cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFECTION OF MICE WITH MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI GROWN IN TWEEN-ALBUMIN LIQUID MEDIUM.

Introduction of the bacilli by the mtravenous route or by feeding gives rise to a disease predominantly localized in the lungs. Following intracerebral infection, the bacilli first multiply rapidly in the brain tissue, and then invade other organs, producing lesions especially in the lungs. Injection of the bacilli by the intraperitoneal route is less effective than by either the intravenous or intracerebral routes; however, admixture of the bacilli with some of the components of egg yolk increases both the infectivity and the pulmonary localization. Different strains of mice differ markedly in their susceptibility to experimental tuberculous infection; the highest susceptibility was observed among the pigmented strains (line 1 dba and C57 black). Greater resistance does not appear to depend on the ability to prevent the establishment of infection, but rather corresponds to a slower rate of progression of the infectious process. It is possible to produce in mice tuberculosis presenting any desired degree of acuteness or chronicity by controlling certain factors which condition the initiation and the progression of the infection.
Two-wavelength interferometric technique for measuring the refractive index of salt-water solutions.

An experimental test system capable of measuring the refractive index variation of a salt-water solution at two wavelengths, with temporally varying temperature and concentration, is constructed by using a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. An experimental data-reduction method is developed to take the data generated in the experimental test program and to determine the variation of the refractive index with temperature and concentration. The experimental data obtained from the test system are reduced and the results are fitted by using a nonlinear regression algorithm to determine the functional dependence of the refractive index with temperature and concentration.
The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration.

The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration. Michele Lamont New York: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press, 2000. 391 pp.
MECHANICALLY PROCESSING COTTONSEED TO REDUCE GOSSYPOL AND AFLATOXIN LEVELS

Cottonseed is an economical source of protein and is commonly used in balancing livestock rations; however, its use is typically limited by protein level, fat content, gossypol, and the potential for aflatoxin contamination. There are numerous studies in the literature discussing gossypol and aflatoxin toxicities in livestock and processing methods for reducing gossypol levels in cottonseed. However, there is very limited information in the literature within the last 30 years on how aflatoxin is affected by processing. Evaluation studies were conducted to determine if an extrusion process affected gossypol and aflatoxin levels in cottonseed without negatively impacting the nutritional value of the product, and if these reductions were consistent with the literature. Results from the gossypol study showed a 71 to 78% decrease in free gossypol levels due to the extrusion process, which were lower than some reported methods of processing and consistent with others. Results from the aflatoxin studies showed reductions of 50% when the material was processed by two stages of extrusion at a temperature of 132°C. Similar reductions have been reported on roasting corn at temperatures of 140 to 143°C. The extrusion temperatures used in the evaluation studies did not significantly alter most of the nutritional values analyzed in the study. However, soluble protein was decreased at the higher temperatures. There were no significant differences in analyzed nutritional values based on multiple stages of processing. Results from the evaluation study indicate that extruding cottonseed to reduce gossypol and aflatoxin levels is an area of research that should be further explored, primarily due to the advances made in the aflatoxin and gossypol testing methods during the last 30 years.
Identifying the Signal of Interest for Partially Overlapping Ultrasonic Echoes

The basic problem addressed in this paper is to discriminate between two signals that are at approximately the same time, but which originate at different echo sources. The proposed solution is to systematically perturb the field and discriminate between signals based on differences in amplitude variations between the two signals.
Analysis of Alternatively Spliced Rice Transcripts Using Microarray Data

Alternative splicing creates a diversity of gene products in higher eukaryotes. Twenty-five percent (1,583/6,371) of predicted alternatively spliced transcripts can be detected using the NSF45K rice whole-genome oligonucleotide array. We used the NSF45K array to assess differential expression patterns of 507 loci showing at least a twofold change in expression between light- and dark-grown seedlings. At least 42% of these loci show evidence of alternative splicing in aerial seedling tissue of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare. Most alternative splice forms display the same pattern of regulation as the primary, or most highly expressed, transcript; however, splice forms for ten loci, represented by 35 oligos, display opposite expression patterns in the light vs. dark. We found similar evidence of alternative splicing events in Affymetrix microarray data for Nipponbare rice treated with the causative agent of fungal rice blast, Magnaporthe grisea. This strategy for analyzing alternative splicing in microarray data will enable delineation of the diversity of splicing in rice.
Reduced Bézier element quadrature rules for quadratic and cubic splines in isogeometric analysis

Abstract We explore the use of various element-based reduced quadrature strategies for bivariate and trivariate quadratic and cubic spline elements used in isogeometric analysis. The rules studied encompass tensor-product Gauss and Gauss–Lobatto rules, and certain so-called monomial rules that do no possess a tensor-product structure. The objective of the study is to determine quadrature strategies, which enjoy the same accuracy and stability behavior as full Gauss quadrature, but with significantly fewer quadrature points. Several cases emerge that satisfy this objective and also demonstrate superior efficiency compared with standard C 0 -continuous finite elements of the same order.
Midface volumization with injectable fillers

The aging midface has long been overlooked in cosmetic surgery. Our understanding of facial aging in terms of 3 dimensions has placed increased importance on volume restoration. Although an "off-label" indication for most fillers in this facial region, volumization of the midface with injectable fillers is usually a safe and straightforward procedure technically. Injectors, nevertheless, need to have an excellent understanding of facial anatomy and the characteristics of the injected products should problems arise.
Physics of Intracellular Organization in Bacteria

With the realization that bacteria achieve exquisite levels of spatiotemporal organization has come the challenge of discovering the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we describe three classes of such mechanisms, each of which has physical origins: the use of landmarks, the creation of higher-order structures that enable geometric sensing, and the emergence of length scales from systems of chemical reactions coupled to diffusion. We then examine the diversity of geometric cues that exist even in cells with relatively simple geometries, and end by discussing both new technologies that could drive further discovery and the implications of our current knowledge for the behavior, fitness, and evolution of bacteria. The organizational strategies described here are employed in a wide variety of systems and in species across all kingdoms of life; in many ways they provide a general blueprint for organizing the building blocks of life.
Relativistic effects in local inertial frames including parametrized-post-Newtonian effects

We use the concept of a generalized Fermi frame to describe relativistic effects, due to local and distant sources of gravitation, on a body placed in a local inertial frame of reference. In particular we have considered a model of two spherically symmetric gravitating point sources, moving in circular orbits around a common barycenter where one of the bodies is chosen to be the local and the other the distant one. This has been done using the slow-motion, weak-field approximation and including four of the parametrized-post-Newtonian (PPN) parameters. The position of the classical center of mass must be modified when the PPN parameter ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{2}$ is included. We show that the main relativistic effect on a local satellite is described by the Schwarzschild field of the local body and the nonlinear term corresponding to the self-interaction of the local source with itself. There are also much smaller terms that are proportional, respectively, to the product of the potentials of local and distant bodies and to the distant body's self-interactions. The spatial axes of the local frame undergo geodetic precession. In addition we have an acceleration of the order of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$ cm ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ that vanish in the case of general relativity, which is discussed in detail.
Pertussis, Pertussis Vaccine, and Care of Exposed Persons

Background: Pertussis is a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. Before routine vaccination against pertussis was available, most persons were infected during childhood. After widespread vaccination, however, the incidence of pertussis in the United States dropped by more than 95 percent, though localized outbreaks continue to occur. Methods: A multidisciplinary team developed a set of review articles as part of continuing medical education modules in the Teaching Immunization in Medical Education (TIME) Project. The team developed the materials using expert judgment and selected materials from the literature and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The first step was the creation of specific learning objectives that used the spectrum of Bloom9s taxonomy, when possible. After the materials were developed, they were pilot-tested and revised. Subsequently they underwent summative evaluation by field-testing the materials with 24 other primary care physicians. Then the materials were reviewed by the CDC and national vaccine experts and revised based on their comments. Results and Conclusions: The efficacy of whole-cell pertussis vaccine is about 70 to 90 percent, though local adverse events are common. Since 1990 several purified, acellular pertussis vaccines have been developed that have one quarter to one half of the common adverse events associated with whole-cell vaccine and have similar efficacy rates. The incidence of pertussis can be further reduced by increasing age-appropriate vaccination rates.
The Sub1 nuclear protein protects DNA from oxidative damage

Reactive oxygen species are a by-product of aerobic metabolism that can damage lipid, proteins, and nucleic acids. Oxidative damage to DNA is especially critical, because it can lead to cell death or mutagenesis. Previously we reported that the yeast sub1 deletion mutant is sensitive to hydrogen peroxide treatment and that the human SUB1 can complement the sensitivity of the yeast sub1 mutant. In this study, we find that Sub1 protects DNA from oxidative damage in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate that transcription of SUB1 mRNA is induced by oxidative stress and that the sub1Δ mutant has an increased number of chromosomal DNA strand breaks after peroxide treatment. We further demonstrate that purified Sub1 protein can protect DNA from oxidative damage in vitro, using the metal ion catalyzed oxidation assay.
Effect of cholesterol reduction on receptor signaling in neurons

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a variety of complications, including alterations in the central nervous system (CNS). We have recently shown that diabetes results in a reduction of cholesterol synthesis in the brain due to decreased insulin stimulation of SREBP2-mediated cholesterol synthesis in neuronal and glial cells. In the present study, we explored the effects of the decrease in cholesterol on neuronal cell function using GT1-7 hypothalamic cells subjected to cholesterol depletion in vitro using three independent methods: 1) exposure to methyl-β-cyclodextrin, 2) treatment with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin, and 3) shRNA-mediated knockdown of SREBP2. All three methods produced 20–31% reductions in cellular cholesterol content, similar to the decrease in cholesterol synthesis observed in diabetes. All cholesterol-depleted neuron-derived cells, independent of the method of reduction, exhibited decreased phosphorylation/activation of IRS-1 and AKT following stimulation by insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, or the neurotrophins (NGF and BDNF). ERK phosphorylation/activation was also decreased after methyl-β-cyclodextrin and statin treatment but increased in cells following SREBP2 knockdown. In addition, apoptosis in the presence of amyloid-β was increased. Reduction in cellular cholesterol also resulted in increased basal autophagy and impairment of induction of autophagy by glucose deprivation. Together, these data indicate that a reduction in neuron-derived cholesterol content, similar to that observed in diabetic brain, creates a state of insulin and growth factor resistance that could contribute to CNS-related complications of diabetes, including increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease.
A Generalized Electrodynamics Part I—Non-Quantum

If one wishes to derive generalized field equations from a Lagrangian, at the same time preserving the linear character of the equations, one must admit terms involving derivatives of the field quantities. It turns out that the only non-trivial generalization of this kind, leading to differential equations of order below eighth, is obtained by taking ${L}_{f}=(\frac{1}{8\ensuremath{\pi}}){\frac{1}{2}{F}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}}+{a}^{2}{(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{F}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{x}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}})}^{2}}$. This leads to a theory that contains the Land\'e-Thomas theory and accounts for the choice of sign required when one wishes to consider the total field as consisting of the Maxwell-Lorentz and the Yukawa fields.
Science and Human Affairs

The question of whether the methods of science can be applied to human affairs is a difficult one, and a question upon which men are rather evenly divided. Some think it ought to be answered affirmatively, some think the answer should be negative. In order to arrive at a disciplined and reasonable answer it is necessary for us to think first of all about the meaning of science, and there are various misconceptions in that respect.
The essence of expressivism

[1] Simon Blackburn, Spreading The Word (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984) [2] Bob Hale, 'Can There Be a Logic of Attitudes?' in Reality, Representation and Projection edited by J. Haldane and C. Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 337-63. [3] Frank Jackson, Review of Truth and Objectivity, Philosophical Books forthcoming. [4] Michael Smith, 'Why Expressivists about Value should Love Minimalism about Truth', Analysis 54 (1994) 1-11. [5] Crispin Wright, Truth and Objectivity (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1992)
Thermo-chemical metastability of multilayer epitaxial graphene oxide: Experiments and density functional theory calculations

Graphene oxide holds great promise for future applications in nano-technology. The chemistry of this material is not well understood. This understanding is crucial to enable future applications of graphene oxide. In this study, experiments and density functional theory calculations are combined to elucidate the chemical properties of multilayer graphene oxide obtained by oxidizing epitaxial graphene grown on silicon carbide via the Hummers method. This study shows that at room temperature as prepared graphene oxide films exhibit a uniform and homogeneous structure, include a minimal amount of edges and holes, and have an oxidation ratio of about 0.44. The comparison with density-functional calculations shows that graphene oxide includes a minimal amount of intercalated water molecules and well-defined fractions of epoxide and hydroxyl groups.
Application of Game Teaching Method in College Football Teaching

Football game assisted instruction not only accord with modern P.E.teaching idea,but also can help to stimulate students' interest,and develop the spirits of cooperation among students.It plays an important role in completing teaching task and improving teaching quality.
Mobile health solutions for the aging population: A systematic narrative analysis.

Introduction The ubiquitous nature of mobile technology coupled with the acceptance of mobile health (mHealth) among the elderly offers an opportunity to augment the existing medical workforce in long-term care. The objective of this review and narrative analysis is to identify and analyse facilitators and barriers to adoption of mHealth for the elderly. Methods Studies over the last year were identified in multiple database indices, and three reviewers examined abstracts ( k = 0.82) and analysed articles for themes which were tallied in affinity diagrams to identify frequency of occurrence in the literature (n = 36). Results The three facilitators mentioned most often were independence (18%), understanding (13%), and visibility (13%). The three barriers mentioned most often were complexity (21%), limited by users (12%) and ineffective (12%). Discussion and conclusions The reviewers concluded that the work done so far illustrates that mHealth enables a perception of independence. Future research should focus on the barriers of complexity of technology and improving existing medical literacy in order to facilitate further adoption.
Large-Scale Culture and Genetic Modification of Human Natural Killer Cells for Cellular Therapy

Recent advances in methods for the ex vivo expansion of human natural killer (NK) cells have facilitated the use of these powerful immune cells in clinical protocols. Further, the ability to genetically modify primary human NK cells following rapid expansion allows targeting and enhancement of their immune function. We have successfully adapted an expansion method for primary NK cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or from apheresis products in gas permeable rapid expansion devices (G-Rexes). Here, we describe an optimized protocol for rapid and robust NK cell expansion as well as a method for highly efficient retroviral transduction of these ex vivo expanded cells. These methodologies are good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliant and could be used for clinical-grade product manufacturing.
Testing the Approximate Validity of Statistical Hypotheses

The distinction between statistical significance and material significance in hypotheses testing is discussed. Modifications of the customary tests, in order to test for the absence of material significance, are derived for several parametric problems, for the chi-square test of goodness of fit, and for Student’s hypothesis. The latter permits one to test the hypothesis that the means of two normal populations of equal variance, do not differ by more than a stated amount.
War, Transnationalism and Medical Women's Activism: the Medical Women's International Association and the Women's Foundation for Health in the aftermath of the First World War

ABSTRACTThe International Conference of Women Physicians held in the autumn of 1919, a year after the Armistice ending the First World War, represents a key moment in the history of women’s activism and medical women’s alliances. Women doctors shared information and engaged in networking across the six-week conference and addressed common concerns and unique challenges. At the close of the conference delegates formed two specific organisations, the Medical Women’s International Association (MWIA) and the Women’s Foundation for Health (WFH). This article analyses why organisers established these distinctive groups and suggests reasons why the MWIA was the more successful. These case studies indicate that networking with other activists and professionals across national borders could strengthen and support medical activism at national and international levels through coalition building and the promotion of a transnational identity among women physicians.
Do We Need a Psychology of Women in the Islamic World

In these brief remarks I use the present collection of papers to this special issue on women in the Muslim World to address broader questions about a psychology of women in Islam. I discuss what might constitute Muslim culture, arguing that the combination of the themes of religiosity, collectivism, tightness, conservatism, gender differentiation and patriarchy, and honor offer a good starting point as a taxonomy for a distinct Islamic culture. Next, I discuss the present contributions to this special issue in the broader context of challenges faced by women in Muslim cultures, which are often among the most gender unequal in the world. Finally, I offer some suggestions for advancing cultural research on women in the Islamic World.
Mandarin compound vowels produced by prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants.

Abstract Objective Compound vowels including diphthongs and triphthongs have complex, dynamic spectral features. The production of compound vowels by children with cochlear implants (CIs) has not been studied previously. The present study examined the dynamic features of compound vowels in native Mandarin-speaking children with CIs. Methods Fourteen prelingually deafened children with CIs (aged 2.9–8.3 years old) and 14 age-matched, normal-hearing (NH) children produced monosyllables containing six Mandarin compound vowels (i.e., /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /uo/, /iɛ/, /iaʊ/, /ioʊ/). The frequency values of the first two formants were measured at nine equidistant time points over the course of the vowel duration. All formant frequency values were normalized and then used to calculate vowel trajectory length and overall spectral rate of change. Results The results revealed that the CI children produced significantly longer durations for all six compound vowels. The CI children's ability to produce formant movement for the compound vowels varied considerably. Some CI children produced relatively static formant trajectories for certain diphthongs, whereas others produced certain vowels with greater formant movement than did the NH children. As a group, the CI children roughly followed the NH children on the pattern of magnitude of formant movement, but they showed a slower rate of formant change than did the NH children. Conclusions The findings suggested that prelingually deafened children with CIs, during the early stage of speech acquisition, had not established appropriate targets and articulatory coordination for compound vowel productions. This preliminary study may shed light on rehabilitation of prelingually deafened children with CIs.
Predictive Indices for Functional Improvement and Deterioration, Institutionalization, and Death Among Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries.

Abstract Background Prediction models can help clinicians provide the best and most appropriate care to their patients and can help policy makers design services for groups at highest risk for poor outcomes. Objective To develop prediction models identifying both risk factors and protective factors for functional deterioration, institutionalization, and death. Design Cohort study using data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS). Setting Community survey. Participants This study included 21,264 Medicare beneficiaries 65 years of age and older who participated in the MCBS from the 2001-2008 entry panels and were followed up for 2 years. Methods The index was derived in 60% and validated in the remaining 40%. β Coefficients from a multinomial logistic regression model were used to derive points, which were added together to create scores associated with the outcome. Main Outcome Measure The outcome was activity of daily living (ADL) stage transitions over 2 years following entry into the MCBS. Beneficiaries were categorized into 1 of 4 outcome categories: stable or improved function, functional deterioration, institutionalization, or death. Results Our model identified 16 factors for functional deterioration (age, gender, education, living arrangement, dual eligibility, proxy use, Alzheimer disease/dementia, angina pectoris/coronary heart disease, diabetes, emphysema/asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mental/psychiatric disorder, Parkinson disease, stroke/brain hemorrhage, hearing impairment, vision impairment, and baseline ADL stage) after backward selection ( P Conclusion Predictive indices, or point and scoring systems used to predict outcomes, can identify elderly Medicare beneficiaries at risk for functional deterioration, institutionalization, and death and can aid policy makers, clinicians, and family members in improving care for older adults and supporting successful aging in the community. Level of Evidence III
Identifying and Responding to Cooperative Actions in General-sum Normal Form Games

My primary research interest is social behavior of software agents acting in general-sum normal form games. In an environment with another agent, an agent needs to be able to identify if the opponent is hostile or cooperative by looking at the opponent's actions, and respond appropriately. If the opponent is hostile, the agent should guard against it. Even for a self-interested agent, cooperative actions may be necessary to induce reciprocative cooperation on the part of the opponent. In some games it is easy to identify hostile or cooperative actions, but in an arbitrary general-sum game this is not easy. We introduce attitude, a method of identifying cooperative actions, and Restricted Stackelberg Response with Safety (RSRS), a solution concept for normal-form games suitable for situations where a prediction of the opponent behavior is available. Our goal is to combine attitude and RSRS to enable an agent to achieve a cooperative outcome in any general-sum game while avoiding exploitation.
Seronegative autoimmune autonomic neuropathy: a distinct clinical entity

Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is associated with ganglionic acetylcholine receptor (gAChR) antibodies. We describe a similar but distinct series of patients with autoimmune autonomic failure lacking this antibody. Retrospective chart review. Six patients presented with subacute autonomic failure, seronegative for gAChR antibodies. Orthostatic hypotension and gastrointestinal complaints were common. Autonomic testing revealed predominant sympathetic failure and no premature pupillary redilation. All patients had sensory symptoms and/or pain, which was severe in three. Immunotherapy with plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab was ineffective. Three patients responded to intravenous steroids. In these cases of autoimmune autonomic failure, key differences from seropositive AAG emerge. Testing showed prominent sympathetic (rather than cholinergic) failure, specific pupillary findings of AAG were absent, and sensory symptoms were prominent. AAG responds to antibody-targeted immunotherapy, while these patients responded best to steroids. This seronegative autoimmune autonomic neuropathy is a distinct clinical entity requiring a different treatment approach from AAG.
Secure Communication in Relay-Assisted Massive MIMO Downlink

In this paper, secure transmission strategies for the relay-assisted massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink are investigated by using artificial noise (AN) generation and by exploiting the excess degrees-of-freedom through the random and null-space based precoders. The achievable rate expressions are derived for the estimated channel state information, and hence, the detrimental effects of channel estimation errors in designing precoders are quantified. Specifically, the achievable secrecy rate at the relayed user nodes is derived in closed-form, and thereby, the performance gap between the random and null-space based precoders is investigated. Our performance analysis reveals that the AN generation by using random precoders can be employed to design secure physical layer transmission strategies for the relay-assisted massive MIMO downlink systems. The AN generation can be useful in the finite antenna regime for guaranteeing physical layer security in the base-station-to-relay hop of the relay-assisted massive MIMO downlink. Although the AN generated at the base-station propagates to the relay-to-user hop via amplify-and-forward operation at the relay, sophisticated security provisions are needed to secure the end-to-end transmission when the relay is equipped with finitely many antennas. Consequently, the performance gap between the random and null-space based precoders gradually diminishes in the limit of infinitely many base-station antennas. Nevertheless, the achievable secrecy rate steadily vanishes with an increasing number of antennas at the passive eavesdropper.
Unit training to increase support for military personnel with mental health problems

The present study examined the effectiveness of training designed to increase support toward military personnel with mental health problems. Soldiers from two Battalions (N = 349) were randomly ass...
DNA Repair and the Carrier Ligand Specificity of Platinum Resistance

The major mechanisms of platinum resistance at the DNA level appear to be enhanced DNA repair and increased tolerance of Pt-DNA adducts. It is clear that enhanced repair activity, as measured by removal of Pt-DNA adducts from genomic DNA, is observed in a great many platinum-resistant cell lines (1–3). This enhanced removal of Pt-DNA adducts most likely represents an increase in nucleotide excision repair capacity (4), since that is the only repair process which has been shown to remove Pt-DNA adducts. Furthermore, those cell lines with defects in nucleotide excision repair show enhanced sensitivity to platinum complexes (5,6). Recent research has defined the enzymes needed for nucleotide excision repair (7). However, it is not yet clear which of these enzymes are limiting for nucleotide excision repair in vivo and are, therefore, increased in amount and/or activity in cisplatin-resistant cell lines. For example, Dabholkar et al. (8,9) have reported increased expression of ERCC1 and XPAC in tissue from patients who were resistant to cisplatin chemotherapy. However, both Katz et al. (10) and Sheibani and Eastman (11) have found no increased expression of ERCC1 in cisplatin-resistant cell lines. Similarly, we have found no increased expression or cisplatin-inducibility of XPAC in cisplatin-resistant cell lines (Vaisman et al., manuscript in preparation).
Who Benefits from Community Mental Health Care? Using Latent Profile Analysis to Identify Differential Treatment Outcomes for Youth

Treatment effectiveness has been shown to vary across subgroups of youth based on characteristics such as comorbidity, problem severity, gender, and age. The current study aims to explore if subgroups of youth, identified by applying latent profile analysis to parent-reported symptoms, age, and gender, are better served by specific usual care services. Archival data from a community mental health center were utilized, including parent-reports of symptoms for 953 youth (44.4% female; ages 4-18) across multiple time-points, and services received. Latent profile analysis identified five subgroups including Low Risk, High Risk, Internalizing, Externalizing, and Delinquent/Depressed. The relationship between the intensity level of services and symptoms varied across subgroups. Specifically, high intensity services were related to a greater reduction in symptoms for the Internalizing, Externalizing, and High Risk subgroups. Implications for future developmental research and clinical applications are discussed.
Notes on Lakatos

The invitation which has brought me here to comment on Professor Lakatos’ paper has given me much pleasure, for I have long been an admirer of his work, particularly of his early four-part paper, ‘Proofs and Refutations’. That does not mean, of course, that we have often agreed, but I have enjoyed the arguments that resulted and looked forward to this one. My pleasure, furthermore, was considerably enhanced when I discovered that Lakatos was going to be able to confound all precedent, his own and others, by getting this paper to me well in advance. It is a privilege few commentators are given, and I am correspondingly grateful.
Medicare Advantage: Regulated Competition in the Shadow of a Public Option

Abstract Medicare Advantage, the private option for Medicare beneficiaries in the U.S., is one of the largest individual health insurance markets in the world, now enrolling more than 19 million Medicare beneficiaries and paying more than $200 billion to competing private health plans. Payments to health plan are based on plan bids and regional cost estimates, and are risk adjusted on a prospective basis. Improvement in the risk adjustment model and limitations on beneficiary choice have reduced favorable selection into Medicare Advantage. Overall, the quality of care in Medicare advantage is comparable to traditional Medicare and costs are lower. Ongoing issues include rules for setting the premium to beneficiaries, determination of the overall subsidy to MA plans, upcoding, and maintaining sufficient competition among Medicare Advantage plans.
Thermal Performance Evaluation of a 1.7-kV, 450-A SiC-MOSFET Based Modular Three-Phase Power Block With Wide Fundamental Frequency Operations

To accelerate wide industry adoption of Silicon Carbide (SiC) based technology, a three-phase two-level inverter based power block is designed with the latest generation high performance 1.7 kV/450 A SiC- mosfet module from General Electric. The designed power block is expected to replace the currently standardized 1.7 kV/450 A Silicon (Si) insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based three-phase power block. Power converters face thermal challenges when subjected to very low fundamental frequency operations (below 10 Hz). This is particularly relevant in the wind power applications. At low operating fundamental frequencies, the junction temperature of the power device experiences high peak-to-peak ripple, which degrades the reliability of the power modules significantly. This paper presents the thermal performance of the designed power block and draws comparisons with a similar rated Si-IGBT module based power blocks, especially at low output fundamental frequency operations. Key performance indices, including power rating curves at different switching frequencies and power factors; temperature ripple at different fundamental frequencies, are examined. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the claims. The results indicate that the SiC- mosfet module based power block can be a promising replacement for the Si-IGBT based power block especially in applications where wide range of fundamental frequency operations are needed.
Improving Our Understanding of Measured Jitter (in HAMR)

The understanding of measured jitter is improved in three ways. First, it is shown that the measured jitter is not only governed by written-in jitter and the reader resolution along the cross-track direction but by remanence noise in the vicinity of transitions and the down-track reader resolution as well. Second, a novel data analysis scheme is introduced that allows for an unambiguous separation of these two contributions. Third, based on data analyses involving the first two learnings and micro-magnetic simulations, we identify and explain the root causes for variations of jitter with write current (WC) (write field), WC overshoot amplitude (write-field rise time), and linear disk velocity measured for heat-assisted magnetic recording.
Feature-based attention: effects and control

Feature-based attention prioritizes the processing of non-spatial features across the visual field. Classical studies revealed a feature-similarity gain modulation of sensory neuron’s activity. While early studies that quantified behavioral performance have provided support for this model, recent studies have revealed a non-monotonic, surround suppression effect in near feature space. The attentional suppression effects may give rise to a highly limited capacity when selecting multiple features, as documented by studies manipulating the number of attended features. These effects of feature-based attention are likely due to attentional control mechanisms exerting top–down modulations, which have been linked to neural signals in the dorsal frontoparietal network. The neural representation of attentional priority at multiple levels of the visual hierarchy thus shape visual perception and behavioral performance.
The human papillomavirus vaccine as a treatment for human papillomavirus-related dysplastic and neoplastic conditions: A literature review.

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with common dermatologic and nondermatologic diseases. Although HPV vaccines are well established as preventive measures for genital warts and cervical neoplasia, their use as therapeutic agents deserves greater attention. Objective To evaluate the use of HPV vaccine(s) as a treatment modality for cutaneous and/or mucosal disease. Methods A primary literature search using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted in January 2019 by using the PubMed and Cochrane databases. Results A total of 63 articles with 4439 patients were included. The majority of patients with cutaneous warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and squamous and basal cell carcinomas were successfully treated with HPV vaccination. Preliminary data on patients with pre-existing anogenital warts, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is promising. Limitations This review was limited by the lack of controls, patients' previous HPV vaccination status, and publication bias. Conclusion The commercially available three-dose, quadrivalent HPV vaccine is a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of cutaneous warts, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and squamous and basal cell carcinomas. Noncommercially available HPV vaccines demonstrate therapeutic response for treating anogenital warts, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. The vaccine's efficacy as an adjunct therapy for HPV-associated cutaneous and/or mucosal disease warrants further exploration.
The Cardiovascular effects of chocolate

The antioxidants as polyphenols, especially flavanols present in cocoa, exert a favorable effect on endothelium vasodilation, modulate inflammatory markers, and decrease platelet aggregation, lipid oxidation and insulin resistance. Recent nutritional intervention trials and molecular studies demonstrate that consumption of cocoa, particularly rich in flavanols, is beneficial to promote cardiovascular health. This review describes the cardiovascular effects of chocolate.
Anorexia Nervosa and the Immune System-A Narrative Review.

The pathogenesis of an increasing number of chronic diseases is being attributed to effects of the immune system. However, its role in the development and maintenance of anorexia nervosa is seemingly under-appreciated. Yet, in examining the available research on the immune system and genetic studies in anorexia nervosa, one becomes increasingly suspicious of the immune system’s potential role in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. Specifically, research is suggestive of increased levels of various pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as the spontaneous production of tumor necrosis factor in anorexia nervosa; genetic studies further support a dysregulated immune system in this disorder. Potential contributors to this dysregulated immune system are discussed including increased oxidative stress, chronic physiological/psychological stress, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and an abnormal bone marrow microenvironment, all of which are present in anorexia nervosa.
What Is the Impact of Periacetabular Osteotomy Surgery on Patient Function and Activity Levels

Abstract Background Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is a hip preserving procedure performed often in younger, highly active patients. However, counseling patients is difficult, as there are limited data regarding activity level after PAO. The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical activity levels after PAO in a large, prospective multicenter cohort. Methods Prospectively collected data from a multicenter study group included 359 hips treated by PAO for hip dysplasia at a mean age of 25.1 years. Patient demographics, radiographic measures, operative data, and clinical outcomes were evaluated preoperatively, at 1 year, and at minimum 2 years postoperatively. Activity level was assessed with the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score, and patients were stratified into low activity, moderate activity, and high activity groups based on preoperative function. Results Compared to preoperative scores across the complete cohort, postoperative UCLA scores were improved on average 0.6 points at final follow-up (P = .001). The low activity and moderate activity groups had significant improvement in UCLA scores (P Conclusion Overall, these data suggest that consistent improvements in activity level and function can be expected following PAO surgery, with greater gains experienced by patients with lower preoperative levels of activity.
Graph Drawing-based Dimensionality Reduction to Identify Hidden Communities in Single-Cell Sequencing Spatial Representation

SUMMARY With the rapid growth of single cell sequencing technologies, finding cell communities with high accuracy has become crucial for large scale projects. Employing the current commonly used dimensionality reduction techniques such as tSNE and UMAP, it is often difficult to clearly distinguish cell communities in high dimensional space. Usually cell communities with similar origin and trajectories cluster so closely to each that their subtle but important differences do not become readily apparent. This creates a problem for clustering, as clustering is also performed on dimensionality reduction results. In order to identify such communities, scientists either perform broad clustering and then extract each cluster and perform re-clustering to identify sub-populations or they over-cluster the data and then merging the clusters with similar gene expressions. This is an incredibly cumbersome and time-consuming process. To solve this problem, we propose K-nearest-neighbor-based Network graph drawing Layout (KNetL, pronounced like ‘nettle’) for dimensionality reduction. In our method, we use force-directed graph drawing, whereby the attractive force (analogous to a spring force) and the repulsive force (analogous to an electrical force in atomic particles) between the cells are evaluated, and the cell communities are organized in a structural visualization. The coordinates of the force-compacted nodes are then extracted, and we employ dimensionality reduction methods, such as tSNE and UMAP to unpack the nodes. The final plot, a KNetL map, shows a visually-appealing and distinctive separation between cell communities. Our results show that KNetL maps bring significant resolution to visualizing and identifying otherwise hidden cell communities. All the algorithms are implemented in the iCellR package and available through the CRAN repository. Single (i) Cell R package (iCellR) provides great flexibility at every step of the analysis pipeline, including normalization, clustering, dimensionality reduction, interactive 2D and 3D visualizations, batch alignment or data integration, imputation, and interactive cell gating tools, which allow users to manually gate around the cells.
Multimodal endo-microscopy using multimode fibers

We present and discuss the recent advances to use multimode fibers for multimodal endo-microscopy and its implementation for in-vivo imaging.
Audiovisual Representations of Valence: a Cross-study Perspective

Hedonic valence describes the pleasantness or unpleasantness of psychological states elicited by stimuli and is conceived as a fundamental building block of emotional experience. Multivariate pattern analysis approaches contribute to the study of valence representation by allowing identification of valence from distributed patterns of activity. However, the issue of construct validity arises in that there is always a possibility that classification results from a single study are driven by factors other than valence, such as the idiosyncrasies of the stimuli. In this work, we identify valence across participants from six different fMRI studies that used auditory, visual, or audiovisual stimuli, thus increasing the likelihood that classification is driven by valence and not by the specifics of the experimental paradigm of a particular study. The studies included a total of 93 participants and differed on stimuli, task, trial duration, number of participants, and scanner parameters. In a leave-one-study-out cross-validation procedure, we trained the classifiers on fMRI data from five studies and predicted valence, positive or negative, for each of the participants in the left-out study. Whole-brain classification demonstrated a reliable distinction between positive and negative valence states (72% accuracy). In a searchlight analysis, the representation of valence was localized to the right postcentral and supramarginal gyri, left superior frontal and middle frontal cortices, and right pregenual anterior cingulate and superior medial frontal cortices. The demonstrated cross-study classification of valence enhances the construct validity and generalizability of the findings from the combined studies.
Intellectual Property, Global Inequality and Subnational Policy Variations

The subject of global inequality is at the center of the North-South debate on intellectual property law and policy. While developed countries in the global North complain about the lack of adequate protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in developing countries, the global South laments the unfair distribution of benefits provided by the current international intellectual property regime. Developing countries are also frustrated that they continue to bear the blunt of globalization and the detrimental effects of high standards of intellectual property protection and enforcement. The arrival of middle-income countries, in particular those with considerable and ever-growing strengths in the intellectual property area, has shown that the international intellectual property debate has been less simplistic that what a binary North-South debate suggests. Indeed, fast-growing emerging countries such as Brazil, China and India have acquired newfound success in competing with developed countries in the international trade and intellectual property arenas. If this trend continues, the picture about intellectual property and global inequality will only become more complex. This chapter begins by revisiting the North-South debate on intellectual property, innovation and global inequality. It explores where middle-income countries fit in this debate. The chapter then moves from the frequently documented inequality among countries to the underexplored inequality within countries—a topic that has received growing attention from trade and development economists but insufficient coverage in intellectual property literature. Focusing on middle-income countries, the discussion of national inequality highlights the considerable variations in economic and technological conditions at the subnational level. The chapter concludes by outlining three sets of responses that intellectual property policymakers could put in place to address national inequality: (1) international norm-setting; (2) national policymaking; and (3) academic and policy research.