cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POST‐FERTILIZATION DEVELOPMENT IN INDOTRISTICHA RAMOSISSIMA (WIGHT) VAN ROYEN

SUMMARY In Indotristicha ramosissima (Wight) van Royen there is normal syngamy. However, the polar nucleus is not fertilized so that a primary endosperm nucleus is not formed. Consequently, there is no endosperm in the seed. The post-fertilization dissolution of the nucellar cells below the embryo sac results in the formation of a pseudo-embryo sac into which the growing proembryo penetrates. The first division of the zygote is transverse and the development of the embryo conforms to the Solanad type. The embryo possesses a large, coenocytic haustorial cell which disorganizes by the time the embryo is fully differentiated. The integuments and the ovary wall are rich in starch deposits which disappear during maturation. In the mature seed, the outermost layer of the outer integument becomes mucilaginous. The cells of the inner epidermis of the ovary wall become binucleate and occasionally multinucleate.
Option pricing in a lognormal securities market with discrete trading

Abstract This paper derives a call option valuation equation assuming discrete trading in securities markets where the underlying asset and market returns are bivariate lognormally distributed and investors have increasing, concave utility functions exhibiting skewness preference. Since the valuation does not require the continouus time riskfree hedging of Black and Scholes, nor the discrete time riskfree hedging of Cox, Ross and Rubinstein, market effects are introduced into the option valuation relation. The new option valuation seems to correct for the systematic mispricing of well-in and well-out of the money options by the Black and Scholes option pricing formula.
EMISSION-LINE OBJECTS PROJECTED UPON THE GALACTIC BULGE

Abstract Low-dispersion slit spectrograms have been obtained of 34 faint objects that lie in the direction of the galactic bulge and have the Hα line in emission upon a detectable continuum. Eleven of these are certain or probable symbiotic stars. A rough comparison with R CrB stars in the same area suggests that these brightest symbiotics in the bulge have in the mean Mv ≈ -3 to -4, which suggest Population II red giants rather than conventional Population I M-type objects. The sample also contains a number of hot stars having H and [O II] or [O III] in emission, as well as four conventional Be stars, and six certain or possible planetary nebulae.
Autism-associated mutation inhibits protein kinase C-mediated neuroligin-4X enhancement of excitatory synapses

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) comprise a highly heritable, multifarious group of neurodevelopmental disorders, which are characterized by repetitive behaviors and impairments in social interactions. Point mutations have been identified in X-linked Neuroligin (NLGN) 3 and 4X genes in patients with ASDs and all of these reside in their extracellular domains except for a single point mutation in the cytoplasmic domain of NLGN4X in which an arginine is mutated to a cysteine (R704C). Here we show that endogenous NLGN4X is robustly phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) at T707, and R704C completely eliminates T707 phosphorylation. Endogenous NLGN4X is intensely phosphorylated on T707 upon PKC stimulation in human neurons. Furthermore, a phospho-mimetic mutation at T707 has a profound effect on NLGN4X-mediated excitatory potentiation. Our results now establish an important interplay between a genetic mutation, a key posttranslational modification, and robust synaptic changes, which can provide insights into the synaptic dysfunction of ASDs.
Molecular motors and developmental asymmetry

Abstract The generation of distinct cell fates can require movement of specific molecules or organelles to particular locations within the cell. These subcellular movements are often the jobs of motor proteins. Seemingly disparate developmental processes — determination of right and left in vertebrates, setting up the axes of polarity in insect embryos, mating-type switching in yeast, and coordinated organelle movements in Drosophila — converge in their dependence on motor proteins. The extent of possible regulatory complexity is only beginning to emerge.
Nuclear activation at the onset of amphibian gastrulation

A quantitative radioautographic study of RNA synthesis in the diverse cell types of the Xenopus blastula and gastrula is described. Nuclear activation, studied as increase in the number of grains in nuclear RNA after pulse-labelling with uridine H3, was found to occur abruptly just before gastrular movements become observable. Presumptive endoderm and mesoderm participate in this widespread activation, while presumptive ectoderm becomes activated shortly after, at mid-gastrulation. It is shown that per-nucleus rates of high molecular weight, non-ribosomal RNA synthesis increase at least 20 fold within one hour in endoderm and mesoderm as the embryo prepares to enter gastrulation.
Release of somatostatin-28(1-12) from rat hypothalamus in vitro.

Following the discovery of the growth hormone release-inhibiting factor somatostatin from extracts of ovine hypothalamus1, an N-terminally extended somatostatin of 28 amino acids has been identified in mammalian tissue2–6. The original peptide, somatostatin-14 (SS14), corresponds to the C-terminus of somatostatin-28 (SS28). Both SS28 and SS14 have biological activity3,7–9, occur in several rat brain regions10–15, are present in cell bodies and nerve terminals11–14,16 and can be released in vitro upon depolarization in a calcium-dependent manner16–19. Further, high-affinity binding sites were described for SS14, which also bind SS28 (refs 20–23). Recently, a dodecapeptide which corresponds to the N-terminus of somatostatin-28, somatostatin-28(1–12), has been characterized in rat hypothalamus24. Radioimmunological25 and immunohistochemical13 studies have indicated the presence of SS28(1–12)-like immunoreactivity in several cortical and subcortical regions of the rat brain. This peptide was found to be unevenly distributed with the highest concentration in the hypothalamus, and preferentially localized to dendritic and axonal processes and terminals. These observations suggest that SS28(1–12) may be a neurotransmitter. In this study, we describe a calcium-dependent release of a SS28(1–12)-like peptide from hypothalamic slices in vitro. This finding supports a neurotransmitter function for this peptide.
Adolescents and substance-related disorders: research agenda to guide decisions on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V).

Aims Since the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV), many studies have addressed substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescents. Based on that adolescent literature, this paper suggests further research to help guide decisions about revising for DSM-V the SUD criteria in DSM-IV. Method The author has reviewed the ‘Substance Related Disorders’ section of DSM-IV-TR, recalled his experience in helping to draft that section, accessed relevant articles in PubMed and reviewed his own extensive file of literature citations. Results This paper suggests six questions for adolescent research to help guide the framers of DSM-V’s ‘Substance Related Disorders’ section: (a) DSM-IV did not provide a diagnosis of cannabis withdrawal; should DSM-V continue that position? (b) Should SUD be included or referenced among ‘Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence’? (c) Can inter-rater reliability of the substance abuse (SA) criteria be improved with altered example situations, text descriptions or phrasing of the current criteria? (d) Between ages 14 and 18 years is earlier onset of SUD a severity marker that could be incorporated into DSM-V as a predictor of worse course? (e) In DSM-V could a phenotypic descriptor of pathological multi-substance involvement document severity and predict course of SUD? (f) Could clinicians and patients benefit from DSM-V-related postpublication procedures for classifying emerging new drugs into DSM-V’s categories? Conclusion Without substantive changes in SA or substance dependence diagnostic criteria, research may improve the usefulness of those criteria for adolescents.
Mixed-Ligand Coordination Species: A Promising Approach for “Second-Generation” Drug Development

A series of crystalline mixed-ligand copper(II)−aspirinate coordination complexes have been synthesized, structurally characterized, and shown to exhibit a diverse range of pharmacologically relevant properties, such as bulk solubility, solubility ratio (Swo/Sow), and partition coefficient.
Effects of achievement incentive and presentation rate on listening comprehension

The present study investigated the effects of achievement incentive on the comprehension of time‐compressed speech. Results indicated significant differences for motivation and for rate. Increased presentation rate did not significantly attenuate comprehension in the incentive treatments. However, accelerated speech produced a corresponding reduction in recall in the control groups.
Industrial mutagens and potential mutagens I. Halogenated aliphatic derivatives.

Abstract The halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons represent one of the most important categories of industrial chemicals from a consideration of volume, use categories, environmental and toxicological considerations and hence most importantly, potential population risk. The major halocarbons reviewed, primarily in terms of their occurrence, utility, stability, distribution, and levels of exposure as well as their metabolism, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity included: vinylchloride, vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethylene dichloride, ethylene dibromide, chloroprene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, fluorocarbons (trichlorofluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane), epichlorohydrin, halohydrins (2-chloro- and 2-bromoethanol) and haloethers ( bis (chloromethyl); chloromethyl'-methyl; bis (2-chloroethyl)- and bis (2-chloroisopropyl)ether. In many instances, data were not available to assess world production, populations at risk and degrees of exposure. With the exception of vinylchloride, vinylidene chloride, epichlorohydrin and 2-halo ethanols, there is an acknowledged paucity of definitive mutagenicity data concerning the majority of halogenated hydrocarbons. Their ubiquitous distribution, and in a number of cases, their carcinogenicity both in man and animals, dictates the urgent need to more exhaustively investigate their potential mutagenicity.
An analysis of teacher-made tests: Item types, cognitive demands, and item construction errors

Abstract A sample of teacher-made K through 12th-grade-level tests ( N = 175) was analyzed to determine item types used, item cognitive functioning levels, the frequency and nature of construction errors, and whether these test characteristics varied with the teachers' years of teaching experience. It was found that multiplechoice, matching, and short response item types were most frequently used, that test items functioned primarily at the knowledge cognitive level, that matching exercises contained the most types of construction errors, and that neither the frequency nor the nature of the construction errors varied with teachers' experience.
Knot Integrity as a Function of Suture Expiration

Objective To test the integrity of knots tied with expired suture and non-expired suture, using 5 different suture materials. Study Design Knots were tied using expired and non-expired chromic catgut, polyglactin 910, polydioxanone, silk, or coated polyester. Expired sutures were a mean of 10.5 years past the date of expiration stamped on the packaging. Suture packaging was inspected for any flaws or humidity. There were 116 knots with expired suture and 109 non-expired knots. All knots were tied by hand. Suture was soaked in 0.9% sodium chloride for 60 seconds and subsequently transferred to a tensiometer where the tails of the knots were cut to 3 mm length. We compared the tensile strength of knots using a tensiometer to pull the knots until the suture broke or untied. A minimum of 30 knots were needed in order to detect a statistically significant main effect for expired and non-expired sutures with 80% power and a 5% chance of type I error. Results A total of 225 knots were tied. Overall, we found no difference in mean tension between expired suture (77.5 ± 31.7 N) and non-expired suture at failure (81.9 ± 30.2 N). All the sutures broke at the knot and none untied. Expired chromic and polydioxanone were significantly weaker than the non-expired suture of the same material (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in tensile strength between expired absorbable or permanent suture materials. Based on a univariate analysis of variance ([SCAP]ANOVA)[R] there was no difference in the tension at failure between expired and non-expired sutures with suture packet as a covariate. No suture untied when knotted with expired suture. Conclusions Under laboratory conditions, expired chromic and polydioxanone sutures broke at lower tensile strength than non-expired sutures of the same material.
Control of lightly damped, flexible modes in the controller crossover region

Many proposed future space structures have closely spaced, lightly damped flexible modes that must actively be controlled to achieve desired performance objectives. These densely packed structural modes require a controller to roll off in a region of modes that have some amount of modeling error or uncertainty in their damping levels, natural frequencies, and/or mode shapes. Therefore, a delicate balance must be found between the level of closed-loop performance of the control system and its robustness to various types of uncertainty. This paper focuses on using the structured singular value (u) control design technique to achieve performance and robustness objectives in the presences of uncertainty flexible modes in the controller crossover region. Controllers are synthesized for a lightly damped, flexible structure experiment with noncollocated sensors and actuators to show the role played by uncertainty modeling in achieving desired performance objectives.
Comparison of IEC and NEMA/IEEE Motor Standards, Part II

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards covering performance, rating and testing for electric motors are summarized and compared to National Electrical Manufacturer's Association (NEMA) and/or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) standards. In general motors designed to NEMA/IEEE standards should be suitable for the application from a rating, performance, and testing viewpoint. The question of dimensions and tolerances will normally be dictated by the driven equipment to which the motor is to be assembled. This should stimulate constructive thought prior to a simple request of domestic motor manufacturers `Can you meet IEC Standards?'.
Carrières et contradictions en sciences de la vie : réponses du corps académique aux transformations de la connaissance et de ses utilisations

Resume Sur la base d'une enquete empirique aupres de chercheurs de deux campus universitaires, les auteurs proposent de rendre compte de l'influence des evolutions des sciences de la vie sur les carrieres et les pratiques academiques. La preoccupation croissante des universitaires a l'egard de la commercialisation de la recherche est a l'origine de lignes de clivage inedites et de nouveaux criteres de reconnaissance. Ces evolutions sont le produit d'opportunites de financement, d'une transformation des missions structurant les politiques des universites et de l'essor de nouvelles technologies de recherche qui favorisent le rapprochement entre la recherche fondamentale et le developpement de produits issus de son application. Grâce a l'analyse approfondie d'entretiens, les auteurs mettent en evidence l'emergence de modeles de comportements des universitaires face aux opportunites commerciales qui se multiplient dans le domaine des sciences de la vie.
Cobalt(II) complexes of pyradine

Abstract Pyridine complexes of cobalt(II) perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, and nitrate have been prepared and studied by a variety of physical methods in both the solid and solution states. Their behavior is found to be generally similar to that of their nickel(II) analogues. The tetragonally distorted perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate, [Copy4X2], complexes contain coordinated anions in both the solid state and in dichloromethanepyridine solutions. Both are found to undergo extensive decomposition in nitromethane solutions. Addition of pyridine to such solutions produces species found to be different from that produced in the [Copy4(BF4)2]-pyridine system, which is probably [Copy6]2+. The nitrate complex, [Copy3(NO3)2], is thought to be monomeric in the solid state. It is shown to lose one mole of pyridine in dichloromethane and nitromethane solutions, forming [Copy2(NO3)2]. In dichloromethane-pyridine and nitromethane-pyridine solutions, the nitrate complex reacts with pyridine to form [Copy4(NO3)2] and [Copy5(NO3)]+ (or [Copy4(NO3)]+), respectively. No evidence is found for the existence of [Copy6]+ under these conditions. The tetrafluoroborate complex dissolves in pyridine to produce a species assumed to be [Copy6]2+, for which spectrochemical parameters are calculated.
"Taking your place at the table": an autoethnographic study of chaplains' participation on an interdisciplinary research team.

There are many potential benefits to chaplaincy in transforming into a “research-informed” profession. However little is known or has been documented about the roles of chaplains on research teams and as researchers or about the effects of research engagement on chaplains themselves. This report describes the experience and impact of three chaplains, as well as tensions and challenges that arose, on one particular interdisciplinary team researching a spiritual assessment model in palliative care. Transcripts of our research team meetings, which included the three active chaplain researchers, as well as reflections of all the members of the research team provide the data for this descriptive, qualitative, autoethnographic analysis. This autoethnographic project evolved from the parent study, entitled “Spiritual Assessment Intervention Model (AIM) in Outpatient Palliative Care Patients with Advanced Cancer.” This project focused on the use of a well-developed model of spiritual care, the Spiritual Assessment and Intervention Model (Spiritual AIM). Transcripts of nine weekly team meetings for the parent study were reviewed. These parent study team meetings were attended by various disciplines and included open dialogue and intensive questions from non-chaplain team members to chaplains about their practices and Spiritual AIM. Individual notes (from reflexive memoing) and other reflections of team members were also reviewed for this report. The primary methodological framework for this paper, autoethnography, was not only used to describe the work of chaplains as researchers, but also to reflect on the process of researcher identity formation and offer personal insights regarding the challenges accompanying this process. Three major themes emerged from the autoethnographic analytic process: 1) chaplains’ unique contributions to the research team; 2) the interplay between the chaplains’ active research role and their work identities; and 3) tensions and challenges in being part of an interdisciplinary research team. Describing the contributions and challenges of one interdisciplinary research team that included chaplains may help inform chaplains about the experience of participating in research. As an autoethnographic study, this work is not meant to offer generalizable results about all chaplains’ experiences on research teams. Research teams that are interdisciplinary may mirror the richness and efficacy of clinical interdisciplinary teams. Further work is needed to better characterize both the promise and pitfalls of chaplains’ participation on research teams.
Submicron E-Beam Lithography Utilizing A Positive Novolac-Based Resist

A positive novolac-based resist, WX-214, developed by Olin Hunt Chemical, has been investigated for use with the commercial electron beam lithography systems, AEBLE 150 and MEBES® III. The WX-214 yielded a sensitivity of 16 pC/cm 2 , a high resolution of 0.25μm lines and spaces, and an excellent dry etching resistance for pattern transfer. The results on the characterization of the resist and the development of a process for thin and thick films are presented.
Nodal Events in Forebrain Evolution

Concepts of brain evolution within a group of animals depend upon an understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of the animals themselves. Classic concepts based upon a linear or "scala naturae" model of vertebrate evolution resulted in linear models of forcbrain evolution involving sequential addition of components such as "archicortex", "paleocortex" and "neocortex". This paper examines forebrain evolution in amniotes in the context of an amniote phylogeny based on modern techniques of phylogenetic systematics or cladistics. Analysis of forebrain characters common to all amniotes identifies a basic configuration of the forebrain with a pallium, striatum and septum. Analysis of variation of forebrain characters within those clades of amniotes with Recent representatives allows conclusions about the configuration of the forebrain at principal nodes in the amniote cladogram. Nodal patterns can be defined for mammals, turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians and birds. In contrast to the classic concept, the analysis suggests reptilian and mammalian patterns of forebrain organization were derived independently from a basal amniote pattern.
Apical fibrobullous disease with rheumatoid arthritis

We describe a patient who developed noninfectious apical fibrobullous disease 12 years after the diagnosis of seropositive, nodular, deforming rheumatoid arthritis. Fibrobullous disease of the pulmonary apices is a rare entity that is usually found in association with ankylosing spondylitis. Its appearance with rheumatoid arthritis has not been reported. Speculative factors which may predispose to apical fibrobullous disease, such as a stiff chest wall, impaired esophageal motility, and HL-A antigen B27, were not present in our patient.
Interactions between motor activity and sterotypy in cocaine-treated rats.

Effect of a single administration of a dose (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, i.p.) of cocaine hydrochloride on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and stereotypy (ST), and interactions between these behaviors were investigated in rats. SMA showed peak increases within 10 min and at 120 min after cocaine injection. Drug-induced stereotypy was maximal during the interval between these two peaks in SMA. Several neurotransmitters may be involved in the interactions between SMA and ST.
Rebuttal of the Report by the Institute for Justice Entitled Designing Cartels: How Industry Insiders Cut Out Competition

In September 2006, the Institute for Justice published a report entitled Designing Cartels: How Industry Insiders Cut Out Competition (Carpenter). The stated purpose was to examine “titling laws, using the interior design industry as the focus, to stimulate further research in this area and to illustrate what titling laws are and how they function” (p. 1). However, the focus of the report, in concert with the Institute for Justice's lawsuits against existing interior design regulation in New Mexico and Texas, appears to be an attack on the interior design profession. This paper is a research-supported rebuttal that analyzes Carpenter's findings within two major constructs: 1) interior decoration is not interior design, and 2) the purpose of regulation. The evidence of the Institute for Justice report is examined via principal topics that include the definition of interior design; the relationship of interior design to the health, safety, and welfare of the public; the framework of interior design regulation; the ideology of consumerism; the function of the Better Business Bureau (BBB) as a measurement tool of industry quality; and the idea of “profession” as a construct. This rebuttal found that Designing Cartels has not succeeded in presenting findings and conclusions that support its intended purpose. It is unfortunate for the public and the interior design profession that this report has been so widespread and used as a way to bolster litigation against the public interest without being examined more closely. Suggestions of the Institute for Justice, if implemented, could compromise the public's health, safety, and welfare.
Robust minimum energy wireless routing for underwater acoustic communication networks

Marine robots are an increasingly attractive means for observing and monitoring the ocean, but underwater acoustic communications remain a major challenge. The channel exhibits long delay spreads with frequency-dependent attenuation; moreover, it is time-varying. We consider the minimum energy wireless transmission problem [MET], augmented by the practical condition that constraints on link power must be satisfied in probability. For this, we formulate the robust counterpart of the multicommodity mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model from Haugland and Yuan [1], and derive scaled power levels that account for uncertainty. Our main result is that the deterministic formulation with these scaled power levels recovers exactly the optimal robust solution in the absence of correlations, and therefore allows for efficient solution via MILP. This approach achieves significant power improvements over heuristics, and naturally lends itself to vehicle networks.
Data rates conditions for network control system stabilization

In this paper we present sufficient conditions on the rate of a packet network to guarantee asymptotic stability of unstable discrete LTI system with linear state feedback control. Two types of network control systems are considered in the absence of communication delays. For one type we consider the case where we have invertible B matrix and the case where this does not occurred. Examples and simulations are provided to demonstrate the results.
The risk of second primaries subsequent to irradiation for cervix cancer

A review of 1048 patients with cancer of the cervix treated with radiation, either alone or combined with surgery, disclosed 32 cases of second primary malignancies occurring from 1 to 16 years subsequent to treatment. Using the person years approach, the incidence rate of second primaries was 5.49 per 1000 person years, which is not significantly different from population based rates. The anatomic locations of the new malignancies and the times from treatment of the cervix cancer to diagnosis of a new primary are presented; the possible carcinogenic effects of radiation are discussed. In this group of patients, it was concluded that under the period of observation irradiation administered at therapeutic doses did not increase the probability of second malignancy in the pelvis or at other sites.
Analyses of X-linked and autosomal genetic variation in population-scale whole genome sequencing

The ratio of genetic diversity on chromosome X to that on the autosomes is sensitive to both natural selection and demography. On the basis of whole-genome sequences of 69 females, we report that whereas this ratio increases with genetic distance from genes across populations, it is lower in Europeans than in West Africans independent of proximity to genes. This relative reduction is most parsimoniously explained by differences in demographic history without the need to invoke natural selection.
Analytical models to study the impact of error detection and recovery on the performance of a robotic assembly cell

Abstract This paper focuses on the analysis of effects of automatic Error Detection and Recovery (EDR) on the performance of robotic assembly cells. In order to perform the analysis we present a continuous time semi-Markov process (CTSMP) model of the robotic assembly cell. In our models, the assembly robot attempts EDR before resorting to calling operator assistance. In this context, an iterative algorithm to estimate the operator interference time is developed. The same methodology can be used to assess effectiveness of an automatic EDR. The major contribution of this paper lies in integrating the analysis of automatic and operator assisted EDR.
Mutations induced by methylene blue plus light in single-stranded M13mp2.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species are generated by a variety of cellular processes. These endogenously generated, reactive intermediates produce a multiplicity of DNA alterations and mutations and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. We report here that treatment of single-stranded M13mp2 bacteriophage DNA with methylene blue and white light generates increased levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and that mutagenesis is both highly specific and dependent on the SOS response. Lesions produced block the progression of DNA synthesis one base preceding template guanines. In SOS-induced Escherichia coli, 97% of all methylene blue-induced mutations in the lacZ alpha gene of M13mp2 DNA are single-base substitutions opposite template guanines. The most frequent mutations are G----C transversions. The G----T transversions expected from the presence of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the template strand occur, but at a lower frequency. Sequence data together with SOS dependency and the presence of replication blockage demonstrate that while 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine may serve as an important marker to monitor oxygen-induced DNA damage in humans, it does not account for either the observed blockage to replication or the mutagenesis by methylene blue plus light in SOS-induced E. coli. Instead, an as yet unidentified lesion generated by active oxygen species is a more potent mutagenic event.
Passive avoidance and carbachol excitation of the caudate nucleus.

Abstract Post-trial injections of carbachol into the caudate-putamen complex of rats impaired single-trial passive avoidance learning. Control placements of carbachol in the lateral hypothalamic region did not. Such injections did not alter ECoG activity of the frontal cortex. Larger dosages caused seizures and recurrent spindling similar to that effected by suprathreshold electrical stimulation. The results are discussed with regard to possible involvement of extra-caudatal influences.
The homogeneity and molecular weights of the meromyosins and their relative proportions in myosin.

Abstract The digestion of myosin by trypsin or chymotrypsin was found to yield ultracentrifugally homogeneous L(ight)-meromyosin. The H(eavy)-meromyosin, however, has a trailing shoulder in the ultracentrifuge. The inhomogeneity observed is variable and due to over-digestion by trypsin, and/or to aggregation of the H-meromyosin. Borate and barbital buffers increase the inhomogeneity while phosphate apparently prevents it to some extent. In high concentrations of phosphate buffer it is possible to obtain digests in which both sub-units are homogeneous. Measurements of the relative areas of the sedimentation patterns and the application of the radial dilution and Johnston-Ogston corrections reveal that, exclusive of dialyzable fragments, the digests consist of 25% L-meromyosin and 75% H-meromyosin by weight. Determination of the meromyosin molecular weights by the Archibald method gave values of 324,000 ± 20,000 and 126,000 ± 2,000 for the heavy and light fragment respectively. These composition and molecular weight data, and the recently measured molecular weight of myosin lead to the conclusion that myosin is made up of only one molecule of each meromyosin. This LH structure for myosin is also in agreement with a variety of other data, including amino acid analyses and optical rotation.
Restructuring or Destructuring?: Deindustrialization in Two Industrial Heartland Cities

The distinction between deindustrialization with destructuring—the disintegration of an economic structure - and deindustrialization with restructuring is missing from much of the debate over deindustrialization in metropolitan areas and the appropriate policy responses to it. Empirical research must account for different sequencing of destructuring and restructuring in different cities. Buffalo experienced destructuring with little or no restructuring, whereas Pittsburgh experienced them simultaneously. Both cities experienced deindustrialization well before the usual period of study. These issues are illustrated by a comparison of Pittsburgh and Buffalo, and some political and policy consequences are noted.
PhET Interactive Simulations: Transformative Tools for Teaching Chemistry

Developing fluency across symbolic-, macroscopic-, and particulate-level representations is central to learning chemistry. Within the chemistry education community, animations and simulations that support multi-representational fluency are considered critical. With advances in the accessibility and sophistication of technology, interactive computer simulations are emerging as uniquely powerful tools to support chemistry learning. In this article, we present examples and resources to support successful implementation of PhET interactive simulations. The PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder has developed over 30 interactive simulations for teaching and learning chemistry. PhET simulations provide dynamic access to multiple representations, make the invisible visible, scaffold inquiry, and allow for safe and quick access to multiple trials, while being engaging and fun for students and teachers. The simulations are readily accessible online, and are designed to be flexib...
The New Landscape of Therapy for Myelofibrosis

The landscape of therapy for myelofibrosis (MF) is evolving at a pace not previously seen for this clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm. The discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation in 2005 has led to the rapid development of therapy specifically developed for afflicted MF patients. Indeed, the successful phase III studies of ruxolitinib demonstrating improved symptomatic burden, splenomegaly and survival led to the first approved myelofibrosis drug in the United States and Europe. Multiple additional JAK2 inhibitors are currently in or nearing phase III testing, including SAR302503 (fedratinib), SB1518 (pacritinib) and CYT387 (momelotinib), seeking to offer incremental benefits to ruxolitinib in regards to cytopenias or other disease features. In parallel, phase III testing of pomalidomide is ongoing, with the goal of solidifying the role of immunomodulatory therapy in MF-associated anemia. Multiple single agents strategies are ongoing with histone deacetylase inhibitors, hedgehog inhibitors and hypomethylation agents. Incremental advances are further sought, either in additive or synergistic fashion, from combination strategies of ruxolitinib with multiple different approaches ranging from allogeneic stem cell transplant to current therapies mitigating anemia and further impacting the bone marrow microenvironment or histology. Transitioning from a pre-2011 era devoid of approved MF therapies to one of multiple agents that target not only disease course but symptomatic burden has indeed changed the platform from which MF providers are able to launch individualized treatment plans. In this article, we discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic milestones achieved through MF research and review the emerging pharmacologic agents on the treatment horizon.
PON1 and neurodevelopment in children from the CHAMACOS study exposed to organophosphate pesticides in utero.

BackgroundParaoxonase 1 (PON1) detoxifies oxon derivatives of some organophosphate (OP) pesticides, and its genetic polymorphisms influence enzyme activity and quantity. We previously reported that...
Ultrafast laser studies of the photothermal properties of gold nanocages.

Au nanocages were synthesized via a galvanic replacement reaction. The extinction peak of these hollow structured particles is shifted into the near-IR compared with the Ag nanocube templates. Energy transfer from the Au nanocages into the surrounding environment (water) as well as the coherently excited vibrational modes of the nanocages were studied by femtosecond pump−probe spectroscopy. The time scale for energy relaxation was found to increase with the size of the particles, with the relaxation time being independent of the laser intensity. The time scales for relaxation are comparable to those for solid spherical gold particles and are consistent with energy relaxation being controlled by heat dissipation in the solvent. The period of the coherently excited vibrational mode is proportional to the dimensions of the nanocages. Intensity-dependent measurements show that in solution the nanocages maintain their integrity up to lattice temperatures of 1100 ± 100 K.
A Comparison of Retail Franchises, Independent Businesses, and Purchased Existing Independent Business Startups: Lessons From the Kauffman Firm Survey

Franchising is a major economic powerhouse. Though research has been conducted on franchising from multi-disciplinary viewpoints, no study has compared retail franchises, independent businesses, and purchased existing independent businesses in the startup phase. This study utilized data from the U.S.-based Kauffman Foundation Firm Survey and examined major variables that would more likely influence survival-business type, ownership, owner-operator combinations, total revenue, labor intensity, profit and loss, and prior ownership experience. Our findings indicate that franchises differ considerably from new, independent businesses in most respects but are similar to purchased existing independent businesses. The overall results confirm prior findings that franchises have impediments that may affect their survival in the first year of operation and that some of the advantages of choosing a franchise over another form of business that have been sighted by the industry may not be completely valid.
90th Anniversary of the Development by Nikolai S. Korotkoff of the Auscultatory Method of Measuring Blood Pressure

Every day, all over the world, many thousands of physicians, nurses, and paramedics measure systemic arterial pressure by applying a cuff with an inflatable bladder around the patient's arm and using a stethoscope to listen to the sounds in the brachial artery. Many care providers know that they are listening to “Korotkoff sounds,” but very few know that the method was introduced 90 years ago by a Russian doctor and scientist, Nikolai Sergeevich Korotkoff (Fig 1⇓). Indeed, a report on a new method of measurement of arterial pressure1 was presented on November 8, 1905, at a scientific seminar of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia, by Korotkoff, a young surgeon from the clinic of Prof Sergei P. Fedorov. (The authors found the date of the presentation mentioned in Korotkoff's dissertation.2(p116)) An English translation of the text of Korotkoff's presentation1 was published by W.H. Lewis, Jr, in 1941.3 In the 90 years since Korotkoff presented the new method to measure the arterial pressure, medical science and medical technology have made big strides. However, because of its simplicity and high degree of accuracy, the method of auscultatory measurement of arterial pressure remains the most acceptable in everyday medical practice. Moreover, this method is one of only a few techniques for clinical examination of patients that has not undergone significant changes since it was introduced. Very little is known, even in his native Russia, about the life and work of this doctor and scientist.4 Outside Russia, even less is known about Korotkoff. Some biographical information by Segall was published in English in 1965.5 However, because of differences between the Russian and American systems of education, Segall misinterpreted some facts of Korotkoff's life. Information in the present article was based on materials available in the …
Commentary: the pediatric migraine connection.

Should biobehavioral intervention be the first treatment option considered by pediatricians and pediatric neurologists in the management of recurrent headache disorders of childhood? I believe the answer is, yes. Not one but several treatment techniques falling under the biobehavioral rubric have produced clinically significant results for most headache subtypes in children. Furthermore, these techniques are well described, readily implemented by properly trained clinicians (with the possible exception of biofeedback), and complementary to medical therapy. Perhaps, most important in the era of managed health care, treatment is typically short-term. So why, after 18 years of clinical experience and 31 published investigations later, is biobehavioral intervention not highly visible in the treatment armamentarium for pediatric headache syndromes?
Hormone release during mating in the male rat: time course, relation to sexual behavior, and interaction with handling procedures.

The time course of hormone release was studied in male rats which mated with receptive females for 60–120 min. In response, males exhibited rapid increases in plasma LH and PRL levels, which peaked 5–15 min after the initiation of mating. Testosterone (T) levels rose more slowly and peaked at 30–60 min. FSH levels did not change during mating. Similar patterns of hormone release were observed whether blood was collected from etherized rats by decapitation or from unanesthetized rats via indwelling atrial cannulae. When rats were ranked in terms of their relative speed in achieving multiple ejaculations, fast and slow maters did not differ in either the pattern or the magnitude of hormone release during mating. Moreover, hormone release was not related to particular behavioral events in the mating sequence. However, rats which showed no interest in the female also showed no elevations in hormone levels during exposure to a female. Transfer to an empty mating arena produced slight increases in LH and T leve...
Functional Linear Models for Association Analysis of Quantitative Traits

Functional linear models are developed in this paper for testing associations between quantitative traits and genetic variants, which can be rare variants or common variants or the combination of the two. By treating multiple genetic variants of an individual in a human population as a realization of a stochastic process, the genome of an individual in a chromosome region is a continuum of sequence data rather than discrete observations. The genome of an individual is viewed as a stochastic function that contains both linkage and linkage disequilibrium (LD) information of the genetic markers. By using techniques of functional data analysis, both fixed and mixed effect functional linear models are built to test the association between quantitative traits and genetic variants adjusting for covariates. After extensive simulation analysis, it is shown that the F-distributed tests of the proposed fixed effect functional linear models have higher power than that of sequence kernel association test (SKAT) and its optimal unified test (SKAT-O) for three scenarios in most cases: (1) the causal variants are all rare, (2) the causal variants are both rare and common, and (3) the causal variants are common. The superior performance of the fixed effect functional linear models is most likely due to its optimal utilization of both genetic linkage and LD information of multiple genetic variants in a genome and similarity among different individuals, while SKAT and SKAT-O only model the similarities and pairwise LD but do not model linkage and higher order LD information sufficiently. In addition, the proposed fixed effect models generate accurate type I error rates in simulation studies. We also show that the functional kernel score tests of the proposed mixed effect functional linear models are preferable in candidate gene analysis and small sample problems. The methods are applied to analyze three biochemical traits in data from the Trinity Students Study.
Sec1/Munc18 protein Vps33 binds to SNARE domains and the quaternary SNARE complex

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins catalyze membrane fusion events in the secretory and endolysosomal systems, and all SNARE-mediated fusion processes require cofactors of the Sec1/Munc18 (SM) family. Vps33 is an SM protein and subunit of the Vps-C complexes HOPS (homotypic fusion and protein sorting) and CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome tethering), which are central regulators of endocytic traffic. Here we present biochemical studies of interactions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar SNAREs and the HOPS holocomplex or Vps33 alone. HOPS binds the N-terminal Habc domain of the Qa-family SNARE Vam3, but Vps33 is not re- quired for this interaction. Instead, Vps33 binds the SNARE domains of Vam3, Vam7, and Nyv1. Vps33 directly binds vacuolar quaternary SNARE complexes, and the affinity of Vps33 for SNARE complexes is greater than for individual SNAREs. Through targeted mutational analyses, we identify missense mutations of Vps33 that produce a novel set of defects, includ- ing cargo missorting and the loss of Vps33-HOPS association. Together these data suggest a working model for membrane docking: HOPS associates with N-terminal domains of Vam3 and Vam7 through Vps33-independent interactions, which are followed by binding of Vps33, the HOPS SM protein, to SNARE domains and finally to the quaternary SNARE complex. Our results also strengthen the hypothesis that SNARE complex binding is a core attribute of SM protein function.
Freedom and Equality: Two Values of Political Orientation

A content analysis of four American political books according to Rokeach's model shows these two values to be most important in diferentiating ideological positions.
Marx, postmodernity, and transformation of the individual

Abstract Postmodernity raises for Marxism the question of what happens to the alienated subject's consciousness and purposeful action in the aftermath of its alienation. Arguing that some of Marx's own ideas can shed light on this question, I make a conceptual distinction between form of consciousness and mode of consciousness to capture what I take to be the kernel of his thinking on the transformation of the “average” individual and her/his consciousness in his Early Writings , and especially in the Grundrisse .
The effect of respiratory therapist-initiated treatment protocols on patient outcomes and resource utilization.

Context Physicians frequently prescribe respiratory treatments to hospitalized patients, but the influence of such treatments on clinical outcomes is difficult to assess. Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of patients receiving respiratory treatments managed by respiratory care practitioner (RCP)–directed treatment protocols or physician-directed orders. Design A single center, quasi-randomized, clinical study. Setting Three internal medicine firms from an urban teaching hospital. Patients Six hundred ninety-four consecutive hospitalized non-ICU patients ordered to receive respiratory treatments. Main outcome measures Discordant respiratory care orders, respiratory care charges, hospital length of stay, and patient-specific complications. Discordant orders were defined as written orders for respiratory treatments that were not clinically indicated as well as orders omitting treatments that were clinically indicated according to protocol-based treatment algorithms. Results Firm A patients (n = 239) received RCP-directed treatments and had a statistically lower rate of discordant respiratory care orders (24.3%) as compared with patients receiving physician-directed treatments in firms B (n = 205; 58.5%) and C (n = 250; 56.8%; p Conclusions Respiratory care managed by RCP-directed treatment protocols for non-ICU patients is safe and showed greater agreement with institutional treatment algorithms as compared with physician-directed respiratory care. Additionally, the overall utilization of respiratory treatments was significantly less among patients receiving RCP-directed respiratory care.