cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Estimation of the Gaze Region of the Driver using Dense Classification

The ability to monitor the visual attention of a driver is a useful feature for smart vehicles to understand the driver's intents and behaviors. The gaze angle of the driver is not deterministically related to his/her head pose due to the interplay between head and eye movements. Therefore, this study aims to establish a probabilistic relationship using deep learning. While probabilistic regression techniques such as Gaussian process regression (GPR) has been previously used to predict the visual attention of a driver, the proposed deep learning framework is a more generic approach that does not make assumptions, learning the relationship between gaze and head pose from the data. In our formulation, the continuous gaze angles are converted into intervals and the grid of the quantized angles is treated as an image for dense prediction. We rely on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with upsampling to map the six degrees of freedom of the orientation and position of the head into gaze angles. We train and evaluate the proposed network with data collected from drivers who were asked to look at predetermined locations inside a car during naturalistic driving recordings. The proposed model obtains very promising results, where the size of the gaze region with 95% accuracy is only 11.73% of a half sphere centered at the driver, which approximates his/her field of view. The architecture offers an appealing and general solution to convert regression problems into dense classification problems.
A Reflex Triode System With Multicavity Adjustment

This paper focuses the tunability of a reflex triode virtual cathode oscillator (vircator). The vircator cathode is a bimodal carbon fiber (CF) material, while the anode is polished pyrolytic graphite. These materials have ideal operating characteristics for use within a vircator. These materials have high operating temperatures greater than 1000 K which support large current densities of ~200 A/cm2. A 12-stage, 158-J pulse-forming network (PFN)-based modular Marx generator is used to drive the vircator at 350 kV, 4 kA with ~100-ns pulsewidth at a pulse repetition frequency up to 100 Hz. The 12 stages of the Marx are constructed from a PFN using five, 2.1 nF, high-voltage ceramic capacitors in parallel. The Marx is broken into six modules each containing two stages. The Marx modules are machined from acetyl copolymer commonly called Delrin to provide rigidity and strength. Each Marx module includes air supply lines machined directly into each block, allowing external airlines to connect to each module chamber, rather than every spark gap. After the Marx erects, the energy is used to drive the virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) where subsequent frequency generation is manipulated through a new rectangular waveguide used as the resonant cavity. The new design has three parts of the cavity that can be changed; the bottom plate, back wall, and anode–cathode gap (A–K) distance. Each of these parts moves via linear actuators, two on the bottom plate, one on the A–K gap, and linear bellows for the back wall. The square waveguide cavity is welded into a circular stainless steel sleeve and is housed within a 10-in circular vacuum chamber. The anode is stationary in the vacuum chamber and connects to the Marx generator through a nickel shaft that feeds through the back wall, circular sleeve, and the rectangular waveguide. The anode is pyrolytic graphite, while the cathode is CF. The waveguide bottom plate, back wall, and cathode move around the stationary anode. This allows the height of the resonant cavity and the back wall distance from A–K gap to be independently changed of each other.
The Conversion of SO2 to Sulfate in the Atmosphere

The atmospheric chemistry responsible for the conversion of SO2(g) to particulate sulfate in areas impacted by anthropogenic emission of SO2 is reviewed. The major reaction mechanism for the homogeneous conversion process in the absence of clouds or fog is the oxidation of SO2(g) by the hydroxyl radical. The rate of this conversion process increases with both increasing temperature and relative humidity. Correlations are described for the effects of these two variables on the conversion process, and equations given which correlate all of the available literature data for the homogeneous conversion process in ambient atmospheres. The conversion of S(IV) to sulfate via aqueous solution chemistry in clouds and fog is more complex and dependent on several variables, including concentrations of the principal oxidants (hydrogen peroxide and ozone), ammonia, droplet size and composition, and meteorology. The gas-phase homogeneous conversion process can vary from less than 1% SO2(g) converted per hour to a maximum of about 10% converted per hour at high temperature and relative humidity. In contrast, the rate of conversion of S(IV) to sulfate in the aqueous-phase homogeneous process is controlled by mixing and reactant limitations, rather than kinetic considerations. The process can involve 100% SO2 converted per hour under optimum conditions. Consequences of the various conversion processes on environmental quality are briefly illustrated with a discussion of the impact of sulfate-containing aerosols on PM10 concentrations and visibility degradation.
Regional measurements to analyze large-area luminescent solar concentrators

Abstract Experimentally analyzing the photovoltaic (PV) performance and the photon transport mechanism of large-area luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) (>200 cm2) has proven difficult because common solar simulators and integrating spheres have limited measuring capacity. This report introduces an approach of regional measurements to address these issues using common laboratory instruments. In this approach, the LSC is configured to have different surface and edge regions. The surface regions are sequentially illuminated by a low-cost solar simulator, and the edge regions sequentially measured by a small-area solar cell or a general photoluminescence (PL) spectrometer. The methodology is validated through the comparison with the conventional method and Monte Carlo ray-tracing simulation in the study of the PV performance of a series of R305-based LSCs. Experimental results from the regional measurements reveal important the photon transport mechanism of the LSCs. The results show that severe photon transport loss exists within a surface distance (dsurf) of 5 inches (12.7 cm), and photons with the longest average transport distance ( max) experience number of absorption events (Nabs) for an average of 11.3 times. The approach of regional measurements can effectively measure the PV performance and investigate the photon transport mechanism of large-area LSCs.
Correlates of Help-Seeking Intentions among Airmen in the Context of Family Maltreatment Perpetration: Practical Barriers as a Moderating Influence

Efforts are warranted to understand correlates of formal help-seeking among active-duty military members self-reporting family maltreatment perpetration. Drawing from the Integrated Model of Determinants of Behavioral Intentions, we evaluate a hypothesized model in which the intention to seek formal services is associated with a set of plausible social-psychological variables. Practical barriers to help-seeking is assessed as a moderating influence. A representative sample of 5326 Airmen (88% male) from the 2011 Air Force Community Assessment Survey who self-reported recent family maltreatment perpetration is used for structural equation modeling to estimate direct associations between social support and intention to seek services, and indirect associations via career stigma, unit-based stigma, and sense of community. Social support is negatively associated with career stigma and unit-based stigma, and positively associated with sense of community. Career stigma and sense of community are negatively associated with intention to seek services. Significant indirect effects include a positive effect between social support and intention to seek services via a reduction in career stigma, and a negative effect via increases in sense of community. Higher levels of practical barriers magnify most associations. Especially when facing practical barriers, social support can both increase help-seeking intentions by reducing career stigma, and reduce intentions, either directly or indirectly by strengthening a sense of community. Military leaders should address career stigma perceptually and systematically, and engage in public awareness efforts and trainings to position members of informal networks to guide individuals with problematic behavior toward relevant formal services.
The moderating role of externalizing problems on the association between anxiety and the error-related negativity in youth.

The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related potential that reflects error monitoring. Enhanced ERN indicates sensitivity to performance errors and is a correlate of anxiety disorders. In contrast, youth with externalizing problems exhibit a reduced ERN, suggesting decreased error monitoring. Anxiety and externalizing problems commonly co-occur in youth, but no studies have tested how comorbidity might modulate the ERN. In a sample of youth (N = 46, ages 7-19) with and without anxiety disorders, this preliminary study examined the interactive effect of anxiety and externalizing problems on ERN. Results suggest that externalizing problems moderate the relation between anxiety symptoms and ERN in youth. Anxious youth with less externalizing problems exhibited enhanced ERN response to errors. Conversely, anxious youth with greater externalizing problems demonstrated diminished ERN in response to errors. The regions of significance and proportion affected tests indicated that the moderating the effect of externalizing problems was only significant for youth with anxiety disorders. Findings suggest that enhanced neural error sensitivity could be a specific neurophysiological marker for anxiety disorders, whereas anxious individuals with comorbid externalizing problems demonstrate reduced error monitoring, similar to those with primary externalizing pathology. Results underscore the utility of examining neural correlates of pediatric anxiety comorbidity subtypes.
Classroom Teaching in Botswana and Online Teaching from Georgia: Hard Knocks and Earned Successes

Teaching online internationally can be an exciting and frustrating experience. This paper reports on a trans-Atlantic experience between a lecturer at the University of Georgia and her students at the University of Botswana. The author uses an auto-ethnographic method to discuss her classroom teaching experiences in Botswana and how they influenced her course design, teaching style, and types of student learning experiences she wanted for her students. She also discusses student expectations for the course, student technology preparedness, and the results of the interactions during the online experience. She gives suggestions for future online courses including communication needs, technical skill needs, local support, and access to computers. She discovered that student preparation with the Internet consumed more of the course time than she had anticipated, but in the final analysis, also provided some of the most successful and lasting learning experiences.
A soluble ACE2 microbody protein fused to a single immunoglobulin Fc domain is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture

Summary Soluble forms of ACE2 have recently been shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. We report on an improved soluble ACE2, termed a “microbody” in which the ACE2 ectodomain is fused to Fc domain 3 of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The protein is smaller than previously described ACE2-Ig Fc fusion proteins and contains an H345A mutation in the ACE2 catalytic active site that inactivates the enzyme without reducing its affinity for the SARS-CoV-2 spike. The disulfide-bonded ACE2 microbody protein inhibited entry of lentiviral SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudotyped virus and live SARS-CoV-2 with a potency 10-fold higher than unmodified soluble ACE2 and was active after initial virus binding to the cell. The ACE2 microbody inhibited the entry of ACE2-specific β coronaviruses and viruses with the high infectivity variant D614G spike. The ACE2 microbody may be a valuable therapeutic for COVID-19 that is active against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future coronaviruses that may arise.
Proposed new classification among coexistence nuclei

Abstract I propose a new classification of coexistence nuclei that involves E2 transition matrix elements connecting the ground state, 21 and 22 (or 23) states. A dimensionless ratio, based only on experimental information, is defined, and most coexistence nuclei are found to lie within one of only two narrow bands of this ratio.
Intertemporal Choices Are Causally Influenced by Fluctuations in Visual Attention

Intertemporal discount rates vary widely across contexts and individuals. We propose that a sizable fraction of this variation results from differences in how visual attention is allocated to diffe...
Cusp repair techniques in bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves.

ABSTRACT Aortic regurgitation is one of the most prevalent cardiac valvular diseases, and the pathophysiology is dependent on acuity and dysfunction of the aortic valvular apparatus. Although aortic valve replacement has been a mainstay of therapy for decades, choosing between a mechanical or bioprosthetic replacement valve involves committing patients either to lifelong anticoagulation and its associated risk of thrombo-hemorrhagic sequelae, or future reoperation for structural valve deterioration and its associated perioperative risks. Aortic valve repair is an attractive approach to restore valve competency without the risks and complications associated with aortic valve replacement. In this article, we provide an overview of the aortic valve anatomy, aortic regurgitation pathophysiology, and aortic valve repair techniques for both bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve.
Informal Fallacies in Legal Argumentation

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons at Michigan State University College of Law. It has been accepted forinclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons at Michigan State University College of Law. For moreinformation, please contactdomannbr@law.msu.edu.
The recognition of viral RNA by mammalian ribosomes: An effect of interferon

Abstract The abilities of ribosomes from control and interferon-exposed cells to support the translation of endogenous, synthetic, and viral templates have been compared. These studies reveal that differential rates of polypeptide synthesis exist when animal viral RNA's are used as primers and that this effect is related to a modification in the ribosome. For detection of the specific ribosomal effect, the unique pair of Mengo virus RNA ribosome and ribosome from interferon-exposed cells must be tested. In some experiments, enzyme fractions from control cells were mixed with ribosomes from interferon-treated cells. Control particles were primed by Mengo virus RNA with equal efficiencies in the presence of homologous or heterologous enzyme. The reciprocal pair, robosomes from interferon-exposed cells and control enzyme, revealed that the inhibition in translation of Mengo virus RNA persisted in the presence of control enzyme. Differences in initiating codons or other unique internal nucleotide sequences may explain the ribosomal recognition of Mengo virus RNA.
Mucocutaneous and invasive candidiasis among very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) infants in intensive care nurseries: a prospective study.

To determine whether mucocutaneous candidiasis presages the development of invasive candidiasis and to assess factors influencing the development of mucocutaneous candidiasis and invasive candidiasis among infants requiring neonatal intensive care, all infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit during a 47-month period were prospectively examined twice weekly for mucocutaneous candidiasis. Because 16 of 18 (89%) infants in whom invasive candidiasis (defined by positive cultures of blood, CSF, deep tissue or greater than or equal to 2 supra-pubic urine aspirates) developed had birth weights less than 1,500 g, further analysis was focused toward the very low birth weight group. Of 358 very low birth weight infants hospitalized for less than three days and serially studied until discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit, mucocutaneous candidiasis developed in 28 (7.8%), invasive candidiasis developed in 16 (4.5%), and in 323 there was no evidence of mucocutaneous candidiasis or invasive candidiasis. Although many risk factors were shown by univariate analysis to be significantly more common among those with invasive candidiasis and mucocutaneous candidiasis, adjustment for the covariant effects of duration of hospitalization and gestational age revealed that only prolonged duration of antibiotic therapy and duration of endotracheal intubation were significantly associated with invasive candidiasis. Invasive candidiasis developed later in nine of 28 (32%) infants with mucocutaneous candidiasis despite nystatin therapy of mucocutaneous candidiasis in all nine (median duration of therapy before invasive candidiasis, nine days). Very low birth weight infants in whom mucocutaneous candidiasis develops are at significantly greater risk of invasive candidiasis developing later than those in whom mucocutaneous candidiasis did not develop (9/28 v 7/330, P less than .001).
Comparing Location Decisions of Domestic and Foreign Auto Supplier Plants

Plant locations in the U.S. auto industry have been moving southward for some time now. This paper utilizes a comprehensive dataset of the U.S. auto industry and focuses on plant location decisions of auto supplier plants that were opened less than 15 years ago in the U.S. We find that agglomeration continues to matter: suppliers want to be close to each other as well as to their assembly plant customers. We also find evidence of differences in location factors for domestic and foreign suppliers. Foreign suppliers exhibit a stronger preference to be near highways, other foreign suppliers and foreign assembly plants. That helps explain the different location patterns observed for these two groups within the auto region.
The Protection of Children and Young People: Catholic and Constitutional Visions of Responsible Freedom

The religion clauses of the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration on Religious Freedom of the Second Vatican Council offer visions of "responsible freedom"—that is, freedom tempered by the moral claims of others and by the laws necessary to the life of the society. Both visions contain a legitimate role for the state in the protection of children, even where this requires scrutiny by the state of the decisions of religious institutions. In the context of the sexual abuse of minors by Roman Catholic clergy, this Article argues that the state's role necessarily entails some limits on the Church's autonomy through the imposition of tort liability, and necessarily calls for church-state cooperation on the common goal of protecting minors. Yet in both constitutional and conciliar visions of responsible freedom, the Church has sufficient room for its own internal reforms, and must not grow dependent upon the state as it pursues self-correction. The Church should use its freedom for vigorous new life, neither demanding from the state total deference to its internal decisions nor relinquishing to the state the task of moral renewal and institutional reform. For nearly two decades, the public has grown increasingly aware of irresponsible decisions made by Catholic leadership regarding priests accused of sexual abuse of children and young people, particularly the practice of reassigning abusive priests who subsequently harmed other minors. The real magnitude of the tragedy became clear only in 2002, with court-ordered releases of thousands of pages of internal church documents and the voluntary disclosure of information by dioceses throughout the country. One revelation after another of sexual abuse confirmed yet another abuse—abuse of the constitutional freedom churches enjoy managing their own affairs. * Professor of Law, Seton Hall University School of Law. The author wishes to thank Kathleen Boozang, Paul Hauge, and Catherine Mc Cauliff for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this Article, and gratefully acknowledges the support of the summer research grant provided by Seton Hall University School of Law.
Lagrangian refined Kolmogorov similarity hypothesis for gradient time evolution and correlation in turbulent flows.

We study time evolution of velocity and pressure gradients in isotropic turbulence by quantifying their autocorrelation functions and decorrelation time scales. The Lagrangian analysis uses data in a public database generated by direct numerical simulation at a Reynolds number ${\mathrm{Re}}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}\ensuremath{\approx}433$. It is confirmed that when averaging over the entire domain, correlation functions decay on time scales on the order of the global Kolmogorov turnover time scale. However, when performing the analysis in different subregions of the flow, turbulence intermittency leads to large spatial variability in the decay time scales. Remarkably, excellent collapse of the autocorrelation functions is recovered when using a locally defined Kolmogorov time scale. This provides new evidence for the validity of Kolmogorov's refined similarity hypothesis, but from a Lagrangian viewpoint that provides a natural frame to describe the dynamics of turbulence.
Evaluation of high-voltage, high-power 4H-SiC insulated-gate bipolar transistors

This paper presents preliminary results on the static and dynamic characterization of 12 kV and 20 kV N-channel silicon carbide Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). These state-of-the-art devices were evaluated for their possible use in pulsed-power and energy conversion applications. The 12 kV IGBTs had a chip area of 0.7 cm2 and were rated for 10 A. Their active area was 0.32 cm2, with a drift region of 140 μm and two different field-stop buffers of 5 μm and 2 μm. The 20 kV IGBTs had a chip area of 1 cm2 and were rated for 12 A. Their active area was 0.37 cm2, with a drift region of 180 μm, and their FSB was 2 μm. The switching and conduction losses were calculated for both devices with short pulses and low-inductance resistive loads. Both types of IGBTs displayed promising results for possible replacement of gas switches and Si IGBTs in high voltage applications.
Identification of Nocardia Species by Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of an Amplified Portion of the 16S rRNA Gene

Identification of clinical isolates of Nocardia to the species level is important for defining the spectrum of disease produced by each species and for predicting antimicrobial susceptibility. We evaluated the usefulness of PCR amplification of a portion of the Nocardia 16S rRNA gene and subsequent restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) for species identification. Unique restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were found for Nocardia sp. type strains (except for the N. asteroides type strain) and representative isolates of the drug pattern types of Nocardia asteroides (except for N. asteroides drug pattern type IV, which gave inconsistent amplification). A variant RFLP pattern for Nocardia nova was also observed. Twenty-eight clinical isolates were evaluated both by traditional biochemical identification and by amplification and REA of portions of the 16S rRNA gene and the 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP) gene. There was complete agreement among the three methods on identification of 24 of these isolates. One isolate gave a 16S rRNA RFLP pattern consistent with the biochemical identification but was not identifiable by its HSP gene RFLP patterns. Three isolates gave 16S rRNA RFLP patterns which were inconsistent with the identification obtained by both biochemical tests and HSP gene RFLP; sequence analysis suggested that two of these isolates may belong to undefined species. The PCR and REA technique described appears useful both for the identification of clinical isolates of Nocardia and for the detection of new or unusual species.
Crystalline-silicon photovoltaics: necessary and sufficient

Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems have always been dominated by crystalline-silicon (c-Si) technology, and recent developments persuasively suggest that c-Si will continue to be the dominant technology well into the next century. Here, the authors explain why c-Si technology is fairing much better than previously expected, and discuss the impact of improvements currently under development. They use a ground-up, engineering-based approach to predict the expected evolution of this type of PV power system, and argue that c-Si PV power will be in a position to compete for the US residential power market starting in about the year 2010. This market alone will provide the opportunity for PV power to supply several percent of the electrical energy used in the United States. Crystalline silicon technology is therefore not just necessary for building a near-term PV power industry; it also offers a low-risk approach to meeting long-term goals for PV energy systems.
Fundamental Aspects of SiC

The sections in this article are Introduction Polytypism Crystallography Inequivalent Sites Some Properties of Simple Polytypes Origin of Polytypism Band Structure The General Picture The Conduction Band Edges The Valence Band Edges Phonons Calculations of Phonon Dispersion Relations Infrared Transmission and Reflection Phonon Frequencies Measured by Low Temperature Photoluminescence (LTPL) and the k-Space Locations of Conduction Band Minima First and Second Order Raman Scattering Raman Scattering from Free Carriers Intrinsic Excitons Shallow Centers Shallow Donors: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nitrogen Phosphorus Acceptors Deep Centers Transition Metals Titanium Vanadium Chromium Molybdenum Scandium Manganese Rare Earths: Erbium Intrinsic Defects Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) Electron Spin Resonance and Positron Annihilation Low Temperature Photoluminescence Transport Properties Carrier Effective Masses Mobilities and Mobility Anisotropy Hall Scattering Factor Time Resolved Measurements and Lifetimes Acknowledgements
Speaking Hatefully: Culture, Communication, and Political Action in Hungary

In an era of increasingly polarized political speech, citizens of the United States are well accustomed to heated discourse and vitriol. Elections feature more mud than ever, as negative campaigns ...
Comparison of the Hu-Duan Boundary Effect Model with the Size-Shape Effect Law for Quasi-Brittle Fracture Based on New Comprehensive Fracture Tests

The boundary effect model (BEM) for concrete fracture and the effects of specimens size and crack length has previously been criticized on theoretical grounds, but the experimental evidence found in the literature, when taken alone, has been too limited to judge the validity of BEM conclusively. New, separately published, comprehensive fracture experiments, which were made on specimens cast from one and the same batch concrete and featured a broad ranges of both the size and the crack length (including a zero crack length), change the situation. The optimum fit of the data by Hu and Duan’s model shows major deviations from these new test results. On the other hand, the Type 1 and 2 size effect laws (SELs) and their amalgamation in the universal size effect law are found to give a far better fit of the test results. Thus, regardless of the previously expounded theoretical objections, the comparison with experimental evidence alone suffices to conclude that Hu and Duan’s model is not realistic.
Visual Methods Using Photographs to Capture Customers' Experience with Design

Traditional guest feedback methods such as surveys or mystery shopping are not ideal for collecting information about customers' reactions to a hotel's physical design. Because design is a visual m...
Radiative decay and magnetic moment of neutrinos in matter.

Effects of a medium on the radiative decay and the magnetic moments of neutrinos are studied in a simple Feynman-diagram approach. It is shown that even though the radiative decay rate is dramatically increased in a medium, the magnetic moments, both diagonal and off diagonal, are not enhanced in the medium from their vacuum value due to the coherence condition of the medium effects. It is also shown that there cannot be any helicity flip in a medium due to the weak interactions alone, independently from the interaction with a magnetic field.
The cosmic muffin hypothesis: implications for public policy.

(2000). In Context: The Cosmic Muffin Hypothesis: Implications for Public Policy. Hospital Topics: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 33-35.
Modeling the cattle subsector: a demonstration in Guyana.

The complex nature of cattle production and its multi-year production process confronts policy makers with a difficult problem of evaluating proposals relating to the cattle subsector. A mathematical programming sector model is developed to assist policy makers in objectively analyzing alternative proposals. The model explicitly incorporates individual producer behaviour and accounts for the dynamic nature of cattle production through a multi-year formulation and endogenous valuation of ending inventory. To account for transitional adjustment more fully, a recursive quadratic programming model is employed. The model s specified for Guyana, South America. New production alternatives for Guyanese cattle producers are simulated. The results indicate that two new alternatives are viable and also demonstrate the usefulness of the model as a tool to evaluate such proposals. La nature complexe et le caractere pluri-annual du processus de production bovine confronte les planificateurs a un difficile probleme d'evaluation des projets lies a ce secteur. Un modele sectoriel de programmation mathematique a ete developpe pour aider les planificateurs a analyser objec-tivement les differents projets envisages. Le modele incorpore explicitement le comportement in-dividuel du producteur et prend en ligne de compte la nature dynamique de la production bovine a travers une formulation pluri-annuelle en une evaluation endogene des stocks de fin de periode. Afin de prendre entierement en consideration les adjustements transitionnels, on a employe un programme quadratique recursif. Le Modele a ete specifie pour la Guyana situee en Amerique du Sud. De nouvelles alternatives de production proposees aux eleveurs guyanais ont ete testee et simulee avec ce modele. Les resultats obtenus indiquent que deux de ces alternatives son viables. Ils demontrent egalement l'utilite d'un tel modele comme outil d'evaluation de tels projets.
Software needs seatbelts and airbags

Finding and fixing bugs in deployed software is difficult and time-consuming. Here are some alternatives.
The Worst Headache of My Life: Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract Thunderclap headache (TCH), so named because it strikes suddenly, like a clap of thunder, is associated with life-threatening aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Hemorrhagic stroke should always be suspected with signs and symptoms of TCH. The author experienced a TCH, aSAH, craniotomy, and neurointensive care. The goals of this article are to increase primary care provider TCH awareness, empower nurse practitioners to suspect and assess for aSAH, and aid the aSAH victim in navigating the experience. Patients who are misdiagnosed at the first point of medical contact and bleed again have a worse prognosis.
New tetherable derivatives of myo-inositol 2,4,5- and 1,3,4-trisphosphates

Abstract (±)- myo -Inositol 1-(3-aminopropyl hydrogen phosphate) 3,4-bis(disodium phosphate) ( 5 ) and (±)- myo -inositol 2-(3-aminopropyl hydrogen phosphate) 4,5-bis(disodium phosphate) ( 11 ) have been synthesized by conventional procedures. Each derivative has been immobilized on a polymeric resin in order to give a bioaffinity matrix.
Potassium channels in hypertension: homeostatic pathways to buffer arterial contraction.

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that the vascular smooth muscle cell is an active participant in the effort to normalize blood pressure levels during acute and chronic episodes of hypertension. In fact, there appears to be a diversity of mechanisms by which arterial myocytes enhance K + efflux through K Ca channels in an attempt to buffer vasoconstriction in this disease. Sudden rises in blood pressure may result in the acute activation of K Ca channels, providing a powerful dilator mechanism to blunt regional vasoconstriction and the initial development of elevated vascular resistance in hypertension. 3–6 This protective effect of K Ca channel activation may be reinforced by the induction of an increased expression of the α-subunits of the K Ca channel, to directly provide more pathways for compensatory K + efflux during prolonged exposure to hypertension. 7,28 Thus the activation and expression of K Ca channels in vascular smooth muscle membranes represent dynamic processes that permit the arterial smooth muscle cell to respond at the single-cell level to changes in local perfusion pressure. As such, K Ca channels should be viewed not only as membrane components that limit sudden changes in regional tissue perfusion, but also as dynamic long-term controllers of peripheral vascular resistance and arterial blood pressure.
Attosecond Photoelectron Microscopy of H2

We present a numerical study of the ultrafast ionization dynamics of $\text{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ exposed to attosecond extreme ultraviolet (xuv) pulses that goes beyond the Born-Openheimer approximation. The four-dimensional, time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation was solved using a generalization of the finite-element discrete-variable-representation/real-space--product technique used in our previous calculations to include the dynamical motion of the nuclei. This has enabled us to expose the target to any polarized light at arbitrary angles with respect to the molecular axis. Calculations have been performed at different angles and photon energies ($\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=50\text{ }\text{eV}$ up to 630 eV) to investigate the energy and orientation dependence of the photoionization probability. A strong orientation dependence of the photoionization probability of $\text{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ was found at a photon energy of $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=50\text{ }\text{eV}$. At this energy, we found that the ionization probability is three times larger in the perpendicular polarization than in the parallel case. These observations are explained by the different geometric ``cross sections'' seen by the photoejected electron as it leaves the molecule. This ionization anisotropy vanishes at the higher-photon energy of $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\ge}170\text{ }\text{eV}$. When these higher-energy xuv pulses are polarized perpendicular to the internuclear axis, a ``double-slit-like'' interference pattern is observed. However, we find that the diffraction angle only approaches the classical formula ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{n}={\text{sin}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(n{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\text{e}}/{R}_{0})$, where $n$ is the diffraction order, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\text{e}}$ is the released electron wavelength, and ${R}_{0}$ is the internuclear distance, when $n{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\text{e}}$ becomes less than 65% of ${R}_{0}$. These results illustrate the possibility of employing attosecond pulses to perform photoelectron microscopy of molecules.
Measures of association in contingency space analysis

Abstract Sequential recording of behavior and its consequences is a common strategy for identifying potential maintaining variables in the natural environment. Disagreement remains over a standard approach to detecting contingent relations in the resulting data as well as a suitable association metric. In operant research, contingency is defined as the difference between the probability of reinforcement given some behavior and the probability of reinforcement given the absence of that behavior. Joint occurrences of behavior and its reinforcing consequences can be summarized in a 2 by 2 contingency table for which a variety of association measures exist. We analyzed three such measures algebraically (operant contingency value [OCV], phi coefficient, and Yule’s Q ), compared their relative magnitudes in a simulation study, and examined their relationship when computed on the same set of sequential observation data. Based on these analyses, we concluded that the OCV is a more robust measure for accurately indexing both absolute and relative degrees of contingency during functional behavior assessment.
Management of Dancers With Symptomatic Accessory Navicular: 2 Case Reports

Study Design Case report. Background Symptomatic accessory navicular can be a source of pain and disability. The treatment considerations for accessory navicular in dancers may differ due to increased demands on the foot, the repetitive nature of the movements, and the specific footwear required. The purpose of this report is to describe the management (1 conservative and 1 postoperative) of 2 adolescent dancers with symptomatic accessory navicular. Case Descriptions Case 1 was an 11-year-old female who underwent surgical excision of a symptomatic accessory navicular. Case 2 was a 15-year-old female who, following a traumatic injury that caused pain judged to be related to her accessory navicular, was managed nonsurgically. Treatment included pain management, range-of-motion exercises, trunk and lower extremity strengthening, balance and proprioception training, orthoses, crosstraining, and a guided return-to-dance progression. Outcomes Both patients had improved pain, dance technique, strength, and patie...
The Caltech Physics/Engineering Network

The California Institute of Technology Physics/Engineering network (referred to as the "Caltech network" in this paper) is a software system which has been developed over the last four years for high-speed data acquisition, graphics, and distributed computer resource communications. This paper presents: (1) a brief history of past and current development of the network software; (2) features currently implemented; (3) current speed performance; and (4) applications of the network to research and education at Caltech and at other institutions.
KdV recursion relations for the two-matrix models

We find a KdV recursion relation for the two-matrix models in addition to that by Dijkgraaf and Witten [Nucl. Phys. B 342 (1990) 486]. We show that together the relations can be used as algebraic resursion relations for correlation functions which express all correlation functions with an insertion of P in each genus in terms of 〈PP〉, 〈PQ〉, and 〈QQ〉 in a unique way. P and Q are the puncture operator and the dilation operator, and also we assume the scaling ansatz. The KdV recursion relations found do not involve explicitly the infinite number of coupling constants as in the case of the recursion relations given by the Virasoro constraints and the W-constraints.
Lepidopterous insect fauna of Mt. Bokju-san (Gangwon-do) in Korea

The study was investigated lepidopterous insect fauna of Mt. Bokju-san located in Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea, its changes in the number of monthly species and the number of individuals from April, 2011 to March, 2012. This study was identified a total of 401 species belonging to 16 families of lepidopterous insect fauna inhabiting Mt. Bokju-san. Based on dominance by families, Noctuidae, with 133 species, was the most dominant species, followed by Geometridae (115), Crambidae (32), and Notodontidae (25). The most abundant species was Cosmia camptostigma (214 individuals), followed by Catocala streckeri, Arichanna melanaria, Bombyx shini. Monthly distribution indicated that Geometridae was the most dominant species from November to May, and Noctuidae was the most dominant from June to October. The number of individuals increased from March to June. On the other hand, it decreased consistently after June. The number of collected individuals showed that Noctuidae (834) was the largest of all, followed by Geometridae (748), Arctiidae (164). With regard to the dominant species in early spring, Apochima juglansiaria and Conistra fletcheri were dominant in March and Idiotephria amelia in April. Inurois brunneus was dominant in late fall.
Preparation and properties of acrylamide gel for use in electrophoresis

Abstract Acrylamide is a water-soluble monomer which dissolves in buffers over a wide range of pH. On polymerization it forms transparent flexible stable insoluble gels suitable for gel electrophoresis. The gel must be adequately protected from evaporation during electrophoresis. Suitable apparatus for preparing the gel and for carrying out the electrophoresis is described.
Stability of 4,4′-di(thiouridine) and 4-thiouridine in alkali

Abstract Cation exchange chromatographic analysis can distinguish between the alkaline hydrolysis products of 4-thiouridine and 4,4′-di(thiouridine). Although 4-thiouridine is the primary stable alkaline hydrolysis product from either of the above compounds, the disulfide [4,4′-di(thiouridine)] yields a second, unidentified compund. This latter substance is less stable at 80° than at 37°.
Measurement Properties of the Low Back Activity Confidence Scale (LoBACS).

The purpose of this study was to determine the measurement properties of the Low Back Activity Confidence Scale (LoBACS) in individuals with post-acute low back pain (LBP) receiving nonsurgical int...
The invention of radical reactions. Part XXVIII a new very photolabile O-acyl thiohydroxamic acid derivative as precursor of carbon radicals

Abstract A new thiohydroxamic acid was synthesized and found to be an excellent generator of carbon radicals via its O-acyl derivatives.
Assessment of eutrophication and phytoplankton community impairment in the Buffalo River Area of Concern

ABSTRACT A “weight of evidence” approach was used to assess trophic status and phytoplankton community characteristics as a step towards delisting beneficial use impairments in the Buffalo River Area of Concern (AOC). Using a combination of historical data and results of a sampling program conducted in 2006, trophic status was evaluated by considering threshold levels of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a, total phytoplankton abundance, reference-reach comparisons of total phosphorus and nitrate + nitrite, and an ecoregion (percentile) analysis. Microcystin toxin levels were used as an indicator of the presence of undesirable algae. Phytoplankton community characteristics were assessed through consideration of species richness, Shannon-Weaver Index of Diversity, presence of indicator species, centric:pennate diatom ratio, the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), and the Pollution Tolerance Index (PTI). The weight of evidence suggests that the Buffalo River AOC does not have a eutrophication problem, but nutrient l...
Practical and scientific rationality: A Bayesian perspective on Levi's difficulty

In ‘Practical and Scientific Rationality: A Difficulty for Levi's Epistemology,’ Wayne Backman points to genuine difficulties in Isaac Levi's epistemology, difficulties that Backman attributes to Levi's having required, and for no good reason, that a rational person adopt but one standard of possibility for all her endeavors practical and scientific. I argue that Levi's requirement has, in fact, a deep and compelling motivation that tips the scales in favor of a different diagnosis of Levi's ills — i.e., that Levi's error lies simply in his having set insufficiently high qualifications for admission into the corpus that determines a person's standard of possibility.
A multiple behavioral approach to male homosexual behavior: A case study

Abstract Attempts to modify homosexual behavior usually require several behavioral techniques to deal adequately with the multiple components that are typically associated with the problem. A 23-yr-old homosexual male was treated by a combination of systematic desensitization, electrical aversive counterconditioning, masturbation training, and practice in heterosexual social skills. After 14 weeks of treatment, the client reported a marked increase in heterosexual arousal, marked reductions in homosexual arousal and heterosexual anxiety, and exclusively heterosexual behavior. A follow-up after 6 months indicated that the changes had been maintained.
Production of Copper L X Rays in Heavy-Ion—Atom Collisions

Copper x-ray production in heat-ion-atom collisions is discussed. Thick- target x-ray yields and cross sections for x-ray production are presented, for copper in the role of both target and projectile. Collsion energies were in the range 40 keV to 1.1 MeV and a wide range of collision partners was used. X-ray spectra obtained with a Bragg spectrometer are presented for several of the collision systems. The data, which show strong --level-matching-- effects, are interprcted in terms of electron promotion via molecular orbitals, as discussed for asymmetric collisions by Barat and Lichten. Fluorescence yields for the multivacancy states produced in these collisions are disccused, and several solid- target effects are noted. (auth)
The Influence of Comparative Procedure in the United States

Comparative law, especially the study of legal institutions and procedures, should be ranked among the most illuminating branches of legal science. When teaching a course that emphasizes comparative procedure, I remind students of the justification that was given them when they were asked to learn Latin in school: We study Latin to learn English. So with comparative law. American law students are not training to become lawyers or judges in Berlin or Paris. The purpose of comparative study is to help understand what is distinctive (and problematic) about domestic law. Study the European civil-service judiciary, for example, and you will be forced to ask why in the Anglo-American legal systeras we construct our judiciary so differently: Why do we select our judges so much later in their professional careers? Why do we recruit our judges exclusively from the ranks of practicing lawyers rather than training them as a career magistracy? Why is political partisanship still so prominent in judicial selection in the United States? Foreign example teaches you about your own system, both by helping you ask important questions, and by suggesting other ways. Comparative procedure is, therefore, a profoundly interesting and instructive discipline. I have been asked to report to the International Association of Procedural Law on the influence of that comparative procedure in the Unites States. My report is short and sad: The study of comparative procedure in the United States has little following in academia, and virtually no audience in the courts or in legal policy circles. I begin with academia. Over the last generation, American university law schools have experienced what many regard as a golden age. The prestige of the elite law schools has never been greater. The devotion of their alumni is astonishing. The law schools of Yale and Harvard are currently completing fund-raising campaigns that have
Recurrent chorioamnionitis and second-trimester abortion because of an enterouterine fistula

Background Chorioamnionitis, a common cause of second-trimester abortion, is usually secondary to an ascending infection. Recurrent chorioamnionitis with second-trimester abortion secondary to an occult enterouterine fistula has not been reported previously. Case A 26-year-old Indian woman, para 0-0-2-0, presented with two spontaneous second-trimester losses. Her third pregnancy carried to 24 weeks, but she delivered after the development of pneumonia, bacteremia, preterm labor, and chorioamnionitis. The patient passed melena containing blood clots after the delivery. After the last pregnancy, laparoscopy and laparotomy revealed an ileal-uterine fistula and a foreign body (necrotic cartilage). The blind loop of bowel was resected and the fistulous tract excised. Conclusion Our patient's recurrent pregnancy wastage was caused by chorioamnionitis secondary to an enterouterine fistula resulting from foreign body ingestion. A complete reversal of this problem is anticipated.