cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signs of the impending apocalypse

Allan W. Eister, ed. Changing Perspectives in the Scientific Study of Religion. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974. xxii + 370 pp. Tables, figures, chapter notes, references, and index. $14.50. J. Stillson Judah. Hare Krishna and the Counterculture. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974. xviii + 301 pp. Tables, figures, references, selected bibliography, glossary, appendix, and index. $14.95. B. Z. Sobel. Hebrew Christianity: The Thirteenth Tribe. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974. xi + 413 pp. Chapter notes, bibliography, appendix, notes, references, and index. $12.50. Edward A. Tiryakian, ed. On the Margin of the Visible: Sociology, the Esoteric, and the Occult. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1974. xv + 364 pp. Notes, bibliography, and author index. $9.95.
Clydesdale: structured data processing on hadoop

There have been several recent proposals modifying Hadoop, radically changing the storage organization or query processing techniques to obtain good performance for structured data processing. We will showcase Clydesdale, a research prototype for structured data processing on Hadoop that can achieve dramatic performance improvements over existing solutions, without any changes to the underlying MapReduce implementation. Clydesdale achieves this through a novel synthesis of several techniques from the database literature and carefully adapting them to the Hadoop environment. On the star schema benchmark, we show that Clydesdale is on average 38x faster than Hive, the dominant approach for structured data processing on Hadoop today. To the best of our knowledge, Clydesdale is the fastest solution for processing workloads on structured data sets that fit a star schema on Hadoop. Attendees will be able to run queries on the data from the star schema benchmark on a remote Hadoop cluster with Clydesdale and Hive installed, and get a breakdown of the time taken to execute the query. Attendees will also be able to pose their own queries using ClyQL -- a novel embedded DSL in Scala that can be used to rapidly prototype star join queries. With this demonstration, we hope to convince the attendees that unlike previously thought, Hadoop can indeed efficiently support structured data processing.
Standardization of amniotic fluid leptin levels and utility in maternal overweight and fetal undergrowth

Standardization of amniotic fluid leptin levels and utility in maternal overweight and fetal undergrowth
Effects of the α4β2 Partial Agonist Varenicline on Brain Activity and Working Memory in Abstinent Smokers

Background Cognitive alterations are a core symptom of nicotine withdrawal, contributing to smoking relapse. In rodents and humans, cognitive deficits can be reversed by treatment with the α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist varenicline. This neuroimaging study examined the neural mechanisms that underlie these effects. Methods Twenty-two smokers completed 13 days of varenicline and placebo treatment in a double-blind crossover study with two functional magnetic resonance imaging sessions: after 3 days of abstinence while on varenicline and after 3 days of abstinence while on placebo (counterbalanced randomized order, 2-week washout). Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) data were acquired during performance of a visual N-back working memory task. Results In a region of interest analysis, significant effects of treatment on mean percent signal change (varenicline > placebo) were observed in the dorsal anterior cingulate/medial frontal cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In a cross-region model, there was a significant interaction of treatment by memory load, indicating significant increases in BOLD signal for varenicline versus placebo at the 2-back and 3-back levels but not the 1-back level. Varenicline improved performance (correct response time) in highly dependent smokers with no effect among less dependent smokers. In highly dependent smokers, faster correct response time was associated with increased BOLD signal. Conclusions This study provides novel evidence that the α4β2 partial agonist varenicline increases working memory-related brain activity after 3 days of nicotine abstinence, particularly at high levels of task difficulty, with associated improvements in cognitive performance among highly dependent smokers.
Photoionization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in alkane solutions: high energy' chemical pathways

Abstract Unusual “high energy” chemical pathways can result when ionizing radiation is deposited into condensed-phase systems. In photoionization it has often been surmised that all excess energy above that needed for ionization appears as kinetic energy of the ejected electron. Alternatively, some of the excess energy could remain in the radical cation, resulting in new modes of radical cation reactivity. The multiphoton ionization of aromatic hydrocarbons (AH, e.g. anthracene) in alkane (RH, e.g. cyclohexane) solvents was carried out using intense pulsed 248 or 308 nm irradiation. Photoproducts derived from solvent radicals (e.g. bicyclohexyl) are observed, and the yields increase with increasing photon energy. Flash photolysis and transient conductivity studies were also carried out, and the relative yield of aromatic radical cations was found to decrease with increasing photon energy. Our observations suggest an alternate “high energy” pathway for aromatic radical cations. One possible pathway is proton transfer to the solvent which would lead to aryl radical formation (AH+∗· + RH → A + RH+2). Subsequent hydrogen atom abstraction by intermediate aryl radicals (A + RH → AH + R ) would then result in the observed increase in solvent-derived radicals.
Mediating the Conflict Between Transformative Pedagogy and Bureaucratic Practice

This article reflects on the authors' experiences during a pilot year of an innovative core curriculum at a state research university and their attempts to create a "collaborative community" characterized by transformative pedagogy. It discusses their students' and colleagues' resistance to their inventive, albeit time-consuming and sometimes noisy, assignments. It analyzes the temptation to give in to bureaucratic inertia and return to an instruction paradigm that prioritizes the transmission of information over the more intensive goals of encouraging students to "claim their education." Finally, they suggest that the development of collaborative communities of like-minded teachers is an important resource in mediating the conflict between transformative pedagogy and bureaucratic practice.
A comparison of the chemical composition of the corn leaf and the grain sorghum leaf

Leaf samples were taken from corn and grain sorghum being grown in adjacent fields with the same soil type and with the same cultural practices insofar as possible. The samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn. Results show that the nutrient composition of the leaves of corn and grain sorghum were consistently different for most nutrients. The differences were sufficiently great and consistent to strongly suggest that critical nutrient levels need to be established for grain sorghum instead of using diagnostic criteria established for corn.
A process model for assessing adolescent risk for suicide

As the incidence of adolescent suicide within our society continues to rise, it becomes increasingly important for the mental health professional to be able to accurately assess suicide risk in adolescents who seek help. This process model discusses primary risk factors (previous attempt, affective disorders, and hopelessness), secondary risk factors (substance abuse and personality or behavioral disorders), situational risk factors (family functioning, suicide exposure, social support, life stressors, and homosexuality), and their combined implications and significance in determining an adolescent's level or risk for suicide. Use of both empirical data and clinical intuition are integrated to form a working client model that is continuously reassessed in four stages, guiding the mental health professional through a comprehensive assessment process.
On the discretization of nonparametric isotropic covariogram estimators

In this article, we describe the discretization of nonparametric covariogram estimators for isotropic stationary stochastic processes. The use of nonparametric estimators is important to avoid the difficulties in selecting a parametric model. The key property the isotropic covariogram must satisfy is to be positive definite and thus have the form characterized by Yaglom's representation of Bochner's theorem. We present an optimal discretization of the latter in the sense that the resulting nonparametric covariogram estimators are guaranteed to be smooth and positive definite in the continuum. This provides an answer to an issue raised by Hall, Fisher and Hoffmann (1994). Furthermore, from a practical viewpoint, our result is important because a nonlinear constrained algorithm can sometimes be avoided and the solution can be found by least squares. Some numerical results are presented for illustration.
Cyanogen isocyanate and dicyanoether: ab initio studies of geometries and electronic structures

Abstract Complete geometry optimizations, employing a minimal STO-3G basis set, have been applied to the recently-prepared cyanogen isocyanate [NCNCO] and to the isomeric dicyanoether [NCOCN]. Cyanogen isocyanate is found to be a rather flexible molecule with the computed barrier to inversion about the central nitrogen being ~5 k cal mol−1. In addition, the inversion motion is found to be coupled to the bending of the NCN and OCN linkages away from colinearity. On the other hand, dicyanoether is predicted to be a fairly rigid molecule, with no important inversion motions. Both molecules are predicted to have planar trans bent equilibrium structures similar to that found for the simpler HNCO-HOCN isomers. Cyanogen isocyanate is predicted to be the more stable isomer. Electronic structures of these molecules are discussed in the light of the results of a Mulliken population analysis.
Gulf of Mexico Plate Reconstruction by Palinspastic Restoration of Extended Continental Crust: ABSTRACT

A number of recently published Gulf of Mexico plate reconstructions are strikingly dissimilar. There are no sea floor magnetic lineations, and the sizes and shapes of the continental blocks are not well-defined. Perhaps the only common feature of the several reconstructions is that they ignore the role of continental crust extension during rifting. In this study, total tectonic subsidence analysis was used to estimate the mount of crust extension in the Gulf of Mexico to determine its effects on the proposed plate reconstructions. This involves the calculation and mapping of the sediment-unloaded basement depth from observations of the basement depth, water depth, and sediment compaction properties. The well-known depth-age relation for oceanic crust and a model for the subsidence of extended continental crust allowed within the limits of available data the identification and mapping of crust type and the amount of extension of transitional crust. The zone of extended continental crust under the northern margin of the Gulf is extraordinarily wide, more than 800 km (500 mi) in a cross section through east Texas. The zone of extended crust to the south is much narrower, about 150 km (90 mi) on the margin of the Yucatan Block. Palinspastic restoration shows that the total 950 km (590 mi) of extended and thinned continental crust corresponds to 490 km (300 mi) of continental crust of original thickness. Therefore 460 km (280 mi) of crustal extension occurred during rifting and prior to ocean crust formation. The 460 km (280 mi) of extension along this cross section, and the results of similar calculations on other cross sections, must be accounted for properly when reconstructing the prerift configuration of the Gulf of Mexico. End_of_Article - Last_Page 525------------
The chemical effects of auroral oxygen precipitation at Jupiter

A numerical model of the auroral ionosphere and thermosphere of Jupiter, which includes odd oxygen species, is presented. Density profiles of neutral species O, OH, and H2O and the ion species H2(+), H3(+), H(+), H2O(+), H3O(+), O(+), and OH(+) are calculated. The total neutral odd oxygen density is found to be about 10 exp 5/cu cm near the auroral ionosphere peak. The major ionospheric ion, H(+) reacts rapidly with both O and H2O and the presence of these species in the model calculations significantly reduces the H(+) density and thus the electron density. The chemical lifetime against reaction of H(+) with odd oxygen is about 1000 s near the peak, whereas the radiative recombination lifetime is roughly 10,000 s.
Quantum Zeno and anti-Zeno effects in an unstable system with two bound states

Abstract We analyze the experimental observations reported by Fischer et al. [M.C. Fischer, B. Gutierrez-Medina, M.G. Raizen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 040402] by considering a system of coupled unstable bound quantum states | A 〉 and | B 〉 . The state | B 〉 is coupled to a set of continuum states | C Θ ( ω ) 〉 . We investigate the time evolution of | A 〉 when it decays into | C Θ ( ω ) 〉 via | B 〉 , and find that frequent measurements on | A 〉 leads to both the quantum Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effects depending on the frequency of measurements. We show that it is the presence of | B 〉 which allows for the anti-Zeno effect.
Ultralow percolation graphene/polyurethane acrylate nanocomposites

Abstract Polyurethane acrylate (PUA) are widely used as coating for automobile industry. Making these coatings electrically conductive would open up new applications. Using thermally reduced graphene (TRG) and in-sit u polymerization we have created PUA nanocomposites with an ultralow percolation concentration of 0.15 wt% (0.07 vol%) graphene. Urethane-acrylate oligomer (UAO) was synthesized and diluted by tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA) to form flowable UAO/TPGDA mixture (UA). TRG was solvent-blended in UA to form uncured TRG/UA liquids and were polymerized by free radical polymerization with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator. Percolation concentrations of polymerized TRG/PUA nanocomposites occurred at 0.15 wt% (0.07 vol%), as determined by surface resistance measurements, bulk electrical conductivity, and modulus. TEM images revealed a homogeneous dispersion of TRG in PUA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to monitor the polymerization of TRG/UA uncured liquids and thermal properties of polymerized TRG/PUA nanocomposites. Polymerization heat, glass transition temperature, and polymerization temperature are independent of TRG loading, though polymerization temperature is ∼10 °C lower in the absence of TRG.
The ventral hippocampal regulation of prepulse inhibition and its disruption by apomorphine in rats are not mediated via the fornix.

Abstract Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is a measure of sensorimotor gating that is impaired in schizophrenia. We have reported that PPI is regulated by the ventral hippocampus (VH) and that the PPI disruptive effects of the dopamine agonist apomorphine are enhanced 4 weeks after excitotoxic lesions of the VH. The mechanisms responsible for the VH influence on PPI are not understood, but have been ascribed to interactions between the VH and nucleus accumbens. In the present study, we examined whether the VH influence on PPI and its dopaminergic regulation is dependent on the integrity of the VH-accumbens projection via the fornix. First, the PPI-disruptive effects of intra-VH NMDA infusion were assessed after sham or electrolytic transection of the fornix. Second, the PPI-disruptive effects of apomorphine were assessed 1 month after excitotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the VH, or after fornix transection. Intra-VH N-methyl- d -aspartate infusion significantly disrupted PPI; this effect was unaffected by fornix lesions. The PPI-disruptive effects of apomorphine were significantly enhanced by excitotoxic or electrolytic lesions of the VH, but not by fornix transection. The influence of the VH on PPI and its dopaminergic regulation does not appear to be mediated via the fornix. The enhanced sensitivity to the PPI-disruptive effects of apomorphine after VH lesions is not dependent on excitotoxin-induced changes in the VH or its downstream projections.
Seasonal variation in alkalinity in pans in Central Africa

The alkalinity and pH of lakes (pans) in Central Africa on Kalahari Sand, varies with the physical nature of the pan. Natural pans show a range of pH from 6.1 to 8.7, and of total alkalinity from 10 mg/l to 580 mg/l. This range is attributable to local soil differences. Some pans have been deepened or have had water pumped into them to provide drinking points for game animals. The alkalinity of “pumped” pans is determined by the alkalinity of the water pumped into the pan and the time during which this has taken place. All these types of pan show cyclic seasonal variation in alkalinity and pH. The range in these factors is similar from one year to the next. Animals living either in permanent (deepened or pumped) pans or in temporary (natural) pans have to withstand a wide range of alkalinity fluctuation in the course of the year.
Anatomy of mitochondrial DNA from Paramecium aurelia

The linear genome of mitochondrial DNA from four species of Paramecium aurelia was investigated with respect to restriction endonuclease fragments, location and number of ribosomal RNA genes, and interspecies EcoRI and HindIII fragment homologies. One copy of each of the rRNA genes was found in all four species and the 14s and 20s rRNA genes were separated by at least 3,000 bp. R-Loop analysis of the 20s rRNA gene did not reveal the presence of an intervening sequence. Interspecies homology studies showed species 1, 5, and 7 to have a high degree of homology but species 4 was less than 50% homologous to species 1 mt DNA. For all four species, rRNA genes showed good homology indicating that these DNA sequences are highly conserved, even between species having many non-homologous regions. A major region of DNA which displayed little homology between species 1 and 4 was that fragment containing sequences essential for initiation of DNA replication.
Purification, properties and reconstitutive activity of a DPNH dehydrogenase

A DPNH dehydrogenase has been solubilized from cardiac submitochondrial particles using Triton X-100 and purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. It is an iron-flavoprotein free of lipid; the ratio of FMN:Fe:S was 1:28:28. The dehydrogenase can use CoQ as electron acceptor and the reaction is inhibited by Amytal and rotenone. The purified enzyme reacts with the cytochrome b-c1 particle to reconstitute antimycin A sensitive DPNH cytochrome c reductase.
Discourse in aphasia: An introduction to current research and future directions

Discourse has been defined as any language that is “beyond the boundaries of isolated sentences” (Ulatowska & Olness, 2004, p. 300) and “a set of utterances aimed at conveying a message among inter...
Parental care sex differences in the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus (Pisces, Ictaluridae)

Males were the principal care-givers in the brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus. Direct observations on individually tagged adults in nature revealed that males attended broods at closer distances than females and were the most frequent lone care-givers. However, females often participated in parental care and in some cases assumed the typical male role in the absence of the male. In the presence of her mate, females generally performed different care-giving functions than males. Females attended broods at a distance and chased other fishes more frequently than males. Males remained directly over the brood guarding. A series of mated pairs in each of three reproductive conditions were captured and examined. Different pairs were compared between reproductive conditions for body weight, body condition, gonadal-somatic index, and a gut-contents index. The inital costs of reproduction, as measured by weight loss, condition change, and gonadal-somatic index change, were more severe in females than males. During breeding and subsequent care-giving, males did little or no feeding whereas females increased their feeding during the same time period. However, males appeared to sustain only minor weight and condition losses due to care-giving. I suggest that males were the principal care-givers because the net benefits of remaining at the nest were greater than the net benefits of leaving. Males had little opportunity to mate with more than one female each season, and offspring had little chance of survival in the absence of a care-giving adult. Considerable variation in female behavior occurred which suggests that the net benefits of care-giving were nearly balanced with the net benefits of leaving the brood. The relative importance of feeding versus care-giving by females may vary with slight differences between females and the behavior of their mates as care-givers.
In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Two Hawaiian Marine Limu: Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta) and Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta)

Abstract The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of two Hawaiian marine algae (Ulva fasciata and Gracilaria salicornia) were evaluated. Ethanolic extracts of these two algae exhibited intracellular reactive 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic radical, nitric oxide, superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities. In addition to the antioxidant activity these algae possessed appreciable antimicrobial activity and total phenolic contents. The overall results have established that these two marine algae could be used to derive bioactive compounds for a possible role as nutraceutical agents.
Exploring the Born Series with Ion-Atom Collisions

The work of Brandt and his co-workers focussed attention on corrections to the first Born approximation needed to reproduce experimentally measured low energy ionization cross sections. By varying the charge of the target nucleus ZN and the charge of the projectile, ZP, Brandt explored the Born series and introduced the concepts of increased binding, polarization, and Coulomb deflection. Another scheme for correcting the Born approximation is due to Glauber. This method has been applied to electron and proton scattering by Franco and his collaborators. The theoretical basis for both these pictures is reviewed in the light of accurate numerical calculations of excitation and ionization.
Operator-valued weights on real $ W^*$-algebras and reversible $ JW$-algebras

Operator-valued weights on real -algebras and on -algebras are studied. A criterion is obtained for the existence of an operator-valued weight on a real -algebra or a reversible -algebra.
"Asthma Alley": A Space Clustering Study of Asthma in Brooklyn, New York City*

A certain section of the borough of Brooklyn has sometimes been referred to as "Asthma Alley," expressing a feeling that this area in Brooklyn shows a markedly higher rate of asthma than adjacent areas. This study describes an epidemiologic method developed to determine whether the popular perception of spatial clustering of cases reflects reality. The spatial distribution of respiratory visits to the emergency room is taken as a reference against which clustering of asthma visits is compared, on the assumption that it is a good measure of the proportion of people in that area that make use of the emergency room facilities. From approximately 9,000 visits for asthma during the study period we were able to show that: (1) the differences in distribution of asthma cases among the health areas of Brooklyn are statistically significant; and (2) the health areas that show an excess of asthma visits lie along a belt east of the two hospitals and coincide with the popular impression of the location of "Asthma Alley."
What Married Couples Want From Each Other During Conflicts: An Investigation of Underlying Concerns

Two studies investigated perceived threat and perceived neglect, which are two types of underlying adaptive concern that couples often experience during relationship conflicts. Presumably, underlying concerns provide a useful framework for understanding several aspects of conflict interaction. It was expected that these concerns would predict each partner's desired resolutions, that is, the things that partners wanted from each other to resolve conflicts. Results are reported from two studies of married or cohabitating people (total N = 953). All participants completed Internet-based assessments that included an established measure of underlying concerns. In addition, six types of desired resolution were identified from an open-response item in Study 1, and these desires were later assessed using a 28-item questionnaire that demonstrated acceptable factor validity in Study 2. Perceived threat predicted types of desired resolution that involved wanting a partner to passively disengage (stop adversarial beh...
Was this review helpful to you?: it depends! context and voting patterns in online content

When a website hosting user-generated content asks users a straightforward question - "Was this content helpful?" with one "Yes" and one "No" button as the two possible answers - one might expect to get a straightforward answer. In this paper, we explore how users respond to this question and find that their responses are not quite straightforward after all. Using data from Amazon product reviews, we present evidence that users do not make absolute, independent voting decisions based on individual review quality alone. Rather, whether users vote at all, as well as the polarity of their vote for any given review, depends on the context in which they view it - reviews receive a larger overall number of votes when they are 'misranked', and the polarity of votes becomes more positive/negative when the review is ranked lower/higher than it deserves. We distill these empirical findings into a new probabilistic model of rating behavior that includes the dependence of rating decisions on context. Understanding and formally modeling voting behavior is crucial for designing learning mechanisms and algorithms for review ranking, and we conjecture that many of our findings also apply to user behavior in other online content-rating settings.
Carbohydrate-restricted versus low-glycemic-index diets for the treatment of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome

Carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRD) and diets comprised of foods with a low glycemic index (low-GI) are postulated to improve insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, potentially preventing the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this article, recent findings concerning the effects of CRD and low-GI diets on measures associated with the metabolic syndrome and T2DM are discussed. An important problem that is encountered when trying to compare the effects of these different diets is the heterogeneity of carbohydrate consumption (8-40% of total kcal) used in interventions examining the effects of CRD. In contrast, there is a consensus definition for low-GI foods. However, since both quantity and type of carbohydrate powerfully affect metabolic outcomes, this review emphasizes that control of these factors in future studies will be important for determining the efficacy of either dietary approach in preventing the development of T2DM.
TRIPLE STAGE POINT ESTIMATION FOR THE EXPONENTIAL LOCATION PARAMETER

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the minimum lifetime (guarantee time) of the two parameter exponential distribution through a three-stage sampling procedure. Several forms of loss functions are considered. The regret associated with each loss function is determined. The results in this paper generalize the basic results of Hall (1981, Ann. Statist., 9, 1229–1238).
Spectral (finite) volume method for conservation laws on unstructured grids IV: extension to two-dimensional systems

In this paper, the fourth in a series, the spectral volume (SV) method is extended to multi-dimensional systems -- the 2D Euler equations. The focus of this paper is to study the performance of the SV method on multidimensional non-linear systems, and to verify that high order solution accuracy up to fourth-order can be achieved for the systems of conservation laws. Implementation details including total variation diminishing (TVD) and total variation bounded (TVB) limiters are presented. An accuracy study is performed first to numerically verify that the designed order of accuracy can be obtained for smooth flow solutions. Then, solutions with both smooth features and discontinuities are utilized to demonstrate the overall capability of the SV method.
Therapeutic Dose from a Pyroelectric Electron Accelerator

Abstract Simple heating of pyroelectric crystals has been used as the basis for compact sources of X rays, electrons, ions and neutrons. We report on the evaluation of the feasibility of using a portable pyroelectric electron accelerator to deliver a therapeutic dose to tissue. Such a device could be mass produced as a handheld, battery-powered instrument. Experiments were conducted with several crystal sizes in which the crystal was heated inside a vacuum chamber and the emitted electrons were allowed to penetrate a thin beryllium window into the surrounding air. A Faraday cup was used to count the number of electrons that exited the window. The energy of these electrons was determined by measuring the energy spectrum of the X rays that resulted from the electron interactions with the Faraday cup. Based on these measurements, the dose that this source could deliver to tissue was calculated using Monte Carlo calculations. It was found that 1013 electrons with a peak energy of the order of 100 keV were emi...
Spin label investigations of α-chymotrypsin active site structure in single crystals☆

Abstract α-Chymotrypsin single crystals were acylated at Ser195 with R(+)- and S(−)-3-carboxy-2,2,5, 5-tetramethylpyrrolidinyl-1-oxyl p-nitrophenyl ester (I), respectively, at pH 4.2. The R(+)- and S(−)-acyl nitroxide groups (II) each took up single unique orientations with respect to the enzyme. Studies of the spin-labeled crystals based on the atomic co-ordinates of the tosyl enzyme and the orientations determined by single crystal electron spin resonance measurements showed that in each case the acyl group was positioned just outside the hydrophobic pocket with the pyrrolidine ring roughly coplanar with the “slit” of the pocket. The R(+)-acyl group was slightly farther away from the pocket and closer to Tyr146′ of the dyad-related molecule than was the S(−)-acyl group. In addition, the carbonyl group of the R(+)-acyl nitroxide moiety appeared to bo positioned more favorably for backside attack by His57 (via an activated water molecule) than in the case of the S(−)-acyl moiety. This also appeared to be consistent with the R(−)-acyl group deacylating more rapidly than the S(−)-acyl group, both in solution and in the crystalline state. Furthermore, from electron spin resonance studies with these two acyl spin labels, the existence of a non-crystallographic dyad along a∗ and the monoclinic P21 2-fold element along b were displayed without requisite X-ray crystallographic symmetry determination, thus demonstrating the electron spin resonance single crystal approach as a valid structural probe of molecular symmetry.
Responsive Capitalism: Case Studies in Corporate Social Conduct

The article reviews the book “Responsive Capitalism: Case Studies in Corporate Social Conduct,” by Earl A. Molander.
NONLINEAR OPTICAL BEAM PROPAGATION FOR OPTICAL LIMITING

We implement numerical modeling of high-energy laser-pulse propagation through bulk nonlinear optical materials using focused beams. An executable program with a graphical user interface is made available to researchers for modeling the propagation of beams through materials much thicker than the diffraction length (up to 103 times longer). Ultrafast nonlinearities of the bound-electronic Kerr effect and two-photon absorption as well as time-dependent excited-state and thermal nonlinearities are taken into account. The hydrodynamic equations describing the rarefaction of the medium that is due to heating are solved to determine thermal index changes for nanosecond laser pulses. We also show how this effect can be simplified in some cases by an approximation that assumes instantaneous expansion (so-called thermal lensing approximation). Comparisons of numerical results with several Z-scan, optical limiting and beam distortion experiments are presented. Possible application to optimization of a passive optical limiter design is discussed.
Thinking like a Forensic Scientist: Learning with Academic and Everyday Texts.

T A wo of the most challenging issues facing teachers today are how to en gage adolescents who are growing up in a digital age surrounded by popular culture media and how to relate school content concepts to real life. Teachers have reason to be concerned because secondary students report that what they learn in school is boring and has little relation to everyday life outside of class rooms (Guzzetti, 2002). Adolescents complain that they are more interested in and learn more from their own explorations with the media and the Internet outside of school than they learn in their content classes (Magnifico, 2007). It is difficult to know how much students actually learn from their own explorations in informal settings or how students relate the concepts they learn in school to their knowledge and skills acquired through interactions with media or digital texts, such as websites, television programs, video games, and trade books. However, identifying the appealing elements of these alternative texts could assist teachers in designing instructional activities that are relevant to and motivating for today's students (Alvermann, Moon, & Hagood, 1999). In this article, I describe how one high school chemistry teacher, Sharon (pseudonym), implemented a literacy-based unit that appealed to her students by capitalizing on their out-of-school interests in forensics and how her stu dents responded to that unit. I also describe how two colleagues at her school joined her in teaching forensics during the following academic year. In doing so, I explore the range of related literacy activities that students employed both in school and on their own outside of school and shared with me in interviews
Scattering Theory and Matrix Orthogonal Polynomials on the Real Line

The techniques of scattering and inverse scattering theory are used to investigate the properties of matrix orthogonal polynomials. The discrete matrix analog of the Jost function is introduced and its properties investigated. The matrix distribution function with respect to which the polynomials are orthonormal is constructed. The discrete matrix analog of the Marchenko equation is derived and used to obtain further results on the matrix Jost function and the distribution function.
Ambiguities and irresolvable tensions in the ADA : A reply to Loretta M. Kopelman and Anita Silvers

This essay comments on the articles by Loretta M. Kopelman and Anita Silvers. It extends their analyses and concludes that consistency and the total absence of conflict may be unavailable when one interprets and applies the Americans with Disabilities Act.
The role of shear stress and arteriogenesis in maintaining vascular homeostasis and preventing cerebral atherosclerosis

Shear stress (SS) is a biomechanical force that is determined by blood flow, vessel geometry, and fluid viscosity. Although a wide range of known vascular risk factors promote development of atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic changes occur predominately at specific sites within the arterial tree, suggesting a critical role for local factors within the vasculature. Atherosclerotic lesions develop predominantly at branches, bends, and bifurcations in the arterial tree because these sites are exposed to low or disturbed blood flow and low SS. Low SS predisposes arteries to atherosclerosis by causing endothelial dysfunction. A natural system of preexisting cerebral collateral arteries protects against ischemia by bypassing sites of arterial occlusion through a mechanism of arteriogenesis. The main trigger for arteriogenesis is impaired vascular homeostasis (VH) in response to local changes in SS induced by ischemia. VH is a critical process for maintaining the physiological function of cerebral circulation. It is regulated through a complex biological system of blood flow hemodynamic and physiological responses to flow changes. Restoration of VH by increasing arteriogenesis and SS may provide a novel therapeutic target for stroke, especially in the elderly, who are more prone to VH impairment. In this review article, we discuss the mechanisms and structures necessary to maintain VH in brain circulation, the role of SS, and risk factors leading to atherosclerosis, including the effects of aging. We also discuss arteriogenesis as an adaptive and protective process in response to ischemic injury, the imaging techniques currently available to evaluate arterogenesis such as magnetic resonance imaging/positron emission tomography (MRI/PET), and the potential therapeutic approaches against ischemic injury that target arteriogenesis.
Thinking Beyond the Original Bargain: Post Ratification Constitution Making and the Case of Iraq

This paper, submitted in connection with a panel at the 2012 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, explores some of the implications of regarding a constitution making exercise as not merely the enactment of a particularly important piece of legislation, but rather the establishment a broad and long lasting national compact. In a society such as Iraq, which is not only divided, but where different communities have radically different visions of an ideal state order, such high stakes can be impossible to manage. As such, one way to address the problem of constitution making in such contexts is to embrace ambiguity and deferral as means to reach consensus among sharply divided communities, thereby creating space for future (partial) resolution of existing disputes. This paper explores representative examples where such efforts have been undertaken in Iraq, and evaluates the extent to which they have been successful.
Phosphoproteome analysis of trastuzumab resistant breast cancer cells by electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA LB-152 Targeted therapy represents a novel regimen of caner management, which is exemplified by a new generation of anti-kinase drugs. These drugs specifically inhibit a kinase or multiple kinases that play critical roles in cancer development and advance. While the advantages of targeted therapy are obvious, such therapy often relapses and results in drug resistance for advanced cancers. Unraveling anti-kinase drug resistance mechanisms would facilitate novel drug development and in turn better understanding of drug cytotoxicity. The MS-based phosphoproteomic technologies provide novel approaches to the identification of phosphosignatures unique to a specific type or subtype of cancer and drug responsive biomarkers for personalized therapy. In this study, the phosphoproteome of trastuzumab resistant human breast cancer JIMT-1 cells was analyzed using improved titanium dioxide (TiO2) phosphopeptide enrichment and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrometry. High specific phosphopeptide enrichment was achieved using TiO2 columns in combination with improved peptide methylation technique, which resulted in identification of hundreds of phosphoproteins from one-dimensional LC-MS/MS analysis. Many phosphoproteins related to breast cancer development, such as rhabdomyosarcoma antigen MU-RMS-40.12, Src substrate cortactin and epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like 1 (Eps15L1 or Eps15R), were detected. Particularly, the protein Eps15R is a tyrosine kinase substrat that has the ability to bind to the clathrin adaptor protein complex adaptor protein 2. Studies have demonstrated that Eps15R is an essential component of the endocytic machinery and play important roles in EGFR ligand internalization. Although more studies should be conducted to investigate whether such proteins are involved in trastuzumab resistance of this type of breast cancer cells, the present phosphoproteome analysis provide valuable information and novel insights into the mechanisms of anticancer drug resistance. The views presented in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the Food and Drug Administration.
Novel treatment options for triple-negative breast cancers

C143 Breast cancers of the basal-like subtype, which share a similar expression profile to breast cancers with BRCA1 mutations, are characterized by a “triple-negative” phenotype, i.e. negative for expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2/neu oncogene. They are often associated with a poor outcome and are resistant to current treatment options. Previous work from our and other laboratories has shown sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient cells to Parp inhibitor KU58948 and cisplatin. Similarly, we have found that BRCA1-deficient cells were more sensitive to gemcitabine compared to wild-type BRCA1 cells. We thus hypothesized that breast cancers with the triple-negative phenotype would also be sensitive to these agents. To investigate this, we compared a panel of breast cancer cell lines with known triple-negative status (HCC38, HCC1143, HCC1806 and MDAMB468) to other breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and BT474) for sensitivity to PARP inhibitor KU58948, gemcitabine, and cisplatin. We found by methylene blue staining and MTT assay that triple-negative cell lines (HCC1806 and MDAMB468) were more sensitive to Parp inhibitor KU58948 compared to other cancer cell lines (MCF7 and BT474). Furthermore, we also found by MTT assay that triple-negative cell lines (HCC38, HCC1143, HCC1806 and MDAMB468) were sensitive to gemcitabine and cisplatin than other cancer cell lines (MCF7 and BT474). However, this effect was not observed for doxorubicin or paclitaxel. We then analyzed sensitivity of HCC1806, MDAMB468, and BT474 cell to Parp inhibitor KU58948 in combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin. Compared to gemcitabine or cisplatin alone, we found that the triple-negative cell line (MDAMB468) was more sensitive to the combination treatment of Parp inhibitor KU58948 and cisplatin, whereas the other cancer cell line (BT474) remained resistant to both combination treatments. Overall, we found that human breast cancer cell lines with known triple-negative status, like BRCA1-deficient cell lines, were more sensitive to Parp-inhibition, cisplatin, and gemcitabine. These data suggest novel treatment options for triple-negative breast cancers.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and human arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Introduction: Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the arterial wall are normally found in a contractile, nonproliferative state. These SMCs are continuously exposed to agents that elevate cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), such as prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO) released from the endothelium. Both cAMP and cGMP potently inhibit SMC proliferation by antagonizing major signaling pathways induced by growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor. Different forms of injury to the endothelium result in proliferation of the SMCs and can develop into atherosclerosis, restenosis, or arterial thickening associated with neonatal pulmonary hypertension. In human adult aorta, cAMP and cGMP levels are tightly regulated by synthesis and degradation. The latter is mediated by at least two different cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs), PDE3 and PDE4, and three different PDEs that degrade mainly cGMP, PDE1A, PDE1B, and PDE5. Strikingly, expression of a new PDE that degrades both cAMP and cGMP, PDE1C, is markedly induced in proliferating SMCs from the same aorta in culture, whereas its expression is nondetectable in contractile aorta. We propose that, for a human arterial SMC to be able to efficiently proliferate, and perhaps even to undergo a phenotypic change from a quiescent to a proliferative phenotype, it has to efficiently degrade inhibitory cAMP and cGMP. In human SMCs, PDE1C is induced to degrade these cyclic nucleotides. Understanding the role of PDE1C in SMC proliferation may provide the basic information necessary for development of highly specific PDE1C inhibitors that target proliferating SMCs in cardiovascular disease.
A Tree That's Not a Tree

ture game Trinity, you have a gnomon you must screw into a hole?but the threads in the hole are going the wrong way. Wandering about, you encounter an "abstract sculpture," inscribed with the words Felix Klein 1849-1925. Nearby are strange leafy tunnels. When playing this game, my friend Jen and I suddenly grabbed each other in excitement, as we realized what was going to happen, and how that would solve the puzzle. And with that, I leave you to enjoy the mathematical labyrinths of games.
The Kennedy Administration and the Battle over Foreign Aid: The Untold Story of the Clay Committee

ABSTRACTPresident John Kennedy made foreign aid a key component of his Cold War strategy, introducing it with much fanfare in 1961. He increased funding for aid projects and created several agencies aimed at modernising the under-developed world. A year later, aid was under pressure from elements in Congress that doubted both its value and accomplishments. In late 1962, Kennedy commissioned General Lucius Clay to assemble a committee to review the aims and management of America’s foreign aid programme. Reflecting the president’s desire to ensure optimal value and neutralise opponents, it also indicated Administration belief that the rhetoric of modernisation had overshadowed the relationship between aid and national security. Never intending Clay to assemble a mere rubber stamp Committee, Kennedy specifically tasked the members with investigating aid’s role in supporting the “Free World.” The effort failed. Scholars traditionally assume that it did so because Clay opposed Kennedy’s programme; however, he ...
HYSTAR hybrid rocket program at the United States Air Force Academy

The mission of the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) is to develop and inspire air and space leaders with vision for tomorrow. The goal of the Astronautics Department is to participate in this development with a view towards space applications. A key requirement, therefore, is an understanding of rocketpropulsion issues. Over the past seven years, the Astronautics Department has been struggling with the question: how do we teach rocket propulsion to undergraduates? The resulting program is still in something of a state of flux, and is made up of several courses and several undergraduate research programs. One of these programs, HYSTAR, is a relatively low cost and safe way to teach students about rocket design and solve real problems. The following paper discusses the various technologies that we have developed and tested. In addition, some of the historical and future system designs are
3D-printed mechanochromic materials.

We describe the preparation and characterization of photo- and mechanochromic 3D-printed structures using a commercial fused filament fabrication printer. Three spiropyran-containing poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) polymers were each filamentized and used to print single- and multicomponent tensile testing specimens that would be difficult, if not impossible, to prepare using traditional manufacturing techniques. It was determined that the filament production and printing process did not degrade the spiropyran units or polymer chains and that the mechanical properties of the specimens prepared with the custom filament were in good agreement with those from commercial PCL filament. In addition to printing photochromic and dual photo- and mechanochromic PCL materials, we also prepare PCL containing a spiropyran unit that is selectively activated by mechanical impetus. Multicomponent specimens containing two different responsive spiropyrans enabled selective activation of different regions within the specimen dep...