cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain Laterality in Signed and Spoken Language: A Synthetic Theory of Language Use

First, the hypothesis is examined that right hemispheric cognitive processes underlie human language in a fundamental way, and specifically, that the right hemisphere is implicated in the semantic processes underlying the establishment of meaning and in processing of linguistic “gestalts” generally. In this respect, several lines of evidence are examined, including the performance of aphasics, commisurotomy patients, native deaf signers, and users of Japanese and Chinese ideographs. A right hemispheric basis for various aspects of language use having been established, a second hypothesis is examined: that differences in societal complexity are related to differences in relative dependence upon cognitive processes controlled by the right and the left cerebral hemispheres. More specifically, we examine the hypothesis that growth in societal complexity has been accompanied by increased dependence upon left hemisphere processes. We present quantitative evidence from studies of differences in language structure to support the hypothesis. More broadly, what we are attempting here is to construct a synthetic theory of language use that incorporates information from the neurological and the social sciences.
Characterization of serous retinal detachments in uveitis patients with optical coherence tomography

Objectives To determine the prevalence of serous retinal detachments (SRD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a large database of patients with uveitis from a tertiary referral setting, to describe clinical features of patients with SRD, and to ascertain retinal architectural features found in association with SRD. Main outcome measures Prevalence of SRD in uveitis patients imaged with OCT, correlation of visual acuity with SRD, anatomic subtypes of uveitis identified, and association of SRD with various subtypes of macular edema (focal and diffuse) and retinal architectural abnormalities. Design Retrospective, single-setting cross-sectional study of all OCTs in a digital imaging base ordered on patients from a tertiary referral uveitis clinic between July 2006 and March 2008. Results SRD were identified in 17 of 111 uveitis patients (15 %) reviewed; bilateral SRD were found in 5 of 17 patients (29 %). Intermediate uveitis was the most common disease association (47 %), but other conditions identified included Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, multifocal choroiditis/panuveitis, and sarcoidosis. Retinal architectural features identified in association with SRD included focal macular edema (59 %), diffuse macular edema (50 %), any intraretinal edema (77 %), both diffuse and focal macular edema (32 %), and retinal pigment epithelial alteration (27 %). Moderate or severe visual impairment, defined as visual acuity 20/50 or poorer was seen in 71 % of patients with SRD. Poorer visual acuity was correlated with increased central subfield thickness in patients with SRD (r 2 00.41, p<0.001). Conclusion SRD were present in 15 % of the uveitis patients reviewed. Moderate to severe vision impairment was present in the majority of eyes (71 %) with SRD. Diffuse macular edema and focal cystoid macular edema were the OCT features most commonly associated with SRD. Intermediate and panuveitis were the most common anatomic sites of inflammation. A variety of pathogenic mechanisms, both inflammatory and non-inflammatory, may be involved in SRD in uveitis patients; identification of the precise mechanism is important for appropriate therapy.
Synchronization and recovery of actions

We introduce an approach to robust computation in distributed systems. This approach is the foundation for reliability in the Clouds decentralized operating system. It is based on atomic actions operating on instances of abstract data types (objects). We present an event-based model of computation in which scheduling of responses to operation invocations is controlled by objects. We discuss an integrated strategy for synchronization and recovery which uses relationships between the abstract states of objects to track dependencies between actions. Serializability is defined in terms of the semantics of operations. This permits high concurrency to be obtained in non-serializable implementations without deviation from serializable abstract behavior. We define a class of schedulers that allows objects to make autonomous scheduling decisions. We present the use of non-serializable operation semantics. Finally, we discuss implementation of the model, including action synchronization, object operation ordering using action-based counting semaphores, and action recovery.
On the Discrete Spectrum of Generalized Quantum Tubes

The spectrum (of the Dirichlet Laplacian) of non-compact, non-complete Riemannian manifolds is much less understood than their compact counterparts. In particular it is often not even known whether such a manifold has any discrete spectra. In this article, we will prove that a certain type of non-compact, non-complete manifold called the quantum tube has non-empty discrete spectrum. The quantum tube is a tubular neighborhood built about an immersed complete manifold in Euclidean space. The terminology of “quantum” implies that the geometry of the underlying complete manifold can induce discrete spectra – hence quantization. We will show how the Weyl tube invariants appear in determining the existence of discrete spectra. This is an extension and generalization, on the geometric side, of the previous work of the author on the “quantum layer.”
The Skeleton of the Jacobian, the Jacobian of the Skeleton, and Lifting Meromorphic Functions From Tropical to Algebraic Curves

Let K be an algebraically closed field which is complete with respect to a nontrivial, non-Archimedean valuation and let \Lambda be its value group. Given a smooth, proper, connected K-curve X and a skeleton \Gamma of the Berkovich analytification X^\an, there are two natural real tori which one can consider: the tropical Jacobian Jac(\Gamma) and the skeleton of the Berkovich analytification Jac(X)^\an. We show that the skeleton of the Jacobian is canonically isomorphic to the Jacobian of the skeleton as principally polarized tropical abelian varieties. In addition, we show that the tropicalization of a classical Abel-Jacobi map is a tropical Abel-Jacobi map. As a consequence of these results, we deduce that \Lambda-rational principal divisors on \Gamma, in the sense of tropical geometry, are exactly the retractions of principal divisors on X. We actually prove a more precise result which says that, although zeros and poles of divisors can cancel under the retraction map, in order to lift a \Lambda-rational principal divisor on \Gamma to a principal divisor on X it is never necessary to add more than g extra zeros and g extra poles. Our results imply that a continuous function F:\Gamma -> R is the restriction to \Gamma of -log|f| for some nonzero meromorphic function f on X if and only if F is a \Lambda-rational tropical meromorphic function, and we use this fact to prove that there is a rational map f : X --> P^3 whose tropicalization, when restricted to \Gamma, is an isometry onto its image.
Strategic Environmental Policy with Technology Licensing

The tendency for countries to cheat on international environmental agreements has been well-documented. One reason is that less developed countries suffer technological disadvantages. While a number of authors have shown that technological transfers can solve the stability problem, real-world giveaways rarely occur. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conditions under which private licensing of pollution abatement technology, linked to cooperation on environmental policy, represents a feasible alternative. We find that, while a Pareto-improving solution exists, the licensing equilibrium is tenuous. Ironically, the more technologically advanced pollution abatement becomes, the less incentive there is for the recipient to cooperate.
Stability of bosonic atomic and molecular condensates near a Feshbach resonance

We explore the Bose condensed phases of an atomic gas on the molecular side of a Feshbach resonance. In the absence of atom-molecule and molecule-molecule scattering, we show that the atomic condensate is either a saddle point of the free energy with energy always exceeding that of the molecular condensate, or has a negative compressibility (hence unstable to density fluctuations). Therefore no phase transition occurs between the atomic and molecular condensates. We also show that a repulsive molecule-molecule scattering can stabilize a sufficiently dense atomic condensate, leading to the possibility of a phase transition. We caution that three-body processes may render this transition unobservable.
Initial Magnetization Behavior of Rapidly Quenched Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets

Initial magnetization and demagnetization data are reported for three forms of rapidly solidified Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet materials: melt-spun ribbons, hot pressed magnets, and die upset magnets. In all three materials the results are consistent with domain wall pinning at grain boundary phases as the coercivity mechanism. Optimally quenched ribbons are comprised of randomly oriented single domain Nd2Fe14B grains, and both initial magnetization and demagnetization are controlled by strong domain wall pinning at grain boundaries. Maximum coercivity is accompanied by a low initial permeability. Coercivity is reduced in overquenched ribbons by partial retention of a magnetically soft amorphous or very finely crystalline microstructure. Coercivity decreases in underquenched ribbons because wall pinning weakens as the grain size increases above optimum. Correlation of magnetization and demagnetization behaviors suggests that maximum coercivity in ribbons is largely determined by the resistance to domain wall formation in grains smaller than the single domain particle limit. Grain size is much less important in the aligned die upset magnets. Domain walls are initially free to move until they become strongly pinned at grain edges, and complete magnetization requires an applied field greater than the coercive field. Hot pressed magnets show a mixture of ribbon and die upset behavior.
Multiscale approach for the network compression-friendly ordering

We present a fast multiscale approach for the network minimum logarithmic arrangement problem. This type of arrangement plays an important role in the network compression and fast node/link access operations. The algorithm is of linear complexity and exhibits good scalability, which makes it practical and attractive for use in large-scale instances. Its effectiveness is demonstrated on a large set of real-life networks. These networks with corresponding best-known minimization results are suggested as an open benchmark for the research community to evaluate new methods for this problem.
Double Lightpipe System for Analytical GC/FT-IR and Spectral Libraries

A GC/FT-IR accessory has been configured with two lightpipes in order to allow flexibility in chromatographic separations. A capillary column is connected to a 15-cm lightpipe (1.5-mm bore) and is used for analytical GC/FT-IR. The second lightpipe (42-cm, 3-mm bore) is connected to a packed column and is configured with valves to provide a stopped-flow capability. This lightpipe is used when the sample size is not limited or when signal-averaging and high resolution are necessary. Broad-band MCT detectors are generally used because they are not adversely affected by unmodulated blackbody radiation from the heated lightpipe. In those instances when a narrow-band MCT detector is needed, an aperture and one additional mirror are used to discriminate against the unmodulated radiation. Applications of both systems are discussed.
OSCILLATIONS OF A TURBULENT JET INCIDENT UPON AN EDGE

Abstract For the case of a jet originating from a fully turbulent channel flow and impinging upon a sharp edge, the possible onset and nature of coherent oscillations has remained unexplored. In this investigation, high-image-density particle image velocimetry and surface pressure measurements are employed to determine the instantaneous, whole-field characteristics of the turbulent jet–edge interaction in relation to the loading of the edge. It is demonstrated that even in the absence of acoustic resonant or fluid–elastic effects, highly coherent, self-sustained oscillations rapidly emerge above the turbulent background. Two clearly identifiable modes of instability are evident. These modes involve large-scale vortices that are phase-locked to the gross undulations of the jet and its interaction with the edge, and small-scale vortices, which are not phase-locked. Time-resolved imaging of instantaneous vorticity and velocity reveals the form, orientation, and strength of the large-scale concentrations of vorticity approaching the edge in relation to rapid agglomeration of small-scale vorticity concentrations. Such vorticity field–edge interactions exhibit rich complexity, relative to the simplified pattern of vortex–edge interaction traditionally employed for the quasi-laminar edgetone. Furthermore, these interactions yield highly nonlinear surface pressure signatures. The origin of this nonlinearity, involving the coexistence of multiple frequency components, is interpreted in terms of large- and small-scale vortices embedded in distributed vorticity layers at the edge. Eruption of the surface boundary layer on the edge due to passage of the large-scale vortex does not occur; rather apparent secondary vorticity concentrations are simply due to distension of the oppositely signed vorticity layer at the tip of the edge. The ensemble-averaged turbulent statistics of the jet quickly take on an identity that is distinct from the statistics of the turbulent boundary layer in the channel. Large increases in Reynolds stress occur due to onset of the small-scale concentrations of vorticity immediately downstream of separation; substantial increases at locations further downstream arise from development of the large-scale vorticity concentrations.
Integrative genomics viewer

Rapid improvements in sequencing and array-based platforms are resulting in a flood of diverse genome-wide data, including data from exome and whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic surveys, expression profiling of coding and noncoding RNAs, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number profiling, and functional assays. Analysis of these large, diverse data sets holds the promise of a more comprehensive understanding of the genome and its relation to human disease. Experienced and knowledgeable human review is an essential component of this process, complementing computational approaches. This calls for efficient and intuitive visualization tools able to scale to very large data sets and to flexibly integrate multiple data types, including clinical data. However, the sheer volume and scope of data pose a significant challenge to the development of such tools.
Researching Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Comparatively

This article examines different types of comparative research designs as applied to either prostitution or sex trafficking. I first present several comparative approaches that are found to be deeply flawed either because of the problematic assumptions of the analysts or because the data provided are insufficient to support the conclusions drawn. I then review research designs that compare two to four cases in depth and have the potential to yield stronger evidence-based findings and richer theoretical insights. The article concludes by discussing a set of methodological issues that face researchers who conduct comparative research on sex work.
Kinetic Resolutions of Azomethine Imines via Copper-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloadditions

An effective method has been developed for the kinetic resolution of racemic azomethine imines via [3 + 2] cycloadditions with alkynes catalyzed by a chiral copper complex. Efficient kinetic resolution is observed for a variety of N1 and C5 substituents on the dipole, thereby furnishing a wide array of useful enantioenriched azomethine imines, which can readily be transformed into monocyclic and bicyclic pyrazolidinones.
Evolution of male life histories and age-dependent sexual signals under female choice

Sexual selection theory models evolution of sexual signals and preferences using simple life histories. However, life-history models predict that males benefit from increasing sexual investment approaching old age, producing age-dependent sexual traits. Age-dependent traits require time and energy to grow, and will not fully mature before individuals enter mating competition. Early evolutionary stages pose several problems for these traits. Age-dependent traits suffer from strong viability selection and gain little benefit from mate choice when rare. Few males will grow large traits, and they will rarely encounter choosy females. The evolutionary origins of age-dependent traits therefore remain unclear. I used numerical simulations to analyze evolution of preferences, condition (viability) and traits in an age-structured population. Traits in the model depended on age and condition (“good genes”) in a population with no genetic drift. I asked (1) if age-dependent indicator traits and their preferences can originate depending on the strength of selection and the size of the trait; (2) which mode of development (age-dependent versus age-independent) eventually predominates when both modes occur in the population; and (3) if age-independent traits can invade a population with age-dependent traits. Age-dependent traits evolve under weaker selection and at smaller sizes than age-independent traits. This result held in isolation and when the types co-occur. Evolution of age-independent traits depends only on trait size, whereas evolution of age-dependent traits depends on both strength of selection and growth rate. Invasion of age-independence into populations with established traits followed a similar pattern with age-dependence predominating at small trait sizes. I suggest that reduced adult mortality facilitates sexual selection by favoring the evolution of age-dependent sexual signals under weak selection.
Do research assessments make college students more reactive to alcohol events

Events that precipitate entry into a clinical trial and research procedures may result in short-term gains often seen in control groups in brief motivational intervention (BMI) trials. Such processes may be particularly important among young adults who become engaged in BMI research due to negative alcohol-related events. This study examines effects of alcohol-related events and post-event assessments on changes in college student readiness to change, frequency of alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences. Students were participants in a longitudinal study of drinking behavior. Participants reporting negative alcohol events were randomized to a post-event assessment (n = 296) or a no-assessment control (n = 196). Those in the post-event assessment condition were interviewed after their event, and participants in both conditions were interviewed three months after their event. Results showed higher readiness to change alcohol use among participants who received a post-event assessment. Across groups, there were significant increases in heavy drinking days prior to the event, and significant reductions post-event, but no post-event differences by assessment group. Moderation analyses showed more post-event reduction in drinking days among assessment group participants with high pre-college alcohol severity. Conversely, participants in the control group with high event aversiveness showed greater reduction in heavy drinking days than those assigned to the assessment group. Findings suggest that college student heavy drinking is reactive to alcohol events, but there were no apparent synergistic effects between an alcohol event and a post-event assessment. Assessment reactivity among students who have experienced an event may depend on alcohol severity and event aversiveness, highlighting the importance of considering possible interactions among extratherapeutic factors in college populations involved in BMI research.
SCALING UP RULE-BASED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS

Rule-based software development environments (RBDEs) model the software development process in terms of rules that encapsulate development activities, and assist in executing the process via forward and backward chaining over the rule base. We investigate the scaling up of RBDEs to support (1) multiple views of the rule base for multiple users and (2) evolution of the rule base over the lifetime of a project. Our approach is based on clarifying two distinct functions of rules and chaining: maintaining consistency and automation. By definition, consistency is mandatory whereas automation is not. Distinguishing the consistency and automation aspects of RBDE assistance mechanisms makes it possible to formalize the range of compatible views and the scope of mechanizable evolution steps. Throughout the paper, we use the MARVEL RBDE as an example application.
Orderings of monomial ideals

We study the set of monomial ideals in a polynomial ring as an ordered set, with the ordering given by reverse inclusion. We give a short proof of the fact that every antichain of monomial ideals is finite. Then we investigate ordinal invariants for the complexity of this ordered set. In particular, we give an interpretation of the height function in terms of the Hilbert-Samuel polynomial, and we compute bounds on the maximal order type. 2000Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 06A06; Secondary 13D40, 13P10
String junctions and non-simply connected gauge groups

Relations between the global structure of the gauge group in elliptic F-theory compactifications, fractional null string junctions, and the Mordell-Weil lattice of rational sections are discussed. We extend results in the literature, which pertain primarily to rational elliptic surfaces and obtain π1() where is the semi-simple part of the gauge group. We show how to obtain the full global structure of the gauge group, including all U factors. Our methods are not restricted to rational elliptic surfaces. We also consider elliptic K3's and K3-fibered Calabi-Yau three-folds.
On the structure and diversity of rational beliefs

The paper proposes that the theory of expectations be reformulated under the assumption that agents do not know the structural relations (such as equilibrium prices) of the economy. Instead, we postulate that they can observe past data of the economy and form probability beliefs based on the data generated by the economy. Using past data agents can compute relative frequencies and the basic assumption of the theory is that the system which generates the data is stable in the sense that the empirically computed relative frequencies converge. It is then shown that the limit of these relative frequencies induce a probability on the space of infinite sequences of the observables in the economy. This probability is stationary. Abelief of an agent is a probability on the space of infinite sequences of the observable variables in the economy. Such a probability represents the “theory” or ∌ypothesis” of the agent about the mechanism which generates the data. A belief is said to becompatible with the data if under the proposed probability belief the economy would generate the same limit of the relative frequencies as computed from the real data. A theory which is “compatible with the data” is a theory which cannot be rejected by the data. A belief is said to be aRational Belief if it is (i) compatible with the data and (ii) satisfies a certain technical condition. The Main Theorem provides a characterization of all Rational Beliefs.
The Fortran programming language: recent developments and a view of the future

Fortran has been in use for some 25 years, and has remained the most widely used programming language in spite of challenges from many new arrivals in the field. An official American National Standard for the language was adopted in 1966 and revised in 1978.The 1978 Fortran standard, known as Fortran 77, introduced "structured" branching, replaced Hollerith with a character-string data type, changed the minimum trip-count for the DO loop to zero, and established compromise forms for many of the variants that had developed since 1966. Compilers for this current standard version of Fortran became widely available in 1980 and 1981. Fortran 77 will remain in wide use through the decade of the 1980's.Looking toward the 1990's, efforts are now under way to modernize and further extend the Fortran language. A significant part of this modernization consists of removing (to a "Fortran 77 Compatibility Module"), and replacing with modern equivalents, many of the old features such as: arithmetic IF; assigned and computed GO TO; statement functions; DIMENSION declarations; ENTRY and alternate return features; and the label-delimited looping construct. An optional replacement for the punched-card oriented source program form will also become available.Features to be added in the Fortran of the 1990's include: whole-array expressions and assignment; precision specification for REAL data; inhomogeneous data structures; and a CASE control structure. A modular language architecture is contemplated, which will facilitate adding major extensions to the language in special application areas.
Effects of Welfare Reform on Women's Crime

Abstract We investigate the effects of broad-based work incentives on female crime by exploiting the welfare reform legislation of the 1990s, which dramatically increased employment among women at risk for relying on cash assistance. We base the analyses on the supply of crime model in the human capital literature which emphasizes the importance of employment prospects in the legal and illegal labor markets. We find suggestive evidence that welfare reform decreased female arrests for property crimes (by 4–5%), but that it did not affect arrests for other types of crimes. The effects appear to be stronger in states with larger welfare caseload declines. As welfare reform policies are targeted to females, it is empirically validating that we do not find any substantively or statistically significant effects of welfare reform on crime among males. The findings point to broad-based work incentives—and, by inference, employment—as an important determinant of female property crime.
How to make sense of the common prior assumption under incomplete information

Recent contributions have questioned the meaningfulness of the Common Prior Assumption (CPA) in situations of incomplete information. We characterize the CPA in terms of the primitives (individuals' belief hierarchies) without reference to an ex ante stage. The key is to rule out “agreeing to disagree” about any aspect of beliefs. Our results also yield a generalization of single-person Bayesian updating to situations without perfect recall. The entire analysis is carried out locally at the “true state”, using beliefs only, rather than beliefs-plus-knowledge. We discuss the role of truth assumptions on beliefs for a satisfactory notion of the CPA, and point out an important conceptual discontinuity between the case of two and many individuals.
Equations of state including the thermal domain of piezoelectric and pyroelectric heterogeneous bimorphs

The equations of state for piezoelectric bimorphs made of a piezoelectric and a non-piezoelectric material have been determined. As these bimorphs are nonsymmetric they suffer from considerable temperature sensitivity due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the constituting materials. The deflection, rotation, volume displacement, charge on the electrodes and the entropy change have been calculated for the heterogeneous bimorph.
TRAVERSABLE WORMHOLES FROM MASSLESS CONFORMALLY COUPLED SCALAR FIELDS

The massless conformally coupled scalar field is characterized by the so-called “new improved stress-energy tensor”, which is capable of classically violating the null energy condition. When coupled to Einstein gravity we find a three-parameter class of exact solutions. These exact solutions include the Schwarzschild geometry, assorted naked singularities, and a large class of traversable wormholes.
Origin of moisture effects on crack propagation in composites

A study has been made of the origin of unexpected moisture effects on crack extension in fiberglass laminates. Water immersion has been found to greatly reduce the rate of crack growth under constant loading while increasing the rate under cyclic loading, the latter effect being the expected one. Observations were made of the extension of the stable damage zone at the tip of precut notches in wet and dry environments. The damage zone size is postulated as a critical element in the relaxation of high stress concentrations in composites, such as those at notch or crack tips. Under constant load, moisture is shown to greatly expand the interply delamination region in the damage zone, thus reducing the local fiber stresses and increasing crack resistance. Under cyclic loading moisture has little effect on the delamination region, which is large even for dry environments, and the only effect is weakening of the material and acceleration of cracks. Severe hygrothermal conditions can so weaken the material that the crack resistance is reduced under constant loading as well.
Fiscal austerity and public servant quality

В данной статье используется простая модель для анализа причин, которые определяют размер общественного сектора и качество занятой в нем рабочей силы. Работники отличаются друг от друга по ряду характеристик, а общественный сектор использует стратегию найма, максимизирующую функцию полезности U(s, Y), где s - доля рабочей силы, занятой в общественном секторе, а Y - объем выпуска в частном секторе. Правительство имеет полную информацию о производительности труда работников. Авторы описывают поведение общественного сектора экономики и изучают, как наличие фискальных ограничений для правительства влияет на эффективность и занятость.
Invariant mass distributions for heavy quark-antiquark pairs in deep inelastic electroproduction

We have completed the O(�s) QCD corrections to exclusive heavy quark-antiquark distributions in deep inelastic electroproduction and present here the differential distributions in the masses of charm-anticharm and bottom-antibottom pairs at the electron-proton collider HERA.
Improving Digital System Diagnostics Through Prognostic and Health Management (PHM) Technology

This paper presents work on the development of a robust online digital electronic health management system. The presented technical approach integrates collaborative diagnostic and prognostic techniques from engineering disciplines, including statistical reliability, damage accumulation modeling, physics-of-failure modeling, signal processing and feature extraction, and automated reasoning algorithms. The prognostic and health management (PHM) approach is based on a paradigm of minimally invasive onboard monitoring paired with model-based estimates to deliver timely and accurate health assessments.
Quadratic blending surfaces

Abstract A blending surface is a surface that smoothly connects two primary surfaces. Usually such surfaces are intended to smooth edges in which the primary surfaces would intersect otherwise. Blending surfaces are important to geometric modelling since virtually all solid objects designed and manufactured have them. The paper investigates the generality of a method for deriving blending surfaces automatically, given the primary surfaces are quadrics. The main result is the following theorem. Given two quadric surfaces g = 0 and h=0 in general position, and given a nondegenerate, quartic space curve on each surface: • • There exist quartic blending surfaces f = 0 tangent to the quadrics g and h in the respective space curves if and only if the curves of tangency lie on a common quadric k = 0 . • • All such blending surfaces satisfy the equation g·h − μk 2 = 0 , where μ is a number. • • All such blending surfaces may be derived using the derivation method described elsewhere in greater detail. Applications of this theorem are also discussed.
A facile synthesis of 2,2-disubstituted 5-carbethoxy-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-ones

Abstract A facile synthesis of 5-carbethoxy-2,3-dihydropyran-4-ones is described via the condensation of ethyl 2-formyl-3-oxobutanoate with various ketones.
Asymmetric synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypipecolic acid

Abstract An asymmetric synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxypipecolic acid was accomplished in eight steps and 31% overall yield.
Palladium-Catalyzed Fluorination of Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds

This communication describes the development of a new Pd-catalyzed method for the fluorination of carbon−hydrogen bonds. A key step of these transformations involves palladium-mediated carbon−fluorine couplinga much sought after, but previously unprecedented, transformation. These reactions were successfully achieved under oxidative conditions using electrophilic N-fluoropyridinium reagents. Microwave irradiation in the presence of catalytic palladium acetate served as optimal conditions for the fluorination of C−H bonds in a variety of substituted 2-arylpyridine and 8-methylquinoline derivatives.
A New Type of Manganese Oxide (MnO2·0.5H2O) Derived from Li1.6Mn1.6O4 and Its Lithium Ion-Sieve Properties

A new type of adsorbent, MnO2·0.5H2O, was synthesized from Li1.6Mn1.6O4 followed by acid treatment. The hydrothermal reaction of monoclinic type γ-MnOOH with LiOH solution at 120 °C resulted in a H+/Li+ ion exchange, giving orthorhombic LiMnO2. The orthorhombic LiMnO2 was transformed to cubic Li1.6Mn1.6O4 (Li2Mn2O5) at a temperature higher than 400 °C. The conversion of Li1.6Mn1.6O4 to MnO2·0.5H2O by acid treatment resulted in contraction of the lattice constant a0 from 8.14 to 8.05 A with little dissolution of manganese. The new adsorbent showed a markedly high ion-exchange capacity (7.5 mmol/g) for lithium ions due to its ion-sieve property. The pH titration study suggested the formation of large numbers of uniform sorption sites having relatively high acidity. The uptake of Li+ ions from lithium-enriched seawater was found to be 5.3 mmol/g (37 mg/g), which is the maximum among the adsorbents studied to date.
Multiplicities of Semidualizing Modules

A finitely generated module C over a commutative noetherian ring R is semidualizing if Hom R(C, C) ≅ R and for all i ≥ 1. For certain local Cohen–Macaulay rings (R, &#x1d52a;), we verify the equality of Hilbert-Samuel multiplicities eR(J; C) = eR(J; R) for all semidualizing R-modules C and all &#x1d52a;-primary ideals J. The classes of rings we investigate include those that are determined by ideals defining fat point schemes in projective space or by monomial ideals.
SECOND ORDER EXPANSION OF THE T -STATISTIC IN AR(1) MODELS

The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between several asymptotically valid methods for confidence set construction for the autoregressive coefficient in AR(1) models. We show that the nonparametric grid bootstrap procedure suggested by Hansen (1999, Review of Economics and Statistics 81, 594–607) achieves a second order refinement in the local-to-unity asymptotic approach when compared with a modified version of Stock’s (1991, Journal of Monetary Economics 28, 435–459) and Andrews’ (1993, Econometrica 61, 139–165) grid testing procedures. We establish a second order expansion of the t -statistic in an AR(1) model in the local-to-unity asymptotic approach, which differs drastically from the usual Edgeworth-type expansions by approximating the statistic around a nonstandard and nonpivotal limit.
Dimensions of risk perception for financial and health risks

This study of 29 MBA students compares two models of risk perception for both financial and health risk stimuli. The first, inspired by Luce and Weber's Conjoint Expected Risk (CER) model, uses five dimensions: probability of gain, loss and status quo, and expected benefit and harm. The second, inspired by the Slovic et al. psychometric model, employs seven dimensions: voluntariness, dread, control, knowledge, catastrophic potential, novelty, and equity. The CER-type model provided a better fit for most subjects and stimuli. Adding the psychological risk dimensions from the Slovic et al. model explained only modestly more variance. Relationships between the dimensions of the two models are described and the construction of a hybrid model explored.
Collisionless flow of an ionized gas through a channel with an imposed magnetic field.

The integral equation method using interchange factors is used to obtain the solution for the collisionless flow of an ionized gas through a channel with an imposed magnetic field parallel to the channel wall and perpendicular to the mass through flow direction. Interchange factors between surface elements when the ion path lines are helical are calculated by an analytical method and by a Monte Carlo procedure. The results indicate that, for large magnetic field strengths, the mass flux of like-charged ions incident on one wall will be much greater than the mass flux for those incident on the other wall, and the mass flow through the channel can be larger than that for zero magnetic field in some cases.
On the minimal free resolution of the universal ring for resolutions of length two

Abstract Hochster established the existence of a commutative noetherian ring C ˜ and a universal resolution U of the form 0 → C ˜ e → C ˜ f → C ˜ g → 0 such that for any commutative noetherian ring S and any resolution V equal to 0 → S e → S f → S g → 0 , there exists a unique ring homomorphism C ˜ → S with V = U ⊗ C ˜ S . In the present paper we assume that f = e + g and we find the minimal resolution of C ˜ ⊗ Z Q by free B-modules, where B is a polynomial ring over the field of rational numbers. The modules of the resolution are described in terms of Schur functors. The graded strands of the differential are described in terms of Pieri maps.
A supersymmetric instanton calculus for SU(N) gauge theories

Abstract We extend a previously formulated instanton superfield method from SU(2) to SU(N) gauge theories without classical vacuum expectation values of scalar fields. We consider supersymmetric Yang-Mills, supersymmetric QCD, and a class of chiral theories with matter in the fundamental and antisymmetric tensor representation. Via cluster decomposition, our results provide non-trivial consistency checks; in particular they enable us to conclude that for most of the chiral theories the approach without classical scalar VEV's is inconsistent.
Maximal triangulations of a regular prism

In this paper, we answer two conjectures of De Loera, Santos, and Takeuchi by demonstrating that the maximal size of a triangulation of a prism over a regular n-gon is [n2 + 6n - 16/4], and that the maximal size of a regular triangulation of the regular n-antiprism is [n2 + 8n - 16/4].
Undetected Higgs decays and neutrino masses in gauge mediated, lepton number violating models

We discuss SUSY models in which renormalizable lepton number violating couplings hide the decay of the Higgs through h→χ10χ10 followed by χ10→τjj or χ10→ντjj and also explain neutrino masses. This mechanism can be made compatible with gauge mediated SUSY breaking.
World-sheet corrections via D-instantons

We use a D-instanton or physical gauge approach to re-derive the heterotic string worldsheet instanton contribution to the superpotential in Calabi-Yau compactification. We derive an analogous formula for worldsheet instanton corrections to the moduli space metric in heterotic string or type-I compactification on a K3 surface. In addition, we give a global analysis of the phase of the worldsheet path integral of the heterotic string, showing precisely how the B-field must be interpreted.
STUDY OF DIFFERENT ANALYTICAL MODEL CONFIGURATIONS TO ACCOUNT FOR MANUFACTURING VARIABILITY USING MODEL CORRELATION TOOLS

The use of correlation tools was beneficial in the development of an analytical model to be used for noise and vibration studies. Evaluations of different modeling scenarios was performed to determine which modeling approaches yielded substantially similar results and which yielded different results. This enables the analyst to identify where additional modeling effort should be employed for the more accurate representation of the model of the system. This also helps to identify where extreme modeling detail is not necessary. This significantly helps the analyst to be more productive in developing efficient models for current design configurations and in future design activities of similar configurations.
Effect of expansion and magnetic field configuration on mass entrainment of jets

Abstract We investigate the growth of jet plus entrained mass in simulations of supermagnetosonic cylindrical and expanding jets. The entrained mass spatially grows in three stages: from an initially slow spatial rate to a faster rate and finally at a flatter rate. These stages roughly coincide with the similar rates of expansion in simulated radio intensity maps, and also appear related to the growth of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability through linear, nonlinear, and saturated regimes. In the supermagnetosonic cylindrical jets, we found that a jet with an embedded primarily toroidal magnetic field is more stable than a jet with a primarily axial magnetic field. Also, pressure-matched expanding jets are more stable and entrain less mass than cylindrical jets with equivalent inlet conditions. We investigate the growth of jet plus entrained mass in simulations of supermagnetosonic cylindrical and expanding jets. The entrained mass spatially grows in three stages: from an initially slow spatial rate to a faster rate and finally at a flatter rate. These stages roughly coincide with the similar rates of expansion in simulated radio intensity maps, and also appear related to the growth of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability through linear, nonlinear, and saturated regimes. In the supermagnetosonic cylindrical jets, we found that a jet with an embedded primarily toroidal magnetic field is more stable than a jet with a primarily axial magnetic field. Also, pressure-matched expanding jets are more stable and entrain less mass than cylindrical jets with equivalent inlet conditions.
THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF GALAXY: A MODEL FOR EVOLUTION IN A TRIAXIAL MILKY WAY HALO

We present a new N-body model for the tidal disruption of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf that is capable of simultaneously satisfying the majority of angular position, distance, and radial velocity constraints imposed by current wide-field surveys of its dynamically young (3 Gyr) tidal debris streams. In particular, this model resolves the conflicting angular position and radial velocity constraints on the Sgr leading tidal stream that have been highlighted in recent years. While the model does not reproduce the apparent bifurcation observed in the leading debris stream, recent observational data suggest that this bifurcation may represent a constraint on the internal properties of the Sgr dwarf rather than the details of its orbit. The key element in the success of this model is the introduction of a non-axisymmetric component to the Galactic gravitational potential that can be described in terms of a triaxial dark matter halo whose minor/major axis ratio (c/a)Φ = 0.72 and intermediate/major axis ratio (b/a)Φ = 0.99 at radii 20 kpc < r < 60 kpc. The minor/intermediate/major axes of this halo lie along the directions (l, b) = (7°, 0°), (0°, 90°), and (97°, 0°) respectively, corresponding to a nearly oblate ellipsoid whose minor axis is contained within the Galactic disk plane. This particular disk/halo orientation is difficult to reconcile within the general context of galactic dynamics (and cold dark matter models in particular), suggesting either that the orientation may have evolved significantly with time or that inclusion of other non-axisymmetric components (such as the gravitational influence of the Magellanic Clouds) in the model may obviate the need for triaxiality in the dark matter halo. The apparent proper motion of Sgr in this model is estimated to be (μ l cos b, μ b ) = (–2.16, 1.73) mas yr–1, corresponding to a Galactocentric space velocity (U, V, W) = (230, –35, 195) km s–1 . Based on the velocity dispersion in the stellar tidal streams, we estimate that Sgr has a current bound mass M Sgr = 2.5+1.3 –1.0 × 108 M ☉. We demonstrate that with simple assumptions about the star formation history of Sgr, tidal stripping models naturally give rise to gradients in the metallicity distribution function (MDF) along the stellar debris streams similar to those observed in recent studies. These models predict a strong evolution in the MDF of the model Sgr dwarf with time, indicating that the chemical abundances of stars in Sgr at the present day may be significantly different than the abundances of those already contributed to the Galactic stellar halo. We conclude by using the new N-body model to re-evaluate previous claims of the association of miscellaneous halo substructure with the Sgr dwarf.
Finite temperature effects on cosmological baryon diffusion and inhomogeneous big-bang nucleosynthesis

We have studied finite temperature corrections to the baryon transport cross sections and diffusion coefficients. These corrections are based upon our recently computed renormalized electron mass and modified state density due to the background thermal bath in the early universe. It is found that the optimum nucleosynthesis yields computed using our diffusion coefficients shift to longer distance scales by a factor of about 3. We also find that the primordial {sup 4}He abundance decreases by {Delta}Y{sub p}{approx_equal}0.01 while {ital D} and {sup 7}Li increase. The effects of these results on constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis are discussed. In particular, we find that a large baryonic contribution to the closure density ({Omega}{sub b}h{sub 50}{sup 2}{approx_lt}0.4) may be allowed in inhomogeneous models corrected for finite temperature. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Non-minimal couplings in two-dimensional gravity: a quantum investigation

Abstract We investigate the quantum effects of the non-minimal matter-gravity couplings derived by Cangemi and Jackiw in the realm of a specific fermionic theory, namely the abelian Thirring model on a Riemann surface of genus zero and one. The structure and the strength of the new interactions are seen to be highly constrained, when the topology of the underlying manifold is taken into account. As a matter of fact, by requiring to have a well-defined action, we are led both to quantization rules for the coupling constants and to selection rules for the correlation functions. Explicit quantum computations are carried out in genus one (torus). In particular the two-point function and the chiral condensate are carefully derived for this case. Finally the effective gravitational action, coming from integrating out the fermionic degrees of freedom, is presented. It is different from the standard Liouville one: a new non-local functional of the conformal factor arises and the central charge is improved, depending also on the Thirring coupling constant. This last feature opens the possibility of giving a new explicit representation of the minimal series in terms of a fermionic interacting model.
Supersonic Solutions of the Solar-Wind Equations

Abstract We reexamine the inviscid solar-wind equations with heat conduction from below and establish a fundamentally new approach for finding supersonic solutions. Although the problem is fourth order, only two independent integration constants can be arbitrarily assigned, since two boundary conditions that are required to specify well-behaved supersonic solutions determine the values of the other two constants. Valid numerical solutions can be integrated only by recognizing that the asymptotic values of temperature and kinetic energy are determined by the integration constants previously admitted. The Noble and Scarf (1963, Astrophys. J. 138, 1169-1191) solar-wind models are essentially accurate for practical purposes, but in a fundamental sense they are not self-consistent. The ratio of thermal energy to gravitational potential at the supersonic point, ( kTr/GMm ) s , must lie between 0.4375 and about 0.405 to permit stable supersonic solutions for ionized hydrogen.