cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control in W2(1) of nonlinear interconnected systems of neutral type

In this paper we resolve the problem of controllability of nonlinear interconnected systems of neutral type. We consider two types of systems, a general one, and one in which some control appears linearly. In each case we insist that each isolated system of the interconnected problem is controlled by its own variables while taking into account the interacting effects. Controllability is proved by assuming some controllability criteria of each isolated system and some growth condition of the interconnecting function. Fixed point and open mapping theorems are used. Examples from economics and engineering are presented.
Structure of a fluid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer determined by joint refinement of x-ray and neutron diffraction data. I. Scaling of neutron data and the distributions of double bonds and water

We described in two previous papers a method for the joint refinement of the structure of fluid bilayers using neutron and x-ray diffraction data (Wiener, M. C., and S. H. White 1991a, b. Biophys. J. 59: 162-173 and 174-185). An essential part of the method is the appropriate scaling of the diffraction data. Here we describe the scaling of the neutron data and the determination of the transbilayer distribution of double bonds in liquid-crystalline (L alpha phase) phospholipid bilayers of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). The distribution was determined by neutron diffraction of oriented multilayers (66% RH) of DOPC specifically deuterated at the 9- and 10-position of both acyl chains. The double-bond distribution is described accurately by a pair of Gaussian functions each located at a position Zcc = 7.88 +/- 0.09 A from the bilayer center with 1/e-halfwidths of Acc = 4.29 +/- 0.16 A. Previously, we determined the transbilayer distribution of bromine atoms in a specifically halogenated lipid, 1-oleoyl-2-9,10-dibromostearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OBPC), and showed it to be an isomorphous replacement for DOPC (Wiener, M. C., and S. H. White, 1991c. Biochemistry. In press). A comparison of the double-bond and bromine profiles indicates that the positions of the centers of the deuterated double bond and the brominated methylene Gaussian distributions are equal within experimental error and that each label undergoes similar average thermal motions with respect to the bilayer normal. The observation that the average position of a label on both acyl chains (the deuterated double bonds) is similar to the average position of a label on the 2-chain alone (the brominated methylenes) indicates that the maximum separation along the bilayer normal between the double bonds of the acyl chains is 1 A or less. The fully-resolved transbilayer water distribution, previously determined at lower resolution (Jacobs, R. E., and S. H. White. 1989. Biochemistry. 28:3421-3437), was obtained from the analysis of neutron diffraction data of DOPC hydrated with a D20/H20 mixture. The water distribution is described accurately by a pair of Gaussian functions each located at a position Zw = 22.51 +/- 0.77 A from the bilayer center with 1/e-half widths of Aw = 4.63 +/- 0.48A. We present the relative absolute neutron and x-ray structure factors of DOPC at 66% RH that will be used to solve the complete structure of DOPC which will be presented in a later paper of this series.
Two Roads Diverged: Exploring Variation in Students’ School Choice Experiences by Socioeconomic Status, Parental Nativity, and Ethnicity

This article examines the high school search activities, choices, and final assignments of academically similar, but ethnically and socioeconomically different, eighth-grade students attending one New York City middle school. Despite being comparable candidates for admission to academically competitive high schools, the middle-class children of Asian immigrants were significantly more likely than the children of lower-income Latin American immigrants to be assigned to the highest performing schools. Interviews with 15 students revealed systematic differences in their knowledge, resources, and engagement in high school choice that help explain the disparity in the academic quality of their high school assignments.
1068 THE NORMAL BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS OF RHESUS MONKEYS

It is not known whether the paranasal sinuses have a normal bacterial flora which may play a role in the pathogenesis of sinusitis. Factors such as viral infection or allergy may impair normal sinus drainage and potentiate bacterial multiplication and infection. If the maxillary sinus (MS) is sterile, then the infecting bacteria may be introduced by other factors, such as nose blowing or intermittent negative intrasinus pressure accompanied by impairment of mucociliary transport. The MS of rhesus monkeys provides an animal model for investigation. Transantral punctures of 13 MS of rhesus monkeys were performed after Betadine cleansing of the overlying nasal mucosa. Quantitative nasal cultures were done before and after the cleansing. Saline was gently instilled into the MS, then aspirated and quantitatively cultured both aerobically and anaerobically. Eleven of 13 (85%) of the sinus aspirates were sterile. One sinus aspirate grew 2 colonies of S. pneumoniae and the other aspirate grew 3 colonies of S. epidermidis and one colony each of alpha streptococcus and a Micrococcus species. The very low colony counts suggest nasal contamination rather than in situ colonization. The MS of rhesus monkeys is either sterile or is colonized with extremely small numbers of bacteria.
Kinetics of dolomitization

Dolomitization of CaCO3 in the laboratory at ≥175 °C demonstrates that the transformation has two distinct stages: an induction stage during which no detectable products form and a nucleation-growth stage during which dolomite forms at the expense of the reactant CaCO3. Experiments at 218 °C demonstrate that as the Mg/Ca ratio of the solution increases, the length of the induction stage decreases. Addition of CO2 to the solution decreases the induction stage and also changes the overall transformation mechanism. Previously published data show that the induction stage is affected by the temperature of the reaction and the surface area and mineralogy of the reactant. The induction stage is often the slowest part of the overall transformation. Characteristics of natural dolomites that are consistent with the experimental results include the following: (1) Dolomite selectively replaces fine crystalline CaCO3; (2) most carbonate rocks are 100% dolomite or 100% calcite; (3) limestone-dolomite contacts are usually sharp and involve a decrease in the number of dolomite rhombs, but the size of the rhombs remains constant; (4) dolomite in completely dolomitized rocks is more stoichiometric than dolomite in partially dolomitized rocks; (5) aragonite is selectively dolomitized in modern sabkha sediments; and (6) modern dolomite is most abundant in areas of elevated Mg/Ca ratio or HCO3−.
Generating Functions in Elementary Probability Theory

For many years certain authors of textbooks in probability and statistics have used the term "moment generating function" without first defining "generating function." As in Wilks (1, p. 114) the usual definition of "moment generating function" of a random variable X (with moments of all orders) is E(e8X) where "E" stands for "expected value." Also as in Wilks (1, p. 114) the same author may define "probability generating function" of an integral-valued random variable X as E(sx) without letting the reader in on the fact that he is using the term "generating function" in two different ways. Worse yet, as in Wilks (1, p. 114) the author may refer to E(sx) as the "factorial moment generating function." Although E(sx) can be and should be used to find factorial moments, it does not generate them in either of the two ways in which the previously mentioned generating functions generate their respective sequences. In this paper we are interested in three sequences: (1) the sequence of probabilities { pi, i = 0, 1, 2, ... where pi = P(X = i), i.e. X is an integral valued random variable; (2) the sequence of moments { E (Xi) , i = 0, 1, 2, ... I}; and (3) the sequence of factorial moments {E(X[iJ), i = 0,1,2, .... For a sequence of real numbers {ai, i = 0, 1, 2, . . .} there are two kinds of generating functions in common use as in Riordan (2, p. 19): the ordinary generating function and the exponential generating function. We define these generating functions for the given sequences.
DNA repair mutations and outcomes in ovarian cancer--response.

We appreciate the thoughtful comments from Dr. Soslow ([1][1]) and agree with many of his points. As he pointed out, many institutions reserve genetic testing for ovarian cancers with high-grade serous histology ([2][2]). We believe such a restriction in current practice is a mistake and will miss
On optimal processor allocation to support pipelined hash joins

In this paper, we develop algorithms to achieve optimal processor allocation for pipelined hash joins in a multiprocessor-based database system. A pipeline of hash joins is composed of several stages, each of which is associated with one join operation. The whole pipeline is executed in two phases: (1) the table-building phase, and (2) the tuple-probing phase. We focus on the problem of allocating processors to the stages of a pipeline to minimize the query execution time. We formulate the processor allocation problem as a two-phase mini-max optimization problem, and develop three optimal allocation schemes under three different constraints. The effectiveness of our problem formulation and solution is verified through a detailed tuple-by-tuple simulation of pipelined hash joins. Our solution scheme is general and applicable to any optimal resource allocation problem formulated as a two-phase mini-max problem.
Early detection of the lytic LMP-1 protein in EBV-infected B-cells suggests its presence in the virion.

Abstract The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive B958 cell line expresses two related membrane proteins encoded by BNLF-1 open reading frames. One protein (LMP-1) has been shown to be essential for the growth transforming properties of EBV. The second protein (the lytic LMP-1) is an amino-terminally truncated form of LMP-1 whose expression is associated with induction of EBV's lytic cycle. We have investigated the expression of full-length and lytic forms of LMP-1 immediately after infection of the EBV-negative, B-lymphoma cell line BJAB. Only the lytic LMP-1 protein is present in BJAB cells early (within minutes following addition of virus) after infection with virus derived from either uninduced or tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate and sodium butyrate-induced B958 cells. Lytic LMP-1 protein levels begin to decline by 48 hr after infection, whereas levels of full-length LMP-1 increase between 24 and 48 hr after infection and then remain constant. The presence of the lytic LMP-1 protein in infected cells is independent of both protein synthesis and virus internalization. We also find the lytic LMP-1 protein in BJAB cells early after infection (within 3 hr of addition of virus) with the HH514 strain of EBV, and HH514 cells treated with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate and sodium butyrate, express high levels of both the lytic LMP-1 and full-length LMP-1 proteins. The lytic LMP-1 protein is enriched in purified virion preparations, and immunoelectron microscopic analysis indicates that EBV virions can be specifically labeled with anti-LMP-1 antisera. Together, these results are consistent with a model in which the lytic LMP-1 protein is present in the EBV virion and is carried into the B-cell upon infection and suggest a role for this protein in early infection events and/or in EBV's lytic cycle.
Epileptic activity influences the lateralization of mesiotemporal fMRI activity

Objective: To identify clinical factors contributing to the lateralization of mesiotemporal memory functions in epilepsy by using memory-activated fMRI. Methods: Sixty patients aged 16 to 63 years with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and 20 patients aged 16 to 60 years with extratemporal epilepsy (ETE) due to circumscribed epileptogenic lesions who consecutively underwent presurgical evaluation including continuous video-EEG monitoring and structural MRI examinations were examined. During memory fMRI, the activation condition consisted of retrieval from long-term memory induced by self-paced performance of an imaginative walk through the patient’s hometown. On the basis of a previous study, memory lateralization was defined as typical if larger fMRI activation was in the mesiotemporal structures contralateral to the epileptic focus. Results: There were 45 patients with MTLE who had typical memory lateralization (75%), whereas only 9 patients (45%) with ETE exhibited typical memory lateralization ( p = 0.013). In MTLE patients, bilateral independent epileptiform discharges occurred more often in the atypical group than in patients with typical memory lateralization ( p = 0.015). Conclusions: The fMRI lateralization of mesiotemporal visuospatial memory functions in patients with mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is asymmetric: The larger activation usually appears contralateral to the side of the epileptogenic region. These findings occur more often in MTLE; in patients with extratemporal epilepsy, such type of asymmetry is not characteristic. In MTLE patients with bilateral independent epileptiform discharges, this type of asymmetry is also less frequent.
REGIONAL ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING IN THE U.S. OFFICE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS–AN APPRAISAL*

This paper discusses the conceptual framework in which regional economic accounts in the United States are viewed and the functions which those accounts serve. It points out that the major differences between regional and national accounts relate to factor returns to capital. First, returns to capital are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to measure meaningfully on a geographic basis. Secondly, because the capital market in the United States is a reasonably perfect one geographically, the return to capital that originates in a given region has little significance as either a stimulant or a constraint to production in that region. In terms of the functions of regional accounts, the point is made that whereas national economic accounts can aid economic decision-making in three general areas of policyallocation, distribution and stabilization—with perhaps greatest emphasis now placed on the last of these, regional accounts are most useful in matters relating to allocation and distribution. Information needed for the use of regional accounts in decision-making with regard to allocation and distribution problems is examined. Against these needs are placed an inventory of regional accounts which are available in the Regional Economics Division, Office of Business Economics. The available accounts are found to fall considerably short of those needed for allocation decisions. In contrast, regional accounts as presently constituted have much to offer as tools for analyzing the problems of regional economic distribution, although here too, much additional information is needed.
Simulation of the Expansion of an Ultracold Neutral Plasma

We report the results of simulations that explain many properties of ultracold neutral plasmas. We find that three-body recombination is important at very low temperatures since it is a heating mechanism for the electron gas and it preferentially removes the slow ions from the plasma. We also find that collisions between cold electrons and Rydberg atoms are an important source of electron heating and deexcitation of atoms formed in the plasma. Simulations show that the Coulomb coupling constant does not become larger than $\ensuremath{\sim}1/5$ for the reported experiments.
Theory of sensitivity of network: a tutorial

The authors review several hundred pertinent papers and books which are categorized in 14 different areas of active research in network sensitivity theory. The papers prior to 1978 are collected from a number of journals and conference proceedings around the world and those which appeared in 1978-88 are collected mainly from the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. The topics discussed include general network sensitivity, tolerances or sensitivity in the large of a network, the sensitivity model of a circuit, Vratsano's theorem, network synthesis with minimum or prescribed sensitivity measure, and sensitivity analysis and synthesis in active networks. >
Interactions between adenylyl cyclase, cap and ras from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The adenylyl cyclase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains at least two subunits, a catalytic subunit of Mr 200,000, encoded by CYR1 and a cyclase associated subunit, of apparent Mr 70,000, encoded by CAP. The complex is major effector of RAS proteins in S. cerevisiae. The interactions between CAP, adenylyl cyclase and RAS were explored in a strain of yeast that lacked CAP and contained an epitope tagged adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase activity in this strain was not immunoprecipitated with anti-CAP antibodies, but was immunoprecipitated with anti-epitope antibodies. Two anti-CAP polyclonal antisera and five anti-CAP monoclonal antibodies were used in these studies. Like CAP-bound adenylyl cyclase, the CAP-free adenylyl cyclase was fully activated by yeast RAS2. Transformation of cap strains with plasmids expressing portions of CAP allowed the adenylyl cyclase binding sites on CAP to be mapped by immunoprecipitation experiments. In other experiments, deletion mutations of adenylyl cyclase were used to map the CAP binding site on adenylyl cyclase. The adenylyl cyclase binding site localized to the amino one third of CAP (amino acids 1–168), and the CAP binding site localized to the carboxyl terminus of adenylyl cyclase (amino acids 1768–2026).
Observation of forward peaks in single-meson-exchange forbidden reactions

Abstract We have observed forward peaks of 2 to 150 μb/sr in the differential cross section in Δ(1236), Y ∗ (1385) and ∗ (1530) production reactions which can proceed by single-meson exchange only if I⩾ 3 2 or ∣ S ∣ = 2 mesons exist. The data are in the beam momentum range from 1.8 to 4.2 GeV/ c . Interpretations involving interference among s -channel resonances or two-meson exchange are not ruled out.
Immunotherapy for Urological Malignancies

ABSTRACTPurpose: For decades urologists have successfully used immunotherapy in the battle against cancer. Interleukin-2 in renal cell carcinoma and bacillus Calmette-Guerin in bladder cancer are standard primary and/or adjunctive therapies for these diseases. Recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms governing immune system activation have fostered a myriad of novel immunotherapeutic approaches that show great promise in vivo but have had limited success in human trials to date. This review highlights current immunotherapy strategies that may prove to be successful treatments for urological cancers.Materials and Methods: We performed a MEDLINE literature search for articles relating to immunotherapy in bladder, prostate and renal cell carcinoma in animals and humans. We included the most promising developments in this review.Results: In addition to combining existing therapies to improve their efficacy, novel approaches that attempt to exploit the immune system ability to identify, target and er...
Jump rope rotation in trans-cycloalkenes

Abstract A series of 1,2-bis-methylenecycloalkane monoepoxides(2a-e)was prepared from the related 12-to 16-membered cyclic ketones. Reduction with lithium in ammonia afforded the corresponding trans-and cis-2-methylcycloalkenylmethanols (3a/4a-3e/4e) in ratios of 92:8-78:22. Sharpless epoxidation of these allylic alcohols with 0.6 equivalents of the reagent prepared from titanium isopropoxlde, (+)-diisopropyl tartrate, and t-butylhydroperoxide gave rise to a mixture of the epoxy alcohols 6a-e and recovered allylic alcohols. In the case of the 12- to 14-membered cycloalkenes the recovered alcohols 3a-c were optically active. The 15- and 16-membered cases 3d and e were racemic. Barriers to jump rope rotation were calculated by means of the Still Macro Model program.
Expression of human cyclophilin-40 and the effect of the His141 → Trp mutation on catalysis and cyclosporin A binding

The cDNA encoding a human cytosolic 40-kDa cyclophilin (CyP-40) has been inserted into a modified pGEX-3X expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli to yield recombinant CyP-40 at levels up to 4 mg/1 medium. The protein was purified to homogeneity using a cyclosporin affinity matrix and gel filtration. The recombinant CyP-40 showed peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity (kcat/Km= 1.12×106 M−1· s−1) comparable to that of bovine brain CyP-40. The weak affinity of CyP-40 for cyclosporin A was postulated to arise from a histidine residue that replaces a tryptophan residue critical for cyclosporin A binding and highly conserved in other cyclophilins that have high affinity for cyclosporin A. Site-directed mutagenesis to replace His141 by tryptophan yielded a protein with an approximately 20-fold greater affinity for cyclosporin A (Kdapp 11.5±2 nM as determined by tryptophan fluorescence measurements). The intrinsic isomerase activity of this mutant protein with succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe 4-nitroanilide as substrate was about nine times greater than the value obtained for the nonmutated recombinant CyP-40 and had an activity similar to that of CyP-18. NMR difference spectroscopy and molecular modelling revealed a cyclosporin-A-binding domain that is similar to that of CyP-18.
The effect of diluent on flame structure and laminar burning speeds of JP-8/oxidizer/diluent premixed flames

Abstract Experimental studies have been performed to investigate the flame structure and laminar burning speed of JP-8/oxidizer/diluent premixed flames at high temperatures and pressures. Three different diluents including argon, helium, and a mixture of 14% CO2 and 86% N2 (extra diluent gases), were used. The experiments were carried out in two constant volume spherical and cylindrical vessels. Laminar burning speeds were measured using a thermodynamics model based on the pressure rise method. Temperatures from 493 to 700 K and pressures from 1 to 11.5 atm were investigated. Extra diluent gases (EDG) decrease the laminar burning speeds but do not greatly impact the stability of the flame compared to JP-8/air. Replacing nitrogen in the air with argon and helium increases the range of temperature and pressure in the experiments. Helium as a diluent also increases the temperature and pressure range of stable flame as well as the laminar burning speed. Power law correlations have been developed for laminar burning speeds of JP-8/air/EDG and JP-8/oxygen/helium mixtures at a temperature range of 493–700 K and a pressure range of 1–10 atm for lean mixtures.
Studies on the Site of Interaction for Ninhydrin, Alloxan, and D-Glucose in Insulin Secretion by Isolated Islets in Vitro

Ninhydrin (85 /XM), a stable analog of alloxan, inhibited insulin release in a time-dependent manner. When Dglucose was present immediately after brief exposures of 1-2 min, part of the subsequent inhibition by ninhydrin was prevented. Ninhydrin inhibition of glucose-induced insulin release was not mediated by inhibition of the facilitated transport of Dglucose. These findings are identical to the in vitro interactions of alloxan with the insulin release mechanism and suggest that alloxan and ninhydrin inhibit secretion by a similar mechanism. The uptake of [3H]ninhydrin was measured in isolated islets and shown to be rapidly accumulated. The common interaction between alloxan and ninhydrin was further supported by the ability of alloxan pretreatment to alter the subsequent islet content of [3H]ninhydrin. D-Glucose decreased the islet content of label derived from ['H]ninhydrin under conditions which prevented ninhydrin inhibition of insulin release. The testagents, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, caffeine, and L-g...
Navier-Stokes analysis of three-dimensional unsteady flows inside turbine stages

This study presents a numerical method for solving the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady, viscous flow through multiple turbomachinery blade rows. The method solves the fully 3D Navier-Stokes equations with an implicit scheme which is based on a control volume approach. A two-equation turbulence model with a low Reynolds number modification is employed. A third-order accurate upwinding scheme is used to approximate convection terms, while a second order accurate central difference scheme is used for the discretization of viscous terms. A second-order accurate scheme is employed for the temporal discretization. The numerical method is applied to study the unsteady flowfield of the High Pressure Fuel side Turbo-Pump (HPFTP) of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). The stage calculation is performed by coupling the stator and the rotor flowfields at each time step through an over-laid grid. Numerical results for the complete geometry with the vane trailing edge cutback are presented and compared with the available experimental data.
The 70‐kDa Heat Shock Cognate Protein (HSC70) Is a Major Constituent of the Central Nervous System and Is Up‐Regulated Only at the mRNA Level in Acute Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

The expression of the 70-kDa heat shock cognate (HSC70) and stress-inducible (HSP70) proteins, and their mRNAs, was examined in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of inflammatory demyelination in the CNS. This study was undertaken as an extension of previous work demonstrating an abrupt decline in mRNA levels of both glial fibrillary acidic protein and the low-molecular-weight neurofilament subunit in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis spinal cord at 12 days after inoculation, the height of inflammation and clinical signs. Using the same total RNA preparations as our previous study, we report here that mRNA levels for HSC70 increased approximately sixfold over control values at the same time that glial fibrillary acidic protein and low-molecular-weight neurofilament subunit messages decreased and were similar to controls by 21 days after inoculation. In situ hybridization experiments showed that HSC70 mRNA was predominantly expressed in neurons and that the influx of inflammatory cells into the CNS was not responsible for the large increase in HSC70 message. Despite this elevation in mRNA, only small (if any) increases in protein levels for HSC70 were detected by both western blotting and in vitro cell-free translation systems. However, by quantitative immunoblotting, we determined that constitutive levels of HSC70 comprised a substantial portion of CNS proteins, representing 2-3% of the total protein content of spinal cord. Immunohistochemical staining illustrated that the distribution of HSC70 was consistent with that of its message. In contrast, no HSP70 mRNA or protein was detected in either control or experimental animals.
Biological effects and persistence of Dursban in freshwater ponds.

An experiment was conducted in ponds near Bakersfield, California, to determine the effects of the insecticide Dursban® ( O,O -diethyl O -3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) on mallard ducklings, Anas Platyrhynchos L.; mosquitofish, Gambllsia affinis (Baird and Girard); corixids, Corisella spp. (Hemiptera); and several zooplankton species. Dursban was applied 4 times at 2-week intervals to small ponds at 0.0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 1.0 Ib per acre. Total duckling mortality was 42% on the treated ponds and 0% on the control ponds; the difference was significant ( P >0.05). Mortality appeared to be independent of treatment rate. At all except the highest rate, Dursban caused only slight (>10%) mortality of caged mosquitofish and did not appear to inhibit their reproduction. Fish exposed to 0.05 lb/acre had Dursban residues of 2.8 ppm at 4 hours, 1.7 ppm at 24 hours, and 0.1 ppm at 2 weeks after treatment. Reduction of Corisella populations was variable but approximately proportional to treatment rate. Except in ponds treated at 1.0 Ib/acre, Corisella populations recovered well from the 1st treatment but less well from subsequent treatments. Cyclops vernalis Fischer and Moina micntra Kurz , the dominant zooplankton species, were markedly affected by the 1st treatment, but populations in ponds receiving the lower rates recovered Within 2 weeks. No C. vernalis or M. micrura population recovered from the 2nd and subsequent treatments. Populations of the crustacean Diaptomus pallidus Herrick and the rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli Gosse were initially low but developed rapidly in those ponds where C. vernalis and M. micrura were reduced by Dursban treatment. A. brightwelli was even abundant in ponds treated at 1.0 Ib/acre. D. pallidus populations did not develop in ponds receiving 1.0 Ib/acre but showed no evidence of being susceptible at the 3 lower rates. Dursban residues in water were very low 4 hours after treatment (at 1.0 Ib/acre, 0.2 ppm) and declined rapidly (0.006 ppm at 7 days). Initial residue levels in mud were even lower (0.01 ppm) but increased to a maximum (0.3 ppm) at 7 days and presumably declined gradually thereafter. Vegetation residues were high initially but declined rapidly (at 1.0 Ib/acre, 26 ppm at 4 hours, 1.1 ppm at 7 days).
Solvent Selection for Countercurrent Chromatography by Rapid Estimation of Partition Coefficients and Application to Polar Conjugates of p-Nitrophenol

Abstract A rapid and moderately precise technique to measure partition coefficients of UV-absorbing solutes in solvent systems for countercurrent chromatography is described and applied to p-nitrophenol and its conjugates with-glucose, sulfuric acid and glucuronic acid. It involves equilibration of one ml of each phase with solute in a narrow test tube, removal of the entire lower phase, dilution with methanol and calculation of the partition coefficient as the ratio of the absorbance values of each dilution at any suitable wavelength. The polar conjugates of p-nitrophenol can be separated by countercurrent chromatography using ethyl acetate as mobile phase and aqueous KH2PO4 as stationary phase.
Detachments of hypergraphs i: The berge-johnson problem

A detachment of a hypergraph is formed by splitting each vertex into one or more subvertices, and sharing the incident edges arbitrarily among the subvertices. For a given edge-coloured hypergraph , we prove that there exists a detachment such that the degree of each vertex and the multiplicity of each edge in (and each colour class of ) are shared fairly among the subvertices in (and each colour class of , respectively). Let $(\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_m) K^{h_1,\ldots,\, h_m}_{p_1,\ldots,\, p_n}$ be a hypergraph with vertex partition {V1,.i¾ .i¾ .,Vn}, |Vi| = pi for 1 â¤ i â¤ n such that there are λi edges of size hi incident with every hi vertices, at most one vertex from each part for 1 â¤ i â¤ m (so no edge is incident with more than one vertex of a part). We use our detachment theorem to show that the obvious necessary conditions for $(\lambda_1\dots,\lambda_m) K^{h_1,\ldots,h_m}_{p_1,\ldots,p_n}$ to be expressed as the union 1 âa i¾·i¾·i¾· âa k of k edge-disjoint factors, where for 1 â¤ i â¤ k, i is ri-regular, are also sufficient. Baranyai solved the case of h1 = i¾·i¾·i¾· = hm, λ1 = i¾·i¾·i¾· = λm = 1, p1 = i¾·i¾·i¾· = pm, r1 = i¾·i¾·i¾· = rk. Berge and Johnson (and later Brouwer and Tijdeman, respectively) considered (and solved, respectively) the case of hi = i, 1 â¤ i â¤ m, p1 = i¾·i¾·i¾· = pm = λ1 = i¾·i¾·i¾· = λm = r1 = i¾·i¾·i¾· = rk = 1. We also extend our result to the case where each i is almost regular.
Seasonal and Day‐of‐the‐Week Effects in Four Emerging Stock Markets

The “January effect” and the “weekend effect” have proven to be persistent anomalies in U.S. equity markets. The objective of this paper is to examine seasonal and daily patterns in equity returns of four emerging markets: Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines. These markets are gaining importance with the globalization of business; therefore, it is necessary to examine the efficiency and functioning of these capital markets. Our analysis uses daily data for the 12 years from September 1, 1976, to June 30, 1988. The results support the existence of a seasonal pattern in these markets. Returns in the month of January are higher than any other month for all markets examined except the Philippines. A robust day-of-the-week effect is also found. These markets exhibit a weekend effect of their own in the form of low Monday returns. In addition, there exists a strong “Tuesday effect,” which may be related to the + 13 hour time difference between New York and these emerging markets.
ERROR DETECTION IN GENETIC LINKAGE DATA FOR HUMAN PEDIGREES USING LIKELIHOOD RATIO METHODS

The occurrence of laboratory typing error in pedigree data collected for use in linkage analysis cannot be ignored. In maps where recombinations between nearby markers rarely occur, each erroneous recombinations (result of typing error) is given substantial weight thereby increasing the estimate of θ, the recombination fraction. As the maps being developed become more dense, θ approaches the error rate and most of all observed crossovers will be erroneous. We present a method for detecting errors in pedigree data. The index is a variant of the likelihood ratio test statistic and is used to test the null hypothesis of no error for an individual at a locus versus the alternative hypothesis of error. High values of the index correspond to unlikely genotypes. The method has been shown to detect errors introduced into CEPH pedigrees and an error in a larger experimental pedigree (retinitis pigmentosa). While the method was designed to detect typing error, it is sufficiently general to detect any relatively unlikely genotype and therefore can also be used to detect pedigree error.
Static pyrene excimer formation at hydrophobic zirconium phosphate surfaces: The salt effect

Abstract 4-(1-Pyrene)butylamine hydrochloride (PBAC) binds to layered zirconium phosphate (BAZrP) in the presence of butylamine hydrochloride, with a high affinity. Electronic absorption and emission spectra of the pyrenyl chromophore change dramatically upon binding to the layered phosphate and provide spectroscopic signatures for the microenvironment of the pyrenyl chromophore. For example, BAZrP-promoted excimer emission from PBAC was observed only in a narrow range of BAZrP and PBAC concentrations. The intensity of the excimer emission was very high at low concentrations of BAZrP and decreased dramatically at high concentrations of BAZrP. The intensity of the excimer emission also depended upon the ionic strength of the medium. For example, addition of sodium chloride to a suspension of PBAC and BAZrP dramatically enhanced the excimer formation. This result is in contrast to our previous observations with 9-anthracenemethylamine hydrochloride bound to BAZrP where a decrease in the anthracene excimer emission was noted with increased NACl concentration. The strong role of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions on the binding of the probe as well as on the efficiency of excimer formation are clearly indicated by the current observations. Fluorescence quenching studies with iodide anion show that the intensity of excimer emission is influenced by both the changes in the ionic strength as well as the iodide quenching effect. The relative magnitudes of these two effects depended upon the concentration of the iodide. Excimer emission was not observed when PBAC binds to DNA or to polyelectrolytes, highlighting the unique role of the layered phosphates on the probe excited state dynamics.
An analysis of secular change in the human mandible over the last century.

In light of several recent investigations that have identified notable secular change in cranial size and morphology over the last century, the present study addresses its possible effects in the mandible in U.S. populations. Standard measurements of 407 mandibles from the Terry (Smithsonian) and Hamann-Todd (Cleveland Museum of Natural History) Collections, which are primarily composed of individuals living in the early 20th century, were compared with those of 595 mandibles from the Forensic Anthropology Database (Tennessee), which is primarily composed of individuals living from the later part of the century. The t-tests between the two temporally-different samples by sex and race showed statistically significant decreases in mandibular body width and bigonial breadth as well as significant increases in mandibular body length in nearly all subgroups. White males showed the greatest amount of change, and Black females, the least. Overall, these findings support the conclusion that the mandible is transforming into a longer, narrower, more gracile bone, paralleling many of the morphological shifts seen in the cranium. Factors involved likely include changes in diet, medical care, and dental practices. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A physical model for porosity reduction in sandstones

The experimental elastic moduli‐porosity trends for clean sandstones can be described by the modified upper Hashin‐Shtrikman (MUHS) bound. One geometrical (but not necessarily geological) realization is: as porosity decreases, the number of the pores stays the same and each pore shrinks while maintaining its shape. This concept of uniform porosity reduction implies that permeability is proportional to the effective porosity squared, and that formation factor is proportional to the inverse of the effective porosity. The effective porosity here refers to the part of the pore‐space that dominates fluid flow. The proposed relations for permeability and formation factor agree well with the experimentally observed values. These laws are different from the often used forms of the Kozeny‐Carman equation and Archie’s law, where permeability is proportional to the total porosity cubed and formation factor is proportional to the inverse of the total porosity squared, respectively. We suggest that the uniform porosit...
Bacterial clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is enhanced by the inhibition of COX-2

Prostanoids generated by COX-2 are involved in the regulation of inflammation but their exact role in the innate immune response has not been defined. We investigated whether COX-2 is involved in host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. In vitro studies, in a macrophage cell line, showed that cytotoxic strain of P aeruginosa (PA103) induced significant COX-2 protein expression and enzymatic function. In vivo data showed that infection with PA103 increased COX-2 protein production in whole lung tissue compared to mice that were infected with mutant bacteria that lack ExoU (ΔU) or ExoU and ExoT (ΔUT). COX-2–/– mice had accentuated clearance of cytotoxic P. aeruginosa from the lungs. We further tested the effects of COX-2 products such as prostaglandin E2 on the function of phagocytic cells. Our studies indicate that prostaglandin E2 may be involved through interacting with the EP2 receptors in modulating the host response because treatment of macrophages with prostaglandin E2 suppressed production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore there was enhanced bacterial clearance in EP2 receptor–/– mice compared to the wild-type controls. Thus it is possible that inhibition of COX-2 or EP2 receptors could be an effective adjunctive treatment for severe or resistant P. aeruginosa pneumonia.
DC modeling and the source of flicker noise in passivated carbon nanotube transistors

DC and intrinsic low-frequency noise properties of p-channel depletion-mode carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNT-FETs) are investigated. To characterize the intrinsic noise properties, a thin atomic layer deposited (ALD) HfO2 gate dielectric is used as a passivation layer to isolate CNT-FETs from environmental factors. The ALD HfO2 gate dielectric in these high-performance top-gated devices is instrumental in attaining hysteresis-free current–voltage characteristics and minimizes low-frequency noise. Under small drain–source voltage, the carriers in the CNT channel are modulated by the gate electrode and the intrinsic 1/f noise is found to be correlated with charge trapping/detrapping from the oxide substrate as expected. When thermionic emission is the dominant carrier transport mechanism in CNT-FETs under large drain–source voltages, the excess 1/f noise is attributed to the noise stemming from metal–CNT Schottky barrier contacts as revealed by the measurements.
Shorn Scalps and Perceptions of Male Dominance

Three studies contribute to the literature on dominance and nonverbal behavior (Ellyson & Dovidio, 1985) by examining how a man’s choice to shave his head influences person perception. In Study 1, men with shaved heads were rated as more dominant than similar men with full heads of hair. In Study 2, men whose hair was digitally removed were perceived as more dominant, taller, and stronger than their authentic selves. Study 3 extends these results with nonphotographic stimuli and demonstrates how men experiencing natural hair loss may improve their interpersonal standing by shaving. Theories of signaling, norm violation, and stereotypes are examined as explanations for the effect. Practical implications for men’s psychological, social, and economic outlooks are also discussed.
Effectiveness of a dynamic breast examination training model to improve clinical breast examination (CBE) skills.

Abstract Despite the potential utility of clinical breast examination (CBE), doctors' palpation skills are often inadequate and difficult to train. CBE sensitivity ranges from 39–59%, in part because current training does not effectively teach tactile skills. To address CBE training limitations, we developed a breast examination training model with 15 dynamically controlled lumps, set to desired hardness within underlying rib and muscle structures, in a silicone breast. In an experiment of 48 medical students, training with the dynamic model increased lump detection by 1.35 lumps compared to 0.60 lumps for a traditional breast model ( P =0.008), reduced false positives by −0.70 lumps compared to +0.42 lumps ( P =0.0277), and demonstrated skill transfer with a 1.17 lump detection improvement on the traditional device compared to only a 0.17 lump detection improvement by traditional device trainees on the dynamic device ( P
Implications for the creation of warm saline deep water: Late Paleocene reconstructions and global climate model simulations

A global warming trend began during the late Paleocene that culminated in the early Eocene with the highest global temperatures of the Cenozoic. We have reconstructed late Paleocene surficial boundary conditions and modeled atmospheric conditions using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model version II (GISS GCM II). These experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that warm saline deep water formed during the late Paleocene and to understand atmospheric circulation near the beginning of a period of global warming. The warming is attributed primarily to increased sea surface temperatures at high latitudes. The sensitivity of the climate to ocean temperature was tested using two sea surface temperature distributions, each delimited latitudinally by oxygen isotope values, but with different east-west gradients. The simulations discussed here contain several features unique among warm climate experiments. The first experiment (P-1) used latitudinally constant (zonal) sea surface temperatures. The zonally distributed sea surface temperatures strengthen the general circulation of the atmosphere. In particular, Hadley Cell circulation is intensified, leading to extremes of precipitation in the equatorial region and extreme evaporation across subtropical oceans. The unusual results prompted a second experiment with modern east-west sea surface temperature gradients superimposed and referred to as P-Gradient (P-Grad). The east-west gradients in the sea surface temperature field exert a strong influence on the general atmospheric circulation, but the extreme zonality prevails. Under extreme zonal conditions it is possible to create a model where evaporation is in excess of precipitation by as much as 3 mm/day. If this occurred in restricted areas in a generally warmer ocean, such as the late Paleocene eastern Tethys Ocean and parts of the South Atlantic Ocean, it should be possible to create very saline water, which could become a component in warm saline deep water formation.
Cytosine arabinoside kills postmitotic neurons: evidence that deoxycytidine may have a role in neuronal survival that is independent of DNA synthesis

Cytosine arabinoside (ARA C), a competitive inhibitor of the incorporation of 2'-deoxycytidine into DNA in other cell types, caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of KCl- and insulin-stimulated survival of postmitotic ciliary parasympathetic ganglion neurons, and the nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated survival of postmitotic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons in vitro. The IC50 for survival was 2 x 10(-8) M for both types of neurons after 4 d under the culture conditions used. The inhibition of DRG survival by ARA C in the presence of varying concentrations of NGF indicated that ARA C acted as an apparent noncompetitive antagonist of NGF. This cytotoxic effect of ARA C was blocked by 2'-deoxycytidine, but not by cytosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, or 2'-deoxythymine, indicating that ARA C was interfering with a deoxycytidine-specific survival process. Cytidine could block ARA C toxicity, but it was 40 times less potent than 2'-deoxycytidine. The blockade of the cytotoxic effect of ARA C by 2'-deoxycytidine indicated that 2'-deoxycytidine was an apparent competitive antagonist of ARA C toxicity. 2'-Deoxycytidine, by itself, was not survival-promoting. Other antimitotic agents, such as adenine arabinoside, thymine arabinoside, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 5-bromodeoxycytidine, 5-azadeoxycytidine, and aphidicolin had no effect on neuronal survival at a concentration 5000 times the EC50 of ARA C, indicating that inhibition of DNA synthesis or repair was probably not the mechanism by which ARA C inhibited neuronal survival and that other 2'-deoxynucleosides were not involved in the survival-promoting process. Nitrobenzylthioinosine, an inhibitor of 2'-deoxycytidine and ARA C membrane transport in other cell types, inhibited the cytotoxic effect of ARA C in neurons, suggesting that ARA C entered the neurons through a similar transport mechanism and that ARA C needed to gain access to the inside of the neuron to be effective. These results indicate that ARA C, in addition to being an antimitotic agent for dividing cells, is also cytotoxic for postmitotic neurons. This inhibition of neuronal survival by ARA C is hypothesized to be due to inhibition of a 2'-deoxycytidine-dependent process that is independent of DNA synthesis or repair. Thus, 2'-deoxycytidine may have an important and previously unrecognized role in cellular function that in the case of neurons is critical for survival.
Absence of whistlers at the equator reaffirmed

Abstract Synoptic observations made on magnetic recording tape at Huancayo, Peru, at the magnetic dip equator, during the International Geophysical Year 1957–1958, were aurally reviewed at that time and no whistlers, hiss, or other emissions were heard. In view of the more recent observation of whistlers at geomagnetic latitudes as low as 12°, and in conjunction with a study of equatorial hiss observed in the topside ionosphere, these recordings have recently been reassessed by reducing them with modern real-time, digital spectrographic equipment. Although the observations were found to be of high quality, and to show the classical features of ground-wave and sky-wave propagation of sferics and VLF transmissions, again no evidence whatsoever of whistlers, hiss, or other emissions is found. Thus it is concluded that the whistlers observed at very low latitudes do not propagate subionospherically to the equator and it is confirmed that “hybrid” whistlers must be due to subionospheric propagation across the equator of the causative sferic rather than of the short whistler.