cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bounds on the mean classification error rate of multiple experts

A database contains N items, each item belonging to one and only one of a finite set of classes. The true class labels for these items are unknown. K experts each provide a set of N classification labels for the N items in the database. In this paper it is shown that given the experts' labels, one can compute simple bounds on the average classification accuracy of the experts relative to the unknown true labels. No assumptions are made about the labelling patterns of the experts or the nature of the data. The bounds are useful in practical classification problems where absolute ground truth is unknown and experts must subjectively provide labels for feature data. The method is applied to the problem of assessing the collective accuracy of geologists who count volcanoes in images of Venus.
From sequence to phenotype: reverse genetics in drosophila melanogaster

There has been a long history of innovation and development of tools for gene discovery and genetic analysis in Drosophila melanogaster. This includes methods to induce mutations and to screen for those mutations that disrupt specific processes, methods to map mutations genetically and physically, and methods to clone and characterize genes at the molecular level. Modern genetics also requires techniques to do the reverse — to disrupt the functions of specific genes, the sequences of which are already known. This is the process referred to as reverse genetics. During recent years, some valuable new methods for conducting reverse genetics in Drosophila have been developed.
The Law of Force and the Size of Diatomic Molecules, as Determined by their Band Spectra

IT is well known that from an evaluation of the vibrational energy of a diatomic molecule, as a function of the vibrational quantum number n, it is possible to deduce quantitatively the law of force of the molecule, in the vicinity of the equilibrium position of the two nuclei. Now when the dipole rotates, the nuclear separation r increases, and the amount of this increase depends upon the forces called into play when the nuclei are displaced from the equilibrium distance ro. But these are the same forces which determine the frequency of vibration vo and the vibrational energy. Hence, if neither the vibration nor the rotation is sufficiently violent to distort the electron orbits appreciably, there should be a direct connexion between the constants which enter into the vibrational energy function, and those which characterise the rotational energy.
Left Ventricular Mechanics and Geometry in Patients With Congenital Complete Atrioventricular Block

Background Radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly is common in patients with congenital complete atrioventricular block (CCAVB). It has been speculated that left ventricular (LV) remodeling and increased stroke volume counteract the bradycardia, but the effects of slow heart rate and atrioventricular asynchrony on LV dimensions, geometry, wall stress, and function have not been examined in detail. Methods and Results Thirty patients with CCAVB without associated congenital heart disease (mean age, 8.5±5.3 years; range, 0.2 to 20 years) were included in a cross-sectional two-institution study. Thirty-five echocardiograms were performed using standard techniques. ECG and 24-hour ECG recordings were reviewed. Seven patients did not receive a pacemaker, whereas 23 patients underwent pacemaker implantation after the echocardiogram. Compared with normal control subjects, LV volume (Z score=1.5±1.3) and LV mass (Z=1.2±1.5) were significantly increased, whereas LV mass-to-volume ratio (1.1±0.3) and geometry (short-axis diameter/length ratio=0.65±0.09) were normal. LV end-systolic stress (ESS) (a measure of afterload) was normal (Z score=0.2±2.3), whereas shortening fraction (Z=3±2.9) and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (VCF) (Z=3±3.1) were increased. The relationship between VCF and ESS (a preload-insensitive and afterload-adjusted index of contractility) was increased (Z=2.2±2) with only small increase in preload (Z=1.02±1.1). Regression analyses showed no significant change over age in LV mass, volume, geometry, loading conditions, or systolic function. Patients who ultimately met criteria for pacemaker implantation did not differ from those who did not in terms of heart rate or LV function but did have increased LV volume (Z score=1.8±1.4 versus 0.4±0.9, P =.03) and LV mass (Z score=1.7±1.2 versus 0.2±1.7, P =.001) compared to the unpaced group. Conclusions In most patients with CCAVB, the LV was enlarged with normal geometry and enhanced systolic function during the first two decades of life. The degree of LV dilation and enhanced function did not significantly change with age. In patients who ultimately underwent pacemaker implantation LV function did not differ from those who remained unpaced, but evidence of a slightly increased load manifested as increased end-diastolic volume and mass.
Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution

(1991). Science and technology in the Industrial Revolution. History of European Ideas: Vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 653-655.
Process latitude for 100-nm dimensions for e-beam lithography in SAL-601

This paper focuses on the process latitude for achieving 100-500 nm dimensions in SAL-601 e-beam resist. Si wafers were coated with 140 nm of resist and lithographically exposed with a JEOL JBX-5DII e-beam lithography system, operated at 50 kV and a probe standard deviation, (sigma) , of approximately 10 nm. Post exposure bake (PEB) conditions were 105 degrees C for 1, 3, and 10 min. and 110 degrees C for 1 min. The measured backscatter coefficient was 0.51, in agreement with out Monte Carlo simulation results. Resist thickness measurements showed a factor of 2 variation in sensitivity with PEB conditions but no change in contrast. The measured linespread functions for isolated lines could be fit to single Gaussians with (sigma) of 27-33 nm, depending of the PEB conditions. The measured widths of the linespread functions were more than a factor of 2 larger than predicted by the Monte Carlo simulation. The PEB condition of 105 degrees C for 1 min. showed slightly better dose latitude than the other PEB conditions for fabricating gaps between pads. Still the process latitude became acutely narrow in patterning 100 nm gaps. For 20 micrometers pads the dose latitude was less than 3 percent. There was no single dose that could produce a gap of less than 250 nm in a tower pattern with pad widths of 0.5 to 20 micrometers . The results are compared to calculated dose profiles that incorporate both measured linespread functions and those generated by a Monte Carlo code.
Part III: General Considerations of Skin Pigmentation: Historical Background of Research on Pigmentary Diseases of the Skin

The significant study of melanin pigmentation dates from relatively modern times. Eiselt, in 1861 (1), mentioned a few instances of probable melanoma from the literature of the 17th and 18th Centuries, with the statement that such reports are rare before the 19th Century, early in which Laennec (2) made the historical report on melanoma, which he called “la melanose. Eiselt quoted Highmore (1651), Bartholin (1677), Bonet (1679), Henrici and Nothnagel (1757) and others up to 1786 as having reported fatal black tumors with metastases and black fluid in the body, which were strongly suggestive of melanoma. He also stated that Walther reported in 1741 on the chemical behavior of black pigment. Robin (3) is credited with having been the first to use the term “melanin. He actually described the pigment in chromatophores of animals as “pigment melanique.
Negotiating Boundaries: Gender, Violence and Transformation in Brazil

Wilding, Polly Negotiating Boundaries: Gender, Violence and Transformation in Brazil New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-230-29086-0, 174 pp. Polly Wilding's primary purpose in this boo...
What Factors Influence Marital Satisfaction? Differences Between First and Second Marriages

This study examined differences in marital satisfaction between first and second marriages and how additional factors can help explain satisfaction differences between the marriage types. Participants in first marriages reported higher levels of satisfaction than remarried individuals. Regression analyses demonstrated marriage type to be a moderator of satisfaction in second marriages; as education increased, satisfaction also increased. Length of marriage was found to significantly influence satisfaction in first marriages, but not second marriages. In both first and second marriages, participants currently in counseling reported lower satisfaction scores. The need to understand remarriages' distinct characteristics apart from first marriages is discussed.
Insurgent and “Peacekeeping” Violence in Northern Ireland

How is violence learned? Under what conditions does it occur? The range of possible answers to these questions is suggested. The questions are then considered in terms of the relative proneness of Anglo-Irish cultures and subcultures to violence and in terms of the conflict media and the goals of the Northern Ireland partisans. The principal variations of amalgamating Anglo-Irish culture complexes are described and their relations with interethnic and interclass conflict situations cited. Daniel O'Connell's 19th century crusades are mentioned as evidences of the effectiveness of Irish nonviolent aggression in spite of British policies to precipitate violent confrontations with rebellious minorities. Current organizations involved in struggle include both the violence-prone (Nationalists, Loyalists, and British army contingents) and also the non-violent bodies dedicated either to appeasement or to aggressive efforts at social change. Special attention is given to the social characteristics and methods of the latter.
Effect of the volume of HCl in minimizing amino acid losses when carbohydrate-containing samples are hydrolyzed.

Abstract Investigations were conducted to determine the optimum level of hydrochloric acid required to minimize amino acid destruction during hydrolysis with samples containing carbohydrate. With the exception of serine, recoveries for all of the amino acids from hydrolysates containing the (HCl to Glucose) ratio of 2851:1 were not lowered more than 3.2% when compared with the hydrolyzed standard mixture. When the (HCl to Glucose) ratio was lowered from 2851:1 to 712:1, the following statistically significant percent losses to basic and hydroxyl amino acids occurred: histidine 1.2, lysine 2.8, serine 6.0 and threonine 6.8. With corn hydrolysates, the basic-hydroxyl amino acid degradative trend continued as the calculated (HCl to Carbohydrate) ratio of 712:1 was lowered to 260:1. The statistically significant percent losses which occurred were as follows: arginine 4.5, serine 4.3, methionine 9.8 and glycine 5.5. With the types of carbohydrate investigated, the results indicate that a reasonable milligram (HCl to Carbohydrate) ratio for minimizing amino acid destruction during hydrolysis be greater than 700:1 and preferably 2800:1. The ratios used in both studies are of practical importance, since they span carbohydrate: amino acid ratios which exist in various feedstuffs and mixed diets.
Ultraviolet-induced reversion of cyc1 alleles in radiation-sensitive strains of yeast: I. rev1 mutant strains☆

Radiation-sensitive strains of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, that carry the rev1-1 mutation exhibit greatly reduced frequencies of reversion of a number of auxotrophic mutations (Lemontt, 1971a), much lower frequencies of forward mutation to auxotrophy (Lemontt, 1972) and substantially reduced frequencies of reversion of cyc1-9 (Lawrence and Christensen, 1976), an ochre allele of the structural gene for iso-1-cytochrome c (Stewart et al., 1972), when exposed to ultraviolet light. In contrast, the u. v. -induced reversion of cyc1-131, whose message contains the valine codon GUG in place of the AUG initiation codon (Stewart et al., 1971), is unaffected by the presence of the rev1-1 mutations (Lawrence and Christensen, 1976). We have confirmed this observation using the rev1-1 as well as the rev1-1 mutation and have also identified four other cyc1 alleles out of 15 examined that behave in the same way. It is clear, therefore, that while the REV1 gene function is required for the production of many mutational alterations at this locus, it is not for the production of certain specific events. The reason for this appears to depend on the genetic nature of these events rather than the kind of premutational lesion but, despite almost complete information on the base-pair changes and surrounding nucleotide sequences at these sites, it has not yet been possible to define their special nature precisely, indicating that the mutational process is surprisingly complex. The REV1 gene function is not required for the production of most base-pair additions or deletions and although necessary for the formation of most base-pair substitutions it is also not required for the substitutions that lead to the reversion of cyc1-131 and the proline missense mutant, cyc1-115. The REV1 gene function is necessary to produce identical substitutions at other sites, however, and also to produce different substitutions at the cyc1-131 site, suggesting that the special character of cyc1-115 and cyc1-131 is the requirement for a specific base-pair alteration at a specific site. Whatever the explanation, the evidence of this kind of allele-specific control of u.v. -induced reversion must be accounted for by any proposed model of the mutagenic process and must also be accommodated by any scheme to test environmental mutagens.
The influence of executive functions and memory on self-generation benefit in persons with multiple sclerosis

Aim: Self-generation is a learning strategy, demonstrated to improve learning in healthy persons as well as persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study examines the relative influence of memory performance and executive functioning on the ability to benefit from self-generated learning in persons with MS. Method: Participants consisted of 70 individuals with MS. A within-groups design was employed examining recall of words that were presented in two learning conditions: (a) a condition in which the to-be-learned information was provided to the participant and (b) a condition in which the to-be-learned information was self-generated by the participant. Participants were divided into 2 groups based on their benefit from self-generation. Participants who benefited from using self-generation strategy were included in the responders group, and participants who did not benefit from using self-generation were included in the nonresponders group. Executive functions were assessed with the D-KEFS (Delis–Kapla...
Brief report: Preliminary evidence that co-rumination fosters adolescents' depression risk by increasing rumination

Mounting research shows that the tendency to co-ruminate with peers regarding ongoing problems increases adolescents' depression risk; however, the means by which this interpersonal process fosters risk has not been identified. This said, theorists have proposed that co-rumination increases depression risk, in part, by increasing one's tendency to ruminate when alone. We tested this hypothesis in a study of 201 high-school freshmen who completed two assessments, six months apart. Supporting the proposed model, co-rumination predicted prospective increases in rumination and rumination predicted increases in depressive symptoms. The direct effect of co-rumination on depressive symptom change was not significant. Results indicate that co-rumination with friends may serve to increase rumination, which in turn increases depression risk.
Steroid Hormone Receptor and COX-2 Expression in Chordoma

Reports of sex steroid receptor expression in chordoma suggest that these tumors may be responsive to hormone manipulation therapy. Immunohistochemical stains for estrogen receptor (ER)-α, ER-β, progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), were performed on a tissue microarray containing 21 samples of chordoma. Most chordomas expressed COX2, ER-β, and AR, whereas ER-α and PR stains were negative in all cases. ER-β expression did not correlate with AR expression (P = .4142; McNemar test). There were no statistically significant correlations between the expression of any of these markers and anatomic location of tumor, patient sex, patient age, or diseasefree survival. Chordomas commonly express COX-2, AR, and ER-β. These findings may have therapeutic implications concerning the use of agents that inhibit or modulate these signaling molecules.
A New Approach for Regulating Bisphenol A for the Protection of the Public's Health

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical agent used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastic products, including water bottles, and as a coating for dental sealants, food/beverage containers, and canned food linings. Exposure to BPA has been linked to such negative health effects as obesity and heart disease. Concerns for the effects of BPA are greatest on infants and young children due to their immature systems of detoxifying chemicals out of their bodies. Current BPA regulations do not reach far enough. More aggressive regulatory action is needed to protect the public's health, and especially the health of vulnerable fetuses, infants, and children.
A microfluidic mixer based on parallel, high-speed circular motion of individual microbeads in a rotating magnetic field

A new magnetic micromixer based on parallel manipulation of individual magnetic microbeads attracted to soft ferromagnetic microdiscs integrated in microchannels is demonstrated. An external rotating magnetic field was constructed to induce synchronized circular motion of individual magnetic beads around the soft magnets in an array, thereby generating secondary flow in the form of local vortices across the microchannel. A theoretical basis was developed for determining the effectiveness of the magnetic mixer, and was verified by experimental results. Surprisingly large angular velocities of the microbeads, i.e., in the order of 1000 rad/sec, were demonstrated in our relatively simple system, leading to extremely effective microfluidic mixing results.
A spur gear mesh interface damping model based on elastohydrodynamic contact behaviour

In this study, the damping mechanism at the interface of the mating spur gear teeth is investigated. The dynamic behaviour of a spur gear pair is represented by a two Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) nonlinear model with the damping provided by the instantaneous tribological behaviour of the tooth contacts. The shear stress distributions along the tooth surfaces are incorporated with the dynamic model to formulate the periodic gear mesh viscous damping. With the assumption the radii of curvature of the contact surfaces can be represented by the ones at the pitch point, a simplified expression for the damping ratio is formulated.
Launching a 25-meter space telescope. Are astronauts a key to the next technically logical step after NGST?

Considers architectures for a 25-m space telescope mirror that will extend the technological development currently underway for the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). Key engineering requirements are derived that distinguish a 25-m mirror from the 8-m NGST mirror. The feasibility of applying both mirror panel and active-alignment-control technologies currently under development for the NGST to a larger (25-m) telescope mirror is discussed. Analyses are presented that indicate it is impractical to mechanically deploy a 25-m telescope mirror simply because of the volumetric packaging inefficiency of such concepts. Instead, it is shown that an erectable mirror, assembled by either astronauts or robotic devices, provides the most logical mirror architecture. Finally, it is shown that an observatory with a 25-m primary mirror could be launched in one Shuttle mission for assembly and initial checkout in low Earth orbit.
Can New Orleans Play Its Way Past Katrina? The Role of Professional Sports in the Redevelopment of New Orleans

Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans in late August 2005, and debates are now underway across the country concerning strategies for reconstructing the city. Both of New Orleans's professional sports teams, the National Football League Saints and the National Basketball Association Hornets, left the city in the wake of the storm, and the question of what the city should provide in the way of financial accommodation to encourage them to return should be considered in devising a reconstruction plan.
Methods for Improving the Efficiency of Estimating Total Osteon Density in the Human Anterior Mid-Diaphyseal Femur

In order to preserve whole bone integrity and minimize destruction, paleohistologists often rely on histomorphometric data obtained from small areas (1.5-50 mm 2 ) sampled within the anterior mid-diaphyseal femur. Because bone exhibits significant histological variation, the validity of results based on such sampling is questionable. The accuracy of various subareas (columns, rows, squares approximating dimensions and locations assessed by paleohistologists) in predicting total osteon density in the anterior mid-diaphyseal femur is assessed in the present study. Thirty-five specimens (12.7 mm wide, 100 µm thick, average area 56.7 mm 2 ) were chosen at random from a skeletal population of 94 Inuits and Pueblo agriculturists. The specimens were photographed and enlarged; an acetate grid (12 columns, 10 rows, 120 squares, square 5 1m m 2 of bone surface) was superimposed over the photograph; and secondary osteons and fragments were identified. Alternate columns (50% total area, T.Ar) predicted over 98% of entire section total osteon density. Two column combinations (15% T.Ar), separated by at least one column, predicted 91 to 95% of total osteon density. Individual column (8% T.Ar) predictability ranged from 48 to 86%. Two row combination (32 to 40% T.Ar) predictability values ranged from 86 to 95%. Individual rows (,1 to 20% T.Ar) predicted from 45 to 92% of total variation. Combinations of squares approximating areas and locations assessed by other paleohistolo- gists ranged in predictability values from 80 to 94%. The results demonstrate that subareas of as little as 15% predict 95% of variation in total osteon density in the entire anterior mid-diaphyseal femoral section. A minimization of histological area evaluated without the loss of accuracy allows for a minimization of time invested in data collection and the utilization of partially damaged specimens. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:13-24, 1998.
Felt Understanding and Misunderstanding Affect the Perception of Pain, Slant, and Distance

We conducted two studies to examine whether the psychological states of felt understanding and misunderstanding would affect people’s basic perceptions such as pain, geographical slant, and distanc...
Dynamic interactions between stock and foreign exchange markets

This paper investigates the interdependence of stock price changes and exchange rate changes. More specifically, it examines the impact of past currency appreciations and depreciations on the price as well as the volatility of stocks. Similarly, it investigates the influence of past stock price changes on the value as well as the volatility of the domestic currency. The joint distribution of stock returns and exchange rate changes is described by a multivariate EGARCH–M model that utilises the multivariate Student–t density function. This extension of Nelson's (1991) univariate EGARCH–M model is quite general in the sense that it captures both first and second moment interdependencies. Moreover, it provides a flexible vehicle for the investigation of such an important issue as the pricing of conditional exchange rate risk in the stock market.
Entry risk into the juvenile justice system: African American, American Indian, Asian American, European American, and Hispanic children and adolescents.

Background: Findings on disproportionate minority contact remain mixed. Few empirical studies have examined to what extent entry risk into juvenile justice varies across ethnic/racial groups, and to what extent childhood aggressive behaviors foretell later deviance and entry risk. In the current study, we sought to address these shortcomings by implementing a survival analysis on a representative sample of youth followed from age 8 to 18. Methods: The sample included N = 2,754 lower to lower-middle SES youth from five different ethnic/racial groups (African American, American Indian, Asian American, European American, and Hispanic youth), part of a large-scale violence prevention effort. Aggressive behaviors were rated by teachers during elementary school, entry risk into juvenile justice was measured by official data, while SES was based on census data. Results: Developmental entry risk into the juvenile justice system peaked at age 14 and subsequently declined. No differences were found across the four racial groups; however, Hispanic youth were at elevated risk (by 73%). Only childhood physical aggressive behavior increased entry risk (by 87%); this was above and beyond a 'simple' maturational liability we found and net any effects by sex, race/ethnicity, and SES. Conclusions: Some evidence suggested disproportionate minority contact, but only for Hispanic youth. Entry risk was invariant by race, but differed for males versus females and for youth from relatively higher socioeconomic status (SES) strata compared to youth from lower ones. Intervention efforts should target physically aggressive children during the elementary school years; however, some of the evidence also suggests that there exists a 'maturational liability' developmentally over time, between the ages of 8 and 18, independent of any of the focal predictors tested. Language: en
Reliability prediction of webpages in the medical domain

In this paper, we study how to automatically predict reliability of web pages in the medical domain. Assessing reliability of online medical information is especially critical as it may potentially influence vulnerable patients seeking help online. Unfortunately, there are no automated systems currently available that can classify a medical webpage as being reliable, while manual assessment cannot scale up to process the large number of medical pages on the Web. We propose a supervised learning approach to automatically predict reliability of medical webpages. We developed a gold standard dataset using the standard reliability criteria defined by the Health on Net Foundation and systematically experimented with different link and content based feature sets. Our experiments show promising results with prediction accuracies of over 80%. We also show that our proposed prediction method is useful in applications such as reliability-based re-ranking and automatic website accreditation.
Low noise, high gain short-wave infrared nano-injection photon detectors with low jitter

We present the near-infrared injection photodetectors with high internal amplification exceeding 10,000 and suppressed shot noise levels with Fano factors of ~0.55. When surface-passivated, devices exhibited high-speed response (3+ GHz) with low jitter <15 ps.
Structure, thermodynamics, and crystallization of amorphous hafnia

We investigate theoretically amorphous hafnia using the first principles melt and quench method. We identify two types of amorphous structures of hafnia. Type I and type II are related to tetragonal and monoclinic hafnia, respectively. We find type II structure to show stronger disorder than type I. Using the phonon density of states, we calculate the specific heat capacity for type II amorphous hafnia. Using the nudged elastic band method, we show that the averaged transition barrier between the type II amorphous hafnia and monoclinic phase is approximately 0.09 eV/HfO2. The crystallization temperature is estimated to be 421 K. The calculations suggest an explanation for the low thermal stability of amorphous hafnia.
Molecular structure and assembly of the tight junction

Polarized epithelial cells separate two extremely different cellular milieus. The tight junction (TJ) is the most apical component of the junctional complex and serves as the permeability barrier b...
Methodological Research at VNIISI

This chapter focuses on the methodological research at Institute for Systems Studies (VNIISI). The surveys, evaluations, and other methodological work of O. I. Larichev and members of his laboratory at VNIISI in Moscow represent an important corpus of research. Larichev's methodological research is devoted primarily to devising taxonomies to distinguish various methods from each other and to identify their underlying elements and distinctive features. Through this classification and analysis process, Larichev identifies elementary operations, which he sees as the indivisible building blocks for all decision making methods. He asserts that these elementary operations can then be tested to see how effectively each elicits information from a decision maker. These evaluations in turn lead him to classify a particular decision making method as either correct or incorrect. Only those methods that do not consist of ineffective elementary operations are correct. Thus, Larichev moves from a classification scheme to an evaluation scheme.
Future Trends in Wireless Sensor Networks

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks Sensor Network Applications in Challenging Environments Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks Summary Acknowledgments References
Changes in Vegetation and Biological Soil Crust Communities on Sand Dunes Stabilizing after a Century of Grazing on San Miguel Island, Channel Islands National Park, California

Abstract. San Miguel Island is the westernmost of the California Channel Islands and one of the windiest areas on the west coast of North America. The majority of the island is covered by coastal sand dunes, which were stripped of vegetation and subsequently mobilized due to droughts and sheep ranching during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Since the removal of grazing animals, vegetation and biological soil crusts have once again stabilized many of the island's dunes. In this study, historical aerial photographs and field surveys were used to develop a chronosequence of the pattern of change in vegetation communities and biological soil crust levels of development (LOD) along a gradient of dune stabilization. Historical aerial photographs from 1929, 1954, 1977, and 2009 were georeferenced and used to delineate changes in vegetation canopy cover and active (unvegetated) dune extent among 5 historical periods (pre-1929, 1929–1954, 1954–1977, 1977–2009, and 2009–2011). During fieldwork, vegeta...
Particle Swarm Methodologies for Engineering Design Optimization

Particle swarm methodologies are presented for the solution of constrained mechanical and structural system optimization problems involving single or multiple objective functions with continuous or mixed design variables. The particle swarm optimization presented is a modified particle swarm optimization approach, with better computational efficiency and solution accuracy, is based on the use of dynamic maximum velocity function and bounce method. The constraints of the optimization problem are handled using a dynamic penalty function approach. To handle the discrete design variables, the closest discrete approach is used. Multiple objective functions are handled using a modified cooperative game theory approach. The applicability and computational efficiency of the proposed particle swarm optimization approach are demonstrated through illustrate examples involving single and multiple objectives as well as continuous and mixed design variables. The present methodology is expected to be useful for the solution of a variety of practical engineering design optimization problems.© 2009 ASME
Between engagement and critique: development studies in a liberal arts tradition

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the development of an undergraduate development studies program at the University of Virginia over the past decade. The author collaborative represents three generations of program participants: the founding director, a senior professor; a professor-of-the-practice, a younger faculty member hired from the development world; and three fourth-year undergraduate students. We focus on the tension the program navigates between engagement and critique: how to prepare students to work in development while cultivating the liberal arts perspective central to the program's pedagogy.
Trophic Relationships among Seabirds in Central California: Combined Stable Isotope and Conventional Dietary Approach

We used stable isotope analysis (SIA) and conventional techniques of diet assessment to determine marine trophic relationships in the Gulf of the Farallones, California, with an emphasis on marine birds. Stable-carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N) isotopes were obtained from 98 tissue samples of 16 species representing primary and secondary consumers in 1993-1994. The values of δ 13 C ranged from -20.1‰ in whole euphausiids (krill) to -15.0‰ in muscle of northern sea lions. Values of δ 15 N showed step-wise trophic enrichment and ranged from 11.2‰ in euphausiids to 19.8‰ in sea lions. SIA of egg albumen from birds indicated reliance on zooplankton by Cassin's Auklet, Common Murre, and Western Gull, and on fish by Brandt's and Pelagic Cormorants, Rhinoceros Auklets, and Pigeon Guillemots during egg formation (April-May). However, analysis of prey brought to chicks during summer indicated the prevalence of fish in the diet of most seabirds, except Cassin's Auklet which fed primarily on krill. Results suggest a shift in trophic level and diet between spring and summer from krill to fish for Common Murres. δ 13 C analysis confirmed that Brandt's Cormorants and northern sea lions feed in neritic habitats, whereas Cassin's and Rhinoceros Auklets foraged in epipelagic offshore waters. Our approach demonstrates the utility of combining both SIA and conventional dietary assessments to understand trophic relationships in dynamic marine ecosystems.
Distribution characteristics of pathogens associated with infectious diarrhea in children from Qingdao district in 2012 and its sensitivity analysis

Objective To investigate the distribution of pathogens causing infectious diarrhea in children from Qingdao district in 2013 and analyze epidemiological characteristics and corresponding drugsensitivity, in order to guide clinical prevention and treatment. Methods Pathogens were isolated and identified from fresh faeces of children preliminarily diagnosed with infectious diarrhea from January 2013 to December 2013. Drug-sensitivity testing was performed using paper disc diffusion method, and rotaviruses of A group were identified qualitatively with double antibody sandwich method to detect viral antigen. Results 80 strains of pathogens belonging to six species were isolated from 526 samples of faeces with the detection rate of 15.2%(80 / 526), including 38 strains of Salmonella(47.5%), 8 strains of Shigella(10.0%), 8 strains of diarrheogenic Escherichia coli(10.0%), 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus(5.0%), 19 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(23.7%) and 3 strains of Candidid albicans(3.75%). 7 strains of Shigella belonged to S. flexneri, 1 strain of Shigella belonged to S. boydii. Drug-sensitivity testing showed that for Salmonella and Shigella, the rates of drug resistance are as follows, to ampicillin, 60.5% and 87.5%, to SMZ-TMP, 21.1% and 37.5%, to Ciprofloxacin, 15.8% and 25%, to Ceftriaxone, 21.1% and 25%, respectively. A total of 107 samples were positive for rotavirus of group A. Conclusion The main pathogens causing bacterial diarrhea in children from Qingdao distrinct in 2012 are Shigella, mainly infecting infants below two years old, while Staphylococcus aureus prefer to infect infants below one year old. And bacterial diarrhea caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candidid albicans are induced mostly by enteric dysbacteriosis owing to long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Rotavirus of group A is the most common pathogen causing diarrhea of infants in autumn and winter. Therefore, clinical usage of antibotics should be regulated towards standardization and drug resistance should be monitored regularly.
Study on Lead Angle Mathematics Model of Snake Search of Aerial Torpedo

This paper put forward a mathematics model of calculating the snake search torpedo's lead angle by using equivalent sector method.And still further the simulation has been done to correcting the model.The results of simulation show that the corrected torpedo can reach maximum hitting probability.
Nondegenerate two- and three-photon nonlinearities in semiconductors

Two-photon absorption, 2PA, in semiconductors is enhanced by two orders of magnitude due to intermediate-state resonance enhancement, ISRE, for very nondegenerate (ND) photon energies. Associated with this enhancement in loss is enhancement of the nonlinear refractive index, n2. Even larger enhancement of three-photon absorption is calculated and observed. These large nonlinearities have implications for applications including ND two-photon gain and twophoton semiconductor lasers. Calculations for enhancement of ND-2PA in quantum wells is also presented showing another order of magnitude increase in 2PA. Potential devices include room temperature gated infrared detectors for LIDAR and all-optical switches.
Analysis of causes and training effects of mental retardation

Objective To explore the eiiective approaches to train the MR children.Methods Applying portage and the farly education method for MR Children, 163 cases of MR children were trained in the training center and at home. The group of 56 cases who had been trained over 2 courses was called training group and the one of 31 cases who had been trained for 1-2times called comparison group. Results The perinatal high risk factors were the main reason (83. 46 %), including premature, HIE, etc. After one to four courses of training, it was found that the children with mild MR or younger than one year olds had remarkable effects. DQ or IQ of trained group after training was significant higher than that before training. Children with the factors like prematury, HIE had better training effects. Children aged less than 5 yr. had better training effects. Conclusion It is effective to train MR children before 5 years old with Portage and MR children Early education.
Principles and Guidelines in Hand Therapy and Rehabilitation During Recovery from Small Joint Injuries

SUMMARY A successful return to functional use following joint injuries of the hand can be obtained by proper evaluation and treatment. Knowledge of injury, proper splinting, and treatment of modalities used are of utmost importance. An open channel of communication with the patient and hand surgeon will assist in establishing realistic goals.
Maintaining instance-based constraints in the Metadata View Graph

Semantic Query Optimization has traditionally relied upon scheme-based integrity constraints that are valid for all instances of a database. Instance-based constraints, which are only valid for certain states of a database, contain more information than scheme-based constraints because they are specific to the current contents of the database. This makes instance-based constraints more useful to semantic query optimization. However, instance-based constraints are highly sensitive to any changes made to the database and must therefore be updated and validated before they can be applied.
The Design and Transformation of Biofundamentals: A Nonsurvey Introductory Evolutionary and Molecular Biology Course

Many introductory biology courses amount to superficial surveys of disconnected topics. Often, foundational observations and the concepts derived from them and students' ability to use these ideas appropriately are overlooked, leading to unrealistic expectations and unrecognized learning obstacles. The result can be a focus on memorization at the expense of the development of a meaningful framework within which to consider biological phenomena. About a decade ago, we began a reconsideration of what an introductory course should present to students and the skills they need to master. The original Web-based course's design presaged many of the recommendations of the Vision and Change report; in particular, a focus on social evolutionary mechanisms, stochastic (evolutionary and molecular) processes, and core ideas (cellular continuity, evolutionary homology, molecular interactions, coupled chemical reactions, and molecular machines). Inspired by insights from the Chemistry, Life, the Universe & Everything general chemistry project, we transformed the original Web version into a (freely available) book with a more unified narrative flow and a set of formative assessments delivered through the beSocratic system. We outline how student responses to course materials are guiding future course modifications, in particular a more concerted effort at helping students to construct logical, empirically based arguments, explanations, and models.
Design and experimental analysis for innovative wide bandwidth vibration sensor

An innovative design for capacitive wide bandwidth vibration sensor is proposed and verified by experiments in this work. Three-dimensional and high-g vibration motions can be individually detected by the proposed vibration sensor such that the other-axis effect can be reduced and the sensitivity can be enhanced. The shock absorb mechanisms, i.e., fixed-fixed beam stopper and cantilever beam stopper, are employed against the external shock acceleration so that the damage and stiction can be prevented. In addition, the readout circuit calibrated the gain and offset of the output signal which can improve the signal to noise ratio. By a series of experiments, the width and height of fabricated element are 2.45mm and 2.55mm, respectively. The bandwidths are about 15kHz/15kHz/ 10kHz with respect to X-/Y-/Z-axis, respectively. The element sensitivities of the sensor are about 0.113fF/g, 0.113fF/g and 0.095fF/g, respectively. Furthermore, the 10kG shock acceleration can be successfully absorbed by the proposed shock absorb mechanisms.
18 – Development of the Excretory System

This chapter discusses the development of the excretory system. In all mammals, the excretory system begins as a single epithelial duct formed from the intermediate mesoderm, a region between the paraxial or sorrfitic mesoderm and the lateral plate mesoderm. As this nephric duct extends caudally, it induces a linear array of epithelial tubules, which extend medioventrally and are thought to derive from periductal mesenchyme. In mammals, a graded evolution of renal tubule development occurs with the most anterior, or pronephric tubules, being very rudimentary, and the more posterior, mesonephric tubules becoming well developed. In contrast, the pronephros of the zebrafish larvae is a fully developed, functional filtration unit with a single midline glomerulus. In fact, it is not altogether obvious in mammals where to draw the distinction between pronephric tubules and mesonephric tubules.
An Interactive Approach to Constraint-Based Visualizations

This paper describes an approach that puts even inexperienced users in charge of force-directed layouts. The visual interface to a powerful but relatively easy to use visualization grammar has been augmented with sliders for controlling the strength of constraints applied to visual objects. Users can change the balance of power between constraints while an animated visualization is running, turn off the constraints affecting the layout, or return a layout to its pre-constraint-solving specification. An initial empirical evaluation supported the usefulness of this interactive design intervention for providing user control over force-directed layouts. This approach is a step towards addressing the lack of tools with which less sophisticated users can design customized visualizations that best meet their needs.
P.1. Supraventricular ArrhythmiasP.1.25 First Clinical Experience with CARTO Merge and Intracardiac Ultrasound

Objectives We report the first clinical experiences with the CARTO-Merge (Biosense-Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) combined with intracardiac ultrasound (ICE) (Acuson, Mountain View, CA, USA) both used for navigation and catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods 18 patients (15 men, 61±10 years) underwent pulmonary vein antrum isolation for symptomatic, drug-resistant AF using Lasso catheter, ICE and CARTO-Merge. The latter system integrated 3D CTA images of the left atrium and pulmonary veins with virtual CARTO maps. Firstly, 3-4 points (Landmarks) were registered on CTA scan according to the real-time position on the electroanatomical map, than 20-40 surface points of the CARTO map were added to finish the registration of the CT scan. Subsequently, the 3D CT anatomical map was used for catheter navigation. Correlation between this reconstruction, ICE and fluoroscopy was documented. Accuracy of the system was evaluated by the software statistical analysis. Results The mean surface inaccuracy was: 2.1±1.6 mm and the mean Landmarks inaccuracy was 8.9±3.0 mm, which reaches the recommended range. Conclusion This novel system appears to have a reliable correlation between CTA and real-time CARTO maps.
The Effect of Agent Reasoning Transparency on Complacent Behavior: An Analysis of Eye Movements and Response Performance:

We examined how varying the transparency of agent reasoning affected complacent behavior, in the form of incorrect acceptances of an agent’s recommendations, in a route selection task. We were part...
Visualizing Traffic Accident Hotspots Based on Spatial-Temporal Network Kernel Density Estimation

Understanding where traffic accidents occur is crucial for improving road safety and proper traffic enforcement allocation. One of the most common methods of analyzing traffic accidents is spatial hotspot detection. Existing hotspot detection methods, e.g., spatial scan statistics, spatial and spatiotemporal kernel density estimation, mostly focus on Euclidean space. These methods ignore an important aspect of traffic accident hotspots, i.e., traffic accident locations are constrained to road networks. Several techniques have been proposed to detect spatial hotspot on the network space, including network kernel density-estimation, and significant linear route detection, but the time dimension and temporal dynamics of hotspots are not incorporated. To address the limitations of existing methods, we demonstrated a new method called Spatial-Temporal Network Kernel Density Estimation (STNKDE) that integrates both of these features. We also developed a prototype system and visualized the dynamics of traffic accident hotspots in New York City 2017.