cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-similarity, momentum scaling and Reynolds stress in non-premixed turbulent spray flames

An experimental study was conducted in a turbulent spray flame in which droplets were produced ultrasonically at low velocity relative to the host gas. In this fashion, injector-specific effects on the two-phase flow were minimized and a scenario generally characteristic of the far field of practical spray systems could be simulated. Close to the burner exit, the spray flame appeared as a dense column of drops burning with an envelope flame. Further downstream, it opened up slowly in the radial direction and developed a turbulent 'brush' appearance. Measurements of the size, velocity and concentration of the droplets, and of gas-phase velocity and temperature were made by combining a Phase-Doppler interferometric technique with Stokes/anti-Stokes Raman thermometry. The experimental data were used to derive scaling and self-similarity for the Reynolds-averaged continuity and momentum equations using suitable transformations. Results showed three distinct regions, on the basis of the behaviour of the gas axial velocity in the spray flame. In the lower part of the flame, the gas momentum increased because of vaporization. In the intermediate region of the spray flame, the axial velocity decayed along the centreline as an inverse power of the distance from the virtual origin, with exponents smaller than unity. In the upper part of the spray flame, the flow field recovered the axial velocity decay that is typical of incompressible jets, namely as an inverse of the axial distance. Self-similar behaviour held for the axial velocity throughout the intermediate region. The vapour source term in the gas continuity equation scaled approximately as an inverse power of axial distance, and exhibited self-similarity throughout the spray flame. As a result, a simple model of the Reynolds stress term could be formulated, in which two competing contributions appear: one, that is due to turbulent transport, tends to increase the value of the velocity correlation; another, that is due to the vaporization term, tends to reduce the value of the velocity correlation and can be construed as a vaporization-induced tendency towards relaminarization. The first term is modelled by a classic gradient-transport approach yielding an empirical mixing length relating the velocity correlation to the average velocity gradient. Model and experiments are found to be in good agreement, especially sufficiently far from the injector, where one-way coupling between the two phases holds.
Constraints imposed by the membrane selectively guide the alternating access dynamics of the glutamate transporter GltPh.

Substrate transport in sodium-coupled amino acid symporters involves a large-scale conformational change that shifts the access to the substrate-binding site from one side of the membrane to the other. The structural change is particularly substantial and entails a unique piston-like quaternary rearrangement in glutamate transporters, as evidenced by the difference between the outward-facing and inward-facing structures resolved for the archaeal aspartate transporter GltPh. These structural changes occur over time and length scales that extend beyond the reach of current fully atomic models, but are regularly explored with the use of elastic network models (ENMs). Despite their success with other membrane proteins, ENM-based approaches for exploring the collective dynamics of GltPh have fallen short of providing a plausible mechanism. This deficiency is attributed here to the anisotropic constraints imposed by the membrane, which are not incorporated into conventional ENMs. Here we employ two novel (to our knowledge) ENMs to demonstrate that one can largely capture the experimentally observed structural change using only the few lowest-energy modes of motion that are intrinsically accessible to the transporter, provided that the surrounding lipid molecules are incorporated into the ENM. The presence of the membrane reduces the overall energy of the transition compared with conventional models, showing that the membrane not only guides the selected mechanism but also acts as a facilitator. Finally, we show that the dynamics of GltPh is biased toward transitions of individual subunits of the trimer rather than cooperative transitions of all three subunits simultaneously, suggesting a mechanism of transport that exploits the intrinsic dynamics of individual subunits. Our software is available online at http://www.membranm.csb.pitt.edu.
A study of the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used to investigate the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Situated in the posterior part of the utricle, the receptor is innervated by a branch of the posterior ampullary nerve and is covered by an extracellular membrane that exhibits a tapering extension into the orifice of the utriculo-saccular duct. The neuroepithelium contains two populations of sensory cells within a matrix of sustentacular cells; one population (non-calyceal hair cells) is supplied primarily by boutons and clublike terminals, while the other (calyceal hair cells) is served by calycine terminals that invest from one to five sensory cells. The apices of calyceal hair cells bulge into the utricular lumen and have larger diameters and ciliary counts than non-calyceal cells, but other differences are not marked. Although the bases of calyceal hair cells are deeply indented by calyceal processes, both types show similar afferent synaptic structures confined to the nuclear and infranuclear regions. Efferent terminals synapse on afferent endings and hair cells in both cases; synapses directly on calyceal hair cells lie above the calyx, just beneath the apicolateral junctional complexes. Those complexes are basically similar throughout the receptor, except that a hemispheroidal gap junction between a supporting cell and adjacent hair cell was noted in several instances. Arrays of endoplasmic reticulum and specialized mitochondria occur adjacent to aggregations of afferent synaptic vesicles in both types of sensory cell; it is suggested that such arrays may participate in the production of the vesicles in a process involving membrane recycling similar to that at the neuromuscular junction. Differences between calycine units and the type I hair cell of mammals are discussed, and evidence that suggests an equilibratory function for the lacertilian papilla neglecta is presented.
Biomechanical Comparison of Transosseous Versus Suture Anchor Repair of the Subscapularis Tendon

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of transosseous versus suture anchor repair of the subscapularis tendon. We also performed real-time measurement of contact area and pressure of the repair site under rotational loads. Methods Six paired human cadaveric shoulders were subjected to rotational loading after repair of the subscapularis tendon. Both shoulders were randomized to transosseous or suture anchor repairs. Real-time pressure sensors were placed between the subscapularis tendon and lesser tuberosity. The repair was subjected to cyclical rotational loading and load-to-failure testing. Results No significant difference was detected in initial pressurized contact area between transosseous repairs (1.70 ± 0.99 cm 2 , 57.88 ± 30.02% footprint) and suture anchor repairs (1.08 ± 0.58 cm 2 , 34.26% ± 17.32% footprint). Under cyclical loading, the conditioning elongation of transosseous repairs (0.64 ± 0.40 mm) was significantly lower ( P 2 , 94.2% ± 37.4% footprint) and suture anchor repairs (2.01 ± 0.89 cm 2 , 65.9% ± 27.9% footprint). For suture anchor repairs, repair-site contact area was significantly ( P Conclusions Transosseous and suture anchor repairs of the subscapularis tendon have comparable biomechanical properties. Despite increased conditioning elongation in suture anchor repairs, we found no significant differences in mean contact area between the 2 repairs under cyclical loading. The suture anchor repairs do have a smaller contact area than the native insertional area. Real-time pressure and contact area measurements enabled mapping of the repair site throughout cyclical loading. Clinical Relevance Rotational loading of the subscapularis tendon may provide a more accurate representation of subscapularis tendon injuries. Both techniques showed adequate repair strength; however, neither surgical technique exhibited normal insertional behavior in this time-zero biomechanical study.
Pointillistic mixing of interference colours in cryptic tiger beetles

In insects and other animals, interference colours usually serve as conspicuous visual signals1–4. The colours of tiger beetles also originate by interference of multiple reflections5,6, yet many species exhibit dorsal colorations that appear pigmentary and inconspicuous (cryptic) against soil backgrounds. These dull colours, however, are actually additive mixtures of different interference colours that blend when viewed with the naked eye. This same principle of partitive mixing is used in colour television, printing and the pointillist painting style of neo-impressionist artists7. We report here on the first demonstration of interference colours mixing partitively to produce animal camouflage.
Relating atomistic grain boundary simulation results to the phase-field model

Abstract A coarse-graining method for mapping discrete data to a continuous structural order parameter is presented. This method is intended to provide a useful and consistent method of utilizing structural data from molecular simulations in continuum models, such as the phase field model. The method is based on a local averaging of the variation of a Voronoi tessellation of the atomic positions from the Voronoi tessellation of a perfect crystal (the Wigner–Seitz cell). The coarse-graining method is invariant to coordinate frame rotation. The method is illustrated with a simple two-dimensional example and then applied to a three-dimensional relaxation simulation using the silicon EDIP potential of a Σ5 grain boundary. Calculated results indicate that a continuous structural parameter is obtained that has grain boundary characteristics similar to phase-field models of grain boundaries. Comparisons to other coarse-graining measures of structure are discussed as well as applications to experimental data sets.
Tumoral Calcinosis—A Pathogenetic Overview: A Histological and Ultrastructural Study With a Report of Two New Cases, One in Infancy

Tumoral calcinosis occurs as a well-defined pathologic entity in 3 heterologous groups of diseases—hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis, normophosphatemic tumoral calcinosis, and secondary...
Elastic interactions and their effect on γ' precipitate shapes in aged dilute Ni-Al alloys

The shape of coherent gamma prime precipitates in aged Ni-Al alloys was investigated experimentally using transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the shape of the gamma prime precipitates depends not only on their size but also on their volume fraction. The higher the volume fraction of gamma prime precipitates, the greater is the tendency for their elastic strain fields to overlap and to become cuboidal in shape, with the individual precipitates acquiring convex interfaces. In the case of small volume fractions, the gamma prime precipitates become nearly perfectly cubic as they grow to a certain size. 13 refs.
The Political Geography of Russia's 2004 Presidential Election

Three political scientists analyze the electoral geography of the 2004 Russian presidential election with a focus on the ethnic and regional dimensions of support for Vladimir Putin. In an effort to determine the extent to which patterns from previous elections persisted into the 2004 election, the authors examine a range of possible correlates, including support for Putin in 2000, a series of economic performance and civil society indicators, and the results of recent regional executive elections. The authors also discuss the tendency of the ethnic regions to give higher-than-average levels of electoral support to the regime's leader and what this may imply about the possibility of vote fraud before finally considering the implications of the electoral results for the future of democracy in Russia. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, O10, R10. 5 figures, 4 tables, 33 references.
Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling

TGF-β signaling is required for normal tissue repair; however, excessive TGF-β signaling can lead to robust profibrotic gene expression in fibroblasts, resulting in tissue fibrosis. TGF-β binds to cell-surface receptors, resulting in the phosphorylation of the Smad family of transcription factors to initiate gene expression. TGF-β also initiates Smad-independent pathways, which augment gene expression. Here, we report that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated at complex III are required for TGF-β-induced gene expression in primary normal human lung fibroblasts. TGF-β-induced ROS could be detected in both the mitochondrial matrix and cytosol. Mitochondrially targeted antioxidants markedly attenuated TGF-β-induced gene expression without affecting Smad phosphorylation or nuclear translocation. Genetically disrupting mitochondrial complex III-generated ROS production attenuated TGF-β-induced profibrotic gene expression. Furthermore, inhibiting mitochondrial ROS generation attenuated NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4) expression, which is required for TGF-β induced myofibroblast differentiation. Lung fibroblasts from patients with pulmonary fibrosis generated more mitochondrial ROS than normal human lung fibroblasts, and mitochondrially targeted antioxidants attenuated profibrotic gene expression in both normal and fibrotic lung fibroblasts. Collectively, our results indicate that mitochondrial ROS are essential for normal TGF-β-mediated gene expression and that targeting mitochondrial ROS might be beneficial in diseases associated with excessive fibrosis.
The effects of temperature on photophosphorylation and on the two forms of cytochrome 559 in subchloroplast particles.

Abstract Two forms of cytochrome 559 have been demonstrated in chloroplasts, one of which is reducible by ascorbate (the A-form) and one of which cannot be reduced by ascorbate (the D-form). Analysis of the effects of temperature on the reduction of the cytochromes by light showed that the D-form was only observed between 20 and 40 °C. Below this range, only the A-form of the cytochrome was affected by light; the D-form remained oxidized. Also both electron transport and PMS+-photophosphorylation rates showed a sharp temperature transition at about 20 °C. Both electron transport and photophosphorylation are most sensitive to the inhibitor, CMU, at temperatures above 20 °C, and this coincides with the reduction of cytochrome 559 (D) which is extremely sensitive to CMU. Also, a transition temperature at 18 °C for fluorescent quenching was demonstrated.
Whole-body bone scintigraphy provides a measure of the total-body burden of osteoarthritis for the purpose of systemic biomarker validation.

Objective To evaluate the association of serum and synovial fluid cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) with systemic and local measures of osteoarthritis (OA) activity by bone scintigraphy. Methods Samples of serum and knee joint synovial fluid (275 knees) were obtained from 159 patients with symptomatic OA of at least 1 knee. Bone scintigraphy using 99mTc-labeled methylene diphosphonate was performed, and early-phase knee scans and late-phase whole-body bone scans of 15 additional joint sites were scored semiquantitatively. To control for within-subject correlations of knee data, generalized linear modeling was used in the correlation of the bone scan scores with the COMP levels. Principal components analysis was used to explore the contribution of each joint site to the variance in serum COMP levels. Results The correlation between synovial fluid and serum COMP levels was significant (r = 0.206, P = 0.006). Synovial fluid COMP levels correlated most strongly with the early-phase knee bone scan scores (P = 0.0003), even after adjustment for OA severity according to the late-phase bone scan scores (P = 0.015), as well as synovial fluid volumes (P < 0.0001). Serum COMP levels correlated with the total-body bone scan scores (r = 0.188, P = 0.018) and with a factor composed of the bone scan scores in the shoulders, spine, lateral knees, and sacroiliac joints (P = 0.0004). Conclusion Synovial fluid COMP levels correlated strongly with 2 indicators of knee joint inflammation: early-phase bone scintigraphic findings and synovial fluid volume. Serum COMP levels correlated with total-body joint disease severity as determined by late-phase bone scintigraphy, supporting the hypothesis that whole-body bone scintigraphy is a means of quantifying the total-body burden of OA for systemic biomarker validation.
A one-dimensional model of PCP signaling: Polarized cell behavior in the notochord of the ascidian Ciona

Despite its importance in development and physiology the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway remains one of the most enigmatic signaling mechanisms. The notochord of the ascidian Ciona provides a unique model for investigating the PCP pathway. Interestingly, the notochord appears to be the only embryonic structure in Ciona activating the PCP pathway. Moreover, the Ciona notochord as a single-file array of forty polarized cells is a uniquely tractable system for the study of polarization dynamics and the transmission of the PCP pathway. Here, we test models for propagation of a polarizing signal, interrogating temporal, spatial and signaling requirements. A simple cell-cell relay cascading through the entire length of the notochord is not supported; instead a more complex mechanism is revealed, with interactions influencing polarity between neighboring cells, but not distant ones. Mechanisms coordinating notochord-wide polarity remain elusive, but appear to entrain general (i.e., global) polarity even while local interactions remain important. However, this global polarizer does not appear to act as a localized, spatially-restricted determinant. Coordination of polarity along the long axis of the notochord requires the PCP pathway, a role we demonstrate is temporally distinct from this pathway's earlier role in convergent extension and intercalation. We also reveal polarity in the notochord to be dynamic: a cell's polarity state can be changed and then restored, underscoring the Ciona notochord's amenability for in vivo studies of PCP.
Spectroscopic properties and reactivity of a mononuclear oxomanganese(IV) complex

A non-porphyrinic, mononuclear oxomanganese(IV) complex was generated at room temperature and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The MnIVO adduct is capable of activating C–H bonds by a H-atom transfer mechanism and is more reactive in this regard than most MnIVO species.
Field and potential based methods in complex media electromagnetics

An overview of field and potential based methods in complex media electromagnetics is presented. The overview includes 6-vector field and potential methods, a 4-vector field method and a scalar potential formulation. Advantages and limitations of each method are discussed and the applicability to various material tensor forms is highlighted. It is shown that, when applicable, the scalar potential formulation can offer significant simplification in the mathematical analysis and its compact notation can more clearly reveal the physical nature of the currents and corresponding fields. Scalar potentials are used to find the Green functions for a uniaxial parallel-plate waveguide to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique. Only anisotropic media are considered here for the sake of brevity.
A functional role for opioid peptides in the differential secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin.

The presence of opioid peptides11,13,18,20 and opiate receptor14 in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, as well as the inhibitory effects of enkephalins and β-endorphin on release of oxytocin2,9 and vasopressin7,16 have been well documented. The physiological importance of opioid peptides in this classical neurosecretory system, however, has remained illusive. In the present study we tested the effects of naltrexone on the plasma concentrations of oxytocin and vasopressin during dehydration, hemorrhage and suckling in the conscious rat. We obtained evidence supporting the hypothesis that opioids peptides inhibit oxytocin release and thereby promote the preferential secretion of vasopressin when it is of functional importance to maintain homeostasis during dehydration and hemaorrhage. Our data support the concept that the coexistence of a neuromodulator and a neurohormone in the same neuron, as demonstrated for vasopressin with dynorphin18, 20 or leucine5-enkephalin11, serves to regulate the differential release of two biologically different, yet evolutionarily-related, neurohormones, e.g. oxytocin and vasopressin, from the same meuroendocrine system.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the giant cell type in a cat

A malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the giant cell type was diagnosed in a 10-year-old female Domestic Short-Hair cat. The tumour was surgically removed but recurred after two months and the animal was destroyed. The most prominent histological feature was the presence of numerous multinucleated giant cells scattered among malignant-looking mononuclear tumour cells. In addition, 16 cases of MFH of the giant cell type reported in cats in the English language literature are reviewed. The mean age was 6.5 years. The most often affected breed was the Domestic Short-Hair and no sex preference was found. Ten out of 16 cases were located in the legs; 10 extraskeletal, three were skeletal and in three cases the origin of the tumour was not specified. Proved metastasis occurred in only one case.
Type A behavior pattern and goal setting under different conditions of choice

This study examined the effects of the Type A behavior pattern on performance, goal acceptance, goal commitment, and expectancy of success under goal-setting conditions. Participants were assigned to one of four groups, assigned goal/assigned strategy, assigned goal/self-set strategy, self-set goal/assigned strategy, or self-set goal/self-set strategy. Results suggested that Type A persons were more likely to accept a difficult goal and remain committed to that goal, and that they had a higher expectancy of success than their Type B counterparts regardless of goal/strategy condition. With respect to performance, participants in the assigned goal/assigned strategy condition outperformed all other groups. A three-way interaction indicated that Type A persons performed better in the self-set goal/self-set strategy than Type B individuals. Implications of the findings regarding Type A and goal setting are discussed.
Sprouting of Aβ fibers into lamina II of the rat dorsal horn in peripheral neuropathy

Abstract Cholera toxin β-subunit conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used to label the large myelinated (Aβ) fiber input to the dorsal horn in a model of peripheral neuropathy induced by tight ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves. Following induction of neuropathy, Aβ fibers were present in lamina II of the ipsilateral dorsal horn, a region normally devoid of Aβ input. This reorganization of large fiber input to the superficial dorsal horn provides some anatomical basis for sensory changes found in this model of neuropathic pain.
Restaurant tips and service quality: a weak relationship or just weak measurement

Abstract Restaurant patrons were asked to rate their service using either a semantic differential scale or an unbounded write-in scale. The service indices derived from semantic differential and unbounded write-in scales had different distributions, but did not differ in their relationship to tip percentages. The non-significant service by scale-type interaction suggests that the weak service–tipping relationship in the existing literature is not due to response biases associated with semantic differential scales.
Narrow-gap HgTe-CdTe superlattices

Abstract We review recent progress toward a comprehensive understanding of electronic processes in HgTe-CdTe superlattices. The unique band structure is analyzed, and its incorporation into new theories for transport and magneto-optical properties is discussed. The calculations are compared with recent experimental results, including the observation of enhanced electron mobilities in modulation-doped and setback-modulation-doped structures. Many of the intentionally doped superlattices with strong three-dimensional dispersion display prominent quantum Hall features, in some cases at magnetic fields for which there is no energy gap between the minibands for successive Landau levels. The band structure theory has been extended to the case of HgTe-CdTe quantum wires. It is predicted that due to the small free carrier masses, lateral confinement effects are far larger than those observed in wide-gap systems. A number of new phenomena are expected in narrow-gap nanostructures.
Recoverable solution reaction of HiPco carbon nanotubes with hydrogen peroxide.

There is increasing interest in developing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)-based optical biosensors for remote or in vitro and in vivo sensing because the near-IR optical properties of SWNTs are very sensitive to surrounding environmental changes. Many enzyme-catalyzed reactions yield hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a product. To our knowledge, there is no report on the interaction of H2O2 with SWNTs from the optical sensing point of view. Here, we study the reaction of H2O2 with an aqueous suspension of water-soluble (ws) HiPco SWNTs encased in the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The SWNTs are optically sensitive to hydrogen peroxide in pH 6.0 buffer solutions through suppression of the near-IR absorption band intensity. Interestingly, the suppressed spectral intensity of the nanotubes recovers by increasing the pH, by decomposing the H2O2 into H2O and O2 with the enzyme catalase, and by dialytically removing H2O2. Preliminary studies on the mechanisms suggest that H2O2 withdraws electrons fr...
The Measured Time and Frequency Response of a Miniature Superconducting Coaxial Line

A miniature superconducting 52 ohm coaxial transmission line 278 meters long, having a lead outer conductor (0.129 cm id), a teflon dielectric, and a niobium center conductor (0.038 cm), has been measured in both the time and frequency domains. The observed system step response (10% - 90%) times were 1.5 ?s at room temperature, 375 ns at 77K, and 255 ps at 4. 2K. The system step response data for 4.2K was processed by a numerical system identification routine to determine the step response of the miniature superconducting line; the processed data gave a 220 ps risetime. Although the observed step responses at 4.2K were smooth transitions, the observed swept frequency (0.1 GHz - 12 GHz) attenuation at 4. 2K was a quasi-periodic function of frequency, which indicated that the nonuniformity of the superconducting line was significant. For example, near 5 GHz and at 4.2K, the attenuation minimum was 1.1 dB while about 0.5 MHz away the attenuation was 5 dB. By making normal conductivity measurements of the Nb conductor and incorporating the results into the two fluid model, the uniform line attenuation for 5 and 10 GHz was calculated with the classical and anomalous limits. The lowest observed attenuation values in the vicinity of 5 and 10 GHz fell between the computed classical and anomalous limit attenuation values.
A hybrid approach to discrete mathematical programming

The dynamic programming and branch-and-bound approaches are combined to produce a hybrid algorithm for separable discrete mathematical programs. Linear programming is used in a novel way to compute bounds. Every simplex pivot permits a bounding test to be made on every active node in the search tree. Computational experience is reported.
Utility of Follow-up Renal Sonography in Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux and Normal Initial Sonogram

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of follow-up renal sonography in children who presented with urinary tract infection and were found to have a voiding cystogram diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux while having a normal initial renal sonogram. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 64 consecutive children who presented for follow-up renal sonography with a voiding cystogram diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux and a normal initial sonogram conducted as part of the routine evaluation after urinary tract infection. Data recorded included gender, age, initial grade of reflux, time to follow-up sonogram, and abnormalities on follow-up sonogram. Children with conditions that may predispose to vesicoureteral reflux were excluded. Results. Children who were studied (7 boys, 57 girls) ranged in age from 1 month to 10 years, 10 months (mean: 35.6 months; median: 24 months). Ninety-four (73.4%) of 128 renal units demonstrated vesicoureteral reflux on voiding cystogram; 89 (94.7%) of 94 of them were grade 1 to 3. The mean time to follow-up was 22 months (range: 4 months to 5 years, 2 months; median: 18 months). All 128 (95% confidence interval: 0%–2.8%) renal units were normal on follow-up sonography. Conclusion. Routine performance of repeat sonography seems unnecessary among children, particularly girls, with low- to medium-grade vesicoureteral reflux, who have had a previous normal sonogram and no conditions that predispose to vesicoureteral reflux.
How can economic schemes curtail the increasing sex ratio at birth in China

Fertility decline, driven by the one-child policy, and son preference have contributed to an alarming difference in the number of live male and female births in China. We present a quantitative model where people choose to sex-select because they perceive that married sons are more valuable than married daughters. Due to the predominant patrilocal kinship system in China, daughters-in-law provide valuable emotional and financial support, enhancing the perceived present value of married sons. We argue that inter-generational transfer data will help ascertain the extent to which economic schemes (such as pension plans for families with no sons) can curtail the increasing sex ratio at birth.
Effects of the chemical environment on yellow-birch root development and top growth

Yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) develops a shallow root system in podzol soils in New England. Split-medium cultures were used to test the hypothesis that this condition results from subsoil nutrient disorders. The results showed that a lower substrate deficient in Ca would not permit primary root growth of yellow birch. Nitrogen deficiency inhibited root growth also. Both of these lower substrate deficiencies retarded top growth. Aluminum was toxic to birch root development, but the degree of toxicity varied for different macronutrient deficiencies. Greatest reductions in root growth by Al occurred with either -Mg or -S lower substrates. In most cases nutrientadequate forest humus in the upper substrate was not able to compensate for nutrient inadequacies in the lower substrate, especially when Al was added.
Training design factors influencing transfer of training to the workplace within an international context

Abstract Numerous research studies on transfer of training within an organisation have been conducted, but seldom found in international settings. In an effort to examine the effect of training design on the transfer of human resource development (HRD) training for a global company, a training project for a Korean organisation was studied. The focus of the study was to examine the learning, transfer, and reasons for impeding or facilitating the training transfer made by the HRD professionals of a Korean organisation. Data analysis results revealed the degree of learning and training transfer and several reasons for high or low transfer of training. Discussions and conclusions were made to help programme designers in global contexts develop effective training programmes for cross-cultural application.
Fatty Acid–RGD Peptide Amphiphile Micelles as Potential Paclitaxel Delivery Carriers to α v β 3 Integrin Overexpressing Tumors

To design and synthesize fatty acid-RGD peptide amphiphiles with ADA linker for their potential delivery of hydrophobic drugs like paclitaxel targeted to αvβ3 integrin overexpressing tumors. Four amphiphiles - C16 or C18 fatty acid–RGD peptide and ADA linker were designed and synthesized. CMC, size and zeta potential of the amphiphiles were determined. FITC loaded micelles uptake into A2058 melanoma cells was investigated at 4°C and 37°C using confocal microscopy. Paclitaxel was loaded into micelles, their encapsulation efficiency and cytotoxicity of micelles was evaluated. The stability of the micelles was determined using FRET method. Mass, 1H NMR and HPLC analysis confirmed the formation of amphiphiles and their purity. Among the amphiphiles, C18-(ADA)2-RGD amphiphile exhibited lowest CMC (9.00 ± 1.73 μM) and its micelles had suitable size (194.63 ± 44.86 nm) and zeta potential (0.27 ± 1.96 mV) for targeting. The cellular uptake of the micelles was temperature dependent and the micelles were stable. The IC50 of paclitaxel loaded in micelles decreased 50% in αvβ3 integrin overexpressing cells and showed a 4 fold increase in normal cells when compared to free paclitaxel. Amphiphiles of fatty acids–ADA-RGD were synthesized. These amphiphiles formed stable micelles and were effective as targeted delivery carriers to αvβ3 integrin overexpressing tumors.
Jointly Optimizing Selection of Fuel Treatments and Siting of Forest Biomass-Based Energy Production Facilities for Landscape-Scale Fire Hazard Reduction

Landscape-scale fuel treatments for forest fire hazard reduction potentially produce large quantities of material suitable for biomass energy production. The analytic framework FIA BioSum addresses this situation by developing detailed data on forest conditions and production under alternative fuel treatment prescriptions, and computes haul costs to alternative sites at which forest biomass-based energy production facilities could be constructed. This research presents a joint-optimization approach that simultaneously selects acres to be treated by fuel treat- ment prescription and assigns bioenergy production facility locations and capacities. Effects of alternative fuel treatment policies on fuel treatment effectiveness, economic feasibility, material produced, generating capacity supported, and the location and capacity of assigned facilities are evaluated. We applied this framework to a 28-million-acre, four-ecosection landscape in central Oregon and northern California. Using a maximum net revenue objective function while varying acres treated and effectiveness benchmarks, we found the study area capable of producing estimated net revenue of 5.9 to 9.0 billion US$, treatment of 2.8 to 8.1 million acres, biomass yield of 61 million to 124 million green tons, and bioenergy capacity of 496 to 1009 MW over a 10-year period. Results also suggest that unless small-capacity (,15 MW) facilities achieve efficiencies over 90 percent of what large-capacity facilities can achieve, they do not represent a viable alterna- tive, given the large amount of biomass removed. Analysis of a range of facility capacities revealed robustness in the optimal spatial distribution of forest bioenergy production facilities.
Toward automated tissue retraction in robot-assisted surgery

Robotic surgical assistants are enhancing physician performance, enabling physicians to perform more delicate and precise minimally invasive surgery. However, these devices are currently tele-operated and lack autonomy. In this paper, we present initial steps toward automating a commonly performed surgical task, tissue retraction, which involves grasping and lifting a thin layer of tissue to expose an underlying area. Given a model of tissues in the vicinity, our method computes a motion plan for a 6-DOF gripper that grasps a tissue flap at an optimal location and retracts it such that an underlying target is fully visible. The planner considers three optimization objectives relevant to medical applications: minimizing the maximum deformation energy, minimizing maximum stress, and minimizing the control effort in lifting the tissue flap. The planner can be used to locally improve physician specified retraction trajectories based on the optimization criteria or to compute a de novo plan. We use a physically-based simulation to compute equilibrium configurations of the tissue flap subject to manipulation constraints. These configurations are used with a sampling-based planner to explore the space of deformations and compute an optimal plan subject to discretization and modeling error. Our experimental results illustrate the ability of the method to compute retractions for heterogeneous tissues while avoiding obstacles and minimizing tissue damage.
Near quantum-limited single-shot full-field measurements of arbitrarily shaped optical waveforms

This paper demonstrates single-shot, four-quadrature balanced homodyne detection in the spectral domain for full field measurements of 500-GHz bandwidth 150-aJ optical waveforms with 200-ps record lengths. Results indicate essentially quantum-limited performance.
Stages in Children's Play of Tic Tac Toe

Abstract Results of a cross-sectional study of how 102 children 3 to 9 years of age play and think about Tic Tac Toe are reported. An evolution in reasoning is described by 5 general levels of play: motor and individual play, egocentric play, cooperation in beginning competition, consolidation of defensive with simple offensive strategies and coordination of advanced offensive and defensive strategies. An 8-item Guttman Scale describes nine sublevels. Kohlberg's criteria are used to assess evidence for the hierarchical sequentiality of these levels, and their transformational rather than additive character is discussed. Educational implications are suggested.
An Analysis of Sportswomen On the Covers and in the Feature Articles of Women's Sports and Fitness Magazine, 1975-1989

This is the publisher's official version, which the author obtained permission to share. The article is also available electronically from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019372359201600207.
Savings Education: Learning the Value of Self-Control.

This article proposes a funded school-based allowance and savings program targeted at economically disadvantaged students with poor educational outcomes to help poor children develop less present-biased time preference patterns so as to increase student effort and skills acquisition, avoid the pitfalls that pave the path of adolescence and move from poverty to middle class status as adults. Time orientation is associated with low educational investments, poor educational outcomes, out-of wedlock and teenage childbirth, criminality, and poverty, and nothing better characterizes the role of time preferences in distinguishing socioeconomic classes than attitudes and behavior with respect to money income. In poverty, money income is to be spent whereas in the middle class and the wealthy, money is to be managed and invested and children are taught the value of self-control and delayed gratification through the accumulation, savings and investment of regular allowances. We propose a model program parameterized in a way that children, given complete freedom of choice, should develop more future oriented preferences resulting in greater effort and skills acquisition in school, and the habits of conduct necessary for productive work life. Program cost, which cannot exceed program design, can be reasonably
Spatial and temporal properties of water vapor and latent energy flux over a riparian canopy

A scanning, volume-imaging Raman lidar was used in August 1997 to map the water vapor and latent energy flux fields in southern Arizona in support of the (Semi-Arid Land Surface Atmosphere) SALSA program. The SALSA experiment was designed to estimate evapotranspiration over a cottonwood riparian corridor and the adjacent mesquite-grass community. The lidar derived water vapor images showed microscale convective structures with a resolution of 1.5 m, and mapped fluxes with 75 m spatial resolution. Comparisons of water vapor means over cottonwoods and adjacent grasses show similar values over both surfaces, but the spatial variability over the cottonwoods was substantially higher than over the grasses. Lidar images support the idea that the enhanced variability over the cottonwoods is reflected in the presence of spatially coherent microscale structures. Interestingly, these microscale structures appear to weaken during midday, suggesting possible evidence for stomatal closure. Spatially resolved latent energy fluxes were estimated from the lidar using Monin‐Obukhov gradient technique. The technique was validated from sap-flow flux estimates of transpiration, and statistical analysis indicates very good agreement (within 15%) with coincident lidar flux estimates. Lidar derived latent energy maps showed that the riparian zone tended to have the highest fluxes over the site. In addition, the spatial variability of 30 min average fluxes were almost as large as the mean values. Geostatistical techniques where used to compute the spatial lag lengths, they were found to be between 100 and 200 m. Determination of such spatially continuous evapotranspiration from such a complex site presents watershed managers with an additional tool to quantify the water budgets of riparian plant communities with spatial resolution and flux accuracy that is compatible with existing hydrologic management tools. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Eph receptor deficiencies lead to altered cochlear function.

Abstract Ephrins and Eph receptors are a family of molecules that have been implicated in many developmental processes including neuronal network formation, guidance of cell migration, and axonal pathfinding. These molecules exhibit the ability to send bidirectional signals following ligand–receptor interactions resulting from cell–cell contacts. Gene-targeted knockout mice of B-class ephrins and Eph receptors have been shown to display phenotypic responses that correlate with anatomical defects. For example, disruption of the EphB2 receptor leads to defects of the vestibular system, including pathfinding abnormalities in efferent axons and reduced endolymph production. Such developmental distortions lead to deficiencies in ionic homeostasis and repetitive circling behaviors. The present study demonstrates that B-class ephrins and Eph receptors are expressed in cochlear tissues, suggesting that they may play some role in auditory function. To determine whether ephrins and Eph receptors have a functional role in the peripheral auditory system, distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) levels, collected across a broad frequency range, were compared between groups of mice expressing different Eph receptor genotypes. In particular, EphB1 and EphB3 receptor knockout mice exhibited significantly diminished DPOAE levels as compared to wild-type littermates, indicating that these specific Eph receptors are necessary for normal cochlear function.
Concurrent Knowledge and Logical Clock Abstractions

Vector and matrix clocks are extensively used in asynchronous distributed systems. This paper asks, "how does the clock abstraction generalize?" and casts the problem in terms of concurrent knowledge. To this end, the paper motivates and proposes logical clocks of arbitrary dimensions. It then identifies and explores the conceptual link between such clocks and knowledge. It establishes the necessary and sufficient conditions on the size and dimension of clocks required to declare k-level concurrent knowledge about the most recent global facts for which this is possible without using control messages. It then gives algorithms to compute the latest global fact about which a specified level of knowledge is attainable in a given state, and to compute the earliest state in which a specified level of knowledge about a given global fact is attainable.
HSP 47 Is localized to regions of type i collagen production in developing murine femurs and molars

To determine whether the proposed molecular chaperone Hsp47 is associated with the production of heterotrimeric procollagen, the distribution of anti-Hsp47 and anti-collagen antibodies were examined in developing murine femurs and molars of 22-23-day CD-1 mice. In addition, the expression of Hsp47, and collagen mRNAs were assessed by in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes. These studies revealed that Hsp47 was developmentally expressed and produced in regions that are coincident with type I collagen. Hsp47 was not localized in cartilaginous zones of developing femurs or in the regions of developing molars producing type III collagen. These results support the hypothesis that Hsp47 is necessary for the assurance of type I procollagen and is not expressed with other homotrimeric procollagen molecules.
Evaluation of the Risk of Therapy-Associated Complications in Survivors of Hodgkin Lymphoma

Given the improvements in survival of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in the last three decades, quantification of the late effects of successful treatment has become critical. Since the highest incidence rates of HL occur at ages 20 to 34 years, large numbers of patients remain at lifelong risk for the late effects of treatment. Deaths due to second cancers are now the most common cause of mortality among long-term survivors of HL, followed by cardiac disease. Risk measures of these and other late sequelae, however, can vary markedly between investigations, depending on the types of treatment, the rigor with which epidemiologic study designs are applied, ascertainment of events of interest, the duration and completeness of follow-up, and consideration of competing risks. Further, numerous influences apart from therapy can affect late effects, including patient age, sex, race, lifestyle factors (tobacco, alcohol, diet), comorbidities, and the underlying cancer process. In the future, it will become increasingly important for health-care providers to be able to critically evaluate the risk of late effects in HL survivors, which will include a working knowledge of various epidemiologic study designs and risk measures and an ability to judiciously review the medical literature. In this article, the methods, significance and caveats in calculating and reporting risks of complications of treatment for HL are reviewed.