cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Osteomyelitis. I. A Description of the Model

Since the advent of antibiotics, acute osteomyelitis has become a less frequent cause of admission to the hospital, and mortality from the disease has declined [1]. Chemotherapy is not, however, a panacea and chronic osteomyelitis still develops with disturbing frequency. In several series, 153096 of individuals with acute osteomyelitis went on to develop chronic disease despite antibiotic therapy [1-3]. Trauma to bone, with infection resulting from the trauma itself or occurring after corrective surgery, can also lead to chronic osteomyelitis [1, 4]. As noted by Waldvogel et al. [1], many major questions concerning osteomyelitis remain unanswered. Reliable data relating to the optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy, the efficacy of one drug vs. another, and the relative contributions of surgery and antibiotics to "success or failure" in treatment of osteomyelitis are not to be found in the literature. Many of these uncertainties stem from the number of uncontrolled variables in human disease, i.e., the age of the patients, the site of involvement, organisms and their patterns of antibiotic resistance, and the difficulties in establishing criteria for the success or failure of therapy. For these reasons, an experimental model of osteomyelitis has been sought. Most earlier animal studies have required considerable trauma to establish osteomyelitis, and animals have died within
Reliability Comparison of Flotox and Textured-Polysilicon E2PROMs

The leading E2PROM technologies are FLOTOX and textured polysilicon. Both store data as charge on a floating gate, and both use electron tunneling to write this data, but the two use radically different tunnel oxides for this purpose. When tunneling is not involved, as in lifetest and data-retention tests, the two have similar reliability. This reliability can exceed that of SRAMs and DRAMs because the E2PROMs are less sensitive to low-voltage oxide breakdown and soft errors. When tunneling is involved, as in program/erase endurance, their reliability is radically different. FLOTOX's program window is well-controlled and stable, so that failure to write is rare; endurance is instead limited by defect-related tunnel-oxide breakdown leading to data loss. Textured poly has the reverse characteristics: the window closes, but breakdown is rare. This tradeoff affects scaling, since defect-related breakdown increases directly with memory size, whereas window closing does not. FLOTOX is therefore best suited for low densities, textured-poly for high densities. Endurance evaluations must account for the differences between the technologies.
Circadian Control of Global Gene Expression Patterns

An internal time-keeping mechanism has been observed in almost every organism studied from archaea to humans. This circadian clock provides a competitive advantage in fitness and survival ( 18, 30, 95, 129, 137 ). Researchers have uncovered the molecular composition of this internal clock by combining enzymology, molecular biology, genetics, and modeling approaches. However, understanding the mechanistic link between the clock and output responses has been elusive. In three model organisms, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster, and Mus musculus, whole-genome expression arrays have enabled researchers to investigate how maintaining a time-keeping mechanism connects to an adaptive advantage. Here, we review the impacts transcriptomics have had on our understanding of the clock and how this molecular clock connects with system-level circadian responses. We explore the discoveries made possible by high-throughput RNA assays, the network approaches used to investigate these large transcript datasets, and potential future directions.
Loss of primary cilia occurs early in breast cancer development

Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface. Primary cilia play a critical role in development and disease through regulation of signaling pathways including the Hedgehog pathway. Recent mouse models have also linked ciliary dysfunction to cancer. However, little is known about the role of primary cilia in breast cancer development. Primary cilia expression was characterized in cancer cells as well as their surrounding stromal cells from 86 breast cancer patients by counting cilia and measuring cilia length. In addition, we examined cilia expression in normal epithelial and stromal cells from reduction mammoplasties as well as histologically normal adjacent tissue for comparison. We observed a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of ciliated cells on both premalignant lesions as well as in invasive cancers. This loss of cilia does not correlate with increased proliferative index (Ki67-positive cells). However, we did detect rare ciliated cancer cells present in patients with invasive breast cancer and found that these express a marker of basaloid cancers that is associated with poor prognosis (Cytokeratin 5). Interestingly, the percentage of ciliated stromal cells associated with both premalignant and invasive cancers decreased when compared to stromal cells associated with normal tissue. To understand how cilia may be lost during cancer development we analyzed the expression of genes required for ciliogenesis and/or ciliary function and compared their expression in normal versus breast cancer samples. We found that expression of ciliary genes were frequently downregulated in human breast cancers. These data suggest that primary cilia are lost early in breast cancer development on both the cancer cells and their surrounding stromal cells.
A stochastic wire-length distribution for gigascale integration (GSI). II. Applications to clock frequency, power dissipation, and chip size estimation

For pt.I see ibid., vol.45, no.3, pp.580-9 (Mar. 1998). Based on Rent's Rule, a well-established empirical relationship, a complete wire-length distribution for on-chip random logic networks is used to enhance a critical path model; to derive a preliminary dynamic power dissipation model; and to describe optimal architectures for multilevel wiring networks that provide maximum interconnect density and minimum chip size.
The Stem Loop II within the 5′ Nontranslated Region of Clinical Coxsackievirus B3 Genomes Determines Cardiovirulence Phenotype in a Murine Model

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a principal viral cause of acute myocarditis in humans and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that, for 2 wild-type CVB3 strains, the primary molecular determinant of cardiovirulence phenotype localizes to the 5' nontranslated region (5' NTR). Here in this study, through construction of CVB3 chimeras, the predicted stem loop (SL) II within the 5' NTR has been identified as a primary viral determinant of cardiovirulence. Replication assays in cardiac-derived murine fibroblasts revealed that only cardiovirulent strains grow robustly at 37 degrees C, whereas all virus strains replicate efficiently in HeLa cells. Computational analyses of RNA secondary structure suggest that the predicted SLII of the noncardiovirulent isolate differs significantly from that of myocarditic strains. These results indicate that, for clinical CVB3 isolates, the major determinant of cardiovirulence localizes to the predicted SLII. The identity of this higher-order RNA structure may be essential for productive infection of cardiac cells.
Complete Heart Block Complicating ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Temporal Trends and Association With In-Hospital Outcomes.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the association of complete heart block (CHB) with outcomes and to examine temporal trends in the incidence and outcomes of CHB complicating ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background There are limited data available on the incidence and outcomes of CHB in STEMI patients who undergo contemporary management. Methods We used the 2003 to 2012 National Inpatient Sample databases to identify all patients age ≥18 years hospitalized with STEMI. Patients with a concomitant diagnosis of CHB were then identified. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association of CHB with outcomes and to examine the temporal trends in incidence and outcomes of CHB complicating STEMI. Results Of 2,273,853 patients with STEMI, 49,882 (2.2%) had CHB. The incidence of CHB increased from 2.1% in 2003 to 2.3% in 2012 (adjusted odds ratio [OR] per year: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02 to 1.03). STEMI patients with CHB had higher in-hospital mortality than those without CHB (20.4% vs. 8.7%; adjusted OR: 2.47; 95% CI: 2.41 to 2.53). The higher mortality associated with CHB was independent of the location of STEMI; however, the magnitude of this association was greatest in patients with anterior STEMI. In patients with CHB complicating STEMI, although permanent pacemaker implantation rates declined (adjusted OR per year: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.97), in-hospital mortality remained unchanged during the study period (adjusted OR per year: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.01). Conclusions The incidence of CHB complicating STEMI has increased slightly over the last decade, although the absolute incidence remains quite low. CHB remains associated with higher in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients even in the current era of prompt reperfusion therapy. In patients with CHB complicating STEMI, there was no change in risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality during the study period.
Political Engagement in a Public Goods Context: The Effect of Neighborhood Conditions and Schools on Local Election Turnout

Much previous research has examined the causes of political participation — primarily focusing on socio-economic status, resources, and election characteristics — in both national and local elections. A more recent line of research has focused on political context and its impact on political opinions and participation. This contextual research however has primarily focused on social context and not policy context. In this paper, I examine whether the quality of city-provided public goods in a community impacts political engagement in the form of turnout. I do this by estimating tract-level turnout for the 2009 New York City elections. The quality of the city services is measured down to the Census tract using data from New York City’s 311 service complaint program and elementary school evaluations. Results offer robust support for the author’s theory that inferior public goods provision leads to political disengagement.
Eco-Cities Without Ecology: Constructing Ideologies, Valuing Nature

In the last 5 years, prominent large-scale “eco-city” development proposals have emerged around the globe. The term has been increasingly applied to a number of different projects that embrace a broad array of ideological and ecological goals. We outline the ideologies embedded in contemporary eco-city development through a case-study approach, focusing on two high-profile eco-cities. The two eco-city proposals we examine include one located in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates called Masdar and another one in Shanghai, China known as Dongtan. We ask the question: are “eco-cities” really about “ecological cities”? We argue that this new iteration of eco-city development is based on an ideological world-view akin to green, state-sponsored capitalism, and ultimately, “eco-cities” are less about “ecological cities” than about enacting and supporting pro-capitalist ideologies, albeit with a green veneer. We argue that these eco-cities present a new process of the consumption of nature.
Our Hidden Value

What makes us valuable as lawyers? Lawyers often locate their value in the knowledge of the law and the procedural means by which that knowledge is deployed, what I will term “praxis” capacities. That understanding overlooks a critically important capacity that we cultivate through education and experience — the capacity for “normative reasoning.” Our normative capacities enable us to engage in the most difficult practical challenge imaginable — to argue, reason, and deliberate about how competing interests and claims can be ordered amid profound disagreement in the ever-varied circumstances that life offers. Questions about fairness, justice, and how to govern our society lie somewhere near the center of the human experience, and our capacity to reason in this deeply contested domain should be recognized, valued, and nurtured. I argue that our normative reasoning capacities allow us not only to perform critically important work for clients, but also to lead others and effect change in the world. Part II will distinguish between our praxis and normative reasoning capacities, and sketch a description of the latter — the capacity to “reason” in a domain marked by disagreement on basic questions of fairness, value, and justice. Our normative reasoning capacities draw on moral intuition, narrative, experience and theory to reason and deliberate about questions of value, fairness, and justice in concrete, practical settings. Part III will make the case for the value of normative reasoning by offering three examples of how lawyers effect change through the exercise of their normative capacities — through and beyond the traditional practice role. First, it will examine the critical role that normative reasoning plays in achieving justice for clients and in engaging with clients in deliberation about the most important questions in the representation. Second, I will argue that our normative reasoning capacity makes lawyers valuable as leaders, both in forging the ethos or vision that instills purpose and commitment, and in creating the ethical environment in which others do their best work. Third, I will argue that our normative reasoning capacities can empower us to effect change on a still wider canvas — as innovators, and not only in the provision of legal services, but in the creation of new services, enterprises, structures and institutions and even products that can change the world, incrementally or otherwise. Part IV explores why normative reasoning has struggled to find a place in our self-understanding, observing that normative reasoning does not differentiate lawyers from laypersons, and thus it may not offer the prize of status and prestige. On the contrary, I conclude, normative reasoning invites us to share in the deepest questions of our community rather than isolating us on an island of technical expertise.
The 14-3-3 protein PAR-5 regulates the asymmetric localization of the LET-99 spindle positioning protein

PAR proteins play important roles in establishing cytoplasmic polarity as well as regulating spindle positioning during asymmetric division. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the PAR proteins generate asymmetry in different cell types are still being elucidated. Previous studies in Caenorhabditis elegans revealed that PAR-3 and PAR-1 regulate the asymmetric localization of LET-99, which in turn controls spindle positioning by affecting the distribution of the conserved force generating complex. In wild-type embryos, LET-99 is localized in a lateral cortical band pattern, via inhibition at the anterior by PAR-3 and at the posterior by PAR-1. In this report, we show that the 14-3-3 protein PAR-5 is also required for cortical LET-99 asymmetry. PAR-5 associated with LET-99 in pull-down assays, and two PAR-5 binding sites were identified in LET-99 using the yeast two-hybrid assay. Mutation of these sites abolished binding in yeast and altered LET-99 localization in vivo: LET-99 was present at the highest levels at the posterior pole of the embryo instead of a band in par-5 embryos. Together the results indicate that PAR-5 acts in a mechanism with PAR-1 to regulate LET-99 cortical localization.
Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: Sarcoidosis: Immunology and Clinical Management

Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas in the lung and other organs. Current evidence suggests that this response is driven by a foreign antigen whose identity remains unclear. In this article, the nature of the cellular immune response is explored and the value of local markers of inflammation in predicting clinical course is examined.
Responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons to intradermal serotonin and other irritants: comparison with scratching behavior.

Scratching behavior is used to assess itch sensation in animals, but few studies have addressed the relative scratch-inducing capacity of different algesic and pruritic chemicals. Furthermore, cent...
Bridging the terahertz gap: Progress and challenges

Steady, persistent effort has gone a long way toward bridging the infamous "terahertz gap." Advances in circuit and device design, as well as continued lithographic scaling, have delivered building blocks that are suitable for superheterodyne receivers in the sub-millimeter wave region. High-power (e.g., watt-level) sources for transmitters, however, remain to be developed. This talk uses a notional "XWB" (extreme wideband) Tb/s wireless communications link as a context to assess progress to date, as well as to identify outstanding problems still to be solved. Tom Lee Stanford University, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305 USA Bridging the Terahertz Gap: Progress and Challenges
Suppression of virus-induced corneal toxicity in rabbits by pretreatment with nitrogen mustard.

SummaryPretreatment of rabbits with 2 intravenous injections of nitrogen mustard (HN2) partially suppressed production of NDV-induced toxic corneal reactions. In most animals this treatment suppressed development of opacity and reduced markedly the extent of fusions of endothelial cells. It did not inhibit formation of endothelial rosettes. The suppressive effects in the HN2-treated animals lasted for at least 20 days, well after leucopenia had disappeared. Decreased response to injected virus is neither a result of suppression of circulating leucocytes nor of rapid inactivation of virus in aqueous humor.Treatment of rabbits with a single intravenous injection of HN2 4 days, 2 days, or immediately before virus injection caused no demonstrable suppression of virus-induced toxic reactions of rabbit corneas. Leucocytes appeared to play no essential role in production of corneal reaction.The authors wish to express their deep gratitude to Dr. C. A. Evans for advice and criticism during this investigation.
R.O.P. Progeny Testing

Abstract THE present poultry record-of-performance work in Canada, England, the United States, and various other countries, does not take into consideration progeny testing based particularly on average egg production per flock and average egg weight for the eggs laid by all the birds in the entire flock. Geneticists in general would agree that such a test would be superior to practically all others for determining the relative breeding worth of a flock. There is one exception to this, as reported by Hagedoorn (1927). He states that an improved method of determining the breeding worth of a breeder’s entire flock has been used in Holland for several years with marked success. The principle of this improved method was that of progeny testing in which the breeding worth of the whole flock was determined by the average number and weight of eggs laid by an unselected flock of pullets secured from a random . . .
Analysis on detection results of the posts used organic solvents in the workplaces of enterprises in Zhongshan City

Objective To understand the status of occupational harmfulness of organic solvents among the enterprises in Zhongshan City, and provide evidence for preventing and controlling the harm of organic solvents. Methods Common industries of 287 enterprises in Zhongshan City, including furniture, paint- making, shoemaking, electronics, hardware, packaging and printing, which used organic solvents, were surveyed and the detection results of the posts were statistically analyzed. Results Among the 287 enterprises, 2,080 posts used organic solvents. The top 3 standard- exceeding chemical poisons were trichloroethylene(45.6%), methanol(20.0%), and toluene(2.6%). The maximum super- standard multiple of benzene ranked first. The top 3 standard- exceeding posts were hardware(18.5%), paint- making(15.1%)and electrical lighting(13.2%), there were statistically significant differencesin the standard- exceeding rate among different industries(χ 2= 71.68,P= 0.01). The standard- exceeding posts used organic solvents were mainly spraying, brushing gum, cleaning, printing, paint mixing, and so on. Conclusions The posts used organic solvents in Zhongshan City are various and widespread; moreover,the benzene- compounds are commonly used in the above- mentioned industries. It is necessary to strengthen the occupational hygienic management and the related health education and develop preventive and control measures so as to prevent organic solvent poisoning.
Concentration of antibiotics in simple renal cysts.

AbstractPatients with infected renal cysts are known to respond poorly to antibiotic therapy. We evaluated the serum, cyst fluid and urine levels of 3 antibiotics in 4 patients with simple renal cysts. Despite excellent urine and serum concentrations gentamicin was detected in the cyst of only 1 of the 3 patients studied. Neither sulfamethoxazole nor trimethoprim was detected in the cyst of 1 patient despite adequate plasma levels. These data help explain the poor medical response of such patients and support the concept of early surgical intervention
Long-term outcomes after catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with and without structural heart disease ☆

Background Long-term outcomes after ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation are sparsely described. Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe long-term prognosis after VT ablation in patients with no structural heart disease (no SHD), ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), and nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Methods Consecutive patients (N = 695: no SHD, 98; ICM, 358; NICM, 239) ablated for sustained VT were followed for a median of 6 years. Acute procedural parameters (complete success [noninducibility of any VT]) and outcomes after multiple procedures were reported. Results Compared with patients with no SHD or NICM, patients with ICM were the oldest, were more likely to be men, lowest left ventricular ejection fraction, highest drug failures, VT storms, and number of inducible VTs. Complete procedure success was highest in patients with no SHD than in patients with ICM and those with NICM (79%, 56%, 60%, respectively; P Conclusion Long-term follow-up after VT ablation shows excellent prognosis in the absence of SHD, highest VA recurrence, and transplantation in patients with NICM and highest mortality in patients with ICM. The extremely low mortality for those without SHD suggests that VT in this population is rarely an initial presentation of a myopathic process.
The Cambridge Introduction to Literature and Psychoanalysis: A thing of beauty is a Freud forever

Gide left us with the question of the specific enjoyment deployed and conveyed by literature. We have seen that most psychoanalytic readings tend to link this enjoyment with the phallus as a symbolic marker of lack, hence of desire, whereas the later Lacan insists on an absolute and transgressive jouissance. These interpretations attempt to situate enjoyment in relation with letters, either as literal letters (the “literariness” of literature or its literalness), or as allegorical letters, like the letters whose sum constitutes the essence of a “man of letters.” The dual nature of the letter as opening up to absolute enjoyment and as constituting a personal myth of the author can be condensed in a symptom. This notion should lead us to James Joyce, who became for Jacques Lacan the “symptom of literature,” whereas a little earlier he had been presented by Carl Gustav Jung as symptomatic of a modern tendency toward the splitting of consciousness – in other words, of schizophrenia. I will begin this chapter with a discussion of Jung’s reading of Joyce’s works to assess the main difference between Jung and Freud in terms of sexual dynamics. I will end with two parallel interpretations of Joyce’s figure as a man of letters, one by Lacan – closer to Freud but with a tendency to overlap with Jung’s theses – and the other by Jorge Luis Borges – definitively closer to Jung. Joyce will serve as a “strange attractor” for a variety of psychoanalytic discourses about literature, whose enjoyment has been enacted in advance by the Irish writer’s very signature. Jung’s reading of Ulysses There is a hushed silence in the abundant secondary literature about Joyce concerning Jung’s notoriously bad-tempered essay on Ulysses . He published it in 1932, ten years after the novel’s publication, at a time when Joyce’s book was hailed as a modern masterpiece, receiving quasi-universal critical acclaim. It is rare to see a famous psychoanalyst, who by that time had founded his own school, rant for more than twenty pages about a novel that he claims not to like and not to understand and whose main interest comes from the fact that it looks very much like the ravings of schizophrenics. One must know the genealogy of the complex links between Jung and Joyce to make better sense of this odd diatribe.
The Democratic Primaries

Barack Obama writes in his 2006 best-selling book Audacity of Hope of a meeting with a political consultant who had been encouraging him to run for statewide office in his home state of Illinois. The meeting took place in late September 2001, after the terrorist attacks in the United States and after Obama’s unsuccessful campaign for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000. Obama, then a state senator, was looking for his next move.
Becoming Knowledgeable and the Search for Wisdom

Throughout the book, I have tried to identify, emphasize, and repeat a number of claims about and against education reform, and our need, as a nation, to reclaim education. In the last chapter, part of what I emphasized was the fact that while information is necessary for knowledge, that in and of itself, information is not knowledge. Unfortunately, as I have been arguing, because education reform in the USA today is so heavily influenced, if not directly controlled, by a neoliberal bias, education gets viewed and understood solely within the context of “the market,” and, therefore, is considered only as a product. In the mix, information emerges as the “product behind the product” that everyone wants (to consume). The result, as noted by commentators as divergent as Diane Ravitch and Henry A. Giroux, is that education in the USA today gets reduced to training students to prepare for and take tests, tests which confirm and determine what, if any, information the students in fact have come to “learn” (memorize). As Giroux astutely explains it in The Abandoned Generation:It is this emphasis and focus on “decontextualized bodies of information” as the product driving education reform that is being contested and challenged here. What I will attempt to work out, still further, in this chapter is the distinction between information and knowledge and the difference between knowledge and wisdom. In Chap. 5, I noted that information was not knowledge, and gave the example of an owner of a car in possession of the information in the “owner’s manual” but still lacking the knowledge to fix the car on her or his own, despite holding the necessary information, literally, in their hands. What I would like to discuss now is the actual distinction between information and knowledge, and then go on to argue that even the attainment knowledge is not enough. It is not enough for many reasons, but, as I will claim, we need to recognize that without striving for and achieving wisdom, knowledge, by itself, falls far short of guaranteeing us the ability to establish an ethical way of being in the world. Instead of “ruthlessly expunging the language of ethics from the broader purpose of teaching and schooling,” as Giroux so accurately and succinctly put it, we will explore the possibility of reintroducing the language and significance of ethics back into the “broader purpose of teaching and schooling,” of explicitly and purposefully searching for wisdom.
89: Development of a Novel Micro LC-MS/MS Method for Assay of Agonist-Induced Release of Endogenous Serotonin from Human Platelets

Objective: Assessment of platelet function testing is often limited when platelet counts are low, as typically found in pediatric and thrombocytopenic populations. We aim to develop a high sensitive method for measuring the release of endogenous serotonin by mass spectrometry to address this limitation. Methods: 100 μL citrated blood was diluted 10-fold to 1.0 mL with Modified HEPES/Tyrode Buffer (MTB). 80 μL of the diluted blood was then incubated with a platelet agonist, such as ADP, unstirred, …
Early detection, clinical diagnosis, and management of lung disease from exposure to diacetyl

Inhalation of diacetyl-containing products is associated with risk for occupational bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) and fixed airways obstruction, particularly in workers exposed to heated liquids and powdered formulations. This review describes the occupational settings in which diacetyl-related lung disease has been reported and the clinical presentation of disease, along with an approach to diagnosis and management. The importance of early disease recognition, appropriate removal from exposure, and medical monitoring to optimize prognosis is reviewed. The roles of public health follow-up and medical surveillance for primary and secondary prevention are discussed.
Use of electronic health record clinical decision support tool for HCV birth cohort screening.

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended one-time HCV testing for all patients in the 1945-1965 birth cohort, given the high hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in this group [1]. In response, various interventions differing in complexity and cost have been developed. Goel et al, evaluated a multifaceted intervention sequentially implemented and report poor response to the electronic health record (EHR) alert and a very successful HCV screening, increased by 137%, after adding other tools including physician education, data feedback, and patient navigation [2]. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Higher-Order Statistics Applied to Some Array Signal Processing Problems

Abstract Array signal processing is a very rich area for applications of higher-order statistics. This paper provides a short overview of: cumulant-based blind beamforming, virtual cross-correlation computer, the virtual ESPRIT algorithm (VESPA), waveform recovery, and suppression of non-Gaussian noise, all of which represent novel applications of higher-order statistics, and in all cases provide solutions to problems that either could not be solved before or can now be solved better than before.
Can Protein Restriction Set Up T Lymphocytes Favorably For Their Activation Against Pathogens Through Myc

One area that presents a significant threat to global health is infectious diseases. With increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria [1], opportunistic infections are a growing concern for human societies. In 2009, there were 89,000 deaths caused by pneumonia, septicemia, and influenza virus in the United States alone [2]. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria increase the risk of secondary infection that is associated with many standard medical procedures such as organ transplantation, chemotherapy, dialysis, and elective surgery [1]. The deceleration of new drug discovery suggests that acute preventative strategies strengthening host immunity prior to such procedures are of strong interest. In this mini review, I will suggest a protein restriction-Myc signaling as a potential pharmacological target to boost the survival outcome following pathogenic bacterial infection.
You Can Help Every Provider Have a Better Understanding of Functional Behavior Assessment! A Review of the Website: Basic FBA to BSP:

Managing problematic classroom behavior is a challenge for many teachers, regardless of population. The website, www.basicfba.com, designed by researchers at Portland State University, offers teach...
Chapter 5 Parents, Special Obligations and Reproductive Genetics

One of the most important assumptions in the bioethical debate on deciding about a child’s genetic makeup is that even if he is born without the expected traits, parents ultimately end up loving him unconditionally. This assumption is supported by common sense and empirical studies but it still could be too weak to handle difficulties based on the possibility that from our individual first-person perspective we cannot know in advance how this experience will change us and our preferences. In this paper I analyze the possibility of justifying the moral principles which can be used to resolve this problem. I start from an analysis of R.M. Green’s ‘Parental Love Almost Always Prevails’ principle. In the second part I present Laurie Paul’s conception of transformative experience and the view about unpredictability of parental love. In the third part I will try to show that the category of special obligations based on relationship-centered reasons is the best way to guarantee the continuity of reasons before and after the child was brought to existence.
Happiness and freedom in direct action: critical mass bike rides as ecstatic ritual, play, and temporary autonomous zones

Most leisure research does not consider collective action and social change, while most social movement research overlooks carnivality and spontaneity. A counter-example is the alternative bicyclin...
Visual Inspection of Highway Bridges

The Federal Highway Administration recently conducted an investigation to assess the reliability of visual inspection of highway bridges as implemented by state departments of transportation. The study focused on routine and in-depth inspection, the two most prevalent forms of visual inspection of bridges. Because visual inspection is a highly subjective nondestructive evaluation technique, the results of these bridge inspections can be highly variable and are dependent on many factors. This study included the completion of 10 bridge inspection tasks by 49 practicing state bridge inspectors. With regard to routine inspections, this study showed that condition ratings are assigned with significant variability. Specifically, approximately 68% of condition ratings are within 1 rating point of the average. The results of the in-depth superstructure inspections indicated that these inspections are not likely to detect and identify the specific types of defects for which this inspection procedure is sometimes prescribed. Specifically, widespread defects such as those normally noted during a routine inspection are likely to be noted; however, local deficiencies, such as crack indications, are unlikely to be detected. The results of the deck delamination survey indicate that the accuracy of this type of inspection is relatively poor, with few inspection teams providing results that could be considered to accurately portray the condition of the deck.
AN ENGINEER ATTACKS THE SECOND-ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A new method is proposed for handling the second-order, linear, differential equation with variable coefficients. This method, called the envelope theory, replaces the original linear equation with an auxiliary nonlinear differential equation which generates a bounding function or “envelope” for the original equation. For problems where the second-order linear equation gives oscillatory solutions, the envelope method is shown to be many times more accurate than other types of numerical solution. The envelope equation, although nonlinear, is proved to be a well-behaved exact representation, entirely free of singularities, to the desired linear equation solution. Some applications are given, particularly to eigenvalue problems, for which the envelope method is unusually well suited, yielding all of the eigenvalues of a given function with only a few simple calculations.
FISSION PROPERTIES OF THE ACTINIDES

ABSTRACT Recent progress in the experimental determination of fission barrier and scission properties is reviewed. The importance of deformed nuclear shells in influencing fission decay rates in actinide nuclei is demonstrated. The dramatic influence of shape symmetries on fission rates and evidence for increasingly complex barrier shapes is presented. Recent data and interpretation suggest double and triple peaked fission barriers and multiple parallel paths in the saddle point region. These effects are generally understood in terras of modulations of a simple liquid drop fission barrier by energy deviations of ~ 1-3 MeV due to the extra stability of some deformed nuclear configurations (i.e., shell effects). The scission properties (mass and total kinetic energy distributions) for actinide nuclei are also reviewed, and it is demonstrated that nuclear shells in the nascent fragments near scission are also important. The most striking effect of this type is in the fermium region where fission undergoes a sudden transition from asymmetric to symmetric mass division as the result of approaching the doubly magic configuration of two 132 Sn nuclei which have extraordinary binding energies. Various recent and proposed measurements to try to isolate shell and dynamic effects in the fragment distributions are also discussed.
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in the Renal Transplant Recipient

Kidney transplantation is the current treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. Innovations in transplantation and immunosuppression regimens have greatly improved the renal allograft survival. Based on recently published data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant recipients, prevalence of kidney transplants is steadily rising in the United States. Over 210,000 kidney transplant recipients were alive with a functioning graft in mid-2016, which is nearly twice as many as in 2005. While successful renal transplantation corrects most of the electrolyte and mineral abnormalities seen in advanced renal failure, the abnormalities seen in the post-transplant period are surprisingly different from those seen in chronic kidney disease. Multiple factors contribute to the high prevalence of these abnormalities that include level of allograft function, use of immunosuppressive medications and metabolic changes in the post-transplant period. Electrolyte disturbances are common in patients after renal transplantation, and several studies have tried to determine the clinical significance of these disturbances. In this manuscript we review the key aspects of the most commonly found post-transplant electrolyte abnormalities. We focus on their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and available treatment approaches.
Rapid depressurization and phase transition of CO2 in vertical ducts - Small-scale experiments and Rankine-Hugoniot analyses.

Abstract This study discusses the rapid expansion and phase transition of liquefied carbon dioxide (CO2) in vertical ducts. Results from small-scale experiments in three test setups (A, B, and C) were compared with a Rankine-Hugoniot model that treats the phase transition as an adiabatic evaporation wave of constant thickness. The model calculates the fluid properties behind the evaporation wave. The motivation was to identify hazards and quantify the energy-release in tank explosions such as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. The experimental results corresponded with a Chapman Jouguet (CJ) solution. The contributions include a mapping of CJ solutions calculated from a range of pre-rupture conditions. The puncture of a diaphragm (setup A, and B), or complete test section rupture (setup C) initiated the tests. The three test setups provided a range of pressures for the model. Evaporation waves were observed, propagating with velocities of 35–42 ms−1 (setup A, and B), and ∼ 10 ms−1 (setup C) into the superheated liquid. The calculated vapor mass fraction behind of the evaporation wave was in the range 0.21-0.23. The study presents a strategy, which incorporates the calculated vapor mass fraction, to predict the energy released in a tank explosion.
Statistical methods and reporting practices in the study of dyslexia.

This report presents findings from a review of the journals Dyslexia and Annals of Dyslexia over a 10-year period from 2005 to 2014. Three hundred articles were reviewed to examine statistical methodology and reporting practices. Articles were coded according to their reported covariates, effect sizes, and statistical methods. In addition, trends were examined in relation to the 2008 release of the What Works Clearinghouse Procedures and Standards Handbook from the Institute of Education Sciences in order to evaluate any potential impact of recommended practices. We found an increase in prevalence of specific statistical methods as well as increases in reporting of effect sizes following publication of the handbook. The reporting of effect sizes statistically significantly increased following publication of the manual (55% prepublication vs. 72% post-publication). The use of analysis of variance increased post-publication, whereas articles using no statistical methods or descriptives only decreased. Approximately one third of articles included covariates in their analysis; inclusion of covariates was consistent from prepublication to post-publication. Findings indicate that over the past 10 years, articles are becoming increasingly rigorous in methodology and reporting practices.
Japanese Export Lacquer and Global Art History: An Art of Mediation in Circulation

Japanese export lacquer was enmeshed in a complex network of commercial and artistic relations. Raw materials were brought from Southeast Asia to Japan, where finished lacquerware was made for export. Japanese export lacquer adapted Chinese and Indian decorative techniques, as well as European designs for motifs, forms, and functions. Chinese or Ryukyuan junks along with Spanish, Portuguese, and Dutch ships carried lacquer to places in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, where it was adopted and emulated. Lacquer thus provides a prime example of an art of mediation that involved Europeans and Asians in processes of circulation in the global history of art.
Effects of the guanine-quadruplex telomerase inhibitor BRACO-19 on tumour cells: Evidence of selective action on telomere maintenance

1504 STA-4783 is a newly synthesized bis-thiobenzoylhydrazide compound (MW: 400) that promotes tumor-specific induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and exhibits significant enhancement of Paclitaxel efficacy in a variety of human tumor xenografts in nude mice and mouse syngeneic tumor models. Although STA-4783 exhibited little to no anti-tumor activity when administered as a single agent in these models, it dramatically increased the efficacy of both low sub-optimal doses of Paclitaxel as well as the higher maximum-tolerated doses of Paclitaxel. Both a reduction in tumor size and an increase in survival were observed. STA-4783 induced strong HSP70 expression in many tumor cell lines including human breast carcinoma MDA-435 (at 0.1 μM), but not in normal cell lines such as human mammary epithelial cells HMEC or human renal epithelial cells HREC (at 5 μM) in vitro. The substantially improved anti-tumor activity of the combination therapy was seen in mouse xenograft models with human tumors of various origins, including breast (MDA-435, MCF-7, ZR-75-1), lung (RERF), and lymphoma (U937). This enhancement in efficacy was dose-dependent with regard to STA-4783. STA-4783 co-treatment did not result in additional toxicity above that observed with Paclitaxel alone. In the detailed GLP toxicity and DMPK studies in rats and dogs, no increased toxicity was observed. STA-4783 had no influence on the pharmacokinetics of Paclitaxel. The Paclitaxel enhancement of STA-4783 was not observed in vitro and was absent in SCID-beige models in vivo, suggesting an immune-mediated mechanism. The HSP70 induction by STA-4783 in tumor cells may activate the immune system, thereby adding to the anti-tumor activity of Paclitaxel. In fact, it has been observed that treatment of tumor cells with STA-4783 and related compounds that induce HSP70, but not compounds that fail to induce HSP70, increased the lysis of tumor cells by mouse splenocytes. A phase I trial is underway to define the maximum tolerated dose, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of STA-4783 combined with Paclitaxel.
Using Higher Order Sensitivity Approaches to Assess Aircraft Emissions Impacts on O3 and PM2.5

This study utilized an advanced sensitivity analysis, the higher order Decoupled Direct Method (HDDM-3D) as implemented in the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) to quantify the impacts of aviation emissions during the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle at nine individual airports; five located in regions of attainment of O3 and PM2.5 NAAQS: Boston Logan (BOS), Kansas City (MCI), Raleigh Durham (RDU), Seattle-Tacoma (SEA), and Tucson (TUS); and four located in regions of nonattainment: Chicago O’Hare (ORD), Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta (ATL), John F. Kennedy (JFK), and Los Angeles (LAX). Fuel burn changes needed at the four nonattainment airports ranged from −14.9 (357,185 less tons) to −3.3 (55,715 less tons) times less fuel burned and from 1.6 (29,826 more tons) to 3.1 (79,584 more tons) times more fuel burned to reduce ambient PM2.5 by 0.1 μg/m3 and O3 by 1 ppb, respectively. Fuel burn changes needed at the five attainment airports ranged from 20.4 (39,516 more tons) to 48.0 (397,180 more tons) times more fuel burned and from −449.0 (−477,734 less tons) to −24.0 (46,648 less tons) times less fuel burned to increase ambient PM2.5 by 0.1 μg/m3 and O3 by 1 ppb, respectively. Using these estimates for a range of airports, we demonstrate an illustration of how HDDM-based sensitivity calculations can be used to develop source specific impacts on potential attainment designations for a region.
Exploring students' experimentation strategies in engineering design using an educational CAD tool

Engineering design is an iterative process that supports the solution of problems by applying scientific knowledge to make informed decisions. Assessing different levels of expertise in experimentation is a difficult task since these are not usually visible as part of a student's final design solution. The purpose of this research is to investigate and characterize students' experimentation strategies while working on a design challenge. We conducted a concurrent think-aloud to capture students' thinking while they were working on a design challenge using an educational computer-aided design (CAD) software. We showed how the design replays generated from the log files collected from the CAD software can be used to represent students' experimentation strategies and how these representations can be validated by the data collected from the think-aloud. Our preliminary results show that technology-based assessment by the educational CAD tool allows us to identify the differences between different experimentation strategies and that the result of this assessment is supported by the result obtained from the concurrent think-aloud. Implications of this work would be relevant to engineering educators and researchers who are interested in understanding and assessing students' experimentation strategies in engineering design.