cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limited clonality in autoimmunity: drivers and regulators.

Abstract The available T cell repertoire directed against self is appreciable owing to the escape of many clones from negative selection, largely because many determinants on self proteins are cryptic and not presented adequately. In addition, the degeneracy of T cell receptor specificity permits each lymphocyte a broad recognitive potential. Within the available self-reactive repertoire are T cells with high affinity, and these can compete favorably with other T cells with the same specificity. We have studied a “driver clone” and its two specific regulators in the B10.PL model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and found that each of these repertoires is highly limited. There is a single major clonal family comprising the aggressive driver population, which is public and of high affinity, and just one other minor public clonotype. The receptors of this Vβ8.2/Jβ2.7 driver are presented to a CD4 regulator and a CD8 suppressor, each of limited clonality, the latter killing the driver clone by apoptosis, completing a feedback control loop. This tightly regulated group of three cell types furnishes an excellent example of the immune homunculus.
Restoration of viral epithelial tropism improves immunogenicity in rabbits and rhesus macaques for a whole virion vaccine of human cytomegalovirus.

Maternal immunity to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) prior to conception is ∼70% protective against congenital transmission and in utero infection of HCMV. Both functional antibodies capable of neutralizing virus and effective T-cells are believed to be important for the protection. Previous HCMV vaccines have rarely been shown able to induce neutralizing antibody titers comparable to those seen in naturally infected HCMV seropositive subjects. Recent studies link a glycoprotein H (gH) complex to receptor-mediated viral entry of endothelial/epithelial cells and leukocytes. This pentameric gH complex, composed of five proteins (gH, gL, UL128, UL130 and UL131 proteins), is notably missing in all HCMV vaccine previously evaluated in clinic. Here we showed that a HCMV virus, with restored expression of the pentameric gH complex, can induce 10-fold higher neutralizing antibody titers than an attenuated AD169 virus or a recombinant glycoprotein B vaccine in multiple animal species in which viral replication is not expected. Encouragingly, the peak neutralizing titers post vaccination in rabbits and monkeys were within 2–4-fold of the levels determined in HCMV seropositive subjects. Functional antibodies by vaccination could further be improved when formulated with a novel adjuvant, and the titers of the antiviral antibodies were sustained in rabbits for over a year after vaccination. These results indicate that the pentameric gH complex is associated with greatly improved functional antibodies following vaccination, and support a vaccine concept based on a nonreplicating whole HCMV with the pentameric gH-associated epithelial tropism restored.
On the wear behaviour of silicon nitride sliding against metals in water

Purpose – Testing of silicon nitride (Si3N4) or silicon carbide (SiC), sliding on itself in water, revealed that hydrodynamic lubrication can be obtained at low‐sliding velocity. The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of Si3N4‐metals pairs, sliding in water.Design/methodology/approach – Ball on disc unidirectional sliding tests are run with Si3N4 against tool steel, stainless steel and cast iron in water. The friction force is recorded continuously and the wear is evaluated at the end of the run by geometric technique. In addition, SiC sliding on itself in oxidant solution (3 per cent solution of CrO3 in water) is tested.Findings – The measured friction and wear of water‐lubricated Si3N4 against metals are higher compared to Si3N4 sliding on itself. At the end of the run‐in SiC, lubricated by the oxidant solution, obtains hydrodynamic lubrication and friction and wear are lower than in water‐lubricated SiC.Research limitations/implications – The experimental results obtained are valid withi...
Determination of Copper, Iron, and Zinc in Crayfish (Procambrus clarkii) by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry

ABSTRACT Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry was used to determine copper, iron, and zinc in both whole Crayfish and tail meat of crayfish from selected areas in southwestern Louisiana. Also included was a comparison between male and female crayfish. Results showed no significant difference between male and female crayfish and individuals from different sites. Iron was approximately four times greater in concentration for whole crayfish compared with tail meat.
Advanced protein crystal growth flight hardware for the Space Station

The operational environment of the Space Station will differ considerably from the previous short term missions such as the Spacelabs. Limited crew availability combined with the near continuous operation of Space Station facilities will require a high degree of facility automation. This paper will discuss current efforts to develop automated flight hardware for advanced protein crystal growth on the Space Station. Particular areas discussed will be the automated monitoring of key growth parameters for vapor diffusion growth and proposed mechanisms for control of these parameters. A history of protein crystal growth efforts will be presented in addition to the rationale and need for improved protein crystals for X-ray diffraction. The facility will be capable of simultaneously processing several hundred protein samples at various temperatures, pH's, concentrations etc., and provide allowances for real time variance of growth parameters.
Can peer instruction be effective in upper-division computer science courses?

Peer Instruction (PI) is an active learning pedagogical technique. PI lectures present students with a series of multiple-choice questions, which they respond to both individually and in groups. PI has been widely successful in the physical sciences and, recently, has been successfully adopted by computer science instructors in lower-division, introductory courses. In this work, we challenge readers to consider PI for their upper-division courses as well. We present a PI curriculum for two upper-division computer science courses: Computer Architecture and Theory of Computation. These courses exemplify several perceived challenges to the adoption of PI in upper-division courses, including: exploration of abstract ideas, development of high-level judgment of engineering design trade-offs, and exercising advanced mathematical sophistication. This work includes selected course materials illustrating how these challenges are overcome, learning gains results comparing these upper-division courses with previous lower-division results in the literature, student attitudinal survey results (N = 501), and pragmatic advice to prospective developers and adopters. We present three main findings. First, we find that these upper-division courses achieved student learning gains equivalent to those reported in successful lower-division computing courses. Second, we find that student feedback for each class was overwhelmingly positive, with 88p of students recommending PI for use in other computer science classes. Third, we find that instructors adopting the materials introduced here were able to replicate the outcomes of the instructors who developed the materials in terms of student learning gains and student feedback.
Failure of a conveyor trunnion shaft on a centrifuge

Abstract The purpose of this case study is to determine the cause of failure of a conveyor trunnion shaft from a solid bowl centrifuge. The trunnion shaft fractured at the weld joint, which joins a flange to the end of the shaft. Fracture occurred through the walls of the shaft. It was determined that the failure was caused by defects related to the welding procedures. These defects included cracks in the weld joint, unfused welds, slags, and porosity. The causes of these defects were due to poor welding techniques prior to and during the welding procedure. The weld joint was an area of high stress concentration, in addition the flange was inaccurately machined, which may have caused high bending stresses during operation and contributed to the failure. It is recommended that certain welding techniques be used prior to and during welding to reduce incomplete fusion and to prevent the formation of slags and porosity. It is also recommended that the trunnion shaft be redesigned to reduce stress concentration at the weld joint between the shaft and the flange and to properly machine the flange to reduce high bending stresses.
Semidiscrete pesticide transport modeling and application

A time-continuous and space-discrete method is proposed for three-phase (dissolved, adsorbed, and vapor phases) pesticide transport modeling in the vadose zone and a generalized semidiscrete solution is derived under conditions of heterogeneous media, unsteady flow fields, and space-time-dependent physical and biochemical processes concerning pesticide environmental fate. The developed model also takes into account pesticide runoff and erosion and pesticide transport in the plant canopy zone. The model is able to deal with various pesticide application methods commonly used in practice, including over-canopy, under-canopy, or any combined foliar and soil surface spray, as well as soil-incorporated applications. The hybrid semidiscrete solution method, formulated herein, incorporates analytical and numerical methodologies into a uniform, flexible modeling framework, which makes the model suitable for either screening-level investigations as a lumped model or detailed studies as a distributed model. Furthermore, the semidiscrete pesticide transport model is applied in the Orestimba Creek Basin, California, for evaluating the vulnerability of the hydrosystem to diazinon contamination. In accordance with the observations, the simulation demonstrates that diazinon exposure levels in the creek frequently exceed criteria for aquatic life, and many peak pulses even exceed the water-quality standard for human health. In the subsurface environment, however, high concentrations of diazinon are generally limited within the shallow soil. It is also found that the magnitude and timing of pesticide application and rainfall/irrigation dominate exposure levels of diazinon in both subsurface and surface environments.
God and Factual Necessity

Many philosophers and philosophically oriented theologians hold that it is unreasonable to treat the statement ‘There is a God’ as analytic or logically true. As an existential statement, they argue, it is no different from any statement of its kind. Existential statements cannot be analytic, because contra-existential statements cannot be contradictory. (Notice, however, that existential statements can be contradictory, and contra-existential statements can be analytic.) To say, for example, that unicorns do not exist is simply to say that no entity satisfies the description ‘unicorn’. But this cannot be complex in the sense of entailing two contradictory statements. If so, then the existential statement corresponding to it cannot be analytic. In general, since no contra-existential statement can be contradictory, no existential statement can be analytic.
Spatial vectorcardiography: right bundle branch block. VIII.

Abstract The vectorcardiographic patterns and characteristics of right bundle branch block may be summarized as follows: 1.1. "Classical" right bundle branch block is associated with a QRS SE loop inscribed in the right, lower, anterior octant. The progress of the wave of accession is slow, and the time markers are closely spaced throughout the QRS SE loop. There is a positive ST vector directed upward, posterior, and to the left. The T SE loop is discordant. It points upward, backward, and to the left. Instances of this type of right bundle branch block are rare. 2.2. Atypical right bundle branch block is characterized by alteration chiefly of the terminal portion of the QRS SE loop. This terminal portion is increased in duration, slow and irregular in contour, and invariably directed to the right and anteriorly, to a greater or lesser extent. This terminal portion of the QRS SE loop produces the slow, widened S wave of Lead I and the R′ or late R wave of Lead V 1 . This terminal abnormality may coexist with any normal or pathological variety of the QRS SE loop. The study of a case of transient, atypical complete right bundle branch block revealed that the major portion of the QRS SE loop is also affected by the presence of the abnormal conduction, though only to a minor extent. However, the fact that some change is produced in the initial portion of the QRS SE loop indicates that the lack of contribution of right ventricular electromotor force to the entire QRS cycle is detectable although of small quantity. This might be considered as evidence that this type of block is true bundle branch block and not merely a "focal block" of the Purkinje system or a local abnormality of muscular conduction in the crista terminalis. It was further observed that the long axis of the T SE loop shifted to the left and posteriorly by more than 100 degrees. The significance of the T SE loop shift was shown clearly in the patients with marked left ventricular hypertrophy or myocardial damage. The electrocardiographic diagnosis of both of these conditions depends greatly upon evidence of an altered gradient producing inverted T waves in Leads I and V 5 or V 6 . That the T-wave change due to right bundle branch block alone would obscure such a diagnostic criterion was suspected from the alteration seen in the patient with transient block and was confirmed in the patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial damage associated with right bundle branch block. In all of them, T waves were upright in Leads I and V 5 and V 6 . The diagnosis of myocardial damage, myocardial infarction, and left ventricular hypertrophy, however, could be made from the configuration of the QRS SE loop alone.
Quantitative effects of laminin concentration on neurite outgrowth in vitro

Abstract Recent studies indicate that mediation of neurite outgrowth by the glycoprotein laminin may be a significant factor in the outgrowth of neurites to their targets during embryogenesis. To further characterize the possible role of this extracellular matrix molecule during development, we have systematically measured several features of outgrowth by neonatal rat sympathetic neurons on different concentrations of laminin. Individual neurons, obtained by mechanical dissociation of superior cervical ganglia (SCG), were cultured at low density on laminin substrates ranging from 0.01 to 1.0 μg/cm2. Outgrowth characteristics were subsequently analyzed for noninteracting cells in both fixed and live cultures. Data obtained from neurons fixed after 11 hr of culture showed approximately twofold increases in neurite initiation and outgrowth, and a twofold decrease in branching for a corresponding 100-fold increase in adsorbed laminin concentration. In time-lapse videomicroscopy observations, the root-mean square speed of growth cone movement increased from 60 to 90 μm/hr over the same range in concentration, while the persistence time remained constant at 0.10 hr. In general, neurite outgrowth parameters were relatively insensitive to changes in laminin concentration, supporting the idea that laminin is a permissive rather than an “instructive” substrate during development. Data obtained from fixed cultures were examined in terms of probability models to suggest possible mechanisms contributing to the dose-dependent effects observed.
Design Optimization of Transition Metamaterials

We report a detailed study of the effect of the graded index transition metamaterials design parameters on the resonant absorption of the obliquely incident electromagnetic wave in the vicinity of the zero index transition point(s).
The Benefits of Sales Force Automation (SFA): An Empirical Examination of SFA Usage on Relationship Quality and Performance

Sales force automation (SFA) technologies are commonly used to support customer relationship strategies in firms across industries around the world today. However, research reports mixed results among companies incorporating SFA technologies, and there remains some debate in the literature about the specific benefits provided through these systems. Therefore, this study seeks to expand researchers’ understanding of the relative benefits of SFA usage on both customer relationship quality and job performance. The findings highlight the mediating roles of market learning, customer orientation, and relationship quality on the SFA usage–performance relationship. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed and future research directions provided.
A 64-bit microprocessor in 130-nm and 90-nm technologies with power management features

The first two members in a family of 64-bit superscalar microprocessors are presented. The 130-nm processor, which was introduced first, offers 5-way instruction dispatch, support for 4-way integer and floating-point single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) operations, a 512-kB second level (L2) cache, and a high-speed external bus. The 90-nm processor is a technology remap of the 130-nm design. It retains the features of the 130-nm processor and adds others, including a new power management facility. The architecture, device characteristics, power management, and thermal details of these two processors are described. In addition, the dataflow layout, aspects of the circuit design, clocking, and timing are discussed.
Is graphene in vacuum an insulator

We present evidence, from lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the phase diagram of graphene as a function of the Coulomb coupling between quasiparticles, that graphene in vacuum is likely to be an insulator. We find a semimetal-insulator transition at ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{g}^{\mathrm{crit}}=1.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, where ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{g}\ensuremath{\simeq}2.16$ in vacuum, and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{g}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.79$ on a ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ substrate. Our analysis uses the logarithmic derivative of the order parameter, supplemented by an equation of state. The insulating phase disappears above a critical number of four-component fermion flavors $4l{N}_{f}^{\mathrm{crit}}l6$. Our data are consistent with a second-order transition.
The negative effects of surgery persist beyond the early postoperative period after laparoscopic colorectal resection

Purpose The recovery benefits of laparoscopy are traditionally believed to minimize the initial negative impact of surgery on early postoperative quality of life (QOL). We evaluate whether laparoscopic colectomy leads to recovery of QOL early after surgery and evaluate factors associated with the change in QOL.
CO2 Laser Radar Transmitters

The advent of multifunctional CO2 laser radars has led to the development of a variety of transmitter modules suitable for both coherent and noncoherent applications. Development trends in CO2 TEA and modulated waveguide lasers, the principal laser radar transmitter technologies, are reviewed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Applicability of the Risk and Resilience Model to Social Problems of Students with Learning Disabilities: Response to Bernice Wong

The purpose of this article is to respond to Bernice Wong's questions regarding the efficacy of the risk and resilience model for studying social problems in students with learning disabilities. Two factors render this framework particularly inviting to special education researchers. First, it is inherently optimistic because it assumes that once we identify factors that contribute to resilience, we can train less-resistant individuals to be more resilient. As such, it moves us away from deficit models to empowering models. Second, the model forces us to look beyond the characteristics of the individual to consider external factors that have a significant influence on development and behavior. At the same time, however, we still need to advance our knowledge regarding the basic dimensions of social problems among students with learning disabilities. Hence, this article argues for multiple approaches to advancing knowledge about students with learning disabilities.
Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Its Receptor CCR2 in Primary Sensory Neurons Contributes to Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

Abstract The use of paclitaxel (Taxol), a microtubule stabilizer, for cancer treatment is often limited by its associated peripheral neuropathy (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy [CIPN]), which predominantly results in sensory dysfunction, including chronic pain. Here we show that paclitaxel CIPN was associated with induction of chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its cognate receptor CCR2 in primary sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia. Immunostaining revealed that MCP-1 was mainly expressed in small nociceptive neurons whereas CCR2 was expressed in large and medium-sized myelinated neurons. Direct application of MCP-1 consistently induced intracellular calcium increases in dorsal root ganglia large and medium-sized neurons but not in small neurons mainly dissociated from paclitaxel-treated but not vehicle-treated animals. Paclitaxel also induced increased expression of MCP-1 in spinal astrocytes, but no CCR2 signal was detected in the spinal cord. Local blockade of MCP-1/CCR2 signaling by anti-MCP-1 antibody or CCR2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides significantly attenuated paclitaxel CIPN phenotypes including mechanical hypersensitivity and loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers in hindpaw glabrous skin. These results suggest that activation of paracrine MCP-1/CCR2 signaling between dorsal root ganglion neurons plays a critical role in the development of paclitaxel CIPN, and targeting MCP-1/CCR2 signaling could be a novel therapeutic approach. Perspective CIPN is a severe side effect accompanying paclitaxel chemotherapy and lacks effective treatments. The current study suggests that blocking MCP-1/CCR2 signaling could be a new therapeutic strategy to prevent or reverse paclitaxel CIPN. This preclinical evidence encourages future clinical evaluation of this strategy.
Comparison of the side-needle and knife techniques for inducing Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin accumulation in corn hybrids

Evaluation of corn genotypes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation has evolved over the past 30 years. Inoculation techniques have been developed to ensure that plants are exposed to Aspergillus flavus and resistant genotypes can be identified. We compared two inoculation techniques (side needle and knife) and different inoculation rates in Georgia and Mississippi. The relative performance of side-needle and knife inoculation techniques did not change or interact significantly across site years, suggesting that both the needle and knife are consistent inoculation techniques for discriminating between resistant and susceptible corn hybrids at the Mississippi State and Tifton locations.
Sibling recognition in the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster

Abstract Since mating is seldom observed between sibling prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster, this, behavioural discrimination was used to investigate sibling recognition in this species. Cross-fostering of 1–3-day-old pups demonstrated that unrelated pups reared together did not breed, whereas siblings reared apart bred readily when paired at weaning. When unrelated voles were paired at 14 days of age, prior to sexual maturity, significantly fewer pairs bred than when strangers were paired at 21 days of age. Separation of 21-day-old siblings for 8 days before pairing overcame incest avoidance; a 15-day separation was required for breeding by siblings that had remained together until they were 50 days old. These results indicate that sibling recognition and, consequently, incest avoidance depend on association prior to weaning.
The Middle-Class Nature of Identity and its Implications for Education: A Genealogical Analysis and Reevaluation of a Culturally and Historically Bounded Concept

We consider identity as a historically emerging discourse that requires genealogical analysis ― not to discover the roots of our identity but to commit [ourselves] to its dissipation (Foucault 1977, p. 162). We suggest analyzing identity through the history of socio-economic classes, their life struggles, ambitions, development, and reproduction. We see learning not as a project of transformation of identity, but rather as developing access to socially valuable practices and developing one‘s own voice within these practices (through addressing and responding to other voices). The access and voice projects free agents from unnecessary finalization and objectivization by oneself and others (Bakhtin 1999; Bakhtin 1990). In education, we should develop indigenous discourses of learning and develop a conceptual framework that makes analysis of diverse discourses possible. We argue that learning, as transformation of participation in a sociocultural practice to gain more access, is a better conceptual framework than learning as transformation of identity.
Prevalence of the mercurial-sensitive EctoATPase in human small cell lung carcinoma: characterization and partial purification.

Abstract Cell surface ATPase (ectoATPase) activity is detected on many mammalian cells. Previous documentation in the rat hepatocyte-hepatoma system indicated that ectoATPase activity increased during tumorigenesis with accompanying changes in enzymatic properties and localization. These results, combined with the recently established characteristics of two distinct ectoATPases, a mercurial-sensitive ectoATPase, and a mercurial-insensitive ectoATPase, suggest that the former is increased, whereas the latter is decreased, during hepatoma formation. We found that the mercurial-sensitive ectoATPase was also expressed at high levels in three lines of human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells. During purification of this enzyme from an SCLC xenograft, four isoforms of this enzyme, with similar biochemical properties but different ionic charges were detected. The elution of two proteins of 170 and 150 kDa from a DEAE-cellulose column appeared to correlate with elution of ATPase activity. These characterizations should be useful in the further investigation of the molecular structure and function of the SCLC mercurial-sensitive ectoATPase which may be an important cell surface marker of SCLC cells.
Subtotal Canine Prostatectomy with the Neodymium: Yttrium‐Aluminum‐Garnet Laser

A technique was developed for subtotal prostatectomy in dogs with the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. In six normal dogs, full-thickness necrosis of the prostate occurred if the central-lateral region within 5 mm of the urethra was photoablated at 60 watts for 1 second. Moderate to superficial necrosis occurred when the prostate within 5 mm of the urethra was photoablated at 35 watts for 2 seconds or 60 watts for 0.5 second. At necropsy, leakage of the urethra occurred in two dogs at sites treated at 60 watts for 1 second. In a clinical study, complications associated with subtotal prostatectomy with the Nd:YAG laser (n = 6) were compared with complications associated with prostatic drainage (n = 6) in dogs with prostatic disease. Intraoperative death (2/6 dogs) and nocturnal incontinence (4/4 surviving dogs) occurred with subtotal prostatectomy. Uncontrolled prostatic infection (2/6 dogs) occurred with prostatic drainage and resulted in the death of one dog on day 11. Four of five dogs surviving prostatic drainage developed recurrent urinary tract infection.
An evaluation of methodology used in the study of psychoactive drugs for children.

How can one measure the effects of a drug that acts upon the mind and the emotions of a child? Unlike adult patients, children rarely ask for symptomatic relief; they are given psychoactive drugs because others complain about their behavior. The drugs are given to alter behavior rather than subjective feelings. The evaluation of drug effect, then, depends upon observed changes in behavior. In a residential treatment setting, members of the staff can observe the child's behavior; with outpatients the physician must rely on his own observations and information from parents and school personnel. This two-year study examines home, school, and clinic perspectives of children receiving psychoactive drugs. Because they influenced the design of our drug-evaluation program, we shall first call attention to some problems encountered in previous psychopharmacological clinical research with children (Fisher, lQ59; Forster, 1961; Freed, 1962). Many workers stress the importance of defining specific, observable symptoms, like hyperactivity, as the target of the drug rather than more abstract syndromes, such as anxiety. The rating method should be validated by using more than one observer in order to minimize the bias inherent in the viewpoint of one
GABAA Receptors Inhibit Acetylcholine Release in Cat Pontine Reticular Formation: Implications for REM Sleep Regulation

This study used in vivo microdialysis in cat (n = 12) to test the hypothesis that gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors in the pontine reticular formation (PRF) inhibit acetylcholine (ACh) re...
Actuator Designs using Environmentally Responsive Hydrogels

Environmentally responsive (ER) hydrogels are hydrogels that can experience an abrupt volume change and hence hold or release a large amount of water under the change of certain environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, or an electric field. Because of their unique capability to achieve a large yet reversible volume change, hydrogels have been widely used in microfluidics and biomedical applications, such as hydrogel sensors and actuators for microfluidic channels, novel drug delivery systems, and scaffolding materials for tissue engineering. In most applications, ER hydrogels are used to create an isotropic volume change or one-dimensional motion by constraining the hydrogel in the other two directions. In this study, using finite element based simulations, actuator designs are demonstrated that can generate a variety of shape changes by carefully patterning ER hydrogels on a non-ER hydrogel matrix. In these designs, as the environment changes, the ER hydrogels undergo volume change under the constraints imposed by the non-ER matrix, causing an eigenstrain (mismatch strain) and hence the deformation of the non-ER matrix. By properly controlling the locations of the ER hydrogel sections with respect to the non-ER hydrogel matrix, one can achieve a desired deformation of the composite structure. As examples, designs of a single material actuator, one linear spring composite actuator, and two coil composite actuators are demonstrated. The feasibility to produce these actuators and the possible applications are discussed at the end of the article.
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Objective This article reviews the current literature and knowledge about hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL), providing an overview of the clinical features, a description of its pathology and immunophenotypic traits in relation to other lymphomas. In addition, we explore the history of reported cases of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in relation to the possible existence of a causal relationship between infliximab use and HSTCL. The treatments for HSTCL will be briefly addressed. Methods A comprehensive literature search using multiple databases was performed. Keyword search phrases including “lymphoma,” “hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma,” “Inflammatory bowel disease,” “6-mercaptopurine,” and “infliximab” were used in various combinations. In addition references from published papers were reviewed as well. Results There are over 200 reported cases of HSTCL. Only 22 cases of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma are associated with IBD treatment. Clinicians usually reserve immunomodulators and biologics for moderate to severe IBD cases. The ultimate goal of therapy is to control inflammation and therefore allow mucosal healing. IBD patients demonstrating mucosal healing are less likely to undergo surgery and experience complications related to their disease. We manipulate the immune system with corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologics, therefore causing bone marrow suppression. With bone marrow suppression, malignant degeneration may begin through selective uncontrolled cell proliferation, initiating HSTCL development in the genetically susceptible. Conclusion Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare disease, often with a poor outcome. With the increasing number of reported cases of HSTCL linked to the use of infliximab, adalimumab, and AZA/6-MP, there appears to be an undeniable association of HSTCL development with the use of these agents. This risk is unquantifiable. When considering the rarity of cases and the multiple complications with uncontrolled disease, however, the benefit of treatment far outweighs the risk.
Life history of the nematode Theristus anoxybioticus from sublittoral muddy sediment at methane seepages in the northern Kattegat, Denmark

Field and laboratory studies from 1989 to 1994 of the nematode Theristus (Penzancia) anoxybioticus Jensen, 1995 inhabiting muddy sediment at methane seepages in the northern Kattegat, Denmark, have revealed a series of biological features of adults and juveniles not observed before in free-living marine nematodes. Reproductive adults were present in April and May only and inhabited the uppermost cm of sediment, while juveniles inhabited deep anoxic and sulphidic sediment layers during the remaining months of the year. This points to a downwards migration of newly hatched juveniles and an upwards migration during adulthood. Gut content analyses showed that adults feed mainly on benthic diatoms by swallowing whole cells while juveniles probably feed on bacteria; this differentiation in food clearly relates to the main bulk of potential food items in their respective microhabitats. The generation time is estimated to be one year, with a juvenile life span of about nine months, which is four to eight times longer than that found in related aerobic species of similar body size. Adults survived in oxic water but 50% died within 15 h in hypoxic water (5 to 6% atm sat), and all died within 12 h in anoxic water. Juveniles on the other hand died within 0.5 h in oxic water but survived anoxic water for at least 15 d. These results suggest that juveniles of T. anoxybioticus are adapted to an anaerobic life style.
Giant cell versus lymphocytic myocarditis. A comparison of their clinical features and long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUNDGiant cell myocarditis has rarely been diagnosed premortem, and little is known about its natural history. In addition, no comparative studies with lymphocytic myocarditis exist.METHODS A...
Polyploidy in malignant melanoma

Chromosome studies were performed on primary or metastatic malignant melanoma from 6 patients. All of them were aneuploid and had either hyperdiploid, near triploid, tetraploid, or hypertetraploid cell lines. Two of them had definite stem-cell lines, but the other 4 cases had a wide distribution of chromosome numbers with no apparent cell lines. Three of the 6 patients had one or more marker chromosomes, i.e., large submetacentrics or long aaocentrics. These results lead us to speculate that the rapid cell growth is due not only to selection but also to continuous replication defects and mitotic abnormalities.
Hairy-related Transcription Factors Inhibit GATA-dependent Cardiac Gene Expression through a Signal-responsive Mechanism

Combinatorial actions of transcription factors in multiprotein complexes dictate gene expression profiles in cardiac development and disease. The Hairy-related transcription factor (HRT) family of basic helix-loophelix proteins is composed of transcriptional repressors highly expressed in the cardiovascular system. However, it has remained unclear whether HRT proteins modulate gene expression driven by cardiac transcriptional activators. Here, we have shown that HRT proteins inhibit cardiac gene transcription by interfering with GATA transcription factors that are implicated in cardiac development and hypertrophy. HRT proteins inhibited GATA-dependent transcriptional activation of cardiac gene promoters such as the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) promoter. Adenovirus-mediated expression of Hrt2 suppressed mRNA expression of ANF and other cardiac-specific genes in cultured cardiomyocytes. Among various signaling molecules implicated in cardiomyocyte growth, constitutively active Akt1/protein kinase B relieved Hrt2-mediated inhibition of GATA-dependent transcription. HRT proteins physically interacted with GATA proteins, and the basic domain of HRT was critical for physical association as well as transcriptional inhibition. These results suggest that HRT proteins may regulate specific sets of cardiac genes by modulating the function of GATA proteins and other cardiac transcriptional activators in a signal-dependent manner. Cardiac transcription factors play essential roles in regulating tissue-specific gene expression during proper development and function of the heart (1–3). The expression profiles of distinct sets of cardiac genes are altered in cardiac disease, indicating the importance of transcriptional regulation in response to disease stimuli (1–3). Transcription factors form multiprotein complexes, and combinatorial actions of transcription factors in such complexes dictate the specificity of downstream gene expression. For example, the physical and functional interaction among various cardiac transcription factors including MEF2, NKX2.5, TBX5, and GATA4 can be regulated by upstream cellular signaling and is likely to be impaired in patients with congenital heart disease (4–7).
The effect of conspicuous consumption on men’s testosterone levels

Abstract Using evolutionary psychology as a theoretical framework, it is argued that conspicuous consumption serves as a means by which men communicate their social status to prospective mates. Accordingly, men’s endocrinological responses, particularly their testosterone levels, are responsive to fluctuations in their status as triggered by acts of conspicuous consumption. Study 1 reports that men’s testosterone levels increased and decreased partially (directionally), after driving an expensive sports car and an old family sedan, respectively. Additionally, the location of the drive, either a busy downtown area or a semi-deserted highway, partially moderated this response. Study 2 demonstrates that when men’s social status was threatened by the wealth displays of a male confederate in the presence of a female moderator, their testosterone levels increased. This is suggestive of an evolved mechanism for responding to intra-sexual challenges. Collectively, these constitute the first set of studies to measure hormonal outcomes in consumer behavior.
Coming out in community psychology: personal narrative and disciplinary change.

Community psychology as a discipline has not focused its attention on the lives of lesbians, gay men, and bisexual (LGB) people, despite the field's potential to collaborate with this population in dealing with the many psychosocial challenges they face. Professional and personal barriers that community psychologists must confront conducting research and developing interventions with the LGB community are described. Community psychology work with LGB communities is often a “coming out” experience for LGB community psychologists, and a questioning of sexual orientation fot heterosexual community psychologists. Conceptual analyses and empirical reports are presented that exemplify how community psychologist can contribute to decreasing the pervasive stigma LGB people face. The use of an ecological model, a focus on the development and evaluation of preventive interventions, and a recognition of the diversity within the LGB population are core perspectives that can direct future work by community psychologists. Issues ranging from testing ways to empower young LGB people to analyses of the impact of the sociopolitical climate on LGB lives demonstrate the rich range of contributions community psychologists can make.
On the Design of an On-line Complex Matrix Inversion Unit

In this paper, we present a novel implementation for the inverse of an n-by-n matrix consisting of complex elements, using complex number on-line arithmetic, based on adopting a redundant complex number system (RCNS) to represent complex operands as a single number. We present comparisons with (i) a real number on-line arithmetic approach, and (ii) a real number arithmetic parallel approach, to demonstrate a significant improvement in cost and delay. I. INTRODUCTION The inverse of a matrix is an important operation in the field of linear algebra, as well as various business and input- output models. The inverse of an n-by-n matrix A is denoted A −1 and satisfies AA −1 = A −1 A = In, where In is the n- by-n identiy matrix containing 1's along the main diagonal and 0's elsewhere. The inverse serves as a way to "divide" matrices, in that if AB = C, then A = CB −1 and B = A −1 C. If a matrix A has no inverse (the determinant of A is 0), it is called singular. Various techniques for inverting an n- by-n matrix include: (i) the adjoint-matrix method (2), (ii) LU decomposition (8), and (iii) Gauss-Jordan elimination (7). Due to the regular structure and relatively low cost of the Gauss- Jordan elimination method, it will be utilized for implementing the complex matrix inversion unit. The Gauss-Jordan elimination method extends the original n-by-n matrix A to a n-by-2n matrix:
Exploring Oxidation of Half-Sandwich Rhodium Complexes: Oxygen Atom Insertion into the Rhodium–Carbon Bond of κ2-Coordinated 2-Phenylpyridine

The reactions of oxygen atom transfer reagents with Rh(Cp*) complexes, each with a bidentate ligand and an accessible coordination site, are described (Cp* = η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). When [Rh(Cp*)(phpy)(NCArF)][B(ArF)4] (1, phpy = 2-phenylene-κC1′-pyridine-κN, NCArF = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile, B(ArF)4 = tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate) was treated with the soluble oxygen atom transfer reagent 2-tert-butylsulfonyliodosylbenzene (sPhIO), oxygen atom insertion into the rhodium–carbon bond of coordinated phpy was observed. This resulted in the formation of a κ2 2-(2-pyridyl)phenoxide ligand. Following insertion to form a new bidentate ligand, a second equivalent of sPhIO, acting as a neutral, two-electron donor ligand, coordinated to the rhodium center through the iodosyl oxygen. Over time, the sPhIO ligand dissociates and dimerization occurs to generate a phenoxide-bridged dinuclear species. The 2-(2-pyridyl)phenoxide ligand could be protonated and cleaved from the mononucl...
The Collective Approach to Psychiatric Practice in The People's Republic of China

This paper describes and analyzes the effects of the dramatic changes of social values in China on the approach to treatment of the mentally ill since the 1949 revolution. It is mainly based on observations, interviews, and experiences in mental hospitals during three recent trips to the People's Republic of China. Attention here is focused on the effects of four new social values on psychiatric practice: first, the value of collective responsibility as reflected in the new program to integrate mental hospitals with the community; second, the application of the value of sharing and "serving the people" to methods of psychiatric therapy; third, the value of "minimization of elitism" as practiced in the role relationships among members of different categories in mental hospitals; and fourth, the reaffirmation of faith in human ability to conquer difficulties, as shown in changes of patients' outlook on life and behavior. Finally, the implications of this alternative approach on our established assumptions and methods of psychiatric therapy in the West are discussed, and the future direction of theoretical formulation is suggested.
The Language System in Schizophrenia: Effects of Capacity and Linguistic Structure

Dysfunction in receptive language processes has been reliably observed in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and their first degree family members. The present study addressed the unresolved issue of whether receptive syntax is intact in schizophrenia. The principal question concerned whether comprehension dysfunction in schizophrenia involves a disturbance in the processing of syntactic structure, a susceptibility to demands placed on temporal auditory processing, or some combination of these two general factors. Comprehension accuracy was compared between 32 males diagnosed with schizophrenia and 22 males with no lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. Accuracy was examined for responses to Who questions ("Who did X?" and "Who was done X?") about information in the sentential clauses (main vs. relative) of two types of relative sentences (subject-relatives vs. object-relatives) that were presented aurally at conversational and accelerated rates. The relationship between cognitive functions and comprehension accuracy was also tested. Results showed highly significant effects of diagnosis, syntactic structure, and temporal demand. Patients were characterized by reduced overall comprehension accuracy compared to controls. More important, patients and controls differed in their patterns of accuracy across the different types of syntactic structure. Finally, cognitive functions predicted but did not completely account for comprehension accuracy. Findings suggest the hypothesis that receptive syntax is disrupted in schizophrenia, and this dysfunction may not be entirely explained by compromised general cognitive ability.
Boundaries Around Group Interaction: A Meta-Analytic Integration of the Effects of Group Size

Abstract We report a meta-analytic integration that summarizes American research by psychologists on the effects of group size on the permeability of group boundaries. Results indicate that the tendency for larger groups to have less permeable boundaries is highly significant but of small magnitude. This impermeability generally increases as a function of the relative size of the larger group and decreases as a function of the interpersonal distance between members of the group. However, the tendency to skirt around the boundary of a larger group was significantly greater when real behavior in real group settings was measured as compared with when paper-and-pencil measures were obtained in imaginary group settings. Moreover, impermeability was greater for real groups when group members stood closer together, whereas it was greater for imaginary groups when they stood farther apart.
An Antibiotic Mimics Immunity

Certain compounds generate reactive nitrogen intermediates in bacteria, contributing to their antimicrobial effect.