cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberalisation and its impact on migration in agricultural communities in Mexico

This paper examines market liberalisation measures taken by the Mexican government in the 1990s and their impact on migration. It looks at the events that affected small agricultural producers of basic crops, such as the removal of price supports and input subsidies, changes in property rights laws of communal landowners and the reduction of tariffs on agricultural imports and their impact on migration to the US. Using a difference-in-differences approach reveals that reliance on basic crop production is positively and significantly associated with increases in migration rates. There are also small effects of exposure to changes in property rights and negative but insignificant effects of exposure to globalisation on migration to the US. Resume Ce travail passe en revue les mesures de liberalisation prises par le gouvernement mexicain dans les annees 1990 et leur impact sur les flux migratoires. Il tient compte des facteurs qui ont affecte les petits producteurs des cultures de base, telles que la suppres...
Acid precipitation and its influence upon aquatic ecosystems — An overview

The impact of acid precipitation reflects a usually deleterious balance between good and bad effects which may lead to serious and sometimes extreme degradation of aquatic as well as terrestrial ecosystems, particularly around metal smelters. Addition of H ions as H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl can alter and impoverish the species composition of biotic communities, and lead to severe leaching of beneficial metal cations such as Ca from ecosystems. Heavy metals and other trace elements which accompany acid precipitation may reach toxic levels, particularly where acid fallout leaches additional amounts from the soil into streams and lakes. Complex and often toxic hydrocarbons also comprise a little known organic component of acid precipitation.
Reversible carbon–carbon bond formation between carbonyl compounds and a ruthenium pincer complex

This communication describes the reversible reaction of a ruthenium pincer complex with a variety of carbonyl compounds. Both NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic characterization of isomeric carbonyl adducts are reported, and the equilibrium constants for carbonyl binding have been determined.
Canopy gaps formed by mangrove trimming: an experimental test of impact on litter fall and standing litter stock in Southwest Florida (USA)

Abstract Mangroves in Florida (USA) are subject to horticultural pruning that may increase the size of canopy gaps and alter rates of litter production and accumulation. Mangrove canopy gap formation is a common phenomenon, known to alter abiotic conditions near the forest floor. Using a series of field experiments in Rookery Bay, Florida, the effects of mangrove trimming on canopy density, mangrove litter production, standing litter stocks, and the decomposition rate of Rhizophora mangle leaves on the forest floor were assessed. Litter trap collections over the year following mangrove trimming indicated that pruned mangrove stands (canopy coverage: 42.8±0.9%; mean±S.E.) produced approximately one-half of the litter of mangrove stands with relatively complete canopies (canopy coverage: 72.1±0.5%). However, there was no significant difference between the mass of standing litter on the forest floor beneath reduced canopy and intact canopy mangroves. Also, R. mangle leaves held on the forest floor in fiberglass litter bags at both reduced canopy and control sites did not decompose at different rates over 28 days. These results indicate that while system-wide mangrove litter production should be reduced by the formation of these gaps in mangrove forests, postproduction influences may obscure any site-specific declines in standing litter stocks.
Investigation of W121 on the Conformation and Functional Properties of the Human Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor-1

Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 (FGF-1) is a 16kDa heparin binding protein, which has been associated with a variety of important functions including angiogenesis and wound repair. In order for FGF-1 to enter the cell it must interact with the FGF-1 receptor on the cell surface. One vital residue involved in the binding of FGF-1 to the receptor is tryptophan 121 (W121). This study aims to examine the role of W121 on the conformation and functionality of FGF-1. Site-directed mutagenesis will be used to incorporate mutations at position 121. The effect of these mutations will be characterized using various biophysical techniques including fluorescence, CD, ITC, and mutli-dimesional NMR spectroscopy. As FGFs are involved in many crucial cellular processes, the gain from this study is expected to provide useful information on the regulation of the FGF signaling process.
Vibration-Rotation Spectra of HCN†

An analysis of the spectrum of the linear unsymmetric molecule HC12N has been made permitting the determination of the 21 constants necessary for predicting the vibrational frequencies and the 10 constants necessary for predicting the B value for the various vibrational states. To determine these constants new measurements were made on numerous bands in the region of 1–3 μ employing a 5-m vacuum spectrograph. Several instances of Fermi resonance were detected and analyzed. Except for a few bands where additional resonances may be present, the vibrational constants predict the measured values for the band origins of 44 bands within an amount not much greater than the expected experimental error. The rotational constants also predict the B value within the experimental error for 24 bands where data are available.Bands of HC13N and DC12N were also measured to determine the α values for calculation of the equilibrium moment of inertia. The 101–000 and 1111–0110 bands were used for all three isotopic forms of HCN to determine the Be values in a parallel fashion. From these values the bond length C–H=1.06593±0.00010 A and C–N=1.15313±0.00002 A were determined.In five different cases in HC12N it was possible to apply the Ritz combination principle to determine the frequency of the 0110 state. By using this value and the rotational constants it was possible to calculate the frequencies of lines in the 0110–000 band. The principle is also applied to HC13N and DC12N.
The human bone sialoprotein gene (IBSP) : Genomic localization and characterization

Abstract We have isolated and partially sequenced the human bone sialoprotein gene (IBSP). IBSP has been sublocalized by in situ hybridization to chromosome 4q28-q31 and is composed of six small exons (51 to 159 bp) and 1 large exon (∼2.6 kb). The intron/exon junctions defined by sequence analysis are of class 0, retaining an intact coding triplet. Sequence analysis of the 5′ upstream region revealed a TATAA (nucleotides -30 to -25 from the transcriptional start point) and a CCAAT (nucleotides -56 to -52) box, both in the reverse orientation. Intron 1 contains interesting structural elements composed of polypyrimidine repeats followed by a poly(AC)n tract. Both types of structural elements have been detected in promoter regions of other genes and have been implicated in transcriptional regulation. Several differences between the previously published cDNA sequence (L. W. Fisher et al., 1990, J. Biol. Chem. 265, 2347-2351) and our sequence have been identified, most of which are contained within the untranslated exon 1. Three base revisions in the coding region include a G to T (Gly to Val, amino acid 195), T to C (Val to Ala, amino acid 268), and T to A (Glu to Asp, amino acid 270). In conclusion, the genomic organization and potential regulatory elements of human IBSP have been elucidated.
Evidence from the Rhesus Monkey (Macaco, mulatto) for the View that Negative Feedback Control of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion by the Testis Is Mediated by a Deceleration of Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Frequency

The site and mode of the feedback actions of testicular hormones on gonadotropin secretion in the adult rhesus monkey were investigated using the arcuate-lesioned preparation previously employed by others to study cognate problems in the female. The negative feedback loop that governs LH and FSH release in the male monkey was opened without changing either the frequency or amplitude of intermittent GnRH stimulation of the pituitary gonadotrophs, which was clamped by exogenous GnRH replacement at a level that approximated the intact or closed loop hypophysiotropic signal. In this manner, the relative importance of adenohypophysial vs. hypothalamic sites of feedback action of testicular hormones on LH and FSH secretion was assessed. To accomplish the foregoing, radiofrequency lesions were placed in the region of the arcuate nucleus to abolish endogenous hypothalamic GnRH secretion. Patterns of temporally coupled episodes of pituitary LH and testicular testosterone discharge that in nonlesioned animals chara...
Mathematical modeling of fractional reaction-diffusion systems with different order time derivatives

The linear stability analysis is studied for a two-component fractional reaction-diffusion system with different derivative indices. Two different cases are considered: when the activator index is larger than the inhibitor one and when the inhibitor variable index is larger than the activator one. The general analysis is confirmed by computer simulation of the system with cubic nonlinearity. It is shown that systems with a higher activator variable index lead to a much more complicated space-time dynamics.
Sequential use of antidepressant drugs with chlorpromazine in chronic schizophrenia.

Mental reintegration with a high level of work adjustment occurred with the sequential prolonged use of one or more of the antidepressant drugs in combination with chlorpromazine in a group of apathetic, withdrawn, regressed, male schizophrenic patients whose median duration of continuous hospitalization was 12.5 years. At the end of the treatment period of one year, six were in remission, four were much improved, five were improved, four were slightly improved, and one showed no improvement. No improvement occurred in the control groups. At the end of two years, 17 of the 20 patients on combined medication have been released from the hospital.
Progesterone induced diminished incorporation of exogenous 14C-amino acids in diapausing mouse blastocysts.

Under identical in vitro labeling conditions, significantly lower amounts of radioactivity were found a) in proteins of early diapausing blastocysts (days 7–9 p.c.) vs normal, late blastocysts (day 5 p.c.) and b) in proteins of days 19–23 p.c. diapausing blastocysts from ovariectomized mothers treated with progesterone vs similar embryos from untreated mothers. Thus, progesterone, which maintains the viability of embryos during prolonged diapause, causes diminished utilization of exogenous amino acids for protein synthesis in these embryos.
Homogenates of pregnant rat and fetal tissues metabolize carcinogens to mutagens detected by Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 adn TA100

Abstract Homogenates of placenta, liver, lung, intestine and skin from pregnant rats and their 20 day old fetuses were compared for their ability to metabolize chemicals to mutagens. Pregnant females were either untreated or received phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene or polychlorinated biphenyls to induce drug metabolizing enzymes. 2-Aminoanthracene; benzo(a)pyrene; 3-methyl-cholantrene; 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and Swain fraction 5 of cigarette smoke condensate were used as the test substrances and Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 as indicators of the formation of mutagens. TA98 was more efficiently mutagenized by metabolites of 2-aminoanthracene and Swain fraction 5, and TA100 by metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methyl-cholanthrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Polychlorinated biphenyls and 3-methylcholanthrene were very good inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in the mother and fetus. Generally, maternal and fetal tissue homogenates from organs of animals treated with polychlorinated biphenyls or 3-methylcholanthrene were better metabolizes of test compounds than homogenates from phenobarbital treated or untreated animals. There was an optimal balance between amount of tissue homogenate and concentration of test compound for maximal yield or revertants. Among the various organs tested, maternal and fetal liver were the best sources of enzymes metabolizing the test substances. However, the activity of fetal liver was much lower than maternal liver.
Assessing Quality Issues in Interactive Video Teleconferencing‐based Graduate Level Engineering Courses

The continuing education of engineering professionals has been an important objective of the University of Pittsburgh's Manufacturing Systems Engineering Program (MSEP) since its inception in 1987. Making relevant graduate-level programs accessible to the population of engineering professionals separated from traditional university communities has been the object of much effort for more than three decades. The distance education tool of interactive video teleconferencing over the public telephone network has recently become a viable method for extending the university environment to these remote students. This paper considers the context and analysis of student reactions and attitudes toward MSEP graduate-level courses delivered to the University's regional campus at Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Since the fall of 1994, MSEP has offered these courses using off-the-shelf interactive video teleconferencing systems over the public switched digital network. Issues that may affect the perceived quality of these programs (e.g., in the areas of audio communication quality, instructional strategies, course materials distribution, and course offerings) are identified and discussed.
The role of media actors in reframing the media discourse in the decision to reject relicensing the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant

This paper examines 8 years of news media discourse on the operation of the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant leading up to a 2010 vote by Vermont legislators to reject relicensing the facility. Nuclear power license decisions are usually solely under the purview of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission; but Vermont legislators required the facility to also seek approval from the Vermont Legislature, presenting a unique case where state legislators have a direct vote on a nuclear power plant. Over the 8 years of the case study, we find that opposition narratives highlighting an aging, unsafe facility managed by an untrustworthy corporation increased while pro-Vermont Yankee narratives of reliable energy, technical competence, and economic progress decreased. We analyze the changes in the media discourse through examining changes in media frames, the media actors, their sponsorship activities, and the narrative integrity of the frames. These findings are instructive in understanding the factors contributing to changes in the media culture around news coverage of nuclear power.
Socialization Effects of Retail Work Experience on Shopping Orientations

The shopping orientations of consumers have been the subject of a significant amount of study in the marketing and retailing literature (c.f., Darden and Reynolds 1971; Darden and Ashton 1975; Korgaonkar 1981; Lumpkin and Greenberg 1982). While the literature will be more completely reviewed below, it can be generally concluded that consumers' orientations toward shopping have been found consistently to be among the most important predictors of both individual store and store-type choice behavior. Very little is known, however, about the factors which explain individual differences in shopping orientations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the socializing influence of one unique determinant of shopping orientations: Retail Work Experience. Consumer researchers generally agree that experience plays an important role in the determination of future behavior. The experience which has been of primary interest to marketers is that which individuals acquire while acting as consumers. However, experience acquired in other contexts can also impact consumer behavior. An individual's experiences emerge from the multitude of roles that he or she performs, and these experiences are thought to contribute to specific as well as general knowledge. It appears reasonable, for example, that the automotive engineer approaches the purchase of an automobile with a different orientation than the "typical" car buyer. Here, both the individual's consumer and work experiences are important in determining the person's consumption behavior; the individual's work experiences
Reactive scattering of atomic oxygen from clean elemental semiconductor surfaces

Abstract A flow-tube-discharge method was used to produce a molecular beam of oxygen atoms. The atom concentration in the beam was determined by the NO 2 light titration technique. From the known flux of atoms and the measured rate of weight loss, the reaction probabilities of oxygen atoms, αo with thermally cleaned, heated, single-crystal germanium and silicon wafers were determined. For germanium and silicon, respectively, αo was 0.15–0.5 between 800 and 1110°K and 0.3–0.6 between 1300 and 1400°K independent of wafer orientation and temperature. Comparison of these values with αo 2 for germanium and silicon, 0.02 and 0.05, respectively, indicates severe steric limitations for molecular dissociation on these surfaces. Electron micrographs of reacted surfaces strongly suggest that oxygen adatoms migrate to pit edges from which the monoxide evaporates.
A comparison of the wais and wais-r using t-score conversions that correct for age, education, and sex

A newly developed T score conversion system that corrects Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) subtest and IQ scores for appropriate demographic variables was used to compare subjects' performance on the two versions of the instrument. Using 428 pairs of subjects matched on age, education, and sex, with one person in each pair having taken the WAIS and the other the WAIS-R, we found no significant differences in level or pattern of performance when analyses were performed on the T scores. This was in contrast to highly significant differences when uncorrected scaled scores and IQ values were compared. Therefore, the T score system appears to provide a tool which may help clinicians make more direct comparisons between the results obtained on the WAIS and WAIS-R.
TaN-TiN binary alloys and superlattices as diffusion barriers for copper interconnects

Binary alloys and superlattices of TaN-TiN thin films were grown on Si(100) substrates with a TiN buffer layer using pulsed laser deposition. A special target assembly was used to manipulate the concentrations of these binary component films. The 60% TaN resulted in a TaN (3 nm)/TiN (2 nm) superlattice, while 30% and 70% TaN generated uniform TaxTi1−xN alloys. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) confirmed the single-crystalline nature of these films. Four-point probe resistivity measurements suggest that these alloy and superlattice films have a lower resistivity than pure single-crystalline TaN films. The Cu-diffusion characteristic studies showed that these materials would have the potential as high-temperature diffusion barriers for Cu in ultra-large-scale integration technology.
Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Existing Buildings

Abstract A study of building seismic vulnerability evaluation methods in the U.S. and Japan lead to a constructive critique of the FEMA‐178. Research is formulated to extend FEMA‐178 so that types of construction which have not yet experienced damaging earthquakes may be reliably evaluated. An element‐level analytical model accurately simulating the critical response and failure mechanisms of the soil‐foundation‐structure in its current state emerges as a key. Developing such a model may prove difficult in case a facility has unusual and/or irregular attributes as well as damage and/or deterioration. Researchers efforts to construct and experimentally identify a 3D analytical model of a 27‐story RC flat‐plate building with closed thin‐walled core systems are described. Forced‐excitation modal testing is explored and is shown to be a reliable tool. It is exemplified that structural identification as well as other nondestructive evaluation tools may become essential for reliably evaluating seismic vulnerabi...
SU-E-J-119: Comparative Evaluation of Respiratory Motion-Corrected Cone-Beam CT Images Derived from Treatment-Day Vs. Simulation-Day Respiration-Correlated CT Scans.

Purpose: Respiration‐induced motion artifacts in cone‐beam CT(CBCT) can be corrected using a model of patient motion obtained from respiration‐correlated CT (RCCT). This approach assumes that respiration‐induced organ deformations at simulation, when RCCT scans are normally acquired, are still valid at treatment. The purpose of this study is to compare lungtumorimage quality in motion‐corrected CBCTimages derived from treatment‐day RCCT(tx) to simulation‐day RCCT(sim) patient images.Methods: In an IRB‐approved study, lungcancer patients receive an RCCT at simulation, and an RCCT, gated CBCT and 1‐minute CBCT at one treatment session. CBCT projections from the 1‐minute scan are sorted according to breathing amplitude from an external monitor and reconstructed and warped to obtain a motion‐corrected MC‐CBCT at end expiration. Motion correction uses a model adapted from either RCCT(tx) or RCCT(sim), thus obtaining MC‐CBCT(tx) and MC‐CBCT(sim) images respectively. A gated CBCT, in which gantry rotation and projection acquisition occur within a gate at end expiration, serves as ground truth for comparison. Quality of MC‐CBCT images is evaluated from tumor‐to‐background contrast ratio (TBCR) values measured by delineating the tumor and annular volume around it on the gated CBCT then transferring the contours and aligning them to each MC‐CBCT. Results: TBCR is found tobe lower in MC‐CBCT(sim) images, relative to MC‐CBCT(tx), in four out of five patients with mean 21% reduction in a range 9–39%. In the remaining case, where there was no change in TBCR, tumor motion observed in the RCCT was small (2mm). Tumor motion extent relative to diaphragm is observed to change between RCCT(tx) and RCCT(sim) scans. Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate that deformation patterns in lung do change between simulation and treatment. Such variations may reduce the validity of using simulation data for motion‐corrected CBCT at treatment. The findings require confirmation with larger numbers of patients. NIH/NCI award R01 CA126993, research grant from Varian Medical Systems
Fluid absent melting of a layered crustal protolith: implications for the generation of anatectic granites

We report the result of H2O-undersaturated melting experiments on charges consisting of a layer of powdered sillimanite-bearing metapelite (HQ36) and a layer of powdered tonalitic gneiss (AGC150). Experiments were conducted at 10 kbar at 900°, 925° and 950°C. When run alone, the pelite yielded ∼40 vol% strongly peraluminous granitic melt at 900°C while the tonalite produced only ∼5 vol% weakly peraluminous granitic melt. At 950°C, the pelite and the tonalite yielded ∼50 vol% and ∼7 vol% granitic melt, respectively. When run side by side, the abundance of melt in the tonalite was ∼10 times higher at all temperatures than when it was run alone. In the pelite, the melt abundance increased by ∼25 vol%. When run alone, biotite dehydration-melting in the tonalite yielded orthopyroxene and garnet in addition to granitic melt. When run side by side only garnet was produced in addition to granitic melt. Experiments of relatively short duration, however, also contained Al-rich orthopyroxene. We suggest that the large increase in melt fraction in the tonalite is mainly a result of increased activity of Al2O3 in the melt, which lowers the temperature of the biotite dehydration-melting reaction. In the pelite, the increase in the abundance of melt is caused by transport of plagioclase component in the melt from the tonalite-layer to the pelite-layer. This has the effect of changing the bulk composition of this layer in the direction of “minimum-temperature” granitic liquids. Our results show that rocks which are poor melt-producers on their own can become very fertile if they occur in contact with rocks that contain components that destabilize the hydrous phase(s) and facilitate dehydration-melting. Because of this effect, the continental crust may have an even greater potential for granitoid melt production than previously thought. Our results also suggest that many anatectic granites most likely contain contributions from two or more different source rocks, which will be reflected in their isotopic and geochemical compositions.
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of bouvardin and selected analogs

The fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of bouvardin (1) 6-O-methylbouvardin (2), deoxybouvardin (3) and a synthetic analog (4) have been examined. The spectra of the bicyclic compounds 1-3 display site-directed fragmentations resulting from the presence of a phenolic bridged tyrosine moiety unique to this class of compounds. Comparison of the spectrum of 4, which lacks the rigid 14-membered ring, with the spectra of 1-3 shows some similarities, but clearly does not cleave in a site-directed manner as the other bouvardin analogs. Fragmentation pathways are postulated which account for most of the major ions observed in the FAB mass spectra of these potentially useful antitumor agents. Metastable ion analysis confirms the operation of the proposed pathways.
Three-Dimensional PtRu Nanostructures

This paper presents an approach to the synthesis of PtRu nanostructures with defined shapes. Platinum acetylacetonate and ruthenium acetylacetonate were used as metal precursors. The selected capping of different low indexed surfaces by adamantaneacetic acid and hexadecaneamine led to the formation of cubic or tetrahedral nanodendrites from faceted primary nanoparticles, most likely through the oriented attachment. Our energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern indicate that the nanostructures were Pt rich and contained up to ∼22 atom % of Ru. These PtRu nanostructures were catalytically active in the direct methanol oxidation. The highest peak mass current density obtained for as-made Pt78Ru22 nanodendrites was 99 mA mg-1 Pt.
A laser enhanced reaction technique for the measurement of V→T deactivation rates: Deactivation of vibrationally excited O3†

Abstract Rates of V→T transfer for vibrationally excited ozone (O 3 † ) in the (100), (010) and (001) levels have been measured using a laser enhanced chemiluminescent method for the deactivating gases He, Ar, H 2 , N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O, CO 2 , SO 2 , CH 4 , and SF 6 . The method takes advantage of an enhanced reaction rate between O 3 † + NO producing electronically excited NO 2 and uses the NO 2 chemiluminescence as a tracer for the O 3 † concentration. Results obtained by this new method are compared with recent results obtained by an IR fluorescence method. Good agreement is obtained for all gases, except methane, and implications of these results on the mechanism for deactivation are described.
Irrealis and the subjunctive

This paper suggest that in order to understand the cross-language distribution of the subjunctive mood one needs to understand the cross-grammar distribution of the irrealis modality, as well as have a general theory of modality, within which irrealis takes its rightful natural place. The subjunctive mood turns out to occupy two coherent sub regions within irrealis: (a) the subjunctive of lower certainty (within the epistemic sub-mode of irrealis), and (b) the subjunctive of weaker manipulation (within the deontic sub-mode of irrealis). A grammaticalized subjunctive may take the same form in both sub-modes (as in Romance), or two distinct forms (as in some Bantu languages). The paper also investigates the diachronic pathways of grammaticalization through which various subjunctive patterns arise, showing that analogical extension patterns exist in both directions — from deontic to epistemic and vice versa. The interaction between grammaticalization patterns and functional universals is also discussed.
Evolution of a Protein Fold in Vitro

A “switch” mutant of the Arc repressor homodimer was constructed by interchanging the sequence positions of a hydrophobic core residue, leucine 12, and an adjacent surface polar residue, asparagine 11, in each strand of an intersubunit β sheet. The mutant protein adopts a fold in which each β strand is replaced by a right-handed helix and side chains in this region undergo significant repacking. The observed structural changes allow the protein to maintain solvent exposure of polar side chains and optimal burial of hydrophobic side chains. These results suggest that new protein folds can evolve from existing folds without drastic or large-scale mutagenesis.
XLIV. An examination of the question, whether the discordancy between the characteristics of mechanical electricity, and the Galvanic or Voltaic Fluid, can arise from difference of intensity and quantity; with some observations in favour of the existence of an electro-motive power independently of chemical reaction, but cooperating therewith: respectfully submitted to the British Association for the advancement of Science

(1836). XLIV. An examination of the question, whether the discordancy between the characteristics of mechanical electricity, and the Galvanic or Voltaic Fluid, can arise from difference of intensity and quantity; with some observations in favour of the existence of an electro-motive power independently of chemical reaction, but cooperating therewith: respectfully submitted to the British Association for the advancement of Science. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 9, No. 53, pp. 212-220.
Early Fasciotomy in Electrically Injured Patients as a Marker for Injury Severity and Deep Venous Thrombosis Risk: An Analysis of the National Burn Repository

By using the National Burn Repository, the authors sought to identify markers for injury severity and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) risk after electrical injury. They identified adult patients in the National Burn Repository who were admitted with an electrical injury between 1995 and 2007 (n = 1469). Patients who died within 24 hours or were admitted for less than 1 day and hospitals reporting no complications were excluded. Independent variables included TBSA burned, duration of intensive care unit stay and hospital admission, duration of mechanical ventilation, the number of operative procedures, amputation, and early fasciotomy. Early fasciotomy was defined as fasciotomy performed on a patient's first trip to the operating room and was used as a proxy for severity of electrical injury. DVT and death were the dependent variables. Among electrically injured patients, 10.4% had early fasciotomy. Patients who had early fasciotomy had significantly prolonged intensive care unit stays (10.3 vs 4.8 days, P < .001), hospital days (36.7 vs 17.1 days, P < .001), amputations (49.0 vs 4.6%, P < .001), and a number of operative codes (17.6 vs 5.4, P < .001). DVT incidence was 0.9%. Electrically injured patients who had early fasciotomy were significantly more likely to have a DVT when compared with patients who did not have early fasciotomy (7.55 vs 0.95%, P = .002). Early fasciotomy after electrical injury is a marker for increased injury severity. Among patients who underwent early fasciotomy after electrical injury, 7.5% develop DVT, and 49% require amputation during their initial hospitalization.
Electron loss at backward observation angles

A theoretical study of electron emissions resulting from ionzation of light hydrogenlike projectiles in ion (atom)-atom collisions with heavy targets is presented with emphasis on backward observation angles. Angular and energy distributions of the ejected electrons have been calculated with various approximation methods, which agree with or can be traced to the impulse approximation with the exact off-energy-shell transition amplitudes. Comparisons with experimental data have been made for collisions of ${\mathrm{H}}^{0}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ with Ar. We find good agreement for both the electron angular distributions and the angular variation of the peak position. Our results show that electron loss at backward angles is dominated by elastic scattering of the projectile electron in the strong field of the heavy target. A reliable representation of the potential and a high-order theory for scattering at this potential are required to describe the experiment accurately.
A tabu search heuristic to solve the scheduling problem for a batch-processing machine with non-identical job sizes

A scheduling problem for the batch-processing machine with non-identical job sizes is investigated. The objective is to minimize the makespan. The problem has been proved to be NP-hard. Hence, a tabu search heuristic is proposed to solve it approximately. Besides the basic neighborhoods, three variable depth neighborhoods which are explored by the filter-and-fan method are proposed and used in the tabu search process for further improvement. The larger neighborhood can be obtained by adjusting the depth of search dynamically in the filter-and-fan method. A group of random instances are generated to test the effectiveness of the heuristic we proposed. The experimental results show that the heuristic can obtain the optimal solutions for most of the instances with small scales. And for all the instances with large scales, the heuristic significantly outperform the standard commercial solver both on run time and quality of solution.
Prior facial motor neuron injury elicits endogenous T cell memory: relation to neuroregeneration.

We tested the hypotheses that prior injury to the facial motor nucleus (FMN) would elicit a more robust T cell response in the opposite FMN when the contralateral facial nerve was injured later in life, and that this would result in improved neuroregeneration. Measures of T cell, neuronal and microglial status were compared in sensitized mice (right facial nerve transection followed by contralateral facial nerve transection 9.5 weeks later) and naive mice (sham surgery of the right facial nerve followed by contralateral facial nerve transection 9.5 weeks later) following axotomy of the contralateral facial nerve. At day 14 post-axotomy, sensitized mice exhibited nearly a two-fold increase in T cells in the FMN compared to naive mice. There were no differences between the groups in levels of dead neurons and NeuN expression by surviving motor neurons at day 14, or motor neuron survival and cell area at day 49 post-axotomy. Measures of microglial responsiveness did not differ between the groups. Further study is needed to delineate the role of endogenous T cell memory in neuronal injury and regeneration.
Agricultural Comparative Advantage under International Price Uncertainty: The Case of Senegal

This study draws upon recent theoretical contributions which have introduced uncertainty into trade theory to examine empirically the implications of international price uncertainty for agricultural comparative advantage in a small open economy assuming risk-adverse policy makers. Utilizing a price endogenous, linear programming model developed for Senegal, it is shown that Senegal's comparative advantage in the production of peanuts and comparative disadvantage in the production of cereals is less clearcut when international price risk is considered. The results suggest a trade strategy of less specialization in peanuts and greater self-sufficiency in cereals may be superior to free trade.
Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress.

Objectives: Interventions that reduce the magnitude of cardiovascular responses to stress are justified, at least in part, by the notion that exaggerated responses to stress can damage the cardiovascular system. Recent data suggest that it is worthwhile to explore, in addition to the magnitude of the cardiovascular responses during stress (reactivity), the factors that affect the return to baseline levels after the stressor has ended (recovery). This experiment examined the effect of listening to music on cardiovascular recovery. Design and method: Participants (N = 75) performed a challenging three-minute mental arithmetic task and then were assigned randomly to sit in silence or to listen to one of several styles of music: classical, jazz or pop. Results: Participants who listened to classical music had significantly lower post-task systolic blood pressure levels (M = 2.1 mmHg above pre-stress baseline) than did participants who heard no music (M = 10.8 mmHg). Other musical styles did not produce significantly better recovery than silence. Conclusions: The data suggest that listening to music may serve to improve cardiovascular recovery from stress, although not all music selections are effective.
The Role of Instrumentation in the Goal of Compatibility "A Look to the Future of Interference Measurement"

The goal of compatibility has often been aptly stated. However, this goal cannot be reached until the compatibility engineer is accepted as a co-worker and consultant to the design engineer. At present, one of the restrictions he faces is the complexity of and time taken for measurements and data reduction. He cannot give the design engineers and project supervisors the information they want in the time frame they need it. Instrumentation which will reduce these time factors and increase his flexibility is seen as a necessary first step toward designed-in compatibility. In this paper the present state of the instrumentation art is surveyed. Qualitative factors such as measurement flexibility and time are considered as well as traditional specifications. From this analysis and consideration of the goals of EMC, the requirements of future EMI instrumentation are projected.
Genetic interactions between an RNA polymerase II phosphatase and centromeric elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Saccharomyces cerevisiase protein phosphatase Fcp1 has been implicated in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II, and is encoded by the essential gene FCP1. A screen was carried out for multicopy suppressors of the temperature-sensitive phenotype of two phosphatase mutants, fcp1-2 and fcp1-4. Only the wild-type FCP1 was found to suppress (complement) the fcp1-4 mutation. For fcp1-2 three second-site suppressors were identified. One contained the ORF for ZDS1. The remaining two suppressors mapped to the centromere regions of chromosomes I and V. Suppression due to centromere DNA was found to be more dependent on the CDEIII region than on other regions of the centromere. The presence of a suppressor centromere affected the level of Fcp1 protein and the overall phosphorylation state of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in fcp1-2 cells, but not wild-type cells, grown at both permissive and non-permissive temperatures. In addition, genetic interactions were identified between this FCP1 mutant and the genes SKP1, CEP3 and CBF1, which code for centromere binding proteins. The mechanism of suppression and regulation of Fcp1-2 protein activity by centromeric DNA is discussed.
Long-Range Cost Estimates for Old-Age Insurance

Introduction, 199. — I. Nature of existing cost estimates, 200. — II. General criticism of cost studies, 202. — III. Level wage assumption, 207. — IV. Conclusion, 212.
Controlling and Testing the Fracture Strength of Silicon on the Mesoscale

Strength characterizations and supporting analysis of mesoscale biaxial flexure and radiused hub flexure single-crystal silicon specimens are presented. The Weibull reference strengths of planar biaxial flexure specimens were found to lie in the range 1.2 to 4.6 GPa. The local strength at stress concentrations was obtained by testing radiused hub flexure specimens. For the case of deep reactive ion-etched specimens the strength at fillet radii was found to be significantly lower than that measured on planar specimens. This result prompted the introduction of an additional isotropic etch after the deep reactive ion etch step to recover the strength in such regions. The mechanical test results reported herein have important implications for the development of highly stressed microfabricated structures. The sensitivity of the mechanical strength to etching technique must be accounted for in the structural design cycle, particularly with regard to the selection of fabrication processes. The scatter of data measured in the mechanical tests clearly illustrated the need to use a probabilistic design approach. Weibull statistics may be the appropriate means to describe the data, although a simple two-parameter Weibull model only provides a moderately good fit to the experimental data reported in this study.
Gauge fields and inflation: Chiral gravitational waves, fluctuations, and the Lyth bound

Models of inflation involving non-Abelian gauge field backgrounds can produce gravitational waves at an observable level with a preferred handedness. This asymmetry comes about because the non-Abelian background generates parity violation in the action for perturbations. In the specific model we study, chromonatural inflation, these gravitational waves can be produced at observable levels even when no field makes a super-Planckian field excursion, thus evading a common formulation of the Lyth bound. Unfortunately, when considered in concert with the scalar fluctuations, this chiral enhancement of the gravitational waves makes the model observationally inviable.
Learning the Syntax of Questions

This paper is a first report on a longitudinal study of the acquisition of a syntactic rule: the inversion of WH-questions.1 The general aim of this presentation is to show how certain modifications in the theory and practice of linguistics can contribute to the study of acquisition, and to the psychology of language generally. These new developments spring from an approach to linguistic analysis that is based on the observation of speech in every-day contexts, and experiments carried out in every-day situations. In this approach, introspection may be taken as a handy guide to the issues, but not as evidence for the developing theory.
Oscillations of flow past perforated and slotted plates: attenuation via a leading-edge ramp

The present investigation aims to attenuate purely hydrodynamic, long-wavelength, self-excited oscillations of flow past a perforated or slotted plate by deflection of the inflow with a small ramp located at the leading-edge of the plate. Digital particle image velocimetry is complemented by unsteady pressure measurements to determine the underlying physics associated with attenuation of the oscillations. Irrespective of whether a perforated or slotted plate is employed, complete attenuation of the pressure fluctuations associated with the oscillation can be achieved for dimensionless deflection ratios of h/L ≥ 0.035, in which h is the height of the ramp and L is the effective plate length. The attenuation of the self-excited oscillation involves: a steady jet at the trailing-edge of the plate directed into the cavity; a lower magnitude upstream-oriented counterflow along the backside of the plate; and jet-like flows through the plate openings to satisfy the entrainment demands of the separating shear layer.
Flight Power Scaling of Airplanes, Airships, and Helicopters: Application to Planetary Exploration

Empirical relations for the required e ight power of propeller-driven lighter-than-air and e xed-wing heavierthan-air vehicles are developed purely as a function of vehicle mass and e ight speed. A relation for rotary-wing vehiclesincludes rotordiameterasan additional parameter. Forairships,airplanes, and helicopterstheserelations each span some 6 ‐7 orders of magnitude in power, covering model aircraft and unmanned air vehicles, as well as conventional crewed vehicles. From e rst principles, these relations are extended to other environments (different gravity and atmospheric density ) and allow the rapid and convenient preliminary evaluation of aircraft concepts on this world and others. Results compare favorably with terrestrial birds and submarines.
Comparative theoretical synthesis of high-energy explosive 1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin

Reaction mechanisms were proposed in this study for the theoretical synthesis of high-energy 1,4,5,8-tetranitro-1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin (TNAD). Corresponding computations were performed using density functional theory (DFT) and the Hartree Fock (HF) method with the same 6-31G(d,p) base function. Glyoxal and ethylenediamine were used as the raw materials and were placed into respective gaseous and solvated (water or ethanol) environments to proceed the condensation reaction to form the precursor 1,4,5,8-tetraazadecalin, which subsequently underwent four stages of nitro-group substitution to obtain the target TNAD compound. A whole reaction scheme closely related to the experimental processes was successfully constructed, and the corresponding energy barriers were estimated for each elementary reaction. The findings revealed that the overall activation energy by B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculation is 2660.4 kJ/mol, which is lower than the 2832.1 kJ/mol calculated by HF/6-31G(d,p) computation. Furthermore, the reaction has a lower overall energy barrier in the solvated environment than in the gaseous system, being 2389.6 kJ/mol in ethanol, 2428.7 kJ/mol in water and 2660.4 kJ/mol in the gaseous phase. The ethanol-solvated system is suggested to be the most suitable medium for the synthesis of TNAD.
Adaptive controller design and disturbance attenuation for SISO linear systems with zero relative degree under noisy output measurements

In this paper, we present robust adaptive controller design for SISO linear systems with zero relative degree under noisy output measurements. We formulate the robust adaptive control problem as a nonlinear H/sup /spl infin// optimal control problem under imperfect state measurements, and then solve it using game theory. By using the a priori knowledge of the parameter vector, we apply a soft projection algorithm, which guarantees the robustness property of the closed-loop system without any persistency of excitation assumption on the reference signal. Due to our formulation in state space, we allow the true system to be uncontrollable, as long as the uncontrollable part is stable in the sense of Lyapunov, and the uncontrollable modes on the jw-axis are uncontrollable from the exogenous disturbance input. This assumption allows the adaptive controller to asymptotically cancel out, at the output, the effect of exogenous sinusoidal disturbance, inputs with unknown magnitude, phase, and frequency. These strong robustness properties are illustrated by a numerical example.
Statistical multi-stream modeling of real-time MRI articulatory speech data

This paper investigates different statistical modeling frameworks for articulatory speech data obtained using real-time (RT) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To quantitatively capture the spatio-temporal shaping process of the human vocal tract during speech production a multi-dimensional stream of direct image features is extracted automatically from the MRI recordings. The features are closely related, though not identical, to the tract variables commonly defined in the articulatory phonology theory. The modeling of the shaping process aims at decomposing the articulatory data streams into primitives by segmentation. A variety of approaches are investigated for carrying out the segmentation task including vector quantizers, Gaussian Mixture Models, Hidden Markov Models, and a coupled Hidden Markov Model. We evaluate the performance of the different segmentation schemes qualitatively with the help of a well understood data set which was used in an earlier study of inter-articulatory timing phenomena of American English nasal sounds. Index Terms: speech production, articulatory modeling, realtime magnetic resonance imaging