cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epoxy resins for deep UV lithography

A negative resist based upon photo-acid initiated cationic polymerization of an epoxy resin (1, 2) was reported in the early eighties with the advent of onium salts (3–5). An efficient acid generating onium salt, triphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (6), absorbs light in the deep UV producing acid upon direct photolysis in this region of the spectrum. The resin component of such a negative resist system must be optically transparent over the exposure wavelengths to obtain vertical image profiles. Another difficulty often encountered with crosslinking negative resists is swelling of the crosslinked matrix during development with organic solvents. This swelling manifests itself in distorted images and/or complete adhesion loss, especially when submicron features are involved. Our goal has been to address these problems and develop an organic developable deep UV resist capable of providing submicron images. Optically transparent commercial resins, styrene-allyl alcohol copolymers, have been converted to glycidyl ethers, thereby providing cationically polymerizable functionalities. Careful choice of the resin was made to obtain reactive ion etch resistance, thermal stability, good adhesion, and coating properties. The synthetic procedure and characterization of the epoxy resin will be presented. The effect of the molecular weight distribution upon swelling during development and general solubility properties also will be discussed. Resist formulations exhibited sensitivities of 19 to 30 mJ/cm2 on a Perkin Elmer 500 in the deep UV (UV2) mode. The electron beam sensitivity is 3 to 5 μC/cm2 at 20 KeV. Submicron images have been generated in both optical and electron beam lithography.
Refinement of quantitative trait loci on bovine chromosome 18 affecting health and reproduction in US Holsteins.

Summary Selection for increased milk yield is associated with decreased fertility in US Holsteins. Previously, a putative quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 18 affecting daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) was identified in one family. Our aim was to determine the validity of the QTL using additional markers and an extended pedigree. Twelve markers were genotyped in 940 descendants of the original sire in which the QTL was identified. Analysis of the extended pedigree detected significant and suggestive QTL for DPR, productive life and somatic cell score. Further analysis is underway to refine the QTL region so that positional candidate genes can be identified.
The Effects of Experimentally Elevated Testosterone and Food Deprivation on Food Consumption and Prey Size Preferences in Male Dark‐Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis, Emberizidae: Passeriformes)

Numerous studies have shown that the experimental elevation of circulating levels of testosterone reduces parental behaviour in male birds, particularly the provisioning of young. The mechanisms responsible for this change in behaviour are not fully understood. In this study, we examine the effects of elevated testosterone on food consumption and prey selection, both of which have potential consequences for nestling provisioning behaviour. We manipulated testosterone and performed two experiments on a captive, non-breeding population of male dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) on long day-lengths. In the first experiment, we subjected juncos to 3 h of food deprivation and compared food consumption and prey size selection by males with elevated testosterone (testosterone males) to that of control males. Testosterone males consumed more food than control males and showed a preference for larger prey. In a second experiment in which small prey were more abundant than large prey, food consumption and prey size preferences did not differ between testosterone and control males. We also manipulated the duration of food deprivation in the second experiment. Males of both treatments consumed more small prey under conditions of mild (1 h) or moderate (5 h) food deprivation and consumed more large prey under conditions of intermediate (3 h) food deprivation. We discuss our results and the effects that testosterone has on self-maintenance behaviour and male parental effort.
The public personnel policy of the municipality of bordeaux

The administration of teh civil serviece of a typical French city, based on the author's first-hand investigation.
Particle functionalization and encapsulation by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD)

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) represents a novel CVD method for functionalization and encapsulation of particle substrates with polymeric materials. Three demonstrations of iCVD coatings on particle substrates are described. In the first, iCVD polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coatings on an array of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes created a superhydrophobic surface. Second, iCVD polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) coatings on microparticles and nanotubes provided reactive surfaces for subsequent binding to produce fluorescent and high refractive index coatings. Finally, iCVD methacrylic acid copolymers on ibuprofen microcrystals delivered enteric drug release properties based on the pH-responsive swelling behavior of the copolymers. Mathematical modeling suggested surface-driven iCVD polymerization kinetics that were analogous to liquid-phase free radical polymerization.
Delirium superimposed on dementia versus delirium in the absence of dementia: phenomenological differences.

Objective To examine differences in the phenomenological characteristics of delirium superimposed on dementia compared to those observed in delirious patients without dementia, based on the rating items of the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS). Methods We conducted an analysis of a prospectively collected clinical delirium database utilized to record and monitor the care of delirious patients treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). Sociodemographic, medical variables, and MDAS total score and individual item ratings were analyzed in respect to differences between delirium in the demented (DD) versus delirium in the nondemented (ND). Results We were able to examine data collected on 100 delirious patients: 82 ND patients and 18 DD patients. Patients in the DD group, compared to the ND group, had significantly greater levels of disturbance of consciousness and impairments in all cognitive domains (i.e., orientation, short term memory, concentration, organization of thought process). Severe symptoms were more common in the DD group compared to the ND group on all the MDAS cognitive items as well as in disturbance of consciousness. There were no significant differences between the DD and ND groups in terms of presence or severity of hallucinations, delusions, psychomotor behavior, and sleep-wake cycle disturbance. Significance of results Delirium superimposed on dementia has phenomenological differences compared to delirium in the absence of dementia. There are no significant differences in the severity of hallucinations, delusions, psychomotor behavior, or sleep-wake cycle disturbances. However, level of disturbance in consciousness (arousal and awareness) and impairments in multiple cognitive domains are significantly more severe in patients with delirium superimposed on dementia.
Systems theory approach to the control of transitional flows

The problem of stabilization of plane Poiseuille flow is considered using techniques employed in control system analysis. The linearized Navier-Stokes equations are converted into control theoretic models using a Galerkin method. It is shown that control theoretic models provide a rich tool for designing control systems to stabilize flow as well as for understanding the physics of controlled transitional flows. Transfer function models provide information of optimal sensor locations and sensor types. State variable models provide information on how each mode, both stable and unstable, is affected by feedback control. State variable models can also provide insight into transitional fluid flow phenomena such as 'bypass' transition. In addition, control theory concepts such as observability and controllability are used to explain possible pitfalls in flow control. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the controllers designed using the control theoretic models.
Stability and finite amplitude natural convection in a shallow cavity with insulated top and bottom and heated from a side

The stability of laminar natural convection in a shallow cavity has been studied theoretically. The flow is driven by a horizontal temperature gradient between isothermal vertical sidewalls of the cavity, the top and bottom of which are insulated. It was found that for a Prandtl number (Pr) less than 0.033, shear instability causes stationary transverse cells to be formed in the flow. For larger values of Prandtl number the instability sets in as oscillating longitudinal rolls in the range 0.033<Pr<0.2; and as stationary longitudinal rolls for larger values of Pr. The importance of three‐dimensional disturbances was investigated for Pr=0.02 and they were found to be less critical than two‐dimensional ones. Finite amplitude motions of the stationary transverse cells were simulated by solving the nonlinear equations numerically with the use of pseudospectral methods. This simulation supports the calculations of the onset of the instability by linear theory, and explains why the Nusselt number decreases when secondary flows are present.
Magnetic field dependence of microwave absorption through H-T irreversibility line in Bi2-xPbxSr2CaN-1CuNO4+2N

Abstract The dependence of the microwave absorption on magnetic field between 0.01 and 0.6 T is measured at small magnetic field intervals and at a number of different temperatures in the superconducting state of the N = 3 phase Bi 2- x Pb x Sr 2 Ca N -1 Cu N O 4+2 N . It is found that the dependence of the microwave absorption on magnetic field is linear but that there is a change in the slope at specific magnetic field values. The crossover field between the two linear regions shifts to higher magnetic field as the temperature is lowered below T c . The temperature dependence of the crossover point corresponds well with the previously measured irreversibility line in the surface regions suggesting that the change in slope is due to the melting of the vortex lattice.
The Relationship between Selectivity and Food Abundance in a Juvenile Lizard

Several theoretical models of foraging behavior predict relationships between the rel- ative abundance of a food item and a forager's selectivity for that item. Prey switching models predict that selectivity for items will be positively related to their relative abundance. Optimal foraging models based on energy optimization predict a non-negative correlation between selectivity and the abun- dance of valuable food items. Optimal foraging models based on nutrient constraints predict that selectivity for items should be negatively related to their relative abundance for all nutritionally important food items. The relationship between selectivity and relative abundance was investigated in the field in a juvenile lizard, Anolis aeneus. In each of 11 periods spanning the wet and dry season, sweep samples and stomach contents yielded data on selectivity, the relative and absolute abundance of different prey types in the environment, and the total abundance of food in the environment. The results tend to confirm the optimal foraging models based on nutrient constraints. All of the six important prey types eaten showed a negative correlation between selectivity and relative abun- dance; for four taxa the relationship was significant. In the case of four taxa, juveniles tended to eat the same proportion of the prey type regardless of its relative abundance in the habitat. In two other cases juveniles tended to eat proportionally less of a prey type as the relative abundance of that type increased in the environment. The absolute abundance of prey types also had a negative correlation with selectivity (significant for the two most frequently eaten prey types). Total food abundance was the most important determinant of selectivity in only one prey type; lizards ate more ants when food abundance was low. It is suggested that energy optimization may be a relatively low priority for small ectothermic insectivores such as Anolis aeneus juveniles. Low energy demands, a relative abundance of suitable prey sizes in the environment, and low search costs may allow such animals to feed more like herbivores than like insectivorous birds or mammals.
Influence of Photoperiod and Ovaries on Seasonal Reproductive Activity in Mares

A study was done of the influence of length of photoperiod (control vs 16 h fixed photoperiod) and season (month) On: 1) changes in concentrations of plasma gonadotropins in ovariectomized (OVX) mares and 2) changes in plasma concentrations of gonadotropins and diameters of ovarian follicles preceding the onset of the ovulatory season in ovarian intact mares. In ovarian intact groups, intervals from start of project (January 6) to the first day of the ovulatory estrus, first appearance of a 30 mm follicle and onset of the ovulatory season (first ovulation) were shorter for the light-treated than for the control group. The changes in gonadotropmn concentrations and follicular development preceding the onset of the ovulatory season (Day 0 = day of first ovulation) were not significantly different between light-treated and control groups. Mean plasma FSH levels fluctuated between Day -60 and Day -20 and then declined reaching a significant drop by Day -8. Mean plasma LH levels remained low until Day -8 and then increased reaching a maximum on the last day examined. The mean number of follicles 15-25 mm appeared to increase gradually from Day -60 to Day -20, remained elevated between Day -20 and Day -8 and then declined rapidly to a minimum on Day -1. The mean diameter of the largest follicle appeared to increase gradually from Day -60 to Day -8 and then increased rapidly between Day -8 and Day -1. The decline in FSH appeared to precede the decline in number of follicles 15-25 mm and the rise in LH. The rise in LH was temporally associated with the final growth and maturation of the preovulatory follicle. The ovulatory LH profile at the onset of the ovulatory season was similar in shape but lower in magnitude than the ovulatory LH profile during the middle of the ovulatory season. Removal of the ovaries during the anovulatory season did not evoke a postovariectomy rise in gonadotropin levels. However, there was a seasonal pattern of LH and FSH in ovariectomized mares and the LH levels increased approximately 2 months earlier in the light-treated group than in the control group. The rise in LH in the OVX groups occurred at approximately the same time as the onset of the ovulatory season in the intact groups.
Teacher preferences for collaborative relationships: Relationship to efficacy for teaching in prevention-related domains

Recent movements in educational reform call for increased collaborative activities among school personnel. The present study examines student and practicing teacher preferences for modes of working on a variety of student-related concerns and relationships with personal and general efficacy for teaching in prevention-related areas. Elementary and secondary student teachers and practicing teachers were asked to rate their preference for working on student academic, behavioral, and self-esteem problems. The range of working preferences included working with other professionals (collaborative), letting other professionals handle the problem (expert), and working alone. These working preferences were found to vary according to teacher level of experience and grade level of teaching. Significant relationships were found between collaborative work preferences and personal teaching efficacy.
Francis Bacon and the ‘vexations of art’: experimentation as intervention

Francis Bacon's concept of the ‘vexations of art’ (vexationes artium) entailed experimentation as an intervention into nature for the purpose of extracting its secrets. Although the standard edition of Bacon's works by Spedding, Ellis and Heath and the new Oxford edition by Graham Rees translate the phrase vexationes artium as the ‘vexations of art’, a significant number of scholars, translators and editors from the seventeenth century to the present have read Bacon's Latin as the ‘torment’ or ‘tortures of art’. Here I discuss these latter interpretations and speculate on the reasons for their association of the term with experimentation. While it may not be possible to say with certainty what Bacon meant by ‘vexation’, the context of his thought, the rich set of metaphors on which he drew and the interpretations of dozens of scholars over four centuries would seem to favour assigning a robust, interventionist meaning to vexare.
Aortic Insufficiency Etiology, Pathophysiology, Natural History, and the Role of Echocardiography

Echocardiography is a reliable and reproducible method for evaluation of aortic insufficiency (AI). AI has a variety of etiologies, including congenital or acquired, and may present as an acute sit...
High-Speed Analysis of Complex Indoor VOC Mixtures by Vacuum-Outlet GC with Air Carrier Gas and Programmable Retention

A pressure-tunable, series-coupled column ensemble was used with atmospheric pressure air as carrier gas for the vacuum-outlet GC analysis of 42 volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds commonly encountered as indoor air pollutants. Separation strategies applicable to a field-portable instrument that will employ a dual-stage preconcentrator and a microsensor array as the detector were developed, where coelution of certain analytes can be tolerated. The capillary column ensemble consists of a 4.5-m segment of nonpolar dimethyl polysiloxane followed by a 7.5-m segment of polar trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane. Good long-term thermal stability of the column ensemble was observed for continuous operation in air at temperatures up to 210 °C. A computer-driven pressure controller at the column junction point is used to adjust vapor retention for specified sets of target compounds. The compounds were divided into two groups according to retention order, and high-speed analysis conditions were determined fo...
Making the diamond age a reality

Ani Sumant considers how after a relatively quiet period in the field of diamond thin films, this often overlooked carbon material is making a comeback.
FPGA implementation of a software-defined radar processor

A unified digital pulse compression processor is introduced as a radar-application-specific-processor (RASP) architecture for the next generation of adaptive radar. Based on traditional pulse compression matched filter and correlation receiver, the processor integrates specific designs to handle waveform diversities, which includes random noise waveforms, as well as digital transceiver self-reconfiguration for adaptive radars. Initial prototype of this processor is implemented with the latest Xilinx FPGA device and tested with an RF spaceborne radar transceiver testbed. Initial validation results show the effectiveness of real-time processing and engineering concepts.
The analysis of polydeoxyribonucleotides by digestion with phosphatase and phosphodiesterases.

Abstract The characterization of a polynucleotide with respect to its chain length, base composition, identity of its terminal nucleotides, and other sequence aspects may be achieved by observing the products resulting from the successive treatment of the polymer with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase and snake venom or spleen phosphodiesterase. The polynucleotide is first exposed to phosphatase to remove any terminal phosphate groups and the enzyme is then inactivated in situ prior to the digestion of the molecule by one of the phosphodiesterases. The complete destruction of phosphatase activity is effected by treating the enzyme with 0.4 M NaOH for 15 min at 25 °C. All of the products arising from such phosphodiesterase digestions can be separated by polystyrene anion-exchange chromatography using a new solvent system: a 20 % ethanol solution containing a linear gradient of Cl − concentration at pH 9.
Does Ordinary Morality Imply Atheism? A Reply to Maitzen

stephen Maitzen has recently argued that ordinary morality implies atheism. In the following, I argue that the soundness of Maitzen’s argument depends on a principle that is implausible, what i call the recipient’s Benefit Principle: all else being equal, if an act a produces a net benefit for the individual on the receiving end of a, then one cannot have a moral obligation to prevent a. specifically, the recipient’s Benefit Principle (rBP) must be true if premise (2) of Maitzen’s argument is to be true. but, rbP is likely false, as it generates counterintuitive implications as well as conflicts with another principle both plausible and seemingly adopted by most of us, what I call the Preventing Immorality Principle: All else being equal, if an act A is seriously immoral, then one has a moral obligation to prevent A.
NALOXONE REVERSAL OF ISCHAEMIC NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS IN MAN

Abstract Two patients with cerebral ischaemia and one patient with cerebral infarction received intravenous infusions of the opiate antagonist naloxone or saline in double-blind manner. Naloxone completely reversed neurological deficits in both patients with cerebral ischaemia, but did not in the patient with cerebral infarction. Naloxone administration produced no changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, or arterial blood gases. Intravenous administration of morphine sulphate profoundly exacerbated hemiparesis in one patient without alteration of vital signs; hemiparesis was completely reversed by naloxone.
The form of modernist propaganda in Elizabeth Bowen's The Heat of the Day

This article suggests that the formal elements of Elizabeth Bowen's novel The Heat of the Day underscore both the changing practice of propaganda and the extant tension about Irish neutrality during World War II. Bowen has often been cited as an author who embraces opacity in her fiction, and often this practice is connected in her work to political tensions that she first experienced in Ireland as a result of colonial conflict. The article suggests that a similar strategy, at use in this London-based World War II novel about espionage, highlights this history of tension. Bowen's own position as an intermediary between the Ministry of Information and Irish public opinion provided her a keen insight into British strategy towards Ireland's neutrality. Her Blitz novel, The Heat of the Day, mirrors much of Bowen's formal techniques in her letters to the Ministry of Information, and this article suggests that this reflects the impact of modern propaganda techniques on her war-time novel.
Built-in fiscal stabilizers in the United States

The Employment Act of 1946 implies a recognition on the part of the American Government of its responsibility to moderate fluctuations in economic activity. Built-in stabilizers are devices in the government tax and expenditure system which go into effect automatically to mitigate the effect pn total expenditures of changes, in either direction, in particular sectors or components of the economy, i. e., to smooth the business cycle. There are five significant built-in stabilizers in the United States: the personal income tax, the corporate income tax, the excise and sales taxes, the unemployment insurance disbursements, and the Old Age and Survivors Insurance tax. As national income falls in recession, tax collections decline and unemployment insurance disbursements increase; an increase in the budget deficit (or decrease in the surplus) is thus generated. As national income advances in the expansion phase, the opposite effect takes place. This paper estimates the magnitude of this contracyclical swing in the government budget, which we shall call the total "stabilization effect".
Temperature Errors in Induction Watthour Meters An Analysis and the Development of a Temperature-Sensitive Magnetic Material Suitable for Compensation

This paper is presented in two principal divisions, Part I and Part II. The first deals with the general problem of small errors dute to temperature changes in watthour meters and describes methods of segregating the various components of these errors. It is shown that they may be divided into two principal groups, termed Class 1 and Class 2. Class 1 errors are operative at all power factors and are of the greater importance: Class 2 errors are important only at low power factors, and methods of eliminating these are pointed out. Both of these classes are further subdivided into their component parts. In Part II of the paper is described a method of compensating for Class 1 errors by means of magnetic shunts made of thermalloy. The term ``Thermalloy'' is applied to a series of copper-nickel-iron alloys having a large negative temperature coeffcient of permeability and other unusual properties. These alloys are discussed in some detail, their manner of preparation and application being considered original. In the appendix, a novel magnetic thermometer utilizing thermalloy is described.
Submicroscopic spherules and color of tektites

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility measurements of 18 tektites from various strewn fields have been made as a function of temperature from 77°K to room temperature. A relatively large temperature-independent component of the magnetic susceptibility was observed in all cases, and an analysis of the data shows that this component is the result of submicroscopic iron spherules in the tektites. An analysis of the color of tektites in terms of the magnetic measurements and also of the optical absorption spectra suggests that the basic color of all tektites is green or greenish-blue, and that the brown to black coloration in some tektites is due to finely dispersed Fe 2 O 3 and/or many metallic spherules, both probably of colloidal size.
Parallel field programmable gate array particle filtering architecture for real-time neural signal processing

Both linear and nonlinear estimation algorithms have been successfully applied as neural decoding techniques in brain machine interfaces. Nonlinear approaches such as Bayesian auxiliary particle filters offer improved estimates over other methodologies seemingly at the expense of computational complexity. Real-time implementation of particle filtering algorithms for neural signal processing may become prohibitive when the number of neurons in the observed ensemble becomes large. By implementing a parallel hardware architecture, filter performance can be improved in terms of throughput over conventional sequential processing. Such an architecture is presented here and its FPGA resource utilization is reported.
Internet search using adaptive visualization

Automatically created maps of concepts improve navigation in large collections of text documents. My research in progress on leveraging navigation by interactively providing the ability to modify the maps themselves has led me to believe that this functionality increases responsiveness to the user and makes searching more effective. I explored both what adaptive features users perceive to be most helpful and the overall effect of adaptation on achieving information seeking goals.
A static simulation of dynamic delimited control

We present a continuation-passing-style (CPS) transformation for some dynamic delimited-control operators, including Felleisen's $\verb|control|$ and $\verb|prompt|$ , that extends a standard call-by-value CPS transformation. Based on this new transformation, we show how Danvy and Filinski's static delimited-control operators $\verb|shift|$ and $\verb|reset|$ simulate dynamic operators, allaying in passing some skepticism in the literature about the existence of such a simulation. The new CPS transformation and simulation use recursive delimited continuations to avoid undelimited control and the overhead it incurs in implementation and reasoning.
Transformation by rous sarcoma virus: effects on cellular glycolipids.

Abstract Chick embryo fibroblasts contain 4 types of sialosylglycolipids (SL-1, SL-2, SL-3 and SL-4), 1 neutral glycolipid (glucosylceramide, G-C), and a ceramide (C). SL-1 and SL-2 were identified as hematoside and disialohematoside respectively. After infection with Rous sarcoma viruses, the following changes occur: (i) The quantities of SL-2 and SL-3 are reduced to barely detectable levels in parallel with the development of neoplastic transformation in the cultures. (ii) A decrease in the quantities of SL-1 follows rather than accompanies transformation. (iii) The precursors, G-C and C, of the decreased glycolipids accumulate in transformed cells. (iv) The turnover rates of SL-1, SL-2, and SL-3 are accelerated in transformed cultures. Infection of chick embryo fibroblasts with RAV induces only minor shifts in the cellular glycolipid profile and does not measurably affect turnover rates. Cell density dependent alterations occur in the levels of some glycolipids but appear minor in comparison to the changes seen in neoplastic transformation. Those glycolipids which show an increase at high cell density in normal cultures are the same which are sharply decreased after transformation.
Right Hemispheric Mediation of Dream Visualization: A Case Study

Our paper addresses, as did a recent study by Greenwood et al. (1977), the question of differential right vs. left hemispheric involvement in REM-sleep dreaming. A male subject with extensive lesioning of the right hemisphere and consequent contralateral homonymous hemianopia was studied for 2 nights in a sleep laboratory where a dream report was collected following each of 6 awakenings from REM sleep. The subject's dream reports were typically sequential and narrative in form, but were lacking specifically in continuous visual imagery. The occasional visual images that appeared in the subject's dreams were described as fragmentary and static in nature. The subject also was unable to perform waking tasks requiring the kinematic representation of extrapersonal space. These observations support the hypotheses that dream narratives may derive from different neurocognitive sources than do the specifically visual realizations of those narratives, and that the visual mediation of dream experience may depend on right-hemispheric processing. Differences between our findings and those of Greenwood et al. may be attributable to differences in dream interview technique.
Limits on irradiation-induced thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity in silicon carbide materials

Thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of SiC materials is given for fast neutron fluences up to 7.7 · 10 25 n/ cm 2 at irradiation temperatures of 300, 500 and 800 � C. In situ radiation-induced conductivity is also measured for ionizing dose rates up to � 5 Gy/s (X-ray). Thermal conductivity degradation for CVD SiC is presented in detail exhibiting a substantial reduction from the non-irradiated value of � 370 W/m K. Thermal conductivity of irradiated stoichiometric fiber, CVI SiC matrix composite is also given. A thermal defect resistance approach is used to analyze this data yielding optimum irradiated thermal conductivity for SiC. Neutron irradiation has a permanent, but small effect on electrical conductivity. In the absence of impurity doping effects the neutron damage tends to increase resistivity by less than an order of magnitude. Those SiC materials with electrical resistivities less than � 0.1 S/m undergo little increase in conductivity due to ionizing irradiation, while more than a two order of magnitude increase in electrical conductivity is measured for the highest resistivity form of SiC studied. � 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The Surgical Therapy of Extracardiac Anomalous Pulmonary Drainage

The English surgical literature was reviewed for a 10-year period between 1950 and 1960. A total of 166 patients with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage treated surgically was found. Of this number, 65 patients had total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (40 per cent). Ninety-five patients (57 per cent) had anomalous venous drainage via extracardiac channels. The over-all survival rate for 166 patients was 74 per cent. The single lesion with the lowest survival rate (35 per cent) was total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage via a persistent left anterior cardinal vein. Of the 34 patients in this category, only three (9 per cent) had a complete repair of the anomalous drainage with survival. A series of 10 patients with anomalous venous drainage via extracardiac channels operated on with the aid of extracorporeal circulation is reported. There were three deaths. Drainage occurred via the superior vena cava (six patients), the coronary sinus (two patients), and a persistent left anterior cardinal vein (two patients). Included in the series is a fourth instance of successful complete repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage via a persistent left anterior cardinal vein. The clinical features, methods of repair, and perfusion data are reviewed. An important aspect of treatment for total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage is the realization that impedance of pulmonary venous outflow is extremely hazardous. It is suggested that pulmonary venous pressure be monitored when complete repair is contemplated. If complete occlusion of decompressive channels causes a significant increase in the pulmonary venous pressure, some avenue of decompression should be left; otherwise, venous infarction of the lungs with probable fatality will result.
Bacterial sepsis and GI tract GVHD: more commensal than you think.

Even in 2012, almost 45 years after the first successful allogeneic bone marrow transplants, infection remains the most common cause of nonrelapse transplant-related mortality.[1][1] Patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation have a substantially increased risk of
The expression of embryonic primary mesenchyme genes of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, in the adult skeletogenic tissues of this and other species of echinoderms

Adult tissues of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were analyzed for the products of a set of genes whose expression, in the embryo, is restricted to the skeletogenic primary mesenchyme (PM). Three embryonic PM-specific mRNAs were found to be abundant in adult skeletal tissues (test and lantern), but not in a variety of soft tissues. Homologous mRNAs were also found in skeletal tissues of the congeneric sea urchin, S. droebachiensis, as well as a more distantly related echinoid, Dendraster excentricus, and an asteroid, Evasterias troschellii. The distributions of two of these RNAs were analyzed in regenerating spines of adult S. purpuratus using in situ hybridization. These gene products were localized primarily in the calcoblasts that accumulated at the regeneration site. In nonregenerating spines SpLM 18 RNAs, the most abundant of these gene products, were localized in a small population of noncalcoblast cells scattered through the spine shaft, and were absent from calcoblasts. These observations suggest that a program of gene expression associated with the process of calcification is conserved both developmentally through the period of metamorphosis and evolutionarily among the echinoderms.
Managing Conflict: Policy and Research Implications

This concluding article highlights the importance of constructive conflict management in resolving conflicts arising from diversity. The authors discuss policy recommendations that include (1) implementing and evaluating constructive conflict management programs in schools as part of a core curriculum, (2) training individuals in nonschool settings (community-based workshops and organizations), and (3) designing cross-cultural programs for high-risk inner-city youth. Procedural modifications for the negotiation process as well as directions for future research are also discussed.
(210)Pb as a tracer of soil erosion, sediment source area identification and particle transport in the terrestrial environment.

Abstract Although 137Cs has been used extensively to study soil erosion and particle transport in the terrestrial environment, there has been much less work using excess or unsupported 210Pb (210Pbxs) to study the same processes. Furthermore, since 137Cs activities in soils are decreasing because of radioactive decay, some locations have an added complication due to the addition of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs, and the activities of 137Cs in the southern hemisphere are low, there is a need to develop techniques that use 210Pbxs to provide estimates of rates of soil erosion and particle transport. This paper reviews the current status of 210Pbxs methods to quantify soil erosion rates, to identify and partition suspended sediment source areas, and to determine the transport rates of particles in the terrestrial landscape. Soil erosion rates determined using 210Pbxs are based on the unsupported 210Pb (210Pbxs) inventory in the soil, the depth distribution of 210Pbxs, and a mass balance calibration (‘conversion model’) that relates the soil inventory to the erosion rate using a ‘reference site’ at which neither soil erosion nor soil deposition has occurred. In this paper several different models are presented to illustrate the effects of different model assumptions such as the timing, depth and rates of the surface soil mixing on the calculated erosion rates. The suitability of model assumptions, including estimates of the depositional flux of 210Pbxs to the soil surface and the post-depositional mobility of 210Pb are also discussed. 210Pb can be used as one tracer to permit sediment source area identification. This sediment ‘fingerprinting’ has been extended far beyond using 210Pb as a single radioisotope to include numerous radioactive and stable tracers and has been applied to identifying the source areas of suspended sediment based on underlying rock type, land use (roads, stream banks, channel beds, cultivated or uncultivated lands, pasture lands, forested lands, construction sites, undisturbed lands) or style of erosion (sheet wash, rills, bank). The transport time of particles in the terrestrial system can be estimated using 7Be/210Pbxs radionuclide ratios and from mass balance models of 210Pbxs and/or 7Be in streams. Watershed residence times can be calculated from the radionuclide inventory and the erosional loss rate.
Spanish for Native Speakers: Freirian and Vygotskian Perspectives

This article offers an alternative to the two approaches to teaching Spanish to adolescent and college level bilingual native speakers interested in developing their Spanish abilities. The argument is made that both the “limited normative” and the “comprehensive” approaches to Spanish for native speakers (SNS) strongly reflect synthetic and banking education curricular perspectives. Consequently, students are denied a voice in a curriculum that ignores social, historical and individual matters of concern. An alternative approach to SNS is identified and discussed. This approach draws heavily from Paulo Freire's problem-posing procedure for critical dialogue, and Lev Vygotsky's theory of social learning. The Freirian perspective gives primacy to critical reflection and action, with language development as a by-product of authentic purposeful social interaction among students and between the teacher and the students about topics that matter to students. The Vygotskian perspective shows why social interaction leads to individual learning and language development. Together, the two perspectives offer a viable alternative to extant approaches to teaching Spanish to native bilingual speakers.
On the theories of gene regulation and differentiation in eukaryotes

The interrelationships among recent theories on the regulation of gene activity and differentiation in higher organisms are reviewed. Interpretations within these theories of the various components of chromosomes are re-evaluated and a unified conceptual framework of hierarchical genetic control mechanisms in eukaryotes is presented.
Theoretical study of the reaction rates of OH+OH ⇔ H2O+O

The rate constants for the forward and reverse reaction of OH + OH to form H2O + O are calculated with variational transition state theory using an ab initio MCSCF electronic structure characterization of the reaction path on the two potential energy surfaces that correlate reactants with products. With the scaling of the potential barrier so as to match experiment at room temperature, excellent agreement with experiment for the forward direction is obtained over the full temperature range, including a sharp upward curvature above 1000 K. The excited state surface is shown to be important in this curvature, contributing over 35% of the rate constant at higher temperatures. For the reverse direction, it is argued that the H2O + O measured rates are about a factor of two too large, although this difference could be largely accounted for by uncertainty in the equilibrium constant. The calculated rate constants can be represented by the functional forms: k 1 ( T ) = 2.04 × 10 − 20 T 2.62 e 944.9 / T c m 3 / m o l e c − sec ⁡ k − 1 ( T ) = 2.46 × 10 − 19 T 2.60 e 7637 / T c m 3 / m o l e c − sec ⁡ over the temperature range of 300 K to 2000 K.
Frequent occurrence of myoclonus while awake and at rest, body rocking and marching in place in a subpopulation of patients with restless legs syndrome

While myoclonus awake and at rest, body rocking and marching in place have been occasionally reported to occur in idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS), it has not been previously noted that these clinical features occur frequently in a subpopulation of severely affected older RLS patients seeking medical attention for longstanding symptoms that have become progressively worse over the years. We studied 10 unrelated patients from this subpopulation and polysomnographically documented myoclonus while awake and at rest in 8, and intermittent night-time body rocking and marching in place in 6 by history and videotape. Also occurring frequently were the well-known clinical features of floor pacing, paresthesias, sleep disturbances, periodic movements of sleep (PMS), tendency for the signs and symptoms to be worse at night, and a family history suggestive of RLS.
Isocyanic Acid As A Laser Fuel

The potential of isocyanic acid as a fuel for a short-wavelength chemical laser has been investigated. The experiments were performed by carrying out reactions of F atoms with HNCO to obtain NCO radicals and with coreagents of the type RHn.to obtain R atoms. The NCO + R reactions occurred subsequently. The resulting chemiluminescence was observed to detect electronically excited NR* and other significantly emitting species. Eight coreagents, namely CH4, H20, PH3, NH3, HC1, HBr, SiH4 and B2H6, have been studied in this manner. The results indicate that the NCO radicals react with C, 0 and P atoms to generate the corresponding NR* species. Photon yields from these species have been determined. The CN(B X) photon yield was found to be the highest of all of these, however, the absolute value of the CN(B X) photon yield is low which may be due to the inefficiency of the C-atom production from the F + CH4 reaction. Research is being carried out to develop an efficient C-atom source.
General Education Oral Communication Assessment and Student Preferences for Learning: E-textbook versus Paper Textbook

As part of a yearly university mandated assessment of a large basic communication course that fulfills the oral communication general education requirement, this study examined student preferences for textbooks, reading, and learning. Specifically, basic course students (N=321) at a large state university in the Midwest were asked to complete a survey regarding paper textbook and e-textbook usage in their classes. The results indicated that neither reading the paper textbook nor the e-textbook was a predictor of grade, but comfort in accessing the e-textbook through the online portal was associated with grade. Many students reported strong preferences for paper textbook usage, and indicated several reasons for not liking or not using the e-textbook. The results of this assessment study could help communication course instructors make decisions about adopting e-textbooks versus paper textbooks, as well as alert them to the challenges students may experience with textbook reading.
Medical problem solving and uncertainty in the emergency department.

Study objective: To compare the diagnostic processes of experienced emergency physicians with those of novices. Design: Prospective, convenience sample of patients. Setting: Emergency department of a county university medical center in a large southwestern urban community. Participants: Experienced emergency physicians (attending and senior residents) and novice clinicians (junior residents and senior medical students). Interventions: Participants developed initial diagnostic impressions after reviewing the chief complaint, nurse triage notes, and vital signs. Tests were then selected, and a final diagnostic impression was identified after results were known. Clinicians also marked a visual analog scale corresponding to their estimate that each diagnostic possibility was correct. Results: Experienced physicians increased their certainty more than novices ( P = .014). They deviated from a standard history-physical-laboratory sequence more often than novices ( P = .008). Conclusion: Expertise in medical decision making is characterized by a moderate initial level of certainty concerning a diagnosis that significantly increases as the experienced clinician follows a flexible strategy of testing to arrive at a final diagnosis.
A study of texture in diamond films as functions of methane concentration during chemical vapor deposition and post-growth hydrogen treatment

We have studied effects of hydrogen on texture in diamond films grown by hot filament assisted chemical vapor deposition by utilizing x-ray diffraction (XRD). We present results for the relative intensities of the XRD peaks originating from the (111). (220), and (400) crystallographic planes as functions of CH4/H2 makeup during growth and post-growth H2 treatment of the films. The texture of the films can be controlled by varying composition of the CH4/H2 mixture during growth and also by subjecting films to hydrogen treatment. The complementary characterization of these films by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and positron annihilation techniques exemplifies a correlation among film texture, diamond contcnt, and dcnsity of the microvoids in the films.
Atherosclerosis in denervated and intact carotid arteries in rabbits.

SummaryThe effect of sympathetic de-nervation of one carotid artery, iris and cornea on the rate of atherosclerosis in these structures as compared to its neurally intact partner was studied in 19 male albino rabbits fed a diet containing 0.3% of cholesterol. Animals were sacrificed after receiving the diet for 18 to 54 weeks. The levels of serum cholesterol rose at markedly different rates and to different degrees. Similarly, the extent of atherosclerosis showed large individual differences not clearly related to the degree of hypercholesterolemia. The carotid vessels were less affected than the aorta and no consistent asymmetry in lipid deposition in the carotid vessels, iris or cornea was observed following unilateral adrenergic denervation.