cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multiple harmonic open-loop controller for hydro/aerodynamic force measurements in rotating machinery using magnetic bearings

Inherent in the construction of many experimental apparatus designed to measure the hydro/aerodynamic forces of rotating machinery are features that contribute undesirable parasitic forces to the measured or test forces. Typically, these parasitic forces are due to seals, drive couplings, and hydraulic and/or inertial unbalance. To obtain accurate and sensitive measurement of the hydro/aerodynamic forces in these situations, it is necessary to subtract the parasitic forces from the test forces. In general, both the test forces and the parasitic forces will be dependent on the system operating conditions including the specific motion of the rotor. Therefore, to properly remove the parasitic forces the vibration orbits and operating conditions must be the same in tests for determining the hydro/ aerodynamic forces and tests for determining the parasitic forces. This, in turn, necessitates a means by which the test rotor's motion can be accurately controlled to an arbitrarily defined trajectory. Here in, an interrupt-driven multiple harmonic open-loop controller was developed and implemented on a laboratory centrifugal pump rotor supported in magnetic bearings (active load cells) for this purpose. This allowed the simultaneous control of subharmonic, synchronous, and superharmonic rotor vibration frequencies with each frequency independently forced to some user defined orbital path. The open-loop controller was implemented on a standard PC using commercially available analog input and output cards. All analog input and output functions, transformation of the position signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, and transformation of the open-loop control signals from the frequency domain to the time domain were performed in an interrupt service routine. Rotor vibration was attenuated to the noise floor, vibration amplitude 0.2 μm, or forced to a user specified orbital trajectory. Between the whirl frequencies of 4 and 2 times running speed, the orbit semi-major and semi-minor axis magnitudes were controlled to within 0.5% of the requested axis magnitudes. The ellipse angles and amplitude phase angles of the imposed orbits were within 0.3 deg and 1.0 deg, respectively, of their requested counterparts.
Generalized Bunce-Deddens algebras

We define a broad class of crossed product C*-algebras of the form C(G) x G, where G is a discrete countable amenable residually finite group, and G is a profinite completion of G. We show that they are unital separable simple nuclear quasidiagonal C*-algebras, of real rank zero, stable rank one, with comparability of projections and with a unique trace.
Probing proton strangeness with time-like virtual Compton scattering

We document that p(gamma,e+e-)p measurements will yield new, important information about the off-shell time-like nucleon form factors, especially in the phi meson region (q{sup 2} = M{sup 2}{sub {phi}}) governing the phi N couplings g{sup V,T}{sub {phi}NN}. Calculations for p(gamma,e+e-)p, utilizing vector meson dominance, predict measurable phi enhancements at high |t| compared to the expected phi background production from pi, eta and Pomeron exchange. The phi form factor contribution generates a novel experimental signature for OZI violation and the proton strangeness content. The phi N couplings are determined independently from a combined analysis of the neutron electric form factor and recent high |t| phi photoproduction. The pi, eta and Pomeron transition form factors are also predicted and the observed pi and eta transition moments are reproduced.
Alkylation of silyl ketene acetals with dienyliron complexes: application in the formation of quaternary carbon centers.

Abstract The nucleophilic addition of silyl ketone acetals at the methylated terminus of [tricarbonyl-(1-methyl-4-alkoxy)-cyclohexadienyl]iron hexafluorophosphates (1) results in good to excellent yields of diene complexes (3) , enhancing the synthetic utility of this dienyliron complex.
Aerodynamics of intermittent bounds in flying birds

Flap-bounding is a common flight style in small birds in which flapping phases alternate with flexed-wing bounds. Body lift is predicted to be essential to making this flight style an aerodynamically attractive flight strategy. To elucidate the contributions of the body and tail to lift and drag during the flexed-wing bound phase, we used particle image velocimetry (PIV) and measured properties of the wake of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata, N = 5), flying at 6-10 m s− 1 in a variable speed wind tunnel as well as flow around taxidermically prepared specimens (N = 4) mounted on a sting instrumented with force transducers. For the specimens, we varied air velocity from 2 to 12 m s− 1 and body angle from –15∘ to 50∘. The wake of bounding birds and mounted specimens consisted of a pair of counterrotating vortices shed into the wake from the tail, with induced downwash in the sagittal plane and upwash in parasagittal planes lateral to the bird. This wake structure was present even when the tail was entirely removed. We observed good agreement between force measures derived from PIV and force transducers over the range of body angles typically used by zebra finch during forward flight. Body lift:drag (L:D) ratios averaged 1.4 in live birds and varied between 1 and 1.5 in specimens at body angles from 10∘ to 30∘. Peak (L:D) ratio was the same in live birds and specimens (1.5) and was exhibited in specimens at body angles of 15∘ or 20∘, consistent with the lower end of body angles utilized during bounds. Increasing flight velocity in live birds caused a decrease in C L and C D from maximum values of 1.19 and 0.95 during flight at 6 m s− 1 to minimum values of 0.70 and 0.54 during flight at 10 m s− 1. Consistent with delta-wing theory as applied to birds with a graduated-tail shape, trimming the tail to 0 and 50% of normal length reduced L:D ratios and extending tail length to 150% of normal increased L:D ratio. As downward induced velocity is present in the sagittal plane during upstroke of flapping flight, we hypothesize that body lift is produced during flapping phases. Future efforts to model the mechanics of intermittent flight should take into account that flap-bounding birds may support up to 20% of their weight even with their wings fully flexed.
Complementarity between position and momentum as a consequence of Kochen–Specker arguments

Abstract We give two simple Kochen–Specker arguments for complementary between the position and momentum of spinless particles. The arguments work for systems with two and three degrees of freedom, and are formally analogous to those given by Peres and Mermin for two and three spin-1/2 particles, even though only observables with purely continuous spectra are invoked.
An SDRAM-Aware Router for Networks-on-Chip

Networks-on-chip (NoCs) may interface with lots of synchronous dynamic random access memories (SDRAM) to provide enough memory bandwidth and guaranteed quality-of-service for future systems-on-chip (SoCs). SDRAM is commonly controlled by a memory subsystem that schedules memory requests to improve memory efficiency and latency. However, a memory subsystem is still a performance bottleneck in the entire NoC. Therefore, memory-aware NoC optimization has attracted considerable attention. This paper presents a NoC router with an explicit SDRAM-aware flow control. Based on priority-based arbitration, our SDRAM-aware flow controller schedules memory requests to prevent bank conflict, data contention, and short turn-around bank interleaving. Moreover, our multi-stage scheduling scheme further improves memory performance and saves NoC hardware costs. Experimental results show that our cost-efficient SDRAM-aware NoC design significantly improves memory latency and utilization compared to the conventional NoC design with no SDRAM-aware router.
Investigation of a Reattaching Turbulent Shear Layer: Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

The paper studies incompressible flow over a backward-facing step in order to investigate the flow characteristics in the separated shear layer, the reattachment zone, and the redeveloping boundary layer after reattachment. It is shown that turbulent intensities and shear stress reach maxima in the reattachment zone, followed by rapid decay near the surface after reattachment. In addition, it is found that downstream of reattachment, the flow returns very slowly to the structure of an ordinary turbulent boundary layer.
Fundamental aspects of the radiolysis of solid polymers, crosslinking and degradation

Abstract Possibly, the two most important processes in the radiolysis of polymers are crosslinking and degradation. This is true in both a fundamental and applied sense. In order to discuss these radiation induced processes, many of the fundamental, i.e. initial short lived events are considered. The techniques used are primarily rapid subnanosecond pulsed radiolysis with pulses of 0.4 mev electrons, and irradiation at low temperatures, coupled with spectroscopic techniques. In some instances it is instructive to compare and contrast the radiolytic data with similar studies using pulsed laser methods, where the energies are much less, while the resulting radiation induced processes are simpler. From a chemical view point, much can be gained from considering similar radiolytic process in simple liquids. In order to cover a reasonable gambit, the following three polymers, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, and polystyrene, receive particular attention, and are compared to the radiolysis of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and alkyl benzene. Data on copolymers of the above are also reported, and compared to the radiolysis of comparable liquid mixtures. In a nutshell, the paper incorporates recent fast pulsed radiolytic, spectroscopic and laser studies to describe early radiation induced events in polymer systems. The discussion of mechanism also brings in data from other laboratories in this area of research.
A Simple Procedure for C-C Bond Cleavage of Aromatic and Aliphatic Epoxides with Aqueous Sodium Periodate Under Ambient Conditions.

Abstract The sodium periodate mediated oxidative cleavage of the C–C bond of 12 epoxides is reported with yields of the corresponding carbonyl compounds in up to 91%. This is a two-step reaction that proceeds through a rate-limiting epoxide opening to a vicinal diol that is cleaved in situ to the corresponding carbonyl compound. This method serves as a chemoselective alternative to ozonolysis.
A mathematical model of countercurrent exchange of oxygen between paired arterioles and venules

Abstract A mathematical model is formulated for diffusive countercurrent exchange of oxygen between paired arterioles and venules. A closed form solution of the problem is obtained by linearizing the nonlinear oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve at the inlet P O 2 in the vessel. The closed form solution is compared with the corresponding numerical solution of the nonlinear problem. Under normal conditions, longitudinal gradients of venular P O 2 are found to be small. Examples are presented where the model predicts significant gradients of venular P O 2 when the blood flow rate in the venule is several times smaller than that in the arteriole.
Small cancellations over relatively hyperbolic groups and embedding theorems

We generalize the small cancellation theory over ordinary hyperbolic groups to relatively hyperbolic settings. This generalization is then used to prove various embedding theorems for countable groups. For instance, we show that any countable torsion free group can be embedded into a finitely generated group with exactly two conjugacy classes. In particular, this gives the affirmative answer to the well-known question of the existence of a finitely generated group G other than ℤ/2ℤ such that all nontrivial elements of G are conjugate.
Brown Dwarfs in the Hyades and Beyond

We have used both the Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrograph and the High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph on the Keck telescopes to obtain spectra of 12 candidate members of the Hyades identified by Leggett & Hawkins. All of the objects are chromospherically active, late-type M dwarfs, with Hα equivalent widths varying from 1 to 30 A. Based on our measured radial velocities, the level of stellar activity, and other spectroscopic features, only one of the 12 stars has properties consistent with cluster membership. We consider how this result affects estimates of the luminosity and mass function of the Hyades. Five of the 11 field stars have weak K I λλ7665, 7699 and CaH absorption as compared with M dwarf standards of the same spectral type, suggesting a lower surface gravity. Two of these sources, LH 0416+14 and LH 0419+15, exhibit significant lithium 6708 A absorption. Based partly on parallax measurements by the US Naval Observatory (Harris et al.), we identify all five as likely to be young, pre–main-sequence objects in or near the Taurus-Auriga association at distances of between 150 and 250 pc. A comparison with theoretical models of pre–main-sequence stars indicates masses of less than 0.05 M⊙.
Making Sense of Cancer News Coverage Trends: A Comparison of Three Comprehensive Content Analyses

Cancer stories (N = 5,327) in the top 50 U.S. newspapers were analyzed by a team of four coders and the results were compared with the earliest analyses of this type (from 1977 and 1980). Using cancer incidence rates as a comparison, three cancers were found to be consistently underreported (male reproductive, lymphatic/Hodgkin's, and thyroid) and four cancers were found to be consistently overreported (breast, blood/Leukemia, pancreatic, and bone/muscle). In addition, cancer news coverage consistently has focused on treatment rather than on other aspects of the cancer continuum (e.g., prevention), portrayed lifestyle choices (e.g., diet, smoking) as the most common cancer risk factor, and rarely reported incidence or mortality data. Finally, the data were compatible with the idea that personalization bias (e.g., celebrity profiles, event coverage) may explain some news coverage distortions.
Sorption of Radioactive Contaminants by Sediment from the Kara Sea

Abstract The purpose of this study is to quantify some of the parameters needed to perform near-field modelling of sites in the Kara Sea that were impacted by the disposal of radioactive waste. The parameters of interest are: the distribution coefficients (Kd) for several important radionuclides, the mineralogy of the sediment, and the relationship of Kd to liquid-to-solid ratio. Sediment from the Kara Sea (location: 73°00′N, 58°00′E) was sampled from a depth of 287 m on August 23/24, 1992. Analysis of the material included mineralogy, grain size and total organic carbon (TOC). Uptake kinetics were determined for 85 Sr , 137 Cs , 241 Am , 99 Tc , 125 I , 232 U and 210 Pb and distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined for these radionuclides using batch type experiments. Sorption isotherms, developed for 137 Cs , 85 Sr and 99 Tc , were linear in each case. Increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio strongly increased uptake of 137 Cs and moderately increased uptake of 99 Tc . Analysis for anthropogenic radionuclides indicated the presence only of 239/240 Pu in the sediment with the highest activity (at the top section of the core) being 0.420 Bq kg−1. Other anthropogenic radionuclides were below detection limits.
The cosmic stellar birth and death rates

Abstract The cosmic stellar birth rate can be measured by standard astronomical techniques. It can also be probed via the cosmic stellar death rate, though until recently, this was much less precise. However, recent results based on measured supernova rates, and importantly, also on the attendant diffuse fluxes of neutrinos and gamma rays, have become competitive, and a concordant history of stellar birth and death is emerging. The neutrino flux from all past core-collapse supernovae, while faint, is realistically within reach of detection in Super-Kamiokande, and a useful limit has already been set. I will discuss predictions for this flux, the prospects for neutrino detection, the implications for understanding core-collapse supernovae, and a new limit on the contribution of type-Ia supernovae to the diffuse gamma-ray background.
Functionalization of fine particles using atomic and molecular layer deposition

Abstract The functionalization of fine primary particles, including nanoparticles and nanotubes, is easily carried out using atomic or molecular layer deposition (ALD or MLD, respectively) techniques. Particle ALD/MLD can be used to deposit conformal and pinhole-free films of refractory oxides, non-oxides, metals, and hybrid polymer-based materials, amongst others. Fluidized bed reactors are well-suited for large scale operations and can be operated at reduced pressures while using inert gases necessary for standard self-limiting, flow-based ALD/MLD processes. The continuous-flow processing allows for process control using an in-line mass spectrometer downstream from the reactor chamber. Many insulating, semiconducting, metallic, polymeric and hybrid inorganic/organic films have been successfully deposited on primary particle surfaces in fluidized bed reactors using a variety of precursor types. This paper reviews some of the Particle ALD/MLD work carried out by the authors, including techniques and measurements used in Particle ALD/MLD. Some current and future applications of functionalized or passivated nanomaterials are also highlighted here.
Olefin hydrosilation catalyzed by zirconocene complexes

Abstract The hydrosilation of olefins such as styrene, 1-hexene, and 2-pentene with diphenylsilane can be carried out with catalysts generated from zirconocene dichloride and two equivalents of butyllithium. Complete regioselectivity is observed as only terminal organosilicon products are produced (∼ 90%). In the case of styrene, three major products are formed: diphenylphenethylsilane (77%), trans -1-diphenylsilyl-2-phenylethene (16%), and ethylbenzene (7%). The product distribution was found to be dependent on reagent concentrations: reactions run with excess diphenylsilane favored diphenylphenethylsilane; excess styrene favored trans -1-diphenylsilyl-2-phenylethene. Extensive H/D exchange is observed in the hydrosilation of styrene with Ph 2 SiD 2 .
Understanding the effects of the polymer support on reaction rates and kinetics: knowledge toward efficient synthetic design

Abstract Solid-phase organic synthesis (SPOS) has an ever-expanding role in the field of organic synthesis. Partially out of difficulty, and partially from the rapid speed of progress, few basic studies on the role of the physical structure of the resin have been undertaken, and the dissemination of the existing knowledge has been slow. Major advances have been made in the understanding of the many factors that govern a SPOS reaction’s performance as a function of the choice of solid support.
ATTITUDE SENSING USING A GPS ANTENNA ON A TURNTABLE: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

: A prototype of a new attitude sensor, one that uses a single GPS antenna mounted on a rotating turntable, is developed, and the accuracy of this system is evaluated using real data. The goal of this study is to experimentally validate this new concept. The new attitude sensor measures attitude by using the sinusoidal phase modulation of the GPS carrier signal that is caused by turntable rotation. The main components of the prototype are a turntable, a GPS antenna mounted off-axis on the turntable, an angle encoder, a GPS bit-grabber card, and a software receiver. Data from this system are processed using three alternative attitude estimation algorithms. The new sensor system has been demonstrated to work in practice, and its peak attitude error is between 0.4 and 1.9 deg for a 15 cm antenna mounting radius and a rotation rate of 1000 rpm.
Political Parties in Madagascar Neopatrimonial Tools or Democratic Instruments

Political parties enhance democracy because of their role in recruiting candidates, mobilizing the electorate, articulating, aggregating and representing conflicting interests in society, and forming governments and making policies. Political parties also help maintain political leaders in power, but those that do so to the exclusion of the democracy-enhancement functions become tools for neopatrimonial rule. In Madagascar, political parties have historically served as tools of neo-patrimonial rule and not as instruments of democracy. This article first examines the roots of political parties in Madagascar to clarify why they have taken this form, and then assesses the direction of the newly formed Tiako i Madagasikara (TIM) and its potential for overcoming the country’s neopatrimonial legacy in favor of enhancing its new and fragile democracy.
Rigorous Derivation of the Formula for the Buckling Load in Axially Compressed Circular Cylindrical Shells

The goal of this paper is to apply the recently developed theory of buckling of arbitrary slender bodies to a tractable yet non-trivial example of buckling in axially compressed circular cylindrical shells, regarded as three-dimensional hyperelastic bodies. The theory is based on a mathematically rigorous asymptotic analysis of the second variation of 3D, fully nonlinear elastic energy, as the shell’s thickness goes to zero. Our main results are a rigorous proof of the classical formula for buckling load and the explicit expressions for the relative amplitudes of displacement components in single Fourier harmonics buckling modes, whose wave numbers are described by Koiter’s circle. This work is also a part of an effort to understand the root causes of high sensitivity of the buckling load of axially compressed cylindrical shells to imperfections of load and shape.
SL(N) ONSAGER'S ALGEBRA AND INTEGRABILITY

We define ansl(N) analog of Onsager's algebra through a finite set of relations that generalize the Dolan-Grady defining relations for the original Onsager's algebra. This infinite-dimensional Lie algebra is shown to be isomorphic to a fixed-point subalgebra ofsl(N) loop algebra with respect to a certain involution. As the consequence of the generalized Dolan-Grady relations a Hamiltonian linear in the generators ofsl(N) Onsager's algebra is shown to posses an infinite number of mutually commuting integrals of motion.
A financial sophistication proxy for the Survey of Consumer Finances

The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) contains detailed US household balance sheet information and is frequently used to study outcomes in household finance. There is no variable that explicitly measures financial sophistication in the SCF. We propose a factor score composed of four questions that can serve as a proxy of financial sophistication to correct a possible important omitted variable bias. The results using the sophistication factor show how controlling for financial sophistication provides a more precise estimate of the marginal effects of control variables such as education and race.
Nonlinear Interferometers for Laser Pulse Shaping

In a variety of laser applications there are requirements for devices which shorten laser pulses, emphasize the peaks, or act as a limiter to suppress peaks in the intensity. In this paper we consider several types of devices which can perform all these functions with subnanosecond response times. The emphasis in this paper is on the limiting function, however. All the devices are based on the concept of a dual-beam interferometer with a non-linear element in one or both beams. The nonlinear component can be either a saturable absorber or a medium exhibiting the optical Kerr effect. In the former case, the transmission of the absorber increases with increasing incident intensity; in the latter case, a phase shift is introduced as the intensity increases. By combining both beams at the output port of the interferometer with an appropriate static phase difference, these nonlinear effects can be made to produce either pulse peaking or limiting. In the same way, using two orthogonal polarizations and one beam, rather than two physically separated beams, one can construct a nonlinear polarization interferometer with the same characteristics but with reduced sensitivity to vibration and temperature changes. Theoretical and experimentally determined characteristics of several nonlinear interferometers are presented here. Of particular interest is a simple, inexpensive limiter with excellent shaping characteristics which we have demonstrated using a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. This device operates for days without adjustment and can be designed for use with a wide range of laser wavelengths.
Consequences of proton and alpha anisotropies in the solar wind: Hybrid simulations

[1] Alfven fluctuations propagating away from the Sun in the solar corona and solar wind transfer energy via cyclotron resonances to ions of successively larger charge-to-mass ratios. This can yield T⟂/T∥ > 1 for each ion species, where the subscripts refer to directions relative to the background magnetic field. If these anisotropies become sufficiently large, they drive electromagnetic ion cyclotron instabilities. This paper describes two-dimensional hybrid simulations of a collisionless, homogeneous, magnetized plasma to study the consequences of scattering by enhanced field fluctuations from such instabilities. The ions in the simulations consist of majority protons and minority alpha particles with initial bi-Maxwellian velocity distributions and representative solar wind parameters including a nonzero alpha/proton relative speed. The simulations show that both helium and proton cyclotron instabilities reduce the driving anisotropy, reduce initial differences between the proton and alpha particle anisotropies, and, as a new result, usually reduce initial alpha/proton speeds. These results are somewhat different from theoretical predictions of ion scattering by interaction with outward propagating Alfven-cyclotron waves but are consistent with observations from Ulysses.
Decorrelated Feature Space and Neural Nets Based Framework for Failure Modes Clustering in Electronics Subjected to Mechanical Shock

Electronic systems under extreme shock and vibration environments may sustain several failure modes simultaneously. Previous experience indicates that the dominant failure modes experienced by packages in a drop and shock framework are in the solder interconnects including cracks at the package and the board interface, pad cratering, copper trace fatigue, and bulk-failure in the solder joint. In this paper, a method has been presented for failure mode classification using a combination of Karhunen Loeve transform with parity-based stepwise supervised training of a perceptrons. New is the early classification of multiple failure modes in the pre-failure space using supervised neural networks in conjunction with a Karhunen Loeve transform. The feature space has been formed by joint time frequency analysis. Because the cumulative damage may be accrued under repetitive loading with exposure to multiple shock events, the area array assemblies have been exposed to shock and feature vectors constructed to track damage initiation and progression. The error back propagation learning algorithm has been used for stepwise parity of each particular failure mode. The classified failure modes and failure regions belonging to each particular failure mode in the feature space are also validated by simulation of the designed neural network used for parity of feature space. Statistical similarity and validation of different classified dominant failure modes is performed by multivariate analysis of variance and Hotelling's T-square. The results of different classified dominant failure modes are also correlated with the experimental cross sections of the failed test assemblies. The methodology adopted in this paper can perform real-time fault monitoring with identification of a specific dominant failure mode, and is scalable to system level reliability.
Analysis and Design of an Adaptive Multi-Loop Controlled Two Winding Buck/Boost Regulator

Small signal low frequency linear average model is derived for a multi-loop controlled two-winding buck/boost converter employing average techniques and the describing function method. The model reveals that a well-designed multi-loop control can provide a second-order zero adaptive to output filter parameter changes due to component tolerances, temperature changes, aging, and the effect of duty cycle modulation. It also can provide stabilization effect by shifting the positive zero to the left-half S-plane. Design quidelines are formulated to optimize regulator-loop dependent characteristics.
Optimal Taxation in a Limited Commitment Economy

This paper studies optimal Ramsey taxation when risk sharing in private insurance markets is imperfect due to limited enforcement. In a limited commitment economy, there are externalities associated with capital and labor because individuals do not take into account that their labor and saving decisions aect aggregate supply, wages
Immunostains for collagen type IV discriminate between C-cell hyperplasia and microscopic medullary carcinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2a

Abstract At a light microscopic level, the separation of C-cell hyperplasia and microscopic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is difficult, and it ultimately rests on the finding of C cells outside of the thyroid follicular basement membranes (FBMs). To date, this has required ultrastructural examination for proper documentation. The assessment of thyroidectomy specimens from patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2a (MEN2a), a hereditary condition in which there is widespread C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) and multifocal MCT, presented an opportunity to the authors to assess the entire range of C-cell abnormalities. Total thyroidectomy specimens from 17 patients with MEN2a were examined. In addition to hematoxylineosin (HE hence, the diagnosis of CCH was made in such cases. The second pattern was distinctive and was typified by defects in the CIV layer; constituent C-cells assumed an extrafollicular location. These images yielded a diagnosis of microMCT. The latter findings were also accompanied by focal reduplication of basement membrane that was apparently tumor derived, producing a micronodular or microlobular configuration. The third pattern represented a combination of the first two, with C-cell nodules that were bounded by CIV and clearly situated in an intrafollicular location; however, focal reduplication of basement membranes was also evident in these cases. The biological significance of the third pattern of CIV staining is uncertain, but it may reflect the presence of a preinvasive proliferation of C-cells that is distinct from "usual" CCH in MEN2a.
FRAGMENTATION IN THE FIRST GALAXIES

Motivated by recent simulations of galaxy formation in which protogalaxies acquire their baryonic content through cold accretion, we study the gravitational fragmentation of cold streams flowing into a typical first galaxy. We use a one-zone hydrodynamical model to examine the thermal evolution of the gas flowing into a 108 M ☉ dark matter halo at redshift z = 10. The goal is to gain an understanding of the expected fragmentation mass scale and thus the characteristic mass of the first population of stars to form by shock fragmentation. Our model accurately describes the chemical and thermal evolution of the gas as we are specifically concerned with how the chemical abundances and initial conditions of the low-density, metal-enriched, cold accretion streams that pass an accretion shock alter the cooling properties and tendency to fragment in the post-shock gas. Cold accretion flows are not shock heated at the virial radius but instead flow along high-baryonic-density filaments of the cosmic web and penetrate deep into the host halo of the protogalaxy. In this physical regime, if molecular cooling is absent because of a strong Lyman-Werner background, we find there to be a sharp drop in the fragmentation mass at a metallicity of Z ~ 10–4 Z ☉. If, however, H2 and HD molecules are present, they dominate the cooling at T < 104 K, and metallicity then has no effect on the fragmentation properties of the cold stream. For a solar abundance pattern of metallicity, O is the most effective metal coolant throughout the evolution, while for a pair instability supernova (PISN) metallicity yield, Si+ is the most effective coolant. PISN abundance patterns also exhibit a slightly smaller critical metallicity. Dust grains are not included in our chemical model, but we argue that their inclusion would not significantly alter the results. We also find that this physical scenario allows for the formation of stellar clusters and large, 104 M ☉ bound fragments, possibly the precursors to globular clusters and supermassive black holes. Finally, we conclude that the usual assumption of isobaricity for galactic shocks breaks down in gas of a sufficiently high metallicity, suggesting that metal cooling leads to thermal instabilities.
Physical processes of shallow mafic dike emplacement near the San Rafael Swell, Utah

Some 200 shonkinite dikes, sills, and breccia bodies on the western Colorado Plateau of south-central Utah were intruded from approximately 3.7 to 4.6 Ma, contemporaneous with mafic volcanism along the nearby plateau margin. Thicknesses of dikes range to about 6 m; the log-normal mean thickness is 85 cm. Despite the excellent exposures of essentially all dikes in strata of the Jurassic San Rafael Group, their number is indeterminate from their outcrop and spacing because they are everywhere greatly segmented. By our grouping of almost 2000 dike segments, most dikes are less than 2 km in outcrop length; the longest is 9 km. Because the San Rafael magmas were primitive and probably ascended directly from the mantle, dike lengths in outcrop are much less than their heights. The present exposures probably lie along the irregular upper peripheries of dikes that lengthen and merge with depth. Orientations of steps on dike contacts record local directions of dike-fracture propagation; about half of the measurements plunge less than 30°, showing that lateral propagation at dike peripheries is as important as the vertical propagation ultimately responsible for ascent. The San Rafael dikes, now exposed after erosion of about 0.5–1.5 km, appear to thicken and shorten upward, probably because near-surface vesiculation enhanced magmatic driving pressures. Propagation likely ceased soon after the first dike segments began to feed nearby sills or vented to initiate small-volume eruptions. Most of the dikes are exposed in clastic strata of the Jurassic San Rafael Group. They probably acquired their strikes, however, while ascending along well-developed joints in massive sandstones of the underlying Glen Canyon Group. Rotation of far-field stresses during the emplacement interval cannot account for disparate strikes of the dikes, which vary through 110°, most lying between north and N25°W. Rather, the two regional horizontal principal stresses were probably nearly equal, and so the dominant N75°E direction of dike opening was not strongly favored. Across the center of the swarm, about 10 to 15 dikes overlap and produce 15–20 m of dilation. Many are in sufficient proximity that later dikes should be thinner than earlier ones if neither the magma pressures nor regional stresses were changing during the emplacement interval. However, dike thicknesses vary systematically neither along the length of the swarm nor in proportion to the number of neighboring dikes. It appears that crustal extension during the magmatic interval relieved compressive stresses localized by intrusion.
Direct Oxidation of Liquid Fuels in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

We report stable power generation. ∼0.1 W/cm 2 , form the direct electrochemical oxidation, without reforming, of toluene. n-decane, and synthetic diesel fuel at 973 K in a solid oxide fuel cell with a composite anode containing Cu and ceria. The liquid fuels were injected directly into the anode compartment and the performance for each fuel with 50% N 2 dilution was stable for a period of at least 12 h. Photographs of Cu-yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and Ni-YSZ composites exposed to 50% toluene in N 2 at 973 K for 1.5 h showed little carbon formation on the Cu-YSZ hut demonstrated that the Ni-YSZ was covered with carbon and fractured by this environment.
Calculation of the unitary part of the Bures measure for N-level quantum systems

We use the canonical coset parameterization and provide a formula with the unitary part of the Bures measure for non-degenerate systems in terms of the product of even Euclidean balls. This formula is shown to be consistent with the sampling of random states through the generation of random unitary matrices.
DUALITY FOR ANYONS

We study the Nielsen-Olesen vortices in the three dimensional noncompact Abelian Higgs model with a Chern-Simons term. The vortices are fractionally charged anyons (i.e., particles with fractional spin and statistics). In a certain limit we can express the theory in terms of these topological excitations by performing a duality transformation on the lattice. The result is a topologically conserved current describing the vortices, minimally coupled to a dynamical gauge field with a Chern-Simons term. Spin, statistics and size of the excitations are all preserved under this transformation.
Harmonic content of electron-impact source functions in inductively coupled plasmas using an “on-the-fly” Monte Carlo technique

Electron temperatures in low-pressure (<10s mTorr) inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactors operating at 10s MHz do not significantly vary during the radio frequency (rf) cycle. There can be, however, considerable modulation of electron-impact source functions having high-threshold energies due to modulation of the tail of the electron energy distributions (EEDs). In many instances, it is convenient to use cycle-averaged values for these quantities in models due to the computational burden of computing and storing spatial and time-dependent EEDs. In this paper an “on-the-fly” (OTF) Monte Carlo technique is described to address these time-dependent plasma parameters. The OTF method directly computes moments of the EEDs during advancement of the trajectories of the pseudoparticles, thereby reducing computational complexities. The method can also be used to directly calculate the harmonic components of excitation, which can subsequently be used to reconstruct the time-dependent source functions. The OTF tec...
Wide Angle Telescope Transit Search (WATTS): A Low-Elevation Component of the TrES Network

The Wide Angle Telescope Transit Search (WATTS) is a low-elevation small aperture, wide-field (5.5° × 5.5°), transit search instrument capable of achieving the photometric precision needed to detect giant extrasolar planets. The system is designed to simultaneously observe tens of thousands of stars with R magnitudes between 10 and 13. In just over one year of operation, WATTS has completed five observing campaigns. During this period, 20 candidates have been identified from WATTS data. As the fourth component of the TrES network, WATTS significantly increases the efficiency of the survey when data are combined.
Tomato TFT1 is required for PAMP-triggered immunity and mutations that prevent T3S effector XopN from binding to TFT1 attenuate Xanthomonas virulence.

XopN is a type III effector protein from Xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria that suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in tomato. Previous work reported that XopN interacts with the tomato 14-3-3 isoform TFT1; however, TFT1's role in PTI and/or XopN virulence was not determined. Here we show that TFT1 functions in PTI and is a XopN virulence target. Virus-induced gene silencing of TFT1 mRNA in tomato leaves resulted in increased growth of Xcv ΔxopN and Xcv ΔhrpF demonstrating that TFT1 is required to inhibit Xcv multiplication. TFT1 expression was required for Xcv-induced accumulation of PTI5, GRAS4, WRKY28, and LRR22 mRNAs, four PTI marker genes in tomato. Deletion analysis revealed that the XopN C-terminal domain (amino acids 344–733) is sufficient to bind TFT1. Removal of amino acids 605–733 disrupts XopN binding to TFT1 in plant extracts and inhibits XopN-dependent virulence in tomato, demonstrating that these residues are necessary for the XopN/TFT1 interaction. Phos-tag gel analysis and mass spectrometry showed that XopN is phosphorylated in plant extracts at serine 688 in a putative 14-3-3 recognition motif. Mutation of S688 reduced XopN's phosphorylation state but was not sufficient to inhibit binding to TFT1 or reduce XopN virulence. Mutation of S688 and two leucines (L64,L65) in XopN, however, eliminated XopN binding to TFT1 in plant extracts and XopN virulence. L64 and L65 are required for XopN to bind TARK1, a tomato atypical receptor kinase required for PTI. This suggested that TFT1 binding to XopN's C-terminal domain might be stabilized via TARK1/XopN interaction. Pull-down and BiFC analyses show that XopN promotes TARK1/TFT1 complex formation in vitro and in planta by functioning as a molecular scaffold. This is the first report showing that a type III effector targets a host 14-3-3 involved in PTI to promote bacterial pathogenesis.
Optimal Sequential Frame Synchronization

We consider the ldquoone-shot frame synchronization problem,rdquo where a decoder wants to locate a sync pattern at the output of a memoryless channel on the basis of sequential observations. The sync pattern of length N starts being emitted at a random time within some interval of size A, where A characterizes the asynchronism level. We show that a sequential decoder can optimally locate the sync pattern, i.e., exactly, without delay, and with probability approaching one as N rarr infin, if the asynchronism level grows as O(eNalpha), with alpha below the synchronization threshold, a constant that admits a simple expression depending on the channel. If alpha exceeds the synchronization threshold, any decoder, sequential or nonsequential, locates the sync pattern with an error that tends to one as Nrarr infin. Hence, a sequential decoder can locate a sync pattern as well as the (nonsequential) maximum-likelihood decoder that operates on the basis of output sequences of maximum length A+N-1, but with far fewer observations.
Anisotropic inflation and the origin of four large dimensions

In the context of (4 + d)-dimensional general relativity, we propose an inflationary scenario wherein three spatial dimensions grow large, while d extra dimensions remain small. Our model requires that a self-interacting d-form acquires a vacuum expectation value along the extra dimensions. This causes three spatial dimensions to inflate, whilst keeping the size of the extra dimensions nearly constant. We do not require an additional stabilization mechanism for the radion, as stable solutions exist for flat, and for negatively curved compact extra dimensions. From a four-dimensional perspective, the radion does not couple to the inflaton; and, the small amplitude of the CMB temperature anisotropies arises from an exponential suppression of fluctuations, due to the higher-dimensional origin of the inflaton. The mechanism triggering the end of inflation is responsible both for heating the universe and for avoiding violations of the equivalence principle due to coupling between the radion and matter.
Are liars ethical? On the tension between benevolence and honesty

Abstract We demonstrate that some lies are perceived to be more ethical than honest statements. Across three studies, we find that individuals who tell prosocial lies, lies told with the intention of benefitting others, are perceived to be more moral than individuals who tell the truth. In Study 1, we compare altruistic lies to selfish truths. In Study 2, we introduce a stochastic deception game to disentangle the influence of deception, outcomes, and intentions on perceptions of moral character. In Study 3, we demonstrate that moral judgments of lies are sensitive to the consequences of lying for the deceived party, but insensitive to the consequences of lying for the liar. Both honesty and benevolence are essential components of moral character. We find that when these values conflict, benevolence may be more important than honesty. More broadly, our findings suggest that the moral foundation of care may be more important than the moral foundation of justice.
A Perfect Set of Reals with Finite Self-Information

We examine a definition of the mutual information of two reals proposed by Levin in [5]. The mutual information is $$I(A:B)=\log\sum\limits_{\sigma,\tau\in 2^{<\omega}} 2^{K(\sigma)-K^A(\sigma)+K(\tau)-K^B(\tau)-K(\sigma,\tau)},$$ where $K(\cdot)$ is the prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity. A real $A$ is said to have finite self-information if $I(A:A)$ is finite. We give a construction for a perfect $\Pi^0_1$ class of reals with this property, which settles some open questions posed by Hirschfeldt and Weber. The construction produces a perfect set of reals with $K(\sigma)\leq^+ K^{A}(\sigma)+f(\sigma)$ for any given $\Delta^0_2$ $f$ with a particularly nice approximation and for a specific choice of $f$ it can also be used to produce a perfect $\Pi^0_1$ set of reals that are low for effective Hausdorff dimension and effective packing dimension. The construction can be further adapted to produce a single perfect set of reals that satisfy $K(\sigma) \leq^+ K^A(\sigma)+f(\sigma)$ for all $f$ in a ‘nice' class of $\Delta^0_2$ functions which includes all $\Delta^0_2$ orders.
Cosmic Voids and Galaxy Bias in the Halo Occupation Framework

We investigate the power of void statistics to constrain galaxy bias and the amplitude of dark matter fluctuations. We adopt a ΛCDM cosmological scenario (inflationary cold dark matter with a cosmological constant) and use the halo occupation distribution (HOD) framework to describe the relation between galaxies and dark matter. After choosing HOD parameters that reproduce the mean space density g and projected correlation function wp(rp) measured for galaxy samples with Mr < -19 and -21 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we predict the void probability function (VPF) and underdensity probability function (UPF) of these samples by populating the halos of a large, high-resolution N-body simulation (400 h-1 Mpc, 12803 particles). If we make the conventional simplifying assumption that the HOD is independent of large-scale environment at fixed halo mass, then models constrained to match g and wp(rp) predict nearly identical void statistics, independent of the scatter between halo mass and central galaxy luminosity or statistical uncertainties in HOD parameters. Models with power spectrum normalizations σ8 = 0.7 and 0.9 also predict very similar void statistics, with stronger galaxy bias compensating for weaker dark matter fluctuations in the low-σ8 model. However, the VPF and UPF are sensitive to environmental variations of the HOD in a regime where these variations have little impact on wp(rp). For example, doubling the minimum host halo mass in regions with large-scale (5 h-1 Mpc) density contrast δ < -0.65 has a readily detectable impact on void probabilities of Mr < -19 galaxies, and a similar change for δ < -0.2 alters the void probabilities of Mr < -21 galaxies at a detectable level. The VPF and UPF provide complementary information about the onset and magnitude of density dependence in the HOD. By detecting or ruling out HOD changes in low-density regions, void statistics can reduce systematic uncertainties in the cosmological constraints derived from HOD modeling and, more importantly, reveal connections between halo formation history and galaxy properties.