cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mycotoxicoses produced in ducklings and turkeys by dietary and multiple doses of citrinin.

Summary Citrinin was mixed in the diet (100, 250, 500 parts/106) and fed to 1‐day‐old male White Pekin ducklings (Trial I), or it was dissolved in dimethyl‐sulphoxide‐70% ethanol (3:1, v/v) and administered by crop gavage to 14‐day‐old male White Pekin ducklings (Trial II) or 7‐day‐old male turkey poults (Trial III). Ducklings given 250 or 500 parts/106 citrinin diet for 15 days had clinical signs of citrinin toxicity. Body weight gain was significantly decreased by the 500 parts/106 diet (P < 0.05). Ducklings fed 250 and 500 parts/106 developed nephropathy that was more severe in the 500 parts/106 group. The nephropathy was characterised by degeneration, necrosis, mineralisation and regeneration of tubular epithelial cells of both the cortical and medullary regions. Interstitial fibrosis was found in the medullary regions of the 500 parts/106 group only and focally was accompanied by interstitial nephritis. Seven daily doses of citrinin equal to a half or three‐quarters of the single‐dose LD50 produced n...
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF SEVEN MEASURES OF ASTIGMATISM

Seven measures and estimates of astigmatism from 70 eyes were factor analyzed to discover the common factors and variances, and in turn determined their successfulness in estimating subjective astigmatism. Results showed that the difference between the mean keratometer reading of –.59 and subjective finding of +.14 confirms the existence of about .50 to .75 D. of physiological astigmatism, that the five estimates of the subjective from the keratometer reading show mean values of about zero to –.25 D., indicating some success in reducing the –.59 D., that moderate correlation between each of the estimates and the subjective indicates poor approximation of the subjective, and that the only Factor extracted, which accounts for about 44% of the common variance, a kind of Astigmatism Estimation, with low-moderate correlation with the subjective and Sutcliffe, again indicates that these estimates of the subjective are quite poor.
A 100-channel hermetically sealed implantable device for wireless neurosensing applications

A 100-ch fully head-implantable wireless broadband neural recording system was developed. It features 100 parallel wideband (0.1Hz ∼ 7.8 kHz) neural recording channels, a medical grade 200mAh Li-ion battery recharged inductively at 2 MHz, and data telemetry using both 3.2/3.8GHz FSK wireless and 850nm IR laser data link. All active electronics are hermetically sealed in a titanium enclosure with a sapphire window. Custom 100 individual hermetic feedthroughs enable connection to the microelectrode intracortical array. This wireless implant has been validated both on-bench and in freely moving pig and monkey models.
Mission and Status of the First Two Next Generation Nuclear Plant Fuel Irradiation Experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor

The United States Department of Energy’s Next Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) Fuel Development and Qualification Program will be irradiating up to nine low enriched uranium (LEU) tri-isotopic (TRISO) particle fuel (in compact form) experiments in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The ATR has a long history of irradiation testing in support of reactor development and the INL has been designated as the United States Department of Energy’s lead laboratory for nuclear energy development. These irradiations and fuel development are being accomplished to support development of the next generation reactors in the United States, and the irradiations will be completed over the next five to six years to support demonstration and qualification of new TRISO coated particle fuel for use in high temperature gas reactors. The goals of the irradiation experiments are to provide irradiation performance data to support fuel process development, to qualify fuel for normal operating conditions, to support development and validation of fuel performance and fission product transport models and codes, and to provide irradiated fuel and materials for post irradiation examination (PIE) and safety testing. The experiments, which will each consist of multiple separate capsules, will be irradiated in an inert sweep gas atmosphere with individual on-line temperature monitoring and control of each capsule. The sweep gas will also have on-line fission product monitoring on its effluent to track performance of the fuel in each individual capsule during irradiation. The first experiment (designated AGR-1) started irradiation in December 2006 and completed a very successful irradiation in early November 2009. The second experiment (AGR-2) is currently being fabricated and assembled for insertion in the ATR in the early to mid calendar 2010. The design of test trains, the support systems and the fission product monitoring system used to monitor and control the experiment during irradiation will be discussed. In addition, the purpose and differences between the first two experiments will be compared, and updated information on the design and status of AGR-2 is provided. The preliminary irradiation results for the AGR-1 experiment are also presented.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Subharmonic non-linear acoustic resonances in open tubes—Part I, theory

An open tube is considered, driven at one-half of the fundamental frequency. The interesting fact appears that acoustic theory breaks down in the inviscid case. At a sufficient intensity of a resonant overtone, the distortion effects become too strong to use an expansion scheme.
Africa and World History: From Antipathy to Synergy

In recent years, the relationship between African and World History has shifted rapidly from one of antipathy to one of engagement and synthesis. This article provides a survey of the changing relationship between African and world histories, with an emphasis on the tension between the Area Studies paradigm and the growing world history emphasis on connections and exchange across regional boundaries. A closer examination of recent exchanges and debates over the merits of this exchange is also featured. The article concludes with an examination of the relationship between African and world history as a measure of the changing nature of historical inquiry over the past century.
Facile Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Octadecylamine-Functionalized Graphite Oxide Film

We demonstrated a facile strategy of producing superhydrophobic octadecylamine (ODA)-functionalized graphite oxide (GO) films. ODA was chemically grafted on GO sheets by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of amine groups with epoxy groups. The long hydrocarbon chain in ODA reduces the surface energy of the GO sheet. The fabricated ODA-functionalized GO film exhibited a high contact angle (163.2°) and low hysteresis (3.1°). This method is promising in terms of low-cost and large-scale superhydrophobic coatings and has potential applications for surface modification of GO paper or other GO-based composite materials.
Recent developments in the design and construction of substructures for over-water bridges

Abstract Paralleling the recent advances in bridge superstructures such as cantilevered segmental box girders, cable-stayed bridges, and composite trusses, are the innovative solutions for bridge foundations and substructures. Deeper water, more adverse environments and soils, and considerations of ship collision have demanded improved designs. At the same time, the concerns of initial and life-cycle costs, schedule, environmental and worker safety and reliability have challenged the conventional solutions. Fortunately, concurrent advances in construction equipment and technology have been joined by improvements in materials technology and in our design and analytical capability. The confluence of these has resulted in several important new concepts which will enable our profession to design and build better bridge substructures.
The sipunculan genus Lithacrosiphon Shipley. A taxonomic review

A critical review of the sipunculan genus Lithacrosiphon, based on all of the type material and museum specimens with the exception of L. uniscutatus, results in the combining of nine species into three. L. maldivensis with its granular anal shield remains unchanged. L. cristatus with a grooved anal shield and both unidentate and bidentate hooks is redescribed and now includes L. altriconus, L. gurjanovae, L. indicus, and L. odhneri. The L. uniscutatus complex which allegedly has only unidentate hooks is discussed and now includes L. kukenthali and L. poritidis. This is a troublesome species as the pertinent specimens were either unavailable (L. uniscutatus) or with missing introverts (L. kukenthali and L. poritidis). An identification key is provided and the several morphological characters used for purposes of identification are reviewed and evaluated.
Patterns of myocardial fibrosis by CMR in patients with conduction abnormalities

Cine and DE-CMR performed in a cohort of patients revealed that the presence of LBBB was more frequently associated with increases in LV volumes and depression in LV function, whereas RBBB or nonspecific conduction delay were more strongly associated with septal replacement fibrosis.
Nylon 13,13 analysis by X-ray and solid state n.m.r.: treatment-dependent crystal forms

Abstract Nylon 13,13 samples were prepared by various solvent-casting and thermal-treatment methods. Melt-quenched material showed broad, amorphous-like peaks in the X-ray powder pattern (at 2 θ = 21°, 4.2 A) and both the 13 C and 15 N solid-state n.m.r. spectra. Two different crystal forms of this polymer could be generated using different methods: a type A form was obtained by extended annealing just below the melting temperature and by film casting from 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol, while a type B form developed on precipitating from m -cresol into methanol or film casting from m -cresol. The X-ray pattern for type A was similar to those of other nylons possessing an α-crystal form, although the n.m.r. data, especially the strong, sharp 15 N peak at 88.7 ppm, was more consistent with a γ-phase. The type B crystals gave an X-ray pattern similar to those of other γ-form nylons and to the pseudohexagonal phase observed in some homo- and copolyamides. The n.m.r. data for the type B form (especially the sharp 15 N peak at 87.3 ppm) seemed to indicate an amide conformation of c . 30° with respect to the planes of the attached all- trans methylene chains; this value is half-way between those of the α and γ-crystal forms of most nylons ( 15 N chemical shifts of c . 84 and 89 ppm, respectively). We believe these crystal forms are unique to nylon 13,13 but have insufficient data to further describe the molecular conformations and crystalline packings that correspond to each.
The Effect of Radiation upon Reticulum in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix

Reticular tissue is that network of fine, anastomosing, argyrophilic fibers which forms a part of the stroma of all tissues. Billroth (1) in 1857, working upon the spleen of various vertebrate types, made the first thorough studies of reticulum, describing it as a network of anastomosing, branching cells containing few nuclei. Von Kolliker (2) called this tissue reticulum, because of its reticulated appearance. In 1896, Mall (3) was able to differentiate connective tissue into elastic, white fibrous, and reticular tissue by the use of various digestive agents, such as pancreatin, pepsin, papain, and acids. In 1905, Bielschowsky (4 and 5) perfected a method for the demonstration of nerve fibers by impregnating them with silver, and this method was found to be adaptable to the staining of reticulum, since these fibers are also argyrophilic. In recent years Foot and Menard (6) in 1927, Laidlaw (7) in 1929, Wilder (8) in 1935, and Gordon and Sweets (9) in 1936 have developed simplified modifications of the silver impregnation technic, thus furnishing a new impetus to the study of reticulum. Tumor reticulum has received less attention than the reticulum of normal tissues. White (10), however, in 1900, reported upon the distribution of reticulum in a number of carcinomata, sarcomata, and benign tumors. In 1907, Seelig (11), using the digestive method of Mall, examined the distribution of reticulum in small round-cell sarcomata and lymphosarcomata, but came to the conclusion that the quantity of reticulum in these tumors varied within such broad limits that to differentiate them on the basis of the amount or distribution of reticulunt was impossible. Foot and Day (12) found no constant correlation between the rate of tumor growth and the reticulum content, or between cellular structures and reticulum. In 1933, Tureen and Seelig (13) studied by the silver impregnation method the distribution of reticulum in the four grades (Broders' system of grading) of squamous-cell carcinoma, and found no definite relationship between the amount of reticulum in a tumor and its histologic grade of malignancy.
Intensities and pressure-broadened widths of CO2 R-branch lines at 15 μm from tunable laser measurements

Abstract Intensities and half-widths of individual lines, over the temperature range 200–325°K in the 15 μm bands of 12C16O2, have been determined with a tunable diode laser spectrometer. Measurements were made on pure CO2 and on dilute CO2-in-N2 mixtures on the R-branches of the 0110-0000 and 0220-0110 transitions. Intensities are approximately equal to those listed in the AFGL compilation. The pressure-broadened half-widths follow the general relationship b L 0 (T) = b L 0 (T 0 ) [ T 0 T ] n where n varies considerably from line to line but is always greater than 1 2 .
Enhancement of repair in experimental calvarial bone defects using calcium sulfate and dextran beads

Granular medical-grade calcium sulfate hemihydrate (MGCSH) and negatively charged dextran beads (DB) were evaluated both separately and in combination in cranial defects. Thirty-six rats received bilateral parietal inlay reconstructions using MGCSH, MGCSH plus DB, or DB alone or the defects were left unfilled. Postoperative evaluation at 45, 90, and 135 days was done by visual inspection, caliper measurements of defect thickness, and histologic examination. The best fibro-osseous repair of the defects occurred with the use of MGCSH in combination with DB. Repair tissue, which was confluent with the adjacent cranium, was noted to have good thickness, and a high bone content. By contrast, defects repaired with either DB or MGCSH alone had poorer quality repair tissue, with concavities, voids, bead migration, decreased thickness, and minimal bony replacement/ingrowth. Unfilled control defects showed only a thin, friable, translucent connective tissue layer of repair. No method produced complete bony closure.
Stability Analysis of Superluminal Waveguides Periodically Loaded With Non-Foster Circuits

Transmission lines periodically loaded with non-Foster circuits have been shown to have superluminal propagation in the prior literature. They were proposed for applications such as broadband leaky-wave antennas and true-time-delay lines for series feeds of antenna arrays. This letter presents results of an investigation on superluminal waveguides with periodic non-Foster loads. Such waveguides are found to be stable for small line lengths, but have stability problems for practical line lengths containing many unit cells.
Aquacultural approaches to recycling of dissolved nutrients in secondarily treated domestic wastewaters—III uptake of dissolved heavy metals by artificial food chains

Abstract We have studied the concentrations of 15 heavy metals in the successive stages of artificial food chains composed of sequential monocultures of suspended unicellular green algae ( Scenedesmus ), herbivorous cladoceran crustaceans ( Daphnia magna and D. pulex ), and carnivorous teleost fish ( Notemigonus crysoleucas and Pimephales promelas ). These food chains were grown in secondarily treated, chlorinated, then dechlorinated domestic wastewaters. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals occurred mainly in the algae (concentration factors for different metals of 500–30,000). Later stages in the food chains showed lower accumulations than in the algae (concentration factors of 30–6000 for Daphnia , 4–1600 for fish). Algae cultured in unmodified, unbuffered effluent accumulated much more Fe and Zn than they did other metals. Relative abundances of the other metals in the algae were substantially different from their relative abundances in effluent. Supplementation of unbuffered effluent with 3 ppm Fe 2+ (as FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O; containing only trace quantities of the other metals) changed many metal concentrations in the algal cells. Increases occurred for Fe, Mn, Cu, and Mo; Sn decreased; the others were unchanged. Large amounts of Pb and Sr were also accumulated by these cells. Cladocerans demonstrated substantial selectivity in tissue concentrations of heavy metals. Concentrations ranged from 2 to 50% of concentrations in algal cells. Relative abundances of metals differed between the algae and both species of Daphnia , as well as between the two daphnids. Excepting only Cr, concentrations of all elements assayed were either equal in the two species (Co, V) or higher in D. magna than in D. pulex . The two fishes studied successfully excluded from the muscles substantial amounts of the metals accumulated by the Daphnia . Relative abundances of the metals also differed between the two fish species.
The chloroplast DNAs of flax genotrophs.

The chloroplast DNA of L. usitatissimum var. “Stormont Cirrus” has been mapped with respect to the recognition sites for the enzymes SalP1, Sst1 and SalG1. It is a circular molecule of about 160 kilobasepairs, with an inverted repeat containing the rDNA. Comparisons between chloroplast DNA of uninduced and induced flax genotrophs show there to be no major structural differences.
Effects of ethanol and ipsapirone on the development of midline raphe glial cells and astrocytes.

Abstract Previously, results of studies from our laboratory have shown that the offspring of ethanol-fed female rats have a significant decrease in serotonin (5-HT) neurons and glia that contain S100B, an essential trophic factor for the development of 5-HT neurons. The deficiency of S100B-immunopositive glia was detected during the vulnerable period in 5-HT neuron development and in brain areas proximal to these neurons. The reductions of both 5-HT neurons and S100B-positive glia were prevented by maternal treatment with a 5-HT 1A agonist (i.e., ipsapirone or buspirone). In the current study, we investigated whether the offspring of ethanol-fed rats had a general decrease in the density of glial cells in the brain areas that contain 5-HT neurons, and we determined whether these changes were prevented by maternal treatment with ipsapirone between gestational days (GDs) 13 and 20. We estimated the density of vimentin-positive glia of the midline raphe glial structure (MRGS) at GD 20 and postnatal day (PND) 5 and of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)–positive astrocytes proximal to the dorsal and median raphe at PNDs 5 and 19. The results of this study provide evidence that in utero ethanol exposure is associated with a reduced density of GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes proximal to the dorsal and median raphe. Maternal ipsapirone treatment significantly increased astroglial density in the dorsal raphe at PNDs 5 and 19 and in the median raphe at PND 5, such that it either prevented (dorsal raphe, PNDs 5 and 19) or blunted (median raphe, PND 5) the effects of ethanol.
Review of complementary and alternative medical treatment of arrhythmias.

Complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies are commonly used by patients for the treatment of medical conditions spanning the full spectrum of severity and chronicity. The use of alternative remedies, both herbal and others, for conditions lacking effective medical treatment, is on the increase. Included within this categorization, arrhythmic disease–absent effective catheter-based therapy or with medical therapy limited by the toxicities of contemporary antiarrhythmic agents is frequently managed by patients with CAM therapies without their practitioner's knowledge and in the face of potential herb-drug toxicities. This study reviews 9 CAM therapies: 7 individual herbal therapies along with acupuncture and yoga that have been studied and reported as having an antiarrhythmic effect. The primary focuses are the proposed antiarrhythmic mechanism of each CAM agent along with interactions between the CAM therapies and commonly prescribed medical therapy for arrhythmia patients. We stress persistent vigilance on the part of the provider in discussing the use of herbal or other CAM agents within the arrhythmia population.
Paleozoology's Dependence on Natural History Collections

La paleozoologia (arqueozoologia y paleontologia) depende de las colecciones historicas naturales o de las colecciones comparativas de esqueletos de taxonomia conocida. Estos esqueletos permiten la identificacion taxonomica de especimenes paleo-zoologicos, facilitan la identificacion tafonomica (peri-mortem y post-mortem) modificada y anormal o patologica y proveen de data metrica para monitorear la variacion clinal a traves del espacio y del tiempo. Colecciones multiples son indispensables para impedir la perdida catastrofica o la destruccion y para proveer de muestras suficientemente grandes que puedan ser representativas de una especie y reducir los costos de las instalaciones. Debido a que el mantenimiento de las instalaciones de colecciones naturales incrementa constantemente, va a ser de suma importancia garantizar la continuacion del proceso de preservacion.
Reinforcement Learning in an Environment Synthetically Augmented with Digital Pheromones

Reinforcement learning requires information about states, actions, and outcomes as the basis for learning. For many applications, it can be difficult to construct a representative model of the environment, either due to lack of required information or because of that the model's state space may become too large to allow a solution in a reasonable amount of time, using the experience of prior actions. An environment consisting solely of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of specific events attributable to a human actor may appear to lack the necessary structure for the positioning of responding agents in time and space using reinforcement learning. Digital pheromones can be used to synthetically augment such an environment with event sequence information to create a more persistent and measurable imprint on the environment that supports reinforcement learning. We implemented this method and combined it with the ability of agents to learn from actions not taken, a concept known as fictive learning. This approach was tested against the historical sequence of Somali maritime pirate attacks from 2005 to mid-2012, enabling a set of autonomous agents representing naval vessels to successfully respond to an average of 333 of the 899 pirate attacks, outperforming the historical record of 139 successes.
Priests Behaving Badly: What Do We Know About Priest Sex Offenders?

Child sexual abuse committed by Roman Catholic priests was headline news for most of 2002. During this period of remarkable public and media scrutiny, about 325 American Catholic priests (including several bishops) experienced credible accusations of child sexual abuse. What do we really know about these priests who behave so badly? Are the cases that dominate press attention typical of priest sex offenders? Curiously, although we know a good deal about these men, little of this information makes it into the press resulting in a too often highly distorted picture of priest sex offenders.
Chandra survey of nearby highly inclined disc galaxies – I. X-ray measurements of galactic coronae

We present a systematical analysis of the Chandra observations of 53 nearby highly inclined (i 60 ◦ ) disc galaxies to study the coronae around them. This sample covers a broad range of galaxy properties: e.g. about three orders of magnitude in the star formation rate and more than two orders of magnitude in the stellar mass. The Chandra observations of the diffuse soft X-ray emission from 20 of these galaxies are presented for the first time. The data are reduced in a uniform manner, including the excision/subtraction of both resolved and unresolved stellar contributions. Various coronal properties, such as the scale height and luminosity, are characterized for all the sample galaxies. For galaxies with high enough counting statistics, we also examine the thermal and chemical states of the coronal gas. We note on galaxies with distinct multiwavelength characteristics which may affect the coronal properties. The uniformly processed images, spectra and brightness profiles, as well as the inferred hot gas parameters, form a large X-ray data base for studying the coronae around nearby disc galaxies. We also discuss various complications which may cause biases to this data base and their possible corrections or effects, such as the uncertainty in the thermal and chemical states of hot gas, the different galactic disc inclination angles, the presence of active galactic nuclei and the contribution of the emission from charge exchange at interfaces between hot and cool gases. Results from a detailed correlation analysis are presented in a companion paper to gain a more comprehensive statistical understanding of the origin of galactic coronae.
Vitamin and calcium supplement use is associated with decreased adenoma recurrence in patients with a previous history of neoplasia

INTRODUCTION: Although some have suggested that certain vitamins or calcium supplements may reduce adenoma recurrence, our own prior retrospective study found no such effects. The purpose of this case-control study was to further investigate whether regular vitamin or calcium supplement intake influenced the incidence of recurrent adenomatous polyps in patients with previous neoplasia who were undergoing follow-up colonoscopy. METHODS: This study enrolled 1,162 patients who underwent colonoscopy by one of three surgeons at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City between March 1993 and February 1997. Of these patients 448 (250 males) had a previous diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia (cancer, adenomas, or dysplasia). Of these, 183 (40.8 percent) had an adenoma at the index colonoscopy. Information was collected on personal and family history of colonic diseases, cigarette smoking, medication, and vitamin and micronutrient supplement usage on a questionnaire that was completed by the patients before the colonoscopy. Odds ratios were obtained by unconditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age and gender, and used adenoma recurrence at index colonoscopy as the outcome. RESULTS: The mean interval between colonoscopic examinations was 37 months for the recurrent adenoma group and 38 months for the nonrecurrent group of patients (P = not significant). In this case-control study we found a protective effect for the use of vitamin supplements in general (any vitamin) on the recurrence of adenomas (odds ratio, 0.41; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.27–0.61). Specifically, this protective effect was observed for the use of multivitamins (odds ratio, 0.47; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.31–0.72), vitamin E (odds ratio, 0.62; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.39–0.98), and for calcium supplementation (odds ratio, 0.51; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.27–0.96). Nonsignificant protective effects were noted for carotene/vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin C. CONCLUSIONS: The use of multivitamins, vitamin E, and calcium supplements were found to be associated with a lower incidence of recurrent adenomas in a population of patients with history of previous colonic neoplasia. Prospective, randomized trials are needed to better assess the impact of these agents and to determine whether the use of these supplements is associated with a protective effect against recurrent adenomas.
Losing weight through exercise.

OBESITY is a serious medical problem in the United States and has been directly related to several "chronic" health problem. 1 Consequently, weight reduction is often prescribed as part of the medical treatment of many cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal conditions. The simplistic views that obesity is due solely to overeating, or that it can be effectively treated through caloric restriction, are not valid. While it is true that some obese persons eat large amounts of food, studies have shown that many eat less than their leaner counterparts, although they are far less physically active. 2 Treatment relying chiefly on caloric restriction is successful in as few as 5% and probably no more than 20% of all cases, with poor patient compliance a big part of the problem. 3 While it is doubtful that long-term compliance with exercise programs will be easy for persons with lifelong patterns of inactivity, exercise (alone or
Opiate receptors in the periaqueductal gray mediate analgesic effect of nitrous oxide in rats

Abstract The site of action and the pathways which are activated by nitrous oxide (N 2 O) to produce an analgesic effect are not well defined. Experiments were designed to determine whether N 2 O produces analgesia by activating opiate receptors or α 2 -adrenoceptors in periaqueductal gray. The analgesic effect of N 2 O was determined using the tail flick response to noxious radiant heat in lightly anesthetized rats. Different antagonists were bilaterally microinjected into ventrolateral periaqueductal gray to determine whether the analgesic effect produced by N 2 O was reversed. The increase in the tail flick latencies produced by N 2 O was reversed by bilateral microinjection into the ventrolateral part of periaqueductal gray with the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone 2.5 μ g/0.5 μ l, but not with the α 2 -adrenoceptors antagonist yohimbine 1.5 μ g/0.5 μ l. These results indicate that the N 2 O analgesic effect is mediated by activation of opiate receptors, but not α 2 -adrenoceptors, in the periaqueductal gray. Combined with the previous experiments that the N 2 O analgesic effect is reversed by intrathecal injection of an α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist but not by an opiate receptor antagonist, it seems likely that N 2 O causes activation of the opiate receptors in the periaqueductal gray, which in turn activate the noradrenergic descending pathways to the spinal cord to produce the analgesic effect.
Discrete part manufacturing process control with quality considerations

Abstract Research in production control which recognizes the strong synergism between product quality and process control is an oft-neglected element of quality engineering. This paper focuses on the optimal control of a sequential production process when product quality is the objective. An algorithm is developed for resolving this problem. The algorithm both identifies the optimal solution and has strong intuitive appeal. To illustrate the procedure, an example is presented for a two-stage discrete part manufacturing system.
Cloning, Sequencing and Expression of a Full‐Length cDNA Copy of the M1 Double‐Stranded RNA Virus from the Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Strains of the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, may contain one or more cytoplasmic viruses with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes. The killer phenomenon in yeast, in which one cell secretes a killer toxin that is lethal to another cell, is dependent upon the presence of the L-A and M1 dsRNA viruses. The L-A viral genome encodes proteins for the viral capsid, and for synthesis and encapsidation of single-stranded RNA replication cycle intermediates. The M1 virus depends upon the L-A-encoded proteins for its capsid and for the replication of its killer-toxin-encoding genome. A full-length cDNA clone of an M genome has been made from a single dsRNA molecule and shown to encode functional killer and killer-immunity functions. The sequence of the clone indicates minor differences from previously published sequences of parts of the M1 genome and of the complete genome of S14 (an internal deletion derivative of M1) but no unreported amino acid variants and no changes in putative secondary structures of the single-stranded RNA. A 118-nucleotide contiguous segment of the M1 genome has not previously been reported; 92 of those nucleotides comprise a segment of A nucleotides in the AU-rich bubble that follows the toxin-encoding reading frame.
Purification of RNA from animal cells using diethyl-pyrocarbonate.

Extraction of RNA from animal cells by a method using diethyl-pyrocarbonate yielded 50–60% of the total RNA. RNA purified by a hot phenol-SDS method from adenovirus 2 infected cells showed about 9% homology with adenovirus DNA, and RNA purified by diethyl-pyrocarbonate-SDS showed over 7% hybridization. Profiles of RNA prepared by both methods were identical when studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Systems analysis of the renal function.

Abstract A previous model of the renal function and compartmented whole body, which incorporated actions of antidiuretic hormone on urine flow and composition, is extended to include the influences of additional phenomena, many exogenous to the kidney. The phenomena incorporated were selected by orderly trial from among those mechanisms suggested in the literature and found by operation of the model to be important for adequately representing renal responses to various stresses. Specifically, these phenomena are: the intrinsic-osmotic effect of water; details of the body's antidiuretic hormone cycle; gastrointestinal exchanges; changes in glomerular filtration caused by alteration in blood volume and pressure; and resistance to flow across kidney tubular walls. Most of these phenomena involve non-steady-state, irreversible processes. The modeled renal function was found not to be sensitive to certain mechanisms sometimes associated with its operation. The most important is volume sensing, whereby extracellular volume changes are postulated to impose control on antidiuretic hormone production through stretch receptors in the circulatory system or through other volume sensors. Model investigations show that blood volume changes that alter blood pressure during stress can operate to affect kidney tubular-fluid flow in a manner which, when combined with other modeled kidney processes, yields correct urinary and other responses. No additional control on the antidiuretic hormone cycle through special volume receptors is required. The stresses to which the present model was exposed and responds correctly are: water loading through ingestion; hypertonic saline infusion; hypertonic urea solution ingestion; antidiuretic hormone dysfunction, as in diabetes insipidus; controlled rehydration after dehydration; and two combined stresses—hypertonic saline solution ingestion followed by water ingestion and the converse experiment. Most of these stresses involve transients in which the body becomes far removed from steady state. Different aspects of the total renal function, depending upon the specific stress, become more or less important in aiding the body to return to its original state.
Long-term effects of repeated methylamphetamine administration on dopamine and serotonin neurons in the rat brain: A regional study

Repeated high doses (25 and 100 mg/kg) of methylamphetamine produce long-term depletions of both dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the rat brain. In the DA system, depletions are most pronounced in the neostriatum and substantia nigra, with decreased levels in these two regions being significantly correlated. Within the 5-HT system, levels are most reduced in the amygdala, frontal cortex and neostriatum. When both the DA and 5-HT depleting actions of methylamphetamine are considered, the hypothalamus stands out as one of the more resistant brain regions. The regional pattern of reduced 5-HT levels following methylamphetamine is similar to that seen after p-chloroamphetamine. After both methylamphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine, a loss of 5-HT synaptosomal uptake sites occurs. Serotonergic systems are more sensitive than DA systems to the apparent neurotoxic actions of methylamphetamine.
The determination of polymer additive effects in a spherilene process HDPE matrix upon water carry‐over in water quenched, cast film extrusion

A test method useful in determining the effects of polymer additives upon water carry-over (WCO) in water quenched, cast film extrusion is presented. Data from this test is obtained on film specimens based in a Spherilene process HDPE resin individually doped with 250 and 500 ppm of six various primary and secondary antioxidants and acid scavengers. Water contact angles and film surface tension data is also presented. The WCO test is reproducible and data may be applied to commercial production. Different additives that carry out the same function in the polymer may have greatly varying WCO properties; these differences are not detected by equilibrium goniometry.
Modeling effects of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function on remote sensing in the LWIR

In the LWIR, often one assumes a scene does not contain solar reflection. To test this assumption, a simple scene model is analyzed for two BRDFs: Lambertian and measured data. For certain geometries, non-negligible solar reflection is observed at 8, 10, and 12 microns when using the BRDF data. Additionally, the wavelength variation of the pupil plane radiance data differs from the Lambertian case when using a BRDF, not just the magnitude. These results suggest that even in the LWIR, BRDFs should be incorporated to account for solar radiance effects.
Simplification of expressions involving radicals

Algebraically dependent expressions arise in a large variety of symbolic computations. People seem to have the best intuition about expressions involving radicals. Symbolic computations with simple, non-nested, radicals is relatively straightforward; however, when the radicals are nested the problem becomes more difficult, This paper presents an algorithm for determining a linearly independent basis for a set of radicals (nested or not). This allows elementary techniques to be used for arithmetic operations on expressions involving elements of this set. In addition we provide a structure theorem that provides a sufficient condition for a nested radical to be expressed in terms of radicals of lower nesting level. These two techniques are powerful tools for computations involving radicals.
Defining a cognitive function decrement in schizophrenia

Background Although cognitive impairment is described as a core component of the characterization of schizophrenia, a sizable percentage of patients are classified as unimpaired by traditional definitions of impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of patients with schizophrenia meeting criteria for a "cognitive function decrement" defined as a current level of cognitive function that falls below the level predicted by premorbid estimates. Methods Linear regression analyses were performed on a healthy control population to determine a predicted composite cognitive score based on maternal education, paternal education, and reading score as indicators of premorbid intellectual function. The percentages of patients with current cognitive function above and below predicted values were calculated. Results When the Wide Range Achievement Test-3 (WRAT-3) score and maternal education are both used to predict current cognitive performance, as expected, about half (42%) of control subjects fall below expectations. However, 98.1 % of patients fall below expectations. Conclusions When cognitive function decrement is defined as a failure to reach the expected level of cognitive functioning, almost all patients with schizophrenia meet this definition.
300 DEVELOPMENT OF TETRACYCLINE-REGULATED GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN EXPRESSING TRANSGENIC RATS BY LENTIVIRAL VECTOR

Although various methodologies have been available for genetic modification in mouse, such genomic tools are very limited in rats. The aim of the present study was to take advantage of lentiviral gene delivery to develop effective inducible germline transgenic rats. A tetracycline inducible system was designed to control the expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. The GFP gene was constructed downstream of tetracycline response element under the control of a mini cytomegalovirus promoter. Additionally, rtTA2s-Ms was constructed at the 3 prime terminus of GFP under the control of an ubiquitin promoter. The resulted construct was named pLV-Tet-GFP. The pLV-Tet-GFP lentiviral vectors were injected into perivitelline space of 115 Sprague-Dawley rat zygotes. Of those 115 zygotes injected, 93 zygotes were transferred into 4 surrogate mothers and 32 live pups were obtained. The presence of transgene in Fo generation was first detected by PCR and subsequently Southern blot analysis in 25 out of 32 pups (78%). A varying level of GFP expression was observed in the 14 Fo pups after feeding them with 2 g L–1 of tetracycline via drinking water for 4 days. Northern blot analysis was performed in the subsequent generations to determine spatial (brain, kidney, liver, and lung tissues) and temporal (day 0, day 4, day 11, and day 30) expression. The results showed expression intensity as being highest in kidney, brain, lung, and liver. There was little expression detected on day 11 and 30. This study suggests that lentiviral vectors can be used to deliver inducible system quite efficiently in rats. The authors thank Dr. Carlos Lois for providing the lentiviral backbone, Dr. W. Hillen for providing the rtTA2s-Ms fragment, and GuoFu Fang for developing the inducible lentiviral vector.
Unification, Hybridization, Eclecticism, Separatism, and Plaud and Eifert's From Behavior Theory to Behavior Therapy: Critical Comments and a Position Statement

ABSTRACT This is part review and part conceptual article. With respect to review, Plaud and Eifert have selected chapter authors (including themselves) who follow the editors' declared goal of deriving their behavior therapy from behavior theory. The editors set forth the goal of integration of different behavioral frameworks. On the second account, especially, the various chapters succeed to differing extents in ways valuable to consider. These two goals are treated as important features that enhance the book generally. Various conceptual points are made concerning behavior therapy's development, focusing on comparing behaviorisms, especially radical behaviorism and psychological behaviorism. The behaviorisms are considered in terms of how they have contributed to behavior therapy's origins and in how they can contribute to the field's present and future advancement.
Long-term cliff retreat and erosion hotspots along the central shores of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

Abstract Quantification of cliff retreat rates for the southern half of Santa Cruz County, CA, USA, located within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, using the softcopy/geographic information system (GIS) methodology results in average cliff retreat rates of 7–15 cm/yr between 1953 and 1994. The coastal dunes at the southern end of Santa Cruz County migrate seaward and landward through time and display net accretion between 1953 and 1994, which is partially due to development. In addition, three critically eroding segments of coastline with high average erosion rates ranging from 20 to 63 cm/yr are identified as erosion ‘hotspots’. These locations include: Opal Cliffs, Depot Hill and Manresa. Although cliff retreat is episodic, spatially variable at the scale of meters, and the factors affecting cliff retreat vary along the Santa Cruz County coastline, there is a compensation between factors affecting retreat such that over the long-term the coastline maintains a relatively smooth configuration. The softcopy/GIS methodology significantly reduces errors inherent in the calculation of retreat rates in high-relief areas (e.g. erosion rates generated in this study are generally correct to within 10 cm) by removing errors due to relief displacement. Although the resulting root mean squared error for erosion rates is relatively small, simple projections of past erosion rates are inadequate to provide predictions of future cliff position. Improved predictions can be made for individual coastal segments by using a mean erosion rate and the standard deviation as guides to future cliff behavior in combination with an understanding of processes acting along the coastal segments in question. This methodology can be applied on any high-relief coast where retreat rates can be measured.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION IN AL USING EMBEDDED ATOM METHOD POTENTIALS

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of diffusion in a Σ5(310) [001] Al tilt grain boundary were performed using for the first time three different potentials based on the embedded atom method (EAM). The EAM potentials that produce more accurate melting temperatures also yield activation energies in better agreement with experimental data. Compared to pair potentials, the EAM potentials also give more accurate results.
Semantic infrastructure to enable collaboration in ontology development

In many scientific disciplines, and in biomedicine in particular, researchers rely on ontologies to enable them to annotate and integrate their data. These ontologies are living and constantly evolving artifacts and the ontology authors must rely on their user community to ensure that the coverage of the ontologies is sufficient for annotations and other tasks for which users deploy the ontologies.
Vigorous exercise is associated with superior metabolic profiles in polycystic ovary syndrome independent of total exercise expenditure.

Objective To characterize metabolic features of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by exercise behavior and determine relative health benefits of different exercise intensities. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Tertiary academic institution. Patient(s) Three hundred and twenty-six women aged 14–52 years-old with PCOS by Rotterdam criteria examined between 2006 and 2013. Intervention(s) International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) administered to classify patients into three groups based on Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Guidelines of vigorous, moderate, and inactive, along with physical examination and serum testing. Main Outcome Measure(s) Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting lipids, fasting glucose and insulin, 2-hour 75-gram oral glucose tolerance, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Result(s) The DHHS guidelines for adequate physical activity were met by 182 (56%) women. Compared with moderate exercisers and inactive women, the vigorous exercisers had lower BMI and lower HOMA-IR; higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and sex hormone-binding globulin; and a reduced prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for age, BMI, and total energy expenditure, every hour of vigorous exercise reduced a patient's odds of metabolic syndrome by 22% (odds ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.62, 0.99). Conclusion(s) Women with PCOS who met DHHS guidelines for exercise demonstrated superior metabolic health parameters. Vigorous but not moderate activity is associated with reduced odds of the metabolic syndrome, independent of age, BMI, and total energy expenditure. PCOS patients should be encouraged to meet activity guidelines via vigorous physical activity.
Thermochemical Response of Honeycomb Sandwich Panels

A simple study aimed at predicting the thermochemical response of honeycomb sandwich panels is presented. The overall thermal conductivity coefficient for the panel is obtained through a consideration of the convective gas movement within the cell spaces. The earlier correlations of Catton and Edwards are used. The analytical solution for the one-dimensional approximation is quoted from an earlier study. In comparison with three data points obtained at JPL at heat fluxes of 2.5, 5 and 8 W/sq cm, the char penetration depth is well predicted, especially when the debonding of the face sheet is considered. Re-radiation of incident heat flux from the debonded face sheet plays an important role in this model.