cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Index of Suspicion in the Nursery

A female infant presents with extreme tachycardia and tachypnea on the sixth day after birth. She was born at 35–1/7 weeks’ gestation dated by the mother's last menstrual period and first trimester ultrasonography. The 26-year-old G1P0 mother has a history of anemia and fibroids. Prenatal laboratory results were: AB+ blood type, syphilis screen-nonreactive, hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, human immunodeficiency virus-negative, rubella-immune, and gonorrhea- and chlamydia-negative. Group B streptococcal culture was pending at delivery. The mother presented in preterm labor several hours after rupture of membranes at home with clear amniotic fluid. The infant was delivered by cesarean section due to progressing preterm labor and a frank breech presentation. The infant initially had poor color, tone, heart rate, and respiratory effort, necessitating neonatal resuscitation. After 2 minutes of positive pressure ventilation, the infant stabilized. Apgar scores were 5 at 1 minute and 8 at 5 minutes after delivery. After resuscitation, the infant continued to have nasal flaring and increased work of breathing and was transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for further management. Initial vital signs were: On physical examination, the infant had mild respiratory distress and a soft 2/6 systolic murmur over the apex, but other findings were normal. She was placed on oxygen via nasal cannula while an initial chest radiograph and blood gas were obtained. An intravenous catheter was placed and infusion of a 10% dextrose solution at 60 mL/kg per day was started. A complete blood count and blood culture were obtained and empiric antibiotic therapy with ampicillin and gentamicin for possible sepsis was initiated. The infant's respiratory …
A real-world, community-based cohort study comparing the effectiveness of topical fluorouracil versus topical imiquimod for the treatment of actinic keratosis.

Background The most widely used topical agents for the field-based treatment of multiple actinic keratoses (AKs) are 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod, but their comparative effectiveness has not been assessed in a real-world setting. Objective We compared the effectiveness of 5-fluorouracil and imiquimod in reducing risk for subsequent AKs in a large, integrated health care delivery system in northern California. Methods In this cohort study, we identified adult health plan members who had an AK diagnosed in 2007 and who subsequently filled a prescription for 5-fluorouracil or imiquimod (N = 5700). We followed subjects for subsequent AKs identified by the International Classification of Diseases codes and estimated the 2-year (short-term) and 5-year (long-term) differences in cumulative risk while controlling for potential confounding by pretreatment variables. Results 5-Fluorouracil reduced the short-term incidence of subsequent AKs (cumulative risk difference -4.54% [95% confidence interval, -7.91% to -1.17%]), but there was no statistically significant evidence of a long-term decreased risk (cumulative risk difference -1.43% [95% confidence interval, -3.43% to 0.05%]) compared with that with imiquimod. Limitations This is a retrospective study with limited ascertainment of all relevant potential confounding variables. Conclusion We found that 5-fluorouracil appeared to be significantly more effective than imiquimod in the short-term, but not long-term, prevention of subsequent AKs.
Women and the Egyptian Revolution: Engagement and Activism during the 2011 Arab Uprisings

Since the fall of the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak, female activists have faced the problem of how to transform the spirit of the uprising into long-lasting reform of the political and social landscape. In Women and the Egyptian Revolution, Nermin Allam tells the story of the 2011 uprising from the perspective of the women who participated, based on extensive interviews with female protestors and activists. The book offers an oral history of women's engagement in this important historical juncture; it situates women's experience within the socio-economic flows, political trajectories, and historical contours of Egypt. Allam develops a critical vocabulary that captures women's activism and agency by looking both backwards to Egypt's gender history and forwards to the outcomes and future possibilities for women's rights. An important contribution to the under-researched topic of women's engagement in political struggles in the Middle East and North Africa, this book will have a wide-ranging impact on its field and beyond.
Anemia with Positive Direct Coombs' Test Induced by Trypan Blue

An anemia with a positive direct and indirect Coombs' test was induced in Wistar strain rats by injection of the dye trypan blue. The anemia was characterized by a shortened red cell survival time, increased osmotic fragility and reticulocytosis. There was an associated leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The positive Coombs' tests were regarded as a nonimmunologic phenomena and attributed to the protein binding properties of the dye. Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy were constant findings in the anemic animals. Splenectomy did not alter the course of the anemia. The pathway of erythrocyte destruction was thought to involve the sequestration and destruction of protein coated cells in the spleen, lymph nodes and liver.
Validation of Anthropometric Muscle Cross-Sectional Area Equation after Spinal Cord Injury.

The purposes of this study were to cross-validate a previously derived anthropometric estimation equation specific to the spinal cord injury population and determine the ratios of absolute skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) for the quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductor muscle groups based on magnetic resonance imaging. The validation cohort consisted of eleven men with chronic (>1 yr. post injury) spinal cord injury (SCI). Ten individuals were classified as AIS A or B and one participant was classified as an AIS C. Significant correlations were found between the anthropometrically predicted CSAs and MRI-derived CSAs for the whole muscle including bone and intramuscular fat (r2=0.72, SEE=10.6 cm2, P<0.001), absolute muscle excluding bone and intramuscular fat (r2=0.60, SEE=10.1 cm2, P=0.005), and absolute quadriceps muscle (r2=0.67, SEE=5.5 cm2, P=0.002). The quadriceps, hamstrings and the adductor muscle groups represented 52±5%, 23±6%, and 20±4%, respectively, of the absolute muscle CSA. Our results suggest that the utilization of a previously developed anthropometric equation is applicable to a different validation cohort with SCI. The equation has the ability to predict whole muscle CSA, absolute muscle CSA excluding bone and intramuscular fat, and absolute muscle CSA of the quadriceps in individuals with chronic SCI.
Inhibition of Motility by Inactivated Myosin Heads

Muscle contraction and many other forms of cell motility, such as cell locomotion, cytoplasmic streaming, and cytokinesis, are believed to involve myosin dependent force generation. (For reviews, see Korn, 1978; Weeds, 1982). Our understanding of myosin structure and function has come largely from studies of movement of myosin relative to actin in muscle cells. The currently accepted model suggests that a myosin molecule moves on actin as it undergoes a conformational change of the head region while bound to actin (Huxley, 1969; Adelstein and Eisenberg, 1980). Myosin filaments translocate along actin filaments through a series of individual myosin movements (steps) along the actin filament. After each step, the heads release from the actin so that other mysoin heads can move the myosin filament forward. In most cells, it is currently impossible to quantify myosin movement on actin, and there has been no assay for myosin-based motility in vitro. Recently, however, an in vitro assay was developed (Sheetz ancl Spudich, 1983a,b) for measuring the movement of nonmuscle as well as muscle myosins on actin. With this assay, it is now possible to correlate myosin motility in vitro with muscle contraction and myosin ATPase activity. In the past year, the in vitro assay has been useful in defining a number of important aspects of myosin motility.
Plasma membrane H+-HCO3- transport in rat hepatocytes: A principal role for Na+-coupled HCO3- transport

Na(+)-coupled HCO3- transport has been demonstrated in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, but there is uncertainty regarding its stoichiometry or capacity compared with other mechanisms of H(...
Does RNA secondary structure drive translation or vice versa

The effects of RNA secondary structure on translation have been well recognized; however, the global interplay between both in a dynamic cellular system is poorly understood. Beaudoin, Giraldez and colleagues have analyzed RNA structure dynamics during zebrafish embryonic development and have found that the ribosome unzips mRNA secondary structure during translation, thus leading to a global decrease of structure in highly translated transcripts. Furthermore, the authors establish RNA structure in the 3′ untranslated regions of mRNAs as a major regulator of transcript stability in this context.
An Introduction to Communication Development

This chapter describes typical communication development from infancy to early childhood. The difference between communication, speech, and language is explained, and the nature of early communicative functions, stages of vocal development, and major receptive and expressive language milestones are described. Special attention is given to early speech sound production, intentional communication, semantic development, and morphosyntactic development.
Stroke in HIV

Stroke is a heterogeneous disease in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is thought to increase the risk of stroke through both HIV-related and traditional stroke risk factors, which vary with respect to the patient's age and clinical characteristics. Numerous studies show that detectable viremia and immunosuppression increase the risk of stroke across all ages, whereas traditional risk factors are more common in the aging population with HIV. As persons living with HIV age and acquire traditional stroke risk factors, the prevalence of stroke will likely continue to increase. Large- and small-vessel disease are the most common causes of stroke, although it is important to evaluate for infectious etiology as well. Research regarding the management of stroke in patients with HIV is scant, and recommendations often parallel those for the general population. Treatment of HIV and effective reduction of traditional stroke risk factors is important to reduce the risk of stroke in persons living with HIV. Future research will help elucidate the pathophysiology of HIV and stroke risk, investigate sex differences in stroke risk, and evaluate the safety and benefits of standard stroke preventative measures and HIV-specific interventions in this population.
The human non-visual opsin OPN3 regulates pigmentation of epidermal melanocytes through interaction with MC1R

Abstract Opsins form a family of light-activated, retinal-dependent G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that serve a multitude of visual and non-visual functions. Opsin3 (OPN3 or encephalopsin), initially identified in the brain, remains one of the few members of the mammalian opsin family with unknown function and ambiguous light-absorption properties. We recently discovered that OPN3 is highly expressed in human epidermal melanocytes—the skin cells that produce melanin. The melanin pigment is a critical defense against ultraviolet radiation and its production is mediated by the Gαs-coupled melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). The physiological function and light-sensitivity of OPN3 in melanocytes is yet to be determined. Here we show that in human epidermal melanocytes OPN3 acts as a negative regulator of melanin production by interacting with MC1R and modulating its cAMP signaling. OPN3 negatively regulates the cAMP response evoked by MC1R via activation of the Gαi subunit of G-proteins, thus decreasing cellular melanin levels. In addition to their functional relationship, OPN3 and MC1R colocalize at both the plasma membrane and in intracellular structures and form a physical complex. Remarkably, OPN3 can bind retinal, but does not mediate light-induced signaling in melanocytes. Our results identify a novel function for OPN3 in the regulation of the melanogenic pathway in epidermal melanocytes. Our results reveal a light-independent function for the poorly characterized OPN3 and a novel pathway that greatly expands our understanding of melanocyte and skin physiology. Significance Our data reveals a novel function for the non-visual opsin OPN3 in regulating the pigmentation of human melanocytes by interacting with and modulating the activity of MC1R.
ASSESSING PATIENT OUTCOMES FOLLOWING A FRACTURE

Background:Both primary care sports medicine physicians and orthopedic surgeons, in conjunction with advanced practice providers, often manage young patients with fractures. To our knowledge, no in...
Mammary adipose stromal cells derived from obese women reduce sensitivity to the aromatase inhibitor anastrazole in an organotypic breast model

Aromatase inhibitors are the preferred treatment for certain women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, but evidence suggests that women with obesity experience aromatase inhibitor r...
Synthesis and 125Te NMR Spectroscopy of α-Tellurocarbonyl Compounds and Derivatives

Abstract The reaction of lithium alkyl-, alkenyl-, alkynyl-, and aryl tellurolates with α-bromocarobonlyl compounds in anhydrous tetrahydrofuan gives the title compounds in yields ranging from 55–92%. The 125Te NMR chemical shift range for these compounds is 405–1024 ppm.
Parental-perceived neighborhood characteristics and adolescent depressive symptoms: A multilevel moderation analysis.

AIMS This study examines the moderating role of parental neighborhood perceptions on the relationship between neighborhood structural disadvantage and adolescent depressive symptoms. METHODS Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) consisting of 12,105 adolescents and their parents were used. RESULTS Mixed effects multilevel modeling revealed that parental-perceived neighborhood disorder was associated with higher levels of adolescent depressive symptoms (β = .27, p ≤ .001). The interaction between neighborhood concentrated poverty and parental-perceived neighborhood disorder was also significant (β = -.14, p ≤ .01). Low and high levels of parental-perceived neighborhood disorder were associated with lower (β = -.41, p < .05) and higher (β = .46, p ≤ .01) levels of adolescent depressive symptoms, respectively, with increasing concentrated poverty. Parental-perceived collective efficacy was not associated with adolescent depressive symptoms nor was it a moderator. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the neighborhood's social environment may mitigate adolescent depressive symptoms. Implications for structural interventions are discussed.
Behavioral Science Rounds: Identifying and Addressing the Challenging Issues That Residents Face on a Family Medicine Inpatient Service.

Background and objectives Training residents in the care of hospitalized patients offers an opportunity to integrate behavioral science education with medical care and to foster professional growth, given the severity of coexisting medical and psychosocial problems and the formation of intense transient relationships. Rarely do residents have the time or guidance to reflect on how these experiences and relationships affect them. Weekly behavioral science rounds (BSR) provide dedicated time to reflect on and discuss challenging clinical and professional developmental issues arising during inpatient training. Methods To understand the range of issues that learners experience, we analyzed facilitator notes of 45 consecutive BSR discussions. Through open coding analysis we identified the common topics and recurring themes raised by residents. Results The most common topics related to residents' emotional responses, clinical challenges, and interpersonal conflicts. We identified frequently recurring themes, including understanding the power and limitations of the physician, defining roles and responsibilities, and articulating personal beliefs and values. Early first-year residents had difficulty acclimating to increased responsibility and worried about competence; later, they experienced strong emotional reactions, feared becoming cynical, and were apprehensive about future leadership roles. Conclusions Inpatient BSR can serve as an important educational intervention and professional development tool at a critical time in training. BSR requires a commitment of teaching resources, an assurance that they will occur regularly, and a culture of safety in which residents trust their discussions will be confidential and that they will be treated with respect and caring.
Modeling environmental DNA transport in the coastal ocean using Lagrangian particle tracking

A number of studies have illustrated the utility of environmental DNA (eDNA) for detecting marine vertebrates. However, little is known about the fate and transport of eDNA in the ocean, thus limiting the ability to interpret eDNA measurements. In the present study, we explore how fate and transport processes affect oceanic eDNA in Monterey Bay, California, USA (MB). Regional ocean modeling predictions of advection and mixing are used for an approximately 10,000 km2 area in and around MB to simulate the transport of eDNA. These predictions along with realistic settling rates and first-order decay rate constants are applied as inputs into a particle tracking model to investigate the displacement and spread of eDNA from its release location. We found that eDNA can be transported on the order of tens of kilometers in a few days and that horizontal advection, decay, and settling have greater impacts on the displacement of eDNA in the ocean than mixing. The eDNA particle tracking model was applied to identify possible origin locations of eDNA measured in MB using a quantitative PCR assay for Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). We found that eDNA likely originated from within 40 km and south of the sampling site if it had been shed approximately 4 days prior to sampling.
Cross-modal face recognition using multi-matcher face scores

The performance of face recognition can be improved using information fusion of multimodal images and/or multiple algorithms. When multimodal face images are available, cross-modal recognition is meaningful for security and surveillance applications. For example, a probe face is a thermal image (especially at nighttime), while only visible face images are available in the gallery database. Matching a thermal probe face onto the visible gallery faces requires crossmodal matching approaches. A few such studies were implemented in facial feature space with medium recognition performance. In this paper, we propose a cross-modal recognition approach, where multimodal faces are cross-matched in feature space and the recognition performance is enhanced with stereo fusion at image, feature and/or score level. In the proposed scenario, there are two cameras for stereo imaging, two face imagers (visible and thermal images) in each camera, and three recognition algorithms (circular Gaussian filter, face pattern byte, linear discriminant analysis). A score vector is formed with three cross-matched face scores from the aforementioned three algorithms. A classifier (e.g., k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine, binomial logical regression [BLR]) is trained then tested with the score vectors by using 10-fold cross validations. The proposed approach was validated with a multispectral stereo face dataset from 105 subjects. Our experiments show very promising results: ACR (accuracy rate) = 97.84%, FAR (false accept rate) = 0.84% when cross-matching the fused thermal faces onto the fused visible faces by using three face scores and the BLR classifier.
Security-Based Differences in Touch Behavior and Its Relational Benefits:

Affectionate touch is crucial to the development of attachment security in infancy, yet little is known about how attachment and touch are related in adulthood. For adults high in anxiety, touch pr...
Treatment Components and Participant Characteristics Associated With Outcomes in Self-Monitoring Interventions:

Self-monitoring is one of the most widely used and widely researched strategies for improving student behavior. However, specific research-based guidance about how to design effective self-monitori...
Low temperature homoepitaxy of (010) β-Ga2O3 by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy: Expanding the growth window

In this work, we report on the growth of high-mobility β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial thin films grown at a temperature much lower than the conventional growth temperature window for metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Low-temperature β-Ga2O3 thin films grown at 600 °C on Fe-doped (010) bulk substrates exhibit remarkable crystalline quality, which is evident from the measured room temperature Hall mobility of 186 cm2/V s for the unintentionally doped films. N-type doping is achieved by using Si as a dopant, and a controllable doping in the range of 2 × 1016–2 × 1019 cm−3 is studied. Si incorporation and activation is studied by comparing the silicon concentration from secondary ion mass spectroscopy and the electron concentration from temperature-dependent Hall measurements. The films exhibit high purity (low C and H concentrations) with a very low concentration of compensating acceptors (2 × 1015 cm−3) even at this growth temperature. Additionally, an abrupt doping profile with a forward decay of ∼ 5 nm/dec (10 times improvement compared to what is observed for thin films grown at 810 °C) is demonstrated by growing at a lower temperature.
Parents' Report of Their Children's Underinsurance Status After the Affordable Care Act.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of children’s underinsurance pre- and post-implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Study Design: A cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 5043 parents of children greater than 6 months old who had health insurance in the previous 12 months. Respondents completed the Medical Expenses for Children Survey. Pre-ACA data were collected in summer/fall of 2009 to 2011 (n = 3966); post-ACA data were collected in summer/fall 2016 (n = 1077). All data were collected within the Southwestern Ohio Ambulatory Research Network (SOAR-Net). Results: Some study parents (16.3%) were unable to follow at least 1 recommendation of their child’s pediatrician due to their inability to pay for it, and 17.3% reported it had become more difficult to obtain “needed health care” in the past 3 years. Factors associated with underinsurance after adjusting for demographic factors did NOT include pre/post-ACA, but did include annual household income Conclusions: About 1 in 6 study children were underinsured. The ACA did not affect the underinsurance rate. Parents continued to report that it had become more difficult to obtain needed health care over the past 3 years post-ACA. About one third of study parents consistently reported that the health of their underinsured child had suffered because they could not afford to pay for their child’s health care.
UnFoxing Judicial Review of Agency Policy Reversals or "We Were Told to Like the New Policy Better" Is Not a Good Reason to Change

The Trump Administration’s campaign to roll back Obama Administration regulatory policies created a natural occasion to reflect on how administrative law controls agency policy reversals. For the last decade, the leading precedent on this point has been FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., in which Justice Scalia, writing for five justices, held that, within a zone of reason, an agency can abandon an old policy for a new one based upon unspoken political preferences. According to Justice Scalia, what we might call the “Fox power” is proper because it enables agencies to shift policies to fit the preferences of elected officials, enhancing political accountability. Justice Breyer, who, remarkably, also wrote for five justices in the same case, rejected the Fox power. He insisted that an agency that wishes to make a significant policy shift cannot justify the change with mere political preferences but must instead answer the query, “Why change?” with something more. Although courts have resolved this unnoticed 5-5 split by treating Justice Scalia’s framework as controlling, Justice Breyer had the right of it. The legitimacy of the Fox power depends upon an understanding of mass democracy as a policymaking mechanism that is obviously implausible. In the absence of a democratic justification for the Fox power, allowing agencies to make significant policy changes just because they “like” a new policy better undermines the values of reason and expertise upon which the administrative state depends. To justify abandoning an old policy for a new one, an agency should have to give an answer to “Why change?” that goes beyond “We have been told by persons with power that we like the new policy better.”
Seizure Semiology, EEG, and Imaging Findings in Epilepsy Secondary to Mitochondrial Disease

Background: Identification of an underlying mitochondrial disorder can be challenging due to the significant phenotypic variability between and within specific disorders. Epilepsy can be a presenting symptom with several mitochondrial disorders. In this study we evaluated clinical, electrophysiologic, and imaging features in patients with epilepsy and mitochondrial disorders to identify common features which could aid in earlier identification of a mitochondrial etiology. Methods: Retrospective case series from January 2011 through December 2019 at a tertiary referral center of patients with epilepsy and a genetically confirmed diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder. One-hundred sixty-four patients were reviewed with twenty patients fulfilling inclusion criteria. Results: Twenty patients (14 females, 6 males) aged 0.5 to 61 years with epilepsy and genetically confirmed mitochondrial disorders were identified. Status epilepticus occurred in 15 patients, with focal status in 13 patients, including nine with visual features. Abnormalities over the posterior head cerebral regions were seen in 66% of ictal recordings and 44% of imaging studies. All patients were on nutraceutical supplementation with no significant change in disease progression seen. At last follow-up 8 patients were deceased and the remainder had moderate to severe disability. Discussion: In this series of patients with epilepsy and mitochondrial disorders, we found increased propensity for seizures arising from the posterior head cerebral regions. Over time EEG and imaging abnormalities increasingly occurred over the posterior head cerebral regions. Focal seizures and focal status epilepticus with visual symptoms were common. Additional study is needed on nutraceutical supplementation in mitochondrial disorders.
LINE, SHADE AND SHADOW: THE FABRICATION AND PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

In his foreword to Lois Olcott Price's 2010 work Line, Shade and Shadow: The Fabrication and Preservation of Architectural Drawings, architectural historian James F. O'Gorman cautions the reader th...
Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine in the Age of “Omics”: A Paper from the 2006 William Beaumont Hospital Symposium on Molecular Pathology

Functional genomics and proteomics involve the simultaneous analysis of hundreds or thousands of expressed genes or proteins and have spawned the modern discipline of computational biology. Novel informatic applications, including sophisticated dimensionality reduction strategies and cancer outlier profile analysis, can distill clinically exploitable biomarkers from enormous experimental datasets. Diagnostic pathologists are now charged with translating the knowledge generated by the "omics" revolution into clinical practice. Food and Drug Administration-approved proprietary testing platforms based on microarray technologies already exist and will expand greatly in the coming years. However, for diagnostic pathology, the greatest promise of the "omics" age resides in the explosion in information technology (IT). IT applications allow for the digitization of histological slides, transforming them into minable data and enabling content-based searching and archiving of histological materials. IT will also allow for the optimization of existing (and often underused) clinical laboratory technologies such as flow cytometry and high-throughput core laboratory functions. The state of pathology practice does not always keep up with the pace of technological advancement. However, to use fully the potential of these emerging technologies for the benefit of patients, pathologists and clinical scientists must embrace the changes and transformational advances that will characterize this new era.
Tritium Storage in Ion-Exchanged Zeolites

Cesium-exchanged Type 4A zeolites can encapsulate high-pressure tritium by physical entrapment in interior pores. We present data on storage capacity related to physical pore volume in the zeolite,...
The Conflicting Obligations of Museums Possessing Nazi-Looted Art

During the Nazi regime, much of Europe’s art was pillaged. This Note addresses the conflicts faced by museums when an original owner or heir of artwork brings an ownership claim against a piece in the museum’s collection. Because of their fiduciary duties, museums are encouraged to protect trust assets. Museums can protect their assets from ownership claims with statutes of limitations and laches defenses, which grow stronger with the passage of time. On the other hand, professional codes of conduct encourage museums to work with heirs when there is a claim of ownership to find a mutually agreeable solution. This Note argues that because museum trustees are given discretion, it is reasonable to follow professional ethical guidelines and thus fulfill their duty of care. When the ownership claim is valid, museums should follow the ethical guidelines and work with the heirs to find an amenable solution. When the ownership claim is invalid, however, museums are under no ethical obligation to forego litigation and work with the heirs. If museums decide to pursue litigation when the claim is valid, though, then that behavior is unethical.
Preparation, characterization, and functions of rabbit lymph node cell populations. II. Preparation of KLH primed B memory cells by EAC rosetting and Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation.

Complement receptor lymphocytes (CRL) were isolated from lymph nodes of rabbits immunized 6 days earlier with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Isolation was accomplished by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes sensitized with antibody and horse complement (EAC) followed by Centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque (F-H). The CRL population comprised about 30% of the starting LNC and was highly enriched for surface immunoglobulin (SIg) bearing cells. By the criterion of [3H]thymidine incorporation, CRL responded poorly to Concanavalin A (ConA), but extensively to goat anti-rabbit Fab′ (AFab′) ; indeed, the CRL responded better than unfractionated LNC to AFab′. Upon addition of KLH, the CRL produced much less antibody and total Ig than unfractionated LNC. KLH-challenged T cells prepared on anti-Fab′ columns also synthesized minimal amounts of antibody and Ig. Antigenic challenge of a mixture of CRL and T cells synthesized 3 to 5 times more antibody and Ig than the sum of the individual CRL- and T cell-mediated syntheses. Moreover, the KLH concentration dependency, kinetics, and ratio of 19S7S antibody responses were similar for the unfractionated LNC and the reconstituted mixture of CRL plus T cells. Thus in all examined parameters the reconstituted responses were indistinguishable from the responses of the unfractionated LNC. Therefore, the CRL and T cell populations can be utilized individually and in combination to study their roles in the in vitro induction and regulation of the anamnestic response to KLH.
Kinetics of thermal and photo-initiated release of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP) flame retardant from polyurethane foam materials.

Kinetics of thermal and photo-initiated release of Tris (1.3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP) from the polyurethane foam (PUF) materials were studied using a validated chromatographic method with linear calibration curve in the range of 0.03–400 μg mL−1. Time dependence of TDCP leaching from foam samples was found to follow first-order kinetics; with rate constants directly dependent on ageing temperatures and intensity of UV radiation, rate constants for the thermally and photo initiated were 3.6 × 10−3, 1.03 × 10−2, 3.6 × 10−2 and 3.94 × 10−2 day−1, respectively. Migration of TDCP from foam samples simulating skin or oral exposure were observed from all samples regardless of their ageing history, the presence of biological fluids found to enhance the migration rate. Oral exposure to foam material contains TDCP, which was simulated using the Head-over-Heels test, reveals that an average amount of ∼ 1.7% wt./wt. of the total amount of TDCP was found to leach into biological fluids, and it significantly...
4 - Nuclear Processes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the process of nuclear reactions. Chemical and nuclear equations have similarities in the form of equations and in the requirements on conservation of particles and charge. Nuclear reactions are much more energetic than chemical reactions, but they obey the same physical laws conservation of momentum, energy, number of particles, and charge. The bombardment of nuclei by charged particles or neutrons produces new nuclei and particles. Final energies are found from mass differences and final speeds from conservation of momentum. The cross section for interaction of neutrons with nuclei is a measure of the chance of collision. Reaction rates depend mutually on neutron flows and macroscopic cross section. A stream of uncollided particles is reduced exponentially as it passes through a medium. Neutron absorption cross sections vary greatly with target isotope and with neutron energy, while scattering cross sections is relatively constant. Neutrons are slowed readily by collisions with light nuclei and migrate from their point of origin. On reaching thermal energy they continue to disperse, with the net flow dependent on the spatial variation of flux.
Influenza A neuraminidase antibody assay with sensitized erythrocytes

Erythrocytes sensitized with purified neuraminidase (Hong Kong) antigens were used for assay of influenza A neuraminidase antibodies. The neuraminidase indirect hemagglutination test was equal to the neuraminidase hemagglutination-inhibition (enhancement) test and appeared to be better than the neuraminidase inhibition test for detection of fourfold or greater antibody rises in paired sera from influenza patients or vaccinees. It was better than both tests for detection of neuraminidase antibody. The neuraminidase indirect hemagglutination test is simple to perform and has the advantage of direct antigen-antibody assay.
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary with hydrothorax

Abstract A case of papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary with hydrothorax is presented in which the effusion disappeared after removal of the tumor. It should be emphasized that a patient with an ovarian tumor and hydrothorax is entitled to abdominal exploration even though malignancy is suspected. The condition may be a benign ovarian fibroma, in which case the patient is cured; but even though the tumor be malignant, early removal may be followed by disappearance of the fluid and in some cases even by disappearance of metastases. This case is presented with a plea to the internist for thorough pelvic examination in every case of hydrothorax, and for operation whenever a pelvic tumor is found, even though malignancy is suspected.
Potential harms outweigh benefits of indefinite monitoring of stable adnexal masses

The management of women with asymptomatic adnexal masses should aim to balance potential benefit with potential harm. While masses with highly worrisome features or other signs of malignancy should be referred for surgery, the vast majority of masses have an indeterminate or benign appearance and are candidates for observation. Evidence supports the use of initial short-term serial ultrasound in distinguishing between benign and malignant masses. However, benefit from prolonged, potentially life-long monitoring of stable masses has not been demonstrated. Since the goal of monitoring an adnexal mass is to observe for worrisome growth or increasing complexity as an indicator of malignancy, if the mass remains stable, the likelihood of malignancy and therefore, the potential benefit of observation wanes with time. The recognition that Type 2 high grade serous cancers, which are responsible for the majority of deaths from ovarian cancer, arise from fallopian tube rather than ovarian precursors, further diminishes the likelihood that monitoring a stable ovarian mass will lead to early diagnosis of high grade disease. While some Type 1 cancers may develop from ovarian precursors, the available data suggest that any measurable benefit of monitoring known lesions for detection of these cancers is realized within the first year of observation. The argument in favor of indefinite, potentially life-long monitoring of stable masses also fails to adequately account for the risks of perpetual imaging, which include the risk of incidental findings, an increased likelihood of unnecessary surgery, patient anxiety and cost. It is not always better to order a test than not order a test. Given the absence of evidence of benefit, observation of stable small adnexal masses should be limited in duration in order to minimize potential harms.
A "'Hothouse' of Information and Ideas?": ERIC Resources on the Internet and the Public Services Librarian.

ABSTRACT The Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) is familiar to librarians as the producer of one of the most widely used bibliographic databases available for research in education. Advances in information technology over the past decade, however, have allowed ERIC to provide a wide variety of information resources to users beyond simple access to the ERIC database. A review of the structure and historical development of the ERIC system is followed by a description of the array of information resources now made available to ERIC users through the Internet. The author concludes that ERIC's commitment to the adoption of information technologies such as electronic mail, digital imaging, and the World Wide Web, has allowed the system to redefine the nature of the information services it provides to system users, and suggests that these resources should be more systematically incorporated into public service activities such as reference services and bibliographic instruction.
Manufacturing host computer workstation

The author focuses on the concepts and physical integration of electronic notebooks, manufacturing claiming, feedback to the manufacturing operator, expert systems, statistical process control (SPC), engineering analysis of data, and decision support systems at a host computer manufacturing workstation. Future activity on a PC workstation with multitasking is also addressed, with a discussion of neural networks, CD-ROM, and natural language systems. The concepts are looked at in the order of use by a manufacturing operator. A tool is optionally setup for a run. Next, the tool is run and measurements are taken for both tool and process control software. As a result, recommendations can be made to the operator for tool and process changes. Further in-depth analysis can then be performed by engineers at a later time. >
Structure, expression and duplication of genes which encode phosphoglyceromutase of Drosophila melanogaster.

We report here the isolation and characterization of genes from Drosophila that encode the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglyceromutase (PGLYM). Two genomic regions have been isolated that have potential to encode PGLYM. Their cytogenetic localizations have been determined by in situ hybridization to salivary gland chromosomes. One gene, Pglym78, is found at 78A/B and the other, Pglym87, at 87B4,5 of the Drosophila polytene map. Pglym78 transcription follows a developmental pattern similar to other glycolytic genes in Drosophila, i.e., substantial maternal transcript deposited during oogenesis; a decline in abundance in the first half of embryogenesis; a subsequent increase in the second half of embryogenesis which continues throughout larval life; a decline in pupae and a second increase to a plateau in adults. This transcript has been mapped by cDNA and genomic sequence comparison, RNase protection, and primer extension. Using similar analyses transcripts of Pglym87 could not be detected. Pglym78 has two introns which interrupt the coding region, while the Pglym87 gene lacks introns. This and other features support a model of retrotransposition mediated gene duplication for the origin of Pglym87. The apparent absence of a complete, intact coding frame and transcript suggest that Pglym87 is a pseudogene. However, retention of reading frame and codon bias suggests that Pglym87 may retain coding function, or may have been inactivated recently, substantially after the time of duplication, or that the molecular evolution of Pglym87 is unusual. Similarities of the unusual molecular evolution of Pglym87 and other proposed pseudogenes are discussed.
Gestational and ovarian sex steroid antinociception: synergy between spinal κ and δ opioid systems

Abstract Pain thresholds are elevated during gestation and following the simulation of pregnancy blood levels of estrogen and progesterone (hormone simulated pregnancy; HSP). The analgesia associated with both conditions is opioid-mediated and results from the activation of spinal cord κ and δ (but not μ) opiate receptors. Blockade of spinal κ or δ opiate receptors, individually, can abolish the antinociception associated with either gestational day 20 or day 19 of HSP. Surprisingly, during either physiological pregnancy or HSP, the magnitude of reduction in the increment in jump thresholds following the combined intrathecal application of suboptimum concentrations of κ and δ antagonists is indistinguishable from that observed following their individual intrathecal application. These data indicate that gestational and ovarian sex steroid-induced antinociception is not simply the sum of the independent analgesic effects of spinal κ and δ opioid systems but requires their coincident activation. It is suggested that the synergy that has been reported following the exogenous intrathecal application of κ and δ opioids also occurs between their endogenous counterparts and underlies the intrinsic analgesia associated with each condition. Utilization of such a mechanism allows for significant physiological effects (analgesia) to be achieved with doses of relevant substrates (dynorphin and enkephalin) which alone would produce minimal receptor activation (and analgesia). This would minimize tolerance and dependence formation.
Purification and properties of the pyruvate kinase isozyme M1 from the pig brain

There are four pyruvate kinase isozymes in vertebrate tissues, designated as L, M1, M2, and R. Although pyruvate kinases have been purified and characterized from pig liver, muscle, kidney, and heart, the brain isozyme has not. The aim of this work was to purify, characterize and make an isozymic designation for the pig brain pyruvate kinase. Purification was accomplished by chromatography on phosphocellulose, Sephadex G200, and blue-dextran agarose columns. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was determined by sucrose density centrifugation. The degree of purity, and subunit molecular weight were determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The isoelectric point was estimated by the rapid isoelectric focusing method in sucrose gradients. The pH optimum, and kinetics in the presence and absence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate were determined spectrophotometrically. The purification scheme used resulted in a 382-fold purification of pig brain pyruvate kinase, and a final specific activity of 191 Units/mg protein. As estimated by scanning of the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the purification scheme also resulted in a preparation that was of at least 98% purity. Pig brain pyruvate kinase has a native molecular weight of approx. 230,000, and a subunit molecular weight of approx. 60,000. The pI was determined to be approximately 8.0, while the pH optimum was estimated at pH 7.4. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate had no effect on either the Km for phospho(enol)pyruvate, or the Vmax of the reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Force required to elevate the sternum of pectus excavatum patients.

Pectus excavatum (PE) is one of the most common surgically correctable major congenital malformations, occurring in approximately 1 in every 400 births. Although operative procedures to correct PE deformities have been available for more than five decades, the techniques have varied greatly, as have the number of complications and the longterm results. Despite the frequency of PE, the number of patients undergoing repair was small until 1997, when the technique of minimally invasive repair of PE (MIRPE) was first reported by Nuss and associates. Variations of the modified Ravitch repair, which had been used widely by most surgeons before 1997, include subperichondrial resection of deformed costal cartilages; transverse wedge sternal osteotomy; and anterior fixation of the sternum with a variety of temporary internal support struts, prostheses, or an external harness. The MIRPE avoids cartilage resection and sternal osteotomy by placing a convex steel bar under the sternum through bilateral thoracic incisions and then forcefully turning the bar over to elevate the deformed sternum and costal cartilages to the desired position. The bar is left in place for 2 to 4 years, depending on the age of the patient and the severity of the deformity. The initial reports of favorable clinical experience with the MIRPE included primarily young children (mean age approximately 5 years). During the ensuing years, the MIRPE has been extended to older patients, including occasional adults. Although there has been initial great enthusiasm from both patients and surgeons for the MIRPE, some recent reports have indicated that although the operating time is shorter with the MIRPE than with the modified Ravitch repair, the complication rate, length of hospitalization, and severity of postoperative pain might be considerably higher with the MIRPE. The majority of patients undergoing MIRPE receive epidural analgesia for a few days and oral analgesic medications for several weeks. A major complication of the MIRPE has been flipping of the substernal bar onto the heart, which has been presumed to be related to the weight of the sternum in older patients pushing downward on the bar. The force necessary to elevate the deformed costal cartilages and sternum of PE patients to the desired level has not been previously reported. The relationship between the severity and duration of pain associated with the MIRPE and the force necessary to elevate the anterior chest to the desired level is unclear. Occasional patients have experienced such severe persistent pain after the MIRPE that they have requested early removal of the convex bar. The present study was undertaken to measure the force necessary to elevate the sternum of PE patients of varying ages and severity to the desired position. Consent for the study was granted by the Medical Center Institutional Review Board.