cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probability and Population Genetics

Up to now we have mainly treated deterministic processes, although we have showed how to fit noisy data and to model stochastic chemical reactions. In fact, most biological data are intrinsically noisy, or random, due to the underlying nature of the process (e.g., mutation or genetic recombination), especially when combined with the often small numbers of “individuals” in many experiments. In this chapter, we discuss basic concepts of randomness and probability, and show how they may be applied in a variety of situations, concluding with a brief introduction to population genetics. A good basic treatment of probability in a biological context is the book by Adler [1].
Epidemiology of Pediatric Strabismus

Recognition and diagnosis of the individual forms of childhood strabismus are important for the best preservation of visual function. Esotropia is the most common form of pediatric ocular deviation in the West, whereas exotropia predominates in the East. Accommodative esotropia is the most prevalent form of strabismus in the West, comprising half of all esodeviations. Congenital, or infantile, esotropia accounts for less than 10% of all pediatric esotropia, a figure much smaller than once widely believed. Intermittent exotropia is the second most common form of childhood strabismus in the West and the most commonly diagnosed form of exodeviation worldwide. Hyperdeviations are uncommon, with fourth cranial nerve palsy being the most prevalent etiology. Major independent risk factors associated with strabismus development include: prematurity, central nervous system (CNS) impairment, low birth weight, family history, and refractive error. Recent studies have reported a decline in the number of surgeries performed for strabismus; however, population-based data of congenital esotropia in the United States confirms a more stable rate.
The Role of the Connective Tissue Matrix in Wound Healing: Fibroblast and Collagen Interactions

The damage and loss of skin initiates the repair process. In traumas in which there is only superficial loss of the epidermal surface, such as occurs in minor sunburn, the repair process is limited to regeneration of a new epidermal surface. The regeneration of the epidermis results from the migration and proliferation of epidermal cells residing in subepidermal appendages beneath the surface. The resurfacing of the injury site is rapid and complete with no structural changes occurring to the underlying dermis.
A multi-model framework to estimate perfusion parameters using contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging.

Purpose Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging has expanded the diagnostic potential of ultrasound by enabling real-time imaging and quantification of tissue perfusion. Several perfusion models and curve fitting methods have been developed to quantify the temporal behavior of tracer signal and standardize perfusion quantification. While the least-squares approach has traditionally been applied for curve fitting, it can be inadequate for noisy and complex data. Moreover, previous research suggests that certain perfusion models may be more relevant depending on the organ or tissue imaged. We propose a multi-model framework to select the most appropriate perfusion model and curve fitting method for each diagnostic application. Methods Our multi-model approach uses a system identification method, which estimates perfusion parameters from the model with the best fit to a given time-intensity curve. We compared current perfusion quantification methods that use a single perfusion model and curve fitting method and our proposed multi-model framework on bolus 3D dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) in vivo images obtained in mice implanted with a colon cancer, as well as on simulation data. The quality of fit in estimating perfusion parameters was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient, the coefficient of determination (R2 ), and the normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE) to ensure that the multi-model framework finds the best perfusion model and curve fitting algorithm. Results Our multi-model framework outperforms conventional single perfusion model approaches with least-squares optimization, providing more robust perfusion parameter estimation. R2 and NRMSE are 0.98 and 0.18, respectively, for our proposed method. By comparison, the performance of the traditional approach is much more dependent upon the selection of the appropriate model. The R2 and NRMSE are 0.91 and 0.31, respectively. Conclusions The proposed multi-model framework for perfusion modeling outperforms the current approach of single perfusion modeling using least-squares optimization and more robustly estimates perfusion parameters when using empiric data labeled by an expert as the gold standard. Our technique is minimally sensitive to issues affecting the accuracy of perfusion parameter estimation, including rise time, noise, region of interest size, and frame rate. This framework could be of key utility in modeling different perfusion systems in different tissues and organs.
16 – Cysteinyl Leukotrienes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of cysteinyl leukotrienes in bronchial asthma. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are synthesized and exported to the microenvironment by constitutive and infiltrating cells, including mast cells and eosinophils. These two cell types are known to be critical cells in the asthmatic lesion. Because of the proximity of these cells to the airway microvasculature and smooth muscle, it seems likely that cysteinyl leukotrienes produced by these cells act at leukotriene receptors on airway smooth muscle (ASM) and the bronchial vasculature, mediating airway obstruction and microvascular leak. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are potent bronchoconstrictor agonists. Laboratory-induced and spontaneous asthma is associated with an enhanced recovery of leukotrienes in the urine of subjects with asthma. The asthma control is enhanced, when compared to placebo, by agents capable of interfering with leukotriene action or synthesis. Although these data indicate that leukotrienes play a pivotal role in the asthmatic response, the way to use them most effectively in asthma treatment is not established and requires further clinical investigation.
Small gauge vitrectomy: operative techniques.

Purpose of review This article reviews operative techniques and risks associated with microincision vitrectomy surgery. Recent findings All three microincision vitrectomy surgery platforms (23, 25, and 27 gauge) are associated with both advantages and disadvantages, combined with similarly low rates of hypotony, endophthalmitis, corneal astigmatism, and postoperative inflammation. Summary Hybrid-gauge vitrectomy, utilizing larger gauge MIVS cannulas, preserves surgeon access to benefits of both larger and smaller gauge MIVS platforms without compromising safety, efficacy, or efficiency.
MicroRNA-7 directly targets Reg1 in pancreatic cells.

Regenerating islet-derived (Reg) proteins, which were first discovered in the pancreas, are associated with increased proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, and enhanced differentiation in normal ...
Molecular Diffusion in a-SiO2: Its Role in Annealing Radiation-Induced Defect Centers

The reversible annealing of E' centers (paramagnetic bridging oxygen vacancies) in a-Si02 at temperatures lower than about 300°C was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in samples of bulk dry a-SiO2 which were specially prepared with widely differing amounts of dissolved O2. It was found that all decreases in E' concentrations were exactly matched by increases in corresponding SiOO- (superoxide radical) concentrations, and that there was a pronounced persistence of E' centers at higher temperatures in oxygen-deficient samples. The annealing process was modelled by a diffusion-limited quasi-unimolecular reaction between dissolved O2 and fixed trapping centers in the context of the continuous time random walk (CTRW) formalism.
Three principles of data science: predictability, computability, and stability (PCS)

In this talk, I'd like to discuss the intertwining importance and connections of three principles of data science in the title and the PCS workflow that is built on the three principles. The principles will be demonstrated in the context of two collaborative projects in neuroscience and genomics for interpretable data results and testable hypothesis generation.
Twelve Years Unslaved: Lessons From Reconstruction and Brown for Contemporary School Leaders:

This conceptual analysis centers two historical periods in which Black communities in the United States secured educational rights for themselves in spite of (not because of) intervention from the ...
Combined microinvasive glaucoma surgery in osteogenesis imperfecta patient with refractory open angle glaucoma.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of refractory open angle glaucoma (POAG) in an osteogenesis imperfecta patient who was successfully treated with combination microinvasive glaucoma surgery: combined kahook blade goniotomy and ciliary sulcus suprachoroidal microtube insertion. Observation A 57-year-old woman with a history of osteoporosis, breast cancer, osteogenesis imperfecta, with uncontrolled POAG in right more than left. Anterior segment examination revealed thin blue sclera, the optic nerve examination revealed glaucomatous cupping with cup to disc ration of 0.9 in right and 0.7 in left. Her IOP on six (6) medications was 26 mmHg in the right eye. After discussion of the risks and benefits, she agreed to undergo combined kahook blade goniotomy and ciliary sulcus suprachoroidal microtube insertion surgery to lower her intraocular pressure. Her IOP at 6 months follow up was 13 in the right eye and a decrease number of medications from six (6) to three. Conclusion and importance Patients with OI have homogenously thinner sclera and conjunctiva which pose a challenge to traditional subconjunctival surgical methods. Combined kahook blade goniotomy and ciliary sulcus suprachoroidal microtube insertion surgery are bleb sparing operations that enhances aqueous outflow to the aqueous veins and supraciliary space to lower intraocular pressure.
Hypoxia tolerance is unrelated to swimming metabolism of wild, juvenile striped bass ( Morone saxatilis)

ABSTRACT Juvenile striped bass residing in Chesapeake Bay are likely to encounter hypoxia that could affect their metabolism and performance. The ecological success of this economically valuable species may depend on their ability to tolerate hypoxia and perform fitness-dependent activities in hypoxic waters. We tested whether there is a link between hypoxia tolerance (HT) and oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2) of juvenile striped bass measured while swimming in normoxic and hypoxic water, and to identify the interindividual variation and repeatability of these measurements. HT (loss of equilibrium) of fish (N=18) was measured twice collectively, 11 weeks apart, between which ṀO2 was measured individually for each fish while swimming in low flow (10.2 cm s−1) and high flow (∼67% of critical swimming speed, Ucrit) under normoxia and hypoxia. Both HT and ṀO2 varied substantially among individuals. HT increased across 11 weeks while the rank order of individual HT was significantly repeatable. Similarly, ṀO2 increased in fish swimming at high flow in a repeatable fashion, but only within a given level of oxygenation. ṀO2 was significantly lower when fish were swimming against high flow under hypoxia. There were no clear relationships between HT and ṀO2 while fish were swimming under any conditions. Only the magnitude of increase in HT over 11 weeks and an individual9s ṀO2 under low flow were correlated. The results suggest that responses to the interacting stressors of hypoxia and exercise vary among individuals, and that HT and change in HT are not simple functions of aerobic metabolic rate.
Evaluating Resilience as a Predictor of Outcomes in Lung Transplant Candidates

Purpose Resilience can be defined as a patient's capacity to adapt to or recover from adverse experiences. We hypothesize that resilience may be an important factor associated with lung transplant outcomes. Our objective was to describe resilience in lung transplant candidates and examine resilience as a potential predictor of lung transplant outcomes. Methods Adult lung transplant candidates on the waiting list between 9/16/2015 to 10/1/2019 at six transplant centers were mailed prospective questionnaires which included the validated Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (RISC-10). Non-responders were declared non-participators after three recruitment attempts by mail. Demographics and transplant-related outcomes were recorded. Results Survey metrics were excellent with 56.9% participation (N = 199) and Conclusion In lung transplant candidates, resilience was comparable to population norms. However, one in six lung transplant candidates had low resilience. Addressing stress may be a potential target for improving resilience in future studies.
Photoreactive nanogels as versatile polymer networks with tunable in situ drug release kinetics.

A simple, yet powerful approach to synthesize photoreactive nanogel networks <5 nm that can swell between ~3 and ~200 times their initial radius with control over the size and surface charge via a solution polymerization reaction protocol was demonstrated. Nanogels with hydrodynamic radii from 0.9 nm to 3.2 nm and surface charges from -6.4 mV to -16.5 mV with dramatically different abilities to swell were synthesized by altering the solvent ratio before synthesis. Additionally, the control over the release kinetics of a small molecule over a period of 30 days was demonstrated by the methacrylate functionalization of the nanogels post-synthesis and the subsequent photo-aggregation of the nanogels. Thepotential to control the release of small molecule drugs via the concentration of photoreactive groups and the photo-induced aggregation of the nanogels offers the unique ability to tailor the in situ release kinetics of the delivery network.
Evaluating first year seminar student success by developing a signature assignment: A case study

First Year Seminars have been found to positively impact student experience and retention in universities, especially in large-outcome measures such as grade point average, retention rates, and ult...
Association of Life's Simple 7 with Atrial Fibrillation Burden (From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study).

The American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metric consists of 7 modifiable risk factors. Although a more favorable LS7 risk factor profile is associated with lower AF incidence, this relation is unknown in regard to AF burden. We assessed the prospective association of overall LS7 score and individual LS7 risk factors in midlife with AF burden in late-life in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. LS7 components were assessed at Visit 3 (1993 to 1995) and a composite score ranging from 0 to 14 was calculated. A higher score indicates better cardiovascular health. AF burden was measured at Visit 6 (2016 to 2017) with a 2-week Zio XT Patch. AF burden, defined as the percent of time a participant was in AF, was categorized as none, intermittent (>0 to
Understanding Park Visitors’ Response to Interventions to Reduce Petrified Wood Theft:

This study examined why theft of petrified wood at Petrified Forest National Park occurred and how designed interventions worked to inhibit the performance of that behavior. This evaluation was bas...
Economic Crisis, Adjustment and Living Standards in Mexico: 1982-1985

This paper presents an estimate of the impact of economic crisis and adjustment on the living standards of the Mexican population between 1982 and 1985. The analysis is based on information on wage and nonwage incomes, unemployment, functional income distribution, changes in public expenditures, and social indicators. The specific questions addressed are: What happened to agricultural and nonagricultural wage and nonwage incomes? How did unemployment and the composition of employment change? What was the impact of fiscal cuts on social expenditures and food subsidies? Were social services affected by declining resources? Did social indicators worsen? In addition, households' strategies in response to declining incomes are briefly discussed. Finally, conjectures are made regarding which population groups were hurt most by the crisis. The results indicate that the crisis and adjustment process left Mexico with a relatively impoverished middle class and with rising poverty.
Design and Comparative Performance of a Robust Lung Auscultation System for Noisy Clinical Settings

Chest auscultation is a widely used clinical tool for respiratory disease detection. The stethoscope has undergone a number of transformative enhancements since its invention, including the introduction of electronic systems in the last two decades. Nevertheless, stethoscopes remain riddled with a number of issues that limit their signal quality and diagnostic capability, rendering both traditional and electronic stethoscopes unusable in noisy or non-traditional environments (e.g., emergency rooms, rural clinics, ambulatory vehicles). This work outlines the design and validation of an advanced electronic stethoscope that dramatically reduces external noise contamination through hardware redesign and real-time, dynamic signal processing. The proposed system takes advantage of an acoustic sensor array, an external facing microphone, and on-board processing to perform adaptive noise suppression. The proposed system is objectively compared to six commercially-available acoustic and electronic devices in varying levels of simulated noisy clinical settings and quantified using two metrics that reflect perceptual audibility and statistical similarity, normalized covariance measure (NCM) and magnitude squared coherence (MSC). The analyses highlight the major limitations of current stethoscopes and the significant improvements the proposed system makes in challenging settings by minimizing both distortion of lung sounds and contamination by ambient noise.
Age-related alterations to working memory and to pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys begin in early middle-age and are partially ameliorated by dietary curcumin.

Abstract Layer 3 (L3) pyramidal neurons in aged rhesus monkey lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) exhibit significantly elevated excitability in vitro and reduced spine density compared to neurons in young subjects. The time-course of these alterations, and whether they can be ameliorated in middle age by the powerful anti-oxidant curcumin is unknown. We compared the properties of L3 pyramidal neurons from the LPFC of behaviorally characterized rhesus monkeys over the adult lifespan using whole-cell patch clamp recordings and neuronal reconstructions. Working memory (WM) impairment, neuronal hyperexcitability, and spine loss began in middle age. There was no significant relationship between neuronal properties and WM performance. Middle-aged subjects given curcumin exhibited better WM performance and less neuronal excitability compared to control subjects. These findings suggest that the appropriate time frame for intervention for age-related cognitive changes is early middle age, and points to the efficacy of curcumin in delaying WM decline. Because there was no relationship between excitability and behavior, the effects of curcumin on these measures appear to be independent.
Correspondence Analysis for Mineral Commodity Research: An Example Workflow for Mineralized Calderas, Southwest United States

Historical mine and mineral deposit datasets are routinely used to inform quantitative mineral assessment models, but they also can contain a wealth of supplementary qualitative information that is generally underutilized. We present a workflow that uses correspondence analysis, an exploratory tool commonly applied to multivariate abundance data, to better utilize qualitative data in these historical datasets. The workflow involves extraction of qualitative information on ore mineralogy from a mineral deposit database, attaches those data to a target geological feature, and analyzes the underlying data structure with correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering. The output of correspondence analysis is inversely weighted to the relative frequency of ore minerals, and therefore rare mineral species (i.e., those with unusually low frequencies) can disproportionately contribute to the total variance of the dataset. We present a novel technique for aggregating frequencies of rare mineral species that minimizes this effect. We apply this workflow to evaluate how ore mineral assemblages in former and active mines vary in spatial relation to silicic calderas in the southwestern United States. The most common ore mineral associations observed spatially and genetically associated to calderas include those related to polymetallic, base metal-rich systems and epithermal Au–Ag systems. Three other groups of mineralized calderas were identified, including: (1) Hg–Sb mineralized calderas in the northern Great Basin and western Nevada volcanic field; (2) calderas associated with elevated abundances of Mn oxides/hydroxides, fluorite, and Be-minerals, mostly in eastern Utah and New Mexico; and (3) calderas with numerous U ± F deposits, which are located in central Colorado, the eastern Great Basin and in northern Nevada. The latter three groups are associated with economically significant critical mineral resources, including the Li resources of the McDermitt complex and Be associated with the Spor Mountain on the margin of the Thomas caldera complex. We conclude that correspondence analysis is a promising technique that can enhance data exploration of the qualitative information held within mineral deposit datasets. Consequently, it could have numerous applications for mineral potential mapping, resource assessment projects, and characterization of mineral systems.
THE ROLE OF SLEEP IN THE RELATION BETWEEN COMMUNITY VIOLENCE EXPOSURE AND DELINQUENCY AMONG LATINO ADOLESCENTS

Little is known about factors that account for the link between community violence exposure (CVE) and delinquency among adolescents. Sleep is one factor that warrants attention, given the poor sleep habits found among many adolescents and its relation to CVE and delinquent behaviors. Further, given the growing rate of Latino youth in the United States, and their risk for CVE, examining factors that account for this relation among Latino youth is essential for developing culturally sensitive interventions. This study evaluated whether sleep problems accounted for the link between CVE and delinquency among a sample of 144 Latino adolescents (54% male; ages 14­–19 years). CVE and sleep problems were uniquely related to delinquency. Further, Meeker's test of indirect effects indicated that sleep problems partially accounted for the relation between CVE and delinquency. Interventions targeting sleep problems in Latino adolescents may aid in reducing delinquency among Latino adolescents, particularly for those with CVE.
Integrated power supply packaging technique with reduced parasitic inductance for on-die voltage regulator design and application

On-die voltage regulator can improve load regulation, facilitate power management, reduce crosstalk, eliminate transient spikes, and save the board space as well as interconnect pin-counts. This paper presents an integrated circuit package design that provides a low inductance power supply with the capacitive stabilizer for an on-die voltage regulator. A novel 3D design using layered inter-digitated structure is composed of inter-leaved power and ground tracks configured to introduce the negative mutual inductive coupling in between. This design leads to significant reduction of the total parasitic loop inductance, which is verified by electromagnetic simulation using Ansys Q3D. The voltage drop simulated by Spice models is also greatly improved using the proposed layered inter-digitated structure.
Dependence of the folding and import of the precursor to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase on the nature of the cell-free translation system.

The precursor to mitochondrial aspartate amino-transferase (pmAspAT), when newly synthesized in vitro using either rabbit reticulocyte lysate (RRL) or wheat germ extract (WGE), is highly susceptible to proteolysis. Treatment of these translation products with trypsin generates a characteristic pattern of proteolytic fragments which differs between WGE and RRL. pmAspAT synthesized in RRL acquires over time the trypsin resistance characteristic of purified recombinant pmAspAT in a process that reflects folding of the nascent protein in a cytosolic-like environment and results in the loss of its ability to be imported into mitochondria (Mattingly, J.R., Jr., Youssef, J., Iriarte, A., and Martinez-Carrion, M. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3925-3937). Folding in RRL is temperature-dependent. By contrast, pmAspAT synthesized in WGE does not acquire trypsin resistance at any temperature and is unable to be imported into isolated mitochondria. Yet, addition of RRL to the protein synthesized in WGE restores both the folding and import processes. This effect is temperature and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive and requires ATP. We have also detected that newly synthesized pmAspAT, in both the mammalian (RRL) and plant (WGE) environments, associates at an early stage, possibly cotranslationally, with cytosolic hsp70. This complex is transient and short-lived in RRL but is stable for protein synthesized in WGE. The mature form of the protein is also found associated with hsp70 early on during its synthesis. Yet, in RRL, it dissociates from the complex more easily than its precursor form. This suggests that the interaction between the precursor and hsp70 is at least partially dependent on the signal peptide. The dissociation of the precursor/hsp70 complex seems to precede ATP-requiring subsequent folding steps. Furthermore, release of precursor from this complex, either to be imported into mitochondria or to resume folding when in the absence of mitochondria, appears to be influenced by other factor(s) present in RRL but absent or inhibited in WGE.
Direct radioimmunoassay of urinary estrogen and pregnanediol glucuronides during the menstrual cycle

Abstract Assays measuring immunoreactive estrone glucuronide (E 1 G), estradiol-3-glucuronide (E 2 -3G), estradiol-17β-glucorine (E 2 -17G), estriol-3-glucuronide (E 3 -3G), estriol-16αλucuronide (E 3 -16G), and pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide (Pd-3G) directly in diluted urine were developed and validated. These etrogen and pregnanediol glucuronide fractions were measured in aliquots of 24-hour and overnight samples of urine collected daily form seven women for one menstrual cycle. Urinary hormone excretion was correlated with daily serum estradiol (E 2 ), progesterone (P), and luteinizing hormone (LH) level. A sharp midcyle LH peak preceded by a preovulatory rise in serum E 2 and followed by luteal phase serum P levels were noted in each of the seven apparently ovulatory cycles. Twenty-four-hour and overnight urinary excretion patterns of estrogen glucuronides were similar to those of serum E 2 . Of the five estrogen glucuronide fractions tested, excretion of E 2 -17G exhibited the earliest and steepest ascending slope of the preovularoy estrogen surge and correlated best with serum E 2 levels. Urinary excretion of E 1 -G, E 2 -3G, and E 3 -16G also showed an early and steep preovulatory rise and precede that of E 3 -3G, whereas urinary excretion of E 3 -3G exhibited the poorest correlation with serum E 2 concentrations. The urinary excretion of Pd-3G rose parallel to serum P levels and was markedly elevated 2 to 3 days after the midcycle LH peak in both 24-hour and overnight collections of urine. These results indicate that among the urinary estrogen conjugate fractions tested, E 2 -17G is the one that most suitably predicts ovulation. The marked differences between preovulatory and postovulatory Pd-3G excretion and the fact that miligram quantities of Pd-3G are excreted each day render measurements of Pd-3G useful for the detection of ovulation and suggest that relatively simple immunochemical or enzymatic (dipstick) techniques may be developed successfully.
Immundefizienz und Krebs

Durch den enormen Fortschritt der Medizin ist die Lebenserwartung von Organtransplantatempfangern und HIV-Patienten deutlich gestiegen. Ein Problem der langjahrigen Immunsuppression ist die erhohte Zahl an Neoplasien, die in den letzten Jahren beobachtet wird. Neben Veranderungen der zellularen Kontrollmechanismen ist insbesondere fur das Zervix- und Analkarzinom die Infektion mit humanen Papillomviren als eine wichtige pathogenetische Ursache bekannt. Alle Risikopatienten sollten daher jahrlich auf das Vorliegen von analen Dysplasien untersucht werden. Aufgrund des raschen Progresses von initialen Veranderungen zu schwerer Dysplasie ist eine jahrliche Untersuchung und fruhzeitige Therapie dysplastischer Veranderungen notwendig.
Solid-state stability testing of drugs by isothermal calorimetry.

A new technique has been developed to calculate rapidly the solid-state room-temperature degradation rate of drugs and drug candidates. The technique utilizes measurements of the initial rate of heat output at several elevated temperatures by isothermal calorimetry and the degradation rate of the compound determined at a single elevated temperature by chromatography. The activation energies and degradation rates at 25°C calculated by conventional methods and by isothermal calorimetry are compared and discussed. The compounds studied were phenytoin, triamterene, digoxin, tetracycline, theophylline, diltiazem, and several proprietary ICI compounds.
Internet Security Standards

The Internet Engineering Task Force, under the Danvers Doctrine, is attempting to offer strong security in all or nearly all TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) standards. In the meantime, organizations can overlay security on top of the Internet with dialog protection systems, most notably Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol and IPsec (IP security) virtual private networks. This chapter discusses both of these approaches to making the Internet more secure. It also looks at how we can make the Internet more forensic, that is, more capable of stopping attacks when they occur and more capable of identifying attackers. Keywords: cryptographic systems; forensic; Internet engineering task force (IETF); IP security (IPsec); point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP); TCP/IP
On the last Brown conjecture.

In 1911 E.W. Brown conjectured that the family of the long-periodic “horseshoes” in the theory of the Trojan asteroids terminates in an asymptotic orbit that passes through the Lagrangian point L2 at t = ± ∞
Dietary Influences of Evening Primrose and Fish Oil on the Skin of Essential Fatty Acid-Deficient Guinea Pigs

There have been reports that certain dietary lipids are capable of regulating cellular inflammation and hyperproliferation. To investigate further the role of dietary manipulation involving gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) on hyperproliferative cellular components, the effects of orally administered primrose oil (containing 18:3n-6) and menhaden fish oil (containing 20:5n-3) were tested in a cutaneous system using the essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient guinea pig fed a hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) diet. The effects of the dietary crossover regimen were determined on epidermal 1) morphology, 2) DNA synthesis, 3) delta 6- and delta 5-desaturase activities and 4) fatty acid composition of skin and liver lipids. Our results demonstrated that dietary fish oil lacked the capacity to reverse the signs of epidermal hyperproliferation, acanthosis and hypergranulosis that are characteristic of EFA deficiency. In contrast, primrose oil feeding reversed the histological and biochemical signs of hyperproliferation. These results suggest that dietary fish oil, which contains largely the 20:5n-3 fatty acid, lacks EFA-functional properties in the skin. In addition, substitution of HCO with primrose or fish oil after 6 wk revealed incorporation of 18:3n-6 and 20:5n-3 into epidermal lipids, respectively. The significance of these altered epidermal fatty acid profiles is discussed.
Teacher Expectations: Effects on Dyadic Interactions and Self-Concept in Elementary Age Children.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of teacher expectations on specific teacher-student behaviors occurring during physical education instruction. The study further described the effects of teacher expectations on the development of the student's self-concept. Five elementary school teachers were asked to rate their students according to how they expected each to perform in terms of physical achievement. A total of 100 students, the highest 10 and the lowest 10, in each of the five classes, comprised the sample. All five teachers used in the study were experienced physical education teachers who had previous instructional experience with the children under observation. A dyadic version of Cheffers Adaptation of Flanders Interaction Analysis System was the observational tool used to identify the teacher-student behaviors. The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale for Children was used to determine whether there were self-concept differences between the two groups. The results o...
Visions and voices: HIV in the 21st century. Indigent persons living with HIV/AIDS in the southern USA use photovoice to communicate meaning

Visions and voices: HIV in the 21st century used photovoice, an innovative and action oriented qualitative method of participatory action research,1–5 to uncover the realities of indigent persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) through photographic documentation and Paolo Freirean-based critical dialogue, and share these new understandings with local community members …
A Collaboration of Providers and Registered Nurses on Early Assessment and Identification of Patients with Risk Factors for Postpartum Hemorrhage

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program To prevent harm to the woman, health care providers and nursing staff collaborated to implement early identification triggers for women at risk of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Audit information was collected from six women who experienced PPH in May 2014. The obstetric units consist of 16 beds in the labor and delivery unit and 15 beds in the mother/infant unit in a community‐based medical center. During the audits, the chief of obstetrics and the administrative director questioned if the hemorrhages could have been prevented. Proposed Change Nursing staff receive education on PPH, and a hemorrhage cart is accessible on the individual units. Provider involvement became essential as concern was voiced over lack of patient information during physician hand‐off. Literature review took place and evidence was presented during a perinatal collaborative meeting consisting of physicians, nurses, quality representatives, and the risk manager. The Maternal Safety Bundle for Obstetric Hemorrhage published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guided creation the program. Quarterly, nursing staff are taught to recognize PPH. Early recognition and prevention of PPH were ranked as top priorities that fueled the implementation of the project. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Education was performed with health care providers and nurses on a trigger tool constructed for women at risk of PPH. During initial assessment of the woman in triage or labor, the nurse is able to identify medium or high risk of PPH by using a laminated risk assessment tool found at each bedside. The trigger tool includes risk factors from the antepartum period, admission to labor and delivery, and the intrapartum period. At any time during changes in levels of care, the woman can be identified as being at medium or high risk for PPH, and a two‐dimensional magnet will placed on the doorframe outside her room. Continuous evaluation is performed to ensure trigger tool and visual cues are used. Implications for Nursing Practice The magnet is a visual cue for nursing staff and other health care providers to indicate that a woman is at risk of PPH. The visual cue is useful when entering the room of a woman who is giving birth or when performing postpartum assessment of a woman with whom the provider is not familiar. The provider is now alerted to an increased risk of hemorrhage. Nursing staff appreciate the visual cue when a call bell is activated.
Short photoperiods reduce winter energy requirements of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus

Adult male voles were maintained for 10 weeks in long or short photoperiods (14 or 10 hr light/day) at 23°C and then for 6 days at 10°C., Short photoperiod voles weighed, approximately 20% less and consumed 36% and 42% fewer calories than did long-day animals at 23°C and 10°C. respectively. Relative energy intake (kcal/g body mass) was lower for short- than long-day voles at 10°C. Short-day animals gathered more nesting material than their long-day counterparts at both ambient temperatures. Absolute as well as relative wet weights of interscapular brown adipose tissue were reduced in short-day voles and their testes were regressed. Two types of dorsal pelage hairs were longer in short- than in long-day voles; a dense undergrowth of light gray hairs, present in all short-day voles, was completely absent or only sparsely represented in the pelage of long-day animals. Photoperiod is a major proximate factor mediating winter adaptations of meadow voles: By decreasing body mass and reducing food requirements. short photoperiods presumably diminish winter foraging activity and energy devoted to thermoregulation. Increases in nest-building activity, growth of a winter pelage, and testicular regression are other changes induced by short daylengths that facilitate survival of over-wintering voles.
VIZR—an automated chemometric technique for metabolic profiling

A chemometric technique, visual interpretation of z-score ratios (VIZR), written in the open source code R, has been developed to identify metabolic differences between individual biosamples and a control group. To demonstrate the capabilities of VIZR, 49 urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers: 41 samples were collected randomly following a normal dietary routine and 7 test samples were collected after dietary supplementation with either ibuprofen or alcoholic beverages. An eighth test sample was prepared by 50 % dilution of a control sample. Sample analysis was conducted by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the collected data were subjected to VIZR analysis, which successfully discriminated each of the 8 test samples from the 41 control samples. In addition, VIZR analysis revealed the NMR spectral regions responsible for the disparity between the individual test samples and the control group. The self-normalizing nature of the VIZR calculation provides a robust analysis independent of dilution effects, which is especially important in urine analyses. Potential applications of VIZR include high-throughput data analysis for toxicological profiling, disease diagnosis, and biomarker identification in any type of biosample for which a control dataset can be established. Although demonstrated herein for the statistical analysis of 1H NMR data, the VIZR program is platform independent and could be applied to digitized metabolic datasets acquired using other techniques including hyphenated mass spectrometry measurements.
Genetic Susceptibility for Alzheimer Disease Neuritic Plaque Pathology

Importance While numerous genetic susceptibility loci have been identified for clinical Alzheimer disease (AD), it is important to establish whether these variants are risk factors for the underlying disease pathology, including neuritic plaques. Objectives To investigate whether AD susceptibility loci from genome-wide association studies affect neuritic plaque pathology and to additionally identify novel risk loci for this trait. Design, Setting, and Participants Candidate analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and genome-wide association study in a joint clinicopathologic cohort, including 725 deceased subjects from the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project (2 prospective, community-based studies), followed by targeted validation in an independent neuroimaging cohort, including 114 subjects from multiple clinical and research centers. Main Outcomes and Measures A quantitative measure of neuritic plaque pathologic burden, based on assessments of silver-stained tissue averaged from multiple brain regions. Validation based on β-amyloid load by immunocytochemistry, and replication with fibrillar β-amyloid positron emission tomographic imaging with Pittsburgh Compound B or florbetapir. Results Besides the previously reportedAPOEandCR1loci, we found that theABCA7(rs3764650;P = .02) andCD2AP(rs9349407;P = .03) AD susceptibility loci are associated with neuritic plaque burden. In addition, among the top results of our genome-wide association study, we discovered a novel variant near the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP, rs2829887) that is associated with neuritic plaques (P = 3.3 × 10−6). This polymorphism was associated with postmortem β-amyloid load as well as fibrillar β-amyloid in 2 independent cohorts of adults with normal cognition. Conclusions and Relevance These findings enhance understanding of AD risk factors by relating validated susceptibility alleles to increased neuritic plaque pathology and implicate common genetic variation at theAPPlocus in the earliest, presymptomatic stages of AD.
Communication of food quality in captiveMacaca nemestrina and free-rangingAteles geoffroyi

While observational learning and social communication of feeding behavior have been demonstrated several times for edible foods, to date there has been no experimental evidence for learning to avoid distasteful or inedible foods by social cues in primates. A series of experiments on captive pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and free-ranging spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) was performed to determine if members of these two species would avoid a food item that was rejected by a conspecific. The results indicated that, while individuals were capable of learning to avoid a distasteful food after personal experience, social cues were not sufficient to prevent other individuals from tasting the rejected foods or for discriminating between neutral and distasteful items. The results are discussed in terms of spacing patterns and visual access in the natural foraging situation.
Adriamycin cardiotoxicity and proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation properties

Abstract Present noninvasive techniques to detect Adriamycin (doxorubicin) cardiotoxicity rely on assessment of myocardial function rather than direct observation of change in tissue character. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging may provide a unique means of characterizing the myocardium. The relaxation properties T 1 and T 2 are related to certain biophysical properties of tissue such as water, lipid, and macromolecular content and have considerable impact on the intensity observed in nuclear magnetic resonance images. In a model of chronic Adriamycin cardiotoxicity in rats, T 1 values of excised hearts were elevated, relative to control, in rats with histologic evidence of chronic cardiotoxicity (651 msec vs 622 msec, p p 2 was observed. This T 1 prolongation increases as disease worsens, whereas water concentration did not change significantly. The results suggest that predictable prolongation in T 1 occurs in association with cardiotoxicity. In conclusion, proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging methods could provide a new means for assessing Adriamycin cardiotoxicity.
The junction depth of concentration-dependent diffusion. Zinc in III–V compounds

Abstract The dependence of the junction depth on various parameters in a concentration-dependent diffusion is considered. The result is applicable to any diffusion in which the diffusion coefficient is expressible in terms of the ratio of the concentration to the surface concentration, and decreases at low concentrations. In particular, the process of interstitial-substitutional diffusion is investigated. The derived expression of the junction depth is compared and found in agreement with the experimental results of zinc diffusion in some III–V compound semiconductors. This result enables one to predict the junction depth under various experimental conditions. It also supports an interstitial-substitutional mechanism for zinc diffusion in all the semiconductors under consideration.
Modelling of radiocesium transfer in the lichen-reindeer/caribou-wolf food chain

The environmental contaminate radiocesium (cesium-137) has been shown to be of value as a marker in food selection and intake studies. Its greatest potential value as a food marker is in the subarctic/arctic regions, particularly in the lichen to reindeer/caribou to wolf food chain. A kinetic model describing the movement of radiocesium through the food chain has been developed using the SAAM computer program and is presented here. The program has been written so that the various paramenters affecting the transfer of radiocesium in the food chain can be altered more realistically to describe the system being modeled. The values of the parameters as given in this example are realistic for interior Alaska, however caution should be exercised in the application of the present results to regions that may be vastly different from the Alaskan interior without first evaluating the parameters and assumptions of the model.
Is the hygiene hypothesis still a viable explanation for the increased prevalence of asthma

The hygiene hypothesis states that a reduced exposure to allergens in early life is solely implicated in the growing propensity for allergy sensitization. Important elements of the hypothesis include helminth infection, exposure to endotoxins, exposure to pets and growing up on a farm. However, the hygiene hypothesis alone does not provide an adequate explanation for the observed increase in allergic disease. For example, in North American inner cities, asthma is increasing among children who live in very poor housing, which might be assumed to be somewhat dirty. In order to explain the increase in asthma, we need to take a broader view and also consider alterations related to the adoption of a western lifestyle. It has been suggested that lifestyle changes related to obesity (e.g. a change in diet) are associated with asthma. Other changes include a progressive decrease in physical activity. This lifestyle factor seems to correlate best with the recent increase in asthma. Clearly, the link between physical activity and asthma needs to be investigated in more detail.
From atoms to systems: a cross-disciplinary approach to complement-mediated functions.

Abstract With an ever-increasing wealth of information made available to researchers from expanding genomic sequence and protein structure databases, traditional experimentation and research are being drastically revisited. The unidirectional study of single molecules and pathways is being replaced by a combinatorial and cross-disciplinary platform that investigates interactive biological systems and dynamic networks. The complement system constitutes an ideal paradigm of how this concept is being applied in the field of contemporary immunology. Our laboratory has adopted such a cross-disciplinary approach in elucidating key aspects of complement functions and determining the role of several complement proteins in both inflammatory and developmental processes. Here we discuss recent findings pertaining to the rational development of complement inhibitors, our studies on protein–protein interactions and our progress in the study of viral immune evasion and complement evolution. Furthermore, we present recent studies implicating complement components in complex developmental processes, such as organ regeneration, hematopoietic development, and stem cell engraftment.