cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cochlear implantation in children with enlarged vestibular aqueducts.

Objectives: This report details our experience with cochlear implantation in children with both profound sensorineural HL (SNHL) and enlarged vestibular aqueducts (EVAs). It seeks to determine if the abnormal anatomy of EVA predisposes to any adverse events during or after cochlear implantation. Study Design: A retrospective review. Methods: Charts were reviewed for details of the procedure, complications, and audiologic outcome. Results: Between 8/25/93 and 9/16/98, 10 children with EVAs received cochlear implants, of whom 8 children (5 males, 3 females; mean age 7.8 y) had audiologic follow-up of at least 6 months. The implant was inserted without difficulty in all patients. Pulsatile clear fluid via the cochleostomy was observed in five patients, but was easily controlled in each instance. There have been no major complications, although two patient had short-lived postoperative vestibular symptoms and one child has experienced an intermittent pulsing sensation in her head. Speech perception measures were obtained using a battery of tests that assessed the children's ability to perceive speech in both open- and closed-set formats. Two patients were excluded because the implant was placed within the last 6 months. Of the remaining eight children identified with EVAs, seven (86%) demonstrated open-set word recognition. Conclusions: These favorable results may be attributed in part to HL that occurs relatively late in childhood, allowing implantation in postlingual candidates. Cochlear implantation can be safely and effectively performed in children with SNHL associated with EVAs.
The digital lives of black women in Britain (Palgrave Studies in (re)presenting gender: by Francesca Sobande, Cham, Switzerland, Springer International Publishing, 2020, 185 pp., 31.49 USD (eBook), ISBN: 978-3030466794

Frequently, Black women’s digital lives are studied through the lens of resistance; their use of online platforms to tell their truths, to organize, to mobilize, to promote various calls to action,...
Team Production Revisited

This Article reconsiders Margaret Blair and Lynn Stout’s team production model of corporate law, offering a favorable evaluation. The model explains both the legal corporate entity and corporate governance institutions in microeconomic terms as the means to the end of encouraging investment, situating corporations within markets and subject to market constraints but simultaneously insisting that productive success requires that corporations remain independent of markets. The model also integrates the inherited framework of corporate law into an economically derived model of production, constructing a microeconomic description of large enterprises firmly rooted in corporate doctrine but neither focused on nor limited by a description of principal-agent relationships among shareholders and managers. This Article shows that the model retains descriptive robustness, despite the substantial accretion of shareholder power during the two decades since its appearance. The Article also shows that the model taught three groundbreaking lessons to corporate legal theory. First, nothing binds microeconomic analysis together with a theory of the firm rooted in shareholder primacy. Second, microeconomics, with its emphases on efficiency and maximization, can be deployed in the service of an allocatively sensitive description of corporate governance, providing a more capacious methodological tent than anyone in corporate law understood prior to Blair and Stout’s intervention. Third, it is not only possible but arguably necessary to take corporate law seriously when articulating a microeconomic theory of corporate production. To the extent an economic model’s description of the appropriate legal framework differs materially from the inherited legal framework, there is a possible, even a probable, infirmity in the model.
Topical gel-based biomaterials for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

Abstract Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a devastating ailment for many diabetic patients with increasing prevalence and morbidity. The complex pathophysiology of DFU wound environments has made finding effective treatments difficult. Standard wound care treatments have limited efficacy in healing these types of chronic wounds. Topical biomaterial gels have been developed to implement novel treatment approaches to improve therapeutic effects and are advantageous due to their ease of application, tunability, and ability to improve therapeutic release characteristics. Here, we provide an updated, comprehensive review of novel topical biomaterial gels developed for treating chronic DFUs. This review will examine preclinical data for topical gel treatments in diabetic animal models and clinical applications, focusing on gels with protein/peptides, drug, cellular, herbal/antioxidant, and nano/microparticle approaches. Statement of Significance : By 2050, 1 in 3 Americans will develop diabetes, and up to 34% of diabetic patients will develop a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in their lifetime. Current treatments for DFUs include debridement, infection control, maintaining a moist wound environment, and pressure offloading. Despite these interventions, a large number of DFUs fail to heal and are associated with a cost that exceeds $31 billion annually. Biomaterials have been developed to help target specific impairments associated with DFU with the goal to improve healing. A summary of these approaches is needed to help better understand the current state of the research.. This review summarizes recent research and advances in topical biomaterials treatments for DFUs.
RTN4/NoGo-receptor binding to BAI adhesion-GPCRs regulates neuronal development.

Summary RTN4-binding proteins were widely studied as “NoGo” receptors, but their physiological interactors and roles remain elusive. Similarly, BAI adhesion-GPCRs were associated with numerous activities, but their ligands and functions remain unclear. Using unbiased approaches, we observed an unexpected convergence: RTN4 receptors are high-affinity ligands for BAI adhesion-GPCRs. A single thrombospondin type 1-repeat (TSR) domain of BAIs binds to the leucine-rich repeat domain of all three RTN4-receptor isoforms with nanomolar affinity. In the 1.65 A crystal structure of the BAI1/RTN4-receptor complex, C-mannosylation of tryptophan and O-fucosylation of threonine in the BAI TSR-domains creates a RTN4-receptor/BAI interface shaped by unusual glycoconjugates that enables high-affinity interactions. In human neurons, RTN4 receptors regulate dendritic arborization, axonal elongation, and synapse formation by differential binding to glial versus neuronal BAIs, thereby controlling neural network activity. Thus, BAI binding to RTN4/NoGo receptors represents a receptor-ligand axis that, enabled by rare post-translational modifications, controls development of synaptic circuits.
Perspectives on Regulatory Ubiquitination

While in vitro biochemical data has suggested multiple targets for regulatory ubiquitination, a bona fide ubiquitination target has to be ultimately substantiated by genetic complementation experiments (such as generation of knock-in mouse, where the knock-in mutation selectively impairs the process of regulatory ubiquitination). The knock-in mouse that we have generated selectively abrogates the deubiquitinase function of A20 in vivo. These mice display normal NF-κB activation without showing any inflammatory phenotype. Our results clearly demonstrate that the well-characterized role of A20 in limiting inflammatory responses is due to effects other than deubiquitination of K63-ubiquitin chains. This is the concluding chapter which reiterates our finding that the “the deubiquitinase activity of A20 is dispensable for its role in NF-κB signaling” and provides a perspective on regulatory ubiquitination. As A20 clearly has an important role in many diseases, understanding the true molecular function of A20 remains an important and worthwhile goal for the future.
ESTIMATED MAGNITUDE OF ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS IN SOIL

Acoustic emissions are noises, often at inaudible frequencies or low amplitudes or both, that are emitted by all soils when they are deformed. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach, using basic physical concepts, for predicting the magnitude of those emissions at their source and at various distances from the source. It should be mentioned that this approach is probably a lower limit, for plastically deforming soils will undoubtedly give signal strengths greater than those predicted in this paper
Sexual Harassment: Undermining the Wellbeing of Working Women

The past two decades have witnessed incredible strides in the understanding of workplace harassment based on sex and gender (a.k.a. “sexual harassment”). This chapter reviews sexual harassment definitions, laws, antecedents, and outcomes, focusing on the most recent and rigorous studies. We structure this chapter to answer the following questions: How is sexual harassment defined, legally and scientifically, both in the United States and in other nations? What is its prevalence and impact in the lives of working women? Finally, how do different features of context (e.g., power, organizational culture, policies, procedures, trainings) promote, prevent, and remedy harassment based on sex and gender?
Forging Accounting Principles in Five Countries: A History and an Analysis of Trends

For some years, it has seemed to me that enough countries have had experience with programs designed to improve the quality of financial reporting that a comparison of their different approaches should be essayed. In 1969, when I accepted Professor Edward Stamp's kind invitation to deliver the 1970 Arthur Andersen & Co. Lecture at the University of Edinburgh, I selected the title "Forging Accounting Principles in Five Countries." Although I had more than a year to prepare for the presentation, I didn't realize how massive and challenging was the research I proposed I under take.The following are the chapters from the book:Chapter 1 (Great Britain):http://ssrn.com/abstract=2045714Chapter 2 (Mexico):http://ssrn.com/abstract=2046059Chapter 3 (United States):http://ssrn.com/abstract=2046087Chapter 4: (Canada):http://ssrn.com/abstract=2046062Chapter 5: (A Critical Review of the Evolving Trends):http://ssrn.com/abstract=2046066
Glycogenome signatures in complex cardiometabolic disease (789.4)

Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) are a leading cause of death. Because of the fundamental roles of glycogenes in cell interactions and tissue remodeling, we hypothesized that a focused interrogation...
Signaling in Soybean Phenylpropanoid Responses (Dissection of Primary, Secondary, and Conditioning Effects of Light, Wounding, and Elicitor Treatments)

The spatial and temporal deployment of plant defense responses involves a complex interplay of signal events, often resulting in superimposition of signaling processes. We have employed a minimal-wound protocol to clearly separate and characterize the specific contributions of light, wounding, and a wall glucan elicitor preparation (PWG) from Phytophthora sojae (Kauf. and Gerde.) to the regulation of phenylpropanoid defense responses in soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) cotyledon tissues. The assay also allowed us to clearly reconstitute responses to combinations of these primary signals and to examine the effects of other pathogenesis-related molecules on the responses in a defined manner. Light specifically triggers accumulation of malonylglucosyl conjugates of the 5-hydroxy-isoflavone, genistein, which is normally found in epidermal cells. PWG selectively induces accumulation of conjugates of the 5-deoxy-isoflavone daidzein, the first committed precursor of the phytoalexin glyceollin. Wounding initiates phenolic polymer deposition, a process greatly potentiated by PWG and light. Whereas glutathione selectively enhances light induction of genistein conjugates, methyl jasmonate enhances both light and PWG-induced isoflavone conjugate accumulations. Wound exudate fully activates the cell's capacity (competency) for the phenolic polymer and glyceollin responses to PWG, whereas glutathione partially restores competency, favoring coumestrol and phenolic polymer responses to PWG. Abscisic acid inhibits all induced phenylpropanoid responses.
Passion and Preferences: Silver Sentiment in the Convention

Because the soft-money delegates comprised an overwhelming majority of the delegates, it appeared that all they had to do was adopt a free silver plank when the platform was brought before the convention. In that sense, the strategic situation was deceptively simple. Among the several things complicating the calculations of the silver leaders, the most important was whether preferences with respect to the monetary issue would change during the course of the convention. Because both gold and silver preferences seemed to be strongly held and, in many cases, bound by pledges imposed by the state conventions, they appeared to be stable as long as the monetary issue was isolated from other decisions. The problem was that other issues threatened to intrude. The primary reason for this intrusion was that many men wanted to link their own interests to the silver issue. For this reason, measures that might safeguard the silver majority also created situations that might confer an advantage to one side or another in other decisions that would come before the convention. These advantages created links between preferences on the monetary issue and these other decisions. While some of these links would (rather pointlessly) strengthen preferences favoring silver, most would probably weaken silver sentiment in some way. Thus, the problem facing the managers of the silver movement was to find ways of safeguarding their majority without destabilizing the all-important silver preferences on which the majority rested.
Adaptation as a potential response to sea-level rise: a genetic basis for salinity tolerance in populations of a coastal marsh fish

Relative sea-level rise is resulting in the intrusion of saline waters into marshes historically dominated by fresh water. Saltwater intrusions can potentially affect resident marsh species, especially when storm-related tidal surges cause rapid changes in salinity. We examined the role of historical salinity exposure on the survival of Gambusia affinis from two locations in coastal Louisiana. At each location, we sampled fish populations from fresh, intermediate and brackish marshes. Individuals were then exposed to a salinity of 25‰ and survival time was measured. We found that fish from brackish and intermediate marshes had an increased tolerance to salinity stress relative to fish from freshwater environments. We then tested the descendents of fish from the fresh and brackish marshes, reared for two generation in fresh water, to determine if there was a genetic basis for differential survival. We found that descendents of individuals from brackish marshes showed elevated survivals relative to the descendents of fish with no historical exposure to salinity. The most reasonable mechanism to account for the differences in survival relative to historical exposure is genetic adaptation, suggesting that natural selection may play a role in the responses of resident marsh fishes to future increases in salinity.
Immunophysiology of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport

The sections in this article are: 1 Effector Cells 1.1 Cells of Lamina Propria 1.2 Mast Cells 1.3 Phagocytes 2 Intermediate Targets 2.1 Amplification of Signal 2.2 Suppression of Signal 3 Soluble Mediators of Inflammation and Gut Response 3.1 Interleukins 3.2 Adenosine 3.3 Serotonin 3.4 Histamine 3.5 Kinins 3.6 Reactive Oxygen Metabolites 3.7 Platelet-Activating Factor 3.8 Arachidonic Acid Metabolites 4 Neuroendocrine-Immune Systems Interactions 4.1 Central Nervous System–Endocrine-Immune Systems Interactions 4.2 Enteric Nervous System–Immune System Interactions 5 Integrated Responses to Immune System Stimulation 5.1 Mast Cell Activation (Gut Anaphylaxis) 5.2 Phagocyte Activation (Acute Inflammation) 6 Summary and Conclusions
Elevation of striatal and accumbal preproenkephalin, preprotachykinin and preprodynorphin mRNA abundance subsequent to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade with MK-801.

Abstract The effect of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade on the expression of preproenkephalin (PPE), preprotachykinin (PPT) and preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNAs in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens was assessed with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Administration of MK-801 once daily for 7 consecutive days increased the abundance of all three neuropeptide mRNAs in the caudate-putamen (CPU) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). (1) PPE mRNA abundance was increased in the anterior CPU (26%) as well as dorsal and ventral CPU (46% and 39%, respectively) but was unaffected in the NAc. (2) PPT mRNA was increased in the NAc (33%), anterior CPU (27%), dorsal CPU (43%) and ventral CPU (67%). In the ventral CPU, PPT mRNA abundance doubled when the dose of MK-801 increased two-fold (from 67% to 119% above control). (3) PPD mRNA was elevated in dorsal and ventral regions of the CPU (49% and 24%, respectively) and in anterior CPU (50%). In the NAc PPD mRNA was increased only at the higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) of MK-801. Cellular analysis of the distribution of grains per cell shows that increases are due to increased accumulation of mRNA by previously expressing cells of the CPU and NAc. These observations demonstrate that NMDA receptor activity plays a significant role in the regulation of neuropeptide expression in the caudate-putamen and accumbens of the rat brain.
On the menbership problem for functional and multivalued dependencies in relational databases

The problem of whether a given dependency in a database relation can be derived from a given set of dependencies is investigated. We show that the problem can be decided in polynomial time when the given set consists of either multivalued dependencies only or of both functional and multivalued dependencies and the given dependency is also either a functional or a multivalued dependency. These results hold when the derivations are restricted not to use the complementation rule.
Telemedicine and Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Telemedicine refers to the use of telecommunication technologies for the purpose of transmitting medical information between physically separated clinical sites, in order to provide health care to patients at such remote locations. Additionally, telemedicine can be used to educate health care workers and students at distant locations. Telemedicine technologies can be categorized as either ‘store-andforward’ or ‘interactive’ (or ‘synchronous/asynchronous’) depending on the timing of the transmission of information. This review focuses on applications of telemedicine to the field of obstetric and gynecologic (Obs/Gyne) ultrasound. It also examines the utilization patterns of telemedicine, as well as its costs and benefits. Finally, this article examines the role of telemedicine in medical education, specifically also with reference to Obs/Gyne ultrasound.
Adaptive observations in ensemble data assimilation

An important question in ensemble based data assimilation scheme is how to configure our observations to correctly capture the important features in either our atmospheric or oceanic models given a set of ensembles. In this paper a systematic approach for effective sensor placement is formulated to evaluate how to target our observations. This method is based on a criterion of Shannon information entropy and condition number of our ensemble subspace covariance matrix yielding adaptive observation configurations. The theory behind this method is presented as well as an example illustrated with a global shallow water equations model on the sphere.
Adsorbate-induced reflectivity changes in the visible region on a metal surface

The reflectivity change induced by adsorbates on Cu(100) at (lambda) equals 632.8 nm is investigated. It is found that physisorbed molecules (water, methanol, acetone) induce no observable reflectivity change, while chemisorbed molecules (carbon monoxide, oxygen, acetylene) do. The magnitude of the reflectivity change is such that submonolayer sensitivity is obtained for chemisorbed species. Furthermore, the change is found to vary linearly with coverage. The results show that this technique is a versatile, inexpensive, and straightforward optical probe of the surface coverage, and as such is applicable to many different surface investigations.
Formulation of a three‐dimensional rate‐dependent constitutive model for chalk and porous rocks

Rate-dependent behaviour of chalk and other porous rocks has undergone widespread study in geomechanics due to its implications on the performance of engineering structures. We present a rate-dependent constitutive model for chalk and other porous rocks with several new features. The model formulation is based on a viscoplastic rate-lines approach in which the axial strain rate depends on the proximity of the stress point to an elliptical reference surface. A non-associated viscoplastic potential surface and an axial scaling algorithm are used to determine the viscoplastic strain components. The model predicts that axial yields stress varies as a power function of applied axial strain rate, as shown by published laboratory data. Comparisons with published experimental data indicate that the model is capable of reproducing observed rate-dependent behaviour of chalk under a variety of loading conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left ventricular outflow tract pseudoaneurysms in congenital heart disease

complications of surgical and Amplatzer device closure of atrial septal defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:674–680. 3. Sievert H. Interventional versus surgical closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects: advantages and limitations of the catheter-based approach. J Intervent Cardiol 2000;87:116–118. 4. Cao QL, Du ZD, Joseph A, Koenig P, Heitschmidt M, Rhodes J, Hijazi ZM. Immediate and six-month results of the profile of the Amplatzer septal occluder as assessed by transesophageal echocariography. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:754–759. 5. Masura J, Gavora P, Formanek A, Hijazi ZM. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects using the new self-centering Amplatzer septal occluder: initial human experience. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1997;42:388–393. 6. Rhodes J, Hijazi ZM, Marx GR, Fulton DR. Aerobic exercise function of patients with persistent coronary artery aneurysms secondary to Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol 1996;17:226–230. 7. Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 1986;60:2020–2027. 8. Jones NL. Clinical Exercise Testing. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1988: 174. 9. Clark AL, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJS. Effects of motivation on indices of exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. Br Heart J 1994;71:162–165. 10. Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Whipp BJ, Casaburin R. Prinicples of Exercise Testing and Interpretation. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1994:66–133. 11. Cumming GR. Maximal exercise capacity of children with heart defects. Am J Cardiol 1978;42:613–620. 12. Goldberg SJ, Mendes F, Hurwitz R. Maximal exercise capability of children as a function of specific cardiac defects. Am J Cardiol 1969;23:349–353. 13. Schofield PM, Barber PV, Kingston T. Preoperative and postoperative pulmonary function tests in patients with atrial septal defect. Br Heart J 1985;54: 577–582. 14. Porter CJ, Feldt RH, Edwards WD, Seward JB, Schaff HV. Atrial septal defects. In: Emmanouilides GC, Riemenschneider TA, Allen HD, Gutgessell HP, eds. Heart Disease in Infants, Children and Adolescents. 5th Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1995:687–703. 15. Wasserman K. New concepts in assessing cardiovascular function. Circulation 1988;78:1060–1071.
The collective therapeutic potential of cerebral ketone metabolism in traumatic brain injury

The postinjury period of glucose metabolic depression is accompanied by adenosine triphosphate decreases, increased flux of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway, free radical production, activation of poly-ADP ribose polymerase via DNA damage, and inhibition of glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (a key glycolytic enzyme) via depletion of the cytosolic NAD pool. Under these post-brain injury conditions of impaired glycolytic metabolism, glucose becomes a less favorable energy substrate. Ketone bodies are the only known natural alternative substrate to glucose for cerebral energy metabolism. While it has been demonstrated that other fuels (pyruvate, lactate, and acetyl-L-carnitine) can be metabolized by the brain, ketones are the only endogenous fuel that can contribute significantly to cerebral metabolism. Preclinical studies employing both pre- and postinjury implementation of the ketogenic diet have demonstrated improved structural and functional outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) models, mild TBI/concussion models, and spinal cord injury. Further clinical studies are required to determine the optimal method to induce cerebral ketone metabolism in the postinjury brain, and to validate the neuroprotective benefits of ketogenic therapy in humans.
Phospholamban decreases the energetic efficiency of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca pump.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that increased Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca content ([Ca]SRT) in phospholamban knockout mice (PLB-KO) is because of increased SR Ca pump efficiency defined by the steady-state SR [Ca] gradient. The time course of thapsigargin-sensitive ATP-dependent45Ca influx into and efflux out of cardiac SR vesicles from PLB-KO and wild-type (WT) mice was measured at 100 nm free [Ca]. We found that PLB decreased the initial SR Ca uptake rate (0.13versus 0.31 nmol/mg/s) and decreased steady-state45Ca content (0.9 versus 4.1 nmol/mg protein). Furthermore, at similar total SR [Ca], the pump-mediated Ca efflux rate was higher in WT (0.065 versus 0.037 nmol/mg/s). The pump-independent leak rate constant (k leak) was also measured at 100 nm free [Ca]. The results indicate thatk leak was <1% of pump-mediated backflux and was not different among nonpentameric mutant PLB (PLB-C41F), WT pentameric PLB (same expression level), and PLB-KO. Therefore differences in passive SR Ca leak cannot be the cause of the higher thapsigargin-sensitive Ca efflux from the WT membranes. We conclude that the decreased total SR [Ca] in WT mice is caused by decreased SR Ca influx rate, an increased Ca-pump backflux, and unaltered leak. Based upon both thermodynamic and kinetic analysis, we conclude that PLB decreases the energetic efficiency of the SR Ca pump.
Standard postoperative monitoring of patients after primary resection of colon and rectum cancer

The goal of monitoring after primary treatment of any solid tumor, including colon and rectum carcinoma, is to help the patient. The general parameters include prevention of secondary tumors or precancers (because most patients with solid tumors are at greater risk than the general population for second tumors of the same histology), the cure of symptomatic or asymptomatic tumor recurrences, and the palliation of symptomatic tumor recurrences. Additional rationale for more stringent follow-up is somewhat dependent upon the venue of patient care, including the necessity for more frequent studies if the patient happens to be in a protocol in which disease-free survival and/or patterns of recurrence are being investigated. Keeping these parameters in mind, most prevalent follow-up plans remain empiric and probably are not justifiable, on the basis of either cost-effective analysis or real benefit to the patient.
Towards a Theory of the Integral State

This review assesses the strengths and weaknesses of Peter Thomas’s long-awaited study of The Prison Notebooks, based on his extensive research and philological reconstruction of the critical edition. I distinguish three senses in which the ‘moment’ in the book’s title can be understood: as the historical moment around 1932 in which Gramsci proposed the outline of his distinct brand of the philosophy of praxis; as the moment or momentum that still lies in wait for a future research programme in Marxist philosophy; and as a methodological principle for understanding the dialectic as a theory in which entities such as state and civil society, but also coercion and consent, far from allowing the kind of Eurocommunist or post-Marxist instrumentalisations in which they are seen as part of a chain of binaries, are actually moments of a unified larger structure that in Gramsci’s work comes to be associated with the idea of the integral state. This impressive reconstruction of Gramsci’s notebooks, however, also reveals some major lacunae, above all, in terms of the lack of attention given to Gramscian developments in the non-European world, in places such as India or Latin America. This omission is all the more surprising given the longstanding tradition, particularly in Latin America, of viewing Gramsci as a theorist of the integral state more so than of hegemony.
Role of Sec61α in the Regulated Transfer of the Ribosome–Nascent Chain Complex from the Signal Recognition Particle to the Translocation Channel

Abstract Targeting of ribosome–nascent chain complexes to the translocon in the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by the concerted action of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor (SR). Ribosome-stripped microsomes were digested with proteases to sever cytoplasmic domains of SRα, SRβ, TRAM, and the Sec61 complex. We characterized protein translocation intermediates that accumulate when Sec61α or SRβ is inactivated by proteolysis. In the absence of a functional Sec61 complex, dissociation of SRP54 from the signal sequence is blocked. Experiments using SR proteoliposomes confirmed the assembly of a membrane-bound posttargeting intermediate. These results strongly suggest that the Sec61 complex regulates the GTP hydrolysis cycle of the SRP-SR complex at the stage of signal sequence dissociation from SRP54.
The enchanting ring

Abstract Twenty years elapsed between the initial description of the antibiotic properties of penicillin and the publication of the definitive evidence that it contained a β-lactam ring. Subsequent developments have dulled the impact of this once-controversial assignment. The structural complexity of semi-synthetic penicillins and cephalosporins, and the structural diversity of ‘non-classical' β-lactam antibiotics, have overshadowed the presence of the β-lactam ring (Fig. 1). The recent discovery of monobactams (a family of monocyclic β-lactam antibiotics) has refocused attention on the significance of the β-lactam portion of these antibiotics.
Amyloid Deposition Begins in the Striatum of Presenilin-1 Mutation Carriers from Two Unrelated Pedigrees

The amyloid cascade hypothesis suggests that the aggregation and deposition of amyloid-beta protein is an initiating event in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using amyloid imaging technology, such as the positron emission tomography (PET) agent Pittsburgh compound-B (PiB), it is possible to explore the natural history of preclinical amyloid deposition in people at high risk for AD. With this goal in mind, asymptomatic (n = 5) and symptomatic (n = 5) carriers of presenilin-1 (PS1) mutations (C410Y or A426P) that lead to early-onset AD and noncarrier controls from both kindreds (n = 2) were studied with PiB-PET imaging and compared with sporadic AD subjects (n = 12) and controls from the general population (n = 18). We found intense and focal PiB retention in the striatum of all 10 PS1 mutation carriers studied (ages 35-49 years). In most PS1 mutation carriers, there also were increases in PiB retention compared with controls in cortical brain areas, but these increases were not as great as those observed in sporadic AD subjects. The two PS1 mutation carriers with a clinical diagnosis of early-onset AD did not show the typical regional pattern of PiB retention observed in sporadic AD. Postmortem evaluation of tissue from two parents of PS1C410Y subjects in this study confirmed extensive striatal amyloid deposition, along with typical cortical deposition. The early, focal striatal amyloid deposition observed in these PS1 mutation carriers is often is not associated with clinical symptoms.
ON THE QUALITY OF MACHINED SURFACE REGION WHEN TURNING Al/SiC METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

The effect of tool nose wear land length and the reinforcement volume fraction of SiC on the quality of the machined surface region were investigated using a finish turning operation. Turning operations were carried out at the same cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut and under dry cutting condition. Al/SiC work materials containing 20% and 30% SiC reinforcement particles were used in both hot-rolled and heat-treated conditions. Surface and subsurface of the machined samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Residual stress distribution of the surface region was determined using a modified deflection-etching technique. Surface damage in the form of short and long grooves parallel to the direction of cutting, cavities, micro-cracks and fractured areas were observed for all the material conditions used in this experiment. These damages were attributed to the presence of hard particles of SiC and severe plastic deformation of the surface region. Peak residual stress values were higher ...
Expansion and contraction: treating diabetes with bariatric surgery.

Bariatric surgery is not only one of the most immediate and effective ways to slim down: recent clinical data show that certain procedures are also particularly good at quelling type 2 diabetes. In “Bedside to Bench,” Allison Goldfine, Steven Shoelson and Vincent Aguirre outline how researchers can better understand these new clinical findings at the mechanistic level. In the accompanying “Bench to Bedside,” Jorge Plutzky takes a look how proper regulation of the storage of fatty acids helps maintain their effectiveness as signaling molecules and reins in their potential pathological effects. Such research is leading to new ways of thinking about how to combat type 2 diabetes.
Deuterium and nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of cytosine-amino acid complexes

Abstract The 14 N and 2 H nuclear quadrupole resonance spectra of cytosine complexes of the acids N-formylglycine, N-benzoylglycine and N-phthaloylglutamic, and of the cytidine complex of salicylic acid have been obtained at 77 K on powdered samples, using the double resonance level crossing technique, DRLC. Both normal abundance and deuterium-enriched forms of the compounds were studied. Use of various assignment aids, discussed at length, make it possible to completely assign the electric field gradient parameters to all 14 N and 2 H sites in the compounds.
Simulation of fabrication variations in supernova hydrodynamics experiments

Abstract Recent experiments at the Omega laser facility have used ∼4.5 kJ of energy to create a blast wave similar to the one that occurs in a core-collapse supernova. In the experiment, the blast wave crosses an interface with a drop in density similar to the He–H interface in a supernova, which induces the growth of a machined perturbation on the interface surface due to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. These experiments have exhibited different morphology than our simulations predict. It has been hypothesized that such differences may be the result of unintended structures created in the target fabrication process. We have used 2D Cartesian simulations to model such fabrication variations using a branch of the hydrodynamic code FLASH. We have studied the convergence of these numerical models and developed analysis techniques to gauge and compare the impact each variation has on numerical results. In addition to this, we have implemented and verified a new viscosity package for our code. These accomplishments have allowed us to perform a thorough analysis of the effects that such fabrication variations have on our results through the use of numerical simulations.
Pascal program development aids

In this paper we describe a set of tools we have devised to aid in the development and maintenance of PASCAL programs. PASCAL has been chosen as a target language since it is gaining increasing interest as a language for use on mini- and microcomputers.
Synthesis of crystalline derivatives of 6-deoxy-d-allo- and -l-talo-furanosyl bromide suitable for nucleoside synthesis

Abstract 6-Deoxy-2,3,5-tri- O -( p -nitrobenzoyl)-β- d -allo- and -α- l -talo-furanosyl bromide ( 6 and 11 ) have been synthesized from methyl 2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- d - ribo -pentodialdo-1,4-furanoside ( 1 ). Treatment of 1 with methyl Grignard reagent, followed by ( p -nitrobenzoyl)ation, afforded two 5-epimers, methyl 6-deoxy-2,3- O -isopropylidene-5- O -( p -nitrobenzoyl)-β- d -allo- and -α- l -talo-furanosides ( 3 and 8 ) which were fractionally recrystallized. The l - talo isomer ( 8 ) separated first, and was treated with acid to remove the isopropylidene group, the product ( p -nitrobenzoyl)ated, and the ester reacted with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to afford crystalline compound 11 . The mother liquor from the fractional recrystallization was treated with acid, whereby methyl 6-deoxy-5- O - p -nitrobenzoyl)- d -allofuranoside was isolated. It was ( p -nitrobenzoyl)ated, and the ester treated with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid, to afford crystalline bromide 6 .
Comparative analysis of nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques for breast MRI segmentation

Purpose: Visualization of anatomical structures using radiological imaging methods is an important tool in medicine to differentiate normal from pathological tissue and can generate large amounts of data for a radiologist to read. Integrating these large data sets is difficult and time-consuming. A new approach uses both supervised and unsupervised advanced machine learning techniques to visualize and segment radiological data. This study describes the application of a novel hybrid scheme, based on combining wavelet transform and nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) methods, to breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data using three well-established NLDR techniques, namely, ISOMAP, local linear embedding (LLE), and diffusion maps (DfM), to perform a comparative performance analysis. Methods: Twenty-five breast lesion subjects were scanned using a 3T scanner. MRI sequences used were T1-weighted, T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging. The hybrid scheme consisted of two steps: preprocessing and postprocessing of the data. The preprocessing step was applied for B1 inhomogeneity correction, image registration, and wavelet-based image compression to match and denoise the data. In the postprocessing step, MRI parameters were considered data dimensions and the NLDR-based hybrid approach was applied to integrate the MRI parameters into a single image, termed the embedded image. This was achieved by mapping all pixel intensities from the higher dimension to a lower dimensional (embedded) space. For validation, the authors compared the hybrid NLDR with linear methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) using synthetic data. For the clinical application, the authors used breast MRI data, comparison was performed using the postcontrast DCE MRI image and evaluating the congruence of the segmented lesions. Results: The NLDR-based hybrid approach was able to define and segment both synthetic and clinical data. In the synthetic data, the authors demonstrated the performance of the NLDR method compared with conventional linear DR methods. The NLDR approach enabled successful segmentation of the structures, whereas, in most cases, PCA and MDS failed. The NLDR approach was able to segment different breast tissue types with a high accuracy and the embedded image of the breast MRI data demonstrated fuzzy boundaries between the different types of breast tissue, i.e., fatty, glandular, and tissue with lesions (>86%). Conclusions: The proposed hybrid NLDR methods were able to segment clinical breast data with a high accuracy and construct an embedded image that visualized the contribution of different radiological parameters.
Adaptive stop-and-wait ARQ strategy for mobile data communications

Abstract Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) techniques are often used by packet switching data communication networks to provide an error-free communications link between stations. The ARQ technique ensures consistent data quality under varying link conditions. Unfortunately, the information throughput is link dependent, and as the noise or interference on the link increases, the throughput decreases. In an effort to improve the throughput on a short range, RF, packet switching data communications network, an adaptive ARQ strategy applied to Stop-and-Wait (SW) protocols was developed. To provide a system designer with flexibility, different adaptive strategies for different systems and link conditions were developed. Examples of information transfer between two stations using the adaptive SW protocol are presented. A simulation to compute the throughput efficiency of several adaptive SW protocols was performed. A comparison of the throughput efficiencies of the simulated adaptive SW protocol with the non-adaptive SW protocol showed good gains could be achieved using the adaptive strategy when the networks are subject to high channel bit error rates.
ATTACHMENT RELATIONSHIPS AND ADOLESCENTS' LIFE SATISFACTION: SOME RELATIONSHIPS MATTER MORE TO GIRLS THAN BOYS

This study examined the extent to which the quality of parent and peer attachments related to early adolescents' life satisfaction (LS), whether peer attachment served as a mediator between parent attachment and LS, and potential gender differences. A total of 587 middle school students in grades 6 through 8 participated. Although both parent and peer attachment positively related to LS, parent attachment was the stronger unique predictor. There was no significant difference between males and females in levels of parent attachment; however, females reported higher levels of attachment to peers. This study also found that early adolescents were more attached to their mothers than their fathers. Finally, peer attachment partially mediated the relationship between parent attachment and LS, but only for females. Implications for gender-specific intervention programs are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attenuation Estimation on Phantoms - A Stability Test

Global and local attenuation coefficient estimates were calculated using three methods: the envelope peak method, the central-frequency-downshift method, and the zero-crossing method. The results show that for each method the error of the local estimate with respect to the global estimate is increased as the sample volume is decreased. While the performances of the latter two methods are comparable, the performance of the envelope peak method is significantly superior.
Electrophysiological changes at a central noradrenergic synapse during thallium toxicosis.

Abstract The actions of chronically administered thallous acetate were studied electrophysiologically at a central noradrenergic synapse. Administration of thallous acetate (4 mg/kg for 7 days) to rats produced a significant increase in the spontaneous discharge rate of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Experiments with various pharmacologic agents were performed to determine if this increase in spontaneous rate was due to interference with the noradrenergic innervation of the Purkinje neurons. Rats treated with thallous acetate were resistant to parenterally administered amphetamine and haloperidol; these agents decrease and increase, respectively, the spontaneous Purkinje neuron discharge in control (sodium acetate-treated) rats. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administered intracisternally to sodium acetate-treated rats produced a pronounced increase in spontaneous Purkinje cell discharge, whereas this catecholaminergic-specific neurotoxin did not alter the basal discharge rate of thallous acetate-treated animals. Locus coeruleus stimulation produced potent inhibitions of Purkinje neuron discharge in sodium acetate-treated animals, but such stimulation was without effect on Purkinje cells from thallous acetate-treated animals. Taken together, these data suggest that thallium intoxication causes a reduction in catecholaminergic input into central neurons. Such changes may contribute to the neurological sequelae of thallium toxicosis.
Fate of petasol, a phytotoxin produced by Drechslera gigantea, in planta

Abstract Drechslera gigantea (Heald and Wolf), a phytopathogen of several graminaceous species, produces numerous phytotoxins belonging to the eremophilane family. When applied to detached leaves of Avena sativa (Koch) cv. Park several of these eremophilanes cause ‘green island’ formation, a localized area of chlorophyll retention. The fate of one these phytotoxic eremophilanes, petasol, was followed in detached leaves of oats using radiolabeled petasol. Analysis of leaf extracts 72 h after [14C]petasol treatment, indicated two major radioactive compounds. One compound had the same chromatographic properties and UV spectrum as petasol. The other compound, which was more hydrophilic than petasol, was purified using TLC and HPLC. 1H-NMR and amino acid analyses suggest that this ‘conversion product’ is a petasol-amino acid conjugate. Furthermore, this conjugate was biologically inactive; in that it did not cause green island formation on detached leaves of oat. Two other eremophilanes, gigantenone and 11,12-epoxypetasol, were also derivatized in vivo.
Real-time, contrast enhanced photoacoustic imaging of cancer in a mouse window chamber.

A clinical ultrasound scanner and 14 MHz linear array collected real-time photoacoustic images (PAI) during an injection of gold nanorods (GNRs) near the region of a mature PC-3 prostate tumor in mice implanted with a skin flap window chamber. Three dimensional spectroscopic PAI (690-900nm) was also performed to investigate absorption changes near the tumor and enhance specific detection of GNRs. Whereas GNRs improved PAI contrast ( + 18 dB), the photoacoustic spectrum was consistent with the elevated near infrared absorption of GNRs. The versatile imaging platform potentially accelerates development of photoacoustic contrast agents and drug delivery for cancer imaging and therapy.
Fabrication and operation of an amorphous-emitter transistor

A unique three-terminal device, consisting of a threshold-type chalcogenide glass as emitter and crystalline Si as base and collector, has been fabricated and investigated. If the amorphous semiconductor is in the off state, all terminal-to-terminal impedances are high and the current gain is less than unity. However, when the glass is switched into the on state, ordinary transistor operation is obtained with net small-signal gains of 3–5. A lock-on phenomenon is also observed in which the device remains in the high-gain state after the base switching pulse is removed. The several modes of operation can be explained in terms of band models previously proposed for chalcogenide-glass/Si heterojunctions. An additional implication of the observed characteristics is the predominance of electrons in the on state of the glass, in direct contrast to the low-field behavior. Potential applications of the device will be discussed.
The role of couples' conversations in relational development: A content analysis of courtship talk in harlequin romance novels

The present study analyzes male/female couples' use of conversation to develop romantic relationships. It focuses upon Knapp's first four stages of relational development: initiating, experimenting, intensifying, and integrating. The study attempts to determine whether or not specific conversational features are used consistently by courtship couples to create and develop romantic relationships. A conversational analysis was performed on all of the male/female courtship couples' conversation from ten Harelquin romance novels. The examination determined that three specific features of conversation recurred throughout the four stages of relational development: meta‐talk, face‐threatening acts, and mitigation.