cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping Mediation: The Risks of Riskin's Grid

The article responds to a grid created by Leonard Riskin to describe mediator orientations. As Riskin’s Grid indicates, many mediators in practice evaluate the fair or likely court outcome when necessary to move forward on a particular issue or on the entire dispute. While this article addresses the dangers of such evaluations if characterized as mediation, in certain instances "mixed' evaluative and facilitative processes nonetheless can prove useful. The article asserts that evaluations by a neutral should not be called "mediation" and that sufficient time exists to remap mediation, particularly in the context of current efforts to regulate the profession. Moreover, the article argues that maps of the mediation process should outline a paradigm that sharply differs from the adjudicative norm, a paradigm that has party self-determination, rather than intervener evaluation and direction, as its primary value.
Ultrastructural Localization of the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter-2 in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons: Potential Sites for Somatodendritic Storage and Release of Dopamine

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are known to release dopamine from somata and/or dendrites located in the substantia nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable controversy, however, about the subcellular sites for somatodendritic dopamine storage in these regions. In the present study, we used dual-labeling electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to localize the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2), a novel marker for sites of intracellular monoamine storage, within identified dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-containing) neurons in the rat SN and VTA. In dopaminergic perikarya, immunogold labeling for VMAT2 was localized to the Golgi apparatus, tubulovesicles that resembled smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and the limiting membranes of multivesicular bodies. In dopaminergic dendrites, VMAT2 was extensively localized to tubulovesicles that resembled saccules of SER, and less frequently localized to isolated small synaptic vesicles (SSVs) or large dense-core vesicles (DCVs). In rare cases, VMAT2-immunoreactive SSVs were clustered within the cytoplasm of an SN or a VTA dendrite. Dopaminergic dendrites in the VTA contained a significantly higher number of immunogold particles for VMAT2 per unit area than those in the SN. Together, these observations support the proposal that dopamine is stored in and may be released from dendritic SSVs and DCVs, but suggest that the SER is the major site of dopamine storage within midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In addition, they provide new evidence that dopaminergic dendrites in the VTA may have greater potential for reserpine-sensitive storage and release of dopamine than those in the SN.
The Balanced Placebo Design: Effects of Alcohol and Beverage Instructions Cannot Be Independently Assessed

Subjects were randomly assigned to the four cells of the balanced placebo design, with 10 males and 10 females per cell. Following told-alcohol or told-no alcohol beverage instruction manipulations...
Simple Molybdenum(IV) Olefin Complexes of the Type Mo(NR)(X)(Y)(olefin)

Exposure of heptane solutions of Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me2Pyr)(OAr) (1a; Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl), Mo(NAr)(CHCMe3)(Me2Pyr)[OCMe(CF3)2] (1b), and Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(Me2Pyr)(OSiPh3) (1c) to one atmosphere of ethylene for 12 h yields the ethylene complexes, Mo(NAr)(CH2CH2)(Me2Pyr)(OAr) (2a), Mo(NAr)(CH2CH2)(Me2Pyr)[OCMe(CF3)2] (2b), and Mo(NAr)(CH2CH2)(Me2Pyr)(OSiPh3) (2c). Addition of 1 equiv of triphenylsilanol to a solution of 2c gives Mo(NAr)(CH2CH2)(OSiPh3)2 (3) readily. Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(OTf)2(dme) reacts slowly with ethylene (60 psi) in toluene at 80 °C to give cis and trans isomers of Mo(NAr)(CH2CH2)(OTf)2(dme) (4a) in the ratio of ∼2(cis):1. Addition of lithium 2,5-dimethylpyrrolide to 4a under 1 atm of ethylene produces Mo(NAr)(CH2CH2)(η1-Me2Pyr)(η5-Me2Pyr) (5a). Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(η1-MesPyr)2 (MesPyr = 2-mesitylpyrrolide) reacts cleanly with ethylene in benzene at 60 °C over a period of four days to give exclusively Mo(NAr)(CH2CH2)(MesPyr)2 (5b). Treatment of 5b with 2 equiv of (CF3)2CHOH in ether yi...
The role of the divorced eutectoid transformation in the spheroidization of 52100 steel

Austenite containing fine particles of carbides may undergo the eutectoid transformation by either the pearlite reaction or the divorced eutectoid transformation (DET) reaction. The latter reaction automatically produces a spheroidized structure, while the pearlite reaction produces a structure that resists spheroidization. This study has evaluated the heat treatment conditions that promote the DET in 52100 steel. The results show that the DET is dominant over the pearlite reaction for austenitization at temperatures of 830 °C and below and for cooling rates of 500 °C/h and below. This information should be useful in the design of more energy efficient heat treatment processes for spheroidization annealing than the very long time processes currently recommended in the literature.
Trends in Correlation-Based Pattern Recognition and Tracking in Forward-Looking Infrared Imagery

In this paper, we review the recent trends and advancements on correlation-based pattern recognition and tracking in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) imagery. In particular, we discuss matched filter-based correlation techniques for target detection and tracking which are widely used for various real time applications. We analyze and present test results involving recently reported matched filters such as the maximum average correlation height (MACH) filter and its variants, and distance classifier correlation filter (DCCF) and its variants. Test results are presented for both single/multiple target detection and tracking using various real-life FLIR image sequences.
Infrared Interferometric Measurements of the Near-Surface Air Temperature over the Oceans

Abstract The radiometric measurement of the marine air temperature using a Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer is described. The measurements are taken by the Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI) that has been deployed on many research ships in a wide range of conditions. This approach is inherently more accurate than conventional techniques and can be used to determine some of the error characteristics of the standard measurements. Examples are given from several cruises ranging from the Arctic to the equatorial Pacific Oceans. It is shown that the diurnal heating signal in radiometric air temperatures in the tropical Pacific can typically reach an amplitude of ∼15% of that measured by conventional sensors. Conventional data have long been recognized as being contaminated by direct solar heating and heat island effects of the ships or buoys on which they are mounted, but here this effect is quantified by comparisons with radiometric measurements.
Colorectal cancer screening barriers in persons with low income.

purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide insight into the modest success of a physician and patient education and reminder program that improved screening rates from 37% to 49% among rural Medicaid-eligible patients in western Michigan. description of study: The following four focus groups were conducted: African American men, African American women, White men, and White women, matched with moderators by gender and ethnicity. The sample was selected by contacting prior eligible screening refusers, completing groups with a convenience sample who had accepted screening. Twenty-one patients participated who were ages >50 years. The screening refusal rates were 19% for men and 9% for women. Open-ended questions guided the discussion of colorectal cancer (CRC) attitudes, beliefs, and practices. results: All participants believed in the efficacy of cancer screening. White women were better informed about screening purposes and procedures. The major barriers to screening were quality of care (ie, the perceived lack of offering screening and the follow-up of test results) and the potential for pain from screening or treatment of CRC, should it be discovered. clinical implications: Successful efforts to improve awareness of the importance and efficacy of screening must further address deeply held skepticism and fears about CRC screening in this population. A fruitful direction for this difficult problem appears to be improved communication (both negative and positive test results). Without feedback, patients with negative results may assume lack of provider follow-through.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A CENTRAL CORNEAL CLOUDINESS SHARING FEATURES OF POSTERIOR CROCODILE SHAGREEN AND CENTRAL CLOUDY DYSTROPHY OF FRANCOIS

A 56-year-old black woman with full-thickness mosaic pattern central corneal cloudiness, similar in appearance to central cloudy dystrophy and posterior crocodile shagreen, underwent corneal transplantation. Atypical features included decreased vision, photophobia, and epithelial involvement, with occasional foreign body sensation. Numerous 0.5-2.0-micron-diameter lacunae were present in the corneal stroma and Bowman's layer, and a saw-toothed lamellar pattern was often evident in the corneal stroma. Soybean agglutinin (SBA), a lectin that binds N-acetyl-galactosamine residues, bound diffusely to stromal foci exhibiting similar size and distribution to the lacunae observed by electron microscopy. An absence of histochemically detectable lipid associated with these lacunae suggests that SBA reacted with glycoconjugates other than glycolipids. Biochemical analyses revealed similar contents of keratan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, and collagen as in normal controls, suggesting that the SBA binding moieties are associated with a glycoprotein or proteoglycan that is structurally or compositionally different from those found in normal cornea. This patient may represent an extreme variant of Vogt's or Francois central corneal clouding or a previously undescribed corneal dystrophy.
Apoptotic activity of doxazosin on prostate stroma in vitro is mediated through an autocrine expression of TGF-β1

Background Doxazosin, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, has been shown to induce apoptosis in prostatic stromal cells. The mechanism of this apoptotic action by Doxazosin remains undefined. The present study was carried out to demonstrate that the effect of Doxazosin on apoptosis of prostate stromal cells is mediated through an autocrine action of TGF-β1. Methods Primary cultures of human prostate cells were treated with varying concentrations of Doxazosin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM) for a period up to 3 days. At the end of the 3-day culture, cell numbers were counted. Apoptosis was assessed by a colorimetric terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase labeling technique. TGF-β1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared to control cultures, cell numbers were significantly decreased as much as 68.4% in cultures treated with 10 μM of Doxazosin after 3 days incubation, while apoptosis increased by 64.7% in cultures treated with the same concentration of Doxazosin after 24 h. This decrease in cell number was reversed when antibody to TGF-β1 was added to these cultures. Addition of TGF-β1 (0, 1.0, and 10 ng/mL) to the cultures also decreased the cell numbers. Quantitation of TGF-β1 in lysates of cells by ELISA revealed that the cells treated with Doxazosin (10 μM) produced as much as 62.5% more TGF-β1 than in that of untreated cells. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the apoptotic effect of Doxazosin on human prostatic stromal cells is mediated through an autocrine production of TGF-β1. Prostate 48:131–135, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Core structure of the outer membrane lipoprotein from Escherichia coli at 1.9 A resolution.

The outer membrane lipoprotein of the Escherichia coli cell envelope has characteristic lipid modifications at an amino-terminal cysteine and can exist in a form bound covalently to the peptidoglycan through a carboxyl-terminal lysine. The 56-residue polypeptide moiety of the lipoprotein, designated Lpp-56, folds into a stable, trimeric helical structure in aqueous solution. The 1.9 A resolution crystal structure of Lpp-56 comprises a parallel three-stranded coiled coil including a novel alanine-zipper unit and two helix-capping motifs. The amino-terminal motif forms a hydrogen-bonding network anchoring an umbrella-shaped fold. The carboxyl-terminal motif uses puckering of the tyrosine side-chains as a unique docking arrangement in helix termination. The structure provides an explanation for assembly and insertion of the lipoprotein molecules into the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and suggests a molecular target for antibacterial drug discovery.
PROTEIN NITRATION IN THE LUNG IN RESPONSE TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO) AND HYPEROXIA(HYP). † 1579

Previous in vivo studies have indicated that prolonged exposure to NO + HYP(but not NO alone) causes significant lung injury in neonatal piglets. Peroxynitrate (ONOO), the product of NO and superoxide, can cause protein nitration and oxidant tissue injury and is thought to be a causative agent in the injury process. Nitrotyrosine (NT), a stable byproduct of ONOO, has been used as a specific indicator of ONOO formation. To determine whether NT formation occurs in vitro, cultured human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were grown in room air (RA), 95% oxygen (HYP), 2mM SNAP (an NO donor) or HYP + SNAP. Western blot analysis, using a polyclonal antibody against NT, revealed NT-containing proteins at 25 and 35 kD from cells exposed to SNAP or SNAP + HYP. In vivo studies were then performed with 1-3 d old piglets, mechanically ventilated with RA (n=2), 100% oxygen (n=3), 100 PPM NO (n=4) or 100 PPM NO and 90% oxygen (n=4) for 48 h. Animals were sacrificed, the lungs removed and Western blot analysis performed for NT. Results demonstrated one major 35 kD protein in lung tissue from animals exposed to NO or NO + 90% oxygen, but not in animals exposed to RA or 100% oxygen. Control blots with preabsorbed antibody showed no specific staining. These results indicate that while NT may be a specific marker of ONOO formation, the presence of NT alone may not be a specific indicator of lung tissue injury. In addition, these data suggest that sufficient amounts of superoxide may be present both in tissue culture and in vivo to yield ONOO in the absence of an additional superoxide donor. Further studies are necessary to more clearly elucidate the role of protein nitration in lung injury.
A generative nested-sequential basis for general-purpose programming languages

Abstract : The research effort presents a new approach to programming language design. Essentially, the author has studied the close relationships of program structures and the data structures they use, and found that reorienting programming style to emphasize these relationships is a fruitful direction for future language designs. As a vehicle for studying these relationships, a language basis is developed--a set of primitives, a syntax, and an interpretation. The basis is incomplete in that it does not define a real programming language, nor are all fundamental aspects of language design considered. However, one is able to describe many algorithms concisely in the basis, which leads one to believe it represents a significant step in programming language design.
Antidepressant treatments in the 21st century

Abstract The goal of this review is to provide a provocative discussion of the status of antidepressant treatments in the next century. The first part of the review evaluates the progress (or lack of progress) made in antidepressant medications since the 1950s, when the first chemical antidepressants were discovered by serendipity. The second part then attempts to predict what may be needed to accomplish greater progress in the future, and outlines the types of approaches that could be used to develop truly novel, and more effective, treatments of depression.
THE COMBINATION OF A STANDARD GELATIN PREPARATION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE.

It has been found possible to obtain constant dry weights of sheet gelatin only by drying in vacuo at temperatures below 100°C. for a period of several weeks. Values are given for the ash and nitrogen content, the specific conductivity, and the isoelectric point of a standard gelatin preparation. By the method of E.M.F. measurements of cells without liquid junction, of the type Ag, AgCl, HCl + gelatin, H2, it has been found that this gelatin in 0.1 M HCl combines with a maximum of 9.58 x 10–4 equivalents of H+ and 2.0 x 10–4 equivalents of Cl-. By means of pH measurements with the hydrogen electrode and a KCl junction, the combination curve of this gelatin with H+ from HCl and OH- from NaOH has been determined between pH 1.1 and 12.5.
A dopamine partial agonist and antagonist block amphetamine self-administration in a progressive ratio schedule.

A recently characterized class of compounds, dopamine partial agonists, have been suggested as potential therapeutic candidates for pharmacological intervention in psychostimulant addiction. These drugs bind to dopamine receptors with high affinity and low intrinsic activity and are thought to behave as functional antagonists in conditions of high dopaminergic tone, and as agonists in conditions of low receptor occupancy by dopamine. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effects of terguride, a partial dopamine agonist at the D2 receptor subtype, on intravenous self-administration of amphetamine in a progressive ratio schedule and to compare it with the effects produced by the dopamine D2 antagonist eticlopride and the dopamine D2 full agonist quinpirole. Terguride at the doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg i.p. significantly decreased the maximum number of responses delivered for a single injection of amphetamine ("breaking point"), an effect similar to that produced by the antagonist eticlopride (0.01-0.1 mg/kg s.c.). In contrast, administration of quinpirole (0.1-1 mg/kg s.c.) did not significantly modify the breaking point for amphetamine responding. Also, terguride dose-dependently increased responding for amphetamine self-administration on a continuous reinforcement schedule. These data further confirm the effects of terguride on psychostimulant self-administration and indicate that under these conditions partial dopamine agonists act as functional dopamine receptor antagonists.
Association of hepatic system A amino acid transporter with the membrane-cytoskeletal proteins ankyrin and fodrin.

Abstract System A activity is a highly regulated mechanism for the active transport of zwitterionic amino acids into mammalian cells. Monoclonal antibodies generated against a previously unidentified rat liver plasma membrane-associated protein were shown to immunoprecipitate solubilized System A transport activity. The immunoreactive protein was later determined by immunoblotting and peptide microsequencing to be rat liver α-fodrin (non-erythroid spectrin). Antibody against ankyrin, a protein that often serves as a bridge between integral membrane proteins and fodrin, also immumoprecipitated System A transport activity. Fractionation of solubilized plasma membrane proteins on sucrose gradients revealed that the System A transporter co-migrated as a complex with fodrin and ankyrin, even in the presence of detergent and urea. In contrast, the System N amino acid transporter does not co-migrate with ankyfn and fodrin, nor does the anti-fodrin antibody immunoprecipitate System N activity. The present data are the first to demonstrate an association between an organic solute transporter and the membranocytoskeletal proteins ankyrin and fodrin.
Annihilators of Top Local Cohomology

In many important theorems in the homological theory of commutative local rings, an essential ingredient in the proof is to consider We examine these annihilators for an arbitrary local ring when i is the cohomological dimension of I. When the cohomological dimension coincides with the dimension of the ring, we provide an explicit description of In general, we examine its dimension over R and conjecture that for i > 0.
Fusion and friction stir welding of aluminum-metal-matrix composites

Microstructure evolutions and degradations of aluminum-metal-matrix composites during fusion welding were studied and compared with thermodynamic calculations. In fusion welds of Al2O3-reinforced composites, the decomposition of Al2O3 was observed. In fusion welds of SiC whisker-reinforced composites, the decomposition of SiC to Al4C3+Si by reaction with molten aluminum occurred. These phenomena led to unacceptable fusion welds in aluminum metal-matrix composites. Successful welds were produced in the same composites by friction stir welding (FSW). Significant reorientation of SiC whiskers close to the boundary of the dynamically recrystallized and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) was observed. The small hardening in the dynamically recrystallized region was attributed to the presence of dislocation tangles in between SiC whiskers.
Insights on how the Mycobacterium tuberculosis heme uptake pathway can be used as a drug target

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) acquires non-heme iron through salicylate-derived siderophores termed mycobactins whereas heme iron is obtained through a cascade of heme uptake proteins. Three proteins are proposed to mediate Mtb heme iron uptake, a secreted heme transporter (Rv0203), and MmpL3 and MmpL11, which are potential transmembrane heme transfer proteins. Furthermore, MhuD, a cytoplasmic heme-degrading enzyme, has been identified. Rv0203, MmpL3 and MmpL11 are mycobacteria-specific proteins, making them excellent drug targets. Importantly, MmpL3, a necessary protein, has also been implicated in trehalose monomycolate export. Recent drug-discovery efforts revealed that MmpL3 is the target of several compounds with antimycobacterial activity. Inhibition of the Mtb heme uptake pathway has yet to be explored. We propose that inhibitor design could focus on heme analogs, with the goal of blocking specific steps of this pathway. In addition, heme uptake could be hijacked as a method of importing drugs into the mycobacterial cytosol.
An approach to empirical studies of voting paradoxes: An update and extension

By tradition, Public Choice theorists have pointed out many paradoxes of collective choice. The phenomenon of cyclical majorities and the more general issue of political equilibrium have proven to be fertile searching grounds. One class of paradoxes derives from the intransitivity of social orderings implied by the cycle. As Riker (1982) notes, this property of majority rule is most perplexing and paradoxical to those who hold 'Populist' beliefs that voting reflects a fair and meaningful amalgamation of individual preferences and must, therefore, reflect 'the will of the people.' If voting in general elections and committees is interpreted this way, then the existence of voting cycles and the implied intransitivity; or more generally, the impossibility of any rule for making social choices assuring transitive (sometimes equated with rational) outcomes, shakes the foundations of Populist principles of political philosophy. Another paradox of cyclical majorities and simulations of voting games in general, concerns the stability of political equilibria. The body of theory regarding this issue is skillfully summarized by Shepsle and Weingast (1982) and can be reduced to a simple proposition: With sufficient assumptions regarding the states of participants' knowledge and the manipulability of
Wetlands as Sinks for Reactive Nitrogen at Continental and Global Scales: A Meta-Analysis

Wetlands support physical and ecological functions that result in valuable services to society, including removal of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from surface water and groundwater. We compiled published data from wetland studies worldwide to estimate total Nr removal and to evaluate factors that influence removal rates. Over several orders of magnitude in wetland area and Nr loading rates, there is a positive, near-linear relationship between Nr removal and Nr loading. The linear model (null hypothesis) explains the data better than either a model of declining Nr removal efficiency with increasing Nr loading, or a Michaelis–Menten (saturation) model. We estimate that total Nr removal by major classes of wetlands in the contiguous U.S. is approximately 20–21% of the total anthropogenic load of Nr to the region. Worldwide, Nr removal by wetlands is roughly 17% of anthropogenic Nr inputs. Historical loss of 50% of native wetland area suggests an equivalent loss of Nr removal capacity. Expanded protection and large-scale restoration of wetlands should be considered in strategies to re-balance the global nitrogen cycle and mitigate the negative consequences of excess Nr loading.
Mixed Modes I and II Concrete Fracture: An Experimental Analysis

The development of the fracture process zone associated with subcritical crack growth in a three-point bend concrete specimen with an off-centered, single-edged precrack was monitored with moire interferometry. The applied load and the crack opening and sliding displacements together with a finite element model of the concrete specimen were used to determine the crack closing stress due to aggregate bridging. Under this mixed-mode fracture, aggregate interlocking increased the crack closing stresses in the fracture process zone and hence the load carrying capacity of the concrete specimen. The dissipated energy rate in the fracture process zone also increased with aggregate interlocking.
Measured Tricuspid Annuloplasty: A Rapid and Reproducible Technique

A technique for repairing the tricuspid valve that involves principles successfully used in operative repair of the mitral valve is described. A measured orifice produces competence but not obstruction and eliminates the trial-and-error aspects of annuloplasty. The procedure can be performed with the heart beating, though it can be transiently fibrillated so that the suture may be tied without tension.
Castiglione Pen Drawings in the Cooper Union Museum

The paintings, etchings, and monotypes of Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (ca. 1600–1665) have been studied extensively,1 but until quite recently, little attention has been given his drawings. Sir Anthony Blunt and the late Richard Bernheimer, however, have focused upon Castiglione's capacities as a draftsman, and have shown the variety within his style and subject matter. They have also established a point of departure for the analysis of his working methods in the domain of drawing.2
Helping medical students to prepare for radiology residency interviews

One of the most important educational tasks of radiologists, especially those in academic practice, is to advise medical students who intend to pursue careers in radiology. Such students are the future of our field, and our success will hinge on their success. From their point of view, an especially daunting aspect of joining the nearly 1100 medical students who gain admission to approximately 190 U.S. diagnostic radiology residency programs each year is the interview process. Skills in job search, resume preparation, and interviewing are usually stressed in the curricula of business schools but receive little attention in the typical medical school curriculum. Knowing that interviewing is very important, students usually turn to radiologists for advice on how to prepare. Hence it is important for all radiologists who have contact with medical students to understand this process, so that we can provide helpful advice to our future colleagues. There is a reasonable amount of information in the medical literature on how to interview and select candidates, but little has been written about helping students to prepare for interviewing. A better understanding of residency interviews will facilitate the process of advising medical students.
Ultraviolet Radiation in Wound Care: Sterilization and Stimulation.

Significance: Wound care is an important area of medicine considering the increasing age of the population who may have diverse comorbidities. Light-based technology comprises a varied set of modalities of increasing relevance to wound care. While low-level laser (or light) therapy and photodynamic therapy both have wide applications in wound care, this review will concentrate on the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Recent Advances: UVC (200–280 nm) is highly antimicrobial and can be directly applied to acute wound infections to kill pathogens without unacceptable damage to host tissue. UVC is already widely applied for sterilization of inanimate objects. UVB (280–315 nm) has been directly applied to the wounded tissue to stimulate wound healing, and has been widely used as extracorporeal UV radiation of blood to stimulate the immune system. UVA (315–400 nm) has distinct effects on cell signaling, but has not yet been widely applied to wound care. Critical Issues: Penetration of UV light into tissue is ...
Isocitrate lyase from Pseudomonas indigofera III. Sulfhydryl groups and enzyme activity

Summary 1. The number of sulfhydryl groups per enzyme molecule was examined for various preparations of isocitrate lyase ( threo - D s -isocitrateglyoxalate-lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) from Pseudomonas indigofera by spectrophotometry using p -hydroxymercuribenzoate. It was: 9 for “active” enzyme, i.e. , enzyme for which EDTA could replace GSH in the assay; 4 for “inactive” enzyme prepared by treatment with GSSG, i.e. , enzyme for which EDTA could, not replace HSG; and 4–5 for either active or inactive enzyme pretreated with N -ethylmaleimide. Addition of 7–8 moles N -ethylmaleimide per mole active enzyme resulted in maximum inhibition. 2. Isocitrate plus Mg 2+ rather specifically protected enzyme against inactiva-tion by GSSG, when several combinations of substrates and cofactors (isocitrate, succinate, glyoxylate, Mg 2+ , and EDTA) were examined. Of several other organic compounds tested only malonate afforded some protection in the presence of Mg 2+ . Mn 2+ and Co 2+ replaced Mg 2+ to some degree in protection that was dependent upon the presence of isocitrate. 3. A possible method for selective labeling of enzymically essential SH by N -[ 14 C]ethylmaleimide was examined and appears promising.
Evidence that SOM230 can prevent experimental mammary hyperplasia by blocking IGF-I and thus estrogen action in the mammary gland: preliminary evidence for an effect in humans.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #5084 Background: Antiestrogens or aromatase inhibitors are used for breast cancer chemoprevention, however, they are poorly tolerated. We have shown that IGF-I is required to permit estrogen and progesterone action in the mammary gland. A novel somatostatin analog, SOM230, which binds to several somatostatin subtype receptors (SSTR), prevents estrogen action by reducing pituitary growth hormone, and also by a direct IGF-I action inhibitory effect on the mammary gland. Menopausal symptoms have not been observed in acromegalic patients receiving SOM230. Material and Methods: Several approaches have been undertaken. 1) We developed a model of hyperplasia in hypophysectomized and oophorectomized female rats. Hyperplasia was induced by treatment with 600 mcg hGH and follicular phase concentrations of estradiol. 2) To assess translatability to humans we cell proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were measured in normal human breast from reduction mammoplasty and in samples of proliferative fibrocystic change (FCC). 3) We also measured expression of SSTR in atypical ductal hyperplasia and DCIS, and 4) A proof of principal trial with SOM230 has begun accrual to determine whether SOM230 acts in human breast as in rats. Results: 1) hGH and E2 caused florid hyperplasia in rat mammary glands within a week. Twenty-six percent of gland structures exhibited hyperplasia with 50% of those showing florid hyperplasia. SOM230 reduced the number of areas of florid hyperplasia to 7.5 ±0.5 from 18.9±1.3 (p<0.001). This was accomplished by a reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. Interestingly, co-administration with tamoxifen provided no additional benefit over that of SOM230. 2) Proliferative lesions from human breast had 8.09 % of cells stain for Ki67. 3) All 5 somatostatin subtype receptor (SSTR) were present in pathology samples of atypical hyperplasias and DCIS, but SSTR3 and 5 were present in highest concentrations. SSTR 3 is the receptor most likely to mediate the effect of SOM230 with SSTR5 being the next most likely. 4) In the first patient tested we found that SOM230 increased apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation (1000 cells counted). ![][1] Discussion: Our data show that SSTR are present in ADH and DCIS and normal breast tissue. Our data also show that SOM230 can prevent cell proliferation and increase apoptosis both in rats and humans. Thus, further clinical trials will be important as SOM230 may have a role in breast cancer chemoprevention. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5084. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Rayleigh scattering density measurements of combustion in an enclosure

Time resolved density profiles of combustion events taking place in a cylindrical enclosure were measured by Rayleigh scattering. Two extreme method of the process were investigated: a predominantly laminar Flame Traversing the Change (FTC) and a distinctly turbulent Pulsed Jet Combustion (PJC). In both cases lean propane-air mixture (=0.6) was used as the working substance. For FTC it was ignited by a standard spark plug. For PJC it was initiated by a turbulent plume of a pulsed jet, generated by a small (0.5 cc) pre-combustion chamber supplied with a rich (=1.5) propane-air mixture. All the tests were performed at an initial pressure of 5 bar and room temperature. The results were shown to be in good agreement with the thermodynamic analysis of combustion in an enclosure taking into account heat losses to surroundings deduced from the pressure transducer record.
A four vertex theorem for polygons

(2000). A Four Vertex Theorem for Polygons. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 9, pp. 830-833.
The fragility of a discipline when a model has monopoly status

We consider the consequences of a scientific literature with only one model of an important phenomenon. The falsification of the model would mean falsification of the science. Scientists who would prefer not to have their discipline falsified will be tempted to find ad hoc explanations to excuse the failure. To test this hypothesis we propose a study of the economic forecasts of the comparative Soviet and American growth rates in the years before a public choice model of central planning was a viable alternative to the public interest model.
An Exercise in Risky Communication

This article contains an exercise in cross-cultural communication. The exercise seeks to build awareness by providing examples of conventional terms and phrases that may be viewed by others as offensive. It also provides guidelines intended to help participants recover from inevitable cross-cultural miscommunications.
Decision analytic model for evaluation of suspected coronary disease with stress testing and coronary CT angiography.

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to apply a decision analytic model for the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) to define the optimal utilization of coronary computed tomographic angiography (cCTA) and stress testing. Materials and Methods The model tested in this study assumes that CAD is evaluated with a stress test and/or cCTA and that a patient with positive evaluation results undergoes cardiac catheterization. On the basis of values of sensitivity, specificity, and radiation dose from the published literature and test costs from the Medicare fee schedule, a decision tree model was constructed as a function of disease prevalence. Results The false-negative rate is lowest when cCTA is used as an isolated test. The false-positive rate is minimized when cCTA is used in combination with stress echocardiography. Effective radiation is minimized by use of stress electrocardiography or stress echocardiography alone or prior to cCTA. When the pretest probability of CAD is low, a strategy that uses stress echocardiography followed by cCTA minimizes the false-positive rate and effective radiation exposure, with relatively low imaging costs and with a false-negative rate only slightly higher than a strategy including stress myocardial scintigraphy. As the pretest probability of CAD increases above 20%, the false-negative rate of stress echocardiography followed by cCTA increases by >5% relative to cCTA alone. Conclusion Effective radiation dose and imaging costs for the workup of CAD may be minimized by an appropriate combination of stress testing and cCTA. A strategy that uses stress echocardiography followed by cCTA is most appropriate for the evaluation of low-risk patients with CAD with a pretest probability
Rationality and epistemic dependence.

(1988). Rationality and epistemic dependence. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Trauma prevention: an evaluation tool for youth and alcohol trauma-prevention programs.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the Student Alcohol Questionnaire (SAQ) for use drinking/driving prevention programs in college-age students. METHODS: A pilot study of 39 students was conducted, which included a pre-test covering demographics and using the SAQ. A post-test was given as a program evaluation. The SAQ was repeated one month later. FINDINGS: At program completion, 40% of students stated that they would change behavior. The SAQ findings revealed no statistically significant changes in the pre- and post-tests. CONCLUSIONS: The SAQ may be an effective tool for measuring prevention programs. Language: en
A system for gas electrical breakdown time delay measurements based on a microcontroller

A new system, called gasmem v1.0, for the measurements of gas electrical breakdown time delay (td), with significantly better characteristics than older systems, has been developed and realized. It is based on the PIC 18F4550 microcontroller and could measure the minimal td of about 1.5 μs with the resolution of 83.33 ns. The relaxation (afterglow) period (τ) could vary from 1 to 232 ms (≈50 days). The successive series of td measurements with various τ could be performed, giving very reliable td data that are stored on the personal computer (PC) hard drive via the USB interface. The td and τ values enable the drawing of memory curves (td = f(τ)) and the analysis of memory effects in the gases. The randomness of td values measured by the gasmem system for more τ values was tested using the nonparametric Wald–Wolfowitz test showing the stochastic nature of obtained results. The memory curves obtained by this system have shown very high reproducibility. In addition, the system has a capability of operating as a stand-alone system (independently of a PC), with the possibility for the implementation of a touch screen for controlling the system and additional memory (e.g. memory card) for data storage.
Simulated Transient Electromagnetic Response for the Inspection of GFRP-Wrapped Concrete Cylinders Using Radar NDE

Assessing the subsurface condition of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-retrofitted concrete structures is an important inspection problem for the maintenance of reinforced concrete structures retrofitted with high performance composites like GFRP. The objective of this paper is to investigate the radar response of GFRP-concrete cylinders through a parametric study, using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Intact and artificially damaged GFRP-wrapped concrete cylinders were modeled in a two dimensional domain. Considered parameters include the thickness of GFRP wrap/layer, width and depth of artificial defects, and the incident frequency. Modulated Gaussian signals with a carrier frequency ranging from 8 GHz to 18 GHz were used as the incident wave. Field and power responses in both time and frequency domains were investigated. A nonlinear effect due to the variation of defect dimensions is found in both time and frequency responses, indicating the multiple, interlayer scattering effect ...
Heterocyclic Diamidine Interactions at AT Base Pairs in the DNA Minor Groove: Effects of Heterocycle Differences, DNA AT Sequence and Length

Given the increasing significance of diamidines as DNA–targeted therapeutics and biotechnology reagents, it is important to establish the variations in thermodynamic quantities that characterize the interactions of closely related compounds to different sequence AT binding sites. In this study, an array of methods including biosensor–surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD), thermal melting (Tm) and molecular modeling have been used to characterize the binding of dicationic diamidines related to DB75 (amidine-phenyl-furan-phenyl-amidine) with alternating and nonalternating AT sequences. Conversion of the central furan of DB75 to other similar groups, such as thiophene or selenophene, can yield compounds with increased affinity and sequence binding selectivity for the minor groove. Calorimetric measurements revealed that the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH, ΔS) that drive diamidine binding to alternating and nonalternating oligomers can be quite different and depend on both DNA sequence and length. Small changes in a compound can have major effects on DNA interactions. By choosing an appropriate central group it is possible to “tune” the shape of the molecule to match DNA for enhanced affinity and sequence recognition.
Facile Synthetic Routes to Phenylene and Triazine Core Based Dendritic Cobaltabisdicarbollides

The synthesis and thermal properties of phenylene and triazine core based symmetrical macromolecules containing three to six cobaltabis(dicarbollide) clusters are reported. The zwitterionic oxonium derivative of cobaltabis(dicarbollide), [3,3′-Co(8-C4H8O2-1,2-C2B9H10)(1′,2′-C2B9H11)], has been used for the synthetic transformations, and silicon tetrachloride and triflic acid were used as the cyclotrimerization reagents. Compounds containing multiple cobaltabis(dicarbollide) clusters are found to be extremely thermally stable, and only a 10−30% mass loss occurred up to 700 °C.
DNA polymerases in nonhomologous end joining: Are there any benefits to standing out from the crowd?

Chromosome breaks, often with damaged or missing DNA flanking the break site, are an important threat to genome stability. They are repaired in vertebrates primarily by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). NHEJ is unique among the major DNA repair pathways in that a continuous template cannot be used by DNA polymerases to instruct replacement of damaged or lost DNA. Nevertheless, at least 3 out of the 17 mammalian DNA polymerases are specifically employed by NHEJ. Biochemical and structural studies are further revealing how each of the polymerases employed by NHEJ possesses distinct and sophisticated means to overcome the barriers this pathway presents to polymerase activity. Still unclear, though, is how the resulting network of overlapping and nonoverlapping polymerase activities contributes to repair in cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Celiac disease manifesting as isolated hypocalcemia.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe a patient who presented with hypocalcemia and hypocalciuria as the initial manifestations of celiac disease, despite a normal vitamin D status. Methods We review the diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and biochemical and bone mineral density responses of a patient with asymptomatic celiac disease, which was initially suggested because of a low serum calcium level that became attributable to isolated malabsorption of calcium. Results A 36-year-old woman presented with hypocalcemia in the presence of normal serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D and high serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. She had hypocalciuria and secondary hyperparathyroidism that were refractory to pharmacologic calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation. Fecal calcium excretion indicated malabsorption of calcium, and biopsy of the small intestine demonstrated pathologic changes characteristic of celiac disease. Bone mineral density, determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, was in the osteopenic range at the femoral neck. The initiation of a gluten-free diet resulted in correction of all biochemical abnormalities and a substantial increase in bone mineral density. Conclusion Primary intestinal malabsorption of calcium without concomitant vitamin D deficiency is possible in celiac disease because of the preferential involvement of the proximal small intestine early in the disease process. Our patient had hypocalcemia caused by celiac disease and values for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D that were normal and elevated, respectively. Correction was demonstrated after dietary gluten withdrawal. (Endocr Pract. 2004;10:203-207)
On Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond

Ever since Joseph Needham published the first volume of Science and Civilisation in China in 1954, many important works have been produced on East Asian science, technology, and medicine in the pre...
Capillary zone electrophoresis of peptide fragments from trypsin digestion of biosynthetic human growth hormone.

Abstract Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was applied to the separation of the 19 peptide fragments produced by enzymatic digestion of human growth hormone (hGH). The fragments of hGH produced by trypsin digestion under non-reducing conditions were identified in the electropherogram. Almost all of the fragments were resolved by CZE in less than 15 min. There is a marked difference in selectivity between reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPOLC) and CZE. CZE is demonstrated to be a powerful complement to RP-HPLC for routine identification of hGH using trypsin digests.
Z-dependence of the intensity ratio of J-line to hydrogenlike resonance line in high temperature low density plasmas

Abstract Theoretical transition rates and energies are calculated with the Hartree-Fock-Slater atomic model for doubly excited heliumlike states. The configuration interaction in the same complex and the spin-orbit coupling effects are included for n = 2, 3 and 4 satellites. The atomic numbers considered are 10, 14, 18, 20, 24 and 26. Using the 1s-2p excitation rate coefficients for a hydrogenlike ion and our theoretical results, the intensity ratio of the J-line (1s2p 1P1−p21D2) to the Lyman-α1 line are calculated and are presented here.
Aetiology of nasopharyngeal glioma

A case of nasopharyngeal glioma is presented in which the postnatal scans clearly show intracranial communication, whilst subsequent scans and surgical exploration could not demonstrate this finding. This case seems to confirm that the aetiology of these lesions is due to an encephalocele that subsequently loses its connection with the brain.
Analysis of the rotation-vibration spectrum of CH3CN in the region 4270 to 4510 cm−1

Abstract An analysis was made of the ν 1 + ν 3 , ν 3 + ν 5 , and ν 5 + ν 6 bands of CH 3 CN which occurred in the 4400-cm −1 region. From this investigation, values for rotational constants, anharmonic constants, Coriolis interaction constants, and band centers were calculated. The selection rules indicated that ν 1 + ν 6 and 2 ν 7 + ν 2 could be active in the region. However, no evidence for the occurrence of these bands was found.
Determination of 218Po+ ionic neutralization rates in gases

Abstract An instrument and methodology are described for the measurement of 218 Po + ions immersed in carrier gases in hydrostatic equilibrium. This electrostatic precipitation device has a 7.5-1 volume and an absolute detection efficiency of 10.2%. An improved analytical method is developed to determine neutralization rates over wide ranges of both 222 Rn concentrations (100 to 50 000 Bq/m 3 ) and neutralization rates (0.05 to 1 s −1 ). Applications to the radon-in-argon and radon-in-air cases are presented, and appropriate intercomparisons involving previous results are discussed.