenstein series was square integrable. This procedure was generalized to Eisenstein series on higher rank groups by Langlands and Arthur. In this survey we focus on the deep connections between Eisenstein series for SL(2, Z), truncation, and the Riemann zeta function. Applications to zero free regions for the Riemann zeta function and automorphic L-functions are elucidated.
Assessing the release of copper from nanocopper-treated and conventional copper-treated lumber into marine waters I: Concentrations and rates.

Little is known about the release of metal engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) from consumer goods, including lumber treated with micronized copper. Micronized copper is a recent form of antifouling wood preservative containing nanosized copper particles for use in pressure-treated lumber. The present study investigated the concentrations released and the release rate of total copper over the course of 133 d under freshwater, estuarine, and marine salinity conditions (0, 1, 10, and 30‰) for several commercially available pressure-treated lumbers: micronized copper azole (MCA) at 0.96 and 2.4 kg/m3 , alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) at 0.30 and 9.6 kg/m3 , and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) at 40 kg/m3 . Lumber was tested as blocks and as sawdust. Overall, copper was released from all treated lumber samples. Under leaching conditions, total release ranged from 2 to 55% of the measured copper originally in the lumber, with release rate constants from the blocks of 0.03 to 2.71 (units per day). Generally, measured release and modeled equilibrium concentrations were significantly higher in the estuarine conditions compared with freshwater or marine salinities, whereas rate constants showed very limited differences between salinities. Furthermore, organic carbon was released during the leaching and demonstrated a significant relationship with released copper concentrations as a function of salinity. The results indicate that copper is released into estuarine/marine waters from multiple wood treatments including lumber amended with nanoparticle-sized copper. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1956-1968. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Nonvibrational Nondiffusional Modes of Motion in Hydrated Calcium Nitrate Melts

Interest in highly concentrated aqueous solutions, in which all or most of the water is directly bound to ions, is relatively recent and has focused to a large extent on hydration coordination numbers and the extent to which cation-bound hydration water molecules are replaced by anions. For example, infrared and Raman spectroscopy of nitrate vibrations in nitrate melts1,2 have provided evidence that the nitrate ion competes effectively with water for the first coordination shell of Ca2+ in Ca(NO3)2 3 solutions and their mixtures with KNO3.4 From the relative intensities of vibrational absorptions due to cation-perturbed and -unperturbed anion normal modes, equilibrium constants can be estimated for water-anion exchange.
Regulation of Lung Immunity: Significance of the Cytokine Environment

The disruption of lung structure and pulmonary function can be a devastating event leading to acute deteriorating health and chronic respiratory illness (1, 2, 3, 4). Regulation of lung function is maintained by intricate mechanisms that promote a balance between host defenses against injurious events and reactive inflammatory responses. An excessive inflammatory response can result in acute lung injury (ALI), leading to organ dysfunction. The development and regulation of inflammation and immune responses within the lung are dependent upon several complex interactions including the nature of the infectious agent, structural cell production of chemotactic factors, activation of recruited leukocytes, and release of specific cytokines. The cytokine responses that occur in the lung dictate the nature of ensuing activation events and the type of immune response that subsequently occurs. For example, if an infectious or noxious foreign agent initiates a response that predominantly induces a Th1 type response characterized by high levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ, an environment may be initiated that would augment subsequent anti-pathogen immune responses within the lung. In contrast, if a foreign agent induces a predominant Th2 type response, then subsequent responses may be skewed. The Th2 response may alter the ability to clear intracellular pathogens and increase the host’s susceptibility to developing allergic responses. This chapter will address the influence of early cytokine production on the nature of the subsequent immune responses.
Biomaterial and Therapeutic Applications

Sepsis, a condition in which the bloodstream is fighting a systemic infection, is a major health concern in both developed and developing countries.
Internal pressure measurements during burst fracture formation in human lumbar vertebrae.

Study Design. In a laboratory study, 21 human lumbar spine segments were used to determine whether intraosseous pressure increases occur during axial-compressive loading conditions under two displacement rates. Objective. To determine whether an intraosseous pressure rise is associated with burst fracture formation. Summary of Background Data. Burst fractures are high-speed injuries usually associated with neurologic deficit. An internal pressure rise has been implicated as a critical factor in burst fracture formation. The authors hypothesize that the internal pressure increases with increasing input velocity. Methods. The internal pressure changes were measured in spine segments using two displacement rates: 10 mm/s (slow speed) and 2500 mm/s (high speed). Failure load and energy absorption were determined for both groups. The resultant fracture types were determined from postinjury radiographs. Results. The initial peak internal pressure decreased from slow- to high-speed tests (P < 0.01). Overall peak pressure, failure load, and energy absorbed at failure were not significantly different. Slow-speed tests resulted in compression fractures, whereas high-speed tests resulted in burst and compression fractures. Conclusions. The current research did not support the current theory of burst fracture formation. There was a decrease in measured internal pressure from the slow- to high-speed groups, and burst fractures still were produced. The theory could be potentially modified to suggest that the nucleus entering the vertebral body acts as a wedge, splitting the vertebral body apart and enabling the bony fragments to the pushed into the canal space.
Functionalization of halogenated polystyrene resins utilizing highly reactive calcium

Polymeric organocalcium reagents were prepared via the oxidative addition of highly reactive calcium, prepared from the lithium biphenylide reduction of calcium iodide, to cross-linkedp-bromopolystyrene,p-chloropolystyrene,p-fluoropolystyrene, and chloromethylated polystyrene. These organocalcium reagents react with a variety of electrophiles to yield functionalized polymers.
Invited Paper: Secure Boot and Remote Attestation in the Sanctum Processor

During the secure boot process for a trusted execution environment, the processor must provide a chain of certificates to the remote client demonstrating that their secure container was established as specified. This certificate chain is rooted at the hardware manufacturer who is responsible for constructing chips according to the correct specification and provisioning them with key material. We consider a semi-honest manufacturer who is assumed to construct chips correctly, but may attempt to obtain knowledge of client private keys during the process. Using the RISC-V Rocket chip architecture as a base, we design, document, and implement an attested execution processor that does not require secure non-volatile memory, nor a private key explicitly assigned by the manufacturer. Instead, the processor derives its cryptographic identity from manufacturing variation measured by a Physical Unclonable Function (PUF). Software executed by a bootloader built into the processor transforms the PUF output into an elliptic curve key pair. The (re)generated private key is used to sign trusted portions of the boot image, and is immediately destroyed. The platform can therefore provide attestations about its state to remote clients. Reliability and security of PUF keys are ensured through the use of a trapdoor computational fuzzy extractor. We present detailed evaluation results for secure boot and attestation by a client of a Rocket chip implementation on a Xilinx Zynq 7000 FPGA.
A Young Man with Trisomy 21 and Sudden Behavioral Changes.

CASE Grant is a 13-year-old boy with trisomy 21 who presents with his mother for concerns regarding the emergence of several new disruptive behaviors. While he is verbal, he also communicates through an augmentative communication device. He currently attends a residential school. Over the past 2 months, he has begun spitting at the staff, engaging in self-injurious behaviors, placing his hands in his pants, and frequently talking about "pee and poop." Notably, Grant has undergone several changes to his educational placement and medical health over the past several months. He recently transferred to his current residential school from another placement to be closer to his family, although this has meant that Grant was unable to work with his long-time aide. Additionally, most of the students at Grant's current school are significantly lower functioning than him, such that Grant is one of the few verbal children.Approximately 3 months ago, Grant underwent significant dental work under anesthesia. Grant had previously taken an alpha-agonist for behavioral management, although he was weaned off this 4 months ago because of increasing somnolence increasing somnolence. Grant's recent behavioral challenges make performing community and home activities more challenging.Grant's behavioral history is notable for a previous episode of behavioral and emotional challenges 18 months ago. This occurred in the setting of transitioning to a new classroom with higher academic and behavioral expectations and decreased time spent with his family. These behaviors had consisted of self-injurious behaviors and tantrums consisting of crying and social withdrawal. This was managed by increased behavioral and academic supports via trained teachers and aides, medication management, and optimizing his augmentative communication. After these interventions, Grant's behavioral and emotional functioning improved and remained stable until this current episode.Grant's mother is concerned about what may be causing these emerging behaviors and wondering if any of the recent educational and medical stressors could be contributing. What do you do next?
HappyFeet: Challenges in Building an Automated Dance Recognition and Assessment Tool

In this paper, we discuss our experience in building an automated dance assessment tool with IMU and IoT devices and highlight the major challenges of such an endeavor. In a typical dance classroom scenario, where the students frequently outnumber their instructors, such a system can add an immense value to both parties by providing systematic breakdown of the dance moves, comparing the dance moves between the students and the instructors, and pinpointing the places for improvement in an autonomous way. Along that direction, our prototypical work, HappyFeet [1], showcases our initial attempts of developing such an intelligent Dance Activity Recognition (DAR) system. Our CNN based Body Sensor Network proves more effective (by ≈7% margin at 94.20%) at accurately recognizing the micro-steps of the dance activities than traditional feature engineering approaches. These metrics are derived by purposely evaluating the setup on a dance form known for its gentle, smooth and subtle limb movements. In this paper, we articulate how our proposed DAR framework will be generalizable for diverse dance styles involving very pronounced movements, human body kinematics and energy profiles.
Impact of Age on Revascularization and Early Outcomes Post Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Strokes with Large Vessel Occlusion; A single center real world data analysis (P5.257)

Objective: Some concerns have arisen in subset and meta analyses of the pivotal trials regarding the negative effect of advanced age (>80 years) on outcomes after ET. Background: Recent randomized control trials have demonstrated superiority of endovascular therapy (ET) to medical management in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO). Design/Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with proven LVO who underwent ET was conducted from January 2015 to June 2016. Patients were divided in two groups based on age (≤80 and >80 years) and were analyzed for degree of revascularization (TICI score) and functional status at discharge using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results: 54 patients received ET during the study period. Those who had posterior circulation LVO and/or treated after 6 hours from last known normal were excluded, leaving 34 patients for final analysis. Twenty-two (64%) patients were ≤80 and 12 (36%) were >80. Seventy-seven percent of patients ≤ 80 had favorable recanalization (TICI ≥ 2b) while 66 % of patients > 80 had TICI ≥ 2b ( p value 0.69). Of patients >80 years, 0 % had a mRS ≤2 at discharge versus 36.3% ≤80 years ( p value 0.03). Similarly, 25% of patients > 80 and 54.5% of ≤80 had mRS 3 or 4 ( p value 0.15). Only 9% of ≤ 80 had mRS >4, as compared to >80 at 75% ( p value Conclusions: Age above 80 is a predictor of poor outcome after ET irrespective of successful recanalization. Our results confirm the questions raised in previous subset analyses. The reason octogenarians do poorly remains unclear, but our data suggests factors other than TICI score and time to revascularization. Focused randomized control trials are needed to get a definitive answer. Disclosure: Dr. Niazi has nothing to disclose. Dr. E-Ghanmh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cockroft has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reichwein has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ermak has nothing to disclose.
The Significance of Chirality in Drug Design and Synthesis of Bitopic Ligands as D3 Receptor (D3R) Selective Agonists.

Because of the large degree of homology among dopamine D2-like receptors, discovering ligands capable of discriminating between the D2, D3, and D4 receptor subtypes remains a significant challenge....