cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piecewise procurement of a large-scale project

This paper studies the optimal piecewise procurement of a large-scale project. In the unique Markov Perfect Equilibrium (MPE) of the dynamic procurement game, it is found that (1) unlike the static setting, the procurer’s optimal strategy depends on the number of suppliers and more importantly, it is nonmonotonic. As one more supplier participates in the procurement auction, the procurer softens competition in the initial stages by including more cost btypesQ while increasing competition in the mature stages; (2) this, in turn, implies that existing suppliers might favor participation of additional suppliers; (3) absent scheduling and/or resource constraints, the procurer prefers to procure the project as one piece if the suppliers’ technology exhibits constant or increasing returns, and no additional suppliers are enticed to bid; and (4) the optimal dynamic mechanism can be easily implemented via a sequence of dominant strategy auctions of the Vickrey type. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
New Views in Tectonic Significance of Platform Sediments in the Bohemian Massif, Czechoslovakia

Basins filled with the continental upper Paleozoic rocks in the Bohemian Massif represent graben facies deposited in a system of half-grabens and grabens that follow the Precambrian lineaments or strike-slip faults. These rocks were laid down contemporaneously with an intermittent taphrogenic faulting over the updomed Bohemian Massif. Further uplift and repeated faulting in portions of the area of the upper Paleozoic continental sedimentation are marked by graben-rift formation on a regional scale. As a result, still-active structures constitute the central European part of the intercontinental belt of the world rift system of lilies (1969). The graben-rift structures of the Bohemian Massif are associated with Westphalian rhyolites, Autunian melaphyres, and Miocene-Pleistocene alkaline basalts. Because of the taphrogenic character of graben-rift tectonics and volcanicity in the Bohemian Massif, previous views that Vari-scan and Alpine orogenies are responsible for these phenomena are not supported.
Thermally efficient compact fluorescent fixtures

A series of prototype fixtures that employ convective venting and heat sinking to reduce elevated lamp temperatures is described. Experimental data show that decreases in fixture efficiency can approach 20% due to elevated temperature conditions inside the lamp compartment. The elevated temperatures increase the minimum lamp-wall temperature of the compact fluorescent lamp and reduce the light output and efficacy of the lamp ballast system. It is shown that the cooling strategies can produce 20% increases in light output and efficacy. >
The semantics and expressive power of the MLR data model

We define the multilevel relational (MLR) data model for multilevel relations with element-level labeling. This model builds upon prior work of numerous authors in this area, and integrates ideas from a number of sources. A new data-based semantics is given to the MLR data model which combines ideas from SeaView, belief-based semantics and LDV model, and has the advantages of both eliminating ambiguity and retaining upward information flow. The resulting model is simple, unambiguous and powerful. It has five integrity properties and five operation statements for manipulating multilevel relations. In order to support this integration, we introduce several new concepts as well as redefine several old ones. The expressive power of the MLR model is also discussed in this paper, and is compared with several other models. We also address some issues in converting the MLR model to tuple-level labeling, including both scheme mapping and operation interpretation. >
The Effect of Predator Hunger on Chemically Mediated Antipredator Responses and Survival in the Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae)

The wolf spider Pardosa milvina exhibits effective antipredator behavior (reduced movement) in the presence of silk and excreta from a larger co-occurring predatory wolf spider Hogna helluo. As the quantity and quality of the silk and excreta may vary with the hunger state of the predator, we tested if chemical cues from a hungry vs. satiated H. helluo affected the activity level and survival of P. milvina. Pardosa milvina response was measured on substrates containing chemical cues from (1) a satiated H. helluo, (2) a H. helluo that had been withheld food for 2 wk, (3) cues from adult domestic crickets (Acheta domesticus), or (4) a blank test substrate (20 replicates/treatment). Pardosa milvina activity level was recorded on each substrate over a 30-min period using videotracking equipment (Videomex-I � ; Columbus Instruments, Columbus, OH, USA). We then measured P. milvina survival in the presence of hungry or satiated H. helluo on cues from a hungry H. helluo, satiated H. helluo, or a blank control (2 · 3 design). Pardosa milvina significantly reduced activity in the presence of H. helluo cues and showed significantly less activity in the presence of cues from a hungry H. helluo compared with a satiated one. Cue type and predator hunger state significantly affected P. milvina survival in the presence of live predators. However, cues from hungry vs. satiated H. helluo resulted in no difference in P. milvina survival. Pardosa milvina can discriminate between hungry vs. satiated predators based on silk and excreta cues alone, but differences in behavior as a result of this discrimination did not translate into increased survival in the presence of a live predator.
Urinary Biomarker Detection of Melamine- and Cyanuric Acid-Induced Kidney Injury in Rats

Oral coexposure of rats to melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) results in a dose-dependent increase in the formation of MEL-CYA crystals in the kidney. The aim of this study was to determine if urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury could be used to noninvasively detect renal damage associated with crystal formation in the kidneys of MEL- and CYA-exposed rats. Urine was obtained on days 0 (predose), 2, 4, 14, and 28 from male and female Fischer 344 rats fed a diet supplemented with 0, 120, 180, or 240 ppm each of MEL and CYA. A number of urinary protein biomarkers (kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, osteopontin, albumin, alpha-GST, GST-Yb1, renal papillary antigen 1 [RPA-1], and clusterin) were measured using a multiplex assay system. The results showed that RPA-1 (distal tubule and collecting duct injury biomarker) was elevated on day 28 at the 120 ppm dose and higher in male rats and at the 180 ppm dose and higher in female rats; however, other urinary protein biomarkers were significantly elevated only at the 240 ppm dose. Significant elevation in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels, and severe renal damage evidenced by histopathology, were observed after 28 days of exposure to the highest dose, despite the fact that MEL-CYA crystals were observable at the 120 and 180 ppm doses. These data indicate that RPA-1 may serve as a noninvasive urinary biomarker for the detection and monitoring of obstructive nephropathy associated with MEL-CYA exposure.
Can non-linear structure form at the era of decoupling?

The effects of large-scale fluctuations on small-scale isothermal modes at the epoch of recombination are analysed. We find the following. (a) Albeit the fact that primordial fluctuations were at this epoch still well in the linear regime, a significant non-linear radiation hydrodynamic interaction could have taken place. (b) Short-wavelength isothermal fluctuations are unstable. Their growth rate is an exponential function of the amplitude of the large-scale fluctuations and is therefore very sensitive to the initial conditions. (c) The observed cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) fluctuations are of order of the limit above which the effect should be significant. Thus, depending on their exact value, the effect may be negligible or lead to structure formation out of the isothermal fluctuations within the period of recombination. (d) If the cosmological parameters are within the prescribed regime, the effect should be detectable through induced deviations in the Planck spectrum. (e) The sensitivity of the effect to the initial conditions provides a tool to set limits on various cosmological parameters with emphasis on the type and amplitude of the primordial fluctuation spectrum. (f) Under proper conditions, the effect may be responsible for the formation of sub-globular-cluster sized objects at particularly high redshifts. (g) Under certain circumstances, it can also affect horizon-sized large-scale structure.
Using thionates for noise eperiments – a reasonable combination?

The detection of intergranular corrosion (IGC) initiation of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 347) coupon specimens was investigated using electrochemical noise (EN) measurements. The tests were performed in acidic sodium tetrathionate (Na2S4O6) solution. The IGC initiation in tetrathionate solution could not be clearly detected by the electrochemical potential noise signal due to interferences of the noise signal with chemical processes which occurred in the test solution. This was confirmed by tests with inert platinum specimens. It was concluded that EN results obtained by tests in thionate or comparable sulfur containing solutions should be regarded with great care and verified, e.g., by tests with inert specimens. Thionate und Rauschexperimente – eine geeignete Kombination? Die Detektion der Initiierung interkristalliner Korrosion im austenitischen Stahl der Werkstoffnummer 1.4550 (AISI 347) wurde mit elektrochemischen Rauschmessungen untersucht. Die Versuche wurden in saurer Natriumtetrathionatlosung (Na2S4O6) durchgefuhrt. Durch die Wechselwirkung des Rauschsignals mit chemischen Reaktionen der Versuchslosung konnte die Initiierung von interkristalliner Korrosion nicht eindeutig durch das Potentialrauschen detektiert werden. Dies wurde durch Versuche mit inerten Platinproben bestatigt. Daraus wurde gefolgert, dass Ergebnisse aus elektrochemischen Rauschmessungen in thionathaltigen oder vergleichbaren schwefelhaltigen Losungen mit grosser Sorgfalt betrachtet und z. B. durch Versuche mit inerten Proben uberpruft werden sollten.
Proof carrying-based information flow tracking for data secrecy protection and hardware trust

We discuss a new approach for protecting the secrecy of internal information in an Integrated Circuit (IC) from malicious hardware Trojan threats and, thereby, enhancing hardware trust. The proposed approach is based on Register Transfer Level (RTL) code certification within a formal logic environment. The key novelty lies in the introduction of a new semantic model for the Verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) in the Coq theorem-proving platform, which facilitates tracking and proving secrecy labels of internal sensitive data and, by extension, security properties of the design. Additional framework enhancements include the ability to encapsulate sub-module properties in the top module proof environment, thereby strengthening the ability of Coq representation to reason on hierarchically organized RTL code. We demonstrate the proposed framework on a DES encryption core, wherein we employ it to prevent secret information (e.g. round keys) leaking by hardware Trojans inserted at the RTL description of the circuit.
Minimum time trajectory learning

This paper presents an algorithm for finding the minimum time trajectory of an actual dynamic system by using online measurements of the state trajectory. The algorithm is shown to be extremely robust to mismatch between the model and the system. It is a projected gradient method that uses the measured terminal state error of the actual system and gradients based on the theoretical state equation of the system but evaluated along the actual state trajectory. The success of the method is demonstrated on an under actuated double pendulum system called the acrobot.
DNA transposons and the role of recombination in mutation accumulation in Daphnia pulex

Background We identify DNA transposons from the completed draft genome sequence of Daphnia pulex, a cyclically parthenogenetic, aquatic microcrustacean of the class Branchiopoda. In addition, we experimentally quantify the abundance of six DNA transposon families in mutation-accumulation lines in which sex is either promoted or prohibited in order to better understand the role of recombination in transposon proliferation.
Scheduling and Pre-Conditioning in Multi-User MIMO TDD Systems

The downlink transmission in multi-user multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has been extensively studied from both communication-theoretic and information-theoretic perspectives. Most of these papers assume perfect/imperfect channel knowledge. In general, the problem of channel estimation is studied separately. However, in interference-limited communication systems with high mobility, the problem of channel estimation is tightly coupled with the problem of maximizing throughput of the system. In this paper, scheduling and preconditioning in the presence of reciprocal time-division duplex (TDD) training are considered. In the case of homogeneous users, a scheduling scheme is proposed and an improved lower bound on the sum capacity is derived. The problem of choosing training sequence length to maximize net throughput of the system is also studied. In the case of heterogeneous users, a modified pre-conditioning method is proposed and an optimized pre-conditioning matrix is derived. This method is combined with a scheduling scheme to further improve achievable weighted-sum rate.
A close-range photogrammetric technique for mapping neotectonic features in trenches

Close-range photogrammetric techniques and newly available computerized plotting equipment were used to map exploratory trench walls that expose Quaternary faults in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Small-scale structural, lithologic, and stratigraphic features can be rapidly mapped by the photogrammetric method. This method is more accurate and significantly more rapid than conventional trench-mapping methods, and the analytical plotter is capable of producing cartographic definition of high resolution when detailed trench maps are necessary. In this method, field data in the form of contacts and structural features are recorded on pairs of stereographic photographs of the trench walls after the geologist has studied and delineated the relevant geologic and structural features. Stereophoto pairs with a minimum of four surveyed control points for each stereo model are oriented in an analytical plotter. Geographic data handling software is used to collect, edit, and plot the trench map. The major advantages of using close-range photogrammetry and digital plotting over conventional mapping procedures include: 1) greater cartographic accuracy, 2) decreased field and office time to produce a detailed trench-wall map, 3) creation of a permanent photographic record of the field data which can be reanalyzed for verification or revision and which may meet many Quality Assurance Program requirements, 4) ability to easily edit or add new data, and 5) ability to easily and rapidly change scales of the final trench map.
Implementing mapping composition

Mapping composition is a fundamental operation in metadata driven applications. Given a mapping over schemas σ1 and σ2 and a mapping over schemas σ2 and σ3, the composition problem is to compute an equivalent mapping over σ1 and σ3. We describe a new composition algorithm that targets practical applications. It incorporates view unfolding. It eliminates as many σ2 symbols as possible, even if not all can be eliminated. It covers constraints expressed using arbitrary monotone relational operators and, to a lesser extent, non-monotone operators. And it introduces the new technique of left composition. We describe our implementation, explain how to extend it to support user-defined operators, and present experimental results which validate its effectiveness.
Spectroscopic Elucidation of First Steps of Supported Bimetallic Cluster Formation

Initial steps of bimetallic Ru-Os cluster formation on MgO in the presence of H{sub 2} are analyzed by EXAFS and IR spectroscopy. Ru-Os bond formation takes place after decarbonylation of Ru{sub 3} clusters and subsequently, at higher temperatures, of Os{sub 3} clusters to generate coordinative unsaturation.
Equilibrium and Ion Exchange Characteristics of Potassium and Sodium Accumulation by Barley Roots.

Potassium ion and Na+ influx and efflux rates into and from excised barley roots are compared with the maximum capacity of accumulation. Potassium ion and Na+ influx and efflux involve a cation exchange that is independent of simultaneous exchange of the accompanying anion. These exchange fluxes depend on the concentration and cation composition of the solutions from which they originate. Selective differences between K+ and Na+ fluxes are sufficient to account for a cationic distribution within the roots that differs markedly from that of the external solution and that persists for extended time periods. The accumulation maximum is a cation exchange equilibrium with the cation influx and efflux rates approaching equality. The equilibrium level is independent of the individual cation fluxes and the external solution concentration. It is a finite quantity which appears to be determined by the internal anion concentration including accumulated as well as endogenous anions.
Firms' information sources and the technology life cycle

Revolutionary advances in technology have led to many exuberant assessments of the benefits firms could derive from having economical access to ever larger volumes of information. In most of these pronouncement no attention has been paid to differentiating among sources and types of information, or to examining under what conditions increased information flows, as against internally–generated knowledge, actually produce competitive advantages for firms. Unqualified approval of the 'information revolution' has not, so far, been supported by many empirical investigations of its actual effects, especially with respect to firms' ability to generate and implement advances in their basic technologies. Such investigations may derive guidance from a taxonomic framework suggested here that recognizes differences among an individual firm's sources for enhancing its technical capabilities, as well as changes in the relative significance of these sources over the technology life cycle.
Gorbachev's Economic Strategy: A Preliminary Assessment

Gorbachev's economic strategy for the remainder of this decade is analyzed using the information contained in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan covering the years 1986-1990. The plan calls for an acceleration in the rate of economic growth achieved through a modernization of industry, a restructuring of investment, and increased labor effort on the part of the entire labor force. The economic reforms which accompany the plan are fairly modest. Analysis of the plan shows that it is very ambitious, and probably unachievable, although some improvement in economic performance is not excluded. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 052, 113, 124.
The first U.S. history textbooks: constructing and disseminating the American tale in the nineteenth century

The story of George Washington and the cherry tree, it turns out, is just one of many such tales that have long formed the mythology of American history. Indeed, history as myth, as story, looms la...
Evaluation on the Effect of Fuzhou Tuberculosis Hospital Brought into Line with the Standard of Diagnosis and Treatment

Objective To understand the implementing information about TB hospital brought into line with the standard of diagnosis and treatment,so as to provide referring basis for designing new TB control model in Fujian province. Methods The reports from TB reporting system by Fuzhou city during 2009-2012,and the supervision data were collected and analyzed. Results The pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB)detected in Fuzhou city were 15 181cases during2009-2012,and the smear positive PTB and new SS+PTB were 7 665and 6 950cases respectively,in the corresponding period the active PTB,smear positive PTB,and new SS+PTB registered by Fuzhou TB hospital accounted for 46.87%,36.73%and 35.64%,the three indexes increased year by year(P 0.01).The active PTB registered for one year in the whole city were 11 690during 2009-2011,10 151were cured and the successful treatment rate of active PTB registered by Fuzhou TB hospital with 79.13was lower than the PTB registered in the whole city with 86.83%(P 0.01).The PTB registered in the whole city cases during 2009-2012were 15 181,the proportion of referral cases was 7.37%,the referral cases by Fuzhou TB hospital was 13.00%.the rate of referral cases was 12.16%,12.71%,13.74%,and 13.29%(P 0.01)during 2009-2012. Conclusion TB hospital plays an important role in Fuzhou city PTB detection,but the aspect of PTB regular management needs to be further improved.
The state of sexuality education in baccalaureate nursing programs.

Abstract Background There is a great deal of consensus about the need for sexuality education in nursing education programs, however the current state of sexuality education in the United States in terms of the content and amount of time dedicated to sexuality content has not been examined since 1976. Objectives The purpose of this study is to describe the amount and focus of sexuality content currently taught and to identify the barriers to the inclusion of sexuality education in baccalaureate nursing programs in the United States. Design This is an exploratory, descriptive study. Settings Data was gathered from nurse educators across the United States. Participants Nurse educators who teach in baccalaureate nursing programs in the United States. Methods Online email survey with closed and open questions. Open responses were categorized and counted. Results The current state of sexuality education in nursing programs in the United States was examined and found to be lacking consistent and adequate information. Only 16% of nurse educator participants believe their students are prepared to deal with sexuality issues in the clients they work with and 27% report that sexuality content is not part of their curriculum. Some programs do not cover content such as LGBT sexual health, normal sexual function, and taking a sexual history. Barriers to sexuality education include lack of time, higher priority given to other content, and lack of comfort with the topic. Conclusions Sexuality education in nursing programs is lacking and this oversight prevents the adequate education of nursing students. This lack of adequate sexuality content highlights the need for standardization of sexuality education in nursing curricula so that nursing students can learn to provide truly holistic care of clients.
Site preparation alters soil distribution of roots and ectomycorrhizae on outplanted western white pine and Douglas-fir

This report documents root and ectomycorrhizal development on container-produced (1-0), outplanted, western white pine and Douglas-fir seedlings growing in site-prepared forest soils typical of the Inland Northwestern US. The following site preparations were used: 1) mounding organic and surface mineral horizons; 2) mounding with subsequent physical removal or chemical control of competing vegetation; 3) scalping to reduce competing vegetation; and, 4) a control or no post-harvest disturbance. Treatments were applied on relatively harsh and moderate sites in northern Idaho. Most ectomycorrhizae on the seedling population were found in the mineral substrates that dominated planting sites. However, compared to mineral substrates, highest seedling ectomycorrhizal tip counts were recorded in organic matter, particularly decayed wood or mixtures containing decayed wood. Strong ectomycorrhizal development was characteristic of western white pine. It supported highest ectomycorrhizal activity in organic substrates on the harshest treatments (scalps). Douglas-fir showed even stronger relative increases of ectomycorrhizae in organic substrates on harsh treatments. Three of the four common ectomycorrhizal morphological types were concentrated in mineral substrates with all treatments. A treatment-induced change of behavior was shown by the principal pine type. It occurred at highest numbers in organic substrates of the mound with competing vegetation treatment and in mineral substrates with the control. If relative availability to seedling roots was considered, organics (especially decomposed wood) were generally equal or superior to mineral substrates for supporting ectomycorrhizal activity on planted seedlings.
The 2011 Joseph W. Richards Summer Research Fellowship — Summary Report Electrodeposition at Nanoelectrodes

cm -2 . Thus, the expected number of active sites on the surface of a ~30-nm-radius electrode is <<1. Our research is aimed at investigating the feasibility and mechanism of electrodeposition of metals at nanoelectrodes. The electrodes were prepared by heat sealing/pulling an annealed 25 µm Pt wire into a borosilicate capillary under vacuum with the help of a laser pipet puller. 2 We have recently developed methodology for quantitative control of the amount and the shape of the deposited metal. 3
Surgical treatment of kyphosis in achondroplasia.

This presentation reports my experience at the Johns Hopkins Hospital with the surgical management of thoracolumbar kyphosis in achondroplasia. These patients had had no childhood brace treatment for their kyphosis or had persisted in having a significant kyphosis despite bracing. Two major types of thoracolumbar kyphosis were seen: one group with severe wedging at the apical vertebrae and the other group with several adjacent vertebrae having mild to moderate wedging.
In Vivo Delivery and Therapeutic Effects of a MicroRNA on Colorectal Liver Metastases

Multiple therapeutic agents are typically used in concert to effectively control metastatic tumors. Recently, we described microRNAs that are associated with the oligometastatic state, in which a limited number of metastatic tumors progress to more favorable outcomes. Here, we report the effective delivery of an oligometastatic microRNA (miR-655-3p) to colorectal liver metastases using nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs). The NCPs demonstrated a targeted and prolonged distribution of microRNAs to metastatic liver tumors. Tumor-targeted microRNA miR-655-3p suppressed tumor growth when co-delivered with oxaliplatin, suggesting additive or synergistic interactions between microRNAs and platinum drugs. This is the first known example of systemically administered nanoparticles delivering an oligometastatic microRNA to advanced metastatic liver tumors and demonstrating tumor-suppressive effects. Our results suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for metastatic liver disease by the co-delivery of microRNAs and conventional cytotoxic agents using tumor-specific NCPs.
Client Driven Change Management

In this paper, we describe a client-driven approach to managing a change from Zimbra to Microsoft Office 365 for email and calendar.
The Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX): Preliminary Results from 1974 and Plans for 1975

The first field phase of AMTEX was conducted during 14–28 February 1974 in the vicinity of the Southwest Islands of Japan, with the operational control center at Okinawa. Investigators from Japan, Australia, and the United States participated in the experiment. The measurements and synoptic situation during the field program as well as some preliminary results are presented. The weather was characterized by a warm period from 14 to 23 February, followed by a cold period from 24 to 28 February when extensive modification of the continental air took place. Plans for the 1975 field program, scheduled for 16 February to 3 March, are discussed. No major changes from the 1974 program are expected in 1975.
The Fourteenth Amithao Thomson, 1878 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini): A Remarkable New Species from Ecuador

A new species in the Neotropical genus Amithao Thomson, 1878 is described from Ecuador, with supporting illustrations and a diagnosis. A revised key to the 14 species in the genus is provided along with an annotated checklist.
RIGHT VENTRICULAR LOAD ADAPTABILITY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CONTINUOUS-FLOW LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE IMPLANTATION

This study compares the prognostic value of right ventricular load-adaptability indices to predict right heart failure (RHF) post-left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. From 2009 to 2016, 194 patients who underwent continuous-flow LVAD were included. RHF was defined as unplanned need
Deep Neural Network Initialization With Decision Trees

In this paper, a novel, automated process for constructing and initializing deep feedforward neural networks based on decision trees is presented. The proposed algorithm maps a collection of decision trees trained on the data into a collection of initialized neural networks with the structures of the networks determined by the structures of the trees. The tree-informed initialization acts as a warm-start to the neural network training process, resulting in efficiently trained, accurate networks. These models, referred to as “deep jointly informed neural networks” (DJINN), demonstrate high predictive performance for a variety of regression and classification data sets and display comparable performance to Bayesian hyperparameter optimization at a lower computational cost. By combining the user-friendly features of decision tree models with the flexibility and scalability of deep neural networks, DJINN is an attractive algorithm for training predictive models on a wide range of complex data sets.
The Reproductive Toxicology of Pesticides

The successful reproduction of any species depends upon the accurate and orderly integration of genetic, biochemical, physiological, developmental, and functional processes. Any significant interference with the normal functioning of the organism may manifest itself as an adverse effect on reproduction. While this statement is an extremely obvious one, it is important to bear in mind given the design and endpoints of some of the standard protocols used to assess reproductive toxicity. If we strictly define the processes which are essential for mammalian reproduction we may list the following components: genetic integrity; gametogenesis; transportation of the gametes; fertilization; formation of the pre-implantation embryo; maternal hormonal, physiological, and structural alterations necessary for in utero development; implantation of the embryo; placentation; embryogenesis; fetal growth; parturition and the changes necessary for the fetus to assume an independent existence; maternal/neonatal relationship; and postnatal growth and maturation. In a practical (or regulatory) sense, reproductive toxicity is divided into two areas: the potential of agents to adversely affect either structural or functional development (teratogenicity), or any of the other processes listed above (reproductive toxicity).
8.23 Mass Movement Processes in the Periglacial Environment

Mass wasting is the gravity-driven downslope movement of surficial materials. In a perglacial environment the phase change of ice to water in the regolith contributes to the loss of the shear strength of slopes, resulting in slope failures at slope angles much lower than expected under nonfreezing conditions. Within a framework of slope stability analysis, this paper outlines the main factors influencing the shear strength of, and the shear stress exerted on, a slope to explain the unusual behavior of many slopes in a periglacial environment. These include ground-ice content, soil texture, vegetation cover, snow cover and duration, local topography, and frequency of the freeze–thaw cycle. A simple classification of common mass wasting processes is applied to examine slow movements such as creep and solifluction; and more rapid movements including rockfalls, snow avalanches, slushflows, retrogressive thaw slumps, and active layer detachment failures. Two important areas of research are the focus of recent contributions to the periglacial geomorphology literature. First, although historically important to periglacial studies, there has been a recent resurgence in the application of mass movement processes as criteria for reconstructing paleoenvironments. Developments and innovations discussed herein include analysis of soil and sediment characteristics, the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR), and dating of materials and surfaces using luminescence techniques and cosmogenic isotopes. Second, important contributions are emerging on the application of mass wasting deposits and landforms as tools to understand spatial and temporal patterns of recent global environmental change.
Training residents in medical informatics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A number of medical educators have called for an increased emphasis on medical informatics training, but few family practice residency programs have provided more than cursory teaching efforts in this area. This paper provides an overview of approaches to medical informatics education that have been implemented with some success by "pioneer" programs. A comprehensive review of the literature reveals many promising teaching applications of informatics tools, such as palmtop computing devices, e-mail, decision support software, and videoconferencing. However, barriers to the advancement of informatics training in residency remain, including low rates of computer ownership and use among residents, a lack of information regarding faculty computer skills, and lack of collaboration among programs teaching informatics. Based on the literature review and tempered by expert recommendations, an eight-step process for developing or refining a family medicine informatics curriculum is proposed: 1) conduct a needs assessment 2) review expert recommendations, 3) enlist faculty and local institutional support, 4) espouse a human-centered approach, 5) integrate informatics training into the larger curriculum, 6) provide easy access to computers, 7) provide practical training, and 8) measure and report educational outcomes.
The association of allergic sensitization in mother and child in breast-fed and formula-fed infants.

Human milk contains immunologically active substances potentially capable of altering infant immune response. As part of the prospective Children’s Respiratory Study, we assessed whether the association between maternal allergic status and allergic status of the child was altered by breast-feeding. Skin-prick tests for 7 common allergens were administered to 702 6-year-old children and their mothers. The percentage of children sensitized to specific allergens, maternal skin test response to that allergen, and whether or not the child was ever breast-fed was determined Findings indicated that specific sensitization in the mother was associated with specific sensitization in the child only if the child was breast-fed. This indirectly supports the hypothesis that contents of milk differ with maternal allergic status, and appear to affect allergic status in the child. These results suggest that milk from allergic mothers either promotes a Th2 type immune response or suppresses Thl immune response in the child.
Urea Cycle: Disease Aspects

The primary function of the urea cycle is to detoxify ammonia, which most cells produce through the oxidation of amino acids. Ammonia and other metabolites can accumulate because of a congenital absence of either a constituent enzyme of the urea cycle or a transport system that is essential to urea cycle function. Severe neonatal cases present with poor feeding, vomiting, and lethargy that quickly progress to coma by 36–48 h of life. Patients with residual enzyme activity present later in life with hyperammonemia and recurrent vomiting, ataxia, mental confusion, irritability, and combativeness. The usual cause for hyperammonemia is a catabolic stress such as acute infection or an inappropriate dietary protein intake. Diagnosis of a urea cycle disorder is based on evaluation of clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic data. A plasma ammonia concentration of 150 mmol l −1 or higher, associated with a normal anion gap, is a strong diagnostic indicator. Measurement of the level of plasma amino acids and urine orotic acid is helpful to diagnose urea cycle disorders and to differentiate among enzyme deficiencies. The mainstays of treatment include hemodialysis, and administration of arginine and nitrogen-scavenger drugs such as sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate. The latter two agents favor excretion of waste nitrogen by pathways other than the urea cycle. A critical intervention is the minimization of tissue protein catabolism by administration of calories, especially as glucose. Restriction of dietary protein is most important since it limits body ammonia formation.
Prescription Amphetamine Use Associated With Acute Cardiomyopathy

An 18-year-old male with a past medical history significant for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presented with chest pain and shortness of breath. He reportedly took four times the amount of lisdexamphetamine as normally prescribed, 160 mg total. He had no other history of illicit drug, tobacco, or alcohol abuse. On physical examination he was anxious appearing and his blood pressure was 188/98 mmHg, HR 65 bpm, and saturating 99% on room air. Urinary drug screen was positive for amphetamines. Due to overdose protocol, he was admitted to the ICU where his respiratory status acutely decompensated necessitating emergent intubation. Chest radiograph revealed diffuse bilateral interstitial opacities. Sinus tachycardia with inferior-lateral ST depressions were noted on his ECG. Troponin I peaked at 0.481 ng/mL. An emergent transthoracic echocardiogram revealed an EF of 15-20% with mid-ventricular severe hypokinesis, basal inferior/lateral dyskinesis, and sparing of the apex. Diastology was consistent with grade II dysfunction. A diagnosis of stress-induced cardiomyopathy secondary to prescription amphetamine overdose was made. Repeat transthoracic echocardiogram at 48 hours revealed a recovering ejection fraction of 45-50% with mild global hypokinesis. He was discharged and lost to follow up thereafter. Amphetamine use associated cardiomyopathy, which has also been described as Amphetamine Type Stimulant Associated Cardiomyopathy (ATSAC), should be considered in patients prescribed amphetamines presenting with clinical features of heart failure. Several cases have reported a link between illicit amphetamines and reversible stress induced cardiomyopathy, however, few have shown an association with prescription amphetamines. In the setting of a hyper-catecholamine state, proposed mechanisms of cardiotoxicity have included oxidative stress, perfusion defects, cardiomyocyte necrosis, and defects in intracellular calcium homeostasis, among others. Additional cardiovascular complications linked to these medications include acute coronary syndromes, myopericarditis, and arrhythmias. Our patient's echocardiogram was suggestive of atypical basal variant of Takotsubo's that significantly improved on subsequent echocardiographic evaluation. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the potential cardiotoxicities associated with commonly prescribed amphetamine type stimulants. Frequently, as depicted in our case, the acute cardiomyopathy may be transient. Prompt diagnosis and withdrawal of the offending agent may lead to recovery of cardiac function and improved patient outcomes.
Blue grama grass genotype affects palatability and preference by semi-arid steppe grasshoppers

Abstract The semi-arid shortgrass steppe ecosystem of North America is dominated by blue grama grass (Bouteloua gracilis), a species with substantial intraspecific variability, ecological significance, and economic value. Yet no studies have addressed within species differences in blue grama palatability or insect herbivore preference with respect to plant traits. We performed an experimental study to test the palatability and preference of two blue grama genotypes, wild type versus cultivar, by grasshopper herbivores in the Gomphocerinae subfamily. We found strong evidence that cultivar blue grama was more palatable than wild type and that grasshoppers preferred cultivar plants. Although we could not detect differences in silica content between the two types, we found that cultivar plants were larger, had lower water content, and surprisingly, had reduced nutrient value (greater C:N). These results suggest that intraspecific variation in blue grama size and water content could influence feeding choices by this group of grasshoppers. Conservation managers will have to consider such variation when considering how remnant and restored prairies might be affected by these arthropod herbivores.
From Oppositional Culture to Cultural Integrity: African American Students’ Perceptions of the Activity Structure and Physical Ecology of Classrooms:

This work extends examination of African American students’ attitudes toward learning and achievement to contrast the oppositional culture (Ogbu and Fordham) and cultural integrity perspectives. We...
Spirituality and adjustment: The role of identity

The study examined the relationship between spirituality, identity development, and maladjustment variables. A total of 1,016 college student participants (53.9% female) were recruited from a major...
The Discovery of Metallocene- and Metallocene-Like Addition Polymers

A personal account is given of the “early days” in the development of metallocene addition polymers in order to mark the 50th anniversary of the first report of a metallocene addition polymer, poly(vinylferrocene), by Arimoto and Haven at DuPont Inc. in 1955. Sometimes looking back, it seems like the early work was quaint and even obvious by today’s standards. However, this was not the case in the 1960s and ‘70s. These polymers seemed a strange departure from the “classic” world of polystyrene, polyacrylates, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polybutadiene etc. The Polymer Handbook gave us no clue about how vinyl metallocenes might behave. Only through the (then) tedious synthesis of new monomers and a careful study of their homopolymerization kinetics and mechanism, their copolymerization reactivities and the characterization of the contributions the metal makes to their properties, was the stage set for the wider inclusion of organometallic addition polymers into mainstream macromolecular and materials science. Starting in the 1990s, and continuing today, an explosive growth of metal-containing macromolecular science and its extension to materials science has occurred. Herein, the early work in our laboratory is revisited. In the 1960s, metallocenes and organometal carbonyl compounds were a new exotic thrust of chemistry, merging inorganic and organic disciplines. However, few chemists had any thoughts of adapting this young field to polymers and materials. This is easily forgotten now, when practically every issue of numerous journals are filled with articles about polymers, films, multilayered devices etc. containing organic and inorganic hybrid substances (including metals) prepared by designer synthetic chemistry, self-assembly or biologically inspired routes. We have certainly come a long way!
A Taxonomy and an Ethicist's Toolbox: Mapping a Plurality of Normative Approaches.

Brummett and Salter (2019) lament the “confused and confusing” debate on the question: “Can clinical ethicists offer justified, normative recommendations for active patient cases?” In response, the...
To Frame or Reframe: Where Might Design Thinking Research Go Next?:

Design thinking is gaining widespread attention in the practitioner and academic literature. Successful implementation has been documented, and its value shown in empirical studies. There is little...
Genetic mapping of physiological traits associated with terminal stage drought tolerance in rice

Drought during reproductive stage is among the main abiotic stresses responsible for drastic reduction of grain yield in rainfed rice. The genetic mechanism of reproductive stage drought tolerance is very complex. Many physiological and morphological traits are associated with this stress tolerance. Robust molecular markers are required for detection and incorporation of these correlated physiological traits into different superior genetic backgrounds. Identification of gene(s)/QTLs controlling reproductive stage drought tolerance and its deployment in rainfed rice improvement programs are very important. QTLs linked to physiological traits under reproductive stage drought tolerance were detected by using 190 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) mapping population of CR 143–2-2 and Krishnahamsa. Wide variations were observed in the estimates of ten physiological traits studied under the drought stress. The RIL population was genotyped using the bulk- segregant analysis (BSA) approach. A total of 77 SSR polymorphic markers were obtained from the parental polymorphisms survey of 401 tested primers. QTL analysis using inclusive composite interval mapping detected a total of three QTLs for the physiological traits namely relative chlorophyll content (qRCC1.1), chlorophyll a (qCHLa1.1), and proline content (qPRO3.1) in the studied RIL population. The QTL, qPRO3.1 is found to be a novel one showing LOD value of 13.93 and phenotypic variance (PVE) of 78.19%. The QTL was located within the marker interval of RM22-RM517 on chromosome 3. Another novel QTL, qRCC1.1 was mapped on chromosome 1 at a distance of 142.8 cM and found to control relative chlorophyll content during terminal drought stress. A third novel QTL was detected in the population that controlled chlorophyll a content (qCHLa1.1) under the terminal stress period. The QTL was located on chromosome 1 at a distance of 81.8 cM and showed 64.5% phenotypic variation. The three novel QTLs, qRCC1.1, qCHLa1.1 and qPRO3.1 controlling relative chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a and proline content, respectively were identified in the mapping population derived from CR 143–2-2 and Krishnahamsa. These 3 QTLs will be useful for enhancement of terminal drought stress tolerance through marker-assisted breeding approach in rice.
Neutral lipid-storage disease with myopathy and Jordan anomaly.

A 58-year-old man presented with slowly progressive weakness involving proximal arm, distal leg, and finger extensor muscles. His history included embolic stroke, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, and triglyceridemia. Family history of myopathy was absent, but consanguinity was present. Muscle biopsy and carnitine/acylcarnitine testing were deferred. Heterozygous mutation in GNE p.V727L (VUS) and homozygous mutations in PNPLA2 p.R221P (pathogenic) were present. PNPLA2 mutations cause neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy (NLSDM1) and associated cardiomyopathy, metabolic disorders, and leucocyte vacuoles (figure). Jordan anomaly2 (leukocytic triglyceride containing vacuoles) on peripheral blood smear confirmed NLSDM. This is a unique abnormality documenting the pathologic basis for NLSDM.
Disparity in Context: Judges’ Perspectives on Disparities in a Sentencing Guideline System

Unwarranted disparity in sentencing continues to be a problem in criminal courts. Sentencing, a final step in the multi-stage process of criminal justice, is seen as such an important component of ensuring consistency that legislative policy has created guidelines to control judicial decision-making. Nonetheless, research shows that disparity under sentencing guidelines persists due to influences external to the law—referred to as substantive rationality. Sentencing research overwhelmingly utilizes quantitative analysis of official court data to produce its conclusions about the influences of disparity. The current study builds upon past research by using qualitative analysis of interviews with 20 judges in Michigan. The recent shift from mandatory to advisory sentencing guidelines and the scope of disparity in Michigan make it a substantively rich site for investigation. This analysis found several themes in judges’ perspectives on causes of disparity, including: (1) localization, organizational resources, and court policy; (2) individual judicial philosophy and decision-making, (3) influence from pre-sentencing reports and appellate courts.