cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of a leukocyte-depleting filter on cerebral and renal recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a leukocyte-depleting filter on cerebral and renal recovery after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods: Sixteen 1-week-old piglets underwent cardiopulmonary bypass, were cooled to 18°C, and underwent 60 minutes of circulatory arrest, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion and rewarming. Global and regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen metabolism, and renal blood flow were determined before cardiopulmonary bypass, after the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, and at 1 hour of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. In the study group (n = 8 piglets), a leukocyte-depleting arterial blood filter was placed in the arterial side of the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit. Results: With cardiopulmonary bypass, no detectable change occurred in the cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen metabolism, and renal blood flow in either group, compared with before cardiopulmonary bypass. In control animals, after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, blood flow was reduced to all regions of the brain ( P P = .02), compared with before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Cerebral oxygen metabolism was also significantly reduced to 60.1% ± 11.3% of the value before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest ( P = .001). In the leukocyte-depleting filter group, the regional cerebral blood flow after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was reduced, compared with the value before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest ( P P > .1). The cerebral oxygen metabolism fell to 66.0% ± 22.3% of the level before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, which was greater than the recovery in the control animals but not significantly so ( P = .5). After deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, the renal blood flow fell to 81.0% ± 29.5% of the value before deep hypothermic circulatory arrest ( P = .06). Improvement in renal blood flow in the leukocyte filter group was not significantly greater than the recovery to 70.2% ± 26.3% in control animals ( P = .47). Conclusions: After a period of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, there is a significant reduction in cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen metabolism, and renal blood flow. Leukocyte depletion with an in-line arterial filter does not appear to significantly improve these findings in the neonatal piglet. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:1262-9)
A trade dispute between the USA and Canada

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the issues in the US‐Canada trade dispute over lumber trade, to analyze the US and Canada's claims and positions in this dispute, and make projections of future possibilities regarding this dispute.Design/methodology/approach – The research method is to review published studies dealing with this dispute and gather public and private data pertaining to issues involved in this dispute.Findings – The paper finds that the US lumber industry's claims of unfair trade by Canada's lumber industry are not supported. Canada is in compliance with World Trade Organization policies and North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)'s agreement. US antidumping and countervailing tariffs on imported Canadian lumber violate NAFTA's rules. Past and current resolutions to this dispute are temporary.Originality/value – This paper explores the real reasons behind the dispute and evaluates the merits of the interim solutions.
Single-crystal growth of MF2 : UF4 : CeF3 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) solid solutions

Abstract The melt growth of solid-solution single crystals of MF2 : UF4 : CeF3 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) is described. Comments on relevant parts of the binary MF2-UF4 systems applicable to the crystal-growth problem and some new information are also presented. The question of the existence of a crystallographic phase transformation in pure UF4 was investigated.
Dynamics and magnitude of virus-induced polyclonal B cell activation mediated by BCR-independent presentation of viral antigen

Hypergammaglobulinemia and production of autoantibodies occur during many viral infections, and studies have suggested that viral antigen-presenting B cells may become polyclonally activated by CD4 T cells in vivo in the absence of viral engagement of the BCR. However, we have reported that CD4 cells in lymphocytic choriomengitis virus (LCMV)-infected mice kill adoptively transferred B cells coated with LCMV class II peptides. We report here that most of the surviving naive B cells presenting class II MHC peptides undergo an extensive differentiation process involving both proliferation and secretion of antibodies. Both events require CD4 cells and CD40/CD40L interactions but not MyD88-dependent signaling within the B cells. B cells taken from immunologically tolerant donor LCMV-carrier mice with high LCMV antigen load became activated following adoptive transfer into LCMV-infected hosts, suggesting that B cells present sufficient antigen for this process during a viral infection. No division or activation of B cells was detected at all in virus-infected hosts in the absence of cognate CD4 T cells and class II antigen. This approach, therefore, formally demonstrates and quantifies a virus-induced polyclonal proliferation and differentiation of B cells, which, due to their high proportion, would mostly have BCR not specific for the virus.
Partial response as a predictor of outcome in geriatric depression.

Objective Although geriatric depression generally responds to treatment, patients are often left with residual symptoms after acute treatment. Data are lacking on the eventual outcomes of individuals who are partial responders or poor responders to initial treatment. Methods The authors examined 200 patients initially treated with a treatment-based guideline approach that allowed for physician choice. Results After 3 months, 34.0% of patients were remitted, 37.5% had achieved a partial response, and 28.5% were still highly symptomatic. After 6 months of treatment, 51.1% of patients were remitted, 36.5% were partial responders, and 12.5% were still experiencing significant depressive symptoms. Cumulative remission rates over 18 months of treatment were significantly higher among partial responders than among highly symptomatic patients at 6 months, but not at 3 months. In terms of relapse, defined as a Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score greater than 15, 42.0% of the remitted and partial-responder groups had relapsed by 18 months. When compared with remitted patients, partial responders at 6 months were more likely to experience a relapse. There were no differences in relapse rate between the two groups at 3 months. Conclusion These results suggest that during ongoing active treatment of geriatric depression, the level of improvement at 6 months, but not 3 months, is predictive of subsequent course.
Strengths of Taiwan’s Medical Device Industry

This paper presents an overview of the medical device manufacturing industry in Taiwan. Taiwan’s medical device manufacturers have achieved mature production technology in homecare products. With assistance provided to international giants through Original Equipment Manufacturer and through sales of self-owned brands, they are securing a predominant position on the global market. Contact lenses and glucose meters made in Taiwan have also shown significant growth in production and exports for the past few years and have become potential export-oriented medical devices for Taiwan. Taiwan’s manufacturers can quite professionally deal with issues such as flexible manufacturing and process cost management, and they are rather competitive in emerging markets that demand high quality and fair prices. These qualities help maintain the continuous increase in export momentum. In addition, international manufacturers, one after the other, are establishing their research and development centers in China and purchasing related parts and components locally to form their supply chains in Asia. This helps Taiwan’s manufacturers in other industrial sectors who are proactively making investments in the medical device industry and driving high value for the industry get the upper hand when they seek to connect with the global medical device industry, as well as be able to cut into the international medical device supply chain in the future.
Kinetics studies of substituted aryl phosphate hydrolysis by two acid phosphatases

Abstract First-order kinetic constants under subsaturating conditions as well as Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters have been determined with a wide range of substituted aryl phosphates hydrolyzed in the presence of acid phosphatases of bovine milk and potato. The results obtained suggest that decomposition of an enzyme-phosphate intermediate is rate controlling for both enzymatic reactions. However, while with the potato acid phosphatase no evidence of effects by the substrates on preceding steps in the reaction sequence was found, Km for the bovine milk enzyme was markedly affected by the nature of the phosphate hydrolyzed.
Inner Coulomb corrections to pion-nucleon scattering phase-shifts

A calculation of the inner Coulomb corrections to pionnucleon phase shifts is presented which does not depend on an expansion in powers ofkr0. The estimates obtained depend on the choice of simple, reasonable potential models. It is noted that the same corrections may be useful in analyzing other elementary particle reactions.
The Catalytic and Lectin Domains of UDP-GalNAc:Polypeptide α-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase Function in Concert to Direct Glycosylation Site Selection

UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide α-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAcTs), a family (EC 2.4.1.41) of enzymes that initiate mucin-type O-glycosylation, are structurally composed of a catalytic domain and a lectin domain. Previous studies have suggested that the lectin domain modulates the glycosylation of glycopeptide substrates and may underlie the strict glycopeptide specificity of some isoforms (ppGalNAcT-7 and -10). Using a set of synthetic peptides and glycopeptides based upon the sequence of the mucin, MUC5AC, we have examined the activity and glycosylation site preference of lectin domain deletion and exchange constructs of the peptide/glycopeptide transferase ppGalNAcT-2 (hT2) and the glycopeptide transferase ppGalNAcT-10 (hT10). We demonstrate that the lectin domain of hT2 directs glycosylation site selection for glycopeptide substrates. Pre-steady-state kinetic measurements show that this effect is attributable to two mechanisms, either lectin domain-aided substrate binding or lectin domain-aided product release following glycosylation. We find that glycosylation of peptide substrates by hT10 requires binding of existing GalNAcs on the substrate to either its catalytic or lectin domain, thereby resulting in its apparent strict glycopeptide specificity. These results highlight the existence of two modes of site selection used by these ppGalNAcTs: local sequence recognition by the catalytic domain and the concerted recognition of distal sites of prior glycosylation together with local sequence binding mediated, respectively, by the lectin and catalytic domains. The latter mode may facilitate the glycosylation of serine or threonine residues, which occur in sequence contexts that would not be efficiently glycosylated by the catalytic domain alone. Local sequence recognition by the catalytic domain differs between hT2 and hT10 in that hT10 requires a pre-existing GalNAc residue while hT2 does not.
The effect of aging on the structure and function of liver messenger RNA

Abstract The size of the poly(A) segment of poly(A)+RNA extracted from hepatocytes isolated from 4- to 30-month-old rats was determined using polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis. The average size of the poly(A) segment isolated from newly synthesized poly(A)+RNA was 150 nucleotides, and the average size of the poly(A) segment isolated from the steady state pool of cytoplasmic poly(A)+RNA was 70 nucleotides. No significant age related change in either the size or the heterogeneity of the newly synthesized poly(A) segment was found. The translational activity of poly(A)+RNA isolated from livers of 4- to 30-month-old rats was determined using wheat germ extract and rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free systems. No age-related change in the translational activity of the poly(A)+RNA was observed. The effect of aging on the cap structure was also studied by measuring the inhibition of cell-free translation by 7-methyl guanosine-5′-monophosphate. No age-related change in the sensitivity of the poly(A)+RNA preparations to inhibition of translation by 7-methyl guanosine-5′-monophosphate was observed. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that no major age-related change occurs in the structure of the poly(A) segment, the translational activity, or the cap structure of poly(A)+RNA from rat liver.
Fossil particle tracks in extraterrestrial materials

Abstract Track studies in extraterrestrial materials can be used to obtain unique information about a number of problems including cosmic rays, solar flares, nucleosynthesis, planet formation, and dynamic processes such as erosion of bodies in space. This article, written before the reception of the first lunar samples, summarizes prior work done on meteorites and makes projections for track studies in lunar materials. By and large, the actual results on the lunar samples reported in Science 167 (Jan. 1970) follow the projections made here.
Neutron diffraction study of cyanate ligand order/disorder in AgNCO at 300–50 K

Abstract The study of ordered/disordered cyanate ligands in AgNCO was carried out using the neutron powder diffractometers, high-pressure preferred orientation (HIPPO) and high-intensity powder diffractometer (HIPD), at LANSCE. Structural analysis was performed on AgNCO at five different temperatures (300, 200, 150, 100 and 50 K). AgNCO (No. 11, P21/m, a = 5.4742 ( 3 ) A , b = 6.3784 ( 2 ) A , c = 3.4170 ( 1 ) A β = 90.931 ( 5 ) , vol.=119.298(8), density=4.173 g/cm3, and Z = 2 ) was found to have an ordered OCN ligand from 300 to 50 K. The bond lengths results from the analysis yielded Ag–N=2.1483(14) A, C–N=1.1708(33) A and C–O=1.1829(35) A.
Polysomnographic outcome of adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children under 5 years old

ObjectiveTo determine success rates after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); postoperative polysomnogram (PSG) results were compared with preoperative results in children younger than 5 years.MethodsThirty-four children with a preoperative respiratory disturbance index (RDI) greater than 5 in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep underwent both preoperative and postoperative PSG with at least five of seven parameters recorded.ResultsPreoperatively, mean total RDI was 15.5, mean REM RDI was 39.6, and 25 (74%) had severe OSA (REM RDI > 20). Postoperatively, mean total RDI improved to 3 (P > 0.001), mean REM RDI to 7.4 (P < 0.001), and 4 remained severe. Overall 22 (65%) showed REM RDI in the normal range (<5), including all with a preoperative REM RDI less than 30.ConclusionOn PSG criteria, most children with OSA significantly improved after adenotonsillectomy, but a number had persisting abnormalities. Postoperative PSG should be considered to identify unresolved OSA.
Limitations of the pediatric risk of mortality score in assessing children with acute renal failure.

The pediatric risk of mortality score (PRISM) incorporates 14 physiological and laboratory variables to calculate a patient's score, which is then adjusted for operative status and age to determine the probability of death. Because of the ethical issues surrounding the initiation of dialysis in critically ill children, a scoring system which could differentiate survivors from nonsurvivors prior to the initiation of dialysis would be useful to the clinician. Similarly, a score which could accurately estimate the probability of mortality in children with acute renal failure would be useful to third party payors attempting to evaluate the performance of individual care providers. We calculated PRISM scores on the day dialysis was initiated, retrospectively, in 31 children seen from 1984–1988 with the diagnosis of acute renal failure and requiring dialysis, in order to determine if the PRISM score was accurate in prediction of mortality. In addition, we calculated scores on the day of admission to the intensive care unit (DICU) in order to see if DICU scores accurately reflected mortality risk. The mean PRISM scores of nonsurvivors were significantly higher than the mean scores of survivors on the day dialysis therapy was initiated. However, overlap in the scores of survivors and nonsurvivors would limit the applicability of PRISM scores for clinical decision making. Children that developed acute renal failure requiring dialysis due to extrarenal diseases had a higher mortality rate than those that had primary renal disease (57% versus 12.5%,P<0.05). DICU scores underestimated the mortality of these patients. The decision to institute dialysis for children with acute renal failure cannot be based on PRISM scores calculated during the hospital course. The use of PRISM scores in quality assurance activities for children with acute renal failure is inappropriate.
Hoechst 33258 Tethered by a Hexa(ethylene glycol) Linker to the 5'-Termini of Oligodeoxynucleotide 15-Mers: Duplex Stabilization and Fluorescence Properties.

A fluorescent Hoechst 33258 derivative has been prepared in which a hexa(ethylene glycol) linker is attached to the terminal phenol residue. Conjugation of this derivative to DNA sequences is accomplished by a reversed coupling protocol, one in which the 5‘-terminal nucleoside residue of a fully protected DNA sequence is converted to a terminal phosphoramidite. In the presence of the Hoechst derivative and tetrazole the final coupling reaction is achieved to generate the conjugated nucleic acid. After deprotection and cleavage of the conjugate from the support, HPLC analysis indicates that the conjugation reaction proceeds with yields as high as 75%. The presence of the conjugated Hoechst derivative increases the stability of DNA duplexes typically by 10−16 °C. A variety of sequence variants indicate that the tether length is sufficient to reach beyond the terminus of the DNA duplex and bind to internal A-T rich target sequences as far away as four base pairs from the site of attachment. A four base pair ...
Environmental sustainability in Qatar's Education City: Strategies, initiatives and education

This paper presents a summary of the results of a one-year student-faculty research project on environmental sustainability in Qatar's prime knowledge economy vehicle, the Qatar Foundation (QF), and its home, Education City (EC), in Doha. The project's main objective was to produce new information on the emergence of environmental sustainability policy and practice on the QF's agenda from a number of angles. The research team adopted a multi-level, multi-method approach to the topic, analyzing developments on three hierarchically interlinked levels: (i) strategic priorities of the State of Qatar and QF; (ii) initiatives and projects in EC; and (iii) individual attitudes and self-reported behavior of EC undergraduate students. A variety of research methods were employed, including document-based analysis, semi-structured interviews and survey research. The survey, administered in November 2012-February 2013, yielded a sample of 114 responses. Highlights of the survey analysis are presented in this summary ...
Transmitter plasticity in the developing brain

A neuron's identity has historically been defined by its neurotransmitter phenotype. Traditionally, this phenotype was considered immutable. However, it has been shown that external factors can drastically affect neurotransmitter expression. Early work using transplanted neural crest cells and peripheral neurons indicates that a neuron's environment alters its neurotransmitter expression. Later studies in the brain note that modulation of transmitter phenotype is influenced by presynaptic, target, and local signals. We review these studies that explore phenotypic plasticity, focusing on the central nervous system. We note that altered transmitter phenotype may impact on the developing brain and influence synaptic function, axonal development, proliferation, and survival. MRDD Research Reviews 1998; 4:150–156. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A reappraisal of cholangiocarcinoma in patient with hepatolithiasis.

Background. Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma is not often encountered. During the past 3 years, an increased incidence of patients with hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma was noted. Data were needed to reliably determine the incidence of this disease. Methods. Data concerning the relationship between cholangiocarcinoma and hepatolithiasis are presented. The treatment modalities and factors that influence long-term survival are discussed. Results. The overall incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in association with hepatolithiasis was 5.0% (55 in 1105). Before 1987, 65% of cholangiocarcinoma in association with hepatolithiasis was diagnosed postoperatively. After 1987, the incidence of accurate preoperative diagnosis increased (22.8%), and in most of the other instances (62.8%), the diagnosis was made at laparotomy. Surgical procedures consisted of common bile duct exploration with T-tube drainage (100%) and hepatectomy (38.2%). Mortality for patients who underwent surgery was 5.4%; they died of recurrent cholangitis. The overall median survival time of patients with cholangiocarcinoma in association with hepatolithiasis was 10.4 months; the 1-, 2-, and 4-year cumulative survival rates were 30.0%, 12.7%, and 3.6%, respectively. Patients with hepatectomy or the presence of mucobilia had better survival rates (P < 0.05). Conclusions. The overall incidence of hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma was 5%. In most patients with cholangiocarcinoma in association with hepatolithiasis, diagnosis can be made preoperatively and at laparotomy. Patients with hepatectomy or presence of mucobilia had better survival rates.
A Serine-Substituted P450 Catalyzes Highly Efficient Carbene Transfer to Olefins In Vivo

Whole-cell catalysts for non-natural chemical reactions will open new routes to sustainable production of chemicals. We designed a cytochrome 'P411' with unique serine-heme ligation that catalyzes efficient and selective olefin cyclopropanation in intact Escherichia coli cells. The mutation C400S in cytochrome P450(BM3) gives a signature ferrous CO Soret peak at 411 nm, abolishes monooxygenation activity, raises the resting-state Fe(III)-to-Fe(II) reduction potential and substantially improves NAD(P)H-driven activity.
Characterization of the California technical bulletin 133 ignition source and a comparable gas burner

The California Bulletin (CB) 133 upholstery ignition source is based on the use of crumpled newsprint. The present work examined the reproducibility of several aspects of this source when placed on an inert chair mock-up. The tendency of this source to heat the side arms of a chair, the area of the seat back subjected to high heat fluxes, the peak flux there and the flux duration all showed substantial variability. For inherently lesser variability a gas burner is preferred. A gas burner, derived from that developed at the British Fire Research Station, was shaped so as to deposit a similar pattern of heat to that of the CB 133 source. The two sources were tested for comparability both on chair mock-ups and on full-scale chairs made from a wide variety of materials. The results indicate that the gas burner, as used here, is a somewhat less severe ignition source than is the CB 133 igniter.
Two novel compound heterozygous mutations in OPA3 in two siblings with OPA3-related 3-methylglutaconic aciduria

OPA3-related 3-methylglutaconic aciduria, or Costeff Optic Atrophy syndrome, is a neuro-ophthalmologic syndrome of early-onset bilateral optic atrophy and later-onset spasticity, and extrapyramidal dysfunction. Urinary excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid and of 3-methylglutaric acid is markedly increased. OPA3-related 3-methylglutaconic aciduria is due to mutations in the OPA3 gene located at 19q13.2-13.3. Here we describe two siblings with novel compound heterozygous variants in OPA3: c.1A>G (p.1M>V) in the translation initiation codon in exon 1 and a second variant, c.142+5G>C in intron 1. On cDNA sequencing the c.1A>G appeared homozygous, indicating that the allele without the c.1A>G variant is degraded. This is likely due to an intronic variant; possibly the IVS1+5 splice site variant. The older female sibling initially presented with motor developmental delay and vertical nystagmus during her first year of life and was diagnosed subsequently with optic atrophy. Her brother presented with mildly increased hip muscle tone followed by vertical nystagmus within the first 6 months of life, and was found to have elevated urinary excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid and 3-methylglutaric acid, and optic atrophy by 1.5 years of age. Currently, ages 16 and 7, both children exhibit ataxic gaits and dysarthric speech. Immunofluorescence studies on patient's cells showed fragmented mitochondrial morphology. Thus, though the exact function of OPA3 remains unknown, our experimental results and clinical summary provide evidence for the pathogenicity of the identified OPA3 variants and provide further evidence for a mitochondrial pathology in this disease.
Sex differences in white matter alterations accompanying obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Females with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) show different psychological and physiological symptoms from males, which may be associated with sex-related variations in neural injury occurring with the disorder. To determine whether male- or female-specific brain injury is present in OSA, we assessed influences of sex on white matter changes in the condition. DESIGN: Two-group factorial. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: 80 subjects total, with newly diagnosed, untreated OSA groups of 10 female (age mean ± SE: 52.6 ± 2.4 years, AHI 22.5 ± 4.1 events/h) and 20 male (age 48.9 ± 1.7, AHI 25.5 ± 2.9) patients, and 20 female (age 50.3 ± 1.7) and 30 male (age 49.2 ± 1.4) healthy control subjects. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Brain fiber integrity was assessed with fractional anisotropy (FA), a diffusion tensor imaging-derived measure. Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, depression, and anxiety were assessed with questionnaires. We identified regions of differing injury in male versus female OSA patients by assessing brain regions with significant interaction effects of OSA and sex on FA. Areas of sex-specific, OSA-related FA reductions appeared in females relative to males, including in the bilateral cingulum bundle adjacent to the mid hippocampus, right stria terminalis near the amygdala, prefrontal and posterior-parietal white matter, corpus callosum, and left superior cerebellar peduncle. Females with OSA showed higher daytime sleepiness, anxiety and depression levels, and reduced sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS: Sex differences in white matter structural integrity appeared in OSA patients, with females more affected than males. These female-specific structural changes may contribute to or derive from neuropsychological and physiological symptom differences between sexes. CITATION: Macey PM; Kumar R; Yan-Go FL; Woo MA; Harper RM. Sex differences in white matter alterations accompanying obstructive sleep apnea. SLEEP 2012;35(12):1603-1613. Language: en
In and out forests on combinatorial landscapes

Abstract Fitness landscape theory is a mathematical framework for numerical analysis of search algorithms on combinatorial optimization problems. We study a representation of fitness landscape as a weighted directed graph. We consider out forest and in forest structures in this graph and establish important relationships among the forest structures of a directed graph, the spectral properties of the Laplacian matrices, and the numbers of local optima of the landscape. These relationships provide a new approach for computing the numbers of local optima for various problem instances and neighborhood structures.
Wave evolution over submerged sills: tests of a high-order Boussinesq model

Abstract A Boussinesq model accurate to O ( μ ) 4 , μ = k 0 h 0 in dispersion and retaining all nonlinear effects is derived for the case of variable water depth. A numerical implementation of the model in one horizontal direction is described. An algorithm for wave generation using a grid-interior source function is derived. The model is tested in its complete form, in a weakly nonlinear form corresponding to the approximation δ = O ( μ 2 ), δ = a / h 0 , and in a fully nonlinear form accurate to O ( μ 2 ) in dispersion [Wei, G., Kirby, J.T., Grilli, S.T., Subramanya R. (1995). A fully nonlinear Boussinesq model for surface waves: Part 1. Highly nonlinear unsteady waves. J. Fluid Mech., 294, 71–92]. Test cases are taken from the experiments described by Dingemans [Dingemans, M.W. (1994). Comparison of computations with Boussinesq-like models and laboratory measurements. Report H-1684.12, Delft Hydraulics, 32 pp.] and Ohyama et al. [Ohyama, T., Kiota, W., Tada, A. (1994). Applicability of numerical models to nonlinear dispersive waves. Coastal Engineering, 24, 297–313.] and consider the shoaling and disintegration of monochromatic wave trains propagating over an elevated bar feature in an otherwise constant depth tank. Results clearly demonstrate the importance of the retention of fully-nonlinear effects in correct prediction of the evolved wave fields.
Oroonoko in Nineteenth‐Century Germany: Race and Gender in Luise MüHlbach's Aphra Behn

Many critics consider Aphra Behn's novella Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave (1688) the first anti-slavery narrative. England's first professional woman writer, Behn left a literary legacy divided between recognition of Oroonoko by abolitionists and rejection of her reputation for indecency. In her novel Aphra Behn (1849), the German author Luise Muhlbach joins these disparate strands of Behn reception. She adapts Behn's slave story within the historical context of nineteenth-century abolitionism, and she reinterprets Behn's biography and controversial literary reputation, transforming Behn into a respectable female literary predecessor. Muhlbach's text asserts a specifically female authorial legitimacy and challenges male dominance in social relations and in literary culture. Drawing on post-colonial cultural criticism, this essay examines Muhlbach's alterations of Behn's Oroonoko, focusing on the racial and gendered dynamics of power in the white female protagonist's relationship to the black slave couple and to male colonial authority. Although Muhlbach employs a more modern anti-racist discourse than Behn, Aphra's position remains implicated with the colonial order, and while the black woman Imoinda gains in agency, she lacks the autonomous subjectivity of Aphra and Oroonoko. In her larger project of recuperating Behn's literary reputation, Muhlbach privileges the white European woman's subjectivity against the background of the black woman as ‘other’.
Effects of restriction on children's intake differ by child temperament, food reinforcement, and parent's chronic use of restriction

Parents’ use of restrictive feeding practices is counterproductive, increasing children’s intake of restricted foods and risk for excessive weight gain. The aims of this research were to replicate Fisher and Birch’s (1999b) original findings that short-term restriction increases preschool children’s (3–5 y) selection, intake, and behavioral response to restricted foods, and to identify characteristics of children who were more susceptible to the negative effects of restriction. The experiment used a within-subjects design; 37 children completed the food reinforcement task and heights/weights were measured. Parents reported on their use of restrictive feeding practices and their child’s inhibitory control and approach. Overall, the findings replicated those of and revealed that the effects of restriction differed by children’s regulatory and appetitive tendencies. Greater increases in intake in response to restriction were observed among children lower in inhibitory control, higher in approach, who found the restricted food highly reinforcing, and who had previous experience with parental use of restriction. Results confirm that the use of restriction does not reduce children’s consumption of these foods, particularly among children with lower regulatory or higher appetitive tendencies.
Mammalian DNA (cytosine-5) Methyltransferases and Their Expression

Abstract Two classes of functional DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferases have been discovered in mammals to date. One class methylates the unmodified DNA and is designated as the de novo enzyme, whereas the other maintains the methylation status of the daughter strand during DNA replication and thus is referred to as a maintenance DNA methyltransferase. Each enzyme catalyzes methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl- l -methionine to cytosine bases in DNA. During methylation the enzyme flips its target base out of the DNA duplex into a typically concave catalytic pocket. This flipped cytosine base is then a substrate for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The newly formed 5-methylcytosine confers epigenetic information on the parental genome without altering nucleotide sequences. This epigenetic information is inherited during DNA replication and cell division. In mammals, DNA methylation participates in gene expression, protection of the genome against selfish DNA, parental imprinting, mammalian X chromosome inactivation, developmental regulation, T cell development, and various diseases.
X-Rays from Hybrid Stars

The late-type giants and supergiants of the "hybrid chromosphere" class display signatures of cool (T 2 × 104 K) winds together with hot emission lines from species like C IV (T ~ 105 K). A survey of such stars by Reimers et al. using ROSAT reported numerous X-ray detections (T ~ 106 K), strengthening the (then heretical) idea that hot coronae and cool winds can coexist in luminous giants. However, several of the candidate sources were offset from the predicted stellar coordinates, calling into question the identifications. In an effort to secure better knowledge of the X-ray luminosities of the hybrids, the ROSAT fields from the Reimers et al. survey were reexamined, exploiting the USNO-A2.0 astrometric catalog to register the pointings to a few arcseconds accuracy. On the basis of positional mismatches, at least two of the previously reported detections of key hybrid stars—γ Dra (K5 III) and β Aqr (G0 Ib)—must be rejected. The new X-ray upper limits for these stars, combined with the remaining candidate detections (and nondetections) from the original survey, place the hybrids into the same "X-ray deficient" category as the "noncoronal" red giants like Arcturus (α Boo: K1.5 III) and Aldebaran (α Tau: K5 III). A few of the hybrid X-ray sources are exceptional, however. The archetype α TrA (K2 II-III), in particular, is securely detected in terms of positional coincidence, but its anomalous, contradictory coronal properties suggest that an unseen companion—a young hyperactive G dwarf—might dominate the X-ray emission.
Studies on convulsive disorders in young children

In a cohort of 18,700 children who survived the neonatal period, 257 had an initial convulsion before the age of 3 years. The average duration of follow-up observation was 3.8 years after the first seizure. The parents of 62 of these children were advised shortly after the initial convulsion to administer phenobarbital prophylactically during subsequent febrile episodes; the other parents were not given such advice within one month after the initial convulsion. Some were given such advice at a later date (98), others not at all (97). The selection for prophylactic treatment was not done systematically but depended on the judgment of the pediatricians in individual cases. The study showed that the group with early prophylactic treatment (within one month after the initial convulsion) had a significantly smaller probability of recurrence of a second convulsion within the first year, especially within the first 6 months, after the initial convulsion. The results were also tabulated for a number of subgroups, such as boys and girls, white and black. The method of study was such as to resolve all doubtful cases in favor of the nontreated group. The findings, therefore, represent minimal benefit of intermittent phenobarbital prophylaxis.
The effect of surface deformation on the hot corrosion behavior of some nickel-chromium alloys

Abstract The resistance of some NiCr alloys to Na 2 SO 4 -induced hot corrosion at 900°C has been found to be strongly affected by surface treatments such as grit-blasting and mechanical indentation. These cold-work procedures, when followed by recrystallization anneal, produced a large number of new grain boundaries in the deformed region. When deformed-and-annealed specimens of NiCr, Ni15 Cr and IN 738 were placed directly in contact with molten Na 2 SO 4 , the grain boundaries facilitated sulphur penetration and enhanced metal wastage. The deleterious effects of mechanical treatments could, in the case of Ni15 Cr, be offset by suitable thermal treatments such as pre-oxidation prior to Na 2 SO 4 exposure.
Laminar Burning Speed Measurements of Premixed JP-8, Oxygen and He Flames

The focus of this study is the calculation of the laminar burning speed of JP-8, oxygen, and helium mixtures at high temperatures and pressures. Two constant volume combustion vessels were used for the analysis. The spherical vessel was primarily used for the collection of pressure data from which the burning speed was calculated. A cylindrical vessel was also used in conjunction with a shadowgraph system to observe the flame structure and the onset of instability. Observations of JP-8 with both nitrogen and helium as diluents were made in the cylindrical vessel and it was seen that at a temperature of 200° C over the range of 1-8 atmospheres pressure and equivalence ratios of 0.7-1.0 with helium as the diluent, the flame was laminar throughout its combustion. Pressure measurements of JP-8 and oxygen with helium as the diluent were then made in the spherical vessel. Laminar burning speed of JP-8 with oxygen and helium has been calculated using the spherical vessel pressure data for this range of temperatures, pressures and equivalence ratios. Power law correlations for burning speeds have been developed for these results.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) proposal revisited: the case of the Asp... His pair in serine proteases.

The fact that hydrogen bonds (HBs) can provide major stabilization to transition states (TSs) of enzymatic reactions is well known. However, the nature of HB stabilization has been the subject of a significant controversy. It is not entirely clear if this stabilization is associated with electrostatic effects of preorganized dipoles or with delocalized resonance effects of the so-called low barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB). One of the best test cases for the LBHB proposal is the complex of chymotrypsin and trifluoromethyl ketone (TFK). It has been argued that the pKa shift in this system provides an experimental evidence for the LBHB proposal. However, this argument could not be resolved by experimental studies. Here we explore the nature of the Asp102–His57 pair in the chymotrypsin-TFK complex by a systematic computational and conceptual study. We start by defining the LBHB proposal in a unique energy-based way. We show that a consistent analysis must involve a description in terms of the energy of the two resonance structures and their mixing. It is clarified that LBHBs cannot be defined according to strength or distance, because ionic HBs can also be strong and short. Similarly, NMR chemical shifts and fractionation factors cannot be used to identify LBHBs in a conclusive way. It is also clarified that HBs with a significant asymmetry cannot be classified as LBHBs, because this contradicts the assumption of equal pKa of the donor and acceptor. Thus, the main issue is the ΔpKa and the corresponding energy difference. With this definition in mind, we calculate the free energy surface of proton transfer in this pair and evaluate the energetics of the different ionization states of this system. The calculations are done by both the semimacroscopic version of the protein dipoles Langevin dipoles (PDLD/S-LRA) model and by the empirical valence bond (EVB) method. The calculations establish that the LBHB proposal is not valid in the chymotrypsin-TFK complex and in other serine proteases. Although previous theoretical studies reached similar conclusion, this is the first time that the same set of free energy calculations reproduce all the known pKa values and pKa changes in the system, while evaluating the energetics and covalent character of the His–Asp system. The present study provides a support to the idea that enzymes work by creating a preorganized polar environment. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recalibration of rotational locomotion in immersive virtual environments

This work uses an immersive virtual environment (IVE) to examine how people maintain a calibration between biomechanical and visual information for rotational self-motion. First, we show that no rotational recalibration occurs when visual and biomechanical rates of rotation are matched. Next, we demonstrate that mismatched physical and visual rotation rates cause rotational recalibration. Although previous work has shown that rotational locomotion can be recalibrated in real environments, this work extends the finding to virtual environments. We further show that people do not completely recalibrate left and right rotations independently when different visual--biomechanical discrepancies are used for left and right rotations during a recalibration phase. Finally, since the majority of participants did not notice mismatched physical and visual rotation rates, we discuss the implications of using such mismatches to enable IVE users to explore a virtual space larger than the physical space they are in.
Study of integration issues in shallow trench isolation for deep submicron CMOS technologies

This paper presents a study of the issues in integrating the pattern, fill, planarization and surface cleanup processes to design a shallow trench isolation (STI) flow suitable for 0.25 micrometers CMOS technologies. Technological choices and their effects on the characteristics of the STI technology are discussed. Experimental data is presented to illustrate how process choices at various stages of the STI flow are made to optimize the STI structure.
43 A PARENT-TO-PARENT PROGRAM

The University of Utah Intermountain Newborn Intensive Care Center has developed a unique support system for parents called the “Parent-to-Parent Program”. With the impact of the multi-stress experience for families and the ever present depletion of nursery staff energies to deal with the ongoing emotional needs of infants' families, it became evident that one of the most valuable resources in meeting the needs of families-parents who had gone through the NICU experience themselves-was not being utilized. Through volunteer visiting in the unit during evening hours, visits and calls to mothers in referring hospitals and pictures and letters to those parents unable to visit because of distance, the 30 members of the Parent Program offer ongoing support. Very positive effects have been seen when parents going through the crisis of the birth of a sick newborn can talk with another parent who had previously gone through the crisis. This group also has been involved in speaking to groups of professionals about their experience in the NICU in an effort to increase empathy and understanding among nursery staff. An ongoing blood drive for NICU infants has been organized, as well as a housing project to provide more economic and expedient traveling for those parents from out-of-state. They have been active in organizing trained baby sitters through the College of Health for parents of newly discharged infants. The graduate parent group is currently becoming involved in death and dying support systems and “peer groups”.
Next generation group facilitation: Proposed principles

This article suggests that the effectiveness of group problem solving using facilitated processes appears to have reached an intellectual and methodological plateau. The time has come to move our thinking about group facilitation research and practice beyond this “plateau.” Warfield's (1986) Domain of Science Model is seen as providing the appropriate frame from which to construct a new set of principles for group facilitation. These principles are set forth for designing an approach to facilitation of communication in problem-solving groups that is appropriate for dealing with the increasingly complex problems characteristic of today's organizations.
Behavior of lateral roots in winter wheat as affected by temperature

Abstract The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature on growth of laterals on the seminal roots of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat seedling root growth was measured on alternate days for 28 days beginning at 4 days after planting. The length, number, time of emergence, and the distance apart of primary lateral roots and the length of the unbranched axis were determined on the plants under air temperatures of 10, 20, 25 and 30°C. The primary lateral roots (i) emerged earlier with increased temperature, and developed closer to the tip of the seminal axis at 20 and 30°C than at 10 and 25°C, (ii) were more closely spaced along the seminal axis at the higher temperatures, (iii)_increased in density along a segment of root within a period of time after planting that varied with temperature, indicating that lateral root emergence did not follow an acropetal sequence, (iv) had a distribution in length that was unaffected by temperature, (v) were fewest in number and least in length at 10°C, greatest in number and length at 25°C, and were intermediate in length and number at 20 and 30°C, and (vi) had lengths that accounted for about 46, 83, 85 and 72% of the total seminal root length at 10, 20, 25 and 30°C, respectively.
Further observations on the evolution of additive genetic variation with mutation.

Abstract Two mutation models, LH by Lynch and Hill and CT by Cockerham and Tachida, utilized for a neutral quantitative character caused by genes with additive effects undergoing mutation and drift, were compared for the genetic variances within, σ w 2 , and between, σ b 2 , replicate small populations initiated from an almost fixed founder population. The two models give results that are very similar for σ w 2 and it is only after a very long time (too long for experimental verification) that they can be distinguished for σ b 2 . The CT model also accommodates small replicate populations initiated from a very large equilibrium founder population. This provides information on the additive variance in the large equilibrium population. Reults from both types of founder populations provide information on the average mutation rate. Formulations for monoecy for the CT model are shown to be satisfactory for separate sexes with the substitution of the appropriate effective population size.