cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mineral and Protein Content of Enamel in Amelogenesis Imperfecta

The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the enamel composition of teeth affected with the hereditary enamel disorders known as amelogenesis imperfecta. Teeth from 10 individuals representing all 3 major AI types (hypocalcified, n = 3; hypomaturation, n = 3; hypoplastic, n = 4) and 10 normal teeth were studied. Half of each tooth was used for histological and biochemical studies. The enamel protein content was estimated by amino acid analysis. The enamel mineral content (volume %) was determined from the calcium and/or phosphorus content. Calcium was measured using atomic absorption and phosphorus was determined colorimetrically. The mean enamel mineral content was reduced for all hypomaturation and hypocalcified AI teeth while hypoplastic AI enamel varied from normal to reduced compared with normal enamel. The enamel protein content was increased in all but one AI case (7 cases were examined for protein) compared with the normal enamel. The mineral and protein content in AI enamel showed a significant inverse relationship (R = -0.939, P = 0.001). This study shows that all three of the major AI groups can have subtypes associated with substantial decreases in the enamel mineral content, although hypomineralization appears most severe in the hypomaturation and hypocalcified AI types. The decreased mineral content was associated with an increased protein content in AI enamel. These findings provide further evidence that altered enamel mineralization in AI teeth likely involves abnormal post-secretory processing of the enamel proteins.
Critical roles for distance, task, and motion in space perception: initial conceptual framework and practical implications

Objective: A conceptual framework of visual space perception is proposed. Background: Prior studies suggest that the processes underlying space perception depend on viewing distance, the nature of ...
Semantic command over pragmatic priority

Abstract The coordinating conjunction ‘and’ is best regarded not as equivalent to logical conjunction but as an autonomous linguistic conjunction whose meaning is captured by the notion of ‘semantic command’.
On the relative complexity of some languages in NC

WE CONSIDER THE RELATIVE COMPLEXITY OF A NUMBER OF LANGUAGES KNOWN TO BE IN UNIFORM `NC(SUPERSCRIPT)1'', USING THE DESCRIPTIVE FRAMEWORK OF BARRINGTON, IMMERMAN, AND STRAUBING [4]. IN PARTICULAR WE SHARPEN SEVERAL RESULTS OF IBARRA, JIANG, AND RAVIKUMAR [9]. WE SHOW THAT THE ONE-SIDED DYCK LANGUAGES, STRUCTURED CFL''S, AND BRACKETED CFL''S ARE RECOGNIZABLE BY VERY UNIFORM FAMILIES OF THRESHOLD CIRCUITS (ARE IN DLOCTIME-UNIFORM TC(SUPERSCRIPT)0). WE SHOW THAT A LARGE CLASS OF DETERMINISTIC LINEAR CFL''S ARE IN UNIFORM TC(SUPERCRIPT)0, BUT THAT SOME ARE COMPLETE FOR UNIFORM NC(SUPERSCRIPT)1 (AND THUS NOT IN UNIFORM TC(SUPERSCRIPT)0 UNLESS TC(SUPERSCRIPT)0 = NC(SUPERSCRIPT)1 IN THE UNIFORM SETTING).
Performance of a New Speech Translation Device in Translating Verbal Recommendations of Medication Action Plans for Patients with Diabetes

Background Language barriers are significant hurdles for chronic disease patients in achieving self-management goals of therapy, particularly in settings where practitioners have limited nonprimary language skills, and in-person translators may not always be available. S-MINDS© (Speaking Multilingual Interactive Natural Dialog System), a concept-based speech translation approach developed by Fluential Inc., can be applied to bridge the technologic gaps that limit the complexity and length of utterances that can be recognized and translated by devices and has the potential to broaden access to translation services in the clinical settings.
Protein in Sugar Films and in Glycerol/Water as Examined by Infrared Spectroscopy and by the Fluorescence and Phosphorescence of Tryptophan

Sugars are known to stabilize proteins. This study addresses questions of the nature of sugar and proteins incorporated in solid sugar films. Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy was used to examine trehalose and sucrose films and glycerol/water solvent. Proteins and indole-containing compounds that are imbedded in the sugar films were studied by IR and optical (absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence) spectroscopy. Water is able to move in the sugar films in the temperature range of 20-300 K as suggested by IR absorption bands of HOH bending and OH stretching modes that shift continuously with temperature. In glycerol/water these bands reflect the glass transition at approximately 160 K. The fluorescence of N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide and tryptophan of melittin, Ca-free parvalbumin, and staphylococcal nuclease in dry trehalose/sucrose films remains broad and red-shifted over a temperature excursion of 20-300 K. In contrast, the fluorescence of these compounds in glycerol/water solvent shift to the blue as temperature decreases. The fluorescence of the buried tryptophan in Ca-bound parvalbumin in either sugar film or glycerol/water remains blue-shifted and has vibronic resolution over the entire temperature range. The red shift for fluorescence of indole groups exposed to solvent in the sugars is consistent with the motion of water molecules around the excited-state molecule that occurs even at low temperature, although the possibility of static complex formation between the excited-state molecule and water or other factors is discussed. The phosphorescence yield for protein and model indole compounds is sensitive to the matrix glass transition. Phosphorescence emission spectra are resolved and shift little in different solvents or temperature, as predicted by the small dipole moment of the excited triplet state molecule. The conclusion is that the sugar film maintains the environment present at the glass formation temperature for surface Trp and amide groups over a wide temperature excursion. In glycerol/water these groups reflect local changes in the environment as temperature changes.
Potassium in ultramafic rocks

Abstract Quantitative spectrochemical determinations of potassium in 50 specimens of ultramafic rock confirm the preliminary observation ( Ahrens , Pinson and Kearns , 1952) that the abundance of potassium in this rock type is much lower than has usually been assumed. Observations have been made mainly on dunite and serpentine and in these rocks the potassium concentration averages at about 0.001%. Although it is highly unlikely that the whole of the mantle could have a chemical composition equivalent to pure dunite, a significant proportion may have. In such material the heat contribution by K 40 at a concentration of 0.001% total K, is 0.00025 × 10 −4 cal/g/yr: this is probably a small proportion (perhaps ~1/100) of that which appears to be generated (0.02 × 10 −4 cal/g/yr) by the U + Th series.
The Study on Coordinated Control Strategy for Micro-Grid Containing Various Distributed Generators

According to external dual power line supply and the grid-connected and islanded operating modes of micro-grid and the changeover among them, a control strategy of micro-grid with different kinds of DG (Distributed Generation) is proposed. It monitors the operating states of both micro-grid and power network and provides the unified coordinating control by the controller of micro-grid. In grid-connected mode, all kinds of DG work in constant power mode (P-Q mode) to generate power output for load. In islanded mode, energy storage system works in constant voltage-frequency mode (V-f mode), which is selected as the master power for supporting the voltage and frequency in micro-grid. And the rest works in P-Q mode. The application at one smart community in Shanghai proved its feasibility. The proposed strategy keeps the stable operation of micro-grid and implements the seamless transition between two operating modes by synchronizing device in grid-connected point.
Classroom peer relationships and behavioral engagement in elementary school: the role of social network equity.

Applying social capital and systems theories of social processes, we examine the role of the classroom peer context in the behavioral engagement of low-income students (N = 80) in urban elementary school classrooms (N = 22). Systematic child observations were conducted to assess behavioral engagement among second to fifth graders in the fall and spring of the same school year. Classroom observations, teacher and child questionnaires, and social network data were collected in the fall. Confirming prior research, results from multilevel models indicate that students with more behavioral difficulties or less academic motivation in the fall were less behaviorally engaged in the spring. Extending prior research, classrooms with more equitably distributed and interconnected social ties—social network equity—had more behaviorally engaged students in the spring, especially in classrooms with higher levels of observed organization (i.e., effective management of behavior, time, and attention). Moreover, social network equity attenuated the negative relation between student behavioral difficulties and behavioral engagement, suggesting that students with behavioral difficulties were less disengaged in classrooms with more equitably distributed and interconnected social ties. Findings illuminate the need to consider classroom peer contexts in future research and intervention focused on the behavioral engagement of students in urban elementary schools.
Gender, Ethnicity, and the Structure of Self-Esteem: An Attitude Theory Approach

Consistent with attitude theory, self-esteem was considered in this study to be an attitude toward self, with component self-beliefs that associate or dissociate self with a desired or undesired attribute. It was hypothesized that the structure of self-beliefs underlying self-esteem is different across ethnic and gender boundaries. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the overall self-esteem and specific self-belief components in a sample of 643 (305 African-American and 338 White) middle school students in two small rural southern towns. In a series of regression analyses within ethnicity by gender groups, the self-esteem measure was predicted from indices representing specific self-beliefs associating self with different attributes. Substantial differences were found between the ethnicity by gender groups in the type of beliefs that best predicted self-esteem.
Effects of the d- and l-isomers of amphetamine on uptake, release and catabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in several regions of rat brain.

Abstract The stereoselectivity of d - and l -amphetamine for uptake, release and catabolism of biogenic amines was studied in vitro in three regions of rat brain. The ( d -isomer was about two times more potent than the l -isomer in inhibiting uptake and releasing biogenic amines from chopped cerebral cortex labeled with norepinephrine and midbrain labeled with 5-hydroxytryptamine. On the other hand, the d -isomer was five times more potent than the l -isomer in inhibiting the uptake and releasing [ 3 H]dopaminc from nerve terminals of corpus striatum. When the relative potencies of amphetamine on uptake and release were compared, it was found that approximately 11-fold higher concentrations of both isomers were required to release dopamine compared to their ability to inhibit neuronal uptake. Only 4-fold higher concentrations of both isomers of amphetamine were required to release [ 3 H]nore-pinephrine compared to their ability to inhibit neuronal uptake. Approximately equal concentrations of the two isomers released and inhibited neuronal uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine. With high concentrations (10 −3 M). the d -isomer of amphetamine was more effective than the l -isomer in inhibiting monoamine oxidase activity in synaptosome-free homogenates of cerebral cortex tissue. These results indicate that the dopamine nerve terminals of the corpus striatum possess greater stereoselectivity toward amphetamine than either the norepinephrine nerve terminals of cerebral cortex or 5-hydroxytryptaminc neurons of midbrain.
Familiar size and linear perspective as distance cues in stereoscopic depth constancy

Both the image size of a familiar object and linear perspective operate as distance cues in stereoscopic depth constancy. This was shown by separating their effects from the effect of the oculomotor cues by creating cue conflicts between either the familiar size cue or linear perspective, on the one hand, and accommodation and convergence, on the other. In the case of familiarsize, this cue was used deceptively. In the case of linear perspective, spectacles caused nonveridical oculomotor adjustments.
Simultaneous Luminescence Pressure and Temperature Measurement System for Hypersonic Wind Tunnels

Surface pressures and temperatures are determined from visible emission brightness and green-to-red color ratioing of induced luminescence from a ceramic surface with an organic dye coating. A ceramic-dye matrix of porous silica ceramic with an adsorbed dye is developed for high-temperature pressure sensitivity and stability (up to 150 C). Induced luminescence may be excited using a broad range of incident radiation from visible blue light (488-nm wavelength) to the near ultraviolet (365 nm). Ceramic research models and test samples are fabricated using net-form slip-casting and sintering techniques. Methods of preparation and effects of adsorption film thickness on measurement sensitivity are discussed. With the present 8-bit imaging system a 10% pressure measurement uncertainty from 50 to 760 torr is estimated, with an improvement to 5% from 3 to 1500 torr with a 12-bit imaging system.
Device to Assist Individuals in Dressing Themselves

As many elderly citizens have diminished strength and balance, they must use their hands while standing to support and stabilize themselves. This prevents them from using their hands to pull up and buckle their pants. As a result, these individuals must ask for assistance from others or spend an unnecessary amount of time doing this task independently while risking a fall. This problem becomes worsened when coupled with ailments such as arthritis, torn rotator cuffs, or multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this senior design project was to develop an automated device to assist individuals in dressing themselves. Specifically, this device is to be designed to help individuals with weakened physical conditions pull their pants and briefs up while standing and supporting themselves.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Systemic manifestations of HIV infection

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the agent responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), can yield a broad array of systemic manifestations. Such clinical phenomena can reflect primary effect of HIV, opportunistic infections, malignancy, or adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Virtually every organ system is vulnerable, and the presence of multiple concomitant problems is very common, particularly in persons with advanced infection. Although the advent of so-called highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART, over the past several years has improved the condition of many persons with HIV, such treatment is ineffective in some patients and has uncertain durability in all patients.1 In addition, these medications are often associated with substantial side effects, and many of them feature potentially dangerous drug interactions.
The suicidal jailhouse hanging

Jailhouse suicide is commonly attempted by hanging. Two prisoners recently have been treated in our trauma service after unsuccessful attempts at suicidal hanging. Both of our patients demonstrated problems related to hypoxic encephalopathy, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, and mental status change, all as a result of this injury. These patients' hospital course illustrates some of the salient features in the management of this unusual patient population.
Different adjuvanticity of incomplete Freund's Adjuvant derived from beef or vegetable components in melanoma patients immunized with a peptide vaccine

Adjuvants are requisite components of many vaccines designed to elicit T-cell immumty although the exact components of commonly used adjuvants are not always fully defined. In 2006, owing to concerns of prion contamination, the formulation of Montanide ISA 51 Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) was changed from using oleic acid isolated from beef tallow to that isolated from olives. In sequential clinical trials in the Surgery Branch, NCI patients at high risk for recurrence of melanoma were immunized with the gp100 melanoma/melanocyte antigenic peptide, gp100: 209-217 (210M), emulsified in the beef-derived IFA or the olive-derived IFA. The in vivo generation of gp100 reactive T cells was significantly less in patients receiving the olive compared with the beef IFA as assessed by both ELISPOT (P 2 = 0.0001) and in vitro sensitization assays (P 2 = 0.0001). Local skin reactions to the peptide emulsion were also far less severe using the olive IFA (P 2 =0.0003). Thus it seems likely that contaminants in the beef-derived IFA played an important role in the increased adjuvanticity of this preparation compared with the olive-derived IFA. These findings raise serious concerns related to the use of the available olive-derived IFA for immunization in clinical trials. A survey of ongoing clinical trials listed in ClinicalTrials.gov revealed 36 trials currently accruing patients that are using the olive-derived Montanide ISA 51 IFA.
Synthesis and Conformations of Dendronized Poly(L-lysine).

Dendronized polymers based on a poly(l-lysine) backbone have been synthesized up to the fourth generation. The hydroxyl-terminated polymers are completely water-soluble, which makes them good candidates for drug delivery applications. The dendronized polypeptide backbones are helical at lower generations, but undergo a dramatic conformational change from α-helical to disordered upon increasing the dendron size to the third generation. This conformational change, attributed to steric repulsions between dendrons, is supported by spectroscopic measurements, while chain extension upon dendronization is confirmed by scanning force microscopy.
Sergei Diaghilev’s Example: The Case of George Balanchine

Abstract In 1925 George Balanchine joined the Ballets Russes, the ballet company directed by Sergei Diaghilev, when he was just twenty years old. Many of the elements of his mature art can be traced to his time with the mesmerizing Diaghilev, who controlled virtually every aspect of his troupe’s activities.
A site essential for expression of all late genes in bacteriophage λ

Abstract When a λ lysogen is superinfected with a heteroimmune phage, the late genes of the prophage are expressed. We have studied this induction of late genes in trans with a set of lysogens carrying deletions that enter the prophage from the left ( gal ) end and stop at various points within the prophage. When the deletion extends into the S gene or beyond, late genes that remain intact can no longer be induced efficiently. Hence there is a site between genes Q and S that is necessary for expression of the late genes both in the right and in the left arms of the mature λ DNA molecule, at least in the prophage state. If this is also true in vegetative growth, then the mature ends must be joined at the time when late genes are normally expressed. These and other results are consistent with the idea that it is transcription for which the site between Q and S is required. Although this might mean that all late genes are transcribed in a single message, we favor instead the following model. The only place in the late region where RNA polymerase can begin transcription is between Q and S ; once transcription has begun, however, several different late messages can be synthesized. In other words, not every message-initiation site is a site where transcription can begin. Some of the consequences of this model are discussed.
The PDZ3 domain of the cellular scaffolding protein MAGI-1 interacts with the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR).

Abstract The Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is an essential cellular protein that is involved in cell–cell adhesion, protein trafficking, and viral infection. The major isoform of CAR is selectively sorted to the basolateral membrane of polarized epithelial cells where it co-localizes with the cellular scaffolding protein membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted domain structure-1 (MAGI-1). Previously, we demonstrated CAR interacts with MAGI-1 through a PDZ–domain dependent interaction. Here, we show that the PDZ3 domain of MAGI-1 is exclusively responsible for the high affinity interaction between the seven exon isoform of CAR and MAGI-1 using yeast-two-hybrid analysis and confirming this interaction biochemically and in cellular lysates by in vitro pull down assay and co-immunoprecipitation. The high affinity interaction between the PDZ3 domain and CAR C-terminus was measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Further, we investigated the biological relevance of this high affinity interaction between CAR and the PDZ3 domain of MAGI-1 and found that it does not alter CAR-mediated adenovirus infection. By contrast, interruption of this high affinity interaction altered the localization of MAGI-1 indicating that CAR is able to traffic MAGI-1 to cell junctions. These data deepen the molecular understanding of the interaction between CAR and MAGI-1 and indicate that although CAR plays a role in trafficking PDZ-based scaffolding proteins to cellular junctions, association with a high affinity intracellular binding partner does not significantly alter adenovirus binding and entry via CAR.
GaN-BASED LASER DIODES

We discuss optical properties of III-Nitride materials and structures. These properties are critical for the development of III-Nitride-based light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. Minority carrier diffusion length in GaN has been determined to be ~ 0.1 μm. The properties of lasing in GaN have been studied using optical pumping. The red shift of emission peak observed in stimulated emission of GaN has been modeled and attributed to many-body interactions at high excitation. The correlation of photoluminescence and optical pumping has shown that band-to-band, or shallow donor-related bandtail to valence band transition is the necessary mechanism of lasing in GaN. This work showed that the thermal instability of InGaN at growth temperature is of main concern in the fabrication of InGaN-based MQW laser diode structures. Photoluminescence has shown that the InGaN composition is very sensitive to the growth temperature. Therefore InGaN growth temperature should be strictly controlled during InGaN-based MQW growth. This work discovered that proper annealing of Si-doping of InGaN/GaN MQW structures that are properly annealed could reduce the lasing threshold and improve the slope efficiency. Over-annealing of these MQWs can lead to thermal degradation of the active layer. Si-doping in over-annealed MQW structure further degrades its quality. The degradation has been attributed to the increase of defects and/or nonuniform local potential formation. P-type doping on the top of InGaN/GaN could also lead to the formation of compensation layer which also degrades laser diode performances. Optical confinement and carrier confinement in InGaN-based laser diode structures are evaluated for optimum laser diode design. The state-of-the-art and fundamental issues of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes and laser diodes are discussed.
BRIEF REPORT: Health Care Provided by Program Directors to Their Resident Physicians and Families

BACKGROUND: Who provides health care to resident physicians is not well studied. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether residency program directors (PDs) provide health care to their own residents and residents' families. DESIGN: An anonymous survey mailed to 1,345 PDs in Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Medicine-Pediatrics, and Obstetrics-Gynecology in the United States in 2003. RESULTS: Six hundred nineteen PDs (46%) responded. Half had taken care of their own residents for acute conditions. Less commonly, directors had written prescriptions for acute (40%) or chronic needs (15%) or provided ongoing care (22%). Only 3% believed this conflicted with their ability to be effective directors. Responders more likely to provide future care to residents considered this kind of care generally appropriate (P<.001), or appropriate under certain circumstances (P<.001). Most of these spent ≥31% of their time seeing patients. There was no difference among types of programs, gender of the director, or the years as director. Twenty-five percent of directors provided care to their residents' families. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial numbers of directors provided health care to their own residents. Few believed this conflicted with their director role. We believe organizations of PDs should develop positions about this practice.
The organization and postnatal development of the commissural projection of the rat somatic sensory cortex.

Anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments have been used to demonstrate the origin and terminal distribution of commissural fibers in the first somatosensory cortex (SI) of the rat. The commissural fibers originate from pyramidal cells of all layers, but predominantly from layers III and V. The fibers terminate in a series of approximately vertical bands. In each of these there are concentrations of terminals extending from the inner portion of the molecular layer to the deep portion of layer III as well as in the superficial part of layer V, and in layer VI. Discrete vertical bands of cortex are reciprocally connected across the midline to give both the origin and terminal regions of the projection a patchy or “columnar” appearance. The commissural fibers arise from and terminate in areas of the cortex that lie between and alongside the aggregations of granule cells that distinguish SI of the rat. No commissural fibers terminate within the aggregations of layer IV cells themselves but the more superficial terminal ramifications may come to overlie these aggregations. A heterotopic projection to the contralateral second somatosensory cortex has been observed and is similar in form to the homotopic projection to SI. Many commissural fibers have crossed the midline in the corpus callosum by the day of birth but lie in the underlying white matter and do not enter the cortical plate until at least the third postnatal day. During the first postnatal week these fibers grow somewhat diffusely into the maturing cortex and their topographic and laminar pattern of distribution attains its adult characteristics by the end of the first week. Commissural axons, thus, arise from immature cells but the maturation of cell form seems to precede the ingrowth of these axons and the acquisition of commissural synapses.
Modulation of non-spatial attention and the global/local processing bias

Amelioration of the rightward spatial attention bias in patients with hemispatial neglect following manipulations of non-spatial attention suggests that spatial attention and mechanisms related to the regulation of attention are interrelated. Studies in normal, healthy subjects have shown similar modulation in spatial bias following tonic and phasic changes in attention suggesting that this interaction is a general mechanism of attention rather than a curiosity of the neglect disorder. The current study examined this attentional interaction to determine if perceptual processes favoring one hemisphere over the other are affected by this relationship. Participants first made rapid discriminations of Navon figures presented at central fixation. As expected, when participants attended to either the local or global dimension, incongruence in the orthogonal dimension resulted in longer reaction times for accurate discrimination compared to congruent trials. However, following a brief (16-min) continuous performance task designed to elicit behaviors associated with greater tonic and phasic alertness, participants showed significantly less local interference when attending the global dimension and more global interference when attending the local dimension on the Navon discrimination task compared to a control task condition. The results indicate that exercising tonic and phasic alertness produces a global processing bias.
Assessment of the menstrual cycle upon total hemoglobin, water concentration, and oxygen saturation in the female breast

Near-infrared imaging can be used in humans to characterize changes in breast tumor tissue by imaging total hemoglobin and water concentrations as well as oxygen saturation. In order to improve our understanding of these changes, we need to carefully quantify the range of variation possible in normal tissues for these parameters. In this study, the effect of the subject’s menstrual cycle was examined by imaging their breast at the follicular (7-14 days of the cycle) and secretory phases (21-28 days of the cycle), using our NIR tomographic system. In this system, a three layer patient interface is used to measure 3 planes along the breast from chest wall towards the nipple at 1cm increments. Seven volunteers in their 40s were observed for 2 menstrual cycles and all of these volunteers recently had normal mammograms (ACR 1) with heterogeneously dense breast composition. The results show that average total hemoglobin in the breast increased in many subjects between 0 to 15% from the follicular phase to secretory phase. Oxygen saturation and water concentration changes between these 2 parts of the cycle were between −6.5% to 12% for saturation and between −33% to 28% for water concentration. While the data averaged between subjects showed no significant change existed between phases, it was clear that individual subjects did exhibit changes in composition which were consistent from cycle to cycle. Understanding what leads to this heterogeneity between subjects will be an important factor in utilizing these measurements in clinical practice.
Behavioural interventions for enhancing life participation in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) are clinical syndromes under the umbrella term 'frontotemporal dementia' (FTD) and are caused by a neurodegenerative disease with an onset most typically in the productive years of adulthood. The cognitive and behavioural impairments associated with FTD interfere with successful engagement in typical life roles, such as parenting, working, and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. There are currently no treatments to stop or slow the degenerative process and there are only very limited medication options for the management of the cognitive-behavioural symptoms. However, alternative, non-pharmacological interventions may offer significant benefit to the quality of life of the diagnosed individual. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the approaches available through neurorehabilitation and community-based services that facilitate successful engagement in life activities and promote optimal quality of life for the individuals and families living with FTD. It is hoped that as medical providers become more familiar with behavioural interventions, referrals for services will increase thereby allowing individuals with FTD and their caregivers to learn ways to adapt, adjust, and participate in life to the fullest despite the impairments from this progressive disease.
Influence and coercion: relational and rights-based ethical approaches to forced psychiatric treatment.

The dominant rights-based approach to the ethics of coercion in psychiatric treatment guides clinicians in deciding whether treatment should be compelled or the patient's autonomy respected, but provides no guidance across the remaining broad continuum of influence that clinicians exert with patients. The assumptions of the rights-based approach lead to three dichotomous decisions: (1) ‘Is the treatment voluntary?’; (2) ‘Is the patient competent?’ and (3) ‘Are the consequence of no treatment dangerous?’. The assumptions of a relational approach lead to ethical guidance across the full range in the intensity and types of influence which may be ethically justified or required in psychiatric treatment. These assumptions are: (1) influence is inherent in the clinical relationship; (2) the relevant factors are continuous and (3) all decisions are subjective. While the rights-approach emphasizes defining competence and developing techniques to predict future patient dangerousness, the relational approach emphasizes patient–clinician responsibilities in ethical relationships and understanding all factors which legitimately bear on the use of influence. An initial list of such factors is offered.
High-gain GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switches: measurement of filament velocity and reduced trigger energy

The time evolution of the current filaments in an optically triggered, high gain GaAs switch was studied by recording the infrared photoluminescence from the filaments. When the switch is triggered with two laser diode arrays (through a fiber optic) that are activated within 1 ns of each other, two current filaments are observed, each one emanating from the point of illumination. By delaying one laser with respect to the other, the evolution of the filament was recorded in a time resolved fashion. The first filament that is triggered crosses the switch, the voltage drops and the other filament ceases to grow. By varying the delay between the trigger lasers, the tip velocity is measured to be up to 5.9 +/- 1 X 109 cm/s. This speed is 600 times larger than the peak drift velocity of carriers in GaAs. This observation supports switching models that rely on carrier generation at the tip of the filament. The filaments speed up as they cross the switch: for one voltage range initial speeds were 0.7 +/- 1 X 109 cm/s and final speeds (the last 100 ps of motion) exceed 5.5 +/- 1 X 109 cm/s. This experiment also shows a relationship between the rise time of the voltage across the switch and the required trigger energy and switch jitter.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vibrational Spectra and Force Constants of MoO 4 2− and MoS 4 2− Containing 92 Mo and 100 Mo Isotopes

The Raman and infrared spectra of Na2MoO4, K2MoS4, and Cs2MoS4 with 92Mo and 100Mo have been measured. The exact force field has been determined from these spectra. The results are compared with those obtained by using various approximation methods.
Justice and Justification: Reflective Equilibrium in Theory and Practice

We all have beliefs, even strong convictions, about what is just and fair in our social arrangements. How should these beliefs and the theories of justice that incorporate them guide our thinking about practical matters of justice? This wide-ranging collection of essays by one of the foremost medical ethicists in the USA explores the claim that justification in ethics, whether of matters of theory or practice, involves achieving coherence between our moral and non-moral beliefs. Amongst the practical issues addressed in the volume are the design of health-care institutions, the distribution of goods between the old and the young, and fairness in hiring and firing. In combining ethical theory and practical ethics this volume will prove especially valuable to philosophers concerned with ethics and applied ethics, political theorists, bioethicists, and others involved in the study of public policy.
Mathematical Models for Expansive Growth of Cells with Walls

Plants, algae, and fungi are essential for nearly all life on earth. Through photosynthesis, plants and algae convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of organic compounds that sustains essentially all life on earth. In addition, plants and algae convert the carbon dioxide produced by respiring organisms to oxygen that is needed for respiration. Fungi decompose complex organic compounds produced by respiring organisms so that molecules can be recycled in photosynthesis and respiration. Plants, algae, and fungi have one important feature in common, their cells have walls. Expansive growth and its regulation are central to the life and development of plant, algal, and fungal cells, i.e. cells with walls. In recent decades there has been an explosion of information relevant to expansive growth of cells with walls. Mathematical models have been constructed in an attempt to organize and evaluate this information, to gain insight, to evaluate hypotheses, and to assist in the selection and development of new experimental studies. In this article some of the mathematical models constructed to study expansive growth of cells with walls are reviewed. It is nearly impossible to review all relevant research conducted in this area. Instead, the review focuses on the development of mathematical equations that have been used to model expansive growth, morphogenesis, and growth rate regulation of cells with walls. Also, relevant experimental findings are reviewed, conceptual models are presented, and suggestions for future research are proposed. The authors have attempted to provide an overview that is accessible to researchers that are not working in this field.
Construction of Stone Matrix Asphalt Section at Edwards Air Force Base

In February 1993, the U.S. Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency asked the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to provide technical assistance for construction of a stone matrix asphalt (SMA) pavement demonstration project at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB). In August 1993, approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of SMA pavement was placed on a road at Edwards AFB. The SMA mixture contained crushed stone, natural sand, fly ash, cellulose fiber, and an AR-4000 asphalt cement. The following summer, it was reported that excessive amounts of bleeding had occurred in all wheelpaths. An inspection in August 1994 confirmed this finding, and it was noted that the bleeding was worse near the intersections. The SMA mixture apparently contained too much asphalt cement. Several factors contributed to the bleeding: (a) the SMA mixture as designed contained too many fines, especially in passing the No. 4 sieve, compared with current guidance from the National Asphalt Paving Association and others; (b) the void content of the mixture may have been inadequate; and (c) samples obtained from the in-place pavement had a finer grading and higher asphalt content than specified. The bleeding has caused concern; however, no maintenance has been performed on the SMA pavement and no measurable rutting has occurred in the wheelpaths.
MARK II End Cap Calorimeter Electronics

An end cap calorimeter system has been added to the MARK II detector in preparation for its use at the SLAC Linear Collider. The calorimeter uses 8744 rectangular proportional counter tubes. This paper describes the design features of the data acquisition electronics that has been installed on the calorimeter. The design and use of computer-based test stands for the amplification and signal-shaping components is also covered. A portion of the complete system has been tested in a beam at SLAC. In these initial tests, using only the calibration provided by the test stands, a resolution of 18%/?E* was achieved.
The Conserved L5 Loop Establishes the Pre-Powerstroke Conformation of the Kinesin-5 Motor, Eg5

Kinesin superfamily motor proteins contain a structurally conserved loop near the ATP binding site, termed L5. The function of L5 is unknown, although several drug inhibitors of the mitotic kinesin Eg5 bind to L5. We used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) to investigate the function of L5 in Eg5. We site-specifically attached EPR probes to ADP, L5, and the neck linker element that docks along the enzymatic head to drive forward motility on microtubules (MTs). Nucleotide-dependent spectral mobility shifts occurred in all of these structural elements, suggesting that they undergo coupled conformational changes. These spectral shifts were altered by deletion of L5 or addition of S-trityl-l-cysteine (STLC), an allosteric inhibitor that binds to L5. In particular, EPR probes attached to the neck linker of MT-bound Eg5 shifted to a more immobilized component in the nucleotide-free state relative to the ADP-bound state, consistent with the neck linker docking upon ADP release. In contrast, after L5 deletion or STLC addition, EPR spectra were highly immobilized in all nucleotide states. We conclude that L5 undergoes a conformational change that enables Eg5 to bind to MTs in a pre-powerstroke state. Deletion or inhibition of L5 with the small-molecule inhibitor STLC blocks this pre-powerstroke state, forcing the Eg5 neck linker to dock regardless of the nucleotide state.
Critical role of Filamin-binding LIM protein 1 (FBLP-1)/Migfilin in regulation of bone remodeling

Bone remodeling is a complex process that must be precisely controlled to maintain a healthy life. We show here that filamin-binding LIM protein 1 (FBLP-1, also known as migfilin), a kindlin- and filamin-binding focal adhesion protein, is essential for proper control of bone remodeling. Genetic inactivation of FBLIM1 (the gene encoding FBLP-1) in mice resulted in a severe osteopenic phenotype. Primary FBLP-1 null bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) exhibited significantly reduced extracellular matrix adhesion and migration compared with wild type BMSCs. Loss of FBLP-1 significantly impaired the growth and survival of BMSCs in vitro and decreased the number of osteoblast (OB) progenitors in bone marrow and OB differentiation in vivo. Furthermore, the loss of FBLP-1 caused a dramatic increase of osteoclast (OCL) differentiation in vivo. The level of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), a key regulator of OCL differentiation, was markedly increased in FBLP-1 null BMSCs. The capacity of FBLP-1 null bone marrow monocytes (BMMs) to differentiate into multinucleated OCLs in response to exogenously supplied RANKL, however, was not different from that of WT BMMs. Finally, we show that a loss of FBLP-1 promotes activating phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation substantially suppressed the increase of RANKL induced by the loss of FBLP-1. Our results identify FBLP-1 as a key regulator of bone homeostasis and suggest that FBLP-1 functions in this process through modulating both the intrinsic properties of OB/BMSCs (i.e., BMSC-extracellular matrix adhesion and migration, cell growth, survival, and differentiation) and the communication between OB/BMSCs and BMMs (i.e., RANKL expression) that controls osteoclastogenesis.
Detecting landmines using weighted density distribution function features

Land mine detection using metal detector (MD) and ground penetrating radar (GPR) sensors in hand-held units is a difficult problem. Detection difficulties arise due to: 1) the varying composition and type of metal in land mines, 2) the time-varying nature of background and 3) the variation in height and velocity of the hand-held unit in data measurement. This research introduces new spatially distributed MD features for differentiating land mine signatures from background. The spatially distributed features involve correlating sequences of MD energy values with six weighted density distribution functions. These features are evaluated using a standard back propagation neural network on real data sets containing more than 2,300 mine encounters of different size, shape, content and metal composition that are measured under different soil conditions.
Treatment of Mycobacterium fortuitum pulmonary infection with "transfer factor" (TF): new methodology for evaluating TF potency and predicting clinical response.

Abstract The successful clinical use of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLE) containing transfer factor (TF) has been hampered in the past by the lack of an in vitro assay for TF activity. We have shown previously that the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay can be used to detect and quantitate TF in DLE in vitro. The development of an in vitro assay for TF has in turn permitted the development of a new method for determining the TF potency in different preparations of DLE. We report herein the first application of the LMI assay to the clinical use of DLE. As an example we present a case study in which DLE was successfully employed to treat a patient with pulmonary disease associated with an “antigen-selective” defect in cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium fortuitum. The clinical applications of the LMI assay illustrated in this report include: (1) documentation of the antigen-selective defect in cell-mediated immunity; (2) selection of donors for the preparation of DLE for immunotherapy; (3) determination of the TF potency of different DLE preparations; (4) prediction of the patient's in vivo response to DLE therapy; (5) determining dosages of DLE for immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis; and (6) monitoring the patient's response to treatment with DLE.
Manipulating circadian clock neuron firing rate resets molecular circadian rhythms and behavior

To examine the interaction between molecular, electrical and behavioral circadian rhythms, we combined optogenetic manipulation of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) firing rate with bioluminescence imaging and locomotor activity monitoring. Manipulating firing rate reset circadian rhythms both ex vivo and in vivo, and this resetting required spikes and network communication. This suggests that SCN firing rate is fundamental to circadian pacemaking as both an input to and output of the molecular clockworks.
Responsibility of the state society in dental education

In a democracy, professional progress al­ ways must be based on a careful blend of scientific and cultural advancement con­ ceived and administered by self-governed groups in the interest of the public. The tremendous advancement of the dental profession reflects the truth of this funda­ mental concept. It is significant, however, that even though dentists have achieved recogni­ tion and prestige for past accomplish­ ments, the profession must redouble its efforts to serve a public increasingly cog­ nizant of oral disease and rightfully de­ manding a better health service.1,2 In the performance of this mission the dental practitioner of today not only must exhibit great technical skill but, more importantly, he must be instilled with the discipline of the scientific method. He can be none other than a continuous student, needing a constant review and evaluation of the flowing, changing events that mark the progress of dentistry. The most effective deterrent to socialized dentistry is an alert practi­ tioner demonstrating professional excel­ lence in the community he serves. It is with this proposition in mind that more comprehensive programs of continuing education must be formulated and woven into the framework of the dental profes­ sion. At the national level, dentists have outlined carefully and legislated the academic requirements of dental schools in undergraduate and graduate training, but have placed little emphasis on the responsibilities of the state society in dental education. The need for such emphasis becomes apparent when cur­ rent developments in dental science and the necessity of bringing this newer knowl­ edge to the individual practitioner are considered. Schools of dentistry, with their overtaxed faculties and physical plants, can devise, implement and give direction to continuing education curriculums but cannot be expected to per­ form all of the detailed organizational and teaching functions necessary to a successful program. The many excellent types of refresher courses given annually by these schools cannot be assumed to serve the total needs of some 90,000 prac­ ticing dentists. Thus the constituent society, being in intimate contact with the membership at the state and local level, must take greater responsibility for these activities designed not only to inform but to stimu­ late. The necessity for review of this problem is indicated by a recent survey