cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acid-catalyzed conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate in liquid ethanol

Reaction pathways for the acid-catalyzed conversion of furfuryl alcohol (FAL) to ethyl levulinate (EL) in ethanol were investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ab initio high-level quantum chemical (G4MP2) calculations. Our combined studies show that the production of EL at high yields from FAL is not accompanied by stoichiometric production of diethyl ether (DEE), indicating that ethoxymethylfuran (EMF) is not an intermediate in the major reaction pathway. Several intermediates were observed using an LC-MS system, and three of these intermediates were isolated and subjected to reaction conditions. The structures of two intermediates were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR techniques. One of these intermediates is EMF, which forms EL and DEE in a secondary reaction pathway. The second intermediate identified is 4,5,5-triethoxypentan-2-one, which is analogous to one of the intermediates observed in the conversion of FAL to LA in water (i.e. 4,5,5-trihydroxypentan-2-one). Furthermore, conversion of this intermediate to EL again involves the formation of DEE, indicating that it is also part of a secondary pathway. The primary pathway for production of EL involves solvent-assisted transfer of a water molecule from the partially detached protonated hydroxyl group of FAL to a ring carbon, followed by intra-molecular hydrogen shift, where the apparent reaction barrier for the hydrogen shift is relatively smaller in ethanol (21.1 kcal mol−1) than that in water (26.6 kcal mol−1).
Remote measurement of HCl, CH 4 , and N 2 O using a single-ended chemical-laser lidar system

The applicability of the high energy discretely tuned DF laser for remote measurement of HCl, CH(4), and N(2)O has been investigated. A single-ended or monostatic lidar system using radiation backscattered from topographical targets was tested. Selective absorption of the backscattered signal was used to infer concentration of gaseous species. Good agreement was obtained between the lidar measurements and the concentrations determined by in situ measurements in the remotely positioned sample chamber. The lowest measurable material concentration for each gas was inferred from random fluctuations in the measured concentration. Sensitivity of the existing system to HCl, CH(4), and N(2)O was found to be 0.05 ppm-km, 6.0 ppm-km, and 0.24 ppm-km, respectively. An N(2)O plume was also measured in the open atmosphere between the lidar system and a foliage target to demonstrate system capabilities under typical field conditions. Performance predictions indicate that total burden and range-resolved species concentration measurements are feasible to a range of 10 km or more with commercially available components.
Dislocation structures in In-doped and undoped GaAs deformed at 700-1100°C

Dislocation structures in In-doped and undoped GaAs single crystals deformed at 700-1100°C have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The results for (Ga, In)As, similar to earlier findings for Si and Ge, provide the basis for a proposed model for recovery processes. The observed structures together with their mechanical properties indicate that the role of In is consistent with an athermal contribution to the frictional stress arising from a solid-solution-hardening effect.
When Mothers and Fathers Migrate North: Caretakers, Children, and Child Rearing in Guatemala

A substantial portion of Guatemala's population—about 10—15 percent of a population of 12 million—emigrates to the United States. Although this northward movement has produced significant social change, few studies have examined it from the perspective of the increasing involvement of household structures in transnational migration processes. Ethnographic research focused on transnational families reveals the social relationships that develop between caregivers and children and between parents and caregivers because of the necessity for transnational migration and identifies the emotional costs of these arrangements.
Teacher Preparation: A Collaborative Model.

Abstract Criticism of education and teacher preparation persists. The “Teachers Educating and Motivating Students,” or TEAMS, model was developed to address this criticism. The TEAMS model has been structured using a Professional Development School (PDS) concept as the core component. The model is a competency‐based, structured block program featuring concurrent enrollment in groups of courses and a corresponding field component. Evaluation of the TEAMS program is a continuing process. Completion of a “perceptions” survey and a workplace competencies instrument by students and mentors/administrators revealed that the TEAMS program is accomplishing intended goals. Furthermore, t tests revealed only one significant difference in perceived adequacy between students and mentors/administrators on the workplace competencies. The data also revealed an overall positive attitude toward the project and satisfaction regarding the achievement of workplace competencies.
Small sample properties of the logit maximum likelihood estimator:a simulation study

This paper explores the effect of sample size, scale of parameters and size of the choice set on the maximum likelihood estimator of the parameters of the multinomial logit model. Data were generated by simulations under a three-way factorial experimental design for logit models containing three, four and five explanatory variables. Simulation data were analyzed by analysis of covariance and a regression model of the performance measure, the log root mean-squared error (LRMSE), fitted against the three factors and their interactions. Several important conclusions emerged. First, the LRMSE improves, but at a decreasing rate, with increases in the model's degrees of freedom. Second, the number of choice alternatives in the decision makers' choice sets has a significant impact on the LRMSE; however, heterogeneity in the choice sets across the sample has little or no impact. Finally, the scale of parameters and all of its two-way interactions with the other two factors significantly affect the LRMSE. Using th...
Migration of null lymphocytes to murine sarcoma virus-induced tumors.

The migration of highly purified null lymphocytes to murine sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced rhabdomyosarcomas was investigated. Spleen cell populations were obtained from normal C57B16(B6) mice as well as from B6 mice which had been injected with MSV. Either fractionated spleen cells or immunoabsorbent column-purified null cells were radiolabeled with sodium chromate-51 and injected intravenously (iv) into syngeneic normal mice, mice bearing an MSV-induced sarcoma, or mice which had rejected an MSV-induced tumor. Twenty-four hours after injection with the chromiumlabeled null cells, the recipient mice were killed and radioactivity per gram tissue assessed. The tissues evaluated were the tumor, normal muscle, the lymph nodes draining the tumor, contralateral lymph nodes, lymph nodes distant from the tumor site, spleen, peripheral blood, bone marrow, and thymus. The results show that null cells migrate preferentially to a sarcoma induced by MSV. In addition, at the time of maximum tumor growth, an increase in the localization of null cells from either normal or virus-infected mice to the lymph nodes draining the tumor site was found. Moreover, null cells derived from MSV-infected mice had significantly different migration patterns in normal recipients than did null cells obtained from normal mice. Taken together, these data suggest that the migration patterns of null cells are dramatically altered during the pathogenesis of virus-induced sarcomas.
Parameter estimation for linear multidimensional non-Gaussian signals

The author considers the problem of estimating the parameters of a general (possibly asymmetric noncausal and/or nonminimum phase) two-dimensional autoregressive moving average random field model driven by an independent and identically distributed two-dimensional non-Gaussian sequence. Several inverse filter criteria were recently considered for parameter estimation of the system parameters given only the output measurements (image pixels). These criteria were shown to yield strongly consistent parameter estimates. The focus is on the computational aspects. A computer simulation example is presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach. >
Children's Television Watching and Their Fathers' Drinking Practices

Elementary-age children of fathers who abstained from drinking alcohol (119), drank alcohol moderately (99), or were alcoholics (60) were interviewed regarding the television programs they watched. Three measures of viewing—number of different programs, number of programs weighted for frequency, and amount of alcohol content—all indicated that children of alcoholics watched significantly more television programs than other children and saw more alcohol being consumed. The results were discussed as being consistent with a pattern of lack of parental supervision and of family conflict. Television's role in contributing to cognitive and behavioral problems more characteristic of children of alcoholics was mentioned.
The nurse as counselor.

Abstract It is commonly noted that persons with a need for professional counseling often choose indirect means of seeking such help. College students may present to the college health nurse with vague physical symptoms. Nurses have generally recognized competence in counseling due to their professional preparation. Beyond this, there are five basic requirements for competence for counseling college students: a bias for optimism; knowledge of key concepts; an investigative method; a perspective for college health nurses; and continuing education for nurse counselors. A need for counseling is a clinical judgment made by the nurse, and his/her response will be immediate situational counseling, continuing counseling sessions, or referral. Types of counseling situations that the nursing professional may encounter are outlined, including four escapes utilized by students, such as substance abuse, suicide, fear of AIDS, and anorexia/bulimia. Since students do utilize health services, the nurse counselor with a h...
Predicting longitudinal patterns of functional deficits in children with traumatic brain injury.

Longitudinal patterns of functional deficits were investigated in 37 children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), 40 children with moderate TBI, and 44 children with orthopedic injuries. They were from 6 to 12 years of age when injured. Their neuropsychological, behavioral, adaptive, and academic functioning were assessed at 6 months, 12 months, and 3‐5 years postinjury. Functional deficits (10th percentile for age) were identified within each outcome domain at each occasion. Children were classified into 4 a priori longitudinal patterns of outcomes within domains (i.e., no deficits, improvement, deterioration, persistent deficits). In multinomial logistic regression analyses, severe TBI predicted an increased likelihood of persistent deficits in all outcome domains, as well as deterioration in behavioral functioning and improvement in neuropsychological, adaptive, and academic functioning. Severe TBI also predicted a greater total number of functional deficits across domains at each occasion. However, many children with severe TBI showed no deficits from 6 months to 4 years postinjury in 1 or more outcome domains. The findings help clarify the course of recovery for individual children following TBI.
Fuzzy SVM for noisy data: A robust membership calculation method

Support vector machine (SVM) is a theoretically well motivated algorithm developed from statistical learning theory, that have shown good performance in many fields. In spite of its success, it still suffers from a noise sensitivity problem. To relax this problem, the SVM was extended by the introduction of fuzzy memberships to the fuzzy SVM (FSVM). The FSVM also has been extended further in two ways: by adopting a different objective function with the help of domain-specific knowledge and by employing a different membership calculation method. In this paper, we propose a new membership calculation method, that belongs to the second group. It is different from previous ones in that it does not assume any simple data distribution and does not need any prior knowledge. The proposed method is based on reconstruction error, which measures the agreement between the overall data structure and a data point. Thus the reconstruction error can represent the degree of outlier-ness and help in achieving noise robustness. Experimental results with synthetic and real data sets also support this.
Gradient-based texture cartoon decomposition

We proposed an automatic nonlinear texture-cartoon decomposition based on the frequency behavior of texture and cartoon across different scales. We measured the ratio of gradient magnitude across modulation domain components and used this ratio to classify the texture and cartoon pixels. The algorithm computed the modulation domain component where texture and cartoon are separated. Our simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm is able to extract meaningful texture and cartoon components from images efficiently.
Sliding Motility in Mycobacteria

Mycobacteria are nonflagellated gram-positive microorganisms. Previously thought to be nonmotile, we show here that Mycobacterium smegmatis can spread on the surface of growth medium by a sliding mechanism. M. smegmatis spreads as a monolayer of cells which are arranged in pseudofilaments by close cell-to-cell contacts, predominantly along their longitudinal axis. The monolayer moves away from the inoculation point as a unit with only minor rearrangements. No extracellular structures such as pili or fimbriae appear to be involved in this process. The ability to translocate over the surface correlates with the presence of glycopeptidolipids, a mycobacterium-specific class of amphiphilic molecules located in the outermost layer of the cell envelope. We present evidence that surface motility is not restricted to M. smegmatis but is also a property of the slow-growing opportunistic pathogen M. avium. This form of motility could play an important role in surface colonization by mycobacteria in the environment as well as in the host.
Individual differences in rCBF correlates of syntactic processing in sentence comprehension: effects of working memory and speed of processing

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to determine the effect of working memory and speed of sentence processing on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during syntactic processing in sentence comprehension. PET activity associated with making plausibility judgments about syntactically more complex subject-object (SO) sentences (e.g., The juice that the child spilled stained the rug) was compared to that associated with making judgments about synonymous syntactically simpler object-subject (OS) sentences (e.g., The child spilled the juice that stained the rug). Two groups of nine subjects differing in working memory and matched for speed of sentence processing both showed increases in rCBF in lateral posteroinferior frontal lobe bilaterally. The subjects were reclassified to form two groups of eight subjects who were matched for working memory but who differed in speed of sentence processing. Fast-performing subjects activated lateral posteroinferior frontal lobe bilaterally and slow-performing subjects showed activation of left superior temporal lobe. The results indicate that rCBF responses to syntactic comprehension tasks vary as a function of speed of sentence processing but not as a function of working memory.
Anglo Voting on Nativist Ballot Initiatives: The Partisan Impact of Spatial Proximity to the U.S.-Mexico Border*

Objective. In this study, we examine how contextual factors influence voting behavior on nativist ballot initiatives using California’s Propositions 187 and 227. We argue that spatial proximity to the border is associated with voting behavior on nativist initiatives. Methods. To examine the influence of environmental factors on Anglo voting behavior on nativist ballot initiatives, we utilize California Field Polls, U.S. Census data, and spatially referenced data generated using GIS software. Results. The results indicate that spatial proximity to the border is an important component in individual-level voting on nativist initiatives and that the impact of proximity to the border on the vote for Propositions 187 and 227 varies as a function of individual-level partisan affiliation. Conclusions. These findings hold implications for future research regarding the influence of geospatial boundaries and political behavior.
A CDMA cellular system in a mobile base station environment

In an area devoid of a communications infrastructure, it may be necessary to set up a temporary, mobile communications architecture. In such a scenario, both mobiles and base stations must be able to be in motion without sacrificing system performance. To ensure uniform performance throughout each cell, an adaptive power control scheme is essential. However, even this may not be sufficient to counteract the effect of mobile cells which may "overlap" spatially. Here we evaluate the performance of a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) scheme in a mobile cellular environment taking into account the effects of overlapping cells and various channel models. We also examine the effect of imperfect power control on capacity, as well as the performance improvement obtained using convolutional coding with soft decision decoding. >
Dispositional Antecedents and Consequences of Emotional Labor at Work

We examined individual difference variables as antecedents of perceived emotional labor, as well as affective and behavioral consequences. Full time employees who had at least five years of work experience completed two separate surveys. Respondents were asked to indicate negative affectivity and political skill, and perceived emotional labor at time one. Job-induced tension and political behavior were gathered two months later. Results indicated that negative affectivity and political skill were significantly related to employee perceived emotional labor, which further influenced employees' use of political behaviors and job-induced tension. Implications of the current study and directions for future research are discussed.
Neighborhood cohesion and daily well-being: results from a diary study.

Abstract Neighborly cohesiveness has documented benefits for health. Furthermore, high perceived neighborhood cohesion offsets the adverse health effects of neighborhood socioeconomic adversity. One potential way neighborhood cohesion influences health is through daily stress processes. The current study uses participants (n = 2022, age 30–84 years) from The Midlife in the United States II and the National Study of Daily Experiences II, collected between 2004 and 2006, to examine this hypothesis using a within-person, daily diary design. We predicted that people who perceive high neighborhood cohesion are exposed to fewer daily stressors, such as interpersonal arguments, lower daily physical symptoms and negative affect, and higher daily positive affect. We also hypothesized that perceptions of neighborhood cohesion buffer decline in affective and physical well-being on days when daily stressors do occur. Results indicate that higher perceived neighborhood cohesion predicts fewer self-reported daily stressors, higher positive affect, lower negative affect, and fewer physical health symptoms. High perceived neighborhood cohesion also buffers the effects of daily stressors on negative affect, even after adjusting for other sources of social support. Results from the present study suggest interventions focusing on neighborhood cohesion may result in improved well-being and may minimize the adverse effect of daily stressors.
Falling down the Rabbit Hole: aTRIP Toward Lexiconic Precision in the “Gain-of-Function” Debate

Alice’s trip through the looking glass and her adventures in Wonderland represent fantastical journeys into an imaginary world where things are never as they seem, people run rapidly to stay in the same place, and eggs talk. A classic and often quoted exchange between Alice and that precocious egg revolves around the usage and definition of words. Humpty Dumpty has a rather egocentric approach to terminology: ‘“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.”’ On hearing this, Alice was “too much puzzled to say anything” (1). Needless to say, in our day-to-day interactions, Humpty Dumpty’s approach to dialog is not a viable option. Unlike him, we do not sit isolated and alone on top of a wall. Rather, we inhabit a world where communication is rapid and clarity is critical. Lack of precision leads to misunderstandings which can be rapidly amplified in retweets, likes, and shares. Before you know it, scientists, governments, the media, and the public are like Alice, simply puzzled. At the 2014 National Science Advisory Board in Biosafety (NSABB) meeting in Washington (http://osp.od.nih.gov/office-biotechnology-activities/event/2014-10-22-121500-2014-10-22-200000/nsabb-meeting), it was clear from the outset that terminology matters. Canvassing the opinions of microbiologists before that meeting made it apparent that they are uncharacteristically united in their dislike of the term “gain of function” (GOF). This is understandable and hardly surprising since it is not a term that they typically use. What is probably more interesting is that even though the consensus of opinion is that this terminology is getting in the way and that moving away from a phrase which has been hijacked to describe a small set of influenza virus experiments would be useful, how to address this problem is much less obvious, especially since …
Vapor-phase synthesis of metallic and intermetallic nanoparticles and nanowires: Magnetic and catalytic properties

In this paper, we present several examples of the vapor-phase synthesis of inter- metallic and alloy nanoparticles and nanowires, and investigate their magnetic and catalytic properties. In the first example, we report the vapor-phase synthesis of intermetallic alu- minide nanoparticles. Specifically, FeAl and NiAl nanoparticles were synthesized via laser vaporization controlled condensation (LVCC) from their bulk powders. The NiAl nanoparti- cles were found to be paramagnetic at room temperature, with a blocking temperature of ap- proximately 15 K. The FeAl nanoparticles displayed room-temperature ferromagnetism. In the second example, we report the vapor-phase synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticle cata- lysts for low-temperature CO oxidation. The incorporation of Au and Pd nanoparticles into the cobalt oxide support leads to significantly improved catalytic activity and stability of the binary catalyst systems. Finally, we report the synthesis of nanowires of Ge, Mg, Pd, and Pt using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method where the vapor-phase growth of the wire is cat- alyzed using a proper metal catalyst present in the liquid phase.
Soft Error Rates of Hardened Sequentials utilizing Local Redundancy

Process scaling is well know to increase overall chip-level soft error rates (SER) if no additional mitigation techniques are applied [Seifert04]. The purpose of this study is to summarize recent investigations conducted by the author to characterize the SER benefits and limitations of one particular SER mitigation technique: radiation hardened sequentials that utilize local redundancy. The studied devices include several flavors of single-event upset tolerant sequentials (SEUT [Hazucha04]) which is an interlocked device similar to DICE (dual interlocked CEII [Calin96]) and built-in soft error resilient devices (BISER [Mitra05, Zhang04]) which block rather than correct single event upsets (SEU). Redundancy based hardened sequential designs discussed in this work can only recover single node upsets, i.e. from particle strikes where only one node collects significant amounts of charge. It is therefore crucial to separate "critical nodes" in space to minimize the amount of charge collected at more than one node, i.e. minimize "charge sharing". A second major upset mechanisms of the studied sequentials are clock node strikes [Seifert07]. Please note that this upset mechanism does not involve charge sharing and therefore is expected to be a significant SER contributor unless the clock tree has been hardened. Finally for non error blocking schemes and single node strikes that yield transient glitches only, pulses can propagate and could be potentially latched by downstream sequentials, similar to noise in combinational logic. This soft error contribution component of radhard sequentials is neglected in this study, where solely static failure rates of radhard devices have been investigated. Neutron- and alpha-particle induced upset rates of SEUT and of BISER devices have been collected as a function of voltage and data pattern. All investigated designs have been implemented using test-chips built in a 45 nm high-k + metal gate process [Mistry07]. Neutron characterization was performed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANSCE), whereas alpha-particle irradiation was conducted in-house using Thorium-232 foils. By careful selection of data patterns and designs with different critical node distances, the impact of the above discussed upset mechanisms have been separated and quantified. Our results highlight that soft error reduction values in excess of 100times with respect to non- hardened designs are feasible in 45nm technologies. Without proper clock protection, SER benefits are limited to about 10-30times, however. Further, if no attention is given to proper separation of critical nodes, upset rates similar to those of non-radhard devices can be expected. Despite the encouraging result that two orders of magnitude reduction in nominal SER is feasible in 45 nm technologies, our results also project that compact redundancy hardened designs will have soft error rates similar to non-hardened designs within a few technology generations if no additional mitigation techniques are applied to reduce the impact of charge sharing.
The frequency of vestibular disorders in developmentally delayed preschoolers with otitis media.

This study investigated the frequency ofvestibular disorders in develop­ mentall)1 disabled preschoolers who did and who did not have a history ofotitis media. Fifteen children with a history ofotitis media and fifteen children with no history of otitis me­ dia were given two tests for vestib­ ular functioning: the Southern Cali­ fornia Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) and the Lateral Labyrin­ thine Righting Reaction (LLRR), act­ ing on the head. The scores on these tests were dichotomized, and a corre­ lation between these two tests as measures ofvestibular function was obtained. Because this correlation did not reach a satisfactory level, two a satisfactory level, two separate chi­ square analyses were performed to examine the frequency ofvestibular disorders with otitis media. Both tests showed a statisticall)! significant dif ference in the incidence ofvestibular disorders between the two groups of children; the group having otitis me­ dia demonstrated more vestibular disorders. The SCPNT demonstrated more striking results than did LLRR. This finding is related to the two tests measuring different aspects ofvestibular functioning; the sepa rate chi-square analyses were performed to examine the frequency ofvestibular disorders with otitis me­ dia. Both tests showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence ofvestibular disorders between the two groups of children; the group having otitis media demonstrated more vestibular disorders. The SCPNT demonstrated more striking results than did LLRR. This finding is related to the two tests measuring different aspects ofvestibular func­ tioning; the SCPNT reflects semicir­ cular canal functioning, and the LLRR reflects utricular and saccu­ lar functioning. The criteria used for LLRR (four seconds) also may have influenced the results obtained using this test.
The Immune Response in the Chicken: Lymphoid Development of the Bursa of Fabricius and Thymus and an Immune Response Role for the Gland of Harder

Abstract Central to the immune response is the normal embryonic development of thymic-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) and bursal or bone marrow derived lymphocytes (B cells). Jolly (1915) believed the primary hemocytoblasts originated from mesenchymal cells which differentiate into lymphocytes within the endodermal environment of the bursa of Fabricius. Morphological studies of the bursa by Ackerman and Knouff (1959) and Ackerman (1962) suggested a direct transformation of epithelial cells to medullary lymphocytes with a portion of the cortical lymphocytes derived from stellate mesenchymal cells and epithelial cell migration. Evidence for the transformation of a blood-borne progenitor cell to bursal lymphocyte has been reviewed (Glick, 1977). Now, the elegant experiments of LeDouarin, using interspecies chimeras, will be discussed to extend the previous review. Lymphoid Development in Bursa of Fabricius and Thymus. The interphase nuclei of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) are distinguished by the presence of a . . .
Is the Sonoran Desert losing its cool

Freezing temperatures strongly influence vegetation in the hottest desert of North America, in part determining both its overall boundary and distributions of plant species within. To evaluate recent variability of freezing temperatures in this context, minimum temperature data from weather stations in the Sonoran Desert are examined. Data show widespread warming trends in winter and spring, decreased frequency of freezing temperatures, lengthening of the freeze-free season, and increased minimum temperatures per winter year. Local land use and multidecadal modes of the global climate system such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation do not appear to be principal drivers of this warming. Minimum temperature variability in the Sonoran Desert does, however, correspond to global temperature variability attributed to human-dominated global warming. With warming expected to continue at faster rates throughout the 21st century, potential ecological responses may include contraction of the overall boundary of the Sonoran Desert in the south-east and expansion northward, eastward, and upward in elevation, as well as changes to distributions of plant species within and other characteristics of Sonoran Desert ecosystems. Potential trajectories of vegetation change in the Sonoran Desert region may be affected or made more difficult to predict by uncertain changes in warm season precipitation variability and fire. Opportunities now exist to investigate ecosystem response to regional climate disturbance, as well as to anticipate and plan for continued warming in the Sonoran Desert region.
A far-infrared study of ionic interactions in poly(styrene sulfonic acid) ionomers

Abstract : The far-infrared spectra of polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) ionomer films containing alkali and alkaline earth ions have been studied, and strong, broad bands whose frequencies are cation-dependent, have been observed and assigned to cation-motion. The force field elements for cations vibrating at sulfonate-containing sites have been obtained for different models of the cation-motion vibration. The effects of hydration, dehydration and thermal annealing are discussed in light of ion-clustering in these materials. (Author)
SPIRIT: A simulation paradigm for realistic design of mature mobile societies

In very close future, human interests and behavior will play a central role in design of mobile networks. Thus, simulation of user behaviors is imperative for the design and evaluation of future mobile networks. However, multi-dimensionality of human interests makes it difficult for us to provide realistic simulations. In this paper, we address challenges in this regard and propose a multivariate technique based on Gaussian mixture models as the first step for simulation of mobile users' interests considering website visitations. We also introduce an evaluation technique for measuring the quality of high-dimensional simulation output. Using our collected dataset including billions of WLAN netflow records for 100 web domains at 79 buildings, we show that our technique not only keeps the characteristics of hidden behavioral groups, but also is flexible enough to approximate the real dataset with given required accuracy.
Fatty acid and sensory characteristics of beef from three biological types of cattle grazing cool-season forages supplemented with soyhulls.

Over two consecutive years, the effects of allocating divergent biological types of cattle (n = 107) to fescue pasture without supplementation, or fescue or orchardgrass pasture with soyhull supplementation on chemical, fatty acid and sensory characteristics were investigated. Cattle from the two supplemented treatments produced beef that had increased (P 0.05) the CLA present in the longissimus, which can commonly occur when forage-fed cattle are supplemented concentrates. Although supplementation did not impact (P > 0.05) Warner-Bratzler shear force or tenderness, supplementation of soyhulls reduced (P < 0.05) the grassy flavor intensity of rib steaks when compared to the control. Biological type did not have a significant influence on most traits analyzed in this study. These results suggest that supplementation of soyhulls to cattle grazing forage can reduce grassy flavor intensity without decreasing CLA proportions, but can reduce the n-3 fatty acid proportions present in the longissimus.
Using Residence Time Distributions (RTDs) to Address the Traceability of Raw Materials in Continuous Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Continuous processing in pharmaceutical manufacturing is a relatively new approach that has generated significant attention. While it has been used for decades in other industries, showing significant advantages, the pharmaceutical industry has been slow in its adoption of continuous processing, primarily due to regulatory uncertainty. This paper aims to help address these concerns by introducing methods for batch definition, raw material traceability, and sensor frequency determination. All of the methods are based on established engineering and mathematical principles, especially the residence time distribution (RTD). This paper introduces a risk-based approach to address content uniformity challenges of continuous manufacturing. All of the detailed methods are discussed using a direct compaction manufacturing line as the main example, but the techniques can easily be applied to other continuous manufacturing methods such as wet and dry granulation, hot melt extrusion, capsule filling, etc.
Mack Henley (B)

This series of cases follows a Darden student's career decision and tracks his search process for an acquisition candidate in the retail industry. The A case (UVA-G-0346) considers the student's career choice. In the B case, the student decides to acquire his own business, and he must construct a timetable in the C case (UVA-G-0348). The D case (UVA-G-0349) provides summaries of six candidates for acquisition, followed by an acquisition checklist.
Race and the Politics of Criminal Cases on State Supreme Courts

In this paper we answer one of the longstanding questions in judicial politics: do nonwhite judges behave differently than white judges? It has long been presumed that white judges differ from their minority counterparts in terms of sentencing, deliberation, and propensity to overturn decisions. However, to date, evidence on whether there are systematic differences in behavior between these two groups of judges has been largely elusive. Here, we utilize the newly created judge-level State Supreme Court Database to assess whether judicial decisionmaking is affected by race. Looking at all criminal cases decided by all state supreme court judges from 1995-1998, we find little evidence of differences between white and nonwhite judges. In fact, specifying our model a variety of ways, the race of the judge does not appear to matter at all in terms of the likelihood that a judge will vote to overturn a criminal conviction or a sentence. This indicates that even though descriptive representation has intrinsic merits, it does not translate into substantive representation.
Choice Experiments to Quantify Preferences for Health and Healthcare: State of the Practice

Stated-preference methods increasingly are used to quantify preferences in health economics, health technology assessment, benefit-risk analysis and health services research. The objective of stated-preference studies is to acquire information about trade-off preferences among treatment outcomes, prioritization of clinical decision criteria, likely uptake or adherence to healthcare products and acceptability of healthcare services or policies. A widely accepted approach to eliciting preferences is discrete-choice experiments. Patient, physician, insurant or general-public respondents choose among constructed, experimentally controlled alternatives described by decision-relevant features or attributes. Attributes can represent complete health states, sets of treatment outcomes or characteristics of a healthcare system. The observed pattern of choice reveals how different respondents or groups of respondents implicitly weigh, value and assess different characteristics of treatments, products or services. An important advantage of choice experiments is their foundation in microeconomic utility theory. This conceptual framework provides tests of internal validity, guidance for statistical analysis of latent preference structures, and testable behavioural hypotheses. Choice experiments require expertise in survey-research methods, random-utility theory, experimental design and advanced statistical analysis. This paper should be understood as an introduction to setting up a basic experiment rather than an exhaustive critique of the latest findings and procedures. Where appropriate, we have identified topics of active research where a broad consensus has not yet been established.
“‘Do This! Do That!’ and Nothing Will Happen”: Executive Orders and Bureaucratic Responsiveness

How effective is unilateral presidential power? Recent developments have shifted presidential scholarship in the direction of a more institutional approach, and one of the most important tenets of ...
ARRHYTHMIA BURDEN AMONG COMMUNITY DWELLING ELDERLY USING TWO WEEKS OF AMBULATORY ECG RECORDINGS

Cardiac arrhythmias are often paroxysmal and asymptomatic, and may present with adverse outcomes such as stroke as their first manifestation. The prevalence and frequency burden of these arrhythmias in the community, an initial step in understanding their significance, remains unclear. We studied
The Difficult Neck in Facelifting

The management of the neck often presents the most challenging aspect of the facelift procedure. The aesthetic neck has a well-defined jaw line, a pleasing and adequate cervicomental angle, and visible definitions of the deeper lateral and midline structures, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscles and trachea. Several unfavorable anatomic characteristics will present that will compound the challenge. These characteristics are contrasted with ideal features and include the following: an excess of adipose tissue, an excess of either thin or thick inelastic skin, marked relaxation of the suspension structures of the neck with resultant platysma banding and jowling, and unfavorable skeletal features such as microgenia and hyoid malposition. These patients present for rhytidectomy with inadequate chin projection, an obtuse cervicomental angle, sagging skin, and a heavy neck. To maximize rhytidectomy results in these patients with difficult neck anatomy, special attention to the anatomy and application of recognized techniques in an individualized manner is recommended. This article reviews the issues encountered in the management of the difficult neck in facelifting, with special attention given to patients with a heavy neck.
Analysis of occupational hazards factors in tyre manufacture industry

Objective:To investigate the occupational hazards factors and hazard rating involved in tyre manufacture industry of Hangzhou,to propose protective focal points.Methods:Through field investigation,the main occupational hazard factors were analyzed.Results:Dust, n-hexane,noise and high temperature existed in the workshops of the tyre manufacture enterprise were the critical occupational hazards factors in Hangzhou.Conclusion:Occupational disease prevention of the tyre manufacture enterprise in Hangzhou is supposed to pay great attention to supervisory management.
Outcome of progesterone treatment of luteal phase inadequacy

Diagnosis, choice of therapy, and pregnancy outcome were analyzed in 79 women evaluated for luteal phase inadequacy. Criteria for the diagnosis were established, and groups at risk for luteal inadequacy were identified. Treatment choices, tailored to the suspected cause, included progesterone suppositories in 54 women, with 23 pregnancies and 19 deliveries; clomiphene citrate in 6 women, with 2 pregnancies and deliveries; and combined treatment in 7 women, with 5 pregnancies and 4 deliveries. Eight women received no treatment, including three who underwent endometrial biopsy in the cycle of conception and who subsequently delivered. These data suggest that careful diagnosis and the proper choice of treatment are important, and that progesterone supplementation may result in improved pregnancy outcome for patients with infertility and pregnancy wastage who have luteal phase inadequacy.
The management of erythroblastosis fetalis.

It is a mistake to assume that because a baby with erythroblastosis fetalis has a high hemoglobin level he is not in danger. Jaundice is rarely present at birth. There are other traps for the unwary, particularly in performing and interpreting laboratory tests. The usual price of poor management, unless one is lucky, is kernicterus, which either kills the baby immediately or leaves him a cripple. The reward for vigilance is the satisfaction of having prevented some cases of cerebral palsy.
Chronic Severe Hyponatremia and Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Avoiding Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome

Serum sodium concentration affects every cell in the body with respect to cellular tonicity. Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte abnormality encountered, occurring at clinical admission in 22% of elderly patients. Any rapid correction of chronic severe hyponatremia can result in rapid cellular shrinking due to loss of intracellular free water. This is commonly associated with paralysis and severe brain damage due to osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). ODS occurs because the body has the ability to compensate for cellular fluid shifts due to chronic hyponatremia (by a decrease in brain concentration of several ions, amino acids, and organic osmolytes). Thus, the neurons are often at a functional state of fluid balance despite the sodium imbalance. The initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can introduce between 1 and 2 L of priming solution containing a normal sodium concentration creating a rapid rise in sodium concentration within the extracellular fluid. This abrupt change establishes a situation where intracellular free water can be lost resulting in cellular shrinking and ODS. In presenting this case study, we hope to add to the current literature with a specific isotonic approach to treating the chronically severe hyponatremic patient pre-CPB, during CPB, and post-CPB.
The Hereditary Ataxias

The hereditary ataxias are a group of genetic neurological disorders, characterized by motor incoordination, resulting from dysfunction of the cerebellum and its connections. These syndromes can be divided into childhood-ataxias that often result from underlying enzymatic defects and late-onset progressive ataxias that are due to specific gene function. Both groups comprise a large group of diseases that can be further divided based on the mode of inheritance. For a few hereditary ataxias, particularly those due to specific metabolic or enzymatic defects, the underlying pathological mechanism may be reversed by treatment. For the rest, the treatment is currently limited to symptomatic therapies to manage the patients' disabilities. In this chapter, we have stressed the importance of basic science research that promises to bring advances to the bedside.
Acid-Base Chemistry

Abstract Environmental acidity and basicity arise from numerous sources: wash-out of atmospheric gases in the troposphere and their subsequent wet deposition on the land surface, fertilizer use and biomass harvest in agriculture, dissimilatory nitrate and sulfate reduction and chemical weathering of minerals in soils and aquifers. The criteria for measuring acidity or basicity in the environment must account for the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water and the production of bicarbonate ions—the conjugate base of the weak acid aqueous carbon dioxide. Bicarbonate ions are the basis of water alkalinity; the reference level used by environmental chemists shifts below pH 7 as hydroxyl ions are converted into bicarbonate ions by aqueous carbon dioxide The accumulation of soil salinity and exchangeable sodium occurs in arid climates leading to a reduction in soil clay plasticity that degrade soil structure and reduces soil hydraulic conductivity. Sodification is a complex process that involves cation exchange, pH-dependent calcite solubility, and increases in alkalinity. At the other climatic extreme, soil acidification involves interactions between pH-dependent changes in aluminum hydrous oxide solubility and cation exchange, leading to the accumulation of exchangeable aluminum ions. Exchangeable aluminum ions behave as weak acids, and their accumulation amounts to a chemically active but insoluble form of acidity in humid region soils.
Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Distal Humerus Fractures and Nonunions

Open reduction and internal fixation is the treatment of choice for most adult patients with fractures of the distal humerus. Articular fractures of the distal humerus involving only the capitellum have uniformly good outcomes when properly fixed. More complex shear fractures of the articular surface of the humerus and fractures extending into the columns require meticulous attention to exposure and fixation techniques; parallel plating using precontoured periarticular plates is most reliable for the whole spectrum of fracture patterns. Distal humerus nonunions may also be treated with internal fixation; protection of the ulnar nerve, adequate debridement of the nonunion site, selective shortening to ensure good contact and compression, release of associated contractures, and liberal use of bone graft are paramount for success. As mentioned in other chapters, elbow arthroplasty is better suited for selected distal humerus fractures and the salvage of some nonunions.
Application Suitability Assessment for Many-Core Targets

Many-core hardware platforms offer a tremendous opportunity for scaling up performance, but not all codes that run on these platforms have been modernized sufficiently to fully utilize the hardware. Assessing whether a code will effectively utilize a given platform can be challenging, particularly for new or potential future platforms where native execution on real hardware is not possible. In this case, one typically relies on architecture simulators and other workload characterization tools, which are often not user-friendly for developers who want to do a quick initial assessment of an application’s suitability for a many-core architecture.