cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lobbying Allies?: The NSZZ Solidarność Coordinating Office Abroad, 1982–1989

After the proclamation of martial law in Poland in December 1981, a Solidarnośc Coordinating Office Abroad was set up. Led by Jerzy Milewski, the organization eliminated any internal opposition and succeeded in being recognized by most Western partners as the foreign representative of Solidarnośc. The Coordinating Office received most of its financial aid from trade union internationals and from the United States. Initially, the Coordinating Office was active mainly within international institutions such as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the International Labor Organization. From 1984 onward, the organization sought to influence senior politicians and governments and became an important reminder to the Western world of the Polish crisis, as well as providing financial and material aid to the banned Polish trade union. However, it did not have a definitive impact on policymaking and remained largely dependent on its allied organizations.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may produce a variety of neuropsychiatric problems, including impaired cognition, depression, mania, affective lability, irritability, anxiety, and psychosis. Despite the common occurrence of these symptoms following TBI, there are relatively few studies that provide clear guidance regarding management. Many symptoms (eg, irritability, affective lability, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and impaired cognition) are primarily consequences of brain injury rather than symptoms of a comorbid psychiatric disorder such as major depression. Although it is difficult to study the complicated treatments needed for such symptom complexes, we are able to recommend an approach to the evaluation and treatment of neuropsychiatric problems following traumatic brain injury. A thorough assessment of the patient is a prerequisite to the prescription of any treatment. This assessment should include a thorough developmental, psychiatric, and medication history; a detailed mental status examination; a complete neurologic examination; and quantification of neuropsychiatric symptoms using standardized and accepted inventories (eg, Neurobehavioral Rating Scale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory ). All symptoms must be evaluated in the context of the patient's premorbid history and current treatment because neuropsychiatric symptoms may be influenced by either factor or by both factors. Psychotherapy is an important component of the treatment of neuropsychiatric problems following TBI. Additionally, patients should be encouraged to become involved with local TBI support groups. When medications are prescribed, it is essential to use cautious dosing (low and slow) and empiric trials with continuous reassessment of symptoms using standardized scales and monitoring for drug-drug interactions. In general, medications with significant sedative, antidopaminergic, and anticholinergic properties should be avoided, and benzodiazepines should be used sparingly, if at all. Although patients with TBI may be particularly susceptible to adverse effects of psychopharmacologic medications, at times dosages similar to those used for the non-brain-injured psychiatric patient may be needed. When a single medication does not provide adequate relief of symptoms or cannot be tolerated at therapeutic doses, an alternative strategy is to augment the effect of one medication by using a second low-dose agent with a different mechanism of action.
Technical skills assessment in thoracic surgery education: we won't get fooled again.

Dr Irv Kron’s American Association for Thoracic Surgery Presidential Address in 2011 was a lightbulb moment for me. ‘‘No resident should complete a program incompetent to perform surgery,’’ he challenged, ‘‘The responsibility is on us.’’ Dr Kron encouraged us to refocus how we teach technical surgery and to define technical standards—but how? The TSDA has done an outstanding job in defining the specific knowledge base that a thoracic surgeon should possess, and its assessment is relatively straightforward. Thewritten boards do an outstanding job of assessing a candidate’s fund of knowledge, and the oral boards can identify a satisfactory comprehension of the flow of an operation and intraoperative decision making. It is the evaluation of technical capabilities that has historically been limited to a subjective assessment, an assessment that may be challenging in current times given the lack of opportunity for thoracic surgery residents to perform critical tasks truly independent of an attending’s constant supervision. In the mid to late 1900s, the ‘‘ward service’’ afforded the opportunity for residents to operate independently. Those days are gone, to the benefit of our patients, but the downside is that we no longer have the opportunity to evaluate the truly independent technical competence of our trainees. In the operating room, we continually evaluate and correct needle angles, graft orientation, bite technique, and spacing on every anastomosis a resident performs. There is no room for trial and error during training, only what I refer to as ‘‘continually supervised, corrected perfection.’’ Dr John Alexander initiated the first training program in thoracic surgery at the University of Michigan in 1928. He proclaimed, ‘‘The time has passed when surgeons must gain their experience at the expense of their patients.’’ He thought that after 2 years of intensive study, trainees in thoracic surgery would be prepared for independent practice, but is this truly the case in 2014? We have to make certain to not simply transfer Dr Alexander’s
Metal Rules the Globe: Heavy Metal Music around the World

In the American popular mind, heavy metal might seem a dead or defunct musical genre. For many people, metal refers either to the type of music that dominated record sales and radio airplay in the ...
Polyclonal nature of the IgM from dysgammaglobulinemic chickens.

Chickens bursectomized at hatch and/or treated with anti-immunoglobulin reagents such as anti-μ, anti-μ and F(ab1)2anti-μu may become agammaglobulinemic, hypogammaglobulinemic, hypergammaglobulinemic or exhibit normal levels of immunoglobulins. IgM and IgY produced by these dysgammaglobulinemic chickens were demonstrated to be polyclonal in origin. The IgM from chickens with hyper-IgM-globulinemia is also polyclonal in origin unlike the situation seen in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. These data do not rule out restricted allotype or subclass expression.
Cohabitating with the wild

There is long-standing recognition that while an environmental-human discipline must do much else as well, it must ground its speculation ever anew in seeing. There is also recognition that there is as much merit to narrative as to argument. It is in this sense that this article seeks to see and to narrate, while its author is living on 670 acres of mountain land, an hour up a dirt road from the nearest town, off-line and off grid. The article focuses on what it means for an entity to be wild, how in our evolutionary past humans lived with wildness, and what of wildness might make sense in modern times. The central argument, more implied than stated, is that still today wildness remains part of the architecture of the human mind and body, and that to thrive as individuals and as a species we need to cohabitate with it.
Reliance, Trust, and Belief

AbstractAn adequate theory of the nature of belief should help us explain the most obvious features of belief as we find it. Among these features are: guiding action and reasoning non-inferentially; varying in strength in ways that are spontaneously experience-sensitive; ‘aiming at truth’ in some sense and being evaluable in terms of correctness and warrant; possessing inertia across time and constancy across contexts; sustaining expectations in a manner mediated by propositional content; shaping the formation and execution of plans; generalizing spontaneously projectively; and being independent of the will and resisting instrumentalization. Using the method of ‘creature construction’, I attempt to show how we can build an attitude with these features step-by-step from simpler components, thereby avoiding the problems of regress or circularity affecting a number of influential accounts of belief.
Abstract 4998: Down-regulation of Hsulf-1 promotes tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer cells

Human Sulfatase1 enzyme (HSulf-1) is down-regulated in a majority of ovarian cancer cell lines and primary tumors, but the functional consequence of this downregulation remains unclear. Here, we showed that down-regulation of HSulf-1 by RNA interference in OV202 ovarian cancer cells resulted in an elevated level of phosphorylated AKT. Conversely, over-expression of HSulf-1 in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells led to decreased phosphorylation of AKT. When cells were treated with CDDP, OV202 cells with knockdown of HSulf-1 displayed more resistance to drug-induced apoptosis, with IC50 value 3-fold higher than cells with non-targeting shRNA, while SKOV3 cells with overexpression of HSulf-1 were more sensitive to drug-induced apoptosis compared to the control cells. Moreover, knockdown of HSulf-1 also endowed ovarian cancer cells with increased resistance to detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis). Cell proliferation assays revealed that knockdown of HSulf-1 significantly accelerated cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Importantly, when cells were injected subcutaneously, 7 of 8 (87.5%) nude mice developed tumors with HSulf-1 knockdown cells within 2 weeks. However, none of the mice injected with nontargeted control transduced cells (control group) developed tumors. Four weeks after injection, 8 of 8 (100%) nude mice developed tumors with HSulf-1 down-regulated cells, while only 2 of 5 (40%) mice had tumors in the control group. The average tumor weight was 4.2±2.7g per mice in HSulf-1 knockdown group, significantly higher than 0.6±0.3g per mice in the control group. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that down-regulation of HSulf-1 promotes tumorigenicity of ovarian cancer possibly due to elevated activation of AKT pathway. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4998.
CHARGE EXCHANGE SCATTERING OF CHARGED GAUGE BOSONS BY 'T HOOFT-POLYAKOV MONOPOLE

Abstract We have studied the scattering of a low energy charged gauge boson by a 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole in a spontaneously broken SU(2) gauge theory. It is found that a charge exchange scattering occurs in the sector of zero total angular momentum. The charge exchange scattering has a nonvanishing finite amplitude when the size of the monopole becomes very small. Implications of our results are discussed.
Thermally Driven Exchanges between a Coral Reef and the Adjoining Ocean

Abstract In this paper hydrographic observations made over a fringing coral reef at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba near Eilat, Israel, are discussed. These data show exchange flows driven by the onshore–offshore temperature gradients that develop because shallow regions near shore experience larger temperature changes than do deeper regions offshore when subjected to the same rate of heating or cooling. Under heating conditions, the resulting vertically sheared exchange flow is offshore at the surface and onshore at depth, whereas when cooling dominates, the pattern is reversed. For summer conditions, heating and cooling are both important and a diurnally reversing exchange flow is observed. During winter conditions, heating occupies a relatively small fraction of the day, and only the cooling flow is observed. When scaled by ΔV, the observed profiles of the cross-shore during cooling velocity collapse onto a single curve. The value of ΔV depends on the convective velocity scale uf and the bottom s...
Psoriatic Enthesitis: An Update from the GRAPPA 2013 Annual Meeting

The enthesis, attachment site of ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules to bone, has emerged as a complex structure or entheseal organ that dissipates stress to maintain homeostasis. Entheses are also anatomically and functionally integrated with adjacent bursa, fibrocartilage, and synovium in a synovial entheseal complex that may trigger inflammation in response to biomechanical stress. Recent studies have suggested that inflammation in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) arises in the enthesis based on imaging and anatomical data. In this review, the anatomy of the enthesis from a functional perspective is discussed, and the data that support a central role for enthesitis in PsA are outlined. In addition, new animal models that implicate Th17 and tumor necrosis factor pathways in enthesitis are highlighted along with new data that question the primacy of the enthesis in the early stages of PsA. Finally, future studies that incorporate new technologies are outlined. Those studies may address the contribution of entheseal inflammation to initiation and perpetuation of key pathophysiologic pathways in the psoriatic joint.
Abstract A14: Re-expression of microRNA-375 reverses both tamoxifen resistance and accompanying EMT-like properties in breast cancer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an initiating event in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. It has been shown to occur in resistance to a range of cancer therapies, including tamoxifen. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with EMT as well as resistance to standard therapies. To investigate the role of miRNAs in the development of resistance to tamoxifen as well as accompanying EMT-like properties, we established a tamoxifen resistant (TamR) model by continually exposing MCF-7 breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. In addition to the molecular changes known to be involved in acquired tamoxifen resistance, TamR cells displayed mesenchymal features and had increased invasiveness. Genome-wide miRNA microarray analysis revealed that miRNA-375 was among the top down-regulated miRNAs in resistant cells. Re-expression of miR-375 was sufficient to sensitize TamR cells to tamoxifen and partly reversed EMT. A combination of mRNA profiling, bioinformatic analysis, and experimental validation identified metadherin/MTDH as a direct target of miR-375. Knockdown of MTDH partially phenocopied the effects of miR-375 on the sensitivity to tamoxifen and the reversal of EMT. We observed an inverse correlation between the expression of miR-375 and its target MTDH in primary breast cancer samples, implying the pathological relevance of targeting. Finally, tamoxifen-treated patients with higher expression of MTDH had a shorter disease-free survival and higher risk of relapse. As most cancer-related deaths occur due to resistance to standard therapies and metastasis, re-expression of miR-375 or targeting MTDH might serve as potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of tamoxifen resistant breast cancer.
Characteristics of a Hospital Based Adult Transitional Care Unit and It's Impact on Nutrition Services

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To provide data on a new Adult Transitional Care Unit that receives its population from an attached, affiliated tertiary/quartenary care facility, and to evaluate it's impact on nutrition services. A growing number of Acute Transitional Care Units (ATCU) have been established throughout the country in both hospital and long term care settings. For the hospital based ATCU's, these units often present a challenge for the nutrition services department primarily due to new rules and regulations enforced by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA), increased patient turnover, new documentation requirements, and aggressive rehabilitation goals. Our objective was to review data on the newly established 20 bed ATCU in our tertiary/quartenary care facility, and evaluate it's impact on nutrition services, including the functions of the Registered Dietitian (RD) and the Food Service Department (FSD). Data from the past 5 months was reviewed using the Monthly Census Statistical Review Report, and the Monthly Productivity Report with the goal to evaluate the daily average census, percent occupancy rate, length of stay, referrals, and diet orders. In light of the data obtained, the role of the RD would be required to 1) provide timely assessments, and frequent follow-up documentation 2) establish a broad knowledge of various disease states with emphasis on the geriatric population 3) consult with acute care RD's regarding previously established goals and treatment plans to provide a continuum of care 4) become proficient in nutrition support to deal with complex medical/surgical patients, and 5) become efficient in completing interdisciplinary care plans. The changes for the FSD would include 1) preparation of more specialized foods to cater to the special needs of the ATCU patient 2) development of a 3-week cycle menu to meet OBRA guidelines to ensure variety on the standard hospital menus 3) initiation of a snack program to provide patients with a choice of a substantial evening snack and 4) development of a texturized meal program to improve on presentation, taste, and quality of meals.
Emerging trends in monitoring landscapes and energy infrastructures with big spatial data

Explosion of spatial data from satellite to citizen sensors has posed the critical challenge of Big Spatial Data integration, analysis, and visualization. This article focuses on research and development activities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) that are addressing end-user applications utilizing high performance computing based geospatial science and technology solutions to optimize the analysis, modeling, and multi-megapixel scale visualization of the geospatial data. Specifically we highlight recent developments and successes in the areas of high resolution settlement mapping, transportation and mobility analysis, and effective monitoring of biomass for energy and food security.
Layers, Flows and Intersections: Jeronymo José de Mello and Artisan Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1840s–1880s

The social history of Rio de Janeiro's artisans is approached using an interdisciplinary methodology based on spatial data (GIS) and concepts of layers, flows, and intersections. Datasets regarding occupation, real property ownership, and slaveholding are intersected and social change experienced by artisans resident in the diverse neighborhoods of the city is analyzed. The story of one tinker in particular is pursued to illustrate the major changes affecting artisans in Rio during the second half of the nineteenth century as well as to illuminate the complex social and economic experiences of common people such as artisans in a new way based on spatial patterns and social networks. The experience of artisans in general was of gradual dispersion into more diverse and poorer neighborhoods as the city center became increasingly dominated by business and retail. This dispersion resulted in a different set of neighbors and changing social and economic environments for most artisans as they lost their hold on traditional zones in the city center.
Attitudes of pre-service mature age women students towards teaching primary science: An interview study

During the first semester of their teacher education degree mature age women improved significantly in their attitude towards teaching primary science compared to other sub-groups. The reasons for this difference were explored by interviewing several of the mature age women. An interpretation of these interviews and possible implications for pre-service science education are reported.
Real-time intelligent decision making with data mining

Database mining, widely known as knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD), has attracted lot of attention in recent years. With the rapid growth of databases in commercial, industrial, administrative and other applications, it is necessary and interesting to extract knowledge automatically from huge amount of data. Almost all the organizations are generating data and information at an unprecedented rate and they need to get some useful information from this data. Data mining is the extraction of non-trivial, previously unknown and potentially useful patterns, trends, dependence and correlation known as association rules among data values in large databases. In last ten to fifteen years, data mining spread out from one company to the other to help them understand more about customers' aspect of quality and response and also distinguish the customers they want from those they do not. A credit-card company found that customers who complete their applications in pencil rather than pen are more likely to default. There is a program that identifies callers by purchase history. The bigger the spender, the quicker the call will be answered. If you feel your call is being answered in the order in which it was received, think again. Many algorithms assume that data is static in nature and mine the rules and relations in that data. But for a dynamic database e.g. in most of the manufacturing industries, the rules and relations thus developed among the variables/items no longer hold true. A simple approach may be to mine the associations among the variables after every fixed period of time. But again, how much the length of this period should be, is a question to be answered. The next problem with the static data mining is that some of the relationships that might be of interest from one period to the other may be lost after a new set of data is used. To reflect the effect of new data set and current status of the association rules where some of the strong rules might become weak and vice versa, there is a need to develop an efficient algorithm to adapt to the current patterns and associations. Some work has been done in developing the association rules for incremental database but to the best of the author’s knowledge no work has been done to do the same for periodic cause and effect analysis for online association rules in manufacturing industries. The present research attempts to answer these questions and develop an algorithm that can display the association rules online, find the periodic patterns in the data and detect the root cause of the problem.
Partially adaptive estimation of ARMA time series models

Abstract This paper presents a new partially adaptive estimator of ARMA models which includes least absolute deviation (LAD or L 1 ), least squares, L p , and ‘optimal’ L p as special or limiting cases. This estimator is based upon a generalized t(GT) distribution for the residuals. The GT distribution has a mixture interpretation based on an innovative outlier framework, and results in an estimator with a bounded ψ-function for finite ‘degrees of freedom.’ Joint estimation of distributional parameters and ARMA parameters allows the estimation technique to ‘adjust’ or ‘adapt’ to the data type and provides a natural way to test for normality of residuals. Monte Carlo simulations compare the performance of these estimators across different distributional assumptions including a ‘contaminated’ normal. The partially adaptive estimators perform well across diverse data types including the innovative outlier and ‘contaminated normal’ models. The distributions of corresponding Q statistics and likelihood ratio statistics are considered.
Churchill regulates cell movement and mesoderm specification by repressing Nodal signaling

Cell movements are essential to the determination of cell fates during development. The zinc-finger transcription factor, Churchill (ChCh) has been proposed to regulate cell fate by regulating cell movements during gastrulation in the chick. However, the mechanism of action of ChCh is not understood. We demonstrate that ChCh acts to repress the response to Nodal-related signals in zebrafish. When ChCh function is abrogated the expression of mesodermal markers is enhanced while ectodermal markers are expressed at decreased levels. In cell transplant assays, we observed that ChCh-deficient cells are more motile than wild-type cells. When placed in wild-type hosts, ChCh-deficient cells often leave the epiblast, migrate to the germ ring and are later found in mesodermal structures. We demonstrate that both movement of ChCh-compromised cells to the germ ring and acquisition of mesodermal character depend on the ability of the donor cells to respond to Nodal signals. Blocking Nodal signaling in the donor cells at the levels of Oep, Alk receptors or Fast1 inhibited migration to the germ ring and mesodermal fate change in the donor cells. We also detect additional unusual movements of transplanted ChCh-deficient cells which suggests that movement and acquisition of mesodermal character can be uncoupled. Finally, we demonstrate that ChCh is required to limit the transcriptional response to Nodal. These data establish a broad role for ChCh in regulating both cell movement and Nodal signaling during early zebrafish development. We show that chch is required to limit mesodermal gene expression, inhibit Nodal-dependant movement of presumptive ectodermal cells and repress the transcriptional response to Nodal signaling. These findings reveal a dynamic role for chch in regulating cell movement and fate during early development.
A high fidelity video delivery system for real-time flight simulation research

The Flight Systems and Simulation Research Laboratory (Simlab) at the NASA Ames Research Center, utilizes an extensive network of video image generation, delivery, processing, and display systems coupled with a large amplitude Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) to provide a high fidelity visual environment for flight simulation research. This paper will explore the capabilities of the current Simlab video distribution system architecture with a view toward technical solutions implemented to resolve a variety of video interface, switching, and distribution issues common to many simulation facilities. Technical discussions include a modular approach to a video switching and distribution system capable of supporting both coax and fiber optic video signal transmission, video scan conversion and processing techniques for lab observation and recording, adaptation of image generation and display system video interfaces to industry standards, an all raster solution for 'glass cockpit' configurations encompassing Head up, Head-down, and Out-the-Window display systems.
Magnetoelectric effects in ferrite-lead zirconate titanate layered composites: The influence of zinc substitution in ferrites

The observation of strong magnetoelectric (ME) coupling is reported in zinc-substituted layered composites of ferrites and lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Multilayer samples contained cobalt zinc ferrite ${\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ (CZFO) $(x=0--0.6)$ or nickel zinc ferrite ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ (NZFO) $(x=0--0.5)$ and were prepared by laminating and sintering ferrite and PZT thick films obtained by tape casting. The ME voltage coefficient ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}$ was measured for transverse and longitudinal field orientations for frequencies 10--1000 Hz. A substantial enhancement in ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}$ is observed with the substitution of Zn. The largest increase, by about 500%, is observed in CZFO-PZT and the smallest increase of 60% is measured for NZFO-PZT. As the Zn concentration is increased, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}$ increases and shows a maximum for $x=0.2--0.4,$ depending on the ferrite. The data is analyzed based on a theoretical model for a ferrite-PZT bilayer, taking into consideration less than ideal coupling at the interface. The interface coupling parameter k is quite small for CZFO-PZT; it increases from 0 to 0.6 as Zn concentration is increased from 0% to 40%. Composites of NZFO-PZT, however, have a near perfect interface coupling. The Zn-assisted enhancement in the ME coefficient is discussed in terms of joule magnetostriction, initial permeability, and magnetomechanical coupling for the ferrites.
Toxicity of cryoprotective agents at 30

The toxicity of four cryoprotective agents (glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide, dextran, magnesium ion) as a function of time was assessed at 30° on isolated rabbit atria. Glycerol, 2·0 M, in Ringer solution killed all atria in less than 30 min. Atria tolerated 2·1 M dimethylsulphoxide in Ringer for 1 hr, 0·7 M glycerol in Ringer for 4 hr, 6% (w/v) dextran in saline for 6 hr and 6·6 times 10−2 M magnesium chloride in Ringer for 8 hr. After washing out the cryoprotective agents the tissue was examined histologically and for its response to isoprenaline, MJ-1999 [4,2-(isopropylamino-10-hydroxyethyl)methanesulphonilide, a β-blocking agent] and isoprenaline and ouabain. These tests were the more sensitive indicators of functional integrity.
The Montana State University Conceptual Model of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Health Literacy

This article aims to present and describe a model of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) health literacy. The model is the conceptual basis for CAM health literacy, which is operationally defined as the information about CAM needed to make informed self-management decisions regarding health. Improving health literacy is a national priority, and widespread use of CAM has added to the complexity of this task. There are no currently available models or measures of health literacy regarding CAM. The authors developed the model using an iterative process of deriving concepts, constructs, and empirical indicators from the literature and the author's prior work, review and critique by experts, and revision. The model of CAM health literacy can serve as the basis for future research on the use and efficacy of CAM and the constructs and concepts within it can be used to identify points of intervention for research or for clinical practice. It is anticipated that the model will have scientific and clinical...
Structural Basis for Autoinhibition of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor FARP2.

FARP2 is a Dbl-family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that contains a 4.1, ezrin, radixin and moesin (FERM) domain, a Dbl-homology (DH) domain and two pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. FARP2 activates Rac1 or Cdc42 in response to upstream signals, thereby regulating processes such as neuronal axon guidance and bone homeostasis. How the GEF activity of FARP2 is regulated remained poorly understood. We have determined the crystal structures of the catalytic DH domain and the DH-PH-PH domains of FARP2. The structures reveal an auto-inhibited conformation in which the GEF substrate-binding site is blocked collectively by the last helix in the DH domain and the two PH domains. This conformation is stabilized by multiple interactions among the domains and two well-structured inter-domain linkers. Our cell-based activity assays confirm the suppression of the FARP2 GEF activity by these auto-inhibitory elements.
Mobile media and communication in everyday life: Milestones and challenges:

The article contributes conceptual ideas to the multi- and interdisciplinary forum for research on social aspects of Mobile Media & Communication. Starting with everyday observations, a review of selected milestones regarding matters of space and presence, sociality and emotion and on multiple dialectics is offered to demonstrate the significant and complex interrelations in the field of mobile communication in everyday life. Finally, it is argued that the challenge of non-deterministic and sustainable research approaches has to be met in order to deepen and broaden future research and contribute to an understanding of mobile media and communication.
SU‐GG‐T‐596: Monitor Unit Verification of Proton Scattering Beam Using a Generic Beam Data

Purpose: We have developed an empirical algorithm to calculate patient specific monitor unit (MU) for Proton Scattering Beams. We examine the accuracy of MU verification using generic beam data for proton beams generated by the same vendor (IBA). Method and Materials: The algorithm is based on a well‐established formula for proton output calculation. It adds additional data for a broad range of SSD, depth, and especially field size defined by the cutout. Pristine percentage depth doses (PDD) for several ranges and off‐axis ratio (OAR) at several depths of the pencil proton beam are used. This algorithm adopts the concept of proton head‐scatter factor, H p (r,f), to characterize the proton fluence variation with lateral distances (r) and source‐to‐detector distance (f). A universal nozzle and a multi‐leaf collimator(MLC) is used to replace multiple snorts to define field sizes.Results: Input beam data for the empirical program, PDD and OAR are examined for the proton energies and ranges suitable for the scanning proton beam. OAR is the dose measured in water at depth d and r is the lateral distance of the pencil‐beam. H p is the energy fluence for the same conditions. The program can import DICOMRT plans from the treatment planning system. MU agreements for clinical sites (e.g., prostate) are evaluated and is found to be within 5%. Conclusion: A generic beam data seems suitable for patient‐specific MU verification for scattering proton beams from the same vendor.
Evidence that core histone H3 is targeted to the mitochondria in Brassica oleracea

The core histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3 (histone H3) and H4 are known to form nucleosomes with nuclear DNA, but are historically considered to be absent from mitochondria. We suggest that H3 is a dual-targeted protein, found in mitochondria as well as N (nuclei). WoLF PSORT and MitoProt analyses of H3 sequences revealed mitochondrial targeting signals, and immunohistochemistry indicated mitochondrial distribution. Western blots of Brassica oleracea cv. Botrytis (cauliflower) mitochondrial extracts were positive for H3, when the primary antibody was against the conserved C-terminus. MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) analyses confirmed the Western blot data. Interestingly, Western blots of the same mitochondrial extracts were almost completely negative for H3 when the primary antibodies were highly specific for the N-terminal tail region of H3, suggesting that these antibodies are blocked by a modification of the tail of the H3 that occurs predominantly in the mitochondria, but not in the nucleus. Modifications of the tail of core H3 are known to help control nuclear genes. Future studies of the possible functions of mitochondrial H3 could lead to a greater understanding of the ability of a cell to synchronize nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression.
In vitro synthesis of tumor-specific factors with blocking and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADC) activities.

Spleen cells from BALB/c mice bearing syngeneic sarcomas and from BALB/c mice whose sarcomas had been excised were cultivated in vitro. The culture supernatants were tested for two activities: their ability (1) to suppress (“block”) specific lymph-node cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions directed against the respective neoplasms; and (2) to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADC) specific for the antigens of the respective tumors. Both specific activities, blocking and induction of ADC, were detected in culture supernatants from spleens of tumor-bearing mice, even when repeatedly harvested at intervals over a 7-day period. Supernatants of cultured spleen cells from mice whose sarcomas had been excised 3-4 weeks previously also had ADC but no blocking activity. Supernatants of cultures treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis lacked both blocking and ADC activities; the inhibitory effect of cycloheximide on these activities, as well as on protein synthesis, was reversible. Factors in the culture supernatants responsible for blocking and for ADC were labelled when the culture were incubated with 14C-leucine. The labelled material was retained by, and could be eluted from, immunoadsorbents for mouse immunoglobulins. In addition, the labelled material bound preferentially to those tumor cells for which specific blocking or ADC activities were observed. The findings indicate that factors responsible for the blocking and ADC phenomena were indeed synthesized by the spleen cells in vitro.
Zooplankton Structure and Potential Food Web Interactions in the Plankton of a Subtropical Chain-of-Lakes

This study evaluates the taxonomic and size structure of macro-zooplankton and its potential role in controlling phytoplankton in the Kissimmee Chain-of-Lakes, six shallow interconnected lakes in Florida, U.S. Macro-zooplankton species biomass and standard limnological attributes (temperature, pH, total phosphorus [TP], chlorophyll a [Chl a], and Secchi transparency) were quantified on a bimonthly basis from April 1997 to February 1999. Concentrations of TP ranged from below 50 to over 150 μg l-1. Peak concentrations of particulate P coincided with maximal Chl a, and in one instance a high concentration of soluble reactive P followed. The cladoceran zooplankton was dominated by small species, including Eubosmina tubicen, Ceriodaphnia rigaudi, and Daphnia ambigua. The exotic daphnid, D. lumholtzii, periodically was abundant. The copepods were strongly dominated by Diaptomus dorsalis, a species previously shown to be highly resistant to fish predation. These results, and findings of controlled experiments on a nearby lake with a nearly identical zooplankton species complement, suggest that fish predation may be a major factor structuring the macro-zooplankton assemblage. Zooplankton biomass, on the other hand, may be affected by resource availability. There was a significant positive relationship between average biomass of macro-zooplankton and the average concentration of TP among the six lakes. No such relationship existed between zooplankton biomass and Chl a, suggesting that the predominant food web in these systems may be based on bacteria-plankton, as has been documented in nearby Lake Okeechobee. All of the zooplankton taxa encountered in the Kissimmee Chain-of-Lakes (except Mesocyclops edax) are known bacteria grazers in Florida lakes. Phytoplankton biomass, measured as Chl a, was strongly associated with TP, both within and across lakes. Phytoplankton biomass was not associated with the biomass of zooplankton. These results, when considered in the context of nutrient-addition, zooplankton-exclosure studies on Lake Okeechobee, support the hypothesis that phytoplankton biomass in subtropical lakes is regulated by —bottom-up,“ rather than —top-down“ forces.
Copper oxides get charged up

A technique for injecting electrons into the surface layers of materials has now been applied to the most mysterious of superconducting compounds — the copper oxides.
Challenges of analog and I/O scaling in 10nm SoC technology and beyond

Continuous process-level and system-level innovation has driven Moore's Law scaling for the last fifty years, and will continue to do so in the next decades. In the last two decades, there has been an acceleration of new materials and devices into semiconductor manufacturing, such as low-k, strained Si, high-k, and FinFET [1–4], in order to continue process and cost scaling. At the same time, ever increasing component integration on SoCs has further driven cost scaling, allowing the current mobile era to take shape [5]. In the next decade, the focus of SoC innovation will be on patterning and low-resistance materials on the process side, and multi-die package integration on the system side.
Multi-GeV Laser Plasma Accelerators Using Plasma Waveguides and Integration of Multiple Acceleration Modules

Laser Plasma Accelerators offer high gradients important to compact machines. We present results towards high energies via staged acceleration integrating two independent modules, and multi-GeV e-beams from the BELLA 1Hz petawatt-class laser.
Several Faces of Creative Writing

In October 1992 Burton Weiss, a dealer in manuscripts and rare books, was alerted by a friend to a potentially significant archive, purportedly a collection of undiscovered writings by the novelist...
Internet Sex Ads for MSM and Partner Selection Criteria: The Potency of Race/Ethnicity Online

The explosive growth in Internet use by MSM to find sexual partners has been noted in the research literature. However, little attention has been given to the impact of participating in this online sexual marketplace for MSM of color, despite race/ethnicity as a frequently used selection criterion in personal ads or profiles. Six focus group discussions [n=50], and 35 in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with African American, Latino, Asian and Pacific Islander MSM in Los Angeles, which included discussion of their use of Internet sites to meet/interact with other MSM. Men reported race/ethnicity as a pervasive and powerful factor in facilitating or derailing Internet-mediated sexual encounters. The racialized interactions that MSM of color reported ranged from simple expressions of race-based preferences to blatantly discriminatory/hostile interactions and often demeaning race-based sexual objectification. Experiences of rejection and a perceived hierarchy of value in the sexual market based on race had definite costs for these MSM using these online sites. Furthermore, the private and solitary nature of seeking partners online meant that there was little to buffer the corrosive aspects of those negative experiences. These online dynamics have implications for the power balance in Internet-mediated sexual liaisons, including sexual decision-making and sexual risk.
Neutron scattering studies of disordered carbon anode materials

Carbon-based anodes show many promising properties in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. So-called `disordered carbons' are characterized by a substantial amount of residual hydrogen, and exhibit large Li uptake capacities. We have employed a variety of neutron scattering techniques, coupled with computer simulations, to study the composition, local atomic structure, and vibrational dynamics of such materials. Radial distribution function analysis of neutron diffraction data, and incoherent inelastic scattering show that the structural motif is a planar graphene fragment, with edge carbons terminated by single hydrogen atoms, and random stacking between fragments. The vibrational spectra of the hydrogen-rich carbons are remarkably similar to the spectra of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon coronene in the medium-frequency region. At low frequencies, only a boson peak is observed, characteristic for glassy and disordered materials, and this feature shifts upon doping. The results are consistent with two proposed mechanisms for Li capacity, one analogous to conventional intercalation but with Li on both sides of graphene fragments, the other involving bonding of Li to H-terminated edge carbons.
Exposure to Ethanol Up-Regulates the Expression of Mycobacterium avium Complex Proteins Associated with Bacterial Virulence

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) organisms are the most common bacterial cause of disseminated infection in patients with AIDS. MAC, facultative intracellular bacteria, invade and multiply within macrophages. Treatment of MAC-infected macrophages with ethanol (10-100 micrograms/dL) is associated with increased intracellular multiplication of MAC. To investigate whether this enhanced growth is due to a stress-related response induced by nonlethal concentrations of ethanol, strain 101 (serovar 1) was exposed to ethanol, and the regulation of the expression of proteins was examined. Exposure of MAC to ethanol (range, 10-100 micrograms/dL) was associated with up-regulation of the expression of a number of bacterial proteins, some of which (65 and 33 kDa) interfered with macrophage functions, such as production of superoxide anion and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, exposure of MAC to small concentrations of ethanol may induce a stress-related response with consequent increase in the synthesis of proteins possibly associated with its ability to survive within macrophages.
Effects of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and heparinoid on thromboelastographic assay of blood coagulation.

Thromboelastography (TEG) has been used increasingly as an intraoperative hemostasis monitoring device. Low-molecular-weight heparins are given increasingly to reduce the development of antibodies against the heparin–platelet factor 4 complex, and heparinoids are given to patients who have developed the antibody. We studied the effect of unfractionated heparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin sodium [Lovenox]), and a heparinoid (danaparoid sodium [Orgaran]) on blood clotting assayed with TEG (TEG clotting) in vitro and the efficacy of protamine sulfate and heparinase for reversing the effect. Heparin, enoxaparin, and danaparoid all caused a dose-dependent inhibition of TEG clotting of normal blood. Concentrations of enoxaparin and danaparoid that totally inhibited TEG clotting only minimally prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time. While inhibition of TEG clotting by heparin and enoxaparin was reversed by protamine sulfate and heparinase, inhibition by danaparoid was reversed only by heparinase. Abnormal TEG clotting was observed in patients receiving enoxaparin whose plasma level of the drug was more than 0.1 antiXa U/mL. However, the degree of TEG abnormality did not always coincide with plasma levels of the drug.
Breakdown mechanism for the thin EOT Dy 2 O 3 /HfO 2 dielectrics

The intrinsic time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of the thin bilayered Dy2O3/HfO2 gate oxide has been studied. A physical based breakdown model has been developed and can be used to predict the lifetime for the lower stress voltage and extract the defect density by introducing the effective oxide thinning model. This model has also been extended to include temperature dependency and the effective activation energy is calculated.
Evaluation of Dorset, Finnsheep, Romanov, Texel, and Montadale breeds of sheep: IV. Survival, growth, and carcass traits of F1 lambs.

Theobjectives ofthisstudywere toesti- mate effectsof sirebreed (Dorset,Finnsheep, Romanov, Texel, and Montadale), and dam breed (Composite III and Northwestern whiteface) on survival, growth, car- cass, and composition traits of F1 lambs. Effects of mat- ing season (August, October, and December) were esti- mated for survival and growth traits. Data were col- lected on 4,320 F1 lambs sired by 102 purebred rams over 3 yr. Birth weight was recorded on all lambs, and subsequent BW were adjusted to 56 (weaning), 70, and 140 d of age (n = 3,713, 3,654, and 3,579 observations, respectively). Survival of dam-reared progeny (n = 4,065) to weaning was recorded. Each year, wethers from October matings were slaughtered in three groups at 25, 29, and 33 wk of age to obtain carcass data (n = 546). In addition to standard carcass traits, resistive impedance measurements were recorded on the warm carcass to predict lean mass. Dam breed (P = 0.37) did not influence lamb survival to weaning, but sire breed (P <0.05)wasimportant.Romanov-siredlambsexcelled in survival rate to weaning (94.1%), followed by Finn- sheep(93.0%),Texel(90.7%),Dorset(90.0%),andMont- adale(89.1%) siredprogeny. Lower(P <0.01) postwean- ing growth rate was observed for Texel (267 g/d) and Finnsheep (272 g/d) sired progeny than for Dorset (285 g/d), Montadale (282 g/d), and Romanov (278 g/d) sired progeny. Sire breed and dam breed were generally sig- nificant for most carcass traits. Breed differences in distribution of carcass fat and carcass shape were de- tected; however, carcass composition was similar for all sire breeds when compared at a constant carcass weight. When evaluated at a constant 12th-rib fat depth, carcasses of lambs from Finnsheep, Romanov, and Texel sires produced 1 to 1.5 kg less (P < 0.001) predicted lean mass per lamb than carcasses of lambs from Dorset and Montadale sires. These experimental results provide information about the direct breed ef- fects for survival, growth, and carcass traits of these breeds and their potential use in crossbreeding systems.