cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Answering queries using views: A survey

The problem of answering queries using views is to find efficient methods of answering a query using a set of previously defined materialized views over the database, rather than accessing the database relations. The problem has recently received significant attention because of its relevance to a wide variety of data management problems. In query optimization, finding a rewriting of a query using a set of materialized views can yield a more efficient query execution plan. To support the separation of the logical and physical views of data, a storage schema can be described using views over the logical schema. As a result, finding a query execution plan that accesses the storage amounts to solving the problem of answering queries using views. Finally, the problem arises in data integration systems, where data sources can be described as precomputed views over a mediated schema. This article surveys the state of the art on the problem of answering queries using views, and synthesizes the disparate works into a coherent framework. We describe the different applications of the problem, the algorithms proposed to solve it and the relevant theoretical results.
N‐Acetylprocainamide kinetics after single and repeated oral doses

The kinetic behavior of N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA) was studied after single and repeated oral doses in six healthy subjects and five patients with cardiomyopathy. Renal clearance (CLR) of NAPA was lower in patients than in normal subjects after an initial 1-gm dose (1.3 +/- 0.4 [x +1- SD] and 2.7 +/- 0.4 ml . min-1 . kg-1, P less than or equal to 0.001) and a final 2 gm dose (1.6 +/- 0.4 and 2.6 +/- 0.5 ml . min-1 . kg-1, P less than or equal to 0.01) even though there was no difference between measured creatinine clearance (ClCR) 80.8 +/- 23.6 and 93.2 +/- 19.3 ml . min-1 [1.73 M2]-1). The decrease in the ratio of NAPA ClR to ClCR (R) could not be accounted for by age alone. A published regression formula overestimated the R ratio for patients (1.65 +/- 0.09 and 1.25 +/- 0.17, P less then 0.025), but accurately predicted the R ratio for healthy subjects (2.10 +/- 0.04 and 1.99 +/- 0.54). Mean steady-state concentration (normalized for daily dose per unit of body mass) after 2 gm every 8 hr for at least 3 days was higher for patients (P less than or equal to 0.05). Comparing the parameters for all subjects after the initial 1-gm dose to those after the last 2-gm dose with paired data, oral clearance was somewhat lower after the last dose (3.7 +/- 1.0 and 3.1 +/- 1.0 ml . min-1 . kg-1, P less than or equal to 0.01). In spite of this, before and 2 hr after dose steady-state NAPA serum concentration were generally proportional to dose over the concentration range studied. Net deacetylation of NAPA to procainamide in both groups was minimal.
Artists in Industry and the Academy: Collaborative Research, Interdisciplinary Scholarship and the Creation and Interpretation of Hybrid Forms

For a press conference on 10th October, 1967, artist Robert Rauschenberg and engineer Billy Kluver collaboratively wrote a manifesto outlining the aims of Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.). Printed on light blue paper with cloud-like tufts of white (Fig. 1), the organization’s cofounders expressed the “urgency ... for a new awareness and sense of responsibility” regarding the relationship between art and technology. They warned that industry’s failure to “generat[e] original forethought ... and precipitate a mutual agreement“ could result in a ‘cultural revolution’, which would be a ‘waste’ — the antithesis of efficient engineering. The authors asserted that it was unrealistic for art and technology to develop separately and claimed that a “civilized collaboration” between them would promote the constructive values of “ variety, pleasure — exploration and involvement in contemporary life.”
Coupled modeling of hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes including overland and channel flow

Abstract A coupling framework between a hydrologic model and a hydrodynamic model has been developed. The resultant coupled model, tRIBS-OFM, considers spatially-distributed, physically-based hydrologic processes over the land-surface and subsurface by using the TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network)–Based Real Time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS); the hydrodynamic component is the overland flow model (OFM), which solves the two-dimensional Saint–Venant (shallow-water) equations using Roe’s approximate Riemann solver on an unstructured grid. The original OFM formulation targeted hydraulic applications and did not provide an accurate solution for partially-submerged mesh cells. Modifications of the hydrodynamic model are presented here that affect the calculation of flux, bottom slope, and friction slope terms of the Saint–Venant formulation by applying a new method of reconstruction of variables. The proposed method significantly enhances the accuracy of hydrologic applications by resolving the typical numerical artifacts associated with low precipitation and runoff production rates. Several comparisons with analytical solutions, observed data, and other numerical models have been carried out for different domain geometries and various flow conditions. Two applications to a synthetic domain and a real-world basin, the Peacheater Creek watershed (64 km 2 ) located near Christie, OK, USA, are also presented to demonstrate the scalability of the model’s application and its robust performance. Various physically-based metrics of watershed simulation are illustrated, such as the runoff production occurrences and rates, streamflow, flow depth, velocity, etc. The coupled model makes feasible a range of real-world problems that models based on the kinematic or inertia-free approximations cannot simulate accurately. These include microtopographic flow disturbances due to vegetation and obstacles, backwater effects, and converging–diverging flow characteristics. The coupled model thus provides more comprehensive simulation capabilities that are not affected by assumptions regarding the reproduced flow regime.
The design of a solid-state physical model of an automated system to be used as a test bed for control applications

In order to develop, test, and validate control software for managing automated systems, laboratories have traditionally constructed experimental test beds using actual physical equipment (small scale). These experimental systems typically occupy a large amount of lab space, cost thousands of dollars to construct, and require considerable human expertise to operate. Using dedicated micro-controllers (programmable logic controllers), we have proposed the use of a solid-state physical model of an automated system which faithfully replicates the operating characteristics of an ensemble of physical equipment that would typically comprise an automated system. In this paper we present the design of a solid-state physical model of a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). Solid-state models have several unique advantages over the traditional models. First, they are inexpensive and can easily be replicated at other laboratories. Second, they can be easily reconfigured to consider alternative scenarios. Third, they can consider an emulated environment that is far more complex than those that are typically addressed by models using actual equipment. Finally, they are totally reliable and safe, and require minimal expertise to operate. This paper discusses the design and operational characteristics of the solid-state model along with its anticipated uses and current limitations.
The Sources of Children's Reasoning Errors During Analogical Problem Solving

The patterns of errors exhibited by elementary-school children in isomorphic and nonisomorphic transfer were examined. In the first study, which involved scheduling problems such as missionaries–cannibals, the children transferred to two consecutive nonisomorphic analogues followed by one that was isomorphic to the acquisition problem. In each of three acquisition conditions, which differed only in terms of their similarity to the nonisomorphic transfer analogues, the children exhibited patterns of performance in all three transfer tasks that were predicted by case-based reasoning theory. In a second study children were required to carry out a specific sequence of mathematical operations in a rudimentary algebra problem, and then transferred to nonisomorphic problems. Consistent with structure-mapping theory, children provided with explicit information concerning the problem structure during acquisition transferred relational features, and avoided errors. Children who simply carried out the sequence of mathematical operations during acquisition relied on specific features of the acquistion task and exhibited predicted patterns of errors in transfer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volunteer tourism and the “voluntoured”: the case of Tijuana, Mexico

This paper explores resident attitudes to volunteer tourism in several small communities within Tijuana, Mexico. Social exchange theory has been used to argue that the degree of personal benefit from volunteer tourism would predict residents' perceptions of the impacts of volunteer tourism and support for volunteer tourism planning and for volunteer tourism activities. Survey research of a purposive sample targeted several neighborhoods within Tijuana that were extensively “voluntoured”. Results indicate mixed support for social exchange theory. Implications are discussed concerning the need for volunteer tourism organizations to include a variety of community stakeholders in the volunteer tourism development process.
Visual tool for demonstrating surface curvature

In this article, we demonstrate a computer tool for teaching surface curvature. Through the display of parametric derivatives, surface normals, surface curvature, and other intrinsic surface properties (such as the osculating plane), the user can explore complex surface shape using interactive graphics and advanced visualization. An illustration of the system is provided to demonstrate how the concept of surface shape can be displayed in a clear and intelligible manner. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 5: 21–27, 1997
A qualitative test for N-finger force-closure grasps on planar objects with applications to manipulation and finger gaits

A force-closure test function for an n-finger grasp on a planar object with friction is presented. All n-finger grasps can be represented by an n-dimensional contact space. The critical conditions of the test functions are used to define force-closure curves which are the boundaries of force-closure sets in the contact configuration space. It is shown that the force-closure sets can be decomposed into subsets in which m (m >
Therapeutic Pedagogy: Thoughts on Integral Professional Formation

Most law school curricula create few, if any, opportunities for students to reflect in an intentional, structured, and sustained manner on a fundamental element at the nexus between flourishing both as a person and as a professional: integration. Law students are on a journey of professional formation, and this journey is one that cannot be separated from the journey of personal evolution that students are simultaneously undergoing. It is neither possible nor desirable to separate or compartmentalize this development as a professional from the inevitable personal transformation that is also occurring during those several years one spends pursuing a J.D.If we want students to enjoy careers as "happy, healthy, and ethical" members of our otherwise "unhappy, unhealthy, and unethical profession," we must create a space for these burgeoning professionals to integrate their personal inner world - wherein lies the wellspring of deep meaning and profound purpose - with their professional outer world bounded by obligations to clients, employers, the court, and society. Drawing upon theories and evidence provided by scholars working in the worlds of humanizing legal education and therapeutic jurisprudence, this paper suggests that a "therapeutic pedagogy" attempting to illuminate a student's inner world and move her towards integration of personal passions and professional commitments can better prepare students to "think like a professional" - a more holistic goal of legal education that would integrate: 1) the ability to rigorously apply legal theory to relevant facts and analytical judgment to judicial opinions, administrative regulations, and legislative statutes with 2) the ability to reflect upon, discern, and develop a practical wisdom that is in harmony with the lawyer's authentic self.
A pilot prospective study of fetomaternal hemorrhage identified by anemia in asymptomatic neonates

A pilot prospective study of fetomaternal hemorrhage identified by anemia in asymptomatic neonates
The Local Impact of Global Flows on U.S. Firm-Level Stock Returns

This paper investigates the effect of one specific measure of the global demand for local stocks, U.S. investors’ net flows, on firm-level stock returns. I document that stocks with lower sensitivity to U.S. investors’ net flows (NFL) earn significantly higher returns. The negative association is not subsumed by standard characteristics associated with mispricing, price-pressures, difference of opinion, or firm-level foreign operations, and is relatively easy to exploit. Consistent with global flows amplifying the demand for local stocks, I present reliable evidence that the return to an NFL factor-mimicking portfolio is predictable and concentrated in periods that follow reduced uncertainty and sentiment.
Book Review: Thoracic Imaging. Michael Galanski MD. Direct Diagnosis in Radiology series. Stuttgart: Thieme. 2010. First published in German. Soft cover, 368 pages, $59.95.

The Direct Diagnosis in Radiology series comprises 12 pocket-sized books covering the main diagnostic imaging subspecialties. These texts cover the essential diagnoses a practicing radiologist should be aware of, in a well organized way, and are ideal for quick reference during a busy work day.
Effects of operationally effective doses of dextroamphetamine on heart rates and blood pressures of army aviators.

The cardiovascular effects of 30 mg of dextroamphetamine, given in divided 10-mg doses at midnight, 4 a.m., and 8 a.m. during a sustained-operations scenario, were explored. Blood pressures and heart rates of male and female UH-60 pilots were measured during two periods of continuous wakefulness in which subjects received dextroamphetamine and placebo. Persistent elevations in heart rates were observed from 2 hours after the second 10-mg dose of dextroamphetamine until the end of the day. Systolic blood pressures of males were elevated from 1 hour after the first 10-mg dose until 5 hours after the third 10-mg dose. Systolic blood pressures of females increased 1 hour after the third 10-mg dose of dextroamphetamine and remained high until 6 hours after the third 10-mg dose. Diastolic blood pressures in both genders showed a persistent elevation from 2 hours past the second 10-mg dose until 6 hours after the third 10-mg dose. These changes did not result in any clinically detectable adverse sequelae.
The Globalized Practice of Law: Part Two - It's a Small World after All: Cultural Competence with Your International Brethren

As increasing numbers of New York lawyers represent clients in transnational and cross-border matters, many culturally competent lawyers are cognizant of how the different and sometimes disparate ethical obligations and values held by their colleagues from civil law countries are influencing and, at times, complicating their dispute resolution efforts. This column highlight the differences in legal ethics between those practicing in the civil law system and those practicing in the common law system, each the embodiment of the values and broader culture from which they emanate. The column then offers recommendations about how, give these inherent value differences, an attorney might achieve cultural symmetry with international colleagues and create more effective and responsive dispute resolution options.
Time-Space Fractional Governing Equations of Unsteady Open Channel Flow

AbstractIn this study, the complete governing equations for unsteady open channel flow in fractional time-space are developed from the fractional continuity equation combined with the fractional motion equation, which is based on Newton’s second law of motion, by accounting for the acceleration terms in order to render physically interpretable hydraulic terms. Then the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations to unsteady open channel flow with physically interpretable terms in fractional time-space are developed from the fractional continuity and motion equations. Because the powers of all of the derivatives in the conventional governing equations of unsteady open channel flow in integer time-space are one, these conventional equations are derived as special cases of the fractional governing equations when the fractional powers in the fractional equations approach unity.
Method of generating sets of PV plant power time series for grid simulation purposes

Power distribution grids with a high share of photovoltaic (PV) generation can be subject to severe voltage issues. The realistic simulation of such systems is therefore important for planning purposes and the evaluation of technical counter measures. This paper suggests a method to generate realistic power time series for a given set of PV generators within a distribution grid to provide the necessary input data for such simulations.
Multisensor Data Fusion for Bridge Condition Assessment

AbstractConsiderable work has been carried out using a number of sensing technologies for condition assessment of civil infrastructure. Fewer efforts, however, have been directed for integrating th...
Heterogeneous extracellular dopamine regulation in the subregions of the olfactory tubercle.

Recent studies show that dense dopamine (DA) innervation from the ventral tegmental area to the olfactory tubercle (OT) may play an important role in processing multisensory information pertaining to arousal and reward, yet little is known about DA regulation in the OT. This is mainly due to the anatomical limitations of conventional methods of determining DA dynamics in small heterogeneous OT subregions located in the ventral most part of the brain. Additionally, there is increasing awareness that anteromedial and anterolateral subregions of the OT have distinct functional roles in natural and psychostimulant drug reinforcement as well as in regulating other types of behavioral responses, such as aversion. Here, we compared extracellular DA regulation (release and clearance) in three subregions (anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterior) of the OT of urethane-anesthetized rats, using in vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry following electrical stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic cell bodies. The neurochemical, anatomical, and pharmacological evidence confirmed that the major electrically evoked catecholamine in the OT was DA across both its anteroposterior and mediolateral extent. While both D2 autoreceptors and DA transporters play important roles in regulating DA evoked in OT subregions, DA in the anterolateral OT was regulated less by the D2 receptors when compared to other OT subregions. Comparing previous data from other DA rich ventral striatum regions, the slow DA clearance across the OT subregions may lead to a high extracellular DA concentration and contribute towards volume transmission. These differences in DA regulation in the terminals of OT subregions and other limbic structures will help us understand the neural regulatory mechanisms of DA in the OT, which may elucidate its distinct functional contribution in the ventral striatum towards mediating aversion, reward and addiction processes.
The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. By Phil Zuckerman, Luke W. Galen, and Frank L. Pasquale: New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2016. 327 pp. $99.00 hardcover. $24.95 paperback

The authors of The Nonreligious set an ambitious goal for themselves: to advance in significant ways the “emerging enterprise of secular studies” (p. 3) The outcome is a valuable contribution for s...
Agonists: The Measurement of Affinity and Efficacy in Functional Assays

This chapter explains the measurement of affinity and efficacy in functional assays. One major approach to the testing of drug activity is with functional assays. Functional assays give flexibility in terms of what biochemical functional response can be monitored for drug activity. These are composed of any biological system that yields a biochemical product or physiological response to drug stimulation. Such assays detect molecules that produce biological response or those that block the production of physiological response. These can be whole tissues, cells in culture, or membrane preparations. Like biochemical binding studies, the pharmacological output can be tailored by using selective stimulation. Whereas the output can be selected by the choice of radioligand or other traceable probe with binding studies, in functional studies the output can be selected by choice of agonist. When necessary, selective antagonists can be used to obviate unwanted functional responses and isolate the receptor of interest. This practice was more prevalent in isolated tissue studies where the tissue was chosen for the presence of the target receptor, and in some cases this came with concomitant presence of other related and obfuscating receptor responses. In recombinant systems, a surrogate host cell line with a blank cellular background can often be chosen. This results in much more selective systems and less need for selective agonist probes.
Indoor air quality and wildfire smoke impacts in the Pacific Northwest

Efforts to improve energy efficiency in homes and buildings have led to tighter structures. However, these changes can also produce negative consequences for indoor air quality and human health. One of the dramatic effects of climate change and weather is the increase in destructive wildfires, such as those experienced in the Pacific Northwest during the summer of 2015. The current article presents data for measurements at two houses during periods with and without high levels of wildfire smoke outdoors. For each house, indoor and outdoor pollutant measurements were obtained for ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds along with outdoor weather conditions and occupant activities including the use of windows and doors. The volatile organic compound measurements were obtained using a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer. Compounds monitored included acetonitrile (a biomass burning tracer), formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, benzene, toluene, and C2-alkyl...
Average-radius list-recoverability of random linear codes

We analyze the list-decodability, and related notions, of random linear codes. This has been studied extensively before: there are many different parameter regimes and many different variants. Previous works have used complementary styles of arguments---which each work in their own parameter regimes but not in others---and moreover have left some gaps in our understanding of the list-decodability of random linear codes. In particular, none of these arguments work well for list-recovery, a generalization of list-decoding that has been useful in a variety of settings. In this work, we present a new approach, which works across parameter regimes and further generalizes to list-recovery. In particular, our argument provides better results for list-decoding and list-recovery over large fields; improved (quasipolynomial) list sizees for high-rate list-recovery of random linear codes; improved algorithmic results for list-decoding; and optimal average-radius list-decoding over constant-sized alphabets.
Latinx students’ experiences with college access and preparation at college preparatory charter schools

Charter schools that target underserved communities, including Latinxs, have proliferated in the U.S., claiming a unique, more autonomous and successful alternative to traditional public schools, o...
Impact of spasticity on transfers and activities of daily living in individuals with spinal cord injury

Context/Objective: For persons with spinal cord injury, spasticity commonly interferes with activities of daily living such as transfers. Electromyography can be used to objectively measure muscle spasms during transfers, but how electromyographic measures relate to the impact spasticity has on life, or to clinically-rated spasticity, is unclear. We aimed to characterize relationships among spasm duration and magnitude, impact of spasticity on daily life, and a clinical measure of extensor spasticity, as well as to determine reliability of the electromyographic measures.Design: Participants (N=19) underwent electromyographic measurements of involuntary muscle activity (spasm duration and magnitude) evoked in quadriceps muscles during transfers on two days. Impact of spasticity on daily life was measured with the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool. Clinically-rated spasticity severity was measured with the Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic reflexes.Results: No significant associations were...
Introducing ν-CLEAR: a latent variable approach to measuring nuclear proficiency:

The causes and consequences of nuclear proficiency are central to important questions in international relations. At present, researchers tend to use observable characteristics as a proxy. However,...
Using Active Learning Strategies Linked to CBPR Principles in a Semester-Long Class Project to Teach Qualitative Research Methods in Public Health:

The use of active learning strategies to engage students in public health education has shown to be effective in promoting meaningful learning experiences. These educational approaches include inqu...
Blended shared control utilizing online identification : Regulating grasping forces of a surrogate surgical grasper.

Surgical robots are increasingly common, yet routine tasks such as tissue grasping remain potentially harmful with high occurrences of tissue crush injury due to the lack of force feedback from the grasper. This work aims to investigate whether a blended shared control framework which utilizes real-time identification of the object being grasped as part of the feedback may help address the prevalence of tissue crush injury in robotic surgeries. This work tests the proposed shared control framework and tissue identification algorithm on a custom surrogate surgical robotic grasping setup. This scheme utilizes identification of the object being grasped as part of the feedback to regulate to a desired force. The blended shared control is arbitrated between human and an implicit force controller based on a computed confidence in the identification of the grasped object. The online identification is performed using least squares based on a nonlinear tissue model. Testing was performed on five silicone tissue surrogates. Twenty grasps were conducted, with half of the grasps performed under manual control and half of the grasps performed with the proposed blended shared control, to test the efficacy of the control scheme. The identification method resulted in an average of 95% accuracy across all time samples of all tissue grasps using a full leave-grasp-out cross-validation. There was an average convergence time of $$8.1 \pm 6.3$$ ms across all training grasps for all tissue surrogates. Additionally, there was a reduction in peak forces induced during grasping for all tissue surrogates when applying blended shared control online. The blended shared control using online identification more successfully regulated grasping forces to the desired target force when compared with manual control. The preliminary work on this surrogate setup for surgical grasping merits further investigation on real surgical tools and with real human tissues.
Contextual Factors Influencing Access to Teaching Computational Thinking

This study attempts to determine whether teachers' access to computational thinking (CT) and CT technologies varies by rurality (rural versus urban) of the school county and grade level taught (pri...
Low thermal dependence of the contractile properties of a wing muscle in the bat Carollia perspicillata.

ABSTRACT Temperature affects contractile rate properties in muscle, which may affect locomotor performance. Endotherms are known to maintain high core body temperatures, but temperatures in the periphery of the body can fluctuate. Such a phenomenon occurs in bats, whose wing musculature is relatively poorly insulated, resulting in substantially depressed temperatures in the distal wing. We examined a wing muscle in the small-bodied tropical bat Carollia perspicillata and a hindlimb muscle in the laboratory mouse at 5°C intervals from 22 to 42°C to determine the thermal dependence of the contractile properties of both muscles. We found that the bat extensor carpi radialis longus had low thermal dependence from near body temperature to 10°C lower, with Q 10 values of less than 1.5 for relaxation from contraction and shortening velocities in that interval, and with no significant difference in some rate properties in the interval between 32 and 37°C. In contrast, for all temperature intervals below 37°C, Q 10 values for the mouse extensor digitorum longus were 1.5 or higher, and rate properties differed significantly across successive temperature intervals from 37 to 22°C. An ANCOVA analysis found that the thermal dependencies of all measured isometric and isotonic rate processes were significantly different between the bat and mouse muscles. The relatively low thermal dependence of the bat muscle likely represents a downward shift of its optimal temperature and may be functionally significant in light of the variable operating temperatures of bat wing muscles.
Generation of HER2-specific antibody immunity during trastuzumab adjuvant therapy associates with reduced relapse in resected HER2 breast cancer

Resected HER2 breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab and chemotherapy have superior survival compared to patients treated with chemotherapy alone. We previously showed that trastuzumab and chemotherapy induce HER2-specific antibodies which correlate with improved survival in HER2 metastatic breast cancer patients. It remains unclear whether the generation of immunity required trastuzumab and whether endogenous antibody immunity is associated with improved disease-free survival in the adjuvant setting. In this study, we addressed this question by analyzing serum anti-HER2 antibodies from a subset of patients enrolled in the NCCTG trial N9831, which includes an arm (Arm A) in which trastuzumab was not used. Arms B and C received trastuzumab sequentially or concurrently to chemotherapy, respectively. Pre-and post-treatment initiation sera were obtained from 50 women enrolled in N9831. Lambda IgG antibodies (to avoid detection of trastuzumab) to HER2 were measured and compared between arms and with disease-free survival. Prior to therapy, across all three arms, N9831 patients had similar mean anti-HER2 IgG levels. Following treatment, the mean levels of antibodies increased in the trastuzumab arms but not the chemotherapy-only arm. The proportion of patients who demonstrated antibodies increased by 4% in Arm A and by 43% in the Arms B and C combined (p = 0.003). Cox modeling demonstrated that larger increases in antibodies were associated with improved disease-free survival in all patients (HR = 0.23; p = 0.04). These results show that the increased endogenous antibody immunity observed in adjuvant patients treated with combination trastuzumab and chemotherapy is clinically significant, in view of its correlation with improved disease-free survival. The findings may have important implications for predicting treatment outcomes in patients treated with trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00005970 . Registered on July 5, 2000.
NMDA Receptor-Stimulated Release of Arachidonic Acid: Mechanisms for the Bazan Effect

Excitatory amino acids, acting through the NMDA type of glutamate receptors, cause the release of arachidonic acid. Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus causes this release, part of the normal physiological process essential for memory. Overactivation of these receptors occurs in stroke, epilepsy, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Agent-based approach to analyzing the effects of dynamic ridesharing in a multimodal network

Abstract An agent-based modeling for dynamic ridesharing in a multimodal network is proposed in this paper. The study aims to evaluate the performance of dynamic ridesharing system within a multimodal network and explore the competing mechanism between dynamic ridesharing and public transit, with the presence of managed lane facility. The modeling process simulates the interaction between travelers and the network, and applies a heuristic algorithm to model travelers' decision making process under uncertainty. The model is applicable to networks with varying demographics. Multiple scenarios based on the classic Sioux Falls network have been examined. The modeling results demonstrate that the effects of dynamic ridesharing on a network differ with traffic demand and market penetrations of various travel modes. In networks with high travel demand and low market penetration of public transit, the benefits of dynamic ridesharing system on reducing congestion and providing reliable travel time are quite limited. To enhance the effectiveness of dynamic ridesharing, traffic operators may consider project investments on managed lane facilities. In networks with high market penetration of public transit, dynamic ridesharing may attract large amounts of short distance trips and aggravate congestion, especially at the initial launching phase. Policy makers would want to ensure that the existing infrastructure is sufficient to accommodate the extra traffic induced by ridesharing. Ridesharing service providers might also consider proper strategies to avoid “abuse” of the system by short trips and accelerate the market penetration.
Zeolite-supported silver as antimicrobial agents

Abstract Use of silver for medical and water purification dates back to thousands of years. During 18th to early 20th century, silver was used for wound management. With the advent of organic antimicrobials, the use of silver faded. Recently, the interest in silver as broad-spectrum antimicrobial has emerged because of the increase in antibiotic resistance. Silver also exhibits inhibitory effects towards fungi and viruses. Currently, silver’s antimicrobial effect is exploited in a very diverse set of applications ranging from simple consumer goods to complex medical devices. How and in what form silver is introduced in these applications varies widely. The activity as well as release of silver from these products is environment-dependent and not reported in literature, driven possibly by proprietary needs. Zeolites are a novel platform for storage and release of silver. Since the aluminosilicate framework of the zeolite is negatively charged, silver ions can be readily incorporated by ion-exchange. Nanoparticles of silver anchored on zeolite can also be prepared by simple reduction. Commercial sources of silver ion-exchanged zeolite are available. There have been several recent reviews of antimicrobial properties of silver, and a few of these discuss zeolites, but there has never been a comprehensive review of silver zeolites. This review article fills that void, and covers the research in this subject area over the past two decades. Research in silver zeolites cover use of many different zeolite frameworks, and the applications are driven by incorporating silver zeolite into polymers, textiles, metal coatings. Research on dental/medical materials as well as environmental/consumer products are also prevalent. All these topics are covered in the review. In addition, an exhaustive table with chronological detail of silver/zeolites for quick reference is also provided. A critical assessment of the literature and future possibilities with silver/zeolite conclude this review article.
\"Stretch-Growth\" of Motor Axons in Custom Mechanobioreactors to Generate Long-Projecting Axonal and Axonal-Myocyte Constructs

Abstract The central feature of peripheral motor axons is their remarkable lengths as they project from a motor neuron residing in the spinal cord to an often-distant target muscle. However, to date in vitro models have not replicated this central feature owing to challenges in generating motor axon tracts beyond a few millimeters in length. To address this, we have developed a novel combination of micro-tissue engineering and mechanically assisted growth techniques to create long-projecting centimeter-scale motor axon tracts. Here, primary motor neurons were isolated from the spinal cords of rats and induced to form engineered micro-spheres via forced aggregation in custom micro-wells. This three-dimensional micro-tissue yielded healthy motor neurons projecting dense, fasciculated axonal tracts. Within our custom-built mechanobioreactors, motor neuron culture conditions, neuronal/axonal architecture, and mechanical growth conditions were systematically optimized to generate parameters for robust and efficient “stretch-growth” of motor axons. We found that axons projecting from motor neuron aggregates were able to respond to axon displacement rates at least 10 times greater than that tolerated by axons projecting from dissociated motor neurons. The growth and structural characteristics of these stretch-grown motor axons were compared to benchmark stretch-grown axons from sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons, revealing similar axon densities yet increased motor axon fasciculation. Finally, motor axons were integrated with myocytes and then stretch-grown to create novel long-projecting axonal-myocyte constructs that better recreate characteristic dimensions of native nerve-muscle anatomy. This is the first demonstration of mechanical elongation of spinal cord motor axons and may have applications as anatomically inspired in vitro testbeds or as tissue engineered “living scaffolds” for targeted axon tract reconstruction following nervous system injury or disease. Significance Statement We have developed novel axon tracts of unprecedented lengths spanning either two discrete populations of neurons or a population of neurons and skeletal myocytes. This is the first demonstration of “stretch-grown” motor axons that recapitulate the structure of spinal motor neurons in vivo by projecting long axons from a pool of motor neurons to distant targets, and may have applications as anatomically inspired in vitro test beds to study mechanisms of axon growth, development, and neuromuscular function in anatomically accurate axo-myo constructs; as well as serve as “living scaffolds” in vivo for targeted axon tract reconstruction following nervous system trauma.
The Role of Conformation and Configuration in the Interaction of 4-Phenylpiperidines with Analgetic Receptors

The concept of three-point attachment was first proposed by Ogston [1] as a model to illustrate how the enantiotopic groups (pro-4R and pro-4S) in citric acid (I) could be distinguished enzymatically. Although this phenomenon is well-documented in enzymology, there had been no reports of the ‘Ogston effect’ occurring in the interaction of nondissymmetric drugs with receptors.
A Review of Voltage Sharing Control Methods for Series-connected IGBTs for Applications in Pulsed Power Generation

Pulsed power generation is required by various types of industrial applications. With the current development of semiconductor devices, solid-state pulse generators have been growing. To fully integrate such devices, series connection is preferred for high-voltage applications. In this paper, a review of series IGBT control methods for solid-state switching devices are provided. These methods are categorized into three groups based on the locations of the auxiliary circuits: load-side, gate-side and both sides combined. Then, they are analyzed and compared in terms of output voltage rise time, voltage balancing, loss, and complexity, specifically for pulse generation. Finally, it is shown that each group excels only at certain aspects and that further development of series-connected devices for pulse generation is necessary.
Relationships of Horizontalism and Hierarchy: Exploring Divergent Forms of Sociopolitical Trust

Objective Propose a conceptualization of trust that acknowledges varying levels of power between trusting partners. The weak, positive statistical correlation between social and political trust conceals very different experiences of trust. While many people possess either high or low levels of both forms of trust, others have divergent levels of the two forms of trust. Present a simple typology of sociopolitical trust that categorizes individuals as trusters, distrusters, hierarchicalists, and horizontalists. Methods Exploratory analysis of United States using the World Values Survey. Multivariate analysis of sociopolitical trust's effect upon protest and voting. Results Americans have low levels of political trust and higher levels of social trust. Protesters possess social trust and political distrust, and voters are both social and political trusters. Conclusion The combination of social trust and political trust impacts public participation preferences. Protesters embody a libertarian‐socialist orientation toward sociopolitical trust, while voters possess a social‐democrat orientation.
Darwin meets Aristotle: evolutionary evidence for three fundamental virtues

This article suggests three domains of virtues should be considered ‘fundamental’: the moral, self-regulatory, and intellectual. The concept of a fundamental virtue domain is introduced to clarify ...
How Sensation-Seeking Propensity Determines Individuals’ Risk-Taking Behaviors: Implication of Risk Compensation in a Simulated Roofing Task

AbstractRisk compensation theory attempts to explain why and how workers modify their risk-taking behaviors in response to the level of safety intervention they receive. One ramification of this th...
LinkedLegal: Investigating social media as evidence in courtrooms

Abstract The pervasive nature of social media suggests it would increasingly appear as evidence in the courtroom as it has increasingly documented daily life. This research examines the use of such evidence through the review of appellate judgments. It has identified 5,189 appeal cases in federal and state jurisdictions for the period from 1 October 2000 to 30 September 2017. California was used for the state jurisdictional analysis and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes California, was used for the federal. In 2017, there was a 350% increase in Ninth Circuit cases using social media evidence as compared to the first cases in 2010. There was a 3933% increase in the California state cases from the first cases in 2007. Photos/images evidence were used the most in State criminal cases and all Federal cases, while posts evidence was used the most in State civil cases.
Identifying new quarries as a method for expanding research: A GIS case study from the Mesa Verde region in the American Southwest

Abstract The study of stone-tool raw material acquisition to evaluate temporal changes in regional sociopolitical organization and economic-related behaviors in the American Southwest is relatively rare when compared to pottery studies for the same purpose. To promote and conduct more meaningful study of these activities using lithic remains, we contend that the location of additional local raw material quarries must be identified and documented. Because of known data gaps in regional quarry datasets, we develop a method to identify additional quarries in the central Mesa Verde region of the American Southwest using a multi-step GIS approach. Our exploratory analysis of new quarry sites uses community-center site locations coupled with a site suitability analysis (a Linear Scale Transformation of geological attributes) to identify future survey target areas. This method of identifying areas that are highly suitable for local raw materials seeks to both optimize our time in the field, while also providing us with additional data points to conduct more sophisticated GIS analyses. Our analysis has identified areas of western Papoose and Ruin Canyons that will serve as the target of future surveys, with the goal of ground truthing our model and discovering, and documenting, new local quarries.
Structures of EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding proteins: diversity in the organization, packing and response to Ca2+ binding.

The growing database of three-dimensional structures of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins is revealing a previously unrecognized variability in the coformations and organizations of EF-hand binding motifs. The structures of twelve different EF-hand proteins for which coordinates are publicly available are discussed and related to their respective biological and biophysical properties. The classical picture of calcium sensors and calcium signal modulators is presented, along with variants on the basic theme and new structural paradigms.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
Trends in E-Cigarette Use by Age Group and Combustible Cigarette Smoking Histories, U.S. Adults, 2014-2018.

Introduction The trends in e-cigarette prevalence and population count of users according to cigarette smoking histories are unknown. These data are needed to inform public health actions against a rapidly changing U.S. e-cigarette market. Methods Data collected between 2014 and 2018 (analyzed in 2020) from cross-sectional, nationally representative National Health Interview Surveys were used to estimate current e-cigarette prevalence, adjusted prevalence differences (percentage points), and population counts of users. Analyses were stratified by age group (younger, 18–29 years, n=25,445; middle age, 30–49 years, n=47,745; older, ≥50 years, n=79,517) and cigarette smoking histories (current smokers, recent quitters [quit 8 years ago], never smokers). Results Among younger adults, e-cigarette use increased in all groups of smokers, with notable increases between 2014 and 2018 among never smokers (1.3%–3.3%, adjusted prevalence difference=2%, p Conclusions The continuous increase among younger-adult never smokers suggests a rise in primary nicotine initiation with e-cigarettes. The concomitant increase among near-term quitters of all age groups suggests continuing e-cigarette use among smokers who may have switched from cigarettes previously.
The Last Call for Civil Rights: Toward Economic Equality

Over six decades have passed since the civil rights movement began in the mid-50s, but American society has not yet fully realized the promise of the civil rights movement, which at its core embodies the protection and promotion of equity and dignity of all people. Despite the historic improvements that accord the legal protection of equal rights among different races, genders, and ethnic groups, significant economic disparity among racial and regional lines persists. The reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., declared, “Now our struggle is for genuine equality, which means economic equality,” but the pursuit of economic equality has not been successful. Growing racial and regional economic disparities create a number of social, economic, and political problems in American society and pull America away from the ideals of the civil rights movement. Structural economic problems in the United States, such as persistent income and wealth disparities along racial lines and chronic poverty prevailing in many regions, have exacerbated inequality that divides the country. A fundamental paradigm change is required to meet this challenge. Racial and regional economic disparities can no longer be overcome solely by individual efforts and self-reliance. The federal government must address racial and regional economic disparities by facilitating economic development for minorities and economically-depressed areas, in close cooperation and coordination with state and local governments as well as the private sector. Successful economic development that bridges racial and regional economic disparities must be achieved before America can fully meet the objectives of the civil rights movement.