cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of an analytical solution for unsteady, advective-diffusion to dispersion in the atmosphere—II: II—results

Abstract In Part I of this work (hereafter referred to as I), an analytical technique was described for solving time-dependent, advective-diffusion problems and particular solutions were described for a wind which is linear in the vertical coordinate and either steady or periodic in time. In Part II, results in the form of first and second order dispersion coefficients, isopleths of dimensionless concentrations of 1 per cent of the initial concentration and ground level concentrations are presented for the linear time-independent wind in two-dimensions, ignoring downwind turbulent diffusion and assuming a constant vertical eddy mixing coefficient. The effects of initial cloud elevation and different ratios of horizontal advection to vertical diffusion are considered by changing the values of the mean wind and the vertical diffusion coefficient. The interactions of these two mechanisms as they affect the cloud dispersion over a time period equal to the time required for the maximum point concentration to fall to I per cent of its initial value are discussed. Although the model imposes an impenetrable upper boundary for vertical diffusion, it is found that this does not influence the results until times on the order of the decay time above. Thus the system models closely an unbounded atmosphere. Further results are obtained for a wind distribution which is linear in the vertical coordinate and has periodic reversals of direction in time. Isopleths of constant concentration, ground level concentration and the first and second order dispersion coefficients are discussed with regard to the mechanisms involved. A particularly startling result is a sign reversal of the second order dispersion coefficient, which serves as the effective horizontal diffusion coefficient. Physically, this means that during certain periods of time the wind reversal forces a horizontal reconsolidation of the pollutant cloud in the average over the vertical extent of the model.
On the role of shear strength in sandwich sheet forming

This paper deals with the design of thin, all-metal sandwich sheets for forming applications. Draw bending experiments have been performed on thin prototype sandwich materials with metallic cores of 10% relative density. The experimental results reveal core shear failure as the dominant failure mechanism. Detailed finite element analysis has been carried out to gain further insight in the mechanics of bending and unbending of sandwich sheets. Based on theoretical analysis, design maps have been constructed describing the required core shear strength as a function of the face sheet properties as well as the sandwich core thickness and the draw radius. Furthermore, the relationship between shear strength and relative density has been determined for perforated sandwich core materials. The main result of this study is that the shear strength of formable sandwich sheets should be at least one order of magnitude higher than that of most commercial cellular solids. Here, perforated sandwich cores of relative densities above 25% are suggested to prevent sandwich sheets from core shear failure in forming operations.
Comparison of the effect of powder properties on coating transfer efficiency and dustiness in two non-electrostatic and electrostatic systems

Abstract Particle size, density, cohesiveness and chargeability of powders were correlated to their electrostatic and non-electrostatic transfer efficiency and dustiness in gravity fed tumble drum and pneumatically fed conveyor belt coating systems. The effect of particle size on transfer efficiency was opposite in the two systems, while the other properties were similar. For non-electrostatic coating, smaller particles give more efficient coating in the gravity drum whereas in the pneumatic conveyor system larger particles coat better. Electrostatics improves the coating efficiency of small particles so that size is no longer important in the conveyor system, while small particles continue to be better in the tumble drum. The more free-flowing the powder, the greater the non-electrostatic and electrostatic coating transfer efficiency for both systems. Electrostatic coating transfer efficiency increases in both coating systems for powders that are readily chargeable. Density was typically not significant. The powders that were worst non-electrostatically showed the greatest percent improvement with electrostatics. Small particles create more dust in both coating systems.
Relational Quality Indicators and Love Styles as Predictors of Negative Relational Maintenance Behaviors in Romantic Relationships

This study examined whether relational quality indicators (i.e., relationship satisfaction, commitment, control mutuality, liking, respect) predict romantic partners' use of negative relational maintenance behaviors (i.e., jealousy induction, avoidance, spying, infidelity, destructive conflict, allowing control) and whether love predicts the use of negative relational maintenance behaviors after controlling for relational quality. Participants were 205 individuals currently involved in a romantic relationship. Results indicated that (a) negative maintenance behaviors are used in low-quality relationships, and (b) the negative relational maintenance behaviors of jealousy induction, avoidance, spying, infidelity, and destructive conflict were predicted by love styles after controlling for relational quality.
Challenges of teaching graduate psychiatric-mental health nursing with distance education technologies

As student demographics change and distance educational technology continues to evolve, faculty teaching advanced psychiatric-mental health nursing are attempting to meet the needs of students at distant sites through telecommunications. Graduate education in psychiatric-mental health nursing at the University of Minnesota School of Nursing has used distance education technology since 1994. The use of technology, such as interactive television, audio and audio/video telephone conferencing, facsimile, and electronic mail to teach has been exciting and challenging. This article discusses challenges related to connectedness, confidentiality, and communication; describes approaches to address these challenges; and identifies student, faculty, and environmental attributes that help make teaching with this technology successful.
Role of Ionic Strength and the Bohr Effect in Modulating Thermodynamic Profiles Associated with Co Escape in Rice Non-Symbiotic Hemoglobin 1

Rice hemoglobin (rHb1) is a type 1 non-symbiotic hemoglobin (nsHb1), which is found in plants and which is evolutionarily related to leghemoglobins and truncated hemoglobins. It is structurally similar to vertebrate heme proteins, containing Fe-protoporphyrin IX and the classic 3-over-3 globin fold. Unlike other hexacoordinate heme proteins found in plants, the ligand binding properties of nsHb1 proteins make it unlikely to be involved in nitrogen fixation or oxygen transport. We have characterized ligand migration upon CO photorelease from rHb1 under various conditions in order to elucidate functional role(s) of rHb1 in vivo. Using photoacoustic calorimetry, we have determined thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and ΔV) for CO photorelease from wild type rHb1 and a distal histidine to leucine (H74L) mutant taking place within ∼ 5 µs after ligand photo-dissociation. Under stripped conditions, we observe a strong temperature dependence of the observed parameters. Photorelease of CO from the wild type protein below 16°C is associated with ΔH = 28.7 ± 2.2 kcal mol−1 and ΔV = 4.3 ± 0.4 mL mol−1, while above 16°C we observe ΔH = 9.7 ± 3.4 kcal mol−1 and ΔV = 0.4 ± 0.7 mL mol−1. This temperature dependence is not observed in the H74L mutant, in the presence of 500 mM NaCl, or at pH 6. We have also determined rate constants and quantum yields for bimolecular rebinding of CO using transient absorption spectroscopy, both of which increase with temperature. The contributions of electrostriction, proton uptake by Bohr groups, oligomerization state, and the distal residue of rHb1 to the observed kinetic and thermodynamic parameters will be discussed. We will also discuss ligand migration pathways and protein dynamics upon CO photorelease in rHb1.
Human rights practice in social work: a US social worker looks to Brazil for leadership

Social work is a local profession. Our practices are largely governed by the habits and practices of social workers practicing around us, by the policies of the agencies we work in, and by applicable local and national laws. Still, we are also influenced by international trends and mandates from the social work profession. Internationally, social work has recently embraced human rights as a fundamental aspect of our profession, and yet—at least in the English-language literature—there are few practice examples of what rights-based social work practice looks like. For social workers who practice in countries where rights-based practice is not yet prevalent, this paper posits that examples of rights-based practice from other nations offer helpful guidance. The author describes three examples of Brazilian rights-based practice and discusses the possibilities and challenges that face US practitioners who might want to adopt/adapt such models in the USA. These practice examples may be useful to social workers ...
Dietary ascorbyl phosphate results in high ascorbic acid content in eggs of rainbow trout

Abstract Female and male rainbow trout during their second reproductive cycle were individually tagged and fed ascorbic acid-free (-AA), ascorbic acid (AA) or ascorbyl mono-phosphate (AP) supplemented diets (equivalent of 300 mg AA/kg). The body weight of AP females increased by 42.1 ± 24.1% between the first and second spawning. AA and -AA groups suffered severe mortality. Total ascorbic acid concentration in eggs of AP females ( n = 5) averaged 249 ± 36 μg g −1 and did not correlate with the survival of embryos (46.4 ± 22.2% hatching rate). Embryos utilized 26.3% of their ascorbic acid reserves during embryonic development, and no significant change in the total ascorbic acid pool from hatching to beginning of the exogenous feeding was evident. We conclude that the ascorbic acid requirement for broodstock rainbow trout might be higher than for the growth of immature fish. AP is an excellent source of stable ascorbic acid and is efficiently transferred to eggs and offspring.
“Real Men” and Diplomats: Intercultural Diplomatic Negotiation and Masculinities in China and the United States

This paper develops a social identity approach to diplomatic negotiations that links research on gender and culture in negotiations by treating gender as an analytic category. By critically interrogating literature on diplomacy, negotiation, and masculinity in China and the United States and comparing hegemonic forms of masculinity and other “ideal type” gender and negotiator models, this suggests that in each culture: (1) dominant negotiating styles (generally integrative—“win–win”—or distributive—“win–lose”) parallel dominant ideal typical males, (2) informal negotiating styles (reliance on personal relationships) parallel subordinate ideal typical females, and (3) creative negotiating tactics are possible by code-switching (changing relationship type and strategy style), or creatively reinterpreting existing models to address negotiation goals. This paper seeks to contribute to the literature by linking previously separate but related subfields (“gender and negotiation” and “culture and negotiation” research), adding to existing research frameworks, and creating the opportunity for improved international diplomacy.
Hepatic artery infusion with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-c in metastatic colorectal carcinoma phase ii study†

Thirty-two patients with hepatic metastases colorectal carcinoma were treated with hepatic artery infusion (HAI) employing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (mito-C). Catheters were placed percutaneously via the femoral artery. Two schedules were employed: (I) 5-FU 1,200 mg/m2 IA (D1-4) and mito-C 8 mg/m2 IA (D1 + D4); (2) 5-FU 1,200 mg/m2 IA (D1-6) and mito-C 8 mg/m2 IA (D1 + D4). Courses were repeated every 4 weeks. Thirty patients with measurable disease were evaluable, 22 received schedule I and 8 patients schedule II. Complete response occurred in two patients (6.7%) and partial response in 13 patients (43.3%). Five patients (16.7%) had minimal regression. The overall response rate as 66.7%. Median survival of all patients from start of treatment was 11.2 months. Median survival of responders and nonresponders was 12.4 months and 4.6 months, respectively (P less than 0.05). No differences in response rates, duration of response, or survival was seen between the two schedules. Drug toxicity was moderate to severe, but morbidity of HAI per se was minimal. Intermittent HAI of 5-FU and mito-C is a well-tolerated treatment modality associated with few serious complications. The response rate, duration of response, and the survival is comparable to continuous HAI infusion of 5-FU or floxuridine (FUDR). As given in this study, mito-C did not appear to provide added benefit.
Effect of orally administered cadmium on in situ pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate concentration in rat testis and epididymis.

Acute injections of high doses of cadmium (Cd) induce marked testicular necrosis. However, the effects of low-dose oral Cd exposure, on a chronic basis, are not well documented. The present investigation was designed to examine the effects of such exposure on in situ pH, PCO{sub 2}, and bicarbonate concentration ([HCO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}]) in the rat testis and epididymis, plasma testosterone levels, and testis and epididymis weights. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 50 or 100 ppm Cd for 40 d. Oral administration of 50 or 100 ppm Cd was associated with significant alkalinization of luminal fluid in seminiferous tubules (ST) but did not alter in situ pH values in proximal caput (PCP), middle caput (MCP), or proximal cauda epididymidis (PCD). The in situ PCO{sub 2} values in ST, PCP, MCP, and PCD of control animals were indistinguishable from each other and from values after Cd exposure, and all values were significantly higher than system arterial blood (SAB) PCO{sub 2}. Oral Cd exposure at 50 or 100 ppm did not change the values for bicarbonate in SAB, PCP, or MCP but increased markedly the value in ST. Plasma testosterone levels and testis and epididymis weights were not altered after oral cadmiummore » administration. These findings suggest that, at the doses employed in this study, Cd exposure may result in subtle alterations in the blood-testis barrier and subsequent impairment of acid-base pathways. Furthermore, the traditional view of Cd-related testicular insult based on acute injection protocols needs to be reevaluated in terms of environmental relevance. 25 refs., 2 tabs.« less
An ensemble approach to data fusion and its application to ATR

Ensemble methods provide a principled framework in which to build high performance classifiers and represent many types of data. As a result, these methods can be useful for making inferences about biometric and biological events. We introduce a novel ensemble method for combining multiple representations (or views). The method is a multiple view generalization of AdaBoost. Similar to AdaBoost, base classifiers are independently built from each represetation. Unlike AdaBoost, however, all data types share the same sampling distribution computed from the base classifier having the smallest error rate among input sources. As a result, the most consistent data type dominates over time, thereby significantly reducing sensitivity to noise. The method is applied to the problem of facial and gender prediction based on biometric traits. The new method outperforms several competing techniques including kernel-based data fusion, and is provably better than AdaBoost trained on any single type of data.
Vasopressin: induced structural change in toad bladder luminal membrane

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrates that vasopressin stimulation of isolated toad bladder alters the structure of the luminal membrane of granular cells. This alteration consists of an ordered aggression of intramembranous particles, and appears to be of functional significance, since the frequency of aggregation sites per area of membrane is closely correlated with vasopressin-induced osmotic water flow.
INTERRELATIONS OF ARCTIC ICE WITH THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE OCEAN IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC—ARCTIC AND ADJACENT AREAS

Abstract It is shown that the mean sea-ice limit in the Greenland and Barents Seas during the period April–August is a substantial measure of both the sea-surface temperature near the Faroes and the east coast of Iceland, and the air temperature at Iceland, during the subsequent period September–February. Furthermore, it is shown that decadal variations of Arctic ice are a measure of decadal trends of ocean phenomena and weather in the region of the northern North Atlantic Ocean.
Mechanical relaxation of organic monolayer films measured by force microscopy.

Using the newly developed interfacial-force microscope, we present results for the first measurements of the mechanical relaxation of a Au supported, self-assembled monolayer film interacting with a microscopic tungsten tip. For a methyl-terminated n-alkanethiol film, we observe negligible adhesive film-tip interaction and complete passivation of tip-substrate bonding. The mechanical behavior of the film itself shows a time-dependent, elastic response.
Erosion yields of deposited beryllium layers

Abstract Erosion yields of various Be surfaces exposed to deuterium plasma, including polycrystalline Be (PC-Be), magnetron and thermionic vacuum arc deposited surfaces, and in situ plasma-deposited Be layers on Be (DP-Be/Be) and on graphite (DP-Be/C) targets, are measured in the linear divertor plasma simulator PISCES-B. It is observed that the enhanced erosion (∼3 times higher than PC-Be) of DP-Be/Be occurs at sample temperature T s ∼ 310 K, while DP-Be/Be possesses the same yield as PC-Be at a higher T s ∼ 570 K. The erosion yield of DP-Be/C is found to be slightly decreased at T s ∼ 850 K. This is consistent with the more effective formation of Be 2 C at higher T s , which has a higher surface binding energy than Be. It has been identified from spectroscopic measurements that Be is also eroded as BeD.
Oxidation of 9-β-d-ribofuranosyl uric acid by one-electron oxidants versus singlet oxygen and its implications for the oxidation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine

Uric acid, a cellular antioxidant, undergoes oxidation in the presence of one-electron oxidants as well as singlet oxygen. In the present work, the oxidation pathways and products formed from oxidation of the uric acid nucleoside are compared to the more commonly studied uric acid free base. A wider distribution of products, including allantoin, urea, caffolide, and 5-carboxamido-5-hydroxyhydantoin nucleosides, are formed when the N9 position of uric acid is glycosylated. The oxidation pathways share some features in common with the oxidation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine, but the additional spectrum of products implies that the combination of oxidative and deaminative damage to guanosine may lead to a more complex set of DNA lesions than originally described.
Electrosensory response mechanisms in mormyrid electric fish

Abstract Mormyrid electric fish use mormyromast receptors in their skin to detect distortions in a self-generated electric field. The electroreceptor afferents modulate neuronal activity in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL), a cerebellum-like structure. In this study of the ELL's mormyromast region, computer simulations compare mechanisms responsible for the observed responses involved in active electrolocation with the ampullary region's responses involved in sensing fields of external origin. The simulations are based on a mathematical characterization of the relevant anatomy, physiology, and rules of synaptic plasticity that influence neuronal activity in the ELL, as determined by experimental studies.
Defining the CD59-C9 binding interaction

CD59 is a membrane glycoprotein that regulates formation of the cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC or C5b-9) on host cell membranes. It functions by binding to C8 (α chain) and C9 after their structural rearrangement during MAC assembly. Previous studies indicated that the CD59 binding site in C9 was located within a 25-residue disulfide-bonded loop, and in C8α was located within a 51-residue sequence that overlaps the CD59 binding region of C9. By peptide screens and the use of peptides in binding assays, functional assays, and computer modeling and docking studies, we have identified a 6-residue sequence of human C9, spanning residues 365-371, as the primary CD59 recognition domain involved in CD59-mediated regulation of MAC formation. The data also indicate that both C8α and C9 bind to a similar or overlapping site on CD59. Furthermore, data from CD59-peptide docking models are consistent with the C9 binding site on CD59 located at a hydrophobic pocket, putatively identified previously by CD59 mutational and modeling studies.
Improved mapping of interictal epileptiform discharges with EEG-fMRI and voxel-wise functional connectivity analysis

Summary Objective We describe a novel method to spatially map interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) through voxel-wise functional connectivity analysis of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) portion of simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG)–fMRI data. This method measures the local synchronicity of fMRI signals associated with IED and, in contrast to conventional methods, does not require modeling of neural activities or hemodynamic response. Methods Simultaneous EEG-fMRI was performed on six patients with focal epilepsy. IED events were detected from the EEG data. The fMRI data was subdivided into time segments of 20 s in length, and then reorganized into one set of concatenated time series containing the IED events and many sets without IEDs. Local degree centrality (LDC), a metric of functional connectivity, was computed for each brain voxel to summarize its signal correlations to brain voxels within 14 mm of physical distance. This computation was repeated for each set of concatenated time series, yielding one whole-brain LDC map for time with the IED events and many maps for time without IED. A statistical score was computed for each voxel to detect the voxels with significant LDC value differences associated with IEDs. The fMRI data were also processed separately by conventional methods for comparison. Results In all six patients, regions with significant LDC increase during IEDs were concordant in location to both simultaneous EEG and the epileptogenic focus determined from separate clinical studies. In contrast, results from the conventional methods were concordant in only three patients. Significance We show that for focal epilepsy, voxel-wise functional connectivity analysis of EEG-fMRI data may improve IED localization and EEG concordance compared to the conventional analysis. This new analytic method may improve the robustness of interictal EEG-fMRI as a technique for mapping the epileptogenic focus, and helps study the local synchronization aspect of the epileptic network.
Variation of creep damage with depth below the surface in a siliconized silicon carbide

The accumulation of creep damage in a siliconized silicon carbide has been extensively studied because of its importance to the structural integrity of this material at elevated temperatures. Cavitation was observed to accompany creep and a proportionality between creep strain and area fraction of cavities was found. These studies were conducted without regard to depth below the specimen surface. Observations of creep cavitation in hot pressed alumina indicated that a damage resistant skin about 15-20 [mu]m thick overlies a region in which cavitation is heavier than would be expected by extrapolation from the interior of the bar. Similar observations in metals (AISI type 304 stainless steel and niobium-stabilized stainless steel) have shown that there is a surface layer several tens of micrometers thick in which the cavity area concentration is considerably more abundant than in the interior of the specimen (about three times as high for the type 304). If this is also true for siliconized silicon carbide, analyses must be made as a function of depth to give a complete picture of the damage that has occurred. In this study, creep cavitation as a function of depth below the specimen surface has been observed and quantitatively analyzed.
An Edge Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-scale Morphology

Edge detection and segmentation are the first and the most important steps in the process of extracting geometric features of the objects in digital images. Conventionally, edge is detected according to some early brought forward algorithms such as gradient-based algorithm, but they are not so good for noise medical image edge detection. In this paper, based on multi-scale morphology algorithm is proposed to detect the image edge with Gaussian and salt & pepper noise. Threshold is to classify the resource image into two opposite classes: object and background. The part which is larger than the threshold uses large-scale structure element to detect the edge, and uses small-scale structure element for the part less than the threshold. Large-scale structure element gets through small-scale structure element's dilation. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is more efficient than the usually used gradient-based edge detecting algorithms.
Clusters: Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Intermediate States of Matter

The field of cluster research can trace its origins back to the mid-nineteenth century when early studies of colloids, aerosols, and nucleation phenomena were reported. The field underwent a resurgence of interest several decades ago when well-defined clusters were observed in supersonic expansions that could be investigated using mass spectrometers. The advent of the laser provided a new dimension, enabling detailed spectroscopic observations through the probing of systems of varying size and degree of solvation. Modern interest derives from recognition that interrogating clusters provides a way of studying the energetics and dynamics of intermediate states of matter as cluster systems evolve from the gas toward the condensed state. Herein, we endeavor to highlight some of the significant advances which have been made during the past several decades that have led to a nearly explosive growth of interest in the field of cluster science. Finally, we conclude that the field will continue to expand through i...
A TOTAL ABSORPTION GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER COMBINING SODIUM IODIDE AND PLASTIC SCINTILLATORS

Abstract An 18″×18″ plastic well scintillator is used to monitor the escape radiation from a 5″ D NaI well crystal. Coincident events in both scintillators are rejected by means of an anticoincidence circuit. The detectors are mounted in a 2 ton lead and mercury shield so they can be used for the radioassay of low activity samples. Design of electronic equipment used with the plastic scintillators is considered and data presented on the effectiveness of the anticoincidence mantle in improving the performance of the NaI crystal by (a) reducing the Compton spectrum (b) increasing its efficiency as a sum spectrometer and (c) reducing its background spectra. Expressions are derived for the efficiency of the plastic mantle in detecting escape radiation from the NaI crystal and compared to experimental data.
Ancient Greece: Recent developments in Aegean archaeology and regional studies

This review begins by defining the diverse field of “Greek archaeology.” Based on our own expertise, we focus on recent advances in the study of ancient Greece, especially the prehistoric Aegean, and on regional approaches, primarily those associated with archaeological surface survey. General developments in method and theory are addressed as they relate to several major topics: social complexity, Aegean chronology, writing systems, exchange, and regional studies.
Recycled content in polymer matrix composites through the use of A‐glass fibers

The utility of recycled A-glass (primarily composed of soda-lime-silicate) fibers as reinforcement for structural composites has been studied. A series of plaques of unsaturated polyster composite were resin transfer molded with an A-glass continuous strand mat (CSM) and a control with E-glass CSM. The influence of fiber volume fraction on the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of the resultant composites were investigated, both before and after environmental exposure. At the maximum fiber fraction considered (nominally 29 vol%), the use of A-glass reinforcement lowered the warp direction tensile modulus from 8.6 to 7.6 GPa and strength from 139 to 100 MPa, relative to the control. Similar results were observed for both the flexural and the tensile properties, irrespective of fiber fraction and test direction (warp vs. weft), for the A-glass reinforcement. Environmental exposure was found to affect equally the properties of A-glass and E-glass fiber reinforced composites. Based upon microscopic analyses and constituent properties, the lower mechanical properties of the A-glass fibers composites have been linked to the lower properties of A-glass fibers relative to E-glass fibers. The experimental results were also used to test a micro-mechanics models for random fiber reinforced composites. Reasonable correlation was found between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. To offset their lower mechanical properties, A-glass fibers could be used as a reinforcement in composite applications by simply increasing the fiber fraction relative to their E-glass counterpart.
Volume and extent of the Minoan tephra from Santorini Volcano: new evidence from deep-sea sediment cores

Analyses of tephra in abyssal piston cores collected during cruises of R/V Trident show that the Minoan eruption produced at least 28 km3 of tephra (13 km3 dense rock equivalent). A layer up to 5 cm thick must have been deposited on eastern Crete.
The role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in aggressive tumor cell behavior

The correlation between urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression and tumor cell invasion and metastasis has been well documented. Urokinase converts the zymogen plasminogen to plasmin, a trypsin-like enzyme with broad substrate specificities. Net uPA activity is determined not only by the amount of the enzyme itself, but also by its state of activation and the amount of specific plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs) present. Both uPA and its substrate, plasminogen, can bind to cells via specific membrane-associated receptors. Expression of uPA, uPA receptor (uPAR), and PAIs is regulated by growth factors, oncogenes, and other effector molecules. In the present review we discuss the interactions of uPA with its receptor, inhibitors, and substrate and how these interactions influence malignant behavior. We also review recent reports in which investigators have used anti-catalytic antibodies and/or gene transfection to demonstrate that uPA is directly involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
A single amino acid substitution in the H-2Kb molecule generates a defined allogeneic epitope

Using Mitomycin C mutagenesis and negative and positive selection with monoclonal antibodies specific for H-2Kb and H-2Kbm10, respectively, a mutant cell line clone, Mitc-182, was isolated. Direct sequencing of uncloned cDNA as well as PCR based cloning and sequencing of the H-2Kb182 transcript from this mutant revealed a single G-->T transversion resulting in the substitution of Trp167 by cysteine. Serologically, the mutant Kb182 and Kbm10 are almost identical as each has lost at least five Kb specific mAb epitopes and gained several new epitopes. Interestingly, the mutant cell line, Mitc-182, is efficiently recognized by alloreactive CTLs raised in reciprocal combinations, e.g. CB6 anti Cbm10 and Cbm10 anti CB6, indicating that Kb182 contains both Kb and Kbm10 specific epitopes. The mutation has not affected the ability of Kb182 to present Kb restricted antigenic peptides of Sendai and vesicular stomatitis viruses. In addition to underscoring the importance of amino acid residue 167 in alloreactivity, these results indicate a positive correlation between the gain of both an mAb epitope and a defined alloreactive CTL epitope.
RECOVERY OF AN INTERFERON-LIKE SUBSTANCE FROM CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.

SummaryOne hundred and eighty-one cerebrospinal fluids from 152 patients with infectious and non-infectious diseases of the central nervous system were tested for inter-feron. Thirty-two specimens from 28 patients contained a viral inhibitory factor similar to interferon, as assayed in primary cultures of human amnion cells “challenged” with Sind-bis virus. The cerebrospinal fluids from 23 of 58 patients with probable viral meningitis were inhibitory, while the CSFs from only 3 of 25 patients with bacterial meningitis and 2 of 69 patients with non-infectious diseases of the CNS were positive. There was a correlation between leucocyte concentration in the CSF of patients with aseptic meningitis and presence of the interferon-like substance. The source of this inhibitor in the CSF is discussed.We gratefully acknowledge the constant help and guidance of Dr. J. F. Enders during these investigations and in preparation of this article. We should also like to express our gratitude to Miss T. Mullin of the Record...
Directional adhesion for climbing: theoretical and practical considerations

Using the gecko as inspiration, important principles are revealed for reliable maneuvering on vertical surfaces. Foremost among these is the directional behavior of the gecko adhesive system, which permits control of adhesion via control of the tangential forces at the feet. Multiple hierarchical levels of compliance are also important for conforming intimately to surfaces with varying degrees of roughness and different length scales. In light of these requirements, most previously developed synthetic adhesives are not well suited for application on a climbing robot. We describe a synthetic fibrillar adhesive, termed Directional Polymer Stalks, made from relatively soft polyurethane (modulus of elasticity ≈ 300 kPa). The fibrils are angled 20° with respect to vertical and are approximately 1 mm long and 380 μm in diameter. Rather than having a flat top, they have angled faces at 45°. The directional nature of these angled stalks is shown, achieving a maximum adhesion of approximately 1 N for a 3.9 cm2 pat...
IUE detector saturation and the new 2800 Å absorption featre ‘discovered’ by Karim, Hoyle, and Wickramasinghe

The broad λ2800 A absorption feature ‘discovered’ by Karim, Hoyle, and Wickramasingle is instrumental in origin. The feature is produced by IUE detector saturation effects in overexposed spectra.
A diagnosis of beginning programmers' misconceptions of BASIC programming statements

In the process of learning a computer language, beginning programmers may develop mental models for the language. A mental model refers to the user's conception of the “invisible” information processing that occurs inside the computer between input and output. In this study, 30 undergraduate students learned BASIC through a self-paced, mastery manual and simultaneously had hands-on access to an Apple II computer. After instruction, the students were tested on their mental models for the execution of each of nine BASIC statements. The results show that beginning programmers—although able to perform adequately on mastery tests in program generation—possessed a wide range of misconceptions concerning the statements they had learned. This paper catalogs beginning programmers' conceptions of “what goes on inside the computer” for each of nine BASIC statements.
A Technical Assistance Model for Guiding Service and Systems Change

Technical assistance (TA) has been a ubiquitous part of the implementation of policies, programs, and services across public and private enterprise for decades. There have been few attempts to identify critical components of TA and evaluate its effectiveness. Qualitative analysis of interviews with experienced TA providers suggested a continuum of practice anchored at each end by approaches termed content-driven and relationship-based. Content-driven approaches focus on information transfer and referral whereas relationship-based approaches center on the facilitation of behavior and systems change. TA is almost always a mix of these approaches. Fitting the right approach to each situation is the key to success. The structure of TA is conceptualized as a three-phase set of activities (decision-making, implementation, and evaluation) supported by an effective partnership and informed by the overarching context. The strategies for effective TA are consistent with major theories of behavior change but need to be further evaluated and refined.
Alkaline C-1 Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase : Evidence for its Participation in Photosynthesis

PATHWAYS proposed for the conversion of carbon dioxide to hexose monophosphate during photosynthesis require the cleavage of the phosphate linked to carbon-1 of either fructose-1,6-diphosphate, or sedoheptulose-1,7-diphosphate, or both1–3. A C-1 alkaline phosphatase specific for fructose-1,6-diphosphate has been prepared from spinach leaves and characterized by Racker and Schroeder3. This enzyme was not thought to participate in photosynthesis since it did not appear to be localized in the chloroplasts. Recently it was reported4 that pea chloroplasts isolated in various aqueous media lost about 90 per cent of their ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase, an enzyme considered to play an essential part in photosynthesis1. Since this finding indicated that photosynthetic enzymes were not necessarily retained in chloroplasts isolated by the usual procedures, the possible function and intracellular distribution of alkaline fructose-1,6-diphosphatase in photosynthetic tissues were re-investigated.
Administrative support and its mediating effect on US public school teachers

Abstract This study examined the effect of administrative support on teachers’ job satisfaction and intent to stay in teaching. The study employed a path analysis to the data of regular, full-time, public school teachers from the Schools and Staffing Survey teacher questionnaire. Administrative support was the most significant predictor of teachers’ job satisfaction, while teachers’ job satisfaction was the most significant predictor of teachers’ intent to stay in teaching. It was also confirmed that administrative support mediates the effect of teaching experience, student behavior, and teachers’ satisfaction with their salary on teachers’ job satisfaction and intent to stay in teaching.
Fiberoptic intubation in the emergency department

Fiberoptic-aided endotracheal intubation has been shown to be effective in difficult intubation secondary to anatomic abnormalities and traumatic conditions. A retrospective review of emergency airway management in an emergency department during a 30-month period found 35 patients who underwent fiberoptic-aided endotracheal intubation; 31 were treated for medical conditions, and four were trauma patients. Indications in the medical group included failed nasotracheal intubation (ten), anatomic abnormalities (six), and the initial airway maneuver attempted (15). Indications in the trauma group with suspected cervical-spine injury included failed nasotracheal intubation (one) and initial airway maneuver attempted (three). In the medical subgroup, 25 of 31 patients were intubated successfully fiberoptically. All four trauma patients were intubated successfully, and all attempts were done nasally. The limitations of the technique were varied. Twenty of the 25 successful intubations had times recorded for completion (mean time, 1.8 +/- 1.4 minutes [SD]). Four of the six failed attempts had recorded times of 7.8 +/- 1.4 minutes. The mean time of the four trauma cases was 3 +/- 2.2 minutes. The presence of secretions, blood, or vomitus was the cause in five of the six failed intubations. The sixth patient kept swallowing the distal end of the scope. Fiscal restraints may also limit its use. At our institution, the financial commitment has been approximately +17,000 during the past nine years. Repair or replacement of broken equipment appears to be necessary every two or three years. Immediate airway control is often difficult with fiberoptic-aided endotracheal intubation and should be used only in selected patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of Unsteady Wake on Film-Cooling Effectiveness Distribution on a Gas Turbine Blade With Compound Shaped Holes

The effect of fan-shaped, laid-back compound angled cooling holes placed along the span of a fully-cooled high pressure turbine blade in a 5-blade linear cascade on film cooling effectiveness is studied using the Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technique. Four rows of shaped film cooling holes are provided on the pressure side while two such rows are provided on the suction side of the blade. Three rows of cylindrical holes are drilled at 30° to the surface on the leading edge to capture the effect of showerhead film coolant injection. The coolant is injected at four different average blowing ratios of 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2. Presence of wake due to upstream vanes is studied by placing a periodic set of rods upstream of the test blade. The wake is generated using 4.8mm diameter rods. The wake rods can be clocked by changing their stationary positions in front of the test blade to simulate a progressing wake. Effect of wake is recorded at four phase locations with equal intervals. The free stream Reynolds number, based on the axial chord length and the exit velocity, is 750,000 and the inlet and the exit Mach numbers are 0.27 and 0.44, respectively resulting in a blade pressure ratio of 1.14. Turbulence intensity level at the cascade inlet is 6% with an integral length scale of around 5cm. Results show that the fan-shaped, laid-back compound angled holes produce uniform and wide coolant coverage on the suction side except for those regions affected by the passage and tip leakage vortices. The advantage of compound shaped hole design is seen from the higher effectiveness values on the suction side compared to that of the compound cylindrical holes. The presence of a stationary upstream wake can result in lower film cooling effectiveness on the blade surface. Variation of blowing ratio from 0.3 to 1.2 show more or less uniform increment in effectiveness increase on the pressure side, whereas on the suction side, the increment shows signs of saturation beyond M = 0.6.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Social Dimensions of Consumer Distinctiveness: The Influence of Social Status on Group Identity and Advertising Persuasion

Abstract Consumer research using distinctiveness theory implies that targeted advertisements are most effective in contexts in which the targeted group is a numeric minority. The authors investigate the influence of group social status in addition to numeric status in a study of South African consumers. Results demonstrate that when social dimensions are incorporated, targeted advertisements can be effective even in contexts in which the targeted group is a numeric majority. Results also illustrate how consumer distinctiveness may exist at multiple levels of analysis. The authors discuss the implications of the results for understanding the influence of social context on consumer distinctiveness and responses to targeted marketing efforts.
Cytosolic delivery of macromolecules. 3. Synthesis and characterization of acid-sensitive bis-detergents.

A serious limitation that precludes utilization of single-tailed, pH-sensitive detergents for the cytosolic delivery of macromolecules is their low limit of incorporation in stable liposomal formulations. To address this issue, we have prepared two Gemini surfactants or ‘bis-detergents' by cross-linking the headgroups of single-tailed, tertiary amine detergents through oxyethylene (BD1) or acid-labile acetal (BD2) moieties. The membrane-bound pKa of the twin tertiary amine headgroups was determined to be 6.37 ± 0.36 using a fluorescence-based assay. As evidenced by thin-layer chromatography, BD2 was hydrolyzed under acidic conditions (pH 5.0) with an approximate half-life of 3 h at 37 °C, while BD1 remained stable. Low pH-induced collapse of liposomes containing acid-labile BD2 into micelles was more facile than that of BD1. With BD1, the process appeared to be reversible in that aggregation of micelles was observed at basic pH. The irreversible lamellar-to-micellar transition observed with BD2-containing...
Multixenobiotic resistance as a cellular defense mechanism in aquatic organisms

Multixenobiotic resistance in aquatic organisms exposed to natural toxins or anthropogenic contaminants is a phenomenon analogous to multidrug resistance in mammalian tumor cell lines tolerant of anti-cancer drugs. Multidrug resistance is commonly due to the elevated expression of transmembrane P-glycoproteins (P-gp) which actively transport a wide variety of structurally and functionally diverse compounds. The purpose of this review is to place aquatic ecotoxicological data in context of the larger multidrug resistance field of study. Information on P-glycoproteins structure, mechanism of transport, and substrate specificity gained through traditional mammalian and cell culture models is examined in conjunction with recent work on aquatic species exposed to xenobiotics both in the field and in the laboratory. The physiological function of P-glycoproteins is explored through studies of gene knockout models and expression patterns in normal tissues and tumors. The effect of xenobiotic exposures on P-gp activity and protein titer is examined in wild and captive populations of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. Substrate overlap and evidence of co-expression of phase I detoxification enzymes (e.g. cytochromes P450) and P-gp are presented. The role of P-gp chemosensitizers as environmental pollutants and the ecotoxicological consequences of P-gp inhibition are highlighted. The overwhelming evidence suggests that P-glycoproteins provide aquatic organisms with resistance to a wide range of natural and anthropogenic toxins.
The Ethics and Pragmatics of Making Heritage a Commodity: Ghana's PANAFEST 2009

At Ghana's 2009 Pan African Historical Theatre Festival, discursive battles over the commodification of African heritage erupted amidst acrobatics, naming ceremonies, and asofo dancing. This aesthetic and verbal volleying entangled state dignitaries, paramount chiefs, and visiting diasporans, while the watchful eye of Barack Obama gazed from ubiquitous billboards.