cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic Antibiotics in Pediatric Surgery

The frequency and appropriateness of prophylactic antibiotic use in children less than 6 years of age who received surgery were examined. Antibiotics were prescribed for 62% of children who had surgery, and prophylaxis was the sole reason for antibiotic use in 73% of the patients. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered inappropriately with respect to timing or duration to 42% of the children receiving preoperative prophylaxis, 67% receiving intraoperative prophylaxis, and 55% receiving postoperative prophylaxis. Thus, prophylaxis alone is the major indication for antibiotic use in pediatric surgical patients, and prophylactic antibiotics are frequently administered inappropriately.
Free Kidney For Sale? Substitution, the Shortage, and Procurement Policy

From 1989 to 2003 kidney transplant waiting lists have grown 247%. The effect of this growth and advances in kidney transplant technology has caused a shortage of available organs and the death of thousands waiting for their transplant. Current procurement policy based on altruism has failed to increase the supply of kidneys, yet many consumers and professionals are opposed to a market based system. This paper will examine the current altruistic procurement policy as well as presumed consent and a hypothetical open market approach. With the use of data from the United Network of Organ Sharing and the United States Renal Data System, I will discuss the economic and moral dilemmas of the shortage and argue for a market based procurement policy. This article is available in Undergraduate Economic Review: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol2/iss1/3 Undergraduate Economic Review A publication of Illinois Wesleyan University
A High Sensitivity Spectral Survey of Orion A in the 1.3mm Region

Results from a high resolution spectal line survey of the Orion molecular cloud conducted with the #1 10.4 m telescope of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory in the frequency ranges 216–246 and 254–264 GHz are presented. Over 500 emission lines from 28 molecules in 14 isotopic variations have been detected and identified. The great wealth of data obtained is providing new clues to the nature of both the physical and chemical properties of this well studied star formation region.
Two interval type 2 fuzzy TOPSIS material selection methods

Abstract Material selection is very important in engineering design. Material selection methods utilizing fuzzy set theory have gradually gained acceptance because of their capabilities in handling impreciseness inherent in measuring material properties. Past studies are all based on type 1 fuzzy sets. This paper presents two interval type 2 fuzzy multi-attribute decision making methods for material selection. Rather representing uncertainty in trapezoidal type 1 fuzzy sets, this paper represents uncertainty in measurement, preference, judgment, or prediction in terms of trapezoidal interval type 2 fuzzy sets instead. This representation allows higher degree of impreciseness by specifying membership value as an interval rather than as an exact value. The two new methods presented in this paper are extended from two existing TOPSIS methods based on type 1 fuzzy set. They differ mainly in the stage when defuzzification is carried out and other details. Note that the two existing type-1 fuzzy based TOPSIS methods assume no knowledge about desirable material property values. It is shown in this paper that such methods might lead to the selection of undesirable materials. An example is used to illustrate the working of the two new methods, followed by discussion about the effects of some relevant factors. Ideas for extending this study are given in the conclusions.
The Impact of Transtomal Rigid Endoscopy in Continent Cutaneous Urinary Diversions

Objective To determine if transtomal rigid endoscopy damages the continence mechanism of continent cutaneous reservoirs. We report the largest and longest series to date from a single institution demonstrating the safety of transtomal rigid endoscopy. Materials and Methods We conducted an institutional review board-approved retrospective review of a prospectively accrued database of all patients with urinary diversions that underwent rigid endoscopic procedures for various reasons between 2000 and 2013. Pre- and postoperative continence, difficulty with catheterization, and need for surgical revision post procedure were evaluated. Results From 2000 to 2013, 71 patients with continent cutaneous diversions underwent 191 endoscopic procedures by a single surgeon. Mean follow-up was 603 days. Mean age was 58.4 years. The mean number of procedures per patient was 2.7 (1-7). All procedures were performed by gaining access through the stoma with an offset rigid nephroscope and a 28-30Fr access sheath. Two patients reported incontinence postoperatively; 1 patient was treated conservatively by way of indwelling catheter for 1 week and full continence returned. The second patient had small-volume incontinence preoperatively that worsened postoperatively. The procedure uncovered an existing efferent limb-cutaneous fistula. Patients undergoing repeated procedures were not at any higher risk of incontinence. There were no patients that had difficulty with catheterization postoperatively. No surgical revisions were required for worsened continence postoperatively. Conclusion Transtomal rigid endoscopic procedures do not negatively affect the continence mechanism in continent cutaneous diversions. Transtomal rigid endoscopy allows for safe endoscopic access in these difficult to treat patients.
Orexin A-induced enhancement of attentional processing in rats: role of basal forebrain neurons

Rationale Orexins are neuropeptides released in multiple brain regions from neurons that originate within the lateral hypothalamus and contiguous perfornical area. The basal forebrain, a structure implicated in attentional processing, receives orexinergic inputs. Our previous work demonstrated that administration of an orexin-1 receptor antagonist, SB-334867, systemically or via infusion directly into the basal forebrain, can disrupt performance in a task that places explicit demands on attentional processing.
Array-based Hierarchical Mesh Generation in Parallel

Abstract In this paper, we describe an array-based hierarchical mesh generation capability through uniform refinement of unstructured meshes for efficient solution of PDE's using finite element methods and multigrid solvers. A multi-degree, multi-dimensional and multi-level framework is designed to generate the nested hierarchies from an initial mesh that can be used for a number of purposes such as multi-level methods to generating large meshes. The capability is developed under the parallel mesh framework “Mesh Oriented dAtaBase” a.k.a MOAB [16] . We describe the underlying data structures and algorithms to generate such hierarchies and present numerical results for computational efficiency and mesh quality. We also present results to demonstrate the applicability of the developed capability to a multigrid finite-element solver.
Spatial arrangement of canopy structure and land-use history alter the effect that herbivores have on plant growth

The spatial arrangement of past and present human activities could affect the strength of species interactions through changes to environmental conditions. To better understand how land-use history might mediate the effect of insect herbivory on the growth of four herbaceous plant species at the edges between woodlands and open savannas, we coupled large-scale manipulations of canopy structure by thinning overstory trees to create savanna habitat in non-agricultural and post-agricultural longleaf pine woodlands with local-scale herbivore exclosures at two distances from habitat edges. Light availability, grasshopper abundance, and herbaceous plant cover all increased in patches that received overstory tree thinning. Land-use history altered the effect that edges created by the overstory thinning treatments had on grasshopper herbivory for one plant species (Carphephorus bellidifolius). The edge between land-use histories also altered herbivore effects on three plant species in thinned patches. These edge effects were driven in part by changes in availability of alternative resources for grasshoppers, shady edges, or grasshopper abundance. Canopy manipulation also had important effects on herbivory that were independent of the habitat edge: grasshopper herbivory reduced plant growth of the smallest species (C. bellidifolius) regardless of canopy manipulation, whereas herbivory on two larger species (Solidago nemoralis and So. odora) reduced plant growth mainly in patches with an intact overstory canopy. Collectively, this work suggests that the species-specific effects of grasshopper herbivory on plant growth were driven by both plant traits (e.g., size or growth rates) and landscape-mediated changes to grasshopper abundance, light availability, or availability of alternative resources for grasshoppers created by land-use history and canopy structure. Furthermore, because the heterogeneity in herbivory revealed by our large-scale experiment is likely linked to plant traits, our results provide a means for understanding the profound, but often idiosyncratic, effects of land-use legacies and edges on plant populations and communities.
Enlarged livers and hepatic microsomal mixed‐function oxidase components in tumor‐bearing brown bullheads from a chemically contaminated river

Hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO) components in tumor-bearing brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) from a chemically contaminated river and in bullheads from two relatively uncontaminated sites were compared to determine if the components in the river bullheads were induced. Induction of MFO components could be indicative of chemical contamination of the river water and of contaminant stress in the fish. In general, biochemical hepatic microsomal MFO component levels in bullheads from the river were the same as, or lower than, those in bullheads from uncontaminated sites. However, the liver weight as a percentage of body weight was significantly greater in bullheads from the river than in those from the uncontaminated sites. Thus, a comparison of bullheads from the river and the uncontaminated sites appeared to show that relative liver weight was indicative of chemical contamination of the river water and of contaminant stress in its fish. However, biochemical hepatic microsomal components measured in this study were apparently not adequate as indicators of chemical contamination of the river water or of contaminant stress in bullheads from the river.
Thermoelastic Problems for Electronic Packaging

The basic equations (infinitesimal strain‐displacement relations, constitutive equation, conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, conservation of energy, rate of change of entropy, heat conduction equation, and definition of specific heat) and the governing equations (coupled, coupled‐quasi‐static, uncoupled‐quasi‐static, isotropic‐uncoupled‐quasi‐static and isotropic‐uncoupled‐steady) of thermoelasticity for a linear elastic package are briefly mentioned in the present study. The assumptions and limitations of these equations are also highlighted. Furthermore, two electronic packaging examples with closed form solutions using these equations are provided.
Chemical biology: a sweet exchange.

Many drugs isolated from microorganisms have complex molecular structures, making it difficult for chemists to modify them. But it seems that enzymes can provide a short cut to drug variants.
Solidification of Nb-Ge alloys in long drop tubes

The 30-m and 100 m-long drop tubes at the Marshall Space Flight Center have been used to obtain large undercooling in Nb-Ge alloys. Electron beam melting has been used to obtain drops approximately 2.5 mm in diam. In the 30-m tube, many specimens fell the length of the tube without solidifying, and were ultimately liquid-quenched in oil. The amount of undercooling prior to the quench was usually around 0.13 T(m). In the 100-m tube, freezing generally initiated during free fall, and the maximum undercooling was around 0.22 T(m). Microstructures were characterized by a combination of X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis by X-rays. A variety of interesting microstructures was observed.
Information theory and the divergent sums in physics

Abstract The author has previously shown, by the methods of Information Theory, that there is no actual limit to the small distances that can be measured, but that the cost of the measurement increases enormously when distances become really small. This strongly suggests the introduction of a probability factor in sums containing small distances. Such an attempt is made, and yields a type of summation closely related to the Cesaro sums. The method leads to the definition of a characteristic length h 2m 0 c for a particle of mass m0. For an electron this is 1 2 the Compton length, and the electromagnetec mass is of the order of 1 860 of the total mass. Divergent sums are made convergent, and convergent sums are very slightly altered. The Lamb-Retherford effect, for instance, should not be affected by this correction, which would however yield a finite electron mass. A computation of orders of magnitude shows that the conditions introduced play an important role for observations at extremely high energies.
peroxidase-glucose oxidase system: a new method to determine glucose liberated by carbohydrate degrading soil enzymes

This paper describes a new, accurate method for determination of glucose in soil enzyme assays. The low limit of detection of glucose by the peroxidase-glucose oxidase (PGO) system is 0.004 mg glucose · g soil−1. Comparisons of PGO with the anthrone and phenol-sulfuric acid methods revealed no differences in the detection of glucose standard solutions. By eliminating the use of large volumes of H2SO4, the PGO system reduces laboratory hazards.
Protein comparability assessments and potential applicability of high throughput biophysical methods and data visualization tools to compare physical stability profiles.

In this review, some of the challenges and opportunities encountered during protein comparability assessments are summarized with an emphasis on developing new analytical approaches to better monitor higher-order protein structures. Several case studies are presented using high throughput biophysical methods to collect protein physical stability data as function of temperature, agitation, ionic strength and/or solution pH. These large data sets were then used to construct empirical phase diagrams (EPDs), radar charts, and comparative signature diagrams (CSDs) for data visualization and structural comparisons between the different proteins. Protein samples with different sizes, post-translational modifications, and inherent stability are presented: acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) mutants, different glycoforms of an IgG1 mAb prepared by deglycosylation, as well as comparisons of different formulations of an IgG1 mAb and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF). Using this approach, differences in structural integrity and conformational stability profiles were detected under stress conditions that could not be resolved by using the same techniques under ambient conditions (i.e., no stress). Thus, an evaluation of conformational stability differences may serve as an effective surrogate to monitor differences in higher-order structure between protein samples. These case studies are discussed in the context of potential utility in protein comparability studies.
Harry L. Goldsmith, Ph.D.

In honor of Dr. Harry L. Goldsmith's 75th birthday, we present a collection of articles from his collaborators and colleagues to commemorate Harry's outstanding contributions to the field of Biorheology. On any particular day, bioengineers around the world may find themselves fortunate enough to peer through a microscope to observe molecular or cellular level phenomena manifested before their eyes. Such observations of single molecule mechanics or blood flows or cellular deformation remind us of the power of clever experimental design and rigorous theoretical constructs as well as the complex beauty of dynamical systems in nature. In this spirit, the investigations reported in this issue of the Annals entitled Cellular Biorheology and Biomechanics have followed down many of the research paths pioneered by Dr. Harry Goldsmith.
THE POSSIBILITY AND POTENTIAL OF PUBLIC POLICY ON ACCESSIBILITY

Abstract The development of measures of accessibility has proceeded largely independently of concern for the ways in which public policy makers respond to analytic research. Academic interest in accessibility is not necessarily paralleled by a public interest and the former cannot be expected to have a ready-made market or to promote public policy of its own accord. Public policy on accessibility will only be forthcoming if accessibility is a well politicized issue. If improved accessibility can be achieved as part of other programs, then there is little likelihood of public policy being addressed to accessibility exclusively. If conditions are such that public policy on accessibility is a possibility, sound policy-relevant research is still not a guarantee of program success. Successful implementation of public policy relies in part on identifying those who have actual and not merely nominal control over outcomes. Political viability is also vital to the working of accessibility. Public policy imposed from above is unlikely to succeed in the context of a pluralist society honeycombed with special interest groups committed to participatory problem solving. Reflecting on the possibility of formulating and implementing an effective policy on accessibility suggests the importance of giving as much attention to the development of a conceptually robust and incisive notion of accessibility as to the improvement of accessibility measures.
The characteristics of a cell line derived from white matter of Macacus rhesus

Abstract A cell line was isolated from the white matter of the central nervous system which was maintained relatively stable for eight months. Although the cells supported infection with poliomyelitis virus neither this fact nor the morphology of the cells served to establish their origin as glial or vascular. After a period of eight months, an epithelial cell type emerged which grew at a rapid enough rate to permit cell collection for chemical analysis. The data do not identify the cell type, but are useful as a basis of comparing the EM cell with other types.
The effect of incomplete information about demand on preemption

Abstract In certain circumstances, a first-mover need not preemptively invest in capacity to discourage entry into a new market. Asymmetric learning about buyer acceptance may make preemption unnecessary. This paper explores the tension between competitive pressure to invest and the real option value in an entry opportunity under uncertainty about demand. If an outsider's expectation about buyer valuation makes entry appear less attractive, and if an incumbent can keep proprietary its updated information about demand, then it may be able to secure its advantage and partially deter imitators without a substantial initial capacity investment.
Integrating Role-Playing Games into Computer Science Courses as a Pedagogical Tool

Gaming has been identified as a way to increase student engagement in the classroom. This qualitative study explored 78 undergraduate students' experiences with a role-playing game infused into two computer science courses. Open-ended student surveys served as the primary data source to explore, "In what ways, if any, does role-playing quest based curriculum support student learning and engagement?" Key curricular innovations are described along with assignments and assessments that were integrated. Three broad themes emerged and identified personalized learning, deepened content understandings, and enhanced collaboration skills as three areas that supported student learning and engagement. Many students felt that the infusion of role-playing aspects into the courses supported their learning and engagement, but some students did not.
Rehabilitation after severe brain injury: a special-unit approach to behaviour disorders.

A special unit developed for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with behaviour disorders after severe brain injury is described, and several problem areas are discussed.
A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR THE BOHR EFFECT.

A change in the electrostatic potential between a macromolecule and the solution induces a pH change in the medium. Since mammalian hemoglobin is known to undergo structural alterations on addition of oxygen, the availability of a potential change adequate to explain the positive and negative Bohr effect is noted. This mechanism makes it unnecessary to assign the Bohr effect to changes in ionization of one or two specific groups on the hemoglobin molecule.
Video imaging of debris clouds following penetration of lightweight spacecraft materials

Abstract The structure of debris clouds following hypervelocity penetration of thin materials is of special interest to spacecraft designers--it forms the basis for damage equations from meteoroids, orbital debris, and other kinetic energy threats. Today, video imaging offers the experimenter a new view into the structure and development of debris clouds following penetration of these thin materials. This technique is of special interest in its application to lightweight, thin, or other low density target materials whereflash x-ray experimental imaging has proven difficult to apply, including fibrous materials (such as Nextel and Kevlar), multi-layer insulation (MLI), aluminum foam, and so on. This paper has two purposes: (1) to describe new developments in video imaging of debris clouds using high-speed multi-frame cameras (with frame rates of up to one million frames per second) and still video cameras with extremely high shutter speeds (as short as 3 nanoseconds), and (2) to present video images of debris clouds from light gas gun testing of aluminum and nylon spheres penetrating at 5 to 7 km/sec through thin aluminum plates, aluminum foam, and multi-layer insulation materials. The paper then compares the video images results to previous flash x-ray images (Piekutowski, 1997) and comments on similarities and new features that may be observed using this improved experimental technique.
An Automatic Test Generation Algorithm for Hardware Description Languages

A new approach to test generation from Hardware Description Language circuit models has been developed and implemented. The described E-algorithm generates tests for control, operation, and data faults in sequential and combinational logic modeled at the functional level. A symbolic variable notation is introduced to permit systematic fault propagation through control structures. Results of the implementation are given for a set of test cases and the application of the algorithm to a semi-custom ASIC are discussed.
Hypertonic saline-dextran resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock induces transient mixed acidosis

Objective To evaluate the magnitude and mechanism of potential metabolic acidosis after resuscitation with 7.5% sodium chloride/6% dextran-70. Design Blinded, randomized, control trial. Setting Laboratory setting. Subjects Sixteen healthy Yorkshire swine. Interventions Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated swine underwent 90 mins of hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial pressure of 50 to 55 mm Hg), and a lactic acid infusion (1.5 to 2.4 mmol/kg) was given during the last 60 mins of hemorrhage to produce pretreatment acidosis. The pigs were then given either 4 mL/kg of intravenous normal saline (n = 8) or 7.5% sodium chloride/6% dextran-70 (n = 8). Groups then received isotonic lactated Ringer's solution to restore and maintain cardiac output for 120 mins. Measurements and Main Results There was no difference between groups during baseline or shock for any parameter. At the end of shock, arterial pH and base balance were below baseline values. During resuscitation, cardiac output was reached and maintained in both groups. One minute after infusion of hypertonic saline/dextran, there was a significant but transient decrease in arterial pH (from 7.407 +/- 0.015 to 7.339 +/- 0.025) and base balance (from minus 6.5 +/- 0.7 to minus 9.9 +/- 1.0 mmol/L). These changes returned to shock levels by 10 mins and then normalized to baseline levels. Hypertonic saline/dextran resulted in an immediate hypernatremia, hyperchloremia, and hypokalemia, a decrease in inorganic strong ion difference (calculated as sodium plus potassium minus chloride concentrations), and no immediate change in anion gap. The normal saline group did not show an initial transient decrease in pH and base balance during resuscitation. Plasma lactate, total protein, and hemoglobin concentrations decreased equally in both groups, although they decreased more quickly with hypertonic saline/dextran. CO2 temporarily and insignificantly increased in arterial blood slightly more after the administration of hypertonic saline/dextran. By 120 mins, acid-base, electrolyte and protein changes were normalizing with hypertonic saline/dextran, while pH, base balance, and protein were decreasing below shock values in animals initially treated with normal saline. Conclusions Hypertonic saline/dextran caused an immediate, transient acidemia, which was primarily due to a hyperchloremic, hypokalemic, metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap and decreased inorganic strong ion difference, but which was partially due to a mild transient respiratory acidosis. The acidemia was transient because of the offsetting alkalotic effects of decreasing serum protein, normalization of electrolytes, and transient nature of the increase in CO2. Lactic acidosis was not the cause of the acidemia. Over time, the acid-base status appeared to be improved more effectively with hypertonic saline/dextran than with isotonic saline resuscitation.
Crystallinity and microstructure in injection moldings of isotactic polypropylenes. Part II: Simulation and experiment

The injection moldings of isotactic polypropylenes with various molecular weights were simulated using finite difference method. In the simulations, the unified crystallization model proposed in our previous paper was applied. The prediction of crystallinity and microstructure development in the moldings was based upon the crystallization kinetics and the “competing mechanisms” for introducing various microstructure layers in the moldings. Extensive injection molding experiments were carried out. The pressure traces during the molding experiments were recorded. The crystallinity distribution in the moldings was determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The measurements on the microstructure embedded in the moldings were performed, including the thickness of the highly oriented skin layer and the gapwise distribution of the spherulite sizes. The measured data for the crystallinity and microstructure in the moldings were compared with the simulated results. The effects of molecular weight and processing conditions on the development of crystallinity and microstructure in the moldings were elucidated. Theoretical predictions were found to be in a good agreement with experimental measurements.
Technical and early outcomes using ultrasound-guided reentry for chronic total occlusions.

Background Subintimal angioplasty is a common treatment for chronic total occlusions (CTOs) in the iliac and infrainguinal arteries. Although technical success has been described using intravascular ultrasound-guided reentry devices (IVUS-RED), outcomes are still not well defined. This report describes the technical aspects and longitudinal follow-up after intravascular ultrasound-guided reentry of iliac and infrainguinal CTOs. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 20 patients with lower extremity CTO treated with IVUS-RED from 2011 to 2013. A matched cohort of patients who underwent lower extremity interventions without the use of IVUS-RED was also identified. Procedural success, patency estimates, ankle-brachial indices (ABIs), complications, and limb salvage were analyzed. Results Twenty patients (mean age, 69 ± 13 years), including 11 men and 9 women, underwent attempted IVUS-RED–guided recanalization. Median follow-up was 4.3 months (range, 0.4–24). Eleven patients presented with critical limb ischemia (CLI), and 9 presented with claudication. Technical success was achieved in 18 (90%) patients. Ten common iliac arteries, 3 external iliac arteries, and 5 superficial femoral arteries (SFA) were treated. No intraoperative complications resulted from device use. After procedure, ABIs significantly increased (0.5–0.9; P 0.05). Conclusions Recanalization of CTO using IVUS-RED is safe and effective. Use of IVUS-RED does not adversely impact outcomes in conjunction with other endovascular techniques. Early follow-up demonstrates acceptable patency, especially in patients with claudication, and freedom from reintervention.
Alternative diagnoses to stone disease on unenhanced CT to investigate acute flank pain

Acute flank pain is a common problem in emergency medicine. The most frequent cause is urolithiasis, but many other entities can cause the same clinical presentation. In many institutions unenhanced computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen is used in this setting. One of the major advantages of unenhanced CT is its ability to detect other pathologies causing flank pain. In this pictorial review, we present the CT findings of pathologies other than stone disease in patients with acute flank pain.
Protective action of timolol in acute myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Timolol, a β-adrenoceptor blocking agent with little or no cardiodepressant activity, was studied in acute myocardial ischemia in cats. Timolol, at a dose of 25 μg/kg, blocked 75 to 80% of the cardiac response to isoproterenol. This dose also significantly heart rate in cats subjected to acute myocardial ischemia by ligation of the left coronary artery. Timolol significantly prevented the spread of ischemic damage in the myocardium as assessed by (a) curtailing the increase in plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity, (b) preventing the loss of CPK from the ischemic portion of the myocardium, and (c) restoring the elevated S-T segment of the electrocardiogram toward normal. Timolol did not significantly retared the increase in fragility of lysosomes in ischemic myocardial tissue. The mechanism of the protective effect to timolol on the ischemic myocardium appears to be via reducing myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing heart rate.
Electron Temperature Measurements of Solid Density Plasmas Produced by Intense Ultrashort Laser Pulses.

We report the first spatially and temporally localized measurements of 500 eV electron temperatures in solid density Al plasmas generated by a 3{times}10{sup 17} W/cm{sup 2}, 170 fs laser. Expansion velocities of marker layers from various depths are sampled with mass-resolved ion time-of-flight spectroscopy. Hydrodynamic simulations relate the measured velocities to the sound speed, determining the temperature along the central axis of the plasma. Results are consistent with conductive heating of the first 1000 A. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Effects of alcohol on involvement in a structured social situation.

Summary.-To test the hypothesis that drinking alcohol increases involvement in a strucrured social siruation, 96 volunteer college students were assigned to either an alcohol or non-alcohol condition. Subjects played a standard cMonopoly game for a maximum of 3 hr. A checklist was used to record observations of their behavior. Analysis indicates that subjects in alcohol-drinking groups had longer playing time, built more hotels, and consumed more beverage than subjects who were in the non-alcohol condition. These resulcs were interprered as a reflection of increased involvement of alcohol-drinking subjects in the structured social situation of the game. A variety of studies have examined the influence of drinking alcohol on the emotional state of the individual. Marlatt (1976) found that alcohol increases both assertiveness and positive attitude toward assertive behavior. The consequences of drinking alcohol also tended to be reinforcing. He stated that social drinkers might increase their consumption of alcohol in some stressful situations, but this tends to occur only if they believe chat the alcohol will serve as an effective coping strategy. Alcohol also may increase cognitive perceptions of personal control and personal power. McClelland, et al. (1972) showed that the heaviest drinkers are found in subcultures whose folktales manifest the most impulsive types of power concern. Russell and Mehrabian (1975) suggest that alcohol in moderate doses may serve as an excitant and increase feelings of pleasure; therefore, actions and feelings of dominance may result. Use of alcohol in moderate doses would be more likely when a person lacks these feelings of pleasure and dominance. Edwards, et al. (1972) state that social drinkers, heavy drinkers, and alcoholics often give relief of tension as one of their reasons for drinking. Extinction of approach behavior is generally considered to be a function of frustrative non-reward (Amsel, 1962). If alcohol reduces frustration, then it should act as a reward and reduce the possibilities of extinction of behavior. The hypothesis of the current study is that alcohol consumption will increase the involvement of subjects engaged in a structured social situation. In other words, subjects will continue to play the game Mo?zopoly longer if under the influence of alcohol rather than if no alcohol is consumed. The disinhibit'Requests for reprints should be sent to either Joseph S. Neuschart or Charles Trimbach. Psvcboloev Area. Roeer Williams Colleee. Bristol. RI 02809. Thanks are due to Lor-, ~ - ,,, raine B. ~ennis' forua critical revnew 07 he ma&script. Thanks also to Dean Karen Haskell and Roger Williams College for financial assistance in the form of a small grant.
Effect of Non-Parallel Wedged Surface Contact on Loosening Performance of Preloaded Bolts Under Transverse Excitation

An analytical model is proposed for investigating the effect of non-parallel (wedge) contact on the loosening performance of a preloaded bolt-nut connection under transverse cyclic excitation along the wedge direction. From the model, if the wedge angle is sufficiently small, the self-loosening may take place. On the other hand, if the wedge angle is large enough, the self-loosening caused by the back off rotation may be prevented. Experimental and analytical results show that the proposed model accurately predicts both the self-loosening performance, and it also establishes the requirements for preventing the loosening of the preloaded bolt-nut system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of time delay on flying qualities - An update

Flying qualities problems of modern, full-authority electronic flight control systems are most often related to the introduction of additional time delay in aircraft response to a pilot input. These delays can have a significant effect on the flying qualities of the aircraft. Time delay effects are reexamined in light of recent flight test experience with aircraft incorporating new technology. Data from the X-29A forward-swept-wing demonstrator, a related preliminary in-flight experiment, and other flight observations are presented. These data suggest that the present MIL-F-8785C allowable-control system time delay specifications are inadequate or, at least, incomplete. Allowable time delay appears to be a function of the shape of the aircraft response following the initial delay. The cockpit feel system is discussed as a dynamic element in the flight control system. Data presented indicate that the time delay associated with a significant low-frequency feel system does not result in the predicted degradation in aircraft flying qualities. The impact of the feel system is discussed from two viewpoints: as a filter in the control system which can alter the initial response shape and, therefore, the allowable time delay, and as a unique dynamic element whose delay contribution can potentially be discounted by special pilot loop closures.
Nonlinear wave theory aspects of currents in a plasma

Abstract First, a nonstationary characteristic of currents in a plasma structure (a cartesian (Ex) or a radial cylindrical (Fp) or a radial spherical (Er) in nonlinear wave theory are discussed.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists--from bench to practice.

The central role played by the αIIbβ3 receptor in platelet aggregation, and hence in platelet thrombosis, has led to the development of a number of parenteral and oral glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors for use in cardiovascular disease states, such as acute coronary syndromes and stroke. The predominant effect of these agents is to inhibit platelet aggregation, although studies of αIIbβ3 receptor function and various GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors have demonstrated the potential for these agents to produce effects on other aspects of platelet function, in addition to non-platelet effects. Overall, clinical studies have demonstrated an impressive beneficial effect for parenteral agents in reducing ischemic complications following percutaneous intervention, and a more modest beneficial effect in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Trials with oral GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in similar patient populations have demonstrated toxicity, manifested by an increased mortality in treated patients. Increased understanding of molecular aspects of both αIIbβ3 receptor function and the effects of GP IIb/IIIa inhibition may help explain some of the inconsistency in recently reported clinical studies with parenteral agents, and the frank toxicity of oral agents. Such studies may also hold the key to the development of newer agents with enhanced therapeutic benefit.
Expression of a membrane form of the pregnancy-associated protein TJ6 on lymphocytes

Abstract TJ6 is a novel protein which has immunosuppressive activity and may have a functional role in fetal allograft survival during pregnancy. Initial studies indicated that when mice were treated with an anti-TJ6 binding mAb early in pregnancy, the pregnancies were completely ablated and that TJ6 expression is enhanced dramatically during pregnancy. In addition we have cloned the cDNA for TJ6 which encodes a possible transmembrane domain that may include six to seven transmembrane regions. Therefore, we examined TJ6 expression on PBL of pregnant and nonpregnant women and found that TJ6 is expressed primarily on CD19 + B cells from pregnant but not nonpregnant women. TJ6 was not expressed on CD3 + lymphocytes from either group but was expressed on CD56 + cells from a small population of pregnant women which preliminary data indicate may correlate with the occurrence of spontaneous abortion in these women. Here we also show that TJ6 transcripts are highly expressed in the developing fetoplacental unit as well as in the developing thymus. We also begin to characterize the expression of TJ6 isoforms in an acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line (SB), murine thymus, and the developing murine fetoplacental unit, as well as the expression of a membrane form of TJ6 present on human lymphocytes during pregnancy. All of these cells and tissues expressed TJ6 proteins which were smaller than predicted based on either the cDNA sequence or the in vitro translation even though they all expressed mRNA similar in size. The TJ6 isoforms varied in size from the 45-kDa isoform in SB cells to the 52-kDa isoform of the fetoplacental unit to a 70-kDa isoform in murine thymus. Flow cytometric analysis also demonstrated that similar to the CD19 + B cells from pregnant women, TJ6 is expressed on the surface of SB cells.
Photoemission study of Ce-catalyzed oxidation of W(110) and W(111)

Different catalytic oxidation effects of Ce on W(110) and W(111) were observed with photo- emission spectroscopy. On Ce-covered W(110), the top W layer is quickly oxidized to a surface monoxide at room temperature. Oxidation is almost halted after the completion of one monolayer of WO. On Ce/W(111), instead of WO, ${\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ grows on the surface under the same conditions. The monolayer suboxide formation found on Ce/W(110) and Ce/Ta(110) (as reported earlier) is a direct consequence of the most densely packed structure of the bcc (110) surfaces. The more effective oxidation promotion on the W(111) surface is attributed to its open structure. The mechanism of Ce-catalyzed oxidation is further tested in this study.
Failure of Gutzwiller-type wave function to capture gauge fluctuations: Case study in the Exciton Bose Liquid context

Slave particle approaches are widely used in studies of exotic quantum phases. A complete description beyond mean field also contains dynamical gauge fields, while a simplified procedure considers Gutzwiller-projected trial states. We apply this in the context of bosonic models with ring exchanges realizing so-called exciton Bose liquid (EBL) phase and compare a Gutzwiller wave function against an accurate EBL wave function. We solve the parton-gauge theory and show that dynamical fluctuations of the spatial gauge fields are necessary for obtaining qualitatively accurate EBL description. On the contrary, just the Gutzwiller projection leads to a state with subtle differences in the long-wavelength properties, thus suggesting that Gutzwiller wave functions may generally fail to capture long-wavelength physics.
Low-order wavefront sensing in tomographic multi-beacon adaptive optics systems

We present a concept to perform low-order wavefront sensing in multi-laser guide star adaptive optics systems operating using a large format NIR detector with windowing capability with near diffraction limited or partially corrected NGS tip-tilt stars with time varying Strehls. Most contemporary adaptive optics systems in development for large telescopes, viz., the next VLT adaptive optics facility that serves as a pathfinder to the European ELT, Gemini MCAO, W. M. Keck observatory's Next Generation Adaptive Optics (NGAO) System, The Large Binocular Telescope and the Thirty Meter Telescope's NFIRAOS are multi-laser guide star systems that provide AO correction over a large field. In such systems even faint tip-tilt (TT) stars image are characterized by either a well corrected (MOAO case) or at least a partially corrected (MCAO or GLAO case) diffraction limited core due to high order sharpening by the LGS WFS. In such a regime of low-order sensing one could envisage using pixels as field stops and choosing a appropriate plate scale to minimize the sky background. Simulations are used to predict the performance of such a sensor when guiding on point sources and on extended objects of varying brightness and for different levels of high order correction. The parameter space explored includes tip-tilt and tip-tilt, focus and astigmatism (TTFA) sensor performance for various plate scales, TT sensor performance vs. level of high order correction (TT star Strehl) and TT sensor performance vs. TT object size for a given detector noise, gain and a simple centroiding algorithm. Due to small sky noise contribution at plate-scales le 100 mas/pixel, the optimum low-order wavefront sensor plate scale is found to be 80-100 mas/pixel (3×-4× λ/d in J- and H- bands) for the Keck NGAO system.
Contrasting patterns of peptidase activities in seawater and sediments: An example from Arctic fjords of Svalbard

Abstract The structural specificities and activities of microbial extracellular enzymes help determine the nature and quantity of substrates available for microbial uptake, and therefore the rate and location of organic matter transformation in the ocean. Previous work has demonstrated major differences in the spectrum of enzymes hydrolyzing polysaccharides in the water column and sediments, particularly in high-latitude locations. To determine whether pelagic–benthic contrasts in enzyme activities extend to other classes of organic matter, the hydrolysis of five peptide substrates was investigated in two Arctic fjords of Svalbard. Substrates were intended to measure leucine aminopeptidase activity (exo-acting; terminal-unit cleaving), plus chymotrypsin and trypsin activities (endo-acting; mid-chain cleaving). All substrates were readily hydrolyzed in surface sediments. In contrast, only two to four of the peptide substrates were hydrolyzed in the water column of both fjords. Chymotrypsin activities were undetectable or were far lower than trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase activities in the water column, but were comparable to the activities of other enzymes in sediments. The pelagic–benthic contrast in the spectrum of peptide substrates hydrolyzed in these fjords parallels patterns of hydrolysis previously observed for polysaccharides. Some organic matter may pass untouched through the water column due to a lack of the specific enzymes required for hydrolysis; these substrates could then selectively fuel benthic metabolism. Pelagic–benthic contrasts in enzymatic capabilities may be widespread in the ocean, and thus affect the processing of a significant fraction of marine organic matter.
A model of intrinsic sphincteric deficiency in the rat: electrocauterization.

Aims Intrinsic sphincteric deficiency (ISD) denotes a malfunction of the distal urethral sphincter. Our objective was to produce a durable model of ISD in the rat. Methods Surrounding tissues lateral to the mid-urethra were cauterized to produce sphincteric injury in 24 adult female Sprague–Dawley rats. The rats were divided into four groups of six rats each and followed for 2, 4, 6, and 16 weeks. Sphincteric function was studied by using the vertical tilt table/intravesical pressure clamp model to measure leak point pressures (LPPs). Muscle and nerve damage were assessed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and anti-protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 staining, respectively. As a control, 12 rats underwent a sham operation and subsequent LPP testing at 2, 4, 6, and 16 weeks. Results The mean LPPs of the rats 2, 4, 6, and 16 weeks after cauterization were 18.7 ± 0.8 cm H2O, 27.6 ± 1.6 cm H2O, 24.3 ± 1.7 cm H2O, and 19.1 ± 2.2 cm H2O, respectively. The mean LPPs of the rats 2, 4, 6, and 16 weeks after the sham operation were 49.8 ± 1.3 cm H2O, 51.2 ± 1.5 cm H2O, 51.6 ± 2.0 cm H2O, and 49.7 ± 0.6 cm H2O, respectively. When compared to time-matched control groups, the decreased LPPs in each cauterized group were significantly lower (P < 0.001). Histological analysis showed muscle damage and fewer nerves in all cauterized groups. Conclusions Cauterization of tissues lateral to the mid-urethra decreased LPP without affecting bladder function. This electrocauterization model produced low LPPs that, after 2 weeks, were maintained for up to 16 weeks. Histology suggests that damage to striated muscle and nerves might have contributed to the change in LPP in this model for ISD. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:166–171, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aluminum electromagnet of large working volume for plasma research

Abstract A very low cost electromagnet of about 28.000 cm 3 working volume with availability of port holes for plasma diagnostics at regular intervals was designed and constructed from flat aluminum conductors. A uniform axial field up to 3000 G, over a distance of 85 cm and an inside bore diameter of 20 cm can be obtained. The ripple of the axial field is well within ± 1 2 of 1% required by the experiments. The field along an axis 8 cm off center varies less than ±2% from the central axis field. The air core electromagnet is in perfect working condition, and its physical characteristics such as field uniformity, field intensity and heating rate correspond exactly to the theoretical prediction within the experimental error.