cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of subpopulations of prairie voles differentially susceptible to peer influence to decrease high alcohol intake

Peer influences are critical in the decrease of alcohol (ethanol) abuse and maintenance of abstinence. We previously developed an animal model of inhibitory peer influences on ethanol drinking using prairie voles and here sought to understand whether this influential behavior was due to specific changes in drinking patterns and to variation in a microsatellite sequence in the regulatory region of the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (avpr1a). Adult prairie voles’ drinking patterns were monitored in a lickometer apparatus that recorded each lick a subject exhibited during continuous access to water and 10% ethanol during periods of isolation, pair housing of high and low drinkers, and subsequent isolation. Analysis of fluid consumption confirmed previous results that high drinkers typically decrease ethanol intake when paired with low drinkers, but that a subset of voles do not decrease. Analysis of bout structure revealed differences in the number of ethanol drinking bouts in the subpopulations of high drinkers when paired with low drinkers. Lickometer drinking patterns analyzed by visual and by cross-correlation analyses demonstrated that pair housing did not increase the rate of subjects drinking in bouts occurring at the same time. The length of the avpr1a microsatellite did not predict susceptibility to peer influence or any other drinking behaviors. In summary, subpopulations of high drinkers were identified by fluid intake and number of drinking bouts, which did or did not lower their ethanol intake when paired with a low drinking peer, and these subpopulations should be explored for testing the efficacy of treatments to decrease ethanol use in groups that are likely to be responsive to different types of therapy.
Pet ownership by elderly people : two new issues

Two new issues of pet ownership were considered in a mail questionnaire and an interview survey of a large number of elderly people age sixty and over. First, evidence was obtained that pets are an important determinant of housing choice. Second, many elderly pet owners have made no arrangements for the pet if they predecease it or become unable to care for it. Problems related to these issues are discussed.
Determination of Phonon lifetime and κ(3) directly in thetime domain

Abstract The temporal dependence, in the picosecond domain, of a four-wave mixinf signal at a Raman resonance in GaP in used to obtain the temperature dependence of the dephasing time of a coherent packet of LO phonons generated by stimulated Raman generation. It is shown that the temperature dependence generally follows that expected from three-phonon decay process. The thord order nonlinear electronic sysceptibility is also extracted from the same experimental results.
NATO, the Baltic states and Russia: a framework for sustainable enlargement

In this article the author discusses the projected enlargement of NATO, focusing on the candidacy of the three Baltic states. He examines the factors that have induced the Baltic governments to seek NATO membership, the steps the alliance has taken in the lead–up to the Prague summit in November 2002, the evolution of US policy with regard to the potential entry of the Baltic states into NATO, and the arguments that have sometimes been raised against Baltic membership. He argues that the admission of the Baltic states into NATO will be a step forward both for the alliance and for European security, but he believes that it should be accompanied by a restructuring of the alliance that would give much greater weight to its political dimension. One key objective of this restructuring would be to establish a closer relationship with Russia, moving beyond the NATO–Russia Council that was set up in May 2002. The way to do this is not by treating Russia as a special case, but by encouraging the Russian government to apply for NATO membership (as other countries have) and then helping Russia to carry out far–reaching political and military changes that would eventually qualify it to enter the alliance.
Breaking the Silence on Emergency Contraception

In the US about 10 million couples risk unplanned pregnancy every night and more than half of the 6.3 million annual pregnancies are unintended. While emergency postcoital contraception is available to reduce this risk most women do not know about it because pharmaceutical companies have failed to apply to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for permission to advertise the oral contraceptive (OC) regimen that can be used in emergencies. If adolescents seek emergency contraception they can be given contraceptive and disease prevention counseling at the same time. Recently significant steps are being taken to inform women about the availability of emergency contraception. The Reproductive Health Technologies Project has launched a year-long nationwide media campaign to educate women about emergency contraception and has created an emergency contraceptive hotline (888-NOT-2-LATE) as well as a web site containing a list of local providers of emergency contraception (http://opt.princeton.edu/ed/). The campaign seeks to educate primary care providers as well as women. Also the FDA has declared several brands of OCs to be safe and effective for use as emergency contraception and has explicitly invited companies to file for the opportunity to market OCs for this purpose. Making emergency contraception widely available is the most important step in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
Leptogenesis and low-energy observables

We relate leptogenesis in a class of theories to low-energy experimental observables: quark and lepton masses and mixings. With reasonable assumptions motivated by grand unification, one can show that the CP-asymmetry parameter takes a universal form. Furthermore the dilution mass is related to the light neutrino masses. Overall, these models offer an explanation for a lepton asymmetry in the early universe.
DIFFERENTIAL ADJUSTMENT AMONG NEW IMMIGRANT FAMILY MEMBERS

Certain members of new immigrant families have access to the skills, education and collective traditions that allow their quick economic adjustment to American society. At the same time, however, such families also contain individuals who encounter major difficulties in adapting to the new country. These difficulties—the dependency of youth and the aged, intergenerational conflict, role reversals, and status loss—often result from the rapid adjustment experienced by other family members. Such problems affect not only the individuals themselves, but, strain the entire immigrant family unit.
The exocyst and regulatory GTPases in urinary exosomes.

Cilia, organelles that function as cellular antennae, are central to the pathogenesis of “ciliopathies”, including various forms of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). To date, however, the molecular mechanisms controlling ciliogenesis and ciliary function remain incompletely understood. A recently proposed model of cell–cell communication, called “urocrine signaling”, hypothesizes that a subset of membrane bound vesicles that are secreted into the urinary stream (termed exosome-like vesicles, or ELVs), carry cilia-specific proteins as cargo, interact with primary cilia, and affect downstream cellular functions. This study was undertaken to determine the role of the exocyst, a highly conserved eight-protein trafficking complex, in the secretion and/or retrieval of ELVs. We used Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing either Sec10-myc (a central component of the exocyst complex) or Smoothened-YFP (a ciliary protein found in ELVs) in experiments utilizing electron gold microscopy and live fluorescent microscopy, respectively. Additionally, human urinary exosomes were isolated via ultracentrifugation and subjected to mass-spectrometry-based proteomics analysis to determine the composition of ELVs. We found, as determined by EM, that the exocyst localizes to primary cilia, and is present in vesicles attached to the cilium. Furthermore, the entire exocyst complex, as well as most of its known regulatory GTPases, are present in human urinary ELVs. Finally, in living MDCK cells, ELVs appear to interact with primary cilia using spinning disc confocal microscopy. These data suggest that the exocyst complex, in addition to its role in ciliogenesis, is centrally involved in the secretion and/or retrieval of urinary ELVs.
Chemical Models of the Deep Atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn

New and updated chemical kinetic data, elemental abundances, and thermodynamic data are used for thermochemical equilibrium and, where relevant, thermochemical kinetic calculations of gas abundances and condensate stability in the hot, deep atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. Over 2000 compounds of all naturally occurring elements in the periodic table are considered. The calculations range from 298 to 2000 K and are done for adiabatic models of the two planetary atmospheres. The results predict the abundances of many gases which are potentially observable by the Galileo probe to Jupiter, by the Cassini mission to Saturn, and by Earth-based and Earth-orbital telescopes. In addition, the results also predict many new species which are potentially observable by a new generation of entry probes capable of penetrating deeper into the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn.
Volume changes accompanying the complex formation of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids.

The complex formation of polyadenylic acid (poly A) and polyuridylic acid (poly U) in 0.1M NaCl solution containing 0.01M sodium cacodylate was followed by dilatometric measurements at various mixing ratios of poly A and poly U. The volume changes, ΔV, accompanying the formation of poly A. poly U and poly A.2poly U were + l.5 and + 2.5 ml per mole of the nucleotide residue, respectively. This increase in volume was probably due to the increased counterion binding when the single-stranded polynucleotides were converted into the double- and triple-stranded helices, since depletion of charged species from the solvent proper would lessen the effect of electrostriction, thus resulting in a positive ΔV. The conversion of a single-stranded poly A to a double-stranded helix in acidic solution led to a ΔV of + 3.8 ml per mole of the nucleotide residue. This increase in volume was attributed to the charge neutralization as a result of protonation of the adenine bases.
The Cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Differentially Modulate Proliferation and Apoptotic Pathways in Human Keratinocytes Expressing the Human Papillomavirus-16 E7 Oncoprotein

Keratinocytes are the natural target cells for infection by human papillomaviruses (HPVs), most of which cause benign epithelial hyperplasias (warts). However, a subset of papillomaviruses, the "high risk" HPVs, cause lesions that can progress to carcinomas. Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) are produced by cells in response to a viral infection. To determine the effects of TNF-alpha and TRAIL on keratinocytes expressing the high risk HPV-16 oncoprotein E7, human foreskin keratinocytes stably expressing E7 were treated with TNF-alpha and TRAIL. Treatment with TNF-alpha alone, but not TRAIL, induced growth arrest and differentiation in keratinocytes that was almost completely overcome by expression of HPV-16 E7. Both cytokines induced apoptosis when administered in combination with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, but the apoptotic response to TRAIL was significantly more rapid and efficient compared with the response seen after TNF-alpha treatment. HPV-16 E7-expressing keratinocytes were more prone to both TNF-alpha- and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis compared with vector-infected controls.
Standard Reference Materials 933 and 934: The National Bureau of Standards' Precision Thermometers for the Clinical Laboratory

Because many facets of clinical laboratory work, such as enzymatic reactions, pH measurements, and blood-gas analysis, are highly sensitive to temperature, there is a need to measure temperature accurately and closely control it. To help satisfy these needs and to aid in getting a usable temperature scale into the clinical laboratory, the National Bureau of Standards has developed SRM 933 and SRM 934. These precision thermometers are calibrated at 0, 25, 30, and 37 °C. Their value to the clinical laboratory is described.
Heat Shock Protein 20 Interacting With Phosphorylated Akt Reduces Doxorubicin-Triggered Oxidative Stress and Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used antitumor drug, but its application is limited because of its cardiotoxic side effects. Heat shock protein (Hsp)20 has been recently shown to protect cardiomyocytes against apoptosis, induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury or by prolonged beta-agonist stimulation. However, it is not clear whether Hsp20 would exert similar protective effects against DOX-induced cardiac injury. Actually, DOX treatment was associated with downregulation of Hsp20 in the heart. To elucidate the role of Hsp20 in DOX-triggered cardiac toxicity, Hsp20 was first overexpressed ex vivo by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. Increased Hsp20 levels conferred higher resistance to DOX-induced cell death, compared to green fluorescent protein control. Furthermore, cardiac-specific overexpression of Hsp20 in vivo significantly ameliorated acute DOX-triggered cardiomyocyte apoptosis and animal mortality. Hsp20 transgenic mice also showed improved cardiac function and prolonged survival after chronic administration of DOX. The mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects were associated with preserved Akt phosphorylation/activity and attenuation of DOX-induced oxidative stress. Coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed an interaction between Hsp20 and phosphorylated Akt. Accordingly, BAD phosphorylation was preserved, and cleaved caspase-3 was decreased in DOX-treated Hsp20 transgenic hearts, consistent with the antiapoptotic effects of Hsp20. Parallel ex vivo experiments showed that either infection with a dominant-negative Akt adenovirus or preincubation of cardiomyocytes with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors significantly attenuated the protective effects of Hsp20. Taken together, our findings indicate that overexpression of Hsp20 inhibits DOX-triggered cardiac injury, and these beneficial effects appear to be dependent on Akt activation. Thus, Hsp20 may constitute a new therapeutic target in ameliorating the cardiotoxic effects of DOX treatment in cancer patients.
The dynamical regime of fluid flow at the core surface

An alternative method for determining the fluid motion immediately beneath the core-mantle boundary is presented which is based on solving the full nonlinear core motions problem. This method is used to examine three dynamical hypotheses about the flow: (1) the steady motions hypothesis; (2) the geostrophic hypothesis; and (3) the toroidal flow hypothesis. Better fits to the field are obtained with the toroidal flows than with geostrophic flows, casting considerable doubt on the validity of the geostrophic hypothesis. Additionally, some indication is found that failure of the frozen-flux approximation, a concomitant assumption, may be a serious obstacle to obtaining reliable maps of the core fluid flow.
Comparison of health-related quality of life measures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the discriminative ability of a disease-specific instrument, the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) to generic instruments (i.e., EQ-5D and SF-36); and (2), to evaluate the strength of associations among clinical and health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We analyzed data collected from 120 COPD patients in a Veterans Affairs hospital. Patients self-completed two generic HRQL measures (EQ-5D and SF-36) and the disease-specific SGRQ. The ability of the summary scores of these HRQL measures to discriminate COPD disease severity based on Global Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage was assessed using relative efficiency ratios (REs). Strength of correlation was used to further evaluate associations between clinical and HRQL measures. Mean total scores for PCS-36, EQ-VAS and SGRQ were significantly lower for the more severe stages of COPD (p < 0.05). Using SGRQ total score as reference, the summary scores of the generic measures (PCS-36, MCS-36, EQ index, and EQ-VAS) all had REs of <1. SGRQ exhibited a stronger correlation with clinical measures than the generic summary scores. For instance, SGRQ was moderately correlated with FEV1 (r = 0.43), while generic summary scores had trivial levels of correlation with FEV1 (r < 0.2). The SGRQ demonstrated greater ability to discriminate among different levels of severity stages of COPD than generic measures of health, suggestive that SGRQ may provide COPD studies with greater statistical power than EQ-5D and SF-36 summary scores to capture meaningful differences in clinical severity.
Fair energy-efficient resource allocation in wireless sensor networks over fading TDMA channels

In this paper we consider the energy-efficient resource allocation that minimizes a general cost function of average user powers for small- or medium-scale wireless sensor networks, where the simple time-division multiple-access (TDMA) is adopted as the multiple access scheme. A class of so-called s-fair cost functions is derived to balance the tradeoff between efficiency and fairness in energy-efficient designs. Based on such cost functions, optimal channel-adaptive resource allocation schemes are developed for both single-hop and multihop TDMA sensor networks. Relying on stochastic optimization tools, we further develop stochastic resource allocation schemes which are capable of dynamically learning the intended wireless channels and converging to the optimal benchmark without a priori knowledge of channel fading distribution function.
Structural Basis for WDR5 Interaction (Win) Motif Recognition in Human SET1 Family Histone Methyltransferases

Translocations and amplifications of the mixed lineage leukemia-1 (MLL1) gene are associated with aggressive myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias in humans. MLL1 is a member of the SET1 family of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferases, which are required for transcription of genes involved in hematopoiesis and development. MLL1 associates with a subcomplex containing WDR5, RbBP5, Ash2L, and DPY-30 (WRAD), which together form the MLL1 core complex that is required for sequential mono- and dimethylation of H3K4. We previously demonstrated that WDR5 binds the conserved WDR5 interaction (Win) motif of MLL1 in vitro, an interaction that is required for the H3K4 dimethylation activity of the MLL1 core complex. In this investigation, we demonstrate that arginine 3765 of the MLL1 Win motif is required to co-immunoprecipitate WRAD from mammalian cells, suggesting that the WDR5-Win motif interaction is important for the assembly of the MLL1 core complex in vivo. We also demonstrate that peptides that mimic SET1 family Win motif sequences inhibit H3K4 dimethylation by the MLL1 core complex with varying degrees of efficiency. To understand the structural basis for these differences, we determined structures of WDR5 bound to six different naturally occurring Win motif sequences at resolutions ranging from 1.9 to 1.2 Å. Our results reveal that binding energy differences result from interactions between non-conserved residues C-terminal to the Win motif and to a lesser extent from subtle variation of residues within the Win motif. These results highlight a new class of methylation inhibitors that may be useful for the treatment of MLL1-related malignancies.
Optical bistability in a three-level semiconductor quantum-well system

Optical bistable behavior in a unidirectional ring cavity (or a Fabry–Perot cavity) containing a semiconductor quantum well, described as a three-level ladder-type system with similar transition energies, has been studied. The system interacts with a strong driving field which is in two-photon resonance with the intersubband transition and thus simultaneously drives all three levels into phase-locked quantum coherence. The threshold for switching to upper branch of the bistable curve is found to be reduced due to the presence of quantum interference. Such system can be used for making efficient and fast all-optical switching devices.
Characterization of Biofilm Formation by Borrelia burgdorferi In Vitro

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has long been known to be capable of forming aggregates and colonies. It was recently demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi aggregate formation dramatically changes the in vitro response to hostile environments by this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that these aggregates are indeed biofilms, structures whose resistance to unfavorable conditions are well documented. We studied Borrelia burgdorferi for several known hallmark features of biofilm, including structural rearrangements in the aggregates, variations in development on various substrate matrices and secretion of a protective extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix using several modes of microscopic, cell and molecular biology techniques. The atomic force microscopic results provided evidence that multilevel rearrangements take place at different stages of aggregate development, producing a complex, continuously rearranging structure. Our results also demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi is capable of developing aggregates on different abiotic and biotic substrates, and is also capable of forming floating aggregates. Analyzing the extracellular substance of the aggregates for potential exopolysaccharides revealed the existence of both sulfated and non-sulfated/carboxylated substrates, predominately composed of an alginate with calcium and extracellular DNA present. In summary, we have found substantial evidence that Borrelia burgdorferi is capable of forming biofilm in vitro. Biofilm formation by Borrelia species might play an important role in their survival in diverse environmental conditions by providing refuge to individual cells.
SOCIAL CHOICE AND THE ARROW CONDITIONS

Arrow’s impossibility result stems chiefly from a combination of two requirements: independence and fixity. Independence says that the social choice is independent of individual preferences involving unavailable alternatives. Fixity says that the social choice is fixed by a social preference relation that is independent of what is available. Arrow found that requiring, further, that this relation be transitive yields impossibility. Here it is shown that allowing intransitive social indifference still permits only a vastly unsatisfactory system, a liberum veto oligarchy. Arrow’s argument for independence, though, undermines any rationale for fixity.
Balancing abstraction and implementation constraints when specifying problems

The globalization of enterprise systems is challenging traditional approaches to problem definition. Increasingly, customers are defining their needs with capabilities descriptions and effects based concepts. Their operational systems-of-systems (SoS) perspective often simply aggregates desired information and functionality. This is advantageous, as it does not constrain designers to a pre-conceived solution. However, their conceptual descriptions fail to account for the complexity of combining normally independent systems to achieve the desired emergent behavior. Their capability statements abstractly describe concepts which are interactively complex and often difficult to support. High system interdependencies demands system support structures be properly integrated, often nationally or globally. This situation creates a discontinuity between specifying desired outcomes and functionality with few operational boundaries, but which still have formal organization, ownership and contractual boundaries. Without balancing the two opposing perspectives, abstracted needs are indirectly specifying systems changes that are unrealistic for actual implementation.
On the Timing Ability of Mutual Fund Managers

Existing studies of mutual fund market timing analyze monthly returns and find little evidence of timing ability. We show that daily tests are more powerful and that mutual funds exhibit significant timing ability more often in daily tests than in monthly tests. We construct a set of synthetic fund returns in order to control for spurious results. The daily timing coefficients of the majority of funds are significantly different from their synthetic counterparts. These results suggest that mutual funds may possess more timing ability than previously documented.
Click and Pick: Identification of Sialoside Analogues for Siglec‐Based Cell Targeting

Click 'n' chips: Azide and alkyne-bearing sialic acids (purple diamond; see picture) were subjected to high-throughput click chemistry to generate a library of sialic acid analogues. Microarray printing of the library and screening with the siglec family of sialic-acid-binding proteins, led to the identification of high-affinity ligands for siglec-9 and siglec-10.
Efficacy of Agents to Prevent and Treat Enteral Feeding Tube Clogs

Objective:To review the efficacy and safety of agents used to prevent and treat clog formation in enteral feeding tubes.Data Sources:A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1948-February 2011) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-February 2011) using the search terms enteral feeding tube and occlusion. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All English-language publications were reviewed for applicability.Data Synthesis:Occlusion is a common complication of enteral tube feeding. With Food and Drug Administration regulations, pancreatic enzymes have recently been reformulated and previously published reports can no longer be applied to currently available agents. This has led to concern over what available products have been shown to be efficacious. Three in vitro studies, 1 randomized in vivo trial, and 1 descriptive report were reviewed. In the prevention of tube clogging, it was concluded that water was compa...
Ischemic Myelopathy Caused by Fibrocartilaginous Emboli in a Horse

A horse that suddenly became recumbent had a focal ischemic infarct of the spinal cord between C6 and C7. The infarct was attributed to multiple fibrocartilaginous emboli. Adherence of fibrocartilaginous debris to the outer surface of the dura was interpreted as evidence that intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement of the nucleus pulposus had occurred and that the emboli arose from the disc.
Differentiated Projects, Optimal Contracting, and the Corporate Opportunities Doctrine

The corporate opportunities doctrine (or "COD") regulates when (and whether) a corporate officer or director may usurp new business prospects for her own account without first offering them to the firm. The doctrine -- a subspecies of the fiduciary duty of loyalty -- has been a mainstay of corporations law in most states for over a century. At the same time, however, the COD has always been somewhat murky in its application, and is currently in a state of considerable disarray. In this article, I attempt to clarify this doctrinal quagmire by offering a contractarian account of the doctrine as a default mechanism for allocating intra-firm property rights between parties possessing possibly distinct areas of expertise. Focusing on the information structure of the underlying principal-agent relationship, I demonstrate that both the reach and the consequences of an "optimal" rule depend crucially on the extent to which fiduciaries possess private, unverifiable knowledge about the profitability of new projects. In the presence of such asymmetries, I argue, the optimal COD tends to have a strict liability flavor, imposing damages that need not coincide systematically with the corporation's actual losses. As a consequence, the optimal "second-best" doctrine tends to overdeter fiduciaries from appropriating certain projects, and may even underdeter the appropriation of others.
The “Liquid Biopsy”: the Role of Circulating DNA and RNA in Central Nervous System Tumors

The detection of tumor-derived circulating nucleic acids in patients with cancer, known as the "liquid biopsy," has expanded from use in plasma to other bodily fluids in an increasing number of malignancies. Circulating nucleic acids could be of particular use in central nervous system tumors as biopsy carries a 5-7 % risk of major morbidity. This application presents unique challenges that have limited the use of cell-free DNA and RNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of CNS tumors. Recent work suggests that cerebrospinal fluid may be a useful source of CNS tumor-derived circulating nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss the available data and future outlook on the use of the liquid biopsy for CNS tumors.
The Influence of Emerging Administrative Scientists: An Interview with Dr Christopher Friese

This department highlights emerging nursing leaders who have demonstrated great work and much potential in advancing innovation and patient care leadership in practice, policy, research, education, and theory. This interview profiles Christopher Friese, PhD, RN, AOCN, FAAN, assistant professor, University of Michigan School of Nursing.
Proteasome Inhibitors: A New Perspective for Treating Autoimmune Diseases

Since the discovery of proteasome in the late 1980s, the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been found to exert an important physiological function in all the cells of living organisms - that of ensuring homeostasis. All cell cycle, apoptosis, differentiation, transcription, protein quality control and antigen processing activities require the efficiency of this system. As a matter of fact, several pathological conditions are characterized by deregulation of the ubiquitinproteasome system. These include cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections and autoimmune diseases. This has stimulated interest in developing proteasome inhibitors for their treatment, but clinical application has been limited due to the toxicity of these compounds. Following experiences with the first proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, several molecules with proteasome inhibitor properties were discovered and they were also exploited for the treatment of experimental models of human autoimmunity. Autoimmune disorders are a heterogeneous group of conditions, both organ- and non-organ-specific, whose incidence is increasing worldwide. This has stimulated interest in discovering novel predictive strategies and therapeutics. Here we provide a review of the use of proteasome inhibitors in treating autoimmune conditions and, in particular, systemic autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. We also present perspectives derived from more recently discovered compounds with proteasome inhibitor activity and discuss their potential in the management of these disorders.
Distribution of False Wireworms (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Relation to Soil Texture

The distribution of 6 species of false wireworms within 3 major soil textural classes (clay, loam, and sand) was studied in South Dakota. Eleodes hispilabris (Say) and Embaphion muricatum (Say) were more prevalent in areas of loam and sand, whereas Eleodes suturalis (Say) and Eleodes obsoleta were more common in sandy areas. Eleodes tricostata (Say) was evenly distributed among the 3 soil classes. Eleodes opaca (Say) was equally prevalent in clay and sand soils. Although damaging populations of false wireworms were reported to have previously occurred in light sandy soils, recent outbreaks in South Dakota have occurred in regions of heavier soils. This study provides an indication of what species could be expected to cause damage in the major soil areas.
Electric field-induced assembly of monodisperse polyhedral metal-organic framework crystals

Monodisperse polyhedral metal–organic framework (MOF) particles up to 5 μm in size, large enough to enable in situ optical imaging of particle orientation, were synthesized by the strategy of simultaneous addition of two capping ligands with different binding strength during crystallization. Upon dispersing them in ethylene glycol and applying AC electric field, the particles facets link to form linear chains. We observe well-regulated crystal orientation not only for rhombic dodecahedra all of whose facets are equivalent, but also for truncated cubes with nondegenerate facets. After removing the electric field, chains disassemble if their facets contain even modest curvature, but remain intact if their facets are planar. This assembly strategy offers a general route to fabricate oriented polyhedral crystal arrays of potential interest for new applications and functions.
Defining the vortex loading period and application to assess dynamic amplification of tornado-like wind loading

Abstract Tornados are transient loading events, and several studies in the literature have shown their capability to produce dynamically amplified structure response. The present study utilizes the dynamic load factor (DLF) concept to develop the first generalized methodology to assess the possible dynamic amplification of structure having specified fundamental period T n to tornadic wind loads. The two-dimensional impact of a rigid, circular cylinder by an impinging vortex is directly simulated; the resulting loading time history is then used to excite a single degree of freedom (SDOF) response model. The vortex load application period T v is defined as the value of T n for which the structure׳s response experiences greatest dynamic amplification. An expression for T v is defined as a function of three vortex properties: critical radius, translational velocity, and tangential velocity profile , so that T v can be computed using documented tornado-vortex properties. The range of possible tornado-vortex tangential velocity profiles is identified, and DLF curves are defined for the forcing produced by each vortex profile. A review is conducted of the range of documented tornado parameters and fundamental periods of real-world structures. Finally, the documented tornado parameters, expression for T v , and DLF curves for the vortex profiles are used to define the possible dynamic response amplification of a structure as a function of T n .
180 A CASE OF INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION AND CRANIAL NERVE VI PALSY FOLLOWING CHIROPRACTIC NECK MANIPULATION.

We report a case of intracranial hypotension and associated cranial nerve palsy following chiropractic manipulation of the neck. Intracranial hypotension usually presents with symptoms of orthostatic headache, nausea, and, occasionally, diplopia. Though the syndrome commonly results from meningeal disruption in lumbar puncture, noninvasive insults leading to dural tears may represent alternate etiologies. Our patient is a generally healthy 45-year-old woman who developed positional headache, malaise, and double vision within several days of chiropractic neck manipulation for a stiff neck. She was found to have abducens nerve palsy on neuro-ophthalmologic exam and low opening pressures on lumbar puncture, with elevation of the cerebrospinal fluid protein level. MRI showed meningeal enhancement after gadolinium administration, which is typically seen in cases of low intracranial pressure. The clinical presentation and laboratory findings indicated that the patient had intracranial hypotension, and the chronology suggested a likely association of the meningeal disruption with chiropractic neck adjustment. The natural history of intracranial hypotension is such that spontaneous resolution often occurs, and as expected, the patient experienced improvement of her symptoms without intervention. Recognition of the symptom complex may prevent the use of invasive measures for diagnosis. The entity of intracranial hypotension has relevance in the practice of neurology and ophthalmology, and the presentation of symptoms suggestive of the syndrome should prompt the consideration of alternate etiologies such as chiropractic complications.
Chemoprevention possibilities of lung cancer

Objective of the paper was to review the latest scientific reference data on chemoprevention possibilities of lung cancer. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Lithuania. The current lung cancer therapy includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These interventions have not produced declines in mortality rates. This overview argues strongly for new approach for controlling this disease. Chemoprevention is the use of specific natural or synthetic substances with the objective of reversing, suppressing or preventing carcinogenic progression to invasive cancer. Whether primary, secondary or tertiary prevention has the potential to improve the dismal statistics associated with this cancer? Several randomized clinical or translational chemoprevention trials have been conducted. All have so far produced either neutral (using retinal, retinyl palmitate, N-acetyl cysteine or isotretinoin) or harmful (using beta-carotene) primary endpoint results showing that lung cancer was not prevented in smokers. Secondary results supporting treatment with isotretinoin in "never" and former smokers and data from prevention trials involving selenium and vitamin E, however, are encouraging and offer a promising direction for future clinical study.
Use of prosthetic materials in chest-wall reconstruction. Assets and liabilities.

Chest-wall resection can be successful only with proper reconstruction. Anatomy and physiology, as well as pulmonary function, are important in planning the repair. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various types of prosthetic materials used for rigid replacement and soft-tissue replacement with myocutaneous flaps.
Technology evaluation: Allovectin-7, Vical

Allovectin-7 is a gene transfer product consisting of the human leukocyte antigen HLA-B7 gene co-expressed with the beta2-microglobulin gene. Allovectin-7 is being developed as an immunotherapy approach for a variety of malignancies, with special focus on melanoma, and head and neck cancer. Efficacy results in the phase II setting appear to be promising; an 11% systemic response rate among the intent-to-treat population and 15% response rate in the evaluable population was observed in patients with refractory metastatic melanoma with disease limited to skin, lymph nodes and lung. Stable disease was seen in 19.2% of the intent-to-treat population and 25.9% of the evaluable population in the same group of patients. Treatment has been extremely well tolerated with the most common side effects including mild-to-moderate injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms, all of which resolved rapidly and decreased in incidence after the first injection. Current evaluation of the drug includes higher Allovectin-7 doses and injection of multiple tumors in metastatic melanoma patients. A phase III trial comparing Allovectin-7 plus dacarbazine versus dacarbazine in untreated patients with metastatic melanoma has been completed, and preliminary results are soon to be reported. Phase I/II data also indicate promising activity of Alovectin-7 in patients with advanced refractory head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, with 10% of 60 patients achieving partial response and 23% stable disease after one cycle of treatment. Trials of Allovectin-7 as an adjuvant treatment in earlier stages of disease evolution are planned.
Depth Matters: Soil pH and Dilution Effects in the Northern Great Plains

In the northern Great Plains (NGP) of North America, surface sampling depths of 0 to 15 or 0 to 20 cm are suggested for testing soil characteristics such as pH. However, acidification is often most pronounced near the soil surface. Thus, sampling deeper can potentially dilute (increase) pH measurements and therefore change management recommendations. Here, we show evidence from two long-term (16–19 yr) dryland cropping experiments that soil acidification at 0 to 7.6 cm was notably diluted at both 0 to 15.2 and 0 to 30.5 cm. There were significant differences among depths for both final pH and pH change over time, with final pH being progressively higher and pH change smaller at deeper depths. Even in the relatively young, highly buffered NGP soils, acidification can occur, and sampling depth for testing pH could be an important confounding factor. We suggest sampling soils at depths <8 cm for testing pH in the NGP.
From France with Love: Gender and Identity in French Romantic Comedy by Mary Harrod. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015. 264 pp. $94.11 hardcover.

Mary Harrod's monograph From France with Love is a must read for anyone interested in film in a transnational context through the lens of romantic comedies (referred to hereafter as “rom-com”). Usi...
Evidence-Based Guideline: The USPSTF recommends screening for colorectal cancer in adults 50 to 75 years of age.

Source Citation Lin JS, Piper MA, Perdue LA, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016;315:2576-94....
Nico Van Kampen: charlatans beware!

Nico van Kampen is one of the most outstanding theoretical physicists of the second half of the 20th century. He is very much a theorist's theorist and most physicists do not know him well. There is therefore a danger – as was the case with his teacher Hans Kramers – that his name may slide into oblivion for lack of a single eye-catching achievement. In Kramers' case, it was felt that this fate could be avoided by publishing a collection of his scientific papers (see "Hans Kramers: a master thinker" Physics World August 1998 pp55–56).
Sampling for silver nanoparticles in aqueous media using a rotating disk electrode: evidence for selective sampling of silver nanoparticles in the presence of ionic silver

Amendment of a carbon paste electrode consisting of graphite and Nujol®, with a variety of organic and inorganic materials, allows direct adsorption of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous solution in either open or close circuit modes. The adsorbed AgNPs are detected by stripping voltammetry. Detection limits of less than 1 ppb Ag are achievable with a rotating disk system. More than one silver peak was apparent in many of the stripping voltammograms. The appearance of multiple peaks could be due to different species of silver formed upon stripping or variation in the state of aggregation or size of nanoparticles. With most of these packing materials, dissolved Ag+ was also extracted from aqueous solution, but, with a packing material made with Fe(II,III) oxide nanoparticles, only AgNPs were extracted. Therefore, it is the best candidate for determination of metallic AgNPs in aqueous environmental samples without interference from Ag+.
"I use it when I see it": The role of development and experience in Deaf and hearing children's understanding of iconic gesture.

Iconicity is prevalent in gesture and in sign languages, yet the degree to which children recognize and leverage iconicity for early language learning is unclear. In Experiment 1 of the current study, we presented sign-naive 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds (n=87) with iconic shape gestures and no additional scaffolding to ask whether children can spontaneously map iconic gestures to their referents. Four- and five-year-olds, but not three-year-olds, recognized the referents of iconic shape gestures above chance. Experiment 2 asked whether preschoolers (n=93) show an advantage in fast-mapping iconic gestures compared to arbitrary ones. We found that iconicity played a significant role in supporting 4- and 5-year-olds' ability to learn new gestures presented in an explicit pedagogical context, and a lesser role in 3-year-olds' learning. Using similar tasks in Experiment 3, we found that Deaf preschoolers (n=41) exposed to American Sign Language showed a similar pattern of recognition and learning but starting at an earlier age, suggesting that learning a language with rich iconicity may lead to earlier use of iconicity. These results suggest that sensitivity to iconicity is shaped by experience, and while not fundamental to the earliest stages of language development, is a useful tool once children unlock these form-meaning relationships.
Effects of previewing on the oral reading of mainstreamed behaviorally disordered students.

An alternating treatments design was used to investigate the relative effects of two previewing procedures on oral reading: (a) silent previewing, which required the student to read silently the as...
Schrödinger’s Waves: Propagation and Probability

This chapter offers a reassessment, from the perspective of this study, of Schrodinger’s work, especially of his concept idea of quantum waves, as it extended from Max Born’s 1926 interpretation of Schrodinger’s wave or ψ-function in terms of probability to Bohr’s complementarity and then to the viewpoint of modern-day quantum information theory, especially in its Bayesian version. Section 5.1 gives a general introduction to the subject of quantum waves. Section 5.2 discusses those aspects of the old quantum theory and Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics that help place Schrodinger’s work in its proper historical context. Sections 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5 consider Schrodinger’s wave mechanics as a wave theory of subatomic processes. I close with a discussion of the concepts of quantum state, quantum entanglement, and quantum information, via the cat-paradox paper. These themes will be developed in Chapters 6, 7, and 8.
Space Propulsion Technology for Small Spacecraft

As small satellites become more popular and capable, strategies to provide in-space propulsion increase in importance. Applications range from orbital changes and maintenance, attitude control and desaturation of reaction wheels to drag compensation and de-orbit at spacecraft end-of-life. Space propulsion can be enabled by chemical or electric means, each having different performance and scalability properties. The purpose of this review is to describe the working principles of space propulsion technologies proposed so far for small spacecraft. Given the size, mass, power, and operational constraints of small satellites, not all types of propulsion can be used and very few have seen actual implementation in space. Emphasis is given in those strategies that have the potential of miniaturization to be used in all classes of vehicles, down to the popular 1-L, 1-kg CubeSats and smaller.
The real terror of Instagram: Death and disindividuation in the social media scopic field:

In a 1980 interview, Roland Barthes attests that ‘what is terrible about a photograph is that there is no depth in it, that it is clear evidence of what was there’. In the social media age, photogr...
Anatomy and Physiology Related to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Abstract Two factors determine the outcome of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS), namely the anatomy of the peripheral nerve and its physiologic response. The morphology of peripheral nerves described in this chapter suggests the manner by which a technical interface can deliver its electrical energy to a target nerve. The opportunities and limitations of PNS, reflecting on more than 40 years' observation, should be clear from this account. The final arbiter, the Hodgkin–Huxley neural tissue response to applied electric fields, is inextricably bound up with the anatomy and physiology of the peripheral nerve.