cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TE/sub 21/ second-harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier with an axis-encircling beam

Summary form only given. A second-harmonic TE/sub 21/ gyro-TWT with an axis-encircling electron beam is being constructed at University of California Davis (UCD) that is predicted to double the efficiency of our previous 200 kW, 12% efficient MIG TE/sub 21//sup (2)/ gyro-TWT (Wang et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 75, p. 4322, 1995), where the superscript refers to the harmonic number. The new device will avoid the loss in efficiency due to off-axis electrons interacting with the resulting linearly polarized node. The amplifier is predicted by our large signal code to produce 50 kW in Ka-band with 20% efficiency, 30 dB saturated gain and 3% bandwidth. The 70 kV, 3.5 A axis encircling beam with v/sub /spl perp///v/sub z/=1.2, /spl Delta/v/sub z//v/sub z/=7%, will be produced by a Cusp electron gun delivered by Northrop Grumman.
Non-linear propagation of complex sound fields in rectangular ducts, Part 1: The self-excitation phenomenon

Nonlinear acoustic interactions at the second order (so-called weak interactions) of the perturbation scheme have been recognized for a long time. This paper examines the possibility of stronger interactions at the first order which are found in rigid rectangular ducts and to a lesser degree in slightly soft rectangular ducts. The strong interactions occur if any two modes have identical phase speeds, the case of multimode and multifrequency input for example. An important consequence of the strong interaction is the self-generation of subharmonics. Even a small amount of subharmonic can, given the right phase conditions, grow through a strong interaction with a higher harmonic.
Epigenetic aspects of X-chromosome dosage compensation.

The X chromosomes of mammals and fruit flies exhibit unusual properties that have evolved to deal with the different dosages of X-linked genes in males (XY) and females (XX). The X chromosome dosage-compensation mechanisms discovered in these species are evolutionarily unrelated, but exhibit surprising parallels in their regulatory strategies. These features include the importance of noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic spreading of chromatin-modifying activities. Sex chromosomes have posed a fascinating puzzle for biologists. The dissimilar organization, gene content, and regulation of the X and Y chromosomes are thought to reflect selective forces acting on original pairs of identical chromosomes (1–3). The result in many organisms is a male-specific Y chromosome that has lost most of its original genetic content, and a difference in dosage of the X chromosome in males (XY) and females (XX).
Early experience effects on adaptive behavior: Theory revisited

Over 30 years ago, Sackett presented several ideas based on animal studies concerning effects of early experience on later adaptive behavior. The first idea proposed that rearing environment complexity produced individuals with a corresponding degree of psychological complexity. Enriched rearing produced individuals of high complexity who were willing to approach new and increasingly complex stimuli, thereby providing themselves with opportunities for learning and developing problem-solving strategies. Privation rearing produced individuals of low psychological complexity who avoided or withdrew from novel and complex stimuli, thereby depriving themselves of learning and problem-solving opportunities. The second idea concerned behavioral inhibition. It was proposed that a major developmental consequence of privation rearing was failure to inhibit high-probability responses that compete with those required for learning and adaptive problem solving when faced with new situations. A modern version of aspects of these ideas is contained in “executive function” theory. In this paper we review key animal literature that led to our theories, develop these theories in the light of newer findings, tie our ideas to those of executive function theory, and suggest how behavior by individuals with mental retardation may be related to privation rearing due to sensory-motor deficits regardless of any cognitive deficits. MRDD Research Reviews 1999; 5:30–40. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Semaphorin Directs Axon Traffic in the Fly Olfactory System

The convergence of olfactory sensory axons that express the same receptor onto specific glomeruli is a common organizing principle in animal olfactory systems. In this issue of Neuron , two beautiful studies in Drosophila by Lattemann et al. and Sweeney et al. show that Semaphorin repulsion regulates interactions between olfactory receptor neurons to help axons find their correct targets.
A method for the construction of hierarchical generalized space shift keying (GSSK) modulation for unequal error protection

Abstract In this paper, we propose a systematic method to achieve two-level unequal error protection (UEP) with generalized space shift keying (GSSK) modulation for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. GSSK is a modulation scheme that encodes the source information in the antenna indices. To enable the nonuniform arrangement of the spatial constellation of GSSK modulation, new techniques are needed as new features of GSSK modulation are observed. The proposed method is based on first partitioning the GSSK constellation into subsets and then choosing constellation points inside a subset. The high-priority (HP) bits select the subset and the low-priority (LP) bits select constellation points inside a subset. The proposed subset partitioning procedure developed based on a theoretical study on set partitioning in the multidimensional space guarantees optimal or near-optimal HP protection, enables simple and systematic designs for LP protection, and increases the LP capacity. The proposed systematic design approach applies to systems with any numbers of transmit antennas and can create various hierarchical GSSK schemes with different HP/LP protection capabilities.
Drinking following carbachol stimulation of hippocampal formation or lateral ventricles

Direct application of carbachol to the hippocampal formation of rats produced larger increases in drinking than did such applications to the adjacent lateral ventricles. This evidence appears to contradict the hypothesis that drinking following carbachol stimulation ofthe limbic system results from diffusion of the carbachol to active sites in or near the lateral ventricles.
Poor Predictive Value of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Indicates Need for Reassessment

Inflammation appears to be an integral part of the process of atherosclerosis that leads to coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute ischemic syndromes (1)(2). Data indicate that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other inflammatory markers are associated with atherosclerosis and that hs-CRP decreases with statin treatment (3)(4). These are important findings that support the inflammatory disease hypothesis. Moreover, it was suggested that hs-CRP could be used to assess risk of CAD for clinical purposes (5), and several hs-CRP assays are commercially available (6). In this Journal, Rifai and Ridker (7) suggested an algorithm for assessing risk of CAD based on hs-CRP in conjunction with the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol. The algorithm was later modified to use hs-CRP cutoffs of 3 mg/L in conjunction with the LDL-cholesterol (LDLC) concentration or the Framingham 10-year risk assessment (8). Several editorials that have accompanied reports on hs-CRP cautioned that use of this test for clinical purposes was premature (9)(10)(11)(12). In spite of these warnings, an American Heart Association/CDC Scientific Statement (13) recommended the use of this test to enhance risk evaluation in certain population groups, although they noted that the benefits of this strategy or any treatment based on it remain uncertain. The clinical recommendations of others argued for even wider use of the test, suggesting that it should be an adjunct for initial screening for global risk assessment in conjunction with conventional lipid testing (8). We contend that because of its poor predictive value, until its use is better demonstrated, hs-CRP should not be recommended for defining risk. As discussed below, our argument is based …
Responsiveness of adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) to mother-infant separation.

This study tested the responsiveness of adult male squirrel monkeys living with mother-infant dyads to various conditions of mother-infant separation. During each of the five weekly experimental 30-minute sessions, as well as during undisturbed basal conditions, the behavioral and hormonal responses of five adult males were assessed. The results indicated that only one experimental condition-that involving the actual manipulation of the separated infant during the test session-produced behavioral and adrenocorticoid changes. During this condition the males exhibited increased movement, increased social activity scores, and elevations in plasma cortisol. These data indicate that squirrel adult male squirrel monkeys respond to mother-infant separation when this manipulation involves threat to the infant, as has been noted for other primate species.
A Risk Perception Primer: A Narrative Research Review of the Risk Perception Literature in Behavioral Accounting and Behavioral Finance

A significant topic within the behavioral finance literature is the notion of perceived risk pertaining to novice investors (i.e. individuals, finance students) and investment professionals (i.e. financial planners, security analysts). The author provides an overview of the concepts of risk, perception, and risk perception with the financial scholar in mind. There is also a presentation on the behavioral finance concepts and themes that might influence an individual's perception of risk for different types of financial services and investment products. The next section presents a discussion of the significant risk perception research in the social sciences namely from psychology. This research work from psychology (i.e., risk perception studies in risky situations and hazardous activities) is the behavioral foundation for a substantial amount of the current contributions within the behavioral accounting and behavioral finance literature. In particular, the work of the Decision Research scholars including Paul Slovic and his co-authors on risk perception studies that have crossed over from psychology to the disciplines of behavioral accounting and behavioral finance (i.e. behavioral risk characteristics from psychology that are applied within a financial/investment decision making context). Within the last section of this paper, the author reveals the first of its kind thorough review of the academic research studies on perceived risk/risk perception from the disciplines of behavioral accounting since 1975 and behavioral finance since the late 1960s. This literature review incorporates 12 works from behavioral accounting and 71 endeavors from behavioral finance. In addition, the behavioral finance literature review section also includes approximately 10 narrative research reviews from risk perception studies in behavioral economics. A major facet of this paper was to bring together all the previous studies in the risk perception literature for the purpose of conducting a study based on the academic foundation of the main themes, research approaches, and findings from this collection of studies.
A Dual-Polarization Radar Hydrometeor Classification Algorithm for Winter Precipitation

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to demonstrate the use of polarimetric observations in a radar-based winter hydrometeor classification algorithm. This is accomplished by deriving bulk electromagnetic scattering properties of stratiform, cold-season rain, freezing rain, sleet, dry aggregated snowflakes, dendritic snow crystals, and platelike snow crystals at X-, C-, and S-band wavelengths based on microphysical theory and previous observational studies. These results are then used to define the expected value ranges, or membership beta functions, of a simple fuzzy-logic hydrometeor classification algorithm. To test the algorithm’s validity and robustness, polarimetric radar data and algorithm output from four unique winter storms are investigated alongside surface observations and thermodynamic soundings. This analysis supports that the algorithm is able to realistically discern regions dominated by wet snow, aggregates, plates, dendrites, and other small ice crystals based solely on polarimetric data...
Development of respiratory tract cilia in fetal rabbits. Electron microscopic investigation.

Cilia develop in the respiratory tract of rabbits during the 22–28 days in utero. In the early, “pre-cilia” stages, cuboidal cells elongate and develop microvilli on their upper or luminal surface. A large number of basal bodies are produced in the cytoplasm between the nucleus and upper surface. The basal bodies migrate towards the apical surface and orient themselves properly with respect to the surface. Finally a cilium rises above each basal body. Throughout the respiratory tract, this same sequence of steps is followed during ciliogenesis, but the upper part of the airway develops its ciliated epithelium first. The nose is followed by the larynx, then the trachea and finally the bronchi.
Sleep opportunities and periodic light exposures: Impact on biomarkers, performance and sleepiness

A within-subjects study investigated the impact of sleep opportunities and periodic light exposures on biomarkers, performance and sleepiness over 27-hour sessions. Ten subjects experienced three experimental sleep sessions: No sleep; sleep for 3 hours; and sleep for 7 hours. Subjects remained in dim red light for every experimental session, except when they were exposed to 40 lux of 470-nm light at the cornea for 50 minutes. Saliva samples for biomarker assays, performance scores on psychomotor vigilance tests and self-reports of sleepiness were collected just prior to and at the end of the light exposures. All measures follow circadian patterns that mark the transitions between daytime and nighttime, but they have different forms and are differentially affected by light exposure, sleep and circadian time.
Use of the Wigner representation in scattering problems

Abstract The basic equations of quantum scattering are translated into the Wigner representation. This puts quantum mechanics in the form of a stochastic process in phase space. Instead of complex valued wavefunctions and transition matrices, one now works with real-valued probability distributions and source functions, objects more responsive to physical intuition. Aside from writing out certain necessary basic expressions, the main purpose of this paper is to develop and stress the interpretive picture associated with this representation and to derive results used in applications published elsewhere. The quasiclassical guise assumed by the formalism lends itself particularly to approximations of complex multiparticle scattering problems. We hope to be laying the foundation for a systematic application of statistical approximations to such problems. The form of the integral equation for scattering as well as its multiple scattering expansion in this representation are derived. Since this formalism remains unchanged upon taking the classical limit, these results also constitute a general treatment of classical multiparticle collision theory. Quantum corrections to classical propogators are discussed briefly. The basic approximation used in the Monte Carlo method is derived in a fashion that allows for future refinement and includes bound state production. The close connection that must exist between inclusive production of a bound state and of its constituents is brought out in an especially graphic way by this formalism. In particular one can see how comparisons between such cross sections yield direct physical insight into relevant production mechanisms. Finally, as a simple illustration of some of the formalism, we treat scattering by a bound two-body system. Simple expressions for single- and double-scattering contributions to total and differential cross sections, as well as for all necessary shadow corrections thereto, are obtained. These are compared to previous results of Glauber and Goldberger.
Significance and origin of surface textures on broken sand grains in deep‐sea sediments

The surface textures of fine sand particles from the Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 39 have been studied via scanning electron microscopy. A large portion of the coarsest fraction of these grains from deep sea cores were formerly fragments of larger sand-sized grains that had been mechanically broken. Surface textures characteristic of previous aeolian and subaqueous environments were preserved in fragments broken from the original larger grain surfaces, thus making palaeo-environmental reconstruction possible. Previously, characteristic mechanical markings had not been observed on deep sea sands; the momentum of grain to grain collisions with respect to fine sands is generally insufficient to initiate mechanical breakage.
Comparison of the Organic Flash Cycle (OFC) to other advanced vapor cycles for intermediate and high temperature waste heat reclamation and solar thermal energy

The Organic Flash Cycle (OFC) is proposed as a vapor power cycle that could potentially improve the efficiency with which high and intermediate temperature finite thermal sources are utilized. The OFC’s aim is to improve temperature matching and reduce exergy losses during heat addition. A theoretical investigation is conducted using high accuracy equations of state such as BACKONE, SpaneWagner, and REFPROP in a detailed thermodynamic and exergetic analysis. The study examines 10 different aromatic hydrocarbons and siloxanes as potential working fluids. Comparisons are drawn between the OFC and an optimized basic Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), a zeotropic Rankine cycle using a binary ammonia-water mixture, and a transcritical CO2 cycle. Results showed aromatic hydrocarbons to be the better suited working fluid for the ORC and OFC due to higher power output and less complex turbine designs. Results also showed that the single flash OFC achieves comparable utilization efficiencies to the optimized basic ORC. Although the OFC improved heat addition exergetic efficiency, this advantage was negated by irreversibilities introduced during flash evaporation. A number of potentially significant improvements to the OFC are possible though which includes using a secondary flash stage or replacing the throttling valve with a two-phase expander.
S2-05-06: Linking physicians, persons with dementia and family caregivers to improve dementia

a local Alzheimer’s Association office in order to improve primary care provided to older patients with cognitive impairment. Focus groups were conducted to understand barriers to referral and collaboration with community resources. Based on the findings, referral and information transmission forms were created and added to the practice design intervention, which also included: screening of older patients attending outpatient visits, physician education in the efficient approach to cognitive impairment, structured visit notes to guide care, patient education materials, and education about and materials to facilitate referral to the Alzheimer’s Association regional office. The effect of the intervention was measured using a pre/post methodology employing medical record audits. Qualitative interviews with physicians were also carried out. Results: Two large primary care practices on the west coast participated in the study. Physicians identified a variety of barriers to referral and collaboration with the Alzheimer’s Association offices including lack of familiarity, misunderstanding of the goals and capabilities of this resource, and lack of knowledge about how to refer patients. Approximately 10% of outpatients screened positive for cognitive impairment. Evaluation of the effect of the intervention is in progress. Conclusions: Primary care physicians caring for a large number older patients with cognitive impairment identified substantial barriers to referral of patients to regional Alzheimer’s Association offices. These were addressed in the dementia care practice-based intervention, including development of referral and information transfer materials. Findings from the intervention will be presented.
Macro — Mass Transport

The mechanisms of mass transport include species diffusion and momentum transfer (fluid convection). The effects of these mechanisms on casting solidification will be discussed in this chapter.
Multiple genotypic changes in hypersusceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients do not always correlate with the phenotype

Objectives Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients are well known for their antibiotic resistance, isolates that are highly susceptible to multiple drug classes have also been encountered. In this study, hypersusceptible P. aeruginosa isolates were analysed for changes in intrinsic resistance mechanisms to explain the observed phenotype. Methods P. aeruginosa strains PA30 and PA431 were isolated from the sputa of cystic fibrosis patients and susceptibilities were determined by agar dilution. Isolates were genetically unrelated by PFGE analysis. Expression of efflux pumps, porins, a chromosomal cephalosporinase and a gene, glmS, previously implicated in hypersusceptibility were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR, outer membrane protein analysis and beta-lactamase hydrolysis assays. Results PA30 was hypersusceptible to beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones and antimetabolites, with MICs at least 4-fold lower than those for the prototype strain PAO1, while PA431 was hypersusceptible to beta-lactams and antimetabolites. Both isolates overproduced the porin OprF but showed down-regulation in the production of the carbapenem channel OprD despite carbapenem hypersusceptibility. PA30 had decreased expression of the mexAB-oprM pump involved with intrinsic antibiotic resistance but overexpressed the mexCD-oprJ and mexEF-oprN efflux systems normally associated with acquired resistance. PA431 showed down-regulation of oprM, the last gene in the mexAB-oprM operon, but overexpressed the mexXY pump. The ampC beta-lactamase was weakly inducible in strain PA30, corresponding to cefoxitin hypersusceptibility. Conclusions The changes in expression of several intrinsic mechanisms in the hypersusceptible strains did not correlate with the observed phenotype. These data highlight the complex interactions of resistance mechanisms in P. aeruginosa and their roles in drug susceptibility.
Clinical Management of Patients With Acute Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for gastrointestinal disorders in the United States. As rates of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis continue to increase, so does demand for effective management. We review approaches to best manage patients with acute pancreatitis, covering diagnosis, risk and prognostic factors, treatment, and complications, considering recommendations from current practice guidelines.
Metastable Liquid Immiscibility in Alkali Metal Oxide–Silica Systems

A search was made for evidence of metastable phase separation in binary alkali metal oxide-silica glasses which had been subjected to the usual glassmaking procedures of melting, relatively fast cooling, and annealing. Electron microscopy and electrical properties measurements were the principal tools of investigation. Evidence for phase separation in Li2O and Na2O silica systems is given together with critical temperature estimates. Although K2O-SiO2 glasses showed some slight evidences of structural segregation it is concluded that binary K2O, Rb2O, and Cs2O silica glasses generally show simple solution behavior and allow reasonable correlations of properties with cation size, type, and separation.
Extraction of Dynamic, Low-Order Models for Magnetic Devices Based on Finite Element Analysis with Hysteresis

This paper presents a method to extract low-order, dynamic models for magnetic devices based on finite element analysis (FEA) modeling with hysteresis. Hysteresis introduces more complexity and higher computational cost in time domain simulation. The proposed method extracts low-order, dynamic models without compromising assumptions that sacrifice accuracy or utility, and yields both good local and global properties. Also, a new model order reduction (MOR) procedure is proposed to select and store the linearized systems according to the multiple-valued hysteresis characteristic. The resulting low- order models are simulated much more easily. This work provides a foundation for more automated analysis of complicated magnetic devices, such as multi-phase coupled inductors, actuators, and machines.
Contribution of Kir4.1 to the mouse electroretinogram.

PURPOSE The electroretinogram (ERG) represents the combination of several distinct cellular processes and conductances. Here, we define the contribution that K+ conductance through Kir4.1 channels makes to the mouse ERG. METHODS To obtain mice expressing different levels of Kir4.1, we mated Kir4.1+/- mice and used PCR to identify Kir4.1+/- and Kir4.1+/+ littermates. In addition, we mated Kir4.1+/- males with females homozygous for the nob (no b-wave) defect, which eliminates post-receptoral contributions to the ERG. After overnight dark adaptation, mice were anesthetized and ERGs were recorded to 7 min stimuli, to focus on slow ERG components, or to strobe flash stimuli, to examine earlier ERG components. RESULTS The amplitudes of the ERG c-wave and the fast oscillation, measured from the c-wave peak, were significantly larger in Kir4.1+/- mice than in Kir4.1+/+ littermates. In comparison, the amplitude of the light peak, the other main component generated by the retinal pigment epithelium in response to light, did not differ between Kir4.1+/- and Kir4.1+/+ mice. The amplitude of slow PIII, revealed by the nob genetic background, was reduced in Kir4.1+/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a cornea-negative potential, generated by Kir4.1, normally opposes a positive polarity conductance that is generated by the apical membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium to form the c-wave measured at the corneal surface.
Disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum infection

Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slow-growing organism first identified in 1978. Since that time, it has emerged as an unusual pathogen, but one that is identified increasingly, mainly affecting immunocompromised patients and healthy children. The range of disease caused by this organism includes skin and soft-tissue infections, pulmonary infections, lymphadenitis, and frequently, bone and joint infections. Laboratory identification of M haemophilum needs special culture techniques and media and can be difficult in a setting at which these methods are not routinely used. We describe a case of chronic, disseminated M haemophilum infection in a patient with AIDS, and we review published work.
Increased leucocyte oxidative metabolism in hyperlipoproteinaemia.

Abstract Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) from a group of subjects with hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) had higher oxidative metabolism with greater release of superoxide anion (O 2 - ) than PMN from age-matched controls. Release of O 2 - was significantly correlated with serum cholesterol and light-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. PMN from HLP subjects also had higher hexose monophosphate shunt activity and chemiluminescence than controls. A causal relation was suggested by the finding that oxidative metabolism was normal in a group of HLP subjects whose lipid levels were lowered by treatment with cholestyramine.
Dynamic Polar Sequestration of Excess MurG May Regulate Enzymatic Function

Advances in bacterial cell biology have demonstrated the importance of protein localization for protein function. In general, proteins are thought to localize to the sites where they are active. Here we demonstrate that in Escherichia coli, MurG, the enzyme that mediates the last step in peptidoglycan subunit biosynthesis, becomes polarly localized when expressed at high cellular concentrations. MurG only becomes polarly localized at levels that saturate MurG's cellular requirement for growth, and E. coli cells do not insert peptidoglycan at the cell poles, indicating that the polar MurG is not active. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and single-cell biochemistry experiments demonstrate that polar MurG is dynamic. Polar MurG foci are distinct from inclusion body aggregates, and polar MurG can be remobilized when MurG levels drop. These results suggest that polar MurG represents a temporary storage mechanism for excess protein that can later be remobilized into the active pool. We investigated and ruled out several candidate pathways for polar MurG localization, including peptidoglycan biosynthesis, the MreB cytoskeleton, and polar cardiolipin, as well as MurG enzymatic activity and lipid binding, suggesting that polar MurG is localized by a novel mechanism. Together, our results imply that inactive MurG is dynamically sequestered at the cell poles and that prokaryotes can thus utilize subcellular localization as a mechanism for negatively regulating enzymatic activity.
Objective outcomes analysis following microvascular gracilis transfer for facial reanimation: a review of 10 years' experience.

ImportanceObjective assessment of smile outcome after microvascular free gracilis transfer is challenging, and quantification of smile outcomes in the literature is inconsistent. ObjectiveTo report...
A STUDY OF THE METABOLISM OF A DWARF UNDER TREATMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONE

The effects of administration of growth hormone of the anterior hypophysis to lower animals have been well established since the production by Evans and Long (1) of experimental gigantism in rats. Since that time efforts have been made by several investigators (2) to administer preparations of the growthpromoting substances in cases of human infantilism. Examination of the reports of these investigations shows that, while in certain selected cases growth may be stimulated beyond that previously attained by the patient, and in some cases beyond the theoretical normal for the age of the patient, yet the results are not as striking as had been hoped. Evans (3) and Novak (4) have both commented on this and have concluded that the chief reasons for the disappointing results are the low yield of hormone from the glands of cattle, the instability of the product, and the lack of a source of pure, or at least more concentrated, material. It seems apparent also that there is still much to be learned about the clini...
Emerging Views of Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Structure/Activity Relationships Modulating Dynamic Biological Functions

Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) are an important subset of complex polysaccharides that represent the third major class of biopolymer, along with polynucleic acids and polypeptides. However, the importance of HSGAGs in biological processes is underappreciated because of a lack of effective molecular tools to correlate specific structures with functions. Only recently have significant strides been made in understanding the steps of HSGAG biosynthesis that lead to the formation of unique structures of functional importance. Such advances now create possibilities for intervening in numerous clinical situations, creating much-needed novel therapies for a variety of pathophysiological conditions including atherosclerosis, thromboembolic disorders, and unstable angina.
Design, implementation and practice of JBEI-ICE: an open source biological part registry platform and tools

The Joint BioEnergy Institute Inventory of Composable Elements (JBEI-ICEs) is an open source registry platform for managing information about biological parts. It is capable of recording information about ‘legacy’ parts, such as plasmids, microbial host strains and Arabidopsis seeds, as well as DNA parts in various assembly standards. ICE is built on the idea of a web of registries and thus provides strong support for distributed interconnected use. The information deposited in an ICE installation instance is accessible both via a web browser and through the web application programming interfaces, which allows automated access to parts via third-party programs. JBEI-ICE includes several useful web browser-based graphical applications for sequence annotation, manipulation and analysis that are also open source. As with open source software, users are encouraged to install, use and customize JBEI-ICE and its components for their particular purposes. As a web application programming interface, ICE provides well-developed parts storage functionality for other synthetic biology software projects. A public instance is available at public-registry.jbei.org, where users can try out features, upload parts or simply use it for their projects. The ICE software suite is available via Google Code, a hosting site for community-driven open source projects.
Obesity and Asian Americans in the United States: Systematic Literature Review

Abstract Objectives Obesity is one of the most serious health problems in the world today. Asian Americans are usually less overweight and obese than African Americans and Hispanic Americans, but the rate of obesity in Asian Americans is still increasing, especially in younger generations. This research examines Asian American obesity using existing research, as a means of finding the need for greater emphasis on Asian American obesity intervention research. Methods In this research literature review, Asian American obesity using existing research as a means of finding the need for greater emphasis on Asian American obesity intervention research is examined. A systematic review is done in order to find Asian American obesity research, due to the minimal amount of existing studies. In total, there were only nine papers which were not duplicates and which still met the criteria for inclusion, from an initial 106 papers. Results There is very little research on obesity in Asian Americans. Although the rate of obesity among Asian Americans is increasing, there are few related articles, projects, and surveys, and there is little information. There is a need for more specific and in-depth analysis of Asian American obesity. Asian Americans are associated with a lower waist circumference (WC) and BMI, while Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders are associated with a higher WC and BMI. Typically, Asian Americans who were born in the United States (US) tend to be overweight and more obese than those born in foreign countries. Conclusion Based on this literature review, it is concluded that there is a shortage of Asian American obesity research, even though there is an evident need for particular obesity intervention programs that target Asian Americans.
The effects of relocation on the trailing spouse

(1989). The effects of relocation on the trailing spouse. Smith College Studies in Social Work: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 280-288.
Economic System Maps: Construction and Application to Optimal Structural Design

The theoretical background, construction, and application of Economic System Maps (ESM) to several practical structural engineering problems are presented in this paper. ESM methods are applied to girder sizing in a uniformly -loaded steel floor system, three uniformly-loaded two-way reinforced concrete floor systems, and three steel shear connections. In general, ESM methods can be applied to a wide variety of top level optimal system selection problems as well as very specific optimal parameter selection within a target system. Because optimal design data is pre -generated and presented in convenient 3-dimensional graphs, a designer can select optimal systems and parameters without needing to actually use optimization software. Sensitivity of an ESM to variable market and cost data is a significant challenge to its general usefulness. Work is currently underway to address this sensitivity and preliminary results are promising.
Effects of Client Race on Clinical Judgment of Practicing European American Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors

This Web-based study investigated the effects of client race on the clinical judgment of practicing European American vocational rehabilitation counselors, specifically, whether participants demonstrated bias in their general evaluation, perceptions of psychopathology, and estimates of the educational and vocational potential of African American clients. Participants reviewed case materials depicting either an African American or a European American client and rendered judgments (a) once after minimal initial information was provided, when initial impressions could be more vulnerable to racial stereotypes, and (b) once after subsequent information was provided, facilitating more definitive judgments. African American clients were judged more negatively than European American clients, and these differences persisted after reviewing subsequent information. Implications for treatment planning are discussed.
Scintillation properties of CsBa2I5 activated with monovalent ions Tl+, Na+ and In+

Abstract We have previously reported the scintillation properties of CsBa2I5 activated with Eu2+, which exhibits excellent behavior [1] , [2] . The presence of Cs in the lattice makes CsBa2I5 a good candidate for activation with monovalent ions. We grew single crystals of CsBa2I5 with monovalent ions Tl, Na and In as activators. We performed a series of luminescence and scintillation measurements, including pulse height measurements using two different photosensors, on these crystals. We show not only that the monovalent ions are suitable activators in the chosen host lattice but also that the system has light yields between 33,000 and 40,000 ph/MeV, lower self-absorption than observed in Eu doped samples and excellent proportionality. The measured energy resolution on our initial samples of 7.1% FWHM for 662 keV gamma rays using avalanche photodiodes is very promising.
DESCRIPTION STRATEGIES FOR NAIVE AND EXPERT USERS

It is widely recognized that a question-answering system should be able to tailor its answers to the user. One of the dimensions along which this tailoring can occur is with respect to the level of knowledge of a user about a domain. In particular, responses should be different depending on whether they are addressed to naive or expert users. To understand what those differences should be, we analyzed texts from adult and junior encyclopedias. We found that two different strategies were used in describing complex physical objects to juniors and adults. We show how these strategies have been implemented on a test database.
Characteristics of Ultraviolet Cured Glass–Epoxy Composites Part 2: Results and Discussion

A curingsystem usingultraviolet radiation is proposed for use on a braidingmachine, which can expedite composite manufacturingand eliminate additional secondary processes. This work investigated some of the facts and characterized the processes to suit the design for the braiding machine. The addition of diacrylates and triacrylates was found to reduce the effects of oxygen quenching and increase the curingspeed of acrylated epoxy monomers. Mechanical testingwas performed to study these effects. Epoxies follow the cationic polymerization mechanisms. The preliminary study was carried out on epoxy (Shell Epon 826) with a cationic photoinitiator (Radcure, Uvacure 1590). It was found that on exposure to ultraviolet radiation, gelling takes place in 10 s. The degree of curing attained was found to be appreciable if cross-linkingagents like Imidazole or an anhydride was added to the formulation.
Extracardiac effects of cardiac glycosides

The extracardiac effects of cardiac glycosides which are of greatest interest to us are those that involve an interaction of these drugs with neural tissue, and result in changes in cardiovascular function. In this category, we are especially interested in interactions of cardiac glycosides with two neural sites, namely, reflexogenic areas of the cardiovascular system, and the central nervous system (i. e., CNS sites that control sympathetic outflow). In this review we will discuss evidence documenting an interaction of cardiac glycosides with reflexogenic areas and with CNS sites that influence autonomic nervous system outflow. This will be followed by a discussion of evidence indicating that neuroexcitatory effects of cardiac glycosides play an important role in the cardiovascular effects of these agents. Interaction of cardiac glycosides with reflexogenic sites can explain many of the therapeutic effects of these drugs such as their antiarrhythmic effects and effects on preload, afterload, and renal function in patients with congestive heart failure. Interaction of cardiac glycosides with the CNS, specifically CNS sites that influence sympathetic outflow, can explain in part the ventricular tachyarrhythmias that occur with toxic doses of these agents.
A Study on Strength Anisotropy and the Peculiarity of the Fracture Origin of HP-Si3N4

The anisotropic mechanical properties were studied in uniaxially hot-pressed silicon nitride. The flexural strength and Weibull modulus of specimens with longitudinal direction perpendicular to the hot-pressing direction were 22% and 38% higher than those of parallel specimens, respectively. The perpendicular specimens had narrower distributions of defect size and 20% higher critical rupture stress for the apparent same-sized defects than the parallel ones. These differences have been attributed to the shape and orientation of defects.
Students' Race, Physical Attractiveness and Teachers' Judgments of Transgressions: Follow-up and Clarification

A number of studies have demonstrated that attractive students receive more positive ratings from teachers (1) and are less severely disciplined for classroom transgressions (2). Recently, this paradigm was varied by studying the effects of students' race along w~th physical attractiveness (3). Student teachers judged misbehaviors of black studena more severely than those of white students, regardless of attractiveness while practicing teachers judged misbehaviors of attractive students more severely than those of unattractive students, regardless of race. From these data, it cannot be determined whether this discrepancy results from a change in teaching role or from other variables. The present study investigates this by readministering the instrument (3) to those 27 females and 5 males from the original 54 female and 6 male student teachers who had become employed as teachers. Each received the same materials depicting the same classroom transgression committed by the same attractive or unattractive black or white student as had been previously received. It was hypothesized that a shift from bias along racial lines to bias along attractiveness lines would parallel the shift in role from student to practicing teacher. Data were analyzed by a 2 X 2 x 3 (Student Race x Attractiveness x Time) analysis of variance with the repeated measure Time being pre, post, and 1-yr. following student teaching. The dependent measure was the sum of judgments of 15 classroom transgressions (3). A significant interaction of race x attractiveness was noted (K.3 = 6.88, p = .01), with unattractive black students being judged significantly more severely and attractive black students judged significantly less severely than any of the ocher three categories, and with no differences between the intermediate attractive and unattractive white students. Instead of supporting the hypothesized shift from bias by race to bias by attractiveness, these results support Marwit, et al.'s (3) original contention that transgressions of unattractive students will be rated more severely than those of attractive students and that chis tendency will be most pronounced for blacks. Reexamination of Marwit, et al.'s (3) earlier data indicated a strong tendency among student teachers toward the same interaction of race X attractiveness, which had unfortunately not been reported because the p < .OG but not < .05. This ascribes added importance to the current findings and brings both sets of data more in line with the larger body of physical attractiveness literature.
Campaign News Genres, Audience Characteristics, and Media Perceptions: A Field Experiment

This study builds on theories of “relative hostile media perceptions” to assess how audience characteristics and the ideological content of programming interact to shape media perceptions across di...
Transmission of stochastic pressures through an aeroelastic plate into a cavity

The transmission of turbulent boundary layer (TBL) pressures into acoustic enclosures is very important to the aerospace industry. This topic is particularly important in aircraft interior noise investigations. While many studies have been published concerning TBL transmission through elastic plates into acoustic enclosures, few of these studies has considered the dynamic effects of aerodynamic flow over the elastic plate (i.e. aeroelasticity). This paper investigates the modeling of an elastic plate subject to full potential flow and stochastic pressure loading externally and coupled to a reverberant acoustic enclosure internally. The primary focus of this investigation is the effects of the external flow on the transmission of TBL noise through the plate into the enclosure. This effect will be quantified through analysis of the acoustic energy in the cavity. Nomenclature o ac aa b Cmn D Dmn h #M Hmn(t) Imn(t) panel length (chord) cavity speed of sound external speed of sound panel width (span) cavity/plate coupling matrix El/(I i/), stiffness aerodynamic influence coefficient thickness transfer function aerodynamic influence function aerodynamic influence "This work was supported in part by The National Science Foundation Graduate Traineeship EE-92-56573 and the NSF Career Program CMS-9501470. t Graduate Research Assistant, Student Member AIAA ^Assistant Professor, Member AIAA K k
Food Caching by Female American Kestrels in Winter

Prey caching is documented for many birds of prey. A review of some raptor species which cache food was provided by Mueller (1974). Additional records of caching among falconiforms were reported by Roest (1957), Gullion (1965) and Balgooyen (1976). Prey caching has also been noted in many owl species (Allen 1924, Lockley 1938, Wallace 1948, Mossman 1955, Jansson 1964, Norburg 1964, Grant 1965, Ligon 1968, Catling 1972). For the purposes of this study, I designated caching behavior as any activity involved in storing or retrieving prey. Storage is that aspect of caching in which a food item is placed in a cache. Retrieval is that aspect of caching in which a stored food item is removed from a cache. Typical prey retrieving behavior which failed to produce a food item is called here an attempt to retrieve. Most accounts of caching by American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) are based on relatively few observations of wild or captive birds (Pierce 1937, Tordoff 1955, Roest 1957). Stendell and Waian (1968) observed a female kestrel store 17 prey items in one cache over a 40-day period. Balgooyen (1976) watched kestrels caching food during the breeding season. He discussed the advantages of caching food, especially during periods when inclement weather is common and