cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathological Gambling: The Initial Screening Interview

This paper reviews basic components of the initial screening interview for applicants to treatment programs for pathological gamblers. The therapeutic potential of the interview is seen as primary and the collection of information follows an initial period of unstructured exploration of feelings. Specific information needed in making an admission decision is reviewed including items related to the gambling addiction, to family, employment, health, co-addiction, attitude, and demographics. Some items of information required by the client are reviewed. Criteria for acceptance or rejection are mentioned throughout. The rationale for various items of policy is reviewed briefly in a number of situations.
Runway self-administration of intracerebroventricular cocaine: evidence of mixed positive and negative drug actions

In previous work from our laboratory, animals running for intravenous cocaine developed a unique approach–avoidance ‘retreat behavior’ that was hypothesized to result from cocaine's well documented reinforcing (positive) and anxiogenic (negative) properties. To assess the role of central mechanisms
Pattern detection through the use of long-gauge length spatially weighted fiber optic sensors

Multiplexed and distributed sensor systems are generally employed when the number of sensing points makes the use of an individually addressed sensor array prohibitive based upon some system cost function. Fiber optic sensing techniques offer great potential for the creation of multiplexed, quasi-distributed and distributed sensor systems. In addition, fiber optic sensors can be spatially weighted and configured for maximum sensitivity to particular patterns of extended parameter fields. This allows such sensors to perform a patten recognition preprocessing function, reducing system cost and processing overhead. In this paper, the appropriate use of multiplexed sensor systems, distributed sensor systems and long gauge length sensor systems with pattern matching capability are discussed as a function of system size and purpose. Design options for long gauge length sensors in terms of preprocessing functionality also are discussed. Finally, a specific example of the use of a spatially weighted sensor for vehicle identification is covered.
Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and its Surrogates VII: High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analyses and Pharmacokinetics of Methadone and its Derived Metabolites in Dogs

Reversed-phase HPLC assays with on-column UV detection and post-column fluorescent detection of ion pair-extracted material were developed and used for the quantitative assay of methadone, its presumed metabolites, and acid- and alkali-hydrolyzable conjugates of these metabolites in biological fluids with assay sensitivities of 10-20 ng/mL. Plasma, urine, and bile were monitored in dogs after intravenous bolus administration of 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.2 mg/kg methadone hydrochloride. Plasma-time data showed two sequential half-lives of 8.3 +/- 3.4 (SEM) and 128 +/- 37 min, with apparent dose-independent pharmacokinetics in the studied dose range. Total body clearances were 899 +/- 103 (SEM) mL/min. Renal clearances (6-82 mL/min) of methadone were highly variable within and among studies but showed no significant variation with urinary pH or flow rate. The percentages of the dose excreted in the urine as methadone and (+)-2-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrroline (2) were 3.6 +/- 0.5% (SEM) and 4.1 +/- 0.4% (SEM), respectively, but there were no significant concentrations of 2 in plasma. The presumed metabolites 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-1-pyrroline (3), 1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidone (4), (-)-alpha-N-normethadol (7), 4-dimethylamino-2,2-diphenylvaleric acid (8), p-hydroxymethadone (9), and (-)-alpha-methadol (10) were not observed in the plasma of dogs given methadone. Quantities of presumed metabolites 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 were negligible in urine (less than 0.03% of dose). No acid-hydrolyzable conjugates, or generators on acidification, of 3, 4, 7, 8, or 10 were detectable in urine. No alkali-hydrolyzable conjugates, or generators on alkalinization, of 3, 4, 8, or 10 were detectable in urine. There was no significant biliary secretion of unchanged methadone; 2 in bile amounted to only 2% of the dose. In bile and urine, 50% and 17-27%, respectively, of the radiolabeled dose was not extractable into hexane. In a non-bile-cannulated dog, 35% of the total radiolabeled intravenous dose was present in the feces. As much as 88% of an intravenous radiolabeled dose could be accounted for, even though only small amount of methadone was disposed through the metabolic routes claimed in the literature. The intravenous administration of 2 resulted in two sequential half-lives of 3 and 270 min and no apparent pharmacokinetic dose dependency. Amounts of 2 excreted unchanged in urine and bile were 23% and 5-16% of the dose, respectively. Renal and total body clearances were 170 and 1150 mL/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Diffusion-weighted imaging of intramural hematoma in internal carotid artery dissection.

A 58-year-old healthy man presented with a 4-day history of right frontal headaches and repeated involuntary biting of the right side of his tongue while eating or speaking. The physical examination revealed mild right eyelid ptosis, symmetrical pupils, slowed elevation of the right soft palate, enlargement of the right side of the tongue in primary position, and tongue deviation to the right upon its protrusion indicating right cranial nerves IX and XII
Cross-dimensional gestural interaction techniques for hybrid immersive environments

We present a set of cross-dimensional interaction techniques for a hybrid user interface that integrates existing 2D and 3D visualization and interaction devices. Our approach is built around one-and two-handed gestures that support the seamless transition of data between co-located 2D and 3D contexts. Our testbed environment combines a 2D multi-user, multi-touch, projection surface with 3D head-tracked, see-through, head-worn displays and 3D tracked gloves to form a multi-display augmented reality. We address some of the ways in which we can interact with private data in a collaborative, heterogeneous workspace. We also report on a pilot usability study to evaluate the effectiveness and ease of use of the cross-dimensional interactions.
Modern Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Retired Athletes: What is the Evidence?

It has been theorized that a career in contact sports may be associated with long-term neurodegenerative changes. This idea dates as far back as the 1920s, was initially reported in boxers, colloquially termed ‘punch drunk,’ later more formally termed dementia pugilistica (DP), and now coined chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Despite considerable ongoing interest on this topic, there is so far only limited evidence showing an association between sport-related concussion (SRC) and increased risk for late-life cognitive and neuropsychiatric impairment, with no causality or risk factors yet determined. The modern CTE description is nevertheless proposed as a unique tauopathy with characteristic pathological stages occurring in retired athletes who have experienced previous repetitive brain trauma. This review highlights the principal issues that so far preclude firm conclusions about the association of athletic head trauma and neurodegenerative diseases of any type. We consider alternative interpretations that may contribute to the clinical progressive neurological findings in some athletes and recommend carefully-controlled epidemiological work to overcome current limitations in this area of research and stimulate future research.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Masquerading as a Thoracic Intramural Hematoma

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an excellent tool for the diagnosis of thoracic aortic pathology. However, not all lesions of the aortic wall represent primary pathology of the aorta. This case presents an elderly, hypertensive patient with back pain and crescentic thickening of the aortic wall that proved to represent external aortic infiltration by lung cancer. Invasion of the aortic wall mimicking intramural hematoma should be considered the differential diagnosis of patients with dissection-like symptoms and crescentic aortic lesions.
Ptosis after cataract surgery

An often over-looked complication of routine cataract surgery is post-operative ptosis. This form of ptosis is often transient, although persistent ptosis may require surgical intervention. The causes include eyelid edema and hematoma, anesthesia myotoxicity, and use of a lid speculum or bridle suture. This review demonstrates that a thorough evaluation of the patient and determination of etiology of post-operative ptosis can help direct the need and timing for intervention.
Functional MRI Signal Fluctuations: A Preclinical Biomarker for Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications as well as an increased risk for cognitive impairment (CI), ranging from mild memory impairment to fully developed dementia (1). Both vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia are increased in patients with T2DM. However, it is not clear if T2DM directly causes CI and dementia or if the two disorders share a common pathophysiological process (2). Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia have all been implicated as risk factors for CI in T2DM (3). However, their relative importance remains uncertain. The possibility that altered brain insulin action plays a role is consistent with human data showing that AD is associated with decreased insulin receptor expression in the brain (4), impaired insulin signaling (5), and decreased insulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (6). Furthermore, insulin delivery directly into the hippocampus enhances spatial memory in nondiabetic rats, whereas this response to intrahippocampal insulin is impaired in diet-induced obese rats (7). In small clinical trials, intranasal insulin delivery appears to improve memory function in patients with CI and AD (8). Functional MRI, based on the blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism, has become an important tool to investigate the brain’s neurophysiologic response to specific stimuli or cognitive tasks. In contrast, resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) measures spontaneous low-frequency oscillations in the BOLD …
Nutritional Issues in Adolescents After Bone Marrow Transplant: A Literature Review

Bone marrow transplantation and related complications can cause gastrointestinal (GI) side effects that can lead to poor nutrition, which has been associated with several morbidity and mortality issues. Adolescents require adequate nutrition not only to maintain health but to advance with normal growth and development. This article synthesizes the bone marrow transplant (BMT) literature regarding adolescents' nutritional needs, etiologies of altered oral intake, GI symptoms, nutritional assessments, nutritional interventions, and quality of life associated with poor nutrition. In addition, gaps in knowledge in the literature are identified. To provide effective and thorough care to patients during their BMT recovery, the knowledge base of nutritional and eating issues after transplant needs to become more comprehensive. Nurses play an important role in gathering and reporting clinical information. By anticipating potential risk factors, assessing and identifying symptoms, and initiating appropriate interv...
Individual, congregational, and denominational effects on church members' civic participation

Previous research demonstrates two aspects of religion that affect civic activity-church participation and religious conservatism. Conservative religious beliefs and membership in conservative denominations are often associated with low levels of civic activity while church participation is said to increase civic activity. This article advances the discussion of the relationship between religion and civic participation by introducing the congregational context. Data from the 1987 Church and Community Planning Inventory show that congregations vary in their members' civic activity-congregational factors associated with conservative Christianity (high levels of biblical literalism and within-church friendships) are strongly and negatively associated with church members' activity in nonchurch organizations. At the individual level, the data show that education and participation in church activities other than religious services have particularly strong, positive effects on church members' activity in nonchurch organizations. The findings demonstrate that a conservative congregational context limits church members' activity in nonchurch organizations, potentially limiting their opportunities to build heterogeneous social networks and social capital that bridges church members to other people in their communities.
Taking Milosevic seriously: Imperialism, law, and the politics of global justice:

Notwithstanding his premature death, the trial of Slobodan Milosevic is widely hailed as a landmark moment in the development of international criminal law. To many, the trial, in conjunction with the broader record of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), represents the beginning of a new era of global justice characterized by the impending triumph of law over politics. This article dissents from the prevailing consensus by emphasizing the enduring role of imperialist relations in shaping international relations. Without defending Milosevic, we provide a critical reassessment of the ICTY�s most celebrated trial. We do so to reveal the manner in which seemingly progressive legal institutions - far from furthering an abstract notion of justice � serve to re-inscribe a violent and highly unequal post-Cold War imperialist world order. Because the ICTY is far from a sui generis experience, we argue that it is critical to take Milosevic seriously in making sense of the nature and implications of global tribunals.
A Scalable Self-Aligned Contact NOR Flash Technology

A highly manufacturable self-aligned contact ETOXtrade NOR flash memory technology scalable beyond the 40 nm node is presented. The technology has been demonstrated on an MLC-capable 256 Mb array at the 65 nm node with the smallest cell area (0.036 mum2) reported to date. Key features include aggressively scaled drain space, symmetric S/D layout for superior lithography and device scaling, novel self-aligned contact integration with excellent spacer reliability, and equivalent CMOS performance to the conventional ETOXtrade process flow.
THYMINELESS INDUCTION OF BACTERIOPHAGE IN BACILLUS MEGATERIUM

Maisch, W. F. (University of Illinois, Urbana), and J. T. Wachsman. Thymineless induction of bacteriophage in Bacillus megaterium. J. Bacteriol. 88:1388–1393. 1964.—Strain KM:T−(L) of Bacillus megaterium was obtained by lysogenizing a previously characterized thymine auxotroph of strain KM (KM:T−) with a phage suspension from B. megaterium 899a. When strain KM:T−(L) is deprived of thymidine in an otherwise sufficient medium, both thymineless death and phage induction occur. The presence of thymidine is required, however, for phage development. When cells are starved for 2 hr, intracellular phage and free phage may be detected approximately 30 and 40 min, respectively, after thymidine addition. Maximal free phage titers were found to vary between 3 × 108 and 5 × 109 per ml. This represents as much as a 50,000-fold increase in free phage titer over that found during thymidine starvation, and up to a 1,000-fold increase over that found during normal exponential growth.
The extension of the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 to low salinities

The Practical Salinity Scale (PSS) 1978 is defined only for salinities within the range 2-42. We have investigated the relationship between mass-determined salinity, electrical conductivity, and temperature for salinities between 0 and 2 with the aim of developing an extension to the Practical Salinity Scale 1978. The paper presents our data, on the basis of which the following correction is proposed to extend the validity of the equations defining the scale to the entire 0-42 range: S=\sum\min{i=0}\max{5} (a_{i}+b_{i}f(t))R_{t}^{i/2}-\frac{a_{0}}{1 + 1.5x + x^{2}}-\frac{b_{0}f(t)}{1+y^{1/2} + y + y^{3/2}} where f(t)=\frac{(t-15)}{1 + k(t-15) x=400R_{t} y=100R_{t} and the constant a_{i}, b_{i} , and k are defind by the Practical Salinity Scale 1978.
A molecular theory for the thermodynamic behavior of polar mixtures. II. Development of an equation of state based on the local composition mixing rules

Abstract In this study, the essential features of a molecular theory developed earlier for the local composition model in solution thermodynamics is used as the basis for more applied calculations of vapor-liquid equilibria for mixtures of molecules vastly different in size, polarity, and strength of interaction. An accurate equation of state is introduced into the method by incorporating the Helmholtz free energy through the Gibbs-Helmholtz relation. In the local composition mixing rules, the interaction energy effects are represented by a multifluid model, while molecular size effects are represented by a one-fluid model, which in spirit corresponds to a mean density approximation for the molecular pair distribution functions. Calculations of the vapor-liquid equilibria of a wide variety of binary mixtures including nonpolar hydrocarbons, hydrogen-bonding alcohols, water, ammonia , and carbon dioxide show good agreement with experimental data.
Artefacts of Management Academe: A discourse analysis of temporality in journal titles

Drawing on discursive approaches of stylistic linguistics and linguistic analysis, we explore ways in which temporality is an invoked and represented aspect in management journal titles. We analyze the titles of scholarly articles from three interdisciplinary organizational journals published in 2000: Administrative Science Quarterly, Group and Organization Management, and the Journal of Management Studies. We note manifestations of temporality in punctuation and word choice, in research interest, the use of academic terminology or keywords, and in underlying assumptions of temporality or timelessness. We conclude that journal titles may tell us about the speech community of management scholarship manifest through discipline-based constructions of temporality, but little about the individual experience of temporality in contributing to such a construction.
A comprehensive delay model for CMOS inverters

A method to accurately calculate the delay and the output transition-time of a CMOS inverter for any input ramp and output loading is considered. This paper is an extension of Sakurai's work (1990) on delay modeling of inverters for fast input ramps. We observed that two different mechanisms, that can be adequately modeled analytically, govern the delay and the output transition-time of an inverter in two extreme cases: infinitely fast and infinitely slow inputs. These extreme points are joined by a curve that can predict the delay and the output transition-time for any input. We found that the delay and the output transition-time for an inverter with small fanouts are similar to those for large input transition-times. This behavior is explained by the use of I-V trajectories. We describe a method to generate parameters to model delay and output transition-time for different fanouts and input transition-times; this method can be generalized to add parameters for different temperatures and supply voltages. Given a new process technology and its corresponding SPICE-model parameters, our delay calculation scheme comprises characterizing a minimal number of coefficients for each new technology (a one-time process) and evaluating the analytical forms thereafter to obtain the delay and the transition-time. Our delay equations also explain negative delays that arise in case of slow input rise-times. A program incorporating the above idea has been implemented in C. Delay and transition-time values obtained from the program have been found to be typically within 3% of SPICE. >
Friedman, Galileo, and Reciprocal Iteration

In Dynamics of Reason, Michael Friedman uses the example of Galilean rectilinear inertia to support his defense of scientific rationality against postpositivist skepticism. However, Friedman’s treatment of the case is flawed, such that his model of scientific change fails to fit the historical evidence. I present the case of Galileo, showing how it supports Friedman’s view of scientific knowledge but undermines his view of scientific change. I then suggest reciprocal iteration as an amendment of Friedman’s view that better accounts for scientific change.
CEO Turnover, Equity-Based Compensation And Firms Investment Decisions

This paper examines the impact of the newly appointed CEOs on firms future investment decisions and whether the relation is affected by the equity-based compensation, corporate governance provisions and other CEO characteristics. Using CEO turnover data from 1992-2004, the results show that new CEOs with high options-based compensation, following forced turnover and with shorter organization tenure, are associated with high R&D and advertisement investments. These results are consistent with the managerial incentive effect and the dismissal effect.
PRMT5 Is Upregulated in HTLV-1-Mediated T-Cell Transformation and Selective Inhibition Alters Viral Gene Expression and Infected Cell Survival

Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a tumorigenic retrovirus responsible for development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). This disease manifests after a long clinical latency period of up to 2–3 decades. Two viral gene products, Tax and HBZ, have transforming properties and play a role in the pathogenic process. Genetic and epigenetic cellular changes also occur in HTLV-1-infected cells, which contribute to transformation and disease development. However, the role of cellular factors in transformation is not completely understood. Herein, we examined the role of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) on HTLV-1-mediated cellular transformation and viral gene expression. We found PRMT5 expression was upregulated during HTLV-1-mediated T-cell transformation, as well as in established lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma cell lines and ATLL patient PBMCs. shRNA-mediated reduction in PRMT5 protein levels or its inhibition by a small molecule inhibitor (PRMT5i) in HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes resulted in increased viral gene expression and decreased cellular proliferation. PRMT5i also had selective toxicity in HTLV-1-transformed T-cells. Finally, we demonstrated that PRMT5 and the HTLV-1 p30 protein had an additive inhibitory effect on HTLV-1 gene expression. Our study provides evidence for PRMT5 as a host cell factor important in HTLV-1-mediated T-cell transformation, and a potential target for ATLL treatment.
Morphine-induced suppression of thymocyte proliferation is mediated by inhibition of IL-2 synthesis

A correlation between chronic morphine use and immunosuppression has been well established in the recent past. The mechanisms responsible for these morphine induced changes in the immune system are unknown. There is evidence to show that this immunosuppression may be mediated either (1) directly through opiate receptors present on lymphocytes (Sibinga and Goldstein, 1988; Carr et al., 1988), (2) indirectly through opiate receptors in the central nervous system, or (3) by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (George and Way, 1955) to release immunosuppressive glucocorticoid (Byat etal., 1991). Normal thymocytes and resting T-lymphocytes express low-affinity morphine receptors (Kd ~100 nM) (Madden et al., 1990; Roy et al., 1991). In addition, we have demonstrated that interleukin-1 (IL-1) activation of thymocytes results in a dramatic increase in specific binding of 3H-morphine on activated T-cells (Roy et al., 1991) This increase in binding results from both an increase in affinity (Kd 30 NM) as well as an increase in the number of receptors (Bmax). The physiological role of these binding sites is unknown. We hypothesize that induction of high affinity binding sites may directly mediate the effects of morphine on activated thymocytes and T-lymphocytes.
Development of autonomous schedules of controllable loads for cost reduction and PV accommodation in residential distribution networks

LoaA management has been widely used to manage load peaks and to reduce electricity cost for consumers. This paper investigates the operation schedules for three types of intelligent appliances (or residential controllable loads) without receiving external signals for cost saving and for assisting the management of possible photovoltaic generation systems installed in the same distribution network. The three types of controllable loads studied in the paper are electric water heaters, refrigerators deicing loads, and dishwashers, respectively. The autonomous schedules are developed for three different seasons (i.e., winter, summer and shoulder) and for weekdays and weekends based on statistical analysis of historical price and solar irradiance data for specific locations.
The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law Introduction, Chapter 1: Legality in Criminal Law, its Purposes, and its Competitors

This Introduction and Chapter 1 of a book, Kenneth S Gallant, The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law (Cambridge Univ. Press 2009).Chapter 1 introduces the issues raised by the principles of nullum crimen sine lege and nulla poena sine lege, which are the core of the principle of legality in criminal law. It also raises a few other issues of legality in criminal law. It discusses the relationship of legality and retroactivity in criminal law to issues of the rule of law more generally. It discusses both the human rights and criminal law purposes of legality. The emphasis is not only on the prior existence of a criminal law, but of a criminal law that was applicable to the actor at the time of the alleged crime. Finally, this chapter addresses several doctrines and views which could cause erosion or rejection of the principle of legality, including judicial crime creation, expansive interpretation of criminal statutes, analogy, the view that language - and hence criminal law - is always indeterminate, and the lure of authoritarianism.
Role of H-2 Antigen Induction in the Rejection of Thyroid and Pancreatic Islet Allografts

Three basic observations on the rejection of mouse endocrine allografts are used to support a model of graft rejection in which the induction of the expression of H-2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens is required. First, we found a close spatial relationship between the foci of T cell infiltration and the areas of the graft expressing allo-MHC antigens during rejection. Second, cultured endocrine allografts disparate from the recipient in MHC antigens were rejected only when they were associated with inflamatory processes mediated by minor histocompatibility antigens. And third, immunization of B6 mice to bml antigens was required for the rejection of uncultured bml thyroids, but this immunization had no effect on cultured bml grafts.
General approach for engineering small-molecule-binding DNA split aptamers.

Here we report a general method for engineering three-way junction DNA aptamers into split aptamers. Split aptamers show significant potential for use as recognition elements in biosensing applications, but reliable methods for generating these sequences are currently lacking. We hypothesize that the three-way junction is a “privileged architecture” for the elaboration of aptamers into split aptamers, as it provides two potential splitting sites that are distal from the target binding pocket. We propose a general method for split aptamer engineering that involves removing one loop region, then systematically modifying the number of base pairs in the remaining stem regions in order to achieve selective assembly only in the presence of the target small molecule. We screen putative split aptamer sequence pairs using split aptamer proximity ligation (StAPL) technology developed by our laboratory, but we validate that the results obtained using StAPL translate directly to systems in which the aptamer fragments...
Evicted: poverty and profit in the American city

Matthew Desmond's Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City is a vivid ethnographic portrait of the precarious nature of housing for the urban poor. Desmond documents the lives and experienc...
Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Paraffin-Embedded Gastric Biopsy Specimens by In Situ Hybridization

Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and is also associated with gastric cancer. Eradication of H pylori infection has proven to be difficult to confirm. The authors developed a nonradioactive in situ hybridization method for detection of H pylori and compared it with conventional methods for diagnosis of the infection. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two 22-base primers was used to amplify a 520 base pair (bp) segment of 16S rRNA from H pylori. The PCR product was labeled with digoxigenin and used as a probe. Specificity of the probe was tested by dot blot hybridization against DNA from 30 different strains of related and unrelated bacteria. Specificity of in situ hybridization assay was proven by the lack of hybridization on sections with gram negative and positive bacteria other than H pylori, with an unrelated probe, without probe, and after RNase treatment. A random sample of 15 biopsy specimens was blindly studied by in situ hybridization method and the results were compared with those of culture and conventional histology. Comparison of in situ hybridization and conventional histology showed agreement in all 15 specimens (5 negative and 10 positive). Between culture and in situ hybridization there was agreement in 13 cases (8 positive, 5 negative). Two cases were negative by culture but positive by in situ hybridization and histology. Nonradioactive in situ hybridization provides a sensitive and specific method for detection of H pylori infection. It should be particularly useful for confirmation of infection in cases equivocal with other methods, and potentially useful in post-treatment evaluation.
An Assessment of 30-Day Complications in Primary Cleft Lip Repair: A Review of the 2012 ACS NSQIP Pediatric.

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify risk factors associated with complications and readmissions following cleft lip repair using the multicenter American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) Pediatric. Design: Patients undergoing CPT codes 40700, 40701, and 40702 were extracted from the ACS NSQIP Pediatric. Fisher exact, χ2, and rank-sum tests were used to evaluate risk factors. Results: Of the 525 patients included, 4.2% had complications, with respiratory complications being the most common. Risk factors included congenital malformations (P = .001), ventilator dependence (P = .002), oxygen support (P = .016), tracheostomy (P = .005), esophageal/gastric/intestinal disease (P = .007), impaired cognitive status (P = .034), acquired central nervous system abnormality (P = .040), nutritional support (P = .001), major and severe cardiac risk factors (P = .011 and P = .005), and an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 (P = .002). In addition, ...
Monocyte/macrophage Fc gamma RIII, unlike Fc gamma RIII on neutrophils, is not a phosphatidylinositol-linked protein.

The low affinity IgG Fc receptor, Fc gamma RIII, expressed on circulating neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and tissue macrophages, is involved in effector functions such as cytotoxicity and immune complex clearance by these cells. While Fc gamma RIII is reported to be a phosphatidylinositol (PI)-linked, rather than peptide- linked, protein on neutrophils and NK cells, its membrane linkage in macrophages has not been studied. We examined the sensitivity of Fc gamma RIII to cleavage by PI-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) in cultured monocytes and alveolar tissue macrophages and report that this receptor is not PI-linked on these cells. We also observed normal levels of Fc gamma RIII on cultured monocytes of a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, a disease in which PI-linked proteins are deficient. The results suggest that Fc gamma RIII occurs solely in a transmembrane form in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. In addition, we studied Fc gamma RIII on a cloned NK cell line and found it to be resistant to the effects of PI-PLC under conditions that cleaved Fc gamma RIII on neutrophils. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a distinct form of Fc gamma RIII that differs from the neutrophil receptor in its structure and, possibly, in its function.
A China Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiation

Until recently, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been an effective framework for cooperation because it has continually adapted to changing economic realities. The current Doha Agenda is an aberration because it does not reflect one of the biggest shifts in the international economic and trading system: the rise of China.Even though China will have a stake in maintaining trade openness, an initiative that builds on but redefines the Doha Agenda would anchor China more fully in the multilateral trading system. Such an initiative would have two pillars. First, a new negotiating agenda that would include the major issues of interest to China and its trading partners, and thus unleash the powerful reciprocal liberalization mechanism that has driven the WTO process to previous successes. Second, new restraints on bilateralism and regionalism that would help preserve incentives for maintaining the current broad non-discriminatory trading order.
Exo1 Independent DNA Mismatch Repair Pathway in Hematopoiesis.

Abstract 2526 Poster Board II-503 The DNA mismatch repair pathway (MMR) is a fundamental process in cells that functions to correct mispaired bases and insertion/deletion loops caused by errors in replication. Failure in MMR can lead to the accumulation of mutations and carcinogenesis, notably hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). In hematopoiesis, loss of MMR results in methylating agent resistance and an HSC repopulation defect. Our research focused on the significance of Exonuclease 1, the enzyme responsible for excising mispaired bases in MMR. Interestingly Exo1 −/− mice display a much milder pathogenic phenotype when compared to the MMR deficient MSH2 −/− mice; characterized by lower mutation rates, lower levels of microsatellite instability, and in humans no association with HNPCC. These findings led us to hypothesize that the limited phenotype observed in Exo1−/− mice is due to (a) complementation through another exonuclease occurs which restores the proficiency of the MMR pathway or (b) an alternative pathway exists which allows for exonuclease independent repair. To test this hypothesis we derived primary MEFs from WT, Exo1 −/− and MSH2 −/− mice and performed temozolomide sensitivity assays. We observed that Exo1 −/− MEFs are similarly sensitive as WT cells when treated with the drug, confirming proficient MMR, while MSH2 −/− MEFs display a decreased sensitivity. Additionally, comet assays with the same cell populations show a persistence of DNA single strand breaks in the Exo1 −/− and WT cells 24 hours post temozolomide treatment, consistent with proficient MMR activity, while MSH2 −/− MEFs show no such damage. To confirm functional MMR in hematopoiesis of Exo1 −/− mice we conducted a competitive repopulation study. We found that Exo1 −/− and WT marrow engraft at similar levels 8 and 16 weeks post transplantation. We subsequently treated these mice with 80 mg/kg temozolomide to determine if Exo1 −/− marrow progenitors would confer a competitive survival advantage post treatment. Consistent with our hypothesis we found that the ratio of marrow cells remained approximately 50:50 (Exo1:WT) in contrast to data obtained from MSH2 −/− mice in which the MSH2 −/− cells display a strong 95:5 (MSH2:WT) advantage post drug treatment. This strongly suggests functional MMR in the Exo1 deficient mice. We next coimmunoprecipitated the MMR complex by pulling down Mlh1 in Exo1 −/− and WT MEFs. Exo1, a key exonuclease in mismatch repair, does not modulate hematopoietic function as do the other MMR proteins and appears to be complemented by an as yet undefined exonuclease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Broad application of non-invasive imaging techniques to echinoids and other echinoderm taxa*

Tomographic imaging techniques such as micro-computed tomography (μCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permit the gathering of digital anatomical data from whole animal specimens non-invasively. The resulting datasets can be used for direct observation of the two-dimensional tomographic image data as well as for manual and semi-automated three-dimensional modelling. Freshly fixed specimens as well as preserved museum material can be successfully ana­lyzed using this approach, giving the zoomorphologist a powerful tool for large-scale comparative studies. In order to demonstrate the principle suitability of non-invasive imaging in echinoderm research, μCT scans of 199 and MRI scans of 92 sea urchin (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) species were acquired, resulting in a total of 203 analyzed echinoid species. The taxa selected represent 50 of the currently recognized 60 extant sea urchin families. The present article lists all spe­cies that have been analyzed so far and provides information about the scanning parameters employed for each dataset. Furthermore, the workflow established to generate three-dimensional models of sea urchins is outlined. Using a number of examples from μCT as well as MRI scans performed on echinoids, the potential of the systematic approach described here is highlighted. Finally, the suitability of non-invasive imaging techniques for the study of other echinoderm taxa is assessed based on multimodal datasets of representative species.
Design Features and Project Age Contribute to Joint Success in Social, Ecological, and Economic Outcomes of Community-Based Conservation Projects

Community-based conservation (CBC) seeks to align various ecological, economic, and social goals. While a number of comparative analyses have examined the factors associated with successful outcomes in each of these domains, far fewer studies have explored joint success across domains. Understanding when and how CBC improves multiple outcomes can generate more sustainable and socially acceptable policies and programs. Here, I use a comparative database of 136 CBC projects identified from a systematic literature review to assess which aspects of national socio-economic and political context, community-characteristics, and project design features are associated with win–win outcomes. Using multivariate logistic regressions within a multilevel analysis and model-fitting framework, I show that capacity building, local participation, environmental education, and project age contribute to win–win outcomes. These results hold across various national and local contexts and resource domains and suggest that general project design features can contribute to joint success in CBC projects.
FRET lasers using biotin-streptavidin bioconjugates and characteristics of fluorescent protein lasers

Energy transfer between photo-excited Cy3/Cy5 molecules, connected by a biotin-streptavidin complex, results in stimulated emission over the 718–728 nm spectral region when the bioconjugate is incorporated in a plane-parallel resonator. Optical characteristics of this bio-inspired laser and other fluorescent protein lasers are presented here.
Possible Ceres Bow Shock Surfaces Based on Fluid Models

The hot electron beams that Dawn detected at Ceres can be explained by fast-Fermi acceleration at a temporary bow shock. A shock forms when the solar wind encounters a temporary atmosphere, similar to a cometary coma. We use a magnetohydrodynamic model to quantitatively reproduce the 3-D shock surface at Ceres, and deduce the atmosphere characteristics that are required to create such a shock. Our most simple model requires about 1.8 kg/s, or 6×1025/s water vapor production rate to form such a shock. Such an estimate relies on characteristics of the solar wind-Ceres interaction. We present several case studies to show how these conditions affect our estimate. In addition, we contrast these cases with the smaller and narrower shock caused by a subsurface induction. Our multi-fluid model reveals the asymmetry introduced by the large gyroradius of the heavy pickup ions, and further constrains the IMF direction during the events.
The Causal Metric Hypothesis

This chapter formally introduces the causal metric hypothesis, and describes in detail its motivations and justifications. Foremost among these are the metric recovery theorems of Hawking and Malament, which state, roughly, that “the causal structure of relativistic spacetime determines its metric structure up to scale.” As understood in causal set theory, the novel assumption that spacetime is discrete provides a natural notion of scale, given by the “sizes of fundamental elements and relations.” This suggests that causal structure alone can account for emergent geometry in the discrete context. Section 2.1 introduces a general version of the causal metric hypothesis, which states, very broadly, that “the properties of the physical universe are manifestations of causal structure.” This basic idea may be modified and/or interpreted in various ways; in particular, the strong interpretation of the causal metric hypothesis ascribes all of physics, including “nongravitational matter,” to causal structure at the fundamental scale. Section 2.2 introduces a classical version of the causal metric hypothesis, which states that classical spacetime may be modeled in terms of mathematical objects called directed sets, or, more conventionally, directed graphs. The term “directed set” has a different conventional meaning, but I prefer to re-purpose the term than to use awkward graph-theoretic terminology. Section 2.3 begins the study of metric recovery by introducing five types of structure on relativistic spacetime; namely, metric, conformal, causal, smooth, and topological structure, in decreasing order of detail. Section 2.4 discusses metric structure in the relativistic context, i.e. pseudo-Riemannian geometry. Section 2.5 covers conformal structure, which defines “geometry up to scale.” Section 2.6 discusses causal structure, which generalizes the “null cone structure” on Minkowski spacetime. The metric recovery theorems state that “causal structure determines conformal structure” under suitable assumptions. Section 2.7 introduces causality conditions on relativistic spacetime, which play a technical role in the metric recovery theorems. Section 2.8 gives a formal statement of metric recovery, sketches its proof, and describes how it motivates the causal metric hypothesis in the discrete setting. Section 2.9 explains why continuum-based theories are inherently awkward for modeling fundamental physics. Section 2.10 outlines some of the basic principles underlying the technical developments of subsequent chapters.
Interview with Nancy Reid

Summary Nancy Reid was born on September 1952 in Niagara Falls, Canada. She graduated from the University of Waterloo with a Bachelor in Mathematics and a major in Statistics in 1974. She pursued her training in Statistics at the University of British Columbia (UBC) where she obtained a Master in Applied Mathematics in 1976 and at Stanford University, where she graduated with a PhD in Statistics in 1979. After spending 1 year at the Imperial College in London visiting Sir David Cox, she joined UBC as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, where she had an important role in the creation of the Department of Statistics. In 1986, she moved to the University of Toronto, and she has been since a faculty in the Department of Statistics. Nancy has served as Chair of the Department between 1997 and 2002. Nancy's research in conditional inference, higher order asymptotics and composite likelihood has been influential in Statistics. Her outstanding contributions to Statistics were recognized nationally and internationally with many awards, including the President's Award of the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (COPSS), Gold Medal awarded by the Statistical Society of Canada and Elected Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences. She received the Doctor of Mathematics, Honoris Causa, U Waterloo. Nancy served with distinction as Editor of the Canadian Journal of Statistics and President of the Statistical Society of Canada and President of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. In 2014, she was appointed as Officer of the Order of Canada for her outstanding achievements, exemplary leadership and service to Canadians. The following conversation took place at the JSM 2016 in Chicago, on August 2 and 3, 2016.
The pharmacology of local anesthetics.

This article discusses the physiology of normal nerve conduction, pain, and local anesthetic mechanism of action. The pharmacology of local anesthetics with regard to uptake, distribution, potency, and duration of action are also discussed. Local anesthetics used in horses are presented in a clinically useful format. A short discussion of the future of local anesthesia for equine standing surgery is included.
A −76dBm 7.4nW wakeup radio with automatic offset compensation

Event-driven sensor nodes have applications in agriculture, infrastructure, and perimeter monitoring and are characterized by spending the vast majority of their time in an asleep-yet-alert state. In this state, the node must wake to incoming RF wakeup commands from an antenna with minimal dc power, as the total percentage of power in sleep mode dominates if wakeup events are sufficiently infrequent. The RF wakeup receiver (WuRX) is one critical block of the node's asleep-yet-alert state. It must maximize sensitivity with power consumptions of 10nW or less to maximize battery lifetime or even enable battery-less systems that persist on energy harvesting [1-3]. These WuRXs must reliably detect wakeup signals as well as reject false wakeups caused by external interferer signals or noise. Otherwise, booting the full node into its active state when it is not needed can quickly relinquish power savings created by the wakeup radio in its asleep-yet-alert state.
Computer Mediated Communication Among Teams: What are “Teams” and How are They “Virtual”?

This chapter is concerned with computer-mediated communication among virtual teams. A focus on social factors in small-group interaction is required to adequately answer the question: what is a “virtual team” and how can it be said to be “virtual?” Understanding the role of social factors in small-group interaction is important since governments and corporations around the world are increasing their reliance on information technology as a surrogate for face-to-face interaction among distributed teams. Work in this area is particularly timely since, as “virtual teaming” has been on the rise, research in small groups has declined (Gladstein, 1984; Ilgen, 1999). A survey of social science research on small groups will conceivably help software designers design “group friendly” electronic environments for virtual teams. It is the first step towards knowing, for example, when a 3D rendered virtual collaboration environment would better support collaboration than email, a conference call, or a face-to-face meeting. It is anticipated that work in this area will also inform management on the social-psychological impacts of distance on small group collaboration.