cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The interactive effects of product and brand portfolio strategies on brand performance: Longitudinal evidence from the U.S. automotive industry

Abstract Product and brand portfolio extensions are effective marketing strategies to meet customer needs and to create a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Nevertheless, product and brand portfolios can get out of control easily leading to a loss of market focus and market share. This study examines how product portfolio and branding decisions affect brand performance (unit sales and market share). Prior research in marketing has investigated the effects of product portfolio and branding strategies on firm performance in isolation. However, these decisions are rarely isolated events. Usually, for multi-product and multi-brand companies, product portfolio decisions are determined in conjunction with branding decisions. Using a dynamic panel generalized method of moments estimation on a comprehensive dataset from the U.S. automotive industry between 2007 and 2013, this study examines the extent to which product and brand portfolio characteristics interact to affect brand performance. Findings reveal that while brand portfolio scope augments the positive effects of portfolio depth and innovativeness on brand performance, it attenuates the positive effects of product portfolio breadth on brand performance. Also, brand positioning in auto industry enhances brand performance only when considered jointly with product portfolio breadth, depth, and innovativeness. Finally, the present study discovers critical managerial trade-offs between product and brand portfolio decisions, as product and brand portfolio decisions are intertwined and a careful examination of the existing product and brand portfolio characteristics seem to be warranted to maximize brand performance.
Preferential DNA Polymerase β Reverse Reaction with Imidodiphosphate.

DNA replication and repair reactions involve the addition of a deoxynucleoside monophosphate onto a growing DNA strand with the loss of pyrophosphate. This chemical reaction is also reversible; the...
Review of Ion Exchange Technologies for Cesium Removal from Caustic Tank Waste

This article reviews the historical uses of and current research into ion exchange for the removal of cesium from defense-related nuclear waste streams. Emphasis is placed on key attributes of the ...
Rawls's political postmodernism

John Rawls has recently shifted to a "freestanding" or "political" liberalism from his earlier "comprehensive" and "moral" liberalism. I argue that this move is based on several key features that make Rawlsian liberal pluralism indelibly postmodern. Two of the more obvious features are the denial of foundationalism and the rejection of a truth status for public-sphere justifications of the basic political structure. In conclusion, I suggest that a late-modern postliberalism is a viable alternative.
Differences in preferred fat level, sweetener type, and amount of added sugar in chocolate milk in a choice task relate to physical activity and orthorexia.

Fluid dairy milk consumption has decreased over the last 4 decades, and this drop has accelerated with the introduction of many competing beverage alternatives, such as plant-based milks and bottled water. Conversely, flavored milk sales remain strong, but many adults avoid flavored milk because of concerns about added sugar and calories and/or excessive sweetness. Here we used two discrete choice experiments to assess interest for a dark chocolate milk drink in adults, and explored whether there might be a consumer segment who prefers a more bitter, lower sugar chocolate milk. Adults were recruited from the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States for two conjoint analysis studies. In a general population cohort (n = 735), type of sweetener was the most important attribute (24%), followed by milk fat (19%), grams of added sugar (16%), front of pack messaging (15%), package type (12%), carton size (8%), and protein content (6%). Attribute importance was relatively consistent in a second study with a younger, more physically active cohort (n = 1017). Product choices in the active cohort were related to orthorexia and physically activity scores, indicating revealed preferences in a choice task are reflective of personal lifestyle and eating behavior. In both cohorts, three consistent consumer segments were identified and characterized: the calorie conscious, the average consumer, and the natural eaters. These data can help uncover lifestyle differences between adult consumers that impact their food product choices.
Neuroborreliosis Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi: Possible Role of Glial Cells

The central nervous system has traditionally been considered as an immune-privileged site, largely due to a lack of lymphatic draining and low levels of immune surveillance (Carson et al. 2006). It is therefore tempting to speculate that spirochetes have evolved to home to, among other organs, the central nervous system (CNS), as a strategy for immune evasion. While it is possible that the adaptive immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi may be slower and less effective in the CNS than it is in the periphery, an area of research that remains largely to be studied, this spirochete elicits a powerful innate, pro-inflammatory response in nervous system glial cells. How this response may contribute to Lyme neuroborreliosis pathogenesis is the subject of this chapter.
Thrombin-inhibiting perfluorocarbon nanoparticles provide a novel strategy for the treatment and magnetic resonance imaging of acute thrombosis.

Summary. Background: As a regulator of the penultimate step in the coagulation cascade, thrombin represents a principal target of direct and specific anticoagulants. Objective: A potent thrombin inhibitor complexed with a colloidal nanoparticle was devised as a first-in-class anticoagulant with prolonged and highly localized therapeutic impact conferred by its multivalent thrombin-absorbing particle surface. Methods: PPACK (Phe[D]-Pro-Arg-Chloromethylketone) was secured covalently to the surface of perfluorocarbon-core nanoparticle structures. PPACK and PPACK nanoparticle inhibition of thrombin were assessed in vitro via thrombin activity against a chromogenic substrate. In vivo antithrombotic activity of PPACK, heparin, non-functionalized nanoparticles and PPACK nanoparticles was assessed through intravenous (i.v.) administration prior to acute photochemical injury of the common carotid artery. Perfluorocarbon particle retention in extracted carotid arteries from injured mice was assessed via 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) at 11.7 T. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) measurements determined the systemic effects of the PPACK nanoparticles at various times after injection. Results: An optical assay verified that PPACK nanoparticles exceeded PPACK’s intrinsic activity against thrombin. Application of an in vivo acute arterial thrombosis model demonstrated that PPACK nanoparticles outperformed both heparin (P = 0.001) and uncomplexed PPACK (P = 0.0006) in inhibiting thrombosis. 19F MRS confirmed that PPACK nanoparticles specifically bound to sites of acute thrombotic injury. APTT normalized within 20 min of PPACK nanoparticles injection. Conclusions: PPACK nanoparticles present thrombin-inhibiting surfaces at sites of acutely forming thrombi that continue to manifest local clot inhibition even as systemic effects rapidly diminish and thus represent a new platform for localized control of acute thrombosis.
Journey to Textbook Affordability: An Investigation of Students' Use of eTextbooks at Multiple Campuses.

eTextbooks have steadily and recently more rapidly penetrated the textbook market. In order to effectively support students’ learning, it is important to comprehend students’ experiences using eTextbooks. This survey study was designed to gain an understanding of students’ experiences in using eTextbooks and variables that impact their experiences, perceptions, and attitudes towards eTextbooks. In a total of 33 courses, faculty members at five state university campuses in California participated in the eTextbook pilot project during the fall of 2010. Six hundred and sixty-two student questionnaires were returned from those courses. Key findings include: 1) More than one-third of the students were satisfied with the eTextbook; 2) more than half of the students felt that the eTextbook was easy-to-use; 3) older students (22 or older) tended to have more positive experiences with the eTextbook than younger students; and 4) students most liked the eTextbook’s cost, accessibility, light weight, and keyword search features. This study implies that the eTextbook must be a high-quality, easy-to-use resource to serve as a viable textbook option for student learning.
Model Uncertainty in Ecological Criminology: An Application of Bayesian Model Averaging With Rural Crime Data

In this study we explore the use of Bayesian model averaging (BMA) to address model uncertainty in identifying the determinants of Midwestern rural crime rates using county level data averaged over 2006-07-08. The empirical criminology literature suffers from serious model uncertainty: theory states that everything matters and there are multiple ways to measure key variables.By using the BMA approach we identify variables that appear to most consistently influence rural crime patterns. We find that there are several variables that rise to the top in explaining different types of crime as well as numerous variables that influence only certain types of crime.
Chapter 2 - Isolated Monatomic Hydrogen in Silicon

This chapter reviews several studies to understand the isolated monatomic hydrogen in silicon. Hydrogen is an amphoteric impurity that behaves both as a donor and as an acceptor with two levels in the bandgap, and the electron occupancy determines the charge state. The charge state, in turn, determines the most favorable location of hydrogen in the lattice. Both theory and experiment have contributed to the quantitative determination of these energy levels. The stability of each charge state depends on the Fermi level in the material, which is determined by doping. To acquire a positive charge state, hydrogen needs to shed an electron. This electron is placed in the reservoir for electrons, which has an energy determined by the Fermi level. The proton diffuses easily through the lattice, moving from bond center to bond center, with a migration barrier of less than 0.5 eV. The characteristics of isolated interstitial hydrogen allow the prediction of the interaction between hydrogen and shallow dopants.
Calcium accelerates endocytosis of vSNAREs at hippocampal synapses

A pH-sensitive form of green-fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the lumenal domain of VAMP (synapto-pHluorin) provides a sensitive optical probe to track the net balance between exocytosis and endocytosis of this protein at small synaptic terminals of the central nervous system. Here we used a reversible proton-pump blocker that prevents vesicle re-acidification upon endocytosis to trap vesicles in the alkaline state during recycling. In combination with optical measurements of synapto-pHluorin, we used alkaline trapping to examine the kinetic components of exocytosis and endocytosis separately at synaptic terminals. Using this approach, we show that, in addition to controlling exocytosis, intracellular calcium levels tightly regulate the speed of endocytosis, increasing it to a maximal speed of approximately one vesicle per second.
Pathology of NF2-Associated Meningiomas

Neurofibromatosis II (NF2) is an inherited tumor syndrome which predisposes patients to schwannomas, ependymal tumors, and meningiomas. Schwannomas and meningiomas tend to be multiple in patients with NF2, while sporadic tumors tend to be solitary. Prior studies have suggested that, compared to sporadic tumors, NF2-associated meningiomas may have a higher frequency of atypical morphologic features, including higher proliferative activity and prominent nuclear atypia. In this study, we examined 16 meningiomas from nine NF2 patients and compared them with 18 sporadic meningiomas from 18 age-matched patients. Tumors were categorized according to established 2007 WHO criteria for classification of brain tumors and were examined for various histologic parameters including atypical features, “neural” appearance, and intratumoral inflammatory infiltrates. Tissue microarrays were constructed, and immunohistochemical stains for neurofibromin, merlin, IMP-3, progesterone receptor (PR), S-100 protein, and Ki-67 were performed. A standard t-test was used to analyze continuous data. Chi-square tests were utilized to compare categorical morphologic and immunohistochemical parameters. Each stain was scored for extent of immunohistochemical expression (percentage of cells staining) and staining intensity, except for Ki-67, which was reported in percentages only. There were no statistically significant differences in age or gender, indicating appropriate matching of NF2 and sporadic meningiomas. Meningiomas from NF2 patients were more likely to have a “neural” or “onion-bulbing” appearance (p<0.01), had significantly greater merlin expression (p=0.04), and showed significantly higher neurofibromin staining intensity (p< 0.01). There were no significant differences between NF2 and sporadic meningiomas with regard to histologic grade (11 were WHO grade I and 5 were grade II) or other morphologic parameters, expression pattern for PR and IMP3, or Ki-67 proliferative index. Parameters which may aid in distinguishing NF2-associated meningiomas from sporadic ones include immunohistochemical staining for merlin and neurofibromin as well as “onion-bulbing” morphology.
SU-E-T-545: MLC Distance Travelled as a Predictor for Motor Failure

Purpose: To study the frequency of Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) leaf failures, investigate methods to predict them and reduce linac downtime. Methods: A Varian HD120 MLC was used in our study. The hyperterminal MLC errors logged from 06/2012 to 12/2014 were collected. Along with the hyperterminal errors, the MLC motor changes and all other MLC interventions by the linear accelerator engineer were recorded. The MLC dynalog files were also recorded on a daily basis for each treatment and during linac QA. The dynalog files were analyzed to calculate root mean square errors (RMS) and cumulative MLC travel distance per motor. An in-house MatLab code was used to analyze all dynalog files, record RMS errors and calculate the distance each MLC traveled per day. Results: A total of 269 interventions were recorded over a period of 18 months. Of these, 146 included MLC motor leaf change, 39 T-nut replacements, and 84 MLC cleaning sessions. Leaves close to the middle of each side required the most maintenance. In the A bank, leaves A27 to A40 recorded 73% of all interventions, while the same leaves in the B bank counted for 52% of the interventions. On average, leaves in the middle of the bankmore » had their motors changed approximately every 1500m of travel. Finally, it was found that the number of RMS errors increased prior to an MLC motor change. Conclusion: An MLC dynalog file analysis software was developed that can be used to log daily MLC usage. Our eighteen-month data analysis showed that there is a correlation between the distance an MLC travels, the RMS and the life of the MLC motor. We plan to use this tool to predict MLC motor failures and with proper and timely intervention, reduce the downtime of the linac during clinical hours.« less
Multiple discontinuities of the moment of inertia at high spin

What happens to a nucleus at high spins is one of the major f ields of nuclear structure today as evidenced by the several recent international conferences in this f ie ld. In this lecture we wi l l concentrate on two new approaches to study high spin states--partial fusion reactions and neutron mul t ip l ic i ty experiments. The lat ter has been used to study states to a record high spin for a l ight nucleus, tentat ively 20 + in 74Kr (ref. 1-3)~ The former has been employed to observe third and higher discontinuities of~(~n ISBEr (refs. 4,5).
Is notching in the umbilical artery Doppler waveform a benign finding

Adiastolic notch in the uterine artery Doppler flow velocity waveform (FVW) is associated with an increased uterine vascular impedance, impaired uterine blood flow, and adverse perinatal outcome. 1 Likewise, uterine artery notching combined with an abnormal FVW of the umbilical artery (UA) is considered a predictor of adverse neonatal outcome. 2 Unlike data regarding the uterine artery, data are rare regarding the clinical importance of notching in the UA as an isolated finding. A few case reports have described the association between umbilical cord notching (with or without an abnormal FVW) and cord entanglement in monoamniotic twins, 3 fetal gastroschisis, 4 and fetal intra-abdominal vein dilatation. 5 Recently, Abuhamad et al 6 prospectively evaluated 1857 pregnancies and found UA notching in 29 (1.6%) fetuses. They showed that UA notching is associated with both cord and placental abnormalities, including abnormal cord insertion, cord stricture, and false or true knots in the cord. 6 Furthermore, they suggested that this finding may have important clinical implications, such as cord and placental abnormalities and a high prevalence of nonreassuring fetal heart rate abnormalities during labor. We present a case in which UA notching was detected in an impaired fetus with a single umbilical artery (SUA) whose umbilical cord was wrapped around its body. On the basis of this case and our review of the literature, we recommend increased fetal surveillance whenever FVWs display a notch in the UA.
Lack-of-fit Tests Based On Partial Sums of Residuals

To evaluate the validity of the mean function in generalized linear models, Su and Wei (1991) proposed a lack-of-fit test based on partial sums of residuals. They compute P values using an unusual bootstrapping simulation. However, the simulations can hardly be performed with more than a few predictor variables because it is prohibitively time consuming. We modify their test for linear models and propose another lack of fit test based on partial sums of residuals. We find the non normal limiting distributions for both tests thus enabling more direct calculation of P values. Finally, we examine how the nature of the simulation reduces the power of Su-Wei’s test.
A comprehensive analysis of laser-induced ignition of RDX monopropellant

Abstract A comprehensive analysis of laser-induced ignition of 1,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX) monopropellant has been performed with consideration of detailed chemical kinetics. The model considers the transient development in the entire combustion zone, including the solid-phase, subsurface two-phase, and gas-phase regions. The formulation accommodates detailed chemical kinetics and transport phenomena in the gas phase, as well as thermal decomposition and subsequent reactions in the subsurface two-phase region. Thermodynamic phase transition and volumetric radiant energy absorption are also considered for completeness. The analysis is capable of treating the complete ignition process from surface pyrolysis to steady-state combustion, with the instantaneous burning rate and surface conditions treated as part of the solutions. Numerical experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure in argon with CO 2 laser heat flux from 35 to 600 W/cm 2 . Excellent agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured ignition delays. The propellant gasification rate increases with increasing laser intensity, which in turn shortens the ignition delay. The entire process can be divided into six stages: inert heating, thermal decomposition, occurrence of primary flame, preparation and formation of secondary flame and, finally, establishment of steady-state combustion. The major process in the primary flame is identified as the consumption of CH 2 O, HONO, NO 2 , H 2 CN, H 2 CNNO 2 , and HNO. In the secondary flame, the conversion of NO and HCN to N 2 , CO, H 2 O, and H 2 is the key exothermic process causing ignition in the gas phase.
Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: circulating noradrenaline and ultrastructure of saphenous vein.

Abstract The present study indicates that patients who can be clinically classified as idiopathic orthostatic hypotensives of the peripheral type are heterogenous. There is the typical hypoadrenergic type characterized by low levels of circulating noradrenaline, much reduced or absent noradrenaline stores, and correspondingly little or no noradrenergic innervation in the saphenous vein, a major capacitance vessel, as confirmed by ultrastructural examination. In one patient of this type, an abnormally high occurrence of mast cells in the blood vessel wall was noted. There also exists a category of individuals of the hyperadrenergic type, analogous to certain diabetics with noradrenergic abnormalities. These patients also are characterized by low levels of circulating noradrenaline, but noradrenaline stores are high; an exaggerated release of neurotransmitter occurs in response to stimuli; the saphenous vein with noradrenergic innervation remains ultrastructurally normal; however, the effector cell responses are greatly blunted. In one patient of this type, the smooth muscle cells of the saphenous vein contained excessively high glycogen deposits. Further, it should be anticipated that a variety of intermediate types can be found as exemplified by one patient with variable, low to normal levels of circulating noradrenaline, a sluggish response to release neuro-transmitter upon postural challenge, and considerable innervation of saphenous vein but with the majority of axons and terminals undergoing active degeneration.
Effect of bioparticle size on dispersion and retention in monolithic and perfusive beds

Single-component pulse response studies were used to compare the retention and transport behavior of small molecules, proteins, and a virus on commercially available monolithic and perfusive ion-exchangers. Temporal distortion and extra-column effects were corrected for using a simple algorithm based on the method of moments. It was found that temporal distortion is inversely related to the number of theoretical plates. With increasing bioparticle size, retention increased and the transition from a non-eluting to a non-adsorbing state with increasing ionic strength became more abrupt. Both of these observations are qualitatively explained by calculations of particle-surface electrostatic attractive energy. Calculations also suggest that, for sufficiently large bioparticles, such as viruses or cells, hydrodynamic drag can promote elution. Under non-adsorbing conditions, plate height increased only weakly with flow rate and the skew remained unchanged. With increasing retention, plate height increased dramatically for proteins. Plate height was scaled by permeability rather than bead diameter to enable comparison among different stationary phases.
Surface and thin film analysis of semiconductor materials

Abstract In the field of semiconductor materials characterization, interest has shifted in recent years from bulk problems to surfaces and thin films, and from average composition to three-dimensional concentration profiles. This paper reviews nine major methods available today for the determination of surface and thin film composition, placing particular emphasis on basic principles and up-to-date instrumentation. Major considerations that determine the choice of a given method include: area and depth to be sampled; sensitivity, resolution and reproducibility; number of elements to be detected; and equipment price. To illustrate the capabilities and limitations of these methods, a number of practical examples are presented. Finally, the nine major methods are compared in terms of the most important practical parameters.
SLE: translating lessons from model systems to human disease

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) results from immune-mediated damage to multiple organs. Its pathogenesis should be viewed as a series of steps, beginning with impaired immune regulation that permits self-reactive T–B-cell activation, which results in the production of autoantibodies. Activated T and B cells then infiltrate tissues, which along with autoantibody and immune complex deposition, triggering local events that ultimately cause organ damage. Although improved understanding of early autoimmune events might open up avenues for disease prevention, future investigations must focus on the mechanisms of end-organ damage in model systems and how to translate this knowledge into human disease. Understanding the mechanisms of each pathogenetic step would provide a rational basis for the development of disease stage-specific diagnostic markers and treatments.
Student Characteristics Related to Persistence for First-Year Community College Students:

This study analyzed student characteristics that impact persistence among first-year students attending a large, metropolitan community college. The Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP...
Complication with mechanical stapling device in creation of ileoconduit.

Abstract Of 296 patients with pelvic malignancy and ileal urinary conduits, urinary tract calculi developed in 14. Calculi which ordinarily require surgical intervention because of their size may pass spontaneously in patients with ileoconduits bccausc of the presence of a chronically dilated collecting system and the surgical elimination. of three of the four sites of stone impaction (pelvic brim, ureterovesical junction., and ureteral orifice). In 1 patient multiple calculi developed around the surgical staples used to create the proximal end of the ileal conduit. We recommend that autosuture with stapling devices not be used to create the proximal end of an ileal urinary conduit.
Motivational cues as determiners of stimulus control in rats

Four rats were each trained to perform a light-intensity discrimination and a sound-intensity discrimination. For half of the subjects, light training sessions were preceded by food deprivation, and correct choices were reinforced with food. Sound training sessions, on the other hand, were preceded by water deprivation, and correct choices were reinforced with water. For the remaining subjects, light training sessions were associated with water deprivation, whereas sound sessions were associated with food deprivation. When the rats were tested in the presence of compounds of sound and light, choices tended to be controlled by light when testing was preceded by the deprivation condition associated with light discrimination task. Reliably fewer light-consistent choices were made under the other deprivation condition, though some preference for responding on the basis of light remained. Following extended training in the presence of all four combinations of light and sound stimuli, this preference was reduced somewhat. When additional testing sessions were preceded by combined food and water deprivation, the tendency to respond on the basis of either light or sound was shown to be related to both deprivation and reinforcement factors.
Purely Sequential and Two-Stage Fixed-Accuracy Confidence Interval Estimation Methods for Count Data from Negative Binomial Distributions in Statistical Ecology: One-Sample and Two-Sample Problems

Abstract Our main focus is on count data arising from statistical ecology. Anscombe (1949) emphasized negative binomial (NB) modeling for overdispersed count data. A large majority of existing methodologies, both sequential and nonsequential, were reviewed by Mukhopadhyay and Banerjee (2012). We assume that the thatch parameter remains known and revisit a sequential confidence interval estimation method for an NB mean proposed by Willson and Folks (1983) that may not always guarantee a positive lower confidence limit. Moreover, any postsampling adjustment of their lower confidence limit would compromise the preset confidence coefficient. In this article, we provide an appropriate resolution by estimating the NB mean with a fixed-accuracy confidence interval such that both confidence limits are positive. Our proposed purely sequential and two-stage estimation methodologies enjoy asymptotic consistency and asymptotic efficiency properties. Next, we consider estimating the ratio of two NB means under a two-s...
Observations on the evolution of tidal vorticity at a stratified deep water headland

[1] The lifespan of a barotropic tidal eddy generated by flow around a coastal headland in deep (∼200 m) stratified water is examined. Field observations recorded the evolution of the flood tide eddy from its generation, through the eddy release at the turn of the tide, until its dissipation during subsequent tidal cycles. Ship-based acoustic profiling reveals vortical structure that extends throughout the flow depth. Tracks from subsurface drifters from successive days indicated that flow structure was repeatable. Vorticity decay times, estimated from combined set of drifter tracks, are less than a tidal period. These are significantly shorter than simple estimates using boundary friction would imply, and it is suggested that baroclinic mechanisms associated with tilted vorticity in the deep stratified flow over the sloping headland may play a significant role in the dissipation of vorticity.
Non-point source programs and progress in the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Early research studies resulted in the first Chesapeake Bay Agreement, signed in 1983 by the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These early studies confirmed that a significant source of nutrients delivered to the bay are from non-point sources (NPS). Early bay program strategies at both the State and Federal level increased point source controls and created a new level of non-point source programming and funding for NPS programs which are detailed in the paper. In 1987 a second Chesapeake Bay Agreement was signed by the agreement States, DC and the EPA. This agreement established several goals for the restoration of the bay, including a nutrient reduction goal of a 40% reduction of the controllable nitrogen and phosphorus entering the mainstem of the Chesapeake Bay. The re-evaluation of the nutrient reduction strategy and the modeling to support it are discussed along with the NPS abatement and control progress made through 1990. Also presented are challenges for the NPS programs to address the findings that are coming from the re-evaluation process along with recommendations for change that were contained in a 1990 report on the effectiveness of the NPS programs in the bay.
The treatment of stage III nonseminomatous testicular tumors. Roswell Park Memorial Institute results (1970–1979)

A review of 92 patients with Stage III nonseminomatous tumors treated at Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1970-1979 was undertaken to verify changes in concepts as related to multiple agent chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery. Each patient had a minimal follow-up of 18 months. Fifty-three patients were seen before 1975. Eighteen had metastasis to the lungs only. These were treated with a variety of single chemotherapeutic agents and cytoreductive surgery. The survival of this group was 38%. Among 35 patients with lung and visceral involvement seen at the same time, only one patient is alive. Thirty-nine patients were seen after 1975 and treated with multi-drug chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery. The current survival rate of 23 patients with lung metastasis only is 69%. Among 16 patients with lung and visceral involvement, the present survival rate is 31%. This report confirms the effectiveness of multi-drug therapy in conjunction with cytoreductive surgery in the treatment of disseminated testicular tumors.
A virtual memory for microprocessors

A virtual memory system for microprocessors is described. The system is designed to be extensible, to minimize software and execution overhead and to minimize operating system requirements. Specific application of the virtual memory system with the INTEL 8080 microprocessor is given, describing the necessary software constraints and operating system requirements.
The neurobiology of stress and its relevance to psychotherapy

Abstract Stress precipitates depression and significantly influences its course and severity. The neurobiology and clinical manifestation of the stress response and depression are similar, but in depression, the features persist and override the usual counter-regulating forces. Both the stress response and depression are characterized by hyperarousal, anxiety, increased expectation of harm, fixation of mood, and a bias towards well-rehearsed, relatively automatic cognitive programs. Furthermore, each is associated with preferential access to negatively charged emotional memories that emerge unconsciously, usually without identifiable cognitive content. The same stress-responsive CNS mediators that produce emotional, cognitive, and behavioral manifestations also lead to inhibition of endocrine programs for growth and reproduction to preserve energy, a catabolic state to provide glucose to the brain, and increased heart rate and blood pressure. While these phenomena are transient during stress, they may become chronic in depression, overriding their usual counter-regulatory influences. These biological phenomena constitute the basis for the now well-documented fact that depression is associated with a doubling of mortality at any age, independent of smoking, other physical risk factors, and suicide. Thus, depression is not only a state of anguish, but also the tip of the iceberg of a systemic disorder that leads to illness and significantly shortens life. Psychotherapy plays an enormously critical role in the treatment of any depression. The intersection of stressful, disturbing life experiences encoded in emotional memory, as well as genetic vulnerability provide the context for understanding how psychotherapeutic intervention can influence a disorder with biological vulnerability that is responsive to somatic treatments. Indeed, current well-controlled data indicate that pharmacological intervention is significantly more effective when combined with psychotherapy. Otherwise, unfortunate circumstances during childhood or later, persistent maladaptive behavioral patterns that increase the likelihood of stressful events, and a massive, untouched burden of aversively charged memories cam overwhelm skillful psychopharmacologic intervention.
Solving Complex Problems

Before he became America's first de facto science adviser and before he helped lay the foundation for the National Science Foundation, Vannevar Bush was a professor of Electrical Engineering and, eventually, dean of Engineering and vice president at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). In those capacities, he came in contact with some of the nation's best and brightest minds in their formative years. But after two decades in such a rarified academic environment, Bush had become disenchanted by the increasing specialization of undergraduate curricula in science and engineering in America ( 1 ). He felt that education in these fields placed too much emphasis on information transferral from teacher to student and too little on deep understanding and intellectual synthesis by the student. Bush was among the first to anticipate that massive amounts of information would someday be universally and readily available to all, such that our ability to communicate knowledge through classes would become far less important than our ability to inspire students to do something creative, and valuable, with it.
1c Immunomodulation by blood transfusion: cancer recurrence and infection

The risks of cancer recurrence and post-operative bacterial infection which are attributed by some authors to an immunomodulatory effect of allogeneic transfusion have remained controversial for 15 years, as many observational studies and four randomized controlled trials have produced contradictory results. A review of these discrepant findings suggests that a deleterious immunomodulatory transfusion effect might exist, but it might operate only in specific surgical settings. The challenge is to identify those settings and to determine the magnitude of the adverse effect if it exists. This will require further randomized controlled trials designed to establish causal relationships and new observational studies designed to explain disagreements between published investigations. Lessons learned from the methodological limitations of the earlier reports can guide the design of future studies. It is hoped that the new studies will permit the formulation of rational guidelines for peri-operative transfusion practice which will prevent any deleterious effect(s) of transfusion-induced immunomodulation.
Line integrals and physical optics. Part II. The conversion of the Kirchhoff surface integral to a line integral

A new approach is presented for converting the surface integral, representing the Kirchhoff diffracted field of an aperture on a plane screen, to a line integral. It has the advantages that it is mathematically rigorous and explicit and that it results in a representation that has exactly the same properties as the original Kirchhoff formula, i.e., it admits arbitrary source distributions and it is continuous everywhere in the source-free half-space, including the geometric-optics shadow boundary. Moreover, this new representation involves a unit vector whose direction can be adjusted so as to allow for accurate machine computations.
Microstructural characterization of thin polymer films using the Langley low energy positron flux generator

Abstract Thin, high-performance polymer films are finding widespread applications in industry, medicine, and aerospace research. Since the microstructure of the films determines how well they meet their theoretical promise, it is necessary to develop efficient techniques for producing reasonable fluxes of low energy positrons needed for investigating thin polymer films. We have developed a highly efficient scheme for generating high fluxes of slow positrons. These positrons have been successfully used to measure lifetimes in the thin test films. The lifetime data have been used to develop two structure-property models for the test films. The first model relates the free volume cell size ( V f ) with the molecular weight of the polymer repeat unit ( M ) by an expression of the form V f = AM B , where A and B are structural constants. The second model relates the free volume fraction (ƒ) with the dielectric constant of the polymer film (ϵ) by an expression of the form 1 ϵ = (1 − ƒ) ϵ R + f ϵ vac where ϵ R is the dielectric constant of the microvoid-free film.
Metabolic Mapping of the Effects of Oral Alcohol Self‐Administration in Rats

The functional effects of the voluntary consumption of ethanol in rats were investigated using the quantitative autoradiographic 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose method for measurement of rates of local cerebral glucose utilization. A modified sucrose-substitution procedure was used to train three groups of Wistar rats to self-administer water, a 5% sucrose solution, or a 10% ethanoV5% sucrose solution in daily sessions. Once stable rates of consumption were established, the 2-[ 14 C]deoxyglucose method was applied immediately after completion of the final test session. Rats received a dose of ethanol equivalent to 0.5 g/kg (n = 6) on the day of the procedure or a comparable volume of sucrose solution (n = 6) or water (n = 5). Rates of local cerebral glucose utilization in rats that ingested water did not differ from those that rats consumed a 5% sucrose solution. In contrast, voluntary ethanol consumption produced a highly discrete pattern of changes in rates of glucose utilization. Ethanol ingestion increased cerebral metabolism, as compared with rates of metabolism in rats that consumed either water or sucrose in the rostral pole and shell of the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, lateral septum, basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala, substantia nigra, and the ventral tegmental area. This pattern of alterations in functional activity is distinctly different from that observed when equivalent doses of ethanol are administered acutely, emphasizing the importance of self-administration in determining the changes in glucose utilization. Furthermore, within the nucleus accumbens, glucose utilization was selectively augmented in the rostral pole and shell subterritories, whereas cerebral metabolism in the core was unaffected. Finally, these data demonstrate that it is the simultaneous activation of an interconnected network of limbic brain regions that serves as the substrate of the effects of voluntarily ingested ethanol.
Yield Strength Asymmetry in Metal Nanowires

We performed atomistic simulations to study the yield mechanisms in gold nanowires. Perfect fcc gold nanowires all yield via the nucleation and propagation of {111}〈112〉 partial dislocations. The magnitude of the yield stress is much larger in tension versus compression for very small 〈100〉 nanowires, and this asymmetry is primarily due to the effects of surface stresses and different slip systems active during tensile and compressive yielding. Nanowires with a 〈111〉 orientation only show significant tension−compression asymmetry when defects exist in the wire prior to reverse compressive loading. The predictions may explain recent measurements regarding the yield of gold nanowires (see Marszalek, P. E.; Greenleaf, W. J.; Li, H. B.; Oberhauser, A. F.; Fernandez, J. M. PNAS 2000, 97, 6282).
Why There is an Intense Eastward Current in the North Atlantic but not in the South Atlantic

Abstract It is suggested that baroclinic currents may he expected to he sharper where deeper water or a decreasing Coriolis parameter lies in the direction of the Coriolis force. This is the case for the Gulf Stream between Hatteras and the Grand Banks. The suggested mechanism is that, in this case, Rossby waves propagating away must carry momentum up-gradient into the mean current. In the South Atlantic, they may carry momentum down-gradient, diffusing the mean flow.
Commentary on “Filmmaking and Research” and “Images of Influence”:

This commentary focuses on David Buchanan and Andrzej Huczynski’s “Imagesof Influence: 12 Angry Men and Thirteen Days,” and Paul S. Goodman’s “Filmmaking and Research: An Intersection.” These two a...
An Analysis of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale in a College Population: Does It Predict Symptoms of ADHD Better Than a Visual-Search Task?:

Objective: Executive functioning (EF) deficits have been associated with ADHD. However, disagreement exists concerning the extent to which cognitive tests of EF accurately reflect a diagnosis of ADHD. Barkley developed the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) by categorizing the meta-construct of EF into five subdomains. This study investigated the incremental validity of the BDEFS in predicting symptoms of ADHD compared with a visual-search task. We also investigated patterns among the five BDEFS domains. Method: One hundred and sixteen college students completed a visual-search task and the BDEFS and reported on their symptoms of ADHD. Results: (a) BDEFS total scores significantly predicted total ADHD symptoms, whereas the visual-search task failed to predict ADHD symptoms. (b) The BDEFS demonstrated significant correlations with symptoms of ADHD in expected patterns. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of validity for the BDEFS in a college sample.
Effect of Cold Acclimation on the Broiler Chicks’ Resistance to Dietary Aflatoxin

Abstract The effect of acclimation to environmental temperatures of 10 to 12 or 28 to 30 C on the resistance of broiler chicks to dietary aflatoxin was examined. Broiler chicks were acclimated from day-of-age for 2 wk to environmental temperatures of 10 to 12 or 28 to 30 C. On Day 14, a single oral dose of aflatoxin (8 mg per kg of body weight) was administered to 50 chicks in each environment. An increase in aflatoxin resistance, as assessed by survival rate, was conveyed by acclimation to cold temperatures. In each environmental chamber, a separate group of chicks was maintained for 2 additional wk, but those groups received 5 mg of aflatoxin per kg feed. By the end of the study, aftatoxicosis was characterized by: 1) a significant (P≤.05) decrease in body weight; 2) increases in spleen weight, liver weight, liver lipid, and liver dry-matter content; 3) changes in the serum levels of total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, potassium, phosphorus, iron and calcium; and 4) increased hepatic hyperplasia. Acclimation to 10 to 12 C was characterized by: 1) an increase in body weight, liver weight, spleen weight and bursa weight; 2) changes in the serum glucose and potassium levels; and 3) a decrease in glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity. Significant aflatoxin by temperature interactions were evident only in serum levels of glucose and phosphorus, and in the serum activity of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. These data suggest that acclimation to cool temperatures does not play a significant role in the resistance by broiler chickens to chronic aflatoxin exposure.
Hadronic Production of Massive Muon Pairs: Dependence on Incident Particle Type and on Target Nucleus.

Data from a study of muon pairs produced in hadron-nucleus collisions are compared with the Drell-Yan model. Comparison of dimuon production by ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons on an isoscalar target shows evidence for a charge asymmetry characteristic of an isospin-nonconserving electromagnetic process. The average transverse momentum of the pairs increases smoothly with pair mass. Data taken on carbon and tin targets are used to extract the dependence on target atomic weight.
Oleoyl-CoA Is the Major de Novo Product of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Gene Isoform and Substrate for the Biosynthesis of the Harderian Gland 1-Alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerol

1-Alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerol (ADG) is a unique neutral lipid found in the eyeball-associated Harderian gland (HG) of the mouse and acts as a lubricant to facilitate eyelid movement. We found that the HG of the mice with a disruption in the gene for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) (SCD1−/−) is deficient in ADG. The amount of C20:1n-9, which is a major fatty acid of ADG, was reduced by greater than 90% despite normal elongase enzyme activity proposed to elongate it from C18:1n-9. HG from SCD1−/− mice exhibited high desaturase activity toward C16:0-CoA as substrate but had very low desaturase activity toward C18:0-CoA. Feeding diets containing high levels of oleate to the SCD1−/− mice did not increase the levels of C18:1n-9 or C20:1n-9 in the HG and failed to restore the ADG to the levels found in the HG of the wild-type mouse. De novo ADG synthesis as measured by the incorporation of [3H]glycerol and [14C]glucose was high in the SCD1+/+ mouse but was reduced by greater than 90% in the HG of SCD1−/− mouse. The deficiencies in the levels of ADG and C20:1n-9 were not compensated for by the expression of SCD2 and SCD3 isoforms in the HG of the SCD1−/− mouse. These observations demonstrate that SCD1-synthesized oleoyl-CoA is a major substrate required for the biosynthesis of normal levels of ADG and that the SCD isoforms present in the HG have different substrate specificity.