cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis in medical imaging

Recently we have introduced a method for analyzing Free-response Receiver Operating Characteristic (FROC) experiments. These differ from traditional ROC observer performance experiments by allowing for multiple abnormalities and observer responses per image, and by requiring correct localization for true positive events. We introduced the Alternative FROC (AFROC) plot which is analogous to the ROC plot, and the area under it, which is analogous to the area parameter of ROC methodology. Subsequently we have extended the analysis with a new way of scoring FROC images, termed AFROC analysis. This renders unnecessary the Poisson assumption used in the earlier paper. We also introduced the Free-response Forced Error (FFE) experiment which renders unnecessary the Gaussian distribution assumption of FROC and AFROC analysis. FROC/FFE experiments performed with synthetic images (disk objects at random locations on a noise background) which illustrate the FROC methodology are presented. We wish to bring to the attention of PACS researchers that rather sophisticated efficacy analysis, which has several advantages over the standard ROC approach, is made possible through this methodology.
To Be Is to Betray: On the Place of Collective History and Freedom in Psychoanalysis

This paper explores an open frontier between psychoanalysis and critical theory, the relations between subjective experience and collective history. Its drive is a concern with the question of freedom: How might contemporary psychoanalysis help us think about freedom? How could it, as a practice, help us to be free? On the theoretical level, the paper follows the critique of psychoanalysis offered by Foucault and Adorno, particularly the latter's close reading Ferenczi in Negative Dialectics and his notion of “the spell.” I employ their critique in order to articulate the dilemma psychoanalysis faces vis-a-vis the notion of freedom in social context. I argue that, unlike traditional psychoanalytic discourse, relational psychoanalysis can address this dilemma in a generative way. I find this prospect in the readiness of relational psychoanalysis to realize the potential inherent in the psychoanalytic setting: the creation of a mutually constituted intersubjective space. I tell the story of a young woman fo...
The problem of demodulator adjunction

This article is the twenty-third of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find criteria for deciding which e1uality unit clauses to adjoin with regard to CPU time and may affect refutation completeness. For evaluating a proposed solution to this research problem, we suggest problems from mathematics, logic, circuit design, program verification, and the world of puzzles.
THE BEHAVIOR OF HORMONALLY-ACTIVE PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY ON CROSS-LINKED DEXTRAN POLYMER GELS.

Abstract The possible application to the fractionation and purification of the various hormonal activities of the anterior pituitary has been examined. This investigation has dealt solely with the behavior of a number of the anterior pituitary hormones in model systems which parallel the conditions of pH and salt concentration found in extracts of anterior pituitary tissue. The behavior of these hormones, over the pH range 1.0–6.8 and salt concentration range of 0.02–0.32, is linearly related to the reciprocal of the log of their molecular weight. The distribution coefficient for a given hormone in a given system can be predicted by the equation:
Identifying Grand Research Questions in the Solid-Earth Sciences

Progress in the solid-Earth sciences has been remarkable over the past few decades, driven by the availability of new instruments, improved modeling capabilities, reduced barriers to cooperation with scientists in other countries, and increased coordination with other disciplines, such as astronomy and biology. With research advancing on such a wide front, it can be difficult to define the frontiers of scientific inquiry and to convey that information in a way that captures the imaginations of the scientific community, the U.S. Congress, U.S. federal agencies, and the general public. At the request of program managers at the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, and NASA, the U.S. National Academies has assembled a committee of experts to identify the grand research questions driving the solid-Earth sciences. Although other reports have identified research priorities in this area, just a few (such as “Living on a restless planet,” 63 pp., NASA Solid Earth Science Working Group, Pasadena, Calif., 2002) have cast them mainly as compelling, fundamental science questions. Such ‘big picture’ questions may require decades to answer, and research support from many government agencies and organizations. The answers to these questions could profoundly affect our understanding of the Earth.
Effect of dexamethasone on neutrophil accumulation and oedema formation in rabbit skin: an investigation of site of action.

1. The anti-inflammatory actions of dexamethasone on vascular and leukocyte responses in rabbit skin were investigated. 2. Neutrophil accumulation and oedema formation were simultaneously measured as the local accumulation of i.v. administered 111In-labelled neutrophils and 125I-labelled albumin. Systemically administered dexamethasone (3 mg kg-1) inhibited neutrophil accumulation induced by i.d. zymosan activated plasma (ZAP), N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) when co-injected with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Dexamethasone also inhibited oedema formation elicited by these stimuli and the responses induced by i.d. platelet activating factor (PAF)+PGE2 and bradykinin (BK)+PGE2. 3. Intradermal dexamethasone (2 x 10(-10) mol per site) but not indomethacin (10(-8) mol per site) inhibited oedema formation induced by i.d. ZAP+PGE2 and BK+PGE2. This inhibitory effect of dexamethasone was significant only with pretreatment periods of 4 h, shorter pretreatment periods resulting in greatly reduced effects. Intradermal dexamethasone had no effect on neutrophil accumulation induced by ZAP+PGE2. 4. Intradermal dexamethasone (2 x 10(-10) mol per site) had no effect on increase in blood flow induced by PGE2 as measured by 133Xenon clearance. 5. The accumulation of neutrophils isolated from donor rabbits pretreated with i.v. saline or dexamethasone (3 mg kg-1) was investigated in untreated recipient rabbits. The accumulation of neutrophils, induced by ZAP+PGE2, FMLP+PGE2 and LTB4+PGE2, from dexamethasone-pretreated donors was significantly smaller than the accumulation of neutrophils from saline-pretreated donors. 6. The results of this study suggest that dexamethasone can have a direct effect on vascular endothelial cells resulting in an inhibition of oedema formation. 7. Neutrophil accumulation can be inhibited by an effect of dexamethasone on the neutrophil itself or on the vascular endothelium. These results indicate that at least part of the inhibitory effect is on the circulating neutrophil induced by dexamethasone or a dexamethasone-induced product.
The haircut: Its meaning in childhood

This article is an attempt towards understanding precipitants of anxiety experienced by a child when he gets a haircut. The danger posed by this experience is compared to a surgical procedure and seen as unique because unlike surgery, a haircut is not actually painful. Nonetheless, haircuts can precipitate great anxiety in children. Some sources of the anxiety caused by haircuts across libidinal lines of development are considered, and examples are presented. Ways to help ease the anxiety of this experience are discussed.
Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase: Mechanism of cation activation

Summary The monovalent cation requirements of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP), EC 6.3.4.3) and the mechanisms by which di-and monovalent cations activate the enzyme were examined. The enzyme shows an absolute requirement for a monovalent cation. The relative effectiveness of the cations tested is NH 4 + >K + = Rb + >Cs + >Na + >Li + . It was found that the K m values of formate and tetrahydrofolate increased as the concentration of NH 4 + was lowered from 50 to 0.8 mM. The same change in NH 4 + had no effect on the maximum velocity of the reaction at infinite concentrations of either formate or tetrahydrofolate. On the other hand the maximum velocity at infinite ATP was influenced by NH 4 + concentrations. The results indicate that the enzyme binds with the monovalent cation before tetrahydrofolate and formate. The binding of ATP is, however, independent of NH 4 + . Spermine can replace NH 4 + to a certain degree but does not stimulate the reaction velocity in the presence of a saturating amount of NH 4 Cl. In addition, the results of kinetic data support the view that Mg 2+ activation of the enzyme results from complex formation between ATP and Mg 2+ to form the substrate, MgATP * .
A method of measuring dispersivity and its use in slug size estimation in a miscible flooding process

The dispersion phenomenon governs mixing of two miscible fluids, one displacing another, in a porous medium. In such a medium, two basic mechanisms cause the dispersion process to occur, as a result of the irregular nature of the interstitial velocity field forced on the flowing fluid by the heterogeneous porespace (Sahimi et al., 1986). (1) In a disordered porous medium, flowpaths become disrupted and continually separate and rejoin at the junctions of flow passages. This leads to a wide variation in length of flowpaths traversing the system, which is considered to be the kinematic mechanism of dispersion. (2) As a result of changing pore geometry, orientation, and local pressure gradient of a flowpath, the speed along the flowpath varies considerably as the medium is traversed. These two basic mechanisms cause a concentration front of fluid particles to spread as it advances through the system. The extent of the spread of this front depends upon the dispersivity of the porous medium. The main objective of this experimental study is to develop a s tandard technique for measuring dispersivity of actual reservoir rocks by conducting tests on representative core samples. Correlations of dispersivity with other reservoir rock characteristics were also investigated. The first step was to establish a s tandard technique for measuring the dispersivity, c~d, of reservoir rocks. Various techniques were tried on sandpacks and core samples of actual reservoir rocks. A new core-mounting method, using liquid metal (Menzie et al., 1988), has been developed during this study. Cores mounted with this technique can be safely used with highpressure displacements. Two techniques for measuring effluent concentrat ions were used: (1) conductivity meter, and (2) refractometer. More accurate and reliable results were obtained by the refractometer technique. Other techniques, such as distillation, tracers, ion analyzer, etc., were not used as they required different laboratory set-ups and as the refractometric system yielded satisfactory results. Recently, brine (1 wt% NaC1) was introduced for initial saturation, and a further effort has been made to study the effect of connate water saturation on measurement of the dispersivity of a rock. A simple, economic, and safe method has been developed as part of the standard experimental method for the determination of dispersivity. In conventional oilfield operations, as water from an injection well moves through the po-
‘Vertebrating’ the Region as Networked Space of Flows: Learning from the Spatial Grammar of Catalanist Territoriality

For decades theoretical debates about political restructuring have resorted to and coconstructed geographical concepts of territory and scale, interpreting ‘new’ and ‘Euro’ regionalisms as processes of reterritorialization and rescaling (and the politics thereof). But nested and hierarchical theories of scale have been severely critiqued, and bounded notions of territory opened to question. How then to develop a more relational understanding of the region without trading one limiting theoretical master narrative for another? Drawing inspiration from recent attempts to do just this, in this paper I ask: what can we learn about the complex and relational spatiality of the region, and thus scale and territory, through the spatial vocabularies of regionalists themselves? Using the case study of the Northwestern Mediterranean, I explore the imaginaries and stratagems of Catalan regionalism and transboundary macroregionalism, particularly in the neighboring regions of Catalunya and the Comunitat Valenciana and ...
One of Deleuze's Bergsonisms

In this article I attempt to reveal some continuities between the anti-psychoanalytic stance adopted by Gilles Deleuze in his later work and Henri Bergson's early philosophy. On account of these continuities I hope to provide a glimpse into what I believe is a century-old tangent of philosophical resistance to the methods and theories of Freudian psychoanalysis. In order to achieve this, I start with a brief meditation on the challenges and benefits of cross-generational inheritance and collaboration in philosophy. The purpose of this is twofold – to explore some general conditions for such collaboration and to tease out some of the implications of these conditions for the substantive argument my specific reading of Bergson via Deleuze occasions. I then expound on Bergson's theory of duration and some of the uses to which Deleuze puts it in the latter part of his career. In this I outline several fecund similarities between Bergson's critique of associationism and Deleuze's attack on Freud. Finally, I att...
31P and 27Al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance study of taranakite

High-resolution 27Al solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicates that aluminum in taranakite is probably restricted to six-coordinate sites. High-resolution 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy reveals that phosphate groups exist in two environments in taranakite. The rate of 1H-induced dipolar dephasing of the 31P signals in cross-polarization, magic-angle-spinning NMR spectra of taranakite suggests that one or more oxygens of one of two phosphates are directly protonated. The same experiments suggests that the oxygens of the second form of phosphate are not directly protonated but may be hydrogen-bond receptors. The ratio of protonated phosphate to non-protonated phosphate, as measured from 31P single-pulse excitation, magic-angle-spinning spectra, is approximately one to three.
Imperfect complementation in human-hamster somatic cell hybrids

SOMATIC cell hybridisation can reveal complementation between genetic markers1, and interspecific hybridisation provides a means to study the mechanisms involved in complementation. When the phenotypes of both parental cells are distinguishable at the molecular level, two complementation mechanisms can be recognised2. When the allele contributed by the wild type parental cell overcomes the block in the biochemical pathway characteristic of the mutant parent, products characteristic of both species should be present in the hybrid. Alternatively, if either allele acts exclusively on its own pathway, that is the wild-type allele cannot act in trans, the blockage due to the mutation remains and only the wild-type product would be expected to be synthesised in the hybrid.
High-Resolution Seismic Reflection Surveys and Modeling Across an Area of High Damage from the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, Sherman Oaks, California

Approximately 3.6 km of P -wave seismic-reflection data were acquired along two orthogonal profiles in Sherman Oaks, California to determine whether shallow (less than 1-km depth) geologic structures contributed to the dramatic localized damage resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Both lines, one along Matilija Avenue and one along Milbank Street, crossed areas of both high and low damage. We believe these data reveal a geologic structure in the upper 600 m that contributed to the increased earthquake ground shaking in the high-damage areas south of and along the Los Angeles River. Of interest in these data is a reflection interpreted to be from bedrock that can be traced to the north along the Matilija Avenue profile. This reflecting interface, dipping northward at 15°–22°, may be an important impedance boundary because it is the lower boundary of a wedge of overlying low-velocity sediments. The wedge thins and terminates in the area where we interpret down-warped reflections as evidence of a shallow subbasin. The low-velocity subbasin sediments ( V s of 200 m/sec V p of 500 m/sec) may be up to 150 m thick beneath the channelized Los Angeles River. The area across the subbasin experienced greater earthquake damage from possible geometric focusing effects. Three-dimensional basin effects may be responsible for the variable damage pattern, but from these seismic profiles it is not possible to determine the regional structural trends. Two-dimensional elastic and SH -mode finite-difference modeling of the imaged structural geometry along Matilija Avenue suggests that a peak horizontal-velocity amplification factor of two-and-over can be explained in the high-damage area above the shallow subbasin and sediment wedge. Amplification factors up to 5 were previously observed in aftershock data, at frequencies of 2 to 6 Hz. Amplification in the elastic simulation at the Santa Monica Mountains range-front on the southern end of the Matilija profile, with the geologic layering and geometry interpreted from the seismic data, is also consistent with aftershock observations.
Quality of Life in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators Trial Impact of Therapy and Influence of Adverse Symptoms and Defibrillator Shocks

Background— Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) use reduces mortality in patients with serious ventricular arrhythmias compared with antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) use. However, the relative impact of these therapies on self-perceived quality of life (QoL) is unknown. Methods and Results— Three self-administered instruments were used to measure generic and disease-specific QoL in Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators trial participants. Generalized linear models were used to assess the relationships between self-perceived QoL and treatment (AAD versus ICD) and adverse symptoms and ICD shocks. To minimize the impact of missing data, only patients surviving 1 year were included in the primary analyses. Baseline characteristics among QoL participants (n=905) and nonparticipants (n=111) were similar, but participants who survived 1 year (n=800) were healthier at baseline than nonsurvivors (n=105). Of the 800 patients in the primary analysis, characteristics of those randomized to AAD (n=384) v...
Primary and Secondary Skeletal Blast Trauma

This study examines primary (resulting from blast wave) and secondary (resulting from disintegrated, penetrating fragments) blast trauma to the skeleton. Eleven pigs were exposed to semi-controlled blast events of varying explosive type, charge size, and distance, including some cases with shrapnel. Skeletal trauma was found to be extensive, presenting as complex, comminuted fractures with numerous small, displaced bone splinters and fragments. Traumatic amputation of the limbs and cranium was also observed. Fractures were concentrated in areas nearer the blast, but there was generally no identifiable point of impact. Fractures were more random in appearance and widespread than those typically associated with gunshot or blunt force injury events. These patterns appear to be uniquely associated with blast trauma and may therefore assist forensic anthropologists and other forensic examiners in the interpretation of skeletal trauma by enabling them to differentiate between blast trauma and trauma resulting from some other cause.
An exercise to estimate differential gene expression in human cells

The expression of genes in cells of various tissue types varies considerably and is correlated with the function of a particular organ. The pattern of gene expression changes in diseased tissues, in response to therapy or infection and exposure to environmental mutagens, chemicals, ultraviolet light, and ionizing radiation. To better understand the disease at the molecular level, the alterations in gene expression can provide clues to identify the cellular pathways involved. There are a wide variety of techniques that have been developed to study differential gene expression. Most of these methodologies are technically challenging. We developed an exercise to examine and quantify differential gene expression based on reverse transcription-PCR. Our goal was to have this technique successfully performed by college level students. This technique is easy to perform and does not require the use of radioactive substances. We examined the ionizing radiation-induced changes in gene expression in human cells. After exposure to ionizing radiation, total RNA was isolated at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. The RNA was converted to cDNA and subjected to PCR amplification using gene-specific primers and commercially available β-actin internal standards in a multiplex format. The differences in gene expression were quantified with freely available imaging software. This technique should have a wide application to investigate differential gene expression in a variety of organisms and under various experimental and treatment conditions.
A comparative study of reaction times between type II diabetics and non-diabetics.

Background Aging has been shown to slow reflexes and increase reaction time to varied stimuli. However, the effect of Type II diabetes on these same reaction times has not been reported. Diabetes affects peripheral nerves in the somatosensory and auditory system, slows psychomotor responses, and has cognitive effects on those individuals without proper metabolic control, all of which may affect reaction times. The additional slowing of reaction times may affect every-day tasks such as balance, increasing the probability of a slip or fall.
THEORY AND MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL MECHANISMS III. ΔI AS A FUNCTION OF AREA, INTENSITY, AND WAVE-LENGTH, FOR MONOCULAR AND BINOCULAR STIMULATION

Measurements of ΔI as a function of retinal area illuminated have been obtained at various levels of standard intensity I1, using "white" light and light of three modal wave-lengths (λ465, 525, 680), for monocular stimulation and for simultaneous excitation of the two eyes ("binocular"), using several methods of varying (rectangular) area and retinal location, with control of exposure time. For data homogeneous with respect to method of presentation, log ΔIm = -Z log A + C, where ΔI = Ĩ2 – I1, A is area illuminated, and C is a terminal constant (= log ΔIm for A = 1 unit) depending on the units in which ΔI and A are expressed, and upon I1. The equation is readily deduced on dimensional grounds, without reference to specific theories of the nature of ΔI or of retinal area in terms of its excitable units. Z is independent of the units of I and A. Experimentally it is found to be the same for monocular and binocular excitations, as is to be expected. Also as is expected it is not independent of λ, and it is markedly influenced by the scheme according to which A is varied; it depends directly upon the rate at which potentially excitable elements are added when A is made to increase. For simultaneous excitation of the two eyes (when of very nearly equivalent excitability), ΔĪB is less than for stimulation of either eye alone, at all levels of I1, A, λ. The mean ratio (ΔĪL + ΔĪR)/2 to ΔIB was 1.38. For white light, doubling A on one retina reduces ΔIm in the ratio 1.21, or a little less than for binocular presentation under the same conditions. These facts are consistent with the view that the properties of ΔI are quantitatively determined by events central to the retina. The measure σ1ΔI of organic variation in discrimination of intensities and ΔIm are found to be in simple proportion, independent of I1, A, λ (and exposure time). Variability (σ1ΔI) is not a function of the mode of presentation, save that it may be slightly higher when both retinas are excited, and its magnitude (for a given level of ΔIm) is independent of the law according to which the adjustable intensity I2 is instrumentally controlled.
Does depression, apathy or cognitive impairment reduce the benefit of inpatient rehabilitation facilities for elderly hip fracture patients?

Objective: Depression, apathy (amotivation) and cognitive impairment are common comorbidities in hip fracture patients, which may adversely affect functional outcome of rehabilitation. We examined whether postfracture measures of mood, motivation or cognition are associated with rehabilitation outcome (defined as functional improvement) in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs), as compared to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Methods: This prospective study examined elderly patients who received surgical fixation for hip fracture and then received post-acute rehabilitation at an IRF or an SNF. Subjects were characterized at baseline for depression using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, apathy/amotivation using the Apathy Evaluation Scale and mild-moderate cognitive impairment using the Mini-Mental Status Examination. Functional recovery was measured over 12-week follow-up using the Functional Independence Measure. Results: Fifty-eight subjects were discharged from acute care to an IRF and 39 to an SNF. Patients with depression, apathy or cognitive impairment who received rehabilitation at an IRF had significantly better functional outcomes than similarly impaired patients at SNFs, and similar outcomes such as nondepressed, motivated and cognitively intact elderly at IRFs. Conclusion: These findings suggest that depression, amotivation or mild-moderate cognitive impairment after hip fracture do not reduce the benefit of post-acute rehabilitation in an IRF.
High Time-Resolution Visual Motion Detection with Time Stamped Pixel Design

This paper presents a visual motion sensor pixel structure, called time stamped architecture. In this structure, each pixel records asynchronously the transient time of the motion edges, then the information are read out frame by frame for post processing. This architecture is much less sensitive to the pixel level device parameter mismatches in previous velocity sensors while does not have the readout bottleneck problem in previous event-driven readout structures. Measured results show that the proposed pixel design can capture motion in 100 times higher time resolution than the frame rate. This enables much higher speed motion detection and greatly reduces the data transfer and computation load of the following digital processor. 2D array implementation and scalability issues are also discussed.
Auditory verbal hallucinations result from combinatoric associations of multiple neural events

While Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH) refer to specific experiences shared by all subjects who have AVH- the perception of auditory speech without corresponding external stimuli, the characteristics of these experiences differ from one subject to another. These characteristics include aspects such as the location of AVH (inside or outside the head), the linguistic complexity of AVH (hearing words, sentences, or conversations), the range of content of AVH (repetitive or systematized content), and many other variables. In another word, AVH are phenomenologically heterogeneous experiences. After decades of research focused on a few explanatory mechanisms for AVH, it is apparent that none of these mechanisms alone explains the wide phenomenological range of AVH experiences. To date, our phenomenological understanding of AVH remains largely disjointed from our understanding of the mechanisms of AVH. For a cohesive understanding of AVH, I review the phenomenology and the cognitive and neural basis of AVH. This review indicates that the phenomenology of AVH is not a pointless curiosity. How a subject describes his AVH experiences could inform about the neural events that resulted in AVH. I suggest that a subject-specific combinatoric associations of different neural events result in AVH experiences phenomenologically diverse across subjects.
Moral Suspicion Trickles Down

In social hierarchies, moral stigma spreads down more than up. Across four vignette studies, exposure to the immoral behaviors of higher (vs. lower) ranking group members led online participants to report greater moral suspicion toward other group members (moral spillover). A higher ranking organization member’s deceptive practices were perceived as more prototypical, resulting in more negative moral impressions of the organization (Study 1). This more negative moral impression led people to rate ambiguous behavior by another organization member as more suspicious—even when the prior transgression was purely self-serving (Study 2). These effects generalized across several types of moral transgressions (Study 3). Finally, a higher ranking organization member’s unethical behavior led other organization members to receive more negative job-hiring recommendations (Study 4). Thus, a higher ranking group member’s ethical violations result in greater moral spillover, affecting not only other group members’ moral...
How do ecologists select and use indicator species to monitor ecological change? Insights from 14 years of publication in Ecological Indicators

Abstract Indicator species (IS) are used to monitor environmental changes, assess the efficacy of management, and provide warning signals for impending ecological shifts. Though widely adopted in recent years by ecologists, conservation biologists, and environmental practitioners, the use of IS has been criticized for several reasons, notably the lack of justification behind the choice of any given indicator. In this review, we assess how ecologists have selected, used, and evaluated the performance of the indicator species. We reviewed all articles published in Ecological Indicators (EI) between January 2001 and December 2014, focusing on the number of indicators used (one or more); common taxa employed; terminology, application, and rationale behind selection criteria; and performance assessment methods. Over the last 14 years, 1914 scientific papers were published in EI, describing studies conducted in 53 countries on six continents; of these, 817 (43%) used biological organisms as indicators. Terms used to describe organisms in IS research included “ecological index”, “environmental index”, “indicator species”, “bioindicator”, and “biomonitor,” but these and other terms often were not clearly defined. Twenty percent of IS publications used only a single species as an indicator; the remainder used groups of species as indicators. Nearly 50% of the taxa used as indicators were animals, 70% of which were invertebrates. The most common applications behind the use of IS were to: monitor ecosystem or environmental health and integrity (42%); assess habitat restoration (18%); and assess effects of pollution and contamination (18%). Indicators were chosen most frequently based on previously cited research (40%), local abundance (5%), ecological significance and/or conservation status (13%), or a combination of two or more of these reasons (25%). Surprisingly, 17% of the reviewed papers cited no clear justification for their choice of indicator. The vast majority (99%) of publications used statistical methods to assess the performance of the selected indicators. This review not only improves our understanding of the current uses and applications of IS, but will also inform practitioners about how to better select and evaluate ecological indicators when conducting future IS research.
Design methodology used in a single-chip CMOS 900 MHz spread-spectrum wireless transceiver

Most CAD tools cater to digital IC design and enable an entire system to be simulated at a behavioral level. When the designer is satisfied with a particular architecture, a netlist can be automatically synthesized and laid out. This is in sharp contrast to tools for analog IC design; no single platform exists for the automated design of an RF transceiver. This paper describes the design flow and CAD tools used in the design, simulation, and layout of a single-chip 900 MHz CMOS wireless transceiver. Large sections of this chip were simulated and laid-out using tools meant for digital circuit design. These tools did not have features to assist in analog layout and simulation, but allowed us to take advantage of the extensive silicon generators developed by our digital design group. We were forced to improvise when the existing tools could not meet our needs, or when no tool existed for the task. With this design flow, we produced a chip with measured results on first silicon very close to simulation.
Small Molecule Disruptors of the Glucokinase–Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Interaction: 3. Structure–Activity Relationships within the Aryl Carbinol Region of the N-Arylsulfonamido-N′-arylpiperazine Series

We have recently reported a novel approach to increase cytosolic glucokinase (GK) levels through the binding of a small molecule to its endogenous inhibitor, glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP). These initial investigations culminated in the identification of 2-(4-((2S)-4-((6-amino-3-pyridinyl)sulfonyl)-2-(1-propyn-1-yl)-1-piperazinyl)phenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (1, AMG-3969), a compound that effectively enhanced GK translocation and reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic animals. Herein we report the results of our expanded SAR investigations that focused on modifications to the aryl carbinol group of this series. Guided by the X-ray cocrystal structure of compound 1 bound to hGKRP, we identified several potent GK–GKRP disruptors bearing a diverse set of functionalities in the aryl carbinol region. Among them, sulfoximine and pyridinyl derivatives 24 and 29 possessed excellent potency as well as favorable PK properties. When dosed orally in db/db mice, both compounds significantly lower...
Analysis of linear systems using truncated ellipsoids

The objective of this paper is to develop numerically simple and effective methods for system analysis using truncated ellipsoids. The paper studies linear time-invariant systems subject to persistent disturbance and state constraint. The maximal output under a set of initial conditions and the overshoot under a given step input are estimated. Attempts are also made to detect an invariant set, as large as possible, within state/output constraint. The results are based on the set invariance condition for the truncated ellipsoid, and a characterization of the set where the output possibly reaches a local extreme.
Effect of Light on the Incorporation of Serine into the Carbohydrates of Chloroplasts and Nonchloroplast Fractions of Tobacco Leaves

ble amino acids. Bassham et al. (2) presented evidence for the conversion of amino acids of the active tturning-over free pools to the protein bound amino acids during photosynthesis in Chlorella. However, they also observed that the rate of flow of Cl4 through the free amino acid pools was much greater than the rate of movement of carbon inlto proteins. anid they were forced to consider the possibility of the free amino acids being used in part for the synthesis of nonnitrogenious comipounds. In a previous paper we have showni that light induces a rapid turnover of the amiino acid pools in the chloroplasts of tobacco leaves and that this effect is centered primarily around serine which tends to be metabolized rapidly in the light but remains fairly stable in the dark (9). It was further shown that in tobacco leaves the label from the amino acids went chiefly into starch rather than into protein. Tolbert and coworkers (7), and Wang and Burris (13) studied the fate of serine that was fed to leaves and found that in the light serine was converted into sucrose. The present conmmunication deals with the incorl)oration of early labeled *amino acids into leaf protein when leaves are fed C140, and the effect of light and dark, on the penetration of serine into chloroplasts, and the metabolism of serine fed to leaves.
Activities of daily living and outcomes in heart failure.

Background— Chronic disease can contribute to functional disability, which can degrade quality of life. However, the prevalence of functional disability and its association with outcomes among patients with heart failure requires further study. Methods and Results— Southeastern Minnesota residents with heart failure were enrolled from September 2003 through January 2012 into a cohort study with follow-up through December 2012. Difficulty with 9 activities of daily living (ADLs) was assessed by a questionnaire. Patients were divided into 3 categories of ADL difficulty (no/minimal, moderate, severe). The associations of ADL difficulty with mortality and hospitalization were assessed using Cox and Andersen-Gill models. Among 1128 patients (mean age, 74.7 years; 49.2% female), a majority (59.4%) reported difficulty with one or more ADLs at enrollment, with 272 (24.1%) and 146 (12.9%) experiencing moderate and severe difficulty, respectively. After a mean (SD) follow-up of 3.2 (2.4) years, 614 patients (54.4%) had died. Mortality increased with increasing ADL difficulty; the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for death was 1.49 (1.22–1.82) and 2.26 (1.79–2.86) for those with moderate and severe difficulty, respectively, compared to those with no/minimal difficulty ( P trend<0.001). Patients with moderate and severe difficulty were at an increased risk for all-cause and noncardiovascular hospitalization. In a second assessment, 17.7% of survivors reported more difficulty with ADLs and patients with persistently severe or worsening difficulty were at an increased risk for death (hazard ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.71–2.58; P <0.001) and hospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–1.74; P <0.001). Conclusions— Functional disability is common in patients with heart failure, can progress over time, and is associated with adverse prognosis.
NMR T1 and T2 Relaxation in Oil-Based Mud Filtrates at Reservoir Temperatures

Knowledge of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties of the near-wellbore fluids at reservoir temperature is needed for planning and interpretation of an NMR logging program. If the oil-based mud filtrate (OBMF) is the nonwetting pore phase, it will exhibit long, bulk fluid-like relaxations that can strongly affect the NMR response of the flushed zone. Knowledge of the NMR T1 and T2 relaxations at reservoir temperature is needed, since these parameters have significant temperature dependences. In this work, the bulkfluid NMR T1 and T2 responses of six oil-based mud filtrates and three drilling fluid base oil samples were measured over a range of elevated temperatures. The present work also has application to NMR lab measurements on core taken with low invasion oil-based coring fluids. All samples were degassed using a standard helium sparging technique, since dissolved paramagnetic oxygen can greatly reduce the NMR relaxations of refined oil products. The experimental temperature range was approximately 30100 C (546-670 o R). The temperature dependence of the bulk viscosity of each sample was measured using a rolling ball viscometer. The NMR relaxation data was collected on a 2 MHz permanent magnet spectrometer. There were no important NMR relaxation differences between base oils and their derived mud filtrates. Sample viscosity had an approximately linear inverse relationship with temperature. The sample relaxations varied approximately as the inverse cube power of viscosity, steeper than has been observed in dead crude oils. For all samples, T1 and T2 increased approximately linearly with temperature, tripling
MERCURY ACCUMULATION IN PEDIASTRUM BORYANUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1,2,3

Laboratory grown cultures of the green alga Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Meneg. concentrate mercury in amounts greater than the concentration in the culture medium. The concentration effect proceeds rapidly during colony formation and is directly dependent upon the materials of the outer layer of the cell wall known to include silica and sporopollenin. The alga displays exceptional tolerance to the rather high levels of mercury used. 13 references, 4 figures.
Intense local toroidal motion generated by variable viscosity compressible convection in 3‐D spherical‐shell

Strong dynamical effects arising from lateral viscosity variations are found near the heads of fast-upwelling plumes approaching the top boundary for unsteady 3-D compressible convection in a spherical geometry at an average Rayleigh number of O(106). The temperatures at the center of fast-upwelling plume are very hot due to the positive feedback interaction between viscous dissipation and temperature-dependence of the viscosity. Although the laterally averaged ratio of toroidal to poloidal energy varies only around 10%, the local toroidal velocities can reach about 40% of the poloidal velocities. The strongest toroidal motions always take place right above or close to the fast upwelling plume heads and behave as vortical flows with time. This finding may explain the origins of microplate rotation in regions with hotspot activity (e.g. Easter Island), which shows no direct relation to the transform-faulting system near the mid-ocean ridge.
Phenology of Arthropod Pests and Associated Natural Predators on Avocado Leaves, Fruit, and in Leaf Litter in Southern California

Abstract Abundance of Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello (Acari: Tetranychidae), predators, and associations among their population trends on avocado leaves and fruit were determined in three untreated avocado orchards in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, CA, from 1998 to 2000. Objectives were to understand pest-predator dynamics and to assess which predators have potential as biological control agents. Numbers of S. perseae and predators from leaf litter/soil were also determined in one orchard from 1998 to 2000. On leaves, O. perseae was the most abundant pest, followed by S. perseae, and Oligonychus puniciae (Hirst) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Phytoseiid mites and spiders were the most abundant predators. The predatory thrips Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen and Aeolothrips kuwanaii Moulton (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) were also relatively abundant compared with at least 13 other species of predators on leaves. On immature avocado...
Dynamic Stability Matrix for Planar Beams

A stiffness matrix including both inertial and static axial force (prestress) effects is presented. The results of using this matrix to compute the natural frequencies of planar frames in the presence of prestress are presented. This matrix, when used in conjunction with a recently developed method for extracting eigenvalues of nonlinear eigenvalue problems, has proven to be very effective for computing natural frequencies and buckling loads of frames. It also allows the effect of prestress (static axial force) on natural frequencies to be determined.
DISLOCATION KINETICS AT NOT-SO-CONSTANT STRUCTURE

Abstract Departures from the idealization of dislocation kinetics “at constant structure” are discussed. They stem from changes in the mobile dislocation density, changes in the structure sampled by dislocations as they percolate through the slip plane, changes in dynamic pile-up configurations, changes in the density and arrangement of dislocations through dynamic recovery, and changes in the solute concentration along dislocations through aging. All of these adjustments in internal parameters lead to transients in macroscopic behavior after an abrupt change in external conditions. The type, strength, and length of observed transients can give an indication as to which structure change may be responsible for it. This provides the basis for a judgment of what is the most appropriate back-extrapolation procedure in the evaluation of experiments. Another effect of changing structure is that even “instantaneously evaluated macroscopic properties may depend on the current rate of change of structure. It is suggested that this effect may play an important role in the interpretation of both the flow-stress plateau at intermediate temperatures and the high-temperature drop in flow stress.
Nanoscale Optical Positioning of Single Quantum Dots for Efficient Quantum Photonic Devices

We locate single quantum dots with nanoscale accuracy through photoluminescence imaging. This enables nanophotonic device fabrication with engineered light-matter coupling, enabling bright (48±5% extraction efficiency), Purcell-enhanced (≈3), on-demand single-photon emission with >99% purity.
Mass production of the cockroach oöthecal parasitoid, Tetrastichus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and its host, the American cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattidae)

Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg), a primary parasitoid of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), has shown promise as an effective biological control organism. A mass rearing program for T. hagenowii on the oothecae of mass-produced P. americana is described. One parasitoid sting chamber was capable of producing over 1,100 wasps. The parasitoids reared in this system could easily be used in field releases against P. Americana and other cockroaches such as P. australasiae (F.), P. fultginosa (Serville), Blatta orientalis L., and Eurycotis floridana (Walker).
Cilia-associated bacteria in fatal Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia of dogs and cats:

Bordetella bronchiseptica frequently causes nonfatal tracheobronchitis, but its role in fatal pneumonia is less recognized. Our study evaluated histologic identification of cilia-associated bacteria as a method for diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia. Cases of fatal bronchopneumonia were studied retrospectively, excluding neonates and cases of aspiration pneumonia, minor lung lesions, or autolysis. The study population comprised 36 canine and 31 feline cases of bronchopneumonia. B. bronchiseptica was identified in 8 of 36 canine and 14 of 31 feline cases based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) using serum from a rabbit hyperimmunized with pertactin, PCR testing (Fla2/Fla12), and/or bacterial culture data when available. Of these, IHC was positive in 4 canine and 7 feline cases, PCR was positive in 8 canine and 14 feline cases, and B. bronchiseptica was isolated in 2 of 5 canine and 3 of 9 feline cases tested. Examination of histologic sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed bronchial cilia-associated bacteria in 4 of 36 canine and 5 of 31 feline cases; these were all positive by IHC and PCR. The presence of cilia-associated bacteria had been noted in the pathology report for only 2 of these 9 cases. Thus, the presence of cilia-associated bacteria seems frequently overlooked by pathologists, but is a diagnostically significant feature of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia. A specific diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia is important because it suggests primary or opportunistic bacterial pneumonia rather than aspiration pneumonia, and because of the risk of animal-to-animal transmission of B. bronchiseptica, the availability of vaccines for disease prevention, and the potential zoonotic risk to immunocompromised pet owners.
The Work of Art As Psychoanalytical Object: Wollheim On Manet

L'A. critique R. Wollheim (sur l'exemple de son analyse de Manet), en ce qu'il doute que les facteurs psychologiques profonds soient toujours d'une grande importance dans la signification picturale. Et de plus, il apparait difficile de separer composantes psychologique et sociale