cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase Inhibitors

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the biochemistry of the peptidyl prolyl isomerases (PPIs) with an emphasis on their overall biological relevance, mechanism, and possible therapeutic utility. PPIs such as cis–trans PPIs catalyze the conversion of nascent protein strands containing cis -proline residues to the more stable transproline conformation. The less common interconversion from trans to the thermodynamically unfavored cis -proline form is catalyzed by trans–cis PPIs. Although all PPIs catalyze the cis–trans interconversion of proline residues, they can be divided into three enzyme families on the basis of structure and mechanism. Each PPI family exhibits selective binding of both ligands and inhibitors. Cyclophilins were the first PPIs discovered and currently are represented by at least 60 enzymes. Pathological states associated with cyclophilin activity include viral infection, chemotaxis during inflammation, cancer, and mitochondrial stress, during which cyclophilin inhibitors are protective. Drug design strategies from one family of PPIs are finding application in other PPIs as evidenced by compounds 4, 8, DEBIO-025, and SCY-635. Several structural classes of molecules have demonstrated the ability to inhibit cyclophilin with the possibility of isoform selectivity. Additionally, small molecules have been demonstrated to inhibit the active catalytic site without a direct proline mimic.
Sigilo Fiscal E Compliance Tributária Nos Estados Unidos (Tax Privacy and Tax Compliance in the United States)

Portuguese Abstract: Este artigo aborda a relacao entre a privacidade de impostos e cumprimento das obrigacoes fiscais nos Estados Unidos e foi preparado para uma apresentacao de abertura em uma conferencia intitulado "Tributacao, Transparencia, Democracia e Desenvolvimento: Construindo uma Agenda Positiva Entre Tesouro e Fiscal", organizada pelo Centro para Fiscal estudos da Fundacao Getulio Vargas (FGV), em Sao Paulo, Brasil em 27 de novembro de 2013. O documento foi publicado em Portugues e Ingles como um capitulo em Transparencia Fiscal e Desenvolvimento (Eurico Marcos Diniz de Santi, Fiscosoft / Thomson Reuters, 2013). Partes do documento foram publicados originalmente em Joshua D. Blank, In Defense of Individual Tax Privacy, 61 Emory LJ 61 265 (2011).English Abstract: This paper addresses the relationship between tax privacy and tax compliance in the United States and was prepared for a keynote presentation at a conference titled "Taxation, Transparency, Democracy and Development: Building a Positive Agenda Between Treasury and Tax" hosted by the Center for Fiscal Studies at the Fundacao Getulio Vargas (FGV) in Sao Paulo, Brazil on November 27, 2013. The paper was published in Portuguese and English as a chapter in Transparencia Fiscal e Desenvolvimento (Eurico Marcos Diniz de Santi, Fiscosoft/Thomson Reuters, 2013). Portions of the paper were originally published in Joshua D. Blank, In Defense of Individual Tax Privacy, 61 Emory L.J. 61 265 (2011).
A GENERALIZED FLOOR BOUND FOR THE MINIMUM DISTANCE OF GEOMETRIC GOPPA CODES AND ITS APPLICATION TO TWO-POINT CODES

We prove a new bound for the minimum distance of geometric Goppa codes that generalizes two previous improved bounds. We include examples of the bound to one and two point codes over both the Suzuki and Hermitian curves.
Cutting Edge: Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Boosts the Generation of Memory CD8 T Cells through Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Protein 5 Expressed in Stromal Cells

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded viral RNA, serves as a potent adjuvant for vaccination against soluble proteins, pathogens, and tumors. Poly I:C is sensed by both TLR3 in the endosomes and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) in the cytoplasm. Although it is known that TLR3 is required for cross-priming of CD8 T cells specific for viral Ags, the role of MDA5 in inducing CD8 T cell responses is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that in mice lacking MDA5, the majority of CD8 T cells do not survive after primary immunization with poly I:C and Ag, impairing memory response to subsequent Ag challenge. Furthermore, bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that MDA5 expression in radiation-resistant stromal cells, but not in radiation-sensitive hematopoietic cells, is essential for establishing CD8 T cell memory. We conclude that MDA5 and TLR3 mediate substantially distinct yet complementary functions during poly I:C-mediated activation of Ag-specific CD8 T cell responses.
Cytotoxic Effects of Substance a Obtained from Oligosaccharides on Human Lung Cancer Cell Line, A549

It is reported that oligosaccharides have antitumoric effects on cancer cells. To evaluate the in vivo antitumor potentials of oligosaccharides, we obtained substance A from them. In this study, we treated three kinds of cell lines(Hep3B, A549, 293T) with substance A in concentration of 2%, 1%, 0.5% respectively and incubated them 24 hours. Then we used MTT assay to measure viability of cells. As a result, the viability of A549 cells decreased as the concentration of substance A became higher while other cells(Hep3B, 293T) were almost same. Survival rates of A549 cells were 84%, 82% and 68% when treated with substance A in concentration of 0.5%, 1% and 2% respectively. In all concentrations, cytotoxic effects of substance A on A549 cells were about 5 times stronger than on 293T cells. Our results suggested that substance A has selective cytotoxic effects on A549 cell lines. This study demonstrated that substance A has antitumor effects on human lung cancer.
Surface Charges produced on Insulators by Short- and Long-time Ionization

WITH the use of a rotating-probe electrometer1, high-resolution measurements of induced surface charges have revealed some significant charge differences between short- and long-time periods of ionization. This difference may lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of dielectric failure in the presence of gaseous ionization.
Myeloproliferative syndrome with sideroblastic anemia and acquired hemoglobin H disease

Hemoglobin H disease usually occurs as a result of inheritance of the genes for alpha thalassemia; however, occasionally patients acquire hemoglobin H in association with hematologic malignancy. This report concerns a 63-year-old Filipino man with a myeloproliferative syndrome with marked thrombocytosis and apparently acquired hemoglobulin H disease. The patient had hemolytic anemia, dimorphic red blood cells (RBC) and abundant ringed sideroblasts in the marrow. The peripheral blood contained 27% hemoglobin H and about two-thirds of his RBC had hemoglobin H inclusion bodies. There was no previous history of anemia or evidence of thalassemia in two siblings or nine adult children of the patient. In vitro studies of globin chain synthesis documented markedly decreased production of alpha globin with alpha/beta biosynthetic ratios of 0.05 in peripheral blood reticulocytes and 0.10 in bone marrow cells. The relative concentration of mRNA for alpha globin was approximately 20-fold less than that of beta globin, apparently accounting for the deficiency in alpha globin synthesis.
A description of cigarette smoking cessation and resumption in the Framingham Study.

Abstract Cigarette smoking cessation and resumption patterns are presented from biennial examination data from the Framingham Study for the years 1956–1978. At 22 yr of follow-up, 68% of men and 53% of women stated they had stopped smoking for at least 1 year. Younger participants had lower cessation rates than older, and those who smoked more cigarettes per day had lower cessation rates than those who smoked fewer. Lower cessation rates were found in men who drank alcohol, and in women who drank coffee, were leaner, or were of lower education. Resumption of cigarette smoking after nonsmoking for at least 1 year occurred in 35% of women and 25% of men over 20 years of observation. Most resumption occurred in the first 4 years after quitting. Men who smoked a greater number of cigarettes prior to quitting were observed to have a smaller probability of resumption. This latter finding is paradoxical and needs confirmation from other studies.
The Role of Hard Segment Content on the Molecular Dynamics of Poly(tetramethylene oxide)-Based Polyurethane Copolymers

The effect of hard segment (4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate–1,4-butanediol) content on the molecular dynamics of a series of PTMO-based segmented polyurethanes was investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The microphase-separated morphology and degrees of separation, extensively characterized in a previous publication, were utilized to aid in interpretation of the molecular dynamics. The soft phase segmental dynamics were observed to slow slightly, increase in breadth, and decrease in strength with increasing hard segment content: the influence of hard domains on the soft phase segmental dynamics is analogous to that of crystalline lamellae in semi-crystalline polymers. A Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars interfacial polarization process, arising from charge accumulation at hard/soft phase interfaces, was observed at higher temperatures. The strength of this process was found to be a rather sensitive indicator of the microphase mixing process.
Isolated sphenoid sinus disease.

Isolated sphenoid sinus disease is an unusual entity that is encountered infrequently. With advances in antibiotic therapy and imaging techniques, the nature of isolated sphenoid sinus disease has significantly changed. More tumors and less inflamrnatory disorders are being encountered. We have retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who had undergone sublabial transseptal sphenoidotomy for isolated sphenoid sinus disease at Allegheny General Hospital for Pittsburgh between January 1985 and July 1989. Thirteen patients were identified with isolated sphenoid sinus disease who were successfully managed with sublabial transseptal sphenoidotomy. This approach allows maximal visualization and safety with minimal morbidity.
Application of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in the characterization of Si MOSFET's and GaAs MODFET's

The Shubnikov-de Haas magnetoconductance oscillations were used to measure directly the gate-to-channel capacitance of Si MOSFET's and GaAs MODFET's, to detect the onset of parallel conduction in GaAs MODFET's, and to provide an approximate measure of channel length in sub-100-nm channel of Si MOSFET's. The measurements do not require knowledge of any device parameters, are immune to any gate parasitic capacitance, and are independent of source and drain series resistances. One needs to know only the magnetic field, the oscillation period (for gate-to-channel capacitance measurement), the gate voltage (for detection of the onset of parallel conduction), and the number of oscillation peaks (for the channel length characterization). Experimental results have shown that the characterization methods are accurate, and can be applied to FET's with sub-100-nm channel length.
Antiemetics, Akathisia, and Pregnancy

Gastrointestinal disorders are common in pregnant women. These disorders are often treated with antiemetic medications that block central dopaminergic neurotransmission. Dopamine antagonists can cause akathisia. Hormonal changes and other factors may place pregnant women at increased risk for the development of severe antiemetic-induced akathisia. The mental symptoms that can accompany akathisia can be misinterpreted as primary mental illness. The author reports on the case of a pregnant woman who attempted to injure herself after developing severe antiemetic-induced akathisia.
Retaining faculty: A tale of two campuses

The results of a study examining factors influencing the decisions of faculty with firm offers to leave two universities are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the relative weight and importance faculty placed on the tangible, intangible, and nonwork-related benefits of the incumbent and offering employment situations. Comparisons are drawn to previous studies of this genre, as well as between the urban and rural universities represented in the study. The methods and findings of this research should be of special interest to those from institutions concerned both with attracting and retaining a quality faculty.
Impact of perceived innovation characteristics on adoption of pharmacy-based in-house immunization services.

Objectives An in-house immunization service in which staff pharmacists administer vaccines was conceptualized as an innovation. Prior to making adoption decisions, community pharmacies evaluated characteristics of in-house immunization services. This study examined the impact of three specific characteristics (perceived benefit, perceived compatibility and perceived complexity) of in-house immunization services on community pharmacies' adoption decisions. Methods A multi-stage mixed-mode survey design was used to collect data from key informants of community pharmacies in Washington State, USA. Key informants included pharmacy managers or pharmacists-on-duty who were able to answer questions related to immunization activities in their pharmacies. Perceived characteristics of in-house immunization services and pharmacy adoption decisions were measured in 2004 and in 2006–2007, respectively. Key findings Each perceived characteristic individually predicted adoption of in-house immunization services. When all three characteristics were included in logistic regression, perceived benefit was the only significant predictor of in-house immunization service adoption. Conclusions Appropriate strategies, particularly promoting the benefit of in-house immunization services, should be implemented. The proposed model and findings may be applicable to other pharmacy-based innovative practices or other public health initiatives. We recommend that organizational leaders, researchers and practitioners consider the impact of perceived benefit and incorporate it when they design strategies to foster adoption of innovative practices. Doing this may increase the number of adopters and also increase diffusion rates for innovative services.
Soil Classification: A Global Desk Reference

Edited by HARI ESWARAN, THOMAS RICE, ROBERT AHRENS, and BOBBY A. STEWART. CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431. 2002. Hardbound, 362 pp. $99.95. ISBN 0-8493-1339-2. The classification of soil is a terrific conceptual and practical challenge. Through time, a wide variety of
Cotton root growth as influenced by phosphorus nutrition and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas

SUMMARY Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., was grown in the greenhouse in sand-nutrient culture at five phosphorus (P) concentrations, and root systems were examined after 10 and 20 days. Extension rates of primary laterals and numbers of secondary laterals increased with increasing P. Cotton was grown for 6 weeks in environment cabinets in soils of three P concentrations with and without mycorrhizas. Increased P and mycorrhizas both stimulated plant growth (f. wt shoot d. wt), but however specific root length (cm root g' root f. wt) of mycorrhizal plants was reduced.
Inverse radiation problems in inhomogeneous media

Abstract An inverse radiation analysis is presented for determining optical thickness and space-dependent single-scattering albedo from measured exit radiation intensities for an inhomogeneous, absorbing, isotropically scattering, plane-parallel medium subjected to isotropic incident radiation at one of its boundary surfaces. The method involves solving the nonlinear least-square equations constructed from the measured data and the exact solutions of the direct problem. Confidence bounds on the estimated parameters are developed to assess the accuracy of the inverse solutions. The confidence bounds are also useful to determine the corrective measures needed to improve the precision of the predictions. The effects of using reflected, transmitted, or both reflected and transmitted intensities as measured data on the accuracy of the predictions are examined. Effects of inaccuracy involved in the direct solution resulting from the use of approximation models on the accuracy of the inverse solutions are illustrated.
Discourse particles: Where cognition and interaction intersect—The case of final particle ey in Shishan dialect (Hainan Island, P.R. China)

Abstract Based on spontaneous dyadic and multi-party conversation data, we examine final particle ey in Shishan, a dialect of Lingao (Tai-kadai language family) through the multiple lenses of: tense/aspect, stance marking, interpersonal interaction, and evidentiality. In order to explicate the semantic–pragmatic functioning of Shishan ey, 2 we provide brief comparisons with the aspectual/interactional functions of Mandarin le, the interactional functions of Mandarin final particles ou and a, and Cantonese final particle wo. We analyze the Mandarin and Cantonese particles from the points of view of the multivariate facets of speaker stance and compare them to Shishan ey. We note that in interactional discourse, the linguistic expression of evidentiality of Shishan ey is triggered by an external, interactionally-based signal. Specifically, when the particle emerges in collaboratively-built talk, it serves to signal the speaker's instantaneous discovery of a speaker–hearer epistemic mismatch and to simultaneously re-gauge the hearer's orientation toward evidence that emerges in the immediate context. By illuminating the semantic and pragmatic meanings of this form, we hope to advance the study of interactional particles as essential grammatical components of linguistic systems.
The evolution of thrombolytic therapy and adjunctive antithrombotic regimens in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction continues to be associated with substantial mortality rates. Despite much advancement in care, current treatments have also failed to eliminate the significant risk of morbidity, including reinfarction, reocclusion of the infarct-related artery, and thromboembolic stroke. The potential benefit of early thrombolytic therapy in reducing mortality was first established in 1986. Further benefits of conjunctive therapy with aspirin were demonstrated soon thereafter. This review examines the most significant trends in the pharmacologic therapy of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction since the publication of these early studies: the development of fibrinolytic drugs with improved clot selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic profiles that simplify administration, making ED or even prehospital thrombolysis more practical. More recent data can be interpreted as showing that regimens that are simpler and easier to administer are also clinically superior. This article reviews pharmacologic advances and evaluates the evidence for their use in EDs.
Cloning and characterization of the termination site tI for the gene int transcript in phage lambda.

Abstract The tI terminator of phage λb522, located to the left of the att site, was separated from the tL3 terminator and cloned as the 153-bp HinfI-AvaI fragment in plasmid pD12, creating plasmid pD124. The t1 terminator is rho independent and its efficiency is about 90%.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation induced proctopathy in men treated for prostate cancer.

Purpose: Radiation proctitis is a common complication following external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy for prostate cancer. While 95% percent of radiation induced proctitis is temporary and self-limiting, up to 5% of patients experience toxicities that are refractory to conservative management. Hyperbaric oxygen has a well-defined role in treating chronic wounds, osteomyelitis, hemorrhagic cystitis and necrotizing fasciitis. We reviewed our experience with hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation induced proctitis in patients undergoing radiation treatment for prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: From October 1998 to December 2003, 27 patients with radiation induced proctitis secondary to brachytherapy (4), external beam radiation therapy (16) or combined modality (7) for prostate cancer were treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy at Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. In all patients primary medical or endoscopic management had failed. Patients received 100% oxygen in a mult...
Role of coronary artery bypass surgery after intracoronary streptokinase infusion for myocardial infarction

Intracoronary streptokinase infusion has been shown to improve left ventricular function and reduce hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Adjuvant coronary artery bypass surgery is of value in many of these patients who have recurrent angina, circulatory instability, severe coronary artery occlusive disease, or a high risk of reinfarction. There is little, if any, evidence that immediate coronary artery bypass surgery affects the results adversely--either because of recent myocardial infarction or recent streptokinase infusion, and early operation appears to be a safe and worthwhile modality of treatment in this group of patients with myocardial infarction.
Approximations for functionals and optimal control problems on jump diffusion processes

Abstract The paper treats approximations to stochastic differential equations with both a diffusion and a jump component, and to associated functionals and partial-differential-integral equations of the (degenerate or not) elliptic or parabolic type. Approximations for the optimal control problem on such a model, or for the associated nonlinear partial-differential-integral equation are discussed. The techniques are purely probabilistic and are extensions of those in [3], which dealt with the diffusion case.
Integral heating device for the rose culture chamber.

The culture chamber consists of two metal plates held together by four short screws, a thin (film-type) electrical heating unit, a silicone rubber gasket and two cover slips. The order of assembly is bottom plate, heating element, first cover slip, gasket, second cover slip, and top plate. Syringe needles, one containing a thermistor, and others for supply and removal of fluid are inserted into the chamber through the gasket. Temperature is controlled by electrical connections through a Thermistemp temperature controller.
Courbes elliptiques sur Q sans nombres premiers exceptionnels

Let E be an elliptic curve over Q. A prime N is said to be exceptional for E if the mod N Galois representation of E is not surjective, i.e. if the Galois group of the N-th division field of E is not equal to GL(2, N). We show that, in terms of heights, almost all curves have no exceptional prime.
Sexual dysfunction and associated psychiatric disorders

Abstract Twenty couples treated for chronic sexual dysfunction by Masters and Johnson were studied psychiatrically. A large proportion had previously received psychiatric treatment without success. Associated psychiatric disorders were found in only a minority. Many reported past affective episodes that did not meeth the diagnostic criteria for affective disorder.
Chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana homozygous for the ch-1 locus lack chlorophyll b, lack stable LHCPII and have stacked thylakoids.

We are interested in the mechanism of insertion of proteins into the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and the role that accessory pigments may play in this process. For this reason we have begun a molecular analysis of mutant plants deficient in pigments that associate with thylakoid membrane proteins. We have characterized plants that are homozygous for the previously isolated, recessive mutation chlorina-1 (ch-1) or Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite the lack of chlorophyll b and light-harvesting proteins of photosystem II (LHCPII) near normal levels of LHCPII mRNA are found in the mutant, in contrast to LHCPII mRNA levels in carotenoid-deficient mutants. The LHCPII mRNA of chlorina-1 plants can be translated in vitro so it is likely that LHCPII is not stable in ch-1 plants. Moreover, the thylakoid membranes of ch-1 plants remain appressed even though LHCPII levels are drastically reduced.
A new high resolution scheme for compressible viscous flows with shocks

A new flux splitting and limiting technique which yields one-point stationary shock capturing is presented. The technique is applied to the full NavierStokes and Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Calculations of laminar boundary layers at subsonic and supersonic speeds are presented together with calculations of transonic flows around airfoils. The results exhibit very good agreement with theoretical solutions and existing experimental data. It is found that. the proposed scheme improves the resolution of viscous flows while maintaining excellent one-point shock capturing characteristics. d
Microwave synthesis of MFI-type zeolite membranes by seeded secondary growth without the use of organic structure directing agents

Abstract This paper reports the microwave synthesis of MFI-type zeolite membranes by secondary growth of nanocrystalline silicalite seed layers in pure inorganic precursors. The inorganic precursor solutions contained SiO 2 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , NaOH, and H 2 O. It was found that the membrane formation and quality were sensitive to the Si/Al ratio of the precursor solution. Good quality MFI membranes were obtained from precursors with Si/Al ratios in range 111–130. The membranes had H 2 /SF 6 permselectivity of >1700 and H 2 permeance >3 × 10 −7 mol m −2 s −1 Pa −1 at 23 °C when helium was used as sweeping gas. The membrane synthesis duration can be greatly shortened by microwave heating as compared to the conventional heating method. Furthermore, membranes obtained from template-free inorganic precursors exhibited higher permselectivties of H 2 over N 2 , and SF 6 than the membrane synthesized with TPAOH template. The studies on small gas permeation mechanisms and BET characterization of zeolite particles suggested that the membranes derived from inorganic solutions contained minimized intercrystalline pores by avoiding the high temperature template removal process and possessed slightly smaller effective pore size likely due to trapping of SiO 2 molecular species in the zeolite microporosity.
Abnormal mitochondria in retinoblastoma.

In examination of six retinoblastoma tumor specimens, bizzare mitochondria were often found. Some are irregular forms with focal expansion and constrictions. Occasionally, a portion of the mitochondria forms rings. Branching mitochondria are also seen. Other striking features of the mitochondria from tumor cells are the alteration of cristae. Dense bodies are also occasionally observed within the mitochondria. Morphological modifications of the mitochondria may be as results of pathological conditions of the tumor cells.
Lung Volume Changes (ΔVL) During Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (NCPAP) in Preterm Infants: Comparison of a Variable vs a Continuous Flow Device † 989

A variable-flow NCPAP system (Aladdin; A) with no gas inflow during exhalation is believed to reduce imposed work of breathing compared to conventional, continuous flow devices (C). Yet, efficacy of A to recruit lung volume has not been tested. We randomized 15 preterm infants (mean±SD: BW 1124 ± 322 g; GA 30±2 wk; age 9±11 d; FiO2 0.33± 0.12) requiring NCPAP, to first receive either C (Inca prongs) or A. ΔVL was assessed by DC-coupled respiratory inductance plethysmography. NCPAP was first increased to 8 cmH2O to allow comparable recruitment in all subjects. NCPAP was then decreased to 6, 4, and 0. Five infants, either for C or for A, could not be evaluated due to movement artifacts. ΔVL was significantly larger with A at 8 and 6 cmH2O (Figure, ANOVA). The larger A prongs led to relatively smaller prong-nares cross-sectional area differences (P=0.08). Use of larger prongs with A is feasible because there is no gas inflow during exhalation. We conclude that larger ΔVL with A is due to more effective NCPAP. The latter likely results from A having: 1) less pressure drop across the mechanical system or prongs; and 2) smaller area mismatch at the nares.
Proposed use of optical remote sensing for monitoring emissions from landfills

On May 30, 1991, the Office of Air Quality Planning Standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published proposed rules regulating the total non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landf ills1. Specifically the regulation requires emission controls on any MSW landfill emitting more than 150 Megagrams/year (Mg/yr) (167 tons per year). All landfills with design capacities less than 100,000 Mg (111,000 tons) are automatically exempted. If a landfill's planned capacity exceeds the 100,000 Mg threshold, the NMOC5 must be either estimated or empirically measured on a yearly basis until the total NMOC emissions exceed 150 Mg/yr at which time the installation of a control system is mandatory. The same criteria would also hold for a closed landfill except that the estimate/measurement step would only occur once. The proposed regulation outlined a three—tier approach to be used for this determination.
Thermal annealing behavior of ion-implanted silica glass

Abstract Infrared reflection spectra have been measured in silica glasses which are initially damaged by 2 MeV O + - and 1.5. MeV C + -ion implantations then isothermally annealed at 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600°C. Thermal annealing effects on SiOSi bond angles have been deduced from the peak wavenumber shift of the 1100 cm −1 band in the infrared reflection spectra. The relaxation of SiOSi bond angles obeys the stretched exponential decay function with β ranging from 0.28 to 0.15. It is deduced that the relaxation of SiOSi bond angles has a distribution of activation energies. The major relaxation mechanism of SiOSi bond angles has an activation energy of 118 kJ/mol. It is inferred that the relaxation of SiOSi bond angle is due to a small movement of SiO 4 tetrahedra without the disruption of SiO bonds.
Entanglement entropy of critical spin liquids.

Quantum spin liquids are phases of matter whose internal structure is not captured by a local order parameter. Particularly intriguing are critical spin liquids, where strongly interacting excitations control low energy properties. Here we calculate their bipartite entanglement entropy that characterizes their quantum structure. In particular we calculate the Renyi entropy ${S}_{2}$ on model wave functions obtained by Gutzwiller projection of a Fermi sea. Although the wave functions are not sign positive, ${S}_{2}$ can be calculated on relatively large systems ($g324$ spins) using the variational Monte Carlo technique. On the triangular lattice we find that entanglement entropy of the projected Fermi sea state violates the boundary law, with ${S}_{2}$ enhanced by a logarithmic factor. This is an unusual result for a bosonic wave function reflecting the presence of emergent fermions. These techniques can be extended to study a wide class of other phases.
Role of design-philosophies in interfacing manufacturing with marketing

Abstract Product design involves the mapping of a product's marketing attributes to its engineering and manufacturing features. In practice, it is a non-trivial task for design engineers to determine an appropriate mapping between a product's marketing and manufacturing attributes so as to generate a product design that satisfies customer-needs while being feasible to produce within the technical and financial constraints of the firm's manufacturing domain. In this paper, we hypothesize that in a mature industry, the expertise that guides designers in this mapping process exists in the form of an engineering design-philosophy that governs the design of products in that industry. Clearly, if we are able to discern the design-philosophies that exist in an industry, they can then be used to channrl designers' creativity to be congruent with the commercial objectives of firms in that industry. Using real-world data from the automobile industry, we show the existence of design-philosophies and illustrate methodologies for identifying and interpreting them. We also describe predictive models that allow managers to exploit the knowledge available in these design-philosophies and accurately specify a new product's manufacturing attribute values, given market input regarding the product's desired features. This total approach should save firms valuable product designing time and enable them to generate products that can be successfully produced and sold.
Disturbance attenuation in precise hexapod pointing using positive force feedback

Negative feedback control improves system performance by high loop gain. However, it is well known that the achievable performance is limited theoretically by right half complex plane (RHP) poles, RHP zeros, time delays, etc. of the plant models, and practically by the input constraints as well as model uncertainties. Though positive feedback has the potential to improve the system performance by direct subtraction of the measured external disturbances from the plant inputs, it is notorious for its sensitivity to measurement errors and lack of robustness. Inappropriate use of positive feedback control could deteriorate the performance, or even result in instability. This paper presents a new combined control strategy for two degrees-of-freedom precise hexapod pointing control, in which positive force feedback (PFF) is used to reject payload disturbances, and extra acceleration feedback loops are added to enhance the PFF loop robustness as well as decrease its sensitivity. Also, a new method for avoiding destructive interference in parallel controller design using a sequential loop closure technique is proposed. Since the payload disturbances cannot be measured directly due to sensor mounting difficulties, an estimate is constructed based on the hexapod model and used for PFF. The algorithm is implemented on one of the University of Wyoming (UW) hexapods, and experimental results demonstrate that pointing errors caused by the payload disturbances are decreased, despite residual coupling and disturbance estimation errors.
Comparative climatology - Mars and earth

Spacecraft missions to Mars during the 1960's and 1970's gave a remarkably detailed picture of the meteorological and climatological conditions that characterize its atmosphere. During the relatively brief history of close-up exploration of Mars, much of the ambiguity associated with the early telescopic observations has been resolved, and a new image of the red planet has emerged. Accurate measurements taken both from orbit and the surface reveal a cool, thin atmosphere that condenses, transports water, and generates clouds and dust storms, and that has a global-scale wind system not unlike the one known on earth. This paper highlights the current view of the Martian climate system and what controls it. For perspective, comparisons with earth's climate system are included where appropriate.
Heat shock inhibits pre‐rRNA processing at the primary site in vitro and alters the activity of some rRNA binding proteins

The effect of heat shock on pre-rRNA processing at the primary site within external transcribed spacer region 1 (ETS1) was studied in S-100 extract derived from mouse lymphosarcoma cells. In vivo labeling with [32P]orthophosphate showed that the synthesis of the rRNA precursor and its processing to 28S and 18S rRNAs were inhibited significantly due to heat shock. The processing activity was reduced by 50% at 1 h and was completely blocked following 2-h exposure of cells at 42 degrees C. Mixing S-100 extracts from the control and heat-treated cells did not affect the processing activity in the control extract, which proves the absence of a nuclease or other inhibitor(s) of processing in the extract from the heat-shocked cells. Heat shock did not affect interaction between pre-rRNA and U3 snoRNA, a prerequisite for the processing at the primary site, but significantly altered RNA-protein interaction. Three polypeptides of 200, 110, and 52 kDa that specifically cross-link to pre-rRNA spanning the primary processing site were inactivated after heat shock. Hyperthermia did not alter 3' end processing of SV40L pre-mRNA.
Adsorption and Structural Arrangement of Cetyltrimethylammonium Cations at the Silica Nanoparticle−Water Interface

Although the sorption of cetyltrimethylammonium ion (CTA+) on silica (SiO2) surfaces has been studied extensively, little is known about the interactions between large surfactant molecules and nanosized colloidal particles with a high specific surface area. The aim of the study was to understand the effects of structural arrangements of sorbed CTA+ ions on the stability and surface properties of SiO2 nanoparticles. The extent of the effect of CTA+ sorption on the aggregation behavior of the SiO2 nanoparticle suspension was investigated with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. Both the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used to probe the sorbed layers of CTA+ on silica surfaces. Results indicate that, at a low surface coverage (less than a monolayer), CTA+ molecules were strongly bound to the SiO2 surface via their trimethylammonium headgroups. A bilayer sorption of CTA+ was observed at a high surface coverage, and the sorption is attributed to the hydrophob...
Interactive n→ delocalizations that control an aqueous organic equilibrium

Abstract Hydrated acetaldehydes were condensed in D 2 O with substituted alcohols and thiols to determine ΔG of hemiacetalization by 1 H NMR. Specific n→σ ∗ delocalizations in the alkoxy/alkylthio functionality of the product interact to influence n→σ ∗ delocalization in the hemiacetal functionality. Delocalization in the latter functionality controls ΔG.
On the design of advanced filters for biological networks using graph theoretic properties

Network modeling of biological systems is a powerful tool for analysis of high-throughput datasets by computational systems biologists. Integration of networks to form a heterogeneous model requires that each network be as noise-free as possible while still containing relevant biological information. In earlier work, we have shown that the graph theoretic properties of gene correlation networks can be used to highlight and maintain important structures such as high degree nodes, clusters, and critical links between sparse network branches while reducing noise. In this paper, we propose the design of advanced network filters using structurally related graph theoretic properties. While spanning trees and chordal subgraphs provide filters with special advantages, we hypothesize that a hybrid subgraph sampling method will allow for the design of a more effective filter preserving key properties in biological networks. That the proposed approach allows us to optimize a number of parameters associated with the filtering process which in turn improves upon the identification of essential genes in mouse aging networks.
Testcross response to four cycles of half-sib and S2 recurrent selection in the BS13 maize (Zea mays L.) population.

Inbred progeny recurrent selection has been shown to be theoretically superior to several forms of noninbred-progeny recurrent selection. However, recent improvements to theory and empirical evidence suggest that inbred-progeny recurrent selection is not a superior method of recurrent selection. In the BS13(S) population, inbred-progeny recurrent selection has not been effective at improving population per se performance. However, no other selection programs have been evaluated in BS13(S), so there is no basis to compare inbred-progeny recurrent selection in BS13(S) to other methods to determine if other methods might be more effective. Four cycles of half-sib selection with inbred line B97 as tester have been completed. The first four cycles of half-sib selection and first four cycles of inbred-progeny selection were testcrossed to B97 and evaluated in a replicated experiment in 2007 and 2008. Half-sib selection improved grain yield, grain moisture, stalk lodging, root lodging, test weight, and final plant density, whereas inbred-progeny selection did not improve any of these traits. This study adds to growing empirical literature suggesting that inbred-progeny recurrent selection is inferior to noninbred-progeny selection methods. A hypothesis has been put forth that pseudo-overdominance caused by linkage disequilibrium may have limited response to inbred-progeny recurrent selection in BS13(S) as well as other maize populations.
Corruption in Higher Education: Conceptual Approaches and Measurement Techniques

Corruption is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Forms of corruption are multiple. Measuring corruption is necessary not only for getting ideas about the scale and scope of the problem, but for making simple comparisons between the countries and conducting comparative analysis of corruption. While the total impact of corruption is indeed difficult to measure and even more so internal changes in corruption, some aspects of corruption may be quantified and measured. This article presents major conceptual approaches to corruption and develops a technique for measuring the distribution of graft in a higher education industry by using some ideas about bribery and other forms of corruption among the faculty members in higher education institutions in transition and developing nations. In order to measure the level of corruption and its changes over time or changes due to government intervention and other anticorruption efforts, the author combines two indicators, namely the number of corrupt faculty members who take bribes in a given period of time and the value of the average bribe, calculated as weighted average. The author also introduces the Distribution index (DI), the weighted DI, and the share weighted DI in order to capture internal changes in the distribution of graft. The proposed methodology may be applied in measuring corruption in higher education across the nations and making comparisons.
Altered cytokine levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of chronic pain patients.

Abstract This study replicates and extends prior reports of abnormal cytokine levels in chronic pain patients and has correlated the alterations with pain severity. In addition, there appeared to be a need to directly assess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) because previous findings on cytokine concentrations in peripheral circulation have been inconsistent. CSF and blood specimens were obtained from 14 patients with distal painful non-diabetic polyneuropathy (DPPN) or post-traumatic neuralgia (PTN). Elevated receptor levels for Tumor Necrosis Factor (sTNFr) were the most distinctive abnormality along with low interleukin-10 (IL-10). sTNFr in CSF and blood, and IL-1s in CSF, were positively associated with pain intensity, whereas IL-10 in both compartments was inversely correlated with pain symptoms. An imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines appears to be a clinically relevant feature, which may contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain.
Rereporting of child maltreatment: Does participation in other public sector services moderate the likelihood of a second maltreatment report?

Abstract Objective This study uses administrative data to track the first rereports of maltreatment in a low-income, urban child welfare population ( n = 4957) while controlling for other public service involvement. Service system involvement is explored across the following sectors: Child Welfare, Income Maintenance, Special Education, Juvenile Court, and various forms of Medicaid-reimbursed medical or mental health care. This study builds knowledge by adding the services dimension to an ecological framework for analyses and by following recurrence for a longer period of time than prior investigations (7.5 years). Method We model the rereporting of a child for maltreatment as a function of child, caregiver, service, and neighborhood characteristics using data from birth records, child welfare, income maintenance, Medicaid, adult corrections, juvenile court, special education, law enforcement, and census sources. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are presented, the latter using Cox regression with a robust sandwich covariance matrix estimate to account for the intracluster dependence within tracts. Results Key results across bivariate and multivariate analyses included a lower rate of rereporting among children with parents who were high school graduates and/or permanently exited from the first spell on AFDC ( p p p p Conclusions Caretaker characteristics and nonchild welfare service use patterns had a strong association with the likelihood of a child being rereported to the child welfare agency and should be more heavily attended to by child welfare workers. High rates of service sector overlap suggest that interagency ties and cooperation should be strengthened. The lower risk associated with less intensive in-home services compared to unserved cases may indicate underidentification of in-home service eligibility following a first report of maltreatment.
Measurement of π +/- -He Scattering and Its Relation to the Pion Form Factor

A measurement has been made of the differential cross section for the elastic scattering of positive and negative pions of energies 51, 60, 68, and 75 MeV scattered from helium. The experiment is discussed and a phase-shift analysis is presented. An optical-model analysis has been used to extract the pion electromagnetic radius, yielding 2.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.43 F. There remain uncertainties in this application of the model, which are discussed.
Low doses of diagnostic energy X-rays protect against neoplastic transformation in vitro.

Purpose : To investigate the effect of low doses of 60 kVp X-rays on in vitro transformation frequency. Materials and methods : HeLa ×skin fibroblast human hybrid cells were used to assay transformation from the non-tumorigenic to the tumorigenic phenotype. Subconfluent cultures of cells were exposed to a range of doses of 60 kVp X-rays and seeded for assay of transformation after 24 h post-irradiation holding. Experiments were repeated at least three times and the data pooled for analysis. Transformation frequencies were compared with those of sham-irradiated controls. Results : At doses < 1 cGy, the observed transformation frequencies were significantly less than those seen in unirradiated cells. Conclusion : Low doses (< 1 cGy) of 60 kVp X-rays protect HeLa ×skin fibroblast human hybrid cells against neoplastic transformation in vitro.
New proofs of some results of Nielsen

Given a compact oriented surface M with negative Euler characteristic and a homeomorphism z: M2 -+ M2, what is the best representative cp: M2 + M2 in the isotopy class of s? Thurston [S] answered this question by defining pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms (a generalization of Anosov diffeomorphisms on T2) which may be characterized as follows. The homeomorphism rp is pseudo-Anosov iff there is a pair of transverse measured geodesic laminations /i” and AU which intersect each closed nonperipheral geodesic in h4, which are (topologically) preserved by cp and which have their respective transverse measures multiplied under the action of CP by l/n and d for some L > 1. Thurston showed that cp: M* +M2 can be pieced together from homeomorphisms of subsurfaces which are either periodic or pseudoAnosov. More precisely, Thurston proved Theorem 0.1. The preprint [S] provides an introduction to this Theorem, describing many of the useful properties of pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphisms. The proof outlined in [S] is contained in [ 111.
Rigid internal fixation for the treatment of infected mandibular fractures

A review of the literature is presented that shows that treatment of infected fractures by rigid internal fixation is biologically sound. A protocol for managing infected mandibular fractures with plate and screw fixation was developed and used on 11 patients. All patients had osseous union of the fracture and none required removal of the bone plate. This protocol is recommended as a viable option in the treatment of infected mandibular fractures.