cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strengthening mechanisms and deformability of nanotwinned AlMg alloys

AlMg alloys have widespread industrial applications. Grain refinement techniques have been frequently used to achieve high strength in these alloys. Here, we report on the fabrication of epitaxial co-sputtered AlMg thin films with high-density growth twins. The microstructure evolution with varying Mg composition has been characterized. Nanoindentation and in-situ micropillar compression tests show that the strength of AlMg alloys increases with increasing Mg composition. The flow stress of epitaxial nanotwinned Al–10 at.% Mg thin film exceeds 800 MPa. The modified Hall–Petch plots incorporating the solid solution strengthening effect suggest that, compared to high angle grain boundaries, incoherent twin boundaries are equivalent barriers to the transmission of dislocations in nanotwinned AlMg alloys.
Strong coupling and induced transparency with single quantum dots and plasmons: Towards ultrafast all-optical modulation at the nanoscale (Conference Presentation)

Achieving room-temperature quantum-mechanical strong coupling, or vacuum Rabi splitting, between a single emitter and a plasmon resonance has been a longstanding goal. Recently, two peaks have been observed in the scattering spectra of plasmonic metal nanostructures coupled to single molecules and single quantum dots, and this was taken as evidence of strong coupling. However, a two-peak scattering structure can also arise at intermediate coupling strengths, below the strong-coupling threshold, due to Fano interference between the plasmon and emitter dipole. We unambiguously distinguish between intermediate and strong coupling by measuring both the scattering spectra and the photoluminescence spectra of coupled plasmon-emitter structures. Specifically, we couple single colloidal quantum dots to a plasmon resonator by placing them in the gap between a gold nanoparticle and a silver film. We observe weak, intermediate, and strong coupling in these hybrid metal-semiconductor structures at room temperature, depending on the detailed nanoscale structure of the metal nanoparticle. These structures have the potential to serve as ultrafast, low-power plasmonic modulators on the nanoscale. Both induced transparency and strong coupling can be canceled by absorbing a photon in the quantum dot, leading to a strong change in extinction at the quantum dot transition frequency. Since only a single photon must be absorbed by the QD for this to happen, the energy needed for modulation has the potential to be extremely low, and the structure has the potential to enable all-optical quantum information processing.
Comment on Penalized Spline of Propensity Methods for Treatment Comparison by Zhou, Elliott, and Little

It is a pleasure to discuss the recent methodological contributions provided by Zhou, Elliott, and Little for application to causal inference in longitudinal studies. In their work, Zhou et al. emb...
Chromatin-associated RNAs as facilitators of functional genomic interactions

Mammalian genomes are extensively transcribed, which produces a large number of both coding and non-coding transcripts. Various RNAs are physically associated with chromatin, through being either retained in cis at their site of transcription or recruited in trans to other genomic regions. Driven by recent technological innovations for detecting chromatin-associated RNAs, diverse roles are being revealed for these RNAs and associated RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in gene regulation and genome function. Such functions include locus-specific roles in gene activation and silencing, as well as emerging roles in higher-order genome organization, such as involvement in long-range enhancer-promoter interactions, transcription hubs, heterochromatin, nuclear bodies and phase transitions.
Minority Family Forest Owners in the United States

Family forest owners own more forestland in the United States than any other group. There have been no national studies of racial and ethnic minority family forest owners in the United States, in spite of increasing attention to diversity in forestry. Using the US Forest Service's National Woodland Owner Survey data, we sought to better understand minority owners by looking at their characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors. Of the over 4 million family forest ownerships with 10+ ac in the United States, minorities comprise 6.6 percent of the ownerships and own 5.1 percent of the 265 million ac. Although many similarities exist between minority and nonminority owners, such as reasons for owning land and concerns, minority landowners tend to be more regionally located, have smaller forest holdings, are less likely to manage their forests, and are less likely to have participated in assistance programs. Broad insight into the attitudes and behaviors of minority family forest owners can help policymakers, program directors, and outreach coordinators begin to understand the needs of minority landowners, providing this historically underserved group with tools they need to attain their forest management and land-use goals. By increasing minority landowner engagement, we can hopefully slow the loss of land by minority landowners.
Radioluminescence of Lu3Al5O12:Ce single crystal and transparent polycrystalline ceramic at high temperatures

Abstract The radioluminescence (RL) of a Lu3Al5O12:Ce (LuAG:Ce) single crystal and a transparent polycrystalline ceramic was investigated at high temperatures, up to 600 °C. Two bands were observed, one within 1.8–2.8 eV attributed to Ce3+, and another within 2.8–4.5 eV attributed to the collective behavior of different types of defects. The integrated RL intensity of the Ce3+ band normalized to the respective value at RT increased by a factor of 1.4x from room temperature (RT) up to 450 °C for the single crystal, and by a factor of 1.9x up to 300 °C for the polycrystalline ceramic. Comparison between the integrated RL intensity and glow curves suggested the radiative recombination of electrons thermally released from traps to account for the increase in RL intensity. Beyond these respective temperatures, integrated RL intensity decreased linearly with a rate ~1.4x higher for the single crystal. At about 500/530 °C the normalized integrated RL intensity was the same as at RT for the polycrystalline ceramic and the single crystal, respectively, showing that LuAG:Ce scintillators can be effectively used over a broad range of temperatures.
Long-term evolution for machines (LTE-M)

Abstract Long-term evolution machine (LTE-M) is derived from the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) 4G LTE standard. It leverages the extensive LTE advantages in terms of efficient flat Internet protocol architecture, mobility, priority handling mechanisms, security, and a globally established base. It has strong ties with legacy 3GPP 2G and 3G networks, as well as a comparatively seamless migration to the powerful 5G solution. LTE-M can be efficiently utilized for a wide range of applications with varying range of bandwidths and latencies. It has considerable similarity to narrowband-Internet of things but has advantages in the terms of range of bandwidth, latency, and mobility. Its disadvantages include some complexity and cost for the end devices. For IoT applications requiring higher data rates, low latency, full mobility, and voice in typical coverage situations, LTE-M is the best low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology choice. And for IoT applications requiring deep coverage where latency, mobility, and data speed requirements are less stringent, LTE-M is a strong LPWAN contender as well. Overall, this versatility allows LTE-M to support an extremely wide array of IoT applications, which helps to increase volume and drive economies of scale.
Health-Related QOL and Economic Burden of Chronic Pruritus.

Chronic pruritus (CP) has considerable implications for QOL. However, its impact on health-related QOL and economic burden is not fully characterized. We administered a cross-sectional survey on 132 patients with CP using the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 instrument. Normative data from healthy adults (n = 4,187) were obtained from the Joint Canada/US Survey of Health. Quality-adjusted life-year loss and economic costs were estimated on the basis of Health Utilities Index Mark 3 scores of patients with CP versus controls. Patients with CP had lower overall health performance than the control (0.56 ± 0.03 vs. 0.86 ± 0.003, P
Bone shadow segmentation from ultrasound data for orthopedic surgery using GAN.

Real-time, two (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) has been investigated as a potential alternative to fluoroscopy imaging in various surgical and non-surgical orthopedic procedures. However, low signal to noise ratio, imaging artifacts and bone surfaces appearing several millimeters (mm) in thickness have hindered the wide spread adaptation of this safe imaging modality. Limited field of view and manual data collection cause additional problems during US-based orthopedic procedures. In order to overcome these limitations various bone segmentation and registration methods have been developed. Acoustic bone shadow is an important image artifact used to identify the presence of bone boundaries in the collected US data. Information about bone shadow region can be used (1) to guide the orthopedic surgeon or clinician to a standardized diagnostic viewing plane with minimal artifacts, (2) as a prior feature to improve bone segmentation and registration. In this work, we propose a computational method, based on a novel generative adversarial network (GAN) architecture, to segment bone shadow images from in vivo US scans in real-time. We also show how these segmented shadow images can be incorporated, as a proxy, to a multi-feature guided convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture for real-time and accurate bone surface segmentation. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation studies are performed on 1235 scans collected from 27 subjects using two different US machines. Finally, we provide qualitative and quantitative comparison results against state-of-the-art GANs. We have obtained mean dice coefficient (± standard deviation) of $$93\%$$ ( $$\pm \,0.02 $$ ) for bone shadow segmentation, showing that the method is in close range with manual expert annotation. Statistical significant improvements against state-of-the-art GAN methods (paired t-test $$p<0.05$$ ) is also obtained. Using the segmented bone shadow features average bone localization accuracy of 0.11 mm ( $$\pm \,0.16 $$ ) was achieved. Reported accurate and robust results make the proposed method promising for various orthopedic procedures. Although we did not investigate in this work, the segmented bone shadow images could also be used as an additional feature to improve accuracy of US-based registration methods. Further extensive validations are required in order to fully understand the clinical utility of the proposed method.
Christ as King and Kings as Christ

This article examines the specific image of a knightly Christ applied to historical kings, in two late medieval sermons. The article situates these examples within the context of contemporary textu...
Coming Home: An Interview with Rita Dove

RD: My first reaction was quite simply disbelief. Disbelief that first of all there hasn't been another black person since Gwendolyn Brooks in 1950 to win the Pulitzer Prize in poetry, though there certainly have been some outstanding black poets in that period. On a public level, it says something about the nature of cultural politics in this country. It's a shame actually. On a personal level, it's overwhelming. SS: Did you feel you had written something special when you completed Thomas and Beulah?
Membrane defects in the tolerant B cell. II. Mechanism of capping failure and reversal by antigen exposure.

Abstract The demonstration that TNP-binding B lymphocytes from animals whose B cells have been rendered tolerant to TNP by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid cannot undergo antigen-induced capping of their TNP receptors for at least a year despite recovery of immune responsiveness has led to a search for the mechanism of the capping failure. Microtubule-dependent membrane “locking” analogous to that induced by concanavalin A appears to afflict the tolerant B cells, in that capping TNP receptors is restored after exposure to 10 −4 M colchicine or overnight incubation at 4 °C. Assignment of the defect to the cytoskeleton rather than the receptors themselves is also supported by the observations that enzymatic stripping and regrowth of receptors does not unlock the cell and that non-Ig membrane molecules recognized by antilymphocyte serum also cannot be capped on the tolerant cells. Cells which have remained locked for 4 days to 8 months after a single tolerogen exposure become unlocked 4 days after immunogen is given. Four days after immunogen, tolerogen fails to lock the membranes of TNP-binding cells. These results suggest that tolerogen contact interferes in a much broader range of functions in the TNP-binding cell than those which affect the immune response. Among these effects is a remarkably stable “locked” configuration of the cytoskeleton which is independent of immune responsiveness or receptor turnover, but which can be reversed by exposure to immunogen whether or not an immune response ensues.
The Future of Marijuana in the United States

There are striking similarities in the failed movement to repeal marijuana prohibition in the 1970s and the efforts underway today. A major difference is that the merits of repeal are far clearer today than they were forty years ago. This article discusses some of the reasons why marijuana prohibition cannot be justified, including the myriad ways in which marijuana prohibition encourages serious crime against victims having no connection to marijuana. It explains the limited long-term value of decriminalization versus regulated legalization, which should be the ultimate objective of reformers. Possible treaty constraints on federal reforms are explored. The limitations and uncertainties inherent in the incompatibility of state-level permissiveness and federal prohibition are also addressed. Reformers are advised to intensify their efforts to replace prohibition with regulation at both state and federal levels.
Development and evaluation of compact and high resolution CdTe/CZT detectors for handheld gamma camera and probe application

These Handheld gamma cameras are now an important, well-established technology in the management of cancer, particularly in the detection of sentinel lymph nodes Over the past 5 years, the UI group has devoted a substantial effort in developing a series of compact and high-resolution gamma ray detectors based on small-pixel CdTe/CZT detectors. The previous generation of this detector has been used as the basic building block for a high resolution MR-compatible SPECT system that has produced some preliminary phantom images. The proposed camera modules will be based on the latest iteration of this series of development a gamma ray photon counting CdTe detector with dimension of 1.1cm× 2.2cm × 2cm, which is compact for handheld camera and probe applications. The ERPC CdTe and CDT detectors offer an excellent energy resolution (3–4keV), and a very high spatial resolution (350 um), a DOI resolution of a few hundred microns and all contained in a compact form factor. In this paper, our work will be focused on the evaluation of the ERPC detectors, especially the impact of their excellent energy resolution, spatial resolution and depth of interaction (DOI) resolution for detection and localization of small lesions superimposed on noisy background. These results will be discussed in this paper.
TINA connectivity services: quality and quantity through QoS based routing and DPE performance

TINA's Connection Management Architecture (CMA) is characterized by a hierarchy of connection performers (CPs) acting over subnetworks and at the low level, open interfaces to switch resources. The paper describes the QoS based routing approach adopted in ReTINA with its dual advantages of subnetwork centralized calculation together with truly distributed processing gains. Those distributed link-by-link performance figures are presented for the low level switch interface.
Airway structure and alveolar emptying in the lungs of sea lions and dogs.

Investigation of the effects of various cycles of compression and decompression on the alveolar volumes of the excised lungs of sea lions and dogs. The results obtained include the finding that, in comparison to dog lungs, sea lion lungs empty more completely on mild compression and much more completely on severe compression. These findings support Scholander's (1940) hypothesis that some marine mammals are protected from decompression sickness by cartilaginous reinforcement of the small airways which permits alveolar emptying during a dive, so isolating compressed gas from pulmonary capillary blood.
Epidemiology and Geriatric Psychiatry

In their classic textbook, MacMahon and Pugh 1 define epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in man.” Students of epidemiology learn in their introductory course about John Snow and his investigation of the cholera outbreak in London in 1854. MacMahon and Pugh 1 describe Snow’s tracking efforts to first map the distribution of cholera cases, Snow’s keen hypothesis and observation that cholera cases appeared to cluster around areas of London that drew drinking water from sections of the Thames that were polluted with sewage, and Snow’s eventual investigation to determine the source of water for both affected and unaffected households and workers to confirm his hypothesis of the suspected determinant of the disease, the Broad Street pump. Snow’s work reflects the foundation of the science of epidemiology. To map the distribution of disease, epidemiologists study the prevalence of disease or the proportion of the population with a disease at a defined point in time and the incidence of disease or the proportion of the population free of disease that develops the disease over a defined time period. This “map” can involve geographic location as it did for Snow or more often the presence or absence of biological or social factors, demographic variables, time, or any of a myriad of putative causes epidemiologists have studied in the decades after the work of
Salivary and gastric epidermal growth factor in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: its protective potential.

Salivary and gastric epidermal growth factor in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: its protective potential
Estimating logistic regression models when the dependent variable has no variance

We show that the binary logistic regression model can often be estimated even when the study sample is confined to observations on only one of the possible outcomes of the dependent variable. Provided that an appropriate supplementary sample can be found, the two samples may be pooled, and a simple method employed to estimate the model with a conventional statistics package. The supplementary sample must contain information on the regressors of the model, but need not contain any information on the dependent variable. Hence supplementary samples can often be found in general purpose public use surveys such as the U.S. Census.
Fabrication of Glass-Metal Composite Micro/Nanonozzles

This paper reports a fabrication technique for high strength glass-metal composite micro/nanonozzles with orifice diameters ranging from 430 nm to >100 μm. Unlike the conventional methods used to build micro/nanonozzles, the fabrication technique discussed in this paper is a non-lithographic approach. It uses conventional pulled borosilicate micropipettes as a foundation and nickel as a strengthening layer to build high pressure withstanding micro/nanonozzles. Pipettes built using the pulling process offer a smooth transition to the fluid from the reservoir to the tapered part of the nozzle, providing an ideal geometry from fluid flow and stress point of view. The nozzles are tested for high pressure withstanding capacity by integrating them with a high pressure fluidic setup to drive microjets. As an example, a 1.5 μm diameter nozzle, tested with propane as the working fluid to drive a microjet is observed to withstand pressures upto 10.5 MPa. Apart from simplicity of the fabrication process, this approach also offers the ability to incorporate a wireless temperature control system for the nozzles.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Neighborhood attachment, social capital building, and political participation : A case study of low-and moderate-income residents of Waterloo, Iowa

This case study examines the importance of neighborhood identity and engagement in place-based social networks within the neighborhood in fostering and stimulating neighborhood-based participation ...
Participation in a national, means‐tested school voucher program

We use data from a sample of applicants to a national means-tested school voucher program and a national sample of the population eligible for the program to evaluate the factors leading families to use school vouchers. Our analysis divides the process of voucher usage into two distinct stages: initial application and subsequent take-up. Using a nested logit model, we find that some factors, like religious affiliation and religious service attendance, affect both stages. Others, like mother's education, affect only one (application). Still others, like ethnicity, have opposite effects at the two stages. Compared to Whites, minorities are more likely to apply for vouchers, but less likely to take them when given the opportunity. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Limit-Switch Sensor Functionality Based on Discontinuity-Induced Nonlinearities

Limit-switch sensors are input-output devices that switch operating state in reaction to the crossing of a threshold value of their input. These are used to monitor and control critical values of temperature, voltage, pressure, etc., in both consumer and industrial settings. This paper argues for exploiting nonsmooth fold bifurcations in the design of ultrafast and robust, resettable, electromechanical limit switches. Specifically the discussion emphasizes the dramatic changes in system response associated with the onset of near-grazing, low-velocity contact in vibro-impacting systems. These include rapid transient dynamics away from a pre-grazing, periodic, steady-state trajectory following the onset of impacts and post-grazing steady-state trajectories with a distinctly different amplitude and frequency content. The results reported here include a review of an experimental and computational verification of the ultrafast transient growth rates that show a significant potential for dramatic improvement in sensor performance. Moreover, two novel candidate sensor designs are discussed that rely on the post-grazing response characteristics for device function. In the first instance, transduction of a change in the response periodicity following grazing in a mechanical device is detected in a coupled electromagnetic circuit. In the second instance, a snap-through post-grazing response forms the operating principle of a capacitively driven circuit protection device.
X-Ray Production in the L Shell of Copper by 25- to 1700-eV Protons

$L$-shell x rays of copper were produced by stopping 25- to 1700-keV protons in a thick target. X rays associated with the production of initial vacancies in the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ shell were isolated by an absorption technique. Total $L$-shell x-ray yield is presented, as well as yield, production, and ionization cross sections for the ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ shell. The Born approximation is compared with the experimental ionization cross section and is found to be consistently high over the whole range of bombarding energies.
Humans for EDA and EDA for humans

Two misconceptions have been plaguing the electronic design automation (EDA) industry for decades: i) EDA solutions scale to larger complexities at an insufficient rate to keep pace with improvements in silicon designs; and ii) since EDA applications target silicon chip developments, the growth of EDA as an industry is bounded by the growth of the semiconductor industry. With this paper we address these misconceptions and we argue that they can both be overcome. To this end, we overview a number of initial studies highlighting possible directions that EDA can pursue to (i) break off from its traditional ways of scaling solutions and applications to larger complexity, that is, by developing better heuristics for its complex algorithms. (ii) We also discuss alternative domains where EDA technology can be applied, beyond that of silicon design, so that the semiconductor industry is no longer the limit of EDA growth.
INTERVIEW RAPPORT: DEMISE OF A CONCEPT

* Willis J. Goudy is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Harry R. Potter is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. The authors are grateful for comments by Richard D. Warren on an earlier draft of this article and for item selection and survey assistance by Richard J. Hill. Journal Paper No. J-8134 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2010. 1 Carol H. Weiss, "Interaction in the Research Interview: The Effects of Rapport on Response," Proceedings, Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 1970, pp. 18-19. 2 Ibid., 19. 3 See Floyd Dotson, "Intensive Interviewing in Community Research," Journal of Educational Sociology, Vol. 27, 1954, pp. 225-230; William A. Scott, "Attitude Measurement," in Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson, eds., Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. II, 2nd ed., Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, 1968, pp. 204-273. 4 See, for example, Mark Benney, David Riesman, and Shirley A. Star, "Age and Sex in the Interview," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 62, 1956, pp. 143-152; J. Marshall Brown, "Respondents Rate Public Opinion Interviewers," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 39, 1955, pp. 96-102; Dennis P. Forcese and Stephen Richer, Social Research Methods, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 1973.
Computer science widening the STEM education spectrum

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education is slowly becoming an important part of American culture. STEM educators try to promote `hands on' science, where students can actually interact with and see the results of their work. Unfortunately, not all paths of education for STEM related fields can have exciting, interactive teaching methods. At the Millard Oakley STEM Center, we have taken advantage of the interactive experience in our planetarium show. In this paper, we take an in-depth look at the Definiti Theater System and the software that runs it, Digital Sky 2. This software package is created by Sky-Skan and is considered to be the standard for many new planetariums across the country and beyond. We take the software in new directions by building new elements through the Sky-Skan scripting engine and by also exploring its 3D engine for creating a novel experience. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a roadmap of observations and enhancements for other educators that wish to improve the learning experience of students and visitors to their planetarium.
Experimental protein malnutrition in primates—cytochemistry of the nervous system

Experimental protein malnutrition was induced in groups of young juvenile squirrel monkeys by feeding them ad libitum diets very low in protein content, whereas a diet containing 25% protein content was fed to the control animals. Detailed cytochemical studies have clearly shown the sensitivity of the nervous system to dietary abuse. The motor neurons of the spinal cord and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are very sensitive to protein deficiency, and the number of oligodendroglia cells increases sharply. Gallocyanin stained preparations from the malnourished animals show significant decrease in the amount of RNA in the Purkinje cells of cerebellum and the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The larger neurons show prominent chromatolysis with concomitant increase in the number of oligodendrocytes surrounding such nerve cells. The different layers of the cerebellar cortex of the malnourished animals, as well as some of the neurons of the spinal cord, showed decreased activity of succinate dehydrogenase and increased levels of thiamine pyrophosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Although ATPase activity appeared to remain unchanged quantitatively, it showed profound disturbance in its in situ localization, especially in the mitochondrial ATPase located in the cytoplasm. The enzyme activity in the nuclear membrane appeared unchanged. These studies emphasize the importance of studying in situ changes in the anatomically heterogeneous nervous tissue, rather than of working only with biochemical methods using homogenized material.
Sputtered ferroelectric thin films for dynamic random access memory applications

Abstract A low thermal budget (with 550°C annealing) process with Ti-compensation for sputtered ferroelectric PZT thin films has been developed. PZT films with a composition near the morphotrophic phase boundary (Zr/Ti = 53/47) annealed at 550°C for 1 hr in a N2 ambient exhibits high charge storage density and low leakage current density, which are the important requirements of dielectric materials for ULSI DRAM cells. It was also found that Ti compensated films show good fatigue endurance in comparison with non-Ti compensated films.
Covalent binding of [14C]benzene to cellular organelles and bone marrow nucleic acids.

Abstract Our objective was to determine whether reactive metabolites of benzene covalently bind to cellular proteins and nucleic acids of the hematopoietic organs and liver of the mouse. The distribution and binding of [14C]benzene after a single dose (880 mg/kg, s.c., 0.75 mCi/kg) were investigated at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr. Maximum levels of radioactivity were found at 3 hr in liver, spleen, bone marrow, and blood. Maximum covalent binding occurred at 6 hr in liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Chemical fractionation of label derived from [14C]benzene indicated that 0.5, 7, and 17 per cent of the covalently bound label in liver, spleen, and bone marrow was recovered in the nucleic acids. Upon subcellular fractionation of liver, total radioactivity was localized chiefly in the cytosol (1723 dpm/mg protein) and mitochondria (1433 dpm/mg protein). Of the total radioactivity recovered in various organelles, mitochondria had the highest proportion covalently bound (25 per cent). These studies indicate that label derived from [14C]benzene covalently binds to nucleic acids of hematopoietic cells, the major site of toxicity. In addition, the high levels of covalent binding with macromolecules of the mitochondria suggest that their functions may be impaired by benzene.
Hyperspectral-dual spectral region imaging spectrometer

A temporally and spatially non-scanning imaging spectrometer covering two separate spectral bands in the visible region using computed tomographic imaging techniques is described. The computed tomographic techniques allows for the construction of a three dimensional hyperspectral data cube (x, y, λ) from the two dimensional input in a single frame time. A computer generated holographic dispersive grating is used to disperse the incoming light into several diffraction orders on a focal plane composed of interwoven pixels independently sensitive to the two bands of interest. Separating the input of the two pixel types gives co-registered output between the two bands and overcomes the limitation of overlapping orders. The proof of concept in the visible is presented using a commercially available camera and the extension to the infrared is proposed.
A Compensated Acoustic Actuator for Systems with Strong Dynamic Pressure Coupling

This study improves the performance of a previously developed acoustic actuator in the presence of an acoustic duct system with strong pressure coupling. The speaker dynamics and the acoustic duct dynamics are first modeled separately. The two sysrems are then coupled, and the resulting system is modeled. A velocity sensor is developed and used in feedback compensation. The resulting speaker system has minimal magnitude and phase variation over a 20-200 Hz bandwidth. These conclusions are verified through experimental results.
Varying Signal-to-Noise Ratios in Adolescent Voice Therapy

In our society competing noise has become part of most everyday activities. Vocal abusers need to learn to compensate for this auditory distractor. The present paper describes a voice therapy progr...
The Role of Mental Simulations and Counterfactual Thinking in the Opportunity Identification Process

The process of identifying, shaping, and pursuing market opportunities is emerging as a focal point in the field of entrepreneurship. Scholarly efforts to date have considered what happens during this process; it is time to turn attention to how and why. This article examines one such “how” question: how do entrepreneurs think and reason such that they identify innovative opportunities? Specifically, the cognitive processes of mental simulation and counterfactual thinking are proposed as mechanisms by which entrepreneurs identify and develop innovative opportunities. Propositions regarding the application of these cognitive processes to opportunity identification are presented and discussed.
Coordinated concentration changes of transcripts and metabolites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Metabolite concentrations can regulate gene expression, which can in turn regulate metabolic activity. The extent to which functionally related transcripts and metabolites show similar patterns of concentration changes, however, remains unestablished. We measure and analyze the metabolomic and transcriptional responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to carbon and nitrogen starvation. Our analysis demonstrates that transcripts and metabolites show coordinated response dynamics. Furthermore, metabolites and gene products whose concentration profiles are alike tend to participate in related biological processes. To identify specific, functionally related genes and metabolites, we develop an approach based on Bayesian integration of the joint metabolomic and transcriptomic data. This algorithm finds interactions by evaluating transcript–metabolite correlations in light of the experimental context in which they occur and the class of metabolite involved. It effectively predicts known enzymatic and regulatory relationships, including a gene–metabolite interaction central to the glycolytic–gluconeogenetic switch. This work provides quantitative evidence that functionally related metabolites and transcripts show coherent patterns of behavior on the genome scale and lays the groundwork for building gene–metabolite interaction networks directly from systems-level data.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN GONADOTROPINS II. COMPARISON OF HUMAN PITUITARY GONADOTROPIN (URINE) AND HUMANCHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (URINE)

Six assays were carried out for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by the method of simultaneous response of the ovary and uterus of the intact immature rat. The constants of these assays were then compared with similar constants derived from assays of human pituitary gonadotropin (HPG) reported earlier. The slope of the ovarian response to HPG was five times that of HCG. The uterine response to HPG was a linear function of log dose; that to HCG was autocatalytic and could be separated into 2 components, each of which was a linear function of log dose. The slope of the uterine response to HPG was not the same as that of either of the 2 limbs of the response to HCG. The dose ratios that integrate gonadotropic action on the ovary and uterus were widely different for HPG and HCG. It was evident that HCG was six times more effective than HPG in inducing the secretion of estrogen by the ovary. It was concluded that HCG and HPG are vastly different in their gonadotropic action, and that the constants of the ass...
On the convergence region of Newton's method under Holder continuity conditions

We approximate a locally unique solution of an equation in a Banach space setting using Newton's method under Holder continuity assumptions. Using more precise estimates on the distances involved than before [F. Cianciaruso and E. DePascale, Estimates of majorizing sequences in the Newton-Kantorovich method, Numer. Funct. Anal. Optim. 27(5 and 6) (2006), pp. 529-538], we show that the convergence region is extended with finer error estimates and the location of the solution is precise under the same computational cost.
Enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-napyradiomycin A1 via asymmetric chlorination of an isolated olefin.

The napyradiomycins are an intriguing family of halogenated natural products with activity against several tumor cell lines as well as some of the worst bacterial strains known to humanity, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureas and vancomycin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium. This communication delineates the first asymmetric total synthesis of (−)-napyradiomycin A1 by a strategy that features a two-step total synthesis of flaviolin, the first highly asymmetric halogenation of a simple alkene, and a Johnson−Claisen rearrangement that generates a quaternary carbon next to a glucal-like oxygen.
Oral glucocorticoids diminish the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy in experimental feline asthma

Allergen-specific rush immunotherapy (RIT) shows promise in treating asthma; however, pet cats will likely require at least initial concurrent glucocorticoids (GCs) to control serious clinical signs. How the immunosuppressive effects of GCs would impact RIT in cats is unknown. The hypothesis of this study was that oral, but not inhaled GCs will diminish the efficacy of RIT in experimental feline asthma. Cats (n=6/group) were sensitized using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) and randomized to receive BGA-specific RIT for 9 months with an oral GC (prednisolone 10mg daily), inhaled GC (fluticasone 220 μg twice daily), or placebo administered for the first 6 months. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) percent eosinophils and other immunological assays were performed. Eosinophilic airway inflammation was suppressed in all groups at month 6 of RIT (group mean ± SD, 5 ± 2%, 13 ± 4%, and 7 ± 2% for oral GC, inhaled GC, and placebo, respectively; P=0.291). BALF percent eosinophils significantly increased over time only in oral GC/RIT cats between months 6 and 9 (P=0.031). Placebo/RIT cats had significant decreases over time in BGA-specific serum IgE (P=0.031). Concentration of interleukin (IL)-5 in BALF significantly increased over time in inhaled GC/RIT cats (P=0.031). No significant differences were found between groups at month 6 or over time in each group for BGA-specific lymphocyte blastogenesis, percent blood T regulatory cells, or number of IL-10-producing cells. Given the significant increase of airway eosinophilia over time in RIT cats initially treated with an oral GC, inhaled GCs might be better for dampening eosinophilic inflammation until RIT normalizes the dysregulated immune system.
Carcinoma of penis Review of cases treated by surgery and radiation therapy 1960–1977

Cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the penis treated by surgery and radiation therapy at Moffitt Hospital, University of California, and Mount Zion Hospital and Medical Center are reviewed. Only cases followed for more than three years or with autopsy findings are presented. For the primary lesion, over-all surgical control rate locally was 15/17 or 88 per cent. Over-all control rate with radiation therapy alone was 9/12 (75 per cent), and with surgical salvage 11/12 (92 per cent). Radiation therapy appears to be the treatment of choice for early stage lesions, reserving surgery for salvage. Prophylactic ilioinguinal lymph node dissection for N0 lesions is not warranted. The role of chemotherapy needs further investigation.
Ecological life histories of the three aquatic nuisance plants, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus and Elodea canadensis

The life histories of Myriophyllum spicatum L., Elodea canadensis Michx., and Potamogeton crispus L., serious aquatic nuisances in many regions of the world, are reviewed to provide insights into the life style of successful aquatic nuisance plants. Specifically, their distribution and spread in North America; their life cycle, productive and reproductive potential; and their ecosystem relationships are reviewed. Hopefully this review will improve a manager's ability to deal with aquatic nuisance problems. It also provides suggestions for basic research needed to develop more effective management practices. It was found that all three species possess a number of adaptations, including an ability to rapidly propagate vegetatively, an opportunistic nature for obtaining nutrients, a life cycle that favors cool weather, and a number of mechanisms which enhance photosynthetic efficiency, which allow them to proliferate. These three species do provide benefits to the ecosystem through their roles in materials cycling and energy flow. Therefore, management of these species should take an integrated approach which recognizes these benefits. The life history information available about the three species varies tremendously; however, a better understanding of resource gain and allocation is needed to manage all three species. Specifically, more research is needed to provide a better understanding of: 1) the role bicarbonate plays in photosynthesis, 2) the role roots play in supplying CO2 to the plabts, 3) resource accumulation and allocation under different temperature and light regimes, 4) resource allocation on a seasonal basis, and 5) nutrient cycling under different management regimes.
Pedagogy, Torture, and Exhibition: A Curricular Palimpsest

In this article the authors focus on three sites in different areas of the world that share the characteristic of having been schools, prisons, concentration camps, and, in two cases, museums, sometimes in that order and on all occasions with periods of overlapping functions. The main goal of the authors will be to explore the questions that emerge when understanding those sites as curricular palimpsests; that is, as sites on which the inscription and re-inscription of seemingly disparate projects throughout a short period of time leave traces that mark the non-erasure of the past, pointing to connections that until now had remained invisible. Argentina, Haiti, and Cambodia: school, camp, and museum, three sites and three ways of teaching, three curricula and a spatial-temporal palimpsest that speaks to us about learning through the body. These sites make visible a different kind of knowing, one that cannot be erased and that is inscribed in blood as much as in ink and text.
The Effects of Added Hydrogen on a Helium Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet Ambient Desorption/Ionization Source

We present mass spectrometric data demonstrating the effect that hydrogen has on a helium-based dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) atmospheric-pressure plasma jet used as an ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) source. The addition of 0.9 % hydrogen to the helium support gas in a 35-W plasma jet increased signals for a range of test analytes, with enhancement factors of up to 68, without proportional increases in background levels. The changes in signal levels result from a combination of changes in the desorption kinetics from the surface and increased ion production in the gas phase. The enhancement in ADI-MS performance despite the quenching of key plasma species reported in earlier studies suggests that ionization with a H2/He plasma jet is the result of an alternate mechanism involving the direct generation of ionized hydrogen.
Cathepsin K mRNA and Protein Expression in Prostate Cancer Progression

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and is often associated with bone metastases, which cause much of the morbidity associated with CaP. Lesions associated with CaP generally exhibit increased bone formation and resorption. Increased bone resorption may release factors from the extracellular matrix that contribute to tumor growth. Cathepsin K (cat K) is a cysteine protease that exhibits strong degradative activity against the extracellular matrix and is involved in osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. In this study, we analyzed the expression of cat K in CaP cell lines and patient samples. Cat K message was detected in CaP cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in primary CaP and metastases by in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry revealed variable expression of cat K in primary CaP samples, as well as nonosseous metastases, whereas expression in bone metastases was significantly higher than in primary CaP, and normal prostate tissues were negative. Cat K protein was detected in CaP cell lines by Western blotting after immunoprecipitation. Cat K enzymatic activity was also detected in CaP cell lines by a fluorogenic assay and by an assay for degradation of collagen type I. Increased levels of NTx, a marker of bone matrix degradation mediated primarily by cat K, were also detected in sera of patients with CaP bone metastases. We hypothesize that CaP-expressed cat K may contribute to the invasive potential of CaP, while increased expression in bone metastases is consistent with a role in matrix degradation.
Multi-stage lot sizing in a serial production system

SUMMARY This paper summarizes the development and implementation of a large-scale, multi-objective, lot-sizing model for scheduling tablet pharmaceuticals in a serial production system. The model places multiple resource capacity constraints on production at various stages of the manufacturing process and explicitly considers resource set-up times to ensure the generation of a feasible schedule. The multi-period model uniquely allows for variable lot sizes by stage and by period, subject to integrality restrictions arising from the technological nature of the multi-stage process. An integer goal programming approach is used for determining non-dominated solutions to the multi-item problem. The implementation and utilization of the model by an international manufacturer of pharmaceuticals is described, and model results are presented and discussed.
Thinking of a word under instructional constraints

Instructions to think of an uncommon word to complete a verbal problem (e.g., f___k) could either prompt the recall of only uncommon words or leave the common-to-uncommon order of recall intact and establish the criteria for rejecting recalled common words. Postsolution recognition tests consisted of all possible solution words and indicated that common and uncommon word instructions elicited the most common of the possible solution words first. A second, less common, word was recalled only if the first word was too common to meet the uncommon word criteria. Word frequency instructions affect the evaluation, and not the recall, stage of solving verbal problems.
The evolution of a complex type B Allende inclusion: An ion microprobe trace element study

Results are presented of a detailed trace-element and isotopic analyses of the constituent phases in each of the major textural parts (mantle, core, and islands) of a Type B refractory inclusion, the USNM 5241 inclusion from Allende, first described by El Goresy et al. (1985). The REE data on 5241 were found to be largely consistent with a model in which the mantle and the core of 5241 formed sequentially out of a single melt by fractional crystallization. The numerical models of REE evolution in the 5241 melt, especially that of Eu, require that a significant mass of spinel-free island material was assimilated into the evolving melt during the last half of the solidification history of 5241. The trace element results pbtained thus strongly support the interpretation of El Goresy et al. (1985) that the spinel-free islands in the 5241 are trapped xenoliths.