cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A practical approach in the treatment of self-inflicted violence.

After a brief review of the literature on self-inflicted violence, a practical approach to the treatment of patients who show self-injurious behavior and self-mutilation is developed. The treatment model uses therapeutic interventions based on a biopsychosocial understanding of the person and applies knowledge from the biological, psychological-behavioral, and social fields. Interventions discussed include ego strengthening, planning for substitute behaviors, therapeutic imagery, ego-state therapy, refraining, cognitive syllogism, behavioral reinforcement and extinction, and use of behavioral contracts. The case examples presented illustrate the importance of the therapist/patient relationship, which is based on trust, respect, and caring but also on patient responsibility for change.
Transactional collection classes

While parallel programmers find it easier to reason about large atomic regions, the conventional mutual exclusion-based primitives for synchronization force them to interleave many small operations to achieve performance. Transactional memory promises that programmer scan use large atomic regions while achieving similar performance. However, these large transactions can conflict when operating on shared data structures, even for logically independent operations. Transactional collection classes address this problem by allowing long-running transactions to operate on shared data while eliminating unnecessary conflicts. Transactional collection classes wrap existing data structures, without the need for custom implementations or knowledge of data structure internals.Without transactional collection classes, access to shared datafrom within long-running transactions can suffer from data dependency conflicts that are logically unnecessary, but are artifacts of the data structure implementation such as hash table collisions or tree-balancing rotations. Our transactional collection classes use the concept of semantic concurrency control to eliminate these unnecessary data dependencies, replacing them with conflict detection based on the operations of the abstract data type.The design and behavior of these transactional collection classes is discussed with reference to the related work from the database community such as multi-level transactions and semantic concurrency control, as well as other concurrent data structures such as java.util.concurrent. The required transactional semantics needed for implementing transactional collection are enumerated, including open-nested transactions and commit and abort handlers. We also discuss how isolation can be reduced for greater concurrency. Finally, we provide guidelines on the construction of classes that preserve isolation and serializability.The performance of these classes is evaluated with a number of benchmarks including targeted micro-benchmarks and a version of SPECjbb2000 with increased contention. The results show that easier-to-use long transactions can still allow programs to deliver scalable performance by simply wrapping existing data structures with transactional collection classes.
Theory of Societal Constitutionalism: Foundations of a Non-Marxist Critical Theory

1. Introduction: societal constitutionalism as critical theory Part I. Conceptual Foundations of Societal Constitutionalism: 2. Social integration and social control: the importance of procedural normative restraints 3. Liberalism and the Weberian dilemma: from restraints on government to restraints on civil society 4. Conceptual foundations of societal constitutionalism: from internal restraints on government to external restraints on drift Part II. Origins of the Analytical Distinctions and Conceptual Foundations: Retracing Steps Taken By Habermas, Fuller, and Parsons: 5. Societal constitutionalism's grounding against relativism: from Weber's legal positivism to Habermas' communication theory 6. Societal constitutionalism's threshold in practice: from Fuller's legal theory to societal constitutionalism 7. Societal constitutionalism's organizational manifestation, I: voluntaristic action as a distinct concept 8. Societal constitutionalism's organizational manifestation, II: from voluntaristic action to collegial formations Part III. Implications of the Analytical Distinctions and Conceptual Foundations: 9. Procedural institutionalization beyond the Western democracies: three bases of voluntaristic restraint 10. External restraints: prospects for reason and 'tradition' 11. Collegial formations as external procedural restraints: prospects for a public realm Notes Bibliography Name index Subject index.
Acidic polysaccharides in the central nervous system

Abstract Acidic polysaccharides were isolated from bovine brain and spinal cord. The procedure consisted of enzymic treatment of the lipid-free dry tissue with papain, pepsintrypsin, and/or extraction with NaOH. The acidic polysaccharide fraction was further purified by acidic ethanol precipitation. The yield obtained by the three procedures did not differ significantly. The partially purified acidic polysaccharide preparation showed two bands on cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis in a pyridine-acetate buffer. The slower moving band corresponded to hyaluronic acid, the faster moving one to a sulfated acidic polysaccharide. The mixtures of these two components were resolved by fractionation with cetylpyridinium chloride into a nonsulfated and a sulfated component. They were identified, on the basis of molecular composition, electrophoretic migration, optical rotation, infrared spectroscopy, and identification of the hexosamine moiety, as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate A, respectively.
Grey scale echography of the spleen. Follow-up in 67 patients.

Abstract A retrospective study was performed involving 67 patients with ultrasound scans of the spleen. The overall accuracy was 97%, while the accuracy in focal lesions was 80%. Grey scale ultrasonography is a good modality for the evaluation of focal splenic lesions, and unlike other noninvasive modalities, is usually able to differentiate between certain focal splenic lesions. In diffuse splenomegaly, ultrasonography can determine the echogenicity of the spleen making differentiation between benign and malignant splenomegaly possible. Previous chemotherapy will usually change the echogenicity of the spleen to make malignant splenomegaly indistinguishable from benign disease.
The Amplatzer vascular plug and Amplatzer vascular plug II for vascular occlusion procedures in 50 patients with congenital cardiovascular disease.

Objective: To describe the use of the amplatzer vascular plug (plug 1) and amplatzer vascular plug II (plug 2) in patients with congenital cardiovascular disease (CCVD). Background: Plugs 1 and 2 have recently been made available. We report our experience describing plugs 1 and 2 in patients with CCVD highlighting the versatility of these devices. Methods: All patients with CCVD who underwent a vascular occlusion procedure at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between August 1, 2004 and July 30, 2009 with plug 1 or 2 were included. A retrospective review was performed. Results: Fifty patients underwent vascular occlusion procedure with plug 1 or 2 at a median age of 2.0 years (range 1 day to 47 years) and median weight of 12.3 kg (range 3.1–98 kg). Fifty-eight plugs (43% plug 1, 57% plug 2) were placed in 52 vessels. Of these vessels, 20 (38%) were patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 14 (27%) venous collaterals, 5 (10%) aorto-pulmonary collaterals, 4 (8%) modified Blalock Taussig shunts, 3 (5%) porto-systemic connections, and 6 (12%) miscellaneous structures. Excluding a patient who was lost to follow-up, complete occlusion was observed in 100% of vessels either at the time of the catheterization or at follow-up. There were two complications (3.8%). Conclusions: Plugs 1 and 2 are safe and effective devices that can be used in a variety of blood vessels in patients with CCVD. Plug 2 is particularly useful in closure of high-flow, tubular structures, especially type C PDA's. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
NICOTINE SELF‐ADMINISTRATION IN MONKEYS*

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), ranging in weight from 3 to 4.5 kg were employed in this study. The animals had no history of having received any drugs other than antibiotics in the laboratory. The animals were prepared for the intravenous self-administration experiments according to the procedure of Yanagita, et al. (1965). In brief, the monkeys were permitted to have relative freedom of movement in a cage approximately one cubic yard in size. To accomplish this, the monkeys were placed in a light, tubular stainless steel harness which was connected, in turn, to a flexible tubular restraining arm, one end of which was anchored to the cage wall. This arrangement permitted the monkey to move within the confines of the cage freely in all respects except that horizontal rotation was restricted to 300 degrees. The monkeys became accustomed to the harness and the limitations of movement within a matter of a few days. At this time, a permanently indwelling catheter was implanted via the external jugular vein into the right atrium. The catheter was led subcutaneously to a point between the shoulder blades where it emerged through the skin, was led through the tubular restraining arm, and attached to a mechanical injector which was mounted on the outside of the cage. The restriction of rotation imposed by the restraining arm prevented fouling of the catheter by repeated circling movement of the monkey. The mechanical injector consisted of a motor-driven syringe which could be activated either by an electrical timer or by the monkey if it pressed an appropriate lever. After the monkey had recovered from the surgical procedure, and it was determined that the catheter was patent, the lever was placed in a panel in the wall. All monkeys will, out of curiosity, play with any new object which enters their environment and, thereby, activate the injector by pressing the lever. Solutions of nicotine base, dissolved in saline, were delivered to the monkeys
Characterization of hybridization between synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides and RNA in living cells

Cells internalized synthetic oligonucleotides (oligos) in culture. The hybridization of these molecules to target RNA in the living cell was subsequently detected and characterized after fixation of the cells, with or without previous detergent extraction. Hybridized oligo was distinguished from free oligo in the cell using an in situ reverse transcription technique. This assay exploited the ability of the hybridized oligo to prime synthesis of a specific cDNA strand; unhybridized oligo present in the cell could not act as a primer for reverse transcription. Phosphorothioate and fluorochrome-labeled phosphodiester oligo dT were found to enter cells rapidly and hybridize to poly (A) RNA within 30 min. Hybrids containing phosphorothioate oligo dT were detectable in cells after up to 4 h of efflux time. Phosphodiester bonded oligo dT containing covalently-linked fluorochromes appeared more stable in the cell than unmodified phosphodiester oligo dT; hybrids containing these oligos could be detected in cells as long as 18h after efflux began. The in situ transcription assay was also sensitive enough to detect hybridization of anti-actin oligos to actin mRNA in the cell. It is probable, therefore, that this assay can be used to help assess the efficacy of antisense oligos by their hybridization to a target mRNA in cells or tissues; hybridized oligos are more likely to induce a specific antisense effect. Additionally, this assay will help to identify probes that would be useful as stable hybridization tags to follow RNA movement in living cells.
NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol (NISO Z39.83): a standard in trial

NISO (The National Information Standards Organization) has recently released the NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol (NISO Z39.83) as a Draft Standard for Trial Use. This protocol defines a repertoire of messages and associated rules of syntax and semantics for use by applications: to perform the functions necessary to lend items; to provide controlled access to electronic resources; and to facilitate co‐operative management of these functions. It is intended to address conditions in which the application or applications that initiate the lending of items or control of access must acquire or transmit information about the user, items, and/or access that is essential to successful conclusion of the function. The article describes the reasons for the development of the standard and provides an overview of the services that it supports.
Thin-film design for enhanced stability of optically pumped vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs)

We have employed a novel approach to enhance the optical pump-coupling stability of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). These structures are composed of thin-film semiconductor multilayers and are manufactured entirely by thin-film deposition. In the past, pump light was coupled into VCSEL cavities through the short wavelength interference notches in the reflectance spectrum. However, the steep slope and narrow width of the notches inherently makes pump-coupling sensitive to device temperature. We have employed traditional thin-film optimization to the multilayer etalon to create a low ripple, wideband pump region of low reflectance while maintaining cavity-mode field overlap at the quantum wells. We demonstrate a factor of 2.5 times better stability across a 35 nm spectral range.
Solution of Clamped Rectangular Plate Problems

SUMMARY In this brief note we present an ecient scheme for determining very accurate solutions to the clamped rectangular plate problem. The method is based upon the classical double cosine series expansion and an exploitation of the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula. If the cosine expansion involves M terms and N terms in the two plate axes directions, then the classical method method for this problem involves solving a system of (MN) (MN) equations. Our proposal reduces the problem down to a system of well conditioned N N equations (or M M when M < N). Numerical solutions for rectangular plates with various side ratios are presented and compared to the solution generated via Hencky’s method. Corrections to classical results and additional digits for use in nite element convergence studies are given. As an application example, these are used to show the rate of convergence for thin plate nite element solutions computed using the Bogner-Fox-Schmit element. Copyright c 2002 R. L. Taylor & S. Govindjee
The New Jersey Coastal Communiversity: Access through Partnerships

The New Jersey Coastal Communiversity, led by Brookdale Community College, is a partnership of colleges and universities that provides local access to postassociate degree education. In operation f...
Application of a Physics-Based Simulation Model to Examine Post-Earthquake Fire Spread

For 50 years, post-earthquake fire spread models used the basic empirical, macro approach developed by Hamada in 1951. Recently, however, a few physics-based models have emerged in which different modes of fire spread (e.g., radiation, branding) are modeled separately, more realistically, and in more detail. Using a case study for Los Angeles, this article illustrates how a new physics-based model developed by the authors can be used to estimate how much, how fast, and where fires spread, and also to provide insight into how fires spread and factors that influence fire spread.
Periodic and slightly periodic boundary value problems in elastostatics on bodies unbounded in several directions

Abstract General properties of solutions to elastostatic boundary value problems in which some or all of the functions involved are periodic are studied with particular attention given to problems on bodies unbounded in a direction other than the direction “of periodicity”. It is shown that, even though the displacement corresponding to a periodic strain may, in a very nontrivial sense, be nonperiodic, it does satisfy a “semiperiodicity” condition. Conditions which assure the periodicity of the displacement corresponding to a periodic strain are developed as are conditions which assure that the solution to a periodic boundary value problem has periodic strain. This leads to a discussion of the uniqueness of the solutions to various boundary value problems which, in themselves, are not necessarily periodic but whose corresponding null boundary value problem is periodic. As a special example a uniqueness theorem for the displacement problem and a uniqueness theorem for the traction problem on a homogeneous (but not necessarily isotropic) half-plane are proven using the arbitrariness of the periodicity. Throughout the paper, counterexamples demonstrate the necessity of many of the conditions assumed.
Thin-Gate CMOS and Super-Thick Gate DECMOS Integration in 0° On-axis ≪100≫ Starting Wafer: Process Challenges and Solutions

In this paper, we report detailed studies on process challenges and solutions when super-thick gate DECMOS and thin gate CMOS are integrated together in 0deg on-axis substrate. It has been found that large intra-wafer VT variation (sigma ~ 90 mV) and inter-wafer VT offset (~150 mV) are caused by single (f high energy WELL implant and front and back wafer surface swapping. A high energy implant method has been found very effective in reducing the VT variation to a ~30 mV. Low gate oxide breakdown at the thin gate active region edge has been solved by adding super-thick gate oxide buffer region between thin gate oxide and field oxide. Proper integration sequence has been used to minimize dopant ashout.
Identifying and mapping community vulnerability.

Disaster vulnerability is socially constructed, i.e., it arises out of the social and economic circumstances of everyday living. Most often discussed from the perspective of developing nations, this article extends the argument using American demographic trends. Examples from recent disasters, Hurricane Andrew in particular, illustrate how certain categories of people, such as the poor, the elderly, women-headed households and recent residents, are at greater risk throughout the disaster response process. Knowledge of where these groups are concentrated within communities and the general nature of their circumstances is an important step towards effective emergency management. Emergency planners, policy-makers and responding organisations are encouraged to identify and locate high-risk sectors on Community Vulnerability Maps, integrating this information into GIS systems where feasible. Effective disaster management calls for aggressively involving these neighbourhoods and groups at all levels of planning and response, as well as mitigation efforts that address the root causes of vulnerability.
Variable Pore Size, Variable Chemical Functionality, and an Example of Reactivity within Porous Phenylacetylene Silver Salts

Investigations on molecular variants of the 3-fold symmetric 1,3,5-tris(4-ethynylbenzonitrile)benzene crystallized with silver triflate revealed a nearly invariant pseudohexagonal porous structure type. Modifications involved the attachment of pendant groups to the central aromatic ring of the parent molecule. Pendant groups include the vinyl group, stilbene, the chiral group myrtanol, and groups with different chemical functionalities such as alcohols, ethers, and esters. Modifications also included the addition of elongated spacer units between the central benzene ring and the peripheral nitrile groups. In these molecules the acetylene bridges of 1,3,5-tris(4-ethynylbenzonitrile)benzene were replaced with diacetylene, ethynylbenzene, and diethynylbenzene type units. Single-crystal refinements for pentoxy-2,4,6-tris(4-ethynylbenzonitrile)benzene·AgOTf and 1,3,5-tris(4-(4-ethynylbenzonitrile)phenyl)benzene·AgOTf as well as powder data on 12 crystalline phases showed the consistent formation of pseudohexag...
A highly-extensible architecture for networked I/O

We describe a new distributed I/O software architecture to support remote applications interacting with local I/O devices based on the concept of a networked device driver. Our goal is both network transparency and high extensibility/ease of customization in support of the vastly different types of applications and devices that can benefit from remote I/O, especially relevant in cloud computing contexts. A networked device driver logically connects a device at one network end-point and an application at another, and allows the I/O stream between them to be modified by a set of pipelined transformation modules. Each transformation module comes in a pair, operating on each side of the network, with one side typically applying some operation and the other side applying a corresponding one (e.g., one that reverses the original transformation). Because of the paired nature of transformation modules, the system is capable of supporting the modification of the I/O stream in a variety of ways to compensate for network issues while remaining transparent to the application, and also results in a high degree of extensibility. This is achieved with a mostly user-level implementation that incurs a relatively low degree of overhead.
Zinc-induced Alzheimer's Aβ1–40 Aggregation Is Mediated by Conformational Factors *

The heterogeneous precipitates of Aβ that accumulate in the brain cortex in Alzheimer's disease possess varying degrees of resistance to resolubilization. We previously found that Aβ1–40 is rapidly precipitated in vitro by physiological concentrations of zinc, a neurochemical that is highly abundant in brain compartments where Aβ is most likely to precipitate. We now present evidence that the zinc-induced precipitation of Aβ is mediated by a peptide dimer and favored by conditions that promote α-helical and diminish β-sheet conformations. The manner in which the synthetic peptide is solubilized was critical to its behaviorin vitro. Zinc-induced Aβ aggregation was dependent upon the presence of NaCl, was enhanced by α-helical-promoting solvents, but was abolished when the peptide stock solution was stored frozen. The Aβ aggregates induced by zinc were reversible by chelation, but could then be reprecipitated by zinc for several cycles, indicating that the peptide's conformation is probably preserved in the zinc-mediated assembly. In contrast, Aβ aggregates induced by low pH (5.5) were not resolubilized by returning the pH milieu to 7.4. The zinc-Aβ interaction exhibits features resembling the gelation process of zinc-mediated fibrin assembly, suggesting that, in events such as clot formation or injury, reversible Aβ assembly could be physiologically purposive. Such a mechanism is contemplated in the early evolution of diffuse plaques in Alzheimer's disease and suggests a possible therapeutic strategy for the resolubilization of some forms of Aβ deposit in the disease.
Heart Force Effects of Sympathomimetic Amines as a Basis for Their Use in Shock Accompanying Myocardial Infarction

The treatment of 14 patients in severe shock accompanying myocardial infarction with l-norepinephrine (Levophed) in some cases and phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine) in others demonstrated a significantly higher recovery rate with l-norepinephrine. Twelve of the patients were in congestive heart failure. Using strain-gage technics in fully conscious, trained dogs, l-norepinephrine was shown to produce substantial increments in heart contractile force in addition to its recognized pressor effects. Approximately equipressor doses of Neo-Synephrine under the same conditions had little effect on contractile force. These pronounced differences in heart force effects are presented as a basis for the difference in clinical results.
Cotton Seedling Root Growth Responses to Light Reflected to the Shoots from Straw-Covered versus Bare Soil

Poor seedling establishment can severely impact cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) when grown in a double-crop sequence following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). My objective was to determine whether the light spectrum reflected from wheat straw to the cotton seedlings could be a contributing factor. Cotton was planted in 3 L pots of loamy sand which was screened to remove old plant residue. Pots were arranged in groups of five and covered with 122- by 122- by 2- cm polystyrene foam insulation panels which had 5-cm holes centered over each pot. Panels were covered with fresh wheat straw, weathered straw, or bare soil so that different far-red to red (FR/ R) light ratios were reflected. Insulation maintained the same soil temperature (±0.5) in all pots regardless of surface cover. Each pot was thinned to a single seedling that emerged on the same day. Leaf area and stem length were measured on seedlings cut at the soil surface 1 wk after emergence. Roots were washed free of soil, spread on paper, covered with transparent plastic, and photocopied. Root lengths were measured on the photocopies. Stems, leaves, and roots from each plant were dried and weighed. The fresh wheat straw reflected the highest FR/R ratio and resulted in seedlings with the least root length, lowest root weight, longest stems, and lowest root/ shoot weight ratio. This 2-yr glasshouse study shows that the spectral environment over fresh straw can contribute to modified seedling morphology and suggests that it should be considered when developing management practices for no-till double-crop cotton.
Noninvasive assessment of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis

Abstract Background: Transplant-associated arteriosclerosis is the major limitation to long-term survival in the cardiac transplant recipient, and annual surveillance angiography is used in many centers to monitor its progression. Noninvasive methods would be preferable because angiography is invasive, costly, and insensitive; however, the reliability of such methods has been questioned. Methods: All publications relating to the assessment of the cardiac allograft by noninvasive testing were identified through MEDLINE and a review of references from the published literature on transplant-associated arteriosclerosis. Results: Resting and stress ECG, radionuclide scintigraphy, echocardiography, and positron emission tomography have all been used in cardiac transplant recipients with variable results. Most techniques are insensitive, but this limitation may be improved with pharmacologic stress imaging like dobutamine echocardiography. Although insensitive, some methods have good specificity (i.e., radionuclide scintigraphy). The noninvasive measurement of absolute coronary blood flow is promising as a specific and sensitive technique but is limited by availability and cost. Conclusions: In general, noninvasive techniques to assess transplant-associated coronary arteriosclerosis are limited by variable sensitivity and specificity. However, certain methods, such as dobutamine echocardiography and radionuclide scintigraphy, can provide important adjunctive physiologic information to angiography. Such techniques can therefore help to guide the care and treatment of the cardiac transplant recipient with allograft coronary arteriosclerosis. (Am Heart J 1998;135:980-7.)
Reply to David Nicholls' response

Abstract All evidence presently available shows that there is no metabolically dependent electric potential (Δ Ψ ) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The data supporting this statement are documented in our review article and in the present communication. The evidence purported to show a Δ Ψ results from a miscalculation or the mistaken assumption that the distribution of lipophilic cations is in response to a Δ Ψ .
Photographic homogeneous immunoassay based on luminol chemiluminescence catalyzed by hemoglobins leaked from complement-hemolyzed red blood cells

Human serum albumin (HSA) and complement were photographically assayed. The complement activated by the formed antigen-antibody complex causes the hemolysis of red blood cells. Leaked hemoglobins catalyze the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The resulting emission was recorded on instant film.
Determinants of pluripotency: From avian, rodents, to primates

Since mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells was first derived in 1981, the ability of this unprecedented cell type to self-renew and differentiate without limit has revolutionized the discovery tools that are used to study gene functions and development. Furthermore, they have inspired others to hunt for similar cells from other species. The derivation of human ES cells in 1998 has accelerated these discoveries and has also widely provoked public interest, due to both the scientific significance of these cells for human tissue regeneration and the ethical disputes over the use of donated early human embryos. However, this is no longer a barrier, with the recent discovery of methods that can convert differentiated somatic cells into ES-like cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, by using defined reprogramming factors. This review attempts to summarize the progresses in the derivation of ES cells (as well as other embryo-derived pluripotent cells) and iPS cells from various species. We will focus on the molecular and biological features of the cells, as well as the different determinants identified thus far to sustain their pluripotency.
THE WEALTH OF NATIONS: GROWTH, IDEAS, AND TECHNOLOGY

In the following articles Freedman and Jordan examine institutional arrangements that promote high and rising incomes. The quality of institutions may be as important as human capital, investment, and population growth in determining which nations are most prosperous.
How do stylistic motions differ numerically from neutral ones

Viewers effortlessly decouple action from style for human motion. Regardless of whether style refers to the subtle differences between individuals (John Wayne's walk versus Charlie Chaplin's walk) or to the manner in which the same action is expressed (such as a sad walk versus a nervous walk), the core intent of an action is readily recognizable.
Effect of muscle origin and phenotype on satellite cell muscle-specific gene expression.

Satellite cells from adult mouse tongue, diaphragm, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, soleus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles were isolated, expanded, and differentiated under identical culture conditions. Proliferating myoblasts and differentiated myofiber cultures were analyzed via SDS-PAGE, immunochemical, and PCR methods for expression of myosin heavy chains (MyHC) and muscle creatine kinase (MCK) as indices of muscle fiber type. Contralateral muscles were harvested for simultaneous, parallel analysis utilizing these assays. The MyHC profile of differentiated primary satellite cells was equivalent across all cultures with MyHC2A and MyHC1/slow co-expressed in all myotube and myofiber structures. Trace amounts of MyHC2B and MyHCneo were detected in a few myofibers. MCK was expressed at a uniform, similar level among these cultures. In contrast, contralateral muscles expressed each muscle-specific indicator at levels correlated with the fiber-type distribution within each muscle. MM14 and C2C12 cells, mouse satellite cell lines, were expanded and compared to primary cell cultures. MM14 cells had a high differentiation index (>95%) and co-expressed MyHC2A and MyHC1/slow along with trace amounts of MyHCneo throughout myotube cultures. Myofibers obtained from C2C12 cells exhibited less differentiation (~75%) with MyHC2A as the dominant isoform. These data indicate that primary satellite cells from adult muscle form a uniform differentiated cell type regardless of the fiber-type, anatomic location, and embryonic origin of the donor muscles. MM14 cells expressed an adult MyHC isoform profile similar to primary satellite cells. The results suggest that satellite cells provide a uniform cell source for use in autologous transplantation studies and do not acquire a heritable fiber-type-specific phenotype from their host muscle.
Isolation of sulphur heterocycles from petroleum- and coal-derived materials by ligand exchange chromatography

Abstract A rapid method for the isolation of sulphur heterocycles (PASH) from the aromatic fraction of complex mixtures is described, based on ligand exchange column chromatography using silica gel impregnated with palladium chloride. The application of the procedure to a coal liquid and petroleum heavy ends yielded sulphur fractions composed of PASH having two to six aromatic rings. The fractions were examined by capillary column gas chromatography with flame ionization and flame photometric detection, and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
tRNA-guanine Transglycosylase from Escherichia coli MINIMAL tRNA STRUCTURE AND SEQUENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR RECOGNITION

Previously, we have demonstrated that the tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT) from Escherichia coli is capable of utilizing an in vitro generated minihelix consisting of the anticodon stem and loop sequence of E. coli tRNA(Tyr) (Curnow, A. W., Kung, F. L., Koch, K. A., and Garcia, G. A. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 5239-5246). This suggests that the tRNA structural motifs necessary for recognition comprise a loop at the end of a short helix. To gain further insight into the structural requirements for TGT recognition, we have investigated the conformation of this minimal substrate. Thermal denaturation studies and kinetic analyses at 20 and 37 degrees C indicate that this minihelix is predominantly melted at 37 degrees C and that the melted conformation is not a substrate for TGT. This is confirmed by the determination that a non-helical analogue of the minihelix is not a substrate for TGT at either temperature. Two additional minihelices designed to be stable at 37 degrees C, ECYMH (a 4-base pair extension of the previous minihelix) and SCDMH (a yeast tRNA(Asp) analogue of ECYMH), were generated and characterized. Finally, several sequence mutants of SCDMH, focusing on the G30U40 base pair and U33G34U35 loop sequence, have been produced, and kinetic parameter determinations have been performed at 37 degrees C. Our results are consistent with a recent report (Nakanishi, S., Ueda, T., Hori, H., Yamazaki, N., Okada, N., and Watanabe, K. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32221-32225) indicating that a UGU sequence in a 7-base loop is the minimal requirement for TGT recognition.
Postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: analysis of time-dose factors related to control above the clavicles

The combination of radical surgery followed by postoperative irradiation is commonly employed in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancers. However, there has been little in the literature concerning the dose required to prevent recurrence after operation. A retrospective analysis of 71 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx, pyriform sinus, supraglottic larynx, and glottic larynx who were treated by surgery and postoperative irradiation attempted to define the time-dose relationship required to prevent recurrence. The failure rate above the clavicles decreased with increasing dose up to 7000 rad. The effect on control of positive surgical margins, bone and cartilage invasion, neck staging, perineural extension, perinodal extension, and split-course technique was reviewed; both positive surgical margins and split-course technique were found to be associated with a decrease in local control at every dose level below 6500 rad. The complications of combined therapy were found to be independent of dose. From these analyses, dose recommendations for various clinical situations are made, as well as recommendations for adjustments in radiation techniques to take advantage of the predictable sites of recurrence.
Facilitating discovery on the private web using dataset digests

Whereas strategies for discovering content on the surface web are commonplace, similar strategies for the private web are nonexistent. In this paper we first establish a formal framework for advertising the existence of private web resources that subsumes many existing summarization strategies based on succinct statistical summaries (which we call digests). We then investigate the tradeoff between the data owners' desires to minimize disclosure and the searchers' desires to minimize query error, demonstrating that our techniques are superior to k-anonymity. Finally, we show that our techniques for summarization do, in fact, make it possible to discover private web data resources.
Structure and phases of the Au(001) surface: Absolute x-ray reflectivity.

Specular and nonspecular absolute x-ray-reflectivity measurements have been performed on the Au(001) surface between T=300 and 1250 K. At all temperatures the surface-normal vibrational amplitudes are increased above the corresponding bulk thermal vibrational amplitude (Debye-Waller factor). Below T=1170 K, the surface is well described by an incommensurate, corrugated, hexagonal overlayer. The corrugation propagates several layers into the bulk. Above T=1170 K there is an abrupt decrease in the specular and nonspecular reflectivities, which we interpret in terms of surface disordering.
Image artifacts in digital breast tomosynthesis: Investigation of the effects of system geometry and reconstruction parameters using a linear system approach

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a three-dimensional (3D) x-ray imaging modality that reconstructs image slices parallel to the detector plane. Image acquisition is performed using a limited angular range (less than 50 degrees) and a limited number of projection views (less than 50 views). Due to incomplete data sampling, image artifacts are unavoidable in DBT. In this preliminary study, the image artifacts in DBT were investigated systematically using a linear system approximation. A cascaded linear system model of DBT was developed to calculate the 3D presampling modulation transfer function (MTF) with different image acquisition geometries and reconstruction filters using a filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm. A thin, slanted tungsten (W) wire was used to measure the presampling MTF of the DBT system in the cross-sectional plane defined by the thickness (z-) and tube travel (x-) directions. The measurement was in excellent agreement with the calculation using the model. A small steel bead was used to calculate the artifact spread function (ASF) of the DBT system. The ASF was correlated with the convolution of the two-dimensional (2D) point spread function (PSF) of the system and the object function of the bead. The results showed that the cascaded linear system model can be used to predict the magnitude of image artifacts of small, high-contrast objects with different image acquisition geometry and reconstruction filters.
Catalytic Arene H/D Exchange with Novel Rhodium and Iridium Complexes

Three novel pendant acetate complexes, [Rh(bdmpza)Cl3]−M+, [Rh(bdmpza)Cl2(py)], and [Ir(bdmpza)Cl3]−M+ (bdmpza = bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl) acetate, M+ = Li+, Na+), were synthesized. Abstraction...
The compressibility of bismuth and its upper transition pressure

We have measured the compression of bismuth to over 60 kbar under nearly hydrostatic conditions by the inductive coil technique. The over-all results are in close agreement with Bridgman's data, but some significant differences occur in the region of the transitions. The BiI–II and BiII–III transitions were clearly resolved with compressions, −(ΔV/V0), of 0.064 to 0.122 and 0.124 to 0.160, respectively. Bridgman's extreme compressions across both transitions are 0.064 to 0.150. There was no evidence of either of the two transitions reported by Bridgman at 44 and 64 kbar. The pressure value at which the upper bismuth transition occurs was re-examined by the use of a manganin gauge with integral calibrants and by a multiple event resistance cell. The results indicate that the transition occurs at a pressure no higher than 81–82 kbar in agreement with recent results. The observed volume change at this transition is approximately 1.5% which is in good agreement with Bridgman's value.
Variability in body and organ weights in the newborn dog and cat compared with that in the adult

Body and organ weights of 24 newborn dogs and 35 newborn cats were studied. All of the measurements, except weights of hypophysis, spinal cord and testes are larger in the dogs. As percentages of body weight, the organs are more equally divided, with seven organs relatively heavier in the dogs and eight in the cats. All except two of the measurements of the newborn dogs are more variable than in the newborn cats. All of the organs are significantly correlated with body weight in the dogs and all except one, in the cats. All 15 of the organs are significantly correlated with body length in the dogs and 13, in the cats. The intercorrelations of the organ weights are somewhat higher in the dogs. The coefficients of variation of the newborn are compared with similar coefficients in adult dogs and cats. Body weight, body length and the kidneys are more variable in the adult dogs and the other organs, so far as data are available, are more variable in the newborn dogs of both sexes. Seven organs are more variable in adult male cats and three in females. The newborn dog is more variable in body and organ weights than the newborn cat, but weights of body and organs are better correlated in the newborn dog than in the newborn cat.
Reflections on Women's Crime and Mothers in Prison: A Peacemaking Approach

In this article, the work of Richard Quinney and his peacemaking approach to the study of crime is used to examine the circumstances of women's crime and the effect of incarceration on women and children. Quinney's attention to events prior to the act of crime is applied to women's crime. The common life experience of prior physical or sexual abuse is among the most consistent recurring themes among incarcerated women. For these women, crime is a symptom of other painful life experiences. Quinney's peacemaking approach to crime suggests that nonpunitive response offers more hope for a future without crime, and this approach is suggested as the most appropriate means of responding to women's crime.
me-PCR: a refined ultrafast algorithm for identifying sequence-defined genomic elements

Summary: We have adapted the originally described electronic PCR (e-PCR) algorithm to perform string searches more accurately and much more rapidly than previously possible. Our implementation [multithreaded e-PCR (me-PCR)] runs sufficiently fast to allow even desktop machines to query quickly large genomes with very large genomic element sets. In addition, me-PCR is multithreaded, interprets all IUPAC nucleotide symbols, allows searches with elements specified by long sequences (such as SNPs), accepts ranges in the expected PCR size input field, requires substantially less memory for analysis of large sequences and corrects a number of minor flaws causing misreporting of hits in exceptional cases. Thus, me-PCR provides increased annotation capabilities for complex genomes to non-expert laboratories. Availability: me-PCR has been compiled for Linux, Solaris, AIX, Windows and Macintosh platforms. Both source and executable code are freely available to the research community at http://genome.chop.edu/mePCR/
"If you don't hear from me you know you are doing fine": the effects of management nonresponse to employee performance.

A study of 243 employees of two different hospitality organizations compared the effects of managers’ giving feedback with no comments at all (favorable or unfavorable). The study found that feedback, formally known as contingent reinforcement, improves performance even when that feedback involves negative or corrective comments. Echoing previous studies, this research found a positive relationship between contingent rewards and workers’ effectiveness and satisfaction. Moreover, contingent punishment also had a small positive relationship with effectiveness and satisfaction. Going beyond previous work, however, this study found that managers’ omission of any commentary on good performance has a direct, albeit moderate, negative relationship with workers’ effectiveness and a small, direct negative relationship on satisfaction. These findings point in the direction of the long-established psychological theory of operant conditioning, which suggests that a behavior that is totally ignored will eventually be ...
Dimensional sexuality: exploring new frameworks for bisexual desires

Drawing upon post-structuralist theories of how knowledge frameworks make possible the recognition of another, this article introduces dimensional sexuality as a new framework for the recognition and understanding of bisexual and other non-normative sexual desires. It discusses how the framework of heterosexuality and homosexuality erases bisexuality from view and argues that it is possible to reconfigure such binary frameworks in order to expand the domains of the knowable and to make bisexual lives more recognizable in Western knowledge production. The article presents the principles that underlie dimensional sexuality and demonstrates how the framework renders sexual multiplicity visible along several dimensional axes. It argues that a more complex recognition and understanding of multisexual lives may necessitate a corresponding epistemic shift from sexual “knowing” that is singular, oppositional, exclusive, and static to that which is multiple, indeterminate, relational, and temporal. Dimensional sex...
Bias of Tedlar Bags in the Measurement of Agricultural Odorants

Odor regulations typically specify the use of dynamic dilution olfactometery (DDO) as a method to quantify odor emissions, and Tedlar bags are the preferred holding container for grab samples. This study was conducted to determine if Tedlar bags affect the integrity of sampled air from animal operations. Air samples were collected simultaneously in both Tedlar bags and Tenax thermal desorption tubes. Sample sources originated from either a hydrocarbon-free air tank, dynamic headspace chamber (DHC), or swine-production facility, and were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–olfactometry (GC–MS–O). Several background contaminants were identified from Tedlar bags, which included the odorous compounds N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC),aceticacid,andphenol.Samplesfrom the DHC demonstrated that recovery of malodor compounds was dependent on residence time in the Tedlar bag with longer residence time leading to lower recovery. After 24 h of storage, recovery of C 3 – C6 volatile fatty acids (VFA) averaged 64%, 4-methylphenol and 4-ethylphenol averaged 10%, and indole and 3-methylindole were below the detection limits of GC–MS–O. The odor activity value (OAV) of grab samples collected in Tedlar bags were 33 to 65% lower following24hofstorage.Theseresults indicatethatsignificant odorant bias occurs when using Tedlar bags for the sampling of odors from animal production facilities.
Factors underlying Venezuelan defense expenditures, 1950–83: A research note

(1986). Factors underlying Venezuelan defense expenditures, 1950–83: A research note. Arms Control: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 74-101.
The Effect of Health Value and Ethnicity on the Relationship Between Hardiness and Health Behaviors

Associations among hardiness, health value, and health protective behaviors were examined as a function of ethnicity among 80 African American and 100 European American college students. The role of health value as moderator versus mediator in the hardiness-health behavior link was explored. Racial differences in correlations among hardiness, control, and commitment were found, with stronger relations for African American than European Americans. Moderate positive relations between hardiness, control, commitment, and health value for African American, as contrasted with weak relations between commitment and health value for European Americans, were also shown. A partial mediational effect for health value with personal distress and moderator effects for health value with personal distress and health habits were found for African American only. Race predicted hardiness variables, tobacco and alcohol use, personal distress, and health habits beyond what was accounted for by occupation and income. The ramifications of these data with regard to future studies on hardiness, health value, and health behaviors for African American are discussed.