cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coalescent‐based hypothesis testing supports multiple Pleistocene refugia in the Pacific Northwest for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)

Phylogeographic patterns of many taxa are explained by Pleistocene glaciation. The temperate rainforests within the Pacific Northwest of North America provide an excellent example of this phenomenon, and competing phylogenetic hypotheses exist regarding the number of Pleistocene refugia influencing genetic variation of endemic organisms. One such endemic is the Pacific giant salamander, Dicamptodon tenebrosus . In this study, we estimate this species’ phylogeny and use a coalescent modeling approach to test five hypotheses concerning the number, location and divergence times of purported Pleistocene refugia. Single refugium hypotheses include: a northern refugium in the Columbia River Valley and a southern refugium in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains. Dual refugia hypotheses include these same refugia but separated at varying times: last glacial maximum (20 000 years ago), mid-Pleistocene (800 000 years ago) and early Pleistocene (1.7 million years ago). Phylogenetic analyses and inferences from nested clade analysis reveal distinct northern and southern lineages expanding from the Columbia River Valley and the KlamathSiskiyou Mountains, respectively. Results of coalescent simulations reject both single refugium hypotheses and the hypothesis of dual refugia with a separation date in the late Pleistocene but not hypotheses predicting dual refugia with separation in early or mid-Pleistocene. Estimates of time since divergence between northern and southern lineages also indicate separation since early to mid-Pleistocene. Tests for expanding populations using mismatch distributions and ‘g’ distributions reveal demographic growth in the northern and southern lineages. The combination of these results provides strong evidence that this species was restricted into, and subsequently expanded from, at least two Pleistocene refugia in the Pacific Northwest.
Sugar-Coated Regulation of T Cells

The human gut is host to hundreds of different species of commensal bacteria that live in peaceful partnership with the host immune system. These commensal bacteria are far from neutral bystanders as they are intimately involved in the development of the immune system. Reporting in this issue of Cell, Kasper and colleagues (Mazmanian et al., 2005) reveal that a bacterial polysaccharide, PSA, produced by the commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis directs development of the immune system of the mouse host.
Classification of explosive residues on organic substrates using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Standoff laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has previously been used to classify trace residues as either hazardous (explosives, biological, etc.) or benign. Correct classification can become more difficult depending on the surface/substrate underneath the residue due to variations in the laser-material interaction. In addition, classification can become problematic if the substrate material has a similar elemental composition to the residue. We have evaluated coupling multivariate analysis with standoff LIBS to determine the effectiveness of classifying thin explosive residue layers on painted surfaces. Good classification results were obtained despite the fact that the painted surface contributes to the LIBS emission signal.
Achieving Parity of the Sexes at the Undergraduate Level: A Study of Success

Most research about women in engineering focuses on reasons for their under-representation. In contrast, we capitalized on an opportunity to study success: the School of Industrial Engineering at the University of Oklahoma had organically achieved parity of the sexes at the undergraduate level. To investigate this success, we adopted an ethnographic perspective, interviewing 185 students who represented four fields and four institutions as well as 12 faculty in Industrial Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. These data pointed to a combination of aspects of the discipline and the department culture as explanatory variables. Emerging from the data was a third explanatory variable: a high number of students, disproportionately many women, who relocated into Industrial Engineering from another major, underscoring the impact of broad recruiting activities. This paper emphasizes ideas that other departments can consider adapting to their own efforts to increase diversity.
Absence of Interferon-γ–Inducible Gene IGTP Does Not Significantly Alter the Development of Chagasic Cardiomyopathy in Mice Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Brazil Strain)

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) contributes to host resistance during acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. Inducibly expressed guanosine triphosphatase (IGTP), a 48-kDa guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), is a member of a family of GTPase proteins inducibly expressed by IFN-γ. The expression pattern of IGTP suggests that it may mediate IFN-γ–induced responses in a variety of cell types. IGTP has been demonstrated to be important for control of Toxoplasma gondii infection but not for resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. We evaluated the role of IGTP in development of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy in IGTP null mice and C57X129sv (wild type [WT]) mice infected with the Brazil strain for 6 mo. There was no significant difference in parasitemia or cardiac histopathology between null and WT mice. Right ventricular remodeling was observed in infected IGTP null mice, suggesting that IGTP does not significantly alter the course of T. cruzi infection.
Stratigraphy of the lunar highland crust: Depths of burial of lunar samples from cooling-rate studies.

Current models of lunar crustal stratigraphy are based primarily on models of impact cratering coupled with what is known about the distribution of rock types in the ejecta blankets associated with the large multiring basins. These models postulate an upper crust rich in the ferroan anorthosite component underlain by a more mafic (noritic) lower crust (Spudis 1993). We attempted to test these models by determining the depth at which various lunar plutonic rocks formed. Despite intense brecciation and shock, many lunar highland samples retain vestiges of a prior magmatic history. For example, pyroxene samples preserve a record of their thermal history in such phenomena as cation ordering and exsolution textures. By computer simulation of the growth of exsolution lamellae in augite and pigeonite, we deduced cooling rates and from these estimated a depth of burial on the basis of a simple model for the thermal evolution of the lunar crust. Despite the fairly large uncertainties in the calculations, it is clear that the ferroan anorthosite samples we studied formed at a depth between 10 and 20 km, whereas some members of highland magnesian and alkali suites formed as cumulates in magma chambers intruded into the uppermost layers of the crust. As yet there is no evidence to indicate that crystalline rocks from the lower half of the lunar crust are present in the samples returned by the Apollo missions. Most samples derived from the lower crust appear to be impact melts oflow-K Fra Mauro (noritic) composition.
Genomewide Association Studies and Assessment of the Risk of Disease

Over the past 5 years, genomewide association studies have yielded a wealth of insight into genes and chromosomal loci that contribute to susceptibility to disease. This article, the second in the Genomic Medicine series, describes the design of these studies and considers the extent to which the data they provide are useful in predicting the risk of disease.
Cointegration and price discovery in US corn cash and futures markets

Using prices from 182 cash markets from seven states and the Chicago Board of Trade futures, we investigate cointegration and price discovery for corn. Analysis based on cash–futures pairs reveals that cointegration holds for 52 cash markets and failures tend to happen farther away from futures delivery locations. Cash generally are as important as futures prices as information sources in the long run and cash to futures information flow is most likely in the short run. Contributions to price discovery also are measured quantitatively for cointegrated cases. Analysis based on state-level cash prices indicates bidirectional information flow between cash and futures prices under a bivariate model, and futures to cash information flow under the octavariate model with all cash and the futures series. Comparisons of the two models show that including local cash markets in a price relationship model highlights cointegration and the futures’ price discovery role and could benefit cash price forecasting. Finally, evidence of nonlinear causality is found.
Disseminated CNS histoplasmosis

This article details the cranial CT and spinal MR evaluation of a patient with multiple biopsy proved histoplasmosis lesions in the brain and spinal cord
Rethinking Rational Cooperation

I want to extend here a line of reasoning that I pursued in Rationality and Dynamic Choice (1990). In that book I argued that the standard Bayesian model of expected-utility reasoning needs to be revised to accommodate a capacity, on the part of rational decision-makers, to effectively coordinate with their own future selves — to be guided by plans that they have deliberately adopted. I also suggested that an analogous line of reasoning might be employed to show that rational agents could engage in rule-governed coordination of their choices with one another to a greater extent than the standard theory would seem to admit. It is this suggestion that I now want to explore more fully in the present paper. It is not that the standard theory denies the possibility of such coordination. On that account, however, coordination can only be achieved by the adoption of an effective enforcement system. Since, however, any enforcement scheme requires the expenditure of scarce resources, the standard theory seems committed to the view that rational agents can achieve only a second best outcome. It is worth considering whether thoroughly rational persons who know each other to be such might not do better than this. It is also the case that the process whereby individuals come to agreement on the terms of their coordination schemes is conceived as driven essentially by non-cooperative considerations, specifically the relative bargaining power or threat advantage of the participants. Bargaining outcomes based on this principle, however, tend to generate mutually disadvantageous conflict, and thus there are greater costs yet to be borne by “rational” interacting agents. I shall have to leave the exploration of this second problem to another occasion, however.
Separation of vanillin, syringal—Dehyde, and other aromatic compounds in the extracts of French and American oak woods by brandy and aqueous alcohol solutions

Among the compounds found in the extract remaining after volatilization of alcoholic beverages after aging in casks of oak wood are a group of aromatic aldehydes of which vanillin, syringaldehyde, coniferylaldehyde and sinapaldehyde are the most important. The separation and identification of these derivatives of oak wood are readily effected with either paper or thin layer chromatography. The primary advantage of thin layer over paper chromatography is the much shorter time required for development. Also the spots for the aromatic aldehydes by thin layer were more compact which facilitated semi-quantitative determinations by visual comparisons with spots from standard solutions. Location and identification of spots were effected with ultraviolet light and by spraying with solutions of either acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (brown to brownish yellow spots) or acidified phloroglucinol (pink to purple spots).
Bcl-2 inhibits p53 nuclear import following DNA damage

Bcl-2 is an integral membrane oncoprotein that localizes to membranes of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear envelope. Bcl-2 is a member of a family of cell death regulators and functions to inhibit apoptosis. Using confocal microscopy and immunoblotting we show that the ability of bcl-2 to suppress cell death following genotoxic damage can be a consequence of inhibiting nuclear import of induced wild-type p53 protein. Our data suggests that the ability of bcl-2 to modulate trafficking events is not cell type specific. These data support a 'gatekeeper' mechanism for cell death suppression by bcl-2.
Meeting the Psychosocial Needs of Child Refugees During Resettlement in Germany.

Edited byMona M. Shattell, PhD, RN, FAANRush University, School of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois, USAEdited byMichelle Cleary, PhD, RNUniversity of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences, Sydney, Austral...
Current Conceptions of Stance

The linguistic mechanisms that convey a speaker or writer’s personal attitudes and assessments have long been of interest to linguists, and several major approaches to this function of language have been taken. In this chapter we survey several related threads of research, including evidentiality (e.g. Chafe, 1986), affect (e.g. Ochs and Schieffelin, 1989), hedging (e.g. Hyland, 1998b), evaluation (e.g. Thompson and Hunston, 2000), appraisal (e.g. Martin, 2000) and stance (e.g. Biber and Finegan, 1989). While each paradigm has its own focus and approach, this body of research as a whole contributes to our understanding of the ways in which speakers and writers encode opinions and assessments in the language they produce. In this chapter, we will refer to this overall concept as stance. Studies within these paradigms have been conducted with a variety of methodologies, ranging from detailed analyses of a single text to largescale investigations of patterns across texts in a corpus, as well as from detailed analyses of a single linguistic item or feature to descriptions of a large set of lexical and grammatical features. Taken together, these studies show that the expression of stance varies along two major parameters: (1) meaning of the assessment: personal feeling/attitude H status of knowledge (2) linguistic level used for the assessment: lexical H grammatical
Obituary: Norman P. Willett

Norman Willett died on 19 September 2014 at the age of 86. He obtained his bachelor's degree in Agriculture from Rutgers University, N.J., in 1949. He decided to pursue graduate work and obtained an M.S. from Syracuse University in 1952, and a Ph.D. at Michigan State in 1955. He spent a year at Harvard, where he investigated caries production by strains of streptococci in genetically defined strains of rats. His career path then took him to industry for four years, where he worked at Squibb Institute for Medical Research screening new antibiotics. He came back to academia, taking a position at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, where he worked from 1962 to 1967 on developing a chemically defined medium and defining growth conditions for Streptococcus agalactaciae, a cause of bovine mastitis.
What Does Chile Mean: An Analysis of Events in the Health Sector before, during, and after Allende’s Administration

An analysis is made of the events in Chile before, during, and after the Allende administration, through the mirror of the Chilean health sector. The paper is divided into three sections. The first shows how the underdevelopment of Chile and the country's concomitant maldistribution of health resources are brought about precisely because of the existence offactors which make up the Rostowian assumptions for development, i.e., (1) the cultural, technological, and economic dependency of Chile, and (2) the economic and political control of resources by specific interests and social groups the national lumpenbourgeoisie and its foreign counterparts. Moreover, these two factors bring about the so-called dual economy in Chile, with an urban, technologically based economy, and a rural, underdeveloped one. The second section describes and analyzes the three main policies of Allende's government in the health sector. These policies were (1) to change the priorities in the health sector to emphasize community and rural medicine, (2) to democratize the health institutions with citizens' and workers' control of those institutions, and (3) to establish a classless health service.
Insecticide ADME for Support of Early Phase Discovery: Combining Classical and Modern Techniques

The two factors that determine an insecticide's potency are its binding to a target site (intrinsic activity) and the ability of its active form to reach the target site (bioavailability). Bioavailability is dictated by the compound's stability and transport kinetics, which are determined by both physical and biochemical characteristics. At BASF Global Insecticide Research, we characterize bioavailability in early research with an ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) approach, combining classical and modern techniques. For biochemical assessment of metabolism, we purify native insect enzymes using classical techniques, and recombinantly express individual insect enzymes that are known to be relevant in insecticide metabolism and resistance. For analytical characterization of an experimental insecticide and its metabolites, we conduct classical radiotracer translocation studies when a radiolabel is available. In discovery, where typically no radiolabel has been synthesized, we utilize modern high-resolution mass spectrometry to probe complex systems for the test compounds and its metabolites. By using these combined approaches, we can rapidly compare the ADME properties of sets of new experimental insecticides and aid in the design of structures with an improved potential to advance in the research pipeline. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Electronic Integration of CSR Reporting Systems for Stakeholder Responsiveness.

This paper examines the role of information systems in corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting, also referred to as sustainability reporting, during ongoing processes of stakeholder engagement. It builds theory on the extent that CSR reporting systems should be electronically integrated with other enterprise systems, and how to optimize the design and incremental improvement of these systems. The ten propositions it develops also address the need for the IT, Sustainability, and Public Relations departments to share a common vision of the degree that the organization should be transparent, and the potential dysfunctions that can result when they do not. CSR reporting is important because it is the principal mechanism by which companies’ CSR practices are recognized and rewarded by their stakeholders.
In vivo measurements of viscoelasticity of the swine heart using Shearwave Dispersionc Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV)

Quantification of the viscoelastic properties of the myocardium using ultrasound may aid with evaluation of the health of the heart. Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) is a method that uses dispersion, or variation with frequency, of shear wave velocities to characterize the underlying viscoelastic material properties of soft tissue. We studied eight pigs in an open-chest preparation, using a mechanical actuator to create harmonic, propagating mechanical waves in the myocardial wall. The motion was tracked using a high frame rate acquisition sequence, typically 2500 Hz, with a Sonix RP system. The velocities of wave propagation were measured over the range 50–350 Hz in 50 Hz increments. Data were acquired over several cardiac cycles. Dispersion curves were fit with a viscoelastic, asymmetrical Lamb wave model to obtain estimates of the shear elasticity, μ 1 , and viscosity, μ 2 . We found excellent agreement between the elastic term measured by SDUV and the shear elastic modulus measured by pressure-segment length analysis. We demonstrated that SDUV measurements and Lamb wave theory allow us to estimate the variation of viscoelastic moduli of the myocardial walls in vivo throughout the course of the cardiac cycle.
Wnt Signaling Polarizes C. elegans Asymmetric Cell Divisions During Development

Asymmetric cell division is a common mode of cell differentiation during the invariant lineage of the nematode, C. elegans. Beginning at the four-cell stage, and continuing throughout embryogenesis and larval development, mother cells are polarized by Wnt ligands, causing an asymmetric inheritance of key members of a Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway termed the Wnt/β-catenin asymmetry pathway. The resulting daughter cells are distinct at birth with one daughter cell activating Wnt target gene expression via β-catenin activation of TCF, while the other daughter displays transcriptional repression of these target genes. Here, we seek to review the body of evidence underlying a unified model for Wnt-driven asymmetric cell division in C. elegans, identify global themes that occur during asymmetric cell division, as well as highlight tissue-specific variations. We also discuss outstanding questions that remain unanswered regarding this intriguing mode of asymmetric cell division.
Towards kilohertz electrochemical capacitors for filtering and pulse energy harvesting

Abstract Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are slow devices with charging and discharging rates limited below 1 Hz. They run at direct current and function as power source, but cannot afford the role of a conventional capacitor for current ripple filtering or pulse energy harvesting. Recently, developing ultrafast ECs that work at hundreds to kilohertz (kHz) frequency scope have attracted great interests, with the aim to replace the traditional aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) that have bulky size and large equivalent series resistance. Compact kHz ECs would produce huge impacts on power design, power electronics and environmental pulse energy harvesting. Towards such a goal, the electrode material and its nanostructure are the keys to boost the response frequency of an EC from below 1 Hz to above 1 kHz. In this Review, we summarize guidelines on the electrode nanostructure design for kHz response, discuss the various carbonaceous materials and other highly conductive materials based electrode structures for kHz ECs. The configurations of higher voltage kHz ECs, and their dimension advantage over AECs are critically evaluated, followed with the outlook on the further study and development in this promising area.
Vulnerability of forests of the Midwest and Northeast United States to climate change

Forests of the Midwest and Northeast significantly define the character, culture, and economy of this large region but face an uncertain future as the climate continues to change. Forests vary widely across the region, and vulnerabilities are strongly influenced by regional differences in climate impacts and adaptive capacity. Not all forests are vulnerable; longer growing seasons and warmer temperatures will increase suitable habitat and biomass for many temperate species. Upland systems dominated by oak species generally have low vulnerability due to greater tolerance of hot and dry conditions, and some oak, hickory, and pine species are expected to become more competitive under hotter and physiologically drier conditions. However, changes in precipitation patterns, disturbance regimes, soil moisture, pest and disease outbreaks, and nonnative invasive species are expected to contribute forest vulnerability across the region. Northern, boreal, and montane forests have the greatest assessed vulnerability as many of their dominant tree species are projected to decline under warmer conditions. Coastal forests have high vulnerability, as sea level rise along the Atlantic coast increases damage from inundation, greater coastal erosion, flooding, and saltwater intrusion. Considering these potential forest vulnerabilities and opportunities is a critical step in making climate-informed decisions in long-term conservation planning.
Assessing government's solutions for urban growth within a sustainable development approach, the case of Portland, Oregon

A growing number of cities around the world have been chasing the Sustainable Development Model, balancing between economic health, environment resilience and social equity in an overall transparent governance. Given the demographic trend of cities, welcoming an increasing share of the world's population, urban planners and government officials are challenged by a growing Urban Density. With a significant population increase pace, Portland's leadership in Sustainability that the largest city of Oregon is claiming could be jeopardized by the effects of Urban Density. What should Portland's urban planners and policies makers do to overtake this challenging trend and remain in a leading position in Sustainability? Various solutions exist in different sectors. Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, this paper starts by developing a multi-perspective, multi-criteria model that will integrate Portland's specificities for a sustainable overtake of Urban Density. Then, by integrating to this model the proper expertise, the outputs of this model result in a ranked proposal of solutions which aim to give Portland's city planners and leaders an orientation as of which path to consider for preserving Sustainability in an increase urban density context based on both a qualitative input and a quantitative computation of expertise. While the experts' rankings reached a significantly low disagreement rate, B Corp incentive program was the preferred solution for all the panel. Therefore, tackling the Urban Density issue from the economic side was our recommendation.
Considering the context: social factors in responses to drugs in humans

Drugs are typically used in social settings. Here, we consider two factors that may contribute to this observation: (i) the presence of other people may enhance the positive mood effects of a drug, and conversely, (ii) drugs may enhance the value of social stimuli. We review evidence from controlled laboratory studies with human volunteers, which investigated either of these interactions between social factors and responses to drugs. We examine the bidirectional effects of social stimuli and single doses of alcohol, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis. All four classes of drugs interact with social contexts, but the nature of these interactions varies across drugs, and depends on whether the context is positive or negative. Alcohol and stimulant drugs enhance the attractiveness of social stimuli and the desire to socialize, and social contexts, in turn, enhance these drugs’ effects. In contrast, opioids and cannabis have subtler effects on social interactions and their effects are less influenced by the presence of others. Overall, there is stronger evidence that drugs enhance positive social contexts than that they dampen the negativity of unpleasant social settings. Controlled research is needed to understand the interactions between drugs of abuse and social contexts, to model and understand the determinants of drug use outside the laboratory.
Measurements of Size Scale Effects in Layered Structures

A novel experimental configuration is devised to measure the evolution of the deformation field and the corresponding hardening evolution within soft metallic films constrained by hard layers. The experimental configuration provides pure shear state within the constrained film. The material system utilized comprised ductile layer of tin based solder, encapsulated within relatively hard copper shoulders. Different tin-lead compositions are tested with grain size approaching the film thickness. The in-plane strain distribution within the film layer is measured by a microscopic digital image correlation system. The hardening evolution within such highly gradient deformation field is monitored qualitatively through a 2D surface scan with a nanoindentor. The measurements showed a highly inhomogeneous deformation field within the film with discreet shear bands of concentrated strain. The localized shear bands showed long-range correlations of the order of 3-4 the grain size. A size-dependent macroscopic response on the layer thickness is observed. However, the corresponding film thickness is approximately 100-1000 times larger than those predicted by non-local continuum theories and discrete dislocation.
Absence of Rejection in a Facial Allograft Recipient with a Positive Flow Crossmatch 24 Months after Induction with Rabbit Anti-Thymocyte Globulin and Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody

Background. Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) to human leukocyte antigen increase the risk of accelerated rejection and allograft damage and reduce the likelihood of successful transplantation. Patients with full-thickness facial burns may benefit from facial allotransplantation. However, they are at a high risk of developing DSA due to standard features of their acute care. Case Presentation. A 41-year-old male with severe disfigurement from facial burns consented to facial allotransplantation in 2014; panel reactive antibody score was 0%. In August of 2015, a suitable donor was found. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch was negative; flow cytometry crossmatch was positive to donor B cells. An induction immunosuppression strategy consisting of rabbit antithymocyte globulin, rituximab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and methylprednisolone taper was designed. Total face, scalp, eyelid, ears, and skeletal subunit allotransplantation was performed without operative, immunological, or infectious complications. Maintenance immunosuppression consists of tacrolimus, MMF, and prednisone. As of posttransplant month 24, the patient has not developed acute rejection or metabolic or infectious complications. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of targeted B cell agents used for induction immunosuppression in skin-containing vascularized composite tissue allotransplantation. A cautious approach is warranted, but early results are promising for reconstructive transplant candidates given the exceptionally high rate of acute rejection episodes, particularly in the first year, in this patient population.
EPA’s Use of Remote Sensing in Ocean Monitoring

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has legislative responsibility to protect and enhance the quality of our air, water, and land resources. In this regard, EPA has developed and conducted a number of integrated monitoring programs, that effectively collect and evaluate reliable environmental information needed to assess ongoing programs, support enforcement actions, and evaluate the overall status of the environment. The use of remote sensing techniques from satellite, aircraft, and in-situ platforms has been considered in a number of EPA’s monitoring efforts.
Cimetidine-induced galactorrhea

Various breast abnormalities have been described in patients treated chronically with cimetidine, but galactorrhea has been reported only twice in the medical literature. In both cases, there appeared to be an associated hyperprolactinemia. These problems could well represent a consequence of histamine2-receptor blockade. We report here a female patient with hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension who developed hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea while on long-term cimetidine therapy. Both the hyperprolactinemia and the galactorrhea disappeared when the patient was switched to ranitidine, an alternative H2-receptor blocker. A review of the previous case reports and relevant literature is included.
An Ethological Perspective on Dominance Behavior

In this chapter I trace the developmental history of my interest in the observational study of adolescent behavior, beginning with my first exposure to sociological and psychological studies of adolescents. I found them unsatisfying. My conversion to an ethological approach to issues of adolescence is then charted, focusing on several basic ethological conceptual and methodological assumptions. Next, questions of human ethology in general and my particular interest in dominance behaviors and relationships among adolescents are presented. These issues form the basis of the succeeding research reported on adolescents of varying ages and of both sexes at summer camp.
In der Schleife

Im Fruhjahr 1986 in Moskau studierte ich im dritten Jahr am Kerosinka. Nachdem der Artikel zu den Zopfgruppen abgeschlossen und eingereicht war, fragte mich Fuchs: „Was willst Du als Nachstes machen?“
State Level Poverty: The Case Of New York

This study serves two purposes. First, it demonstrates a method of estimating and projecting annual poverty at sub-national levels. Data are obtained from decennial censuses and form the benchmarks from which poverty is estimated and projected for separate demographic groups. Projections are based upon historical curvilinear trends for each group. The methodology demonstrated can be easily applied in a variety of jurisdictional settings and levels. The second objective is to provide a portrait of poverty by demographic group specifically within the State of New York. The evidence indicates that New York can anticipate a substantial poverty increase over the next decade. There will also be major shifts among demographic groups in their shares of overall State poverty.
Intersectional Escape: Older Women Elude Agentic Prescriptions More Than Older Men:

Both older individuals and women are proscribed from engaging in power-related behaviors, with women proscribed from behaving agentically and older individuals expected to cede desirable resources ...
Pharmacists' Perspectives on Practice, Availability, and Barriers Related to Opioids in Georgia.

Objectives:To explore pharmacists’ perspectives on practice, availability, and barriers related to opioids.Methods:This cross-sectional study evaluated pharmacists’ perspectives on practice, availa...
Neural correlates of domain-specific cognitive decline: The ARIC-NCS Study

Objective To evaluate the association of cognitive declines in the domains of memory, language, and executive function with brain gray matter (GM) volume in old age. Methods This was a prospective study of 1,846 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study who underwent 3T brain MRI scans in 2011 to 2013. Participants were categorized by cognitive domain performance trajectory over the prior 20 years (cut point to define decline: 20th percentile). Associations between GM volume and cognitive declines were assessed at the voxel level with voxel-based morphometry and at the regional level with atlas-defined GM volumes of specific regions of interest. Results Participants were an average age of 76 years; 60% were female; and 28% were black. Participants in the top 20th percentile for decline in the memory domain had smaller GM volumes in the medial temporal lobe (−3.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −4.6% to −2.1%), amygdala (−2.7%, 95% CI −4.1% to −1.3%), entorhinal cortex (−4.1%, 95% CI −6.0% to −2.2%), and hippocampus (−3.8%, 95% CI −5.2% to −2.4%) compared to participants who were in the lowest 80th percentile for decline in all domains. In contrast, among participants who were in the top 20th percentile for decline in the language or executive function domains, GM volumes were smaller in more brain regions. Conclusions Declines in memory function were associated with brain volume loss in the medial temporal and hippocampal formations. Declines in language and executive function were associated with decreases in brain volumes across more noncontiguous brain regions.
Development of a computed tomography system capable of tracking high-velocity unbounded material through a reconstruction volume

Abstract The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have developed a high speed computed tomography system that is capable of tracking unbounded material flux through a reconstruction volume at ballistic rates. It achieves this feat by creating three individual time-registered volume reconstructions throughout the duration of a single dynamic event. Each individual volume reconstruction is computed from five attenuation projections, which are collected using five flash X-ray sources and five digital imaging plate detectors. This work summarizes the numerous complexities in combining the 15 sources and 15 detectors into a single diagnostic, the complexities of analyzing multiple reconstruction volumes from a limited number of views, and complications associated with designing an experiment to fit within the bounding conditions of the diagnostic. It continues to demonstrate an example of how free-flowing material propagates through a reconstruction volume during a bullet/target interaction.
Synthesis and characterization of new diacid monomers and poly (ester-imide) s: a study of thermal property relationship and solubility

Two dicarboxylic acids [2,2'-(((4-hydroxyphenyl) methylene) bis (3-Bromo-4,1- phenylene)) bis (1,3 dioxoisoindoline 5 carboxylic acid)) and 2,2 '(((2,4dichlorophenyl) methylene) bis (4,1-phenylene)) bis (1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxylic acid)] were made by the reaction of pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA) with diamine in a solvent of g pyridine/glacial acetic acid at refluxing temperature. The organization of the diacid monomers is defined by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The sequence of new poly (ester-imide) s are arranged of two di acids and aromatic diols: [Bis (4hydroxyphenyl) 2 furelmethaneand 4,4'((1,4phenylene (methanylyidene)) bis (azanylylidene)) diphenol] by employing the polycondensation in the company of the dibutyltine dilaurate as a catalyst. The PEIs were defined by FTIR, 1HNMR, and TGA. Poly (ester-imide) s showed excellent solubility in polar aprotic solutions because of the existence of flexible groups in the polymer backbone. Furthermore, they displayed better thermal constancy, and the heat at that 10% loss of weight happened about700 to 800°C.
Modeling predicts that CRISPR-based activators, unlike CRISPR-based repressors, scale well with increasing gRNA competition and dCas9 bottlenecking

Synthetic transcriptional networks built from CRISPR-based repressors (CRISPRi) rely on shared use of a core dCas9 protein. In E. coli, CRISPRi cannot sup- port more than about a dozen simultaneous gRNAs before the fold repression of any individual gRNA drops below 10x. We show with a simple model based on previous characterization of competition in CRISPRi that activation by CRISPR-based activators (CRISPRa) is much less sensitive to dCas9 bottle- necking than CRISPRi. We predict that E. coli should be able to support dozens to hundreds of CRISPRa gRNAs at > 10-fold activation.
Spontaneous Generation and an Eighteenth Century Italian Rabbi-Physician

Spontaneous generation is usually stated to have been laid to rest by Louis Pasteur with his swan-necked flask experiments. However, a century and a half earlier an Italian physician-Rabbi, Isaac Lampronti, was so convinced of the falsity of spontaneous generation that he was willing to overturn Jewish legal precedent.
Immediate and 1-Year Outcomes with a Slim Modiolar Cochlear Implant Electrode Array:

ObjectiveTo explore the immediate and 1-year outcomes of patients who underwent implantation with the slim modiolar electrode (SME).Study DesignConsecutive case series with chart review.SettingTert...
From Horseback Riding to Changing the World: UX Competence as a Journey

In this paper, we explore the notion of competence in UX based on the perspective of practitioners. As a result of this exploration, we observed four domains through which we conceptualize a plan of sources of competence that describes the ways a UX practitioner develop competence. Based on this plane, we present the idea of competence as a journey. A journey whose furthest stage implies an urge towards transforming society and UX practice.
CHAPTER 27 – Calculus Packages

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of Calculus packages. The packages contained in the folder Calculus are—FourierTransform, LaplaceTransform, Pade, and Vector Analysis. The commands in the package FourierTransform.m are used to compute the Fourier transform and Fourier series of functions. One uses the built-in commands Fourier and InverseFourier to compute discrete Fourier transforms of lists of data. The commands FourierTransform, FourierCosTransform, FourierSinTransform, etc., can be used when Mathematica can compute the required definite integrals. Otherwise, the numerical analogs of these commands should be employed. In general, the numerical commands are faster than the others. The commands in the package LaplaceTransform.m can be used to compute Laplace transforms and inverse Laplace transforms of many familiar functions. The chapter illustrates some commands in the package LaplaceTransform.m. VectorAnalysis.m provides a variety of commands for performing calculus in various three-dimensional coordinate systems. The chapter presents a variety of commands of VectorAnalysis.m and their examples.
Abstract B15: Dabrafenib-trametinib-induced pyrexia successfully treated with colchicine

The most common adverse event (AE) of dabrafenib and trametinib (DT) is pyrexia, which has been reported to occur in up to 71% of patients. Pyrexia resulted in therapy discontinuation in up to 26% of patients who otherwise were benefiting from the treatment. Little is known about the pathogenesis and optimal management of this common AE. We hypothesized that the etiology of pyrexia in patients treated with DT could be extrapolated from DT-related cutaneous adverse effects in which a paradoxical MAPK pathway activation has been identified. We hypothesized that the mechanism of MAPK pathway activation with DT therapy is similar to that reported in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a rare, inherited condition characterized by episodes of fever and rash that responds exceedingly well to colchicine-based therapy. Based on this association, our group explored the use of oral colchicine for the treatment of DT-associated pyrexia in five patients with metastatic melanoma. Citation Format: Jesus Vera, Jonas Paludo, Lisa Kottschade, Matthew Block, Yiyi Yan, Charles Loprinzi, Svetomir Markovic. Dabrafenib-trametinib-induced pyrexia successfully treated with colchicine [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr B15.
Oral processing speed as a key mechanism in the relationship between neurological risk and adaptive functioning in survivors of pediatric brain tumors

Purpose Brain tumor (BT) survivors are at risk for difficulties with adaptive functioning (AF). Recent work has associated neurological risk with poorer AF outcomes using the Neurological Predictor Scale (NPS), a quantification of neurological risk factors. Survivors also have poorer attention, processing speed, and working memory, which are all important for AF. The current study examined whether these cognitive constructs explain the relationship between the NPS and AF in survivors. Methods Ninety-five adult BT survivors and 135 healthy controls were recruited from the Atlanta area. The Oral Symbol Digits Modalities test was used to measure processing speed, Digit Span Backward assessed working memory, and Digit Span Forward measured attention. Informants completed the Scales of Independent Behavior (SIB-R) to measure AF. Group differences and correlations were assessed, and the PROCESS macro for SPSS tested indirect effects. Results Survivors were significantly lower on AF and cognitive measures compared with controls. Attention span and processing speed had significant indirect effects in relationship between NPS and AF individually, but processing speed was the only variable with a significant indirect effect when all cognitive variables were included in the model. The NPS and processing speed together account for approximately 39% of variance in AF outcomes. Conclusions BT survivors in our sample have lower AF than controls, and processing speed appears to be particularly important in explaining the relationship between neurological risk and AF. In the future, the development of interventions aimed at increasing young adult independence should target both cognitive processing speed and AF skills.
Investigation into medical disciplinary law critically examined

There is a suggestion that the medical disciplinary committees (MDC) in the Netherlands are making more severe rulings on medical professionals. In a 10-year analysis of MDC rulings, it appears that complaints made by patients are more frequently being judged to be well-founded, and that the measures being taken are more severe. The authors conclude that there is a numerical basis for the increasing severity of the rulings. However, a numerical trend as such does not constitute proof of this, as the way in which the ruling is arrived at is unknown. A more thorough analysis of the patient complaints, the ruling and the underlying arguments is necessary. The authors also make some other statements that can be refuted. The importance of the possible influence of the increasing complexity of health care as a factor in the increase in complaints to the MDC is not addressed.
Mutational signatures associated with exposure to carcinogenic microplastic compounds bisphenol A and styrene oxide

Microplastic pollutants in oceans and food chains are concerning to public health. Common plasticizing compounds Bisphenol-A (BPA) and Styrene-7,8-Oxide (SO) are now labeled as carcinogens. We show that BPA and SO cause deoxyribonucleic acid damage and mutagenesis in human cells, and analyze the genome-wide point mutation and genomic rearrangement patterns associated with BPA and SO exposure. A subset of the single- and doublet base substitutions shows mutagenesis near or at guanine, consistent with these compounds' preferences to form guanosine adducts. Presence of other mutational signatures suggest additional mutagenesis probably due to complex effects of BPA and SO on diverse cellular processes. Analyzing data for 19 cancer cohorts, we find that tumors of digestive and urinary organs show relatively high similarity in mutational profiles, and the burden of such mutations increases with age. Even within the same cancer type, proportions of corresponding mutational patterns vary among the cohorts from different countries, as does the amount of microplastic waste in ocean waters. BPA and SO are relatively mild mutagens, and other environmental agents can also potentially generate similar, complex mutational patterns in cancer genomes. Nonetheless, our findings call for systematic evaluation of public health consequences of microplastic exposure worldwide.
Meditative Cognitive Therapies: A Literature Review

Yoga has existed for centuries in the East, beginning in India, as a religious practice of meditation and mindfulness. In the West, however, yoga is more often a popular exercise-based practice with little to no emphasis on its religious or spiritual foundations. Curiously, the mindfulness aspect of yoga has become increasingly popular within the United States, particularly as a method for therapeutic treatments, such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapies (MBCT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). These therapies have been useful for patients in the early stages of psychiatric disorders (e.g. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, Type 1 Bipolar Disorder), as some patients can supplement their medication in exchange for these forms of therapy. This paper investigates the origins of yoga from a Hindu perspective, explaining how recent trends in the U.S. have extracted elements of the traditional practice while adding other elements with a Western influence. This paper also investigates current symptoms and treatments for psychiatric disorders and explores how mindfulness can play an important role in future forms of therapy.