cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design Principles for Civil Structures

Although the term structural health monitoring (SHM) has gained prominence recently, its basis and motivation can be traced to the very earliest endeavors of mankind to conceptualize, construct, worry about deterioration, and then attempt to repair (or otherwise prolong the life) of a structure. Thus, it represents an attempt at deriving knowledge about the actual condition of a structure, or system, with the aim of not just knowing that its performance may have deteriorated, but rather to be able to assess remaining performance levels and life. In the case of civil structures where the expected service life is high (30–75+ years), where structures are repeated but are often one of a kind, and which are expected to continue performing in harsh and changing outdoor environments with low levels of inspection and maintenance, the needs of an SHM system are somewhat different from those used in aircraft and with machinery. The design principles are intrinsically related to the specifics of the structure including configuration and necessity of considering an outdoor environment. Keywords: civil infrastructure; bridges; overload; connections; time-dependent deterioration; traffic load
New Potential for Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Cells taken at a stage of embryo development have the potential to differentiate into all of the different tissue types of an organism. These embryonic stem (ES) cells are therefore of great interest in possible transplant therapies for genetic disease. ES cells have previously been obtained from some mammalian species, but not others. In his Perspective, Gearhart discusses a report in the same issue by [ Thomson et al. ][1] in which the successful derivation of ES cell lines from human cells is described. This achievement may open doors to genetic therapy, but additional research and resolution of practical issues will be necessary. As Gearhart describes, one such issue is the current prohibition by U.S. federal law of federally funded research on embryonic cells, and this legislation will need to be reexamined in light of these new developments. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/282/5391/1145
III-V nitride-based two terminal devices for high power, high-frequency applications

III-V Nitride devices have demonstrated impressive high frequency, power and noise performance. Basic transport studies have also been performed theoretically and experimentally in these materials and are primarily driven by the need for better understanding of High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) properties. Although finther investigations are necessary to fully understand the transport properties of IIIV Nitride devices, the studies reported so far suggest the possibility of realizing two-terminal Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) diodes based on these materials. In this paper, the transport characteristics of III-V Nitrides are reviewed first, followed by a presentation of the expected high frequency and power performance. The technology necessary for realizing nitride NDR devices is discussed and first experimental characteristics are reported.
Correction of the deviated septum: from ancient Egypt to the endoscopic era

Background Obstructed nasal breathing can occur due to deviation of the nasal septum. When the external nose appears grossly normal and cosmesis is not the focus, septoplasty has been the procedure used to straighten the septum with the goal of improving nasal airflow. Septoplasty has evolved over time. Methods A historical literature review was conducted to look for primary source journal articles and medical conferences proccedings addressing the evolution of the septoplasty procedure. Results Early techniques involved forcible fractures and splinting. Submucous resection was the first major advancement in surgical technique. Once the complications resulting from this technique were observed, it was subsequently revised with attempts to better address the caudal septal deviation. Attention was then turned to better incorporating the role surrounding support structures, such as the upper lateral cartilages. The premaxilla-maxilla approach attempted to address the overall nasal structure to best improve nasal breathing. The advent of endoscopic technique has been the most recent shift in surgical technique with improved visualization allowing for targeted septoplasty and reoperation on complicated cases including pituitary and skull base surgery. Conclusion This paper discusses the evolution of septoplasty techniques over time from the initial undertakings of the ancient Egyptians to the modern-day septoplasty. While the principles behind septoplasty have remained much the same, experience has allowed for refinement of surgical technique. No doubt new instrumentations and innovations will further help to tailor the practice of septoplasty to the anatomy and functional needs of each individual patient.
Paternal age and mental health of offspring

The influence of paternal age on the risk for sporadic forms of Mendelian disorders is well known, but a burgeoning recent literature demonstrates, in addition, a paternal age effect for complex neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, and even for learning potential, expressed as intelligence. Mental illness is costly to patients, their family, and the public health system, accounting for the largest portion of disability costs in our economy. The delayed onset of neuropsychiatric conditions and lack of physical manifestations at birth are common frequencies in the population that have obscured the recognition that a portion of the risks for mental conditions is associated with paternal age. Identification of these risk pathways may be leveraged for knowledge about mental function and for future screening tests. However, only a small minority of at-risk offspring are likely to have such a psychiatric or learning disorder attributable to paternal age, including the children of older fathers.
Therapy for osteosarcoma: where do we go from here?

Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. Current optimal treatment for osteosarcoma consists of multi-agent chemotherapy and aggressive surgical resection of all sites of disease involvement. The current national and international cooperative trial for patients with newly diagnosed osteosarcoma builds upon the backbone of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate. This protocol is designed to clarify whether (i) the addition of ifosfamide and etoposide to postoperative chemotherapy with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate improves the event-free survival and overall survival for patients with resectable osteosarcoma and a poor histologic response to 10 weeks of preoperative chemotherapy; and (ii) the addition of pegylated interferon-α-2b as maintenance therapy after postoperative chemotherapy with cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate improves the event-free survival and overall survival for patients with resectable osteosarcoma and a good histologic response to 10 weeks of preoperative chemotherapy. However, the optimal treatment strategy (or strategies) for patients with relapsed or metastatic disease has yet to be defined. This remains one of the persistent challenges in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Recent therapeutic advances have focused on circumventing chemotherapy resistance mechanisms, incorporation of non-classical agents into upfront therapy, targeting of the tumor micro-environment, and investigating the role of novel delivery mechanisms. In patients with localized disease the 5-year survival rate is at least 70%; patients with metastatic or recurrent disease have <20% chance of long-term survival despite aggressive therapies. These figures have changed little in the past 2 decades. This review focuses on the current therapy for osteosarcoma, and highlights emerging strategies that will hopefully change the outlook for patients with this disease.
Molecular Pathology Protocols. Anthony A. Killeen, ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2001, 508 pp., $125.00. ISBN 0-89603-681-2.

Molecular Pathology Protocols , edited by Dr. Anthony Killeen of the University of Michigan, is the 49th volume in the “Methods in Molecular Medicine” series from Humana Press. There are few as qualified as Dr. Killeen to edit such a work, given his long experience in the field of clinical molecular diagnostics. Dr. Killeen has assembled a top-notch set of authors and collected their works into an exceedingly useful book. From the first chapters on the most basic aspects of molecular pathology and nucleic acid extraction to the last one on pharmacogenomics, each and every chapter of this book holds to an unwavering editorial principle promised in the preface, namely assemblage of …
The remainder in Taylor's formula

We present here a mean-value theorem that generalizes the Taylor-Lagrange formula. The result arises in a natural way when one studies the asymptotic behavior of the remainder term of the formula. As an application of our result, we derive several numerical schemes to approximate the solution to initial-valued first order differential equations
Can solar sails be used to test fundamental physics

Abstract The relative importance of certain general relativistic effects is enhanced by solar radiation pressure (SRP). The observation and study of the trajectories of a solar sail could potentially provide tests of various effects of general relativity. In particular, we study Keplerian and non-Keplerian orbits near the sun as well as escape trajectories for a solar sail, for which general relativistic effects and the solar radiation pressure are considered simultaneously. In contrast with the conventional solar mission, a solar sail allows for non-Keplerian orbits, for which the orbital plane lies above the sun. It is predicted that there is an analog of the Lense–Thirring effect for non-Keplerian orbits. Also the SRP increases the amount of precession per orbit due to the Lense–Thirring effect for polar heliocentric orbits. A solar sail would also enhance the relative importance of effects associated with a possible net charge on the sun and during many rotations this effect may be measurable.
Measurements of microwaves scattered from a moving density-modulated plasma

Measurements of the absolute intensity and the angular distribution of the microwaves scattered from an oscillating plasma column of a finite length are presented. These measurements show that the scattered wave produces diffraction patterns and frequency shifts. The results substantiate quantitatively the theory of nonlinear microwave scattering.
The Colors of Emotions in Machiguenga

1973 General Principles of Classification and Nomenclature in Folk Biology. American Anthropologist 75:214-242. Buchholtz, Charles H., and Susan C. Weller 1985 4M: A Pascal Program for Min, Max, Mean, and Median Hierarchical Clustering. University of Pennsylvania. (unpublished.) D'Andrade, Roy G. 1978 U-Statistic Hierarchical Clustering. Psychometrika 43(1):59-67. D'Andrade, Roy G., Naomi Quinn, Sara Beth Nerlove, and A. Kimball Romney 1972 Categories of Disease in AmericanEnglish and Mexican-Spanish. In Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications in the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 2. A. K. Romney, R. N. Shepard, and S. B. Nerlove, eds. New York: Seminar Press. Dyen, Isidore 1962 The Lexicostatistically Determined Relationship of a Language Group. International Journal of American Linguistics 28(2):153-161. Frake, Charles O. 1961 The Diagnosis of Disease Among the Subanun of Mindanao. American An-
Decide Now or Decide Later?: Quantifying the Tradeoff between Prospective and Retrospective Access Decisions

One of the greatest challenges an organization faces is determining when an employee is permitted to utilize a certain resource in a system. This "insider threat" can be addressed through two strategies: i) prospective methods, such as access control, that make a decision at the time of a request, and ii) retrospective methods, such as post hoc auditing, that make a decision in the light of the knowledge gathered afterwards. While it is recognized that each strategy has a distinct set of benefits and drawbacks, there has been little investigation into how to provide system administrators with practical guidance on when one or the other should be applied. To address this problem, we introduce a framework to compare these strategies on a common quantitative scale. In doing so, we translate these strategies into classification problems using a context-based feature space that assesses the likelihood that an access request is legitimate. We then introduce a technique called bispective analysis to compare the performance of the classification models under the situation of non-equivalent costs for false positive and negative instances, a significant extension on traditional cost analysis techniques, such as analysis of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Using domain-specific cost estimates and access logs of several months from a large Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system, we demonstrate how bispective analysis can support meaningful decisions about the relative merits of prospective and retrospective decision making for specific types of hospital personnel.
Periodic counts for estimating the size of the spawning population of alewives,Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson)

The number of migrating alewives in the Parker River, Massachusetts, can be counted visually by standing at the upper end of each of the 6 fish ladders in the system. Estimating the entire run of up to a month’s duration by this procedure is not economically feasible, but we suggest a subsampling procedure that can provide sufficient accuracy and be economical. The reliability of periodic sample counts when used to estimate population numbers of anadromous alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) was indicated by the low variance of paired counts, small random errors of individual counts, and by the low variability between counts on days of large runs in the Parker River. Analyses of computer-simulated runs using actual data suggested that short counts taken frequently are superior to longer counts taken less often. Both field and computer-simulated data suggested that ten-minute counts taken hourly will estimate the true population of alewife runs within 10% error at the .05 level of probability.
Transcription properties of a cell type-specific TATA-binding protein, TRF.

Abstract Eukaryotic cells are thought to contain a single TATA-binding protein (TBP) that directs transcription by cellular RNA polymerases. Here we report a cell type–specific TBP-related factor (TRF) that can form a stable TRF/IIA/IIB TATA DNA complex and substitute for TBP in directing RNA polymerase II transcription in vitro. Transfection studies reveal that TRF can differentially mediate activation by some enhancer proteins but not others. Like TBP, TRF forms a stable complex containing multiple novel subunits, nTAFs. Antibody staining of embryos and polytene chromosomes reveals cell type–specific expression and gene-selective properties consistent with the shaker/male sterile phenotype of trf mutants. These findings suggest TRF is a homolog of TBP that functions to direct tissue- and gene-specific transcription.
Evasion from a group of pursuers with double integrator kinematics

We consider the problem of characterizing an evading strategy for an agent traversing a convex polygon populated by a group of pursuers. We address the problem by associating it with a generalized Voronoi partitioning problem, which encodes information about the proximity relations between the evader and the pursuers based on the value function of a pursuit-evasion game involving the evader and each pursuer from the group individually. The generalized Voronoi partition furnishes a collection of continuous paths which have the following property: When the evader travels along any of these paths, none of the pursuers will have a unilateral incentive to initiate the pursuit against it. With the proposed approach, the problem of evasion from the group of pursuers admits an elegant geometric solution, which can be computed by means of known computational techniques. Numerical simulations that illustrate the theoretical developments are presented.
Control of Pre-mRNA Splicing by the General Splicing Factors PUF60 and U2AF65

Pre-mRNA splicing is a crucial step in gene expression, and accurate recognition of splice sites is an essential part of this process. Splice sites with weak matches to the consensus sequences are common, though it is not clear how such sites are efficiently utilized. Using an in vitro splicing-complementation approach, we identified PUF60 as a factor that promotes splicing of an intron with a weak 3′ splice-site. PUF60 has homology to U2AF65, a general splicing factor that facilitates 3′ splice-site recognition at the early stages of spliceosome assembly. We demonstrate that PUF60 can functionally substitute for U2AF65 in vitro, but splicing is strongly stimulated by the presence of both proteins. Reduction of either PUF60 or U2AF65 in cells alters the splicing pattern of endogenous transcripts, consistent with the idea that regulation of PUF60 and U2AF65 levels can dictate alternative splicing patterns. Our results indicate that recognition of 3′ splice sites involves different U2AF-like molecules, and that modulation of these general splicing factors can have profound effects on splicing.
Cutaneous Water Loss and Epidermal Lipids in Two Sympatric and Congeneric Pitvipers

Abstract We examined comparative skin permeability by measuring cutaneous water loss and epidermal lipid content of two sympatric snake congeners, the Southern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and the Western Cottonmouth (A. piscivorus). Samples of shed epidermis from each snake species were taken to first investigate species-specific differences. Shed samples from multiple regions along the dorsal and ventral integument were then used to examine potential variation in skin permeability and lipid content among different regions along the body for each species. Rates of cutaneous water loss were significantly higher for A. piscivorus. In addition, cutaneous water loss rates of A. piscivorus differed among region (i.e., anterior, mid, and posterior) and surface (i.e., dorsal and ventral) with the highest rates of cutaneous water loss from the mid-dorsum. Lipid content did not differ between species. However, lipid content varied between the dorsal and ventral surfaces of both species, with greater lipid ...
High efficiency LED driver design for concurrent data transmission and PWM dimming control for indoor visible light communication

This paper presents a novel LED driver circuit architecture implemented in a 180nm silicon CMOS process to deliver concurrent illumination control, dimming control and data transmission for visible light communication systems.
Molecular characterization of the 5.2 KB isoform of the human cyclooxygenase-1 transcript

Several cDNA clones from human endothelial cells were isolated by expression cloning with the polyclonal antisera against the Ram seminal vesicle cyclooxygenase enzyme (Cox-1). One such clone produced a fusion protein that reacted with two other Cox-1 antiserum (Hla, T., Farrell, M.P., Kumar, A. and Bailey, J.M. (1986) Prostaglandins 32 (6) 829-845). The 2.5 kb cDNA insert was sequenced and contained 60 bp encoding the C-terminal end of the human Cox-1 polypeptide, followed by 2.3 kb of untranslated region. Northern blot analysis of human endothelial cells using the 2.5 kb cDNA insert detected the 2.8 and 5.2 kb Cox-1 transcripts. These data indicated that the isolated clone represented the 5.2 kb isoform of the human Cox-1 mRNA. The presence of the canonical polyadenylation site AAUAAA at 740 bp downstream from the translation termination codon suggests that alternative polyadenylation of the Cox-1 gene gives rise to 5.2 and 2.8 kb isoforms. The sequence of the 3'-UTR of the Cox-1 transcripts is highly divergent from that of the human Cox-2 transcript isoforms, suggesting a distinct function in the regulation of expression at the post-transcriptional and/or translational levels.
The impact of sildenafil citrate on sexual satisfaction profiles in men with a penile prosthesis in situ

This section includes three papers, two of which describe the use of drug treatment for erectile dysfunction in special situations. The authors from New York and Chicago write about sildenafil in patients with a penile prosthesis in situ. Authors from Zurich have used apomorphine in patients with spinal cord injury and erectile dysfunction. It is often helpful to readers with an interest in the area of erectile problems to explore the use of commonly prescribed drugs in somewhat less common situations. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of sildenafil in increasing penile glans tumescence and improving patient satisfaction in men with a penile prosthesis, as this remains a major treatment for erectile dysfunction but a common complaint is the lack of glans engorgement. PATIENTS AND METHODS To determine whether sildenafil combined with a penile prosthesis improves satisfaction, patients used an implant alone for at least 1 month, after which they completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. The same patients were then given sildenafil citrate and completed the IIEF questionnaire after using the sildenafil/implant combination. RESULTS Patients who responded to sildenafil with glans engorgement reported significantly greater satisfaction scores than with an implant alone. CONCLUSION We currently offer sildenafil citrate after implantation to all men who have a penile prosthesis placed.
Political Science Reference Sources

According to statistical reports, most of the national electorate is not sufficiently interested in politics to bother voting for candidates for public office. This indifference is not shared by many authors. More than 50 book titles in the 1981–82 Books in Print (New York, Bowker, 1981) have the words “Politics of …” followed by the subject of the book. Some are concerned with the politics of large issues such as war, peace, energy, human rights, justice, oil, technology, the media, Euroeconomics, or international air transportation. Other authors deal with more personal concerns such as the politics of alcoholism, drugs, Medicare, mental health, motherhood, language development, self‐sufficiency, or education. These titles indicate the control exercised by government in many different areas of life. Until a law, statute, ordinance, ruling, or regulation effects an individual, there is relatively little interest or concern with the actions of elected officials, or the agencies implementing these decisions.
Composite delayed-neutron spectra from U-235

Abstract Delayed-neutron spectra from thermal neutron-induced fission of U-235 have been measured over the neutron energy range, .01–2.0 MeV, for delay times following fission ranging from 0.17–85.5 s. A helium jet system was used for the rapid transport of fission products to a low-background area, where the spectra were determined from beta-neutron correlations using the neutron time-of-flight method.
Causal diffusion and the survival of charge fluctuations in nuclear collisions

Diffusion may obliterate fluctuation signals of the QCD phase transition in nuclear collisions at SPS and RHIC energies. We propose a hyperbolic diffusion equation to study the dissipation of net charge fluctuations. This equation is needed in a relativistic context, because the classic parabolic diffusion equation violates causality. We find that causality substantially limits the extent to which diffusion can dissipate these fluctuations.
Email winners and losers

It's more difficult than you think to predict when sending email will advance your personal interests, help you get ahead at work, or improve your social life.
The effect of microcolumn geometry on the performance of micro-gas chromatography columns for chip scale gas analyzers

Abstract Many microfabricated gas chromatography (micro-GC) column designs have been reported so far, but it is unclear how microcolumn design affects separation performance in the typical isothermal or temperature-programmed mode of operation. This paper compares the separation performance of microfabricated serpentine, circular-spiral and square-spiral columns in both modes of operation. Experimentally although all the geometries have similar gas permeability and unretained solute band broadening, it is shown that the serpentine columns show higher separation plate numbers (lower band broadening) for retained solutes in isothermal mode of operation compared to circular- or square-spiral configurations. Also in temperature-programmed mode of operation, the serpentine design yields higher separation numbers (peak–peak resolution) compared to spiral configurations. The advantage of using a serpentine configuration is clearly evident especially in the velocity range of 15–40 cm/s in either operation modes, and independent of the temperature programming rate in temperature-programmed mode. An exemplary mix of 33 chemicals was used to demonstrate the higher speed and resolution of practically relevant separations on serpentine column.
Does Mitral Prolapse Occur in Mitral Stenosis?: Echocardiographic—Angiographic Observations

An association between rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease and mitral prolapse has been suggested. Since mitral stenosis in adults is a reliable indicator of rheumatic heart disease, we undertook this study to define the association between rheumatic heart disease and prolapse by estimating the frequency with which mitral stenosis and mitral prolapse coexist in the same patient. A second purpose was to assess the usefulness of two-dimensional and standard M-mode echocardiograms in making the diagnosis of mitral prolapse in the presence of mitral stenosis. Twenty patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis were studied. Standard M-mode echocardiographic criteria for prolapse were used; in the two-dimensional echocardiograms, we searched for arching of the mitral leaflets cephaloposteriorly above the atrioventricular ring. Left ventricular angiograms were evaluated for prolapse both subjectively and objectively by using the posterior medial scallop length index criteria. We found that the majority of these mitral stenosis patients satisfied the M-mode criteria for prolapse, whereas movement of the mitral leaflets into the left atrium by two-dimensional echocardiography and angiography occurred in fewer patients. Three patients met all echocardiographic and angiographic criteria for prolapse, but none had clinical evidence of prolapse. We conclude that the coexistence of mitral prolapse and mitral stenosis, if it occurs at all, is uncommon. M-mode echocardiography alone is unreliable to diagnose prolapse when mitral stenosis is present, since the M-mode criteria for prolapse are met by the majority of mitral stenosis patients.
Fibronectin distribution during early chick embryo heart development.

Abstract The distribution of fibronectin (FN) during early stages of chick embryo heart development has been studied by indirect immunofluorescence methods. The cardiac extracellular matrix (cardiac jelly) was almost devoid of FN-positive material throughout the period studied (stages 8–18). Intensely extracellular fluorescent material was only demonstrated at the heart midline and in the dorsal mesocardium. Fluorescence associated with the basal surface of the myocardium was demonstrated first at the time of fusion of the two heart tubes. While the heart remains attached to the embryonic trunk by the dorsal mesocardium, two different myocardial basal zones can be distinguished according to the intensity of fluorescence: an intensely stained dorsal zone and a much less fluorescent ventral zone. The endocardium did not present a strongly fluorescent basement membrane until stage 13. The intensity of fluorescence of the endocardial basal surface varied according to the rostrocaudal levels of the heart and also to the development stage of the embryo. The levels of fluorescence increased in myocardium and endocardium at the onset of trabeculation but decreased as trabeculation was completed. The quantitative and qualitative variations of FN distribution have been associated with a number of developmental events.
Unequal atrial stretch in dogs increases dispersion of refractoriness conducive to developing atrial fibrillation

Atrial Stretch Precipitates Atrial Fibrillation. Introduction: We have shown previously that acute atrial dilation prolonged atrial refractoriness. We hypothesized that this increase in refractoriness might be heterogeneous and could create an electrophysiologic substrate leading to atrial fibrillation. The purpose of the present study was to test that hypothesis. Methods and Results: We studied 23 anesthetized open chest dogs. Bipolar plunge electrodes were placed in the medial free wall of the right atrium (thin region) and in the lower crista terminalis of the right atrium (thick region). Two bipolar plunge electrodes were also placed in the left ventricular apex to stimulate and record. Atrial effective refractory period (ERP) was measured in a group of nine dogs using the atrial extrastimulus method (A1A2) in two ways: during atrial pacing (AP) and during simultaneous atrioventricular (AV) pacing that achieved an AV interval of 0 msec (AV = 0). One liter/hour of normal saline was infused intravenously to elevate right atrial pressure and produce right atrial stretch. Atrial ERPs were measured before and after the normal saline infusion. To compare the extent of atrial stretch produced by volume overload, two pairs of sonomicrometer transducers were implanted in the thick and thin regions in a separate group of six dogs. The area encompassed by sonomicrometers was measured before and after saline infusion. The inducibility of atrial fibrillation was compared before and after saline infusion using rapid AP in another group of five dogs. Atrial pressure during sinus rhythm increased from 5.1 ± 0.96 mmHg to 6.3 ± 0.93 mmHg after normal saline infusion (P < 0.01). ERP increased in the thin free wall from 151 ± 14.3 to 172 ± 14.7 msec (AV = 0), and from 149 ± 12.0 to 170 ± 14.3 msec (AP). ERP increased in the thick crista terminalis from 134 ± 9.9 to 147 ± 10.2 msec (AV = 0), and from 133 ± 7.9 to 146 ± 9.8 msec (AP) (P < 0.01). The increase in ERP in the thin free wall exceeded that in the thick crista terminalis (P < 0.01), increasing the dispersion of atrial ERP. After 500-mL saline infusion for 30 minutes, the increase of area in the thin region was 12.8%± 3.7%, and that in the thick was 3.5%± 3.2%. The increase of the area in the thin region after 1000 mL for 1 hour was 18.8%± 6.2%. and that in the thick region was 6.3%± 5.1% (P < 0.01). Atrial fibrillation was not induced in any dog before saline infusion, hut induced in all five dogs after saline infusion. Conclusions: Atrial ERP in the thin right atrial free wall exceeds the ERP of the thick cristaterminalis, and an increase in atrial pressure produced by saline infusion exaggerates this ditterence by stretching thin segments of the atrial myocardium more than it stretches thick regions. Thus, atrial stretch, by increasing the dispersion of atrial ERP, may be conducive to the development of atrial fibrillation.
Thermodynamics of solution using gas-liquid chromatography. A comparison of n-tetracosane, didodecyl ether, and didodecyl thioether as solvents

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of solution of 24 solutes of varying degrees of unsaturation and polarity were measured at 349.15 K in n -tetracosane, di- n -dodecyl ether, and di- n -dodecyl thioether, using g.l.c. Unsaturated solutes, ethers, and polar solutes displayed increasingly lower escaping tendencies, in that order, in the ether solvents, the effect being slightly greater in the thioether. Observed enthalpies of solution did not differ significantly for a given solute in the two ether solvents, in general. A simple model was used to separate the attractive energy from the hole energy, however, which led to the conclusion that the solvent sulfur atom was responsible for an extra 2.5 kJ mol −1 of attractive energy, on the average, relative to the two other solvents.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in a Leading Edge, Two-Pass Serpentine Passage at High Rotation Numbers

The effect of rotation in a leading edge, two-pass channel is experimentally investigated in this study. Cooling air, traveling radially outward, is supplied to a smooth, square channel. The coolant turns 180°, and travels radially inward through a semi-circular, smooth channel. This semi-circular passage models a cooling channel located in the leading edge region of a modern turbine airfoil. For the radially outward flow in the square channel, the coolant Reynolds number is varied from 10000–40000. The rotational speed of the channel varies from 0–500 rpm, the rotation number in the first-pass channel varies from 0 to 1.2, and as a result, the buoyancy parameter can exceed 5.0 under the given flow conditions. Due to a slight reduction in the hydraulic diameter, the semi-circular, second-pass experiences Reynolds numbers ranging from 10300–41000, rotation numbers varying up to 1.0, and buoyancy numbers exceeding 4.0. With both passes of the serpentine passage instrumented, the effect of rotation on heat transfer with both radially outward and radially inward flow can be characterized under high rotation and buoyancy numbers. The channel is oriented 90° to the direction of rotation, and the Nusselt numbers on both the leading and trailing surfaces deviate from those measured in a non-rotating channel. The degree of separation between the leading and trailing surfaces depends on the position within the passage; near the inlet of the channel, the effect of rotation is minimal as the heat transfer coefficients are more strongly influenced by the entrance geometry into the channel. Moving downstream of the entrance, the effect of rotation increases. With the current channel geometry, all regions in the second pass of the channel experience heat transfer enhancement with rotation, and the separation between the leading and trailing surfaces is reduced compared to the first pass.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of drug substance particle size on the characteristics of granulation manufactured in a high-shear mixer.

DPC 963 is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with low aqueous solubility. The effect of DPC 963 drug substance particle size on the characteristics of granules manufactured by high-shear wet granulation was evaluated. The wet granulation process was used to manufacture a DPC 963 formulation with high drug loading. The formulation was manufactured using drug substance lots with different particle size distributions. Granulation particle size distribution, porosity, and compressibility were determined. A uniaxial compression test was also performed on moist compacts of the formulation prepared with different particle size distributions. Particle agglomeration behavior was affected by drug substance particle size. Granulation geometric mean diameter and fraction with particle size greater than 250 μm was inversely proportional to the drug substance particle size. Mercury intrusion porosimetry revealed higher pore volumes for the granules manufactured using the drug substance with the smaller particle size, suggesting lower tendency for granule densification than for that manufactured with the larger drug substance particle size. Granulation compressibility was also sensitive to changes in drug substance particle size. A decreased drug substance particle size led to increased granulation compressibility. Results from the uniaxial compression experiments suggested that the effect of particle size on granulation growth is the results of increased densification propensity, which in turn results from increased drug substance particle size.
Lectures on quark-hadron duality

I review the notion of the quark-hadron duality from the modern perspective. The proper theoretical framework in which the problem can be formulated and treated is Wilson's operator product expansion (OPE). Two models developed for the description of duality violations are considered in some detail: one is instanton-based, another resonancebased. The mechanisms they represent are complementary.
Performance of Calves Fed Colostrum Stored by Freezing, Fermentation, or Treatment with Lactic or Adipic Acid,

Abstract Holstein calves were allotted randomly at 4 days of age to one of three colostrum diets in two trials. Calves weighing 31.8 to 45.4 kg and over 45.4 kg at birth were offered 2.27 and 2.73 kg of colostrum daily, respectively, diluted with .91 kg of warm water. Calf starter and water were available ad libitum. Calves were weaned at 28 days of age and received only water and starter from 29 to 42 days of age. In trial 1, 31 calves were fed colostrum stored by freezing, fermentation, or treatment with 1% lactic acid. Colostrum refusals were minimal and preweaning calf health was excellent. Two calves died during the postweaning period. There were no differences in intakes of starter and crude protein or feed and crude protein efficiencies. Few differences in weekly average daily gains were detected, and gains for 0 to 4 wk and 4 to 6 wk were similar for all treatments. Calves fed colostrum stored by freezing consumed more dry matter from colostrum than calves fed fermented colostrum and more total dry matter than calves fed fermented or acidified colostrums from 4 to 28 days of age. In trial 2, 33 calves received colostrum stored by freezing, fermentation, or treatment with 1% adipic acid. Two calves were lost during the preweaning period. Adipic acid-treated colostrum was less acceptable to calves than frozen or fermented colostrums. Calves fed adipic acid-treated colostrum gained less weight to weaning than calves fed frozen or fermented colostrums and consumed less starter from 4 to 28 days of age than calves fed fermented colostrum.
Controller design for human-robot interaction

Many robotics tasks require a robot to share the same workspace with humans. In such settings, it is important that the robot performs in such a way that does not cause distress to humans in the workspace. In this paper, we address the problem of designing robot controllers which minimize the stress caused by the robot while performing a given task. We present a novel, data-driven algorithm which computes human-friendly trajectories. The algorithm utilizes biofeedback measurements and combines a set of geometric controllers to achieve human friendliness. We evaluate the comfort level of the human using a Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) sensor. We present results from a human tracking task, in which the robot is required to stay within a specified distance without causing high stress values.
Increased excitability of spinal pain reflexes and altered frequency-dependent modulation in the dopamine D3-receptor knockout mouse

Frequency-dependent modulation and dopamine (DA) receptors strongly modulate neural circuits in the spinal cord. Of the five known DA receptor subtypes, the D3 receptor has the highest affinity to DA, and D3-mediated actions are mainly inhibitory. Using an animal model of spinal sensorimotor dysfunction, the D3 receptor knockout mouse (D3KO), we investigated the physiological consequences of D3 receptor dysfunction on pain-associated signaling pathways in the spinal cord, the initial integration site for the processing of pain signaling. In the D3KO spinal cord, inhibitory actions of DA on the proprioceptive monosynaptic stretch reflex are converted from depression to facilitation, but its effects on longer-latency and pain-associated reflex responses and the effects of FM have not been studied. Using behavioral approaches in vivo, we found that D3KO animals exhibit reduced paw withdrawal latencies to thermal pain stimulation (Hargreaves' test) over wild type (WT) controls. Electrophysiological and pharmacological approaches in the isolated spinal cord in vitro showed that constant current stimulation of dorsal roots at a pain-associated frequency was associated with a significant reduction in the frequency-dependent modulation of longer-latency reflex (LLRs) responses but not monosynaptic stretch reflexes (MSRs) in D3KO. Application of the D1 and D2 receptor agonists and the voltage-gated calcium-channel ligand, pregabalin, but not DA, was able to restore the frequency-dependent modulation of the LLR in D3KO to WT levels. Thus we demonstrate that nociception-associated LLRs and proprioceptive MSRs are differentially modulated by frequency, dopaminergics and the Ca(2+) channel ligand, pregabalin. Our data suggest a role for the DA D3 receptor in pain modulation and identify the D3KO as a possible model for increased nociception.
A project-unified software engineering course sequence

In this paper a sequence of software engineering courses based upon the software life cycle and integrated by a single, medium-size project will be described in detail. The courses will be presented from an educational point of view, emphasizing the topics covered as well as the logistics of teaching the courses. A comparison of these courses to other software engineering courses existing in university curricula will also be presented. The potential advantages for faculty, students, and the research community of this type of course sequence will also be enumerated.
Holographic Embossing at Polaroid: The Polaform Process

Embossing of replica holograms at the Polaroid Corporation is being done in two major areas: crossed grating arrays for development of new types of photographic films and holographic optical elements; and the production of white-light viewable display holograms of various types for many diverse applications.
Response of an Elastic Plate to Localized Transient Sources

The surface response of an infinite, homogeneous elastic plate to an internal dislocation across an infinitestimal area is investigated. As a companion problem, the normal displacement of the plate surface due to a time-dependent surface load is also calculated. The first problem is relevant for the detection of crack initiation in structural materials through the analysis of high-frequency elastic waves generated by the event. The solution to the second problem is needed for the calibration of test equipment used in the detection of the waves. The problems are formulated by means of a classical integral transform in the frequency domain and the spectral response of the plate is expressed in terms of the modal contributions due to the real, imaginary, and complex roots of the Rayleigh-Lamb equation. Time histories of the response are obtained through the inversion of the spectra by a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) routine.
Spectral integration of synchronous and asynchronous cues to consonant identification

The goal of the present research was to determine how well observers utilize cues to consonant identification from different spectral regions that occur asynchronously as opposed to synchronously across frequency; such an ability would be useful for processing speech in the context of a spectro-temporally complex masker (e.g., competing speech). This was assessed by obtaining masked identification thresholds for VCV speech material, of the form /a/ C /a/, under various conditions of 10-Hz or 20-Hz square-wave amplitude modulation (AM). The speech tokens were filtered into 2, 4, 8, or 16 contiguous log-spaced frequency bands spanning 0.1 to 10 kHz. Bands were then modulated, with the pattern of that AM being either coherent across bands or 180° out of phase for adjacent bands. In the out-of-phase conditions the odd-numbered bands had coherent phase AM and the even bands had coherent phase AM, but the AM pattern across these two subsets of bands were out of phase. Results from these two conditions, along with further conditions employing only modulated even- or odd-numbered bands, allowed performance to be compared between stimuli characterized by synchronous and asynchronous cues. Results indicate that observers are able to utilize asynchronously presented cues to consonant identification efficiently across a range of conditions.
The structural response of the parathyroid glands to ureteral ligation or bilateral nephrectomy.

I n spite of the great physiological iniportance of the parathyroid glands, little is known concerning the par t played by intra-cellular organelles in their secretory activity. It is obvious that one of the most promising approaches to the solution of this problem is to study the parathyroid cells after the secretory activity of the gland has been stimulated or depressed by experimental means. Several experimental procedures a re now kiiowii which will'alter the structure and fuiiction of the parathyroids but in using them, most investigators have given only niinor attention to changes occurring within the parenchymal cells and have regarded the induction of hypertrophy or atrophy of the entire gland as being indicative of hyperactivity or hypoactivity, respectively. I n fact, the only cytological investigations of experimentally modified parathyroids reported thus far , were those of DeRobertis, who studied the parathyroids after treatment of ra ts with single doses of paratliyroid extract ( '40) and after feeding them low calcium or low phosphorus diets ('41). Oiie of the conditions which will stimulate parathyroid activity is renal insufficiency. MacCallum ( '05), Rergstrand ( ' a ) , Hubbard and Wentworth ( '21), Pappenheimer and Wilens ( '35), Pollack and Siegal ( '36), llfagnus and Scott ( '36), and Gilmour and Martin ( '37) observed enlarged parathyroids in human chronic nephritis. Proof that accelerated secretion accompanies this enlargement was supplied by Highman and Hamilton ( '37) who demonstrated that blood from twenty-three cases of chronic nephritis, when injected into rabbits under the conditions of the Hamilton and Scliwartz parathyroid function test, caused a significant elevation of the serum calcium level in the recipient animals. Shelling and Remsen ('35) obtained similar results with the same technique in a case of renal rickets accompanied by marked parathyroid hyperplasia. I t is believed that the inodus operandi of such stimulation involves the retention of phosphate which tends to cause a reciprocal
The tubificidae (Annelida, oligochaeta) of a louisiana estuary: Ecology and systematics, with the description of a new species

Spatial and temporal variations in the abundances and distributions of oligochaetes of a southwestern Louisiana estuary were examined as part of a long term study of community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates. Quantitative samples were collected at monthly intervals from nine stations for two years and an additional 17 stations were sampled once. A tubificid oligochaete,Tubificoides denouxi n. sp., is described from the five species collected. The two predominant oligochaetes,Tubificoides heterochaetus andT. denouxi, were congeneric and exhibited completely allopatric distributions. Two oligochaete species with-restricted distributions,Monopylephorus helobius andLimnodriloides sp., were sympatric withT. denouxi, whileThalassodrilides belli, although less abundant, was sympatric with bothT. denouxi andT. heterochaetus. Sexually mature specimens ofT. denouxi andT. belli were collected only in the summer,T. heterochaetus was sexually mature in both winter and summer collections, andMonopylephorus helobius was sexually mature in spring and summer collections. Many of the studies of Oligochaeta have concluded that correlation exists between sediment grain size and species demography. Our data demonstrate a strong relationship between salinity and the abundance and distribution of estuarine species.Tubificoides denouxi was found only within the salinity range of 14.8 to 22.0‰ salinity,T. heterochaetus was found only within the range of 2.3 to 14.1‰, andT. belli had a salinity distribution intermediate between the previous species. No relationship was found between sediment grain-size analysis, water depth or hydrographic variables and species distribution.