cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postharvest fumigation of California table grapes with ozone to control Western black widow spider (Araneae: Theridiidae)

Abstract Ozone fumigations were evaluated for postharvest control of Western black widow spider (BWS), Latrodectus hesperus (Chamberlin and Ivie), in fresh table grapes destined for export from California USA. Mature adult female black widow spiders were contained in separate gas-permeable cages within a flow-through vacuum chamber and exposed for 1 h at 3 ± 1 °C ( x ¯ ± s ) and 67.5 kPa to gaseous ozone at eight steady-state concentrations (i.e, [O 3 ] ss ) over the range 0.71 ± 0.04–16.91 ± 0.28 g m −3 ( x ¯ ± s ) (i.e., 500 ± 25–12,000 ± 200 ppmv (μL L −1 )) with or without supplementation of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, respectively 129.3 or ca. 0.8 g m −3 [CO 2 ] ss (i.e., 100,000 or ca. 600 ppmv) . Regression models of the concentration-mortality response predict 98% mortality of adult female BWS populations following ozone fumigation for 1 h at 3 ± 1 °C when headspace [O 3 ] ss is maintained at ∼14 g m −3 (i.e., 10,000 ppmv) with ambient atmospheric CO 2 levels ([CO 2 ] ss = 0.8 g m −3 ). Providing evidence to support the use of these treatment parameters for control of BWS in packed table grapes, 0 survivors were observed from 268 total specimens treated in a series of confirmatory fumigations conducted for 1 h at 3 ± 1 °C and 67.5 kPa with headspace [O 3 ] ss and [CO 2 ] ss maintained ≥14 and ca. 0.8 g m −3 , respectively.
Semantics and the Study of Religion

This essay argues that the approach to meaning articulated by Donald Davidson supplies all the student of religion needs to know about this subject. By focusing on interpretation as understood by Davidson, we can understand, for example, the beliefs and practices of a people such as the Dogon of Mali. By adding to this the evidence of ethnography and history, students of religion can give a compelling account of change and adjudicate between competing analyses.
Effect of hydrogen coverage on hydrogenation of o-cresol on Pt(111)

Abstract The conversion of phenolics over metal catalysts is an important process for upgrading biofuels. With density functional calculations, hydrogenation of o-cresol on the hydrogen-covered Pt(111) surface was investigated. The results show that the coverage of hydrogen plays a significant role in the reaction rate while it does not affect the reaction selectivity. The reaction barriers of the hydrogenation process leading to the formation of both 2-methyl-cyclohexanone (the intermediate product) and 2-methyl-cyclohexanol (the final product) at high H coverages (∼1 ML) are found to be smaller by 0.14–0.69 eV than those at lower H coverages (∼1/25 ML). After both hydrogen and cresol are adsorbed on Pt(111) from their initial gas phase state, the reaction energy of each hydrogenation step on the surface is also dependent on the hydrogen coverage. On the H-covered Pt(111) surface, most steps of hydrogenation involve exothermic reactions when the hydrogen coverage is high while they are endothermic reactions at low hydrogen coverages. The differences in reaction rate and reaction energy between high and low H coverages can be understood with the coverage-dependent bonding strength and configurations.
The Basic Practice of Statistics. By David S. Moore

(1999). The Basic Practice of Statistics. By David S. Moore. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 181-184.
A nationwide analysis of hospitalized patients with malignancy-related Sweet syndrome (MRSS).

e18742Background: Sweet syndrome (SS) is rare but commonly associated with malignancy. Due to the lack of a national dataset, only institutional-level retrospective studies have been published. In ...
The Transsylvian Approach to Basilar Aneurysms

While aneurysms of the distal basilar artery are the most common posterior circulation aneurysms, they are the most difficult to be attacked surgically. The anatomically deep and narrow confines of the interpeduncular cistern and the intimate relationship of the basilar artery to the posterior thalamoperforating branches, the brain stem and diencephalon combine to provide a formidable surgical environment. The pterional transsylvian approach has some unique advantages over the more traditional subtemporal procedure. Perhaps the most important of these is the ease of exposure of the contralateral posterior cerebral artery. Between 1977 and 1991, 201 patients with distal basilar aneurysms have been operated through the transsylvian approach at our Center. We chose this approach for approximately 70% of the distal basilar aneurysms treated during this time period. We feel that this is the preferred approach for most such lesions unless the origin is below the midsellar depth or the aneurysm projects predominantly posteriorly.
Immobilization of High-Level Radioactive Sludges in Iron Phosphate Glass

Borosilicate glasses used for vitrifying radioactive high-level wastes are not optimized for disposing of sludges rich in phosphorus, fluorine, and heavy metals. Low melt solubilities of these problem constituents require the production of large quantities of waste glass which is expensive to make and to store in waste repositories. Existing disposal problems could be alleviated if a host glass could be found that could incorporate higher concentrations of problem constituents while retaining the chemical durability of borosilicate glass.
Multiple class G-Networks.

ABSTRACT Queueing network theory and applications is a branch of operations research of direct relevance to computer and communication network system performance. The search for new classes of queueing networks having analytical solutions has been an ongoing subject of research for close to a century. Recently a new class of queueing networks with “positive and negative customers” has been introduced in (Gelenbe 1991) and shown to have product form. In the present paper we consider a family of such networks with a single class of negative customers and multiple class positive customers. We call these networks “generalized (G) networks”. We show that when they have exponential service times, Poisson external customer arrivals, Markovian customer movements between queues, and three types of service center (FIFO, Processor Sharing, and LCFS with Preemptive Resume Priority), they possess a simple product form solution in stationary state. Such systems can be used to model neural networks (as in (Gelenbe and Batty in this book), as well as (Gelenbe 1989, 1990).
Optimization Methods for Evaluating PEV Charging Considering Customer Behavior

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) can be connected to the power grid through electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) to provide various grid services in addition to battery charging. This paper evaluates the loading condition of a distribution system with a medium penetration of PEVs considering different charging behaviors and different levels of public EVSE availability. A mobility and charging flexibility model is proposed to capture the temporal availability of PEVs and the charging capability at different parking locations. An optimization method is then proposed to evaluate or schedule PEV load under different charging control strategies. One of the prototypical feeders developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is studied using detailed trip information extracted from the National Household Travel Survey.
Phenyl Oxidation Impacts the Durability of Alkaline Membrane Water Electrolyzer

The durability of alkaline anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers is a critical requirement for implementing this technology in cost-effective hydrogen production. Here, we report that the electrochemical oxidation of the adsorbed phenyl group (found in the ionomer) on oxygen evolution catalysts produces phenol, which may cause performance deterioration in AEM electrolyzers. In-line 1H NMR kinetic analyses of phenyl oxidation in a model organic cation electrolyte shows that catalyst type significantly impacts the phenyl oxidation rate at an oxygen evolution potential. Density functional theory calculations show that the phenyl adsorption is a critical factor determining the phenyl oxidation. This research provides a path for the development of more durable AEM electrolyzers with components that can minimize the adverse impact induced by the phenyl group oxidation, such as the development of novel ionomers with fewer phenyl moieties or catalysts with less phenyl-adsorbing character.
Isolation of Leukocytes from the Human Maternal-fetal Interface.

Pregnancy is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes in the reproductive tissues and at the maternal-fetal interface (decidua basalis and decidua parietalis). This interface is the anatomical site of contact between maternal and fetal tissues; therefore, it is an immunological site of action during pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface play a central role in implantation, pregnancy maintenance, and timing of delivery. Therefore, phenotypic and functional characterizations of these leukocytes will provide insight into the mechanisms that lead to pregnancy disorders. Several protocols have been described in order to isolate infiltrating leukocytes from the decidua basalis and decidua parietalis; however, the lack of consistency in the reagents, enzymes, and times of incubation makes it difficult to compare these results. Described herein is a novel approach that combines the use of gentle mechanical and enzymatic dissociation techniques to preserve the viability and integrity of extracellular and intracellular markers in leukocytes isolated from the human tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. Aside from immunophenotyping, cell culture, and cell sorting, the future applications of this protocol are numerous and varied. Following this protocol, the isolated leukocytes can be used to determine DNA methylation, expression of target genes, in vitro leukocyte functionality (i.e., phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, T-cell proliferation, and plasticity, etc.), and the production of reactive oxygen species at the maternal-fetal interface. Additionally, using the described protocol, this laboratory has been able to describe new and rare leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface.
The Economic Effects of Private Equity Buyouts: A Comment

Davis, Haltiwanger, Handley, Lerner, Lipsius, and Miranda (2019) produce an extension to the Davis et al. collection without addressing the critical research design issues raised in Ayash and Rastad (2017) and Ayash and Rastad (2018). First and foremost, the authors misrepresent their sample as specific to leveraged buyouts; it is not. We clearly illustrates this fact. Policy makers do not have an issue with venture capital and growth equity buyouts giving piles of cash to firms they acquire because of the subsequent investment in research and development, innovation, jobs and physical capital. However, policy makers cannot learn about the subject of interest, controversial leveraged buyouts, when these make up such a small portion of the sample tested in Davis et al. collection (Davis, Haltiwanger, Jarmin, Lerner, and Miranda, 2008 and Davis, Haltiwanger, Jarmin, Lerner, and Miranda, 2011 focus on employment, Davis, Haltiwanger, Jarmin, Lerner, and Miranda, 2009 presented at the World Economic Forum introduces productivity to the analysis, Davis, Haltiwanger, Handley, Jarmin, Lerner, and Miranda, 2013 brings it all together, and the final published version is Davis, Haltiwanger, Handley, Jarmin, Lerner, and Miranda, 2014). Unfortunately, these authors continue to obfuscate our understanding of the economic effects of these complex transactions due to the fact that they cannot observe leverage; they treat all buyouts as equivalent to leveraged buyouts. We therefore gladly expand our analysis to bring light to these researchers who have been in the dark for more than a decade.
Combined AlloSure and AlloMap Testing in Multi-Organ Heart Transplantation Rejection Surveillance

Purpose AlloSure test is a non-invasive blood test designed to detect the presence of donor cell-free DNA in the recipients blood as a measure of the probability of rejection in heart transplant recipients. The result is displayed as a percent of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in the totalcell-free DNA (cfDNA). Recommended threshold of 0.2% dd-cfDNA has been predictive of low likelihood of rejection. There is no data looking at its value and validation in multi-organ transplant. We aimed to study this area by reviewing our transplant database. Methods All patients who received more than one solid organ transplant at our center and had AlloSure testing were included. Study outcomes included one year survival, rejection grade 2R or more, and hemodynamically significant graft dysfunction. Results There were (7) patients included in the study, average AlloSure score was 0.93% ±0.61% with an average AlloMap score of 33.8±2.14. Four patients (57.1%) had heart and kidney transplant, 3 patients (42.9%) had heart and liver transplantation. Average AlloSure score for heart/kidney transplant recipients was 0.52±0.17% with an average AlloMap score of 33.6±2.28. The while average AlloSure score for heart/liver transplant recipients was 1.21±0.55% mean AlloMap score of 33.93±2.32. None of our patients had graft dysfunction or biopsy-proven rejection >=2R. Survival rate was 100% for the first year in our patients Conclusion AlloSure levels were higher in heart-liver vs. heart-kidney recipients, and in both cohorts higher than the 0.2% threshold recommended for heart transplant prediction of rejection, however did not predict rejection. In our cohort, while AlloMap scores were consistent in both groups, (33.93±2.32 vs. 33.6±2.28 respectively). Elevated AlloSure was not predictive of rejection in multiorgan heart transplant recipients.
Dynamical Response of an Overlayer of Alkali-Metal Atoms Adsorbed on a Free-Electron Metal Surface

We report a theoretical study of the spectrum of elementary excitations of an alkali-atom overlayer adsorbed on Al. This study is placed in the context of recent experiments via the evaluation of the loss-spectrum for near-specular electron backscattering, starting from the knowledge of the dynamical density-response function for an electron-gas model of the chemisorption interface. Detailed results are presented for the case of Na overlayers. For coverage one monolayer the loss spectrum corresponds to plasmon-like excitation. For two-monolayer coverage an additional overlayer-induced collective loss is found. For thick Na overlayers this mode corresponds to the “dipole” surface plasmon long-predicted theoretically, and recently discovered experimentally. The transition from quasi two-dimensional response to three-dimensional response must be studied microscopically: macroscopic-response theory fails qualitatively for monolayer coverage.
Revisiting TNF Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS): Current Perspectives

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory syndrome characterized by prolonged and recurrent episodes of fever, abdominal and/or chest pain, arthralgia, myalgia, and erythematous rash. TRAPS is associated with heterozygous variants in the TNFRSF1A gene, which encodes the TNFR1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1) receptor. Disease-causing variants are found exclusively in the extracellular domain of TNFR1 and affect receptor structure and binding to the TNF ligand. The precise mechanism of the disease is still unclear, but it is thought that intracellular accumulation of misfolded mutant protein leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhanced inflammatory responses through constitutive activation of various immune pathways. Other possible mechanisms contributing to the disease pathogenesis include defective receptor shedding, TNF-induced cell death, production of reactive oxygen species, and autophagy impairment. Patients' leucocytes are hyperresponsive to stimulation and produce elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Systemic autoimmune (AA) amyloidosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in TRAPS. Over the last two decades, new therapies have changed the progression and outcome of the disease. In this review, we summarize clinical data from 209 patients with validated pathogenic variants reported in the literature and discuss TRAPS diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options.
Unerhörte Narrative. Die medizinische Indikation zwischen Bericht und Erzählung

Als Vorstellung eines vom Wissen der Medizin abweichenden Behandlungsfalls konnen Fallberichte darauf Einfluss haben, welche Masnahmen zukunftig als medizinisch indiziert gelten. Die offentliche Prasentation der getroffenen Handlungen und Empfehlungen liegt in der Regel ausschlieslich in der Hand arztlicher Autor*innen – Betroffene kommen hingegen kaum zu Wort. Wahrend in der klinischen Patientenversorgung bereits hohes Gewicht auf Patientenperspektiven und -erzahlungen gelegt wird, scheinen sich diese Entwicklungen im Fallbericht als Form wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation so (noch) nicht widerzuspiegeln. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Folgenden aus gattungstheoretischer Perspektive untersucht, welche Rolle Patientenperspektiven und -erzahlungen nicht nur – wie in der bisherigen Forschung vor allem untersucht – im Bereich des Klinischen, sondern gerade auch des Kasuistischen und den damit verbundenen Fragen klinischer Indikationsreflexion und -empfehlung zukommen sollten. Dabei wird nicht zuletzt argumentiert, dass (Patienten-)Narrationen analog zu Indikationsstellungen gerade ein Moment des Ungesicherten und Singularen betonen, das fur die Textsorte des Fallberichts und daraus abgeleiteten Indikationsuberlegungen von spezifischem Wert ist.
Do Different Factors Explain Low- versus High-Rate Adolescent Weapon Carrying?

This study examined whether prominent accounts of adolescent weapon carrying (i.e., fear and victimization, deviant lifestyle) differentially explain weapon carrying across low- and high-rate carri...
AIGuide: An Augmented Reality Hand Guidance Application for People with Visual Impairments

Locating and grasping objects is a critical task in people’s daily lives. For people with visual impairments, this task can be a daily struggle. The support of augmented reality frameworks in smartphones has the potential to overcome the limitations of current object detection applications designed for people with visual impairments. We present AIGuide, a self-contained offline smartphone application that leverages augmented reality technology to help users locate and pick up objects around them. We conducted a user study to validate its effectiveness at providing guidance, compare it to other assistive technology form factors, evaluate the use of multimodal feedback, and provide feedback about the overall experience. Our results show that AIGuide is a promising technology to help people with visual impairments locate and acquire objects in their daily routine.
Technology and application of operation control of DC distribution network

DC distribution network consists of distributed generation, energy storage, load and AC distribution network, With the rapid development of DC distribution network and the increasing proportion of DC load, the operation mode of DC distribution network is more flexible. Different from the traditional AC distribution network, the traditional AC distribution network has a single operation mode, while the DC distribution network can operate in both parallel mode and island mode. Therefore, a control method suitable for different operation modes of DC distribution network is urgently needed. In this paper, a control method about loop closing and loop opening of DC distribution network is proposed. When receiving the command of loop closing or loop opening from the master station or local monitoring system, the loop closing control is judged by the switch state, fault state and operation state of converter. It solves the problem that the traditional AC distribution network control strategy is not applicable in DC distribution network, it realizes the smooth switching of DC distribution network closed loop operation and opened loop operation. This method has been used in the DC coordinated control device and successfully applied in the national key research and development plan of Suzhou active distribution network.
AN OBSERVATION OF LOW-LEVEL HEATING IN AN ERUPTING PROMINENCE

Here we present multiwavelength observations of low-level heating in an erupting prominence observed in the UV and EUV over a wide range of temperatures and wavelengths by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) instrument and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), and also in Hα by the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory. The eruption occurred on 2004 April 30. The heating is relatively mild, leading only to the ionization of hydrogen and helium. It is also localized, occurring along the bottom edge of the erupting prominence and in a kinklike feature in the prominence. The heating is revealed as a decrease in the Lyman absorption relative to other parts of the prominence. This decrease results in an apparent increase in emission in all the lines observed by SUMER, especially those formed at temperatures of ~105 K. However, this is due to the disappearance of cooler absorbing material in the prominence rather than to an increase in these higher temperature species. These observations suggest that there may be low-level heating occurring in other erupting prominences that do not show heating to coronal temperatures. They also indicate that the prominence-corona transition region is best modeled with two or more structures along the line of sight. We discuss the results in terms of models of heating in erupting prominences and observations of Lyman absorption in prominences.
Lexicon Learning for Few Shot Sequence Modeling

Sequence-to-sequence transduction is the core problem in language processing applications as diverse as semantic parsing, machine translation, and instruction following. The neural network models that provide the dominant solution to these problems are brittle, especially in low-resource settings: they fail to generalize correctly or systematically from small datasets. Past work has shown that many failures of systematic generalization arise from neural models’ inability to disentangle lexical phenomena from syntactic ones. To address this, we augment neural decoders with a lexical translation mechanism that generalizes existing copy mechanisms to incorporate learned, decontextualized, token-level translation rules. We describe how to initialize this mechanism using a variety of lexicon learning algorithms, and show that it improves systematic generalization on a diverse set of sequence modeling tasks drawn from cognitive science, formal semantics, and machine translation.
Postprocedural Gastrointestinal Emergencies

Postprocedural complications encompass a wide array of conditions that vary in acuity, symptoms, index procedure, and treatment. Continued advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have led to a significant shift of procedures to the ambulatory setting. This trend is of particular interest to the emergency physician, as patients who develop complications often present to an emergency department for evaluation and treatment. Here the authors examine a high-yield collection of procedures, both ambulatory and inpatient, notable for their frequent utilization and unique complication profiles including common laparoscopic surgical procedures, bariatric surgery, endoscopic procedures, interventional radiology procedures, and hernia repairs with implantable mesh.
Toward an information service view of an enterprise

An information service view engenders a conceptual shift from the provision of defined and preset services or applications, to an environment that enables users to select and integrate pre-built technology services in the ongoing creation and re-creation of unique information systems. This paper presents the findings of an empirical study into one organization’s experience in implementing information services. Using grounded theory research, the study characterizes information services not as information technology artifacts, but as relationships between heterogeneous actors interacting with technology services for business purposes. The findings are used to propose an information services view of an enterprise. The view presents three clusters of concepts that are distinct yet interdependent: enabled (choreographed) by enterprise-wide directives and structures, driven (orchestrated) by information services management, and founded (instrumentalized) on information service IT architecture. The paper ends identifying implications not only for the completion of this study but also for research and practice.
Measurement Issues in High Stakes Testing: Validity and Reliability.

SUMMARY Validity and reliability of the new high stakes testing systems initiated in school systems across the United States in recent years in response to the accountability features mandated in the No Child Left Behind Legislation largely depend on item response theory and new rules of measurement. Reliability and validity in item response theory and classical test theory are reviewed. Additionally, practices in the states are considered. The conclusion of the paper is that the new test technology is theoretically better suited to assess achievement than classical test theory, but has not been shown to be valid and reliable enough for use as the sole criterion for determination of what was learned in school. Further, there is no evidence that they will ever be found to be valid and reliable enough for that purpose. Areas of additional needed research are considered.
Arts, Inc.: How Greed and Neglect Have Destroyed Our Cultural Rights

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Bill Ivey Year: 2008 Pages: 368 Publisher: University of California Press ISBN: 978-0-520-24112-1 (hard cover). Prices: $24.95 USD(hard cover).
Exploiting Plaintiffs Through Settlement: Divide and Conquer – Comment

CHE AND SPIER [2008] consider a model of a single defendant and N plaintiffs where the total cost of litigation is fixed on the plaintiff side. As litigation cost is shared among the suing plaintiffs, a plaintiff’s settlement decision creates a negative externality on the others. Failure to internalize this externality can be exploited by the defendant by making discriminatory settlement offers (divide-and-conquer strategy; see SEGAL [2003]). Compared to the benchmark case without externalities, this leads to a redistribution in favour of the defendant and dilutes the defendant’s incentives to take precaution. Although redistribution has no welfare effect per se, it nevertheless creates incentives for plaintiffs to organize (at a cost) in order to internalize the externalities. The welfare effect of diluted incentives depends on whether the defendant was over- or underdeterred to begin with. Assuming that incentives were right in the benchmark, policies that promote the internalization of externalities (e.g., by facilitating the organization of plaintiffs) or prevent defendants from exploiting them (e.g., by prohibiting discriminatory offers) are potentially welfare-increasing. Yet, even then, there is a trade-off, as these policies lead to lower settlement rates in a setting of asymmetric information, which pushes up society’s cost of litigation. CHE AND SPIER [2008] find these results robust in several variations of their leading case. In the following, I shall briefly sketch their analysis but then focus on an extension – not considered in their paper – under which the results are reversed.
Extension of oblique-incidence method to photo-orthotropic elasticity

With the interpretation of isochromatic and isoclinic fringes in transparent, birefringent, orthotropic composites established, efforts have been in progress to determine the-individual values of the principal stresses or strains. Several methods have recently been proposed. Some of them utilize the photoelastic results only partially and rely on numerical procedures. Others have attempted to obtain the required information based entirely on experimental data. In this paper, the classical oblique-incidence technique is applied to transversely isotropic-birefringent composites. The proposed extension is verified by applying it to the problem of an orthotropic half-plane subjected to an edge-load.
The Classification of L Dwarfs

To highlight the need for new spectral types, a brief review of the discovery of very low luminosity dwarfs — cooler than type M9.5 — is presented. The reasoning behind the choice of letters “L” and “T” is also given. Our philosophy of spectral classification is explained and we use this philosophy to construct an L dwarf typing scheme. The scheme, originally developed on only 25 spectra, has now been shown to work successfully on a sample of 92 L dwarfs.
Comment on "Entropy Generation in Computation and the Second law of Thermodynamics", by S. Ishioka and N. Fuchikami

This brief note argues that, contrary to the claim of Ishioka and Fuchikami (chao-dyn/9902012), Landauer's principle is concerned a priori with entropy generation in computing processes. The concept of heat, in this principle, is only relevant when a connection with thermodynamics is established.
Universalización de la salud o de la seguridad social

En el presente articulo se presenta un analisis de la arquitectura del sistema de salud de Mexico basado en que el principal problema es economico, al no lograr una tasa de crecimiento del producto interno bruto (PIB) que aumente los salarios reales y que otorgue a los trabajadores empleos formales con cobertura de seguridad social. Dentro de este analisis, se describe la relacion entre la seguridad social de la poblacion y el estado de empleo de la misma (ya sea empleo formal o informal) y el impacto que este panorama representa para nuestro sistema de salud. Asimismo, se culmina con una propuesta de reforma que otorgue a todos los trabajadores los mismos derechos sociales, es decir, que otorgue la universalizacion de la seguridad social
Differentiation of Atrioventricular Blocks

This article discusses the types of atrioventricular heart blocks, their clinicalsignificance and causes, nursing interventions, and the priority treatments associated with these blocks.
A stable, meshfree, nodal integration method for nearly incompressible solids

An improved nodal integration method for nearly incompressible materials is proposed. Although nodal integration methods can avoid displacement type locking with nearly incompressible materials, they often encounter pressure oscillations. A mixed approach to nodal integration is exploited to avoid the oscillation. The method is applied to nodal integration using meshless shape functions and appears to work well in simple two dimensional benchmark tests. The method currently relies on a structured discretization but generalizations are proposed as the basis for future work.
A novel view of the adult bone marrow stem cell hierarchy and stem cell trafficking

This review presents a novel view and working hypothesis about the hierarchy within the adult bone marrow stem cell compartment and the still-intriguing question of whether adult bone marrow contains primitive stem cells from early embryonic development, such as cells derived from the epiblast, migrating primordial germ cells or yolk sac-derived hemangioblasts. It also presents a novel view of the mechanisms that govern stem cell mobilization and homing, with special emphasis on the role of the complement cascade as a trigger for egress of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow into blood as well as the emerging role of novel homing factors and priming mechanisms that support stromal-derived factor 1-mediated homing of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells after transplantation.
The meaning of graylevels in backscattered electron images of bone

Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging is considered to be a useful technique for determining relative differences in bone tissue density. However, it is not clear how graylevel variations seen in BSE images of bone tissue, which are primarily dependent on the tissue's average atomic number, correlate to tissue density (g/cm3) and mineral content. Simulated bone tissues, ranging from 32-50% mineral by volume, were made by mixing synthetic hydroxyapatite with a simulated organic matrix. This technique allowed mineral content to be varied while mineral composition and crystallography remained constant. The densities of the simulated tissues were determined using Archimedes' principle. Average atomic numbers of the simulated tissues were interpolated from a regression of BSE graylevel against average atomic numbers of pure standard materials. A strong positive correlation was found to exist between mineral content and density (r2 = 0.978) as well as between mineral content and atomic number (r2 = 0.965). The average graylevel in the BSE image also exhibited a positive correlation to mineral content (r2 = 0.965) and density (r2 = 0.923). Graylevel variations in BSE images of simulated bone tissue were shown to be strongly correlated to density and mineral content, but only as a coincidence of their association with atomic number.
Hypergame theory applied to cyber attack and defense

This work concerns cyber attack and defense in the context of game theoryspecifically hypergame theory. Hypergame theory extends classical game theory with the ability to deal with differences in players' expertise, differences in their understanding of game rules, misperceptions, and so forth. Each of these different sub-scenarios, or subgames, is associated with a probabilityrepresenting the likelihood that the given subgame is truly "in play" at a given moment. In order to form an optimal attack or defense policy, these probabilities must be learned if they're not known a-priori. We present hidden Markov model and maximum entropy approaches for accurately learning these probabilities through multiple iterations of both normal and modified game play. We also give a widely-applicable approach for the analysis of cases where an opponent is aware that he is being studied, and intentionally plays to spoil the process of learning and thereby obfuscate his attributes. These are considered in the context of a generic, abstract cyber attack example. We demonstrate that machine learning efficacy can be heavily dependent on the goals and styles of participant behavior. To this end detailed simulation results under various combinations of attacker and defender behaviors are presented and analyzed.
SUPPORTING BASIC ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN U.S. NATIONAL PARKS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

The long-term preservation of national park ecosystems requires scientific knowledge about populations, communities, and the ecological processes upon which sus- tainable ecosystems depend. Unfortunately, national parks in the United States have a well- documented history of indifference, if not hostility, to the support of basic research. Nu- merous external reviews have criticized the lack of institutional support for science, blaming it in large part on the traditional emphasis of the National Park Service (NPS) on scenery and tourism management. However, recent efforts to improve the support for science in the U.S. national parks have been most encouraging. These include a long-sought Con- gressional mandate to support research, a major budget initiative to support scientific un- derstanding and management of park resources as well as to improve research facilities, leadership in the establishment of a network of university-based cooperative units, and the successful partnering with private organizations to support innovative programs to fund Ph.D. students, postdocs, and sabbaticals in national parks. The long-term success of na- tional parks in preserving natural ecosystems depends, in large part, on the NPS's ability to provide support for the science that is necessary to understand natural ecosystems as well as the effects of human activities.
Photon emission with the scanning tunneling microscope

By placing a photon detector near the tip-sample region of a scanning tunneling microscope, we have measured isochromat photon-emission spectra of polycrystalline tantalum and Si(111)7×7 at photon energies of 9.5 eV. Such spectra contain electronic-structure information comparable to inverse photoemission spectroscopy, but with high lateral/spatial resolution. The implications of this new observation are discussed.
Hippel-Lindau syndrome

T HE combination of central nervous system and ocular hemangioblastomas, cysts within the solid organs of the abdomen, polycythemia, and certain neoplasms of the kidneys, adrenals, and sympathetic chains constitutes the HippelLindau syndrome. The disease is transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion with variable penetrance and delayed expression” and is recognized almost exclusively in the third, fourth, and fifth decades of life. It has never been reported before puberty and is unusual after the fifth decade. von Hippel 15,16 is generally credited with the first clinical description of the disease, even though others reported it earlier.395112 Likewise, Lindau8,9 is given credit for the first pathologic description of the disease, even though earlier reports were known.’ ,2 Clinically, most of the patients present with symptoms relating to cerebellar disease (broadbased gait, slurred speech, nystagmus, adiadochokinesia, and dysmetria), increased intracranial pressure (headaches, vomiting, cranial nerve palsies, and papilledema), spinal cord abnormalities (loss of proprioception, pyramidal tract compression), or visual changes (retinal inflammation with exudate and hemorrhage, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and uveitis).6 Occasionally, the malignant visceral changes precede the central nervous system or ocular abnormalities.
Emergence of Modularity in System of Systems: Complex Networks in Heterogeneous Environments

Effective use of modularity in distributed systems is key to accommodating the complexity arising from having diverse requirements and stakeholders and increased environmental uncertainties. Moreover, modularity facilitates efficient dynamic resource allocation in the system. In this paper, a formal framework that links various classes of systems modularity to distributed decision complexities is presented by formulating modularity as an emergent phenomenon arising from environmental heterogeneity. This paper also demonstrates behavioral and mathematical formulations of the problem and agent-based simulation of sample networked systems to verify the results.
Preventing War Through Nation-Building: A Self-Interested Approach to Peace

The author, in this adaptation of his talk at the Hewlett Centers meeting, reflects on the post-September 11 world and the critical need to develop peacemaking processes in the 21st Century. One key area that needs attention is nation-building, or sharing the knowledge, skills, and democratic resources of the well-developed countries with less-developed nations. Such development activity is not only morally and ethically correct; it is in our own nation's self-interest as a security measure. Other important post-9/11 considerations include paying attention to what our critics are saying; understanding the media's pivotal role; working with NGOs; and encouraging conflict resolution education.
PHOTO-INDUCED EXCESS CONDUCTIVITY IN DOPING MODULATED AMORPHOUS SEMICONDUCTORS.

The metastable excess conductivity σ(E) observed in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), that is alternately doped n- and p- type, is compared with the Staebler-Wronski effect and other metastable conductivity changes observed in compensated a-Si:H and in oxidized p- type a-Si:H respectively. We find that Dohler's model of electron-hole pair separation in the pn-junction fields cannot account for the long life of a(E) near and above 300oK. A defect complex associated with boron having a large configurational relaxation after releasing an electron by photoexcitation is considered as an explanation for σ(E).
Thermally activated flow and strain rate history effects for some polycrystalline f.c.c. metals

All thermal activation strain rate analysis is based on the experimental results obtained from the torsional split-Hopkinson bar for polycrystalline aluminum and copper. This technique of experiment provides more reliable results for constant strain rate tests as well as for the incremental laoding in the high strain rate region. During incremental tests the nominal strain rate in shear of 9 × 102 s−1 was superimposed within a very short rise time (∼ 10μs) with no unloading on a slow initial strain rate of 5 × 10−5 s−1 for aliminum and 2.2 × 10−3 s−1 for copper. Results of incremental experiments are shown within a range of shear prestrainings of up to 0.15 for aluminum and 0.25 for copper. It is demonstrated in the paper that the strain rate history effects play a very important role in the plastic behavior of polycrystaline f.c.c. metals. These effects are attributed to some differences in the effective dislocation multiplication rates at different strain rates. A mathematical description of the effects discussed is possible by a coupling of two relationships. One of these is the relation resulting from the thermally activated process which is dominating at a certain level of strain, while the second is of an evolutionary type. An evolutionary relationship describes the changes in structure during the course of plastic deformation. A few examples of an evolutionary relationship along with a thermally activated intersection model are discussed. Combination of these two models leads to a more general constitutive equation. The represented approach to relate macroscopic plastic behavior to the microscopic structure through a proper constitutive relation may be helpful in the solution of some engineering problems involving rapid changes of strain rate.
Q-Lumps and their interactions

Abstract The nonlinear O(3) σ-model in (2 + 1) dimensions, modified by the addition of a potential term, admits solutions of Q-ball type. Such configurations, given the name Q-lumps, carry an integer-valued topological charge in addition to the conserved Noether charge. For a special choice of potential, they may be constructed explicitly in terms of simple functions via a natural extension of the usual Bogomolny equations. The existence of a Bogomolny bound guarantees that Q-lumps minimize the energy for any given value of Q. Their stability is discussed in detail and their interactions are investigated for low impact velocities using an adiabatic approximation. Forces transverse to the direction of motion lead to many possibilities, including circular orbits. Even head-on collisions have exotic scattering angles.
Nicotine gum: Chew rate, subjective effects and plasma nicotine ☆

Two studies were conducted to assess the effects of varying the rate at which single pieces of nicotine gum (4 mg) were chewed. In each study, six cigarette-deprived volunteers were tested during four sessions. In each session, they were required to chew the gum for 10 min at varying rates; a variety of self-report and physiologic responses were recorded before and after chewing. All chewed gum was analyzed for amount of nicotine extracted, and blood samples were collected for nicotine analysis. Additionally, in Experiment 2, a measure of masticatory pressure was employed to assess the intensity of chewing and to empirically verify the number of chews. In both studies, we found a weak, but direct, relation between chew rate and the amount of extracted nicotine. Experiment 2 revealed a probable cause of the weaker than expected "dose-effect" function: subjects showed compensatory changes in behavior by chewing slower than instructed in the high rate conditions, and by chewing faster than instructed in the low rate conditions. Thus, despite instructions to vary chew rates across an 8-fold range, actual chew rate varied by only 2.2-fold. Intensity of chewing remained constant across conditions. Taken together, the findings suggest that rate of chewing nicotine gum can make a difference in the amount of nicotine extracted from the gum; however, compensatory changes in chew rate may attenuate attempts to systematically vary nicotine dose in this manner.
Extending fragment-based free energy calculations with library Monte Carlo simulation: annealing in interaction space.

Pre-calculated libraries of molecular fragment configurations have previously been used as a basis for both equilibrium sampling (via library-based Monte Carlo) and for obtaining absolute free energies using a polymer-growth formalism. Here, we combine the two approaches to extend the size of systems for which free energies can be calculated. We study a series of all-atom poly-alanine systems in a simple dielectric solvent and find that precise free energies can be obtained rapidly. For instance, for 12 residues, less than an hour of single-processor time is required. The combined approach is formally equivalent to the annealed importance sampling algorithm; instead of annealing by decreasing temperature, however, interactions among fragments are gradually added as the molecule is grown. We discuss implications for future binding affinity calculations in which a ligand is grown into a binding site. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Impedance characterization of anodized silver/silver chloride electrodes

Abstract Impedance measurements were made on anodized silver chloride layers on silver electrodes at 293–305 K. Thicknesses calculated from coulometry ranged from 6 × 10 -5 cm to 3.6 × 10 -4 cm. Results characterized the macroscopic transport properties from 56.2 kHz to 0.0178 Hz. Bulk film specific conductivities increased to a level value of 6 × 10 -6 S cm -1 with increased thickness, and they varied with solution composition: a minimum value in 10 -3 M AgNO 3 and maxima in 10 -1 M KCl and 10 -1 M AgNO 3 . Activation energies indicated interstitial conduction in high contacting silver solutions and vacancy conduction in high contacting chloride solutions. For the thicker electrodes, a second process, probably grain boundary constriction impedances, is resolvable between 56.2 kHz and 316 Hz. At lower frequencies still, from 100 Hz to 0.316 Hz, effects of external solution diffusion are seen in dilute solutions of silver and chloride. Values for the absolute impedances and the frequency character are extremely close to theoretical predictions. At the lowest frequencies measured an additional impedance process occurs. For the thinnest electrodes the arc is semi-circular and may indicate a kinetic process or kinetics—diffusion coupling. For the thickest electrodes this arc appears like a semiinfinite diffusion process. The magnitude of this effect qualitatively explains the increased tune responses of electrodes in the most dilute solutions.