cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF MONOVALENT CATIONS ON THE ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE OF SONICATED ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE.

Abstract 1. 1. Human erythrocyte membrane contains a Mg2+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase activity. The enhancement of this activity requires the simultaneous presence of Na+ and K+. When the membranes were broken by ultrasonic vibrations, the adenosinetriphosphatase activity was enhanced with either Na+ and K+, and in this case enhancement was no longer affected by ouabain. 2. 2. The effects of Mg2+, Ca2+, pH, and detergents on the various manifestations of the adenosinetriphosphatase activity, namely: (a) the Na+-plus-K+-dependent form, (b) the single-ion-dependent form, and (c) the ion-independent form, were studied. The results did not suggest the presence of more than one enzyme. 3. 3. Since the single-ion-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase activity was revealed merely by a physical change in the method of preparation (sonication), it is reasonable to suspect that it and the Na+-plus-K+-dependent activity are different manifestations of a single enzymic activity.
Role of mechanical loading in the progressive ossification of a fracture callus

The progressive ossification pattern in a fracture callus was predicted based on a theory that relates the local stimulus for ossification to the tissue mechanical loading history. Two-dimensional finite element analyses of a fracture callus were considered at three different stages of ossification. The sites of callus ossification represented in the initial model were predicted by previous analyses relating mechanical stress and vascularity to the differentiation of mesenchymal tissue in the early callus. The zones of further ossification, bone bridging, and bone consolidation predicted in the present study were found to be similar to the ossification patterns that have been documented by other researchers. The approach used to predict fracture healing is identical to that of previous studies predicting joint morphogenesis, with the exception that fracture healing requires continuous, attached skeletal elements, whereas joint morphogenesis requires discontinuous, articulating skeletal elements.
An all-taxon microbial inventory of the Moorea coral reef ecosystem

The Moorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Site (17.50°S, 149.83°W) comprises the fringe of coral reefs and lagoons surrounding the volcanic island of Moorea in the Society Islands of French Polynesia. As part of our Microbial Inventory Research Across Diverse Aquatic LTERS biodiversity inventory project, we characterized microbial community composition across all three domains of life using amplicon pyrosequencing of the V6 (bacterial and archaeal) and V9 (eukaryotic) hypervariable regions of small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Our survey spanned eight locations along a 130-km transect from the reef lagoon to the open ocean to examine changes in communities along inshore to offshore gradients. Our results illustrate consistent community differentiation between inshore and offshore ecosystems across all three domains, with greater richness in all domains in the reef-associated habitats. Bacterial communities were more homogenous among open ocean sites spanning >100 km than among inshore sites separated by <1 km, whereas eukaryotic communities varied more offshore than inshore, and archaea showed more equal levels of dissimilarity among subhabitats. We identified signature communities representative of specific geographic and geochemical milieu, and characterized co-occurrence patterns of specific microbial taxa within the inshore ecosystem including several bacterial groups that persist in geographical niches across time. Bacterial and archaeal communities were dominated by few abundant taxa but spatial patterning was consistent through time and space in both rare and abundant communities. This is the first in-depth inventory analysis of biogeographic variation of all three microbial domains within a coral reef ecosystem.
Children of the harvest: The schooling of dust bowl and Mexican migrants during the depression era

(1990). Children of the harvest: The schooling of dust bowl and Mexican migrants during the depression era. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 67, A Look at Rural Education in the United States, pp. 29-45.
Old age and new policy.

IN THE fall of 1987, the Reagan administration announced a 35.8% increase in the monthly Medicare Part B premium for 1988. This increase, from $17.90 to $22.80, was the largest annual rise in the history of the program. An increase of that size would have been expected to draw an instant protest. However, while there were groans from the elderly and others, it was as if a new realism had set in that protest would, in any case, do little good. The simple truth is that health care for the elderly is expensive, that it will become even more so in the years ahead, and that no quick solution is at hand. Expenditures for the elderly under the Medicare program have increased at an inflationary rate of approximately 8% for the past few years; this is a rate twice the general pace of inflation. Despite almost two decades of trying,
Crystal-field splittings and phonon effects on a sharp emission line within a manifold of Pr3+ in Ca5(PO4)3F laser host

The inter-Stark energy levels due to crystal-field splittings within the 1 D 2 → 3 H 4 intermanifold transition of Pr 3+ in calcium fluorapatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F, have been characterized using the fluorescence spectrum at 10 K. The temperature effects of the spectral width and position of the 623.1 (R 2 → X 4 ) nm line within the 1 D 2 → 3 H 4 intermanifold of Pr 3+ in this host have also been investigated. The linewidth of this transition was found to increase with increasing temperature. The emission line shifted toward the shorter wavelength (blue shift). The experimental result of the temperature-dependent widths of this emission line is explained using the phonon-ion interaction theory based on the Debye model for phonons in crystalline solids.
Determination of Triaxial Tensile Failure Surfaces for Curing Epoxy Resins

Microcracking is often observed in the resin pockets of as-cured 3D woven composites with significant through-the-thickness fiber constraint. The resin is subjected to a triaxial tensile stress during cooling due to thermal expansion mismatch and shrinkage during curing. However, the temperature dependence of the failure surface for resins subjected to triaxial tensile stress is not known and there is no standard measurement method for applying a triaxial tensile stress. We have developed a novel method for measuring the triaxial tensile failure stress surface by confining the shrinkage of the resin to tubes of different thicknesses and made of materials with different thermal expansion coefficient. The difference in thermal contraction and shrinkage between the resin and the confining tube subjects the resin to a triaxial tensile stress during cooling and curing. We vary the stress-temperature state by selecting tubes with different coefficient of thermal expansion. We infer the stress in the resin from the deflections of the tube measured by a high resolution dilatometer assuming that the tube is a linear elastic, thick-walled pressure vessel.
The emergence of nationalist politics in Morocco: the rise of the Independence Party and the struggle against colonialism after World War II

In this book on the emergence of the Istiqlal (Independence) Party, Daniel Zisenwine summarises the history of the Moroccan anti-colonial movement from its inauguration during the 1930s until the d...
Characterization of the Transient Response of Polyurea

The strain-rate dependent tensile response of a transparent elastomer, polyurea, is determined at stretch-rates in the range of 800 to 8000 per second. This is accomplished by measuring the spatio-temporal evolution of the particle velocity and strain in a thin strip subjected to high speed impact loading that generates uniaxial stress conditions. The observed response is modeled using a modified viscoplastic constitutive relation.
Ab Initio Study of Phonon-Induced Dephasing of Electronic Excitations in Narrow Graphene Nanoribbons

Vibrational dephasing of the lowest energy electronic excitations in the perfect (16,16) graphene nanoribbon (GNR) and those with the C2-bond insertion and rotation defects is studied with ab initio molecular dynamics. Compared to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) of similar size, GNRs shows very different properties. The dephasing in the ideal GNR occurs twice faster than that in the SWCNTs. It is induced primarily by the 1300 cm−1 disorder mode seen in bulk graphite rather than by the 1600 cm−1 C−C stretching mode as in SWCNTs. In contrast to SWCNTs, defects exhibit weaker electron−phonon coupling compared to the ideal system. Therefore, defects should present much less of a practical problem in GNRs compared to SWCNTs. The predicted optical line widths can be tested experimentally.
The effect of narrow-band digital processing and bit error rate on the intelligibility of ICAO spelling alphabet words

The diagnostic rhyme test (DRT) is widely used to evaluate digital voice systems. Would-be users often have no reference frame for interpreting DRT scores in terms of performance measures that they can understand, e.g., how many operational words are correctly understood. This research was aimed at providing a better understanding of the effects of very poor quality speech on human communication performance. It is especially important to determine how successful communications are likely to be when the speech quality is severely degraded. This paper compares the recognition of ICAO spelling alphabet words (ALFA, BRAVO, CHARLIE, etc.) to DRT scores for the same conditions. Confusions among the spelling alphabet words are also given. The voice conditions included unprocessed speech, speech processed through the DoD standard linear predictive coding algorithm operating at 2400 bits/s with random bit error rates of 0, 2, 5, 8, and 12 percent, and an 800 bit/s pattern matching algorithm. The results suggest that with distinctive vocabularies like the ICAO spelling alphabet, word intelligibility can be expected to remain very high even when DRT scores fall into the poor range; but once the DRT scores fall below about 75, the intelligibility can be expected to fall off rapidly; and at scores below 50, less than half the words will also be understood.
A Comparison of the Sex-Type of Occupational Aspirations and Subsequent Achievement.

This article further explores the connection between the sex-type of a girl's occupational aspirations and the sex-type of her subsequent occupation achieved in the labor market. The authors replicate previous work by Jerry Jacobs and build on it by using more recent data and an alternative methodology to address this issue. Two cohorts of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys are employed to estimate transition probability matrices between the sex-types of aspired occupations and the sex-types of achieved occupations. Then, multivariate models of the probability of entering a traditional (i.e., female-dominated) or nontraditional (i.e., male-dominated) occupation are estimated. The authors find that Jacobs actually overestimated the relationship between aspirations and achievement and that this relationship has, in some ways, grown weaker over time.
Effect of Crystal Orientation on Fatigue Failure of Single Crystal Nickel Base Turbine Blade Superalloys

High cycle fatigue (HCF) induced failures in aircraft gas turbine and rocket engine turbopump blades is a pervasive problem. Single crystal nickel turbine blades are being utilized in rocket engine turbopumps and jet engines throughout industry because of their superior creep, stress rupture, melt resistance, and thermomechanical fatigue capabilities over polycrystalline alloys. Currently the most widely used single crystal turbine blade superalloys are PWA 1480/1493, PWA 1484, RENE' N-5 and CMSX-4. These alloys play an important role in commercial, military and space propulsion systems. Single crystal materials have highly orthotropic properties making the position of the crystal lattice relative to the part geometry a significant factor in the overall analysis. The failure modes of single crystal turbine blades are complicated to predict due to the material orthotropy and variations in crystal orientations. Fatigue life estimation of single crystal turbine blades represents an important aspect of durability assessment. It is therefore of practical interest to develop effective fatigue failure criteria for single crystal nickel alloys and to investigate the effects of variation of primary and secondary crystal orientation on fatigue life. A fatigue failure criterion based on the maximum shear stress amplitude /Delta(sub tau)(sub max))] on the 24 octahedral and 6 cube slip systems, is presented for single crystal nickel superalloys (FCC crystal). This criterion reduces the scatter in uniaxial LCF test data considerably for PWA 1493 at 1200 F in air. Additionally, single crystal turbine blades used in the alternate advanced high-pressure fuel turbopump (AHPFTP/AT) are modeled using a large-scale three-dimensional finite element model. This finite element model is capable of accounting for material orthotrophy and variation in primary and secondary crystal orientation. Effects of variation in crystal orientation on blade stress response are studied based on 297 finite element model runs. Fatigue lives at critical points in the blade are computed using finite element stress results and the failure criterion developed. Stress analysis results in the blade attachment region are also presented. Results presented demonstrates that control of secondary and primary crystallographic orientation has the potential to significantly increase a component S resistance to fatigue crack growth with- out adding additional weight or cost. [DOI: 10.1115/1.1413767]
Quoting Mario Juruna: Linguistic imagery and the transformation of indigenous voice in the Brazilian print press

In this article, I reveal the textual mechanisms that influential news editors employed to manipulate popular understandings of Mario Juruna, a Xavante leader who played an important role in advancing democracy during Brazil's military dictatorship and became the first Indian elected to national office. I argue that editors used the implicit messages of represented language to initiate shifts in the public's perception of the Xavante leader and thereby to change its opinion of him. Juruna's case illustrates that linguistic resources are powerful tools that hegemonic institutions, such as the press, and other dominant parties may employ to advance their own interests and influence public opinion on matters of political and social import.
Estimation of Location Parameter from Two Biased Samples

We consider a problem of estimating an unknown location parameter from two biased samples. The biases and scale parameters of the samples are not known as well. A class of non-linear estimators is suggested and studied based on the fuzzy set ideas. The new estimators are compared to the traditional statistical estimators by analyzing the asymptotical bias and carrying out Monte Carlo simulations.
ON THE ACCURATE PREDICTION OF THE WALL-NORMAL VELOCITY IN COMPRESSIBLE BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW

A method for predicting the wall-normal velocity in compressible boundary layer flow is presented which is the extension of the fully implicit, spectral collocation method developed by Pruett and Streett (1991). The spectrally accurate method under consideration is capable of extracting the wall-normal velocity from the transformation from the physical plane to a computational plane, without interpolation, leaving the continuity equation free as a check on the quality of the solution. When used in conjunction with a highly accurate spectral collocation method for the compressible boundary-layer equations, the method gives a discrete solution which satisfies the continuity equation nearly to machine precision.
Gender As Social Institution

This article encourages sociologists to study gender as a social institution. Noting that scholars apply the institution concept to highly disparate phenomena, it reviews the history of the concept in twentieth-century sociology. The defining characteristic most commonly attributed to social institution is endurance (or persistence over time) while contemporary uses highlight practices, conflict, identity, power, and change. I identify twelve criteria for deciding whether any phenomenon is a social institution. I conclude that treating gender as an institution will improve gender scholarship and social theory generally, increase awareness of gender’s profound sociality, offer a means of linking diverse theoretical and empirical work, and make gender’s invisible dynamics and complex intersections with other institutions more apparent and subject to critical analysis and change.
Darwin's Legacy and the Study of Primate Visual Communication

: After Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872, we had to wait 60 years before the theme of animal expressions was picked up by another astute observer. In 1935, Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts published a detailed comparison of the expressive behavior of a juvenile chimpanzee and of her own child. After Kohts, we had to wait until the 1960s for modern ethological analyses of primate facial and gestural communication. Again, the focus was on the chimpanzee, but ethograms on other primates appeared as well. Our understanding of the range of expressions in other primates is at present far more advanced than that in Darwin's time. A strong social component has been added: instead of focusing on the expressions per se, they are now often classified according to the social situations in which they typically occur. Initially, quantitative analyses were sequential (i.e., concerned with temporal associations between behavior patterns), and they avoided the language of emotions. I will discuss some of this early work, including my own on the communicative repertoire of the bonobo, a close relative of the chimpanzee (and ourselves). I will provide concrete examples to make the point that there is a much richer matrix of contexts possible than the common behavioral categories of aggression, sex, fear, play, and so on. Primate signaling is a form of negotiation, and previous classifications have ignored the specifics of what animals try to achieve with their exchanges. There is also increasing evidence for signal conventionalization in primates, especially the apes, in both captivity and the field. This process results in group-specific or “cultural” communication patterns.
Displacement of estradiol from estrogen receptors by simple alkyl phenols.

Simple alkyl phenols have been tested for their ability to prevent the binding of [3H]estradiol and to displace the prebound hormone from estrogen receptors of uterine cytosols. Tetrahydronaphthol, an analog of the A and B rings of estradiol, is highly effective in preventing the forward binding of estradiol. p-sec-Amyl phenol (pSAP) with a flexible alkyl chain corresponding to the B ring of estradiol is highly effective at 0 C in displacing estradiol which has been prebound by the receptor. Both compounds were more effective at 0 C than at 23 C. The data are discussed in terms of sequential conformational changes which might be required for the binding and release of the natural hormones and their possible relevance to receptor action. (Endocrinology 102: 1429, 1978)
Influencing factors for railroad-highway grade crossing accidents in Florida

Multiple regression was used to investigate the influence of physical factors on accident rates at 1,140 rail-highway grade crossings in Florida. Selection of the final model involved examination of residuals, transformation of variables. dummy variables and interaction terms. Variables in the final model were functions of average daily traffic, type of crossing protection, maximum train speed, trains per day. crossing speed limit, and number of lanes of traffic. Transformations were made to return estimates to the original scale of the data. Suggestions were made for improving the model and the data.
Divergent selection on bill morphology contributes to nonrandom mating between swamp sparrow subspecies

Traits subject to ecologically based divergent selection that also affect nonrandom mating (i.e. ‘magic traits’) may hasten incipient speciation. In this study, we investigated whether nonrandom mating results from ecological divergence between swamp sparrow, Melospiza georgiana , subspecies. As a by-product of adaptive divergence in bill morphology between populations of swamp sparrows, there is a corresponding divergence in features of song shown to be salient to females, potentially providing a mechanism of reproductive isolation. Thus, female mating preferences for song could result in prezygotic isolation that prevents gene flow between subspecies. In this study we tested the hypothesis that female preferences for song provide a mechanism of reproductive isolation that limits gene flow between subspecies. Using copulation solicitation assays, we found that female coastal plain swamp sparrows showed a significant preference for consubspecific songs over heterosubspecific songs. We further tested whether mating preferences in coastal populations explain observed differences in song between subspecies. We found evidence that mating preferences in coastal females may explain the evolution of some acoustic features of song. We suggest that the bill may be an example of a ‘magic trait’ that contributes to continued divergence of swamp sparrow subspecies.
Women, men, and condoms: attitudes and experiences of heterosexual college students.

Most sexually active college students do not use condoms. 213 female and 180 male students of the University of California Los Angeles were individually surveyed via questionnaire on their attitudes toward condom acceptability and use and intentions to use them in future sexual activities. Students were also questioned specifically about condom effectiveness against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) condom comfort and convenience interference with sexual pleasure and the interpersonal consequences of discussing or using condoms. Surveyed students were unmarried self-proclaimed heterosexuals of mean age 18.6 years recruited from introductory psychology courses. 23% were Asian American 10% Black 53% White and 14% Latino. 73.3% of men and 59.2% of women had experienced sexual intercourse. White students were most likely to have had sexual intercourse (76.7%) while Asian Americans were least likely at least once yet only 30.6% had done so during their most recent sexual experiences. No significant gender or ethnic differences were found regarding condom use. Respondents felt mildly positive about a condom ability to offer effective protection but reported a loss of sexual sensation when using condoms. Those with more favorable attitudes toward condoms and positive beliefs about the interpersonal dynamics of condom use reported both higher previous condom use and future intentions to use condoms. Women were more positive about condom use than men. Implications for preventive intervention are discussed.
A multiblock partial least squares algorithm for investigating complex chemical systems

The details of a general multiblock partial least squares (PLS) algorithm based on one originally presented by Wold et al. have been developed and are completely presented. The algorithm can handle most types of relationships between the blocks and constitutes a significant advancement in the modeling of complex chemical systems. The algorithm has been programmed in FORTRAN and has been tested on two simulated multiblock problems, a three-block and a five-block problem. The algorithm combines the score vectors for all blocks predicting a particular block into a new block. This new block is used to predict the predicted block in a manner analogous to the two-block PLS. In a similar manner if one block predicts more than one other block, the score vectors of all predicted blocks are combined to form a new block, which is then predicted by the predictor block as in the two-block PLS. Blocks that both predict and are predicted are treated in such a way that both of these roles can be taken into account when calculating interblock relationships. The results of numerical simulations indicate that the computer program is operating properly and that the multiblock PLS produces meaningful and consistent results.
Treatment Optimization of Municipal Wastewater and Reuse for Regional Irrigation

Municipal wastewater warrants increased attention as a potential environmental pollution and a possible irrigation water source. Under certain conditions, use of municipal effluent (treated wastewater) for irrigation is an effective means for wastewater removal. Using wastewater for irrigation of certain crops (Table 11.1) allows a less stringent treatment level in comparison to disposing of the wastewater to lakes and rivers to be utilized later and may thus alleviate environmental problems. It also has the advantages of providing extra water for farmers who may use the wastewater.
Telerehabilitation Clinical and Vocational Applications for Assistive Technology: Research, Opportunities, and Challenges

Rehabilitation service providers in rural or underserved areas are often challenged in meeting the needs of their complex patients due to limited resources in their geographical area. Recruitment and retention of the rural clinical workforce are beset by the ongoing problems associated with limited continuing education opportunities, professional isolation, and the challenges inherent in coordinating rural community healthcare. People with disabilities who live in rural communities also face challenges accessing healthcare. Traveling long distances to a specialty clinic for necessary expertise may be troublesome due to inadequate or unavailable transportation, disability specific limitations, and financial limitations. Distance and lack of access are just two threats to quality of care that now being addressed by the use of videoconferencing, information exchange, and other telecommunication technologies that facilitate telerehabilitation. This white paper illustrates and summarizes clinical and vocational applications of telerehabilitation. We provide definitions related to the fields of telemedicine, telehealth, and telerehabilitation, and consider the impetus for telerehabilitation. We review the telerehabilitation literature for assistive technology applications; pressure ulcer prevention; virtual reality applications; speech-language pathology applications; seating and wheeled mobility applications; vocational rehabilitation applications; and cost-effectiveness. We then discuss external telerehabilitation influencers, such as the positions of professional organizations. Finally, we summarize clinical and policy issues in a limited context appropriate to the scope of this paper.
Verification of Hybrid Systems with Linear Differential Inclusions Using Ellipsoidal Approximations

A general verification algorithm is described. It is then shown how ellipsoidal methods developed by A. B. Kurzhanski and P. Varaiya can be adapted to the algorithm. New numerical algorithms that compute approximations of unions of ellipsoids and intersections of ellipsoids and polyhedra were developed. The presented techniques were implemented in the verification tool called VeriSHIFT and some practical results are discussed.
Evaluation of gender differences in endothelium-independent dilation using peripheral arterial tonometry

Summary Background: A change in peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) in response to reactive hyperaemia is often used to provide a non-invasive measure of endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD). Reactive hyperaemia does not allow one to quantify endothelium-independent dilation (EID), which is part of overall vascular function. Although most research examining vascular function and cardiovascular disease has focused on EDD, there is evidence that cardiovascular risk factors may impair EID. Purpose: To examine the microvascular vasodilation response to nitroglycerin (NTG) in healthy adults using PAT. Methods: Microvascular responses to reactive hyperaemia and NTG were evaluated in 86 (41 female and 45 male) healthy subjects (age 37 ± 5 years). Beat-to-beat plethysmographic measurements of finger arterial pulse waves were recorded for 5 min following reactive hyperaemia. After a 10-min rest period, sublingual NTG (0·4 mg) was administered and PAT signal changes were measured for 10 min. Peak reactive hyperaemic index (RHI) and peak NTG-mediated index (NMI) were determined in all subjects. Results: There were no significant gender differences in peak RHI (females: 2·07 ± 0·56 versus males: 1·91 ± 0·58, P = 0·20). Mean peak NMI for all subjects was 2·78 (±1·49). Peak NMI was significantly greater in females than in males (3·11 ± 1·59 versus 2·50 ± 1·34, P = 0·05). Time to peak NMI was not significantly different between genders (7 min, 28 s [±1 min, 47 s], versus 7 min, 14 s [±1 min, 49 s], P = 0·58). Conclusion: In this population of healthy adults, peak NMI was significantly greater in females than in males. These findings suggest that gender differences exist in the microvascular vasodilation responses to NTG using PAT.
Three Pulse/Multiple Stage Continuous Wave Detection Algorithms

SETI searches for structured artificial signals. In a pragmatic sense, this means signals which are concentrated in frequency, time, or both (Cullers, et al. 1985). NASA’s SETI efforts are directed toward the detection of sinusoidal carriers and pulses, drifting at a rate as great as 1 channel per spectrum. Pulses are sought over a range of lengths from about 45 milliseconds to 1.5 seconds. Though single large pulses may be recognized as interesting events, they cannot, by themselves, be definitive proof of artificiality. Thus, in pulse detection, attention is focused on finding sequences of repetitive regular pulses consistent with the existence of an ongoing pulse train. For CW, it is possible, in principle, to perform coherent detection on the incoming signal in the way that a Fourier transform does for nondrifting sinusoids. However, to do this for all the drifts of interest to NASA SETI at resolutions consistent with a 1000 second observation is an enormous task. Thus, most effort has been devoted to the incoherent detection of signals, i.e. integration of the power along all possible paths for a signal with constant drift rate.
Process improvement in surgery

Process improvement in surgery Christina A. Minami, MD, Catherine R. Sheils, BA, Karl Y. Bilimoria, MD, MS, Julie K. Johnson, PhD, Elizabeth R. Berger, MD, Julia R. Berian, MD, Michael J. Englesbe, MD, Oscar D. Guillamondegui, MD, FACS, Leonard H. Hines, MD, FACS, Joseph B. Cofer, MD, FACS, David R. Flum, MD, MPH, Richard C. Thirlby, MD, Hadiza S. Kazaure, MD, Sherry M. Wren, MD, Kevin J. O’Leary, MD, Jessica L. Thurk, BA, Gregory D. Kennedy, MD, PhD, Sarah E. Tevis, MD, Anthony D. Yang, MD
Tumor optical properties determined in curved, short source-detector separation geometries

The affect of the boundary curvature of small mouse tumors on their estimated bulk optical properties is examined using a finite element numerical approach. Noise-added numerical simulations are used to compare finite element solutions with commonly employed analytic solutions.
Stiff liquid and solid of electrons in two dimensions

Electrons in two-dimensional (2D) layers at semiconductor interfaces may be driven to a solid phase by reducing their density. Understanding of this electron liquid-solid transition at mK-temperatures and the origin of the 2D electron solid phase remain challenging. The experimental system under study is subject to strong interactions and disorder. Charge transport in the electron solid phase demonstrates many features anticipated for the pinned crystal, though no direct imaging of a spatial charge- or magnetic-ordering is available by now. Rich information has been recently obtained for dilute electron liquid phase on strong renormalization of the Pauli spin susceptibility, magnetization, and the effective mass. These data provide a set of the Fermi-liquid coupling parameters for densities down to and at the transition. The steep density dependence of the susceptibility is intriguing because it might indicate a developing magnetic transition, though it is more likely reflects a tendency to crystallization.
Clusterin/Akt up-regulation is critical for GATA-4 mediated cytoprotection of mesenchymal stem cells against ischemia injury

Background Clusterin (Clu) is a stress-responding protein with multiple biological functions. Our preliminary microarray studies show that clusterin was prominently upregulated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) overexpressing GATA-4 (MSCGATA-4). We hypothesized that the upregulation of clusterin is involved in overexpression of GATA-4 mediated cytoprotection.
Repositioning childhood lived experiences within adult contexts: A Black feminist analysis of childhood/s regulation in early childhood care and education

Children have been governed within early childhood care and education in ways that would be heavily scrutinized if the same situations occurred within adult contexts. As such, in this article, we utilize Black feminist perspectives to interrogate and (re)examine childhood regulatory spaces. We provide readers with storied narratives that demonstrate how younger human beings are violated, controlled, and disciplined. To emphasize these points, we describe these same childhood experiences as if they were happening to adults. Examples of situations interrogated include everyday childhood routines, the use of assessment to determine ability grouping, and implementation of classroom management systems. Theorizing the narratives with a Black feminist lens inspires the rethinking of everyday (sometimes unrealized) regulation of younger human beings in early childhood care and education.
Host Plants and Parasites of Some Arizona Seed-feeding Insects

The hosts and parasites of 52 species of Bruchidae (Coleoptera) that occur in Arizona are listed. In addition, species in 3 families of Lepidoptera, 6 families of Hymenoptera, 1 family of Diptera and at least 3 species of Curculionidae that occur in seeds and pods are listed. When known, each species is classified according to its trophic role and the insect-host plant information is cross-referenced in 2 tables.
Diverse sources for endocrine disruption in the wild

ABSTRACTWe are increasingly realizing that diverse human activities are associated with endocrine disruption in wildlife populations. Most field research on endocrine disruption tends to narrowly target particular endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and contaminant sources as the dominant culprit of observed endocrine disruption. Recently, we and our colleagues assessed patterns of endocrine disruption in metamorphosing frogs in ponds along a forest-suburban land use gradient. In conjunction, we assayed for a diversity of putative of EDCs from an array of possible sources. We found that endocrine disruption in suburban frog populations was associated with a cocktail of different EDCs including classical estrogens, phytoestrogens, and metalloestrogens. These results indicate that endocrine disruption in suburban frogs is likely to be the product of multiple chemicals and sources. Our findings have implications for other systems where endocrine disruption is attributed to a limited set of contaminants or ...
An Etiological Paradigm Shift for Chronic Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain

We appreciate the interest in the recently published manuscript, “Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Compared with Usual Care for Pain Relief of Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain.”1 This study provides evidence that peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is an efficacious treatment for hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) and reduces pain to a greater extent and with longer durability than usual care. It has been correctly pointed out that there was no attempt by the study authors to provide a diagnosis for the occurrence of HSP based on the nociceptive and biomechanical models. This was not an oversight, rather is due to an alternative paradigm of thought regarding the etiology of chronic HSP considered to be distinct from the etiology of acute HSP. That is, HSP may initially be the result of one of the 31 or more of the direct causes of HSP, but maladaptive changes in the central nervous system are responsible for the pain persisting beyond the initial injury. It is apparent that identifiable pathologies on imaging studies have low correlation to the presence of HSP.2-4 Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that the nociceptive and biomechanical models should be reconsidered in favor of a central sensitization process in the etiology of chronic HSP.5-8 The assertion that the study results are not valid due to heterogeneity of the cohorts deserves reexamination. The design of this study included randomized treatment allocation so that treatment status would not be confounded by either measured or unmeasured baseline characteristics.9 A review of baseline demographics (Table 1) indicates that the randomization procedure performed as expected to create well-balanced cohorts, even with the small sample sizes in this study.1 There is no indication of lack of balance, and this is supported by the acknowledgement in the letter that glenohumeral subluxation occurs in similar proportions in both of the cohorts. Thus, the results should be considered valid and not due to chance. Table 1 Demographics Finally, the study authors embrace the need for exploration of the mechanism of action of PNS. At this point, there is no evidence to suggest the way in which PNS achieves pain relief or which subjects will receive benefit from treatment. When considering mechanism of action, all mechanisms should be explored- including somatosensory function, anatomical pathology, biomechanics, genetic predisposition, psychological traits, among others. Sincerely, Richard D. Wilson, MD
Decentralized fault prognosis of discrete event systems with guaranteed performance bound

We study the problem of decentralized fault prognosis of partially-observed discrete event systems. In order to capture the prognostic performance issue in the prognosis problem, we propose two new criteria: (1) all faults can be predicted K steps ahead; and (2) a fault will occur for sure within M steps once a fault alarm is issued; and we refer to ( M , K ) as the performance bound of the prognostic system. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a decentralized supervisor satisfying these two criteria is provided, which is termed as ( M , K ) -coprognosability. A polynomial-time algorithm for the verification of ( M , K ) -coprognosability is also proposed. Finally, we show that the proposed approach is applicable to both disjunctive and conjunctive architectures. Our results generalize previous work on decentralized fault prognosis.
The ionization constants of glycerophosphoric acid and their use as buffers, especially in culture mediums

The value of phosphates in culture mediums has long been recoglized, and it has been specifically pointed out by Kligler 1 that their precipitation as it usually occurs, near the turning point of phenol)hthalein, is most detrimental to the growth of certain organisms, lotably streptococci and tubercle bacilli. With the idea of rectifying his difficulty, the employment of the glycerophosphates has already )een suggested by one of us (Acree2) in a recent paper. One of us ^Mellon) has used them with some apparent success as far back as 1912 in the cultivation of B. acne. The results, however, were never -eported. So far as we know, their possibilities in culture mediums lave not hitherto been recognized. It is well known that calcium, magnesium and other glycerophosphates are soluble, in contrast to the insolubility of the phosphates. Fable 1 shows the results of buffering nutrient beef broth, prepared in he usual way, with different concentrations of sodium glycerophosphate. There is slight or no precipitate on the acid side and but moderate on he alkaHne side. With the potassium diacid phosphate there is a progressively increasing precipitate from Ph 5 to 8, and it is even quite leavy at Ph 7. It is of interest that broth titrated with NaOH in the usual way precipitates in the cold on the alkaline side, but this precipitate may be lissolved by sodium glycerophosphate. When the broth, adjusted to Ph 8, is autoclaved, a considerably heavier precipitate occurs than is :rue for that buffered with glycerophosphate, although it is not so narked as occurs in that buffered with KH2P04. This must be true :o an even greater extent with agar, which itself is known to contain ;alts of calcium and magnesium.
Radical cystectomy for urothelial cancer of the bladder: contemporary advances

Radical cystectomy (RC) is an effective curative treatment for high grade and muscle invasive bladder cancer. Other treatments such as chemoradiation and transurethral resection of bladder tumor as monotherapy are generally not considered as effective as RC. RC is a major surgical procedure associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, over the last decade significant advances have been made in different aspects of RC, including perioperative care, instrumentation and surgical techniques which has dramatically improved the outcome following RC. Different approaches including open, laparoscopic and robotic approaches are used to perform a RC. Devices such as vascular staplers and ligasure have decreased the blood loss and the need for transfusion. In this article, we review relevant literature and discuss various advances made in an attempt to improve outcome following RC.
Stabilization and high-order harmonics observed in strong-field numerical experiments with a negative ion

We have solved Schrodinger’s equation numerically to obtain the time-dependent wave functions for an electron in a one-dimensional short-range potential (characteristic of a model negative ion) under the influence of a very intense laser field. We compare the peaks in the electron energy spectrum for above-threshold photodetachment with the corresponding harmonic peaks in the coherently-scattered-light spectrum. We confirm the production of high-order harmonics.
Dynamic control allocation of a feedback linearized hybrid neuroprosthetic system

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be used to restore motor function to individuals with motion impairments; however, the duration of FES usage is limited by the rapid onset of muscle fatigue. A motor-assist can be used to compensate for the muscle fatigue by sharing work load of FES. However, it is unknown how to optimally allocate control effort to the motor-assist and FES as the muscle fatigues. Further, computing an optimal control solution is challenging given the nonlinear dynamics of the human leg system. This paper uses model predictive control (MPC) to solve an optimal control trajectory for the feedback linearized musculoskeletal system, which simplifies the optimal control problem; therefore, may reduce the computational load for MPC. The feedback linearization controller was developed for the nonlinear musculoskeletal model with fatigue dynamics where FES and an electric motor torque are the inputs. Then MPC was used on the linearized musculoskeletal system to allocate control to FES and an electric motor for regulation. Simulations on a musculoskeletal model of knee extension are presented in the paper.
Towards an Evidence-Based Methodology for High-Stakes Evaluation of Nursing Students' Clinical Performance Using Simulation

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of developing scenarios for high-stakes evaluation of students' clinical performance. We used video recordings of graduating nursing students performing in these scenarios. This article shares the findings of the study and challenges we encountered with using simulation for high-stakes evaluation.
Who's Who in Mineral Names: John Francis Rakovan (b. 1964)

Rakovanite, Na3{H3[V10O28]}·15H2O, was found in specimens from the Sunday mine and the West Sunday mine, Slick Rock district, San Miguel County, Colorado; it is named in honor of Dr. John F. Rakova...
Engineering Metal-Organic Framework-Derived PGM-Free Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media

To significantly reduce the cost of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, current Pt must be replaced by platinum-metal-group (PGM)-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acid [1-5]. We presented a new class of high-performance atomic iron carbon catalysts through controlled chemical doping of iron ions into zinc-zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), a type of metal-organic framework (MOF). The novel synthetic chemistry enables accurate size control of Fe-doped ZIF catalyst particles with a wide range from 20 to 1000 nm without changing chemical properties, which provides a great opportunity to increase the density of active sites that is determined by the particle size. We elucidated the active site formation mechanism by correlating the chemical and structural changes with thermal activation process for the conversion from Fe-N4 complex containing hydrocarbon networks in ZIF to highly active FeNx sites embedded into carbon. A temperature of 800oC was identified as the critical point to start forming pyridinic nitrogen doping at the edge of the graphitized carbon planes. Further increasing heating temperature to 1100oC leads to increase of graphitic nitrogen, generating possible synergistic effect with FeNx sites to promote ORR activity. The best performing catalyst, which has well-defined particle size around 50 nm and abundance of atomic FeNx sites embedded into carbon structures, achieve a new performance milestone for the ORR in challenging acidic media including a half-wave potential of 0.85 V vs RHE. This has been approaching to Pt and holds great promise for future PEM fuel cells. References: (1) H. Zhang, H. Osgood, X. Xie, Y. Shao and G. Wu, Nano Energy, 31, 331-350, 2017. (2) G. Wu, A. Santandreu, W. Kellogg, S. Gupta, O. Ogoke, H. Zhang, H.-L. Wang and L. Dai, Nano Energy, 29, 83–110, 2016. (3) S. Gupta, S. Zhao, O. Ogoke, Y. Lin, H. Xu and G. Wu, ChemSusChem, 10, 774–785, 2017. (4) X.-J. Wang, H. Zhang, H. Lin, S. Gupta, C. Wang, Z. Tao, H. Fu, T. Wang, J. Zheng and G. Wu, Nano Energy, 25, 110–119, 2016. (5) X. Wang, Q. Li, H. Pan, Y. Lin, Y. Ke, H. Sheng, M. T. Swihart and G. Wu, Nanoscale, 7, 20290-20298, 2016.
Two-photon absorption measurements of deep UV transmissible materials at 213 nm.

We report on two-photon absorption measurements at 213 nm of deep UV transmissible media, including LiF, MgF2, CaF2, BaF2, sapphire (Al2O3), and high-purity grades of fused-silica (SiO2). A high-stability 24 ps Nd:YAG laser operating at the 5th harmonic (213 nm) was used to generate a high-intensity, long-Rayleigh-length Gaussian focus inside the samples. The measurements of the fluoride crystals and sapphire indicate two-photon absorption coefficients between 0.004 and 0.82 cm/GW. We find that different grades of fused silica performed near identically for two-photon absorption; however, there are differences in linear losses associated with purity. A low two-photon absorption cross section is measured for MgF2, making it an ideal material for the propagation of high-intensity deep UV lasers.