cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1382: Developmental exposure to BPA increases the prostate cancer susceptibility via reprogramming of androgen-responsive genes via increased H3K4me3 methylation

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Early life exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) during critical developmental periods increases susceptibility to cancer and other diseases in adulthood. Because EDC exposures cause life-long changes in gene expression of target tissues, identification of gene targets for developmental reprogramming holds promise for both understanding the etiology of environmental causes of cancer and development of biomarkers of EDC exposure. Aim: Our goal was to identify targets for developmental reprogramming in the prostate using a rat model for development of hormone-dependent early prostate (PIN) lesions induced by the EDC bisphenol A (BPA). Methods: Rats were exposed neonatally to vehicle or BPA and assessed at 12 months for development of hormone-dependent prostate lesions. Epigenetic status and gene expression were profiled in the at-risk (d70) adult prostate using CHIP- and RNA-seq, with qRT-PCR and ChIP used to confirm changes in gene expression and histone methylation (respectively). Results: As expected, BPA exposure significantly increased PIN lesions and the dysplasia score in 12 mo rats. CHIP-seq in adult rats (day 70) prior to lesion development showed a significant increase in histone H3, lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) levels in prostate cancer-associated KEGG pathway genes of rats exposed to BPA neonatally. Changes reflective of both increased basal, as well as hormone-induced, KEGG pathway gene expression were observed in BPA exposed animals at increased risk for development of PIN lesions. Conclusion: Neonatal BPA exposure reprograms the developing prostate to alter gene expression in adulthood and increase incidence and severity of prostatic dysplasia. Several KEGG-pathway prostate cancer pathway genes were identified as targets for epigenetic reprogramming, providing new tools for future studies to understand gene-environment interactions as determinants of prostate cancer risk. Citation Format: Quan Wang, Rebecca Lee Yean Wong, Donna F. Kusewitt, Maarten C. Bosland, Jing Chen, Mario Medvedovic, Gail S. Prins, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Shuk-Mei Ho, Cheryl Lyn Walker. Developmental exposure to BPA increases the prostate cancer susceptibility via reprogramming of androgen-responsive genes via increased H3K4me3 methylation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1382. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1382
Stability of Spray‐Dried Encapsulated Carrot Carotenes

Encapsulation with various dextrose equivalent (DE) hydrolyzed starches affected stability of α- and β-carotene in spray-dried carrot powders. Degradation of α- and β-carotene during storage of the powders at temperatures ranging from 37 to 65°C followed first-order kinetics and both degraded at the same rate. Hydrolyzed starch of 36.5 DE was superior to 4, 15, and 25 DE in improving retention of the carotenes. Carotenes encapsulated with 36.5DE hydrolyzed starch had a predicted half-life of 450 days at 21°C compared to 2 days for carrot juice spray dried alone. Increasing the proportion of carrier decreased the carotene degradation rate and similarly decreased surface carotene. Air was critical in carotene stability, but exposure of encapsulated carrot powders to light did not accelerate degradation.
Über den Ursprung und die klinische Bedeutung der Plasmaenzyme

Es wurden die Quellen und die klinische und physiologische Bedutung einiger Serumenzyme, die derzeit von Interesse sind, diskutiert. Einige, wie z. B. Thrombin, haben wohlbekannte Funktionen, andere, wie z. B. die Transaminasen aus geschadigten Zellen, sind Fragmente ohne Funktionen im Blute. Diejenigen Enzyme, die in einem einzigen Gewebe entstehen, sind diagnostisch von besonderem Werte. In vielen Fallen leitet sich das Enzym von verschiedenen Geweben her, und nur selten ist es moglich, den Beitrag, den jedes Gewebe einzeln leistet, festzustellen. Spezifische Substrate, Aktivatoren und Inhibitoren sind eine Hilfe bei der Verbesserung des diagnostischen Aussagewertes solcher Bestimmungen. Die Bestimmung von Enzymen, die nicht aus Einzelgeweben stammen, ist oft eine diagnostische Hilfe, besonders zusammen mit anderen Befunden.
Temperature limits for short-time overloads for oil-insulated neutral grounding reactors and transformers-II

In part I, published in 1938,1 the principal question considered was the effect of ventilating coils on temperature limits for ground faults greater than one minute, for which it was assumed that 160 degrees centigrade based on all heat stored in copper was the correct limit. Since 1938 considerable new data have been obtained. This paper presents the new data and shows that: 1. For heating periods of one minute or less, practically all aging of insulation occurs during the cooling period. It is shown that temperature limits can be based on the rate of cooling rather than on the heating period. 2. In the heating-up period of one minute or less, 25 to 45 per cent of the loss is dissipated from the copper to the insulation and oil. Formulas are developed for calculating the temperatures during the heating and cooling periods. 3. Temperature limits above 160 degrees centigrade for one minute are permissible for both non-ventilated and ventilated coils, being approximately 200 degrees centigrade for windings which cool sufficiently rapidly.
Improvement of PVX/CMV CP expression tool for display of short foreign antigens

We have previously reported that Potato virus X-expressed coat protein of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) formed virus-like particles (VLPs), which served as carriers for display of different neutralizing epitopes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In this work, we further modified the purification protocol of recombinant VLPs carrying short neutralizing epitopes of the NDV proteins and demonstrated that self-contained capsid protein subunits of CMV transiently expressed from heterologous virus packaged into individual virions morphologically resembling and/or indistinguishable from wild type CMV particles. Homogeneity of the final preparation represents an advance over our previous study, where VLPs were found to be of variable size. Chickens immunized with purified VLPs developed antigen-specific response.
In situ Raman scattering studies of high‐pressure stability and transformations in the matrix of a nanostructured glass–ceramic composite

High-pressure Raman scattering studies have been performed on a glass-based composite consisting of nanometer-sized gallium oxide aggregates embedded in a potassium-silicate host glass using the diamond anvil cell technique. The Raman spectra of this heterophase nanocomposite showed a range of pressure-induced structural transformations occurring in the glass matrix. Compression from ambient pressure up to 10.8 GPa indicated a progressive reduction in the width of the intertetrahedral SiOSi angle distribution, which was completely reversible on decompression to ambient pressure. At higher pressures, the Raman spectra demonstrated a breakdown of the intermediate-range order in the glass matrix of the nanocomposite. The enhancement of scattering intensity in the region of the D-defect band at 565 cm−1 together with the blue shift of the main SiOSi symmetric stretching wavenumber are evidence of a permanent reduction in SiO4 ring statistics toward smaller-than-six-ring configurations in the three-dimensional glass network. Starting from 13 GPa, the Raman spectra displayed a remarkable decrease in the scattering intensity of the SiOSi symmetric stretching that has been related to a coordination change of the silicon atom. The Raman spectrum of the composite quenched from 23 GPa to ambient conditions illustrated the pressure-driven, permanent reconstructive modification of the glass matrix in the nanocomposite. The pressure-induced evolution of the Raman peaks assigned to the gallium oxide phase indicated a progressive densification of the nanocrystalline phase, reversible on decompression to ambient pressure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of NK Cells to the Innate Phase of Host Protection Against an Intracellular Bacterium Targeting Systemic Endothelium

We investigated the mechanisms by which natural killer (NK) cells mediate innate host defense against infection with an endothelium-targeting intracellular bacterium, Rickettsia . We found that a robust Rickettsia -induced innate response in resistant mice cleared the bacteria early in the infection and was associated with significantly higher frequencies of splenic interferon (IFN)-γ (+) CD8 + T cells and cytotoxic NK cells compared with susceptible mice. More importantly, NK cell-deficient Rag −/− γc −/− animals displayed significantly increased susceptibility to Rickettsia infection compared with NK cell-sufficient Rag −/− mice, as evidenced by impaired bacterial clearance, early development of severe thrombosis in the liver, and a decreased serum level of IFN-γ. Furthermore, the lack of NK cells also impaired host resistance of CB-17 scid mice to Rickettsia , similar to what was observed in Rag −/− γc −/− mice. Interestingly, perforin deficiency in Rag −/− Prf1 −/− mice resulted in greater thrombosis and insignificantly different systemic levels of IFN-γ compared with Rag −/− mice, suggesting that perforin, which is mainly produced by NK cells, is involved in the prevention of vascular damage. Together, these findings reveal that NK cells mediate the innate phase of host protection against infection with rickettsiae, most likely via IFN-γ production. Furthermore, NK cells are involved in preventing rickettsial infection-induced endothelial cell damage, possibly via perforin production.
Hypercalcemia and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Hypercalcemia is commonly caused by the increased production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by a malignancy. In fact, the demonstration of increased PTHrP production in a patient with hypercalcemia is virtually pathognomonic of malignancy. We studied a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), generalized lymphadenopathy, and hypercalcemia. Immunohistology of 2 biopsied lymph nodes revealed the abundant expression of PTHrP and the absence of malignant transformation. Although apparently rare, PTHrP production by non-malignant lymphoid tissue may occur in SLE and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia.
Online Case Studies: HESI Exit Exam Scores and NCLEX-RN Outcomes

Using data obtained for the 7th HESI Exit Exam (E 2 ) validity study, the value of Elsevier's online case studies in assisting students to prepare for the E 2 and the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) was investigated. Of the 137 randomly selected schools of nursing, 72 (52.55%) participated in the study. The student sample consisted of 4,383 students from associate degree, baccalaureate, and diploma schools of nursing. Findings indicated that the mean E 2 score and the NCLEX-RN pass rate were significantly higher for students attending schools that used the case studies than they were for students attending schools that did not use the case studies. Descriptive data indicated that the case studies were most often used for remediation and examination preparation.
Integrating FPGA Acceleration into the Protomol Molecular Dynamics Code: Preliminary Report

The authors describe a new pipeline for computing non-bonded forces and its integration into the ProtoMol molecular dynamics (MD) code. There are several innovations: a novel interpolation strategy, including use of higher order terms; coefficient generation with orthonormal functions; the introduction of "semi-floating point" numbering; and various issues related to system integration. As a result, we are able to model far more particle types, without relying on complex buffering, and obtain higher accuracy than previously. A two pipeline accelerator has been implemented on a 2004-era Xilinx VirtexII Pro VP70, integrated into ProtoMol, and tested with an enzyme inhibitor model having 8000 particles and 26 particle types. Despite performing all O(n) work on the host PC, as well as the data conversion and communication overhead, this implementation yields 5.5x to 15.7x speed-ups over a 2.8GHz PC (depending on whether cell lists are used), and with accuracy comparable to the serial code
Providing Web Service Security in a Federated Environment

One of the Internet's biggest successes has been the automation of the travel-reservation system. Travelocity, Expedia, and Orbitz have all thrived in a fickle economic sector. The key to their success is Web services, which are exploding across government and industry. A business federation is very similar to a political federation, which is a union of self-governing states united by a central government. Each individual member maintains its individual sovereignty rights while participating as a federation member. Travel sites, therefore, are federations of companies that provide services, yet maintain a separate identity outside the group. Membership in a business federation, however, usually involves much less diplomacy and political discord than a political federation. Business federations must provide security for their day-to-day operations. A comprehensive Web services architecture that incorporates security standards enforces federation security policies and enables critical data exchanges. As such, we must explore ways to create an automated means for each organization to securely pass critical information using a service-oriented approach
A Survey on Star Identification Algorithms

The author surveys algorithms used in star identification, commonly used in star trackers to determine the attitude of a spacecraft. Star trackers are a staple of attitude determination systems for most types of satellites. The paper covers: (a) lost-in-space algorithms (when no a priori attitude information is available), (b) recursive algorithms (when some a priori attitude information is available), and (c) non-dimensional algorithms (when the star tracker calibration is not well-known). The performance of selected algorithms and supporting algorithms are compared.
wingless inhibits morphogenetic furrow movement in the Drosophila eye disc

Differentiation of the Drosophila eye imaginal disc is an asynchronous, repetitive process which proceeds across the disc from posterior to anterior. Its propagation correlates with the expression of decapentaplegic at the front of differentiation, in the morphogenetic furrow. Both differentiation and decapentaplegic expression are maintained by Hedgehog protein secreted by the differentiated cells posterior to the furrow. However, their initiation at the posterior margin occurs prior to hedgehog expression by an unknown mechanism. We show here that the wingless gene contributes to the correct spatial localization of initiation. Initiation of the morphogenetic furrow is restricted to the posterior margin by the presence of wingless at the lateral margins; removal of wingless allows lateral initiation. Ectopic expression of wingless at the posterior margin can also inhibit normal initiation. In addition, the presence of wingless in the center of the disc can prevent furrow progression. These effects of wingless are achieved without altering the expression of decapentaplegic.
Partial atmospheric correction with adaptive optics

Adaptive optics has seen only limited application in astronomical facilities, despite its significant potential for improving seeing conditions and increasing observing efficiency and productivity. Expense and technological difficulty appear to be the reasons that this is the case. Correction of large apertures requires hundreds of active elements in both the wave-front sensor and the adaptive mirror. We have performed some one-dimensional numerical simulations to test atmospheric wave-front correction when the active element is not matched to the correlation scale in the pupil. The results demonstrate that substantial seeing improvement can be obtained with an adaptive optical system having a limited number of active elements.
A Role for MAPK in Feedback Inhibition of Tcrb Recombination

The Tcrb locus is subject to a host of regulatory mechanisms that impart a strict cell and developmental stage-specific order to variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segment recombination. The Tcrb locus is also regulated by allelic exclusion mechanisms, which restrict functional rearrangements to a single allele. The production of a functional rearrangement in CD4 − CD8 − double-negative (DN) thymocytes leads to the assembly of a pre-TCR and initiates signaling cascades that allow for DN to CD4 + CD8 + double-positive (DP) differentiation, proliferation, and feedback inhibition of further Vβ to DJβ rearrangement. Feedback inhibition is believed to be controlled, in part, by the loss of Vβ gene segment accessibility during the DN to DP transition. However, the pre-TCR signaling pathways that lead to the inactivation of Vβ chromatin have not been determined. Because activation of the MAPK pathway is documented to promote DP differentiation in the absence of allelic exclusion, we characterized the properties of Vβ chromatin within DP thymocytes generated by a constitutively active Raf1 ( Raf-CAAX ) transgene. Consistent with previous reports, we show that the Raf-CAAX transgene does not inhibit Tcrb recombination in DN thymocytes. Nevertheless, DP thymocytes generated by Raf-CAAX signals display normal down-regulation of Vβ segment accessibility and normal feedback inhibition of the Vβ to DJβ rearrangement. Therefore, our results emphasize the distinct requirements for feedback inhibition in the DN and DP compartments. Although MAPK activation cannot impose feedback in DN thymocytes, it contributes to feedback inhibition through developmental changes that are tightly linked to DN to DP differentiation.
Bayesian approaches to associative learning: From passive to active learning

Traditional associationist models represent an organism's knowledge state by a single strength of association on each associative link. Bayesian models instead represent knowledge by a distribution of graded degrees of belief over a range of candidate hypotheses. Many traditional associationist models assume that the learner is passive, adjusting strengths of association only in reaction to stimuli delivered by the environment. Bayesian models, on the other hand, can describe how the learner should actively probe the environment to learn optimally. The first part of this article reviews two Bayesian accounts of backward blocking, a phenomenon that is challenging for many traditional theories. The broad Bayesian framework, in which these models reside, is also selectively reviewed. The second part focuses on two formalizations of optimal active learning: maximizing either the expected information gain or the probability gain. New analyses of optimal active learning by a Kalman filter and by a noisy-logic gate show that these two Bayesian models make different predictions for some environments. The Kalman filter predictions are disconfirmed in at least one case.
Identifying dynamics and collective behaviors in microblogging traces

Microblogging disseminates realtime information through dynamic user interactions. While it is intuitive that such interactions may generate patterns, it is difficult to identify and characterize them in satisfactory detail. In this paper, we propose using a combination of dynamic graphs and time-series to study the dynamics and collective behaviors in microblogging. To enable automatic pattern identification, a distance metric is developed to incorporate the heterogeneous aspects of the dynamical interactions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach using a month long Twitter dataset and show that the new representation and distance metric are both essential for discovering the patterns of collective microblogging, such as propagation of breaking news, advertisement, social movement, and interest group formation.
The use of a design project as an innovative and practical approach to the teaching of power systems

A practically oriented design project recently incorporated in an undergraduate power systems course is described which is believed to have a significant positive impact in power engineering education. Details are provided of some concepts which are not adequately addressed by most textbooks such as optimum generation resource mix. An improved technique for inverting matrices is also given. >
Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression

We recently showed that the mammalian genome encodes >1,000 large intergenic noncoding (linc)RNAs that are clearly conserved across mammals and, thus, functional. Gene expression patterns have implicated these lincRNAs in diverse biological processes, including cell-cycle regulation, immune surveillance, and embryonic stem cell pluripotency. However, the mechanism by which these lincRNAs function is unknown. Here, we expand the catalog of human lincRNAs to ≈3,300 by analyzing chromatin-state maps of various human cell types. Inspired by the observation that the well-characterized lincRNA HOTAIR binds the polycomb repressive complex (PRC)2, we tested whether many lincRNAs are physically associated with PRC2. Remarkably, we observe that ≈20% of lincRNAs expressed in various cell types are bound by PRC2, and that additional lincRNAs are bound by other chromatin-modifying complexes. Also, we show that siRNA-mediated depletion of certain lincRNAs associated with PRC2 leads to changes in gene expression, and that the up-regulated genes are enriched for those normally silenced by PRC2. We propose a model in which some lincRNAs guide chromatin-modifying complexes to specific genomic loci to regulate gene expression.
Legal and contractual issues in software reuse

This paper contributes to the body of knowledge in reuse legal and contractual issues by outlining such issues by the scope of reuse, covering the advantages and disadvantages of intellectual property protection, discussing legal issues from the viewpoint of the producer, consumer, broker and end-user, and describing the implications of licenses and warranties for software reuse.
The Federal Courts and Nonprofit Administration: Is it Purely a Private Affair?

Publicly funded nonprofit organizations are indispensable to a privatized social service system. Federal courts view them as private organizations. As a result, clients and employees are deprived of due process protection in state action cases. Underlying these decisions is a judicial opinion that a nonprofit organization ` legal structure is what defines its public/private nature, rather than statutory purpose, public funding, or contractual administrative requirements. Further, nonprofit agencies are exempt from many federal statutes regulating citizen-government interaction. Policymakers must redefine state action and public agency to avoid a dual system of citizens rights and statutory protection.
ApoA-II modulates the association of HDL with class B scavenger receptors SR-BI and CD36

The class B scavenger receptors SR-BI and CD36 exhibit a broad ligand binding specificity. SR-BI is well characterized as a HDL receptor that mediates selective cholesteryl ester uptake from HDL. CD36, a receptor for oxidized LDL, also binds HDL and mediates selective cholesteryl ester uptake, although much less efficiently than SR-BI. Apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II), the second most abundant HDL protein, is considered to be proatherogenic, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We previously showed that apoA-II modulates SR-BI-dependent binding and selective uptake of cholesteryl ester from reconstituted HDL. To investigate the effect of apoA-II in naturally occurring HDL on these processes, we compared HDL without apoA-II (from apoA-II null mice) with HDLs containing differing amounts of apoA-II (from C57BL/6 mice and transgenic mice expressing a mouse apoA-II transgene). The level of apoA-II in HDL was inversely correlated with HDL binding and selective cholesteryl ester uptake by both scavenger receptors, particularly CD36. Interestingly, for HDL lacking apoA-II, the efficiency with which CD36 mediated selective uptake reached a level similar to that of SR-BI. These results demonstrate that apoA-II exerts a marked effect on HDL binding and selective lipid uptake by the class B scavenger receptors and establishes a potentially important relationship between apoA-II and CD36.
On reduction of turbulent wall friction through spanwise wall oscillations

A model for turbulent skin friction, proposed by Orlandi & Jimenez, involving consideration of quasi-streamwise vortices in the cross-stream plane, is used to study the effect on the skin friction of oscillating the surface beneath the boundary layer in the spanwise direction. Using an exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, it is shown that the interaction between evolving, axially stretched, streamwise vortices and a modified Stokes layer on the oscillating surface beneath, leads to reduction in the skin friction, the Reynolds stress and the rate of production of kinetic energy, consistent with predictions based on experiments and direct numerical simulations.
Story-Chatterers Stirring up Hate: Racist Discourse in Reader Comments on U.S. Newspaper Websites

With reader comments posted to newspaper websites seemingly becoming increasingly vitriolic, newspapers across the country are weighing the pros and cons of allowing readers to post anonymous comments online. Using a content analysis of online reader comments from a random sample of U.S. newspapers, this study explores how readers discuss race in online newspaper forums, and provides insight for editors struggling to meet the objectives of the Kerner Commission. Results show that reader comments included racial terms, even when the article did not. Further, when reader comments mentioned race, they tended to be negative, reiterating stereotypes. Latinos were mentioned more often than other races/ethnicities in the comments, and comments that mentioned Latinos also were likelier to be negative. Beyond eliminating anonymous commenting, this study suggests newspapers should reconsider “color-blind” policies that ignore race and make a concerted effort to publish more articles that tackle race-related issues.
The Beast That Therefore Chrétien Is: The Poetics, Logic, and Ethics of Beastliness in Yvain

Whether considered allegorically or literally, as intertextual symbol or intratextual one, Yvain’s lion has been identified by critics as meaning many different, and often incompatible, things. I contextualize the lion-sign’s ability to resist encapsulation in (human) meaning both in medieval notions of the nature of the beast and in Derridean thinking on animalities. Since Chretien’s poetics are also routinely described as resistant to reductive meaning, I then argue that, though distinctively human in their meticulous laboring of form, they are simultaneously, and even paradoxically, beastly. I proceed to map this argument onto the two aspects of twelfth-century thought most concerned with contradiction: exegesis and dialectics. Finally, by contrasting beastliness with Aristotelian ethics, I argue that the lion, as well as the larger romance, reject the equation of the good and the moderate, instead stressing the ethical possibilities of excess, uncertainty, and destabilization.
Technology-Mediated Writing Instruction in the Early Literacy Program: Perils, Procedures, and Possibilities

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine one kindergarten teacher's use of digital and multimodal technologies to mediate early writing instruction and explore the students' appropriation of that instruction to support their independent writing. Data sources included observations of writing instruction, as well as students' participation during independent writing time, student writing samples, and interviews with case study participants. Data were analyzed inductively using a semantic relationship analysis (Hatch, 2002). Results of the study revealed that the teacher used a range of technologies to demonstrate what it means to compose narrative texts and how young children could go about it. Students were attentive and motivated to participate in writing instruction and related activities, given their fascination with the technology and multimodal texts their teacher created. Students appropriated important concepts and strategies from their teacher's technology-mediated instruction, whi...
Studies with 5-(3-Pyridyl)Tetrazole, a Long-Acting Lipolysis Inhibitor

Although the hypocholesteremic effect of nicotinic acid was reported by Altschul et al1. in 1955, general agreement as to its mechanism of action has not been reached. The demonstration that nicotinic acid is a potent lipolysis inhibitor2, capable of markedly reducing the level of plasma free fatty acids (FFA)3, offers a basis for an explanation of its hypocholesteremic effect.
Alteration in cerebral polynucleotide metabolism following chronic ethanol ingestion.

Ribonucleic acids (RNA) and proteins are known to have unique functions (1–4) in the central nervous system in addition to their general role in cellular metabolism. For example, alterations in RNA of neural tissue have been demonstrated following learning (5) or subsequent to hormonal treatment (6,7).
A 'Duty to Mitigate?' Civil Claims Against Liquor Establishments for Sexual Assaults Under Existing Premises Liability Law

This paper argues for imposing liability on establishments serving liquor under a premises liability theory when a victim has been sexually assaulted as a result of a tavern’s failure to provide an adequate level of care under a business’s duty to its invitees. It further suggests the creation of an affirmative duty to mitigate such sexual assaults through various preventative measures founded on a “reasonably foreseeable” standard of premises liability.
Explaining The Current Role Of High Frequency Ultrasound In Ophthalmic Diagnosis (Ophthalmic Ultrasound)

Ultrasound has become as indispensable as indirect ophthalmoscopy or slit lamp in the evaluation of the eye. It is an important adjuvant for the clinical assessment of a variety of ocular and orbital diseases. Advances in instrumentation, higher frequencies and better sensitivity and resolution have resulted in continuous improvement in image quality. Very high-frequency ultrasound uses frequencies in the range of 35–100 MHz to show greater detail of the anterior segment. Penetration is limited for these higher frequencies to only a few millimeters and, thus, only the anterior vitreous behind the ciliary body and lens can be imaged. High-frequency ultrasound in the range of 20–30 MHz has a penetration of approximately 10 mm and can be used for posterior pole evaluation of the retina and choroid.
Minimum thermal conductivity in periodically twinned SrTiO3

Abstract In this work we present non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation results of the thermal conductivity of periodically twinned SrTiO 3 as a function of twin boundary spacing and specimen size. We show that the thermal conductivity of SrTiO 3 can be significantly reduced through incorporating twin boundaries. Simulation results demonstrate that the periodically twinned SrTiO 3 exhibits a minimum in thermal conductivity at a critical twin spacing, and the critical twin spacing is found to increase with the size of the specimen. The mechanism underlying the minimum thermal conductivity is identified. In addition, the results of the effect of simulation cell size reveal an appreciable contribution from long wavelength or long mean free path phonons to the thermal conductivity of twinned SrTiO 3 .
The Moral Epistemological Argument for Atheism

Numerous supposed immoral mandates and commands by God found in religious texts are introduced and discussed. Such passages are used to construct a logical contradiction contention that is called the moral epistemological argument. It is shown how there is a contradiction in that God is omnibenevolent, God can instruct human beings, and God at times provides us with unethical orders and laws. Given the existence of the contradiction, it is argued that an omnibenevolent God does not exist. Finally, this contention is defended from several objections.
STATINS DO NOT ATTENUATE IMPROVEMENTS IN FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE AND MULTIPLE CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS DURING EXERCISE-BASED CARDIAC REHABILITATION

Previous studies have linked statins to elevated plasma glucose levels and raised concerns that statins may attenuate favorable effects of therapeutic lifestyle changes on plasma glucose control. In this multi-center study, we compared the effect of a 12-week exercise-based phase 2 cardiac
Effects of Female Accessory Gland Ablation on Fertility of Screwworms, Stable Flies, and Face Flies

The effects of female accessory reproductive gland removal on egg hatchability and sperm penetration of the egg were determined in 3 dipteran species: the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and face fly, Musca autumnalis (DeGeer). None of the eggs from glandless screwworm and face fly females hatched, while only 1% of the stable fly eggs hatched. Cytological examination revealed that only about 1% of the screwworm eggs, 6% of the stable fly eggs, and 2% of the face fly eggs were fertilized. Eggs deposited by glandless screwworm females lacked the adhesive coating that attaches them to each other or to the oviposition substrate.
MR Evaluation of Chiari I Malformations at 0.15 T

Twelve patients with known or presumed Chiari I malformations and two with clinical diagnoses of multiple sclerosis were examined by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR confirmed or established the diagnosis of Chiari I malformation in all 14 cases. The spin-echo technique with a short time to echo (TE = 40 msec) and a short time to recover (TR = 1000 msec) provided optimum imaging of tonsillar position, hydromyelia cavities, and cervicomedullary “kinking.” Long TE (>80 msec) and TR (>2000 msec) increase the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid and may obscure the pathology. Sagittal, transaxial, and coronal images provided complementary data; sagittal and coronal views best imaged the abnormal spinal cord and tonsils, but slitlike cavities were best seen on transaxial images. Cervicomedullary kinking was found in 10 (71%) of 14 patients and in 90% of the hydromyelic patients. This high incidence suggests that in other radiologic techniques tonsillar herniation masks the kinking. Symptoms of the Chiari I malformation overlap those of demyelinating diseases and brain tumors. Our early experience suggests MR is the preferred noninvasive procedure for identifying Chiari I malformation. Moreover, the ability to portray the variable cavity morphology of hydromyelia directly offers the potential for improved shunt placement.
Women's Wartime Life Writing in Early Twentieth-Century China

In her article "Women's Wartime Life Writing in Early Twentieth-Century China" Li Guo discusses military diaries, prison memoirs, and autobiographical reportages. These documents offer rich insights into the political endeavors and military mobility of women. Guo analyzes Bingying Xie's 1928 war diary about the Chinese nationalists' northern expedition, Langi Hu's 1937 book about anti-Japanese activism, and Lang Bai's 1939 reportage about the Sino-Japanese War and argues that these texts allow women to reconfigure the discourse of nation through experimental life writing in order to develop the genre with tales of valor, hope, struggle, and heroism. Guo argues that contrary to the perception that early twentieth-century Chinese women's military activism was facilitated through assimilation into male identities, Xie's, Hu's, and Bai's texts show that women celebrated their womanhood through mass mobilization and dedicated services at the front as soldiers, activists, and reporters.
Zeno’s Dissonant Violin: Italo Svevo, Judaism, and Western Art Music

This essay argues that Zeno Cosini’s futile attempts to master the violin reveal Italo Svevo’s contestation of a musical anti-Semitism that revolved around claims for Jewish imitation as opposed to non-Jewish originality, Jewish particularity as opposed to non-Jewish universality, and Jewish noise as opposed to non-Jewish concord. La coscienza di Zeno features a protagonist whose imperfect musicianship is far more than a comic manifestation of his critically well-trodden ineptitude and infirmity. Zeno’s musicality appropriates and subverts the anti-Jewish accusations formulated most infamously by Richard Wagner, and ultimately challenges conventional Western musical architectures and harmonies by opening art music to an aesthetics of fragmentation and instability. Zeno’s project might be paralleled with a modernist tonal reconfiguration that, to paraphrase Schoenberg, emancipated a Jewish dissonance.
A subtle point about Bohr

Jon Cartwright's interesting and informative article on quantum philosophy ("The life of psi", May pp26–31) mischaracterizes Niels Bohr's stance as anti-realist by suggesting (in the illustration on p29) that Bohr believed that "quantum theory [does not] describe an objective reality, independent of the observer".
Experience with miniature-cable terminations made from compounded materials and used under accelerated test conditions

Electrical termination is a critical issue in a large-scale accelerated-testing program with model extruded cables because economic forces dictate that the termination be low in cost and easily assembled. The termination must also be at least equal to the cable insulation in resisting the high stresses of accelerated testing. Achieving this result is difficult since the testing program included the continuous use of high overstresses: electrical field up to 350 V/mil or 13.8 kV/mm (seven times normal), frequency up to 600 Hz (ten times normal), and conductor temperature up to 90 C. Heat-shrinkable, resistive-capacitive electrical stress relief is a low-cost terminating technique because of easy assembly and flexibility with respect to cable diameters and constructions. The electrical losses in standard stress control material in normal usage produce a temperature rise of less than 1 C. However, under the unusual test conditions employed, excessive localized temperature rise was observed. These temperatures were reduced by using a specially formulated material with reduced loss. Reasonably successful terminations were obtained for XLPE and EPR cables with the modified material when the stresses were as noted above. Terminating LDPE cables at the higher stresses still poses a problem, although it is possible that a major part of the problem with this material was the high conductor temperature.
Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Vinyl Sulfides via 1,3-Oxathiolanes As Vinyl Sulfide Surrogates.

A nontraditional approach to synthesizing aryl vinyl sulfides is described. 2,2-Diphenyl-1,3-oxathiolane slowly liberates a vinyl sulfide anion under basic conditions. Using a Pd/Xantphos catalyst system to activate a wide range of aryl bromides, this transient sulfide species can be effectively trapped and fed into a traditional Pd0/PdII catalytic cycle. Scope and limitations of the methodology are presented along with significant discussion of a competitive C–S bond activation by this catalyst system.
Gastric Band Slippage as an Adverse Event

First performed in 1993, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (AGB) became the most common bariatric surgical procedure throughout the world by 2008. More recently, AGB has grown less popular because of increased concerns over long-term complications and reoperation rates, with the most common major complication being band slippage. When this occurs, patients typically present with pain and obstructive symptoms of varying degrees. Radiologic studies play an important role in establishing the diagnosis of band slippage. Understanding the evolution of AGB surgical technique from its original “perigastric” placement method to the modern pars flaccida technique is important for radiologic interpretation. Once diagnosed, AGB slippage is generally treated by urgent band deflation, followed by surgical removal, revision, and/or conversion to an alternative bariatric procedure.
Photophysical Enhancement of Triplet Emitters by Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly.

The quantum yields of organic fluorophores used as donors in coordination-driven self-assembly often suffer from the heavy atom effect of nearby metal sites. Herein, we reverse the role of intersystem crossing from a deactivating process to one that delivers emissive triplet states. A phosphorescent trans bis-N-heterocyclic carbene platinum(II) compound, Pt(dhim)₂(C≡C-4-py)₂ (D1; dhim = 1,3-dihexyl-2-H-imidazol-2-ylidene), is used along with other linear donors 4,4'-bipyridine (D2) and 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl ethynyl)benzene (D3) in self-assembly reactions with Pt(dtbpy)X₂ acceptors (dtbpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine) to afford three metallacycles. Photophysical investigations reveal that although the building blocks used to construct M1 have relatively low quantum yields (Φ = 1.2% and <1% for D1 and 2, respectively), the metallacycle has a quantum yield of 14%. This increase reflects a change in radiative rate constant from 3.6 × 10⁴ s¯¹ for D1 to 2.1 × 10⁵ s¯¹ for M1.
Cardiac Hamartoma: A Diagnostic Challenge

• Cardiac hamartoma is a rare clinical entity with hypertrophied myocytes mixed with fibro-vascular and fatty tissues.
Surface sum frequency generation spectroscopy on non-centrosymmetric crystal GaAs (001)

Abstract Femtosecond broadband sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is applied to surface studies of the archetypical non-centrosymmetric semiconductor GaAs (001). Azimuthal angular dependence studies in reflection geometry under eight possible polarization configurations reveal strong surface-bulk interference owing to heterodyne amplification. The crystal symmetry and the surface quadrupole contributions need to be considered to properly interpret the resulting nonlinear spectroscopic signals. In addition, over bandgap excitation by one of the incident beams brings the semiconductor surface to a transient excited state, enabling enhanced sensitivity of broadband SFG to probe the surface electronic properties of non-centrosymmetric semiconductors. These findings suggest that this technique can be generally applied to surface studies of other non-centrosymmetric crystals.
National Trends in the Utilization of Skeletal Radiography From 2003 to 2015.

Abstract Purpose Examine recent trends in the use of skeletal radiography and assess the roles of various nonradiologic specialties in the interpretations. Methods Medicare Part B fee-for-service claims data files from 2003 to 2015 were analyzed for all Current Procedural Terminology, version 4 (CPT-4) procedure codes related to skeletal radiography. The files provide examination volume, and we calculated utilization rates per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries. Medicare's physician specialty codes were used to determine the specialties of the providers. Total utilization rate trends were analyzed, as well as those for radiologists and nonradiologists. We determined which nonradiologist specialties were the highest users of skeletal radiography. Medicare place-of-service codes were used to identify the locations where the services were provided. Results The total utilization rate per 1,000 of skeletal radiography within the Medicare population increased 9.5% from 2003 to 2015. The utilization rate for radiologists increased 5.5% from 2003 to 2015 versus 11.1% for nonradiologists as a group. Among nonradiologist specialties in all health care settings over the study period, orthopedic surgeons increased 10.6%, chiropractors and podiatrists together increased 14.4%, nonphysician providers (primarily nurse practitioners and physician assistants) increased 441%, and primary care physicians' rate decreased 33.5%. Although radiologists do almost all skeletal radiography interpretation in hospital settings, nonradiologists do the majority in private offices. There has been strong growth in skeletal radiography in emergency departments, but a substantial drop in inpatient settings. Conclusions The utilization of skeletal radiography has increased more rapidly among nonradiologists than among radiologists. This raises concerns about self-referral and quality.
Epistemology: VI. Things in Themselves

Self-consciousness, that is, the ground of a priori synthetic judgment, is the center of Kant’s epistemology, while the doctrine of the thing in itself is the center of Kant’s whole system of philosophy. In the conclusion to the Transcendental Analytic, Kant devoted an entire chapter to “The Ground of the Distinction of all Objects in general in Phenomena and Noumena.” There he explained the concept of the thing in itself.
Pride and Penitence: Political and Moral Allegory in Medieval Arthurian Romance and Richard II

This chapter traces the trajectory from pride to penitence in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the Alliterative Morte Arthur, and Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte Darthur and sees it as providing a moral blueprint for Shakespeare’s Richard II (1595). Whereas the medieval romance deploys the story of King Arthur’s rise and fall to draw parallels between the mythic King of Britain and the doomed historical figures of Richard II and Henry VI, Shakespeare uses the failings of Richard II to comment allegorically on the discontents of another childless monarch with no obvious successor—Queen Elizabeth I. In all these texts the parallels between historically distant and present rulers are deliberately camouflaged but would have been recognized by medieval and early modern readers and audiences.
Equitable Science Education: A Discrepancy Model

A 15-year-old girl in rural America described the current crossroads in science when she said: ‘There are some women scientists; but men have been in it longer. Women can do the same job as men. They may have a different way of thinking and might improve science’ (Kahle, 1985, p. 68). Her words were fortuitous because they were spoken a few days before Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for looking at maize in a different way and for thinking about genetics in a different manner. McClintock’s work, unrecognised and even scorned for decades, epitomises the disadvantages that not only individual women but also the scientific community and society as a whole suffer because of a lack of equity in science education. Perhaps Maria Mitchell, one of the first American women to be recognised as a scientist, said it best: In my younger days, when I was pained by the half-educated, loose, and inaccurate ways which are (women) all had, I used to say ‘how much women need exact science’, but, since I have known some workers in science who were not always true to the teachings of nature, who have loved self more than science, I have now said ‘how much science needs women’. (Maria Mitchell’s presidential address to the Third Congress of Women in 1875; quoted in Rossiter, 1982, p. 15)