cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
There Is No Sex Without Gender

As a field of inquiry develops, good ideas invariably get lost, fade from prominence, or are prematurely dismissed. It is a particularly vexed situation when these neglected ideas remain relevant to ongoing intellectual debates and could significantly effect further scholars' knowledge. Such is the case with Suzanne J. Kessler and Wendy McKenna's Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach, a book that challenges the assumed naturalness of two sexes and the biological bases of gender; interrogates the relationship between sex and gender; and provides an important alternative framework to understand how we routinely construct two genders. Originally published in 1978, the book was written at a time when the study of gender, which was then called the study of "sex roles," was in its formative years, and the women's movement, which helped generate some of the early research about women and gender, was in its second decade of revival. At that time, popular wisdom still held that biological sex determined the countless differences we observed between women and men, and expert knowledge was slowly changing. Some social scientists and activists were beginning to challenge the premise that biology was destiny and argued instead that biology could not explain all the variation we observed between the sexes. They maintained that social and cultural arrangements, which varied over time and place, were essential for understanding the patterns we called sex roles, which were subsequently labeled gender roles, gender relations, gender arrangements, gendered structures, or simply gender. Given the state of knowledge production by the 1970s, specialists could
Cooperative communications for wireless networks: techniques and applications in LTE-advanced systems

Cooperative communications enable efficient utilization of communication resources, by allowing nodes or terminals in a communication network to collaborate with each other in information transmission. It is a promising technique for future communication systems. In this article, we first survey cooperative communication schemes and discuss their advantages in improving system capacity and diversity. Following that, we examine the applications of cooperative relaying schemes in LTE-advanced systems. Specifically, we investigate two intra-cell coordinated multi-point schemes in LTE-advanced systems, and evaluate the performance of the schemes. It is shown that cooperative relaying leads to both network coverage extension and capacity expansion in LTE-advanced systems. Cooperative communications can significantly improve the system spectrum efficiency and performance.
Vertebrate Evidence of a Low Sea Level in the Middle Pliocene

Marine and untransported terrestrial vertebrates of Middle Pliocene (Hemphillian) age occur together in well-sorted, sandy, phosphatic gravels at an elevation of 1.8 to 3 meters in Manatee County, Florida. If no crustal warping of the Late Cenozoic age has occurred in this part of Florida (as investigators generally agree), the sea must have approached its present level 4 to 7 million years ago.
Dynamic Prediction of Vehicle Cluster Distribution in Mixed Traffic: A Statistical Mechanics-Inspired Method

The advent of intelligent vehicle technologies holds significant potential to alter the dynamics of traffic flow. Prior work on the effects of such technologies on the formation of self-organized traffic jams has led to analytical solutions and numerical simulations at the mesoscopic scale, which may not yield significant information about the distribution of vehicle cluster size. Since the absence of large clusters could be offset by the presence of several smaller clusters, the distribution of cluster sizes can be as important as the presence or absence of clusters. To obtain a prediction of vehicle cluster distribution, the included work presents a statistical mechanics-inspired method of simulating traffic flow at a microscopic scale via the generalized Ising model. The results of the microscopic simulations indicate that traffic systems dominated by adaptive cruise control ( acc )-enabled vehicles exhibit a higher probability of formation of moderately sized clusters, as compared with the traffic systems dominated by human-driven vehicles; however, the trend is reversed for the formation of large-sized clusters. These qualitative results hold significance for algorithm design and traffic control because it is easier to predict and take countermeasures for fewer large localized clusters as opposed to several smaller clusters spread across different locations on a highway.
High passage T47D human breast cancer cells: altered endocrine and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin responsiveness

Low passage (L) T47D cells cultured for up to 12 months in media containing fetal bovine serum, fetal bovine serum plus 1 nM 17 beta-estradiol and estrogen-deficient media gave high passage cells denoted H, H(E+) and H(E-) cells, respectively, which exhibited differential responsiveness to 17 beta-estradiol, various growth factors, tamoxifen, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and their combinations. Moreover, the altered mitogen/antimitogen responsiveness was paralleled by changes in hormone receptor levels, cellular architecture and ploidy. Estrogen receptor binding levels in the H, L and H(E+) cells varied from 36 to 155 fmol/mg protein; in contrast, the estrogen receptor binding in H(E-) cells exhibited a time-dependent increase from 81 to 1229 fmol/mg after culturing in estrogen-deficient media for approximately 12 months. Gel mobility shift assays of the nuclear estrogen receptor extracts from high and low passage cells with 32P-labeled estrogen responsive element showed that levels of the estrogen receptor-estrogen responsive element retarded band were lower in all the high passage cells compared to the low passage cells. These studies further illustrate the genetic instability of the T47D human breast cancer cell line and the resulting changes in mitogen and antimitogen responsiveness. In addition, the high passage H(E-) cells which express high estrogen receptor but low estrogen responsive element binding represent a unique model system for investigating the cellular and molecular biology of breast cancer cells which appear to be estrogen receptor-positive but are insensitive to antiestrogens.
Examining 25 years of technology in U.S. education

The potential of technology has not been realized in primary and secondary classrooms. What conditions aren't being met, and what must be done.
Social Experience During Development and Female Offspring Aggression in Peromyscus Mice

Cross-fostering between the highly aggressive, biparental California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) and the less aggressive, less parental white-footed mouse (P. leucopus) influences female offspring attack latency in California mice, but not in white-footed mice. Adult female California mice raised by white-footed mice expressed longer attack latencies in a neutral-arena test but not in a resident-intruder test. One social cue that may be used by offspring to develop environmentally appropriate levels of aggression is the type of parental care during development. In California mice, a composite score of maternal behavior was positively associated with neutral-arena aggression as indicated by decreased attack latency. In both species, paternal nest-building was positively associated with neutral-arena aggression and higher maternal retrieval behavior predicted higher offspring resident-intruder aggression as indicated by decreased attack latency. Together, these results indicate that parental behavior has the potential to shape the development of attack latency in female offspring.
Cryoinjury of a contractile tissue-equivalent: In vitro experiments

Cryosurgery, the minimally-invasive destruction of undesirable tissues by freezing, is an attractive technique for treating diseases where tight control over lesion size and minimal scar tissues are crucial, such as cancer and dermatologic disorders (1, 2). Unlike hyperthermic (high temperature) treatments, cryosurgery maintains the integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) while destroying the cells of the tissue. The undamaged ECM results in a unique wound healing process, which, compared to most injuries, leads to a better tissue recovery. Thus, cryosurgery has been of great interest in many clinical fields and has been studied extensively. However, numerous questions remain.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
On the need to redress an inadequacy in animal welfare science: toward an internally coherent framework

The time is ripe for a greater interrogation of assumptions and commitments underlying an emerging common ground on the ethics of animal research as well on the 3 R (replacement, refinement, reduction) approach that parallels, and perhaps even further shapes, it. Recurring pressures to re-evaluate the moral status of some animals in research comes as much from within the relevant sciences as without. It seems incredible, in the light of what we now know of such animals as chimpanzees, to deny that these animals are properly accorded high moral status. Barring the requirement that they be human, it is difficult to see what more animals such as chimpanzees would have to possess to acquire it. If the grounds for ascribing high moral status are to be non-arbitrary and responsive to our best knowledge of those individuals who possess the relevant features, we should expect that a sound ethical experimental science will periodically reassess the moral status of their research subjects as the relevant knowledge demands. We already can observe this reassessment as scientists committed to humane experimental science incorporate discoveries of enrichment tools and techniques into their housing and use of captive research animals. No less should this reassessment include a critical reflection on the possible elevation of moral status of certain research animals in light of what is discovered regarding their morally significant properties, characteristics or capacities, or so I will argue. To do anything short of this threatens the social and moral legitimacy of animal research.
Incremental impact of breast cancer SNP panel on risk classification in a screening population of white and African American women

Breast cancer risk prediction remains imperfect, particularly among non-white populations. This study examines the impact of including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles in risk prediction for white and African American women undergoing screening mammogram. Using a prospective cohort study, standard risk information and buccal swabs were collected at the time of screening mammography. A 12 SNP panel was performed by deCODE genetics. Five-year and lifetime risks incorporating SNPs were calculated by multiplying estimated Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT) risk by the total genetic risk ratio. Concordance between the BCRAT and the combined model (BCRAT + SNPs) in identifying high-risk women was measured using the kappa statistic. SNP data were available for 810 women (39 % African American, 55 % white). The mean BCRAT 5-year risk was 1.71 % for whites and 1.18 % for African Americans. Mean genetic risk ratios were 1.09 in whites and 1.29 in African Americans. Among whites, three SNPs had higher frequencies, and among African Americans, seven SNPs had higher and four had lower high-risk allele frequencies than previously reported. Agreement between the BCRAT and the combined model was relatively low for identifying high-risk women (5-year κ = 0.54, lifetime κ = 0.36). Addition of SNPs had the greatest effect among African Americans, with 12.4 % identified as having high-5-year risk by BCRAT, but 33 % by the combined model. A greater proportion of African Americans were reclassified as having high-5-year risk than whites using the combined model (21 vs. 10 %). The addition of SNPs to the BCRAT reclassifies the high-risk status of some women undergoing screening mammography, particularly African Americans. Further research is needed to determine the clinical validity and utility of the SNP panel for use in breast cancer risk prediction, particularly among African Americans for whom these risk alleles have generally not been validated.
Design, Synthesis, and Structure−Activity Analysis of Isoform-Selective Retinoic Acid Receptor β Ligands

We recently discovered the isoform selective RAR beta 2 ligand 4'-octyl-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid (3, AC-55649). Although 3 is highly potent at RAR beta 2 and displays excellent selectivity, solubility issues make it unsuitable for drug development. Herein we describe the exploration of the SAR in a biphenyl and a phenylthiazole series of analogues of 3. This ultimately led to the design of 28, a novel, orally available ligand with excellent isoform selectivity for the RAR beta 2.
Challenges to the use of supercomputers and scientific visualization for automotive applications

Abstract Supercomputing and visualization facilities are used in the automotive industry to produce large-scale computer simulations of physical phenomena related to the efficient design, analysis, and manufacture of cars and trucks. Such tools are an economic necessity for creating very high-quality vehicles that can be rapidly brought from concept to production in an increasingly competitive worldwide automotive market. This paper focuses attention on current and future directions for supercomputing and scientific visualization in an automotive applications environment. Extensive references to automotive simulation work on vector/parallel computers at General Motors are given in the Appendix. The interactions of supercomputers and visualization tools are discussed along with potential bottlenecks which must be overcome.
Numerical Analysis of Transient Temperature Distribution Inside a Current Transformer

Current transformer (CT) is a device that transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to another through a shared magnetic field. In a CT, heat is generated in the core, tank wall, and primary and secondary windings. The performance of a CT is well indicated by the temperature distribution inside it. In this study, numerical analysis was performed to predict the temperature distribution inside the CT at every instant under different load conditions. It was found that the numerical results obtained were in good agreement with the experimental measurements. Thus, it was concluded that the numerical method can be a useful tool in CT design and performance monitoring.
A Comparative Study of Abortion Policymaking in Brazil and South America: The Salience of Issue Networks and Policy Windows

AbstractIn Brazil and South America, religion, custom, and law have long made abortion taboo and forced it underground. Major changes sweeping the region are now making abortion increasingly discussed and contested. This article uses conceptual heuristics, theoretical insights, and comparisons across contexts to understand this situation. It explains why legal reforms have occurred in some settings (Colombia, Mexico City) but not in others (Brazil, Chile, Peru), and how incremental policy changes are making abortion safer and less common. It stresses the importance of building issue networks to mobilize capacity and exploit policy windows for securing further bolder reforms in this deeply controversial health care field.
On the coefficient of multiple determination in a linear regression model

Consider ap-variate random vectorX=(X 1,…,X p ),p≧2, with an unknown meanμ ∈ R p and an unknown dispersion matrix σ(p.d.). ForX (2) =(X 2,…,X p )′, the regression ofX 1 onX (2) is defined asE(X 1 |X (2). The multiple correlation coefficient betweenX 1 andX (2), denoted by ρ1·23...p , is the simple correlation coefficient betweenX 1 and its best linear fitX 1·23...p =β 1+β 2 X 2+...β p X p byX (2) whereβ i ’s are regression coefficients. The parameter λ=ρ 2 1·23...p is called the coefficient of multiple determination and it indicates the extent of the true contribution of the explanatory variablesX 2…X p in explaining the response variableX 1 through a linear regression model. In this article we address the problem of efficient estimation of λ under the Pitman Nearness Criterion (PNC) as well as the Stochastic Domination Criterion (SDC) assuming thatX follows a multivariate normal distribution (N p (μ, σ)). We have proposed several competing shrinkage estimators which seem to outperform the usual maximum likelihood estimator by wide margins. Finally, simulation results and two real life data sets (from environmental studies) have been used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed estimators.
Real Teaching and Real Learning vs Narrative Myths about Education

All real classrooms are saturated in the fictional narratives about education from TV and movies that swirl about thickly and persistently in western culture, yet the influence that these fictions ...
Role of reactive oxygen species in hypothalamic regulation of energy metabolism.

To understand the etiology of metabolic disorders, including obesity and type II diabetes, it is essential to gain better insight into how stored and available energy sources are monitored by the central nervous system. In particular, a comprehension of the fine cellular interplay and intracellular mechanisms that enable appropriate hypothalamic and consequent endocrine and behavioral responses to both circulating hormonal and nutrient signals remains elusive. Recent data, including those from our laboratories, raised the notion that re active oxygen species (ROS) generation is not merely a by-product of substrate oxidation, but it plays a crucial role in modulating cellular responses involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. These review summarizes the published recent data on the effect of ROS levels in the regulation of neuronal function, including that of hypothalamic melanocortin neurons, pro-opiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y-/agouti related peptide-neurons, in the modulation of food intake.
Semisimple Triangular AF Algebras

Abstract We give several necessary and sufficient conditions for a triangular AF algebra to be semisimple. In particular, a triangular AF algebra which can be written using the standard embedding infinitely often is semisimple; we also give a semisimple triangular AF algebra which does not have a presentation of this form. If two triangular AF algebras have the same Peters-Poon-Wagner diagonal invariant, then either both are semisimple or both are not. However, we give two algebras with the same diagonal invariant where one has the Jacobson radical equal to the strong radical and the other does not. Semisimplicity can be characterized in terms of Power′s fundamental relation. We give generalizations of these results to triangular subalgebras of groupoid C *-algebras. It is shown that there is a unique maximal bimodule over the diagonal which does not intersect the radical. Using this, we show that the Wedderburn principal theorem does not hold for all triangular AF algebras. A necessary condition for the theorem to hold is that the above mentioned unique bimodule is a subalgebra.
Mn-related absorption and PL bands in GaN grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract In this paper, the optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of semi-insulating Mn-doped GaN films were studied. Two characteristic bands were observed in the absorption spectra of Mn-doped epilayers at 300 K. The integrated intensities of these bands increased with increasing Mn concentration indicating that they were Mn-related. An analysis of the temperature behavior of the absorption band with a maximum at 1.5 eV indicated that it involved a free to bound transition from the valence band to the deep Mn-acceptor level. Photoluminescence measurements of Mn-doped films indicated the presence of an intra 3d-shell transition of the Mn ion. The luminescence band at 1.25±0.02 eV is tentatively attributed to the 4 T 1 (G)→ 6 A 1 (S) transition.
The relationship of physical activity to health status and quality of life in cerebral palsy.

Purpose:To compare the influence of functional level, ambulatory, and physical activity performance on self-reported health status and quality of life (QOL) of youth with cerebral palsy (CP) and with typical development.Methods:A cross-sectional comparison cohort design was used in 81 youth with CP,
Real-Time Stability and Control Derivative Extraction From F-15 Flight Data

A real-time, frequency-domain, equation-error parameter identification (PID) technique was used to estimate stability and control derivatives from flight data. This technique is being studied to support adaptive control system concepts currently being developed by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), academia, and industry. This report describes the basic real-time algorithm used for this study and implementation issues for onboard usage as part of an indirect-adaptive control system. A confidence measures system for automated evaluation of PID results is discussed. Results calculated using flight data from a modified F-15 aircraft are presented. Test maneuvers included pilot input doublets and automated inputs at several flight conditions. Estimated derivatives are compared to aerodynamic model predictions. Data indicate that the real-time PID used for this study performs well enough to be used for onboard parameter estimation. For suitable test inputs, the parameter estimates converged rapidly to sufficient levels of accuracy. The devised confidence measures used were moderately successful.
Frequency-selective devices using a composite multilayer design

An optimization algorithm is developed and used in conjunction with a synthesis program for the determination of the number of layers, as well as the dielectric constant of each layer, in composite multilayer device designed for use in microwave frequency range. Numerical results are presented using a three-layer design, in which the first layer is made of dispersing 72 wt pct barium strontium titanate (BST) powder in eccogel, the second layer is a pure eccogel material, and the third layer is similar to the first, except the content of BST powder is reduced to 54 wt pct.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Histotripsy: Minimally Invasive Technology for Prostatic Tissue Ablation in an In Vivo Canine Model

Objectives Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia affect men increasingly as they age. Minimally invasive therapies for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia continue to evolve. We describe histotripsy, a noninvasive, nonthermal, focused ultrasound technology for precise tissue ablation, and report the initial results of using histotripsy for prostatic tissue ablation in an in vivo canine model. Methods An annular 18-element, 750-kHz, phased-array ultrasound system delivered high-intensity (22 kW/cm 2 ), ultrasound pulses (15 cycles in 20 ms) at pulse repetition frequencies of 100 to 500 Hz to canine prostates. Eight lateral lobe and nine periurethral treatments were performed in 11 anesthetized dogs. Diagnostic ultrasound transducers provided in-line and transrectal imaging. Retrograde urethrography was performed before and after the periurethral treatments. After treatment, the prostates were grossly examined, sectioned, and submitted for histologic examination. Results In the lateral lobe treatments, a well-demarcated cavity containing liquefied material was present at the ablation site. Microscopically, the targeted volume was characterized by the presence of histotripsy paste (debris, absent cellular structures). A narrow margin of cellular injury was noted, beyond which no tissue damage was apparent. The periurethral treatments resulted in total urethral ablation or significant urethral wall damage, with visible prostatic urethral defects on retrograde urethrography. Real-time ultrasound imaging demonstrated a dynamic hyperechoic zone at the focus, indicative of cavitation and suggesting effective tissue ablation. Conclusions The results of our study have shown that histotripsy is capable of precise prostatic tissue destruction and results in subcellular fractionation of prostate parenchyma. Histotripsy can also produce prostatic urethral damage and thereby facilitate drainage of finely fractionated material per urethra, producing immediate debulking.
Violet, an experimental decentralized system

Abstract Over the past year we have been designing and constructing an experimental decentralized information system called Violet. The lowest levels of the Violet system make it easy to construct a distributed user application by hiding the application's decentralized environment. Violet's first application, a calendar system, provides a sophisticated user interface to a simple relational data base manager. This paper presents our experience with the design and implementation of Violet. We discuss a new algorithm for replicated data which is implemented by Violet, and discoveries we have made about desirable concurrency modes for shared files. The conclusion outlines what we consider to be desirable design features for decentralized information systems.
Biliary lipids and cholesterol crystal formation in leptin-deficient obese mice.

Background. Obesity is often associated with increased biliary cholesterol secretion resulting in cholesterol gallstone formation. We have previously demonstrated that leptin-deficient C57Bl/6J Lep ob obese mice have abnormal biliary motility and are prone to cholesterol crystal formation. In addition, others have demonstrated that leptin-deficient mice when fed a lithogenic diet for eight weeks are not prone to gallstone formation. However, the biliary lipid and in vivo cholesterol crystal response of homozygous and heterozygous leptin-deficient mice to four weeks on a lithogenic diet has not been studied. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that lithogenic diets influence gallbladder bile composition, serum lipids and cholesterol crystal formation in homozygous and heterozygous leptin-deficient mice compared to normal lean controls. Methods. 319 female lean control mice, 280 heterozygous lep ob obese mice and 117 homozygous lep ob obese mice were studied. Mice were fed either a lithogenic or control non-lithogenic chow diet for four weeks. Gallbladder volumes were measured, and bile was pooled to calculate cholesterol saturation indices. Serum cholesterol, glucose, and leptin levels were determined. Hepatic fat vacuoles were counted, and bile was observed microscopically for cholesterol crystal formation. Results. The lithogenic diet and mouse strain influenced body and liver weights, gallbladder volume, cholesterol crystal formation, serum cholesterol, glucose and leptin levels and hepatic fat vacuole numbers. However, only diet, not strain, altered biliary cholesterol saturation. Conclusion. The association among obesity, leptin, and gallstone formation may be primarily related to altered gallbladder motility and cholesterol crystal formation and only secondarily to biliary cholesterol saturation.
A Three-State Study of English Learner Progress.

In this three-state study, the authors estimate the magnitudes of achievement gaps between English learner (EL) students and their non-EL peers, while avoiding typical caveats in cross-sectional studies. The authors further compare the observed achievement gaps across three distinct dimensions (content areas, grades, and states) and report patterns of EL–non-EL achievement gaps within and across states. The study findings suggest that linguistic barriers and long-term EL designation may contribute to the observed achievement gaps. The findings further suggest that the differences in the stringency of state reclassification criteria may influence the reported size of the EL and non-EL achievement gaps between states.
Helical peptoid mimics of magainin-2 amide.

A series of peptoid oligomers were designed as helical, cationic, and facially amphipathic mimics of the magainin-2 amide antibacterial peptide. We used circular dichroism spectroscopy to determine the conformation of these peptoids in aqueous buffer and in the presence of bacterial membrane-mimetic lipid vesicles, composed of a 7:3 mol ratio of POPE:POPG. We found that certain peptoids, which displayed characteristically helical CD in buffer and lipid vesicles, exhibit selective (nonhemolytic) and potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, peptoids that exhibit weak CD, reminiscent of that of a peptide random coil, were ineffective antibiotics. In a manner similar to the natural magainin peptides, we find a correlation between peptoid lipophilicity and hemolytic propensity. We observe that a minimum length of ∼12 peptoid residues may be required for antibacterial activity. We also see evidence that a helix length between 24 and 34 A may provide optim...
Solid State Reactions of Phthalonitrile and Related Compounds

Abstract The strategy of rendering an unreactive molecular solid reactive by doping is illustrated for the case of phthalonitrile doped with diiminoiso-indoline. The doped solid undergoes thermal reaction, and the product of the reaction is identified as phthalocyanine by solution spectro-photometry. The possible crystal chemistry associated with this new reaction is discussed. X-ray powder diffraction of phthalonitrile and its doped phases indicates the presence of multiple crystalline phases. The solid state decomposition of phenyliminoisoindoline has been studied, and some of the reaction products were identified.
Regulation of expression of epidermal growth factor receptors in gonadotropes by epidermal growth factor and estradiol: studies in cycling female rats.

Changes in expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors by gonadotropes parallel those of GnRH receptors. Gonadotropes increase their expression of EGF receptors (EGFR) during diestrus to reach a peak on the morning of proestrus. This is followed by a decline in expression to reach a nadir by estrus. We hypothesized that regulatory factors that stimulate changes in GnRH receptors might mediate the same changes in EGFR. To test this hypothesis, pituitary cells were collected from cycling rats and grown overnight in media with or without serum, 100 pm estradiol, or 60 ng/ml activin. On the next day, some of the cultures were further stimulated with 1 nm GnRH (4 h). The cells were then dual-labeled for EGFR and LHβ or FSHβ antigens and analyzed for their content of EGFR and gonadotropins. Neither activin nor estradiol increased percentages of cells with gonadotropin antigens and EGFR. Estradiol decreased percentages of cells with EGFR and LH in proestrous rats and those with EGFR and FSH in diestrou...
An analysis of earthquake focal depths in the southeastern U. S.

Seven years (1977-84) of seismic network monitoring in the southeastern U. S. have resulted in a catalog of 255 earthquakes (0 ≤ M ≤ 4.2) with ERZ ≤ 5 km. Focal depths from the Valley & Ridge and Blue Ridge provinces (mean depth 12 km) were combined for analysis as were those for the Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces (mean depth 8 km). The mean focal depths between these two regions are shown to be statistically different. The 90% depths of earthquakes are also very different between the regions, implying a difference in the depth to the brittle-ductile transition. First order models of crustal rheology based on estimates of composition, temperature and strain-rate, indicate that the observed differences in earthquake focal depths may reflect differences in strain-rate and/or composition.
Electronic rumble strip

Single vehicle run-off-road accidents are responsible for significant numbers of injuries and fatalities, and significant property damage. This fact spurs interest in warning systems to alert drivers that vehicles are drifting towards the edge of the road, and that a run-off road accident is imminent. An early attempt at such a warning system is the use of machined grooves on the shoulder to create a rumble strip. Such a system only provides warning, however, as the vehicle actually leaves the traffic lane. More desirable is a system that warns in anticipation of such departure. Honeywell has under development a magnetic lateral guidance system that couples a sensitive magnetoresistive transducer with a magnetic traffic marking tape being developed by 3M. While this development was initially undertaken for use in automated highways, or for special tasks such as guiding snowplow owners, the system can provide an effective, all-weather warning system to provide alert of impending departure from the roadway. This electronic rumble strip is actually a simpler system than the baseline guidance system, and can monitor both distance from the traffic lane edge and the speed of approach to the edge with a low cost sensor.
Vibration Characteristics of the Wings of Micro Air Vehicles

A finite-element model is developed for the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of the biologically inspired wings of micro air vehicles. The wings are known as the composite wing, batten-reinforced composite-polyester-fabric (BRCPF) wing and the perimeter-reinforced composite-polyester-fabric (PRCPF) wing. The wings are constructed by attaching the skin of polyester fabric to the reinforced structures of graphite-epoxy (T300-5208), except for the composite wing, which does not have the skin. The effect of added mass, damping, and aerodynamic pressure on the vibration characteristics of the wings is investigated. Thewings are vibrated in vacuum and in air for investigating the effect of added mass and damping on their vibration characteristics. Natural frequencies of the wings increase with mode; however, they decrease in air from those in vacuum due to the added mass of surrounding air. Damping is low and hasminimal influence on the natural frequencies of the wings but helps to reduce the out-of-plane modal amplitude of vibration. The composite wing has the highest natural frequencies among the three wings. On the other hand, the natural frequencies of the BRCPF wing are higher than those of the PRCPFwing.Aerodynamic pressure is estimated from the low-speedwind-tunnel test data,where the angle of attack of the wings and freestream velocity of air are varied. The effect of aerodynamic pressure on the first and second natural frequencies of the wings is not significant, although the third natural frequencies of the wings increase with aerodynamic pressure.
Stimulation of amino acid incorporation by rauscher murine leukemia virus RNA in a cell-free system

Summary RNA from purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) stimulated L14C-leucine incorporation into protein some three-fold using a cell-free system derived from animal cells. The stimulation was completely dependent on energy, ribosomal subunits and factors present in a high salt wash of polyribosomes isolated from infected, transformed JLS-V5 cells; and the stimulation was prevented by puromycin. Heated 60-70S RNA and the lower s-rate RLV-RNA fractions were more active per μg of RNA than the intact 60-70S RNA.
Controlling gold atom penetration through alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on Au{111} by adjusting terminal group intermolecular interactions.

The penetration behavior of thermally evaporated Au on S(CH2)15CH3, S(CH2)15CO2CH3, S(CH2)15CO2H, K-modified S(CH2)15CO2CH3, and K-modified S(CH2)15CO2H self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on Au substrates is investigated. Gold is a particularly interesting metal since vapor-deposited Au atoms are known to pass through alkanethiolate SAMs on Au{111} substrates at room temperature. Here we show that it is possible to control Au penetration by adjusting the interactions between terminal groups. It is found that Au atoms evenly penetrate into the CH3 and CO2CH3 films, forming smooth buried layers below the organic thin films. For the CO2H film, although Au atoms can still penetrate through it, filaments and mushroomlike clusters form due to H-bonding between film molecules. In the case of the K-modified CO2CH3 or CO2H films, however, most Au atoms form islands at the vacuum interface. These results suggest that van der Waals forces and H-bonds are not strong enough to block Au from going through but that ionic i...
Astrophysical motivation for X-ray polarimetry

Abstract In this paper I will review the motivation for measuring polarization in the X-ray band from astrophysical sources. Emission models designed to reproduce X-ray spectra can be tested using polarization, and polarization detected in other wavelength bands makes clear predictions as to the X-ray polarization. Polarization is a powerful tool to infer geometrical properties of sources which are too small to be spatially resolved. At the same time, there has been recent progress in instrumentation which is likely to allow searches for X-ray polarization at levels significantly below what was possible for early detectors. This paper will review the history of X-ray polarimetry, discuss some experimental techniques and the scientific problems which can be addressed by future experiments.
Mutant p53 gain of function: The NF-Y connection

The molecular mechanisms underlying mutant p53 gain of function are becoming increasingly complex. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Di Agostino et al. identify the heterotrimeric transcription factor NF-Y as an interacting partner of mutant p53. They show that mutant p53/NF-Y complexes bind to NF-Y target promoters and recruit p300 in response to DNA damage, resulting in aberrant transactivation of NF-Y target genes and cell cycle deregulation. These data thereby implicate transcriptional activation by mutant p53 as a key mechanism responsible for its oncogenic activity.
Epidemiology of an outbreak of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae at a tertiary care medical center.

Background In 2004, a 650-bed, tertiary care medical center experienced an outbreak of multiple antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MR-KP) that included extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and non-ESBL-producing strains. Methods Characteristics associated with MR-KP were evaluated by case-control study with variables tested by conditional regression analyses. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare the molecular relatedness of isolates. Results In 2004, the incidence rate of MR-KP increased significantly compared with 2003 (relative risk [RR], 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.10-8.37) when only ESBL-producing K pneumoniae were present. The increase involved both ESBL-producing MR-KP and MR-KP in which ESBL production was not detected by the testing in use. Nineteen isolates were identical or closely related by PFGE. Characteristics associated with MR-KP were longer length of hospital stay (odds ratio [OR], 2.92; 95% CI: 1.17-7.30; P = .022), greater total antibiotic-days (OR, 2.81; 95% CI: 1.19-6.65; P = .018], and higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (OR, 1.15; 95% CI: 1.06-1.25; P = .001). When the MR-KP cases were subdivided into ESBL-producing K pneumoniae and ESBL-negative K pneumoniae , while controlling for length of stay, total antibiotic-days was significantly associated with ESBL-producing K pneumoniae (OR, 3.8; 95% CI: 1.2-12.1; P = .02). Conclusion Compared with patients housed on the same unit at the same time, patients with MR-KP had a longer length of stay and greater antibiotic exposure. Patients with longer length of stay and greater total antibiotic exposure should be potential targets for stringent infection control measures.
Analysis of fundamental frequency reveals covariation in interview partners' speech

Spectral analysis of the fundamental frequency band in speech of interview partners reveals covariance of voice energy levels and thus a possible form of rudimentary social synchrony. Though this phenomenon of paralinguistic covariance has been observed by a number of researchers, techniques for examining it have not been exploited using modern instruments for Fast Fourier Transform analysis nor has the effect been statistically explicated in depth. This study reports on research showing that the acoustic signal conveying covariance information resides in the fundamental frequency band of the speech spectrum, a band which in itself has traditionally been considered inconsequential to perceived intelligible verbal communication. Acoustic signals from speech of four interview partners interacting with the author were analyzed in three frequency settings—2 KHz., .5 KHz., and .2 KHz.—to target the low frequency band in which the covariance phenomenon is most coherently transmitted. Analysis was performed using a dedicated instrument, the Fast Fourier Transform analyzer, to obtain spectra, and spectral output was processed statistically to produce relationships showing the covariance effect. Also, this paper addresses means by which potency of influences from technical artifacts, as introduced by instrumentation, interview environment, or statistical protocols are appraised. Research conclusions present an efficient, lucid, and reliable method for analyzing the paralinguistic mode of nonverbal behavior, and, in addition, offer evidence that the nonverbal, vocal channel of communication carries a signal embodying a semantic message. These conclusions raise some crucial questions regarding the influence of a hitherto unreported function of the fundamental frequency in voices of interview partners.
Field analysis for the cylindrical m.h.d. induction generator

The interaction of a cylindrical conducting fluid stream is analysed in three dimensions using the magnetic vector diffusion equation. The electromagnetic waves in the conducting medium are surface waves and can be separated into TE and TM modes.
Bootstrapping State-Space Models: Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation and the Kalman Filter

Abstract The bootstrap is proposed as a method for assessing the precision of Gaussian maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of linear state-space models. Our results also apply to autoregressive moving average models, since they are a special case of state-space models. It is shown that for a time-invariant, stable system, the bootstrap applied to the innovations yields asymptotically consistent standard errors. To investigate the performance of the bootstrap for finite sample lengths, simulation results are presented for a two-state model with 50 and 100 observations; two cases are investigated, one with real characteristic roots and one with complex characteristic roots. The bootstrap is then applied to two real data sets, one used in a test for efficient capital markets and one used to develop an autoregressive integrated moving average model for quarterly earnings data. We find the bootstrap to be of definite value over the conventional asymptotics.
Design considerations in clustering nuclear rocket engines

An initial investigation of the design considerations in clustering nuclear rocket engines for space transfer vehicles has been made. The clustering of both propulsion modules (which include start tanks) and nuclear rocket engines installed directly to a vehicle core tank appears to be feasible. Special provisions to shield opposite run tanks and the opposite side of a core tank - in the case of the boost pump concept - are required; the installation of a circumferential reactor side shield sector appears to provide an effective solution to this problem. While the time response to an engine-out event does not appear to be critical, the gimbal displacement required appears to be important. Since an installation of three engines offers a substantial reduction in gimbal requirements for engine-out and it may be possible to further enhance mission reliability with the greater number of engines, it is recommended that a cluster of four engines be considered.
Controls for Immunocytochemistry: An Update

Immunocytochemistry is a highly productive method in biomedical research used to identify proteins and other macromolecules in tissues and cells. Control samples are required to show label localization is correct, but the understanding and use of immunocytochemistry controls have been inconsistent. A new classification of immunocytochemical controls is proposed that will help in understanding this most important component of the experiment. The three types of controls required for immunocytochemistry are primary antibody controls that show the specificity of the primary antibody binding to the antigen, secondary antibody controls that show the label is specific to the primary antibody, and label controls that show the labeling is the result of the label added and not the result of endogenous labeling. Publications containing immunocytochemical results must give details of how these controls were performed.
Recency judgments as measures of temporal coding

The purpose of this study was to determine if recency judgments, used to measure within- list temporal coding, are based on generalized knowledge of temporal relationships among the items in a series or involve learning that is specific to the pairs tested. The subjects studied a 36-item list from which 16 pairs were tested, the subjects making a decision as to which of the two words in each pair occurred most recently in the series. After three trials on which the subjects made recency decisions for the same 16 pairs, the pairings were changed for Trials 4, 5, and 6 for half the subjects. The change in the pairings caused only a small loss. It is concluded that recency judgments made on the same pairings over several trials measure temporal coding that is largely generalizable to any pairing.
Soil phosphorus saturation ratio for risk assessment in land use systems

The risk of phosphorus loss from agricultural soils can have serious implications for water quality. This problem has been noted particularly in sandy soils in several parts of the world including Europe (e.g., the Netherlands, Italy, and UK) and the southeastern USA. However, the capacity of a soil to retain P is limited and even non-sandy soils have the potential to eventually release P when inorganic or organic fertilizer is added over a period of time. A threshold phosphorus saturation ratio (PSR), calculated from P, Fe and Al in an oxalate or a soil test solution such as Mehlich 1 or Mehlich 3, has been recognized as a practical means of determining when a soil has reached a level of P loading that constitutes an environmental risk. When soils are below a threshold PSR value, the equilibrium P concentration (EPC0) is minimal. Further, the soil P storage capacity calculated from the same data is directly linked to the strength of P bonding (KL) as determined from Langmuir isotherms, and KD, the distribution coefficient related to the strength of sorption. While the PSR is occasionally used as a predictor of the onset of environmentally significant P loss from a soil, the procedure might be adopted as a routine soil test.
Chinese Studies in Crisis

Ping-ti Ho and Tang Tsou, eds., China in Crisis: China's Heritage and the Communist Political System, i, Book i, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, i968, 447 pp., $I0.00. Ping-ti Ho and Tang Tsou, eds., China in Crisis: China's Heritage and the Communist Political System, i, Book 2, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, i968, pp. 449-803, $I0.00. Ping-ti Ho and Tang Tsou, eds., China in Crisis: China's Policies in Asia and America's Alternatives, ii, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, i970, 484 pp., $IO.o0.