cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charles Bukowski, Outsider Literature, and the Beat Movement Paul Clements. New York: Routledge, 2013.

Charles Bukowski, Outsider Literature, and the Beat Movement Paul Clements. New York: Routledge, 2013.Charles Bukowski, Outsider Literature, and the Beat Movement is part of the Routledge Studies in Twentieth-Century Literature series. The depth Clements plunges into the topic of Bukowski (1920-1994) is breathtaking, especially for an inexperienced diver. The author does not attempt to pigeonhole Bukowski by reading him in one particular theory or even by one theory alone, rather "the book is a particular take (or collection of takes) rather than a definitive account, an eclectic postmodern approach which attempts to eke out meanings employing cultural, historical, literary, political, psychological and sociological methods of investigation, introducing an array of theories and writers" (2). Clements's introduction offers an overview of Bukowski the man, which is important in understanding Bukowski the writer: Charles Bukowski championed the underdog and was one of them. His themes centered on his own foibles and faults, his experiences with addiction, poverty, love and violence.In the next two chapters, "life as art-art as life" and "the writing," Clements lays out the foundation upon which we will come to understand Bukowski and the Beat writers before exploring specific examples of his work. During Bukowski's formative years, social realism was finding popularity among American writers. Authors, artists, and musicians scrabbled to show the world its true nature: poverty, repression, brutality. Bukowski carried the torch of this gritty realism into his own writing, though dropping the noir and romance that marked the work of predecessors such as John Dos Passos, Dashiell Hammett, and Raymond Chandler. Through analysis of the specific short story "Life of a Bum," poem "Flophouse," and novel Post Office, the author explores the harsh realism of Bukowski's writing, Bukowski himself, and his relationship to and with the Beat writers. His writing was bleak whereas the Beats, like Kerouac, offered hope. Bukowski was not interested in hope or rebellion but in painting the world in which he lived and witnessing it as it was.Chapter 4 explores Bukowski and Beat mythology. Clements evaluates him in relation to the Beat writers. He "is positioned as the apolitical beat outsider or antibeat, although heavily influenced by the beat writers and William Burroughs, in particular" (67). Exploring important Beat writers Kerouac, Ginsberg, and others, Clements examines cultural imperialism, gender, and ethnicity issues in Bukowski's writing and reveals his influences as well as his jealousies of the Beat writers and their fame.In chapter 5, Clements discusses Charles Bukowski as an outsider. …
Equimolar CO2 Absorption by Anion-Functionalized Ionic Liquids

Amino acid ionic liquid trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium methioninate [P66614][Met] and prolinate [P66614][Pro] absorb CO2 in nearly 1:1 stoichiometry, surpassing by up to a factor of 2 the CO2 capture efficiency of previously reported ionic liquid and aqueous amine absorbants for CO2. Room temperature isotherms are obtained by barometric measurements in an accurately calibrated stirred cell, and the product identity is confirmed using in situ IR. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the 1:1 reaction stoichiometry and predict reaction enthalpies in good agreement with calorimetric measurements and isotherms.
Classification scheme for lean manufacturing tools

For the past few years almost every manufacturing industry has been trying to get 'lean'. A headlong rush to become lean also resulted in many misapplications of existing lean manufacturing tools often due to inadequate understanding of the purpose of tools. While tool descriptions abound, there is no way systematically to link a manufacturing organization to its problems and to the possible tools to eliminate these problems. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a classification scheme to serve as a link between manufacturing waste problems and lean manufacturing tools. A manufacturing organization can then match its manufacturing wastes with the appropriate lean manufacturing tools. The classification of existing knowledge is often the first step in moving from a practice to a science. This classification scheme systematically organizes lean manufacturing tools and metrics according to their level of abstraction, appropriate location of application of the tool in the organization, whether it addr...
Pathogenecity studies of Group III (Battey) mycobacteria from pulmonary lesions of man.

To investigate the potential pathogenicity of Group III (Battey) mycobacteria, we experimentally infected golden Syrian hamsters ( Cricetus auratus ), chickens, and rabbits with bacteria obtained from several different patients. Anesthetized hamsters were inoculated intratesticularly and in the subepidermal tissues of the conchae of the ears. Chickens received the bacterial inoculum intracerebrally or intravenously; rabbits, intravenously. Experiments were terminated at various times after two months. Results demonstrated the pathogenicity of Group III mycobacteria for hamsters and adult chickens. For rabbits, the studies were inconclusive. In hamsters, the impressively consistent results were characterized by progressive, histiocytic, epithelioid, interstitial orchitis. Lesions frequently contained basophilic, laminated units resembling Schaumann bodies. Lesions in chickens occurred most often in the liver and spleen and were usually accompanied by progressive emaciation. In addition, infectious meningitis and cerebritis occurred in chickens inoculated intracerebrally. The pathogenicity of Group III (Battey) mycobacteria, as demonstrated for hamsters and chickens, provides additional presumptive evidence of the disease-producing potential of these bacteria for human beings.
New type of olivine fabric from deformation experiments at modest water content and low stress

A new type of olivine fabric was found by high-strain simple-shear deformation experiments in the presence of trace amounts of water at ;0.5‐2.2 GPa and ;1470‐1570 K. In this fabric, called E-type fabric, the olivine [100] axis is subparallel to the shear direction, and the (001) plane is parallel to the shear plane; this geometry suggests that the [100](001) slip system makes the dominant contribution to total strain. This fabric is dominant at a modest water content, 200 , COH , 1000 H/10 6 Si at low stresses and high temperatures. Some mylonites from peridotite massifs show this type of olivine fabric, which suggests the presence of water during the shear localization. The seismic anisotropy caused by this fabric is qualitatively similar to that by dry fabric (A type), but the magnitudes of anisotropy are different between the two types: for horizontal flow, the amplitude of VSH/VSV anisotropy is weaker, but the amplitude of shear-wave splitting is stronger for the E-type fabric than for the A-type dry fabric. Seismic anisotropy in the oceanic upper mantle may be due to the olivine E-type fabric.
COMPARATIVE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF TWO SPECIES OF INTERTIDAL EPIPHYTIC MACROALGAE ON MANGROVE ROOTS DURING SUBMERSION AND EMERSION

Photosynthesis and dark respiration rates were measured in water and in air, and the capacity to recover photosynthetic activity from emersion stress was examined for two species of intertidal, epiphytic macroalgae—Bostrychia calliptera (Montagne) Montagne and Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) J. Agardh—collected on prop roots of the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. in Buenaventura Bay, Pacific coast of Colombia. In both species, net photosynthetic rates were significantly higher under submersed conditions. Maximum photosynthetic rates (Pmax) in water and in air were highest in B. calliptera, 126 ± 4 versus 52 ± 9 μmol O2·mg chl a−1·h−1, respectively. In C. leprieurii, Pmax of submerged plants in water and in air were 98 ± 9 versus 30 ± 11 μmol O2·mg chla−1·h−1. The photoinhibition model of Platt et al. (1980) was used to fit the experimental data in both water and air for both species. Photoinhibition occurred at irradiance as low as 200 μmol·m−2·s−1. The photosynthesis–light response curves demonstrated an adaptation to shaded habitats for both species, as light compensation points in water and air for both species were below 17 ± 5 μmol·m−2·s−1. The rate of dehydration was significantly lower in thalli of B. calliptera compared to C. leprieurii. An increase of photosynthetic activity in B. calliptera was evident between 5% and 15% water loss, but rates decreased thereafter with declining water content. In C. leprieurii, desiccation negatively influenced photosynthetic rates that significantly decreased linearly with declining water content. In B. calliptera, net photosynthesis reached zero only at a water content between 29% and 35%, whereas in C. leprieurii no net photosynthesis occurred in plants containing less than about 50% of their relative water content. Resubmerged plants ofB. calliptera exhibited 100% photosynthetic recovery after 45 min, whereas C. leprieurii recovered 100% at about 120 min. On the basis of the comparison of rates of light-saturated net photosynthesis for B. calliptera in air versus in water, aerial photosynthetic activity ranged from 35% to 42% of that in water, whereas the emersed photosynthetic capacity of C. leprieurii ranged from 24% to 29% of that in water. Using tidal predictions and the emersed photosynthetic rates, a carbon balance model was constructed for both species over a single daylight period. The calculations indicated that emersed photosynthesis increased average daily carbon production of B. calliptera by 17% and C. leprieuri by 12%. The physiological responses to desiccation stress and the photosynthetic recovery capacities between species correlated with, and may determine, their vertical distribution in the mangrove habitats of Buenaventura Bay.
How effective is your Information Systems planning

Abstract The objective of this paper is to prescribe an operational approach for making a comprehensive evaluation of an organization's process for IS strategic planning. This evaluation methodology addresses the entire range of the IS planning process, including its inputs and its outputs, because the quality of the resulting IS plan is only one of many determinants of the value of an SPIS process. The prescribed procedure is adapted from one that has been applied in various other operational contexts. So, its validity and operationality have been tested, at least in part, in a number of business firms.
Effects of statins beyond lipid lowering: potential for clinical benefits.

Abstract Background The role of statin drugs in the reduction of serum lipids has been well documented. More recently, evidence suggesting that statins may positively impact many organ systems and disease states independent of lipid reduction has emerged. The term "pleiotropic effects" has been used to refer to these properties. We reviewed the evidence exploring such potential effects. Methods A search of the MEDLINE database was conducted for articles published between 1985 to 2005 on the pleiotropic and the lipid-lowering independent effects of statin drugs. The search terms "statin", "HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor", "pleiotropic effects", and "inflammation" were used. English language articles were selected for inclusion along with selected cross-references. Results Numerous animal and clinical studies support the presence of a spectrum of beneficial effects for statins that are independent of their lipid-lowering properties. These effects are mediated by a variety of mechanisms and they suggest that the therapeutic role of statins may expand. Conclusion Statins have shown great promise beyond their lipid-lowering effects. Ongoing and future studies will help to further clarify the potential clinical impact of these "pleiotropic effects".
Current and former methamphetamine-dependent adults show attenuated brain response to pleasant interoceptive stimuli

Aims: MD and AB individuals will show a diminished response to interoceptive stimuli. Methods: Recently abstinentMD (n=25), long-termAB (n=17), and comparison (CO, n=17) subjects completed a continuous performance taskduring functionalmagnetic resonance imagingwhile receiving a pleasant interoceptive stimulus. During anticipatory trials, a blue or yellow background signaled an impending slow brush stroke administered to the left palm or forearm, respectively, during upcoming interoceptive trials. Visual analog scales (VAS) indexed interoceptive experience (e.g. pleasantness, intensity). A linear mixed effects model was conducted with group as the between subjects variable, subject as a random factor, and condition (anticipationpalmand forearm, soft touchpalmand forearm) as the repeated factor. Correlations between significant brain results and VAS ratings were computed. Results: CO exhibited greater left posterior insula activation than MD and AB across trials. CO also showed greater activation than MD and AB in bilateral anterior cingulate and dorsal striatum during soft touch. Despite striatum attenuation during soft touch, AB rated the soft touch as more pleasant and less intense than MD and CO who did not differ. Conclusions: MD and AB exhibit attenuated interoceptive processing and decreased reward responsivity, findings that may relate to a reduced sensitivity to pleasant stimuli. Self-report and brain indices of reward may recover at different rates with long term abstinence from stimulants. Financial support: NIDA 5P20DA027843.
Performance of pin fin cast aluminum coldwalls, Part 2: Colburn j-factor correlations

An experimental program was conducted over a wide range of geometric cone gurations and Reynolds number with 44 cast, staggered, pin e n test sections producing heat transfer data for streamwise spacing ratios S/d from 1.83 to 3.21, transverse spacing ratios T/d from 2.00 to 6.41, and pin lengths L/d from 1.88 to 7.25. Empirical correlations are presented for the Colburn j factor as a function of the spacing ratios, pin length, and Reynolds number. Analysis of the experimental heat transfer results, as in the case of the isothermal tests for friction factor, indicates that the e ow transitions from laminar to turbulent e ow at Red » 10 3 with unique correlations in each regime. For laminar e ow, the Colburn j factor depends on the three-dimensional cone guration and Reynolds number Red. In the turbulent regime, the Colburn j factor depends primarily on T/d, L/d, and Reynolds number Red. Nomenclature Abase = test section bottom wall area, lw i NpinApin;b, m 2 AHT = Abase C Atop C Apin D 2(lw)C Npin o.davL id 2 =2), m 2 Amin = test section e ow area, wL i Nt Aproe le, m 2 Apin = total pin surface area, Npin odavL, m 2 Apin;b = base area of each pin, m 2 Aproe le = (d Cdtip)L=2DdavL, m 2 Atop = test section top wall area, lw i NpinApin;b, m 2 cp = specie c heat, kJ/ (kg¢K) D = hydraulic diameter, 4 Aminl=AHT, m d = pin base diameter, m dav = average pin diameter, 0.5 (d Cdtip/, m dtip = pin tip diameter, m h = heat transfer coefe cient, q=AHT.Tw;av iTb;av/, W/(m 2 K) j = Colburn j factor, St Pr 2=3 , Nu=Re Pr 1=3 k = thermal conductivity, W/m K L = pin length (see Fig. 1), m L=d = dimensionless pin length l = test section e ow length, m Npin = total number of test section pins Nt = pin count in the maximum transverse row Nu = Nusselt number based on pin diameter, hd=k NuD = Nusselt number based on hydraulic diameter, hD=k Pr = Prandtl number, cpπ=k Q = volumetric e ow rate, m 3 /s q = heat transfer rate, W
Death from child abuse and neglect

Children are dying from abuse and neglect in all countries in the world; however data indicating its prevalence is unavailable. The best incidence data come from countries such as the US New Zealand and Australia where multi-disciplinary death-review teams analyze the causes of child deaths. The reliability of these data varies with definitions diligence and data organization. According to available data 41 states in the US reported 967 fatalities from child abuse and neglect which were extrapolated to a national estimate of 1.7 per 100000 deaths in 1997. This figure was 1.14 in a 1996 study in the Netherlands. In New South Wales Australia 15 (2.9%) of 759 deaths in children 1-17 years old were reported as due to homicide or non-accidental injury during 1988-99. During 1990-93 Paris France reported 81 cases of homicide from an analysis of necropsy and epidemiological records of children from birth to 14 years of age. Other countries with data on deaths from child abuse and neglect include the Czech Republic Japan and Mexico. There is continued need for professional education in the recognition and reporting of child abuse and neglect among mandated reporters.
Centaurin β1 Down-regulates Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domains 1- and 2-dependent NF-κB Activation

Abstract Centaurin β1 (CENTB1), a GTPase-activating protein, is a member of the ADP-ribosylation factor family encoded by a gene located on the short arm of human chromosome 17. A yeast two-hybrid screen first suggested a direct interaction between CENTB1 and NOD2. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed direct interaction between CENTB1 and NOD2 and demonstrated similar interaction between CENTB1 and NOD1. We also demonstrate that endogenous CENTB1 interacts with endogenous NOD2 and NOD1 in SW480 and HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. CENTB1 partially co-localized with NOD2 and NOD1 proteins in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. CENTB1 expression in epithelial cells was highly induced by tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and the NOD1 and NOD2 ligands (γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid and muramyl dipeptide, respectively). In addition, CENTB1 mRNA level is increased in the inflamed mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Functionally, CENTB1 overexpression inhibited NOD1- and NOD2-dependent activation of NF-κB, whereas small inhibitory RNA against CENTB1 increased NF-κB activation following NOD1- or NOD2-mediated recognition of the bacterial components γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid and muramyl dipeptide, respectively. In contrast, CENTB1 had no effect on NF-κB activation induced by Toll-like receptors. In conclusion, CENTB1 selectively down-regulates NF-κB activation via NODs pathways, creating a “feedback” loop and suggesting a novel role of CENTB1 in innate immune responses to bacteria and inflammatory responses.
Soil water thermal liquid diffusivity.

The background of the thermal liquid diffusivity (TLD) concept was reviewed. Application of TLD to matric-head-based equations for water flow when a thermal gradient is present have been contradictory to the original development by Philip and de Vries (PdV). Beginning from Darcy's law for liquid water transport and Fick's law for water vapor transport was the foundational and well-known approach of PdV. The end result for an equation system based on water content and temperature gradients as driving forces includes a TLD coefficient. In a system based on gradients of water potential and temperature, no TLD follows, but one has appeared in several derivative works that have claimed PdV as their starting point. Typical calculated liquid water transport values attributable to TLD as a fraction of pure Darcy law transport may be about 5%. For isohydraulic conditions (zero hydraulic potential gradient) the relative difference is, however, unbounded.
Multi-link piezoelectric structure for vibration energy harvesting

Work in piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting has typically focused on single member cantilevered structures with transverse tip displacement at a known frequency, taking advantage of the optimal coupling characteristics of piezoceramics in the 3-1 bending mode. Multi-member designs could be advantageous in delivering power to a load in environments with random or wide-band vibrations. The design presented in this work consists of two hinged piezoceramic (PZT-5A) beams x-poled for series operation. Each beam measures 31.8mm x 12.7mm x 0.38mm and consists of two layers of nickel-plated piezoceramic adhered to a brass center shim. The hinge device consists of two custom-machined aluminum attachments epoxied to the end of a beam and connected using a 1.59mm diameter alloy steel dowel. A stainless steel torsion spring is placed over the pin and attached to the aluminum body to provide a restoring torque when under rotation. The design is modeled using the piezoelectric constitutive equations to solve for voltage and power for a set of electromechanical boundary conditions. Experimental measurements on the design are achieved by bolting one end of the structure to a vibration shaker and fixing the other to a rigid framework of industrial aluminum framing material. For a given frequency of vibration, power output of the structure can be obtained by measuring voltage drop across a resistive load.
Students' perceptions about peer assessment for writing: Their origin and impact on revision work

We investigate students’ negative perceptions about an online peer assessment system for undergraduate writing across the disciplines. Specifically, we consider the nature of students’ resistance to peer assessment; what factors influence that resistance; and how students’ perceptions impact their revision work. We do this work by first examining findings from an end-of-course survey administered to 250 students in ten courses across six universities using an online peer assessment system called SWoRD for their writing assignments. Those findings indicate that students have the most positive perceptions of SWoRD in those courses where an instructor graded their work in addition to peers (as opposed to peer-only grading). We then move to an in-depth examination of perceptions and revision work among 84 students using SWoRD and no instructor grading for assessment of writing in one university class. Findings from that study indicate that students sometimes regard peer assessment as unfair and often believe that peers are unqualified to review and assess students’ work. Furthermore, students’ perceptions about the fairness of peer assessment drop significantly following students’ experience in doing peer assessment. Students’ fairness perceptions—and drops in those perceptions—are most significantly associated with their perceptions about the extent to which peers’ feedback is useful and positive. However, students’ perceptions appear to be unrelated to the extent of their revision work. This research fills a considerable gap in the literature regarding the origin of students’ negative perceptions about peer assessment, as well as how perceptions influence performance.
A model of lexical access of ambiguous words

Recent psycholinguistic work in the study of lexical access has supported a modular view of the process. That is, lexical access proceeds indepedently of the sentential context. Herein we describe a connectionist model of the process which retains modularity, explains apparent anomalies in the results, and makes empirically verifiable predictions.
Plato, irony and equality

‘Sex equality’, as we understand the contemporary term, is not the focus of Plato’s arguments in Book V of the the Republic. Plato did, however, advance the thesis that the differences which did exist between the sexes were not sufficient to bar women of guardian caliber from equal training with men, so that the best talent could be selected for philosophic leadership. In Republic V Plato gives at least three arguments on the nature of sex differences in social context. When reconstructed, these arguments can be seen to be closely related to contemporary scientific interpretations of the data on sex differences. These interpretations challenge inferences to a generalized sex difference in human nature, where these inferences are based on statistical differences in performance between the sexes. Plato’s irony signals his awareness of the ridicule and discomfort likely to be elicited by his proposals. Because Plato was well aware of the radical nature of his proposals about women, he couched his arguments in an ironic frame, utilizing a style which has caused continuing misinterpretation. I discuss sources of these misunderstandings and attempt to clarify them in Part I of this essay. Part II reconstructs what can be called Plato’s ‘burden of proof argument in favor of equal education for women. Part III analyses the crucial ‘argument from individual variation’, which is related to current psychology in Part IV. Part V shows how Plato, in an ironic turn, argues, contrary to the popular assumption of the time that it is ‘unnatural’ to educate women equally with men, that it is rather ‘unnatural’ to fail to do so.
Membrane-bound enzymes of cholesterol synthesis from lanosterol.

All of the enzymes required for the synthesis of cholesterol from lanosterol, the first steroid intermediate (Fig. 1), are bound to endoplasmic reticulum that is isolated from cell-free homogenates as microsomes. Water-insoluble sterol intermediates are generated in the membrane and metabolized by membrane-bound enzymes without diffusion of steroids from the membrane. A plausible 19-step sequence of enzymatic reactions can now be written as a result of studies that have progressed from organic synthesis of the presumed intermediate, generation of the intermediate in microsomes, further enzymatic conversion of the intermediate to cholesterol, solubilization and purification of the membrane-bound enzyme that acts on the intermediate, and finally reconstitution of groups of solubilized enzymes into artificial membranes. This brief synopsis outlines current knowledge, presents some generalizations, and updates a recent review that describes details on the enzymology (Gaylor, 1981).
Order Effects in Neuropsychological Investigations Utilizing Serial Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements

Neuropsychological investigations utilizing serial regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements have been inconsistent in their finding of run order effects. This study investigated the significance of run order when utilizing extended rCBF intermeasure intervals. Subjects were 20 healthy adult female volunteers. The 133-xenon inhalation technique was utilized in obtaining two rCBF measurements per subject. The mean intermeasure interval was 14.7±5.6 days. All measurements were performed during morning hours under conditions of minimal external sensory stimulation. No significant run order effect was obtained. Results are compared with relevant previous studies. Effect of intermeasure interval length on subject anxiety, habituation, fatigue, and on order effects are discussed.
A processor-based OCR system

A low-cost optical character recognition (OCR) system can be realized by means of a document scanner connected to a CPU through an interface. The interface performs elementary image processing functions, such as noise filtering and thresholding of the video image from the scanner. The processor receives a binary image of the document, formats the image into individual character patterns, and classifies the patterns one-by-one. A CPU implementation is highly flexible and avoids much of the development and manufacturing costs for special-purpose, parallel circuitry typically used in commercial OCR. A processor-based recognition system has been investigated for reading documents printed in fixed-pitch conventional type fonts, such as occur in routine office typing. Novel, efficient methods for tracking a print line, resolving it into individual character patterns, detecting underscores, and eliminating noise have been devised. A previously developed classification technique, based on decision trees, has been extended in order to improve reading accuracy in an environment of considerable character variation, including the possibility that documents in the same font style may be produced using quite different print technologies. The system has been tested on typical office documents, and also on artificial stress documents, obtained from a variety of typewriters.
E-Cigarette Use by Children Increasing

“One in 10 high school students said they had tried an ecigarette last year, up from one in 20 in 2011.” THE SHARE OFMIDDLE and high school students who have tried electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) more than doubled in a year according to a recent federal report. The percentage of students in grades 6 through 12 who had ever used e-cigarettes increased from 3.3 percent in 2011 to 6.8 percent in 2012, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report (Corey et al., 2013). Those who reported currently using the devices increased from 1.1 percent to 2.1 percent. Based on these numbers, the CDC estimates that 1.78 million middle and high school students have tried e-cigarettes. One in 10 high school students said that they had tried an e-cigarette last year, up from one in 20 in 2011. Among high school students, 7 percent who had tried an e-cigarette said that they had never smoked a traditional cigarette. This is a serious concern because the overall impact of ecigarette use on public health remains uncertain. The CDC report noted concerns including the potential negative impact of nicotine on adolescent brain development, as well as the risk for nicotine addiction and initiation of the use of conventional cigarettes or other tobacco products. The new data come from the National Youth Tobacco Survey, which surveyed youths in grades 6 through 12 across the country about their use of cigarettes, both electronic and tobacco-filled. The sharp rise among students mirrors that among adult users, and researchers said that it appears to be driven, at least in part, by aggressive national marketing campaigns, some of which feature famous actors. The producers say the ads are not aimed at adolescents. E-cigarettes are battery-powered devices that provide doses of nicotine and other additives to the user in an aerosol. They do not burn tobacco; instead the battery-powered
Reduced Mass in the One-Dimensional Treatment of Tunneling

This comment points out that the conclusions of Gonzalez et al. in a recent paper this journal [J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 11034] arise from an inconsistent treatment of the coordinates and their associated reduced masses. We show this by discussing the issues involved in associating a reduced mass or effective mass with a reaction coordinate.
SU-E-J-271: A Feasibility Study to Utilize XR-QA2 Radiochromic Films as An Alternative Tool for Measuring Beam Parameters of Kilovoltage CBCT Systems

Purpose: The beam parameters of the x-ray beams used in image guidance are difficult to measure in water due to the low exposure. This study is to investigate if XR-QA2 radiochromic films can be used in obtaining beam parameters, such as beam profiles and outputs for kV-CBCT systems. Methods: The kV-CBCT beams were from a Varian OBI system. The films used were XR-QA2-GAFCHROMICTM films placed in the middle of two Plastic -Water slab phantoms at isocenter. The scanner used to analyze the films was an Epson Expression 1680 flat-bed scanner. Pre and 24 h-post-irradiated scans of films were obtained by using the reflective mode. The corresponding pixel-by-pixel dose in the films was obtained using a dose calibration equation as a function of net reflectance from the literature. Beam profiles of different scan protocols with and without bow-tie filters were measured. Monte Carlo simulations were used to compare the accuracy of the measured dose profiles. Results: The beam profiles measured from XR-QA2 films for different clinical default kV-CBCT scan protocols were benchmarked against Monte Carlo simulated profiles which have been validated by measurements performed in water phantom. We confirmed that a minimum post-irradiated time of 24 hours is necessary to pass to scan the films to account for light scatter stability. We found that the uncertainties of the results depend on the scan orientation of the film when analyzed in different directions. Conclusion: The XR-QA2 radiochromic films are sensitive to measure the x-ray beam profiles with irradiated dose ranging 1–5 cGy. The film measurements can be performed with an easy setup compared to ion chamber measurements in a water phantom. These films provide an alternative method to obtain the beam profiles for kV-CBCT beams.
THE COPYING ABILITY OF YOUNG CHILDREN 1

1 This investigation was supported by a United States Public Health Service Fellowship (IFZ HO‐31, 44‐01) from the Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization: applications in cytogenetics and gene mapping

Unique sequences, chromosomal subregions, or entire genomes can be specifically highlighted in metaphase or interphase cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This technique can be used to identify chromosomes, detect chromosomal abnormalities or determine the chromosomal location of specific sequences. FISH plays an increasingly important role in a variety of research areas, including cytogenetics, prenatal diagnosis, tumor biology, gene amplification and gene mapping.
Between Universalism and Particularism: Historiographical Concerns in the History of Anthropology

Since the late 1960s, George W. Stocking, Jr., professor emeritus of anthropology at The University of Chicago, has-with only occasional lapses--pursued a strictly internalist methodological approach to the historical investigat ion of the European and European-American behavioral sciences (Lewis, 1992, pp. 110-113). Stocking's books, editions, and articles have withstood both the initial criticisms and the tests of time. Indeed, the longevity and durability of his contributions are testaments to the acuity of his keen mind (Stocking, 1968, 1992, 1993). Typical of Stocking's influence on the methodological orientation of scholars of the history of science is Professor Nancy L. Stepan's defense of the formers' internalist position in her book, Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960. At that time, Stepan made the case--in an even stronger and more precise fashion than Stocking h imse l f fwhen she wrote (1982), "Social and political factors...did not determine directly the specific form scientific arguments took about race." Furthermore, scientific arguments, Stepan added, "were instead derived from procedures and the content of the sciences themselves" (p. xv). Unwittingly, however, as the great historian of race, George M. Anthropology has not exhibited the degree of continuity on the issue of black Westerners" presence in the discipline--for it certainly has skeletons in the closet in reference to this issue--that one might presume by focusing solely on Boas's pioneering yet futile efforts in diversifying the racial composition of his students. Nevertheless, some of anthropology's leading practitioners (both black and white) are making a concerted push to reinvigorate Boas's early mission.
Culture for competitiveness: valuing diversity in EU-Europe and the ‘creative city’ of Berlin

The European Union (EU) has in recent years propagated an approach to ‘culture’ that pulls together support for the creative and cultural industries with diversity-sensitive immigration and integration strategies, drawing on popular policy visions of the ‘creative’ and ‘intercultural’ city. This approach emphasizes the role that the diversity of culture, as personal resource, can play in enhancing economic competitiveness. The article examines its logic and possible effects through an analysis of EU documents and policy in Berlin. Berlin intersects with the EU’s agenda, using EU structural funds and participating in the European program ‘Intercultural Cities’. It is shown that the attempt to use ‘culture for competitiveness’ equates support-worthy ‘diversity’ with forms of culture that conform to (neo)liberal values and priorities. The attempt to shape a cosmopolitan place attractive for investment and the high-skilled feeds into gentrification processes that create ‘diverse’ neighborhoods where ‘differen...
Pediatric surgical critical care fellowship experience and career paths: Results of a survey of program graduates

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine motivations, fellowship experiences, and careers of graduates of the 10 accredited pediatric surgical critical care fellowships (PSCCF). Methods Queries to PSCCF directors yielded a list of 86 graduates (2003–2013), each of whom received a 23-question survey. Results Of the 86 graduates contacted, 82 (95.3%) replied. Among graduates who applied, 62 of 74 (83.8%) matched into pediatric surgery (PS) fellowships. On average, the respondents were 33 years old and PGY6 when beginning PSCCF. Half had failed initial attempts to match into PS fellowship. Of the matched respondents, 39 are pediatric surgeons and 21 PS fellows or residents awaiting fellowship. Two additional respondents did not complete fellowship. Among the pediatric surgeons, 13 identified their positions as heavily involved with critical care. The critical care boards pass rate was 94.4% (67/71). Rotations during fellowships were varied, with 74 fellows (90.2%) rotating in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU), 71 (86.6%) in the neonatal ICU, 54 (65.9%) in the adult surgical ICU, and 36 (43.9%) on the pediatric surgical ward service. Conclusions Completion of a PSCCF is highly predictive of a successful PS match. Only a third of PSCCF graduates continue critical care work in a formal fashion after PS fellowship.
Developments in entry vehicle technology

Entry vehicle problems related to mars entry of unmanned probe and to earth entry above escape speed
Thyroid hormone responsive genes in the murine hepatocyte cell line AML 12

Thyroid hormone (T3) plays an important role in gene regulation in the liver. Previous studies have been done in complex systems such as animal models, or in transformed malignant hepatic cell lines in which thyroid hormone receptor (TR) was over-expressed by co-transfection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize T3-responsive genes in a simple system, by using a non-transformed hepatic cell line that is able to express sufficient amounts of endogenous TRs. For this purpose we used the murine non-transformed hepatocyte cell line AML 12. We performed analyses using a cDNA microarray containing 15,000 murine genes. We found 12 genes to be up-regulated and 5 genes to be down-regulated in the presence of T3. For some of the genes not previously known to be regulated by T3, we confirmed the regulation by T3 using real-time PCR. Our data in AML 12 cells provide a simple and physiologically relevant system to study T3 action, without the influence of neoplastic transformation or artificial TR over-expression. Furthermore, our data describe novel T3 responsive genes and provide insight into the role of T3 in important processes such as cholesterol metabolism, bile acid secretion, oncogenesis, among others, that can be tested in future experiments in vivo.
Teaching Introductory Weather and Climate Using Popular Movies

Addressing the need for an introductory atmospheric science course for nonscience majors, a course was developed that provides a general understanding of atmospheric processes by examining how mete...
Absolute gf-Values for Nine Resonance Lines of Neutral Scandium

Absolute gf -values for nine resonance lines of Sc I have been experimen­tally measured by the atomic-beam method. Difficulties in evaporation of scandium were overcome by using a tantalum boat. These gf -values can be used to put more extensive measurements of relative gf -values on an absolute scale. Comparisons are made with other determinations of absolute gf -values for Sc I.
The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the postnatal development of the rat cerebellum: a biochemical study.

Abstract The effect of a thymidine analog, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), on the post-natal development of the cerebellum was studied. Rats were injected with 15 mg per 100 gram body weight of BrdU twice a day for 3 consecutive days from the second day after birth, and were killed at 5, 7, 15, 22 and 35 days of age. One hour prior to killing, the rats were given tritiated thymidine. The cerebellar DNA, RNA, protein and cerebroside, and the incorporation of thymidine were measured. BrdU administration caused a markedly retarded growth of the body and the cerebellum. At 35 days of age, the weights of the body and the cerebellum were 42 and 69% of the controls. Quantitative measurements of cerebellar nucleic acids and isotope uptake correlated well with previous morphological observation, and indicated that the analog caused a transient inhibition of cell formation and possibly destruction of stem cell population of the external granular layer. This inhibitory effect was compensated later by a more rapid DNA deposition and a prolongation of the period of cell proliferation. However, the restitution was incomplete and resulted in a permanent deficit in the final cell number, as reflected by the reduction in the size of the cerebellum of the BrdU-treated rats.
On a Semilinear Elliptic Equation in R2 When the Exponent Approaches Infinity

Abstract We consider a semilinear elliptic equation in R 2 with the nonlinear exponent approaching infinity. In contrast to the blow-up behavior of the corresponding problem in R n with n ≥ 3, the L ∞ ( R 2 ) norms of the solutions to the equation in R 2 remain bounded from below and above. After a careful study on the decay rates of several quantities, we prove that the normalized solutions will approach the fundamental solution of −Δ + 1 in R 2 . So as the exponent tends to infinity, the solutions to the problem look more and more like a peak.
Relationship of rats' spatial preferences effects of d-amphetamine on timing behavior

Rats were trained to bar-press on a differential reinforcement of low rate 16 sec (DRL 16) schedule for water reinforcement. On alternate days, rats were tested in the presence or absence of a light which signaled the availability of reinforcement. Rats were allowed to bar-press on either of two levers (left and right). All rats show consistent side preferences. Doses (0.5-2.0 mg/kg) of damphetamine differentially affected performance under signaled and nonsignaled conditions. Performance during the nonsignaled condition was much more sensitive to a drug-induced rate increment and timing impairment than performance during the signaled condition. With increasing drug dosage, under both conditions, side preferences reliably increased, decreased or remained unchanged depending upon the particular pattern of paw usage and the relationship between paw and side preferences. For the nonsignaled condition but not for the signaled condition, baseline rates were related to the strength of side preferences; lower rates and better timing performance wwere significantly correlated with greater preferences. Observations of bar-pressing behavior suggested that stereotyped motor patterns associated with side preferences might be related to mechanisms involved in timing behavior and perhaps, in behavior controlled by internal stimuli generally.
Effect of oligo(ethyleneoxy)cyclotriphosphazenes, tetraglyme, and other small molecules on the ionic conductivity of the poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] (MEEP)/lithium triflate system

Four small molecule cyclotriphosphazenes bearing linear and branched ethyleneoxy units have been synthesized as ion transport assistance (ITA) species to improve the ionic conductivity of poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] (MEEP)−lithium triflate systems. The cyclotriphosphazenes were characterized by 31P, 1H, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. MEEP was complexed with lithium triflate and combined with different amounts of each of the ITA molecules. Room temperature conductivity measurements and differential scanning calorimetry experiments were carried out on each of these mixtures. The effect of concentration of the ITA molecules and salt on the ionic conductivity of MEEP is reported. The general trend observed is an increased conductivity with increasing ITA molecule concentration. The effect of branching in the ITA molecule on the ionic conductivity was studied by comparing influence of branched versus linear side groups. Differential scanning calorimetry...
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with anomalous connection of the superior vena cava to the left atrium

Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (PAPVC) is a very rare congenital anomaly that was first described by Winslow in 1789. Pathologic studies suggest that this anomaly occurs in 0.7% of the population, which is a higher rate than reported in clinical series. Most cases are associated with a sinus venosus defect. PAPVC from the right lung is twice as common as PAPVC from the left lung. Most commonly, the anomalous connection is to the right superior vena cava (SVC) or the right atrium. Isolated PAPVC with intact atrial septum is even less common and usually involves drainage of the right upper pulmonary vein into the SVC. In this report, we present a case in which preoperative echocardiography suggested a superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect with anomalous drainage of the right upper lobe to the SVC. Intraoperatively, no atrial septal defect was found. An anomalous vessel was attached to the SVC at the level of multiple small anomalous right upper pulmonary veins to the SVC and was connecting the SVC to the roof of the left atrium. Surgical correction was established by disconnection of the right PAPVC and the anomalous vessel from the SVC, with reconstitution of the SVC by direct anastomosis.
Slow crack growth of indent cracks in glass with and without applied stress

Abstract The slow crack growth behavior occurring in dynamic fatigue and post-indentation fatigue with no applied stress was compared for indented soda-lime glass specimens in six different environments at room temperature. A significant difference between the fatigue behaviors in the two methods was found, indicating that the post-indentation fatigue (slow crack growth) is unique but that such an approach is not appropriate to evaluate fatigue parameters for use in life prediction. The existence of a plateau region in the post-indentation crack growth-time data was attributed to a fatigue limit for each test environment, as verified by the aging strength data.
Effect of telemedicine on health outcomes in 87 infants requiring neonatal intensive care.

Objective This is an evaluation of a telemedicine system for the rapid interpretation of neonatal echocardiograms from a regional, level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The use of telemedicine to support the cardiology needs of NICUs is increasing. However, there is very little published objective information regarding health outcomes or costs resulting from such telemedicine systems. The primary hypothesis tested was that the utilization of a telemedicine system for the interpretation of neonatal echocardiograms reduces the intensive care length of stay of low birthweight (LBW) infants. Study design All infants who were admitted to neonatal intensive care at New Hanover Regional Medical Center during the first six months of the system were studied by the use of echocardiograms. They were compared with infants who were born in the same period of the previous year. The outcome measures were the intensive care length of stay, rate of transfer to academic medical centers, and mortality rate. Results...
Affiliated-Individuation in Caregivers of Adults with Dementia

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a theory-based support group intervention on affiliated-individuation in caregivers of adults with dementia. Modeling and Role-Modeling, a theory and paradigm for nursing, provided the framework for intervention. The sample of 26 caregivers attended biweekly support groups for 12 months. Quantitative data, collected at baseline and at 6 and 12 months, were analyzed using MANOVA to assess within-subject variance. Results of data analysis indicated that levels of affiliated individuation did not decrease in the subjects in spite of their continued caregiving of persons who had Alzheimer's disease. Qualitative data collected 1-2 months after 12 months of interventions supported the quantitative findings. They also described a process that parallels the theoretical definition of affiliated-individuation.