cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does matter wave amplification work for fermions

We discuss the relationship between bosonic stimulation, density fluctuations, and matter wave gratings. It is shown that enhanced stimulated scattering, matter wave amplification, and atomic four-wave mixing do not require macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. These processes are in principle possible for fermionic or nondegenerate samples, if they are prepared in a cooperative state. In practice, there are limitations due to short coherence times.
Fracture Liaison Services: Promoting Enhanced Bone Health Care

The high prevalence of osteoporotic fractures and their major effect on morbidity and mortality emphasizes the critical need to optimize bone health care. Patients presenting with fragility fractures are at high risk of subsequent fracture, but treatment rates have remained low for these patients. Recently developed fracture liaison services have successfully increased osteoporosis treatment, with improved patient outcomes. We review factors contributing to the treatment gap in osteoporosis, the function of fracture liaison services in reducing this gap, and lessons learned from the literature on effective formats, key elements, and suggestions for managing challenges in implementation of a fracture liaison service.
Scale, shale, and the state: political ecologies and legal geographies of shale gas development in Pennsylvania

Recent work on legal geographies has arguably paid far too little attention to the environment as both an object of governance and a terrain of struggle with respect to the law. Conversely, political ecology as a field, with its focus on informal and extra-legal dynamics, has arguably engaged too little with the legal geographies that are central to environmental conflicts in many locations. This paper examines and theorizes the legal geographies that have been essential elements of the recent boom in extraction of natural gas from the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania. Specifically, it examines the ways in which laws and the authority of the state more broadly have been changed, deployed, and invoked, particularly through the passage of Act 13, to enable the extraction of the gas in the shale and its circulation as a viable commodity. This analysis of the relevant multiscalar legal geographies illustrates the productivity of a more direct engagement between political ecology on one hand, and legal geography on the other.
Analytical infrared intensities for periodic systems with local basis sets

We report a method for the efficient evaluation of analytic infrared intensities within a generalized Kohn--Sham density functional theory using Gaussian orbitals and periodic boundary conditions. A discretized form of the Berry phase is used to evaluate a periodic dipole moment and its derivatives with respect to in-phase nuclear coordinate displacements. Benchmark calculations are presented for one-dimensional chains of water molecules and poly($p$-phenylene vinylene).
Bulbospinal respiratory neurons are a source of double synapses onto phrenic motoneurons following cervical spinal cord hemisection in adult rats

The purpose of this study was to determine if the medullary neurons that provide the primary excitatory drive to phrenic motoneurons (i.e., rostral ventral respiratory group, rVRG) are a source of double synapse formation in the phrenic nucleus after spinal cord hemisection. The axons of rVRG neurons either ipsilateral or contralateral to the hemisection were labeled by injection of a mixture of HRP and WGA-HRP into the rostral ventral respiratory group. Phrenic motoneurons ipsilateral and caudal to the hemisection were labeled by the retrograde transport of HRP. The ultrastructural results indicated that after hemisection, rVRG neurons from both sides of the medulla formed labelled double synapses in the phrenic nucleus.
Cactus virus in the United States.

SINCE the first report by Molisch1 of the presence of proteinaceous spindles in the cells of certain cacti, a series of researches has been made demonstrating the association of virus with the spindles and with amorphous inclusions2.
Stereochemical Interactions in Ammonium Dications, Hypervalent Diammonium Cation-Radicals and Ammonium Radicals. A B3-MP2 Computational Study:

Hypervalent ammonium radicals and cation-radicals derived from cis and trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diamine have been studied computationally with the goal of elucidating intramolecular interactions between the ammonium and amine functional groups in a conformationally rigid model system. Hypervalent cis and trans-cyclopentane-1-ammonium-2-amine radicals are only marginally stable against dissociation by loss of an ammonium hydrogen atom and ammonia. The radicals are predicted to exhibit very similar dissociations originating from the ground and excited electronic states. The dissociation and transition state energies in bifunctional hypervalent ammonium radicals are analogous to those reported previously for monofunctional ammonium radicals. Stereochemical effects are predicted to occur in the formation and dissociations of hypervalent cis and trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diammonium cation-radicals. The cis-isomer is calculated to undergo very facile elimination of dihydrogen resulting from a dipolar H(+)....H(-) interaction between the ammonium groups. The trans-isomer is predicted to spontaneously dissociate to a complex of cyclopentene cation-radical and two ammonia molecules.
Nerve injury-induced changes in GABAA and GABAB sub-unit expression in area 3b and cuneate nucleus of adult squirrel monkeys: Further evidence of developmental recapitulation☆

Abstract The primate somatosensory system provides an excellent model system with which to investigate adult neural plasticity. Here, we report immunohistochemical staining data for the GABA A α1, GABA B R1a, and GABA B R1b receptor subunits in somatosensory area 3b, and cuneate nucleus one week after median nerve compression in adult squirrel monkeys. We find a significant decrease in GABA A α1 subunit staining across all cortical layers and within both soma and neuropil of the deprived cortical and brainstem regions. The GABA B staining showed an opposing shift in deprived regions, with a significant increase in presynaptic GABA B R1a staining, and a significant decrease in postsynaptic GABA B R1b staining in deprived regions of the cortex and brainstem. These changes in receptor subunit expression generate patterns that are very similar to those reported in the neonate. Furthermore, the similarities between brainstem and cortical expression suggest conserved forms of adult plasticity in these two regions. Taken together these results, along with the results from our previous paper investigating AMPA subunit expression in these same animals, support the hypothesis that deprived neurons enter a previously hidden state of developmental recapitulation that serves to prime the brain for NMDA receptor mediated receptive field reorganization.
Lagged Effects between Family-Specific and Generalized Work-Related Resources

Grounded in organizational support and social exchange theory, the dynamic lagged interplay between family-supportive supervision (FSSB), family-supportive organization perceptions (FSOP), perceived organizational support (POS), and leader- member exchange (LMX) was examined in the present study. Data was collected from 435 respondents over three time points with six-week lags between assessments. Results suggest that FSSB has a significant lagged effect on FSOP, whereas the reverse relationship was not supported. Interestingly, contrary to organizational support theory, we did not find significant lagged effects between POS and FSOP. Results further indicated that LMX and FSSB were reciprocally related over time. Theoretical implications and considerations for research and practice were discussed.
Nonfixation of an atretic colon predicts Hirschsprung's disease.

Abstract Purpose: After noting the colon to be nonfixed and coiled in the pelvis of a patient with colonic atresia and total colonic Hirschsprung's disease, the authors sought to determine whether this colonic position might be predictive of aganglionosis in the atretic colon. Methods: The authors reviewed all cases of colonic atresia treated in their institution over the past 2 decades with regard to colonic orientation and the presence of aganglionosis. Results: We identified 9 patients with colonic atresia. Two of these patients, as well as one patient with ileal atresia, also had long-segment Hirschsprung's disease. All 3 of these patients had foreshortened nonfixed colons located predominantly in the pelvis. None of the other 6 patients with colonic atresia had this configuration. Reviewing 12 reported cases from other institutions of total colonic aganglionosis associated with atresia, 7 appear to have had a pelvic nonfixed colon; colonic orientation could not be determined from the remaining reports. The diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease was not established in any case before repair of the atresia, and each patient required a secondary enterostomy. Conclusions: An early gestational atresia, occurring before secondary retroperitoneal fixation of the colon at approximately 11 weeks may result in interruption of caudal migration of enteric nerves manifesting as Hirschsprung's disease distal to the atresia. Moreover, the aganglionosis may be predicted by a foreshortened, nonfixed colon coiled in the pelvis. Thus, biopsy of the colon should be performed at initial exploration in all cases of atresia in which the colon is not properly fixated to avoid immediate or delayed anastomosis to an aganglionic colon. J Pediatr Surg 36:202-204. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Amyloid β‐Peptide(1‐42) Contributes to the Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Found in Alzheimer Disease Brain

Oxidative stress is extensive in Alzheimer disease (AD) brain. Amyloid beta-peptide (1-42) has been shown to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Genetic mutations that result in increased production of Abeta1-42 from amyloid precursor protein are associated with an early onset and accelerated pathology of AD. Consequently, Abeta1-42 has been proposed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of AD as a mediator of oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the role of Abeta1-42 in the lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation evident in AD brain and the implications of such oxidative stress for the function of various proteins that we have identified as specifically oxidized in AD brain compared to control, using proteomics methods. Additionally, we discuss the critical role of methionine 35 in the oxidative stress and neurotoxic properties exhibited by Abeta1-42.
Antipsychotic Agents in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: Neuropsychopharmacologic Rationale and Evidence from Controlled Trials

The search for an effective psychopharmacologic strategy in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) has been elusive for decades and has run the gamut from reserpine to typical antipsychotics, to lithium, to tetrahydrocannabinol, to growth hormone, to anticonvulsants, to antidepressants, to atypical antipsychotics. Only recently has there arisen a potential “diamond in the rough” in the form of the atypical antipsychotic agent, olanzapine, which, in four randomized clinical trials, has shown superiority to placebo (two studies), chlorpromazine (one study), and aripiprazole (one study) in terms of weight gain and/or reduction in obsessional symptoms. The pharmacologic profile of olanzapine and other antipsychotic medications is discussed in light of the known pathophysiology of AN involving serotonin and dopamine systems, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
Thermal image analysis for detecting facemask leakage

Due to the modern advent of near ubiquitous accessibility to rapid international transportation the epidemiologic trends of highly communicable diseases can be devastating. With the recent emergence of diseases matching this pattern, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), an area of overt concern has been the transmission of infection through respiratory droplets. Approved facemasks are typically effective physical barriers for preventing the spread of viruses through droplets, but breaches in a mask’s integrity can lead to an elevated risk of exposure and subsequent infection. Quality control mechanisms in place during the manufacturing process insure that masks are defect free when leaving the factory, but there remains little to detect damage caused by transportation or during usage. A system that could monitor masks in real-time while they were in use would facilitate a more secure environment for treatment and screening. To fulfill this necessity, we have devised a touchless method to detect mask breaches in real-time by utilizing the emissive properties of the mask in the thermal infrared spectrum. Specifically, we use a specialized thermal imaging system to detect minute air leakage in masks based on the principles of heat transfer and thermodynamics. The advantage of this passive modality is that thermal imaging does not require contact with the subject and can provide instant visualization and analysis. These capabilities can prove invaluable for protecting personnel in scenarios with elevated levels of transmission risk such as hospital clinics, border check points, and airports.
Development of the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network

The Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network has developed a computer database and wide area network for data sharing and analysis among 8 trauma centers. The computer database extends the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's National Automotive Sampling System with medical- and trauma-related variables in a relational/object database system. The medical data include injury location details, injury subclassification systems, and medical images for better biomechanical injury evaluation. Key data elements are migrated to a core repository so that all centers can review the status of case acquisition across the network. Cases, whole or in part, may be migrated between centers so that individual center expertise may be shared in evaluating the cause of injury. Electronic rounds, where cases are reviewed simultaneously across multiple centers, are possible.
A minimal model for metabotropic modulation of fast synaptic transmission and firing properties in bullfrog sympathetic B neurons

Abstract A computational model was constructed to simulate synaptic interactions between fast nicotinic EPSPs and a slow muscarinic EPSP mediated by metabotropic suppression of M-type K + -conductance ( g M ). Using experimentally derived parameters, we show that suppressing g M increases the synaptic weight of fast EPSPs without altering action potential threshold. Increased synaptic weight is not simply a consequence of increased fast EPSP amplitude, resting membrane depolarization, and increased membrane resistance, all of which occur. It arises from the non-linear voltage- and time-dependence of g M . We also show that bursts of fast EPSPs can activate g M to a level that causes firing to accommodate and cease. M-current suppression converts this phasic response to one of tonic repetitive firing.
Optical properties of poly[(1,4-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(1,3-phenylenevinylene)]s with cis-vinylene structure and short side chain

Abstract Optical properties were compared between the isomeric poly[(2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(1,3-phenylenevinylene)] derivatives with different content of cis-/trans-vinylene bond linkages. The polymer of about 33% vinylene in the trans-configuration exhibited an absorption λmax≈394 nm, which was blue-shifted by as much as 20 nm from its trans-vinylene-enriched isomer (λmax≈413 nm). The content of trans-vinylene, however, showed smaller impact on the photoluminescence (about 4 nm difference observed in their fluorescence λmax). The vibronic structure in the emission spectra was determined with the aid of low temperature spectra. An light-emitting diode (LED) device using cis-vinylene-enriched sample gave green emission (λmax≈500 nm). The maximum external quantum efficiency of the device was determined to be 0.27%.
Endogenous late positive component of the evoked potential in cats corresponding to P300 in humans

A long-latency component of the averaged evoked potential recorded from cats was present only when the evoking stimulus was relevant to the task. The amplitude of this component varied inversely with stimulus probability and was independent of stimulus modality.
Influence of caregiver network support and caregiver psychopathology on child mental health need and service use in the LONGSCAN study.

Abstract Using structural equation modeling, this study examined the relationship of caregiver network support on caregiver and child mental health need, as well as child mental health service use among 1075 8-year-old children participating in the LONGSCAN study. The final model showed acceptable fit ( Χ 2 = 301.476, df = 136, p
Accelerate executive development – at your peril!

This paper examines accelerated development and fast track managers. Using the example of Sears, Roebuck & Co, the progression of accelerated development managers was analysed. It discovers that managers who progress quickly develop four problems that often lead to failure: no personal network; alienation of others; no resilience and no development of metacompetencies. Suggests that more attention should be paid to relational influences as well as formal training and development programmes to develop well rounded managers.
Thermal cook-off of an HMX based explosive: Pressure gauge experiments and modeling

Safety issues related to thermal cook-off are important for handling and storing explosive devices. Violence of an event as a function of confinement is important for prediction of collateral events. There are major issues which require an understanding of the following events: (1) transit to detonation of a pressure wave from a cook-off event, (2) sensitivity of changes in HMX-based explosives with thermally induced phase transitions, and (3) the potential danger of neighboring explosive devices being affected by a cook-off reaction. Results of cook-off events of known size, confinement, and thermal history allow for development and/or calibration of computer models for calculating events that are difficult to measure experimentally.
Optical correlation filters for large-class OCR applications

The performance of two new optical correlation filters (G-MACE and MINACE) for large class (many fonts and true class words) OCR (optical character recognition) applications is considered. We consider filters that can recognize many key words in upper case (UC) and mixed case (MC) and various point sizes in the presence of OCR scanner sampling errors. New results are presented and guidelines for large class filters are advanced.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regulation of interleukin 2-driven T-lymphocyte proliferation by prolactin.

Abstract The requirement for prolactin in interleukin 2-driven T-cell proliferation was evaluated. Addition of an anti-prolactin antiserum resulted in the specific inhibition of T-cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Synthesis of prolactin and its mRNA, however, did not occur during interleukin 2 stimulation. Instead, previously internalized prolactin, presumably from fetal bovine serum, appears to serve as the source of prolactin under serum-free conditions. A 7-fold increase in a prolactin receptor occurred as a function of cell cycle progression; accumulation of a 1.6-kilobase prolactin receptor mRNA increased approximately 2-fold. Interleukin 2 stimulation induced the translocation of prolactin into the nucleus and prolactin receptor to the nuclear periphery. These data indicate that extracellular prolactin is requisite for T-cell proliferation and suggest that the effects of prolactin are exerted in the nucleus.
Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: a 20-year experience.

OBJECTIVE. Diet, indomethacin, and early use of dexamethasone have been implicated as possible causes of necrotizing enterocolitis and intestinal perforation. Because we seldom prescribe indomethacin or early dexamethasone therapy and we follow a special dietary regimen that provides late-onset, slow, continuous drip enteral feeding, we reviewed our 20 years of experience for the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis and bowel perforation. METHODS. We reviewed data on all 1239 very low birth weight infants (501–1500 g) admitted to our level III unit over a period of 20 years (1986–2005), for morphologic parameters, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel perforation, use of the late-onset, slow, continuous drip protocol, and indomethacin therapy. Outcome data were also compared with Vermont Oxford Network data for the last 4 years. RESULTS. In 20 years, 1158 infants received the late-onset, slow, continuous drip feeding protocol (group I), whereas 81 infants had either a change in dietary regimen, use of indomethacin, or early use of dexamethasone (group II). The rate of necrotizing enterocolitis in group I of 0.4% was significantly lower than that in group II of 6%. Group I, in comparison with the Vermont Oxford Network, had significantly lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis (0.4% vs 5.9%), surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (0.4% vs 3.1%), and bowel perforation (0.35% vs 2.2%). CONCLUSIONS. Our 20-year experience with 1239 very low birth weight infants suggests strongly that the late-onset, slow, continuous drip feeding protocol and avoidance of indomethacin and early dexamethasone treatment contribute to the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis.
Sulfide-bridged derivatives of the binuclear iron site of hemerythrin at both met and semi-met oxidation levels.

Exposure of methemerythrin (metHr) to S2- under anaerobic conditions results in a one-electron reduction to the semi-met level and replacement of the mu-oxo bridge between the irons with a single sulfide. The sulfide bridge is maintained upon ferricyanide oxidation of semi-metsulfide to metsulfide hemerythrin and upon subsequent dithionite or S2- reduction back to the semi-met level. Chemical analyses show that metsulfideHr contains one S2- per two Fe. The single quadrupole doublet (delta = 0.50 mm/s; delta Eq = 0.99 mm/s) in the Mossbauer spectrum is consistent with a bridging sulfide geometry. The optical and resonance Raman spectra of metsulfideHr are reminiscent of the [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur proteins. The optical spectrum exhibits multiple S2----Fe(III) charge-transfer transitions between 400 and 600 nm. The resonance Raman spectrum reveals a series of overtones and combinations of the 431-cm-1 Fe-S-Fe symmetric vibration and the 327-cm-1 asymmetric vibration. The relative energies of the symmetric and asymmetric modes are characteristic of a sulfur-bridged system with a bridge angle of approximately 80 degrees. MetsulfideHr decomposes over several hours in air and over several days in the absence of O2 to metHr and semi-metsulfideHr, respectively. Unlike metHr and semi-metHr, neither the metsulfide nor the semi-metsulfide derivatives form stable adducts with anions such as azide or cyanide. Sulfide bridging confers new properties on the binuclear iron center that are of interest to an understanding of the chemistry of hemerythrin and also of the [2Fe-2S] iron-sulfur proteins.
Adaptation of board members to repeated failure or success by their organization

Abstract The views of United Fund board members toward goal setting and goal achievement in their organization are examined. Half of the respondents are from Funds with repeated failures during four years, the other half from Funds with successful records during that time. Within each of the Funds approximately half of the respondents are central members of their boards and half are peripheral members. The data are from mailed questionnaires. Contrasting responses by members in successful and unsuccessful Funds suggest that success prepares the ground for future success, and failure for future failure. Central board members, compared to peripheral members, are more deeply involved in the processes of goal setting and in the consequences of their organizations' performance.
The Implications of Intergenerational Class Mobility for Class Theory: A Comment on Western

Focusing on the relative permeability of particular class boundaries (defined by Wright's class schema), Western's (1994) analysis does not draw out the most critical implications of mobility patterns for class theory - namely, whether classes actually exist as relatively cohesive social entities with common life experiences. Wright's class system is not even remotely marked by intergenerational social closure, nor are presumed class advantages commonly transmitted across generations. The lack of intergenerational class structuration undermines a key tenet of class theory
Maternal–fetal and neonatal pharmacogenomics: a review of current literature

Pharmacogenomics, the study of specific genetic variations and their effect on drug response, will likely give rise to many applications in maternal–fetal and neonatal medicine; yet, an understanding of these applications in the field of obstetrics and gynecology and neonatal pediatrics is not widespread. This review describes the underpinnings of the field of pharmacogenomics and summarizes the current pharmacogenomic inquiries in relation to maternal–fetal medicine—including studies on various fetal and neonatal genetic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme variants and their role in drug toxicities (for example, codeine metabolism, sepsis and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) toxicity). Potential future directions, including alternative drug classification, improvements in drug efficacy and non-invasive pharmacogenomic testing, will also be explored.
Transcranial Doppler in infantile cerebrospinal fluid disorders: clinical validity.

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate a possible relationship between transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) parameters with infantile hydrocephalus and other types of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnonnalities, i.e. arrested hydrocephalus and essential ventriculomegaly. TCD parameters in the major arteries of the circle of Willis were studied in hydrocephalic children (n = 12) before and after insertion of a ventricular shunt device. It was correlated with TCD parameters of children with CSF disorders (n = 13), in whom no surgery was performed. Also, TCD parameters were assessed in control cases (n = 10). Mean values for medial cerebral artery (MCA) flow velocities were higher in the essential ventriculomegaly (75.38 ± 4.1) and in the control group (73.93 ± 3.4) compared with hydrocephalic children (64.13 ± 5.3). All hydrocephalic children had a higher mean MCA pulsatility index (RI) (1.08 ± 0.13) and resistance index (RI) (0.64 ± 0.17) values than the essential ventriculomegaly group (PI: 1....
Modeling Uncoupled Solute Transport in Natural Organic Matter Size Fractionation by Ultrafiltration

Physicochemical separation of organic macrosolutes and colloidal particles is routinely required during the analysis of natural, waste, and process waters derived from aquatic and terrestrial environmental samples. This study was conducted to demonstrate the utility of a two-parameter nonlinear permeation coefficient model (PCM) in describing the uncoupled transport of solutes in dilute heterogeneous solutions subjected to batch ultrafiltration (UF). The PCM was used in conjunction with natural organic matter (NOM) permeate data for a natural water and six hydrophobic and hydrophilic subfractions to determine permeation coefficients p and NOM concentrations Cr0 with apparent molecular weight less than membrane specific cutoff values of moderately hydrophilic YC/YM series Amicon® UF membranes. Experimentally measured permeation coefficients p determined for the whole water were found to correlate well with composite permeation coefficients p* calculated using a mass-fraction weighted average of individual ...
Brachial artery vasoreactivity is associated with cross-sectional and longitudinal anatomical measures of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease

Background The diagnostic and prognostic importance of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BFMD) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not certain and associations between BFMD and recognized measures of atherosclerosis have not been well established.
Fibroblast stimulating activity of extracts of hepatic granulomata of Schistosoma mansoni-infected rodents with marked or slight hepatic fibrosis.

Abstract Eight weeks following infection with Schistosoma mansoni ICR strain mice showed much more marked hepatic fibrosis than didC57BL/6 mice or hamsters. None the less, extracts of the hepatic granulomata of these animals had similar fibroblast stimulating activity when assayed in vitro .
A Fracture toughness criterion for concrete

Abstract Many have attempted to calculate the fracture toughness of concrete in Mode I by testing notched beam specimens. It has been observed that when K I c is calculated from the measured values of the maximum load, the initial notch length and using the formulas developed from LEFM, its value is dependent on the dimensions of the beam. This size and geometry dependency can be attributed to slow crack growth and nonlinearity due to geometrical interlock effects. A method is suggested to calculate a size independent fracture toughness parameter. To calculate the value of K I c according to the proposed method, inelastic displacements are extracted from the total displacements and the slow crack growth is included by incorporating crack closing-pressure. Using this constant K I c criterion, the load vs crack mouth opening displacement and load vs deflection curves were accurately predicted for 40 beams of different sizes tested for this investigation as well as those reported by other investigators.
Spin-Orbit Coupling and Photoelectron Polarization in Multiphoton Ionization of Atoms

It is shown that multiphoton ionization of unpolarized atoms with circularly polarized light can lead to the production of highly polarized electrons. The connection of this effect with the Fano effect in single-photon ionization is discussed.
measuring stream discharge by non‐contact methods: A Proof‐of‐Concept Experiment

This report describes an experiment to make a completely non-contact open-channel discharge measurement. A van-mounted, pulsed doppler (10GHz) radar collected surface-velocity data across the 183-m wide Skagit River, Washington at a USGS streamgaging station using Bragg scattering from short waves produced by turbulent boils on the surface of the river. Surface velocities were converted to mean velocities for 25 sub-sections by assuming a normal open-channel velocity profile (surface velocity times 0.85). Channel cross-sectional area was measured using a 100 MHz ground-penetrating radar antenna suspended from a cableway car over the river. Seven acoustic doppler current profiler discharge measurements and a conventional current-meter discharge measurement were also made. Three non-contact discharge measurements completed in about a 1-hour period were within 1% of the gaging station rating curve discharge values. With further refinements, it is thought that open-channel flow can be measured reliably by non-contact methods.
Constants of motion and the variational equations

For field equations of Hamiltonian form the relation between constants of motion and solutions of the linearized equation is discussed. A known result is that the Poisson bracket of a constant of motion with the field variable solves the linearized equation. Here the following converse result is obtained: If a \ensuremath{\delta}u which satisfies the linear equation is of the form \ensuremath{\delta}u=[u,T], then T is a constant of motion. Further, \ensuremath{\partial}T/\ensuremath{\partial}t is also a constant. The sequence [T,\ensuremath{\partial}T/\ensuremath{\partial}t], [[T,\ensuremath{\partial}T/\ensuremath{\partial}t],T],. . . is shown to produce other nontrivial constants.
Functional analysis of grafts from living donors. Implications for the treatment of older recipients.

Objective Living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) has established efficacy in children. In a larger recipient, LRLT requires the use of a small graft because of limits on the donor hepatectomy. Summary Background Data The minimum graft weight required for successful transplantation has not been well established, although a characteristic pattern of graft dysfunction has been observed in our patients who receive small grafts. The authors present a clinicopathologic study of small liver grafts obtained from living donors. Methods Clinical and histologic data were reviewed for 25 patients receiving LRLT. In five older recipients (small group), the graft represented 50% or less of expected liver weight, whereas in 20 others (large group), the graft represented at least 60% of expected liver weight. A retrospective analysis of graft function was conducted by analyzing clinical parameters and histology. Results In the small group, 2 of 5 grafts (40%) were lost due to poor function, leading to one patient death (20% mortality), whereas in the large group, 2 of 20 grafts (10%) were lost due to arterial thrombosis without patient mortality. Early ischemic damage related to transplant was comparable with aspartate aminotransferase 203 ± 23 (small group) and 290 ± 120 (large group) at 24 hours (p = not significant). Early function was significantly decreased in the small group, with prothrombin time 18.2 ± 2.2 seconds versus 14.8 ± 1.6 seconds (large group) on day 3 (p = 0.034). All small group patients developed cholestasis with significantly increased total bilirubin levels at day 7 (16 ± 5.2 mg% vs. 3.7 ± 2.7 mg% ; p = 0.021) and day 14 (12.0 ± 7.4 vs. 1.8 ± 0.7 ; p = 0.021) compared with the large group. Protocol biopsies in the small group revealed a diffuse ischemic pattern with cellular ballooning on day 7, which progressed to cholestasis in subsequent biopsies. Large group biopsies showed minimal ischemic changes. Three small group patients recovered with normal liver function by 12 weeks. Conclusions Clinical recovery after a small-for-size transplant is characterized by significant functional impairment associated with paradoxical histologic changes typical of ischemia. These changes apparently are due to graft injury, which can only be the result of small graft size. These findings have significant implications for the extension of LRLT to adults.
Universal digital high-resolution melt: a novel approach to broad-based profiling of heterogeneous biological samples

Comprehensive profiling of nucleic acids in genetically heterogeneous samples is important for clinical and basic research applications. Universal digital high-resolution melt (U-dHRM) is a new approach to broad-based PCR diagnostics and profiling technologies that can overcome issues of poor sensitivity due to contaminating nucleic acids and poor specificity due to primer or probe hybridization inaccuracies for single nucleotide variations. The U-dHRM approach uses broad-based primers or ligated adapter sequences to universally amplify all nucleic acid molecules in a heterogeneous sample, which have been partitioned, as in digital PCR. Extensive assay optimization enables direct sequence identification by algorithm-based matching of melt curve shape and Tm to a database of known sequence-specific melt curves. We show that single-molecule detection and single nucleotide sensitivity is possible. The feasibility and utility of U-dHRM is demonstrated through detection of bacteria associated with polymicrobial blood infection and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with host response to infection. U-dHRM using broad-based 16S rRNA gene primers demonstrates universal single cell detection of bacterial pathogens, even in the presence of larger amounts of contaminating bacteria; U-dHRM using universally adapted Lethal-7 miRNAs in a heterogeneous mixture showcases the single copy sensitivity and single nucleotide specificity of this approach.
Technology, institutions, and innovation systems

There has been very little overlap or even interchange between scholars studying technological advance, and scholars in the field of cognitive science. Yet both fields of study are concerned with human know-how, the former at the level of society, and the latter at the level of the individual. Recent developments in cognitive science have made possible greater contact between the two fields. This essay reviews several of those developments, and points to a variety of interesting connections.
Observational Consequences of the Hypothesized Helium-rich Stellar Population in ω Centauri

In response to the proposed high-helium content stars as an explanation for the double main sequence observed in ω Centauri, we investigated the consequences of such stars elsewhere on the color-magnitude diagram. We concentrated on the horizontal branch, where the effects of high helium are expected to show themselves more clearly. In the process we developed a procedure for comparing the mass loss suffered by differing stellar populations in a physically motivated manner. High-helium stars in the numbers proposed seem absent from the horizontal branch of ω Cen unless their mass-loss history is very different from that of the majority metal-poor stars. It is possible to generate a double main sequence with existing ω Cen stars via accretion of helium-rich pollution consistent with the latest AGB ejecta theoretical yields and such polluted stars are consistent with the observed HB morphology of ω Cen. Polluted models are consistent with observed merging of the main sequences as opposed to our models of helium-rich stars. Using the (B - R)/(B + V + R) statistic, we find that the high-helium bMS stars require an age difference compared to the rMS stars that is too great, whereas the pollution scenario stars have no such conflict for inferred ω Cen mass losses.
Pressure Calibration of a Tetrahedral Anvil Device

THE tetrahedral anvil high-pressure device was first described by Hall1 in 1958. The pressure calibration of this device was based on the resistivity measurements of Bridgman2. Because the calibration points based on these measurements have been revised downward3, the original linear plot of sample pressure versus applied force no longer has validity. In a preliminary determination of the shape of a calibration curve based on the newer values of the calibration points, curve A (Fig. 1) was obtained. These values were obtained with an apparatus containing 7-in. hydraulic rams and triangular tungsten-carbide anvils which were 0.781 in. in edge-length. The calibration wires were inserted in silver chloride cylinders 5/32 in. in diameter which in turn were inserted in the pyrophyllite tetrahedrons, which were about 25 per cent oversize (edge length). A thick coating of iron oxide mixed with water was applied to the assembled tetrahedron before it was pressed. The use of tetrahedrons which were 35 per cent oversize caused the samples to be more distorted by the flattening of the ends of the silver chloride cylinders, as described elsewhere4. Tetrahedrons which were only 15 per cent oversize transmitted the applied force to the calibration wire less effectively. In this case about 10 per cent more ram force was necessary to attain 25 kbars on the calibration wire.
Multicomponent receiver architectures for GPS interference suppression

The global positioning system (GPS) is a one-way satellite-based navigation system employing spread-spectrum techniques that is widely used for commercial and military applications. Although the very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is handled by the large spreading gain, GPS is susceptible to high-power interference signals and various types of jammers. We propose multicomponent receiver architectures for GPS interference suppression. A conventional antenna system is first considered which utilizes a minimum-variance distortionless-response (MVDR) beam former and assumes that the GPS signal angle of arrival (AOA) and the antenna model are known at the receiver. However, this receiver is sensitive to AOA estimation errors and can have a high computational complexity. This sensitivity problem is eliminated by a multicomponent system based on a multistage matched filter (MF). Since this MF receiver also has a high computational complexity because the jammer AOAs must be estimated, we introduce a blind interference canceler based on the constant modulus (CM) array that is insensitive to AOA estimation errors and has a low computational complexity. Computer simulations are provided to illustrate the performance of the various systems for interference suppression in example signal scenarios.
The variational derivative of degenerate Lagrange densities

The variational derivative of Lagrange densities which are functions of the metric tensor and its first and second derivatives is considered. This tensor is generally of fourth order in the derivatives of the metric tensor. If derivatives of any order are not present in the variational derivative then the Lagrange density is said to be degenerate in these derivatives. An explicit expression for the variational derivative of Lagrange densities which are degenerate in third and/or fourth derivatives is displayed in tensor form.
Liquid water transport in a mixed-wet gas diffusion layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell

After PTFE treatment, a gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) features mixed wettability, which substantially impacts liquid water transport and associated mass transport losses. A pore-network model is developed in this work to delineate the effect of GDL wettability distribution on pore-scale liquid water transport in a GDL under fuel cell operating conditions. It is found that in a mixed-wet GDL liquid water preferentially flows through connected GDL hydrophilic network, and thereby suppresses the finger-like morphology observed in a wholly hydrophobic GDL. The effect of GDL hydrophilic fraction distribution is investigated, and the existence of an optimum hydrophilic fraction that leads to the least mass transport losses is established. The need for controlled PTFE treatment is stressed, and a wettability-tailored GDL is proposed.
Restricting HIV-1 pathways for escape using rationally designed anti–HIV-1 antibodies

Recently identified broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that potently neutralize most HIV-1 strains are key to potential antibody-based therapeutic approaches to combat HIV/AIDS in the absence of an effective vaccine. Increasing bNAb potencies and resistance to common routes of HIV-1 escape through mutation would facilitate their use as therapeutics. We previously used structure-based design to create the bNAb NIH45-46G54W, which exhibits superior potency and/or breadth compared with other bNAbs. We report new, more effective NIH45-46G54W variants designed using analyses of the NIH45-46–gp120 complex structure and sequences of NIH45-46G54W–resistant HIV-1 strains. One variant, 45-46m2, neutralizes 96% of HIV-1 strains in a cross-clade panel and viruses isolated from an HIV-infected individual that are resistant to all other known bNAbs, making it the single most broad and potent anti–HIV-1 antibody to date. A description of its mechanism is presented based on a 45-46m2–gp120 crystal structure. A second variant, 45-46m7, designed to thwart HIV-1 resistance to NIH45-46G54W arising from mutations in a gp120 consensus sequence, targets a common route of HIV-1 escape. In combination, 45-46m2 and 45-46m7 reduce the possible routes for the evolution of fit viral escape mutants in HIV-1YU-2–infected humanized mice, with viremic control exhibited when a third antibody, 10–1074, was added to the combination.
The Pathology Residency Program of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: A Model of Its Kind

Context.— The Department of Pathology of the Johns Hopkins University pioneered in the late 19th century the application of the scientific method to the study of medicine and fostered the development of residency training programs. Objective.— To trace the history of the Johns Hopkins Pathology Residency Program and assess with quantifiable outcomes the performance of former residents. Design.— We reviewed archival and departmental records from September 1899 to June 2014 to create a database of pathology residents. We then analyzed resident in-service examinations, American Board of Pathology examinations, and career paths. Results.— In 115 years the department trained 555 residents who came from 133 medical schools located in 23 countries. Residents performed well on the in-service examinations, obtaining mean scaled total scores that were significantly better (P = .02) than those of the national peer groups. Residents (371 of 396, 94%) passed their boards typically at the first attempt, a percentage pa...
Laying House Temperature and Egg Production

ABSTRACT OPTIMUM temperature for laying houses during the cold winter months in northern latitudes have been given considerable study. Opinions differ as to the economy of using artificial heat for raising the temperature during cold weather. In recent years considerable attention has been directed to feed efficiency and there is evidence that eggs may be more economically produced when house temperature is kept above freezing, probably around 40 to 45 degrees. Graham (1930) made a rather extensive study concerning the relation of house temperatures averaged weekly to mean weekly percent production in Rhode Island Red pullets representing several experimental projects. An apparent relationship between house temperature and egg production appeared in weekly intervals and in larger trends. Prolonged high production during the winter months seemed to render the bird more sensitive to temperature changes. Response to temperature changes was almost immediate. Hays (1932) showed from extensive data that low house temperatures . . .
A single-wheel, gyroscopically stabilized robot

We are developing a novel concept for mobility, and studying fundamental research issues on dynamics and control of the mobile robot. The robot, called Gyrover, is a single-wheel vehicle with an internal gyroscope that provides mechanical stabilization and steering capability. This configuration conveys significant advantages over multi-wheel, statically stable vehicles, including good dynamic stability and insensitivity to attitude disturbances; high manoeuvrability; low rolling resistance; ability to recover from falls; and amphibious capability. In this paper we present the design, analysis and implementation of the robot, as well as the associated research issues and potential applications.
Inhibitory Effect of Dissolved Silica on H2O2 Decomposition by Iron(III) and Manganese(IV) Oxides: Implications for H2O2-Based In Situ Chemical Oxidation

The decomposition of H2O2 on iron minerals can generate •OH, a strong oxidant that can transform a wide range of contaminants. This reaction is critical to In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) processes used for soil and groundwater remediation, as well as advanced oxidation processes employed in waste treatment systems. The presence of dissolved silica at concentrations comparable to those encountered in natural waters decreases the reactivity of iron minerals toward H2O2, because silica adsorbs onto the surface of iron minerals and alters catalytic sites. At circumneutral pH values, goethite, amorphous iron oxide, hematite, iron-coated sand, and montmorillonite that were pre-equilibrated with 0.05–1.5 mM SiO2 were significantly less reactive toward H2O2 decomposition than their original counterparts, with the H2O2 loss rates inversely proportional to SiO2 concentrations. In the goethite/H2O2 system, the overall •OH yield, defined as the percentage of decomposed H2O2 producing •OH, was almost halved in the ...