cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of Polynomial Backoff for IEEE 802.11 DCF

This paper proposes and studies performance of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) with new backoff functions, which are analyzed under saturation conditions. A unified Markov chain model is presented, which is used to obtain theoretical results of saturation throughput for all backoff functions which includes the newly proposed cubic backoff (CB) function. The theoretical results are also verified through simulation experiments. Based on the results, performance of all backoff functions can be improved significantly by setting the minimum window size to typically large values in Basic access mechanism, while a typically small windows size is optimal for RTS/CTS access mechanism. The results also show that CB has significantly higher saturation throughput compared to the standard binary exponential backoff in Basic access mechanism, while it performs better in RTS/CTS access mechanism in cases where number of stations is typically high. One key finding from this study is that performance of the IEEE 802.11 DCF can be improved by optimizing the minimum window size parameters and modifying the window backoff function.
Neuron-oligodendroglia interactions: Activity-dependent regulation of cellular signaling

Oligodendrocyte lineage cells (oligodendroglia) and neurons engage in bidirectional communication throughout life to support healthy brain function. Recent work shows that changes in neuronal activity can modulate proliferation, differentiation, and myelination to support the formation and function of neural circuits. While oligodendroglia express a diverse collection of receptors for growth factors, signaling molecules, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, our knowledge of the intracellular signaling pathways that are regulated by neuronal activity remains largely incomplete. Many of the pathways that modulate oligodendroglia behavior are driven by changes in intracellular calcium signaling, which may differentially affect cytoskeletal dynamics, gene expression, maturation, integration, and axonal support. Additionally, activity-dependent neuron-oligodendroglia communication plays an integral role in the recovery from demyelinating injuries. In this review, we summarize the modalities of communication between neurons and oligodendroglia and explore possible roles of activity-dependent calcium signaling in mediating cellular behavior and myelination.
Preference for Simplicity

This paper introduces and axiomatizes representations in which the agent assesses a lottery less favorably if it contains more outcomes. These representations, which we term simplicity theory, are motivated by experimental evidence. They capture as special cases expected utility, the certainty effect, and a range of laboratory and empirical phenomena. We compare simplicity theory to existing theories including expected utility theory and prospect theory. We provide parametric examples of simplicity theory, and relate the theory to applications including risk aversion, frequency with which people choose dominated options, cognitive psychology research, and household financial behavior.
Modeling the performance and faradaic efficiency of solid oxide electrolysis cells using doped barium zirconate perovskite electrolytes

Abstract Y-doped BaZrO3 ( BaZr 1 − x Y x O 3 − δ , or “BZY”), a proton-conducting ceramic featuring high bulk conductivity and good chemical stability, is a promising electrolyte material for solid oxide electrolysis cells. Further doping with Ce and/or Yb (creating materials “BCZY” and “BCZYYb”) can improve conductivity and sintering properties, but at significant penalty to cells’ faradaic efficiency (FE). Studies have proposed that reduction of lattice Ce can occur in the hydrogen electrode, which consumes some hydrogen produced by the hydrogen evolution reaction, leading to decreased FE. Despite studies suggesting this phenomenon, the mechanism is largely unknown. We developed a multiphysics model to study the transport of multiple defect species and the performance of BZY, BCZY, and BCZYYb, capturing the tradeoff between enhanced performance at the cost of FE for BCZY and BCZYYb electrolytes compared to BZY. We also found that increasing the water content of the anode gas supply lowers the current output of the cell but results in better FE. The model, which uses several parameters previously unavailable in the literature, was validated to experiments varying temperature, steam water content, and electrolyte material, as well as two performance metrics (performance curves and FE). Results verify and explain observed trends, informing future work on Ce-doped BZY electrolytes.
Effect of Surface Temperature on Finger Friction and Perception in Electroadhesion

Electroadhesion, which modulates finger friction force through electrostatic force, is a widely used surface haptic approach for touch-based applications due to an absence of moving parts and wide bandwidth. Although there have been many studies on the electronics and mechanics of electroadhesion, little is known about how surface temperature variation or purposeful temperature modulation influences electroadhesion. Here we study the effect of surface temperature on electroadhesion, especially absolute threshold voltage to perceive the electroadhesion through psychophysical experiments followed by friction measurements to understand the physics behind the results. We found that the threshold voltage is lower at a higher temperature due to different frictional behaviors of the fingerpad at different temperatures.
Reshaping National Intelligence for an Age of Information

The world of intelligence has been completely transformed by the end of the Cold War and the onset of an age of information. Prior to the 1990s, US government intelligence had one principal target, the Soviet Union; a narrow set of 'customers', the political and military officials of the US government; and a limited set of information from the sources they owned, spy satellites and spies. Today, world intelligence has many targets, numerous consumers - not all of whom are American or in the government - and too much information, most of which is not owned by the U.S. government and is of widely varying reliability. In this bold and penetrating study, Gregory Treverton, former Vice Chair of the National Intelligence Council and Senate investigator, offers his insider's views on how intelligence gathering and analysis must change. He suggests why intelligence needs to be both contrarian, leaning against the conventional wisdom, and attentive to the longer term, leaning against the growing shorter time horizons of Washington policy makers. He urges that the solving of intelligence puzzles tap expertise outside government - in the academy, think tanks, and Wall Street - to make these parties colleagues and co-consumers of intelligence, befitting the changed role of government from doer to convener, mediator, and coalition-builder.
Arbeits-, Autoritäts- und Selbstachtungskonflikte

Im allgemeinen gibt es zwei bekannte Richtungen, die als “Grundanschauung” fur die Probleme des Menschen in Organisationen um Anerkennung kampfen: die utopische und die individualistische Anschauung.
Improving the Informed Consent Conversation: A Standardized Checklist that Is Patient Centered, Quality Driven, and Legally Sound

The informed consent conversation is a key component of patient-centered medicine, a concept that emphasizes the importance of patients actively participating in their care. Studies reveal that many informed consent conversations throughout medical practice lack essential elements and leave patients' needs unmet. This review addresses these deficiencies, discusses solutions, and introduces a standardized checklist that values the patient's role in shared decision making during the informed consent conversation. The checklist could be particularly helpful to interventional radiologists and other consulting physicians who usually obtain informed consent early in their encounters with patients.
The Complexity of SPP Formula Minimization

Circuit minimization is a useful procedure in the field of logic synthesis. Recently, it was proven that the minimization of (∨,°,¬) formulae is hard for the second level of the polynomial hierarchy [BU08]. The complexity of minimizing more specialized formula models was left open, however. One model used in logic synthesis is a three-level model in which the third level is composed of parity gates, called SPPs. SPPs allow for small representations of Boolean functions and have efficient heuristics for minimization. However, little was known about the complexity of SPP minimization. Here, we show that SPP minimization is complete for the second level of the Polynomial Hierarchy under Turing reductions.
Partial discharge in light-load 161KV power transformer

The distributed pick-up coils are used to detect the radiating frequency (RF) from partial discharge. The pick-up coils are directly attached to the surface of a 161 KV power transformer to increase the sensitivity of PD signal detection. The partial discharges occur in the oil, then propagate to the metal tank where they induce the eddy current. Then, the PD impulse propagates to the detecting coils which induce the PD signal. It is found the PD effect is weak in light-load conditions. From the time domain measurement, the location and propagation of the individual partial discharge can be decided. However, the degradation of the oil still can not be clearly identified. Using spectrum analysis, there are many partial discharge impulses that occur over 10 MHz in the deficient transformer. But, only the conventional continuous spectrum appears in the good transformer. The results are verified by the oil gas analysis.
Alcohol use among adolescents with non-residential fathers: A study of assets and deficits.

Abstract This study of a stratified random sample of 3,395 high school students from a statewide population was designed to investigate many elements of attachment theory, with a special focus on non-residential fathers. It examined several assets such as resilience, spirituality, and ego-identity, as well as many deficits such as sexual and physical abuses, depression, suicidal thoughts, and problems relating to biological father. Almost all study factors were significant predictors of alcohol use: Of particular note were statistical interactions between having a non-residential father and problems relating to him, attachment to him, caregiver monitoring, and spirituality. Clinical implications of these findings were discussed.
Repression and Derepression of Purine Biosynthesis in Mammalian Hepatoma Cells in Culture

Abstract The rates of biosynthesis of purines from glycine have been examined in an established line of rat hepatoma cells in continuous culture. The presence of 10-4 m adenine in the culture medium causes a prompt 4-fold to 5-fold decline in the rate of [14C]glycine incorporation into purines, and the capacity for de novo purine biosynthesis decays with a half-time of approximately 4 hours. Upon removal of adenine, the rate promptly increases, but the increase can be prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D. Neither cycloheximide nor actinomycin D prevents the decline in purine synthesis caused by adenine. Cycloheximide or actinomycin D alone causes a fall in the rate of purine formation, and the rate decays with a half-time of about 2 hours. The presence of 5-azacytidine, a pyrimidine analog which does not significantly inhibit RNA synthesis but is probably incorporated into RNA molecules, also causes the rate to decay with a similar half-time. The intracellular accumulation of α-N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (in the presence of 6.4 x 10-6 m azaserine in the culture medium) is repressed and derepressed by the addition and removal, respectively, of exogenous adenine. The kinetics of derepression and the inhibition by cycloheximide and 5-azacytidine of the rate of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide accumulation suggest that the regulation in the first third of the pathway is responsible for the control of the entire pathway by adenine. Under the conditions employed, the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of the precursor, glycine, do not change. The first three enzymes committed to de novo purine synthesis, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate glutamyl amidotransferase, glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase, are not repressed or derepressed by the presence or absence of adenine in the culture medium. The identity of the repressible macromolecule(s) is unknown at present but it appears not to be specifically committed to purine biosynthesis.
Articulatory inversion of american English /turnr/ by conditional density modes.

Although many algorithms have been proposed for articulatory inversion, they are often tested on synthetic models, or on real data that shows very small proportions of nonuniqueness. We focus on data from the Wisconsin X-ray microbeam database for the American English /o/ displaying multiple, very different articulations (retroflex and bunched). We propose a method based on recovering the set of all possible vocal tract shapes as the modes of a conditional density of articulators given acoustics, and then selecting feasible trajectories from this set. This method accurately recovers the correct /o/ shape, while a neural network has errors twice as large.
Proteinpolysaccharide complex from bovine nasal cartilage. The function of glycoprotein in the formation of aggregates.

Abstract Proteinpolysaccharide complex from bovine nasal cartilage exhibits a bimodal distribution of sedimentation coefficients when analyzed in the ultracentrifuge in associative solvents such as 0.5 m guanidinium chloride. The faster sedimenting mode disaggregates in dissociative solvents such as 4 m guanidinium chloride, giving a unimodal centrifugal pattern. Proteinpolysaccharide complex is separated into two fractions by equilibrium centrifugation in a cesium chloride gradient formed in the presence of 4 m guanidinium chloride: a glycoprotein fraction, recovered in the top of the gradient, contains 30% of the absorbance at 280 mµ of proteinpolysaccharide complex but less than 3% of the weight, while proteoglycan subunit, recovered in the bottom, contains more than 95% of the hexuronate. The subunit no longer aggregates in associative solvents, but is capable of aggregating when recombined with the glycoprotein fraction. The amount and type of aggregate formed when dissociative extracts are brought to associative conditions are determined by the pH of the extraction solvent; recovery of aggregate is maximal when extraction and reaggregation are carried out at pH 5.8. The aggregate dissociates completely when exposed to a solvent pH of 3.5 or less; disaggregation also occurs if the solvent is 2 m or greater in guanidinium chloride. The viscosities of proteinpolysaccharide complex solutions increase with increasing relative content of aggregate. Reduction and alkylation of isolated proteoglycan subunit and of the glycoprotein fraction suggest that disulfide bonds in both are required for aggregation, but that those in the former are more sensitive to reduction.
Spectroscopic characterization of the Zn(4s2)·Ne[1Σ+] and Zn(4s4pπ)·Ne[1Π1] van der Waals states

Abstract The Zn(4s 2 )·Ne[ 1 Σ + ] and the Zn(4s4pπ)·Ne[ 1 Π 1 ] states have been characterized by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Bond lengths were determined from simulations of the partially-resolved rotational structure of the 1 Π ← 1 Σ + transitions, while bond strengths were estimated from a Birge–Sponer extrapolation with allowance for consistent errors resulting from similar procedures in the analogous Cd·Ne and Hg·Ne transitions. The van der Waals bonding in these states is discussed briefly and compared to that in the analogous M·RG states, where M=Mg, Zn, Cd, Hg and RG=Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe.
A gene regulatory network controlling hhex transcription in the anterior endoderm of the organizer.

Abstract The homeobox gene hhex is one of the earliest markers of the anterior endoderm, which gives rise to foregut organs such as the liver, ventral pancreas, thyroid, and lungs. The regulatory networks controlling hhex transcription are poorly understood. In an extensive cis-regulatory analysis of the Xenopus hhex promoter, we determined how the Nodal, Wnt, and BMP pathways and their downstream transcription factors regulate hhex expression in the gastrula organizer. We show that Nodal signaling, present throughout the endoderm, directly activates hhex transcription via FoxH1/Smad2 binding sites in the proximal −0.44 Kb promoter. This positive action of Nodal is suppressed in the ventral–posterior endoderm by Vent 1 and Vent2, homeodomain repressors that are induced by BMP signaling. Maternal Wnt/β-catenin on the dorsal side of the embryo cooperates with Nodal and indirectly activates hhex expression via the homeodomain activators Siamois and Twin. Siamois/Twin stimulate hhex transcription through two mechanisms: (1) they induce the expression of Otx2 and Lim1 and together Siamois, Twin, Otx2, and Lim1 appear to promote hhex transcription through homeobox sites in a Wnt-responsive element located between −0.65 to −0.55 Kb of the hhex promoter. (2) Siamois/Twin also induce the expression of the BMP-antagonists Chordin and Noggin, which are required to exclude Vents from the organizer allowing hhex transcription. This study reveals a complex network regulating anterior endoderm transcription in the early embryo.
Size and distance perception of the physiognomic stimulus “taketa”

The evocative power of the unfamiliar but expressive stimulus “taketa,” considered to be a prototypical example of physiognomy, led to the perception of its enhanced size (Experiment 1) and increased distance (Experiment 2). Comparisons were made of taketa and three other unfamiliar stimuli, one of which was also physiognomic (“maluma”), and six familiar and meaningful shapes. In Experiment 1 (N = 55), a size-matching study was conducted; comparison stimuli were lines of different sizes. The aggressive-seeming taketa was seen as larger than the peaceful-seeming maluma, the two other unfamiliar stimuli, and at least one other meaningful shape. In Experiment 2 (N = 21), predictions about the apparent distance of a large-appearing taketa were supported. A card on which taketa was printed was set farther away, on both ascending and descending trials, than several other stimuli. The results were interpreted as favoring a perceptual basis for physiognomy.
Alcohol and PRAS40 knockdown decrease mTOR activity and protein synthesis via AMPK signaling and changes in mTORC1 interaction

The mTORC1 protein kinase complex consists of mTOR, raptor, mLST8/GβL and PRAS40. Previously, we reported that mTOR plays an important role in regulating protein synthesis in response to alcohol (EtOH). However, the mechanisms by which EtOH regulates mTORC1 activity have not been established. Here, we investigated the effect of EtOH on the phosphorylation and interaction of components of mTORC1 in C2C12 myocytes. We also examined the specific role that PRAS40 plays in this process. Incubation of myocytes with EtOH (100 mM, 24 h) increased raptor and PRAS40 phosphorylation. Likewise, there were increased levels of the PRAS40 upstream regulators Akt and IRS-1. EtOH also caused changes in mTORC1 protein-protein interactions. EtOH enhanced the binding of raptor and PRAS40 with mTOR. These alterations occurred in concert with increased binding of 14-3-3 to raptor, while the PRAS40 and 14-3-3 interaction was not affected. The shRNA knockdown (KD) of PRAS40 decreased protein synthesis similarly to EtOH. PRAS40 KD increased raptor phosphorylation and its association with 14-3-3, while it decreased GβL-mTOR binding. The effects of EtOH and PRAS40 KD were mediated by AMPK. Both factors increased in vitro AMPK activity towards the substrate raptor. In addition, knockdown enhanced the activity of AMPK towards TSC2. Collectively, our results indicate that EtOH stabilizes the association of raptor, PRAS40 and GβL with mTOR, while likewise increasing the interaction of raptor with 14-3-3. These data suggest a possible mechanism for the inhibitory effects of EtOH on mTOR kinase activity and protein synthesis in myocytes.
Nuclear replication: Hidden iron-sulfur clusters

The multisubunit DNA polymerases of eukaryotes have iron-sulfur centers that are crucial for polymerase assembly and therefore the integrity of the nuclear genome.
Microspheres as building blocks for hydroxyapatite/polylactide biodegradable composites

A new generation of organic/inorganic composites is offering a promising approach for creating biocompatible and biodegradable materials with mechanical properties that match that of human bone better than traditional metallic implants. Here, we report a novel technique whereby hydroxyapatite powder is encapsulated in polylactide-based microspheres, processed by an emulsion-solvent evaporation method, and then used as the building blocks to produce dense, microstructurally-uniform composites through a hot pressing route. The mechanical properties of these composites––both ab initio and after in vitro degradation in a simulated environment- were subsequently characterized. Although despite in vitro degradation remains an issue, the Young’s modulus, bending strength and fracture resistance were higher than the corresponding minimum values for human cortical bone. These results suggest that the hot-pressing of hydroxyapatite/polylactide microspheres can be a viable route for the synthesis of load-bearing bone-replacement materials.
Current status of immunoscintigraphy in the detection of thrombosis and thromboembolism

This review describes the use of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) for immunoscintigraphic detection of thrombosis and thromboembolism. Two major groups of MoAbs have been tested: Antibodies directed against platelets and antibodies directed against fibrin. Several antiplatelet antibodies have been developed that are directed against either the platelet membrane glycoprotein complex, IIb/IIIa, which binds fibrinogen, or against two different proteins, alpha granule membrane protein GMP-140 and thrombospondin (TSP) that are expressed during platelet activation. Platelets labeled with radiactive antibody or antibody fragments have characteristics similar to platelets labeled in vitro with lipophilic complexes. Studies in animal models indicate that antiplatelet antibody and antiactivated platelet factor antibody imaging have a high sensitivity for clots
Knowledge and the firm

Discusses research ideas on the distinctions between data, information and knowledge, the categories of knowledge and knowledge‐processing activities in Holsapple and Whinston’s (HW’s) taxonomy (1987, 1988a, 1988b), and their application to markets and the activities of the firm. Describes a manufacturing firm’s inputs, production processes and outputs in terms of HW’s taxonomy, pointing out that management must filter the information surrounding the firm to turn it into knowledge of various types, e.g. descriptive, derived, assimilative etc. Considers the role of information for customers of and investors in the firm; and the relationship between knowledge and efficiency. Identifies three types of knowledge workers (builders, stewards and appliers) and calls for further research on the taxonomy of knowledge and standards of knowledge within the finance discipline.
Simulation: When all else fails

Traditionally, corporate planning was, and sometimes still is, a curious blend of aspiration, perspiration, and inspiration. In this age of Future Shock these virtues are admirable but not sufficient. Nor do simple trend projections deal effectively with external conditions related to consumer behavior, federal reserve policies, energy uncertainties, stock market fluctuations, and technical innovations such as computer networks and time‐sharing. Fortunately, a relatively new tool, made possible through electronic computers, improves the planner's capability to cope with accelerated change and the increasing risks associated with planning for such change.
Temporally constrained reconstruction applied to MRI temperature data

The monitoring of thermal ablation procedures would benefit from an acceleration in the rate at which MRI temperature maps are acquired. Constrained reconstruction techniques have been shown to be capable of generating high quality images using only a fraction of the k-space data. Here, we present a temporally constrained reconstruction (TCR) algorithm applied to proton resonance frequency shift (PRF) data. The algorithm generates images from undersampled data by iteratively minimizing a cost function. The unique challenges of using an iterative constrained reconstruction technique to generate real-time images were addressed. For a set of eight heating experiments on ex vivo porcine tissue, a maximum reduction factor of 4 was achieved while keeping the root mean square error (RMSE) of the temperature below 0.5 degrees C. For a set of three heating experiments on in vivo canine muscle tissue, the maximum reduction factor achieved was 3 while keeping the temperature RMSE below 1.0 degrees C. At these reduction factors, the TCR algorithm underpredicted the thermal dose by an average of 6% for the ex vivo data and 28% for the in vivo data. Compared with sliding window and low resolution reconstructions, the RMSE of the TCR algorithm was significantly lower (P < 0.05 in all cases).
The Observation of Induced Stresses in Cadmium Telluride Films Grown on Si by Closed Hot Wall Epitaxy System

X-ray diffraction has been used to study the induced stress in cadmium telluride (CdTe) epitaxial layer, grown in a closed hot wall epitaxial system on (100) Silicon (Si) substrates. The difference between the lattice constants and the thermal expansion coefficients of CdTe and Si are about 20% and 50%, respectively. These mismatches could produce tetragonal distortion in CdTe thin films.
Strategic Management for Nonprofit Organizations: Theory and Cases

The article reviews the book "Strategic Management for Nonprofit Organizations: Theory and Cases," by Sharon M. Oster.
A numerical study of necking in circular cylindrical bar

Abstract The boundary-value problem for a circular cylindrical bar in uniaxial tension is posed in two ways. In one the ends of the specimen are assumed to be cemented to rigid grips; while in the other they remain shear free. With the latter end-condition, necking initiates by a bifurcation from a state of uniform tensile stress. The eigenvalue problem governing bifurcation is solved by means of the finite element method, and a comparison is made between the results obtained here and the conventional maximum load criterion. The post-bifurcation behavior is then determined. The entire deformation history of the bar cemented to rigid grips is also calculated and the effect of end conditions on the deformations in the necked-down bar is assessed.
Distillation in a Rotating Packed Bed

This work presents a novel rotating packed bed owing to its applicability in distillation. Distillation experiments were conducted using the methanol-ethanol system at atmospheric pressure and total reflux conditions with two packings. Rotor speeds ranged from 600 to 1600 rpm, which provided 42–298 equivalent gravitational force. Experimental results indicated that 1–3 theoretical plates were achieved with a packing thickness of 8.6 cm. Consequently, the height equivalent of a theoretical plate (HETP) of about 3–9 cm can be obtained in a rotating packed bed, i.e., much lower than that in a conventional packed bed. An empirical correlation was also proposed, implying that the HETP value varied with centrifugal force to the 0.23–0.26 power.
Maternal benefit of corticosteroid therapy in patients with HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome: Impact on the rate of regional anesthesia

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the impact of glucocorticoid administration on the rate of regional anesthesia in women with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal records of pregnancies with HELLP syndrome managed between April 1994 and December 1999 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients were identified with antepartum HELLP syndrome and 46 (66%) received glucocorticoids. The presence of thrombocytopenia at admission and the interval from presentation to delivery was evaluated to assess the impact of glucocorticoid use. In the 37 women who had platelet counts of 3 , 0 in the untreated group (0 of 11) versus 42% in the steroid group (11 of 26) received regional anesthetic, P =.015. Furthermore, the rate of regional anesthesia increased from 0 in the untreated group delivered within 24 hours (n = 10) to 57% (8 of 14) in the glucocorticoid group, in which women attained a 24-hour latency from presentation to delivery, P =.006. The need for general anesthesia also decreased significantly in treated women who attained a 24-hour latency compared to untreated women who did not, 100% (n = 7) versus 22% (n = 9), P =.003. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of glucocorticoids increases the use of regional anesthesia in women with antepartum HELLP syndrome who have thrombocytopenia, particularly in those who achieve a latency of 24 hours before delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:475-9.)
A FORTRAN IV program for the Stuart-Maxwell test

When categorical measures are taken on independent groups, the statistical procedure of choice is the familiar Pearson chi-square test. The Pearson chi-square should be used only when the categorical data are independent, meaning that each subject is counted once and only once, and each subject's score is independent of each other subject's score. There are two commonly used experimental designs that produce nonindependent categorical data: designs in which the subjects in the different groups have been matched in some way, and designs in which the subjects are measured more than once, for example, a prepost design in which the subject is measured before and after a treatment. Unfortunately, with the latter, a somewhat bewildering number of statistical procedures are available, depending upon the type of categorical data and the number of repeated measures involved. If the data were continuous rather than categorical, one would ordinarily use a repeated measures analysis of variance. If the data were such that the magnitude of change from pretest to posttest could be ranked, the Wilcoxon signedrank test would be appropriate. If only the direction of change from pre to post could be measured, then the sign test or McNemar's test for change could be used. Generalizations of these tests to more complex situations include: Friedman's test, which applies to three or more trials, and for which the subject's data across trials must be ordered or ranked; and Cochran's test, for which the data across repeated measures are either Os or Is, indicating that an event or state either did or did not occur. A third generalization of the sign test or McNemar's test is the Stuart-Maxwell test, the topic of the present paper. The Stuart-Maxwell Test. The Stuart-Maxwell test (Stuart, 1955; Maxwell, 1970) is appropriate when there are either two measures on the same subjects or two matched groups of subjects and the data are categorical. If the data have two categories only, the Stuart-Maxwell test is identical to McNemar's test. When there are three data categories (see, e.g., Table 1), the Stuart-Maxwell test can be solved by a direct algebraic expression (Heiss & Everitt, 1971). When there are more than three data categories, the procedure requires matrix inversion, which is the reason the program described herein was written. The data for the Stuart-Maxwell test are usually written in the form of a contingency table. For example (see Table 1), we ask 78 subjects for which candidate they intend to vote before some important event (such as a con-
Irritable bowel syndrome: What is the role of the psyche?

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Serological and immunochemical analysis of Lewis y (Ley) blood group antigen expression in epithelial ovarian cancer.

The expression of Le y blood group antigen in epithelial ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines has been studied using a Le y -specific monoclonal antibody (MAb 3S193). In ovarian cancer specimens, Le y was expressed in 75% of the 140 tumor specimens examined, with strong or moderate expression being observed in 56% of the samples. Seven of the II ovarian cancer cell lines studied were Le y -positive. Using immunochemical approaches, Le y epitopes were found to be expressed on 4 types of carrier molecules : CA125 ovarian cancer antigen, MUC-I mucins, lower m.w. glycoproteins and glycolipids. In cell lines, Le y was more commonly expressed on MUC-I mucin than on CA125, whereas in tumor specimens Le y was commonly found on both CA125 and MUC-I. The biochemical nature of the smaller Le y glycoproteins was not determined, but it was shown that they were not CEA and LAMP-I, known Le y carriers in some other tumor types. Glycolipids carrying Le y epitopes were detected in both ovarian cancer cell lines and tumor specimens. The presence of Le y epitopes on a number of different molecular carriers, including 2 major ovarian cancer antigens (CA125 and MUC-I), explains the high incidence of L y in ovarian cancer. The high expression of Le y in ovarian cancer and the availability of specific murine and humanized MAbs make Le y an attractive candidate target for clinical studies.
Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte adhesion to the type 3 repeat domain of thrombospondin-1 is mediated by a modified band 3 protein

Previously, the binding site for the Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte (PE) was determined to be the C-terminal 120 or 140 kDa region but not the N-terminal 25 kDa domain of thrombospondin (TSP). In this work, we have localized the TSP binding site for PE more precisely. PE adhered to glutathione-S-transferase-fusion proteins containing the type 3 repeat (T3) of TSP, but not to other functional domains of TSP (i.e. N-terminal domain, procollagen domain, type 1 and 2 repeat, and C-terminal domain). Soluble T3 inhibited PE binding to immobilized TSP. PE binding to immobilized T3 was inhibited by soluble TSP, a monoclonal antibody directed against the T3, glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine-proline (GRGDSP) peptide, and *cysteine-GRGDSP-cysteine*, where *cysteine and cysteine* form a disulfide linkage, suggesting involvement of an RGD-containing motif in the T3. In support of this, a fusion protein which excluded the RGD motif showed no PE binding activity. Earlier it was shown that the amino acid sequence of the band 3 protein, histidine-proline-leucine-glutamine-lysine-threonine-tyrosine (HPLQKTY), was exposed on PE and mediated PE binding to TSP. Monoclonal antibodies, which recognize HPLQKTY and inhibit PE binding to TSP, also inhibited PE binding to the T3. The involvement of the sequence was confirmed by the fact that an octamer of HPLQKTY-containing peptide bound to the T3 but not to the RGD motif-excluded fusion protein and the binding to T3 was inhibited by GRGDSP peptide. Thus, PE binding to the T3 domain of TSP is mediated by the peptidic sequence HPLQKTY of band 3 which is exposed on PE.
A case of constructional polysemy in Latin

In this paper, I will examine the syntactic and semantic properties of a Latin correlative construction, the so-called comparative conditional. I will investigate the extent to which this construction inherits its formal and interpretive features from constructions needed independently in the grammar. While the syntactic properties of the comparative conditional are highly motivated, the semantics of the construction is idiosyncratic: there is evidence to indicate that the construction is polysemous, having two related scalar interpretations.
Seasonal changes in foliar fatty acids and sterols in Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet and Quercus falcata Michx., two hosts of the elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner).

The elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hubner), is known to be more vigorous and develop faster when reared on juvenile rather than mature leaves of the hickories, Carya spp., and oaks, Quercus spp., two of its principal hosts in the Southern United States. Seasonal changes in the quantities of two groups of insect nutrients—fatty acids and sterols—were therefore determined in the foliage of pignut hickory, Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet, and southern red oak, Quercus falcata Michx. var. falcata . In decreasing order of concentration, the major fatty acids found in both species were linolenic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, myristic, and stearic. Except for the latter two, which remained consistently low throughout the growing season, these fatty acids generally decreased in concentration with the maturation of leaves of both species. In both species, concentrations of sterols varied little throughout the growing season except in foliage only a few days old. Sitosterol was the dominant sterol in both species. Stigmasterol and campesterol were present in relatively low and equal concentrations. Fatty acids in the foliage of tulip-poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera L., which is not a host of the spanworm, followed the same pattern as in the two host species, but the amounts were twice as great.
Price Discovery in Near- and Away-from-the-Money Option Markets

This paper examines the relative price discovery roles of near- and away-from-the-money option markets. The evidence shows that, when considering multiple options with different strike prices jointly, option markets have an average information share of 17.6%. However, no individual option market dominates in the price discovery process, higher and lower trading activity options (i.e., near- and away-from-the-money options, respectively) each contribute approximately equally to this process. The main implications of these results are that (1) collectively, option markets process a substantial amount of new stock price-related information, and (2) looking across strike prices, option markets appear to be informationally nonredundant.
Life testing of a low-voltage air circuit breaker to assess age-related degradation

This paper reports that a DS-416 low-voltage air circuit breaker manufactured by Westinghouse is mechanically cycled to identify age-related degradation in the various breaker subcomponents, specifically in the power-operated mechanism. This accelerated aging test is performed on one breaker unit for over 36 000 cycles. Three separate pole shafts, one with a 60-deg weld, one with a 120-deg weld, and one with a 180-deg weld in the third pole lever, are used to characterize cracking in the welds. In addition, during the testing, three different operating mechanisms and several other parts are replaced as they become inoperable. Among the seven welds on the pole shaft, welds 1 and 3 are found to be critical ones whose fracture can result in misalignment of the pole levers. This can lead to problems with the operating mechanism, including the burning of coils, excessive wear in certain parts, and overstressed linkages. Furthermore, the limiting service life of a number of subcomponents of the power-operated mechanism, including the operating mechanism itself, is assessed.
Modal Analysis of a Gyroscopic System With Nonlinear Constraints

A method for the modal analysis of continuous gyroscopic systems with nonlinear constraints is developed, which assumes that the nonlinear constraints can be expressed with piecewise-linear force-deflection profiles. Using this assumption, the mode shapes and natural frequencies are found for each state, and a mapping method based on the inner product of the mode shapes is developed to map the displacement of the system between states. To illustrate this method, a model for the vibration of a traveling string in contact with a piecewise-linear constraint is developed as an analog of the interaction between magnetic tape and a guide in data storage systems. Several design parameters of the guide are considered: flange clearance, stiffness, symmetry, and the guide’s position. Critical bifurcation thresholds exist, below which the system exhibits no chaotic behavior and is dominated by period one, symmetric behavior, and above which the system contains asymmetric, higher periodic motion with windows of chaotic behavior. These bifurcation thresholds are particularly pronounced for the transport speed, flange clearance, symmetry of the force deflection profile, and guide position.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effect of 2′-5′ Phosphodiesters on DNA Transesterification by Vaccinia Topoisomerase

Vaccinia topoisomerase forms a covalent DNA-(3'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate at a pentapyrimidine target site 5'-CCCTTp downward arrow in duplex DNA. By introducing single 2'-5' phosphodiesters in lieu of a standard 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage, we illuminate the contributions of phosphodiester connectivity to DNA transesterification. We find that the DNA cleavage reaction was slowed by more than six orders of magnitude when a 2'-5' linkage was present at the scissile phosphodiester (CCCTT(2')p downward arrow(5')A). Thus, vaccinia topoisomerase is unable to form a DNA-(2'-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate. We hypothesize that the altered geometry of the 2'-5' phosphodiester limits the ability of the tyrosine nucleophile to attain a requisite, presumably apical orientation with respect to the 5'-OH leaving group. A 2'-5' phosphodiester located to the 3' side of the cleavage site (CCCTTp downward arrowN(2')p(5')N) reduced the rate of transesterification by a factor of 500. In contrast, 2'-5' phosphodiesters at four other sites in the scissile strand (TpCGCCCTpT downward arrowATpTpC) and five positions in the nonscissile strand (3'-GGGpApApTpApA) had no effect on transesterification rate. The DNAs containing 2'-5' phosphodiesters were protected from digestion by exonuclease III. We found that exonuclease III was consistently arrested at positions 1 and 2 nucleotides prior to the encounter of its active site with the modified 2'-5' phosphodiester and that the 2'-5' linkage itself was poorly hydrolyzed by exonuclease III.
Benefits of Teacher "Connections" in Stressful Educational Settings.

Findings from this investigation suggest that spirituality is a vital component for teacher and student success in high stress educational settings. The study investigated how experienced teachers of violent students maintained teacher efficacy through stress management in four schools in one state within the USA. Most educators consider working with these pupils very challenging, which has resulted in a shortage of experienced educators willing to teach this population. Yet some teachers maintain their effectiveness teaching these challenging students. Within this study, spirituality helped them to maintain efficacy through anxiety reduction and by functioning as a ‘tool’ to connect with students. Some specific methods included Bible reading, meditation, prayer, Pantheism and martial arts. This study relates to the growing body of literature that indicates that spirituality benefits humans physically, psychologically and sociologically.
Unusual Dimer Structures of the Heavier Alkaline Earth Dihalides: A Density Functional Study

Density functional theory has been applied to investigate the monomeric and dimeric dihalides of the heavier alkaline earth metals. Quasirelativistic pseudopotentials and large basis sets with uncontracted d (and f) polarization functions on the metals and correlation-consistent all-electron basis sets on the halogens were utilized. The monomers of SrF2, BaF2, and BaCl2 were found to be genuinely bent, while CaF2 and SrCl2, although also bent, have extremely flat potential energy surfaces and are better described as quasilinear. The dimers of the heavier alkaline earth difluorides and dichlorides, Ca2F4, Ca2Cl4, Sr2F4, Sr2Cl4, Ba2F4, and Ba2Cl4, were investigated in great detail. Six different isomers were calculated for the strontium and barium dihalide dimers. The typical D2h symmetry halogen-bridged structure is the most stable only for the dimers of the lighter dihalides, and it is not a stable structure for the heavier dimers. For these molecules, a triple-bridged C3v symmetry structure is the most s...
Plaque blush, branch location, and calcification are angiographic predictors of progression of mild to moderate coronary stenoses.

Abstract Background Angiographic predictors of plaque progression are weak and few: length, irregular surface, turbulence, low shear, and (in some studies) eccentricity and calcification. Having noted plaques that briefly retained dye after angiography, we interpreted these as plaques with a fissured surface or neovascularization and hypothesized that progression would be predicted by "plaque blush." Methods Plaques ( Results Sixteen lesions in 15 patients progressed from 29% ± 13% to 68% ± 14% over a period of 8.1 ± 7.9 months. Patients with and without progression were similar in sex, age, congestive heart disease risk factors, medications, interval between angiograms, clinical presentation, and initial stenosis severity. By logistic regression, plaque blush (BL) ( P = .002), calcification (CA) ( P = .024), and a branch (BR) point location ( P = .001) predicted plaque progression. The odds ratio for plaque progression (ORp) was calculated as ORp=e 2.5 × BL + 1.8 × CA + 2.6 × BR . Using an ORp of 1/3, the model has 81% sensitivity and 77% specificity. A second analysis in which each progressive lesion was compared with proximal and distal lesions and with one in a different coronary artery yielded similar results. Conclusions In mild to moderate coronary stenoses, studied retrospectively, plaque blush (a new sign) and a branch point location were strong predictors of plaque progression, whereas calcification was a weak predictor of progression.