cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eszopiclone increases the respiratory arousal threshold and lowers the apnoea/hypopnoea index in obstructive sleep apnoea patients with a low arousal threshold

Recent insights into sleep apnoea pathogenesis reveal that a low respiratory arousal threshold (awaken easily) is important for many patients. As most patients experience stable breathing periods mediated by upper-airway dilator muscle activation via accumulation of respiratory stimuli, premature awakening may prevent respiratory stimuli build up as well as the resulting stabilization of sleep and breathing. The aim of the present physiological study was to determine the effects of a non-benzodiazepine sedative, eszopiclone, on the arousal threshold and the AHI (apnoea/hypopnoea index) in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. We hypothesized that eszopiclone would increase the arousal threshold and lower the AHI in patients with a low arousal threshold (0 to −15 cmH2O). Following a baseline overnight polysomnogram with an epiglottic pressure catheter to quantify the arousal threshold, 17 obstructive sleep apnoea patients, without major hypoxaemia [nadir SaO2 (arterial blood oxygen saturation) >70%], returned on two additional nights and received 3 mg of eszopiclone or placebo immediately prior to each study. Compared with placebo, eszopiclone significantly increased the arousal threshold [−14.0 (−19.9 to −10.9) compared with −18.0 (−22.2 to −15.1) cmH2O; P < 0.01], and sleep duration, improved sleep quality and lowered the AHI without respiratory event prolongation or worsening hypoxaemia. Among the eight patients identified as having a low arousal threshold, reductions in the AHI occurred invariably and were most pronounced (25 ± 6 compared with 14 ± 4 events/h of sleep; P < 0.01). In conclusion, eszopiclone increases the arousal threshold and lowers the AHI in obstructive sleep apnoea patients that do not have marked overnight hypoxaemia. The greatest reductions in the AHI occurred in those with a low arousal threshold. The results of this single night physiological study suggest that certain sedatives may be of therapeutic benefit for a definable subgroup of patients. However, additional treatment strategies are probably required to achieve elimination of apnoea.
Geomechanical analysis with rigorous error estimates for a double-porosity reservoir model

A model of random polycrystals of porous laminates is introduced to provide a means for studying geomechanical properties of double-porosity reservoirs. Calculations on the resulting earth reservoir model can proceed semi-analytically for studies of either the poroelastic or transport coefficients. Rigorous bounds of the Hashin-Shtrikman type provide estimates of overall bulk and shear moduli, and thereby also provide rigorous error estimates for geomechanical constants obtained from up-scaling based on a self-consistent effective medium method. The influence of hidden (or presumed unknown) microstructure on the final results can then be evaluated quantitatively. Detailed descriptions of the use of the model and some numerical examples showing typical results for the double-porosity poroelastic coefficients of a heterogeneous reservoir are presented.
Community college web sites as tools for fostering dialogue

Abstract This research brief reports the results of an analysis of community college Web sites as places for fostering dialogic relationships with key publics. Our research suggests that community colleges have created easy to use, information sites that appeal to a variety of publics. With a more attention to the dialogic potential of the Internet, community colleges can better adapt to the needs of their various publics.
Physical characterization of ovoinhibitor, a trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from chicken egg white.

Abstract A simple method for preparing ovoinhibitor of high specific activity from commercially available chicken ovomucoid is presented. Ultracentrifuge and light-scattering measurements on ovoinhibitor give a weight average molecular weight of 46,500. This, with inhibition data for trypsin and chymotrypsin, indicates an inhibitor to enzyme combining molar ratio of 1:2. Amino acid and chemical analyses of chicken ovoinhibitor show some differences from chicken and turkey ovomucoids, but these do not clearly account for the enzymic differences. Enzymic studies confirm that ovoinhibitor, like turkey ovomucoid but unlike chicken ovomucoid, inhibits trypsin and chymotrypsin, the inhibition of one enzyme being essentially unaffected by the presence of the other.
Specific heat, pressure, and the Grüneisen relation in solid hydrogen

We report systematic measurements ofC v and (∂P/∂T) v in solid hydrogen below 1 K and for orthohydrogen molar concentrations 0.58≥X ortho≥0.20. This is the temperature and concentration range associated with a proposed quadrupolar glass phase. The results show no overtly glassy properties such as remanence or hysteresis upon warming and cooling, and there is no evidence of anomalous thermal relaxations. We have calculated the quadrupolar Gruneisen constant from our data and find that γ is only a slowly varying function of temperature and orthohydrogen concentration. TheC v results are compared with theoretical models and the behavior of a corresponding classical solid, N2-argon. There are several similarities between the N2-argon and H2 behaviors, but the semiempirical single-particle model does not correspond well with the experimental results.
Effect of filler and cooling rate on the glass transition of polymers

Abstract Fillers have been reported to raise, have no effect upon, or to lower the glass transition temperature Tgof polymers. In those studies, comparisons have been made between filled and unfilled polymers having equal thermal histories. In the work report here, however, the thermal history (cooling rate) was also varied. Two systems, polystyrene-silica and epoxy-rubber were studied. The glass transitions were measured by using a differential scanning calorimeter and a method of analysis first described by Ellerstein and later elaborated upon by Flynn. The data could be represented by a linear plot of the log of cooling rate versus Tgor Tg −1. For the polystyrene system, the filled material had a larger negative slope for the plot of log cooling rate versus Tg −1 so that after fast cooling the filled material had a lower Tg than the unfilled material. However, when the cooling rate was lowered, the Tg of the filled and unfilled materials approached each other, and for very slow cooling (annealed sample...
MANAGING DIVERSITY: HOW ORGANIZATIONAL EFFORTS TO SUPPORT DIVERSITY MODERATE THE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED RACIAL DISCRIMINATION ON AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT

Using the interactional model of cultural diversity, we examined whether the negative effects of perceived racial discrimination on affective commitment can be mitigated by perceived organizational efforts to support diversity. Across 3 studies, we found that perceptions of workplace racial discrimination are negatively related to affective commitment. In 2 out of 3 studies, this negative relationship was attenuated as employees perceived more organizational efforts to support diversity. Studies 1 (mostly Whites) and 2 (mostly Hispanics) showed that organizational efforts to support diversity attenuate the negative effects of perceived racial discrimination on affective commitment. However, in Study 3 (African Americans), results showed that when organizational efforts to support diversity are high, the negative relationship between perceived racial discrimination and affective commitment became stronger. Studies 2 and 3 also extended these results by showing that the interaction of perceived racial discrimination and organizational efforts to support diversity indirectly influences turnover intent.
Use of mean arterial pressure for noninvasive determination of left ventricular end-systolic wall stress in infants and children

Abstract We conclude that mean arterial pressure is a reliable estimate of end-systolic pressure and can be used to simplify the determination of the stress-velocity relation.
Design and test of a high power electromechanical actuator for thrust vector control

NASA-Marshall is involved in the development of electromechanical actuators (EMA) for thrust-vector control (TVC) system testing and implementation in spacecraft control/gimballing systems, with a view to the replacement of hydraulic hardware. TVC system control is furnished by solid state controllers and power supplies; a pair of resolvers supply position feedback to the controller for precise positioning. Performance comparisons between EMA and hydraulic TVC systems are performed.
CMS OnlineWeb-Based Monitoring

Abstract For large international High Energy Physics experiments, modern web technologies make the online monitoring of detector status, data acquisition status, trigger rates, luminosity, etc., accessible for the collaborators anywhere and anytime. This helps the collaborating experts monitor the status of the experiment, identify the problems and improve data taking efficiency. We present the online Web-Based Monitoring project of the CMS experiment at the LHC at CERN.The data sources are relational databasesandvarious messaging systems. The projectprovidesavast amountof in-depth information including real-time data, historical trends and correlations in a user-friendly way.
A narrow complex tachycardia with varying RP intervals: What is the mechanism?

Case presentation A 54-year-old woman underwent diagnostic electrophysiological study because of recurrent symptomatic narrow complex tachycardia (NCT) and intolerance to metoprolol therapy. Baseline atrio-His and His-ventricular intervals measured 116 and 37 ms, respectively. Dual antegrade atrioventricular (AV) nodal physiology was observed during programmed atrial extrastimulation. Ventriculoatrial conduction was decremental and concentric (earliest at the anteroseptum). Her clinical tachycardia (Figure 1A) was repeatedly induced by rapid atrial pacing. Attempt to entrain tachycardia from the ventricle is shown in Figure 1B. Figures 2A and 2B show the response of tachycardia to atrial premature depolarization (APD) and overdrive pacing from the coronary sinus (CS), respectively. Figure 3 shows tachycardia before ablation. Based on these observations, what is the mechanism of tachycardia?
The effect of lindane and phenobarbital on microsomal enzyme induction in dogs and miniature swine.

Abstract The enzymic activities of 9000g supernatant fractions obtained from the livers of normal beagle dogs and miniature swine and of dogs and swine treated with lindane and phenobarbital are presented. No significant sex differences in activities were noted in control dogs. Preparations from dogs of both sexes fed lindane at 7.5 and 15.0 mg/kg exhibited a significant loss in codeine demethylase activity while nitroreductase activity was increased twofold. Phenobarbital pretreatment of dogs and swine stimulated all microsomal systems tested. Addition of lindane to the diet of these induced dogs caused a significant and rapid decline in the values after only two feedings. Enzymes induced to a greater extent in dogs by phenobarbital were inhibited to a greater extent by lindane; i.e., as a class, demethylases were affected by both lindane and phenobarbital to a greater extent than aromatic hydroxylases. In contrast, administration of lindane to phenobarbitaltreated swine caused an actual further increase in demethylase activities. A decrease in the induced state was observed in aromatic hydroxylation, azo-reduction, and nitro-reduction reactions, although the activities of these enzymes were still higher than the values from control swine.
Multifunction Displays Optimized For Viewability

Extensive research on human vision has led to the emergence of clear design requirements to insure that pilots of combat aircraft can best view new multifunction displays (MFDs). An illuminance profile of an F-16C was conducted by Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon supplier of CRTs for the MFD, in an F-16C parked on the runway at General Dynamics, followed by flight tests at 40,000 ft. Human visual requirements (Table I) indicate that a series of tradeoffs must be made in the design of the CRT to optimize display luminance, contrast ratio, color differentiability and symbol legibility. On the ground it was found that only at a narrow angle of incidence can direct sunlight shine on the aircraft MFDs. In flight it was also found difficult to even maneuver the aircraft to a position where direct sunlight shown on the MFD. Even then it was required that the pilot assume an unusual sitting position to allow sunlight to flood the MFD. Based on these ambient illumination tests, it is suggested that the engineering design guidelines for the F-16C cockpit use a value of 5000 foot-candles as a worst-case ambient for the current MFD location, and 7600 foot-candles for worst-case anywhere within the cockpit, to insure maximum avionics display viewability.
Simplified stippling blocks for skin surface reproduction.

Abstract A method of simulating the detail of human skin surfaces in a prosthesis pattern has been presented. The materials needed for this technique are readily available and simple to use.
Situational and Arousal-Based Messages and the Reduction of Crowding Stress

In an anticipatory crowding context, an attempt was made to assess the effects of various control-relevant messages for ameliorating crowding stress. Two informational foci (i.e., situational and emotional) were employed, and it was found that situational information was more effective in relieving discomfort associated with anticipated high-density than emotionally-focused information. In addition, an exploratory attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness for relieving crowding stress of control-relevant information highlighting different aspects of density (i.e., overload, spatial intrusion, and interference). In general, it was found that such messages were effective in relieving discomfort to the extent that they accurately described the characteristics of the setting that subjects were anticipating.
Agar-Screen Specimen Carrier for Bulk Processing of Biopsy Materials for Electron Microscopy

A specimen carrier for processing large numbers of biopsy materials for epoxy embedding and electron microscopy is described. Commercially available 18-mesh stainless steel or 16-mesh aluminum wire screening is used. The screening is cut into 1 × 3-inch strips. One corner is snipped off for orientation purposes. Four drops of warm 4% agar is placed on a prewarmed standard microscopic glass slide. A thin agar support film is formed on the bottom side of the horizontally held wire screen by lightly running it against the agar. Tissue blocks trimmed to 1 mm3 are blotted on filter paper and placed in a prearranged order on the top surface of the support film. A thin top coating of agar is applied on the specimen by touching it with the tip of a pasteur pipette containing warm 4% agar. The agar-screen unit with the mounted specimens is stabilized in 4% buffered formalin and rinsed with Sorenson's phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, with 6.8% sucrose. It is then processed as a unit through routine osmium tetroxide postfi...
Radiaton-induced solitary rectal ulcer

A case of radiation-induced solitary rectal ulcer is presented. The unusual posterior location with involvement of the internal iliac artery produced massive lower intestinal hemorrhage. Temporary control was obtained with percutaneous arterial catheter embolization, but definitive control necessitated surgical resection.
Development of a High Protein Coating Batter Using Egg Albumen

Abstract Experimental batters containing 75 to 87% liquid egg albumen or 24.5% dried egg albumen were mixed by hand and applied to predusted, phosphate-soaked broiler drumsticks. Pieces were then rolled in breading and cooked by the fry/oven method. During development, batters were evaluated by analysis of fat and moisture of cooked coatings, measurement of coating pickup and exterior color, observation of interior color, and textural qualities of cooked coatings, and measurement of organoleptic acceptability of battered broiler pieces. Batters consisting of egg albumen combined with pregelatinized or modified corn flours produced coatings with acceptable exterior and interior color. Batters with higher solids contents tended to absorb less fat, but batters containing pregelatinized corn flour with relatively lower solids contents also produced cooked coatings that had high moisture contents and absorbed little fat. Percentage of coating pickup and yield values of chicken pieces were acceptable. Liquid and dried egg albumen performed equally well in batters. Both experienced and student taste panelists gave good ratings to broiler drumsticks coated with high egg albumen batters. Breading applied after the batter reduced perceived rubberiness and greasiness. Partial lack of adhesion of the cooked coating to the chicken piece was a problem. Precooked, frozen drumsticks could be successfully reheated in a microwave oven.
BAMBI SCHIEFFELIN, KATHRYN WOOLARD, & PAUL KROSKRITY (eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory . (Oxford studies in anthropological linguistics, 16.) Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xiii, 338. Hb $75.00, pb $35.00.

This volume makes available to us a revised and expanded collection of essays originally published in 1992 as a special issue of the journal Pragmatics . In a masterful and greatly expanded introduction to the volume, Kathryn Woolard establishes the parameters of a field that seeks to advance the goal of linking work on language structure with that on language politics, as well as with linguistic and social theory more generally.
A note on rectilinear and polar visibility graphs

We give a new, inductive proof that every 2-connected planar graph is a bar-visibility graph. Changing from horizontal lines to arcs of concentric circles and from vertical to radial visibility, we obtain a similar result for polar visibility graphs, which naturally embed on the projective plane.
Exploring a public health perspective on pedestrian planning.

A pedestrian plan is a public document that explains a community’s vision and goals for future pedestrian activity. This study explored whether involvement by public health professionals in the dev...
Hydrogen bonding Part 67. Thermodynamic study of the dissociation of tri-i-pentylammonium chloride and bromide monohydrates

Abstract Tri- i -pentylammonium bromide and chloride form very stable, highly crystalline monohydrates which contain planar C 2h (H 2 O·X − ) 2 clusters in which two water molecules mutually bridge two halide ions. Each halide ion in turn accepts an NHz − hydrogen bond from cation to give a dimeric unit in which each cluster is sandwiched between two large cations. The enthalpy of dissociation of these monohydrates consists of breaking HOHzX − hydrogen bonds (+ ΔH ), changing NHzX − bonds in hydrate to those in anhydrous salt (− ΔH ), and change in lattice enthalpy ( ΔH L ) between monohydrate and anhydrous salt (expected − ΔH ). However, consideration of the thermodynamic values for the dissociation of these hydrates and comparision of these values with those for quaternary ammonium ion salts previously studied suggests that ΔH L is positive for the dissociation of tri- i -pentylammonium bromide and chloride monohydrates; thus the presence of water has a significant stabilizing effect on the crystal lattice which contributes to the unusual stability of these monohydrates.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SEVERITY OF MORAL JUDGMENTS.

(1964). Factors Influencing the Severity of Moral Judgments. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 319-326.
Preparation, characterization, and electrochemical properties of a new series of hybrid dendrimers containing a viologen core and Frechet and Newkome dendrons.

Five new 4,4′-bipyridinium (viologen) core dendrimers containing a Frechet (Fn, n = 1−3, first to third generation) and a Newkome (Nn, n = 1−3) dendron linked to each of the termini of the viologen residue were prepared and characterized. These macromolecules (FnNn) were prepared according to synthetic methodology already developed by our group. The electrochemical behavior of these dendrimers is characterized by the stepwise reduction of the viologen nucleus (V2+/V+ and V+/V). The recorded half-wave potentials are affected by dendron growth in the three surveyed solvent media (dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile). The size of the Newkome dendron has a more pronounced effect on the half-wave potentials than the size of the Frechet dendron. However, increasing the size of the Frechet dendron diminishes the magnitude of the cathodic potential shifts resulting from Newkome dendron growth. The largest dendrimers investigated (F1N3 and F2N3) exhibit quasi-reversible voltammetric behavior. The di...
Nuisance parameter free properties of correlation integral based statistics

This paper presents conditions under which statistics based on the correlation integral are invariant to the use of estimated residuals from dynamic models. The methods are applied to the so-called BDS test for nonlinearity, under a variety of data-generating processes.
Genetic dissection of consolidated memory in Drosophila

Behavioral and pharmacological experiments in many animal species have suggested that memory is consolidated from an initial, disruptable form into a long-lasting, stable form within a few hours after training. We combined these traditional approaches with genetic analyses in Drosophila to show that consolidated memory of conditioned (learned) odor avoidance 1 day after extended training consisted of two genetically distinct, functionally independent memory components: anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) and long-term memory (LTM). ARM decayed away within 4 days, was resistant to hypothermic disruption, was insensitive to the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CXM), and was disrupted by the radish single-gene mutation. LTM showed no appreciable decay over 7 days, was sensitive to CXM, and was not disrupted by the radish mutation.
Understanding family health information seeking: a test of the theory of motivated information management.

Although a family health history can be used to assess disease risk and increase health prevention behaviors, research suggests that few people have collected family health information. Guided by the Theory of Motivated Information Management, this study seeks to understand the barriers to and facilitators of interpersonal information seeking about family health history. Individuals who were engaged to be married (N = 306) were surveyed online and in person to understand how factors such as uncertainty, expectations for an information search, efficacy, and anxiety influence decisions and strategies for obtaining family health histories. The results supported the Theory of Motivated Information Management by demonstrating that individuals who experienced uncertainty discrepancies regarding family heath history had greater intention to seek information from family members when anxiety was low, outcome expectancy was high, and communication efficacy was positive. Although raising uncertainty about family hea...
Development and optimization of near-IR contrast agents for immune cell tracking.

Gold nanorods (NRs) are attractive for in vivo imaging due to their high optical cross-sections and tunable absorbance. However, the feasibility of using NRs for cell tracking has not been fully explored. Here, we synthesized dye doped silica-coated NRs as multimodal contrast agents for imaging of macrophages – immune cells which play an important role in cancer and cardiovascular diseases. We showed the importance of silica coating in imaging of NR-labeled cells. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging of NRs labeled macrophages showed high sensitivity. Therefore, these results provide foundation for applications of silica-coated NRs and PA imaging in tracking of immune cells.
Biosynthesis of Mustard Oil Glucosides: Sodium Phenylacetothiohydroximate and Desulfobenzylglucosinolate, Precursors of Benzylglucosinolate in Tropaeolum majus

The biosynthesis of the mustard oil glucoside, benzylglucosinolate, was studied in Tropaeolum majus L. A number of labeled compounds were administered to plant shoots and the incorporation of tracer into benzylglucosinolate, isolated as the crystalline tetramethyl-ammonium salt, was measured. In order of decreasing efficiency of conversion into benzyl-glucosinolate the compounds fed were S-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)phenylacetothiohydroximic acid (desulfobenzylglucosinolate), sodium phenylacetothiohydroximate, dl-phenylalanine, d-glucose, and sodium-d-1-glucopyranosyl mercaptide (1-thioglucose). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the thioglucosyl group of benzylglucosinolate is derived by glucosylation of phenylacetothiohydroximate and not from 1-thioglucose. The results also suggest that benzylglucosinolate is formed by sulfation of desulfobenzylglucosinolate as the final step in its biosynthesis.A method for the isolation of a number of glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides) is described which utilizes anion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose. Potassium allylglucosinolate, tetramethylammonium benzylglucosinolate, potassium 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylglucosinolate and potassium 2-phenylethylglucosinolate were obtained on recrystallization of the glucosinolate fraction eluted from the column.
Online reorganization of databases

In practice, any database management system sometimes needs reorganization, that is, a change in some aspect of the logical and/or physical arrangement of a database. In traditional practice, many types of reorganization have required denying access to a database (taking the database offline) during reorganization. Taking a database offline can be unacceptable for a highly available (24-hour) database, for example, a database serving electronic commerce or armed forces, or for a very large database. A solution is to reorganize online (concurrently with usage of the database, incrementally during users' activities, or interpretively). This article is a tutorial and survey on requirements, issues, and strategies for online reorganization. It analyzes the issues and then presents the strategies, which use the issues. The issues, most of which involve design trade-offs, include use of partitions, the locus of control for the process that reorganizes (a background process or users' activities), reorganization by copying to newly allocated storage (as opposed to reorganizing in place), use of differential files, references to data that has moved, performance, and activation of reorganization. The article surveys online strategies in three categories of reorganization. The first category, maintenance, involves restoring the physical arrangement of data instances without changing the database definition. This category includes restoration of clustering, reorganization of an index, rebalancing of parallel or distributed data, garbage collection for persistent storage, and cleaning (reclamation of space) in a log-structured file system. The second category involves changing the physical database definition; topics include construction of indexes, conversion between B+ -trees and linear hash files, and redefinition (e.g., splitting) of partitions. The third category involves changing the logical database definition. Some examples are changing a column's data type, changing the inheritance hierarchy of object classes, and changing a relationship from one-to-many to many-to-many. The survey encompasses both research and commercial implementations, and this article points out several open research topics. As highly available or very large databases continue to become more common and more important in the world economy, the importance of online reorganization is likely to continue growing.
Property modification factors for seismically isolated bridges

An analytical study investigating how changes in the mechanical properties of individual seismic isolators affect the response of isolated bridge structures subjected to earthquake excitation is summarized. Nonlinear response-history analyses are conducted utilizing bins of recorded earthquake ground motion pairs. Twenty bilinear isolation systems are considered so that the results of this study are broadly applicable to the design of seismic isolation systems in the United States. Variations in the mechanical properties are considered using a property modification factor, λ , to modify the appropriate bilinear isolator parameter. The results of analyses considering nominal and modified isolation systems are used to systematically identify changes in system response as a function of the property modification factor. These results are used to determine threshold values of the property modification factor that should aid engineers in the preliminary design and assessment of an isolation system prior to perf...
Climatology of landfalling tropical cyclones in Bangladesh 1877–2003

Bangladesh is highly susceptible to tropical cyclones. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of climatological studies on the tropical cyclones of Bangladesh. The Global Tropical Cyclone Climatic Atlas (GTCCA) lists historical storm track information for all the seven tropical cyclone ocean basins including the North Indian Ocean. Using GIS, tropical cyclones that made landfall in Bangladesh during 1877–2003 are identified and examined from the climatological perspective. For the convenience of study, the coast of Bangladesh is divided into five segments and comparisons are made among the coastal segments in terms of cyclone landfall and vulnerability. There is a large variability in the year-to-year occurrence of landfalling tropical cyclones in Bangladesh. Most of the tropical cyclones (70%) hit in the months of May–June and October–November generally show the well-known pattern of pre- and post-monsoon cyclone seasons in that region.
DNA-repair kinetics and the sensitivity of cells to X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations: a mouse myeloid leukemia cell line and normal mouse bone marrow cells.

Abstract The frequency of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in G 1 ML-1 mouse myeloid leukemia cells and normal mouse bone marrow cells increased with post-irradiation incubation with the DNA-repair resunthesis inhibitor -β- D -arabinofuranosylcytosine (araC), but the frequency of aberrations in the leukemia cells increased with quite a different time response compared to the normal cells. Irradiated normal mouse bone marrow cells had a rapid increase in the frequency of chromosome exchanges and deletions with increasing araC incubation time, for example, an increase was observed with 0.5 h araC incubation. In contrast, the ML-1 cells did not have a significant increase in aberrations until 1–2 h post-irradiation incubation with araC. These results suggest that the ML-1 cells, per unit time, initially undergo less repair of the X-ray-induced DNA damage that can be converted into chromosome aberrations. We previously showed that the ML-1 cells have a higher frequency of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations compared to normal cells and the results presented here indicate that a slower rate of repair resynthesis is contributing to the increased sensitivity of the ML-1 cells.
Was pre–twentieth century sea level stable?

Sea level rise (SLR) ranks high on the list of climate change issues because the expected acceleration from the current rate (about 3.1 millimeters per year) poses threats to coastal regions. Tide gauge, salt marsh, and archaeological records, and modeling of glacioisostatic adjustment (GIA) have led to the widely accepted idea that late Holocene (the past ∼2000 years) sea level was stable prior to acceleration beginning around 1850–1900 C.E. For instance, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, before the last century, sea level had “stabilized” over the past 2000 years, rising at a mean rate of 0–0.2 millimeter per year [Bindoff et al., 2007]. Others maintain that sea level was “nearly stable” over the past few thousand years [Nicholls and Cazenave, 2010], pre–twentieth century rates were “close to zero” [Church et al., 2008], or “stable from at least BC 100 until AD 950” and “stable, or slightly falling” from 1350 until the nineteenth century [Kemp et al., 2011].
Models of breakage and selection for particle size distributions

It is generally agreed that particle size distributions of sediments tend ideally to approximate the form of the lognormal probability law, but there is no single widely accepted explanation of how sedimentary processes generate the form of this law. Conceptually, and in its simplest form, sediment genesis involves the transformation of a parent rock mass into a particulate end product by processes that include size reduction and selection during weathering, transportation, and deposition. The many variables that operate simultaneously during this transformation can be shown to produce a distribution of particle sizes that approaches asymptotically the lognormal form when the effect of the variables is multiplicative. This was first shown by Kolmogorov (1941). Currently available models combine breakage and selection in differing degrees, but are similar in treating the processes as having multiplicative effects on particle sizes. The present paper, based on careful specification of the initial state, the nth breakage rule and the nth selection rule, leads to two stochastic models for particle breakage, and for both models the probability distributions of particle sizes are obtained. No attempt is made to apply these models to real world sedimentary processes, although this topic is touched upon in the closing remarks.
Lipoprotein synthesis in chickens fed cholesterol.

Abstract l-[ 14 C]Leucine was used to investigate the synthesis of serum lipoproteins in normal and cholesterol-fed chickens. No radioactivity was present in the fasting serum VLDL fraction from normal birds while a substantial amount of radioactivity remained in the same fraction from cholesterol-fed animals, even 4 h after the injection of label. The total incorporation of the label into LDL, HDL and serum proteins was not influenced by the inclusion of cholesterol in the diet. Almost no activity was found in the VLDL fraction of normal unfasted chickens during a 2 h period after the injection of label, whereas a steadily increasing amount of radioactivity was observed during the same time interval in the cholesterol-fed birds. As one possible explanation, it was proposed that the large increase in the VLDL fraction observed in the cholesterol-fed chickens as compared to the normal birds was due to a decreased rate of removal of this lipoprotein from circulation.
Geometry and physics of averaging with applications

Abstract The main point of this paper is an observation that behind the standard averaging procedure there lies some simple previously unobserved geometry. In particular, the averaged forces in a rapidly forced system are, as it turns out, the constraint forces of an associated auxiliary non-holonomic system. The curvature of these constraints enters the expression for the averaged system. For example, the curvature of the pursuit curve enters the averaged equation of the pendulum with vibrating suspension point. This observation gives a new physical and geometrical insight into the mechanics of the Paul traps and the stability of forced inverted pendula.
Vasculitis: the elusive optimal induction strategy for vasculitis.

A recently published study on therapy for antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated small vessel vasculitis has provided answers but not clarity towards defining how best to treat patients with vasculitis. How do we use recent advances in knowledge to optimally influence our patients' outcomes without causing harm in the process?
Influence of repeated hyperthermia on the early development of carcinogen-induced rat mammary cancers; Refinement of a technique for hyperthermia research

Abstract 1. 1.|Hyperthermia ( c . 41° C ) occurs in mammals (e.g. humans) during normal life-history events such as fever and vigorous exercise. The effects of such episodic hyperthermia on early developmental stages of cancer are of potential importance, yet have been investigated hardly at all. 2. 2.|We injected female Sprague-Dawley rats with the mammary-gland carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzathracene and, over a 4-week period before cancer onset, subjected them to 20 1-h episodes of whole-body hyperthermia (41.2°C colonic) to determine effects on subsequent appearance of carcinomas. 3. 3.|Hyperthermia did not have significant effects on the development of clinical disease in this system, indicating that precancerous or incipient cancerous cells are not susceptible to damage by the levels of hyperthermia associated with normal life-history events. 4. 4.|For repeated induction of hyperthermia with minimal confounding effects of stress, we refined a technique in which hyperthermia-treated animals, as well as controls, were anesthetized with sodium pentabarbital during thermal treatments, thus suppressing thermoregulation and higher brain functions.
Male-size-related courtship success and intersexual selection in the tobacco moth, Ephestia elutella

InEphestia elutella males, mating success is positively correlated with size. Experimental manipulation of males demonstrated that this is due to females actively discriminating against small males, the first direct evidence for female mate-choice in moths. Furthermore, this female preference is associated with increased fitness in that, by mating with larger males, females are more likely both to produce larger offspring and to increase their fecundity.
Aldosterone: Current concepts

Abstract Since the discovery of aldosterone, the mechanism by which this hormone regulates electrolyte balance in the kidney and in its other target tissues has been intensively studied. Increased interest in aldosterone has resulted from the realization of the significant role it plays in the fluid and electrolyte abnormalities associated with congestive heart failure, hypertension, cirrhosis, and a variety of diseases of the kidney and heart. Recently, attention has been given to the biochemical events that occur during the latent period prior to the physiologic effects of aldosterone. In this review, evidence is presented to show that the antinatriuretic and kaliuretic components of the physiologic response to aldosterone appear to be separable effects. The possibility is discussed that the lag times prior to each of these physiologic components might be comprised of separate and distinct sets of biochemical events. The importance of aldosterone protein receptors and the protein synthetic responses thought to be necessary to elicit some of the aldosterone effects is also discussed. The metabolism of aldosterone also appears to be important in the regulation of the physiologic effects of this hormone and the lag times prior to the effects. The kaliuretic component, particularly, appears to be a possible consequence of this metabolism.
On the mean residual life function of a mixture in reliability studies

In reliability studies, the additional life time given that a component has survived until time t is called the Mean residual life function (MRLF). This MRLF determines the distribution function uniquely. There exist many life testing situations which can be best described as mixtures of distributions. In this paper we have considered the general MRLF and have developed a method of obtaining the mixing distribution when the original distribution is exponential. Some examples are discussed, in one of which Morrison’s (1978) result is obtained as a special case.
Photochemistry of the gaseous hydrogen peroxide—carbon monoxide system. II: Rate constants for hydroxyl radical reactions with hydrocarbons and for hydrogen atom reactions with hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Previous studies on the photochemistry of the system hydrogen peroxide—carbon monoxide—oxygen—isobutane, from which we obtained the rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl with isobutane, have been continued with other aliphatic hydrocarbons and additional hydroxyl radical rate constants have been obtained. The constants obtained were: C3H6, 13.4 × 10−12; C3H8, 2.2 × 10−12; n-C4H10, 2.9 × 10−12; c-C4H8, 1.2 × 10−12; and c-C6H12, 6.7 × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. For the reactions: by a treatment of earlier data on the photochemistry of the system hydrogen peroxide—carbon monoxide, we have obtained k5 = 5.7 × 10−15 and k6 = 3.1 × 10−15 cm3 molecule−1 s−1.
Evaluation of Pavement Edge Drains and Their Effect on Pavement Performance

Research was conducted on pavement edge drains between 1991 and 1995 in Kentucky by the Kentucky Transportation Center. The study was initiated in an attempt to determine the effectiveness of these systems in improving pavement performance. Each edge drain system was evaluated on the basis of construction, maintenance, and performance of the edge drain backfill and geotextile and the lateral effectiveness of pavement edge drains across the pavement structure determined, to verify that pavement edge drains improve pavement performance and to determine their cost effectiveness. The initial findings indicate that if the edge drains are properly installed, edge drain systems in most cases will add significant life to pavement structure.
DNA-RNA hybrid secondary structures.

DNA-RNA and DNA-DNA duplexes are even more polymorphic than observed previously. DNA-RNA hybrids can have secondary structures like A-DNA or A-RNA, but double helices of the synthetic DNA-RNA hybrids poly(dA) · poly(rU) and poly(dI) · poly(rC), respectively, form 11-fold and 10-fold double-helical structures in which the two chains have quite different conformations. Extensive X-ray fiber diffraction analyses show that in both structures the DNA chains have C-2′-endo-puckered furanose rings, while the anti-parallel RNA chains have C-3′-endo-puckered rings. The bidirectional properties of such duplexes may be important in the transfer of biological information from nucleic acids.
Nonprescription chlorpheniramine maleate and submaximal exercise responses

Abstract Objective: To determine if a single, over-the-counter dose of the H 1 antagonist chlorpheniramine maleate (CM) alters total peripheral resistance (TPR) and oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) during submaximal exercise. Design: The study was a prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, random crossover analysis of the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to a single bout of moderately intense exercise. Setting: Exercise tests were conducted in an exercise laboratory equipped with expired gas analysis and bioelectrical impedance cardiographic monitoring capabilities. Participants: Subjects were 18 (9 men, 9 women) volunteers (age = 29.5 ± 3.6yrs; weight = 70.7 ± 11.1kg), free from exercise-limiting pathology and rhinitis. Intervention: Each subject completed a maximal exercise tolerance test on the cycle ergometer followed by two randomly ordered submaximal exercise tests at a power output of 50% of the peak power attained on the maximal test: the first, 2 hours after ingesting 4mg of CM, the second, 2 hours after ingesting a placebo. The submaximal exercise tests lasted 20mm and data were recorded at 5, 10, 15, and 20mm of exercise during both the CM and placebo tests. Tests were completed approximately 48 hours apart. Results: Average VO 2 was 1,488 ± 367mL/min for the CM test and 1,477 ± 351mL/min for the placebo test. TPR was 12.3 ± 7.4PRU for the CM and 11.3 ± 4.5PRU for the placebo tests. Analysis of variance revealed that these scores were statistically similar. Conclusion: A single over-the-counter dose of CM does not alter TPR or VO 2 during submaximal exercise.
On invariant probabilities for random rotations

It is shown that a spacially dependent random rotation process on the circle always possesses an invariant probability equivalent to Lebesgue measure.
Trials that matter: rosiglitazone, ramipril, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Despite the growing number of options for treating type 2 diabetes, clinicians wanting to prevent the disease in high-risk patients have few good choices. Two large trials in 2002 showed that metfo...
BLOOD COAGULATION AND ANTICOAGULANT MECHANISMS IN THE TURTLE PSEUDEMYS ELEGANS.

Abstract 1. 1. Three groups of control (warm) and three groups of experimental (cold-torpid) turtles (Pseudemys elegans) were subjected to room temperature (21–22°C) and to low temperature (2–4°C) respectively, from 1 to 6 months. Blood coagulation was studied utilizing such standard tests as the prothrombin clotting time of plasma and the coagulation time of whole blood. An anticoagulant substance with the metachromatic staining properties of a mucopolysaccharide was extracted from plasma and an attempt was made to correlate the amount of this substance with mast cell populations of liver and duodenal tissues. 2. 2. The prothrombin clotting time of the warm and cold-torpid groups varied considerably, but the mean clotting times for the two groups were essentially identical. An absence of whole blood coagulation was noted in many animals from both warm and cold environments. It was concluded that neither the warm nor the cold-torpid animals had an apparent fibrinogen deficiency, and that the variation in the clotting time was possibly due both to other factors of the clotting process and to seasonal or other factors independent of the experimental environment. 3. 3. Mean yields for the extracted anticoagulant were 2·04 and 6·67 mg/100 ml plasma for the three groups of warm and the three groups of cold-torpid animals respectively. The yield of the anticoagulant increased with length of exposure to the experimental environment. 4. 4. No correlation was found between the quantity of the anticoagulant substance and the number of tissue mast cells in liver and duodenal tissues from warm or cold-torpid animals. Neither was correlation found between the prothrombin clotting time and the anticoagulant yield nor between the coagulation of whole blood and the anticoagulant yield.
Calculation of the Emergent Spectrum and Observation of Primordial Black Holes

We calculate the emergent spectrum of microscopic black holes, taking into account the proposition that a quark and gluon photosphere forms around the black hole. We find that the limit on the average universal density of black holes is not significantly affected by the photosphere; however, we also find that gamma ray satellites such as EGRET and GLAST are well suited to look for nearby black holes out to a distance on the order of 0.3parsec, and conclude that if black holes are clustered in our Galaxy by a factor of order 10{sup 8} they may be directly detectable. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Quality-of-service guarantees using positioning information in a wireless distributed environment

This paper describes a system to support a wireless vision platform moving within a large space spanned by multiple wireless cells. The system offers a cost effective and scalable design for a distributed active vision system consisting of mobile cameras, a compute cluster of high performance workstations interconnected by a high bandwidth network, and a wireless network divided into distinct cells that connects mobile platforms with the computing cluster. Position information available at the mobile platforms [e.g., via the NAVSTAR global positioning (GPS) system] together with our 'position-aware' division algorithms, and routing protocol ensures continuous quality-of-service (QoS) as the mobile platforms move from cell to cell. This paper extends a real-time QoS communication protocol developed in our earlier work to provide continuous quality of service. We also present vision algorithms that minimize the hardware needed on the mobile platforms using the GPS position information and by off-loading computation to the compute cluster.