cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process improvements in the production of silicon immersion gratings

We have explored a number of lithographic techniques and improvements to produce the resist lines that then define the grating groove edges of silicon immersion gratings. In addition to our lithographic process using contact printing with photomasks, which is our primary technique for the production of immersion gratings, we explored two alternative fabrication methods, direct-write electron beam and photo-lithography. We have investigated the application of antireflection (AR) coatings during our contact printing lithography method to reduce the effect of Fizeau fringes produced by the contact of the photomask on the photoresist surface. This AR coating reduces the amplitude of the periodic errors by a factor of 1.5. Electron beam (e-beam) patterning allows us to manufacture gratings that can be used in first order, with groove spacing down to 0.5 micrometer or smaller (2,000 grooves/mm), but could require significant e-beam write times of up to one week to pattern a full-sized grating. The University of Texas at Austin silicon diffractive optics group is working with Jet Propulsion Laboratory to develop an alternate e-beam method that employs chromium liftoff to reduce the write time by a factor of 10. We are working with the National Institute of Standards and Technology using laser writing to explore the possibility of creating very high quality gratings without the errors introduced during the contact-printing step. Both e-beam and laser patterning bypass the contact photolithography step and directly write the lines in photoresist on our silicon substrates, but require increased cost, time, and process complexity.
Attractor-shape descriptors for balance impairment assessment in Parkinson's disease

In this paper, we propose a computational framework using high-dimensional shape descriptors of reconstructed attractors of center-of-pressure (CoP) tracings collected from subjects with Parkinson's disease while performing dynamical posture shifts, to quantitatively assess balance impairment. Using a dataset collected from 60 subjects, we demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms traditional methods, such as dynamical shift indices and use of chaotic invariants, in assessment of balance impairment.
A 1536-Well 3D Viability Assay to Assess the Cytotoxic Effect of Drugs on Spheroids

Evaluation of drug cytotoxicity traditionally relies on use of cell monolayers, which are easily miniaturized to the 1536-well plate format. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have recently gained popularity thanks to their ability to better mimic the complexity of in vivo systems. Despite growing interest in these more physiologically relevant and highly predictive cell-based models for compound profiling and drug discovery, 3D assays are currently performed in a medium- to low-throughput format, either in 96-well or 384-well plates. Here, we describe the design and implementation of a novel high-throughput screening (HTS)–compatible 1536-well plate assay that enables the parallel formation, size monitoring and viability assessment of 3D spheroids in a highly consistent manner. Custom-made plates featuring an ultra-low-attachment surface and round-bottom wells were evaluated for their compatibility with HTS requirements through a luminescence-based cytotoxicity pilot screen of ~3300 drugs from ap...
Identifying the Long-Term Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Using a Transgenic Mouse Model.

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a potent mediator of oxidative stress during neuroinflammation triggered by neurotrauma or neurodegeneration. We previously demonstrated that acute iNOS inhibition attenuated iNOS levels and promoted neuroprotection and functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). The present study investigated the effects of chronic iNOS ablation after SCI using inos-null mice. iNOS−/− knockout and wild-type (WT) control mice underwent a moderate thoracic (T8) contusive SCI. Locomotor function was assessed weekly, using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), and at the endpoint (six weeks), by footprint analysis. At the endpoint, the volume of preserved white and gray matter, as well as the number of dorsal column axons and perilesional blood vessels rostral to the injury, were quantified. At weeks two and three after SCI, iNOS−/− mice exhibited a significant locomotor improvement compared to WT controls, although a sustained improvement was not observed during later weeks. At the endpoint, iNOS−/− mice showed significantly less preserved white and gray matter, as well as fewer dorsal column axons and perilesional blood vessels, compared to WT controls. While short-term antagonism of iNOS provides histological and functional benefits, its long-term ablation after SCI may be deleterious, blocking protective or reparative processes important for angiogenesis and tissue preservation.
An Improved Algorithm for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Systems

To reduce peak-to-average power radio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, a hybrid algorithm is proposed. It based on the DFT property of the time domain circular convolution (TCM) and a linear companding transform (LCT) methods. The algorithm has reduced system’s PAPR through lower twice the PAPR of OFDM signal at the transmitter. A number of simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can enjoy an improved performance and has a low complexity cost.
modSaRa: a computationally efficient R package for CNV identification.

Summary Chromosomal copy number variation (CNV) refers to a polymorphism that a DNA segment presents deletion or duplication in the population. The computational algorithms developed to identify this type of variation are usually of high computational complexity. Here we present a user-friendly R package, modSaRa, designed to perform copy number variants identification. The package is developed based on a change-point based method with optimal computational complexity and desirable accuracy. The current version of modSaRa package is a comprehensive tool with integration of preprocessing steps and main CNV calling steps. Availability and Implementation modSaRa is an R package written in R, C ++ and Rcpp and is now freely available for download at http://c2s2.yale.edu/software/modSaRa . Contact heping.zhang@yale.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sleep disturbance as a predictor of affective functioning and symptom severity among individuals with PTSD: An ecological momentary assessment study

Recent research has highlighted the etiological role of sleep disturbance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however it is currently unknown how daily changes in sleep are associated with next-day PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, sleep is critical for maintaining appropriate affect, leading some to hypothesize that affective dysfunction may account for the link between sleep disturbances and PTSD symptoms. Thus, the current study tested the relationship between sleep disturbances, affective valence, and PTSD symptoms utilizing an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design among individuals with PTSD (n=30) who participated in 4 EMA-based assessments daily over 8 days. Multilevel modeling indicated that, after accounting for prior evening's PTSD symptoms, poor sleep quality and reduced sleep efficiency were associated with increased PTSD symptoms and negative affect. Furthermore, results supported the indirect effect of poor sleep quality on elevated PTSD symptoms through increased negative affect in the morning. Findings add to the body of research demonstrating the negative impact of poor sleep for individuals with PTSD by indicating that daily variations in sleep can affect next-day PTSD symptoms, and identifying negative affect as a mechanism of this relationship.
The Effect of Cognitive Fatigue on Subjective Usability Scores

Cognitive fatigue is a known factor in errors and major accidents. What is unknown is the impact that cognitive fatigue might have on the subjective assessment of usability. If users are regularly ...
Theology Recapitulates Ontogeny: Reality Testing as an Analogy in Relating to God

The Hebraic idea of “truth,” as an interpersonal concept denoting dependability, reliability, and trustworthiness, is discussed as an essential aspect of both psychological development and biblically genuine fellowship with God. Interpersonal “truth” is given a critical role in the ontogenetic process of reality testing, wherein the stability and consistency of interpersonal behaviors and their meanings during early childhood profoundly influence the subsequent functional integrity of menial processes and social adjustment. Reality testing is discussed as analogous to the process through which one can construe and relate to God.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Combating Chronic Absence

Missing school is damaging the growth and development of our nation's students, particularly those entering school with the lowest skills (Ehrlich, Gwynne, Pareja, & Allensworth, 2014). It has been...
The Limit of as x Tends to Zero

(1996). The Limit of as x Tends to Zero. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 207-209.
Scavenging Behavior of the Aquatic Eastern Hellbender Salamander (Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis) in North Carolina

Abstract: Vertebrates may scavenge, or utilize carrion resources more than has been widely assumed (Devault et al. 2003). While documentation of scavengers in terrestrial and marine systems has received increased attention (Beasley et al. 2015; Davenport et al. 2016), little is known regarding scavengers in freshwater stream systems. Dominant fully aquatic salamanders are important foragers in these systems and may rival the biomass of predatory fish species (Davic and Welsh 2004). One fully aquatic salamander in Appalachian streams, the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), occurs in NC streams which receive potentially large seasonal influxes of hatchery reared trout (NCWRC 2017). Moreover, few reports exist in the published literature on the food preferences of eastern hellbender salamanders. While hellbender diet is comprised of 90% crayfish based on stomach content analysis (Peterson et al. 1989), a small portion of their diet is thought to include fish or fish bait (Nickerson and Mays 1...
Energy Absorption Characteristics of Graded Foams Subjected to High Velocity Loading

In this study the effect of layer stacking arrangement on the energy absorption characteristics of density-graded cellular polymers subjected to high velocity impact is investigated experimentally. Dynamic loading is performed using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) which is also modified for a direct impact experiment. Different bulk density polymeric foam layers are bonded together in different stacking arrangements and subjected to impact loading. Ultra-high speed imaging is implemented to measure the deformation and observe the formation and propagation of compaction waves during direct impact. The effect of the orientation of the discrete layers on the dynamic stress-strain response is analyzed using digital image correlation (DIC). The effects of material compressibility are implemented to the analysis. The approach uses DIC to calculate the full-field acceleration and material density, later used to determine the stress gradients developed in the material. The best arrangement of layer structure is chosen by the highest energy absorption characteristics measured. Failure mechanisms associated with energy dissipation in graded materials are discussed.
Filled with the Spirit: Wine and Worship in Levitical Light (Ephesians 5.18–21)

This essay argues that the background of the temple, and particular priestly and levitical activities, explain the logic of Eph. 5.18–21. After setting this text in context and addressing various proposed backgrounds, the proposal of this essay is initially examined in relation to the imperative to be filled ἐν πνeύματι in 5.18, which I argue is a dative of content. After seeing how this fits within the temple themes of the letter, the immediate context is explored to show how similar motifs continue to emerge. In particular, the prohibition of drunkenness is seen in relation to the desire for priests to abstain from alcohol while serving in the temple. The worship that ensues in the first four participles (5.19–20) that are dependent on the imperative to be “filled” (5.18) are similarly seen to be inspired by priestly and levitical actions, since singing was primarily relegated to the temple setting and to a particular levitical office within the cult. This is then finally situated in relation to the subsequent Haustafel, which is also grammatically subordinated to the imperative in 5.18. The Haustafel contributes to this scene by highlighting how, in the domestic context of early Christian house churches, the gathering was believed to be sacred space in which the church was a temple made of priests who were filled with the Spirit and praised God. In such corporate settings of worship, drunkenness is not to be permitted.
Microplastics are ubiquitous on California beaches and enter the coastal food web through consumption by Pacific mole crabs

Microplastics are commonly found in marine ecosystems, but their distribution, prevalence, and impacts on resident fauna are still not well understood. Microplastics in coastal sediments expose invertebrate infauna to the risk of ingestion of plastic debris and associated toxicants. We assessed the prevalence of microplastics in beach sediments and ingested by Pacific mole crabs (Emerita analoga) at sandy beaches spanning >900 km of the California coast. Microplastics were present in sediments of every one of 51 beaches sampled. At a subset of 38 beaches Pacific mole crabs were collected and crabs at every beach had ingested microplastics. Across all beaches sampled, an average of 35% of Pacific mole crabs examined had microplastics in their guts. Our study demonstrates that microplastics are ubiquitous in sediments on California beaches and they are frequently consumed by a filter-feeding crustacean that is a common prey item in the diet of a wide variety of taxa, including fishes and birds.
Corrected Transposition: Anatomic Repair Using the Hemi-Mustard Atrial Baffle and Bidirectional Superior Cavopulmonary Connection

Anatomic repair for congenitally corrected transposition requires thoughtful surgical planning at both initial (neonatal or late) presentation, and during definitive repair. An algorithmic approach to the overall management of this lesion, with its many associated intracardiac anomalies, is presented. Modified atrial switch with bidirectional superior cavopulmonary connection is commonly utilized and demonstrates favorable results through a 20-year experience. Herein, technical considerations learned during the implementation of this strategy are described and emphasize the concept, in selected cases, of native pulmonary root preservation by translocation as an adjunct that is uniquely suited by adopting this approach.
Time Series Analysis

Time series analysis is the technique used to study observations that are measured over time. Examples include natural phenomena (temperature, humidity, wind speed) and business variables (price of commodities, stock market indices) that are measured at regular intervals (hourly, daily).
Using Virtual Events for Edge-based Data Stream Reduction in Distributed Publish/Subscribe Systems

Distributed publish/subscribe systems are an enabling technology for Industrial Internet of Things applications. While the number of sensors increases, network bandwidth becomes a bottleneck. Existing solutions typically aim to reduce network load either by pre-processing events directly on the edge or by aggregating events into larger batches. However, these approaches are rather static and do not adequately account for the application requirements of subscribers or the actual values of sensor measurements. This paper introduces methods for publish/subscribe systems to dynamically adapt payloads of events at runtime based on i) different data reduction and transformation strategies, ii) a wrapper solution around existing message brokers and iii) a semantics-based event schema registry. Consumers are able to subscribe to various quality levels and receive virtual events, that are reconstructed directly at the subscriber based on knowledge from the semantic model and dynamic decision rules. Our evaluation shows that the concept of virtual events can reduce the network load between publishers, the message broker and subscribers compared to multiple investigated compression techniques.
How individuals with spinal cord injury in the United States access and assess information about experimental therapies and clinical trials: results of a clinical survey.

Study design An internet-based survey. Objectives To determine how individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) access information about experimental therapies and clinical trials. To understand which factors influence receipt of and perceived trustworthiness of that information. Setting Two academic medical centers and an SCI organization. Methods Demographic information frequencies and percentages were calculated then analyzed using chi-square tests for independence. Fisher's exact test of independence was used to assess significance for contingency tables with categories containing expected counts below five. Results Three hundred sixty four persons with SCI participated in the survey. Most felt confident in their ability to evaluate SCI-specific information from a variety of sources, though SCI organizations and the medical literature were deemed the most reliable. Information from SCI specialists was deemed more credible than that from non-SCI specialists, but only 53.6% of participants had access to them. Nearly all (89.0%) respondents who had sought information about experimental therapies had found it online, while 51.4% of those who had participated in a clinical trial had been contacted by a research team. Only 8.4% of participants felt their medical teams offered them sufficient information about experimental therapies and clinical trials. Wealthier and more educated respondents were more knowledgeable about health-related resources on the internet. Nearly all participants (96.9%) expressed interest in learning more about trials related to SCI. Conclusions There is an information deficit among people with SCI pertaining to experimental therapies and clinical trials. It is exacerbated by lack of income, education, and access to SCI specialists.
Abstract P367: Brain-Wide Quantification of Amyloid in Transgenic Mice Using Volumetric Imaging and Automated Image Analysis

Localizing and quantifying amyloid in three dimensions furthers understanding of spatial patterns of amyloid deposition and disease progression in experimental models of cerebral amyloid angiopathy...
What is the Role of Nb in Nickel-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries?

Nickel-rich layered metal oxide LiNi1–y–zMnyCozO2 (1 – y – z ≥ 0.8) materials are the most promising cathodes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. However, they lose more...
A Network-Oriented Dataflow Database System

This paper presents a database model represented as a graph where each node is an active entity capable of receiving and processing data packages called tokens. This graph will be referred to as a dataflow graph. All requests are injected into the dataflow graph in the form of tokens which propagate through the graph by being replicated from one node to another. Thus computation proceeds in an asynchronous data-driven fashion.
Chemostats used for studying natural selection and adaptive evolution.

Publisher Summary Chemostats are open systems in which nutrients are continually added at a constant rate and spent medium plus cells removed at the same rate, such that a constant volume is maintained. Thus, they are designed to provide a constant, homogeneous environment in which the cells grow at a constant rate. Chemostats are used in two ways to study evolution. The first approach attempts to characterize natural selection in terms of how selection coefficients change as either the genetics or the environment is changed. Two strains are mixed and the initial selective difference between the strains is measured over the first 50 generations. The second approach follows the course of adaptive evolution of a population in a particular environment. A single initial strain is monitored over hundreds to thousands of generations to determine the evolutionary changes. The advantage of the first approach is that the genetic differences are known and the effects of these differences in various environments can be explored. The advantage of the second approach is that the actual evolutionary trajectory of fitness changes is followed.
A novel CD141+ human blood plasmacytoid dendritic cell subtype produces high levels of IFN-α and acquires virus-associated cellular material from live tumor cells (VIR9P.1136)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population important in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. Human blood DCs are broadly characterized as pDC(BDCA2+), mDC1(BDCA1+), and mDC2(BDCA3+(CD141)). While much work has focused on the functional role of CD141hi mDCs, we investigated the maturation potential and functional significance of a novel subtype of classically defined plasmacytoid DCs (BDCA2+) co-expressing intermediate levels of BDCA3. Using flow cytometry, we identified four human blood DC subsets: BDCA2+/3-, BDCA2+/3int, BDCA2-/3int, and BDCA2-/3hi. Upon stimulation with TLR9 agonists CpG-A or HSV-1, the BDCA2+/3int DCs had the highest frequency of IFN-α+ and TNF-α+ cells among these DC subtypes. The BDCA2+/3int compared to BDCA2+/3- DCs also become more activated and mature with relatively higher expression of co-stimulatory and migratory surface receptors in response to HSV-1. IRF7, the master regulator of IFN production in pDCs, was constitutively expressed by BDCA2+/3- and BDCA2+/3int ­DCs but not by BDCA2- DCs. Both BDCA2+/3int and to a lesser extent, BDCA2+/3- DC preferentially acquired cellular material from HSV-infected Raji cells. These data indicate that BDCA2+/3int DCs exhibit major functions associated with classical pDCs and are phenotypically and functionally distinct from BDCA2-/3int and BDCA2-/3hi DCs. Together these results describe a novel CD141+ pDC subset that is very potent and virus responsive as compared to the CD141hi mDCs.
Diffusion tensor imaging detects treatment effects of FTY720 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice.

Fingolimod (FTY720) is an orally available sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator reducing relapse frequency in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In addition to immunosuppression, neuronal protection by FTY720 has also been suggested, but remains controversial. Axial and radial diffusivities derived from in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were employed as noninvasive biomarkers of axonal injury and demyelination to assess axonal protection by FTY720 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. EAE was induced through active immunization of C57BL/6 mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35–55 (MOG35–55). We evaluated both the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment effect of FTY720 at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg on EAE mice by daily clinical scoring and end-point in vivo DTI. Prophylactic administration of FTY720 suppressed the disease onset and prevented axon and myelin damage when compared with EAE mice without treatment. Therapeutic treatment by FTY720 did not prevent EAE onset, but reduced disease severity, improving axial and radial diffusivity towards the control values without statistical significance. Consistent with previous findings, in vivo DTI-derived axial and radial diffusivity correlated with clinical scores in EAE mice. The results support the use of in vivo DTI as an effective outcome measure for preclinical drug development. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Order and Control in American Socio-Economic Thought: Social Scientists and Progressive-Era Reform

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. An Introduction to Progressivism 2. Lester Frank Ward: Progenitor of American Progressivism 3. Degeneracy and Directed Order: Charles Horton Cooley and Progressive-Era Sociology 4. Edward Alsworth Ross: The Need for Social Control 5. Richard Theodore Ely: Christian Socialist and Prophet of Paternalism 6. Henry Carter Adams and the Regulatory State 7. Prolegomenon to the Social Philosophy of John Dewey. Conclusion
Transmediastinal gunshot wounds. A reconsideration of the role of aortography.

Objective: To evaluate the contribution of aortography in the management of stable patients with transmediastinal gunshot wounds. Design: Retrospective review of clinical records. Setting: Level I urban trauma center. Patients: Forty-three patients with aortic or esophageal gunshot injuries. Interventions: Patients who were stable after initial resuscitation underwent aortography followed by esophagography. Main Outcome Measures: Hemodynamic status on admission, time devoted to diagnostic workup, surgical (or autopsy) findings, morbidity, and mortality. Results: There were 24 esophageal injuries and 20 aortic injuries. Patients with aortic injuries were less often stable for aortography (10% vs 42%; P =.02), and fewer of them survived (15% vs 58%; P =.01). In no patient was the aortic injury initially detected by aortography. Stable patients with esophageal injuries experienced an average 11-hour interval between injury and surgery (nearly 3 hours attributable to aortography). Conclusion: Esophageal evaluation should precede aortography in the workup of stable patients with transmediastinal gunshot wounds. Arch Surg. 1996;131:949-953
Accounting Method Choice and Motives for Share Repurchases

Firms can choose to account for repurchased shares using either the retirement method or the cost method. Using logit regression, I find that firms' choice of accounting method for repurchased shares is strongly influenced by whether they have been long-time users of the cost method. Test results indicate that the accounting method currently being used provides no information about the motives for recent repurchase transactions and that the permanent versus temporary nature of the repurchase distribution is not clearly reflected by the method in use.
Mass Media, Representations in

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 14, pp. 9363–9368, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
School Stress and Anxiety Interventions

Interventions aimed at management of school-related stress provide a viable means of delivery of school psychological services which have the potential for promoting the emotional and physical heal...
Development and Applications of High Throughput Multiplex STR Systems

This chapter describes nine polymorphic tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci (Edwards et al, 1991, 1992, Polymeropoulos et al., 1991) and the development of methods which are compatible with both silver and fluorescent detection, providing a pwerful set of markers for universal application. The creation of allelic ladders and multiplex sets involving these systems accelerates and simplifies analysis providing for rapid, efficient, and precise application to allele identification.
Noise cancelling performance of an adaptive receiver for underwater communications

Acoustic communication with autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is complicated by the vehicles self-noise, particularly on AUVs with on-board active acoustic systems. Fortunately, active emissions generated on-board the AUV provide a convenient reference signal characterizing the self-noise. This paper addresses the use of such reference signals to improve the performance of acoustic communication systems. To this end, two methods of noise cancellation are examined both theoretically and experimentally. The first, called the cascade method, makes use of a conventional adaptive noise cancellation algorithm followed by a receiver with adaptive equalization. The second, called the noise cancellation method, involves a recently-proposed multi-channel adaptive receiver algorithm. It is shown that the multi-channel receiver can operate reliably in a signal-to-noise ratio of -3 dB or worse, a gain of about 10 dB over a conventional receiver for the codes and data-rates used. The cascade method, however, has a performance inferior to that of the multi-channel receiver due to adaptation noise.
Boundary Negotiations: Electronic Environments as Interface

Abstract Boundaries have long been a concern of literacy scholars, who are very much interested in how individuals cross boundaries and gain membership/genre expertise in new activity systems. Consequently, much attention and research has focused on issues of transition and transference: entering the academic community and acquiring academic literacy, writing across the disciplines, moving from undergraduate to graduate school, or transitioning from school to workplace settings. Less attention has been paid to boundary interactions involving other activity systems, especially those associated with home and popular culture. Drawing upon genre theory, I explore how the popular discourses and literacy practices prevalent in today's media-savvy, image-literate culture intersect and interact with academic discourses and literacy practices in electronic environments. Understanding how popular culture and classroom genres intersect via the interface of technology can help students use what they already know (i.e., apply the various literacy skills they already practice) in learning new strategies and new conceptions—in short, new literacies.
Realizing software longevity over a system's lifetime

A successful instrument or telescope will measure its productive lifetime in decades; over that period, the technology behind the control hardware and software will evolve, and be replaced on a per-component basis. These new components must successfully integrate with the old, and the difficulty of that integration depends strongly on the design decisions made over the course of the facility's history. The same decisions impact the ultimate success of each upgrade, as measured in terms of observing efficiency and maintenance cost. We offer a case study of these critical design decisions, analyzing the layers of software deployed for instruments under the care of UCO/Lick Observatory, including recent upgrades to the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (LRIS) at Keck Observatory in Hawaii, as well as the Kast spectrograph, Lick Adaptive Optics system, and Hamilton spectrograph, all at Lick Observatory's Shane 3-meter Telescope at Mt. Hamilton. These issues play directly into design considerations for the software intended for use at the next generation of telescopes, such as the Thirty Meter Telescope. We conduct our analysis with the future of observational astronomy infrastructure firmly in mind.
The affinity of mitochondria for Ca

E' stata studiata l'affinita dei mitocondri di fegato di ratto e di cuore di coniglio per il Ca++, nel sistema dipendente da energia. Si sono usati tamponi EGTA-Ca++ per mantenere la concentrazione del Ca++ costante durante l'esperimento. Si e dimostrato che laKm apparente per il Ca++ non e lontana da 10−6M.
Age-related alterations in the antigen-specific response to listeria infection in zinc deficient mice

Abstract Immunologic evaluation of the infected nutritionally-deprived host provides an assessment of immune activity as it occurs during the metabolic and nutritionals stress of infection. In the present study, in vivo listericidal activity was followed in 4 month old and 26 month old zinc deficient (ZD) and pair-fed (PF) groups of mice following 10 weeks of dietary intervention. In addition, in vitro antigen-specific T cell proliferative response to heat-killed Listeria antigen was evaluated in spleen cells from young and old ZD and PF mice. In the young mice, the initial non-specific phase of the response was unaffected by zinc deficiency. In contrast, the late phase T cell-dependent response was impaired in the ZD young mice as evidenced by significantly greater numbers of live Listeria remaining per gram spleen. In the old ZD mice, the response to infection was more severely compromised than in young ZD mice and was associated with a significant increase in infection-related mortality. Further, the antigen-specific proliferative response in old ZD mice was significantly less than in young ZD mice. These results suggest that the threshold for disease resistance in old mice may be more sensitive to inadequate nutritional status than in young adult mice.
Protein, calcium, iron, and amino acid content of selected wild and domesticated cultivars of finger millet

Two wild and eight domesticated cultivars of finger millet were analyzed to determine their proximate composition and calcium, iron, and amino acid content. Wide variations were observed in the protein (mean values ranged from 7.5 to 11.7%), calcium (376 to 515 mg/100 g), and iron (3.7 to 6.8 mg/100 g) content of the wild and domesticated cultivars. A wild progenitor of finger millet, Ecoracana subsp.africana was significantly higher in protein than four of the six domesticated accessions analyzed. The calcium and iron content of the wild progenitor was also significantly greater than that of two domesticated cultivars. The wild species was also found to be higher in lysine and five other essential amino acids. These results indicate that the nutritional value of finger millet may be significantly improved by selective crossbreeding of the cereal's wild and domesticated cultivars.
Motorcycle injuries in Bermuda

Tourists who hire mopeds or motorcycles for personal use have a risk for accident. The incidence of tourist accidents in Bermuda was 1.57 accidents/1000 tourists evaluated over a 6-month period. The accident incidence increased as the tourist population got larger. Tourists of more than 40 years of age had the greatest increase in incidence for accident during this period. The risk of an injury requiring hospital stay was one patient for every 16,000 tourists visiting the island, and usually involved the fracture of an extremity. All accidents, major or minor, resulted in some form of skin injury.
Atomically Resolved Site-Isolated Catalyst on MgO: Mononuclear Osmium Dicarbonyls formed from Os3(CO)12

Supported triosmium clusters, formed from Os3(CO)12 on MgO, were treated in helium at 548 K for 2 h, causing fragmentation of the cluster frame and the formation of mononuclear osmium dicarbonyls. The cluster breakup and the resultant fragmented species were characterized by infrared and X-ray absorption spectroscopies, and the fragmented species were imaged by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The spectra identify the surface osmium complexes as Os(CO)2{Osupport}n (n = 3 or 4) (where the braces denote support surface atoms). The images show site-isolated Os atoms in mononuclear osmium species on MgO. The intensity analysis on the images of the MgO(110) face showed that the Os atoms were located atop Mg columns. This information led to a model of the Os(CO)2 on MgO(110), with the distances approximated as those determined by EXAFS spectroscopy, which are an average over the whole MgO surface; the results imply that these complexes were located at Mg vacancies.
On cascading failures and countermeasures based on energy storage in the smart grid

Recently, there have been growing concerns about electric power grid security and resilience. The performance of the power grid may suffer from component failures or targeted attacks. A sophisticated adversary may target critical components in the grid, leading to cascading failures and large blackouts. To this end, this paper begins with identifying the most critical components that lead to cascading failures in the grid and then presents a defensive mechanism using energy storage to defend against cascading failures. Based on the optimal power flow control on the standard IEEE power system test cases, we systematically assess component significance, simulate attacks against power grid components, and evaluate the consequences. We also conduct extensive simulations to investigate the effectiveness of deploying Energy Storage Systems (ESSs), in terms of storage capacity and deployment locations, to mitigate cascading failures. Through extensive simulations, our data shows that integrating energy storage systems into the smart grid can efficiently mitigate cascading failures.
A Comprehensive Examination of Preschool Teachers’ Implementation Fidelity When Using a Supplemental Language and Literacy Curriculum

Recent curriculum studies raise a number of questions concerning teachers’ implementation fidelity, including the extent to which fidelity to multiple curriculum components is achieved and measured and the extent to which fidelity serves as a mechanism for impacting children’s learning. Within the context of a language and literacy curriculum supplement designed for use at scale, we investigated (1) teachers’ fidelity across the multiple dimensions identified in the literature (e.g., Dane and Schneider in Clin Psychol Rev 18(1):23–45, 1998) and interrelations among these dimensions and (2) associations between measures of fidelity and the language and literacy gains made by children. We examined the fidelity of 74 preschool teachers implementing Read It Again!. Multiple measures of adherence, exposure, quality of delivery, and participant responsiveness were collected across the year of implementation, and children’s (n = 295) language and literacy gains were directly measured. Descriptive statistics demonstrated generally high implementation fidelity across all dimensions. Correlational analyses showed few interrelations among fidelity measures and few associations with child gains. Findings suggest that teachers can exhibit fidelity to multi-componential language and literacy curricula designed for wide-scale use. Findings also support fidelity as a multidimensional construct and suggest that researchers utilize multiple measures to capture both within- and between-teacher variation in fidelity, while also pursuing additional studies to better understand the measurement and functioning of fidelity to inform future work.
Solutions for the Inclined Borehole in a Porothermoelastic Transversely Isotropic Medium

A porothermoelastic solution of the general problem of the inclined borehole in a transversely isotropic porous material is presented herein and compared with the isotropic porothermoelastic solution. The governing equations are outlined for the case of general anisotropy and specialized for a transversely isotropic poroelastic material under nonhvdrostatic and nonisothermal in situ conditions. A superposition scheme is employed to obtain the analytical solutions within the isotropic and transversely isotropic poromechanics theory. The borehole generator is assumed to coincide with the material axis of symmetry, in the case of transverse isotropy, yet subjected to a three-dimensional state of stress. A systematic analysis has been carried out to evaluate the effect of the anisotropy of the poromechanical material parameters as well as the thermal material properties on stress and pore pressure distributions and the potential impact on the overall stability of deep wellbore drilling.
Mixed-Spin Pairing Condensates in Heavy Nuclei

We show that the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations for nuclear ground-state wave functions support solutions in which the condensate has a mixture of spin-singlet and spin-triplet pairing. We find that such mixed-spin condensates do not occur when there are equal numbers of neutrons and protons, but only when there is an isospin imbalance. Using a phenomenological Hamiltonian, we predict that such nuclei may occur in the physical region within the proton dripline. We also solve the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations with variable constraints on the spin-singlet and spin-triplet pairing amplitudes. For nuclei that exhibit this new pairing behavior, the resulting energy surface can be rather soft, suggesting that there may be low-lying excitations associated with the spin mixing.
A computer-controlled language training system for investigating the language skills of young apes

A computer-controlled language training system was designed and constructed to enhance the objectivity and efficiency of inquiry into the language-relevant behaviors of apes. The system allows the S to gain control over the events of the 24-h day in direct correspondence with its competence in using a keyboard on which each key represents a word. Various incentives can be obtained through the selection and depression of appropriate keys in accordance with rules of sentence structure monitored by a computer. The system is flexible and allows for eventual conversation between man and ape, with the computer as the intermediary. A Teletype records all that transpires. Achievements of the chimpanzee S over the course of the first 8 months of the system’s operation attest to the worth of the system and training methods.
Effect of carbon dioxide, osmotic potential of nutrient solution, and light intensity on transpiration and resistance to flow of water in pepper plants.

The rate of transpiration, temperature of the leaves, and relative water content of leaves of pepper plants were measured in a small chamber in which the temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration of recirculated air were controlled and measured. The data reported were obtained by noting the response of pepper plants to all combinations of the following treatments: high light, 1.5 x 10(6) ergs per square centimeter per second; low light, 3.0 x 10(4) ergs per square centimeter per second; three levels of CO(2): 50, 268, and 730 parts per million; nutrient solution osmotic potentials of -0.5, -5.0, -7.5, and -9.5 bars.The rate of transpiration of pepper plants was reduced by a decrease in osmotic potential of the nutrient solution, an increase in CO(2) concentration in the ambient air, and a decrease in light intensity. The response, as measured by transpiration, to the three variables, light, CO(2), and osmotic potential indicated that each variable influenced a different and independent mechanism. A change in a single variable produced essentially the same percentage change at all levels of the other variables. The rate of movement of water from roots to leaves was in response to water potential gradient and not the actual potential in the leaves.The resistance to flow of water through the plants (R) was estimated by dividing the difference between the water potentials of the solution and the leaves by the rate of transpiration. The data indicated an increase in R as the rate of transpiration decreased. The type and size of errors encountered in the estimation of R and location of R within the plant are discussed.
Characterizing the structure of undisturbed soils

Soil structure is often viewed as the spatial heterogeneity of component soil properties. To explore a method for determining this heterogeneity, we examined the use of spectral analysis to discern the periodic spatial variance in depth series measurements of penetration resistance and oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) in undisturbed soil cores. Mean power spectra of penetration resistance residuals for 105 moldboard-plowed (MP) and 109 no-tillage (NT) cores had peaks at a frequency of 0.031 cycles mm -1 . The NT treatment, however, averaged 0.71 higher log e power across the frequency range of 0 to 1.0 cycles mm -1 . Harmonic analysis related this to increased aggregate strength in the NT treatment. Mean power spectra of detrended ODR data from 96 MP and 95 NT cores had peaks across the frequency range of 0.017 to 0.025 cycles mm -1 . The NT treatment again averaged 0.78 higher log e power across the frequency range of 0 to 0.125 cycles mm -1 . Geometric mean aggregate diameters showed tillage-induced differences of 6.8 mm for the MP and 10.8 mm for the NT treatments. The mean frequencies corresponding with maximum power for the individual spectra were not different between tillage treatments or between the independent penetrometer and ODR methods, yielding aggregate diameters of 15.3 mm. The absence of tillage-induced aggregate diameter differences from analysis of penetration resistance and ODR data, as contrasted with the observed aggregate diameter differences from sieving, suggests that sieving may not precisely reflect the in situ aggregation of soils.
Ethnic Preferences, Social Distance Dynamics, and Residential Segregation: Theoretical Explorations Using Simulation Analysis∗

In this paper I consider theories of residential segregation that emphasize social distance and ethnic preference dynamics. I argue that these theories are more compelling than many critics have supposed, and I conclude that they deserve to be considered more carefully. I then use simulation methodology to assess the potential impact of social distance and ethnic preference dynamics on ethnic segregation under certain theoretically interesting conditions. Based on the results from the simulation analyses, I offer three conclusions: (1) status preferences and status dynamics have the capacity to produce high levels of status segregation but do not produce high levels of ethnic segregation under the specified simulation conditions; (2) ethnic preferences can, under certain theoretically interesting conditions specified in these simulations, produce high levels of ethnic segregation in the absence of housing discrimination; and (3) ethnic preferences and social distance dynamics can, when combined with statu...
Facial asymmetry while posing positive and negative emotions: support for the right hemisphere hypothesis

The purpose of this report was to examine facial asymmetry during the expression of positive and negative emotions. In addition, methodological factors in the study of facial asymmetry were considered. Subjects were 16 neurologically-healthy right-handed adult males, videotaped while posing eight facial expressions (positive and negative) under two conditions (verbal command and visual imitation). Separate asymmetry ratings of the two sides of the face were made by judges viewing normal or mirror-reversed versions of the videotape. There were no effects of valence, condition, or videotape orientation on the asymmetry ratings, and, in general, expressions were produced significantly more intensely on the left than the right side of the face. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the right cerebral hemisphere is dominant for the expression of facial emotion of both valences.
Congenital Muscular Torticollis and Positional Plagiocephaly

On the basis of observational studies, child health practitioners in primary care settings should consider the diagnosis of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT)in infants with risk factors from birth history for intrauterine malpositioning or constraint (C). On the basis of observational studies, CMT is often associated with other conditions, including positional plagiocephaly and gross motor delays from weakened truncal muscles and/or lack of head control in early infancy (C). On the basis of observational studies, child health practitioners should counsel parents that infants should be on their stomachs frequently whenever they are awake and under direct adult supervision to develop their prone motor skills (C). On the basis of consensus, early identification of CMT(with or without positional plagiocephaly) and prompt referral to a physical therapist experienced in the treatment of CMT should be considered to avoid more costly or invasive treatments, such as cranial orthoses or surgery (D).