cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding pattern collapse in high-resolution lithography: impact of feature width on critical stress

Chemically amplified resists have served as high resolution and high photospeed patterning materials in the fabrication of modern microelectronic devices for more than two decades. A significant amount of research during that time, and in particular more recently, has focused on minimizing line width roughness and on improving the achievable resolution and sensitivity of resist materials. While these lithographic parameters are certainly important, the distortion of the resist pattern during wet processing and subsequent drying can have significant negative impacts on performance and is often relatively overlooked as a major resist resolution and performance limiter. Resist pattern distortion after development and during drying is mainly due to the unbalanced capillary forces created due to pattern asymmetries which give rise to variations in liquid meniscus radii of curvature as the final rinse liquid is dried from the pattern. These capillary forces are dependent upon the surface tension of the final rinsing solvent, the contact angle of the rinse liquid with the side wall of the resist line, and the pattern space widths and sidewall angles. The demand for resist films with smaller feature sizes has led to a reduction in resist pattern dimensions resulting in overall poor mechanical strength and a decrease in the adhesion forces at the resist line/substrate interface. In this work, the pattern collapse behavior of a hydroxystyrene-based resist copolymer is studied. Ultra-thin film effects and the role of the feature width of the resist line on pattern collapse are also investigated.
Vaginal discharge and bleeding in girls younger than 6 years

Purpose: Persistent unexplained vaginal discharge or bleeding in the pediatric population may be the only manifestation of a serious underlying medical or social problem. Therefore, these symptoms require careful and complete evaluation to identify the primary pathology accurately. We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients who presented for evaluation of persistent vaginal discharge or bleeding to determine if noninvasive imaging was a sensitive means of screening for gynecological pathology.Materials and Methods: The records of 24 girls younger than 6 years who presented with vaginal discharge or bleeding were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were evaluated with noninvasive imaging, a pelvic examination while under anesthesia, vaginoscopy and cystoscopy.Results: Noninvasive imaging was useful in identifying 5 of 7 vaginal foreign bodies. However, noninvasive imaging identified only 2 of 6 malignancies. These malignancies consisted of rhabdomyosarcoma (3 patients) and endodermal sinus tumor (3)...
Stressors and Social Support Perceptions Predict Illness Attitudes and Care-Seeking Intentions: Re-Examining the Sick Role

Parsons' (1951) sick role concept has had a profound impact on the study of sickness as a social phenomenon. The sick role might be better conceived as a set of illness attitudes and care-seeking intentions rather than a set of social norms. This investigation purports (a) to explore the relationships among illness attitudes, (b) to examine the ability of illness attitudes to predict medical care-seeking intentions, and (c) to investigate differences in the sick role as a function of stressors and social support perceptions. Participants (N = 148) completed a survey questionnaire assessing daily hassles, life events, perceived social support, dependence, self-criticism, and the sick role. Results of a factor analysis on the sick role measures revealed four attitudinal (Release, Consideration, Burden, and Deviance) and two behavioral (Denial and Consult) factors. The attitudinal factors were moderately intercorrelated, with some ability to predict care-seeking intentions. Regression analyses revealed that ...
Effects of alkali ions on myosin conformation.

We have used two probes to study the effects of alkali ions on the conformation of myosin. One was paramagnetic, the “spin label” N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-maleimide, which binds primarily to SH groups; and the other was fluorescent, l-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate, which binds to an apolar niche. The bonding of the spin label to myosin was carried out in 0.6M LiCl, 0.6M NaCl, or 0.6M KCl, and the resulting labeled myosin was studied in the same medium in which the myosin was labeled as well as in other alkali chlorides. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the spin label showed that the structure of myosin in the vicinity of the labeled groups differed in the various salts. The protein surface in the region of the labeled groups restricted the rotational freedom of the spin label more in KCl than in any of the other salts. Although ions are known to influence the properties of myosin, our results show that these ions also effect the molecular structure. The fluorescence of l-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate, noncovalently attached to myosin in the presence of alkali chlorides, decreased progressively with increasing size of the cations, again showing the protein structure near the probe attachment to be a function of the cation, in the solvent. Ca2+ quenched the fluorescence of the bound probe, indicating an interaction between Ca2+ and the myosin molecule. The effect of Ca2+ on the fluorescence was greatest in KCl.
The Role of Parent Communication and Connectedness in Dating Violence Victimization among Latino Adolescents

Dating violence among U.S. adolescents is a substantial concern. Previous research indicates that Latino youth are at increased risk of dating violence victimization. This secondary data analysis examined the prevalence of physical and sexual dating violence victimization among subgroups of Latino adolescents and associations of parent communication, parent caring, and dating violence victimization using data from the 2010 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 4,814). Parallel analyses were conducted for Latino-only and multiple-race Latino adolescents, stratified by gender. Multivariate logistic regression models tested associations between race/ethnicity, parent communication, perceived parent caring, and adolescent dating violence experiences. Overall, 7.2% to 16.2% of Latinos reported physical or sexual dating violence. Both types of dating violence were more prevalent among multiple-race Latinos than among Latino-only adolescents, with prevalence rates highest among multiple-race Latino females (19.8% and 19...
On the design of FIR digital data transmission filters with arbitrary magnitude specifications

A simple algorithm is presented for the design of FIR data transmission filters with arbitrary magnitude specifications. The technique involves the iterative solution of a set of linear equations as opposed to the more common approach of applying linear programming to the data transmission filter design problem. The design algorithm can accommodate conventional Nyquist filters or Nyquist filters with a non-negative frequency response that can be subsequently split into matched filter pairs using spectral factorization techniques. The filters can have equiripple stopbands or can be specified to satisfy arbitrary magnitude specifications, which is a common requirement in data transmission applications. Design examples are presented for filters satisfying FCC mask specifications for digital microwave radio channels. >
Managing Customer-Initiated Contacts with Manufacturers: The Impact on Share of Category Requirements and Word-of-Mouth Behavior

Abstract The authors examine behavioral outcomes following a customer-initiated contact (CIC) with a manufacturer and develop a framework to explain the impact of vendor performance during a CIC on a customer’s share of category requirements with a focal brand and word-of-mouth incidence following contact. The authors propose customer characteristics and context–specific factors that may relate to differences in the key characteristics of the underlying source model of share of category requirements and word of mouth. The authors then assess the overall importance of the explanatory variables in the source model and simultaneously test for systematic differences related to CIC-specific factors using survey data from more than 1700 CICs that involve more than 60 brands. A key assumption in much prior research that has examined customer-firm interactions is that CIC-specific factors, if they are included at all, create an automatic regularity that must be controlled for. The authors propose and find an addi...
Ultrastructure of the statocytes and cells of the distal elongation zone of Arabidopsis Thaliana under the conditions of clinorotation

This paper presents the results of an electron microscope study of the root apices of 3-, 5- and 7- day-old seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under the conditions of stationary control and clinorotation. We demonstrated both the similarities with the control group and the differences in the ultrastructure of statocytes and cells of the distal zone of elongation under clinorotation. For the first time it was possible to establish the sensitivity of ER bodies, which are granular endoplasmic reticulum derived organelles containing β-glucosidase, to the influence of simulated microgravity. As a result, an increase in the number and area of ER bodies per section of a cell and in the variability of their forms was detected. The degree of these changes correlated with the duration of clinorotation. The supposition concerning the protective role of ER bodies in plant adaptation to microgravity is based on the data obtained.
Neutron radiotherapy for recurrent pleomorphic adenomas of major salivary glands

Introduction Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common neoplasm arising in the salivary glands. Surgical management is the primary therapeutic modality. With the use of modern surgical techniques, recurrence is infrequent, and facial nerve sparing is the norm. However, for patients with recurrent disease, the risk of further relapses is increased with surgical resection alone, particularly for those patients in whom multiple recurrences have already occurred. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in this setting remains uncertain. Although neutron radiotherapy is superior to conventional radiotherapy for malignant salivary gland tumors, its role in the treatment of pleomorphic adenomas is less well defined. We report our experience using this modality for high-risk, recurrent pleomorphic adenomas. Methods Sixteen patients were treated with neutron radiotherapy for recurrent pleomorphic adenomas of major salivary glands from 1986 through 1993. The median age at diagnosis was 33 years (range, 11–77 years); median age at the time of neutron radiotherapy was 52 years (range, 22–77 years); median number of prior surgical procedures was 3 (range, 1–6); median duration from initial diagnosis to radiotherapy was 14.5 years (range, 3 months–30 years); median follow-up was 83 months (range, 9–144 months). The median period at risk for survivors was 96 months (defined as the interval from completion of neutron radiotherapy to last follow-up). Ten patients had evidence of gross residual disease at the time of treatment as determined by imaging studies, with nine patients having multinodular disease. Results The 10-year actuarial survival was 79%. One patient died from lung metastases 9 months after treatment; one patient died from a liver tumor of uncertain origin, but the histology could not rule out a metastasis from the previous pleomorphic adenoma; and one patient died from recurrent disease at the base of skull. The 15-year actuarial locoregional control rate was 85%. One of the two patients with locoregional recurrence had a malignant transformation into an adenocarcinoma. No statistical difference in 15-year actuarial survival (75% vs 83%, p = .82) was found comparing patients with gross residual disease vs microscopic residual disease. The actuarial 15-year locoregional control was 76% for patients with gross residual disease vs 100% for those with microscopic disease. The 15-year actuarial risk of RTOG/ESTRO nonaudiologic grade III/IV complications was 21%. No facial nerve injuries were observed as a direct consequence of neutron radiotherapy. Conclusions Neutron radiotherapy offers both excellent local control rates and survival rates in patients with multiply recurrent pleomorphic adenomas that are not candidates for surgical resection, even in the presence of gross residual disease. The treatment-related morbidity is acceptable. Malignant transformations and metastases, although uncommon, may be observed in this tumor. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 1037–1042, 2001.
An Ecological Model of Maternal Substance Abuse and Child Neglect: Issues, Analyses, and Recommendations

This study examined an ecological model of maternal substance abuse and child neglect. Data are presented that identified an interplay among family history, interpersonal risk factors, current family functioning, and community networks in examinations of child neglect in a sample of substance-abusing women entering treatment.
A technique for controlling the position of a burning solid-propellant sample in a combustion bomb

Position control of burning solid nonmetallized propellant strand in combustion bomb using closed loop servomechanism
Co-registration of high resolution MRI sub-volumes in non-human primates

Dynamic structural and functional remodeling of the Central Nervous System occurs throughout the lifespan of the organism from the molecular to the systems level. MRI offers several advantages to observe this phenomenon: it is noninvasive and non-destructive, the contrast can be tuned to interrogate different tissue properties and imaging resolution can range from cortical columns to whole brain networks in the same session. To measure these changes reliably, functional maps generated over time with high resolution fMRI need to be registered accurately. This article presents a new method for registering automatically thin cortical MR volumes that are aligned with the functional maps. These acquisitions focus on the primary somato-sensory cortex, a region in the anterior parietal part of the brain, responsible for fine touch and proprioception. Currently, these slabs are acquired in approximately the same orientation from acquisition to acquisition and then registered by hand. Because they only cover a small portion of the cortex, their direct automatic registration is difficult. To address this issue, we propose a method relying on an intermediate image, acquired with a surface coil that covers a larger portion of the head to which the slabs can be registered. Because images acquired with surface coils suffer from severe intensity attenuation artifact, we also propose a method to register these. The results from data sets obtained with three squirrel monkeys show a registration accuracy of thirty micrometers.
COTS and military CCIS

The emergence over the past two decades of an active marketplace of commercial software products has dramatically changed the way computers are used. Many government information system, however, and especially such military systems as Command and Control Information Systems, have not been a big enough market to attract suppliers of commodity commercial software products, and indeed often have characteristics somewhat different from the general marketplace. COTS-based systems represent a way whereby the more specialized systems needed by the military can take whatever advantage they can from Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) software products.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The EOS laboratory environment for a course in operating systems

This paper describes a laboratory environment for teaching operating systems. The EOS (Exploratory Operating Systems) lab was developed with a National Science Foundation ILI grant to be used in conjunction with a traditional operating systems (OS) course. The main goal of the EOS project was to improve the teaching of operating system principles without the necessity of a special purpose laboratory and the addition to the curriculum of a second course in OS. The EOS labs are summarized and a CPU scheduling lab is described in some detail. A standardized testing instrument was used to compare class performance before and after adding the lab to the OS course. Preliminary results show an improvement attributable to the EOS laboratory. The author's experience in building a workstation laboratory from an externally funded grant is described.
A Cellular Resolution Map of Barrel Cortex Activity during Tactile Behavior

Summary Comprehensive measurement of neural activity remains challenging due to the large numbers of neurons in each brain area. We used volumetric two-photon imaging in mice expressing GCaMP6s and nuclear red fluorescent proteins to sample activity in 75% of superficial barrel cortex neurons across the relevant cortical columns, approximately 12,000 neurons per animal, during performance of a single whisker object localization task. Task-related activity peaked during object palpation. An encoding model related activity to behavioral variables. In the column corresponding to the spared whisker, 300 layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons (17%) each encoded touch and whisker movements. Touch representation declined by half in surrounding columns; whisker movement representation was unchanged. Following the emergence of stereotyped task-related movement, sensory representations showed no measurable plasticity. Touch direction was topographically organized, with distinct organization for passive and active touch. Our work reveals sparse and spatially intermingled representations of multiple tactile features. Video Abstract
Investigation of Mesa Dielectric Waveguides

Mesa dielectric waveguides fabricated by ion-beam sputtering Al2O3 and SiO2 on an etched Silicon substrate are investigated. This structure supports a single stable mode at 1540 nm, and demonstrated losses of 0.2-0.7 dB/cm.
Change in Productive Activity in Late Adulthood: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

Both cross-sectional comparisons and patterns of change in productive activities among members of the MacArthur Successful Aging cohort were examined. The data came from a three-site longitudinal study of community-dwelling adults aged 70-79. The highest functioning cohort (n = 1,192) was found to be significantly more productive than a comparison group of medium- and low-functioning respondents at baseline in four of five domains examined. In longitudinal models, we tested several hypotheses regarding the determinants of change in levels of productive activity over a three-year period. Overall, 15.1 percent (n = 162) of the cohort became less productive, while another 12.7 percent (n = 136) became more productive. Risk factors for decline in productivity included hospital admission and stroke. Age, functional disability, marriage, and increased mastery were protective against declines. Conversely, Blacks, those who were more satisfied with life at baseline, and those reporting increased mastery were more likely to increase their productivity.
Magnetic and thermal behavior of the copper(II) hippurate system

Abstract The temperatures of dehydration and decomposition for copper(II) hippurate tetrahydrate have been determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Additional differential scanning calorimetry and effluent analyzer studies permitted characterization of the dehydration process. An internal transition found at 110°C does not involve the loss of water. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility between 115 and 372°K has been determined for copper(II) hippurate tetrahydrate and the corresponding dehydrated complex. The susceptibility-temperature data of the tetrahydrate can be fit to the Curie-Weiss Law. The anhydrous complex exhibits a maximum in its corrected molar susceptibility at about 288°K and its susceptibility-temperature data can be fit to an equation by Bleaney and Bowers for exchange coupled spins. The drastic change of magnetic properties as the tetrahydrate is dehydrated implies that structural rearrangement in the first coordination sphere of copper accompanies the dehydration process.
Nausea and vomiting in cancer patients: an expression of psychological mechanisms?

Dr. Chang is chiefof the hematology-()ncology section at Good Samaritan Hospital and Health Center, and clinical professor of medicine at Wright State University School ofMedicine, Dayton. Reprint requests to him at Good Samaritan Hospital and Health Center, Dayton, OH 45406. Nausea and vomiting, common problems in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, are usually perceived as unavoidable side-effects of therapeutic agents. Although many patients do develop these symptoms following the administration of chemotherapeutic medications, nausea and vomiting are encountered in al1 other fields of clinical medicine including psychiatry,") and in addition they have been associated with the administration of nonchemotherapeutic agents. In the course of treating cancer for over ten years, I have had many opportunities to observe advanced cancer and I have administered chemotherapy to innumerable patients. My experience has convinced me that nausea and vomiting are not always direct side-effects of chemotherapy, but rather may be surfacing manifestations of underlying psychological readjustment problems associated with life-threatening illness.
Engineered Proteins Pull Double Duty

Myriad bi-specific proteins have been developed that recognize two different clinical targets, with the goal of achieving enhanced therapeutic effects as compared with proteins that interact with only one target. These engineered proteins are starting to enter clinical testing for a variety of biomedical applications, particularly cancer treatment.
Stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region inhibits the discharge of neurons in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of cats

In decerebrate cats, we found that stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) attenuated the responses of neurons in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn to thin fiber muscle afferent input. The attenuation appeared to be more effective for group III afferent input than for group IV. These findings may shed light on the interaction between central command, (i.e. the MLR) and the muscle reflex, mechanisms which both contribute to the cardiovascular responses to exercise.
The Effect of Mugshot Inspections on Eyewitness Identification Accuracy1

This study assessed the effect of commitment to an earlier mugshot identification on the ability to make a subsequent lineup identification. Shortly after viewing videotape of a staged assault some subjects rated a group of 18 photos for attractiveness, whereas other subjects attempted to identify the assailant publicly or privately in the same (target-absent) set of 18 “mugshot” photos. The remaining subjects had no intervening task. Two days later, all subjects attempted to identify the assailant from a six-person target-present photo lineup which contained their mugshot choice (if made) as well as the original assailant. Lineup identifications were significantly less accurate for subjects who had viewed the intervening mugshots (33% accuracy) than those who had only rated the intervening photos for attractiveness (64% accuracy) or had seen no intervening photos (69% accuracy). When viewing lineups, experimental subjects tended to remain committed to their earlier action of choosing or not choosing anyone from the mugshots. More witnesses who had publicly stated their mugshot choice reproduced their (incorrect) choice at the lineup (78%), than did those who made a private mugshot choice (45%), though this difference was not statistically reliable. Witnesses' confidence in their lineup decision was not significantly related to overall accuracy. Contrary to predictions from self-perception theory, confidence in one's decision decreased significantly as further identifications were attempted.
Long-term safety of ustekinumab for psoriasis

Introduction: The biologic, Ustekinumab (Stelara®, Centocor, Inc., Malvern, PA, USA), is a fully human monoclonal antibody with a high affinity for the shared p40 subunit of interleukins 12 and 23 (IL-12 and IL-23). Approved for use in treating moderate-to-severe psoriasis in 2009, there has been considerable interest in the long-term safety of ustekinumab. Areas covered: This review discusses the use of ustekinumab in the treatment of psoriasis and its potential to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy. A literature search was performed for articles published through April 2013 to identify any safety concerns. Expert opinion: Our results indicate that ustekinumab has demonstrated higher efficacy rates as compared to traditional therapies; and with a favorable dosing schedule and stable safety profile, patients with recalcitrant disease will now have another option for treatment.
Stark and zeeman effects on the singlet nπ^* state of s-triazine

The lowest singlet state of s-triazine is characterized as ^1E″ arising from e′ → e″ promotion (n → π^*). The state has angular momentum corresponding to g = 0.24. The state is also subject to a first-order Stark effect (α = 0.53D) due to electric field induced interactions of 2s and 2p electrons. We report on the electric and magnetic field splittings, and a brief theoretical description of these effects.
Product inhibition studies and the reaction sequence of rabbit adrenal norepinephrine N-methyl transferase isozymes

Abstract The effects of reaction products on the steady-state kinetic properties of the five charge isozymes of rabbit adrenal norepinephrine N -methyl transferase have been investigated. Qualitative and quantitative differences were observed for the isozymes. The only characteristic that was common to all isozymes was the competition between S -adenosylmethionine and S -adenosylhomocysteine for the binding site. In most instances, the product inhibition constants were sufficiently low to suggest that product inhibition may be an important factor in regulating the activities of the isozymes. A reaction model is proposed for rabbit adrenal norepinephrine N -methyl transferase which is consistent with results observed in investigations of the steady-state kinetic properties of the five charge isozymes. The proposed model is that of an ordered sequential reaction sequence in which the active center contains a binding site for S -adenosylmethionine and S -adenosylhomocysteine, and a binding site for norepinephrine and epinephrine. The proposed model includes the formation of a number of abortive complexes between enzyme and substrate and product, but not all of the abortive complexes are significant kinetically in the case of some of the isozymes. The differences in the steady-state kinetic characteristics of the isozymes are attributed to differences in the magnitudes of the rate constants of some of the individual steps.
Synthesis of (+)‐(R)‐ and (−)‐(S)‐trans‐8‐hydroxy‐2‐[N‐n‐propyl‐N‐(3′‐iodo‐2′‐propenyl)] aminotetralin: New 5‐HT1A receptor ligands

(R,S)-trans-8-Hydroxy-2-[N-n-propyl-N-(3′-iodo-2′-propenyl)amino]tetralin 7, a new radioiodinated ligand based on 8-OH-DPAT, was reported as a potential ligand for 5-HT1A receptors. The optically active (+)-(R)- and (−)-(S)-7 were prepared to investigate the stereoselectivity of (R,S)-7. Racemic intermediate 8-methoxy-2-N-n-propyltetralin was reacted with the acyl chloride of (−)-(R)-O-methylmandelic acid to form a mixture of (S,R)- and (R,R)-diastereoisomers, which were separated by flash column chromatography. After removing the N-acyl group from the diastereoisomers, the desired (+)-(R)-or (−)-(S)-7 was obtained by adding an N-iodopropenyl group. In vitro homogenate binding studies showed the stereoselectivity of this new compound for 5-HT1A receptors. (+)-(R)-7 isomer displayed 100-fold higher affinity than the (−)-(S)-7 isomer. Biochemical study indicated that (+)-(R)-7 potently inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in hippocampal membranes (Emax and EC50 were 24.5% and 5.4 nM, respectively), while (−)-(S)-7 showed no effect at 1 μM. The radioiodinated (+)-(R)- and (−)-(S)-[125I]7 were confirmed by coelution with the resolved unlabeled compound on HPLC (reverse phase column PRP-1, acetonitrile/pH 7.0 buffer, 80/20). The active isomer, (+)-(R)-[125I]7, displayed high binding affinity to 5-HT1A receptors (Kd = 0.09 ± 0.02 nM). In contrast, the (−)-(S)-7 isomer displayed a significantly lower affinity to the 5-HT1A receptor (Kd > 10 nM). Thus, (+)-(R)-[125I]trans-8-OH-PIPAT, (+)-(R)-7, an iodinated stereoselective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, is potentially useful for study of in vivo and in vitro function and pharmacology of 5-HT1A receptors in the central nervous system. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spi-1: an hepatic serine protease inhibitor regulated by GH and other hormones

A sensitive RNAse protection method was used to show that serine protease inhibitor-1 (Spi-1) is expressed in rat liver and heart, but not in kidney or brain. Bovine somatotropin (bGH) and placental lactogen (bPL) induced rat hepatocyte cultures to express both Spi-1 and IGF-1 mRNA, with bPL approximately 100-fold more potent than bGH. Bovine prolactin (bPrL) did not induce hepatocyte Spi-1 mRNA, demonstrating lack of involvement of lactogenic receptors. Albumin mRNA levels were stable during hepatocyte culturing and were unaffected by growth hormone (GH) treatment, showing that neither culture conditions nor GH treatment affected cellular differentiation. Eliminating serum-free medium hormone supplements one at a time, estradiol, testosterone and T3 were shown to be unnecessary for GH induction of Spi-1, while dexamethasone removal decreased Spi-1 mRNA levels to 10% of GH-stimulated controls. bGH induction of Spi-1 mRNA in the presence of only dexamethasone and glucagon was 75% higher (p< 0.01) than levels seen with insulin also present.
VALIDATION STUDY OF THE MOTIVATION FOR OCCUPATIONAL CHOICE SCALE

Vocational psychologists assert that positive work adjustment results from occupational choices motivated by a matching of vocational needs, values, goals, interests, abilities, and slulls to realistic occupational options (Scarpello, 1980). In 1987, to facilitate the study of relationships between motivations for occupational choice and organizationally relevant attitudes and behaviors, Davis developed a measure of basic motivations for occupational choice. She had designed the inventory after a careful review of over 120 articles, chapters, and books on occupational choice from the psychological and sociological literatures and proposed that her test should measure the following seven broad motivauonal sources for decisions on occupational choice: (1) implementation of self-concept, (2) intrinsic interest and ability, (3) occupational knowledge, (4) influence of significant others, ( 5 ) ease-ofentry, (6) extrinsic rewards of income, prestige, and security, and (7) autonomy in work. She then vahdated this scale on a sample of 772 employed adults. Although expecting to find a seven-factor structure for her scale, she found only a six-factor structure. It was the purpose of the present study to examine whether a sixor seven-dmensional structure is more appropriate for the Motivation for Occupational Choice Scale.
Interfacial Sliding Friction in Silicon Carbide–Borosilicate Glass Composites: A Comparison of Pullout and Pushout Tests

Interfacial sliding friction stress ({phi}) was assessed using both pushout and pullout tests on SiC- borosilicate glass composite specimens. Single-filament composite specimens were fabricated by heating to 950{degrees}C in argon borosilicate glass rods with fine- diameter (250-{mu}m) capillary in which SiC filaments were inserted. The composite specimens prepared in this manner showed only frictional bonding. The maximum frictional sliding loads for pushout and the initial frictional sliding loads in pullout were measured as functions of the embedded length of the filament in the glass rods. The nonlinear variations of the frictional loads were analyzed using shear- lag models that include corrections for the effects of Poisson expansion or contraction on the sliding friction stress. It is shown that under identical conditions of composite fabrication the two tests give nearly identical properties for the interfaces. Pushout tests on hotpressed bulk composite specimens, however, showed both chemical bonding and a higher sliding friction stress relative to the single-filament capillary specimens. The presence of compressive residual stress on the filaments was independently confirmed by evidence of stress-induced birefringence.
Health Literacy: A National Priority

The Society of General Internal Medicine deserves special commendation for dedicating this special issue of JGIM to health literacy. The rapid advance of medical discovery has far out paced our efforts in patient education. Indeed, health literacy is now one of the central challenges we all face in American health care. This special issue showcases emerging public health, epidemiology, and health services research that will further advance the cause of this prevalent public health crisis.
Isomer stabilities of tartrate-bridged binuclear complexes

Abstract The seven possible isomers for a tetragonal coordination geometry and the twenty-four possible isomers for trigonal-bipyramidal and octahedral geometries are enumerated and described for binuclear tartrate-bridged complexes. Two geometrical parameters corresponding to the strain in the binuclear structure and to the ligand conformation energy have been evaluated as a function of the coordination geometry. Predictions of the relative energies of tartrate-bridged isomers made from these parameters agree with known stability differences when protonation of the tartrate ligand is also considered. An entropy factor of Rln2 contributes to the stabilities of the mixed-ligand isomers. This work indicates that tartrate-bridging may be used to induce known absolute configurations about metal ions for CD studies and for stereochemical correlations and to lock tartrate groups into known conformations for thermochemical determinations of conformational energies.
A clonal analysis of development inDrosophila melanogaster: Morphogenesis, determination, and growth in the wild-type antenna

Abstract Clones of cells which were genetically marked at specific ages by X-ray induced somatic crossing-over were observed on the antenna of Drosophila melanogaster . Clonally related cells come to occupy modified elongate longitudinal stripes on the antenna involving a curve and an enlargement of the clone on the third antennal segment. The twin spot results showed that the clones deriving from the daughters of most cell divisions are aligned preferentially in the proximodistal axis on the second antennal segment, which indicates that oriented cell divisions play a role in antennal morphogenesis. Factors causing the enlargement of the clone on the third segment were found to be local increases in cell size and locally high rates of cell division. Extensive migration of individual cells was not detected. An analysis of the relative amounts of male and female tissue in the antennae of gynandromorphs indicated that about 9 cells initiate the antenna. Independently, estimates from somatic crossing-over indicate that the antenna consists of approximately 7 cells from about 2 hours after egg deposition until the larva hatches, whereupon the cell number increases logarithmically. Animals in which somatic crossing-over was induced after puparium formation showed a decrease in the frequency of marked clones to a minimum at about the time of pupal cuticle secretion followed by a burst of mitosis, and then cessation of divisions about the time of pupal-adult apolysis. Since the number of cells initiating the antenna estimated from gynandromorph data agrees with the independent estimate of the number of cells in the antenna at about 2 hours after egg laying, obtained by somatic crossing-over, it is suggested that the primative antenna is initially delineated at about 2 hours, the time at which the cleavage nuclei enter the cortex of the egg. A clonal analysis provided results which are consistent with a progressive determination of the antennal disc and several factors characteristic of determined cells are discussed. Some literature on insect mosaics is reexamined in the light of recent findings with Drosophila mosaics. Since there are striking similarities in the clonal patterns of a fruitfly, a wasp, a bee, and a moth (Fig. 14), the conclusion is reached that probably all holometabolous insects employ oriented cell divisions and characteristic growth patterns to a greater degree than individual cell migration in adult morphogenesis. The possible reasons for these morphogenetic characteristics of insects are discussed.
Treatment considerations: role of surgery.

Abstract Patients with developmental disabilities, including retardation and global developmental delay, are not ideal candidates for epilepsy surgery. Because they have an increased likelihood of diffuse brain dysfunction and multifocal or generalized epileptogenic zones, there is an increased chance that a focal cortical resection will not confer a major improvement in their seizure frequency and severity. There is also increased concern that cortical resection will lead to increase in the patient’s disability. However, by applying the basic principles of epilepsy surgery selection (i.e., convergence of multiple lines of localizing evidence) to this population, patients with a reasonable likelihood of good seizure control can be identified. Various means of localizing seizure onset are reviewed, including history and examination, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, single-photon-emission tomography, and magnetoencephalography.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Helix-Forming β-Peptides: trans-2-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic Acid Oligomers

Synthetic protocols and circular dichroism (CD) spectra are reported for a series of oligomers of (R,R)-trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (trans-ACPC). The two longest oligomers, a hexamer and an octamer, have also been examined crystallographically. Both crystal structures show that the β-peptide backbone adopts a regular helix that is defined by a series of interwoven 12-membered ring hydrogen bonds (“12-helix”). Each hydrogen bond links a carbonyl oxygen to an amide proton three residues toward the C-terminus. CD data suggest that the conformational preference of trans-ACPC oligomers in methanol is strongly length-dependent, which implies that 12-helix formation is a cooperative process, as seen for the α-helix formed by conventional peptides. Previous work has established that oligomers and polymers of β-amino acids can adopt helical conformations, but the 12-helix is an unprecedented β-peptide secondary structure.
Suppression of Transverse Instabilities by Fast Feedback in the Fermilab Booster

Systems to damp radial and vertical instabilities of individual rf bunches in the Fermilab Booster are being implemented. The positions of individual bunches are derived from stripline pickups. The position information is transmitted over a variable delay, amplified, and applied to deflectors after one almost complete revolution, 6.25 horizontal and 6.75 vertical betatron wavelengths downstream of the pickup. Motivation, system concepts, design considerations, and initial operating experience are described here. Accompanying papers describe the electronics for signal processing and transmission.
d-amphetamine effects on attention and memory in the Albino and Hooded rat

Abstract Albino and hooded rats were injected with either d-amp or physiological saline and tested on acquisition, reversal, and recall of a brightness discrimination. Hooded rats acquired and reversed the discrimination more quickly than albino rats. D-amp retarded both acquisition and reversal while enhancing recall. The results indicated that d-amp disrupts attention while enhancing memory. The systems which may mediate this behavioral fractionation are discussed.
Retroviral vector-producer cell mediated angiogenesis inhibition restricts neuroblastoma growth in vivo.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether gene therapy-mediated delivery of an angiogenesis inhibitor, a truncated, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Flk-1/KDR, VEGFR-2), could suppress tumor growth in a murine model of neuroblastoma. METHODS Murine fibroblasts producing a replication-defective retrovirus encoding this mutant form of flk-1 were made. These producer cells were mixed with neuroblastoma cells and injected subcutaneously into SCID mice. Subsequent tumor growth was then measured. RESULTS Murine neuroblastoma growth was decreased by 95% after 25 days. Similar tumor growth inhibitory effects were observed when the flk-1 producer cells were co-injected with cells from two different human neuroblastoma cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Neuroblastoma growth can be significantly restricted in vivo with a single injection of cells that produce a retroviral vector encoding the gene for an angiogenesis inhibitor. This suggests that gene therapy-mediated delivery can be an effective alternative to chronic administration of these cytostatic anticancer agents.
Water relations of compound leaves and phyllodes in Acacia koa var. latifolia

Abstract Moisture release characteristics and field measurements of physiological parameters (conductance and water potential) and environmental parameters (ambient temperature, water vapour saturation deficit and photosynthetic photon flux density) were measured for phyllodes and compound leaves of Acacia koa over a 2 month period at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii, to determine what differences in water relations might occur between leaf types. The phyllodes were found to contain more water at full turgor, use less water in turgor control and have stomatal conductances more closely associated with bulk leaf water status and environmental variables. These results suggest that the phyllodes are more drought adapted, whereas the compound leaves probably promote more rapid early growth during periods of high moisture availability.
Importance of Solvent-Mediated Phenylsilane Decompositon Kinetics for High-Yield Solution-Phase Silicon Nanowire Synthesis

Large-scale supercritical fluid−liquid–solid (SFLS) silicon nanowire synthesis is demonstrated with a yield of >50 mg of nanowires in a single reaction in a 10 mL reactor. These large amounts of Si nanowires were enabled by the use of the aromatic solvents, benzene and toluene, which gave more than 50% atomic conversion of phenylsilane (MPS) to Si nanowires. In contrast, MPS conversion is only 1−5% when the reactions are carried out in hexane. MPS decomposes via homogeneous bimolecular disproportionation and the solvent (i.e., benzene) speeds MPS decomposition presumably by stabilizing the transition-state complex of the reaction.
Review of sound propagation in the atmosphere

Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of outdoor sound propagation during the last five years which are relevant to community noise problems will be discussed, and an attempt made to fit them into a consistent overall picture. One aspect is studies of ground impedance and the relevance of modelling the ground plane by a semi‐infinite porous medium. Another is the contribution of theoretical papers on propagation from a point source through a homogeneous atmosphere over a plane of finite impedance. A third is the effect of atmospheric inhomogeneity—most notably scattering by turbulence and refraction by the thin (∼10 cm) thermal boundary layer close to the ground. The attenuation of barriers will also be discussed including the application of modern theory to diffraction over the top, interference effects produced by reflection from the ground, and scattering down into the diffractive shadow zone by turbulence.
Accuracy of mitral valve area measurements using transthoracic rapid freehand 3-dimensional scanning: comparison with noninvasive and invasive methods

Abstract Objective The feasibility and accuracy of direct transthoracic 3-dimensional (3D) mitral valve area (MVA) measurements obtained using freehand scanning was investigated in patients with mitral stenosis. Methods A total of 30 patients (26 women, 4 men; aged 55 ± 13 years) underwent a 2-dimensional (2D) and Doppler study 1 hour before percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Transthoracic freehand data were acquired using a magnetic receiver attached to a broadband transducer, gated to electrocardiography and respiration. Volumetric MVA measurements from the left ventricle and left atrium were obtained and compared with MVA measurements derived from 2D planimetry, pressure half-time, and proximal isovelocity surface area. Invasive Gorlin MVA measurements were the gold standard for comparison. Results In all, 29 patients (97%) had 3D data allowing MVA measurements. Direct 3D measurements from the left ventricle had the least bias (0.06 ± 0.19 cm 2 ) and tightest limits of agreement (−0.44 to 0.32) compared with left atrium measurements (0.17 ± 0.25 cm 2 and −0.67 to 0.33, respectively). The proximal isovelocity surface area method (bias: 0.09 ± 0.34 cm 2 ) was the most accurate of all 2D methods followed by pressure half-time (0.17 ± 0.36 cm 2 ) and planimetry (0.21 ± 0.29 cm 2 ). Conclusion Direct 3D MVA measurements from the left ventricle using transthoracic freehand scanning are more accurate than traditional 2D methods.
Natura Pura: A Concept for the New Evangelization

This article explores the concept of Natura Pura . It addresses its aspects both from the point of Scholastic thought as seen especially in the thinking of Thomas Aquinas. It also addresses the metaphysical question in relation to the thought of Aquinas and Henri de Lucbac.
Somatostatin production by rat cerebral neurones in dissociated cell culture

Somatostatin (somatotropin release inhibiting factor, SRIF) is the 14-amino acid polypeptide found to be the active growth hormone-release inhibiting factor in extracts of sheep hypothalamus1,2. Although found in highest concentrations in the hypothalamus, it is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and extra-hypothalamic nervous system. In fact, the cerebral cortex contains a larger total amount of Somatostatin than any other brain region or visceral organ3. The source of somatostatin in extra-hypothalamic brain has been unclear. Initially, the hypothalamus was considered the only source, but elegant immunohistochemical demonstrations of positively staining neuronal perikarya in amygdala, hippocampus and neocortex suggested that these areas might be independent sources of Somatostatin4. In addition, bilateral anterior hypothalamic periventricular lesions reduced Somatostatin content in the median eminence to less than 10% of control levels, but did not affect its concentration in the preoptic area, amygdala or cortex5. Our laboratory has previously shown that dissociated rat cortical neurones in culture exhibit structural and electro-physiological properties similar to those of adult neurones in situ6. In conjunction with studies being carried out on the physiological effects of Somatostatin on these neurones, we investigated the occurrence of endogeneous IR-somatostatin. We show here that dissociated cell cultures from rat cerebral hemispheres in the absence of any hypothalamic tissue produce immunoreactive (IR)-somatostatin. This IR-somatostatin is demonstrable histochemically in an exclusively neuronal population within the cultures.
Teaching Imperfect Competition at the Principles Level.

While most textbooks' explanations of imperfect competition may involve three to five models, the authors believe the concept can be taught using a single, simple model. Several business/economic examples are used as illustrations.