cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interventions to Improve Asthma Management of the School-Age Child

Improvement of medication adherence in the school-age child can lead to improvement in quality of life, decreased morbidity, and a potential decreased risk of deferred academic, social, and emotional development. The objective of this article is to review barriers to asthma medication adherence and identify evidence-based techniques that improve medication management of the asthmatic child 5 to 12 years of age. A literature review was performed and articles were obtained through database searches within Medline, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and PubMed. Research indicates that barriers to the adherence of medication regimens required for asthmatic children include poor understanding of the medication regimen, substandard education on symptom recognition and environmental triggers, rejection of the diagnosis, and a lack of support or understanding within the community. Researched techniques aimed to improve medication management in 5- to 12-year-olds include: computer-based education; workshops for parents, teachers, and children; incorporation of asthma education into classroom lessons; use of case managers; the introduction of a nurse practitioner in the school to provide care, including medication prescriptions for the asthmatic child; and assessment and evaluation of environmental and emotional triggers in the home and school. Collaboration of current data may help lead to a successful interventional model that can improve asthma management in this population.
Evaluation of candidate blanket materials for fusion reactor blanket applications

Abstract This paper summarizes the primary candidate materials currently considered for major components, viz., structure, breeder, coolant, etc. Compatible combinations of materials that offer the most potential for satisfactory performance and the projected ranges of operating parameters are indicated. Critical properties of the candidate materials that limit blanket performance are defined and the areas of greatest uncertainty are identified. General characteristics of the materials systems that are potentially favorable or unfavorable for the specific application are evaluated. Based on the above assessment, a perspective of the relative importance of various materials limitations and design criteria on the projected performance and blanket lifetime is presented.
Cutaneous electrical oscillation in a weakly electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus.

An African electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus, ceases its electric organ discharge for a prolonged time in response to external electrical signals. During the cessation of electric organ discharges from the electric organ, a weak sinusoidal signal (~0.1 mV cm–1) near the fish's previous discharge frequency was recorded near the body. The oscillatory potentials at all points on the body surface were synchronized and had a complex spatial distribution. The source of the potential was determined to be within the dermal tissue. Electroreceptive central neurons that responded to a moving target near the fish with normal electric organ discharges also responded to the same target when the electric organ discharge was interrupted and the potential from the skin existed. This result suggests that the fish may be able to electrolocate objects without the discharge from the electric organ.
Instabilities and Disorder of the Domain Patterns in Systems with Competing Interactions

The dynamics of the domains is studied in a two-dimensional model of the microphase separation of diblock copolymers in the vicinity of the transition. A criterion for the validity of the mean field theory is derived. It is shown that at certain temperatures the ordered hexagonal pattern becomes unstable with respect to the two types of instabilities: the radially-nonsymmetric distortions of the domains and the repumping of the order parameter between the neighbors. Both these instabilities may lead to the transformation of the regular hexagonal pattern into a disordered pattern.
Mixed stream channel morphologies: implications for fish community diversity

1. Stream classification systems are widely used in stream management and restoration. Whereas the principal morphological types of these classification systems are increasingly recognized for their ecological connections, the roles of intermediate and mixed morphologies are still poorly understood, yet may be biologically significant. 2. Twenty-five stream reaches in north-western Vermont were classified by channel morphology to determine whether fish community diversity differed among pool-riffle, mixed (i.e. pool-riffle/cascade, pool-riffle/other) and forced pool-riffle stream morphological groups. Stream reach surveys included cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal profiles, bed substrate characterization, and fish surveys. 3. Three fish community diversity measures were calculated: (1) species richness (S); (2) Shannon–Weaver Index (H′); and (3) Simpson's Index (1/D). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to explore potential differences in fish diversity among stream morphological groups. Fish diversity was significantly different for all three community diversity measures (P⩽0.05), with pool-riffle/cascade morphology consistently exhibiting the greatest fish diversity and forced pool-riffle the lowest. 4. These results suggest that fish community diversity is significantly associated with distinct channel morphologies. Generally, pool-riffle/cascade and pool-riffle/other stream morphological groups supported habitats that fostered greater species diversity than more homogeneous and uniform pool-riffle reaches. The observed patterns of diversity are likely to be the result of habitat patches created by variations in flow and other physical characteristics in reaches of mixed morphologies. 5. These results support fish sampling schemes that incorporate morphological heterogeneity, such as proportional-distance designation. Sampling strategies that focus on homogeneous reaches may underestimate diversity, and misrepresent stream condition when fish community data are used in indices of biological integrity (IBIs). Reaches of mixed stream morphologies should be recognized as areas of biological importance in stream and catchment management and in conservation efforts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced directives and midwifery care.

The Patient Self-Determination Act was passed by the U.S. federal government in 1990 and became effective in December 1991. This federal law requires institutions that accept Medicaid funding to provide written information about rights to make decisions about medical care to all persons admitted for care. To meet federal guidelines, many health care institutions provide this information in the admission packet. Studies have shown that compliance with addressing this subject has been uneven at best and that providers may be uncomfortable discussing this issue with clients. Midwife-attended births accounted for 7.3% of all births in 2000. The majority of these births occur in the hospital setting; therefore, laboring women are subject to the Patient Self-Determination Act. This article addresses the responsibilities of the certified nurse midwife/certified midwives in counseling women and their families regarding advanced directives.
Diamino-benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bistriazole (DABT), a new useful 1,4-dibenzyne equivalent

Abstract The title compound, when treated with two equivalents of lead tetraacetate, is the synthetic equivalent of 1,4-dibenzyne; bis-cycloadducts are formed with dienes and 1,3-dipoles.
MMIC Reflection Coefficient Synthesizer For On-Wafer Noise Parameter Extraction

This paper will summarize Noise Parameter Extraction Methods, discuss their limitations and present a novel approach to improving accuracy by incorporating an MMIC reflection coefficient synthesizer into Coplanar Waveguide probe. Products offered by ATN and Cascade Microtech, Inc. that permit automated noise parameter measurements on wafer are limited in accuracy because the variable source impedance necessary for proper operation of the system is connected through a probe which exhibits loss. This loss limits the maximum reflection coefficient presented to the device under test (DUT) and consequently impacts the accuracy of measurements as frequency increases. The reason for this stems from the manner the parameters are extracted. If all the reflection coefficients (or source admittances) presented (by the reflection coefficient synthesizer) are far removed from the optimum, the accuracy of predicting Fmin by extrapolation will suffer. If the accuracy of Fmin becomes questionable, so will the other parameters. To obtain a higher degree of accuracy and increase the diagnostic frequency, it is necessary to imbed the reflection coefficient synthesizer in the RF probe which is the subject of this paper. This is done primarily to reduce losses and take full advantage of the variable source generator capability. In addition, provisions have to be made to introduce a Noise Source into the system. This paper will address the implementation of such a reflection coefficient synthesizer using MMIC technology, compare simulated vs experimental results and discuss future plans.
Early childhood practicum students' professional growth in the USA: areas of confidence and concern

This research examines specific areas of confidence and concern as expressed by 40 American undergraduate early childhood students on a practicum (supervised field-based internships); if their beliefs changed over the course of their practicum, and if prior teaching experience had an impact on their confidence levels. Areas of confidence and concern were determined through questionnaires, reflections and interviews at three points in time during the semester. Findings indicate that students were more confident when arranging the physical environment and least confident in managing children's behaviour. Significant changes in understanding and interaction with children, planning and implementing activities and overall confidence were observed over time periods. Experienced students initially showed and maintained higher confidence levels than inexperienced students who were much less confident at the start of the practicum, but improved significantly. Interestingly, by the end of the semester, this latter ...
A comparison of the practices of psychiatric clinical nurse specialists and nurse practitioners who are certified to provide mental health care for children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: A task force of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association and the International Society of Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses initiated a survey to identify how advanced practice psychi...
Energy Supervised Relevance Neural Gas for Feature Ranking

In pattern classification, input pattern features usually contribute differently, in accordance to their relevances for a specific classification task. In a previous paper, we have introduced the Energy Supervised Relevance Neural Gas classifier, a kernel method which uses the maximization of Onicescu's informational energy for computing the relevances of input features. Relevances were used to improve classification accuracy. In our present work, we focus on the feature ranking capability of this approach. We compare our algorithm to standard feature ranking methods.
Massive Upper GI Bleeding in a Long- term Hemodialysis Patient*

(CHEST 2005; 128:1868–1873) A 55-year-old diabetic, hypertensive man receiving long-term hemodialysis presented to the emergency department with a complaint of two episodes of lightheadedness, the last being on the morning of hospital admission while straining at stool. He denied having lost consciousness at any time. The patient had been dialysis dependent for the last 5 years and had recurrent episodes of arteriovenous graft thrombosis requiring revisions, with recent placement of a right internal jugular hemodialysis catheter 2 weeks ago after removal of a left internal jugular vein hemodialysis catheter. His diabetes and hypertension were poorly controlled, and he had recently been switched from oral medications to insulin. A review of systems did not reveal any history of conduction abnormalities, heart failure symptoms, or previous ischemic events, but was significant for both resting and exertional dyspnea for the last 1 week. Physical Examination The patient was afebrile and hemodynamically stable (BP 150/60 mm Hg) with no orthostasis: pulse rate, 76 beats/min; normal sinus rhythm; pulse oxygen saturation, 96% on room air; and no acute distress. The examination was significant for neck vein engorgement, a right subclavian hemodialysis catheter, and a clotted left forearm arteriovenous graft. His right forearm arteriovenous fistula was functioning with a palpable bruit. Laboratory Data
Indentation Fracture of Macro-Defect-Free (MDF) Cements

The fracture toughness of MDF (macro-defect-free) cement with different polymer contents has been investigated by the indentation-strength method and fracture surface analysis. It was found that the fracture toughness obtained by these two different techniques showed good agreement for the low (3 wt.%) polymer cement. The ultimate (apparent) toughnesses are 1.3 Mpam1/2 for low polymer content and 2.2 Mpam1/2 for high (8 wt.%) polymer content cement. Different microcracking and sponge-like microstructures have been observed and discussed.
Environment and evolution through the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum

The modern orders of mammals, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla and Primates (APP taxa), first appear in the fossil record at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary, c. 55 million years ago. Their appearance on all three northern continents has been linked to diversification and dispersal in response to rapid environmental change at the beginning of a worldwide 100 000–200 000-year Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and carbon isotope excursion. As I discuss here, global environmental events such as the PETM have had profound effects on evolution in the geological past and must be considered when modeling the history of life. The PETM is also relevant when considering the causes and consequences of global greenhouse warming.
Experimental and computational studies of anion recognition by pyridine-functionalised calixarenes

Calix[4]arene-based receptors linked to amide and pyridine moieties have been synthesised in four steps from calix[4]arene, and characterised by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The recognition properties of these receptors towards different anions were evaluated using 1H NMR and computational studies. The receptors show modest selectivities towards dihydrogen phosphate versus carboxylates.
Comparative studies within and between seed and seedling populations of leafed, ‘leafless’ and ‘semi-leafles’ genotypes of Pisum sativum L.

In an attempt to explain previously observed differences between the growth rates of ‘leafless’ and conventional plants, we have compared representatives of three pea phenotypes; conventional (AfAfStSt), ‘semileafless’ (afafStSt) and ‘leafless’ (afafstst) with regard to their embryonic axis/embryo weight ratio and their patterns of pre-emergent growth. Within each phenotype, comparisons were made between genotypes which differed for mean weight per seed and between seed weight classes within each genotype. Although significant differences were found between genotypes for embryonic axis/embryo weight ratios, these could not be attributed to differences between phenotypes. Within each seed population there was a consistent decrease in this weight ratio with increasing seed size irrespective of phenotype.
Pressure solution - The importance of the electrochemical surface potentials

Abstract “Pressure solution”, frequently found in clay-rich sandstone, is characterized by enhanced quartz dissolution at inter-grain contacts. The origin of pressure solution and many other related dissolution processes remains elusive. Using an Electrochemical Surface Forces Apparatus we visualized and measured the dissolution of silica glass surfaces close to an electrode surface. The dissolution rates correlate quantitatively with the electrode potential via the Butler–Volmer equation for corrosion. Our experimental results demonstrate that at low temperature, apparent pressure solution and many other mineral dissolution phenomena can be driven by electrochemical processes rather than a pressure-driven process. This finding highlights the role of electrochemical surface potentials in dissolution phenomena at dissimilar material interfaces, and provides new perspectives on pressure solution in particular and a new theoretical basis for predictive control of dissolution phenomena in general.
Aesthetic Surgery of the Aging Neck: Options and Techniques

As the surgeon learns to address the aging changes of the forehead, brows, eyelids and cheeks, the natural progression is to understand aging of the lower one-third of the face and aging of the neck. An understanding of surface anatomy, a review of the underlying anatomical changes of aging and an overview of the palette of procedures applicable to the aging of the neck are presented to introduce the surgeon to this important part of the aging face.
Synthesis of triphenylsilyl‐ and triphenylmethyl‐telechelic polyisobutylene: An approach to the synthesis of multi‐ion telechelic ionomers

Triphenylsilyl- and triphenylmethyl-telechelic polyisobutylene (PIB) were prepared by lithiation of three-arm star PIBs carrying either olefinic or tert-alkyl chloride end groups, followed by reaction with triphenylsilyl chloride or triphenylcarbenium ion, respectively. Since the lithiated intermediate is a substituted allylic carbanion, the chain end also possesses a double bond which is located β-γ relative to the silyl or triphenylmethyl group. The phenyl groups were incorporated into the polymers to provide extra sites for sulfonation, in addition to the double bond, to enable the synthesis of multi-ion telechelic ionomers. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy showed that triphenylsilylation and triphenylmethylation were essentially quantitative when applied under the prescribed conditions to either the model compound, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, or to the telechelic PIBs. It was observed that exhaustive sulfonation of these materials using acetyl sulfate or chlorosulfonic acid yielded only about 50% sulfonation of the available sites. This suggests that sulfonation of closely adjacent, multiple sites within the same molecule fails due to deactivation of the remaining sites after one or perhaps two sulfonations. However, the triphenylsilyl- and triphenylmethyl-telechelic PIBs represent novel prepolymers which can perhaps be derivatized by some method other than sulfonation, and the general concept for producing telechelic ionomer precursors with multiple sulfonation sites may prove successful with other moieties containing spacer groups between sites. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gβ5–RGS complexes co‐localize with mGluR6 in retinal ON‐bipolar cells

The time course of G-protein-coupled responses is largely determined by the kinetics of GTP hydrolysis by the G protein α subunit, which is accelerated by interaction with regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins. Light responses of ON-bipolar cells of the vertebrate retina require rapid inactivation of the G protein Gαo, which is activated in the dark by metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR6, in their dendritic tips. It is not yet known, however, which RGS protein(s) might be responsible for rapid inactivation kinetics. By immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation, we have identified complexes of the Gαo-selective RGS proteins RGS7 and RGS11, with their obligate binding partner, Gβ5, that are localized to the dendritic tips of murine rod and cone ON-bipolar cells, along with mGluR6. Experiments using pre- and post-synaptic markers, and a dissociated bipolar cell preparation, clearly identified the location of these complexes as the ON-bipolar cell dendritic tips and not the adjacent photoreceptor terminals or horizontal cell dendrites. In mice lacking mGluR6, the distribution of RGS11, RGS7 and Gβ5 shifts away from the dendritic tips, implying a functional relationship with mGluR6. The precise co-localization of Gβ5–RGS7 and Gβ5–RGS11 with mGluR6, and the dependence of localization on the presence of mGluR6, suggests that Gβ5–RGS7 and Gβ5–RGS11 function specifically in the mGluR6 signal transduction pathway, where they may stimulate the GTPase activity of Gαo, thus accelerating the ON-bipolar cell light response, in a manner analogous to the acceleration of photoreceptor light responses by the Gβ5–RGS9-1 complex.
The Fusion of Privilege and Power: ESOPs in Theory and Practice

The heart of this paper is an examination of the rights of employees, owners, and the corporation. The modern corporation is characterized by the conflict that ensues when ownership and control are independent. Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs), in theory, serve to realign these disparate interests between the owners and managers of the firm. This article will explore the mechanisms by which ESOPs serve to empower those who possess ownership rights in the corporation. The application of trusteeship theory serves to explain the agency problem that may arise when managers serve as both trustee and beneficiary. Workplace, ownership, and corporate rights are integrated into a stakeholder perspective of rights conflicts.
Capillary-driven percolating networks in ternary blends of immiscible polymers and silica particles

We investigate the structure and rheology of a melt-blended ternary system composed of a continuous polymer phase, silica particles in the few-micron size range, and a small amount of a second immiscible polymer phase which preferentially wets the particles. The morphology of the ternary system is found to consist of a volume-spanning “pendular network” of particles bridged by menisci of the wetting polymer, as well as “capillary aggregates” which are large compact particle aggregates saturated by the wetting polymer. The ternary blends have strongly non-Newtonian melt rheology due to the pendular network. The relative extent of capillary aggregation depends on the melt-blending history, and the rheological properties can be used to track the changes in the blend structure. The pendular network is seen at a particle loading of only 10 vol.%, demonstrating that capillary bridging lowers the percolation threshold of a particle-filled polymer.
Palatal shape and the flexural strength of maxillary denture bases.

F racture of acrylic resin denture bases is a continuing problem in prosthodontics, which is characterized in maxillary bases by midline fractures. A recent analysis of denture base fractures indicated that the ratio of maxillary to mandibular fractures was generally 2/l based on repairs performed by commercial dental laboratories.’ In most instances, fracture could be ascribed to unsatisfactory occlusion and/or poor fit of the prostheses, although accidental trauma was also a frequent cause of fracture. In the absence of accidental trauma, fracture of dentures that fit well and occlude properly should not be a problem; however, it is known to occur because of other factors. Previous studies have indicated that deformation of denture bases occurs under masticatory loads, and the number of flexions is estimated at close to 500,000 per year.2 Over several years, the base will thus experience several million flexions during use.3 Maxillary denture bases will deform away from the palatal tissues,4 therefore, fatigue might be a significant factor ‘in fracture. However, fatigue is determined by both the number of cycles imposed as well as the shape of the structure that undergoes cyclic loading. It was decided to determine whether the shape of the underlying palate combined with the thickness of the denture base would affect the strength of the base. Inherently stronger bases are presumably more resistant to fracture because of greater flexural strength and decreased deflection under loading.
Bayesian analysis of trinomial data in behavioral experiments and its application to human studies of general anesthesia

Accurate quantification of loss of response to external stimuli is essential for understanding the mechanisms of loss of consciousness under general anesthesia. We present a new approach for quantifying three possible outcomes that are encountered in behavioral experiments during general anesthesia: correct responses, incorrect responses and no response. We use a state-space model with two state variables representing a probability of response and a conditional probability of correct response. We show applications of this approach to an example of responses to auditory stimuli at varying levels of propofol anesthesia ranging from light sedation to deep anesthesia in human subjects. The posterior probability densities of model parameters and the response probability are computed within a Bayesian framework using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods.
Total Spanish: The Politics of a Pan-Hispanic Grammar

In the last days of March 2007, the beautiful and captivating colombian city of medellin hosted an often bland yet, on this occasion, surprisingly media-appealing event: surrounded by a generous cohort of reporters, the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language was holding its regular conference, the thirteenth since its conception in 1951. The gathering began on the twenty-first and culminated three days later, at the Teatro Metropolitano, with what could arguably be described as one of the most highly publicized events in the history of the Spanish language: the official approval of the Nueva gramatica de la lengua espanola ‘The New Grammar of the Spanish Language’ (henceforth NGLE). The Colombian president, Alvaro Uribe, and the head of the Spanish monarchy, King Juan Carlos I, presided over the ceremony, providing the occasion with the solemnity (and media pull) that it so critically required. After a series of opening remarks and speeches, the king stood, faced the academicians—one from Spain, one from the Philippines, and twenty from the Americas—and, as he called their names individually, asked, “?Aprobais la Nueva Gramatica?” ‘Do you approve the New Grammar?‘ Each in turn, with a distinguished assembly of politicians, businessmen, and publishers as witnesses, rose and answered with a simple yet unequivocal “Si.”
Observation of Giant Gamow-Teller Strength in ( p , n ) Reactions

In $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(p, n)^{90}\mathrm{Nb}$ spectra for ${E}_{p}=35 \mathrm{and} 45$ MeV, we observe a strong enhancement of the $T=4$ continuum over a range of excitation energies (full width at half-maximum of 4.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4 MeV) centered at 8.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 MeV. The data are consistent with an interpretation of the broad peak as a ${(\ensuremath{\pi}{g}_{\frac{7}{2}}, \ensuremath{\nu}{{g}_{\frac{9}{2}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})}_{{1}^{+}}$ excitation wich corresponds to the giant magneticdipole resonance. Similar structure is observed near the isobaric analog state of $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{120}\mathrm{Sn}$, and $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$.
The FN method for polarization studies—II numerical results

Abstract The F N method is used to establish numerical results basic to polarization studies in plane parallel atmospheres.
Simultaneous arming and structure/activity studies of natural products employing O-H insertions: an expedient and versatile strategy for natural products-based chemical genetics.

The identification of "druggable" targets is an immediate opportunity and challenge in the post-genomic era. Natural products are enduring tools for basic cellular studies and leads for identifying medically relevant protein targets. However, their use for these studies is often hampered by limited quantities and a lack of selective and mild monofunctionalization reactions. The development of selective methods that could simultaneously equip the natural product with a reactive group for subsequent conjugation to reporter tags and provide important structure-activity relationship (SAR) information, requiring only a knowledge of functional groups present in the natural product, could significantly decrease the time between bioactive natural product isolation and target identification. Herein, we report such a strategy that enables simultaneous arming and SAR studies of alcohol-containing natural products involving both chemo- and site-selective ("chemosite" selective) and site-nonselective O-H insertion reactions with rhodium carbenoids derived from alkynyl diazo acetates. This strategy was applied to a diverse set of natural products, and general guidelines for predicting chemosite selectivity were formulated. A subsequent Sharpless-Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with the appended alkyne allows for attachment of a variety of reporter tags. Using this strategy, we synthesized a novel FK506-biotin conjugate that enabled pull-down of the entire "immunosuppressive complex" including FKBP12, calcineurins A and B, and calmodulin. In addition, the potential for a chemoselective but site-nonselective process was shown with both gibberellic acid methyl ester and brefeldin A using only achiral rhodium catalysts.
Reply to Yablonka et al.: Parity in data processing is essential in correlation analyses

Our recent study (1) has compelled us to reach a conclusion that differs from the widely held idea that chemical features of odors can be systematically mapped to spatial locations in the olfactory bulb (2⇓–4). In an alternative analysis using our data, Yablonka et al. (5) claim to observe substantial correlations between the physicochemical descriptors and odor-evoked responses, which challenge our conclusion. This discrepancy, as we show below, results from imparity in data processing and data selection.
A plating method for preparation of cells for culture and for observation by light or electron microscopy.

Abstract A plating technique that makes use of small volumes of cell suspensions (1–10 μl) is described. Its purpose is to permit microscopic examination or propagation in culture of the entire contents of the microdroplet. Cells are allowed to settle by gravity on Millipore filters where they rapidly and firmly attach after 20 minutes of incubation at 37°C. Such cells can be used for long- or short-term cultures and can be processed for light microscopy and transmission or scanning electron microscopy. The method is particularly useful for preparing cell suspensions for scanning electron microscopy since it is possible to match light photomicrographs with scanning electron micrographs of identical cells.
Plant color effects of certain anomalous forms of theR r allele in maize

The genetically changes forms ofRrarising regularly in maize plants heterozygous for the stippled, light stippled, and marbled alleles, and previously shown to influence aleurone color differentially, were found to affect coleoptile and seedling leaf sheath color also. Failure to demonstrate corresponding differential effects on root pigmentation possibly was due to inadequacy of the testing procedure. Two of the modified forms ofRrwere observed to reduce glume and anther color also. The experimental results imply that theR locus as a region is involved in the phenomenon.
Exact solution to the problem of forced large amplitude radial oscillations of a thin hyperelastic tube

Abstract The title problem is analysed on the basis of a rigorous finite deformation theory of elasticity. The material of the tube is considered incompressible and of Mooney-Rivlin type. The governing equation is that of Knowles simplified to thin-walled tubes. An exact solution is found for a general forcing function, and specific cases are investigated involving: free oscillations, Heaviside type step load, blast load, harmonic load and periodic step pulse load. The method permits an explicit derivation of displacement and stress fields undetermined in the earlier work. A numerical example is solved and graphs are given for harmonic forcing function. It appears that the actual oscillations display two separate components: a high speed fluctuation component (almost negligible) related to free oscillatory motions, and a low speed fluctuation component (dominant, with large amplitude).
Toward a Unified Science of Machine Learning

Machine learning is a diverse discipline that acts as host to a variety of research goals, learning techniques, and methodological approaches. Researchers are making continual progress on all of these fronts tackling new problems, formulating innovative solutions to those problems, and devising new ways to evaluate their solutions. Such variety is the sign of a healthy and growing field. However, diversification also has its dangers. Subdisciplines can emerge that focus on one goal or evaluation scheme to the exclusion of others, and similarities among methods can be obscured by different notations and terminology. Thus, it is equally important to search for basic principles that unify the different paradigms within a field. Just as the twin forces of gravity and pressure hold a star in dynamic equilibrium while generating energy, so the joint processes of diversification and unification can hold a science together while fostering progress. In this editorial, I examine seven dichotomies that have emerged in recent years to partition the field of machine learning. I begin with three issues related to research goals and evaluation methodologies, then turn to four more substantive issues about learning methods themselves. In each case, I argue that long-term progress will occur only if we can find ways to unify these apparently competing views into a coherent whole.
Is Vascular Stiffness a Target for Therapy

Background Early cardiovascular disease starts in the endothelium leading to functional changes in the vasculature. These changes can be depicted by assessment of arterial stiffness or elasticity. There are several techniques to assess arterial stiffness. Increased arterial stiffness or decreased arterial elasticity has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors. There is now evidence that small artery elasticity is a strong predictor for arterial hypertension. Moreover arterial elasticity provides extra prognostic information beyond arterial blood pressure measurement. Arterial stiffness attenuation may reflect the true reduction of arterial wall damage.
Dynamical approximation by recurrent neural networks

Abstract We examine the approximating power of recurrent networks for dynamical systems through an unbounded number of iterations. It is shown that the natural family of recurrent neural networks with saturated linear transfer functions and synaptic weight matrices of rank 1 are essentially equivalent to feedforward neural networks with recurrent layers. Therefore, they inherit the universal approximation property of real-valued functions in one variable in a stronger sense, namely through an unbounded number of iterations and approximation guaranteed to be within O(1/n), with n neurons and possibly lateral synapses allowed in the hidden-layer. However, they are not as complex in their dynamical behavior as systems defined by Turing machines. It is further proved that every continuous dynamical system can be approximated through all iterations, by both finite analog and boolean networks, when one requires approximation of given arbitrary exact orbits of the (perhaps unknown) map. This result no longer holds when the orbits of the given map are only available as contaminated orbits of the approximant net due to the presence of random noise (e.g., due to digital truncations of analog activations). Neural nets can nonetheless approximate large families of continuous maps, including chaotic maps and maps sensitive to initial conditions. A precise characterization of what maps can be approximated fault-tolerantly by analog and discrete neural networks for unboundedly many iterations remains an open problem.
Multi-Scale Computational Model of Fuel Homeostasis During Exercise: Effect of Hormonal Control

A mathematical model of the whole-body metabolism is developed to predict fuel homeostasis during exercise by using hormonal control over cellular metabolic processes. The whole body model is composed of seven tissue compartments: brain, heart, liver, GI (gastrointestinal) tract, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and “other tissues”. Each tissue compartment is described by dynamic mass balances and major cellular metabolic reactions. The glucagon–insulin controller is incorporated into the whole body model to predict hormonal changes during exercise. Moderate [150 W power output at 60% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2max)] exercise for 60 min was implemented by increasing ATP utilization rates in heart and skeletal muscle. Arterial epinephrine level was given as an input function, which directly affects heart and skeletal muscle metabolism and indirectly other tissues via glucagon–insulin controller. Model simulations were validated with experimental data from human exercise studies. The exercise induced changes in hormonal signals modulated metabolic flux rates of different tissues in a coordinated way to achieve glucose homeostasis, demonstrating the efficacy of hormonal control over cellular metabolic processes. From experimental measurements of whole body glucose balance and arterial substrate concentrations, this model could predict the dynamic changes of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, which are not easy to measure experimentally, suggesting the higher contribution of glycogenolysis (∼75%). In addition, it could provide dynamic information on the relative contribution of carbohydrates and lipids for fuel oxidation in skeletal muscle. Model simulations indicate that external fuel supplies from other tissue/organ systems to skeletal muscle become important for prolonged exercise emphasizing the significance of interaction among tissues. In conclusion, this model can be used as a valuable complement to experimental studies due to its ability to predict what is difficult to measure directly, and usefulness to provide information about dynamic behaviors.
Injection molded glass fiber reinforced poly(trimethylene terephthalate) composites: Fabrication and properties evaluation

Injection-molded composite materials as fabricated from chopped glass fiber and poly(trimethylene terephthalate), PTT, are evaluated through physicomechanical and thermomechanical analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to measure the thermal properties of the above composites. The mechanical properties including impact properties, tensile properties, and flexure properties of these composites were tested with a United Testing System SFM-20. Results showed that impact strength, tensile strength and modulus, flexure strength, and modulus of glass fiber reinforced PTT composites were improved significantly with increasing fiber content. The simultaneous improvement of both stiffness and toughness of composite materials is one of the important findings of this investigation. It was found that the crystallization temperature of PTT increased and heat deflection temperature doubled through reinforcement with glass fiber. The tensile fractured surfaces a...
The Use of Protein-Based Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Cystic Tumors of the Pancreas

Proteomics is a powerful method used to identify, characterize, and quantify proteins within biologic samples. Pancreatic cystic neoplasms are a common clinical entity and represent a diagnostic and management challenge due to difficulties in accurately diagnosing cystic lesions with malignant potential and assessing the risk of malignant degeneration. Currently, cytology and other biomarkers in cyst fluid have had limited success in accurately distinguishing both the type of cystic neoplasm and the presence of malignancy. Emerging data suggests that the use of protein-based biomarkers may have greater utility in helping clinicians correctly diagnose the type of cyst and to identify which cystic neoplasms are malignant. Several candidate proteins have been identified within pancreatic cystic neoplasms as potential biomarkers. Future studies will be needed to validate these findings and move these biomarkers into the clinical setting.
Mass spectrometer characterization of halogen gases in air at atmospheric pressure.

We have developed a new interface for a commercial ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with APCI capable of real-time measurements of gaseous compounds with limits of detection on the order of pptv. The new interface has been tested using the detection of Br2 and Cl2 over synthetic seawater ice at atmospheric pressure as a model system. A mechanical pump is used to draw gaseous mixtures through a glass manifold into the corona discharge area, where the molecules are ionized. Analysis of bromine and chlorine in dry air show that ion intensity is affected by the pumping rate and the position of the glass manifold. The mass spectrometer signals for Br2 are linear in the 0.1−10.6 ppbv range, and the estimated 3σ detection limit is 20 pptv. The MS signals for Cl2 are linear in the 0.2−25 ppbv range, and the estimated 3σ detection limit is 1 ppbv. This new interface advances the field of analytical chemistry by introducing a practical modification to a commercially available ion trap mass spectrometer that expa...
Effectiveness of nonresidential specialty mental health services for children and adolescents in the "real world".

ABSTRACT Objective Although many studies demonstrate the efficacy of a variety of treatments for child and adolescent psychiatric disorders, studies showing the effectiveness of such treatments in ordinary clinical settings have not been forthcoming. This report presents a study of the effectiveness of outpatient treatment in a community sample of 9- to 16-year-olds. Method Four annual waves of data were collected from a representative sample of 1,422 children and their parents in the southeastern United States. Interviews were conducted with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment to determine clinical status and the Child and Adolescent Impact Assessment to measure the impact of psychiatric disorder on the lives of the children's families. Results Treated individuals were more severely disturbed and showed deterioration in their clinical status, even before they received treatment, indicating that comparisons with untreated individuals required controls not only for pretreatment clinical status, but for pretreatment clinical trajectory. A significant dose-response relationship was found between the number of specialty mental health treatment sessions received and improvement in symptoms at follow-up. However, no effect of treatment on secondary psychosocial impairment or parental impact was identified. Conclusions Child and adolescent outpatient psychiatric treatment has positive effects on psychiatric symptoms, even when conducted outside the academic units where efficacy research usually takes place. The dose of treatment required to produce such effects (more than 8 sessions) suggests that attempts to limit child psychiatric treatment to very short-term interventions may be counterproductive.
Failure of clotrimazole-betamethasone dipropionate cream in treatment of Microsporum canis infections

The use of antifungal-steroid combination topical medications carries a theoretic advantage of rapid symptomatic relief. At the same time, these drugs possess several potential disadvantages, including steroid-related adverse effects (such as atrophy, telangiectasia, and acneiform eruptions) and steroid impairment of natural defenses facilitating infection and thereby interfering with the expected efficacy of the antifungal component. Although steroid-related complications would most likely result from prolonged use or abuse of combination agents, treatment failures could theoretically appear even with proper drug use. The latter actually appears to be relatively rare. As documented in a review, the use of proprietary clotrimazole-betamethasone dipropionate offers similar mycologic and clinical cure rates when compared with a variety of single-agent antifungal drugs in the management of tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corp0ris.l We report a small series of therapeutic failures associated with use of a steroid-antifungal medication. Of particular interest, all cases treated were caused by Microsporum canis.
Muller-Lyer Illusion in Hyperactive Boys

Changes in magnitude of Muller-Lyer illusion as a function of age were studied in 48 hyperactive and 48 nonhyperactive boys. As expected, a decreasing linear trend in magnitude of illusion was found with increasing age from 6 to 9 years for nonhyperactive boys. For hyperactive boys, illusion increased from 6 to 7 years and then decreased. Differences in illusion with age for hyperactives resembled Piaget's hypothesized developmental curve for primary illusion moved forward in years, supporting the notion of a lag rather than an aberrancy in perceptual development. Peak illusion was found for 6-year-old non-hyperactives and 7-year-old hyperactives. By ages 8 and 9, no significant differences were found between the two groups.
Influence of initial conditions on the WRF-ARW Model QPF response to physical parameterization changes

To assist in optimizing a mixed-physics ensemble for warm season mesoscale convective system rainfall forecasting, the impact of various physical schemes as well as their interactions on rainfall when different initializations were used has been investigated. For this purpose, high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations of eight International H2O Project events were performed. For each case, three different treatments of convection, three different microphysical schemes, and two different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes were used. All cases were initialized with both Local Analyses and Prediction System (LAPS) “hot” start analyses and 40-km Eta Model analyses. To evaluate the impacts of the variation of two different physical schemes and their interaction on the simulated rainfall under the two different initial conditions, the factor separation method was used. The sensitivity to the use of various physical schemes and their interactions was found to be dependent on the initialization dataset. Runs initialized with Eta analyses appeared to be influenced by the use of the Betts–Miller–Janjic scheme in that model’s assimilation system, which tended to reduce the WRF’s sensitivity to changes in the microphysical scheme compared with that present when LAPS analyses were used for initialization. In addition, differences in initialized thermodynamics resulted in changes in sensitivity to PBL and convective schemes. With both initialization datasets, the greatest sensitivity to the simulated rain rate was due to changes in the convective scheme. However, for rain volume, substantial sensitivity was present due to changes in both the physical parameterizations and the initial datasets.