cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Question closure to solve the surprise test

This paper offers a new solution to the Surprise Test Paradox. The paradox arises thanks to an ingenious argument that seems to show that surprise tests are impossible. My solution to the paradox states that it relies on a questionable closure principle. This closure principle says that if one knows something and competently deduces something else, one knows the further thing. This principle has been endorsed by John Hawthorne and Timothy Williamson, among others, and I trace its motivation back to work by Alvin Goldman. I provide counterexamples to the principle and explain the flaw in the reasoning of those who defend it.
Retirement Plan Participation: Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Data, 2009

This paper presents results from the latest Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data on retirement plan participation. SIPP is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau to examine Americans’ participation in various government and private-sector programs that relate to their income and well-being. These latest data are from Topical Module 3 of the 2008 Panel, fielded from April-July 2009. The SIPP data have the advantage of providing relatively detailed information on the retirement plans that workers participate in, but they also have the drawback of being fielded only once every three to five years. In comparison, the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) provides overall participation levels of workers on an annual basis but does not provide information on the plan types in which the workers are participating. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) National Compensation Survey annually examines establishments on participation in various employee benefits, including retirement plans. However, this survey has limited information on worker characteristics (specifically, occupation, union status, and part-time/full-time work) and certain worker categories. This paper provides “top-line” results from the latest SIPP data on retirement plan participation. The latest SIPP data show that 59 percent of all workers over age 16 had an employer that sponsored a pension or retirement plan for any of its employees in 2009, down from previous levels (60 percent in 1998 and 63 percent in 2003), and the same as in 2006. Workers participating in a plan increased to 45 percent in 2009, up slightly from 2006 (44 percent) but down from 2003 (48 percent). The vesting rate (the percentage of workers who say they were entitled to some pension benefit or lump-sum distribution if they left their job) stood at 42 percent in 2009, up from 24 percent in 1979. This increase is largely due to the increased number of workers participating in defined contribution retirement plans (such as 401(k) plans), where employee contributions are immediately vested, and faster vesting requirements in private plans. Defined contribution (401(k)-type) plans were the primary plan for 60 percent of workers with a plan. Defined benefit (pension) plans were the primary plan for 39 percent of workers. Primary plan is the plan type -- defined benefit (DB) versus defined contribution (DC) -- that retirement plan participants regard as their most important. The last section of the paper examines contributions to salary reduction plans (401(k)-type plans). The workers in this study include those from both the private and the public sectors. The PDF for the above title, published in the November 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another November 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Variation in Public Opinion About Health Reform, by Plan Type: Findings from the 2010 EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey.”
The Vulnerability of those Grieving the Death of a Loved One: Implications for Public Policy

The death of a loved one causes a deterioration in decision-making skills at a time when new decision roles may be required and financial resources suddenly constricted or increased. The authors in...
A nonmetric theory of gravity

A nonmetric theory of gravity is presented, which agrees with all experiments to date. It possesses a Lagrangian-based nonmetric (i.e. nonminimum) coupling between electromagnetism and gravity which has complete continuous-coordinate-transformation symmetry but violates parity and time-reversal-invariance. The theory predicts the universality of free fall for test bodies, i.e. it obeys the Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP). But due to the nonmetrical coupling between electromagnetism and gravity, it violates the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP). Hence, this theory disproves the conjecture due to Schiff which states that any gravitation theory that obeys the WEP must also, unavoidably, obey the EEP. Further examination of the empirical status implications of the EEP is therefore urged.
Afterword: Contingency and the Performativity of Remembering and Forgetting

Drawing on the chapters’ discussion and the artworks considered, the afterword briefly considers the significance of the contingency of memory and the performativity of remembering and forgetting to today’s globalized environments of memory.
Action, Knowledge, and Will, by John Hyman

Action, Knowledge, and Will is a splendid book—insightful, original, elegantly written and carefully edited, and a genuine pleasure to read. John Hyman weaves strands of historical, legal, empirica...
A method for comparison of absorption heat pump working pairs

Abstract Screening analyses based on thermodynamic and heat transfer principles are conducted for a single-effect absorption heat pump to enable the comparison of working pairs on the basis of performance and component size. After a broad survey of working pairs in the literature, in which 83 are discovered, forty-two are analyzed for cooling mode operation, and ten are analyzed for heating mode operation. Working pairs with water as the refrigerant are the most favorable thermodynamically in cooling mode, although some of them require more heat transfer area due to higher viscosity. Working pairs with alcohol refrigerants are most favorable thermodynamically in heating mode, although working pairs with ammonia as the refrigerant yield much more compact systems. The analysis methods developed here can also be applied to newly-characterized absorption working pairs to allow comparison with those previously investigated in the literature.
On-demand antibiotic-eluting microchip for implanted spinal screws.

Abstract Objective Surgical instrumentation of the spine is susceptible to infection. Intravenous antibiotics is a current mainstay of treating infection; however penetrating the bacterial biofilm and directly targeting the source of the infection is challenging. Methods Using multiple reservoirs of discrete drug doses, microchips represent a new technology capable of on-demand drug release over long periods of time. Results A novel solution of integrating vancomycin-eluting microchips into pedicle screws in order directly target and treat spinal infections is proposed. Conclusion This drug-releasing implant has the potential to provide the particular benefit to high-infection-risk patients in order to avoid reoperation.
Estimating pressure gradients by auscultation: How technology (echocardiography) can help improve clinical skills.

Estimating pressure gradients by auscultation: How technology (echocardiography) can help improve clinical skills
Improving Underrepresented Minority in Medicine Representation in Medical School.

OBJECTIVES Despite the efforts of various leading organizations in medical education, representation of black students in US medical schools has declined since the mid-1990s. The Florida State University College of Medicine (FSUCOM) has undertaken efforts to increase black and other underrepresented minority in medicine (URMM) representation in medical school through the Bridge to Clinical Medicine Program. This program is described and analyzed by the authors. METHODS Demographic information, Medical College Admission Test scores, undergraduate grade point average, US Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores (Steps 1 and 2), residency match information, and current practice location from 2006 to 2015 were collected from the FSUCOM. Data were analyzed using SAS and linear regression analyses were performed, comparing Bridge students with the College of Medicine and national averages. RESULTS Sixty percent of Bridge students were black, 21% were other URMM, and the remainder were non-URMM. Black Bridge students scored 7.4 points lower on their Medical College Admission Test, and other-URMM Bridge students scored 6.0 points lower (P < 0.0001) than their non-URMM non-Bridge classmates. Black Bridge students also started with a grade point average that was 0.28 points lower than their non-URMM non-Bridge counterparts, but there was no statistical difference for other-URMM Bridge students. Black students, regardless of Bridge participation, were less likely to pass USMLE Step 1 when compared with non-URMM classmates (P < 0.0001). For USMLE Step 2, however, there were no significant differences in passing rates for Bridge students compared with non-Bridge students. CONCLUSIONS The FSUCOM Bridge program has not only increased its URMM enrollment but it also has effectively doubled the number of black students in its medical college. Other universities could produce similar results using the program outlined in this article.
Non-invasive right ventricular load adaptability indices in patients with scleroderma-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Scleroderma-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is associated with worse outcome than idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), potentially due to worse right ventricular ...
Performance Assessment of Several Low-Cost Consumer-Grade Analog-to-Digital Conversion Devices

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has pioneered an approach where low-cost consumer-grade electronics can be used as the basis of a highly reliable data acquisition architecture. One twenty-channel system based on this approach has been operating almost 4 years at ORNL. The architecture allows a mix-and-match level of configurability so the designer can select devices that best match the desired performance trade-offs. The most important device to be selected is the analog-to-digital converter. This paper explores the performance of several candidate audio recording devices that can be used as high-speed analog-to-digital converters for such measurement systems. Various performance metrics are explored including frequency response, noise floor, and synchronous sampling. Sample rates as high as 192 KHz are supported with 16 and 24-bit resolution. While most of the devices are dual-channel, there are multi-channel devices now available that will allow modal type of synchronous sampling. One such device was tested and is discussed is this paper.
Systemic intervention methods supporting complex system governance initiatives

Complex system governance (CSG) is an emerging field with potential to enhance capabilities for design, execution and evolution of complex systems. CSG offers a theoretically grounded, model informed and methodologically driven approach to more effectively deal with complex systems and their problems. However, initial CSG applications have identified multiple impediments to systemic intervention to deploy this new and novel field. In this paper we discuss a strategy to effectively deploy systemic intervention in support of CSG. Four primary objectives are pursued, including: 1) identification of three major forms of systemic intervention for complex systems in general; 2) presentation of a dynamic and tailored approach (CSG-Entry) to improve prospects for introductory systemic intervention for CSG; 3) results from an initial application of CSG-entry in a field setting; 4) suggestion of lessons learned from initial applications of CSG-Entry in relationship to systemic intervention. Two more methods that can be combined with CSG-Entry to generate sufficient information for planning a comprehensive systemic intervention. The paper concludes with examination of future development directions for systemic intervention to advance CSG performance.
Retrospective Analysis of the Etiology and Prognostic Value of Bilateral Independent Periodic Discharges (P3.272)

Objective: To better describe the etiology and prognostic value of bilateral independent periodic discharges (BIPDs). Background: Periodic discharges (PDs) are electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns that arise due to various causes of severe brain dysfunction and are thought to lie along the ictal-interictal continuum. BIPDs are PDs that occur independently, bilaterally but differ in frequency, morphology, duration, and amplitude. The etiology and prognostic utility of BIPDs are not fully understood and are poorly delineated in the literature. Design/Methods: Retrospective evaluation of data on consecutive patients with BIPDs at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center between 2010–2016. We collected demographic, clinical, EEG, neuroimaging, and outcome data from the electronic medical record of 11 patients. Results: Mean age was 59, all were female, mean GCS was 8, and seven were comatose when BIPDs were detected. The most common etiology was hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke (4), cardiac arrest (3), hydrocephalus (3), and severe metabolic derangement (3). On neuroimaging, nine had bilateral findings, four primarily had subcortical abnormalities, and two had normal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Eight patients were monitored on continuous EEG for a mean 18.5 hours. Background rhythm was abnormal in all patients and only one had a measurable posterior dominant rhythm. One had lateralized rhythmic delta, three had bilateral rhythmic delta, two had coincident generalized PDs. Five had electrographic seizures intermixed with BIPDs, which were unilateral in one and bihemispheric or generalized in four. Three patients had clinical seizures either on presentation or during hospitalization. Six died in hospital and two were independent at one year follow up. Conclusions: The presence of BIPDs is associated various structural and metabolic processes and portends a poor prognosis with regard to seizures, functional outcome, and mortality. Further study is needed to better understand the implications of this poorly characterized EEG finding. Study Supported by: Drs. Freund, Gugger, and Kaplan have nothing to disclose. Disclosure: Dr. Gugger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Freund has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaplan has nothing to disclose.
Clinicopathological and demographic factors associated with development of distant metastasis among patients with locoregional neuroendocrine tumor (NET).

4099Background: Incidence oflocoregional NETs is increasing. However, the association between the risk of development of metastasis and clinicopathological/demographic factors remains poorly unders...
Nezha: Mobile OS Virtualization Framework for Multiple Clients on Single Computing Platform

Mobile OSes, such as Android [1], have spread to non-smartphone use cases such as in-vehicle infotainment, electronic classrooms, and physical retail stores. These scenarios often require the installation of multiple standalone mobile devices to simultaneously serve different users. Meanwhile, computing capacity has increased quickly even on relatively low-cost computing platforms. To reduce the total cost of ownership, it is natural to ask: Is it possible to host multiple simultaneously interactive mobile clients1 on a shared computing platform? Android multi-user or virtualization techniques allow running multiple Android profiles or instances on one device. However, they are only able to multiplex one set of peripherals such as one screen, one touch input, and one audio output between instances, which means only one instance at a time can be operated by the user. Therefore, Android virtualization techniques cannot meet the requirements of supporting multiple standalone screens for users with one computing platform. This paper presents Nezha, a system to support multiple simultaneous interactive clients with an uncompromised user experience on a shared computing device. Nezha reduces total cost of ownership, lowers management overhead, and supports dynamic sharing of system resources. Nezha offers every client a full mobile OS instance that is virtualized based on container-like OS virtualization technology [2][3][4]. In our Android-based implementation, all clients utilize fully accelerated 3D graphics and standalone I/O peripherals such as touch, audio, and display. All clients share the computing capacity of a low cost but still powerful x86 platform. To our knowledge, Nezha is the first system that enables the full Android experience for multiple interactive clients backed by one computing platform. It is worth noting that Nezha employs a non-invasive design principle: Nezha extensions are made within the bounds of the hardware abstraction layer, with no modifications to the kernel and only minimal changes to the mobile OS framework. This makes Nezha easy to maintain against the quickly evolving upstream kernel and Android source tree. Our paper includes performance test results that demonstrate the scalability and low overhead of Nezha.
PEDIATRIC CARDIAC CRITICAL CARE OUTCOMES IMPROVE FOLLOWING IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMMERCIAL DATA AGGREGATION AND VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE PLATFORM

Software that aggregates and displays real-time physiologic data in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) holds promise to advance clinical care. We assessed multiple CICU outcomes at our institution before and after implementation of a commercial software platform and compared these
Gold as a standard phase reference in complex sum frequency generation measurements.

Complex, soft interfaces abound in the environment, biological systems, and technological applications. Probing these interfaces, particularly those buried between two condensed phases presents many challenges. The only current method capable of probing such interfaces with molecular specificity is the vibrational spectroscopy, sum frequency generation (SFG). SFG is a nonlinear method, which often results both in small signals from minority species being lost in the noise and nonunique separation of resonances. Both issues can be addressed if the complex amplitude rather than the intensity—the square of the amplitude—spectrum is measured. Thus, several methods have been developed to determine the complex spectrum by measuring the sample of interest with respect to a nonresonant material. Incorrect assumptions about the phase of the nonresonant material can result in ambiguity about the sample complex components. This ambiguity can be removed if a phase standard is identified and the phase of the chosen reference material is measured against the standard. This paper reports both verification of a phase standard—Z-cut quartz—and measurement of the phase of gold against this standard. Using this phase standard, the standard phase of Au is determined to be −222° with 532 nm excitation and ppp polarization.
Transfer Learning Using Deep Neural Networks for Classification of Truck Body Types Based on Side-Fire Lidar Data

Vehicle classification is one of the most essential aspects of highway performance monitoring as vehicle classes are needed for various applications including freight planning and pavement design. While most of the existing systems use in-pavement sensors to detect vehicle axles and lengths for classification, researchers have also explored traditional approaches for image-based vehicle classification which tend to be computationally expensive and typically require a large amount of data for model training. As an alternative to these image-based methods, this paper investigates whether it is possible to transfer the learning (or parameters) of a highly accurate pre-trained (deep neural network) model for classifying truck images generated from 3D-point cloud data from a LiDAR sensor. In other words, without changing the parameters of several well-known convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as AlexNet, VggNet and ResNet, this paper shows how they can be adopted to extract the needed features to classify trucks, in particular trucks with different types of trailers. This paper demonstrates the applicability of these CNNs for solving the vehicle classification problem through an extensive set of experiments conducted on images created based on data from a LIDAR sensor. Results show that using pre-trained CNN models to extract low-level features within images yield significantly accurate results, even with a relatively small size of training data that are needed for the classification step at the end.
Abstract 4381: Investigating the reversible MDH1 catalytic reaction in squamous non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death in men and women worldwide. NSCLC relies on glycolysis to support cell proliferation and to synthesize proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is an enzyme critical for replenishing intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and for helping to drive glycolysis through its reversible coenzyme system NAD+/NADH by interconverting oxaloacetate and malate. The cytosolic form of MDH (MDH1) has been reported to be amplified in squamous cell NSCLC, which has high glycolytic activity. Elucidation of the role of MDH1 in altering cellular metabolism to drive tumorigenic progression has yet to be determined. Thus, our interest lies in identifying the chemical and cellular characteristics required to drive the reversible MDH1 catalytic reaction in squamous cell NSCLC. Previously, we have shown that metabolic dehydrogenases are regulated by microenvironmental changes in pH and oxidation levels, and we are currently extending this work to MDH1. We are also evaluating various cell lines to gain a better understanding of how the MDH1 reaction can be altered to decrease the tumorigenic capacity of squamous cell NSCLC. Experimental knowledge obtained has the potential to increase our understanding of the MDH1 reaction and educate the design of future anti-tumor therapeutics. Citation Format: Joi L. Weeks, Grace Wells, Sati Alexander, Christian Metallo, Christal D. Sohl. Investigating the reversible MDH1 catalytic reaction in squamous non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4381.
School Admission Scandal Underscores Significance Of Transparency

Federal prosecutors recently uncovered a massive fraud and bribery scheme in which parents paid lavish sums to ensure their children received admission to certain highly competitive academic institutions. As part of this scheme, university coaches and school officials received payments, and students were instructed to falsely claim to have learning disabilities to qualify for testing privileges on college entrance exams. This scandal is a dark moment in the history of higher education. In its fallout, however, there lies an opportunity to implement more transparent admissions standards that can benefit students and schools alike.
Taurine, an osteocyte metabolite, protects against oxidative stress-induced cell death and decreases inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Abstract Taurine has been shown to have positive effects on bone mass, which are thought to be due in part to its cytoprotective effects on osteoblasts and here we show that taurine also protects osteocytes against cell death due to reactive oxygen species. Using the IDG-SW3 cell line, the expression of the taurine uptake transporter Taut/Slc6a6 is increased during osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation. Taurine had no effect on genes associated with osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation such as Dmp1, Phex or osteocalcin, even at high doses, but a slight yet significant inhibition of alkaline phosphatase was observed at the highest dose (50 mM). No effect was seen on the osteoclast regulatory genes Rankl and Opg, however the wnt antagonist Sost/sclerostin was potently and dose-dependently downregulated in response to taurine supplementation. Taurine also significantly inhibited Dkk1 mRNA expression, but only at 50 mM. Interestingly, osteocytes were found to also be able to synthesize taurine intracellularly, potentially as a self-protective mechanism, but do not secrete the metabolite. A highly significant increase in the expression of cysteine dioxygenase (Cdo), a key enzyme necessary for the production of taurine, was observed with osteoblast to osteocyte differentiation along with a decrease in methionine, the precursor of taurine. For the first time, we describe the synthesis of taurine by osteocytes, potentially to preserve viability and to regulate bone formation through inhibition of sclerostin.
It Comes As a Shock: Kidney Repair Using Shockwave Therapy.

Chronic kidney disease is a global health care burden, yet clinically-proven treatments are limited. Low-intensity shockwave, which utilizes ≈10% of the energy levels used in clinically indicated s...
Chemoproteomic-enabled phenotypic screening

The ID of disease-modifying, chemically accessible targets remains a central priority of modern therapeutic discovery. The phenotypic screening of small-molecule libraries not only represents an attractive approach to identify compounds that may serve as drug leads but also serves as an opportunity to uncover compounds with novel mechanisms of action (MoAs). However, a major bottleneck of phenotypic screens continues to be the ID of pharmacologically relevant target(s) for compounds of interest. The field of chemoproteomics aims to map proteome-wide small-molecule interactions in complex, native systems, and has proved a key technology to unravel the protein targets of pharmacological modulators. In this review, we discuss the application of modern chemoproteomic methods to identify protein targets of phenotypic screening hits and investigate MoAs, with a specific focus on the development of chemoproteomic-enabled compound libraries to streamline target discovery.
Basics of Learning Devotional Hindu Dance

I present prerequisites for individuals who wish to be my students. These prerequisites develop from my ongoing self-study that explores pedagogy to teach about Hinduism through Hindu dance. Ekalavya and Guru Dronaacharya, in the historical Mahabharata (Chopra and Chopra, 2001; Dharma, 1999), provide an example of the importance of prerequisites. In addition, I discuss how dance students should prepare to learn Hindu dance, whereas viewers ought to prepare to view Hindu dances. Following this, I relate an introduction to the ethics of Hindu dance based on the Natya Shastra (BharataMuni, 2000) and introduce the language of Hindu dance as conveyed in the Abhinaya Darpanam (Nandikesvar and Apparao, 1997). Dancers may ponder upon developing dance choreography with this basic knowledge of Hindu dance in mind.
The impact of weather and seasons on falls and physical activity among older adults with glaucoma: A longitudinal prospective cohort study

Understanding periods of the year associated with higher risk for falling and less physical activity may guide fall prevention and activity promotion for older adults. We examined the relationship between weather and seasons on falls and physical activity in a three-year cohort of older adults with glaucoma. Participants recorded falls information via monthly calendars and participated in four one-week accelerometer trials (baseline and per study year). Across 240 participants, there were 406 falls recorded over 7569 person-months, of which 163 were injurious (40%). In separate multivariable regression models incorporating generalized estimating equations, temperature, precipitation, and seasons were not significantly associated with the odds of falling, average daily steps, or average daily active minutes. However, every 10 °C increase in average daily temperature was associated with 24% higher odds of a fall being injurious, as opposed to non-injurious (p = 0.04). The odds of an injurious fall occurring outdoors, as opposed to indoors, were greater with higher average temperatures (OR per 10 °C = 1.46, p = 0.03) and with the summer season (OR = 2.69 vs. winter, p = 0.03). Falls and physical activity should be understood as year-round issues for older adults, although the likelihood of injury and the location of fall-related injuries may change with warmer season and temperatures.
Outcomes of Universal Newborn Screening Programs: Systematic Review.

Background: This systematic review examined the outcomes (age of identification and intervention, developmental outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and adverse effects on parents) of universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) for children with permanent congenital hearing loss (PCHL). Materials and methods: Multiple electronic databases were interrogated in March and April 2020 with further reports identified from article citations and unpublished literature. UNHS reports in English with comparisons of outcomes of infants who were not screened, and infants identified through other hearing screening programs. Results: 30 eligible reports from 14 populations with 7,325,138 infants screened through UNHS from 1616 non-duplicate references were included. UNHS results in a lower age of identification, amplification, and the initiation of early intervention services and better language/literacy development. Better speech perception/production were shown in younger, but not in older, children with early identification after UNHS. No significant findings were found for behavior problems and quality of life. UNHS was found to be cost-effective in terms of savings to society. In addition, no significant parental harm was noted as a result of UNHS. Conclusions: In highly developed countries, significantly better outcomes were found for children identified early through UNHS programs. Early language development predicts later literacy and language development.
Application of MM-Wave Radar and Machine Learning for Post-Stroke Upper Extremity Motor Assessment

This research effort summarizes the results of a pilot study in which 14 healthy participants performed a subset of the Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment protocol (FMA-UE) used for post-stroke recovery evaluation. Radar measurements were acquired using a commercially available Texas Instruments millimeter-wave radar sensor and Time-Frequency analysis employed to produce spectrogram images. The data set comprised of spectrogram images of the tasks. Feature vectors were obtained using 2D Principal Component Analysis (2DPCA) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) and k Nearest Neighbors (kNN) algorithm utilized for task classification. The task classification results were in excess of 99% for Baseline, Intermediate and Severe tasks using k-fold cross-validation and dividing data sets into 70% training and 30% testing. For score prediction, the Hankel transform was applied to spectrogram images to form feature vectors while using SVM and kNN for score prediction. Average total baseline score using SVM was 15.4 ± 1.74 points while an expected score was 18 points, average total intermediate score was 8.8 ± 1.6 points while an expected score was 9 points and average total severe score was 4.6 ± 2.15 points while an expected score was 0 points. The average total baseline score using kNN was 13.2 ± 1.47 points while an expected score was 18 points, the average total intermediate score was 9.4 ± 2.65 points while an expected score was 18 points, and the average total severe score was 6.6 ± 1.85 points while an expected score was 18 points.
Social Network Influences on Young Women's Choice to Use Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC; including intrauterine devices and implants) is recommended as the first-line contraceptive choice by several professional organizations (eg, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists); however, rates of uptake are lower than those of other contraceptive methods. A young woman's social network may influence the decision to use LARC. The purpose of this review was to determine the role of health care providers (HCPs), family, peers, and sexual partner(s) on young women's decisions to initiate LARC. METHODS Several databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2020 that studied the social network influences of HCPs, family, peers, and sexual partner(s) on LARC initiation among women in the United States aged 18 to 25. A narrative synthesis of the included articles was conducted. RESULTS Twenty-nine articles met the inclusion criteria (21 qualitative, 6 quantitative, 2 mixed methods). HCPs are an important influence on a young woman's LARC decision-making. Peers and family also have a role but were often sources of negative or inaccurate information. Gaps in the literature were identified, including a lack of data on implant users and a dearth of studies on the role of sexual partner influence; most studies were not guided by theory. DISCUSSION HCPs are integral to LARC initiation and may be more influential than other social network members. Future research should focus on understanding how social network members interact to result in LARC initiation. Gaining insight into these influences may improve existing interventions or contribute to the development of new interventions and ultimately promote LARC use among young women.
Single-cell multiomics analysis for drug discovery

Given the heterogeneity seen in cell populations within biological systems, analysis of single cells is necessary for studying mechanisms that cannot be identified on a bulk population level. There are significant variations in the biological and physiological function of cell populations due to the functional differences within, as well as between, single species as a result of the specific proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome that are unique to each individual cell. Single-cell analysis proves crucial in providing a comprehensive understanding of the biological and physiological properties underlying human health and disease. Omics technologies can help to examine proteins (proteomics), RNA molecules (transcriptomics), and the chemical processes involving metabolites (metabolomics) in cells, in addition to genomes. In this review, we discuss the value of multiomics in drug discovery and the importance of single-cell multiomics measurements. We will provide examples of the benefits of applying single-cell omics technologies in drug discovery and development. Moreover, we intend to show how multiomics offers the opportunity to understand the detailed events which produce or prevent disease, and ways in which the separate omics disciplines complement each other to build a broader, deeper knowledge base.
The Mechanics of Piezoelectric Structures

Three-Dimensional Theories Piezoelectric Plates Laminated Plates and Plates on Substrates Nonlinear Effects in Electroelastic Plates Piezoelectric Shells Piezoelectric Beams Piezoelectric Rings Piezoelectric Parallelepipeds.
Formal specification and verification of the MLSSI sender and local cache using SPIN

We constructed a formal specification for sending secure Internet e-mail using Multilevel Information System Security Initiative (MISSI). We used formal language PROMELA, based on Hoare's CSP. We verified the model using AT&T's automated model checker SPIN. We propose a software engineering approach where we translate from English to pseudocode to a process algebra specification, verify the specification, and discover ambiguities, omissions, and errors in the English description. This work shows that formal methods can be used to speed up and clarify the software engineering process. It took eight weeks to choose SPIN among several tools, learn SPIN and MISSI, and produce and verify a sender model. We later added a local cache specification. The complexity of the process is intensified by starting from the purely English- and figure-based original specification, which relies on many separate documents and standards that operate together.
Application of Bloom's Taxonomy Debunks the "MCAT Myth"

Analyses of questions that evaluate critical thinking, from college placement and medical school admission examinations, suggest improvements to college teaching methods.
Structure and activity dependence of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor II on disulfide bond pairing.

Abstract The complete peptide map of purified folded recombinant human insulin-like growth factor II (rhIGF-II) was determined to verify its sequence and disulfide bonding scheme. Each peptide generated by digestion with pepsin was purified and characterized by amino acid analysis, amino acid sequence analysis, and fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry. Some peptides were also sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry. The rhIGF-II peptide map was compared to that of rat insulin-like growth factor II and to that of a disulfide-bonded isomer of rhIGF-II. The data obtained in these studies are consistent with the conclusion that the rhIGF-II obtained from Escherichia coli has the correct amino acid composition, sequence, and the native disulfide-bonded structure. The binding affinities of these forms of recombinant IGF-II for IGF carrier proteins were measured in an IGF binding protein assay. The disulfide isomer of rhIGF-II was 160-fold less potent than native rhIGF-II in the competitive protein binding assay. These studies illustrate the need to characterize recombinant polypeptides containing disulfide bonds to allow the native structure to be verified before characterizing the biological properties of such molecules in hopes of elucidating their physiologic functions.
Lead Time Performance Measurement

This paper discusses the design of a performance evaluation system in a decentralized firm when subunits are organized as cost centers and lead time has an important effect on demand or cost. The model incorporates agency costs associated with managers' efforts and overhead absorption and control costs due to inaccurate marginal cost estimates. The results include that if production and lead time decisions are delegated to cost centers, performance measurement systems exist that lead to a profit maximum. Very often firms use average cost to estimate marginal cost. Another important conclusion is that more accurate marginal cost estimates (and better production decisions) occur when non-value-added time is removed from the production process. Thus, two benefits of just-in-time and business process reengineering are accurate estimates of marginal cost and superior general manager decisions about prices and profit maximizing production rates.
Governance Choice, Sourcing Relationship Characteristics, and Relationship Performance

Past work on exchange relationships has debated the efficacy of partnership versus arm's-length governance on performance of a buyer�supplier relationship. However, how these governance approaches leverage key supplier specific relationship characteristics has not been examined. In this study, we examine the moderating role of governance choice (arm's-length versus partnership governance) in leveraging key supplier specific characteristics to achieve superior performance for the buyer in a relationship. Specifically, drawing from residual rights theory, we argue that the governance choice buyers make moderates the impact of supplier flexibility, supplier human capital and relationship dependency on performance. Our findings suggest that, for a buyer, the benefits of supplier flexibility and relationship dependency are better realized in partnership governance as opposed to arm's-length governance. Further, our findings suggest that although buyers choose a specific governance approach consistent with their outsourcing motivation, the choice of governance is critical to leveraging the impact of supplier characteristics due to the moderation effects studied. We elaborate on these effects and discuss the implications of our findings.
Bis(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)

[1295-35-8] C16H24Ni (MW 275.08) InChI = 1S/2C8H12.Ni/c2*1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;/h2*1-2,7-8H,3-6H2;/b2*2-1-,8-7-; InChIKey = JRTIUDXYIUKIIE-KZUMESAESA-N (Ni(cod)2 is a source of nickel(0) useful for the preparation of π-allylnickel halides,2 for coupling of aryl and alkenyl halides,3 and for the oligomerization and cycloaddition of strained alkenes,4 of alkynes,5 and of 1,3-dienes6) Physical Data: mp 60 °C dec (N2). Solubility: sol benzene, toluene, THF, ether, DMF, HMPA, N-methylpyrrolidinone. Form Supplied in: yellow-orange crystals of 98+% purity. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR: δ 4.31 (br, CH), 2.08 (br, CH2).1 Preparative Methods: the standard preparation2b is a modification of the original procedure by Wilke and co-workers7 and involves the reduction of Nickel(II) Acetylacetonate, Ni(acac)2, with Triethylaluminum in the presence of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod) and 1,3-butadiene in toluene. A more convenient preparation utilizes Diisobutylaluminum Hydride (DIBAL) as the reducing agent.8 In a typical reaction, 45.4 mL of a 1.0 M THF solution of DIBAL was added to a 250 mL Schlenk flask containing 4.67 g of Ni(acac)2, and 7.93 g cod in THF solution under a nitrogen atmosphere at −78 °C. The resulting dark, reddish-brown solution was warmed to 0 °C and treated with diethyl ether to give a light yellow precipitate. Filtration under nitrogen gave a 72% yield of Ni(cod)2 which was suitable for immediate use. Optional recrystallization from toluene under inert atmosphere gave bright yellow-orange needles with 40% recovery. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: highly oxygen sensitive. Special inert-atmosphere techniques must be used.9 Should be stored at 0 °C.
The functions which operate on Fourier-Stieltjes transforms of L-subalgebras of T☆

Abstract An L-subalgebra OL of the algebra M T of Borel measures on the circle group T is a closed subalgebra OL ⊆M( T ) such that μ ∈ OL implies L1(μ)⊆ OL . A subalgebra OL is symmetric if μ∈ OL implies μ ∈ OL , where μ (−E) = μ(−E) , (E any Borel set). A function F : [−1, 1] → C operates on a set OL of Fourier-Stieltjes transforms if μ ∈ OL , μ ( Z )⊆[−1,1] imply F ∘ μ is a Fourier-Stieltjes transform. We have these results: If F : [−1, 1] → C operates on the Fourier-Stieltjes transforms of an infinite dimensional symmetric L-subalgebra OL , then F is analytic in a neighborhood of 0. If OL contains a measure concentrated on a Dirichlet set, then F is analytic in a neighborhood of [−1, 1]. If OL contains a continuous measure concentrated on a Kronecker set, then F is entire. Related results are given.
Mean-field theory for batched TD (l)

A representation-independent mean-field dynamics is presented for batched TD(λ). The task is learning to predict the outcome of an indirectly observed absorbing Markov process. In the case of linea...
Behavioral Science in the Business School Curriculum: Teaching in a Changing Institutional Environment

In this article we use the concept of the organizational field to examine how recent developments In the institutional environment of business schools may be affecting student attitudes toward the behavioral sciences in business schools. Based on this analysis, we propose a number of ways in which recognition of changing logics in the organizational field, combined with a model of teaching as bricolage, might be used to enhance the effectiveness of behavioral science instruction in business schools
A dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance study of nitrogen inversion in N,N'‐dimethylimidazolidine

The 251 MHz 1H and the natural-abundance 63.1 MHz 13C NMR spectra of N,N'-dimethylimidazolidine have been measured from −50 to −170°C. Below about −140°C. nitrogen inversion in the compound becomes slow on the NMR time scale and both the 1H and the 13C spectra indicate that it exists in solution as a mixture of cis and trans conformations having nearly the same energies. The free-energy barrier (ΔG≠) for nitrogen inversion in N,N'-dimethylimidazolidine is 6.4 kcal mol−1, a value which is 1.5 kcal mol−1 lower than that for N-methylpyrrolidine.
“Natural Rate” Mutations: Keynes, Leijonhufvud and the Wicksell Connection

In this chapter we make good on a promise from the introductory material and project the own-rates framework into familiar macroeconomic contexts, including its implications for IS/LM analysis. We do so by way of an implicit critique of Leijonhufvud’s “The Wicksell Connection.” This will also serve as a conclusion to our book in the sense that it demonstrates a main theme which was argued throughout this work and which culminated in Chapter 14. The own-rates of interest analysis offers an important avenue by which to demonstrate Keynes’s claim for the existence of unemployment equilibria. Keynes based his argument in this area on forces integral to an economy faced with uncertainty, where asset holders might choose to fly to safety. In such an economy he suggested there would be (at least) one asset exhibiting a liquidity premia in excess of its carrying cost. This is how he defined a monetary economy. This existence did not make the attainment of full-employment impossible, though, as Leijonhufvud argues. It does mean, however, that — given institutions, expectations and the propensities to save and to consume — it is possible for new investment activity to get hung up at a level lower than the full-employment level of savings. What would happen then? One possibility is that output adjusts to this new lower level of demand and settles into a less-than-full employment equilibrium.
Reflection-mode polymeric interference modulators

Reflection-mode interference modulators can be used in electrical-to-optical interconnects. Prototype devices were implemented using poled nonlinear polymer films. The modulators were characterized and analyzed. It is shown that a modulation depth exceeding 10% is feasible using existing nonlinear polymers.
Spectrum of mutations in cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder characterized by elevated sweat electrolytes and thick mucous secretions due to abnormal chloride permeability in epithelial tissues. The gene responsible for this disease, the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) was identified by a positional cloning approach 3 years ago. Since that time, over two hundred mutations have been found in CFTR genes from affected individuals. Analysis of these disease-associated mutations has provided new insight into the etiology of this disease and into the mechanisms of epithelial electrolyte secretion.
Patients' attitudes toward resident participation in dermatology outpatient clinics

The attitudes of patients toward resident participation in a university-based dermatology outpatient clinic were evaluated. Of 206 patients asked to participate, 191 patients completed the self-administered questionnaire (92.7%). The overwhelming majority of patients (99.5%) were satisfied (81.8% "very satisfied" and 17.7% "satisfied") with the resident's participation in their care. Many more patients expressed a willingness to allow residents to take histories (93.6%), perform physical examinations (87.2%), and counsel on preventive measures (74.5%), than to allow surgical excisions of skin cancers (19.7%), perform skin biopsies (43.6%), or prescribe medications (44.7%). Of respondents to the questionnaire, 83.2% self-reported an understanding of the difference between "resident" and "attending" physicians. However, only 31.3% (95% confidence interval 24.5-38.1) were able to broadly categorize the amount of training completed by dermatology residents. Dermatology resident participation in outpatient clinics is essential to quality dermatologic education. Consistent with the results of prior studies in other medical disciplines, our study demonstrated an overwhelming patient satisfaction with the participation of dermatology residents in their care.