cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Milkmade Ice Cream: Running a Successful Crowdfunding Campaign

This case follows a young entrepreneur as she launches a crowdfunding campaign to expand her already-established craft ice cream company. The story reveals the several steps taken from the planning phase through execution of the online campaign. This case provides an opportunity for students to learn about the benefits and drawbacks of crowdfunding, both as a form of marketing a business as well as garnering capital for expansion of a small business. Excerpt UVA-M-0880 Rev. Jun. 10, 2015 MilkMade Ice Cream: Running A Successful Crowdfunding Campaign In 2009, Diana Hardeman launched MilkMade Ice Cream, a craft ice cream company. Residents of Manhattan and Brooklyn could subscribe to a delivery service and receive two pints a month for $ 30. The New York–based start-up churned small batches of super premium ice cream made from locally sourced, fresh ingredients. The company grew organically for several years and by 2013, Hardeman determined she was ready to expand. Crowdfunding offered an opportunity for both capital and visibility. Company Foundations . . .
Efficiency for Whom? Varying Impact of Performance-Based Funding on Community Colleges in Louisiana:

Objective: This study examines whether Louisiana’s performance-based funding (PBF) implementation in 2011 impacts various academic outcomes at community colleges, and whether the impact varies for ...
Peer Influence and Adolescent Substance Use: A Systematic Review of Dynamic Social Network Research

Peer influence is one of the most proximal risk factors for adolescent substance use, and decades of theoretical and empirical research point to the importance of disentangling two interrelated processes that often co-occur: (1) peer selection is the process whereby adolescents choose to interact with one another; and (2) peer socialization is the process whereby individual behavior is shaped over time. Recent advancements in social network analyses, including the application of stochastic actor based models to developmental studies, have helped to disentangle the contributions of peer selection and socialization to adolescent substance use. The current study is the first systematic review of this literature, aiming to identify the extent to which adolescent substance use is associated with peer selection and socialization and highlighting patterns in study design across studies. Forty studies that met inclusion criteria were identified and systematically coded for study design characteristics (e.g., number of time points; number of covariates) and significant peer selection and socialization effects by substance use outcome. This review found support for peer selection effects on adolescent alcohol and tobacco use. Additionally, most studies reported peer socialization effects for adolescent alcohol use. However, relatively few studies reported socialization effects for tobacco use. Few studies reported on the peer effects associated with adolescent drug use. Variations in study design, including variations in the bounds of the network and in the covariates included in modeling, helped to identify areas for future research. Future research that helps to further clarify the roles of specific peer selection and socialization mechanisms will help with the development and refinement of prevention and intervention programs focused on reducing adolescent substance use.
Efficacy of Parent-Delivered, Home-Based Therapy for Tics.

Abstract Background Although behavioral therapy is an effective approach to reduce tics in children and adults, there is an insufficient availability and accessibility of behavioral therapy in the community. Objective The goal of the study was to test the clinical efficacy of home-based, parent-provided behavioral therapy in children with Tourette syndrome aged seven to 13 years. Method An instructional habit reversal training-based video and guide was developed for use by parents. Eligible families, in this 10-week study, were enrolled in either a home-based therapy (DVD) group (received disk and written instructions) or an in-person therapist group (had scheduled visits with the therapist). Outcome scales included the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, both the total Tic Severity Score and total Global Severity Score, and the parent report of Clinical Global Impressions of Improvement. Results Forty-four children (mean age = 10.21 ± 1.69 years) were enrolled into either the DVD (n = 33) or in-person therapist (n = 11) groups. Eighteen completed the study—eight in the DVD and 10 in the in-person therapist group. Outcome measures showed significant reductions in Yale Global Tic Severity Scale change ratios: mean improvement on the Tic Severity Score was DVD 32.4% (P Conclusions Home-based, parent-administered habit reversal training behavioral therapy is efficacious for reducing tics in children. Telephone contacts early in the DVD treatment course might reduce the number of dropouts.
COMPARISON OF RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE PATIENTS TREATED WITH SACUBITRIL-VALSARTAN OR ACE INHIBITOR/ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKER

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition with ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ACEi/ARB) therapy forms the cornerstone of heart failure (HF) management. Emerging clinical trial data suggests that sacubitril-valsartan (neprilysin inhibitor combined with ARB) was associated
The hydro­gen-bonding network in rac-ammonium trans-2-carboxy­cyclo­hexane­carboxyl­ate

The title salt, NH4+·C8H11O4−, contains tetrahedrally coordin­ated ammonium ions and monodeprotonated anions of rac-trans-1,2-cyclo­hexane­di­carboxyl­ic acid. In the anions, carboxyl­ic acid and carboxyl­ate fragments are identified by their clearly differentiated C—O bond distances. The cations and anions form columns along the b axis, which are arranged in the crystal structure to give tilted, alternating hydro­phobic (back-to-back cyclo­hexyl) and hydro­philic (ammonium, carboxyl­ate and carboxyl­ic acid) layers stacked along the a direction. The ammonium ion utilizes each of its four H atoms to form five hydrogen bonds with the negatively charged carboxyl­ate O atoms. A hydrogen bond between a carboxyl­ate O atom and the hydroxyl group of the carboxyl­ic acid fragment completes an extensive interionic hydrogen-bonding network.
Spontaneous redox continuum reveals sequestered technetium clusters and retarded mineral transformation of iron

The sequestration of metal ions into the crystal structure of minerals is common in nature. To date, the incorporation of technetium(IV) into iron minerals has been studied predominantly for systems under carefully controlled anaerobic conditions. Mechanisms of the transformation of iron phases leading to incorporation of technetium(IV) under aerobic conditions remain poorly understood. Here we investigate granular metallic iron for reductive sequestration of technetium(VII) at elevated concentrations under ambient conditions. We report the retarded transformation of ferrihydrite to magnetite in the presence of technetium. We observe that quantitative reduction of pertechnetate with a fraction of technetium(IV) structurally incorporated into non-stoichiometric magnetite benefits from concomitant zero valent iron oxidative transformation. An in-depth profile of iron oxide reveals clusters of the incorporated technetium(IV), which account for 32% of the total retained technetium estimated via X-ray absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. This corresponds to 1.86 wt.% technetium in magnetite, providing the experimental evidence to theoretical postulations on thermodynamically stable technetium(IV) being incorporated into magnetite under spontaneous aerobic redox conditions. For the geological disposal of radionuclides through immobilization within minerals, naturally aerobic conditions need to be considered. Here the authors report a quantitative reduction of Tc7+ and partial structural incorporation of Tc4+ into in situ formed nonstochiometric magnetite under ambient conditions.
“In Other Dark Rooms: Eros and the Woman Spiritualist”

This chapter focuses on women spiritualists as represented in neo-Victorian women’s novels. Unlike Victorian novels and poetry, such as Henry James’s The Bostonians and Robert Browning’s “Mr. Sludge, The Medium” that mock and malign the spiritualist medium, Sarah Waters’s Affinity, Melissa Pritchard’s Selene of the Spirits, Michele Roberts’s In the Red Kitchen, and A.S. Byatt’s novella “The Conjugial Angel” portray a more nuanced approach to female spiritualists. Neo-Victorian women writers emphasize the ways in which these women sought new social roles that liberated them from confinement, while also attempting to acquire power through this new “religion,” as well as attempting to achieve socio-economic independence. In addition, these women spiritualists performed in ways that exercised their sexuality that verged on theatricality.
Business Analytics/Business Intelligence and IT Infrastructure: Impact on Organizational Agility

This is an empirical research investigating the impact of business analytics (BA) and business intelligence (BI) use, IT infrastructure flexibility, and their interactions on organizational agility...
משבר בתפיסת שימור הטבע Mashber Bi-Tfisat Shimur Ha-Tevah (The Crisis of Conservation)

תקציר בעברית: מדעני הסביבה חלוקים כיום בשאלה כיצד להתמודד עם סכנת ההכחדה ההמונית של המינים, המואצת בשל שינויי האקלים. אנשי השימור המסורתי קוראים להמשיך ולהגן על המגוון הביולוגי באמצעות פארקים ושמורות טבע. לעומתם, יותר ויותר חוקרים מעריכים שמאמצי השימור של חלקות טבע ״טהורות״ נכשלו, וקוראים דווקא להעמיק את ההתערבות האנושית במערכת האקולוגית כדי למנוע הידרדרות נוספת. על רקע פולמוס זה, עיני המדענים נשואות לשוניות האלמוגים הגוססות, שהפכו למקרה בוחן של שימור בחזית האסון האקולוגי מאמר חדש ממגזין ״הזמן הזה.״ English Abstract: Conservation scientists debate how to deal with the mass extinction of species, exacerbated by climate change. Traditional conservationists call to protect biodiversity through parks and nature reserves. But an increasing number of scientists now believe that the efforts to protect “pristine” nature sites have failed, and call instead to more deeply intervene in ecological systems to prevent further declines. With this debate in the background, everyone’s eyes are on the dying reef-building corals, who have become a test case for the question of how to conserve in the age of the Anthropocene.
(Overlooked) Association between Express Bus Station/Stop Proximity and Multifamily Rents with a Surprise about Transit Mode Synergism and Implications for Transit and Land Use Planning:

Despite hundreds of studies into the association between real estate value and proximity to fixed-route transit (FRT) systems, none has assessed the association with respect to express bus transit ...
Cryptococcal Meningitis and Its Optimal Antifungal Therapy

Cryptococcal meningitis is the major life threatening opportunistic infection and is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Severe headache and with or without fever is the characteristic feature in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Headache is seen in > 75% while Fever is seen in only 65% of the patients. For the diagnosis of cryptococcal infection neuroimaging of the brain, India ink, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture is considered. We report a case of cryptococcal meningitis who’s cryptococcal antigen testing was positive and India ink examination showed the cells resembling cryptococcus and he was treated with antifungal drugs mainly the combination therapy showed better outcome.
COVID-19 infection in pediatric solid organ transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Adult SOT recipients with COVID-19 have higher mortality rates when compared to general population. There is paucity of data on outcomes in pediatric SOT recipients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study investigating the prevalence of COVID-19 infection and outcomes in pediatric SOT (heart, liver, and kidney) recipients. We extracted demographic and clinical characteristics and COVID-19 testing (PCR or [Ab] test) results from medical records. Clinical characteristics were compared between patients who were positive for COVID-19 (PCR or Ab) and those who did not, using Mann-Whitney, Student's t test, or chi-square test. p value <.05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 108 SOT recipients with a median age of 13.1 (8.4, 17.8) years and median 4.2 (2.7, 7.9) years from transplant were checked for COVID-19 via a PCR or Ab test. A positive PCR was confirmed in 10 patients (9.3%), while 12 patients (11.1%) were positive for COVID-19 Ab. The patients who tested positive in our cohort were 9/50 (18%) heart, 6/68 (8.8%) kidney, and 7/50 (14%) liver transplant recipients. There were no differences in the clinical characteristics between patients with and without COVID-19 infection. All patients were either asymptomatic (50%) or had self-limiting symptoms. No changes were made to the immunosuppressive regimen. Only one patient was hospitalized and none had an oxygen requirement. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of pediatric SOT recipients, COVID-19 infection was asymptomatic or mild. This data may aid clinicians in counseling patients and families in this increased-risk population.
Intersubjectivity, Interculturality, and Realities in Husserl’s Research Manuscripts on the Life-World (Hua XXXIX)

This chapter will concentrate on insights from Husserl’s extensive research manuscripts on the topic of the “life-world” primarily from the 1920s and early 1930s that were recently published in Husserliana, Volume XXXIX. One striking feature of these studies is the emphasis on what Husserl calls “realities,” concrete individual objects that exist in space and time. This suggests that his ontology is actually closer to Aristotle’s than it is to Plato’s. Another prominent theme is the essential role of embodiment and in particular certain features of embodiment such as affectivity and serving as a zero-point for orientation that are at the bottom of any life-worldly experience of the various kinds of objects that are encountered in this world. This essay traces out some of those features as a kind of “transcendental deduction” of embodiment from Husserl’s perspective, showing how this establishes a necessary relativity of all life-worldly experience and yet how Husserl accommodates these embodied relativities not just as hurdles to be overcome on the way to intersubjective understanding and to genuine scientific knowledge, but rather as the fundamental building-blocks of all intersubjective understanding and knowledge, including scientific knowledge, and sociality in general.
Computing non-equilibrium turbulent flows with time-dependent rans and vles

The computation of complex non-equilibrium turbulent flows is discussed from a basic theoretical standpoint. An entirely new approach to time-dependent Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computations and Very Large-Eddy Simulations (VLES) is presented. The unique feature of this new approach is that subgrid scale models are proposed that allow a DNS to go continuously to a RANS computation in the coarse mesh/infinite Reynolds number limit. In between these two limits, we have an LES or VLES. Furthermore, the Reynolds stress model that is ultimately recovered in the coarse mesh limit has built in non-equilibrium features that make it suitable for time-dependent RANS. The fundamental technical issues associated with this new approach are discussed in detail and a few illustrative calculations are presented to amplify the central points of the paper.
Modeling randomized data streams in caching, data processing, and crawling applications

Many BigData applications (e.g., MapReduce, web caching, search in large graphs) process streams of random key-value records that follow highly skewed frequency distributions. In this work, we first develop stochastic models for the probability to encounter unique keys during exploration of such streams and their growth rate over time. We then apply these models to the analysis of LRU caching, MapReduce overhead, and various crawl properties (e.g., node-degree bias, frontier size) in random graphs.
Two Variable Pfaffian Identities and Symmetric Functions

We give sign-reversing involution proofs of a pair of two variable Pfaffian identities. Applications to symmetric function theory are given, including identities relating Pfaffians and Schur functions. As a corollary we are able to compute the plethysm p_2 \circ s_{k^n}.
Use of smoothing in class 1 frequency domain estimation matrix filters

It is observed that the performance of the frequency-domain Wiener estimation filters relies heavily on the type of smoothing algorithm and the characteristics of the signal. Thus, the designer or engineer must carefully select the optimum system regarding the implementation domain, smoothing algorithm, and computation complexity. Simulations showed that a frequency-domain Wiener estimation filter using diagonal smoothing perfectly estimates a narrowband signal. On the other hand, circulant smoothing is proved to be superior when estimating wideband signals. Both Toeplitz and circulant smoothing perform well for time-limited signals, thus necessitating a tradeoff between vector sparseness and MSE. It was found that diagonal smoothing yields the most computationally efficient structure. Therefore, advantage must be taken of this fact; for example, if the Fourier transformation is used, filters performing well under frequency-domain circulant smoothing can be replaced with time-domain filters using diagonal smoothing techniques. >
Geographic variations of childhood asthma hospitalization and outpatient visits and proximity to ambient pollution sources at a U.S.-Canada border crossing

Background Childhood asthma is a significant public health problem in the United States and evidence is accumulating regarding the contribution from traffic and ambient air pollution. This study is a companion piece of a related Buffalo asthma study in adults recently published in the July 2004 issue of American Journal of Public Health. This study focuses on children under 18 years of age diagnosed with asthma during a three-year period (2000–2002). In order to determine the effects of particulate air pollution on public health, we conducted an ecologic study of childhood asthma and point-source respirable particulate air pollution in patients diagnosed with asthma (n = 6,425). Patients diagnosed with gastroenteritis (n = 5,132) were used as controls.
Fathers in Prison: Responsible Fatherhood and Responsible Public Policies

ABSTRACT The parenting roles and responsibilities of incarcerated men have not traditionally been considered an important public concern. The impact of criminal justice policies and practices on family functioning has rarely been addressed by policy makers or family scholars and men's family obligations have not been a priority for the individuals responsible for the safety and security of correctional institutions. Similarly, and with few exceptions, fathers in prison have been out of sight and out of mind of community organizations concerned with family life and children's wellbeing. Several recent developments challenge this historical approach to handling parental incarceration and responsible fatherhood initiatives involving incarcerated fathers are being promoted. This article examines the individual and societal issues that must be addressed if responsible fatherhood among incarcerated men is to become a serious social goal. It presents an overview of the complex family roles and relationships of i...
Balancing Dreams and Realities: The College Choice Process for High-Achieving Latinas.

This study’s narratives of 17 high-achieving Latinas revealed how their college choice was a constant balancing of individual and family expectations, being “close, but far enough away,” and “getting your money’s worth.” With the use of critical race theory, further analysis revealed the influence of familismo on the college choice process as well as a financial ceiling that kept the most elite institutions out of reach.
Sexual compulsivity and sexual behaviors among gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women.

Within the existing body of research, the information pertaining to sexual compulsivity (SC) among women, both homo- and heterosexual, remains rather limited in comparison to men. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in a community sample of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women and to identify differences in sexual practices based on classification as sexually compulsive within gender. Supporting previous research, the findings indicated that gay and bisexual men were significantly higher in SC when compared to lesbian and bisexual women. Similarly, sexually compulsive gay and bisexual men were more likely to report drug use with sex than their non-sexually compulsive peers, suggesting that “party n' play” may play a larger role for men with SC. In addition, the findings demonstrated empirical support for the proposition that lesbian and bisexual women with symptoms of SC were more likely to engage in specialized sexual behaviors in comparison to their non-sexually compu...
A Sociolinguistic Analysis of a Relationship

(1981). A sociolinguistic analysis of a relationship. Discourse Processes: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 189-196.
Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay inguinal herniorrhaphy.

Abstract Background: This study presents intermediate follow-up data on a randomized prospective series of patients undergoing either a modified laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh herniorrhaphy (IPOM) or conventional anterior inguinal herniorrhaphy (CH). Methods: All patients from two university affiliated hospitals with primary or recurrent inguinal hernias were recruited for randomization to either the IPOM technique utilizing a meshed expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE) soft tissue patch or CH. Follow-up data were gathered from postoperative clinic visits and telephone and mail surveys. Results: Previously reported early recurrence and complication rates at a mean follow-up of 8 months were 1 of 30 (3%) and 5 of 30 (17%) for IPOM, and 2 of 28 (7%) and 5 of 28 (18%) for CH. Intermediate follow-up with 50 (23 IPOM and 27 CH) of the original 58 patients (86%) at a mean of 41 months reveals a recurrence rate of 10 of 23 (43%) for the IPOM group and 4 of 27 (15%) for the CH group ( P = 0.053). Five delayed complications occurred in 4 IPOM patients (port site hernia 4, painful neuroma 1), while 2 delayed complications (unilateral testicular atrophy 2) occurred in 2 patients in the CH group. One IPOM versus 5 CH patients subsequently developed previously unrecognized contralateral hernias. There was 1 death unrelated to previous herniorrhaphy in each group. Conclusions: IPOM recurrence rates (43%) at a mean follow-up of 41 months are excessively high when compared with CH (15%) or with preliminary results of IPOM at 8 months of follow-up (3%). Despite reduced perioperative pain and disability and promising preliminary results in the IPOM group, these intermediate follow-up data strongly suggest that the IPOM technique should not be used for repair of inguinal hernias.
Experimental indications of a low undercooling instability in the cellular mechanism of discontinuous precipitation

Abstract For the formation of well formed lamellar cells during discontinuous precipitation, there must be a “cooperation” between the migration of the grain boundary and the morphological development of the precipitating phase. If the grain boundary velocity is greater than the velocity of the precipitate growth projected along the direction of grain boundary motion, large curvatures may develop leading to temporal oscillations in grain boundary position and/or the eventual separation of the grain boundary from many of the precipitates. For the larger undercoolings, Onsorio (10) has shown by time sequence studies that this does not occur. However, for smaller undercoolings the grain boundary is migrating faster than the projected velocity of the precipitate growth interface, the curvature of the grain boundary increases until the grain boundary separates from the precipitate decreasing the driving force for migration. The cooperation between grain boundary migration and precipitation will break down and the cellular mechanism will be “unstable”. We have probed the physical basis of the cellular transformation by examining changes in microstructural development as the undercooling is decreased. The expectation that the cooperative effects would break down as the system approached equilibrium (decreasing undercooling) was fulfilled. This leads us to conclude that the cellular mechanism belongs to a general class of cooperative phenomena which are observed to occur in nature and may be successfully investigated using the same general approach outlined in (3) and (4). We do not wish to convey the impression that because the cellular transformation has been grouped (by the authors) with a class of phenomena generally referred to as “dissipative” (11) that an entropy flux criteria is all that is needed to understand the process. On the contrary, the experimental results presented here should be thought of as guidelines to the development of a microscopic kinetic theory which predicts the onset of the cellular mechanism as the undercooling is increased. As suggested by the experiments, this would require (1) explaining why the grain boundary migrates when essentially equiaxed precipitation occurs, and (2) why the precipitation morphology becomes elongated as the undercooling is increased. In other terms, to understand the cellular transformation we need to understand the transitions from the mechanisms 1–3 as the undercooling is increased. Any application of a macroscopic non-equilibrium stability criteria should only be attempted after the kinetic theory has been sufficiently developed.
Kinetics of Aldehyde Polymerization

Abstract Aldehyde polymers are probably the oldest synthetic polymers [1–8]. Polyoxymethylene, the polymer of formaldehyde, was first described by Butlerov in 1859 and the polymer of chloral was first prepared in 1832 by Liebig. This was about one century before the concept of linear macromolecules was developed. Polyformaldehyde and polychloral were isolated because they were stable at room temperature and above.
Screen channel LAD bubble point tests in liquid hydrogen

Abstract This paper presents experimental results for the liquid hydrogen bubble point tests for liquid acquisition devices (LADs) operating in low gravity cryogenic propulsion systems. The purpose of the test was to investigate parameters that affect screen channel LAD performance in a low pressure liquid hydrogen (LH2) propellant tank and to demonstrate several ways to increase the LH2 bubble point pressure. Three fine mesh screen channel LAD samples were tested in LH2 over the range of 16.7 K
The use of hyaluronidase in the treatment of traumatic swellings.

Abstract Hyaluronidase, based on a rational concept, has been used in 54 cases for the purpose of reducing lymphedema and the resulting swellings. 1. 1. Hyaluronidase has been effective in the reduction of swellings in selected cases. These include postoperative and traumatic edema. 2. 2. Hyaluronidase has also been effective in diminishing accompanying subjective symptoms such as pressure, pain, and tension. 3. 3. Hyaluronidase has been of aid in lessening trismus. 4. 4. Hyaluronidase is a recommended therapeutic measure for the reduction of injection hematomas. 5. 5. Hyaluronidase is indicated for treatment of similar types of cases in other parts of the body.
The pH buffering capacity of hippocampal slices from young adult and aged rats

Abstract We examined the hypothesis that aging alters the capacity of brain tissue to buffer intracellular pH changes. Intracellular buffering power was determined in hippocampal slices from young adult and aged rats by raising the partial pressure of CO 2 . Changes in intracellular and extracellular pH in response to increases and decreases in CO 2 were measured simultaneously with spectrophotometry and pH-sensitive microelectrodes. The intrinsic buffering power did not differ between young adult (25.6±11.1 mM) and aged (28.2±8.6 mM) slices. However, the bicarbonate buffering power was higher in young adult slices (72.52±5.07 mM) compared with aged slices (58.67±5.78 mM) since the resting intracellular pH was about 0.1 unit lower in aged slices. This decreased bicarbonate buffering capacity may contribute to the increased vulnerability of the aged brain to metabolic stress.
A morphological and functional evaluation of transplanted isolated encapsulated hepatocytes following long-term transplantation in Gunn rats

In this study we investigated the fate of microencapsulated hepatocytes following long-term (6 months) transplantation in Gunn rats. Isolated hepatocytes were microencapsulated with a collagen matrix within an alginate-poly L-lysine composite membrane. Isolated, encapsulated hepatocytes (IEH) or free (unencapsulated) isolated hepatocytes were intraperitoneally transplanted into homozygous Gunn rats that exhibit congenital hyperbilirubinemia. Control Gunn rats received empty microcapsules. Total serum bilirubin was measured at weekly intervals for one month post-IEH transplantation, every two weeks for the next month, and monthly thereafter for up to six months. IEH samples were biopsied from the Gunn rats at monthly intervals and analyzed by light and electron microscopy. A significant (p < 0.01) decrease in total serum bilirubin was observed in IEH transplanted animals during the first month of transplantation. Thereafter, total serum bilirubin levels gradually returned to pre-transplantation levels. A mild, transient decrease in total serum bilirubin was seen in animals transplanted with free (unencapsulated) hepatocytes. No decrease in total serum bilirubin levels was seen in the Gunn rats transplanted with control (empty) microcapsules. Transplanted IEH retained its normal ultrastructure for up to one month and intact microcapsules showed no evidence of hepatocyte rejection, at this time. Degenerative changes observed in the IEH beginning at 2 months post-transplantation, suggests that repeated transplantations may be necessary for long-term effectiveness of IEH therapy.
Mass Drug Administration and Integrated Control for the World's High-Prevalence Neglected Tropical Diseases

This year, through mass drug administration, hundreds of millions of the world's poorest people will receive a single annual dose of one or more drugs to treat their parasitic worm infections or trachoma, conditions also known as the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Such essential medicines are increasingly being delivered as a package of drugs to target multiple NTDs simultaneously. This integrated approach to NTD control is now recognized as an important and vital global public health solution.
A Two‐Dimensional MODFLOW Numerical Approximation of Mise‐A‐La‐Masse Electrical Flow Through Porous Media

Two-dimensional, finite-difference, saturated, ground-water flow models such as MODFLOW can be useful in simulating “mise-a-la-masse” electrical flow through conductive porous media. A new technique for using an existing numerical code to develop an approximate solution for point source electrical flow is presented. Incorporating a change in variables from ground-water flow to electrical flow within the MODFLOW input file allows the ground-water flow code to model the effects of resistivity contrasts directly. By adjusting the input data as presented herein, spherical electrical flow through contaminated porous media can be approximated in two dimensions.
VIRTUAL FEMINISMS: Girls’ blogging communities, feminist activism, and participatory politics

While feminist media scholars have recognized the growing importance of feminist blogs, such as Jezebel, Racialicious, and Feministe, to contemporary feminism, the contribution of girls to this feminist blogosphere remains understudied. In this paper, the author addresses this research gap by investigating the complex and diverse ways that girls are using blogging communities to participate in a feminist political activism that reflects their needs as contemporary young feminists within a neoliberal cultural context. This analysis draws upon two case studies of popular blogs by teenage feminists, and interviews that were conducted with four girl bloggers who participated in these two communities. The author argues that through the practice of blogging, teenage girls are actively reframing what it means to participate in feminist politics, drawing on opportunities that the Internet provides to embrace new understandings of community, activism, and even feminism itself.
Health evaluation of western arctic King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis).

The western arctic population of King Eiders (Somateria spectabilis) has declined by >50% in recent years. A health assessment was conducted for adult King Eiders breeding on the north slope of Alaska, USA, to evaluate body condition (n=90, 2002–2006) and baseline biochemical and hematologic values (n=20–30, 2005–2006). Body condition for males and females was excellent. Total protein, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, and globulin were significantly higher in females than in males, likely because of differences in reproductive physiology. These baseline health data can be used to promote conservation of King Eiders and other closely related species of concern.
The Evolution of U.S. e-Learning Policy: A Content Analysis of the National Education Technology Plans

The purpose of this study was threefold: to expand on existing reviews of 20 years of educational technology policy in the United States, to perform an empirical content analysis of the four Nation...
Evaluating Brazilian Grand Strategy under Lula

This article analyzes Brazilian grand strategy under President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva. During Lula's eight years in office, he pursued a multitiered grand strategy aimed at hastening the transition from U.S. and Western hegemony to a multipolar order more favorable to Brazilian interests. Lula did so by emphasizing three diplomatic strategies: soft balancing, coalition building, and seeking to position Brazil as the leader of a more united South America. During Lula's time in office, this strategy successfully raised Brazil's profile and increased its diplomatic flexibility, but the country still faces several potent strategic dilemmas that could complicate or undermine its geopolitical ascent.
Theological ethics and business ethics

Philosophers have constituted business ethics as a field by providing a systematic overview that interrelates its problems and concepts and that supplies the basis for building on attained results. Is there a properly theological task in business ethics? The religious/theological literature on business ethics falls into four classes: (1) the application of religious morality to business practices; (2) the use of encyclical teachings about capitalism; (3) the interpretation of business relations in agapa-istic terms; and (4) the critique of business from a liberation theological point of view. Theologians have not adequately addressed the questions of whether there are particular theological tasks in the field as they define it, and whether, if they define it, the theological definition is different from the philosophical.
Polyethylene Glycol Induced Water Stress in Vicia faba Seedlings: Cell Division, DNA Synthesis and a Possible Role for Cotyledons

Vicia faba seedlings with attached cotyledons were cultured in 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG). Under this condition the mitotic index and incorporation of thymidine into DNA of root tip cells decreased during the first 8 hours of treatment and remained lower than the control for 40 to 56 hours. After this period of time both parameters increased to near the levels of the control indicating a self-recovery response. Seedlings transferred out of PEG after 24 hours of treatment showed a recovery in mitotic index and incorporation, but not to the control levels. Those transferred after 48 or 72 hours recovered fully. PEG-stressed seedlings lacking cotyledons did not exhibit self-recovery, indicating a possible cotyledon role in this phenomenon. Roots of stressed seedlings with attached cotyledons exhibited a drop in water potential, solute potential and turgor pressure demonstrating a close relationship between cell cycle responses and the water relations of root cells.
Concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in suicides.

Summary.-Reanalysis of data from a Japanese report indicated that suicides had lower cerebrospinal fluid levels of 3,4-dihydr~xyphen~lacetic acid and 3-methoxy4-hydr~xyphen~lglycol than those dying of hearc failure. Endo, Hara, Kuriiwa, & Kanu (1990) studied the effects of post mortem delay (time between death and biochemical analysis) on the concentrations of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid in 27 victims of ischemic heart disease (M,,, = 75.1 yr., SD = 13.3) and 25 suicides by hanging (M,,, = 55.2 yr., SD = 20.5). They presented their data in full which permitted a comparison of the two groups. Point-biserial correlations, controlling for the effects of sex, age, and port mortem delay, showed that the suicides had lower levels of 3,4d~hydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) (r = -0.47, p < .001) and 3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) (r = -0.33, p< .01) but not of homovanillic acid (HVA) or of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) (rs = -0.12 and 0.06). These findings are surprising since no study of levels of DOPAC in the cerebrospinal fluid have previously appeared in print and previous research has indicated no association between such levels of MHPG and suicidal behavior (Lester, 1988). The results suggest important areas for further investigation of the biochemical basis for suicide.
PowerAntz: Ant behavior inspired power budget distribution scheme for Network-on-Chip systems

In Network-on-Chip (NoC) based complex system design on-chip power management is a challenging issue. Most power management schemes fail to provide optimal power sharing among on-chip routers when the power budget distribution varies significantly due to their non-uniform placement on chip. This paper presents PowerAntz, an ant system inspired distributed power management strategy for NoC based systems. This is an adaptive and distributed approach to power sharing across routers of a large network on chip and it is shown to be a scalable solution. A detailed flit accurate simulator was developed in SystemC to evaluate the efficiency of the technique. The experiments demonstrate PowerAntz to be up to 30% more effective in distributing power budget compared to existing strategies. Further, it also achieves up to 21.25% improvement in power budget utilization while keeping the energy overhead negligible for best case scenarios.
471 ISOLATED INTESTINAL BILE ACID (BA) MALABSORPTION, A CAUSE OF CHRONIC DIARRHEA

We studied a 5 year old girl from early infancy with severe chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea and growth failure. Intestinal structure, pancreatic function, liver function and structure and a laparotomy all were normal. During the first 2 years of life BA levels in duodenal juice were consistently below the critical micellar concentration. In recent studies fecal BA were 7 times normal, serum BA by radioimmunassay failed to rise significantly after meals or after oral taurocholate and in duodenal juice, dihydroxy predominated over trihydroxy BA. Pool sizes of cholate and chenodeoxycholate, by isotope dilution were reduced to 6 and 23%, serum cholate T½ was 12% and chenodeoxycholate 7% of normal. Vitamin B12 absorption (Schilling test) at age 4 years was normal. These data lead us to conclude that our patient, who now thrives, suffers from a specific congenital defect of ileal transport of bile acids causing a depleted BA pool and steatorrhea. This defect has not been reported previously.
Gribov ambiguity without topological charge

Examples of gauge transform pairs of fields $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{A}}(x)$, ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{A}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(x)$ in non-Abelian gauge theories are constructed in which (1) both are in the Coulomb gauge, (2) both have zero topological charge, (3) both fall faster than $\frac{1}{r}$ at large $r$, and therefore occur in the compactified theory. These examples illustrate the fact that the Gribov ambiguity encompasses a larger variety of phenomena than those described by instantons.
The tubulin fraternity: alpha to eta

Abstract Microtubules perform essential and diverse functions in eukaryotic cells. They are required for spindles during mitosis and meiosis, for axonal transport, for organelle positioning, and for cilia and flagella. γ-tubulin is necesary to initiate the assembly of α–β tubulin heterodimers into microtubule polymers. Recent genetic analyses and database searches have added four new members of the tubulin superfamily, which now includes α-, β-, γ-, δ-, e-, ζ-, and η-tubulin.
Verbal self-correction behaviors of fluent and nonfluent aphasic subjects.

Abstract This investigation examined the use of six explicitly defined verbal self-correction behaviors by fluent and nonfluent aphasic subjects of high and low verbal ability, and by subjects further classified into six groups according to type of aphasia (Broca's, Anomic, Wernicke's etc.). Aphasic groups, on the average, generated some type of verbal self-correction effort on more than half of their initially erroneous responses, and the proportions of these efforts did not differ between aphasic patient groups. Significant differences in self-correction success were found, however, between groups classified according to fluency and severity, as well as among the six groups based on type of aphasia. In the former case, distinctions in self-correction skill favored high-verbal-ability groups regardless of fluency classification. In the latter instance, the subgroups typically formed by less severely impaired patients (Anomic and Broca's) had significantly higher proportions of successful self-correction behaviors than those comprised of individuals with more severe involvement (Wernicke's and Broca's plus severely limiting apraxia of speech). Between-group differences for specific types of self-correction behaviors occurred rarely, but those which were found could be related to characteristics of the particular aphasic groups under consideration. Verbal self-correction behavior is discussed as a behavioral reaction to an erroneous response or dissatisfaction with the quality of an intended response. These behaviors are viewed as indicators of the intactness of an aphasic individual's self-monitoring system, and of his tolerance for responses that are qualitatively limited by his verbal deficits.
Dimensions of Intimacy: The Interrelationships between Gender and Listening

Abstract In the introduction to their text on intimate relationships, Perlman and Duck (1987, p. 9) note that psychologists, sociologists, family scientists and communication experts “are all making important contributions” to the study of personal relationships, thereby reflecting the recent multidisciplinary aspect of this field. However, in many important works on intimacy and intimate relationships, the gender differences that often create barriers to intimacy, and how these differences are reflected in the communication process, have, until recently, been notably absent.1 While alluded to repeatedly, nowhere, in fact, is the connection directly made between intimacy and the listening behavior of women and men. This paper therefore attempts to fill this absence by integrating into the literature on intimacy the salient aspects of listening that affect the quality of intimate relationships between women and men. Hopefully, such understanding will contribute to our knowledge of the concept of intimacy i...
The Pure Rotational Spectra of the Two Lowest Energy Conformers of the Asymmetric Ether C 4 H 9 OC 2 H 5

Abstract An experimental study has been performed shedding light on the conformational energies of the asymmetric ether n -butyl ethyl ether. Rotational spectroscopy between 7.8 GHz and 16.2 GHz has identified two conformers of n -butyl ethyl ether, C 4 H 9 OC 2 H 5 . In these experiments spectra were observed as the target compound participated in an argon expansion from high to low pressure causing molecular rotational temperatures to be below 4 K. For one conformer, 95 pure rotational transitions have been recorded, for the second conformer, 20 pure rotational transitions were recorded. Rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants are presented for both butyl ethyl ether conformers. The structures of both conformers have been identified by exploring the multi-dimensional molecular potential energy surface using ab initio calculations. From the numerous low energy conformers identified using ab initio methods, the three lowest conformers were pursued at increasingly higher levels of theory, i.e. complete basis set extrapolations, coupled cluster methods, and also taking into consideration zero point vibrational energies. The two conformers observed experimentally are only revealed to be the two lowest energy conformers when high levels of quantum chemical methodologies are employed.
Gandhi's Body: Sex, Diet and the Politics of Nationalism.

Gandhi's Body: Sex, Diet and the Politics of Nationalism. Joseph S. Alter. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. ix + 207 pp., glossary, notes, references, index.
Structural basis for activation and non-canonical catalysis of the Rap GTPase activating protein domain of plexin

A key question in neurobiology is how the brain becomes wired up. How do axons—the ‘wires’ along which neural signals flow—know in which direction to grow to reach their intended targets? A family of signalling proteins called semaphorins contribute to this process by acting as stop signals for axons that are heading in the wrong direction. The actions of semaphorins are mediated by receptors known as plexins, which are found on the membranes of axons. Plexins contain an extracellular domain that binds semaphorin, and a large domain inside the cell that can turn semaphorin binding into cellular responses. When a semaphorin protein binds to the extracellular domain of a plexin receptor, the domain inside the cell joins with the intracellular domain of a neighbouring receptor to form a dimer. This activates the intracellular domain, which turns on its ability to inactivate a molecule called Rap. The end result is that the axon stops growing and changes direction, but the molecular mechanisms through which these events occur are not well understood. Now, Wang, Pascoe et al. have worked out the structure of the dimers formed by the intracellular plexin domains, both alone and in complex with Rap. The structures reveal how the dimer drives a shape change of the intracellular domain to enable it to bind Rap, and show that Rap itself adopts a novel conformation upon binding to plexin. This conformational change in Rap catalyses the breakdown of a signalling molecule called GTP, which inactivates Rap and triggers an intracellular signalling cascade that causes the axon to collapse and change direction. Lastly, Wang, Pascoe et al. have shown that the highly specific nature of these interactions depends on particular amino-acid residues in both Rap and the plexin receptor. Further work is now required to determine whether this pattern of activation represents a general mechanism for signalling by plexin receptors, and for the inhibition of Rap.