cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Growth of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x Thin Films on Three-Inch Wafers Using Laser-Ablation and an Atomic Oxygen Source

Pulsed laser-ablation is emerging as the deposition technique of choice for producing high quality, high temperature superconducting (HTS) thin films. Since the first report of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x(YBCO) thin film deposition using pulsed laser-ablation1, a number of HTS compounds and novel in-situ laser-ablation approaches have been described in the literature2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. The laser-ablation process, when used in conjunction with a variety of activated oxygen sources, has produced HTS films with excellent superconducting properties, principally on single crystal substrates of SrTiO3, MgO, ZrO2, and more recently LaA1O3, NdGaO3, and LaGaO3. However, the laser-ablation technique has, until now, only been used to coat relatively small substrates (up to about one square inch) due to the rather narrow angular distribution for the ablated material, which is a fundamental property of the ablation process. This narrow angular distribution is also responsible for the noticeably poor thickness uniformity obtained over even smaller substrate sizes. Practical electronic applications of HTS materials will require larger areas to be uniformly coated in order to increase the device size and/or the number of devices obtainable per substrate. Film thickness uniformity is extremely important when defining HTS structures with micron size features using photolithography and dry etching techniques. Also, by utilizing larger area substrates, more practical use can be made of existing semiconductor processing equipment to fabricate HTS devices in an efficient and cost effective manner.
Towards Empirical Applications

This chapter combines into Figure 7.1 the different representations of the technology that have been discussed in this monograph. Their homogeneity, monotonicity and curvature properties are unfolded in Table 7.2. Section 7.3 shows how inverse homotheticity and homogeneity are modeled in each of the nine functional representations of the technology. Finally, in the last section, various functional forms of the technology are discussed.
Age-Related Changes in PLMS Characteristics of RLS Patients

Sleep-related movement disorders are common and often underdiagnosed in the elderly. The elderly are a poorly defined group, usually assumed to start at the age of 65 years. In this group, clinical application of research data has to take into account the frequent occurrence of comorbidities, of medications, and of possible cognitive deterioration. This article will focus on restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder, sleep-related leg cramps, and sleep-related bruxism in the elderly.
In vivo analysis of mammary and non-mammary tumorigenesis in MMTV-cyclin D1 transgenic mice deficient in p53.

Overexpression of the cyclin D1 oncogene and inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor have both been implicated in substantial proportions of sporadic human breast cancers. Transgenic mice with cyclin D1 overexpression targeted to mammary tissue by the MMTV enhancer-promoter have been shown to develop mammary cancers. To investigate the relationship between pathways driven by cyclin D1 overexpression and p53 loss during the development of breast cancers, we crossed MMTV-cyclin D1 mice with p53 heterozygous null (p53+/−) mice. In such crossed mice, cyclin D1-driven mammary neoplasia would need to be substantially accelerated by p53 loss in order for mammary tumors to develop prior to the expected onset of non-mammary tumors characteristic of the p53-deficient background alone. Instead, in mice heterozygous or homozygous for p53 deficiency and simultaneously carrying the MMTV-cyclin D1 transgene, only tumors typically found in p53-deficient mice developed and mammary tumors were not observed. Interestingly, MMTV-cyclin D1/p53+/− mice appeared to develop these non-mammary tumors more rapidly than p53+/− mice, and a majority of the sampled non-mammary tumors from MMTV-cyclin D1/p53+/− mice showed ‘ectopic’ expression of the MMTV-driven cyclin D1 transgene. Within the constraints of possible genetic background effects and limited sensitivity due to the early emergence of non-mammary tumors, these observations provide no evidence that inactivation of p53 confers a major additional selective advantage to mammary cells overexpressing cyclin D1 in this animal model of human breast cancer. Interestingly, the results do raise the possibility that p53 inactivation might complement or cooperate with cyclin D1 deregulation during the development of some types of non-mammary tumors.
Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 processing of AP sites with 5' mismatches.

Despite the DNA duplex being central to biological functions, many intricacies of this molecule, including the dynamic nature of mismatched base pairing, are still unknown. The unique conformations adopted by DNA mismatches can provide insight into the forces at play between nucleotides. Moreover, DNA-binding proteins apply their own individualized steric and electrochemical influences on the nucleotides that they interact with, further altering base-pairing conformations. Here, seven X-ray crystallographic structures of the human nuclease apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1 (APE1) in complex with its substrate target flanked by a 5′ mismatch are reported. The structures reveal how APE1 influences the conformations of a variety of different mismatched base pairs. Purine–purine mismatches containing a guanine are stabilized by a rotation of the guanine residue about the N-glycosidic bond to utilize the Hoogsteen edge for hydrogen bonding. Interestingly, no rotation of adenine, the other purine, is observed. Mismatches involving both purine and pyrimidine bases adopt wobble conformations to accommodate the mismatch. Pyrimidine–pyrimidine mismatches also wobble; however, the smaller profile of a pyrimidine base results in a gap between the Watson–Crick faces that is reduced by a C1′–C1′ compression. These results advance our understanding of mismatched base pairing and the influence of a bound protein.
OntoVPA—An Ontology-Based Dialogue Management System for Virtual Personal Assistants

Dialogue management (DM) is a difficult problem. We present OntoVPA, an Ontology-Based Dialogue Management System (DMS) for Virtual Personal Assistants (VPAs). The features of OntoVPA are offered as generic solutions to core DM problems, such as dialogue state tracking, anaphora and coreference resolution, etc. To the best of our knowledge, OntoVPA is the first commercially available, fully implemented DMS that employs ontologies and ontology-based rules for (a) domain model representation and reasoning, (b) dialogue representation and state tracking, and (c) response generation. OntoVPA is a declarative, knowledge-based system which can be customized to a new VPA domain by modifying and exchanging ontologies and rule bases, with very little to no conventional programming required.
Robust Continuous-Time MASH Delta Sigma Modulator

A continuous time (CT) multi-stage noise- shaping (MASH) delta sigma modulator (DSM) with reduced quantization noise leakage is proposed. In this structure, the shaped quantization noise is extracted at an integrator output, and analog noise transfer function (NTF) variations can be cancelled at the MASH output. Therefore, the circuit is insensitive to NTF variations, and no complex digital calibration is needed. The residual quantization noise leakage caused by integrator non-idealities is shaped, and can easily be calibrated to relax the requirements of the integrators. The proposed MASH can use more aggressive NTF than a traditional one, and uses a simpler noise cancellation filter. Simulation results and theoretical analysis verify the effectiveness of this structure.
Joining of Lightweight Dissimilar Materials by Friction Self-Piercing Riveting

In this work, we employed a unique solid-state joining process, friction self-piercing riveting (F-SPR), to join carbon fiber composites to the low-ductility magnesium alloy AZ31B. The localized frictional heat generated between the rotating rivet and the underside of the magnesium sheet softened and prevented crack generation in AZ31B. A consumable joining rivet was designed to join the selected material stacks by F-SPR. Lap shear tensile testing was used to assess the joint quality of specimens produced by F-SPR. The joint interface from the cross-sectioned F-SPR specimen was evaluated by optical microscopy.
Investigating the Distance to Crime for Offenders With Mental Illness: How Routine Is Routine?:

Research consistently demonstrates that offenders do not travel far to crime. Although this finding has been observed across different types of offending and offenders, one group rarely examined wi...
The impact of errors on healthcare professionals in the critical care setting.

Abstract Purpose Medical errors occur at high rates in intensive care units (ICUs) and have great consequences. The impact of errors on healthcare professionals is rarely discussed. We hypothesized that issues regarding blame and guilt following errors in the ICU exist and may be dependent on type of practitioner, level of experience, and error type. Materials and methods An online survey was conducted of members of a large critical care medical society addressing three clinical scenarios of procedural, diagnostic and treatment errors. Results Nine hundred one practitioners responded. In all scenarios, negative feeling after medical errors occurred in all practitioners regardless of experience or field. Surgeons and anesthesiologists showed higher negative responses after procedural errors while internal medicine and emergency medicine practitioners had higher negative responses after diagnostic errors. Survey respondents identified multiple ways to address these adverse feelings, including debriefing with the medical team (68%), talking with colleagues (68%) and discussing with patients and families (36%). Conclusions In critical care, blame and guilt after medical errors are common and affect all providers. Critical care practitioners have identified methods which may help mitigate adverse feeling after medical errors, including debriefing and talking with colleagues. Hospitals may benefit from developing these types of strategies after medical errors.
A laurent series for the resolvent of a strongly continuous stochastic semi-group

Let (P t )t≥0 be a standard stochastic semi-group of Markov transition operators, continuous in the strong operator topology at t=0 and ∞. Let (R λ)λ>0 be the corresponding resolvent. We show R λ=λ−1 P *+σ k=0 ∞ (−λ)k H k+1, assuming P * is a uniform limit of P t , at infinity and H=∫ 0 ∞ (P t−P *)dt.
Targeting the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion mRNA using liposomal nanovectors enhances docetaxel treatment in prostate cancer.

Background The TMPRSS2/ERG (TE) fusion gene is present in half of the prostate cancers (PCas). The TMPRSS2 and ERG junction of the fusion messenger RNA (mRNA) constitutes a cancer-specific target. Although docetaxel-based chemotherapy is the second line of therapy following development resistance to androgen ablation therapies, it is not curative. Therefore, the development of nontoxic novel monotherapies for targeting TE mRNA in PCa patients and for increasing the clinical efficacy of docetaxel treatment are needed. Methods We evaluated multiple approaches to enhance the delivery of TE small interfering RNA (siRNA) containing liposomes including PEGylation, topical treatment with nitroglycerin (NG) to increase permeability and retention, and three different PEG modifications: folate, RGD cyclic peptide, and a bFGF fibroblast growth factor receptor-targeting peptide. The efficacy of the optimized TE siRNA liposome in combination with docetaxel was then evaluated in vivo with or without topical NG in vivo using a VCaP xenograft model. TE fusion protein knockdown in residual tumors was assessed using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results In vivo therapeutic targeting of TE fusion gene by systemic delivery of RGD-peptide-coated liposomal siRNA nanovectors led to sustained target silencing, suppressed tumor growth in xenograft models and enhanced the efficacy of docetaxel chemotherapy. Simultaneous application of the vasodilator NG to the skin further increased tissue the delivery of siRNA and enhanced target knockdown. Conclusion TE-targeted gene silencing therapy using liposomal nanovectors is a potential therapeutic strategy as a monotherapy and to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with advanced PCa.
Brief Immunology Review for Targeted Biologic Therapies in Allergic Disease

This article provides a concise overview of important aspects of immunology related to atopic disorders and the key inflammatory components that biologic agents target. Over 15 years ago, the first biologic agent for an allergic disease gained FDA approval. Since then, additional attention has been given to elucidating the underlying pathways involved in these inflammatory disorders and identifying other potential targets that may be used to treat these conditions. In the last 5 years, not only have new biologic agents emerged to treat other atopic conditions, but also currently available agents have gained additional indications and even more unique biologic agents are in the research pipeline, currently undergoing Phase 2 and 3 trials. These agents provide the potential therapeutic option to treat multiple disorders with a single intervention and thus a familiarity with the immunology of allergic diseases as well as the aspects of the immune system that each biologic agent targets can aid the practitioner in selection of which agent to utilize. The potential to select a biologic agent that targets a particularly inflammatory element and allows the practitioner to provide treatment for more than one atopic disorder is a very exciting prospect, indeed. Knowledge of the inflammatory cascade and, in particular, type 2 inflammation can assist in the selection of which agent or agents to consider using when treating these allergic diseases.
Disparities in fertility knowledge among women from low and high resource settings presenting for fertility care in two United States metropolitan centers.

Few studies have examined health literacy and fertility knowledge among women from low income, socio-culturally diverse communities presenting for fertility care in the United States. Our study sought to examine demographic predictors of fertility-related knowledge among infertile women from low and high-resource communities in two major metropolitan centers in the United States. Fertility Knowledge Assessments were administered to women presenting for fertility care at county medical centers serving low-resource, largely immigrant patients and to women from largely affluent populations presenting to comprehensive fertility centers in two cities. The influence of demographic predictors on fertility knowledge was examined through regression analysis. A total of 143 women were included in our analysis. In the county hospital/low resource clinic (LR, n = 70), the mean age was 32.8 ± 6.1 years vs 35.0 ± 5.0 years in the fee-for-service/high resource clinic (HR, n = 73). Among the LR patients, 74% were immigrants, 71% had an annual income $100,000, and 95% had some college or above. On average, women from HR settings scored 3.0 points higher on the Fertility Knowledge Assessment than their LR counterparts (p < 0.001). Upon multivariate analysis, education level remained the sole independent factor associated with fertility knowledge assessment score (p < 0.001). Stratifying by resource level revealed that income was highly associated with fertility knowledge (p < 0.01) among high resource individuals even when adjusting for education level. Women from low resource, largely immigrant communities, seeking fertility care have greater disparities in fertility knowledge and lower health literacy compared to women from high resource clinical settings. Further studies are needed to understand these barriers and to develop targeted inventions to lower disparities and improve care for these vulnerable populations.
An injectable PEG hydrogel controlling neurotrophin-3 release by affinity peptides

Neurotrophin-3 growth factor can improve cochlear neuron survival, and localized delivery of this protein to the round window membrane in the middle ear may be able to reverse sensorineural hearing loss. Thus, the goal of this work was to develop an injectable hydrogel delivery system that can allow localized release of neurotrophin-3 in a controlled and sustained manner. We identified a PEG hydrogel formulation that uses thiol-vinyl sulfone Michael addition for crosslinking. This injectable formulation provides elastic hydrogels with higher mechanical rigidity, better bio-adhesion and longer residence time than Poloxamer hydrogels currently being investigated clinically for hearing loss. In vivo, PEG hydrogels induce local immune responses comparable to biocompatible Poloxamer hydrogels, yet they released payloads at a ~5-fold slower rate in the subcutaneous area. Based on this injectable hydrogel formulation, we designed an affinity-based protein release system by modifying PEG hydrogels with affinity peptides specific to neurotrophin-3 proteins. We verified the sustained release of neurotrophin-3 from peptide-conjugated PEG hydrogels resulting from the reversible interaction between peptides and proteins. The rate of affinity-controlled release depends on the polymer concentrations, the affinity of peptides and the peptide-to-protein ratios. Collectively, we developed an injectable hydrogel formulation for localized delivery of neurotrophin-3, which provides affinity-controlled release and longer delivery time compared to Poloxamer hydrogels.
A coded excitation framework for increased signal-to-noise ratio of in vivo ultrasound power Doppler imaging

Ultrasound power Doppler imaging is a useful clinical tool for measuring perfusion. Sensitivity to slow moving blood flow is important for many clinical applications, but thick abdominal walls or the presence of bone such as ribs or the skull cause significant attenuation and thereby reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and flow sensitivity. One way to improve SNR is to inject microbubble contrast agents into the vascular system, but this is impractical for many applications. An alternative approach is to use coded excitation, a signal processing technique that can drastically increase SNR within FDA safety limits without contrast agents. This work encompasses a method to design long coded pulses that are simple to implement along with a pulse compression technique to completely suppress range lobes, thereby recovering axial resolution, maintaining contrast, and improving SNR by as much as a factor of 10log10(code length). In simulations we show that this approach reliably improves the SNR of power Doppler imaging across a range of noise levels. As the noise level increases with respect to the blood, contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio are maintained with coded excitation whereas they drop precipitously without coded excitation. In vivo feasibility is also shown in transcranial and transthoracic cardiac B-Mode imaging. Both simulation and in vivo results match theoretical expectations of SNR gain. Finally, preliminary results showing in vivo power Doppler imaging in the liver are presented as well. Coded excitation is able to improve the blood vessel to background CNR and CR as compared to a standard approach.
Association of No-Cost Genetic Testing Program Implementation and Patient Characteristics With Access to Genetic Testing for Inherited Retinal Degenerations.

Importance The benefits of no-cost genetic testing initiatives have not been characterized. The no-cost My Retina Tracker Genetic Testing Study (MRT-GTS) research registry for inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) was launched in 2017 in the US. Objective To investigate the associations of MRT-GTS implementation and patient characteristics with access to genetic testing for IRDs. Design, Setting, and Participants In a cross-sectional design, analysis of new patients evaluated 12 months before (July 1, 2016, to June 13, 2017) and 12 months after (June 14, 2017, to June 30, 2018) MRT-GTS implementation at a single academic referral eye center was conducted. Participants included 369 patients with IRD. Data analysis was conducted from February to June 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Change in rates of successfully obtaining genetic testing, odds ratios (ORs) of association between patient characteristics and obtaining testing, and days elapsed from clinic visit to reporting of results. Results Among 369 patients (mean [SD] age, 39.5 [20.8] years; 193 [52.3%] women), 144 were evaluated in the pre–MRT-GTS period and 225 in the post–MRT-GTS period. The baseline rate of successfully obtaining testing was 51.4% (95% CI, 42.6%-60.2%). The initiation of MRT-GTS was associated with a 28.9-percentage point increase in testing rate (95% CI, 16.7%-41.1%;P Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the implementation of MRT-GTS was associated with an increase in the proportion of patients who successfully obtained testing, suggesting the potential clinical value of this approach. Patient-level demographic and clinical factors appear to be associated with decisions to pursue testing.
What's new in travelers' diarrhea: Updates on epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment, and long-term consequences.

Background Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most common clinical syndrome affecting travelers. This narrative review summarizes key discoveries reported in the last two years related to TD and suggests areas for future research. Methods A PubMed literature search was conducted for novel data in TD research published between 12/01/2018 and 12/01/2020. Inclusion was based on contribution to epidemiology, etiology, diagnostics, management, and long-term consequences and relevance to public health, discovery and clinical practice. Results The initial literature search yielded 118 articles. We retrieved 72 and reviewed 31 articles for inclusion. The findings support our understanding that TD incidence varies by traveler group and environment with students and military-travel remaining moderately high risk, and control of food and water in mass gathering events remain an important goal. The growth of culture-independent testing has led to a continued detection of previously known pathogens, but also an increased detection frequency of norovirus. Another consequence is the increase in multi-pathogen infections which require consideration of clinical, epidemiological, and diagnostic data. Fluoroquinolone resistant rates continue to rise. New data on non-absorbable antibiotics continues emerging, offering a potential alternative to current recommendations (azithromycin and fluoroquinolones), but are not recommended for febrile diarrhea or dysentery or regions/itineraries where invasive pathogens are likely to cause illness. Recent studies investigated the interaction of the microbiome in TD prevention and consequences, and while discriminating features were identified, much uncertainty remains. The prevalence of Extended- spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) acquisition and carriage is increasing. Finally, continued research documents the post-infectious consequences, whereas mechanisms of reactive arthritis and post-infectious IBS necessitate further investigation. Conclusions Globally, TD remains an important travel health issue and advances in our understanding continue. More research is needed to mitigate risk factors where possible and develop risk-based management strategies to reduce antibiotic usage and its attendant consequences.
Mechanisms through Which Reactive Nitrogen and Oxygen Species Interact with Physiological Signaling Systems

Publisher Summary Nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) derived from NO have multiple interactions with cellular control mechanisms that range from fundamental signaling processes to sensing systems for the levels of individual ROS and RNS. Some of the most potent effects of NO are its interactions with hemoproteins in processes including the stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase, the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, and the inactivation of NO by hemoglobin. The metabolism of peroxide by enzymes including catalase, heme peroxidases, and glutathione peroxidase results in the activation of sensitive signaling mechanisms for ROS including the stimulation of sac, prostaglandin formation, and thiol redox-regulated processes, respectively. The reaction of NO with superoxide activates additional signaling mechanisms via the formation of peroxynitrite and other RNS by processes including modification of iron-sulfur centers and thiol nitrosation, nitration, and oxidation. The interactions of RNS and ROS with signaling systems have evolved into multiple regulatory roles in physiological systems and pathophysiological processes.
Impersonation strategies in auctions

A common approach to analyzing repeated auctions, such as sponsored search auctions, is to treat them as complete information games, because it is assumed that, over time, players learn each other's types. This overlooks the possibility that players may impersonate another type. Many standard auctions (including generalized second price auctions and core-selecting auctions), as well as the Kelly mechanism, have profitable impersonations. We define a notion of impersonationproofness for the auction mechanism coupled with a process by which players learn about each other's type, and show an equivalence to a problem of dominant-strategy mechanism design.
Plasma Dispersion Function for the Kappa Distribution

The plasma dispersion function is computed for a homogeneous isotropic plasma in which the particle velocities are distributed according to a Kappa distribution. An ordinary differential equation is derived for the plasma dispersion function and it is shown that the solution can be written in terms of Gauss' hypergeometric function. Using the extensive theory of the hypergeometric function, various mathematical properties of the plasma dispersion function are derived including symmetry relations, series expansions, integral representations, and closed form expressions for integer and half-integer values of K.
Efficiency Enhancement of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms

Summary. Efficiency-enhancement techniques speedup the search process of estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) and thereby enable EDAs to solve hard problems in practical time. This chapter provides a decomposition and an overview of different efficiency-enhancement techniques for estimation of distribution algorithms. Principled approaches for designing an evaluation-relaxation, and a timecontinuation technique are discussed in detail.
New developments in the physics and capabilities of VUV and XUV FELs

Recent progress in the development and operation of the XUV free electron lasers (FELs) will be presented. The prospects of the extension of FEL's operation into the X-ray range will be discussed. In this paper, status of UV/VUV FELs will be presented. The prospects of the extension of FEL's operation into the X-ray range will be discussed. Different approaches for achievement of VUV and X-ray ranges will be discussed and compared.
Multiprocessor Common Lisp on TOP-1

TOP-1 Common Lisp is an implementation of Common Lisp on TOP-1, a shared-memory multiprocessor workstation developed at IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory. The authors describe TOP-1 Common Lisp's extensions to the Common Lisp language: the ability to create multiple processes and the future construct. They analyze the changes to the scope and extent of variables induced by introduction of concurrency. They discuss the implementation of a Lisp process, the problem caused by co-existence of the future construct and the multiple value facility, and the design of a real-time, multiprocessor garbage collector. The authors present some results of the experiments conducted with TOP-1 Common Lisp. >
Radiocarbon age anomaly at intermediate water depth in the Pacific Ocean during the last deglaciation

[1] Benthic and planktonic 14C ages are presented for the last glacial termination from marine sediment core VM21-30 from 617 m in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The benthic-planktonic 14C age differences in the core increased to more than 6000 years between Heinrich 1 time and the end of the Younger Dryas period. Several replicated 14C ages on different benthic and planktonic species from the same samples within the deglacial section of the core indicate a minimal amount of bioturbation. Scanning electron microscopy reveals no evidence of calcite alteration or contamination. The oxygen isotope stratigraphy of planktonic and benthic foraminifera does not indicate anomalously old (glacial age) values, and there is no evidence of a large negative stable carbon isotope excursion in benthic foraminifera that would indicate input of old carbon from dissociated methane. It appears, therefore, that the benthic 14C excursion in this core is not an artifact of diagenesis, bioturbation, or a pulse of methane. A benthic Δ14C stratigraphy reconstructed from the 14C ages from the deglacial section of VM21-30 appears to match that of Baja margin core MV99-MC19/GC31/PC08 (705 m), but the magnitude of the low-14C excursion is much larger in the VM21-30 record. This would seem to imply that the VM21-30 core was closer to the source of 14C-depleted waters during the deglaciation, but the source of this CO2 remains elusive.
Quantitative and Depth-Resolved Investigation of Deep-Level Defects in InGaN/GaN Heterostructures

Deep-level defects in In0.17Ga0.83N/In0.02Ga0.98N/p-GaN:Mg heterostructures were studied using deep-level optical spectroscopy (DLOS). Depth-resolved DLOS was achieved by exploiting the polarization-induced electric fields to discriminate among defects located in the In0.17Ga0.83N and the In0.02Ga0.98N regions. Growth conditions for the InxGa1� xN layers were nominally the same as those in InGaN/GaN multi-quantum-well (MQW) structures, so the defect states reported here are expected to be active in MQW regions. Thus, this work provides important insight into defects that are likely to influence MQW radiative efficiency. In0.17Ga0.83N-related bandgap states were observed at Ev + 1.60 eV and Ev + 2.59 eV, where Ev is the valence-band maximum, compared with levels at Ev + 1.85 eV, Ev + 2.51 eV, and Ev + 3.30 eV in the In0.02Ga0.98N region. A lighted capacitance–voltage technique was used to determine the areal density of deep states. The possible origins of the associated defects are considered along with their potential roles in light-emitting diodes.
Expression of JC virus T-antigen in primary colon cancers and synchronous metastases

Abstract Introduction. Up to 80% of human colon cancers have evidence of JC virus DNA sequences and express viral proteins. We sought to determine whether the JC virus oncoprotein T-antigen is present in tumor specimens from patients with primary colon cancer and synchronous metastases. Methods. Patients were identified who underwent surgical resection of a primary colon cancer and synchronous metastases. These patients had frozen specimens available from the University of Massachusetts Tumor Bank. RNA was isolated and amplified by RT-PCR. A highly sensitive RT-PCR-Southern blot method was used to amplify and detect T-antigen mRNA from JC virus. Paraffin sections were also analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for JC virus T-antigen. Patients. Patients were identified who presented with primary colon cancer with synchronous metastases amenable to surgical resection. Specimens were stored in the University of Massachusetts GI Tumor Bank after pathologic examination. Results. The primary colon cancer and the synchronous metastases in two patients were found to express JC virus T-antigen mRNA when analyzed by RT-PCR Southern blot technique. Immunohistochemical staining for T-antigen demonstrated perinuclear localization of the viral oncoprotein and confirmed the presence of JC virus in the primary tumor and the metastases. Conclusion. The continued expression of T-antigen in colon cancer metastases suggests that the viral oncoprotein plays a direct role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, providing further evidence that JC virus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.
Performance measurement of a transportation network with a downtown space reservation system: A network-DEA approach☆

Abstract We propose an evaluation approach for a novel travel demand management strategy known as the downtown space reservation system (DSRS). This approach takes into account three perspectives, i.e., transportation service provider’s, the user’s, and the community’s and is based on network-Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) where the perspectives are inter-related through intermediate inputs/outputs. Two types of network-DEA models (radial and slacks-based models) are considered. An example is provided using data propagated from a microscopic traffic simulation model of the DSRS. The results show that individual node performance can drive network DEA performance and that this information can inform future designs of the DSRS.
Are chlorinated phenols precursors of bleach plant dioxins

The role of chlorinated phenols as dioxins precursors in the bleach plant, was investigated. It was shown that these compounds are not significant in the formation of dioxins. Rather, the weight of evidence suggests that the precursors of the tetrachlorinated dioxins and furans generated in bleach plants are their corresponding unchlorinated analogues, dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran.
Aboriginal Occupation at High Altitude: Alpine Villages in the White Mountains of Eastern California

Villages with well-built dwellings and extensive chipped- and ground-stone assemblages found between 3,130 m and 3,854 m in the White Mountains, California, and Toquima Range, Nevada, indicate intensive seasonal use of both ranges by groups engaged in alpine plant and animal procurement. Lichenometric measurements, radiocarbon assays, and time-sensitive artifacts show that the White Mountain alpine villages postdate A.D. 600, and are temporally distinct from older hunting blinds and sparse lithic scatters in that range that suggest a less-intensive form of alpine land use centered on hunting; a similar, and roughly contemporaneous, adaptive succession is indicated in the Toquima Range. These changes probably reflect adaptive responses to population growth and may be connected with the spread of Numic-speaking peoples.
Underutilization of neuropsychology in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: Is managed care to blame?

We evaluated factors determining which individuals received neuropsychological evaluations (NPEs) following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Comprehensive records from a State-wide/sponsored Head Injury Program were followed from 1985--1995 to monitor effects of managed care on provision (or absence) of formal NPEs and ultimately on rehabilitation outcome. Only 26% of 273 individuals received NPEs (within their first three years post-injury). In the years prior to and after large changes in managed care, there were no differences in the provision of formal NPEs. Discriminant analysis identified functional status at discharge from primary rehabilitation and total number of rehabilitation facilities as the two variables that most distinguished those who had received NPEs with 69% classification accuracy. Between group analyses revealed that individuals were more likely to receive NPEs if they were young, involved in liability claims, attended multiple rehabilitation facilities, or had higher functional status at discharge from primary rehabilitation, regardless of the nature or severity of their TBI. Individuals receiving formal NPEs ultimately achieved higher levels of functional independence, suggesting a potential selection bias. Individuals were no more likely to receive NPEs according to insurance status (private versus government assisted) or as a function of the decade of their injury (1980's versus 1990's). It appears that health-care reform has had no deleterious effect on neuropsychologists' ability to provide consultative services for this population, and following TBI, only a discrete sample of individuals receive and benefit from NPEs. Language: en
Leaf vascular dimensions associated with freeze tolerance in bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum)

Foliage damage as a result of individual freeze events is a major limitation to the expansion of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pastures and hay production in Southeastern USA. Greater tolerance to such freeze events would allow production deeper into the fall and winter and allow expansion of this species into colder regions. While it has been reported that small cells are more tolerant to freeze damage, this possibility has not been explored in bahiagrass. Specifically, the hypothesis was examined that xylem vessels with smaller diameter in the midrib of leaves are associated with freeze tolerance among bahiagrass genotypes. Vascular bundle diameter was also measured as a possible index of xylem cell size. A total of eight bahiagrass genotypes were eventually studied representing four freeze-sensitive and four freeze-tolerant lines. There was a clear distinction in xylem cell size between the freeze-sensitive and the freeze-tolerant lines. The freeze-tolerant genotypes had xylem element cells that were significantly smaller than the freeze-sensitive genotypes. Averaged across three leaf positions and all genotypes, the xylem element diameter for the freeze-sensitive lines was 222 μm and for the freeze-tolerant lines was only 164 μm. A similar difference was observed in overall vascular bundle diameter with freeze-sensitive lines having a mean of 1168 μm and the freeze-tolerant lines a mean of 917 μm. These results indicated that the diameter of the xylem cells in the vascular midrib of bahiagrass may be an important variable influencing the sensitivity among genotypes to freeze damage.
EFFECT OF THE STRUCTURAL CHANGES ON THE KINETICS OF HF-LIME REACTION

A semi-empirical model is developed to predict the extent of the reaction between calcined Greer limestone and hydrogen fluoride. Grain expansion due to the reaction, and the effect of changing porosity on the effective diffusivity of hydrogen fluoride through the calcined Greer limestone were considered in the model. Initial effective diffusivity of HF through the calcined Greer limestone and the experimentally obtained kinetic rate constants were utilized in the model. The model was validated against the data reported by Byer, et al. (1) and has shown to predict accurately the percent conversion of calcined Greer limestone below 790°C.
Long-Lasting Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Promote Progression of Lupus Nephritis in NZB/W Mice

Lupus prone NZB/W mice repeatedly exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) develop enhanced polyclonal B cell activation and exacerbated nephritis by a mechanism that results in increased deposits of immunoreactants in kidneys without measurable impairment of mononuclear phagocyte function. In this paper, we investigate whether the referenced effects of LPS are reversible after withdrawal of LPS, or whether their persistence could contribute to progression of nephritis to chronicity. In NZB/W mice previously exposed to LPS, features of enhanced polyclonal B cell activation, more severe glomerulonephritis with tubulointerstitial involvement, increased deposits of immunoreactants in glomeruli, and altered protein excretion persisted 6 weeks after LPS was discontinued. Additionally, mononuclear phagocyte function, assessed through liver uptake of radiolabeled immune complexes, was found to be impaired. The results indicate that some of the effects of prior exposure to LPS may be partially reversible; however, they last long after LPS has been discontinued, and additional impairment of immune function develops together with permanent glomerular dysfunction, thereby contributing to progression of nephritis to chronicity.
Rejection sensitivity mediates the relationship between social anxiety and body dysmorphic concerns

The goal of this study was to examine the role of rejection sensitivity in the relationship between social anxiety and body dysmorphic concerns. To test our hypothesis that rejection sensitivity mediates the link between social anxiety and body dysmorphic concerns, we administered self-report questionnaires to 209 student volunteers. Consistent with our prediction, rejection sensitivity partially mediated the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and body dysmorphic concerns. The implications of the overlap between these constructs are discussed.
Returning to a new home.

This issue of Cognitive Science marks the start of our partnership with Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA). The journal has never been published by LEA before, but in many ways, our relocation feels like a homecoming. In 1976 Roger Schank approached Larry Erlbaum with the idea of forming a cognitive science journal. Mr. Erlbaum was highly receptive, and together with his partner Walter Johnson began publishing Cognitive Science in 1977 at the newly established Ablex Publishing Company. The first editors were Eugene Charniak, Allan Collins, and Roger Schank. The first Cognitive Science Society conference was chaired by Donald Norman at University of California, San Diego in 1978. In the intervening years, LEA has published the Annual Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Conference. Beyond this, LEA has been a major force for the advancement of cognitive science through the impressive collection of books and journals they have published in cognitive science. We are honored and delighted to be working with LEA. Lawrence Erlbaum, both the man and the company, has been exceptionally generous with their time, expertise, and support. Indeed, his contributions to cognitive science have been recognized twice by the Cognitive Science Society, as two independent governing boards have made him an honorary member of the society. He is the only two-lifetime member of the society, but this is fitting in light of his redoubled efforts to promote cognitive science. We have every expectation that the journal will flourish with LEA. Through resources provided by LEA, the Cognitive Science Society will be able to significantly grow, offering its members new services for reasonable dues. LEA is also committed to the timely production of issues, Cognitive Science Society’s continued retention of copyrights, authors’ right to disseminate their articles on their own Web sites, and continued growth of the journal. Even though our publisher has changed, our central mission has not. Our aim is to provide an outlet for significant developments in the study of minds and other intelligent systems. This mission inherently involves interdisciplinary collaboration, and so we will continue our efforts to serve as a home to research that spans anthropology, computer science, education, linguistics, Cognitive Science 29 (2005) 1–4 Copyright © 2005 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anesthesia and the pediatric cardiac catheterization suite: a review

Advances in technology over the last couple of decades have caused a shift in pediatric cardiac catheterization from a primary focus on diagnostics to innovative therapeutic interventions. These improvements allow patients a wider range of nonsurgical options for treatment of congenital heart disease. However, these therapeutic modalities can entail higher risk in an already complex patient population, compounded by the added challenges inherent to the environment of the cardiac catheterization suite. Anesthesiologists caring for children with congenital heart disease must understand not only the pathophysiology of the disease but also the effects the anesthetics and interventions have on the patient in order to provide a safe perioperative course. It is the aim of this article to review the latest catheterization modalities offered to patients with congenital heart disease, describe the unique challenges presented in the cardiac catheterization suite, list the most common complications encountered during catheterization and finally, to review the literature regarding different anesthetic drugs used in the catheterization lab.
Modular Gamma Systems

Nuclear safeguards requires sensitive, easily operated instruments for rapid inspection of personnel and vehicles to ensure that no uranium or plutonium is being diverted. Two portable gamma-ray detection systems have been developed by the Advanced Nuclear Technology Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The Modular Gamma System (MGS) is very sensitive and two or more systems can be connected for even better performance. The multiunit configuration can be deployed by motor vehicle for search of large areas too extensive to search on foot. The Programmable Rate Monitor (PRM) is less sensitive but much smaller and therefore is more suitable for search of vehicles, personnel, or smaller areas. The PRM is programmable, which implements measurement and alarm algorithms for individual applications.
The effect of diabetes on hepatocyte plasma membrane fluidity and concanavalin A-induced agglutination

Abstract The techniques of fluorescence polarization and lectin-induced agglutination have been utilized to investigate the effects of the diabetic state on some of the dynamic properties of cell membranes. Hepatocyte plasma membranes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats exhibited a significant decrease in cholesterol and sialic acid with no alteration in phospholipid content. This membrane system also exhibited a decrease in fluorescence polarization, using the fluorescent probe, 1,6-di-phenyl-1, 3,5-hexatriene, suggesting an increase in membrane fluidity over the value observed in normal hepatocytes. When normal hepatocytes were incubated in the presence of the lectin, concanavalin A (ConA), no significant agglutination was observed. In contrast, hepatocytes from diabetic rats which exhibited a slightly decreased lectin-binding capacity underwent extensive agglutination. In addition, normal hepatocytes which were pretreated with 0.1 mM tetracaine also underwent extensive agglutination with no measurable increase in lectin-binding capacity. These results suggest that altered membrane lipid fluidity and/or cytoskeletal organization may have a profound effect on cell surface dynamics and could result in the uncoupling of the insulin receptor complex from the membrane-associated effector system(s), a defect which may play a role in the problem of insulin resistance observed in some forms of diabetes.
Protective action of tetanus toxoid unrelated to active immunization in mice.

Summary1. Mice injected with a single dose (0.4 ml) of fluid tetanus toxoid 24 hours prior to, or simultaneously with a small dose (1 LD50 to 1 MLD) of tetanus toxin exhibited a degree of protection against the action of the toxin. The protective effect varied directly with the dose of toxoid. Toxoid given 3 or 5 days before the toxin afforded little or no protection. 2. Small daily doses of toxoid (0.1 ml) given over a 4-day period commencing 3 days prior, one day prior, or on the day of toxin administration were as efficacious in inhibiting the action of toxin as an equivalent single large dose of toxoid (0.4 ml) administered coincident with the injection of toxin. 3. When toxoid and toxin were mixed in vitro prior to injection into mice, the protective effect of the toxoid appeared to be enhanced.