cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Method of using thin metallic foils to minimize thermal transients and photoelectric effects in pressure measurements

This paper discusses the development of a method to reduce the transient effects on piezoelectric pressure transducers used in the measurement of blast overpressure produced by non-conventional explosives. This method was developed during testing of high-energy and non-conventional explosives at the Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) on the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. There are two major contributors that negatively affect the quality of data gathered in the measurement of blast overpressures using piezoelectric pressure transducers. These undesirable effects are thermal and photoelectric transients generated in the explosive blast. These transients were found to obscure the data generated by causing a non-positive amplitude shift in the pressure-time curves when trying to measure the performance of non-conventional explosives. This paper explores the phenomenon in detail, utilizing graphical data derived from laboratory experiments to explain the problem and to illustrate how the use of this method may improve blast measurements.
Structure-function relationships using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and scanning laser polarimetry.

PURPOSE. To assess the strength of the association between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and optic disc topography measured with confocal retinal tomography (HRT II; Heidelberg Engineering, Dossenheim, Germany), optical coherence tomography (StratusOCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA), and scanning laser polarimetry (GDx with variable corneal compensator, VCC; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.), and visual field (VF) sensitivity and to determine whether this association is better expressed as a linear or nonlinear function. METHODS. One hundred twenty-seven patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma and 127 healthy eyes from enrollees in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study (DIGS) were tested on HRT II, StratusOCT, GDx VCC, and standard automated perimetry (SAP, with the Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm [SITA]) within 3 months of each other. Linear and logarithmic associations between RNFL thickness (HRT II, StratusOCT, and GDx VCC) and neuroretinal rim area (HRT II) and SAP sensitivity expressed in decibels were determined globally and for six RNFL/optic disc regions (inferonasal, inferotemporal, temporal, superotemporal, superonasal, and nasal) and six corresponding VF regions (superior, superonasal, nasal, inferonasal, inferior, and temporal). RESULTS. The associations (R 2 ) between global and regional RNFL/optic disc measurements and VF sensitivity ranged from <0.01 (temporal RNFL, nasal VF, and nasal RNFL, temporal VF; linear and logarithmic associations) to 0.26 (inferotemporal RNFL, superonasal VF; logarithmic association) for HRT II; from 0.02 (temporal RNFL, nasal VF; linear association) to 0.38 (inferotemporal RNFL, superonasal VF; logarithmic association) for OCT; and from 0.03 (temporal RNFL, nasal VF; linear association) to 0.21 (inferotemporal RNFL, superonasal VF; logarithmic association) for GDx. Structure-function relationships generally were strongest between the inferotemporal RNFL- optic disc sector and the superonasal visual field and were significantly stronger for StratusOCT RNFL thickness than for other instruments in this region. Global associations (linear and logarithmic) were significantly stronger using OCT compared with HRT. In most cases, logarithmic fits were not significantly better than linear fits when visual sensitivity was expressed in log units (i.e., decibels). CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that structure-function associations are strongest with StratusOCT measurements and are similar between HRT II and GDx VCC and these associations are generally no better expressed logarithmically than linearly when healthy, suspect, and glaucomatous eyes are considered.
B-cell function in chronic heart failure: antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine.

Abstract Background: Several immune system abnormalities have been noted in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) including autoantibody production and abnormalities in tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 2, interleukin 6, natural killer cells, helper/inducer lymphocytes, lymphocyte reactivity, and subtherapeutic responses to the influenza vaccination. Patients with CHF have a higher risk of nosocomial infections, mainly pulmonary. Immune function abnormalities in patients with CHF raise concern over the ability of patients with symptomatic CHF to mount an effective and protective B-cell response. Methods and Results: B-cell function was assessed by measuring antibody production in response to pneumococcal vaccination. Antibody levels were increased markedly for all serotypes tested ( P ≤.001), and all patients had an increase in the number of serotypes for which they had protective antibody levels from a mean of 7.9 to 10.5 of 12 serotypes tested ( P ≤.001). These responses are consistent with normal responses to vaccination. Conclusions: Despite evidence of multiple immune system abnormalities, patients with CHF seem to have an intact B-cell function and the etiology of CHF does not affect antibody response. The normal response to vaccination confirms the potential utility of the vaccination.
Quantitative molecular interpretation of curvature elasticity of saturated surfactant monolayers

The charge-frustrated model of self assembly is applied to compute the curvature elasticity of saturated surfactant interfaces in bicontinuous microemulsions. Explicit formulas are derived to relate the elastic moduli to molecular properties such as surfactant chain length. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
RESPONSE OF THE ADULT RAT TO ORCHIDECTOMY AND OVARIECTOMY AS DETERMINED BY LH RADIOIMMUNOASSAY.

Male and female rats, castrated as adults, were bled repeatedly by cardiac puncture or exsanguinated via the abdominal aorta. Within 8 hr (but not at 1, 2, 3 or 5 hr) after orchidectomy, serum LH concentrations, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were significantly (p <.01) and consistently increased, and within 24 hr the serum LH concentrations were as much as 50 times greater than those observed in intact male controls. Although the average serum LH concentration increased about 2-fold between the 2nd and 61st days following orchi-dectomy, subsequent increments never approached the rate of increase observed during the first day. By contrast, ovariectomy resulted in a gradual increase in serum LH concentrations; levels comparable to those seen 24 hr after orchidectomy were not observed until nearly a week after ovariectomy. When compared with female rats, male rats responded to castration with a more rapid increase in serum LH and with higher mean serum LH concentrations. Although the average serum LH conc...
The effects of exercise programming vs traditional outpatient therapy in the rehabilitation of severely burned children

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and effects of exercise programming (Study group, n = 11) vs traditional outpatient therapy (Home group, n = 10) in burned children (> 40% body surface area). This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial in a hospital-based children's wellness center. Twenty-one patients (13 boys and 8 girls) averaging 10.6 +/- 0.9 years and TBSA = 59.7 +/- 3.1% were evaluated 6 and 9 months postburn. Moderate intensity, progressive resistance and aerobic exercise conducted 3 times weekly for 1 hour were a supplement to standard therapy over 12 weeks. Muscular strength and functional outcome significantly increased in both groups (P < .05). Improvements in strength (80.1 vs 37.7%) and distance walked (39.5 vs 12.5%) were significantly greater for Study vs Home groups, respectively, P < .05. We conclude that exercise programming may be safely included in rehabilitation programs for severely burned children and can be effective in increasing muscular strength and functional outcome.
Light-sensitive membrane potentials in onion guard cells

INTRACELLULAR electrical recordings in onion guard cells show that they maintain a membrane potential difference (MPD), inside negative. The MPD is light-sensitive; cells subjected to short light and dark cycles depolarise in the dark and hyperpolarise in the light. The swiftness of the electrical changes makes them among the fastest known stomatal responses, suggesting a causal relationship between the reception of light, the changes in membrane potential and the ion fluxes known to be associated with stomatal movement. The magnitude and electrical sign of the responses are consistent with the activity of a light-sensitive proton pump which would provide the driving force for ion transport across the cell membrane. Guard cells, the specialised structures that control gas exchange in the leaves of higher plants, use potassium to modulate their intracellular osmotic potential and perform the mechanical work needed to open and close the stomatal pore1. When guard cells accumulate K+ (with intracellular concentrations reaching up to 0.5 M (refs 2 and 3)), water content increases and swelling occurs, causing the pore to open. During the reverse process, K+ is extruded (intracellular concentration diminishes to 0.1 M (refs 2 and 3)), leading to water loss and pore closure. Control of intracellular K+ concentrations is a universal feature of living organisms. Nerve cells sore energy used to generate electrical signals by maintaining concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ (ref. 4); bacterial cells selectively accumulate K+ (ref. 5) and, in plants, cells expand by increasing their turgor through uptake of K+ and its counter-ions6. While the cellular basis of K+ uptake in stomatal guard cells is poorly understood, one might expect common mechanisms for K+ transport even in widely divergent species. Two distinct mechanisms for K+ transport have been defined. In one, common in animal cells, K+ uptake is driven by ATP through a Na+/K+ ATPase7; in the second system, demonstrated in bacteria, ion transport is conducted by a proton-motive force8 generated by pH and electrical potential gradients across the membrane9. In showing that wall-less guard cell protoplasts swell when illuminated, we previously argued that a proton-motive force could drive K+ uptake into the guard cells10. The hypothesis generates the basic prediction of a light-sensitive, inside negative, MPD across the guard cell membrane. We report here the experimental verification of that prediction, through intracellular recordings in guard cells of Allium cepa.
Parametrically forced sine-Gordon equation and domain wall dynamics in ferromagnets

A parametrically forced sine-Gordon equation with a fast periodic mean-zero forcing is considered. It is shown that $\ensuremath{\pi}$ kinks represent a class of solitary-wave solutions of the equation. This result is applied to quasi-one-dimensional ferromagnets with an easy-plane anisotropy, in a rapidly oscillating magnetic field. In this case the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-kink solution we have introduced corresponds to the uniform ``true'' domain-wall motion, since the magnetization directions on opposite sides of the wall are antiparallel. In contrast to previous work, no additional anisotropy is required to obtain a true domain wall. Numerical simulations showed good qualitative agreement with the theory.
The power of politics: Why leaders need to learn the art of influence

When the issue of organizational politics is raised it almost always arouses a negative connotation. In order to lead, however, you must learn how to influence others effectively and must put aside the notion that all political activity in organizations is unethical. In fact, a leader's ability to understand organizational politics and build political skill is essential to his or her advancement.
Hierarchical cellular network design with channel allocation

Abstract The design of a cellular network is a complex process that encompasses the selection and configuration of cell sites and the supporting network infrastructure. This investigation presents a net revenue maximizing model that can assist network designers in the design and configuration of a cellular system. The integer programming model takes as given a set of candidate cell locations with corresponding costs, the amount of available bandwidth, the maximum demand for service in each geographical area, and the revenue potential in each customer area. Based on these data, the model determines the size and location of cells, and the specific channels to be allocated to each cell. To solve problem instances, a maximal clique cut procedure is developed in order to efficiently generate tight upper bounds. A lower bound is constructed by solving the discrete optimization model with some of the discrete variables fixed. Computational experiments on 72 problem instances demonstrate the computational viability of our new procedure.
Characterizing efficiency of misting systems for poultry

ABSTRACT Misting systems for poultry housing have traditionally been characterized using evaporative cooling efficiency. This works well for evaporative pad systems, but poorly for misting systems since they are strongly affected by water pressure and ventilation rates. The fraction of the misting rate which evaporates (designated as p) was analyzed for two previous studies and data obtained for this study using theoretical relationships. A theoretical analysis relating individual droplet evaporation to evaporation rates showed that evaporation efficiency is strongly affected by initial droplet sizes, which are affected by water pressure in conventional misting systems. Analysis of test data for poultry houses showed that P increases with system water pressure; P ranged from 0.09 at a pressure of 280 kPa (40 psi) to 0.57 at a pressure of 3400 kPa (500 psi. Misting system. Poultry housing.
A rigorous comparison of X-ray diffraction thickness measurement techniques using silicon-on-insulator thin films

Thickness data from semiconductor-grade silicon-on-insulator thin-film samples determined from high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) data using the Scherrer equation, rocking-curve modeling, thickness fringe analysis, Fourier analysis and the Warren–Averbach method, as well as with cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and X-ray reflectivity measurements, are presented. The results show that the absolute accuracy of thin-film thickness values obtained from HRXRD data is approximately 1 nm for all techniques if all sources of broadening are correctly identified, while their precision is one or two orders of magnitude smaller. The use of multiple techniques is required to determine the various contributions to peak broadening.
Debiasing the hindsight bias: The role of accessibility experiences and (mis)attributions

Two studies tested the role of accessibility experiences and attributions in debiasing the hindsight bias. Participants listed 4 or 12 thoughts about how a college football game, or the 2000 US Presidential election, might have turned out differently. Listing 12 thoughts was experienced as difficult, suggesting to participants that there were few ways in which the event could have turned out otherwise. Hindsight biases increased under this condition, unless participants attributed the difficulty of the thought generation to their own lack of knowledge, which resulted in a trend in the opposite direction. The interplay of accessible content, accessibility experiences and attribution in mental simulation is discussed.
Adherence to exercise and physical activity as health-promoting behaviors: Attitudinal and self-efficacy influences

Abstract In this review, we consider the extant literature dealing with the influential roles of self-efficacy and attitudes in adherence to exercise. In so doing, we provide a brief overview of the tenets of each theory followed by the primary review of each model as it has been applied to exercise behavior in both diseased and asymptomatic population. Next, we offer some recommendations for the practical application of these theoretical models in facilitating physical activity participation. Finally, we conclude with a summary of our approach.
Sodium bicarbonate‐DTPA test for macro‐and micronutrient elements in soils

Abstract Individual soil tests are used to assess plant nutrient element needs. Separate soil tests, however, are time consuming and costly. Our objective was to develop a 0.5M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) soil phosphorus (P) test in combination with 0.005M diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) so macronutrient dements: ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N), nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N), P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg); and micronutrients: iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) could be quantified in one extraction. The NaHCO3‐DTPA extracting solution is a combination of 0.5M NaHCO3 and 0.005M DTPA and has a pH of 7.60±0.05. Sodium in the solution enhances the NH4, K, Ca, and Mg extraction; bicarbonate (HCO3) is for P extraction; DTPA chelates Ca, Mg, and micronutrients; and the water is for NO3 extraction. Soil samples (0–15 cm depth) came from two sources. The first set was from 12 N x P dryland proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) experiments, conducted from 1985 through 1987 in eas...
Surface Modification Counteracts Adverse Effects Associated with Immobilization after Flexor Tendon Repair

Although post-rehabilitation is routinely performed following flexor tendon repair, in some clinical scenarios post-rehabilitation must be delayed. We investigated modification of the tendon surface using carbodiimide derivatized hyaluronic acid and lubricin (cd-HA-Lub) to maintain gliding function following flexor tendon repair with postoperative immobilization in a in vivo canine model. Flexor digitorum profundus tendons from the 2nd and 5th digits of one forepaw of six dogs were transected and repaired. One tendon in each paw was treated with cd-HA-Lub; the other repaired tendon was not treated. Following tendon repair, a forearm cast was applied to fully immobilize the operated forelimb for 10 days, after which the animals were euthanized. Digit normalized work of flexion (nWOF) and tendon gliding resistance were assessed. The nWOF of the FDP tendons treated with cd-HA-Lub was significantly lower than the nWOF of the untreated tendons (p < 0.01). The gliding resistance of cd-HA-Lub treated tendons was also significantly lower than that of the untreated tendons (p < 0.05). Surface treatment with cd-HA-Lub following flexor tendon repair provides an opportunity to improve outcomes for patients in whom the post-operative therapy must be delayed after flexor tendon repair.
Evaluation of pro-carboxypeptidase A and carboxypeptidase A as serologic markers for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Background: A serological marker for pancreatic cancer may allow for early detection and potentially more effective treatments. Pro-carboxypeptidase A (pro-CPA) is produced exclusively in the pancreas and converted to its active form, CPA, in the intestinal lumen. We hypothesized that alterations in serum pro-CPA and/or CPA may be useful as a diagnostic test for pancreatic cancer. Patients and methods: Serum samples obtained from 34 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma prior to surgical intervention and 64 control patients were assayed for pro-CPA and CPA. A variety of statistical methods was used to evaluate the utility of these measurements individually and in combination to classify the samples with respect to the presence or absence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Results: Because of positive skewing of the data in some populations, transformation of the data to natural logarithmic scales was used and resulted in normal distributions. All pancreatic cancer patients had ln(CPA) levels within or below the normal range defined as two standard deviations from the control group mean (−2.714±0.413). Ln(pro-CPA) levels in 24 of 34 cancer patients were outside the normal range of the control group (0.306±0.33). Pancreatic cancer patients with ln pro-CPA values within the control range had low ln CPA, advanced stage and/or evidence of pancreatic insufficiency. While each of these individual values (ln pro-CPA or ln CPA) does not adequately separate all control from cancer patients, a bivariate classification rule is presented that uses both ln pro-CPA and ln CPA simultaneously to predict the presence of pancreatic cancer with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 95%. Conclusions: The data presented suggest that abnormalities in serum pro-CPA and CPA levels are associated with the presence of pancreatic cancer.
The systems dynamics of endogenous population growth in a renewable resource-based growth model

Abstract This paper evaluates the dynamic effects of adding an endogenous process for human population growth into a renewable resource-based economic growth model. Endogenizing human population growth in a static, constant technology form of the model gives rise to a dynamically complex system, with the possibility of multiple steady states of several types, and unusual comparative static responses to changes in the system's parameters. Adding technological progress to the model gives rise to the possibility of multiple sustainable paths for the variables in the system. These results reinforce concerns raised by ecological economists about systems stability and sustainability, since exogenous shocks to the system could move the economy from higher welfare to lower welfare equilibria or, in the model with technological progress, from higher welfare to lower welfare sustainable growth paths. Moreover, this kind of dynamic complexity adds to the management challenge faced by policy makers, who could confront the necessity of maneuvering the economy among different equilibria or sustainable growth paths.
Contributions of internal rotations to {beta}-deuterium isotope effects

Contributions to {beta}-deuterium isotope effects arising from internal rotations have been computed using complete anharmonic potentials for acetaldehyde, ethanol, and methyl acetate. The temperature dependence of the torsional contribution to the isotope effects was computed over 0-100 {degrees}C using both the complete potentials and the harmonic approximation to the torsional potentials. For the equilibrium comparison between acetaldehyde and methyl acetate, the torsional contribution to the {beta}-deuterium isotope effect was independent of temperature. The harmonic approximation was shown to be reliable in predicting isotope effects arising from torsional motions. 19 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Korean Students' Perceptions of Scientific Practices and Understanding of Nature of Science

Korean students have shown relatively little interest and confidence in learning science, despite being ranked in the top percentile in international evaluations of academic achievement in science such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. Although research indicates a positive relationship between student perceptions of science and their science learning, this area has not been sufficiently explored in Korea. Particularly, even though both students' perceptions of scientific practice and their understanding of the nature of science (NOS) are influenced by their science learning experiences at schools, little research examines how this perception, understanding, and experience are related to one another. This study aimed to uncover Korean students' perceptions of school scientific practice through exploring their drawings, writings, and responses to questionnaires. Participants were 500 Korean students in 3rd, 7th, and 10th grades who were asked to complete an open-ended questionna...
An Appraisal of the Validity of Independent Business Consultant Judgments of the Legality of Designated Actions

The study described in this paper was based upon a survey which inquired into the knowledge of federal legislation by independent business consultants. The results indicated that the respondents we...
Why the Difference? Advice on Breast Examination Given to Carers of Women Who Have Learning Disability and to Women Who Do Not

This article is about carers being discouraged from performing regular breast examinations for women who have a learning disability and who are unable to perform it upon themselves. This follows guidelines issued by the Cancer Screening Programme in 2000. The article looks at the need to perform breast examination, draws on feminist thought and explores the possible reasons for the guidelines, focusing on issues of abuse, consent and who should perform the examination. Conclusions are reached that women who have a learning disability should receive the opportunity for breast examinations to be conducted, and recommendations are made in relation to the issues of abuse, consent and who should perform the examination.
Optical phase conjugation in nonresonant and saturable absorptive/resonant systems

Recent results obtained at Alabama A&M University on optical phase conjugation in electrically unpoled BaTiO3, BANANA and SBN crystals are presented. The decay curves of the transient gratings and phase conjugation in these crystals indicate the involvement of more than one exponential process, possible reasons for which are indicated. Self induced gratings have been studied in electrically unpoled SBN crystal using a He−Ne Laser. The oscillations in a ring passive phase conjugator (RPPC) and in a unidirectional ring resonator using an electrically poled BaTiO3 crystal have, been found to be bistable. It is also found that bistable oscillations are possible in a geometry in which the crystal is used simultaneously in a RPPC and as a linear passive phase conjugate (LPCC) mirror. The auxiliary oscillations pumped by the RPPC are bistable with the oscillations in LPCC. A brief review of the recent literature on phase conjugation in saturable absorptive/resonant systems along with the experiments planned to be undertaken by the authors on such systems are presented.
Photolysis of [(η5-C5H5)M(CO)2NO]+, where M = Mn and Re, in inert ionic matrices: Evidence for nitrosyl linkage isomerism

Abstract The photochemistry of [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )M(CO) 2 NO]BF 4 , where M=Mn and Re, and [(η 5 -C 5 H 4 Me)Mn(CO) 2 NO]PF 6 has been examined in frozen ionic matrices, NEt 3 OctPF 6 , at ca. 90 K. In each case visible light initiates transformations of the nitrosyl ligand to isonitrosyl and η 2 -NO linkage isomers as evidenced by their characteristic IR absorptions. Continued irradiation in the UV results in CO loss as reported by earlier workers. Comparisons with the photochemistry of the Group VI analogues, (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )M(CO) 2 NO, suggest that some features observed in these earlier studies may need to be reinterpreted.
Peripheral somatosensory fMRI in mouse at 11.7 T

The feasibility of performing extremely-high resolution somatosensory fMRI in anesthetized mice using BOLD contrast at 11.7 T was investigated. A somatosensory stimulus was applied to the hindlimb of an α-chlorolose anesthetized mouse resulting in robust (p < 4 × 10−3) BOLD changes in somatosensory cortex and large veins. Percentage modulation of the MR signal in cortex exceeded 7%. Experiments that artificially modulated the inspired oxygen tension were also conducted; the results revealed large, heterogeneous, BOLD contrast changes in the mouse brain. In addition, T1, T2, and T2* values in gray matter at 11.7 T were evaluated. Discussion of the sensitivity limitations of BOLD fMRI in the tiny mouse central nervous system is presented. These methods show promise for the assessment of neurological function in mouse models of CNS injury and disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specialization and Superspecialization in Surgery

To the Editor. –In the August issue of theArchives(109:139, 1974), Charles Eckert, MD, stands against giving to vascular surgery the status of a specialty with specific training and certification. He argues that the great advances in the surgical specialties have come from the "giants of the past generation," surgeons of wide interests. While this is true with regard to the birth of vascular surgery (there were no vascular surgeons then), it should not imply that advances have continued from the same source. They have, in fact, been made by men who dedicated their work and thought to this specialty. Dr. Eckert believes that the specialist is less likely to expand knowledge than the surgeon who has the general perspective. Progress in vascular surgery is to come from much interdisciplinary work (new prostheses, flow measurements, noninvasive evaluation). This adds breadth to depth, expands rather than confines the frontiers of
The rhetorical example

The example, though often ignored by contemporary theorists, is an important logical instrument of rhetoric. Allowing argument from part to part or case to case without the intervention of a whole or rule, the example is needed in those situations in which “rule‐governed” deductive or inductive reasoning is inapplicable. Aristotle's deliberative rhetor, for instance, in advising about the future, may face novel and indeterminate situations in which he requires an example to impute order before he can articulate issues and develop rule‐governed arguments. Argument by example is not “irrational,” but as an independent mode of logical proof or persuasion it is not parasitic on and does not require justification through rules.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura presenting with gynaecological manifestations.

Abstract Three patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (T.T.P.) had vaginal bleeding as a primary manifestation of their disease. Review of patient records at this hospital revealed that this is a common problem in T.T.P. The presence of fibrin split products in the serum of three patients suggested the presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Metabolic adaptation to myocardial ischemia: the role of fatty acid imaging.

Metabolic adaptation may represent one of the earliest responses to myocardial ischemia, left ventricular remodeling, diabetes, and uremic heart disease. Thus targeting alterations in myocellular metabolism may foster novel and effective therapeutic interventions. In the future, recognizing key intracellular signals that link energy substrate metabolism with gene expression will allow the discovery of more specific molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Career Awareness Program for Chinese and Korean American Parents

The authors describe a culture-specific bilingual career awareness program for Chinese and Korean American parents held in neighborhood community settings and employing the use of bilingual role models and bilingual career information materials. The workshops served 1,140 Chinese and Korean parents in 1985–1986 and 1,413 Chinese and Korean parents in 1986–1987. The authors outline strategies that may be effective in working with other ethnic groups.
Open-set word identification by an adult with profound hearing impairment: integration of touch, aided hearing, and speechreading.

The ability of an adult with profound hearing impairment to integrate speech information from touch, aided hearing, and speechreading in identification of open‐set words was investigated. A list wa...
Discretization methods for one-dimensional Fokker-Planck operators

Abstract Several new numerical methods for solving a general class of linear and nonlinear 1-dimensional time-dependent Fokker-Planck equations are suggested. These methods are positive, simple to implement, and equilibrium-preserving in the sense that every equilibrium solution of the analytic equations is also an equilibrium solution of the discretized equations. The new methods are all applied to the nonlinear problem of Compton and inverse Compton scattering, and numerical results are compared. Our numerical comparison includes results from a standard technique now in use (the Chang-Cooper method), and we discuss the relationship between this technique and the new methods. In addition, we point out certain shortcomings of the Chang-Cooper technique which these new methods remedy.
On Chytridium braun, Diplochytridium N. G., and Canteria N. G. (Chytridiales)

The operculate genus Chytridium Braun is emended and restricted to approximately 25 known species and several incompletely known members which lack an apophysis and develop much like species of Rhizophydium, insofar as the zoosporangium and absorbing or rhizoidal system are concerned, and form endobiotic or intramatrical resting spores. This interpretation corresponds fairly closely to Braun's diagnosis of the type species. A new genus, Diplochytridium, is established to segregate the former Chytridium species with an endobiotic or intramatrical apophysis or prosporangium and resting spores, which may develop sexually or asexually. Some of these species have a well-defined endo-exogenous alternation of growth and development in which the apophysis appears to function as a prosporangium. As interpreted here, Diplochytridium includes approximately 20 of the known species. Another new genus, Canteria, is created for a parasite of Mougeotia which Canter first described as a species of Phlyctidium but later found to develop endobiotic resting spores or zygospores by the fusion of conjugation tubes.
Novel Features of Drosophila period Transcription Revealed by Real-Time Luciferase Reporting

The rapid turnover of luciferase and the sensitive, non-invasive nature of its assay make this reporter gene uniquely situated for temporal gene expression studies. To determine the in vivo regulatory pattern of the Drosophila clock gene period (per), we generated transgenic strains carrying a luciferase cDNA fused to the promoter region of the per gene. This has allowed us to monitor circadian rhythms of bioluminescence from pacemaker cells within the head for several days in individual living adults. These high time-resolution experiments permitted neuronal per transcription and opens the door to vastly simplified experiments in general chronobiology and studies of temporally regulated transcription in a wide range of experimental systems.
Individual and combined effects of fumonisin B1 present in Fusarium moniliforme culture material and T-2 toxin or deoxynivalenol in broiler chicks

Abstract The individual and combined effects of feeding diets containing 300 mg fumonisin B1 (FB1), and 5 mg T-2 toxin (T-2)/kg of diet, or 15 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) from naturally contaminated wheat were evaluated in two studies in male broiler chicks from day of hatch to 19 or 21 d of age in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. When compared with controls, body weight gains were reduced 18 to 20% by FB1, 18% by T-2, 2% by DON, 32% by the FB1 and T-2 combination, and 19% by the FB1 and DON combination. The efficiency of feed utilization was adversely affected by FB1 with or without T-2 or DON. Mortality ranged from none for the controls to 15% for the FB1 and T-2 combination. Relative weights of the liver and kidney were significantly increased by FB1 with or without T-2 or DON. Serum concentrations of cholesterol were increased in chicks fed FB1 with or without T-2 or DON. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma glutamyltransferase were increased in chicks fed FB1 at 300 mg/kg alone and in combination with T-2 or DON, indicating possible tissue damage and leakage of the enzymes into the blood. Results indicate additive toxicity when chicks were fed diets containing 300 mg FB1 and 5 mg T-2/kg of diet and less than additive toxicity when chicks were fed 300 mg FB1 and 15 mg DON/kg of diet. Of importance to the poultry industry is the fact that toxic synergy was not observed for either of these toxin combinations and the likelihood of encountering FB1 at this concentration in finished feed is small. However, under field conditions with additional stress factors, the toxicity of these mycotoxins could be altered to adversely affect the health and performance of poultry.
Injection-induced instabilities and local gain modification in VCSELs

Injection of a cw narrow-band laser beam into a lasing vertical- cavity surface-emitting laser results in the appearance of new frequencies on the way to injection locking as predicted by our theoretical model. Injection also causes a local asymmetric modification of the lasing line, resulting in a new gain peak at a lower frequency and a dip on the high-frequency side. The peak and dip move out directly as the intracavity injected power, as predicted by our quantum mechanical theory.
Reading Gender Politics on The L Word: The Moira/Max Transitions

Abstract The article argues that the story arc of Moira transitioning to Max on The L Word provides an education for its audience, and, more important, it destabilizes the coherent subject that we most often see on television. This works to queer the address and thus enlarge the liberal humanist subject.
Boron-Enriched Streptavidin Potentially Useful as a Component of Boron Carriers for Neutron Capture Therapy of Cancer

A boron-enriched streptavidin has been prepared by chemical conjugation of a boron-rich compound, B12H11SH2- (BSH), to a genetically engineered streptavidin variant. The streptavidin variant used h...
The influence curve approach in data envelopment analysis

The behavior of efficiency in the stochastic DEA model is examined here in terms of the influence curve approach which quantifies the influence of observed data on the empirical fit of the production frontier. Data influence is analyzed here through robustness. Two types of robustness and sensitivity issues are analyzed here in terms of (a) a new class of minimax measures, and (b) a set nonlinear efficiency measures and it is shown through empirical applications that in suitable cases these measures outperform the conventional ones.
Electron-energy-loss studies of dislocations in diamond

Les spectres de pertes d'energie caracteristiques par les electrons enregistres a partir de petits volumes de diamant presentant des dislocations individuelles exhibent une intensite supplementaire a l'interieur du gap de bande juste en dessous du seuil d'energie 11- vers la bande de conduction, par comparaison aux spectres enregistres a partir des regions avoisinantes ne presentant pas de defaut. Ceci est interprete comme une remise en evidence directe de la presence d'etats de defaut de lacune associes a la structure de la dislocation. La contribution des etats π * a partir des couches superficielles a cette region des spectres est completement decouplee en calculant la difference entre les spectres enregistres sur et en dehors du defaut
Is calcitonin an important physiological substance

That calcitonin (CT) at supraphysiological doses is hypocalcemic led to the mistaken conclusion that it was important for calcium homeostasis and this idea has persisted to this day. Despite these findings, there is no readily apparent pathology due to CT excess or deficiency and there is no evidence that circulating CT is of substantial benefit to any mammal. Mammalian CT at physiological doses is not essential and very likely the CT gene has survived because of the gene’s alternate mRNA pathway to produce calcitonin-gene-related peptide found in neural tissues. CT is not involved in calcium homeostasis or any other important physiological function, except, possibly, as an adjunct to protection of the skeleton under conditions of calcium stress, and appears to be in the process of becoming vestigial. CT produced in other tissues has paracrine actions that modulate functions such as proton transport, acid-base balance, prolactin secretion, and gastrointestinal motility. C-cells in mammals evolved from the ultimobranchial body that secretes CT in all lower vertebrates. It is highly probable that changes in amino acid sequence during evolution are responsible for the loss of activity, as fish CT is about 40 times as potent as human CT. CT may have been very important to survival in seawater fish, but the presence of the parathyroid gland and other evolutionary changes occurring in tetrapods suggest that the function of CT is no longer important.
SUCCESS THROUGH A POSITIVE MENTAL ATTITUDE?: The Role of Positive Thinking in Door-to-Door Sales

This case study focuses on the use of a motivational philosophy called “positive mental attitude” (PMA) by door-to-door salespersons. While agreeing with Leidner's finding in her study of a similar...
Growing season and phenological response of sorghum as determined from simple climatic data

Abstract Daily weather parameters computed from monthly climatic summaries were used to determine the time and length of growing season and evaluate the phenological response of sorghum in temperate and tropical regions. Comparisons were made using data from Fairbury, Nebraska, U.S.A. and Beijing, China, and Hyderabad, India and Villahermosa, Mexico, two temperate and two tropical locations, respectively, near the same latitude on opposite sides of the Earth. The rate of crop development and the amount of rainfall normally expected during various phenological stages differs greatly with time of planting at seemingly similar locations. There is a planting time at Fairbury in a temperate region and at Villahermosa in the tropics when the phenology and available precipitation are similar.
New Punctuation for the Genetic Code: Luteovirus Gene Expression☆

Abstract The luteovirus genome consists of a single RNA from which genes are expressed via subgenomic mRNAs and a variety of noncanonical translation events. We propose mechanisms of subgenomic RNA synthesis that accommodate the frequent recombination that has occurred at the termini of genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Luteoviral genes are translated by cap-independent translation, leaky scanning, ribosomal frameshifting, and stop-codon readthrough. Using the PAV barley yellow dwarf luteovirus as a model, we find that most of these translation events are controlled by sequences located hundreds to thousands of bases downstream in the viral genome. These signals are unprecedented in nature. A model is proposed in which a 3′ translational enhancer regulates viral RNA translation throughout the infection cycle.
Synaptic interactions in the GABA system during postnatal development in retina

Abstract Using biochemical analyses, we have demonstrated the presence of a high-affinity, sodium- and temperature-dependent uptake system for GABA in the retinas of newborn rabbits. The activity of this system two days after birth is approximately 70 percent of adult values, slowly increasing to adult level by postnatal day 6–8. An intraocular injection nipecotic acid (final concentration = 10 mM) into one-day-old rabbit pups resulted in a 60 percent inhibition in uptake activity. In order to study the possible role of the GABA uptake system in retinal development, we have determined the consequences of blocking GABA uptake with nipecotic acid on the postnatal development of post-synaptic GABA receptors, as measured by 3 H-muscimol binding. Nipecotic acid treatment caused a significant increase in receptor binding in retinas prior to eye opening, with the maximal stimulation being one day after the intraocular injection. Our data indicate that the development of GABA receptor sites is influenced by the activity of the GABA uptake system and suggest that GABA may function as a trophic factor in the developing rabbit retina.
Tunneling involving defects in LPE In1−xGaxP1−zAsz(x∼0.12, z∼0.26) double‐heterojunction lasers

Defect‐assisted (’’two‐step’’) tunneling is observed in the I‐V and dI/dV characteristics of LPE In1−xGaxP1−zAsz double‐heterojunction laser diodes (Jth∼4.7×102 A/cm2, λ∼1.05 μm, 77 °K). The change in conductance (’’turn‐off’’) at zero bias due to resonant‐elastic tunneling, and a related change at 40–60 mV involving acceptor states, are compared with similar data on Zn‐diffused InxGa1−xAs laser diodes, and indicate that the Zn dopant in either type of laser diode is the main source of the defects involved in the two‐step tunneling.
Optimal scheduling of cyclic batch processes for heat integration—II. Extended problems

Abstract Two key simplifying assumptions, made in Part I of this work, are that the heat exchange times are negligible compared with the batch processing time and that matches occur between batches of material as they are transferred from unit to unit. The latter assumption results in countercurrent heat exchanges. In this paper, these assumptions are relaxed and an extension to the formulation developed which accommodates finite exchange times as well as heat exchange with batches during their processing. The extended formulation thus addressed multiple heat exchange modes: countercurrent, cocurrent, and combinations of the two. The basic mixed integer linear programming formulation is further augmented to accommodate heat integration across independent cyclically operated batch production lines. A solution approach to the resulting large scale MILP formulation is developed based on Benders' decomposition and is demonstrated with a two production line example. Finally, the issue of sharing of heat exchange units across multiple matches and the related design problem of minimizing the number of multipurpose heat exchange units are discussed. The sharing feature is shown to lead to complex mixed integer nonlinear constraints.
Seasonal patterns of growth and tissue nutrient content in strawberries

Abstract At monthly intervals during the establishment year, 90 strawberry plants were excavated and separated into component parts, dried, weighed, and nutrient analyses were performed on the tissues. When growth resumed in spring, biomass and foliar nutrient levels were again measured until fruiting. Individual plant growth was linear during the establishment year, with leaves accounting for the highest percentage of accumulated biomass. In general, nutrient concentrations during the establishment year either remained relatively constant, or declined. The percent increase in biomass accumulation was always greater than the percent decline in nutrient concentration, indicating that strawberry plants have a continuing demand for nutrients during the establishment year. About 50% of the biomass was lost during the winter, mainly in foliage. However, within six weeks of resuming growth in spring, plant size was equivalent to that of the previous autumn. The root system was the only tissue to exhibit a reduc...
Room-temperature magnetic phases of Fe on fcc Co(001) and Ni(001)

A sequence of three distinct magnetic phases of Fe are found for growth on both fcc Co(001) and Ni(001) using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. For Fe coverages below 5 ML the films are ferromagnetic, with the magnetic moments aligned perpendicular to the surface for growth on Ni and parallel to the surface for growth on Co. Between 5 and 11 ML the Fe films are nonmagnetic at room temperature, but include a ferromagnetic live monolayer at the Fe/Co and Fe/Ni interface. The moment of the magnetically live monolayer is aligned perpendicular to the surface for growth on Ni and parallel to the surface for growth on Co. Above 11 ML the Fe films are once again ferromagnetic. An identical sequence of magnetic phase transitions is known to occur for Fe growth on Cu(001). Based on this comparison and on the nearly identical lateral lattice constants of fcc Co, Ni, and Cu, we conclude that Fe growth on fcc Co(001) and Ni(001) follows the same sequence of crystalline phase transitions as Fe growth on Cu(001). Supporting this conclusion are the identical sequence of surface reconstructions observed by low-energy electron diffraction for Fe growth on Co(001) and Cu(001). For Fe/Ni(001) these surface structural changes are not observed, suggesting that details in the growth mode of Fe on Ni are different for Fe on Co and Cu.