cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Teaching and Learning: Perspectives of Faculty and Students from the Cyber-Trenches

This paper shares lessons learned and effective practices in online teaching and learning from veteran faculty and students in an online graduate therapeutic recreation program at SUNY Cortland, no...
On prediction, refutation, and explanatory reach: A consideration of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicidal Behavior.

Abstract Theory proposition, empirical evaluation, and resulting support or refutation are core pieces of the scientific process. These steps of theory-testing, however, can be complicated by relative rigidity and dogmatism, in combination with the logistical challenges inherent in conducting comprehensive, real-world tests of theories explicating complex scientific phenomena, especially rare ones. It may be argued that suicide is one such phenomenon, and one for which the field of psychology has struggled to develop satisfactory understanding. One leading theory of suicide, the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, has garnered attention and, to a considerable degree, has weathered substantial scrutiny. Still, it is arguable that the theory has yet to be tested in full—that is, in accordance with all propositions originally put forth. In this effort, we sought to evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, as well as to suggest potential directions via which future work may proceed. We draw from the fields of philosophy, psychology, physics, and engineering in the hopes of engendering curiosity and critical thought about the assumptions researchers (ourselves included) bring to their work. We direct particular attention to the role of refutation in theory-testing; the supposed dichotomy of explanatory vs. algorithmic approaches; and the categorization of research programs as progressive vs. degenerative. In doing so, we hope not only to promote these ideas in the study of suicidal behavior but also to empiricists of all creeds and foci. We also include implications for suicide prevention efforts.
On-line Fault Diagnosis Technology and Application Based on Deep Learning of Fault Characteristic of Power Grid

In order to solve the problem of low accuracy of devices fault diagnosis in intelligent grid dispatching control system, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method based on deep learning theory. First, building deep learning diagnosis models for various devices by extracting the characteristics of historical fault samples and training them. Then, when the dispatching control system of smart grid detects the risk and the online diagnosis function will integrate real-time fault signals for calling the diagnosis model. Finally, the probability value of this faulty device tripping will be obtained. In this paper, an online diagnosis system based on deep learning is built and its effectiveness in improving the accuracy of trip fault identification.
Pyridoxal and α-ketoglutarate independently improve function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Thi5 in the metabolic network of Salmonella enterica.

Microbial metabolism is often considered modular, but metabolic engineering studies have shown that transferring pathways, or modules, between organisms is not always straightforward. The Thi5-dependent pathway(s) for synthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Legionella pneumophila functioned differently when incorporated into the metabolic network of Salmonella enterica. Function of Thi5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScThi5) required modification of the underlying metabolic network, while LpThi5 functioned with the native network. Here we probe the metabolic requirements for heterologous function of ScThi5 and report a strong genetic and physiological evidence for a connection between alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) levels and ScThi5 function. The connection was built with two classes of genetic suppressors linked to metabolic flux or metabolite pool changes. Further, direct modulation of nitrogen assimilation through nutritional or genetic modification implicated αKG levels in Thi5 function. Exogenous pyridoxal similarly improved ScThi5 function in S. enterica. Finally, directly increasing αKG and PLP with supplementation improved function of both ScThi5 and relevant variants of Thi5 from Legionella pneumophila (LpThi5). The data herein suggest structural differences between ScThi5 and LpThi5 impact their level of function in vivo and implicate αKG in supporting function of the Thi5 pathway when placed in the heterologous metabolic network of S. enterica. IMPORTANCE Thiamine biosynthesis is a model metabolic node that has been used to extend our understanding of metabolic network structure and individual enzyme function. The requirements for in vivo function of the Thi5-dependent pathway found in Legionella and yeast are poorly characterized. Here we suggest that αKG modulates function of the Thi5 pathway in S. enterica and provide evidence that structural variation between ScThi5 and LpThi5 contribute to their functional differences in a Salmonella enterica host.
The Double as Defense in Cortázar's Hopscotch

In psychological terms, fragmentation of a character always involves defensive maneuvers to some degree; indeed, the concept of defense is basic to decomposition. The double motif is pervasive in Julio Cortazar's famous novel, Hopscotch {Rayuela; 1963) and performs numerous psychological and formal functions. However, commentary in this study is limited to those situations in which doubling assumes a principal role in the representation of a variety of defensive adaptations.
Addressing the challenges of the future: implementing a collaborative student environment at a university business school

Business schools have been criticized for failing to address the changing needs of American companies. One of the main areas of concern has been producing graduates who have skills in teamwork. This paper relates one set of activities undertaken by the authors at a business school in order to address this issue. While the findings are experiential, they do hint at serious questions for future formal research.
The Small World of Al Capone: The Embedded and Multiplex Nature of Organized Crime

Organized crime groups may or may not have some criteria for membership, but organized criminal activities seep into the legitimate spheres of society. We argue that it is at the boundaries of the underworld and the upper world where crime gets organized. Layers of embedded and multiplex relationships between criminals and non-criminals comprise Chicago’s Prohibition era organized crime network. This study draws a sample from our unique relational “Capone Dataset” on early 1900s Chicago crime, which we began compiling in 2008 from six archival sources. Using formal social network analysis techniques, this study explores an organized crime network of more than 4,000 relationships between 1,400 individuals. Our stepwise analysis moves from a bounded group of members of Al Capone’s Syndicate, to an embedded and multiplex network spanning criminal, personal, and legitimate spheres, to a small world graph test using simulated random and ERGM networks. We find that an organized crime network conceptualization that includes multiplex and embedded relationships beyond gang membership provides a more accurate and provocative picture of organized crime and has the properties of small world graphs. These findings have implications for future studies of organized crime networks, corruption, resilience, and vulnerability.
Learning how to plan and instantiate a plan in multi-agent coalition

We propose an innovative two-step learning approach to planning-instantiation for multi-agent coalition formation in dynamic, uncertain, real-time, and noisy environments. The first step learns about the planning of a coalition to improve its quality, adapting to the real-time and environmental requirements. The second step learns about the instantiation of the plan to improve the formation process, taking into account uncertain and dynamic behaviors of the peer agents. Decomposing the approach into two steps allows for modularity and flexibility in learning: learning how to plan a coalition is strategic while learning how to instantiate a plan is tactical. Our approach employs a case-based reinforcement learning (CBRL) framework.
Control of In Vitro Immune Responses by Regulatory Oligodeoxynucleotides through Inhibition of pIII Promoter Directed Expression of MHC Class II Transactivator in Human Primary Monocytes

Ag presentation is a key step in the initiation of adaptive immune responses that depends on the expression of MHC Ags and costimulatory molecules. Immune-enhancing CpG and non-CPG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) stimulate Ag presentation by stimulating the expression of these molecules and by promoting dendritic cell maturation. In this report, we identify immunoregulatory orthophosphorothioate non-CpG molecules, referred to as regulatory ODNs (rODNs), by their ability to inhibit allogeneic monocyte-stimulated T cell responses and down-regulate HLA-DR in human primary monocytes. The rODNs promoted the survival of macrophages and were able to activate IL-8 secretion through a chloroquine-resistant pathway. Messenger RNAs for HLA-DR alpha and beta and the MHC CIITA were reduced by rODNs but not by stimulatory CpG ODN2006 and non-CpG ODN2006a. CIITA transcription in monocytes was controlled primarily by promoter III and not by promoter I or IV. rODNs blocked promoter III-directed transcription of CIITA in these cells. Under conditions that induced dendritic cell differentiation, rODNs also reduced HLA-DR expression. The activity of rODNs is phosphorothioate chemistry and G stretch dependent but TLR9 independent. G tetrads were detected by circular dichroism in active rODNs and associated with high m.w. multimers on nondenaturing gels. Heat treatment of rODNs disrupted G tetrads, the high m.w. aggregates, and the HLA-DR inhibitory activity of the ODNs. The inhibition of immune responses by regulatory oligodeoxynucleotides may be useful for the treatment of immune-mediated disorders including autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
Pre- and post-processor for the wool won transport code

ICOOL is a Fortran77 macroparticle transport code widely used by researchers to study the front end of a neutrino factory/muon collider. In part due to the desire that ICOOL be usable over multiple computer platforms and operating systems, the code uses simple text files for input/output services. This choice together with user-driven requests for greater and greater choice of lattice element type and configuration has led to ICOOL input decks becoming rather difficult to compose and modify easily. Moreover, the lack of a standard graphical postprocessor has prevented many ICOOL users from extracting all but the most simple results from the output files. Here I present two attempts to improve this situation: First, a simple but quite general graphical pre-processor (NIME) written in the Tcl/TK to permit users to write and maintain ASCII-formatted input files by use of simple macro definitions and expansions. Second, an interactive postprocessor written in Fortran90 and NCAR graphics, which allows users to define, extract, and then examine the behavior of various particle subsets. In this paper I show some examples of use of both the pre- and post-processor for a standard ICOOL run.
Azbel'-Kaner Cyclotron Resonance in Gold

The results of a study of Azbel'-Kaner cyclotron resonance in gold are reported. Resonances were observed for all orientations of applied magnetic field in the (110) crystallographic plane, but identification of the observed masses with specific orbits was limited to angular regions near the principal crystallographic axes because of a relatively small experimental $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}$. Partial agreement was found between the masses observed with magnetic field parallel to principal crystallographic axes and masses obtained by Shoenberg from de Haas-van Alphen measurements. Resonances were also observed with the magnetic field tipped out of the sample surface plane at small and large angles. Differences between the effects observed at small angles and those observed by other workers in copper and silver are discussed. The resonances observed at large angles are identified with orbits. The angular ranges over which these resonances were observed provide additional confirmation of the correctness of the Fermi-surface neck dimensions established by de Haas-van Alphen and magnetoacoustic geometric resonance experiments.
Habit learning and anorexia nervosa: a cognitive neuroscience hypothesis.

Objective: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by abnormal behaviors involving eating and weight that are impressively resistant to change. The persistence of these behaviors likely plays an important role in the high relapse rate after initial treatment. Persistent, stereotyped behaviors are also characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This article presents a neurocognitive model of AN, based on comparisons with OCD. Method: This article reviews clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging findings in both OCD and AN relevant to a neurobiological understanding of a potential mechanism of the perpetuation of AN. Results: The identification of specific neurocognitive disturbances in individuals with OCD has led to a compelling hypothesis of the neural mechanisms mediating this disorder. Evidence suggests that similar disturbances, involving neural circuits between the cortex and the basal ganglia, may be present in individuals with AN. Conclusion: Research on such neurocognitive disturbances has the potential both to inform understanding of neural mechanisms underlying AN and to lead to advances in treatment. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
Regularities in the data between major equity markets: evidence from Granger causality tests

Weekly returns from markets in the US, Great Britain, West Germany and Japan are subjected to bivariate causality tests during the period 17 January 1979 to 26 June 1991. We find evidence of Granger unidirectional causality running from the US to the other countries immediately after the October 1987 world-wide crash. These episodes are brief, with the exception of the linkage from the US to the German market. Also presented is evidence of brief periods of causality running from the other markets to the US.
On the formation and decomposition of graphite-bisulfate☆

Abstract The second stage lamellar compound of graphite-bisulfate was obtained by annealing a residue compound at 100°–150°C under vacuum. The third stage lamellar compound was obtained by just evacuation or by annealing at 200°C under vacuum. It was found that the lamellar compound of graphite-bisulfate decomposes in air, due to the absorption of water. The first product of decomposition from the first stage was found to be a mixed second and third stage. The products of further decomposition seem to be mixtures of various higher stages.
Nanowire Modification to Enhance the Performance of Neurotransmitter Sensors

In this work, we have developed a method to modify the platinum (Pt) working electrode with nanowires using vapor-solid-liquid (VLS) mechanism in order to increase the sensitivity of our microelectrochemical neurotransmitter sensors. Our sensor probes were manufactured from a 300 μm thick silicon (Si) wafer with several electrode designs for implantation in various locations of the human central nervous system. The surfaces of electrodes were observed and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The complete devices were made and used to demonstrate the enhancement in performance contributed by nanowires in the enzyme-based electrochemical sensing of L-glutamate, which is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. Comparison between electrodes with and without nanowire modification was conducted, showing that the modification method is a good option to improve the performance of electrochemical sensors.
The jaundice of the cell

“Fair is foul and foul is fair” (so say the witches in the opening scene of Macbeth ), and examples of this paradox abound in biology. Life-giving oxygen is also the source of cytotoxic oxidative stress; lethal gases like carbon monoxide are neurotransmitters that, among other things, facilitate reproduction (1). Another example is that of bilirubin, formerly dismissed as a waste product, whose image has been burnished by evolving evidence for a role in protecting cells from injury (2, 3). The latest development in this story, which focuses on the bilirubin-synthesizing enzyme biliverdin reductase (BVR), is the subject of an article by Baranano in this issue of PNAS (4). The case has been made for a neuroprotective effect of bilirubin. Bilirubin is best known as a yellow pigment contained in bile, which is released from the gall bladder into the duodenum to aid digestion. In Hippocratic medicine, yellow bile was one of four bodily fluids, or humors, that promoted health when in balance and illness when not. Humoral imbalances could also explain differences in personality: an excess of yellow bile made one choleric; black bile, melancholic; blood, sanguine; and phlegm, phlegmatic. It was not until the middle of the last century that the chemical structure of bilirubin was determined and the molecule was synthesized, by Hans Fischer, a German chemist. Fischer received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1930 for his work on the bilirubin precursor heme. He killed himself in 1945 when his Munich laboratories were destroyed in an Allied bombing raid on Nazi Germany. Bilirubin is produced as a by-product of the degradation of hemoglobin from senescent or hemolyzed red blood cells. The heme moiety of hemoglobin, in which iron is coordinated to each of four pyrrole rings of protoporphyrin, enters the blood and is transported to the …
The hydrogenation of 9,10-dimethylanthracene by hydridopentacarbonylmanganese(I). Evidence for a free-radical mechanism

Abstract The reaction of 9,10-dimethylanthracene with HMn(CO) 5 yields a nearly equimolar mixture of cis - and trans -9,10-dihydro-9,10-dimethylanthracene. The results of kinetic and isotropic tracer studies provide support for a free-radical mechanism in which the rate-determining step is the transfer of a hydrogen atom from HMn(CO) 5 to 9,10-dimethylanthracene.
Her2 Activates NF-κB and Induces Invasion Through the Canonical Pathway Involving IKKα

The membrane bound receptor tyrosine kinase Her2 is overexpressed in approximately 30% of human breast cancers, which correlates with poor prognosis. Her2-induced signaling pathways include MAPK and PI3K/Akt, of which the latter has been shown to be critical for Her2(+) breast cancer cell growth and survival. In addition, the NF-kappaB pathway has been shown to be activated downstream of Her2 overexpression; however, the mechanisms leading to this activation are not currently clear. Using Her2(+)/ER(-) breast cancer cells, we show that Her2 activates NF-kappaB through the canonical pathway which, surprisingly, involves IKKalpha. Knockdown of IKKalpha led to a significant decrease in transcription levels of multiple NF-kappaB-regulated cytokine and chemokine genes. siRNA-mediated knockdown of IKKalpha resulted in a decrease in cancer cell invasion, but had no effect on cell proliferation. Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway had no effect on NF-kappaB activation, but significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Our study suggests different roles for the NF-kappaB and PI3K pathways downstream of Her2, leading to changes in invasion and proliferation of breast cancer cells. In addition this work indicates the importance of IKKalpha as a mediator of Her2-induced tumor progression.
Theoretical line widths in N2O-N2O and N2O-air collisions

Abstract Rotational half-widths have been computed at 220°K, 250°K, 280°K, and 300°K for air-broadened absorption lines of N2O using the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory. The new results are compared with previously available estimates at 300°K. Self-broadened line widths have also been computed at 300°K; good agreement has been obtained with Goody's data.
Does gender bias influence awards given by societies

AGU is a participant in a U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)–funded project called Advancing Ways of Awarding Recognition in Disciplinary Societies (AWARDS), which seeks to examine whether gender bias affects selection of recipients of society awards. AGU is interested in learning why there is a higher proportion of female recipients of service and education awards over the past 2 decades. Combined with a lower rate of receipt of research awards, these results suggest that implicit (subconscious) bias in favor of male candidates still influences awardee selection. Six other professional societies (American Chemical Society, American Mathematical Society, American Society of Anesthesiologists, Mathematical Association of America, Society for Neuroscience, and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) are participating in the project. Volunteers from each participant society attended an Association for Women in Science (AWIS)–sponsored workshop in May 2010 to examine data and review literature on best practices for fair selection of society awardees. A draft proposal for implementing these practices will be brought before the AGU Council and the Honors and Recognition Committee at their upcoming meetings.
Pack Cementation Aluminide Coatings on Superalloys: Codeposition of Cr and Reactive Elements

A single‐step chloride‐activated pack cementation process has been developed for growing a Cr/RE(Y, Zr) ‐modified or a RE(Y, Zr, Hf)‐doped aluminide diffusion coating on commercial Ni‐base superalloys. The coatings consisted of an outward‐grown hypostoichiometric layer with a substantial enrichment in Cr and a low reactive element content. The Cr was both dissolved in the matrix and precipitated as α‐Cr second‐phase particles. Aluminide coatings grown outwards in a pack permitting powder contact with the substrate were embedded with and reactive element (RE) oxide pack particles. Physical separation of the substrates from the powder mixture eliminated powder entrapment but reduced the growth rate and the amount of Cr enrichment in the coating. Isolation of the substrate from the pack introduced partial rate control by gaseous diffusion.
Assessment of the Emerging Technologies for the Detection and Measurement of Corrosion Wastage of Coated Marine Structures

The application of a resistant coating on ships, offshore structures and pipelines is the primary prevention method of corrosion wastage in the marine industries. To guarantee coating integrity and to be able to thoroughly survey for corrosion wastage on marine structures, new advanced nondestructive methods are being sought. The requirements of convenient and rapid determination of corrosion wastage on coated structures, even in the difficult spatial positions of the structure, will require advanced technologies which are being developed for other industries that also require very high structural integrity. A review of the developments in electromagnetic wave (advanced microwave and eddy current practices) sensors, in elastic wave (advanced ultrasonic practices) sensors, in time-resolved thermography (thermal imaging), in electrochemical sensors and in other emerging analytical techniques is presented. Each of the identified emerging technologies was assessed based on a set of requirements necessary to be an acceptable marine corrosion wastage testing tool. This technology review and assessment include the use of both active and passive sensors and monitors, and the use of sensor arrays. The state of development and availability of the most promising technologies will be described.© 2003 ASME
Conversion of high-response gonadotropin intrauterine insemination cycles to in vitro fertilization results in excellent ongoing pregnancy rates.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether conversion of gonadotropin/IUI cycles at high risk of high-order multiple pregnancies to IVF yields a pregnancy rate high enough to warrant the added intervention. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Brigham and Women's Hospital assisted reproductive technology program. Patient(s): Seventy-seven patients converted from gonadotropin/IUI to IVF, 77 consecutive age and attempt number–matched controls (sequential controls [SCs]), and 77 consecutive age-, attempt-, and E 2 -matched controls (E 2 controls [ECs]). Interventions(s): Gonadotropin/IUI cycles with exuberant responses were converted to IVF (cases) to avoid cycle cancellation and high-order multiple pregnancies. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy rates, delivery rates, E 2 levels, follicle and oocyte number, and fertilization and implantation rates. Result(s): Compared with SCs and ECs, cases had more follicles (16.3 ± 0.6 vs. 13.3 ± 0.9 and 14.4 ± 0.9) and higher E 2 at hCG administration (1,951 ± 93 vs. 1,568 ± 96 and 1,939 ± 89 pg/mL). Delivery rates among the three groups (45.5% vs. 32.5% and 39.0%) did not differ significantly. Despite the transfer of fewer embryos in cases than in controls (2.5 ± 0.1 vs. 3.1 ± 0.1 and 2.9 ± 0.1), three triplet pregnancies occurred in cases and three in controls. Conclusion(s): Conversion of high responder gonadotropin/IUI patients to IVF is an effective alternative to cycle cancellation and offers a delivery rate as high or higher per cycle than that of planned IVF. Sample size limited the statistical power of the study.
Computed tomography in the evaluation of choanal atresia.

Summary Nine patients with choanal atresia or stenosis, ranging in age from two days to 6 years were evaluated by computer tomography (CT). The clinical, conventional radiographic and surgical findings were correlated with CT findings. In all patients, the complete anatomic abnormality and the thickness of the obstruction were better defined with CT than with a choanogram. Findings on CT included: thickening of the vomer, bowing of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and fusion of bony elements in the choanal region. This information is essential in planning surgical correction.
Dotastic: achieving goals by socializing tasks

Dotastic is a mobile application that lets people challenge each other to get tasks done. Dotastic leverages social pressure to help people accomplish tasks that they would otherwise not be motivated to do. We propose using Dotastic as an integrated demo that adds an element of fun to real-time events, increasing interactions among the event attendees, and helping organizers use the persuasive technology to obtain desired outcomes.
Double-stranded RNA and antiviral immunity in marine shrimp: Inducible host mechanisms and evidence for the evolution of viral counter-responses

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a common virus-associated molecular pattern and a potent inducer of antiviral responses in many organisms. While it is clear that the specific RNA interference (RNAi) response, a phenomenon triggered by dsRNA, serves antiviral functions in invertebrates, innate (non-specific) antiviral immune reactions induced by dsRNA (e.g. the Interferon response) have long been thought to be restricted to vertebrates. Recent work in an underappreciated experimental model, the penaeid shrimp, is challenging these traditional distinctions, by demonstrating the existence of both innate (non sequence-specific) and RNAi-related (sequence-specific) antiviral phenomena in crustacea. Here we discuss the evidence for this bivalent role of dsRNA in the initiation of antiviral responses in shrimp, and present new data that suggest that the antiviral functions of the shrimp RNAi machinery have imposed selective pressures on an evolving viral pathogen. These findings open the door for the discovery of novel mechanisms of innate immunity, and provide a basis for the future development of strategies to control viral diseases in the commercially important penaeid shrimp.
Environmental Awareness and Public Support for Protecting and Restoring Puget Sound

In an effort to garner consensus around environmental programs, practitioners have attempted to increase awareness about environmental threats and demonstrate the need for action. Nonetheless, how beliefs about the scope and severity of different types of environmental concerns shape support for management interventions are less clear. Using data from a telephone survey of residents of the Puget Sound region of Washington, we investigate how perceptions of the severity of different coastal environmental problems, along with other social factors, affect attitudes about policy options. We find that self-assessed environmental understanding and views about the seriousness of pollution, habitat loss, and salmon declines are only weakly related. Among survey respondents, women, young people, and those who believe pollution threatens Puget Sound are more likely to support policy measures such as increased enforcement and spending on restoration. Conversely, self-identified Republicans and individuals who view current regulations as ineffective tend to oppose governmental actions aimed at protecting and restoring Puget Sound. Support for one policy measure—tax credits for environmentally-friendly business practices—is not significantly affected by political party affiliation. These findings demonstrate that environmental awareness can influence public support for environmental policy tools. However, the nature of particular management interventions and other social forces can have important mitigating effects and need to be considered by practitioners attempting to develop environment-related social indicators and generate consensus around the need for action to address environmental problems.
Practicing what we teach: Learning from experience to improve adult program administration

Although Bethel University uses separate administrative structures and physical spaces for its three academic units, program planning and student services remain very connected, creating a hybrid balance of centralized and decentralized functions in the overall administrative structure.
Investigating intermolecular forces associated with thrombus initiation using optical tweezers

Thrombus formation occurs when a platelet membrane receptor, glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex, binds to its ligand, von Willebrand factor (vWf), in the subendothelium or plasma. To determine which GP Ib-IX-V amino acid sequences are critical for bond formation, we have used optical tweezers to measure forces involved in the binding of vWf to GP Ib-IX-V variants. Inasmuch as GP Ib(alpha) subunit is the primary component in human GP Ib-IX-V complex that binds to vWf, and that canine GP Ib(alpha) , on the other hand, does not bind to human vWf, we progressively replaced human GP Ib(alpha) amino acid sequences with canine GP Ib(alpha) sequences to determine the sequences essential for vWf/GP Ib(alpha) binding. After measuring the adhesive forces between optically trapped, vWf-coated beads and GP Ib(alpha) variants expressed on mammalian cells, we determined that leucine- rich repeat 2 of GP Ib(alpha) was necessary for vWf/GP Ib-IX- V bond formation. We also found that deletion of the N- terminal flanking sequence and leucine-rich repeat 1 reduced adhesion strength to vWf but did not abolish binding. While divalent cations are known to influence binding of vWf, addition of 1mM CaCl2 had no effect on measured vWf/GP Ib(alpha) bond strengths.
Estimation of Cardiac Risk Before Noncardiac Surgery: The Evolution of Cardiac Risk Indices

Postoperative cardiac complications are among the most feared events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Hospitalists, internists, cardiologists, and anesthesiologists are frequently asked to provide preoperative consultations to assess risk and optimize medical treatment for the patient. Over the years, numerous studies have attempted to define preoperative risk factors in an attempt to risk stratify patients and determine when interventions may be applied to reduce risk. These studies have proposed various risk indices and algorithms based on identification of different risk factors, related to variations in patient populations, types of surgery, definitions of comorbidities, and endpoints studied. This article reviews many of these risk indices, highlighting their findings, utilities, and limitations.
Does Radiation Improve Survival of T2N1 or T3N0 Rectal Adenocarcinomas in Population-based Series?

were equally distributed between the treatment groups within each quartile. There was no significant increase regarding AL rate in the RT group compared with that in the surgery group within each propensity score quartile (RT vs. surgery group, quartile 1: 12.5% vs. 5.7%, p Z 0.439; quartile 2: 4.8% vs. 21.2%, p Z 0.131; quartile 3: 11.4% vs. 15.8%, p Z 0.687; quartile 4: 22.0% vs. 18.2%, p Z 1.000). Conclusions: Male subjects and those receiving intraoperative blood transfusion were at greater risk for AL in our study population after rectal cancer resection. Preoperative RT does not increase the risk of postoperative AL. Author Disclosure: J. Chang: None. K. Keum: None. N. Kim: None. K. Lee: None. J. Kim: None. H. Yoon: None. C. Lee: None. W. Koom: None.
The effect of pH and NaCl concentration on adsorption of β-lactoglobulin at hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon surfaces

Abstract The effect of pH and NaCl concentration on the equilibrium adsorptive behavior of β-lactoglobulin at hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicon surfaces was studied using ellipsometry. Experimental conditions studied included pH 3.00, 0.1 M Na + ; pH 6.60, 0.1 M Na + ; pH 8.90, 0.1 M Na + ; and pH 8.90, 0.5 M Na + . Plots of adsorbed mass as a function of protein concentration exhibited attainment of plateau values beyond a protein concentration of 0.25 mg/ml. At a given pH and ionic strength, as expected, plateau values associated with hydrophobic surfaces were observed to be greater than those associated with hydrophilic surfaces. A Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm was chosen as an appropriate model to represent the data and was used to compare results obtained under different experimental conditions. Effects of pH and NaCl concentration on protein adsorption at hydrophilic surfaces indicate that electrostatics play a major role, while pH and NaCl concentration effects on adsorption at hydrophobic surfaces reflect a greater importance of nonelectrostatic interactions.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Evolution of Transportation Network Infrastructure

This special issue of Networks and Spatial Economics has the theme of the Evolution of Transportation Network Infrastructure. In economics, the short-term is defined by allowing everything to vary except some fixed input, while in the long-term, even fixed inputs may vary. In that light, this issue concerns the long-term, how and why networks change over time, and what are the implications of those changes. The papers presented here span a breadth of methodologies, from empirical, to counter-factual, graphtheoretic, physical, and political economy. These papers all underwent a rigorous peerreview process and we thank the authors for their patience and their reviewers for their meticulousness. By examining these issues with multiple methodologies, by authors from housed in varied disciplines (civil engineering, economics and business, physics, math, informatics, and environmental studies) perhaps new connections can be made and new questions raised. The first paper (Xie and Levinson 2009a) summarizes and synthesizes the research to date on the topic of the growth of transportation networks. Strands of literature from transport geography, optimization, theoretical and empirical economics, and network science have all approached this issue from different perspectives. The policy implications, of how current investments will shape future choices, are not widely recognized in practice, or understood with confidence in the literature. Bogart (2009) examines the early English Industrial Revolution, prior to the advent of the railway, to consider how network externalities affected the growth roads, canals, and ports. Historical case studies are important as they allow us to see a complete picture of the birth, growth, maturity, (and ultimately decline) of a type of network infrastructure, and so give us the basis on which to test hypothesized models that just examining the current state of infrastructure would be unable to do. In this case, the author finds that there are positive intermodal network externalities, and that the presence of roads increased (or accelerated) the development of canals, as the necessary local feeder road network may have reduced the risks associated with canal development. Netw Spat Econ (2009) 9:289–290 DOI 10.1007/s11067-009-9105-z
The Viscosity of Air

The viscosity of air has been remeasured with the rotating cylinder apparatus used by Day and Bleakney. All of the constants have been redetermined, and especial attention has been given to the corrections to the simple theory. The value obtained at 22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C is $\ensuremath{\eta}=1.8243\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0045$ c.g.s. units. This raises the oil drop value of $e$ to 4.796 e.s.u. It is shown in the appendix that a correction must be applied for the opening between the suspended cylinder and the guard cylinders, and also a correction must be applied for the moment of inertia of the air carried around by the cylinder when determining its moment of inertia. Neglect of these corrections has introduced some additional uncertainty into other work.
Adolescent Interests and Abilities

(1933). Adolescent Interests and Abilities. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 65-93.
Concentration of skeletal and cardiac muscle pyruvate kinase determined by specific radioimmunoassay

Abstract A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for rabbit skeletal muscle pyruvate kinase (ATP:pyruvate 2- O -phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) and applied to extracts of skeletal and cardiac muscle from rabbits subjected to differing dietary states and alloxan diabetes. In animals fed Purina Checkers ® rabbit chow the concentration was 11.1 ± 3.3 μ M is skeletal and 3.1 ± 0.6 μ M (μmol/1000 g wet weight) in heart muscle. Compared to the chow-fed animals the enzyme concentration increased approximately 2-fold in both tissues after a 4 day fast or after fat feeding, without any change in enzyme activity. Using slab gel electrophoresis, we demonstrated that fat feeding and fasting evidently cause the muscle cell to accumulate inactive or less active, tetrameric pyruvate kinase. Alloxan diabetes had no influence on the concentration of the enzyme in chow-fed animals. Pyruvate kinase activity was measurement in the same extracts by a conventional assay. From the data specific activities were calculated: for example, 40 units/nmol skeletal muscle enzyme and 19 units/nmol heart muscle enzyme in chow-fed animals. It is only by the combined application of activity and chemical concentration assays to tissue extracts could such data be obtained. Thus, in addition to measuring enzyme concentration an approach is provided to detect differences in the catalytic state of the enzyme. Our data show that assayable activity of this enzyme does not always reflect enzyme concentration and that regulation of enzyme concentration and enzyme activity can occur independently.
A probabilistic analysis of the maximal covering location problem

Abstract Under a variety of different random models of the maximal covering location problem, we show that the relative error of a randomly generated solution converges to zero in expectation as problem size grows. We prove similar results for the relative error between the optimal integer and fractional solutions to the problem. Suppose that randomly generated instances of this problem are used to test heuristics. One consequence of our results is that we should expect the mean relative error of a heuristic to be better than that of randomly generated solutions, if the heuristic is to be considered useful.
Sublethal effects of hydrogen sulfide in sediments on the Urchin Lytechinus pictus

Abstract Laboratory exposures of the urchin Lytechinus pictus to sediment dosed with varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), but without elevated organic material, were conducted. Changes in mortality, behavior, growth and gonad production were measured during 49 days' flow through exposures. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 165·8 μ m liter−1 in pore water caused significant changes in all parameters measured. Concentrations as low as 32·9 μ m liter−1 caused significant decreases in wet weight and male gonad production. A concentration of 91·8 μ m liter−1 caused the mortality rate to increase 100-fold over control exposures (0·63 μ m liter−1). Sublethal effects on growth and gonad production could have been caused by either direct biochemical inhibition by H2S or secondarily through behavioral modifications. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations above 165·8 μ m liter−1 are common near sewage outfalls and could contribute to changes in species composition and sediment toxicity that occur there.
Oxygen chemisorption on Cr(110) I. Dissociative adsorption

The initial stages of oxygen chemisorption on Cr(110) at 300 K have been investigated using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), electron stimulated desorption ion angular distributions (ESDIAD), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Dissociative chemisorption occurs with near unit sticking probability, leading to an ordered p(4 × 2)O overlayer at θo ⋍18. A model with atomic oxygen located in the two-fold symmetric hollow sites is proposed. The previously reported c(3 × 1)O overlayer was not observed in this study. A disordered oxygen adlayer is found as θo increases. ESDIAD and HREELS data suggest that chemisorbed oxygen atoms occupy inequivalent local binding sites for θ > 0.25; subsurface oxygen is not found under these mild oxidation conditions.
How to handle PR disasters? An examination of the impact of communication response type and failure attributions on consumer perceptions

Purpose – Trust in corporate governance is at an all time low due to well‐documented corporate scandals such as Enron, Martha Stewart and excessive CEO compensation practices, to mention but a few. Yet relatively little is known about how companies can repair trust once a trust violation has occurred. Recent research in crisis communication management suggests that an appropriate response depends on the situation or type of crisis. This study seeks to investigate the role of violation type (intentional harm v. harm due to external cause) and communication response (apology v. denial) on consumer trust, attitudes towards the service provider and behavioral intent.Design/methodology/approach – A 2 (violation type: intentional harm v. external cause) × 2 (communication response: apology v. denial) between‐subjects design was employed. Alleged price gouging by a Louisiana hotel in the aftermath of Katrina served as the study context. Subjects were asked to read a hypothetical newspaper article in which the tr...
E-016 Intracranial endoluminal waveform analysis to understand the underlying pathophysiology and quantify treatment effect: case illustration involving venous sinus stenosis

Introduction Extracranial waveform analysis of both arterial and venous intravascular compartments is common. Any catheter with a fluid-filled lumen that is of sufficient inner diameter to support transducing a pressure waveform can provide information from the intravascular compartment from which it is derived. This methodology, when applied to the intracranial vasculature, may provide useful insights into a patient9s specific pathophysiology. Additionally, such waveform analysis could provide feedback to assess the efficacy of a targeted intervention. We present our preliminary experience with a strategy of assessing the intracranial, endoluminal waveforms during a neurointervention. Methodology A 21-year-old female presented with rapid neurological decline progressing to obtundation secondary to intracranial hypertension. Angiography demonstrated left transverse sinus (TS) occlusion with stenosis of the contralateral TS. Under roadmap visualization, an Echelon microcatheter was crossed over a microwire proximal (“upstream”) to the stenosis involving the right TS. Waveform analysis was performed at this starting point and as it was pulled back to a location distal to the stenosis (“downstream”). Waveforms were captured with the Bedmaster software package (Excel Medical Solutions) which we have customized to integrate data acquisition from the angiography suite. Results ICP was monitored with an intraparenchymal monitor (Camino, Integra Neurosciences, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA) and measured 54–59 mm Hg, while mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured by an arterial line in the radial artery measured 93–94 mm Hg. Proximal to the stenosis, pressure readings of 68 mm Hg with a waveform that mirrored an attenuated ICP waveform. Distal to the stenosis, the waveform dampened and mirrored the central venous pressure measured at 3 mm Hg. Angioplasty alone did not result in a sustained improvement, at which point a balloon mounted stent was used at the stenosis. Following treatment of the lesion the waveform analysis was repeated at the same locations along the TS which had been previously monitored. Treatment of the lesion resulted in a decrease in ICP to 36–37 mm Hg. The pressure along the TS was now 44 mm Hg along the treated TS with resolution of the pressure gradient. Conclusion A significant pressure gradient was identified across the stenotic lesion in the TS, verifying the pathophysiologic process to be venous hypertension from venous outlet obstruction. ICP significant improved following treatment of the lesion and elimination of the pressure gradient across the lesion, again verifying venous outlet obstruction to be the underlying etiology.
Gender differences in bone conduction auditory signal processing: Communication equipment design implications

Abstract Previous research studies have suggested the possibility of gender differences in auditory processing for air conduction (AC) hearing. This study was designed to determine if the same gender differences are also present for bone conduction (BC) hearing and if the gender differences were dictated by the BC transducer location. Thirty participants (15 females and 15 males) ages 18 to 25 years participated in the hearing threshold study. Six frequencies (250, 500, 1000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hz) were tested at four bone vibrator locations (condyle, mastoid, vertex, and temple). Hearing thresholds for all conditions were measured and recorded and the BC hearing thresholds were compared to AC thresholds measured during prequalifying hearing tests. A B-72 bone vibrator was used to conduct the BC tests and Telephonics TDH-39P earphones were used for the AC tests. The results of this study suggest that females have significantly lower AC thresholds for the 8000 Hz signal only. The BC hearing analysis indicated that females had significantly better hearing thresholds at 6000 Hz and 8000 Hz. In addition, the location analysis indicated that the BC transducer location may also impact the threshold differences. For instance, in this study females had significantly better hearing thresholds for the 8000 Hz signal at the mastoid location only. Relevance to industry If organizations intend to utilize BC technology as a part of their communication systems, it is important that characteristics which impact signal perception be identified in order to develop the most effective communication devices for the user population.
An Analysis of Extendibility and Early Termination Provisions: The Importance of Framing Duration Safeguards

We augment transaction cost economics with social cognitive psychology to show that contract framing is an important element in minimizing issues in focal exchanges and managing buyer-supplier rela...