cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why Is it So Hard to Rationalize the Budgetary Process? A Behavioral Analysis of Performance-Based Budgeting

Since the mid-twentieth Century, several efforts have been made to rationalize the government budgetary decision making process. Most of these efforts were either incomplete or a failure. This paper provides a behavioral analysis of why it is so hard to rationalize the budgetary decision making process, taking performance-based budgeting (PBB) as an example of a budget innovation that has been proposed for more than 50 years to rationalize the budget process by linking allocations to performance results without being fully implemented. This paper looks at the rationalization of the budgetary process from the lens of non-linear systems models, and analyzes the forces/elements that have made this rationalization an objective hard to attain, emphasizing the policy-making and implementation gap with regard to performance-based budgeting.
Are We Building Preservice Teacher Self-Efficacy? A Large-Scale Study Examining Teacher Education Experiences.

Teacher education programs are under great pressure to produce highly capable teachers. Teacher self-efficacy has been shown to correlate with teacher motivation and perseverance, yet little is kno...
Elementary Social Studies Content Integration in CCLS: An Analysis of Content Integration

While the primary focus of the Common Core Learning Standards is in improving literacy and math, elements of Social Studies topics and skills are emphasized. Primary source analysis and understandi...
No safe zone: The anatomy of the saphenous nerve and its posteromedial branches.

Abstract Background Following a case of medial meniscal repair via an inside–out repair, a patient developed acute postoperative electric shock-like paresthesias of the proximal medial calf with any knee flexion beyond 80°. Open saphenous nerve exploration revealed entrapment by suture material of an unnamed branch off the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve. Symptoms resolved immediately with release. The objective of the study was to perform a cadaveric study to examine the existence and frequency of these previously under-reported branches of the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve. Methods In 16 knees from eight fresh, matched whole cadavers, the medial structures of the knee were exposed, reproducible anatomical structures were identified, and previously under-described posteromedial branches of the sartorial nerve were identified and measured in relation to surrounding structures and the joint line. Results The saphenous nerve, its sartorial and infrapatellar branches, and its posteromedial branches were identified in all specimens. The sartorial nerve divided from the saphenous nerve an average of 4.8 cm proximal to the medial femoral epicondyle. Between one and four further posteromedial branches off the sartorial nerve were identified. These branches formed at a range of 5.3 cm proximal to 3.0 cm distal to the joint line. Conclusions This cadaveric study establishes the consistent presence of a posteromedial branch off the sartorial nerve. It was consistently located near the posteromedial joint line. These branches are at risk for injury during medial meniscus repairs due to entrapment by suture materials, or during other surgical procedures near the posteromedial aspect of the knee.
An examination of an outdoor pool’s contributions to well-Being: predicting different dimensions of well-Being from the use of an outdoor community pool

Health and well-being are integral components for achieving a good quality of life, with leisure engagement as a key component. This study investigated perceptions of dimensions of well-being from ...
Gibberellin Signaling Is Required for Far-Red Light-Induced Shoot Elongation in Pinus tabuliformis Seedlings.

Gibberellin (GA) is known to play an important role in low red/far-red (R:FR) light ratio-mediated hypocotyl and petiole elongation in Arabidopsis. However, the regulatory relationship between low R:FR and GAs remains unclear, especially in gymnosperms. To increase our understanding of the molecular basis of low R:FR-mediated shoot elongation in pines and to determine whether there is an association between low R:FR and GAs action, we explored the morphological and transcriptomic changes triggered by low R:FR, GAs, and paclobutrazol (PAC), a GAs biosynthesis inhibitor, in Pinus tabuliformis seedlings. Transcriptome profiles revealed that low R:FR conditions and GAs have a common set of transcriptional targets in P. tabuliformis. We provide evidence that the effect of low R:FR on shoot elongation in P. tabuliformis is at least partially modulated by GAs accumulation, which can be largely attenuated by PAC. GAs are also involved in the crosstalk between different phytohormones in the low R:FR response. A GA biosynthesis gene, encoding ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), was strongly stimulated by low R:FR without being affected by GAs feedback regulation or the photoperiod. We show that GA signaling is required for low R:FR-induced shoot elongation in P. tabuliformis seedlings, and that there are different regulatory targets for low R:FR-mediated GA biosynthesis between conifers and angiosperms.
Background and Characteristics of International Student Mobility and Access to Higher Education

This chapter introduces the reader to the major themes addressed in this book. We consider the significant and growing literature upon international students’ experiences and factors associated with their mobility, concentrating upon the factors unique to student mobility across international boundaries. We focus on qualitative research into international students’ reports about their own experiences. We briefly introduce readers to qualitative facet theory and the declarative mapping sentence (DMS) which forms the book’s theoretical approach where the DMS is used as a definitional structure for student experience and a template for designing, interpreting, and understanding students’ experiences. We use economic and marketing concepts to enable exploration of salient themes for international students allowing us to emphasizse what helps and hinders international students’ pursuit of their goals.
Value-Based Insurance Design

Efforts to lower healthcare spending often entail increasing in patient cost sharing. Unfortunately, patients have been shown to make poor clinical decisions when faced with higher cost sharing, often reducing the use of high value healthcare services by as much as the reduced use of lower value services. Value-Based Insurance Design (VBID) refers to insurance packages that align patient cost sharing with value, charging patients less for high value services and more for low value services. It has the potential to mitigate the negative impact of increased cost sharing and improve the efficiency of our healthcare system. More sophisticated versions can also recognize that value reflects patient traits. VBID approaches have been successfully adopted by numerous employers and health plans. Both observational data and more systematic controlled analyses support the idea that VBID improves medication adherence and clinical outcomes, and may even lower overall spending.
Multistable metamaterial on elastic foundation enables tunable morphology for elastic wave control

We present a strategy for continuously and reversibly tuning the propagation of elastic waves in one-dimensional systems without need for persistent external stimulation. The general approach places a bistable metamaterial on an elastic substrate which is subsequently deformed via prescribed boundary displacements. The internal substrate deformation, which is shaped by a prescribed spatial variation in elasticity, is reflected in the overlaying metamaterial and facilitates the reconfiguration of bistable elements over isolated regions. As each configuration is associated with a unique stiffness, these regions represent an adjustable, meso-scale morphology amenable to tuning elastic waves. The essential bistability is characterized by an asymmetric, double-welled equipotential energy function and is developed by mechanical rather than phenomenological means. The asymmetry provides for the unique, configuration-specific (stable) equilibrium stiffnesses; the equipotential promotes reversibility (i.e., no one configuration is energetically preferred). From a uniform metamaterial-substrate system, we demonstrate the utility of our strategy by producing a waveguide with shifting passband and a metamaterial with variable unit cell morphology.
Simulation and Design of Step-Etched Junction Termination Extensions for GaN Power Diodes

Proper edge termination is required to reach large blocking voltages in vertical power devices. Limitations in selective area p-type doping in GaN restrict the types of structures that can be used for this purpose. A junction termination extension (JTE) can be employed to reduce field crowding at the junction periphery where the charge in the JTE is designed to sink the critical electric field lines at breakdown. One practical way to fabricate this structure in GaN is by a step-etched single-zone or multi-zone JTE where the etch depths and doping levels are used to control the charge in the JTE. The multi-zone JTE is beneficial for increasing the process window and allowing for more variability in parameter changes while still maintaining a designed percentage of the ideal breakdown voltage. Impact ionization parameters reported in literature for GaN are compared in a simulation study to ascertain the dependence on breakdown performance. Two 3-zone JTE designs utilizing different impact ionization coefficients are compared. Simulations confirm that the choice of impact ionization parameters affects both the predicted breakdown of the device as well as the fabrication process variation tolerance for a multi-zone JTE. Regardless of the impact ionization coefficients utilized, a step-etched JTE has the potential to provide an efficient, controllable edge termination design.
Reactions of 52 soybean germplasm accessions with Rpp3 alleles to a panel of 13 Phakopsora pachyrhizi (soybean rust) isolates from the southern United States

Soybean rust (SBR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. is one of the most economically important foliar diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. At least 52 soybean plant introductions (PIs) with resistance to SBR have a resistance gene at the Rpp3 locus on chromosome 6, but little is known about the degree of similarity between those alleles and the Rpp3 alleles from PI 462312 and ‘Hyuuga’, which has resistance genes at the Rpp3 and Rpp5 loci. Reactions of 52 PIs to a panel of 13 P. pachyrhizi isolates from the United States were assessed to identify accessions with reaction patterns that differed from those of PI 462312 and Hyuuga. Thirty-two PIs were similar to PI 462312 and eight more similar to Hyuuga. Twelve PIs had reactions to 2011 and 2012 isolates from Florida that differed from both PI 462312 and Hyuuga. Although the majority of the 52 accessions appear to have the same Rpp3 allele as PI 462312, at least some of the 12 PIs with different reaction patterns are likely to have unique alleles. This information will be useful in breeding rust-resistant soybean cultivars, and potentially for identifying regions of the Rpp3 locus that are involved in P. pachyrhizi pathotype recognition. None of the P. pachyrhizi isolates collected after 2012 were as virulent as 2011 and 2012 isolates from north-central Florida, demonstrating that virulence shifts in P. pachyrhizi populations are not necessarily permanent.
Iatrogenic Lesions of the Biliary Tree: The Role of a Multidisciplinary Approach

Iatrogenic surgical biliary duct injuries (SBDIs) following cholecystectomy are dramatic events and are correlated with significant extensions of hospital stay and worsening outcomes.
Cytokeratin 7, GATA3, and SOX-10 is a Comprehensive Panel in Diagnosing Triple Negative Breast Cancer Brain Metastases:

Following lung cancer, breast cancer is the second most common metastatic tumor to the brain, of which triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2+ (HER2+) breast cancer are the most common subtypes. TNBC does not have standard immunoprofiles and can be difficult to distinguish from other metastases. A tissue microarray was created from 47 patients with breast cancer metastases to the brain and 12 paired breast primaries. Of 47 breast cancer metastases, 24 were HER2+, 14 were TNBC, and 9 were luminal. Forty-five were cytokeratin 7 (CK7) positive, 36 were GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) positive, 7 were Sry-related HMg-Box gene 10 (SOX-10) positive, 20 were mammaglobin positive, and 19 were gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 positive. At least one of the CK7, GATA3, or SOX-10 was positive in all TNBC metastases. A panel of CK7, GATA3, and SOX-10 is complementary in the diagnosis of breast cancer brain metastasis. SOX-10 appears to be a specific but not particularly sensitive marker in this context.
DIREITO AO TRATAMENTO COMO IGUAL: DWORKIN E A LUTA DO NEGRO POR POLÍTICAS ÉTNICAS JUSTAS: Dworkin e a luta do negro por políticas étnicas justas

Models of affirmative action are a kind of policy which aimed, roughly, the promotion of diversity and distribution of income between social classes to reduce or balance equality issues. Considering this contemporary social dynamics, the central aim of this paper is to analyze whether the affirmative action model, while deployment of egalitarian liberal theory of Ronald Dworkin, can be a justified alternative to solve the social imbalance present in racist societies. If my hypothesis is correct, I will argue that the affirmative action model of access to education for blacks is justified and necessary to combat problems such as racism and social inequality in contemporary times.
Nursing faculty bullying: Concept analysis

Abstract Objective The purpose of this review was to clarify the concept of nursing faculty bullying. Unlike published reviews that highlight incivility that involve students and faculty, the authors sought to develop the concept of nursing faculty bullying occurring in nursing schools. Design The systematic eight step approach to a concept analysis developed by Walker and Avant was the framework to explore nursing faculty bullying. Data sources A review of existing literature on nursing faculty bullying was conducted using the electronic databases of Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health, PubMed, ProQuest, and Ovid. Search terms included incivility, faculty to faculty incivility, social bullying, and faculty bullying. Results An operational definition and defining attributes were developed as well as a discussion of several model cases, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of nursing faculty bullying. Conclusions The concept of nursing faculty bullying has several critical characteristics that help clarify its meaning, including the negative interactions between nursing faculty, repetitive behavior, purposeful harmful acts, and imbalance of power. The consequences of these characteristics can be emotionally and mentally harmful to nursing faculty affecting career development and advancement. Future research should explore interventions that could prevent these negative consequences.
The ingredients of comparison: The semantics of the excessive construction in Japanese

Excessives (e.g., this pair of pants is too long) are often considered as a ‘degree construction’ in the literature, presumably because it is assumed that their semantics involves a comparison of degrees. This paper takes a cross-linguistic look at the excessive construction in Japanese and raises the question of whether degrees are a necessary ingredient in the semantics of comparison. Unlike any degree morpheme in English, -sugi ‘to exceed’ can combine with either a gradable adjective (e.g., naga ‘long’) or a non-gradable verb (e.g., yomi ‘to read’) to form an excessive construction. In each case, a semantically different type of phrase can be used as a differential: when -sugi combines with an adjective, a measure phrase can be used as a differential; when -sugi combines with a verb, a floating numeral quantifier can be used as a differential. Based on this observation, I put forward a non-degree based analysis in which -sugi is not a degree quantifier. Specifically, I argue that a V -sugi sentence describes a comparison of two sets of objects or events, whereas an Adj -sugi sentence describes a comparison of two sets of degrees. This analysis draws an interesting parallel to the A-not-A analysis of the comparative in the literature, and implies that the semantics of a ‘degree construction’ does not necessarily involve a comparison of degrees. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.8.8 BibTeX info
Zygmunt Baumans postmoderne Wende

In den letzten zehn Jahren hat Zygmunt Bauman eine Reihe von Buchern veroffentlicht, die den postmodernen Wandel in Gesellschaft, Theorie, Kultur Ethik und Politik skizzieren. Die Veranderungen in der gegenwartigen Gesellschaft und Kultur, so Bauman, benotigen neue Modelle des Denkens, der Moral und der Politk, um angemessen auf die neuen sozialen Bedingungen antworten zu konnen. Dies erfordert eine Neuformierung der kritischen Sozialtheorie und neue Pflichten und Aufgaben fur eine postmoderne Soziologie. Bauman ist deshalb eine fundamentale Herausforderung fur die gegenwartige Sozialtheorie und stellt eine originelle und provokative postmoderne Version soziologischer Imagination bereit, indem er Umrisse des fundamentalen sozialen und kulturellen Wandelns unserer Zeit entfaltet und Wege entwickelt, in die Theoriebildung und Politik ausgerichtet werden mussen, um diese Fragen kreativ abbilden und demokratisch zu beantworten.
Business Rules, Revolutionary Discourse, and Multilogical Information Systems

Publisher Summary The principles of systems theory apply both to the devices used to process information and to the contexts in which they are used. The chapter describes an application of the principles to the task of understanding the human reality of information systems and then builds on the ideas to present the basic theory of a new concept, the multilogical information system, including an account of its current context. To achieve an adequate account of the information system in context, the chapter challenges the view of the information system as a set of devices external to human beings. In place of the traditional notion, the information system is sketched as a composite entity whose operation spans the division between the natural and the artificial.
Corrective Physical Education in the Small School and College

(1932). Corrective Physical Education in the Small School and College. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 24-56.
Transition-metal complexes as spectroscopic probes for selective covalent labeling and cross-linking of proteins

Publisher Summary A good reagent for covalent labeling and cross-linking of amino acid side chains should be selective in reactions with proteins under mild conditions, easily detected and quantitated, stable yet removable, and noninvasive. Well-chosen transition-metal complexes can meet all of these requirements. Because much is known about substitution reactions of metal complexes, their selectivity toward side chains of certain types or in certain regions of the protein surface can be controlled according to principles of coordination chemistry and stereochemistry. The methods described in this chapter are developed in experiments with different species of cytochrome c , a prototypical electron carrier, and with papain, chymotrypsin, and a-lytic protease, prototypical proteinase enzymes. A metal complex with two open coordination sites or a precursor to such a complex may in principle serve as a cross-linking reagent. Procedures in this chapter are described in sufficient detail to enable relatively easy optimization for other proteins, especially metalloproteins.
Milk Induced Colitis in an Infant

An infant is reported who developed acute colitis on three occasions after the ingestion of milk. It is suggested that milk-induced colitis in this infant is a disease which is distinct from ulcerative colitis but one which must be added to the spectrum of causes operative in the development of colitis in infants and young children.
The Puzzles of Racial Extremism in a 'Post-Racial' World

The election and reelection of Barack Obama ushered in a litany of controversial perspectives about the contemporary state of American race relations. In this incisive volume, some of the country’s most celebrated and original thinkers on race - historians, sociologists, writers, scholars, and cultural critics - reexamine the familiar framework of the civil rights movement with an eye to redirecting our understanding of the politics of race. Through provocative and insightful essays, The New Black challenges contemporary images of black families, offers a contentious critique of the relevance of presidential politics, transforms ideas about real and perceived political power, defies commonly accepted notions of "blackness," and generally attempts to sketch the new boundaries of debates over race in America. In particular, Prof. Jeannine Bell's chapter explores the extent to which racial violence persists in our communities.
A Flexible Table Parsing Approach

Relational data is often encoded in tables. Tables are easy to read by humans, but difficult to interpret automatically. In cases where table layout cues are not obtainable (missing HTML tags) or where columns are distorted (by copying from a spreadsheet to text) previous table extraction approaches run into problems. This paper introduces a novel table parsing approach. Our approach is based on a set of simple assumptions: (a) every table can be split up in data cells and headers, and (b) every table can be parsed beginning from a data cell utilizing the overall table structure. The table parsing is defined as "table flattening" in this paper. That is, the parsing starts with a data cell and pulls out all token (i.e., headers and sub-headers) associated with a respective data cell. We propose a parsing technique that uses two simple parsing heuristics: table headers are to the left of and above a data cell. We experimented with trader emails that contained instrument information with bid-ask prices as data cells. We developed a clustering and classifying method for finding prices reliably in the data set we used. This method is transferable to other data cell types and can be applied to other table content
Use of Vermicomposted Waste Materials as a Turfgrass Fertilizer

Vermicomposting is the process of fragmenting organic wastes with certain species of earthworms. A variety of vermicomposts are being marketed as fertilizer materials for turfgrass management, particularly in the golf course industry. In 2002 and 2003, fi eld trials were conducted on established kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) in Columbus, Ohio, to evaluate the use of vermicomposted animal, food, paper, and turfgrass clipping waste materials as a turfgrass fertilizer under home lawn maintenance conditions. Visual quality of the plots was signifi cantly higher for 2 weeks after application of paper vermicompost, regardless of application rate. Few other differences in either turfgrass visual quality of clipping yields were observed during a 6-week period after application, regardless of application rate or source of vermicompost. Based on the results of these studies, the use of vermicompost as a fertilizer material on established turfgrass is not warranted.
The Characteristics, Benefits, and Problems Associated With Implementing Dbae

What is DBAE, and what does it mean to the curriculum? This writer devel ops a scenario featuring a fictitious school to illustrate his answers to those questions.
Weed Invasion in New Stands of Alfalfa Seeded with Perennial Forage Grasses and an Oat Companion Crop

Weed invasion in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) may be reduced by seeding with a perennial forage grass. Our objectives were to determine if any of four perennial forage grasses influenced weed invasion when seeded with alfalfa, with and without an oat companion, and if this reduction was consistent among harvests and throughout the duration of the stand. Alfalfa was seeded alone and in binary mixtures with smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leysser), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), or Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). All forages were seeded with and without an oat (Avena sativa L.) companion crop in May of 1993 and 1994. Seeding grasses with alfalfa occasionally reduced weed yield in the first 2 yr of the stand Weed density was not influenced by the perennial grasses in the seeding year. In the third year, mixtures containing orchardgrass or Kentucky bluegrass reduced weed yields by 20 to 130 kg ha - in three of four harvests and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Wigg.) density up to 5.4 plants m 2 (71%). Bromegrass and timothy did not persist with four annual harvests. Seeding the mixtures with an oat companion reduced weed and perennial grass yield in the seeding year and perennial grass yield the following year. As a result, dandelion density in the third year was 2.6 plants m 2 (70%) greater in mixtures established with oat than without oat. Including perennial forage grasses can be effective at reducing weed invasion by the third year of the stand if grass is maintained as a major component of the forage.
Exploring Collective Memories Associated with African-American Advertising Memorabilia--The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

We examine consumers' memories of and meanings associated with stereotypical depictions of African Americans in advertisements and other marketing memorabilia. Although research has discussed the evolution of depictions of African Americans in advertisements over time, there is little academic literature addressing the meanings associated with these images. Our analysis suggests that collecting black memorabilia demonstrates a means of both self and collective recollection, with the meanings of the images/objects differing by individual and social group. These meanings are understood by exploring two secondary themes: the good, the bad, and the ugly but important and black marketing memorabilia as symbols and preservers of the past. Evident in this discussion is that people remember the past in the context of tangible evidence (e.g., promotional items, packaging). People remember the past the way they want and need to remember it, and even images perceived as bad or ugly are important in reconciling with ...
Experiences Validating the Access Policy Tool in Industrial Settings

The Access Policy Tool (APT) analyzes the firewall configuration in an enterprise network for compliance with a global access policy, such as one that describes the industry's best practices. APT is the culmination of several years of academic research and development; in this last year, we have been working with industrial partners in the energy sector to validate the results of the tool. More importantly, through this interaction, we've learned of significant requirements for tools like APT that must be met for real industrial use, and have incorporated the changes needed in APT to meet those requirements. This paper describes our experience with validating APT, and documents its performance on systems of the scale on our industrial partners.
Synthesis and maturation of chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Abstract The work of a large number of people has shown that the ribosomes of the chloroplast differ from those of the cytoplasm in the spectrum of their sensitivity to inhibitors of protein synthesis, the size of their rRNAs, and in the sensitivity of chloroplast rRNA synthesis to rifamycin SV. The genes for chloroplast rRNAs reside on the chloroplast DNA while those for cytoplasmic rRNAs are found on the nuclear DNA. We have characterized the synthesis and processing of cytoplasmic and chloroplast rRNAs of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi in order to further elucidate the difference between chloroplast and nuclear genetic systems. Cytoplasmic rRNAs of C. reinhardi are cleaved from a single precursor of molecular weights 2.4 · 10 6 to a mature rRNA (0.69 · 10 6 mol. wt) and a 1.4 · 10 6 -mol. wt precursor of the mature 1.3 · 10 6 -mol. wt rRNA. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactive label into the rRNAs suggest that the 0.69 · 10 6 -mol. wt rRNA gene is located closer to the promotor than is the gene for the 1.4 · 10 6 -mol. wt rRNA. The synthesis of cytoplasmic rRNAs is extremely sensitive to camptothecin, an inhibitor of nuclear rRNA synthesis, but synthesis of chloroplast rRNA is quite resistant to the inhibitor. This has allowed us to demonstrate that chloroplast rRNAs are processed from precursors which resemble those of blue-green algae. A 1.14 · 10 6 -mol. wt precursor is processed to the 1.07 · 10 6 -mol. wt mature chloroplast rRNA, and a 0.64 · 10 6 -mol. wt precursor is cleaved to a 0.56 · 10 6 -mol. wt species and then to the mature 0.54 · 10 6 -mol. wt rRNA. This study demonstrates two new ways in which the function of the chloroplast genome resemble those of prokaryotes more than those of the nucleus.
POISONING OF THE RAT BY HYDRAZINE AND ALKYLHYDRAZINES.

Summary The mode of lethal action of hydrazine involves depression, whereas that of UDMH and MMH involves convulsions. Pyridoxine antagonizes UDMH and MMH poisoning equally, but is somewhat less effective for hydrazine. Pyridoxal weakly synergizes UDMH and MMH poisoning, but weakly antagonizes hydrazine poisoning. Hydrazine, UDMH, MMH, and the nontoxic SDM all elevate blood glucose profoundly; with SDMH the effect is transient.
Striatal and cortical NMDA receptors are altered by a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine.

Methamphetamine (m-AMPH) treatment produces long-lasting damage to striatal and cortical monoaminergic terminals and may also injure nonmonoaminergic cortical neurons. Evidence suggests that both dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) play crucial roles in producing this damage. We used quantitative autoradiography to examine [3H]mazindol ([3H]MAZ) binding to striatal DA transporters and [3H]GLU binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the striatum and cortex 1 week and 1 month after a neurotoxic regimen of m-AMPH. Rats received m-AMPH (4 mg/kg) or saline (SAL) (1 ml/kg) in four s.c. injections separated by 2 h intervals. One week after m-AMPH, the ventral and lateral sectors of the striatum showed the greatest decreases in both [3H]MAZ and [3H]GLU binding, while the nucleus accumbens (NA) showed no significant decreases. One month after m-AMPH, striatal [3H]MAZ binding was still significantly decreased, while NMDA receptor binding had recovered. Surprisingly, the parietal cortex showed a m-AMPH-induced increase in NMDA receptor binding in layers II/III and IV 1 week after m-AMPH and only in layers II/III 1 month after m-AMPH. The prefrontal cortex showed no m-AMPH-induced changes in NMDA receptor binding at either time point. This is the first demonstration that a regimen of m-AMPH that results in long-lasting damage to DA terminals can alter forebrain NMDA receptor binding. Thus, repeated m-AMPH treatments may produce changes in glutamatergic transmission in selected striatal and cortical regions.
Optical And Mechanical Properties Of Highly Transparent Spinel And ALON Domes

Optical and mechanical properties of aluminum oxynitride (ALON) and magnesium aluminate spinel (MgA1204) are presented as well as some optical properties of spinel and ALON hemispherical domes. These materials are transparent in the visible and mid IR and are durable polycrystalline ceramics.
Resolution of quantifier scope ambiguities

Various processing principles have been suggested to be governing the resolution of quantifier scope ambiguities in sentences such as Every kid climbed a tree. This paper investigates structural principles, that is, those which refer to the syntactic or semantic positions of the quantified phrases. To test these principles, the preferred interpretations for three grammatical constructions were determined in a task in which participants made speeded judgments of whether a sentence following a doubly quantified sentence was a reasonable discourse continuation of the quantified sentence. The observed preferences cannot be explained by any single structural principle, but point instead to the interaction of several principles. Contrary to many proposals, there is little or no effect of a principle that assigns scope according to the linear order of the phrases. The interaction of principles suggests that alternative interpretations of the ambiguity may be initially considered in parallel, followed by selection of the single interpretation that best satisfies the principles. These results are discussed in relation to theories of ambiguity resolution at other levels of linguistic representation.
Intense Neutron Source Development for Use in Cancer Therapy

A neutron production rate of 1.1 × 1011/s from the D(d,n)3He reaction has been measured from a 200 kV, 200 mA d. c. deuterium ion accelerator during the initial bombardment of a scandium deuteride target. Over a period of 40 h operation, the output decreased to 8 × 1010/s due to impurities in the ion beam being implanted in the target and displacing deuterium just below the target surface. Deuterium concentration depth profiles in the target have been measured which show the deuterium depletion near the surface. The initial neutron output scales to >1 × 10l3/s from the T(d,n)4He reaction for a D,T ion beam on a ScDT target, which is the output required for a clinically useful cancer therapy machine. Efforts to reduce the ion beam impurity content to acceptable levels will be evaluated in a new accelerator tube that is described.
More Than a Nuisance: The Prevalence and Consequences of Frotteurism and Exhibitionism

Despite indications that acts of frotteurism and exhibitionism are frequent occurrences, these sexual paraphilias have received little empirical attention. To address this gap in our knowledge about these paraphilias, 459 undergraduate students in a major metropolitan city completed a self-report measure designed to investigate the frequency and correlates of frotteurism and exhibitionism. Results indicate a high rate of victimization among female college students for both paraphilias. Furthermore, acts of frotteurism and exhibitionism most often occurred in places related to public transportation (e.g., subway trains or platforms) in this urban setting. In addition, victims reported a number of negative outcomes as a consequence of victimization, including feelings of violation, changes in behavior, and even long-term psychological distress. Older females were the most likely to be victimized. These findings are discussed as they pertain to the prevention and deterrence of paraphilic sexual acts.
Angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy: Long-term outcomes with hyperfractionated radiotherapy

Background With breast-conserving therapy (BCT) as the standard of care for patients with noninvasive and early stage invasive breast cancer, a small incidence of post-BCT angiosarcoma has emerged. The majority of therapeutic interventions have been unsuccessful. To the authors' knowledge, there is no consensus in the medical literature to date regarding the treatment of this malignancy. The current study was conducted to report the long-term outcomes of a novel approach using hyperfractionated and accelerated radiotherapy (HART) for angiosarcoma developing after BCT. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 14 patients treated with HART with or without surgery at the University of Florida between November 1997 and March 2006 for angiosarcoma that developed after BCT. Results At the time of last follow-up, 9 patients had remained continuously without evidence of disease for a median of 61 months after HART (range, 36-127 months). Five patients had further manifestations of angiosarcoma after HART at a median of 1 month (range, 1-28 months): 3 with progressive pulmonary and/or mediastinal disease that was likely present before HART and 2 with local or regional disease extension. Progression-free survival rates for the 14 patients at 2 years and 5 years were 71% and 64%, respectively. The overall and cause-specific survival rates were both 86% at 2 years and 5 years. Conclusions To the best of the authors' knowledge, HART with or without subsequent surgery, as documented in the current series, is the first approach to provide a high rate of local control, disease-free survival, and overall survival after the development of post-BCT angiosarcoma. The authors believe the success noted with this approach is related to both the hyperfractionation and acceleration of the RT.
Those Who are about to Fly: Death Concern and Feelings and Behavior about Air Travel

In order to test three hypotheses relating fears of flying and death, 249 persons comprising three groups were questioned. Pre- and post-flight samples were obtained at an airport and members of a street (control) group were interviewed in non-airport settings. Two of the hypotheses obtained support. Fears of flying and death tend to be positively associated and insurance buying may mitigate such anxiety. The roles of sex, age and religiosity were also assessed. Suggestions that the pre-flight group was experiencing stress and resolving anxiety via denial were inferred from the pattern of death-flying item relationships observed.
Alterations of signal transduction pathways involved in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced malignant transformation of human cells in culture

Effects of signal transduction pathways in TCDD-induced neoplastic transformation of human cells were assessed with respect to PLC-coupled signaling pathways, adenylyl cyclase-mediated responses and PKC isozyme expressions. A lower stimulation of the intracellular free calcium levels with exposure to extracellular ATP or histamine was observed in the transformed cells, as compared to the parental cells. While the steady-state level of IP3 was higher in the transformed cells, the magnitude of stimulation of IP3 generation by ATP or histamine was significantly lower in the transformed cells than the parental cells. These results indicate that a downregulation of PLC-coupled signaling pathways may be involved in the TCDD-induced transformation of human cells. While the steady-state levels of cAMP accumulation were similar between the two cell lines, treatment of PGE2, a potent differentiation inducer, stimulated a higher accumulation of CAMP in the parental cells but isoproterenol, a typical β-adrenergic agonist, did not induce a significant difference between the two cell lines. These results suggest that desensitization of cAMP-mediated responses to extracellular signals including differentiation signals may be associated with a possible mechanism of the carcinogenesis. Elevated expression of PKC-α, -γ, -ζ, e, -λ, and -ι were observed ion TCDD-transformed cells, indicating a possible association of altered expression of PKC isozymes with TCDD-induced transformation of human cells. The present study demonstrates that alterations of signal transduction pathways are involved in the TCDD-induced transformation of human cells and provides, a valuable basis to investigate effects of signaling pathway as a possible mechanism of TCDD-induced carcinogenesis in human cells.
Control of rDNA replication in Tetrahymena involves a cis-acting upstream repeat of a promoter element

Abstract A novel genetic scheme was used to isolate mutants altered in the formation or maintenance of amplified rDNA in the Tetrahymena macronucleus. One such mutant had a cis -acting rDNA mutation that affected the ability of mutant rDNA molecules to replicate in macronuclei in the presence of a wild-type (B strain) rDNA. The mutant rDNA was lost from these heterozygous macronuclei during vegetative cell divisions, although it was maintained normally in the homozygous or hemizygous state. In contrast, wild-type macronuclear rDNA of the C3 strain used to obtain the mutant outreplicated B strain rDNA in BC3 heterozygote macronuclei. Sequence differences were found between wild-type B and C3 and mutant C3 rDNAs in the replication origin region, changing an upstream repeat of a highly conserved rRNA promoter element. We propose that the various rDNA alleles differentially compete for limiting amounts of trans -acting factors that bind to these enhancer-like repeats and positively regulate rDNA replication.
Vulnerability of wind power resources to climate change in the continental United States

Renewable energy resources will play a key role in meeting the world's energy demand over the coming decades. Unfortunately, these resources are all susceptible to variations in climate, and hence vulnerable to climate change. Recent findings in the atmospheric science literature suggest that the impacts of greenhouse gas induced warming are likely to significantly alter climate patterns in the future. In this paper we investigate the potential impacts of climate change on wind speeds and hence on wind power, across the continental US. General Circulation Model output from the Canadian Climate Center and the Hadley Center were used to provide a range of possible variations in seasonal mean wind magnitude. These projections were used to investigate the vulnerability of current and potential wind power generation regions. The models were generally consistent in predicting that the US will see reduced wind speeds of 1.0 to 3.2% in the next 50 years, and 1.4 to 4.5% over the next 100 years. In both cases the Canadian model predicted larger decreases in wind speeds. At regional scales the two models showed some similarities in early years of simulations (e.g. 2050), but diverged significantly in their predictions for 2100. Hence, there is still a great deal of uncertainty regarding how wind fields will change in the future. Nevertheless, the two models investigated here are used as possible scenarios for use in investigating regional wind power vulnerabilities, and point to the need to consider climate variability and long term climate change in citing wind power facilities.
Lifetime prediction of IGBT in a STATCOM using modified-graphical rainflow counting algorithm

Rainflow algorithms are one of the best counting methods used in fatigue and failure analysis [17]. There have been many approaches to the rainflow algorithm, some proposing modifications. Graphical Rainflow Method (GRM) was proposed recently with a claim of faster execution times [10]. However, the steps of the graphical method of rainflow algorithm, when implemented, do not generate the same output as the four-point or ASTM standard algorithm. A modified graphical method is presented and discussed in this paper to overcome the shortcomings of graphical rainflow algorithm. A fast rainflow algorithm based on four-point algorithm but considering point comparison than range comparison is also presented. A comparison between the performances of the common rainflow algorithms [6–10], including the proposed methods, in terms of execution time, memory used, and efficiency, complexity, and load sequences is presented. Finally, the rainflow algorithm is applied to temperature data of an IGBT in assessing the lifetime of a STATCOM operating for power factor correction of the load. From 5-minute data load profiles available, the lifetime is estimated to be at 3.4 years.
Metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents is associated with risk for nephrolithiasis.

Objectives To examine the relationship between urinary pH and metabolic syndrome risk factors along with insulin resistance in obese adolescents, and to evaluate the relationship between other urinary stone-forming and -inhibiting markers and metabolic syndrome. Study design A total of 46 obese adolescents were enrolled. Twenty-four hour and randomly obtained urine samples were analyzed for urinary pH, promoters of stone formation (ie, uric acid, oxalate, and relative saturation ratio of calcium oxalate [RSR-CaOx]), and inhibitors of stone formation (ie, citrate and osteopontin). Other data collected included height, weight, blood pressure, and fasting lipid, insulin, and glucose levels. Results The subjects had a mean age of 14.6±2.0 years and a mean body mass index of 36±6.3 kg/m 2 . Random urine pH and the number of risk factors for metabolic syndrome were negatively correlated ( r =−0.34; P =.02). RSR-CaOx was correlated with both homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score ( r =0.38; P r =0.47; P =.001) Conclusion Decreased urinary pH and increased RSR-CaOx are associated with risk factors for metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents.
Mammographically detected recurrent nonpalpable carcinoma developing in a transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap. A case report

Background. Breast reconstruction is performed with increasing frequency and has become important in the treatment of mastectomy patients. Methods. The development of recurrent carcinoma after a mastectomy and transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap procedure is described. Results. The lesion was nonpalpable and was detected by mammography. Conclusion. This case raises questions about the practice of not performing postreconstruction mammography for detection of local recurrence after mastectomy.
Transitions to mobility difficulty associated with lower extremity osteoarthritis in high functioning older women: Longitudinal data from the Women's Health and Aging Study II

Objective To assess the impact of lower extremity osteoarthritis (OA) on transitions to mobility difficulty, and to assess the influence of pain, excess weight, and quadriceps strength on these transitions. Methods We analyzed longitudinal data acquired from 199 participants in the Women's Health and Aging Study II (ages 70–79 years) who initially reported no lower extremity limitation (e.g., difficulty walking one-quarter mile) or difficulty in activities of daily living (ADL; e.g., transferring). Prevalent lower extremity OA was determined from validated algorithms encompassing multiple data sources. Markov transition models were created to analyze the first transition from no difficulty at baseline to lower extremity limitations, ADL difficulty, or both 18, 36, and 72 months later. Results Compared with women without OA (n = 140), a higher proportion of women with lower extremity OA (n = 59) initially reported pain on most days and more severe pain while walking (P < 0.05). Women with OA were also heavier, with a higher proportion being obese or overweight (P < 0.001). Lower extremity OA, higher body mass index, and lower knee extensor strength independently increased the risk of transition to combined lower extremity and ADL difficulty first over 72 months. Conclusion Lower extremity OA increased the likelihood of developing difficulty in both lower extremity tasks and ADL over 72 months in a cohort of initially high functioning older women. Two modifiable factors, higher relative weight and lower knee extensor strength, substantially impacted these transitions, and therefore warrant increased attention in the management of lower extremity OA.