cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education 3.0: breaking the mold with technology

In order to meet the needs of today's knowledge economy, education needs to move beyond the industrial age approach of treating all learners as if they are the same and adopt a learner-centered model of education suitable for the information age. To support this model, a new and transformative technology is needed that focuses on mastery and customized learning. This article reviews the existing approaches to educational technology before proposing a new, customizable, open, and interoperable technology: a personalized integrated educational system (PIES) that provides full functionality for students, teachers, parents and other stakeholders and bridges the gaps between formal and informal learning. PIES' four primary functions: record keeping, planning, instruction, and assessment, as well as secondary functions, are defined and described. Future challenges and research opportunities are also identified.
Synthesis by AGET ATRP of degradable nanogel precursors for in situ formation of nanostructured hyaluronic acid hydrogel.

A nanostructured hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel was prepared by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and Michael-type addition reaction. Biodegradable POEO300MA-co-PHEMA nanogels with pendent hydroxy groups were prepared by activators generated by electron transfer ATRP in cyclohexane inverse miniemulsion in the presence of a hydrolytically labile cross-linker. The hydroxy groups were subsequently modified with acryloyl chloride to form reactive acrylated-nanogels (ACRL-nanogels). These nanogels degrade upon hydrolysis into polymeric sols enabling controlled release of entrapped fluorescently labeled biomolecules, such as rhodamine B isothiocyanate-dextran used as a drug model. Thiol-derivatized HA (HA-SH) was prepared by carbodiimide-mediated coupling reaction of HA with cysteamine hydrochloride. The nanostructured hydrogel was formed by mixing HA-SH with ACRL-nanogels under physiological conditions (pH = 7.4, 37 °C). Gelation occurred within a few minutes after mixing the precurso...
73.5L: Late-News Paper: Observer Strategies for Assessment of Temporal Response — Effect of Technology

We compare the detection performance of human observers in LCDs and CRTs using artificial complex backgrounds. Our results suggest that the degradation in performance at high browsing speeds observed in LCDs is not seen or much more subtle in CRTs, even at 50 frames per second.
Interface structures: conceptual, logical, and physical patterns applicable to human-computer interaction

Abstract Structural patterns are known to be important to human memory and cognition. They are essential to the knowledge representation of conceptual, logical and physical entities. At the same time, computer interfaces are implemented using a variety of logical and physical structures that have implications for human use. These two categories of structures, representing both sides of the human-computer partnership, are characterized and compared. Emphasis is on identifying a basic set of structures amenable both to the user's mind and to the computer-based application. The user is capable of conceiving and visualizing structures in each of several different representation “spaces” behind the interface surface. Careful structural mappings between these spaces and the user-visible interface are essential. To aid interface designers in these tasks, a formal definition of interface structure is proposed and an example specification is presented. Expected benefits and required research are discussed.
The Marketing of High-Technology Products and Services: Implications for Curriculum Content and Design:

Despite its increasing importance in today’s business environment, the marketing of high-technology products and services is not covered in many marketing curricula. The purposes of this article ar...
Mutations in the lysyl hydroxylase 1 gene that result in enzyme deficiency and the clinical phenotype of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VI.

The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes are a heterogeneous group of inherited connective tissue disorders that are characterized by joint hypermobility and skin fragility and hyperextensibility. Patients with the autosomal recessive type VI variant of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS VI), also classified as the kyphoscoliotic type, are clinically characterized by neonatal kyphoscoliosis, generalized joint laxity, skin fragility, and severe muscle hypotonia at birth. Biochemically, this has been attributed to a deficiency of lysyl hydroxylase (LH), an important posttranslational modifying enzyme in collagen biosynthesis. This enzyme hydroxylates specific lysine residues in the collagen molecule to form hydroxylysines which have two important functions. The residues serve as attachment sites for galactose and glucosylgalactose and they also act as precursors of the crosslinking process that gives collagen its tensile strength. At least 20 different mutations have been identified in the LH1 gene (the originally described form) that contribute to LH deficiency and the clinical characteristics of EDS VI. Two of these mutations, a large duplication of exons 10-16, arising from a homologous recombination of intronic Alu sequences, and a nonsense mutation, Y511X, in exon 14 of the LH1 gene, have been identified in five or more unrelated patients. Both mutations appear to have originated from a single ancestral gene. Alternative processing pathways involving alternate splicing and mRNA degradation, which reduce the effect of the mutant allele and restore partial activity of the enzyme, have been identified. A second class of EDS VI has been proposed in which patients have the clinical phenotype of EDS VI but their levels of LH activity are normal. The biochemical basis for this form of EDS VI is currently unknown.
Eigenvalue Ratios for Sturm-Liouville Operators

In this paper we prove various optimal bounds for eigenvalue ratios for the Sturm-Liouville equation − [p(x) y′]′ + q(x)y = λw(x)y and certain specializations. Our results primarily concern the regular case with Dirichlet boundary conditions though various extensions and generalizations to other situations are possible. Our results here extend the result λm/λ1 ≤ m2 obtained in a previous paper for the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation, − y″ + q(x)y = λy, on a finite interval with Dirichlet boundary conditions and nonnegative potential (q ≥ 0). In particular, we obtain λm/λ1 ≤ Km2/k, where the constants k, K satisfy 0 < k ≤ p(x) w(x) ≤ K for all x. If q ≡ 0, lower bounds can also be obtained. Our methods involve a slight modification of the Prufer variable techniques employed in the Schrodinger case. We also examine the consequences of our recent proof of the Payne-Polya-Weinberger conjecture in the one-dimensional (Sturm-Liouville) setting. Finally, we compare our general bounds to the detailed analyses of Keller and of Mahar and Willner for the special case of the inhomogeneous stretched string.
Cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with multisystem Langerhans-cell histiocytosis: evidence of glucose metabolism abnormalities.

Background: Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease with features of chronic inflammation and it may also induce hypopituitarism, conditions associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Aim: Cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile investigation in multisystem LCH patients with and without anterior pituitary deficiency. Design: Prospective, observational study. Methods: Fourteen adult patients with LCH, 7 with and 7 without anterior pituitary deficiency, and 42 controls matched for age, body mass index (BMI) and smoking. Cardiovascular risk factors were estimated in all subjects: glucose and lipid profile, mathematical indices of insulin resistance (IR), blood pressure, structural arterial and functional endothelial properties (intima-media thickness, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation). Cardiovascular risk factors were estimated in the three groups studied; the effect of disease activity and/or treatment was also determined in patients with LCH. Results: Ten patients had diabetes insipidus, and 7 anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies: 8 patients had active disease and 11 had received systemic treatment. No difference was observed between the study groups in vascular parameters, in lipid profile or in blood pressure. However, the insulin resistance index GIR was decreased in patients with LCH without anterior pituitary deficiency compared to controls ( P = 0.033). Three patients had impaired glucose tolerance and one diabetes mellitus type 2. These patients were older and had active disease; there was no association with hypopituitarism and/or previous treatment. Conclusions: Adults patients with LCH have abnormalities of glucose metabolism that tend to occur in patients with active disease, and may be a consequence of the pro-inflammatory state.
Attitudes toward Economic Reform in Mexico: The Role of Political Orientations

Since the debt crisis of 1982, Mexico has experienced more than a decade of market-oriented economic reform, but research on public opinion toward reform is limited. Drawing on general findings from opinion research in the United States, this study examines how policy preferences of Mexicans are shaped by social background, judgments about the economy, and political loyalties. The effect of these variables is examined across three national surveys, conducted in 1992, 1994, and 1995. We found that favorable orientations toward the president and the ruling party were consistently the strongest predictors of preferences about reform. Furthermore, as in the United States, sociotropic evaluations of the economy outweigh “pocketbook” concerns; despite many years of reform, both expectations and retrospective judgments are important in shaping preferences, particularly since the 1994 crisis; and social background variables have limited direct influence.
The Team Approach to Treating the Microtia Atresia Patient

For the best functional and aesthetic results in repairing microtia atresia, the plastic surgeon and otologic surgeon must act as a collaborative team. Drawing on the author's experience with more than 1000 microtia patients, 9 this paper describes strategy for integrated patient care that has been developed in conjunction with several experienced otologists during the past 25 years.
Vulgar economy in Marxian garb: a critique of Temporal Single System Marxism

This paper presents a critique of recent efforts, under the rubric of Temporal Single System Marxism, to defend Marx's value theory against the claim that his transformation algorithm is flawed. Although Marx did make a number of errors in elaborating his theory of value and the profit rate, these missteps do not undermine his larger scientific project. Far greater damage has been inflicted by his would-be Temporal Single System defenders, who camouflage Marx's errors by detaching him from his Ricardian roots; in the process they redefine value in a way that trivializes its function in Marx's system. (2002 URPE. All rights reserved.
Comparison of Real-Time PCR, Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time PCR, Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, and the FDA Conventional Microbiological Method for the Detection of Salmonella spp. in Produce

Contamination of foods, especially produce, with Salmonella spp. is a major concern for public health. Several methods are available for the detection of Salmonella in produce, but their relative efficiency for detecting Salmonella in commonly consumed vegetables, often associated with outbreaks of food poisoning, needs to be confirmed. In this study, the effectiveness of three molecular methods for detection of Salmonella in six produce matrices was evaluated and compared to the FDA microbiological detection method. Samples of cilantro (coriander leaves), lettuce, parsley, spinach, tomato, and jalapeno pepper were inoculated with Salmonella serovars at two different levels (105 and <101 CFU/25 g of produce). The inoculated produce was assayed by the FDA Salmonella culture method (Bacteriological Analytical Manual) and by three molecular methods: quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Comparable results were obtained by these four methods, which all detected as little as 2 CFU of Salmonella cells/25 g of produce. All control samples (not inoculated) were negative by the four methods. RT-qPCR detects only live Salmonella cells, obviating the danger of false-positive results from nonviable cells. False negatives (inhibition of either qPCR or RT-qPCR) were avoided by the use of either a DNA or an RNA amplification internal control (IAC). Compared to the conventional culture method, the qPCR, RT-qPCR, and LAMP assays allowed faster and equally accurate detection of Salmonella spp. in six high-risk produce commodities.
Adaptive Fuzzy Association Rule mining for effective decision support in biomedical applications

Due to complexity of biomedical classification problems, it is impossible to build a perfect classifier with 100% prediction accuracy. Hence a more realistic target is to build an effective Decision Support System (DSS). Here 'effective' means that a DSS should not only predict unseen samples accurately, but also work in a human-understandable way. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive Fuzzy Association Rules (FARs) mining algorithm, named FARM-DS, to build such a DSS for binary classification problems in the biomedical domain. In the training phase, four steps are executed to mine FARs, which are thereafter used to predict unseen samples in the testing phase. The new FARM-DS algorithm is evaluated on two publicly available medical datasets. The experimental results show that FARM-DS is competitive in terms of prediction accuracy. More importantly, the mined FARs provide strong decision support on disease diagnoses due to their easy interpretability.
Antigen-Presenting Phagocytic Cells Ingest Malaria Parasites and Increase HIV Replication in a Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Dependent Manner

Plasmodium falciparum causes an increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication both in vitro [1, 2] and in vivo [3–5], but the mechanism(s) responsible for the increase in HIV production have not been fully elucidated. During an episode of clinical malaria, elevated plasma levels of both proinflammatory cytokines (including tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α] and interferon γ [IFN-γ]) and antiinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin 10 [IL-10]) are secreted by the innate and adaptive cells of the immune system in an attempt to control the infection [6]. Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells ingest parasite-infected red blood cells (iRBCs), present malarial antigens, and activate T cells and B cells during the course of a vigorous immune response to an acute infection with P. falciparum. It has been proposed that HIV replication in latently infected cells is activated in conjunction with cellular activation and that plasma levels of HIV RNA rise, at least in part, as T-cell populations respond to the infection [5]. Plasma HIV RNA levels remain elevated well after the parasitemia has cleared, and thus it is likely that there are other factors at play. Xiao et al showed that in the presence of P. falciparum antigens, TNF-α secretion caused an increase in HIV replication through downstream signaling resulting in stimulation of the HIV long-terminal repeat sequence [2]. More recently, Diou et al showed that hemozoin, a byproduct of P. falciparum heme breakdown, caused enhanced dendritic cell–mediated transfer of HIV between CD4+ T cells, leading to increased HIV production in vitro [7]. Using an in vitro coculture system that we developed and described previously [1], we examined which cytokines and cell types were involved in the interaction and further evaluated the potential role of hemozoin-loaded macrophages in the immunopathogenesis of P. falciparum infection in persons with HIV coinfection.
Development of 4×4 annular ring array based digital transceivers for long distance UWB wireless communications

This paper presents design and realization of subcomponents for a prototype 4x4 ultra wide band (UWB) communication device. The sub-components are four quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulated direct digital transceivers using QPSK modulation scheme operating on the lowest channel of multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDM (MB-OFDM) approach over 3.168- 3.696 GHz. InGaP/GaAs HBT based integrated circuit (IC) realization of the receiver consist of a low noise amplifier (LNA) with a stable gain of 26 dB and a noise figure of 1.5 dB, a Gilbert-cell mixer (GCM) with a conversion loss of 4 dB, and a poly-phase circuit to provide four 0, plusmn90 and 180 degrees phase shifted signals for the GCM. A similar up-conversion unit is considered where the LNA may functions as a gain block. The power budget and dynamic range requirements for a radio link distance up to 100m are analyzed in various faded environments to provide a minimum bit error rate of 10"'. A 4x4 circularly polarized (CP) antenna array with a directivity gain of 20dBi is developed to compensate for the link power loss.
Disease Management in Latinos With Schizophrenia: A Family-Assisted, Skills Training Approach

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a skills training program designed to teach disease management to Latinos with schizophrenia treated at a community mental health center. Ninety-two Latino outpatients with schizophrenia and their designated relatives were randomly assigned to 3 months of skills training (ST) versus customary outpatient care (CC) and followed for a total of 9 months. The skills training approach was culturally adapted mainly by including the active participation of key relatives to facilitate acquisition and generalization of disease management skills into the patients' natural environment. There was a significant advantage for the ST group over the CC group on several symptom measures, skill acquisition and generalization, level of functioning, and rates of rehospitalization. There were no significant differences between the groups on quality of life or caregiver burden. Skills training had a direct effect on skill acquisition and generalization, and utilization of disease management skills led to decreased rates of rehospitalization. Incorporating an intensive, culturally relevant generalization effort into skills training for Latinos with schizophrenia appeared to be effective in teaching disease management and viable in a community mental health center.
Timing and Consequences of Recurrent Polyploidy in Meadow-Rues (Thalictrum, Ranunculaceae)

The discovery of ancient whole genome duplications in eukaryotic lineages has renewed the interest in polyploidy and its effects on the diversification of organisms. Polyploidy has large-scale effects on both genotype and phenotype, and has been linked to the evolution of genome size, dioecy, and changes in ecological interactions, such as pollinator visitation. Here, we take a molecular systematics approach to examine the evolution of polyploidy in the plant genus Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae) and test its correlation to changes in genome size, sexual system and pollination mode. Thalictrum is an ideal study system due to its extensive ploidy range and floral diversity. Phylogenetic analyses were used for character reconstructions, correlation tests, and dating estimates. Our results suggest that polyploidization occurred frequently and recently in the evolution of Thalictrum, mostly within the last 10.6-5.8 my, coinciding with the diversification of particular clades. In spite of an overall trend of genomic downsizing accompanying polyploidy in angiosperms and proportional increases observed at finer scales, our genome size estimates for Thalictrum show no correlation with chromosome number. Instead, we observe genomic expansion in diploids and genomic contraction in polyploids with increased age. Additionally, polyploidy is not correlated with dioecy in Thalictrum; therefore, other factors must have influenced the evolution of separate sexes in this group. A novel finding from our study is the association of polyploidy with shifts to wind pollination, in particular, during a time period of global cooling and mountain uplift in the Americas.
Trusted Grid Computing with Security Binding and Trust Integration

Trusted Grid computing demands robust resource allocation with security assurance at all resource sites. Largescale Grid applications are being hindered by lack of security assurance from remote resource sites. We developed a security-binding scheme through site reputation assessment and trust integration across Grid sites. We do not treat the trust factor deterministically. Instead, we apply fuzzy theory to handle the fuzziness or uncertainties behind all trust attributes. The binding is achieved by periodic exchange of site security information and matchmaking to satisfy user job demands. PKI-based trust model supports Grids in multi-site authentication and single sign-on operations. However, cross certificates are inadequate to assess local security conditions at Grid sites. We propose a new fuzzy-logic trust model for distributed trust aggregation through fuzzification and integration of security attributes. We introduce the trust index of a Grid site, which is determined by site reputation from its track record and self-defense capability attributed to the risk conditions and hardware and software defenses deployed at a Grid site. A Secure Grid Outsourcing (SeGO) system is designed for secure scheduling a large number of autonomous and indivisible jobs to Grid sites. Significant performance gains are observed after trust aggregation, which is evaluated by running scalable NAS and PSA workloads over simulated Grids. Our security-binding scheme scales well with increasing user jobs and Grid sites. The new scheme can guide the security upgrade of Grid sites and predict the Grid performance of large workloads under risky conditions. Nomenclature: Si ‐t heith Grid site among m sites; Ji ‐t hej th job in a stream of n user jobs; m ‐ number of Grid sites; n ‐ number of jobs submitted to the system; tij ‐ trust index of site Si assessed by site Sj ; Vi ‐ trust vector maintained at site Si; M ‐ trust matrix for the entire Grid (dimension m × m); � ‐ site reputation or job success rate at a site; � ‐ self-defense capability of a Grid site; SD ‐ security demand of a user job; TI ‐ site trust index for secure job mapping, same as tij .
Pediatric uveitis secondary to probable, presumed, and biopsy-proven sarcoidosis.

Purpose To describe pediatric patients with uveitis diagnosed as having sarcoidosis. Methods Medical records of pediatric patients evaluated between 1987 and 2008 were reviewed to identify those with ocular inflammation in whom a diagnosis of sarcoidosis was considered. A classification system including ocular findings and results of laboratory testing was devised and used to classify likelihood of sarcoidosis. Results Four hundred sixty children younger than 17 years were evaluated. Based on the classification system designed, 13 patients (2.8%) had probable, presumed, or definite sarcoidosis. The mean age was 11.6 years (range: 5 to 16 years). Elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme was measured in 6 patients and lysozyme in 5 patients. Five of 12 patients in whom chest imaging was performed had signs of sarcoidosis. Anterior segment involvement was non-granulomatous more often than granulomatous. Seven patients had multifocal choroiditis and 4 patients had retinal periphlebitis. Conclusion Ocular sarcoidosis is uncommon in children, even at a tertiary referral center. Pulmonary involvement was detected in slightly less than half of the patients who had imaging, in contrast to previous reports of almost universal lung involvement in children 8 to 15 years old. The classification system of presumed, probable, and definite sarcoidosis presented may be useful in clinical practice.
Commitments in the Architecture of a Limited, Rational Agent

Rationality is a useful metaphor for understanding autonomous, intelligent agents. A persuasive view of intelligent agents uses cognitive primitives such as intentions and beliefs to describe, explain, and specify their behavior. These primitives are often associated with a notion of commitment that is internal to the given agent. However, at first sight, there is a tension between commitments and rationality. We show how the two concepts can be reconciled for the important and interesting case of limited, intelligent agents. We show how our approach extends to handle more subtle issues such as precommitments, which have previously been assumed to be conceptually too complex. We close with a proposal to develop conative policies as a means to represent commitments in a generic, declarative manner.
Power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles using neural network based trip modeling

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), utilizing more battery power, has become a next-generation HEV with great promise of higher fuel economy. Global optimization charge-depletion power management would be desirable. This has so far been hampered due to the a priori nature of the trip information and the almost prohibitive computational cost of global optimization techniques such as dynamic programming (DP). Combined with the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), our previous work developed a two-scale dynamic programming approach as a nearly globally optimized charge-depletion strategy for PHEV power management. Trip model is obtained via GPS, GIS, real-time and historical traffic flow data and advanced traffic flow modeling. The Gas-kinetic based model was used for the trip modeling in our previous study. The complicated partial deferential equation based model with several parameters needs to be calibrated had for implementation. In this paper, a neural network based trip model was developed for the highway portion, using the given data from WisTransPortal. The real test data was used for the training and validation of the network. The simulation results show that the obtained trip model using neural network can greatly improve the trip modeling accuracy, and thus improve the fuel economy. The potential of the advantages were indicated by the fuel economy comparison.
Theoretical investigation of experimentally determined α-εffects — The role of electronics

Recent experimental reports involving both α-nucleophiles and normal nucleophiles have reported both the presence and absence of an α-effect. In ester systems, such as dimethylmethylphosphonate (DM...
Counseling African American Men: A Contextualized Humanistic Perspective

Historically, the humanity of African American men has been attacked in a cruel and vicious manner. African American men have been categorized as animalistic beings without intellectual or moral qualities. In this article, it is argued that a contextualized humanistic approach can offer counselors an important corrective to the typical dehumanized view of African American men so often found in the social science literature and popular media.
Radiation-induced pulmonary injury: symptomatic versus subclinical endpoints.

Purpose : To assess the relationship between radiation (RT)induced pulmonary symptoms and subclinical changes in pulmonary functions tests (PFT) and radiographs. Materials and methods : A total of 184 patients irradiated between 1992 and 1998 were prospectively evaluated for RT-induced pulmonary symptoms, changes in computed tomography (CT) density, reductions in single photon emission CT (SPECT) perfusion, and changes in pulmonary functions tests (forced expiratory volume in 1s [FEV 1 ] and diffusion capacity to carbon monoxide [DLCO]). Comparisons between the evaluable patients with (N = 34) and without (N = 106) RT-induced pulmonary symptoms were made. Results : Within 6 months of RT, 80% of the RT-induced symptoms were noted. There was no association between the presence or absence of RT-induced pulmonary symptoms and the frequency of RT-induced radiographic changes (p = 0.53), or in the dose–response curve for RT-induced reductions in regional perfusion. Overall, RT-induced changes in SPECT images we...
Reliability of self-reported childhood physical abuse by adults and factors predictive of inconsistent reporting.

Little is known about the reliability of self-reported child physical abuse (CPA) or CPA reporting practices. We estimated reliability and prevalence of self-reported CPA and identified factors predictive of inconsistent CPA reporting among 2,256 participants using surveys administered in 1995 and 2000. Reliability of CPA was fair to moderate (kappa = 0.41). Using a positive report from either survey, the prevalence of moderate (61.8%) and severe (12.0%) CPA was higher than at either survey alone. Compared to consistent reporters of having experienced CPA, inconsistent reporters were less likely to be > or = 30 years old (vs. 18-29) or Black (vs. White) and more likely to have or = 2) of CPA. These findings may assist researchers conducting and interpreting studies of CPA.
Quality Assessment of Low Free-Energy Protein Structure Predictions

Analyzing and engineering cellular signaling processes requires accurate estimation of cellular subprocesses such as protein-folding. We apply parametric and nonparametric classification to the problem of assessing three-dimensional protein domain structure predictions generated by the Rosetta ab initio structure prediction method. The assessment is based on whether the predicted structure is similar enough to a known protein structure to be classified as being in the same protein superfamily. We develop appropriate features and apply Gaussian mixture models, K-nearest-neighbors, and the recently developed linear interpolation with maximum entropy method (LIME). The proposed learning methods outperform a previous quality assessment method based on generalized linear models. Results show that the proposed methods reject the vast majority of poor structural predictions while identifying a useful number of good predictions
New Photonic Materials and Devices for Solar Energy Conversion

I will describe approaches to control of light-matter interactions leading to enhanced light-trapping and absorption, as well as increased open circuit voltage and enhanced quantum efficiency in low-cost flexible thin film photovoltaic structures. Article not available.
Biochemistry of Nitrogenase.

The biochemistry of nitrogenase has been reviewed so frequently in the past few years that the production of a comprehensive review at this point seems unwarranted. My colleagues and I have published two lengthy reviews in which most of the recent developments have been analyzed (Orme-Johnson and Davis, 1977; Orme-Johnson et al., 1977). Along with the article by Winter and Burris (1976) and the Symposium Proceedings of the 1974 Conference at Pullman, Washington (Newton and Nyman, 1976) and the forthcoming symposium volumes from the 1976 International Conference on Nitrogen Fixation (Barrueco and Newton, 1977), these should be a sufficient introduction of the literature. In this paper I propose to concentrate on properties nitrogenase which seem to be relevant to problems that may be encountered in the establishment of a functioning nitrogen fixation system, particularly in novel cellular settings. The emphasis will be on attempting to second-guess the physiology of nitrogen fixation so that we can predict how much the physiology of a host organism may have to be altered or modified in order that nitrogenase not only function but function efficiently, to the extent that its presence is not detrimental to the host organism.
Risk, risk reduction and management of occult malignancy diagnosed after uterine morcellation: a commentary

Minimally invasive surgical techniques compared with laparotomy offer the advantages of less intraoperative blood loss, shorter hospitalization, fewer wound complications and faster return to baseline activity for both hysterectomy and myomectomy. While morcellation allows for the laparoscopic removal of large specimens, it may result in intraperitoneal dissemination of benign disease or upstaging of occult malignancy leading to compromised survival. There has been heightened scrutiny over appropriate patient selection and preoperative assessment in light of recent warnings against power morcellation issued by the US FDA. This commentary therefore summarizes the magnitude of such risks associated with uterine morcellation, current national regulatory statements and potential merits of risk-reducing approaches such as contained morcellation. The importance of patient counseling is underscored.
A Framework for Evaluating Collaborative Product Representations in Product Lifecycle Workflows

Product definition technology has evolved in such a way as to encourage the proliferation of data formats used within the product lifecycle for various use cases. One such product development framework being proposed in industry today is the model-based enterprise (MBE), which is operationally driven by the model-based definition (MBD) of products. This paper describes current models of the product development process and the nature of collaborative data. This paper will also suggest a framework for evaluating various collaborative product representations. The nature of the data formats chosen for use in specific workflows have a substantial effect on the ability of users to consume data and the ability for an organization to capture and archive its critical information.
Molecular Design of High Capacity, Low Viscosity, Chemically Tunable Ionic Liquids for CO2 Capture

The discovery of materials that combine selectively, controllably, and reversibly with CO2 is a key challenge for realizing practical carbon capture from flue gas and other point sources. We report the design of ionic liquids (ILs) with properties tailored to this CO2 separation problem. Atomistic simulations predict that suitably substituted aprotic heterocyclic anions, or “AHAs,” bind CO2 with energies that can be controlled over a wide range suitable to gas separations. Further, unlike all previously known CO2-binding ILs, the AHA IL viscosity is predicted to be insensitive to CO2. Spectroscopic, temperature-dependent absorption, rheological, and calorimetric measurements on trihexyl(tetradecyl)-phosphonium 2-cyanopyrrolide ([P66614][2-CNpyr]) show CO2 uptakes close to prediction as well as insignificant changes in viscosity in the presence of CO2. A pyrazolide-based AHA IL behaves qualitatively similarly but with weaker binding energy. The results demonstrate the intrinsic design advantages of ILs as ...
A Matter for the Public to Decide

(1968). A Matter for the Public to Decide? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 7-7.
Optimal Operation and Control of Heat Recovery System in the Laboratory Air Handling Unit (LAHU) System

Optimal operation and control of heat recovery in the Laboratory Air Handling Unit (LAHU) system differs from the optimal control and operation schedule used in 100% outside air AHU. In the LAHU system, economizers can be used in both the office section and the laboratory section. An optimal operation and control schedule for the heat recovery systems has been developed by using the first derivative test for local extreme values to minimize the total thermal energy consumption. The schedule turns off the heat recovery system when the outside air temperature is higher than the LAHU free cooling temperature, which is much lower than the AHU discharge air temperature. The optimal schedule actually also reduces the electricity consumption of heat recovery water circulation pump and improves room relative humidity condition. The optimal operation and control schedule developed in the paper also applies to AHUs where economizer is used. The study also found that a heat recovery system may not be necessary for LAHUs under certain conditions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Exploring the affective dimension of the life review process: Facilitators’ interactional strategies for fostering personhood and social value among older adults with early dementia

We employed an auto-ethnography approach to explore the affective dimension of life review sessions with community-dwelling older military veterans with minor cognitive impairment (MCI) and early d...
Attitudinal and Behavioral Response to Comparative Advertising: An Experimental Field Analysis

Contrary to the widespread international practice of comparative advertising, most communication-effects studies have found its relative effectiveness equivocal. The author uses an attitudinal and behavioral response approach in a field study to examine the differential effects of comparative and non-comparative advertising. Results suggest that, while no differences in the relative effectiveness are found on attitude measures, comparative advertising excels at the behavioral criterion.
Subcloning and sequencing of DNA fragment related to salt tolerance in Sinorhizobium fredii RT19

S. fredii RT19 is a salt tolerant strain, its total DNA was partially digested into 15–25 kb DNA fragments with EcoRI and ligated with pLAFRI. Gene library of strain RT19 was constructed using E. coli SP17.1 as recipient. The number of bacterial recombinants obtained was about 1.09 × 104 and 70% recombinant contained foreign DNA fragments. Using NTG, strain RT19 was mutanized on FY plates and 5 sensitive mutants were screened at 0.4 mol.L−1 NaCl. One of them was named RC 3–3 and selected as a recipient. Triparental mating experiments were conducted with strain RC3–3, gene library of strain RT19 and helper plasmid pRK2013. DNA fragments of strain RT19 were transfered into strain RC3–3, and the transconjugant strains SR were grown on FY plates containing tetracycline and NaCl. 15–25 kb inserted DNA fragments which related to salt tolerance were obtained. The plasmid DNA of strain SR, was digested by BamHI and ligated with pML122, then transformant strains Tr were obtained by transfering the recombinant plasmid to E. coli S17.1 as recipient on selective medium containing gentamycin and kanamycin. Two-parental mating experiments were carried out with strain Tr2 and strain RC3–3, and the transconjugant strain BR2 was selected on SM plates containing gentamycin, kanamycin and NaCl. A 4.3kb DNA fragment which related to salt tolerance was obtained. Then, the plasmid DNA was digested with Hind III, Pst I, EcoRI and Xho I. The restriction map of 4.3kb fragment is made. Based on the physical map, six restriction fragments were sub cloned into pUC18 for sequencing. Subsequently, sequencing and analysis of 4.3 kb DNA fragment were done.
Implementation of the Asynchronism of the POP3 Protocol

The article introduces a method of how to receive mails with POP3 using asynchronism in embedded systems. First it explains the commands used in POP3 and the rules to follow, expatiates why the asynchronism should be adopted,and specifies how to decode the received data using the Quote-Printable and BASE64 methods.
Revisiting Vorticity: Pushing Fluid Solvers to the Next Level

Although some of the earliest work in fluid simulation for computer graphics exploited vorticity (e.g. Yaeger et al.’s work on Jupiter for the film 2010 [4]), by and large practical work over the last decade or two has focused on velocity-pressure formulations. This talk looks at why vortex methods are worth coming back to, the troubles that have steered practitioners away from them, and how we might overcome them.
Synthesis and Structure of Chromium(VI) Nitrido Cyclopentadienyl Complexes

A series of rare nitrido cyclopentadienyl complexes have been prepared of chromium(VI). An improved synthesis of NCr(I)(NPri2)2 is provided, which reacts with NaCp to give NCr(η1-Cp)(NPri2)2 (1) in 82% isolated yield. The η1-indenyl complex 2 can be prepared using a similar procedure. Replacement of one diisopropylamido ligand was accomplished to prepare NCr(NPri2)Cp(O2CPh) (3), NCr(NPri2)Cp(Cl) (4), and [NCr(NPri2)Cp(NCMe)]+[SbF6]− (5). In the series, the Cr–C interactions increase in bond order, 3 < 4 < 5, as the cyclopentadienyl compensates for the decreasing donor ability of the other ligands on chromium. The Ligand Donor Parameters (LDPs) for the η1-cyclopentadienyl and η1-indenyl ligands were measured as 13.73 and 13.76 kcal/mol, respectively. Compounds 1–5 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Colloidal Assembly of Hierarchically Structured Porous Supraparticles from Flower-Shaped Protein-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoparticles

Mimicry of biomineralization is an attractive strategy to fabricate nanostructured hybrid materials. While biomineralization involves processes that organize hybrid clusters into complex structures with hierarchy, arrangement of artificial components in biomimetic approaches has been challenging. Here, we demonstrate self-assembly of hierarchically structured porous supraparticles from protein–inorganic hybrid flower-shaped (FS) nanoparticle building blocks. In our strategy, the FS nanoparticles self-assemble via high valency interactions in combination with interfacial adsorption and compression. The flower-like shape directed robust assembly of the FS nanoparticles into chain-like clusters in solution, which were further assembled into spherical supraparticles during rotation of FS nanoparticle solution. Continuously expanding and contracting the air–water interface during rotation catalyzed assembly of FS nanoparticle clusters, indicating that adsorption and compression of the building blocks at the in...
Behavioral activation treatment for smoking (BATS) in smokers with depressive symptomatology

Purpose – Cigarette smoking remains the primary preventable cause of mortality and morbidity globally. The purpose of this paper is to disseminate the behavioral activation treatment for smoking (BATS), which integrates behavioral activation principles with standard treatment guidelines to assist individuals in achieving short- and long-term smoking cessation. Through a series of sequential steps, BATS guides individuals who wish to quit smoking to increase their engagement in healthy, pleasurable, and value-consistent activities. Design/methodology/approach – The document provides the BATS rationale and contains an abridged manual for use by clinicians and/or researchers in the context of clinical trials. Findings – BATS is accruing empirical evidence that suggests its ability to promote successful smoking cessation outcomes while decreasing any associated depressive symptoms. Practical implications – A description of key components, forms, and strategies to address common treatment barriers are included...
High-Power Transistor-Based Tunable and Switchable Metasurface Absorber

High-power signals traveling along the surface of the shielding of transmitter systems may leak into the system through openings between connecting parts and cause damage to vulnerable electronic devices. This problem could be alleviated by implementing lossy coatings or recently developed passive power-dependent nonlinear surfaces. However, these solutions will either suppress the performance of the electromagnetic devices being shielded or be highly power-dependent. Applying transistors creates an active nonlinear metasurface that can allow the absorption of the surface to be directly controlled by the system, or tuned in response to the local power level using feedback control. This can provide a sharp absorption response with a wide range of controllable power threshold. Different absorption rates at the same power level can also be achieved by applying different biasing to the transistors. In this paper, the first transistor-based, thin, switchable, and tunable high-power surface wave absorber is proposed with full wave and circuit cosimulation analysis as well as waveguide and anechoic chamber measurement.
Theoretical investigation of the band alignment of graphene on a polar SrTi O 3 (111) surface

Doping graphene layers presents a difficult practical and fundamental problem. We consider theoretically, the possibility of electrostatic doping of graphene by the intrinsic field of a polar substrate. By way of example, we perform density functional theory calculations for a graphene sheet placed on the (111)-oriented perovskite $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ surface. We find that the Fermi surface moves well below the Dirac point of graphene, resulting simultaneously in a fast conducting channel in graphene, and a slow (large-effective-mass) channel at the oxide surface. Additionally, electrostatic gating may open a way to explore peculiar states that, through the ``no crossing,'' represent a hybrid carrier that exists simultaneously in both materials.
Microbial minimalism: genome reduction in bacterial pathogens

When bacterial lineages make the transition from free-living or facultatively parasitic life cycles to permanent associations with hosts, they undergo a major loss of genes and DNA. Complete genome sequences are providing an understanding of how extreme genome reduction affects evolutionary directions and metabolic capabilities of obligate pathogens and symbionts.
Cosine-Modulated Filter Banks

Between the KLT transform coder and the ideal subband coder, there are many subband coders which offer great energy compaction capability with a reasonable implementation cost. Prominent among them are cosine modulated filter banks (CMFB) whose subband filters are derived from a prototype filter through cosine modulation.
Epicardial adipose tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging predicts abnormal adenosine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and future adverse cardiovascular events

Background A growing body of evidence demonstrates a quantitative association between Epicardial Adipose Tissue (EAT), cardiometabolic risk factors and measures of coronary artery disease (CAD). It is still unclear, however, if EAT is predictive of abnormal functional stress tests and clinical outcomes. The aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between the total volume of EAT, the detection of ischemia and/or infarct with Adenosine Stress Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance imaging (AS-CMR), and combined future adverse cardiovascular events. Methods
An Interval-Based Mathematical Model for the Scheduling of Resource-Constrained Batch Chemical Processes

This paper is an extension of previously presented work concerned with the use of. interval analysis and search techniques for the exact modelling of the solution space of resource-constrained batch chemical process scheduling problems. A mathematical programming formulation is presented which is based on the notion of interval analysis and which uses a non-uniform discretization of time derived only from real process events. No additional discretization variables are introduced. While conventional discretization models rely on the rounding of problem data in order to reduce the size of the formulation, the base formulation proposed here does not require such data modification. The importance of this difference is that, although a conventional discretization model can be solved exactly, an exact solution is found to an approximate problem; whereas the model proposed here is not sensitive to the timing of events and therefore always gives an exact representation of the problem data with minimal discretization. However, added expense is incurred by the introduction of sequencing variables and constraints. Preliminary comparison with existing mixed integer formulations indicates promise for drastic reduction in model size for certain types of problems.