cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Host genetic variation and susceptibility to primate lentiviruses

The human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1 and HIV-2 arose by cross-species transmission of lentiviruses into the human population from nonhuman, old world primates. Despite the rapid, world-wide spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, it is clear that individual humans display a high degree of variability in susceptibility to infection and disease progression. Similarly, macaque isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) arose initially by accidental cross-species transmission from an African monkey species into an Asian species, and experimental infection of Asian macaques, even with clonal SIV isolates, results in a broad range of outcomes. In Africa, more than two-dozen primate species are endemically infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses. Unlike humans and Asian macaques, infection in these natural hosts rarely results in pathogenic outcome. Host genetic variation manifests at multiple levels, influencing both the movement of lentiviruses between species and giving rise to variation in suscept...
Controlling food-contaminating fungi by targeting their antioxidative stress-response system with natural phenolic compounds

The antioxidative stress-response system is essential to fungi for tolerating exposure to phenolic compounds. We show how this system can be targeted to improve fungal control by using compounds that inhibit the fungal mitochondrial respiratory chain. Targeting mitochondrial superoxide dismutase with selected phenolic acid derivatives (e.g., vanillyl acetone) resulted in a 100- to 1,000-fold greater sensitivity to strobilurin or carboxin fungicides. This synergism is significantly greater with strobilurin than with carboxin, suggesting that complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a better target than complex II for fungal control, using phenolics. These results show certain natural compounds are effective synergists to commercial fungicides and can be used for improving control of food-contaminating pathogens. These results suggest that the use of such compounds for fungal control can reduce environmental and health risks associated with commercial fungicides, lower cost for control, and the probability for development of resistance.
Global output feedback stabilization of a class of upper-triangular nonlinear systems

This paper considers the global output feedback stabilization of a class of upper-triangular nonlinear systems with a single input and multiple output. It is shown that under a structural condition, the output feedback stabilization problem can be solved for this class of systems by coupling with a finite-time convergent observer and a saturated homogeneous stabilizer. More general results are also achieved for some complex nonlinear systems without the homogeneous growth condition.
Bird Identification as a Family of Activities: Motives, Mediating Artifacts, and Laminated Assemblages

Abstract Whereas Engestrom has suggested that Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) approach bird identification as an unusual type of dispersed “wildfire” activity, we argue that bird identification represents a durable family of cultural practices that have been shaped by multiple sociohistoric motives and that share key mediating artifacts (e.g., field guides, specialized optical equipment, scientific classifications). In this article, we sketch a genealogy of three distinct, yet linked forms of bird identification: birdwatching, birding, and twitching, each of which crystallizes and weaves together a somewhat different set of historically produced priorities, dispositions, and practices. We argue that analyzing bird identification as wildfire activity indexes a tendency in CHAT to focus on “vertical” institutions (schools, workplace, government) at the expense of “horizontal” forms of human association (friendship, recreation, kinship). A richer understanding of horizontal families of activity may obtain if activity is addressed through the lens of Latour's notion of actor-network associations that are characterized as: flat, spatially and historically dispersed, varyingly hardened in artifacts, assembled and reassembled for use. We argue that such assemblages produce complexly laminated families, as diverse historical types and streams of activity are knotted together in particularly situated encounters.
Statistical Model Comparison in Marketing Research

Analysis for marketing decisions often involves the consideration of several alternative statistical models. As an intermediate step prior to making policy decisions, a single model is typically selected and used to guide subsequent decisions. In this paper, Bayesian model comparison methods are shown to lead to a predictive distribution for the decision problem without the intermediate step of model selection. This approach utilizes all available information bearing on the validity of the alternative models, as well as information concerning model parameters, in order to draw inferences regarding the criterion of interest relative to the decision to be made. The procedure is illustrated in the context of an advertising budget decision in which the functional form of sales response to advertising is unknown.
Kabuki syndrome: clinical and molecular diagnosis in the first year of life

Objective To review the clinical and molecular genetic characteristics of 16 patients presenting a suspected diagnosis of Kabuki syndrome (KS) in the first year of life, to evaluate the clinical handles leading to a prompt diagnosis of KS in newborns. Clinical diagnosis of KS can be challenging during the first year of life, as many diagnostic features become evident only in subsequent years. Methods All patients were clinically investigated by trained clinical geneticists. A literature review was performed using the Pubmed online database and diagnostic criteria suggested by DYSCERNE–Kabuki Syndrome Guidelines (2010) were used (a European Network of Centres of Expertise for Dysmorphology, funded by the European Commission Executive Agency for Health and Consumers (DG Sanco), Project 2006122). Molecular analysis of the known causative genes of KS, KMT2D/MLL2 and KDM6A , was performed through MiSeq-targeted sequencing platform. All mutations identified were validated by Sanger sequencing protocols. Results Mutations in KMT2D gene were identified in 10/16 (62%) of the patients, whereas none of the patients had KDM6A mutations. Facial dysmorphisms (94%), feeding difficulties (100%) and hypotonia (100%) suggested the clinical diagnosis of KS. No significative differences in terms of facial features were noticed between mutation positive and negative patients of the cohort. Brachydactyly, joint laxity and nail dysplasia were present in about 80% of the patients. Other congenital anomalies were most commonly present in the mutated group of patients, including left-sided cardiac abnormalities, skeletal, renal and anorectal malformations and hypertricosis. Conclusions We present an overview of patients with KS diagnosed during the first year of life. Early diagnosis is serviceable in terms of clinical management and for targeted genetic counselling.
PQuad—a visual analysis platform for proteomic data exploration of microbial organisms

Summary: The visual Platform for Proteomics Peptide and Protein data exploration (PQuad) is a multi-resolution environment that visually integrates genomic and proteomic data for prokaryotic systems, overlays categorical annotation and compares differential expression experiments. PQuad requires Java 1.5 and has been tested to run across different operating systems. Availability: http://ncrr.pnl.gov/software Contact: bobbie-jo.webb-robertson@pnl.gov
Simulation of lumber processing for improved raw material utilization

Lumber processing simulation allows the user an opportunity to examine ways to best utilize the many grades of lumber available to the user. It is most important that the simulation must be able to accurately model the processing plant steps and be capable of obtaining the desired part sizes in the correct quantities. This gives management the ability to increase production and reduce costs associated with lost yield. Flow simulation allows the user to try out different plant layout scenarios as well as engineer a plant prior to construction.
Batf coordinates multiple aspects of B and T cell function required for normal antibody responses

Batf belongs to the activator protein 1 superfamily of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that includes Fos, Jun, and Atf proteins. Batf is expressed in mouse T and B lymphocytes, although the importance of Batf to the function of these lineages has not been fully investigated. We generated mice (Batf(DeltaZ/DeltaZ)) in which Batf protein is not produced. Batf(DeltaZ/DeltaZ) mice contain normal numbers of B cells but show reduced numbers of peripheral CD4(+) T cells. Analysis of CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell subsets in Batf(DeltaZ/DeltaZ) mice demonstrated that Batf is required for the development of functional Th type 17 (Th17), Th2, and follicular Th (Tfh) cells. In response to antigen immunization, germinal centers were absent in Batf(DeltaZ/DeltaZ) mice and the maturation of Ig-secreting B cells was impaired. Although adoptive transfer experiments confirmed that this B cell phenotype can be driven by defects in the Batf(DeltaZ/DeltaZ) CD4(+) T cell compartment, stimulation of Batf(DeltaZ/DeltaZ) B cells in vitro, or by a T cell-independent antigen in vivo, resulted in proliferation but not class-switch recombination. We conclude that loss of Batf disrupts multiple components of the lymphocyte communication network that are required for a robust immune response.
Influenza vaccine antibody responses in lung transplant recipients.

Context—Lung transplant recipients are at high risk of morbidity and mortality from influenza infection because of altered lung physiology and immunosuppression. Annual influenza immunization is recommended, but the ability to mount an antibody response may be limited by immunosuppressant medications.Objective—To compare the antibody response rate to influenza vaccine in lung transplant recipients to healthy controls.Design—Open label studySetting—Lung transplant clinic and General Clinical Research Center at a university hospital.Subjects—Sixty-eight single and bilateral lung transplant recipients and 35 healthy controls were enrolled in October and November 2002.Methods—Each individual underwent blood sampling before receiving the 2002-2003 influenza vaccine and 4 weeks later. Influenza antibody concentrations were measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Vaccine response rates (antibody concentration >40 hemagglutination units and at least 4-fold increase in antibody concentration) were compared ...
Motivational interviewing with American Indian mothers to prevent early childhood caries: study design and methodology of a randomized control trial

This randomized control trial assesses the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) to encourage behavior change in new mothers relating to caries prevention when caring for their newborn American Indian (AI) infants and young AI children. The study is a randomized control trial. We hypothesize that when motivational interviewing is added to enhanced community oral health education services, the new mothers will achieve greater reduction of caries experience in their AI children compared to those who are receiving enhanced community services (ECS) alone. Six hundred mothers or caregivers of AI newborns will be enrolled into the study and randomized to one of the two intervention groups over a two-year period. The children will be followed until the child’s third birthday. A cost analysis of the study is being conducted in tandem with the enhanced community services, motivational interviewing behavioral interventions, and the dental screenings for the length of the study. The trial is now in the implementation phase and a number of threats to successful completion, such as recruitment and retention challenges in a vast, rural geographic area, have been addressed. The protocol provides a unique model for oral health interventions using principles of community-based participatory research and is currently on schedule to meet study objectives. If the study is successful, motivational interviewing intervention can be applied in AI communities to reduce ECC disparities in this disadvantaged population, with study of further applicability in other populations and settings. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01116726 .
C-reactive protein and copeptin: prognostic predictors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations.

Purpose of review Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a natural event in the course of COPD and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. Clinical criteria that define an acute exacerbation are subjective and open for debate. Identifying biomarkers that would be easily measured and followed in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD seems to be highly attractive. The aim of this review is to assess the role of biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and copeptin, as prognostic predictors in COPD exacerbations. Recent findings Many pulmonary biomarkers have been extensively studied in the recent years. CRP and copeptin have gained particular interest. Recent data suggest that CRP is elevated during an acute exacerbation of COPD but CRP alone is neither sensitive nor specific in predicting clinical severity or outcome. Copeptin increases during acute exacerbation of COPD and may correlate with disease severity. Summary Further studies are needed to determine the role of CRP and copeptin as biomarkers that aid in diagnosis and clinical outcome in acute exacerbation of COPD.
Decision-based-support-paradigm: a new method to structure source code

The decision-based software development (DBSD) paradigm is being developed to support the process of developing and maintaining software systems. The DBSD paradigm views the design process as a series of interrelated decisions which involve the identification and articulation of problems, alternatives, solutions, and justifications. Decisions made by programmers and analysts are recorded in a project database. Unresolved problems are also recorded, and resources for their resolution are allocated by management according to the overall development strategy. This decision structure is linked to the products affected by the relevant decisions and provides a process-oriented view of the resulting system. Software maintenance uses this decision view of the system to understand the rationale behind the decisions affecting the part of the system to be modified. The relationships between decisions help assess the impact of changing one or more decisions. The authors describe D-HyperCase, a prototype decision-based hypermedia system and give results of applying the DBSD approach during its development. >
Crisis in Engineering Education

It is contended that engineering education in the United States is and has always been backward and of low quality compared to that in other countries, particularly Russia. Consequent low quality raises serious questions regarding ability to compete with the Communist world. Historical reasons for low quality are scrutinized as created by personality factors, financial matters, university policies, and federal policies. Significant differences between educators and practitioners in science and engineering are discussed. Specific practical proposals for action by federal and university agencies are given which can aid in reducing the serious shortage of welltrained engineers.
How Health Care Reform Can Benefit Children and Adolescents

Medical and scientific advances have reduced the rates of acute childhood illnesses and childhood mortality and increased the positive outcomes of a wide variety of serious childhood illnesses; nevertheless, children's health in the United States currently falls short. Our infant mortality rate is higher than that of 29 other countries, and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) ranks the United States last among 21 developed countries in terms of children's health and safety.1 The children's health community is looking to health care reform to improve access, provide needed preventive and comprehensive benefits, and develop quality initiatives for all children and . . .
A web design course team taught by professors in art and computer science

Students tend to be better in either Art and Design or in Computer Science. Because of this difference there are opportunities for students that excel in both areas. A course in web design was offered by the authors during the spring semester of 2006 that improved students in both areas. This paper describes the content of the course, the authors' areas of expertise, describes all the assignments and tests, the students' satisfaction with the course, and how the course would be improved if it were taught again.
Chapter 1 Information Sharing and Social Computing: Why, What, and Where?

Abstract Why do people share content, metainformation, and programming knowledge with people they don't know, in return for no money? In a series of studies, the different drivers for information sharing in social computing systems are identified, and the effect of these drivers on actual levels of sharing is estimated, using a combination of survey and system data from Wikipedia, Flickr and a number of open source software projects. This way, we gain deeper understanding of why people share information, what types of information they share, and what are the venues used for the different types of sharing.
Questions, topics and restricted closure

Single-premise epistemic closure is the principle that: if one is in an evidential position to know that \(\varphi\) where \(\varphi\) entails \(\psi\), then one is in an evidential position to know that \(\psi\). In this paper, I defend the viability of opposition to closure. A key task for such an opponent is to precisely formulate a restricted closure principle that remains true to the motivations for abandoning unrestricted closure but does not endorse particularly egregious instances of closure violation. I focus on two brands of epistemic theory (each the object of sustained recent interest in the literature) that naturally incorporate closure restrictions. The first type holds that the truth value of a knowledge ascription is relative to a relevant question. The second holds that the truth value of a knowledge ascription is relative to a relevant topic. For each approach, I offer a formalization of a leading theory from the literature (respectively, that of Jonathan Schaffer and that of Stephen Yablo) and use this formalization to evaluate the theory’s adequacy in terms of a precise set of desiderata. I conclude that neither theory succeeds in meeting these desiderata, casting doubt on the viability of the underlying approaches. Finally, I offer a novel variant of the topic-sensitive approach that fares better.
Conduction and Injection in Off-Stoichiometry Oxides

Slightly silicon rich oxides or off-stoichiometry oxides (OSO) have been prepared by LPCVD. When R, the nitrous oxide/silane ratio, equals or exceeds 30 these films have the refractive index and CV characteristics of stoichiometric CVD oxide. Injection into these oxides by oxides richer in silicon has been compared with injection into thermal oxides. We find that silicon rich oxides with higher silicon content having the same R values provide the same enhancement of electron injection into thermal oxides and off-stoichiometry oxides. Conduction in off-stoichiometry oxides depends on preparation, but can be accounted for by tunneling between islands.
Robust Design of Flexure Based Nano Precision Compliant Mechanisms With Application to Nano Imprint Lithography

Flexure-based compliant mechanisms are the preferred motion guiding systems for small range, nano-precision positioning applications because of excellent characteristics like friction-free continuous motion. These mechanisms are commonly used in nano fabrication equipment and ultra precision instruments. However, machining imperfections induced geometric errors in the mechanisms are known to cause undesirable parasitic motion and significant loss of precision. A systematic design approach to minimize the sensitivity of the flexure mechanisms to geometric errors induced by machining tolerances is presented here. Central to the design approach is the screw systems based analytical model to study the spatial motion characteristics of flexure mechanisms. Using this model, the parasitic motion is classified into those errors which can be corrected by calibration (extrinsic) and those which are coupled with the mechanism motion and cannot be corrected by apriori calibration (intrinsic). Metric to quantify the intrinsic parasitic motion results naturally from the screw systems analysis, and is used to represent the precision capability of the flexure mechanism. The analytical model enables the selection of geometric parameters of flexure joints of the mechanism via an optimization scheme with the aim of minimizing the parasitic motion metric. The statistical nature of the machining tolerances is accounted for by sampling the random variables at every iteration step of the optimization, leading to a stochastic formulation. The robust design approach is illustrated using a one DOF rotational flexure mechanism that is used in nano-imprint lithography equipment. Numerical results of the optimization indicate up to 40% improvement in the precision capability of the mechanism without any change in the manufacturing tolerance limits. Further, it is shown via eigenscrew analysis of mechanism compliance that the robustness resulting from the optimal flexure joint design can be attributed to the improved compliance distribution.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Evaluation of a Recommender System for Single Pilot Operations

Abstract This paper discusses the quality of a recommender system implemented in a simulation to assist with choosing a diversionary airport for distressed aircraft. In the third of the series of studies investigating the feasibility of ground-supported single pilot operations (SPO) a recommender system was used by 35 airline pilots as an aid for selecting diversionary airports. These pilots, acting as ground operators, used the recommender system from a ground station when off-nominal events required them to provide ground support to a single piloted aircraft. The unique circumstances imposed by each of the scenarios required the ground operators, together with the recommender system, to consider the relative importance of different factors when recommending an airport. Post-trial questionnaires were used to evaluate the recommender system. Results indicated that the pilots did not find the recommender system very transparent and did not always trust its initial recommendation. However, pilots did appear to find the recommender system to be effective in supporting them with the high workload in off nominal situations, and interactions with the system appear to have been satisfactory. Pilots also reported in post simulation surveys a desire to have better explanations for those recommendations. Findings will inform the development of future iterations of the recommender system, as well as influence SPO procedures and further development of a prototype ground station.
The Burger Court's View of the Relationship Between the States and Their Municipalities

This article examines selected Burger Court cases concerning municipal antitrust immunity in order to determine whether the U.S. Supreme Court has a theoretical perspective on the relationship between the states and their municipalities. After delineating the constitutional position of municipalities through an examination of key Court cases and Dillon's rule, the study explores the derivative status of state-action immunity to municipalities in antitrust suits. In two significant cases, including one involving a home rule city, the Burger Court has refused to grant municipalities the state-action exemption granted states under the Sherman Act. But, in reinforcing the unitary relationship between the states and their municipalities, the Court has not addressed Dillon's rule or the ambiguities inherent in denying municipalities the residual powers of local self-government.
Spin differences in the Zr 90 compound nucleus induced by ( p , p ′ ) , ( p , d ) , and ( p , t ) surrogate reactions

The effect of the production mechanism on the decay of a compound nucleus is investigated. The nucleus $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ was produced by three different reactions, namely $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}})^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{91}\mathrm{Zr}(p,d)^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, and $^{92}\mathrm{Zr}(p,t)^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, which served as surrogate reactions for $^{89}\mathrm{Zr}(n,\ensuremath{\gamma})$. The spin-parity $({J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}})$ distributions of the states populated by these reactions were studied to investigate the surrogate reaction approach, which aims at indirectly determining cross sections for compound-nuclear reactions involving unstable targets such as $^{89}\mathrm{Zr}$. Discrete $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays, associated with transitions in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ and $^{89}\mathrm{Zr}$, were measured in coincidence with light ions for scattering angles of ${25}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}--{60}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ excitation energies extending above the neutron separation energy. The measured transition systematics were used to gain insights into the ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ distributions of $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$. The $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ reaction was found to produce fewer $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays associated with transitions involving high spin states $(J=6--8\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\hbar})$ than the other two reactions, suggesting that inelastic scattering preferentially populates states in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ that have lower spins than those populated in the transfer reactions investigated. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray production was also observed to vary by factors of 2--3 with the angle at which the outgoing particle was detected. These findings are relevant to the application of the surrogate reaction approach.
Scheme of remote communication in electricity utilization information collection system

Aiming at the needs of remote communication in electricity utilization information collection system,this paper analyses the remote communication technologies of private optical fiber network,wireless private network as well as wireless public network,which are suitable for electricity utilization information collection system,and puts forward the rules of technical selection.Based on the situation that multi technologies will be applied in the system,the construction scheme for an integreted communication platform of electricity utilization information collection is also proposed in the paper.
ADHD and Attention Problems in Children With and Without Spina Bifida

Objectives: To identify differences in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) between typically developing children and children with spina bifida. Method: Sixty-eight children with spina bifida and 68 demographically matched, typically developing children participated in a larger, longitudinal study. Rates of maternal, paternal, and teacher reports of attention problems, as well as rates of maternal reports of ADHD diagnosis, diagnosing provider, pharmaceutical treatment, mental health treatment, and academic accommodations were obtained at 5 time points over a period of 8 years and were compared across groups. Results: Children with spina bifida were more likely to have an ADHD diagnosis and attention problems. Attention problems and ADHD diagnoses were first reported at earlier time points for children with spina bifida than typically developing children. Among children with ADHD or attention problems, children with spina bifida were more likely to be treated with medication, but they were just as likely to use mental health services and receive resource services at school. Conclusions: Children with spina bifida were diagnosed with ADHD and identified as having attention problems more frequently and at an earlier age. This finding could be due to earlier symptom development, greater parental awareness, or more contact with providers. Among those with ADHD or attention problems, stimulant medication was more likely to be prescribed to children with spina bifida, despite research that suggests it may not be as beneficial for them. Further research on the effectiveness of ADHD pharmacological treatment for children with spina bifida is recommended.
A Time‐Varying Risk Analysis of Equity and Real Estate Markets in the US and Japan

The paper offers some new evidence which suggests that Japanese equity and real estate markets might not necessarily behave in a parallel manner to US capital markets. These results are obtained from an examination of the nature of expected and unexpected movements in the returns of Japanese assets and US assets using a present-value model which allows for a time-varying expected discount rate in conjunction with a VAR process. Based on data from 1972–92, it is found that one distinctive difference is that changes in the future expected return for Japanese real estate and stocks are less persistent over time than their US counterparts. It is also found that the impact of Japanese markets on the US market was relatively small. On the other hand, there is some evidence that the US equity market had some significant impact on the Japanese equity market. Returns on Japanese stocks also exhibit a weaker mean reversion process relative to returns on US stocks and US real estate.
Serial-omics of P53−/−, Brca1−/− Mouse Breast Tumor and Normal Mammary Gland

This study demonstrates a liquid-liquid extraction for the sequential tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of non-polar lipids, polar metabolites, proteins and phosphorylation sites from a single piece of tissue. Extraction of 10 mg BRCA−/−, p53−/− breast tumor tissue or normal mammary gland tissue with methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) results in three phases: an upper non-polar phase containing 1,382 lipids, a lower polar phase with 805 metabolites and a precipitated protein pellet with 4,792 proteins with 1,072 phosphorylation sites. Comparative analysis revealed an activated AKT-mTOR pathway in tumors. Tumors also showed a reduction of phosphorylation sites involved in transcription and RNA splicing and decreased abundance of enzymes in lipid synthesis. Analysis of polar metabolites revealed a reduction in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, polyamines and nucleotides, but an increase in TCA and urea cycle intermediates. Analysis of lipids revealed a shift from high triglycerides in mammary gland to high phospholipid levels in tumors. The data were integrated into a model showing breast tumors exhibit features on the proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic level that are distinct from normal breast tissue. Our integrative technique lends itself to samples such as tumor biopsies, dried blood spots and fluids including urine and CSF to develop biomarkers of disease.
Implantation of a CyPass Supraciliary Stent Combined With Targeted iStent Trabecular Microbypass Stents in a Phakic Patient With Primary Open-angle Glaucoma.

Purpose To report the first successful implantation of a CyPass supraciliary stent combined with 2 targeted iStent trabecular microbypass stents in a phakic primary open-angle glaucoma patient with markedly elevated intraocular pressures (IOP) on maximum tolerable medical therapy. Methods Case report. Results A 52-year-old phakic male patient with primary open-angle glaucoma with uncontrolled IOP in the right eye (OD) of 36 mm Hg on maximal topical pharmacotherapy. The patient underwent implantation of a single CyPass supraciliary stent combined with the targeted implantation of 2 iStent trabecular microbypass stents, 1 right facing stent and 1 left facing stent. Postoperatively, off of all glaucoma medications, the IOP decreased to 10 mm Hg on day 1 and continued to be controlled between 10 to 13 mm Hg until postoperative month 6, with only 1 glaucoma medication added after postoperative month 5. In addition, there were no postoperative complications to date. Conclusions The combined implantation of a CyPass supraciliary stent and iStent trabecular microbypass stents can successfully lower IOP and decrease medication burden with minimal risk for complications.
Scalable web-embedded volume rendering

In this paper, we develop a method to encapsulate and embed interactive 3D volume rendering into the standard web Document Object Model (DOM). The package we implemented for this work is called Tapestry. Using Tapestry, data-intensive and interactive volume rendering can be easily incorporated into web pages. For example, we can enhance a Wikipedia page on supernova to contain several interactive 3D volume renderings of supernova volume data. There is no noticeable slowdown during the page load by the web browser. A user can choose to interact with any of the volume renderings of supernova at will. We refer to each embedded 3D visualization as a hyperimage. Hyperimages depend on scalable server-side support where volume rendering jobs are performed and managed elastically. We show the minimal code change required to embed hyperimages into previously static web pages. We also demonstrate the supporting Tapestry server's scalability along several dimensions: web page complexity, rendering complexity, frequency of rendering requests, and number of concurrent sessions. Using solely standard open-source components, this work proves that it is now feasible to make volume rendering a scalable web service that supports a diverse audience with varying use cases.
Designing a socio-normative intervention to reduce anemia in Odisha India: A formative research protocol.

Background: More than half of women of reproductive age in India are anemic. Anemia is associated with increased risk of preterm delivery, higher maternal mortality and contributes to fatigue, which affects women’s work productivity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends daily oral iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements during pregnancy and weekly supplements for women of reproductive age. Government programs and global donors have distributed and promoted IFA supplements in India for over four decades. However, initial intake and compliance remain inadequate. Objectives: This protocol describes the formative research phase of a larger study, which will test, through a randomized controlled trial, the hypothesis that a social norms-based behavioral intervention in Odisha, India will improve uptake of IFA supplements and reduce anemia among reproductive age women as compared to usual care. The focus of this paper is on the formative research required to develop a sound intervention. We will examine socio-normative barriers to and facilitators of IFA supplement uptake. Methods and analysis: Based on the Theory of Normative Social Behavior, we will adopt a mixed-method, multilevel approach. We will collect data using focus groups, in-depth interviews, observations, Rapid Participatory Ethnographic Evaluation and Research (PEER) techniques, and perceptual mapping methods. Our sample includes reproductive age women (pregnant and not pregnant), their husbands, their mothers/in law and key stakeholders. After analyzing the results, we will hold a convening in India to collaboratively design the intervention. Following the intervention design, we will test components of the intervention, gather user feedback and tweak as necessary. Additionally, to improve adoption and sustainability of the intervention, we will conduct policy dialogue with stakeholders throughout the formative research. Impact: This study will contribute to the social norms and behavioral intervention research and inform policymakers about the value of adopting a socio-normative approach.
Towards slice-based semantic clone detection

This paper presents our proposed approach for detecting code clones based on similar slices of different versions of large software systems. We begin by presenting our initial thoughts on realizing software slice clone detection. We describe our initial results obtained by means of scripts to identify clones at different levels of granularity. The clones between versions are represented as pairs of cloned slices. Our results include a case study of over 191 versions of the Linux kernel, spanning over 10 years. In the near future, we plan on experimenting with established clone detectors to realize a complete and robust analysis approach.
Hierarchical PbZrxTi1–xO3 Nanowires for Vibrational Energy Harvesting

Perovskite piezoelectric material nanostructures have gained immense interest in the energy harvesting community due to their ability of converting mechanical energy into electric power in a much more efficient manner. In this paper, we first successfully synthesized PbZrxTi1–xO3 (PZT) nanowires with unique hierarchical nanostructures that are ∼100 nm in diameter and 6 μm in length by using a facile hydrothermal process. Then, a unimorph cantilever energy harvester was fabricated by bonding mixed hierarchical PZT nanowires with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer matrix to a brass substrate. The measured open-circuit voltage from this harvester was 2.7 V at its fundamental resonance (25.2 Hz) under a 0.1g root-mean-square (RMS) acceleration input, and the measured power density was 51.8 μW cm–3 with an optimal load resistance of 2 MΩ, which is approximately 8 times larger than that of the commercial BaTiO3 nanoparticle energy harvester on the same scale but driven by a much higher acceleration level.
Design and Cost Analysis of a Self‐contained Mobile Laboratory for Commercial‐scale Aquatic Species Cryopreservation

Although aquatic species cryopreservation protocols have been studied around the world over the past 60 yr., germplasm repository development efforts and commercialization have begun only recently. The goal of this project was to develop a self‐contained mobile laboratory for on‐site high‐throughput cryopreservation of aquatic species. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify how a mobile laboratory would function in different operational scenarios, (2) customize an enclosed cargo trailer to function as a mobile laboratory, (3) evaluate the laboratory layout and ability of cryopreservation equipment to operate from generator power, and (4) document the investment costs for private and public groups to integrate a mobile laboratory into an existing cryopreservation facility at three levels of automation and estimate the total cost per trip based on hypothetical assumptions for two scenarios (aquaculture production and repository development). There were three operational designs identified for the mobile laboratory: (1) self‐contained work inside the unit using generator power, (2) work inside the unit using external facility power, and (3) using the equipment inside of a host facility. The investment costs for a base‐level mobile laboratory ranged between US$5670 and US$5787 for private groups and between US$5208 and US$5315 for public groups. With the addition of a range of automated processing equipment, total investment costs ranged from US$13,616 to US$103,529 for private groups and US$12,494 to US$94,891 for public groups. The total cost per trip to cryopreserve sperm of 59 blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, males to produce 6300 0.5‐mL French straws was estimated to range from US$6089 to US$14,633 for private and between US$5703 and US$16,938 for public groups depending on the level of automation. Total cost per trip to cryopreserve sperm of 500 males of five different species in the genus Xiphophorus to produce 641 0.25‐mL French straws was estimated to range from US$6653 to US$7640 for private and US$7582 to US$8088 for public groups depending on level of automation. Overall, a commercial‐scale mobile laboratory was developed that can assist current germplasm activities and support future repository and industry development, and the layout information provided can help others to design and build comparable units.
Changes in family relationships affect the development of chemotherapy-related nausea symptoms

This study examined the effect of changes in family relationships (cohesion, expression, and conflict) on patients' physical adjustment to chemotherapy and whether the effect would differ depending on the patient's age and gender. Two hundred thirty-three married cancer patients completed questionnaires consisting of measures of family relationships and chemotherapy-related nausea symptoms, at two assessments. Results revealed that the prevalence of nausea symptoms was related to the degree of conflict in the family, depending on the patient's age and gender. An increase in family conflict was associated with an increased duration of post-treatment nausea and greater severity of anticipatory nausea for younger adult patients but not for older adult patients. An increase in family conflict was also associated with a greater severity of anticipatory nausea for female patients but not for male patients. These findings suggest that intervention programs to help reduce family conflict may be especially beneficial for younger adult and female patients.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Questions to Answer Before Intervening to Change Physician Behavior

Article-at-a-Glance Background Many interventions have been conducted to change physician behavior, but there is not much evidence regarding their effectiveness. A list of questions is proposed for those who would attempt such interventions: 1. Does the behavior (or decision making) need to be changed? This implies the next two questions. 1a. Is there a logical, evidence-based argument that one decision alternative is preferable for a particular situation? If the would-be behavior changer cannot make an evidence-based argument for changing behavior, there is little moral authority to intervene. 1b. Is there evidence that physicians are not choosing this decision alternative when they should? Interventions are often prompted by evidence that utilization of an alternative was too high or low, but physicians' decisions are not the only determinants of utilization. 2. What is the problem with the decision making? Common sense suggests that different problems require different solutions. Yet interventions are often pursued in the absence of clear information about the reasons physicians did not exhibit the preferred behavior. 3. How could the decision making best be changed? Finding the cognitive problems that caused "wrong" behavior should directly lead to the design of simple, targeted, effective interventions to change this behavior. The judgment and decision making psychology literature suggests that general instruction in reasoning and probability may improve judgments and decision processes. Summary Physicians' behavior appears to be resistant to change. Understanding why the behavior should be changed and what caused it may make the process of designing interventions more complicated. The resulting interventions, however, are more likely to be simple and successful.
The effect of training set distributions for supervised learning artificial neural networks on classification accuracy

Neural networks have been repeatedly shown to outperform traditional statistical modeling techniques for both discriminant analysis and forecasting. While questions regarding the effects of architecture, input variable selection, learning algorithm, and size of training sets on the neural network model's performance have been addressed, very little attention has been focused on distribution effects of training and out-of-sample populations on neural network performance. This article examines the effect of changing the population distribution within training sets for estimated distribution density functions, in particular for a credit risk assessment problem.
Anatomy, Etiology, and Management of Scapular Winging.

Scapular winging is a painful and debilitating condition. The composite scapular motion of rotation, abduction, and tilting is necessary for proper shoulder function. Weakness or loss of scapular mechanics can lead to difficulties with elevation of the arm and lifting objects. The most common causes reported in the literature for scapular winging are dysfunction of the serratus anterior from long thoracic nerve injury causing medial winging or dysfunction of the trapezius from spinal accessory nerve injury causing lateral winging. Most reviews and teaching focus on these etiologies. However, acute traumatic tears of the serratus anterior, trapezius, and rhomboids off of the scapula are important and under-recognized causes of scapular winging and dysfunction. This article will review the relevant anatomy, etiology, clinical evaluation, diagnostic testing, and treatment of scapular winging. It will also discuss the differences in diagnosis and management between scapular winging arising from neurogenic causes and traumatic muscular detachment.
Digital image analysis supports a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio cutoff value below 0.7 for positive for high-grade urothelial carcinoma and suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma in urine cytology specimens

BACKGROUND Urinary cytology is sensitive and specific for diagnosing and screening high-grade urothelial carcinomas (HGUC). The Paris System (TPS) for urinary cytology was introduced in 2016 to standardize reporting. According to TPS diagnostic categories of HGUC and suspicious for HGUC (SHGUC), the average nuclear-to-cytoplasm (N:C) ratio of atypical cells should be ≥0.7. The objective of the current study was to measure the N:C ratio of urine cytology specimens with HGUC and SHGUC diagnoses and biopsy-proven HGUC follow-up. METHODS A cohort of 64 cases (HGUC, 49 cases; SHGUC, 15 cases) from 57 patients was constructed. Urine cytology slides were scanned into whole-slide digital images. The nuclear and cytoplasmic areas were enumerated by digital image analysis (DIA), and the N:C ratios were measured. RESULTS In total, 640 cells were analyzed by DIA (HGUC, 490 cells; SHGUC, 150 cells). For HGUC and SHGUC, the average N:C ratios were 0.57 and 0.53, respectively. The maximum average N:C ratio was 0.73 for HGUC and 0.68 for SHGUC. HGUC had higher average N:C ratio (P < .001), higher average nuclear area (P < .001), higher average maximum N:C ratio (P = .005), and higher average maximum nuclear area (P = .006) compared with SHGUC. CONCLUSIONS The N:C ratios for the HGUC (0.57) and SHGUC (0.53) categories are lower than those previously suggested in TPS. The authors advocate reducing the N:C ratio below the current threshold of 0.7.
Bibliometric Analysis of Electronic Cigarette Publications: 2003–2018

Electronic cigarettes are at the center of a public health policy debate which leverages scientific publications. This study characterizes e-cigarette publication trends over the past 15 years via a bibliometric analysis. Scopus was searched for “electronic cigarette”, “e-cig”, “e-cigarette”, “vape”, “vaping”, “juul”, or “electronic nicotine delivery system” between 2003–2018. Data included Hirsch index, document type and frequency, and publications by institution, journal, and country. VOSviewer was used to visualize authorship network maps. A total of 4490 e-cigarette publications were identified, most (62.8%) being articles. After 2009, the annual growth rate for e-cigarette publications was the largest in 2014. The annual growth rate was nearly flat in 2017 but increased in 2018. The U.S. produced 51.6% of publications. Annual National Institutes of Health NIH funding for tobacco research mapped closely with the annual volume of e-cigarette publications. Author network analyses illustrated investigator collaborative patterns. The frequency of e-cigarette publications increased significantly in the past decade. A strong relationship of NIH funding for tobacco research and e-cigarette publications demonstrates the importance of e-cigarettes in tobacco research.