cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Bisphosphonates Slow the Progression of Aortic Stenosis

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of bisphosphonates on the progression of aortic stenosis. Background Valvular calcification is associated with the development and progression of aortic stenosis. Bisphosphonates have been suggested to slow this progression. Methods Female patients older than the age of 60 years with an aortic valve area (AVA) between 1.0 and 2.0 cm2 were identified and studied retrospectively. Only those who had follow-up echocardiograms at least a year apart were included. Primary outcomes were the change in AVA and valvular gradients over time. Mortality and freedom from aortic valve replacement were also studied. A propensity-matching method was applied for the probability of the use of bisphosphonates. Results The study included 801 female patients (mean age, 76 ± 7.6 years) with a mean follow-up of 5.1 ± 2.4 years. The mean duration of bisphosphonate use was 3.1 ± 2.6 years. At the time of the initial echocardiogram, 323 patients (38%) were taking bisphosphonates. The mean ejection fraction at baseline was 56.7 ± 9.6% with a mean AVA of 1.32 ± 0.25 cm2. Peak and mean gradients were 28.4 ± 11 mm Hg and 15.6 ± 6.8 mm Hg, respectively. Propensity matching was successfully performed for 438 patients. On follow-up, there were no differences in the rate of change in AVA or peak and mean gradients when patients were stratified based on the use of bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates also had no impact on survival or freedom from aortic valve replacement. Conclusions In this retrospective analysis of older female patients, bisphosphonates do not have a significant impact on the hemodynamic or clinical progression of aortic stenosis.
Complications of sclera-covered enucleation implants.

Purpose To determine the incidence of complications associated with the use of donor human sclera to cover porous and nonporous enucleation implants. Methods A retrospective case series of 207 patients receiving donor scleral-covered implants during a standardized enucleation procedure. Results There was a single case of exposure among the 112 patients (0.9%) receiving nonporous implants. None of the 95 porous implants (0%) demonstrated primary exposure. Conditions leading to the removal of 3 of the 207 (1.4%) implants included primary exposure (n = 1), secondary exposure after peg insertion (n = 1), and postoperative pain (n = 1). Two patients (1%) required postoperative tarsorrhaphies to control chemosis. Conjunctival granulomas developed in 2 patients (1%). Asymptomatic implant rotation was observed in 31% (5/16) of patients receiving flattened porous implants. There were no cases of implant migration or prolonged inflammation related to the covering material. Conclusions Donor sclera covering of both porous and nonporous enucleation implants appears to be a successful surgical technique associated with few serious complications. The potential benefits of this technique must be balanced by the increased cost of the wrapping material and the rare but potential risk of transmitting infectious disease.
Transitive inference in pigeons: Control for differential value transfer

Transitive inference (TI) effects have been demonstrated in several nonhuman species using a nonverbal version of the task in which A is better than B is represented in a simple simultaneous discrimination, A+B−. Following five-term training (e.g., A+B−, B+C−, C+D−, D+E−), the choice of B over D on test trials is taken as evidence of TI. Recently, differential value transfer from the S+ to the S− in a simultaneous discrimination has been proposed as a noncognitive basis for these effects. Two experiments were conducted to control for differential value transfer. The results suggest that differential value transfer is not the only basis for nonhuman TI performance. An alternative account based on spatial mapping is discussed.
High-Throughput Ionic Liquid Ion Sources Using Arrays of Microfabricated Electrospray Emitters With Integrated Extractor Grid and Carbon Nanotube Flow Control Structures

We report the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of dense, monolithic, and planar arrays of externally-fed electrospray emitters with an integrated extractor grid and carbon nanotube flow control structures for low-voltage and high-throughput electrospray of the ionic liquid EMI-BF4 in vacuum. Microfabricated arrays with as many as 1900 emitters in 1 cm 2 were fabricated and tested. Per-emitter currents as high as 5 μA in both polarities were measured, with start-up bias voltages as low as 470 V and extractor grid transmission as high as 80%. Maximum array emission currents of 1.35 mA (1.35 mA/cm 2 ) were measured using arrays of 1900 emitters in 1 cm 2 . A conformal carbon nanotube forest grown on the surface of the emitters acts as a wicking structure that transports liquid to the emitter tips, providing hydraulic impedance to regulate and uniformize the emission across the array. Mass spectrometry of the electrospray beam confirms that emission in both polarities is composed of solvated ions, and etching of the silicon collector electrode is observed. Collector imprints and per-emitter current-voltage characteristics for different emitter array sizes spanning three orders of magnitude show excellent emission uniformity across the array. Performance estimates of the devices as nanosatellite thrusters are provided.
Surface-enhanced raman spectra of dyes and organic acids in silver solutions: chloride ion effect.

Abstract We have recorded surface-enhanced Raman (SER) spectra of two different classes of compounds, cationic dyes and organic acids, and studied their chloride ion effects on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities of the silver solution. For the positive charge dyes, rhodamine 6G (R6G) and 1,1′-dimethyl-2,2′-cyanine iodide (DECI), no SERS could be observed without the addition of chloride ions because of lack of the electrostatic interaction between the dye species and the silver particles in the silver solution. The chloride ions served to enlarge silver particles and to contribute the existence of the surface active sites, making the silver solution SERS active to the dye samples. Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) intensity of the dye molecules increased with the chloride ion concentration. After reaching a maximum intensity, a Cl − quenching effect on the intensity took place. For the organic acids, benzoic acid and p -aminobenzoic acid (PABA), SERS could be observed without the coexistence of chloride ions. The intensity of the Raman scattering did not vary significantly in the presence of small amount of chloride ion. At high Cl − concentration, quenching SERS intensity began to take effect.
Implementation of Adaptive Techniques for Motion Control of Robotic Manipulators

Implantation numerique et etude experimentale de 2 systemes de commande adaptative pour les robots manipulateurs. L'un est un systeme de commande adaptative a un modele de reference a temps continu et l'autre est un systeme de commande adaptative a temps discret
The Effect of Melodic Activity, Tempo Change, and Audible Beat on Tempo Perception of Elementary School Students

This two-part study was designed to investigate the influence of melodic activity (ornamented and plain) on the perception of tempo. Additional variables were an audible beat (present or absent) in Experiment 1 and the size of the tempo change (92 and 118 beats per minute) in Experiment 2. Subjects, 46 third graders and 49 sixth graders (Experiment 1) and 47 fifth graders (Experiment 2), indicated whether the tempo of the second example in each paired comparison item was faster, slower, or stayed the same. Melodic activity was the only influential variable affecting tempo discrimination.
A look at neural integration in the human auditory system through the stapedius muscle reflex.

Ipsilateral and contralateral stapedius muscle contractions were studied as functions of the sound pressure level (SPL) and duration of 2-kHz tone bursts. The study complemented a preceding study in which temporal summation of stapedius muscle contractions produced by pairs of short tone bursts was determined and analyzed. The muscle contractions were determined indirectly by measuring changes in the acoustic impedance they produced at the tympanic membrane. The data for the stapedius muscle contraction as a function of tone-burst duration were derived from another study and analyzed in part with the help of the SPL functions obtained in the present study. According to the experimental results, the stapedius muscle contraction produced by contralateral stimulation follows a compressive power function paralleling both the cochlear output and loudness functions. The ipsilateral contraction follows an expansive power function. Mathematical analysis showed that the muscle tension due to contralateral stimulation increases with tone duration approximately according to the characteristic of a linear integrator having an exponentially decaying memory with a time constant that increases with SPL from ≈200 to 370 msec. The simple relationship appears to be possible because of mutual cancellation of neural-processing characteristics preceding and following the temporal integration.
Neutrophils and lung injury: getting it right

Acute lung injury (ALI) is common in critically ill patients, and there has been a great deal of interest in the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking mechanical ventilation with ALI. Although it is possible to ventilate patients with normal lungs for prolonged periods of time without causing lung injury, a landmark controlled randomized clinical trial in critically ill patients with ALI showed that mechanical ventilation with a lung protective strategy improves outcome as compared with conventional mechanical ventilation (1). This trial was based on a series of studies in animals and humans suggesting that mechanical ventilation could injure the lungs, as measured by a number of different parameters (2, 3). In a separate study of humans with ALI, a lung protective strategy reduced cellular and biochemical parameters of the inflammatory response in the lungs, suggesting a key link between the mode of mechanical ventilation and inflammation observed in the lungs (4). The consistent association between polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and lung injury in humans and animal models, and the propensity of PMNs and their products to cause tissue injury in experimental systems, led to the conclusion that PMNs have an important causative role in ALI (5, 6). Neutrophil depletion is protective in many animal models of ALI, and blocking the major PMN chemoattractant, IL-8, protects rabbits from lung injury and death following severe acid aspiration (pH 1.5) (7). Yet the results of these studies leave some questions unanswered, because none of the models closely simulate the events that occur in the injured lungs of humans. Although direct studies in humans are very limited, PMNs migrate into normal human lungs in response to an intra-alveolar chemoattractant without causing injury, and without undergoing significant degranulation (8). In addition, studies using G-CSF to augment host defenses in humans with severe pneumonia and sepsis showed that increasing the circulating PMN count to high levels was not associated with worsening clinical manifestations of lung injury (9, 10). Similarly, studies in sheep using the bidirectional movement of alveolar and vascular tracers showed that large numbers of PMNs migrate into the lungs in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide without injuring the critical epithelial barrier of the lungs, even though endothelial permeability is increased (11). Careful ultrastructural studies in rabbits and mice have shown that PMNs migrate through specialized channels in endothelial and epithelial basement membranes and into the alveolar spaces in areas of streptococcal pneumonia without causing apparent damage to these barriers (12). Taking a different approach, a study of the metabolic activity of lung PMNs in rabbits with streptococcal pneumonia showed that the most metabolically active PMNs are in the alveolar spaces, and not in the microvasculature or the interstitium, suggesting that the major activation events occur in the alveolar spaces in response to bacteria, and not during migration (13).
Racial Hostility among Blacks in Chicago.

A considerable amount of attitudinal research in the area of race relations has been devoted to examining racial prejudice and related factors within the dominant group in this society. Relatively little research, however, has dealt with racial antipathies from the minority position, except to investigate minority response during times of overt racial conflict. The present research deals with the specific issue of racial hostility-here defined as a feeling of resentment or antagonism directed toward another racial group'-from the black perspective. Previous field investigations which have included measures of this or related concepts among blacks include: Marx (1964), Brink and Harris (1967), Bogue and McKinlay
The Waste Package Materials Field Test in S.E. New Mexico Salt

A six-part, waste package materials field test was conducted in a halite horizon of a potash mine in southeastern New Mexico. The primary purposes of this test were to evaluate the thermophysical and geochemical performance of candidate HLW-package backfill materials emplaced in rock salt and the corrosion behavior of candidate waste canister or overpack alloys. This field test series also served as a precursor to forthcoming Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in-situ waste package performance experiments on simulated defense high-level waste packages, serving to develop applicable testing, instrumentation, and sampling techniques. The backfill materials tested (individually, in one- to five-month tests) were: low-density bentonite clay; low-density bentonite (70 wt %)-silica sand (30 wt %) mixtures, both dry and brine-injected; high-density bentonite-sand annular compacts; trapped air; and finely-crushed WIPP salt. The in-situ measured thermal conductivities (at a maximum canister-heater surface temperature of 150/sup 0/ or 250/sup 0/C) for the backfills ranged from 0.25 W/mK for pure bentonite to about 1.25 W/mK for the high-density bentonite-sand. No significant backfill material degradation products were detected in post-test analyses. No appreciable corrosion of the titanium-, nickel-, or iron-based alloys embedded in the hot backfill was found; potentially significant pitting corrosion of 2-1/4 Cr-1 Momore » steel and copper was detected. 11 references, 1 table.« less
Extended Transcervical Video-Assisted Thymectomy

This article describes surgery using a transcervical approach with thoracoscopic visualization. The video-assisted extended approach is well suited for patients undergoing thymectomy for myasthenia gravis, thymic cysts, small thymoma, or mediastinal parathyroid adenoma. It incorporates the minimally invasive nature of the transcervical method with the extensive anterior mediastinal dissection, while allowing for complete removal of the thymus and anterior mediastinal fat and avoiding the morbidity of a sternotomy.
Effects of p-type dopants on enhancing AlAs/GaAs superlattice disordering

Abstract It is quantitatively shown that the mechanism reponsible for enhancing AlAs/GaAs superlattice disordering by the p-type dopants Zn and Be is essentially the Fermi-level effect occurring in Garich crystals. In the abundance of holes, the Fermi-level effect increases the concentration of the doubly-positively-charged group III element selfinterstitials (designated as IGa2+), which govern Al-Ga interdiffusion in crystals rich in group III elements. Under Zn (or Be) indiffusion and ion implantation conditions, the crystal portion where the enhanced Al-Ga inter-diffusion occurs has become rich in group III elements irrespective of whether the annealing ambient is As rich or poor. This is because the incorporation of the Zn (or Be) atoms onto the group III sublattice site will naturally produce crystals rich in group III elements. In the Asrich annealing ambient cases, only the crystal surface region becomes rich in As, while the superlattice disordering reaction occurs in the deeper Zn (or Be) diffusion front region, which is rich in group III elements.
Magnetic, structural, and Raman characterization of RBa2Cu2NbO8(R=Pr, La, or Nd).

${\mathrm{PrBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{NbO}}_{8}$ (PrBCNO) is an insulator analogous to the ${\mathrm{PrBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ system having a similar structure but with ${\mathrm{NbO}}_{2}$ planes replacing the CuO chains. Single-phase polycrystalline samples of RBCNO have been synthesized with R=La, Pr, or Nd. These materials were characterized using magnetization, thermal gravimetric analysis in different atmospheres, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The PrBCNO samples show a signature in the magnetization of a magnetic ordering at 12 K. No such magnetic phase transition is observed down to 2 K in ${\mathrm{NdBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{NbO}}_{8}$.
Concentration-dependent effects of the soy phytoestrogen genistein on the proteome of cultured cardiomyocytes.

Abstract The soy-derived phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) has received attention for its potential benefits on the cardiovascular system by providing direct protection to cardiomyocytes against pathophysiological stresses. Here, we employed a proteomic approach to study the concentration-dependent effects of GEN treatments on cardiomyocytes. Cultured HL-1 cardiomyocytes were treated with low (1 μM) and high (50 μM) concentrations of GEN. Proteins were pre-fractionated by sequential hydrophilic/hydrophobic extraction and both protein fractions from each treatment group were separated by 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE). Overall, approximately 2,700 spots were visualized on the 2D gels. Thirty-nine and 99 spots changed in volume relative to controls (p
Digitoxin metabolism by liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and its role in the protection of rats from digitoxin toxicity by pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the mechanism by which pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) protects rats from digitoxin toxicity was dependent on the induction of liver microsomal cytochrome P -450 p and/or the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase active toward digitoxigenin monodigitoxoside (UDP-GT-dt 1 ). Evidence is presented that suggests troleandomycin is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P -450 p in vivo , based on the pattern of inhibition observed when zoxazolamine paralysis time and hexobarbital sleeping time were measured in rats treated with different cytochrome P -450 inducers. A single dose of troleandomycin completely reversed the ability of PCN to protect rats from digitoxin toxicity, establishing the importance of cytochrome P -450 p induction in the protective effect of PCN. The postpubertal decline in constitutive cytochrome P -450 p levels in female but not male rats was paralleled by a female-specific, age-dependent decline in the rate of digitoxin sugar cleavage (i.e., digitoxosyl oxidation of digitoxin to 15′-dehydrodigitoxin and digitoxosyl cleavage to digitoxigenin bisdigitoxoside). This resulted in a marked sex difference in the rate of digitoxin sugar cleavage catalyzed by liver microsomes from mature rats (male/female ~ 6). However, no sex difference in digitoxin toxicity was observed in either immature or mature rats. In contrast to cytochrome P -450 p , liver microsomal UDP-GT-dt 1 activity increased dramatically with age in both male and female rats (mature/immature ~ 10). However, no age differences in digitoxin toxicity were observed in rats of either sex. The results indicate that cytochrome P -450 p and UDP-GT-dt 1 can be independently regulated in rat liver and that large changes in the constitutive levels of these microsomal enzymes have no effect on digitoxin toxicity. This suggests that the induction of cytochrome P -450 p and UDP-GT-dt 1 does not fully account for the mechanism by which PCN protects rats from digitoxin toxicity.
Instantons, the Quark Model, and the 1/n Expansion

Abstract An attempt is made to resolve certain discrepancies between instatons, the quark model and the 1/N expansion. It is argued that the most attractive resolution of these discrepancies is the possibility that quantum corrections cause the instanton gas to disappear in QCD. A two-dimensional model is described in which it can be seen explicitly that such a disappearance takes place. (This model has been investigated independently by D'Adda, Di Vecchia, and Luscher.)
Knowledge-based tools to promote shared goals and terminology between interface designers

Two tools that support cooperation are described: one for the construction of consistent and principled human-computer interfaces and the other for the construction of AI knowledge bases. These tools provide a central repository for design knowledge that otherwise would not be easily shared among users. The AI knowledge representation technology upon which the tools are founded is first described. A knowledge-based approach to interface construction is discussed, and how that approach applies to detecting design conflicts and inconsistencies stemming from two different kinds of team communication failure is illustrated. Next, a knowledge acquisition aid that is utilized within the interface construction paradigm and that also illustrates the same approach to supporting cooperative work is described. Finally, four sources of difficulty in team design efforts, which this approach seeks to address, are reviewed.
Hepatic toxicity resulting from cancer treatment

Abstract Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), often called radiation hepatitis, is a syndrome characterized by the development of anicteric ascites approximately 2 weeks to 4 months after hepatic irradiation. There has been a renewed interest in hepatic irradiation because of two significant advances in cancer treatment: three dimensional radiation therapy treatment planning and bone marrow transplantation using total body irradiation. RILD resulting from liver radiation can usually be distinguished clinically from that resulting from the preparative regime associated with bone marrow transplantation. However, both syndromes demonstrate the same pathological lesion: veno-occlusive disease. Recent evidence suggests that elevated transforming growth factor β levels may play a role in the development of veno-occlusive disease. Three dimensional treatment planning offers the potential to determine the radiation dose and volume dependence of RILD, permitting the safe delivery of high doses of radiation to parts of the liver. The chief therapy for RILD is diuretics, although some advocate steroids for severe cases. The characteristics of RILD permit the development of a grading system modeled after the NCI Acute Common Toxicity Criteria, which incorporates standard criteria of hepatic dysfunction.
Experimental Evidence for Hydrogen Tunneling when the Isotopic Arrhenius Prefactor (AH/AD) is Unity

The temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is one of the major tools used for the investigation of hydrogen tunneling in condensed phase. Hydrogen transfer reactions displaying isotopic Arrhenius prefactor ratios (AH/AD) of unity are generally ascribed to a semi-classical mechanism. Here, we have identified a double mutant of soybean lipoxygenase (SLO-1, an enzyme previously shown to follow quantum mechanical hydrogen tunneling), that displays an AH/AD of unity and highly elevated (non-classical) KIEs. This observation highlights the shortcoming of assigning a hydrogen transfer reaction to a semi-classical model based solely on an Arrhenius prefactor ratio.
Retrotransposons Revisited: The Restraint and Rehabilitation of Parasites

Retrotransposons, mainly LINEs, SINEs, and endogenous retroviruses, make up roughly 40% of the mammalian genome and have played an important role in genome evolution. Their prevalence in genomes reflects a delicate balance between their further expansion and the restraint imposed by the host. In any human genome only a small number of LINE1s (L1s) are active, moving their own and SINE sequences into new genomic locations and occasionally causing disease. Recent insights and new technologies promise answers to fundamental questions about the biology of transposable elements.
Evaluation of Saturation of Photoinduced Second-Harmonic Generation in Doped Glass Fibers

Abstract The saturation of self-organized second-harmonic generation in optical fibers, predicted by the directional photoionization model and the phenomenological cumulative local-response model, is confronted with data of some previous experiments. It was found that the experimentally determined value of (I2ω/I2ω)sat ranges from 0.2 × 10-16 to 2 × 10-16 m2/W, which is in reasonable agreement with the predictions of the directional photoionization model. The self-organized parametric down conversion is proposed for a very effective preparation of optical fibers.
Satellite geodesy on the lawn

During the 1986 AGU Fall Meeting in December, four Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were demonstrated in a simulated field condition. Although billed as a “shootout,” constraints of time and location dictated that this demonstration would not be a valid test of the receivers, and in retrospect, it should not be viewed as such. Nevertheless, there may be some interest in the results. The experiment involved the Macrometer II™, manufactured by Litton Aero Service; the WM 101, manufactured by a joint venture of Wild-Heerbrugg and Magnavox; the Trimble 4000 S; and the Texas Instruments TI 4100. The first three were operated by representatives of the manufacturers. The TI4100 instruments were owned and operated by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Analysis of zinc smelter condensers by color microprobe scanning

Abstract Two electron microprobe techniques were used to study factors that contribute to the failures of fireclay condensers in a horizontal zinc-reduction smelter. One method involved studying photographs of oscilloscope displays of x-ray intensity profiles of individual elements. This enabled determination of the elements present in the interface area between fireclay condensers and a hard adherent deposit which results from reaction with zinc vapors. The major elements were found, as well as their locations and extent of interaction with each other. Another electron microprobe technique, color composite scanning, was used to identify properly the locations of compounds resulting from reactions of elements at the fireclay-deposit interface. X-ray diffraction examination verified the electron microprobe findings. The major elements found in the interface area were aluminum, silicon, zinc, and chlorine. The majority of the hard adherent coating was found to be zinc oxide and a zinc chloride compound with some metallic zinc.
Influenza A Pneumonitis Following Treatment of Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection with Murine Monoclonal Anti-CD3 Antibody (OKT3)

A 51-year-old man developed fever, cough, and dyspnea 5 days after completing murine monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) treatment for acute cardiac allograft rejection. Samples of BAL fluid grew influenza A virus. Progressive pulmonary infiltrates, respiratory compromise, and hypoxia developed, and the patient ultimately required 5 days of mechanical ventilation. Treatment with amantadine hydrochloride and ribavirin was prescribed, and the patient was discharged after 19 days. Influenza A virus has not been an important pathogen in cardiac transplant recipients. However, this is the first reported case of influenza A pneumonitis complicating anti-T lymphocyte therapy for cardiac allograft rejection. In comparison with our patient, two previously reported cases of influenza A infection in cardiac transplant patients have been less severe. The virulence of our patient's, life-threatening infection appears to be secondary to impairment of T lymphocyte-mediated immunity by OKT3. The role of therapeutic and even prophylactic amantadine therapy in this clinical setting has yet to be determined.
Characterization and stochastic modeling of uncertainties in the biodiesel production

There are inherent uncertainties in the biodiesel production process arising out of feedstock composition, operating and design parameters and can have significant impact on the product quality and process economics. In this paper, the uncertainties are quantified in the form of probabi- listic distribution function. Stochastic modeling capability is implemented in the ASPEN process simulator to take into consideration these uncertainties and the output is evaluated to determine impact on process efficiency and quality of biodiesel.
The performing audience

The nature and role of the audience is at the crux of continuing controversies about the nature of theatre. In this essay I argue that an audience is necessary to the art of the theatre and that the necessary audience is real rather than abstract. My conclusions grow out of three demonstrations: (1) audiences are too diverse to be usefully described by an abstraction; (2) audiences do, in fact, affect performances, and (3) interchange almost certainly occurs between actors and audiences.
Morphological and electrophysiological evidence for electrotonic coupling of rat dorsolateral septal nucleus neurons in vitro

Intracellular injections of Lucifer Yellow were utilized to evaluate the incidence of dye-coupling among dorsolateral septal nucleus (DLSN) neurons recorded from slice preparations of adult rat septal nuclei. Twenty percent of single injections of Lucifer Yellow resulted in pairs of labeled neurons. These dye-coupled cells were morphologically heterogeneous and did not exhibit any morphological characteristics that could be used to distinguish them from non dye-coupled neurons. The spatial separation of cell bodies and close apposition of dendrites within each pair indicated that the dye transfer site(s) were situated at dendrodendritic and/or dendrosomatic rather than somatosomatic junctions. The main axon of some dye-coupled neurons gave rise to intrinsic axon collaterals prior to exiting the nucleus indicating that these coupled neurons function as projection neurons as well as local circuit interneurons. Electrophysiological recordings of the passive membrane properties and spontaneous activity of individual dye-coupled neurons revealed no significant difference from non dye-coupled cells in the DLSN. Some neurons exhibited spontaneously occurring fast potentials which presumably represent electrotonic potentials. These fast potentials were often tightly coupled with action potentials but could be distinguished from synaptic potentials by their shape and their lack of voltage-dependent changes in amplitude. These morphological and supportive electrophysiological data provide the first indirect evidence for electrotonic coupling of dorsolateral septal neurons. The functional significance of this coupling may lie in the potential for synchronization of the output of the DLSN which could play an important role in the septal maintenance and modulation of hippocampal Theta rhythm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxygen transport and surface exchange properties of Sr0.5Sm0.5CoO3 − δ

Abstract Oxygen tracer diffusion ( D ⁎ ) and chemical diffusion ( D ˜ ) were measured in dense Sr 0.5 Sm 0.5 CoO 3 − δ (SSC) ceramics by Isotope Exchange Depth Profiling/Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (IEDP/SIMS) and electrical conductivity relaxation (ECR) over the temperature ranges of ~ 100–200 °C and 400–600 °C, respectively. In addition, the surface exchange coefficients were determined over the same temperature ranges. The transport properties and exchange kinetics of SSC are comparable to or better than those of other solid oxide fuel cell cathode candidates in the literature. The ionic conductivity of SSC was calculated using the Nernst-Einstein equation, and is comparable to that of leading solid oxide electrolytes at intermediate temperatures.
SPATIAL COMPETITION WITH LOCATION-DEPENDENT COSTS*

This paper investigates the behavior of spatially-competitive firms whose costs depend on their locations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for optimum locations are derived. Comparative-statistics analysis of the equilibrium shows that the responses of firms to changes in input and output transport rates depend on the properties of consumer demand curves or are ambiguous in sign.
Carbohydrate Analysis by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

We report the use of desorption electrospray ionization hybrid Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DESI-FT-ICR-MS) for the analysis of carbohydrates. Spectra of neat carbohydrates are presented along with their mass measurement accuracies and limits of detection. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the analyses of O-linked glycans from mucin by DESI-FT-ICR-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Finally, glycans from mucin are identified by using the high mass measurement accuracy and tandem MS capabilities afforded by the hybrid FT-ICR-MS platform.
A partial differential equation model of changing sizes and numbers in a cohort of juvenile fish

Numbers and lengths of young crappie were measured over a 20-week period in a Tennessee River reservoir. From these data, the average length at the swimming interval and growth rate were computed. A partial differential equation model was formulated for changes in length distribution through time. The equation was solved analytically and this solution used to predict the numbers by length class through time, given an initial known recruitment or swim-up rate. The simulated numbers agreed in considerable detail with the observations, indicating that the model accurately reflected the basic population mechanics involved. This suggests the model can be used to predict impacts to the fish population of size-dependent mortality caused by man, such as impingement on power plant intake screens.
Multispectral-based color reproduction research at the Munsell Color Science Laboratory

The traditional techniques of image capture, scanning, proofing, and separating do not take advantage of colorimetry and spectrophotometry. For critical color-matching applications such as catalog sales, art-book reproductions, and computer-aided design, typical images, although pleasing, are unacceptable with respect to color accuracy. The limitations that lead to these errors have a well-defined theoretical basis and are a result of current hardware and software. This has led us to a re-examination of the traditional graphic reproduction paradigm. A research and development program has begun that will alleviate the theoretical limitations associated with traditional techniques. There are four main phases: (1) Multi-spectral image capture, (2) Spectral-based separation and printing algorithm development, (3) Implementation on press, and (4) Systems integration with data and image archives. This paper describes this new paradigm, summarizes recent research results, and considers implementation opportunities.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microlymphatic flow using fast video microscopy

Despite advances in the measurement of lymphatic flow, little is known about the actual velocities of flow in microlymphatic (~100 um diameter) vessels. In this paper, video microscopy and particle tracking methods were adapted and integrated with an ultra high-speed imaging camera to obtain measurements of high-speed lymph velocities that previous systems were incapable of measuring. In this study, a mesenteric microlymphatic vessel in a loop of the small intestine of a male Sprague-Dawley rat was exteriorized and imaged at a rate of 500 frames per second (fps) for several contraction sequences. Lymph velocity was shown to fluctuate cyclically with the vessel wall contractions and ranged from -1 to 4 mm/sec through a ten second sequence.
Pattern Density Methodology Using IBM Foundry Technologies

An overview of important pattern density requirements and tradeoffs for advanced RF, analog and digital technologies is presented. This paper reviews process sensitivities to pattern density, the advantage of pattern density compliant designs, performance and modeling considerations, and presents methods of detecting and enhancing pattern density deficiencies to improve overall manufacturability.
Organotypic cortex-striatum-mesencephalon cultures: the nigrostriatal pathway

We were successful in developing cortex-striatum-mesencephalon organotypic cultures from the rat brain after 4-9 weeks in vitro. A modification of the 'roller tube' technique was employed where slices were embedded in a plasma/thrombin clot onto a Millicell membrane on a coverslip. The underlying membrane provided high mechanical stability during culturing, which reduced the likelihood of deterioration of the cultures. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was used to label dopamine neurons and axonal innervation into the cortical and striatal culture. The electrophysiological responses of striatal medium-sized spiny neurons to cortical, striatal and mesencephalic stimulation were characterized.
Chlordiazepoxide antinociception: cross-tolerance with opiates and with stress.

Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) has been previously shown to possess antinociceptive properties that are resistant, except at high doses, to the opiate antagonist naloxone. The present study evaluated whether CDP's antinociceptive effects were subject to tolerance following repeated injections and whether cross-tolerance might develop between the antinociceptive action of CDP and that of either morphine or cold water swims. CDP increased flinch-jump thresholds following acute administration and exhibited tolerance following repeated injections. Neither morphine-tolerant nor cold water swim-adapted rats displayed an antinociceptive effect when tested with CDP. On the other hand, chronic pretreatment with CDP attenuated the antinociceptive effects of cold water swims, but did not produce any clear effect upon morphine analgesia.
Specific free fatty acids induce larval settlement and metamorphosis of the reef-building tube worm Phragmatopoma califomica (Fewkes)

Abstract Planktonic larvae of the Californian reef-building sabellariid polychaete worm, Phragmatopoma califomica , settle and metamorphose in the presence of specific free fatty acids (FFAs) isolated from the sand matrix of adult tubes. Thirty-seven commercially-available FFAs of increasing acyl chain length and of variable unsaturation were assayed for their capacity to induce larval metamorphosis. At 100 μg FFA/g sand, settlement and metamorphosis peaked in response to palmitoleic acid (16:1; 24.5 % metamorphosis versus 0.8% metamorphosis in control assays), linolenic acid (18:3, 24.9% metamorphosis), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5; 16.9% metamorphosis) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6; 8.7% metamorphosis), and decreased as the acyl chain length or the number of double bonds was changed. Palmitelaidic acid, the trans isomer of palmitoleic acid, was ineffective at inducing a larval response. Assays of the monoglycerides and methyl esters of palmitoleic and linoleic acids, cis -9-hexadecen-1-ol, cis -9,12-octadecadien-1-ol, the corresponding acetates and cis -9,12-octadecadiene resulted in little or no larval metamorphosis. Larval response is dependent on (1)the presence of at least one cis double bond in the molecule, (2) conservation of molecular shape with increasing acyl chain length by addition of cis double bonds, and (3) the presence of a free carboxyl group. This specificity resembles that found in studies of insect chemoreception and suggests that receptors may similarly mediate larval response in this marine invertebrate.
A framework for clustering massive graph streams: Submission to Best of SDM 2010 Issue

In this paper, we examine the problem of clustering massive graph streams. Graph clustering poses significant challenges because of the complex structures which may be present in the underlying data. The massive size of the underlying graph makes explicit structural enumeration very difficult. Consequently, most techniques for clustering multidimensional data are difficult to generalize to the case of massive graphs. Recently, methods have been proposed for clustering graph data, though these methods are designed for static data, and are not applicable to the case of graph streams. Furthermore, these techniques are especially not effective for the case of massive graphs, since a huge number of distinct edges may need to be tracked simultaneously. This results in storage and computational challenges during the clustering process. In order to deal with the natural problems arising from the use of massive disk‐resident graphs, we propose a technique for creating hash‐compressed microclusters from graph streams. The compressed microclusters are designed by using a hash‐based compression of the edges onto a smaller domain space. We provide theoretical results which show that the hash‐based compression continues to maintain bounded accuracy in terms of distance computations. Since clustering is a data summarization technique, it can also be naturally extended to the problem of evolution analysis. We provide experimental results which illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the underlying method. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 399‐416, 2010 © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2'-5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase, neopterin and β2-microglobulin in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals

This study examined 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2,5A) synthetase activity in 26 individuals during the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection and its correlation with neopterin or beta 2-microglobulin. In HIV-antibody-positive (HIV-Ab+) asymptomatic people, both neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin levels in sera were significantly elevated; in contrast, 2,5A-synthetase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not significantly higher than in HIV-antibody-negative controls. The 2,5A-synthetase levels in symptomatic people (AIDS-related complex and AIDS) were significantly higher than in either asymptomatic or control individuals. However, within the group of HIV-infected asymptomatic individuals, all three markers were positively correlated. In this group, neopterin values were negatively correlated with the number of CD4+ lymphocytes while a positive correlation was found between 2,5A-synthetase and the number of CD8+ lymphocytes. Asymptomatic people with detectable serum HIV p24 antigen had significantly higher 2,5A-synthetase, neopterin, beta 2-microglobulin and number of CD8+ lymphocytes. This study suggests that elevated 2,5A-synthetase activity may reflect a different aspect of host response to HIV infection than do elevated neopterin or beta 2-microglobulin.
Equationally definable implication algebras for orthomodular lattices

The fact that it is possible to define three different material conditionals in orthomodular lattices suggests that there exist three different orthomodular logics whose conditionals are material conditionals and whose models are orthomodular lattices. The purpose of this paper is to provide equationally definable implication algebras for each of these material conditionals.
Characterization of Genomic Deletion Efficiency Mediated by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 Nuclease System in Mammalian Cells

The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 nuclease system has provided a powerful tool for genome engineering. Double strand breaks may trigger nonhomologous end joining repair, leading to frameshift mutations, or homology-directed repair using an extrachromosomal template. Alternatively, genomic deletions may be produced by a pair of double strand breaks. The efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletions has not been systematically explored. Here, we present a methodology for the production of deletions in mammalian cells, ranging from 1.3 kb to greater than 1 Mb. We observed a high frequency of intended genomic deletions. Nondeleted alleles are nonetheless often edited with inversions or small insertion/deletions produced at CRISPR recognition sites. Deleted alleles also typically include small insertion/deletions at predicted deletion junctions. We retrieved cells with biallelic deletion at a frequency exceeding that of probabilistic expectation. We demonstrate an inverse relationship between deletion frequency and deletion size. This work suggests that CRISPR/Cas9 is a robust system to produce a spectrum of genomic deletions to allow investigation of genes and genetic elements.
Bayesian perspective of the unconventional approach for assimilating aliased radar radial velocities

The global minimization problem for directly assimilating aliased radial velocities is derived in terms of Bayesian estimation by folding the domain of the original Gaussian non-aliased observation probability density function (pdf) into the Nyquist interval. By truncating the folded tails of the observation pdf, the observation term in the costfunction recovers the aliased observation term formulated previously by an unconventional approach. This establishes the theoretical basis for the unconventional approach and quantifies the involved approximation. The alias-robust radar wind analysis developed based on the unconventional approach is also revisited from the Bayesian perspective.
Laboratory MicroStar: a data-logging word processor for research on word processing

Research on word processing is currently the most popular single topic in the study ofhuman-computer interaction, in part because of Card, Moran, and Newell's (1983) powerful keystroke-level model of performance, which requires the logging of keystrokes and latencies. However, many potential researchers in this area are frustrated because of the unavailability of a data-logging word processor for the mM PC. Laboratory MicroStar is a word processor that logs the keystrokes and keystroke latencies of the user. It provides unobtrusive data logging of text entries, commands, and help requests for word-processing research in an mM PC environment. The program was made completely selfdocumenting so that we could log the user's help requests for command information or general information about the program, as well as the actual commands and text entries. Laboratory MicroStar was designed to perform the routine word-processing tasks of our users, such as the writing of term papers, theses, or personal correspondence. Laboratory Microstar was created from the program MicroStar, which is distributed as part of Borland International's Version 1.0 Editor ToolBox (Borland International, 1985). Its commands are largely a subset of the WordStar word-processing program distributed by MicroPro, and the source code is written in Version 3.0 Turbo Pascal with an occasional assembly-language subroutine. MicroStar, although it uses the same commands as does WordStar, is quite different. In the first place, it does not buffer text to disk, but instead edits memory-resident text only. Second, although it accepts WordStar commands from the keyboard, it also has a parallel system of pulldown menus, so that the user can completely bypass keyboard command entry. Finally, it is not a complete wordprocessing program as distributed by Borland; Borland's intent is that the user should modify MicroStar to add whatever additional features might be needed. For example, it is almost completely devoid of print-time formatting features, such as dot commands, double spacing, and so forth.