cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of porphyrin electron-transfer reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface at the molecular level.

Electron transfer is an essential step in many important processes and has been the subject of intensive research, with relevance to areas such as molecular electronics, electrochemistry, biology, catalysis, information storage, and solarenergy conversion. Therefore, understanding interfacial electron transfer between molecules and electrodes, and their dynamics at the molecular level, is important for fundamental science as well as for technological applications. However, the present theoretical and experimental treatment of interfacial electron transfer between molecules and electrodes mainly relies on ensemble-averaged optical spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. Thus, our understanding of the interfacial electron transfer dynamics at the molecular level is very limited. For example, we do not know how local defects or adsorption sites on a heterogeneous electrode surface affect the dynamics of redox reactions at the molecular level. Nevertheless, it is frequently assumed that reactions principally occur at steps or defects (“active sites”). On a homogeneous surface, is the redox reaction of adsorbed molecules homogeneous? How does the electrode potential affect the spatial distribution of an interfacial redox reaction at the molecular level? How is charge transferred laterally between molecules? Answers to these questions are critical for progress in our understanding. Therefore, there is a tremendous need to probe the dynamics of interfacial electron transfer at the molecular level. In the experiments reported here, a potential-pulse perturbation was employed to control the electrochemical oxidation of a simple porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)21H,23H-porphine (TPyP); Scheme 1) at the Au(111)/0.1m H2SO4 interface, and scanning tunneling microscopy was employed to provide an insight into the electrochemical oxidation dynamics at the molecular level. TPyP on Au(111) was chosen as a model system for the following reasons: 1) The TPyP molecules can form an ordered monolayer at the Au(111)/0.1m H2SO4 interface, depending on the electrode potential. 2) The redox states of adsorbed porphyrins on an electrode surface can be distinguished by their different contrast in STM images. 3) The adsorption of TPyP onto the Au(111) electrode has a dramatic effect its electrochemical activity. For example, the reduction of pre-adsorbed oxidized TPyP can be very slow, taking as long as tens of minutes at 0.05 V. However, the oxidation of adsorbed TPyP at 0.2 V is much faster, occurring in seconds. (The potential for the onset of oxidation of adsorbed TPyP is about 0.1 V.)
The Social and Economic Imperative of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered Supportive Organizational Policies

The central premise of this article is that organizations have social and economic interests in building policies and practices that support lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) workers. This argument is based on empirical evidence that (a) LGBT workers continue to face discrimination at work from which they are not protected under federal law, and (b) discrimination has negative consequences for individual's mental and physical health, and on reasoning that (c) organizations share responsibility for the social good of the communities in which they operate. We offer practical suggestions for creating LGBT-supportive organizations and propose that industrial–organizational psychologists have an ethical obligation to support such efforts.
Developing a Weight Management Program in a Community Setting

Background:Managing body weight is important for a patient's overall well-being. Developing a weight management program for patients is a basis for providing structure and assistance to patients who may not understand what is necessary to achieve a healthy body weight.Objective:To describe implementation of a pharmacist-run weight management program in a community pharmacy.Methods:From July to December 2007, we created a weight management program which was implemented in January 2008 in a community pharmacy setting by utilizing nutritional information readily available online, purchasing commercially available weight management machines, and offering counseling sessions.Results:Preliminary results show that patients have been able to decrease their weight with the assistance of this pharmacist-run program.Conclusions:A community pharmacy-based weight management program can assist patients in decreasing their total body weight and give pharmacists an opportunity to be involved in managing obesity.
Contribution of Home Uterine Activity Monitoring to the Reduction of Preterm Delivery Rate

A service for home-monitoring of uterine-activity was introduced to the Israeli obstetric community. Two hundred three patients at high risk for preterm delivery utilized this service. The patients contacted the center 8,109 times (82% “scheduled” and 18% “acute” contacts). The mean duration of the monitoring was 5 weeks and the average gestational age of delivery was 37 weeks.Of the study population, 96.4% delivered at term and 3.6% delivered prematurely with a corrected rate of 2.8%. Of the women that were sent to the hospital for evaluation 65% had only increased uterine activity on routine monitoring with no subjective symptoms and therefore would have been missed without this service.
Inhibition of Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 (IRF7)-Mediated Interferon Signal Transduction by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Viral IRF Homolog vIRF3

Upon viral infection, the major defense mounted by the host immune system is activation of the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral pathway that is mediated by IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). In order to complete their life cycle, viruses must modulate the host IFN-mediated immune response. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a human tumor-inducing herpesvirus, has developed a unique mechanism for antagonizing cellular IFN-mediated antiviral activity by incorporating viral homologs of the cellular IRFs, called vIRFs. Here, we report a novel immune evasion mechanism of KSHV vIRF3 to block cellular IRF7-mediated innate immunity in response to viral infection. KSHV vIRF3 specifically interacts with either the DNA binding domain or the central IRF association domain of IRF7, and this interaction leads to the inhibition of IRF7 DNA binding activity and, therefore, suppression of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) production and IFN-mediated immunity. Remarkably, the central 40 amino acids of vIRF3, containing the double alpha helix motifs, are sufficient not only for binding to IRF7, but also for inhibiting IRF7 DNA binding activity. Consequently, the expression of the double alpha helix motif-containing peptide effectively suppresses IRF7-mediated IFN-alpha production. This demonstrates a remarkably efficient means of viral avoidance of host antiviral activity.
Novel fabrication and optoelectronic property of semiconductor filaments by optical-fiber thermal drawing

One dimensional nanostructure such as nanowires is typically fabricated by the wafer-based approach. Here we report nanowires are fabricated by thermal drawing of fiber. A thin viscous semiconductor film internal to the fiber undergoes filamentation driven by a fluid instability while retaining longitudinal structural integrity. Arrays of centimeter-long crystalline nanowires by post-drawing crystallization process are electrically contacted and yield a two-order-of-magnitude change in conductivity between dark and illuminated states. These results hold promise for the nanowire-detector arrays that may be integrated with large-area electronics.
The global health system: lessons for a stronger institutional framework.

In the last in a series of four articles highlighting the changing nature of global health institutions, Suerie Moon and colleagues propose future actions to strengthen these institutions.
A network-based approach to disturbance transmission through microbial interactions.

Microbes numerically dominate aquatic ecosystems and play key roles in the biogeochemistry and the health of these environments. Due to their short generations times and high diversity, microbial communities are among the first responders to environmental changes, including natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as storms, pollutant releases, and upwelling. These disturbances affect members of the microbial communities both directly indirectly through interactions with impacted community members. Thus, interactions can influence disturbance propagation through the microbial community by either expanding the range of organisms affected or buffering the influence of disturbance. For example, interactions may expand the number of disturbance-affected taxa by favoring a competitor or buffer the impacts of disturbance when a potentially disturbance-responsive clade’s growth is limited by an essential microbial partner. Here, we discuss the potential to use inferred ecological association networks to examine how disturbances propagate through microbial communities focusing on a case study of a coastal community’s response to a storm. This approach will offer greater insight into how disturbances can produce community-wide impacts on aquatic environments following transient changes in environmental parameters.
Persistent remission of Graves` disease or evolution from Graves' disease to Hashimoto's thyroiditis in childhood - a report of 6 cases and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: The main clinical manifestations of autoimmune thyroid diseases are Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Graves’ disease is the cause of most cases of hyperthyroidism in childhood. Indications for radical therapy (surgery or 131I treatment) in children are still a matter of discussion, as sustained (sometimes very long) remissio n of GD is possible, while the radical therapy almost always leads to hypothyroidism. Spontaneous evolution from GD with hyperthyroidism to HT with hypothyroidism may also be observed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical course of 6 cases of hyperthyroid girls with GD in whom a normalization of previously increased autoantibodies against thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (anti-TSHR) was observed together with a significant increase in autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), with concomitant hypo- or euthyroidism but no recurrence of hyperthyroidism. SUBJECTS: Patients’ age at diagnosis ranged from 5.0 to 16.5 years. Two (2) patients had Turner syndrome, another one (1), diabetic, was on insulin therapy. RESULTS: In all the girls, antithyroid drugs were administered and euthyroid state was achieved during the first 2.0–3.5 months of the treatment. Mild side effects were observed in only one case. The therapy was continued up to 1.5–4.0 years. Relapses during the therapy were observed in 2 cases. Up to now, no relapses have been observed for 0.5–7.5 years since the therapy withdrawal in 5 patients (1 patient was lost to follow-up), 2 patients are currently treated with levothyroxine due to hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that the prolonged pharmacotherapy with antithyroid drugs, followed by observation after remission of hyperthyroidism, may be an appropriate therapeutic option at least in some children with GD as they can be cured without radical therapy and the potential risks of such treatment.
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in African children

PIP: Pediatric cases of HIV infection and AIDS usually result from maternal infection and have therefore followed the epidemic in sexually active young women throughout the world. Indeed, the number of cases among children has increased along with the increase in the number of cases among young, sexually active women. 80% of all HIV-infected women reside in Africa. Pediatric cases occurred early in the epidemic on the continent and represent approximately 10% of all reported AIDS cases worldwide or potentially 20% of all African cases. The epidemic of AIDS in children in sub-Saharan Africa threatens to reverse all recent accomplishments in improved child health and survival, while there is even the possibility of negative population growth in sub-Saharan Africa by the year 2000. Preventive measures are needed urgently worldwide, but nowhere are they needed more acutely than in Africa. Sections consider the recognition of the epidemic in Africa, the epidemiology of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, perinatal transmission, diagnostic criteria of pediatric HIV infection, clinical presentation, AIDS and orphans, the political and economic implications of the epidemic, the care of adults and children with AIDS, and prevention.
Revisiting the cataloging of free Internet resources at the University of Denver

Purpose – This paper aims to present updated statistics demonstrating the value of cataloging free Internet resources and the challenges of batch loading, vendor records, electronic resource modules and discovery tools, as an update to the 2008 paper in this journal Design/methodology/approach – Updates the statistics from the URL redirection system for tracking user access to freely available Web publications. Findings – With more projects and bibliographic records included within the scope of the project, users still find and use the links to outbound content. New technologies and management methods support the cataloging of free Web content, even if, at times, cataloging standards are compromised. Originality/value – Several studies have focused on US federal document clickthroughs from the library catalog, but this is the only study to exclusively track clickthroughs to freely available Web content.
Some Thoughts on the Porous Boundary between Ordinary and Extraordinary Corporate Fraud (Book Review of Ensuring Corporate Misconduct by Tom Baker and Sean J. Griffith, 2010)

This is a book review of Tom Baker and Sean Griffith’s 'Ensuring Corporate Misconduct'. Their book provides an exhaustive and illuminating analysis of how corporations contract for director and officer (D&O) liability insurance. Based on extensive interviews with insurance carriers and corporate risk officers, Baker and Griffith conclude that D&O liability insurance has created a moral hazard within the public corporation. Managers, who have incentives to take advantage of shareholders, are inadequately deterred by civil liability for securities fraud because D&O insurance effective shields them from any payout. Accordingly, Baker and Griffith argue for reforms that would reduce this moral hazard. Baker and Griffith’s arguments are persuasive and should make any reader think twice about the value of D&O insurance. Their critique, however, seems to make light of the fact that corporate fraud can trigger criminal investigations, and ultimately criminal penalties for individuals who engage in or conspire to commit fraud. Although the authors agree that D&O insurance provides no protection against criminal penalties and investigations, they nevertheless presume that much of the conduct that gives rise to civil securities fraud litigation (so-called “ordinary fraud”) is unlikely to trigger criminal and public enforcement proceedings. This Review questions whether there in fact exists such a distinct boundary between “ordinary” and “extraordinary” corporate frauds. To the contrary, one would expect the rational corporate officer to be wary that any fraud case might trigger an investigation by public enforcers. If that is the case, then the porous boundary between criminal and civil fraud may lessen Baker and Griffith’s rightful concerns about moral hazard. With these thoughts in mind, the Review then addresses several of Baker and Griffith’s proposed reforms.
Advances in the understanding and management of dyslipidemia: using niacin-based therapies

The use of niacin, alone and in combination, for the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with or at risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), is discussed. Cardiovascular risk is independently predicted not only by high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but also low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated triglycerides. Moreover, we now understand that LDL particle size and number are associated with differing levels of atherogenicity. Metabolic syndrome, increasingly being recognized as a marker for elevated cardiovascular risk, is associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by low HDL-C, high triglycerides, and small, dense LDL particles. Controlled clinical studies have shown that niacin therapy effectively increases HDL-C and lowers triglyceride and LDL-C levels while causing a shift toward larger, less atherogenic LDL particles. Niacin, alone or in combination, prevents progression and promotes regression of coronary atherogenic lesions and significantly reduces CHD-related morbidity and mortality. Statin monotherapy causes modest increases in HDL-C and decreases triglycerides, while more potently reducing LDL-C. Combinations of lipid-modifying agents may better address the full spectrum of lipoprotein abnormalities in some patients. Investigations have shown that combining statin therapy with niacin results in additive improvement in the major lipids and lipoproteins and improves clinical outcome. With recently broadened treatment recommendations, it seems likely that combination therapy will be increasingly deemed the appropriate choice for addressing a range of lipid abnormalities.
Integration of summer and fall cover crops in vegetable cropping systems

The demand for locally produced vegetables is growing in the Midwest, including Iowa. However, vegetables are a small fraction of total cropland in the state, and little research exists on approaches and techniques to increase the sustainability of vegetable production systems. Including cover crops in vegetable crop rotations can contribute to sustainability in vegetable cropping systems. This research investigated the integration of summer and fall cover crops in vegetable cropping systems to reduce weeds and nutrient leaching, improve soil chemical and biological properties, and enhance crop growth, yield, and produce quality. Cover crops studied in this research included buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), cereal rye (Secale cereal), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), black oats (Avena strigosa), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera), and sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii). Effects of these cover crops were tested on fall production of cabbage (Brassica oleracea ‘Caraflex’) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Adriana’) and spring production of potato (Solanum tuberosum ‘Yukon Gold’ and ‘Red Pontiac’). In vegetable cropping systems, weeds have been traditionally managed through tillage or chemicals. With growing awareness and demand for sustainably grown produce, growers are interested in using weed control strategies that could provide environmental benefits. Two of the studies conducted as part of this research investigated effects of four cover crops (buckwheat, cowpea, black oats, and sorghum-sudangrass) on fall cabbage and lettuce production. Both studies were a split-plot randomized complete block design with cover crops as the whole plot and planting date of the vegetable as the subplot factor. Two planting dates were tested (immediately after or eight days after iv
A novel in vitro technique to study extrinsic neural control of rabbit colonic muscle and epithelial function

A novel in vitro technique capable of simultaneously measuring distal colonic epithelial potential difference and muscle contraction is described. Under basal conditions, oscillations in both muscle tone and potential difference were observed. Pelvic nerve stimulation was shown to evoke strong "duration" contractile responses in both the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. Additionally, tonic changes in potential difference extending beyond the train of stimuli were observed, suggesting for the first time that colonic ion transport may be influenced by the pelvic nerves. However, it was unclear whether these were direct effects or indirect actions resulting from muscle contractions causing mechanical stimulation of nerves of the submucosal plexus. Lumbar colonic nerve stimulation inhibited spontaneous contractile activity and reduced basal tone in both muscle layers. However, there was no consistent effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on transepithelial potential difference. Each of the muscle and epithelial effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation was mimicked by exogenous norepinephrine. Based on these data, it is concluded that colonic function is strongly influenced by the extrinsic innervation. Furthermore, relatively long-term modulation of epithelial function can be achieved by short bursts of pelvic nerve activity.
Does Government’s International Acquisitions Help or Hurt Home Country Firms?

The emergence of governments as global investors, via sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), extends governments’ sphere of influence beyond their home countries. We suggest that government investments are politicized because they modify the institutional environment in host countries, but subsequently, these investments gain legitimacy with important effects for internationalizing home country firms’ strategic choices. Empirical analysis of cross-border acquisitions undertaken by Norway’s SWF and firms during 1984-2012 show that firms are less likely to undertake majority ownership in targets as the SWF’s investments in a host country increases, but this effect diminishes as the SWF investments accumulate. The politicization effect of SWF investments is less pronounced for government-owned firms, but more accentuated when the target resides in a highly regulated industry. Our findings highlight the emergent role of government via SWFs that elicit institutional changes and deviations from the status quo in host c...
Model of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Development, Damage, and Crop Loss in Sweet Corn

Phenology models of development of com earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and processing sweet corn, Zea mays L. (‘Jubilee’) were combined to predict pest infestation and economic loss in western Oregon. Cohorts of com earworm larvae feeding on newly silking corn and artificial diet were monitored in the field. Degree-days for larval development (threshold = 12.5°C) were 185 ± 54 (SD) and were represented in the model by varying degree-day totals for six larval subpopulations. Oviposition of moths closely followed corn silking and was normally distributed for degree-days. Harvest-time distributions of larvae combined with ear damage tunnel lengths for each instar were used to estimate cullage and economic loss. The model was validated by comparing predictions with damage and economic loss in three randomly selected fields from each of 4 yr. The predicted versus actual damage distributions matched more closely than did larval distributions at harvest; predicted and actual economic losses differed by an average of $0.88/ha ± $4.15 (SD), or 8.2% ± 17.7%. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the change in economic loss caused by varying harvest date using one planting from 1990 that had earworm-induced losses of $22.16. Harvest 7 days early decreased loss to $18.79 (–19%). Harvest 7 days late increased loss to $25.39 (+10%), indicating that a delay in harvest has less effect on loss than an early harvest. Simulations were run to assess economic loss potential of an infestation level of 41% using 21 yr of temperature data and four silking dates. Analysis showed decreased averages and increased variation in loss for later silking dates. Late-season plantings generally had less economic loss than early-season plantings because of declining average temperatures, but year-to-year late-season temperature variations increased the uncertainty of losses.
Functional MRI Study of Language Dominance

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to determine the pattern of receptive language lateralization in 11 healthy children (7 girls, 4 boys; mean age, 8.5 yrs) at Children’s National Medical Center, George Washington School of Medicine, DC.
Applications of Radar-Based Rainfall Estimates to Urban Flood Studies

The United States has dense weather radar and rain gage networks that provide potentially useful rainfall inputs for a variety of hydrologic applications, espe…
Elements of R

HE SOFTWARE PACKAGE “R” has become very popular over the past decade for good reason. It has open source, meaning you can examine exactly what steps the program is performing. Compare this to the “black box” approach adopted by so many other software packages that hope you will just push the Enter button and accept the results that appear. Another feature of open software is that if you identify a problem, you can fix it, or, at least, publicize the error until it gets fixed. Finally, once you become proficient at R you can contribute to it. One of the great features of R is the availability of packages of programs written by R users for other R users.
Viruses and the Fetus

Viruses, especially rubella, can and do harm the fetus. To detect rubella in pregnant patients, physicians should routinely draw two serum specimens for rubella antibodies 10 to 14 days apart.
In vivo Observation of Tree Drought Response with Low-Field NMR and Neutron Imaging.

Using a simple low-field NMR system, we monitored water content in a living tree in a greenhouse over two months. By continuously running the system, we observed changes in tree water content on a scale of half an hour. The data showed a diurnal change in water content consistent both with previous NMR and biological observations. Neutron imaging experiments show that our NMR signal is primarily due to water being rapidly transported through the plant, and not to other sources of hydrogen, such as water in cytoplasm, or water in cell walls. After accounting for the role of temperature in the observed NMR signal, we demonstrate a change in the diurnal signal behavior due to simulated drought conditions for the tree. These results illustrate the utility of our system to perform noninvasive measurements of tree water content outside of a temperature controlled environment.
LITHIC RAW MATERIAL SELECTION AND USE IN THE DESERT BASINS OF SOUTH-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO

Lithic materials used in the desert basins of south-central New Mexico, where raw materials are scarce, are dominated by those with reliable fracturing properties and the flexibility necessary for recycling. Close similarities in material type proportions between early and late occupations in the Mesilla Bolson are indicated by the dominance of cryptocrystalline materials in all assemblages. Flake attributes also crosscut conventionally recognized cultural phases pointing, thereby, to similarities in raw material provisioning strategies through time and to widespread recycling of cryptocrystalline materials in desert basins.
Introduction — ‘The Beginnings’

It need hardly be said that Britain’s relationship with Germany and the Germans has been of immense importance historically. In the twentieth century, the contest for power between the two countries helped to push the world to war in 1914; triggered a second more terrible conflict in 1939; led to Britain’s imperial retreat and drove it by necessity into a ‘special relationship’ with the United States after 1941. The origins of this troubled relationship — the 1860–1914 period, which is the focus of this book — is perhaps one of the best-known, but least understood, phases in Britain’s association with Germany, being most meticulously explored in Paul Kennedy’s Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism (1980): still the dominant master-narrative despite three decades of subsequent scholarship. Charting the process by which Britain and Germany became diplomatically and militarily estranged, Kennedy took as his basic purpose to explain why ‘the British and German peoples … went to war against each other’, when they possessed no longstanding tradition of antipathy and indeed had been remarkably close for much of the preceding century.2 The general and ongoing fascination with this apparent paradox has also led popular historians to explore it, and in a sense, every history of the origins of the First and Second World Wars — which constitute entire genres in their own right — can be said to constitute a work on Anglo-German relations.3
Validation of a New "Objective Pain Score" vs. "Numeric Rating Scale" For the Evaluation of Acute Pain: A Comparative Study.

Dear Editor, We read with interest the article by Tandon and colleagues (1), entitled “Validation of a New ‘Objective Pain Score’ Vs. ‘Numeric Rating Scale’ For the Evaluation of Acute Pain: A Comparative Study”, published in Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Tandon et al. reason that although a numeric rating scale (NRS) is widely used, it requires abstract thinking by each patient, and the interpretation of reflected pain severity can, therefore, be biased. They studied the validity of a new 4-point objective pain score (OPS) in the evaluation of acute postoperative pain by comparing with the numeric rating scale (NRS) in 93 patients who underwent laparotomy. Patient-controlled analgesia was used for postoperative pain control. The authors found the NRS and OPS generally agreed across ranges of pain. Tandon et al. conclude that OPS is a good stand-alone pain score and is better than the NRS for defining mild and moderate pain. They further suggest that OPS may even be used to supplement NRS when it is indicative of mild or moderate pain (1). We would like to commend the creative and insightful work by Tandon and colleagues. We agree with the authors that acute post-operative pain should ideally be assessed simultaneously at rest and during movement. We also agree with the authors on the limitation of NRS, since these scores in different patients could potentially mean different degrees of pain, while each OPS score signifies a similar degree of pain. However, we wonder how OPS may perform, in contrast to NRS, on those patients who experience moderate to severe pain or severe postoperative pain, e.g., following more complex abdominal surgeries, such as bowel resection, gastric surgery, and hepatopancreatic surgery? For example, a postoperative NRS of 5/10 of a typical patient may need slight medication titration, while that of 9/10 may warrant much more aggressive workup and therapeutic interventions. However, the OPS scale may not reflect the difference between these scenarios. We speculate that the OPS metric may not be able to provide such pertinent information in more challenging or problematic postoperative pain cases. To this end, we speculate that OPS may need to be used in conjunction with NRS in patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain, contrary to what Tandon et al. have suggested.
Error, Equilibrium and Equilibration in Austrian Price Theory

Theorists of the Austrian school have long maintained that every realized price is market-clearing, in sharp contrast to the adherents of the neoclassical mainstream, who view realized prices as constituting a state of disequilibrium with a mismatch between demand and supply. The heart of these theoretical differences lies in the equilibrium constructs used by the members of the two schools of thought in their analysis of price formation. This paper seeks to clarify and develop the conceptual foundations underlying the Austrian position, especially the concept of the plain state of rest, which represents a state of market equilibrium with error. It also provides a brief sketch of the role that realized prices play in the process of error correction and entrepreneurial selection that forms a key part of the market process as described by Ludwig von Mises.
Association between the CDHR3 rs6967330 risk allele and chronic rhinosinusitis

A retrospective, multi-center study of adults with and without chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) identifies a significant association between rs6967330 in the viral receptor CDHR3 – known to be associated with wheezing and asthma in children – and the development of CRS.
Expanding the Immunology Toolbox: Embracing Public-Data Reuse and Crowdsourcing

New technologies have been propelling dramatic increases in the volume and diversity of large-scale public data, which can potentially be reused to answer questions beyond those originally envisioned. However, this often requires computational and statistical skills beyond the reach of most bench scientists. The development of educational and accessible computational tools is thus critical, as are crowdsourcing efforts that utilize the community's expertise to curate public data for hypothesis generation and testing. Here we review the history of public-data reuse and argue for greater incorporation of computational and statistical sciences into the biomedical education curriculum and the development of biologist-friendly crowdsourcing tools. Finally, we provide a resource list for the reuse of public data and highlight an illustrative crowdsourcing exercise to explore public gene-expression data of human autoimmune diseases and corresponding mouse models. Through education, tool development, and community engagement, immunologists will be poised to transform public data into biological insights.
Hedgehogs and foxes (and a bear).

The chemical universe is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. Bruce Gibb reminds us that it's somewhat messy too, and so we succeed by recognizing the limits of our knowledge.
Crystal structure of Li3Ga(BO3)2.

The crystal structure of trilithium gallium bis­(orthoborate), Li3Ga(BO3)2, is isotypic with Li3Al(BO3)2 in a triclinic cell in space-group type P-1. The three Li and the unique Ga atom are coordinated by four O atoms each in tetra­hedra, and the two B atoms are coordinated by three O atoms in orthoborate triangles. Chains with composition [Ga2(BO3)4]6− extend along the a axis. The Li atoms inter­leave these chains in tetra­hedral inter­stices. A comparison is made between the structure model of the title compound and that of a previously reported model for a compound with the same composition [Abdullaev & Mamedov (1972). Zh. Strukt. Khim. 13, 943–946.]
Are Reactors Like Casinos? A Culture of Dependency in Japan

Japanese communities with nuclear reactors have the reactors because they applied for them, and they applied for them for the money. Among Japanese municipalities, they were some of the most dysfunctional before the reactors had even arrived. Communities depend on young families for the social capital that holds them intact, and these were the communities from which those families had already begun to leave. After the reactors arrived, young families continued to disappear. Unemployment rose. Divorce rates climbed. And in time, the communities had little -- other than reactor-revenue -- to which they could turn.
Identification of the Underlying Androgen Receptor Defect in the Dallas Reifenstein Family.

Context The Dallas Reifenstein family - first described in 1965 - includes 14 known members with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS). However, the underlying molecular defect was never identified. Objective To identify the underlying genetic defect for PAIS in the Dallas Reifenstein family. Design DNA was purified from scrotal skin fibroblasts, and whole exome sequencing was then performed in four affected men in the family. Additional family members - both affected and unaffected - were subsequently recruited to confirm segregation of the candidate mutations with the PAIS phenotype. Patients The affected men have PAIS with infertility associated with azoospermia, hypospadias, and gynecomastia. Results All four men harbored an intronic variant NC_000023.10:g.66788676A>C between exon 1 and exon 2 of the androgen receptor (AR) canonical transcript NM_000044 (complementary DNA position NM_000044: c.1616+22072A>C) predicted to cause an alternatively spliced AR transcript. Reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain (PCR) experiments detected the predicted PCR product of the alternatively spliced AR transcript, and the mutation segregated with the PAIS phenotype in this family. The transcript includes the insertion of 185 nucleotides with a premature stop codon at chrX:66863131-66863133, likely resulting in a reduction in AR protein expression due to nonsense-mediated decay. Conclusions An intronic AR mutation was identified in the Dallas Reifenstein family. The findings suggest that in cases of PAIS without identifiable AR mutations in coding regions, intronic AR mutations should be considered.
Utilization of the unenhanced CT of PET/CT to assess serial calcium scoring in lymphoma patients

2701 Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess whether the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy can be detected using the CT from 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. As chemotherapy is cardiotoxic and lymphoma patients often receive serial PET/CT images, this study aimed at noting the degree of calcification from the CT portion of the PET/CT exam at baseline prior to chemotherapy (CHT) and after CHT. Methods Four hundred consecutive FDG PET/CT scans from lymphoma patients at one institution were retrospectively reviewed. Subjects with a baseline scan and at least two subsequent scans were included in this study. The Toshiba Vital computer software was used to measure the calcification in the coronary arteries of these patients. Regions of interest were drawn around the areas of calcification within the coronary arteries and a final score was given in Agatston units. A log was kept to record the score of the left anterior descending artery, circumflex artery, and right coronary artery as well as the total score of all three combined. Patients with no calcification were also recorded. Results Of the 400 PET/CT scans, 89 patients met the criteria for inclusion. The degree of CAC based on the Agatston units did progress in severity as the patients had additional CHT (The baseline total and last follow-up was recorded and the difference was computed). The mean percent change and raw change from baseline was also computed. Three different paired t-tests were performed on the difference between baseline and last treatment total CAC. The overall changes in all patients (n=89) was significant, p=0.0124. The second paired t-test was for the non-identifiable group (Coronary calcium score (CCS) category 1) only (n=62) and was not significant, p>0.05. The third paired t-test excluded the 62 patients of the non-identifiable group and included only the CCS categories 3-5 five (n=27) and the differences between baseline and last treatment was statistically different, p=0.0255. Conclusions This study proved that CAC in lymphoma patients progresses in severity as they undergo additional CHT. This is relevant as cancer patients often undergo multiple PET/CT scans throughout treatment to track disease progression. Thus, this information could be reported in PET/CT reports to track the advancement of and prevent cardiac complications from chemotherapy. The result of this study will help radiologists and oncologists better manage cardiac events in this patient population.
Support Needs and Coping Strategies as Predictors of Stress Level among Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study examined maternal stress, coping strategies, and support needs among mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A convenience sample of 70 mothers completed the Parent Stress Index Short Form (PSI-SF), Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP), and Modified Family Needs Questionnaire (FNQ). PSI-SF scores reflected clinically significant levels of stress for 77% of mothers, and mothers identified 62.4% of important needs as unmet. The five most frequently reported important unmet needs were (1) financial support; (2) break from responsibilities; (3) understanding of other after-school program children; (4) rest/sleep; (5) help remaining hopeful about the future. Most coping strategies (81%) were identified as helpful. Additionally, both coping strategies and support needs served as predictors for maternal stress. Maternal stress scores decreased by .402 points for each percent increase in helpful coping strategy, and stress scores increased by .529 points with each percent increase in unmet needs. Given large variation in questionnaire responses across participants and studies, utilization of user-friendly questionnaires, such as the PSI-SF, CHIP, and FNQ, is advocated to determine the evolving important needs unique to each family over the child’s lifetime as well as guide prioritization of care, compilation of resources, and referrals for additional services.
Adaptive Design of Confirmatory Trials

Because of the ethical and economic considerations in the design of clinical trials to test the efficacy of new treatments and because of lack of information on the magnitude and sampling variability of the treatment effect at the design stage, there has been increasing interest from the biopharmaceutical industry in sequential methods that can adapt to information acquired during the course of the trial.
Translation Within the Polyglossic Linguistic System of Early Meiji-Period Japan

During the mid- to late nineteenth century, Japan’s linguistic situation was complicated. There were multiple writing styles and literary authors would select from them based on genre and subject matter. Among the “high” literary styles used by educated people was one called kanbun yomikudashibun-chō (漢文読み下し文調), a style that had developed in imitation of the Japanese adaptations of Classical Chinese texts. This chapter examines the stylistic choices faced by translators as they completed some of the first important literary translations from European languages in the midst of this complicated linguistic system. As case studies, this chapter examines two famous translations dating from 1878: the translation of Jules Verne (1828–1905) by Kawashima Chūnosuke (1853–1938) and the translation of Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803–1873) by Niwa Jun’ichirō (1851–1919). Although both were published in the same year, they reveal radically different translation strategies and a profoundly different attitude toward the use of language.
Iron nutrition of Trichodesmium

The diazotrophic metabolism that allows Trichodesmium to thrive in nitrogen-poor oligotrophic oceans relies on many iron-containing enzymes and proteins. The iron dependent processes in Trichodesmium and the theoretical amount of iron required for these processes are comparable to the measured iron content of colonies from the open ocean. The high iron requirement of these species is problematic in light of the limited iron delivery to open ocean systems. Trichodesmium can take up soluble forms of iron and has unique mechanisms that may allow it to use iron contained in dust particles. Their ability to add new nitrogen through nitrogen fixation and their potential for increasing the amount of biologically available iron make Trichodesmium crucial organisms in the geochemistry of tropical and sub-tropical oceans.
Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in the United States (1) and elsewhere (2). Because of its late presentation, its aggressiveness, and its limited response to therapy, HCC is a major cause of cancer death with possibly up to 1 million deaths yearly attributed to HCC worldwide (3). Current treatment modalities for HCC are only modestly successful with orthotopic liver transplantation or resection offering the best hope for long-term survival in select patients (3).
Effect of Vedernikov Number on Overland Flow Dynamics

The effect of the dynamic hydraulic diffusivity in kinematic-with-diffusion overland flow modeling has been tested. Unlike the kinematic hydraulic diffusivity, the dynamic hydraulic diffusivity is a function of the Vedemikov number. The results of numerical experiments showed a small lag in the rising limb when comparing two equilibrium rising hydrographs using kinematic and dynamic hydraulic diffusivities. The existence of the lag is attributed to the error of the solution that specifically excludes inertia. The error was quantified by integrating the absolute value of the difference between the two rising hydrographs, dividing this difference by the total runoff volume and expressing it as a percentage. The error is small and likely to be within 0.35 percent for a wide range of realistic flow conditions. Since the dynamic effect is shown to be small throughout a wide range of bottom slopes, a diffusion wave model with inertia may be all that is required to model the overland flow dynamics.
Neptunium Concentrations in Solutions Contacting Actinide-Doped Glass

To help predict concentrations of neptunium leached from nuclear waste repositories in geologic environments, the solubility of neptunium in a neptunium-doped borosilicate glass, which simulates a high-level waste glass, was investigated. The concentrations of neptunium in solutions contacting the crushed doped glass were found to be controlled by a neptunium solid phase that is similar to crystalline(c) NpO/sub 2/ in solubility. Thus, the maximum concentration of the neptunium leached from this waste form can be predicted from the solubility of NpO/sub 2/(c). This conclusion is based on similar neptunium concentrations in solutions contacting neptunium-doped glass, neptunium-doped glass plus NpO/sub 2/(c), and NpO/sub 2/(c) alone, under controlled redox potentials and a range of pH values. The quinhydrone used in this study was found to be a very effective redox buffer (the approximate pe + pH = 11.8). The predictions based on the thermodynamic data and the solvent extraction tests showed Np(V) to be the primary oxidation state in solution.
Spatial Solitary Waves and Nonlinear K-Space

This paper presents an overview of a new interpretation of nonlinear solitary waves based on the momentum space, or k-space, which allows non-paraxial effects to be readily included, and reduces to NLS under certain circumstances. In this interpretation, solitary waves are described by the absence of curvature of the nonlinear k-space.
The Impact of Health Literacy on Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Patients With Diabetes Receiving Care in an Inner-City Hospital

Background : Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is considered to be 1 of the cornerstones of diabetes self-management. It is unclear whether inadequate health literacy affects SMBG. Objective : The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between health literacy and SMBG. Methods : This was a cross-sectional survey of 189 patients with diabetes, aged 18 to 65 years, receiving care in a large urban, public health care setting. We measured health literacy using the shortened version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. The diabetes care profile was used to determine the use of self-monitoring of blood glucose. Results : Most (60.9%) of the survey participants were assessed as functionally health literate. The majority (90.9%) of the study participants reported testing their blood sugar at least once daily. Although adequate health literacy was associated with recording of blood sugar testing (p = .049), we found no statistically significant relationship between health literacy and the frequency of SMBG. Persons self-reporting having diabetes for more than 10 years were less likely to self-monitor blood glucose (odds ratio, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11 -0.99). Conclusions : SMBG frequency is not independently associated with health literacy, but SMBG result recording is noted among patients with inadequate literacy.