cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nazi Education: A Case of Political Socialization

(1989). Nazi Education: A Case of Political Socialization. The Educational Forum: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 63-76.
Phylogenetic studies of Mammillaria (Cactaceae)—insights from chloroplast sequence variation and hypothesis testing using the parametric bootstrap

The genus Mammillaria is likely the most species-rich and morphologically variable genus in the Cactaceae. There is doubt as to whether the genus is monophyletic, and past infrageneric treatments differ regarding generic circumscription. Phylogenetic questions about Mammillaria were addressed using chloroplast DNA sequence data from the rpl16 intron and the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer for 125 taxa (113 Mammillaria ,1 0Coryphantha, Escobaria, Neolloydia, Pelecyphora, Ortegocactus, and two outgroup taxa from Ferocactus and Stenocactus). Parsimony analyses were conducted using various heuristic search strategies. Bayesian analyses were conducted using the F81 and F81 1 I 1 G models of sequence evolution. Tree topologies from the parsimony and Bayesian analyses were largely congruent. Hypothesis testing was undertaken using the parametric bootstrap to test the monophyly of the genus and the taxonomic status of Mammillaria candida. Phylogenies derived from the parsimony and Bayesian analyses indicate that Mammillaria is not monophyletic and that the genus Mammilloydia (synonym Mammillaria) is embedded within a ‘‘core’’ group of Mammillaria species. Both these results were corroborated by the parametric bootstrap tests. The entire rpl16 intron was deleted from species in the Mammillaria crinita group.
Cross-spectral and cross-bispectral analysis of hippocampal EEG with ICA processing

Hippocampal EEG collected from CA1 and the dentate gyrus during REM sleep were examined using linear cross-spectral and nonlinear cross-bispectral analysis to quantify the correlation between the two sites. Independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to remove any cocktail party effects that may exist between the recordings from the two hippocampal subfields. Cross-spectrum and cross-bispectrum of the EEG were computed before and after the ICA process to examine its effects. It was found that ICA almost completely removes the linear relationship in the theta frequency band between CA1 and the dentate gyrus. ICA processing also significantly reduces the quadratic phase coupling (QPC) observed between these two sites.
Axillary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Carcinoma of the Breast

BACKGROUND: The timing and accuracy of axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients who are receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for breast cancer are controversial. To examine the accuracy of SLNB after NACT, the authors performed SLNB after chemotherapy on all of patients who received NACT at their institution starting in January 1997. METHODS: Seventy-nine women who underwent NACT between 1997 and 2008 comprised this study and were divided as follows: 4 women had stage I disease, 60 women had stage II disease, and 15 women had stage III disease, including 10 women who had multicentric disease. Thirty-nine women (49.4%) had clinical evidence of axillary metastasis (N1-N2) at the time of diagnosis. The regimen, the duration of treatment, and the number of cycles of NACT depended on clinical response. The choice of breast conservation therapy or mastectomy was based on the patient’s response to treatment and patient preference. All patients underwent SLNB after NACT. RESULTS: Seventythree patients underwent breast conservation therapy, and 6 patients underwent mastectomy. Sentinel lymph nodes were identified in 98.7% of patients (in 1 patient, SLNB failed to capture 1 proven axillary metastasis), and 29 patients underwent full axillary lymph node dissection. Fourteen patients (17.7%) had no residual carcinoma (invasive or ductal carcinoma in situ) in their breast, 5 patients (6.3%) had residual ductal carcinoma in situ (only), and 60 patients (75.9%) had residual invasive carcinoma. One false-negative SLNB was reported in the group of 23 patients who underwent full axillary dissection after a negative SLNB. No patient had a subsequent axillary recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: SLNB after NACT was feasible in virtually all patients and accurately selected patients who required complete level I and II axillary dissection. NACT frequently downstaged the axilla, converting patients with N1-N2 lymph node status to N0 status and also avoiding full axillary dissection in these patients. Cancer 2010;116:1243–51. V C 2010 American Cancer Society.
Perspectives on Worldwide Spaceborne Radar Programs

Radar technology and techniques were originally developed for land-based, maritime, and airborne applications. Spaceborne radar systems development began in the 1960s in the USSR for military purposes, and in the 1970s in the United States for civilian scientific purposes. NASA launched the SeaSAT satellite in 1978, carrying a synthetic aperture radar, a radar altimeter, a radar scatterometer, and a radiometer, ushering in the modern era of spaceborne radar observations. NASA embarked on a shuttle-based space radar program in the 1980s that was geared to advancing space radar technology and demonstrating scientific utility of multi-parameter synthetic aperture radar, culminating in the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C flights in 1994. With the launch of the European Space Agency ERS satellite and the Japanese JERS satellite in 1992, and the Canadian Radarsat satellite in 1995, international systems have had a persistent orbiting radar presence in space around the Earth, replenished with new systems with increasing emphasis on dual use capabilities, while the US has fielded only one Earth orbiting space radar system for a 10-day period in 2000, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. The US program has evolved differently, with emphasis on mapping SARs for the planet Venus and Saturn's moon Titan, and a series of targeted scientific platforms focusing on Earth system and climate studies: TOPEX altimetry and follow-ons for ocean topography, QuikScat scatterometer for global winds, and TRMM and Cloudsat for precipitation and cloud water content. Radar programs worldwide are flourishing as the technology advances and new scientific uses and applications are generated from the abundant globally acquired data from international systems. Questions of security and global competition are now complicating the development of highly capable systems, such as the SAR systems required for persistent surveillance in both the military and scientific arenas.
Applications of Simulation and AI Search: Assessing the Relative Merits of Agile vs Traditional Software Development

This paper augments Boehm-Turner's model of agile and plan-based software development augmented with an AI search algorithm. The AI search finds the key factors that predict for the success of agile or traditional plan-based software developments. According to our simulations and AI search algorithm: (1) in no case did agile methods perform worse than plan-based approaches; (2) in some cases, agile performed best. Hence, we recommend that the default development practice for organizations be an agile method. The simplicity of this style of analysis begs the question: why is so much time wasted on evidence-less debates on software process when a simple combination of simulation plus automatic search can mature the dialog much faster?
Gender, Family Functioning, and Violence across Immigrant Generations

Objectives:Despite growing empirical and theoretical interest in the role of the family in immigrant offending, gender remains a traditionally overlooked dimension in the study of generational differences in crime. The present study examines the uniquely gendered pathways linking generational status, family functioning, and violence.Methods:Using ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression and overdispersed Poisson regression, the authors examine predictors of family functioning and violence using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods study.Results:Generational status influences family dynamics for both males and females, although the strength and significance of the effects vary by gender. For boys, generational status is a significant predictor of conflict and harsh parenting, net of other factors; for girls, it is associated with religiosity and conflict. Further, family processes attenuate the relationship between generational status and violence for girls only, implying alte...
Factors Influencing the Distribution of Native Bull Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout in Streams of Western Glacier National Park, Montana

Abstract The widespread declines of native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) populations prompted researchers to investigate factors influencing their distribution and status in western Glacier National Park, Montana. We evaluated the association of a suite of abiotic factors (stream width, elevation, gradient, large woody debris density, pool density, August mean stream temperature, reach surface area) with the occurrence (presence or absence) of bull trout and westslope cutthroat trout in 79 stream reaches in five sub-drainages containing glacial lakes. We modeled the occurrence of each species using logistic regression and evaluated competing models using an information theoretic approach. Westslope cutthroat trout were widely distributed (47 of 79 reaches), and there appeared to be no restrictions on their distribution other than physical barriers. Westslope cutthroat trout were most commonly found in relatively warm reaches downstream of l...
Nicotine up-regulates α4β2 nicotinic receptors and ER exit sites via stoichiometry-dependent chaperoning

The up-regulation of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by chronic nicotine is a cell-delimited process and may be necessary and sufficient for the initial events of nicotine dependence. Clinical literature documents an inverse relationship between a person’s history of tobacco use and his or her susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease; this may also result from up-regulation. This study visualizes and quantifies the subcellular mechanisms involved in nicotine-induced nAChR up-regulation by using transfected fluorescent protein (FP)-tagged α4 nAChR subunits and an FP-tagged Sec24D endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit site marker. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy shows that nicotine (0.1 µM for 48 h) up-regulates α4β2 nAChRs at the plasma membrane (PM), despite increasing the fraction of α4β2 nAChRs that remain in near-PM ER. Pixel-resolved normalized Forster resonance energy transfer microscopy between α4-FP subunits shows that nicotine stabilizes the (α4)2(β2)3 stoichiometry before the nAChRs reach the trans-Golgi apparatus. Nicotine also induces the formation of additional ER exit sites (ERES). To aid in the mechanistic analysis of these phenomena, we generated a β2enhanced-ER-export mutant subunit that mimics two regions of the β4 subunit sequence: the presence of an ER export motif and the absence of an ER retention/retrieval motif. The α4β2enhanced-ER-export nAChR resembles nicotine-exposed nAChRs with regard to stoichiometry, intracellular mobility, ERES enhancement, and PM localization. Nicotine produces only small additional PM up-regulation of α4β2enhanced-ER-export receptors. The experimental data are simulated with a model incorporating two mechanisms: (1) nicotine acts as a stabilizing pharmacological chaperone for nascent α4β2 nAChRs in the ER, eventually increasing PM receptors despite a bottleneck(s) in ER export; and (2) removal of the bottleneck (e.g., by expression of the β2enhanced-ER-export subunit) is sufficient to increase PM nAChR numbers, even without nicotine. The data also suggest that pharmacological chaperoning of nAChRs by nicotine can alter the physiology of ER processes.
The Role of Heterologous Chloroplast Sequence Elements in Transgene Integration and Expression

Heterologous regulatory elements and flanking sequences have been used in chloroplast transformation of several crop species, but their roles and mechanisms have not yet been investigated. Nucleotide sequence identity in the photosystem II protein D1 (psbA) upstream region is 59% across all taxa; similar variation was consistent across all genes and taxa examined. Secondary structure and predicted Gibbs free energy values of the psbA 5' untranslated region (UTR) among different families reflected this variation. Therefore, chloroplast transformation vectors were made for tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa), with endogenous (Nt-Nt, Ls-Ls) or heterologous (Nt-Ls, Ls-Nt) psbA promoter, 5' UTR and 3' UTR, regulating expression of the anthrax protective antigen (PA) or human proinsulin (Pins) fused with the cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB). Unique lettuce flanking sequences were completely eliminated during homologous recombination in the transplastomic tobacco genomes but not unique tobacco sequences. Nt-Ls or Ls-Nt transplastomic lines showed reduction of 80% PA and 97% CTB-Pins expression when compared with endogenous psbA regulatory elements, which accumulated up to 29.6% total soluble protein PA and 72.0% total leaf protein CTB-Pins, 2-fold higher than Rubisco. Transgene transcripts were reduced by 84% in Ls-Nt-CTB-Pins and by 72% in Nt-Ls-PA lines. Transcripts containing endogenous 5' UTR were stabilized in nonpolysomal fractions. Stromal RNA-binding proteins were preferentially associated with endogenous psbA 5' UTR. A rapid and reproducible regeneration system was developed for lettuce commercial cultivars by optimizing plant growth regulators. These findings underscore the need for sequencing complete crop chloroplast genomes, utilization of endogenous regulatory elements and flanking sequences, as well as optimization of plant growth regulators for efficient chloroplast transformation.
A hybrid control architecture with fuzzy interface for intelligent control

A novel control architecture for hybrid systems with both continuous variable and discrete-event components is proposed. The architecture includes a conventional controller, a supervisor, and a fuzzy interpreter. The conventional controller is used to control the continuous variable part of the system, while the task of the supervisor is to control the discrete-event part of the system and to make decisions on which control algorithm is to be used by the conventional controller. The fuzzy interpreter links the conventional controller to the supervisor. The proposed approach is suitable for systems which operate at very different operating conditions and need to have proper decision-making mechanisms. >
Algebraic Derivation of General Radix Cooley-Tukey Algorithms for the Real Discrete Fourier Transform

We first show that the real version of the discrete Fourier transform (called RDFT) can be characterized in the framework of polynomial algebras just as the DFT and the discrete cosine and sine transforms. Then, we use this connection to algebraically derive a general radix Cooley-Tukey type algorithm for the RDFT. The algorithm has a similar structure as its complex counterpart, but there are also important differences, which are exhibited by our Kronecker product style presentation. In particular, the RDFT is decomposed into smaller RDFTs but also other auxiliary transforms, which we then decompose by their own Cooley-Tukey type algorithms to obtain a full recursive algorithm for the RDFT.
Cost-effectiveness assessment of lumpectomy cavity boost in elderly women with early stage estrogen receptor positive breast cancer receiving adjuvant radiotherapy.

Abstract Background and purpose Breast radiotherapy (RT) for elderly women with estrogen receptor positive early stage breast cancer (ER + ESBC) improves local recurrence (LR) rates without benefitting overall survival. Breast boost is a common practice, although the absolute benefit decreases with age. Consequently, an analysis of its cost-effectiveness in the elderly ESBC populations is warranted. Material and methods A Markov model was used to compare cost-effectiveness of RT with or without a boost in elderly ER + ESBC patients. The ten-year probability of LR with boost was derived from the CALGB 9343 trial and adjusted by the hazard ratio for LR from boost radiotherapy trial data, yielding the LR rate without boost. Remaining parameters were estimated using published data. Results Boost RT was associated with an increase in mean cost ($7139 vs $6193) and effectiveness (5.66 vs 5.64 quality adjusted life years; QALYs) relative to no boost. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for boost was $55,903 per QALY. On one-way sensitivity analysis, boost remained cost-effective if the hazard ratio of LR with boost was Conclusions Boost RT for ER + ESBC patients was cost-effective over a wide range of assumptions and inputs over commonly accepted willingness-to pay-thresholds, but particularly in women at higher risk for LR.
Capturing Social Motor Coordination: A comparison of the Microsoft Kinect, Video-Motion Analysis and the Polhemus Latus Motion Tracking System

Social motor coordination remains a relatively overlooked dimension of social behavior in children with ASD. One reason for the lack of research is that the motion tracking equipment historically used for recording body movements of children during social interaction has been very costly, as well as cumbersome and impractical. Here we examined whether two low-cost motion-tracking options can be employed to investigate social motor coordination in children with ASD. Of particular interest was the degree to which these low-cost methods of motion tracking could be used to capture and index the coordination dynamics that occurred between a child and an experimenter in comparison to a much more expensive, laboratory grade, motion tracking system. Overall, the results found the expensive system to be better than the low-cost methods, but that the latter two are still able to index differences in social motor coordination between typically developing and ASD children.
High-Load, Hybrid Si-ROMP Reagents

The combination of norbornenyl-tagged (Nb-tagged) silica particles and functionalized Nb-tagged monomers for the generation of hybrid Si-ROMP reagents and scavengers is reported. Specifically Si-ROMP-derived bis-acid chloride, dichlorotriazine, and triphenylphosphine scavenger/reagents have been grafted from the surface of silica particles utilizing surface-initiated, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). These hybrid polymeric materials combine the physical properties of current immobilized silica reagents and represent a key advancement in load by merging the inherent tunable properties of the ROMP-derived oligomers with silica supports for application in a parallel synthesis.
Ixodes.1. montoyanus Cooley (Acarina: Ixodidae): first description of the male and immature stages, with records from Deer in Colombia and Venezuela

The ♂, nymph and larva of Ixodes (I.) motltoyanus Cooley are described and illustrated. This specieswas previously recorded from 5 ♀ specimens from Monserrate municipality, Bogota, Colombia. Three of the present collections are from Departmento del Cauca, Colombia, on Pudu sp. and a fourth from Estado Merida, Venezuela, on Mazama sp.
Chloroplast phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from spinach leaves : Evidence for light-mediated regulation via the ferredoxin/Thioredoxin system.

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves was resolved into three forms by diethyl-aminoethyl(DEAE)-cellulose chromatography. Two forms were found in isolated chloroplasts, and the third form (the major component) was located outside of the chloroplasts. One of the chloroplast forms of the enzyme (designated the regulatory form) was activated by reduced thioredoxin. Neither the other chloroplast form nor the extra-chloroplast form showed a response to thioredoxin. After further purification by hydroxyapatite column chromatography and gel filtration, the regulatory form of chloroplast PAL was stimulated approximately 3-fold by thioredoxin reduced either photochemically by chloroplast membranes, via ferredoxin and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase, or chemically by dithiothreitol. Once activated, the enzyme required an added oxidant for deactivation. Physiological oxidants-oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and dehydroascorbate-as well as nonphysiological oxidants-sodium tetrathionate and diamide-were effective in deactivation. The results indicate that chloroplast PAL is regulated by light via the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system in a manner similar to that described for regulatory enzymes of CO2 assimilation. The extra-chloroplast form of the enzyme, by contrast, appears to be regulated by light via the earlier-described phytochrome-linked system.
Evaluation of CM5 Charges for Nonaqueous Condensed-Phase Modeling.

Partial atomic charges for neutral molecules from quantum mechanical calculations are typically scaled for use in molecular modeling of liquid-phase systems. Optimal scale factors of 1.14 for CM1A and 1.27 for CM5 charges were previously determined for minimizing errors in free energies of hydration. The adequacy of the 1.14*CM1A and 1.27*CM5 models are evaluated here in pure liquid simulations in combination with the OPLS-AA force field. For 22 organic liquids, the 1.14*CM1A and 1.27*CM5 models yield mean unsigned errors (MUEs) of ca. 1.40 kcal/mol for heats of vaporization. Not surprisingly, this reflects overpolarization with the scale factors derived for aqueous media. Prediction of pure liquid properties using CM5 charges is optimized using a scale factor of 1.14, which reduces the MUE for heats of vaporization to 0.89 kcal/mol. However, due to the impracticality of using different scale factors in different explicit-solvent condensed-phase simulations, a universal scale factor of 1.20 emerged for CM...
Effect of Human UHRF1 on Growth of Breast Cancer BT-549 Cells

Objective To explore the effect of human UHRF1(hUHRF1) on the growth of Breast Cancer cells BT-549.Methods The stable clones of BT-549 cell line with overexpression of hUHRF1 were developed by transfection of a full-length hUHRF1 cDNA which was cloned into a mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.High expressions of hUHRF1 mRNA and protein were obtained in BT-549/hUHRF1 cells,while no alteration of hUHRF1 expression was observed in BT-549/pcDNA3 cells transfeced with an "empty" pcDNA3 vector as the control.Results An increased growth was detected in BT-549/hUHRF1 cells compared to BT-549/parental and BT-549/pcDNA3 cells,was detected by MTT.Conclusion These results indicate that the enhancement of hUHRF1 expression promotes cell growth in human breast cancer BT-549 cells,which provide evidence and basis for further study of hUHRF1 as a novel functional gene in breast cancer.
Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Resistance to Animal Parasites

The expression “natural resistance,” or even “natural cell-mediated resistance,” can be applied to a variety of mechanisms including those that involve macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells, and, in a broad sense, platelets, and that may involve humoral substances such as components of the complement system.(1) By inserting the word “killer” in the title of this article we hope to convey an understanding that this article will deal with a reasonably proscribed subject—viz., the role of natural killer cells in resistance to parasites. The term “natural killer” will be considered imprecise by some workers who will be correct in raising an objection to its use. We might borrow the expression “non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity,” (20) but that also suffers from lack of precision. Because at the present time, there is no satisfactory term, we will continue with the term “natural killer” (NK) and stress the fact that, in much of the work that will be reviewed, it was an activity rather than a well-defined cell that was under investigation. The expression “NK cells” will not be used as a synonym for large granular lymphocyte (LGL). Even in those investigations to be discussed where concerted effort was made to associate phenotypic markers with NK activity, the precise identity of the active cell(s) must remain in doubt. That is because, by any set of criteria, NK cells are heterogeneous,(3-5) and there are insufficient data to allow a decision about the number of different subsets of NK cells, let alone their classification.
The End Nears

In order to facilitate rapid communications, Norstad reluctantly departed from his insistence that normal military command channels be followed in dealing with episodes over Berlin. He authorized the CINCUSAREUR, Lt. General Clarke, to communicate directly with the USCOB, Maj. General Watson. Norstad also insisted, of course, that he and his Deputy USCINCEUR, Lt. General Willis W. Palmer, be kept fully-informed about developments in Berlin.2 Norstad’s reasoning was that prompt decisions in the face of a Soviet-East German provocation were essential to stave off any sign of weakness or hesitation on the part of the Tripartite Powers. This deviation from normal communications procedure was to apply only to episodes in Berlin itself, and not to any activities on the autobahn. By giving operational control to CINCUSAREUR, located in Heidelberg, Norstad as USCINCEUR had removed himself from being directly involved in such decisions, unless there was a sharp change in the Berlin situation that might result in more extensive or unique responses than had already been authorized or contemplated.3
The effect of 2,3-DPG on the sickling phenomenon.

Red cells were depleted of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) by storage in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solution. No change in the sickling-oxygen saturation curve was observed. 2,3-DPG did not affect the viscosity of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin solutions. It appears, then, that the interaction between 2,3-DPG and sickle hemoglobin does not produce configuration changes which influence the aggregation leading to sickling.
Insights from Educational Psychology Part 4: Academic Self-Concept and Emotions

ABSTRACTStudents’ emotions are closely tied to their self-esteem, self-concept, and feelings of self-efficacy. Academic self-concept is specific to the educational context, so a student may be engaged in some academic pursuits but not connect to others. Disidentification from an academic pursuit usually causes withdrawal of effort. Anxiety is the emotion that has received the most attention from educational psychologists and librarians, but students also experience surprise, curiosity, enyoyment, confusion, frustration, and boredom. Confusion can be beneficial to learning if it is resolved before one feels overly frustrated.
3.44 – Recent Advances in Sample Preparation for Explosives

In this chapter, laboratory-based methods for the analysis of explosives and related compounds are reviewed with emphasis on providing new researchers or analysts with a strong background to begin work. Field analysis is discussed briefly in the context of the laboratory techniques and sampling, but real-time field analysis is a separate problem, not discussed in detail in this chapter. Because there are myriad explosive compounds, contexts, and sample types, the chapter begins with an overview of the chemistry of explosives, followed by a discussion of the many types of explosives that may be encountered, including military and improvised devices. Next, sample preparation methods are discussed, in rough priority of fundamental complexity, ease of use, and novelty. Static headspace extraction (SHE), which involves sampling compounds based on partitioning into the vapor phase from a solid or liquid, is fundamental to both laboratory analysis and explosive vapor detection. The same fundamental theory that makes SHE an effective laboratory technique also describes the principles involved in both active and passive sampling of vapors in any field context. The most classic laboratory extraction methods, liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are then discussed, followed by more recent and novel techniques: solid-phase microextraction , stir bar sorptive extraction , single-drop microextraction supercritical fluid extraction , pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and hollow fiber and membrane-assisted extractions. These techniques are mostly used in combination with gas or liquid chromatography, often with mass spectrometry or other spectroscopic detectors.
Pegylated Polybenzoxazine Networks with Increased Thermal Stability from Miscible Blends of Tosylated Poly(ethylene glycol) and a Benzoxazine Monomer

The solubility, polymerization, and the macromolecular structure of cured blends of BPA-based benzoxazine (BA-a) in end-group tosylated poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEGOTs) are studied and compared to analogues from hydroxyl-terminated poly(ethylene glycol). BA-a can be homogeneously dispersed in both polymers where a wide loading range of ∼100–40 wt % BA-a is possible. The cure temperature for blended BA-a/mPEGOTs was up to 50 °C less than that of pure BA-a or mPEGOH blends. It is proposed that nucleophilic attack of BA-a on the end-group of mPEGOTs produces free tosylate and cationic BA-a-based initiators that act as cure catalysts—where the former was detected by TGA-FTIR and TGA-MS. H-NMR and FTIR revealed the polybenzoxazine (PBA-a) synthesized in mPEGOTs consists of a phenolic rich molecular structure with H-bonded hydroxyl residues and grafted PEG-chains. SEM confirmed that this material, P(BA-a)-graft-mPEGOTs, has a homogeneous microstructure. The glass transition and the thermal stability of the P(BA-...
An Examination of Sociocultural Factors Associated With Mammography Screening Among Latina Immigrants.

Introduction:The study hypothesized that sociocultural factors would be associated with breast cancer screening within the past 2 years among Latina immigrant women.Method:This study employed a sur...
Commentary: Creating a Curriculum of Intention and Justice

In this essay we will wander into the vibrant space of a college in prison, schools and communities in which research projects have been initiated by coalitions of youth and elder activists. And we will bear witness to a lived curriculum—curriculum in the making. Shaped by the wisdom of youth and adults and the conversations between, these projects breathe a fierce intentionality to expose the contours of social injustice and a thick desire to reveal the spaces of possibility for educational engagement. At the intersection of deep inquiry, the politics of survival and affective engagement, these projects represent a way to re-vision curriculum building as a public project fed by participation, across generations, fueled by a desire for a life not yet. In each case, youth, educators and elders came together to deliberate about the purpose of the work, the depth of participation, the nature of the processes, the shape of the products we would create, and the range of worthy audiences to whom we would hold ourselves accountable.
Subversion of innate and adaptive immunity: immune evasion from antibody and complement

Many herpesviruses encode immune evasion molecules that interfere with activities mediated by antibody and complement, suggesting the importance of antibody and complement in host defense against herpes infections. How does this observation reconcile with the clinical findings that severe infections develop mostly in subjects with T-cell deficiencies, such as transplant recipients or those with advanced HIV infection? An explanation that we favor is that T-cells assume a pivotal role in host defense partly because herpesviruses are very effective at limiting the activities of antibody and complement. Support for this hypothesis comes from experimental studies using mutant HSV-1 strains defective in antibody and complement immune evasion that demonstrate a marked increased in effectiveness of antibody and complement in host defense against the mutant viruses (Lubinski et al., 2002).
E-Services — A Framework for Growth

Businesses are undergoing a paradigmatic shift as they are moving from the logic of exchange of “goods,” which usually are manufactured output, to one in which service provision rather than goods is fundamental to economic exchange. The key assets in the context of the emerging paradigm of business are interactivity, connectivity, uncovering customer needs and providing customized offerings. As a platform, E-services can provide these functionality for firms. The growth of e-services is expected to be dramatic due to both, the emerging paradigm of business as well the universality of the Internet. This paper provides a framework for analyzing e-services.
Computed Tomography (CT Scan) in the Management of Genitourinary Trauma

Trauma is a serious public health problem with significant social and economic costs. Worldwide, trauma accounts for 10% of all mortalities with approximately five million deaths each year. Trauma results in an exorbitant number of disabilities [1]. About half of the deaths due to trauma occur in people during their productive age, and it is the leading cause of death for people between 15 and 45 years old [2].
Nonoperative management of complicated hiatal hernia after transhiatal esophagectomy- case report.

Abstract Introduction Hiatal hernia is rare after transhiatal esophagectomy occurring in less than 2% of patients [5]. Due to the rare incidence of hiatal hernias after transhiatal esophagectomy overlooking this differential in a symptomatic patient can be problematic. Patients can presents with recurrent pneumonia, complaints of reflux, and in the case presented small bowel obstructions. Surgery has been the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic hiatal hernias. This case report poses that nonoperative management is a viable treatment option for patients with complicated hiatal hernias after transhiatal esophagectomy. Presentation of case We present the case of a mechanical small bowel obstruction occurring at the esophageal hiatus in a patient four years after transhiatal esophagectomy. The patient was successfully managed nonoperatively with resolution of small bowel obstruction and persistent hiatal hernia. Conclusion Hiatal hernias after transhiatal esophagectomy are a rare entity. Complications of these hernias with mechanical small bowel obstructions are even less described in the current literature. It is important to recognize hiatal hernias as a potential cause of obstructive symptoms after esophagectomy. While surgical intervention may be inevitable in certain population of patients. Initial nonoperative management is a viable treatment option and should be utilized in high risk operative patients.
Soil Nitrogen and Mercury Dynamics Seven Decades After a Fire Disturbance: a Case Study at Acadia National Park

Forest soils (mainly soil organic carbon) play an important role in the retention of nitrogen and mercury, and loss of the forest floor during wildfires can stimulate N and Hg losses. In this paper, we investigate long-term impacts of forest fire on soil N and Hg concentrations at Acadia National Park (ANP) in Maine. Acadia National Park experienced a severe fire in 1947. Within the national park, Hadlock Brook watershed was left unburned, whereas most of Cadillac Brook watershed was intensely burned, with substantial loss of the forest floor. Post-fire regeneration in Cadillac was mostly as hardwood species, whereas vegetation in Hadlock remained predominantly softwood. We sampled soils in both watersheds in 2015, approximately 70 years after the fire. The soils were analyzed for total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total mercury (THg), and methylmercury (MeHg) content. Compared to Hadlock, Cadillac soils had ~ 50% lower TC, ~ 40% lower TN, and ~ 50% lower THg content, reflecting the loss of forest floor 70 years ago. Methylmercury concentrations in Cadillac were approximately 2 times the concentrations in Hadlock, indicating that conditions were more conducive to methylation, potentially due to differences in forest type. Long-term comparisons of stream DOC, NO3−, and THg concentrations between the two watersheds demonstrated that concentrations were significantly lower in Cadillac Brook, reflecting greater retention in Cadillac and a legacy of lower atmospheric deposition in the hardwood as compared to softwood watershed. This study provides insights on the multi-decadal recovery from a stand-replacing disturbance and underscores the persistence of altered soil biogeochemistry.
PET-CT reveals increased intestinal glucose uptake after gastric surgery.

Abstract Background Mechanisms of metabolic improvement after bariatric surgery remain incompletely understood. Intestinal glucose uptake is increased after gastric bypass in rodents, potentially contributing to reduced blood glucose and type 2 diabetes remission. Objective We assessed whether intestinal glucose uptake is increased in humans after gastric surgery. Setting University Hospital, United States. Methods In a retrospective, case-control cohort study, positron emission tomography-computerized tomography scans performed for clinical indications were analyzed to quantify intestinal glucose uptake in patients with or without history of gastric surgery. We identified 19 cases, defined as patients over age 18 with prior gastric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [n = 10], sleeve gastrectomy [n = 1], or Billroth I [n = 2] or II gastrectomy [n = 6]), and 43 controls without gastric surgery, matched for age, sex, and indication for positron emission tomography-computerized tomography. Individuals with gastrointestinal malignancy or metformin treatment were excluded. Images were obtained 60 minutes after 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose injection (4.2 MBq/kg), and corrected by attenuation; noncontrast low-dose computerized tomography was obtained in parallel. Fused and nonfused images were analyzed; standardized uptake values were calculated for each region by volumes of interest at the region of highest activity. Results Both standardized uptake values maximum and mean were significantly increased by 41% to 98% in jejunum, ascending, and transverse colon in patients with prior gastric surgery (P Conclusion Intestinal glucose uptake is increased in patients with prior gastric surgery. Prospective studies are important to dissect the contributions of weight loss, dietary factors, and systemic metabolism, and to determine the relationship with increased insulin-independent glucose uptake and reductions in glycemia.
A comparative study of the dynamics of laser and acoustically generated bubbles in viscoelastic media

Here, we present results from experiments comparing the first-cycle growth and collapse dynamics of acoustically and laser-nucleated single bubbles in water and agarose gels of varying stiffness. Experiments were carried out in a custom-built spherical vessel which allowed both acoustically and laser-nucleated bubbles to be generated at its center. Bubbles were nucleated in water and agarose gels with stiffnesses ranging from 1.13 kPa to 570 kPa. Acoustically nucleated bubbles were generated using pulses delivered from 1 MHz transducer elements mounted in the vessel with pulse durations of <2 acoustic cycles. Laser-nucleated bubbles were generated using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser focused to the center of the vessel through an embedded window. Bubble dynamics were measured via optical imaging. The maximum radii of generated bubbles decreased with the increasing material stiffness for bubbles nucleated by both mechanisms. The growths and collapses of the bubbles occurred symmetrically (in time) about the maximum radius in water but not in gels, where the duration of growth decreased more rapidly than collapse as gel stiffness increased. Nucleation-mechanism-dependent differences in the growth-collapse asymmetry were observed which indicated that the growth duration of the laser-nucleated bubbles was longer than the acoustically nucleated bubbles in water and high water-content gels. Here, we present results from experiments comparing the first-cycle growth and collapse dynamics of acoustically and laser-nucleated single bubbles in water and agarose gels of varying stiffness. Experiments were carried out in a custom-built spherical vessel which allowed both acoustically and laser-nucleated bubbles to be generated at its center. Bubbles were nucleated in water and agarose gels with stiffnesses ranging from 1.13 kPa to 570 kPa. Acoustically nucleated bubbles were generated using pulses delivered from 1 MHz transducer elements mounted in the vessel with pulse durations of <2 acoustic cycles. Laser-nucleated bubbles were generated using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser focused to the center of the vessel through an embedded window. Bubble dynamics were measured via optical imaging. The maximum radii of generated bubbles decreased with the increasing material stiffness for bubbles nucleated by both mechanisms. The growths and collapses of the bubbles occurred symmetrically (in time) about the maximum...
The role of surface properties on the penetration resistance of scaled skins

Abstract Fish scales present novel three-dimensional structures that can inspire novel protective systems. Through analysis of scale-to-scale interactions, the imbricated design of scaled assemblies has been shown to offer a favorable compromise between protection and mobility. Prior research has placed primary focus on simplified overlap structures to characterize scale engagement. We present an analysis of scale surface features, largely neglected in literature to date, in increasing scale engagement during penetration. In this study, samples are fabricated to replicate teleost fish skin based on a histological analysis. Quasi-static penetration testing is then conducted on samples using a clay backer to represent soft tissue damage and provide novel map of scale engagement during loading. Biologically relevant parameters of scale surface morphology, scale friction and epidermal cover, are modulated to assess the contribution to penetration resistance. Experimental results show that surface morphology drastically increases the protective capability of scaled assemblies with little addition of weight, improving lightweight, flexible protective systems. We find, using a computational model, that this phenomenon can be explained by the mechanical interplay between rough surface features and the epidermal cover, that work collectively to extend the level of scale engagement during indentation.
Localization and development tendency of libraries in the era of network

This article discusses the localization and management patterns of libraries in the era of network and analyzes the impact which network environment brings to the information service of libraries as well as the di-sadvantages which restrict the network development of libraries. In addition, it predicts the development tendency of libraries in the future and researcheson the development patterns and function of digitized libraries.
The role of parallel constructions in imposition: A synchronic study of already in Colloquial Singapore English

Abstract Imposition, a general mechanism of contact-induced change that manifests itself in creole formation, second language acquisition, and even language attrition (Winford 2013), is a result of unequal dominance in a multilingual’s languages, whereby linguistic features from an individual’s more dominant language are transferred to a less dominant language (van Coetsem 1988). In order to flesh out how imposition operates in multilinguals, this study compares the differences between Singaporean Chinese and Malay speakers in their use of already in Colloquial Singapore English. Based on sociolinguistic interview data from twelve Chinese and eight Malay individuals, it is found that Chinese and Malay speakers differ primarily in two ways: (1) the preferred syntactic position for already; (2) the frequency of different contexts that already appears in. By integrating theories from cognitive linguistics and findings from psycholinguistic studies, this paper argues that ‘equivalent’ constructions across two grammatical systems within a multilingual’s mind is a key channel through which imposition operates. To support this argument, differences between the speech of Chinese and Malay speakers are shown to be motivated by the presence or absence of ‘equivalent’ or parallel constructions.
Best Principal Submatrix Selection for the Maximum Entropy Sampling Problem: Scalable Algorithms and Performance Guarantees

This paper studies a classic maximum entropy sampling problem (MESP), which aims to select the most informative principal submatrix of a prespecified size from a covariance matrix. MESP has been widely applied to many areas, including healthcare, power system, manufacturing and data science. By investigating its Lagrangian dual and primal characterization, we derive a novel convex integer program for MESP and show that its continuous relaxation yields a near-optimal solution. The results motivate us to study an efficient sampling algorithm and develop its approximation bound for MESP, which improves the best-known bound in literature. We then provide an efficient deterministic implementation of the sampling algorithm with the same approximation bound. By developing new mathematical tools for the singular matrices and analyzing the Lagrangian dual of the proposed convex integer program, we investigate the widely-used local search algorithm and prove its first-known approximation bound for MESP. The proof techniques further inspire us with an efficient implementation of the local search algorithm. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that these approximation algorithms can efficiently solve medium-sized and large-scale instances to near-optimality. Our proposed algorithms are coded and released as open-source software. Finally, we extend the analyses to the A-Optimal MESP (A-MESP), where the objective is to minimize the trace of the inverse of the selected principal submatrix.
COMPARISON OF EARLY VERSUS DELAYED CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY IN OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST WITHOUT ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

This meta-analysis investigate the impact of timing of coronary angiography on survival outcomes in comatose patients who are resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) without ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google scholar and the Cochrane
Day 3 time lapse selection is beneficial for the patients with no good-quality embryos.

We aimed to evaluate whether or not time lapse selection was beneficial for the cleavage-stage embryo transfers. The study included 838 infertile women with good ovarian reserve (obtaining more tha...