cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Routing and Scheduling With Capacity Redundancy for Timely Delivery Guarantees in Multihop Networks

It has been shown that it is impossible to achieve stringent timely delivery guarantees in a large network without having complete information of all future packet arrivals. In order to maintain desirable performance in the presence of uncertainty of future, a viable approach is to add redundancy by increasing link capacities. This paper studies the amount of capacity needed to provide stringent timely delivery guarantees. We propose a low-complexity online algorithm and prove that it only requires a small amount of redundancy to guarantee the timely delivery of most packets. Furthermore, we show that in large networks with very high timely delivery requirements, the redundancy needed by our policy is at most twice as large as the theoretical lower bound. For practical implementation, we propose a distributed protocol based on this centralized policy. Without adding redundancy, we further propose a low-complexity order-optimal online policy for the network. The simulation results show that our policies achieve much better performance than the other state-of-the-art policies.
Simulation and Modeling Applications in Global Health Security

Global health security (GHS) is dependent upon having an adequate and prepared health security workforce. There are currently numerous challenges in establishing and maintaining a health security workforce. The frequency and magnitude of disasters have increased significantly over the past 30 years. Current and future GHS threats, both manmade and natural, require a prepared and flexible healthcare provider workforce ready to respond to current or emerging GHS threats. Developing and maintaining GHS -specific skills in the healthcare workforce is a tremendous logistical challenge. Innovative education technologies, including simulation and digital learning, can be leveraged to achieve preparedness for GHS threats.
Activated Microglia in the Rat Spinal Cord Following Peripheral Axon Injury Promote Glial and Neuronal Plasticity Which is Necessary for Long-Term Neuronal Survival.

Following the transection of peripheral sympathetic preganglionic axons comprising the cervical sympathetic trunk (CST), we observe robust glial and neuronal plasticity at 1 week post-injury in the rat spinal cord intermediolateral cell column (IML), which houses the injured parent neuronal cell bodies. This plasticity contributes to neuroprotection, as no neuronal loss in the IML is present at 16 weeks post-injury. Here, we administered the antibiotic minocycline or vehicle (VEH) daily for 1 week after CST transection to investigate the role of activated microglia in IML glial and neuronal plasticity and subsequent neuronal survival. At 1 week post-injury, minocycline treatment did not alter microglia number in the IML, but led to a dampened microglia activation state. In addition, the increases in oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells and activated astrocytes following injury in VEH rats were attenuated in the minocycline-treated rats. Further, the normal downregulation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the injured neurons was blunted. At 16 weeks post-injury, fewer ChAT+ neurons were present in the minocycline-treated rats, suggesting that activated microglia together with the glial and neuronal plasticity at 1 week post-injury contribute to the long-term survival of the injured neurons. These results provide evidence for beneficial crosstalk between activated microglia and neurons as well as other glial cells in the cord following peripheral axon injury, which ultimately leads to neuroprotection. The influences of microglia activation in promoting neuronal survival should be considered when developing therapies to administer minocycline for the treatment of neurological pathologies.
Monte Carlo Physarum Machine: An Agent-based Model for Reconstructing Complex 3D Transport Networks

We introduce Monte Carlo Physarum Machine: a dynamic computational model designed for reconstructing complex transport networks. MCPM extends existing work on agent-based modeling of Physarum polyc...
A production inventory model with deteriorating items and retrial demands

This paper considers a single server perishable inventory system in which customers arrive in a homogeneous Poisson stream. The system has a production unit which produces a single item in an exponentially distributed time interval. At the time of arrival, a customer leads to service if the server is available with a positive level of inventory. Otherwise, the customer goes to a waiting place(orbit) of infinite capacity with pre-determined probability or exits the system with complementary probability. Each customer in the orbit tries to access the server in an exponentially distributed time interval. After every unsuccessful retrial, the customer returns to the orbit with a pre-allotted probability or is lost forever with complementary probability. An algorithmic solution to the problem is obtained using Matrix Analytic Method. The mean number of customer loss before and after entering the system, the rate of successful retrials among overall retrials and some other performance measures of the system are derived. The impacts of system parameters on different measures are numerically studied. A suitable cost function is constructed and the optimum control policy is numerically obtained.
A narrative review of in utero gene therapy: advances, challenges, and future considerations

The field of in utero gene therapy (IUGT) represents a crossroad of technologic advancements and medical ethical boundaries. Several strategies have been developed for IUGT focusing on either modifying endogenous genes, replacing missing genes, or modifying gene transcription products. The list of candidate diseases such as hemoglobinopathies, cystic fibrosis, lysosomal storage disorders continues to grow with new strategies being developed as our understanding of their respective underlying molecular pathogenesis increases. Treatment in utero has several distinct advantages to postnatal treatment. Biologic and physiologic phenomena enable the delivery of a higher effective dose, generation of immune tolerance, and the prevention of phenotypic onset for genetic diseases. Therapeutic technology for IUGT including CRISPR-Cas9 systems, zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) has already shown promise in animal models and early postnatal clinical trials. While the ability to detect fetal diagnoses has dramatically improved with developments in ultrasound and next-generation sequencing, treatment options remain experimental, with several translational gaps remaining prior to implementation in the clinical realm. Complicating this issue, the potential diseases targeted by this approach are often debilitating and would otherwise prove fatal if not treated in some manner. The leap from small animals to large animals, and subsequently, to humans will require further vigorous testing of safety and efficacy.
The Euclidean Algorithm

In Section 2.8, the definition of the greatest common divisor of two (or more) integers was introduced, and this concept was used in Chap. 3 in order to determine whether or not a particular right triangle was primitive. In Exercise 34 of Section 3.2, you were asked to determine whether or not 100 − 621 − 629 was a primitive Pythagorean triple. Larger numbers made it more difficult to find the greatest common divisor by trial and error, but this problem came up again as Example 4.9, where prime factorizations were used to make it easier to find the greatest common divisor of these three numbers. In this Chapter, we introduce another method for finding greatest common divisors called the Euclidean Algorithm.
Helicobacter Pylori infection within a colonic interposition

Abstract Colonic interpositions are subjected to potential complications over time. This case report describes an unusual colonic interposition mass that resolved after treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection.
Gpr161 ciliary pools prevent hedgehog pathway hyperactivation phenotypes specifically from lack of Gli transcriptional repression

The primary cilium localized G-protein-coupled receptor Gpr161 represses hedgehog pathway via cAMP signaling in multiple tissues. However, whether Gpr161 functions exclusively from inside cilia is unclear. Here, we generated ciliary localization-defective but cAMP signaling-competent Gpr161mut1 knock-in mice. We uncovered distinctive roles for subcellular Gpr161 pools, contingent upon dependence of the morpho-phenotypic spectrum on downstream Gli transcriptional regulators. Compared to Gpr161 knockout, gene dosage of the Gpr161mut1 allele caused delayed embryonic lethality, reduced upregulation of hedgehog targets and intermediate Gli3 repressor levels. Unlike Gpr161 knockout with aberrant ventral progenitor expansion in neural tube, extraciliary Gpr161 pools in Gpr161mut1 prevented Gli2 activator-mediated ventralization. However, limb buds and midfacial tissues that require Gli repressor for morphogenesis, showed polydactyly and midface widening in Gpr161mut1 from hyperactivation. Thus, Gpr161 ciliary and extraciliary pools functioned as rheostats preventing gradations of hedgehog pathway hyperactivation. Ciliary Gpr161 pools prevented tissue-specific phenotypes dependent specifically on reduced Gli repressor thresholds.
Interrogating the Role of CSCL in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

The underlying aim of this chapter is to contribute to efforts to build and organize the design landscape and vocabulary for conversations about diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in CSCL. Anchoring our discussion is the position that DEI can only really be understood and achieved at scale. We have limited our scope to include the consideration of three critical issues—language, differentiation, and identity—that we believe serve to, however unintentionally, restrict or promote DEI in CSCL, perennial problems that often surface in complex software systems, which may prevent broad-based utility in applications, and how issues of DEI surface themselves in these designed tools and applications. We center this discussion in a few common CSCL applications: contexts like MOOCs, virtual high schools, and networked-based multiplayer games. We highlight three core DEI challenges present in the use of CSCL environments: language, differentiation, and identity as focal components that designers should be aware of as applications move to scale.
Mineral-Associated Proteins from Modern Planktonic Foraminifera

Planktonic foraminifera are unicellular protists that live in open ocean surface waters. They make calcite tests (shells) by a complex series of events that may include biologically induced and controlled calcification [1,2]. The specific function of the organic matrix in foraminiferal calcification is unknown [2,3]. In this paper we describe chemical dissection techniques that improve our ability to isolate and characterize putative proteins involved in foraminiferal calcification.
Parasite Infection Status of Potamopyrgus Antipodarum

Outside its native range, the invasive species Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand Mud snail; NZMS) has seldom been reported to harbor parasites. To test this intriguing observation, 7 sites along the Snake River and Polecat Creek in the Grand Teton National Park/John D Rockefeller Memorial Parkway area (W yoming, USA) were surveyed for NZMS, native aquatic snails and parasites: digenean trematodes (specialist parasites of snails) and nematomorphs (horse hair worms, generalist parasites of aquatic invertebrates), in July 2005. Non-destructive examination of 96 native snails at each site revealed abundant presence of digeneans (parasites that specialize in snails) at 6 sites. Within 2 hours, up to 12.4% of lymnaeid snails shed furcocercous cercaria or xiphidiocercaria, and up to 50% of physid snails released furcocercous cercaria or echinostome cercaria. A total of ~900 NZMS (collected from 5 of the sites) were investigated for infection with digeneans by overnight shedding. One NZMS yielded amphistomeÂ­like metacercariae that had encysted in the observation tray. The dissection of 150 ethanol-fixed NZMS (30/site) revealed several types of internal metacercarial stages of digeneans in 5 snails (all from Polecat Creek). PCR-based assays targeting parasite rDNA sequences in DNA extracted from pools of 150 snails each also indicated associations between digenean parasites and NZMS. All parasites were detected in NZMS from Polecat Creek. NZMS were not observed to harbor nematomorph parasites with any of the techniques used. In conclusion, the sites tested contained multiple native snail-digenean parasite associations, and the capacity of invasive NZMS outside the native range to serve as first and second intermediate host for digenean parasites may have been underestimated previously.
Increasing support for the treatment of complicated grief in adults of all ages

The loss of a lovedone is inevitable yet remains one of themost intenseandpainfulstressorsapersonwillexperience.Nonetheless,most people navigate through the pain and intensity of acute grief without clinical intervention. As individuals adapt to loss, the level of distress generally diminishes over time with a return to an altered but meaningful lifewithout thedeceased.Aminority,approximately7%,1 will continue to have amore severe and persistent form of grief, referred to as complicated grief. Recently, complicated grief was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (FifthEdition)2asapersistentcomplexbereavementdisorder requiring additional research, but also within trauma and stressor-related disorders, consistent with the notion that complicated grief is a stressor-relatedcondition.3Althoughproposeddiagnosticcriteriasets havesomedifferences (eg, requiring6or 12monthssince thedeath), the core constructs are shared. Common symptoms include yearningor longing for thedeceased,difficultyacceptingoradaptingtothe loss, self-blame,avoidanceof remindersof thedeceased, andpreoccupationwith the circumstances of the death. Complicatedgrief ismore common inolder adults (variablydefined as older than 55 or 61 years), with prevalence estimates from 9% to 25%.1,4 Complicated grief is associated with functional impairment, medical morbidity, cognitive impairments, and suicidal ideation.3,4 It is thus a condition in need of identification and treatment by health care professionals, yet relatively limited research is available toguide the treatmentofcomplicatedgrief,5withdataspecific to older adults particularly lacking. In a recent article in JAMAPsychiatry, Shear andcolleagues6 reported a randomized clinical trial of a 16-week targeted psychoJAMAPSYCHIATRY
Student Access and Completion: A Regional Strategic Enrollment Partnership.

“Albert” told his story to special visitor Dr. Jill Biden in order to bring notice to a very unique tuition assistance program provided to Valencia College's homeless students. Not only was Albert homeless, his background was indicative of failure and through education he turned his life around and helped others with similar backgrounds. His voice resonates with his message, which was that going to Valencia College and “DirectConnecting to UCF” changed not only his life, but many others, and now his goal is to give back by assisting others to take this path to success. Albert made the transition from “street smart” to “‘reality smart.”
Guided-Wave Acousto-Optic Signal Processors For Wideband Radar Systems

Through the supports of the ONR and NSF we have recently developed several schemes which utilize multiple surface acoustic waves for wideband efficient guided-wave acoustooptic (AO) Bragg diffraction. The development of these wideband schemes has made it possible to design and fabricate very wideband guided-wave (thin-film) AO devices, and has thus paved the way for the realization of wideband AO processors in thin-film form. In this paper a review of the more recent developments on wideband (up to 500 MHz bandwidth) guided-wave AO signal processors, emphasizing those being carried out at the authors' institution, is given. The processors to be discussed include spectrum analyzers, convolvers and pulse compressors. Typical performance characteristics that have been obtained are presented. The guided-wave processors, in comparison to their bulk-wave counterparts, possess inherent advantages of requiring less RF drive power, being smaller, lighter weight, less susceptible to environmental effects, and more integratable and thus potentially less costly. Consequently, the guided-wave versions, when fully developed, should complement the existing bulk-wave processors.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Photocatalytic Dehydrogenation of 2-Propanol on TiO2(110)

The photocatalytic production of acetone from 2-propanol and O2 has been investigated on the TiO2(110) surface using molecular beam techniques. We have also studied the thermal reaction of 2-propan...
Aging and Salivary Cytokine Concentrations as Predictors of Whole Saliva Flow Rates among Women

Introduction: How aging influences the secretion of saliva is not entirely clear. Postmortem studies have demonstrated that, with age, the parenchyma of the salivary glands is gradu
Extravasations and emigration of neutrophils to the inflammatory site depend on the interaction of immune-complex with Fcγ receptors and can be effectively blocked by decoy Fcγ receptors

Extravasation and emigration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation are essential early steps in the initiation of many antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. The Fc domains of cell bound autoantibodies or immune-complexes (IC) are capable of triggering the neutrophil emigration via complement and FcγRs-mediated mechanisms. To define the clinical relevance and the relative contribution of these 2 pathways in IC-mediated neutrophil emigration, we have neutralized the FcγR-binding activity of IC with a recombinant dimeric Fc receptor, CD16A-Ig, and investigated the early events of IC-induced inflammation in mice. Systemic administration of purified CD16A-Ig blocked IC-induced inflammation, mast- cell degranulation, and extravasation of neutrophils in a reversed Arthus reaction. Although the binding of CD16A-Ig to IC did not alter the complement-activating properties of IC, no evidence for complement-dependent neutrophil emigration was observed. These results suggest that interaction of IC with cells expressing FcγRs at the inflammatory site results in the secretion of chemoattractants, which mediate complement-independent emigration of neutrophils in this cutaneous acute inflammation model. Furthermore, blocking the interaction of IC to FcγRs expressed on inflammatory cells by administering high-avidity Fc fusion dimers of low-affinity FcγRs is an effective way of preventing IC-induced acute inflammation in autoimmune diseases.
Mode of Entry and Release of Chlamydiae in Infections of Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The uptake and release of chlamydiae in infections of highly specialized intestinal, absorptive epithelial cells of the ileum of newborn calves were studied. Infection occurred only through the brush border of the enterocytes. The chlamydial elementary bodies were adsorbed onto the microvilli, a process that induced pinocytosis of the elementary bodies and formation of endosomes containing one dense-centered chlamydial form. The endosomes moved towards the supranuclear region of the enterocytes, and the cell membrane entrapping the chlamydial agent gradually dissolved so that inclusions with reticulate and dense-centered forms appeared to be free in the cytoplasm. After replication, chlamydiae were shed into the intestinal lumen in three different ways. Some infected enterocytes ruptured and liberated their contents into the lumen. In other instances, entire infected cells were extruded into the lumen, where their membranes degenerated to release chlamydial forms. In the third mode of release, chlamydiae were liberated in cytoplasmic fragments surrounded by cell membranes.
The Nuclear Protein Matrix: Isolation, Structure, And Functions

A new structure has been isolated from mammalian nuclei and characterized, and has been termed the nuclear protein matrix. It appears that this fundamental structural element is involved in the regulation of both nuclear function and form.
RESISTANCE TO CHANGE: A PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITIQUE OF ARGYRIS AND SCHON'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ORGANIZATION THEORY AND INTERVENTION

The purpose of this essay is to examine psychoanalytically Argyris and Schon's contributions to organization theory and intervention. The author focuses his attention on the problem of individual and organizational resistance to change in the light of Argyris and Schon's cognitive psychological assumptions about learning, reasoning, and effectiveness.
Tzs, a nopaline Ti plasmid gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens associated with trans-zeatin biosynthesis

The tzs gene, present in nopaline Ti plasmids, confers on Agrobacterium tumefaciens the ability to produce the phytohormone, trans-zeatin (Regier and Morris (1982) Biochem Biophys Res Comm 104:1560–1566). This gene has now been cloned from the nopaline Ti plasmid pTiC58. It occurs outside the T-DNA in a region close to that associated with virulence functions. Sequence studies indicate that tzs has substantial homology with the T-region gene, ipt, which is known to encode a dimethylallylpyrophosphate transferase, the first enzyme of the cytokinin biosynthetic pathway. As expected from its homology with ipt, tzs possesses significant DMA transferase activity but when expressed in Escherichia coli it causes secretion of trans-zeatin.
Acceleration of energetic particles of the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres: Inferences from laboratory and space experiments

Abstract High energy particles, with energies above those attainable by adiabatic or steady-state electric field acceleration, have been observed in and around the outer regions of planetary magnetospheres. Acceleration by large amplitude sporadic cross-tail electric fields over an order of magnitude greater than steady-state convection fields is proposed as a source of these particles. It is suggested that such explosive electric fields will occur intermittently in the vicinity of the tail neutral line in the expansive phases of substorms. We use laboratory Double Inverse Pinch Device (DIPD) and satellite evidence to estimate this electric potential for substorms at Earth; values of 500 kV to 2 MV are calculated, in agreement with particle observations. It is further suggested that these particles, which have been accelerated in the night side magnetosphere, drift to the dayside on closed field lines, and under certain interplanetary conditions can escape to regions upstream of the bow shock.
Media Convergence: Creating Content, Questioning Relationships

Abstract The development, dissemination, and proliferation of multimedia and media convergent texts raise a number of pressing questions for literacy scholars in general and compositionists in particular. What kinds of literacy practices are students developing through their use and composition of multimodal and new media texts? What genres are used in the creation of such texts, and why? Are there particular genres that are favored? How are older genres remediated or recast through media convergence? What research methodology challenges are posed when attempting to study multimodal and new media texts? How might compositionists use media convergence to teach students about academic literacies, about research, about the changing nature of “writing?” What might media convergence look like in the future? Perhaps most immediately, the phrase itself—“media convergence”—begs a question: what, exactly, is converging? This special issue of Computers and Composition on “Media Convergence” poses answers—sometimes tentative, sometimes provocative—to these questions.
Raman study of vibrational relaxation of benzene in solution

Abstract Measurements of the isotropic Raman spectra of the v 1 (a 1g ) CH stretching band of benzene in various solvents are reported. The observed band width is interpreted in terms of the vibrational dephasing model modified for use in binary mixtures.
II. More on democratic relativism: A response to Alford

C. Fred Alford contends that the manner in which I objected to Feyerabend's democratic relativism is vulnerable to Feyerabend's rhetorical strategy, and that a better strategy would be to show that Feyerabend fails to demonstrate that democratic relativism is desirable. I reply in defense of the ‘plausibility’ issue on the grounds that Feyerabend's theory lends itself to uses (and abuses) beyond Utopian critique (in Alford's sense). I argue that it is the fact that critics ‐ myself included ‐ have assumed the burden of demonstrating the impossibility of Feyerabend's political theory that has led to the stalemate Alford describes, and that we may retain the ‘plausibility’ question while avoiding the stalemate by placing the burden of argument on Feyerabend to show that his theory is plausible.
Charybdotoxin block of Shaker K+ channels suggests that different types of K+ channels share common structural features

Charybdotoxin (CTX), a 37 amino acid protein isolated from the venom of L. quinquestriatus, is a high-affinity blocker of various Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels. CTX also blocks Drosophila Shaker (Sh) clone H4 transient K+ currents expressed in Xenopus oocytes with similar affinity (Kd = 3.6 nM). CTX blocks both the open and the closed states of Sh channels with no apparent change in gating behavior. In addition, the block is enhanced as the ionic strength is lowered. These properties are identical to those of CTX block of Ca(+)-activated K+ channels, and these results suggest that the external pore openings of these two functionally dissimilar K+ channels may share common structural features.
Collaboration in nursing research-a multi-disciplinary approach

Abstract Research today is increasingly a very important segment of nursing and is one of the avenues for nurses in expanding their role. Nurses are now wanting to research more diverse problems and to observe clients in more than the traditional hospital systems. Gaining access to clients is not always an easy experience. In independent research, many nurses still have to rely on the physician or some other discipline for referral of clients especially in a specialty area such as psychiatry where the diagnosing of the client can be of particular importance and carry implications for the research process itself. Collaboration with other disciplines in research offers a practical solution to many of the resistances encountered in research. It offers access to patients who may otherwise be very difficult to encounter. It offers the opportunity to share and expand each other's ideas from the points of view of other disciplines. This prevents a focus from being too narrow and allows a broadening of viewpoint. Through collaborating with other disciplines, one can have a built-in consultation system. This has many advantages, the main one being access to information, such as diagnostic criteria and psychological testing. Collaboration allows others to be familiar with the expanded role of the nurse. Many nurses are researching concepts pertinent to a particular specialty area which may or may not be a measure of direct nursing action and its effect. To many disciplines, this is seen as an expanded role. Collaboration among faculties in a university system promotes collegial relationships and credibility that need not be limited to one's own faculty. It promotes the probability that nurse researchers will be recognized by other disciplines besides their own. This can be extremely important for nurse researchers who are not in independent practice but who are dependent on the systems available in which to conduct research.
t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving IGH and MALT1 is uncommon in cutaneous MALT lymphomas and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.

Background: t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving IGH and MALT1 has been demonstrated in cutaneous MALT lymphomas and in one case of primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, the incidence of IGH/MALT1 translocations in these forms of cutaneous lymphoma remains unclear. Methods: We performed paraffin section interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using MALT1 and IGH break-apart probes on 16 cutaneous MALT lymphomas and 16 primary cutaneous DLBCL in order to assess the frequency of IGH/MALT1 translocations and to screen for other potential translocations involving the IGH or MALT1 loci. Results: Translocations involving MALT1 were not detected in any of 16 cutaneous MALT lymphomas or 16 primary cutaneous DLBCL. Of the 12 MALT lymphomas that could be analyzed for an IGH translocation, all were negative. In contrast, four of the 13 cases (31%) of primary cutaneous DLBCL that could be analyzed for translocations involving IGH were positive. Subsequent FISH analysis demonstrated one of these to be an IGH/BCL2 translocation and one to be a CMYC/IGH translocation, while the translocation partners in the remaining two cases are currently unidentified. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that translocations involving MALT1, including IGH/MALT1, are uncommon in cutaneous MALT lymphomas and primary cutaneous DLBCL. Other translocations involving IGH also are not involved in the pathogenesis of at least most cutaneous MALT lymphomas. In contrast, primary cutaneous DLBCL may contain one of several IGH translocations in a minority of cases.
Lunar properties from transient and steady magnetic field measurements.

The electrical conductivity of the lunar interior has been determined from magnetic field step transients measured on the lunar dark side. The simplest model which best fits the data is a spherically symmetric three layer model having a nonconducting outer crust of radial thickness ≈ 0.03Rmoon; an intermediate layer of thicknessΔR≈0.37Rmoon, with electrical conductivityσ1 ≈ 3.5 × 10−4 mhos/m; and an inner core of radiusR2 ≈ 0.6R m with conductivityσ2 ≈ 10−2 mhos/m. Temperatures calculated from these conductivities in the three regions for an example of an olivine Moon are as follows: crust, < 440 K; intermediate layer, ≈ 890 K; and core, ≈ 1240 K. The whole-moon relative permeability has been calculated from the measurements to beμ/μ0 = 1.03 ± 0.13. Remanent magnetic fields at the landing sites are 38 ± 3γ at Apollo 12, 43 ± 6 and 103 ± 5γ at two Apollo 14 sites separated by 1.1 km, and 6 ± 4γ at the Apollo 15 site. Measurements show that the 38γ remanent field at the Apollo 12 site is compressed to 54γ by a solar wind pressure increase of 7 × 10−8 dynes/cm2.
Planning for Failure as De-biasing Strategy for Entrepreneur's Escalation of Commitment at Exit

What impacts the extent to which entrepreneurs persist in pursuing a failing course of action? Drawing on the literature in escalation of commitment, we shed light on the factors that affect entrep...
Neck retardation and enhanced energy absorption in metal–elastomer bilayers

Retardation of necking under biaxial stretching of bilayer plates comprised of an elastomer layer bonded to a metal layer is studied. Substantial increases in necking limits and consequent energy absorption can be achieved in metal–elastomer bilayers for both quasi-static and dynamic stretching. The phenomena is tied to the fact that under stretching the incremental modulus of the elastomer remains essentially unchanged, or increases, while the incremental modulus of the metal steadily decreases. The effective incremental modulus of the bilayer decreases with stretching but at a lower rate than the metal itself. Since necking instabilities are associated with an erosion of the incremental modulus, necking in the bilayer is delayed to larger strains. Although the strength of a bilayer having the same mass/area as an all-metal plate is reduced, it can nevertheless absorb more energy than the metal plate if the ratio of the elastomer modulus to metal yield stress is sufficiently large. The first part of the paper derives necking limits and energy absorption capacities for bilayers under quasi-static biaxial stretching. The second part of the paper analyses axisymmetric neck development in clamped circular bilayers subject to impulsive pressure loads. The ability of the bilayer to sustain intense impulses is compared to the performance of metal plates of the same material and total mass. Outstanding issues requiring further study are discussed.
The bias toward finding bias in television news

An experiment was conducted to determine whether self‐reported levels of reliance on television for news, or knowledge that a story was supplied by a non‐news entity influenced ratings of bias in the newscast. Results indicated that bias ratings were unaffected by level of media dependence or knowledge that a story was supplied. However, there was a significant difference in the bias ratings assigned depending on the type of story. An anchor voice‐over about Midwest flooding received the lowest bias rating, followed by a story about a new cancer‐fighting drug. Two stories packaged by reporters working for the local station received the highest bias ratings: a story about the “marriage penalty” in the tax code, and a report about a police raid on an adults‐only club. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Seeing around corners: How creativity skills in entrepreneurship education influence innovation in business

Abstract Entrepreneurship programs and courses provide the context and content to help students learn and apply skills and behaviors intended to create value in entrepreneurial firms. Creativity skills enable students to discover new ideas and opportunities that contribute to innovation. The present study investigates the impact of perceptions of creativity skills acquired by 137 students enrolled in a part-time MBA program, and who were full-time employed. The students completed an entrepreneurship course on creativity and innovation and utilized creativity tools and methods within a team context in the entrepreneurship classroom. Results showed that creativity skills acquired by students influenced their self-perceptions of creativity, that they transferred their creativity skills to their work teams, leading to a positive impact on perceptions of team support for innovation, and their team's and firm's actual innovative outcomes. Pedagogical approaches play an important role in students' creative thinking and behavior, and can effectively stimulate and strengthen students' ability to fully participate in their work teams, as well as their ability to generate new value for their organizations.
Reduction of Animal Use with Improved Procedure for Acute Tolerance Assessment

A retrospective evaluation of previously conducted acute tolerance tests in rats and mice, following oral and intravenous routes of administration, and a review of the literature indicated that a minimum of three animals per group was adequate to characterize acute tolerance. Limited exploratory testing, using six compounds for which classical LD50 tests had been performed previously, indicated that fewer numbers of rats gave comparable results. A method is proposed by which the acute tolerance of a compound may be adequately characterized in both sexes using approximately 30 animals instead of the 70 to 100 used in the classical LD50 test. The objective of the testing procedure is identification of the maximum nonlethal dose or the minimum lethal dose, rather than determination of the LD50.
Combining Laser Doppler Speckle Contrast Imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography for Quantitative Imaging of Cortical Blood Flow in Rat Brain

We quantify the relative flow mapping of laser Doppler speckle contrast imaging with frequency-domain optical coherence Doppler tomography by calibrating co-registered cerebral arteriolar/arterial blood flow changes such as induced by cocaine challenge.
Functional Performance Testing for Power and Return to Sports

Context:Functional performance testing of athletes can determine physical limitations that may affect sporting activities. Optimal functional performance testing simulates the athlete’s activity.Evidence Acquisition:A Medline search from 1960 to 2012 was implemented with the keywords functional testing, functional impairment testing, and functional performance testing in the English language. Each author also undertook independent searches of article references.Conclusion:Functional performance tests can bridge the gap between general physical tests and full, unrestricted athletic activity.
DGAT1 and PDAT1 Acyltransferases Have Overlapping Functions in Arabidopsis Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis and Are Essential for Normal Pollen and Seed Development

Triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis is a principal metabolic pathway in most organisms, and TAG is the major form of carbon storage in many plant seeds. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is the only acyltransferase enzyme that has been confirmed to contribute to TAG biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. However, dgat1 null mutants display only a 20 to 40% decrease in seed oil content. To determine whether other enzymes contribute to TAG synthesis, candidate genes were expressed in TAG-deficient yeast, candidate mutants were crossed with the dgat1-1 mutant, and target genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi). An in vivo role for phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (PDAT1; At5g13640) in TAG synthesis was revealed in this study. After failing to obtain double homozygous plants from crossing dgat1-1 and pdat1-2, further investigation showed that the dgat1-1 pdat1-2 double mutation resulted in sterile pollen that lacked visible oil bodies. RNAi silencing of PDAT1 in a dgat1-1 background or DGAT1 in pdat1-1 background resulted in 70 to 80% decreases in oil content per seed and in disruptions of embryo development. These results establish in vivo involvement of PDAT1 in TAG biosynthesis, rule out major contributions by other candidate enzymes, and indicate that PDAT1 and DGAT1 have overlapping functions that are essential for normal pollen and seed development of Arabidopsis.
Lymph-node dissection in breast cancer.

Background: Along with the ongoing modifications in treatment of primary breast cancer, the purpose and extent of lymph-node dissection has changed. The following is an overview of the current knowledge and practice of lymph-node dissection in breast cancer, with special regard to expected developments in the near future. Axillary dissection is described as a ten-step procedure, including dissection of level-I and -II and Rotter’s nodes, without level-III nodes, providing at least ten lymph nodes for accurate staging information. Discussion: Axillary dissection still offers the most efficient local control in node-positive patients, whereas, in primarily node-negative patients, irradiation seems to be equally effective. In general, lymph-node dissection does not alter overall survival but there is no doubt that surgical therapy still contributes to cure in early-breast-cancer patients and seems to be curative for certain patients with stage-I carcinoma. The lymph node status of the axilla is crucial for the indication of adjuvant therapy in early invasive breast cancer, but an increasing number of clinical node-negative patients could be managed with information based on features of the primary tumor, regardless of the nodal status. The most promising new concept for the selection of node-positive patients, while avoiding unnecessary morbidity of axillary dissection in early-breast-cancer patients, is the sentinel-node concept. The principle is based on the identification of the first ”sentinel” lymph node reached by lymphatic flow. Thus, only proven node-positive patients undergo axillary dissection. Local failure of internal mammary lymph nodes is rarely recognized; however, internal mammary lymph nodes seem to have an underestimated prognostic significance in about 10–20% of axillary node-negative patients. This may lead to the withholding of systemic therapy for patients with early breast cancer. Nevertheless, there is no indication for a routine parasternal dissection today. The sentinel-node concept may also support the selection of diagnostic internal lymph-node biopsy and subsequent adjuvant therapy in cases with no axillary lymph-node metastases but with internal lymph-node metastases.
Migrant careers and well-being of women.

This article deals with the psychosocial adjustment of Latin American female migrants in the US. The analysis focuses on how changes in employment marital status family structure and life-style affect subjective assessments of well-being. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods the role of these social factors was explored. The psycho-social well-being of migrant women was found to be worse than that of men. Never-married women were equally as demoralized as married women. The disruption of social networks entailed in migration from one country to another may have a greater impact on unmarried than married women. The results of this study are offered as a contribution to the formulation of policy for relocated populations and to the design and implementation of support programs for women in the US regardless of national origin.
Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents

Unintended pregnancy and associated behaviors may play a substantial role in the increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with teen pregnancy. We evaluate a multi-dimensional measure of pregnancy intention among pregnant adolescents and quantify the association between intention dimensions and adverse outcomes and risk behaviors. Pregnancy intention measures were examined in a cohort of 300 pregnant adolescent women. We considered 18 items assessing elements of pregnancy intention including pregnancy planning, timing, emotional response, and readiness. Latent class analysis was performed to identify dimensions of pregnancy intention. Parsimonious scores were created by minimizing the number of covariates while maintaining substantial agreement with the latent class. Associations between intention measures and prenatal care, risk behaviors, and pregnancy outcomes were quantified using multivariable logistic regression. Two constructs of pregnancy intention were identified: planning and emotional readiness. Compared with emotionally ready adolescents, adolescents categorized as not emotionally ready had an increased odds of inadequate prenatal care (OR = 2.70, 95% CI:1.27-5.72), delayed prenatal care (OR = 2.54, 95% CI:1.27-5.09), and self-reported depression at the time of the first prenatal visit (OR = 2.21, 95% CI:1.03-4.77). Pregnancy planning was not associated with adverse pregnancy risk factors or outcomes. Among pregnant adolescents, emotional readiness for pregnancy and parenting was inversely associated with known risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes, suggesting that emotional readiness rather than pregnancy planning may be the more pertinent intention construct for adolescents.
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon presenting with hypercalcemia

A rare adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon occurred in a 41-year-old patient. Its presentation with hypercalcemia, in the absence of osseous metastases, has not been described previously. The hypercalcemia in this case was due to the elaboration of a parathyroid hormone-like substance by the tumor. The general characteristics of primary adenosquamous and squamous cell carcinomas of the colon are presented. These tumors present with advanced disease, in younger patients, and follow a highly aggressive course, as compared with adenocarcinomas of the colon. The cause of the malignancies, in the light of current theories regarding their genesis, is discussed.
Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Women and Children: Evidence From 31 Countries

Objectives. We sought to describe the range of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women and children living with smokers around the world and generate locally relevant data to motivate the development of tobacco control policies and interventions in developing countries.Methods. In 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional exposure survey to measure air nicotine concentrations in households and hair nicotine concentrations among nonsmoking women and children in convenience samples of 40 households in 31 countries.Results. Median air nicotine concentration was 17 times higher in households with smokers (0.18 μg/m3) compared with households without smokers (0.01 μg/m3). Air nicotine and hair nicotine concentrations in women and children increased with the number of smokers in the household. The dose–response relationship was steeper among children. Air nicotine concentrations increased an estimated 12.9 times (95% confidence interval=9.4, 17.6) in households allowing smoking inside compared with those proh...
Northward interplanetary magnetic field plasma sheet entropies

[1] The plasma sheet pressure, temperature, and density profiles inferred from DMSP observations are used to investigate northward interplanetary magnetic field plasma sheet specific entropy s = p/ργ or p/nγ (for a single ion species). Profiles of s for hot and cold populations are considered. The hot ion population s profile suggests a duskward heat flux that is consistent with the curvature and gradient drift. In contrast, s of the cold population is approximately conserved in the X direction but has a strong gradient toward the midnight meridian. The total entropy (S = ∫p1/γ dl/B) and s under various entry mechanisms are estimated for comparisons with observed values. The cold population s is higher than that of the magnetosheath, suggesting the entry process may heat the ions. Cusp reconnection by itself may not increase the magnetosheath ion s, but cusp reconnection with kinetic Alfven waves (KAW) may provide the necessary heating. Localized reconnection in Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices may increase s if the plasma expands nonadiabatically into the large magnetospheric flux tube volume. KAWs may lead to diffusion and heating consistent with the observations. The cold population s increases by a factor of 5 from the flanks to the midnight meridian, which provides a constraint for transport mechanism(s) within the plasma sheet. A simple calculation is performed to demonstrate that the spatial gradients of s in the plasma sheet could result from the temporal dependence of transport processes in the magnetopause boundary layer.
Guest editorial: How technology is changing the design and delivery of services

At one time, the belief was that services—ranging from healthcare to retail, from banking to education—were the exclusive domain of local providers and were therefore impervious to foreign competition. Because they required direct interaction with customers, service providers needed to be located where their customers were (Bryson et al. 2004). This belief—along with many others associated with service activities requiring direct customer interactions—is no longer true because information technology has fundamentally changed the way many services are now designed and delivered (Karmarkar 2004). In this editorial, we introduce a framework for service managers that shows how advances in technology are continuing to change the way service providers and their customers interact; how both providers and customers access resources and unlock their capabilities in the cocreation of value. We also identify some major challenges confronting today’s service managers who are competing in a rapidly changing global knowledge economy. Their success in addressing these challenges requires increasingly sophisticated management techniques that continue to focus on creating value for both direct and indirect customerprovider interactions.