cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stormtime subauroral density troughs: Ion‐molecule kinetics effects

[1] We report on subauroral plasma density troughs observed by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites during the major magnetic storm of 6 April 2000. The troughs were embedded within strongly irregular, ≥500-km wide subauroral convection streams, composed of two distinctive parts. The poleward part coincided with strong wave structures, energetic (ring current) ion precipitations, and enhanced vertical ion flows. One or several narrow density decreases were present here. The equatorward part was marked by a density trough coincident with a local maximum of the electron temperature ∼7000–9000 K. Here the ion temperatures and downward vertical ion velocities were ∼2000 K and <20 m/s, respectively. The mean convection velocity was typically ≤500 m/s. We develop analytical approximations for the rate coefficients of the charge exchange reactions based on recent laboratory experiments. These have been used in local modeling of the equatorward F peak density depletions. Topside steady-state density profiles were evaluated assuming diffusive equilibrium in a given Te profile. A scenario for the transition of an initial density-height profile to a flat profile is described. Substantial agreement between the modeling results and DMSP observations indicates that the vibrational mechanism contributes significantly to the formation of high-Te-related density troughs.
1389 BREATH HYDROGEN IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Breath hydrogen (H2) analysis is used to evaluate carbohydrate absorption, gut motility and perfusion and the number and location of bacteria in the bowel. As these same factors are important in the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), we tested the hypothesis that breath H2 could be a useful diagnostic tool in NEC. NEC was defined by the presence of clinical signs and pneumatosis. Feeding intolerance episodes were defined by the absence of pneumatosis and rapid resolution of clinical signs after being NPO and on antibiotics. Samples were collected during expiration and analyzed by gas chromatography. Results are shown below: a) 15 infants with NEC, b) 12 with feeding intolerance, c) 12 fed but on antibiotics, and d) 20 healthy during feedings. Infants with NEC had higher levels than infants also on antibiotic and/or NPO without NEC. NEC infants with undeteotable H2 levels (2 “false negatives”) were on antibiotics and/or NPO since birth. These findings suggest that breath H2 may be a useful tool in the early differentiation of infants with NEC from those with feeding intolerance or other gastrointestinal disorders.
Kraepelin and the diagnostic concept of paranoia.

Abstract This article reviews Emil Kraepelin's diagnostic concept of paranoia. Kraepelin always recognized this syndrome as a third major category of “functional psychosis”. However, he felt that paranoia was a qualitatively different kind of psychotic disorder than either dementia praecox (DP) or manic-depressive insanity (MDI). While Kraepelin viewed both DP and MDI as “disease”, paranoia was for him better understood as a form of “personality development”. In his view, DP and MDI produced profound disturbances in a wide array of psychic functions. By contrast, Kraepelin saw all of the clinical phenomena in paranoia as deriving from a defect in the psychological capacity he termed “judgement”.
GRADE LEVEL AND PERFORMANCE ON THE CORE BATTERY, 1986–87 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION1

Among the three NTE Core Battery tests, Professional Knowledge purports to measure skills that are acquired only after academic experience as an education major, while Communication Skills and General Knowledge both purport to measure skills that do not require this specialized experience. The scores of education majors for the 1986–87 national test administrations were analyzed for differential sensitivity of the three tests to educational attainment. Since examinees with different degrees of experience who choose to take the tests may have different levels of skills, test scores were adjusted for grade point average. Results showed that Professional Knowledge was more sensitive to academic experience than were General Knowledge or Communication Skills. This outcome is interpreted as support of the construct validity of the Core Battery.
Synthesis of site specifically deuterated primaquines I. Quinoline ring deuterated primaquines

Site specific deuterated primaquines were prepared. The attempts to prepare these by deuterolysis of bromoprimaquines were unsuccessful because the required bromoprimaquines could not be produced satisfactorily by alkylation of the various bromo-6- methoxy-8-aminoquinolines. Instead primaquines deuterated at positions 2, 3 and 4 were obtained by alkylation of site specifically deuterated 6-methoxy-8-aminoquinoline. 5-Deuteroprima- aquine was obtained by deuterolysis of the corresponding 5-bromo compound and 7-deuteroprimaquine was obtained by acid catalyzed exchange.
Technology and Web-based support.

(2008). TECHNOLOGY AND WEB-BASED SUPPORT. Journal of Social Work Education: Vol. 44, No. sup3, pp. 75-82.
Calculating effect sizes for meta-analysis: The case of the single case.

Abstract This paper reviews methods for deriving measures of effect for interrupted time-series (single case) designs. Limitations of prior models are described. Modifications of a regression approach developed by Center, Skiba, and Casey (1985–1986, Journal of Special Education, 19, 387–400) which can simultaneously account for treatment effects on level and slope while controlling for effects of trend are advocated and a step-by-step computational algorithm is provided. The primary modification entails computing the initial estimate of trend only on baseline data. Implementation of the method with various forms of single case designs is described.
Making and breaking planning tools

Abstract This essay provides a preliminary sketch of the process of converting planning instruments into tools and then of breaking or at least reforming those tools. Lifting the lid on the (mythical) planners toolkit, I see instruments in one compartment that may (or may not) become tools; in another, tools that (tomorrow or the day after) may no longer command agreement as to their shape, performance or relevance. Read as a text, the kit is an account of countless arguments and layered symbolic adjustments. This stylized account of making and breaking is grounded in an account of the set of tools designed to represent hazards as risks and of the ways in which toolmakers are perforce drawn into the design of institutions.
Mass Media, New Communication Technology, and the Prospects for Democracy Internationally

Communicating Democracy: The Media and Political Transitions, Patrick H. O'Neil, ed. (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1998). 225 pp., cloth (ISBN: 1-5558-7669-2), $55.00. Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution, Robert W. McChesney, Ellen Meiksins Wood, John Bellamy Foster, eds. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998). 254 pp., cloth (ISBN: 0-8534-5988-6), $43.00. Books reviewed: Communicating Democracy: The Media and Political Transitions , Patrick H. O'Neil, ed. Capitalism and the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution , Robert W. McChesney, Ellen Meiksins Wood, and John Bellamy Foster, eds.
Quality of life after traumatic brain injury: a review of research approaches and findings.

Abstract Dijkers MP. Quality of life after traumatic brain injury: a review of research approaches and findings. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(4 Suppl 2):S21–35. Objectives To assess existing knowledge of quality of life (QOL) of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to make recommendations for methodologic and substantive research in this area. Data sources Published research on QOL of persons with TBI, identified from databases, ancestry search, and the author's files. Study selection Empirical, theoretical, and methodologic articles relevant to 5 areas: QOL as achievements, QOL as subjective well-being (SWB), QOL as utility, QOL experienced, and QOL measurement instruments applicable to TBI or specifically developed for people with this impairment. Data extraction Selection of QOL indicators, with focus on TBI versus non-TBI differences. Data synthesis Studies of QOL as achievements show that in almost all areas, people with TBI score lower than they did before injury and lower than comparisons groups. There are limited gaps in our knowledge in this area. Research into QOL as SWB shows that after TBI, people typically report, for example, somewhat lower life satisfaction and affect than do comparison groups, and that injury severity is not necessarily a predictor of SWB. There are almost no studies of QOL as utility of life after TBI. Conclusions Major research recommendations include: exploring the ability of TBI subjects to self-report; determining the salience of domains of life for this group; developing utility instruments that are sensitive to differences in deficits in cognition and other health and life domains; and doing qualitative studies that explore the experience of QOL.
A Review of Literature on Leadership and Emotion: Exposing Theory, Posing Questions, and Forwarding an Agenda

The purpose of this article is to review literature on leadership and emotion to expose theory and questions on the association between leadership and emotion. Burns' (1978) implicit framework of leadership and emotion is revealed. Questions about leadership and emotion by scholars in the sociological tradition are presented. A research agenda is forwarded. Such a research agenda will provide valuable insights on leadership-a relationship that enhances our feelings of predictability and motivates us to action.
Determining Duration of HER2-Targeted Therapy Using Stem Cell Extinction Models

Introduction Trastuzumab dramatically improves survival in breast cancer patients whose tumor overexpresses HER2. A subpopulation of cells in human breast tumors has been identified with characteristics of cancer stem cells. These breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) rely on HER2 signaling for self-renewal, suggesting that HER2-targeted therapy targets BCSCs even when the bulk of the tumor does not overexpress HER2. In order to guide clinical trials examining HER2-targeted therapy in the adjuvant setting, we propose a mathematical model to examine BCSC population dynamics and predict optimal duration of therapy.
And the Band Played On

When I received a phone call apprising me that I was the recipient of this august prize, I was, frankly, more than somewhat surprised. To date, I have written over 620 articles, 60 chapters, and have coauthored or edited 20 books, some of which have had Russian, Spanish, and Japanese translations—but the truth is that I am not a facile writer. I’ve always envied an author who puts pen to paper and out comes a nice, clean manuscript. I truly agonize over a sentence, and my way is definitely not the way textbooks should be written.
Generalized gradient approximation for the fermion kinetic energy as a functional of the density

Abstract The kinetic energy Ts[n] for noninteracting electrons of density n(r) has a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) ∫ d3rnts(nΦ(s), where t s (n) = 3ℏ 2 k 2 F 10m , k F = (3π 2 n) 1 3 , and s = |▿n|/2kFn. The function Φ(s) may be constructed a priori by two different methods (real-space cutoff of the second-order gradient expansion for the exchange hole, and convergent resummation of a subseries of the sixth-order expansion) which yield closely similar results: Φ ≈ 1 + 5s 2 27 . Thus it appears that the second-order gradient expansion for the kinetic energy is almost equal to its own generalized gradient approximation; a significantly better Φ(s) can probably not be found. For completeness, the GGA for the kinetic energy of interacting electrons is also presented.
Patch-clamp recordings and calcium imaging followed by single-cell PCR reveal the developmental profile of 13 genes in iPSC-derived human neurons.

Abstract Molecular genetic studies are typically performed on homogenized biological samples, resulting in contamination from non-neuronal cells. To improve expression profiling of neurons we combined patch recordings with single-cell PCR. Two iPSC lines (healthy subject and 22q11.2 deletion) were differentiated into neurons. Patch electrode recordings were performed on 229 human cells from Day-13 to Day-88, followed by capture and single-cell PCR for 13 genes: ACTB, HPRT, vGLUT1, βTUBIII, COMT, DISC1, GAD1, PAX6, DTNBP1, ERBB4, FOXP1, FOXP2, and GIRK2. Neurons derived from both iPSC lines expressed βTUBIII, fired action potentials, and experienced spontaneous depolarizations (UP states) ~ 2 weeks before vGLUT1, GAD1 and GIRK2 appeared. Multisite calcium imaging revealed that these UP states were not synchronized among hESC-H9-derived neurons. The expression of FOXP1, FOXP2 and vGLUT1 was lost after 50 days in culture, in contrast to other continuously expressed genes. When gene expression was combined with electrophysiology, two subsets of genes were apparent; those irrelevant to spontaneous depolarizations (including vGLUT1, GIRK2, FOXP2 and DISC1) and those associated with spontaneous depolarizations (GAD1 and ERBB4). The results demonstrate that in the earliest stages of neuron development, it is useful to combine genetic analysis with physiological characterizations, on a cell-to-cell basis.
Time-delay analysis on grid-connected three-phase current source inverter based on SVPWM switching pattern

Time delays exist in most of the electronic components, digital controllers and DSPs. Certain values of time delay can easily corrupt the performance of a power control system. This time delay can strictly disturb the system dynamic in power control applications with low to medium switching frequency. In this paper, we overcome the effect of time delay in an SVPWM based switching pattern for a grid connected three-phase current source inverter. The time delay is tracked in real time and the states of the system are estimated. Our experimental results clearly show that the proposed approach can compensate the effect of the time delay and improve the quality of the performance.
Evolutionary accounts of belief in supernatural punishment: a critical review

Although largely unaddressed by evolutionary theory for more than a century after Darwin, over the last decade a wide range of adaptationist, byproduct, and memetic explanations have emerged for various recurrent features of religious belief and practice. One feature that has figured prominently in adaptationist accounts of religion is belief in the reality of moralizing, punishing supernatural agents. However, there is at present no unified theory of what fitness-relevant feature of the selective environment to which this cognitive predisposition is adapted. We distinguish two divergent and often conflated approaches to supernatural punishment theory which hypothesize the adaptive character of such beliefs arise from the fact that they increase cooperation or decrease the cost of incurring punishment for norm violations. We evaluate these, and group and individual selectionist versions, in view of game theoretic models, experimental studies, and ethnographic data in light of which each proposal is plausi...
Buoyancy-induced heat transfer in a vertical enclosure with offset partial vertical dividers

Abstract A numerical study has been made of buoyancy-induced flow in a square, externally heated vertical enclosure with two offset baffles or vertical dividers, in order to investigate the effect of baffle height on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. Air is taken to be the working fluid, and the horizontal end walls are assumed to be perfectly conducting. Two baffle positions are considered: in one, the upper baffle is offset toward the hot wall, and the lower baffle toward the cold wall (position A): in the other, the upper baffle is offset toward the cold wall, and the lower baffle toward the hot wall (position B). The effect of baffle conductivity and height on the thermal stratification and heat transfer is investigated. Both factors are found to play an important role, with lower heat transfer at higher baffle conductivities and baffle heights. The nature of thermal stratification between the baffles and in the baffle—near wall region controls the corresponding flow behavior. In position B, strong vertical stratification between the baffles inhibits the crossflow, whereas in position A stratification and correspondingly reduced flow penetration into the baffle—near wall region is noted. These differing flow patterns have important ramifications on the heat transfer.
Behavioral effects and binding affinities of two stereoisomeric psychotomimetic glycolates

A comparison was made of the behavioral effects in cats of the dextro and levo isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QB), using a special computer-controlled program. Such psychophysical parameters as rate of response and tendency to use the left or right paw for lever pressing were used primarily to evaluate drug efficacy. The drug did not alter auditory threshold or the percentage of errors in lever pressing. The l-isomer was found to be at least 100 times as potent as the d-isomer, the effects of both being qualitatively similar. After a single dose of 5 mug/Kg of 1-QB, the cats' performance did not return to normal until 5-7 days later. Pretreatment of the cats with a dose of 2 mg/Kg of atropine, an antimuscarinic agent, did not prevent the behavioral effects of 1-QB. The binding affinity of two isomers for synaptic membranes and phosphatidyl serine was identical.
Comparison of plant measurements for estimating nitrogen accumulation and grain yield by flooded rice

Knowledge about N accumulation during the vegetative growth stage of flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) may be useful in determining the need for topdressing fertilizer N at panicle differentiation (PD). In a 3-year field study, plant area, N concentration of the Y-leaf (most recently matured leaf blade) and the whole plant, and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings measured during vegetative and early reproductive growth stages were used to estimate total N accumulation. The techniques were then used to determine the growth stages that maximized correlation with grain yield. Five preflood (PF) N rates (0, 33.6, 67.2, 100.8, and 134.4 kg ha 1 ), two PD N rates (0 and 67.2 kg ha 1 ), and two cultivars (LaGrue and Lacassine) were used. The treatments were chosen to represent an array of dry matter and total N accumulations. No interactions of PF N rate cultivar on grain yield and total N accumulation were observed. Plant area was linearly correlated (r = 0.84 to 0.93, P 60% of the variation in total N accumulation every year. However, Y-leaf N concentration and SPAD readings accounted for 60% only in 1995. A combination of plant area and Y-leaf N concentration or SPAD readings accounted for more variation in total N accumulation than did individual plant measurements. Plant area and whole-plant N concentration was the best combination, accounting for 80 to 90% of the variation in total N accumulation. The maximum variation in grain yield accounted for by the measured traits was 50% at PD for plant area, and 37% at 2 wk after the PF N application for Y-leaf N concentration and SPAD reading. These low correlations of grain yield with plant measurements during the vegetative stage confirm that environmental and other conditions prevailing during later growth stages profoundly influenced grain yield of rice.
Geomagnetic investigations of the University of North Carolina

(A) Durham Triasslc Basin—A highway survey of the northern two thirds of the Durham Basin has been completed. Stations were taken along the highways at half-mile intervals and in all, nine traverses were made across the Basin. The purpose of this work was to determine, if possible, whether the boundaries of such a basin could be detected by magnetic methods alone. Variations within the basin are not large (the maximum being about 400 gammas, the average about 100) and the maximum anomalies may be traced to diabase-dikes and sills. The amplitude of the oscillations outside the Basin is about four times that within it. This change in amplitude permitted the location of boundaries of the Basin with a satisfactory degree of accuracy.
A density functional and Hartree-Fock study of pyran and 2,4-pentadienals

Abstract The geometries and vibrational frequencies of pyran and its variants obtained by ring dissociation at the CO bond (2,4-pentadienals) are studied using density functional theory (DFT; VWN, BLYP) and Hartree-Fock (HF; 6–31G(d), MP2/ / 6–G(d)) calculations. The BLYP, 6–31G(d) and MP2/ /6–31G(d) geometry optimizations predict an open form as the most stable configuration, while VWN determines the cyclic form to be most stable. DFT calculations of the vibrational frequencies of 2,4-pentadienal are in good agreement with IR data, favoring the conformer identified by our energy calculations.
Implementation and Use of a Secondary Droplet Break-Up Model Under Diesel Engine Conditions

The diesel engine combustion process is very complex in nature. On the order of milliseconds, a high-pressure liquid spray is injected into a cylinder with a moving boundary. The spray undergoes break-up, dispersion, phase change and combustion. Accurate spray modeling is a prerequisite to modeling the diesel combustion process. Droplet break-up is governed by both primary and secondary break-up mechanisms. The Taylor Analogy Break-Up (TAB) Model was employed, in a self-contained simulation environment, to study the secondary break-up of a droplet flowing in a range of aerodynamic environments. The model, which describes the droplet distortion/break-up in an analogy to a spring-mass-damped system, was not formulated to solve the entire spray from start of injection to combustion, which is typically done with a PDF treatment. The developed simulation code provides a fundamental environment to parametrically study the effects of different break-up forcing functions (aerodynamic etc.) as well as provides the ability to refit power-law expressions that can then be used in phemonological diesel engine simulations. The paper first discusses the key physical mechanisms associated with breakup, the formulation/implementation of the numerical model, demonstrates its use to understand droplet parameter tradeoffs and how it can be used to construct reduced order break-up residence time models. Finally, the model is extended to a multi-DOF formulation to facilitate the understanding of the impact of additional breakup forces, which could be aerodynamic, collision-induced etc., on the droplet.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Low-Distortion Wideband Delta-Sigma ADCs With Shifted Loop Delays

This paper presents several novel low-power low-distortion $\Delta\Sigma$ modulator topologies with shifted loop delays. Both single-sampled and double-sampled modulators are discussed. The proposed architectures can relax the critical timing for quantization and for dynamic element matching. A delay-free integrator in the last stage is used to perform the active summation, hence eliminating the active adder. The reduced input swing of the last integrator relaxes the OTA's requirements. The proposed topology simplifies the feed-forward paths, and saves power consumption and capacitor area. Noise-coupled technique can also be utilized to enhance the noise shaping. To verify the effect of the proposed topology, single- and double-sampled third-order $\Delta\Sigma$ modulators with and without noise coupling were analyzed and simulated.
Multiresolutional target tracking

A framework of multiresolutional target tracking is established in this paper. The wavelet transform is employed in constructing multiresolutional data and model structures. Multiresolutional tracking is performed over the multiresolutional data and model structures in a top-down fashion. The main advantages of multiresolutional target tracking include: computational efficiency, performance robustness and algorithm flexibility.
The roles of CYP3A and CYP2B isoforms in hepatic bioactivation and detoxification of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in sheep and hamsters.

The roles of cytochrome CYP3A and CYP2B isozymes in the bioactivation and detoxification of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) senecionine (SN) have been investigated in vitro with sheep and hamster hepatic microsomes. Our results show that the rate of SN activation measured by (+/-)-6, 7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP) formation greatly exceeded the rate of SN N-oxide formation (detoxification) in hamsters. In contrast, SN N-oxide, a detoxification product, was the major metabolite in sheep with much lower DHP production. Immunoinhibition studies with anti-sheep CYP3A and CYP2B antibodies show that members of CYP3A subfamily play the major role in the conversion of PA to pyrrolic metabolites in both species (over 90% in sheep; 68% in hamster). These enzymes also contribute 38.8 and 41. 3% of SN N-oxidation in sheep and hamsters, respectively. In contrast, CYP2B isoforms have a limited capacity toward DHP formation in both species (47% in sheep; 32% in hamster), while these enzymes catalyzed only 24.6 and 35.4% SN N-oxidation in sheep and hamster, respectively. Using triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) and gestodene, two highly selective chemical inhibitors of CYP3A isoforms, our data show that 90% of DHP formation was inhibited by either inhibitor in sheep. Gestodene appeared to be more efficient than TAO in the inhibition of DHP production in hamsters. Testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity, a functional marker of CYP3A, was significantly inhibited by TAO and gestodene in sheep liver microsomes and by gestodene (100 microM) in hamster liver microsomes. These results suggest that CYP3A isozymes have important roles in bioactivation and detoxification of PA in both species, whereas CYP2B subfamily members are less efficient in biotransformation of PA.
Three-dimensional theory of the free-electron laser in the collective regime

A fully self-consistent theory of the free-electron laser is derived in the collective regime which includes all transverse variations in the wiggler field as well as the effects of a finite waveguide geometry. A general orbit theory is derived by perturbation about the steady-state trajectories in a configuration which consists of an axial guide field in addition to the helical wiggler field, and used to obtain the source current and charge density for the Maxwell-Poisson equations. By this means, a set of coupled differential equations is found which describes an arbitrary radial beam profile. A dispersion equation is obtained under the assumption of a thin monoenergetic beam, and solved numerically for the growth rates of the TE/sub 11/ and TM/sub 11/ modes in a cylindrical waveguide. A selection rule is found by which the TE/sub l/m or TM/sub l/m modes are resonant at the lth free-electron-laser Doppler upshift.
The Moral Basis of the Modular B.Ed.

10 The recent history of initial teacher education in this country has been one of frequent and substantial change. The length of training has been extended from two to three, and in many cases to four years. Panic expansion in the size and number of colleges has been followed immediately by contraction, closures and amalgamations. Paralleling these structural changes there have been major developments in the knowledge content of the course itself, the introduction of teaching degrees, and internal organisational changes within the colleges to cope with new forms of knowledge, especially in the area of education theory. A feature common to these changes is that they have, to a greater or lesser extent, been directly imposed upon the colleges by outside agencies: the structural parameters are set by the DES, and the new forms of knowledge have been developed almost exclusively in the Institutes of Education and disseminated to the colleges. The last two years however have witnessed one significant change that appears to have been developed within the colleges, and which has, as yet, aroused little comment. It is the development of modular courses of teacher training. Although there were pressures from outside leading almost every college to frame proposals for three and four year B.Ed. degrees to replace the existing Certificate, there was no visible compulsion for these to have been devised as modular structures. Many colleges have, however, moved to this form of course organisation, and it is this development that is the subject of this article. The principal features of modular course designs are as follows: the course, in large measure, is progressively built up from a series of student-selected options; these optional 'units' or 'modules' comprise relatively self-contained blocks of knowledge of standardised size; student performance is assessed on each module upon its completion, and overall final assessment is arrived at by the arithmetic accumulation of grades obtained from each completed module. The distinction between modular and conventional courses is not always clear cut; conventional courses can contain optional elements, and self-styled modular courses can contain large proportions of compulsory units.' The operational definition used here derives simply from the manner in which colleges, through their official prospectuses and entries in the Handbook,2 describe their courses. A college will be said to be operating a modular pattern if that college describes its own course content in 'unit' or 'module' terms, and indicates that to obtain a Certificate or a B.Ed. degree a student must pass a set number of such units. It has to be acknowledged that, in the absence of further data on each college, this is a rough classification. Some colleges are probably operating thorough-going modular schermes, while others, because of the number of compulsory units and/or built in prerequisites, are presenting fairly conventional teacher training courses merely re-written as modular structures. In 1973 no course of initial training was operating on a
Preparation of polyamides via the phosphorylation reaction. IX. Effect of reaction temperature on molecular weight on poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide)

Effet de la temperature de la reaction sur la viscosite intrinseque du polymere prepare dans les conditions de Higashi
Androgen Receptor Length Polymorphism Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk in Hispanic Men

ABSTRACTPurpose: The transcriptional activation domain of the androgen receptor gene includes a CAG repeat length polymorphism. A smaller number of repeats is reported to increase the risk of prostate cancer. We investigated the association of CAG repeat length and the risk of prostate cancer in a case-control study of Hispanic men.Materials and Methods: To estimate the magnitude of the association of repeat length with prostate cancer risk, samples from 82 white patients of Hispanic origin (Hispanic) with prostate cancer and 145 Hispanic controls were genotyped. To determine the allelic distribution of repeats by race/ethnicity we genotyped 132 black men, 163 white men of nonHispanic origin (white) and 175 Hispanic men with no family history of prostate cancer, and performed pairwise comparison.Results: In the case-control study of Hispanic men with a repeat length of 18 or less versus greater than 18 we found an approximately 3-fold increased risk of prostate cancer (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.21 to 6.01, t test ...
The Effects of Range Expansion on the Population Genetics of White-Winged Doves in Texas

Abstract Species that undergo range expansions often exhibit a loss of genetic diversity in populations found at the leading edge of the expansion and show a genetic signal of isolation by distance. We examined the genetic consequences of range expansion on White-winged Dove populations, a species that is undergoing a range and possible demographic expansion in Texas. We genotyped five microsatellite loci and sequenced a segment of mitochondrial DNA and found that White-winged Doves do not exhibit a loss of genetic diversity in recently colonized areas or a genetic signal of a demographic expansion. However, we did find a slight signal of isolation by distance and range expansion based on both nuclear and mitochondrial markers. We suggest that high, multi-directional, ongoing gene flow has removed any loss of diversity caused by range expansion. A conservation implication of our findings is that species that exhibit rapid range expansions with high gene flow are likely to retain their evolutionary potenti...
Maneuver based design of a passive-assist device for augmenting linear motion drives

A methodology for designing a parallel, passive-assist device to augment an active system using energy minimization based on a known maneuver is presented. Implementation of the passive-assist device can result in an improvement in system performance with respect to efficiency, reliability, and/or utility. In previous work we demonstrated this concept experimentally on a single link robot arm augmented with a torsional spring. Here we show that the concept can effectively be applied to other machines performing known periodic motions by simulating a reciprocating single axis machining table and an X-Y table performing a slot milling operation. The addition of optimized springs results in a decrease in energy consumption of 79% and significantly outperforms springs based on a state-of-the-art force-displacement curvefitting approach. Finally, we show that a significant increase in performance can be realized if the maneuver is redesigned considering that a passive-assist device will be added to the system.
The interface of work and family life.

Dramatic changes in the workforce and workplace contribute to the need for a synthesis of knowledge on the interdependence of family life, work, and the vocational development of children, adolescents, and adults. Four prominent themes in the work and family literature are reviewed with the intention of providing guidance for all applied psychologists. These include (a) the meaning of work embedded in people’s lives, (b) multiple life roles, (c) work and family navigation, and (d) supportive family systems.
Diabetes mellitus in transplantation: 2002 consensus guidelines☆

Diabetes mellitus is a serious complication following organ transplantation that is underdiagnosed, possibly due to the inadequate definitions used in published literature and the lack of standardized screening. Diabetes in transplantation amplifies the already increased risk of cardiovascular disease among transplant patients, and increases the risk of graft loss and death. Patients at risk of developing diabetes in transplantation should therefore be prospectively identified and given individualized immunosuppressive therapy to minimize the risk of developing this disease. These guidelines are intended to: (1) help identify patients at risk for diabetes after transplantation; (2) set down a standard definition of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM); (3) create a standard monitoring protocol for the diagnosis of PTDM; and (4) optimize the management of patients at risk of developing or who develop diabetes after transplantation. With improved diagnosis, individualization of therapy, and proper early management, the incidence of diabetes in transplantation, and the accompanying additional burden of illness the disease carries, may be diminished. In turn, this will help achieve the therapeutic goals of reducing the risk of graft complications, improving quality of life, and reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality in transplant patients.
The Role of Sonic Hedgehog Reemergence During Gastric Cancer

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been extensively studied for its role in developmental biology and cancer biology. The association between Shh and cancer development in general is well established but the functional role of Shh in the development and progression of gastric cancer specifically is largely unknown. Bone marrow-derived stem cells, specifically mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) infiltrate and engraft into the gastric mucosa in response to the chronic inflammatory environment of Helicobacter infection. In this review, MSC infiltration and changes in the cytokine and cellular profiles of later-stage chronic environments will be tied into their interactions with the Shh pathway. We will discuss how these changes shape tumorigenesis and tumor progression in the gastric mucosa. The current review focuses on the Shh signaling pathway and its role in the development of gastric cancer, specifically in response to Helicobacter pylori infection. We follow with an in-depth discussion of the regulation of the Hedgehog pathway during acute and chronic gastric inflammation with a focus on signaling within the MSC compartment.
Simulation of the Fisher-Zeaman multiple-look attention theory

Description. The program produces response strings for statistical subjects acting in accord with the assumptions of the attention-retention theory of two­ choice visual discrimination learning and memory described by Fisher and Zeaman (1973), in user­ specified problem sequences. The theory generalizes the Zeaman and House (1963) attentional model of discrimination learning to include multiple looking with parallel processing of dimensions and cue­ significance feedback features, and adapts the multicomponent multiprocess model of human memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1969) to the retention of learned items. A fundamental feature of the theory is the distinction developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin between structural features or fixed capacities of the memory system and the control processes or strategies available for their use in a particular task. The memory-control processes available in the program are the rehearsal-buffer size for each dimension and the probability of entering a new item into the rehearsal buffer to displace an old item. These two control processes are particularly useful in describing the results of discrimination learning analogues of continuous paired associate experiments. The program has been used to simulate results of experiments in discrimination learning and memory including dimensional shift, reversal, cue-blocking, recombination of cues, tests of component retention, proactive and retroactive interference, concurrent problems, and one- and two-dimensional item rehearsal capacity (see Fisher & Zeaman, 1973; McBane, 1976; Zieger, 1974, for these and other examples). The user specifies the trial-by-trial and session-by-session structure of the experiment to be simulated, the parameter value to be used, and type and magnitude of criterion for a trials-to-criterion design. Input. The program requests the following input. For each experiment to be simulated: the number of dimensions, the number of trials per session, the number of sessions per subject, the number of subjects to be run, and criterion run information, where applicable.
Stochastic changes over time and not founder effects drive cage effects in microbial community assembly in a mouse model

Maternal transmission and cage effects are powerful confounding factors in microbiome studies. To assess the consequences of cage microenvironment on the mouse gut microbiome, two groups of germ-free (GF) wild-type (WT) mice, one gavaged with a microbiota harvested from adult WT mice and another allowed to acquire the microbiome from the cage microenvironment, were monitored using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing over a period of 8 weeks. Our results revealed that cage effects in WT mice moved from GF to specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions take several weeks to develop and are not eliminated by the initial gavage treatment. Initial gavage influenced, but did not eliminate a successional pattern in which Proteobacteria became less abundant over time. An analysis in which 16S rRNA sequences are mapped to the closest sequenced whole genome suggests that the functional potential of microbial genomes changes significantly over time shifting from an emphasis on pathogenesis and motility early in community assembly to metabolic processes at later time points. Functionally, mice allowed to naturally acquire a microbial community from their cage, but not mice gavaged with a common biome, exhibit a cage effect in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced inflammation. Our results argue that while there are long-term effects of the founding community, these effects are mitigated by cage microenvironment and successional community assembly over time, which must both be explicitly considered in the interpretation of microbiome mouse experiments.
The Effect of Subbandgap Illumination on the Bulk Resistivity of CdZnTe

The variation in bulk resistivity during infrared (IR) illumination above 950 nm of state-of-the-art CdZnTe (CZT) crystals grown using the traveling heating method or the modified Bridgman method is documented. The change in steady-state current with and without illumination is also evaluated. The influence of secondary phases (SP) on current–voltage (I–V) characteristics is discussed using IR transmission microscopy to determine the defect concentration within the crystal bulk. SP present within the CZT are connected to the existence of deep, IR-excitable traps within the bandgap.
Characterization of the coefficient of thermal expansion and its effect on the performance of Portland cement concrete pavements

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete is considered to be an important design parameter to predict Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement performance in mechanistic-empirical pave...
Microwave Spectrum, Structure, and Dipole Moment of Cyclopropene

The microwave spectra of four isotopic species of cyclopropene, CH2(CH)2, CH2CDCH, CH2(CD)2, and CDH(CH)2 were assigned and three rotational constants for each isotopic species were determined. From these data the following structural parameters were evaluated: C–C 1.515 A, C=C 1.300 A, C–H (methylene) 1.087±0.004 A, C–H (vinyl) 1.070 A, H–C–H angle 114°42′±10′ and C=C–H angle 149°55′. The uncertainties in the methylene values are the magnitude of a rotation‐vibration interaction correction. The dipole moment of cyclopropene was found to be 0.455±0.01 debye unit.
Won't You Be My Neighbor? Using an Ecological Approach to Examine the Impact of Community on Revictimization

An ecological model is used to explore the moderating effects of community-level variables on the relation between childhood sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) within a sample of 98 African American women from low incomes. Results from hierarchical, binary logistics regressions analyses show that community-level variables (perceived neighborhood disorder and community cohesion) moderated the relation between childhood emotional abuse and adult physical IPV. Findings support the use of an ecological approach in examining the phenomena of revictimization. Clinical implications from a community and ecological perspective are discussed.
Analysis of focused unsaturated flow beneath fissures in the Chihuahuan Desert, Texas, USA

Abstract Localized flow beneath fissures in arid settings has important implications for waste disposal in these regions. Fissures are surface features or gullies that are underlain by sediment filled fractures. The objectives of this study were to compare unsaturated flow beneath different fissures, investigate the vertical and lateral extent of increased flow associated with fissures, and examine different techniques for evaluating flow in zones containing fissures. Boreholes were drilled directly beneath four fissures and at horizontal distances of 10 and 50 m from the fissures. Physical parameters such as water content and water potential were analyzed in sediment samples and water potential was analyzed in plant samples. Environmental tracers such as Cl, 36 Cl Cl , 3H, D, and 18O were analyzed in sediment samples. A trench was dug beneath one fissure for detailed sampling. Electromagnetic induction was used to measure apparent electrical conductivity in transects perpendicular to the fissures. Unsaturated flow is relatively higher beneath fissures, as evidenced by higher water potentials and lower chloride concentrations there than in surrounding sediments. The lateral extent of high water flux was restricted to the zone directly beneath one fissure but extended to profiles 10 m from two other fissures. The profiles 50 m from all fissures had low water fluxes, as indicated by low water potentials and high maximum chloride concentrations. The vertical extent of high water fluxes was restricted to the upper 10 to 20 m zone, as shown by water potential and chloride fronts within the upper 10 m zone beneath one fissure and by chloride fronts in the upper 20 m zone beneath and 10 m from another fissure. Additional evidence for localized water flux was provided by less enriched D and 18O, and higher plant water potentials in sediments beneath fissures relative to sediments adjacent to fissures. High tritium levels were found in all sampled profiles and cannot readily be explained. Apparent electrical conductivity was higher in two of the four fissures. Multiple independent lines of evidence indicate that subsurface water fluxes are higher at shallow depths beneath fissures; however, the various techniques differ in their effectiveness in delineating higher water fluxes beneath fissures. Multiple profiles drilled in one fissure indicate that there is large variability in flow along this fissure that is attributed to topographic variations and degree of ponding.
A Phase I study of capecitabine, carboplatin, and paclitaxel with external beam radiation therapy for esophageal carcinoma.

Purpose: Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) are used to treat patients with esophageal cancer. The optimal combination of chemotherapeutic agents with RT is undefined. We evaluated a combination of capecitabine, carboplatin, and paclitaxel with RT in a phase I study. Methods and Materials: Patients with squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus initially received capecitabine, carboplatin, and paclitaxel with RT (1.8 Gy daily to 50.4 Gy). After completion, patients were restaged and evaluated for surgery. Primary endpoints included determination of dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and a recommended phase II dose, non-DLT, and preliminary radiographic and pathologic response rates. Results: Thirteen patients were enrolled (10 men, 3 women). All were evaluable for toxicity and efficacy. Two of 3 patients at dose level 1 (capecitabine 825 mg/m 2 twice daily on RT days, carboplatin area under the curve (AUC) 2 weekly, paclitaxel 60 mg/m 2 weekly) had DLT (both Grade 4 esophagitis). Of these 3, 2 underwent esophagectomy and had pathologic complete response (pCR). Ten patients were then enrolled at dose level −1 (capecitabine 600 mg/m 2 twice daily, carboplatin AUC 1.5, paclitaxel 45 mg/m 2 ). Overall, 3 of 10 patients at dose level −1 developed DLT (2 Grade 3 esophagitis, 1 Grade 3 hypotension). Esophagectomy was performed in 6 of 10 patients. All patients had pathologic downstaging and 2 of 6 had pCR. Conclusions: The maximally tolerated/recommended phase II doses were capecitabine 600 mg/m 2 twice daily, carboplatin AUC 1.5 weekly, and paclitaxel 45 mg/m 2 weekly with RT to 50.4 Gy. In our small study, this regimen appears active but is accompanied by significant toxicities, primarily esophagitis.