cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of vegetation removal on native understory recovery in an exotic-rich urban forest1

Abstract Urban forests represent patches of biodiversity within otherwise degraded landscapes, yet these forests are threatened by invasion by exotic plant species. We investigated the response of a forest understory to removal of four common exotic species: Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Ligustrum sinense, Laur., and Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus in a forest within the city of Raleigh, NC, USA. In the summer of 2001, we initiated a removal experiment with three treatments. In the “repeated removal” treatment, all understory vegetation was initially removed by clipping and new exotic seedlings were repeatedly removed every 2 weeks throughout the study period. The “initial removal” treatment involved a one-time understory vegetation removal with no further weeding. Control plots had no intervention throughout the study period. We conducted vegetation surveys of the plots prior to treatment initiation and in April and August of 2002 and 2003. With a non-metric multidimensiona...
Initial Results From Dissolution Testing of Spent Fuel Under Acidic Conditions

Flow through dissolution tests using leachants with pH in the range 2 to 7 have been conducted on a moderate burnup Light Water Reactor spent fuel. Such low pH conditions have been modeled as possibly occurring in a failed waste package at the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain. The release of total uranium, 99Tc, 90Sr, 137Cs, and 239&240Pu were measured for up to 90% total reaction of the specimens. The reaction rates, determine both from the cumulative release and the release normalized to surface area, were found to decrease with increasing pH and with increasing extent of reaction. The implications to instantaneous release and long-term behavior in a geologic repository are discussed.
Decreased Birth Weight in Psychosis: Influence of Prenatal Exposure to Serologically Determined Influenza and Hypoxia

Background: Decreased birth weight (BW) is associated with later psychosis, but the sources of decreased BW for those at risk for psychosis remain unclear. Aim: To determine whether fetal exposure to influenza and/or hypoxia accounts for BW decreases among psychotic cases and controls. Method: Subjects were 111 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia or affective psychosis and 333 matched controls from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained from medical records. Influenza and hypoxia were determined from maternal and cord sera collected at birth. Results: Cases exposed to severe fetal hypoxia or influenza had significantly lower BW compared with unexposed cases and controls, regardless of exposure status. No significant differences in BW were observed among controls based on exposure status. Conclusions: Decreased BW appears to be a risk factor for psychosis only in the presence of other teratogens. Liability to psychosis likely renders fetuses vulnerable to decreased fetal growth in response to hypoxia and influenza.
Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the Truckee River–Pyramid Lake surface-water system. 2. A predictive model of δ18O and 182H in Pyramid Lake

A physically based model of variations in WO and 6*H in Pyramid Lake is presented. For inputs, the model uses measurements of liquid water inflows and outflows and their associated isotopic compositions and a set of meteorological data (radiative fluxes, air temperature, relative humidity, and windspced). The model simulates change of lake volume, thermal and isotopic stratification, evaporation, and the isotopic composition of evaporation. A validation of the model for 1987-1989 and 199 1 indicates that it can reproduce measured intra- and interannual variations of 6’*0 and 6*H. Three applications of the model demonstrate its ability to simulate longer term responses of VO to change in the hydrologic balance and hydrologic characteristics (opening and closing) of the lake. Annual variations of the isotopic (al80 and a2H) composition of Pyramid Lake are associated by Benson (1994) with annual patterns of precipitation, evaporation, streamflow discharge, and lake mixing (stratification). Larger, long-term changes in isotopic composition are linked to change in the hydrologic balance and the hydrologic state (e.g. whether the lake is open or closed) of the lake. In this paper, we present a model used to simulate variations in 6180 and 62H in Pyramid Lake that occur in response to change in the hydrologic balance and climate. Several steady state and dynamic models of al80 and 62H have been developed and applied
Molecular weight of ethyl cellulose

Light-scattering and viscosity measurements were made on six ethyl cellulose fractions in methanol at 25°C. The relation [η] = 5.23 × 10−4Mw0.65 was found to hold over the molecular weight range of 0.98 × 105 to 4.10 × 105. Second virial coefficients for this system were found to be essentially zero at 25°C. The dependence of dielectric dispersion of ethyl cellulose solutions on molecular weight was confirmed.
Was Bank Risk Management Difficult in Turkey During the Banking Crisis There? Why Value at Risk Methods Won't Fix the Problems of Turkey's Banks

The Turkish bank regulators and banks have paid a great deal of attention to modernization of risk management, codifying the modern methods of Value at Risk analysis into banking regulation in February 2000. Every bank is now required to submit a detailed risk management plan to the government annually. Will government-approved modern methods solve the problems of Turkey's banks? Here we provide evidence that the answer is no. We will demonstrate that modern risk management methods produce some very old-fashioned risk management strategies in Turkey that would have been successful if they had been used. We use modern Value at Risk methods to show that bank portfolio risk management in Turkey was plain and simple, far easier than the actual banks and their regulators to have made it appear to be. The thing to do was buy Turkish Treasury bills and manage overall portfolio risk by changing your cash position. We demonstrate that fact here by constructing a Turkish Bank that is constrained in three ways. 1) The constructed bank can hold only long positions in market traded securities. 2) It must pick the minimum variance investment portfolio. 3) It must keep its Value at Risk at 10% of equity to be lost no more than 1% of the time on an annual basis. This bank, it turns out, chooses to use very simple risk management procedures. It holds only Treasury bills in all except 10 months during the five year period of our sample data. It reduces risk by adding to its cash position rather than diversifying. In the ten months of the five year sample period where the bank actually diversified, it held some Treasury bonds as well as trace amounts of corporate shares. There is an unanticipated result. Although we didn't permit the bank to try to make a profit, it did. The bank returned a little over 10% to its investors for the period. If we had let the constructed bank read the newspaper and therefore avoid buying bonds it would have returned 20%. We analyze these surprise profits as well as the significant impact of high asset return correlations in some emerging markets on portfolio choice elsewhere. (Dew 2002, 2003a, 2003b)
A nonconventional Eulerian‐Lagrangian single‐node collocation method with Hermite polynomials for unsteady‐state advection‐diffusion equations

We developed a nonconventional Eulerian-Lagrangian single-node collocation method (ELSCM) with piecewise-cubic Hermite polynomials as basis functions for the numerical simulation to unsteady-state advection-diffusion transport partial differential equations. This method greatly reduces the number of unknowns in the conventional collocation method, and generates accurate numerical solutions even if very large time steps are taken. The method is relatively easy to formulate. Numerical experiments are presented to show the strong potential of this method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 271–283, 2003.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF AREA FORMULATIONS IN FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION

The fluid free surface area matrix in fluid-structure interaction problems is used in slosh mode calculation. Similar to the structural mass matrix, the area matrix was shown to have consistent and lumped formulations. In this paper, analytical aspects of the consistent and lumped area formulations are studied, and their effects on slosh mode frequencies are considered.
Cup products in sheaf cohomology, pure injectives, and a substitute for projective resolutions

Abstract Two new definitions are given for cup products in the cohomology of sheaves on an arbitrary Grothendieck topology. These products are shown to have the usual properties. The existence of pure injectives is shown under very general conditions and it is shown how to do many constructions involving projective resolutions under more general conditions when there may not be enough projectives.
Early results of single-stage biventricular repair of severe aortic hypoplasia or atresia with ventricular septal defect and normal left ventricle.

Objective Biventricular repair of aortic atresia (or severe aortic hypoplasia) is possible in the presence of a ventricular septal defect and normal left ventricle. We considered whether primary biventricular repair was a safe alternative in all cases, even in the presence of interrupted aortic arch. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent primary biventricular repair consisting of a combination Norwood-type reconstruction of the aortic arch, baffle of the left ventricle to both semilunar roots, and conduit placement from the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries. Results Between January 1995 and January 2005, a total of 21 patients underwent primary biventricular repair at a median age of 5 days and a median weight of 3.0 kg. Aortic atresia was present in 7 and aortic stenosis in 14; 6 had interrupted aortic arch. All patients with aortic stenosis had annular diameters 3 mm or smaller. Median circulatory arrest time was 55 minutes, aortic crossclamp time was 56 minutes, and total support time was 99 minutes. In-hospital survival was 100%. Postoperative echocardiography in 19 patients demonstrated no significant outflow tract obstruction. Total stay was a median of 17 days. At midterm follow-up, there has been 1 late death, and reoperation has been necessary in 10 cases. Conclusion Primary biventricular repair is a safe alternative to staged repair in all cases of aortic hypoplasia with ventricular septal defect and normal left ventricle.
Reciprocal peer reviews

Reciprocal peer reviews empower students to master computer science concepts. This industry practice employs peer-to-peer communication within an egoless team structure. As pedagogy, reviews provide a human-interaction laboratory setting where students: hone teamwork and communication skills, master the peer review process, and learn to learn from each other.
Serpents and Styles in Peten Postclassic Pottery

Les sites Maya de la zone des lacs du Peten central (Guatemala) et la representation du serpent dans la decoration de la poterie post-classique. Le serpent Maya est une partie d'une creature reptilienne composite incorporant des elements de la tete et du corps de serpents, lezards, iguanes, alligators/caimans. Etude des symboles et des styles.
Investigation of the nature and stability of the Martian seasonal water cycle with a general circulation model

[1] We describe the first use of a general circulation model to study the Martian water cycle. Water is treated as a passive tracer, except for ice-albedo coupling. The model is used to assess which mechanisms and water reservoirs are critical to the seasonal evolution of water and specifically the attainment of an interannually repeatable steady state. The model comes to a reasonable steady state with active surface ice and atmospheric vapor and ice reservoirs. A regolith is not necessary. The mechanism of equilibration results from independent parameters controlling the transport of water between the northern polar and the extratropical atmospheres at different seasons. Water export from the northern summer pole results from weak mixing across a strong vapor gradient, dependent upon northern cap temperatures. Import at other seasons depends on stronger mixing and weak vapor gradients, which are history dependent. Equilibration is achieved when the fluxes balance, minus a small net loss to the south. We find that with a southern residual CO2 cap, the water cycle cannot be completely closed. We conclude that the northern summer cap temperature determines the bulk humidity of the atmosphere, all else being equal. We proceed to show that a water cap exposed in southern summer would be unstable with respect to the north for dynamical as well as thermal reasons. At high obliquity (45°), much higher vapor abundances result in more widespread surface ice with seasonal ice caps overlapping in the equinoctial subtropics, producing year-round stability of water ice just north of the equator.
In vitro BMP2 stimulation of osteoblast citrate production in concert with mineralized bone nodule formation.

Background That citrate is a major indispensible component of bone in humans and in all osteovertebrates has been known for about seventy-five years. Yet, its role and importance in the structure and function of bone and bone formation have remained unknown. However, recent studies have identified that citrate is a major and essential component of the apatite/collagen structure of bone; and that the biomechanical properties of bone (e.g., stability, strength, resistance to fracture) depend on the appropriate incorporation of citrate in the structure of bone. The osteoblasts have recently been identified as citrate-producing cells that provide the citrate that is incorporated in the apatite/collagen structure during osteogenesis. Little is known regarding the factors and mechanisms involved in the regulation of citrate that is incorporated along with mineralization during the process of bone formation. Because of the importance of BMP2 in the initiation of osteogenesis and the development of the osteoblasts, it is essential to determine its possible implication in the development of the citrate-producing capability of the osteoblasts (i.e., “citration”) during the formation of mineralized bone nodules.
The role of the African traditional healer in women's health.

Traditional healers provide an important link between the rural people of Africa and primary health care. The purpose of this article is to review more recent literature and contemporary practices ...
A phase I trial of thermal sensitization using induced oxidative stress in the context of HIPEC.

Background Inducing oxidative stress under hyperthermic conditions significantly decreases tumor cell growth in a murine model of human colon cancer carcinomatosis. This phase I study examines the safety and pharmacokinetics of induced oxidative stress by the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the perfusate in patients undergoing cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for advanced abdominal-only malignancies.
The organization and dynamics of corticostriatal pathways link the medial orbitofrontal cortex to future decisions

Accurately making a decision in the face of incongruent options increases the efficiency of making similar congruency decisions in the future. This adaptive process is modulated by reward, suggesting that ventral corticostriatal circuits may contribute to the process of conflict adaptation. To evaluate this possibility, a group of healthy adults (N=30) were tested using functional MRI (fMRI) while they performed a color-word Stroop task. In a conflict-related region of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), stronger BOLD responses predicted faster response times (RTs) on the next trial. More importantly, the degree of behavioral conflict adaptation on RTs was correlated with the magnitude of mOFC-RT associations on the previous trial, but only after accounting for network-level interactions with prefrontal and striatal regions. This suggests that conflict adaptation may rely on interactions between distributed corticostriatal circuits. The convergence of white matter projections from frontal areas into the striatum was measured using diffusion weighted imaging. In these pathways, greater convergence of coticostriatal projections correlated with stronger functional mOFC-RT associations that, in turn, provided an indirect pathway that linked anatomical structure to behavior. Thus distributed corticostriatal processing may mediate the orbitofrontal cortexs influence on behavioral updating, even in the absence of explicit rewards.
A Problem of Kátai

In the present chapter a> 0, b, A> 0 and B continue to be integers for which ∆ = aB − Ab is not zero.
Sex-specific associations of arsenic exposure with global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in leukocytes: results from two studies in Bangladesh

Background: Depletion of global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is observed in human cancers and is strongly implicated in skin cancer development. Although arsenic (As)-a class I human carcinogen linked to skin lesion and cancer risk- is known to be associated with changes in global %5-methylcytosine (%5-mC), its influence on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has not been widely studied. Methods: We evaluated associations of As in drinking water (wAs), urine (uAs), and blood (bAs) with global %5-mC and %5-hmC in two studies of Bangladeshi adults: i) leukocyte DNA in the Nutritional Influences on Arsenic Toxicity (NIAT) study (n=196; 49% male, 19-66 years); and ii) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA in the Folate and Oxidative Stress (FOX) study (n=375; 49% male, 30-63 years). Results: Overall, As was not associated with global %5-mC or %5-hmC. Sex-specific analyses showed that associations of As exposure with global %5-hmC were positive in males and negative in females (p for interaction < 0.01). Analyses examining interactions by elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcys), an indicator of B-vitamin deficiency, found that tHcys also modified the association between As and global %5-hmC (p for interaction < 0.10). Conclusions: In two samples, we observed associations between As exposure and global %5-hmC in blood DNA that were modified by sex and tHcys. Impact: Our findings suggest that As induces sex-specific changes in 5-hmC, an epigenetic mark that has been associated with cancer. Future research should explore whether altered %5-hmC is a mechanism underlying the sex-specific influences of As on skin lesion and cancer outcomes.
Long term effects of stereotaxic thalamotomy on parameters of cognitive functioning.

Extensive pre- and post-operative neuropsychological evaluation, performed on ten dyskinesic patients undergoing single radiofrequency ventrolateral thalamotomy showed no residual long term loss in cases of familial tremor. All other cases showed minimal to moderate loss of neurobehavioral cognitive abilities.
Nitric oxide-dependent pulmonary vasodilation in polycythemic rats.

Polycythemia causes increased vascular production of nitric oxide (NO), most likely secondary to an effect of elevated vascular shear stress to enhance expression of endothelial nitric oxide syntha...
The Historian Confronting Potosí Today

The historian who visits Potosi today—few do so because of the cost and the cold—finds there “an atmosphere of departed greatness quite unique in America.”41 Miners have honeycombed the mountain with tunnels during four centuries of exploitation and have turned it inside out to get at the silver and tin, but the Cerro still stands impressive and serene. Perhaps because of the great heaps of rock brought to the surface in the course of mining operations, the colors to be seen there as the sun sinks behind the western Andes are notable in their variety—pink, lavender, purple, brown, gray, and yellow. It is small wonder that through the years, despite an unfriendly climate where the temperature has never been recorded on the hottest summer day above 59° F., a school of Potosi painters has flourished and still continues in the shadow of the great Cerro.
Havelok the Dane: Kingship, Hunger, and Purveyance

A consensus has developed that the ideology of Havelok the Dane is feudal and conservative, intended to present, in its likable protagonist, an apologia for kingly prerogative. Following those scholars who link the poem’s goals more closely to the reign of Edward I, this paper argues that Havelok’s insatiable hunger—and his sweet-tempered concern for the expenses it imposes on those who have fostered him—is a recognizable apologia for the royal prerogative of “purveyance,” the king’s right to buy or borrow at will from his subjects of all ranks foodstuffs and other provisions for the royal household. At the time scholars believe Havelok was written (Smithers: lxiv–lxxiii), this prerogative stirred a dangerous rancor in England, as the needs of the royal household were folded into the larger demands of simultaneous wars in Scotland and France. Purveyance was not established or reviewed by Parliament and was seen as arbitrary and oppressive, Refigured as Havelok’s preternatural hunger it was something spontaneous and rather funny, and the sincerity of Havelok’s efforts to make his providers whole by his own hard work suggest a response to the irritated demand of English subjects that their king “puisse vivre de soen.” The conservative message of the poem moves somewhat past the feudal to the “royalist” ideology of a centralizing monarchy.
Alexandrite Laser Pumped Ho:Tm:YLF Laser Performance

The performance of Ho:Tm:YLF pumped by an Alexandrite laser was compared to previously obtained results for comparable Ho:Tm:YAG experiments. We have used an Alexandrite laser with pulse durations of 650μs and 200μs to longitudinally pump Ho:Tm:YLF crystal with 1.5% and 0.5% Ho concentration and length of 4 to 6mm. For a 1.5% Ho concentration in YLF, with pump pulse of 200μs, a slope efficiency as high as 50% is obtained for 6mm long crystal. In general, higher slope efficiencies are achieved in Ho:Tm:YLF than in Ho:Tm:YAG. Previous Ho:Tm:YAG experimental measurements are in good agreement with an improved rate equation model.
The Power of Sociological Ideas

Ideas that have staying power in the world of words not only shape, but sometimes alter, our conceptions of reality. I will give several examples of such powerful ideas: two come from the sociological tradition in which I work and one comes from economics. I use these examples simply to set the stage for its remarks regarding the current state of the profession and some modest prescriptions for progress. Before moving to two specific examples of what I will call "powerful sociological ideas," let me summarize briefly what I consider to be the main characteristics of a powerful idea: (1) it is abstract; (2) it is general; (3) it is transforming (i.e., it provides a new lens with which to view some aspect of reality); and (4) it is sometimes, but not always, a useful idea, in a practical or applied sense. By abstract I mean the concept or notion is not unique to a particular entity or moment in space and time. Conflict is an abstract concept, the Persian Gulf War is not. Justice is an abstract concept or idea, the Supreme Court is not. By general I mean the term can apply to more than one instantiation of the concept. Obviously, this trait relates to the degree to which the idea or concept is abstract. The more abstract a concept is, the more likely it is to be general rather than specific. If an idea is general it can be applied in a variety of circumstances or under different historical conditions. The most important characteristic in my view is the third, the capacity of the idea to be transforming, to change our conception of some aspect of reality. Relativity, for example, is a powerful idea. The self as a "looking glass" is a
Evaporation assisted CdSe nanorod assembly by small angle X-ray scattering and langmuir adsorption.

Using evaporative assembly of dilute (<3 wt %) CdSe nanorod solutions, we combine Langmuir adsorption and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to estimate the onset of nanorod alignment instigated by the dipolar character of CdSe nanorods. SAXS demonstrates that the peak scattering intensity increases along the diameter toward the center of each dry assembly. By agreement of SAXS and profilometry results, we have established a practical access window into the lyotropic feature of emergent orientational order or alignment in nanorod solutions. With a mean field approach involving the rod–rod or dipole–dipole interaction, i.e., Keesom interaction, and the observation that the nanorod dipole moment scales with nanorod volume, we demonstrate that reaction constants result in nanometer scale interparticle separations which increase with aspect ratio or excluded volume. We compute a SAXS weighted intensity alignment parameter, which improves with aspect ratio, to indicate edge-to-center orientational ordering wi...
Comparison of Mouse Liver Sections and Cultured Mouse Fibroblasts as Substrates for the Detection of Antinuclear Antibodies

Immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody tests were performed on selected sera representing various connective-tissue diseases using mouse liver sections and mouse connective-tissue fibroblasts cultivated in vitro . Substrate sensitivities and patterns of staining were compared by indirect immunofluorescent methods employing sera from 92 patients. Sensitivity (geometric mean serum endpoint titer) was significantly greater with the cultured cell substrate. This greater sensitivity was also detected with sera from 46 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). No significant difference was observed in other clinical groups tested (rheumatoid arthritis, polyarthritis, drug-induced SLE, degenerative joint diseases, and progressive systemic sclerosis). Sera from 107 of 109 normal controls were negative on the mouse fibroblast substrate. The two substrates were equally sensitive in detecting homogenous, peripheral, or speckled patterns of fluorescence in patients’ sera having antinuclear activity. Nucleolar staining was observed in only one serum specimen as a minor pattern. Neither substrate demonstrated a predominant immunofluorescent pattern with sera from SLE, polyarthritis, and progressive systemic sclerosis. Sera of patients with clinically diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis, drug-induced SLE, and degenerative joint diseases usually manifested homogeneous staining patterns. However, these differences in staining pattern among the various clinical groups were not statistically significant. The mouse connective-tissue fibroblast represents a standardized alternative to mouse tissue sections of equal specificity and significantly increased sensitivity for the detection of antinuclear antibody.
Inflammasome Complexes: Emerging Mechanisms and Effector Functions

Canonical activation of the inflammasome is critical to promote caspase-1-dependent maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, as well as to induce pyroptotic cell death in response to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Recent discoveries, however, are beginning to unveil new components of the inflammasome machinery as well as the full spectrum of inflammasome functions, extending their influence beyond canonical functions to regulation of eicosanoid storm, autophagy, and metabolism. In addition, the receptor components of the inflammasome can also regulate diverse biological processes, such as cellular proliferation, gene transcription, and tumorigenesis, all of which are independent of their inflammasome complex-forming capabilities. Here, we review these recent advances that are shaping our understanding of the complex biology of the inflammasome and its constituents.
Pico–nano bubble column flotation using static mixer-venturi tube for Pittsburgh No. 8 coal seam

Abstract The flotation process is a particle-hydrophobic surface-based separation technique. To improve the essential flotation steps of collision and attachment probabilities, and reduce the step of detachment probabilities between air bubbles and hydrophobic particles, a selectively designed cavitation venturi tube combined with a static mixer can be used to generate very high numbers of pico and nano bubbles in a flotation column. Fully embraced by those high numbers of tiny bubbles, hydrophobic particles readily attract the tiny bubbles to their surfaces. The results of column flotation of Pittsburgh No. 8 seam coal are obtained in a 5.08 cm ID and 162 cm height flotation column equipped with a static mixer and cavitation venturi tube, using kerosene as collector and MIBC as frother. Design of the experimental procedure is combined with a statistical two-stepwise analysis to determine the optimal operating conditions for maximum recovery at a specified grade. The effect of independent variables on the responses has been explained. Combustible material recovery of 85–90% at clean coal product of 10–11% ash is obtained from feed of 29.6% ash, with a much-reduced amount of frother and collector than that used in conventional column flotation. The column flotation process utilizing pico and nano bubbles can also be extended to the lower limit and upper limit of particle size ranges, minus 75 μm and 300–600 μm, respectively, for better recovery.
Size-Selective Nanoparticle Assembly on Substrates by DNA Density Patterning.

The vision of nanoscale self-assembly research is the programmable synthesis of macroscale structures with controlled long and short-range order that exhibit a desired set of properties and functionality. However, strategies to reliably isolate and manipulate the nanoscale building blocks based on their size, shape, or chemistry are still in their infancy. Among the promising candidates, DNA-mediated self-assembly has enabled the programmable assembly of nanoparticles into complex architectures. In particular, two-dimensional assembly on substrates has potential for the development of integrated functional devices and analytical systems. Here, we combine the high-resolution patterning capabilities afforded by electron-beam lithography with the DNA-mediated assembly process to enable direct-write grayscale DNA density patterning. This method allows modulation of the functionally active DNA surface density to control the thermodynamics of interactions between nanoparticles and the substrate. We demonstrate ...
The Impact of U.S. Public Policy on the Regional Aircraft Manufacturing Sector

Through 1980, eighty-four percent of the commercial aircraft in the free world were manufactured in the United States. Today this dominance is being seriously challenged. Most specifically, it is the regional aircraft manufacturing sector that is in particular decline. Evidence of this decline is shown in this manuscript. Moreover, this article focuses on the primary reason for the market erosion, i.e., the legal framework associated with products liability. While U.S. designed regional aircraft were once superior, today they are languishing in the wake of U.S. products liability laws. These laws, which among other things do not provide for a statute of limitations, have discouraged innovation since it is the manufacturers who will represent the “deepest pocket” in any litigation involving a new generation of aircraft.
A Pedagogy of Pain: New Directions for World Language Education.

As I am writing this piece, I am highly aware of my privilege as a White, middle class, European woman. I have never had to flee my home, justify my existence, or fear for my life. Although stories of human suffering deeply affect me, my pain is not the pain of those who feel it on their own bodies, minds, lands, and families. I offer this piece as one attempt to stand in solidarity with them and be their ally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Quantum Noise in Ring-Laser Gyroscopes

The new generation of ring-laser gyroscopes1 can compete with their mechanical counterparts. They can now operate down to a small fraction of earth rotation rate using rings of 1-m diameter, which makes them interesting for tests of metric gravitation theories.2 They have reached a sensitivity where the noise limit is only due to the quantum fluctuations, which arise from spontaneous emission of the laser atoms. Whereas all kinds of mechanical noise can be circumvented by some “tricky” techniques, there is no way around the quantum noise, which stems from the quantization of the electric field in the resonator. The final limitation of ring-laser gyroscopes is thus given by the quantum noise.3 Therefore it is important to understand this effect in detail.
Induction, Bounding, Weak Combinatorial Principles, and the Homogeneous Model Theorem

Goncharov and Peretyat’kin independently gave necessary and su cient conditions for when a set of types of a complete theory T is the type spectrum of some homogeneous model of T . Their result can be stated as a principle of second order arithmetic, which we call the Homogeneous Model Theorem (HMT), and analyzed from the points of view of computability theory and reverse mathematics. Previous computability theoretic results by Lange suggested a close connection between HMT and the Atomic Model Theorem (AMT), which states that every complete atomic theory has an atomic model. We show that HMT and AMT are indeed equivalent in the sense of reverse mathematics, as well as in a strong computability theoretic sense. We do the same for an analogous result of Peretyat’kin giving necessary and su cient conditions for when a set of types is the type spectrum of some model. Along the way, we analyze a number of related principles. Some of these turn out to fall into well-known reverse mathematical classes, such as ACA0, I⌃2, and B⌃2. Others, however, exhibit complex interactions with first order induction and bounding principles. In particular, we isolate several principles that are provable from I⌃2, are (more than) arithmetically conservative over RCA0, and imply I⌃ 0 2 over B⌃2. In an attempt to capture the combinatorics of this class of principles, we introduce the principle ⇧1GA, as well as its generalization ⇧ 0 n GA, which is conservative over RCA0 and equivalent to I⌃0 n+1 over B⌃ 0 n+1. Received by the editor July 22, 2015. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03B30; Secondary 03C07, 03C15, 03C50, 03C57, 03D45, 03F30, 03F35. Hirschfeldt was partially supported by the National Science Foundation of the United States, grants DMS-0801033 and DMS-1101458. Lange was partially supported by NSF Grants DMS-0802961 and DMS-1100604. Shore was partially supported by NSF Grants DMS-0554855, DMS-0852811, and DMS1161175, John Templeton Foundation Grant 13408, and a short term visiting position at the University of Chicago as part of the Mathematics Department’s visitor program. v CHAPTER
Children of parents with BED have more eating behavior disturbance than children of parents with obesity or healthy weight.

Objective A limited literature suggests an association between parental eating disorders and child eating-disorder behaviors although this research has focused primarily on restrictive-type eating disorders and very little is known about families with binge-eating disorder (BED). Methods The current study focused on parents (N = 331; 103 fathers and 226 mothers), comparing parents with core features of BED (n = 63) to parents with obesity and no eating disorder (OB; n = 85) and parents with healthy-weight and no eating disorder (HW; n = 183). Results Parents with BED were significantly more likely than OB and HW parents to report child binge eating, and more likely than HW parents to report child overeating. Parents with BED felt greater responsibility for child feeding than OB parents, and felt more concern about their child's weight than OB and HW parents. Dietary restriction of the child by the parents was related to child binge eating, overeating, and child overweight, and parental group was related to child binge eating (parental BED), overeating (parental BED), and child weight (parental OB). Discussion Parents with BED report greater disturbance in their children's eating than OB and HW parents, and OB parents report higher child weight than HW parents. This suggests that it is important to consider both eating-disorder psychopathology and obesity in clinical interventions and research. Our cross-sectional findings, which require experimental and prospective confirmations, provide preliminary evidence suggesting potential factors in families with parental BED and obesity to address in treatment and prevention efforts for pediatric eating disorders and obesity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:648–656)
Comparative study of temperature sensitive electrical parameters (TSEP) of Si, SiC and GaN power devices

For high power applications, power modules provide a higher power density than using discrete power devices due to improved thermal performance as well as compact form factor. Since all semiconductor failure and degradation is related to the temperature rise in semiconductor devices, accurate temperature monitoring is necessary and are considered necessary in future generations of wide bandgap power modules. In this paper, a comparative temperature sensitive electrical parameter study is conducted for Si, SiC and GaN power devices. The results can be used in choosing the most sensitive electrical parameter for online junction temperature sensing.
Hepatotoxicity by herbs: a practical review of a neglected disease

Herbs are commonly used worldwide for the treatment of various diseases, constituting a multi-billion dollar market. Unfortunately, hepatotoxicity induced by herbs is also common. The true incidence and prevalence are not known. There is need for more strict regulations andexperimental and pre-clinical studies regarding its efficacy and safety. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of herbs-induced liver injury (HILI) and it constitutes a diagnostic challenge for the clinician, whereestablishing causality could be cumbersome. Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic cases with mildly abnormal liver tests to fulminant liver failure requiring liver transplantation. In this review, we will discuss the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, challenges and diagnostic approach of HILI and will also present some exemplary cases from the University of Miami, Division of Hepatology.
Cell membrane-derived nanomaterials for biomedical applications

The continued evolution of biomedical nanotechnology has enabled clinicians to better detect, prevent, manage, and treat human disease. In order to further push the limits of nanoparticle performance and functionality, there has recently been a paradigm shift towards biomimetic design strategies. By taking inspiration from nature, the goal is to create next-generation nanoparticle platforms that can more effectively navigate and interact with the incredibly complex biological systems that exist within the body. Of great interest are cellular membranes, which play essential roles in biointerfacing, self-identification, signal transduction, and compartmentalization. In this review, we explore the major ways in which researchers have directly leveraged cell membrane-derived biomaterials for the fabrication of novel nanotherapeutics and nanodiagnostics. Such emerging technologies have the potential to significantly advance the field of nanomedicine, helping to improve upon traditional modalities while also enabling novel applications.
Assessing the contribution of internal climate variability to anthropogenic changes in ice sheet volume

Understanding ice sheet response to different sources of uncertainty in projecting the climate is essential for assessing long-term risk of sea-level rise (SLR). The impact of uncertainty caused by internal climate variability (ICV) on future ice sheet changes has not been assessed explicitly. Here we estimate how ICV affects ice sheet projections using a three-dimensional ice sheet model driven by climate fields from two large-ensembles of climate model simulations differing in initial climate states. We find that ICV causes approximately 2mm uncertainty in the estimated SLR due to Greenland ice sheet mass loss during 1992–2011, which is nearly double the observational uncertainty. Additionally, SLR difference due to ICV is about 17% of the mean total change of SLR in 2100. This study highlights a critical need to assess uncertainties of projecting ice sheet loss due to ICV to obtain robust estimates of both historical and future SLR.
Study on corrosion migrations within catalyst-coated membranes of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells

Abstract The corrosion of low-cost, easily manufactured metallic components inside the electrochemical environment of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMECs) has a significant effect on their performance and durability. In this study, 316 stainless steel (SS) mesh was used as a model liquid/gas diffusion layer material to investigate the migration of corrosion products in the catalyst-coated membrane of a PEMEC. Iron and nickel cation particles were found distributed throughout the anode catalyst layer, proton exchange membrane, and cathode catalyst layer, as revealed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate the corrosion products of 316 SS are transported from anode to cathode through the nanochannels of the Nafion membrane, resulting in impeded proton transport and overall PEMEC performance loss.
THE POISSON-WEIBULL FLAW MODEL FOR BRITTLE FIBER STRENGTH

The Weibull distribution with rate parameter α > 0 and shape paramenter σ > 0 is given by $$W(x;\alpha ,\sigma ) = 1\; - \;\exp \{ - \sigma {x^\sigma }\} \;,\;for\;x\; \geqslant \;0.$$ . The tensile strength S(t) of a single fiber of length t is often assumed to follow a Weibull distribution of the form W(x; αt, σ), where a and a are material constants. The explicit appearance of the length t in the rate parameter is an expression of a weakest-link size effect in which the fiber strength is viewed as the minimum strength of independent sections.
Protein oxidative damage.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the detection of carbonyl groups as markers of oxidative protein modification. Protein carbonyls become elevated under various conditions of oxidative stress and are generated readily under experimental conditions in vitro, such as through exposure to iron/ascorbate, ionizing radiation, singlet oxygen, and ozone). Their chemical stability makes them suitable targets for laboratory measurement. Early techniques for the detection of protein carbonyls were based either on incorporation of tritium through reduction with tritiated borohydride or on incorporation of a stable dinitrophenyl (DNP) adduct through reaction of the carbonyls with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Because DNP absorbs light at 370 nm, the carbonyl groups can be measured spectrophotometrically. While reliable and quantitative, these two techniques suffer from three significant technical drawbacks. They require the use of a substantial amount of purified protein (∼1-2 mg). The derivitizing reagents have to be removed prior to analysis in order to reduce background levels sufficiently to allow detection of protein-bound label (either H 3 or DNP). They are unable to differentiate oxidized from nonoxidized proteins in cell or tissue extracts.
Two functionally distinct pools of vitronectin (Vn) in the blood circulation: identification of a heparin-binding competent population of Vn within platelet alpha-granules

The biological functions of vitronectin (Vn) are dependent on its conformation. Whereas plasma Vn is present in a conformation that does not bind to heparin, platelet Vn has been recognized to be in a multimeric, conformationally altered form. To further understand the characteristics of platelet Vn, the molecules present in plasma and total and size-fractionated platelet releasates were compared (1) immunologically using three conformationally sensitive epitope-defined monoclonal antibodies, (2) functionally for their ability to interact with heparin, and (3) structurally using denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Our data indicate that Vn is present in platelet releasates in two molecular weight (M(r) forms. The high M(r) fractions contain conformationally and structurally altered Vn capable of interacting with heparin, and this form is distinct from plasma Vn and purified denatured Vn. In contrast, the lower M(r) forms of Vn are similar to plasma Vn. To determine if the presence of multimeric Vn requires platelet activation, platelets were disintegrated by sonication and fractionated by density gradients. Combined sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting analysis showed a codistribution of multimeric Vn and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in alpha-granule-rich fractions. Thus, platelet Vn is stored in a structurally and functionally distinct form from the molecule in plasma, raising the possibility that platelet- derived heparin-binding competent Vn will accumulate in areas of vascular injury.
Abstract WMP79: Favorable Outcome of Stroke in Immunodeficient Mice is Preceded by Faster Normalization of T2 Relaxation

Introduction: Despite the success of rtPA and thrombectomy stroke continues to be a major disease burden to our society. Preventing secondary brain injury after stroke, given the broad therapeutic ...
Credibility Evidence for Computational Patient Models Used in the Development of Physiological Closed-Loop Controlled Devices for Critical Care Medicine

Physiological closed-loop controlled medical devices automatically adjust therapy delivered to a patient to adjust a measured physiological variable. In critical care scenarios, these types of devices could automate, for example, fluid resuscitation, drug delivery, mechanical ventilation, and/or anesthesia and sedation. Evidence from simulations using computational models of physiological systems can play a crucial role in the development of physiological closed-loop controlled devices; but the utility of this evidence will depend on the credibility of the computational model used. Computational models of physiological systems can be complex with numerous non-linearities, time-varying properties, and unknown parameters, which leads to challenges in model assessment. Given the wide range of potential uses of computational patient models in the design and evaluation of physiological closed-loop controlled systems, and the varying risks associated with the diverse uses, the specific model as well as the necessary evidence to make a model credible for a use case may vary. In this review, we examine the various uses of computational patient models in the design and evaluation of critical care physiological closed-loop controlled systems (e.g., hemodynamic stability, mechanical ventilation, anesthetic delivery) as well as the types of evidence (e.g., verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification activities) presented to support the model for that use. We then examine and discuss how a credibility assessment framework (American Society of Mechanical Engineers Verification and Validation Subcommittee, V&V 40 Verification and Validation in Computational Modeling of Medical Devices) for medical devices can be applied to computational patient models used to test physiological closed-loop controlled systems.