cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective damping for rotating disks at supercritical speeds

The normal stable operation speed of the disk is limited by its critical speed. Maximizing the speed of rotation of the stable disk requires effective damping mechanism to damp and stabilize disk vibrations at super-critical speeds. This paper investigate analytically the stability of a rotating disk under a non-conservative point force, which is fixed in space, composed of a viscous damping component and a circulatory force proportional to the circumferential slope of the disk surface. Approximate solutions are obtained through the KBM method when the viscous and circulatory force components are small. For arbitrary force, points possibly residing on the stability boundary are located exactly in parameter space through an energy analysis. A perturbation technique and the Galerkin method are used to predict whether these points reside on the stability boundary, and to identify the region of stable response. A propagating wave mode in the disk is stable unless the difference between the disk rotation speed and the virtual speed (ratio of the circulatory stiffness constant to the viscous damping coefficient) of the point force exceeds the wave speed observed on the disk. By properly tuning the virtual speed of the point force, disk vibrations can be damped and stabilized at super-critical speeds.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Ketoconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Bosutinib in Healthy Subjects

Bosutinib (SKI-606), a dual inhibitor of Src and Abl tyrosine kinases, is being developed for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The effect of coadministration of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of bosutinib was evaluated in an open-label, randomized, 2-period, crossover study. Healthy subjects (fasting) received a single dose of oral bosutinib 100 mg alone and with multiple once-daily doses of oral ketoconazole 400 mg. PK sampling occurred through 96 hours. The least square geometric mean treatment ratios (90% confidence interval [CI]) of C(max(bosutinib+ketoconazole))/C(max(bosutinib alone)), AUC(T(bosutinib+ketoconazole))/AUC(T(bosutinib alone)), and AUC((bosutinib+ketoconazole))/AUC((bosutinib alone)) were assessed. Compared with bosutinib administered alone, coadministration with ketoconazole increased bosutinib C(max) 5.2-fold, AUC(T) 7.6-fold, and AUC 8.6-fold. Ketoconazole coadministration decreased the mean apparent clearance of bosutinib approximately 9-fold and increased the mean (SD) terminal half-life from 46.2 (16.4) hours to 69.0 (29.1) hours. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was comparable between the 2 treatments. The most common AEs were headache, nausea, and increased blood creatinine. No safety-related discontinuations or serious AEs occurred. These PK results indicate that bosutinib is susceptible to interaction with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Reason, revolution and religion: Johann Benjamin Erhard's concept of enlightened revolution

(1990). Reason, revolution and religion: Johann Benjamin Erhard's concept of enlightened revolution. History of European Ideas: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 221-226.
Functioning of the Elderly Patient in Relation to the Physician's Diagnosis of Chronic Brain Syndrome*

: Physicians may respond to the age of the patient rather than to the degree of impairment in making a diagnosis of chronic brain syndrome (CBS), A study of 800 male veterans placed in nursing homes during a seven-year period included demographic data, ward staff rating and physicians' assessments of impairment. In 159 patients the diagnosis was CBS, and in 80 this diagnosis was the primary one. A comparison was made with 159 patients (drawn at random) who did not have CBS. The CBS group showed greater impairment of the vascular, renal and nervous systems. Analysis of intergroup differences was performed with controls for age, since the CBS group was significantly older. Confusion and uncooperativeness as rated by ward nurses still ranked highest as discriminators. The findings suggest that diagnosis was supported by the behavioral and impairment data rather than by the age of the patient. Age alone was not a basis for predicting confused behavior. Rather than label the CBS patient as an “old crock,” we should learn to understand him as an individual with a valid diagnosis of real impairment.
Sociobiology misses the mark: An essay on why biology but not sociobiology is very relevant to sociology

This essay takes the position that sociologists need to pay more attention to biology, but that the biological perspective provided by sociobiology is not the perspective that is the most relevant. The reductionist nature of sociobiology is noted and the treatment by sociobiology of altruism, religion, homosexuality, the maximization of inclusive fitness, group versus individual inheritance, and the genetic inheritance process itself is critiqued. Sociobiology’s strong emphasis on ultimate causation and the denigration of proximate causation is treated as particularly problematic. The paper ends with a plea that sociologists pay more attention to the research that shows the interactional effects of biological, psychological and social processes.
Short- and long-term mechanical ventricular assistance towards myocardial recovery

Long-term LVADs are primarily used as a bridge to transplantation because cardiac transplantation currently offers a better long-term outlook for most patients. Some patients will not get the opportunity for transplantation due to organ shortages and long waiting lists, however, and alternate care strategies must be considered. LVAD weaning and explantation may be an appropriate course of action for patients who have IDC and in whom transplantation is not the optimal therapy. The data demonstrate that LVAD weaning may be performed successfully in selected patients with IDC, and that transplantation may be delayed or avoided altogether; however, VAD weaning is not without its risks. Many of the patients have demonstrated recurrence of heart failure at various times after undergoing device removal. Through proper monitoring, most of these patients can be identified early enough to be relisted for transplantation, although some will require reinsertion of an LVAD while waiting. The critical steps in establishing a successful VAD weaning program are proper patient selection, ventricular unloading in the early stages, the institution of heart failure medications, frequent monitoring for ventricular recovery, and a period of ventricular retraining before explantation. In addition, the surgeons must be able to perform the explantation procedure with a low operative mortality. As experience with LVAD weaning and explantation grows, we may be able to better predict which patients may be successfully treated without resorting to transplantation. Explantation may eliminate, or safely delay, the need for cardiac transplantation. Although it is unlikely that these patients will be studied in a randomized fashion, the collection of accurate and complete data may allow us to establish a database that can answer many of today's questions.
Effect of propafenone in patients with stable ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract Thirty patients with clinically significant ventricular ectopy were treated with propafenone, a new potent antiarrhythmic agent with membrane stabilizing action. Patients had a minimum mean of greater than 30 ventricular premature beats per hour documented by continuous 48-hour ambulatory ECG recording. Twenty-five patients qualified as responders, defined as greater than 85% reduction of ventricular ectopy compared to baseline, and completed a double-blind placebo-crossover phase. Significant reduction in single ventricular ectopy per hour, paired ventricular ectopy per hour, and ventricular tachycardia beats per hour were observed. Almost total abolition of ventricular tachycardia and paired ventricular ectopy was achieved. Side effects were minimal and well tolerated. A significant prolongation of the PR interval occurred. QRS prolongation and prolongation of the corrected QT interval was observed in some patients, with new left bundle branch block developing in two patients. Long-term efficacy and safety studies will be necessary to determine the ultimate role of this new agent in the selection of antiarrhythmic therapy, but these inital results are encouraging.
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. II. Condensation of sodium sucrates with organic halogen compounds

Sodium sucrates have been investigated as a means of preparing sucrose derivatives from organic halogen compounds. No reaction has been effected with monosodium sucrate and methyl iodide, and this has been attributed to the presence of ammonia or sodamide in the sucrate. A product approximating in composition to a tetra-O-allyl sucrose has been obtained in 50% yield from trisodium sucrate and allyl chloride at 122°; allyl sucrose has also been prepared from hexasodium sucrate. Mono., tri-, penta- and hepta-sodium sucrate react with epichlorohydrin at 135° to give in quantitative yield highly cross-linked insoluble polymers of the epoxide resin type; mixtures of sucrose and sodium sucrate also give insoluble polymers. Methoxymethyl sucrose, soluble in water and organic solvents, has been prepared from chloromethyl methyl ether and pentasodium sucrate at 15°. Ethylene dichloride reacts with trisodium sucrate at 122–135° but sucrose is the major product formed. o-Chloronitrobenzene does not react. The reactivity of pentasodium sucrate towards a range of organic compounds has been assessed under mild conditions in the presence of dimethoxyethane: (a) alkyl and aryl chlorides in general do not react at 70–75°, but crotyl chloride is an exception and crotyl sucrose has been prepared in 62% yield; (b) acid chlorides and simple acid anhydrides react readily and 15 crude sucrose esters have been prepared and their solubilities estimated. Terephthaloyl sucrose is a polymer. Complex reactions occur with triphenylmethyl chloride, picryl chloride, 2: 4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl chloride, a-chloroacetophenone and ethyl mercuric chloride.
Real-time signal processing of an intrauterine catheter's fetal electrocardiogram

Abstract An original real-time maternal electrocardiogram (ECG) cancellation technique for the intrauterine catheter's (IC) ECG will be discussed in mathematical detail. The cancellation method is based on maternal ECG averaging and subtraction using modified maternal ECG complexes during averaging. Via the resulting fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) from maternal ECG cancellation of an intrauterine catheter's ECG, physician can determine fetal status since the resulting FECG contains fetal heart rate (HR) and electrophysiological information. In addition, fetal status could be determined with one non-invasive to the fetus catheter as compared to invasive to the fetus scalp electrode and intrauterine pressure catheter used currently. An analysis of clinical data indicates that a FECG with a favorable signal-to-noise ratio could be acquired in real-time from the IC after maternal ECG cancellation using the proposed method. The resulting IC's ECG could then be used for determining fetal HR and electrophysiological information.
K meson exposures in water-soaked emulsions

A technique is described whereby pellicle strips of G 5 emulsion are soaked in water and exposed as a stack of pellicles in intimate contact with one another. This technique allowed the normal process of tracing-through to be carried out and complete analysis of events was observed to be possible. The performance of the soaked emulsions, when they were exposed to a K--meson beam, is described and compared with that of unsoaked G5 emulsions exposed in the same beam.
The Deuterium Isotope Effect on the NMR Signal of the Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bond in a Transition- State Analog Complex of Chymotrypsin

Abstract The participation of a low-barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB) in the mechanism of action of chymotrypsin introduces a new role for Asp 102 and His 57 in catalysis [C. S. Cassidy, J. Lin, and P. A. Frey (1997) Biochemistry 36, 4576–4584]. It is postulated that the LBHB increases the basicity of His 57-Nϵ2 in the transition state, thereby facilitating the abstraction of a proton from Ser 195, and stabilizes the tetrahedral intermediate in the acylation step. Evidence for this mechanism includes the downfield chemical shift of the proton bridging His 57 and Asp 102 in transition-state analog complexes and the low deuterium fractionation factors for this proton in the same complexes. We present additional spectroscopic evidence supporting the assignment of an LBHB between His 57 and Asp 102. The tetrahedral addition complex between Ser 195 of chymotrypsin and N-acetyl- l -leucyl- l -phenylalanyl trifluoromethylketone is regarded as a close structural analog of a tetrahedral intermediate. The deuterium NMR signal for the downfield deuteron bridging His 57 and Asp 102 in D2O has now been observed as a broad band centered at 17.8 ± 0.5 ppm. The proton NMR signal in H2O is centered at 18.9 ± 0.05 ppm. The two signals are clearly separated corresponding to a deuterium isotope effect of Δ[δH − δD] = 1.1 ± 0.5 ppm. Deuterium isotope effects in this range are characteristic of LBHBs, and this observation provides further support for the assignment of the proton bridging His 57 and Asp 102 in transition-state analog complexes as an LBHB.
Complete Genome of the Attenuated Sparfloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus agalactiae Strain 138spar.

ABSTRACT Through the selection of resistance to sparfloxacin, an attenuated Streptococcus agalactiae strain, 138spar, was obtained from its virulent parent strain, S. agalactiae 138P. The full genome of S. agalactiae 138spar is 1,838,126 bp. This genome will allow comparative genomics to identify genes associated with virulence, antibiotic resistance, or other characteristics.
Osseous Void in the Posterior Mandible: An Unusual Complication During Implant Placement

Introduction: Dental implants are a very predictable treatment to restore missing teeth. However, various complications may occur during implant placement. Displacement of an implant is a rarely occurring complication.Case Presentation: This case report describes the displacement of a dental implant in the corpus of the mandible during implant surgery. The management of such a complication is also discussed. After its displacement, the implant was retrieved and the bone was allowed to heal before a second implant placement was planned.Conclusions: Dental implants are proven to be a safe and predictable treatment; however, certain complications are possible, but rare. Thorough treatment planning with the use of the appropriate imaging tools, as described in this report, can help reduce the incidence of complications.
Classical dynamical analysis of the vibrational spectra for small polyatomic molecules

With the study of three specific molecules, Na3(C2E″), HCN(X1Σ+), and O3(D1B2), each showing a distinctly different dynamical behavior at the energies studied, we show how techniques of nonlinear classical mechanics can be applied to simulate low resolution vibrational spectra and to extract the underlying dynamics from them. Particularly the importance of the single unstable periodic orbits in the chaotic regions of phase space is demonstrated.
Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol. 13. Protein kinase C ligands based on templates derived from 2,3-dideoxy-L-erythro(threo)-hexono-1,4-lactone and 2-deoxyapiolactone

In the present investigation, the last two possible modes of generating conformationally semirigid diacylglycerol (DAG) analogues embedded into five-membered ring lactones as templates III and IV are investigated. The first two templates studied in previous investigations corresponded to 2-deoxyribonolactone (template I) and 4,4-disubstituted γ-butyrolactone (template II), with the latter producing potent protein kinase C (PK-C) ligands with low nanomolar binding affinities. The templates reported in this work correspond to 2,3-dideoxy-l-erythro- or -threo-hexono-1,4-lactone (template III) and 2-deoxyapiolactone (template IV). Compounds constructed with the dideoxy-l-erythro- or -threo-hexono-1,4-lactone template were synthesized stereospecifically from tri-O-acetyl-l-glucal and l-galactono-1,4-lactone, respectively. Compounds constructed with the 2-deoxyapiolactone template were synthesized stereoselectively from di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-apiose. Inhibition of the binding of [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate to...
Complementable and noncomplementable host adaptation defects in bipartite geminiviruses.

Abstract Members of the geminivirus group of plant viruses collectively infect a broad spectrum of species. Individual viruses which are genetically very similar may nevertheless have distinct host ranges. Two such geminiviruses are tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) and bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), for which common hosts have not previously been reported. Each virus has two genome components, designated A and B. The A component is capable of autonomous replication and encapsidation, whereas the B component provides viral functions required for the spread of infection in plants. To investigate the basis for the distinctive host ranges of BGMV and TGMV, we have introduced plasmids containing cloned viral genome components into Nicotiana benthamiana , a good host for TGMV, and bean, Phaseolus vulgaris , a good host for BGMV. We found that TGMV has a low specific infectivity for bean and is virulent, whereas BGMV has a high specific infectivity for N. benthamiana , but infections are asymptomatic and viral DNA accumulation is low. To investigate which viral functions were defective in the poor host in each case, we attempted to complement them by co-inoculation with the well-adapted virus. After inoculation of beans with both viruses, only BGMV was detected. Thus, TGMV exhibits a noncomplementable host adaptation defect in beans. This suggests that the defect has a cis -acting or virus-specific trans -acting genetic basis. In contrast, the BGMV phenotype of low DNA accumulation in N. benthamiana was partially complemented by TGMV A alone and complemented further by the complete TGMV genome. This suggests that a virus nonspecific, trans -acting factor encoded by the BGMV A component is poorly adapted to N. benthamiana . The results of this study indicate that bipartite geminivirus host range may be limited by defective virus-host interactions of more than one kind.
Expression profiling of zebrafish sox9 mutants reveals that Sox9 is required for retinal differentiation.

The transcription factor gene Sox9 plays various roles in development, including differentiation of the skeleton, gonads, glia, and heart. Other functions of Sox9 remain enigmatic. Because Sox9 protein regulates expression of target genes, the identification of Sox9 targets should facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms of Sox9 action. To help identify Sox9 targets, we used microarray expression profiling to compare wild-type embryos to mutant embryos lacking activity for both sox9a and sox9b, the zebrafish co-orthologs of Sox9. Candidate genes were further evaluated by whole-mount in situ hybridization in wild-type and sox9 single and double mutant embryos. Results identified genes expressed in cartilage (col2a1a and col11a2), retina (calb2a, calb2b, crx, neurod, rs1, sox4a and vsx1) and pectoral fin bud (klf2b and EST AI722369) as candidate targets for Sox9. Cartilage is a well-characterized Sox9 target, which validates this strategy, whereas retina represents a novel Sox9 function. Analysis of mutant phenotypes confirmed that Sox9 helps regulate the number of Muller glia and photoreceptor cells and helps organize the neural retina. These roles in eye development were previously unrecognized and reinforce the multiple functions that Sox9 plays in vertebrate development.
Quantum Dot Lasers Using High-Q Microdisk Cavities

We report experimental observation of optically-pumped continuous-wave lasing from self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) embedded in high-quality factor (Q) microdisk laser structures. For large diameter (4.5 μm) microdisks containing InAs QDs, the emission spectra show simultaneous lasing on one to five well separated modes (Q = 10000-17000) in the wavelength range between 920 and 990 nm. For small diameter (2 μm) microdisks containing (In,Ga)As QDs, lasing occurs even when the estimated average number of QDs inside the cavity-mode volume is unity.
Validation of body composition assessment techniques in the dialysis population

Assessment of body composition remains a goal for the routine assessment of nutritional status of patients on long-term dialysis. Methods generally available for estimation of body fat in healthy individuals are limited by practicality and availability for use in this patient population. Anthropometry, which is cost effective and easy to perform, is limited by the lack of appropriate reference standards for patients on dialysis and artifact caused by hydration status. Bioelectrical impedance affords new opportunities for non-invasive assessment of fluid volume, its distribution, and body cell mass; estimation of fat-free mass and body fat can be affected by hydration status. Dual x-ray absorptiometry permits estimation of bone status and fat mass because changes in hydration status are reflected in estimates of fat-free mass. Evaluation of validity of techniques for fluid status and body composition assessment requires the use of appropriate reference methods and proper statistical procedures to examine error, not only between groups, but by individual. Use of body composition assessment methods together with biochemical measurements will enhance the nutritional assessment of end-stage renal disease patients on long-term hemodialysis.
All-optical measurement of in-plane and out-of-plane Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in silicon wafers by means of vibration modes

An all-optical technique was developed to determine the in-plane and out-of-plane Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, σ, in silicon wafers through excitation and detection of vibration modes. The technique is remote, non-destructive and works on-line, making it an attractive inspection tool for use in semiconductor foundries. Vibration modes were generated by a pulse from a frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and detected by a commercial heterodyne Michelson interferometer. Because of their importance as component substrates in the electronic and MEMS industries, both the 100 and 111 silicon wafers were investigated. It was found that the resonance frequencies of the first pure torsional and of the first hybrid (torsional and flexural) modes varied continuously and symmetrically with respect to a 90° rotation of the wafer around the centre, while the resonance frequencies of the first and second pure flexural modes remained constant. On the basis of this experimental observation, we could correlate the resonance frequencies of the two former and two latter modes with the in-plane and out-of-plane mechanical parameters E and σ, respectively. A novel inverse method for circular anisotropic plates was then derived to extract the in-plane and out-of-plane parameters from the resonance frequency measurements. The results obtained by this approach were in good agreement with the standard values calculated by the theory of elasticity.
Synthesis and Evaluation of New Oxaspiro Monomers for Double Ring-opening Polymerization

Polymerization with expansion in volume can be achieved with spiro orthocarbonate monomers through a double ring-opening process wherein two bonds are cleaved for each new bond formed. The resulting expansion can be applied to counter the polymerization shrinkage associated with the conventional methacrylate monomers used in dental composites and thereby provide formulations with drastically reduced degrees of shrinkage. New monomers have been prepared that exhibit enhanced reactivities and ring-opening efficiencies compared with earlier free-radical-polymerizable oxaspiro compounds. In dental composite formulations, the monofunctional oxaspiro monomers provided DTS values equivalent to those of the controls under certain curing conditions; however, only modest reductions in polymerization shrinkage were observed.2,3-Bis(methylene) spiro orthocarbonate monomers with a conjugated diene structure were also synthesized and evaluated. These novel monomers appear to offer significant potential for future devel...
Schindler, Symmetry and the Free Public Library, 1920

Schindler's Free Public Library competition project of 1920 is analysed. Archival documents are interpreted and an analytic model is constructed. Schindler's standing as a Modernist is considered and his early career is rehearsed, especially his involvement with Frank Lloyd Wright. The formal analysis focuses on the use of symmetry. An interpretation of Schindler's employment of the diagonal axis in the Library is proffered. Historical precedents for diagonal butterfly symmetry in the English free school and the Arts and Crafts movement are examined. A method of analysis using the partial ordering of subsymmetries of the square is applied to the floor plans In conclusion, the influence of the Library project on Schindler's later work is surveyed.
Dietary curcumin increases antioxidant defenses in lung, ameliorates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and improves survival in mice.

Abstract The effectiveness of lung radiotherapy is limited by radiation tolerance of normal tissues and by the intrinsic radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells. The chemopreventive agent curcumin has known antioxidant and tumor cell radiosensitizing properties. Its usefulness in preventing radiation-induced pneumonopathy has not been tested previously. We evaluated dietary curcumin in radiation-induced pneumonopathy and lung tumor regression in a murine model. Mice were given 1% or 5% (w/w) dietary curcumin or control diet prior to irradiation and for the duration of the experiment. Lungs were evaluated at 3 weeks after irradiation for acute lung injury and inflammation by evaluating bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid content for proteins, neutrophils and at 4 months for pulmonary fibrosis. In a separate series of experiments, an orthotopic model of lung cancer using intravenously injected Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells was used to exclude possible tumor radioprotection by dietary curcumin. In vitro, cur...
Molecular building blocks for magnetic spin chains

The paramagnetic di(metalloethynyl)benzene ion [1,4-C_6H_4{CW(depe)_2Cl}_2]^(2+) was synthesized from diamagnetic 1,4-C_6H_4{CW(depe)_2Cl}_2 (depe = 1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane). Systematic measurements of magnetic susceptibility for both crystalline and powder-formed compounds indicate a predominant super-exchange coupling between the magnetic tungsten centres. We provide a quantitative description of the observed susceptibility using a decoupled Heisenberg dimer model, and find that all the complexes exhibit a robust antiferromagnetic coupling between spins, J~38 K. We note their potential use as building blocks for one-dimensional spin chains—with or without disorder—and describe possible synthetic routes to these architectures.
Maternal height as a risk factor for cesarean delivery in the nulliparous parturient

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the relationship between maternal height and risk of cesarean delivery in a nulliparous population. Methods: The Mayo Medical Center obstetric delivery database from January 1993 to December 1999 was reviewed to identify all singleton nulliparous women. Height (ht), indication, and type of delivery were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using the Student t test and X2. Results: Over the study interval, 12,521 deliveries were recorded: 4,302 (34.4%) occurred in the nulliparous women with singletons. Six hundred thirty-nine deliveries were excluded for the following: 1) no maternal ht recorded (n = 568), and 2) elective cesarean deliveries (n =71). The overall cesarean delivery rate for the entire study cohort of 3,663 was 17.0%. The cesarean delivery rate was not significantly different (16.9%; [192/1,139]) for those who underwent labor induction. Overall maternal ht was significantly different between women who had a cesarean delivery after labor (163.1 ± 6.9 cm) and those who delivered vaginally (164.5 ± 7.0 cm) (P Conclusion: Short maternal stature is a risk factor for cesarean delivery in nulliparous women.
RENAL ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE, VOLUME, AND FUNCTION OF CATS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic (US) and computed tomographic (CT) appearance of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) in cats; to compare renal volume in cats with ADPKD (n = 5; mean age 59 +/- 10 months)) and normal cats (n = 5; mean age 66 +/- 10 months) using 2 imaging modalities, US and CT; and to calculate cyst volume using CT. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined by 2 methods: 99mTc-diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DPTA) scintigraphic uptake and 99-Tc-DTPA plasma clearance. Sonographically, ADPKD affected kidneys were characterized by multiple anechoic to hypoechoic, round to irregularly shaped structures with variation in size. Affected kidneys had indistinct corticomedullary junctions and foci of mineralization. Intravenous (IV) contrast medium administration allowed more definitive identification of cysts with CT, and identification of distortion of renal pelves by cysts. A significant difference (Welch ANOVA, P = 0.05) was detected between the US-estimated renal volumes of normal and affected cats. No statistically significant differences were detected in CT volume (between the normal and affected cats, or between US and CT volume measurements) or the 2 GFR methods. In this group of clinically normal, middle-aged ADPKD cats, renal function was within normal limits and not significantly different than normal.
Abusive Supervision, Upward Maintenance Communication, and Subordinates' Psychological Distress

This study reanalyzes data from Tepper's (2000) two-wave study regarding the effects of subordinates' perceptions of supervisory abuse to assess previously unexamined relationships. As predicted, we found that subordinates who more rather than less strongly perceived that they had been abused by supervisors tended to use regulative maintenance tactics with higher frequency. Further, the positive relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates' psychological distress was exacerbated by subordinates' use of regulative maintenance communications, and that relationship was reduced by subordinates' use of direct maintenance communication. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Excess Broadband Noise Observed with Overexpanded Jets

Results of an experiment on the characteristics of an excess noise occurring with convergent-divergent nozzles in the overexpanded regime are presented in this paper. Data are obtained with five convergent-divergent nozzles and a convergent nozzle, all having the same exit diameter. The results clearly establish that, relative to the convergent case and at same pressure ratios, the convergent-divergent nozzles are noisier in the low Mach number range of the overexpanded regime. This is evidenced from the directivity patterns as well as the overall radiated sound power. The excess noise is broadband in nature and is found to be more pronounced with nozzles having a higher design Mach number or larger half angle of the divergent section. It appears to occur when a shock resides within the divergent section and results from random unsteady motion of the shock.
The role of molecular simulations in the development of inhibitors of amyloid β-peptide aggregation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The pathogenic aggregation of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is considered a hallmark of the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, the leading cause of senile dementia in the elderly and one of the principal causes of death in the United States. In the absence of effective therapeutics, the incidence and economic burden associated with the disease are expected to rise dramatically in the coming decades. Targeting Aβ aggregation is an attractive therapeutic approach, though structural insights into the nature of Aβ aggregates from traditional experiments are elusive, making drug design difficult. Theoretical methods have been used for several years to augment experimental work and drive progress forward in Alzheimer’s drug design. In this Review, we will describe how two common techniques, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, are being applied in developing small molecules as effective therapeutics against monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillated forms of Aβ. Recent successes and important limitat...
Adult offer, word-class, and child uptake in early lexical acquisition

How do adults offer new words from different parts of speech? This study examined the offers in book-reading interactions for 48 dyads (parents and children aged 2- to 5-years-old). The parents relied on fixed syntactic frames, final position, and emphatic stress to highlight unfamiliar words. As they talked to their children about the referent objects, events, or scenes, they also linked new words to other terms in the pertinent semantic domain, thereby presenting further information about possible meanings. Children attended to new words, often repeating them in the next turn, and, as they got older, they too related new words to familiar terms as they talked about their referents with their parents. These data add further evidence that interaction in conversation supports the process of language acquisition.
Lanthanide clusters with azide capping ligands

Weakly binding azide ligands have been used as surface caps in the synthesis of lanthanide oxo and selenido clusters. Addition of NaN3 and Na2O to in situ prepared solutions of Ln(SePh)3 in pyridine results in the formation of (py)18Sm6Na2O2(N3)16 or (py)10Ln6O2(N3)12(SePh)2 (Ln = Ho, Er), with the Sm and Er compounds characterized by low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction. Attempts to prepare chalcogenido derivatives by ligand-based redox reactions using elemental Se were successful in the preparation of (py)10Er6O2(SeSe)2(N3)10, a diselenido cluster having crystallographic disorder due to some site sharing of both SeSe and N3 ligands. These compounds all detonate when heated.
Attention! V1 Neurons Lining Up for Inspection

In this issue of Neuron, Roelfsema and Spekreijse report that macaque V1 neuron responses are correlated with target choice in a task requiring monkeys to attentively trace a line to plan a saccade. These results provide evidence that V1 is actively involved in the interpretation of visual stimuli.
The impulse to infidelity and oedipal splitting

Freud suggested that the child perceives parental intercourse as an act of infi delity by the desired but unfaithful parent. Parental sexual infi delity is felt to be a major narcissistic injury th...
Out of Step: Academic Ethics in a Preposterous Environment

Doing our work as professors responsibly and well requires good character; more specifically, it requires such virtues as industry, persistence, judgment, honesty, focus, a realistic sense of what is feasible, impartiality, independence, consideration, and courage — all of which are needed in teaching, in research, and in such other activities as editing, presenting papers, refereeing, participating in hiring decisions, etc. Sadly, recent changes in the academic environment — the growth of a new class of professional academic administrators, the ever-increasing insistence on publication for career advancement, growing emphasis on grants and research projects, and focus on “rankings” — are systematically eroding these key academic virtues.
Technical Section: Benchmarking and implementation of probability-based simulations on programmable graphics cards

The latest graphics processing units (GPUs) are reported to reach up to 200 billion floating point operations per second (200Gflops (Spode's Abode, GeForce FX Preview (NV30), Spode, November (2002), Internet address (accessed on 10/2003): http://www.spodesabode.com/content/article/geforcefx)) and to have price performance of 0.1 cents per Mflop. These facts raise great interest in the plausibility of extending the GPUs' use to non-graphics applications, in particular numerical simulations on structured grids (lattice). In this paper we (1) review previous works on using GPUs for non-graphics applications, (2) implement probability-based simulations on the GPU, namely the Ising and percolation models, (3) implement vector operation benchmarks for the GPU, and finally (4) compare the CPU's and GPU's performance. Original contribution of this work is implementing Monte Carlo type simulations on the GPU. Such simulations have a wide area of applications. They are computationally intensive and, as we show in the paper, lend themselves naturally to implementation on GPUs, therefore allowing us to better use the GPU's computational power and speed up the computation. A general conclusion from the results obtained is that moving computations from the CPU to the GPU is feasible, yielding good time and price performance, for certain lattice computations. Preliminary results also show that it is feasible to use them in parallel.
Signaling Mechanisms of HAMP Domains in Chemoreceptors and Sensor Kinases

HAMP domains mediate input-output signaling in histidine kinases, adenylyl cyclases, methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, and some phosphatases. HAMP subunits have two 16-residue amphiphilic helices (AS1, AS2) joined by a 14- to 15-residue connector segment. Two alternative HAMP structures in these homodimeric signaling proteins have been described: HAMP(A), a tightly packed, parallel, four-helix bundle; and HAMP(B), a more loosely packed bundle with an altered AS2/AS2' packing arrangement. Stimulus-induced conformational changes probably modulate HAMP signaling by shifting the relative stabilities of these opposing structural states. Changes in AS2/AS2' packing, in turn, modulate output signals by altering structural interactions between output helices through heptad repeat stutters that produce packing phase clashes. Output helices that are too tightly or too loosely packed most likely produce kinase-off output states, whereas kinase-on states require an intermediate range of HAMP stabilities and dynamic behaviors. A three-state, dynamic bundle signaling model best accounts for the signaling properties of chemoreceptor mutants and may apply to other transducers as well.
Measurement of pulmonary circuit pressure and systemic circuit pressure in normal dogs

Abstract The pulmonary circuit pressure and systemic circuit pressure have been measured in normal dogs. Also, the pressure gradient for the return of blood to the right and left heart has been calculated. The pulmonary circuit pressure averaged 3.34 mm. Hg greater than the systemic circuit pressure. The pressure gradient for the return of blood to the left heart was 0.80 mm. Hg greater than the pressure gradient for venous return to the right heart.
Cyanide Toxicokinetics: The Behavior of Cyanide, Thiocyanate and 2-Amino-2-Thiazoline-4-Carboxylic Acid in Multiple Animal Models

Cyanide causes toxic effects by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cellular hypoxia and cytotoxic anoxia, and can eventually lead to death. Cyanide exposure can be verified by direct analysis of cyanide concentrations or analyzing its metabolites, including thiocyanate (SCN(-)) and 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) in blood. To determine the behavior of these markers following cyanide exposure, a toxicokinetics study was performed in three animal models: (i) rats (250-300 g), (ii) rabbits (3.5-4.2 kg) and (iii) swine (47-54 kg). Cyanide reached a maximum in blood and declined rapidly in each animal model as it was absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated. Thiocyanate concentrations rose more slowly as cyanide was enzymatically converted to SCN(-). Concentrations of ATCA did not rise significantly above the baseline in the rat model, but rose quickly in rabbits (up to a 40-fold increase) and swine (up to a 3-fold increase) and then fell rapidly, generally following the relative behavior of cyanide. Rats were administered cyanide subcutaneously and the apparent half-life (t1/2) was determined to be 1,510 min. Rabbits were administered cyanide intravenously and the t1/2 was determined to be 177 min. Swine were administered cyanide intravenously and the t1/2 was determined to be 26.9 min. The SCN(-) t1/2 in rats was 3,010 min, but was not calculated in rabbits and swine because SCN(-) concentrations did not reach a maximum. The t1/2 of ATCA was 40.7 and 13.9 min in rabbits and swine, respectively, while it could not be determined in rats with confidence. The current study suggests that cyanide exposure may be verified shortly after exposure by determining significantly elevated cyanide and SCN(-) in each animal model and ATCA may be used when the ATCA detoxification pathway is significant.
Simulation instruction—corporate vs. campus

Ford Motor Company has developed a triplet of in-house simulation classes: an overview of simulation in manufacturing, an introduction to simulation methods, and language-specific classes in SIMAN and WITNESS. This set of courses is described and, as an example, the in-house short-course training of engineers and vendor- partners' engineers in simulation methodology and the use of SIMAN is compared to and contrasted with a typical university semester-length course in simulation, its methodology, and its software.
Energetics of Substituted Pollucites Along the CsAlSi2O6–CsTiSi2O6.5 Join: A High‐Temperature Calorimetric Study

Enthalpies of drop solution for a suite of substituted pollucites with the compositions CsTixAl1−xSi2O6+0.5x, 0 ≤x≤ 1, which are synthesized using the sol–gel method, have been measured in molten lead borate (2PbO·B2O3) at 701°C. As Ti4+ substitutes for Al3+, the enthalpies of drop solution become less endothermic and show exothermic heats of mixing within the composition range from x= 0.3 to 1. This nonideal mixing behavior is consistent with the trend seen in variation of lattice parameters, and we interpret it to be a result of the short-range order associated with the framework cations Al3+, Si4+, and Ti4+ in the structure. Using enthalpies of drop solution of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and Cs2O, standard molar enthalpies of formation of these phases from their constituent oxides and from the elements are derived for the first time.
Specific deletions in the hepatitis B virus core open reading frame in patients with chronic active hepatitis B

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to examine genomic variation in the pre-core/core open reading frame of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chronically infected patients. Gel electrophoresis of amplification products showed the presence of shortened forms of the core gene in addition to the full length product. These shortened forms were seen only in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) seropositive for HBeAg and not in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) or HBeAg minus CAH. Cloning and DNA sequencing revealed the presence of a number of overlapping deletions within the core gene, the majority being in-frame, which were clustered within aa 81-114 of the core gene product. These deletions were found in patients with CAH from different racial and geographical backgrounds, whereas PCR analysis of the surface and X open reading frames showed no shortened forms suggesting deletions to be specific to the core gene in these patients. Because the product of the core gene--the HBV core antigen--is believed to be the major target for T-cell-mediated liver damage, it seems likely that the products of core genes carrying deletions will alter immune recognition and may be of importance in the progression of inflammatory liver damage.
Local delivery of prostaglandin E1 induces periodontal regeneration in adult dogs

Formation of cementum, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament was produced in 18 sites on buccal surfaces of mandibular premolars and molars of 11 adult dogs near to sites of local delivery of prostaglandin E1 (PGE) for three weeks. Mineralizing bone and cementum were labelled with fluorescent dyes and polarizing microscopy showed periodontal ligament fibers between these new mineralized tissues. These observations extend recent demonstrations that local application of PGE causes formation of new bone on the mandible and suggest the potential for predictable, site-directed periodontal regeneration.
Linkage Disequilibrium Testing When Linkage Phase Is Unknown

Linkage disequilibrium, the nonrandom association of alleles from different loci, can provide valuable information on the structure of haplotypes in the human genome and is often the basis for evaluating the association of genomic variation with human traits among unrelated subjects. But, linkage phase of genetic markers measured on unrelated subjects is typically unknown, and so measurement of linkage disequilibrium, and testing whether it differs significantly from the null value of zero, requires statistical methods that can account for the ambiguity of unobserved haplotypes. A common method to test whether linkage disequilibrium differs significantly from zero is the likelihood-ratio statistic, which assumes Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of the marker phenotype proportions. We show, by simulations, that this approach can be grossly biased, with either extremely conservative or liberal type I error rates. In contrast, we use simulations to show that a composite statistic, proposed by Weir and Cockerham, maintains the correct type I error rates, and, when comparisons are appropriate, has similar power as the likelihood-ratio statistic. We extend the composite statistic to allow for more than two alleles per locus, providing a global composite statistic, which is a strong competitor to the usual likelihood-ratio statistic.
Transformation Group C*-Algebras with Continuous Trace

We obtain several results characterizing when transformation group C*-algebras have continuous trace. These results can be stated most succinctly when (G, L?) is second countable, and the stability groups are contained in a fixed abelian subgroup. In this case, C*(G, Q) has continuous trace if and only if the stability groups vary continuously on R and compact subsets of Q are wandering in an appropriate sense. In general, we must assume that the stability groups vary continuously, and if (G, J?) is not second countable, that the natural maps of G/S, onto G x are homeomorphisms for each x. Then C*(G, 0) has continuous trace if and only if compact subsets of 0 are wandering and an additionai C*-algebra, constructed from the stability groups and 0, has continuous trace.