cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Accuracy Adaptive Low-Cost Location Sensing Subsystems for Autonomous Rover in Precision Agriculture

With the prosperity of artificial intelligence, more and more jobs will be replaced by robots. The future of precision agriculture (PA) will rely on autonomous robots to perform various agricultural operations. Real time kinematic (RTK) assisted global positioning systems (GPS) are able to provide very accurate localization information with a detection error less than $\pm 2$ cm under ideal conditions. Autonomously driving a robotic vehicle within a furrow requires relative localization of the vehicle with respect to the furrow centerline. This relative location acquisition requires both the coordinates of the vehicle as well as all the stalks of the crop rows on both sides of the furrow. This extensive number of coordinate acquisitions of all the crop stalks demand onerous geographical survey of entire fields in advance. Additionally, real-time RTK-GPS localization of moving vehicles may suffer from satellite occlusion. Hence, the above-mentioned $\pm 2$ cm accuracy is often significantly compromised in practice. Against this background, we propose sets of computer vision algorithms to coordinate with a low-cost camera (50 US dollars), and a LiDAR sensor (1500 US dollars) to detect the relative location of the vehicle in the furrow during early, and late growth season respectively. Our solution package is superior than most current computer vision algorithms used for PA, thanks to its improved features, such as a machine-learning enabled dynamic crop recognition threshold, which adaptively adjusts its value according to the environmental changes like ambient light, and crop size. Our in-field tests prove that our proposed algorithms approach the accuracy of an ideal RTK-GPS on cross-track detection, and exceed the ideal RTK-GPS on heading detection. Moreover, our solution package neither relies on satellite communication nor advance geographical surveys. Therefore, our low-complexity, and low-cost solution package is a promising localization strategy as it is able to provide the same level of accuracy as an ideal RTK-GPS, yet more consistently, and more reliably, as it requires no external conditions or hassle of the work demanded by RTK-GPS.
Low Power Compact Analog Spiking Neuron Circuit Using Exponential Positive Feedback With Adaptation and Bursting Capability

The authors present an analog spiking neuron design with a small number of transistors operating with a low supply voltage. This is achieved by using the property of exponential current in the subthreshold region as positive feedback current. The Firing threshold is adjustable. The neuron can display complex firing behaviour, such as adaptation, chattering and bursting. The circuit operates by dissipating power only during the spike generation, eliminating significant idle time power loss.
Tuning Forks of the Soul

The poetic expressions of sentience and consciousness with cultural understandings both from the intimate experiences to the observer’s reflections bring nature and the human element together. Seen through the colored glasses of self bias and cultural understandings are all inclusive with strong emotions reflected from an anthropological/psychological perspective in distant human traces such as Afghanistan, His robes layer in muted beige veiling the fingering beads of prayers, spoken silent, held behind his back…
Engaging Students and Families with STEM-based Expressive Therapy

This study contains an investigation of a new expressive therapeutic approach (STEM-based expressive therapy). An exploratory descriptive qualitative approach was utilized to explore how STEM-based...
Situating Healthcare Within the Broader Context of Wellness on Campus

This chapter highlights models that universities should consider to implement systemic change on their campuses and improve student well-being. A systems-level approach benefits students not only when they are experiencing challenges, but also empowers them to lead healthier lifestyles, which may prevent future concerns. Effective collaboration is needed across multiple departments within college settings such as health, counseling, health promotion, and case management, to help students navigate complex college structures. It is through these partnerships that universities can effectively support students’ academic success and overall well-being.
Theory of Dining

Dining, the activity of eating food, is a basic human function. A theory of dining is offered focused on dining at home, in the local community, and while traveling far away from home. Dining is th...
Classification of ground-truth fire debris samples using artificial neural networks

Abstract Neural networks are a class of biologically inspired machine learning models that are used for classification and regression problems. This work assesses the classification performance of neural networks on ground-truth fire debris samples using ions that are representative of several compound classes that are typically present in ignitable liquids. An optimal neural network model was selected from a subset of candidate models that were trained on in-silico mixed fire debris samples from the National Center for Forensic Science Substrate and Ignitable Liquid Reference Collection databases. An optimal decision threshold was determined using a defined ratio of misclassification costs. A cost ratio corresponding to a false positive classification having a cost that is 10 times greater than a false negative classification resulted in a decision threshold of log likelihood ratio of 0.966. This decision threshold resulted in a false positive rate of 0.07 and a true positive rate of 0.59 for the ground-truth validation data. This study demonstrates the selection of an optimal decision threshold using ROC analysis and exhibits the potential of neural network models for the evaluation of fire debris evidence.
Designing and Evaluating Dynamic Pricing Policies for Major League Baseball Tickets

Problem definition: We develop and estimate a demand model that can be used to evaluate and design dynamic pricing policies for single-game tickets by a sports team. Academic/practical relevance: M...
PRIVILEGES OF LABOR UNIONS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE

One of the most deplorable effects of the world war is that the attention of the community is of necessity largely diverted from matters of domestic policy which deserve and ordinarily receive careful consideration. In times of peace, for example, a decision of the United States Supreme Court dealing with important phases of the relation between capital and labor arouses wide discussion, not only among lawyers but also among the people at large. Things being as they are, two recent decisions of that court involving these problems have gone comparatively unnoticed by all but members of the legal profession,' and indeed the latter have not given them the attention they deserve and normally would receive. The cases referred to are Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. v. Mitchell2 and Eagle Glass & Manufacturing Co. v. Rowe,3 dealing with alleged attempts of labor unions to "unionize"4 the mines and factories concerned. In the belief that these decisions and-what is of much greater importance-the grounds upon which they are based, ought to receive far wider attention than has thus far been given them, it is proposed to examine them somewhat carefully. As the two cases are very much alike and substantially the same conclusion was reached in both, only the facts and decision in the case of the Hitchman Coal & Coke Co. will be given in detail. In order fully to appreciate the scope of the decision in that case, however, it will be necessary to state the facts somewhat at length. They were as follows: The Hitchman Coal & Coke Co., the plaintiff, was the owner of a coal mine in West Virginia. The defendants were the chief executive officers of the United Mine Workers of America and of its local
Contributions to Judicial Campaigns: Assessing Comprehension in an Environment Without Partisan Signals

A longstanding controversy in American politics is the use of elections to select state judges (Hall 2001). One primary feature that varies for judicial elections is the degree by which political parties are formally involved and the amount of partisan information directed to voters. With debate historically centered on the consequences of political party involvement (Streb 2007b), alternative nonpartisan elections are thought to reduce informed decisions by voters based on their partisan beliefs (Klein and Baum 2001). Important for the money directed to judicial campaigns, the absence of partisan signals may also affect the capacity of campaign contributors to make informed decisions. In this study, we investigate decisions by partisan contributors in judicial elections with and without partisan information to identify the effects of election formats on campaign contributions. Where partisan information is absent, decisions by contributors may be inconsistent with contributions directed toward the “wrong” candidate, in a partisan sense. Emphasis here, however, is placed on the highly informed nature of most campaign contributors (Rosenstone and Hansen 1993). To investigate the effects of election format on decisions by partisan contributors, we look at a pair of states – one with partisan signals (Alabama) and another without (Georgia), to assess the behavior of contributors. We employ a two-stage Heckman censored probit procedure that takes into account selection bias and the factors influencing participation by contributors, as well as those factors influencing partisan choices by contributors. We find that partisan elections and features of elections that increase information encourage contributors to select candidates that share their partisan affiliation. The findings fit closely with studies of voting in judicial elections and echo the important effects of methods of judicial selection.
Targeted Exon Sequencing by In‐Solution Hybrid Selection

This unit describes a protocol for the targeted enrichment of exons from randomly sheared genomic DNA libraries using an in-solution hybrid selection approach for sequencing on an Illumina Genome Analyzer II. The steps for designing and ordering a hybrid selection oligo pool are reviewed, as are critical steps for performing the preparation and hybrid selection of an Illumina paired-end library. Critical parameters, performance metrics, and analysis workflow are discussed.
SUBSET REALIZATION, PARTHOOD, AND CAUSAL OVERDETERMINATION

Defenders of the subset view of realization have claimed that we can resolve well-known worries about mental-physical causal overdetermination by holding that mental properties are subset realized by physical properties, that instances of subset realized properties are parts of physical realizers, and that part-whole overdetermination is unproblematic. I challenge the claim that the overdetermination generated by the subset view can be legitimated by appealing to more mundane part-whole overdetermination. I conclude that the subset view does not provide a unique solution to overdetermination worries.
The bear went down the mountain: Sámi language usage then and now

The bear had a lofty status in ancient myth and legend. This was especially so among circumpolar hunting groups such as the Sami who venerated the animal. They resorted to a special system of language for communicating in such a manner that the bear did not understand their intentions. Yet, Sami folktales portray the bear as a large, rather stupid animal easily duped by others such as the fox. In the 19th century the Sami were under relentless pressure to assimilate in the nation­ states where they dwelt. One way they resisted assimilation was through a two-part communication system whereby messages had one meaning for outsiders but also contained coded information the outsiders could not understand. This essay, focus­ ing on the code talk, attempts to answer the questions as to why and how the bear's stature changed so significantly from the early Arctic hunting culture to its status in Sami folktales and argues that the manner of talking to bears formed the basis of the more recent Sami oppositional communication.
The Numerical Modeling of Ice-Phase Cloud Seeding Effects in a Warm-Base Cloud: Preliminary Results

A numerical simulation of a warm-base cloud in the southeastern United States has resulted in a vigorous cloud development, much in agreement with observations by radar and aircraft on that day (20 July 1986). The case has been rerun with all of the ice processes turned off and vigorous growth still occurs. The natural ice processes enhance the cloud cell development and produce about 12% more precipitation. Simulated cloud seeding of the natural cloud case [testing both silver iodide (Agl) and solid carbon dioxide (C02)] produces about 5% less precipitation from this large convective cloud. The same sounding is used but with decreased vapor flux, to produce a smaller warm-base cloud. Simulated cloud seeding of that cloud results in 12% increases in precipitation, illustrating that the dynamics of the cloud are important for determining the seeding results.
Gatekeeper with a Gavel: A Survey on Judicial Management of Challenges to Expert Reliability and Their Relationship to Summary Judgment

Daubert and its progeny may have given judges clear substantive standards for deciding challenges to expert reliability, and great discretion to do so, but the effect of those changes has not been entirely clear. In the decade after Daubert, a few studies used empirical data to analyze the changes Daubert had made, in deciding how and why judges decide the way they do. But since those studies, there has been little analysis of the issue. This survey is intended to fill the gap, by exploring how judges actually make their reliability determinations in court. By asking state trial court judges, we can see the frequency with which such motions arise, what substantive factors are most helpful in deciding the motion, and what procedures get used. We can also measure whether, considering the state of the law, judges are comfortable with their role in deciding expert reliability, or in limiting expert testimony due to a reliability challenge. In addition to that data, this survey will also begin to empirically test an issue raised by many commentators: whether gatekeeping for expert reliability has become a type of sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge akin to summary judgment. Asking judges questions about both motions, together, helps begin to explore that relationship on an empirical level. By measuring the actual practices of state court judges, this survey provides actual data on Daubert gatekeeping, the tools used and not used by the judiciary to that end, and the connection of reliability analyses to summary judgment.
Impact of a Stochastic Kinetic Energy Backscatter Scheme on Warm Season Convection-Allowing Ensemble Forecasts

AbstractThe efficacy of a stochastic kinetic energy backscatter (SKEB) scheme to improve convection-allowing probabilistic forecasts was studied. While SKEB has been explored for coarse, convection-parameterizing models, studies of SKEB for convective scales are limited. Three ensembles were compared. The SKMP ensemble used mixed physics with the SKEB scheme, whereas the MP ensemble was configured identically but without using the SKEB scheme. The SK ensemble used the SKEB scheme with no physics diversity. The experiment covered May 2013 over the central United States on a 4-km Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model domain.The SKEB scheme was successful in increasing the spread in all fields verified, especially mid- and upper-tropospheric fields. Additionally, the rmse of the ensemble mean was maintained or reduced, in some cases significantly. Rank histograms in the SKMP ensemble were flatter than those in the MP ensemble, indicating the SKEB scheme produces a less underdispersive forecast distrib...
Parkinson's Disease—Apoptosis and Dopamine Oxidation

Tyrosine hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase and aldehyde dehydrogenase all form oxygen radicals as part of their mechanisms of action. These oxygen radicals damage dopaminergic neurons in the substantianigra of the midbrain and cause them to die by a process of necrosis or apoptosis. Oxygen radicals quickly abstract hydrogen from DNA forming DNA radicals and causing DNA fragmentation, activation of DNA protective mechanisms, NAD depletion and cell death. Tyrosine hydroxylase is present in all dopaminergic neurons, is involved in the synthesis of dopamine and forms oxygen radicals in a redox mechanism involving its cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin. Levodopa is used therapeutically in Parkinson’s disease patients since it is a precursor for dopamine, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, and prolongs pa-tient’s lives. Monoamine oxidase converts dopamine into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and forms oxygen radi-cals.Aldehyde dehydrogenase oxidizes the aldehyde and forms oxygen radicals and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The treatment of Parkinson’s disease should involveinhibitors of oxygen radical formation in dopaminergic neurons and neuroprotective agents that stimulate DNA repair and prevent cell death.
Does the presence of Q waves on the EKG accurately predict prior myocardial infarction when compared to cardiac magnetic resonance using late gadolinium enhancement? A cross-population study of noninfarct vs infarct patients

Background We hypothesize that infarct detection by electrocardiogram (EKG) is inaccurate as compared with detection by magnetic resonance imaging and is potentially independent of infarct vs noninfarct status. This might have implications for societies in which initial cardiovascular testing is uniformly EKG. Objective This study aimed to relate EKG-defined scar to cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR)–defined scar independent of the underlying myocardial pathology. Methods A total of 235 consecutive patients who underwent CMR-late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) with simultaneous EKG were screened for Q waves and compared with patients with a positive LGE pattern. The patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) patients with a positive infarct LGE pattern (LGE+/+; herein defined as LGE+), (2) patients with a noninfarct LGE pattern (LGE+/−), and (3) patients with a negative LGE pattern (LGE−). Results While 139 of 235 patients (59%) were either LGE+ or LGE+/−, pathological Q waves were present in only 74 of 235 patients (31%). However, of these LGE+ or LGE+/− patients, only 76 (32%) had an infarct LGE pattern representing little overlap between the presence of LGE+ and Q waves. EKG sensitivity and specificity to detect infarct: 66% and 85%, respectively. However, of 24 of 74 patients (32%) with Q waves on the EKG, 66% were LGE+/− and 34% were LGE−. Importantly, 3-dimensional volume of myocardial scar was far more predictive of a Q wave than of scar transmurality. Conclusion EKG-defined scar, while ubiquitous for an infarct, has low sensitivity than CMR-LGE–defined scar. Unexpectedly, a significant number of pathological Q waves had absent infarct etiology, indicating high false positivity. Similarly, underrecognition of bona fide myocardial infarction frequently occurs, while 3-dimensional CMR volume of myocardial scar is far more predictive of a Q wave than of scar transmurality. This suggests that the well-regarded EKG may be a disservice when applied on a population basis, leading to inappropriate over or under downstream testing with wide socioeconomic implications.
Solid + liquid phase equilibria and solid-compound formation for hexafluorobenzene + p-dioxane and + each of several related ethers

Abstract Solid + liquid phase diagrams have been obtained from cooling and warming curves for hexafluorobenzene + p-dioxane and + tetrahydrofuran. An incongruently melting solid addition compound forms with p-dioxane mixtures. No compound forms with tetrahydrofuran. Exploratory measurements show that no compound forms with hexafluorobenzene + tetrahydropyran or + 1,2-dimethoxyethane. The results suggest that compound formation results from a combination of favorable packing geometry and weak eletrostatic interactions rather than from charge-transfer.
Phase diagram of a one-dimensional model with nonconvex interactions, using the method of effective potentials

The ground states of a one-dimensional system of the Frenkel-Kontorova type, but involving piecewise parabolic potentials, including a nonconvex interatomic interaction, have been studied numerically using the method of effective potentials. Part of the phase diagram is identical to one studied earlier for a convex interaction, and part of it exhibits some new phases, first-order phase transitions, multicritical points, and an accumulation point of multicritical points, all associated with the nonconvex interaction.
Probabilistic Capacity Models and Fragility Estimates for Reinforced Concrete Columns based on Experimental Observations

A methodology to construct probabilistic capacity models of structural components is developed. Bayesian updating is used to assess the unknown model parameters based on observational data. The approach properly accounts for both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. The methodology is used to construct univariate and bivariate probabilistic models for deformation and shear capacities of circular reinforced concrete columns subjected to cyclic loads based on a large body of existing experimental observations. The probabilistic capacity models are used to estimate the fragility of structural components. Point and interval estimates of the fragility are formulated that implicitly or explicitly reflect the influence of epistemic uncertainties. As an example, the fragilities of a typical bridge column in terms of maximum deformation and shear demands are estimated.
Far infrared fine structure lines in the interstellar medium

Fine structure lines in the far infrared possess properties that make them useful tools for diagnosing astrophysical plasmas. The line ratios are sensitive and accurate probes of density, elemental abundances, and ionization structure. Studies of line shapes and Doppler shifts should prove valuable in studies of the gross dynamics of H II regions and galaxies. In the present paper, the theory involved in the interpretation of these lines is reviewed, and available observations are summarized.
A Genetic Screen to Isolate Toxoplasma gondii Host-cell Egress Mutants

The widespread, obligate intracellular, protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes opportunistic disease in immuno-compromised patients and causes birth defects upon congenital infection. The lytic replication cycle is characterized by three stages: 1. active invasion of a nucleated host cell; 2. replication inside the host cell; 3. active egress from the host cell. The mechanism of egress is increasingly being appreciated as a unique, highly regulated process, which is still poorly understood at the molecular level. The signaling pathways underlying egress have been characterized through the use of pharmacological agents acting on different aspects of the pathways1-5. As such, several independent triggers of egress have been identified which all converge on the release of intracellular Ca2+, a signal that is also critical for host cell invasion6-8. This insight informed a candidate gene approach which led to the identification of plant like calcium dependent protein kinase (CDPK) involved in egress9. In addition, several recent breakthroughs in understanding egress have been made using (chemical) genetic approaches10-12. To combine the wealth of pharmacological information with the increasing genetic accessibility of Toxoplasma we recently established a screen permitting the enrichment for parasite mutants with a defect in host cell egress13. Although chemical mutagenesis using N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) has been used for decades in the study of Toxoplasma biology11,14,15, only recently has genetic mapping of mutations underlying the phenotypes become routine16-18. Furthermore, by generating temperature-sensitive mutants, essential processes can be dissected and the underlying genes directly identified. These mutants behave as wild-type under the permissive temperature (35 °C), but fail to proliferate at the restrictive temperature (40 °C) as a result of the mutation in question. Here we illustrate a new phenotypic screening method to isolate mutants with a temperature-sensitive egress phenotype13. The challenge for egress screens is to separate egressed from non-egressed parasites, which is complicated by fast re-invasion and general stickiness of the parasites to host cells. A previously established egress screen was based on a cumbersome series of biotinylation steps to separate intracellular from extracellular parasites11. This method also did not generate conditional mutants resulting in weak phenotypes. The method described here overcomes the strong attachment of egressing parasites by including a glycan competitor, dextran sulfate (DS), that prevents parasites from sticking to the host cell19. Moreover, extracellular parasites are specifically killed off by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which leaves intracellular parasites unharmed20. Therefore, with a new phenotypic screen to specifically isolate parasite mutants with defects in induced egress, the power of genetics can now be fully deployed to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell egress.
Effects of preceding context on discrimination of voice onset times

When discriminating pairs of speech stimuli from an acoustic voice onset time (VOT) continuum (for example, one ranging from/ba/to/pa/), English-speaking subjects show a characteristic performance peak in the region of the phonemic category boundary. We demonstrate that this “category boundary effect” is reduced or eliminated when the stimuli are preceded by/s/. This suppression does not seem to be due to the absence of a phonological voicing contrast for stop consonants following/s/, since it is also obtained when the/s/terminates a preceding word and (to a lesser extent) when broadband noise is substituted for the fricative noise. The suppression is stronger, however, when the noise has the acoustic properties of a syllable-initial/s/, all else being equal. We hypothesize that these properties make the noise cohere with the following speech signal, which makes it difficult for listeners to focus on the VOT differences to be discriminated.
Magnetic raman scattering in two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnets: Spectral shape anomaly and magnetostrictive effects.

We calculate the Raman spectrum of the two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet by exact diagonalization and quantum Monte Carlo techniques on clusters of up to 144 sites. On a 16-site cluster, we consider the phonon-magnon interaction which leads to random fluctuations of the exchange integral. Results are in good agreement with Raman scattering experiments on various high- ${T}_{c}$ precursors, such as ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6.2}$. In particular, our calculations reproduce the broad line shape of the two-magnon peak, the asymmetry about its maximum, the existence of spectral weight at high energies, and the observation of nominally forbidden ${A}_{1g}$ scattering.
Negotiating successful technology implementation a motivation perspective

Abstract A framework based on expectancy theory, equity theory, and integrative negotiation strategies is proposed for improving the success rates of technology implementations. Negotiation strategies can be used to create integrative solutions such that the incentives to use the technology are distributed most effectively. Many of the current approaches to technology implementation focus on increasing the ease of use of the technology by lowering organizational and/or technological barriers blocking implementation success. An additional approach is to increase motivation to use the technology. Ease of use must be combined with making technology use desirable to the users. Implementers who approach implementation as an integrative negotiation will be best able to structure successful solutions.
Relationship between Hamiltonian and one-spin transfer-matrix descriptions of Ising systems.

A close correspondence is demonstrated between the quanatum Hamiltonian for an Ising model in d space dimensions and continuous time with the one-spin transfer matrix for a (d+1)-dimensional Ising model. The analysis is done analytically, showing the relation in detail of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the two problems.
Social insurance abroad and at home: The background of social security legislation

The social security program follows the experience of other industrial countries of the world in adopting social insurance.
Prenatal flutamide treatment eliminates the adult male rat's dependency upon vasopressin when forming social-olfactory memories.

Abstract The sexually dimorphic number of cells expressing arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the density of AVP fibers within the lateral septum appear to be organized by pre- and postnatal androgens. Social recognition behaviors are also sexually dimorphic and AVP-dependent. Whereas AVP antagonists prevent males from recognizing familiar intruders by olfactory investigation of the anal–genital area, they have no effect in females. To test the hypothesis that the male's dependency upon AVP to form social recognition memories begins prior to birth, we compared the effectiveness of an AVP antagonist to block social recognition in control males and females with that seen in male offspring whose mothers were treated prenatally with an androgen antagonist (flutamide). In an initial study we showed that while sexual experience may enhance social recognition in males, virgin males exhibit the ability to recognize conspecifics and are sensitive to the memory blocking actions of AVP antagonists. In a second experiment, pregnant rats were treated daily for the last 10 days of gestation with either flutamide (10 mg) or control vehicle. Within 12 h of birth, male offspring from flutamide litters were injected with either testosterone proprionate (50 μg TP) or vehicle control. AVP-antagonist treatment in adults eliminated the ability of control males to recognize familiar juvenile intruders, but had no effect on males exposed prenatally to flutamide, regardless of whether these males were treated with TP or vehicle on day 1 of life. These data support the hypothesis that the development of the male's dependency upon AVP to express social recognition memories begins with the organizational actions of prenatal androgens.
Studies using the intraperitoneal assay on the state of insulin in rat serum

Using the intraperitoneal injection of insulin standards or unknown solutions with glucose-C14, and the recovery of radioactivity in diaphragm or adipose glycogen as index of insulin sensitivity, rat serum was assayed and found to have different insulin activities on muscle and adipose tissue. Rat lymph failed to show insulin activity on either tissue. These studies suggest vascular permeability to play a role in the insulin-like effects of serum factors on tissue and diminish the physiologic import of studies using in vitro assays as an index of in vivo function.
Lillian F. Schwartz Redux: In Movement, Color and 3D Chromostereoscopy

ABSTRACT This article examines three computer animations created by the pioneering filmmaker Lillian F. Schwartz circa 1970 that are currently viewable in 3D chromostereoscopy, specifically with ChromaDepth® 3D glasses. Reimaging these works 40 years after their creation permits a renewed formalist experience and a thematic analysis that reveals the primacy of Schwartz’s concern with depth and visual perception as part of her poetic sensibility. Excerpted interviews between the author and Lillian Schwartz are provided as an online appendix to this paper.
Wide-band operation of YAG-YIG-YAG delay lines

A method is described for significantly increasing the bandwidth of YAG-YIG-YAG two-port delay lines by using a different YAG crystallographic orientation than that previously employed. Experimental results are presented which show a 6 dB bandwidth of 770 MHz at a center frequency of 1350 MHz.
Temperature Limits and Measurements for Rating of D-C Machines

Existing industrial practice for determining the temperature rise of d-c machines is based on measurements with thermometers, placed on exposed or accessible surfaces of the machine. Tests using resistance measurements with improvements in technique have disclosed the existence of considerably higher internal temperatures than those indicated by thermometers, especially for short-time rated machines. Experience has indicated, nevertheless, that such machines have entirely satisfactory service records. Greater accuracy and consistency are possible with the resistance method, with proper measurement techniques, and it affords a truer indication of winding temperatures. This paper, therefore, suggests that the resistance method should be more generally used and should ultimately be recognized in the Standards as is now the case for railway motors. With this in view, detailed recommendations for resistance-measurement technique are presented. Correlation of the temperature rises determined by the resistance method with those measured by the thermometer method is necessary if resistance methods are to supplant the now standard thermometer methods. This paper shows the relation existing between temperature rises measured by thermometer and those measured by resistance on variously ventilated and insulated machines. Values for temperature limits measured by resistance for continuous and short-time rated class-A and class-B insulated d-c machines are presented. These are consistent with the recently published AIEE Standard 1A “Report on General Principles for Rating of Electrical Apparatus for Short-time, Intermittent or Varying Duty.” The information presented in this paper is intended to apply primarily to low-voltage (approximately 600 volts maximum) d-c machines with form-wound armature coils and conventional types of field coils.
Effects of progesterone and nesting materials on response prevention and extinction of avoidance in ovariectomized female rats

Ovariectomized female rats received either progesterone or oil injections prior to learning a simple one-way avoidance response. During a 10-min response prevention procedure, half of the animals in each group had nesting materials present, while the remaining rats did not. The availability of nesting material during response prevention hastened extinction independent of progesterone injections.
Radiation damage, defects and surfaces☆

Abstract The status of radiation damage and defects in bulk metallic, covalent and ionic systems is reviewed, including damage production processes, defect configurations and defect migration mechanisms. These results are then considered in the vicinity of a surface. The physical surface and the electronic surface can alter bulk defect processes, but little experimental data is available on defect processes in the vicinity of the surface.
Stimulation of 5-HT1B receptors decreases cocaine- and sucrose-seeking behavior.

Serotonin systems have been implicated in incentive motivation for cocaine, yet little is known about the role of 5-HT1B receptors in these processes. We used the extinction/reinstatement model to examine the effects of the 5-HT1B/1A receptor agonist, RU24969, on reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior. Rats trained to self-administer cocaine subsequently underwent extinction. They were then tested twice for cue and cocaine-primed reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior, receiving saline pretreatment 1 day and their assigned dose of RU24969 (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) the other day. Rats were later trained on a schedule of sucrose reinforcement in novel chambers and then tested for effects of RU24969 on cue reinstatement of sucrose-seeking behavior and locomotion. RU24969 decreased cue and cocaine reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior and cue reinstatement of sucrose-seeking behavior. Locomotion was increased only at the highest RU24969 dose (3 mg/kg). A subsequent experiment demonstrated that the effects of RU24969 (1 mg/kg) on extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior were reversed by the 5-HT1B antagonist GR127935 (3 mg/kg). These findings suggest that the effects of RU24969 on cue and cocaine reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior are 5-HT1B receptor-mediated. Overall, the results suggest that stimulation of 5-HT1B receptors may produce a general decrease in motivation.
Cyclic Adenosine-3′,5′-Monophosphate Production Is Greater in Rabbit Duodenal Crypt Than in Villus Cells

Background: Duodenal surface epithelial cells secrete bicarbonate. Agonists of duodenal alkaline secretion (such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and forskolin) increase intracellular cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP), and cAMP stimulates C-HCO3- exchange in duodenal brush border membrane vesicles. As intestinal villus and crypt cells differ in function, our aims were to contrast cAMP generation in duodenal villus versus crypt cells in response to VIP, PGE2, and forskolin. Methods: Villus and crypt rabbit duodenal enterocytes were isolated by calcium chelation. To prevent the degradation of cAMP in vitro, phosphodiesterase activity was inhibited. cAMP production was quantitated in response to VIP (10-10-10-5M), PGE2 (10-10-10-4M), and forskolin (10-8-10-3M). Results: In crypt cells cAMP generation was approximately 10-fold greater (P PGE2 ...
Polarized localization of vitamin C transporters, SVCT1 and SVCT2, in epithelial cells

Messenger RNA of homologous sodium-vitamin C cotransporters, SVCT1 and SVCT2, were found in the intestine. Studies using cultured intestinal cells suggested an apical presence of SVCT1 but the function of SVCT2 was unknown. Here, we showed that enterocytes from heterozygous SVCT2-knockout mice had lower sodium-dependent vitamin C accumulation compared to those from the wildtype. Thus, SVCT2 appears to be functional in enterocytes. We then tested whether SVCT2 could have a redundant function as SVCT1 by constructing and expressing EGFP-tagged SVCTs in intestinal Caco-2 and kidney MDCK cells. In confluent epithelial cells, SVCT1 protein expressed predominantly on the apical membrane. SVCT2, in contrast, accumulated at the basolateral surface. Functionally, SVCT1 expression led to more transport activity from the apical membrane, while SVCT2 expression only increased the uptake under the condition when basolateral membrane was exposed. This differential epithelial membrane distribution and function suggests non-redundant functions of these two isoforms.
Elastic Properties of Single Titin Molecules Made Visible through Fluorescent F-Actin Binding

Titin (also known as connection) is a giant filamentous protein that spans the distance between the Z- and M-lines of the vertebrate muscle sarcomere. Several indirect observations have implicated titin as playing a fundamental role in the generation of passive force of muscle, driven by titin's elastic properties. A direct observation of the mechanical properties of titin, however, has not been demonstrated. Here we have used the recently shown strong actin-binding property of titin to indirectly visualize and manipulate single molecules of titin. Titin molecules were immobilized on a microscope coverslip by attaching them to anti-titin antibody. The titin molecules were detected by attaching fluorescent actin filaments to them. The titin molecules were subsequently stretched by manipulating the free end of the attached actin filaments with a glass microneedle. Titin is shown here to possess a high degree of torsional and longitudinal flexibility. The molecule can be repetitively stretched at least fourfold, followed by recoil. Titin's unloaded elastic recoil proceeded in two stages: an initial rapid process (15 ms time constant) was followed by a slower one (400 ms time constant). The force necessary to fully extend titin--estimated by observing the breakage of the titin-bound actin filaments--may reach above approximately 100 pN (longitudinal tensile strength of actin). Attachment of fluorescent actin filaments to titin provides a useful tool to further probe titin's molecular properties.
Hypothetical speech: A developmental perspective

The definitional responses on standardized tests of 49 children, ages 3–15, give evidence of a transitional stage in defining which is called “hypothetical.” Definitions of this stage are indicated by “hypothetical markers.” Five hypothetical markers are described briefly and one,like, in greater detail. The relationship oflike to taxonomic conceptual structure and to synonymy is stressed. The roles oflike in language development, logical inference, and communication are discussed.
HIP: Health integration platform

This paper introduces a new software development platform specifically designed for wireless health applications. Wireless health applications follow a unique paradigm encompassing body sensor networks. These networks are controlled by a central processing unit (such as a cell phone or PDA) that provides connectivity to health care professionals over a wide area network. With such architectures, health monitoring becomes ubiquitous allowing patients a greater degree of freedom from conventional medical monitoring. This paper introduces HIP - a wireless health integration platform. HIP is a complete end to end software development platform. Wireless Health platforms previous to HIP have two main faults. First, these platforms lack generality and focus on few wireless health components. Second, they offer an extremely rigid platform that is difficult to integrate into preexisting research. HIP addresses these issues by providing a flexible and modularized plug and play architecture that seamlessly integrates into preexisting work.
The effect of uniaxial stress on the excitation spectrum of a group III impurity in Germanium

Abstract The excitation spectrum of thallium in germanium subjected to a compression along has been examined using polarized light. It appears as if each of the two most intense lines of the group III acceptor spectrum splits into four components, indicating that the two excited states that are involved and the ground state are fourfold degenerate states.
Learning in mathematically-based domains: understanding and generalizing obstacle cancellations

Abstract Mathematical reasoning provides the basis for problem solving and learning in many complex domains. This paper presents an approach for applying explanation-based learning in mathematically-based domains and describes an implemented learning system based on this approach. In explanation-based learning, a specific problem's solution is generalized into a form that can be later used to solve conceptually similar problems. The manner in which variables are canceled in specific problem solutions guides the presented system's mathematical reasoning process. Analyzing the cancellation of obstacles—variables that preclude the direct evaluation of the problem's unknown—leads to the generalization of the specific solution. Two important general issues in explanation-based learning are also addressed. Namely, generalizing the number of entities in a situation and acquiring efficiently-applicable concepts.
Time perception, attention, and memory: A selective review

This article provides a selective review of time perception research, mainly focusing on the authors' research. Aspects of psychological time include simultaneity, successiveness, temporal order, and duration judgments. In contrast to findings at interstimulus intervals or durations less than 3.0-5.0 s, there is little evidence for an "across-senses" effect of perceptual modality (visual vs. auditory) at longer intervals or durations. In addition, the flow of time (events) is a pervasive perceptual illusion, and we review evidence on that. Some temporal information is encoded All rights reserved. relatively automatically into memory: People can judge time-related attributes such as recency, frequency, temporal order, and duration of events. Duration judgments in prospective and retrospective paradigms reveal differences between them, as well as variables that moderate the processes involved. An attentional-gate model is needed to account for prospective judgments, and a contextual-change model is needed to account for retrospective judgments.
Ion-Selective Nano-optodes Incorporating Quantum Dots

Ion-selective quantum dots (ISQDs) have been produced that are capable of measuring physiologically relevant ions (such as Na+, K+, Cl-, etc.). ISQDs consist of quantum dots, an ion-selective polymer matrix, and a biocompatible coating. ISQDs work by selective ion extraction by the polymer matrix which leads to a change in the absorbance intensity of an embedded dye. This attenuates the intensity of the quantum dot by directly absorbing its fluorescence emission. As an example of this technology, a sodium-selective ISQD measures sodium over the range of 1 mM to 1 M with 200-fold selectivity over potassium and a resolution of 80 μM at 10 mM.
Measuring the relative importances of social responsibility components: A decision modeling approach

In this study, a decision modeling approach is used to measure the relative importances of four social responsibility components. When given information concerning the economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic activities of 16 hypothetical organizations, 159 junior and senior management students judged the social responsibility of these firms. The study used two types of analysis: first, a within-subject regression, then a between-subject ANOVA. Results showed ethical behavior to be most important in judging social responsibility; legal behavior was second, discretionary behavior third, and economic behavior was least important. In addition, all but one rater consistently applied the social responsibility components. The implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Physician screening for multiple behavioral health risk factors.

Abstract Background Screening rates in primary care for single behavioral health risk factors are widely documented. However, such risk factors cluster in individuals and populations. This article examines the number and types of behavioral risk factors that U.S. adults reported, and reported having been screened for in their last routine medical checkup. Methods The sample consisted of 16,818 adults from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey who reported having a routine checkup in the past year. Respondents completed questions regarding four behavioral risk factors (physical inactivity, overweight, cigarette smoking, risky drinking), and provider screening for behaviors related to these risk factors. Results Half of the sample (52.0%) reported having two or more of the four risk factors, and more than half (59.4%) were screened for two or more risk behaviors during their last routine checkup, although 28.6% reported being screened for none of them. Respondents reporting at least one risk factor were screened for an average of 57.7% of their own risk factors. Women, adults with lower levels of income and education, and those aged 65 and older, reported being screened for fewer of their risk factors. Conclusions While guidelines for risk factor screening and intervention typically focus on single behavioral risk factors, most primary care patients present with, and are screened for, more than one. Behavioral risk factor screening tools and interventions must be expanded to cover multiple risks. Additionally, efforts are needed to reduce the substantial missed opportunities for screening, and to eliminate demographic disparities in screening practices and accuracy.