cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman lidar measurements for boundary layer gradients and atmospheric refraction of millimeter-wave signals

The atmospheric boundary layer is typically characterized by a higher water vapor content and higher temperature than the free troposphere above it. Its height increases as the size of convection cells grow during the morning due to surface heating, stabilizes during the day, and it collapses as the energy input decreases in the evening. The marine boundary layer emphasizes these aspects. The large temperature gradients, humidity gradients and shear at the top of the boundary layer impact several processes, such as changes in both propagation properties as a function of wavelength and aerosol size distributions. We use Raman lidar to measure the gradients, and investigate several data inversion techniques to determine the best approach to obtain a high accuracy, for high SNR profiles of these gradients. Methods include anisotropic averaging between height and range, and averaging only to the level required for a specific target SNR. Examples that benefit from different time and range averaging will be given. The methods for gradient calculations and the interaction with pre- or post-averaging are also investigated. We model the impact of gradient-profile measurement from errors in the refraction of radar beams as a measure of quality requirements.
Information Sources in Environmental Science: A Citation Analysis of Master’s Theses at Florida Gulf Coast University

An analysis of the 6,570 citations in 78 master’s theses completed in environmental science at Florida Gulf Coast University from 2006 to 2016 was completed. Format types, ages of resources relativ...
Thermoelectric Properties of Semiconducting Polymers

Semiconducting polymers have the potential to be used in thermoelectric devices that are lightweight, flexible, and fabricated using solution processing. Because of the structural and energetic dis...
Molecular correlates of MRS‐based 31phosphocreatine muscle resynthesis rate in healthy adults

Dynamic phosphorus MRS (31 P-MRS) is a method used for in vivo studies of skeletal muscle energetics including measurements of phosphocreatine (PCr) resynthesis rate during recovery of submaximal exercise. However, the molecular events associated with the PCr resynthesis rate are still under debate. We assessed vastus lateralis PCr resynthesis rate from 31 P-MRS spectra collected from healthy adults as part of the CALERIE II study (caloric restriction), and assessed associations between PCr resynthesis and muscle mitochondrial signature transcripts and proteins (NAMPT, NQO1, PGC-1α, and SIRT1). Regression analysis indicated that higher concentration of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) protein, a mitochondrial capacity marker, was associated with faster PCr resynthesis. However, PCr resynthesis was not associated with greater physical fitness (VO2 peak) or messenger ribonucleic acid levels of mitochondrial function markers such as NQO1, PGC-1α, and SIRT1, suggesting that the impact of these molecular signatures on PCr resynthesis may be minimal in the context of an acute exercise bout. Together, these findings suggest that 31 P-MRS based PCr resynthesis may represent a valid non-invasive surrogate marker of mitochondrial NAMPT in human skeletal muscle.
BUBBLE CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE REDUCES THE DURATION OF CONVENTIONAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION AMONG VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

Objective Because prolonged mechanical ventilation is associated with chronic lung disease and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment among very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, we assessed the efficacy of bubble nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to reduce the use of conventional mechanical ventilation among these infants. Methods During two sequential time periods (period 1: 1 January 2003–28 February 2005; period 2: 1 March 2005–4 October 2007), VLBW infants with respiratory distress syndrome were treated with either conventional nasal CPAP (N = 88) or bubble nasal CPAP (N = 126). Infants at both time periods were similar with respect to gestational age, birth weight, gender, ethnicity, prenatal steroid treatment and other aspects of perinatal care. Pulmonary and non-pulmonary outcomes were compared for the two time periods. Results The mean duration (+SEM) of ventilation during period 2 was shorter than during period 1 (3.08 + 0.55 vs 5.25 + 0.87 days, p = 0.017), and fewer infants during period 2 required ventilation for greater than 6 days compared with those in period 1 (13.6% vs 26.3%, p = 0.008). In regression models, the effect of period 2 persisted after controlling for other predictors of duration of ventilation. There were no significant differences in other pulmonary or non-pulmonary outcomes, with the exception of mild retinopathy of prematurity (ROP; stages I or II), which was more common during period 2. The enhanced odds of ROP persisted after controlling for other known predictors of this condition. Conclusion Among VLBW infants with respiratory distress syndrome, the use of bubble nasal CPAP may reduce the use of ventilation. However, an increased risk of ROP may be incurred.
What the Cardiologist Needs to Know About Cancer Immunotherapies and Complications

Immunotherapies have transformed the current landscape for cancer treatment and demonstrated unparalleled improvements in survival rates. Now, a third of cancer patients are eligible for treatment with the most widely used class of immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). As more patients are treated with these novel agents, it is critical for both oncologists and subspecialists to establish a better understanding of the adverse events which can occur. The incidence of myocarditis associated with ICI therapy has been reported to be between 0.27 and 1.14%, 5 times that of myocarditis from other cancer therapies, and, of those patients, 20–50% develop a fulminant form. However, because of unclear risk factors, a broad clinical spectrum, and lack of specific noninvasive studies for diagnosis, the care of patients with ICI-associated cardiotoxicity can be challenging. Here, we have provided a brief overview of the current immunotherapy agents with a focus on the emerging evidence regarding diagnosis and management of cardiac adverse events.
Clinical characteristics of the first and second COVID-19 waves in the Bronx, New York: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Background There is limited clinical patient data comparing the first and second waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States and the effects of a COVID-19 resurgence on different age, racial and ethnic groups. We compared the first and second COVID-19 waves in the Bronx, New York, among a racially and ethnically diverse population. Methods Patients in this retrospective cohort study were included if they had a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by a real-time PCR test of a nasopharyngeal swab specimen detected between March 11, 2020, and January 21, 2021. Main outcome measures were critical care, in-hospital acquired disease and death. Patient demographics, comorbidities, vitals, and laboratory values were also collected. Findings A total of 122,983 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, of which 12,659 tested positive. The second wave was characterized by a younger demographic, fewer comorbidities, less extreme laboratory values at presentation, and lower risk of adverse outcomes, including in-hospital mortality (adj. OR = 0·23, 99·5% CI = 0·17 to 0·30), hospitalization (adj. OR = 0·65, 99·5% CI = 0·58 to 0·74), invasive mechanical ventilation (adj. OR = 0·70, 99·5% CI = 0·56 to 0·89), acute kidney injury (adj. OR = 0·62, 99·5% CI = 0·54 to 0·71), and length of stay (adj. OR = 0·71, 99·5% CI = 0·60 to 0·85), with Black and Hispanic patients demonstrating most improvement in clinical outcomes. Interpretation The second COVID-19 wave in the Bronx exhibits improved clinical outcomes compared to the first wave across all age, racial, and ethnic groups, with minority groups showing more improvement, which is encouraging news in the battle against health disparities.
Membrane circulation: an overview.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several specific aspects of membrane formation and behavior of cells. A brief survey on the major routes of membrane circulation is given as a background. The concept that membranes move from one compartment of the cell to another derives primarily from microscopic studies. Current views have evolved from earlier formulations about membrane flow or shuttling. Exocytosis and endocytosis affect the cell surface during the secretory cycle. The extensive movement of membrane through the cell surface during secretion can produce large-scale transient changes in surface permeability or other properties. For gland cells, secretory granule membranes are constituted to avoid making the cell surface more permeable to ions or water. For nerve terminals, the situation is less clear. As it is not certain how synaptic vesicles fill with transmitters, transmitters or immediate precursors can cross the vesicle membrane. Thus, in the absence of controls or other contravening factors, incorporation of vesicle membranes into the cell surface might open channels for the passage of transmitters between axoplasm and external space.
On the computation of mixed-mode K-factors for a dynamically propagating crack, using path-independent integrals J'k

Abstract The path-independent integral J' k , which has the meaning of energy release rate in elastodynamic crack-propagation, is used to numerically obtain the mixed-mode dynamic stressintensity factors for a crack propagating in a prescribed direction with a prescribed velocity. Moving isoparametric (non-singular) elements are used to model crack propagation. Even though J' is a vector integral and hence is coordinate invariant, the desirability of using specific coordinate systems to improve the accuracies of the numerical solutions for K- factors is pointed out. Two procedures for extracting the mixed-mode K- factors from the J' integral for a propagating crack are given. It is found that the component of J' along the crack-axis, i.e. J' 1 0 , is always equal to or greater than the product of a crack-velocity-function and the component normal to the crack-axis, J' 2 0 . Several examples of a slanted crack are presented to demonstrate the practical utility of the J' integral. A discussion is also presented concerning the velocity factors for dynamic K- factors , and energy release rate, in a finite body.
JENIS PANGAN SARAPAN DAN PERANNYA DALAM ASUPAN GIZI HARIAN ANAK USIA 6—12 TAHUN DI INDONESIA

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to analyze the type and amount of food consumed at breakfast and its also contribution in daily nutrient intake of school children (6—12 years old). The data used for this study was the secondary data of the Basic Health Survey 2010 (Riskesdas 2010) conducted by the Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Health. The data of 24-hour recall of food consumption and socio-economic were obtained from 35 000 school age children. The results of the study shows that ten most populer food consumed during breakfast are rice, scramble egg, fried tempeh, vegetable soup, fried fish, instant noodle, fried rice, stir vegetable, and fried tofu; and the five most populer beverages consumed during breakfast are drinking water, sweetened tea, milk creamer, powder milk, and tea. Nearly half (44.6%) of the children breakfast with low nutritional quality. Approximately 44.6%, 35.4%, 67.8%, 85.0%, 89.4%, and 90.3% of child-ren consume only <15% RDI for energy, protein, vitamin A, iron, calcium, and fiber respectively. Based on these results and inline with one of the dietary guidelines messages – do breakfast everyday – the healthy breakfast for school children need further promoted intensively. It is suggested that the healthy breakfast should be able to fulfill 15—30% of daily nutrients requirements.Key words: breakfast, RISKESDAS 2010, school childrenABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis jumlah dan jenis makanan dan minuman sarapan serta kontribusinya dalam asupan gizi harian anak usia sekolah (6—12 tahun). Data yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah data sekunder (data konsumsi pangan) yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010 yang dilaksanakan oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Ke-sehatan Indonesia. Data konsumsi pangan (recall 24 jam) dan sosial ekonomi diperoleh dari 35 000 subjek anak usia sekolah (6—12 tahun). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sepuluh makanan yang paling favorit dikonsumsi saat sarapan adalah nasi putih, telur ceplok/dadar, tempe goreng, sayur berkuah, ikan goreng, mi instan, nasi goreng, sayuran (tumis), dan tahu goreng; sedangkan lima minuman terpopuler yang dikonsumsi sebagai sarapan adalah air putih, teh manis, susu kental manis, susu instan, dan air teh. Hampir separuh (44.6%) anak usia sekolah sarapan dengan kualitas gizi rendah. Sekitar 44.6%, 35.4%, 67.8%, 85.0%, 89.4%, dan 90.3% anak hanya memperoleh gizi <15% AKG dari sarapan (berturut-turut untuk energi, protein, vitamin A, zat besi, kalsium, dan serat). Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dan juga sejalan dengan salah satu isi Pesan Dasar Umum Gizi Seimbang (PUGS), yaitu “Sarapan setiap hari”, maka promosi mengenai kebiasaan sarapan sehat bagi anak usia sekolah perlu dilakukan lebih intensif dan berkelanjutan. Selain itu disarankan pula bahwa sarapan yang sehat sebaiknya mampu memenuhi sekitar 15—30% AKG.Kata kunci: anak usia sekolah, RISKESDAS 2010, sarapan
How to Be Truly Photonic

Photonic crystals behave toward light waves as semiconductors do toward electron waves. Yablonovitch discusses a report by Noda et al., who have made a photonic crystal with unprecedented performance, using GaAs, the best material for integration into optoelectronic devices. According to Yablonovitch, the work thus represents a significant step toward photonic integrated circuits.
Sub-wavelength resonances in metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic structures

Metal-dielectric-metal structures support propagating electromagnetic modes that are strongly confined in the dielectric region. These modes can be used to create omni-directional absorbers, sub-wavelength waveguides, negative refraction lens, and high-dielectric-constant meta-materials
METABOLIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GENUS BRUCELLA II. Oxidative Metabolic Patterns of the Described Biotypes

Meyer, Margaret E. (University of California, Davis), and H. S. Cameron. Metabolic characterization of the genus Brucella. II. Oxidative metabolic patterns of the described biotypes. J. Bacteriol. 82:396-400. 1961.-The oxidative metabolism of the biotypes of Brucella abortus and Brucella suis was compared to that of typical strains of these species. It was found that the biotypes of B. abortus display a metabolic pattern identical to that of B. abortus type I, irrespective of their differences in susceptibility to the bacteriostatic action of basic fuchsin and thionin. It was also found that a characteristic feature which distinguishes all of the biotypes of B. suis from the other species was their ability to oxidize l-arginine, dl-citrulline, and dl-ornithine. The three biotypes of B. suis can be differentiated from each other by discrete differences in their utilization of l-lysine and l-glutamic acid. Data on the oxidative rates obtained on eight amino acid and four carbohydrate substrates by 47 strains of the described biotypes are presented in support of these conclusions.
Heartburn and Bethanechol

Excerpt This issue welcomes oral bethanechol (Urecholine®*) as a potentially useful treatment for patients with heartburn who have not been helped with conventional measures. At the Naval Hospital ...
Detection of brain injury based on adaptive latency analysis of evoked potentials

Injury to brain may result in transient or time varying changes in evoked potential (EP) signals. Here, the authors test the hypothesis that injury causes changes in the latency of the EP signal. Therefore, one can use latency changes as an indicator for detecting possible brain injury. The authors present an adaptive time delay estimation algorithm to estimate the latency changes in EP signals. The adaptive algorithm is used to analyze experimental data from cats made hypoxic by inhalation of 9% O/sub 2/. The analysis reveals that latency changes significantly when injury occurs. >
Using a Recognition and Reward Initiative to Improve Service Quality: A Quasi-Experimental Field Study in a Public Higher Education Institution

We describe a service quality initiative that focused on improving the work behavior and job attitudes of employees in a job category that is often overlooked, yet which is integral to the success of most public sector organizations — administrative assistants. Data on service quality were collected on an ongoing basis by an independent entity, Educational Benchmarks, Inc. (EBI). Faculty ratings of administrative assistance improved by > 5 Standard Errors of Measurement compared to other EBI measurements. Survey data from administrative assistants were highly favorable. The present action research suggests that a recognition and reward intervention can improve service excellence in a public sector higher education organization
Evolutionary Algorithms Combined with Deterministic Search

This paper provides insight into combining stochastic and deterministic search methods using evolutionary algorithms (EAs) such as evolutionary programming, evolutionary strategies, and genetic algorithms integrated with depth-first search with backtracking, branch and bound, and best-first search algorithms such as A*. An important view of such an integration focuses on both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation. Included in the discussion is the constraining impact of the “No Free Lunch Theorem” on combined search performance. Also, a variety of combinations of EAs and deterministic combined search methods are proposed along with expert system components. Discussion of anticipated results of such architectures speculates about existence of high performance integrated search environments. A particular successful specific NPC problem environment is presented that employs search metrics for short-term performance evaluation and combined search algorithm selection.
Access to training and its impact on temporary workers

Does temporary work provide a way for individuals to improve their skill levels? Using a sample of more than 4,000 employees of US temporary staffing agencies, we analyse whether blue, white and pink-collar temps get access to company training, and the impact of skill development on wages and employee retention. We find that less than 25 per cent of temps take part in training. Educated and experienced individuals are more likely to be offered training, but lower-skilled individuals are more likely to take training when it is offered and spend more hours on it. Office workers who took part in training were more likely still to be with the agency a year later and experienced significant wage growth, while training had no effect on wage growth for blue-collar workers. Skill development that took place on the job was associated with greater wage growth for all types of temps.
When Unbiased Probabilistic Learning Is Not Enough: Acquiring a Parametric System of Metrical Phonology

Parametric systems have been proposed as models of how humans represent knowledge about language, motivated in part as a way to explain children's rapid acquisition of linguistic knowledge. Given this, it seems reasonable to examine if children with knowledge of parameters could in fact acquire the adult system from the data available to them. That is, we explore an argument from acquisition for this knowledge representation. We use the English metrical phonology system as a nontrivial case study and test several computational models of unbiased probabilistic learners. Special attention is given to the modeled learners' input and the psychological plausibility of the model components in order to consider the learning problem from the perspective of children acquiring their native language. We find that such cognitively inspired unbiased probabilistic learners uniformly fail to acquire the English grammar proposed in recent metrical studies from English child-directed speech, suggesting that probabilistic ...
EFFECTIVE SYMMETRIES OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS ABOUT IONS IN SOLUTION

> The spectra of solutions of Eu, Gd, and Pr trichlorides in anhydrous methanol and in 80% water-20% methanol are shown and compared. (J.E.D.) For light nuclei reactions, the enengy of the emitted panticle depends appreciably on the emission angle with a double focusing spectrometer using a lange entrance angle, this variation can be of several%. The experiments allowed to test for the first time this improvement of enengy resolution with the astigmatic system (n = 0.57) and with a variable tilting angle of exit slit. (auth)
Baclofen reduces fat intake under binge-type conditions.

The GABA-B agonist baclofen reduces drug self-administration in rats and has shown promise clinically in the treatment of substance abuse. Baclofen generally does not reduce food intake in non-binge feeding protocols. In this study, baclofen was tested in a fat-binge protocol. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups (B: binge; FM: fat-matched; C: chow). B received a bowl of vegetable shortening for 2 h on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (MWF) and continuous access to powdered chow (regular chow) in all phases. FM had continuous access to a regular chow+shortening mixture (FM chow) that provided the same proportion of shortening and regular chow that the B rats consumed in all phases. In addition, FM had the following: phase 1: no separate bowl of shortening; phase 2: 2-h MWF access to a separate bowl of shortening; phase 3, daily 2-h access to a separate bowl of shortening; C rats had continuous access to the regular chow in all phases. In addition, C had the following: phase 1: no separate bowl of shortening; phase 2: 2-h MWF access to a separate bowl of shortening; in phase 3, daily 2-h access to a separate bowl of shortening. Baclofen (1.0, 1.8 mg/ kg, i.p.) reduced shortening intake regardless of access condition. Baclofen had no effect on, or stimulated, FM and regular chow intake. These results demonstrate that baclofen can reduce fat intake in rats under binge-type conditions. Furthermore, these results indicate that bingeing, as modeled in our protocol, is different from other forms of food intake and may share similarities with substance abuse.
The effect of salmeterol (SAL) on the late phase response (LPR) to antigen challenge (AC), sputum eosinophilia and generation of IL-5 and IFN-gamma

Abstract Rationale The development of LPR to inhaled AC has been used to evaluate mechanisms of allergic inflammation in asthma and to test the effects of therapeutic interventions. Although SAL inhibits the immediate (IMM) response to AC, but not LPR despite its long-acting bronchodilating actions, the effects of SAL on the cellular mechanisms of inflammation are not defined and are the focus of this study. Methods 21 subjects with mild asthma were evaluated for the pulmonary response to AC (IMM and LPR), the appearance of sputum eosinophils and sputum cell generation of IL-5 and IFNγ in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which each subject was treated with placebo, FP MDI (44 μg, 1 puff BID), SAL MDI (50 μg, 2 puffs BID), or FP+SAL (2 MDIs) in a 4-way crossover design. Results SAL significantly inhibited the IMM to AC but not the LPR, or sputum eosinophilia or sputum cell generation of IL-5 or IFNγ post AC. FP and FP+SAL inhibited the IMM to AC, LPR, sputum eosinophilia and the generation of IL-5 and IFNγ. Conclusion SAL alone did not modify inflammatory components of the airway and cellular response to AC, suggesting that, in the absence of corticosteroids, SAL does not appear to have anti-inflammatory actions under these conditions.
Pulsatile Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion Is Independent of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH): Pulsatile Replacement of LHRH Bioactivity in LHRH-Immunoneutralized Rats

We recently reported that passive immunoneutralization of endogenous LHRH in castrate male rats completely abolishes pulsatile LH secretion and, within 1 h, lowers mean plasma LH by 86%. While pulsatile FSH secretion, in terms of pulse amplitude and frequency, is not affected, mean plasma FSH is gradually lowered but only by 49% after 24 h. In the present study, we have examined the effect of replacing pulsatile LHRH biological activity on LH and FSH secretion in 4-week castrate male rats in which endogenous LHRH has been immunoneutralized by ovine anti-LHRH serum 772 (LHRH-AS) for 24 h. The LHRH-AS requires the 3-10 amino acid sequence of LHRH including the amidated C terminus for complete recognition. In order to circumvent the antiserum blockade, we utilized the LHRH agonist [Des Gly10]-LHRH ethyl amide (DG-LHRH) which is minimally recognized by the LHRH-AS but which possesses 2.6-fold the LH-releasing activity of LHRH. Twenty-four hours after injecting 500 microliter LHRH-AS into cannulated, castrate rats, sequential blood samples were taken every 10 min for 4 h. Bolus 3-ng injections of either DG-LHRH or saline were given iv either every 30 min during the 4-h collection period or every 30 or 60 min for 10 h before the initiation of and continuing through the 4-h collection period. Each DG-LHRH injection stimulated the release of a single pulse of LH, while pulsatile FSH secretion was unaffected. No synchrony was observed between the DG-LHRH pulses and the endogenous FSH pulses. Short term DG-LHRH treatment partially restored, and long term DG-LHRH treatment every 60 min completely restored, mean plasma FSH to the level observed in nonantiserum-treated castrate control rats. Long term DG-LHRH treatment every 30 min caused a rise in mean plasma FSH which exceeded the plasma FSH level of the nonantiserum-treated controls. The mean plasma level of LH was entirely dependent on the frequency of the DG-LHRH injection. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that pulsatile FSH secretion is independent of LHRH but that LHRH is required to elevate and/or maintain high mean plasma FSH levels. Trough levels of LH, however, are dependent on the frequency of LHRH-induced pulsatile LH secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Patterns of Energy Drink Advertising Over US Television Networks

Abstract Objective To describe programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in the base audience for television channels with high levels of energy drink advertising airtime. Design Secondary analysis of energy drink advertising airtime over US network and cable television channels (n = 139) from March, 2012 to February, 2013. Programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in each channel's base audience were extracted from cable television trade reports. Main Outcome Measure Energy drink advertising airtime. Analysis Channels were ranked by airtime; programming themes and the inclusion of adolescents in the base audience were summarized for the 10 channels with the most airtime. Results Over the study year, 36,501 minutes (608 hours) were devoted to energy drink advertisements; the top 10 channels accounted for 46.5% of such airtime. Programming themes for the top 10 channels were music (n = 3), sports (n = 3), action-adventure lifestyle (n = 2), African American lifestyle (n = 1), and comedy (n = 1). MTV2 ranked first in airtime devoted to energy drink advertisements. Six of the 10 channels with the most airtime included adolescents aged 12–17 years in their base audience. Conclusions and Implications Energy drink manufacturers primarily advertise on channels that likely appeal to adolescents. Nutritionists may wish to consider energy drink media literacy when advising adolescents about energy drink consumption.
Continua with only two topologically different subcontinua

Abstract It is shown that if M is a 2-equivalent continuum which contains an arc then M is a simple closed curve, a simple triod, or an irreducible continuum. Examples of 2-equivalent continua are given including one which is chainable, hereditarily decomposable and contains no arc.
Hybrid energy storage systems for stand-alone electric power systems: optimization of system performance and cost through control strategies

Abstract The development of remote, renewable-based energy is hindered in part by the lack of affordable energy storage. Requiring power-on-demand from an energy system powered by intermittent or seasonal sources may necessitate one-month’s energy storage—an expensive proposition using conventional storage technologies. If multiple energy storage devices with complementary performance characteristics are used together, the resulting ‘hybrid energy-storage system’ can dramatically reduce the cost of energy storage over single storage systems. The coupling of conventional storage batteries with emerging hydrogen technologies provides one such hybrid system. Hydrogen energy storage in this context includes an electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tank, and a fuel cell. An additional component that must be considered is the control system that determines when the various components are used. Since the control system has an effect on component sizes and thus system and operating costs, the control algorithm must be carefully considered for any system with energy storage. For this study, a time-dependent model of a stand-alone, solar powered, battery-hydrogen hybrid energy storage system was developed to investigate energy storage options for cases where supply and demand of energy are not well matched daily or seasonally. Simulations were performed for residential use with measured solar fluxes and simulated hourly loads for a site at Yuma, Arizona, USA, a desert climate at 32.7 N latitude. Renewable-based power not needed to satisfy the load is stored for later use. Two hybrid energy-storage algorithms were considered. The first is a conventional ‘state-of-charge’ control system that uses the current state of the storage system for control. The second control system presumes knowledge of future demand through a feed-forward, neural net or other ‘intelligent’ control systems. Both algorithms use battery storage to provide much of the daily energy shifting and hydrogen to provide seasonal energy shifting, thus using each storage technology to its best advantage. The cost of storing energy with a hybrid energy-storage scheme was found to be much less expensive than either single storage method, with a hybrid system storage costing 48% of the cost of a hydrogen-only system and only 9% of the cost of a conventional, battery-only system. In addition, the neural-net control system is compared to a standard battery state-of-charge control scheme, and it is shown that neural-net control systems better utilize expensive components and result in less expensive electric power than state-of-charge control systems.
The modelling of adult spastic paretic stiff-legged gait swing period based on actual kinematic data.

Abstract With the ultimate goal to better demonstrate the biomechanics of spastic paretic stiff-legged gait, we simulated the motion of this gait disability, based on actual kinematic gait data. We created and applied a seven link-segment forward dynamic model to the gait kinematics of five adult subjects with this gait disability as a result of stroke. Trunk and limb segment torques developed during the affected limb's swing period of gait were calculated via inverse dynamic techniques from the measured kinematic data and incorporated into the forward dynamic model to simulate motion. In each case, the simulated motion corresponded to the directly measured kinematics. The hip and knee torques were then altered to predict potential resultant changes in knee flexion. Preliminary results suggest a stronger effect of hip torque than knee torque on knee angle, which also qualitatively corresponded with clinical data. This study demonstrates the feasibility of forward dynamic modelling based on actual clinical data and provides a further means to analyze potential mechanisms of this gait disability.
Collagen from the giant acanthocephalan Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus

Abstract A protein resembling collagen was isolated from the giant acanthocephalan, Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus , by treatment with 0.1 m NaOH, solubilization with pepsin, and precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The protein resembled other collagens in amino acid composition; glycine accounted for a third of the total, and hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine were present. The carbohydrate content (5.5%) was intermediate between that of vertebrate and invertebrate collagens. The molecular weight (329,000) was similar to collagens of vertebrates, but lower than invertebrate collagens. Transition to gelatin was marked by a distinct reduction in viscosity and specific optical rotation, with denaturation temperatures ( T m ) of 45.8 and 46.5 °, respectively. The most distinctive characteristic of Macracanthorhynchus collagen is its apparent departure from the relationship between T m and total pyrrolidine content observed for other collagens.
Experimental Test of the Conserved Vector Current Theory on the Beta Spectra of B 12 and N 12

A precise measurement of the beta spectra of B/sup 12/ and N/sup 12/ was made as an experimental confirmation of the conserved vector current (CVC) theory. Great care was taken as to the precision of the results. End-point energies obtained from the Curie plots of the BETA rays are 13.373 ction in DDT-C/ 0.04 and 16.43 ction in DDT-C/ 0.10 Mev for B/sup 12/ and N/sup 12/, respectively. Thus investigation confirms that the deviations from the allowed shape of the observed beta spectra for B/sup 12/ and N/sup 12/ have the correct magnitude and sign due to a weak magnetism term. This unique relation between the beta interaction and electrodynamics strongly supports the CVC theory. (C.E.S.)
Leveraging symbiotic relationship between simulation and emulation for scalable network experimentation

A testbed capable of representing detailed operations of complex applications under diverse large-scale network conditions can be extremely helpful for investigating potential system design and implementation problems, and studying application performance issues, such as scalability and robustness, even before the applications are deployed in a real environment. We introduce a novel method that combines high-performance large-scale network simulation and high-fidelity network emulation, and thereby enables real instances of network applications and protocols to run in real operating environments, and be tested under large-scale simulated network settings. In our approach, network simulation and emulation form a symbiotic relationship, through which they are synchronized for an accurate representation of the large-scale traffic behavior. We introduce a model downscaling method, along with an efficient queuing model and a traffic reproduction technique, which can significantly reduce the synchronization overhead and improve computational efficiency, while maintaining the accuracy of the system. We validate our approach with extensive experiments via simulation and with a real-system prototype.
Holography and the Speed of Sound

We study the approach of the speed of sound towards the value $c_s^2 = 1/3$ at high temperatures in a general class of strongly interacting theories. This class includes theories holographically dual to a theory of gravity coupled to a single scalar field, representing the operator of the scale anomaly. We show that quite universally the conformal value $c_s^2 = 1/3$ is approached from below and give a generic argument for why this has to be so.
Sexual HIV Transmission and Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study of Behavioral Risk Factors Among Men and Women Living with HIV/AIDS

Background Using antiretroviral therapies for HIV prevention relies on patient adherence and avoidance of co-occurring sexually transmitted infections.
TOWARD A GEOGRAPHY OF THE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

(1974). TOWARD A GEOGRAPHY OF THE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 291-297.
Ethics in Industrial Selling: How Product and Service Salespeople Compare

Industrial product and service salespeople encounter certain practices that may be ethically troublesome. Do product and service salespeople have different ethical beliefs about these practices? Answers to this question have not appeared in the marketing literature. This paper poses three potential reasons why these two groups may have different ethical beliefs and then presents results and implications of a study that examined this issue.
Athletes’ Perceptions of National Collegiate Athletic Association–Mandated Sickle Cell Trait Screening: Insight for Academic Institutions and College Health Professionals

Abstract Objective: The study objective was to explore athletes’ perspectives of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)–mandated sickle cell trait (SCT)–screening policy by examining race- and gender-related differences in athletes’ perceptions regarding risk of having SCT and concern about loss of playing time. Participants: Participants were 259 athletes at a southeastern United States campus during April–August of 2010. Methods: Athletes completed a 21-question survey. Results: The majority of athletes (81.7%) perceived that they would have a high level of concern if found to carry the SCT. African Americans were 9.07 times more likely than Caucasians to perceive risk of having the SCT. The majority of athletes disagreed (38.4%) or did not know (50.8%) if they would lose playing time related to carrying the SCT. Conclusion: Campus health professionals must be aware of athletes’ perspectives on NCAA's SCT screening so that athletes are not unnecessarily subjected to stress or harm.
Laminar patterns of geniculocortical projection in the cat

Summary The cortical afferents from individual laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were studied using both light and electron microscope autoradiography. In area 17, the A geniculate laminae (A and A1) had two main bands of projection, one extending from the bottom of IVc to the deepest cells in layer III, and one in layer VI. The C geniculate laminae projected in two dense bands to the upper and lower borders of layer IV, thus bracketing the A laminae projection, though with some overlap. In addition, the C laminae projected to the superficial half of layer I, which the A laminae did not. Conversely, while the A laminae projected to layer VI, the C laminae did not. The two sets of laminae also showed differences in the areas to which they projected. The A geniculate laminae projected to areas 17 and 18, whereas the C geniculate laminae had a more extensive projection, including areas 17, 18, 19 and other areas on the suprasylvian gyrus. The laminar organization of the projection to area 18 was similar to that found in area 17. At the electron microscopic level the geniculate terminals were found to make Gray's type 1 synapses, for the most part onto dendritic spines. Labeled terminals were found in all the projection bands seen in the light microscope. The implications of these findings on the connectivity of cells in layer IV are discussed. The presence of labeled terminals in layer VI, which contains the cells of origin of the corticogeniculate pathway, suggests that the recurrent loop to the LGN is mediated monosynaptically. Finally, the afferents from each geniculate lamina were found to be segregated into patches, about 500 μm wide, which probably form the anatomical basis for ocular dominance columns.
Amino Acid Substitutions in theaSubunit Affect the ϵ Subunit of F1F0ATP Synthase fromEscherichia coli

Amino acid substitutions at many positions in the a subunit of F1F0 ATP synthase result in impaired proton translocation and altered catalytic activity. In this work, we demonstrate that amino acid substitutions in the a subunit affect the epsilon subunit. In mutant F1F0 ATP synthases, the epsilon subunit was studied by determining its sensitivity to proteolysis and by chemical crosslinking under conditions of active turnover and in quiescent enzyme. Like native F1F0 ATP synthase, the epsilon subunit in enzymes carrying either the aarg-210-->ile or agly-218-->asp substitutions proved resistant to trypsin digestion during ATP hydrolysis. In each case, the epsilon subunit was rapidly digested in the presence of a nonhydrolyzable ligand, but this did not result in the activation of hydrolytic activity typically seen in wild-type enzyme. In enzyme carrying the aala-217-->arg substitution, the trypsin digestion of the epsilon subunit occurred regardless of ligand and was accompanied by a limited hydrolytic activation. Relative to the native F1F0 ATP synthase, the aala-217-->arg substitution resulted in reduced efficiency of crosslinking between the epsilon and beta subunits using 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide. These observations indicate that the structural changes resulting from amino acid substitutions in the a subunit are propagated to the epsilon subunit and are specific to the individual substitutions.
Abstract 513: Breast cancers are notched up with a proton pump at their leading edge.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The H+ vacuolar ATPase is a multimeric complex, which acidifies intracellular vesicles and extracellular space. Notch signaling is a key signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation and differentiation during development and cancer. The expression of both V-ATPases and Notch signaling is aberrant in most cancers and hence, are potential targets for therapeutics. It is speculated that the vacuolar ATPases regulate Notch signaling directly by endosomal acidification and indirectly by endocytosis. Here, we studied the role of the a2 isoform of vacuolar ATPase (a2V) in regulating Notch Signaling in Breast cancer. Using confocal microscopy, we traced the location of a2V in MCF7, SKBR3 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell lines. We found that a2V is present on the plasma membrane and not on the early endosomes. The amount of a2V correlated with the invasiveness of the cancer. Most importantly, the expression of a2V was restricted to one side of the cells marking their leading edge. Also, no a2V expression was found when cells contacted each other on the inside. Next, we evaluated the effect of a2V knockdown in MDA-MB231 cells. Using siRNA, a2V was knocked down. We found that decrease of a2V enhances the expression of Notch2 and Notch 4 significantly (>1.75 fold). Notch ligands (DLL family) and Notch targets also increased, supporting the finding. When we looked at Wnt pathway genes, we found a significant increase in Wnt4 (>2 fold) and c-Myc(∼3 fold) expression although levels of β-catenin were unchanged. Since c-Myc is known to mediate apoptosis, we looked at apoptotic genes Bax and Bcl2 to after siRNA knockdown of a2V. Although Bax increased, there was no significant change in apoptosis, as seen in PI-annexin assay. Taken together, our data suggests that a2V is important for tumor growth and its presence on leading edge marks aggressiveness of tumors. Interestingly, a2V depletion results in the activation of Notch and several proliferative markers in breast cancer. We postulate that this is due to indirect effects of a2V in endocytosis or in regulating pH dependent enzymes responsible for Notch and Wnt signal transduction. Citation Format: Sahithi Pamarthy, Alice Gilman-Sachs, Kenneth Beaman. Breast cancers are notched up with a proton pump at their leading edge. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 513. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-513
The design and evaluation of an end-to-end handoff management protocol

We introduce an efficient protocol for end-to-end handoff management in heterogeneous wireless IP-based networks. The protocol is based on the stream control transmission protocol (SCTP), and employs a soft-handoff mechanism that uses end-to-end semantics for signaling handoffs and for transmitting control messages. The design goal of this protocol is twofold--first, to reduce the home registration delay, and, second, to eliminate the tunnelling cost which exists in current proposals, such as Mobile IP and its derivatives. Furthermore, we propose successive enhancements to the initial mobility management framework for achieving better scalability. We present strong analytical and simulation-based results that show performance improvements over existing approaches.
Regiospecific synthesis of mono- and bicyclic 6-alkoxy-2-pyrones and their use in the preparation of substituted aromatics, anthraquinones, and tetracyclic intermediates for 11-deoxyanthracycline synthesis

Abstract Several mono- and bicyclic 6-methoxy-2-pyrones having substituents at C4 and C5 can be prepared regiospecifically by either of two routes: (1) regiospecific construction of a glutaconic half-ester followed by dehydrative cyclization, and (2)regiospecific Friedel-Crafts acylation of 6-methoxy-2-pyrones at C5. These pyrones undergo clean and regiospecific Diels-Alder cycloadditions with various unsymmetrical dienophiles, e.g., quinones, unsaturated esters, etc, with subsequent loss of carbon dioxide. In this manner several polycyclic aromatic natural products have been prepared such as chrysophanol, helminthosporin, pachybasin, 2-acetylemodin and the purported structure for orientalone. The utility of this approach for the synthesis of the anthracyclines is demonstrated by its use in the preparation of various tetracyclic intermediates for anthracycline synthesis.
Implications of antinutritional components in soybean foods

There are a number of components present in soybeans that exert a negative impact on the nutritional quality of the protein. Among those factors that are destroyed by heat treatment are the protease inhibitors and lectins. Protease inhibitors exert their antinutritional effect by causing pancreatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia, which ultimately results in an inhibition of growth. The lectin, by virtue of its ability to bind to glycoprotein receptors on the epithelial cells lining the intestinal mucosa, inhibits growth by interfering with the absorption of nutrients. Of lesser significance are the antinutritional effects produced by relatively heat stable factors, such as goitrogens, tannins, phytoestrogens, flatus-producing oligosaccharides, phytate, and saponins. Other diverse but ill-defined factors appear to increase the requirements for vitamins A, B12, D, and E. The processing of soybeans under severe alkaline conditions leads to the formation of lysinoalanine, which has been shown to damage the kidneys of rats. This is not generally true, however, for edible soy protein that has been produced under milder alkaline conditions. Also meriting consideration is the allergenic response that may sometimes occur in humans, as well as calves and piglets, on dietary exposure to soybeans.
Enriching computing instruction with studio-based learning (abstract only)

This BOF is related to the Special Session Transforming the CS Classroom with Studio-Based Learning (SBL). SBL promotes learning in a collaborative context by having students construct, present, review and refine their work with the guidance of peers and teachers. A team of CS educators and education experts have been implementing and evaluating SBL in CS courses over the past five years. The BOF will introduce SBL to the SIGCSE audience, and engage them in a discussion of the potential of, evidence for, and practical advice regarding SBL as an instructional approach that can motivate as well as teach students. Discussions will include "war stories" from teachers who have adopted the approach in their courses and hands-on activities to help participants apply SBL to their courses.