cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Staple food preparation at Teotihuacan

Like studies of craft production, research on food production has significant implications for understanding the economic organization of past societies. This paper highlights the tools of maize (Zea mays) processing and cooking as a constructive avenue to examine aspects of food production at Teotihuacan during the Terminal Formative and Classic Periods (100 BC–AD 650). By analyzing the spatial distribution of comales, metates and manos recovered from the Teotihuacan Mapping Project, this study investigates the notion that edible maize products were produced through specialized labor. Two notable patterns are observed. First, the aggregation of comales along the Street of the Dead during the Miccaotli phase (AD 100–170) suggests that tortilla preparation fueled large public work projects, feeding the workers, their families, and other dependents of the state. Secondly, the spatial aggregation of grinding stones, manos and comales in seven concentrated areas within the Classic Period (AD 170–650) occupation of the city suggest that several apartment compounds, possibly entire barrios, may have specialized in the production of tortillas and other finished maize foods for exchange. Such a pattern may have resulted from the costly labor and materials required for the production of tortillas, favoring economies of scale. Several areas within the city conspicuously possessing low frequencies of maize processing artifacts suggest that some sectors were dependent on specialized labor from outside the household for daily needs. Together, these data suggest that food production was a specialized activity at Teotihuacan and increase our understanding of the economic organization of the ancient metropolis.
Income Inequality: Not Your Usual Suspect in Understanding the Financial Crash and Great Recession

Rising income inequality was a major factor in the surge of household debt that brought on the financial crash and Great Recession. Other studies have identified rising household debt as a cause of the crash but not income inequality as a cause of the rising debt. Here the unusual rise in household debt post 1995 is documented. Econometric evidence links rising income inequality to the rise of household debt. Consumer expenditure data shows that prices of major necessities — shelter, healthcare and education — rose faster than inflation as demand by high-income households surged. In order to maintain their consumption of such necessities, lower-income households resorted to massive borrowing. Their rising debt precipitated the financial crash and Great Recession. That link was overlooked by mainstream economists because they adhere to a theory of household consumption that posits no role for income inequality.
Netbags Revisited: Cultural Narratives from Papua New Guinea

In this article we reconsider materials on netbags from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya, as well as other parts of Melanesia, arguing that understanding of them is best set into a framework of ideas regarding embodiment and processes of trope expansion. Starting from the equation of netbag and womb, we trace the ramifications of this object of material culture and its contemporary significance in a commodifying context. Main emphasis is placed on materials from the Melpa or Mount Hagen area of the Western Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea, with comparisons to the cultures of the Ok region. Although netbags have predominantly female associations, modem Highlands netbag styles are a hybrid of elements from the netbags used by men and women in the past. We argue that the netbag s chief significance is as a container of life and death, deeply bound up with the human life cycle, and that it gains its significance from its use in both everyday utilitarian contexts and highly charged ritual events.
Effect of drive-axis displacement on MEMS Birdbath Resonator Gyroscope performance

We report the latest experimental results from a fused-silica Birdbath Resonator Gyroscope (BRG) with a quality factor of 419k and a resonant frequency of 9030 Hz. The BRG and its readout/control system achieve an angle random walk (ARW) of 0.00126 deg/√hr and a bias stability of 0.0391 deg/hr. These results were obtained using a force-rebalanced control architecture without temperature control or additional compensation. The ARW and bias stability are further improved by driving the resonator at displacements near 10% of the nominal electrostatic gap. The low gyroscope noise is attributed to a relatively large measured scale factor of 100 mV/deg/s.
The causal analysis of development in the past half century: a personal history.

I feel greatly privileged having been asked to talk to you here and I want to begin by thanking the organizers for this invitation. My task of preparing this talk has caused me considerable worry. Obviously, I shall not be able to present here a sound and objective history of embryology over the past 50 years. If nothing else, my great admiration for my close friend Jane Oppenheimer would keep me from being bold enough to step onto her territory, and there have been other serious attempts of an analytical evaluation of embryology during the past half century, e.g. the Nottingham symposium in 1983, published in 1986. What I intend to present here are my personal reflections based on reminiscences over the years during which I had the good fortune of seeing our science develop and of getting to know personally many of the scientists actively involved in the causal analysis of development.
Nonmammalian Model Systems: Zebrafish

Glial cells in developing organisms are highly dynamic, often engaging in long-distance migration and specific cell interactions such as axon ensheathment. Such behaviors are difficult to observe directly using rodent and bird models; consequently, our knowledge of mechanisms that guide glial development remains incomplete. Zebrafish have emerged as a new model system for glial cell investigations because their small size, optical clarity, and rapid development permit direct observation through time-lapse imaging. Furthermore, forward genetic screens for mutations that disrupt glial development can be carried out at relatively low cost, thereby helping to define genes with essential glial functions.
BLOODLESS TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT: A VALVE TEAM APPROACH TO A JEHOVAH'S WITNESS

There are an estimated 8 million practicing Jehovah's Witness'(JW) worldwide, many of whom refuse blood transfusions based on religious beliefs. Given the medical, ethical and legal implications surrounding these preferences hospitals have sought to offer alternatives, both in emergency and peri-
Live Demonstration: Modulating Luminescence Emissions of Solar Cells for Sensing and Identification

This live demonstration will show in practice how the photo-luminescence (PL) and the electro-luminescence (EL) emissions of a GaAs solar cell can be modulated to transmit information wirelessly.
Generalized Feature Embedding for Supervised, Unsupervised, and Online Learning Tasks

Feature embedding is an emerging research area which intends to transform features from the original space into a new space to support effective learning. Many feature embedding algorithms exist, but they often suffer from several major drawbacks, including (1) only handle single feature types, or users have to clearly separate features into different feature views and supply such information for feature embedding learning; (2) designed for either supervised or unsupervised learning tasks, but not for both; and (3) feature embedding for new out-of-training samples have to be obtained through a retraining phase, therefore unsuitable for online learning tasks. In this paper, we propose a generalized feature embedding algorithm, GEL, for both supervised, unsupervised, and online learning tasks. GEL learns feature embedding from any type of data or data with mixed feature types. For supervised learning tasks with class label information, GEL leverages a Class Partitioned Instance Representation (CPIR) process to arrange instances, based on their labels, as a dense binary representation via row and feature vectors for feature embedding learning. If class labels are unavailable, CPIR is naturally degenerated and treats all instances as one class. Based on the CPIR representation, GEL uses eigenvector decomposition to convert the proximity matrix into a low-dimensional space. For new out-of-training samples, their low-dimensional representation are derived through a direct conversion without a retraining phase. The learned numerical embedding features can be directly used to represent instances for effective learning. Experiments and comparisons on 28 datasets, including categorical, numerical, and ordinal features, demonstrate that embedding features learned from GEL can effectively represent the original instances for clustering, classification, and online learning.
Influence of Maternal Aging on Mitochondrial Heterogeneity, Inheritance, and Function in Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos

Contrasting the equal contribution of nuclear genetic material from maternal and paternal sources to offspring, passage of mitochondria, and thus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is uniparental through the egg. Since mitochondria in eggs are ancestral to all somatic mitochondria of the next generation and to all cells of future generations, oocytes must prepare for the high energetic demands of maturation, fertilization and embryogenesis while simultaneously ensuring that their mitochondrial genomes are inherited in an undamaged state. Although significant effort has been made to understand how the mtDNA bottleneck and purifying selection act coordinately to prevent silent and unchecked spreading of invisible mtDNA mutations through the female germ line across successive generations, it is unknown if and how somatic cells of the immediate next generation are spared from inheritance of detrimental mtDNA molecules. Here, we review unique aspects of mitochondrial activity and segregation in eggs and early embryos, and how these events play into embryonic developmental competency in the face of advancing maternal age.
Social Skills Training for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Follow-Up

In 2008, Bellini and Peters conducted a review of empirically based social skills training procedures for youth with autism spectrum disorders. The results of this review suggested that targeted intervention using social skills training programs that were intensive and implemented in a child's natural setting were best suited to meet the needs of children with autism spectrum disorders. In the current article, a review of the most recent meta-analyses is included. Detailed investigation regarding the effectiveness of 8 social skills training procedures is updated and reviewed. Finally, a discussion of assessment strategies is included.
Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion and Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement has been a topic of much research in modern physics, and an application in quantum computing is envisioned. This thesis address the use of polarization entangled photon pairs produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in entanglement transfer process and quantum computing. The simplicity of SPDC entanglement relative to other quantum phenomena is first emphasized by developing a complete classical theory of the photon-crystal interactions characteristic of SPDC. The methods of achieving polarization superposition via the Type-I and Type-II SPDC are described. A combination of superposition and polarization correlation between downconverted photons is shown to violate Bell’s inequality, thus revealing the entangled nature of the photon pairs. Finally, the possibility of controlling entangled photons through the manipulation of surface plasmons is highlighted as a way to transfer entanglement from photons to material particles.
Illustrating the value of cross-site comparisons: Habitat use by a large, euryhaline fish differs along a latitudinal gradient

Abstract Plasticity in life-history traits and behaviors allows organisms to track spatial environmental variation, such as that resulting from a latitudinal gradient. In estuaries, hydrological patterns can vary greatly with latitude, causing variable habitat use patterns across a species’ range. For Common Snook (Centropomus undecimalis) a large euryhaline fish, seasonal movements between the open estuary and freshwater reaches of rivers have been documented. We hypothesized that the timing of river use by Snook would be driven primarily by the magnitude of freshwater inflow, except at the northern limit of its range where lethal water temperatures may be a stronger influence. Data from electrofishing studies (2012–2016) conducted in rivers associated with four estuaries along a latitudinal gradient in western Florida were compared for seasonal differences in Snook abundance using negative binomial regression. In rivers of southwestern Florida (those in Everglades and Charlotte Harbor), Snook abundances increased three-fold during the time of year when surface waters inundating floodplains recede and force prey into the main stems of rivers. These hydrologically driven processes, and surges in Snook abundance, occurred during spring in the Everglades and fall in rivers of Charlotte Harbor. In Tampa Bay rivers, which have less freshwater inflow than the rivers farther south, Snook abundance differed little between seasons. In spring-fed rivers north of Tampa Bay, Snook abundances in fall and winter were twice those of spring and summer; stable water temperatures were thought to provide thermal refuge at the northernmost range of Snook. This work illustrates how the timing of habitat use by a species, and the underlying reasons, can differ greatly among sites. It also demonstrates the value of cross-site comparisons in providing for a more complete understanding of how a species uses available habitats across its range.
Self-Management Interventions for Psychological Distress in Adult Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

Psychological distress is prevalent among cancer patients, who may be vulnerable to distress at times of transition, such as a change in symptom experience, employment, or goal of treatment. Independently, both psychological distress and transitions impair patients' quality of life, and together their adverse impact may be intensified. Self-management allows patients to engage in tasks that influence the disease experience and can include strategies to help mitigate distress associated with transitions. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine research on the relationship between self-management interventions and distress in adult cancer patients receiving active tumor-directed therapy. From a search of seven electronic databases, 5,156 articles were identified; however, nine studies met inclusion criteria. Our review suggested that self-management interventions may help address psychological distress in patients receiving cancer treatment but that the current evidence is not robust enough to support a definitive conclusion.
New directions in incidence and prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in the USA.

Objective To determine whether diabetes prevalence and incidence has remained flat or changed direction during the past 5 years. Research design and methods We calculated annual prevalence and incidence of diagnosed diabetes (type 1 and type 2 combined) for civilian, non-institutionalized adults aged 18–79 years using annual, nationally representative cross-sectional survey data from the National Health Interview Survey from 1980 to 2017. Trends in rates by age group, sex, race/ethnicity, and education were calculated using annual percentage change (APC). Results Overall, the prevalence of age-adjusted, diagnosed diabetes did not change significantly from 1980 to 1990, but increased significantly (APC 4.4%) from 1990 to 2009 to a peak of 8.2 per 100 adults (95% CI 7.8 to 8.6), and then plateaued through 2017. The incidence of age-adjusted, diagnosed diabetes did not change significantly from 1980 to 1990, but increased significantly (APC 4.8%) from 1990 to 2007 to 7.8 per 1000 adults (95% CI 6.7 to 9.0), and then decreased significantly (APC −3.1%) to 6.0 (95% CI 4.9 to 7.3) in 2017. The decrease in incidence appears to be driven by non-Hispanic whites with an APC of −5.1% (p=0.002) after 2008. Conclusions After an almost 20-year increase in the national prevalence and incidence of diagnosed diabetes, an 8-year period of stable prevalence and a decrease in incidence has occurred. Causes of the plateauing and decrease are unclear but the overall burden of diabetes remains high and deserves continued monitoring and intervention.
Low Back Pain--Related Disability in Parkinson Disease: Impact on Functional Mobility, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life.

Background People with Parkinson disease (PD) frequently experience low back pain (LBP), yet the impact of LBP on functional mobility, physical activity, and quality of life (QOL) has not been described in PD. Objective The objectives of this study were to describe body positions and functional activities associated with LBP and to determine the relationships between LBP-related disability and PD motor sign severity, physical activity level, and QOL. Design The study was a cross-sectional study. Methods Thirty participants with idiopathic PD (mean age = 64.6 years [SD = 10.3]; 15 women) completed the Revised Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (RODQ), a measure of LBP-related disability. PD motor symptom severity was measured using the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPRDS III). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) was used to measure self-reported physical activity. The Parkinson Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) was used to measure QOL. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize LBP intensity and LBP-related disability. Spearman correlations were used to determine relationships between the RODQ and the MDS-UPDRS III, PASE, and PDQ-39. Results LBP was reported to be of at least moderate intensity by 63.3% of participants. LBP most frequently impaired standing, sleeping, lifting, and walking. The RODQ was significantly related to the MDS-UPDRS III (r = 0.38), PASE (r = -0.37), PDQ-39 summary index (r = 0.55), PDQ-39 mobility subdomain (r = 0.54), and PDQ-39 bodily pain subdomain (r = 0.44). Limitations Limitations included a small sample of people with mild to moderate PD severity, the fact that RODQ is a less frequently used measure of LBP-related disability, and the lack of a non-PD control group. Conclusions LBP affected walking, sleeping, standing, and lifting in this small sample of people with mild to moderate PD. Greater LBP-related disability was associated with greater motor sign severity, lower physical activity level, and lower QOL in people with PD.
Thickening fraction as a measure of ultrasonographic diaphragm dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Abstract Objective Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in ALS patients secondary to diaphragmatic dysfunction. Herein, we report three ALS patients, and we sought to determine the diaphragm dysfunction by the measurement of ultrasonographic diaphragmatic thickness fraction (DTf). Methods High-resolution linear US probe of 10 MHz (Philips Healthcare EPIQ 7 Ultrasound System Inc.) was used to measure the diaphragm thickness (DT) using B mode at the Zone of Apposition. Phrenic nerve compound muscle action potential measured stimulating the nerve, posterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, approximately 3 cm above the clavicle and recording the diaphragm with electrode G1 placed fingerbreadth above the xiphoid process and electrode G2 placed over the anterior costal margin 16 cm from G1. Results The diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTf) measured in these three patients recorded was less than 15%. Diaphragm dysfunction was also suggested by low amplitude of the diaphragmatic compound muscle action potential in each patient. Conclusion Diaphragm dysfunction, secondary to lower motor neuron loss, was mirrored by the low amplitude of the diaphragm CMAP in the 3 patient case reports. These cases suggest that a thickening fraction ≤15% is associated with severe diaphragm weakness and risk of respiratory failure. Significance Before appropriate data obtained in a population of ALS patients are available, we propose DTf (%)
Theory of the Gestapo

In the 20th Century, implementing a utopian- totalitarian ideology required a Gestapo. The decisive bearer of such utopian ideologies was the party, not the state. As the preeminent agent of the totalitarian party, a secret political police surveilled and destroyed networks of resistance, and, through perceived omniscience, reshaped and formed the identity of its subject population. The ultimate target of a Gestapo was not only resistant action, but thought and the mind. Nonetheless, although effective, a mid-20th Century Gestapo was limited by the technology of its day. In contrast, the contemporary migration of thought, organization and action from the physical to the ‘virtual’ world has increased the potential for politically significant surveillance. This paper will contribute towards a theory of the Gestapo, and consider whether a developing utopian ideology and advancing surveillance technologies presage the likely emergence of new Gestapos.
Manipulate intestinal organoids with niobium carbide nanosheets

Multifunctional two-dimensional nanosheet materials have attracted attention in biomedical fields due to their unique physiochemical and biological properties. Interactions between intestinal stem cells and Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) are an essential area in research with the growing diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. One unique type of two-dimensional metal carbide nanomaterial, niobium carbide (Nb2 C), has shown promising properties for potential applications in this field, such as biocompatibility, stability, and high photothermal conversion efficiency. In this study, Nb2 C nanosheets were prepared by spark plasma sintering and HF etching. Various concentrations of Nb2 C nanosheets were placed inside intestinal organoids, which mimic the real functions of an intestinal system. These organoids were formed from intestinal crypts that were isolated from mice and grew into self-maintained systems. Through growth analysis, surface area calculations, and cell viability tests, it was concluded that an optimal concentration of nanosheets exists that may offer stimulation to intestinal cells while having no toxic effects. A high concentration of nanosheets in the organoids inhibited growth, whereas the control and low concentration of nanosheets showed no reduced growth rate. When placed under infrared exposure, the organoids with nanosheets offered stimulation and showed more viability after time as compared to the control organoids with no nanosheets. These results show overall potential benefits of placing low concentration Nb2 C nanosheets in intestinal systems to protect and stimulate cell survivability when undergoing various treatments.
Improving Object Localization Resolution using a Wearable Ultrasonic Sensor Array

Technologies for navigation, obstacle detection, and object location have greatly benefited from the growth in wearable sensors and connected devices. Ultrasonic sensors are a common sensing modality used for the purpose of identifying the presence of an object and the distance at which they are located. However, to improve real-time obstacle and object detection systems that make use of ultrasonic sensors, approaches to increase the directionality and distance resolution are needed. This paper presents a new 3-ultrasonic sensor array design and experimentally analyzes several location models to define an optimum computational approach for the detection of small objects using this new 3-ultrasonic sensor array. Model optimization was performed considering computational complexity and object detection resolution. Results show that the optimum model achieves an accuracy of 99.2% when identifying objects at seven different location zones, five within 18 inches from the sensors, one within 18 inches and 4 feet from the sensors, and another one outside of a range of 4 feet. The use of this ultrasonic array and object detection model could help improve systems that provide real-time feedback, for example to visually impaired individuals, by providing information that accurately narrows down the position of a detected object.
Selective activation of FZD7 promotes mesendodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.

WNT proteins are secreted symmetry breaking signals that interact with cell surface receptors of the FZD family to regulate a multitude of developmental processes. Studying selectivity between WNTs and FZDs has been hampered by the paucity of purified WNT proteins and by their apparent non-selective interactions with the FZD receptors. Here, we describe an engineered protein, called F7L6, comprised of antibody-derived single-chain variable fragments, that selectively binds to human FZD7 and the co-receptor LRP6. F7L6 potently activates WNT/β-catenin signaling in a manner similar to Wnt3a. In contrast to Wnt3a, F7L6 engages only FZD7 and none of the other FZD proteins. Treatment of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells with F7L6 initiates transcriptional programs similar to those observed during primitive streak formation and subsequent gastrulation in the mammalian embryo. This demonstrates that selective engagement and activation of FZD7 signaling is sufficient to promote mesendodermal differentiation of hPS cells.
Affinity, Affiliation, and Guilt: Examining Between- and Within-Person Variability in Delinquent Peer Influence

A longstanding debate in criminology concerns whether peers influence delinquency or if they are of no significance because criminal propensity develops independent of associations. Matza (1969) cr...
A Modular Design for Distributed Measurement of Human-Robot Interaction Forces in Wearable Devices.

Measurement of interaction forces distributed across the attachment interface in wearable devices is critical for understanding ergonomic physical human–robot interaction (pHRI). The main challenges in sensorization of pHRI interfaces are (i) capturing the fine nature of force transmission from compliant human tissue onto rigid surfaces in the wearable device and (ii) utilizing a low-cost and easily implementable design that can be adapted for a variety of human interfaces. This paper addresses both challenges and presents a modular sensing panel that uses force-sensing resistors (FSRs) combined with robust electrical and mechanical integration principles that result in a reliable solution for distributed load measurement. The design is demonstrated through an upper-arm cuff, which uses 24 sensing panels, in conjunction with the Harmony exoskeleton. Validation of the design with controlled loading of the sensorized cuff proves the viability of FSRs in an interface sensing solution. Preliminary experiments with a human subject highlight the value of distributed interface force measurement in recognizing the factors that influence ergonomic pHRI and elucidating their effects. The modular design and low cost of the sensing panel lend themselves to extension of this approach for studying ergonomics in a variety of wearable applications with the goal of achieving safe, comfortable, and effective human–robot interaction.
Late Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis with Macrocephaly in Dizygotic Twins after Incidental Detection of Leukocoria: A Case Report.

Untreated congenital toxoplasmosis remains an important cause of neurologic and ocular disease worldwide. However, congenitally infected infants may not have signs and symptoms their physicians recognize, leading to delayed diagnosis and missed opportunities for treatment. We describe a pair of twins diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis at 11 months of age following incidental detection of leukocoria in one twin.
In situ X-ray imaging of pore formation mechanisms and dynamics in laser powder-blown directed energy deposition additive manufacturing

Abstract Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) is receiving growing attention in many applications, such as repair, remanufacturing, and fabrication of functionally graded structures. However, the laser-matter interactions and melt pool dynamics in laser DED with powder flow are still unclear, particularly in how pores form and flow inside the melt pool during the process. Understanding the porosity formation mechanisms is critical in the qualification, certification, and overall properties of a DED AM part. Porosity is a common phenomenon and can significantly hinder the quality of DED fabricated parts, as the pores can act as sites of crack nucleation and propagation. Here, we reveal four types of pore formation mechanisms through in-situ and operando high-speed high-resolution X-ray imaging in the DED AM process. Our results confirm that porosity within the feedstock powder induces pores in the process. We also observed pore formation mechanisms unique to the laser-based, powder-blown DED process as a result of powder delivery, keyhole dynamics, melt pool dynamics, and shield gas. High-speed X-ray images provide direct evidence for pore formation mechanisms and show that the pores related to the interaction between the delivered powder and melt pool are the largest in size in laser-based powder-blown DED AM. These results will guide porosity mitigation, elimination, and control in DED AM.
Unentitled: The Power of Designation in the Legal Academy

Last December, the Wall Street Journal published an op-ed that questioned whether Dr. Jill Biden should more appropriately be addressed as Madame First Lady, Mrs. Biden, Jill, or even kiddo, characterizing her desire to be called doctor “fraudulent” and a “touch comic.” Many were understandably outraged by the lack of respect afforded to Dr. Biden, which had a distinctly gendered dimension. More recently, after a controversial decision by the University of North Carolina’s board of trustees to deny her tenure, Nikole Hannah-Jones, a Pulitzer Prize and MacArthur “genius grant” winner, was instead appointed as a “Professor of Practice” on a five year fixed term contract. These high-profile examples put in sharp focus what many women of color in the legal academy already know all too well: labels have an innate power to confer or diminish status. This Essay explores the role that titles play in the legal academy and, in particular, their often depreciative consequences for women of color. Drawing from my story, those relayed to me by others, and other empirical evidence, I will show how titles perpetuate stereotypes and entrench existing racial and gender hierarchies in the legal academy, although they appear race- and gender- neutral. It is no secret that the legal academy is extraordinarily hierarchical, with women and people of color often populating the lower ranks of the totem pole. There is a stinging irony to this. As Ruth Gordon eloquently put it, “many of us spend our professional lives contesting hierarchy and exclusion—whether on the basis of race, gender, or class—but when it comes to academia—and I would suggest especially legal academia—we appear to have finally found a hierarchy we can believe in.” There is a problem of academic exceptionalism in the legal academy—hierarchy and exclusion are others’ problems, not our own. Labels, in the form of titles, help cement these disparities, concretizing them into a caste system that justify unequal pay, less power in faculty governance, and, at times, abusive behavior. While doctrinal professors are “Professors of Law,” the academic archetype, the legal academy has developed a virtual cottage industry of other professional designations. These titles denote “the other teachers” in the legal academy: Clinical Professor, Professor of Practice, Teaching Professor, and Legal Writing Instructor, to name a few. The message is that “Professors of Law” are the ones who really teach the law, while those with the other titles teach something else less important. If law schools truly aspire to be anti-racist institutions, as so many have pledged to be, we must acknowledge and hopefully someday soon address the racial and gendered (often intersectional) dynamics of titles in the legal academy.
Unexpected Poor Growth in Pediatric Patients on Food-based Enteral Therapy: Case Series and Suggested Practice Changes.

Introduction Enteral feeding pumps at times may deliver different volumes than are prescribed, which can negatively impact growth, nutrition, and well-being. This study sought to assess whether challenges with pump accuracy for patients on food-based formulas contributed to challenges with weight gain. Methods Chart review identified complex feeding patients receiving food-based enteral nutrition via feeding pump with unexpected weight loss. Relevant data, such as enteral formula type, and anthropometric information were extracted. Results Five complex pediatric feeding patients were identified and 2 of these cases were summarized as representative examples, showing weight loss in children following the introduction of enteral food-based formulas because of feeding pump inaccuracy. Conclusions Complex pediatric feeding patients may display unexpected and poor weight gain and growth while receiving food-based enteral feeding interventions because of pump errors. It is vital for providers to be aware of these challenges for timely intervention.
Improvement of the electron beam (e-beam) lunar dust mitigation technology with varying the beam incident angle

Abstract Dust hazards are considered to be one of the technical challenges for future lunar exploration. In our past work a new dust mitigation technology was introduced utilizing an electron beam to remove dust particles from various surfaces. This technology was developed based on a patched charge model, which shows that the emission and re-absorption of electron beam induced secondary electrons inside microcavities between dust particles can lead to sufficiently large charges on the dust particles, causing their release from the surface due to strong repulsive forces. In this paper an improvement in the effectiveness of this technology is demonstrated with varying the beam incident angle on dust-covered sample surfaces by rotating the samples relative to the beam. Due to random arrangements of the microcavities, more of them will be exposed to the beam with various incident angles, thereby causing more dust release from the surface. The cleaning performance is tested against three samples: glass, spacesuit, and a photovoltaic (PV) panel. Lunar simulant (
On the Borderline of Real and Complex Dynamics

We will describe recent developments in several intimately related problems of complex and real one-dimensional dynamics: rigidity of polynomials and local connectivity of the Mandelbrot set, measure of Julia sets, and attractors of quasi-quadratic maps. A combinatorial basis for this study is provided by the Yoccoz puzzle. The main problem is to understand the geometry of the puzzle. Our main geometric result is that in the quadratic case its principal moduli grow linearly. Renormalization ideas are strongly involved in the discussion. The interplay between real and complex dynamics enlightens both. In the end we will brieftly discuss a new geometric object which can be associated to a rational function, a hyperbolic orbifold 3-lamination.
Marine natural products are potential source for novel drugs for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer

5533 Prostate Cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in Ameria. Although androgen ablation therapy is effective in men with advanced disease for some time, the disease subsequently progresses to lethal, untreatable androgen-independent, metastatic and chemoresistant form. In an attempt to identify novel therapeutic agents for effective treatment of androgen-independent, metastatic prostate cancer, we decided to extract bioactive compounds from marine sponges and screen for potent anti-growth and anti-invasive activities using highly invasive, androgen-independent PC-3M cells as well as other prostate cancer cell lines. Using numerous Red Sea marine sponges and soft corals, and symbiotic microbial extracts we extracted several sipholane triterpenes, latrunculins, hydantoins, cembranoids, diketopiperazines, bromotyrosine analogs, phenolic sessquiterpenes and indole alkaloids. These compounds were isolated using different liquid chromatography techniques including column, vacuum and medium pressure, as well as HPLC. Identification of the structures of these compounds was based on different spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR analyses. The compounds were then tested for their anti-growth and anti-invasive properties on PC-3M cells in MTT assay, Matrigelâ,,¢-invasion assay and other function-based assays. Among several compounds tested, we observed that two major classes of compounds, the macrolide latrunculins and the substituted hydantoins, which were isolated from Negombata magnifica and Hemimycale arabica sponges respectively, displayed potent, consistent anti-growth and anti-invasive properties. In order to further increase their anti-growth/anti-invasive activities while reducing their toxicity, we generated rationally-designed semisynthetic products of latrunculins A, and B, and hydantoin analogs. We used a series of reactions such as acetylation, acetalization, N-hydroxymethylation, and allylic oxidation. The resulting compounds significantly increased anti-invasive properties of the parent compounds in in vitro assays using highly invasive PC-3M cells and other cell lines. Several of these derivatives were not cytotoxic at nanomolar concentrations, but significantly inhibited tumor growth and invasion through Matrigelâ,,¢. Specifically, some metabolites inhibited invasive activity by almost 90 percent, suggesting these compounds can selectively inhibit metastatic activity of prostate cancer cells. The present results suggest that latrunculins and hydantoins are potentially effective lead compounds for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Moreover, our study provides a rational approach to identify and synthesize novel anti-cancer compounds.
The assessment of water use and reuse through reported data: A US case study

Increasing demands for freshwater make it necessary to find innovative ways to extend the life of our water resources, and to manage them in a sustainable way. Indirect water reuse plays a role in meeting freshwater demands but there is limited documentation of it. There is a need to analyze its current status for water resources planning and conservation, and for understanding how it potentially impacts human health. However, the fact that data are archived in discrete uncoordinated databases by different state and federal entities, limits the capacity to complete holistic analysis of critical resources at large watershed scales. Humans alter the water cycle for food production, manufacturing, energy production, provision of potable water and recreation. Ecosystems services are affected at watershed scales but there are also global scale impacts from greenhouse gas emissions enabled by access to cooling, processing and irrigation water. To better document these issues and to demonstrate the utility of such an analysis, we studied the Wabash River Watershed located in the U.S. Midwest. Data for water extraction, use, discharge, and river flow were collected, curated and reorganized in order to characterize the water use and reuse within the basin. Indirect water reuse was estimated by comparing treated wastewater discharges with stream flows at selected points within the watershed. Results show that during the low flow months of July-October, wastewater discharges into the Wabash River basin contributed 82 to 121% of the stream flow, demonstrating that the level of water use and unplanned reuse is significant. These results suggest that intentional water reuse for consumptive purposes such as landscape or agricultural irrigation could have substantial ecological impacts by diminishing stream flow during vulnerable low flow periods.
An experimental investigation on the tensile moduli and strengths of graphite/epoxy laminates

The results of a series of tensile tests on some graphite/epoxy laminates, at rates varying from 0.002 to 2 in./min are examined. The loads were applied at various angles to the fiber directions in each case. The rate-dependent behavior of the stress-strain response is assessed. Evidence is presented to indicate that failure first occurs on inner plies, and that, in some cases, moduli increase with increasing stress (or strain) level. Lamination theory is used to predict the moduli, and comparisons with experiment are given. This theory is also used in conjunction with three failure theories to predict ultimate strengths (with varying degrees of success). Further, two approaches to ply unloading after first-ply failure are used and discussed. One is a standard method found in the literature while the other is a proposed 'strength-of-materials' type of technique which is computationally much simpler.
Role of uterine cytokines in pregnancy

Summary Cellular and molecular changes in the uterus during pregnancy are controlled in large part by the ovarian hormones, estrogen, and progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate cells to produce macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) in the uterus. Each of these is an autocrine/paracrine stimulator of a cascade of other factors that mediate inflammatory responses. Several inflammatory-type mediators are produced in the uterus during the estrous cycle and during pregnancy, and successful pregnancy is dependent on the production of some of them. Although inflammation historically has been viewed as a pathologic process, several recent observations suggest that some and possibly all inflammatory factors also mediate normal physiological events. The hypothesis has been advanced that some hormone-dependent intrauterine events are orchestrated by a cascade of macrophage-associated inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine. If there is any basis for such an hypothesis, inflammatory-type cells must be recruited to the uterus, physiologic stimuli must stimulate them to produce mediators, and neutralizing one or more of the mediators must result in reproductive failure. We briefly reviewed the evidence that estrogen and progesterone are responsible for leukocyte recruitment and stimulation of leukocytes to synthesize and release inflammatory-type mediators.
Digital government: reviving the newhall simulation model to understand the patterns and trends of soil climate regimes and drought events

The agricultural landscapes of Nebraska reflect a complex pattern of soil climate regimes and inherent variability that influence the cropping systems, behavior of farmers, and the health and sustainability of rural communities. The USDA crops and soils databases were coupled with the Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model (ENSM) to explain spatial relationships of soil climate regimes, climatic shifts, crop yields and growing environments, as well as understand patterns, trends, and vulnerability to drought events. In addition, the soil water balance calculations of the ENSM were used to search for El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signatures within the climate histories of long-term weather stations in Nebraska. As part of a drought decision support system, the ENSM illustrates the revival and new application of older nonspatial, deterministic models that can contribute to identifying regions of high climatic variability and shifts through time and space. The Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model was used to derive probabilities of soil climate regimes, the frequency and severity of drought events, and differentiate ecoclimatic boundaries. The ENSM can serve as a risk assessment tool to compare the vulnerabilities of rural communities to drought episodes. A longer-term goal of this project is to discover relationships of ENSO events and their teleconnections (signatures) to climatic variability in Great Plains communities.
Nonlinear neuromuscular control for robot compliance control

A nonlinear neuromuscular control with nonlinear damping is developed. To explore possible robotic applications, the complaints capability of the model is demonstrated through movements of a PUMA 560 robot. To command the neuromuscular control robot, patterns of motor commands for coordinating multiple joints are studied. To demonstrate free motion, different reaching and whipping movements involving coupling dynamics are simulated with the PUMA 560. Different constrained movements are also demonstrated with the PUMA, showing that the neuromuscular control has very good compliant capability by adapting to the constrained environment. >
Silences and Silencing Silences

INTRODUCTION Silence is a complex and complicated cultural phenomenon. While it is common to view silence as the opposite of speech, it is also noted that silence indeed complements speech. After all, silence and speech form a continuum of human communication. Furthermore, silence can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional silence may be a deliberate cultural practice that aims at facilitating introspection and self-discipline. At the same time, the practice of presumably unintentional silence may originate from long-term acculturation and embodies semiotic experiences. In a nutshell, both intentional unintentional silences have multiple meanings that are open to varied interpretations. In effect, silence is both the signifier and the signified. Thus, Adam Jaworski points out that any effort to formulate the final definition of silence can be easily entrapped in an infinite regress of definitions. Instead of searching for a final definition of silence, I agree with Jaworski that a critical inquiry into silence should focus on how silence works in different communicative contexts.
A uniform architecture for rule-based meta-reasoning and representation: a case study

This Paper describes an elegant architecture for reasoning with meta representations. The architecture uses the same inference engine both for reasoning/representation and meta reasoning/representation. The resulting system is very good at reasoning about its representations as long as it does not have to directly modify its control structure.We have examined this architecture for application to the domain of belief reasoning. Such a system seems well matched to belief reasoning applications where the process of simply reasoning about another agent's beliefs would never directly change that other agent's beliefs. We have concluded that even in such a promising domain, a uniform architecture seems too costly in terms of various practical considerations including: clarity, speed, and parallelizability. Although, we consider this only one particular case study, it is hard to imagine an application area more well suited to the features that this architecture can offer. As such we would expect less encouraging results in other domains.