cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Modulators and Alternate Mechanisms of Multidrug Resistance

The hematologic malignancies, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in particular, have emerged as the principal diseases targeted to investigate pharmacological modulation of P-glycoprotein [P-gp] export function. Among the Phase II studies completed using so-called “first generation” P-gp antagonists, two agents — quinine [11 and cyclosporin-A [2, 3] — have shown sufficient activity to enter further testing in Phase III studies (Table 1). Among these, only the GOELAM MAQ2 study is complete [4]. Over 300 patients participated in this trial, which included a heterogeneous group of acute leukemias. Although effective plasma concentrations of quinine were confirmed using an ex vivo model, an improvement in remission rate in the quinine-treated arm was not demonstrable. Overall, 53% of patients receiving mitoxantrone in combination with quinine achieved a complete remission compared to 45% of patients in the control arm. Although this is a comparatively large study, the power to discern a difference in treatment outcome is limited by the failure to stratify patients by P-gp phenotype and the magnitude of disease heterogeneity, the latter of which includes refractory AML, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, blast phase transformation of myeloproliferative disease, and secondary leukemias. Despite this, a retrospective analysis of the data indicates that patients with P-gp overexpression experienced an improved response rate with the addition of quinine compared to P-gp-negative patients (60% versus 35%). Studies testing the benefit of cyclosporin-A (CsA) have targeted poor-risk populations with a high frequency of P-gp expression, including AML in relapse, treatment-induced or secondary AML, patients refractory to primary induction therapy, and/or the elderly. P-gp is believed to contribute to treatment failure in each of these disease categories, and therefore, these studies should prove informative.
Pathologic Changes Associated With Respiratory Compromise And Morbidity Due To Massive Interlamellar Henneguya Exilis Infection In Channel × Blue Hybrid Catfish

There are multiple Henneguya spp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) endemic to North American catfish aquaculture that affect the gills of channel catfish and their hybrids. These parasites are morphologically similar, and confusion exists regarding the predilection sites and pathologic changes associated with different species. In the spring of 2018, channel (Ictalurus punctatus) female × blue (Ictalurus furcatus) male hybrid catfish from 2 separate commercial operations in northwest Mississippi were submitted for diagnostic assessment in response to observed morbidity and reduced feeding activity. Fish presented with unusually heavy infections of Henneguya spp. plasmodia in the gills. The majority of gill filaments contained widespread, pinpoint, raised, white nodules corresponding microscopically to myxospore-filled plasmodia that obliterated interlamellar spaces. The bipolar myxospores were consistent with Henneguya spp. described from North American ictalurids, possessing slender fusiform spore bodies and elongate bifurcate caudal processes. Associated microscopic lesions included lamellar fusion, epithelial hyperplasia, infrequent, localized, granulomatous branchitis, and rare cartilage lysis, suggesting impaired gill function. Mature plasmodia were excised by laser capture microdissection from ethanol-fixed, hematoxylin and eosin-stained histologic sections for molecular analysis. Fragments (700 bp) of a highly variable region of the 18S rRNA gene, diagnostic for the Myxobolidae, were 100% similar at the nucleotide level to Henneguya exilis. Although mortality was negligible, fish in the affected ponds exhibited signs of respiratory distress similar to proliferative gill disease (PGD) caused by Henneguya ictaluri in channel and hybrid catfish. However, gross and microscopic lesions differed markedly from PGD, known colloquially as "hamburger gill disease." While H. exilis has been reported from channel catfish, it is not typically associated with morbidity and mortality and has not previously been reported from channel × blue catfish hybrids. This work characterizes lesions and confirms the etiology of gill disease induced by the myxozoan H. exilis. In addition to PGD and other non-parasitic conditions, massive interlamellar H. exilis infection should be a differential consideration in pond-raised channel and hybrid catfish experiencing signs of respiratory distress.
Sensitivity of Streamflow Response in the Snow-Dominated Sierra Nevada Watershed Using Projected CMIP5 Data

AbstractThe American River basin, a snow-dominated alpine watershed in Northern California, was simulated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to evaluate change in future streamfl...
Egestion of plant propagules by turtles in a small Massachusetts river

Evidence from flowing-water habitats has confirmed a role of turtles regarding the effective internal transport and viability of riparian plant seeds. We assessed potential propagule dispersal by E...
Homelessness: Understanding unmet needs and identifying resources.

Background Graduate occupational therapy students collaborated with an Area Health Education Center (AHEC) to address occupational therapy's role in intervening for individuals who are homeless. Objective The purpose was to provide educational resources on specific needs related to health and wellbeing to individuals who are homeless. Methods A variety of methods were used to gather information on common needs of the homeless population related to health and wellbeing, community integration, and development of routines. Initial data was collected through the use of a needs assessment for nine participants with thirteen questions followed with a weekly visit to a homeless shelter. The weekly visits allowed the students to build rapport and trust with the residents to gain an understanding of individual perspectives and barriers to occupation. Results The students worked with residents how to best access community based resources and services related to occupational needs. Specific needs were identified, and further resources were provided to support community integration, independent living, and self-management. Conclusions Preliminary findings provided a basic understanding of the foundational needs of individuals to be used to support future research linking occupational therapy to the homeless population to achieve individual goals, improve health and wellbeing, and enhance life skills management.
Faculty and Student Perceptions of Active Learning

A wonderful product still needs a capable seller and a willing buyer. Similarly, with active learning pedagogy, the mere fact that it is effective is for naught without students willing to engage and faculty willing to try it in the classroom. Acknowledging that, we must focus on faculty and student perceptions of active learning, with the goal of minimizing barriers and leveraging these views to increase adoption of evidence-based teaching practices. In this chapter, I explore faculty perceptions of active learning and the barriers preventing them from implementing these pedagogies. I then investigate undergraduate perceptions and their reasons for resisting or refusing to participate in these activities. Next, I explore perceptions of active learning in the dual roles held by graduate students as both students and instructors. Finally, I discuss the lingering gaps in our knowledge and the future directions discipline-based education research might take to close them.
CD70 Activation Decreases Pulmonary Fibroblast Production of Extracellular Matrix Proteins.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal, medically refractory syndrome characterized by intrapulmonary accumulations of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins produced by fibroblasts. Activati...
[Diagnose of a neonate with X-linked thrombocytopenia by next generation sequencing].

Objective To explore the genetic basis for a neonate with bloody stool and thrombocytopenia. Methods Clinical data of the neonate was collected. Peripheral venous blood samples were extracted from the neonate and his parents. Next generation sequencing through target capturing was carried out to detect potential mutations of genes associated with thrombocytopenia. Suspected mutation was validated by Sanger sequencing. Results The 14-day-old male neonate was admitted to hospital for bloody stool for 8 days, decreased platelet count and reduced platelet volume. His liver function and blood coagulation were both normal. Genetic testing revealed a novel deletional mutation in c. 1221delG (G407fsX444) of the WAS gene in the patient, which was inherited from his mother. Conclusion The c. 1221delG (G407fsX444) mutation of the WAS gene probably underlies the X-linked thrombocytopenia in the proband. Next generation sequencing can facilitate the diagnose and genetic counseling of such diseases. Key words: X-linked thrombocytopenia; Next generation sequencing; Neonate; Mutation
On the role of the zirconia/ceria interface in the degradation of solid oxide electrolysis cells

Gd-doped Ceria (GDC) barrier layers are widely used in solid oxide electrolysis cells to prevent reactions between the Y-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and oxygen electrode. In some cases, electrolysis operation causes fracture near the GDC/YSZ interface. Here, we explain this effect using a numerical calculation, showing that a peak oxygen pressure is observed near the GDC/YSZ interface during electrolysis operation. Moreover, GDC/YSZ interdiffusion and possible zirconate phase formation occurring during electrode firing yield a low oxygen ion conductivity region that introduces a much higher peak oxygen partial pressure at the interdiffusion layer/YSZ interface, thereby exacerbating degradation. The results indicate that the peak pressure can be reduced and, thereby, damage can be mitigated by altering processing in order to minimize interdiffusion, decreasing the GDC layer thickness, and reducing oxygen electrode polarization resistance or altering electrolyte transport properties, e.g., changing the Gd doping level of GDC to increase the oxygen vacancy diffusivity.
SCORPIUS X-1: ENERGY TRANSFER FROM THE CORE TO THE RADIO LOBES

The evolution of the radio emission from Scorpius X-1 is determined from a 56 hr continuous VLBI observation and from shorter observations over a 4 yr period. The radio source consists of a variable core near the binary and two variable compact radio lobes, which form near the core, move diametrically outward, and then fade away. Subsequently, a new lobe pair form near the core and the behavior repeats. The differences in the radio properties of the two lobes are consistent with the delay and Doppler boosting associated with an average space velocity of 0.45c at 44° to the line of sight. Four lobe speeds, between 0.32c and 0.57c, were measured for several lobe pairs on different days. The speed during each epoch remained constant over many hours. The direction of motion of the lobes over all epochs remained constant to a few degrees. Two core flares are contemporaneous with two lobe flares after removal of the delay associated with an energy burst moving with speed βj > 0.95 in a twin beam from the core to each lobe. This is the first direct measurement of the speed of energy flow within an astrophysical jet. The similarity of the core and lobe flares suggests that the twin-beam flow is symmetric and that the core is located near the base of the beam.
Tissue-resident, extravascular CD64-Ly6C- population forms a critical barrier for inflammation in the synovium

Abstract Monocytes are one of the most abundant immune cells infiltrating the inflamed organs. However, the majority of studies on monocytes focus on circulating cells, rather than those in the tissue. Here, we identify and characterize an intravascular (i.v.) and extravascular (e.v.) synovial population (Syn Ly6C- cells) which lack cell surface markers of classical monocytes (Ly6C and CD62) or tissue macrophages (CD64 and Tim4), are transcriptionally distinct and conserved in RA patients. e.v. Syn Ly6C- cells are independent of NR4A1 and CCR2, long-lived and embryonically derived while the i.v. Syn Ly6C- cells are dependent on NR4A1, short lived and derived from circulating NCM. e.v. Syn Ly6C- cells undergo increased proliferation and reverse diapedesis dependent on LFA1 in response to arthrogenic stimuli and are required for the development of RA-like disease. These findings uncover a new facet of mononuclear cell biology and are imperative to understanding tissue-resident myeloid cell function in RA.
Correspondence between Responses on an Internet Purchase Task and a Laboratory Progressive Ratio Task

Problematic internet use (PIU) is of increasing concern to society and is correlated with negative behavioral and health issues. Human laboratory procedures to assess economic demand for internet use may be useful in translational efforts to better understand PIU and to assess potential treatments. One such procedure involves hypothetical purchases of access to internet use. Little is known about how such hypothetical purchases relate to actual behavior. In the current study, we assessed the correlation between measures of demand via an internet purchase task (IPT) and breakpoints on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule (n = 52). Participants responded on a computer-based task on an escalating work requirement that resulted in 30-s of access to their internet-enabled smartphone. We found a statistically significant correlation between demand intensity (Qo) and total responses (r(29) = .83, p < .001), and between Omax (maximum response expenditure) and total responses (r(29) = .34, p = .03) on the PR schedule. We did not find a relationship between measures of demand elasticity and measures of PR behavior. Because Omax is reflective of both demand and elasticity and Q0 is primarily influenced by demand alone, the results of this study indicate that demand intensity of internet use may be a better predictor of real-world behavior than other measures of demand. These results suggest that demand intensity for internet access may be a valuable proxy for behavior-based measures in the assessment and treatment of PIU.
Optimal Power Flow Calculation Method for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Network Based on Power Router

With the continuous development of power electronic technology, the distributed renewable energy generation connected to the distribution network is increasing, and the flexible load such as electric vehicles is also increasing. As a multi-port power electronic equipment, power router (PR) can accept power electronic power supply and load, and be used to build a flexible power distribution system with high power electronic source and load penetration. First, based on VSC power flow calculation steady-state model, this paper proposes a steady-state model of PR; Second, according to the type of bus at both ends of the line and the type of line, the line structure in the AC/DC hybrid power distribution system based on PRs is divided into 8 categories. Power balance equations, supplementary nodes and equations at node i under various structures are analyzed, and based on the classification of the line structure, the node equations of PR nodes and non-PR nodes are analyzed. Finally, the operating constraints of PR and VSC are introduced, with the goal of minimizing the total power generation cost of the system, and the optimal power flow calculation model for the AC-DC hybrid distribution network based on PRs is constructed. Some nodes are replaced with PR of IEEE14 system as a test system for test verification.
A new lumbriculid genus and species from North America (Clitellata, Lumbriculidae)

Secubelmis limpida n. sp., n. gen., is described from Montana, U.S.A. The monotypic genus resembles the lumbriculid genera Rhynchelmis and Tatriella in having atria in X, spermathecae in VIII, and semi-prosoporous male ducts. It differs from Tatriella in having paired atria and spermathecae, and from Rhynchelmis in having petiolate atria. The single prostate gland is unique within the Lumbriculidae. The new species appears to have a restricted range in the northern Rocky Mountains.
Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House. By Peter Baker. New York: Doubleday, 2013. 800 pp.

Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House. By Peter Baker. New York: Doubleday, 2013. 800 pp. According to common belief, Vice President Dick Cheney, if not in charge of the presidency of George W. Bush, was an equal, or almost equal, partner. That widespread perception provided a ready source of material for political comedians but apparently, and understandably, annoyed one president of the United States. Peter Baker is not the first to expose as fallacious the judgment that Cheney ran the administration, but this book about the Bush-Cheney White House years goes beyond any other independent work in presenting evidence to debunk that conventional, but mistaken, notion. Baker provides a detailed and credible account of Cheney as a very influential, yet not controlling, presence during the Bush presidency. Baker suggests that Cheney was "unquestionably the most influential vice president in American history," a status he achieved through his "mastery of how Washington worked" and his relationship with Bush (p. 6). Cheney knew how to circumvent normal processes to shape policy on occasions but more often, Baker claims, persuaded Bush to do things the president was predisposed to do (pp. 6-7, 653). Baker's book is distinctive in several respects. It covers the entire Bush presidency and the Bush-Cheney relationship, which it explores over a quarter century, from their likely first meeting in 1987 through 2012. Its principal focus, appropriately, is on the period beginning with Bush's 2000 presidential campaign, when Cheney directed the search for, and then served as, Bush's running mate, through their eight years together in the White House. Whereas Barton Gellman's insightful book about Cheney (Angler: The Cheney Vice Presidency [New York: Penguin, 2008}) used case studies to explore his subject, Baker presents the Bush-Cheney relationship chronologically. And Baker's book draws from the author's seemingly comprehensive study of memoirs and other books written about the Bush presidency as well as from Baker's impressive list of nearly 400 interviews with subjects, including Cheney and many members of the Bush cabinet and White House staff. Baker's book devotes little time to Cheney's political or diplomatic work but, rather, focuses on the role to which Cheney gave priority, presidential advisor, a topic the subtitle implies. Baker's book is consistent with earlier accounts (Gellman 2008; Joel K. Goldstein, "Cheney, Vice Presidential Power, and the War on Terror," Presidential Studies Quarterly 40:1 [March 2010] pp. 102-39) regarding the diminution of Cheney's influence during the second term. Yet Baker points out that administration policy did not always follow Cheney's preferences even during the first term. And, in the second term, Cheney's influence subsided, a development Baker documents with numerous illustrations. To be sure, Cheney did not lose all access or influence during the second term. …
The Economic Adjustment of Immigrants to Twelve Nations of Latin America and Comparison with United States

The United Nations estimates that 41 percent of international migration involves the movement of peoples from one less developed nation to another (United Nations, 2009). Little quantitative research has been reported about the employment fate of such migrants — the proportions that thrive or suffer as a consequence of having moved. This is in sharp contrast to developed nations which collect data periodically to study the socioeconomic adjustment of immigrants.The primary reason offered for this lack of quantitative knowledge is that censuses taken in less developed countries provide little information about international immigrants. The principal nations of Latin America are an exception. Several collected data on immigration to their country that is comparable with each other and with the United States census, particularly for the censuses of 2000. These data may be underutilized because they have been been sparsely tabulated or published in Spanish. These barriers have been eliminated by IPUMS International. It has assembled representative samples of individual census documents for more than 50 nations, edited, standardized, and translated them, and placed them in the public domain. Samples including immigration for 12 Latin American nations are among them. This analysis studies the economic adjustment of immigrants, focusing on the migrants’ employment and occupational success. Their economic advancement is determined in large part by their education as evaluated by the destination economy. Immigrants to Latin American countries tend to have higher skills than natives, and hence enter at higher SES position. Average upward progress with increased duration of residence is very small. Immigrants who move to a more developed country and accept entry jobs below their skill level may have modestly enhanced economic status over time. This contrasts with the United States, where immigrants from Latin America show significant improvement within five years after arrival.
PCR-mediated Mutagenesis

PCR allows a defined sequence to be amplified with high specificity from complex mixtures of DNA. However, when starting with cloned DNA as a template, the PCR can be performed under relaxed stringency conditions that allow short primers or primers containing significant mismatches with the template to amplify the cloned DNA. These features can be used to alter the sequence of a cloned template by the use of PCR primers with single or multiple base changes relative to the cloned template. Similarly, primers can be designed that will either add or remove sequences from the final amplified product. In this manner a large number of defined mutations can be introduced rapidly into cloned genes by PCR. Keywords: recombinant PCR; primer; DNA polymerase; cloning
On the mechanism of electrocatalytic oxygen reduction at metal chelates

Abstract With the rotating ring disk electrode the kinetics of electrochemical oxygen reduction was investigated at polymer phthalocyanine-covered electrodes. The RRDE allows the amount of H2O2 formed during the reaction to be determined quantitatively. Therefore the reaction mechanism can be deduced. Polymeric phthalocyanines containing Fe, Co and Ni as central metal were investigated. Polymeric phthalocyanines of Fe and Co were compared with the respective monomeric compounds. The activity of polymeric Fe-phthalocyanines prepared under different conditions was characterised. Rate constants for the reduction of oxygen to H2O and H2O2 in 1 M KOH are provided and the reaction mechanism in strong alkaline solution is discussed.
Rapid, low-cost fabrication of parylene microchannels for microfluidic applications

This paper presents a rapid and low-cost fabrication method of parylene microchannels, so-called 'parylene micromolding'. Technical aspects of this new method are explored and some example products fabricated by this method are displayed. Among them, meander type channel, long spiral channel, electrophoretic channel, and dielectrophoretic channel are included.
Clinical Features, Diagnostic Findings and Treatment of Susac Syndrome: A Case Series (P5.190)

OBJECTIVE: To discuss clinical features, diagnostic findings, differential diagnoses, treatment, and outcomes of Susac syndrome (SS). BACKGROUND: Susac syndrome (retinocochleocerebral microvasculopathy) is a rare, presumed autoimmune condition characterized by the clinical triad of branch retinal artery occlusions, sensorineural hearing loss, and encephalopathy. DESIGN/METHODS: Five patients with SS (age 21-52 years, 4 men) diagnosed and treated at two tertiary care centers since 2009 were compiled for analysis. The observation period was 7-57 months. RESULTS: The clinical presentations included concomitant development of the complete clinical triad in 3 cases, and encephalopathy with delayed retinal and cochlear involvement in 2 cases. Brain MRI in all cases revealed areas of restricted diffusion during the active phase of the disease and white matter FLAIR hyperintensities with typical callosal involvement. CSF analysis showed elevated total protein and mild lymphocytic pleocytosis in all cases. Brain histopathology in the 2 biopsied cases demonstrated pauci-inflammatory microangiopathy. Histopathology of a transient skin rash in 2 patients revealed nonspecific inflammatory changes. The interval between symptom onset and final diagnosis was 3-7 months; ADEM, MS, vasculitis and intravascular lymphoma were initially considered. Pursued treatment strategies included pulse doses of methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg), cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and/or rituximab. Immunosuppressive treatments were sustained for up to 4 years. Of the 4 patients treated with corticosteroids and IVIg alone, all experienced further clinical progression until additional immunosuppressive therapy was instituted. Residual cognitive impairment was noted in all cases; 3 patients developed permanent hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our case series, the rarity of the condition, its frequently incomplete presentation, and the nonspecific imaging findings invariably led to delayed diagnosis. Empiric management with corticosteroids and/or IVIg alone may be insufficient in cases presenting with encephalopathy. Further investigations into the etiology and potential therapeutics for SS are warranted. Disclosure: Dr. Vodopivec has nothing to disclose. Dr. Prasad has nothing to disclose. Dr. Venna has nothing to disclose.
Effect of acupuncture on electroencephalographic responses to noxious stimuli in halothane-anesthetized dogs.

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) of anesthetized dogs has been used to humanely measure morphine's attenuation of CNS responses to noxious stimuli (STIM). The purpose of this study was to similarly determine the effect of acupuncture on responses to STIM as characterized by changes in QEEG. Six mixed-breed dogs were studied; mean ± SD weight and age of 32.8 ± 7.3 kg and 5 ± 0.8 years, respectively. Dogs were mask-induced with halothane (HAL) in oxygen and maintained at 1.7% end-tidal HAL concentration with controlled ventilation. Three treatments, each with and without electrical STIM, were studied in the following order: HAL alone, HAL with low frequency (1.4 Hz) electroacupuncture (LFA), and HAL with high frequency (150 Hz) electroacupuncture (HFA). Alternating current electroacupuncture was performed using needles placed in two acupuncture points on each pelvic limb (Stomach 36 and Spleen 6). Ten minutes of QEEG was collected using a Neurometric Analyzer both prior to and 2 minutes after STIM. STIM was twice the electric current needed to elicit a maximal amplitude compound motor unit action potential (10 second−1 for 15 seconds) using a constant-voltage stimulator applied proximal to the tarsus. Absolute power of the EEG was analyzed by repeated measures anova on ranks followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls' test when indicated by significant F-values (p < 0.05). STIM in HAL-anesthetized dogs was associated with significant decreases in δ and α frequencies of the EEG at 14 of 21 electrode sites. During LFA, significant decreases in δ alone were observed at only four of 21 sites following STIM. During HFA, significant decreases in δ, α, and β frequencies were observed at only six of 21 sites following STIM. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and end-tidal CO2 tension were unchanged throughout the study. We conclude that both LFA and HFA attenuate the QEEG response to STIM during 1.7% HAL anesthesia suggesting electroacupuncture-induced alteration in CNS pain processing.
Low density lipoproteins bound to Schistosoma mansoni do not alter the rapid lateral diffusion or shedding of lipids in the outer surface membrane.

Summary Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni bind human low density lipoproteins (LDL) in a concentrationdependent and saturable manner. The bound LDL could provide phospholipids and sterol to the worm, which cannot synthesize sterol de novo and lacks acyl chain-modifying capability. Here we have used three phospholipid analogues to explore the effect of LDL binding on the parasite's outer tegumental membrane, i.e. the outer of the two membranes that cover its surface syncytium. Fluorescein phosphatidylethanolamine (Fl-PE) and rhodamine phosphatddylethanolamine (Rh-PE) bound to the parasite in a saturable manner and, as shown by fluorescence microscopy, were confined to the surface. Fl-PE fluorescence was completely quenched by Trypan Blue and Fl-PE was lost from the surface following single exponential decay kinetics (tj=12h), further suggesting that the probe was confined to the outer membrane. 1,1' -Dioctadecy 1-3,3,3' ,3' -tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil-C18(3); Dil) did not bind saturably and was seen in both the surface and the internal parasite membranes. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery was used to measure the lateral mobility of Fl-PE in the outer membrane. The lateral diffusion coefficient of Fl-PE was approximately 10" 7 cm 2 s~ 1 . The fractional mobility of Fl-PE was 85 % when measured using a laser beam of radius 1.8 fan and 45% using a beam of radius 4.3/an. These measurements suggest that the outer membrane is composed of /an-scale liquid crystalline-phase lipid domains that lack significant amounts of transmembrane proteins. LDL binding to the parasite surface did not alter the lateral mobility of Fl-PE or the rate of loss of either Fl-PE or Rh-PE. These studies suggest that the binding of LDL to the outer tegumental membrane of schistosomula does not change either the organization of the membrane lipids or their rate of loss from the membrane. If LDL do provide lipids to schistosomula, then direct insertion of lipid molecules into the outer tegumental membrane is an unlikely mechanism for lipid transfer.
The Measurement of Boundary Layers on a Compressor Blade in Cascade: Part 2—Suction Surface Boundary Layers

Etude experimentale des couches limites sur une grille d'aubes de compresseur. Etude de la surface d'attaque, de la surface de fuite et du sillage proche
Fiber-Optic Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy Sensor for Harsh Environment Gas Detection

Photo-acoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been successfully applied to detect various gases and chemicals due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. However, the performance of the conventional acoustic sensors prohibits the application of PAS for harsh environment gas species real-time monitoring. By replacing conventional acoustic sensors, such as microphone and piezo-transducers, with a high-temperature Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) vibration sensor, we developed a fiber-optic PAS sensing system that can be used in high-temperature and high-pressure harsh environments for gas species identification and concentration measurement. A resonant acoustic chamber is designed, and FBG vibration sensor is embedded in the molybdenum membrane. An OPO laser is used for spectrum scanning. Preliminary test on water vapor has been conducted, and the result is analyzed. This sensing technology can be adapted into harsh environments, such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant, and provide on-line real-time monitoring of gases species, such as CO, H2O, and O2. Presently, our FBG-based vibration sensor can withstand the high temperature up to 800°C.
Genetic Structure Among 50 Species of the Northeastern Pacific Rocky Intertidal Community

Comparing many species' population genetic patterns across the same seascape can identify species with different levels of structure, and suggest hypotheses about the processes that cause such variation for species in the same ecosystem. This comparative approach helps focus on geographic barriers and selective or demographic processes that define genetic connectivity on an ecosystem scale, the understanding of which is particularly important for large-scale management efforts. Moreover, a multispecies dataset has great statistical advantages over single-species studies, lending explanatory power in an effort to uncover the mechanisms driving population structure. Here, we analyze a 50-species dataset of Pacific nearshore invertebrates with the aim of discovering the most influential structuring factors along the Pacific coast of North America. We collected cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mtDNA data from populations of 34 species of marine invertebrates sampled coarsely at four coastal locations in California, Oregon, and Alaska, and added published data from 16 additional species. All nine species with non-pelagic development have strong genetic structure. For the 41 species with pelagic development, 13 show significant genetic differentiation, nine of which show striking FST levels of 0.1–0.6. Finer scale geographic investigations show unexpected regional patterns of genetic change near Cape Mendocino in northern California for five of the six species tested. The region between Oregon and Alaska is a second focus of intraspecific genetic change, showing differentiation in half the species tested. Across regions, strong genetic subdivision occurs more often than expected in mid-to-high intertidal species, a result that may reflect reduced gene flow due to natural selection along coastal environmental gradients. Finally, the results highlight the importance of making primary research accessible to policymakers, as unexpected barriers to marine dispersal break the coast into separate demographic zones that may require their own management plans.
Surface-initiated polymerization from TiO2 nanoparticle surfaces through a biomimetic initiator: A new route toward polymer–matrix nanocomposites

Abstract Polymer nanocomposites of core–shell structure were prepared by grafting poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from TiO 2 nanoparticle via the surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) strategy. A bifunctional polymerization initiator inspired by l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), a key constituent of mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs), was designed and synthesized for use in SIP from oxide surfaces. The biomimetic initiator spontaneously adsorbed to TiO 2 from aqueous solution, resulting in a colloidal initiator system with the initiator content of approximately 6.8 wt%. Subsequent in situ activation of the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) gave rise to PMMA polymer shell layers tethered to TiO 2 nanoparticle cores. The results demonstrate a viable biomimetic strategy toward the preparation of polymer functionalized metal oxide nanoparticles that may be useful for construction of functional polymer nanocomposites.
Fully iterative array for extracting square roots

A cellular array is proposed for extracting square roots. In contrast to an earlier proposal, both the cells and the interconnection of cells are identical.
Ileal J pouch: radiologic evaluation in patients with and without postoperative infectious complications.

The authors studied the ileograms and computed tomographic (CT) examinations of 18 patients who had undergone surgical construction of an ileal J pouch and ileoanal anastomosis; 10 had developed postoperative infectious complications and eight had not. The initial ileograms obtained 4 weeks postoperatively proved to be unhelpful in predicting future infectious complications, showing abnormalities in only two of 10 patients. Ileography and CT performed at the time of the complications showed abnormalities in eight of nine and nine of 10 patients, respectively. Ileographic abnormalities in patients with abscesses included extravasation of contrast material, extraluminal gas collections, thickening of ileal pouch folds, and extrinsic mass effect on the pouch. CT findings included thickening of the pouch and/or rectal walls, streaky areas of soft-tissue attenuation within the ileal pouch mesentery and perirectal fat, and areas of soft-tissue attenuation or fluid attenuation in the peripouch region. CT was mor...
Airway obstruction in substernal goiter. Clinical and therapeutic implications.

Abstract Airway obstruction due to substernal goiter is a tracherous complication of an uncommon entity. Five patients with substernal goiter are presented who manifested a complete clinical spectrum of airway obstruction varying from post ptussic inspiratory wheezing as the only indication of obstruction to sudden near-fatal respiratory arrest. In all patients, multiple X-ray views of the neck and upper thorax preoperatively showed either tracheal narrowing or displacement. Extreme anterior angulation of the trachea in one patient and bilateral compression in another required thyroidectomy to be carried out under local anesthesia. No correlation existed between weight of the gland found at surgery and intensity of obstructive symptoms, but tracheal compression in the thoracic inlet was a common finding. Following surgery, all patients were free of symptoms and signs of airway obstruction.
Analysis of the germination kinetics of individual Bacillus subtilis spores treated with hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite.

UNLABELLED More than 95% of individuals in populations of Bacillus subtilis spores killed approximately 95% by hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorite germinated with a nutrient, although the germination of the treated spores was slower than that of untreated spores. The slow germination of individual oxidizing agent-treated spores was due to: (i) 3- to 5-fold longer lag times (Tlag ) between germinant addition and initiation of fast release of spores' large dipicolinic acid (DPA) depot (ii) 2- to 10-fold longer times (ΔTrelease ) for rapid DPA release, once this process had been initiated; and (iii) 3- to 7-fold longer times needed for lysis of spores' peptidoglycan cortex. These results indicate that effects of oxidizing agent treatment on subsequent spore germination are on: (i) nutrient germinant receptors in spores' inner membrane (ii) components of the DPA release process, possibly SpoVA proteins also in spores' inner membrane, or the cortex-lytic enzyme CwlJ; and (iii) the cortex-lytic enzyme SleB, also largely in spores' inner membrane. This study further indicates that rapid assays of spore viability based on measurement of DPA release in spore germination can give false-positive readings. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work shows that with Bacillus subtilis spore populations in which approximately 95% of individual spores were killed by several oxidizing agents, >95% of the spores in these populations germinated with nutrients, albeit slowly. This is important, as assay of an early germination event, release of dipicolinic acid, has been suggested as a rapid assay for spore viability and would give false-positive readings for the level of the killing of oxidizing agent-treated spore populations. Analysis of the germination kinetics of multiple individual untreated or oxidizing agent-treated spores also provides new information on proteins damaged by oxidizing agent treatment, and at least some of which are in spores' inner membrane.
Environmentally-sensitive design: Leonardo WAS right!

Abstract The design of environmentally-sensitive products and manufacturing facilities is considered by some members of the industrial community to be one of the current frontiers of engineering practice, while others consider it to be another fad. Here today but gone tomorrow. This paper examines this topic from a biological stance by asserting that humankind's activities should emulate nature's flora and fauna, and the ecosystems that support them. Leonardo da Vinci's profound words of some five centuries ago concerning nature's inventive genius provides the motivation. Subsequently these words are buttressed by a set of fundamental biological canons that provide the basis for engineering design rules governing the efficient management of natural resources.
Enzyme and Chemical Encapsulation in Polymeric Microcapsules

Abstract : Polypyrrole microcapsules (prepared via the template method) were used for immobilization of both enzymatic and chemical catalytic systems. Enzymes immobilized include glucose oxidase, catalase, trypsin, subtilisin, and alcohol dehydrogenase. The chemical catalytic system investigated consisted of immobilized Pd nanoparticles for catalysis of hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Microcapsules loaded with glucose oxidase (GOD) were found to have higher enzymatic activity than GOD-loaded thin films, a competing encapsulation method. Trypsin was used to explore the possible leakage of small proteins from the capsules; no leakage was observed. Subtilisin was used to show that these microcapsules can be used in non-aqueous solvents. The effect of capsule wall thickness on the rate of enzymatic reaction was also explored.
Information Derived from an Objectivity Study of an Interview Schedule

The agreement between independent ratings assigned by members of observation teams administering an interview schedule was studied. The appropriateness of selection requirements and the adequacy of observer training in the program are reviewed. Implications are drawn from the objectivity of the ratings for the estimated reliability and validity of the interview schedule.
Supply-side—demand-side optimization and cost—environment tradeoffs for China's coal and electricity system

Abstract Motivated by 1980s energy shortages, the World Bank and the Chinese State Planning Commission developed a strategic-level, network-based investment-planning model of China's coal and electricity delivery system. Transport investments were optimized alongside alternative investments that reduce transport needs, such as coal washing, minemouth power plants, long-distance transmission and hydro and nuclear power. Later, we enhanced the model by adding investment variables for improving energy efficiency. We found that energy demands in the year 2000 can be satisfied with less cost and pollution than in the supply-side-only results. Multiobjective analysis estimates the national cost of controlling ash and sulfur both with and without energy conservation and/or carbon restrictions. Policy issues for demand-side investments are discussed.
Fracture and ischemic necrosis of the immature scaphoid

The progressively ossifying scaphoid of the child is well protected but is not immune to injury. The diagnosis of scaphoid fracture may be difficult when the fracture occurs through the osteochondral interface. Nonunion and ischemic necrosis of the proximal pole fragment—complications more often seen in adults sustaining scaphoid fracture—may occur in children, as shown by the young patient presented here.
Collisions of highly charged ions with electrons, atoms and surfaces

At the Oak Ridge Multicharged Ion Source Facility, an experimental atomic collisions physics program is centered around a recently upgraded Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) multicharged ion source. The 10 GHz CAPRICE source has been in operation since October 22, 1992, and has provided more intense, higher charge ion beams than our previous ECR ion source. Intense metallic beams have recently become available with the installation of a metallic oven on the source. In addition to measurements of electron-impact excitation, carried out in collaboration with the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), experiments are presently on-line to study electron-impact ionization, low-energy ion-atom collisions, and ion-surface interactions. A brief summary of our various activities with an emphasis on the new capabilities is presented.
Photoelectron motion in the presence of a probe electromagnetic wave

Photoionization in the presence of a probe electromagnetic wave is studied. A continuum wave function is obtained in a weak-field, low-frequency limit for low-energy photoelectrons. When the electron and photon energies are comparable, the absorption and stimulated-emission angular distributions show a significant departure from results based on a much-used on-shell approximation of Kroll and Watson.
Permeability measurements from free-space technique and theoretical simulation in millimeter-wave frequency range

Real part of permeability of Yttrium Gadolinium Iron Oxide (Gd-YIG) has been observed in the frequency range from 30 to 120 GHz by using a free-space quasi-optical millimeter-wave spectrometer. The simulation results from both Schloemann's and Soohoo's equation have also been studied. The comparison between the simulation and experimental result, and the standard deviation have been performed and calculated through the whole frequency range.
TRPM4 channels couple purinergic receptor mechanoactivation and myogenic tone development in cerebral parenchymal arterioles

Cerebral parenchymal arterioles (PAs) have a critical role in assuring appropriate blood flow and perfusion pressure within the brain. They are unique in contrast to upstream pial arteries, as defined by their critical roles in neurovascular coupling, distinct sensitivities to chemical stimulants, and enhanced myogenic tone development. The objective of the present study was to reveal some of the unique mechanisms of myogenic tone regulation in the cerebral microcirculation. Here, we report that in vivo suppression of TRPM4 (transient receptor potential) channel expression, or inhibition of TRPM4 channels with 9-phenanthrol substantially reduced myogenic tone of isolated PAs, supporting a key role of TRPM4 channels in PA myogenic tone development. Further, downregulation of TRPM4 channels inhibited vasoconstriction induced by the specific P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptor ligands (UTPγS and UDP) by 37% and 42%, respectively. In addition, 9-phenanthrol substantially attenuated purinergic ligand-induced membrane depolarization and constriction of PAs, and inhibited ligand-evoked TRPM4 channel activation in isolated PA myocytes. In concert with our previous work showing the essential contributions of P2Y4 and P2Y6 receptors to myogenic regulation of PAs, the current results point to TRPM4 channels as an important link between mechanosensitive P2Y receptor activation and myogenic constriction of cerebral PAs.
Molecular electronics of DNA double helices using second-order tight-binding modeling

This research deals with molecular electronics of DNA double helices. We consider a 10 base-pair poly(G)-poly(C) double stranded DNA molecule, tilted with respect to the intercontact electric field direction. An advanced tight-binding (TB) model including hopping integrals of the next nearest neighbors (NNN) and DNA helix conformation is implemented. The transport properties, such as single electron transmission spectra and current-voltage characteristics as functions of source-drain voltage and tilt angle, are studied both with and without NNN effects.
Morphotropic Phase Boundary in the Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 System

The ionic polarizabilities in Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 compositions are calculated by the Clausius-Mossotti-Lorentz-Lorentz equation. The resultant gap of the polarizability appearing at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition suggests the phase transition boundary to be due to the electrostatic long-range dipole moment. Semiconducting and phonon softening of PZT near MPB compositions may be arrived at from screening of the long-range dipole-dipole interaction by electrons. Es werden die ionaren Polarisierbarkeiten von Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 mit Hilfe der Clausius-Mossotti-Lorentz-Lorentz-Beziehung berechnet. Die resultierende Polarisierbarkeitslucke bei der Komposition der morphotropen Phasengrenze (MPB) last vermuten, das die Phasenubergangsgrenze durch das langreichweitige elektrostatische Dipolmoment hervorgerufen ist. Nahe der MPB-Komposition ist Halbleitung sowie ein Aufweichen der Phononmoden bei Abschirmung der langreichweitigen Dipol-Dipol-Wechselwirkung durch Elektronen moglich.