cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of characteristic odorants from Harmonia axyridis beetles using in vivo solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry

Homeowners, small fruit growers, and wine makers are concerned with noxious compounds released by multicolored Asian ladybird beetles (Harmonia axyridis, Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). A new method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (MDGC-MS-O) system was developed for extraction, isolation and simultaneous identification of compounds responsible for the characteristic odor of live H. axyridis. Four methoxypyrazines (MPs) were identified in headspace volatiles of live H. axyridis as those responsible for the characteristic odor: 2,5-dimethyl-3-methoxypyrazine (DMMP), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IPMP), 2-sec-butyl-3-methoxypyrazine (SBMP), and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine (IBMP). To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of H. axyridis releasing DMMP and the first report of this compound being a component of the H. axyridis characteristic odor. Besides the MPs, 34 additional compounds were also identified. Quantification of three MPs (IPMP, SBMP and IBMP) emitted from live H. axyridis were performed using external calibration with HS-SPME and direct injections. A linear relationship (R(2)>0.9951 for all 3 MPs) between MS response and concentration of a standard was observed over a concentration range from 0.1 ng L(-1) to 0.05 microg L(-1) for HS-SPME-GC-MS. The method detection limits (MDL) based on multidimensional GC-MS with narrow heart-cut approach for three MPs were estimated to be between 0.020 and 0.022 ng L(-1). This represents a 38.9-52.4% improvement in sensitivity compared to GC-MS with full heart-cut method. This methodology is applicable for in vivo determination of odor-causing chemicals associated with emissions of volatiles from insects.
Predictions from Star Formation in the Multiverse

We compute trivariate probability distributions in the landscape, scanning simultaneously over the cosmological constant, the primordial density contrast, and spatial curvature. We consider two different measures for regulating the divergences of eternal inflation, and three different models for observers. In one model, observers are assumed to arise in proportion to the entropy produced by stars; in the others, they arise at a fixed time (5 or 10x10{sup 9} years) after star formation. The star formation rate, which underlies all our observer models, depends sensitively on the three scanning parameters. We employ a recently developed model of star formation in the multiverse, a considerable refinement over previous treatments of the astrophysical and cosmological properties of different pocket universes. For each combination of observer model and measure, we display all single and bivariate probability distributions, both with the remaining parameter(s) held fixed and marginalized. Our results depend only weakly on the observer model but more strongly on the measure. Using the causal diamond measure, the observed parameter values (or bounds) lie within the central 2{sigma} of nearly all probability distributions we compute, and always within 3{sigma}. This success is encouraging and rather nontrivial, considering the large size and dimension of the parametermore » space. The causal patch measure gives similar results as long as curvature is negligible. If curvature dominates, the causal patch leads to a novel runaway: it prefers a negative value of the cosmological constant, with the smallest magnitude available in the landscape.« less
Radiographic interpretation in the emergency department

This study examined the concordance of radiographic readings between emergency department (ED) attending physicians and radiologists in a community teaching hospital. In addition, the incidents of misinterpretations leading to an alteration in patient care were also reviewed. All radiographs obtained from January through October 1993 were initially interpreted by ED attending physicians with subsequent final review by attending radiology staff. Misread radiographs were placed into one of three categories. The groupings included overread radiographs with no change in treatment, underread radiographs with no change in treatment, and radiograph misinterpretations with a change in treatment. Of 15,585 radiographs obtained during the study period, there were 120 misreads; 12,099 (77.6%) of the 15,585 radiographs had an initial emergency physician interpretation. Radiographic misinterpretations included 7 (5.78%) overreads, 57 (47.1%) underreads, and 57 (47.51%) misreads requiring follow-up (MR-FU). The five most frequently misread radiographs were: abdominal, 12/247 (4.4%); rib, 3/99 (3.0%); foot, 13/621 (2.1%); hip, 3/152 (1.9%); and ankle 11/758 (1.4%). The most frequently obtained radiographs included: chest, 7,012 (0.33% MR-FU); cervical spine, 1,112 (0.18% MR-FU); ankle, 758 (0.66% MR-FU); knee, 633 (0.32% MR-FU); and foot, 621 (0.97% MR-FU). In this study, 99.0% of all emergency department radiographs were read correctly on initial review by ED attending physicians. Of all misread radiographs, less than half (46%) were deemed clinically significant and required a follow-up intervention.
Impact of Wind Generation Uncertainty on Generating Capacity Adequacy

This paper addresses the issue of generating capacity adequacy in power systems with considerable share of wind generation. It shows on a hypothetical example derived from the WECC system (western US interconnection) how different percentages of wind penetration affect this adequacy. For this purpose, the popular LOLP - loss of load probability (or more accurately, LOLE ? loss of load expectation) is used as an objective, probability based, index. It is compared to reserve margin, another popular, deterministic index. Two systems with the same reserve margin or largest unit reserve can have very different risks of being unable to serve the load. It is shown that this discrepancy exacerbates as wind penetration increases.
Some Assembly Required: Contemporary Prefabricated Houses - Edited by Andrew Blauvelt

(2006). Some Assembly Required: Contemporary Prefabricated Houses - Edited by Andrew Blauvelt. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 68-69.
Freeze‐fracture study of photoreceptor outer segments and pigment epithelium in dystrophic and normal retinas

The intramembrane organization of outer segment (OS) membranes and pigment epithlial (PE) microvilli has been studied in rats (10–17 postnatal days) with inherited retinal degeneration (RCS) and in normal retinas from genetically controlled rats (RCS-rdy +). The OS plasma membranes of both dystrophic and normal retinas are characterized by large particles surrounding circular, particle-free zones on the P-faces (cytoplasmic leaflets) and a sparse distribution of particles on the E-faces (external leaflets). No regional differences in particle distribution are observed in either basal or distal plasma membrane regions. Outer segment disc membranes are characterized by large, densely packed P-face particles and ridged E-faces with very few particles. Small, particle-free patches of membrane are present in the basal disc P-faces of both normal and dystrophic retinas, which Andrews and Cohen (1979) have described as characteristic of newly added disc membrane. In dystrophic retinas, larger, particle-free domains are observed in the distal disc membranes (P-faces) and accumulating membranous debris. In older retinas, which have accumulated more debris, the particle-free domains occupy vast areas of the membrane faces and it is not possible to identify these membranes as belonging to either discs or plasma membranes. No comparable areas of particle-free membrane are observed in the distal discs and OS plasma membranes of normal retinas. Pigment epithelial microvillus membranes are characterized by an intermixture of large and medium-sized particles surrounding irregular particleq-free areas, but no differences between normal and dystrophic PE membranes are observed. The changes in particle distribution observed in the dystrophic retinas suggests that the intramembrane molecular composition of older disc membranes has become altered or rearranged as the OS membranes accumulate as debris.
Differential cocaine sensitivity between two closely related substrains of C57BL mice

While there is evidence that individual differences in response to cocaine are mediated, in part, by genetic factors, no single gene has been identified that can account for differential responsivity to cocaine. Recent studies in our laboratory may have moved us closer to identification of the gene(s) underlying cocaine sensitivity. We have identified several cocaine-related phenotypes on which two substrains of C57BL mice (6J and ByJ) differ. The genealogy of these two substrains leads to the expectation that they should be genetically very similar, differing at only a few loci. The large differences between the two substrains in cocaine sensitivity may be influenced by allelic differences at a major gene mediating the actions of cocaine. Naive ByJ mice are more resistant to cocaine-induced seizures than are 6J mice. Furthermore, among 6J mice repeated exposure to cocaine results in a decreased susceptibility to cocaine-induced seizure, while among ByJ mice, the same treatment gives rise to an increased susceptibility to seizures. In contrast to their lower sensitivity to cocaine-induced seizures, ByJ mice show a greater sensitivity to cocaine’s locomotor stimulant effects. Furthermore, the repeated pairing of cocaine and the test environment results in the development of conditioned locomotion during subsequent exposure to that environment among 6J, but not ByJ, mice. Similarly, a greater degree of conditioned sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine develops in 6J mice.
Corneal Epithelial Remodeling after LASIK Measured by Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose. To quantify corneal epithelial thickness changes after myopic LASIK by OCT. Methods. Epithelial thickness before and after myopic LASIK were measured by a Fourier-domain OCT system. Average central (within 1 mm diameter) and paracentral epithelial thickness (5~6 mm diameter) before and after LASIK were compared. Correlation between central epithelial thickness change and laser spherical equivalent setting was evaluated. An epithelial smoothing constant was estimated based on a mathematical model published previously. Results. Nineteen eyes from 11 subjects were included in the study. Eyes had myopic LASIK ranging from −1.69 D to −6.75 D spherical equivalent. The average central epithelial thickness was 52.6 ± 4.1 μm before LASIK and 56.2 ± 4.3 μm 3 months after LASIK (). The average paracentral epithelial thickness was 51.6 ± 6.6 μm before LASIK and 54.8 ± 4.3 μm 3 months after LASIK (). The change in average central epithelial thickness was correlated with laser spherical equivalent (R2 = 0.40, ). The epithelial smoothing constant was estimated to be 0.46 mm. Conclusions. Corneal epithelial thickens centrally and paracentrally after myopic LASIK. The extent of epithelial remodeling correlated with the amount of LASIK correction and could be predicted by a mathematical model.
Operational amplifier circuits for the Wien-bridge oscillator

As the frequency of operation increases, the poles of the Wien-bridge oscillator depart from the imaginary axis because of the frequency dependence of the amplifier gain. By properly shaping the magnitude and phase response of the amplifier, it is possible to keep the poles on the imaginary axis at much higher frequencies than is normally expected, thus extending the range of operation of the oscillator. Experimental results verify the vast improvement that is predicted.
One-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces

The authors use Pickering emulsions as a model system to investigate the dynamics of charged microparticles at polydimethylsiloxane (oil)-water interfaces using confocal laser scanning microscopy. More importantly, they have explored the potential of developing one-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces. The complex, loss, and storage moduli of oil-water interfaces as a function of frequency measured from microrheology are compared with those of bulk oils measured from a conventional rheometer and developed bulk microrheology. The nature of the tracer particles plays an important role in one-particle microrheology at liquid-liquid interfaces.
Racial Diversity and Public Policy in the States

How does racial diversity affect public policy outcomes in the states? The policy backlash hypothesis suggests that the presence of blacks increases antagonistic attitudes toward minorities among whites and thus produces racially conservative policies. The electoral constraint hypothesis argues that the presence of blacks increases the size of population that supports policy liberalism and thus results in more liberal policies. The authors reconcile these competing explanations by arguing that the hypothesized negative impact of minority group size on policy liberalism varies across states in accordance with socioeconomic and institutional conditions that strengthen or weaken the impacts of electoral constraint or backlash.
Triggering of repeating earthquakes in central California

Dynamic stresses carried by transient seismic waves have been found capable of triggering earthquakes instantly in various tectonic settings. Delayed triggering may be even more common, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Catalogs of repeating earthquakes, earthquakes that recur repeatedly at the same location, provide ideal data sets to test the effects of transient dynamic perturbations on the timing of earthquake occurrence. Here we employ a catalog of 165 families containing ~2500 total repeating earthquakes to test whether dynamic perturbations from local, regional, and teleseismic earthquakes change recurrence intervals. The distance to the earthquake generating the perturbing waves is a proxy for the relative potential contributions of static and dynamic deformations, because static deformations decay more rapidly with distance. Clear changes followed the nearby 2004 Mw6 Parkfield earthquake, so we study only repeaters prior to its origin time. We apply a Monte Carlo approach to compare the observed number of shortened recurrence intervals following dynamic perturbations with the distribution of this number estimated for randomized perturbation times. We examine the comparison for a series of dynamic stress peak amplitude and distance thresholds. The results suggest a weak correlation between dynamic perturbations in excess of ~20 kPa and shortened recurrence intervals, for both nearby and remote perturbations.
Probabilistic analysis of Gallager B faulty decoder

Today's mainstream electronic systems typically assume that transistors and interconnections operate correctly over their useful lifetime. For coming generations of silicon technologies, several causes of hardware failures, such as erratic bit errors, transient (soft) errors, and process variations, are becoming significant. In contrast to the traditional redundancy-based reliability solutions, the aim of a probabilistic design is to achieve high quality results and efficiency using erroneous or imperfect components along with a judicious allocation of resources. In this paper we focus on a probabilistic analysis of an LDPC Gallager B decoder made out of unreliable hardware components. Our analysis reveals the dependencies between the final BER at the output of the decoder and the errors in the components of the decoder. We demonstrate that a system design guided by our analysis can produce higher quality results compared to an arbitrary resource allocation. This resource allocation is of particular relevance to emerging storage applications that need to maintain extremely high levels of reliability even as the underlying technology scales deep into the nano-regime.
Similarities between the visual fields of ocular hypertensive and normal eyes

• We tested 136 well-documented ocular hypertensive eyes with no visual field abnormalities on detailed manual perimetry using the C-30-2 program of the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer. The results were compared with those of 274 age-matched normal eyes. No significant differences in threshold sensitivity were found between ocular hypertensive and normal eyes at any of the 76 points tested in the central 30°. In the ocular hypertensive eyes, the presence of nerve fiber layer defects, especially diffuse atrophy, was associated with depressed threshold values. Threshold values were not associated with the size of the cup-disc ratio, level of intraocular pressure, or time since diagnosis of ocular hypertension.
Dynamical and approximate LEED theories applied to layers of large molecules

A theoretical study is carried out of the application of the Combined Space Method (CSM) in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) from large molecules, for which rings of six carbon atoms arranged in periodic layers are chosen. The marked sensitivity of calculated intensity-energy (I–V) curves to variations of the geometry of these rings is exhibited. The reduction of the computation effort through approximations characterized by various degrees of neglect of multiple scattering is explored. It is shown that efficient approximate methods can be applied in the structural determination of large molecules at surfaces, at the very least in preliminary unrefined searches through sets of plausible structures. A new class of approximations based on near-neighbor multiple scattering is proposed that has efficient features for multiple use in structural searches.
Ice growth from supercooled aqueous solutions of reactive oxygen species

Classical molecular dynamics simulations and potential of mean force calculations were performed to study (1) the adsorption of several reactive oxygen species (ROSs, namely · OH, · HO2 and H2O2) on atmospheric air/ice interfaces and (2) the growth of ice from supercooled aqueous solutions of these ROSs. Free energy minima were observed for these ROSs at the air/ice interfaces. The presence of ROSs in supercooled water during the freezing process leads to the formation of quasi-liquid layers (QLLs) that were thicker than those formed from freezing of pure supercooled water. The ROSs in the supercooled water were always displaced to the air/ice interface during the freezing process at 270 K, but if the freezing process is carried out at 260 K, a significant fraction of hydroperoxy and hydrogen peroxide become trapped by the growing ice lattice. We also studied freezing of supercooled aqueous solutions containing ROSs and benzene, with 1-octanal at the interfaces with air. The structure of ice is not significantly altered by hydroperoxy, hydrogen peroxide, or benzene being trapped in the ice lattice. The presence of 1-octanal at the interfaces does not alter the trends described above; however, thinner QLLs are formed after the freezing process, and 1-octanal tends to slow down the dynamics of ROSs and aromatics at the air/ice interface.
A 1000-Year Record of Temperature and Precipitation in the Sierra Nevada

Tree-ring data from subalpine conifers in the southern Sierra Nevada were used to reconstruct temperature and precipitation back to A.D. 800. Tree growth of foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) and western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. australis) is influenced by nonlinear interactions between summer temperature and winter precipitation. Reconstruction of the separate histories of temperature and precipitation is feasible by explicitly modeling species and site differences in climatic response using response surfaces. The summer temperature reconstruction shows fluctuations on centennial and longer time scales including a period with temperatures exceeding late 20th-century values from ca. 1100 to 1375 A.D., corresponding to the Medieval Warm Period identified in other proxy data sources, and a period of cold temperatures from ca. 1450 to 1850, corresponding to the Little Ice Age. Precipitation variation is dominated by shorter period, decadal-scale oscillations. The long-term record presented here indicates that the 20th century is anomalous with respect to precipitation variation. A tabulation of 20- and 50-yr means indicates that precipitation equaling or exceeding 20th-century levels occurred infrequently in the 1000+-yr record.
Endoscopic ultrasound cannot determine suitability for esophagectomy after aggressive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Endoscopic ultrasound cannot determine suitability for esophagectomy after aggressive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer
Hypoglossal canal invasion by glomus jugulare tumors: clinico-radiological correlation

The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the rate at which glomus jugulare tumors invade the hypoglossal canal (HC) and to correlate computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with the clinical evidence of cranial nerve (CN) XII dysfunction. CT and MRI imaging modalities of 31 patients were blindly reviewed by an attending neuroradiologist. Imaging studies identified involvement in 22 tumors (22/31, 71.0%). Thirteen of 22 patients (59.1%) had clinically evident CN XII symptoms. Accuracy rate was 76.7% (23/30) for MRI and 78.6% (11/14) for CT. MRI showed 100% sensitivity but had only 59% specificity and the specificity for CT was 66.7%. When radiologists elucidate HC involvement, it may alter the surgical approach and may lead to more focused/accurate clinical evaluation of tongue function.
Rate equations in stimulated light scattering

A set of rate equations which gives results not previously obtained has been proposed for stimulated light scattering. These equations are shown to be invalid under the conditions where the novel results appear.
The great reversal: nature's chance to restore land and sea

Abstract In the middle of the 20th century, humans began to reverse the pattern they followed for millennia of extending further into nature to meet needs for food and materials. Recognizing this Great Reversal, I explore the areas in human use for cities, logging, and farming and search the centuries for principles and trends to forecast land use in the latter part of the 21st century when global population may number 10 billion. Offsetting the sprawl of cities, rising yields in farms and forests and changing tastes can release large amounts of land. For example, with growing population and cities, the USA in the next century could still newly spare for nature an area twice the size of Spain. Shifting from hunting to farming fish can similarly spare nature. Globally, wise and intelligent humanity can extend the Great Reversal into a Great Restoration of nature on land and in the sea.
D2 dopamine receptor subtype-mediated hyperactivity and amphetamine responses in a model of ADHD

Low doses of psychostimulants produce beneficial behavioral effects in ADHD patients but the mechanisms underlying the response are not understood. Here we use the hyperactive mouse mutant coloboma to identify D2-like dopamine receptor subtypes that mediate the hyperactivity and response to amphetamine; we have previously demonstrated that D1-like dopamine receptors are not involved. Targeted deletion of the D2, but not the D3 or the D4, dopamine receptor in coloboma mice eliminated the hyperactivity; depleting D2 dopamine receptors also restored the excess dopamine overflow that may drive the hyperactivity to normal concentrations. Similar to its effects on ADHD patients, amphetamine reduced the hyperactivity of coloboma mice. The D2 dopamine receptor-selective antagonist L-741,626, but not D3 or D4 dopamine receptor-selective antagonists, blocked the amphetamine-induced reduction in locomotor activity. Thus, the D2 dopamine receptor subtype mediates both the hyperactivity and response to amphetamine, suggesting a specific target for novel therapeutics in ADHD.
Designing a re‐engineering proof process architecture

Argues that it can be very difficult for someone coming to an organization, with the job of designing or modelling some or all of its processes, to know how to cut the mass of organizational activity up into component processes and to see how they are related; in other words, to determine the process architecture of the organization. Calls for a partitioning into processes, that as far as possible, completely aligned to the business in which the organization is in and as independent as possible of how the business chooses to organize itself. Describes an approach to solving the problem.
Tricritical logarithms in three dimensions

Abstract I compute the Green's functions near zero momentum for a massless scalar field in three dimensions which has only six-point interactions. These results, valid at a tricritical point, are characteristic of a limited region about the tricritical point.
Slow wave relationships in the visual system of Necturus maculosus

Abstract 1. 1. Electroretinograms (ERGs), optic nerve activity and tectal activity were recorded from Necturus maculosus in response to light flashes of differing intensities and inter-stimulus intervals. 2. 2. The tectal response demonstrated a stronger masking effect of a flash by a preceding flash than the ERG. 3. 3. Post-stimulus time histograms of spike activity in the optic nerve correlated more significantly with power rather than amplitude measures of the tectal and optic nerve gross responses. 4. 4. Correlations to spike post-stimulus time histograms were also found with oscillations of the ERG but not with oscillations of the compound optic nerve potential or of the tectal response. 5. 5. The oscillations in retinal, optic nerve and tectal responses were not strongly correlated with each other. 6. 6. This suggests that the oscillations at each site originate with different cell types.
All good things must come to an end: how is Notch signaling turned off?

Turning off signaling pathways can be just as important for proper biological regulation as turning them on. The Notch signaling pathway controls development of the nervous system in Drosophila . Proteolysis of Notch appears to initiate signaling, but further proteolysis may also terminate signals from this pathway. Kopan discusses mechanisms that limit signaling by Notch, including recent evidence that degradation of specifically targeted proteins by the proteasome is required.
Class group frequencies of real quadratic function fields: the degree 4 case

The distribution of ideal class groups of F q (T, √M(T)) is examined for degree-four monic polynomials M E F q [T] when F q is a finite field of characteristic greater than 3 with q E [20000,100000] or q E [1020000,1100000] and M is irreducible or has an irreducible cubic factor. Particular attention is paid to the distribution of the p-Sylow part of the class group, and these results agree with those predicted using the Cohen-Lenstra heuristics to within about 1 part in 10000. An alternative set of conjectures specific to the cases under investigation is in even sharper agreement.
Iron and Chromium Redistribution in Semi‐Insulating InP

The redistribution of the compensating dopants, iron or chromium, in semi‐insulating indium phosphide has been studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry. Annealing with silicon nitride encapsulation results in impurity accumulation within the first 1000A of the surface followed by depletion extending to a depth of ~1 μm. Profiles resulting from the implantation of "neutral" elements (He, B) exhibit accumulation at the surface and also accumulation at the projected range peak. The profiles are explained in terms of gettering of the compensating dopant to defect‐rich regions.
Electron-positron pair production in hot unsaturated compton accretion models around black holes

Electron-positron pairs photoproduced in conventional unsaturated Compton disk and spherical accretion models with electron temperature greater than 10 to the 9 K are found to dominate over the background electrons. This results in an equilibrium temperature lower than previously found and severely constrains the model parameters in some cases. Electron-positron pair production does not alleviate the thermal instability of the optically thin two-temperature disk model.
Nitrapyrin-ammonium combination induces rapid multiplication of mixed cultures of the stalked bacterium Nevskia ramosa famintzin and other heterotrophic bacteria

Nevskia ramosa, a bacterium that is very difficult to grow in artificial culture media in its recognizable and natural habit was induced to grow and multiply rapidly in mixed culture in an amended ASM medium. ASM liquid medium, an inorganic mineral medium, amended with 0.5 μg ml-1 of nitrapyrin and various levels of ammonium chloride (25–100 μM) produced very significant enrichment of Nevskia ramosa within 24 h, permitting formation of its characteristic bushy dichotomously branched, stalked colonies with the bacterial cells at the apices of branches. ASM medium amended with either nitrapyrin or ammonium singly failed to produce growth of N. ramosa. The nitrapyrinammonium combination in ASM medium also produced a significant increase in growth of other heterotrophic bacteria. Our results should be of value to bacteriologists interested in studying N. ramosa, a species which has received little attention thus far.
NOTCH1 inhibition in vivo results in mammary tumor regression and reduced mammary tumorsphere-forming activity in vitro

NOTCH activation has been recently implicated in human breast cancers, associated with a poor prognosis, and tumor-initiating cells are hypothesized to mediate resistance to treatment and disease relapse. To address the role of NOTCH1 in mammary gland development, transformation, and mammary tumor-initiating cell activity, we developed a doxycycline-regulated mouse model of NOTCH1-mediated mammary transformation. Mammary gland development was analyzed by using whole-mount analysis and by flow cytometry in nulliparous transgenic mice maintained in the presence/absence of doxycycline (or intracellular NOTCH1). Mammary tumors were examined histologically and immunophenotyped by staining with antibodies followed by flow cytometry. Tumors were transplanted into mammary fat pads under limiting dilution conditions, and tumor-initiating cell frequency was calculated. Mammary tumor cells were also plated in vitro in a tumorsphere assay in the presence/absence of doxycycline. RNA was isolated from mammary tumor cell lines cultured in the presence/absence of doxycycline and used for gene-expression profiling with Affymetrix mouse arrays. NOTCH1-regulated genes were identified and validated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mammary tumor-bearing mice were treated with doxycycline to suppress NOTCH1 expression, and disease recurrence was monitored. Similar to published studies, we show that constitutive expression of human intracellular NOTCH1 in the developing mouse mammary gland inhibits side branching and promotes luminal cell fate. These mice develop mammary adenocarcinomas that express cytokeratin (CK) 8/18. In vivo limiting-dilution analyses revealed that these mammary tumors exhibit functional heterogeneity and harbor a rare (1/2,978) mammary tumor-initiating cell population. With this dox-regulated NOTCH1 mammary tumor model, we demonstrate that NOTCH1 inhibition results in mammary tumor regression in vivo and prevents disease recurrence in four of six tumors tested. Consistent with the in vivo data, NOTCH1 inhibition reduces mammary tumorsphere activity in vitro. We also identify the embryonic stem cell transcription factor Nanog as a novel NOTCH1-regulated gene in tumorspheres and in mouse and human breast cancer cell lines. These data indicate that NOTCH1 inhibition results in mammary tumor regression in vivo and interferes with disease recurrence. We demonstrate that NOTCH1-transformed mouse mammary tumors harbor a rare mammary tumor-initiating population and that NOTCH1 contributes to mammary tumor-initiating activity. This work raises the possibility that NOTCH therapeutics may target mammary tumor-initiating cells in certain human breast cancer subtypes.
MEK1 activation rescues Jurkat T cells from Fas-induced apoptosis.

Although the protease cascade initiated by Fas (CD95, Apo-1) is well characterized, there remains little known about how kinase pathways may impact on Fas-mediated apoptosis. We recently observed that in T lymphocytes Fas strongly induced activation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) but not of second messengers leading to activation of ERK (extracellular regulated kinase). Additionally, Fas-mediated apoptosis was significantly inhibited with PMA, a potent activator of the ERK signaling pathway. This suggested a model whereby activation of the ERK pathway might attenuate Fas-mediated apoptosis. This was confirmed in the current study by showing that activation of MEK1, the upstream regulator of ERK, reduces Fas-mediated apoptosis, whereas inhibition of MEK1 augments apoptosis by Fas. Furthermore, Fas-mediated apoptosis of Jurkat T cells is not affected by constitutively active or dominant negative variants that modulate the JNK pathway. These results demonstrate that Fas-induced JNK activation is not required for apoptosis by Jurkat T cells, but rather is more likely secondary to cell stress during the early phases of apoptosis. This is supported by the ability of the caspase blocker zVAD to inhibit both apoptosis and JNK activation by Fas.
Arteritis in cardiac rejection after transplantation

During a 4-year experience with cardiac transplantation, 33 hearts were obtained by autopsy or surgical resection for retransplantation. Arteritis was a feature common to all rejected hearts (14 of 14), but was absent in explanted hearts without rejection (0 of 19) (p = 0.001). Monitoring of acute cardiac rejection by endomyocardial biopsy (863 biopsies) was also reviewed, with special reference to the incidence of arteritis. Among the 16 patients with arteritis on 1 or more biopsies, 44% (7 patients, confidence limits 29 to 60%) suffered fatal rejection or underwent retransplantation because of irreversible rejection. Arteritis was seen in the small vessels obtained by endomyocardial biopsy in 4 of 5 persons who underwent biopsy within 3 days of death or retransplantation due to rejection and on none of the 6 persons who underwent biopsy within 3 days of death or retransplantation for causes other than rejection. Thus, arteritis is an important indicator for severe acute rejection, and although often reversible, may identify patients at higher risk for fatal rejection. Arteritis occurred in transplanted hearts subjected to varying combinations of cyclosporine, azathioprine and steroid therapy and could not be correlated with any drug regimen.
Employee Beliefs and Support for a Work Redesign Intervention

Survey data from 268 employees participating in a work redesign intervention showed that beliefs about the negative impact of the intervention on the work context was an important predictor of the level of support for the change. In contrast, beliefs about the process used to introduce the change and the potential positive impact of the change on core job dimensions were only weakly related to supportfor the intervention. These results suggest that researchers and practitioners need to be sensitive to employee fears and concerns about the negative consequences of work redesign interventions.
Predicted Static Fatigue Behavior of Specially Coated Optical Glass Fibers

Long-term static fatigue behavior of optical glass fibers is controlled by their strength, fatigue resistance, and zerostress aging behavior. The effectiveness of four special coatings in preventing the long-term static fatigue deterioration of optical glass fibers was evaluated by determining the dynamic fatigue behavior and the effects of zero-stress aging on strength of the four specially coated optical glass fibers in water from 25° to 85°C. The results clearly show that the strength, fatigue resistance, and aging behavior varied significantly between these specially coated fibers. By analysis of these experimental results in terms of fracture mechanics principles, the predicted static fatigue behaviors of the four fibers were compared. Ideally the optimum fiber is one that exhibits a high strength, low strength variability, high fatigue resistance, and high aging resistance. Each of these specially coated fibers had a deficiency in at least one of these properties.
Non-stationary drivers of polar sea ice area

From 2002 through 2008 the secular rate of de-creasing sea ice area in the northern hemisphere accelerated by a factor of 18, whereas the secular rate of increasing sea ice area in the southern hemisphere accelerated by a factor of 16, relative to the rates from 1978 through 2007. These were derived from the daily sea ice area retrieved from the Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer – Special Sensor Microwave/Imager and the Advanced Microwave Scan- ning Radiometer for the Earth Observation Sys- tem. The “annual” cycle of northern and southern sea ice areas, the number of days between maxima and minima is 372.4, on average, a frequency modulation, with a recurrence interval of 61.7 years. Significant spectral power occurs at the quasi-4-day through 120-day frequencies. The frequency content and modulation of the daily time series’ are consistent inter-monthly to inter-seasonal frequencies of solar irradiance, atmospheric-oceanic Rossby waves, length-of- day, and polar motion. This suggests conserva-tion of angular momentum of the atmosphere – sea-ice – ocean system. The near 60-year modu- lation and analysis of the detrended daily time series of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice areas suggest the accelerations shown by the secular trends are relatively short-lived and reversible within an interval of one-quarter (15-years) to one-half (30-years) of the modulation period.
An Inclusive History of Sociology

The history of sociology is an exciting subfield of the discipline of sociology that, of late, has sought to include numerous African Americans into its master narrative. Unfortunately, I am painfully aware that many of the newer works contain many omissions; are often uncritical; and often are not thoroughly researched. This essay calls attention to these highly-charged and explosive mine fields that prevent the full inclusion of progressive Africana politics in sociology’s controversial history. None-the-less, I am compelled to confess that with the proper nurturing, that is, with the rich input of African American and African Diaspora studies, we will eventually achieve the fruition of an ecumenical and diverse history of sociology.
The debate on protons and electrons in solar flares

The series of articles in Eos (September 10, 1996) on particles in solar flares caught my eye. As I am not directly working in, but certainly am interested in, the field of particle acceleration in solar flares, I expected comprehensive, easy to understand summaries of two conflicting points of view I had read about before. The introduction by Peter Cargill set the stage perfectly for such a discussion. Too bad the debate did not fulfill my expectations. It became very clear as I read the articles that [the authors of the debate] were not dealing with the subject on an equal basis. Clearly, the article by George M. Simnett about protons had been written without prior insight into the opposing view. Unfortunately, the case for the electrons by A. Gordon Emslie was basically a reply to the proton case, sometimes specifically citing parts of the article. This would have been appropriate if Simnett had had the chance to reply, but unfortunately no such reply was added to the series.
Whole genome amplification — applications and advances

Abstract The concept of whole genome amplification is something that has arisen in the past few years as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been adapted to replicate regions of genomes that are of biological interest. The applications are many — forensic science, embryonic disease diagnosis, bioterrorism genome detection, ‘immortalization’ of clinical samples, microbial diversity, and genotyping. Several recent papers suggest that whole genomes can be replicated without bias or non-random distribution of the target, these findings open up a new avenue to molecular biology.
Measures of leaf-level water-use efficiency in drought stressed endophyte infected and non-infected tall fescue grasses

Abstract Neotyphodium coenophialum [Morgan-Jones and Gams], grows in the above-ground parts of tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.]. It is an asexual fungus that is transmitted through seed of its host plant. This grass/endophyte association is enhanced by the protection of the host from herbivory and improved drought stress. We investigated how a decline in leaf-level stomatal conductance impacts the instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE), in endophyte-infected (E+) versus non-infected (E−) Kentucky-31 tall fescue grasses grown in a controlled environmental chamber over a 10-week period. Grasses were cut at 6 weeks after germination and allowed to regrow under high and low soil moisture availability. One week after cutting, soil moisture was allowed to decline in the low water treatment for 2 weeks until severe stress was demonstrated through a decline in stomatal conductance to less than 100 mmol m−2 s−1. We found no differences in WUE between E+ and E− plants when water was not limiting while higher WUE was exhibited in E+ plants relative to E− plants under severe drought stress. The E− plants showed an 18-fold reduction in mean WUE and a 70-fold reduction in photosynthesis under drought stress, while there was no change in WUE and only a fourfold decline in photosynthesis between well-watered and drought stressed E+ plants at 21 days. While there were no differences in the rates of transpiration between E+ and E− plants under severe drought stress, differences in WUE can be attributed mainly to higher photosynthetic rates of E+ than E− plants. The difference in photosynthetic rates between E+ and E− plants under drought conditions could not be explained by differences in stomatal conductance and Rubisco (EC 4.1.1.39) activities.
Oscillations in the magnetoconductance autocorrelation function for ballistic microstructures

We present a comparison between experiment and theory for the magnetoconductance autocorrelation function C({Delta}B) for transport through a stadium-shaped ballistic microstructure. The correlation function displays damped oscillations which can be traced to the quantum interference between bundles of short trajectories. We present two different semiclassical calculations applicable for large and small mode numbers of the quantum wire, respectively. Good agreement is found with experimental data taken at relatively low mode numbers. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Novel pH-responsive nanoplasmonic sensor: controlling polymer structural change to modulate localized surface plasmon resonance response

The detection of chemical or biological analytes in physiological media remains a great challenge and current methods suffer from low sensitivity, reproducibility, and require expensive instruments. Here we report the design of a simple, pH-responsive nanoplasmonic sensor utilizing polymer structural changes to induce localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) shifts. The sensors were fabricated by chemical attachment of poly(allylamine) onto ∼28 nm gold nanoprisms bound to a silanized glass surface. The reversible change of polymer structure upon protonation and deprotonation of its amine groups alters the nanoprisms' LSPR properties. A spectral shift of the nanoprisms' dipole peak was observed because of changes in thickness of local dielectric environment, which are caused by shrinking and swelling of the pH-responsive polymer. The pH-induced shrinking and the swelling transition provided the opportunity to design ultrasensitive glucose sensors. The pH change from oxidation of β-glucose by glucose oxidase, resulted in up to a 17 nm LSPR peak shift because of the 3.7 nm change in polymer thickness measured by in situ atomic force microscopy. The lowest concentration of glucose that can be repeatedly detected in bovine plasma with this sensor was 25 μM. This nanoplasmonic sensor exhibited simplicity of operation and excellent reproducibility. The polymer-functionalized sensor provided a powerful avenue for simple, ultrasensitive, and cost effective detection of target analytes, which can be translated to clinical application.
"Holding hands at midnight": The paradox of caring labor

This paper puts recent feminist theorizing about “care” within an economic context by developing the concept of caring labor and exploring possible reasons for its undervaluation. It describes the relevance of tensions between neoclassical and institutionalist thought, as well as between pro-market and anti-market views. The final section explores the implications for feminist public policy.
Detecting the Optical Signature of Malignancy with Second Harmonic Imaging

Since SHG is generated by specific macromolecules, it can potentially detect early disruptions of stromal architecture. Recent pilot data suggest that neoplastic changes in feline skin can be identified based on their SHG optical signature.
THE CHROMOSOMES OF THE CALIFORNIAN LILIACEAE I

During the past few years, material of the Californian Liliaceae has been collected in the field as opportunity afforded. The immediate objective has been the ascertainment of the chromosomal constitution of each of the known species; while the idea of prosecuting cytomorphological investigations has been kept in mind, it is impracticable to undertake such studies for the time being because of the difficulty of procuring a sufficient quantity of material representing all the stages in the life-history. Phylogenetic considerations for the most part must also be left to the future. Many of the species are rarely found, somie are local in distribution, others occur at stations not easily accessible by the ordinary means of transportation; finally, the territory embraced by the state is so vast that it is extremely difficult to complete any large genus that is of statewide distribution. Among such in the Liliaceae might be mentioned Calochortus, Erythronium, Alliumr, and Triteleia. Nevertheless, it is now possible to present one genus in its entirety, in addition to one monotypic genus and certain species in other genera which have previously been worked upon by others. The material investigated was secured either from plants growing in their natural habitats, sometimes from the type locality, or from corms, bulbs, or roots which were collected in the wild and from which root tips were obtained by the sand or water-culture method. It has been deemed necessary to avoid as far as possible using plants procured from commercial growers in order to obviate any danger of contamination by hybridization, as certain of the genera (e.g., Calochortus) tend to hybridize freely. Dr. LeRoy Abrams' Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States has been followed almost exclusively in the determination of genera and species. In the author's opinion, the delimitations as given in this manual best follow modern concepts. The general avoidance of such artificialities as varieties and subspecies, which seem absurd to the cytologist, renders it far easier to assign a definite value to the cytological findings. It is rather striking that the results reported below, especially in the cases of Dichelostemma and Hookera, almost exactly parallel Dr. Abrams' delinmitations. Extremely little has been published on the cytology of the Californian Liliaceae. The only comprehensive paper is that of Newton (i), whose attention was directed principally to Calochortus. The species upon which Newton worked are common in cultivation and readily obtainable from any bulb dealer in the state, but he has so obviously taken the trouble to assure himself of the taxonomic and genetic purity of his plants that it is doubtful if
Lessons of the carter approach to restraining arms transfers

(1981). Lessons of the carter approach to restraining arms transfers. Survival: Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 200-208.