cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Null Controllability — Continuous-Time Systems

This chapter studies null controllability of continuous-time linear systems with bounded controls. Null controllability of a system refers to the possibility of steering its state to the origin in a finite time by an appropriate choice of the admissible control input. If the system is linear and is controllable, then any state can be steered to any other location, for example, the origin, in the state space in a finite time by a control input. This implies that any controllable linear system is null controllable from any point in the state space. The control inputs that are used to drive certain states to the origin, however, might have to be large in magnitude. As a result, when the control input is limited by the actuator saturation, a linear controllable system might not be globally null controllable. In this situation, it is important to identify the set of all the states that can be steered to the origin with the bounded controls delivered by the actuators. This set is referred to as the null controllable region and is denoted as C
The Truth in Nationalism

The functional theory of secession runs counter to the dominant trends in the literature not only because it allows secession in the absence of injustice but also insofar as it focuses on the political capabilities rather than the cultural characteristics of the separatist party. This is striking because the majority of those receptive to political self-determination recommend redrawing political boundaries so as to better accommodate culturally defined nations. In this chapter, I argue that, although there is some truth in nationalism, any account of political self-determination that focuses principally on a group's status as a nation is misguided. Thoroughgoing nationalists typically defend a threefold thesis: (1) There is nothing inappropriate about identifying with one's nation and conationals; (2) conationals have special obligations toward one another; and (3) each nation has a right to political self-determination. Although only the third prong of this tripartite thesis (the “nationalist principle”) is directly relevant to secession, I will briefly examine the first two nationalist claims as well, because the three theses are generally taken to be mutually supporting. Thus, after an introductory section in which I explain my use of the term “nation,” I divide this chapter into five main parts. First, I consider the appropriateness of identifying with one's nation and conationals. Next, I examine whether conationals have special obligations to one another. In the third section, I argue that a group's status as a nation can play at most a secondary role in establishing its right to secede.
Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: patient selection and perspectives.

Background Multiple endoscopic surgical options exist to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), including holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). HoLEP alleviates obstructive prostatic tissue via enucleation, both bluntly with a resectoscope and by cutting tissue with the holmium laser, and removal of adenoma via morcellation. This article reviews patient selection for HoLEP in order to optimize outcomes, costs, and patient satisfaction. Methods A literature review of all studies on HoLEP was conducted. Studies that focused on outcomes in regard to patient and procedural factors were closely reviewed and discussed. Results Various studies found that men with large or small prostates, on antithrombotic therapy, in urinary retention, with bladder hypocontractility, with prostate cancer, undergoing retreatment for BPH, or in need of concomitant surgery for bladder stones and other pathologies do well with HoLEP, as demonstrated by excellent functional and symptomatic outcomes as well as low complication rates. There is a 74-78% rate of retrograde ejaculation following HoLEP. Techniques to preserve ejaculatory function following enucleative techniques have not been able to demonstrate a significant improvement. Conclusion Patient selection for HoLEP can include most men with bothersome BPH who have evidence of bladder outlet obstruction and are healthy enough to undergo surgery. The ability to safely perform concomitant surgery with HoLEP benefits the patient by sparing them an additional anesthetic and also decreases costs. Patients should be made aware of the risk of retrograde ejaculation following HoLEP and counseled on treatment alternatives if maintaining ejaculatory function is desired.
Bringing the cloud to the classroom using openstack

Most corporations and organizations are looking for ways to utilize their network infrastructure and resources in the most cost effective manner. Cloud computing provides the ability for organizations to use computing resources provided by other organizations over the Internet as a service. This allows a company to utilize the resources from a cloud provider on a pay-per-usage model where the costs are determined by the actual allocation and usage of the resources. While the popularity of cloud computing solutions continue to rise, inclusion of cloud computing topics, such as design, implementation, and usage of these platforms is difficult to incorporate into the undergraduate curriculum.
Theory of few-photon quantum scattering in nanophotonic structures

We present a generalization of the input-output formalism that provides an analytic and systematic computation tool for few-photon scattering matrix in waveguide quantum electrodynamics (QED) systems. We also discuss the theoretical constraints on such scattering matrix from the cluster decomposition principle in quantum field theory.
Evaluating Clean Room Products for Aerospace Applications

Large aerospace assemblies, such as the Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA) for the Hubble Space Telescope built by Perkin-Elmer, present a unique challenge to anyone evaluating clean room products for use on these programs. Very stringent requirements for molecular and particulate contamination control are often not taken into account by the manufacturers of clean room products. The realization that extractables of plastic products pose a serious contamination threat to optical assemblies is gaining wider recognition, but even so-called "solvent compatible" products may not meet the requirements of all sensitive payloads. A process is described for evaluating, selecting and monitoring products in the most widespread use—garments, gloves, and wipers. Notwithstanding well-trained, conscientious personnel, items such as garments, gloves and wipers can be used in such a variety of ways that their tolerance for misuse without untoward consequences must be considered. The final selection process must therefore co...
A prospective study of ketamine as primary therapy for prehospital profound agitation

Abstract Objective We investigated the effectiveness of ketamine as a primary therapy for prehospital profound agitation. Methods This was a prospective observational study of patients receiving 5 mg/kg of intramuscular ketamine for profound agitation, defined as a score of + 4 on the Altered Mental Status Scale (AMSS), a validated ordinal scale of agitation from − 4 (unresponsive) to + 4 (most agitated). The primary outcome was time to adequate sedation (AMSS Results Forty-nine patients were enrolled. Median age was 29 years (range 18–66); 76% (37/49) were male. Median time to adequate sedation was 4.2 min (95% CI: 2.5–5.9, range 1–25 min) and 90% (44/49) had adequate sedation prehospital. Seven patients (14%) received a second sedative prehospital. Intubation occurred in 57% (28/49) of patients. Mechanical ventilation lasted Conclusions In patients with prehospital profound agitation, ketamine provides rapid effective sedation when used as a primary therapy. Intubation was common but accompanied by a short duration of mechanical ventilation and appears to have been subject to individual physician practice variation.
The value of knowing how

Know-how has a distinctive, non-instrumental value that a mere reliable ability lacks. Some, including Bengson and Moffett (in: Bengson, Moffett (eds) Knowing how, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 161–195, 2011) and Carter and Pritchard (Australas J Philos 93(4):799–816, 2015b) have cited a close relation between knowhow and cognitive achievement, and it is tempting to think that the value of know-how rests in that relation. That’s not so, however. The value of know-how lies in its relation to the fundamental value of autonomy.
The value of protecting privacy

Abstract New technologies arrive at a blistering pace and existing technologies become more ubiquitous by the day. Technology is so deeply embedded in daily lives and routines that people have become blinded by the promises of new technology. We have become fully engrossed in the benefits of technology in the form of automation, convenience, and immediacy. At the same time, we often fail—on a grand scale—to consider the challenges and drawbacks associated with new technologies. These drawbacks can be more profound and widespread than society acknowledges. As a result, we tend to interact with our technologies while being dangerously unaware of the potential repercussions. If we continue to interact with technology in this narrowly framed manner, significant societal problems are likely to result. This Executive Digest renews the call for increased privacy protections in the context of new technologies.
CONTROL PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE FROM SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIA

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the kinetic behavior of phosphofructokinase (PFK) relevant to the relationship of enzyme activity to the availability in the cell of substrates, activators, and inhibitors of this enzyme. The inhibitory effect of ATP at concentrations above 0.025 mM can control PFK activity especially in systems where the F-6-P concentration is below 0.3 mM the maximal concentration in both the cell and the extract. In an experiment described in the chapter, the inhibitory effect of ATP at concentrations above the estimated maximum value of 0.06 mM was shown. A delicate substrate inhibitor–activator balance or control is very possible for this enzyme in the intact cell, and the controlled activity of this enzyme could contribute substantially to the control of anaerobic glycolysis.
Clinical Detection and Treatment of Parathyroid Diseases

Parathyroid pathology is usually manifested clinically as hyperparathyroidism (HPT), resulting from parathormone (PTH) excess. PTH is the chief hormone product of the parathyroid glands and can be overproduced in several complexly interrelated settings, termed primary (PHPT), secondary (SHPT), and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT). PHPT can arise sporadically or from inherited syndromes that include multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), isolated familial hyperparathyroidism (FHPT), and familial hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (FHJT). SHPT is secondary to hypocalcemia, renal insufficiency, and/or severe vitamin D deficiency. THPT by definition occurs with a history of renal failure and long-standing SHPT.
Will simulation sickness slow down the diffusion of virtual environment technology

The widespread diffusion of immersive virtual environments VE is threatened by persistent reports that some users experience simulation sickness, a form of motion sickness that accompanies extended use of the medium. Experience with the problem of simulation sickness is most extensive in the military where the illness has accompanied the use of various simulators since the 1950s. This article considers the obstacles presented by simulation sickness to the diffusion of VE systems, its physiological and technological causes, and, finally, the remedies that have been suggested to fix the problems. This issue is also considered in light of previous reports of purported illnesses that accompanied the diffusion of other communication technologies.
Non-Gaussian Statistics of Superradiant Radiation from Saturated Xenon 3.5μm Laser Amplifier

The intense stimulated emission, so-called superradiant radiation, can easily be observed in the case of a high gain laser amplifier such as the Xenon 3.5μm transition. The small signal gain of the 3.5μm transitions (5d3 3 − 6p22) is of the order of 4 db/cm and is one of the highest gains among known gas lasers[1], The intensity of amplified spontaneous emission can be comparable to that of ordinary cw gas laser. There are essential differences between the superradiant radiation and cw gas laser radiation; the spectral line-width of superradiant radiation is much broader than that of a cw laser. The center frequency of the superradiant radiation is more stable than in the case of usual cw laser, because no optical resonator is involved and the center frequency is determined by the energy levels of excited atoms[2,3].
Chronic ethanol intake and synaptosomal glutamate binding activity.

The actions of ethanol within the central nervous system (CNS) are undoubtedly multifaceted and ubiquitous. However, a large body of recent neurochemical research strongly suggests that nerve cell membranes may be one of the most significant loci for alcohol’s activity and may provide the key to understanding this agent’s dramatic effects under both acute and chronic intoxication (1,2,3,4,5). Ethanol is capable of interacting with lipid constituents of the membranes as well as with the hydrophobic regions of membrane proteins (1,2), and in this way, may alter the activity of membrane enzymes, ionophores, uptake carriers, and neurotransmitter receptors (3,4,5,6). The interaction between ethanol and any of these membrane-bound proteins could result in changes in neuronal excitability throughout the CNS. It is this potential ethanol-induced alteration in normal excitability characteristics of nerve cell membranes that has been the focus of research efforts in our laboratory.
Commentary: Expanding on Effectiveness.

(2003). Commentary: Expanding on Effectiveness. School Psychology Review: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 536-540.
Atmospheric patterns in relationship with observed ozone concentrations in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area during the North American Monsoon

Abstract Phoenix, Arizona is a designated ozone nonattainment area by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and is susceptible to unhealthy ozone during the summer North American Monsoon. This study identifies common July and August synoptic environments linked with daily exceedances and non-exceedances of the EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). Results indicate a common weather pattern for exceeding the NAAQS consisting of 1) an amplified high-pressure ridge over the Four Corners region causing 500 hPa heights to often exceed 5910 m, 2) surface afternoon temperatures typically rising over 40 °C, 3) lighter wind speeds in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) under four ms−1, and 4) a distinct and persistent light easterly flow regime from 700 to 500 hPa. The last feature would counter local mountain-valley winds in the upper PBL to promote ozone accumulation aloft and subsequent fumigation. Conversely, non-exceedance days are associated with 1) West Coast troughing and 500 hPa geopotential heights between 5.9 and 21.4 m lower, 2) afternoon PBL temperatures on average 0.8 °C–2.2 °C cooler, 3) faster afternoon westerly flow at 925 and 850 hPa over four ms−1, and 4) westerly flow in general at and above 925 hPa, aligning with the daytime mountain-valley circulation. Furthermore, a secondary non-exceedance pattern was identified. This less frequent pattern has moist southeast flow and is recognized for bringing widespread convective storm activity to central Arizona, including the PNA, based on prior research.
Millimeter-Wave Double-Ridge Waveguide and Components

A 45–110-GHz double-ridge waveguide, denoted by WRD45110, is designed, fabricated, and tested. A detailed parametric study is carried out to develop a cross section with in-band attenuation for the straight line below 0.06 dB/cm and group delay below 0.06 ns/cm. Ridges are rounded so that the theoretical peak power handling is above 400 W. For practical characterization, various straight lines are built with the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) 3-D printing process in aluminum and stainless steel. Precision, repeatability, mechanical strength, and electrical performance are then evaluated. A 90° twist, a 90° E-bend, a 90° H-bend, and an open termination load are also developed, 3-D printed, and measured. Good performance of all lines and components and ability to cascade functional pieces are demonstrated.
A case of nasal low-grade non-intestinal-type adenocarcinoma with aberrant CDX2 expression and a novel SYN2-PPARG gene fusion in a 13-year-old girl

We report the first patient (a 13-year-old girl) with a sinonasal low-grade non-intestinal-type adenocarcinoma showing aberrant CDX2 expression both within morular areas and in the tubular component and demonstrate for the first time a SYN2-PPARG gene fusion in this tumor type. The tumor arose from the nasal septum and had not spread beyond the nasal cavity.
Helicobacter pylori Deregulates T and B Cell Signaling to Trigger Immune Evasion

Helicobacter pylori is a prevalent human pathogen that successfully establishes chronic infection, which leads to clinically significant gastric diseases including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastric cancer (GC). H. pylori is able to produce a persistent infection due in large part to its ability to hijack the host immune response. The host adaptive immune response is activated to strategically and specifically attack pathogens and normally clears them from the infected host. Since B and T lymphocytes are central mediators of adaptive immunity, in this chapter we review their development and the fundamental mechanisms regulating their activation in order to understand how some of the normal processes are subverted by H. pylori. In this review, we place particular emphasis on the CD4+ T cell responses, their subtypes, and regulatory mechanisms because of the expanding literature in this area related to H. pylori. T lymphocyte differentiation and function are finely orchestrated through a series of cell–cell interactions, which include immune checkpoint receptors. Among the immune checkpoint receptor family, there are some with inhibitory properties that are exploited by tumor cells to facilitate their immune evasion. Gastric epithelial cells (GECs), which act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the gastric mucosa, are induced by H. pylori to express immune checkpoint receptors known to sway T lymphocyte function and thus circumvent effective T effector lymphocyte responses. This chapter reviews these and other mechanisms used by H. pylori to interfere with host immunity in order to persist.
Musculoskeletal Joint Pain: Lower Extremities

Lower extremity joint pain is extremely common, affecting 50% of people in the United States older than 18 years and 75% of those older than 65, and causes significant disability, lost work days, and decreased quality of life. Many patients presenting to pain management physicians suffer from lower extremity joint issues. This chapter provides a review of the anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics of lower extremity joints including the hip, knee, and ankle and describes common joint pathologies ranging from osteoarthritis to various ligamentous injuries. Lastly it delves into treatments, including interventional pain procedures.
Against all odds: Numerical assessment by tufted capuchin monkeys

When competitors are able to assess the asymmetry in the resource holding potential before interacting, individuals or groups should avoid interacting with stronger opponents, thereby avoiding the energy costs and risk of injury associated with aggressive intergroup encounters. Thus, escalated aggression is expected only between closely matched competitors. Among Argentine tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus), intergroup dominance is decided by the asymmetry in male group size. Using playback experiments, I simulated intergroup encounters with neighboring groups, manipulating both the apparent numerical asymmetry and the resource context. During experimental trials, I recorded the approach behavior of the focal individual, as well as changes in neighbor density and individual travel speed following the presentation of the playback stimulus, to assess whether individual willingness to participate in resource defense was affected by the probability of winning the encounter. In spite of the competitive disadvantage, neither males nor females showed a decreased probability of approach when the numerical odds strongly favored the opposing group. Instead decisions regarding whether to participate appear to be driven primarily by the resource context. Nevertheless, changes in individual behavior during approaches suggest that tufted capuchin monkeys are sensitive to the relative odds. Individuals accelerated less when approaching a larger group, although no changes in neighbor density were apparent. The absence of an effect of the numerical asymmetry on willingness to approach the playback speaker suggests that subordinate groups benefit from engaging in intergroup aggression with larger neighbors, despite the high probability of losing. These encounters may serve to assess the current subjective resource valuation of the neighboring group or limit territorial expansion by large groups by decreasing the marginal value of home range exclusivity. Because these encounters are riskier, however, individuals appear to alter their approaches, becoming more tentative as the numerical odds increasingly favor the opposing group.
Ab initio electron-two-phonon scattering in GaAs from next-to-leading order perturbation theory.

Electron-phonon (e–ph) interactions are usually treated in the lowest order of perturbation theory. Here we derive next-to-leading order e–ph interactions, and compute from first principles the associated electron-two-phonon (2ph) scattering rates. The derivations involve Matsubara sums of two-loop Feynman diagrams, and the numerical calculations are challenging as they involve Brillouin zone integrals over two crystal momenta and depend critically on the intermediate state lifetimes. Using Monte Carlo integration together with a self-consistent update of the intermediate state lifetimes, we compute and converge the 2ph scattering rates, and analyze their energy and temperature dependence. We apply our method to GaAs, a weakly polar semiconductor with dominant optical-mode long-range e–ph interactions. We find that the 2ph scattering rates are as large as nearly half the value of the one-phonon rates, and that including the 2ph processes is necessary to accurately predict the electron mobility in GaAs from first principles. Electron-phonon scattering plays a decisive role in electron transport and is taken into account in ab initio calculations by leading-order perturbations involving scattering events with one phonon. Here, the authors show that higher-order effects are comparable in magnitude to the leading order in polar semiconductors.
Adiponectin levels in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and polymorphic analysis of related gene SNP + 45 T/G in the island area of East Zhejiang

Objective To investigate the levels of plasma adiponectin in patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and related gene SNP + 45 polymorphism and the correlation between them in island area of East Zhejiang.Methods The levels of plasma adiponectin were measured with ELISA,and related gene SNP +45 polyrnorphism was monitored with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP).Results The frequencies of TG + GG genotype and G allele in the cerebral infarction (CI) group were all significantly higher than those in the control group,while the levels of plasma adiponectin in the CI group were lower than those in control group.Logistic regression analysis revealed that the adiponectin gene SNP + 45 TG + GG was positively correlated with that of CI patients,and the levels of plasma adiponectin were negatively associated with CI patients.Conclusions Adiponectin gene TG + GG genotype was possibly a susceptible genotype associated with those patients with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in island area of East Zhejiang.The occurrence of CI might be resulted from its effect on the expression of plasma adiponectin. Key words: Adiponectin; Gene polymorphism ; Cerebral infarction
Understanding the Relationship Between Divestitures and Innovation: The Role of Organization Design

This paper investigates a tradeoff that may exist between the quantity and quality of innovation outcomes in divesting firms, as moderated by their organization designs. On one hand, divesting firm...
Progression and dormancy in metastatic thyroid cancer: concepts and clinical implications.

Distant metastasis classically has been defined as a late-stage event in cancer progression. However, it has become clear that metastases also may occur early in the “lifetime” of a cancer and that they may remain stable at distant sites. This stability of metastatic cancer deposits has been termed “metastatic dormancy” or, as we term it, “metastatic progression dormancy” as the progression either may reflect growth of already existing metastases or new cancer spread. Biologically, dormancy is the presence of nongrowing, static metastatic cells that survive over time. Clinically, dormancy is defined by stability in tumor markers, imaging, and clinical course. Metastatic well-differentiated thyroid cancer offers an excellent tumor type to understand these processes for several reasons: (1) primary therapy often includes removal of the entire gland with ablation of residual normal tissue thereby removing one source for new metastases; (2) the presence of a sensitive biochemical and radiographic monitoring tests enabling monitoring of metastasis throughout the progression process; and (3) its tendency toward prolonged clinical dormancy that can last for years or decades be followed by progression. This latter factor provides opportunities to define therapeutic targets and/or markers of progression. In this review, we will discuss concepts of metastatic progression dormancy and the factors that drive both long-term stability and loss of dormancy with a focus on thyroid cancer.
Parent satisfaction and one-way Mandarin Chinese dual-language programs in Utah

This study invited parents in 21 one-way Mandarin Chinese dual immersion programs in Utah to respond to a survey on-line. Five hundred and eighty parents participated in this study. The objectives ...
Getting Numbers into Brains.

Perceptions of numerosity, duration and distance play fundamental roles in our behaviour and in our thinking, but how we perceive these abstract quantities is a mystery. Cheyette and Piantadosi provide a model that explains both new and long-standing experimental results on the accuracy and speed with which human subjects report the numerosity of a visible set.
Environmental sampling of volatile organic compounds during the 2018 Camp Fire in Northern California.

Abstract Trace analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during wildfires is imperative for environmental and health risk assessment. The use of gas sampling devices mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to chemically sample air during wildfires is of great interest because these devices move freely about their environment, allowing for more representative air samples and the ability to sample areas dangerous or unreachable by humans. This work presents chemical data from air samples obtained in Davis, CA during the most destructive wildfire in California's history - the 2018 Camp Fire – as well as the deployment of our sampling device during a controlled experimental fire while fixed to a UAV. The sampling mechanism was an in-house manufactured micro-gas preconcentrator (µPC) embedded onto a compact battery-operated sampler that was returned to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Compounds commonly observed in wildfires were detected during the Camp Fire using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS), including BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, and o-xylene), benzaldehyde, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene. Concentrations of BTEX were calculated and we observed that benzene and toluene were highest with average concentrations of 4.7 and 15.1 µg/m3, respectively. Numerous fire-related compounds including BTEX and aldehydes such as octanal and nonanal were detected upon experimental fire ignition, even at a much smaller sampling time compared to samples taken during the Camp Fire. Analysis of the air samples taken both stationary during the Camp Fire and mobile during an experimental fire show the successful operation of our sampler in a fire environment.
Predictors of Feminist Identity Utilizing an Intersectional Lens With a Focus on Non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, and African American MSW Students:

A fundamental value of social work is social justice, which includes gender and racial/ethnic equality. Feminists address gender-based oppression and often work to address racial/ethnic inequalitie...
Second-Generation Objects in the Universe: Radiative Cooling and Collapse of Halos with Virial Temperatures Above 10^4 Kelvin

The first generation of protogalaxies likely formed out of primordial gas via H2-cooling in cosmological minihalos with virial temperatures of a few 1000K. However, their abundance is likely to have been severely limited by feedback processes which suppressed H2 formation. The formation of the protogalaxies responsible for reionization and metal-enrichment of the intergalactic medium, then had to await the collapse of larger halos. Here we investigate the radiative cooling and collapse of gas in halos with virial temperatures Tvir > 10^4K. In these halos, efficient atomic line radiation allows rapid cooling of the gas to 8000 K; subsequently the gas can contract nearly isothermally at this temperature. Without an additional coolant, the gas would likely settle into a locally gravitationally stable disk; only disks with unusually low spin would be unstable. However, we find that the initial atomic line cooling leaves a large, out-of-equilibrium residual free electron fraction. This allows the molecular fraction to build up to a universal value of about x(H2) = 10^-3, almost independently of initial density and temperature. We show that this is a non--equilibrium freezeout value that can be understood in terms of timescale arguments. Furthermore, unlike in less massive halos, H2 formation is largely impervious to feedback from external UV fields, due to the high initial densities achieved by atomic cooling. The H2 molecules cool the gas further to about 100K, and allow the gas to fragment on scales of a few 100 Msun. We investigate the importance of various feedback effects such as H2-photodissociation from internal UV fields and radiation pressure due to Ly-alpha photon trapping, which are likely to regulate the efficiency of star formation.
Analysis of environmental migrants and their mental health in strengthening health systems

Background: It is predicted that by 2050 more than 250 million people will have to relocate as a result of climate-related change to their home environment. The existential threat posed by anthropogenic phenomena such as forest fires, floods, sea level rise, drought, and intensified weather events (e.g. tropical storms) has caused a new type of migrant to emerge. Within academic literature, these migrants are referred to as climate migrants, environmental migrants, or eco migrants, among other terms. These individuals’ migration journey and this journey’s impact on their mental health is currently an understudied research area. This paper summarizes the mental health challenges climate migrants face via a narrative review. Methods: Google Scholar was used as the main search database throughout May, 2020 until authors determined data saturation had been reached. Grey literature was also included. Sources were included if they focused directly on evaluating environmental migrants and their mental health experiences. Academic sources must have been peer-reviewed and published within the past 10 years. Information was coded and evaluated according to the three migration journey stages of before, after, and during relocation. Results: Main findings include that the slow or sudden degradation of one’s surroundings can cause the onset of mental health disorders that are later exacerbated by challenges faced when migrating, such as lack of access to health services. Mental health challenges faced upon reaching destination communities consist mainly of social marginalization and disruption of social ties. Lastly, action items for health systems are outlined and the need for more research on the mental wellbeing of climate migrants throughout their migration journey is stressed. Conclusions: This review is an urgent call to policymakers, health professionals, and researchers to strengthen health systems by making them more climate resilient and inclusive towards environmental migrants.
Creating positive memory in staged experiences through sensory tools

This research investigates the link between the degree of sensory stimulation and positive memory in staged experiences. First, a field study on how two museums used sensory tools in their experien...
Review of Costa Rican Agricultural Exports: Banana, Coffee, & Pineapple

Costa Rica is one of the world’s leading exporters of bananas and pineapple, as well as one of the largest producers of coffee in North America. These three exports make up the backbone of Costa Rican agriculture, which accounts for almost 5% (4.6% to be exact) of its GDP and employs 12.5% of Costa Rica’s workforce. In fact, over 10% of the world’s exported pineapples are grown in Costa Rica. Moreover, Costa Rica is a very close trading partner with many European countries and the United States especially. Given the aforementioned information, hopefully one may understand why an analysis of Costa Rican agricultural production and exports are important. Dually, there exists a relative lack of literature on Costa Rican agricultural economy when compared to other Latin American nations, and this void of published work should be filled. Not only is the industry very important for Costa Rica, but the United States and some European nations rely on Costa Rican exports of banana and pineapple. This paper seeks to contribute greater understanding within economic literature on Costa Rican agricultural exports, and demonstrate which direction Costa Rica’s exports should move in the future. This paper seeks to answer the question of what role Costa Rica currently plays in global agriculture production, and which way it should move in the near future. Analyzing Costa Rica’s production possibilities in regards to its main three agricultural crop exports may help improve efficiency, promote a more environmentally friendly agriculture industry, and even marginally increase GDP. Furthermore, this research may open the door for greater discourse on current trends of exports in the global south and the re-evaluation of the comparative advantages among developing states currently. This is to say that this paper may be the spring board with which more literature and discussion may come from in regards to agricultural exports and development in the global south. This paper finds that Costa Rica should look to slightly increasing production of Pineapple and Coffee, while slightly reducing banana production.
The Punisher's Brain: The Evolution of Judge and Jury

Why do we punish, and why do we forgive? Are these learned behaviors, or is there something deeper going on? This book argues that there is indeed something deeper going on, and that our essential response to the killers, rapists, and other wrongdoers among us has been programmed into our brains by evolution. Using evidence and arguments from neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, Morris B. Hoffman traces the development of our innate drives to punish - and to forgive - throughout human history. He describes how, over time, these innate drives became codified into our present legal systems and how the responsibility and authority to punish and forgive was delegated to one person - the judge - or a subset of the group - the jury. Hoffman shows how these urges inform our most deeply held legal principles and how they might animate some legal reforms.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)

Publisher Summary Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is a robust, multilocus PCR-based DNA fingerprinting technique that can provide the most efficient, reliable, and economical analysis of population genetics. AFLPs are nuclear DNA markers inherited in Mendelian fashion, in contrast to environmental markers and mitochondrial markers. As compared to other nuclear markers, such as RFLP and RAPD, AFLPs provide a much greater level of polymorphism and a much wider genomic coverage. AFLP probably is also superior to microsatellites for population genetic studies because of its ability to display hundreds of loci simultaneously. However, AFLP markers are inherited as dominant markers. Caution should be exercised for transfer of information across laboratories. The needs for special equipment such as sequencers may limit its wide application. These disadvantages can be compensated for by the robustness of the multilocus AFLP analysis, which not only provides high levels of polymorphism, but also provides a great level of band sharing required to establish relatedness among populations. Most importantly, AFLP (and also RAPD) analysis does not require any previous knowledge and thus is suitable to population genetic analysis of any species. Because of these advantages, the application of AFLP in fish population genetic studies is increasing. In time, its wide application in the studies of fish population genetics is inevitable.
3 Prediction and Determination of MHC Ligands and T-cell Epitopes

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the prediction and determination of MHC ligands and T-cell epitopes. The induction of T-cell response is necessary to most antigen-specific immune responses, especially when the target antigen is a protein. The cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to protein antigens is dependent upon the recognition of the antigen in the form of intracellularly processed peptides, bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules and expressed at the cell surface. These peptides are defined as T-cell epitopes, if the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complex is able to stimulate a cellular immune response through interaction with the T-cell receptor (TCR) of a circulating T cell. Cleaved peptides are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum by transporter associated with antigen-processing (TAP) proteins, coded for by the TAP1 and TAP2 genes located in the MHC class I1 region of the genome. Fine mapping of T-cell epitopes is accomplished using synthetic peptides and T cells in vitro. T-cell proliferation assays, which test for the presentation of peptides in the context of MHC class 11 and the recognition of the peptide–MHC complex by T helper cells, are carried out with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), cell lines ,or T-cell clones.
ADD, ADHD: Genetics, Cross-Cultural Research and Drugs, Depression and Suicide in Children

Cross-cultural research has placed in question the ADD/ADHD syndrome. Genetic studies have indicated some association of CNVs with ADD/ADHD but association does not equate with disease and the same CNVs appear in children without the disease questioning the genetic causality. Drugs for the treatment of ADD/ADHD may predispose children for depression and suicide. Dietary and behavioral research places new emphasis on cultural aspects of the etiology of high activity children. MRI studies of children’s brains as evidence for this syndrome are variable and inconsistent and may be artifacts of limited comparative data and analytical procedures.
Dynamic Regulation of the Financial Services Industry

Governance adjustments via stable rules in reaction to financial crises are inevitably followed by relaxation, revision, and retraction. The economic conditions and the corresponding requirements for optimal and stable rules are constantly evolving, suggesting that a different set of rules could be optimal. Despite the risk of future crises, anticipation of future developments and preemption of possible future crises do not play a significant role in the regulatory framework and academic literature. Dynamic elements in financial regulation as a supplemental optimization process for rulemaking could help facilitate rulemaking when it is most needed – ex-ante before crises – to curtail the effects of crises and suboptimal regulatory outcomes – ex-post after crises. By including dynamic elements, the regulatory sine curve of financial regulation could be optimized in relation to the phase-shifted first derivative (cosine curve) that describes common elements of financial crises. Dynamic regulation could help dampen the degree of volatility of both the cosine curve and the regulatory sine curve by creating an anticipatory regulatory response to financial crises.
Network analysis of genes regulated in renal diseases: implications for a molecular-based classification

Background Chronic renal diseases are currently classified based on morphological similarities such as whether they produce predominantly inflammatory or non-inflammatory responses. However, such classifications do not reliably predict the course of the disease and its response to therapy. In contrast, recent studies in diseases such as breast cancer suggest that a classification which includes molecular information could lead to more accurate diagnoses and prediction of treatment response. This article describes how we extracted gene expression profiles from biopsies of patients with chronic renal diseases, and used network visualizations and associated quantitative measures to rapidly analyze similarities and differences between the diseases.
On improving Ge detector energy resolution and peak-to-Compton ratios by pulse-shape discrimination

Abstract The rise-time discrimination of pulses from Ge detectors can be used to improve the spectra on two levels: first, by discriminating against slower-rising pulses, both the energy resolution and peak-to-Compton ratios can be improved significantly, especially for detectors that have suffered neutron damage. Second, by adding a pulse-height correction to compensate for effects of varying rise-time, an improved composite spectrum can be obtained without significant loss in detector efficiency.
Evaluation and Control of Perchloroethylene Exposures during Dry Cleaning

Abstract A study was conducted at a large, commercial dry cleaner to evaluate the control of worker exposure to perchloroethylene (PERC) and provide recommendations to reduce exposure. This shop used a dry-to-dry machine that had a refrigerated condenser, which operated during the dry cycle, as the primary vapor recovery device. A small fan that was ducted to a carbon canister was the secondary vapor recovery device. When the machine door was opened, a microswitch energized the fan to draw PERC-laden air from the cylinder through activated carbon. These two controls operated independently. Three of the six employees were sampled. The machine operator, who had the highest exposures, was exposed to between 13 and 19 ppm time-weighted average (TWA) PERC, primarily from loading/unloading the dry cleaning machine. Real-time monitoring revealed that average PERC exposure while loading the machine was much higher than while unloading (846 versus 271 ppm). Real-time measurements taken near the carbon canister sho...
Treatment outcome of secondary orgasmic dysfunction: a two- to six-year follow-up.

Sixty-six women reporting secondary orgasmic dysfunction and their partners, who received one of five group treatment formats, were sent questionnaires 2–6 years later. Thirty-eight of the women and 38 of the male partners responded to the follow-up questionnaires. Women who were not divorced and who did not receive additional treatment after group treatment (n =28) showed consistent increases across time in their ability to experience orgasm during intercourse, improving from a mean coital orgasmic frequency of 9.5% before treatment to 36.9% at long-term follow-up. Sexual harmony and coital frequency showed similar increases following treatment but had returned to near baseline levels 2–6 years later. Divorced women and women who received additional treatment (n =10) demonstrated greater declines in sexual harmony over the follow-up period than did their untreated counterparts. The subjects reported generally favorable reactions to treatment and stressed the importance of a treatment focus on communication and relationship skills. Regression analyses suggested the predictive importance of variables associated with the male partner's functioning. The implications of the results for clinical practice and for future research are discussed.
The Attending Physician: Privilege and Pitfalls

THE GOALS of medical education today, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels, are thwarted by a multitude of forces. Medical school enrollments are increasing. Academic and administrative demands on the faculty abound. Financial difficulties plague the institutions. The public is dissatisfied with and distrustful of the profession. House staff clamors for more tolerable working conditions. Within this milieu patients must be cared for and trainees instructed. Central to the successful provision of quality medical education and patient care stands the attending physician. His strengths, however, have become dissipated out of need for self-preservation in the pursuit of more tangible, more remunerative activities. As attending physicians for students and house officers, through discussions with students from visiting medical schools, and from interviewing applicants for house staff training, we have identified several problems. Students and house officers are rarely counseled about their performance, whether good or bad. Often the student reaches
Enriching the Student Learning Experience: Linking Student Development and Organizational Perspectives

Founding About Campus Executive Editor Patricia M. King discusses her concerns about what she sees as the unnecessary split between the institutional and the individual approach to supporting student learning and provides a forward-looking model to merge the two.
Some properties of the ribonuclease activities from the parotid and submandibular salivary glands of the neonatal and adult rat.

Abstract The accumulation of ribonuclease activity in the perinatal submandibular gland and its decrease with adulthood was not due to the presence of inhibitors or activators and thus reflects real differences in enzyme concentration. The RNase activities of parotid and submandibular glands of the 4-day old and adult rat were purified by DEAE-Sephadex and/or by affinity chromatography and their properties were compared. RNases from the different sources were identical in their behaviour on DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and in their pH optima, acid-stability, heat-stability and lack of activity against polyadenylic acid. The 4-day submandibular RNase was identical to the adult parotid enzyme in its electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel. Measurements were made of the relative activity of the various RNases against polycytidylic acid (poly C) versus RNA; all had greater activity against poly C. In general, considerable variability in the poly C:RNA activity ratio among different preparations precludes a confident conclusion about their similarity or difference. However, the poly C:RNA ratio of the adult submandibular gland RNase was lower than that of all of the others, and this enzyme may be different from both the RNase of the neonatal submandibular gland and that of the adult parotid gland.