cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 3-O-Sulfated Heparan Sulfate Binding Peptide Preferentially Targets Herpes Simplex Virus 2-Infected Cells

Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is the primary cause of genital herpes, which is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral infections worldwide and a major cofactor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The lack of an effective vaccine or treatment and the emergence of drug-resistant strains highlight the need for developing new antivirals for HSV-2. Here, we demonstrate that a low-molecular-weight peptide isolated against 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) can efficiently block HSV-2 infection. Treatment with the peptide inhibited viral entry and cell-to-cell spread both in vitro and in vivo using a mouse model of genital HSV-2 infection. Quite interestingly, the peptide showed a preferential binding to HSV-2-infected cells, with more than 200% increased binding compared to uninfected cells. Our additional results show that heparan sulfate expression is upregulated by 25% upon HSV-2 infection, which is a significant new finding that could be exploited for designing new diagnostic tests and treatment strategies against HSV-2-infected cells. In addition, our results also raise the possibility that 3-OS HS modifications within HS may be upregulated even more to accommodate for a significantly higher increase in the peptide binding to the infected cells.
Solid-State Sintering

The theory of solid-state sintering is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the effects of several concurrent mechanisms on sintering behavior. Computer synthesis of both non-isothermal and isothermal sintering data has been used to predict initial sintering behavior under a wide variety of conditions. This approach has been successful in describing the sintering of compacts of spherical particles of Fe, Cu, Fe2 O3, Ag, and LiF. The relative importance of surface, grain boundary, and volume diffusion and vapor transport are discussed. Experimentally observed sintering behavior is discussed in terms of the theoretical model.
Radular Kinetics During Grazing in Helisoma Trivolvis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

Three models for radular feeding in gastropod molluscs have been proposed: (1) odontophoral licking, where the radula is fixed to, and is directed by, a dynamic cartilage; (2) rope-and-pulley rasping, where the radula is dynamic and slides over a static cartilage; and (3) moving-conveyor-belt rasping, which involves independent though concurrent movements both of the radula and of the underlying cartilage. The implications of these alternative mechanical processes with regard to machine efficiency and to feeding optimality are considered. During radular feeding, individual Helisoma trivolvis (Say) employ the model which affords optimality both of food excavation and of food transport. Results showedthat the radula of this species slides over the underlying cartilage while the cartilage independently accelerates across the substrate during each effective feeding stroke. Relative velocities (of the ribbon and of the odontophoral cartilage, VR: VO) ranged from 0.67:1 to 0.92:1 and these values were positively correlated with food availability.
Ultrasimple Ultrabroadband Alignment-free Ultrashort Pulse Measurement Device

The measurement of ultrashort laser pulses has traditionally experienced difficulties. Even now, newly proposed techniques for doing so are often extremely complex, containing as many as a dozen sensitive alignment parameters. As a result, such techniques may be more likely to introduce a distortion than to measure it.
Evolution of DNA origami scaffolds

Abstract Nanoscale materials made using DNA have been increasingly used for applications ranging from biosensors to nanoelectronics. Specifically, DNA origami – where one long single-stranded DNA scaffold is folded into nanoscale shapes and structures using short ‘staple’ oligonucleotides – typically relies on a single-stranded DNA scaffold derived from a viral genome. The sizes of structures that are made rely on the length of the scaffold strand; the most frequently used DNA scaffold is the single-stranded 7249-nucleotide circular M13mp18 genome. Modern techniques used in genome tailoring are now widely exploited for the creation of DNA scaffolds of various lengths for use in DNA origami. DNA scaffolds of lengths ranging from ~700-nucleotides to ~51,000 nucleotides have been prepared using biotechniques such as polymerase chain reaction, a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and site- and ligation independent cloning, and using the molecular toolbox of restriction and ligation enzymes. Such tailor-made DNA scaffolds allow the creation of origami nanostructures of desired sizes.
Discussion: Impact of Technology on Traditional Agriculture: The Peru Case

Professor Coffey has presented a detailed and well-thought-out calculation of the transformation of traditional agriculture in a particular area, in which he has undertaken the necessary extensive fieldwork-a substantial achievement by itself. His conclusions are rather pessimistic. Given his assumption, it will be impossible to achieve the aim of the Alliance of Progress to raise incomes, even if the best presently known techniques are adopted. Moreover, half of the people are and remain redundant. The questions which this raises (some of which Professor Coffey raises himself in the extended version) are several. The first one relates to the internal logic of the model. I do not mean that Professor Coffey has made a mistake, because, as far as I can tell, he hasn't. Nor am I competent to question the input coefficients which he found in his fieldwork. But, logically, any answer one finds must depend on the assumptions one makes. Specifically, the model places limitations on the speed with which land use can be changed and new methods introduced, and by which maximum annual yields can increase. These assumptions sound plausible; in fact, Professor Coffey believes that they err on the optimistic side. Given the assumptions, it is possible to double net returns per available "man equivalent" by the year 2000, provided, one should perhaps add, that population and the labor force do not increase faster than in the past. If it were possible to reduce the available manpower to the required one, the increase could be about five and one-half times.
A Comparison of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Detection for Dichotomously Scored Items Using IRTPRO, BILOG-MG, and IRTLRDIF

This study was designed to provide an empirical comparison of three IRT calibration programs, IRTPRO, BILOG-MG, and IRTLRDIF, all of which can be used for detecting differential item functioning (DIF). The three programs were compared for each of three dichotomous IRT models, the one-parameter logistic, the two-parameter logistic, and the three-parameter logistic models. Results from each of these programs were examined using data from a test designed to predict high school graduation test results in a large Southeastern US state. Results suggested that all three programs detected DIF differently.
Tourism crisis management: can the Extended Parallel Process Model be used to understand crisis responses in the cruise industry?

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to understand the effect of crisis communication on people's risk perception attitude, perceived safety, and cruise travel intentions. Specifically, this study was concerned with the emerging health issues of Norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships. A between-subjects experiment was conducted. Responses were collected from 169 participants after presenting them with different crisis communication messages. Drawing on the Extended Parallel Process Model, the findings revealed that perceived threat directly affected respondents' attitude towards the involved cruise line, while perceived efficacy moderated the relationship between perceived threat and perceived safety of cruising. Additionally, the results of this study indicated that perceived safety mediated the relationship between perceived threat and cruise travel intentions, and this mediating relationship was moderated by perceived efficacy. This study's findings suggest new theoretical approaches for understanding tourism crisis communication and recommend an audience-centered paradigm in communicating health crisis issues in tourism and travel.
MATING OF THE HOUSE FLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L., IN MONITORED DARKNESS.

House flies ( Musca domestica L.) were permitted to emerge, mature, and mate in an opaque polyethylene enclosure, free from light leakage detectable by Kodak Royal PanR film. The film (ASA speed number 400) was continuously subject to exposure within the test enclosure. Consummation of mating in darkness (minimum range 2500–6500 A) was demonstrated by successful oviposition and subsequent development of a second generation of flies with normal sex ratios.
Microwave Processing of Polymer Composites

Microwave processing has been investigated as an alternative to conventional thermal method in processing polymer matrix composite materials. The main advantages of microwave processing over thermal processing are that: 1) microwave heating is volumetric, direct, selective, instantaneous, and controllable which offers advantages such as fast heating and minimization of temperature excursion; 2) microwave radiation can provide many desirable features in polymer and composite processing, such as enhanced polymerization rates and glass transition temperatures of thermosets, improved mechanical properties of composite materials, and increased adhesion between graphite fibers and matrix. Microwave heating has been used in food processing, drying, material processing, waste treatment, and organic synthesis. This paper summarizes the current status of microwave technology for the processing of polymer matrix composite materials. The discussion will be focused on the use and development of batch and continuous techniques using tunable single mode resonant microwave cavities for processing polymer composites.
The incidence and significance of villous change in adenomatous polyps.

A retrospective review of 108 colonic adenomatous polyps revealed focal villous change in 6% of solitary lesions, 15% of polyps with coexisting adenocarcinoma, 33% of those with coexisting villous adenoma, and 64% of polyps with carcinomatous transformation. However, a subsequent prospective analysis of 67 colonic polypoid lesions, using a dissecting microscope and more sections, indicated that the incidence of focal villous change had been underestimated. This feature was found in 35% of solitary adenomatous polyps and appeared to be directly related to the size of the polyps, reaching 75% in lesions larger than 1 cm. in diameter. The dissecting microscopic interpretations provided the correct estimate of a villous pattern in 96% of cases. Although morphologically the adenomatous polyp with focal villous change appears to represent an intermediate form between the pure adenomatous polyp and the villous adenoma, evidence for obligatory transformation and increased malignant potential of this form is inconclusive. The difficulty that may be encountered in the interpretation of a villous area in a small biopsy is discussed.
T.echnologies in Li.ghtwave Communications: Innovations (and Their Needs) Abound

Due in large part to the vision and leadership of Tingye Li, optical communications has achieved dramatic growth by a continuous stream of innovations. This presentation will highlight some key trends and advances in the area of high-capacity, multiplexed optical communication systems.
Na+-K+-ATPase pump function in rat brain synaptosomes is different in males and females

To understand the increased morbidity and mortality associated with acute hyponatremia in young women, we characterized the Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphtase (ATPase) pump in rat brain synaptosomes to determine if this adaptive mechanism was different between the sexes. Veratridine-stimulated sodium (Na+) uptake was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in females than in males (8.08 +/- 0.3 vs. 5.56 +/- 0.4 nmol/mg protein), suggesting either an increased rate of Na+ uptake and/or decreased extrusion of Na+ by the Na+-K+-ATPase pump in females. Uptake rate was determined by measuring Na+ transport at 5 s, and it was found to be twice as large in females as in males (1.01 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.46 +/- 0.1 nmol/mg protein). However, in the presence of 2.5 mM ouabain, uptake in both groups were similar, suggesting that the difference was probably due to decreased function of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump in females. Transport evaluation of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump showed ouabain-sensitive K+ uptake in males to be significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than in females (10.53 vs. 4.97 nmol/mg protein), and ouabain-sensitive Na+ uptake in inverted synaptosomes was 70% greater in males (4.00 vs. 2.37 nmol/mg protein). [3H]ouabain binding studies showed maximum binding capacity in males and females to be similar (103 +/- 12 vs. 110 +/- 15 pmol/mg protein), whereas the dissociation constant was significantly (P less than 0.005) greater in males (109 +/- 8 vs. 82 +/- 6 nM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of dichloroisoproterenol on blood sugar and plasma free fatty acids.

Summary3,4,Dichloroisopropylarterenol (DCI) elevates the FFA level in anesthetized dogs. However, in vitro it does not cause FFA release from adipose tissue. Isoproterenol induces elevations of plasma FFA and glucose which are reduced by DCI (4 mg kg). Glucagon hyperglycemia is also antagonized by DCI. DCI effects in vivo can be overridden by increasing the dose of isoproterenol or glucagon.
Research on Present Situation,Problems and Countermeasures of the Development of Private Hospitals in Beijing

Objectives To analyze the characteristics of private hospitals,and to put forward suggestions for social capital holding medical institutions.Methods The analysis of structure ratio was based on"Beijing health statistics"of 2010.Results The geographical distribution of private hospitals in Beijing was uneven,which centered on the city.The scale of them was small,and more than half of private hospitals' health resources were not fully used.Only some specialized hospitals had a good economic benefit.Conclusions In order to develop private hospitals,we should clear market orientation,strengthen policy guidance,attract talent and innovate financing mode.
In Silico Study of In Vitro GPCR Assays by QSAR Modeling

The US EPA's ToxCast program is screening thousands of chemicals of environmental interest in hundreds of in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. One goal is to prioritize chemicals for more detailed analyses based on activity in assays that target molecular initiating events (MIEs) of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). However, the chemical space of interest for environmental exposure is much wider than ToxCast's chemical library. In silico methods such as quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are proven and cost-effective approaches to predict biological activity for untested chemicals. However, empirical data is needed to build and validate QSARs. ToxCast has developed datasets for about 2000 chemicals ideal for training and testing QSAR models. The overall goal of the present work was to develop QSAR models to fill the data gaps in larger environmental chemical lists. The specific aim of the current work was to build QSAR models for 18 G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) assays, part of the aminergic family. Two QSAR modeling strategies were adopted: classification models were developed to separate chemicals into active/non-active classes, and then regression models were built to predict the potency values of the bioassays for the active chemicals. Multiple software programs were used to calculate constitutional, topological, and substructural molecular descriptors from two-dimensional (2D) chemical structures. Model-fitting methods included PLSDA (partial least square discriminant analysis), SVMs (support vector machines), kNNs (k-nearest neighbors), and PLSs (partial least squares). Genetic algorithms (GAs) were applied as a variable selection technique to select the most predictive molecular descriptors for each assay. N-fold cross-validation (CV) coupled with multi-criteria decision-making fitting criteria was used to evaluate the models. Finally, the models were applied to make predictions within the established chemical space limits. The most accurate model was for the bovine nonselective dopamine receptor (bDR_NS) GPCR assay, for which the classification balanced accuracy reached 0.96 in fitting and 0.95 in fivefold CV, with only two latent variables. These results demonstrate the accuracy of QSAR models to predict the biological activity of chemicals specifically for each one of the studied assays.
New detection scheme in a fiber-optic magnetic-field sensor free from ambiguity caused by material magnetic hysteresis

Sensing of magnetic fields using fiber-optic interferometers has been demonstrated recently.1–3 In these devices, a two-arm Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer is used (Fig. 1). One of the fiber-optic interferometer arms serves as a sensor arm on which some magnetostrictive material is deposited. When exposed to a magnetic field, the magnetostrictive material will stretch the sensor fiber while the reference fiber remains unaffected. As a result, a magnetically induced differential path length change or phase shift is introduced at the output of the interferometer.
Curing Cancerphobia Phobia: Reasonableness Redefined

As early as 1912, cancerphobia has provided a successful theory of recovery for plaintiffs.' Although a smattering of cancerphobia cases appeared in the following decades,2 cancerphobia actions were relatively uncommon until they appeared in large numbers in the toxic tort litigations of the 1980s.3 In its modern awakening, cancerphobia has arisen primarily from three distinct classes of cases: medical malpractice, DES, and asbestosis.4 In early cases, cancerphobia was analyzed as a subclass of nosophobia, the general fear of diseases. Damages for nosophobia
Blood donor selection and deferral pattern as an important tool for blood safety in a tertiary care hospital

Context: Blood donor selection criteria based on science and regulatory rules influence donor as well recipient safety and demographics. Aim: To evaluate and analyze the blood donor deferral pattern and its causes among blood donors in a tertiary care hospital blood bank and to review its influence on blood safety. Settings and Design: Hospital based blood bank, retrospective analysis. Subjects and Methods: The data available as donor deferral record over a period of 13 years from 2001 to 2013 was analyzed. Results: The blood donor deferral rate was 11.5%, the deferral rate in various categories was 4.8%, 4.7%, 1.6%, and 0.3% in Category 1, Category 2, Category 3, and Category 4, respectively. The majority of deferrals were temporary deferrals (62.8%) of young donors. The maximum number of donors deferred (28.2%) due to a history of jaundice (permanent) followed by 19.4% due to low hemoglobin (temporary). History of malaria, intake of medicines, infections, underweight, last blood donation within 3 months (temporary deferral), and history of heart and lung diseases, diabetes, and with suspicious identity (permanent deferral) were other major causes identified. Conclusion: The pattern of donor deferral identified is an important tool for blood safety and also provides key areas to focus on a region or policy formulation nationally for donor selection as well ensure donor safety. The value of determining donor deferral pattern by the categories described is in calling back donors deferred due to temporary reasons and can help retain pool of motivated blood donors.
Concepts and opportunities for repair in cerebral microvascular disease and white matter stroke.

Diffuse changes in white matter resulting from cerebral microvascular disease contribute to cognitive impairment (Jokinen et al., 2011), declines in global functionality (Inzitari et al., 2009), and even death (Debette and Markus, 2010). Twenty years ago, estimations of the clinical incidence of cerebral microvascular disease approached 11 million per year in the US alone (Leary and Saver, 2003). More recent estimations suggest the prevalence of diffuse white matter disease and silent brain infarction approaches 20% and increases dramatically in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (Fanning et al., 2014). Two common clinical presentations of cerebral microvascular disease include diffuse lesions resulting in T2/FLAIR signal abnormality on MRI scans throughout the white matter. Highly related to this diffuse form, is the classic lacunar infarction, with imaging evidence suggesting that new infarcts occur at the leading edge of prior T2/FLAIR signal abnormality (Duering et al., 2013), with subtle changes in axonal diffusivity occurring in the same region (Maillard et al., 2011). Cellular events within this white matter penumbral region are therefore a likely contributor to the progressive nature of white matter disease. Despite the growing prevalence of cerebral microvascular disease, there are no known efficacious treatment strategies to prevent the progression or repair the injury burden of ischemic white matter lesions. In part, this results from a comparative lack of understanding about the precise pathophysiology of cerebral microvascular disease nor the resultant cellular biology that underlies diffuse or focal changes in white matter. This lack of understanding exists because of limitations on the ability to appropriately model white matter lesions in an easily accessible animal model such as the mouse. With the recent development of several variations in a mouse model of focal white matter stroke (Nunez et al., 2016), the field is poised for significant advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying white matter lesions resulting from cerebral microvascular disease and to identify leading strategies to repair ischemic white matter lesions. Here, we outline the neurobiologic concepts and major strategies for repair of diffuse cerebral microvascular disease and white matter stroke (Figure 1).
Genotyping in contact investigations: a CDC perspective.

Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates has been widely used to support investigations of outbreaks and as a tool for studying transmission dynamics and other aspects of tuberculosis epidemiology. Its applications to contact investigations are more limited. Targeted typing can be used to confirm or disprove suspected relationships among cases. Universal typing of isolates can be used to identify unsuspected transmission and broaden the scope of contact investigations. In order to properly use the results, one must understand the nature of the changes in the M. tuberculosis genome that produce the heterogeneity reflected in the genotypes, and understand the discriminatory power of the various methods. IS6110 fingerprinting provides the highest discriminatory power, but can be a slow process. Spoligo-typing and MIRU-VNTR are PCR-based methods that provide faster turnaround and produce digital results that facilitate comparisons. Appropriately used, isolate genotyping can be a useful adjunct to standard contact investigations.
From the Ordinary to Corruption in Higher Education

Major environmental changes and recurring pressures have made universities in the United States that educate health care professionals vulnerable to corruption. Based on the experiences of one large, state-supported university, this essay argues that, in adapting to pressures, universities rely on the ordinary structures and processes characteristic of large formal organizations. Hierarchy becomes an opening to corruption when it is associated with low levels of transparency, a culture of deference that discourages questioning, and the absence of countervailing centers of authority. Where the need for resources is great and access is uncertain, these can become incentives to ensure access through corrupt means. Embeddedness opens opportunities for misconduct by fostering relations based on narrow loyalties. The ordinariness of the pathways to corruption in higher education can obscure timely recognition of misconduct even by members working in affected organizations. But, once recognized, it is also possi...
Implications for the Control of Human Cancer

It should be apparent to the readers of this volume that a sense of urgency characterized this field. Much of this, of course, is attributable to the immediate clinical problems of AIDS and the viral-induced T-cell leukemia. There should be no need here to reiterate in detail what other contributors have presented regarding these diseases, namely that diagnosis and detection of carriers are possible, that vaccines for prevention are forseeable but that current knowledge about the viruses does not yet project to major changes and advances in treatment.
Mechanisms of Indium, Thallium, and Arsine Gas Toxicity: Relationships to Biological Indicators of Cell Injury

In comparison with other metals and metalloids, relatively little is known about the mechanisms by which elements such as indium and thallium, of Group III of the Periodic Table of elements, produce cell injury. Arsine gas (ASH3) has been known for centuries to be a potent hemolytic agent but the exact mechanism of this effect is still not understood at the molecular level. In recent years, the use of compounds containing some of the Group III elements and arsenic generated by processes utilizing arsine gas has expanded greatly due to the excellent electrical properties of these materials. This change in both the qualitative and quantitative patterns of use for these elements has increased the need for basic mechanistic toxicity data on Group III elements and arsine gas in relation to development of early biological indicators for assessing both exposure and toxicity.
Sketching knots

Physical knots have always fascinated people. For instance, Ashley Book of Knots contains some 7000 illustrations covering over 2000 knots. Physical knots usually associated with sailing, but they are also used in weaving, knitting, braiding and crocheting. Mathematical knots are introduced to formally classify the physical knots [Turner and de Griend 1996]. The significant difference with mathematical and physical knots is that in mathematical knots threads are closed curves. This property helps to formulate the problem more precisely and several knot polynomials such as Alexander and Jones polynomials are introduced to categorize the knots. In decorative arts, the most well-known knot form is Celtic knots, which are also good examples that shows how difficult to draw for humans knots. To draw Celtic knots and to obtain cyclic plain weaving on surfaces mesh based methods are introduced [Kaplan and Cohen 2003; Akleman et al. 2009]. Except mesh based methods, we do not know any other way to provide people to design knots. There exist software such as Mathematica's knot theory package or Knotplot, but these software does not provide free form design of knots.
Simultaneous measurement of T2 and apparent diffusion coefficient (T2 +ADC) in the heart with motion-compensated spin echo diffusion-weighted imaging.

Author(s): Aliotta, Eric; Moulin, Kevin; Zhang, Zhaohuan; Ennis, Daniel B | Abstract: PURPOSE:To evaluate a technique for simultaneous quantitative T2 and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping in the heart (T2 +ADC) using spin echo (SE) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). THEORY AND METHODS:T2 maps from T2 +ADC were compared with single-echo SE in phantoms and with T2 -prepared (T2 -prep) balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) in healthy volunteers. ADC maps from T2 +ADC were compared with conventional DWI in phantoms and in vivo. T2 +ADC was also demonstrated in a patient with acute myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS:Phantom T2 values from T2 +ADC were closer to a single-echo SE reference than T2 -prep bSSFP (-2.3 ± 6.0% vs 22.2 ± 16.3%; P l 0.01), and ADC values were in excellent agreement with DWI (0.28 ± 0.4%). In volunteers, myocardial T2 values from T2 +ADC were significantly shorter than T2 -prep bSSFP (35.8 ± 3.1 vs 46.8 ± 3.8 ms; P l 0.01); myocardial ADC was not significantly (N.S.) different between T2 +ADC and conventional motion-compensated DWI (1.39 ± 0.18 vs 1.38 ± 0.18 mm2 /ms; P = N.S.). In the patient, T2 and ADC were both significantly elevated in the infarct compared with remote myocardium (T2 : 40.4 ± 7.6 vs 56.8 ± 22.0; P l 0.01; ADC: 1.47 ± 0.59 vs 1.65 ± 0.65 mm2 /ms; P l 0.01). CONCLUSION:T2 +ADC generated coregistered, free-breathing T2 and ADC maps in healthy volunteers and a patient with acute MI with no cost in accuracy, precision, or scan time compared with DWI. Magn Reson Med 79:654-662, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Model approximation of plant and noise dynamics on the basis of closed-loop data

Abstract In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating low order and control relevant models of plant dynamics and additive noise dynamics on the basis of closed-loop experiments. Estimating low order models for both the plant and noise dynamics is important in control design applications that focus on disturbance rejection. Several methods for low order model estimation on the basis of closed-loop data exist in the literature, but fail to address the simultaneous estimation of low order noise models that are relevant in disturbance control problems. In this paper we evaluate and compare some of these methods and propose a new methodology that extends the results to low order noise model estimation. The new methodology is an extended two-stage method where the first stage is used to estimate high order models for filtering purposes. In the second stage, filtered signals are used for low order model approximation. The methodology is illustrated in a realistic simulation study based on the windage disturbance reduction of a flexible hard disk drive suspension.
Efficacy of individualised diets in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled trial.

Background Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are often placed on diets guided by food intolerance assays, although these have not been validated. We assessed the effects of individualised diets in patients with IBS guided by a leucocyte activation test. Methods This is a parallel-group, double-blind, randomised controlled trial of 58 adults with IBS seen at an academic health centre in Northeast USA. Peripheral venous blood was analysed using a leucocyte activation test; individual foods were reported to produce positive or negative results. Participants were randomised to a 4-week diet with either individualised guidance to eliminate foods with positive assay results and allow foods with negative assay results (intervention), or with individualised guidance, matched in rigour and complexity, to eliminate foods with negative assay results and allow foods with positive assay results (comparison). The primary outcome was between-group differences in the IBS Global Improvement Scale (GIS). Secondary outcomes included reductions in IBS Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) scores and increases in IBS Adequate Relief (AR) and Quality of Life (QOL) scores. An aptamer-based proteomic analysis was conducted in strong responders. Results The intervention group had significantly greater increases in mean GIS score after 4 weeks (0.86 vs comparison; 95% CI 0.05 to 1.67; p=0.04) and 8 weeks (1.22 vs comparison; 95% CI 0.22 to 2.22; p=0.02). The intervention group also had significantly greater reductions in mean SSS score at 4 weeks (–61.78 vs comparison; 95% CI –4.43 to –119.14; p=0.04) and 8 weeks (–66.42 vs comparison; 95% CI –5.75 to –127.09; p=0.03). There were no significant differences between intervention and comparison groups in mean AR or QOL scores. A reduction in neutrophil elastase concentration was associated with reduced symptoms. Conclusions Elimination diets guided by leucocyte activation tests reduced symptoms. These findings could lead to insights into the pathophysiology of IBS. Trial registration number NCT02186743.
Comparison of Autograft and Allograft with Surface Modification for Flexor Tendon Reconstruction: A Canine in Vivo Model

Background:Flexor tendon injury is common, and tendon reconstruction is indicated clinically if the primary repair fails or cannot be performed immediately after tendon injury. The purpose of the current study was to compare clinically standard extrasynovial autologous graft (EAG) tendon and intrasy
Chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancer.

Gastrointestinal cancer remains a significant public health threat in developed countries. Even with breath-taking gains in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the most common GI cancers, it is clear that the best hope in the foreseeable future lies in the chemoprevention of recurrent cancer and its associated precursors. Colon cancer is an ideal disease for the application of chemopreventive strategies. The molecular biology of colon cancer has been well studied and it is an excellent model for the development of chemopreventive interventions. This fact allows clinical investigators to utilize what is known about discrete biological phases of colon carcinogenesis to tailor clinical trial protocols that may attenuate a future risk for cancer. Among the agents currently in clinical trial testing are anti-oxidants, modulators of metabolism, and anti-proliferatives. Current clinical trials have often incorporated the use of biomarkers as intermediate endpoints to assess the efficacy of particular preventives. The current status of ongoing colon cancer prevention trials suggests that this disease, in particular, may well be suited to chemopreventive approaches.
Equivalence and Equality.

Editor's Note. Relating mathematical learning to the daily experiences of the learner not only motivates learning but helps the learner see the usefulness of what he studies. Many children do not "see" the longrange value of education but respond instead to immediate, easily perceived, practical goals. Mr. Braun has illustrated how this characteristic can be used to an advantage. Charlotte W. Junge.
Recipes for Determining Doneness in Poultry Do Not Provide Appropriate Information Based on US Government Guidelines

Research has shown that consumers use unsafe food handling practices when preparing poultry, which can increase the risk of foodborne illness such as salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis. Recipes from cookbooks, magazines, and the internet commonly are used as sources for consumers to prepare food in homes and the expectation is that food will be safe when prepared. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), using a thermometer properly is the only way to accurately check for doneness of poultry. The objective of this study was to assess poultry recipes, including recipes for whole birds and poultry parts, to determine if food safety information concerning thermometer use was included within the recipe. Poultry recipes (n = 474) were collected from 217 cookbooks, 28 magazines, 59 websites, and seven blogs. Approximately 33.5% of the recipes contained a specific temperature for doneness, with 73% of those cooked to ≥165 °F/74 °C, as recommended by USDA. Ninety-four percent of recipes used cooking time and about half of the recipes used visual measurements, such as color or juices running clear, to determine doneness. This study showed that most recipes do not contain appropriate information to assure safe cooking of poultry by consumers. Modifying recipes by adding food safety information, such as thermometer use and proper temperatures, could increase the use of proper food preparation behaviors by consumers.
Developmental exposure to silver nanoparticles at environmentally relevant concentrations alters swimming behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are ubiquitous in household and medical products because of their antimicrobial activity. A consequence of the high volume of Ag-NP production and usage is increased amounts of Ag-NPs released into the environment. Their small size (1-100 nm) results in unique physiochemical properties that may increase toxicity relative to their bulk counterpart. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess the potential toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of Ag-NPs in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Wild-type tropical 5D zebrafish embryos were exposed to Ag-NPs from 4 to 120 h postfertilization at 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 ppm (mg/L). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry confirmed concentration-dependent uptake of Ag into zebrafish as well as bioaccumulation over time. A morphological assessment revealed no significant hatching impairment, morphological abnormalities, or mortality at any concentration or time point examined. However, assessment of photomotor behavior at 3 d postfertilization (dpf) revealed significant hyperactivity in the 0.3, 1, and 3 ppm Ag-NP treatment groups. At 4 dpf, significant hyperactivity was observed only in the 3 ppm treatment group, whereas 5 dpf larvae exposed to Ag-NPs displayed no significant abnormalities in photomotor behavior. These findings suggest that nonteratogenic concentrations of Ag-NPs are capable of causing transient behavioral changes during development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3018-3024. © 2018 SETAC.
Management of Periprosthetic Acetabular Fractures

Periprosthetic acetabular fractures may occur as an intraoperative fracture, postoperative fracture due to a fall or accident, or long-term pelvic discontinuity due to pelvic osteolysis. In this chapter we will review management of an intraoperatively discovered periprosthetic acetabular fracture as well as postoperative acetabular fractures due to a fall or accident. Treatment algorithms and approaches for both anterior and posterior treatment will be discussed, as well as when it is appropriate to use each. Postoperative outcomes will briefly be reviewed.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Authenticity: Novel Insights Into a Valued, Yet Elusive, Concept:

Authenticity is generally believed to play an important role in our daily lives. Empirical research thus far has made progress in understanding the nature of this important construct. We identify f...
Relationships between Early Nutrition, Illness, and Later Outcomes among Infants Born Preterm with Hyperglycemia

Objective To evaluate the effects of hyperglycemia on body composition and neurodevelopment, and how early nutrition and illness modify these relationships in infants born preterm. Study design Prospective data were collected from infants born 150 mg/dL) and nutrient intake. Body composition was measured at discharge and 4 months' postmenstrual age (PMA). Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) were administered at 12 months' PMA. Linear regression analysis was performed, adjusting for birth gestational age. Associations between hyperglycemia, body composition, and BSID-III were analyzed in models accounting for first-week nutrition and early illness severity via Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology-II. Results Mean birth gestational age was 27.8 (SD 2.4) weeks. Hyperglycemia occurred in 48.5% of infants. Hyperglycemia for ≥5 days was negatively associated with fat mass and fat free mass z scores at discharge, and fat free mass z score at 4 months' PMA (P Conclusions In infants
When Sunflowers Bloomed Red: Kansas and the Rise of Socialism in America

Review of: When Sunflowers Bloomed Red: Kansas and the Rise of Socialism in America, R. Alton Lee amd Steven Cox
Why Me?: The Sociocultural Evolution of a Self-Reflective Mind

This book explores the evolution of the mental competence for self-reflection: why it evolved, under what selection pressures, in what environments, out of what precursors, and with what mental resources. Integrating evolutionary, psychological, and philosophical perspectives, Radu J. Bogdan argues that the competence for self-reflection, uniquely human and initially autobiographical, evolved under strong and persistent sociocultural and political (collaborative and competitive) pressures on the developing minds of older children and later adults. Self-reflection originated in a basic propensity of the human brain to rehearse anticipatively mental states, speech acts, actions, and states of the world in order to service one's elaborate goal policies. These goal policies integrate offline representations of one's own mental states and actions and those of others in order to handle the challenges of a complex and dynamic sociopolitical and sociocultural life, calling for an adaptive intramental self-regulation: that intramental adaptation is self-reflection.
Update on the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Landscape of Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis

The purpose of this paper is to review the recent findings that pertain to the diagnosis and treatment of sporadic inclusion body myositis. New evidence highlighting lack of correlation between the presence of cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase 1A antibody with any of the clinical features, or laboratory findings in inclusion body myositis. New studies emphasizing heterogeneity and showing separation of inclusion body myositis patients into separate trajectories. The failure of bimagrumab and arimoclomol as potential treatments of inclusion body myositis and the mixed results of the sirolimus trial in sporadic inclusion body myositis. A significant gap exists in understanding the heterogeneity of sporadic inclusion body myositis. Recent evidence suggests that cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase 1A antibody does not provide significant clinical or laboratory differentiation between antibody-positive and negative patients. Despite recent failures in the clinical trials of arimoclomol and bimagrumab, sirolimus showed mixed results, and a larger definitive trial is needed.
The role of sex and rurality in cancer fatalistic beliefs and cancer screening utilization in Florida.

Background People's fatalistic beliefs about cancer can influence their cancer prevention behaviors. We examined the association between fatalistic beliefs and breast and colorectal cancer screening among residents of north-central Florida and tested whether there exists any sex or rural-non-rural disparities in the association. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, random digit dialing telephone survey of 895 adults residing in north-central Florida in 2017. Using weighted logistic models, we examined the association between (1) respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and cancer fatalistic beliefs and (2) cancer fatalistic beliefs and cancer screening utilization among screening eligible populations. We tested a series of sex and rurality by fatalistic belief interactions. Results Controlling for sociodemographics, we found the agreement with "It seems like everything causes cancer" was associated with a higher likelihood of having a mammogram (odds ratio [OR]: 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-9.51), while the agreement with "Cancer is most often caused by a person's behavior or lifestyle" was associated with a higher likelihood of having a blood stool test (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.12-3.05) or a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy among women (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.09-6.44). We did not observe any rural-non-rural disparity in the association between fatalistic beliefs and cancer screening utilization. Conclusions Some, but not all, cancer fatalistic beliefs are associated with getting breast and colorectal cancer screening in north-central Florida. Our study highlights the need for more research to better understand the social and cultural factors associated with cancer screening utilization.
Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-up Ultrasound for Incidental Thyroid Nodules on CT.

Please see the Editorial Comment by Kathryn P. Lowry discussing this article. Background: Thyroid nodules are common incidental findings on CT. Existing professional society recommendations, based ...
Knowledge Transmission and Acquisition: Cognitive and Affective Considerations

College mathematics education will be further challenged in the 1980’s by demographic changes, the enrollment of nontraditional students (older people, for example), and by society’s inevitable demands for increased mathematical knowledge and competence. Thus, new initiatives for teaching widely differing student populations must be found and explored. The mathematical knowledge bases required to meet the scientific, technical, vocational, cultural, and functional needs of such varied student populations must also be closely examined. But without proper focus NOW, our approaches to these issues will be inadequate and the benefits will be ephemeral.
Implementation of State Transfer Hamiltonians in Spin Chains with Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Nuclear spin systems and magnetic resonance techniques have provided a fertile platform for experimental investigation of quantum state transfer in spin chains. From the first observation of polarization transfer, predating the formal definition of quantum state transfer, to the realization of state transfer simulations in small molecules and in larger solid-state spin systems, the experiments have drawn on the strengths of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in particular on its long history of well-developed control techniques. NMR implementations have been invaluable both as proof-of-principle demonstrations of quantum state transfer protocols and to explore dynamics occurring in real systems that go beyond what can be analytically solved or numerically simulated. In addition, control techniques developed in these systems to engineer the Hamiltonians required for transport can be adopted in potentially scalable quantum information processing architectures. In this contribution we describe recent results and outline future directions of research in magnetic-resonance based implementations of quantum state transfer in spin chains.
Impact of water quality on municipal water price and residential water demand and implications for water supply benefits

[1] This analysis evaluates the extent to which water quality influences the cost of supplying domestic water and the extent to which finished water quality affects household water demand from price impacts. The water demand and cost models are based on nationwide data for individual systems collected by the American Water Works Association [1996]. The water cost model estimated in this analysis indicates that factors such as the size of the water supply system, the population density of the service area, the source of water supplies, and water quality all significantly affect the cost per unit of water delivered. The water use model indicates water demand is influenced significantly by household income, household size, temperature, precipitation, the price of water, and finished water quality. Combining the results of the models allows an analyst to evaluate the full impacts of water quality benefits on municipal water supplies.
Flexible numerical integration for efficient representation of switching in real time

In real time digital simulation of electromagnetic transients for equipment testing, solution output is provided at equidistantly spaced time points in order to synchronize the data exchange with external equipment. Switching events, which can occur in between these time points of solution output, are pinpointed by backward interpolation. To recuperate the time interval lost through interpolation, the simulation must be resynchronized with the real time clock. For this purpose, the use of a flexible time step size is desirable. However, in electromagnetic transients simulators based on nodal analysis techniques, time step size changes have so far involved changes of the nodal admittance matrix and thus imposed a large computational burden. This is avoided through the method flexible integration for readjustment in simulation of transients (FIRST), presented in this paper. Through this method, the characteristics of numerical integration are modulated such that time step size changes are achieved in a computationally very efficient manner and without modifying the nodal admittance matrix.