cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Descartes’ Dream to Husserl’s Nightmare

The conjunction of aesthetics and science conjures up a mixed reaction. Their connection dates at least to the Pythagoreans who sought harmony and order in nature as underlying principles of cosmic law. And a wrenching disjunction occurred sometime in the mid-nineteenth century, when in a series of final complex cultural and intellectual blows, the natural philosophers became scientists and the moral-philosophers, humanists. A widening schism over the next century evolved into what C. P. Snow called the Two Cultures (Snow, 1959). To be sure, the respective roots of art and science separated at the beginning of the modern period, but did not clearly diverge until quite recently. The distinctions between scientist and poet was well underway by the Victorian period. We note that in 1839, when Charles Darwin invoked the “philosophical naturalist” (Beagle Journal) or Robert Knox employed the term, “Philosophic anatomy”, such philosophical workers were interested in discovering the laws of nature, not merely in describing nature. In the process they re-defined natural history and established the science of biology (Rehbock, 1983). Hermann Helmholtz initiated and then completed a materialistic and mechanical program to study organic phenomena, by leading the German reductionist revolt in the 1840s that aspired to reduce organic phenomena to the principles of chemistry and physics (Galaty, 1974; Kremer, 1990).
The Function of RNA Editing in Trypanosomes

RNA editing of mitochondrial mRNAs in trypanosomes is characterized by the post-transcriptional insertion or deletion of uridine residues. This process is directed by a diverse family of small, guide RNAs (gRNAs). The trypanosome mitochondrial genome contains nine genes for mRNAs that are extensively edited, three genes for mRNAs that are edited at a limited number of sites, and six genes that encode mRNAs, which are not edited. Editing is essential in both insect and bloodstream developmental stages of the parasite, and results in the formation of initiation codons and extended open reading frames in mRNA, necessary for maintaining mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. In essence, RNA editing is responsible in producing functional mRNAs so that conventional mitochondrial proteins can be made. Another potential raison d’etre for RNA editing in trypanosomes has recently been demonstrated. Trypanosome mitochondrial mRNAs can be differentially edited, producing mRNAs with extended open reading frames. This suggests that multiple proteins can be produced from a single mitochondrial gene. A product of alternative editing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit III (COIII) mRNA encodes a mitochondrial membrane protein with a unique, arginine-rich N-terminal sequence and the C-terminal sequence of COIII. Alternative mRNA editing thus expands the repertoire of mitochondrial proteins in trypanosomes. This review addresses the functions of RNA editing in both RNA repair and generation of protein diversity in these organisms.
Infectious Outcomes from Renal Tumor Ablation: Prophylactic Antibiotics or Not?

Variability exists among institutions and physicians regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics for ablation of renal tumors. The literature was reviewed for infectious complications vis-a-vis the reported use of prophylactic antibiotics for tumor ablation of renal neoplasms. PubMed was searched for articles reporting radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, and microwave ablation of renal masses, both by percutaneous and laparoscopic approaches. Data regarding potentially infectious outcomes, prophylactic antibiotic use or not, patient information, lesion characteristics, and procedural specifics were extracted from relevant articles. Fifty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. Potentially infectious complications occurred in 74/6952 patients (1.06%) if fever is included, but only 29 patients (0.42%) if fever is excluded. Prophylactic antibiotics were reported in 373 patients and were not mentioned in 6579 patients. The incidence of fever was higher with the laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation compared to the percutaneous approach (p < 0.001). Prophylactic antibiotics seldom are used and/or reported in renal tumor ablation, and when they are, the antibiotic regimens vary widely. Even so, infectious complications in renal tumor ablation are uncommon. The similar and very low rates of infectious outcomes among ablation types and the two access approaches (laparoscopic and percutaneous) suggest that prophylactic antibiotics for routine renal tumor ablation are unnecessary.
Preoperative Ascites Predicts Right Ventricular Failure post-LVAD Implantation

Introduction Preoperative cardiac ascites has been shown to be a predictor of mortality in the latest INTERMACS report. However, it has not been shown to be an independent risk factor for the development of RVF after LVAD implantation. Hypothesis Pre-operative ascites on imaging during implant admission is associated with post-operative RVF. Methods We performed a single-center retrospective study of 153 patients who received a continuous-flow durable LVAD between 1/2006 and 12/2016 and who also had preoperative abdominal ultrasound or CT aduring implant admission. Severe RVF was defined as meeting criteria for clinical RVF and having inotropes > 14 days after implant, inotropes re-started 14 days after implant, RVAD implant, and death from RVF. The severity of ascites was extracted from the radiology reports and was graded as either none/trace, mild, moderate, or severe. A multivariate analysis of pre-operative ascites stratified by severity and post-implant RVF was performed. Results In our 153 patient cohort, 43 (28.1%) were found to have significant ascites, with 35 (22.9%) having mild ascites, 8 (5.6%) having moderate ascites, and 0 having severe ascites. Patients with ascites had higher preoperative total bilirubin, lower platelet count, higher mean RA pressure, higher mean PA pressure, lower pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PAPi), higher PCWP, and higher mortality rate, p Table 1 ). The multivariable model (which included age, INTERMACS level, creatinine, gender, and total bilirubin) found that preoperative ascites (OR 1.98, 95% CI [1.02 - 3.81], p = 0.04) and total bilirubin (OR 1.50, 95% CI [1.07 - 2.10], p = 0.018) were independent predictors of post-implant RVF. The ROC curve of ascites and post-operative RVF had a c-statistic of 0.72 ( Figure 1 ). Conclusion The preoperative presence of ascites correlates with post-operative RVF. Abdominal imaging could be useful in further risk stratifying patients for post-implant RVF.
Towards Material Classification of Scenes Using Active Thermography

By briefly heating the local environment with a heat lamp and observing what happens with a thermal camera, robots could potentially infer properties of their surroundings. However, this form of active thermography introduces large signal variations compared to traditional active thermography, which has typically been used to characterize small regions of materials in carefully controlled settings. We demonstrate that a data-driven approach with modern machine learning methods can be used to classify material samples over relatively large surface areas and variable distances. We also introduce the use of z-normalization to improve material classification and reduce variation due to distance and heating intensity. Our best performing algorithm achieved an overall accuracy of 77.7% for multi-class classification among 12 materials placed at varying distances (20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm). The observations were made for 5 seconds with 1s of heating and 4s of cooling. We also provide a demonstration of performance with a multi-material scene.
Dynamic rate shaping – one diesel common-rail injector for all combustion strategies

With Diesel engine emission targets stabilising, the focus is now shifting towards CO2 reduction and fuel economy improvements. This is especially true for the heavy duty truck engine, where legislation is already in place in the United States, and is being proposed in Europe, that sets challenging new targets for CO2 reduction. Of course, for any heavy duty engine, fuel costs also constitute a major part of the total cost of vehicle ownership, adding to the pressure on engine manufacturers to reduce fuel consumption.
"I Love the Feeling of Being on Stage, but I Become Greedy": Exploring the Impact of Monetary Incentives on Live Streamers' Social Interactions and Streaming Content

Live streaming is an emergent social medium that allows remote interaction between the streamer and an audience of any size. Major live-streaming platforms in some Asian countries have a digital gift-giving feature that allows viewers to directly reward streamers during live sessions. Streamers can later exchange the digital gifts they have received for money, and this monetary incentive appears likely to influence how they interact with their viewers and generate live-streaming content. However, the precise nature and mechanisms of such impact have not previously been explored. Therefore, this qualitative study with 13 streamer participants examines how digital gifting influences streamers' motivations and the nature of both the content that they generate and their social interactions with their audiences. It reports that the digital-gifting function serves as a major incentive for active streaming, but may also disincentivize some streamers from continuing to contribute, for reasons that will be explored. Moreover, the participants devised strategies for both content generation and social interaction with the specific objective of earning gifts from viewers: practices that, in some cases, appeared to limit the quality of their live-streaming content. It was also noted that the streamers tended to have constrained social relationships with their viewers, in part because such relationships were seen as unequal or one-sided due to gift-giving behavior. The paper concludes with a discussion of design considerations for the incorporation of gift-giving features into live-streaming platforms, and additional recommendations for future research and the design of such platforms.
Description Logics and Specialization for Structured BPMN

The literature contains arguments for the benefits of representing and reasoning with BPMN processes in (OWL) ontologies, but these proposals are not able to reason about their dynamics. We introduce a new Description Logic, sBPMprocessDL, to represent the behavioral semantics of (block) structured BPMN. It supports reasoning about process concepts based on their execution traces.
No-Cost Landsat Data Redefines Student Research Projects in Applied Remote Sensing Classes at UW

Abstract. Students enrolled in an applied remote sensing class at University of Wyoming are required to complete a term research project. They have to apply the concepts learned throughout the semester to address a real-world problem in a natural resource management topic that uses remotely sensed imagery data. Prior to the availability of no-cost Landsat data, students in this class had to restrict the scope of their projects to images available in the smaller archives maintained by academic and research institutions. Since the US Geological Survey (USGS) made the entire Landsat archive available at no-cost, opportunities have increased for students to use those data in class projects. Now, students can download as many Landsat images as is needed to address the scope of their project. Using examples from previous years, this paper describes how no-cost Landsat imagery has allowed students enrolled in an applied remote sensing class to add depth and breadth to their projects.
Relativistic Three-Pion Calculation. III

A model for three-spinless-meson relativistic resonances, based on the Alessandrini-Omnes generalization of the Faddeev equations, which was explained in two previous papers, is studied in all three-pion states with angular momentum $Jl3$. The only part of the two-body amplitude which is taken into account is the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ resonance. The separation of isospin is shown explicitly, and it is explained how the momentum-space equations reduce to only one when Bose statistics is taken into account. The results do not suggest the dynamical origin of the ${A}_{2}$, and many isoscalar resonances are found in a small energy region.
Total Marrow Irradiation: Redefining the Role of Radiotherapy in Bone Marrow Transplantation

Total body irradiation (TBI) is an important part of the conditioning regimen for patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), but its use is declining due to a lack of new strategies to reduce TBI toxicities and the introduction of alternative non-TBI approaches. More targeted forms of TBI are needed to address these challenges and to redefine and expand the role of radiotherapy in HCT. Recent image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) to large regions of the body now allows for more targeted forms of TBI and is often referred to as total marrow irradiation (TMI) or total marrow and lymphoid irradiation (TMLI) and represents a spectrum of targeted TBI dose distributions. This approach offers the radiation oncologist and transplant team unprecedented control of radiation dose delivery to target regions and organs, which is not possible with any other form of biologically targeted therapy or radiopharmaceutical. The physician can simultaneously reduce dose to critical organs or any other user-defined avoidance structure, while simultaneously increasing dose to particular target regions depending on the tumor burden and clinical situation. TMI is now being performed at multiple centers worldwide and can be delivered using a helical tomographic or volumetric arc-based IMRT approach. Clinical strategies which are being actively evaluated include (1) TMI dose escalation to improve disease control in advanced refractory patients, (2) TMI added to reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens, (3) TMI added to regimens that utilize post-HCT strategies to reduce GVHD, (4) TMI to improve disease control in standard risk patients as an alternative to current standard of care HCT regimens, and (5) IMRT to deliver TBI to improve dose uniformity and reduce toxicities given its superiority in organ dose reduction compared to conventional TBI. Clinical results have been encouraging and demonstrate feasibility, acceptable toxicities, the ability to offer radiation containing conditioning regimens in older patients or those with comorbidities, the ability to dose escalate safely, and encouraging response and survival rates in advanced disease. Intermediate and long-term toxicities have been shown to be reduced compared to conventional TBI. Initial concerns that the higher dose rate and organ sparing associated with TMI will increase toxicities or relapse rates have not been observed. The use of IMRT to deliver TMI, TMLI, and TBI holds significant promise and will help to redefine and expand the role of radiotherapy in HCT.
Enhancing ZnO nanowire gas sensors using Au/Fe2O3 hybrid nanoparticle decoration.

Heterojunctions are an important strategy for designing high performance electrical sensor materials and related devices. Herein, a new type of metal-semiconductor hybrid nanoparticle has been successfully used to remarkably sensitize the surface of ZnO nanowires for detecting NO2 with high responses over a broad temperature window ranging from room temperature to 600 °C. These hybrid nanoparticles are comprised of iron oxide nanowires with well dispersed single crystalline Au nanoparticles. The hybrid nanoparticle decorated ZnO nanowires have achieved a giant response, as high as 74 500 toward NO2 gas, about 42 times that of Au decorated ZnO nanowire sensors. This dramatic enhancement may be attributed to the efficient charge transfer across the Au-Fe2O3 Schottky and Fe2O3-ZnO semiconductor heterojunction interfaces. Due to the incorporation of thermally-stable Fe2O3 nanoparticles as the support of Au nanoparticles, the working temperature of nanowire sensors was successfully extended to higher temperatures, with an increase of 200 °C, from 400 °C to 600 °C. Such a combination of semiconductor heterojunction and semiconductor-metal Schottky contact presents a new strategy for designing high performance electrical sensors with high sensitivity, stability, selectivity, and wide operation temperature window, which are potentially suitable for advanced energy systems such as automotive engines and power plants.
The Unfamiliar Lord: A Meditation on Four Christ Poems by Rowan Williams:

With the four poems discussed in this essay, Rowan Williams brings us deep into a land of both likeness and unlikeness. These thoroughly incarnational poems are not besotted with the baby Jesus, bu...
Yoga for caregiving dyads experiencing chronic pain: Protocol development for merging yoga and self-management to develop skills intervention

Context: Caregivers often provide unpaid care for family members and friends with physical disabilities, often to the detriment of their health and well-being. Caregivers often experience pain, and individuals with physical disabilities also are likely to experience pain. Merging yoga and self-management to Develop Skills Study (MY-Skills) is an intervention that merges self-management education with yoga for dyads experiencing chronic pain. Aim: This article presents the yoga protocol for the MY-Skills intervention. Methods: The yoga protocol was revised based on feedback from six caregiving dyads. The protocol focuses on reducing pain interference and supporting the caregiving dyad. Results: The final yoga protocol incorporated the following elements: Centering and mantra, prana vidya and pranayama, asanas, mudra, and guided savasana/dhyana. Conclusion: The MY-Skills yoga protocol was modified by a yoga therapist with feedback from study participants. Revisions focused on the caregiving dyad, with specific attention to reducing pain interference.
Evidence for the exsolution of Cl-rich fluids in martian magmas: Apatite petrogenesis in the enriched lherzolitic shergottite Northwest Africa 7755

Abstract Martian meteorite Northwest Africa 7755 is a new example of an enriched, lherzolitic shergottite, containing some of the coarsest-grained apatite yet identified in shergottite meteorites. Their size has permitted detailed observations of volatile distributions within single grains. We have demonstrated that some apatites have been invaded by shock melts, which act to devolatilize parts of grains, resulting in significant Cl-enrichment in the adjacent regions. The extent of chemical heterogeneity within single grains must be carefully considered in other shergottites, so that the effects of secondary modification of apatites are well-constrained, prior to interpreting the volatile contents and primary magmatic processes. Apatite grains unaffected by shock melts are OH–F enriched and Cl-poor (∼F 50 Cl 14 OH 36 ), relative to interstitial apatites reported in other shergottites. The volatile compositions are similar to interstitial apatites reported in terrestrial mafic intrusions. Such apatites in terrestrial intrusions are argued to have formed after significant Cl-loss due to the exsolution and migration of Cl-rich brines. Calculated relative F 2 , Cl 2 , and H 2 O fugacities for NWA 7755 apatites show a trend of degassing rather than fractionation, noted in previous studies. Indeed, we interpret the volatile contents of apatites analyzed in the cumulate shergottite NWA 7755 to represent snapshots of the evolving late-stage residual liquid during exsolution of a Cl-rich brine. This fluid phase has subsequently been lost from an open magma system, migrating upward through the cumulate sequence enriching residual liquids in Cl. Alternatively, it formed a hydrothermal system in the martian crust surrounding the intrusion. Furthermore, by comparison with terrestrial examples, we suggest that the late-stage evolution of volatile-bearing phases in NWA 7755 is similar to that of comparable terrestrial mafic rocks. Primary cumulus apatites are F-rich, whereas interstitial apatites may be either Cl-rich, forming as a result of modification through the interaction with Cl-rich brines, or OH–F-rich forming from a magma having exsolved or degassed a Cl-rich fluid phase.
Moving Beyond Concentrations: The Challenge of Limiting Temperature Change

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change shifted the attention of the policy community from stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions to stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. While this represents a step forward, it does not go far enough. We find that, given the uncertainty in the climate system, focusing on atmospheric concentrations is likely to convey a false sense of precision. The causal chain between human activity and impacts is laden with uncertainty. From a benefit-cost perspective, it would be desirable to minimize the sum of mitigation costs and damages. Unfortunately, our ability to quantify and value impacts is limited. For the time being, we must rely on a surrogate. Focusing on temperature rather than on concentrations provides much more information on what constitutes an ample margin of safety. Concentrations mask too many uncertainties that are crucial for policy making.
The Inflation-Hedging Properties of Risk Assets: The Case of REITs

This study examines the inflation-hedging abilities of REITs over the period 1972:2-1992:12 to determine whether REITs act as a hedge against expected and/or unexpected inflation. The time period u...
Unraveling the central nervous system pathways underlying responses to leptin

Here we summarize recent progress in the biology of leptin, concentrating on its central nervous system (CNS) actions. The product of the ob gene, leptin is a circulating hormone produced by white adipose tissue that has potent effects on feeding behavior, thermogenesis and neuroendocrine responses. Leptin regulates energy homeostasis, as its absence in rodents and humans causes severe obesity. We consider the physiological mechanisms underlying leptin action, along with several novel hypothalamic neuropeptides that affect food intake and body weight. The molecular causes of several other obesity syndromes are discussed to illuminate how the CNS regulates body weight. We describe neural circuits that are downstream of leptin receptors and propose a model linking populations of leptin-responsive neurons with effector neurons underlying leptin's endocrine, autonomic and behavioral effects.
Adaptive-mesh algorithms for computational fluid dynamics

The basic goal of adaptive-mesh algorithms is to distribute computational resources wisely, by increasing the resolution of “important” regions of the flow, and decreasing the resolution of regions that are less important. While this goal is one that is, more often than not, worthwhile, implementing schemes that have this degree of sophistication remains more of an art than a science. In this paper, the basic pieces of adaptive-mesh algorithms are described, and some of the possible ways to implement them are discussed and compared. These basic pieces are: the data structure to be used; the generation of an initial mesh; the criterion to be used to adapt the mesh to the solution; and the flow-solver algorithm on the resulting mesh. Each of these is discussed, with particular emphasis on methods suitable for the computation of compressible flows.
3‐Penta­fluoro­thio­propionic acid

The crystal structure of 3-penta­fluoro­thio­propionic acid, C3H5F5O2S, is reported. In the solid, the acid forms a dimeric unit, in which two mol­ecules are held together by strong hydrogen bonds. The two mol­ecules are arranged across an inversion center. The average literature structural parameters for the organic/organometallic penta­fluoro­thio group are reported, and a short discussion of the geometry of this mol­ecule in this context is given.
A comparative study of adaptive risk vs. adaptive aggressiveness control in parallel and distributed simulation

The performance of adaptive protocols using either aggressiveness control, risk control or both are compared to each other and an optimistic protocol. Empirical results are presented from execution on a CM-5 using up to 256 nodes. The results demonstrate that between the aggressiveness and risk control protocols, the aggressiveness control protocol performs better overall; however, risk control performs best in some situations. A protocol combining aggressiveness and risk control is more consistent at performing better than an optimistic protocol. Also, the use of straggler information is seen to enhance the risk control protocol.
Inducible and constitutive enhancer domains in the noncoding region of human papillomavirus type 18.

The noncoding region of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) is shown to contain at least three enhancer elements. Two of these elements are responsive to papillomavirus-encoded trans-acting factors, and the third element functions as a constitutive enhancer, requiring only cellular factors for activity. The first enhancer (IE2) is located proximal to the E6 cap site and is responsive to papillomavirus E2 trans-activator. The second enhancer (IE6) is located approximately 500 base pairs upstream of the E6 cap site and is dependent upon the viral E6 gene product for function. A third enhancer (C) is located between 200 and 400 base pairs upstream of the E6 cap site and possesses a constitutive activity, requiring no HPV-18-encoded factors for function. The constitutive enhancer element exhibits some cell type preference for epithelial cell lines, but also functions in rodent fibroblast lines. Each of these enhancers manifests activity independent of the other elements and may reflect separate transcriptional control elements for different stages of the HPV-18 virus life cycle. Images
Optimized extraction of coherent arrivals from ambient noise correlations in a rapidly fluctuating medium

Ambient noise correlations can be used to estimate Green's functions for passive monitoring purposes. However, this method traditionally relies on sufficient time-averaging of the noise-correlations to extract coherent arrivals (i.e., Green's function estimates), and is thus limited by rapid environmental fluctuations occurring on short time scales while the averaging takes place. This letter demonstrates with simulation and data that the use of a stochastic search algorithm to correct and track these rapid environmental fluctuations can significantly reduce the required averaging time to extract coherent arrivals from noise correlations in a fluctuating medium.
Female adnexal tumor of probable Wolffian origin. A distinctive pathologic entity.

The clinicopathologic features of nine cases of a distinctive female adnexal tumor are presented. These tumors arose within the leaves of the broad ligament or hung on pedicles from it or the fallopian tube. Predominantly solid on gross examination, they were characterized microscopically by epithelial cells growing in diffuse, trabecular, and tubular patterns. Despite the presence of mitotic activity and capsular invasion, none of the tumors has proven to be malignant, although the follow-up has been short in several of the cases. The exclusion of other possible origins and the microscopic features of the tumors are compatible with their development from wolffian remnants. The term “female adnexal tumor of probable wolffian origin” is considered most appropriate for these neoplasms.
Chemical gating of gap junction channels.

Chemical gating of gap junction channels is a complex phenomenon that may involve intra- and intermolecular interactions among connexin domains and a cytosolic molecule (calmodulin?) that may function as channel plug. This article focuses on the methodology we have employed for studying the molecular basis of chemical gating by lowered cytosolic pH. Our approach has combined molecular genetics and biophysics, using exposure to 100% CO(2) for assaying chemical gating efficiency. Chimeras of connexin 32 (Cx32) and connexin 38 (Cx38) and Cx32 mutants modified at residues of the cytoplasmic loop, the initial C-terminus domain, or both have been expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and channel expression and gating have been tested electrophysiologically by double voltage clamp. In addition, various channel forms, including homotypic, heterotypic, and heteromeric channel combinations, have been evaluated for chemical gating sensitivity.
A parametric approach to the realization of second-order digital filter sections

A general procedure is presented for exploring all real statespace realizations of second-order discrete-time transfer functions with complex-conjugate poles. The procedure is based on the sequential selection of two complex scalar parameters-an eigenvector parameter that determines the natural modes of the system, and a scaling parameter that determines the coupling of the natural modes to the input and output. For the realization of a digital filter, these parameters can be chosen to provide minimal computational complexity and low sensitivity to the undesirable finite word effects of fixed-point arithmetic. It is shown that it is possible to construct many state-space realizations that require the same number of multiplications as the canonical direct form, but which can have low sensitivity to roundoff error, low sensitivity to coefficient quantization, and immunity to overflow limit cycles. The realization procedure is illustrated by a numerical example.
Partial Coherence and the Transport of Intensity and Spectrum

Transport of intensity and transport of spectrum equations are derived for fields having an arbitrary state of coherence. The results may improve the estimation of phase-contrast images and facilitate new phase-retrieval techniques.
Courtship signaling and adolescents: “Girls just wanna have fun”?

Ethological researchers have demonstrated that during courtship, women exhibit a constellation of subtle facial expressions and gestures commonly labeled flirting. According to the tenets of evolutionary psychology, women are expected to use nondirect tactics to signal interest in a potential partner because their greater investment in the outcome requires the selection of a partner more willing to invest resources in the relationship. Such tactics may require experience to refine signaling effectiveness. In the current research, I attempted to uncover evidence for developmental differences in courtship behavior by using field methodology. Adolescent girls were covertly observed in mixed‐gender settings to document the number and type of facial expressions and gestures used to indicate interest in boys. These data were compared to similar work done with women in the construction of a catalog of nonverbal courtship signals. The results showed girls used many of the same signals commonly exhibited by women ...
Digital Holographic Adaptive Optics for Retinal Imaging

A new adaptive optics retinal imaging system is presented that is based on the principles of digital holography and dispenses with the wavefront sensor and wavefront corrective element of the conventional adaptive optics system.
Virtual CT cystoscopy: color mapping of bladder wall thickness.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES. To improve the conspicuity of bladder tumors in a virtual environment, we developed an algorithm for color mapping the thickness of the bladder wall. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of this algorithm as a component of virtual CT cystoscopy. METHODS. Five subjects with a history of superficial transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent helical CT scanning after insufflation of the bladder with air. Source images were transformed into three-dimensional models, and the thickness of the bladder wall was demarcated by using a new computer algorithm and a fixed color scale. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional cystoscopy. RESULTS. Three tumors, one site of benign wall thickening, and normal wall thickness were correctly identified by using axial source images and virtual cystoscopy with color mapping. CONCLUSIONS. Color mapping of bladder wall thickness is feasible and demonstrates both normal and thickened urothelium. Its value in identification of small or sessile tumors will require further trials.
Postmarketing Surveillance: Curriculum for the Clinical Pharmacologist. Part II: Clinical and Regulatory Considerations

This is the second of a two-part series that develops a curriculum on postmarketing surveillance. With the ongoing emphasis on drug safety and possible earlier marketing of drugs, this becomes an essential element of clinical pharmacology training. The usual educational focus on drug safety is a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic perspective on a specific drug or drug class, perhaps in the context of clinical trial study design and analysis. This curriculum complements this approach and provides an overview of drug safety surveillance from regulatory and epidemiologic perspectives.
Active response technology

Information dominance, the superior ability to perceive, correctly interpret, and rapidly respond, is a central strategic goal for the United States at the dawn of the information age. To achieve information dominance, it is necessary to control the global information lattice through comprehensive strategic mechanisms supported by National Policy. To maintain control requires technologies to measure, analyze, prevent, predict and respond to information warfare in a manner that is commensurate with the evolving scale of threat. Unfortunately, little of the research conducted over the last 25 years has focused on response. As nations around the world grow increasingly sophisticated technologically, and become interconnected in the global information lattice, there is now a need to consider a methodical scientific exploration of response technologies. This exploration is intended to exercise and improve defensive capabilities, expand and improve offensive capabilities, and examine the relationship between defense and active response.
ADDITIONAL DATA RELATIVE TO PATERNAL AGE AND FRESH GENE MUTATION

Older paternal age has been recognized as a factor in fresh gene mutations and has been documented in sporadic cases of 5 autosomal dominant conditions. In this collaborative study, an older paternal age factor was additionally documented in sporadic cases of the Basal Cell Nevus syndrome, the Crouzon syndrome, and the Waardenburg syndrome, 3 conditions in which autosomal dominant inheritance has been implied; and in sporadic cases of Acrodysostosis and Progeria, suggesting a fresh mutant gene etiology for these 2 conditions in which the mode of inheritance has been unknown. Paternal age data from a number of other disorders showed inconclusive or no older paternal age factor. Recognition that older paternal age is a major factor leading to fresh gene mutation in man should be incorporated into general recommendations relative to family planning.
Reviewing Qualitative Research: Proposed Criteria for Fairness and Rigor:

The introduction of qualitative naturalistic research—qualitative research within the paradigm of naturalistic inquiry—into a scholarly tradition that historically has been positivistic has caused concern and controversy among both naturalists and logical positivists in the social sciences. The purpose of this article is to attempt to establish legitimate and fair criteria for the publication of qualitative naturalistic research in occupational therapy. Traditional criteria from the paradigm of logical positivism emphasizing internal validity and external validity are reviewed, and parallel criteria for qualitative naturalistic research, such as credibility and transferability, are examined. Methods such as triangulation, negative case analysis, and testing for rival hypotheses appear to show promise as criteria of fairness and rigor for publication of qualitative naturalistic research in occupational therapy.
Heavy metal concentrations in sediments of streams affected by a sanitary landfill: A comparison of metal enrichment in two size sediment fractions

The purpose of this study was to determine if metal concentrations are enriched in two size sediment fractions of streams that receive landfill effluent and, if so, whether there is a greater extent of metal enrichment in one of the fractions. Sediment samples were collected from three streams adjacent to a sanitary landfill. Sediments representing control for the study were also collected from a stream not influenced by the landfill. All samples were sieved and the 0.149-mm size fractions from each sample were used in this study. The concentrations of acid-extractable Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr for all samples were determined by atomic absorption techniques. Mean concentrations, coefficient of variation values, at test, and the variation of metal concentrations along the stream were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr concentrations were enriched in both size sediment fractions from the stream whose channel originated at the base of the landfill. Copper, Zn, and Pb concentrations were enriched in the <0.0625-mm size sediments of the stream whose channel did not intersect the landfill. Copper, Zn, Pb, and Cr concentrations appear enriched in both size sediment fractions of the third stream, which formed from the confluence of the other two streams. The extent of metal enrichment was greater in the <0.0625-mm size sediments. A decreasing trend of metal concentrations in a downstream direction was not present in the enriched sediments. This was true for each metal in both size sediment fractions.
High Gleason Scores and Lower Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in a Single Institution Over the Past Decade

Recent trends suggest that carcinoma of the prostate is being detected at earlier stages in its natural history; our objective is to determine if this trend is accompanied by changes in tumor characteristics. Two hundred ninety-three men from 1990-1993, 308 from 1994-1996, and 323 from 1998-2000 with newly diagnosed prostate cancer have been evaluated at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. We compared the Gleason score, mean age, and the mean prostate-specific antigen (PSA) among the 3 cohorts. The same pathologist reviewed all the pathology slides. A high Gleason prostate cancer score was defined as > or = 7. One hundred seventy-two patients (53.3%) were found to have a high Gleason score in 1998-2000 compared to 116 patients (39.5%) in 1990-1993; the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0009, Yates-corrected chi2 test). From 1994-1996, 141 patients (45.7%) had a high Gleason score. The mean PSA in high Gleason score, localized prostate cancer was 7.52 ng/mL (range, 0.9-15.3 ng/mL) in the 1998-2000 group, 9.09 ng/mL (range, 1.7-20 ng/mL) in the 1994-1996 group, and 12.6 ng/mL (range, 3.9-25 ng/mL) in the 1990-1993 group. The difference between these groups was statistically significant (P = 0.000018, one-way analysis of variance test). The mean ages for patients in the 3 cohorts were 64.4, 64.5, and 65.2 years of age for the 1998-2000, 1994-1996, and 1990-1993 groups, respectively (P = 0.702). These data suggest a trend toward the diagnosis of more aggressive prostate cancer, with higher Gleason score, and lower PSA in newly diagnosed patients. Continued screening for prostate cancer is resulting in the diagnosis of more unfavorable cancers.
Dichotic perception of word-pairs with mixed image values

Abstract Adult subjects listened dichotically to word-pairs representing different image values (IV). The two stimulus conditions were (1) a mixed presentation mode in which the words each had different IV: and (2) an equal presentation mode in which the words had the same IV. The stimulus presentations of mixed IV resulted in an interaction between ear performances and modes, while the equal IV stimulus presentations did not. It was suggested that the mixed stimulus mode provided a more difficult processing task for the left hemisphere, thus lessening its linguistic dominance over the right. As a result, the right hemisphere was relatively free to process the high IV words within its linguistic capabilities.
Potential limitations for using CVD diamond as LWIR windows

The infrared absorption in thin film polycrystalline diamond deposited in a microwave plasma is examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FF-IR). The incorporation of small amounts of hydrogen during the growth process resuits in absorption in the "C-H stretch" region at 3.5 pm and 3.42 jim as well as absorption in the extrinsic defect related single-phonon region from 7jim to 12 rim. This absorption is precisely in the 8 jim to 12 jtm band where high transmittance is required by long wave infrared optical systems and therefore the amount of hydrogen incorporated during vapor phase growth of diamond could limit this materials usefulness as a bulk optical material. The effects of growth conditions and high temperature annealing on the absorption in these two IR regions are discussed. IR spectra are compared with Raman spectra and hydrogen content measured by nuclear reaction analysis.
Multiple Signals Induce Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Both Primary and Immortalized Chondrocytes Resulting in Loss of Differentiation, Impaired Cell Growth, and Apoptosis

The endoplasmic reticulum is the site of synthesis and folding of secretory proteins and is sensitive to changes in the internal and external environment of the cell. Both physiological and pathological conditions may perturb the function of the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum stress. The chondrocyte is the only resident cell found in cartilage and is responsible for synthesis and turnover of the abundant extracellular matrix and may be sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here we report that glucose withdrawal, tunicamycin, and thapsigargin induce up-regulation of GADD153 and caspase-12, two markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, in both primary chondrocytes and a chondrocyte cell line. Other agents such as interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha induced a minimal or no induction of GADD153, respectively. The endoplasmic reticulum stress resulted in decreased chondrocyte growth based on cell counts, up-regulation of p21, and decreased PCNA expression. In addition, perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum function resulted in decreased accumulation of an Alcian Blue positive matrix by chondrocytes and decreased expression of type II collagen at the protein level. Further, quantitative real-time PCR was used to demonstrate a down-regulation of steady state mRNA levels coding for aggrecan, collagen II, and link protein in chondrocytes exposed to endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing conditions. Ultimately, endoplasmic reticulum stress resulted in chondrocyte apoptosis, as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and annexin V staining. These findings have potentially important implications regarding consequences of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cartilage biology.
Denileukin Diftitox in Combination with Rituximab for Previously Untreated Follicular B-cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma exhibits intratumoral infiltration by non-malignant T lymphocytes inluding CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. We combined denileukin diftitox with rituximab in previously untreated, advanced-stage follicular lymphoma patients anticipating that denileukin diftitox would deplete CD25+ Treg cells while rituximab would deplete malignant B-cells. Patients received rituximab 375 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks and denileukin diftitox 18 mcg/kg/day for 5 days every 3 weeks for 4 cycles; neither agent was given as maintenance therapy. Between August 2008 and March 2010, 24 patients were enrolled. One patient died before treatment was given and was not included in the analysis. Eleven of 23 patients (48%; 95% CI: 27–69%) responded; 2 (9%) had complete responses and 9 (39%) had partial responses. The progression-free rate at 2 years was 55% (95%CI: 37–82%). Thirteen patients (57%) experienced grade ≥3 adverse events and 1 patient (4%) died. In correlative studies, soluble CD25 and the number of CD25+ T-cells decreased after treatment, however there was a compensatory increase in IL-15 and IP-10. We conclude that while the addition of denileukin diftitox to rituximab decreased the number of CD25+ T-cells, denileukin diftitox contributed to the toxicity of the combination without an improvement in response rate or time to progression.
Adjoint FDTD for Nanophotonic Device Optimization

We present a numerical technique for design and optimization of nanometallic structures for near-field optical applications such as heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). The sensitivity of the optical behavior of a nanostructure with respect to its size and shape may be efficiently obtained with a pair of “forward” and “backward” FDTD simulations. Devices may be optimized by iteratively adjusting their dimensions along direction of highest sensitivity for improvement.
All-Electric Thruster Control of a Geostationary Communications Satellite

Investigation of an all-electric thruster combination for precise, long-life control of a nonspinning geostationary satellite without momentum exchange devices is presented. Electric thrusting devices offer certain unique advantages for this application and are assumed for both orbit and attitude control. Maneuvers associated with deployment, acquisition, and on-station operations are described in detail. A specific satellite configuration is assumed as a realistic model for use during the 1977-84 period, and thruster components and required performance parameters are selected based on estimated 1975 technology. Mercury electron bombardment engines were chosen for large-impulse maneuvers, and solid Teflon pulsed plasma thrusters were picked for small impulse-bit functions. Restrictions on thruster site selections resulted in a nonoptimum propulsion subsystem configuration. Nevertheless, adverse interaction with communications operations appear minimal, and full thruster redundancy is available. It is concluded that an all-electric thruster control system is feasible and can satisfy mission requirements for a large class of nonspinning satellites.
Tropical archaea: diversity associated with the surface microlayer of corals

Recent 16S rDNA studies have focused on detecting uncultivated bacteria associated with Caribbean reef corals in an effort to address the ecological roles of coral-associated microbes. Reports of Archaea associated with fishes and marine invertebrates raised the question of whether Archaea might also be part of the coral-associated microbial community. DNA analysis of mucus from 3 reef-building species of Caribbean corals, Montastraea annularis complex, Diploria strigosa and D. labyrinthiformis in the US Virgin Islands yielded 34 groups of archaeal 16S ribotypes (defined at the level of 97% similarity). The majority (75%) was most closely matched by BLAST searches to sequences derived from marine water column samples, whereas the remaining ribotypes were most similar to sequences isolated from anoxic environments (15%) and hydrothermal vents (9%). Unlike previous 16S studies of coral-associated Bacteria, the results do not suggest specific associations between particular archaeal sequences and individual coral species. Marine Archaea (Groups I, II and III) in addition to Thermoplasma-like, methanogen, and marine benthic crenarchaeote phylotypes, were detected in the mucus of tropical corals. The finding of sequences from coral-associated Archaea that are closely related to strict and facultative anaerobes, as well as to uncultivated Archaea from other types of anoxic environments, suggests that anaerobic micro-niches may exist in coral mucus layers. Archaea, with their unique biogeochemical capabilities, broaden the scope of possible interactions between corals and their associated microbial communities.