cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Big-Time Sports in American Universities

For almost a century, big-time college athletics has been a wildly popular but consistently problematic part of American higher education. The challenges it poses to traditional academic values have been recognized from the start, but they have grown more ominous in recent decades, as cable television has become ubiquitous, commercial opportunities have proliferated, and athletic budgets have ballooned. In the second edition of his influential book Big-Time Sports in American Universities, Clotfelter continues to examine the role of athletics in American universities, building on his argument that commercial sports have become a core function of the universities that engage in them. Drawing on recent scandals on large-scale college campuses and updates on several high-profile court cases, Clotfelter brings clear economic analysis to the variety of problems that sports raise for university and public policy, providing the basis for the continuation of constructive conversations about the value of big-time sports in higher education.
Sulfenylation of some pyrroles and indoles

Methylsulfenylation of 1-substituted pyrroles and indoles was observed using 1-(methylthio)morpholine and an acid catalyst or with methylsulfenyl chloride and excess pyridine. 1-Substituents which are activating or weakly deactivating towards electrophilic substitution such as alkyl, 2-cyanoethyl, dimethylamino, trialkylsilyl, 2-chloroethyl and 2-phenylsulfonylethyl were used. The 2-chloroethyl and 2-phenylsulfonylethyl groups which can be removed with a strong base can be used to obtain 1H-methylthiopyrroles and indoles. 1-Phenylsulfonyl and 1-acetyl substituents are too strongly deactivating for these sulfenylations to be successful. Mono and disubstituted pyrroles and monosubstituted indoles can be isolated from these reactions, however, because the methylthio group is activating towards electrophilic substitution the main advantage of these reactions is the synthesis of tri and tetrasubstituted pyrroles and disubstituted indoles. 1-Methyl-2,3,4,5-tetra-methylthiopyrrole and 1-methyl-2,3-dimethylthioindole are oxidized to the corresponding 3,4-disulfoxide and 3-sulfoxide and with excess oxidizing agent to the tetrasulfone and disulfone, respectively.
2,4-Disubstituted pyrimidines: A novel class of KDR kinase inhibitors

2,4-Disubstituted pyrimidines were synthesized as a novel class of KDR kinase inhibitors. Evaluation of the SAR of the screening lead compound 1 (KDR IC(50)=105 nM, Cell IC(50)=8% inhibition at 500 nM) led to the potent 3,5-dimethylaniline derivative 2d (KDR IC(50)=6 nM, cell IC(50)=19 nM).
Fiscal and Monetary Policy Rules In an Unstable Economy

This paper examines the implications of different monetary and fiscal policy rules in an economy characterized by Harrodian instability. We show that (1) a monetary rule along Taylor lines can be stabilizing for low debt ratios but becomes de-stabilizing if the debt ratio exceeds a certain threshold, (2) a ‘Keynesian’ fiscal policy rule can stabilize the economy at full employment, (3) a fiscal ‘austerity’ rule that links fiscal parameters to deviations from a target debt ratio fails to adjust the ‘warranted’ to the ‘natural’ growth rate and destabilizes the warranted path and (4) instability may arise from a combination of fiscal and monetary policy rules which separately would stabilize the system.
Reductive debromination of 1,2-dibromides with anisidines

Abstract vic -Dibromides containing the α-bromocarbonyl or α-bromoaromatic moieties were reductively debrominated to furnish alkenes in high yields. o - and m -anisidines but not p -anisidine were found to be effective debrominating agents. The reductive debrominations were found to be trans -stereospecific.
Axisymmetric Jet Subjected to Radial and Azimuthal Forcing

Results of an experimental investigation of axisymmetric jet that was subjected to radial and azimuthal forcing at a Reynolds number of 5200 are reported. Subharmonic forcing at Strouhal numbers of 0.1 and 0.125 attenuated large coherent structures in the initial region of the jet, resulting in an overall reduction in turbulence levels and the turbulent kinetic energy. Forcing also resulted in the velocity decay and spreading of the jet. Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of the particle image velocimetry data revealed exchange of modal energy to higher modes and highlighted streamwise vortex filaments located between successive large-scale structures of the jet. These filaments play a pivotal role in the entrainment of ambient fluid. The meandering and distortion of the vortex filaments increased due to additional strain imposed by the forcing.
Exploiting the Structure of Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems

In the proposed thesis, we study Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOPs), which are problems where several agents coordinate with each other to optimize a global cost function. The use of DCOPs has gained momentum, due to their capability of addressing complex and naturally distributed problems. However, the adoption of DCOP on large problems faces two main limitations: (1) Modeling limitations, as current resolution methods detach the model from the resolution process, assuming that each agent controls a single variable of the problem; and (2) Solving capabilities, as the inability of current approaches to capitalize on the presence of structural information which may allow incoherent/unnecessary data to reticulate among the agents as well as to exploit structure of the agent's local problems. The purpose of the proposed dissertation is to address such limitations, studying how to adapt and integrate insights gained from centralized solving techniques in order to enhance DCOP performance and scalability, enabling their use for the resolution of real-world complex problems. To do so, we hypothesize that one can exploit the DCOP structure in both problem modeling and problem resolution phases.
Four new topological indices based on the molecular path code.

The sequence of all paths pi of lengths i = 1 to the maximum possible length in a hydrogen-depleted molecular graph (which sequence is also called the molecular path code) contains significant information on the molecular topology, and as such it is a reasonable choice to be selected as the basis of topological indices (TIs). Four new (or five partly new) TIs with progressively improved performance (judged by correctly reflecting branching, centricity, and cyclicity of graphs, ordering of alkanes, and low degeneracy) have been explored. (i) By summing the squares of all numbers in the sequence one obtains Σipi2, and by dividing this sum by one plus the cyclomatic number, a Quadratic TI is obtained: Q = Σipi2/(μ+1). (ii) On summing the Square roots of all numbers in the sequence one obtains Σipi1/2, and by dividing this sum by one plus the cyclomatic number, the TI denoted by S is obtained: S = Σipi1/2/(μ+1). (iii) On dividing terms in this sum by the corresponding topological distances, one obtains the ...
The Effects of Age and Birth Cohort on Dietary Quality in the United States

Secular trends in health outcomes related to dietary quality have changed substantially over the past three decades. The objective of this study is to decompose changes in dietary quality over 1977-2008 into the biological effects of age, contemporaneous effects of time period and group membership effects related to birth cohort. Dietary quality is measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005). Using an Age-Period-Cohort (APC) model, findings suggest HEI-2005 scores follow a U-shaped trajectory over the typical American's lifetime (aged 2-79 y), with the lowest scores observed during early-to-mid adulthood (20-50 y, HEI = 54). Period effects largely increase throughout the sample period over 1977-2008. By examining over 100 birth cohorts (1898-2005), results show that those born in the first half of the 20th century have similar levels of dietary quality. However, following the end of the second World War, a substantial decrease in HEI-2005 scores is observed for those born between 1950 and 1990. Although recent cohorts in the 1990's and early 2000's have yet to fully age, preliminary estimates suggest dietary quality may be on the rebound. While nutritional and epidemiological studies tend to focus on secular trends (or period effects) this study suggests cohorts play an important role in characterizing changes in dietary quality.
The Expansion of Food Retail in Developing Countries and Its Effects on the Hunger Index

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between the expansion of food retailing in developing countries and hunger index. Our analysis found mixed results between the expansion of food retailing and hunger index for four different countries. These results demonstrate possibilities for food retail expansion in developing countries.
INACTIVATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE T6 IN AN AQUEOUS SYSTEM BY HIGH ENERGY PROTONS.

SummaryT6 bacteriophages were irradiated in water by a 218 mev proton beam, LET of which covers a range from 4·3 to 30 mev/g cm−2 as the beam traverses a stack of samples and absorbers. The total phage inactivation including both immediate and delayed effects was dose-dependent and independent of LET. A separate measurement of the delayed inactivation showed that 240 mev protons have the same after-effect coefficient as that of 250 kvp x-rays. For the direct phage inactivation in a broth suspension, 240 mev protons also showed the same efficiency as 250 kvp x-rays.
Small-Sample Methods for Cluster-Robust Variance Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Fixed Effects Models

ABSTRACTIn panel data models and other regressions with unobserved effects, fixed effects estimation is often paired with cluster-robust variance estimation (CRVE) to account for heteroscedasticity and un-modeled dependence among the errors. Although asymptotically consistent, CRVE can be biased downward when the number of clusters is small, leading to hypothesis tests with rejection rates that are too high. More accurate tests can be constructed using bias-reduced linearization (BRL), which corrects the CRVE based on a working model, in conjunction with a Satterthwaite approximation for t-tests. We propose a generalization of BRL that can be applied in models with arbitrary sets of fixed effects, where the original BRL method is undefined, and describe how to apply the method when the regression is estimated after absorbing the fixed effects. We also propose a small-sample test for multiple-parameter hypotheses, which generalizes the Satterthwaite approximation for t-tests. In simulations covering a wide...
Sustainable metal alkynyl chemistry: 3d metals and polyaza macrocyclic ligands

We describe the chemistry of 3d metal alkynyls based on polyaza macrocyclic ligands, an emerging area of alkynyl chemistry that has previously been dominated by 4d and 5d metals with soft ligands. The abundance of 3d metals and low cost of tetraazacyclotetradecane ligands make these compounds more affordable, sustainable alternatives to metal alkynyls based on precious metals. Taking advantage of the rich variety of starting materials available in the literature, trans-[M(cyclam)(C2R)2]X (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) compounds have been prepared from the reactions between [M(cyclam)X2]X (M = Cr, Fe and Co; X = Cl or OTf) and LiC2R. With [Co(cyclam)Cl2]+, both the {trans-[Co(cyclam)Cl]2(μ-(CC)n)}2+ and trans-[Co(cyclam)(C2R)Cl]+ compounds have been prepared by a dehydrohalogenation reaction. The latter compounds undergo the second alkynylation reaction to afford dissymmetric trans-[Co(cyclam)(C2R)(C2R′)]+ compounds. Similar alkynylation chemistry with complexes of the cyclam derivatives TMC (1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) and HMC (5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been demonstrated in studies of [Ni(TMC)(C2R)]+ and trans-/cis-[Cr(HMC)(C2R)2]+. Me3TACN (1,4,7-N,N′,N′′-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane) is also a supporting ligand that has been observed in transition metal alkynyls. The trans-[M(cyclam)(C2D)(C2A)]+ compounds (D = donor chromophore, A = acceptor chromophore) are excellent candidates for probing photoinduced electron transfer and related photophysical and photochemical processes. 3d Metal ions are often in high-spin ground states, which make these alkynyl compounds promising building blocks for magnetic materials.
Aviation Infrastructure in Developing Countries

Abstract Important connectivity between countries is achieved through such networks as transportation and communications. Developing countries may participate in these networks depending on natural resources, financial resources, intellectual resources and geographical location. The effectiveness of the network will be determined in part by the level of participation by all parties to the network. Developing countries rolesmay as well be determined by geography as by financial strength
Laboratory Investigation of Rubble-Mound Breakwaters

Tests to determine stability characteristics of various armor-unit shapes; new stability formula for rubble breakwaters was derived, which provides essential information for improved design; stability, thickness, and porosity data are presented for quarry-stone and tetrapod armor units.
Controlling Lexical Substitution in Computer Text Generation

This report describes Paul, a computer text generation system designed to create cohesive text through the use of lexical substitutions. Specifically, this system is designed to deterministically choose between pronominalization, superordinate substitution, and definite noun phrase reiteration. The system identifies a strength of antecedence recovery for each of the lexical substitutions, and matches them against the strength of potential antecedence of each element in the text to select the proper substitutions for these elements.
Optimal Licensing for Public Intellectual Property: Theory and Application to Plant Variety Patents

In the United States, public universities may choose to license a plant variety to a limited number of producers (an exclusive license) or to an unlimited number of producers (an open license). This choice has implications for the quantity and distribution of total benets from the variety. Universities have traditionally released new apple varieties under open licenses, but several universities have now begun exploring or implementing exclusive licensing. In this paper, we consider the choice faced by a public university when licensing a plant variety patent, with a focus on apples. Our work diers from most past studies on patent licensing because we allow licensees to determine the signal of product quality through a trademark and we consider welfare objectives for a public university that dier from simple maximization of patent income. In this context, we compare monopoly licensing and two oligopoly licensing scenarios, and solve for the optimal choice of licensing fees for the university. Using numerical simulations, we nd that consumer surplus and social welfare may be higher under exclusive licensing, particularly if consumers are relatively responsive to investment in the trademark but relatively insensitive to price. However, exclusive licenses may create distributional concerns among producers. Furthermore, dierent objective functions of the university can imply dierent optimal outcomes for both the number of licensees and the licensing fees. Although we focus on apples, this model and its results could apply in a variety of settings.
Vertex maps on graphs – Perron–Frobenius theory

The goal of this paper is to describe the connections between Perron–Frobenius theory and vertex maps on graphs. In particular, it is shown how Perron–Frobenius theory gives results about the sets of integers that can arise as periods of periodic orbits, about the concepts of transitivity and topological mixing and about horseshoes and topological entropy.
Learning Perceptual Causality from Video

Perceptual causality is the perception of causal relationships from observation. Humans, even as infants, form such models from observation of the world around them [Saxe and Carey 2006]. For a deeper understanding, the computer must make similar models through the analogous form of observation: video. In this article, we provide a framework for the unsupervised learning of this perceptual causal structure from video. Our method takes action and object status detections as input and uses heuristics suggested by cognitive science research to produce the causal links perceived between them. We greedily modify an initial distribution featuring independence between potential causes and effects by adding dependencies that maximize information gain. We compile the learned causal relationships into a Causal And-Or Graph, a probabilistic and-or representation of causality that adds a prior to causality. Validated against human perception, experiments show that our method correctly learns causal relations, attributing status changes of objects to causing actions amid irrelevant actions. Our method outperforms Hellinger’s χ2-statistic by considering hierarchical action selection, and outperforms the treatment effect by discounting coincidental relationships.
Using Zebrafish to Implement a Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience to Study Teratogenesis in Two Biology Laboratory Courses.

Abstract A course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) spanning three semesters was introduced into freshman and sophomore biology classes, with the hypothesis that participation in a CURE affects skills in research, communication, and collaboration, which may help students persist in science. Student research projects were centered on the hypothesis that nicotine and caffeine exposure during early development affects gastrulation and heart development in zebrafish. First, freshmen generated original data showing distinct effects of embryonic nicotine and caffeine exposure on zebrafish heart development and function. Next, Cell Biology laboratory students continued the CURE studies and identified novel teratogenic effects of nicotine and caffeine during gastrulation. Finally, new freshmen continued the CURE research, examining additional toxicant effects on development. Students designed new protocols, made measurements, presented results, and generated high-quality preliminary data that were st...
What Wins Awards Is Not Always What I Buy: How Creative Control Affects Authenticity and Thus Recognition (But Not Liking)

Being lauded is not the same as being liked; celebrated products that win awards frequently fail to stand out in terms of commercial success. This work documents how creative control , the extent to which the same entity takes responsibility for all stages of the creative process, impacts which products are singled out for recognition but does not play a comparable role in determining what consumers like and thus purchase. Using real-world data, study 1 demonstrates how songs by performers who write their own material are more likely to garner acclaim but do not excel in terms of sales. Study 2 replicates the pattern of results in the lab. Study 3 reproduces the effect in a new domain (beer) using different measures of recognition. Study 4 shows creative authenticity , the extent to which a product is considered a faithful execution of its creator’s vision, mediates the effect of creative control on recognition. Further, study 4 highlights the contingent role played by the perceived trustworthiness of the creator on this relationship. Finally, study 5 presents a boundary condition such that when consumers do not feel confident in their appraisals of an experience, creative control’s impact on recognition and liking runs in parallel.
How to Measure the Spreading Width for the Decay of Superdeformed Nuclei

A new expression for the branching ratio for the decay via the $E1$ process in the normal-deformed band of superdeformed nuclei is given within a simple two-level model. Using this expression, the spreading or tunneling width ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$ for superdeformed decay can be expressed entirely in terms of experimentally known quantities. We show how to determine the tunneling matrix element $V$ from the measured value of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$ and a statistical model of the energy levels. The accuracy of the two-level approximation is verified by considering the effects of the other normal-deformed states.
The Pion cloud: Insights into hadron structure

Modern nuclear theory presents a fascinating study in contrasting approaches to the structure of hadrons and nuclei. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the treatment of the pion cloud. As this discussion really begins with Yukawa, it is entirely appropriate that this invited lecture at the Yukawa Institute in Kyoto should deal with the issue.
The m -degenerate chromatic number of a digraph

The digraph chromatic number of a directed graph D , denoted ? A ( D ) , is the minimum positive integer k such that there exists a partition of the vertices of D into k disjoint sets, each of which induces an acyclic subgraph. For any m ? 1 , a digraph is weakly m -degenerate if each of its induced subgraphs has a vertex of in-degree or out-degree less than m . We introduce a generalization of the digraph chromatic number, namely ? m ( D ) , which is the minimum number of sets into which the vertices of a digraph D can be partitioned so that each set induces a weakly m -degenerate subgraph. We show that for all digraphs D without directed 2-cycles, ? m ( D ) ? 2 Δ ( D ) 4 m + 1 + O ( 1 ) . Because ? 1 ( D ) = ? A ( D ) , we obtain as a corollary that ? A ( D ) ? 2 / 5 ? Δ ( D ) + O ( 1 ) . We then use this bound to show that ? A ( D ) ? 2 / 3 ? Δ ? ( D ) + O ( 1 ) , substantially improving a bound of Harutyunyan and Mohar that states that ? A ( D ) ? ( 1 - e - 13 ) ? Δ ? ( D ) for large enough Δ ? ( D ) .
Deciphering intermodulation in AlN laterally vibrating resonators

This paper reports an analytical and quantitative method that, for the first time, precisely predicts the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) in AlN laterally vibrating resonators (LVRs). The simulated IMD3 reaches an excellent agreement with the measurements for a fabricated 453.4 MHz AlN LVR. This method provides an unprecedented framework for enhancing the power handling and reducing the nonlinearity of AlN LVRs to meet the requirements of RF front-end filtering.
Inapproximability of the Shortest Vector Problem: Toward a Deterministic Reduction

We prove that the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) on point lattices is NP- hard to approximate for any constant factor under polynomial-time randomized reductions with one-sided error that produce no false positives. We also prove inapproximability for quasi-polynomial factors under the same kind of reductions running in subexponential time. Previous hardness results for SVP either incurred two-sided error, or only proved hardness for small constant approximation factors. Close similarities between our reduction and recent results on the complexity of the analogous problem for linear codes make our new proof an attractive target for derandomization, paving the road to a possible NP-hardness proof for SVP under deterministic polynomial-time reductions.
Time-domain finite-difference modeling for attenuative anisotropic media

ABSTRACTAccurate and efficient modeling of seismic wavefields that accounts for both attenuation and anisotropy is essential for further development of processing methods. Here, we present a 2D time-domain finite-difference algorithm for generating multicomponent data in viscoelastic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI). Within the framework of the generalized standard linear solid (GSLS) model, the relaxation function is expressed through the τ-parameters (which quantify the difference between the stress and strain relaxation times) defined for anisotropic media. This approach produces nearly constant values of all components of the quality-factor matrix within a specified frequency band. The developed algorithm is based on a set of anisotropic viscoelastic wave equations parameterized by memory variables. Synthetic examples for TI models with different structural complexity confirm the accuracy of the proposed scheme and illustrate the influence of attenuation and attenuation...
Higher costs appeal to voters: implications of expressive voting

The logic of expressive voting implies that some will find voting for a government policy more appealing the more costly it is. This result is consistent with public opinion polls and the trajectory of government spending. And it adds to the ability of rational voter ignorance and apathy to explain the latitude politicians have to ignore the cost they impose on taxpayers without losing votes. The appeal of higher costs to voters makes it easier for organized-interest groups to exploit the good intentions of voters by capturing private advantage and sabotaging the hopes upon which those good intentions are based. The appeal higher costs have for some voters also suggests another way bootleggers can benefit from the moral cover Baptists provide for their rent-seeking activities. We also point out that expressive voting implies that there is no reason for believing that the special-interest activity that sabotages the moral intentions of voters are in general any less moral than morally motivated voters.
Synthesis of dibenzocyclohepten-5-ones by electrophilic iodocyclization of 1-([1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)alkynones.

A synthesis of iodo-substituted dibenzocyclohepten-5-ones by the iodine monochloride (or iodine)-induced intramolecular 7-endo-dig cyclization of 1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)alkynones is reported. Detailed investigations on the substituent effects during the electrophilic iodocyclization of the alkynones show that they play a crucial role in determining the reaction pathways of the cyclization. By modifying the substitution pattern on the alkynone substrates, the cyclization takes place regioselectively, leading to either dibenzocyclohepten-5-ones, via a 7-endo-dig cyclization, or spiroconjugated compounds, via a 6-endo-dig cyclization.
MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND PRODUCT DIVERSITY: REVIEW AND EXTENSION

Abstract The modeling of monopolistic competition has contributed to rapid developments in numerous fields of economics, notably macroeconomics, international trade, industrial organization, economic growth and economic geography. This paper provides a systematic review and some extensions of various path-breaking models of monopolistic competition and their subsequent developments, including the works of Spence, Dixit and Stiglitz that are based on the ‘love-of-variety’ approach, the works of Lancaster that are based on the ‘love-of-characteristic’ approach, and the large-group monopolistic competition models of Hart, among others. The paper also examines the properties of some utility functions frequently used in the literature on models of monopolistic competition. Perhaps owing to the complexity of these models, the literature lacks a broad and systematic coverage of this essential subject. The paper aims to help fill the gap.
Nursing home report card and performance gap.

Background With the aging of our society, concerns about the quality of nursing homes have been increasing. The Nursing Home Compare (NHC) report card is believed to reduce information asymmetry between the facility and potential residents and, consequently, improve nursing home quality. However, there is limited evidence about how nursing homes use this publicly disseminated performance information. Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze the performance gap between nursing home administrators' self-assessment and the NHC report card performance ratings and explore the factors contributing to the gap. Methodology All 515 Medicare- and Medicaid-certified nursing homes in Indiana were surveyed between August and December 2013. The response rate was approximately 45%. The survey data were compared with the NHC data to identify the gap. Ordered logistic regression analysis was conducted. Findings Despite voluntary participation, a reasonably high response rate, and anonymity, this study found that 62% of respondents either under- or overrated their facilities' performance, with the majority overrating their performance. The following factors were associated with a smaller performance gap: nonprofit or government-owned status, higher staffing levels, a higher percentage of hours worked by registered nurses, and a higher market concentration. Longer work experience and greater county occupancy rates were associated with a larger performance gap. Practice implications The significant gap implies that administrators either do not regularly review the NHC report card or do not concur with the NHC ratings. To reduce the gap and thereby improve performance, it is necessary to stabilize the administrators' position so that administrators know how they stand in the market and are consequently better equipped to successfully respond to the market. Facilities may also need to provide regular training on current technologies and facilitate use of the NHC report card, targeting administrators who are old and have many years of work experience.
A New Protection Scheme for Multi-Bus DC Power Systems Using an Event Classification Approach

DC microgrid systems with hybrid energy resources are of significant interest in shipboard and spacecraft applications. In such a system, coordinated operation of circuit breakers (CBs) and disconnecting switches (DSs) can rapidly isolate short-circuit faults and restore the system very fast. In this paper, we investigate a new protection scheme for a Multi-Bus dc systems based on an event classification approach. The proposed protection scheme transfers less data when compared with commonly used data-based protection methods and does not require high-speed communication and synchronization. The results show that the developed protection scheme is able to identify the type of fault accurately, isolate the faulted area, and restore the system very quickly while maintaining continuous power to the loads.
Locked-Rotor Test Methods for Induction Motors Investigated

Locked-rotor testing is a common end-of-the-line check performed on most motors used in the petrochemical industry. Despite its popularity as a verification of rotor integrity and to confirm the current draw and torque produced at zero speed, there can be much ambiguity in how the test is performed. This test is not required by the National Electrical Manufactures Association Motors and Generators Standard (NEMA MG1) or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standard 112 (IEEE 112). IEEE 112 contains a locked-rotor test method, but there can be variations in the results based upon the test conditions (duration of voltage application and magnitude of applied voltage, for instance). The purpose of this paper is to describe how the test procedure employed affects the locked-rotor test results for both current and torque. Model and test data are presented to illustrate the variations possible depending on the test technique.
Predicting Voluntary Turnover from Job Applicant Biodata and Other Applicant Information

Research suggests that biodata (i.e., personal history information) is one of the best predictors of voluntary employee turnover. Given this fact, it is surprising that research on biodata has declined in recent years, and that biodata is not commonly used by employers for selecting employees. This article presents the results of a study that focused on the ability of biodata items and other information available on job applicants to predict voluntary turnover. With one exception, the hypotheses offered were confirmed. Specifically, applicant status (i.e., previously had applied for a job), submission of optional personal history information, employment status (i.e., job applicant was employed), and recruitment source (i.e., employee referral) all predicted voluntary turnover. The ability of applicant status, submission of a personal statement, and recruitment source to predict employee performance also was examined. Applicant status and recruitment source were found to predict subsequent performance ratings.
Signaling and Counter-Signaling in the Judicial Hierarchy: An Empirical Analysis of En Banc Review

We leverage the institutional features of American courts to evaluate the importance of whistleblowers in hierarchical oversight. Drawing on a formal theory of signaling in the judicial hierarchy, we examine the role of whistleblowing dissents in triggering en banc review of three-judge panels by full circuits of the Courts of Appeals. The theory generates predictions about how dissent interacts with judicial preferences to influence circuits' review and reversal decisions, which we test using original and existing data. First, we show that judges who dissent counter to their preferences are more likely to see their dissents lead to review and reversal. Second, we show that dissents are most influential when the likelihood of non-compliance by a three-judge panel is highest. Our results underscore the importance of dissent in the judicial hierarchy and illustrate how judicial whistleblowers can help appellate courts target the most important cases for review.
Recognition structures on natural killer cells

Abstract Recent studies have identified cell surface molecules that appear to play important roles in natural killer cell specificity for their targets. Natural killer cells display activation ‘receptors’, such as NKR-P1 molecules in rodents, that may activate cytotoxicity by transducing biochemical signals. These molecules presumably interact with target cell surface ligands but these structures have not been elucidated. Natural killer cells display other molecules, such as Ly-49 in mice, that appear to be ‘inhibitory’ receptors that engage target cell MHC class I molecules and deliver signals, negatively regulating natural killer cell cytotoxic activity. The murine NKR-P1 and Ly-49 molecules are structurally similar and encoded by members of polymorphic gene families that reside in the natural killer gene complex on the distal region of mouse chromosome 6. Additional molecules have been serologically defined and studied functionally in murine and human systems. Thus, the specificity of an individual natural killer cell may be determined by its expressed repertoire of these molecules. The complexities of this recognition system are beginning to be appreciated at the molecular level.
Ion-specific induced fluctuations and free energetics of aqueous protein hydrophobic interfaces: toward connecting to specific-ion behaviors at aqueous liquid-vapor interfaces.

We explore anion-induced interface fluctuations near protein–water interfaces using coarse-grained representations of interfaces as proposed by Willard and Chandler (J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 1954−1958). We use umbrella sampling molecular dynamics to compute potentials of mean force along a reaction coordinate bridging the state where the anion is fully solvated and one where it is biased via harmonic restraints to remain at the protein–water interface. Specifically, we focus on fluctuations of an interface between water and a hydrophobic region of hydrophobin-II (HFBII), a 71 amino acid residue protein expressed by filamentous fungi and known for its ability to form hydrophobically mediated self-assemblies at interfaces such as a water/air interface. We consider the anions chloride and iodide that have been shown previously by simulations as displaying specific-ion behaviors at aqueous liquid–vapor interfaces. We find that as in the case of a pure liquid–vapor interface, at the hydrophobic protein–wate...
Catalytic asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to isatins using C2-symmetric cationic N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) Pd2+ diaqua complexes as catalysts.

A catalytic asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to isatins has been achieved by using chiral cationic C2-symmetric N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) Pd2+ diaqua complexes as the catalysts. The reaction can be performed under convenient conditions to give the corresponding adducts in good to high yields (79−94%) and moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 94% ee) in the presence of LiOAr as the promoter which was generated in situ.
Traceless Directing Group for Stereospecific Nickel-Catalyzed Alkyl−Alkyl Cross-Coupling Reactions

Stereospecific nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of benzylic 2-methoxyethyl ethers are reported for the preparation of enantioenriched 1,1-diarylethanes. The 2-methoxyethyl ether serves as a traceless directing group that accelerates cross-coupling. Chelation of magnesium ions is proposed to activate the benzylic C–O bond for oxidative addition.
Phoresis in fluids

This paper presents a unified theory of phoretic phenomena in single-component fluids. Simple formulas are given for the phoretic velocities of small inert force-free non-Brownian particles migrating through otherwise quiescent single-component gases and liquids and animated by a gradient in the fluid's temperature (thermophoresis), pressure (barophoresis), density (pycnophoresis), or any combination thereof. The ansatz builds upon a recent paper [Phys. Rev. E 84, 046309 (2011)] concerned with slip of the fluid's mass velocity at solid surfaces--that is, with phenomena arising from violations of the classical no-slip fluid-mechanical boundary condition. Experimental and other data are cited in support of the phoretic model developed herein.
Crystallization in Stretched Polymer Networks. I. trans-Polychloroprene

Abstract Changes in tensile stress afford a simple means of studying the rates of crystallization and the melting temperatures in crosslinked polymers subjected to simple extension. The form and magnitude of the stress changes in networks of trans-polychloroprene are closely similar to those observed for cis-1:4-polyisoprene and cis-l:4-polybutadiene networks. They are in accord with the formation of oriented crystallites and incompatible with folded chain crystallization at extensions as low as 15 per cent. It seems likely that the present networks do not crystallize by chain folding even in the unstretched state. The large increases in rate of crystallization with extension are approximately accounted for by corresponding increases in the equilibrium melting temperature. Direct measurements of the melting temperature show similar rises with extension. The rise in melting temperature is in good agreement with Flory's theoretical treatment of oriented crystallization at extension ratios of three and highe...
Real-Time Observation of Pt-Si Micro-Droplet Migration by Photo-Electron Emission Microscopy

The formation and dynamics of Pt-Si liquid droplets on Si (001) substrates have been investigated by Photo-electron Emission Microscopy (PEEM). After ambient deposition of a 10nm Pt film, a uniform PtSi layer was transformed into an island structure at ∼ 800°C. The PtSi islands of micrometer size began to melt and were transformed into molten Pt-Si alloy islands below the melting point of PtSi. At ∼1100°C surface migration of the micro-droplets was observed. The moving droplets coalesced with nearby islands and grew in size. The motion was related to the temperature difference across the substrate, and droplet migration was observed from the cold to the hot regions of the surface. The migration velocity was measured as a function of temperature and droplet size. The driving force for migration is related to material diffusion, equilibrium at the solid-liquid interfaces, and surface energetics.
Collegial “nests” can foster critical thinking, innovative ideas, and scientific progress

How can management and strategy scholars organize to generate more productive, more innovative, and more impactful research? With appropriate cultures and leaders, small and egalitarian discussion groups that we call “collegial nests” can become powerful generators of innovative ideas and creators of extraordinary scholars. Collegial nests need cultures that free participants to think critically, to cherish new viewpoints, and to speak freely without fear of ridicule. They also need leaders who model such cultures and facilitate frequent discussions. Two case examples illustrate how productive collegial nests can create better science and better scientists. To generate scientific innovation and progress on a large scale, many autonomous groups tackling related issues are desirable. Modern communication technology is making it feasible for groups to operate over large distances and to coordinate with each other at very low cost. Collegial nests offer greater potential for enhancing scholarly productivity a...
Highly Regioselective Indoline Synthesis under Nickel/Photoredox Dual Catalysis

Nickel/photoredox catalysis is used to synthesize indolines in one step from iodoacetanilides and alkenes. Very high regioselectivity for 3-substituted indoline products is obtained for both aliphatic and styrenyl olefins. Mechanistic investigations indicate that oxidation to Ni(III) is necessary to perform the difficult C–N bond-forming reductive elimination, producing a Ni(I) complex, which in turn is reduced to Ni(0). This process serves to further demonstrate the utility of photoredox catalysts as controlled single electron transfer agents in multioxidation state nickel catalysis.
Cultured construction: global evidence of the impact of national values on sanitation infrastructure choice.

Case study research often claims culture—variously defined—impacts infrastructure development. I test this claim using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and newly available data representing change in national coverage of sewer connections, sewerage treatment, and onsite sanitation between 1990 and 2010 for 21 developing nations. The results show that the cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, and individualism-collectivism have statistically significant relationships to sanitation technology choice. These data prove the global impact of culture on infrastructure choice, and reemphasize that local cultural preferences must be considered when constructing sanitation infrastructure.
Use of primary tooth as a surgical guide in implant insertion: a case report.

Abstract A variety of surgical templates are being used routinely in implant dentistry to guide a surgeon in proper implant insertion. One additional technique is being suggested in this article. It relates to the placement of a dental implant immediately after extraction of the retained primary molar, using the crown of the deciduous tooth as a surgical guide for implant insertion. The clinical case and related technique are presented in this article.
The Global City: Enabling Economic Intermediation and Bearing Its Costs:

Contesting the widespread notion in the 1980s that place no longer mattered to highly digitized economic sectors turned out to be the first step towards conceptualizing the Global City function. It...
Homeschooling, Virtual Learning, and the Eroding Public/Private Binary

ABSTRACTRegulators ubiquitously dichotomize schooling into two discrete sectors: public and private. Although homeschooling is regulated in some contexts as a third sector, the general approach is to treat it as a species of private education by subjecting it to public regulation while simultaneously denying it public funds. But the public/private binary is increasingly difficult to sustain as charter schools multiply and, especially, as virtual schooling increasingly penetrates primary and secondary education. Public school systems are deploying virtual education in ways that erode once impermeable walls between public and private. Many obstacles to homeschooling will fall with those walls—particularly obstacles related to government financing of homeschooling activities.
Maximal orthoplectic fusion frames from mutually unbiased bases and block designs

The construction of optimal line packings in real or complex Euclidean spaces has shown to be a tantalizingly difficult task, because it includes the problem of finding maximal sets of equiangular lines. In the regime where equiangular lines are not possible, some optimal packings are known, for example, those achieving the orthoplex bound related to maximal sets of mutually unbiased bases. In this paper, we investigate the packing of subspaces instead of lines and determine the implications of maximality in this context. We leverage the existence of real or complex maximal mutually unbiased bases with a combinatorial design strategy in order to find optimal subspace packings that achieve the orthoplex bound. We also show that maximal sets of mutually unbiased bases convert between coordinate projections associated with certain balanced incomplete block designs and Grassmannian 2-designs. Examples of maximal orthoplectic fusion frames already appeared in the works by Shor, Sloane and by Zauner. They are realized in dimensions that are a power of four in the real case or a power of two in the complex case.
Improve homology search sensitivity of PacBio data by correcting frameshifts.

Motivation Single-molecule, real-time sequencing (SMRT) developed by Pacific BioSciences produces longer reads than secondary generation sequencing technologies such as Illumina. The long read length enables PacBio sequencing to close gaps in genome assembly, reveal structural variations, and identify gene isoforms with higher accuracy in transcriptomic sequencing. However, PacBio data has high sequencing error rate and most of the errors are insertion or deletion errors. During alignment-based homology search, insertion or deletion errors in genes will cause frameshifts and may only lead to marginal alignment scores and short alignments. As a result, it is hard to distinguish true alignments from random alignments and the ambiguity will incur errors in structural and functional annotation. Existing frameshift correction tools are designed for data with much lower error rate and are not optimized for PacBio data. As an increasing number of groups are using SMRT, there is an urgent need for dedicated homology search tools for PacBio data. Results In this work, we introduce Frame-Pro, a profile homology search tool for PacBio reads. Our tool corrects sequencing errors and also outputs the profile alignments of the corrected sequences against characterized protein families. We applied our tool to both simulated and real PacBio data. The results showed that our method enables more sensitive homology search, especially for PacBio data sets of low sequencing coverage. In addition, we can correct more errors when comparing with a popular error correction tool that does not rely on hybrid sequencing. Availability and implementation The source code is freely available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/frame-pro/ Contact yannisun@msu.edu.
The impact of education on political ideology: Evidence from European compulsory education reforms

Previous research documents a correlation between education and political ideology, usually indicating a positive relationship between education and left-wing political views. In this paper, I examine to what extent this association is causal. I merge political ideology data from 25 waves of Eurobarometer surveys with information on 18 educational reforms in 11 European countries. I then instrument for educational attainment with a regression discontinuity design that estimates the increase in education due to compulsory educational reforms. Notably, it appears that omitted variables bias is important here. I find a significant causal effect of education moving individuals to the right when properly addressing the endogeneity whereas there is a significant association between education and left-wing political ideology when treating education as exogenous. I find that on average, among the individuals compelled into additional education from these specific reforms, an additional year of education moves individuals to the right of the political continuum by about 5–6%. However, I also find no evidence of a causal effect on political ideology for a subgroup of countries.