cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Standing in United States v. Texas: Opening the Floodgates to States Challenging the Federal Government or Proper Federalism?

In United States v. Texas, the Supreme Court by an equally divided vote, 4 to 4, affirmed the decision of the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals that the State of Texas had Article III standing to challenge in federal court the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) directive establishing a Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (“DAPA”) program to grant lawful immigration status to millions of undocumented immigrants. A serious question is whether state standing in this case will open the floodgates to allow states to challenge virtually every federal executive action. On the other hand, state challenges are arguably appropriate in a federalist system to oppose overreach by an expansive national government that deprecates the rights of states and their citizens. In its 2007 decision Massachusetts v. EPA, the Court endorsed the principle that states deserve special solicitude for standing because of their quasi-sovereign or parens patriae interest in protecting their citizens and because they abandoned their sovereign rights to join a federal nation state. The petitioner federal government tried to distinguish the Texas litigation from the prior Massachusetts decision. In particular, the federal government argued that Texas had a self-inflicted injury because it could have raised its fees on driver’s licenses to avoid incurring costs from issuing licenses to immigrants covered by DAPA. However, a majority of the Fifth Circuit panel relied upon the Massachusetts decision’s “special solicitude” for state standing in concluding that Texas had a sufficient standing injury from issuing driver’s licenses, although one judge dissented. Nevertheless, the Fifth Circuit in Texas suggested several legal doctrines that would limit the number of state suits, and, thus, avoid allowing state suits against the U.S. government to become a floodgate. Part IV considers several theories relating to state standing, and then proposes a state standing approach based upon both the Massachusetts and Texas decisions. In light of these two decisions, there is a federalism argument for allowing expansive state standing to address injuries to a state’s quasi-sovereign and parens patriae interests. Additionally, there is a conservative or libertarian argument for broad state standing to limit excessive national or executive authority. However, this Article agrees with the Fifth Circuit’s approach in Texas allowing state standing in suits where there is a substantial injury to a state’s interest, but using other legal doctrines to prevent a deluge of state suits on every conceivable issue.
Moms growing together: Piloting action methods and expressive arts in a therapeutic group for teen mothers

Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to test the safety, acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of Moms Growing Together (MGT), an intervention to prevent and reduce psychological distress in teen mothers. Study design and methods A mixed method design was used. The primary outcomes were reported satisfaction with MGT (acceptance); successful recruitment and retention of teen mothers (feasibility); and prevention or reduction of psychological distress (safety and effectiveness). Summary scores on each of three symptom measures operationally defined psychological distress. Sixteen African-American teen mothers participated in the study: eight in MGT and eight in a comparison group. Results MGT was considered safe and acceptable. MGT had a negative small effect (effect size [ES] = -0.028) on decreasing depression in participants and a moderate effect in reducing anxiety (ES = 0.395) and trauma symptoms (ES = 0.521-0.554) relative to the comparison group. Prolonged recruitment limited feasibility. Conclusion Because psychological distress casts a long shadow on teen mothers' well-being, developing teen-friendly clinical programs that address their mental health is a high priority.
Once-Daily Versus Twice-Daily Enoxaparin for the Treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients.

Background: No randomized controlled trials have investigated enoxaparin once versus twice daily for venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment in cancer patients. Objective: To compare the safety and ...
Combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical method for metal-organic frameworks: proton topologies of NU-1000.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are materials with applications in catalysis, gas separations, and storage. Quantum mechanical (QM) calculations can provide valuable guidance to understand and predict their properties. In order to make the calculations faster, rather than modeling these materials as periodic (infinite) systems, it is useful to construct finite models (called cluster models) and use subsystem methods such as fragment methods or combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods. Here we employ a QM/MM methodology to study one particular MOF that has been of widespread interest because of its wide pores and good solvent and thermal stability, namely NU-1000, which contains hexanuclear zirconium nodes and 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoic acid)pyrene (TBAPy4−) linkers. A modified version of the Bristow–Tiana–Walsh transferable force field has been developed to allow QM/MM calculations on NU-1000; we call the new parametrization the NU1T force field. We consider isomeric structures corresponding to various proton topologies of the [Zr6(μ3-O)8O8H16]8+ node of NU-1000, and we compute their relative energies using a QM/MM scheme designed for the present kind of problem. We compared the results to full quantum mechanical (QM) energy calculations and found that the QM/MM models can reproduce the full QM relative energetics (which span a range of 334 kJ mol−1) with a mean unsigned deviation (MUD) of only 2 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, we found that the structures optimized by QM/MM are nearly identical to their full QM optimized counterparts.
Nebulized Heparin With N-Acetylcysteine and Albuterol Reduces Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Patients With Inhalation Injury:

Objective:Nebulized heparin has been proposed to improve pulmonary function in patients with inhalation injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of nebulized heparin with N-ac...
Role of HSP90 in the Regulation of de Novo Purine Biosynthesis.

Despite purines making up one of the largest classes of metabolites in a cell, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that facilitate efficient purine production. Under conditions resulting in high purine demand, enzymes within the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway cluster into multienzyme assemblies called purinosomes. Purinosome formation has been linked to molecular chaperones HSP70 and HSP90; however, the involvement of these molecular chaperones in purinosome formation remains largely unknown. Here, we present a new-found biochemical mechanism for the regulation of de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes mediated through HSP90. HSP90–client protein interaction assays were employed to identify two enzymes within the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway, PPAT and FGAMS, as client proteins of HSP90. Inhibition of HSP90 by STA9090 abrogated these interactions and resulted in a decrease in the level of available soluble client protein while having no significant effect on their interactions with HSP...
Evolution of Leadership Style in Social Agencies: A Theoretical Analysis:

Social agencies now confront an organizational environment that places considerable emphasis on good management. Administrative ability has become an important part of leadership. Variations in the...
Exploring Responsiveness in the U.S. House of Representatives

Legislators are elected to be the voice of their constituents in government. Implicit in this electoral connection is the responsiveness of legislators to the preferences of constituents. Many past approaches only examine successful legislative behavior blessed by the majority party, not all legislative behavior, thereby limiting inference generalizability. I seek to overcome this limitation by considering bill sponsorship as an outlet in which all members are free to engage. Testing expectations on bill sponsorship in the 109th and 110th Congresses, I ﬁnd that legislators are responsive, though only on “safely-owned” issues. I compare these ﬁndings to roll call voting on the same issues in the same Congresses and ﬁnd a diﬀerent pattern, suggesting legislators leverage bill sponsorship diﬀerently than roll call voting as they signal legislative priorities.
Decision Support System Evolution: Predicting, Facilitating, and Managing Knowledge Evolution

Decision support systems (DSSs) need to evolve over time for many reasons, including changing user needs, technologies, and problem understanding. This chapter investigates what constitutes DSS evolution, taking the view that DSS evolution means that changes occur in all aspects of those systems, including hardware, databases, user interface, applications, and knowledge. This chapter summarizes and extends some of the literature on evolution and it also summarizes some approaches designed to help manage DSS evolution, including both the prediction and facilitation of evolution.
History of Remote Sensing and GIS as It Relates to Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes Over Time

This chapter describes the technical history and detailed background of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) both in the broader discipline as well as how they are relevant and important to Cuban scientific research. First an abbreivated history of remote sensing and GIS is given and then how this relates to earth observations in the Caribbean and Cuba. Several analyses are shown as examples illustrating impacts on the Cuban terrestrial and marine territories such as threats to marine areas from urban growth and indirect impacts from pollution issues such as sewage and sediment deposition.
Acidosis and Phosphate Directly Reduce Myosin's Force-Generating Capacity Through Distinct Molecular Mechanisms.

Elevated levels of the metabolic by-products, including acidosis (i.e. high [H+]) and phosphate (Pi) are putative agents of muscle fatigue, however the mechanism through which they affect myosin’s function remain unclear. To elucidate these mechanisms, we directly examined the effect of acidosis (pH 6.5 vs. 7.4), alone and in combination with elevated levels of Pi on myosin’s force generating capacity in a three-bead laser trap assay. Acidosis decreased myosin’s average force-generating capacity by 20% (p2pN), resulting from an acceleration of the myosin’s rate of detachment from actin. Acidosis and phosphate also had distinct effects on myosin’s steady-state ATPase rate with acidosis slowing it by ~90% (p>0.05), while the addition of Pi under acidic conditions caused a significant recovery in the ATPase rate. These data suggest that these two fatigue agents have distinct effects on myosin’s cross-bridge cycle that may underlie the synergistic effect that they have muscle force. Thus these data provide novel molecular insight into the mechanisms underlying their depressive effects of Pi and H+ on muscle contraction during fatigue.
Turing Machines and Language Theory

In this chapter we relate the theory of formal languages to the abstract theory of computing. How can we characterize the set of functions computed by computer programs? This question—which functions are realizable by algorithms, and which are not?—has its most direct roots in the work of Alan Turing in the 1930s. Using what is now called the Turing machine model, Turing showed that certain natural problems in computing cannot be computed by any algorithm, real or imagined. Actually, Turing showed only that these problems are not calculable specifically by Turing machines; later investigations by other researchers led to the generally held belief that Turing computability is synonymous with computability in any other sufficiently powerful algorithm specification system.
Comparison of Surgical Site Infections in Ankle Fracture Surgery With or Without the Use of Postoperative Antibiotics.

Background:Surgeon preference has been replaced by an approach using evidence-based medicine in clinical decision making. The use of postoperative antibiosis in ankle fracture surgery is more commo...
Financial Socialization, Financial Education, and Student Loan Debt

This study examines the role of financial socialization, financial knowledge, and receiving financial education on student loan repayment behaviors and related financial stress, as reported by the participants. From an analysis of the 2015 National Financial Capability Study dataset, we find that individuals who received financial education in an academic or professional setting were less likely to be late on student loan payments or worry about their student loan debt. Additionally, those who received both financial education and learned about finances from their parents were even less likely to worry about their student loan debt. The broader implications of the main findings for financial counselors, therapists, and planners are also discussed.
Modeling the Effects of Time pressure and Feedback on Eye movements and Learning Performance

Eye movement measurement is both non-invasive to the learner, and available at a cost that is steadily decreasing. There are currently several mainstream laptop computers on the market that ship wi...
Significantly Enhanced Emission Stability of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals via Chemically Induced Fusion Growth for Optoelectronic Devices

Lead–halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their outstanding optical properties. We report here a new chemical route for triggering postsynthetic growth of CsPbBr3 PNCs at room temperature via intentional depletion of stabilizing ligands, resulting in an immediate fusion growth of the as-synthesized PNCs. Upon fusion, the CsPbBr3 PNCs can grow from ca. 8 nm to ca. 60 nm in lateral dimensions in 48 h, reaching about 14 nm in thickness. More importantly, it was found that the fused PNCs have significantly enhanced optical properties. They showed an exceptionally higher stability to photodegradation. They also displayed sharper emission lines and a higher quantum yield, contrary to the fact that the nanocrystals are much larger. The much-improved optical properties are attributed to the Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) planar faults formed during the fusion process and observed using atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, which are predicted to...
Crystal structure of the co-crystal salt 2-amino-6-bromo-pyridinium 2,3,5,6-tetra-fluoro-benzoate

The asymmetric unit of the co-crystal salt 2-amino-6-bromo­pyridinium 2,3,5,6-tetra­fluoro­benzoate, C5H6BrN2+·C7HF4O2−, contains one pyridinium cation and one benzoate anion. In the crystal, the amino­pyridinium cationic unit forms two hydrogen bonds to the benzoate oxygen atoms in an R22(8) motif. Two pyridinium benzoate units are hydrogen bonded through self-complementary hydrogen bonds between the second amine hydrogen and a carboxyl­ate O with a second R22(8) motif to form a discrete hydrogen-bonded complex containing two 2-amino-6-bromo­pyridinium moieties and two 2,3,5,6-tetra­fluoro­benzoate moieties. The 2-amino-6-bromo­pyridinium moieties π-stack in a head-to-tail mode with a centroid–centroid separation of 3.7227 (12) A and adjacent tetra­fluoro­benzoates also π-stack in a head-to-tail mode with a centroid–centroid separation of 3.6537 (13) A.
Cover crop effects on horseweed (Erigeron canadensis) density and size inequality at the time of herbicide exposure

Proactive integrated weed management (IWM) is critically needed in no-till production to reduce the intensity of selection pressure for herbicide-resistant weeds. Reducing the density of emerged weed populations and the number of larger individuals within the population at the time of herbicide application are two practical management objectives when integrating cover crops as a complementary tactic in herbicide-based production systems. We examined the following demographic questions related to the effects of alternative cover-cropping tactics following small grain harvest on preplant, burndown management of horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) in no-till commodity-grain production: (1) Do cover crops differentially affect E. canadensis density and size inequality at the time of herbicide exposure? (2) Which cover crop response traits are drivers of E. canadensis suppression at time of herbicide exposure? Interannual variation in growing conditions (study year) and intra-annual variation in soil fertility (low vs. high nitrogen) were the primary drivers of cover crop response traits and significantly affected E. canadensis density at the time of herbicide exposure. In comparison to the fallow control, cover crop treatments reduced E. canadensis density 52% to 86% at the time of a preplant, burndown application. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) alone or in combination with forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.) provided the most consistent E. canadensis suppression. Fall and spring cover crop biomass production was negatively correlated with E. canadensis density at the preplant burndown application timing. Our results also show that winter-hardy cover crops reduce the size inequality of E. canadensis populations at the time of herbicide exposure by reducing the number of large individuals within the population. Finally, we advocate for advancement in our understanding of complementarity between cover crop– and herbicide-based management tactics in no-till systems to facilitate development of proactive, herbicide-resistant management strategies.
Suspended sediment and contaminant routing with alluvial storage: New theory and applications

Abstract In large watersheds, sediment storage imposes geologic timescales on the downstream movement of suspended sediment and associated contaminants. Modeling these processes requires temporal and spatial averaging, a task often accomplished using concepts derived from reservoir theory, where residence times and age and storage time distributions of stored sediment are treated as constants, even though all of these quantities should be time-variable under conditions of unsteady sediment transport. Here, concepts from reservoir theory are replaced by deposition and erosion laws to develop a parsimonious quantitative framework for watershed-scale routing of sediment and contaminants that explicitly accounts for time-dependent alluvial storage. Solution of the new equations, combined with appropriate initial and boundary conditions, predicts the age and storage time distributions of stored sediment, the sediment residence time, the mass of stored sediment, and the variations in all of these quantities through time. Model calibration is illustrated by reinterpreting previously published data from the Little Missouri River in North Dakota to create a 3-dimensional chronostratigraphic model of stored sediment, supplemented by observations of contemporary patterns of erosion. Model parameters from the Little Missouri River are then used to demonstrate that approximately 750 yr will be required to remove arsenic-contaminated alluvium supplied by a century of mine tailings discharges to a 112-km reach of the Belle Fourche River in South Dakota. The new approach described here requires very modest computing resources to simulate long timescales across large watersheds, and the fidelity of storage parameters, which ultimately control the timing of sediment delivery, is supported by site-specific stratigraphic observations and sediment dating.
Meta-analysis of the tumor response in patients treated with rituximab either in combination with chemotherapy or with treatment following chemotherapy in CD20+ B-cell lymphomas.

902 We performed a meta-analysis of the studies that contained two distinct arms of patient population with CD20+ B cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) undergoing treatment with chemotherapy with and without rituximab (Rituxan®). We identified 9 articles and defined 11 studies within these articles in which data on objective tumor response (OTR) defined by the sum of complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) were available by screening all the studies published on PubMed and Ovid Medline database from June 1966 to October 2006. The total number of patients participating in the 11 studies was 2150 with 1093 patients in the group receiving rituximab/chemotherapy and 1057 in the chemotherapy group. Overall the relative risk (RR) of response to the treatment for using rituximab was 1.20 (95% CI 1.15-1.26) and 1.21 (95% CI 1.09-1.35) based on the fixed effect and random effect model, respectively, translating in an increased response in the order of 20% and 21%. Patients in the follicular cell lymphoma (FCL) group, showed a RR of response to the treatment including rituximab equal to 1.19 (95% CI 1.07-1.17) and 1.20 (95% CI 1.03-1.40) for fixed and random effect model analysis, respectively, equal to an overall response rate increase of 19% and 20%. On the other hand, patients in the mantle cell (MCL) group showed a RR of response to the treatment with rituximab equal to 1.32 (95% CI 1.11-1.56) and 1.28 (95% CI 1.10-1.49) with overall response rate increase of 32% and 28%, respectively. These data indicate that rituximab has a statistically significant additive effect to chemotherapy independently from the lymphoma histotype and that the magnitude of the response to rituximab is higher for MCL than for FCL patients.
Conserved protein Pir2 ARS2 mediates gene repression through cryptic introns in lncRNAs

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are components of epigenetic control mechanisms that ensure appropriate and timely gene expression. The functions of lncRNAs are often mediated through associated gene regulatory activities, but how lncRNAs are distinguished from other RNAs and recruit effector complexes is unclear. Here, we utilize the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe to investigate how lncRNAs engage silencing activities to regulate gene expression in cis. We find that invasion of lncRNA transcription into the downstream gene body incorporates a cryptic intron required for repression of that gene. Our analyses show that lncRNAs containing cryptic introns are targeted by the conserved Pir2ARS2 protein in association with splicing factors, which recruit RNA processing and chromatin-modifying activities involved in gene silencing. Pir2 and splicing machinery are broadly required for gene repression. Our finding that human ARS2 also interacts with splicing factors suggests a conserved mechanism mediates gene repression through cryptic introns within lncRNAs.
Acyclotomy of torsion in the CM case

Let F be a number field, and let $$F^{{\text {cyc}}}$$ be obtained by adjoining to F all the roots of unity. We show that as E ranges over all elliptic curves defined over $$F^{{\text {cyc}}}$$ with complex multiplication, the torsion subgroups $$E(F^{{\text {cyc}}})$$ are finite and uniformly bounded in size.
Primary Pseudoperfect Numbers, Arithmetic Progressions, and the Erdős-Moser Equation

A primary pseudoperfect number (PPN) is an integer K > 1 such that the reciprocals of K and its prime factors sum to 1. PPNs arise in studying perfectly weighted graphs and singularities of algebra...
Rapidly Reconfigurable Pulsed Higher Order Bessel Beams

The HOBBIT system is used in conjunction with an acousto-optic deflector and pulsed optical source to generate nanosecond coherently coupled OAM beams with temporal phase control for rapidly changing profiles in excess of MHz frequencies.
Universal Design: A Problem-Based Exercise in a Fast-Paced Competitive Environment:

Universal Design (UD) involves the creation of accessible, flexible products that are functional for a wide population of users. Our problem-based learning exercise challenges student teams to crea...
In Vitro Culture Expansion Shifts the Immune Phenotype of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (hMSCs) are known for their potential in regenerative medicine due to their differentiation abilities, secretion of trophic factors, and regulation of immune responses in damaged tissues. Due to the limited quantity of hMSCs typically isolated from bone marrow, other tissue sources, such as adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs), are considered a promising alternative. However, differences have been observed for hASCs in the context of metabolic characteristics and response to in vitro culture stress compared to bone marrow derived hMSCs (BM-hMSCs). In particular, the relationship between metabolic homeostasis and stem cell functions, especially the immune phenotype and immunomodulation of hASCs, remains unknown. This study thoroughly assessed the changes in metabolism, redox cycles, and immune phenotype of hASCs during in vitro expansion. In contrast to BM-hMSCs, hASCs did not respond to culture stress significantly during expansion as limited cellular senescence was observed. Notably, hASCs exhibited the increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the decreased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines after extended culture expansion. The NAD+/NADH redox cycle and other metabolic characteristics associated with aging were relatively stable, indicating that hASC functional decline may be regulated through an alternative mechanism rather than NAD+/Sirtuin aging pathways as observed in BM-hMSCs. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis by mRNA-sequencing revealed the upregulation of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and the downregulation of genes for anti-inflammatory cytokines for hASCs at high passage. Proteomics analysis indicated key pathways (e.g., tRNA charging, EIF2 signaling, protein ubiquitination pathway) that may be associated with the immune phenotype shift of hASCs. Together, this study advances our understanding of the metabolism and senescence of hASCs and may offer vital insights for the biomanufacturing of hASCs for clinical use.
Hidradenitis suppurativa lesions are associated with decreased collagen, decreased elastin, and increased neovascularization

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a dermatological condition characterized by ruptured hair follicles inducing a localized, but massive chronic inflammatory response. Analysis of 104 HS lesions in f...
Subdural intracranial myeloid sarcoma without myelogenous disorder: Case report

Abstract We present the case of a 68 year old female who initially presented as an acute subdural hematoma but was found on further evaluation and biopsy to have subdural CNS myeloid sarcoma, without any underlying myelogenous disorder. CNS myeloid sarcoma is rare but even more so without the presence of hematologic disease, with very few cases reported in the literature for adult patients. In our review, this is the oldest patient in the literature to present with subdural myeloid sarcoma without hematologic disease. This case highlights the importance of thorough diagnostic work up and broad differentials even in seemingly routine cases with seemingly simple diagnoses.
Stable Isotope Probing Techniques Using 15N

This chapter examines technical considerations associated with the use of 15N in nucleic acid stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments, discusses concerns that should be considered prior to undertaking a 15N-labeling experiment, and provides an overview of different applications of 15N-SIP. The preferable approach is to use quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine the number of 16S rRNA genes in each gradient fraction. The gene target for qPCR analysis can vary by application, and it may be desirable to use universal 16S rRNA gene-targeted primers or primers that are specific to individual domains, individual subgroups, or genera. In DNA purified by secondary gradient fractionation, nif H genes similar to Methylosinus represented 53% of those recovered while Methylocystis-like sequences represented 17% of those recovered. However, in an experiment in which 15N2-DNA-SIP was used to examine nitrogen-fixing methanotrophs in soil. There are several reasons why 15N-DNA-SIP represents an appealing method for examining nitrogen (N2)-fixing organisms. First, incubations can be carried out at realistic concentrations of substrate, as air can be evacuated from sealed containers and replaced with simulated air containing 15N2. Second, since nitrogen fixation is inhibited in the presence of mineral forms of nitrogen, problems associated with isotope dilution can largely be ignored. Experiments will need to be performed with pure cultures and environmental samples to determine whether 15N-RNA-SIP can be used effectively in microbial ecology studies.
The Plight of the Siamese Twin: Mind, Body, and Value in John Barth's "Petition"

“Petition”, the sixth piece in John Barth’s Lost in the Fun House, is a letter from a Siamese twin to a visiting Siamese king, requesting financial support for an operation to separate the twin from his boorish and unpleasant brother.
Using Python for Finance 101

Unlike Yan (2012) who uses R as an internet-connected financial calculator, in this 2-page document I show how to use Python, free software, as a financial calculator to estimate PV, FV, PV of annuity, to estimate effective rates, beta and more. I assume that a user has never heard of Python. Within 30 minutes including the time used to download and install Python, a new user should be able to use my pre-written set of Python functions (just one file).
Elevation‐dependent responses of streamflow to climate warming

Warming will affect snowline elevation, potentially altering the timing and magnitude of streamflow from mountain landscapes. Presently, the assessment of potential elevation-dependent responses is difficult because many gauged watersheds integrate drainage areas that are both snow and rain dominated. To predict the impact of snowline rise on streamflow, we mapped the current snowline (1980 m) for the Salmon River watershed (Idaho, USA) and projected its elevation after 3 °C warming (2440 m). This increase results in a 40% reduction in snow-covered area during winter months. We expand this analysis by collecting streamflow records from a new, elevation-stratified gauging network of watersheds contained within high (2250–3800 m), mid (1500–2250 m) and low (300–1500 m) elevations that isolate snow, mixed and rain-dominated precipitation regimes. Results indicate that lags between percentiles of precipitation and streamflow are much shorter in low elevations than in mid- and high-elevation watersheds. Low elevation annual percentiles (Q25 and Q75) of streamflow occur 30–50 days earlier than in higher elevation watersheds. Extreme events in low elevations are dominated by low- and no-flow events whereas mid- and high-elevation extreme events are primarily large magnitude floods. Only mid- and high-elevation watersheds are strongly cross correlated with catchment-wide flow of the Salmon River, suggesting that changes in contributions from low-elevation catchments may be poorly represented using mainstem gauges. As snowline rises, mid-elevation watersheds will likely exhibit behaviours currently observed only at lower elevations. Streamflow monitoring networks designed for operational decision making or change detection may require modification to capture elevation-dependent responses of streamflow to warming. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importance of race, gender, and personality in predicting academic performance

Substantial research has demonstrated that African American students tend to perform more poorly than their White counterparts in terms of academic performance (e.g., Bali & Alvarez). However, this knowledge has proven insufficient in highlighting a clear path for countering this gap in academic achievement. The present study (n = 719) provides evidence that race (African Americans and Whites) interacts with personality in predicting academic performance (i.e., grade point average) in a college setting and that the pattern of effects differs for men and women. Agreeableness reduced race effects for women, and extraversion and openness reduced race effects for men. Our results suggest new avenues for educators and policymakers to consider when attempting to reduce this performance gap.
The time dependent association of adrenaline administration and survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Background Recommended for decades, the therapeutic value of adrenaline (epinephrine) in the resuscitation of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is controversial. Purpose To investigate the possible time-dependent outcomes associated with adrenaline administration by Emergency Medical Services personnel (EMS). Methods A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a near statewide cardiac resuscitation database between 1 January 2005 and 30 November 2013. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of the time interval between EMS dispatch and the initial dose of adrenaline on survival. The primary endpoints were survival to hospital discharge and favourable neurologic outcome. Results Data from 3469 patients with witnessed OHCA were analyzed. Their mean age was 66.3 years and 69% were male. An initially shockable rhythm was present in 41.8% of patients. Based on a multivariable logistic regression model with initial adrenaline administration time interval (AATI) from EMS dispatch as the covariate, survival was greatest when adrenaline was administered very early but decreased rapidly with increasing (AATI); odds ratio 0.94 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.92–0.97). The AATI had no significant effect on good neurological outcome (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.90–1.02). Conclusions In patients with OHCA, survival to hospital discharge was greater in those treated early with adrenaline by EMS especially in the subset of patients with a shockable rhythm. However survival rapidly decreased with increasing adrenaline administration time intervals (AATI).
Sonochemical Degradation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Groundwater: Kinetic Effects of Matrix Inorganics

Ultrasonic irradiation has been shown to effectively degrade perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in aqueous solution. Reduced PFC sonochemical degradation rates in organic-rich groundwater taken from beneath a landfill, however, testify to the negative kinetic effects of the organic groundwater constituents. In this study, the PFOX (X = S or A) sonochemical degradation rates in a groundwater sample with organic concentrations about 10 times lower than those in the groundwater taken from beneath a landfill are found to be 29.7% and 20.5% lower, respectively, than the rates in Milli-Q water, suggesting that inorganic groundwater constituents also negatively affect PFC sonochemical kinetics. To determine the source of the groundwater matrix effects, we evaluate the effects of various inorganic species on PFOX sonochemical kinetics. Anions over the range of 1-10 mM show Hofmeister effects on the sonochemical degradation rates of PFOX, kClO4(-) (-PFOX) > kNO3(-) (-PFOX) kCl(-) (-)PFOX > or = kMQ-PFOX > kHCO3(-) (-PFOX) kSO42(-) (-PFOX). In contrast, common cations at 5 mM have negligible effects. Initial solution pH enhances the degradation rates of PFOX at 3, but has negligible effects over the range of 4 to 11. The observed inorganic effects on sonochemical kinetics are hypothesized to be due to ions' partitioning to and interaction with the bubble-water interface. Finally, it is shown that the rate reduction in the groundwater in this study is primarily due to the presence of bicarbonate and thus can be fully rectified by pH adjustment prior to sonolysis.
Directory of Databases for Research into Alternative and Complementary Medicine

This Directory of Databases with significant holdings of primarily bibliographic references to complementary and alterative medicine research resources has been compiled to facilitate access to the widely scattered data and literature. The Directory is directly accessible from the Web site of the Richard & Hinda Rosenthal Center for Complementary and Alterative Medicine at Columbia University's CPMCNet (http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/rosenthal/). General selection criteria and a brief description of content, access, or contact details are given for each of the 56 databases. Thirty-five of the databases are available online over the Internet and of these, 17 are freely, publicly available. There are 13 search services and a further 8 databases available in a variety of formats.
Stellar clustering as induced by a supernova: the non-linear evolution

Etude de l'hypothese qu'une supernova peut induire une formation stellaire. Un nuage protostellaire se forme par fragmentation de l'enveloppe dense et froide balayee par l'ejection en expansion de la supernova
Analysis of environmental samples for constituents of an aromatic solvent used in fenitrothion spray formulations

Fenitrothion (O,O-dimethyl-O-[4nitro-m-tolyl]phosphorothioate) has been used since 1969 in New Brunswick, Canada for control of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens]) in the province's forests. Millions of hectares have been sprayed annually at dosages of 150300 g active ingredient per hectare. The routes and rates of environmental transformation and disappearance of fenitrothion are subjects of a great deal of interest (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA 1975, 1977).
Cyclooxygenase blockade limits blood flow to collateral-dependent myocardium during exercise.

Cyclooxygenase blockade has been found to cause vasoconstriction of coronary collateral vessels in open-chest animals. This study was carried out to determine whether cyclooxygenase blockade can limit blood flow to collateral-dependent myocardium during exercise. Studies were performed in 8 adult mongrel dogs in which intermittent followed by permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery produced an area of collateral-dependent myocardium. Myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres at rest and during treadmill exercise to produce heart rates of 215 ± 7 beats/min. At rest collateral zone blood flow (1.00 ± 0.10 ml/min per g) was significantly less than normal zone flow (1.23 ± 0.14) ( P < 0.05). During control exercise blood flow increased 91 ± 22% in the collateral zone and 102 ± 28% in the normal zone (each P < 0.05). Thirty minutes after cyclooxygenase blockade with indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) blood flow in the normal zone and the collateral zone was not different from control during resting conditions. Indomethacin did not change heart rate or arterial pressure during exercise, but significantly increased the aortic-to-distal coronary pressure gradient from 33 ± 3 to 40 ± 5 mmHg ( P < 0.05). Indomethacin increased transcollateral resistance during exercise by 42 ± 10% ( P < 0.05); this was associated with a 27 ± 11% decrease in subendocardial flow in the collateral zone ( P < 0.05) with no significant change in subepicardial flow, and no change in normal zone blood flow. These findings demonstrate that in the intact awake animal cyclooxygenase blockade causes coronary collateral vasoconstriction which can impair blood flow to the dependent myocardium during exercise.
ROLE OF CFTR IN LYSOSOME ACIDIFICATION

SUMMARY: The role of CFTR in lysosome acidification was examined in CFPAC-1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells with the AF508 mutation that were transduced with a retroviral vector (PLJ-CFPAC) or with the normal CFTR gene (CFTR-CFPAC). Steadystate lysosomal pHi in intact cells was lpyrer in PLJ-CFPAC cells than CFTR-CFPAC cells (3.55 vs 3.80) and was not affected by CAMP or forskolin. Initial rates of ATPdependent acidification of isolated lysosomes and steady-state ATP-dependent pHi were similar in both cell lines over a range of chloride concentrations and were not altered when cells were exposed to CAMP or to forskolin prior to preparation of lysosomes. These observations suggest that CFTR plays no role in acidification of lysosomes, possibly due to limited permeability of lysosomal membranes to chloride. Q 1997. Academic Press. Inc. A defect in CAMP-stimulated chloride transport appears to underlie many of the clinical features in cystic fibrosis and the defective gene, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), appears to function predominantly either as a chloride channel regulator or a chloride channel (l-3). Although defective chloride transport across plasma membranes of epithelial cells has been well documented in cystic fibrosis, little is known regarding chloride transport across intracellular membranes. Endosomes, lysosomes and some Golgi vesicles contain an electrogenic proton pump (H+-ATPase) that, in most of these vesicles, works in parallel with a chloride conductance to maximally acidify vesicle interiors (45). To determine whether CFTR alters organellar acidification, we investigated the effects of CAMP and forskolin on acidification of lysosomes in pancreatic cell lines that contain the defective (AF508) CFTR or have been successfully complemented with the normal CFTR gene.
A fast algorithm and software for analysis of FT-ICR data

In this paper, we present and analyze a fast algorithm that determines the possible molecular formulae corresponding to the resolved peaks in the spectral data obtained from a mass analyzer like an FT-ICR-MS. In contrast to our approach, most known algorithms and software that attempt to solve this important problem are brute-force in nature and consequently, highly prone to combinatorial explosion when dealing with the volume of real data. We also present an object-oriented implementation of our algorithm in a general-purpose, user-friendly, interactive, and easily extensible software tool PG Compound Match Finder. A run-time performance analysis of our software shows that even when dealing with several billion theoretical possibilities matched against tens of thousands of resolved peaks, a complete analysis using today’s standard desktop machines can take only a few minutes.
A pharmacological study of celecoxib and gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Purpose To evaluate whether celecoxib alters the conversion of gemcitabine into its active metabolite, difluorodeoxycytidine triphosphate (dFdCTP), in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes: distribution in fast-twitch red, fast-twitch white, and slow-twitch intermediate fibers of guinea pig skeletal muscle.

Abstract Lactate dehydrogenase activity and LDH isoenzyme distribution were determined in supernatants of skeletal muscles consisting predominately of fast-twitch red, fast-twitch white, or slow-twitch intermediate fibers. The LDH activity was highest in the fast-twitch white. The activity in the fast-twitch red was significantly lower than in the fast-twitch white but significantly greater than in slow-twitch intermediate muscle or the heart. LDH5 was found to be the predominant isoenzyme in both the fast-twitch white and fast-twitch red fibers whereas LDH1 predominated in both the slow-twitch intermediate fibers and the heart.
Effects of the pine needle abortifacient, isocupressic acid, on bovine oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development

Isocupressic acid (ICA) [15-hydroxylabda-8 (17), 13E-dien-19-oic acid], a labdane diterpene acid, isolated from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), common juniper (Juniperus communis) and Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), induces abortion in pregnant cows when ingested primarily during the last trimester. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of isocupressic acid on bovine oocyte maturation (in vitro maturation (IVM)-Experiment I) and preimplantation embryo development (in vitro culture (IVC)-Experiment II) using in vitro embryo production techniques and to subsequently evaluate viability and developmental competence of ICA-cultured embryos via embryo transfer to recipient heifers (Experiment III). A complete randomized block experimental design was used. In Experiment I and II, isocupressic acid was added to IVM or IVC media at 0 (TRT1, control), 1.3 (TRT2), and 2.6 microg/ml (TRT3) Results from Experiment I and II indicated that ICA did not inhibit oocyte maturation and did not adversely affect preinpiantation embryo development. Furthermore, results from Experiment II demonstrated that isocupressic acid enhanced bovine preimplantation embryo development in vitro in a dose dependent manner. Subsequently, Day 8 (Day 0 = IVF) blastocysts cultured in vitro in the medium containing 2.6 microg/ml ICA were transferred to recipient heifers and resulted in normal pregnancies as determined by ultrasound imaging. Subsequently, all but two births were normal as evaluated by post natal veterinary examination. In conclusion, ICA showed no adverse effects on oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryo development in vitro or subsequent viability in vivo using the ICA concentrations and in vitro culture parameters of this study.
“Memory, Natural Kinds, and Cognitive Extension; or, Martians Don’t Remember, and Cognitive Science Is Not about Cognition”

This paper evaluates the Natural-Kinds Argument for cognitive extension, which purports to show that the kinds presupposed by our best cognitive science have instances external to human organism. Various interpretations of the argument are articulated and evaluated, using the overarching categories of memory and cognition as test cases. Particular emphasis is placed on criteria for the scientific legitimacy of generic kinds, that is, kinds characterized in very broad terms rather than in terms of their fine-grained causal roles. Given the current state of cognitive science, I conclude that we have no reason to think memory or cognition are generic natural kinds that can ground an argument for cognitive extension.
A control architecture solution to superheat nonlinearity

Evaporator superheat control is an important aspect of the operation of refrigeration and air conditioning systems; since the majority of cooling in these systems occurs through evaporation of two-phase refrigerant, the energy efficiency is improved by reducing the amount of superheat present. However, allowing refrigerant to leave the evaporator without completely vaporizing risks catastrophic damage to the compressor, so superior control is required at low superheat levels. One of the most significant challenges present in this control problem is the presence of significant nonlinearities in the response from the control input, e.g. expansion valve position, to evaporator superheat. This paper reveals how a particular control architecture inherently compensates for both the static and dynamic nonlinearities that dominate the valve-to-superheat transient response. Furthermore, the control implementation only requires temperature measurements, which are frequently available in ordinary HVAC systems. Modeling and experimental results confirm the reduction of nonlinearities using the proposed approach, and the authors discuss the effect of actuator limitations on the nonlinearity compensation.