cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dramatic evolution of body length due to postembryonic changes in cell size in a newly discovered close relative of Caenorhabditis elegans

Understanding morphological diversity-and morphological constraint-has been a central question in evolutionary biology since its inception. Nematodes of the genus Caenorhabditis, which contains the well-studied model organism C. elegans, display remarkable morphological consistency in the face of extensive genetic divergence. Here, we provide a description of the broad developmental patterns of a newly discovered species, C. sp. 34, which was isolated from fresh figs in Okinawa and which is among the closest known relatives of C. elegans. C. sp. 34 displays an extremely large body size; it can grow to be nearly twice as long as C. elegans and all other known members of the genus. Observations of the timing of developmental milestones reveal that C. sp. 34 develops about twice as slowly as C. elegans. Measurements of embryonic and larval size show that the size difference between C. sp. 34 and C. elegans is largely due to postembryonic events, particularly during the transition from larval to adult stages. This difference in size is not attributable to differences in germ line chromosome number or the number of somatic cells. The overall difference in body size is therefore largely attributable to changes in cell size via increased cytoplasmic volume. Because of its close relationship to C. elegans, the distinctness of C. sp. 34 provides an ideal system for the detailed analysis of evolutionary diversification. The context of over 40 years of C. elegans developmental genetics also reveals clues into how natural selection and developmental constraint act jointly to promote patterns of morphological stasis and divergence in this group.
Food Security: The Twenty-First Century Issue

In the twenty-first century, considerable progress has been reached in industry, economy, and finance. Meanwhile, today, more than one billion people, nearly a sixth of the world’s population, suffer from chronic hunger and malnutrition due to a lack of food. Following food shortages compared to what is needed for consumption, the world is facing food security issues, which intensified in the twenty-first century, especially in developing countries of Africa, South America, and South Asia. Food security (FS) is affected by economy, finance, politics, geography, technology, population, agriculture, traditions, environment, etc. Among these factors, population versus agricultural production dynamics and environmental resources can be used for long-term (multiyear) and short-term (annual) FS estimations. This chapter discusses how to measure food security, performance of global and regional FS in the past 30–50 years in relation to population and agricultural production increase, how FS depends on earth resources, environmental conditions, natural disasters, especially drought. Unfortunately, drought reduces agricultural production every 2–4 years, leading to a shortage of food compared to consumption and creating problems with food security. Drought impact on agriculture is expected to intensify in the future since a warmer climate is supposed to expand the drought area, duration, and intensity. Finally, discussion will focus on application of satellite data for early droughts detection, monitoring drought area/intensity and a 2-month advanced prediction of grain (the major staple food) losses. These high-resolution satellite-based estimates would provide frequent predictions of the FS situation.
Evaluating the impact of emergency department crowding on disposition patterns and outcomes of discharged patients

Crowding is a major challenge faced by EDs and is associated with poor outcomes. Determine the effect of high ED occupancy on disposition decisions, return ED visits, and hospitalizations. We conducted a retrospective analysis of electronic health records of patients evaluated at an adult, urban, and academic ED over 20 months between the years 2012 and 2014. Using a logistic regression model predicting admission, we obtained estimates of the effect of high occupancy on admission disposition, adjusted for key covariates. We then stratified the analysis based on the presence or absence of high boarder patient counts. Disposition decisions during a high occupancy hour decreased the odds of admission (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: [0.89, 0.98]). Among those who were not admitted, high occupancy was not associated with increased odds of return in the combined (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: [0.87, 1.02]), with-boarders (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: [0.86, 1.09]), and no-boarders samples (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: [0.83, 1.04]). Among those who were not admitted and who did return within 14 days, disposition during a high occupancy hour on the initial ED visit was not associated with a significant increased odds of hospitalization in the combined (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: [0.87, 1.24]), the with-boarders (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: [0.87, 1.44]), and the no-boarders samples (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: [0.77, 1.24]). ED crowding was associated with reduced likelihood of hospitalization without increased likelihood of 2-week return ED visit or hospitalization. Furthermore, high occupancy disposition hours with high boarder patient counts were associated with decreased likelihood of hospitalization.
DeepSigns: An End-to-End Watermarking Framework for Ownership Protection of Deep Neural Networks

Deep Learning (DL) models have created a paradigm shift in our ability to comprehend raw data in various important fields, ranging from intelligence warfare and healthcare to autonomous transportation and automated manufacturing. A practical concern, in the rush to adopt DL models as a service, is protecting the models against Intellectual Property (IP) infringement. DL models are commonly built by allocating substantial computational resources that process vast amounts of proprietary training data. The resulting models are therefore considered to be an IP of the model builder and need to be protected to preserve the owner's competitive advantage. We propose DeepSigns, the first end-to-end IP protection framework that enables developers to systematically insert digital watermarks in the target DL model before distributing the model. DeepSigns is encapsulated as a high-level wrapper that can be leveraged within common deep learning frameworks including TensorFlow and PyTorch. The libraries in DeepSigns work by dynamically learning the Probability Density Function (pdf) of activation maps obtained in different layers of a DL model. DeepSigns uses the low probabilistic regions within the model to gradually embed the owner's signature (watermark) during DL training while minimally affecting the overall accuracy and training overhead. DeepSigns can demonstrably withstand various removal and transformation attacks, including model pruning, model fine-tuning, and watermark overwriting. We evaluate DeepSigns performance on a wide variety of DL architectures including wide residual convolution neural networks, multi-layer perceptrons, and long short-term memory models. Our extensive evaluations corroborate DeepSigns' effectiveness and applicability. We further provide a highly-optimized accompanying API to facilitate training watermarked neural networks with a training overhead as low as 2.2%.
Implementation and Characterization of a Compact Multiphoton Endoscope with Large Field of View Working at 1700 nm

The implementation and characterization of a compact multi-photon endoscope is presented. A miniscule objective lens with a long working distance is used. We utilized a 1700 nm wavelength femtosecond laser to increase penetration depth. © 2019 The Author(s)
EpiDeep: Exploiting Embeddings for Epidemic Forecasting

Influenza leads to regular losses of lives annually and requires careful monitoring and control by health organizations. Annual influenza forecasts help policymakers implement effective countermeasures to control both seasonal and pandemic outbreaks. Existing forecasting techniques suffer from problems such as poor forecasting performance, lack of modeling flexibility, data sparsity, and/or lack of intepretability. We propose EpiDeep, a novel deep neural network approach for epidemic forecasting which tackles all of these issues by learning meaningful representations of incidence curves in a continuous feature space and accurately predicting future incidences, peak intensity, peak time, and onset of the upcoming season. We present extensive experiments on forecasting ILI (influenza-like illnesses) in the United States, leveraging multiple metrics to quantify success. Our results demonstrate that EpiDeep is successful at learning meaningful embeddings and, more importantly, that these embeddings evolve as the season progresses. Furthermore, our approach outperforms non-trivial baselines by up to 40%.
Predicting excess vehicle fuel use due to pavement structural response using field test results and finite element modelling

The importance of pavement–vehicle interaction on fuel use is potentially large enough to warrant further investigation. Ever-growing traffic volumes world-wide make rolling resistance in the pavem...
Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) Activates AKT/mTOR Signaling and Promotes T-Cell Lymphoma Viability

Purpose: Peripheral T-cell lymphomas are clinically aggressive and usually fatal, as few complete or durable remissions are achieved with currently available therapies. Recent evidence supports a critical role for lymphoma-associated macrophages during T-cell lymphoma progression, but the specific signals involved in the cross-talk between malignant T cells and their microenvironment are poorly understood. Colony-stimulator factor 1 receptor (CSF1R, CD115) is required for the homeostatic survival of tissue-resident macrophages. Interestingly, its aberrant expression has been reported in a subset of tumors. In this article, we evaluated its expression and oncogenic role in T-cell lymphomas. Experimental Design: Loss-of-function studies, including pharmacologic inhibition with a clinically available tyrosine kinase inhibitor, pexidartinib, were performed in multiple in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, proteomic and genomic screenings were performed to discover signaling pathways that are activated downstream of CSF1R signaling. Results: We observed that CSF1R is aberrantly expressed in many T-cell lymphomas, including a significant number of peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), in an autocrine or paracrine-dependent manner, leads to CSF1R autophosphorylation and activation in malignant T cells. Furthermore, CSF1R signaling was associated with significant changes in gene expression and in the phosphoproteome, implicating PI3K/AKT/mTOR in CSF1R-mediated T-cell lymphoma growth. We also demonstrated that inhibition of CSF1R in vivo and in vitro models is associated with decreased T-cell lymphoma growth. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings implicate CSF1R in T-cell lymphomagenesis and have significant therapeutic implications.
An Inhibitory Lateral Hypothalamic-Preoptic Circuit Mediates Rapid Arousals from Sleep.

Summary Among the neuronal populations implicated in sleep-wake control, the ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) nucleus has emerged as a key sleep-promoting center. However, the synaptic drives that regulate the VLPO to control arousal levels in vivo have not to date been identified. Here, we show that sleep-promoting galaninergic neurons within the VLPO nucleus, defined pharmacologically and by single-cell transcript analysis, are postsynaptic targets of lateral hypothalamic GABAergic (LHGABA) neurons and that activation of this pathway in vivo rapidly drives wakefulness. Ca2+ imaging from LHGABA neurons indicate that they are both wake and rapid eye movement (REM)-sleep active. Consistent with the potent arousal-promoting property of the LHGABA → VLPO pathway, presynaptic inputs to LHGABA neurons originate from several canonical stress- and arousal-related network nodes. This work represents the first demonstration that direct synaptic inhibition of the VLPO area can suppress sleep-promoting neurons to rapidly promote arousal.
Understanding Youth Worker Job Stress

Work in out-of-school learning programs can be stressful, and job stress may have cascading effects for the children and youth that attend. Fortunately, workplace supports can help decrease this stress. In this study, we aimed to understand how youth workers’ personal and work-related demands as well as supports predict on-the-job stress. We used multilevel modeling to investigate the demands and supports of a sample of 111 youth workers nested in 25 programs. Results suggested that job stress systematically varies at the program level. We found that stress at home and a negative staffing climate is associated with higher stress and the presence of supervisor support is associated with lower staff stress. Supervisor support, in particular, likely can play a key role in decreasing youth worker stress. We discuss implications for training supervisors and structuring programs to support staff and to ultimately foster more positive out-of-school program experiences for the children and youth that attend.
Unintended consequences from nested state and federal regulations: The case of the Pavley greenhouse-gas-per-mile limits $

Abstract This paper reveals significant unintended consequences from recent 14-state efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through limits on greenhouse gases per mile from new cars. We show that while such efforts significantly reduce emissions from new cars sold in the adopting states, they cause substantial emissions increases from new cars sold in other (non-adopting) states and from used cars. The costs per avoided ton of emissions are approximately twice as high once such offsets are recognized. Such offsets (or “leakage”) reflect interactions between the state-level initiatives and the federal fuel-economy standard: the state-level efforts effectively loosen the national standard, giving automakers scope to profitably increase sales of high-emissions automobiles in non-adopting states. Although the state-level efforts spur invention of fuel- and emissions-saving technologies, interactions with the federal standard limit the nationwide emissions reductions from such advances. Our multi-period simulation model estimates that a recent state-federal agreement avoids what would have been 74% leakage in the first phase of the state-level effort, and that potential for 65% leakage remains for the second phase. This research confronts a general issue of policy significance—namely, problems from “nested” state and federal environmental regulations. Similar leakage difficulties would arise under several newly proposed state-level initiatives.
Tax-Time Voter Registration

In this article, we examine the rationale for voter registration at the time of return filing, lay out a strategy for a new “Schedule VR,” and consider some potential implementation challenges. We conclude that various options are available for expanding voter registration through tax return filing, either at the federal or state level. Those committed to ensuring broad access to voting in the United States should consider these tax-time voter registration options.
Investigation of an Electrodynamic Magnetic Levitation Device

This study is done in the area of magnetic levitation, with future application for transportation electrification. The type of the device designed and implemented in this work, is known as an electrodynamic magnetic levitation system (EDS). First, a simulation model of the EDS is developed, which employs Halbach arrays, that are a special arrangement of permanent magnets, on rotational discs (rotors), placed above a conductive plate. The finite element analysis model of EDS is designed, and simulated using ANSYS Maxwell™ software. Second, an electrodynamic levitation device was designed, built and experimentally investigated. Proof of concept was carried out through modeling, simulation and experiments, on a scaled-down built physical model, using speed controlled permanent magnet AC motors, to drive the Halbach rotors.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CHD care and emotional wellbeing.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric non-COVID-19-related care, as well as patient and caregiver concerns and stressors, is critical for informing healthcare delivery. It was hypothesised that high care disruptions and psychological stress would be observed among paediatric and adult CHD patients in the early phase of the pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional, international, electronic survey study was completed. Eligible participants included parents of children with acquired or CHD, adults with CHD, or caregivers of adults with CHD. RESULTS: A total of 1220 participants from 25 countries completed the survey from 16 April to 4 May, 2020. Cardiac care disruption was significant with 38% reporting delays in pre-pandemic scheduled cardiac surgeries and 46% experiencing postponed cardiac clinic visits. The majority of respondents (75%) endorsed moderate to high concern about the patient with heart disease becoming ill from COVID-19. Worry about returning for in-person care was significantly greater than worry of harm to patient due to postponed care. Clinically significant psychological stress was high across the sample including children (50%), adults with CHD (42%), and caregivers (42%). CONCLUSIONS: The early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to considerable disruptions in cardiac care for patients with paediatric and adult CHD. COVID-19-related fears are notable with potential to impact willingness to return to in-person care. Psychological stress is also very high necessitating intervention. Further study of the impact of delays in care on clinical outcomes is warranted.
Electronic Structure of the Primary Electron Donor P700+• in Photosystem I Studied by Multifrequency HYSCORE Spectroscopy at X- and Q-Band.

The primary electron donor P700 of the photosystem I (PSI) is a heterodimer consisting of two chlorophyll molecules. A series of electron-transfer events immediately following the initial light excitation leads to a stabilization of the positive charge by its cation radical form, P700+•. The electronic structure of P700+• and, in particular, its asymmetry with respect to the two chlorophyll monomers is of fundamental interest and is not fully understood up to this date. Here, we apply multifrequency X- (9 GHz) and Q-band (35 GHz) hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy to investigate the electron spin density distribution in the cation radical P700+• of PSI from a thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus. Six 14N and two 1H distinct nuclei have been resolved in the HYSCORE spectra and parameters of the corresponding nuclear hyperfine and quadrupolar hyperfine interactions were obtained by combining the analysis of HYSCORE spectral features with direct numerical simulations. Based on a close similarity of the nuclear quadrupole tensor parameters, all of the resolved 14N nuclei were assigned to six out of total eight available pyrrole ring nitrogen atoms (i.e., four in each of the chlorophylls), providing direct evidence of spin density delocalization over the both monomers in the heterodimer. Using the obtained experimental values of the 14N electron-nuclear hyperfine interaction parameters, the upper limit of the electron spin density asymmetry parameter is estimated as RA/Bupper = 7.7 ± 0.5, while a tentative assignment of 14N observed in the HYSCORE spectra yields RB/A = 3.1 ± 0.5.
Sidelined Again: How the Government Abandoned Working Women Amidst a Global Pandemic

Among the weaknesses within American society exposed by the COVID pandemic, almost none has emerged more starkly than the government’s failure to provide meaningful and affordable childcare to working families – and, in particular, to working women. As the pandemic unfolded in the spring of 2020, state and local governments shuttered schools and daycare facilities and directed nannies and other babysitters to “stay at home.” Women quickly found themselves filling this domestic void, providing the overwhelming majority of childcare, educational support for their children, and management of household duties, often to the detriment of their careers. As of March 2021, more than 5 million American women had lost their jobs, with 2.3 million women no longer even looking for work. Countless other women continue to struggle with the unsustainable demands of performing their paid jobs while simultaneously providing close to full time domestic services at home. On all of these metrics, women of color have found themselves even more acutely affected. Importantly, this need not have been the case: With a reasonable amount of planning and expense, federal, state, and local governmental resources could have been mobilized to create a solution to this crisis. By establishing and providing funding for “learning pods” throughout the country, the government could have served the needs of countless working families (especially working mothers) by filling this childcare void, while also providing employment assistance to a host of other workers who lost their jobs during the pandemic. In fact, the government could have turned to its own experience – providing childcare to working mothers during World War II and continuing to operate high-quality and affordable childcare for military families today – to deliver this type of childcare assistance to all families currently in need. In declining to do so, the government not only has exacerbated the COVID crisis for innumerable working families, but also has further relegated women to the professional sidelines – a decision destined to have immeasurable and long-term consequences for millions of working women, for the organizations that employ them, and for society as a whole.
Otherness and the Nature of the Multifaceted Self

The other or otherness is the ability to objectify a part of self, another person, and/or a group of people that results in an imbalance of power. The human ability to other allows for detachment to happen in social and personal relationship, which affects the self-perception and identity. Hegel argues in the Phenomenology of Spirit the very nature of an interdependent relationship, which expresses identity through the Lord and bondsman. I will argue how extreme detachment and disassociation between human beings has created a complex phenomenon and has redefined what it means to be human in relation to social superstructures. Social superstructures have defined and created norms and morality of societies and cultures, which then creates a division of those who fit these standards and those who do not. Traditionally philosophy and other forms of academic scholarship have focused upon the inequality of power and privilege and examined the relationship of the oppressed to their oppressor. Oppressed groups then have organized to articulate their collective experience, developed academic theory, and social movements to further identify the reality of otherness they experience. I will further explore this through the scholarship of Patricia HillCollins, Peg O’Connor, and Iris Young. This paradigm as power and oppression is also referenced to as political identity; however, I believe this method stratifies the multifaceted nature of the human self and needs to be restructured to uncover a richer sense of authenticity. In this paper I will argue how paradigms of otherness can be used to positively cultivate the multifaceted parts of the self. As an example of someone who lived out of her multifaceted nature of self, I will examine the life of Gloria Anzaldua. The two primary aspects of social superstructure influences on the self are societal and relational. I will explore how societal influences are the social groups in which an individual identifies based upon social position and life experience. The multifaceted social parts of the self include: class, race, gender, sexuality, physically and psychologically ability, religion/spirituality, age. Relational influences are the intimate relationships, which influence and shape an individual’s identity and perception of self. These multifaceted relational parts include: family and friends. Living towards one’s authentic self is complete balance and interaction of all multifaceted parts of the self that make up identity in the pursuit of answering the life long question of, “who am I?” The authentic self is one who can identify the social impositions, which oppress or privilege oneself and recognize the balance of all social roles in relation to personal experience and formation. The authentic self is never completely autonomous but conscious of social barriers or privileges that make up one’s personal identity, and is an expression of genuine balance. I believe that Anzaldua expresses this in her life experiences, as a Chicana Lesbian, and so I will reference her experiences to further examine these arguments.
A Public Health Perspective on Sea-Level Rise: Starting Points for Climate Change Adaptation

One of the widely acknowledged consequences of global climate change is sea-level rise. Sea-level rise has predictable impacts on human welfare and the environment. Indeed, these impacts are potentially so severe that, in a policy briefing organized by the U.S. Geological Survey, both federal and state officials advised Congress in March 2008 that the federal government should be providing assistance to coastal states for climate change-induced sea-level rise and storms.Sea-level rise requires coastal states and communities to plan adaptation strategies. Sea-level rise is already occurring, as the U.S. Supreme Court acknowledged in Massachusetts v. EPA, and the oceans will continue to rise for some time, regardless of the climate change mitigation measures that the countries of the world decide to take. Therefore, some adjustment to sea-level rise - adaptation - is inevitable.However, sea-level rise poses two challenges for leaders trying to formulate adaptation plans. First, sea-level rise is slow, measured in millimeters per year, and the full extent of climate change-driven sea-level rise is expected to take centuries to manifest. This is a planning horizon outside the political ken of most governmental bodies; indeed, planning horizons longer than a few decades are extremely rare. Second, scientists are still uncertain as to the extent of the problem. Specifically, how high will the oceans rise?For both reasons, adaptation to sea-level rise requires some form of adaptive management - an ability to react to new information regarding the extent and speed of sea-level rise as that information becomes more certain and precise for different areas of the country. Moreover, an adaptive management approach to sea-level rise allows current governmental officials to avoid becoming overwhelmed by the uncertainties and time frames involved into inertia. Instead, recognition of the need for an adaptive approach necessarily counsels governments to implement initial adaptation measures that will be beneficial to coastal communities regardless of how far the oceans encroach and how fast they do so.This Article suggests that taking a public health approach to sea-level rise can provide governments and planners with immediately implementable and no regrets adaptation measures that will be beneficial to coastal communities regardless of the eventual actual impacts of sea-level rise in particular areas of the country. Specifically, this Article suggests that planners should begin by looking at three specific concerns: (1) availability of drinking water supplies; (2) potential changes in disease exposure, with possible resultant changes in medical infrastructure and training needs; and (3) the potential for the toxic contamination of sea water as it comes ashore, with resultant changes in allowable land uses in the coastal zone.
Learning search control knowledge for deep space network scheduling

While the general class of most scheduling problems is NP-hard in worst-case complexity, in practice, for specific distributions of problems and constraints, domain-specific solutions have been shown to perform in much better than exponential time.
Computer Aided Near Earth Object Detection

The Spacewatch program at the University of Arizona has pioneered automatic methods of detecting Near Earth Objects. Our software presently includes three modes of object detection : automatic motion identification; automatic streak identification; and visual streak identification. For automatic motion detection at sidereal drift rates, the 4σ detection threshold is near magnitude V = 20.9 for nearly stellar asteroid images. The automatic streak detection is able to locate streaks whose peak signal is above ~4σ and whose length is longer than about 10 pixels. Some visually detected streaks have had peak signals near ~lσ.
Canopy leaf temperatures and energy budget components affected by cloud types and amounts

The combination of two deterministic and previously validated models of solar attenuation and canopy foliage made possible the systematic examination of the effects of different cloud types and amounts on the leaf temperature fields and selected energy budget components within a stand of plants. The results implied that the consequent trends might be universal for all climates, latitudes, and many plant types.
Dendritic cells and vaccines.

Note: Dr. Steinman received the prestigious 2007 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research for the discovery of dendritic cells. The award committee called him “a scientific sleuth, who without cloak and dagger, uncovered the intelligence-gathering component of our immune system—a monumental achievement in the 200-year history of immunology.” Dr. Steinman came to Baylor on September 20, 2007, as part of the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research (Figure ​(Figure11). We were honored to welcome him and appreciate his willingness to publish his well-received presentation in Proceedings. Figure 1 Ralph M. Steinman, MD, with Jacques Banchereau, PhD, director of the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research. —Michael a. e. Ramsay, MD, associate editor and president of Baylor Research Institute Immunology plays an important role in many clinical conditions. In some instances—such as infectious diseases and cancer—the goal is to improve the immune response to the pathogen or challenge; in other instances—such as transplantation, autoimmunity, and allergy—the goal is to reduce the specific immune response. Already, immunology is providing valuable therapies, mainly in the form of monoclonal antibodies. Anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is being used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, and anti-CD20 is being used to treat B cell lymphoma. However, the T cell limb of the immune response also needs to be harnessed in a disease- or antigen-specific manner in medicine. This opportunity in immunology and medicine is significant because of the way T cells are formed. The immune system is blessed with a superb repertoire of clones (Figure ​(Figure22). Each clone has a specific receptor for antigen, and within that repertoire are clones specific for microbes, tumors, self, the environment, and so forth—many of the relevant antigens to disease. Thus, the repertoire provides the potential for antigen-specific therapies and vaccines, which will mount a broad-based but specific response to the relevant pathogen, in contrast to cyclosporine, for example, which is a general immunosuppressant. Figure 2 Three elemental R's of T cell biology: repertoire, recognition, response. Reprinted with permission from Nature Medicine (1). One of the main goals in human immunology research is to establish the principles to manipulate these clones in a patient, so that they will expand and carry out the function that is appropriate to a successful therapy. At the Rockefeller University and the Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, one of the main approaches is to try to harness the biology of dendritic cells, which use their tree-like processes or dendrites to constantly probe their environment (Figure ​(Figure33). Figure 3 Dendritic cells probing the environment in mouse lymphoid tissue. Photomicrograph courtesy of Dr. Juliana Idoyaga; reprinted with permission from Nature Medicine (1).
AN INTEGRATED ENGINEERING-PLANNING APPROACH TO THE PRESERVATION, IMPROVEMENT, AND REPLACEMENT OF ELEVATED TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES

This paper outlines the considerations surrounding the community acceptance of elevated railroad and rapid transit structures, both old and planned for future construction. Covered are such factors as type of neighborhood affected, land use, traffic surveys, urban renewal plans, and environmental considerations. Particular emphasis is placed upon methods of improving existing elevated structures: evaluation of the physical condition and load-carrying ability of the structure, need for structural repairs, and improved analysis techniques. Computer modeling techniques have been applied to these studies. It is shown that through use of these techniques, the transit operator can more accurately plan renewal programs to reflect the community's needs.
Distribution of the Red Imported Ant, Solenopsis invicta , in Road and Powerline Habitats

For early-successional species, road and powerline cuts through forests provide refugia and source populations for invading adjacent forest gaps. Within an 800 km2 forest matrix in South Carolina, we determined if width, disturbance frequency or linear features of road and powerline cuts influenced the mound distribution of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. For each of five linear habitat types, differing in width and disturbance frequency, we mapped all mounds located within ten 500 m segments. Mean mound density was lowest in narrow, infrequently-disturbed closed-canopy dirt road habitats (8.8 mounds/ha). For types with an opening in the forest canopy (i.e., open dirt road, gravel road, paved road and powerline cut), mean mound density was highest in narrow habitats where disturbance was intermediate (open dirt roads, 86.5 mounds/ha). It was lowest in wide habitats where disturbance was infrequent (powerline cuts, 27.6 mounds/ha). Mean mound size was greater in infrequently-disturbed powerline cuts than in frequently-disturbed paved roads. Mounds were located significantly closer to road or forest edges than expected by random. In all types except dirt roads, mounds were more common toward northern edges, and more so as the orientation of the linear habitat changed from north/south to east/west. These data suggest that narrow, disturbed habitats are more suitable for fire ant establishment and success than wider ones, and that the distribution of fire ants in linear habitats is not as uniform as it has been shown to be in pastures. A decrease in roadside disturbance and an increase in shade, especially along the northern edge, may result in lower fire ant mound density in these linear habitats.
Genetic variation in piñon pine, Pinus edulis, associated with summer precipitation.

Three previous reports of microgeographical variation of glycerate dehydrogenase ( Gly ) frequencies in pinon, Pinus edulis , established the hypothesis that Gly frequencies contribute to adaptation to heterogeneous environments, specifically to variation in soil moisture. In each of these studies, the frequency of the Gly-3 allele or of Gly-33 homozygotes was higher on dry sites than on nearby moist sites. Here we attempt to extend these observations by testing the hypothesis that Gly frequencies respond to soil moisture variation on a rangewide scale. Gly frequencies were surveyed in 11 natural populations, and the frequency of the Gly-3 allele varied from 0.27 to 0.65 among the sample sites. Elevation varied from 1650 to 3100 m, and summer precipitation, defined as precipitation from April to August, varied from 13.7 to 26.4 cm. The soil types at the collection sites were schist, quaternary volcanic or a mixture of shale and sandstone. Logistic regression revealed that Gly frequencies did not respond to either elevation or soil type, but were related to summer precipitation ( P < 0.01). The correlation between summer precipitation and the frequency of the Gly-3 allele was r = − − − 0.92 ( P < 0.001). Thus, the patterns of differentiation on microgeographical scales
Of mousetraps and men: a cautionary tale

This talk consists of two interwoven stories. The Happy Story presents a technical solution to the problem of optimizing for cost instead of the more normal metric of duration. We describe a mechanism whereby the optimization problem is split into an evaluation component, where the projected cost of a schedule is evaluated using dynamic programming techniques, and a search component, where search is conducted in "window space" to find a cost-efficient schedule. The Sad Story explains what happens when you build a better mousetrap. The people beating a path to your door are the fat cats, who are reimbursed for their mouse catching on a cost-plus basis.
Physical oceanographic research using the attended profiling current meter (APCM) and the Cyclesonde

About half the physical oceanographic observations at the University of Miami are current profile measurements. These measurements are gathered by two distinct methods: the Attended Profiling Current Meter (APCM), which has been primarily developed and used by Dr. Walter Duing in his studies of intense ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream, the Equatorial Current and the Somali Current where near-surface current meter moorings are impractical or high vertical resolution velocity data are required; the second method involves the use of an automatic unattended current profiler--the Cyclesonde. The Cyclesonde, developed by John Van Leer, has been used to study current profiles on continental shelves and in the upper 300 meters where long time series of CTD/velocity profiles are desired or where profile array data with a single ship are available. Time Series profiles are particularly useful in studying inertial waves, mixing processes, bottom and surface boundary layers or complex mean flow patterns associated with fronts. About 20,000 velocity profiles have been collected by APCM and Cyclesonde techniques. The principal source of error in the APCM is navigational uncertainty in the ship's position, which is required to convert the velocity profile relative to the ship into absolute velocity profiles. Other errors include time lag, angle offset, rotor shading and surface wave pump up. The roller coupling used in both methods greatly reduces the surface wave noise introduced in the speed sensor at depths below the zone of direct wave orbital influence. Typical APCM errors are 3-5 cm and Cyclesonde errors are 1-3 cm/sec, compared to fixed level current meters or Other profiling techniques.
The verbal action of the listener as a basis for rule-governance.

In the traditional behavior-analytic account, most psychologically significant behavior (i.e., that of whole organisms in and with a context) is thought ultimately to be contingency shaped. An important subset of this behavior is rule-governed (Skinner, 1966, 1969, Chapter 6). Skinner (1969, p. 146) provides a worthwhile example. An outfielder moves to catch a ball. Following its trajectory, he moves under it and grasps it with his glove. Skinner views this event as contingency shaped. The outfielder is simply responding, as he has done hundreds of times before, based on the effects his behavior has on moving toward the ball. Skinner contrasts this with the ship captain moving to “catch” a descending satellite. The trajectory of the satellite is analyzed in detail. Mathematical models are consulted that take into account a host of factors such as wind speed and drag coefficients. Its place of impact is predicted and approached. This behavior is not controlled directly by the past consequences of the captain trying to catch satellites. The behavior has not had an opportunity to be shaped by such consequences—it is controlled by rules.
Ruth Benedict's Legacy of Shame: Orientalism and Occidentalism in the Study of Japan

Ruth F. Benedict's The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946) remains perhaps the most influential English-language book on contemporary Japanese society and culture. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword has generated a large critical literature and has sold over 1.4 million copies in Japan. It would not be an exaggeration to state that Benedict's book framed both American and Japanese - and, by extension, global - perceptions of Japan since the end of World War II. In this paper, I explore why her work found such resonance among the Japanese themselves to the extent that The Chrysanthemum and the Sword became something of an ur-text of the post-World War II Japanese discourse on the Japanese and on Japanese culture (Nihonjinron or Nihonbunkaron).
Three‐periodic nets and tilings: regular and quasiregular nets

Regular nets are defined as those with symmetry that requires the coordination figure to be a regular polygon or polyhedron. It is shown that this definition leads to five regular 3-periodic nets. There is also one quasiregular net with a quasiregular coordination figure. The natural tiling of a net and its associated essential rings are also defined, and it is shown that the natural tilings of the regular nets have the property that there is just one kind of vertex, one kind of edge, one kind of ring and one kind of tile, i.e. transitivity 1111. The quasiregular net has two kinds of natural tile and transitivity 1112.
Synthesis and competency of a tartrate-derived dicationic solid–liquid phase-transfer catalyst

A new asymmetric phase-transfer catalyst is described, along with a new, flexible synthetic scheme using a tartaric acid chloride. Alkylations and Michael reactions on a glycine imino ester show the new catalyst to be an effective phase-transfer catalyst with limited enantioselectivity.
“What you looking at me for? I didn’t come to stay”: Displacement, Disruption and Black Female Subjectivity in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

If growing up is painful for the Southern Black girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat. It is an unnecessary insult. The first volume of Maya Angel...
A Game Theoretic Approach to Increase Performance in Multihop Wireless Mesh Networks

Multihop wireless mesh networks have potential to meet the growing demand for flexible, self-organizing, large-scale wireless communication systems. However, these networks remain plagued by relatively poor performance compared to traditional infrastructure based networks. With variable number of nodes and diverse network densities, multihop wireless mesh networks can have low overall network capacity, poor internode fairness and high power consumption. Therefore, we present the decentralized Traffic Aware Iterative Water filling (TAIW) power allocation algorithm. TAIW applies techniques from non-cooperative game theory applied to cognitive radio devices to develop a solution that balances network capacity, node fairness and power consumption. Through extensive simulations we show the TAIW can increase inter-node fairness by 300% and reduce power consumption by 80% over current decentralized power allocation algorithms while maintaining near optimal network capacity.
Improved apparatus for neutron capture therapy of rat brain tumors.

Abstract Purpose: The assembly for irradiating tumors in the rat brain at the thermal neutron beam port of the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor was redesigned to lower the average whole-body dose from different components of concomitant radiation without changing the thermal neutron fluence at the brain tumor. Methods and Materials: At present, the tumor-bearing rat is positioned in a rat holder that functions as a wholebody radiation shield. A 2.54 cm-thick collimator with a centered conical aperture, 6 cm diameter tapering to 2 cm diameter, is used to restrict the size of the thermal neutron field. Using the present holder and collimator as a baseline design, Monte Carlo calculations and mixed-field dosimetry were used to assess new designs. Results: The computations indicate that a 0.5 cm-thick plate, made of 6 Li 2 C0 3 dispersed in polyethylene (Li-poly), instead of the existing rat holder, will reduce the whole-body radiation dose. Other computations show that a 10.16 cm-thick (4 inches) Li-poly collimator, having a centered conical aperture of 12 cm diameter tapering to 2 cm diameter, would further reduce the whole-body dose. Conclusion: The proposed irradiation apparatus of tumors in the rat brain, although requiring a 2.3-fold longer irradiation time, would reduce the average whole-body dose to less than half of that from the existing irradiation assembly.
Observation of hole burning and cross relaxation effects in ruby

In this paper we report, for the first time, the observation of optical hole burning in a solid, ruby. In addition, we describe experimental results which show that optical saturation of the inhomogeneously broadened ${R}_{1}$ line in ruby at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K occurs not only for ions in resonance with the saturating radiation but also for ions at frequencies up to about 50 MHz away from the radiation frequency. This result and others are consistent with a model in which cross relaxation occurs in the ground-state levels between ions in resonance with the laser beam and nonresonant ions.
Fibrinolysis VI. Activity of Aspergillin O (Mold Fibrinolysin) in vitro.

Summary1. Aspergillin O is a material obtained from cultures of Aspergillus oryzae B-1273 which, at high concentrations and in vitro, depletes slightly the activity of prothrombin and labile factor, accelerates slightly the clotting time of recalcified plasma and the partial thromboplastin time. At lower concentrations, it does not affect appreciably the activity or concentration of various factors or constants of the blood clotting process, while still exhibiting marked proteolytic, esterase and fibrinolytic activity. 2. Its activity is inhibited by addition of plasma or serum.
Increased expression of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, impairs cell motility, adhesion and spreading

The neurofibromatosis 2 ( NF2 ) gene product, merlin, is a tumor suppressor protein mutated in schwanno-mas and several other tumors. Merlin, which shares significant homology with the actin-associated proteins ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM proteins), inhibits cell growth when overexpressed in cell lines. The similarities between merlin and ERM proteins suggest that merlin's growth-regulatory capabilities may be due to alterations in cytoskeletal function. We examined this possibility in rat schwannoma cell lines overexpressing wild-type merlin isoforms and mutant merlin proteins. We found that overexpression of wild-type merlin resulted in transient alterations in F-actin organization, cell spreading and cell attachment. Merlin overexpression also impaired cell motility as measured in an in vitro motility assay. These effects were only observed in cells overexpressing a merlin isoform capable of inhibiting cell growth and not with mutant merlin molecules (NF2 patient mutations) or a merlin splice variant (isoform II) lacking growth-inhibitory activity. These data indicate that merlin may function to maintain normal cytoskeletal organization, and suggest that merlin's influence on cell growth depends on specific cytoskeletal rearrangements.