cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of High Ambient Temperature on Discriminated Avoidance

4 rats were trained to bar press to avoid electric shock during a 5-sec. presentation of a buzzer. Following baseline training, the intertrial intervals (7.5, 15, and 30 sec.), the shock intensity (0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 ma.), and the ambient temperature conditions (25° C and 35° C) were varied. The animals were exposed to all conditions twice. Rectal temperatures were measured pre- and post-session. No statistically significant changes in the frequency of avoidance responses or shocks received in the heat were observed at each intertrial interval tested. Rectal temperature increased as a function of heat exposure and shock intensity although there was no significant interaction between these variables.
Bochdalek hernia in an adult

A 41-year-old man presented with acute onset of left chest pain. The pain was dull and decreased in severity upon sitting. There was no history of trauma. The initial chest radiograph showed an increased density at the left lung base suggestive of an effusion (Figure 1). A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest revealed an oval-shaped, fat-dense mass in the left posterolateral pleural space with some vessels in the mass (Figure 2). A chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan confirmed the presence of a defect in the left hemidiaphragm through which there was herniation of the omentum into the posterior portion of left thoracic cavity (Figure 3). Subsequently, the patient underwent a left thoracotomy to repair the defect. A 6-cm long posterolateral diaphragmatic defect was identified with omentum herniating through the opening. No hernia sac was present. Because of no history of trauma, Bochdalek hernia was diagnosed. After lysis of adhesions between the omentum and the rim of the defect, the omentum was put back into the peritoneal cavity and the diaphragmatic defect was closed with interrupted nonabsorbable sutures. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient is still well 5 years after the operation without any radiographic evidence of recurrence. Congenital diaphragmatic Bochdalek hernia results from incomplete closure of pleuroperitoneal folds during embryonic development of the diaphragm, and becomes evident in the neonatal period because of its large size. Such a large Bochdalek hernia occurs in one of every 2,500 live births and is nine times as common on the left as on the right (1). It is extremely rare in adults, but may Figure 1. Chest radiograph demonstrating increased density at the left lung base.
Mood disorders and their pharmacological treatment during pregnancy: is the future child affected?

Mood Disorders And Their Pharmacological Treatment During Pregnancy: Is the Future Child Affected?
Method of Programming Regional Highway Projects

This paper presents an integer programming formulation and heuristic solution procedure for programming regional highway projects. The objective is to determine an optimal program of projects over ...
Increase in cancer detection and recall rates with independent double interpretation of screening mammography.

OBJECTIVE. This study reports the increase in cancer detection that resulted from independent double interpretation of screening mammography. Although screening mammography is used to detect occult breast cancer, its sensitivity and specificity are limited. Double interpretation of screening mammograms is one proven method used to improve detection, with studies reporting a 5–15% increase in cancer detection.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two radiologists independently double-interpreted 25,369 screening mammograms performed from November 1998 to April 2000. The second reviewer could add but could not delete recalls. The subsequent additional diagnostic imaging was performed in the same way whether generated from the first or the second reviewer. The outcome of each case was determined. The cancer detection rate and sensitivity are reported.RESULTS. Double interpretation of screening mammograms detected 143 breast malignancies. The second reviewer found nine (6.3%) of 143 cancers and all except one were stage 0 o...
Theoretical modeling of skin emissivity

Two theoretical models of the air to skin interface in the infrared region has been generated in order to examine the dependence of the skin reflectivity/emissivity on the angle of observation. The skin is modeled both as a dielectric and as a medium of finite conductivity.
PARALLEL, LOCALLY CONNECTED ALGORITHMS FOR NONLINEAR ADAPTIVE FILTERING

A new adaptive modular realization for nonlinear filters is presented whereby construction is both computationally efficient and readily implemented. The proposed layered structure consists of locally connected, locally adapted linear filters. Modularity and local connectivity make efficient VLSI layout easy and amenable to automation. The layered structure is based on "state dependent embedding", a new approach to the design of series based nonlinear adaptive filters.
Remote-sensing technology applied to forest assessment in California

Remote-sensing technology has been thoroughly evaluated for the analysis of California forest policy. A statewide, 1.6-acre-resolution, digital land-cover data base of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) classification has been produced. Three major resource regions have been analyzed in detail and one of them geographically integrated with 12 other physical and socioeconomic data layers to model fire and reforestation problems, using a geographic information system (GIS). A study of GIS design criteria has been conducted and the California Department of Forestry, the cooperator in all of these studies, is presently evaluating the alternatives and implementing certain aspects of them.
The Dénouement of the Supreme Court's ACA Drama

The Supreme Court has sent the debate about the Affordable Care Act's expansion of health insurance coverage back to the political process, while setting out competing philosophies on the reach of federal power and the Court's role in policing limits on federal action.
The Effect of Final State Interactions on Reaction Cross Sections

Particles produced in a reaction often interact strongly with each other before getting outside the range of their mutual forces. Formal effects of such interactions are discussed, and in particular it is shown that the effect for very strong attractive interactions can be calculated explicitly without having detailed knowledge of the properties of the reaction. Application is made to some meson phenomena.
Beneficial wound healing and metabolic effects of clenbuterol in burned and nonburned rats.

Clenbuterol is known to increase muscle mass in nonburned and burn-injured subjects. The effects of clenbuterol on wound healing and the postburn response were examined in both nutritionally matched and free-feeding groups of rats. Rats received either a sham or 30% total body surface area scald burn and then a dorsal incision. Clenbuterol (2 mg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously via a miniosmotic pump. The burn injury resulted in a sustained non-temperature-dependent hypermetabolism that was not altered by clenbuterol. Clenbuterol induced muscle anabolism and body growth in sham and burned-injured animals. Treated sham animals demonstrated increased wound breaking strength. Matched nutritional intake attenuated the body weight gain, although muscle anabolism was still evident in treated animals. Clenbuterol elevated RNA concentration in the tibialis muscle and reduced it in the liver. There was no statistical difference in wound strength when nutritional intake was matched. Clenbuterol's actions appear to be dependent on substrate availability. Clenbuterol may prove beneficial in patients with severe prolonged catabolic state, such as that associated with burn injury, by promoting protein anabolism and enhancing wound healing. (J BURN CARE REHABIL 1995 ;16 :233-40)
Transport of sulphate, thiosulphate and iodide by choroid plexus in vitro.

—Isolated choroid plexuses of rabbits and cats were incubated in artificial cerebrospinal fluid medium containing [35S]sulphate, [35S]thiosulphate or [125I]iodide and combinations thereof. After 1 hr incubation the mean ratio of tissue concentration to medium concentration was 2·46 for [35S]sulphate, 2·39 for [35S]thiosulphate, and 270 for [125I]iodide. Uptake of all three anions was greatly reduced at 0° and by addition of dinitrophenol to the medium. Other inhibitors selectively reduced the uptake of particular anions; non-radioactive sulphate and thiosulphate reduced both [35S]sulphate and [35S]-thiosulphate uptake with much less effect on [125I]iodide uptake, while non-radioactive iodide and thiocyanate greatly reduced [125]iodide uptake with little or no effect on [35S]sulphate or [35S]thiosulphate uptake. It was concluded: (a) that sulphate and thiosulphate, like iodide, were accumulated by choroid plexus in vitro by active transport; (b) that sulphate and thiosulphate share and compete for a transport mechanism which is separate from the iodide transport mechanism; and (c) that the transport of sulphate out of cerebrospinal fluid demonstrated in vivo could occur at least in part in the choroid plexus.
Mitogenic signaling by cyclic adenosine monophosphate in chromaffin cells involves phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase activation

Increase of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate by the permeant cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine 3′:5′- cyclic monophosphate, is mitogenic for normal adult rat chromaffin cells. The mitogenic effect is blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, and is associated with accumulation of phosphorylated Akt and p70S6 kinase, suggesting that cyclic adenosine monophosphate activates Type l phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The mechanism of activation was examined in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, which are neoplastic chromaffin cells that exhibit many of the biochemical characteristics of their normal counterparts. Incubation of PC12 cells with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine 3′:5′- cyclic monophosphate led to a significant increase in total phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity that was sensitive to low concentrations of LY294002. The increase was maximal at 1 h and returned to basal levels within six hours. Immunoprecipitation studies showed no increase in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in anti-phosphotyrosine immune complexes from PC12 cells stimulated by 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine 3′:5′- cyclic monophosphate, in contrast to cells stimulated by nerve growth factor. Instead, activity was demonstrated in association with p110γ and p85. These findings suggest that cyclic adenosine monophosphate causes activation of Types IA and IB phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by a novel mechanism in chromaffin and pheochromocytoma cells. That activation may contribute to chromaffin cell pro- liferation and to the development and progression of pheochromocytomas. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 36: 89–98, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Accurate measurement of MBE substrate temperature

The behavior of real substrate temperature for radiatively heated MBE holders is measured using changes in the bandgap and refractive index with temperature. The infra-red spectroscopy techniques utilized are not sensitive to window coating and have no adjustable parameters. Using bandgap changes with temperature, we observed that the change in real substrate temperature is approximately 60% that of the indicated thermocouple change and that variations as large as 15°C occurred between “nominally identical” substrate holders. The real substrate temperature also changes by up to 10°C during growth and with opening and closing of high temperature doping furnaces.
Deaf signers and serial recall in the visual modality: Memory for signs, fingerspelling, and print

This study investigated serial recall by congenitally, profoundly deaf signers for visually specified linguistic information presented in their primary language, American Sign Language (ASL), and in printed or fingerspelled English. There were three main findings. First, differences in the serial-position curves across these conditions distinguished the changing-state stimuli from the static stimuli. These differences were a recency advantage and a primacy disadvantage for the ASL signs and fingerspelled English words, relative to the printed English words. Second, the deaf subjects, who were college students and graduates, used a sign-based code to recall ASL signs, but not to recall English words; this result suggests that well-educated deaf signers do not translate into their primary language when the information to be recalled is in English. Finally, mean recall of the deaf subjects for ordered lists of ASL signs and fingerspelled and printed English words was significantly less than that of hearing control subjects for the printed words; this difference may be explained by the particular efficacy of a speech-based code used by hearing individuals for retention of ordered linguistic information and by the relatively limited speech experience of congenitally, profoundly deaf individuals.
Does long-term PPI use result in vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly individuals?

Vitamin B12 deficiency is common, and increases in prevalence with increasing age. Several risk factors predispose to vitamin B12 deficiency, many of which are caused by reduced gastric acidity, which prevents the release of vitamin B12 from food. Chronic use of PPIs is associated with prolonged intended gastric acid suppression, which interferes with the initial step in vitamin B12 absorption. Vitamin B12 deficiency develops over years and can be asymptomatic until complications arise, some of which are irreversible. Studies investigating correlations between PPI use and vitamin B12 deficiency have provided conflicting data, and there is a lack of large-scale randomized trials. Preliminary data, however, logically indicate that vitamin B12 deficiency can develop over years of PPI use. In this Practice Point commentary, we discuss the findings and limitations of a cross-sectional study by Den Elzen and colleagues that investigated whether long-term PPI use is associated with abnormal vitamin B12 levels in elderly individuals. The findings from their study indicate that there is no association between long-term PPI use and vitamin B12 deficiency.
Natural and anthropogenic perturbations of the stratospheric ozone layer

The paper reviews potential causes for reduction in the ozone abundance. The response of stratospheric ozone to solar activity is discussed. Ozone changes are simulated in relation with the potential development of a fleet of high-speed stratospheric aircraft and the release in the atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbons. The calculations are performed by a two-dimensional chemical-radiative-dynamical model. The importance of heterogeneous chemistry in polar stratospheric clouds and in the Junge layer (sulfate aerosol) is emphasized. The recently reported ozone trend over the last decade is shown to have been largely caused by the simultaneous effects of increasing concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and heterogeneous chemistry. The possibility for a reduction in stratospheric ozone following a large volcanic eruption such as that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 is discussed.
The anti-trp RNA-binding attenuation protein (Anti-TRAP), AT, recognizes the tryptophan-activated RNA binding domain of the TRAP regulatory protein.

Abstract In Bacillus subtilis, thetrp RNA-binding attenuation protein (TRAP) regulates expression of genes involved in tryptophan metabolism in response to the accumulation of l-tryptophan. Tryptophan-activated TRAP negatively regulates expression by binding to specific mRNA sequences and either promoting transcription termination or blocking translation initiation. Conversely, the accumulation of uncharged tRNATrp induces synthesis of an anti-TRAP protein (AT), which forms a complex with TRAP and inhibits its activity. In this report, we investigate the structural features of TRAP required for AT recognition. A collection of TRAP mutant proteins was examined that were known to be partially or completely defective in tryptophan binding and/or RNA binding. Analyses of AT interactions with these proteins were performed using in vitro transcription termination assays and cross-linking experiments. We observed that TRAP mutant proteins that had lost the ability to bind RNA were no longer recognized by AT. Our findings suggest that AT acts by competing with messenger RNA for the RNA binding domain of TRAP. B. subtilis AT was also shown to interact with TRAP proteins fromBacillus halodurans and Bacillus stearothermophilus, implying that the structural elements required for AT recognition are conserved in the TRAP proteins of these species. Analyses of AT interaction with B. stearothermophilus TRAP at 60 °C demonstrated that AT is active at this elevated temperature.
Environmental kinetoplastid-like 18S rRNA sequences and phylogenetic relationships among trypanosomatidae : Paraphyly of the genus Trypanosoma

Using kinetoplastid-like sequences from deep-sea environmental samples as an outgroup, we applied phylogenetic analysis to 18S rRNA sequences of the families Trypanosomatidae and Bodonidae (Eugelenozoa: Kinetoplastida). The monophyly of the genus Trypanosoma was not supported by a number of different methods. Rather, the results indicate that the American and African trypanosomes constitute distinct clades, therefore, implying that the major human disease agents T. cruzi (cause of Chagas’ disease) and T. brucei (cause of African sleeping sickness) are not as closely related to each other as they were previously thought to be. Likewise, the results did not support monophyly of the genera Leishmania, Leptomonas, Bodo and Cryptobia.
Cortisol reactivity and self-report anxiety in the antepartum: predictors of maternal intrapartal outcomes in gravid adolescents

A prospective, longitudinal investigation of the relation between cortisol reactivity, self-report anxiety and labor and delivery outcomes was undertaken in a sample of non-urban pregnant adolescents. Cortisol and anxiety levels obtained in the first half of pregnancy and again in mid-third trimester were found to be related positively to several individual negative labor and delivery outcomes, as well as to a summary score of negative maternal intrapartal outcomes. However, when changes in cortisol and anxiety over pregnancy were examined, greater increases in cortisol and anxiety over time were negatively related to individual negative intrapartal outcomes, as well as to the maternal intrapartal outcomes summary score. Findings indicate that while an assessment of how individuals react to stress at certain points during pregnancy may be predictive of intrapartal outcomes, longitudinal examinations of gravid women's reactivity/anxiety states may be more indicative of their psychophysiological preparation for the intrapartum, and may be more predictive of outcome.
Experimental Aflatoxicosis in Young Japanese Quail

Japanese quail from the university colony fed graded levels of dietary aflatoxin (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 micrograms/g) from hatching to 4 weeks of age were comparatively resistant to aflatoxin as growth inhibition occurred at a dose of 5.0 micrograms/g or more as about 50% mortality occurred at a dose of 20 micrograms/g. The acute oral LD50 was 19.5 +/- 4.8 mg/kg. These values are up to ten times those reported in the literature for other quail. The most sensitive indicators of aflatoxicosis were depressed serum proteins and serum carotenoids and enlarged liver and pancreas, all of which occurred at 1.25 micrograms/g, the smallest dose administered. Unlike chickens, the serum lipids, liver lipids, hemoglobin, serum uric acid, and spleen size of quail were not affected significantly (P less than .05). The sizes of the proventriculus and gizzard were increased by doses of 5.0 micrograms/g or higher, whereas the bursa of Fabricius was regressed by the same dose.
The role of migration in the genetic structure of populations in temporally and spatially varying environments. II. Island models.

Abstract The Island Model introduced by Sewall Wright (1951) has proven to be a useful construction for studying the interaction of genetic drift, population subdivision, and mutation. Interest in the model has recently increased because of its relevance to certain questions involving the rate of differentiation of sub-populations under the neutral allele hypothesis (e.g., Smith, 1970 ; Latter, 1973 ). It is perhaps the only realistic population structure in which the test for neutrality proposed by Lewontin and Krakauer (1973) is valid (Lewontin and Krakauer, 1975) . If data from natural populations is to be compared to the predictions of the Island Model, it is desirable to have an alternative model with the same migration pattern but with natural selection operating. In this paper one such model will be introduced where the stochastic element comes from random fluctuations in the environment rather than from genetic drift. The model is a direct extension of the one in the previous paper in this series (Gillespie, 1975) which dealt with a population which is subdivided into two patches with restricted migration between them.
Making Work: Self‐Created Jobs in Participatory Organizations

William Ronco and Lisa Peattie 1983 Making Work: Self-Created Jobs In Participatory Organizations. New York: Plenum Press.
Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Infestation Foci: Cotton Yield Reduction

Artificially inoculated spider mite foci increase in size at an exponential rate. Productivity was greatest on plants farthest from the center of each focus. Timing of initial infestation was shown, both experimentally and through simulation, to affect ultimate yield of cotton: the earlier the initiation of infestation, the lower the yield. These results as well as those of other researchers indicate that the tolerance of cotton to mite infestations increases with crop maturity.
Failure of methylprednisolone to prevent nonuniform cardiac accelerator nerve discharge associated with coronary occlusion-induced arrhythmia: Evidence against prostaglandin modulation of autonomic cardioaccelerator neural discharge in the anesthetized cat

Postganglionic cardiac sympathetic neural discharge in the minute prior to arrhythmia produced by acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was nonuniform, i.e., both increases or decreases occurred. It is hypothesized that the nonuniform neural discharge is transmitted to the heart, causing nonuniform changes in excitability and conduction which produce ventricular arrhythmias. Prostaglandins have been shown to exhibit both arrhythmogenic as well as antiarrhythmic actions. Methylprednisolone (30 or 50 mg/kg, i.v., a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis) was given 30 minutes prior to coronary occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. Both doses of methylprednisolone failed to: exert any effect on the mean postganglionic cardiac sympathetic nerve discharge prior to coronary occlusion; eliminate the nonuniform neural discharge associated with occlusion-induced arrhythmia; increase the time to arrhythmia or death; and decrease the number of cats dying after acute coronary occlusion. Thus, it is hypothesized that methylprednisolone failed to prevent the arrhythmogenic actions of prostaglandins. The failure of methylprednisolone to decrease the time to arrhythmia suggests that, in this study, an antiarrhythmic mechanism for prostaglandins does not exist. The failure of methylprednisolone to prevent the occlusion-induced nonuniform cardiac sympathetic discharge suggests that prostaglandin modulation of the autonomic balance on the heart is not due to a direct action on the postganglionic cardiac sympathetic nerve.
Polymorphonuclear cell count response and duration of antibiotic therapy in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

The purposes of this study were (a) to measure serially ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell response in treated spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and (b) to determine whether an ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count of less than 250 per mm3 on serial paracenteses was a satisfactory endpoint for antibiotic therapy. Thirty of 33 patients showed an exponential fall in ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count after 48 hr of antibiotic therapy; the magnitude of decrease correlated with survival (p less than 0.01). Among the patients whose antibiotic therapy was discontinued when the ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear cell count reached 250 per mm3 or less, the duration of therapy was considerably shorter than for the patients who received "conventional" therapy (p less than 0.01). Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was similar in the two groups. Mortality correlated with the severity of underlying liver disease but not with duration of antibiotic therapy.
Effect of pH of ammonium oxalate extracting solutions on prediction of plant available molybdenum in soil

Abstract Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element of plants and animals and is of concern from human nutrition and environmental standpoints. Rational applications to soil of Mo in fertilizers, sewage sludges, or other soil amendments requires information of the concentrations of Mo in soils and plants. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted at Lexington, Kentucky, using surface samples of 12 soils (11 soil types) derived from diverse parent materials in Kentucky with soil pH ranging from 5.18 to 7.46. Molybdenum (Na2MoO4.2H2O) was added at rates equivalent to 0, 0.3, and 0.6 mg Mo kg‐1 soil. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Ky14) and soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merrill cv. McCall] were grown to provide plant Mo data for Mo soil test correlations and comparisons. The primary purpose of these investigations was to determine the effect of pH of NH4‐oxalate extractant solution on the relationship of soil Mo and Mo uptake by tobacco and soybeans, and to evaluate the automated KI‐H2O2 procedure for use in d...
General microbial profile of low-fat frankfurters formulated with sodium lactate and a texture modifier

Frankfurters formulated with starch-isolated soy protein (starch-ISP) alone, or with starch-ISP and sodium lactate were compared with controls for purge and microbial quality during storage. No significant difference was detected in purge or in initial moisture content between frankfurters containing the additives. However, there was a significant difference between these samples and controls, with the former retaining more water. Samples containing lactate had significantly lower numbers of lactic acid bacteria than samples containing starch-ISP or controls. All samples showed an increase during storage followed by a decrease, but frankfurters containing lactate decreased 7 days earlier. There was significant inhibition of psychrotrophs in samples containing the additives, with controls showing 104 cells/g within 14 days compared with no counts in the treated samples. Frankfurters containing starch-ISP eventually showed growth after 42 days, while samples containing lactate showed no counts at any time during storage.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation as immunotherapy for nonhematological cancers.

Abstract Over the past two decades biologic therapy has played an increasing role in the treatment of cancer. While this field is still early in its development, there now exists compelling evidence that the immune system is capable of detecting and eliminating cancer cells. Although the majority of immunotherapy approaches for metastatic cancer involve strategies designed to enhance autologous immunity, most would agree that the graft-versus-leukemia reaction induced following allogeneic stem cell transplantation represents modern day’s most potent form of cancer immunotherapy. While allogeneic stem cell transplantation has gained recognition as a potentially curative “immunotherapy” for a growing number of different hematological malignancies, its efficacy in inducing antimalignancy effects against nonhematological cancers has only recently begun to be investigated. The historical basis, development, and preliminary clinical results of allogeneic stem cell transplantation as a form of immunotherapy for treatment refractory solid tumors are reviewed.
Epitaxial strontium oxide layers on silicon for gate-first and gate-last TiN/HfO2 gate stack scaling

We show that a thin epitaxial strontium oxide (SrO) interfacial layer enables scaling of titanium nitride/hafnium oxide high-permittivity (high-k) gate stacks for field-effect transistors on silicon. In a low-temperature gate-last process, SrO passivates Si against SiO"2 formation and silicidation and equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of 5A is achieved, with competitive leakage current and interface trap density. In a gate-first process, Sr triggers HfO"2-SiO"2 intermixing, forming interfacial high-k silicate containing both Sr and Hf. Combined with oxygen control techniques, we demonstrate an EOT of 6A with further scaling potential. In both cases, Sr incorporation results in an effective workfunction that is suitable for n-channel transistors.
Repatriation as a Management Strategy to Conserve a Critically Imperiled Fish Species

Abstract A repatriation program to conserve critically imperiled razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, an endemic fish of the Colorado River basin in western North America, was initiated in 1990. The species, once widespread and abundant, now is extirpated from most of its range because of human-induced factors. Natural recruitment to wild populations rangewide is largely precluded by nonnative predation. The largest remaining wild population occurs in Lake Mohave, Arizona and Nevada, but its numbers have declined dramatically over the past decade, such that the genetic legacy of the species may soon be lost. As part of a cooperative repatriation program, more than 440,000 naturally produced razorback sucker larvae were harvested and grown in protective custody; from these, nearly 58,000 marked juveniles were released into the lake between 1993 and 2002. Annual repatriate population estimates (modified Petersen method) ranged from 1,017 to 2,494 and poststocking survivorship (Program MARK) ranged from 2% to...
The application of a number-oriented microprocessor to real-time data processing

Abstract The application of a National MM57109 microprocessor to low energy stopping cross-section measurement is described. The circuit interface logic and microprocessor capabilities required for the above application are reviewed.
Methodology for Modeling of Passive Shunt Damping of Systems With Bonded Piezocomposites

An aluminum cantilever beam bonded with 1-3 piezocomposite dampers is modeled by means of ANSYS finite element and SIMULINK simulation softwares. ANSYS currently cannot account for heat dissipation in piezoelectric materials. As such, ANSYS is used to obtain strain energies to be input into the SIMULINK model to investigate the dynamic behavior of the system and calculate the damping ratio. The impact of two different shunting arrangements, a damper in conjunction with a simple resistive electrical circuit in series and parallel, is investigated. In addition, a simply supported beam and a simply supported straight pipe are also analyzed for their wide applications in industry, and as an indication of the utility of this methodology to analyze complex structural configurations. For a typical cantilever beam, energy dissipation and transient analysis are used to calculate the tip displacement as a function of time and the damping ratio. Then using ANSYS, with the parameter BETAD to incorporate damping as a stiffness multiplier, a comparison of the transient results is used to quantify the damping response of aluminum beams with bonded 1-3 piezocomposite dampers. The system loss factor due to the piezoelectric damping is also compared to the inherent loss factor of different beam materials. The results show that circuits in series provides a better damping ratio (0.000581) as compared to circuits in parallel (0.000374). In addition, for different boundary conditions (cantilever, simply supported), the damping ratios (0.000581, 0.000202) and the BETAD values (6.3 E-6, 0.7 E-6), respectively, are functions of the boundary conditions and are not directly related to each other. Finally, damping using 1-3 piezocomposites effectively increases the overall system loss factor by at least 100% to almost 300% as compared to the inherent material damping. In general, this methodology of combining finite element method (ANSYS) and transient modeling tools (SIMULINK) can be used to study damping characteristics of any structural system damped with 1-3 piezocomposites.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Role of Deliberative Decision Making, Parenting, and Friends in Adolescent Risk Behaviors

Adolescents may engage in risk behaviors that jeopardize their futures. Although adolescent risk-taking has long been attributed to faulty decision making, surprisingly little research has directly examined this link. This study examined the role of deliberative decision making (the tendency to consider options and consequences before making a decision) and social contextual variables (parenting and friend influences) in alcohol and drug use, risky sex, and delinquency. Participants were 7,748 adolescents (50% female) in grades 7–11 from the Add Health dataset (M age = 14.87, SD = 1.54). Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that deliberative decision making and contextual variables were associated with risk behavior concurrently and 1 year later. Furthermore, deliberative decision making interacted with social contextual variables in some models, indicating that deliberative decision making may be especially important in certain contexts. These findings suggest that both cognitive and social factors need to be considered to explain adolescents’ decisions to engage in risk behavior.
Toward a mechanistic understanding of radiation effects in materials

This paper will present a brief overview of the present understanding of radiation effects in materials. Progress in fundamental understanding of void swelling, phase formation and stability, irradiation creep, and post-irradiation mechanical properties has been gained through comparison of experimental data with the predictions of theoretical models. Applications of the understanding of radiation effects in materials have led to the development of candidate structural materials for use in aggressive radiation environments. Compositional and microstructural controls have been used to achieve the necessary properties and radiation damage resistance. Some of the key issues facing pressure vessel steels, ceramics, and fusion structural materials are described.
Distributed approaches for exploiting multiuser diversity in wireless networks

In wireless fading channels, multiuser diversity can be exploited by scheduling users to transmit when their channel conditions are favorable. This leads to a sum throughput that increases with the number of users and, in certain cases, achieves capacity. However, such scheduling requires global knowledge of every user's channel gain, which may be difficult to obtain in some situations. This paper addresses contention-based protocols for exploiting multiuser diversity with only local channel knowledge. A variation of the ALOHA protocol is given in which users attempt to exploit multiuser diversity gains, but suffer contention losses due to the distributed channel knowledge. The growth rate of the sum throughput for this protocol is characterized in a backlogged system under both short-term and long-term average power constraints. A simple "fixed-rate" system is shown to be asymptotically optimal and to achieve the same growth rate as in a system with an optimal centralized scheduler. Moreover, asymptotically, the fraction of throughput lost due to contention is shown to be 1/e. Also, in a system with random arrivals and an infinite user population, a variation of this ALOHA protocol is shown to be stable for any total arrival rate, given that users can estimate the backlog.
Alteration in Pain Modulation in Women With Persistent Pain After Lumpectomy: Influence of Catastrophizing

Abstract Context Persistent pain is common after surgical treatment of breast cancer, but fairly little is known about the changes in sensory processing that accompany such pain syndromes. Objectives This study used quantitative sensory testing to compare psychophysical responses to standardized noxious stimulation in two groups of women who had previously undergone breast cancer surgery: women with (n=37) and without (n=34) persistent postoperative pain. Methods Participants underwent a single testing session in which responses to a variety of noxious stimuli were assessed. Results Findings suggested that women with chronic pain after breast cancer surgery display enhanced temporal summation of mechanical pain, deficits in endogenous pain inhibition, and more intense painful aftersensations compared with those without long-term pain. Some of these group differences were mediated by higher levels of pain catastrophizing in the group of women with persistent pain. Conclusion These findings suggest that persistent postoperative pain is associated with alterations in central nervous system pain-modulatory processes. Future treatment studies might benefit from targeting these pain-modulatory systems, and additional studies using functional neuroimaging methods might provide further valuable information about the pathophysiology of long-term postsurgical pain in women treated for breast cancer.
A smart gate drive with self-diagnosis for power MOSFETs and IGBTs

This paper proposes a useful smart gate drive with self-diagnosis for power MOSFETs and IGBTs. This new method is based on monitoring of the gate charge and discharge currents. Two gate current monitoring circuits are proposed and validated with experimental results. The implemented smart functions include self-acknowledgement, gate drive connection verification, power device status diagnosis, gate dielectric wearout detection and prediction. The proposed method can detect abnormal conditions that occur either within the gate drive circuit itself or in the driven power device. It also features simple and low cost implementation and can be easily integrated into gate drive circuits or gate drive chips.
Meshing genus-1 point clouds using discrete one-forms

We present an algorithm to mesh point clouds sampled from a closed manifold surface of genus 1. The method relies on a doubly periodic global parameterization of the point cloud to the plane, so no segmentation of the point cloud is required. Based on some recent techniques for parameterizing higher genus meshes, when some mild conditions on the sampling density are satisfied, the algorithm generates a closed toroidal manifold which interpolates the input and is geometrically similar to the sampled surface.
Digital processing of Seasat SAR data

The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), on board the Seasat-A satellite, provides an all-weather imaging capability which should prove useful in a number of remote sensing applications. Unlike optical (Landsat) data, the SAR data requires extensive two-dimensional, space variant signal processing before an image is formed. This paper describes the signal processing operations in a digital processor which has been built to produce images from the Seasat-A SAR data. It describes the operations of real-to-complex data conversion, range compression via fast convolution, matrix transformation of 40 MB disk arrays, range cell migration correction, look extraction via bandpass filtering, azimuth compression via fast convolution, interpolation and detection.
Synthesis of isoprenoid bisphosphonate ethers through C–P bond formations: Potential inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

A set of bisphosphonate ethers has been prepared through sequential phosphonylation and alkylation of monophosphonate ethers. After formation of the corresponding phosphonic acid salts, these compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS). Five of the new compounds show IC50 values of less than 1 μM against GGDPS with little to no activity against the related enzyme farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS). The most active compound displayed an IC50 value of 82 nM when assayed with GGDPS, and no activity against FDPS even at a 10 μM concentration.
Role of Cardiac Electrophysiologic Studies in Patients with Unexplained Recurrent Syncope

Cardiac electrophysiologic studies (EPS) with programmed electrical stimulation (PES) were performed in 30 patients with recurrent syncope to uncover possible arrhythmic etiology. All patients had undergone thorough medical and neurologic evaluation prior to EPS without finding a definitive cause for syncope. In the majority of patients an arrhythmic etiology for syncope was suspected but could not be documented utilizing the 12-lead surface ECG, extended in-hospital and/or ambulatory monitoring (for greater than or equal to 48 hours) and exercise testing prior to the EPS. The studies provided a clue to the possible underlying rhythm disturbance which could have caused syncope in 16/30 patients. Sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and/or ventricular fibrillation was induced in 11/30, sinus node dysfunction in 4/30 and intra-His block in the remaining one. Fourteen of the 16 have remained free of symptoms following therapy based on results of EPS during a follow-up period ranging from 6-30 months (mean 16.5 +/- 7.8). In 2/16 syncope recurred (one arrhythmic and one non-arrhythmic) despite pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction detected during EPS. In the remaining 14/30 patients, EPS and PES did not induce arrhythmia which could account for patient symptomatology and therefore no specific therapy could be recommended. Eleven of these 14 patients experienced a recurrence of symptoms within a 6-25 month period (mean 16.2 +/- 6.8). Of the 16 patients with inducible arrhythmias considered clinically significant, 15 had associated structural heart disease. On the other hand, of the 14 patients without clinically significant arrhythmias, structural heart disease could be detected in only three. It is concluded that cardiac arrhythmias constitute a common cause of unexplained syncope, particularly in patients with structural heart disease, and that EPS with PES can uncover the type of arrhythmic disturbance in a significant number of cases.
Countering antivaccination attitudes

Three times as many cases of measles were reported in the United States in 2014 as in 2013. The reemergence of measles has been linked to a dangerous trend: parents refusing vaccinations for their children. Efforts have been made to counter people’s antivaccination attitudes by providing scientific evidence refuting vaccination myths, but these interventions have proven ineffective. This study shows that highlighting factual information about the dangers of communicable diseases can positively impact people’s attitudes to vaccination. This method outperformed alternative interventions aimed at undercutting vaccination myths.
The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Teaching Sociology: 1973-2009

This article updates and extends research by Baker and Chin, who tracked changes in studies published in Teaching Sociology from 1973 to 1983 (Baker) and 1984 to 1999 (Chin). The current study traces manuscripts published in Teaching Sociology from 2000 to 2009. We examine both who publishes in the journal and what gets published. In particular, we explore change in the systematic assessment of teaching methods and techniques since Baker’s and Chin’s studies and the extent to which publications in Teaching Sociology reflect improved assessment. We find that while there has been improvement, not all articles reflect the growing scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) movement. While the mission of Teaching Sociology is to publish materials that would be “helpful to the discipline’s teachers” (see the journal’s mission statement at http://asanet.org/journals/ts/index.cfm), the most useful information is arguably that which is supported by the kind of systematic assessment that SoTL requires. We also dis...
Fundamentals of object-oriented simulation

An object-oriented simulation (OOS) consists of a set of objects that interact with each other over time. This paper provides an introduction to the fundamental OOS design elements by contrasting OOS with its procedural counterpart. It further addresses the important issue of composition versus inheritance that distinguishes object-based from object-oriented languages.
Rigid-Body Response of Base-Isolated Structures

The problem of control of rigid body response of structural systems such as nuclear islands, which are mounted on a gird of bearings with three dimensional damping and stiffness properties, is analyzed. A parametric study is carried out to show the effects of the dimensionless parameters of the foundation on the transmissibilities of the structure due to harmonic ground motion. The characteristics of an optimal base isolation are discussed and results are presented in a form which may be of use in preliminary designs.
Use of Models in Resolving Tidal Problems

A comprehensive hydraulic model of the Delaware Estuary is described, along with the adjustment and verification of the model. Also described are a number of uses made of the model that were not contemplated when the model was designed and constructed. These include, but are not limited to, studies of factors affecting saltwater intrusion; definition of flushing characteristics of the estuary; design of new navigation facilities; improved methods for waste disposal; the need for rehabilitating existing dikes; and the effects of reservoir operation on salt water intrusion.
Continuous Lidocaine Infusions to Manage Opioid-Refractory Pain in a Series of Cancer Patients in a Pediatric Hospital

Background Research on the safety and efficacy of continuous lidocaine infusions (CLIs) for the treatment of pain in the pediatric setting is limited. This article describes a series of pediatric oncology patients who received lidocaine infusions for refractory, longstanding, cancer-related pain. Procedure This is a retrospective review of patients who underwent lidocaine infusions to manage severe, opioid-refractory, cancer-related pain. Four patients ranging in age from 8 to 18 years were admitted to a pediatric hospital for their medical conditions and/or pain management. Structured chart review established demographic and diagnosis information, infusion rates, side effects, and efficacy of infusions in providing pain relief. Lidocaine bolus doses, infusion rates, serum concentrations, and subjective pain scores were analyzed. Results Median pain scores prior to lidocaine infusions were 8/10, falling to 2/10 at the infusion termination (P < 0.003), and rising to 3/10 in the first 24 hr after lidocaine (P < 0.029 compared to preinfusion pain). The infusions were generally well tolerated, with few side effects noted. In most cases, the improvement in pain scores persisted beyond termination of the infusion. Conclusions CLIs were a helpful adjuvant in the four cases presented and may be an effective therapy for a more diverse array of refractory cancer pain. The majority of patients experienced pain relief well beyond the metabolic elimination of the lidocaine, corroborating a modulation effect on pain windup. Additional research regarding infusion rates, serum concentrations, side effects, and outpatient follow-up in a larger group of patients will provide additional insight into the role and safety of this therapy in children.