cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Publishing papers while keeping everything in balance: Practical advice for a productive graduate school experience

Pursuing a graduate degree is difficult. To succeed, students must overcome a myriad of ill-defined, and often unforeseen, challenges. One major obstacle lies in publishing their work. In this perspective, I provide a detailed description of my own working system that matured late in my graduate career but still paid dividends in terms of my publication record, funding success, and work-life balance. I also include brief vignettes of other topics that were crucial to my own scientific development. While I organized this essay as a series of “rules”—I don’t mean to imply that graduate school nor academia has a specific formula for success. Not only does it not, but as a first-year postdoctoral researcher, I can only speak to what works in graduate school through the lens of my own experiences. My experience is particularly relevant, however, because unlike many who have offered similar advice in the past, I drafted this perspective in the months that followed my degree. Rather, I offer these rules as a starting point for you to take, consider, and mold into your own framework. I am confident, however, that there is commonality among the ideas described here and the general habits of successful academics. In writing this perspective, I had three primary goals: (1) To add a more detailed, recent perspective to previous, more general essays on this topic. (2) To bridge an apparent disconnect between successful faculty and graduate students. Essentially, the advice in this essay may be obvious to a seasoned academic while simultaneously highly relevant, and interesting, to an early career student. And finally, (3) I hope to help dispel myths graduate students may hold about the innate talent or expertise needed to succeed in graduate school and to demystify the day-to-day work side of the equation. Simply put, I’m not a scientific outlier. But with good organizational skills, a diligent writing habit, and some invaluable mentoring, I made it to the light at the end of the tunnel (and into a career-progressing position). You can too.
Poetry Therapy in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder

There is little information in the clinical literature on the use of poetry therapy in well-defined borderline personality disordered patients. The potential for psychotic or violent regression in such patients demands caution in applying poetic-expressive techniques. However, the dichotomous nature of poetry may lend itself well to the complementary structural deficits of borderline patients. The emotive aspects of the poem may permit the patient to engage in the work, while the more rational, structured aspects of the poem facilitate personality integration.
A Permanent Algorithm with exp[Ω (n ^{1/3}/2 ln n )] Expected Speedup for 0-1 Matrices

This paper outlines a permanent algorithm with mildly exponential expected speedup over Ryser's inclusion and exclusion algorithm for 0-1 matrices. The algorithm is based on a finite-difference formula that is a generalization of Ryser's formula. The matrix is augmented by a column of entries selected to produce zero-valued terms in the formula. The algorithm achieves speedup by avoiding computation of many zero-valued terms.
Geminate Recombination and Injection Currents: Diagnostics for Extended State Mobility

In this paper I will raise the question, “Is the extended state mobility in a-Si:H low (≃ 10cm2/V-s) or high (> 200cm2/V-s)?” This will be done by examining two seemingly independent phenomena: (1) geminate recombination, and (2) injection currents. The former refers to a primary photo-excitation process leading to a production of free carriers. This process involves the probability of escape of an excited pair from each other. Among the various factors governing this primary yield is the extended state mobility which determines how far apart the pair will be when they become thermalized. If the mobility is low, the mean free path is small, and they diffuse apart during thermalization. On the other hand, if the mobility is high, the mean free path is large, and they move apart ballistically in the range of the Coulomb interaction. In the former case, the separation is generally small, and the yield would be expected to be small. In the latter case, the separation would be large and the yield approaches unity.
Feasting at Poverty Point with Poverty Point Objects

Attempts to account for the impressive and unusual archaeological record of the World Heritage site of Poverty Point have often faltered. The vast and diverse set of artifacts, the spectacular and ...
Poster: Automated Program Repair with Canonical Constraints

Automated program repair (APR) seeks to improve the speed and decrease the cost of repairing software bugs. Existing APR approaches use unit tests or constraint solving to find and validate program patches.We propose Canonical Search And Repair (CSAR), a program repair technique based on semantic search which uses a canonical form of the path conditions to characterize buggy and patch code and allows for easy storage and retrieval of software patches, without the need for expensive constraint solving. CSAR uses string metrics over the canonical forms to cheaply measure semantic distance between patches and buggy code and uses a classifier to identify situations in which test suite executions are unnecessary–and to provide a finer-grained means of differentiating between potential patches. We evaluate CSAR on the IntroClass benchmark, and show that CSAR finds more correct patches (96% increase) than previous semantic search approaches, and more correct patches (34% increase) than other previous state-of-the-art in program repair.
Current Trends and Future Roadmap for Solar Fuels

Solar to fuel conversion, if it could be performed in a sustainable manner, has the potential to deliver an alternative to unsustainable use of fossil fuels. Solar fuel production by photoelectrochemical (PEC) approach is a promising solution to address this fundamental and important challenge. To date, research into these approaches has been primarily focused on solar water splitting, which produces hydrogen. Thus, the conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons that could displace currently used fossil fuels remains as an unmet challenge. Various photoelectrode materials such as Fe2O3, BiVO4, WO3, TiO2, and Cu2O have been discussed for solar water splitting. However, their performance for PEC water splitting is limited by poor electronic properties and sluggish charge transfer kinetics that lead to high charge carrier recombination. Nanostructuring, elemental doping, surface passivation, conducting template, cocatalyst, and heterostructure are possible pathways to improve their performance. Whereas only a few reports are available on PEC CO2 reduction. A number of semiconducting photocathodes including Si, GaP, InP, and CdTe have been explored for PEC CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), although most of these photocathodes produce only two electron products such as carbon monoxide or formate. This chapter reviews the state-of-the art limitations of various semiconducting photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting and CO2 reduction. Other emerging photoelectrode materials and tandem cell strategies are also discussed for efficient solar fuel production. This chapter concludes with the future prospects on the challenges and research direction in this cutting-edge research of solar fuels devices.
Biphasic Dispersion Fuels for High-Regression-Rate Hybrid Rockets

Biphasic dispersion fuels (BDFs) are multiphase mixtures in which liquid droplets are trapped in a solid binder to form stable hybrid propellant grains. As the flame transfers heat to the fuel grai...
THE USE OF BASELINE MEASUREMENTS FOR IMPROVED DAMAGE DETECTION USING DAMAGE LOCATION VECTORS

ABSTRACTVibration-based techniques are increasingly being recognized as effective nondestructivestructural damage identification tools. One promising technique relies oncombining a finite element model (FEM) of the structure under investigation with a setof experimental frequency response functions (FRFs) to construct a so-called damagelocation vector (DLV). Emphasis in this paper is placed on investigating, boththeoretically and experimentally, damage detection using DLVs while attempting toachieve an enhanced sensitivity through comparisons with baseline measurements ofan initially damaged structure. To this end, the method is first studied theoretically on aspace truss using simulated damage to illustrate its capability. The method is thenimproved to handle randomly assigned initial damage that is not predicted by the FEMthrough subtraction and normalization of the DLV with respect to baseline data. Theimproved method is finally tested experimentally on cantilever beams provided withdamage of various sizes. The proposed technique is effective in identifying damage thatwould otherwise be concealed within an initially damaged structure, and provides usefulinsight into the location and severity of damage.
Language: Being Precise

In scientific writing, precision is the most important goal of language. If your writing does not communicate exactly what you did, then you have changed the work. One important aspect of precision is choosing the right word. Another important aspect of being precise is choosing the appropriate level of accuracy. Just as you wouldn’t assign the wrong number of significant digits to a numeral in a calculation, so shouldn’t you assign an inappropriate level of accuracy to details in your writing. The appropriate level of detail depends upon your work and your audience.
Makrophagenaktivierungssyndrom – eine seltene Komplikation bei adultem Morbus Still

Adulter Morbus Still („adult onset Still’s disease“, AOSD) ist eine systemisch-entzundliche rheumatische Erkrankung unklarer Atiologie, die in ca. 60–70 % der Falle chronisch verlauft. Nach initialer Gabe von nichtsteroidalen Antirheumatika (NSAR) und systemischen Kortikosteroiden kommen csDMARDs zum Einsatz, welche allerdings bei etwa einem Viertel der Patienten versagen. Dann wird eine Biologikatherapie notwendig, wobei hier Interleukin (IL)-1- und IL-6-Blocker zur Auswahl stehen. Eine seltene lebensbedrohliche Komplikation des AOSD (sowie anderer Autoimmunerkrankungen) ist das Makrophagenaktivierungssyndrom (MAS), das mit einer hohen Mortalitatsrate assoziiert ist. Hier wird der Fall eines 67-jahrigen mannlichen Patienten mit AOSD vorgestellt, der im Verlauf ein MAS entwickelte und im Anschluss an Hochdosis-Kortikosteroide und eine IL-1-Blockade schlussendlich mit dem IL-6-Blocker Tocilizumab erfolgreich therapiert werden konnte.
Health care access and the Americans with Disabilities Act: A mixed methods study

Abstract Background The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that health care entities provide full and equal access to people with disabilities. However, results of previous studies have indicated that the ADA has been largely ineffective at creating systemic change in the delivery of health care. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the current barriers to health care access experienced by people with disabilities under Titles II and III of the ADA. Methods This study utilized a mixed methods multiphase design. In phase one, a survey and focus groups were conducted with individuals with disabilities who experienced barriers to health care access. In phase two, key informant interviews were conducted with individuals who had a role in ensuring equal access to health care for people with disabilities. Results In the current context of health care reform, people with disabilities continue to experience multiple barriers to health care access under Titles II and III of the ADA. However, a notable result is that several provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) have likely bolstered existing directives implementing requirements for health care access under the ADA. Conclusions The results of this study provide additional support for a comprehensive examination of both the national standards for accessible health care and the enforcement of laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability.
NF-κB inhibitor with Temozolomide results in significant apoptosis in glioblastoma via the NF-κB(p65) and actin cytoskeleton regulatory pathways

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor characterized by intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemotherapy. GBM tumors show nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity that has been associated with tumor formation, growth, and increased resistance to therapy. We investigated the effect of NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 with Temozolomide (TMZ) on the signaling pathways in GBM pathogenesis. GBM cells and patient-derived GBM cells cultured in 3D microwells were co-treated with BAY 11-7082 and TMZ or BAY 11-7082 and TMZ alone, and combined experiments of cell proliferation, apoptosis, wound healing assay, as well as reverse-phase protein arrays, western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the effects of drugs on GBM cells. The results revealed that the co-treatment significantly altered cell proliferation by decreasing GBM viability, suppressed NF-κB pathway and enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, it was found that the co-treatment of BAY 11-7082 and TMZ significantly contributed to a decrease in the migration pattern of patient-derived GBM cells by modulating actin cytoskeleton pathway. These findings suggest that in addition to TMZ treatment, NF-κB can be used as a potential target to increase the treatment's outcomes. The drug combination strategy, which is significantly improved by NF-κB inhibitor could be used to better understand the underlying mechanism of GBM pathways in vivo and as a potential therapeutic tool for GBM treatment.
A bridge too far? The role of natural gas electricity generation in US climate policy

Abstract Natural gas has been promoted as a ‘‘bridge’’ fuel toward a low-carbon future by offering near-term emissions reductions at lower cost. Existing literature is inconclusive on the short-term emissions benefits of more abundant natural gas. The long-lived nature of natural gas infrastructure also threatens to lock in emissions levels well above longer-term targets. If natural gas can offer short-to-medium term benefits, how much of a bridge should we build? Using ARTIMAS, a foresighted computable general equilibrium model of the US economy, we interact scenarios developed by the EMF-34 study group related to abundant natural gas, low-cost renewables, and a carbon tax to examine the role of natural gas in a carbon-constrained future. We find that abundant natural gas alone does not have a significant impact on CO2 emissions. We also find that, under a higher carbon tax, natural gas investment of approximately $10 billion per year declines to zero at a tax of about $40/ton and existing natural gas assets face significant risk of impairment. Last, the presence of abundant natural gas lowers the marginal welfare cost of abating small amounts of CO2 but is likely to raise the cost of abatement levels consistent with common climate objectives. The integrated welfare costs of climate policy depend on how much abatement we must undertake.
Approach to Unintentional Weight Loss

Unintentional weight loss is a concerning finding to the primary care provider, as in many cases it is due to an underlying undiagnosed medical condition. This teaching script guides the learner on how to approach a patient with this problem and which elements of the history, physical, and laboratory workup are most likely to yield a diagnosis.
Disparities in Patterns of Conventional Versus Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Spine Metastasis in the United States

Introduction:The improved survival of patients even with metastatic cancer has led to an increase in the incidence of spine metastases, suggesting the need for a more aggressive palliative treatmen...
What We Can Intend: Recognition and Collective Intentionality

The concept of recognition has played a role in two debates. In political philosophy, it is part of a communitarian response to liberal theories of distributive justice. It describes what it means to respect others’ right to self-determination. In ethics, Stephen Darwall argues that it comprises our judgment that we owe others moral consideration. I present a competing account of recognition on the grounds that most accounts answer the question of why others deserve recognition without answering the question of what is involved in recognizing them. This paper answers the latter. I argue that, in general, recognition is something that we do to others rather than something that we think about others. In particular, recognition is an intentional action to treat another individual as a legitimate, self-determining agent. I then show that recognition's realizability requires that agents understand their intentions as dependent on others for their satisfaction. Thus, relations of recognition are instances of collective intentionality.
Separate and Unequal: The Housing Act of 1968 and the Section 235 Program

In recent years scholars have identified racial disparities in wealth and home ownership as crucial factors underlying patterns of racial inequality and residential segregation in American metropolitan housing markets. While numerous federal housing policies have been identified as responsible for reinforcing residential segregation and racial inequalities in home ownership, little research has focused on the segregative effects of the Section 235 program. As one component of the 1968 Housing Act, Section 235 was designed to shift the focus of federal housing policy away from dispensing aid to local housing authorities for building public housing to providing direct supply-side subsidies to the private sector to stimulate home ownership for nonwhites and the poor. Archival and census data, government reports and housing analyses, and oral histories and interviews are used to examine the segregative effects of the Section 235 program in Kansas City, Missouri from 1969 through the early 1970s. Findings indicate that while the housing subsidy program allowed a vast majority of participating white families to purchase “new” housing in suburban areas, most participating African American families purchased “existing” homes located in racially transitional neighborhoods in the inner city. These findings corroborate recent research showing how the market-centered focus of federal housing policy has impaired the ability of African Americans to accumulate wealth through home ownership and reinforced racially segregative housing patterns.
Reflexões acerca da reprovação e evasão escolar e os determinantes do capital

A evasao e reprovacao escolar aparecem no cenario educacional como um problema significativo, pois suas consequencias levam os individuos ao que se chama “exclusao”, ou seja, e tambem um problema social. As leis garantem o direito a educacao. Ocorre que ha um grande distanciamento entre estas e a pratica social. O tema abordado no presente artigo e concernente a evasao e reprovacao escolar objetivando apontar elementos para reflexao desses problemas sociais, levando em consideracao a sociedade do capital, ou seja, perceber que nesta o fracasso escolar nao tem determinante somente em aspectos especificos, nao depende apenas da capacidade ou vontade individual ou da familia do aluno, mas e preciso compreender que a condicao economica social tem grande peso nesse processo. E importante levar em conta que sem ruptura com as relacoes sociais que estao sob o controle do sistema do capital nao podera haver mudancas profundas no sistema educacional. Os estudos analisam o fracasso escolar a partir de duas abordagens: a partir dos fatores externos a escola e a partir de fatores internos. Alguns referenciais teoricos contribuem no sentido de mostrar a evasao e reprovacao escolar como consequencia social e nao como condicao individual, sem, contudo, desenvolverem uma critica clara e contundente ao sistema do capital. Tambem sao apresentados elementos da teoria marxista com o intuito de chamar a atencao para fatores macro-sociais como determinantes da evasao escolar.
Fatty acid acylation of the fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus.

Abstract We describe the covalent attachment of palmitate to the fusion glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus and the identification of the attachment site. Labeling of respiratory syncytial virus-infected Vero cells with [3H]palmitate, followed by the purification and subsequent analysis of the fusion glycoprotein in conjunction with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, demonstrated that the fatty acid is covalently attached to the F1 subunit of the fusion glycoprotein. The bound palmitate was sensitive to 1 M hydroxylamine at neutral pH. In addition, the release of palmitate label by reduction with sodium borohydride showed that the palmitate is linked to the protein through a thioester bond. Isolation of a radiolabeled peptide from a tryptic digest of the protein and subsequent amino-terminal sequence analysis revealed that the cysteine residue (amino acid residue 550) within the anchor sequence, located at the carboxyl terminus of the F1 subunit, is the covalent attachment site for palmitate.
Using students' epistemologies of science to guide the practice of argumentation

Understanding students' epistemologies of science have become a primary focus for scientific literacy. We want students to be able to reason about evidence and evaluate knowledge claims. This requires an understanding about the epistemology of science and inquiry practices. In this paper, we propose a functional approach for using students' epistemologies to guide inquiry practices. In our design, students use a set of criteria that reflects epistemologies of science and guides construction and evaluation of explanations in their scientific investigations. We use argumentation to create a need for students to use these criteria to compare and evaluate one another's explanations. This study takes place in a 7th grade project-based ecology unit. Our analysis shows that these criteria guide students as they construct and evaluate explanations. During this process, students enhance their epistemologies of science and the quality of their scientific work products.
Bulk input queues with hysteretic control

This paper deals with a bulk input-batch service queueing system and (r,N)-hysteretic control, i.e., under N-policy and r-quorum discipline. The model also includes state dependent service. The goal of such global control is to reduce the waste of server capacity (r-quorum), an unwanted number of switchovers between idle and busy modes (N-policy), and the queue length (by means of variable service rates). The analysis of the system is based on first excess level technique developed by the second author. This approach enables the authors to obtain major characteristics for the queueing process in a closed analytical form.
Activity of an Attached and Free-Living Vibrio sp. as Measured by Thymidine Incorporation, p-Iodonitrotetrazolium Reduction, and ATP/DNA Ratios

Three independent techniques, [3H]thymidine incorporation, the reduction rate of p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet (INT) to INT formazan normalized to DNA, and the ratio of ATP to DNA, were adapted to measure the activity of attached and unattached estuarine bacteria. In experiments employing the estuarine isolate Vibrio proteolytica, nutrient concentrations were manipulated by varying the concentration of peptone-yeast extract. In the presence of exogenous nutrients, the activity of free-living cells was greater than that of attached cells as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation and ATP/DNA ratios. In the absence of peptone-yeast extract, however, the activity of attached cells surpassed that of free-living cells as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and INT formazan normalized to DNA. Of the three techniques, [3H]thymidine incorporation was deemed most sensitive for detecting changes in activity resulting from slight differences in nutrient concentration. By this technique, attached cells were much less sensitive to changing nutrient concentrations than were free-living cells. Below a threshold concentration, attached cell activity remained constant, while the activity of unattached cells decreased as a function of decreasing nutrient concentration. The results suggest that loss of cell surface area available for substrate uptake due to attachment may be an important factor in determining the relative activities of attached and free-living cells.
Performance of fusion algorithms for Computer Aided Detection and classification of bottom mines in the shallow water environment

The fusion of multiple Computer Aided Detection/Computer Aided Classification (CAD/CAC) algorithms has been shown to be effective in reducing the false alarm rate associated with the automated classification of bottom mine-like objects when applied to side-scan sonar images taken in Very Shallow Water (VSW) environments [C.M. Ciany et al., 2001],[C.M. Ciany et al., 2000]. The fusion of CAD/CAC algorithms from Raytheon and NSWC Coastal Systems Station (CSS) also has been demonstrated in the shallow water environment on a single sonar data set [C.M. Ciany et al., 2002]. This paper extends the shallow water CAD/CAC/Fusion performance analysis to an additional set of sonar data taken in the Gulf of Mexico during June 1998, and adds the outputs of a third CAD/CAC algorithm from Lockheed Martin to the fusion processing. The fusion algorithm accepts the classification confidence levels and associated contact locations from the three different CAD/CAC algorithms, clusters the contacts based on the distance between their locations, and then declares a valid target when a clustered contact passes a prescribed fusion criterion. Four different fusion criteria are evaluated: the first based on the Fisher Discriminant, the second and third based on simple and constrained binary combinations of the multiple CAD/CAC processor outputs, and the fourth based on a constrained optimization approach that minimizes the total number of false alarms over the clustering distance and cluster confidence factor thresholds for a given probability of correct classification. The resulting performance of the four fusion algorithms is compared, and the overall performance benefit of a significant reduction of false alarms at high correct classification probabilities is quantified.
Synthetic dendrimeric peptide active against biofilm and persister cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Antimicrobial dendrimeric peptides (AMDP) are a relatively new class of agents displaying repetitive functional groups on a branched core. Previously, we have investigated the length requirement for antimicrobial activity of peptides consisting of repeated arginine (R) and tryptophan (W) side chains and found that even short linear RW repeats are active, providing a starting point for a de novo design of multivalent structures. In this study, we synthesized and tested a new synthetic dendrimer, 2D-24, for its antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including the wild-type PAO1 and its mucoid mutant PDO300. This synthetic AMDP was found to kill planktonic cells of both PAO1 and PDO300 in a dose-dependent manner, with nearly complete killing of both strains observed when treated with 50 μM of this agent. In addition to planktonic cells, 2D-24 was also found to kill biofilm cells of both strains in a dose-dependent manner. For example, treatment with 30 μM 2D-24 led to 94.4 ± 1.4 and 93.9 ± 4.2 % killing of PAO1 and PDO300 biofilm cells, respectively. Furthermore, 2D-24 was effective in killing multidrug-tolerant persister cells of PAO1 and PDO300. While higher concentrations of 2D-24 were required to kill persister cells, combinations of 2D-24 with ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, or carbenicillin showed synergistic effects on killing persister cells of both strains. Based on hemolysis assays using sheep erythrocytes and a coculture model of PAO1 and human epithelial cells, 2D-24 was found to kill P. aeruginosa cells at concentrations that are not toxic to mammalian cells.
A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States

The Beverage Guidance Panel was assembled to provide guidance on the relative health and nutritional benefits and risks of various beverage categories. The beverage panel was initiated by the first author. The Panel's purpose is to attempt to systematically review the literature on beverages and health and provide guidance to the consumer. An additional purpose of the Panel is to develop a deeper dialog among the scientific community on overall beverage consumption patterns in the United States and on the great potential to change this pattern as a way to improve health. Over the past several decades, levels of overweight and obesity have increased across all population groups in the United States. Concurrently, an increased daily intake of 150-300 kcal (for different age-sex groups) has occurred, with approximately 50% of the increased calories coming from the consumption of calorically sweetened beverages. The panel ranked beverages from the lowest to the highest value based on caloric and nutrient contents and related health benefits and risks. Drinking water was ranked as the preferred beverage to fulfill daily water needs and was followed in decreasing value by tea and coffee, low-fat (1.5% or 1%) and skim (nonfat) milk and soy beverages, noncalorically sweetened beverages, beverages with some nutritional benefits (fruit and vegetable juices, whole milk, alcohol, and sports drinks), and calorically sweetened, nutrient-poor beverages. The Panel recommends that the consumption of beverages with no or few calories should take precedence over the consumption of beverages with more calories.
Cloud Powered by EPEAT-Qualified Servers: New green procurement criteria for servers is in the works. Two standards organizations, the IEEE and NSF International (NSF) are writing standards for the Ele

i»?Two standards organizations, the IEEE and NSF International (NSF) are writing standards for the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) program for computer servers, raising the prospect that, in the near future, data centers may be powered by EPEAT-qualified servers. This article briefly describes the EPEAT program and provides a general description of the emerging standards for computer servers.
5.2 Decomposition and importance sampling for stochastic linear models

Abstract Linear models that have uncertain parameters with known probability distributions are called stochastic linear models. This paper focuses on the difficulties introduced by these stochastic parameters and reviews different approaches to handle them. The following solution method uses decomposition techniques and importance sampling, and its illustration is based upon a case study of a power system with random fluctuations in demand and equipment availabilities. Numerical results are presented.
Spontaneous expression of facial emotion in schizophrenic and right-brain-damaged patients

The primary neuropsychological theories of schizophrenia have emphasized disturbed dominant hemisphere functioning, although schizophrenics (SZs), particularly those with flat affect, may have deficits resembling those of patients with damage to their right hemisphere. SZs, right-brain-damaged patients (RBDs), and normal controls (NCs) were videotaped while talking about a pleasant and an unpleasant experience. Raters viewed the video recordings of facial activity with the audio portion turned off and assessed the intensity of emotion, the amount of positive emotion, and the amount of negative emotion. Compared to controls, both patient groups were judged as less expressive and as displaying more negative than positive emotion. In particular, the patients seemed to have difficulty with the expression of positive feelings. For the SZ group, these findings may be related to anhedonia or to poor social functioning, which are often features of the illness. The findings for the RBD group are contrary to previous studies which have suggested that the right hemisphere is specialized for negative emotion.
Presynaptic GABAB and adenosine A1 receptors regulate synaptic transmission to rat substantia nigra reticulata neurones

1. Patch pipettes were used to record whole-cell currents under voltage clamp in substantia nigra zona reticulata (SNR) neurones in the rat midbrain slice. Bipolar electrodes evoked synaptic currents mediated by glutamate (EPSCs) and GABAA receptors (IPSCs). 2. Baclofen reduced the amplitude of IPSCs by 48% at its IC50 value of 0.60 microM. The GABAB antagonist CGP 35348 blocked this effect with a Kd value estimated by Schild analysis of 5 microM. 3. Adenosine reduced IPSCs by 48% at its IC50 value of 56 microM. Adenosine agonists reduced IPSCs with the following rank order of potency: CPA (N6-cyclopentyladenosine) > R-PIA (R(-)N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine) > CHA (N6-cyclohexyladenosine) = NECA (5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) > 2-CADO (2-chloroadenosine) > adenosine. Schild analysis yielded a Kd value of 0.4 nM for antagonism of CPA by the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine). 4. Both baclofen and adenosine reduced the magnitude of paired-pulse depression of IPSCs, and neither blocked currents evoked by GABA, which was pressure-ejected from micropipettes. 5. Glutamate EPSCs were reduced by baclofen (IC50 = 0.78 microM) and adenosine (IC50 = 57 microM). Schild analysis yielded a Kd value of 11 microM for antagonism of baclofen-induced inhibition of EPSCs by CGP 35348. DPCPX (1 microM) completely blocked the inhibitory effects of adenosine (100 microM) and CPA (100 nM) on EPSCs. Neither adenosine nor baclofen reduced inward currents evoked by glutamate which was pressure-ejected from micropipettes. 6. These results show that presynaptic GABAB and A1 receptors reduce glutamate and GABA release from nerve terminals in the SNR.
Minimax estimation of unknown deterministic signals in colored noise

The estimation of a deterministic signal corrupted by random noise is considered. The strategy is to find a linear noncausal estimator which minimizes the maximum mean square error over an a priori set of signals. This signal set is specified in terms of frequency/energy constraints via the discrete Fourier transform. Exact filter expressions are given for the case of additive white noise. For the case of additive colored noise possessing a continuous power spectral density, a suboptimal filter is derived whose asymptotic performance is optimal. Asymptotic expressions for the minimax estimator error are developed for both cases. The minimax filter is applied to random data and is shown to solve asymptotically a certain worst-case Wiener filter problem. >
Effects of freestream turbulence on the performance characteristics of an airfoil

The lift and drag characteristics and associated flowfields over the suction surface of an NACA 0015 airfoil with an aspect ratio of 2.9 were obtained at a Reynolds number of 250,000 for conditions both with and without freestream turbulence (FST).
Input demand and output supply on Irish farms— A micro-economic approach

In this paper a profit-function approach is used to derive a set of input-demand and output-supply equations, the parameters of which are used to estimate a set of own and cross price elasticities of demand and supply. Both compensated and uncompensated elasticity estimates are presented. The methodology used permitted the testing of some of the assumptions of the neoclassical th eory of the firm. The data used are from a cross section of farms. While the empirical results did not meet some of the requirements of profit maximization, the methodology proved useful in describing the interrelationships between outputs and inputs. Copyright 1986 by Oxford University Press.
Great Lakes rivermouth ecosystems: scientific synthesis and management implications

Abstract At the interface of the Great Lakes and their tributary rivers lies the rivermouths, a class of aquatic ecosystem where lake and lotic processes mix and distinct features emerge. Many rivermouths are the focal point of both human interaction with the Great Lakes and human impacts to the lakes; many cities, ports, and beaches are located in rivermouth ecosystems, and these human pressures often degrade key ecological functions that rivermouths provide. Despite their ecological uniqueness and apparent economic importance, there has been relatively little research on these ecosystems as a class relative to studies on upstream rivers or the open-lake waters. Here we present a synthesis of current knowledge about ecosystem structure and function in Great Lakes rivermouths based on studies in both Laurentian rivermouths, coastal wetlands, and marine estuarine systems. A conceptual model is presented that establishes a common semantic framework for discussing the characteristic spatial features of rivermouths. This model then is used to conceptually link ecosystem structure and function to ecological services provided by rivermouths. This synthesis helps identify the critical gaps in understanding rivermouth ecology. Specifically, additional information is needed on how rivermouths collectively influence the Great Lakes ecosystem, how human alterations influence rivermouth functions, and how ecosystem services provided by rivermouths can be managed to benefit the surrounding socioeconomic networks.
Skeletal muscle cytokines: regulation by pathogen-associated molecules and catabolic hormones.

Purpose of reviewThis review will update clinicians and basic scientists who study the molecular mechanisms of muscle wasting associated with infection, trauma, cancer cachexia, and AIDS. A special emphasis is placed on recent studies that examine the interaction of insulin-like growth factor 1 and
Effect of temperature on the formation and autodestruction of parent anions

Abstract The effect of temperature on the formation and autodestruction processes of parent anions has been studied for the molecules SF6, c-C4F6 and C6F6 in a buffer gas of N2. These processes were studied in the temperature, T, range 300–600 K and over the mean electron energy range 〈e〉 = 0.2–1.0 eV. The formation of parent anions seems to depend very little on changes in T below 600 K for all three molecules. However, increases in T from ambient to 600 K enhance dramatically the autodetachment frequency for c-C4F6− and C4F6−. This heat-activated autodetachment is related to increases in the internal energy content of the anion and is found to have activation energies of 0.237 and 0.477 eV for c-C4F6− and C6F6−, respectively. Under the same experimental conditions the stabilized SF6− anion does not undergo heat-activated autodetachment.
Chemo-cryo combination therapy: an adjunctive model for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Despite continuing research and the development of alternate therapeutic options, prostate cancer remains problematic. Chemotherapy has played a minor role as a treatment option due to its lack of efficacy. Whereas cryotherapy has received renewed attention as a treatment modality, it too fails to offer an absolute curative option. Previously, we reported on the utilization of a therapeutic model, which, in combination, increases cell death in a canine renal cell model. Based upon that study, we investigated a combination therapy model as an alternative for the treatment modality for prostate cancer. We hypothesized that the combination of chemotherapy and cryosurgery would result in enhanced cell death, thereby presenting a more effective treatment of prostate cancer. A human prostate cancer cell (PC-3) model was exposed to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for 2 and 4 days (prefreeze), freezing (-5 to -100 degrees C), or a combination of the two treatments, and each was assessed for effectiveness over a 2-week posttreatment period. Additionally, investigation into the mechanisms of cell death initiated by the respective therapies was performed through DNA cleavage analysis. For chemotherapy, cultures exposed to 5-FU (2-4 days) yielded a 15-25% loss in cell survival. For cryotherapy, cultures exposed to a temperature window of -5 to -20 degrees C yielded an initial 5-70% loss of viability but cells propagated over time. Cultures exposed to temperatures of -25 to -80 degrees C yielded a 90-99% (+/-4.5%) initial loss in viability with repopulation observed by 12 days postthaw. Cells frozen to -100 degrees C yielded 100% (+/-0.3%) loss of viability and exhibited no signs of propagation. For chemo-cryo therapy, combination treatment at milder temperatures (-5 to -25 degrees C) resulted in an enhanced loss of cell viability compared to that for either treatment alone. Combination treatment at lower temperatures (-40 to -80 degrees C) resulted in a complete loss of cell viability. DNA fragmentation analysis at 48 h posttreatment revealed that dead (detached) cells treated with 5-FU died primarily through apoptosis, whereas dead cells from freezing (-15 degrees C) alone died primarily through freeze-rupture and necrosis. Detached cell analysis from combination treatment at -15 degrees C revealed the presence of apoptotic, necrotic, and freeze-rupture cell death. Scanning electron micrographs of cells exposed to freezing contributing to cell death. These data demonstrate that the combination of 5-FU at sublethal doses and freezing temperatures improves human prostate cancer cell death efficacy. Further, we suggest that chemo-cryo therapy offers a potential alternative treatment for the control and eradication of prostate cancer.
Circannual rhythms—II. Temperature-compensated free-running rhythms in growth and development of the marine cnidarian, Campanularia flexuosa

Abstract 1. 1. Free-running, temperature-compensated circannual rhythms defined by cyclic changes in growth and development of the marine cnidarian Campanularia flexuosa are delineated at two constant ambient temperatures, 17 and 24°C. 2. 2. Periods ranged from 369 to 382 days at 17°C and from 370 to 389 days at 24°C. 3. 3. Like nearly synchronous circannual rhythms at 10°C, phases of luxuriant growth at 17 and 24°C were interrupted by summer seasons of sparse growth and mid-winter seasons of sharply curtailed growth. 4. 4. Although the free-running periods were similar at three constant ambient temperatures, the amplitude of some rhythms increased at 17 and 24°C. 5. 5. New colonies obtained from nature 3 years after observations began and cultured together with the older colonies in the same vessels for 6 months, December–June, were in phases of luxuriant growth at the same time that growth of the older colonies was curtailed at all three ambient temperatures.
Elipsoid ART/ARTMAP category regions for the choice-by-difference category choice function

In the recent past category regions have been introduced as new geometrical concepts and provide a visualization tool that facilitates significant insight into the nature of the competition among categories during both the training and performance phase of Fuzzy ART (FA) and Fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM). These regions are defined as the geometric interpretation of the Vigilance Test and the competition of each category with an uncommitted F2-layer node for a specific input pattern (Commitment Test). In this paper we show how the notion of category regions can be naturally extended to Ellipsoid ART (EA) and Ellipsoid ARTMAP (EAM) and focus on the regions' theoretical properties, when considering the Choice-by-Difference category choice function. Based on these properties we state three theoretical results applicable to both EA and EAM. Specifically, if r and a denote the vigilance and the choice parameter respectively, we show that in certain areas of the (a,r) plane the result of EA/EAM training is independent of the specific value of either r or w (parameter of the activation function value for an uncommitted F2-layer node). Finally, we provide a refined upper bound on the size of categories created in EA/EAM during training. All the results are immediately applicable to FA/FAM as well.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The origins and development of the diffusion of innovations paradigm as an example of scientific growth.

This article traces the emergence of the basic paradigm for early diffusion research created by two rural sociologists at Iowa State University, Bryce Ryan and Neal C. Gross. The diffusion paradigm spread to an invisible college of midwestern rural sociological researchers in the 1950s and 1960s, and then to a larger, interdisciplinary field of diffusion scholars. By the late 1960s, rural sociologists lost interest in diffusion studies, not because it was ineffective scientifically, but because of lack of support for such study as a consequence of farm overproduction and because most of the interesting research questions were thought to be answered.
The Advantages of Demand Over Fixed-Rate Pacing: Report of Clinical Experience

Clinical experience with both fixed rate and demand pacing suggests that the latter mode should probably be utilized in patients with second degree or intermittent high grade A-V block. Instances of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation following a propagated pacemaker beat, competition between sinus rhythm and fixed rate pacing, and rapid ventricular rates due to coupled ventricular premature systoles also suggest pertinent arguments in favor of demand pacing. Although it is probably too early to advise demand pacing for ail patients, inferential reasoning from clinical experience is offered to identify more clearly the advantages of demand over fixed rate pacing.
A rental car strategy for commercialization of hydrogen in Florida

Abstract This article proposes a hydrogen rental-car strategy for transitioning from fleets to consumers in Orlando, Florida. Orlando is the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States, but most car renters visit only a few destinations. A hydrogen rental-car fleet serving this cluster of destinations could provide visitors with a positive first exposure to hydrogen vehicles with minimal commitment, creating hydrogen advocates and potential early adopters in their home regions. The rental-car business combines the logistical advantages of a fleet operation with outreach to many consumers. A hydrogen-powered rental-car fleet at the Orlando International Airport could provide guaranteed demand, supporting an initial rollout of refueling stations. We surveyed 435 rental-car customers in Orlando to understand the idea from the consumer point of view. We analyzed the bundles of destinations visited by the respondents and found that only three stations—an existing station at the Orlando International Airport plus new stations near the theme parks and in downtown Orlando—could serve 64% of renters. Half of all respondents indicated a willingness to pay more to rent a hydrogen car, and this subset of customers ranked the ability to use a pollution-free car as the most important factor in their decision. We then identify the major barriers to a hydrogen rental-car business model from the corporate point of view and propose a number of potential solutions. The most significant barrier appears to be the fleet purchase costs, which we think can be offset by the benefits of free media coverage and contained by beginning with converted internal-combustion vehicles and converting eventually to fuel-cell vehicles. We also outline possible synergies with NASA, Disney, refueling stations, manufacturers and state government.