cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolating and characterizing lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells for potential therapeutic lymphangiogenic applications

Lymphatic dysfunction is associated with the progression of several vascular disorders, though currently, there are limited strategies to promote new lymphatic vasculature (i.e., lymphangiogenesis) to restore lost lymphatic function. One promising approach to stimulate lymphangiogenesis involves delivering endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are naturally involved in de novo blood vessel formation and have recently been identified to include a lymphatic subpopulation. However, the contribution of lymphatic EPCs in lymphangiogenesis is not clear and challenges with maintaining the activity of transplanted EPCs remain. Thus, the objective of this study was to isolate lymphatic EPCs from human umbilical cord blood and characterize their role in the initial stages of blood or lymphatic vasculature formation. Furthermore, this study also tested the applicability of alginate hydrogels to deliver lymphatic EPCs for a possible therapeutic application. We postulated and confirmed that blood and lymphatic EPC colonies could be isolated from human umbilical cord blood. Additionally, EPC populations responded to either angiogenic or lymphangiogenic growth factors and could stimulate their respective mature endothelial cells in vasculature models in vitro. Finally, lymphatic EPCs maintained their ability to promote lymphatic sprouts after prolonged interactions with the alginate hydrogel microenvironment. These results suggest EPCs have both a blood and a lymphatic population that have specific roles in promoting revascularization and highlight the potential of alginate hydrogels for the delivery of lymphatic EPCs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the potential therapeutic benefit of promoting lymphatic vasculature, lymphangiogenesis remains understudied. One appealing strategy for promoting lymphangiogenesis involves delivering lymphatic endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are a subpopulation of EPCs involved in de novo vessel formation. Here, we investigate the role of isolated blood and lymphatic EPC subpopulations in promoting the early stages of vascularization and the utility of alginate hydrogels to deliver lymphatic EPCs. We determined that EPCs had two populations that expressed either blood or lymphatic markers, could stimulate their respective mature vasculature in tissue constructs and that alginate hydrogels maintained the therapeutic potential of lymphatic EPCs. We anticipate this work could support promising biomaterial applications of EPCs to promote revascularization, which could have many therapeutic applications.
Machine learning models for predictive materials science from fundamental physics: An application to titanium and zirconium

Abstract Here we present new neural network potentials capable of accurately modeling the transformations between the α , β , and ω phases of titanium(Ti) and zirconium (Zr), including accurate prediction of the equilibrium phase diagram. The potentials are constructed based on the rapid artificial neural network (RANN) formalism which bases its structural fingerprint on the modified embedded atom method. This implementation allows the potential to reproduce density functional theory results including elastic and plastic properties, phonon spectra, and relative energies of each of the three phases at classical molecular dynamics (MD) speeds. Transitions between each of the phase pairs are observed in dynamic simulation and, using calculations of the Gibbs free energy, both potentials are shown to accurately predict the experimentally observed phase transformation temperatures and pressures over the entire phase diagram. The calculated triple points are 8.67 GPa and 1058 K for Ti and 5.04 GPa and 988.35 K for Zr, close to their experimentally observed values. The mechanism of transformation is also observed for each phase pair. The neural network potentials can be used to further investigate the behavior of each phase and their interaction.
IR and SFG vibrational spectroscopy of the water bend in the bulk liquid and at the liquid-vapor interface, respectively.

Vibrational spectroscopy of the water bending mode has been investigated experimentally to study the structure of water in condensed phases. In the present work, we calculate the theoretical infrared (IR) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectra of the HOH bend in liquid water and at the water liquid/vapor interface using a mixed quantum/classical approach. Classical molecular dynamics simulation is performed by using a recently developed water model that explicitly includes three-body interactions and yields a better description of the water surface. Ab-initio-based transition frequency, dipole, polarizability, and intermolecular coupling maps are developed for the spectral calculations. The calculated IR and SFG spectra show good agreement with the experimental measurements. In the theoretical imaginary part of the SFG susceptibility for the water liquid/vapor interface, we find two features: a negative band centered at 1615 cm−1 and a positive band centered at 1670 cm−1. We analyze this spectrum in terms of the contributions from molecules in different hydrogen-bond classes to the SFG spectral density and also compare to SFG results for the OH stretch. SFG of the water bending mode provides a complementary picture of the heterogeneous hydrogen-bond configurations at the water surface.
Orcon Creep: Networked Governance, Information Sharing, and the Threat to Government Accountability

Many policymakers suggest that an effective response to terrorist threats will require more extensive sharing of information among government agencies. Traditionally, governments have insisted on applying the rule of originator control -- ORCON -- before they share information with other governments. The ORCON rule allows originating governments to retain control over the declassification of information (if it is classified) or its release to non-governmental parties. The ORCON rule is being widely applied as the U.S. government responds to the terror attacks of September 11. However, the ORCON rule clashes with the principles underlying most right-to-information laws, and its extension could undermine governmental accountability. A better approach would allow for the structured decentralization of discretion about the public disclosure of shared information.
Cutaneous metastases as an initial manifestation of visceral well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumor: a report of four cases and a review of literature

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors metastasize to the skin uncommonly, and only 35 cases are reported in the literature. In only five of these patients, cutaneous metastases were the presenting symptom of malignancy; herein, we report four such cases. Two patients were female and two male, aged 50-74 years (mean: 64.5 years), each with a solitary painless, slowly enlarging, non-ulcerated cutaneous nodule of 3-12 months duration (mean: 9 months). The lesions were on the scalp (n = 3) and trunk (n = 1), and ranged in greatest dimension from 0.5 to 2.5 cm. The distinction from other microscopically similar entities, and the interpretation of origination from gastrointestinal, pancreatic or respiratory system primaries, was made clinically, or was based on the morphological features and the immunohistochemical profile. One patient died of the disease progression after 36 months whereas two patients are alive with significant disease progression after 24 and 60 months. Metastatic neuroendocrine tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous tumors with neuroendocrine morphology even in patients with no known history of visceral malignancy.
On the specification, inheritance, and verification of synchronization constraints

Object-orientation and distributed systems are a natural match. Objects correspond to processes in a distributed program; the invocation of a method of one object by another object corresponds naturally to a message being passed between the corresponding processes in the distributed program. Despite this close correspondence, progress in developing an 00 approach to concurrency has been limited. One important problem has been the so-called inheritance anomaly which is concerned with how and how easily synchronization constraints specified in a base class may be modified in a derived class. Our concern in the current paper is slightly different. We are interested in developing ways to abstractly specify these synchronization constraints, and ways to verify them. In other words we are interested in what these synchronization constraints do, and this is, of course, the critical question from the point of view of the users of these objects. We use the mechanism of acceptance sets in our specifications. We develop a proof method to verify that (base as well as derived) classes meet their specifications. We also consider the question of what kinds of modifications of synchronization constraints in the derived classes are easy for the clients of the class to deal with.
Gene therapy for prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the gene therapy for prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes. The case for developing novel methods of gene therapy for the prevention of recurrent diabetes following islet cell transplantation is well established given the extensive and unfortunate history of clinical failures as well as the side effects associated with chronic immunosuppression. Gene therapy approaches aimed at the creation of insulin producing apparatus in surrogate tissues and at islet cell neogenesis from stem cells hold a great promise in circumventing some of the immunological problems associated with islet cell transplantation. Many vectors are currently being subjected to investigation in an attempt to improve gene delivery into islets and ensure patient safety. Viral vectors have shown the ability to target and enter host cells with a high degree of efficiency and, therefore, form the subject of most such efforts, with recent improvements in the propagation and delivery of recombinant adeno-associated virus causing major enthusiasm.
The fate of cervical dysplasia

Abstract A total of 168 patients with cervical dysplasia were followed for from 6 weeks to 5 years. In 71 women (42 per cent), a regression of dysplasia was observed. In 59 patients (35 per cent), dysplasia persisted. Progression to or coexistence with carcinoma in situ was found in 30 women (18 per cent). In 8 patients (6 per cent), an invasive carcinoma has finally developed. In view of these findings it is recommended that the treatment of moderate or severe dysplasia should be sharp knife conization. Hysterectomy should be considered in older women and those of high parity.
Divergent selection for heat loss in mice. I. Selection applied and direct response through fifteen generations

Divergent selection for heat produc- tion/loss (kcal·kg -.75 ·d -1 ) , measured in 9- to 11-wk-old male mice, was conducted for 15 genera- tions. Heat loss was measured for 15 h on individual animals placed overnight in direct, gradient-layer calorimeters. Selection for high (MH) and low ( ML) heat loss and unselected control (MC) occurred in each of three replicates for a total of nine unique lines. Repeatability of the heat loss measurement was .45 and the CV was 10.5%. Cumulative realized selection differentials, averaged for the three replicates, were 145.1 and -105.0 (kcal·kg -.75 ·d -1 ) and ranged from 136.9 to 149.2 and -107.1 to -101.3 for MH and ML selection, respectively. Cumulative standardized real- ized selection differentials, averaged for the three replicates, were 10.06 and -9.51 for MH and ML selection, respectively. Direct responses (kcal·kg -.75 ·d -1 ) in heat loss after 15 generations were 44.2 for MH and -27.4 for ML as deviations from MC. Asymmetry of response was evident ( P = .03) by Generation 10. Realized heritability was .28 ± .01 based on divergence of MH and ML selection. For selection for higher and lower heat loss, realized heritabilities were .31 ± .01 and .26 ± .01, respectively.
Is a regenerative approach viable for the treatment of COPD

Degenerative lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common with huge worldwide morbidity. Anti-inflammatory drug development strategies have proved disappointing and current treatment is aimed at symptomatic relief. Only lung transplantation with all its attendant difficulties offers hope of cure and the outlook for affected patients is bleak. Lung regeneration therapies aim to reverse the structural and functional deficits in COPD either by delivery of exogenous lung cells to replace lost tissue, delivery of exogenous stem cells to induce a local paracrine effect probably through an anti-inflammatory action or by the administration of small molecules to stimulate the endogenous regenerative ability of lung cells. In animal models of emphysema and disrupted alveolar development each of these strategies has shown some success but there are potential tumour-inducing dangers with a cellular approach. Small molecules such as all-trans retinoic acid have been successful in animal models although the mechanism is not completely understood. There are currently two Pharma-sponsored trials in progress concerning patients with COPD, one of a specific retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist and another using mesenchymal stem cells.
Centralization and information acquisition by in-house market research departments

Abstract Certain types of organizations acquire more information than they use. Research has shown that centralization impedes the use of market research. Yet, no investigation has been done regarding the way information is acquired in centralized organizations. This study concludes that centralization promotes the usage of external vendors for the acquisition of market research information. We suggest that the way information is acquired will affect the way it is used and that intended uses will affect the way information is acquired. Organizational structure is a significant factor in determining information acquisition and usage behavior of the firm. Knowledge of these relationships will help managers to design, structure, and manage the market research function in the organization.
Application of novel high order time domain vector finite element method to photonic band-gap waveguides

We apply the novel high order time domain vector finite element methods (Rieben, R. et al., IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., 2004) to the particular case of photonic band-gap structures. We demonstrate some key advantages to such methods when applied to these structures; namely, the ability to use single element thick PML regions and the benefits of high order energy conserving time integration methods. In addition to these benefits, high order vector finite element methods excel at modeling geometries defined by non-orthogonal, unstructured grids and at reducing the effects of numerical dispersion when compared to traditional second order accurate FDTD and FE methods.
Box shape influences the size-weight illusion during individual and team lifting.

Objective:The effects of box shape—specifically width and height—on the perception of heaviness were evaluated during individual and team lifting.Background:Large objects are perceived to be as muc...
A conversation with Joseph Lau

Dr. Joseph Lau is a world-leading expert in meta-analysis and systematic reviews. Currently a professor in the Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice and co-director of the Center for Evidence-based Medicine at Brown University, Professor Lau has applied evidence-based methods to a variety of clinical, biomedical and healthcare topics; has developed reliable and efficient methods and tools to conduct systematic reviews and meta-analyses; and has advanced an understanding on the impact of factors that may contribute to differences of results in scientific studies. His past research includes cumulative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, comparison of results from large trials and meta-analyses of small trials, effect of baseline risk in the interpretation of clinical trial results, and empirical evaluation of existing methods of combining data. His current focus is on a Web-based repository of systematic review data, reviews of diagnostic tests, nutrition, clinical practice guidelines, and dissemination of evidence-based methods to varied health-care disciplines. This report is a conversation from an adapted version of an interview, more or less chronologically arranged, between Joseph C. Cappelleri as interviewer and Joseph Lau as interviewee, with Meghan Ingerick recording and transcribing the interview. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of UDP-galactose glycoprotein: Galactosy-transferase levels in the sera with the clinical status of ovarian cancer patients

Summary Uridine diphosphate-galactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) was measured serially prior to and after surgery in 4 patients with ovarian epithelial cancer. The levels of this enzyme in the sera correlated well with the clinical status of the patients. In 2 other patients, the follow-up was designed to detect recurrence, and the enzyme assay was started when the patients were clinically disease free. Elevation of galactosyltransferase preceded the clinical appearance of disease by 3–7 months. Serial determination of glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in serum may be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic programs.
Number of lymph nodes removed in sentinel lymph node-negative breast cancer patients is significantly related to patient age and tumor size: a new source of bias in morbidity assessment?

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has been well-established for axillary lymph node staging for patients with breast cancer. For lymph node-negative patients, planned “backup” axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is rarely indicated. Among patients with negative SLNs, the authors observed variation by tumor size and patient age in the total number of lymph nodes removed (SLNs plus non-SLNs). They hypothesized that this variation is an unrecognized source of bias for studies examining the morbidity of SLN biopsy. METHODS: Retrospective review of this institution's SLN database identified 4103 SLN biopsy procedures between 1997 and 2004 in which SLN biopsy was performed for prophylactic mastectomy, ductal carcinoma in situ, or T1 to T2 invasive cancers, and the SLNs were benign. RESULTS: The mean number of SLNs, non-SLNs, and total lymph nodes for all tumor sizes was 2.8, 1.5, and 4.3, respectively, and increased with tumor size (more lymph nodes were removed for T2 than for T1 tumors: 6.3 vs 4.3; P 50 years (4.6 lymph nodes vs 4.2 lymph nodes; P = .006). In approximately 8% of patients (322 of 4103 patients), ≥10 lymph nodes were removed. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidity of SLN biopsy is less than that of ALND, but for pN0 patients, the total number of lymph nodes removed increased with tumor size and younger patient age. This variation is a previously unrecognized source of bias for studies that examine the morbidity of SLN biopsy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Reduced DTNBP1 (dysbindin-1) mRNA in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenia patients

Genetic and molecular studies indicate that dysbindin-1 plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We examined dysbindin-1 mRNA in the hippocampal formation of patients with schizophrenia and found reduced expression in dentate granule and polymorph cells and in hippocampal field CA3, but not in CA1. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between dysbindin-1 mRNA and expression of synaptic markers known to be reduced in schizophrenia. Our results indicate that previously reported dysbindin-1 protein reductions may be due in part to decreased dysbindin-1 mRNA and that reduced dysbindin-1 may contribute to hippocampal formation synaptic pathology in schizophrenia.
Influence of temperature and properties variation on nanofluids in building heating

Theoretical investigations on the application of nanofluids in the hydronic heating system of buildings have been presented in this paper. Realistic fluid velocities and temperatures employed in heat exchange equipment were used to compare the convective heat transfer coefficient and the pumping power requirement of nanofluids of various particle volume concentrations. The base fluid used in the analyses as a basis for comparison was a solution comprised of 60% ethylene glycol and 40% water (by weight). The thermophysical and heat transfer performance of the base fluid have been compared with copper oxide nanoparticles dispersed in the same base fluid with volumetric particle concentration ranging up to 4%. First, the variations of thermophysical properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat and density have been evaluated for different concentrations. Using these properties, several plots have been developed for quantitatively determining the enhancement of convective heat transfer coefficient as a function of flow velocity, Reynolds number and the nanoparticle volumetric concentration. For constant Reynolds number for flow in tubes, the Nusselt number and convective heat transfer coefficient increases as nanoparticle volume concentration increases. As the properties of nanofluids and the base fluid are temperature dependent, we have performed calculations for two fluid temperatures (323 K and 360 K). The results show that a higher convective heat transfer coefficient is achieved at higher temperatures for a nanofluid of equal concentration circulating at equal velocity. Frictional pressure loss and pumping power increases relative to the base fluid with particle volume concentration, but decreases with mean fluid temperature.
Selective Immobilization of Multivalent Ligands for Surface Plasmon Resonance and Fluorescence Microscopy

Cell surface multivalent ligands, such as proteoglycans and mucins, are often tethered by a single attachment point. In vitro, however, it is difficult to immobilize multivalent ligands at single sites due to their heterogeneity. Moreover, multivalent ligands often lack a single group with reactivity orthogonal to other functionality in the ligand. Biophysical analyses of multivalent ligand-receptor interactions would benefit from the availability of strategies for uniform immobilization of multivalent ligands. To this end, we report the design and synthesis of a multivalent ligand that has a single terminal orthogonal functional group and we demonstrate that this material can be selectively immobilized onto a surface suitable for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. The polymeric ligand we generated displays multiple copies of 3,6-disulfogalactose, and it can bind to the cell adhesion molecules P- and L-selectin. Using SPR measurements, we found that surfaces displaying our multivalent ligands bind specifically to P- and L-selectin. The affinities of P- and L-selectin for surfaces displaying the multivalent ligand are five- to sixfold better than the affinities for a surface modified with the corresponding monovalent ligand. In addition to binding soluble proteins, surfaces bearing immobilized polymers bound to cells displaying L-selectin. Cell binding was confirmed by visualizing adherent cells by fluorescence microscopy. Together, our results indicate that synthetic surfaces can be created by selective immobilization of multivalent ligands and that these surfaces are capable of binding soluble and cell-surface-associated receptors with high affinity.
GEOPHYSICAL VARIABLES AND BEHAVIOR: XLI. REGIONAL VARIATION OF SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE RATES BY DIFFERENT METHODS

Lester (1980) reported that the suicide rates were higher for the states in the west, but there was no north-south variation. Homicide rates were higher in the south, but there was no east-west variation. Using the same methodology as that of the earlier paper (in which the latitude and longitude of the state capital were used as the measures for each stare), this report describes the variation of suicide and homicide races by each method by both latitude and longitude for the 48 continental states in 1960, using data from the Vital and Health Statistics of the United States, 1960 (National Center for Health Statistics, 1963). Suicide rates by hanging and by other methods were higher in the north (Pearson rs = 0.62 and 0.41), while suicide rates by poisons and by firearms were higher in the west (rs = 0.45 and 0.49). In contrast, homicide rates by firearms, by cutting and by other methods were all higher in the south (rs = -0.84, -0.69, and -0.39) and did not vary from east to west. For purposes of comparison, accidental death rates were also studied. Accidental death rates by poisons, by fires and by drowning were higher in the south (rs = -0.40, -0.58, and -0.47), while the accidental death rate by falls was higher in the north (r = 0.58). Accidental death rates from drowning and firearms were higher in the west (7s = 0.38 and 0.45). The variation in suicide and homicide rates by laritude and longitude is associated with methods chosen for death.
All-modes heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder situated adjacent to adiabatic, partially enclosing walls

Abstract Heat transfer due to all participating modes has been measured for a heated horizontal cylinder in the presence of adjacent adiabatic walls which partially enclose the space in which the cylinder is situated. The three investigated configurations included a vertical wall situated to the side of the cylinder, a horizontal wall beneath the cylinder, and a corner formed by the intersection of the vertical and horizontal walls. The separation distance between the cylinder and the wall(s) was varied parametrically, with the closest spacing between the cylinder periphery and the wall(s) being 1 12 cylinder diameter. In the main body of experiments, the surfaces of both the cylinder and the wall(s) were of high emissivity. In general, the wall-cylinder interactions tended to reduce the cylinder heat transfer, with greater reductions at closer spacings. In the presence of a side wall, the largest measured reductions were about 20%; at spacings of 1 4 diameter and greater, the reductions were negligible. A bottom wall (without a side wall) caused reductions about 5% greater than those due to the side wall, while the corner-cylinder interactions brought about significantly greater reductions (as much as 40%). Supplementary experiments performed with a low emissivity cylinder demonstrated that radiation effects played a substantial role in the wall-related reductions in cylinder heat transfer.
A military reserve manpower planning model

Abstract A multiple objective model for manpower planning in a company sized, 100 person, military reserve unit was developed and tested. The model involves five objectives and consists of over 1150 decision variables and 650 constraints over a 12 month planning horizon. US Army Reserve officers were used as subjects in an experiment in which model solutions were generated interactively using two different solution procedures. One procedure asked subjects to identify their most preferred solution from a set of candidate solutions at each stage of the interactive process, while the other procedure asked subjects to identify their least preferred solution. Scope and purpose This paper describes the development and testing of a multiple objective model for manpower planning in a company sized, 100 person, military reserve unit. US Army Reserve officers were used as subjects in an experiment in which model solutions were generated interactively using two different solution procedures. Participants found the model and solution procedures useful in helping to meet their manpower planning needs.
Control of high-speed impinging-jet resonance

The intense pressure fluctuations generated by high-speed impinging jets dramatically increase in amplitude and exhibit peaks at discrete frequencies under certain flow conditions. It is generally accepted that a feedback loop consisting of downstream-convecting organized motions and upstream-propagating acoustic disturbances is responsible for the maintenance of this flow resonance. We describe an effort to control impinging-jet resonance through the addition of an annular stream. Fluctuating wall-pressure and near-field acoustic measurements were made in a high-speed (M j =0.8-1.6) impinging cold jet issuing from coaxial round converging nozzles. Coherent motions critical to the maintenance of the feedback loop were examined via real-time conditional acquisition of schlieren images
A Model for the Emergence of a Twisted Magnetic Flux Tube

Observations have shown that active region flux tubes often emerge in a twisted state and that the active region formed has magnetic helicity of the same sense as the flux tube that forms it. Separate theoretical models have been developed for coronal magnetic fields with helicity and for flux tubes with twist. Here we present a dynamical model that connects a twisted subphotospheric flux tube to a force-free coronal field. With this model it is possible to explore the emergence of a flux tube into the corona and its effect on both the coronal field and the subphotospheric flux tube. In particular, the model shows that only a fraction of the current carried by the twisted flux tube will pass into the corona. As a consequence of this "mismatch," a torsional Alfven wave is launched downward along the flux tube at the instant of emergence. As the flux tube continues to emerge, the helicity of the coronal field increases owing to rotation of the footpoints. Our model predicts that the level of rotation will depend upon the rapidity of flux emergence. After this transient period the helicity of the active region will reflect the twist in its parent tube.
Current concepts. The diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis.

WE define acute glomerulonephritis as the sudden appearance of hematuria, proteinuria, and red-cell casts. The last finding, which rarely occurs in other types of renal disease,1 is virtually diagn...
Parent-reported predictors of adolescent panic attacks.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify parent-reported risk factors for adolescent panic attacks. Method Structured diagnostic interviews were obtained from 770 parents of participants in a school-based risk factor study for adolescent panic. Parent-reported risk factors assessed included characteristics of the child (negative affect, separation anxiety disorder [SAD], childhood chronic illness, and childhood loss) as well as characteristics of the parent (parental panic disorder or agoraphobia [PDA], parental major depression, and parental chronic illness). Results Bivariate predictors of adolescent panic attacks included parent history of PDA, parent history of chronic illness, child negative affect, and child SAD. Using signal detection methods, three subgroups of participants at risk for panic attacks were identified. Fifty-eight percent of adolescents with panic attacks belonged to one of these high-risk groups. Adolescents with a positive parental history of PDA were at highest risk: 24% of this group experienced panic attacks. Among those without a positive parental history of PDA, those with high childhood negative affect or history of SAD were at increased risk for panic attacks (14% and 20%, respectively ) . Conclusions The use of parent-reported data provides cross-validation for previously identified risk factors of adolescent panic attacks. Signal detection results suggest there are multiple paths (equifinality) to the development of adolescent panic attacks.
Towards an understanding of many-particle effects in hydrophobic association in methane solutions.

This paper applies the multiscale coarse-graining method [S. Izvekov and G. A. Voth, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 2469 (2005); J. Chem. Phys. 123, 134105 (2005)] to analyze many-body effects in concentrated methane solutions. Pairwise decompositions of N-particle solute-solute potentials of mean force (PMFs), and the respective solvent cavity potentials, enthalpic, entropic, and heat capacity of hydrophobic association, are calculated directly from unconstrained molecular-dynamics simulations of methane solutions at different molar fractions, with the highest being 0.055. The many-body effects in hydrophobic hydration are further studied using N-methane PMFs, which are explicitly dependent on solvent coordinates
Optical spectroscopy and imaging of liquid benzene multiply shocked to 13 GPa

Abstract Real-time optical spectroscopy and imaging measurements were used to examine physical and chemical changes in liquid benzene multiply shock compressed to peak pressures of 0.6–13 GPa on sub-μs time scales. In contrast to static pressure data, the results show no liquid–solid transition or other changes occurring on the time scales and the pressure range of the present experiments. These findings demonstrate that the benzene response is strongly time-dependent, and the static pressure phase diagram cannot be used directly on sub-μs time scales. In particular, benzene remains a liquid even at pressures well above the pressure threshold for freezing in static studies.
Light and time correlated migration of invasive hemocytes in the crayfish compound eye

The number and radial distribution of hemocytes discovered periodically invading the retinas of crayfish compound eyes (Figs. 1–3) were measured under a variety of light and dark adaptation programs (Fig. 4, Table 1). Overall the density of these cells in the eye was significantly less in light than in darkness (Figs. 5–8, Table 2). The corresponding hemocyte ebb and flow occurred in intercellular spaces between retinulas, not in blood vessels which are absent from decapod crustacean eyes everywhere distal to the basement membrane. Hemocytes under all conditions were most dense just below the basement membrane. Within the retina their occurrence ranged from maximum at the basement membrane to minimum or zero near the distal tip of the rhabdom, beyond which they rarely occurred (Figs. 5, 6, Table 3). The effectiveness of light in reducing hemocyte concentrations was maximal distally and minimal proximally and hence had a gradient inverse that for cell density (Fig. 8). Bilateral experiments with one eye covered and the other exposed showed that light could independently and unilaterally induce hemocyte emigration from the retina (Fig. 5). But in time-of-day experiments hemocyte movements occurring before the programmed cyclic diurnal illumination changes proved that endogenous control mechanisms must also participate (Fig. 7). Such experiments also showed the fewest retinal hemocytes (≈0) at 18:00 hours, when the rate of rhabdom synthesis should be near maximum. So far no direct phagocytic uptake of identifiable photoreceptor membrane has been found in crayfish retinal hemocytes. Nevertheless these cells were seen to make junctionlike contacts with retinular cells and appeared to be actively ingesting interstitial detritus in the retina at levels coincident with the radial extent of the rhabdoms (Figs. 1–3). Previously phagocytic wandering cells were known to participate in photoreceptor membrane turnover in teleost eyes and in reptile pineal organs although fixed retinal pigment epithelial cells are normally involved in this function in birds and mammals.
Comparing Reversal-Learning Abilities, Sucrose Responsiveness, and Foraging Experience Between Scout and Non-Scout Honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) Foragers

Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies divide foraging activities between scouts, who search for new sources of food, and non-scouts, who rely on information from waggle dances to find food sources. Molecular analyses of scouts and non-scouts have revealed differences in the expression of numerous genes, including several related to neurotransmitter signaling. Despite this progress, we know almost nothing about cognitive, sensory, or behavioral differences that underlie scouting. We tested three hypotheses related to differences between scouts and non-scouts. First, we tested whether scouts and non-scouts differ in their reversal-learning abilities and found that scouts showed a significantly faster reversal in their response to an odor that was punished and then rewarded. The results also suggested an interaction between the effects of foraging role (scout or non-scout) and seasonal effects on reversal-learning abilities. Second, we tested whether scouts and non-scouts show differences in responsiveness to sucrose rewards and found no difference. Third, we hypothesized that scouts have more foraging experience than do non-scouts. We tested this by comparing wing damage and found that non-scouts showed greater wing damage in the early summer but not the late summer. Together, these three results contribute to our understanding of the underpinnings of scouting behavior.
Child Effortful Control, Teacher-Student Relationships, and Achievement in Academically At-Risk Children: Additive and Interactive Effects.

The joint contributions of child effortful control (using inhibitory control and task accuracy as behavioral indices) and positive teacher-student relationships at first grade on reading and mathematics achievement at second grade were examined in 761 children who were predominantly from low-income and ethnic minority backgrounds and assessed to be academically at-risk at entry to first grade. Analyses accounted for clustering effects, covariates, baselines of effortful control measures, and prior levels of achievement. Even with such conservative statistical controls, interactive effects were found for task accuracy and positive teacher-student relationships on future achievement. Results suggest that task accuracy served as a protective factor so that children with high task accuracy performed well academically despite not having positive teacher-student relationships. Further, positive teacher-student relationships served as a compensatory factor so that children with low task accuracy performed just as well as those with high task accuracy if they were paired with a positive and supportive teacher. Importantly, results indicate that the influence of positive teacher-student relationships on future achievement was most pronounced for students with low effortful control on tasks that require fine motor skills, accuracy, and attention-related skills. Study results have implications for narrowing achievement disparities for academically at-risk children.
Disruption of Histidine Catabolism in NEUT2 Mice

Homozygous NEUT2 mice lack cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (FDH; Champion et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11,338-11,342) and as a consequence should be unable to oxidize carbon 2 of l-histidine to CO2 via 10-formyltetrahydrofolate in liver cytosol. There was essentially no oxidation of l-[2-14C]histidine to 14CO2 in homozygous NEUT2 mice, but 52% of the [2-14C]l-histidine dose was recovered in the urine within 24 h. Analysis of urine samples for [14C]formiminoglutamate, the expected excretion product, was negative; however, [14C]urocanic acid was detected. Investigation of histidine catabolism via the folate-dependent deamination pathway revealed no detectable urocanase activity in homozygous NEUT2 mice, while heterozygous NEUT2 mice had 50% urocanase activity compared to normal mice. Histidase and formiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase, also on the histidine deamination pathway, had similar specific activities in normal and NEUT2 mice. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase, the first enzyme of the alternate histidine transamination catabolic pathway did not appear to be affected by the loss of urocanase. Based on the excretion of urocanic acid it is estimated that NEUT2 mice catabolize approximately 40 micromol/day via the deamination pathway. The loss of urocanase activity in homozygous NEUT2 mice may allow these mice to survive the disruption in folate metabolism by sparing the liver cytosolic tetrahydrofolate pool.
Nursing's window of opportunity.

The key questions to be asked in shaping a vision for nursing should be, What are the overall goals that direct the flow of nursing practice? What is nursing's own health policy agenda for the American people? Like any strategic planning effort, shaping our vision makes us gather data about the environment; analyze, examine and reexamine the data; and then link these opportunities and problems to the mission of nursing. The window of opportunity for nursing is now open.
Temperature-dependent Distribution of Magnesium and Iron in Cummingtonites

ONE of the interesting aspects of atomic order–disorder in chain silicates is the rather rapid exchange of magnesium and ferrous iron among the nonequivalent, octahedrally coordinated sites at fairly low temperatures. The activation energies for the Mg2+, Fe2+ exchange reaction between the nonequivalent, octahedral positions M1 and M2 in orthopyroxenes, for example, are rather low: approximately 20 kcalories per formula unit (Mg,Fe)2Si2O6 for the disordering reaction and approximately 15 to 16 kcalories per formula unit for the ordering reaction1. Thus disordering as well as partial ordering can be studied in the laboratory by heating experiments at fairly low temperatures1,2. We have carried out experiments which suggest that the cation exchange in cummingtonites is similar to that in orthopyroxenes.
The association of elevated trough serum vancomycin concentrations with obesity

Background Obese patients display differences in vancomycin drug disposition, which may complicate attainment of appropriate serum vancomycin concentrations (SVCs). This study was conducted to determine if obesity leads to trough SVCs above the therapeutic range.
Research, improvement and application of mechanistic, biochemical, dynamic models of metabolism in lactating dairy cattle

Abstract Models are representations of reality. The fields of nutrition, metabolism and biomedicine have used models to aid in research and its applications since before World War II. A model, or a modeling approach, to research may also be defined as an ordered way of describing knowledge of some ‘real’ system. Such models have been useful in ordering our knowledge into practical systems to describe nutrient requirements of agricultural animals. The ability to describe metabolic transactions, and their resultant affects on nutrient requirements, is critical to the continued ability to raise food-producing animals in efficient ways around the world. Models of increasing complexity, ever grounded in validated research data, will continue to improve. The only way to eventually define the true complexity of the organisms that we are dealing with is to have an ordered model approach which, in a planned iterative fashion, asks complex questions and increases our knowledge with the clear answers we receive. A mechanistic, dynamic model of metabolism exists in the dairy cow (Molly, Modelling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism. Chapman & Hall, New York, USA, p. 469.) and allows testing of complex hypotheses on the nutrition of the dairy cow. A major area for which we still lack full understanding is metabolism in early lactation. A series of model challenges has determined that descriptions of basic processes (such as ion pumping, protein and fat turnover rates, and increased metabolic costs associated with increased intake) in this model are inadequate. Milk production can be described very well from feed inputs. However, errors in the biochemical transactions of viscera and muscle tissue result in excess energy accumulation in adipose tissue. A hypothesis, based on validated experimental evidence explicit in the Molly model, and on observations made since construction of the model, is that simulated rates of energy use in the viscera, probably due to the hormonal and nutrient intake changes that take place in early lactation, are too low in the model. A corollary hypothesis is that rates of energy use by the body, especially in protein turnover and its associated metabolic costs are also too low. Simulations increasing these energetic costs resulted in realistic reductions in body fat relative to observed experimental data. These hypotheses become the framework for continued experimentation and incorporation of new information into the model.
Rigorous Analysis of Temporal Access Control Properties in Mobile Systems

Access control models must be analyzed to uncover flaws that can be exploited to gain unauthorized access. The UML has been used to describe access control models and there are a number of proposed approaches for analyzing UML access control models. Practical support for checking UML access control models against temporal properties is still lacking. In this paper, we describe a lightweight approach to analyzing a UML model of security policies against linear temporal properties. The access control policies are based on a generalized spatio-temporal role-based access control (GSTRBAC) model. We use a demonstration case study to show how the approach can be used to uncover access control problems.
A common thread: The pairing interaction for unconventional superconductors

The structures, the phase diagrams, and the appearance of a neutron resonance signaling an unconventional superconducting state provide phenomenological evidence relating the cuprates, the Fe-pnictides/chalcogenides as well as some heavy fermion and actinide materials. Single- and multi-band Hubbard models have been found to describe a number of the observed properties of these materials so that it is reasonable to examine the origin of the pairing interaction in these models. In this review, based on the experimental phenomenology and studies of the pairing interaction for Hubbard-like models, it is proposed that spin-fluctuation mediated pairing is the common thread linking a broad class of superconducting materials.
Late onset group B streptococcal infection from maternal expressed breast milk in a very low birth weight infant.

Late Onset Group B Streptococcal Infection from Maternal Expressed Breast Milk in a Very Low Birth Weight Infant
Quark mass dependence of the pseudoscalar hairpin vertex

eff 0 ) 2 as a function of m 2 �. It has been observed by Sharpe that, with a consistent NLO calculation in quenched chiral perturbation theory, this mass dependence is uniquely predicted in terms of the single-pole coefficient�� and the Leutwyler parameter L5. Since �� is found to be � 0, the chiral slope of the double-pole residue determines a value for L5. This provides a consistency check between the chiral slope of the hairpin mass insertion and that of the pion decay constant. We investigate the consistency of these mass dependences in our Monte Carlo results at two values of lattice spacing. Within statistics, the slopes are found to be consistent with
Integrative leadership and the creation and maintenance of cross-sector collaborations

Abstract This article presents a theoretical framework for understanding integrative leadership and the creation and maintenance of cross-sector collaborations that create public value. We define integrative leadership as bringing diverse groups and organizations together in semi-permanent ways — and typically across sector boundaries — to remedy complex public problems and achieve the common good. Our framework highlights in particular the leadership roles and activities of collaboration sponsors and champions. The framework is illustrated with examples from the development of MetroGIS, a geographic information system that promotes better public problem-solving in the Minneapolis–St. Paul region of the US. A set of propositions is offered to guide further research and to prompt reflective practice.