cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Surgery vs Fellowship: The Role of the Independent Academic Medical Center

Objectives To compare career choices of residency graduates from Independent Academic Medical Center (IAMC) and University Academic Medical Center (UAMC) programs and evaluate program directors' perceptions of residents' motivations for pursuing general surgery or fellowships. Design From May to August 2011, an electronic survey collected information on program characteristics, graduates' career pursuits, and career motivations. Fisher's exact tests were calculated to compare responses by program type. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent program characteristics associated with graduates pursuing general surgery. Setting Data were collected on graduates over 3 years (2009-2011). Participants Surgery residency program directors. Results Seventy-four program directors completed the survey; 42% represented IAMCs. IAMCs reported more graduates choosing general surgery. Over one-quarter of graduates pursued general surgery from 52% of IAMC vs 37% of UAMC programs (p = 0.243). Career choices varied significantly by region: over one-quarter of graduates pursue general surgery from 78% of Western, 60% of Midwestern, 40% of Southern, and 24% of Northeastern programs (p = 0.018). On multivariate analysis, IAMC programs were independently associated with more graduates choosing general surgery (p = 0.017), after adjustment for other program characteristics. Seventy-five percent of UAMC programs reported over three-fourths of graduates receive first choice fellowship, compared with only 52% of IAMC programs (p = 0.067). Fellowships were comparable among IAMC and UAMC programs, most commonly MIS/Bariatric (16%), Critical Care/Trauma (16%), and Vascular (14%). IAMC and UAMC program directors cite similar reasons for graduate career choices. Conclusions Most general surgery residents undergo fellowship training. Graduates from IAMC and UAMC programs pursue similar specialties, but UAMC programs report more first choice acceptance. IAMC programs may graduate proportionately more general surgeons. Further studies directly evaluating surgical residents' career choices are warranted to understand the influence of independent and university programs in shaping these choices and to develop strategies for reducing the general surgeon shortage.
A Multi-Theoretical, Evidence-Based Approach for Understanding and Managing Adolescent Resistance to Psychotherapy

Adolescents are often labeled as “resistant” to psychotherapy. Rather than blaming adolescent clients or psychotherapists, this article conceptualizes adolescent resistance as normal behavior emanating from a challenging situation. Based on a developmentally sensitive foundation and drawing from person-centered, motivational, solution-focused, choice theory, cognitive-behavioral, and multicultural perspectives, several practical and evidence-based strategies for managing, reducing, or eliminating resistance are provided. Case vignettes are used to illustrate specific strategies. Successful psychotherapy with adolescents requires flexibility and openness, integration of diverse theoretical perspectives with contemporary empirical knowledge, and an attitude of respect for adolescent autonomy.
Hyperlipemia and Atheromatosis in a Hibernator, Citellus columbianus

Ground squirrels occasionally show extreme hyperlipemia. Triglycerides predominate, but high levels of cholesterol and phospholipids also occur. Evidence is presented indicating that the hyperlipemia results from periods of dietary caloric excess. During hibernation the triglyceride levels are low. Atheromata were found in the aorta and endocardium in those animals with the highest cholesterol levels.
VCAST: Scalable Dissemination of Vehicular Information with Distance-Sensitive Precision

Real-time information about the state (location, speed, and direction) of other vehicles in the system is critical for both safety and navigation applications in future intelligent transportation systems. However, reliably obtaining this information over multiple hops in a capacity constrained, contention-prone wireless network poses a significant challenge. In this paper, we describe an algorithm VCAST that addresses this challenge by exploiting a notion of distance sensitivity in information propagation, in which information is forwarded at a rate that decreases linearly with distance from the source. By doing so, the required communication overhead per node can be significantly reduced, thereby reducing channel contention, allowing higher information supply rates, and scaling to larger network sizes. VCAST can be used to improve safety against collisions and to enable dynamic routing and navigation techniques by providing aggregate traffic information in an extended neighborhood. The performance of VCAST is validated using extensive ns-3 simulations under different network sizes and densities with an IEEE 802.11b transmission model and the advantages of VCAST in comparison to non-distance-sensitive approaches are highlighted.
OECD imports and trade barriers in 1983

Abstract This paper uses a monopolistic competition model and 1983 cross-country data on trade barriers, trade flows, and manufacturing production to estimate the import-reducing effects of trade barriers. Data on non-tariff barriers come from UNCTAD, and data on tariffs and estimated transport costs are also used. While there is great heterogeneity across industries, the general conclusion is that in 1983 tariffs and transport costs were a more substantial barrier to trade in manufactures between developed countries than were non-tariff barriers. Japan is found to have the highest barriers and the United States is found to have the lowest barriers.
Development of mixed-oak forests in southeastern Ohio: a comparison of second-growth and old-growth forests

Abstract Traditionally, studies of forest development have independently focused on the compositional and structural differences of second-growth and old-growth forests. However, few studies have attempted to use current old-growth forest ecosystems as a benchmark with which to compare the composition, structure, and dynamics of a surrounding matrix of sequentially aged second-growth forests. In order to examine the development of mixed-oak forests we compared the composition, structure, and stand dynamics of seventeen relatively undisturbed second-growth forests (70–149 years old) with four old-growth forests (at least 150 years old) on south-facing ecological landtypes (ELTs) in southeastern Ohio. All living and dead trees over 10.0 cm dbh and coarse woody debris over 10.0 cm mid-diameter were inventoried on 500-m 2 plots. Saplings and seedlings were sampled on nested 100-m 2 and 2-m 2 subplots, respectively. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to support the assumption that study sites had similar soils and physiography. Overstory species richness was greatest in the younger second-growth stands, and significantly differed among age classes. Five species of oaks ( Quercus spp.) dominated the overstories of all stands. However, white oak ( Quercus alba L.) canopy importance value (IV) ((relative dominance + relative density)/2) significantly differed among stands; it ranged from 35.5% in stands 70–89 years old to 86.1% in stands 130–149 years old, while it comprised 46.5% of the old-growth canopies. Pignut hickory ( Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet.) canopy IV tended to be less in the second-growth than in the old-growth stands. Whereas oaks dominated the overstories of the second-growth and old-growth stands, they were almost absent from the sapling layer of all stands (less than 5% of the total densities). The sapling layers of all age classes were comprised of shade-tolerant species. For example, American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) sapling relative density significantly differed between the 70–89 year old stands (6.3%) and the stands at least 150 years old (23.9%). Even though densities of oak saplings were low, the relative densities of oak seedlings were much greater, suggesting adequate oak advance regeneration. Few significant differences in stand structure (e.g. basal area, density, mean diameter, canopy closure) or standing and fallen coarse woody debris were detected between the second-growth and old-growth forests. Detrended correspondence analyses (DCA) appeared to represent a gradient of increasing white oak IV with age. Although indices of old-growth attributes have proven successful in discriminating between second-growth and old-growth ecosystems in other regions of North America, our results suggest that such an index would not work well in mixed-oak forests. Canopies dominated by a mixture of oaks, in conjunction with a majority of canopy individuals at least 150 years old, may be the best indicators of old-growth conditions on south-facing landtypes in southeastern Ohio.
The infrared spectrum of dichlorocyclopropenone

Abstract Dichloro cyclo propenone provides an opportunity to study a three-membered ring molecule with double bonds internal and external to the ring. It belongs to the symmetry group C 2 v , and possesses 12 fundamental vibrations (5 a 1 + 1 a 2 + 2 b 1 + 4 b 2 ). The infrared vapor, solution and solid phase spectra have been obtained and eight of the infrared active fundamentals are assigned.
Automatic Assignment of Computations in a Variable Structure Computer System

The problem of optimal assignment of subcomputations of a computational task to autonomous computing structures of a variable structure computing system is investigated. In particular, it is desired to determine which computing structures should be constructed from the hardware inventory of the variable structure computing system and which subcomputations should be executed on which computing structures, and in what sequence, so as to minimize the total cost of computation (cost of restructuring of the system and the cost of the actual execution time). A successive approximation assigmnent procedure is formulated. The procedure requires representation of the computational task by a directed graph and an estimate of the number of traversals of each computational loop, as well as the branching probabilities of each conditional branching operation. Computer programs for automatic execution of the assignment procedure have been written. A numerical experiment on a problem from the area of the x-ray diffraction analysis of crystal structures indicates that the procedure is computationally practical, and also demonstrates that execution of the problem in a variable structure system leads to a considerable gain over a system of three modern high-speed general purpose computers.
High-resolution 31p field cycling NMR as a probe of phospholipid dynamics.

We have used high-resolution field-cycling 31 P NMR spectroscopy to measure spin-lattice relaxation rates (R 1 = 1/T 1 ) of multicomponent phospholipid vesicle and micelle samples over a large field range, from 0.1 to 11.7 T. The shape of the curve for R 1 as a function of field and a model-free analysis were used to extract τ c , a correlation time for each type of phospholipid molecule in the bilayer that is likely to reflect rotation of the molecule about the axis perpendicular to the membrane surface; S c 2 , a chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) order parameter; and τ hf , a time constant reflecting faster internal motion. This 31 P technique was also used to monitor association of a peripheral membrane protein, Bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, with both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylmethanol bilayers. Differences in phospholipid dynamics induced by the protein shed light on how zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine, and not the anionic phosphatidylmethanol, activates the enzyme toward its substrate.
How much work can a quale do

Abstract It is argued that theoretical models cannot use qualia as explanatory tools, and cannot explain them either; thus, there is no way to make qualia do any useful work at all, at least in a theory. However, qualia do occur in both imagery and perception, and this article presents some ways of thinking about qualia from a functional perspective. Imagery differs from perception in its function. It is not a faded copy of perception. It is less distinct than perception because it is only as distinct as it needs to be, not because it is inherently indistinct. Qualia represent functionally relevant encodings whether in perception or imagery. The present approach is functionalist and quite similar to Pani's (1996).
The role of corporate synergy accomplishment in determining performance of diversification strategies

This study investigated the diversification–performance relationship for two five–year time periods. Although, there was no difference in the long–term performance of firms pursuing different strategies, improvements in long–term performance on both profitability and risk dimensions were possible for those firms that exploited unique advantages associated with their strategy. Portfolio synergy (risk education) was found to be a key determinant of total synergy (increase in profitability) for all diversification strategies. Direct synergies representing production and technical economies were associated with related constrained and related linked categories. Accomplishment of synergy is suggested as the moderating factor that influences the direction of the strategy–performance relationship. Implications for the practising manager are that diversification, irrespective of the type of diversification, can result in creating value for the diversifying firm. However, such value creation is determined by the level of exploitation of the unique advantages associated with each strategy, like various synergies.
Flow characteristics in horizontal fluidized solids transport

The flow characteristics of dense solid-gas mixtures transported through horizontal pipes were studied with glass beads and coal powders of various sizes (0.0028 to 0.0297 in.) in 1/2-, 3/4- and 1-in. glass pipes and a 1/4-in. steel pipe. Fluidized-bed feeders were utilized, thus permitting solid-gas ratios considerably higher (range 80 to 750) than those possible with conventional pneumatic transport. When such high solid-gas ratios are used, the flow of mixtures in transport lines is characterized by a large amount of slippage between gas and solids. The flow pattern is dicussed on the basis of visual observation through glass pipes. A simple and interesting velocity relationship was noted, namely that the average gas velocity is about twice as large as the average solid-particle velocity. The solid-particle velocities and solid loadings in the pipe line were found to be primary factors affecting pressure drops, and the particle sizes and shapes, on the other hand, exerted a very slight effect on the pressure drops. This is apparently due to the fact that the solids move predominantly in the bottom of the pipes as agglomerated masses rather than as individually suspended particles. A pressure-drop correlation for the dense solid-gas mixtures is proposed, and applications and limitations of the correlation are shown.
“Names Can Never Hurt Me?” The Effects of Surname Use on Perceptions of Married Women

Research has shown that a woman's selected title of address affects perceiver impressions of her (e.g., Dion, 1987). This study adds to our understanding of the effects of chosen identity labels on perceptions of women by examining impressions as a function of a married woman's surname use. A total of 222 female and male students at a private university read a brief description of a woman who, at the time of her marriage, decided to take her husband's name, keep her maiden name, or use a hyphenated name. Participants rated the stimulus person on 51 traits along 7-point rating scales. The woman who took her husband's name was perceived as less agentic and more communal than women who either kept their maiden name or hyphenated their name.
The Mathematics of Musical Instruments

1. INTRODUCTION The history of musical instruments goes back tens of thousands of years. Fragments of bone flutes and whistles have been found at Neanderthal sites. Recently, a 9,000-year-old flute found in China was shown to be the world’s oldest playable instrument (pictures and a recording of this flute are available at http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/flutes.html). These early instruments show that people have long been concerned with producing pitched sound—that is, sound containing predominantly a single frequency. Indeed, finger holes on the flutes indicate that these prehistoric musicians had some concept of a musical scale. The study of the mathematics of musical instruments dates back at least to the Pythagoreans, who discovered that certain combinations of pitches that they considered pleasing corresponded to simple ratios of frequencies such as 2:1 and 3:2. The problems of tuning, temperament, and acoustics have since occupied some the brightest minds in the natural sciences. Marin Marsenne’s treatise on tuning and acoustics Harmonie Universelle (1636) [19], H. v. Helmholtz’s On the Sensations of Tone (1870) [15], and Lord Rayleigh’s seminal The Theory of Sound (1877) [21 ]a re just three outstanding examples. Many pages have been written on this subject. We mean to present an overview and let the interested reader find more detailed discussions in the references, and on our web site www.sju.edu/∼rhall/newton. 2. THE WILLOW FLUTE In this section we consider the physical properties of a Norwegian folk flute called the seljefloyte, or willow flute. This instrument can be considered “primitive” in that it does not rely on finger holes to produce different pitches. Rather, by varying the strength with which he or she blows into the flute, the player selects from a series of pitches called harmonics, whose frequencies are integer multiples of the flute’s lowest tone, called the fundamental. The willow flute’s scale is approximately a major scale with a sharp fourth and flat sixth, and plus a flat seventh. The willow flute is a member of the recorder family, though it is held transversally. The flute is constructed from a hollow willow branch (or, more recently, a PVC pipe; see the quirky but informative web site http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/
Conservative full-potential calculations for axisymmetric, transonicflow

A conservative, finite-difference, full-potential relaxation code has been developed to solve transonic flow around axisymmetric or nonlifting, planar, two-dimensional bodies. The program utilizes the artificial compressibility method to provide an upwind bias in supersonic regions. Calculated examples include a wide variety of axisymmetric and planar two-dimensional shapes with various blunt, pointed and open ends in subsonic, transonic, and low supersonic free streams. Comparisons between conservative and nonconservative full-potential calculations show perfect agreement at convergence when the flow is entirely subsonic. Noticeable differences exist, however, between the conservative and nonconservative solutions for transonic flows with shocks.
Effect of Touch Screen Button Size and Spacing on Touch Characteristics of Users With and Without Disabilities

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of button size and spacing on touch characteristics (forces, impulses, and dwell times) during a digit entry touch screen task. A secondary objective was to investigate the effect of disability on touch characteristics.Background: Touch screens are common in public settings and workplaces. Although research has examined the effect of button size and spacing on performance, the effect on touch characteristics is unknown.Method: A total of 52 participants (n = 23, fine motor control disability; n = 14, gross motor control disability; n = 15, no disability) completed a digit entry task. Button sizes varied from 10 mm to 30 mm, and button spacing was 1 mm or 3 mm.Results: Touch characteristics were significantly affected by button size. The exerted peak forces increased 17% between the largest and the smallest buttons, whereas impulses decreased 28%. Compared with the fine motor and nondisabled groups, the gross motor group had greater impulses (9...
A Review of “Paul Ricoeur: The Promise and Risk of Politics”

Paul Ricoeur (1913–2004) was one of the most impressive and challenging philosophers of the twentieth century, both in the extent of his output and the range of questions he addressed. His work spa...
α-Tocopherol dietary supplement decreases titers of antibody against 5- hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HMdU)

This study evaluated the effects of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on oxidative DNA damage in a randomized double-blind Phase II chemoprevention trial. Oxidative DNA damage was measured by the level of auto-antibody (Ab) against 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (HMdU) in plasma. After the baseline screening, eligible subjects ( n = 31; plasma samples from 28 subjects were available for this study) were randomized to receive 15, 60, or 200 mg of α-tocopherol per day for 28 days. Biomarkers were measured twice at baseline—on day 1 (visit 1) and day 3 (visit 2)—and twice after intervention—on day 17 (visit 3) and day 31 (visit 4). At baseline, there was a highly significant inverse correlation between anti-HMdU Ab titer and plasma vitamin E level ( r = −0.53; P = 0.004; n = 28). Smoking did not affect baseline anti-HMdU Ab titer; however, anti-HMdU Ab titer levels at baseline were significantly lower in subjects with above-median (0.75 ounce/day) alcohol consumption ( P = 0.008). No significant change in anti-HMdU Ab level occurred at either visit 3 or visit 4 for subjects on the lowest dose, 15 mg α-tocopherol per day. Subjects receiving 60 mg of α-tocopherol per day had a significant decrease in anti-HMdU Ab level at visits 3 and 4 compared with baseline ( P = 0.049 and P = 0.02, respectively). However, subjects receiving the highest dose, 200 mg/day, had less consistent results: a significant decrease in anti-HMdU Ab level was seen at visit 4 ( P = 0.04) but not at visit 3. Our results demonstrate an inverse relationship between α-tocopherol and anti-HMdU Abs in plasma; oxidative DNA damage can be modulated by short-term dietary supplementation of α-tocopherol in some subjects.
Broad-Spectrum Therapeutic Suppression of Metastatic Melanoma through Nuclear Hormone Receptor Activation

Melanoma metastasis is a devastating outcome lacking an effective preventative therapeutic. We provide pharmacologic, molecular, and genetic evidence establishing the liver-X nuclear hormone receptor (LXR) as a therapeutic target in melanoma. Oral administration of multiple LXR agonists suppressed melanoma invasion, angiogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Molecular and genetic experiments revealed these effects to be mediated by LXRβ, which elicits these outcomes through transcriptional induction of tumoral and stromal apolipoprotein-E (ApoE). LXRβ agonism robustly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis across a diverse mutational spectrum of melanoma lines. LXRβ targeting significantly prolonged animal survival, suppressed the progression of established metastases, and inhibited brain metastatic colonization. Importantly, LXRβ activation displayed melanoma-suppressive cooperativity with the frontline regimens dacarbazine, B-Raf inhibition, and the anti-CTLA-4 antibody and robustly inhibited melanomas that had acquired resistance to B-Raf inhibition or dacarbazine. We present a promising therapeutic approach that uniquely acts by transcriptionally activating a metastasis suppressor gene.
DILoS: A dynamic integrated load manager and scheduler for continuous queries

In a Data Stream Management System (DSMS), continuous queries (CQs) registered by different applications inherently have different levels of importance (i.e., quality of service (QoS) and quality of data (QoD) requirements). Moreover, the shift to cloud services and the growing need for monitoring applications will inevitably lead to the establishment of data stream management cloud services. In such a multi-tenant environment, it is expected that the different applications/users will demand different QoS and QoD requirements for their CQs. In this work, we are proposing an approach that exploits the synergy between scheduling and load shedding to effectively handle different ranks of CQ classes, each associated with different QoS and QoD requirements. The proposed approach was implemented and evaluated within AQSIOS, our DSMS prototype.
Superplastic Deformation of an Al-Li-Cu-Zr Alloy under Uniaxial and Biaxial Tension

The superplasticity of an Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloy has been studied under uniaxial tension and biaxial bulging conditions using hydrostatic pressure. An optimum tensile elongation of 850% at a strain rate of 3×10−4 /sec was obtained at 758 K. The maximum true thickness strain was 1.22 for a biaxially deformed specimen under the same conditions. It was shown that strain rate dependent flow hardening was related to necking profile. It was observed that cavity growth during superplastic deformation depended on the type of loading. Under biaxial bulging conditions, the cavities grew by forming cavity fissure networks along the grain boundaries. It was found that, by the superimposition of hydrostatic pressure, cavitation was retarded and the superplastic ductility was increased in both tensile and biaxial deformation.
Evaluation of corn distillers grains and ruminally protected lysine and methionine for lactating dairy cows

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows averaging 57 d (36 to 77 d) postpartum at the start of the experiment were utilized in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. Dietary protein supplements were 1) soybean meal, 2) soybean meal plus ruminally protected Lys and Met, 3) corn distillers grains, and 4) corn distillers grains plus ruminally protected Lys and Met. Dry matter intakes were lower for cows fed diets containing soybean meal than for cows fed diets containing corn distillers grains. Milk yield increased with the corn distillers grains (34.3, 34.0, 35.3, and 36.7 kg/d for cows fed diets 1 through 4, respectively), especially when supplemented with ruminally protected Lys and Met. Milk protein yield and percentage were increased by amino acid supplementation. Milk fat yield and percentage were unaffected by diet. The only milk protein fraction affected was nonprotein N, which was lower in the milk of cows fed corn distillers grains. Lysine, Met, and Phe were indicated as the most limiting amino acids for all diets when using amino acid extraction efficiency and transfer efficiency to indicate limiting amino acids. When corn distillers grains were supplemented with ruminally protected Lys and Met, milk yield and milk protein yield and percentage increased because the diet containing corn distillers grains was probably deficient in Lys.
Active-Learning Exercises for Consumer Behavior Courses

This article presents 13 active-learning exercises that can be used to improve lectures and enhance student learning in consumer behavior courses. These exercises involve students in brief activities (e.g., analysis of persuasion techniques in advertising) and discussions. Students in a recent course indicated that these exercises were enjoyable and educational.
Young children's uptake of new words in conversation

When offered unfamiliar words, do children attend to them? Examination of 701 offers of new words drawn from the longitudinal records of five children provides extensive evidence of attention to the new words: Children repeated the new word in the next turn 54% of the time; they acknowledged it in the next turn with markers like yeah or uh-huh 9% of the time, or made a relevant move-on by alluding to some aspect of its referent, again in the next turn, 38% of the time. By comparison, the repeat-rate in new-to-given shifts in conversation is significantly lower. The present data provide strong evidence for some immediate uptake. When children register that new words are new, they can assign them some preliminary meaning and begin to use them right away from as young as age two.This research was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation (SBR97-31781), the Spencer Foundation (199900133), and the Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University. I am indebted to Andrew D-W. Wong for help with the data analysis, to Karin Kastens for locating elusive articles, and to Bruno Estigarribia, Barbara F. Kelly, David A. McKercher, and Edy Veneziano for discussion and comment.
Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security from World War II to the War on Terrorism. By Julian E. Zelizer. New York: Basic Books, 2010. 583 pp.

Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security from World War II to the War on Terrorism. By Julian E. Zelizer. New York: Basic Books, 2010. 583 pp. Taking its title from Franklin Roosevelt's December 1940 radio address to the American people, Julian Zelizer's book explores the growth of the national security state and its impact upon domestic politics. Americans have struggled to balance their desire for a powerful and globally influential state with their equally fervent desire to protect the principles of small-town democratic, transparent self-government. As Zelizer puts it in the introduction, "the arsenal and the democracy posed threats to each other" (p. 2), and it is his hypothesis that American politics and foreign policy must be understood as the interaction and rivalry between these contending forces. If this sounds familiar, it is probably because these assertions typically form the guiding themes of most undergraduate surveys in twentieth-century U.S. political and diplomatic history. Zelizer's account is brisk, fresh and fast-paced, based upon authoritative knowledge and wide reading. Yet it also covers well-trod ground in a conventional manner and like many survey lecturers, Zelizer is more interested in getting the large narrative nailed down than he is in penetrating deeply into the details. Nonetheless, this is an excellent survey text that is made up of pithy summaries of the battles that postwar presidents faced as they sought to balance security against democracy. Zelizer's chief architect of the postwar national security state is Franklin Roosevelt, whose administration steered the nation through World War II and also sought to institutionalize many of the basic structures that were required to sustain American global power even after the war. Zelizer posits Roosevelt as the architect of "liberal internationalism" (p. 52), a conception of a nation that could balance progressive policy reform with the need for a stronger and permanent national security state. Zelizer takes us on a predictable but enjoyable ride through the Truman years, reminding us how intense the domestic battles over defense, foreign aid, and the Soviet threat were. And he hammers home the point that for all the partisanship of the era, public officials agreed that the demands of a global Cold War required a huge new security apparatus including the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Council, and an expanded Defense Department. Zelizer gives a perceptive treatment of the politics of national security in the 1950s: passionately anti-Communist, the Right of the Republican Party had to swallow its aversion to large government programs and large budgets in order to wage the Cold War. …
Swallowing Physiology of Toddlers with Long-Term Tracheostomies: A Preliminary Study

This study investigated the swallowing physiology of toddler-aged patients with long-term tracheostomies. Structural movements and motility of the pharyngeal stage of swallowing were studied in four toddlers ranging in age from 1:2 (years:months) to 2:9 with long-term tracheostomies. A patient aged 1:2 years with no tracheostomy served as a toddler model for comparison. Videofluoroscopic recordings of the patients' liquid and puree bolus swallows were analyzed for a) onset times for pharyngeal stage events, laryngeal vestibule closure, and tracheostomy tube movement; b) timeliness of swallow response initiation; and c) pharyngeal transport function. Results found differences in timing of pharyngeal stage movements between the tracheostomized patients and the patient with no tracheostomy. Laryngeal vestibule closure occurred before or within the same 0.033-s video frame as onset of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening in the patient with no tracheostomy, but occurred 0.033–.099 s after onset of UES opening in the tracheostomized patients. The time line required to close the laryngeal vestibule once the arytenoids began their anterior movement was longer in the tracheostomized patients than in the patient with no tracheostomy and was associated with laryngeal penetration. The patient with no tracheostomy displayed superior excursion of the arytenoid and epiglottis during the swallowing; the tracheostomized patients did not. No association was found between onset of tracheostomy tube movement and laryngeal vestibule closure. Delayed swallow response initiation was observed across tracheostomized patients at a mean frequency of 45% with associated penetration. Pharyngeal dysmotility was not observed. Findings supported the concept that long-term tracheostomy in toddler-aged patients affects swallowing physiology.
X-ray crystal structures of a severely desiccated protein

Unlike most protein crystals, form IX of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A diffracts well when severely dehydrated. Crystal structures have been solved after 2.5 and 4 days of desiccation with CaSO4, at 1.9 and 2.0 A resolution, respectively. The two desiccated structures are very similar. An RMS displacement of 1.6 A is observed for main-chain atoms in each structure when compared to the hydrated crystal structure with some large rearrangements observed in loop regions. The structural changes are the result of intermolecular contacts formed by strong electrostatic interactions in the absence of a high dielectric medium. The electron density is very diffuse for some surface loops, consistent with a very disordered structure. This disorder is related to the conformational changes. These results help explain conformational changes during the lyophilization of protein and the associated phenomena of denaturation and molecular memory.
Measurement of friction on straight catheters in in vitro brain and phantom material

As part of their studies on the magnetic stereotaxis system (MSS), a means of delivering therapies to the bulk brain, the authors have measured the frictional forces on a thin, straight tube used to simulate a catheter. Experiments were done with a spring-loaded, stainless steel tube of 1.9-mm diameter which was passed through 5.5 cm of gelatin phantom or, alternatively, through in vitro calf brain. The dynamic response of the tube to sudden displacement of the outer end of the spring yields estimates of the tube's friction per unit length. Twenty-three runs in the two media were analyzed for the static and dynamic frictional forces exhibited. In these series the static frictional forces were found to be (0.0132/spl plusmn/0.0012) N cm/sup -1/ [(1.32/spl plusmn/0.12) g cm/sup -1/] of length in the gelatin phantom and (0.0079/spl plusmn/0.0008) N cm/sup -1/ [(0.79/spl plusmn/0.08) g cm/sup -1/] of length in brain. The kinetic friction coefficient, b, was found to be (8.4/spl plusmn/2.1) N s m/sup -1//cm length of catheter in brain and (16.3/spl plusmn/7.6) N s m/sup -1//cm length of catheter in the phantom material. Based on these figures, the MSS will be capable of moving straight catheters of similar friction that are 20-cm long at rates of displacement of 0.02 to 0.05 cm s/sup -1/ in the white and grey matter of the brain. Future studies will evaluate the forces arising from curved paths. Unanswered questions remain as to the mechanical difference between in vivo and in vitro brain, between animal and human brain, and the involvement of sulci in practical paths of motion.
1989 Sullivan Award: Walter Sullivan honored with AGU's New Award for Excellence in Science Journalism

Thank you, Mr. President, for the opportunity to be here at the AGU Spring Meeting to present this award. Walter Seager Sullivan, Jr., is listed in Current Biography as “born 1918, journalist.” This is like listing Arnold Palmer as a “golfer;” it is true, but it misses the point.
An Interview with Carla Shatz - Harvard's First Female Neurobiology Chair.

Dr. Carla Shatz is Department Chair and Nathan Marsh Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School. She has received numerous awards, is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and is a past-president of the Society for Neuroscience. neuro.med.harvard.edu/site/faculty/shatz.html
Numerical computation of parameters of multipath fading channel in the atmospheric duct

By using Snell's law,numerical methods are presented to determine the amplitudes and time delays of the multipath propagation in the spherical layered atmosphere,and a model of multipath propagation in the atmospheric duct is developed to analyze the effect of the parameters,such as refractive index gradient,transmitter height,receiver height and ground range,on the multipath propagation.Numerical results show that the relative delays and amplitudes of multipath channel are strongly influenced by the atmospheric duct.The multipath propagation incurs the periodical frequency selective fading that the fading period and depth are inversely proportional to the strength of the duct.
Microstructure and mechanics property of ZL201 alloy obtained by semi-solid forming

The microstructures and properties of solution agied ZL201 alloy prepared by nearliquidus semi-countinuous casting followed by thixoforging by means of electron microscope and electron pull machine were investigated. The results show that the fine and uniform equiaxed grains structure can be obtained. The optimal crafts parameters of semi-solid die-forging for ZL201 are: slurry temperature 640℃, die temperature 250～300℃, holding time in die 10～15 s. Measurements yield following mechanical properties after T5 treatment:ρb=278 MPa,δq5=9%. The strengthening phase is CuAl2 and TiAl3. It is because quickly forming speed, highly pore content and low structure density that the intensity of the die-casting is lower than that of the forging.
Abstract P3-05-09: Exploring bazedoxifene and palbociclib as potential therapeutic strategies for overcoming ESR1-mediated endocrine resistance

INTRODUCTION Despite effective endocrine treatments, endocrine resistance remains a major clinical challenge. We and other groups have recently detected ligand-binding domain ESR1 mutations in metastatic estrogen receptor positive ( ER+) breast cancers. Our preclinical studies showed that these mutations confer constitutive activity and relative resistance to tamoxifen and fulvestrant. In this study we sought to investigate therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance rendered by the ESR1 mutations. Since our previous studies showed relative resistance to tamoxifen or fulvestrant, we hypothesized that bazedoxifene, a high affinity third generation SERM/SERD could overcome resistance driven by the ER mutant resistance. Additionally, we hypothesized that inhibiting cyclin D1, a key ER transcriptional target gene and cell cycle regulator, is a second potential therapeutic strategy to circumvent resistance rendered by mutant ER. Therefore in this study we tested the effects of bazedoxifene, palbciclib and their combination on cell proliferation in the presence and absence of the ESR1 mutations. METHODS For this study we established doxycycline inducible MCF7 cell lines expressing the ER-LBD mutations (Y537S, Y537N and D538G) and WT-ER as control. Cell proliferation response to bazedoxifene, tamoxifen, fulvestrant, palbociclib and the bazedoxifene-palbociclib combination was evaluated. RESULTS Cells harboring mutant ER were relatively resistant to tamoxifen and fulvestrant, as expected, and remained sensitive to single agent bazedoxifene and palbociclib. The combination of bazedoxifene and palbociclib was found to be superior to the single agents and exhibits synergistic activity. CONCLUSION The combination of bazedoxifene and palbociclib inhibits mutant ER cell growth and other cell models of endocrine resistance and is a potential therapeutic combination. Citation Format: Nguyen M, Buchwalter G, Luo F, Garraway L, Brown M, Jeselsohn R. Exploring bazedoxifene and palbociclib as potential therapeutic strategies for overcoming ESR1-mediated endocrine resistance. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-05-09.
Unilateral Nonvisualization on Excretory Urography after External Trauma

AbstractUnilateral nonvisualization on excretory urography after external trauma indicates serious consequences for the kidney, since traumatic main renal artery occlusion has been the most common cause of this finding. We evaluated 53 patients with unilateral nonvisualization on excretory urography following blunt (47) and penetrating (6) trauma. All but 1 patient had multiple injuries from severe external trauma. The renal injury causing the nonvisualization was contusion in 8 patients, laceration in 12, rupture in 12 and renal pedicle in 21. Further investigations required to diagnose the type of renal injury consisted of repeat excretory urography in 2 patients, renal arteriography in 14, renal exploration in 36 and autopsy in 1. Early diagnosis was mandatory if the kidney was to be salvaged by surgical repair of the main artery occlusion or if the appropriate management was to be used for the lesser degrees of renal injury, such as rupture, laceration and contusion.
The role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in Rift Valley fever virus infection

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease that can cause severe illness in humans and livestock, triggering spontaneous abortion in almost 100% of pregnant ruminants. In this study, we demonstrate that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is phosphorylated on its conserved tyrosine residue (Y705) following RVFV infection. This phosphorylation was dependent on a major virulence factor, the viral nonstructural protein NSs. Loss of STAT3 had little effect on viral replication, but rather resulted in cells being more susceptible to RVFV-induced cell death. Phosphorylated STAT3 translocated to the nucleus, coinciding with inhibition of fos, jun, and nr4a2 gene expression, and the presence of STAT3 and NSs at the nr4a2 promoter. NSs was found predominantly in the cytoplasm of STAT3 null cells, indicating that STAT3 influences NSs nuclear localization. Collectively, these data demonstrate that STAT3 functions in a pro-survival capacity through modulation of NSs localization.
Mechanism of TRIM25 Catalytic Activation in the Antiviral RIG-I Pathway

Antiviral response pathways induce interferon by higher-order assembly of signaling complexes called signalosomes. Assembly of the RIG-I signalosome is regulated by K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, which are synthesized by the E3 ubiquitin ligase, TRIM25. We have previously shown that the TRIM25 coiled-coil domain is a stable, antiparallel dimer that positions two catalytic RING domains on opposite ends of an elongated rod. We now show that the RING domain is a separate self-association motif that engages ubiquitin-conjugated E2 enzymes as a dimer. RING dimerization is required for catalysis, TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination, interferon induction, and antiviral activity. We also provide evidence that RING dimerization and E3 ligase activity are promoted by binding of the TRIM25 SPRY domain to the RIG-I effector domain. These results indicate that TRIM25 actively participates in higher-order assembly of the RIG-I signalosome and helps to fine-tune the efficiency of the RIG-I-mediated antiviral response.
Organellar genome analysis of the marine red alga Dasya binghamiae (Dasyaceae, Rhodophyta) reveals an uncharacteristic florideophyte mitogenome structure.

Analysis of the marine red algal species Dasya binghamiae A.J.K. Millar using paired-end 36 bp Illumina sequences resulted in the assembly of its complete mitochondrial and plastid genomes. The mitogenome is 26,052 bp in length and contains 46 genes, and the plastome is 177,213 bp with 228 genes. The plastid genome shows high gene synteny with previously published Florideophyceae; however, the mitogenome contains several multigene rearrangements. These organellar data confirm the placement of D. binghamiae in Dasya C. Agardh.
Tracey Jane and Lockerbie

This article, and the accompanying poem, express the author's encounter with grief from the death of a complete stranger, Tracey Jane, who died in Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. The author re...
Nestmate Recognition Assays As a Tool for Population and Ecological Studies in Eusocial Insects: A Review

Nestmate recognition bioassays are useful in detecting the dispersion of eusocial insect colonies. They also allow investigators to draw inferences concerning the degree of genetic similarity among nestmates and between worker eusocial insects from neighboring colonies. The objectives of this review are to: 1) establish the reliability of nestmate recognition bioassays, as used in ecological studies, 2) provide guidance for investigators who wish to design nestmate recognition bioassays, and 3) suggest future applications of nestmate recognition bioassays in ecological studies of eusocial insects. While investigators have utilized nestmate recognition bioassays in some ecological studies, these assays still have great potential for giving additional insights to our understanding of colony dispersion and of competitive interactions among eusocial insect colonies.
ENO and WENO Schemes

Abstract The weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) schemes, based on the successful essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) schemes with additional advantages, are a popular class of high-order accurate numerical methods for hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) and other convection-dominated problems. The main advantage of such schemes is their capability to achieve arbitrarily high-order formal accuracy in smooth regions while maintaining stable, nonoscillatory and sharp discontinuity transitions. The schemes are thus especially suitable for problems containing both strong discontinuities and complex smooth solution structures. In this chapter, we review the basic formulation of ENO and WENO schemes, outline the main ideas in constructing the schemes and discuss several of recent developments in using the schemes to solve hyperbolic type PDE problems.
Fischer Indole Synthesis in the Gas Phase, the Solution Phase, and at the Electrospray Droplet Interface.

Previous reports have shown that reactions occurring in the microdroplets formed during electrospray ionization can, under the right conditions, exhibit significantly greater rates than the corresponding bulk solution-phase reactions. The observed acceleration under electrospray ionization could result from a solution-phase, a gas-phase, or an interfacial reaction. This study shows that a gas-phase ion/molecule (or ion/ion) reaction is not responsible for the observed rate enhancement in the particular case of the Fischer indole synthesis. The results show that the accelerated reaction proceeds in the microdroplets, and evidence is provided that an interfacial process is involved.