cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heads or Tails? Network Effects on Game Purchase Behavior in The Long Tail Market

This study aims to uncover role of network effects, namely the social influence and network externalities, on purchasing of digital goods. We are particularly interested in the differences in network effects in long tail versus the head of the market. We used a novel dataset from an online game distribution platform covering 1975 games and 8000 users in this study. The results reveal that network effects are more pronounced for the tail of the market in comparison to the head of the market. For the games that are in the head of the market the purchasing may be more significantly influenced by factors unobserved in this study (such as advertising budget) yet the games in the tail benefited greatly from any change to the network effects. The games that relied on user-to-user engagement did not fare well in the tail of the market.
Dramatic extremity temperature increase and Horner's syndrome after stellate ganglion block.

A 57-year-old woman suffered a right distal radius fracture secondary to a fall. Eight weeks after surgical repair, she presented with persistent localised oedema, pain, erythema and sweating of her right hand since her surgery. Her surgeon referred her to the pain medicine clinic, where she was subsequently diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I and treated with a stellate ganglion block. Successful block was indicated by the presence of Horner’s syndrome, nasal stuffiness (Guttman’s sign), along with her right upper extremity having an 8.2°C increase in temperature compared with her left (figure 1). The temperature sensors were placed on the same location of …
Interprofessional transformation of clinical education: The first six years of the Veterans Affairs Centers of Excellence in Primary Care Education

This paper describes the Centers of Excellence in Primary Care Education (CoEPCE), a seven-site collaborative project funded by the Office of Academic Affiliations (OAA) within the Veterans Health Administration of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The CoEPCE was established to fulfill OAA's vision of large-scale transformation of the clinical learning environment within VA primary care settings. This was accomplished by funding new Centers within VA facilities to develop models of interprofessional education (IPE) to teach health professions trainees to deliver high quality interprofessional team-based primary care to Veterans. Using reports and data collected and maintained by the National Coordinating Center over the first six years of the project, we describe program inputs, the multicomponent intervention, activities undertaken to develop the intervention, and short-term outcomes. The findings have implications for lessons learned that can be considered by others seeking large-scale transformation of education within the clinical workplace and the development of interprofessional clinical learning environments. Within the VA, the CoEPCE has laid the foundation for IPE and collaborative practice, but much work remains to disseminate this work throughout the national VA system.
Cultures of Uredineae in 1911

The following is a complete list of the successful cultures made during the year 1911. It is divided into two series, species that have previously been grown in cultures and reported by the writer ...
Synchronous Presence of EGFR , ALK Driver Mutations Along With PD L1 Overexpression in a Resected Early Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Treatment of lung cancer has been revolutionized with development of drugs that target key driver mutations and immune checkpoints. Until recently, it was believed that these driver mutations are mutually exclusive. However, few reports have emerged citing the presence of both mutations either synchronously or metachronously. We describe a case report of lung adenocarcinoma harboring two driver mutations in the same tumor cells as well as exhibiting high PDL1 expression. We further discuss the possible association of these driver mutations with PDL1 expression. World J Oncol. 2018;9(2):50-55 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1090e
Protective Effects of Foods Containing Flavonoids on Age-Related Cognitive Decline

Evidence suggests that flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds found in many plant-derived foods, such as berries, may allay cognitive impairment. We review recent research exploring the protective effects of flavonoids on age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. We also address the mechanisms by which flavonoids may exert their effects and promising avenues of future research. Flavonoids have been found to decrease neuroinflammation, reduce oxidative stress, and mediate neuroplasticity in animal models of neurodegeneration and aging. Injecting flavonoids encased in metal nanoparticles may further enhance the efficacy of flavonoids. Animal studies also demonstrate that flavonoid supplementation may alleviate neurodegenerative cognitive and memory impairments. Limited human studies, however, demonstrate the need for further clinical research investigating flavonoids. Flavonoid supplementation, as well as dietary modification to include whole foods high in flavonoids, may provide therapeutic potential for aging individuals experiencing cognitive deficits resulting from neurodegeneration.
Chapter 13 Mechanism and regulation of import and degradation of cytosolic proteins in the lysosome/vacuole

Abstract Protein degradation is an essential process in cells serving to eliminate abnormal proteins, regulate protein activities and provide amino acids during starvation for the synthesis of critical proteins. Protein degradation is regulated by hormones and nutrients, and increases when cells are deprived of serum. The increase in degradation is accompanied by the formation of autophagic vacuoles containing sequestered cytoplasm and organelles. Biochemical and morphological evidence indicates that starvation induced protein degradation occurs in lysosomes. This process has been studied by red-cell mediated microinjection to introduce radiolabeled proteins into cultured fibroblasts. Degradation of RNase A is enhanced in response to serum deprivation. The sequence required for RNase A degradation has been localized to a short peptide (lys-phe-glu-arg-gln). Antibodies raised against this pentapeptide precipitate 25–30% of cytosolic proteins. These proteins are selectively degraded when cells are deprived of serum. An hsc73 isozyme specifically recognizes the peptide sequence. Degradation of RNase A by isolated lysosomes is stimulated by ATP and hsc73 protein. We have extended our studies from mammalian lysosomes to the yeast vacuole. Catabolic inactivation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is mediated by vacuolar degradation of FBPase in response to glucose. Degradation of FBPase is dependent on the PEP4 gene whose product is required for the activities of several vacuolar proteases. Immunofluorescence and cell fractionation experiments further indicate that FBPase is redistributed from the cytosol to the vacuole in response to glucose. The identification of such an import process defines a new protein targeting pathway in yeast. Degradation of FBPase requires protein synthesis. Vacuolar targeting of FBPase also requires the early part of the secretory pathway. We propose that a receptor protein is synthesized in response to glucose. This protein traverses the early part of the secretory pathway en route to the va-cuole. The presence of such a factor on the vacuolar membrane is required for import of FBPase to occur.
The Relevance of the Municipality Debate for the Solution of Collective Action Problems

Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues in The Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University in Bloomington conducted fieldwork in metropolitan police departments across the United States. They found that small police departments with a high degree of community involvement were able to effectively provide public safety in their communities. This finding in support of so-called “community policing” dealt a blow to the popular belief that consolidation and centralization of services was the only way to effectively provide citizens with public goods. However, subsequent empirical literature suggests that the widespread implementation of community policing has been generally ineffective and in many ways unsustainable. We argue that these failures are the result of 1.) institutional incompatibilities within the nested, polycentric network of organizations that provides public safety and 2.) perverse incentives generated by federal policy and the increasing militarization of the police.
Reactivities of organic compounds toward phenyl radicals

ion reactions of methyl radicals with the chloromethanes are in general agreement with the results obtained by the phenyl radical study. However, the enhancement due to the proximity of chlorine seem to be greater in the reactions of the methyl radical. Acetonitrile shows an enhancement of 2.56 while malononitrile shows the effect of disubstitution to be additive with an enhancement of 7.1$. No immediate explanation can be offered for this at the present time. The effects of various functional groups on the reactivities of oc-carbon-hydrogen bonds toward the phenyl radical on congaounds of the type Z-CH2-0 are summarized in Table 7. Here again the reactivities of all carbon-hydrogen bonds were taken into account and the proper corrections applied either from Bridger's (lU) model compounds or from previous tables. The interesting thing about this table is that the benzylic hydrogens are activated ty the pheqyl group to start with so that if the activation by a functional group is fourfold or less in alkyl type congjounds as shown by previous tables, will the functional group have any effect upon benzylic carbon-hydrogen bonds. Examination of Table 7 shows that in almost all cases the enhancement due to various functional groups is fourfold or less for these benzylic type compounds. Again there are notable exceptions, the major exceptions are again the amines and the sulfides. This is again expected due to the resonance stabilization character of nitrogen and sulfur as discussed earlier. Another exception is that of benzyl alcohol whose enhancement of 8.8 seems abnormally high. This value wa3 taken from four reactions over a range where the CCl /RH molar ratio varied from 0.6 to 1.2. The same result was obtained each time. There is therefore no logical reason for this high enhancement, especially since the alkyl alcohols exhibit no abnormally high enhancement. Another major exception is that of phenylacetonitrile whose enhancement of 8,7 seems to be also abnormally high. The enhancement of acetonitrile was only 2.56 and that of the Table 7. Effects of functional groups on reactivities of carbon-hydrogen bonds on compounds of the type <J^-CH2Z toward the phenyl radical at 60®C
The books of the dead revisited: mortality and morbidity in the German colonies of southern Brazil, 1850-1880.

Abstract Examines mortality and morbidity in Sao Leopoldo/RS (1850-1880). Our interdisciplinary study is based on the Gemeindebucher (parish registers) produced by Lutheran communities. These “community books” reveal high rates of fertility and premature death. Infant mortality and maternal death assailed everyday life. Over half of all deaths were of infants and children. Of ten funerals, seven were for children and adults of reproductive and military age. This article contributes to debates over environmental, social and political determinants of mortality and people’s arts of living and healing in proto-statistical Brazil.
Impact of a home visiting program on sleep problems among young children experiencing adversity

Abstract Background Adversity may negatively impact young children’s sleep but receiving home visitation services could buffer children from this potential consequence of adversity. Objective This study examined whether young children’s adverse experiences increased their risk for sleep problems and if Promoting First Relationships® (PFR), a home visitation program, reduced children’s risk for sleep problems both directly and indirectly through increased parenting sensitivity. Participants and setting Participants were 247 parents and their 10- to 24-month-old child recruited from Child Protective Services offices. Methods A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing PFR to a resource and referral control condition was conducted. Four time points of data were collected from baseline to 6 months post-intervention. Parenting sensitivity was measured at all time points using a parent-child interaction tool. Children’s adversities were measured at various time points using caregiver report tools and official state records. Children’s sleep problems were reported by parents at 6 months post-intervention. Results The likelihood of having a sleep problem increased as children’s adversities increased ( β = .23, SE = .08, p = .005). There was no effect (direct or indirect) of treatment assignment on children’s sleep problems (ps > .05). Post hoc analyses showed a treatment assignment by adversity interaction such that children’s odds of having a sleep problem increased as their adversities increased, but only among children in the control condition (b = -0.37, SE = 0.17, p = .030). Conclusions Experiencing more adversities associated with a greater risk for sleep problems, but PFR buffered children from this risk.
Statement of Commissioner Gail Heriot in the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights’ Report, Enforcing Religious Freedom in Prison

In September 2008, the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights issued a report entitled Enforcing Religious Freedom in Prison. This Statement was part of that report. It supports some aspects of the report but criticizes some of the methodology used by the Commission in drawing its conclusions. It also discusses some aspects of the relationship between the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) and the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA).
Wetland-Scale Mapping of Preferential Fresh Groundwater Discharge to the Colorado River.

Quantitative evaluation of groundwater/surface water exchange dynamics is universally challenging in large river systems, because existing methodology often does not yield spatially-distributed data and is difficult to apply in deeper water. Here we apply a combined near-surface geophysical and direct groundwater chemical toolkit to refine fresh groundwater discharge estimates to the Colorado River through a 4-km2 wetland that borders the town of Moab, Utah, USA. Preliminary characterization of raw electromagnetic imaging (EMI) data, collected by kayak and by walking, was used to guide additional direct-contact electrical measurements and installation of new monitoring wells. Chemical data from the wells strongly supported the EMI spatial characterization of preferential fresh groundwater discharge embedded in natural brine groundwaters and weighted to the southern wetland section. Inversion of the EMI data revealed sub-meter scale detail regarding bulk electrical conductivity zonation across approximately 15.5 km of transects, collected in only 3 days. This electrical detail indicates processes such as salinization of the unsaturated zone and direct discharge through the Colorado River sediments and a tributary creek bed. Overall, the study contributed to a substantial reduction in fresh groundwater discharge estimates previously made using sparse existing well data and a simplified assumption of diffuse fresh groundwater discharge below the entire wetland. EMI will likely become a widely used tool in systems with natural electrical contrast as groundwater/surface water hydrogeologists continue to recognize the prevalence of preferential groundwater discharge processes.
From Student-Athletes to Employee-Athletes: Why a

In recent years, numerous commentators have called for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”) to relax its rules prohibiting athlete pay. This movement to allow athletes to share in the revenues of college sports arises from the belief that college athletes sacrifice too much time, personal autonomy, and physical health to justify their lack of pay. It further criticizes the NCAA’s “no pay” rules for keeping the revenues derived from college sports “in the hands of a select few administrators, athletic directors, and coaches.” Nevertheless, opponents of “pay for play” cite to numerous problems that they believe will emerge from lifting the NCAA’s “no pay” rules. Among these problems, they argue that granting college athletes the legal status of “employees” would convert the athletes’ tax-exempt scholarships into taxable income – a result that may offset any economic benefits of “pay for play.” Their argument, however, is not necessarily accurate. This article explains why a “pay for play” model of college sports would not necessarily require college athletes to pay taxes on their educational scholarships. Part I of this article discusses the economic and legal landscape of big-time college sports, and introduces the fallacious legal argument that “pay for play” would saddle college athletes with substantial tax liability related to their educational scholarships. Part II provides a brief primer on the U.S. tax code – exploring sections of the code that may allow for paid college athletes to enjoy a tax-free education. Finally, Part III explores how, with proper tax planning, colleges may provide their athletes with bona fide employment contracts that do not likely risk the tax-exempt status of athletes’ college scholarships.
The Value of Lived Experience With the Criminal Justice System: A Qualitative Study of Peer Re-entry Specialists

The aim of this article was to describe the implementation and qualitative outcomes of peer reentry specialists ("peers") on housing attainment, mental health, and substance use problems, and increased life domain functioning. One-on-one interviews were conducted with peers and clients to understand the program implementation, peer experiences, and progress toward target outcomes. Data were iteratively coded using inductive thematic identification and data reduction. Results suggest that peers' lived experiences were useful in building rapport with clients. Peers applied their lived experiences to assist clients in seeking treatment for substance use and mental health conditions, in addition to helping them locate housing and employment. Several structural barriers prevented peers from addressing client needs. Peer time was routinely consumed by assisting clients in seeking identification, requisite for treatment or use of health care services, housing or securing employment. Findings suggested peers were working to address many client needs. Future research should examine the effectiveness of peer assistance on client-level health outcomes, including recidivism.
Effectiveness of Later-Stage Exercise Programs vs Usual Medical Care on Physical Function and Activity After Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Several functional limitations persist after total knee replacement (TKR). Intensive exercise programs could resolve these limitations but are not well tolerated by many patients until a later stage (>2 months) after surgery. Evidence for exercise at a later stage after TKR is limited. Objectives To compare the effectiveness of later-stage exercise programs after TKR and to explore heterogeneity of treatment effects. Design, Setting, and Participants Three-arm single-blind randomized clinical trial (January 7, 2015, to November 9, 2017) using an intent-to-treat approach with follow-ups at 3 months and 6 months. The setting was Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (an outpatient physical therapy clinic and 4 community centers). Participants had primary TKR performed more than 2 months previously, were 60 years or older, experienced moderate functional limitations, and were medically cleared to exercise. Interventions Clinic-based physical therapy exercise (physical therapy arm), community-based group exercise (community arm), and usual care (control arm). The control arm continued their usual care, whereas the exercise arms participated in supervised exercise programs lasting 12 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was arm differences in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index–Physical Function (WOMAC-PF) at 3 months. The secondary outcomes included performance-based tests germane to knee replacement and additional surveys of physical function. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models and responder analysis. Results A total of 240 participants (mean [SD] age, 70 [7] years; 61.7% female) were allocated to physical therapy (n = 96), community exercise (n = 96), or control (n = 48). All 3 arms demonstrated clinically important improvement. At 3 months, between-arm analyses for the WOMAC-PF demonstrated no differences between physical therapy and community (−2.2; 98.3% CI, −4.5 to 0.1), physical therapy and control (−2.1; 98.3% CI, −4.9 to 0.7), and community and control (0.1; 98.3% CI, −2.7 to 2.9). Performance-based tests demonstrated greater improvement in the physical therapy arm compared with both the community (0.1zscore units; 98.3% CI, 0.0-0.2) and control (0.3zscore units; 98.3% CI, 0.1-0.4) arms and the community arm compared with the control arm (0.2zscore units; 98.3% CI, 0.0-0.3). The physical therapy arm had more than 17.7% responders than the community arm and more than 19.0% responders than the control arm. There was no difference in responder rates between the community and control arms. Conclusions and Relevance Based on the primary outcome, participation in late-stage exercise programs after TKR offered no benefit over usual care. The benefits of physical therapy identified by the secondary outcomes and responder analysis require confirmation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02237911
Cell Gene Expression Signatures in Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Since publication of the landmark report by Al-hajj et al. provocatively suggesting that breast cancers may be organized in a cellular hierarchy similar to that described for hematogenous malignancies [1], numerous studies have sought to characterize the small, undifferentiated fraction of cells at the top of the hierarchy purported to give rise to all of the others. It is speculated that if these cells are in fact responsible for repopulating the tumor, the represent a critical target in cancer eradication. Many of the studies describing the phenotype of putative cancer stem cells suggest that they possess aggressive characteristics associated with treatment resistance, invasion, and metastases [2–5]. More recently, these cells have been described as most prevalent in tumors with poor prognostic features, including estrogen receptor (ER)–negative breast cancer, metaplastic breast cancer, and inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) [6–8]. Gene expression array analysis has become a valuable tool for grouping tumor types with similar features and prognosis and for elucidating the biology of specific subtypes. This chapter focuses on the progression of studies examining the gene expression profiles of IBC and the intersection of these efforts with similar work exploring the biology of cancer stem cells.
Students with intellectual and developmental disabilities in inclusive higher education: perceptions of stakeholders in a first-year experience

Post-secondary education and students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (ID/DD) have not historically been viewed as compatible. In recent years, a growing number of colleges have of...
Strain field associated with brittle-fracture propagation in wide steel plates: Studies indicate that, for the particular specimen geometry used and for the associated test conditions, the strain field surrounding the tip of the advancing fracture remains essentially unchanged after traversing about one-third of the width of a 6-ft wide plate

The results of an experimental investigation concerned with the study of the strain field surrounding a brittle fracture propagating across a wide steel plate are presented in this paper. The data were obtained from tests of 6-ft wide steel plates that were instrumentated to measure surface strain and crack speed. The plates were tested at an average net applied stress of 19,000 psi, a temperature of about −5° F, and with the notch-wedgeimpact method for fracture initiation. Several plates were tested under similar conditions and the results were superimposed to give a representative picture of the strain distribution on the surface of a plate in the region of the tip of a propagating fracture. Contours of the maximum principal strain for various lengths of crack are presented. The studies indicate that for this particular specimen geometry and associated test conditions, the strain field surrounding the tip of the advancing fracture remains essentially unchanged after traversing about one-third of the width of a 6-ft wide plate.
Intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions in the human thalamus. Light-microscopic, histochemical, and ultrastructural observations.

Intracytoplasmic cosinophilic inclusions were found by light microscopy in the thalamic neurons of 35 consecutive normal adult brains and in a case of myotonic dystrophy, but not in six newborn children, including one with myotonic dystrophy. Histochemical tests suggested a protein composition. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions were composed of stacks of parallel alternating dark and light rectilinear profiles not surrounded by a limiting membrane. Such inclusions are a virtually constant finding in the adult human thalamus and probably represent sites of neuronal protein storage.
Minimizing Age of Information in the Internet of Things with Non-Uniform Status Packet Sizes

In this paper, a real-time Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring system is considered in which the IoT devices are scheduled to sample underlying physical processes and send the status updates to a common destination. In a real-world IoT, due to the possibly different dynamics of each physical process, the sizes of the status updates for different devices are often different and each status update typically requires multiple transmission slots. By taking into account such multi-time slot transmissions with non niform sizes of esas da es under noisy channels, the problem of joint device scheduling and status sampling is studied in order to minimize the average age of information (AoI) at the destination. This stochastic problem is formulated as an infinite horizon average cost Markov decision process (MDP). The monotonicity of the value function of the MDP is characterized and then used to show that the optimal scheduling and sampling policy is threshold-based with respect to the AoI at each device. To overcome the curse of dimensionality, a low-complexity suboptimal policy is proposed through a semi-randomized base policy and linear approximated value functions. The proposed suboptimal policy is shown to exhibit a similar structure to the optimal policy, which provides a structural base for its effective performance. A structure-aware algorithm is then developed to obtain the suboptimal policy. Simulation results illustrate the structures of the optimal policy and show a near-optimal AoI performance of the proposed suboptimal policy.
Effects of Developmental Nicotine Exposure on Frontal Cortical GABA-to-Non-GABA Neuron Ratio and Novelty-Seeking Behavior

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a major public health concern, resulting in detrimental health effects in the mother and her offspring. The adverse behavioral consequences for children include increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, working memory deficits, epilepsy, novelty-seeking, and risk-taking behaviors. Some of these behavioral conditions are consistent with an imbalance in frontal cortical excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitter signaling. We used a GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse model to examine if developmental nicotine exposure alters frontal cortical GABA neuron numbers, GABA-to-non-GABA neuron ratio and behavioral phenotypes. Female mice were exposed to nicotine (100 or 200 μg/mL) in drinking water beginning 3 weeks prior to breeding and until 3 weeks postpartum. Male and female offspring were examined beginning at 60 days of age. The nicotine exposure produced dose-dependent decreases in GABA-to-non-GABA neuron ratios in the prefrontal and medial prefrontal cortices without perturbing the intrinsic differences in cortical thickness and laminar distribution of GABA or non-GABA neurons between these regions. A significant increase in exploratory behavior and a shift toward "approach" in the approach-avoidance paradigm were also observed. Thus, developmental nicotine exposure shifts the cortical excitation-inhibition balance toward excitation and produces behavioral changes consistent with novelty-seeking behavior.
Mebendazole in simultaneous combination with dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR] generated utilizing a novel synthesis regimen: dual anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549).

Purpose The short and long-term resolution of neoplastic conditions with conventional low molecular weight chemotherapeutics is frequently restricted by limitations associated dose-dependent toxic sequelae. Penetration into neoplastic cells occurs non-selectively where their intracellular concentration following simple passive diffusion from the extracellular fluid compartment becomes essentially equivalent to levels found in normal healthy cell populations residing within tissues and organ systems. Selective "targeted" delivery of conventional low molecular weight chemotherapeutics represents one molecular strategy that can both increase potency and reduce dose-dependent toxic sequela. A second strategy is the identification of synergistic or additive combinations of chemotherapeutics and pharmaceutical agents, in addition to the discovery of re-purposed pharmaceutical agents that possess anti-cancer properties. Discussion Mebendazole evoked anti-neoplastic cytotoxicity as both a single entity, and contributed to the potency of the covalent immunoglucocorticoid, dexamethasone-(C21-phosphoramidate)-[anti-EGFR] when applied in a dual-combination challenge against populations of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549). In this capacity mebendazole demonstrated a role as a candidate re-purposed pharmaceutical that possessing potential as a [-i-] substitute alternative for conventional tubulin inhibitors in scenarios of idiosyncratic reactions, therapeutic resistance, or anticipated toxic sequelae; [-ii-] a new monotherapy; or [-iii-] a component in the design of new multi-therapeutic protocols.
Set-size effects in change detection depend on failures of retrieval and/or comparison and not on perception, encoding or storage

Set-size effects in change detection is often used to investigate the capacity limits of dividing attention. Such capacity limits have been attributed to a variety of processes including perception, memory encoding, memory storage, memory retrieval, comparison and decision. In this study, we investigated the locus of the effect of increasing set size from 1 to 2. To measure purely attentional effects and not other phenomena such as crowding, a precue was used to manipulate relevant set size and keep the display constant across conditions. The task was to detect a change in the orientation of 1 or 2 Gabor patterns. The locus of the capacity limits was determined by varying when observers were cued to the only stimulus that was relevant. We began by measuring the baseline set-size effect in an initial experiment. In the next experiment, a 100% valid postcue was added to test for an effect of decision. This postcue did not change the set-size effects. In the critical experiments, a 100% valid cue was provided during the retention interval between displays, or only one stimulus was presented in the second display (local recognition). For both of these conditions, there was little or no set-size effect. This pattern of results was found for both hard-to-discriminate stimuli typical of perception experiments and easy-to-discriminate stimuli typical of memory experiments. These results are consistent with capacity limits in memory retrieval, and/or comparison. For these set sizes, the results are not consistent with capacity limits in perception, memory encoding or memory storage. Significance SectionThe change detection paradigm is often used to demonstrate effects of divided attention. But it is not clear whether these effects are due to perception, memory, or judgment and decision. In this article, we present new evidence that the divided attention effect in change detection is due to limits in memory retrieval or comparison processes. These results are not consistent with limits in perception, memory encoding or memory storage.
Hypogeous, Sequestrate Fungi (Genus Elaphomyces) Found at Small-Mammal Foraging Sites in High-Elevation Conifer Forests of West Virginia

Little is known about hypogeous, sequestrate fungi (i.e., truffles) in the eastern United States. Since the fruiting bodies of these fungi are part of the diet of multiple rodent species, filling data gaps is important to understanding more about truffle species distribution and habitat associations. During a microhabitat study on radio-collared Glaucomys sabrinus fuscus (Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel) in 2013, we opportunistically sampled truffles at small-mammal digs and scratches within our microhabitat plots. All sampling was conducted within known squirrel-foraging home ranges. We found 3 Elaphomyces species: E. macrosporus, E. verruculosus, and E. americanum. Our observations of E. macroporus are the first from West Virginia. Herein, we describe the microhabitat associations for each fungal species. We suggest using small-mammal digs and scratches as potential indicators to opportunistically gather more information on truffle species in coniferous forests of the eastern United States.
Brazilian Red-Eyed Fly Ormia depleta (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae)

The Brazilian red-eyed fly, Ormia depleta, is a tachinid fly that is a parasitoid of mole crickets in the genus Neoscapteriscus (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Originally from South America, it was brought to the United States for biological control of pest mole crickets. It is now established in almost all counties in central and southern Florida. Includes: Introduction - Distribution - Description - Life Cycle - Pest Management - Selected References. Available on EDIS at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1219 First published at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/BENEFICIAL/FLIES/Ormia_depleta.html
Cataloging Contemporary Music Manuscripts and Related Materials: A Look at Library of Congress Practices--Part II

ABSTRACT This article examines Library of Congress's descriptive cataloging for manuscript music and related materials, and determines patterns of consistent practice as well as areas of the record and types of information that are handled inconsistently. Focus is on practices for MARC coding. Several bibliographic records are presented and analyzed. Part I of the article described how the study set was developed and examined areas of the records governed by AACR2.
Stationary head CT with linear CNT x-ray source arrays: image quality assessment through simulation

Purpose: Carbon nanotube (CNT) based field-emission x-ray source arrays allow the development of robust stationary computed tomography (CT) imaging systems with no gantry movement. There are many technical considerations that constrain the optimal system design. The aim of this work is to assess the image quality of a proposed Stationary Head CT (sHCT) system through simulation. Methods: In our previous work, we defined a system design consisting of three parallel imaging planes. Each plane consists of a CNT x-ray source array with a large number of linearly distributed focal spots and three strip detector modules. Each imaging plane is rotated 120° with respect to the adjacent plane to provide maximum projection view coverage of the region of interest (ROI). An iterative reconstruction algorithm based on the ASTRA toolbox was developed for the specific sHCT system. The ACR 464 phantom and a set of clinical head CT data were used to assess the system design and image quality. Imaging performance was evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: The simulation results suggest that the proposed sHCT design is feasible and high-fidelity CT images can be obtained. The reconstructed image of the ACR 464 phantom reproduces accurate CT numbers. The reconstructed CT images for the human head confirm the capability of this prototype for identifying low contrast pathologies. Conclusion: A three-plane sHCT system is evaluated in this work. The iterative reconstruction algorithm produces high image quality in terms of uniformity, signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to-contrast ratio and structural information. Further work on the optimization of the current sHCT system will focus on speed up of volumetric image data collection in system hardware and further improvement of the reconstruction image quality through regularization and incorporating of machine leaning techniques.
Case Identification and Contact Tracing

Identifying cases of contagious disease and following any chains of transmission from them is a mainstay of public health efforts to stop disease spread. This method of surveillance is ineffective, however, if people cannot be found or refuse to reveal contacts. It also declines in efficacy as disease spreads widely in a community or is transmitted in ways such as aerolisization that may make it difficult to recognize that contacts have occurred. This chapter considers the ethics of contact tracing, arguing that the method has far too often been associated with moral condemnation of behaviours such as non-marital sex or with stigmatization of groups. The chapter then explores how contact tracing can be combined with treatment and other support to facilitate warranted trust in the use of this traditional surveillance method.
The Minnesota Method: A Learner-Driven, Entrustable Professional Activity-Based Comprehensive Program of Assessment for Medical Students.

Problem Assessment has been the Achilles heel of competency-based medical education. It requires a program of assessment in which outcomes are clearly defined, students know where they are in the development of the competencies, and what the next steps are to attaining them. Achieving this goal in a feasible manner has been elusive with traditional assessment methods alone. The Education in Pediatrics Across the Continuum (EPAC) program at the University of Minnesota developed a robust program of assessment that has utility and recognizes when students are ready for the undergraduate to graduate medical education transition. Approach The authors developed a learner-driven program of assessment in the foundational clinical training of medical students in the EPAC program based on the Core Entrustable Professional Activities for Entering Residency (Core EPAs). Frequent workplace-based assessments, coupled with summative assessments, informed a quarterly clinical competency committee and individualized learning plans. The data were displayed on real time dashboards for the students to review. Outcomes Over 4 cohorts from 2015 to 2019, students (n = 13) averaged approximately 200 discrete Core EPA workplace-based assessments during their foundational clinical training year. Assessments were completed by an average of 9 different preceptors each month across 8 different specialties. The data were displayed in a way students and faculty could monitor development and inform a clinical competency committee's ability to determine readiness to transition to advanced clinical rotations and residency. Next steps The next steps include continuing to scale the program of assessment to a larger cohort of students.
Incorporating the Patient and Caregiver Voice in Palliative Care Quality Measure Development.

Abstract Context Despite rapid growth in outpatient palliative care, we lack an understanding of patient and caregiver experiences of care received in this context. Objectives As part of a national effort to develop palliative care quality metrics for use in accountability programs, we sought to develop survey items assessing patients’ experiences of outpatient palliative care, incorporating the patient's voice. Methods We conducted 25 one-hour telephone cognitive interviews using a convenience sample of outpatient palliative care patients and caregivers to cognitively test survey items. Guided by a semi-structured protocol, we assessed the comprehensibility, ambiguity, and adaptability of survey instructions and specific items/response options. Results Participants generally understood the intended meaning of the question content. Some participants struggled with the stated time period of three months as a reference period for reporting their experiences. While some expressed preferences for question wording, no clear patterns emerged across participants. Conclusion In general, question wording and response options did not present challenges to understanding content. Respondents ascribed a variety of meanings to the concepts, validating that the measures capture a range of experiences. However, the referenced timeframe of three months was more difficult to answer for some questions than others. Implications for research, policy or practice: Based on the findings from the cognitive testing, the survey items are being tested as part of a national study to understand the quality of care for patients. These measures may be used in the future by Medicare to help outpatient palliative care programs improve their care.
Mapping Road Safety Barriers Across Street View Image Sequences: A Hybrid Object Detection and Recurrent Model

Road safety barriers (e.g., concrete barriers, metal crash barriers, rumble strips) play an important role in preventing or mitigating vehicle crashes. Accurate maps of road safety barriers are critical components of safety infrastructure management systems at federal or state transportation agencies. In current practice, mapping road safety barriers is largely done manually (e.g., driving on the road or visual interpretation of street view imagery), which is slow, tedious, and expensive. We propose a deep learning approach to automatically map road safety barriers from street view imagery. Our approach considers road barriers as long objects spanning across consecutive street view images in a sequence and use a hybrid object-detection and recurrent-network model. Preliminary results on real-world street view imagery show that the proposed model outperforms several baseline methods.
Enhancing an open source resource manager with multi-core/multi-threaded support

Current resource managers do not have adequate node allocation and distribution strategies to efficiently schedule jobs on multicore multi-threaded systems. Clusters composed of multiple cores per processor as well as multiple processors per node are presenting new challenges to users when trying to run their program efficiently on this class of machines. New allocation algorithms and their respective user interfaces need to be devised to ensure minimum contention for cache and memory, reduced on-chip contention, etc. as well as evaluate trade-offs between resource contentions.
Technology as Social Practice

This essay questions the commonly-held view that computer technology is a tool that will in and of itself improve education, and ultimately ameliorate social ills. The common view stems from the belief that technology and social practices are separate, a belief articulated here as the Technology Independence Assumption. The invalidity of the assumption is shown through an analysis of the ways that technologies are encoded in social relations and conversely. Thus, the argument is made for a view of technologies and social practices as mutually constituted systems.
Optically tuned subwavelength resonant grating filter with bacteriorhodopsin overlayer

A novel all-optically tuned resonant grating filter with a bacteriorhodopsin overlayer is demonstrated. The resonance of this simple and compact device can be shifted continuously by a pump beam with only very moderate power. It can be used in applications such as all-optical switching and modulation.
Variable nature of twin boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7- delta and its alloys.

High-resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction of YBa{sub 2}(Cu{sub 0.98}{ital M0.02}){sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} with {ital M}=Zn, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu indicate that twin boundaries are centered on (110) planes through the O atoms in the CuO layer for {delta}{approx}0 and {ital M}=Ni, Zn, or Cu, accompanied by a displacement of the cation sublattices across the boundary. Oxygen deficiency causes a shift of the center of twin boundaries to (110) planes through the cations and eliminates the cation-sublattice displacement, while solutes {ital M}=Al or Fe (even for oxygen content in excess of 7.00) substantially reduce the magnitude of the cation-sublattice displacement.
Enhancing GED Instruction to Prepare Students for College and Careers: Early Success in LaGuardia Community College's Bridge to Health and Business Program

Nationwide, close to 40 million adults lack a high school diploma or a General Educational Development (GED) credential. Nearly a quarter of high school freshmen do not graduate and, in many large cities, dropout rates in recent years have stood at around 50 percent. And while most high school dropouts eventually do continue their education — usually through adult education or GED preparation programs — too few of those who start GED programs ever pass the exam. Moreover, for those who do earn their GED, the certificate often marks the end of their education, in part because few GED programs (even those that operate on community college campuses) are well linked to college or training programs. Students with only a high school diploma already face long odds of success in a labor market that increasingly prizes specialized training and college education; for GED holders, the chances are even worse. Given this context, the need to develop stronger pathways to college for those without high school credentials is clear. And this need is only magnified by new rules eliminating federal financial aid for aspiring college students without a high school diploma or a GED, and by the planned 2014 implementation of a new GED exam that emphasizes college readiness. To better understand how adult education programs might strengthen pathways to college and careers, MDRC, with financial support from the Robin Hood Foundation and MetLife Foundation, partnered with LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York (CUNY) to launch a small but rigorous study of the GED Bridge to Health and Business program. The GED Bridge program represents a promising new approach to GED instruction, as it aims to better prepare students not only to pass the GED exam, but also to continue on to college and training programs. MDRC has conducted several evaluations of programs that include GED preparation as one among many program components, but this evaluation is one of only a few to focus specifically on GED curriculum, program design, and efforts to forge a stronger link to college and career training. The results are highly encouraging: One year after enrolling in the program, Bridge students were far more likely to have completed the course, passed the GED exam, and enrolled in college than students in a more traditional GED preparation course. This brief details some of the key findings from this study as well as their implications for future research and for the development of stronger GED and adult education programming.