cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Section Educational Opportunities

To the Editor: The January 1989 issue of Physical Therapy carried an article on a research project completed by Baker and McMahon (Phys Ther 69:27–31, 1989). Among the conclusions presented by the authors was the following: “Professional associations should expand management course offerings to the general membership and focus on basic management principles rather than specific managerial skills.” The Executive Council of the APTA Section on Administration would like to support that recommendation. We would like to call attention to the major effort made by the Section on Administration in providing the very educational opportunities recommended by Baker and McMahon. The Section's Committee on Management Education has prepared and presented three levels of courses emphasizing principles of management. One course is designed specifically for the new or inexperienced manager, the others for experienced managers. However, all courses are open to any physical therapist. [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/69/27?iss=1
Forces between extended hydrophobic solids: Is there a long-range hydrophobic force?

Abstract Thirty years ago there was considerable excitement over the first report of a long-ranged “hydrophobic force” between solids that were not wet by water (Israelachvili and Pashley, Nature 1982, 300 , 341–342). Many of the subsequent measurements have been reexamined and found not to support the existence of a long-range hydrophobic force. The principal difficulty was that hydrophobic solids frequently experience other forces, which obscured or were mistaken for a hydrophobic force. In this paper, we review the surviving evidence for a long-range hydrophobic force and find that there is only supporting evidence in a total of two papers, one old and one new, where net attractive forces were measured at separations greater than about 5–6 nm. Thus the evidence is scarce. In contrast there are new experiments showing no such force, thereby arguing against the universality of a measureable hydrophobic force beyond about 6 nm. Since solvent water is common to the experiments, such evidence makes it difficult to describe a universal mechanism for a long-ranged hydrophobic force based on water structure. There are also new measurements that are consistent with a hydrophobic force with a decay length in the range 0.3–1.0 nm. In particular, attractive forces have been measured on small radius surfaces (8–50 nm) consistent with a hydrophobic force with a decay length of 0.5–0.6 nm, and a variety of net repulsive measurements are consistent with an attractive hydrophobic force that has a decay length of 0.3–1.0 nm. We also discuss some new measurements, which are consistent with cavitation, and not a surface force that acts at a distance.
Trade Law, Labor and Global Inequality

Globalization is transforming the conditions of labor around the world. These changes are facilitated by developments in trade law and the larger trade and investment regime of which it is a part. While trade law has done a great deal to foster economic integration and increase cross-border flows of goods and services, workers in many countries and in many industries have suffered job losses, declining wages, and abusive conditions that can be attributed at least in part to trade pressures. This essay looks at how globalization affects labor and what is being done to offset the negative effects of economic integration on workers. We show that the benefits of globalization are not evenly spread, and that workers are often losers in the trade game. We explain how globalization can weaken domestic labor protections and indicate that the trade regime has yet to provide compensating protection. We suggest that there is a way to construct a transnational labor regime to maintain labor standards and protect labor rights in a globalized economy. We show how negative effects might be counteracted by coordinated action at domestic, regional and global levels and suggest that the lack of a clear vision of how transnational labor law might operate is hampering progress towards an effective transnational labor regime.
Insomnia: the Sleeping Giant of Pediatric Public Health

Insomnia among children and adolescents is ubiquitous and takes a great toll on youth and their families, impacting academic achievement, mood, social functioning, and a variety of developmental outcomes. Unfortunately, however, pediatric insomnia most often remains unidentified and untreated. When treatment is provided, it is most often in the form of medications, which are not FDA approved for that indication in children and adolescents. A comprehensive literature review was employed to establish the recommendations in this report. This article provides a review of sleep physiology and both current and recommended approaches to assessing and treating pediatric insomnia. Comprehensive assessment, accurate diagnosis, and evidence-based treatment of insomnia is imperative to the healthy development of children and adolescents. While clinicians often prescribe a variety of medications to treat pediatric insomnia, there is insufficient data to demonstrate efficacy and endorse their routine use. At this time, behavioral techniques, such as cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia and sleep hygiene education, should remain the first line of treatment. As a second-line consideration, melatonin, a dietary supplement, may be effective. Pediatric insomnia has an enormous impact on children, adolescents, and their families that requires adequate attention from clinicians and parents alike.
Placement Opportunities for Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics Professionals: Part I: Industry, Government/Military and Consulting Positions

During the period from November 1994 through October 1995, the Placement Service of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society distributed announcements describing 159 positions available for human factors engineers and ergonomics professionals. These announcements were divided into two groups according to employment sector and position type. This paper describes industry, government and consulting positions (N=129), while its sequel describes academic and internship positions (N=30). The features of the position descriptions examined include: degree requirements, major field of study, areas of expertise, required work experience, salary, geographic location, job description and skills required. The masters degree was specified as the minimum requirement for most positions. The most frequently specified fields of study were human factors, psychology and engineering. The most frequently cited area of expertise was human computer interaction, while the most frequently cited primary responsibility was interfac...
Effect of the Materials Properties of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles on Fibronectin Deposition and Conformation.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) nanoparticles with controlled materials properties have been synthesized through a two-step hydrothermal aging method to investigate fibronectin (Fn) adsorption. Two distinct populations of HAP nanoparticles have been generated: HAP1 particles had smaller size, plate-like shape, lower crystallinity, and more negative ζ potential than HAP2 particles. We then developed two-dimensional platforms containing HAP and Fn and analyzed both the amount and the conformation of Fn via Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) at various HAP concentrations. Our FRET analysis reveals that larger amounts of more compact Fn molecules were adsorbed onto HAP1 than onto HAP2 particles. Additionally, our data show that the amount of compact Fn adsorbed increased with increasing HAP concentration due to the formation of nanoparticle agglomerates. We propose that both the surface chemistry of single nanoparticles and the size and morphology of HAP agglomerates play significant roles in the ...
Study of Organic Matrix Modifiers for Elimination of Salt Matrix Interference in GFAAS

To study the effect of organic reagent as matrix modifier for eliminating the salt matrix interference and its mechanism, ascorbic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and oxalic acid were used as matrix modifier in the determination of Pb, Cu and Cd by GFAAS. The analytical information before and after adding organic matrix modifiers were compared. After the addition of organic matrix modifiers, the atomization signal and background signal were separated, atomization temperatures decreased enormously,the ratios of atomization signal to background signal increased and the RSDs and recoveries of practical samples improved obviously. It was concluded that organic matrix modifiers can eliminate salt matrix interference effectively, The mechanism of the effect of the organic matrix modifiers is suggested to be caused by the reductive substances produced by the decomposition of the organic additives as well as the complexing action and the melt-assisting action of the organic additives.
Patient characteristics and attendance patterns in outpatient group psychotherapy.

A study of over 700 referrals for group therapy within a large university hospital setting revealed that such services were primarily provided for moderately to severely disturbed patients, mostly ...
Sequencing treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia: the first choice may be the hardest.

Columbia University -Medical Center, New York, New York. The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as primary treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has greatly changed expectations of both physicians and patients. The use of imatinib has led not only to reliable cytogenetic responses, but also to deeper "molecular" responses that have brought long-term survival to a disease that was generally lethal in patients who were not candidates for stem cell transplantation. The more recent entree of second-generation TKIs-nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib-as well as the protein synthesis inhibitor omacetaxine, has provided access to more potent agents. These new drugs provide a safety net for patients whose disease does not respond to imatinib, but also create dilemmas for physicians treating CML patients. This review examines the evidence that informs choice of initial therapy, and discusses management options in the context of new goals of care, emerging toxicities, and the possibility of discontinuing treatment.
Rates of peer victimization in young adolescents with ADHD and associations with internalizing symptoms and self-esteem

The purposes of the present study were to: (1) describe rates of peer victimization in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, (2) evaluate the association between types of peer victimization (i.e., physical, relational, and reputational) and internalizing problems (i.e., anxiety, depression, and self-esteem), and (3) examine whether associations between victimization and internalizing problems differ for males or females. Participants were 131 middle-school students (ages 11–15 years, 73 % male, 76 % White) diagnosed with ADHD who completed ratings of victimization, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Over half of the participants (57 %) reported experiencing at least one victimization behavior at a rate of once per week or more, with higher rates of relational victimization (51 %) than reputational victimization (17 %) or physical victimization (14 %). Males reported experiencing more physical victimization than females, but males and females did not differ in rates of relational or reputational victimization. Whereas relational and physical victimization were both uniquely associated with greater anxiety for both males and females, relational victimization was associated with greater depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem for males but not females. These findings indicate that young adolescents with ADHD frequently experience peer victimization and that the association between victimization and internalizing problems among young adolescents with ADHD differs as a result of victimization type, internalizing domain, and sex.
Trends in ophthalmology resident surgical experience from 2009 to 2015.

Background Resident procedure minimums have been established in surgical training programs to ensure adequate training experience. However, achievement of these minimums may fluctuate. Review of resident experience is essential for maintaining successful training curricula.
An Introduction to the Econometrics of Program Evaluation

It is common practice for policymakers to perform ex post evaluation of the impact of economic and social programs via evidence-based statistical analysis. This effort is mainly devoted to measure the “causal effects” of an intervention on the part of an external authority (generally, a local or national government) on a set of subjects (people, companies, etc.) targeted by the program. Evidence-based evaluation is progressively becoming an integral part of many policies worldwide. The main motivation resides in the fact that, when a public authority chooses to support private entities by costly interventions, a responsibility towards taxpayers is assumed. This commitment, constitutionally recognized in several countries, draws upon the principle that, since many alternative uses of the same amount of money are generally possible, any misuse of it is seen as waste, especially under severe budget constraints.
Prolog at Berkeley

An overview is given of the Aquarius project at Berkeley, which is centered on the high-performance execution of logic programs in general and Prolog in particular. Its goal is to determine how a very large improvement in performance can be achieved in a machine specialized to solve difficult problems characterized by symbolic and numerical calculations, both within a search space. The particular problem domain of this type that is of current concern is design automation of single VLSI chip microprocessors. The processors support Prolog execution and the design tools are written in Prolog, as are the high-level specifications of the processors. Thus, high-performance processors are being developed in VLSI to help execute the design automation tools that are being used to help design these same processors. >
Multi- and transgenerational consequences of Bisphenol A on sexually dimorphic cell populations in mouse brain.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound used to manufacture plastics; it is present in linings of food cans, bottles, thermal receipts, and many other everyday items and is detectable in human urine and blood. Exposure to BPA during development can disrupt sexual differentiation of some brain regions. Moreover, BPA can have transgenerational effects on gene expression and behaviors. Here, we used a diet and breeding regimen that produces transgenerational effects on behaviors. C57BL/6J mice consumed control or BPA-containing diets during pregnancy. We examined vasopressin (AVP) and estrogen receptor α (ERα) immunoreactivity (ir) in sexually dimorphic brain regions from first-generation (F1) offspring and transgenerational effects of BPA in third-generation offspring. In all but one brain region examined, the expected sex differences were noted in both generations of control mice. In F1 mice, a diet by sex interaction was present for AVP-ir in the lateral septum and posterodorsal medial amygdala. In both regions, BPA exposure reduced immunoreactivity in male brains. An interaction between diet and sex for ERα-ir in the ventromedial hypothalamus was caused by reduced immunoreactivity in BPA-exposed females. Of interest, BPA had transgenerational effects on ERα-ir in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Our data show that BPA produces immunoreactive differences in ERα-ir generations after exposure to BPA. We speculate that actions of BPA in utero on ERα-ir in brain have long-term consequences for reproduction and social behavior.
Disturbance automated reference toolset (DART): Assessing patterns in ecological recovery from energy development on the Colorado Plateau.

Abstract A new disturbance automated reference toolset (DART) was developed to monitor human land surface impacts using soil-type and ecological context. DART identifies reference areas with similar soils, topography, and geology; and compares the disturbance condition to the reference area condition using a quantile-based approach based on a satellite vegetation index. DART was able to represent 26–55% of variation of relative differences in bare ground and 26–41% of variation in total foliar cover when comparing sites with nearby ecological reference areas using the Soil Adjusted Total Vegetation Index (SATVI). Assessment of ecological recovery at oil and gas pads on the Colorado Plateau with DART revealed that more than half of well-pads were below the 25th percentile of reference areas. Machine learning trend analysis of poorly recovering well-pads (quantile
Saying Goodbye to Family

Many humans treat their companion animals as “fictive kin” and thus want them to be treated with dignity and respect in death and disposal. Limited research exists on how caretakers themselves experience the euthanasia of their companion animal, including how they handle the remains and honor their legacy. This research fills this void by reporting the results of a survey of 567 individuals. Euthanasia was typically performed in the veterinary clinic, with the client remaining 74% of the time. Ninety percent or more of the clients expressed satisfaction with how the veterinarian treated the companion animal and the client. The majority of companion animals were cremated and honored their companion animals in individualized and diverse ways (e.g., shrines, tattoos, and photographs).
ESCRTs function directly on the lysosome membrane to downregulate ubiquitinated lysosomal membrane proteins.

The lysosome plays an important role in maintaining cellular nutrient homeostasis. Regulation of nutrient storage can occur by the ubiquitination of certain transporters that are then sorted into the lysosome lumen for degradation. To better understand the underlying mechanism of this process, we performed genetic screens to identify components of the sorting machinery required for vacuole membrane protein degradation. These screens uncovered genes that encode a ubiquitin ligase complex, components of the PtdIns 3-kinase complex, and the ESCRT machinery. We developed a novel ubiquitination system, Rapamycin-Induced Degradation (RapiDeg), to test the sorting defects caused by these mutants. These tests revealed that ubiquitinated vacuole membrane proteins recruit ESCRTs to the vacuole surface, where they mediate cargo sorting and direct cargo delivery into the vacuole lumen. Our findings demonstrate that the ESCRTs can function at both the late endosome and the vacuole membrane to mediate cargo sorting and intra-luminal vesicle formation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26403.001
An Activator-Blocker Pair Provides a Controllable On-Off Switch for a Ketosteroid Isomerase Active Site Mutant.

Control of enzyme activity is fundamental to biology and represents a long-term goal in bioengineering and precision therapeutics. While several powerful molecular strategies have been developed, limitations remain in their generalizability and dynamic range. We demonstrate a control mechanism via separate small molecules that turn on the enzyme (activator) and turn off the activation (blocker). We show that a pocket created near the active site base of the enzyme ketosteriod isomerase (KSI) allows efficient and saturable base rescue when the enzyme’s natural general base is removed. Binding a small molecule with similar properties but lacking general-base capability in this pocket shuts off rescue. The ability of small molecules to directly participate in and directly block catalysis may afford a broad controllable dynamic range. This approach may be amenable to numerous enzymes and to engineering and screening approaches to identify activators and blockers with strong, specific binding for engineering a...
Kaizen or Continuous Improvement: A Conceptual Paper

Kaizen or continuous improvement is a term commonly used in the Japanese automobile industry as a way of improving the quality of automobile products. Kaizen's roots originated from Japan. Its methods and techniques are applied in continuously improving to near perfection such as learning martial arts, flower-arranging, and tea-making. It can also have potential in applications to adult learning theories. This paper serves as initial research in studying Kaizen and making similar comparisons to adult learning literature. The paper provides literature review, research questions, and a discussion on the topic".
Demographic Transition, Economic Crisis and the Housing Deficit in Indonesia

The idea of a housing deficit is a common, seemingly objective frame for housing policies. A deficit of between 3 and 8 million units in Indonesia has become a concern for the government in recent years. The wide range of estimates demonstrates not only that the methods used to estimate housing need are inconsistent, but also that the meaning of the term housing deficit is little understood. Insufficient housing supply is generally blamed for the supposed deficit, and policies to stimulate housing production have been considered in response. This paper analyzes household formation trends in urban Indonesia from 1990 to 2007 and estimates the quantitative housing deficit based on trends. The analysis finds that an abrupt change in the rate of household formation and household size occurred in Indonesia around the year 2000, suggesting that beyond macro trends in the country’s demographic transition and urbanization, the economic and political upheavals in the last years of the 20th century affected household formation significantly. Yet, analysis of household formation over different socioeconomic groups and urban areas shows that housing markets do also matter.
Motor Control of Feeding and Drinking

The consummatory phase of ingestion consists of stereotyped oromotor movements – licking, mastication, suckling, and swallowing. The neural substrates mediating these responses are located in the lower brain stem and consist of interneuronal groups conceptualized as central pattern generators that can produce the appropriate motor patterns without the need for afferent input. These brain stem central pattern generators connect with local orosensory neurons as well as multiple forebrain structures involved with the homeostatic and motivational control of food intake.
Stimulus Dimensions, Problem Solving, and Piaget

There is a tremendous amount of stimulus information in the child’s world. Children develop a number of methods for reducing the complexity of the environment to a more manageable level. One of these methods is to analyze stimuli into dimensions such as color, size, and shape. This process of extracting dimensions will be labeled “dimensionalization.” A definition of dimensionalization will be the focus of the final section of this chapter. In brief, dimensionalization refers to any process that provides the child with information about properties that can be ordered dimensionally. Dimensionalization helps the child both gather information about objects and solve problems that involve objects, such as discrimination learning tasks.
Validating Student Data for Scientific Use

The need for accurate data is universal. For scientific use of data collected by students, high accuracy is a prerequisite. Valid student-collected data for scientific purposes is of great benefit, both to the student who experiences science firsthand and to scientists who then have a larger database of information. Therefore, projects and techniques that provide for validating student data are extremely useful. Such a technique was applied in a program called GLOBE.
Regulation of argF mRNA synthesis, performed in vitro

Abstract The specific synthesis of arg F mRNA directed by the arg F gene carried on the specialized transducing bacteriophage λh80C 1 857darg F, performed in vitro , is described with the use of an S180 extract from a strain carrying arg R−. Synthesis of arg F mRNA is biphasic at approximately 7 minutes. The regulation of arg F mRNA synthesis by the specific arginine holorepressor present in an S180 extract prepared from a strain carrying the arg R+ allele is described.
Substance use consequences, mental health problems, and readiness to change among Veterans seeking substance use treatment

Abstract Individuals seeking substance use treatment who have one or more co-occurring mental health problems tend to have lower treatment engagement, higher rates of attrition, and poorer treatment outcomes. Readiness to change (RTC) is an integral construct in the recovery process, with higher RTC associated with improved treatment outcomes. However, the impact of psychiatric symptoms on RTC is not fully understood, especially among specialty subpopulations, such as military Veterans. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the associations of mental health problems with RTC in a sample of Veterans initiating outpatient substance use treatment. The present sample was comprised of 278 Veterans (12% women, Mage = 48.22, SD = 14.06) who completed self-report intake measures assessing past month substance use frequency, substance-related consequences, symptoms of insomnia, depression, and anxiety, and importance and confidence to change one's substance use. Four separate canonical correlation analyses focusing on RTC alcohol, opioid, cannabis, and nicotine use were conducted. Veterans' inclusion in each analysis was not mutually exclusive. Results indicated that greater depression, anxiety, consequences, and frequency of alcohol use corresponded with greater importance to change alcohol use. Likewise, greater depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms along with frequency of use and consequences related to greater importance and confidence to change one's opioid use. In contrast, greater anxiety, depression, insomnia, and frequency of use were associated with less confidence in one's ability to change cannabis use. None of these variables were related to one's RTC nicotine use. Findings highlight the importance of assessing mental health problems at outset of substance use treatment, as they may be an indication of RTC and could be used as a catalyst to advance Veterans forward in the process of behavior change.
Network Traffic Obfuscation: An Adversarial Machine Learning Approach

An agent (D) aims to defend a network's traffic (T) from inference (classification) of applications or protocols (P) traversing that nework by an attacker (A). D aims to confuse A as to the nature of T by altering T to T’ so that A cannot easily ascertain the class of T’. If D is successful, A concludes that T’ belongs to class Q different from the true class P. A variety of approaches have been advanced to this general problem in the primary literature; however, research shows that even if the data contents of T are altered (e.g., through encryption), the meta-data aspects of T and T’ are similar (e.g., similar packet statistics like size and inter-arrival time). Thus, inference of P is still possible from observing the statistical properties of T’; D must thus further obfuscate these features as well. However, heavyhanded obfuscation could break the protocol or incur substantial overhead; hence minimal perturbations are desired. In this paper, we assume that A is able to observe statistical properties of T. We study the question: how can D optimally create T’ so that A infers T’ belongs to a class other than the true class P, with the additional constraint that T’ is close to T? Insights from the emerging area of adversarial machine learning (AML) provide unique perspectives in answering this question.
Giant Gastroschisis with Complete Liver Herniation: A Case Report of Two Patients.

Introduction. There are no reported survivors of gastroschisis with complete liver herniation. We describe a case report of two patients, one of whom survived. Case #1. The patient was born with gastroschisis and herniation of the entire liver. Along with silo placement, the abdominal fascia was attached to an external traction system for growth. Complete closure was achieved at 5 months. Due to pulmonary hypoplasia, high-frequency ventilation was required. The patient is doing well, on a home ventilator wean, at 20 months. Case #2. The patient was born prematurely with gastroschisis, total liver herniation, and a defect extending to the pericardium. A silo was attached to the fascia to provide growth of the abdominal cavity. The patient developed respiratory failure, diffuse anasarca, and renal failure. She died at 38 days of life. Discussion. We report the first survivor of gastroschisis with complete liver herniation, contrasting it with a death of a similar case. The associated pulmonary hypoplasia may require long-term ventilation, the inflammatory response can lead to anasarca, and renal injury can occur from acute-on-chronic compartment syndrome. Conclusion. External fascial traction systems can help induce growth of the abdominal wall, allowing closure of the challenging abdomen. While critical care management is complex, survival is possible.
NKG2D signaling certifies effector CD8 T cells for memory formation

The development of memory responses is an evolutionary function of the adaptive immune system. We propose that for the immune system to populate the memory compartment with the best-suited CD8 T cells it utilizes a process of certification or molecular accreditation mediated through Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D). This process of certification assures that the memory compartment is filled with CD8 T cells that have demonstrated their ability to kill their cognate targets through a two-step process that utilizes T cell receptor (TCR) and NKG2D signaling. One week after immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, NKG2D signaling was transiently blocked in vivo with a single injection of neutralizing antibodies. Under such conditions, we determined the importance of NKG2D signaling during the effector phase for memory formation without compromising NKG2D signaling at the memory phase. Both open (polyclonal) and closed (monoclonal) CD8 T cell repertoires were studied. We show that signaling through NKG2D mediated this certification. Temporary blockade of NKG2D signaling during the effector phase resulted in the formation of highly defective memory CD8 T cells characterized by altered expression of the ribosomal protein S6 and epigenetic modifiers, suggesting modifications in the T cell translational machinery and epigenetic programming. Finally, these uncertified memory cells were not protective against a B16 tumor challenge. Signaling through NKG2D during the effector phase (certification) favors the development of functional memory CD8 T cells, a previously undescribed role for NKG2D. Temporary blockade of NKG2D signaling during the effector phase results in the formation of highly defective memory CD8 T cells potentially by affecting the expression of the ribosomal protein S6 and epigenetic modifiers, suggesting alterations in T cell translational machinery and epigenetic programming.
Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma requiring urgent treatment: its implication on trial design and interpretation

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, representing 30–40% of newly diagnosed cases [1]. Although a large proportion of patients with DLBCL are ...
Complete Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae Phage Sweeny

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a multidrug-resistant bacterium causing many severe hospital-acquired infections. Here, we describe siphophage Sweeny that infects K. pneumoniae Of its 78 predicted protein-encoding genes, a functional assignment was given to 36 of them. Sweeny is most closely related to T1-like phages at the protein level.
1984 Evolution of age-specific patterns of survival and fecundity

Abstract In Chapter 4 Norton's theory of natural selection in age-structured populations was laid out. That theory would later be used by Haldane (1941) , Hamilton (1966) , Medawar (1952) , Williams (1957) , and Charlesworth (1994) to develop theoretical arguments for the consistently observed pattern of increasing mortality rates and declining fecundity with age. What remained to be done was a rigorous experimental test of the evolutionary theory. Such tests were provided by Rose and Charlesworth (1981) and Rose (1984) . By propagating populations by only using eggs laid by older females, Rose was able to show that existing genetic variation in the starting populations could substantially extend the longevity of fruit flies and their fecundity later in life. These observations demonstrated that by changing the way natural selection typically acts one could postpone the aging process.
Left atrial fibrosis progression detected by LGE-MRI after ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Background Left atrial (LA) fibrosis is thought to be a substrate for atrial fibrillation (AF) and can be quantified by late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI). Fibrosis formation in LA is a dynamic process and may either progress or regress following AF ablation. We examined the impact of postablation progression in LA fibrosis on AF recurrence. Methods LA enhancement in LGE-MRI was quantified in 127 consecutive patients who underwent first time AF ablation. Serial LGE-MRIs were done prior to AF ablation, 3 months postablation and at least 12 months after second LGE-MRI. Transient postablation lesion (TL) was defined as atrial enhancement caused by ablation lesions that was detected on the first (3 month) but not on the second postablation LGE-MRI. New fibrosis (NF) was defined as atrial enhancement detected on the most recent LGE-MRI, at least 15 months after the ablation procedure. AF recurrence and its correlation with TL and NF was assessed in all patients during the follow-up period. Results An increase of 1% NF increased the chance of postablation AF recurrence by 3% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.03, 95% CI 1-1.06, P = .05). TL had no significant impact on recurrence (P = .057). After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, HR increased as NF became greater. Greater volume of NF (≥21%) corresponded with lower arrhythmia-free survival (37% vs 62%, P = .01). Conclusion NF formation postablation of AF is a novel marker of long-term procedural outcome. Extensive NF is associated with significantly higher risk of atrial arrhythmia recurrence.
Bidirectional orthogonal motion aftereffect

Purpose. Recent modeling and psychophysical research has shown that adaptation to simultaneously presented opposite directions of motion causes a motion aftereffect (MAE) along the orthogonal axis (Nature, 384: 358-360). The observers' subjective report indicated that the orthogonal MAE may be equivalent to low signal-to-noise bidirectional motion. We tested this in an experiment. Methods. The experiment had two phases: adaptation and test. The adaptation conditions were: 1) opposite motion, 2) unbiased noise. During the test phase one of four random dot displays was used: a) no bias, b) 10% bias up, c) 10% bias down, d) 10%bias up and 10% bias down. Subjects indicated whether they saw global motion up, down, or along both directions during the test phase. Results. Subjects perceived the biased test conditions (b-d) veridically. In the unbiased test condition (a) subjects reported seeing motion along both directions following opposite motion adaptation (1). In particular, conditions la (orthogonal MAE) and 2d (bidirectional motion without adaptation) led to similar reports. When subjects saw two directions, they perceived "diffuse transparency" instead of two transparent sheets or locally single directions. Conclusions. The orthogonal MAE following adaptation to opposite directions of motion is bivectorial. However, this bivectorially perceived motion does not give rise to a percept of two coherently moving transparent sheets.
Blending Climate Funds to Finance Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient Infrastructure

The world’s core infrastructure—including our transport and energy systems, buildings, industry, and land-related activities—produce more than 60 percent of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. By 2030 the world will need to build approximately $85 trillion in low-carbon climate-resilient (LCR) infrastructure in order to meet the Paris climate change agreement’s goal of keeping the global average temperature increase well below 2 degrees Celsius by 2050. Meeting this infrastructure investment need will require doubling today’s global capital stock. This paper defines LCR infrastructure as including renewable energy, more compact cities, and suitable mass transit as well as energy efficiency measures. Whether the world builds LCR infrastructure will also determine whether the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are achieved. Around 60 percent of LCR infrastructure needs are in developing countries. Because public finances are constrained, private capital will be required to meet these LCR infrastructure needs. Increasing private investment into infrastructure can also deliver efficiency gains. Fortunately, there is no shortage of private capital globally. In particular, institutional investors have assets under management of $85 trillion and this is expected to be over $110 trillion by 2020. However, current allocations from institutional investors into infrastructure are low—approximately 1 percent of total asset allocations. Moreover, there is a shortage of other private capital for infrastructure, particularly LCR infrastructure in developing countries. Risks to financing LCR infrastructure raises the cost of capital. The lack of investment in infrastructure by institutional investors as well as the private sector more broadly is due to infrastructure risks and other barriers. Moreover, LCR infrastructure carries additional risks. Combining sources of public finance—such as from multilateral development banks (MDBs) and climate funds is a form of blended finance that can reduce risk, lower the cost of capital, and crowd-in private sector capital into LCR projects. The CTF is the largest provider of blended financing amongst the MCF to date. Outcomes from CTF blending with MDBs and the private sector provides insights into the success of blending to achieve climate and development goals. Using data provided by the Climate Investment Funds’ Administrative unit, supplemented with desk research, this paper analyzes investments blending CTF and other public finance and its capacity to crowd-in private capital.
Sensorimotor Cough Dysfunction Is Prevalent and Pervasive in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

BACKGROUND Pneumonia, a leading cause of death in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), results from progressive and pervasive deficits of airway protection, including both cough and swallowing dysfunction. Cough protects the airway by expelling aspirate and may be an important therapeutic target to protect against pneumonia in the presence of dysphagia. However, cough has not been objectively characterized in PSP or compared to other common forms of parkinsonism, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine voluntary and reflex cough function in PSP, as compared to patients with PD matched for disease duration. METHODS Twenty-six patients with PSP and 26 with PD completed voluntary and reflex cough testing via spirometry. Linear mixed effects models examined comparisons between groups and within cough types across cough sensory and motor outcomes. RESULTS Patients with PSP demonstrated significantly reduced cough motor function compared to PD, specifically reduced peak expiratory flow rate (P < 0.001), cough expiratory volume (P < 0.001), and cough inspiratory volume (P = 0.008). Both groups showed similar reflex cough thresholds (P = 0.694), but PSP demonstrated an increased perception of cough stimuli (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sensorimotor cough dysfunction is prevalent in PSP, and cough motor deficits, in particular, are worse in PSP than in PD. These deficits likely contribute to the pathogenesis of pneumonia in PSP. Therefore, cough should be integrated into assessments of airway protection and considered as a therapeutic target to potentially reduce adverse health events and improve quality of life in this population. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Pediatric Orthognathic Surgery: National Analysis of Perioperative Complications.

BACKGROUND Orthognathic surgery has traditionally been performed after skeletal maturity. Although these procedures are also being performed in children, the implications of earlier intervention and specific risk factors in this younger population remain unknown. METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric dataset was queried for orthognathic procedures performed in 2018. Complications, readmissions, and reoperations were analyzed with appropriate statistics. RESULTS Overall adverse event rate after orthognathic surgery in pediatric patients was 7.8% (n = 22 of 281), which were associated with having any comorbidity (P < 0.001), overall respiratory comorbidities (P = 0.004), structural pulmonary abnormality (P < 0.001), developmental delay (P = 0.035), structural central nervous system abnormality (P < 0.001), and neuromuscular disorder (P = 0.035). Most common complications were excessive bleeding (2.5%), surgical site infection (1.1%), and pneumonia (0.7%). Orthognathic surgery in children below 6 years of age is associated with significantly increased adverse events (P < 0.001), including surgical site infection (P < 0.001), pneumonia (P = 0.022), readmission (P < 0.001), and reoperation (P < 0.001). Le Fort I osteotomies (P < 0.001) and bilateral sagittal split osteotomies (P = 0.009) took significantly longer for older patients in the years of permanent dentition than younger patients in the years of deciduous dentition. Single- and double-jaw procedures in pediatric patients have similarly low adverse events (P all ≥0.130). Interestingly, bilateral sagittal split osteotomies performed before 13.5 years of age were associated with a higher risk of adverse events (P = 0.012), such that these younger patients were 7.1 times more likely to experience adverse events if their procedure was performed earlier. CONCLUSIONS Orthognathic surgery is relatively safe, but children in the years of deciduous dentition under 6 years of age have significantly increased risk of adverse events.
Tracing the effects of reducing penalties on crime and prosecution

Abstract Purpose To reduce overcrowding in prisons, California made two legislative changes: Assembly Bill 109 (AB 109) in 2011 and Proposition 47 (Prop 47) in 2014. Evidence suggests they were successful at reducing incarceration. However, there is limited understanding of how each of these changes, individually, affected crime and prosecution. Methods Using data from multiple criminal justice agencies in the city of Los Angeles, California, the present study uses interrupted time series analysis to examine the effects of AB 109 and Prop 47 on level and trend changes in burglary, motor vehicle theft (MVT), larceny/theft, financial crimes and their corresponding felony and misdemeanor prosecutions. While some offenses exhibited statistically significant level and/or trend changes associated with one or both legislative changes, the impacts of AB 109 and Prop 47 on crimes and prosecutions are generally small. Results Our results indicate AB 109 and Prop 47, individually, have had slightly different effects on crime and prosecutions for property and financial offenses. Conclusion Neither AB 109 nor Prop 47 sparked the immediate and large increases in crime forecast by critics. Policymakers in other states, considering instituting similar changes to reduce their prison populations, should be encouraged by these results.
Homebrewed psilocybin: can new routes for pharmaceutical psilocybin production enable recreational use?

Psilocybin, a drug most commonly recognized as a recreational psychedelic, is quickly gaining attention as a promising therapy for an expanding range of neurological conditions, including depressio...
Solvent effects on catalytic reactions and related phenomena at liquid-solid interfaces

Abstract Catalytic reactions involve the direct interaction of reactants, intermediates and products with the catalyst surface. We not only need to control the atomic structure and electronic properties of the active site, but also explore the multiple molecular interactions that occur beyond the active site; they play an essential role in altering the binding and reactivity of surface species. In liquid-phase catalysis, solvents provide additional degrees of freedom in the design of the catalytic process for desirable activity and selectivity. The multi-faceted effects of solvents have a profound impact on the catalyst performance by restricting the mass transfer to the site, tuning the chemical potential of the surface species, competing for active sites, stabilizing the initial and transition states, and causing mechanistic changes by participating in the kinetically relevant elementary steps. This review addresses the different aspects of solvent effects, using a few prototype solid-liquid interfaces to illustrate these fundamental features. Recent experimental and computational studies that provide new insight at the molecular level are examined. Solvent structures in the proximity of the catalyst surface are discussed along with their influence in molecular binding and reaction at the solid-liquid interfaces. Furthermore, opportunities to alter such a solid-liquid interaction by tuning the wettability of the catalyst surfaces are explored.
Polypectomy, Endoscopic Mucosal Resection, and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection in the Cirrhotic Population

Endoscopic mucosal resection and dissection are advanced endoscopic procedures that have proven essential for resecting premalignant and early malignant lesions throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Over time, these procedures have proven to play a key role in avoiding more invasive surgical approaches and thus decrease overall mortality. However, the success of these procedures does come with a slightly increased risk of adverse events such as bleeding and perforation. In this article, we review the literature for reported adverse events, specifically in the cirrhotic population. This article also discusses experts' opinions on approaches taken to perform these procedures with acceptable risks.