cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matching 3-D Models to 2-D Images

We consider the problem of analytically characterizing the set of all 2-D images that a group of 3-D features may produce, and demonstrate that this is a useful thing to do. Our results apply for simple point features and point features with associated orientation vectors when we model projection as a 3-D to 2-D affine transformation. We show how to represent the set of images that a group of 3-D points produces with two lines (1-D subspaces), one in each of two orthogonal, high-dimensional spaces, where a single image group corresponds to one point in each space. The images of groups of oriented point features can be represented by a 2-D hyperbolic surface in a single high-dimensional space. The problem of matching an image to models is essentially reduced to the problem of matching a point to simple geometric structures. Moreover, we show that these are the simplest and lowest dimensional representations possible for these cases. We demonstrate the value of this way of approaching matching by applying our results to a variety of vision problems. In particular, we use this result to build a space-efficient indexing system that performs 3-D to 2-D matching by table lookup. This system is analytically built and accessed, accounts for the effects of sensing error, and is tested on real images. We also derive new results concerning the existence of invariants and non-accidental properties in this domain. Finally, we show that oriented points present unexpected difficulties: indexing requires fundamentally more space with oriented than with simple points, we must use more images in a motion sequence to determine the affine structure of oriented points, and the linear combinations result does not hold for oriented points.
The Model-Companion of a Class of Structures

If Σ is the class of all fields and Σ* is the class of all algebraically closed fields, then it is well known that Σ* is characterized by the following properties: (i) Σ* is the class of models of some first order theory K *. (ii) If m 1 m 2 are in Σ* and m 1 ⊆ m 2 then m 1 ≺ m 2 ( m 1 is an elementary substructure of m 2 , i.e. any first order sentence true in m 1 is true in m 2 ). (iii) If m 1 is in Σ then there is a structure m 2 in Σ* such that m 1 ⊆ m 2 . If Σ is some other class of models of a first order theory K and a subclass Σ* of Σ exists satisfying (i)–(iii) then Σ* is uniquely determined and K * (which is unique up to logical equivalence) is called the model-companion of K . This notion is a generalization of the fundamental notion of model-completion introduced and extensively studied by A. Robinson [6], When the model-companion exists it provides the basis for a satisfactory treatment of the notion of an algebraically closed model of K . Recently A. Robinson has developed a more general formulation of the notion of “algebraically closed” structures in Σ, which is applicable to any inductive elementary class Σ of structures (by elementary we always mean EC Δ ). Condition (i) must be weakened to (i′) Σ* is closed under elementary substructure (i.e. if m 1 is in Σ* and m 2 ≺ m 1 then m 2 is in Σ*).
Adsorption of Water on NaCl (100) Surfaces: Role of Atomic Steps

Using an atomic force microscope operated in contact and noncontact mode, we have studied the structures formed on the (100) cleavage surface of NaCl when exposed to water vapor. Above ∼35% relative humidity (RH), a uniform layer of water is formed and the surface steps are observed to evolve slowly. At ∼73% RH, the step structure becomes unstable and disappears abruptly because of dissolution (deliquescence) of the salt surface. Reversing the process by drying leads to the reappearance of new, more uniform monatomic steps. At humidity levels less than 30%, water adsorbs primarily at the step edges.
Does transplantation of skeletal myoblasts genetically modified to overexpress stromal-derived factor 1 restore normal conduction in chronic ischemic heart disease?

DOES TRANSPLANTATION OF SKELETAL MYOBLASTS GENETICALLY MODIFIED TO OVEREXPRESS STROMALDERIVED FACTOR 1 RESTORE NORMAL CONDUCTION IN CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE? William R. Mills, MD, Niladri Mal, MD, Farhad Forudi, BS, Ming Zhang, MD, PhD, Indu Deglurkar, MD, Marc S. Penn, MD, PhD and *Kenneth R. Laurita, PhD. MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH and Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH.
AFM Characterization of Raman Laser-Induced Damage on CdZnTe Crystal Surfaces

Raman laser studies of detector-grade CdZnTe crystals show an increase in intensity of the Te peaks of the Raman spectra even at very low laser powers. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the extent of damage to the CdZnTe crystal surface following exposure to the Raman laser. AFM images revealed localized surface damage in the areas exposed to the Raman laser beam. Additional studies using conductive-probe AFM techniques provided localized electrical information for the laser-induced Te-rich areas.
Deactivation mechanisms of chloroperoxidase during biotransformations.

Inactivation mechanisms of chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago have been investigated with the aim of improving the practical utility of CPO for hydrocarbon oxidation. Deactivation studies in the presence of oxidants (i.e., hydrogen peroxide and t-butyl hydroperoxide) indicated that CPO lost oxidation activity toward hydrocarbon substrates during dismutation of hydrogen peroxide. The loss of enzyme activity was accompanied by the apparent destruction of the heme rather than aggregation or denaturation of the apo-protein. The decrease of enzyme activity was significantly retarded by adding the radical scavenger t-butyl alcohol at pH 4.1, or by optimizing the reaction pH. CPO retained greatest oxidation activity at pH 5–6, which may produce a more favorable ionization state of the key amino acid (Glu-183) and thus reduce radical formation. As a result of higher activity at pH 5–6, the total turnover numbers (TTN, defined as the amount of product produced over the catalytic lifetime of the enzyme) for the oxidation of toluene and o-, m-, p-xylenes in substrate/aqueous emulsion systems ranged from ca. 10% to 110% higher at pH 5.5 (20,000 to 45,000 mol product/mol enzyme) compared to pH 4.1. Furthermore, TTNs of CPO increased with increasing turnover frequencies, indicating that higher activity toward reducing substrates reduces radical formation and stabilizes CPO toward inactivation by H2O2. These findings demonstrate the important relationship between CPO stability and activity, and illustrate that large improvements in CPO activity and stability can be achieved through solvent engineering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ta-Ru-N diffusion barriers for high-temperature contacts to p-type SiC

Abstract A new diffusion barrier, Ta–Ru–N, has been tested on ohmic contacts to p+-4H–SiC aged at 350 °C in air. Specific contact resistance measurements combined with X-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to evaluate the barriers. Upon aging, all ohmic contacts exhibited an initial change in resistance but stabilized within 100 h, with many samples surviving for 2000 h (the longest time tested). The Ru : Ta ratio in the barriers must be sufficiently high to obtain a long-lived barrier in air. Specific contact resistances as low as 3 × 10− 5 Ω cm2 were maintained after 2000 h of aging.
Temperature fields of solids heated by solar concentrators

Abstract The steady-state temperature distribution is solved for four target solids under the assumptions that the energy rate per unit area at the target surface is coordinate dependent, and that there are losses to the surroundings at the exposed target surface. The analysis includes a cylindrical slab and a sphere heated at the focus of a paraboloidal mirror, and a rectangular slab and a cylinder heated at the focus of a parabolic cylinder mirror. The general solution for each target solid is given for any type of distribution of target energy rate per unit area. In addition, an experimental target energy rate per unit area is assumed, and the exact temperature field is shown. A dimensionless external temperature modulus is plotted vs. a dimensionless coordinate for various Nusselt numbers, using the assumed target energy rate per unit area.
Detection and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer-Reply

In Reply.— We agree that colon cancer should be placed in perspective. In 1988, there were more than 147 000 new cases and 61500 deaths from the disease in the United States alone. 1 Recent advances in our knowledge about the natural history of colon cancer, risk factors, the relationship between stage of disease and survival, diagnostic methods, and surgical treatment are beginning to have a favorable impact after decades of relative stagnation. Physicians need to apply current methods to their patients now to prevent advanced cancer. They cannot wait until "proof" of the value of screening and surveillance is provided by controlled studies, but must make intelligent choices between available options. Recognizing the importance of this "case finding," the American Gastroenterological Association and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy prepared the guideline article entitled "Detection and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer." This unprecedented joint effort employed available data plus the
Acute respiratory failure in patients with generalized peritonitis

The evolution of acute respiratory failure was studied in 27 patients with generalized peritonitis. The natural history of pulmonary failure indicates an incidence of 74% of atelectasis progressing to pneumonitis in the majority of patients. In 21 patients, similar aerobic microorganisms were recovered from the sputum and abdominal focus of infection. The emergence of gram negative pneumonia by the third day of onset of peritonitis appeared to add significantly to respiratory failure. In the management of respiratory failure, early use of positive and expiratory pressure with mechanical ventilation was associated with improvement or reversal of hypoxia. A high fatality (89%) was attributed to uncontrolled sepsis rather than to respiratory failure.
Impurity-induced Raman spectra of KI:NO2

Abstract First order Raman scattering induced by molecular impurities has been observed in KI:NO 2 . The spectra include a peak in the gap of the phonon density of states. The polarization and temperature dependence of the spectra were measured.
Perception of color change

This article reviews recent work on the perception of color in cases where color change leads to scission, or a perceived layering in depth of the visual field into chromatic processes. A model is proposed that predicts under what circumstances a layering in depth is perceived. The model takes into account shift in color and change in contrast; it helps to describe the colors and lightnesses of surfaces seen through a transparent filter or through fog. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, S186–S191, 2001
Heat Transfer Between Particulates and Surface in a Vibrofluidized Layer

The apparatus, in which fluidization of the particulates is obtained by filtration of the gas in the upward direction through the layer of the particulates, is widely used in the industry for various types of processes. This gas serves as source of fluidized agent and the heat transfer carrier. In particular, the fluidized bed creates a favorable condition to carry out numerous heterogeneous processes. In spite of a significant advantage of this hydrodynamics regime, there are some drawbacks. The fluidization occurs only when sufficient filtration velocity of gases is achieved. In some cases when there is a significant difference in particulate sizes, this condition is not acceptable, and for a layer of fine particulates, such type of fluidization cannot be obtained at all. In the latter case, a combination of vibration and filtration of very small amount of gas through the layer is used, and the heat transfer to the solids occurs by conduction from the heating surface. In this paper, a set of differential equations for the heat and mass transfer are formulate and solved for variable and constant temperature of the heating surface. As a result, a relationship of the solid temperatures as a function of time is established. An experimental research also was performed. A comparison of the experimental research data and theoretical analysis shows that the deviation does not exceed 10%. The experimental research also shows that the main influence on the intensity of the mass transfer process has the amplitude of vibration and to the lesser extent the effects of frequency of vibration.© 2003 ASME
A CP-CDMA System with Comb Spectrum Codes and Its Performance Evaluation in Nakagami Fading Channels

Cyclic prefix code division multiple access (CP-CDMA) is a promising technology for broadband wireless communications. It can efficiently resist the multiple access interference (MAI) by the use of CP and frequency domain equalization in DS-CDMA systems. However, the equalization complexity, which is increased with bandwidth, hindered its application. A comb spectrum (CS) code was proposed to solve this problem. This technology combines the frequency orthogonality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) to CDMA code design for grouping the codes and allows a significant reduction for the calculations in channel equalization. The proposed code design method divides the codes of M chips in length into N groups, which are orthogonal to each other in frequency domain. Each of the groups contains K codes which are mutually orthogonal in time domain. A CP-CDMA system with CS code is described and its complexity and BER performance are evaluated in this paper to show the effectiveness of the CS codes.
Automatic visual inspection and defect detection on variable data prints

We present a system for automatic, on-line visual inspection and print defect detection for variable data printing (VDP). This system can be used to automatically stop the printing process and alert the operator to problems. We lay out the components required for constructing a vision-based inspection system and show that our approach is novel for the high-speed detection of defects on variable data. When implemented in a high-speed digital printing press, the system allows a single skilled operator to monitor and maintain several presses, reducing the number of operators required to run a shop floor of presses as well as reduce wasted consumables when a defect goes undetected.
Genevestigator. Facilitating Web-Based Gene-Expression Analysis

Microarray data contains a wealth of information. With many journals requiring this data to be deposited in public databases as a condition of publishing, a good deal of information is now publicly available. Data generated from a specific experiment could be of interest to other researchers
Site Characterization by Neuronets: An Application to the Landfill Siting Problem

For a large number of geotechical/ground-water applications, determining the spatial distribution of the subsoil properties constitutes a major challenge in both design and construction phases. Models that are frequently used for characterization of site properties emphasize the use of probabilistic models that incorporate a number of model parameters to be evaluated. In this paper, neural networks (or neuronets) are used to map the variation of permeability for purposes of identifying boundaries of landfill to be constructed on a real site. The neural network, as a simple technique, was found to be able to logically predict the variation. The sensitivity of the produced permeability maps to both the quality and number of observations was also studied to investigate the accuracy of the proposed mapping methodology. The use of neuronets as a mapping tool can help identify the regions within a site where additional subsoil exploration is warranted.
The contribution of epistemology to curriculum construction in the sciences

The paper focuses upon curriculum planning in the scientific disciplines at university level, although it is claimed the argument may be of wider applicability. Drawing upon the writings of philosophers of education from several decades ago (notably Schwab and Scheffler) whose work is too often overlooked in contemporary debates about the curriculum, and using illustrative examples from the author’s own experience, it is argued that too often the focus of science curriculum planning is the “rhetoric of conclusions” or the “substantive structure” — the current state of knowledge at the forefront of the respective disciplines — to the neglect of what Schwab called the “syntactical structure” of the sciences (which roughly approximates their epistemology). This aspect of these disciplines is essential for the general student trying to become familiar with the nature of science as a broad field of knowledge, for prospective teachers, and — contra Scheffler’s view — for students who aim at careers as researchers.
Determining the Dynamic Elastic Modulus at Elevated Temperatures by Using Rapid Heating Techniques

A unique method of determining the dynamic elastic modulus at elevated temperatures is reported. It consists of discharging a low-inductance capacitor bank through a preheated thin rod of the test material, which is clamped at one end and free at the other. The transient i2 R heating during bank discharge takes place in a time interval short compared to the mechanical response time of the rod, inducing longitudinal oscillations. The periodic motion of the free end of the rod interrupts a collimated light beam directed over the rod and onto an SD-100 photodiode whose output is recorded on a 561A Tektronix oscilloscope. This gives a direct measure of the modulus since it is inversely proportional to the square of the period of oscillation. The theory, experimental apparatus, and method are discussed and sample data are given for tests made on type 304 stainless steel to illustrate the accuracy and usefulness of this technique. The data are compared with those of other investigators using other methods, and excellent agreement was obtained. This method is particularly useful for testing hazardous materials where remote operation is required for safety.
Narrative Criticism and the Gospel of Mark

W ayne Booth, a prominent literary critic of our time, has written: "I do not think that if the world is not saved, all is lost. For me, one good reading of one good passage is worth as much as anything there is, because the person achieving it is living fully at that time.... I don't see how any such person should prove useless to the world" (1974:xii). Most biblical critics would drink to such an affirmation (some would simply say "amen"!) despite our very weighty responsibility for "saving the world." Revering the written word, peering reflectively into a text, and being deeply satisfied with the insights which it yields are common experiences of biblical critics.
Addiction Medicine: A Place for Faculty Development

Addiction medicine must fight for its space in the undergraduate, graduate and continuing medical education curricula, as do most other clinical domains. Often curriculum time is provided to specialty areas when a clear relevance to the overall curriculum is made obvious. Increasing the awareness of addiction medicine through institutionalized faculty development programs can serve to foster the integration of this specialized curriculum. Institutionalizing faculty development is proposed in a description of a four-phase model. Specific recommendations of goals, processes, and critical steps in the faculty development process supporting scholarship leading to curricular change are described.
Dark matter and pulsar signals for Fermi LAT, PAMELA, ATIC, HESS and WMAP data

We analyze new diffuse gamma-ray data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, which do not confirm an excess in the EGRET data at galactic mid-latitudes, in combination with measurements of electron and positron fluxes from PAMELA, Fermi and HESS within the context of three possible sources: dark matter (DM) annihilation or decay into charged leptons, and a continuum distribution of pulsars. We allow for variations in the backgrounds, consider several DM halo profiles, and account for systematic uncertainties in data where possible. We find that all three scenarios represent the data well. The pulsar description holds for a wide range of injection energy spectra. We compare with ATIC data and the WMAP haze where appropriate, but do not fit these data since the former are discrepant with Fermi data and the latter are subject to large systematic uncertainties. We show that for cusped halo profiles, Fermi could observe a spectacular gamma-ray signal of DM annihilation from the galactic center while seeing no excess at mid-latitudes.
The Use of the Implanted Pacemaker as an In Vivo Electrophysiology Laboratory

A growing number of patients require invasive electrophysiological testing initially to evaluate a predisposition of symptomatic tachyarrhythmias. Once confirmed, periodic repeat testing is required to assess the status of the arrhythmia and the effectiveness of any therapeutic intervention. Many of these patients also have a single- or dual-chamber pacemaker for bradycardia support. Beginning in 1980, these systems have been noninvasively coupled to a programmable stimulator enabling the already implanted system to serve as an in vivo electrophysiology laboratorry. This has precluded the need for repetitive invasive procedures and sometimes hospitalization. The experience with this technique is reviewed.
Nitric oxide reduces depolarization-induced calcium influx in PC12 cells by a cyclic GMP-mediated mechanism

The present study was undertaken to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) alters voltage-dependent changes in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) using PC12 cells as a neuronal model. The addition to PC12 cells of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which spontaneously releases NO in aqueous solution, significantly inhibited the KCl-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. The inhibitory action of SNP was concentration-dependent and was mimicked by hydroxylamine which also generates NO. Both L-type (nifedipine sensitive) and N-type (omega-conotoxin sensitive) voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels are present in PC12 cells and may be affected by NO-generating agents. In contrast, SNP did not alter [Ca2+]i in response to purinergic receptor stimulation. Preincubation of PC12 cells with 8-bromo-cyclic GMP also inhibited the KCl-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. In addition, inclusion of the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, LY83583, blocked the inhibitory action of SNP on the voltage-sensitive changes in [Ca2+]i. The results suggest that NO selectively inhibits voltage-dependent calcium influx in neuronal cells through a cyclic GMP-dependent mechanism.
Decision support system for capital investment risk analysis

This paper presents an expert knowledge-based decision support system for capital investment risk analysis. The theoretical foundation of the DSS is Possibilistic Evidence which connects the Possibility Theory and the Theory of Evidence. This paper illustrates the fundamental principles of the expert knowledge representation, the framework of inference with possibilistic evidence and the architecture of the system. A typical case of capital investment risk analysis is introduced to demonstrate the application of the system.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reaction coupling through interdomain contacts in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase.

Imidazole glycerol phosphate (IGP) synthase, a triad glutamine amidotransferase, catalyzes the fifth step in the histidine biosynthetic pathway, where ammonia from glutamine is incorporated into N1-[(5‘-phosphoribulosyl)-formimino]-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (PRFAR) to yield IGP and 5‘-(5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide) ribonucleotide (AICAR). The triad family of glutamine amidotransferases is formed by the coupling of two disparate subdomains, an acceptor domain and a glutamine hydrolysis domain. Each of the enzymes in this family share a common glutaminase domain for which the glutaminase activity is tightly regulated by an acceptor substrate domain. In IGP synthase the glutaminase and PRFAR binding sites are separated by 30 A. Using kinetic analyses of site-specific mutants and molecular dynamic simulations, we have determined that an interdomain salt bridge in IGP synthase between D359 and K196 (approximately 16 A from the PRFAR binding site) plays a key role in mediating communicatio...
Zero density lower bounds in topology optimization

In topology optimization, the notion of topology is introduced into the analysis by assigning density design variables to positions throughout the design domain. The standard practice is to set the lower bound values of the density design variables so that they are small but nonzero values. The intent of the nonvanishing lower bound has been to ensure that the (tangent) stiffness matrix of the finite element analysis remains nonsingular, and the lower bound values are selected so that the low density elements are structurally insignificant to the extent that the structural analysis can be performed. However, from a pragmatic point of view, we should desire that void material be represented by regions of zero density elements. Here, a simple algorithm that does not requiring remeshing and accommodates the zero density design variable values is presented, and the ramifications of the zero density lower bounds on the topology optimization are discussed.
We are all hybrids now: The dangerous epistemology of post‐colonial populism

This review article considers the political effects of the construction by postcolonial/postmodern theory of an emancipatory project embodying an alternative modernity. It is argued that, in the case of the north Indian peasantry, what is perceived as a subaltern hybridity entails a paradoxical combination: namely, science‐driven technology with an irrational, pre‐scientific worldview. The latter elements, according to postcolonial theory, correspond not just to an authentically indigenous knowledge emanating from an undifferentiated ‘people’ but also to the way in which in non‐Western societies resist the continuing dominance exercised by erstwhile colonial masters through a system of Enlightenment/Western values. Epistemologically, however, such a backwards‐looking critique of science, technology and development has much in common with the discourse of the political right. Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India, by Akhil Gupta. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998. Pp.xv...
Functional Typologies of Metropolitan Areas: An Examination of Their Usefulness

Although relatively simple dichotomies of American cities, such as the Sunbelt/Snowbelt and the largecity/small-city distinctions, have been used to explain and predict other facets of urban life, more elaborate typologies, such as those produced by Duncan and others (1960) and by Nelson (1955), have remained wallflowers of urban research. Curiously attractive, they have nonetheless found little favor in explanatory studies. We have found two of these typologies, those of Duncan et al. and Nelson, to be surprisingly useful in accounting for major changes in the American urban system during the 1970s.
E-commerce and corporate strategy: an executive perspective

Despite the recent downturn in Internet-based business, the dollar value of electronic commerce (EC) transactions is increasing at an astounding rate. In consumer-to-business applications, the amount of money spent by online shoppers is nearly doubling every year and is expected to approach US$ 100 billion by 2004 while business-to-business sales is expected to reach US$ 1.3 trillion by 2003. These opportunities, powered by the evolving computing and communication technologies, enable companies to gain tremendous operational efficiencies, personalization, and information based products and services. More and more conventional brick and mortar firms see e-commerce initiatives as offering strategic opportunities to transcend their normal operations. This study proposes that e-commerce initiatives are important strategic initiatives and that firms with a stronger EC market orientation will be more successful. Content analysis of CEO's letter to shareholders of 145 Fortune 500 firms was conducted to evaluate the importance of EC and strategic orientation. The results provide support to the study's propositions and indicate that EC must be pursued carefully as a strategic initiative rather than as an appendage to an existing organization.
Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein expression in brain of mice at different stages of development

Abstract Cadmium accumulation and metallothionein (MT) expression were studied in brains of adult mice as well as at different stages of development. MT expression was also studied in the eye of adult mice as well as at different stages of development. Using northern blot analysis with total RNA, MT mRNAs were not detected in day 16 through day 18 embryos or in postnatal animals up to day 14. Detectable expression of MT-I, -II, and -III mRNAs was obtained in brains of 30- and 60-day-old mice. The expression of MT-III mRNA appeared to be much stronger in adults (12 weeks old or more) than in 30- and 60-day-old animals. In contrast, there was similar expression of MT-I and -II in 30- and 60-day-old mice. Cd distribution to brain was found to decrease with age; the brains of 7-day-old mice contained about 4-times more Cd than that of adult mice. Thus, an inverse correlation was observed between MT expression and Cd accumulation in brain.
A Comparison of GCM-simulated and Observed Mean January and July Surface Air Temperature

Results are presented of a comparison of four present-day GCM simulations (GFDL, OSU, GISS, and UKMO) of high-resolution surface air temperature climatology, with both January and July scenarios being evaluated for each GCM. Results indicate that the surface air temperature simulations are significantly affected by model representations of the topography, sea level pressure, and precipitation, with the other factors being the inclusion of the diurnal cycle and the type of ocean model. The GISS and UKMO GCMs were found to simulate well the mean January and July surface air temperatures, whereas the OSU GCM overestimated and the GFDL GCM underestimated the temperatures.
The hydrostatic motor: Utilization of hydrostatic pressure differentials in the deep sea

A hydrostatic motor that converts hydrostatic pressure gradients in the deep sea into harnessable mechanical energy has been developed and successfully tested. Controlled equalization between higher ambient hydrostatic pressures at oceanic depths and lower pressures retained from atmospheric or sea-level conditions—sealed within a chamber as part of the motor assembly—produces reciprocating motion of a piston. This motion is utilized for power or work requirements. Our needs have been directed toward oceanographic instrumentation requirements but many other applications are likely.
Automated Generation of Risk and Failure Models during Early Phase Design

A functional model of a space mission represents the various functions that need to succeed in order for the mission to be successful. The various outcomes of each of these functions and their combinations determine the different possible outcomes for the mission. Recent research and development by Jenkins and Heron has led to the development of a common ontology that is used to completely specify the important attributes of a space mission; including the risks and failures. Using this ontology, we have organized the information obtained at the preliminary design phase of a sample space mission and linked the various attributes together within the context of the Systems Engineering tool, CORE.
Equilibrium vortex density in a rotating two-dimensional superfluid

The equilibrium state of a two-dimensional superfluid in rotation is discussed. It is shown that, in equilibrium, the presence of polarizable vortex-antivortex pairs does not affect the critical angular velocity at which free vortices enter the system, nor does it affect the free vortex density at higher angular velocities.
Energy-preserving integrators for fluid animation

Numerical viscosity has long been a problem in fluid animation. Existing methods suffer from intrinsic artificial dissipation and often apply complicated computational mechanisms to combat such effects. Consequently, dissipative behavior cannot be controlled or modeled explicitly in a manner independent of time step size, complicating the use of coarse previews and adaptive-time stepping methods. This paper proposes simple, unconditionally stable, fully Eulerian integration schemes with no numerical viscosity that are capable of maintaining the liveliness of fluid motion without recourse to corrective devices. Pressure and fluxes are solved efficiently and simultaneously in a time-reversible manner on simplicial grids, and the energy is preserved exactly over long time scales in the case of inviscid fluids. These integrators can be viewed as an extension of the classical energy-preserving Harlow-Welch / Crank-Nicolson scheme to simplicial grids.
Structure of the genes encoding transcription factor IIB and TATA box-binding protein from Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract To investigate the structure and regulation of the genes encoding components of the basal RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery, the Drosophila melanogaster genes encoding transcription factor IIB (TFIIB) and the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) were isolated and characterized. In the TBP gene, a single intron bisects the sequences that encode the two repeated DNA-binding domains of TBP, which supports the notion that TBP evolved from an earlier form that possessed only a single domain. The transcription start points (tsp) were determined, and there was a good correlation between the tsp that were used in vivo and transcription reactions in vitro. The TFIIB and TBP genes have several similar features, which include high A+T content (68 to 74%) upstream from the tsp, multiple copies of an ATTATTATT sequence motif in the proximal promoter region, the absence of a consensus TATA-box element, and small introns (55 to 64 nucleotides). These genes should be useful in the combined genetic and biochemical analysis of TFIIB and TBP in D. melanogaster.
Pharmacotherapy of Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review

Experimental pharmacotherapy of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease has seen a recent proliferation of drug trials involving a wide variety of drugs. Many of the earlier studies focused on cholinergic agents. However, subsequent advances in basic and biological sciences have broadened the scope of therapeutic strategies beyond the neurotransmitter approaches to include neurotrophic, metabolic-enhancing, membrane-modifying, and antitoxic agents, and have also provided rationale for developing antiamyloid and anti-infective therapies. For the clinician, it has not been easy to keep abreast of these developments. In this article, I present an overview of the cognition-enhancing drugs that have been used in the past, of those currently under investigation, and of new drugs and strategies that are likely to receive attention in the next few years.
Effects of milk, prostaglandin, and antacid on experimentally induced duodenitis in the rat. Use of myeloperoxidase as an index of inflammation.

Ulcerogenesis of the duodenal mucosa frequently involves an inflammatory reaction with infiltration of leukocytes. Measurement of neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity might thus be a sensitive indicator of damage, before visible lesions occur. To test this possibility, a rat model for duodenal injury was used where fasted animals were treated with indomethacin and histamine-diHCl. Twenty-four hours after indomethacin treatment, duodenal tissues were collected for histochemical staining and biochemical assay for myeloperoxidase activity. Indomethacin- and histamine-challenged rats had significantly elevated myeloperoxidase activity compared to unchallenged controls (P < 0.05) for both histochemistry and biochemistry. There was also a significant correlation between these two parameters (r=0.68, P < 0.001). The duodenal injury model then was used to test the effectiveness of known gastric protective agents. Results indicated that milk and buttermilk did not aggravate or protect against duodenal injury, while antacid and prostaglandin did significantly protect against inflammation (P < 0.02). We concluded that measurement of myeloperoxidase activity is a sensitive and potentially useful estimate of duodenal injury that can be valuable in assessing ulcerogenesis and healing.
Determination of enantiomer composition of several bicyclic ketal insect pheromone components

Details are given for the determination by a chiral shift reagent of enantiomer compositions of several bark beetle pheromone components, which are bicyclic ketals. The procedure was carried out on three samples in the range of 200 micrograms. For one sample, the determination was achieved at the level of 5 micrograms.
Inheritance of groat-oil content and high-oil selection in oats (Avena sativa L.)

The potential for breeding for high groat-oil content in oats was investigated by (a) conducting generation means analyses on data from three matings among adapted Avena sativa L. cultivars, (b) practicing one cycle of phenotypic recurrent selection in a segregating population derived from eight species backcrosses (Avena sativa x (A. sativa x A. sterilis)) among 24 parents, and (c) identifying transgressive segregates from interspecific (A. sativa x A. sterilis) matings.
Predictors of successful outcomes in first web space contracture release

Background The success of a first web space contracture release is dependent on the individual parameters of thumb movement. Examining these parameters individually, it is possible to predict which components are important for providing successful outcomes.
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IN THREE SPECIES OF BIRDS

Summary. White-throated Sparrows Zonotrickia albicollis, Fork-tailed Flycatchers Muscivora tyrannus and Black-capped Chickadees Porta atricapillus were placed in experimental situations where they could watch a trained companion uncover a hidden mealworm. After a period of watching its companion find the concealed mealworm, the observer bird was isolated visually from the other bird. While in isolation the observer birds approached, touched and pecked at a hidden food tray significantly more often than control birds which had not had an opportunity to observe a trained companion. However, the experimental birds failed to learn from observation alone how to uncover the concealed mealworm. But if rewarded in the presence of the companion bird (by taking a mealworm from it or by uncovering a mealworm as a result of local enhancement), then the observer bird frequently did come to find the prey in isolation. It is suggested that the interaction between observational learning and a bird's reinforced socially facilitated experience could assist in the development and expansion of a bird's behavioural repertoire.
Problems and Accommodation Strategies Reported by Computer Users with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Fibromyalgia

Introduction: Little is known about the problems experienced by and the accommodation strategies used by computer users with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or fibromyalgia (FM). This study (1) describes specific problems and accommodation strategies used by people with RA and FM during computer use; and (2) examines if there were significant differences in the problems and accommodation strategies between the different equipment items for each diagnosis. Methods: Subjects were recruited from the Arthritis Network Disease Registry. Respondents completed a self-report survey, the Computer Problems Survey. Data were analyzed descriptively (percentages; 95% confidence intervals). Differences in the number of problems and accommodation strategies were calculated using nonparametric tests (Friedman’s test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test). Results: Eighty-four percent of respondents reported at least one problem with at least one equipment item (RA = 81.5%; FM = 88.9%), with most respondents reporting problems with their chair. Respondents most commonly used timing accommodation strategies to cope with mouse and keyboard problems, personal accommodation strategies to cope with chair problems and environmental accommodation strategies to cope with monitor problems. Conclusions: The number of problems during computer use was substantial in our sample, and our respondents with RA and FM may not implement the most effective strategies to deal with their chair, keyboard, or mouse problems. This study suggests that workers with RA and FM might potentially benefit from education and interventions to assist with the development of accommodation strategies to reduce problems related to computer use.
Ethnic Identity in Advertising: A Review and Meta-Analysis

The corpus of research on ethnic identity in advertising indicates that (1) ethnic identity influences commonly examined attitudinal and purchase-intention outcomes, and (2) attitudes toward both the actor(s)/model(s) and the ad moderate attitudes toward brands depicted in ethnically resonant ads. Individual studies often differ by measurement type (i.e., single-item measure versus multi-item scale), study design (i.e., experiment versus survey), and diversity of respondent sample. Seemingly, ethnic-identity effects are greater for studies that relied on single-item measures, experimental designs, and more diverse samples. Implications and future research directions are suggested.
Triazine networks modified with monofunctional reactive cyanate ester monomers

The preparation of cyanate ester thermosetting resins by coreacting a fluorinated bisphenol A dicyanate (6F-BADCY) monomer with a monofunctional reactive cyanate, namely, the dinonyl phenol cyanate (DNPC), is described in this paper. Our objective in this study was to modify the 6F-BADCY system with reactive diluents of a nonpolar nature and produce matrix resins processable at FR-4 epoxylike conditions. By introducing the monofunctional cyanate as a reactive diluent, it is expected that the molar crosslink density of the resulting network will be reduced. Highly branched triazine polymers will result from this approach. Dinonyl phenol cyanate was quantitatively synthesized by reacting dinonyl phenol with cyanogen bromide in the presence of triethylamine.
A fluorogenic substrate for detection of organophosphatase activity.

Abstract A new fluorogenic substrate for the specific detection of organophosphatase (OPase) activity has been designed and evaluated. Our results indicate that 7-diethylphospho-6,8-difluor-4-methylumbelliferyl (DEPFMU) is hydrolyzed specifically by the OPases, mammalian serum paraoxonase and bacterial organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). The apparent K m of DEPFMU is 29 μM for OPH and 91 and 200 μM for the PON1 L 55 R 192 and PON1 L 55 Q 192 isoforms of human paraoxonase, respectively. DEPFMU-based assay systems are 10–100 times more sensitive for OPH and mammalian paraoxonase detection than existing methods. Importantly, DEPFMU is poorly hydrolyzed by both serum and cellular phosphatases and, therefore, may be used as part of a robust and sensitive assay for detecting not only purified, but also highly impure, preparations of OPase such as blood samples. The superior sensitivity of DEPFMU makes it potentially useful in the search for new enzymes that may hydrolyze nerve poisons such as sarin, soman, and VX, monitoring the decontamination of organophosphates (OPs) by OPH and determining serum paraoxonase activity which appears to be important for protection against atherosclerosis, sepsis, and OP toxicity.
Evaluation of coated abrasive wear via statistical parameters

Abstract Six statistical parameters, four of which are based on a time series approach, are developed for evaluation of coated abrasive surface wear. Experimental work was done for collecting profile heights data from two grades of coated abrasives. Analysis of these data indicates that there is a consistent and physically meaningful change in the values of these parameters as wear takes place.
Neuropeptide Y promotes GTP photo-incorporation into a 55 kDa protein.

Abstract Incubation of bovine hippocampal membranes with [α-32P]GTP and exposure to ultraviolet light resulted in the labelling of seven species with apparent molecular masses of 200, 74, 55, 53, 50, 43 and 40 kDa. Labelling of the 55 kDa species was greatly enhanced in the presence of carboxyl terminal fragments [neuropeptide Y-(18-36)] of neuropeptide Y. Labelling occurred with [α-32P]GTP but not [α-32P]ATP. A group of putative direct G protein activating peptides including mastoparan, melittin, substance P and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-(1-24), were also able to stimulate the labelling of this protein. Labelling of the 55 kDa protein could be demonstrated in bovine brain but not peripheral tissues. Western blot analysis using an antibody against the common α subunit of G proteins recognized a protein co-migrating with the 55 kDa GTP-binding protein. These findings demonstrate the existence of a previously uncharacterized neuronal protein, with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa, that binds GTP in response to neuropeptide Y and other peptides.
A comparative study of the cell cycle status and primitive cell adhesion molecule profile of human CD34+ cells cultured in stroma-free versus porcine microvascular endothelial cell cultures.

Abstract Porcine microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) plus cytokines support a rapid proliferation and expansion of human CD34 + CD38 − cells that are capable of multilineage engraftment within the bone marrow of a secondary host. CD34 + CD38 − cells contain the self-renewing, long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) that are ideal targets for retroviral gene transfer experiments. Previous experiments attempting retroviral infection of CD34 + CD38 − cells have failed partly because these cells do not enter cell cycle in response to cytokine combinations. In this study, we determined the cell cycle status and the cell adhesion molecule profile on purified CD34 + cells and the CD34 + CD38 − subset before and after ex vivo expansion on PMVECs. Purified human CD34 + cells were cocultured with PMVECs for 7 days in the presence of optimal concentrations of granulocyte/macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) + interleukin (IL)-3 + IL-6 + stem cell factor (SCF) + Flt-3 ligand. The total CD34 + population and the CD34 + CD38 − subset increased 8.4- and 67-fold, respectively, with absolute increases in the number of colony-forming unit–granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) (28.2-fold), CFU-Mix (8.7 fold), and burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) (4.0-fold) progenitor cells. After 7 days of coculture with PMVECs, 44% of the CD34 + CD38 + subset were found to be in G 1 , and 51% were in G 2 /S/M phase of the cell cycle. More remarkably, 53% of the CD34 + CD38 − subset were in G 1 , and 17% were in G 2 /S/M phase after 7 days of PMVEC coculture. In contrast, only 22% of the CD34 + CD38 − subset remaining after 7 days of stroma-free culture were in G 1 , and 6% were in G 2 /S/M phase. Despite the high level of cellular activation and proliferation induced by PMVEC coculture, the surface expression of adhesion molecules CD11a (LFA-1), CD11b, CD15s (sialyl-Lewis x), CD43, and CD44 (HCAM) on the total CD34+ population was maintained, and the surface expression of CD49d (VLA-4), CD54 (ICAM), CD58, and CD62L (L selectin) increased after ex vivo expansion. In contrast, CD34 + cells expanded on stroma-free cultures showed lower and more variable expression of CD62L and CD15s. These findings demonstrate that the primitive CD34 + CD38 − subset of marrow progenitor cells can be induced to enter cell cycle and can be significantly expanded ex vivo on a hematopoietic supportive microenvironment (PMVECs) while preserving the expression of cell adhesion molecules that may be important in stem cell homing and engraftment.