cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of fathers' feeding practices and feeding style on preschool age children's diet quality, eating behavior and body mass index.

Abstract The associations of parental feeding practices and feeding style with childhood obesity have gained more attention in the literature recently; however, fathers are rarely included within these studies. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship of paternal feeding practices on child diet quality, weight status, and eating behavior, and the moderating effect of paternal feeding style on these relationships in preschool age children. This study included a one-time, one-on-one interview with biological fathers of preschoolers (n = 150) to assess feeding practices (Child Feeding Questionnaire), feeding style (Caregiver Feeding Style Questionnaire), child eating behaviors (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire), and diet quality (24 hour recall, Healthy Eating Index). Height and weight for each father and child were also measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) or BMI z-score calculated. Linear regression was used to test the relationship between paternal feeding practices, style and child diet quality and/or body weight. Overall, the findings revealed that a father's feeding practices and feeding style are not associated with children's diet quality or weight status. However, child eating behaviors are associated with child BMI z-score and these relationships are moderated by paternal feeding practices. For example, child satiety responsiveness is inversely (β = −.421, p = 0.031) associated with child BMI z-score only if paternal restriction scores are high. This relationship is not significant when paternal restriction scores are low (β = −.200, p = 0.448). These results suggest that some child appetitive traits may be related to child weight status when exposed to certain paternal feeding practices. Future studies should consider the inclusion of fathers as their feeding practices and feeding style may be related to a child's eating behavior.
Determination of total nitrogen in sediments and plants using persulfate digestion. An evaluation and comparison with the Kjeldahl procedure

Abstract Accuracy and precision of the persulfate and Kjeldahl determinations of total nitrogen in solid samples were assessed with certified standards, plant material and river sediments. Accuracy determined with the certified reference materials was within an acceptable range to assure quality control for routine laboratory analyses. In addition, results obtained by examining plant samples indicated that TPN and TKN were not significantly different. Precision for analyses of all samples was high; however a direct comparison of plant material indicated that TPN (RSD = 5.3%) was more precise than TKN (RSD = 8.4%). TPN is a reasonable alternative to the standard TKN procedure for analysis of sediment and plant materials. The TPN method would increase the feasibility of conducting replicate analyses and would result in increased quality control.
The estimated scalar dissipation rate in gas‐phase turbulent jets

An estimate for the scalar dissipation rate in the turbulent concentration field formed between the nozzle fluid from a round, gas‐phase, momentum‐driven, turbulent jet and the entrained reservoir fluid is studied. The results are based on the square of the concentration time derivative from high‐resolution, single‐point measurements made in the self‐similar far field of the jet at Reynolds numbers of 5000, 16 000, and 40 000. Results for the temporal behavior, mean value, and statistical properties of the estimated scalar dissipation rate are reported. Peaks in the instantaneous value of the estimated scalar dissipation rate are found to produce a significant, but not dominant, contribution to the average dissipation rate on the jet centerline. The occurrence statistics of these peaks are determined to be other than Poisson distributed. The mean width of the peaks is found to physically correspond to the Taylor scale associated with scalar dissipation, and depend on the inverse square root of the jet Reynolds number. The average estimated scalar dissipation rate is found to be independent of Reynolds number, and self‐similar in a manner that is consistent with similarity laws for the turbulent jet. The probability density function (pdf) of the estimated scalar dissipation rate is also found to be self‐similar. The compiled distributions, which are based on only one squared field gradient, deviate significantly from lognormality at small values. This result is shown to not preclude the lognormality of the distribution of the true scalar dissipation rate.
A prospective random trial of home uterine activity monitoring in pregnancies at increased risk of preterm labor.

Daily uterine activity monitoring has been reported to be helpful in improving the percentage of women with preterm labor eligible for tocolysis, with a corresponding decline in preterm delivery. The first year of our trial of ambulatory tocodynamometry in 157 women at risk of preterm labor did not reveal significant differences in rates of preterm labor and preterm delivery between two groups of women randomly assigned to receive preterm labor education, frequent (5 days/week) telephone contact, and self-palpation of uterine activity (group EP), or to preterm labor education, daily telephone contact, and the Term Guard ambulatory uterine activity monitor (group EM). We report results from the second year (n = 152), yielding a total study population of 309. Forty-three subjects were later excluded, producing 266 subjects who completed the study. Comparison of preterm labor and preterm delivery rates, mean birth weight, and gestational age at delivery revealed no significant differences between the groups for the second year or for the combined data from both years of the study. Interestingly, comparison of all subjects enrolled in year 1 with all those enrolled in year 2 reveals significant decreases in the rates of both preterm labor and preterm delivery. Frequent attention to symptoms and signs of preterm labor, and improved patient and physician education and awareness, may be responsible for this decline in preterm labor and delivery in high-risk pregnancies. (AM J OBsTET GYNECOL 1988;159:595-603.)
Diversity and antibiotic resistance of enterococci associated with stored-product insects collected from feed mills

Abstract Diversity and antibiotic resistance of enterococci associated with stored-product insects were assessed by screening 298 live adults from nine insect species collected from six feed mills in the midwestern United States. The eight antibiotics tested were tetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and neomycin. Enterococci were isolated from seven out of nine insect species collected. A majority of enterococci and aerococci were isolated from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Approximately 18% of the insects tested positive for bacteria on mEnterococcus agar, and the mean colony forming units ranged from 2×101 to 1.3×105 per insect. Bacteria isolated on mEnterococcus agar included Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Aerococcus viridans 3. Isolates of E. faecium displayed complete or intermediate resistance, most frequently to neomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. In addition, many E. faecium isolates exhibited intermediate resistance to vancomycin. The majority of A. viridans 3 isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics, while isolates of E. gallinarum displayed resistance to neomycin. Enterococci and aerococci are nosocomial human pathogens and are implicated in secondary infections, mainly in immuno-compromised individuals. Additionally, enterococci are considered an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes that can be horizontally transferred to other bacteria, including serious human pathogens. Our data reinforce the need for pest management to reduce the availability of vectors (insects) for dissemination of microorganisms carrying antibiotic resistance genes in the feed mill environment.
Effects of HIV drug combinations on endothelin-1 and vascular cell proliferation.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease of the pulmonary vasculature involving endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vasoconstriction, right ventricular hypertrophy, and eventually, right heart failure and death. PAH occurs 1000-fold more frequently in HIV patients than in the general population. Although conventional HIV therapy with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) leads to regression of PAH, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART; two NRTI plus a protease inhibitor) increases the incidence of HIV-associated, PAH as much as twofold. Although there are relatively few models for PAH, previous reports indicate the disease can be initiated by endothelial injury and release of the mitogen endothelin-1 (ET-1). ET-1, in turn, stimulates VSMC proliferation. To determine whether HAART induces endothelial injury and release of cytokines like ET-1, we treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells with micromolar amounts of AZT (3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine), the protease inhibitor indinavir, or AZT plus indinavir, and measured cell viability, mitochondrial function, and ET-1 release. Both AZT and indinavir induced marked decreases in cellular oxygen uptake, as well as increases in ET-1 release. Although the drugs had no apparent effect on proliferation in VSMCs alone, in cocultures of VSMCs plus endothelial cells, the drugs increased proliferation of both endothelial cells and VSMCs. Finally, when cocultures of endothelial cells and VSMCs were treated with BQ-123 and BQ-788, selective antagonists for ETA and ETB receptors respectively, drug-induced proliferation of both VSMCs and endothelial cells was attenuated. These data thus suggest that HIV drug cocktails may exacerbate preexisting HIV-associated PAH by inducing endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction, in turn stimulating the release of ET-1, and ultimately, vascular cell proliferation.
Local threshold conditions and fast transition dynamics of the L?H transition in Alcator C-Mod

Edge profiles during the L–H transition and pedestal evolution in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak have been measured with high spatial and time resolution. For input power near the threshold, periodic 'dithering' cycles are seen, and the sustained transition occurs in a series of steps that appear related to this oscillatory behaviour. Even at a higher power, there is evidence of non-smooth Te evolution, and the pedestal Te shows a double break-in-slope at the transition. Calculations with a fluctuation-shear flow model, for parameters typical of this experiment, reproduce much of the observed behaviour. Profiles just before the L–H transition, averaged over steady or dithering periods, are compared with an analytic criterion based on shear suppression by zonal flows (Guzdar P N et al 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 265004). The experimental values of are about 50% below the theoretical threshold, for a range of BT.
An experimental investigation of turbine rotor wakes for the development of a fiber optic pressure sensor

Hostile environments and aggressive performance requirements associated with future gas turbine engines has required the development of fiber optic sensors. A fiber optic pressure sensor (FOPS) is being developed to detect turbine rotor speed by counting rotor blade passage through detection of rotor blade wakes in the exit flow field. The FOPS pressure tube, which protrudes into the flow path, transfers the unsteady pressure signal from the flow path to the sensor diaphragm mounted on the turbine shroud. Three phases of the FOPS development are described herein. These include an experimental investigation of an unsteady turbine exit flow field, a pressure tube optimization study, and a validation of the fiber optic pressure sensor in a component test turbine. The turbine rotor exit flow field unsteady pressure data indicate rotor wakes can be detected by the fiber optic pressure sensor over a wide range of turbine operating conditions. The flow path location and design of the FOPS pressure tube was shown to be critical in optimizing the sensor performance.
Hormonal Dynamics at Midcycle: A Reevaluation*

The dynamics of ovarian and pituitary hormone changes during the midcycle period were evaluated. Changes in hormone levels were determined at 2-h intervals for 5 consecutive days during the periovulatory phase of the cycle in five women. During the 50 h preceding the onset of the surge, the rates of increments for estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and LH were similar, with doubling times of 57-61 h. The onset of LH and FSH surges was found to occur abruptly (LH doubled within 2 h). They were temporally associated with the attainment of peak E2 levels and occurred 12 h after the initiation of a rapid rise of P4. The mean duration of the surge was 48 h, with a rapidly ascending limb (doubling time, 5.2 h) lasting 14 h accompanied by a rapid decline of E2 and a continued rise of P4. The surge was followed by a peak plateau of gonadotropin levels lasting for 14 h and a transient leveling of P4. The longer descending limb (half-time, 9.6 h), lasting for 20 h, was associated with a second rapid rise of P4, beginning 36 h after surge onset or 12 h before termination of the surge. By using the onset of the LH surge as a reference point, our data provide a relatively precise picture of the hormonal changes preceding the onset of the gonadotropin surge and the temporal relationship between the multiphasic P4 rise and pituitary-ovarian function.
How the world's top universities provide dialogic forums for marginalized voices

Abstract Viewed through the lens of the dialogic theory of public relations, this study examines if universities use new media tools and how the world's top universities use Facebook as an interactive forum that give voice to key stakeholders. With the declining economy and limited access to resources, it is important to know how organizations utilize Web-based tools to build and maintain relationships at national and global levels. Because prior research found that users had negative feelings about lack of dialogue on college websites, it is also important to know whether universities are tapping into the dialogic potential. The content analyses of the websites and Facebook platforms show that more than half of the universities have Facebook pages. The results also show that users cannot post content or photos, or participate in discussions and wall posts. In essence, the voices of key stakeholders are being silenced via a media that is intended to provide open forums for dialogue.
Percutaneous Biopsy before Interventional Oncologic Therapy: Current Status

or ly he is ch g m( BEFORE the initiation of therapy, d finitive diagnosis of most solid mal nancies is made by tissue sampli with percutaneous or surgical biops Biopsy allows for definitive diagnos avoids treatment of the wrong tum type, and may allow subcharacteriz tion of the malignancy to allow rected therapy. Some malignancies a not easily diagnosed with percutan ous biopsy techniques, with histo cally high numbers of false-negativ or indeterminate findings. Classic e amples include hepatocellular carc noma (HCC) and renal cell carcinom (RCC). When feasible, the gold sta dard therapy for these malignanci has been resection or, more recently the setting of HCC, transplantatio with evaluation of the whole tiss sample obtained at resection used provide a definitive diagnosis. For p tients with HCC or RCC, the decis to operate is often based on a com nation of patient history, laborato values, underlying comorbidities, an imaging characteristics of the mass question. Patients not eligible for surgery a increasingly being treated by interve
Constraints on the glacial operation of the atlantic ocean's conveyor circulation

Circulation in the Atlantic Ocean is currently dominated by a northward flow of upper waters balanced by a return flow of deep water (i.e., the conveyor). Paleoproxies tell us that, unlike today, during the glacial age the deep Atlantic was stratified. Rather than being flooded with one nearly homogeneous water mass, there were two distinctly different ones. In this paper, the paleoproxy results are analyzed in an attempt to constrain the sources and ventilation rate of the deeper of these two glacial Atlantic water masses. Taken together, the cadmium and carbon isotope measurements on benthic foraminifera and the radiocarbon measurements on coexisting benthic and planktonic foraminifera appear to require a conveyor-like circulation no weaker than half of today's. This conclusion is at odds with geostrophic reconstructions. This seeming disagreement could be eliminated if, as suggested by Keigwin and Schlegel, the radiocarbon measurements by Broecker et al. significantly underestimate the difference between the 1 4 C to C ratio for glacial-age surface water and deep water in the equatorial Atlantic.
STUDIES OF 3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE (3β-HSD) GENES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN MANIFESTING PREMATURE PUBARCHE (PP) AND INCREASED ACTH STIMULATED Δ5 STEROID LEVELS. † 573

STUDIES OF 3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE (3β-HSD) GENES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN MANIFESTING PREMATURE PUBARCHE (PP) AND INCREASED ACTH STIMULATED Δ5 STEROID LEVELS. † 573
Characteristics of attachment and growth of Thiobacillus caldus on sulphide minerals: a chemotactic response to sulphur minerals?

To further our understanding of the ecological role of sulphur-oxidizing microorganisms in the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD), growth and attachment of the chemoautotrophic sulphur-oxidizing bacterium, Thiobacillus caldus, on the sulphide minerals pyrite, marcasite and arsenopyrite was studied. Growth curves were estimated based on total cells detected in the system (in suspension and attached to mineral surfaces). In general, higher cell numbers were detected on surfaces than in suspension. Fluorescent in situ hybridizations to cells on surfaces at mid-log growth confirmed that cells on surfaces were metabolically active. Total cell (both surface and solution phase) generation times on pyrite and marcasite (both FeS2) were calculated to be approximately equals 7 and 6 h respectively. When grown on pyrite (not marcasite), the number of T. caldus cells in the solution phase decreased, while the total number of cells (both surface and solution) increased. Additionally, marcasite supported about three times more total cells (approximately equals 3 x 10(9)) than pyrite (approximately equals 8 x 10(8)). This may be attributed to the dissolution rate of marcasite, which is twice that of pyrite. Epifluorescent and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse the cell orientation on surfaces. Results of Fourier transform analysis of fluorescent images confirmed that attachment to all three sulphides occurred in an oriented manner. Results from high-resolution SEM imaging showed that cell orientation coincides with dissolution pit edges and secondary sulphur minerals that develop during dissolution. Preferential colonization of surfaces relative to solution and oriented cell attachment on these sulphide surfaces suggest that T. caldus may chemotactically select the optimal site for chemoautotrophic growth on sulphur (i.e. the mineral surface).
General strategies for dynamic reconfiguration

In recent years there has been a great deal of attention in the software engineering community on the development of techniques and tools that provide support for dynamic reconfiguration, the ability to make changes to a running application. The changes of interest include 1) adding/removing/moving components; 2) adding/removing bindings (communication channels); 3) changing the characteristics of the components or bindings. My work in this area has focused both on software support for dynamic reconfiguration of parallel applications and on frameworks and static software analysis techniques for determining the validity of component-level adaptations in the context of dynamic reconfiguration.
International Migration Dynamics: The Role of Experience and Social Networks

This paper tests the dynamic implications of cumulative causation and network theory on the self-sustaining nature of the migration process. A sequential migration model is derived and estimated with a panel of Mexican household heads for the years 1980–89. Consistently with cumulative causation and network theory, the empirical results show that, after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, previous migration experience and migration-related variables are the strongest predictors of current migration decisions. This persistence in migration patterns implies that immigration policies inducing small changes in expected costs and benefits of US work fail to prevent entry into, or encourage exit from, the US labor market by experienced migrants. However, large temporary disruptions such as the 1994 Mexican peso devaluation may permanently increase migratory flows by inducing new migrants to enter the US labor market.
Cationic surface charge enhances early regional deposition of liposomes after intracarotid injection

Rapid first pass uptake of drugs is necessary to increase tissue deposition after intraarterial (IA) injection. Here we tested whether brain tissue deposition of a nanoparticulate liposomal carrier could be enhanced by coordinated manipulation of liposome surface charge and physiological parameters, such as IA injection during transient cerebral hypoperfusion (TCH). Different degrees of blood-brain barrier disruption were induced by focused ultrasound in three sets of Sprague–Dawley rats. Brain tissue retention was then compared for anionic, cationic, and charge-neutral liposomes after IA injection combined with TCH. The liposomes contained a non-exchangeable carbocyanine membrane optical label that could be quantified using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) or visualized by multispectral imaging. Real-time concentration–time curves in brain were obtained after each liposomal injection. Having observed greater tissue retention of cationic liposomes compared to other liposomes in all three groups, we tested uptake of cationic liposomes in C6 tumor bearing rats. DRS and multispectral imaging of postmortem sections revealed increased liposomal uptake by the C6 brain tumor as compared to non-tumor contralateral hemisphere. We conclude that regional deposition of liposomes can be enhanced without BBB disruption using IA injection of cationic liposomal formulations in healthy and C6 tumor bearing rats.
Recoupling of eNOS with Folic Acid Prevents Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Angiotensin II-Infused Apolipoprotein E Null Mice

We have previously shown that eNOS uncoupling mediates abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in hph-1 mice. In the present study we examined whether recoupling of eNOS prevents AAA formation in a well-established model of Angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein E (apoE) null mice by targeting some common pathologies of AAA. Infusion of Ang II resulted in a 92% incidence rate of AAA in the apoE null animals. In a separate group, animals were treated orally with folic acid (FA), which is known to recouple eNOS through augmentation of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) function. This resulted in a reduction of AAA rate to 19.5%. Imaging with ultrasound showed that FA markedly inhibited expansion of abdominal aorta. FA also abolished elastin breakdown and macrophage infiltration in the AAA animals. The eNOS uncoupling activity, assessed by L-NAME-sensitive superoxide production, was minimal at baseline but greatly exaggerated with Ang II infusion, which was completely attenuated by FA. This was accompanied by markedly improved tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide bioavailability. Furthermore, the expression and activity of DHFR was decreased in Ang II-infused apoE null mice specifically in the endothelial cells, while FA administration resulted in its recovery. Taken together, these data further establish a significant role of uncoupled eNOS in mediating AAA formation, and a universal efficacy of FA in preventing AAA formation via restoration of DHFR to restore eNOS function.
Enhanced C-Terminal Truncation of αA- and αB-Crystallins in Diabetic Lenses

PURPOSE. To investigate the influence of diabetes on the cleavage of C-terminal amino acid residues of αA- and aB-crystallins in human and rat lenses. METHODS. The human lenses were diabetic or age-matched control lenses from donors 57, 59, 69, and 72 years of age. Lenses were also obtained from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Individual lens crystallins in water-soluble fractions were separated by gel-permeation chromatography. The high (aH)- and low (αL)-molecular-weight fractions were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RESULTS. A typical mass spectrum of aA-crystallin from human lenses showed intact unmodified aA-crystallin, truncated αA 1-172 , and monophosphorylated αA-crystallin. Diabetic lenses showed nearly twofold higher levels of αA 1-172 than did the control lenses. Also, the aH fraction consistently showed significantly higher levels of αA 1-172 than the aL fraction. Human aB-crystallin showed no evidence of C-terminal truncation. Rat aA-crystallin had five C-terminal-truncated components, most of which showed substantial increases in diabetes. Truncated αA 1-162 appeared only in the diabetic rat lenses, suggesting specific activation of m-calpain in diabetes. aB-crystallin had only one C-terminal-truncated component, αB 1-170 , which also showed increased levels in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS. These data suggest that diabetic stress causes either enzymatic or nonenzymatic cleavage of peptide bonds between specific C-terminal amino acid residues. Such truncated α-crystallins appear to contribute to an increased level of the aH fraction generally present in diabetic lenses. Loss of αA-crystallin chaperone activity seems to be related to truncation of the C-terminal amino acid residues.
Mathematical Formulation of Energy Minimization – Based Inverse Optimization

Purpose: To introduce the concept of energy minimization based inverse optimization for external beam radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Mathematical formulation of energy minimization based inverse optimization is presented. This mathematical representation is compared to the most commonly used dose-volume based formulation used in inverse optimization. A simple example on digitally created phantom is demonstrated. The phantom consists of three regions: a target surrounded by high and low density regions. The target is irradiated with two beams passing through those regions. Inverse optimization with dose-volume and energy minimization based objective functions is performed. The dosimetric properties of the two optimization results are evaluated. Results: Dose-volume histograms for all the volumes of interest used for dose optimization are compared. Energy based optimization results in higher maximum dose to the volumes that are used as dose-limiting structures. However, the average and the integral doses delivered for the volumes outside of the target are larger with dose-volume optimization. Conclusions: Mathematical formulation of energy minimization based inverse optimization is derived. The optimization applied on the digital phantom shows that energy minimization based approach tends to delivery somewhat higher maximum doses compared to standard of care, realized with dose-volume based optimization. At the same time however the energy minimization optimization reduces much more significantly the average and the integral doses.
A NEW METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS INTRAOPERATIVE MEASUREMENT OF HARRINGTON ROD LOADING PATTERNS

A new method has been developed for continuous intra-operative monitoring of bone and implant loading patterns in the operative correction of scoliosis using the Harrington distraction rod. The method incorporates a strain gauge instrumented, distal Harrington hook and similarly equipped Harrington operating instruments (outrigger and distractor). These latter instruments are used to calibrate the hook's response to bone loads under existing operative conditions. Alternative methods of monitoring loading patterns were explored and rejected because they were noncontinuous, more difficult to use, altered the mechanics of the system, or required more expensive components. The method established is being used to avoid bone rupture or rod damage while gaining maximum spinal correction and to determine the effect of auxiliary implant components on loading patterns.
Spectroscopic applications of structures produced by orientation-dependent etching

Abstract Chemicals which attack single crystals of silicon in some directions much more rapidly than other directions are called orientation-dependent etchants (ODE). Potential uses of silicon structures produced by such etching in X-ray and ultraviolet spectroscopy are presented and discussed. Dense arrays of sharp points can be employed as field-emission electron sources to excite spectra. New optical elements, including slotted Bragg crystals and small X-ray interferometers, reflection and transmission diffraction gratings, collimators, and beam stops are possible. Both the external (surface) and internal (crystal) structures of the silicon ODE devices are exploited. Micro-slot plates made by ODE techniques can provide the structure for one-dimensional electron multiplier arrays, much as microchannel plates form two-dimensional multiplier arrays. Micro-slot plates may be used in the focal planes of spectrographs.
Significance of Cross-cultural Trust in Streamlining Supply-chains for Global Enterprises:

In high-velocity global markets, streamlining enterprise supply-chains and increasing trust can reduce high transaction costs. In this article, we integrate previous research studies on the evoluti...
Tool-power: Water infrastructure as wellsprings of state power

Abstract This article examines the role of water infrastructure in the production of state power, and advances an understanding of nonhumans as power brokers. While state power is increasingly understood as the effect of material practices and processes, I draw on the idea that objects are ‘force-full’ to argue that infrastructure helped cement federal state power in Tijuana over the twentieth century, and simultaneously limited the spaces of stateness in surprising ways. To support my argument, I examine three sets of water infrastructure in Tijuana, Mexico. First, I examine the key constitutional edicts, laws, and treaties that enabled bureaucratic development and staked territorial claims on water during Mexico’s liberal era (1876–1911) and post-revolutionary period. Second, I trace the development of Tijuana’s flood control and potable water conveyance networks, designed and built between the 1960s and the 1980s, which enabled rapid urban growth but ultimately cultivated dependency on a distant, state engineered water source. Finally, I show how the ordinary infrastructures of water supply—such as barrels, cisterns, and buckets, common tools in Tijuana homes—both coexist with and limit state power, resulting in variegated geographies of institutional authority, punctuated by alternative spaces of rule. Together, these infrastructures form the ‘hydrosocial cycle’ of Tijuana, which I use to illustrate the uneven spatiality of state power. In conclusion, I draw on insights from object-oriented philosophy and science and technology studies to move past the anthropocentric notion of infrastructure as ‘power tools’—handy implements used by humans to exercise dominion—toward tool-power : the idea that objects-in-themselves are wellsprings of power.
New fermentation reactions by Streptococcus viridans stimulated by transformation with pneumococcal deoxyribonucleic acid.

TRANSFERENCE of genetic material between related bacterial species was described by Bracco et al., who reported reciprocal transformation reactions to streptomycin resistance involving Pneumococcus and two strains of viridans Streptococci1. The present investigation was undertaken to determine if the fermentative capacities of Pneumococcus were similarly transferable to Streptococcus viridans.
Non-photochemical reduction of thylakoid photosynthetic redox carriers in vitro: Relevance to cyclic electron flow around photosystem I?

Abstract Non-photochemical (dark) increases in chlorophyll a fluorescence yield associated with non-photochemical reduction of redox carriers (F npr ) have been attributed to the reduction of plastoquinone (PQ) related to cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I. In vivo, this rise in fluorescence is associated with activity of the chloroplast plastoquinone reductase (plastid NAD(P)H:plastoquinone oxidoreductase) complex. In contrast, this signal measured in isolated thylakoids has been attributed to the activity of the protein gradient regulation-5 (PGR5)/PGR5-like (PGRL1)-associated CEF pathway. Here, we report a systematic experimentation on the origin of F npr in isolated thylakoids. Addition of NADPH and ferredoxin to isolated spinach thylakoids resulted in the reduction of the PQ pool, but neither its kinetics nor its inhibitor sensitivities matched those of F npr . Notably, F npr was more rapid than PQ reduction, and completely insensitive to inhibitors of the PSII Q B site and oxygen evolving complex as well as inhibitors of the cytochrome b 6 f complex. We thus conclude that F npr in isolated thylakoids is not a result of redox equilibrium with bulk PQ. Redox titrations and fluorescence emission spectra imply that F npr is dependent on the reduction of a low potential redox component (E m about − 340 mV) within photosystem II (PSII), and is likely related to earlier observations of low potential variants of Q A within a subpopulation of PSII that is directly reducible by ferredoxin. The implications of these results for our understanding of CEF and other photosynthetic processes are discussed.
The thermal decomposition of oxalates. A review

Abstract The thermal decomposition and stability of oxalates are reviewed from the viewpoint of their characteristic features rather than by a complete coverage of the existing literature. which is found to often be repetitive in nature.
An Application of the Elaboration Likelihood Model

Little empirical evidence exists concerning the effect of price savings on the motivation to process a message. However, some literature suggests that price savings might increase the motivation to process the message. The Elaboration Likelihood Model suggests that identifying the impact of variables on the motivation to process is necessary, but not sufficient for predicting the effects of arguments presented in a message. Managers and researchers must identify both motivation and ability to process the message to predict the effects of a message on attitudes. This paper reports the results of an experiment which generally were consistent with the predictions of the Elaboration Likelihood Model.
An Alternative Method for Conducting a College Drug Education Course

A college drug education course was designed to implement four assumptions: 1) class time should be devoted to expressing and clarifying values; 2) students should be given freedom to study topics ...
A limnological survey of Lake McIlwaine, Rhodesia

1. The general features and topography of Lake McIlwaine in Rhodesia are described, including a description of the main aquatic vegetational communities and benthic deposits. 2. The thermal regime is described and compared with observations on similar water bodies in the South-Central African region. It is concluded that these artificial lakes are all of the warm monomictic type, but verge on the polymictic owing to the cooling effect of summer storms. 3. The waters show fairly high levels of nitrite- and nitrate-nitrogen as a result of drainage of sewage effluents into the lake. It is believed that the abundance of plankton in the lake is a direct result of the mild pollution. There is no evidence that pollution has at this stage reached a serious level, although the profundal waters suffer severe anaerobiosis during most of the year. 4. Fauna lists of the zooplankton, benthic and littoral invertebrates and fishes are given. 5. It has been demonstrated that the sampling errors resulting from the action of the Van Veen grab can be successfully countered by statistical methods, giving improved estimates of the abundance of the randomly distributed oligochaete, pelecypod and chironomid populations. 6. The mean standing crop of benthic invertebrates is estimated conservatively at between 200 and 230 kg/hectare. Total annual benthic production is estimated at just over 1000 metric tons, or 400–450 kg/hectare. The estimates are based only upon sampling in the 2–5 m zone of the upper sub-littoral and although carefully considered are nevertheless presented with some reservations. If the estimates do err, they are probably conservative. 7. The maximum standing crop of benthic invertebrates is found in the 2–5 m zone in the upper sub-littoral. The profundal region is almost completely unproductive.
Rapid Selection of Tetracycline-Controlled Inducible Cell Lines Using a Green Fluorescent-Transactivator Fusion Protein☆☆☆

We describe a modification of the tetracycline-controlled expression system that facilitates the rapid identification of tetracycline-sensitive clones. The TetR/VP16 transactivator protein was tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) at its N-terminus. This results in a functional transactivator which allows cells expressing high levels of the modified transactivator to be selected by fluorescent-activated cell sorting. After expansion, single cell clones that maintain a high level of GFP fluorescence can be tested for their ability to transactivate a luciferase gene under control of the Tet operator, leading to the rapid identification of clones with strong inducibility.
Portrayals of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans in Magazine Advertising:

A content analysis of magazine advertisements from 1993 and 1994 is performed to examine advertising portrayals of African, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. The issues investigated are the frequency of portrayal of minority groups, the representation of groups in technical versus nontechnical product categories, and the settings and relationships in which each group appears. Results indicate that (a) Hispanic Americans are significantly underrepresented in magazine advertising, (b) portrayals of Asian Americans reflect societal stereotypes, and (c) portrayals of African Americans have become less stereotyped over the years, but nonetheless remain sufficiently stereotyped to raise societal concerns.
Tailoring particle size and morphology of colloidal Ag particles via chemical precipitation for Ag-BSCCO composites

The chemical precipitation of silver particles is an effective method for tailoring the particle size and morphology. This article investigates a chemical precipitation method for producing silver colloids, and how processing parameters affected particle size, morphology and adherence. Decreasing the silver nitrate concentration during precipitation with sodium borohydride decreased the colloidal silver particle size. Decreasing the addition rate of the reducing agent produced faceted particles. Reversing the reactant addition order also changed the particle size and the morphology. Precipitated colloids demonstrated a difference between the growth-dominated and the equilibrium structures. Co-dispersing Bi-based superconducting platelets during precipitation allowed Ag colloids to preferentially nucleate on the platelets and to remain adhered even after the additional processing.
Androgen regulation of motor neuron size and number

In the lumbar spinal cord of male rats, there are motor neurons which are larger and more numerous than those in females. These attributes are controlled by androgens during separate, early critical periods of development. The relative simplicity of this system favors study of the cellular mechanisms by which androgens influence sexually dimorphic neural development.
Optical Polarization of the Supernova in NGC 5253

IF a type I supernova is the result of the explosion of a star with a degenerate nucleus (see, for example, Baglin1) it is likely that a large magnetic field will be present in the radiating region for a short period following the outburst. Depending on the emission process a sufficiently large field could produce a measurable optical circular polarization. For example, for bremsstrahlung in an optically thick but very dilute plasma in an ordered magnetic field of H gauss, the fractional circular polarization in the optical continuum is q ∼ 10−9 H (see refs. 2 and 3). If the degenerate progenitor of the supernova is entirely destroyed in the explosion, conservation of magnetic flux dictates that q would reach the limit of detectability (qLIM∼3 × 10−6 : HLIM∼3,000 G) in only 20 s for either a white dwarf (initial radius r0∼109 cm, initial field H0∼106 G) or a neutron star (r0∼106 cm, H0∼1012 G) assuming an expansion velocity of 104 km s−1. If a sizable fragment survives, however, a measurable polarization might be seen for a much longer period. For synchrotron emission smaller fields can produce a detectable polarization. According to Legg and Westfold4 a hypothetical field H∼106 G in the Crab nebula would produce q∼10% in the visible: since q ∝ H½ a polarization qLIM∼3 × 10−6 corresponds to HLIM ∼ 10−3 G. However, the precise conditions strongly influence5,6 the relations between q and H; the interpretation would therefore be uncertain even if this mechanism were shown to be dominant. The influence of radiative transfer in the dense layers near the star and of a possible fluorescence emission in the outer layers of the shell7 would make the interpretation for the synchrotron process even more difficult.
Abstract 2253: New targets of mTORC1 pathway in ER-positive cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates protein translation, autophagy, and cell growth. These cellular functions are often dysregulated in cancer, therefore identification of mTORC1 targets in control of these processes is of great interest for development of targeted cancer therapies. While rapamycin shown an effect in early clinical trials, the effectiveness of rapamycin in treatment of breast cancer has been variable. Estrogen receptor (ER) ≤ mediates the proliferative effects of estrogen and represents an important clinical target in treatment of ER-positive cancers. Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen that has become the standard agent for the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer, where it acts as an antagonist. However, resistance to tamoxifen, and other endocrine or anti-estrogen therapies develops in many cases. One mechanism by which resistance develops is through phosphorylation of ERα, allowing it to act in estrogen-independent manner. Phosphorylation of Ser118 and Ser167 is important for transcriptional activity of ERα. The regulation of these sites is complex, involving inputs from the mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Importantly, ERα phosphorylation correlates with resistance to tamoxifen, and is a prognostic marker for disease progression and survival. Therefore, the goal of our study is to identify new targets of mTORC1 pathway important for growth and proliferation of ER-positive cells. Thus, inhibition of downstream components of the mTORC1 pathway together in combination with anti-estrogen therapy may prove to be an effective strategy in treatment of ER-positive cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2253. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2253
Cytoplasmic control of chromosome diminution in Ascaris suum

The elimination of portions of chromosomes (chromosome diminution) in Ascaris sp. is an early event associated with divisions of somatic blastomeres. Germ-line blastomeres do not undergo diminution during cell division. It has been proposed that the occurrence of chromosome diminution is under the control of morphogenetic determinant(s) in the ooplasm, which are fixed into specific blastomeres by the cleavage process. The nature of the morphogenetic determinant(s) contained in the cytoplasm remains an enigma. Two problems with the Ascaris sp. system have been an impermeable extra embryonic (ascaroside) layer and the difficulty of scoring interphase nuclei as somatic (diminished) or germ-line (non-diminished). We have successfully permeabilized the ascaroside layer by puncture with micropipettes. We also report a Ba(OH)2 C-banding technique, which preferentially stains germ-line limited chromatin in anaphase, telophase, and interphase nuclei. These two techniques have allowed us to (1) produce early embryos with multinucleated blastomeres (coenocytic embryos) of Ascaris suum and (2) assay for the effects on chromosome diminution brought about by these altered cytoplasmic environments. The patterns of diminution seen in one-cell and two-cell coenocytic embryos strongly suggest the presence of cytoplasmic determinats. Since chromosome diminution serves as a marker of blastomere commitment, these determinants may also play a role in the commitment of blastomeres to the germ-line.
Kinetic relevance of hydrogen desorption steps and virtual pressures on catalytic surfaces during reactions of light alkanes

Hydrogen removal steps limit alkane dehydrogenation reactions on cation-exchanged H−ZSM5 and cause desorption bottlenecks and the formation of hydrogen-rich reaction intermediates and products. For this reaction, the catalytic surface acts for all kinetic purposes as if it were in equilibrium with a H2 pressure greater than in the prevalent gas phase. The hydrogen chemical potential within adsorbed intermediates is described rigorously by a virtual H2 pressure, defined as that required to achieve the prevalent surface hydrogen content if adsorption−desorption steps were equilibrated. These virtual pressures can be measured from the deuterium content in products formed from C3H8/D2 reactants. H2 virtual pressures are high during propane reactions on H−ZSM5, because recombinative desorption of hydrogen atoms formed in C−H activation steps is slow. H2 virtual pressures decrease as Zn cations replace protons in H−ZSM5, because cations catalyze hydrogen adsorption−desorption steps and provide a kinetic path fo...
A proposal for a new system of credit allocation in science

This essay discusses some of the problems with current authorship practices and puts forward a proposal for a new system of credit allocation: in published works, scientists should more clearly define the responsibilities and contributions of members of research teams and should distinguish between different roles, such as author, statistican, technician, grant writer, data collector, and so forth.
Contact surface optimization using boundary element method

A contact surface design technique, based on a linear programming formulation that was originally developed for the finite element method, has been extended to contact problems modeled using the boundary element method. The design optimization is driven by the minimization of peak contact traction that is a primary variable in the boundary element method. The contact of an elastic body with a rigid surface is considered. The schemes for the modification of the geometry of both the rigid surface and the elastic body are proposed. The solutions of example problems are presented to demonstrate the validity of the present formulations.
Rapid extension of a penny-shaped crack under torsion

The rapid extension of a penny-shaped crack under torsion is investigated. Both dynamic and quasi-static loading is considered. The wave motion is analyzed through a Green's function technique which leads to an integral equation for the stress field around the crack. Asymptotic expansions for the stress intensity and displacement rate intensity functions which are valid for a small time are obtained for the two types of loading. The propagation of the crack is analyzed through the balance of rates of energy criterion.