cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Inclusivity of Digital Television Set-Top Boxes

The aim of this study was to investigate the accessibility of digital television (DTV) technology available in the UK, focusing on the current generation of set-top boxes (STBs) which provide ‘free to view’ services. Specifically, the objective of the study was to identify specific causes of concern with regard to user interaction with DTV that might lead to exclusion, i.e. situations where users may be unable to use the new technology. In particular interest was the identification of new challenges presented to users by DTV that are not found when using the current analogue equivalent. The number of STBs is increasing rapidly. Hence, for the purposes of this study, efforts were focused on looking at three set-top boxes (STB1, 2 and 3). STB1 was selected because it was being marketed as ‘easy to use’; STB2 because it was the market leader at the time; and STB3 was a satellite-based television service.
MIMO FSO Communications in Cloud and Turbulence

FSO communications can provide secure broadband air-to-ground communications links. Enormous data rates are available under clear weather; but atmospheric phenomena can dramatically degrade performance. Here, achievable performance improvements of MIMO FSO systems are presented.
Evaluation of Composts and Their Combinations with Other Materials on Tomato Growth

Abstract Three kinds of composts were assessed for their capacity to support tomato growth. Agricultural compost (poultry manure and cranberry presscake), sewage compost (biosolids and woodchips), and yard waste (mostly leaves) were evaluated alone and in combination with peat moss and soil. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown until fruit initiation in the media. Eight growth indices were measured, including plant height, numbers of flowers, fruit and leaves, and dry weights of initiated fruits, leaves, stems, and total plant tissues. The correlation of these indices with total plant growth was assessed for their potential use in nondestructive harvests. Based on vegetative production, the agricultural-waste compost gave the highest growth, and the yard waste gave the least growth. Generally, the higher the nutrient content of the media, the better the growth. Adding soil, peat moss, or both components to the media diluted the nutrient contents; hence, growth of plants in media that w...
A model of cross-orientation inhibition in cat primary visual cortex

Abstract In cortical simple cells of cat striate cortex, the response to a visual stimulus of the preferred orientation is partially suppressed by simultaneous presentation of a stimulus at the orthogonal orientation, an effect known as “cross-orientation inhibition”. It has been argued that this is due to the presence of inhibitory connections between cells tuned for different orientations, but intracellular studies suggest that simple cells only receive inhibitory input from cells with similar orientation tuning. Here we present a model, based on local intracortical connectivity between cells of similar orientation tuning, that can account for many aspects of cross-orientation inhibition.
Motor nerve terminal response to edrophonium in delayed DFP neuropathy.

Abstract A localized peripheral neuropathy was induced in cats with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). Soleus nerve-muscle preparations, and the motor nerve terminals in particular, were evaluated for responsiveness to edrophonium (200 μg/kg i.v.). Potentiation of contractile strength was absent 24 hr after DFP, and showed a trend toward recovery 7–14 days post-DFP; it then fell to about 25% of normal 3 weeks following DFP administration. During the ensuing 5 weeks this aspect of edrophonium responsiveness was largely regained. The underlying post-drug repetition which gives rise to the potentiated responses was not demonstrable in either the nerve or muscle 3 weeks after DFP, but was again observed 8 weeks after poisoning. These findings suggest a delayed peripheral neuropathy indicative of a trophic deprivation and further illustrate a motor nerve terminal deficit as the initial function alteration in DFP neuropathy.
Design principles in the construction of biologically active peptides

Abstract Biological interfaces provide amphiphilic environments which are hydrophilic toward the exterior aqueous phase and hydrophobic toward the interior. Complementary amphiphilic secondary structures are often adopted by peptides and proteins that bind to such surfaces. Design principles have been developed for the construction of model peptides employed in elucidating the roles of secondary structures in the biological activity of apolipoproteins, chemotactic agents, peptide toxins and peptide hormones.
Fatty acid composition of chlorenchyma membrane fractions from three desert succulents grown at moderate and high temperatures

To help understand the tolerances of desert succulents to extremely high temperatures (above 60°C), the effect of growth temperature on fatty acid composition of various membrane fractions from three species was investigated. When maintained at day/night air temperatures of 30°C/20°C, their chlorenchyma fatty acid compositions were similar to one another and to those of mesophytic leaves, except that desert succulents had appreciably less linolenic acid (18:3) and more oleic acid (18:1) and hence greater fatty acid saturation. The differences were observed in the chloroplast, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions and were more apparent in the nonpolar lipids than the total lipids. For all membrane fractions of Ferocactus acanthodes, a shift to 50°C/40°C resulted in a decrease in 18:3 and an increase in 18:1 and hence an increase in fatty acid saturation level. For Agave deserti and Carnegiea gigantea, however, increasing the day/night air temperatures did not result in increased fatty acid saturation, although their high-temperature tolerances increase about as much as that of F. acanthodes as the air temperature is increased. Thus, acquisition of high-temperature tolerance need not be accompanied by marked changes in fatty acid saturation or composition.
Second Generation Ultralow Background Germanium Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Using Super Clean Materials and Improved Multilayered Cosmic Ray Anticoincidence and Passive Shielding

Large high resolution germanium gamma-ray detectors which are very nearly free of radioactivity are currently being produced. The background previously inherent to the cryostat assembly can now be virtually eliminated, and radioactivity from the environment adequately reduced by means of suitable shielding materials leaving cosmic ray induced activity as the major background component. Our efforts to measure the double beta decay of XWGe as predicted by Grand Unified Theories have resulted in the development of a shielding system which reduces the continuum from this cosmic ray component by more than two orders of magnitude. This technique was published last year in the proceedings of the IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Our current paper describes the development of a low cost shielding system using liquid scintillator for the cosmic ray detector-neutron moderator which accounts for a fortyfold reduction in the cosmic continuum.
Cutaneous lesions of secondary syphilis are highly angiogenic

Abstract Background: The role of angiogenesis in infectious processes is poorly studied. Some viruses have been linked to angiogenesis, but the role of bacteria and protozoa in inducing angiogenesis in chronic infections is poorly understood. Objectives: We examined the role of angiogenesis in syphilis, a common and often difficult-to-treat infectious disease, especially in the setting of HIV/AIDS. Method: Microvessel counts were performed on 27 paraffin-fixed sections of secondary syphilis by staining with monoclonal antibodies against CD31. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to determine whether increased angiogenesis may be mediated, in part, through increased production of VEGF. Results: The CD31 mean microvessel count in secondary syphilis sections was significantly higher than in normal control sections. VEGF intensity appeared increased in the patients with secondary syphilis. Conclusions: Infection with Treponema pallidum results in increased angiogenesis in secondary syphilis. The mechanism for increased angiogenesis may involve elaboration of angiogenic cytokines, such as VEGF and epidermal growth factor. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:878-81.)
Street Gangs Behind Bars

This paper reports on a participant observation study carried out at Stateville Penitentiary, a maximum security prison, during the summer of 1972. The social organization of the prison has been a topic of frequent sociological attention. Efforts have been made to explain “inmate culture” and the often referred to “inmate code.” Contrary to the traditional structural-functional explanation for inmate organization which focuses upon situational variables, this analysis supports the Irwin-Cressey (1964) position that much of what has been termed inmate culture is actually imported from outside the prison. The most significant reality behind Stateville's walls is the existence of four lower class Chicago street gangs which have brought into the prison their street activities, hierarchies, rivalries, and ideologies. The purpose here is to describe the social organization which has emerged as a result of this phenomenon and to relate this development to the traditional literature.
Origins of cellular geometry

Cells are highly complex and orderly machines, with defined shapes and a startling variety of internal organizations. Complex geometry is a feature of both free-living unicellular organisms and cells inside multicellular animals. Where does the geometry of a cell come from? Many of the same questions that arise in developmental biology can also be asked of cells, but in most cases we do not know the answers. How much of cellular organization is dictated by global cell polarity cues as opposed to local interactions between cellular components? Does cellular structure persist across cell generations? What is the relationship between cell geometry and tissue organization? What ensures that intracellular structures are scaled to the overall size of the cell? Cell biology is only now beginning to come to grips with these questions.
A note on W2,s strings

Abstract BRST operators for two-dimensional theories with spin-2 and spin- s currents, generalising the W 3 BRST operator of Thierry-Mieg, have previously been obtained. The construction was based on demanding nilpotence of the BRST operators, making no reference to whether or not an underlying W algebra exists. In this paper, we analyse the known cases ( s =3, 4, 5 and 6), showing that the two s =4 BRST operators are associated with the WB 2 algebra, and that two of the four s =6 BRST operators are associated with the WG 2 algebra. We discuss the cohomology of all the know higher-spin BRST operators, the Weyl symmetry of their physical states, and their relation with certain minimal models. We also obtain the BRST operator for the case s =7.
Modifications to a commercial flow microcalorimeter system

Commercially available calorimetry systems now account for the major portion of thermochemical research. A number of simple modifications to one such calorimeter have been found to maintain the accuracy and precision of the data obtained while achieving increased efficiency and reduced cost.
Maximizing the overlap between surveys when information is incomplete

Abstract When redesigning a survey with a multi-stage design, it is sometimes desired to maximize the number of first stage units retained in the new sample without altering unconditional selection probabilities. Using transportation theory, an optimal solution to this problem for a very general class of designs was recently presented by Causey, Cox and Ernst. However, that procedure has not yet been used in the redesign of any survey because it requires the knowledge of certain joint probabilities which are often not known in practice. In this paper, an alternative linear programming procedure is presented which requires only probability information that should always be available, and which, under certain conditions, is optimum among all procedures requiring only this information. This procedure has recently been used in the redesign of two major surveys conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the Current Population Survey, and the National Crime Survey.
Electromagnetically induced transparency and slow light with n-doped GaAs

Abstract The suitability of bound exciton system in semiconductors is studied for use in nonlinear optical schemes based on EIT, such as “slow” or “stored” photons. We match the desired properties of such a system exhibiting EIT with the known physical realities of a semiconductor system, and suggest, in particular, two suitable schemes using donor impurities in GaAs. In addition to generic properties, we also focus on the influence of many neighboring levels and continuum levels, and on the effect of strong hole-mixing.
Measurements of Reynolds stress in a wind-driven lagoonal estuary

Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) have been used to measure Reynolds stresses in tidally dominated environments where wave action was minimal. In this paper, we examine observations from a microtidal estuary where the effects of wind stress and surface waves dominate the velocity variance. Reynolds stress measurements in this setting require a technique for addressing surface gravity wave contamination. We present here a method of reducing the effect of wave motion on Reynolds stresses by subtracting coincident observations along the axis of the ADCP beam. Linear wave theory is used to account for the attenuation of wave orbital velocities with depth. Using this method, Reynolds stress values are brought in line with those predicted by drag laws at the surface and bottom. The apparent Reynolds stress that is removed by the along-axis subtraction is shown to be largely due to the interaction of a slight tilt (1°) in the ADCP and the wave orbital velocity. During periods of stronger wind and waves, there is evidence of enhanced near-surface turbulence and momentum flux, presumably due to breaking waves. During these events, our calculated Reynolds stress magnitudes still appear reasonable, although the directions are suspect. We develop a diagnostic technique that clearly demarcates this region when it occurs. Coincident density profile measurements are used with the ADCP data to compute gradient Richardson numbers throughout the water column. Enhanced Reynolds stresses appear to correspond to Richardson numbers less than one.
TLR2 and TLR4 Mediate Differential Responses to Limb Ischemia through MyD88-Dependent and Independent Pathways

Introduction The danger signal HMGB1 is released from ischemic myocytes, and mediates angiogenesis in the setting of hindlimb ischemia. HMGB1 is a ligand for innate immune receptors TLR2 and TLR4. While both TLR2 and TLR4 signal through myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), TLR4 also uniquely signals through TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF). We hypothesize that TLR2 and TLR4 mediate ischemic myocyte regeneration and angiogenesis in a manner that is dependent on MyD88 signaling. Methods Mice deficient in TLR2, TLR4, MyD88 and TRIF underwent femoral artery ligation in the right hindlimb. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to assess the initial degree of ischemia and the extent of perfusion recovery. Muscle regeneration, necrosis and fat replacement at 2 weeks post-ligation were assessed histologically and vascular density was quantified by immunostaining. In vitro, endothelial tube formation was evaluated in matrigel in the setting of TLR2 and TLR4 antagonism. Results While control and TLR4 KO mice demonstrated prominent muscle regeneration, both TLR2 KO and TRIF KO mice exhibited marked necrosis with significant inflammatory cell infiltrate. However, MyD88 KO mice had a minimal response to the ischemic insult with little evidence of injury. This observation could not be explained by differences in perfusion recovery which was similar at two weeks in all the strains of mice. TLR2 KO mice demonstrated abnormal vessel morphology compared to other strains and impaired tube formation in vitro. Discussion TLR2 and TRIF signaling are necessary for muscle regeneration after ischemia while MyD88 may instead mediate muscle injury. The absence of TLR4 did not affect muscle responses to ischemia. TLR4 may mediate inflammatory responses through MyD88 that are exaggerated in the absence of TLR2. Additionally, the actions of TLR4 through TRIF may promote regenerative responses that are required for recovery from muscle ischemia.
Photographic Imaging of UV Liquid Photoresists—A New, Fully Automated Process

The new process was developed to offer a superior method of forming a resist pattern on a copper‐clad laminate acting as plating and etch resist. The advantages over existing methods include superior resolution, increased automation, improved reliability, and lower applied cost. The process is unique, combining the precise coating of the blank board with UV coating resist, exposing the resist through a phototool held precisely off‐contact and the development of the formed latent image with an aqueous solution. The processing is carried out using fully automated equipment without any manual handling of either laminates or phototool.
An optical catalog of quasi-stellar objects

The paper contains a catalog of all known quasi-stellar objects with measured emission redshifts, and BL Lac objects, complete to September 1986. The catalog contains 3681 objects, comprising 3594 QSOs and 87 BL Lac objects. The catalog and references contain extensive information on names, positions, magnitudes, colors, emission-line redshifts, absorption, variability, polarization, and X-ray, radio, and infrared data. A key in the form of subsidiary tables enables the reader to relate the name of a given object to its coordinate name, which is used throughout the compilation. Plots of the distribution on the sky, the Hubble diagram, the apparent magnitude distribution, and the emission redshift distribution are also given. 1775 references.
The Epistemology of Geometry

There is a philosophical tradition, going back at least to Poincare ([9]), which argues that the geometrical features of the universe are underdetermined by all possible evidence, by all of the actual or possible coincidences and trajectories of material things, whatever they may be. Many different geometrical and physical theories can encompass the phenomena, can account for the motions of things. Poincare supported his view with a parable, Reichenbach ([11]) with a sort of recipe for writing down alternative but empirically equivalent theories; later authors have repeated their arguments or given very similar ones. In his admirable book on space, time, and spacetime ([13] ), Lawrence Sklar has tried to catalogue the possible philosophical attitudes towards the underdetermination arguments put forward by Poincare, Reichenbach and others: One can simply be sceptical about the possibility of knowing geometrical truths; one can maintain that in so far as there are any such, they are truths by convention; one can contend that certain theories are a priori more plausible than others and so should win any ties based on empirical evidence; one can insist that despite appearances all empirically equivalent theories say the same thing; or one can deny that there is any coherent notion of empirical equivalence and so lay the entire question aside. What one cannot do, if this catalogue of options is complete, is to admit the notion of empirical equivalence, admit an account of sameness of meaning which permits that different theories may save the phenomena, deny that there are available a priori principles about what is most likely true, and still insist
Self‐refraction of nonlinear capillary‐gravity waves

Self‐refraction effects have been observed during the propagation of deep‐water capillary‐gravity waves. The observations are shown to be in qualitative agreement with the theory of self‐focusing and defocusing in a cubically nonlinear medium in the presence of diffraction.
Nonabelian Aharonov−Bohm baryon decay catalysis

Abstract We propose a new mechanism for baryon decay based on the Aharonov-Bohm effect for nonabelian flux lines (e.g. cosmic strings). We discuss in particular the case of cosmic strings produced in a grand unified phase transition in which the gauge group SO(10) breaks down to SU(5) × Z 2. We comment on the implications for baryogenesis.
Ozone differentially modulates airway responsiveness in atopic versus nonatopic guinea pigs.

While acute exposures to ozone (O 3) can alter airway responsiveness, effects from long-term exposures at low concentrations are less clear. This study assessed whether such exposures could induce nonspecific hyperresponsiveness in nonatopic (nonsensitized) guinea pigs and/or could exacerbate the pre-existing hyperresponsive state in atopic (sensitized) animals, and whether gender was a factor modulating any effect of O 3. Responsiveness was measured during and following exposures to 0.1 and 0.3 ppm O 3 for 4 h/day, 4 days/wk for 24 wk in male and female nonsensitized animals, those sensitized to allergen (ovalbumin) prior to initiation of O 3 exposures, and those sensitized concurrently with exposures. Ozone did not produce hyperresponsiveness in nonsensitized animals, but did exacerbate hyperresponsiveness to both specific and nonspecific bronchoprovocation challenges in sensitized animals, an effect that persisted through at least 4 wk after exposures ended. Gender was not a factor modulating response ...
Statistical mechanics of “atoms” in hot, partially ionized matter: The theory of the one electron green function

Abstract We have considered the problem of calculating the one electron Green function for hot, partially ionized condensed matter as a means of computing the statistical thermodynamics and transport properties of the system. Abandoning the Wigner-Seitz sphere and using instead the correlation sphere defined by the ion-ion correlation length of the system we define a reference model for calculating the Hartree-Fock (H-F) states of the system. No ion microfields are needed. The reference model naturally gives rise to a static ion-micropotential. This, plus the electron H-F Hamiltonian is diagonalized to give the solutions of the reference model. Next, we consider the corrections to the energy levels arising from the dynamically screened charge density fluctuations of the system with its bound and free electrons, ions, and also taking into account the effect of the non-uniform distributions prevailing within the correlation sphere. By identifying response function like components in the mass operator and replacing them by their hydrodynamic approximations the screened 2nd order mass operator is obtained in a very tractable form. This 2nd order mass operator could be converted to an all-order form using a non-linear ion-electron pseudopotential Vie. The construction of Vie and the effective non-linear ion-ion potential Vi−i needed for calculating the ion-ion structure factor are considered. The effect of the inhomogeneities is brought in through these structure factors S(q, Q) which enter naturally into the theory. The final expressions provide, for example, an explicit formula for the correlation effects arising from ion dynamics and contributing to the position and width of the electronic levels of an “atom” immersed in a plasma.
Retrofitting networked applications to add autonomic reconfiguration

To reduce user maintenance is an important goal for applications that must dynamically adapt based on their environments. There are many existing popular applications that lack support for this autonomic reconfiguration, but that are beginning to be used in these dynamic environments, in which they must update themselves frequently; not all of these applications will be completely redesigned and redeveloped in order to support autonomic features. In this paper, we explore how to retrofit pre-existing networked applications to add support for autonomic reconfiguration. To illustrate our methods, we retrofit a popular open-source intrusion detection system, Snort, to enable it to reconfigure itself using online program updates and information about its environment.
Surface Colour is not a Perceptual Content

In this paper, I consider a view that explains colour experience by the independent representation of surface and illumination. This view implies that surface colour is a phenomenal perceptual content. I argue from facts of colour phenomenology to the conclusion that surface colour is not a phenomenal perceptual content. I then argue from results of surface-matching experiments to the conclusion that surface colour is neither a perceptual content of any kind nor any sort of computational output of the perceptual system. These conclusions contradict widely accepted views in both the philosophy of perception and colour science. I finish by considering and rejecting a competing account of the surface-matching results, according to which surface colour is represented indeterminately in perception.
Diagnosis and management of intestinal ischaemic disorders

Although intestinal ischaemia is an infrequent event, early recognition and appropriate treatment can reduce the potential for a devastating outcome
The Influence of Argon, Helium, Oxygen, and Carbon Dioxide on Emission Spectra in the D.C. Arc*

A gas-tight arc stand has been constructed to study the influence of A, He, O2, CO2, and various mixtures of these gases on emission spectra produced in the d.c. arc. The band spectra of CN are replaced and it is found that in most lines studied the signal-to-noise ratio is better in A and He than in Air. A 2 to 100-fold increase in the signal to noise ratio has been observed. It is suggested that this technique may prove useful in spectrochemistry.
Anatase and rutile surfaces with adsorbates representative of acidic and basic conditions

Presented here are density functional theory results of the structure and energetics of selected low index stoichiometric surfaces of the anatase and rutile titanium dioxide polymorphs, passivated with complete monolayers of adsorbates chosen to represent acidic and basic conditions. The adsorbates differ in each case by varying the hydrogen to oxygen ratio with respect to a neutral, water-terminated surface. The results are compared for each of the 30 surfaces examined here, to identify relationships between surface chemistry, surface free energy, surface stress and (upper-most) surface tri-layer reconstructions. Within our model, the results show that termination with water consistently results in the lowest values of surface free energy, but not necessarily the lowest surface stress.
Adolescent School Crises: Structures, Issues and Techniques for Postventions

ABSTRACT After a brief review of the historical progression of postvention services, from a suicide related service to a service for any unexpected death which disrupts a school setting, we discuss intervention structure and process. Issues for school administration, staff, and postvention teams are highlighted. We describe techniques for the preparation of postvention team members.
Interaction of phthalocyanine photodynamic treatment with ionophores and lysosomotrophic agents

Phthalocyanines are receiving increasing attention as second-generation sensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). This paper discusses some of the investigations into the mechanism of the phototoxic responses of phthalocyanine-sensitized PDT exploiting the interaction of PDT with other metabolic modulators. Among the agents which interact strongly with PDT is the K+/H+ ionophore nigericin. Under the conditions studied with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcCl), the Na+/H+ ionophore monensin, the Ca++ ionophore A23187, and the lysosomotrophic agent chloroquine, but not the K+ ionophore valinomycin, also potentiate photodynamic cell killing. None of the latter compounds interact with PDT as strongly as does nigericin. Both nigericin and monensin partially inhibit cellular respiration; however, KCN, which inhibits respiration completely, is less effective in potentiating PDT damage than is nigericin. Nigericin treatment alone does not deplete glutathione; however, the GSH level decreases after treatment of cells with PDT and nigericin. The potentiation of the PDT response is much greater at an extracellular pH (pHe) of 6.70 than at pHe 7.30. When nigericin is present at pHe 6.70, the intracellular pH (pHi) is equilibrated with pHe. None of the other ionophores tested was able to cause the acidification of the intracellular milieu as did nigericin. The evidence to date suggests that the lowering of pHi is an important component of the mechanism by which nigericin potentiates PDT.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
210Pb and226Ra distributions in the Circumpolar waters

Abstract 210 Pb and 226 Ra profiles have been measured at five GEOSECS stations in the Circumpolar region. These profiles show that 226 Ra is quite uniformly distributed throughout the Circumpolar region, with slightly lower activities in surface waters, while 210 Pb varies with depth as well as location or area. There is a subsurface 210 Pb maximum which matches the oxygen minimum in depth and roughly correlates with the temperature and salinity maxima. This 210 Pb maximum has its highest concentrations in the Atlantic sector and appears to originate near the South Sandwich Islands northeast of the Weddell Sea. Concentrations in this maximum decrease toward the Indian Ocean sector and then become fairly constant along the easterly Circumpolar Current. Relative to 226 Ra, the activity of 210 Pb is deficient in the entire water column of the Circumpolar waters. The deficiency increases from the depth of the 210 Pb maximum toward the bottom, and the 210 Pb/ 226 Ra activity ratio is lowest in the Antarctic Bottom Water, indicating a rapid removal of Pb by particulate scavenging in the bottom layer and/or a short mean residence time of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Circumpolar region. 226 Ra is essentially linearly correlated with silica and barium in the Circumpolar waters. However, close examination of the vertical profiles reveals that Ba and Si are more variable than 226 Ra in this region.
Modeling impacts of dynamic ventilation strategies on indoor air quality of offices in six US cities

Abstract A potential source of energy savings in buildings is demand controlled ventilation (DCV), or dynamic modulation of the ventilation rate based on current occupancy. The impact of DCV on indoor air quality (IAQ) has not been investigated over a large range of indoor air processes or under the revised ventilation rate procedure (VRP) introduced in ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, which reduced per-occupant rates and added a constant per-area rate. A transient, multi-contaminant model of an area-normalized US office was created, and best estimates for distributions of model inputs across the US office sector were developed and used in a six city Monte Carlo simulation of dynamic ventilation strategies, including DCV and morning flushes. DCV implementation had a very minor effect on concentrations of ozone, particles, and carbon dioxide. The greatest effect was on daytime mean and peak concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC). TVOC daytime means increased by 7–10% and peaks increased by 10–14%, depending on city. Adding a medium intensity morning flush to DCV almost completely mitigated the increase in mean concentration and reduced the peak concentration below the fixed ventilation baseline in most cases. Differences among offices due to input variations were far greater than changes observed from implementing DCV, and a sensitivity analysis indicated that the TVOC emission rate was more influential than the ventilation strategy. The distribution-based, sector-wide Monte Carlo method developed here should also be useful for assessing other ventilation strategies and input parameter impacts and informing the development of IAQ guidelines.
The 385+ million word Corpus of Contemporary American English (1990―2008+): Design, architecture, and linguistic insights

The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), which was released online in early 2008, is the first large and diverse corpus of American English. In this paper, we first discuss the design of the corpus — which contains more than 385 million words from 1990–2008 (20 million words each year), balanced between spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic journals. We also discuss the unique relational databases architecture, which allows for a wide range of queries that are not available (or are quite difficult) with other architectures and interfaces. To conclude, we consider insights from the corpus on a number of cases of genre-based variation and recent linguistic variation, including an extended analysis of phrasal verbs in contemporary American English.
Isolation of human blood coagulation α-factor Xa by soybean trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose chromatography and its active-site titration with fluorescein mono-p-guanidinobenzoate☆

A method based on active-site affinity chromatography on soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI)-Sepharose was developed for isolation of human factor Xa in primarily the undergraded alpha-form. The chromatography procedure separated factor Xa from factor X, the Russel's viper venom proteinase used to activate factor X, and traces of contaminating thrombin. alpha-Factor Xa was unstable at pH 7.6 and 25 degrees C, undergoing slow proteolytic degradation to functionally heterogeneous products as evidenced by the greater loss of coagulation assay activity compared to activity measured with a chromogenic substrate. The results of monitoring factor Xa degradation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were consistent with proteolysis of the light chain as a major component reaction occurring in parallel with slower proteolysis of the heavy chain. The decreased rates of these reactions at pH 6.0 enabled isolation and storage of factor Xa in greater than or equal to 88% alpha-form and minimized the heterogeneity due to proteolytic degradation. Characterization of the reaction of fluorescein mono-p-guanidinobenzoate (FMGB) with human and bovine factor Xa isolated by SBTI-Sepharose chromatography demonstrated its utility as a sensitive reagent for continuous fluorometric active-site titration. Analysis of the reaction kinetics as a function of FMGB and human factor Xa concentrations in G/2 0.3, pH 7.4, buffer at 25 degrees C indicated that the ratio of acylation to deacylation rate constants was greater than 200 and that the Km for FMGB was 0.06-0.11 microM, predicting pre-steady-state burst amplitudes of greater than or equal to 96-98% of the active-site concentration at FMGB concentrations greater than or equal to 5 microM. Human factor Xa active-site concentrations were consistent with 82-99% active preparations when compared with the protein concentrations determined from the 280-nm absorbance. Concentrations of human alpha-factor Xa as low as 20 nM could be measured with FMGB, indicating a sensitivity approximately 50 times greater than that measured by spectrophotometric active-site titration with p-nitophenyl p'-guanidinobenzoate.
Effect of Strain and Strain Path on Texture and Twin Development in Austenitic Steel with Twinning-Induced Plasticity

High-manganese (15 to 30 wt pct) austenitic steels exhibit extreme strain hardening because of twinning with increased strain. Twinning in these low stacking fault materials promotes retention of the austenitic microstructure and impedes dislocation motion. A dearth of information is available concerning the extent to which strain path influences twinning in so-called twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. The present study focuses on the influence of strain level and strain path on texture and twinning in a high-Mn content TWIP steel (Fe17.2Mn0.6C). Electron back-scatter diffraction was employed to measure the twin fraction, twin deviation, twin boundary length, grain misorientation, and volume fraction of different texture components as a function of both uniaxial and biaxial deformation. This information, which is part of the necessary first step toward linking crystallographic texture and twinning to mechanical properties, was used to quantitatively assess the extent to which these critical metallurgical features depend on the amount of straining and the strain path.
Redundancy in SAR ADCs

In this paper, we discuss and analyze the effectiveness of redundancy (also known as digital error correction) and its relationship with DAC settling time, comparator delay, digital logic delay and sampling rate in successive-approximation-register (SAR) ADCs. Behavioral models of SAR ADCs are developed that are four orders of magnitude faster than simulations done in FastSPICE, to predict ADC time progression and to quickly identify the maximum sampling rate that can be used in both redundant and non-redundant cases. We show that redundancy does not always improve sampling rate; instead, the maximum sampling rate depends on the relative magnitudes of different ADC delay components. SPICE simulation in a 65nm CMOS process verifies our behavioral simulation results.
Are Secondary Qualities Relative

Refutation systematique de l'idee, couramment admise dans les theories epistemologiques, d'une relativite essentielle aux qualites secondes (p. ex. aux couleurs). L'A. soutient que, une fois clairement distinguees les qualites elles-memes et les apparences de ces qualites, il n'y a plus aucune raison de ne pas admettre qu'un objet dit colore au sens propre recoive sa couleur d'une maniere absolue (independante de toute observation, de tout point de vue, etc.)
Measuring the components of competition along productivity gradients

Summary 1 Controversy surrounds the measurement of competition intensity. Moreover, when biomass varies systematically along productivity and other environmental gradients, common indices of competitive outcome mask important ecological interactions. 2 This study presents two indices derived from how neighbours interact with target plants. The first, relative crowding, increases directly with the abundance of neighbours present and decreases inversely with the potential size and vigour of the target plant itself. The second, interaction strength, is the integral of suppression of the target by neighbours over the range of neighbour abundance. Relative crowding and interaction strength are derived independently, but when multiplied produce the commonly used relative competitive index, showing the biological underpinnings of the relative competition index in terms of crowding and strength of interaction. Since the new indices of relative crowding and interaction strength explicitly account for the amount of neighbour biomass, they serve as a valid method to track the effects of changing habitat conditions on the components of competition. 3 The new indices are applied to three published data sets. In each case, relative crowding increased with standing crop. In one case competition was reported as unchanged along a productivity gradient, whereas the new indices show that relative crowding and interaction strength both had significant patterns, but their effects were counteracting. These results do not fit current theories of competition. Further empirical studies are needed to see if competition theory needs revision. 4 Separating the mechanisms of competition into relative crowding and strength of interaction reveals previously hidden patterns that help bring to light underlying processes of competition along productivity gradients.
Infrared spectral kinetic analysis of EBA-HV-ZnO cements.

Abstract A kinetic study of the chemical changes of the setting reaction of a new chelating type cement was followed using FTIR spectroscopy. The kinetic form of the integrated rate law was determined to be logarithmic, A=m ln (time)+Ao. The effect of various cement components on the ZnO-EBA reaction rate was studied. Addition of 12.5% hexyl vanillate to EBA or 30% alumina to ZnO had no significant effect. Addition of 6% rosin to ZnO slowed the rate. The kinetic form of the data suggests field dependent diffusion of a Zn containing species through a reaction product layer is the rate controlling step.
Liver repopulation with hepatocyte transplantation: new avenues for gene and cell therapy.

Liver-directed gene therapy is appropriate for many conditions. Recent work established that liver repopulation with transplanted cells can be effective in treating genetic disorders. Although hepatocytes express therapeutic genes with considerable efficiency, correction of genetic disorders is constrained by limitations in permanent gene transfer into hepatocytes and repopulation of the liver with transplanted cells. Adenoviral vectors are highly efficient for hepatic gene transfer but the onset of deleterious host immune responses against adenoviral vectors, along with clearance of transduced hepatocytes have caused problems. Nonetheless, recent work concerning engraftment and proliferation of transplanted hepatocytes in the liver has provided significant new information, which should refocus interest in hepatocyte-based therapies. Moreover, hepatocyte transplantation systems offer creative tools for defining critical mechanisms in gene regulation and survival of transduced cells. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The general inquirer: Useful or not?

I share the reviewer’s estimate that the book was unduly optimistic in proposing that the system could be applied fairly easily and quickly to a variety of problems. It is my considered opinion that although the systemcan be applied in a variety of substantive areas, it can be applied neither quickly nor easily. Unless the investigator is willing to make a long-term commitment to research with computers, the use of the General Inquirer system is not to be recommended at this time. Perhaps in another five to ten years, when systems have been devised that are more flexible, much better documented, and user oriented, the kinds of hopes and promises which the book stimulated will become a reality. For those who wish to focus their research on computer program development for natural language processing, the General Inquirer already provides a reality; for those who wish substantive results by applying a “ready-made” system,caveat emptor.
Predation on the Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus) in South Florida

Abstract Although native to Central and South American, Basiliscus vittatus (Brown Basilisk) is now firmly established in South Florida. Birds, lizards, and large crustaceans prey upon the Brown Basilisk throughout its native range, but snakes had been the only documented predators of this species in Florida. Here we document predation on Florida Brown Basilisks by the wading bird Ardea alba (Great Egret) and two different species of large, predatory fish—Micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass) and Centropomus undecimalis (Common Snook).
A Modified Post Processing Correction Matrix For SPECT

A post reconstruction method of attenuation compensation for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) has been investigated that offers a new approach to the problem of quantitation. A modified correction matrix is generated for attenuation compensation in which the Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) for each pixel is assigned a value depending on the radial distance of the pixel from the true section boundary. Attenuation compensation of transverse section images of small and large volume sources of Tc-99m in phantoms using this modified matrix indicated that a known quantity of radionuclide could be determined to better than 10%. The scatter fraction was estimated as the difference in the corrected section images using a multiplicative matrix generated with a constant LAC for each pixel and the modified matrix proposed in this report.
Relative scintillation efficiencies of noble gas mixtures

Abstract An investigation has been made of the relative amounts of scintillation light emitted from mixtures of the noble gases during the 0.5 μsec interval following the stopping of an α-particle. A bellows pump and a hot uranium furnace in a closed circulation system maintained gas purity. A diphenyl stilbene coating on the photomultiplier tube and the walls of the scintillation volume acted as a wavelength shifter for the primary ultraviolet radiation. Data on the efficiency of various proportions of binary combinations of xenon, krypton, argon, neon, and helium are presented. They show a characteristic large drop in the light for mixtures containing a small proportion of the heavier gas in a major fraction of the ligher. These results may be qualitatively interpreted in terms of noble gas molecular ion formation. The large light output of the 10% Xe-90% He mixture might be useful in constructing a neutron spectrometer of high efficiency using the He 3 (n,p)H 3 reaction.
The Effects of Large Blood Vessels on Temperature Distributions During Simulated Hyperthermia

Several three-dimensional vascular models have been developed to study the effects of adding equations for large blood vessels to the traditional bioheat transfer equation of Pennes when simulating tissue temperature distributions. These vascular models include "transiting" vessels, "supplying" arteries, and "draining" veins, for all of which the mean temperature of the blood in the vessels is calculated along their lengths. For the supplying arteries this spatially variable temperature is then used as the arterial temperature in the bioheat transfer equation. The different vascular models produce significantly different locations for both the maximum tumor and the maximum normal tissue temperatures for a given power deposition pattern. However, all of the vascular models predict essentially the same cold regions in the same locations in tumors: one set at the tumors' corners and another around the inlets of the large blood vessels to the tumor. Several different power deposition patterns have been simulated in an attempt to eliminate these cold regions; uniform power in the tumor, annular power in the tumor, preheating of the blood in the vessels while they are traversing the normal tissue, and an "optimal" power pattern which combines the best features of the above approaches. Although the calculations indicate that optimal power deposition patterns (which improve the temperature distributions) exist for all of the vascular models, none of the heating patterns studied eliminated all of the cold regions. Vasodilation in the normal tissue is also simulated to see its effects on the temperature fields.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A theoretical investigation of the AlC2H4 complex

Abstract The structure and bonding of the AlC 2 H 4 radical complex and its positive and negative ions have been characterized by ab initio molecular orbital methods. It is found that electron correlation is essential to the binding. A symmetric π-complex between Al atom and C 2 H 4 is the global minimum for AlC 2 H 4 with a binding enthalpy of 12 kcal/mol at the UMP4SDTQ/6–31 + G(d) level. The complexation energies for the ionic species are predicted to be 12.8 and 25.4 kcal/mol for C 2 H 4 Al + and C 2 H 4 Al − , respectively. The trends in structural change mirror the correlation energy differences of the three systems. The computed CC bond lengthening of 0.07 A for the 2 B 2 ground state of the AlC 2 H 4 radical, relative to C 2 H 4 , is in accord with the estimated increase of 0.12 ± 0.02 A based on the IR spectrum.