cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumers’ Perceptions of the Assortment Offered in a Grocery Category: The Impact of Item Reduction:

Grocery retailers have been informed that, to remain competitive, they must reduce the number of stockkeeping units (SKUs) offered, in line with consumer demand, or, in other words, adopt “Efficien...
Cross-allergenicity of the house dust mites Euroglyphus maynei and Blomia tropicalis.

Background The domestic mites Euroglyphus maynei and Blomia tropicalis frequently co-inhabit homes in subtropical/tropical regions around the world. Both species are the source of substances that cause allergic reactions in patients. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the immunologic cross-reactivity between E. maynei and B. tropicalis . Methods Sera of 19 mitesensitive patients who were skin test positive to B. tropicalis and/or RAST positive to E. maynei were used to probe immunoblots or crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) gels. Results Western blotting showed that individual sera had IgE that bound to 0 to 17 and 2 to 15 proteins in E. maynei and B. tropicalis extracts, respectively. Corresponding IgE-binding proteins of 105, 75, 57, 18, and 14 kD were detected in both E. maynei and B. tropicalis extracts. The majority of IgE-binding proteins did not show corresponding bands in both extracts. Heterologous CRIE showed IgE binding to six of the nine E. maynei antigens precipitated by anti B. tropicalis serum with individual sera recognizing 0 to 4 of the six allergens. In the reciprocal reaction, 10 of the 12 proteins of B. tropicalis that were precipitated by anti E. maynei serum bound IgE with individual sera binding to 0 to 5 proteins. Conclusion This study indicated that E. maynei and B. tropicalis are the source of both species-specific and cross-reactive allergens, but most allergens in each extract were species-specific.
Perioperative management of ambulatory surgical patients with diabetes mellitus.

Purpose of review Patients with diabetes frequently present for ambulatory surgery concomitant with the rise in incidence of the disease. This review will examine recent evidence on glucose control, the harmful effects of hyperglycemia, fluctuations of blood glucose, and hypoglycemia, as well as treatments and medications utilized for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Based on this evidence, a strategy for perioperative decision making for the diabetic patient undergoing ambulatory surgery will be presented. Recent findings New studies question the practice of intensive control of blood glucose in critically ill patients. Also, tight control of HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes may have associated cardiovascular risks. Glucose fluctuations and hypoglycemia may pose greater risks to patients than elevated glucose itself. New medications and insulin regimens make perioperative blood glucose control easier now than in the past. Summary The ambulatory anesthesiologist, with a dedication to low-impact practices and emphasis on rapid recovery, provides an ideal environment of care for the patient with diabetes. This review will examine issues and concerns with management of the patient with diabetes undergoing ambulatory surgery and address them in a step-wise strategy for care, including recommendations for perioperative insulin administration.
Expression of RGS4 Splice Variants in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of Schizophrenic and Bipolar Disorder Patients

Background Previous molecular and genetic studies have implicated RGS4 (regulator of G protein signaling 4) in schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD), but the role of RGS4 in the pathology of the two disorders remains controversial. Recently we identified five different RGS4 splice variants in the human brain. In this study we tested whether expression of specific RGS4 splice variants is altered in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic and BPD subjects. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect overall RGS4 expression and the messenger RNA levels of the four RGS4 splice variants in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic ( n = 27), BPD ( n = 27), and normal ( n = 27) subjects. Results Compared with the normal group, the expression of a specific splice variant RGS4-3 was decreased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the SCZ group, whereas overall RGS4 expression and expression of other RGS4 isoforms did not differ significantly between the control and SCZ groups. The messenger RNA levels of RGS4 isoforms did not change between the control group and the BPD group. Conclusions Our results suggest the possibility that alterations in the expression of RGS4-3 contribute to the development of SCZ.
Vowel-consonant metathesis in a palestinian dialect

Abstract Many Arabic colloquials have a metathetic process CCVC > CVCC which many suppose to be the sum of independently motivated rules of deletion and insertion. While this analysis may reflect a diachronic sequence of events and may still be descriptively valid for many dialects, it fails to generalize smoothly to at least one Palestinian dialect because of the large differences in detailed conditions between metathesis and the independent rules of deletion and insertion and because the putative independent rule of insertion may no longer be synchronically valid. An alternative analysis of metathesis as resulting purely from deletions accounts for much of the data but founders on some words. Metathesis appears, then, to be a single separate rule in the dialect in question.
Evaluation and Treatment of Anterolateral Ankle Impingement Syndrome

Anterolateral impingement (ALI) of the ankle is an increasingly recognized complication after recurrent lateral ankle sprains and is hypothesized to occur because of persistent ankle instability. Conservative management is typically the first-line treatment choice; however, to our knowledge there are no published studies or case reviews that describe or evaluate a conservative treatment plan, and no randomized controlled studies have been conducted to compare conservative and surgical treatment. This report highlights a unique case of ALI syndrome in an athlete who had undergone a prior lateral ankle reconstruction because of recurrent ankle sprains. It also details a successful conservative treatment paradigm.
Oxidation von Alkanen durch elektrophile späte Übergangsmetalle in homogener Lösung

Die selektive Oxidation von Alkanen ist fur Chemiker in Industrie und Hochschule ein Thema von groster Bedeutung. Die Alkanoxidation wurde bereits vor 25 Jahren entdeckt, doch haben neue Entwicklungen dieser Reaktion, katalysiert durch elektrophile, spate Ubergangsmetalle, sowohl wichtige Erkenntnisse uber den Mechanismus als auch potentiell in der Praxis anwendbare Methoden zur Umwandlung von Alkanen geliefert.
The effect of phosphorus nutrition on water flow through the apoplastic bypass in cotton roots

A previous study comparing hydraulic conductivity of intact roots and cortical cells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings suggested that substantial water flow may bypass cell membranes entirely, following a completely apoplastic pathway, and also suggested that phosphorus deficiency might increase bypass flow. We used fluorescent apoplastic tracers to quantify flow through the apoplastic bypass and to assess the effect of phosphorus deficiency on bypass flow. Tracer concentration in shoot xylem sap was less than 0.25% of the concentration in the cultural solution for five different tracers
Managing change: a barrier to TQM implementation in service industries

Purpose – This paper focuses on six change management issues that address quality management practices in the service sector, difficulty in taking a holistic approach to total quality management (TQM) implementation in the service environment, and the challenges of delivering organizational reform through TQM.Design/methodology/approach – The study employs a quasi‐qualitative case study methodology. Twenty service companies from health care, insurance, consulting, and banking and financial services were studied over a period of two years to assess their change management practices for implementing TQM.Findings – The findings point to a less than total implementation of TQM in the studied companies. Among other issues, unrealistic expectations of employee commitment, absence of process focus, lack of organization around information flow, holes in education and training, and failure to create a continuous improvement culture contributed significantly towards failure. More successful companies focused on avo...
In vitro proliferation and differentiation of hemic precursor cells from marrow and blood of naturally chimeric marmosets.

Marmosets are unique in that they are “always” blood cell chimeras. When the nucleated cells from the bone marrow and from the peripheral blood of marmosets were incubated in the appropriate culture fluid they were shown capable of extensive proliferation in vitro. Two patterns of cellular proliferation, adherent and nonadherent, occurred in the same culture vessel. Repeated passage of nonadherent cells in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with calf serum resulted in relatively long-term fluid bulk cultures showing myelocytic differentiation and megakaryocytic maturation. As myelocytic maturation became the predominant feature of cultures mitoses of the precursors diminished. About half of 41 marrow-derived cultures underwent extensive proliferation lasting about two months, as evidenced by an increasing cellularity and the presence of dividing cells. Such active growth occurred in one culture for over 120 days. The natural blood-cell chimerism of marmosets was demonstrated in vitro by cytogenetic analyses of metaphases from four relatively long term marrow cultures. The ratios of male and female cells remained either relatively stable or changed slowly with time in culture. Cells having both diploid and polyploid number of chromosomes were identified male or female, suggesting chimerism in myelocytic and megakaryocytic series. Marmoset lymph node and spleen cells proliferated as lymphoid cultures for various lengths of time up to five weeks but these cells did not differentiate into hemic cell lines. Attempts to culture human and rodent hemic tissue by the procedure used on marmoset tissue were unsuccessful.
Doping directed at the oxygen sites in Y1Ba2Cu3O(7-delta) - The effect of sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine

The effect of three dopants directed at the oxygen sites in Y1Ba2Cu3O(7-delta) have been investigated: sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine. Single-phase material has been obtained up to a (nominal) replacement of about 1 percent of the oxygen. Although the lattice parameters are unchanged, all dopants raise Tc (very slightly), sharpen the resistive transition, reduce the normal state resistivity, and very substantially increase the (magnetically determined) fraction of the material that is superconducting. All of these results differ qualitatively from those obtained with dopants directed at other locations in the 123 structure, and it is suggested that small additions of sulfur, fluorine, or chlorine may help to stabilize the ideal 123 stoichiometry.
Burnout in Chairs of Academic Departments of Ophthalmology

Purpose To evaluate the incidence of burnout in chairs of academic departments of ophthalmology, identify stressors, and propose methods for reducing and preventing burnout in our academic leaders. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants One-hundred thirty-one chairs of academic departments of ophthalmology in the United States and Canada. Methods Confidential surveys mailed to ophthalmology chairs. Main Outcome Measures Questionnaires assessed demographics, potential stressors, satisfaction with personal life, self-efficacy, burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory–Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), and quality of life. Results Questionnaires were returned from 101 chairs, a response rate of 77%. Each chair had served an average of 9.4 years. They worked an average of 62 hours each week, spending 41% on patient care, 36% on administrative duties, 13% on teaching, and 9% on research. There was no difference in hours worked each week in chairs who had served >10 years from those who had been chair Conclusions The overall prevalence of burnout in chairs of academic departments of ophthalmology is similar to burnout rates seen in chairs of other academic departments. The MBI-HSS scores for ophthalmology chairs showed high levels of emotional exhaustion, moderate levels of depersonalization, and moderate levels of personal accomplishment. Because the cost of burnout can be high, both in terms of a chair’s psychological well-being and the actual cost associated with replacing a chair, it is important that strategies are put in place to reduce burnout in our academic leaders.
Extraction of hysteretic properties of seismically isolated bridges from quick‐release field tests

A simple procedure for identifying hysteretic properties of seismically isolated bridges from full-scale quick-release tests is presented in this paper. An analytical solution for the quick-release response of a SDOF system with a bilinear spring is derived. Based on the solution, some characteristics of such systems are obtained. A time domain optimization method is employed to identify the hysteretic properties of the lead–rubber bearings installed in seismically isolated bridges. The total damping effects of the isolation system are expressed as a combination of the rate-independent (hysteretic) damping and the linear viscous damping. The Menegotto–Pinto (MP) model and bilinear model are used to represent the force–displacement relation of the lead–rubber bearings. In both the longitudinal and transverse directions the bridges have been idealized as single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems. Time histories recorded from the field quick-release tests on two bridges are used for the examples presented herein. The hysteretic loops of the isolators obtained from laboratory tests are compared with those obtained using the optimization method, and they agree well. In conclusion, the procedure shown in this paper can be used to identify the essential in situ hysteretic characteristics of isolation bearings from quick-release field testing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of adrenalectomy and repeated convulsions on responses of rats to flurothyl.

Abstract In studies to determine the influence of adrenocortical deficiency on sensitivity to the volatile convulsant flurothyl, administered by inhalation, adult male rats were convulsed at 3-day intervals. Repetitive testing alone was found to decrease the latency to maximal convulsion in controls. However, adrenalectomy not only counteracted this effect, but also increased maximal seizure latency above pre-operative levels if the rats were maintained on tap water. In addition, adrenalectomy decreased the intensity of the maximal convulsion, but increased susceptibility to the minimal convulsive response (myoclonic jerk). This last effect is in accord with other reports of increased susceptibility to various experimentally-induced seizures after adrenalectomy, but in contrast to results with pentylenetetrazol seizures. Drinking 0.9 % NaCl reduced all effects of adrenalectomy on flurothyl convulsions.
Economic reform, fixed capital investment expansion, and inflation: A behavioral model based on the Chinese experience

Abstract Decentralization in resource control and decision making is widely thought of as necessary if a socialist economy is to improve its efficiency through economic reforms. Such a policy has, however, led to a surge of fixed capital expansion and high growth rates of the money supply in China in the 1980s. On the basis of observed monetary experience of China in the 1980s, this paper constructs a positive model to show that both fixed capital expansion and the inflationary monetary policy in the decade can be explained by the mixed mechanisms of resource allocation brought about by decentralization and the continued quantity drive nature of the economy.
High-resolution, superfast 3-D imaging using a phase-shifting method

We presents a system to realize 333 fps 3-D shape measurement speed at 768 X 768 resolution. It utilizes the DLP Discovery platform to realize 3-D shape measurement by using a defocusing method.
Do politicians pander

Abstract In Politicians Don't Pander, Lawrence Jacobs and Robert Shapiro show that politicians follow public opinion much less slavishly than conventional wisdom suggests. However, the case studies they themselves rely on show that public opinion constrains policy makers more than they claim. Conversely, to the extent that political leaders are able to ignore the public's wishes, Jacobs and Shapiro do not adequately consider the possibility that this is due in large part to severe voter ignorance of public policy. In urging greater obedience to the popular will, the authors also overlook the danger that increased adherence to the often internally contradictory wishes of the electorate may be impossible or undesirable.
Detection and Quantitation of Intracardiac Left-to-Right Shunts by an Oximetric Inert Gas Technic

A method is described for detecting and quantitating small left-to-right shunts by recording continuously and simultaneously the changes in blood oxygen saturation at a systemic artery and at selected sites in the right heart chambers or great vessels produced by a few breaths of an inert gas such as helium or nitrogen. The advantages of this technic for detecting and quantitating left-to-right shunts are (1) the same instrument, namely, the cuvette oximeter, used to determine blood oxygen saturation and indicator-dilution curves in conjunction with routine diagnostic catheterization procedures, also is used to record the inert gas curves, (2) only one right heart catheter is needed, (3) the method is relatively simple, (4) the shunt can be quantitated, and (5) shunts of less than 10 per cent of pulmonary flow can be detected. It is concluded that the technic is of considerable practical value as a means of excluding the presence of or demonstrating and determining the magnitude of small left-to-right shunts.
Microfluidic cell separation: applications and challenges in tissue engineering

In tissue engineering, the enrichment of a particular cell type typically precedes in vitro culture on scaffolds. Another separation challenge that has emerged recently in tissue engineering is the need to isolate stem or progenitor cells that are naturally present in certain tissue types and have the ability to differentiate into functional cells. In both contexts, the ability of microfluidic systems to handle small sample volumes and achieve highly selective separation presents an attractive alternative to traditional techniques such as pre-plating, cell straining and sorting with fluorescent or magnetic tags.
Finite element analysis of electrical machinery and devices

Design optimization and reliability assurance of electrical machinery and devices require accurate prediction of the magnetic field distribution in their active region. The finite element method offers a stable numerical solution technique with a high degree of precision. This method is based on formulating the partial differential equations of the magnetic field problem in variational terms and minimizing the associated functional by a set of trial functions. This paper describes the application of finite-element analysis to electric, magnetic and eddy-current field problems in rotating machinery, static apparatus, and devices. Some of the areas surveyed are magnetic fields in synchronous machines, dc generators, transformers, eddy-current problems in conducting media, and electrostatic applications.
CLINICAL OPTOMETRIC PROFILE ANALYSIS: AVERAGE, MOST TYPICAL, UNSELECTED, AND NORMAL EXPECTED

Different representing measures, the mean and mode, of optometric findings, and different standards for comparison, the average, most typical, unselected, and normal expected, in optometric profiles were compared. Data and results from three existing studies were used in the analysis. Correlation (0.98) between the average and the most typical was high. No difference was found between the mean and mode measures, indicating same degree of representation. And no difference was found between the most typical and unselected, between the most typical and normal expected profiles, meaning that the most typical profile can be used as a standard for comparison as well as the others such as the unselected or the normal expected.
Mycorrhizae in Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Arn.: a combination of unusual ecto- and endo-forms

The mycorrhizal status of Adenostoma fasciculatum, the dominant shrub in California chaparral, has been unclear. In two typical, nearly monospecificstands, A. fasciculatum was found to have arbuscules and intercellular hyphae. Antisera detected hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal genera Acaulospora, Glomus, and Scutellospora, although we found only spores of Glomus. Some roots had partial sheaths and inter- and intracellular septate fungi without indications of root necrosis. Ectomycorrhizal root tips were also found, including Cenococcum and other unknown taxa. Sporocarps of EM fungi including species of Rhizopogon, Pisolithus, Balsamia, Laccaria, Hygrophorus, and Cortinarius were found in the stand, with no other EM or arbutoid mycorrhizal plants nearby. These observations indicate that A. fasciculatum forms mycorrhizae with AM, septate, and EM fungi, but often fails to form easily recognizable mycorrhizal structures.
Time-frequency window leakage in the short-time Fourier transform

Conventional frequency-domain window-leakage analysis accurately describes the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform only for stationary signals. Leakage in the time-frequency plane from concentrated transient or nonstationary signals can be effectively analyzed by use of a time-frequency window-leakage envelope with rectangular contours. This envelope is obtained from the Wigner distribution of the analysis window, with appropriate corrections for the sidelobe leakage. The time-frequency window-leakage envelope gives insight into the tradeoffs in time-frequency leakage between various windows and allows quick and accurate estimates of the leakage in the short-time Fourier transform. A simple technique for constructing signals with Wigner distributions that are linear transformations of the Wigner distribution of a known signal is developed. With this technique, windows with a variety of time-frequency orientations and leakage behavior can be developed.
Possible effects of residential development on streamflow, riparian plant communities, and fisheries on small mountain streams in central Arizona

Abstract Increased residential development along small mountain streams within pine forests in central Arizona has surged in the last 20 years and presents a potential threat to riparian plant communities on these small mountain streams because it can alter the nature of streamflow from perennial to ephemeral. The change in streamflow increases water stress on riparian plants along these streams. Cultural activities associated with residential development that affect streamflow are water diversions, groundwater pumping, and changes in land use. Measurements of tree densities and stand composition of Arizona alder (Alnus oblongifolia) and box elder (Acer negundo) showed that perennial stream reaches had greater tree densities in all diameter classes, compared with ephemeral stream reaches where small-diameter trees were absent. Xylem water-potential measurements decreased more rapidly on trees occupying ephemeral stream reaches than on trees of comparable reaches of perennial streams over time during the summer. The increase in water stress in trees growing along ephemeral stream reaches may be responsible for the lower plant densities and lack of seedling establishment measured. Trout populations also declined when perennial streamflow changed to ephemeral.
Whole genome amplification of single cells: mathematical analysis of PEP and tagged PCR

We construct a mathematical model for two whole genome amplification strategies, primer extension preamplification (PEP) and tagged polymerase chain reaction (tagged PCR). An explicit formula for the expected target yield of PEP is obtained. The distribution of the target yield and the coverage properties of these two strategies are studied by simulations. From our studies we find that polymerase with high processivity may increase the efficiency of PEP and tagged PCR.
MORAL HAZARD AND CAPITAL BUDGETING

In this paper, the effect of moral hazard on capital budgeting is examined. It is shown that moral hazard may change project rankings based on net present value under perfect information. It is also shown that in certain agency relationships moral hazard increases managerial contracting costs more for projects with slower paybacks, thus producing a bias in favor of projects with faster paybacks. This effect manifests itself only under specific conditions.
A Story Legitimating the Voices of Latino/Hispanic Students and their Parents: Creating a Restorative Justice Response to Wrongdoing and Conflict in Schools

This article chronicles how a group of university researchers initiated a research and professional development project called Culture of Care at a large high school in the Denver Metropolitan area. After implementation, Latino/Hispanic students and their parents maintained the project. It was the charge of Latino/Hispanic parents to dismantle the school-to-prison pipeline by introducing restorative justice practices into the classroom as a way of responding to wrongdoing and conflict. The purpose of the project was to change teachers’ practices, as well as involving these students and their parents as primary informers in the process. Conceptually, the project was based on an ethic of care, the theory of culturally responsive pedagogy, and the principles of restorative justice practices in schools. Data were collected in the form of focus group interviews to create “testimonios” to legitimate the voices of the participants. Data were analyzed based on the typologies of authentic caring and aesthetic cari...
Compartmented coupling of chicken heart mitochondrial creatine kinase to the nucleotide translocase requires the outer mitochondrial membrane

Abstract The kinetic coupling of mitochondrial creatine kinase (MiMi-CK) to ADP ATP translocase in chicken heart mitochondrial preparations is demonstrated. Measuring the MiMi-CK apparent Km value for MgATP2− (at saturating creatine) gives a value of 36 μ m when MiMi-CK is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. This Km value is threefold lower than the Km for enzyme bound to mitoplasts or free in solution. The nucleotide translocase Km value for ADP decreases from 20 to 10 μ m in the presence of 50 m m creatine only with intact mitochondria. Similar experiments with mitoplasts do not give decreased Km values. The observed Km differences can be used to calculate the concentration of ATP and ADP under steady-state conditions showing that the observed differences in the kinetic constants accurately reflect the enzyme activities of MiMi-CK under the different conditions. The behavior of the Km values provides evidence for what we term compartmented coupling. Therefore, like the rabbit heart system (S. Erickson-Viitanen, P. Viitanen, P. J. Geiger, W. C. T. Yang, and S. P. Bessman (1982) J. Biol. Chem.257, 14395–14404) compartmented coupling requires an intact outer mitochondrial membrane. The apparent Km values for normal or compartmentally coupled systems can be used to calculate steady-state values of ATP and ADP by coupling enzyme theory. Hence, the overall kinetic parameters accurately reflect the behavior of the enzymes whether free in solution or in the intermembrane space.
Combination therapy with bacteria and angiogenesis inhibitors: strangling cancer without mercy.

Commentary to:Enhanced Therapeutic Effect by Combination of Tumor-Targeting Salmonella and Endostatin in Murine Melanoma Model Li-Jun Jia, Han-Mei Xu, Ding-Yuan Ma, Qin-Gang Hu, Xiao-Feng Huang, Wen-Hui Jiang, Shu-Feng Li, Kun-Zhi Jia, Qi-Lai Huang and Zi-Chun Hua
Interaction of ZnO Nanowires with Carbon Fibers for Hierarchical Composites with High Interfacial Strength

When grown on the surface of carbon fiber, vertically aligned arrays of ZnO nanowires have been shown to increase the interfacial shear strength without decreasing the in-plane properties of the composite. Analysis of the failure surface indicates that the ZnO debonds from the carbon fiber which combined with the higher interfacial shear strength, indicates that the ZnO more strongly adheres to the carbon surface than epoxy adheres to the carbon surface. Previous work was unable to identify the specific chemical interaction that enhanced the ZnO — carbon fiber interface, however it hypothesized that the presence carboxylic acid groups on the fiber were responsible. In this study an aramid fiber is used to elucidate the surface interaction since it can be produced with no carboxylic acid or with these groups through functionalization. The model fiber demonstrates that only fibers with carboxylic acid groups experience increased interfacial strength from the ZnO nanowires. The interaction between ZnO and carboxylic acid groups is verified to be critical to the enhancement of the interfacial strength in carbon fiber — ZnO nanowire — epoxy composites.
Precise temperature measurements in the Cayman Trench

Abstract A description is given of some measurements made on a north-south section across the Cayman Trench using a precise bathythermograph with quartz crystal temperature sensors. The main instrument specifications are given. The observations revealed that the water above 4300 m was stably stratified. Below this depth the temperature gradient was within 2% of the adiabatic temperature gradient and the water stability was presumed to be positive almost everywhere but very small. Salinities were nearly uniform below 2500 m. Also, below 4300 m the observed temperatures at the deep stations for a given depth, were bracketed in a range of less than 0·003°C. This corresponds to isotherm slopes of the order of 2 × 10−4 °C km−1. Irregularities in the potential temperature-depth curves with scales of about 1 × 10−3 °C and 100 m respectively were observed. For length scales of the order of 2 m, temperature variations are inferred to be less than the limit of resolution, which was about 2 × 10−4 °C. The assumption that geothermal flux is currently being trapped in the water below 4300 m, combined with the history of temperature increases enables, an estimate to be made of the mean geothermal flux value. A value of 2·3 μ cal cm−2 sec−1 is estimated.
A beamforming method for multiple source DOA estimation, spectrum separation and localization from field data

In this abstract, we present a beamforming method for estimating the directions and locations of multiple sources and separating each source's spectrum from field data collected by a wireless acoustic sensor network. Each acoustic sensor is equipped with four microphones that receive acoustic signals in a time-synchronized manner. The difference in time-of-arrival of proximal signals depends on the source direction with respect to the geometry of the microphone array. We show that by using beamforming in the frequency domain, the locations and Direction-Of-Arrivals (DOAs) of multiple 3D sources may be estimated, and the source spectrum may be separated from the audio data spectra.
Fuzzy rule extraction from support vector machines

This paper proposes a fuzzy rule extraction method from support vector machines. Support vector machines (SVM) are learning systems based on statistical learning theory that have been successfully applied to a wide variety of application. However, SVM are "black box" models, that is, they generate a solution with linear combination of kernel functions which has a quite difficult interpretation. Methods for rule extraction from trained SVM have already been proposed, however, the rules generated by these methods have, in their antecedents, intervals or functions. This format decreases the interpretability of the generated rules and jeopardizes the knowledge extraction capability. Hence, to increase the linguistic interpretability of the generated rules, we propose in this paper a methodology for extracting fuzzy rules from a trained SVM, where the rule's antecedents are associated with fuzzy sets.
Biosynthesis of UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose and UDP-rhamnose in Pathogenic Fungi Magnaporthe grisea and Botryotinia fuckeliana

There is increasing evidence that in several fungi, rhamnose-containing glycans are involved in processes that affect host-pathogen interactions, including adhesion, recognition, virulence, and biofilm formation. Nevertheless, little is known about the pathways for the synthesis of these glycans. We show that rhamnose is present in glycans isolated from the rice pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and from the plant pathogen Botryotinia fuckeliana. We also provide evidence that these fungi produce UDP-rhamnose. This is in contrast to bacteria where dTDP-rhamnose is the activated form of this sugar. In bacteria, formation of dTDP-rhamnose requires three enzymes. Here, we demonstrate that in fungi only two genes are required for UDP-Rha synthesis. The first gene encodes a UDP-glucose-4,6-dehydratase that converts UDP-glucose to UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose. The product was shown by time-resolved 1H NMR spectroscopy to exist in solution predominantly as a hydrated form along with minor amounts of a keto form. The second gene encodes a bifunctional UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose-3,5-epimerase/-4-reductase that converts UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose to UDP-rhamnose. Sugar composition analysis and gene expression studies at different stages of growth indicate that the synthesis of rhamnose-containing glycans is under tissue-specific regulation. Together, our results provide new insight into the formation of rhamnose-containing glycans during the fungal life cycle. The role of these glycans in the interactions between fungal pathogens and their hosts is discussed. Knowledge of the metabolic pathways involved in the formation of rhamnose-containing glycans may facilitate the development of drugs to combat fungal diseases in humans, as to the best of our knowledge mammals do not make these types of glycans.
Estrogen receptor in purified nuclei from deciduomata of the pseudopregnant rat

A specific estrogen receptor was identified in purified nuclei from deciduomata of pseudopregnant rats. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of 0.4 M KCl extracts of deciduomal nuclei from rats injected with [3H]-17β-estradiol ([3H]-17β-E2) revealed the presence of saturable estrogen-receptor complexes sedimenting at 4.6S. A nuclear exchange assay was used to determine the association constant (Ka) for the binding of 17β-E2 by purified deciduomal nuclei and the concentrations of specific nuclear estrogen receptor sites on different days of decidualization. The mean Ka of nine determinations was 4.0 × 109 M−1 indicating that deciduomal nuclei bind 17β-E2 with high affinity. The concentration of specific estrogen receptor sites in deciduomal nuclei on day 3 of decidualization was determined to be 0.21 pmol/mg DNA or approximately 1300 sites/nucleus. Between days 3 and 7 of decidualization there is a significant linear decrease (P < 0.01) in the number of estrogen receptor sites in deciduomal nuclei; on day 7 there are approximately 60% as many sites as on day 3. The significance of the nuclear estrogen receptor and its decrease as a function of decidualization time are discussed with regard to the growth and regression of deciduomata.
Image Analysis And Compact Coding By Oriented 2D Gabor Primitives

Any effort to develop efficient schemes for image representation must begin by pondering the nature of image structure and image information. The fundamental insight which makes compact coding possible is that the statistical complexity of images does not correspond to their resolution (number of resolvable states) if they contain nonrandom structure, coherence, or local auto-correlation. These are respects in which real images differ from random noise: they are optical projections of 3-D objects whose physical constitution and material unity ensure locally homogeneous image structure, whether such local correlations are as simple as luminance value, or a more subtle textural signature captured by some higher-order statistic. Except in the case of synthetic white noise, it is not true that each pixel in an image is statistically independent from its neighbors and from every other pixel; yet that is the default assumption in the standard image representations employed in video transmission channels or the data structures of storage devices. This statistical fact - that the entropy of the channel vastly exceeds the entropy of the signal - has long been recognized, but it has proven difficult to reduce channel bandwidth without loss of resolution. In practical terms, the consequence is that the video data rates (typically 8 bits for each one of several hundred thousand pixels in an image mosaic, resulting in information bandwidths in the tens of millions of bits per second) are far more costly informationally than they need to be, and moreover, no image structure more complex than a single pixel at a time is explicitly extracted or encoded.
Interactive, multiresolution image-space rendering for dynamic area lighting

Area lights add tremendous realism, but rendering them interactively proves challenging. Integrating visibility is costly, even with current shadowing techniques, and existing methods frequently ignore illumination variations at unoccluded points due to changing radiance over the light's surface. We extend recent image-space work that reduces costs by gathering illumination in a multiresolution fashion, rendering varying frequencies at corresponding resolutions. To compute visibility, we eschew shadow maps and instead rely on a coarse screen-space voxelization, which effectively provides a cheap layered depth image for binary visibility queries via ray marching. Our technique requires no precomputation and runs at interactive rates, allowing scenes with large area lights, including dynamic content such as video screens.
Phytotoxins produced by Pestalotiopsis oenotherae, a pathogen of evening primrose

Abstract The major phytotoxin produced by Pestalotiopsis oenotherae, a pathogen of evening primrose, has been identified as oxysporone, a compound not previously known as a phytotoxin. Pestalopyrone, a minor new toxin, has been shown to be 6-(1′-methylprop-1′-enyl)-4-methoxy-2-pyrone. The gibberellin synergists pestalotin and hydroxypestalotin, also produced by this fungus, are only weakly phytotoxic.
The hospitalist joins the surgical team.

In this issue, Huddleston and colleagues report on the first step toward a new approach to the perioperative care of surgical patients: the hospitalist–orthopedic surgeon comanagement team. The exp...
Enhancing entity annotation using web service and ontology hierarchy in biomedical domains

Entity annotation is a fundamental step for entity relation extraction, information visualization and semantic web creation. Using domain specific ontologies to annotate a dataset for exploring, analyzing and integrating the entities and relations within the corpus is an important step for further study of the data. In this paper, we present an ontology based entity annotation system to annotate entities in neuroscience documents. To improve the annotation performance, we propose an ontology entity expansion method based on web service and ontology structure. We evaluate the proposed entity annotation method on real data obtained from Elsevier's BrainNavigator. The results show that using web service and ontology structure to expand ontology entities can improve the annotation result.
Maximum Entropy And The Concept Of Feasibility In Tomographic Image Reconstruction

Feasible images in tomographic image reconstruction are defined as those images compatible with the data by consideration of the statistical process that governs the physics of the problem. The first part of this paper reviews the concept of image feasibility, discusses its theoretical problems and practical advantages, and presents an assumption justifying the method and some preliminary results supporting it. In the second part of the paper two different algorithms for tomographic image reconstruction are developed. The first is a Maximum Entropy algorithm and the second is a full Bayesian algorithm. Both algorithms are tested for feasibility of the resulting images and we show that the Bayesian method yields feasible reconstructions in Positron Emission Tomography.
Training and testing effects in the generalization of a voluntary response

The effects of amount of training on the generalization of a voluntary response were investigated under two testing procedures—one in which the original training stimulus, a 100-g weight, was presented five times more frequently than the other test stimuli, and another in which the original training stimuluswas presented with the same frequency as the other test stimuli. No effects of amount of training were observed, in support of previous findings. However, the two procedures produced different-shaped gradients of stimulus generalization, also in support of previous findings.
Trophic state responses of Onondaga Lake, New York to reductions in phopshorus loading from advanced wastewater treatment

This study evaluated the response of previously culturally hypereutrophic Onondaga Lake, New York, to major reductions in phosphorus (P) loading from a municipal wastewater treatment plant achieved over a 35-year period. Analysis of the response was based on long-term monitoring of effluent total P concentration (TP Metro ) and a robust array of in-lake metrics of trophic state, including (1) TP, (2) chlorophyll a (Chl- a ), (3) Secchi disk depth, (4) areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit (AHOD), (5) the downward flux of volatile suspended solids, and (6) the minimum dissolved oxygen concentration in the upper waters during fall turnover. Substantial positive responses, which were significantly linearly related to the decreases in TP Metro , were documented for all of the metrics over the monitoring period. For example, a 91% reduction in TP Metro resulted in reductions of 84% and 59% in Chl- a and AHOD, respectively. The changes depict a transformation from hypereutrophy to upper mesotrophy, with the exception of AHOD values that remain in the eutrophic range. The delayed response of AHOD reflects slower sediment diagenesis processes. The relationships among the metrics of trophic state are considered in the context of literature expressions, accepted paradigms, and limitations related to variations in food web effects. Empirical models that include the effects of multiple drivers on interannual variations in contemporary trophic state metrics were developed and applied to forecast variability under existing conditions. This case study contributes to the scientific literature describing lake rehabilitation through reductions in P loading.
On the mechanism of the coronary dilator effect of serotonin in the dog.

Abstract In experiments designed to determine the nature of the coronary dilator effect of serotonin the influence of intracoronary administration of the amine on coronary perfusion pressure, heart rate and ventricular contractile force was assessed in anesthetized, open-chest dogs in which the left coronary artery was perfused with blood at a constant rate. Serotonin elicited dose-related decreases in coronary perfusion pressure and increases in contractile force, and lowered heart rate slightly. The dilator response was antagonized by methysergide, slightly potentiated by practolol and unaffected by reserpine. The inotropic effect was partially antagonized by methysergide and completely blocked by practolol and reserpine. It is concluded that serotonin induces coronary dilatation by direct stimulation of specific receptors, that this effect is independent of the cardiac stimulation produced by the amine, and that the latter response is mediated through β1-adrenoceptors activated by released norepinephrine.
Deflection of Thin Rectangular Plates of Cross-Plied Bimodulus Material

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT A differential-equation formulation is presented for the equations governing the small-deflection elastic behavior of thin plates laminated of anisotropic bimodulus materials (which have different elastic stiffnesses depending upon the sign of the fiber-direction strains). As a basis for comparative evaluation of a finite-element formulation previously reported, an exact closed-form solution is presented for a freely supported rectangular plate subjected to a sinusoidally distributed normal pressure. For the special case of isotropic bimodulus materials, a simplified approximate solution is deduced from the exact one. Good agreement is obtained between the two solutions presented here, as well as with numerical results existing in the literature for a special case and with finite-element results.
A longitudinal study of normal asymmetric mandibular growth and its relationship to skeletal maturation.

Introduction: Our aims in this investigation were to assess asymmetric mandibular growth relative to skeletal maturation and to determine whether asymmetric growth occurs during a period of high growth velocity. Methods: We evaluated lateral oblique and hand-wrist radiographs of 30 male and 30 female Class I participants in the Burlington Growth Study who were assessed at 3 time periods with the skeletal maturation index (SMI). The body, the ramus, the effective length, and the gonial angle on each side of the mandible were measured. Asymmetry between the right and left sides was analyzed with the SMI and for sex dependency. Results: The left ramus was consistently longer than the right in all evaluation periods ( P P P P Conclusions: Asymmetry does not occur or increase during any specific growth period.
Neutron triples counting data for uranium

Abstract Correlated neutron counting using multiplicity shift register logic extracts the first three factorial moments from the detected neutron pulse train. The descriptive properties of the measurement item (mass, the ratio of (α,n) to spontaneous fission neutron production, and leakage self-multiplication) are related to the observed singles (S), doubles (D) and triples (T) rates, and this is the basis of the widely used multiplicity counting assay method. The factorial moments required to interpret and invert the measurement data in the framework of the point kinetics model may be calculated from the spontaneous fission prompt neutron multiplicity distribution P(ν). In the case of 238U very few measurements of P(ν) are available and the derived values, especially for the higher factorial moments, are not known with high accuracy. In this work, we report the measurement of the triples rate per gram of 238U based on the analysis of a set of measurements in which a collection of 10 cylinders of UO2F2, each containing about 230 g of compound, were measured individually and in groups. Special care was taken to understand and compensate the recorded multiplicity histograms for the effect of random cosmic-ray induced background neutrons, which, because they also come in bursts and mimic fissions but with a different and harder multiplicity distribution. We compare our fully corrected (deadtime, background, efficiency, multiplication) experimental results with first principles expectations based on evaluated nuclear data. Based on our results we suspect that the current evaluated nuclear data is biased, which points to a need to undertake new basic measurements of the 238U prompt neutron multiplicity distribution.
Tumor Growth Control with IDO-Silencing Salmonella—Letter

Blache and colleagues ([1][1]) state “Although previous studies in mice have observed modest tumor control with administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium ( S. typhimurium ) alone, it has proven to be less effective in more aggressive tumor models. Moreover, in clinical trials using the S