cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of modes on plastic buckling of compressed cylindrical shells.

spect to Reynolds number was satisfied. In keeping with this criterion, this author used his blunt cone data where Pb/Pi had reached a constant or nearly constant value, even though the data was obtained at Reynolds numbers less than 40 X 10. The data points for Mach 7.5 and 9.2 shown in Fig. 1 of the preceding comment were for transitional and laminar flow, respectively, and should not have appeared on the graph,. The data point at Mach 5.0 was for turbulent flow, but was not included in the similar figures in this author's original report and article' since the value of the base pressure ratio had not reached a constant value. It was shown by this author that once turbulent flow was obtained over the model, the base pressure showed very little dependence on how transition was achieved (naturally or with trip ring). With regard to the empirical correlation proposed in Refs. 2 and 3, this author is grateful to Messers. Whitfield and Potter for pointing out its anomalous behavior at high Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers. The temptation to draw straight lines through data points is a strong one, and, in this case, such an action was clearly ill advised.
Epidural abscess and meningitis after epidural corticosteroid injection.

Epidural abscess with and without associated meningitis after epidural corticosteroid injections for radicular back pain is a rarely reported complication. We report the occurrence of an epidural abscess and meningitis in a 70-year-old man after 2 epidural corticosteroid injections for treatment of acute radicular lumbar back pain. At the time of diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus, and the patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics. Possible predisposing factors for the development of an epidural abscess and meningitis in this patient include a 2-year history of neutropenia and an accidental dural puncture that occurred during performance of the first epidural injection. A literature search identified 11 reported cases of epidural abscess, 2 of epidural abscess and meningitis, and 1 of meningitis attributed to epidural corticosteroid injections. Eight of the 14 reported patients were immunocompromised, and 8 (67%) of the 12 in whom cultures of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or epidural pus were performed had results positive for S aureus. Antibiotic prophylaxis for S aureus should be considered for immunocompromised patients undergoing epidural corticosteroid injections.
Behavioral, follicular and gonadotropin changes during the estrous cycle in donkeys

Sexual behavior, follicular development and ovulation, and concentrations of circulating gonadotropins during the estrous cycle were studied during the summer in 7 jennies. Mean behavioral estrous length was 6.4 +/- 0.6 days (mean +/- SEM, n=19; 5.6 +/- 0.5 days preovulatory and 0.8 +/- 0.2 days post-ovulatory). Mean diestrous length was 19.3 +/- 0.6 days (n=14). Females in estrus typically showed posturing, mouth clapping, clitoral winking, urinating and tail raising. Mouth clapping began approximately one day sooner and lasted approximately one day longer than winking and tail raising, so that the total duration of clapping was significantly greater than for the other two signs. Follicular changes and concentrations of gonadotropins were determined for 14 estrous cycles (2 per jenny). The follicular end points [diameter of the largest follicle and number of large (>25 mm), medium (20-24 mm), and small follicles (<20 mm)] showed a significant day effect. The diameter of the largest follicle and the number of large follicles began to increase significantly 7 days prior to ovulation with a maximum value the day before ovulation. Medium follicles reached a maximum number 4 days prior to ovulation, and small follicles decreased significantly prior to ovulation. After ovulation, all follicular end points, except the number of small follicles, remained low for the next 12 days. Mean values of FSH were low during estrus and high during diestrus with 2 significant peaks, one 3 days and one 9 days after ovulation. In contrast, mean levels of LH were low during diestrus and high during estrus with a maximum value the day after ovulation. The LH profile showed a more prolonged gradual increase prior to ovulation, than that which has been reported for ponies and horses.
Implicitly Supervised Language Model Adaptation for Meeting Transcription

We describe the use of meeting metadata, acquired using a computerized meeting organization and note-taking system, to improve automatic transcription of meetings. By applying a two-step language model adaptation process based on notes and agenda items, we were able to reduce perplexity by 9% and word error rate by 4% relative on a set of ten meetings recorded in-house. This approach can be used to leverage other types of metadata.
Iterated Palm Conditioning and Some Slivnyak-Type Theorems for Cox and Cluster Processes

A huge literature is devoted to extensions and ramifications of Slivnyak’s celebrated theorem—the fact that a point process on a Borel space is Poisson if and only if its reduced Palm distributions agree almost everywhere with the original distribution. Here we prove some multivariate versions of the mentioned property for randomizations and Cox processes. This leads to Slivnyak-type theorems for certain Cox cluster processes, arising naturally both in exchangeability theory and in the context of superprocesses. Our proofs are based on a general iteration principle, which enables us to calculate Palm measures via a preliminary conditioning.
Radiation, retardation and the developing brain: time is the crucial variable.

Background: Widespread radiation is a threat unique to the modern world. A recent report reveals that sub-clinical damage to human foetuses between 8 and 25 weeks of gestation can result in cognitive deficits still manifest 16–18 years after birth. These previously unrecognised, long-term effects are apparently produced by a relatively short pulse of exposure to radioactive fallout at levels that were previously thought not to be deleterious. This idea is plausible given the nature of the developmental events occurring in the brain during this period of gestation. Conclusion: This exposed population should be examined for other neurological and psychiatric syndromes. If these findings are corroborated, in the event of future radiation exposures, steps should be taken to shield pregnant women who are within this window of vulnerability.
Structural effects of covalent inhibition of phospholipase A2 suggest allosteric coupling between membrane binding and catalytic sites.

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) binds to membranes and catalyzes phospholipid hydrolysis, thus initiating the biosynthesis of lipid-derived mediators of inflammation. A snake-venom PLA2 was completely inhibited by covalent modification of the catalytic histidine 48 by p-bromophenacyl bromide. Moreover, His48 modification affected PLA2 structure, its membrane-binding affinity, and the effects of PLA2 on the membrane structure. The native PLA2 increased the order parameter of fluid membranes, whereas the opposite effect was observed for gel-state membranes. The data suggest membrane dehydration by PLA2 and the formation of PLA2-membrane hydrogen bonding. The inhibited PLA2 had lower membrane-binding affinity and exerted weaker effects on membrane hydration and on the lipid-order parameter. Although membrane binding resulted in formation of more flexible α-helices in the native PLA2, which corresponds to faster amide hydrogen exchange, the modified enzyme was more resistant to hydrogen exchange and experienced little structural change upon membrane binding. The data suggest that 1), modification of a catalytic residue of PLA2 induces conformational changes that propagate to the membrane-binding surface through an allosteric mechanism; 2), the native PLA2 acquires more dynamic properties during interfacial activation via membrane binding; and 3), the global conformation of the inhibited PLA2, including the α-helices, is less stable and is not influenced by membrane binding. These findings provide further evidence for an allosteric coupling between the membrane-binding (regulatory) site and the catalytic center of PLA2, which contributes to the interfacial activation of the enzyme.
Chaos in a single equilibrium point system: Finite deformations

The purpose of this paper is to examine a highly nonlinear model of a slender beam which yields chaotic solutions for some forcing amplitudes. The study is unique in that the governing partial differential equations are solved directly, and that the model lends itself to a more physical analysis of the beam than traditional chaotic models. In addition, the analysis will provide proof that a beam experiencing moderate deformations without stops or an initial axial force can exhibit chaotic motion. The model represents a simply-supported. Euler-Bernoulli beam subjected to a transverse load. The forcing function is sinusoidally distributed in space with an amplitude which also varies sinusoidally in time and is assumed to reach a maximum sufficient to allow nonlinearities associated with finite deformations to become important. During motion, even though displacements are large, the beam is assumed to attain only small strain levels and thus is assumed to be linearly elastic. The results indicate that for most levels of the forcing function the response of the beam is periodic. However, the steady state motion is not sinusoidal in time and in fact exhibits some bifurcated motions. At a certain level of the forcing amplitude, an asymmetry is observed and the periodicity of the motion breaks down as the beam experiences a period doubling cascade which culminates in a chaotic motion. The progression from periodic to chaotic motion is presented through a series of phase plane and Poincane plots, and physical variables such as bending moment are examined.
Impaired Bayesian learning for cognitive control in cocaine dependence

a b s t r a c t Background: Cocaine dependence is associated with cognitive control deficits. Here, we apply a Bayesian model of stop-signal task (SST) performance to further characterize these deficits in a theory-driven framework. Methods: A "sequential effect" is commonly observed in SST: encounters with a stop trial tend to prolong reaction time (RT) on subsequent go trials. The Bayesian model accounts for this by assuming that each stop/go trial increases/decreases the subject's belief about the likelihood of encountering a subsequent stop trial, P(stop), and that P(stop) strategically modulates RT accordingly. Parameters of the model were individually fit, and compared between cocaine-dependent (CD, n = 51) and healthy control (HC, n = 57) groups, matched in age and gender and both demonstrating a significant sequential effect (p < 0.05). Model-free measures of sequential effect, post-error slowing (PES) and post-stop slowing (PSS), were also compared across groups. Results: By comparing individually fit Bayesian model parameters, CD were found to utilize a smaller time window of past experiences to anticipate P(stop) (p < 0.003), as well as showing less behavioral adjust- ment in response to P(stop) (p < 0.015). PES (p = 0.19) and PSS (p = 0.14) did not show group differences and were less correlated with the Bayesian account of sequential effect in CD than in HC. Conclusions: Cocaine dependence is associated with the utilization of less contextual information to antici- pate future events and decreased behavioral adaptation in response to changes in such anticipation. These findings constitute a novel contribution by providing a computationally more refined and statistically more sensitive account of altered cognitive control in cocaine addiction. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
The influence of carbohydrate on the antigenicity of the envelope glycoprotein of avian myeloblastosis virus and B77 avian sarcoma virus.

The immunological reactivity of the surface glycoproteins (gp85) of avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and B77 avian sarcoma virus were examined by competition radioimmunoassay. The influence of the protein and carbohydrate portions of the glycoprotein on the antigenic reactivity was investigated by systematic digestions of AMV gp85 with proteases and glycosidases. Digestion of AMV gp85 with trypsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin, or Pronase had no effect on the antigenicity detected in competition radioimmunoassay using rabbit antibody made against AMV gp85. However, digestion of AMV gp85 with a mixture of highly purified glycosidases (neuraminidase, β-galactosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase) eliminated the reactivity detected in competition radioimmunoassay with the same antisera. The contribution of individual carbohydrates to the reactivity was studied by a sequential digestion of AMV gp85 with various combinations of glycosidases. These studies suggested that removal of sialic residues had no effect on antigenicity and that removal of β-galactose and β-N-acetylglucosamine residues abolished antigenic reactivity. In addition, glycosidase digestion of 125I-labeled AMV gp85 resulted in a decrease of reactivity in direct radioimmunoassay. These results indicate that the immunological reactivity of AMV gp85 depends upon an intact carbohydrate side chain. Digestion of AMV gp85 with proteases and glycosidases, followed by competition radioimmunoassay using antibody prepared against B77 gp85, showed that protease treatment reeulted in a partial loss of antigenic reactivity. Treatment of B77 gp85 with proteases and glycosidases, followed by competition radioimmunoassay using antibody prepared against B77 gp85, showed that protease treatment resulted in a partial loss of antigenic reactivity, while glycosidase treatment resulted in no loss of antigenic reactivity.
Sorption phenomena in subsurface systems: Concepts, models and effects on contaminant fate and transport

Abstract The behavior, transport and ultimate fate of contaminants in subsurface environments may be affected significantly by their participation in sorption reactions and related phenomena. The degree to which the resulting effects can be quantified and predicted depends upon the extent to which certain fundamental aspects of sorption are understood, and upon the accuracy with which these phenomena can be characterized and modeled in complex subsurface systems. Current levels of understanding of the reactions and processes comprising sorption phenomena are discussed in this paper, as are the forms and utilities of different models used to describe them. Emphasis is placed on concept development, on the translation of these concepts into functional models for characterizing sorption rates and equilibria, and on the application of these concepts and models for explaining contaminant behavior in subsurface systems. Examples are provided to illustrate the impacts of sorption phenomena on contaminant transport.
Equalization of magnetic recording signals using artificial neural networks

The increasing demand on storage density poses new challenges to the equalization and detection techniques. In this paper we investigate the application of artificial neural networks for equalization in magnetic recording channels. Two methods are explored: case (1) uses a neural network based equalizer to perform equalization/detection bit by bit by using multiple samples per bit and case (2) uses a tapped delay line (TDL) to feed several bits into the network.
Reactively Compatibilized Cellulosic Polylactide Microcomposites

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) possesses a suite of favorable material properties that are enabling its penetration into diverse markets (e.g., as packaging material or textile fibers). In order to increase the range of applications for this material, it is necessary to modify its properties and for certain applications, reduce its cost. The introduction of fibers into a polymeric matrix is an established route towards property enhancement provided good dispersion and intimate interfacial adhesion can be achieved. In addition, cellulosic microfibers are obtainable at low to moderate cost. In this study, reactive compatibilization of cellulosic fibers with PLA is pursued. Hydroxyl groups available on the surface of cellulosic fibers are used to initiate lactide polymerization. Various processing strategies are investigated: (1) blending preformed PLA with the fiber material, (2) through a one-step process in which lactide is polymerized in the presence of the fibers alone, or (3) reactive compatibilization in the presence of preformed high molecular weight polymer. The results show that materials prepared by simultaneous introduction of lactide and preformed high molecular PLA at the beginning of the reaction possess superior mechanical properties compared to composites made by either purely mechanical mixing or solely polymerization of lactide in the presence of fibers. The modulus of materials containing 25% fibers which are prepared by reactive compatibilization of 30% preformed PLA and 70% lactide (30/70 P/L) improves by 53% compared to the homopolymer, whereas 36% reinforcement can be achieved upon purely mechanical mixing. A further increase to 35% fiber loading leads to a reduction in modulus due to an excess in initiating groups. The same trend was observed in systems containing 65% preformed PLA and 35% lactide (65/35 P/L) with an overall achievable reinforcement that was slightly lower.
Coronal holes and solar magnetic fields

Since 1972, nearly continuous observations of coronal holes and their associated photospheric magnetic fields have been made using a variety of satellite and ground-based equipment. The results of comparisons of these observations are reviewed and it is demonstrated that the structure and evolution of coronal holes is basically governed by the large-scale distribution of photospheric magnetic flux. Non-polar holes form in the decaying remnants of bipolar magnetic regions in areas with a large-scale flux imbalance. There is strong indirect evidence that the magnetic field in coronal holes is always open to interplanetary space but not all open-field regions have associated coronal holes. The well-observed declining phase of the last solar cycle was characterized by stable magnetic field and coronal hole patterns which were associated with recurrent, high-speed wind streams and interplanetary magnetic field patterns at the Earth. The ascending phase of the current cycle has been characterized by transient magnetic field and coronal hole patterns which tend to occur at high solar latitudes. This shift in magnetic field and coronal hole patterns has resulted in a less obvious and more complicated association with high-speed wind streams at the Earth.
Growth, nutrition, photosynthesis and transpiration responses of longleaf pine seedlings to light, water and nitrogen

Abstract Early growth and physiology of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings were studied in response to light, water and nitrogen under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted with 1-year-old seedlings grown in 11.3 l pots. The experimental design was a split-plot factorial with two levels (low and high) of each of the factors, replicated in three blocks. The four factorial combinations of water and nitrogen were randomly applied to 15 pots (sub-plots) in each of the light treatment (main plot). Data were collected on survival, root collar diameter (RCD), and height on a monthly basis. Biomass (shoot, root and needle), leaf area index, specific needle area, and needle nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) concentrations were determined following final harvest after 16 months. Physiological data (net photosynthesis and transpiration) were collected monthly from March to July during the second growing season. Height and RCD were significantly influenced by nitrogen and water and by the interaction between them with no apparent effect of light. Seedlings grew 93% taller in the high nitrogen and well watered (HNWW) treatment compared to the low nitrogen and water stressed (LNWS) treatment. Similarly, a significant increase (78%) in RCD was observed for seedlings in the HNWW treatment over the LNWS treatment. Light, along with water and nitrogen, played an important role in seedling biomass growth, especially when water was not limiting. Biomass partitioning (as measured by root:shoot ratio) was affected only by nitrogen and water. Nutrient stress had a greater influence on carbon allocation (69% increase in root:shoot ratio) than water stress (19% increase). Net photosynthesis (Pnet) was significantly higher for seedlings in the high resource than in the low resource treatments with significant light×water and nitrogen×water interactions. Transpiration rate was higher (75%) under the WW treatment compared to the WS treatment. Longleaf pine seedlings grown under the LNWW treatment had the lowest foliar nitrogen (0.71%) whereas seedlings in the HNWS treatment had the highest (1.46%). Increasing the availability of light (through larger canopy openings or controlling midstory density) and soil nitrogen (through fertilization) may not result in greater Pnet and improved seedling growth unless soil water is not limiting.
The Impact of High-Stakes Assessments on our Schools

In recent years, accountability sys tems have gained considerable strength through the introduction of high stakes consequences for poor student performance. As a result, administrators must resist the pres sure to alter sound educational prac tices to increase test scores.
Distinctive sedimentary features of cold-climate eolian deposits, North Park, Colorado

Abstract Cold-climate eolianites contain diagnostic sedimentary features that contrast with the sedimentary features of warm-climate eolianites. Distinctive tensional, compressional, and dissipation sedimentary structures related to freezing, thawing and snow melting characterize eolian dune-sand deposits in North Park, Colorado. The North Park dunes have few of the characteristics considered to be diagnostic eolian indicators. A significant difference is the heterogeneous texture and composition of the sand. The migration rate of these active dunes is slow (⩽1.7 m/year) due to freezing of moisture in the sand or to burial of the sand by snow during half of the year, even though the dunes occur in a unimodal, high-energy wind environment. Bioturbation is common in both active and inactive dunes, although the dunes occur at a high elevation (∽ 2500m) in a cold climate (3.0°C mean annual temperature). The distinctive sedimentary features observed in this cold-climate (snow-related) dune field should aid in the interpretation of eolianites and the paleoclimates in which they formed.
Digital Flight: The Last CFD Aeronautical Grand Challenge

A case is made for a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) effort to predict aircraft flight characteristics, with a focus on stability and control. Problems in predicting stability and control are discussed. The state-of-the-art in CFD, as it relates to aircraft flight predictions, is reviewed. Problems affecting grid convergence studies are analyzed. The computer resources needed to address flight simulation problems are estimated. The status of critical technologies is briefly discussed.
Plasma contactors for use with electrodynamic tethers for power generation

Abstract Plasma contactors have been proposed as a means of making good electrical contact between biased surfaces, such as found at the ends of an electrodynamic tether, and the space environment. A plasma contactor is a plasma source which emits a plasma cloud which facilitates the electrical connection. The physics of this plasma cloud is investigated for contactors used as electron collectors. The central question that is addressed is whether the electrons that are collected by a plasma contactor come from the far field or by ionization of local neutral gas. This question is important to answer because the system implications are quite different for the two mechanisms. It is shown that contactor clouds in space will consist of a spherical core possibly containing a shock wave. Outside of the core the cloud will expand anisotropically across the magnetic field leading to a turbulent cigar-shape structure along the field. This outer region is itself divided into two regions by the ion response to the electric field. A two-dimensional theory for the outer regions of the cloud is developed. The current voltage characteristic of an argon plasma contactor cloud is estimated for several ion currents in the range of 1–100 A. It is suggested that the major source of collected electrons comes by ionization of neutral gas while collection of electrons from the far field is relatively small.
Characterization and expression of the human A2a adenosine receptor gene

The actions of the neurotransmitter adenosine are mediated by a family of high-affinity, G protein-coupled receptors. We have characterized the gene for the human A2a subtype of adenosine receptor (hA2aR) and determined levels of A2aR mRNA in human brain regions and nonneural tissues. Human genomic Southern blot analysis demonstrates the presence of a single gene encoding the hA2aR located on chromosome 22. Two overlapping cosmids containing the hA2aR gene were isolated from a chromosome 22 library and characterized. Southern blot and sequence analyses demonstrate that the hA2aR gene spans approximately 9-10 kb with a single intron interrupting the coding sequence between the regions encoding transmembrane domains III and IV. The sequence of the hA2aR gene diverged from the reported cDNA structure in the 5' untranslated region. This divergence appears to result from an artifact in the construction of the original cDNA library. By northern blot analysis, high expression of the hA2aR gene was identified in the caudate nucleus with low levels of expression in other brain regions. High expression was also seen in immune tissues; lesser A2aR expression was detected in heart and lung. The gene for the A2a subtype of receptor for the neurotransmitter adenosine falls in the class of intron containing G protein-coupled receptor genes. Expression in the basal ganglia is consistent with a role for the hA2aR in motor control. Activation of the A2aR may also regulate immune responses and cardiopulmonary function.
Generalized CR Equation with a Punctual Singularity: The Model Case

This paper deals with the generalized Cauchy–Riemann equation w[zbar] = Aw + B[wbar] + C in the presence of a punctual singularity. We use systems of differential equations with periodic coefficients and eigenfunctions expansion to construct and characterize the solution space.
Physically Challenging Song Traits, Male Quality, and Reproductive Success in House Wrens

Physically challenging signals are likely to honestly indicate signaler quality. In trilled bird song two physically challenging parameters are vocal deviation (the speed of sound frequency modulation) and trill consistency (how precisely syllables are repeated). As predicted, in several species, they correlate with male quality, are preferred by females, and/or function in male-male signaling. Species may experience different selective pressures on their songs, however; for instance, there may be opposing selection between song complexity and song performance difficulty, such that in species where song complexity is strongly selected, there may not be strong selection on performance-based traits. I tested whether vocal deviation and trill consistency are signals of male quality in house wrens (Troglodytes aedon), a species with complex song structure. Males’ singing ability did not correlate with male quality, except that older males sang with higher trill consistency, and males with more consistent trills responded more aggressively to playback (although a previous study found no effect of stimulus trill consistency on males’ responses to playback). Males singing more challenging songs did not gain in polygyny, extra-pair paternity, or annual reproductive success. Moreover, none of the standard male quality measures I investigated correlated with mating or reproductive success. I conclude that vocal deviation and trill consistency do not signal male quality in this species.
A conserved carboxy-terminal domain in the major tegument structural protein VP22 facilitates virion packaging of a chimeric protein during productive herpes simplex virus 1 infection

Recombinant virus HSV-1(RF177) was previously generated to examine tegument protein VP22 function by inserting the GFP gene into the gene encoding VP22. During a detailed analysis of this virus, we discovered that RF177 produces a novel fusion protein between the last 15 amino acids of VP22 and GFP, termed GCT-VP22. Thus, the VP22 carboxy-terminal specific antibody 22-3 and two anti-GFP antibodies reacted with an approximately 28 kDa protein from RF177-infected Vero cells. GCT-VP22 was detected at 1 and 3 hpi. Examination of purified virions indicated that GCT-VP22 was incorporated into RF177 virus particles. These observations imply that at least a portion of the information required for virion targeting is located in this domain of VP22. Indirect immunofluorescence analyses showed that GCT-VP22 also localized to areas of marginalized chromatin during RF177 infection. These results indicate that the last fifteen amino acids of VP22 participate in virion targeting during HSV-1 infection.
Terpenoids. Cis-trans - and trans-cis - Nepetalactones

Die beiden stereoisomeren Nepetalactone wurden durch Gaschromatographie getrennt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass dastrans-cis-Isomere (II) auf Katzen anziehend wirkt. Dascis-trans-Isomere (I), das etwa 75% der Mischung darstellt, ist bedeutend weniger aktiv, moglicherweise vollig inaktiv.
The cortical acidic response to intravenous NaHCO 3 and the nature of blood brain barrier damage.

The cortical adicic response to intravenous NaHCO3 in the cat was analyzed critically, and its relation to the blood brain barrier to HCOI was considered. Correct measurement of the response requires intact cortical and piaarachnoid blood vessels, accurate identification and recording of DC and pH potential differences at the brain surface, and control of ventilation. Changes in the response could be quantified and used to demonstrate damage of the blood brain barrier to HCOI. With progressive damage, HCOI probably enters the brain more readily and the acidic response changes until, with severe damage, the response is only alkaline and resembles the alkaline change of the blood following i.v. NaHCO3. Reduction of the response is graded and may depend on the extent and site of vessel damage. The response is resistant to anoxia and metabolic inhibitors, but is reduced by topically applied alcohols and surface active compounds. Analysis of the changes following increasing quantities of concentrated solutions...
Survival rates and mode of delivery for vertex preterm neonates according to small- or appropriate-for-gestational-age status.

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to characterize the relationship between cesarean section delivery and death for preterm vertex neonates according to intrauterine growth. METHODS. Maternal and infant data from the National Center for Health Statistics for 1999 and 2000 were analyzed. Neonates with gestational ages of 26 to 36 weeks were characterized as small for gestational age ( RESULTS. Cesarean section rates were higher for small-for-gestational-age neonates compared with appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates, most prominently from 26 weeks to 32 weeks of gestation, at which small-for-gestational-age neonates had cesarean section rates of 50% to 67%, whereas appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates had rates of 22% to 38%. Small-for-gestational-age neonates at gestational ages of 33 weeks and appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates overall had decreased survival rates associated with cesarean section. After adjustment for sociodemographic and medical factors, the survival advantage for small-for-gestational-age neonates at gestational ages of 26 to 30 weeks persisted. CONCLUSIONS. Cesarean section delivery was associated with survival for preterm small-for-gestational-age neonates but not preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates. We speculate that vaginal delivery may be particularly stressful for small-for-gestational-age neonates. We found no evidence that prematurity alone is a valid indication for cesarean section for preterm appropriate-for-gestational-age neonates.
A Dosimetric Evaluation of Target Coverage as a Predictor of Local Failure Following Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Spinal Tumors

Purpose To perform a dosimetric analysis of target coverage and determine parameters predictive for local failure (LF) in patients undergoing spinal stereotactic body radiation therapy (sSBRT).Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven spinal tumors in 59 patients were treated with image-guided linac-based sSBRT from 2008-2012. Median prescription dose was 18Gy (8-35) delivered in 1-5 fractions (87% single-fraction). Prescription dose was targeted to cover ≥ 80% of PTV within spinal cord (SC) dose constraints (9/11Gy to 0.1cc SC/SC+2mm). Twelve tumors had local failure (LF, median time-to-failure 3.7 months) and were compared to 14 tumors with >1-year follow-up and local control (LC). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine parameters predictive of LF. Results Median follow-up was 7.4 months and 24.7 months for LF and LC, respectively. Post-SBRT, 42% of LF patients had neurological symptoms due to tumor progression. No patients developed post-SBRT myelopathy. Pre-treatment PTV volumes were not statistically different (median/mean/range 61.8/74.5/19.9-206.4cc for LF vs 39.4/47.1/10.3-119.7cc for LC; p=0.13). LF tumors had larger volumes receiving <80% of prescription dose (5.2cc vs 1.9cc, p=0.02) and larger overlap volume between GTV/SC within 2 and 3mm (p=0.01/p=0.007). LF tumors had lower GTV minimum dose (5.6 vs 8.5Gy, p=0.001) and smaller GTV to SC distance (0.06 vs 0.19mm, p=0.049). Maximum SC doses were not statistically different (6.4Gy LC vs 9.2Gy LF, p=0.33). GTV minimum dose was predictive of LF, with a trend for overlapping GTV/SC volume within 2mm. Conclusions Minimum GTV dose, PTV volume receiving <80% prescription dose, smaller GTV-SC distance, and large overlapping volume of PTV/SC are predictive of LF after SBRT. Given the absence of SC toxicity but neurological progression upon LF, less conservative SC constraints should be considered.
Kinetics and Surface Energy Approaches to the Crystallization of Synthetic and Biological Calcium Phosphates

Constant composition methods have been used to investigate the mechanisms of crystal growth and dissolution of synthetic and biological calcium phosphates. Interfacial tensions between water and each of these surfaces were calculated from measured contact angles using surface tension component theory. The data, 4.5 x 10−3, 8.8 x 10−3 and 10.4 x 10−3 J m−2 for human dentin, human enamel and hydroxyapatite, respectively, compared well with the data calculated from dissolution kinetics experiments and provided information concerning the growth and dissolution mechanisms. The ability of a surface to nucleate other phases is closely related to the magnitude of the interfacial energies.
Empowerment Feminist Therapy with Latina Immigrants: Honoring the Complexity and Socio-Cultural Contexts of Clients' Lives

In this article, we present how empowerment feminist therapy (EFT) can be effectively used with Latina immigrant clients. A key idea anchoring the arguments is the need for therapists to use a complex conceptual framework and a contextual perspective in understanding clients’ experiences. A brief description of the psychological stressors experienced by women immigrants from Latin America to the United States is presented. Principles of EFT are discussed with specific emphasis on how these apply to therapy with Latina immigrants. We argue that EFT can be effectively used with Latina immigrants as long as therapists take into consideration the complexity and cultural context of their lives.
Curvature-Mediated Interactions Between Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins can deform the lipid bilayer in which they are embedded. If the bilayer is treated as an elastic medium, then these deformations will generate elastic interactions between the proteins. The interaction between a single pair is repulsive. However, for three or more proteins, we show that there are nonpairwise forces whose magnitude is similar to the pairwise forces. When there are five or more proteins, we show that the nonpairwise forces permit the existence of stable protein aggregates, despite their pairwise repulsions.
Analytical and experimental investigation of simultaneous melting-condensation on a vertical wall in the presence of a noncondensable gas

Abstract Simultaneous melting-condensation on a vertical wall with noncondensable gas in the vapor is investigated analytically and experimentally. Using similarity transformations, the full boundary-layer equations governing the immiscible melt, the condensate and the vapor-gas layers are solved numerically. Results are obtained for the melting heat transfer rate both without and with noncondensables and interfacial resistance. In the analysis low and high Prandtl number melts are considered while the condensate is assumed to be a high Prandtl number liquid. Experiments are conducted by condensing steam with air onto vertical surfaces of naphthalene and Wood's metal slabs. The data are found to compare well with the no interfacial resistance and large condensation coefficient predictions. ru]AHaлитичecки и экcпepимeHтaльHo иccлeдyютcя oдHoвpeмeHHыe пpoцeccы плaвлeHия и кoHдeHcaции Ha вepтикaльHoй cтeHкe пpи Haличии cмecи Hecжимaeмый гaз-пap. Иcпoльзyя пpeoбpaзoвaHия пoдoбия, чиcлeHHo peшeHa cиcтeмa ypaвHeHий пoгpaHичHoгo cлoя для Hecмeшивaющичcя cлoeв pacплaвa, кoHдeHcaтa и пapoгaзoвoй cмecи. ПoлyчeHы peзyльтaты для иHтeHcивHocти тeплoпepeHoca пpи плaвлeHии кaк в пpиcyтcтвии, тaк и в oтcyтcтвиe HeкoHдeHcиpyющичcя гaзoв и coпpoтивлeHия Ha мeжфaзHoй гpaHицe. paccмaтpивaютcя pacплaвы c мaлыми чиcлaми ПpaHдтля, в тo вpeмя кaк кoHдeHcaт являeтcя жидкocтью c бoльшим чиcлoм ПpaHдтля. ПpoвeдeHы экcпepимeHты пo кoHдeHcaции cмecи пap-вoздyч Ha вepтикaльHыч пoвepчHocтяч HaфтaлиHoвыч cлиткaч и cлиткaч из cплaвa Byдa. HaiдeHo чopoщee cooтвeтcтвиe экcпepимeHтaльHыч дaHHыч и peзyлвтaтoв, пoлyчeHHыч в oтcyтcтвиe мeжфaзHoгo coпpoтивлeHия и в пpeдпoлoжeHии выcoкич зHaчeHий кoэффициeHтa кoHдeHcaции.
Structural differences in the cortical bone of Turkey tibia

Different regions namely anterior, posterior, medial and lateral, of the cortical bone in six sections in the diaphysis from proximal to the distal end of a Turkey tibia were evaluated for structural differences. The predominant feature, Haversian canals showed high area fraction (can be viewed as high porosity) in the posterior region as compared to the anterior region and this difference is attributed to the high compressive and tensile stress states in the respective regions. With increasing size, the Haversian canals deviated from circular shapes in cross section. The distance from the lacunae to the center of the Haversian canal showed an increase with the size of the canals. However, the canal to lacunae-canal distance ratio is independent of the anterior and posterior regions. It was found that majority of the lacunae are placed at a distance of about 2.5 to 3 times the Haversian canal radius. At the ultrastructural level, periodic banding of the collagen fibers showed a bimodal banding in the anterior region while only one finer banding distribution in the posterior region and could probably the result of the different stress states in the two regions. The Haversian canals in the three dimensional reconstruction showed branching, twisted canals and Haversian space and resemble Cohen and Harris model. Differences in stress in different regions cause structural changes in bone.
Digital imaging technology and experimental archeology: a methodological framework for the identification and interpretation of fire modified rock (FMR)

Abstract This paper presents the results of a series of experiments for the identification and analysis of fire modified rock (FMR). FMR is a common but frequently overlooked artifact type. Experiments were conducted simulating the effects of different hypothetical burning scenarios on rocks similar to those found in a South African Middle Stone Age site. A digital imaging method was then used to quantify FMR color values, designed to limit intra-analyst bias. Statistical tests and a blind test suggest that unburned rocks and experimental FMR can be separated statistically based on physical appearance. Two burning scenario models, based on measured experimental data were applied to archaeological FMR from a South African Middle Stone Age site named Pinnacle Point 5-6 (PP5-6) and show that the archaeological samples are not statistically different from a simulated campfire and possibly a lithic raw material heat-treatment fire.
Synthesis of dihydroarbiglovin and stereochemistry of arbiglovin

Abstract Dihydroarbiglovin (III) has been synthesized by a stereoselective route starting with photolysis of santonin. The synthesis determines the stereochemistry at C-1 and C-10 as shown for arbiglovin (I).
Proximal tibial morphology and its correlation with osteochondritis dissecans of the knee

The relationship of proximal tibial morphology to the presence of femoral osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions is unknown. This radiographic study tested the null hypothesis that knees with unilateral medial or lateral OCD lesions would have no difference in the slope of their medial, lateral, or posterior tibial plateau compared with unaffected knees. There were 72 patients with unilateral OCD lesions of the medial or lateral femoral condyle seen at our institution from 2005 to 2011. On AP and lateral radiographs of the knee, three examiners conducted independent measurements of the tibial plateau posterior slope, as well as medial and lateral slope as measured from the peak of the tibial spine to the edge of the plateau on the side of the corresponding OCD lesion. Measurements were repeated on normal contralateral and matched control knees. Knees with medial femoral condyle OCD lesions had greater medial tibial slope compared with normal contralateral knees (p = 0.007) and normal controls (p < 0.04). Knees with lateral femoral condyle OCD lesions had no significant difference in lateral tibial slope compared with the contralateral knee or matched controls. Posterior slope was greater in knees with medial OCD lesions than matched controls (p = 0.007). Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated consistency between observers for all measurements. An assessment of proximal tibial morphology demonstrated greater medial and posterior tibial slope in knees with medial OCD lesions compared with normal knees. The technique for measuring medial and lateral tibial slope was reliable among evaluators. The clinical relevance is that proximal tibial morphology may have a relationship with OCD lesions. III.
Complex lithium ion dynamics in simulated LiPO 3 glass studied by means of multitime correlation functions

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the lithium jumps in ${\mathrm{LiPO}}_{3}$ glass. In particular, we calculate higher-order correlation functions that probe the positions of single lithium ions at several times. Three-time correlation functions show that the nonexponential relaxation of the lithium ions results from both correlated back-and-forth jumps and the existence of dynamical heterogeneities, i.e., the presence of a broad distribution of jump rates. A quantitative analysis yields that the contribution of the dynamical heterogeneities to the nonexponential depopulation of the lithium sites increases upon cooling. Further, correlated back-and-forth jumps between neighboring sites are observed for the fast ions of the distribution, but not for the slow ions and, hence, the back-jump probability depends on the dynamical state. Four-time correlation functions indicate that an exchange between fast and slow ions takes place on the time scale of the jumps themselves; i.e., the dynamical heterogeneities are short lived. Hence, sites featuring fast and slow lithium dynamics, respectively, are intimately mixed. In addition, a backward correlation beyond the first neighbor shell for highly mobile ions and the presence of long-range dynamical heterogeneities suggest that fast ion migration occurs along preferential pathways in the glassy matrix. In the melt, we find no evidence for correlated back-and-forth motions and dynamical heterogeneities on the length scale of the next-neighbor distance.
Calcareous nannofossils at the K-T boundary, El Kef: No evidence for stepwise, gradual, or sequential extinctions

A detailed quantitative study of well-preserved nannofossil assemblages in closely spaced samples across the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary at El Kef, Tunisia, reveals no extinctions of nannoplankton in the uppermost 4 m of Maastrichtian marls as has been reported for planktonic foraminifers from the same samples. Nannofossil assemblages below the boundary show no trends to indicate that ecologic stresses such as temperature change foreshadowed the K-T event in the Tethyan region. On the other hand, the disappearance of several species of the more depth-sensitive planktonic foraminifers below the boundary at El Kef is probably the result of sea-level regression (or sampling effects) rather than preboundary climate change or other environmental stresses. Cretaceous nannofossil specimens present above the K-T boundary at El Kef are interpreted to have been reworked, rather than having survived the K-T event. This interpretation is suggested by abundance patterns of common Cretaceous species and a correlation with short-term sea-level lowstands.
Embeddings of symmetric varieties

We generalize to the case of a symmetric variety the construction of the enveloping semigroup of a semisimple algebraic group due to E. B. Vinberg, and we establish a connection with the wonderful completion of the associated adjoint symmetric variety due to C. De Concini and C. Procesi.
I Thought I Got an A! Overconfidence Across the Economics Curriculum

Students often exhibit overconfident grade expectations and tend to overestimate the actual course grade at the completion of a course. Current theories of student motivation suggest such overconfidence may lead students to study less than if they had accurate grade perceptions. The authors report the findings of a survey of students enrolled in economics and quantitative courses at a large public university. They analyze the difference between a student's expected and actual grade and how teacher pedagogies can influence student overconfidence. They find male students and those with lower GPAs exhibit greater overconfidence. Students in lower division classes have a greater tendency to be overconfident than do those in upper division classes. The findings also indicate that grading practices influence overconfidence.
Do Raters Consider the Influence of Situational Factors on Observed Performance When Evaluating Performance? Evidence From Three Experiments

Theory and research suggest that both person and situation influence observed performance. System or situational factors can either enhance or constrain performance. If raters do not compensate for the influence of situational factors, ratings will be contaminated with situational influences and will fail to validly reflect the true level of performance. Whether or not raters incorporate the influence of the conditions under which performance is achieved when evaluating employee performance is a fundamental issue with broad implications. Three experiments were conducted to directly examine if raters adjust their ratings to account for the influence of situational conditions. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that raters, in fact, adjust ratings to incorporate situational influences, and results of Experiment 3 indicate that raters who are high self-monitors are better than low self-monitors in terms of incorporating situational influences into ratings. Implications of results for the broader performance-appraisal literature are discussed, and suggestions are offered to practitioners.