cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline in maternal plasma and in fetal tissues following oral administration to pregnant ewes.

The purpose of this study was to determine if concentrations of chlortetracycline could be detected in fetal plasma or tissues after administering an oral dose of chlortetracycline (CTC; 500 mg/head/day) reported to be effective in controlling Campylobacter spp. abortions. Five pregnant ewes were administered 250 mg/head twice a day (total dose 500 mg/hd/d) for 7 days. On the beginning of day 7, intravenous catheters were surgically implanted or inserted into the fetus and dam. Plasma samples were collected from the ewe and fetus at various time points before and up to 36 hr after the last dose of CTC. All ewes were then sacrificed, and tissues were harvested from the fetus for drug analysis. Concentrations of CTC in maternal plasma were consistent with our previous study and below the minimum inhibitory concentration of Campylobacter abortion isolates. Concentrations of CTC were below the limit of detection in three of five fetal plasma samples and all of the placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetal stomach contents. Low concentrations were detectable in fetal kidney and liver, suggesting that CTC reaches the fetus, although at a variable and low ratio when compared to maternal concentrations.
From Bubble to Bridge: Educating Christians for a Multifaith World,

As religious diversity increasingly becomes the norm in American communities, it is imperative that America's established religious groups reflect on how they intend to respond. Regrettably, some C...
Lattice Boltzmann methods for bioengineering applications

Abstract Computational techniques have gained wider acceptance and application within biomedical and bioengineering applications. Among the most potent numerical techniques for simulating biological flows in complex geometries is the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). It is appropriate for cases where the implementation of boundary conditions can be difficult when applying other methods and in cases where parallelization of the computations is needed to simulate large systems. In this work, we report on the LBM methodology and applications, drawing mainly from our research on using LBM to simulate flows in scaffolds and perfusion bioreactors. The flow-induced stresses can be predicted with LBM, and vital information about the successful culture of cells can be generated. In addition to the simulation of flow, the LBM can be used in conjunction with particle-based techniques to simulate mass transfer in the flow field. The combination of LBM with Lagrangian particle tracking or Lagrangian scalar tracking is also highlighted.
Leading edge dynamics of lean premixed flames stabilized on a bluff body

Abstract This paper examines the dynamics of the flame leading edge in a laminar premixed CH4/air flame stabilized on a bluff body in a channel. Harmonic fluctuations and step velocity change are used to simulate the flame response to acoustic oscillations, which are of primary importance in the study of thermo-acoustic instabilities. We use a fully resolved unsteady two-dimensional code with detailed chemistry and species transport, with coupled heat transfer to the bluff body. Calculations were conducted with different equivalence ratios, body materials, and steady state inlet velocity with step or harmonic perturbations. Results reveal that the flame leading edge dynamics displays a peak response around St = 0.5 suggesting that the leading edge motion is mainly due to the advection of appropriate ignition conditions as a result of the excitement of the wake recirculating flow. There is considerable augmentation of the flame wrinkles generated by the flame leading edge motion as result of the flow–flame interaction. Additionally, we show that a flame that anchors on average further upstream leads to stronger damping of the shear layer vortices and thus weaker vortex-flame interaction and heat release fluctuations. Hence, we identify two different mechanisms by which the flame leading edge location and oscillation amplitude impact heat release fluctuations. The study suggests a stronger dependence of the overall flame wrinkling and heat release fluctuations on the flame leading edge dynamics than recognized previously and the potential role it plays in combustion dynamics.
The Arc Of History Bends Toward Coverage: Health Policy At A Crossroads

There is a formidable historical arc to health care policy: Every modern US president has sought to expand coverage. Democrats eagerly placed the issue on the agenda. Republicans vociferously opposed Democratic proposals but countered with creative ways to expand coverage on their own terms. Democrats eventually absorbed elements of the latest Republican plan—which Republicans, in turn, attacked, and the cycle began anew. The dynamic interaction between the parties slowly, often haphazardly, expanded health insurance as each sought to extend coverage in its own way. We speculate about whether the recent Republican efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act constitute a sharp break with the past, perhaps because opposition to government, exacerbated by racial anxieties, has changed the Republican calculus. Alternatively, there are still some reasons to conclude that the arc of health policy continues to bend toward increasing coverage.
Radiation Damping Effects

In this chapter we will show how the radiation damping in electron and positron rings can be added to the Hamiltonian and Vlasov formalism, and calculate how radiation damping affects the energy, transverse actions and distribution function.
Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Fish Oils, Autoxidation ex vivo and Peroxidation in vivo: Implications

Because of their apparent efficacy in reducing the occurrence of a number of pathophysiologies related to heart disease, thrombosis, inflammation and immune functions the omega (w), or n-3polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of seafoods and fish oils are receiving much attention (Kinsella et al., 1990a,b,c). Increased consumption of n-3 PUFA is being promoted and products containing n-3 PUFA are being developed. The n-3 PUFA being highly unsaturated have a tendency to undergo rapid autoxidation and cause off-flavors (Hsieh and Kinsella, 1989). Hence, there is some concern about the potential deleterious effects resulting from peroxidation of n-3 PUFA, especially in vivo.
(−)-Epigallocatechin 3- O -Gallate (EGCG) and Kidney Interstitial Fibroblasts

(−)-Epigallocatechin 3- O -gallate (EGCG), a major catechin in green tea, suppresses renal failure in animals, and inhibits the growth of mouse or human mesangial cells opossum kidney proximal tubular (OK) cells and normal rat kidney interstitial fibroblast (NRK-49F) cells. In addition, EGCG induces apoptosis in OK and NRK-49F cells. However, its inhibitory effect on NRK-49F cells was weaker than that on human mesangial cells and OK cells. In addition, EGCG ameliorated the development of diabetic nephropathy and exerted a protective effect in nephropathic and nephrotoxic models, but its relationship with kidney interstitial fibroblasts is unclear. From these results, the effects of EGCG were weaker in kidney interstitial cells than mesangial cells and renal tubular cells. Therefore, EGCG is considered to improve renal fibrosis by reducing the proliferative capacity of mesangial cells.
Regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA in the formation of malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA is then condensed to acetyl-CoA in the process of long-chain fatty acid synthesis. Citrate activation of crude or purified carboxylase is accompanied by polymerization of the enzyme. Various methods of dissociating the high-molecular-weight polymeric form into the protomeric form in vitro result in the inactivation of the carboxylase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inhibited by long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, and such inhibition is accompanied by enzyme depolymerisation. Inactivation of the carboxylase through covalent phosphorylation accompanies depolymerization in the absence of CO2, and this depolymerization occurs even in the presence of citrate. While covalent modification amplifies the sensitivity of the carboxylase toward the allosteric molecules at physiological concentrations, the allosteric molecules in turn affect the covalent modification.
Fitness costs associated with resistance to Cry3Bb1 corn in western corn rootworm

17 Introduction 18 Materials and Methods 20 Results 30 Discussion 33 Acknowledgments 37 Literature Cited 37 CHAPTER 3. EFFECTS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENS ON MORTALITY OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM AND FITNESS COSTS OF RESISTANCE TO CRY3BB1 MAIZE 50 Abstract 50 Introduction 51 Materials and Methods 54 Results 61 Discussion 62 Acknowledgments 66 Literature Cited 66 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 7750 Introduction 51 Materials and Methods 54 Results 61 Discussion 62 Acknowledgments 66 Literature Cited 66 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 77
Medialization Thyroplasty Using the VoCoM Vocal Cord Medialization System

The VoCoM implant system is a simple, efficient, and flexible method to achieve accurate vocal fold medialization. It is compatible with concomitant arytenoid adduction, although it may provide modest medialization of the vocal process. The implant material is biocompatible with nearly a decade of clinical use. The procedure is technically reversible, although it should be used in patients who are candidates for permanent implantation.
Temperature-dependent Thermoelectric Properties of Electrodeposited Antimony Telluride Films upon Thermal Annealing

Electrodeposition is a cost-effective way of processing phase-change thermoelectric materials allowing good control over phase contents and degree of crystallinity making it favorable for investigating phase-dependent properties when the deposit undergoes phase transition upon annealing. Previous experiment demonstrated unique pre-annealing-temperature dependence of antimony telluride films, however, the information about the thermal conductivity and its temperature dependence remains unknown. In this paper, we combine experiments and theoretical modeling and present the thermoelectric properties of electrodeposited Sb 37 Te 63 films and their dependencies on temperature. The measured thermal conductivity with varying temperature agrees well with the result predicted by established models for the Sb 37 Te 63 film under different phase conditions. The models for the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for the film in different phases upon annealing well capture the previously reported data and identify the important carrier transport mechanism.
Robotic Paraesophageal “Giant” Hiatal Hernia Repair

Paraesophageal hiatal hernias are typically type III, the gastroesophageal junction and the viscera are herniated through the esophageal hiatus. Symptomatic patients should be surgically repaired. The asymptomatic patients should be managed on a case-by-case basis. The preoperative evaluation and the details of the operative techniques of performing a robotic paraesophageal hiatal hernia repair are described.
Mutational profiles and amplifications on circulating tumor DNA testing in patients with young-onset colorectal cancer.

e15067Background: There has been a concerning rise of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young individuals (<50 years). There appears to be a preponderance of left-sided tumors and rectal cancers, however,...
Bodies, Souls, and the Poetry Between Them

This chapter explores the difference in connotation between the words “spirit” and “soul,” with allusions to analytic psychology. As defined against the body, the soul cannot be dissociated altogether. Lyric discourse finds it difficult, if not impossible, to make the Christian distinction between body and soul an absolute. The result figures less as a challenge to core ethical values than to their vehicle—that is, the archaic soul-body model in didactic literature. W.C. Williams, Lorca, Zbigniew Herbert, and Wallace Stevens provide further examples of complication when it comes to our sense of what “soul” means and how one might “objectify” it via dialogue within the larger context of the psyche.
Optimal Tracking With Disturbance Rejection of Voltage Source Inverters

This paper presents a novel voltage regulator design methodology for a three-phase voltage source inverter with uncertain load dynamics. Different from existing literature, the load is treated as a dynamic uncertainty and a robust optimal state-feedback controller is proposed through the integration of optimal output regulation theory and backstepping method. To avoid sensing the inductor current, an output-feedback control scheme is developed as well. Stability of the inverter–load system is rigorously analyzed via the small-gain techniques. It is ensured that the tracking error asymptotically converges to zero through both the proposed state-feedback and output-feedback controllers. A standard proportional resonant controller is also designed for the purpose of comparison. It is shown that the proposed controller has inherent robustness and does not require retuning with different applications. The controller design method is generalized for grid-tie applications, since the grid can be regarded as a stable load system. Simulations and experimental results show the effectiveness of the control approaches.
[Periodic fever and pancytopenia in a 35-year-old patient].

Ein 35-jahriger Patient mit periodischem Fieber bis 40 °C, Halsschmerzen, Myalgie und Zephalgien stellte sich zur Abklarung einer Panzytopenie vor. Die Umfeld- und jungere Reiseanamnese waren, abgesehen von einem Besuch in Italien vor einem Jahr und in Spanien vor mehreren Jahren, leer. Neben der Panzytopenie mit Agranulozytose und erhohten Infektwerten ohne wegweisenden serologischen Befund fand sich klinisch eine Lymphadenitis colli. In der Schnittbildgebung fanden sich eine zervikale Lymphadenopathie, eine Hepatosplenomegalie sowie eine gedeckte Sigmaperforation mit parakolischem Abszess und langstreckiger diffuser Wandverdickung des Kolons. Im Knochenmark (KM) fand sich eine reaktive, polyklonale Plasmazellvermehrung. Im Lymphknotenbiopsat ergab sich das Bild einer nekrotisierenden Lymphadenitis. Im Lymphknoten liesen sich mittels Polymerase-Kettenreaktion Leishmanien-DNA und im KM-Ausstrichpraparat Leishmanien lichtmikroskopisch nachweisen. Somit konnte die Diagnose einer viszeralen Leishmaniose (VL) gestellt werden. Es wurde eine Therapie mit liposomalem Amphotericin B begonnen. Fieberschube und Lymphadenopathie zeigten sich daraufhin regredient. Die VL ist eine pleiotrop, haufig schwer und unbehandelt todlich, verlaufende Erkrankung, die sich ahnlich einer hamatologischen Systemerkrankung prasentiert, gelegentlich ein fulminantes Makrophagenaktivierungssyndrom auslost und weltweit in seiner Haufigkeit zunimmt. Pathophysiologisch liegt ein komplexes Zusammenspiel zwischen Erreger und Immunsystem vor.
Bundling Together RAID Disk Arrays for Greater Protection and Easier Repairs

Large data storage systems often use Reed-Solomon erasure codes to protect their static data against triple or even quadruple disk failures. The main drawback of this solution is the high cost of recovering the contents of failed disks, as it requires reading the contents of all the surviving peers in its parity stripe. We propose to reduce this cost by grouping together a small number of conventional RAID arrays into a single bundle and adding column-wise parity disks such that all disks in a given RAID array belong to a distinct parity stripe. As a result, the number of disks involved in the recovery from a single disk failure will be equal to the number of RAID arrays in the bundle. We show that bundles of RAID level 5 arrays can recover without data loss from all triple and at least 96 percent of quadruple disk failures while bundles of RAID level 6 arrays can similarly recover from all quintuple and 99.9 percent of sextuple disk failures.
The Scrum Culture: Introducing Agile Methods in Organizations

Software is an important element in our lives. From mobile apps to embedded systems, software enables many organizations to function. The traditional software development methodology is called the ...
Investigating the Partitioning of Inorganic Elements Consumed by Humans between the Various Fractions of Human Wastes: An Alternative Approach

The elemental composition of food consumed by astronauts is well defined. The major elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur are taken up in large amounts and these are often associated with the organic fraction (carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc) of human tissue. On the other hand, a number of the elements are located in the extracellular fluids and can be accounted for in the liquid and solid waste fraction of humans. These elements fall into three major categories - cationic macroelements (e.g. Ca, K, Na, Mg and Si), anionic macroelements (e.g. P, S and Cl and 17 essential microelements, (e.g. Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Sr). When provided in the recommended concentrations to an adult healthy human, these elements should not normally accumulate in humans and will eventually be excreted in the different human wastes. Knowledge of the partitioning of these elements between the different human waste fractions is important in understanding (a) developing waste separation technologies, (b) decision-making on how these elements can be recovered for reuse in space habitats, and (c) to developing the processors for waste management. Though considerable literature exists on these elements, there is a lack of understanding and often conflicting data. Two major reasons for these problems include the lack of controlled experimental protocols and the inherently large variations between human subjects (Parker and Gallagher, 1988). We have used the existing knowledge of human nutrition and waste from the available literature and NASA documentation to build towards a consensus to typify and chemically characterize the various human wastes. It is our belief, that this could be a building block towards integrating a human life support and waste processing in a closed system.
Indications for readmission following mastectomy for breast cancer: An assessment of patient and operative factors.

We investigated the impact of patient and operative factors on 30-day hospital readmission following mastectomy for breast cancer. Using the 2011 HCUP California State Inpatient Database, we evaluated readmissions in adult women undergoing mastectomy for invasive, in situ, or history of breast cancer. Clinical data assessment was performed using ICD-9-CM codes and the Elixhauser comorbidity index. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to analyze patient and operative factors and associations with 30-day hospital readmission. Of 6214 women undergoing mastectomy, 306 (4.9%) were readmitted within 30 days postoperatively, most commonly for surgical site infection (130, 42.5%) and hematoma (29, 9.5%). 30-day readmission was associated with increasing index length of stay (LOS), comorbidities, and non-private insurance (P 2 days (OR 1.81, P 2 days, metastatic disease, and Medicare insurance are significant predictors of 30-day readmission following mastectomy for breast cancer. Surgical site infection and wound complications were the most common diagnoses requiring readmission and resulted in over half of readmissions in our study population at 30 days.
Authenticity in tension with homogeneity in grassroots place branding

This article considers a group of residents from South Bend, Indiana who sought to visually rebrand their city using Instagram. It asks how a group that sees itself as prizing authenticity, ultimately settled on a single, coherent style. The resident artists as a group of primarily young, white professionals in creative fields, sought to capture the authentic South Bend; that is, the city as they experience it as residents. By tracing the development of this community of resident artists and the strategies they pursued to shift perceptions of the city for the better, this study argues that the dynamics of grassroots, resident-initiated branding lead to homogeneity, even among those attentive to the representation of diverse perspectives in their content. To advance their own account of the city, these resident artists cultivated a community of like-minded individuals through recruitment and a process of socialization into their approach to civic boosterism using photography meetups and collaborative content creation. Their meetups and their attention to the photos’ reception by those on the platform for their efforts—Instagram—ultimately facilitated the group’s convergence on a single style.
A prospective single‐institution study of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) for early‐stage breast cancer

Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is an option for breast-conserving therapy in early-stage breast cancer. IORT is given in one fraction at the time of surgery and eliminates the need for adjuvant external beam radiation therapy. However, previous trials indicate increased local failure rates compared with whole-breast irradiation, which engenders controversy around the appropriate use of IORT. We conducted a prospective study of patients diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (T1-T2, N0-N1) at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC) between 2013 and 2017 and treated with lumpectomy followed by intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). Data collected included stage of disease, tumor location, histology, tumor markers, lymph node status, surgical margin size, recurrence, cosmetic outcomes, and length of follow-up. In-breast tumor recurrence rate (IBTR) in the 77 evaluable patients was 3.9% (3 patients). Margins were close (1 mm or less) in all three recurrent patients, and two were initially diagnosed with DCIS. Recurrence rates in our patients were comparable to prior reports. All recurrences were in patients with close margins indicating that this may represent a predictive feature for exclusion from IORT; additional studies are essential to determine the recurrence rates among patients treated with IORT and to identify potential predictors of IORT eligibility.
Atypical Mycobacterial Keratitis

Atypical mycobacteria (AM) are aerobic, nonspore-forming bacilli that are known to be involved in many ocular infections, most commonly keratitis. The most common AM organisms that cause keratitis are Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium abscessus. While AM keratitis are commonly associated with post-laser in situ keratomilieusis (LASIK) scenarios, AM keratitis is also frequently caused by trauma and contact lens wear. It is difficult to diagnose AM keratitis because of the clinical appearance as well as the slow growth on culture. Hence, initiation of treatment is often delayed, leading to worse outcomes. Specific stains and cultures in addition to standard media are sometimes needed, including acid-fast stains, Ziehl–Neelsen, Lowenstein–Jensen medium, and Middlebrook 7H9 broth. Many treatment options have been studied, but topical amikacin appears to be one of the most commonly used therapies. Occasionally, systemic antibiotics are used, and in recalcitrant cases with risk to continued spread beyond the cornea, surgical intervention is needed. As clinical outcomes are dependent on a high suspicion for this condition and the initiation of prompt treatment, an understanding of and a recognition of AM keratitis is of utmost importance.
Rock Star or Shooting Star? (A)

Set in an investment firm, the A case presents the president going through a review process with the firm's portfolio managers. By all accounts, Fred Silverton's financial savvy and skills had had helped the staggering mutual fund company reach success. The case runs through issues and actions directly involving Silverton. Despite Silverton's success, there were some who were alarmed over his approach to human capital. Nonetheless, the president considers Silverton in the race to lead an offering expansion. As the president goes through Silverton's behavior at work, she has to decide if there is a problem or if Silverton is just walking the line but hasn't crossed it. Does Silverton see he has a problem regarding the impact of his behavior on others? Excerpt UVA-OB-1198 Rev. Jan. 19, 2018 Rock Star or Shooting Star? (A) Maria Himes, president of Hawthorne Investments (Hawthorne), generally enjoyed the annual review process. It was her chance to personally meet with each of the 65 portfolio managers (PMs) who directed the investment strategies for the $ 41 billion collectively under management in Hawthorne's mutual funds. The review process offered a chance to talk through each manager's performance, outlook, and hiring needs; to discuss compensation; and to be available and open for any feedback from which she could glean best practices and help implement them across the company. In certain cases, however, she had to send a tough message or worse. This was the part Himes disliked, but it was rarely necessary. Sending tough messages wasn't the Hawthorne way. Patience, a long term view, transparency, and integrity were the foundational principles that had directed the company's growth since its founding in New Jersey in 1953. The next name on her list to be reviewed this Friday morning was Fred Silverton, PM of the $ 803 million Hawthorne Event Driven Opportunities Fund (HEDOF). Himes crinkled her face, thinking. Silverton had been with Hawthorne just over two years but had already made a significant mark. Hired from Middle Market Investment Bank (MMIB) to launch Hawthorne's first offering in the alternative or hedged mutual fund category, Silverton's star seemed to be rising. The HEDOF had generated returns in the top decile of its peer group over its first two years, and assets had grown significantly as investors sought to determine the most promising funds in the nascent category (Exhibit 1.) Hedged mutual funds were hot, and Hawthorne had plans to grow its fund offerings in the space. But Silverton had crushed some glass on the way to posting strong results. Two of the three analysts hired by Silverton had quit in recent months, and Hawthorne's board wanted Himes to assess whether Silverton's aggressive hedge fund approach would mesh long term with Hawthorne's time-tested culture. Himes hoped her review with Silverton would answer some questions before her meeting with the board next week. Hawthorne Investments . . .
Isolation of Gregatin A from Phialophora gregata by Preparative High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography

A method was developed for the production and purification of gregatin A from Phialophora gregata NRRL 13198 cultured on rice at 20°C for 28 days. Liquid extraction followed by high-pressure liquid chromatography afforded 247.0 mg of crystalline gregatin A per kg of rice.
Pediatric Sinusitis and Subperiosteal Orbital Abscess Formation: Diagnosis and Treatment

Twenty-two children with subperiosteal orbital abscesses were treated at St. Louis Children's Hospital between 1983 and 1992. Eighteen patients were otherwise in good health; four patients had cystic fibrosis, mucoceles, or were immunocompromised. All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics and abscess drainage. CT scans were obtained preoperatively in each case. Ten patients were treated with endoscopic ethmoidectomy and abscess drainage, and 11 were treated with external ethmoidectomy and abscess drainage. One child was initially treated with abscess drainage and an elective endoscopic ethmoidectomy was performed later. There were no cases of permanent visual loss or neurologic sequelae. Culture results were positive in 14 cases and mixed infections were common. Complications included recurrent abscess, cerebritis, and empyema. We recommend combined medical and surgical treatment for all children with subperiosteal orbital abscess. We feel that endoscopic ethmoidectomy and abscess drainage of...
Working memory in young children: Evidence for modality-specificity and implications for cerebral reorganization in early childhood

Abstract Digit span (DS) and visual–spatial memory span (VMS) tasks have been considered indices of auditory and visual–spatial processing, respectively, often classified as ‘‘primary memory’’ or ‘‘attention’’. There has been limited evidence for their modality specificity, however. We present two children who showed visual–spatial processing deficiencies (including VMS) and non-dominant manual inefficiency with normal visual–spatial perception, auditory–verbal processing and dominant fine manual skills. These children support a distinction between auditory and visual–spatial memory span. These findings are discussed with regard to a hypothesis that the unique expression of VMS is time-limited, that visual–spatial processing becomes more verbalized as children learn to read and that these behavioral changes produce a lateral shift in cortical processing of visual–spatial information.
2,2,2‐Trifluoroethoxy Acrylate

[407-47-6] C5H5F3O2 (MW 154.09) InChI = 1S/C5H5F3O2/c1-2-4(9)10-3-5(6,7)8/h2H,1,3H2 InChIKey = VBHXIMACZBQHPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (dienophile in Diels–Alder reactions, performs [2 + 2] cycloadditions with silyl enol ethers, Michael acceptor) Alternate Name: 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate. Physical Data: bp 91–93 °C; d 1.216 g cm−3; fp 12 °C. Solubility: sol organics (CH2Cl2, CHCl3, THF, DMF); insol in water. Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR, HPLC. Preparative Methods: esterification of acryloyl chloride with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol,1a and oxygen-alkylation of acrylic acid with 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-chloroethane.1b Purification: distillation under reduced pressure, bp 45–46 °C at 125 mmHg. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: highly flammable; incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, strong bases, and strong acids; decomposes to form carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride gas; store in a cool, dry area away from sources of ignition; 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy acrylate is harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin; potent lachrymator; use only in a fume hood with suitable personal protective equipment.
Measuring the spin of the gluon in e+e− annihilation

Abstract We discuss the analysis of possible 3-jet events in e + e − annihilation and elsewhere. If one selects events with low thrust, the particles recoiling away from the thrust axis should appear as a pair of back-to-back jets in their centre-of-mass system. The angular distributions of such jets are very different in the case of vector gluon bremsstrahlung from what they would be for scalar gluons, or for the 3-gluon decay of a heavy quarkonium resonence. We outline a similar analysis of 3-jet events in photoproduction.
The Cause of Cost in the Management of Odontogenic Infections 2: Multivariate Outcome Analyses

Purpose The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the demographic, social, treatment, and hospital course variables associated with length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) use, and additional operating room (OR) use in patients admitted for odontogenic infections. Materials and Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted in patients admitted for odontogenic infections at Harborview Medical Center from July 1, 2001 through June 30, 2011. Results In total, 318 patient charts were reviewed and included. In the multivariate linear regression analysis on LOS, the variables drug abuse, location of treatment, number of spaces involved, side or location of infection, ICU use, length of ICU stay, additional OR use, peak temperature, admission white blood cell count, peak white blood cell count, and peak blood sugar accounted for 68.2% of the variation. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis on ICU use, the variables OR time, number of spaces involved, and peak blood sugar accounted for 32.5% of the variation. LOS was the only variable significantly associated with additional OR use in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion An understanding of the key variables involved in LOS in patients with odontogenic infections has been greatly improved by recent studies and reinforced by the present study. The authors present a starting point for a greater understanding of the variables involved in ICU use, but much more work is needed to address variables identifying patients requiring reoperation. Future studies should aim to create multivariate models explaining all variations in these outcome variables.
A model for the elementary visual networks of the human brain

A model for the elementary visual processing networks of the human brain is presented. Two classes of networks are considered: information processing networks, and control networks. The information processing networks select and transform regions of the visual field, and deliver the resultant information patterns for storage, recognition and recall by the permanent memory store. Each of these functions is performed continuously in time. The control networks regulate the flow of information through and determine the specific transformation to be performed by the information processing networks. All decisions regarding information processing are made by the control networks. Specific emphasis is placed on the logic and control algorithms which govern the behavior of the system. Prominent features of the model are: (1) the selection control networks and the memory store are able to directly interact during a visual search; (2) the selection networks are able to generate perspective transformations of the visual field depending on how previous images were stored; (3) control information is stored by the memory system which describes exactly how the current visual images are abstracted from the visual field; and (4) higher order networks are able to access specific stored sensory and control information by making inputs to the permanent memory store. Each of these features is possible because storage, recognition and recall are independent and externally regulated functions of the memory store. The excellent capacity which the model has for storage and recognition is a direct consequence of its structure and organization. Various clinical syndromes of the visual system are considered. It is shown that similar syndromes result from damage to the proposed model in a very natural way. Based on the model, a classification of various clinical syndromes is suggested which, although neither complete nor unique, forms a reasonable basis from which to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms which underlie the syndromes. Computer simulations are described which show the behavior of the proposed model. Two scan strategies—one for general search and one for exact identification of complex visual patterns—are simulated. The regions selected during a visual scan depend on the nature of the scan algorithm. Using a fixed algorithm, the scanned regions vary quite notably when, for example, noise is added to the input image. The fidelity of recall depends on how the visual field is scanned: the closer a particular region is attended, the more accurate is the recalled image. The system stimulated here is able to identify complex visual images even in the presence of noise.
Rupture of anterior lens capsule from blunt ocular injury

We report 3 cases of blunt trauma causing rupture of the anterior lens capsule with cataract formation. The injuries were caused by a paintball gun, a ball-bearing air pistol, and an aluminum rivet. In all 3 cases, the anterior capsule tears were central and the posterior capsules and zonules intact; uneventful cataract extraction with implantation of an intraocular lens was performed. The postoperative visual acuities was 20/40 in 1 case and 20/20 in the other 2 cases. We propose that the anterior lens capsule may have been torn by direct contusion from rapid focal indentation of the cornea onto the lens (coup injury) or by a fluid-mechanical, anteriorly directed rebound of the vitreous, bursting open the anterior capsule (contrecoup injury).
Wave energy in quantum mechanics

Setting out from accepted physical principles along a purely mathematical line of thought, new ideas about energy are introduced having profound theoretical and practical consequences. Einstein's 1905 mass energy equivalence equation is shown to have an expanded phasor form that reveals additional subtle aspects of the relationships between energy, mass and momentum. These insights lead to compelling new ideas concerning the nature of quantum mechanical phenomena. 1. The momentum four-vector The real and imaginary components of the four-vector momentum p μ respectively correspond to the linear momentum p and energy E of a particle. Employing natural units c = 1
El virreinato de Nápoles en las «Novelas ejemplares» de Cervantes

In many of his literary works Cervantes exhibits a desire for Italy, which can be encountered in his dedications and his many references to the art, literature and culture of the peninsula. Cervantes recalls in particular his lengthy stay in Naples, capital of the most important Spanish viceroyalties of the time. This essay studies Cervantes’ desire for Italy through the lenses of the Novelas ejemplares. Here, this impetus seems somewhat ambiguous in that the dedicatory to the Count of Lemos is far from laudatory and the references to the viceroyalty in the Novelas ejemplares themselves are brief and almost sinister. Instead of affirming the desire for Italy, these allusions to Naples create an almost insoluble mystery.
Colonic diverticulitis in young patients

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical findings in patients age 40 years or younger with colonic diverticulitis.
Building Green: The Emerging Geography of LEED-Certified Buildings and Professionals

One of the most important attempts to reduce the environmental impacts of the built environment is through the construction of green buildings. This article examines the geography of the emerging green building industry through a study of the spatial distribution of two different elements of that industry. The first element is the location and diffusion of green buildings themselves as certified by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) through their Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards. There is a clear shift from an original concentration in major coastal cities to a more even distribution across the country, with broad representation across commercial, public, and nonprofit owners. The second area of study is the spatial distribution of LEED-accredited professionals, who are accredited by the USGBC to oversee the certification process. The distribution of these professionals matches existing concentrations of population, suggesting two different geographies of building green.
High power 1.5-μm InGaAsP/InP Colliding-Pulse Mode-Locked Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide Laser

We have demonstrated the first SCOWL operating in a colliding pulse mode-locked configuration. This laser has a repetition rate of 8.54 GHz with ≫70 dB fundamental mode suppression and average output power of 170 mW per facet. We measured a detection limited pulse width of 20 ps. The resultant pulse energy and peak power are 19.9 pJ and 1 W, respectively.
Imitation, Language and Nation in Joachim Du Bellay's Deffence

Du Bellay’s Deffence et illustration de la langue francoyse (1549) not only testifies to the poet’s patriotism, but also entails an intricate reflection on language and nation which complicates and raises difficult questions about their relationship. This article demonstrates how Du Bellay conceptualizes language and nation as imaginary entities shifting between culture and nature by creating a deep and broad analogy between the two. The ultimately indeterminate origin of language poses the serious quandary of the nation’s lack of origin and originality. Du Bellay resolves this and other issues in part by deploying the fruit and the graft as tropes of both culture and nature. Through these metaphors he indirectly proposes the literary practice of imitation as a general cultural procedure to transform what is foreign into the national, even though the nature of imitation remains as obscure as the origin of language and nation.
ToF atom-probe fim investigation of surface segregation in dilute alloys☆

Abstract A time-of-flight atom-probe field ion microscope was successfully employed for the first time to investigate surface segregation in dilute alloys. We were able to achieve a single atomic layer resolution and obtained the absolute concentrations of alloy species of each surface layer. Cr atoms are found to segregate to the surface of Stainless Steel 410 whereas no segregation of the minority species was found for Pt-8% W and Pt-5% Ru. The first layer concentration of Cr in the {110} plane of Stainless Steel 410 at 500°C was found to be 38.5 ± 12.5% and 63.4 ± 10.2% respectively for samples with near surface layers Cr average concentration of 6.3 ± 2.1% and 11.9 ± 2.5%. The heat of segregation of Cr to the {110} plane of Stainless 410 was found to be 3.43 and 3.92 kcal/mole respectively from the two sets of data. The data also gives the difference in surface tensions between iron and chromium at this plane to be 269 and 282 erg/cm2 respectively. Segregation studies on the {012} plane as well as on a grain boundary of Stainless Steel 410 were also done. In some cases, though the first surface layer is enriched with Cr in Stainless Steel 410, the near surface layers show a depletion of Cr. In Pt-8% W and Pt-5% Ru, our concentration depth profiles with a single atomic layer resolution show no segregation or depletion of the minority species either for the top layers or for the near surface layers.
Role of Zn(II) in the mitochondrial swelling action of insulin.

Abstract Comparison of the mitochondrial swelling action of amorphous insulin, zinc-insulin, and Zn(II) under various experimental conditions indicates that the apparent action of the hormone is attributable to its content of Zn (II) and possibly of other metals. This finding does not support the earlier hypothesis that insulin attacks the mitochondrial membrane by reactions involving the hormone's disulfide groups.
Residue-Specific Effects on Slow Inactivation at V787 in D2-S6 of Nav1.4 Sodium Channels

Slow inactivation in voltage-gated sodium channels (NaChs) occurs in response to depolarizations of seconds to minutes and is thought to play an important role in regulating membrane excitability and action potential firing patterns. However, the molecular mechanisms of slow inactivation are not well understood. To test the hypothesis that transmembrane segment 6 of domain 2 (D2-S6) plays a role in NaCh slow inactivation, we substituted different amino acids at position V787 (valine) in D2-S6 of rat skeletal muscle NaCh mu(1) (Na(v)1.4). Whole-cell recordings from transiently expressed NaChs in HEK cells were used to study and compare slow inactivation phenotypes between mutants and wild type. V787K (lysine substitution) showed a marked enhancement of slow inactivation. V787K enters the slow-inactivated state approximately 100x faster than wild type (tau(1) approximately 30 ms vs. approximately 3 s), and occurs at much more hyperpolarized potentials than wild type (V(1/2) of s(infinity) curve approximately -130 mV vs. approximately -75 mV). V787C (cysteine substitution) showed a resistance to slow inactivation, i.e., opposite to that of V787K. Entry into the slow inactivation state in V787C was slower (tau(1) approximately 5 s), less complete, and less voltage-dependent (V(1/2) of s(infinity) curve approximately -50 mV) than in wild type. Application of the cysteine modification agent methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium (MTSEA) to V787C demonstrated that the 787 position undergoes a relative change in molecular conformation that is associated with the slow inactivation state. Our results suggest that the V787 position in Na(v)1.4 plays an important role in slow inactivation gating and that molecular rearrangement occurs at or near residue V787 in D2-S6 during NaCh slow inactivation.
Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and inflammation: a twin study.

The association of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with cardiovascular disease risk may be mediated by inflammation. Our objective was to examine the association between PTSD and measures of inflammation and to determine whether these associations are due to shared familial or genetic factors. We measured lifetime history of PTSD using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV in 238 male middle-aged military veteran twin pairs (476 individuals), selected from the Vietnam Era Twins Registry, who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline. We assessed inflammation using levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, white blood cells, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Geometric mean levels and percent differences by PTSD were obtained from mixed-model linear regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounders. Within-pair analysis was conducted to adjust for shared family environment and genetics (monozygotic pairs). Overall, 12.4% of participants had a lifetime history of PTSD. Adjusted mean levels of hsCRP and ICAM-1 were significantly higher among those with vs. without PTSD [hsCRP: 1.75 vs. 1.31 mg/l (33% difference); ICAM-1: 319 vs. 293 ng/ml (9% difference)]. Adjustment for depression rendered the association of PTSD with hsCRP non-statistically significant. For IL-6, no consistent association was seen. Within-pair analysis produced associations that were similar in direction for all three markers but lesser in magnitude for hsCRP and IL-6. There was no evidence of interaction by zygosity. Elevated hsCRP and ICAM-1 are associated with PTSD, and these associations may be confounded by shared non-genetic, antecedent familial and environmental factors.
Plant Density Modifications of Cotton Within-Boll Yield Components

One approach to improving cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and quality is to identify crop management practices that may exploit the most basic (i.e., within-boll) yield components. One of the parameters that may influence within-boll yield components is plant density. Thus, the objectives of this investigation were to determine how yield components in cotton are altered through plant density management. Two cotton cultivars were overseeded and hand thinned to 3.6, 9.0, 12.6, and 21.5 plants m -2 in 2001 and 2002. Before machine harvest, plants from 6 m of one row were removed from each plot and hand harvested by fruiting position. After hand harvest, seed cotton from each fruiting position was ginned separately. Boll number, lint mass, seed number, seed mass, seed surface area, and fiber properties were determined for each fruiting position. These data were then used for yield component calculations. Lint mass boll -1 , individual seed mass, and seed number boll -1 decreased as plant density increased while total seed surface area m -2 of land area increased, which resulted in increased lint yield m -2 of land area. Lint mass cm -2 of seed surface area and fiber number seed -1 did not consistently respond to plant density. These results indicate that plapt density management may influence total seed surface area per unit land area. Most within-boll yield components, however, appear to be controlled more by cultivar than crop management.