cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term outcome of kidneys with initially poor drainage or no drainage following pyeloplasty

Pyeloplasty for congenital ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction enjoys a 90–95% success rate. Although treatment of the failed pyeloplasty has been addressed in the literature, management of the poorly draining or nondraining renal unit in the immediate postoperative period has not received any attention. For this purpose the medical records of 33 consecutive children (37 renal units) treated by dismembered pyeloplasty between 1986 and 1992 were reviewed. All of our pyeloplasties were stented and urine was diverted via a nephrostomy tube. All patients underwent a nephrostogram following stent removal 1 week postoperatively. These studies showed poor drainage, or no, across the newly reconstructed anastomosis in 7 of 37 renal units (19%). The ages of these 4 boys and 3 girls at the time of pyeloplasty ranged between 7 weeks and 5 years (mean 22 months). In four patients, good drainage occurred without intervention by 2–4 weeks postoperation. In two patients, percutaneous balloon dilation of the anastomosis via the intraoperatively placed nephrostomy tube was required at 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. The remaining patient failed percutaneous dilation, necessitating a ureterocalycostomy at 9 weeks following pyeloplasty. The long-term follow-up for the entire group of 33 children averaged 30 months and consisted of radionuclide diuresis renography in 84% of cases or intravenous pyelography in the remainder. All patients had excellent long-term outcomes as assessed by comparison of the postoperative studies with the baseline studies obtained preoperatively. Our results show that kidneys with initially poor drainage, or even no drainage, across the newly reconstructed anastomosis following pyeloplasty can be salvaged with an excellent long-term outcome comparable with that of the group with initially good drainage. In addition, intervention was necessary in only 43% of renal units with initial compromise and was facilitated by the intraoperatively placed nephrostomy tube. We recommend that percutaneous dilation be done at between 4 and 6 weeks postpyeloplasty, as the waiting period was long enough to allow for spontaneous improvement without precluding a successful outcome if drainage failed to occur. Ureterocalycostomy was rarely necessary.
Association and discrimination of diesel fuels using chemometric procedures

Five neat diesel samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and total ion chromatograms as well as extracted ion profiles of the alkane and aromatic compound classes were generated. A retention time alignment algorithm was employed to align chromatograms prior to peak area normalization. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients and principal components analysis were then employed to investigate association and discrimination among the diesel samples. The same procedures were also used to investigate the association of a diesel residue to its neat counterpart. Current limitations in the retention time alignment algorithm and the subsequent effect on the association and discrimination of the diesel samples are discussed. An understanding of these issues is crucial to ensure the accuracy of data interpretation based on such chemometric procedures.
The Structure of Hexane Soot II: Extraction Studies

Successive extraction of soluble components of hexane soot with a suite of solvents has been followed by CGC/MS, FT-IR, UV/Vis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopic analysis of these extracts. From these studies, additional understanding of the structure and reactivity of this material has emerged. A significant portion of the soot is extractable as polynuclear aromatic and aliphatic compounds, while the nonextractable solid structure, with both aromatic and aliphatic portions, contains such carbon-oxygen functionalities as acid anhydride, carbonyl, and ether linkages. A model of hexane soot as formed in flame is proposed on the basis of this work.
Complications associated with lumbar stenosis surgery in patients older than 75 years of age.

Object An aging population will require that surgeons increasingly consider operative intervention in elderly patients. To perform this surgery safely will require an understanding of the factors that predict successful outcomes as well as complications. Methods Records of patients older than the age of 75 years who underwent lumbar spinal stenosis surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Preexisting medical illnesses were analyzed using the Charlson Weighted Comorbidity Index. Ambulatory function was rated on a four-point scale. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-tailed t-test with unpaired variance. Eighty-eight patients treated between 1994 and 2001 were identified. Forty-five percent were women and 52 patients underwent spinal fusion. The follow-up period averaged 21 months. Back pain was present preoperatively in 89%; after surgery 43% experienced complete relief and 33% partial improvement. Leg pain was present preoperatively in 98%; after surgery 43% experienced complete relief and 42% pa...
Images of gas molecules by electron holography. III. Theory of optical spatial domain filter

An analysis of the function of a spatial domain filter employed in recent optical syntheses of molecular images from electron holograms is presented. The device is effective in ridding the primary image region of the naturally arising background intensity which, unless filtered, can severely obscure the image. The filter also introduces artifacts, however, which may confuse the interpretation of images, and excessive filtering reduces resolving power. It is shown how to calculate the effect of the filter variables in order to secure a reasonable compromise between resolution, background noise, and spurious rings.
Molecular analysis at the NF1 locus in astrocytic brain tumors

Background. Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are at increased risk for developing malignant neural crest tumors and juvenile myeloid leukemia. Although the normal allele of the NF1 tumor-suppressor gene is frequently deleted in some of the malignant tumors that arise in patients with NF1, the role of NF1 alterations in the sporadic forms of these cancers is unclear. Methods. A series of intragenic sequence polymorphisms was used to investigate lymphocyte and tumor DNA samples from 22 adults with high grade malignant gliomas for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at NF1. In addition, an assay based on the polymerase chain reaction was used to screen these tumors for point mutations at codon 1423. Results. One recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma showed LOH within NF1 but not with a flanking marker located near the gene. Of 21 informative tumors, none showed point mutations affecting codon 1423 of NF1. Conclusion. These data suggest that LOH at NF1 is uncommon in sporadic high grade astrocytoma, and codon 1423 is not a “hot spot” for activating point mutations in these tumors. Cancer 1995; 76:674–7.
KINETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INACTIVATION OF AMMONIA MONOOXYGENASE IN NITROSOMONAS EUROPAEA BY ALKYNE, ANILINE AND CYCLOPROPANE DERIVATIVES

The kinetic mechanisms of seven inactivators of ammonia oxidation activity in cells of the nitrifying bacterium, Nitrosomonas europaea were investigated. The effects of the inactivators were specific for ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine. The aniline derivatives, 1,3-phenylenediamine and p-anisidine, were potent inactivators of AMO while other derivatives were ineffective as inactivators. Two cyclopropane derivatives, 1, 2-dimethylcyclopropane and cyclopropyl bromide, were inactivators while cyclopropane was not an inactivator. The mechanisms of three alkynes, 1-hexyne, 3-hexyne, and acetylene, were also examined. For all seven compounds, the inactivation of AMO was irreversible, time-dependent, first-order, and dependent on catalytic turnover. Saturation of the rate of inactivation was indicated for p-anisidine (kinact=2.85 min-1; KI=1.0 mM) and cyclopropyl bromide (kinact=4.4 min-1; KI=97 microM), but not for any of the remaining five inactivators, including acetylene. Ammonia slowed the rate of inactivation for acetylene and cyclopropyl bromide, but enhanced the rate of inactivation for the remaining inactivators. All seven compounds appear to be mechanism-based inactivators of AMO.
Enhancement of stereospecific opiate binding to neural membranes by phosphatidyl serine

Abstract An effort was made to elucidate the possible involvement of phosphatidyl serine in the opiate receptor by examining stereospecific 3 H-dihyromorphine binding to neural membrane preparations in the presence of exogenous phosphatidyl serine. The addition of phosphatidyl serine to suspensions of either synaptic membranes or a microsomal fraction significantly enhanced both high and lower affinity binding, the Kd's being 1.0 × 10 −9 and 5.7 × 10 −9 M without lipid and 5.0 × 10 −10 and 3.8 × 10 −9 M with added phosphatidyl serine. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine had an inhibitory effect on opiate binding. Sulfatides had a slight enhancing effect, while other acidic lipids and lecithin were without any effect. With the use of 3 H-dansyl phosphatidyl serine it was established that sufficient exogenous lipid was associated with the membrane to account for the enhancement of opiate binding. The results were discussed from the standpoint of the modification of membrane lipids and their possible significance for the binding of opiates and other ligands. It is suggested that phosphatidyl serine may be an important component of the opiate pharmacophore.
High-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry fingerprinting of metabolites from cecum and distal colon contents of rats fed resistant starch

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry along with statistical analysis was utilized to study metabolic profiles among rats fed resistant starch (RS) diets. Fischer 344 rats were fed four starch diets consisting of 55 % (w/w, dbs) starch. A control starch diet consisting of corn starch was compared against three RS diets. The RS diets were high-amylose corn starch (HA7), HA7 chemically modified with octenyl succinic anhydride, and stearic-acid-complexed HA7 starch. A subgroup received antibiotic treatment to determine if perturbations in the gut microbiome were long lasting. A second subgroup was treated with azoxymethane (AOM), a carcinogen. At the end of the 8-week study, cecal and distal colon content samples were collected from the sacrificed rats. Metabolites were extracted from cecal and distal colon samples into acetonitrile. The extracts were then analyzed on an accurate-mass time-of-flight mass spectrometer to obtain their metabolic profile. The data were analyzed using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The PLS-DA analysis utilized a training set and verification set to classify samples within diet and treatment groups. PLS-DA could reliably differentiate the diet treatments for both cecal and distal colon samples. The PLS-DA analyses of the antibiotic and no antibiotic-treated subgroups were well classified for cecal samples and modestly separated for distal colon samples. PLS-DA analysis had limited success separating distal colon samples for rats given AOM from those not treated; the cecal samples from AOM had very poor classification. Mass spectrometry profiling coupled with PLS-DA can readily classify metabolite differences among rats given RS diets.
The New Disability History: American Perspectives. Ed. by Paul K. Longmore and Lauri Umansky. (New York: New York University Press, 2001. vi, 416 pp. Cloth, $65.00, ISBN 0-8147-8563-8. Paper, $23.95, ISBN 0-8147-8564-6.)

1 Disability and the Justification of Inequality in American History 33 2"Speech Has an Extraordinary Humanizing Power": Horace Mann and the Problem of Nineteenth-Century American Deaf Education 58 3"This Unnatural and Fratricidal Strife": A Family's Negotiation of the Civil War, Deafness, and Independence 83 4"Trying to Idle": Work and Disability in The Diary of Alice James 107 5A Pupil and a Patient: Hospital-Schools in Progressive America 133 6Cold Charity: Manhood, Brotherhood, and the Transformation of Disability, 1870-1900 157 7The Outlook of The Problem and the Problem with the Outlook: Two Advocacy Journals Reinvent Blind People in Turn-of-the-Century America 187 8Reading between the Signs: Defending Deaf Culture in Early Twentieth-Century America 214 9Medicine, Bureaucracy, and Social Welfare: The Politics of Disability Compensation for American Veterans of World War I 236 10Helen Keller and the Politics of Civic Fitness 268 11Martyred Mothers and Merciful Fathers: Exploring Disability and Motherhood in the Lives of Jerome Greenfield and Raymond Repouille 293
The Past, Present, and Future of Mediation as Seen through the Eyes of Some of Its Founders

This article is drawn from interviews with thirty-one of mediation's “founders,” those pioneers who began mediating in the 1970s and 1980s, when the field was young. They describe what first attracted them to mediation and why they have remained active in the field. Some told us that they have found it to be both intellectually challenging and interpersonally satisfying to assist disputing parties in their search for a mutually acceptable resolution they could not find on their own. Others see mediation's collaborative approach to decision making as a means of bringing about social and political change that might be otherwise unattainable. The mediators also described the changes they have observed since they entered the field: mediation's dramatic growth, institutionalization in the judicial system, and market domination by lawyers and retired judges. Among the concerns they expressed were the prevalence of a mediation model that focuses primarily on the legal strengths and weaknesses of each party's position, and the dollar amount that should resolve the dispute, with little interest in creative outcomes. Other concerns are a lack of quality control of mediators and trainers, and unproductive debate about whether the “correct” approach to mediation is evaluative, facilitative, or transformative. The mediators who work on public policy matters, including environmental disputes, were the most positive about the opportunity for creativity in their work, considerably more so than those mediators whose practice is primarily business/commercial. The mediators' views of the future of mediation are remarkably similar — their general sense is that the type of mediation that takes place in the shadow of the courts is likely to increase and to become even more routinized than it is at present. Several respondents told us that they also expect to see substantial growth in the use of mediation to resolve public policy issues. Many of these mediators predicted that this type of mediation is likely to be carried out by organizational insiders, rather than outside interveners. As one mediator said, “Maybe there's a new set of mediation roles for people within traditional institutions, not just for free-standing neutrals.”
Log-intensity correlations of a laser beam in a turbulent medium.

The log-intensity correlation for any two points in the cross section of a collimated Gaussian laser beam is calculated in the geometrical optics approximation. The log-intensity correlation is found to.be a function of more than the separation distance between the two points. The special case of autocorrelation leads to a result that is identical to that given by Ho if diffraction effects are ignored. The autocorrelation function indicates a new method for determining the inner scale of turbulence and the refractive index structure function coefficient which does not depend upon meteorological measurements of C(N)(2).
The molecular factors affecting the solubility parameter

A study of the solubility parameter δ2 was pursed in order to obtain further information on the prominent molecular factors affecting its value. The details of the expressions derived for the components of δ2 depends on the considerable usage of both classical statistical thermodynamics and the well-know equations for intermolecular forces. The results confirm that relatively simple expressions for the components of δ2 are found. The disperson component of the solubility parameter, δ2d, is a function of the molecular polarizability, fractional polarity, molar volume, and van der Waals volume. The polar component of the solubility parameter, δ2p, is a function of the dipole moment, temperature, molar volume, and van der Waals volume; δ2d is found to increase linearily with molecular size, while δ2p is found to decrease with molecular size (except at low molecular volumes). As will be shown, the expressions derived here have considerable utility in elucidating results obtained by other researchers.
Null subjects, filled CPs and L2 acquisition

This study investigates the acquisition of a non-null-subject language (English) by speakers of two different null-subject languages (Spanish and Chinese) in light of recent research in theoretical syntax which shows that different syntactic mechanisms are at work in the expression of null subjects in these two languages. While null subjects in Spanish are manifestations of pro, in Chinese they may be pro or a null topic, the latter licensed by a topic chain (Huang, 1984; 1989). Topic chains have been shown to license null topics in other languages (Roeper and Weissenborn, 1990; Weissenborn, 1992) but cannot do so across a lexically filled CP. We propose that this difference in licensing mechanism ought to affect the acquisition of English by Chinese and Spanish speakers. Data from an elicited imitation task show that Chinese speakers significantly outperform Spanish speakers in disallowing null subjects in English. This can be attributed to the Chinese speakers' reaction to the presence of lexically fill...
Spectroscopic characterization of the evolution of self-assembled CdSe quantum dots

We have investigated the evolution of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown, CdSe self-assembled quantum dots on ZnSe surfaces using microphotoluminescence techniques. Bare CdSe dots at room temperature undergo Ostwald ripening over a time scale measured in days. At the elevated temperatures maintained for MBE growth and dot formation, ripening is expected to progress much faster. Capping the dots with a thin ZnSe layer “freezes” the ripening, allowing one to sample different stages of the dot evolution and subsequent characterization. We have grown eleven samples, each with a different time interval, or growth interruption, between dot formation and capping; the growth interruption times ranging from 0 to 300 s, during which the samples were kept at 300 °C. Using microphotoluminescence spectroscopy, we have resolved the sharp emission peaks due to individual dots in each sample and, by analyzing the ensemble characteristics, have identified a new regime in the evolution of CdSe dots.
Inpatient diabetes management in general medical and surgical settings: evidence and update.

A quarter of patients who are hospitalized for any reason have diabetes as a comorbid condition. Despite this, management of diabetes among inpatients has historically been a low clinical priority. Since the publication of several landmark trials demonstrating the benefits of intensive glycemic control in the surgical intensive care unit, inpatient glycemic control on general hospital wards has received increased attention. Physicians and healthcare organizations in the USA have recently advocated more aggressive treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia despite the lack of data to guide evidence-based management in general (non-intensive care unit) settings. These calls to action have prompted a series of studies that demonstrate effective systems-based strategies for measuring and improving inpatient glycemic control, even though it is not yet clear how aggressively this goal should be pursued. While the data on improved long-term outcomes related to improved glycemic control in general inpatient settings ar...
SPIRS: A Web-based Image Retrieval System for Large Biomedical Databases

Abstract Purpose With the increasing use of images in disease research, education, and clinical medicine, the need for methods that effectively archive, query, and retrieve these images by their content is underscored. This paper describes the implementation of a Web-based retrieval system called SPIRS (Spine Pathology & Image Retrieval System), which permits exploration of a large biomedical database of digitized spine X-ray images and data from a national health survey using a combination of visual and textual queries. Methods SPIRS is a generalizable framework that consists of four components: a client applet, a gateway, an indexing and retrieval system, and a database of images and associated text data. The prototype system is demonstrated using text and imaging data collected as part of the second U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Users search the image data by providing a sketch of the vertebral outline or selecting an example vertebral image and some relevant text parameters. Pertinent pathology on the image/sketch can be annotated and weighted to indicate importance. Results During the course of development, we explored different algorithms to perform functions such as segmentation, indexing, and retrieval. Each algorithm was tested individually and then implemented as part of SPIRS. To evaluate the overall system, we first tested the system's ability to return similar vertebral shapes from the database given a query shape. Initial evaluations using visual queries only (no text) have shown that the system achieves up to 68% accuracy in finding images in the database that exhibit similar abnormality type and severity. Relevance feedback mechanisms have been shown to increase accuracy by an additional 22% after three iterations. While we primarily demonstrate this system in the context of retrieving vertebral shape, our framework has also been adapted to search a collection of 100,000 uterine cervix images to study the progression of cervical cancer. Conclusions SPIRS is automated, easily accessible, and integratable with other complementary information retrieval systems. The system supports the ability for users to intuitively query large amounts of imaging data by providing visual examples and text keywords and has beneficial implications in the areas of research, education, and patient care.
Chronic Follicular Conjunctivitis Associated with Chlamydia psittaci or Chlamydia pneumoniae

We determined whether patients with chronic conjunctivitis in whom direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) tests revealed genus-specific chlamydial antigens (but not species-specific Chlamydia trachomatis antigens) were infected with Chlamydia psittaci or Chlamydia pneumoniae. Patients were divided into a case group of possible non-trachomatis chlamydial conjunctivitis and a control group of nonchlamydial conjunctivitis on the basis of examination and DFA testing. Species-specific primers were used to amplify C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae DNA with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four (27%) of 15 samples from the case group were positive for C. psittaci or C. pneumoniae DNA, whereas none of 24 control samples were positive. Sequencing revealed a C. pneumoniae, an avian C. psittaci, and two mammalian C. psittaci strains. A short course of oral antibiotic treatment appears to be inadequate for patients with non-trachomatis chlamydial conjunctivitis. Ocular infections due to C. pneumoniae and C. psittaci may be more common than previously recognized and can be identified by DFA and PCR.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix: a report of 14 cases and a discussion of its unusual clinicopathological associations

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix is an uncommon presentation of the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in the first decades of life. Unlike embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in other anatomic sites, in which 70-80% of cases present before 9 years of age, the average age in our series of 14 cervical cases was 12.4 years (median, 13 years), with an age range of 9 months to 32 years at diagnosis. Of the 14 cases, 12 presented as a polyp at the cervical os; two patients had an infiltrative mass in the cervix without a botryoid polyp. The polyps measured 1.5-5 cm and all had the histopathological pattern of the sarcoma botryoides variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, with condensations of primitive and differentiated rhabdomyoblasts beneath the surface epithelium and around endocervical glands. Nodules of benign-appearing cartilage were present in the stroma of six cases (43%). One of the embyronal rhabdomyosarcomas from the youngest patient, 9 months old, also had a distinctive microscopic focus of immature tubular profiles in a primitive stroma; these tubules expressed epithelial and neuroendocrine markers. Two patients had a pleuropulmonary blastoma, one diagnosed 9 years before the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix and the other recognized synchronously. This latter 9-year old had a DICER1 germline mutation. One patient presented with hirsutism and had a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, an incidentally detected cervical embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid. Although a pleuropulmonary blastoma was not documented in the latter patient, ovarian sex-cord stromal tumors and nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid are manifestations of the pleuropulmonary blastoma family tumor and dysplasia syndrome (OMIM 601200). Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix must be distinguished from other rare entities, including adenosarcoma, malignant mixed Mullerian tumor and low-grade stromal sarcoma, as the former has a better prognosis; 12 of our 14 patients remain disease-free following conservative surgery and chemotherapy. Our study suggests that cervical embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma may be another pathological manifestation in the spectrum of extrapulmonary pathology in the setting of pleuropulmonary blastoma.
On the solutions of a parametric family of cubic Thue equations

In this paper, we solve a family of Diophantine equations associated with families of number fields of degree 3. In fact, we use Baker’s method find all solutions to the Thue equation $$ \begin{gathered} \Phi _n (x,y) = x^3 - n(n^2 + n + 3)(n^2 + 2)x^2 y - (n^3 + 2n^2 + 3n + 3)xy^2 - y^3 = \pm 1, \hfill \\ for n \geqslant 0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ .
Assessing the Benefits of Incident Management Systems: Combining Freeway Facility Procedures from the "Highway Capacity Manual" and Data Archives of Intelligent Transportation Systems

Most studies that evaluate the benefits of incident management have used analytical techniques such as queuing and shock wave analyses to assess the impacts of incidents with and without incident management on delays and queues. These analytical methods have been applied to basic highway segments with no consideration of the facility configurations. In addition, the analyses in most cases assumed a constant typical capacity on these segments to represent the prevailing capacities without the use of Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) procedures. These studies also assumed that input parameters such as the reduction in capacity due to incidents and incident duration are deterministic rather than stochastic variables. This paper investigates estimating the benefits of incident management by combining HCM freeway analysis procedures, detailed data archives of intelligent transportation systems, and a consideration of the stochastic variations of key inputs to the analysis rather than the use of deterministic value...
Summary of results from a foliage penetration experiment with a three-frequency polarimetric SAR

As a part of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Critical Mobile Target program an experiment was conducted jointly by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and MIT Lincoln Laboratory in July 1990 using the NASA/JPL airborne SAR system, to investigate the effects of foliage on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging of targets concealed by trees. A large number of 8-ft corner reflectors were deployed for the investigation of two-way propagation through foliage, and tone generators were deployed at four locations to investigate one-way pulse-to-pulse phase and amplitude fluctuations to study possible SAR beam distortions caused by trees. In addition, a 40 km2 area was imaged over five passes at each of 30 degree(s), 45 degree(s), and 60 degree(s) depression angles, simultaneously at C-, L-band and UHF frequencies, fully polarimetrically. Several trucks of varying sizes were also deployed in the open and behind trees for limited testing of target detection. Analysis of the data is near completion. This paper will summarize results on attenuation and clutter statistics, SAR pattern distortion through trees as well as results on multichannel processing of the images containing vehicle masked by foliage.
Structural style and kinematics of an underplated slate belt, Kodiak and adjacent islands, Alaska

The Kodiak Formation, composed of coherent Maastrichtian turbidites, is a slate belt whose dominant structures developed during underplating to an accretionary wedge in the latest Cretaceous. It consists of about 80% coherent landward-dipping thrust packets; zones of disrupted sandstone associated with a scaly argillite matrix constitute the remainder. About half of these disrupted sandstone zones are related to pre-accretion deformation, and the rest formed along late-stage, strike-slip faults that postdate development of slaty cleavage. The formation is divided into three structural belts. The landward and seaward belts include steeply dipping structures, and the central belt contains shallowly dipping structures and rocks that have experienced the highest strain. The central belt probably acted as a low-angle, southeast-verging, floor thrust zone beneath the landward belt. The structural history of the Kodiak Formation includes (1) early soft-sediment disruption; (2) tectonic stratal disruption; (3) thrust faulting, slaty cleavage (S 1 ) development, and folding (F 1 ); (4) intrusion of granodioritic plutons, dikes, and sills and associated normal faulting; (5) development of crenulations (F 2 ) and crenulation cleavage (S 2 ); (6) thrust faulting; and (7) development of right-lateral, strike-slip faults. Event 3 produced the dominant northwest-dipping structural grain and caused the greatest amount of shortening; the timing of event 7 relative to events 5 and 6 is not certain. The dominant structures of the Kodiak Formation are interpreted as developing during underthrusting, underplating, and intra-wedge shortening during latest Cretaceous time within an accretionary wedge. The maximum time from deposition to emplacement was about 12 m.y., and the timing is constrained by the maximum depositional age (74 m.y.) and the age of plutonic rocks (62 m.y.) that crosscut the dominant fabric. Pre-cleavage zones of stratal disruption reflect deformation on the lower plate during underthrusting. Slaty cleavage, thrusts, and F 1 folds developed during underplating that also resulted in the formation of duplexes. Crenulations are probably related to post-underplating subhorizontal shortening of sediments within the accretionary wedge. Syn-deformation dynamic recrystallization of quartz, minimum syn-accretion metamorphic temperatures between 205 and 250 °C, and pressures of at least 2.65 kb recorded during the earliest stages of deformation suggest underplating at >10 km.
Gender Roles and/or Styles in Crisis: An Integrative Analysis of the Experiences of Fathers of Children with Cancer

Despite a proliferation of research with families of children with cancer and gender differences in parental coping, few studies have explicitly explored the experiences of fathers of children with cancer. Using several different data collection efforts, including semistructured in-depth interviews and open workshops, this integrative analysis views fathers' experiences through the lens of gender. Findings suggest that fathers' experiences can be understood as influenced by gender identities, gender roles, and the gendered organization of support systems, employment, and health care institutions. The results suggest the need for interventions that provide fathers and entire families with the opportunity to develop new skills and coping strategies for dealing with the stresses and challenges of childhood cancer.
Inexpensive techniques to improve education: Applying cognitive psychology to enhance educational practice

The need to improve the educational system has never been greater. People in congress and business argue for expensive technological applications to improve education despite a lack of empirical evidence for their efficacy. We argue that one inexpensive avenue for improving education has been largely ignored. Cognitive and educational psychologists have identified strategies that greatly improve learning and retention of information, and yet these techniques are not generally applied in education nor taught in education schools. In fact, teachers often use instructional practices known to be wrong (i.e., massing rather than interleaving examples to explain a topic). We identify three general principles that are inexpensive to implement and have been shown in both laboratory and field experiments to improve learning: (1) distribution (spacing and interleaving) of practice in learning facts and skills; (2) retrieval practice (via self testing) for durable learning; and (3) explanatory questioning (elaborative interrogation and self-explanation) as a study strategy. We describe each technique, provide supporting evidence, and discuss classroom applications. Each principle can be applied to most subject matters from kindergarten to higher education. Applying findings from cognitive psychology to classroom instruction is no panacea for educational problems, but it represents one helpful and inexpensive strategy.
Characterization in vivo of the NMDA receptor-mediated component of dentate granule cell population synaptic responses to perforant path input.

The NMDA receptor-mediated component of the hippocampal granule cell population excitatory postsynaptic potential response to low frequency ( 20 Hz. These results indicate in vivo that the initiation and duration of NMDA current flow depend strongly upon the intensity and frequency of perforant path stimulation. In addition, the NMDA response to a single impulse appears to be reduced and truncated by input from GABAA receptormediated feedback and/or feedforward inhibition, and this inhibition affects temporal summation of NMDA receptor-mediated responses over a wide range of input frequencies. It is suggested that such inhibition results from the activation of GABAA receptors located on granule cell dendritic shafts. Thus, conditions that reduce the firing rate or effect of GABAergic interneurons will be likely to augment both the amplitude and duration of NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx and to alter the types of afferent patterns that are effective in activating postsynaptic NMDA receptors.
A hierarchical protocol for coordinating multiagent behaviors

We describe how a behavior hierarchy can be used in a protocol that allows AI agents to discover and resolve interactions flexibly. Agents that initially do not know with whom they might interact use this hierarchy to exchange abstractions of their anticipated behaviors. By comparing behaviors, agents iteratively investigate interactions through more focused exchanges of successively detailed information. They can also modify their behaviors along different dimensions to either avoid conflicts or promote cooperation. We explain why our protocol gives agents a richer language for coordination than they get through exchanging plans or goals, and we use a prototype implementation to illustrate our protocol. We argue that our hierarchical protocol for coordinating behaviors provides a powerful representation for negotiation and can act as a common foundation for integrating theories about plans and organizations.
The prevalence and clinicopathological appearance of extension of osteonecrosis in the femoral head

In about 50% of cases, osteonecrosis of the femoral head is known to occupy more than one site. There is controversy as to whether a single focus may increase in size. We have reviewed 606 consecutive femoral heads which had been surgically removed for osteonecrosis. Extension of osteonecrosis was observed in only two (0.3%) and was confirmed histopathologically by the enlargement of the necrotic segment beyond the repair zone formed for the primary necrosis into the adjacent, previously uninvolved bone. In both cases, the necrotic regions were wedge-shaped and occupied over 80% of the femoral head. It appears that an increase in size is extremely rare and that osteonecrosis is due to a single event. Our findings may be of value in assessing the use of joint-salvage procedures for osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
A NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PERSPECTIVE OF WOLFRAM'S NEW KIND OF SCIENCE. PART X: PERIOD-1 RULES

This stage of our journey through the universe of one-dimensional binary Cellular Automata is devoted to period-1 rules, constituting the first of the six groups in which we systematized the 88 globally-independent CA rules. The first part of this article is mainly dedicated to reviewing the terminology and the empirical results found in the previous papers of our quest. We also introduce the concept of the ω-limit orbit with the purpose of linking our work to the classical theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. Moreover, we present the basin tree diagrams of all period-1 rules — except for rule , which is trivial — along with their Boolean cubes and time-1 characteristic functions. In the second part, we prove a theorem demonstrating that all rules belonging to group 1 have robust period-1 rules for any finite, and infinite, bit-string length L. This is the first time we give analytical results on the behavior of CA local rules for large values of L and, consequently, for bi-infinite bit strings. The theoretical treatment is complemented by two remarkable practical results: an explicit formula for generating isomorphic basin trees, and an algorithm for creating new periodic orbits by concatenation. We also provide several examples of both of them, showing how they help to avoid tedious simulations.
Magnetic Core Pulse-Switching Circuits for Standard Packages

A new method for the logical design of magnetic core pulse-switching circuits is presented. This method has features which make it excellent for use in standard packages. These features are the absence of spurious noise signals at the output; the fact that outputs are independent of the order of arrival of input pulses; the fact that interchanging components does not affect circuit behavior; and the fact that moderate changes in clock pulse amplitude and duration do not cause false operation. Furthermore, the number of components required by this system compares favorably with the numbers required by other systems. A computing system can be built by properly interconnecting a few different types of such packages. The new system uses advance current drive but performs the logical operations with both forward and backward windings in an output network. The use of both types of windings permits a reduction in the total number of cores required. Tests performed on actual circuits yielded very encouraging results. The circuits operated as predicted, and the performance was most satisfactory.
Low temperature magnetic properties and antiferromagnetic interactions of the magnetic susceptibility calibrant HgCo(NCS)4

Abstract High sensitivity magnetic susceptibility determinations in the range 1.3-100K, on HgCo(NCS) 4 , a common susceptibility calibrant, are reported. Earlier literature data reported for calibration purposes are shown to be inaccurate. Previously undetected anti- ferromagnetic interactions are shown to exist in HgCo(NCS) 4 , causing deviation from Curie-Weiss behavior at low temperatures.
Viewing Change Through the Prism of Indigenous Human Ecology: Findings from the Afghan and Tajik Pamirs

The effects of socioecological transformations such as climate change, the collapse of the Soviet empire, and civil war are examined for 14 villages in the valleys of the Pamir Mountains in the historical Badakhshan region, now divided between Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Preliminary findings indicate concern for food sovereignty, evidence of biocultural impacts of climate change, an increasing burden on women, debilitating opium addiction, the ecological importance of sacred sites, and other priorities related to sustainable livelihoods, such as energy needs (for fuel and lighting) and physical and social infrastructure in the form of roads and schools. In the complex setting of the Pamir Mountains, characterized by both cultural and ecological diversity and marked by artificial political boundaries, the creative and pragmatic interaction between indigenous and scientific knowledge sustains the best hope for survival. Applied research must combine communities of inquirers (research institutions) with communities of social practitioners (farmers, pastoralists, and civil society institutions) to facilitate indigenous participation in generating context-specific knowledge. The goal of such research is practical outcomes that will meet the urgent priorities of village communities. This paper establishes a baseline from which undertake applied human ecological research related to livelihood security.
Replanning with uncertainty in position: Sensor updates vs. prior map updates

This paper presents two new approaches to planning with uncertainty in position that achieve better performance than existing techniques and that are able to incorporate changes in the environment in near real-time. Both approaches reuse previous searches and replan when changes in the environment are detected. The first approach, called replanning with prior map updates, assumes that changes in the prior map originate from the same source as the original prior map. Therefore, the updates are registered with the existing map, but not with the position of the robot. The resulting path after applying the updates is the same as if the updates had been present in the original prior map. The second approach, called replanning with sensor updates, assumes that changes in the prior map originate from on-board sensors. Therefore, the updates are registered with the robot, but not with the existing map. The resulting path after applying the updates is not the same path that would be found if the updates had taken place in the original prior map. Replanning with prior map updates achieves a speed-up to one order of magnitude with respect to forward planning from scratch, while replanning with sensor updates achieves a speedup of almost two orders of magnitude.
Testing done by groups of 2 and 3 [electrical engineering education]

The Treisman workshop method was applied to an Electric Circuits II course at the University of Houston. The two problems to be solved were first to reduce the cost of the workshop to zero and second to somehow make the system less sensitive to the personality and training of the workshop leader. Student reaction was ascertained with a 24 item questionnaire. The experimental section appeared to be successful. >
A Measure of Price Pressures

The Federal Reserve devotes significant resources to forecasting key economic variables such as real gross domestic product growth, employment, and inflation. The outlook for these variables also matters a great deal to businesses and financial market participants. The authors present a factor-augmented Bayesian vector autoregressive forecasting model that significantly outperforms both a benchmark random walk model and a pure time-series model. They then use these factors in an ordered probit model to develop the probability distribution over a 12-month horizon. One distribution assesses the probability that inflation will exceed 2.5 percent over the next year; they term this probability a price pressure measure. This price pressure measure would provide policymakers and markets with a quantitative assessment of the probability that average inflation over the next 12 months will be higher than the Feds long-term inflation target of 2 percent.
An analytical solution for correcting palaeomagnetic inclination error

SUMMARY With increasing evidence showing significant inclination shallowing in red beds, it is important to develop useful tools to detecting and correcting inclination errors for haematite-bearing sedimentary rocks. Theoretically, any deviation of magnetization from the ambient magnetic field can be described by a preferred orientation distribution (OD) of unique axes of the anisotropic magnetic particles. Based on Stephenson's continuous particle OD function, magnetic anisotropy parameters of a bulk sample and inclination-correction equations were derived considering all the magnetic particles in a sample. In addition to our new equations for correcting red bed inclination error, the results also confirm the inclination correction of Jackson et al. for magnetite-bearing samples, which is based on a simple, discrete-particle OD model used by Stephenson et al. to show their derivations, suggesting that the inclination correction is probably independent of the particle OD models.
In Vivo and in Vitro Inactivation of Biological Activity of Vasopressin by Antiserum to Lysine Vasopressin

Rabbits were immunized with lysine vasopressin (LVP) conjugated to bovine serum albumin (LVP-BSA). Measurements were made of water balance, urine osmolality and response of urine osmolality to dehydration and were related to the titer of antibodies to LVP present in the serum of the rabbits. Immunized rabbits developed a diabetes insipidus-like syndrome with marked increase in water intake and urine volume and with an associated decrease in urine osmolality. These findings correlated with the appearance in the serum of the rabbits of antibody capable of reacting with both LVP and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Urine osmolality rose after dehydration, indicating that vasopressin- producing neurons of the hypothalamuswere intact and that the renal tubules were responsive to endogenous vasopressin. Further experiments were performed in which antiserum was incubated in vitro with AVP and residual biologically active AVP was then determined by rat pressor bioassay. The in vitro incubation of antiserum with AVP re...
A Mode-Based Approach for Channel Modeling in Underground Tunnels under the Impact of Vehicular Traffic Flow

In underground tunnels with vehicular traffic flow, wireless communications experience severe fading problems due to the signal reflections and diffractions on the tunnel walls and the mobile vehicles. Currently, most of the existing tunnel channel models can only characterize the signal propagation in empty tunnels. Existing investigations on the influence of the vehicles are all limited to experimental or numerical results. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the wireless channel in tunnels with vehicular traffic flow. First, the effects of a single vehicle on the signal propagation in a tunnel are investigated. The analytical expressions of the in-mode loss and the mode coupling coefficients are provided using the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD), Poisson summation formula, and the saddle point method. Then the channel model in a tunnel with either deterministic or random vehicular traffic flow is provided according to the analysis on a single vehicle's effect. The predicted received power given by our theoretical model has a good match with the numerical simulation results. Our channel model shows that the signal propagation in tunnels with vehicular traffic flow is influenced by multiple factors, including the number, the size and position of the vehicles, the size and the curvature of the tunnel, the vehicular traffic load, and the vehicle velocity.