cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of gray matter volumes with general and specific dimensions of psychopathology in children.

Childhood is an important time for the manifestation of psychopathology. Psychopathology is characterized by considerable comorbidity which is mirrored in the underlying neural correlates of psychopathology. Both common and dissociable variations in brain volume have been found across multiple mental disorders in adult and youth samples. However, the majority of these studies used samples with broad age ranges which may obscure developmental differences. The current study examines associations between regional gray matter volumes (GMV) and psychopathology in a large sample of children with a narrowly defined age range. We used data from 9607 children 9-10 years of age collected as part of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®). A bifactor model identified a general psychopathology factor that reflects common variance across disorders and specific factors representing internalizing symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and conduct problems. Brain volume was acquired using 3T MRI. After correction for multiple testing, structural equation modeling revealed nearly global inverse associations between regional GMVs and general psychopathology and conduct problems, with associations also found for ADHD symptoms (pfdr-values ≤ 0.048). Age, sex, and race were included as covariates. Sensitivity analyses including total GMV or intracranial volume (ICV) as covariates support this global association, as a large majority of region-specific results became nonsignificant. Sensitivity analyses including income, parental education, and medication use as additional covariates demonstrate largely convergent results. These findings suggest that globally smaller GMVs are a nonspecific risk factor for general psychopathology, and possibly for conduct problems and ADHD as well.
Israel/Palestine: Border Representations in Literature and Film

Since the early 1990s, Israel has greatly expanded a system checkpoints, walls and other barriers in the West Bank and Gaza that restrict Palestinian movement. Israel/Palestine examines how authors and filmmakers have grappled with the spread of these borders.
Using Digital Technology for Mathematical Problem Posing

This chapter demonstrates how the appropriate use of commonly available digital technology tools can motivate and support problem-posing activities. Informed by the authors’ work with teacher candidates, the chapter underscores the importance of theoretical considerations associated with the use of computers in problem posing. The theory is illustrated by cases in elementary and secondary teacher education contexts. These cases vary in complexity from the formulation of problems for an elementary classroom context to discovering new knowledge within a familiar secondary education context. The use of graphing software as a medium for reciprocal problem posing is shown to be conducive for developing rather sophisticated questions about algebraic equations with parameters. As many traditional problems can be solved effectively by modern technology, modifying such problems to be not directly solvable by technology would open the whole new avenue for problem posing in the technological paradigm.
Planning for an Inclusive Campus Recreation Facility and Program

This best practice brief highlights the collaborative work among a disability resource professional, a university architect, campus recreation professionals, and students with disabilities to create a campus recreation center with universal design features and considerations for students with disabilities. This partnership served to illustrate that building to minimum compliance standards does not necessarily remove barriers to equitable participation for persons with disabilities. It became evident that valuing the disability experience led to high quality design and further programmatic and equipment considerations made to accommodate all. From this project, best practices in inclusive, usable, and equitable design and programmatic and equipment considerations for users with disabilities can be observed and applied to future projects.
Importance of Bile Acids and of an Intact Distal Small Intestine for Fat Absorption

Summary 1.The enterohepatic recirculation of sodium taurocholate-24-C 14 was studied in 2 volunteer medical students and 2 patients with disorders of the distal small intestine. One patient had a jejunocolic fistula created surgically for the management of obesity, and the other had irradiation for a carcinoma of the cervix. 2.In the normal subjects, the exponential decline in specific activity, counts per minute per milligram, of sodium taurocholate-C 14 in duodenal samples permitted estimation of the kinetics of the enterohepatic circulation. These observations, when compared with previous investigations, suggest that approximately 30% of the cholate pool in normal man consists of cholic acid conjugated with taurine. 3.Significant steatorrhea was demonstrable in both patients. However, their proximal small intestine appeared normal from morphological and biochemical studies. The Schilling test was abnormal in both patients. 4.A virtual absence of enterohepatic recirculation for sodium taurocholate-C 14 was demonstrated in 2 patients. In addition, recirculation of unconj ugated or newly conjugated cholate-C 14 was negligible. 5.These experiments demonstrate clearly the importance of the distal small intestine in maintaining the enterohepatic recirculation of sodium taurocholate. They also point up the importance of an intact enterohepatic circulation of bile salts to the over-all process of lipid absorption in man.
Motivations of wine travelers in rural Northeast Iowa

Purpose – The purpose of this exploratory consumer research study was to examine demographic and behavioral characteristics and motivations of wine travelers on the recently established Iowa Wine Trail in rural Northeast Iowa. An array of data on visitor lifestyles, interests, attitudes and values can provide more powerful and actionable research information than demographics alone. Equipped with an understanding of visitor motivations, wineries and vineyards can provide their customers the experience they want and expect, and not products and services they are assumed to desire. Design/methodology/approach – Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire-based survey administered at three participating wineries over the period of April-November 2005. Findings – The demographic profile of visitors on the Iowa Wine Trail falls within a common stereotype of a wine tourist: middle aged (36-55 years old), highly educated (college or postgraduate), in the moderate to high income bracket (higher than ...
Solubilization and characterization of yeast signal peptidase.

Abstract An efficient post-translational assay for solubilized yeast signal peptidase has been developed. The enzyme can be solubilized in nonionic detergent (0.5% Nikkol) without added salt, but salt increased the efficiency of solubilization. Radiosequencing of the cleaved substrate revealed that the enzyme removed the signal peptide. The substrate (prepro-alpha-factor) must be pretreated with sodium dodecyl sulfate to be cleaved. The enzyme displays a broad, alkaline pH optimum, retaining activity at pH 12. Moderately high temperatures (35 degrees C), excess detergent (greater than 0.5% Nikkol), or high salt (greater than 300 mM KOAc) will inactivate the enzyme. Phosphatidylcholine is necessary for optimal activity. The optimal ratio of Nikkol:lipid:sodium dodecyl sulfate is 6.4:2.2:1. The membrane association of yeast signal peptidase is resistant to carbonate extraction, indicating that it is an integral membrane protein.
Stability and /spl Lscr//sub 2/ gain properties of LPV systems

Stability and /spl Lscr//sub 2/ gain properties of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems are obtained under assumed bounds on either the maximum or average value of the parameter rate.
Valuing environmental quality changes using averting expenditures: an application to groundwater contamination

Public decision-makers require information on the benefits and costs of policies for groundwater protection. The averting expenditures method for valuing environmental improvements is examined and used to approximate the economic costs of groundwater degradation to households in a southeastern Pennsylvania community. Results indicate that households' knowledge of contamination, perception of risk, and presence of children determine whether they undertake averting actions and that their expenditure levels are higher if young children are present. The estimates obtained through averting expenditures analysis have a sound theoretical basis and are of sufficient magnitude that they merit consideration in groundwater policy decisions.
Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A, B, and C in Colloidal Dispersions

Larger amounts of enterotoxin were produced when Staphylococcus aureus S-6 was grown under still (nonshaken) conditions in a medium that was a paste or gel than were produced in a liquid dispersion with the same colloidal ingredient or in control basal broth (4% NZ Amine-NAK containing 50 μg of thiamine per 100 ml and 1 mg of niacin per 100 ml). Four colloidal ingredients were used which had been previously demonstrated to not support enterotoxin production in buffer. The effect of the type of dispersion occurred earlier than that of the colloidal ingredient, but interactions were found. This effect was not observed when the cells were grown with aeration (shaken). Four other strains of S. aureus followed a similar pattern for enterotoxins A, B, and C, although liquid and paste with cornstarch and carrageenan were the only media compared to the control broth. Enterotoxins A and B were produced earlier by S. aureus S-6, and much greater quantities of enterotoxins were produced for all strains when incubated shaken.
PEDIATRIC SEDATION OUTSIDE OF THE OPERATING ROOM

In 1889, Ralph Waldo Emerson was quoted as saying: “If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap than his neighbor, the world will beat a path to his door.” Dr Mason, by engaging a multispecialty international collaboration of medical/dental specialists, has compiled that better book, and clinicians who sedate children outside of the operating room will soon beat a path to her door. There are few reference texts that cover pediatric sedation, and this book, to my knowledge, is the first text totally dedicated to the sedation of children. In 519 pages with 73 illustrations, the foundations of pediatric sedation and its applications across medical and dental specialties are detailed in a readable, stepwise format. For such a multiauthored text, the structure, flow, and consistency are a rare treat. Kudos to an editor who cannot only draw upon international expertise, but make it all come together in an organized cohesive format. The fundamental chapters that provide in-depth reviews of the basis of treating the sedated child are excellent and include physiology, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics aspects of pediatric pharmacology, sedation scales and discharge criteria, physiologic monitoring, and, most importantly, patient assessment. They form the scientific framework for the clinical application of sedation for the pediatric patient. Following these important introductory chapters, we are taken on an international odyssey of pediatric sedation journeying across the world and across pediatric specialties that are involved in sedation of children, from pediatric gastroenterologists, oncologists, radiology, and emergency medicine to pediatric dentists. The dental section concentrates on the oral routes of sedation as advocated by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and includes, as does all of the other specialty sections, case studies that present challenging clinical scenarios. I found it very interesting to compare and contrast the various specialty sedation guidelines in relation to those in dentistry. In other chapters, the advanced practitioner will also find the latest drugs and techniques such as the use of intravenous dexmedetomidine for procedural sedation. The running theme throughout this book is patient safety and how we can best sedate children in various environments, some primitive and some highly technical, to provide safe and effective sedation for children. The scope of the book covers the subject totally, from the challenges, limitations, and development of drugs targeted at children to issues relating to billing and the use of complementary and alternative medicine. I highly recommend this book to any health professional who is involved in the sedation of children outside of the operating room. It is an interesting read and a wonderful reference text.
Exploring Minority Youths’ Police Encounters: A Qualitative Interpretive Meta-synthesis

Recent deaths by police of unarmed minority youth have raised important questions about the nature and outcomes of involuntary minority youth-police encounters. Youth are the most surveilled group of Americans and minority youth frequently live in neighborhoods disproportionately targeted for proactive policing (i.e., using broad police discretion to “target” those most likely to be engaged in criminal activity before criminal acts become apparent). Understanding the experiences of minority youth who encounter police officers is of critical concern for social workers in many practice and research areas. Social workers must examine how a minority person’s perceptions are formed through repeated, frequent, involuntary encounters with the police. The purpose of this qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis was to capture these experiences through the voices of minority youth in recounting their contacts with the police. Four themes were identified: dangerous, controlling, prejudiced, and ineffective. Further reduction of these themes resulted in an overarching theme that captures the essences of these youth’s experiences: dehumanization. These results enhance understanding of minority youth experience with police officers and, thus, inform social work advocacy efforts around this issue in both practice and research arenas.
Cross-Cultural Psychiatry and Implications in Education.

To the Editor: There have been incremental improvements in addressing color-based racism, but current events have emphasized the ongoing problems. Psychiatric education addresses the issues of cultural differences. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Milestones [1] identify this specific need for cultural empathy and the necessary understanding of cross-cultural (or transcultural) issues. Cultural empathy has now become part of the standards woven throughout the “milestones” of psychiatric training. The current political atmosphere has highlighted ethnic and racial differences and given some pseudo-validity to those embittered by change. Much of this country is involved in various multifactorial debates involving immigration, race, sexual orientation, abortion, etc. Psychiatric educators are in the position to insure that trainees are familiar with various cultures and cognizant of how each culture interacts with the other in order to be more empathic. It would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to educate one toward achieving an understanding of these issues without giving examples in therapy supervision. Perhaps, we should consider teaching by example (our oft maligned but valid apprenticeship model [2, 3] . Many in the lay community are familiar with Jewish/Christian, Jewish/Muslim, and Christian/Muslim group activities that educate about the similarities and differences in the “other’s” values and lifestyle [4] . Our residency educational system uses texts and papers to educate about, and psychiatric supervision to illustrate these differences and how to address them. Unlike the layperson examples, however, this is not done on an equal cultural footing. We assume ourselves to be able to understand our own prejudices and prevent their interference in teaching and treating. To be aware of and react appropriately to this possible countertransference, one must be aware of it. Our resident education must address this. It is possible that research into working with cross-cultural groups will serve the purpose of this education. I propose that research into working with cross-cultural groups be evaluated for usefulness and efficacy in psychiatric training.
Geometry of Quantum States

In general relativity the dynamics of a system is related to the geometry of space-time in an intuitively beautiful form: space-time tells matter how to move, and matter tells space-time how to curve. In this paper we consider a natural geometry on the space of quantum states (density operators), with very different consequences. In particular, this geometry does not describe the dynamics, or evolution, of a quantum system; rather it places limits on our ability to distinguish one state from another through measurements.
Bats: Sensitivity to DDT

Big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, were fed single doses of varying amounts of DDT in corn oil injected into meal worms. All the doses of DDT fed to the bats, 40 milligrams or more per kilogram of body weight, were lethal. Within a few hours to 13 days after being dosed, the animals developed convulsions; some bats survived up to 3 days after the oniset of the symptoms of poisoning. Bats appear to be far more sensitive to DDT than any other mammal yet tested.
Novel popout with nonsense strings: effects of predictability of string length and spatial location.

Recent studies have shown that when one of four expected words is replaced by a single unexpected word, the unexpected word may capture attention. In three experiments, we explored the generality of this effect. In each experiment, observers viewed arrays composed of four computergenerated “nonsense” strings. Accuracy of string localization was assessed after each array. Some strings, calledfamiliar, appeared in many arrays, whereas others, callednovel, appeared in only one. In each experiment, novel strings in arrays composed of one novel and three familiar strings were localized more accurately than were novel strings in arrays composed entirely of novel strings, and familiar strings in these arrays were localized less accurately than were familiar strings in arrays composed entirely of familiar strings. These two effects, termednovel popout andfamiliar sink-in, respectively, were observed even when novel and familiar strings were rendered less discriminable by holding their lengths constant (Experiment 2) and when familiar strings always appeared in the same spatial locations (Experiment 3). The data suggest that novel objects can capture attention even when the objects lack any clear linguistic referent, when they are superficially similar to the familiar objects that surround them, and when the spatial locations of familiar objects are completely predictable.
Angle-velocity-resolved measurements of I(2P3/2,1/2) from (CH3I)n cluster photodissociation at 266 and 304 nm

Abstract The angle-velocity distribution of I( 2 P 3/2 ) and I( 2 P 1/2 ) from photodissociation of (CH 3 I) n clusters was measured at 266 and 304 nm. For the monomer ( n = 1), the angular distribution is very anisotropic and the translational energy spectrum is sharply peaked at high energy. For clusters (predominantly n = 2, 3), the I atom undergoes collisions, which sunstantially relax the translational energy and anistropy. Three observations are reported. (1) A residual anisotropy exists in cluster photodissociation that increases with increasing fragment translational energy. (2) The I atom 2 P 3/2 to 2 P 1/2 branching ratio increases significantly in clusters relative to monomer. (3) TOF spectra were observed for I atoms originating from photodissociation of the cluster photoproduct I 2 . These observations are discussed in terms of a caging of I atoms that may either react or escape from the cluster.
Observer detection of image degradation caused by irreversible data compression processes

Irreversible data compression methods have been proposed to reduce the data storage and communication requirements of digital imaging systems. In general, the error produced by compression increases as an algorithm''s compression ratio is increased. We have studied the relationship between compression ratios and the detection of induced error using radiologic observers. The nature of the errors was characterized by calculating the power spectrum of the difference image. In contrast with studies designed to test whether detected errors alter diagnostic decisions, this study was designed to test whether observers could detect the induced error. A paired-film observer study was designed to test whether induced errors were detected. The study was conducted with chest radiographs selected and ranked for subtle evidence of interstitial disease, pulmonary nodules, or pneumothoraces. Images were digitized at 86 microns (4K X 5K) and 2K X 2K regions were extracted. A full-frame discrete cosine transform method was used to compress images at ratios varying between 6:1 and 60:1. The decompressed images were reprinted next to the original images in a randomized order with a laser film printer. The use of a film digitizer and a film printer which can reproduce all of the contrast and detail in the original radiograph makes the results of this study insensitive to instrument performance and primarily dependent on radiographic image quality. The results of this study define conditions for which errors associated with irreversible compression cannot be detected by radiologic observers. The results indicate that an observer can detect the errors introduced by this compression algorithm for compression ratios of 10:1 (1.2 bits/pixel) or higher.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phenomenologies Of Place And Environment

(1984). Phenomenologies Of Place And Environment. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 242-242.
Study on Enhancement and Weakening of Permanent Magnet Air Gap Flux Density

In a conventional permanent magnet (PM) machine, the air gap flux produced by the PM is fixed. It is difficult to enhance the air gap flux density because of limitations of the PM in a series magnetic circuit. However, the air gap flux density can be weakened by using power electronic field weakening to the limit of demagnetization of the PMs. This paper presents an analytical study for controlling the PM air gap flux density through a stationary brushless excitation coil. The air gap flux density can be either enhanced or weakened. There is no concern with demagnetizing the PMs during field weakening. The leakage flux of the excitation coil through the PMs is blocked. The prototype motors built on the principle of this analytical study confirm the capabilities of significant flux enhancement and weakening.
Infrared multiphoton dissociation with a hollow fiber waveguide.

A novel scheme for performing infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) is presented in which a hollow fiber waveguide (HFWG) is used to transmit IR radiation into the ion storage region of a mass spectrometer. Efficient dissociation of oligonucleotide and protein ions is demonstrated on an ESI-FTICR instrument in which IRMPD is performed in the external ion reservoir and on a quadrupole ion trap. Using a simple optical scheme consisting of a single focusing lens and an x, y translator, the 10.6-microm IR laser beam, initially 3.5 mm in diameter, is focused into the vacuum-sealed HFWG. The small internal diameter and the high transfer efficiency of the waveguide allow IR radiation of high power density to be employed for IRMPD. In studies performed on a quadrupole ion trap, a 500-microm-i.d. waveguide was used as a medium to transmit IR radiation directly through a 700-microm orifice in the ring electrode. Efficient IRMPD of both a 12-mer oligonucleotide and the protein melittin were performed at laser powers of 0.5 and 3.2 W, respectively.
The Social Experiment and the Future of Evaluative Research

TRACES are what evaluators left behind—discoveries, records, tracks—which made marks on the profession of program evaluation. Published here are excerpts from our past (e.g., articles, passages from books, speeches) that show where we have been or affected where we are g(r)o(w)ing. Suggestions for inclusion should be sent to the Editor, along with rationale for their import. Photocopies of the original printed versions are preferred with full bibliographic information. Copying rights will be secured by the Editor.
Time-Space Tradeoffs on Back-to-Back FFT Algorithms

This paper examines the performance of back-to-back applications of a fast Fourier transform algorithm with respect to computational time and space. Using a well-known pebble game as an analysis technique, a lower bound is derived on the product of time and space, which is of the form T · S = Ω(n2 log2n) for an n-input back-to-back FFT. The implications of this lower bound on applications of a back-to-back FFT circuit, such as polynomial multiplication and permutation graphs, are also discussed.
Living Danger: On Not Knowing What We Know

This paper contextualizes the struggle around the American Psychological Association's ethical standards regarding psychologists' participation in abusive interrogations of detainees by examining the psychological and political meanings of living in a society in which the state assumes the right to torture. To highlight the implications of authoritarian trends in America's post-9/11 political culture, I offer an interdisciplinary psychoanalytic analysis of the extreme social situation of the Argentine Dirty War, in which torture was used by the military government not as a tactic to make detainees talk but as a strategy to silence an entire population. I explore the defense mechanism of disavowal and its use by both perpetrators and victims in ways that contributed to sustaining authoritarian rule in Argentina. I suggest that it is within the legitimate arena of psychoanalysis to consider the psychological meanings of patients' experience in the larger social order. I argue for a psychoanalytic project th...
A contribution approach to price bundling in tourism.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that integrates the economic and marketing approaches to price bundling, including demand and cost considerations. Consumer preferences for various tourism service designs are determined and a contribution analysis is performed to assess the potential profitability of the various designs. Conjoint analysis results are used as input to a logit model in order to estimate the effect of service design on the demand for a state parks' services. The paper demonstrates how important it is to include demand and cost information in the design of tourism-related services.
Metallization of solid hydrogen: the challenge and possible solutions

The search for the means to convert molecular hydrogen to a metal under static conditions at high pressure is reviewed with emphasis on selected recent developments in both experimental studies and theoretical approaches. One approach suggested recently makes use of mixtures of hydrogen and suitable impurities. In these materials hydrogen is perturbed by impurities with the goal of obtaining the metallization of hydrogen at moderate pressures. This approach has also been extensively examined through the use of first-principles methods and we review this recently explored experimental approach and several theoretical studies that have provided an atomic-scale picture of the interaction of hydrogen with impurities under pressure. The objective of this novel approach is to help determine if metallization of hydrogen at pressures is attainable with currently available experimental techniques.
Review of the adenocarcinoma cell surface receptor for human alpha-fetoprotein; proposed identification of a widespread mucin as the tumor cell receptor

The identification of a tumor cell receptor for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has long been sought in the field of medicine. The uptake and endocytosis of AFP by rat tumor cells in 1983 sparked a series of confirmatory reports which were extended to include multiple tumor types in rats, mice, and humans. The following year, French investigators characterized the binding properties of the AFP receptor but they did not purify and characterize the receptor. It was not until 1991–1992 that an AFP receptor was partially purified and characterized from both human monocytes and breast cancer cells. By 1993, monoclonal antibodies had been raised against the “AFP receptor” derived from breast cancer extracts with claims that the receptor was a widespread oncoprotein biomarker for cancer. To date, that receptor has yet to be identified due to its complex multimeric structure and carbohydrate composition. The present report will review the literature of the multiple AFP receptors previously including their cellular uptake, transmembrane passage, and partial biochemical characterization. . In addition, evidence derived from computer modeling, proteolytic/fragmentation cleavage patterns, domain structure analysis, and protein binding software analysis will be presented in a proposed identification of a widespread protein/gene family of transmembrane proteins which fits many, if not most, of the criteria attributed to the AFP receptor. The proposed receptor protein family is tentatively identified as an epithelial cell surface mucin constituting one (or more) of many classes of single-pass transmembrane proteins. Present data do not support the concept that the AFP receptor is a “universal” tumor receptor and/or biomarker, but rather a widespread mucin protein that functions primarily in protecting and lubricating epithelial mucosal layers, and engaging in signal transduction; the mucin only binds AFP as a molecule serving in a subordinate or ancillary function.
CONSTITUTIVE ACTIVATION OF A3 ADENOSINE RECEPTORS BY SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS

Abstract The objective of this study was to create constitutively active mutant human A 3 adenosine receptors (ARs) using single amino acid replacements, based on findings from other G protein-coupled receptors. A 3 ARs mutated in transmembrane helical domains (TMs) 1, 3, 6, and 7 were expressed in COS-7 cells and subjected to agonist radioligand binding and phospholipase C (PLC) and adenylyl cyclase (AC) assays. Three mutant receptors, A229E in TM6 and R108A and R108K in the DRY motif of TM3, were found to be constitutively active in both functional assays. The potency of the A 3 agonist Cl-IB-MECA (1-chloro- N 6 -(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5′- N -methyluronamide) in PLC activation was enhanced by at least an order of magnitude over wild type (EC 50 951 nM) in R108A and A229E mutant receptors. Cl-IB-MECA was much less potent (>10-fold) in C88F, Y109F, and Y282F and mutants or inactive following double mutation of the DRY motif. The degree of constitutive activation was more pronounced for the AC signaling pathway than for the PLC signaling pathway. The results indicated that specific locations within the TMs proximal to the cytosolic region were responsible for constraining the receptor in a G protein-uncoupled conformation.
An experimental study on the vibration-free, high-speed operation of a three-dimensional coordinate measuring machine*

To meet the accuracy requirements, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) are generally operated with low acceleration-deceleration profiles to minimize residual vibration. This results in low efficiency and may cause a bottleneck in the production line. In the authors' previous study, two control configurations utilizing the input-shaping technique and feedforward controller were proposed to reduce residual vibrations in single-axis and multiple-axis types of motion. This paper focuses on the evaluation of the proposed methods by implementation on a physical CMM. The dynamics of the machine were identified via experiment. The controller design techniques were presented to give the appreciation of the design steps. The evaluations were done by experiment. It was found that the proposed controller implementation methods reduce the residual vibrations by 68 percent for single-axis motion and 88 percent for multiple-axis motion. The methods allow the use of a higher acceleration profile, which results in higher productivity.
Excessive variation in radiation-induced chromosome aberrations.

IN recent work on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in mammalian cell cultures it was observed that the number of aberrations per cell did not follow the anticipated Poisson distribution law1. This is clearly seen in Table 1 and Fig. 1. With Poisson variation the observed average number of aberrations at each dose-level (X = ΣX/n) would have tended to equal the observed variance (S2 = σ(X–X)2/(n–l)). Instead the variance is consistently greater, exceeding the average by a factor of 2.65 at the highest radiation dose-level used. Associated with the excessive variation noted was a surplus of cells in which there were either none or very many aberrations when comparison is made with the anticipated frequency of such instances, assuming Poisson variation. Such effects are also noted in the work of Wakonig and Ford2 and Bender and Wolff3.
Abstract 2090: Novel role of STAT-3 in anoikis resistance and metastasis in melanoma cellsin vitroandin vivo

Anoikis is an anchorage-independent cell death. Resistance to anoikis is one of the key features of metastatic cells. The role of STAT-3 in anoikis resistance in various melanoma cells was analyzed in the current study. Significant proportion of SK-MEL-28, SK-MEL-2, MeWo, SK-MEL-5 and B16-F0 cells resisted anoikis when grown under anchorage-independent conditions. Cells that resisted anoikis were observed to a have higher rate of migration and invasion as compared to the cells grown under anchorage dependent conditions. The anoikis resistant cells also exhibited significantly higher expression and phosphorylation of STAT-3 at Tyr 705 than the cells that were attached to the basement membrane. Treatment of these cells with IL-6, a cytokine which phosphorylates STAT-3, prevented the induction of anoikis. STAT-3 inhibitors AG490 and PL induced anoikis in a concentration-dependent manner in anoikis resistant cells, whereas IL-6 blocked anoikis. Over-expression of STAT-3 by transfection in SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-2 cells significantly increased the anoikis resistance, confirming the role of STAT-3 in anoikis resistance. On the other hand, silencing STAT-3 in SK-MEL-28, SK-MEL-2, SK-MEL-5 and MeWo cells decreased the potential of cancer cells to resist anoikis. Furthermore, STAT-3 (-/-) melanoma cells were more sensitive to anoikis, as compared to cells overexpressing STAT-3 (+/+) cells. STAT-3 (-/-) SK-MEL-28 cells and the SK-MEL-28 cells that were treated with PL completely failed to develop tumors when injected subcutaneously in immune-compromised mice. Moreover, these cells also failed to metastasize when injected intravenously. On the other hand, anoikis resistant wild type cells not only formed aggressive tumors subcutaneously but also highly metastasized when injected intravenously. The metastasis was confirmed by H & E staining. In summary, our results establish STAT-3 as a critical player that renders anoikis resistance to pancreatic cancer cells and enhance their metastasis potential. [Supported in part by R01 grant CA129038 (to S.K.S) awarded by the National Cancer Institute]. Citation Format: Neel Manoj Fofaria, Sanjay K. Srivastava. Novel role of STAT-3 in anoikis resistance and metastasis in melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2090. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2090
STYLE AND ARRANGEMENT IN SCIENTIFIC PROSE: THE RULES BEHIND THE RULES.

An examination of the files of a scientific journal demonstrates a deep editorial concern for style and arrangement. Stylistic changes are invariably made either for the sake of clarity, simplicity, concision, or specificity. Changes in arrangement are of two kinds, each with its own purpose: between paragraphs within sections, these changes are made in the interest of sequential clarity; on the other hand, redistributions from section to section are designed clearly to demarcate section content: e.g., results only in Results. Several conclusions are reached: 1) traditional advice, especially on style, does not always reflect best editorial practice; 2) problems of arrangement call for different kinds of solution from those of style: the former having a “best,” the latter only a “better” solution; 3) stylistic changes are tactical choices made within the context of strategic presuppositions about the impersonal and descriptive nature of scientific prose.
Effect of insulin and glucose on normal and obstructed intestine.

ConclusionsFrom these results, it is suggested that glucose alone should not be used postoperatively and certainly not in the presence of intestinal obstruction, because glucose alone in the majority of instances exerted an inhibiting effect on intestinal activity. Insulin, OS the combination of insulin and glucose produced an increase in intestinal activity. The best results were obtained when insulin preceded the administration of glucose by about one-half hour's time. There was no correlation betn-een the intestinal activity and the hlood sugar findings.
Ethanol narcosis in mice: serotonergic involvement.

Hinweis, dass biogene Amine eher als Amine selbst, im Narkoseprozess von Ethanol beteiligt sind und dass die beobachteten synergistischen Effekte vonl-DOPA oder Dopamin bei Mausen mit Ethanol induzierter Schlafzeit wahrscheinlich eher auf einem serotonergetischen als auf einem direkten, dopaminergetischen Mechanismus beruhen.
Incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota: 1945 Through 1992

Objective To apply uniform diagnostic criteria for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) for an extended period for comparison of incidence rates from 1945 to 1992 in Olmsted County, Minnesota, to investigate the influence of a person-time or live birth denominator on the estimate of incidence, to calculate the proportionate mortality rate for SIDS over time, and to evaluate the accuracy of death certificates for case ascertainment and the role of interobserver variation in case classification. Design We retrospectively reviewed the autopsy results and complete medical records for all infant deaths from 1945 through 1992 for residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Material and Methods Cases were identified from a computerized list of all Olmsted County deaths of infants occurring at ages 48 hours to 365 days. All resident cases were categorized as non-SIDS, possible SIDS, or incomplete, on the basis of findings from autopsy and clinical history. Incidence rates were calculated for two different SIDS groups and with use of denominators of person-time and live births. Results For the study period, 82 cases of SIDS were identified (97% white and 3% Asian). The mean age at death was 12.5 weeks; male infants constituted 59% of cases. No significant trend in seasonal distribution was noted; 73% of deaths occurred between midnight and noon. The incidence rate, defined as SIDS definite and possible deaths per 1,000 resident live births, increased from 0.55 in 1950 through 1953 to 1.28 in 1990 through 1992. The secular trend was best described by a linear model with a constant positive slope. Similar trends were observed with other definitions of incidence. During the study period, SIDS as a percentage of total infant deaths dramatically increased, ranging from 2.5 in 1950 through 1953 to 17.9 in 1990 through 1992. The death certificate diagnosis correctly predicted 72 % of SIDS cases before 1970 and 100% of cases after 1970. Conclusion Since 1945, the incidence of SIDS apparently has increased, although diagnostic transfer from other causes of death probably contributes to the observed trend. The comparison of live births versus person-time as denominators showed no significant difference in incidence rates. Interobserver reliability is modest for SIDS cases diagnosed before 1970 and may contribute to the variability in reported SIDS incidence rates.
A review and analysis of the development of professional child and youth care work

The child and youth care literature and the efforts since 1961 to form a profession in the field are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the development of the knowledge base, education, and professional standards.
Dominance of non-native riparian trees in western USA

Concern about spread of non-native riparian trees in the western USA has led to Congressional proposals to accelerate control efforts. Debate over these proposals is frustrated by limited knowledge of non-native species distribution and abundance. We measured abundance of 44 riparian woody plants at 475 randomly selected stream gaging stations in 17 western states. Our sample indicates that Tamarix ramosissima and Elaeagnus angustifolia are already the third and fourth most frequently occurring woody riparian plants in the region. Although many species of Tamarix have been reported in the region, T. ramosissima (here including T. chinensis and hybrids) is by far the most abundant. The frequency of occurrence of T. ramosissima has a strong positive relation with the mean annual minimum temperature, which is consistent with hypothesized frost sensitivity. In contrast the frequency of occurrence of E. angustifolia decreases with increasing minimum temperatures. Based on mean normalized cover, T. ramosissima and E. angustifolia are the second and fifth most dominant woody riparian species in the western USA. The dominance of T. ramosissima has been suspected for decades; the regional ascendance of E. angustifolia, however, has not previously been reported.
Isolation and separation of individual long-chain acyl-coenzyme A esters

Abstract The isolation of intact long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (acyl Co A) esters is best accomplished by extraction of frozen powdered tissue by the procedure of Mancha et al. [Anal. Biochem. 68 (1975) 600], and the separation of the esters by reverse phase HPLC. The concentration of individual esters identified in various tissues reflect the metabolic state of the animal as well as the influence of dietary fat. This review discusses a number of modifications as well as the basic procedure that have increased the sensitivity and permitted quantitative identification of long-chain acyl-Co A esters. Overall, the method described has been instrumental in the quantitative analysis of tissue acyl-Co A esters and the development of the concept of long-chain acyl-Co A esters as signaling molecules in cellular metabolism.
Axonal Transport of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Protein Glycoprotein 120 Is Found in Association with Neuronal Apoptosis

Patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) develop acquired immune deficiency syndrome-associated dementia complex (ADC), a disorder characterized by a broad spectrum of motor impairments and cognitive deficits. The number of cells in the brain that are productively infected by HIV-1 is relatively small and consists predominantly of macrophages and microglia, yet HIV-1 causes widespread neuronal loss. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms mediating HIV-1 neurotoxicity is crucial for developing effective neuroprotective therapies against ADC. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120), which is shed from the virus, is one of the agents causing neuronal cell death. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying its neurotoxic effect remain unclear. We report that gp120 injected into the rat striatum or hippocampus is sequestered by neurons and subsequently retrogradely transported to distal neurons that project to these brain areas. Cleaved caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling, hallmarks of apoptosis, were seen in neurons internalizing and transporting gp120. The retrograde transport of gp120 and apoptosis were mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4 because AMD3100, a selective CXCR4 inhibitor, blocked both events. Furthermore, colchicine or nocodazole, two inhibitors of intracellular trafficking, abolished gp120-mediated apoptosis in distal areas. These results indicate that axonal transport of gp120 might play a role in HIV-1-mediated widespread neuronal cell death.
Estrategias de mercado para el frijol centroamericano

En los ultimos anos, el sub-sector de frijol en CentroAmerica ha sido testigo de varios cambios dinamicos. Si nose encuentran medidas para incrementar la competitividad regionalde este sub-sector, los paises centroamericanos experimentaranimpactos negativos en las areas sociales y economicasde considerable magnitud, especialmente ahora queCentro America necesita ajustar su economia a los nuevos requerimientosde mercados mas abiertos, como el TratadoCentroamericano de Libre Comercio con USA (TLC). Vendedoresde frijoles a nivel intermediario y de consumo final, asicomo tecnicos de oficinas gubernamentales dedicadas al mercadeode frijoles en Centro America fueron entrevistados paradocumentar los cambios experimentados, identificar losobstaculos que frenan la viabilidad del sub-sector e identificarlas oportunidades de incremento de mercados en el futuropara los productores y vendedores de frijol. Los resultadosmuestran que para que continuen siendo competitivos, lospaises centroamericanos deben incrementar la productividada traves del apoyo a las investigaciones para el mejoramientode variedades de frijol, especialmente aquellas que los consumidoresprefieren por caracteristicas especificas (e.g. color).Tambien es imprescindible el fortalecimiento de los programasde distribucion de variedades mejoradas a los productores;las mejoras en la transmision de informacion de mercadoa los productores; el fortalecimiento de los contactos entreproductores, comercializadores a nivel mayorista y supermercados;y una politica mas especifica de apertura de mercadosde exportacion, especialmente con los Estados Unidos.
Healthcare utilization and cost of pneumococcal disease in the United States

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to cause a variety of common clinical syndromes, despite vaccination programs for both adults and children. The total U.S. burden of pneumococcal disease is unknown. Methods We constructed a decision tree-based model to estimate U.S. healthcare utilization and costs of pneumococcal disease in 2004. Data were obtained from the 2004–2005 National (Hospital) Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (outpatient visits, antibiotics) and the National Hospital Discharge Survey (hospitalization rates), and CDC surveillance data. Other assumptions regarding the incidence of each syndrome due to pneumococcus, expected health outcomes, and healthcare utilization were derived from literature and expert opinion. Healthcare and time costs used 2007 dollars. Results We estimate that, in 2004, pneumococcal disease caused 4.0 million illness episodes, 22,000 deaths, 445,000 hospitalizations, 774,000 emergency department visits, 5.0 million outpatient visits, and 4.1 million outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. Direct medical costs totaled $3.5 billion. Pneumonia (866,000 cases) accounted for 22% of all cases and 72% of pneumococcal costs. In contrast, acute otitis media and sinusitis (1.5 million cases each) comprised 75% of cases but only 16% of direct medical costs. Patients ≥65 years old, accounted for most serious cases and the majority of direct medical costs ($1.8 billion in healthcare costs annually). In this age group, pneumonia caused 242,000 hospitalizations, 1.4 million hospital days, 194,000 emergency department visits, 374,000 outpatient visits, and 16,000 deaths. However, if work loss and productivity are considered, the cost of pneumococcal disease among younger working adults (18–<50) nearly equaled those ≥65. Conclusions Pneumococcal disease remains a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality even in the era of routine pediatric and adult vaccination. Continued efforts are warranted to reduce serious pneumococcal disease, especially adult pneumonia.