cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of interspecies contact upon diarrhea morbidity and salmonellosis in children.

The observation has been made frequently that the diarrheal diseases, particularly salmonellosis, are more commonly encountered in the young of all species, including man [1-4]. It is also widely recognized that the domestic fowl is the largest single reservoir of Salmonella in this country [511]. With these basic considerations in mind and the documentation which supports them, a study was undertaken in Rockingham County, Virginia, in September 1965. The study was concerned with the incidence and prevalence rates of diarrheal disease in a group of second-grade children. It sought to compare the frequency of occurrence of diarrheal disease in a study population of children who resided on commercial poultry farms1 with that in a control population of children of similar age who lived on farms where poultry was not kept. The basis for such a comparison rested on the
Basic Linear Algebra

MANY OPERATIONS performed on multivariate data are facilitated using vector and matrix notation. In this chapter we introduce the basic operations and properties of these and then show how to perform them in R.
Validate Test for the Calculation Congruity of Distributed Temperature Sensing System

The distributed temperature sensing(DTS) is widely used in power cable monitoring system.In order to validate the conductor temperature calculation and dynamic cable rating calculation,we presented the verification tests.These tests were carried out by the different installation and different loading.During these tests,the real conductor temperature of cable was determined by special thermocouple and compared with conductor temperature calculation of DTS.Power cables were installed in trenches,ducts,and tunnels,and the cycle-loading or step alternative current was through the cable.Results show that the verification test is available for characters evaluation of the DTS system.The verification test can validate the conductor temperature calculation of DTS and dynamic cable rating calculation.The verification test can also improve the calculate accuracy of DTS.
Determination of N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide in the air of workplace with capillary gas chromatography

Objective:To establish a method for simultaneous determination of N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide in air of workplace by capillary gas chromatography.Methods: The samples were separated on strong polar capillary chromatographic column by programmed temperature,then detected by FID with the flow rate of nitrogen at 3.5 ml/min.Results: A good linear relationship was obtained by this method and the lowest detection limit was 0.1 mg/m3.Conclusion: The method is suitable for simultaneous determination of N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide in air of work place.
Recurrent breast cancer: an integrative CPC.

At the University of Kentucky Albert B. Chandler Medical Center, Integrative Clinicopathological Conferences explore economic, psychosocial, ethical, and medical aspects of health care. They are organized by Dr. Joseph Engelberg, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, with the collaboration of Dr. Peter P. Bosom worth, Chancellor of the Medical Center.
Diagnosis and Management of Juvenile Open-Angle Glaucoma

Juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG) is a rare subset of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) characterized by an early age of onset, severe elevation in intraocular pressure, and an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Diagnosis is often delayed as the patient does not exhibit ocular findings typical of congenital glaucoma, including buphthalmos, tearing, and photophobia. JOAG is difficult to manage with medications and often requires surgical intervention. The preferred surgical intervention is either an aqueous tube shunt or filtration surgery, both of which lead to successful reduction of intraocular pressure.
Stock Equilibrium in Asset Markets and “The Folly of Amateur Speculators”: The Marshallian Setting

In seeking a source for Keynes’s theoretical views one is on firm ground in starting from the source of economics as he knew it, Alfred Marshall. In the last chapter we saw how the problems of later Marshallianism coalesced around the dynamics of investment in industries dominated by increasing returns, joint-stock ownership and large units of production. Some monetary and financial topics logically arise from this change in the Marshallian landscape. They include the investigation of methods of trading on organized produce and stock exchanges such as such large dealings in production and capital call forth, the industrial needs these institutions fulfill and the wider social implications of the speculation possibilities such trading may introduce. It also calls for analysis of the activity of “holding” the financial assets traded on such exchanges, especially the now tradable capital assets. As we will see, it was no coincidence that these became exactly the themes of Keynes’s own financial market work.
Printer-scanner identification via analysis of structured security deterrents

Device identification, the ability to discern the (separate) devices by which a document was produced and/or imaged, can be leveraged in the design of quality assurance (QA) systems as well as the practice of forensic analysis. It is shown that QA metrics associated with printed security markings provide a useful approach for performing multiple device identification, i.e., printer-scanner identification. While some previous methods have focused on properties of sensors to extract signatures from general image data, the proposed approach leverages the highly structured nature of color tile deterrents to predict device (combination) signatures based on a limited amount of information. Constraints introduced by the deterrent structure yield a relatively simple classification strategy with strong performance using a 10-dimensional feature vector. Sixteen printer-scanner combinations (composed from 4 printers and 4 scanners) are tested using this method. Results illustrate device signature prediction performance that is competitive with current state-of-the-art approaches based on physical models of the devices involved.
Surgical management of bladder carcinoma.

Background Despite advances in medical oncology, radiation therapy, and molecular and cell biology, the mainstay in the management of bladder cancer continues to be surgery. Methods The authors reviewed the literature regarding the endoscopic diagnosis and management of bladder cancer as well the role of partial and radical cystectomy. Results Cystoscopy and transurethral resection are required to diagnose and stage bladder cancer. The indications for random bladder biopsies, prostatic urethral biopsy, and re-resection of the tumor bed are examined. The results and complications of endoscopic resection in the management of Ta, T1, and T2 or greater bladder cancer are reported. The roles of partial cystectomy, radical cystectomy, extent of lymphadenectomy, and indications for urethrectomy are also examined. The results and complications of radical cystectomy for the management of T2, T3, T4, and N+ bladder cancer are reported. Conclusions Surgery remains a critical element in the management of bladder cancer. Improvements in surgical technique, urinary reconstruction, and multimodal therapy continue to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients with transitional cell cancer of the bladder.
Editorial: Expository AI Applications

At AI Magazine, we are incrementally moving towards expository articles that are accessible to the broader AI community. It is important that the AI community at large has access to serious AI research but in a language it can understand.
A nonlocal continuum damage model for brittle fracture

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop a nonlocal continuum damage model for brittle fracture. A nonlocal damage conjugate force tensor is obtained from the “local” one, using an integral-type regularization technique, and the thermodynamic equations are formulated in a nonlocally generalized standard manner. A nonlocal damage model is developed based on a recently developed “local” model, which can rigorously handle damage anisotropy, distinct tensile and compressive damage behavior, and damage deactivation, so that the nonlocal model not only handles brittle fracture well but also possesses the advantageous features of the “local” model. A fully explicit integration scheme for the present model is developed and then implemented in Abaqus/Explicit via VUMAT. The present model is validated through: 1. simulating cyclic uniaxial tests on a SiC–SiC woven composite; 2. calibrating its associated material parameters via single edge notched bend (SENB) tests on concrete beams. Its versatility is demonstrated through simulating a mixed-mode fracture test on a double edge notched (DEN) specimen. It is found to be capable of producing realistic fracture paths and capturing size effects in real materials. A wide variety of mechanical behavior can be incorporated into the present model in the future.
Job Search and Contract Negotiations

Finding the right US director position requires the applicant to reflect on career goals, ultrasound-related goals, and personal goals. Unique elements such as timing, salary, location, work responsibilities, departmental resources, and individual priorities impact the job search. Negotiation and contracts are discussed in general and in regard to ultrasound responsibilities.
Breaking “News”: Majority Can’t Define Mass Communication:

Current communication textbooks proffer conflicting, vague, or incomplete definitions of the core concepts of “mass communication” and “news,” contributing to confusion among students, and subseque...
The Caseworker's Use of Collateral Information:

It has seemed to me that in order to clarify our theories and practices in the use of collaterals these considerations are important: Our emotions about the instrument of the social service exchang...
Reversing Coffee-Ring Effect by Laser-Induced Differential Evaporation

The coffee-ring effect, ubiquitously present in the drying process of aqueous droplets, impedes the performance of a myriad of applications involving precipitation of particle suspensions in evaporating liquids on solid surfaces, such as liquid biopsy combinational analysis, microarray fabrication, and ink-jet printing, to name a few. We invented the methodology of laser-induced differential evaporation to remove the coffee-ring effect. Without any additives to the liquid or any morphology modifications of the solid surface the liquid rests on, we have eliminated the coffee-ring effect by engineering the liquid evaporation profile with a CO2 laser irradiating the apex of the droplets. The method of laser-induced differential evaporation transitions particle deposition patterns from coffee-ring patterns to central-peak patterns, bringing all particles (e.g. fluorescent double strand DNAs) in the droplet to a designated area of 100 μm diameter without leaving any stains outside. The technique also moves the drying process from the constant contact radius (CCR) mode to the constant contact angle (CCA) mode. Physical mechanisms of this method were experimentally studied by internal flow tracking and surface evaporation flux mapping, and theoretically investigated by development of an analytical model.
4 – State-of-the-Art Methods for Women's Health Research

During the 1990s, a wealth of evidence suggested that the methods used to recruit, survey, and determine biological measures in women are unique. This chapter presents successful strategies for recruiting women, with particular focus on minority, lower socioeconomic status, older, and hard-to-reach women. The success of the word of mouth or snowball sample for recruiting women suggests that this older sampling technique deserves some revisiting from methodologists. Family support for participation in research is very important to women. It was enlightening observation that community approaches to recruitment have been far more successful than recruitment through physicians or medical institutions. The use of a life-span approach in study design for both biologic and non-biologic conditions brings a brand new dimension to research. The key to women's increased sensitivity to toxic exposures may lie in that delicate balance of hormonal fluctuations that take place over a woman's lifetime. The challenges faced while taking women's hormonal profiles into account are complex. With respect to women's health research, it is safe to say that all the simple studies have been done and that the best scientific minds are needed to solve the complex issues in the next century of research on women's health.
Enterprise Integration for Value Creation in an Organization

In day to day’s competitive and dynamic business environment. The complexity of the technology is increasing in the applications in the industries. A new system is required to maintain the competitive advantage of the industries. Increasingly successful business leaders recognize that the integration of management and organization and facilities is the key to inspiring organizational performance and value creation.
Unexpectedly Strong Auger Recombination in Halide Perovskites

Author(s): Shen, Jimmy-Xuan; Zhang, Xie; Das, Suvadip; Kioupakis, Emmanouil; Van de Walle, Chris G
Emergency physicians' familiarity with the safe handling of firearms

Author(s): Ketterer, Andrew R.; Ray, Kaitlin; Grossestreuer, Anne; Dubosh, Nicole; Ullman, Edward; Pirotte, Matthew | Abstract: Introduction: Emergency physicians (EP) experience high rates of workplace violence, the risks of which increase with the presence of weapons. Up to 25% of trauma patients brought to the emergency department (ED) have been found to carry weapons. Given these risks, we conducted an educational needs assessment to characterize EPs’ knowledge of firearms, frequency of encountering firearms in the ED, and level of confidence with safely removing firearms from patient care settings.Methods: This was a survey study of attending and resident EPs at two academic and four community hospitals in the Midwest and Northeast. A 26-item questionnaire was emailed to all EPs at the six institutions. Questions pertained to EPs’ knowledge of firearms, experience with handling firearms, and exposure to firearms while at work. We calculated response proportions and p-values. Results: Of 243 recipients who received the survey, 149 (61.3%) completed it. Thirty-three respondents (22.0%) reported encountering firearms in the workplace, 91 (60.7%) reported never handling firearms, and 25 (16.7%) reported handling firearms at least once per year. Thirty-six respondents (24.0%) reported formal firearms training, and 63 (42.3%) reported no firearms training. There were no significant regional differences regarding firearms training or exposure. Residents from the Northeast were more likely to be moderately confident that they could safely handle a firearm prior to law enforcement involvement (p=0.043), while residents from the Midwest were more likely to be not at all confident (p=0.018). Conclusion: The majority of surveyed attending and resident EPs reported little experience with handling firearms. Among resident EPs, there was a regional difference in confidence in handling firearms prior to law enforcement involvement. Given the realities of workplace violence and the frequency with which firearms are encountered in the ED, further investigation is needed to evaluate provider competence in safely handling them. EPs may benefit from training on this topic.
Biofilm Formations in Pediatric Respiratory Tract Infection Part 2: Mucosal Biofilm Formation by Respiratory Pathogens and Current and Future Therapeutic Strategies to Inhibit Biofilm Formation or Eradicate Established Biofilm.

The purpose of this review is to discuss the unique pathways of biofilm formation utilized by respiratory pathogens and current and future therapeutic strategies to inhibit biofilm formation or eradicate established biofilm in the context of these pathogens. Both nonselective and selective strategies for inhibiting biofilm formation or disrupting established biofilm are discussed. Numerous strategies are being actively pursued to inhibit biofilm formation or eradicate established biofilm in respiratory pathogens. These can be broadly categorized by the stage of biofilm formation (adhesion, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis or structure, EPS, and matrix degradation) that they target and by their selectivity or lack thereof for specific biofilm pathogens. Nonselective inhibitors of adhesion include N-acetylcysteine and artificial surfactants and biosurfactants. Selective inhibitors of adhesion include mannosides that target host-EPS interactions, EPS-targeted antibodies, and other inhibitors of bacterial adhesion. Nonselective inhibitors of EPS synthesis and structure include cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP—through disruption of glucan-producing exoenzymes. Selective inhibitors of EPS synthesis and structure include antibodies that target proteins essential for biofilm structure (such as DNABII proteins and type IV pilin protein in NTHi) or antibodies that target critical molecules in biofilm formation (such as DNA adenine methyltransferase in Streptococcus pneumoniae). Nonselective agents for EPS or biofilm matrix degradation include peptidoglycan hydrolases that enzymatically degrade bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan and DNase, which degrades extracellular DNA from neutrophils and microorganism-derived DNA. Selective agents for EPS or biofilm matrix degradation include exopolysaccharide-degrading enzymes, such as glycoside hydrolases active against Staphylococcus aureus or exopolysaccharide-degrading enzymes that target Psl and Pel from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Current strategies toward inhibiting biofilm formation or disrupting established biofilm represent an exciting new approach toward treatment of chronic infectious diseases. Application of these strategies toward treatment of pediatric respiratory tract infections also offers promise of a better understanding of the significance of mucosal biofilm in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
Absence of Distinct Immunohistochemical Distribution of Annexin A5, C3b, C4d, and C5b-9 in Placentas From Patients With Antiphospholipid Antibodies, Preeclampsia, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Introduction In pregnancy, the presence of preeclampsia (PEC), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and/or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLS) is characterized by poor obstetric outcomes, with potential adverse effects for both mother and fetus. Although the histopathologic changes observed in these entities have been well established, the pathogenic mediators associated with tissue injury are poorly understood. Methods Forty placentas were evaluated, including 10 patients with preeclampsia, 9 with SLE, 11 with APLS, and 10 disease-free controls. Each case was subjected to a panel of immunohistochemical markers including C3b, C4d, Annexin A5, and C5b-9. Staining was graded on intensity and distribution. Results C4d staining was distinctly different among disease groups and controls. Moreover, 6/10 PEC cases, 3/9 SLE cases, and 4/11 APLS cases showed at least focal staining for C4d. All controls were negative. Annexin A5 (AnxA5) staining showed intrinsic variability in all disease groups, while 10/10 controls showed diffuse, strong staining (2+ or 3+). C3b staining was heterogeneous among groups. Discussion Previously, antiphospholipid antibody (aPLA)-associated pregnancy complications have been thought to be a consequence of a unique aPLA-mediated pathogenic mechanism. However, the immunohistochemical similarity (increased complement and decreased AnxA5 staining) observed in placentas from patients with APLS, PEC, and SLE suggests that aPLA-associated pregnancy complications may reflect a more general autoimmune mechanism.
Low skeletal muscle capillarization limits muscle adaptation to resistance exercise training in older adults.

Abstract Objectives Adequate muscle perfusion supports the transport of nutrients, oxygen and hormones into muscle fibers. Aging is associated with a substantial decrease in skeletal muscle capillarization, fiber size and oxidative capacity, which may be improved with regular physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle capillarization and indices of muscle hypertrophy (i.e. lean mass; fiber cross sectional area (CSA)) in older adults before and after 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise training (RET). Design Interventional study Setting and participants 19 subjects (10 male and 9 female; 71.1 ± 4.3 years; 27.6 ± 3.2 BMI) were enrolled in the study and performed a whole body RET program for 12 weeks. Subjects where then retrospectively divided into a LOW or HIGH group, based on their pre-RET capillary-to-fiber perimeter exchange index (CFPE). Physical activity level, indices of capillarization (capillaries-to-fiber ratio, C:Fi; CFPE index and capillary-to-fiber interface, LC-PF index), muscle hypertrophy, muscle protein turnover and mitochondrial function were assessed before and after RET. Results Basal capillarization (C:Fi; CFPE and LP-CF index) correlates with daily physical activity level (C:Fi, r = 0.57, p = 0.019; CFPE index, r = 0.55, p = 0.024; LC-PF index, r = 0.56, p = 0.022) and CFPE and LC-PF indices were also positively associated with oxidative capacity (respectively r = 0.45, p = 0.06; r = 0.67, p = 0.004). Following RET, subjects in the HIGH group underwent hypertrophy with significant improvements in muscle protein synthesis and muscle fiber CSA (p Conclusion/implications Muscle fiber capillarization before starting an exercise training program may be predictive of the muscle hypertrophic response to RET in older adults. Increases in muscle fiber size following RET appear to be blunted when muscle capillarization is low, suggesting that an adequate initial capillarization is critical to achieve a meaningful degree of muscle adaptation to RET.
Butyrate Inhibits Deoxycholic-Acid-Resistant Colonic Cell Proliferation via Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis: A Potential Pathway Linking Dietary Fiber to Cancer Prevention

Scope Butyrate, an intestinal microbiota metabolite of dietary fiber, exhibits colon cancer preventive effects. In contrast, a high fat intake increases fecal secondary bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA, a potential cancer promoter), which selectively enrich mutant epithelial cells with an abnormally high resistance to DCA-induced apoptosis in the colon. This study is conducted to test the hypothesis that physiological concentrations of butyrate inhibit DCA-resistant colonic cell proliferation. Methods and results With human HCT-116 cells as parental colonic cells, a human DCA-resistant colonic cell line (DCA-RCL) is developed. DCA treatment increases apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (an apoptotic trigger) at a rate threefold greater in HCT-116 cells than in DCA-RCL cells. Subsequently, 41 apoptosis related genes (including signaling pathways) with greater than onefold (mRNA) change in DCA-RCL cells are identified compared with HCT-116 cells. Moreover, butyrate treatment inhibits DCA-RCL cell proliferation with similar efficacy when compared with HCT116 cells via cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (c-Myc)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Conclusion It is demonstrated that butyrate inhibits DCA-RCL cell proliferation at the cellular and molecular level. These data provide a proof of concept that butyrate can protect against colon carcinogenesis through a specific targeting of DCA-resistant colonic cells.
Hemagglutination by B. fragilis is mediated by capsular polysaccharides and is influenced by host ABO blood type

Bacterial hemagglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) is mediated by interactions between bacterial cell components and RBC envelope glycans that vary across individuals by ABO blood type. ABO glycans are also expressed on intestinal epithelial cells and in most individuals secreted into the intestinal mucosa, indicating that hemagglutination by bacteria may be informative about bacteria-host interactions in the intestine. Bacteroides fragilis, a prominent member of the human gut microbiota, can hemagglutinate RBCs by an unknown mechanism. Using a novel technology for quantifying bacterial hemagglutination, genetic knockout strains of B. fragilis and blocking antiserums, we demonstrate that the capsular polysaccharides of B. fragilis, polysaccharide B (PSB), and PSC are both strong hemagglutinins. Furthermore, the capacity of B. fragilis to hemagglutinate was much stronger in individuals with Type O blood compared to Types A and B, an adaptation that could impact the capacity of B. fragilis to colonize and thrive in the host. Importance Statement This study found that the human pathobiont, B. fragilis, hemagglutinates human red blood cells using specific capsular polysaccharides (PSB and PSC) which are known to be important for interacting with and influencing host immune responses. Because the factors found on red blood cells are also abundantly expressed on other tissues and in the mucous, the ability to hemagglutinate sheds light on interactions between bacteria and host throughout the body. Intriguingly, the strength of hemagglutination varied based on the ABO blood type of the host, a finding which could have implications for understanding if an individual’s blood type may influence interactions with B. fragilis and its potential as a pathogen versus a commensal.
Police Reform and Community Service

This paper offers a strategy to minimize police-civilian clashes by focusing on the "serve" portion of "protect and serve." After reviewing the extensive range of proposals to modify the “protect” function, the paper suggests routing “service” functions--police duties that do not involve guns or handcuffs-- to a newly-formed Civilian Community Service Corps, modeled after the Civilian Conservation Corps of the New Deal.
Prevalence of Cytopenia in the General Population-A National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Analysis.

Background Cytopenia, a reduced count of blood cells manifesting as anemia, neutropenia, and/or thrombocytopenia is frequently associated with other medical conditions. However, a cytopenia may not be accompanied by a known determinant and in some of these cases, may be a precursor to pre-malignancies or hematologic cancers. Little is known about the prevalence of these unexplained cytopenias and their distribution in the population. Materials and Methods The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2002 was used to identify those with a cytopenia in the general population. Those without an identifiable determinant in the NHANES were classified as having unexplained cytopenia. Weighted frequencies were examined to assess the prevalence of unexplained cytopenia in the population. Distribution of blood counts comparing those with unexplained cytopenia to the general population was examined. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess the association between unexplained cytopenia and demographic factors. Results Of the 7,962 people in the sample, 236 (2.0%) had any cytopenia and 86 (0.9%) had an unexplained cytopenia. Approximately 43% of all cytopenias were not accompanied by a clinical determinant. Unexplained cytopenia was more common in men (1.1%) than in women (0.7%) and in Non-Hispanic Black participants (3.4%). Among those with an unexplained cytopenia, the majority (74.8%) manifested as neutropenia. Compared to those with no cytopenia, those with unexplained cytopenia were significantly less likely to be female, have body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, and work in the service industry, and were significantly more likely to be non-Hispanic Black. Conclusions This is the first study to examine the prevalence of unexplained cytopenia in a nationally representative sample and may serve as a baseline for comparison with other populations. Future research to identify risk factors for development of malignant hematological disorders among those with unexplained cytopenia is warranted.
Smart Sampling for Reduced and Representative Power System Scenario Selection

With increasing penetration of renewable energy and active market participation, power system operation scenarios and patterns have increased exponentially. This has led to challenges in identifying a good subset of scenarios for routine planning, operation, and emerging machine learning applications. To address these challenges, we develop an approach integrating comprehensive exploratory data analyses and smart sampling techniques to identify and select a small subset of representative power system scenarios that maintain the coverage of system scenarios and operation envelope, therefore, leading to very efficient, yet representative studies and analysis. We propose a hierarchical Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique for smart sampling, which allows free-form distributions of system load and considers generator commitment status along with generation levels. A set of performance metrics are also defined for systematic evaluation of the adequacy and efficiency of the sampled cases. The developed approach and metrics are demonstrated using the Texas 2000 bus system in this paper and will be extended to the more complex real world systems such as Western Interconnect System.
HNRNPA2B1 regulates tamoxifen- and fulvestrant-sensitivity and hallmarks of endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells.

Abstract Despite new combination therapies improving survival of breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor α (ER+) tumors, the molecular mechanisms for endocrine-resistant disease remain unresolved. Previously we demonstrated that expression of the RNA binding protein and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader HNRNPA2B1 (A2B1) is higher in LCC9 and LY2 tamoxifen (TAM)-resistant ERα breast cancer cells relative to parental TAM-sensitive MCF-7 cells. Here we report that A2B1 protein expression is higher in breast tumors than paired normal breast tissue. Modest stable overexpression of A2B1 in MCF-7 cells (MCF-7-A2B1 cells) resulted in TAM- and fulvestrant- resistance whereas knockdown of A2B1 in LCC9 and LY2 cells restored TAM and fulvestrant, endocrine-sensitivity. MCF-7-A2B1 cells gained hallmarks of TAM-resistant metastatic behavior: increased migration and invasion, clonogenicity, and soft agar colony size, which were attenuated by A2B1 knockdown in MCF-7-A2B1 and the TAM-resistant LCC9 and LY2 cells. MCF-7-A2B1, LCC9, and LY2 cells have a higher proportion of CD44+/CD24-/low cancer stem cells (CSC) compared to MCF-7 cells. MCF-7-A2B1 cells have increased ERα and reduced miR-222-3p that targets ERα. Like LCC9 cells, MCF-7-A2B1 have activated AKT and MAPK that depend on A2B1 expression and are growth inhibited by inhibitors of these pathways. These data support that targeting A2B1 could provide a complimentary therapeutic approach to reduce acquired endocrine resistance.
Structural, Functional, and Behavioral Significance of Sex and Gonadal Hormones in the Basolateral Amygdala: A Review of Preclinical Literature.

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is intimately involved in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and alcohol use disorder (AUD). These disorders have clear sex biases with women more likely to develop an anxiety disorder and men more likely to develop AUD. Preclinical models have largely confirmed these sex-specific vulnerabilities and emphasize the effects of sex hormones on behaviors influenced by the BLA. This review will discuss sex differences in BLA-related behaviors and highlight potential mechanisms mediated by altered BLA structure and function, including the composition of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, glutamatergic pyramidal neuron morphology, glutamate/GABA neurotransmission, and neuromodulators. Further, sex hormones differentially organize dimorphic circuits during sensitive developmental periods (organizational effects) and initiate more transient effects throughout adulthood (activational effects). Current literature indicates that estradiol and allopregnanolone, a neuroactive progestogen, generally reduce BLA-related behaviors through a variety of mechanisms including activation of estrogen receptors or facilitation of GABAA-mediated inhibition, respectively. This enhanced GABAergic inhibition may protect BLA pyramidal neurons from the excitability associated with anxiety and alcohol withdrawal. Understanding sex differences and the effects of sex hormones on BLA structure and function may help explain sex-specific vulnerabilities in BLA-related behaviors and ultimately improve treatments for anxiety and AUD.
Early growth and ecophysiological responses of Koa (Acacia koa A. Gray) seedlings to reduced water and phosphorus

Sites in need of restoration typically have one or more environmental factors that limit seedling establishment. Identifying ecophysiological responses to environmental stressors can provide important insights into mitigating measures that would allow seedlings to overcome such constraints to survival. Koa (Acacia koa A. Gray) is a nitrogen-fixing tree species endemic to Hawaiʻi that is highly valued in restoring degraded forest ecosystems, which are often limited in available water and phosphorus. This study examined how koa seedlings respond to conditions of reduced water (65 W) and no phosphorus (0P). After 17 weeks, seedlings subjected to 65 W or 0P accumulated less biomass, smaller root-collar diameters, and lower nitrogen and phosphorus contents. Combined reductions in water and P resulted in seedlings with increased root to shoot dry biomass and shorter shoots. Seedlings subjected to 65 W also had lower instantaneous rates of CO2 assimilation, but higher instantaneous water-use efficiencies following irrigation, suggesting that koa responds to water deficits by decreasing water loss via reduced stomatal conductance. Seedlings subjected to 0P had similar rates of CO2 assimilation relative to those grown with adequate P, suggesting that koa is able to employ strategies to avoid physiological impairment from conditions of inadequate P. Future research should assess whether subjecting koa seedlings to reduced water before planting on water-limited sites cues increased drought resistance and whether uptake and storage of P by seedlings in the nursery better supports growth following outplanting, particularly on sites with anticipated low plant-available water.
Neural network models accurately predict discharge disposition after revision total knee arthroplasty

Based on the rising incidence of revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA), bundled payment models may be applied to revision TKA in the near future. Facility discharge represents a significant cost factor for those bundled payment models; however, accurately predicting discharge disposition remains a clinical challenge. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate artificial intelligence algorithms to predict discharge disposition following revision total knee arthroplasty. A retrospective review of electronic patient records was conducted to identify patients who underwent revision total knee arthroplasty. Discharge disposition was defined as either home discharge or non-home discharge, which included rehabilitation and skilled nursing facilities. Four artificial intelligence algorithms were developed to predict this outcome and were assessed by discrimination, calibration and decision curve analysis. A total of 2228 patients underwent revision TKA, of which 1405 patients (63.1%) were discharged home, whereas 823 patients (36.9%) were discharged to a non-home facility. The strongest predictors for non-home discharge following revision TKA were American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score, Medicare insurance type and revision surgery for peri-prosthetic joint infection, non-white ethnicity and social status (living alone). The best performing artificial intelligence algorithm was the neural network model which achieved excellent performance across discrimination (AUC = 0.87), calibration and decision curve analysis. This study developed four artificial intelligence algorithms for the prediction of non-home discharge disposition for patients following revision total knee arthroplasty. The study findings show excellent performance on discrimination, calibration and decision curve analysis for all four candidate algorithms. Therefore, these models have the potential to guide preoperative patient counselling and improve the value (clinical and functional outcomes divided by costs) of revision total knee arthroplasty patients. IV.
Neoplastic Diseases Occurring among Mice Subjected to General Irradiation with X-Rays: II. Ovarian Tumors and Associated Lesions

Mice were subjected to single or repeated large doses of x-rays, 200 to 450 r , as described in the preceding paper (p. 54). Irradiation increased the incidence of myelosis 8 times, of lymphomatosis from 2 to 7 times, while ovarian tumors were approximately 15 times more frequent among the irradiated mice than among their unirradiated siblings (1). The present communication describes the morphological characteristics of the ovarian tumors found among both x-rayed mice and controls and some associated changes. An attempt is made to correlate the histologic characters of the ovarian tumors with hormonal activity, and with the presence or absence of breast tumors. The material is in some respects incomplete. The discovery of the tumors was accidental, and the majority of the animals were discarded without preserving tissues of the endocrine organs. Indeed, the possibility that the ovarian tumors were part of an endocrine disturbance caused by exposure of the entire body to massive doses of x-rays was not recognized until the study was almost completed.
Implementation of generalized pipeline cellular array using reversible nonlinear interface devices

An optical array which is based on the conventional arithmetic logic unit primitives, which makes it possible to take advantage of the existing computer architecture hardware and software is proposed. The array is capable of performing four basic arithmetic operations, and square-rooting and squaring operations. Since the array is capable of performing more than one operation at a time, it may be considered as a MIMD machine. The use of beam splitters results in intensity degradation. This problem can be solved by using optical repeaters (intensity resistor components) wherever necessary. Reversible nonlinear interface devices (RNIs) made of semiconductor have better properties, as compared to other RNIs, for the following reasons: (1) architectural independence of the incident angle which is the main disadvantage of RNIs, (2) better beam focusing before beam walk-off losses become significant, which results in reduced input power and switching energies, and (3) a wider variety of materials. >
Taxation, Corporate Social Responsibility and the Business Enterprise

Under the aggregate or nexus of contracts view of the corporation, which is the dominant view among contemporary corporate scholars, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an illegitimate attempt by managers to tax shareholders without their consent, and leads to managers being unaccountable to the shareholders that elected them. If so, management can be argued also to have a responsibility to maximize shareholder profits by minimizing corporate taxes as much as possible, and the state has no business in encouraging corporations to engage in illegitimate CSR through the tax system. This paper argues that both of these views, when taken to their extreme, are misguided. First, if corporations are not permitted to engage in CSR, then all social responsibility functions devolve on the state. Both taxing and spending become, to use Milton Friedman's language, purely governmental functions. But if corporate managers are required to minimize tax payments as much as possible, that could mean that the state is left without adequate resources to fulfill its governmental function. Thus, the aggregate view of the corporation, taken to its logical extreme, is self-defeating, because it could mean that neither corporations nor the government can fulfill their responsibilities to society. That is not an acceptable outcome. Second, even if from the perspective of management CSR is an illegitimate tax on shareholders, the government could still legitimately try to encourage corporations to engage in CSR by giving tax incentives. Assuming that some CSR activities are better performed by the private sector than by the government, it seems acceptable for the government to refrain from collecting certain amounts of tax in order to incentivize the private sector to engage in those activities. This is just as legitimate as the government taxing and then using is procurement muscle (paid for by the taxes) to encourage corporations to engage in CSR, as many governments have recently done.
Characterization of Cholecystokinin (CCK) Receptors

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin are structurally related peptide hormones synthesized and secreted by endocrine cells in the gastric antrum, the proximal small intestine, and the central and enteric nervous systems. A broad spectrum of cells express receptors and represent physiologic targets for these peptides. The major physiologic targets for gastrin in the oxyntic gastric mucosa, including the parietal cells and select enterochromaffin cells, while CCK has a broader range of targets, with most involved in nutrient assimilation and appetite control, and the regulation of anxiety. This unit describes binding assays for the determination of receptor number, ligand affinity, and inhibition constants for both CCKA and CCKB receptors, in addition to procedures detailing the preparation of tissues from various sources.
An Exploratory Study of Thriving in Latina/o Undergraduate Students in the U.S.

Thriving, the phenomenon of going through an adversity and emerging “better off,” has been relatively understudied in the field of psychology. Closely related to, but distinct from resilience, in which individuals overcome an adversity and return to normal development (Garmezy, 1993), thriving has not been explored in-depth and in particular, understudied with Latino/a college students. Latino/a college students stand to benefit from exploring strengths that contribute to their ability to thrive given the number and magnitude of adversities they often face. The current study investigated thriving in Latino/a undergraduate students. Analysis of qualitative interviews through Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; Hill, Thompson & Williams, 1997) revealed adversities experienced (e.g., family discord and cultural difficulties), methods of thriving (e.g., cognitive coping, cultural values, faith, resources, social support and perseverance), and gains from the experience (e.g., improved self-concept, improved relationships, and increased knowledge base). Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Design of Interactive Environment for Numerically Intensive Parallel Linear Algebra Calculations

We focus our attention in this article on how to provide parallel numerical linear algebra capabilities to Problem Solving Environments. Instead of describing a particular implementation, we present an exploration of the design space and consequences of particular design choices. We also show tests of a prototype implementation of our ideas with emphasis on the performance perceived by the end user.
Evaluation of fault-tolerant systems with nonhomogeneous workloads

A methodology is presented for evaluating fault-tolerant systems when workloads and fault arrivals are not time-homogeneous. Of particular interests are systems whose environments vary considerably between different utilization phases of random duration. In such cases, evaluations of overall system performability must account for the corresponding differences in workload effects, especially with regard to fault recovery. The proposed methodology uses analytic techniques based on Markov processes and stochastic activity networks. Examples of evaluation studies, using this approach, are presented. These include evaluation of a system wherein self-exercising is varied between phases of passive and active use. >
Fluid flow and heat transfer in an optical fiber coating process

Abstract The optical fiber coating process, using a die and applicator system, was numerically simulated. The coupled partial differential equations, governing the fluid flow and heat transfer, were solved on a transformed, non-uniform, staggered grid. A finite volume method, with conjugate heat transfer, boundary-fitted grid, and variable transport properties, was employed. The pressure was calculated using a SIMPLE-based algorithm. An isothermal case was first modeled, where the effect of the Reynolds number ( Re ) was studied for different geometries. Different coating fluids were considered. A conjugate boundary condition was employed at the fiber–fluid interface for the non-isothermal flow. A free surface boundary condition was used at the fiber entry into the coating fluid. The meniscus was prescribed on the basis of prior experimental work. Regardless of fiber speed, a circulating flow was observed in the applicator. High shear rates at the dynamic contact point suggest that air can be entrained with a fast moving fiber. It was also found that pressures at the coating fluid inlet did not play a major role, for typical fiber speeds, whereas the thermal conditions that affect the properties of the fluid, such as viscosity, made a significant impact on both the flow and the thermal field. This work could be used to determine the parameters that are critical for improving the quality of the coating, particularly its uniformity, and the production rate.
Leadership Succession and Successful Leadership: The Case of Laura Martinez

This case study follows the work of principal Laura Martinez as moving from leading Stevens Elementary for 9 years, and now opening a new P–8th grade academy in the same south Texas urban, inner-city district. The purpose of this case study was to observe successful leadership and the principal's strategies both in her previous and present school, and how she applied some of the same practices in the new school to establish an exemplary campus.
Profiles of the Users and Usages of Afro-American Literature: A Unification of Communications and Library Research Strategies

Over the past ten years the American government as well as private foundations have given generous support to libraries and scholars who would aid in making visible the vast store of print and nonprint materials on the black experience. These efforts, of course, have resulted in much good, as for example, by bringing out into the open the rich reservoirs of black materials held by such renowned research institutions as Yale University, Howard University, Fisk University, Atlanta University, Texas Southern University, and the Schomburg Center. Several other institutions might also be cited as having significant Afro-American collections, but the point is not so much that important repositories for these materials can be cited as existing, but that there is a woeful lack of materials representative of the black experience in the basic collections of many of the academic and public libraries and learning