cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disentangled Unsupervised Image Translation via Restricted Information Flow

Unsupervised image-to-image translation methods aim to map images from one domain into plausible examples from another domain while preserving structures shared across two domains. In the many-to-many setting, an additional guidance example from the target domain is used to determine domain-specific attributes of the generated image. In the absence of attribute annotations, methods have to infer which factors are specific to each domain from data during training. Many state-of-art methods hard-code the desired shared-vs-specific split into their architecture, severely restricting the scope of the problem. In this paper, we propose a new method that does not rely on such inductive architectural biases, and infers which attributes are domain-specific from data by constraining information flow through the network using translation honesty losses and a penalty on the capacity of domain-specific embedding. We show that the proposed method achieves consistently high manipulation accuracy across two synthetic and one natural dataset spanning a wide variety of domain-specific and shared attributes.
Comparison of Freon with Water Cleaning Processes for Disk-drive Parts

This paper documents the evaluation of three parts-cleaning processes for disk-drive parts: Freon TF/ultrasonics, water/ultrasonics, and water spray systems. Particulate, organic, and ionic contaminants, along with moisture residue, were measured and compared. The data showed that a water cleaning system was a feasible replacement for a Freon cleaning system for disk-drive parts.
Role of Surfactant Protein (SP)-D in Vesicant-induced Lung Toxicity

Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a vesicant that targets the lung and causes fibrosis. Evidence suggests that inflammatory macrophages (MP) contribute to the pathogenic response. SP-D is a pulmonary collectin known to suppress MP activity. Herein, we analyzed the effects of loss of SP-D on NM-induced lung toxicity. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue were collected from WT and SP-D-/- mice 14 d after PBS or NM (0.08 mg/kg, i.t.). Treatment of WT mice with NM resulted in perivascular inflammation and increases in BAL cells and protein content, indicating alveolar epithelial injury. Loss of SP-D resulted in a significant increase in the sensitivity of the mice to NM; thus, perivascular inflammation was more severe and there was evidence of foamy macrophages, perivascular edema, bronchiolar epithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia, bronchiolar alveolar hyperplasia, bronchiectasis, fibrosis and emphysema. NM-induced oxidative stress, assessed by MP hemeoxygenase-1 expression, was also increased. Enlarged and h...
Some Aspects of the Relationship of Peptide Structures to Activity in Pituitary Hormones

Publisher Summary For any structural studies pursued in connection with hormones or for any consideration of protein or peptide structure, it must be borne in mind that the foundation upon which any subsequent studies must rest is the isolation of the particular hormone in a highly purified state. Once the purity of the hormone has been established by both physicochemical and biological methods, its structure can then be determined; and once the structure is known, the investigator can then proceed to synthesis. Demonstrating purity, a relatively easy task with protein of low molecular weight, becomes more and more complex with larger molecules. Furthermore, it cannot be reiterated too often that no single procedure can bear the full burden of proof of protein homogeneity. Not only that, but even agreement among a multiplicity of criteria gives no absolute guarantee, but only enhances the likelihood that the substance in question is pure. Those physicochemical methods that can be applied with the most success to the detection of microheterogeneity in proteins, and whose use is now current among protein chemists, are ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, diffusion and solubility studies, chromatography, countercurrent distribution, terminal amino acid analysis, and immunochemical investigations. It is notable that in some instances, a protein that is apparently homogeneous by every criterion may exist in several forms, all of which possess identical biological potency, but which perhaps differ from one another in certain other respects, such as amide content, degree of denaturation, or helical configuration.
A Review of “Digital Dead End: Fighting for Social Justice in the Information Age”

Popular rhetoric suggests that encouraging the growth of the information technology (IT) industry will bring increased opportunities to the poor and disadvantaged. In her 2011 book, Virginia Eubank...
Tribal Values and Norms in Mongolia and Their Effect on Women’s Status

Roughly the size of Alaska, Mongolia is a landlocked country between Russia on its northern frontier and China on its southern border. With just over three million inhabitants, it is sparsely populated, with nearly half of the people living in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, and in other provincial centers. The tribal networks in Mongolia are the main tenants of social structural characteristics in the society. In this paper, the effect of tribal values and norms on family structures particularly with regards to women is delineated analyzed and discussed. The influence and similarity to Muslim cultural tribal structures in and outside of Mongolia are used in a comparative sociological meta analysis methodology.
Sensitization of the human skin; a study of location of sites and of exposure time of excitant.

Abstract This is a further study into the problem of factors involved in the mechanisms of sensitization of the human skin. In devising techniques of sensitization, such variations in procedure were recognized as (a) short and prolonged patch test exposures, (b) their frequency of application, (c) their total number, and (d) their distribution on various areas of the body. A chemical substance, heretofore not used on the human skin, was employed, and was found in preliminary observations to be able to sensitize the skin by percutancous application. Four variations in procedure ( A , B , C , and D ) were cstablished, based on findings in previous experiments and studies in skin sensitization by myself and others. A fifth procedure ( E ), employed for purpose of comparison, was that suggested by the United States Food and Drug Administration for studying the sensitizing potentials of unknown chemicals. The number of subjects studied was 121, approximately equal numbers being treated by each of the five procedures. Seventeen subjects, or 14 per cent of the total, became sensitized, the percentages in each group being A , 19 per cent; B , 4 per cent; C , 32 per cent; D , 10 per cent; and E , 4 per cent. In comparing and evaluating the factors of location and distribution of patch test sites and of the exposure time or duration of application of the exeitant, I believe that the effectiveness of procedure C in yielding the highest incidence of sensitization can be attributed to the prolonged (seven-day) patch test and to the distribution of the patch test sites over a small area of skin.
Understanding Concealable Stigmatized Identities: The Role of Identity in Psychological, Physical, and Behavioral Outcomes

Concealable stigmatized identities (CSIs) are devalued social identities or attributes, such as mental illness, HIV+ status, and chronic illness, that can be kept concealed from others. We describe two components of a CSI—valenced content and magnitude—that we argue are critical in determining the impact of a CSI on psychological, physical, and behavioral health outcomes. Valenced content contains a range of both negative and positive beliefs about the CSI, including internalized stigma, experienced discrimination, anticipated stigma, disclosure reactions, and counterstereotypic/positive information. Magnitude of the identity captures the relative importance of the identity for the self via measures of centrality and salience. A review of the research literature finds initial support for the importanceofvalencedcontentandmagnitudeimpactingpsychological, physical, and behavioral outcomes, although many relationships are yet to be rigorously tested. We include a set of suggested policy implications aimed at reducing stigma among people with CSIs and, thereby, improving health.
Childhood-onset obsessive compulsive disorder.

This article reviews the clinical presentation, associated diagnoses, family psychopathology, treatment, and long-term outcome of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. Data are presented from 70 pediatric patients studied at the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health. In addition, results of an adolescent epidemiologic investigation are presented and contrasted with the referred sample, and similarities and differences between adult and childhood-onset OCD are discussed.
Developing Data Management Services at the Johns Hopkins University

Abstract Big data challenges have stimulated national and international initiatives in building inter-connected data repositories and integrated data resources as well as long-term data management and data stewardship to support cross-disciplinary scientific data discovery and reuse. To champion such efforts, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) created and developed a new model of data management services (DMS) encompassing a continuum of Storage → Archiving → Preservation → Curation layers to provide data managing and sharing through the JHU Data Archive (DA). To examine this model of data management services, we contextualized the JHU DMS in a case study drawing upon document analysis and interviews with key stakeholders. Our investigation revealed distinct dimensions of the JHU DMS/DA into environmental responsiveness (see Environmental Responsiveness section for explanation), socio-technical readiness, and marketing and collaboration strategies. We further articulated opportunities, challenges and success determinants of the DMS within its institutional context. We intend for the case study to stimulate further discussion and research on alternative options and extensions of the DMS model in other institutions or contexts.
Is the middle-income trap about to be sprung?

In spite of respective growth for the Chinese economy, some fear it will fall into the middle-income trap and see its growth rate drop. This article examines factors for such a slowdown in China including undervalued exchange rates, high investment rates, and impacts of unfavorable demographic conditions. Finally, the author discusses prospects for slowdown in all the BRICS countries.
Effect of prostaglandin E1 treatment on murine acute immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Abstract Acute immune complex nephritis was induced in normal mice by daily injections of plasma. Pharmacologic amounts of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) alter the course of this lesion. Daily injections of PGE1 reduced the incidence of proteinuria and decreased the severity of renal pathology. By contrast, PGF2α was not effective. The major factor associated with these changes is a decreased localization of immune complexes in glomerular peripheral capillary loops.
Two predators competing for two prey species: An analysis of MacArthur's model

Abstract This paper concerns the exploitative competition of two predators for two prey species. We analyze the model proposed by MacArthur with more general parameters. MacArthur used the model to address questions of species packing on resources, but he did not completely determine analytically under what conditions will neither, one, or both predator species and one or both prey species, survive. Our analysis is global for all cases except one, for which we performed a numerical analysis. We conclude that the behavior of this predator-prey system is more complicated than previously thought. In particular, we analyze cases in which the two-predator, two-prey system catastrophically collapses to a one-predator, two-prey system, or even to one-predator, one-prey system. We also show that there are cases in which the initial numbers of the two predators determine the pattern of this collapse. These conclusions suggest that caution should be exercised in interpreting any conclusions of species packing that are based solely upon a graphical analysis of the MacArthur model.
Response of Escherichia coli growth rate to osmotic shock

It has long been proposed that turgor pressure plays an essential role during bacterial growth by driving mechanical expansion of the cell wall. This hypothesis is based on analogy to plant cells, for which this mechanism has been established, and on experiments in which the growth rate of bacterial cultures was observed to decrease as the osmolarity of the growth medium was increased. To distinguish the effect of turgor pressure from pressure-independent effects that osmolarity might have on cell growth, we monitored the elongation of single Escherichia coli cells while rapidly changing the osmolarity of their media. By plasmolyzing cells, we found that cell-wall elastic strain did not scale with growth rate, suggesting that pressure does not drive cell-wall expansion. Furthermore, in response to hyper- and hypoosmotic shock, E. coli cells resumed their preshock growth rate and relaxed to their steady-state rate after several minutes, demonstrating that osmolarity modulates growth rate slowly, independently of pressure. Oscillatory hyperosmotic shock revealed that although plasmolysis slowed cell elongation, the cells nevertheless “stored” growth such that once turgor was reestablished the cells elongated to the length that they would have attained had they never been plasmolyzed. Finally, MreB dynamics were unaffected by osmotic shock. These results reveal the simple nature of E. coli cell-wall expansion: that the rate of expansion is determined by the rate of peptidoglycan insertion and insertion is not directly dependent on turgor pressure, but that pressure does play a basic role whereby it enables full extension of recently inserted peptidoglycan.
A Survey of Formal Semantics

My purpose in this paper is to present an account of certain of the principal results that have been obtained in the field of formal semantics. These results will be stated in what from the logician’s point of view is an informal way; that is, in stating them there will be little or no use of a precisely formalized language (though we shall of course speak about such languages). These results will, however, be stated as precisely as is possible within a non-formalized language. Taken together, my statements of these results will constitute what I believe to be a representative survey of what has been accomplished within the field of formal semantics.
Assessing quality of life in young adult cancer survivors: development of the Survivorship-Related Quality of Life scale

Purpose Scientific advances in treatments and outcomes for those diagnosed with cancer in late adolescence and early adulthood depend, in part, on the availability of adequate assessment tools to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for survivors in this age group. Domains especially relevant to late adolescence and young adulthood (LAYA; e.g., education and career, committed romantic relationships, worldview formation) are typically overlooked in studies assessing the impact of cancer, usually more appropriate for middle-aged or older survivors. Current HRQOL measures also tend to assess issues that are salient during or shortly after treatment rather than reflecting life years after treatment.
ENZYMATIC DETERMINATION OF PYRIDOXAL 5‘‐PHOSPHATE WITH γ‐CYANOAMINOBUTYRIC ACID APOSYNTHASE

A rapid alternative method is presented for the determination of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P). The method involves the colorimetric analysis of thiocyanate liberated from S-cyanohomocysteine (Hcy (CN)) in the presence of cyanide when catalyzed by the pyridoxal-P dependent enzyme, gamma-cyano-alpha-aminobutyric acid (gamma-CNabu)-synthase (Hcy (CN) thiocyano-lyase [adding CN]). The rate of formation of thiocyanate is determined by the increase in absorbance at 470 nm on treatment of the enzymatic reaction mixture with FeCl3.
Personal resources and depression in the transition to adulthood: ethnic comparisons.

Based on a representative sample of 1,803 South Florida young adults, we examine the extent to which personal attributes mediate or moderate the ethnicity-depression relationship and condition the effects of social stress on depression. Our sample contains nearly equal proportions of African American, Cuban American, “other” Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white respondents. Findings suggest that there are ethnic variations in four of the five personal resources considered. Additionally, when accounting for ethnic differences in response tendencies and in the confounding of personal resources with depression, there is strong evidence for both direct and stress-buffering effects of personal resources. Although naive comparisons of within group findings imply a number of ethnic variations in those effects, few statistically significant differences are observed. It is suggested that ethnic similarities outweigh differences, at least with respect to the mental health significance of the personal resources considered. Overall, the results highlight some of the complexities inherent in making multi-ethnic comparisons.
Effect of High Winds on Eggs of Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens, in Oneida Lake, New York

Abstract As a result of one day of high winds, large quantities of eggs of yellow perch, Perca flavescens, were washed ashore at a number of locations in the windward shoreline of Oneida Lake. A single large windrow, just downwind from a major spawning area, contained almost one percent of the estimated egg potential of the lake's perch population. Damage to the dislodged egg masses appeared most severe in areas with rubble bottoms.
In vitro immune modulation by thymosin alpha1 in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

To determine if patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma represent an appropriate population for immune reconstitution with thymosin alpha 1, leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) in response to phytohemagglutinin was measured in 24 previously untreated patients with head and neck cancer, and the in vitro effects of thymosin alpha 1 on migration inhibition were assessed. Compared to normal subjects, LMI was impaired in the head and neck cancer patients. Thymosin alpha 1, in vitro, was associated with improvement in LMI in the cancer patients. Improvements in migration response with thymosin alpha 1 appeared to be independent of levels of various T-lymphocyte subpopulations. However, patients with a normal LMI response had lower suppressor/cytotoxic cell levels than normal subjects or patients with impaired LMI. The findings confirm prior reports of the effects of thymic hormones on lymphokine production in vitro and provide rationale for further clinical studies of thymosin alpha 1 in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Regulation of animal size by eNPP, Bergmann's rule, and related phenomena

Bergmann's rule, which proposes a heat-balance explanation for the observed latitudinal gradient of increasing animal body size with increasing latitude, has dominated the study of geographic patterns in animal size since it was first proposed in 1847. Several critical reviews have determined that as many as half of the species examined do not fit the predictions of Bergmann's rule. We have proposed an alternative hypothesis for geographic variation in body size based on food availability, as regulated by the net primary production (NPP) of plants, specifically NPP during the growing season, or eNPP (ecologically and evolutionarily relevant NPP). Our hypothesis, “the eNPP rule,” is independent of latitude and predicts both spatial and temporal variation in body size, as well as in total population biomass, population growth rates, individual health, and life history traits of animals, including humans, wherever eNPP varies across appropriate scales of space or time. In the context of a revised interpretat...
Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in CKD

Background: Blood pressure (BP) control is the mainstay of stalling the progression of cardiorenal disease, yet the performance characteristics of BPs obtained in the clinic (CBPs) by routine or standardized methods or at home (HBP) in diagnosing hypertension or assessing its control are unknown. Methods:: Two hundred thirty-two patients (20% black; 4% women; mean age, 67 years; 35% with diabetes) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) underwent a single 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABP) monitoring (ABPM) and concomitant recording of CBP and HBP for 1 week. Hypertension is defined as systolic BP of 130 mm Hg or greater or diastolic BP of 80 mm Hg or greater on average awake 24-hour ABPM. Results:: Average ABP was 135.2 ± 15.9/75.6 ± 11.0 mm Hg. Thirty-five percent of patients had isolated systolic hypertension; 3%, isolated diastolic hypertension; 27%, combined systolic and diastolic hypertension; and 35%, normotension or well-controlled BP. The prevalence of "white-coat effect" was estimated as 28% to 30% by means of CBPs and 24% by means of HBPs. Well-controlled BP in the clinic, but poorly controlled BP by means of ABPM, masked hypertension, was seen in 26% to 29% by means of CBPs, but only 13% with HBP monitoring. Conclusion: In patients with CKD, HBP is superior in reducing the misclassification of hypertension caused by the white-coat effect and masked hypertension commonly seen with CBPs. An average HBP of approximately 140/80 mm Hg appears to be the best correlate of hypertension defined by means of ABPM.
High Tc superconductors prepared by rapid quenching and directional annealing

The transport critical current density of bulk high Tc superconducting YBaCuO was enhanced by combining rapid quenching and directional annealing. Pellets of YBaCuO produced by conventional ceramic synthesis were rapidly quenched in a twin roller (11.5 m s−1). Compacted rods of the rapidly quenched material were partially melted and directionally annealed by slowly (2.5 mm h−1) moving the sample through a temperature gradient of 45°C cm−1 from 1020°C to 900°C. The resulting material is predominantly YBa2Cu3O7 (1:2:3) with a 20% volume fraction of Y2BaCuO5 (2:1:1) and showed strong crystallographic texture. Transportr critical current densities have been measured from 1.6 × 104 A cm−2 to 4.3 × 104 A cm−2 in a magnetic field of 1.06T at 77K.
The Learning of Languages

IN THIS article I wish to set forth my language experience as a student, teacher and soldier, plus giving some thoughts on the method of learning foreign languages. Hence, this paper might be considered the autobiography of a language major as well as a discussion of method. At English High School in Boston I studied French and Latin. The pupils memorized quotations from Cicero's Apology for the Classics Pro Archia:-"Atque idem ego contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam et illustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doctrinae, tum illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere existere."-The teachers, such as Mr. Reed in Latin, Mr. Coleman and Mr. Hill in French, were capable and industrious. However, I developed too much in French grammar and very little in French conversation. (This situation may have been influenced by my study of Latin.) I could quote ad nauseam rules on grammar and syntax: -"The French verbs that omit the implied preposition and take a direct object are: chercher, regarder, savoir, connaitre, &couter."-"The French verbs that take the preposition de before an infinitive are: bldmer, cesser, commander, conseiller, craindre, ddfendre, se depecher, dire, emp&cher, essayer, hviter, se hdter, ordonner, oublier, permettre, prier, se presser, promettre, refuser, regretter, remercier. "-Despite this great knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and translation, I could not speak even simple French. Later as a student at Harvard College, I took courses in French, Latin and Greek and was about to major in the Classics. But for some reason or whim, at the end of my sophomore year I changed to Modern Languages. Perhaps the reason for this change was my first real contact with spoken French. (The first two years in College had been spent on literature.) A French boat the D'Entrecasteaux dropped anchor in Boston Harbor. I accompanied a friend on a visit to the ship. We met several crewmen and tried to communicate with them. I discovered that I could recognize some of the spoken French words which were familiar to me. However, I could express myself only haltingly. This experience, although embarrassing,-I had studied French for six years-fired my ambition to master the spoken language. During the next year I studied French conversation under Professor Mercier of Harvard. Rather than have the students speak from a textbook, he required each student to prepare a short talk and give it in front of the
The mesograde amnesia of sleep may be attenuated in subjects with primary insomnia

Abstract In this study, we pilot tested one of the more controversial components of the Neurocognitive Model of Insomnia; the proposition that subjects with chronic primary insomnia are better able to recall and/or recognize information from sleep onset intervals than good sleeper controls. Nine subjects participated in this pilot study, five of whom had a complaint of insomnia. The remaining four subjects were self-reported good sleeper controls. Subjects were matched for age, sex, and body mass. All subjects spent two nights in the sleep laboratory. The first night served as an adaptation night. The second night served as the experimental night during which a forced awakening and memory task was deployed. In this procedure, subjects were played single-word stimuli across four time periods: at natural sleep onset (Trial 1) and at the sleep onset transitions following three forced awakenings (Trials 2–4 from Stage 2 sleep). All subjects were awakened after about 6 h had elapsed from lights out and were tested for free recall and recognition memory for the word stimuli. The insomnia subjects, tended to identify more of the word stimuli on the recognition task (average for the four trials) and recognized significantly more of the words that were presented at sleep onset proper (Trial 1). This finding suggests that the natural mesograde amnesia of sleep may be attenuated in subjects with insomnia.
The Macromarketing Effects of the Taxation of Interstate Mail-Order Sales

In the United States, the taxation of retail sales is a state matter. The tax paid on any given mail-order transaction can vary from O% to more than 8%, depending on the domicile of both buyer and seller. An examination of the legal status of collecting use taxes on mail-order sales, including efforts to legislate a degree of uniformity in enforcement, shows that a high degree of variability in the actual rates applied will persist. Thus, unlike the alleged incidence of the general sales tax, the tax on mail-order sales is, and will remain, incompletely shifted to the ultimate consumer. The effects on the structure of aggregate consumption, the mail-order industry, and retailing in general are discussed.
Bovine thyroid cytosol glutamate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The distribution of glutamate dehydrogenase in bovine thyroid tissue differs from the distribution observed in other mammalian tissues. While the mitochondria of thyroid tissue contain glutamate dehydrogenase which is ‘activated’ by treatment of the mitochondria with a non-ionic detergent, the majority of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity is present in the cytosol fraction. In the liver, both glutamate dehydrogenase and NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase are found exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix. In contrast to thyroidal glutamate dehydrogenase, the NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase was found exclusively in the mitochondrial fraction. Evidence is presented which indicates that the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase in thyroid cytosol is not due to rupture of the mitochondria. The possible physiological significance of thyroid cytosol glutamate dehydrogenase is discussed.
Cointegration and market efficiency in commodities futures markets

The hypothesis that futures prices are unbiased predictors of spot prices is a joint hypothesis that markets are efficient and risk premia are absent. Rejection of unbiasedness could be caused by the failure of either premise. Here cointegration techniques are used to test market efficiency while permitting the presence of risk premia. Five commodity markets were tested at the eight and twenty-four week horizon. Results showed that all five were sometimes inefficient but no market was inefficient always. Moreover, rejections of the unbiasedness hypothesis were nearly always caused by market inefficiency rather than the presence of risk premia.
Crash Course in United States Pharmacopeia Standard 797 (USP 797): Investigation of Positive Sterility Cultures from a Hospital Pharmacy Preparation

Clean Room Observations Inconsistent use of scrubs, head and shoe covering, mask, gloves, cuffed Increase traffic in and out of room gown Frequent personnel conversations during preparation Reeducate staff on proper use of attire Reduce traffic in and out of room Limit conversation Review aseptic technique Utilize mask and aseptic technique competency videos Cleaning and Disinfection Routine cleaning procedures; frequency and type Consider use of ultra violet C light disinfection machine Environmental Quality Control Air exchanges not verified Recommended temperatures periodically exceeded Humidity readings not obtained by automated system Settle plates utilized for environmental sampling Outside agency performs air sampling Initiate routine parameter testing and adjustment by engineering for air exchanges, temperature/ humidity Discontinue use of settle plates Purchase volumetric air sampling device for inhouse testing to facilitate increased testing when needed Sterility Testing Growth media requirements and incubation periods not updated by laboratory Laboratory reviewed and made adjustments to media type, incubation temperature and incubation period Communication Protocols Policies lacked communication protocol for positive test results of routine sampling and sterility testing Notify Infection Control and Prevention for all positive environmental and sterility testing Notify Risk Management when patients have Poster Abstracts / American Journal of Infection Control 41 (2013) S25-S145 S143
Late-stage two-dimensional coarsening of circular clusters.

The size distribution of circular clusters resulting from a computer simulation of the late stages of phase separation in two dimensions was recently reported by Rogers and Desai [Phys. Rev. B 39, 11 956 (1989)]. The distribution that evolved was considerably broader than that predicted by an analytical version of the Lifshitz-Slyozov theory of late-stage coarsening in two dimensions. The results of the numerical analysis are compared with an older version of the two-dimensional theory which includes the effect of diffusive correlations among nearest-neighbor clusters; the correlations are related to the volume (area) fraction of clusters. The size distribution predicted by the older theory is in much better agreement with the numerical data. The implications of this agreement for the late-stage coarsening of three-dimensional clusters are discussed.
Assessing the Clinical Utility of Diagnostics Used in Drug Therapy

There is an ongoing debate over the evidentiary standards that should be applied for introduction of new diagnostics into routine clinical practice. Many call for evidence of "clinical utility," i.e., a positive impact on patient outcomes. A diagnostic, when used with a medicine, has clinical utility if it improves the outcomes of drug therapy. Improved outcomes may be defined broadly, including benefits, harm reduction, and patient-reported outcomes. Much of the controversy centers around the methods of demonstrating clinical utility. For instance, are randomized prospective trials the only acceptable source of data? Practically speaking, many sources of evidence-mechanistic, pharmacologic, and observational-can contribute to a finding of clinical utility, depending on the circumstances. Clinical utility is highly indication specific, and achieving it is dependent on good analytical and diagnostic test performance.
Anisotropic Modular Ratios as Unbound Aggregate Performance Indicators

Standard repeated load triaxial tests commonly performed in the laboratory do not always apply the most damaging field loading conditions for predicting resilient and permanent deformation (rutting) responses of unbound aggregate layers due to moving wheel loads. An advanced triaxial testing machine, named the University of Illinois FastCell (UI-FastCell), was used in this study for determining the loading related directional dependency of granular material properties. Since stresses can be cycled independently in the axial and radial directions, UI-FastCell is ideally suited for simulating dynamic field stresses on the sample and for studying the effects of stress-induced anisotropy. Thirteen aggregates with varying material properties were obtained from eight different states in the United States and tested using the UI-FastCell under both vertical and horizontal dynamic loads. Anisotropic modular ratios were established as aggregate performance indicators, relating these ratios to the quality and stren...
Phonon Spectrum of La

With improvements in diode fabrication techniques, values of 2Δ/kT c obtained with La films via tunneling have steadily increased1–5 from 1.6 to the full bulk value (this work) of 3.7–3.8.6,7 Nevertheless, tunneling studies continue to indicate an absence of strong structure directly attributable to f-band effects,8,9 revealing instead only modest deviations from the BCS tunneling density of states (TDS) reminiscent of phonon-induced structure described by strong-coupling theory. These observations suggest that strong-coupling theory may provide an adequate description of La, permitting a phonon spectrum α2F(w) to be extracted by the method of McMillan and Rowell.10 Effects due to f levels8’9 would presumably be reflected in anomalous values of λ(electron—phonon coupling strength) or µ* (effective Coulomb pseudopotential) obtained in the course of computing α2F(ω). McMillan’s approximate solution of the Eliashberg equations11,12 can then be used to calculate T c from λ, , , and µ*. Failure to obtain agreement with observed values of T c would indicate difficulties with either the tunneling data or the applicability of strong-coupling theory.
Complexity Analysis of Chaotically Encrypted Rate-1/n Convolutional Encoders

Abstract In this paper we have studied the performance of chaotically encrypted rate-1/n convolutional encoders. The design goal is to achieve a crypto-coding system that possesses the error correction and encryption features. The proposed system is able to achieve reasonable error correction performance for the proposed configuration with a certain encoder rate and constraint length. The performance of each system was determined by calculating the algorithmic complexity of the system outputs. Complexity of each decoding algorithm is compared to the results of the alternative algorithm. Numerical evidence indicates that algorithmic complexity associated with particular rate-1/n convolutional encoders increases as constraint length increases, while error correcting capacity of the decoder expands. Both code design and constraint length are control architectural parameters that have significant effect on system performance.
Modeling of fluorescence emission from cyanine-dye-impregnated Langmuir-Blodgett films deposited on the surface of an optical fiber

Abstract Fluorescence emission was collected from cyanine-dye-impregnated Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of cadmium arachidate deposited on the surface of a quartz multimode optical fiber. A Y-type fiber optic coupler system was used to allow remote, distal-end spectral excitation and collection as the fiber tip was repeatedly dipped into the LB trough. Built-up LB films of up to 400 LB layers were examined. Fluorescence emission intensities were modeled as a function of the number of layers, or LB film thickness, using a simplified theory based on planar thin film optics. The fit of theory to experiment was qualitatively satisfying, indicating that LB films of reasonable optical quality can be deposited on the surface of cylindrical optical fibers.
Physician-controlled costs: the choice of equipment used for atrial fibrillation ablation

Purpose Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation uses expensive technology and equipment. Physicians have considerable latitude over equipment choice. Average Medicare reimbursement is $10,338 for uncomplicated AF ablations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cost of special equipment chosen by physicians to perform AF ablation.
Time-resolved gasification and sooting characteristics of droplets of alcohol/oil blends and water/oil emulsions

The gasification mechanisms and sooting characteristics of freely-falling droplets of alcohol/oil blends and water/oil emulsions were experimentally studied by using microphotography to time-resolve the droplet gasification rate and phase-discriminating sampling to determine the instantaneous droplet composition and the gas-phase soot level. Results on the gasification studies show that while liquid-phase diffusional resistance is only moderately effective for a miscible mixture, it is sufficiently strong for water/oil emulsions such that the droplet composition remains basically frozen during combustion. Results on soot studies demonstrate that the primary causes for soot reduction with alcohol blending or water emulsification are the dilution of the fuel composition by non-sooty components and the reduction of the flame temperature because of reduced heats of combustion. The results do not seem to suggest any significant catalytic/oxidative effects of the hydroxyl radicals from the fuel mixtures.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

In acidic aqueous solutions UO22+ serves as a photocatalyst (λirr ≥ 425 nm) for the oxidation of benzene by H2O2. Under conditions where 50% of the excited state *UO22+ is quenched by H2O2 (k = 5.4 × 106 M-1 s-1) and 50% by benzene (k = 2.9 × 108 M-1 s-1), the quantum yield for the formation of phenol is 0.70. The yield does not change when benzene is replaced by benzene-d6, but decreases by a factor of ∼4 upon the change of solvent from H2O to D2O. Photocatalytic oxidation of toluene by UO22+/H2O2 produces PhCHO, PhCH2OH, and a mixture of cresols with a total quantum yield of 0.28 under conditions where 50% of *UO22+ is quenched by H2O2. The quenching of *UO22+ by benzene and substituted benzenes takes place with k > 108 M-1 s-1. The system UO22+/t-BuOOH/C6H6/hν does not result in the oxidation of benzene, but instead yields methane and ethane.
Evidence for the occurrence of indolepyruvic acid in vivo

Abstract An initial acetone extract of the seed of Zea mays var. Country Gentleman was purified by fractionation with ethyl acetate and subsequent paper chromatography, using solvents that did not cause the destruction of indolepyruvic acid (IPyA). A compound was detected which corresponded with IPyA in its R f values in a number of solvents, in its chromogenic reactions, in its decomposition pattern on ammoniacal chromatography, in its ultraviolet absorption spectrum, in its behavior on paper electrophoresis, and in its biological activity in the Avena straight growth test and tomato root assay. It is concluded that indolepyruvic acid is present in maize.
Polymerization of oriented monolayers of vinyl stearate

Abstract Oriented monolayers of vinyl stearate were photolytically polymerized with uv radiation at the air-water and nitrogen-water interfaces. Experiments were conducted on a film balance. Measurements of surface pressure, surface potential, relative surface viscosity, and infrared internal reflectance spectra provided means for characterizing reactants and products, and determining reaction kinetics. Complete conversion of monomer was achieved. The monolayer polymerization was found to be best fit by a second-order rate expression. The reaction rate constant increased as the irradiation area was increased.
Sloshing of cryogenic helium driven by lateral impulse/gravity gradient-dominated/or g-jitter-dominated accelerations and orbital dynamics

The coupling of slosh dynamics within a partially filled rotating dewar of superfluid helium II with spacecraft orbital dynamics is investigated in response to the environmental disturbances of (a) lateral impulses, (b) gravity gradients and (c) g-jitter forces. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the coupling of helium II fluid slosh dynamics driven by three cases of environmental force with spacecraft dynamics can affect the bubble deformations and their associated fluid and spacecraft mass centre fluctuations. The numerical computation of slosh dynamics is based on a rotational frame, while the spacecraft dynamics is associated with a non-rotational frame. Results show that the major contribution of orbital dynamics is driven by coupling with slosh dynamics. Neglecting the effect of slosh dynamics acting on the spacecraft may lead to the wrong results for the development of orbital and attitude control techniques.
My Head Controls My Computer: Computer Access With Cerebral Palsy

A single-switch scanning communicator was devised to provide computer access for an individual severely affected by cerebral palsy. A keyboard adaptor was provided such that either the keyboard or communicator can provide the total user interface to an Apple II + computer. With a suitable modern and control program, the communicator/personal computer is a terminal that can be connected to a Mainframe computer. This system is used by a Boston University student.
A photoelectric method for the measurement of spectra of light sources of rapidly varying intensities.

Abstract A method is presented for the measurement of spectra of light sources of rapidly varying intensities using phototubes in a charge-normalization technique. The method is applied to the luminol chemiluminescence and to a newly found chemiluminescence of hydrogen peroxide and chlorine.
The origins of the electronics industry on the pacific coast

The pattern of growth of the United States electronics industry on each of the two coasts is decidedly different. In the years 1920 to 1940, while the large eastern firms controlled the electronics market, a small group of entrepreneurs laid the basis for the present electronics industry on the Pacific Coast. The background to and the growth of this industry can be viewed as a four-stage process-developing out of an area with a colonial economy controlled by eastern United States firms to the present mature position of the electronics industry. The first three stages are discussed in this paper. Several of the most important companies in northern Calfornia have been selected for emphasis and these include both wireless and electronics companies. Stress is placed on the vertical and horizontal time relationships among these companies and the technology they relied on and modified.
Gate Current Degradation Mechanisms of GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors

In spite of their extraordinary performance, GaN HEMTs still lack solid reliability. Gate current degradation during RF power device operation is a great concern because it impacts PAE, gain, and output power. In this paper, we have experimentally studied gate current degradation under high forward and reverse bias conditions on the gate. We find that strong reverse bias on the gate produces defects that become paths for excess IG. On the other hand, strong forward bias on the gate degrades Schottky junction probably due to thermal effects.
CCD soft x-ray imagers for ASCA and AXAF

Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyRoom LI-127, P.O. Box 73Lexington, MA 02173-9108ABSTRACTWe describe the development at Lincoln Laboratory of large-area CCD imager arrays for soft x-rayastronomy. One such array consists of four, closely abutted, 420 x 420-pixel CCDs for the ASCA (formerlyAstro-D) satellite that was launched on February 20, 1993. The CCDs were fabricated on p-type 65004•cmmaterial in order to attain the deep depletion depths needed for the higher-energy (>4 keY) photons. Theuse of high-resistivity material and the effects of space-radiation are among the principal technical issueswhich will be discussed. We are also developing the next-generation CCD sensors for the Advanced X-rayAstrophysics Facility (AXAF) which is currently scheduled for launch in 1998. This mission will use twomultichip focal planes comprising ten chips, each of a larger format (approximately 1000 x 1000 pixels). Inaddition to a new CCD, this program will require other technology developments such as an innovativepackaging method for the nonplanar focal planes.1. INTRODUCTION
A Submersible Magnetic Stirrer for Use in Measuring Photosynthesis in a Biofloc Technology Production System

Abstract Measuring photosynthesis or primary productivity in biofloc technology production systems is challenging because the biofloc must be maintained in suspension constantly. Photosynthesis can be measured in external incubators designed to keep the biofloc suspended in the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) bottle, but primary productivity must be measured in the biofloc technology production system culture unit. Therefore, a submersible device is required to keep the biofloc suspended in the BOD bottle. This report details a submersible, air-powered magnetic stirrer that we designed, fabricated from off-the-shelf materials, and tested in biofloc technology production system tanks. Received November 28, 2011; accepted January 25, 2012
Role of metal contacts in designing high-performance monolayer n-type WSe2 field effect transistors.

This work presents a systematic study toward the design and first demonstration of high-performance n-type monolayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2) field effect transistors (FET) by selecting the contact metal based on understanding the physics of contact between metal and monolayer WSe2. Device measurements supported by ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the d-orbitals of the contact metal play a key role in forming low resistance ohmic contacts with monolayer WSe2. On the basis of this understanding, indium (In) leads to small ohmic contact resistance with WSe2 and consequently, back-gated In–WSe2 FETs attained a record ON-current of 210 μA/μm, which is the highest value achieved in any monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide- (TMD) based FET to date. An electron mobility of 142 cm2/V·s (with an ON/OFF current ratio exceeding 106) is also achieved with In–WSe2 FETs at room temperature. This is the highest electron mobility reported for any back gated monolayer TMD materia...