cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-resolution Analysis Algorithm for Fast Fault Classification and Location in Distribution Systems

This paper presents a new method for fault classification and location based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform decomposition and signal reconstruction - a type of Multi-Resolution Analysis. The designed signal-processing stage, which encompasses various signal transforms, plus the aforementioned decomposition in several frequency bands and the calculation of the signals’ energy, provides a consistent generalization of the features that characterize the fault signal. Then, this data is fed into ensemble Machine Learning algorithms. The results show that this method is reasonably accurate while requiring a tiny amount of fault data, expanding the capabilities of Traveling Wave relays to achieve an accurate fault classification and location in just microseconds.
Economic Rivals, Security Allies: The US-Japan Trade War

This chapter traces the evolution of the US-Japan trade war from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s as it expanded beyond imports and exports to include broader macroeconomic, structural, and technological issues. Based on this analysis, it argues that the likelihood of trade conflict escalation increased as the perceived gap in relative economic power between Japan and the US decreased, as shared security interests and support for free trade norms weakened, and when relevant dispute resolution mechanisms were narrow in scope. Conversely, when these factors shifted in the opposing directions, the likelihood of trade conflict escalation decreased. This chapter devotes particular attention to the role of trade-security linkages in the trade war. Shared security interests were strengthened by positive substantive linkages between trade and Cold War aims; however, interests diverged when negative substantive linkages emerged between Japanese products and US defense capabilities and when tactical linkages were used to force concessions.
Selectively sharing satirical news: Strengthening an empirical understanding of how agreement, mirth, and perceived informativeness contribute to the diffusion of mediated comedy

Abstract Drawing from the Theory of Reasoned Action (as embedded within the Integrated Behavioral Model) and adopting a cognitive consistency framework, this survey-based research models how satirical news-induced mirth and perceptions of a satire message's informativeness can serve as mediating mechanisms that elucidate how psychological harmony with a satirical news message can translate into online and offline sharing behavior. This multi-study research (study 1 N = 317; study 2 N = 412) demonstrates that individuals are inclined to share/discuss satirical news when they perceive agreement with the content, experience mirth, and deem the content to have instrumental (informative) value. Study 2 further examines this project's proposed model relative to sharing with likeminded/non-likeminded others. Largely mirroring the study 1 findings, the model of indirect effects is most clearly supported in study 2 when the sharing recipients are likeminded. By focusing on the fundamental roles of cognitive consistency and satirical news content's experiential and instrumental value, this research contributes to strengthening an empirical basis for understanding the conditions in which this unique genre of news information holds appeal, offers utility, and is shared.
Some Recent Developments in DNA Enzymology

Publisher Summary This chapter is concerned with the enzymes of DNA replication, particularly DNA polymerases. Investigation of the mechanism of DNA biosynthesis has been profoundly stimulated by the isolation of bacterial mutants defective in DNA polymerase and the discovery of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities, first in tumor viruses and later more widely. The chapter discusses that the polymerase activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase can be separated from the 5' (end) → 3' (end) nuclease activity of the same enzyme by limited proteolycic cleavage. When the digestion is carried out in the presence of DNA, both activities are recovered, the polymerase in the fragment of MW 75,000 and the 5'→ 3' nuclease in the fragment of MW 35,000, and for both the activity in the fragment is greater on a molar basis than the activity in the intact enzyme. Differential inactivation of polymerase activity of E. coli DNA polymerase has resulted from acylation. Although in many instances only tentative conclusions are possible.
The Versatile Continuous Order

In this paper we survey some of the basic properties of continuously ordered sets, especially those properties that have led to their employment as the underlying structures for constructions in denotational semantics. The earlier sections concentrate on the order-theoretic aspects of continuously ordered sets and then specifically of domains. The last two sections are concerned with two natural topologies for sets with continuous orders, the Scott and Lawson topologies.
L-Lysine Effectively Blocks Renal Uptake of 125I- or 99mTc-labeled Anti-Tac Disulfide-stabilized Fv Fragment

In this study, we investigated the ability of L-lysine to block renal uptake of 125I- or 99mTc- labeled Fv fragments. Anti-Tac disulfide-stabilized Fv fragment (dsFv) was derived from a murine monoclonal antibody that recognizes the alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha). The 125I- or 99mTc-labeled dsFv was injected i.v. into non-tumor-bearing nude mice or into nude mice bearing SP2/Tac (IL-2R alpha positive) and SP2/0 (IL-2R alpha negative) tumor. We then evaluated the pharmacokinetics of L-[3H]lysine and the effect of L-lysine dose, timing of administration, and route of delivery on catabolism and biodistribution of i.v. dsFv. Peak renal uptake of i.v. or i.p. injected L-[3H]lysine occurred within 5 and 15 min, respectively. The kidney uptake of L-lysine exhibited a dose-response effect. When L-lysine was coinfused or injected shortly before dsFv, renal uptake of dsFv was blocked to < 5% of the control, but longer intervals were less effective. Aminosyn II and Travasol 10% (parenteral amino acid solutions) also blocked renal uptake of radiolabeled dsFv. Administration of L-lysine did not alter the blood kinetics and slightly increased the tumor uptake of dsFv, but it did prevent catabolism in the kidney and resulted in lower amounts of catabolites in the serum and urine. In conclusion, we have shown that a blocking dose of lysine, injected with or immediately before the injection of radiolabeled dsFv, is most effective in blocking the renal uptake of dsFv. This is consistent with the rapid uptake of L-[3H]lysine by the kidney and is further substantiated by the relative ineffectiveness of lysine injected immediately after the radiolabeled dsFv injection.
MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF DISLOCATION ENSEMBLES

A fundamental description of plastic deformation is under development by several research groups as a result of dissatisfaction with the limitations of continuum plasticity theory. The reliability of continuum plasticity descriptions is dependent on the accuracy and range of available experimental data. Under complex loading situations, however, the database is often hard to establish. Moreover, the lack of a characteristic length scale in continuum plasticity makes it difficult to predict the occurrence of critical localized deformation zones. It is widely appreciated that plastic strain is fundamentally heterogenous, displaying high strains concentrated in small material volumes, with virtually undeformed regions in-between. Experimental observations consistently show that plastic deformation is internally heterogeneous at a number of length scales [1, 2, 3]. Depending on the deformation mode, heterogeneous dislocation structures appear with definitive wavelengths. It is common to observe persistent slip bands (PSBs), shear bands, dislocation pile ups, dislocation cells and sub grains. However, a satisfactory description of realistic dislocation patterning and strain localization has been rather elusive. Since dislocations are the basic carriers of plasticity, the fundamental physics of plastic deformation must be described in terms of the behavior of dislocation ensembles. Moreover, the deformation of thin films and nanolayered materials is controlled by the motion and interactions of dislocations.
Salt-Induced Oxidant Stress in Sprague-Dawley (S-D) Rats with a Deletion Mutation of the Nrf2 Gene

This study assessed the role of the master antioxidant and cell protective transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 (NRF2) in mutant rats having a 41 base pair deletion in t...
Interventional Radiology of the Biliary Tract

Summary In view of the foregoing, it is not inappropriate to suggest that the conventional "medical" vs. "surgical" categorization of patients with obstructive jaundice should now be expanded to include a third category, namely, that of "radiologic" jaundice.
Pricing distortions in Medicare's physician fee schedule and patient satisfaction with care quality and access.

Medicare adjusts its payments to physicians for geographic differences in the cost of operating a medical practice, but the method it uses is imprecise. We measure the inaccuracy in its geographic adjustment factors and categorize beneficiaries by whether they live where Medicare's formula is favorable or unfavorable to physicians. Then, using the 2001–2003 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, we examine whether differences in physician payment generosity, that is, whether favorable or unfavorable, influence the satisfaction ratings Medicare seniors assign to their quality of care and access to services. We find strong evidence that they do. Many beneficiaries live in payment-unfavorable areas and receive a less satisfying quality of care and less satisfying access to services than beneficiaries who live where payments are favorable to physicians. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of Alternative European Wine Grape Cultivars in Southwestern Idaho:Cold Hardiness, Berry Maturity, and Yield

The cold tolerance, phenology, yield, and fruit maturity of alternative redand white-skinned wine grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera) of European origin were compared with those of ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ over two growing seasons in southwestern Idaho. Variability among alternative cultivars was detected for cold hardiness, onset of phenological events, yield, and fruit composition. The red-skinned cultivars Montepulciano and Tinto Cao were the least cold hardy of the alternative cultivars. The red-skinned cultivars Aleatico, Aglianico, and Graciano had similar yield but matured later than the leading cultivars Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon and were among the more cold-sensitive alternative cultivars. ‘Gruner Veltliner’, ‘Sauvignon Gris’, and ‘Trousseau’ cold acclimated early, had high midwinter bud cold hardiness, and had similar or higher yield and fruit maturity as the leading cultivars. The white-skinned cultivars Verdelho, Fernao Pires, Sauvignon Blanc Musque, and Sauvignon Gris had similar or less vine injury, similar or earlier phenology, and similar yield and fruit maturity as the leading cultivars. The large berry size of the red-skinned cultivars Trousseau and Touriga Brasiliera warrants evaluation for wine quality. The cultivar variability identified in this study for cold hardiness, phenology, cluster architecture, and yield provides a useful guide for cultivar site selection.
Not enough skeletons in the closet: collections-based anatomical research in an age of conservation conscience.

The emergence of new technologies and improved computing power helped to introduce a renewed vitality in morphological research in recent decades. This is especially apparent in the new advances made in understanding the evolutionary morphology of the skeletal system in extinct and extant squamate reptiles. The new data generated as a result of the recent increase in attention are relevant not only for systematic analyses but also are valuable in their own right for contributing to holistic perspectives on organismal evolution, mosaic evolution in the rates of change in different anatomical systems, and broader patterns of macroevolution. A global community of morphological researchers now can share data through online digital collections, but opportunities for continued advance are hindered because we lack even basic data on patterns of variation of the skeletal system for virtually all squamate lineages. Most work on skeletal morphology of squamates is based on a sample size of n = 1; this is an especially noticeable phenomenon for studies relying on X-ray computed tomography technology. We need new collections of skeletal specimens, both material and digital, and new approaches to the study of skeletal morphology. Promising areas for continued research include the recent focus on skeletal elements not traditionally included in morphological studies (especially systematic analyses based upon morphological data) and efforts to elucidate patterns of variation and phylogenetically informative features of disarticulated skeletal elements. Anat Rec, 297:344–348, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introduction of late gestational teratogenesis in rat lung by hypervitaminosis A.

Long-Evans black-hooded rats treated via stomach tube with 160,000 USP units of retinyl acetate (vitamin A) in 0.5 ml Mazola corn oil on gestational days 15--19 deliver normal-sized litters with significantly decreased viability. Vitamin A is known to effect the differentiation and to stimulate the growth of epithelial cells. Additionally, lung epithelia undergo marked morphologic and physiologic changes late in gestation. Thus the effects of hypervitaminosis A on developing lung constitute an excellent system for the study of teratogenesis late in gestation. Non-hilar, right lower-lobe sections of lungs from the vehicle control and experimental groups, compared via quantitative light microscopy, revealed no significant difference in gross overall histologic appearance on any given day, either in the total number of airways present in the volume of lung sectioned or in the percent area of any individual airway occupied by cells or by lumen. The only significant difference was in the number of cells per square micrometer in that region of an airway occupied by cells. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the control and experimental mitotic indices on gestational days 18 and 19. Thus in the experimental group the number of cells lining the developing airways increases, while the absolute thickness of this cellular layer remains constant. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) fails to reveal any morphologic differences between control and treated type II pneumatocytes. The increased number of respiratory cells in what otherwise appears to be normal lung may create a diffusion-perfusion imbalance or other difficulties contributing to the heightened neonatal mortality resulting from teratogen exposure late in gestation.
Modeling of geometry effects in fretting fatigue

Abstract The stress field that results from two bodies in contact is an important aspect that governs the fretting fatigue behavior of materials. Applied loads as well as contact geometries influence the contact stresses. The profile of an indenter and the boundary conditions provide sufficient information from which the surface tractions and the corresponding subsurface stresses have been calculated in a semi-infinite halfspace using singular integral equations. In this investigation, a numerical subroutine was developed to calculate the surface tractions and the corresponding surface and subsurface stresses of an arbitrary finite thickness infinite plate subjected to loading through a random indenter. The results from the detailed stress analysis of the contact region are required by both an initiation and fracture mechanics approach. While initiation criteria involving stress gradient fields, such as sharp notches and edges of contact in fretting fatigue, are not well established or agreed upon, stress intensity factor calculations using tools such as weight functions are more reliable. The stress intensity analysis, which is used to determine whether an initiated crack will continue to grow if it is above the threshold, depends on many variables in the stress analysis such as pad and specimen geometry, loading configuration and friction coefficient. The contact stress analysis has been used to determine equivalent stress parameters that are related to the initiation of a crack. Similarly the numerical subroutine for the contact stresses is used in conjunction with the stress intensity analysis to determine the influence of the geometry, loading configuration and friction coefficient on the stress intensity factor. Results from high-cycle fretting fatigue experiments are used to determine the threshold stress intensity factor for a given configuration. The combination of the numerical and experimental analysis is then used to develop a tool for high-cycle fretting fatigue based on a threshold approach involving a go–no go criterion.
Ethnicity, Family Cohesion, Religiosity and General Emotional Distress in Patients With Schizophrenia and Their Relatives

This study included a sample of 57 Anglo-American, Latino American, and African American patients with schizophrenia and their family members. Findings indicate that for patients, as hypothesized, increasing perceptions of family cohesion was associated with less general emotional distress and fewer psychiatric symptoms. For family members of Latino and African American descent, greater self-reported family cohesion also appeared to have a protective effect against emotional distress, as hypothesized. However, no association was found between family cohesion and general emotional distress for Anglo-American family members. Interestingly, no relationship was found between patients' and their relatives' views of their family environment. Thus, researchers and clinicians working with families are encouraged to attain separate assessments of the family environment from each individual member. Contrary to expectations, religiosity was not associated with patient or family member emotional distress or with patient psychiatric symptoms. Study implications are discussed.
Simulation of Micro-/Macrosegregation during the Solidification of a Low-alloy Steel

A model for the solidification of multicomponent steels is presented and used to simulate the solidification of an austenitic steel. Assuming stationary solid phases, conservation of multiple species is considered simultaneously with the solution of the energy and Navier-Stokes equations, with full coupling of the temperature and concentrations through thermodynamic equilibrium requirements. By including finite-rate microscopic solid solute diffusion in the model, the solidus temperature of multicomponent austenitic steels can be accurately calculated. The extension of the model to incorporate a microscopic model of the peritectic transformation is described. A simulation of the austenitic solidification of a steel containing ten elements in a rectangular cavity cooled from the side shows the formation of macrosegregation, channel segregates, and islands of mush surrounded by the bulk melt. The global severity of macrosegregation of an element is found to be linearly dependent on its partition coefficient, although such scaling is not possible locally.
Local Order in Amorphous Fe-alloys

The pair density function analysis of neutron diffraction data of Fe-based metallic glasses of the Zr and Mo series shows how the local atomic structure changes by chemical substitution. The results provide evidence for short-range chemical reorganization accompanied by a volume contraction that could in turn be associated with stronger glass forming ability. While the existence of chemical short-range topological ordering is enhanced in both systems by alloying with a transition metal such as Mn, locally , the atomic structure changes in a way that corresponds to an increase in bonding interactions. The shortening of bonds is also related to volume contraction that can in turn be associated with a reduction of the ferromagnetic coupling of the Fe sublattice and to a lower Curie transition temperature.
Parental behavior correlates to baseline corticosterone of mates and offspring in nesting eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis).

Abstract Raising nestlings in a biparental species involves a complex and dynamic interaction of physiology and behavior among a group of organisms. Parents may be predicted to vary their behaviors based not only upon their own state, but also in relation to the states of both offspring and the other parent. In this study we explore the relationships between parental feeding behaviors and family member condition in eastern bluebirds, with a special emphasis on baseline corticosterone, a hormone associated with energy mediation and stress. We found that the overall number of feeding trips made by both male and female parents were positively correlated to the corticosterone levels of nestlings. Maternal, but not paternal, baseline corticosterone levels were positively correlated to nestling baseline corticosterone levels. Additionally, adult males’ feeding behavior was positively correlated to adult females’ baseline corticosterone levels. These findings suggest a complex interplay between parental behavior and physiological state not only within a given organism, but also across organisms operating within a family unit. In addition, these results provide evidence that paternal and maternal efforts are influenced by related but distinct pressures, and that male and female parenting may be governed differentially even in species with relatively equitable biparental care.
Surface Structure of (111)A HgCdTe

The surface of (111)A HgCdTe has been studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The as-grown liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) surface has bilayer (3.7 ± 0.2 A) step/terrace structures, macro-steps, and cross-hatch patterns. Macro-steps occur about the \([11\bar 2]\) and are from 10–40 A in height. AFM and x-ray measurements indicate the as-grown epilayer is ≈0.2° off-cut (random polar angle) from the (111). 〈110〉 cross-hatch lines consistent with bilayer (step height=3.9 ± 0.2 A) {111} slip dislocation are observed. The native oxide/carbon layer for the as-grown LPE (111)A HgCdTe is ≈8 A. The experimental results suggest that the as-grown LPE surface approximates an equilibrium vicinal crystal structure. The 0.1% Br:ethylene glycol wet chemically etched surfaces retained the macro-step structure, but numerous small protrusions (10–100 A height, ≈300 A diameter) developed. The plasma-etched (111)A HgCdTe surface is crystalline, but exhibits surface disorder and is roughened.
Effects of Desiccation and Rehydration on Nitrogen Fixation by Epiphylls in a Tropical Rainforest

Nitrogen fixation rates by epiphyllous microorganisms are affected by desiccation. Rates from leaf samples which had been dried for 12 h were 0.66 ng N/10 cm2/h. In contrast, rates from leaves which had been kept continuously wet were 18.69 ng N/10 cm2/h. Leaf samples which had been rehydrated for 2 and 4 h showed intermediate fixation rates (4.26 and 9.76 ng N/10 cm2/h, respectively). Epiphyllous bryophytes maintain moist conditions on the leaf surface and thus create a microenvironment suitable for prolonged fixation by the microorganisms.
Multiple extrarenal manifestations in hemolytic uremic syndrome: A case report

Extrarenal manifestations of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) have increasingly been recognized and may be major determinants of mortality and morbidity. Although microthrombi are often found in the pulmonary and coronary circulation, apparent lung and cardiac involvement are clinically infrequent. We describe here a 10-month-old boy with HUS who developed pulmonary hemorrhage, acute respiratory distress syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy. Complete renal as well as clinical recovery from these very uncommon complications was achieved by optimum supportive care.
Global in vivo replacement of choline by N-aminodeanol. Testing a hypothesis about progressive degenerative dementia: II. Physiological and behavioral effects.

We have examined the progressive effects of replacement of dietary choline with NADe for a period of 120 days on a broad spectrum of behavioral and physiological functions known to involve the cholinergic system. The magnitudes of these effects tended to increase with time on the NADe diet, but those related to learning and memory were largely confined to the 60-120-day period. Neurochemical effects were concomitant with the replacement of Ch by NADe, being consistent with a hypocholinergic state as found in such progressive degenerative dementias as Alzheimer's disease. As cholinergic functioning was progressively impaired, basic physiological ("vegetative") processes appeared not to be affected. Apparently the rate at which the hypofunctional state developed was sufficiently slow for adjustments to occur, allowing the animal to adapt at a survival level to neurochemical changes. More complex behavioral functions were affected progressively, cognitive processes (e.g., learning and memory) being most sensitive and showing the least adaptability. We propose that the syndrome generated by NADe replacement of Ch represents an experimental model of progressive degenerative dementia.
Evaluation for community-based programs: The integration of logic models and factor analysis

Abstract Purpose To discuss the utility of and value of the use of logic models for program evaluation of community-based programs and more specifically, the integration of logic models and factor analysis to develop and revise a survey as part of an effective evaluation plan. Principal results Diverse stakeholders with varying outlooks used a logic model as a framework to reach agreement on a plan for a state-wide evaluation. This evaluation plan utilized a survey of sixth grade students, administered before and after exposure to a year-long abstinence education program. Components of the logic model were linked to specific survey questions. Exploratory factor analysis was then used to assess whether and how the questions in the survey fit with the constructs of the model; confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesis that the factors identified in the exploratory analysis were consistently represented in the survey. Major conclusions A logic model is a tool that engages stakeholders to link evaluation instruments more closely to specific program objectives. Thus, stakeholders can more closely assess the extent to which project outcomes have been achieved. In addition, use of factor analysis in the evaluation process can help the stakeholders better understand whether evaluation instruments such as a survey adequately assess program effectiveness. Lastly, a logic model process can help to achieve consensus among diverse stakeholders, by allowing them to focus on objectives that are concrete, measurable, and mutually acceptable.
Effect of Diethylstilbestrol, Ascorbic Acid and Vitamin E on Serum Lipid Patterns

Abstract The effects of relatively high concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E and diethylstilbestrol, and various combinations of cholestyramine and diethylstilbestrol on the lipid composition of chicken serum were studied. After DES injection (at concentrations as low as 1 mg. /day for 7 days), levels of triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol were much higher, the effect being much more pronounced in the hens. Cholestyramine caused a fourfold decrease in cholesterol in females, a 25% reduction in males. DES consistently caused a redistribution of the esterified fatty acids, increasing the percentage of oleic and reducing percentages of stearic and linoleic acids. Preparative TLC analysis of all constituents showed other variations in fatty acid composition, but there was no other common pattern of change. Vitamin E in the diet caused a significant rise in triglycerides and phospholipids in DES treated birds. When vitamins E and C were fed, triglyceride and phospholipid values decreased. Cholesterol concentration did not vary significantly. With birds receiving both vitamins, diethylstilbestrol seemed to have less effect in. causing the shift to increased percentage of oleic acid in the total esterified fatty acids.
Investigation of Spectral Sensitization IV. A Study of Visible and Infrared Spectra of Some Very Pure Bis—Benzothiazolyl and Bis—Benzoselenazolyl Cyanine Iodides

A detailed study of the visible spectra in solution and the infrared spectra in the solid state have been made for the following vinylogous series of dyes: [2-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazolyl)] cyanine iodides and [2-bis 3-ethylbenzoselenazolyl)] cyanine iodides. Each dye, to be acceptable for study, had to be chromatographically pure, give a correct microchemical elemental analysis, and be free of electron-spin resonance (free radical) signals. The characteristic red shift of the principal absorption maxima was observed for these dyes in the visible as the number of methine linkages increased. Assignments of vibrational modes to separate absorption regions have been made for these vinylogous series of dyes. Each vinylog has a characteristic pattern of resonant-conjugated stretching modes in the region 1600–1400 cm−1. These modes exhibit a low-frequency shift as the resonant-conjugated chain length increases. There are bands absorbing in the regions 1594–1572 cm−1 and 1470–1453 cm−1 which are present in all the vinylogs and which have been assigned to the aromatic stretching vibrations of the fused phenyl rings present in all these dyes. There is a band appearing in the region 1000–900 cm−1 which changes systematically with an increase in the number of hydrogens on the bridge and with substitution on the bridge. This band has been assigned to the out-of-plane bending vibrations of the hydrogens in a trans configuration on the bridge. No evidence of a cis isomer was observed in the spectra. There is a band near 760 cm−1 which is split into a doublet and has been assigned to the aromatic CH out-of-plane bending vibrations of the four adjacent hydrogens on the fused phenyl rings. This splitting has been attributed to a crystal field effect which gives rise to in-phase and out-of-phase vibrations of the same groups in two different molecules.
Light steel tower line designs

THE NEW LIGHT STEEL tower line designs recently adopted by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) brought estimated savings in excess of 12,500 tons of steel and $4,000,000 during the first two years of practical application. These designs resulted from engineering studies begun during World War II to save critical steel, and continued during postwar years in order to combat the sharp rises which have taken place in transmission-line construction costs.
Prospective Evaluation of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A and Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes

Objectives This study sought to investigate whether pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is useful for risk assessment in non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Background PAPP-A is a high molecular weight, zinc-binding metalloproteinase that is associated with vulnerable plaque and may be a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Methods We measured PAPP-A at baseline in 3,782 patients with non NSTE-ACS randomized to ranolazine or placebo in the MERLIN–TIMI 36 (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes) trial and followed for an average of 1 year. A cut point of 6.0 μIU/ml was chosen from pilot work in this cohort. Results PAPP-A >6.0 μIU/ml at presentation was associated with higher rates of cardiovascular death (CVD) or myocardial infarction (MI) at 30 days (7.4% vs. 3.7%, hazard ratio [HR]: 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43 to 2.82; p 0.04 μg/l], p interaction = 0.87). After adjustment for cardiac troponin I, ST-segment deviation, age, sex, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and coronary artery disease, PAPP-A was independently associated with CVD/myocardial infarction at 30 days (adjusted HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.29; p = 0.006) and 1 year (adjusted HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.71; p = 0.012). PAPP-A also improved the net reclassification for CVD/MI (p = 0.003). There was no significant interaction with ranolazine. Conclusions PAPP-A was independently associated with recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with NSTE-ACS. This finding supports PAPP-A as a candidate prognostic marker in patients with ACS and supports investigation of its therapeutic implications.
Substituent effects on Ni-S bond dissociation energies and kinetic stability of nickel arylthiolate complexes supported by a bis(phosphinite)-based pincer ligand.

Pincer complexes of the type [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiSC6H4Z (R = Ph and i-Pr; Z = p-OCH3, p-CH3, H, p-Cl, and p-CF3) have been synthesized from [2,6-(R2PO)2C6H3]NiCl and sodium arylthiolate. X-ray structure determinations of these thiolate complexes have shown a somewhat constant Ni–S bond length (approx. 2.20 A) but an almost unpredictable orientation of the thiolate ligand. Equilibrium constants for various thiolate exchange (between a nickel thiolate complex and a free thiol, or between two different nickel thiolate complexes) reactions have been measured. Evidently, the thiolate ligand with an electron-withdrawing substituent prefers to bond with “[2,6-(Ph2PO)2C6H3]Ni” rather than “[2,6-(i-Pr2PO)2C6H3]Ni”, and bonds least favourably with hydrogen. The reactions of the thiolate complexes with halogenated compounds such as PhCH2Br, CH3I, CCl4, and Ph3CCl have been examined and several mechanistic pathways have been explored.
Management of liver metastases: new horizons for biologically based therapy.

The liver is a common site of metastatic disease, due to both anatomical and biological (“seed/soil”) factors relating to its complex metabolic and immunological functions. While many malignancies may eventually spread to the liver as part of a widely metastatic pattern, isolated colorectal metastases have been the focus of much attention and are sometimes curable. In this article we review the outcomes and limitations of the current clinical management of colorectal liver metastases. We then analyze the biology of the metastatic process with particular attention to the effects of partial hepatectomy. Upon this foundation, we then review novel biological strategies that are being developed for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver.
NED-1: integrated analyses for forest stewardship decisions☆

NED is a collective term for a set of software intended to help resource managers develop goals, assess current and potential conditions, and produce sustainable management plans for forest properties. The software tools are being developed by the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern and Southern Research Stations, in cooperation with many other collaborators. NED-1 is a Windows-based program that helps analyze forest inventory data from the perspective of various resources on management areas as large as several thousand hectares. Resources addressed include visual quality, ecology, forest health, timber, water, and wildlife. NED-1 evaluates the degree to which an individual stand or an entire management unit may provide the conditions required to accomplish specific goals. NED-1 users select from a variety of reports, including tabular data summaries, general narratives, and goal-specific analyses. An extensive hypertext system provides information about the resource goals, the desired conditions that support achieving those goals, and related data used to analyze the actual condition of the forest, as well as detailed information about the program itself and the rules and formulas used to produce the analyses. The software is constructed in C++ using an application framework; the inferencing component that handles the rule bases uses Prolog.
Electromigration of fast diffusers in lead

The so-called “fast diffuser” systems consist of dilute solutions of rather insoluble impurities in multivalent metals with broad, relatively undistorted electron bands, such as lead, tin and indium. The impurities include the noble metals and some divalent and transition elements. The initial investigations in this field were performed largely by Turnbull and coworkers [ 11. The pressure dependence of diffusion in these systems has been explored by Decker and colleagues [2]. The rapid diffusivities and small degree of solvent diffusion enhancement suggested at first a simple interstitial mechanism but the simultaneous diffusion of multiple isotopes of the same impurity [3] showed isotope effect coefficient, consistent with a highly cooperative mechanism. Electromigration is the name applied to mass transport caused by high electric currents in media where charge transport is electronic rather than ionic. The strength of the electromigration drive is customarily measured by the dimensionless parameter Z” . It is defined as the number of electron charges the moving entity would have to be subject to a purely electrostatic force in the presence of an electric field equal to the electromigration drive. It is found that the values for Z* vary from a few tenths to possibly a 100 for the electromigration of metal alloys. It appeared that the study of this phenomenon in the fast diffusers might shed additional light on the nature of the mechanism responsible for their high mobility. In addi-
Structural studies of the phase separation of amorphous FexGe100-x alloys.

Small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray-absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) experiments have been performed on amorphous ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{100\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ alloys over the composition range 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}72. The observed small-angle x-ray-scattering patterns were compared both with those calculated for a model assuming segregation of the alloys into particular phases and with scattering patterns calculated for voids in a homogeneous matrix. The x-ray-absorption near-edge-structure data were used to test for phase separation. No large-scale phase separation is observed in the semiconductor-metal transition region (15--25 at. % Fe), but fine-scale, kinetically limited phase separation or other types of composition fluctuations cannot be ruled out. The results also indicate that phase separation occurs for alloys with 37\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}72, with data consistent with separation into amorphous ${\mathrm{FeGe}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$Ge. Thus, ferromagnetic moment formation occurs in the phase-separated region, with the transition composition (40--43 at. % Fe) probably linked to a-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$Ge percolation, as hypothesized by Janot for the related ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{100\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ system. This phase separation explains the Mossbauer observation of ``magnetic'' and ``nonmagnetic'' Fe atoms in these alloys.
Cooperative CH···π Interactions in the Crystal Structure of 2,5-Di(3-biphenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-3,4-diphenyl-silole and Its Effect on Its Electronic Properties

In order to develop a fundamental understanding for the effect of molecular packing on the carrier transport properties of organic semiconductors, single crystals of 2,5-di-(3-biphenyl)-1,1-dimethy...
Analyses of tissue, blood, and urine samples from a baboon gavaged with chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos

Abstract Tissue, blood, and urine samples from one test and one control baboon were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy for the presence of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos. The test animal had been gavaged with cumulative doses of 800 mg each of chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos. Urine and blood samples were collected during the 16-day gavage and 21-day postgavage period. Twenty-two tissues were collected at sacrifice. None of the analyses of tissue, blood, or urine samples from the test animal exceeded the expected level of background contamination for chrysotile. One crocidolite bundle was observed in a test sample. The results of this study indicate that asbestos fibers do not penetrate the gastrointestinal tract of the baboon and migrate to various tissues.
The contribution of strategic studies: Future challenges

On the cover of IISS publications, we explain that the HSS was founded in the United Kingdom in 1958 to study the growing complexity of security in the nuclear age. It soon became clear that this could not be done from a national perspective, and since 1964 the Institute has been fully international. We state that we seek to inject new thinking into the ‘analysis of the complexities of international security and conflict’. By and large, as this celebration of our thirtieth anniversary indicates, we have done well. But how will we do over the next thirty years? We can gain perspective on the future if we are aware of the twists in the past path of strategic studies.
Controller-gene diseases: The operon model as applied to β-thalassemia, familial fetal hemoglobinemia and the normal switch from the production of fetal hemoglobin to that of adult hemoglobin

It is shown that the concepts evolved by Jacob & Monod (1961a,b) as an outcome of their studies on the lactose system in Escherichia coli can be applied to a mammalian system, namely to the synthesis of human hemoglobin polypeptide chains, in a way that appears consistent with the known facts. In the system involving the β, δ- and γ-chain genes the intervention of two distinct operators is postulated. Reasons are given why the regulator gene involved in the control of γ-chain production is probably not identical with any of the known structural hemoglobin chain genes. The activity of the γ-chain gene is considered to be submitted to a double control, namely on the one hand to an interplay of regulator genes and operators, and on the other hand to an inducer that reacts with the product of a regulator gene. Physiological conditions are thought to influence the state of activity of the γ-chain gene via the inducer. Familial fetal hemoglobinemia is considered as an operator-negative mutation. Other mutations are examined that would lead to a phenotypically comparable expression. The occurrence of some as yet unobserved mutations, such as familial adult hemoglobinemia in the fetus, is predicted. In opposition to suggestions that have been made, β-thalassemia, in typical cases, appears to be attributable neither to a mutation in the affected structural gene, nor to a mutation in an operator-like factor. It might be attributable to a translocation (or inversion), or to a “silent mutation” in an unknown structural gene located between the β-chain gene and its operator. The probable role of controller-gene diseases in evolution is pointed out.
Novel popout is an attention-based phenomenon: An ERP analysis

When observers are given a brief glimpse of a display containing one novel object and three repeated objects, they are often better able to report the location of the novel object than the location of any one of the repeated objects. The present study contrasted two interpretations of this “novel popout” effect. The attention-based interpretation suggests that the novel popout is an attentional phenomenon, occurring during the initial processing of the four-object display. The retrieval-based interpretation suggests that novel popout is due to differential processing occurring when observers are subsequently probed for the location of one of the objects in the display. ERP measures recorded while subjects performed the novel popout task revealed differences during the initial processing of the four-object display but not subsequent to the presentation of a localization probe. The findings are most consistent with the attention-based interpretation of novel popout, which suggests that attention is rapidly drawn to the novel object in an otherwise familiar display.
Understanding Work-Family Spillover in Hotel Managers.

The present study examined the experience of work-family spillover among 586 hotel managers (HMs) working in 50 full-service hotels throughout the U.S. Work-family spillover occurs when behaviors, moods, stresses, and emotions from work spill over into family. We first investigated which hotel managers were more likely to experience spillover and stressful work conditions based on their life circumstances (gender, parental status, age, decision-making latitude at work). Second, we investigated which work conditions (hours worked per week, organizational time expectations, emotional labor, and permeable boundaries) predicted more work-family spillover. Women, employees without children at home, and younger adults experienced the highest levels of negative work-family spillover. Work conditions, particularly organizational time expectations, put HMs at risk for experiencing more negative and less positive work-family spillover. The results provide evidence that modifying certain work conditions in the hotel industry may be helpful in improving the quality of HMs’ jobs and retention.
Cumulative recursive variational wave functions for the Heisenberg antiferromagnet

Variational wave functions for the Heisenberg antiferromagnet are generated by a recursive scheme. Numerical results for the ground-state energy are presented for the one-dimensional case, where they are better than previous variational results.
Properties of Esterases from Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) and the Roles of the Esterases in Insecticide Resistance

Esterases from Lygus hesperus Knight and their roles in insecticide resistance were studied with field populations. The esterases are B-type esterases; carboxyl esterases are predominant in susceptible (S)and resistant (R)populations. The optimal pH and temperature were 7.8-8.0 and 40-45°C, respectively. Km(Michaelisconstant) determined with I-naphthyl acetate at 43°C was similar in the Sand R populations; it was 8.8 × 10-6 M for males and 1.3 × 10-5 M for females. Vmax (maximal velocity) was 27.0 and I36.1 μmol/min per mg protein for the Sand R populations, respectively. The esterases in the R population did not differ from the esterases in the S population, either in response to inhibition by eserine, paraoxon, or trichlorfon or in affinity to substrate (I-naphthyl acetate). However, esterase activity was 4.2 to 6.1 times greater in the R population than in the S population. These results suggest that there are quantitative rather than qualitative differences between the two populations. The greatly increased activity in the R population is apparently due to the production of more carboxyl esterases, which may play an important role in insecticide resistance.
LINKED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROMETRY/FOURIER TRANSFORM MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR MIXTURE ANALYSIS.

During the past few years it has been demonstrated that linkage of multiple spectrometry systems with gas chromatography (GC) offers significant advantages for structural analysis of mixture components as they are sepa-rated. In the work to be described, a Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS) has been linked in parallel with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for concurrent analysis of GC eluants from a fused silica capillary column. This system provides FTIR, electron impact, and chemical ionization mass spectral analysis of each mixture component as it emerges from the GC. Furthermore, mass measurement accuracy in the low ppm range in the absence of calibrant is made possible by the FTMS. Effective use of the com-plementary information obtained is shown to produce more reliable analytical performance than for any individual measurement.
Ab Interno Laser Sclerostomy in Aphakic Patients with Glaucoma and Chronic Inflammation

Five patients with aphakia, glaucoma, and chronic inflammation were treated with ab interno sclerostomy by using the continuous wave Nd:YAG laser focused through a sapphire probe. After a follow-up period of 24 to 28 months, three of five patients had good intraocular pressure control. The sclerostomy failed in one patient when it was occluded by vitreous. The second failure was attributed to closure of the sclerostomy because of chronic intraocular inflammation.