cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TGF-β1 Regulates NKG2D Promoted Effector Differentiation by Induction of CD30 and Suppression of CD137 in Umbilical Cord Blood CD8+ T Cells.

CD8 + T cells are crucial for host defense against pathogens and tumors. Upon, antigen recognition, CD8 + T cells proliferate and acquire effector functions. Effector CD8 + T cells require distinct costimulatory receptors at different differentiation stages that are involved in cell expansion, cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. NKG2D is an activating costimulatory receptor of CD8 + T cells important for promoting effector responses of these cells to autoimmunity, virus infection and tumor immunity. CD8 + T cell responses are also counterbalanced by various suppressive immune factors such as TGF-β1 or CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells which plays a central role in maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. We investigated whether NKG2D stimulation leads to induction of additional costimulatory receptors such as CD137 and CD30, which are important for the fate of effector functions and whether these NKG2D-mediated effects are affected by TGF-β1, using exclusively naive CD8 + T cells isolated from human umbilical cord blood. Following stimulation of NKG2D on naive CD8 + T cells with anti-NKG2D or co-culture with C1R and K562 tumor cell lines expressing MHC class I-related chain (MIC), a ligand for NKG2D, in the presence of anti-CD3, we examined induction profiles of CD137 and CD30, levels of granzyme B production, and cytotoxic activities against the tumor cell lines. Even though naive CD8 + T cells from umbilical cord blood are hyporesponsive to anti-CD3, costimulation of NKG2D readily activated CD8 + T cells and induced CD137 expression on cell surface. As a result of the NKG2D receptor ligation, NKG2D rapidly disappeared from the cell surface but gradually reappeared upon continuous CD3 stimulation. Unexpectedly, costimulation of CD137 with CD3 inhibited restoration of NKG2D on the surface of CD8 + T cells while further increasing CD137 expression by a positive feedback response. These CD137 + CD8 + T cells generated by NKG2D stimulation were potent in cytotoxicity and produced high levels of granzyme B in response to CD137 costimulation. NKG2D-induced CD137 expression was greatly compromised by TGF-β1. Unlike CD137, CD30, similar in molecular structure and belonging to the same TNF receptor family, was not induced by NKG2D stimulation. However, TGF-β1, which suppressed CD137 expression, appeared to be essential for NKG2D to induce CD30. TGF-β1 alone did not induce CD30 expression, suggesting TGF-β1 has a regulatory role for NKG2D in CD30 induction. Moreover, both CD30 and CD137 stimulation lowered effector functions compared to CD137 alone, suggesting that CD30 plays a negative role in CD137 costimulation. Our results suggest that a dichotomy between differential CD137 and CD30 induction on CD8 + T cells after NKG2D stimulation may be important for the ultimate fate of the effector functions. TGF-β1 may be involved in regulating NKG2D-mediated effects on effector CD8 + T cell development by induction of CD30 and reciprocal suppression of CD137 expression.
The Demise of Capital Clemency

Over the last four decades numerous opponents of capital punishment have criticized the institution of executive clemency. Their principal complaint has been that, with a few isolated exceptions, far too many chief executives have granted condemned prisoners clemency far too infrequently. This is an unfortunate development, critics argue, one due entirely to the politicization of criminal justice, particularly capital punishment.This Article maintains that these criticisms are unfounded or overstated. It concludes that a governor should not merely grant clemency, but also issue a pardon to any offender who proves to be innocent of his crime, but notes that the instances in which that scenario might occur are few and far between. The Article also maintains that, given the numerous opportunities for the jury and state courts to spare those offenders, there is far less need today for a governor to second-guess the unanimous view of the local community and state judiciary that a death sentence is the appropriate punishment. Finally, the Article notes that critics do not address the horrific facts of some capital cases — facts that can signify that death is the appropriate penalty.
Differences in Trabecular Microstructure Between Black and White Women Assessed by Individual Trabecular Segmentation Analysis of HR-pQCT Images

Black women have lower fracture risk compared with white women, which may be partly explained by improved volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone microarchitecture primarily within the cortical bone compartment. To determine if there are differences in trabecular microstructure, connectivity, and alignment according to race/ethnicity, we performed individual trabecular segmentation (ITS) analyses on high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) scans of the distal radius and tibia in 273 peri- and postmenopausal black (n = 100) and white (n = 173) women participating in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation in Boston. Unadjusted analyses showed that black women had greater trabecular plate volume fraction, plate thickness, plate number density, and plate surface area along with greater axial alignment of trabeculae, whereas white women had greater trabecular rod tissue fraction (p < 0.05 for all). Adjustment for clinical covariates augmented these race/ethnicity-related differences in plates and rods, such that white women had greater trabecular rod number density and rod-rod connectivity, whereas black women continued to have superior plate structural characteristics and axial alignment (p < 0.05 for all). These differences remained significant after adjustment for hip BMD and trabecular vBMD. In conclusion, black women had more plate-like trabecular morphology and higher axial alignment of trabeculae, whereas white women had more rod-like trabeculae. These differences may contribute to the improved bone strength and lower fracture risk observed in black women. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the transfer of stool from a healthy donor into the colon of a patient whose disease is a result of an altered microbiome, with the goal of restoring the normal microbiota and thus curing the disease. The most effective and well-studied indication for FMT is recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. At this time, there is insufficient evidence to recommend FMT for other gastrointestinal diseases, but studies are under way. There is also insufficient evidence to recommend FMT for nongastrointestinal diseases at this time. The field is rapidly emerging.
The Rhetoric of American Civil Religion: Symbols, Sinners, and Saints: by Jason A. Edwards and Joseph M. Valenzano III. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016. 228 pp. Hardcover. $90.00. ISBN 978-1-4985-4148-0.

Conversations regarding relationships between religious rhetoric and rhetorics of civic democracy have been increasing in the last few years. In The Rhetoric of American Civil Religion: Symbols, Si...
Public Policies and Conclusions

Having now defended the democratic justification in light of the best arguments against subsidizing art, this chapter steps back to reflect on the project as a whole. It begins by discussing several concrete policy implications of the argument’s bedrock appeal to democracy. These implications concern important practical issues such as how best to administer subsidy monies and whether it is permissible to fund morally offensive artworks. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the overall success of the project. This involves anticipating specific criticisms of the argument, sketching a response to these criticisms, and offering some final observations.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 attenuates house dust mite–induced eosinophilic airway inflammation by suppressing dendritic cell–mediated adaptive immune responses

Background Low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP-1) is a scavenger receptor that regulates adaptive immunity and inflammation. LRP-1 is not known to modulate the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Objective We sought to assess whether LRP-1 expression by dendritic cells (DCs) modulates adaptive immune responses in patients with house dust mite (HDM)–induced airways disease. Methods LRP-1 expression on peripheral blood DCs was quantified by using flow cytometry. The role of LRP-1 in modulating HDM-induced airways disease was assessed in mice with deletion of LRP-1 in CD11c + cells ( Lrp1 fl/fl ; CD11c -Cre) and by adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed CD11b + DCs from Lrp1 fl/fl ; CD11c -Cre mice to wild-type (WT) mice. Results Human peripheral blood myeloid DC subsets from patients with eosinophilic asthma have lower LRP-1 expression than cells from healthy nonasthmatic subjects. Similarly, LRP-1 expression by CD11b + lung DCs was significantly reduced in HDM-challenged WT mice. HDM-challenged Lrp1 fl/fl ; CD11c-Cre mice have a phenotype of increased eosinophilic airway inflammation, allergic sensitization, T H 2 cytokine production, and mucous cell metaplasia. The adoptive transfer of HDM-pulsed LRP-1–deficient CD11b + DCs into WT mice generated a similar phenotype of enhanced eosinophilic inflammation and allergic sensitization. Furthermore, CD11b + DCs in the lungs of Lrp1 fl/fl ; CD11c -Cre mice have an increased ability to take up HDM antigen, whereas bone marrow–derived DCs display enhanced antigen presentation capabilities. Conclusion This identifies a novel role for LRP-1 as a negative regulator of DC-mediated adaptive immune responses in the setting of HDM-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. Furthermore, the reduced LRP-1 expression by circulating myeloid DCs in patients with eosinophilic asthma suggests a possible role for LRP-1 in modulating type 2–high asthma.
Hybrid Polymer/Metal-Organic Framework Films for Colorimetric Water Sensing over a Wide Concentration Range.

Because of their extraordinary surface areas and tailorable porosity, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have the potential to be excellent sensors of gas-phase analytes. MOFs with open metal sites are particularly attractive for detecting Lewis basic atmospheric analytes, such as water. Here, we demonstrate that thin films of the MOF HKUST-1 can be used to quantitatively determine the relative humidity (RH) of air using a colorimetric approach. HKUST-1 thin films are spin-coated onto rigid or flexible substrates and are shown to quantitatively determine the RH within the range of 0.1–5% RH by either visual observation or a straightforward optical reflectivity measurement. At high humidity (>10% RH), a polymer/MOF bilayer is used to slow the transport of H2O to the MOF film, enabling quantitative determination of RH using time as the distinguishing metric. Finally, the sensor is combined with an inexpensive light-emitting diode light source and Si photodiode detector to demonstrate a quantitative humidity de...
The Sansei Research Project

The Sansei represent the first large postinternment generation of Japanese Americans. Relatively little literature describes the Sansei’s reactions to their parents’ internment. Those that have been published are based primarily on descriptive interview data (e.g., Hosokawa, F., 1978; Makabe, 1980; Miyoshi, 1980; Takezawa, 1989a), on autobiographies (Mura, 1991), or on testimonies before the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (e.g., Furutani, 1981). These accounts emphasize the lack of family communication about the camp experience and the Sansei’s reactions of sadness, anger, and frustration with the Nisei’s lack of resistance to the internment. “The impact of the camp experience on the Sansei and for future generations is indisputable,” stated one individual before the commission. “Our parents suffered a humiliation which resulted in a denial of their very sense of identity, a denial which was passed onto their offspring.”
Applications of Transesophageal Echocardiography in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has proven to be of significant benefit in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. This modality enables continuous, noninvasive monitoring of an entire interventional procedure, while at the same time allowing maintenance of a sterile field without interfering with fluoroscopy or the interventional procedure itself. Moreover, the superior intracardiac imaging offered by TEE provides unparalleled real-time visualization of intracardiac anatomy, thus TEE has become indispensable for many catheter-based interventions such as closure of atrial and ventricular septal defects. Currently, the availability of pediatric multiplane TEE probes permits TEE monitoring of procedures even in infants and very young children. This chapter discusses the use and applications of TEE in the cardiac catheterization setting, specifically as regards its utility for interventional procedures.
Cognitive and Communicative Features of Emotional Experience, or Do You Show What You Think You Feel?

A continuing dilemma in the study of affect development is how to integrate several domains of emotional experience: (1) internal or somatic changes related to emotional experience; (2) the visible expression of affect; (3) the individual’s cognitive comprehension of the emotion-eliciting situation; and (4) the impact of emotional expression on others. Each of these four areas has been investigated to varying degrees and, for the most part, as separate areas of research. In the current volume, extensions to infant emotional development have been made, and several integrations across domains have been attempted. (For example, Lewis, Brooks, and Haviland report on research that tries to tie together infant facial expression and internal physiological changes related to emotional experience; Decarie presents data on the expression of affect as well as on the infant’s cognitive comprehension of the situation; Campos, Hiatt, Ramsay, Henderson, and Svejda discuss infants’ internal physiological changes and their cognitive comprehension; and Emde, Kligman, Reich, and Wade report on infants’ expression of affect as it relates to impact on others.)
Mothers Talk Back: Exploring the Experiences of Formerly Incarcerated Mothers

The experiences of formerly incarcerated mothers are rarely examined despite the sharp rise in female incarceration over the past 2 decades. This project used a transcendental phenomenological approach and in-depth interviews with 12 formerly incarcerated mothers as they reflected on their motherhood experiences before, during and after their incarceration. Mothers described how they struggled to negotiate their own stress, trauma, addiction, and shame, and offer insights for how service systems and professionals can help mothers reunify with their families and re-enter society. Clinical implications for systems of care, policy and practice are explored.
Assessing Adverse Childhood Experiences during Pregnancy: Evidence toward a Best Practice.

Objective To quantify the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among a diverse urban cohort of pregnant women. Study Design The ACE survey was self-administered to 600 women categorized evenly between the waiting room, private examination rooms, and CenteringPregnancy group spaces. The percentage of women willing to complete the survey per location was compared using chi-square tests, and the mean ACE score per arm was compared using Wilcoxon's rank–sum test. Results Of the 660 women approached for participation, 5% declined; 67% reported ≥ 1 ACE exposure and 19% reported an ACE score of ≥ 4. By domain, 59% experienced household dysfunction, 25% abuse, and 25% neglect. Women in the waiting room were more likely to decline participation (p Conclusion The prevalence of ACEs in this diverse pregnant cohort was high. The ideal locations to distribute the survey are the outpatient examination rooms.
Correlates of participation in e-book piracy on campus

Abstract While the intention and participation in media and software piracy have been widely investigated, little is known concerning the determinants associated with electronic book piracy. With the adoption of e-book reader devices, Internet piracy remains a global concern that impacts multiple stakeholders, including authors, publishers, and libraries. The current study aims to examine the factors associated with electronic book piracy among college students. Results indicate that peer association and perceived risk are significantly linked to one's participation in e-book piracy. However, techniques of neutralization are not statistically significant. Libraries and publishers must educate students and raise awareness about the potential outcomes and risks related to e-book piracy.
Auswirkungen neuer Energiesysteme auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung – Möglichkeiten eines grünen Kapitalismus

Viele Wissenschaftler verknupfen mit der Energiewende eine wirtschaftliche Neuorientierung der Gesellschaft, in deren Folge es zu einem radikalen Wechsel in den Arbeits- und Lebensverhaltnissen sowie den Produktions- und Konsumptionsmustern kommen muss. Sie behaupten, dass die Transformation des Energiesystems hin zu erneuerbaren Energien nicht mehr auf der Logik des Kapitalismus beruhen kann. Ausgehend davon stellt sich die Frage, ob die Abkehr von fossilen Energietragern tatsachlich und notwendigerweise mit radikalen soziookonomischen Veranderungen einhergehen muss. Hierzu werden die zentralen Argumente der umwelt- und ressourcenbezogenen Kapitalismuskritik analysiert und im Rahmen einer theoretischen Annaherung dahingehend uberpruft, inwieweit sie nachvollziehbar das Ende fossiler Energietrager mit dem Ende des Kapitalismus verknupfen. Als theoretischer Bezugspunkt dient dabei Joseph Schumpeter’s „Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung“, die mit ihrem Erklarungsansatz der „schopferischen Zerstorung“ auch heute noch bemerkenswerte Einblicke in die Robustheit und Fahigkeiten kapitalistischer Systeme gewahrt. Die Studie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Uberwindung der Umwelt- und Ressourcenkrise nicht zwangslaufig durch die Uberwindung marktwirtschaftlicher Ansatze erfolgen muss, sondern staatlich begleitete, wettbewerbsorientierte Marktwirtschaften auf Basis regenerativer Energiesysteme eine grose okologische Wirksamkeit entfalten konnen.
Balancing Incentive Weights and Difficulty of Performance Targets: Theory and Evidence

We examine how firms balance the relative importance of financial and nonfinancial performance measures in their annual bonus plans. We present a theoretical model showing that managerial allocation of effort is a function of both relative incentive weights and the difficulty of performance targets. We find that relative incentive weight and target difficulty can be either complements or substitutes in motivating effort depending on the extent to which managers have alternative employment opportunities. We use survey data on the choice of performance targets in 1,217 companies to test the predictions of our model. Consistent with the model, we find that when firms are greatly concerned about managerial retention, relative incentive weights are negatively associated with perceived target difficulty. Conversely, when retention concerns are low, relative incentive weights are positively associated with target difficulty. Combined, our study extends prior work by highlighting the importance of balancing target difficulty when designing performance measurement systems.
An old BATF's new T-ricks

Two studies reveal a role for the transcriptional regulator BATF3 as a T cell–intrinsic factor mediating effective memory responses. This finding opens future avenues of investigation and opportunities to enhance cellular immunotherapy.
Effect of joint rotation on curling responses in airfield rigid pavements

This paper quantifies the relevance of restriction to joint rotation of an airfield concrete pavement when calculating critical curling stresses and deflections using a validated finite element mod...
Effect of Ticagrelor Monotherapy on Mortality After PCI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials Including 26143 patients.

Background Optimal timing and strategy of antiplatelet monotherapy after dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) consisting of aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor for patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is still being debated. The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT after PCI on mortality. Methods and results A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using PubMed to search for ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT comparing conventional DAPT in patients who underwent PCI. Three randomized trials encompassing 26143 patients (ticagrelor monotherapy after 1 to 3 months of DAPT [n = 13062] vs. conventional therapy [n = 13081]) were included. The efficacy endpoint of all-cause mortality was significantly lower with the ticagrelor monotherapy group vs. the conventional therapy group (risk ratio [RR]=0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.65 - 0.98; P = 0.03; I2=0%; number needed to treat for benefit [NNTB]=320). The safety endpoint of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding was also significantly lower with the ticagrelor monotherapy group vs. the conventional therapy group (RR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.49 - 0.92; P = 0.01; I2=65%; NNTB = 156). There were no significant differences in ischaemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis. The favorable effects of the ticagrelor monotherapy vs. the conventional therapy on all-cause mortality and BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding were consistent in the subset of patients presenting acute coronary syndromes (n = 15157). Conclusion Ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT of 1 to 3 months was associated with decreased all-cause mortality and BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding not offset by increase of cardiac death, ischaemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis.
Modulating the Structure and Hydrogen Evolution Reactivity of Metal Chalcogenide Complexes through Ligand Exchange onto Colloidal Au Nanoparticles

The interaction between catalyst and support is well known to influence the reactivity and stability of heterogeneous catalysts, and electrochemical hydrogen evolution catalysts based on amorphous ...
Investigating Isotopic Niche Space: Using rKIN for Stable Isotope Studies in Archaeology

Archaeological applications of stable isotope data have become increasingly prevalent, and the use of these data continues to expand rapidly. Researchers are starting to find that recovering data for multiple elements provides additional insight and quantitative data for answering questions about past human activities and behaviors. Many stable isotope studies in archaeology, however, rarely move beyond comparisons of descriptive statistics such as mean, median, and standard deviation. Over the last decade, ecologists have formalized the concept of isotopic niche space, and corresponding isotopic niche overlap, to incorporate data from two or more isotopic systems into a single analysis. Additionally, several methods for quantifying isotopic niche space and overlap are now available. Here, I describe the evolution of the isotopic niche space concept and demonstrate the usefulness of it for archaeological research through three case studies using the recently developed rKIN package that allows for a comparison of different methods of isotopic niche space and overlap estimations. Two case studies apply these new measures to previously published studies, while a third case study illustrates its applicability to exploring new hypotheses and research directions. The benefits and limitations of quantifying isotopic niche space and overlap are discussed, as well as suggestions for data reporting and transparency when using these methods. Isotopic niche space and overlap metrics will allow archaeologists to extract more nuanced information from stable isotope datasets in their drive to understand more fully the histories of the human conditions.
Sustainable Production of Liquid Fuels

Abstract Sustainable energy is the key to long term, global energy stability, which includes the need for a sustainable liquid transportation fuel. Ethanol and butanol are options to fill this energy need if they can be produced in an economical and sustainable fashion. This paper looks at various processes designed for the continuous production of ethanol and butanol via the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Processes designed for ethanol production include conventional separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) as well as consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) with options for various biomass feedstocks and corresponding pretreatment technologies are optimized to determine the minimum breakeven selling price of the ethanol produced. The production of butanol via acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation and a gas stripping recovery process is also analyzed. It is found that both SHF and CBP processes give favourable economic outlooks, with SHF being favoured without energy generation and CBP being favoured when the waste is used for energy production. In addition, it has been shown that using continuous ABE fermentation with gas stripping is capable of producing a product stream with
Wichita Culture History

The present-day Wichita are composed of four subgroups known as the Tawakoni, Wichita, Is cani/Waco, and Taovaya/Tawehash. There has been a tendency in both archaeological and cultural anthropological research to see Wichita culture history as if the present-day organization was characteris tic of the past. This study argues that the subgroups were distinct and independent social systems in the early Historic, and that the subgroups can be traced into prehistoric times.
(Mis)Triangulated Human Positioning in the Cosmos: (Un)Covering the (Meta)Physical Identity of Agents of Good and Evil in Head and Silko

Through two attempts from creative literature, my paper reconsiders the root question that has faced humanity perennially since antiquity: reducing or even eliminating death, illness, suffering, and poverty from the human condition. Usually, this life struggle inevitably raises the problem of the ultimate source(s) of good and evil in the cosmos, especially on earth. The modern world has, of course, understandably and increasingly left this knotty problematic mostly to science, especially physical science, but contemporary knowledge has also increasingly become interdisciplinary. Phenomenology belongs simultaneously to science and non-science. As Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka demonstrates and insists in a 2008 interview, “phenomenology has entered all sectors of knowledge” (Tymieniecka 1). My paper specifically seeks to locate the places and uses of the heavens in human affairs in Bessie Head’s 1974 novel A Question of Powerand Leslie Marmon Silko’s 1977 novel Ceremony. The setting of Head’s novel doubles as a terrestrial-ethereal setting, which enables Elizabeth to function as the protagonist of a contradictory double world. Similarly, Silko’s novel has a double main setting and a double main plot consisting of verse sections and prose sections, with the former as ethereal and the latter as the terrestrial. Both novels try to account for reducible but inevitable human suffering.
Symmetry and induction in model checking

Model checking is a technique for determining whether a finite state-transition system satisfies a specification expressed in temporal logic. It has been used successfully to verify a number of highly complex circuit and protocol designs. A major hurdle in using this approach to verify realistic designs is the state explosion problem. This problem tends to occur when the number of state variables is very large. In this paper we discuss two techniques for handling this problem. The first technique is based on exploiting symmetry in the state-transition graph. We show how to construct a reduced quotient graph that satisfies the same temporal properties as the original graph. The second technique applies to systems that can have an arbitrary number of processes. In this case induction at the process level can be used to avoid the state explosion problem. An invariant process can frequently be found whose correctness implies the correctness of the system. We describe several methods for finding such an invariant process when one exists.
Hydrodynamic Limits of the Boltzmann Equation

From a physical point of view, we expect that a gas can be described by a fluid mechanic equation when the mean free path goes to zero. We present here some (rigorous) derivation of incompressible Fluid Mechanic equations starting from the Boltzmann equation in the limit where the free mean path (Knudsen number) goes to zero. This work can be seen as an extension of the important series of papers by C. Bardos, F. Golse and D. Levermore [1].
The -Laplace equation on a class of Grushin-type spaces

We find the fundamental solution to the P-Laplace equation in Grushin-type spaces. The singularity occurs at the sub-Riemannian points, which naturally corresponds to finding the fundamental solution of a generalized Grushin operator in Euclidean space. We then use this solution to find an infinite harmonic function with specific boundary data and to compute the capacity of annuli centered at the singularity. A solution to the 2-Laplace equation in a wider class of spaces is presented.
Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies regulate the expression of virus-induced murine myocarditis.

Abstract A monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (anti-Id), produced by electrofusion and designated anti-Id88, was able to modulate expression of murine autoimmune myocarditis mediated by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). The anti-Id was characterized as an immunoglobulin G2b species possessing kappa light chains and was able to reduce expression of inflammatory myocarditis in anti-Id-pretreated mice challenged with CVB3. Anti-Id88 was able to stimulate specific cell-mediated immunity against anti-Id88, as well as CVB3, and exerted a suppressive effect on the proliferation of mixed spleen cell populations from virus-exposed mice. Anti-Id stimulated an anti-anti-Id antibody 3 population able to bind antibody 2 F(ab')2 fragments or virus antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of anti-Id88 exhibited binding of syngeneic anti-Id antibody to idiotypes present on immunoglobulin G molecules from virus-immunized mice.
Hemangioma of the spleen: presentation, diagnosis, and management.

Splenic hemangioma is a rare disorder but remains the most common benign neoplasm of the spleen. It often has a latent clinical picture; however, spontaneous rapture has been reported to occur in as many as 25% of this patient population.1 Treatment most often consists of splenectomy. This report reviews an 8-year experience with splenic hemangioma at Mayo Clinic. Thirty-two patients were identified with SH during the 8-year study period. The average age was 63 years (range 23 to 94 years) with 17 women and 15 men. Six patients presented with symptoms potentially related to the SH. The remainder (80%) were asymptomatic, and the SH was discovered incidentally during evaluation for other disorders. A mass or palpable spleen was appreciated in only four patients (12.5%). SHs ranged in size from 0.3 to 7 cm maximum diameter. A diagnosis of SH was made in 11 patients based on the findings of a splenic mass on computed tomography or ultrasound. Each of these SHs was ≤4 cm. Three of the 11 patients had multiple SHs. All 11 patients were managed successfully with observation. All but one of the patients remains asymptomatic, and no complications have developed during follow-up (range 0.6 to 7 years, mean 2.9 years). The diagnosis of splenic hemangioma was made at the time of surgery in the remaining 21 patients (65%). Splenectomy was performed for suspicion of primary or secondary splenic pathology. There were no instances of spontaneous rupture of the SH. Small splenic lesions, which meet the radiologie criteria for hemangiomas, may be safely observed.
A Golgi apparatus acid phosphatase.

Abstract Isolated Golgi apparatus fractions and total homogenates from rat testis were examined for acid phosphatase activity (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2). A comparison of pH optima and substrate specificity of the acid phosphatase activity both in homogenates and in the purified Golgi apparatus fraction suggested an enrichment of certain enzymes during the fractionation procedure. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic patterns of Triton X-100 solubilized enzyme stained for acid phosphatase activity indicated that the Golgi apparatus possessed an unique acid phosphatase. Chromatography of the Triton X-100 solubilized Golgi apparatus proteins on DEAE-cellulose columns also suggested the presence of an unique Golgi apparatus acid phosphatase. Fractions off thd DEAE-cellulose column containing this acid phosphatase were further examined and found to be inhibited by low levels of both NaF and sodium tartrate. This enzyme was also partially inhibited by Cu2+ but not Cd2+ or formaldehyde; exhibited a broad pH optima between pH 3.5 and 6.0 and was stable at incubation temperatures up to 40 °C.
Presidential Address Unfinished Business

AAPOR has always felt like a home to me. Since 1973, when I attended my first AAPOR conference, I think I've missed only two annual meetings. I was very honored to be elected as your president, and I want to thank you for giving me the opportunity to serve. In recent years, AAPOR Council has been taking a more proactive role to protect and advance our shared professional interest in the credibility and reputation of surveys. One part of Council's more proactive stance is to position AAPOR to better address potential threats to our ability to conduct surveys. This year, ably led by Mark Schulman and Nancy Belden, we joined with other organizations in a Research Industry Alliance to make sure that surveys were not inadvertently swept up in legislation and court decisions concerning the Do Not Call list. AAPOR also applied to join the Council of Social Science Associations as a governing member, not just an affiliate, and was accepted. Joining with the principal social science associations should help us more effectively protect the scientific integrity of surveys and better address issues involving, for example, Institutional Review Boards. A second part of a more proactive agenda is focused on the public's image of survey research and actions to improve its reputation. You heard about this in last night's plenary session, and I believe you'll be hearing more about it from Nancy Belden during her presidency. A third part of this agenda is to ensure and enhance the quality of surveys and the public's ability to understand and use their results sensibly. Our credibility rests on the quality and transparency of the methods we use to conduct surveys and produce results. One way for AAPOR to support the goal of enhancing survey quality is to promote ongoing review and discussion of methodological issues that affect the accuracy of surveys and, when appropriate, to foster research that can be the basis for improved methods. This is the function of a Committee to Review Pre-Election Poll Methodology that was established by AAPOR Council two years ago. (Establishing such a committee was recommended by the National Academy of Sciences two decades ago.)
Love’s Wisdom: The Authority of Scripture’s Form and Content for Faith’s Understanding and Theological Judgment

[Abstract This essay asks whether the Bible’s authority is a matter of (propositional) content as well as (poetic) form. It extends Martha Nussbaum’s work on the importance of literature for ethics by examining the effect of the “ancient quarrel” between philosophers and poets on the relationship of biblical literature to theology. Biblical authority involves not only revealed information but also large-scale patterns of information processing, like narrative, a cognitive strategy for grasping meaningful wholes. Scripture’s literary forms perform a pedagogical function, helping disciples to make right judgments about the theodrama, and hence serve as a means of sapiential formation., Abstract This essay asks whether the Bible’s authority is a matter of (propositional) content as well as (poetic) form. It extends Martha Nussbaum’s work on the importance of literature for ethics by examining the effect of the “ancient quarrel” between philosophers and poets on the relationship of biblical literature to theology. Biblical authority involves not only revealed information but also large-scale patterns of information processing, like narrative, a cognitive strategy for grasping meaningful wholes. Scripture’s literary forms perform a pedagogical function, helping disciples to make right judgments about the theodrama, and hence serve as a means of sapiential formation.]
Structural similarity and functional diversity in diiron-oxo proteins

Diiron-oxo proteins currently represent one of the most rapidly developing areas of bioinorganic chemistry. All of these proteins contain a four-helix bundle protein fold surrounding a (μ-carboxylato)diiron core, and most, if not all, of the diiron(II) sites appear to react with O2 as part of their functional processes. Despite these common characteristics, an emerging functional diversity is one of the most striking aspects of this class of proteins. X-ray crystal structures of diiron(II) sites are now available for four of these proteins: hemerythrin (Hr), the hydroxylase protein of methane monooxygenase (MMOH), the R2 protein of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR-R2), and a plant acyl-carrier protein Δ9-desaturase. The structure of the diiron(II) site in Hr, the sole O2 carrier in the group, is clearly distinct from the other three, whose function is oxygen activation. The Hr diiron site is more histidine rich, and the oxygen-activating diiron sites contain a pair of (D/E)X30–37EX2H ligand sequence motifs, which is clearly not found in Hr. The Hr diiron site apparently permits only terminal O2 coordination to a single iron, whereas the oxygen-activating diiron(II) centers present open or labile coordination sites on both irons of the center, and show a much greater coordinative flexibility upon oxidation to the diiron(III) state. Intermediates at the formal FeIIIFeIII and FeIVFeIV oxidation levels for MMOH and formal FeIIIFeIV oxidation level for RNR-R2 have been identified during reactions of the diiron(II) sites with O2. An [Fe2(μ-O)2]4+, 3+ "diamond core" structure has been proposed for the latter two oxidation levels. The intermediate at the FeIIIFeIV oxidation level in RNR-R2 is kinetically competent to generate a stable, functionally essential tyrosyl radical. The FeIVFeIV oxidation level is presumed to effect hydroxylation of hydrocarbons in MMOH, but the mechanism of this hydroxylation, particularly the involvement of discrete radicals, is currently controversial. The biological function of diiron sites in three members of this class, rubrerythrin, ferritin and bacterioferritin, remains enigmatic.
Pyroelectric U.V. radiation dosimetry

Abstract A dosimetric procedure is described which makes use of the pyroelectric properties of ZnS. The measured polarizations are governed by the pyroelectric co-efficient as well as the internal resistance of the specimen. The latter is diminished, in the course of heating, by electrons released from traps previously filled by the incoming radiation. The behavior of the system is analyzed in terms of an equivalent circuit which regards the material as a constant current generator. Comparisons with thermoluminescence and current-glow processes are described.
Assessing the Usefulness of a Taxonomy of Design Requirements for Manufacturing

An assessment of the usefulness of a taxonomy of design requirements for manufacture is presented. The taxonomy describes the various issues that manufacturing imposes on the design of a product. T...
Energy-momentum transfer to a charged particle subjected to an intense laser pulse along a constant-magnetic-field direction

Calculations are presented for the asymptotic change in the energy momentum of a free charged particle that is swept over by an intense laser pulse propagating in the direction of a constant magnetic field that is also present. Relevant features of the classical orbit and these asymptotic changes are obtained as a function of pulse intensity, duration, and polarization. Significant changes occur if a stringent resonance condition is satisfied which requires a very large constant magnetic field, but these changes are reduced precipitously off resonance.
Review and advances of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) part I: Design, fabrication, and testing with high concentration methanol solutions

Abstract A review of the experimental studies on passive and semi-passive direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) is conducted, with an emphasis on high concentration methanol and pure methanol. Key issues such as methanol transport, water management, oxygen transport, and carbon dioxide release in the DMFC are analyzed in detail. The design and fabrication, development approaches, challenges and opportunities on DMFCs passively fed with high concentration methanol are discussed. The advances of DMFC stacks and prototype developments are presented. Several unresolved issues and challenges in DMFCs are identified and reviewed in detail.
Newt limb regeneration studied with synchrotron micro-CT

Newts are the most developed vertebrates which retain the ability as adults to regenerate missing limbs; they are, therefore, of great interest in terms understanding how such regeneration could be triggered in mammals. In this study, synchrotron microCT was used to study bone microstructure in control forelimbs and in forelimbs regenerated for periods from 37 to 85 days. The bone microstructure in newts has been largely neglected, and interesting patterns within the original bone and in the regenerating arm and hand are described. Periosteal bone formation in the regenerating arm and finger bones, delayed ossification of carpal (but not metacarpal) bones and the complex microstructure of the original carpal bones are areas where microCT reveals detail of particular interest.
Measurements of the total cross section for the scattering of polarized neutrons from polarized 3He.

Measurements of polarized-neutron--polarized${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$He scattering are reported. The target consisted of cryogenically polarized solid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, with thickness 0.04 atom/b and polarization \ensuremath{\sim}0.4. Polarized neutrons were produced via the $^{3}\mathrm{H}$(p\ensuremath{\rightarrow},n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${)}^{3}$He or $^{2}\mathrm{H}$(d\ensuremath{\rightarrow},n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${)}^{3}$He polarization-transfer reactions. The longitudinal and transverse total cross-section differences \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{L}}$ and \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{\mathit{T}}$ were measured for incident neutron energies 2--8 MeV. The results are compared to phase-shift predictions based on four different analyses of n${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$He scattering. The best agreement is obtained with a recent R-matrix analysis of A=4 scattering and reaction data, lending strong support to the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ level scheme obtained in that analysis. Discrepancies with other phase-shift parametrizations of n${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{3}$He scattering exist, attributable in most instances to one or two particular partial waves. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Comparison of MICs of Fluconazole and Flucytosine When Dissolved in Dimethyl Sulfoxide or Water

ABSTRACT A total of 145 clinical strains of Candida species were tested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 methodology to determine if replacing water with dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent for fluconazole and flucytosine impacted the in vitro potency. No significant differences in MIC values were observed with either antifungal between the two solvents against any Candida species, and the essential agreement for each agent between the two solvents was greater than 99%.
Asymptotic behavior for solutions of a one-dimensional parabolic equation with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions

Abstract We investigate a nonlinear autonomous parabolic partial differential equation in one space variable subject to Neumann boundary conditions on a compact interval. The object of our study is to determine the asymptotic behavior of solutions. Our methods are borrowed from the Liapunov theory of stability for dynamical systems. We give conditions under which a solution has a nonempty ω-limit set. We show that any such ω-limit set consists solely of equilibrium solutions. We render criteria for asymptotic stability and for instability of an equilibrium solution. We examine the possibility of escape behavior.
An examination of cigarette brand switching to reduce health risks.

This study examined cigarette brand switching to reduce health risks in a population of young smokers (N=7,998) entering United States Air Force Basic Military Training. Because of a comprehensive tobacco ban during training, all smokers were abstinent during the study. Results from this investigation suggested that brand switching to reduce health risks was common among current smokers (31.3% of males; 32.3% of females). Brand switchers smoked fewer cigarettes, were more likely to smoke low-yield brands, had lower scores on a measure of nicotine dependency, and were more confident they could remain abstinent following training. Other discriminators of smokers who had switched brands from other smokers included using smoking to control appetite, greater proclivity to attempt smoking cessation, engaging in fewer safety risks, and healthier dietary composition. Finally, brand switchers quit smoking at a higher rate than other smokers (12.5% versus 11.1%) during the year following basic military training. However, a multivariate logistic regression model that controlled for demographic factors and smoking history suggested that brand switching was not a statistically significant predictor of smoking cessation during the follow-up period.
Effects of arid climate and upwelling upon the sedimentary regime off southern Spanish Sahara

Abstract The small influx of terrigenous sediment onto the continental margin off southern Spanish Sahara is evidenced by the carbonate-rich sands that cover the middle and outer shelf and by the low concentrations of land-derived grains suspended within the shelf and slope waters. Aeolian dust is an important sedimentary component only in nearshore areas south of 22°N. Most of the particles in the surface waters on the shelf and slope are organic, produced subsequent to coastal upwelling. Little of this material, however, accumulates in the bottom sediments. Most, apparently, is recycled within the water column and much of the remainder is reworked by benthic organisms. The strong contrast between these sediments and those from the shelf off southwest Africa results from major differences in shelf morphology and the oceanography regime, allowing for a greater degree of recycling of organic matter and development of carbonate-producing invertebrates on the Saharan Shelf.