cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When do combinatorial mechanisms apply in the production of inflected words

A central question for theories of inflected word processing is to determine under what circumstances compositional procedures apply. Some accounts (e.g., the dual-mechanism model; Clahsen, 1999 ) propose that compositional processes only apply to verbs that take productive affixes. For all other verbs, inflected forms are assumed to be stored in the lexicon in a nondecomposed manner. This account makes clear predictions about the consequences of disruption to the lexical access mechanisms involved in the spoken production of inflected forms. Briefly, it predicts that nonproductive forms (which require lexical access) should be more affected than productive forms (which, depending on the language task, may not). We tested these predictions through the detailed analysis of the spoken production of a German-speaking individual with an acquired lexical impairment resulting from a stroke. Analyses of response accuracy, error types, and frequency effects revealed that combinatorial processes are not restricted to verbs that take productive inflections. On this basis, we propose an alternative account, the stem-based assembly model (SAM), which posits that combinatorial processes may be available to all stems and not only to those that combine with productive affixes.
On the "Identification and control of dynamical systems using neural networks"

Referring to the above said paper by Narendra-Parthasarathy (ibid., vol.1, p4-27 (1990)), it is noted that the given Example 2 (p.15) has a third equilibrium state corresponding to the point (0.5, 0.5).
Synthesis of high-coercivity cobalt ferrite particles using water-in-oil microemulsions

Magnetic nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite (CoFe204) have been synthesized using water-in-oil microemulsions consisting of water, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (surfactant), n-butanol (cosurfactant), and n-octane (oil). Precursor hydroxides were precipitated in the aqueous cores of water-in-oil microemulsions and these were then separated and calcined to give the magnetic oxide. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of phase pure cobalt ferrite. These nanoparticles were less than 50 nm in size and had a high intrinsic coercivity (1440 Oe) and saturation magnetization (65 emu/g).
Prediction of the Time Course of Rigor Mortis Through Response of Muscle Tissue to Electrical Stimulation

SUMMARY A technique based on muscle response to electrical stimulation was shown to be useful in predicting, within 10 min of exsanguination, the time course of rigor mortis, rate of postmortem glycolysis, and ultimate color-morphology rating. The response of an excised muscle to electrical stimulation was highly associated with post-mortem muscle properties. The excitability threshold (lowest voltage at which contraction resulted) was found to be high in muscles which had a short time course of rigor mortis, fast postmortem glycolysis, and pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) ultimate gross morphology; and low in muscles with a long time course of rigor mortis, slow post-mortem glycolysis, and ultimately normal color-morphology. Strength of contraction (at 5, 10, 25, and 50 volts) was observed to be highest in muscles which exhibited long rigor, slow glycolytic rate, and normal color-morphology. The duration of contractility (maintained under repeated stimulation at 2 cycles/see) was also noted to be longer in this type of muscle. Multiple-regression analysis indicated that up to 87% of the variability in color-morphology rating could be predicted by combining the various parameters of muscle response to electrical stimulation. Breed differences were observed which must be taken into account when using prediction equations.
Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium selenate to Daphnia magna straus

The acute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna Straus of selenium introduced as sodium selenate was examined, as was the acute toxicity of selenium introduced as sodium selenite. Acute toxicity was determined by standard, static 48-h tests. Chronic toxicity was determined by a 32-d static renewal test. Nominal, initially measured and finally measured total and dissolved selenium concentrations were determined during the chronic test. Analysis of the chronic toxicity data was based on days to first brood, number of young per brood and total number of young produced per adult. These analyses indicate that with one exception, no statistically significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed at < 2.0 mg/L Se, giving rise to a maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of 1.73 mg/L Se. Dry-weight analyses of adults at the termination of the chronic test and for fifth-brood young indicate an MATC of 1.2 mg/L Se. The 48-h EC50 for selenate was 5.3 ± 0.6 mg/L Se. The 48-h EC50 for selenite was 1.1 ± 0.2 mg/L Se. However, a 7-d EC50 determined during chronic selenate exposure was 1.9 (1.78–2.01) mg/L Se. This lethal threshold concentration is not significantly different from the chronic MATC.
Error propagation in motion compensated video over wireless channels

The use of multiple frames in block motion compensation (BMC) provides us with a new framework for increasing the robustness of video coders. We study the error robustness properties of multiframe BMC (MF-BMC) coders by modeling the error propagation process in the MF-BMC approach as a multiple Markov chain. Using Markov chain analysis we find that the probability of error propagation can decrease (i.e. robustness can increase) by (i) the use of additional frames in BMC, and by (ii) decreasing the probability with which blocks in the immediate previous frame are chosen for motion compensation. We outline a simple scheme that modifies the probabilities of macroblock prediction to achieve additional robustness. The MF-BMC coders proposed in this paper are a multiframe extension of the base level H.263 coder and are found to be more robust than the base level H.263 coder when subjected to simulated errors commonly encountered on wireless channels.
Asymmetric annulation toward pyrrolopiperazinones: concise enantioselective syntheses of pyrrole alkaloid natural products.

A novel Pd-catalyzed asymmetric annulation between 5-bromopyrrole-2-carboxylate esters and vinyl aziridines has been developed to efficiently construct pyrrolopiperazinones, which can serve as key intermediates in the enantioselective syntheses of pyrrole alkaloid natural products. In this paper, the total synthesis of (−)-longamide B in five steps and the first total syntheses of agesamides A and B in six steps from 6 and 7 are reported.
A Formal Framework for Network Security Design Synthesis

Due to the extensive use of Internet services and emerging security threats, most enterprise networks deploy varieties of security devices for controlling resource access based on organizational security requirements. These requirements are becoming more fine-grained, where access control depends on heterogeneous isolation patterns like access deny, trusted communication, and payload inspection. However, organizations are looking to design usable and optimal security configurations that can harden the network security within enterprise budget constraints. This requires analyzing various alternative security architectures in order to find a security design that satisfies the organizational security requirements as well as the business constraints. In this paper, we present ConfigSynth, an automated framework for synthesizing network security configurations by exploring various security design alternatives to provide an optimal solution. The main design alternatives include different kinds of isolation patterns for traffic flows in different segments of the network. ConfigSynth takes security requirements and business constraints along with the network topology as inputs. Then it synthesizes optimal and cost-effective security configurations satisfying the constraints. ConfigSynth also provides optimal placements of different security devices in the network according to the given network topology. ConfigSynth uses Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) for modeling this synthesis problem. We demonstrate the scalability of the tool using simulated experiments.
THE NORMATIVE BASES OF TAX REFORM: A CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

This paper examines the explicit and implicit ideological content of tax reform embodied in three views of taxation. By adopting a constitutional perspective, we are led to examine tax reform as a mechanism by which those rules which define the tax constitution are to be modified as circumstances change. Not only is tax reform demonstrated to be a continuous rather than a dichotomous process, but our proffered framework has the advantage of highlighting the normative underpinnings of the three instant views of tax reform.
Blazing training trails with Wimba classroom to avoid travelling 'round the mountain

West Virginia University (WVU) has multiple campuses in various and often remote areas of the state in addition to its main campus in Morgantown. Starting in August 2007, WVU's Office of Information Technology has offered a few synchronous online professional development training sessions to faculty via Wimba Classroom as an alternative to trainers travelling to remote campuses for face-to-face training. I plan to present some of the advantages and disadvantages of training in a web conference environment using a product such as Wimba Classroom. Most of what I plan to discuss in this paper would also apply to those using other web conference products such as Adobe Connect, Citrix GoToWebinar, and WebEx.
A 38-Year-Old Woman With Dyspnea and Wheezing Following Exercise Despite Asthma Therapy

(CHEST 2007; 132:351–353) A 38-year-old woman presented with progressive worsening of dyspnea, upper chest tightness, and wheezing (inspiratory and expiratory) over the previous 18 months. These episodes occurred with exercise, lasted 3 to 5 min, and resolved without intervention. The symptoms never occurred at night or awakened her from sleep. She had previously been treated with -agonists without improvement. She denied gastroesophageal reflux, rhinitis, or sinusitis symptoms. She denied a history of atopy, smoking, and could identify no triggers for her dyspnea other than exercise. A physical examination was unremarkable. Flexible fiberoptic rhinolaryngoscopy revealed a normal nasopharynx, a normal hypopharynx/larynx, and normal vocal cord movement. Prior testing included negative findings on dynamic spiral CT of the neck and chest, a positive methacholine challenge result, and an exercise study with normal preexercise and postexercise spirometry results. However, immediately following the exercise study, respiratory distress developed with audible stridor that resolved without intervention for 3 min. Flow-volume loops were repeated during exercise (Fig 1). Repeat rhinolaryngoscopy during a follow-up visit while the patient was experiencing stridor showed normal vocal cord movement. Bronchoscopy revealed subglottic stenosis just below the vocal cords at the level of the cricoid cartilage. The lumen was narrowed 50% (7 to 8 mm) for a distance of 0.5 to 1.0 cm. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) testing was negative, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate was in the normal range. Revisiting the history did not uncover any previous endotracheal intubations. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Review of the Literature on Older Lesbians Implications for Education, Practice, and Research

This article reviews the academic literature from 1997 to 2010 on older lesbians (n = 28) and provides implications for education, practice, and research. While there is an ongoing lack of research...
A STEADY-STATE FEL: PARTICLE DYNAMICS IN THE FEL PORTION OF A TWO-BEAM ACCELERATOR

Abstract Motivated by its use in a two-beam accelerator, we have studied a “steady-state” FEL; i.e., a periodic but very long structure in which the electron beam energy is replenished once a period with a short induction acceleration unit. We have studied longitudinal particle motion in such a device using a 1-D simulation code. We show that after an initial startup section, particle detrapping from the pondermotive wave is minimal in a steady-state FEL of several kilometers. A simple linear model of particle diffusion is shown to describe the numerical results quite well.
In vivo validation of whole body composition estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Prior, Barry M., Kirk J. Cureton, Christopher M. Modlesky, Ellen M. Evans, Mark A. Sloniger, Michael Saunders, and Richard D. Lewis. In vivo validation of whole body composition estimates from dual...
Bootstrap in time series models

The bootstrap is a resampling method of estimating distributional properties of estimators. We discuss how this method can be applied to time series models and indicate directions of theoretical and applied research in this area.
Vertebral artery compression of the medulla

Background Intracranial arteries in the subarachnoid space may compress the brain parenchyma and cranial nerves. Most arterial compressive lesions have been attributed to dolichoectasia in the vertebral-basilar system, and prior reports have concentrated on the pressure effects of basilar artery ectasia. Much less is known about vertebral artery compression of the medulla. Objective To describe a series of patients with vertebral arteries compressing the medulla oblongata. Design Prospective case studies. Setting Tertiary care center. Patients Nine symptomatic patients, 4 men and 5 women, between the ages of 32 and 79 years. Main Outcome Measures Clinical phenomena, radiographic findings, treatment, and outcomes. Results We found that compression most commonly occurs at the ventrolateral surface. The clinical features can be transient or permanent and are predominantly motor and cerebellar or vestibular, but a poor correlation exists between the clinical findings and the severity or extent of impingement. The vertebral arteries were angulated, tortuous, or dilated but not necessarily dolichoectatic to cause obvious indentation. Seven patients were treated with antiplatelets and anticoagulants or analgesics, whereas 2 underwent microvascular decompression, resulting in temporary or no relief. One surgical patient developed cranial nerve complications. Among the medically treated patients, none had progression of deficits, and those with single episodes had no recurrence of symptoms. Conclusion This study is the largest collection, to our knowledge, of patients with medullary vascular compression. Further studies are needed to estimate its frequency, natural course, and preferred management.
Mutational analysis using oligonucleotide microarrays

The development of inexpensive high throughput methods to identify individual DNA sequence differences is important to the future growth of medical genetics. This has become increasingly apparent as epidemiologists, pathologists, and clinical geneticists focus more attention on the molecular basis of complex multifactorial diseases. Such undertakings will rely upon genetic maps based upon newly discovered, common, single nucleotide polymorphisms. Furthermore, candidate gene approaches used in identifying disease associated genes necessitate screening large sequence blocks for changes tracking with the disease state. Even after such genes are isolated, large scale mutational analyses will often be needed for risk assessment studies to define the likely medical consequences of carrying a mutated gene. This review concentrates on the use of oligonucleotide arrays for hybridisation based comparative sequence analysis. Technological advances within the past decade have made it possible to apply this technology to many different aspects of medical genetics. These applications range from the detection and scoring of single nucleotide polymorphisms to mutational analysis of large genes. Although we discuss published scientific reports, unpublished work from the private sector1 2 could also significantly affect the future of this technology.
Adolescent and young adult women’s misunderstanding of the term ‘pap smear.’

Objective To learn more about young women’s understanding of the term Pap smear . Design Self-administered survey. Setting UMass Memorial Adolescent Clinic. Participants Female patients 14 years or older (and their mothers when available) who visited the clinic between June 10 and August 9, 2002. Main Outcome Measures Accuracy of participants’ written definition for the term Pap smear and knowledge that a “Pap smear” is a test for cervical cancer and not synonymous with a pelvic examination, sexually transmitted disease test, pregnancy test, or checkup. Results Three (2.7%) of the 111 adolescent participants provided an accurate definition of the term Pap smear . Sixty-eight percent mistakenly believed that a Pap smear was the same as a pelvic examination. Age, history of sexual intercourse, and having had a Pap smear correlated with a better Pap smear definition rating. Conclusions Remarkably few patients who participated in this study understood the meaning of the term Pap smear . Confusion about gynecologic terms may hinder efforts to enhance compliance with sexually transmitted disease and cervical cancer screening. Educational initiatives are needed to improve young people’s comprehension and to prevent misun derstandings about gynecologic care and miscommunication between patients and their health care pro viders.
Dual fiber bundles, the size of the fifth dimension and dirac magnetic monopoles

We introduce a dual-fiber-bundle description of the gauge theory of electromagnetism. Using this, and requiring particles to obey the wave equation in the five-dimensional fiber bundle, we show that the existence of a given unique radius for the compact fifth dimension breaks the duality transformation invariance of the theory. One of the reasons for the possible existence of magnetic monopoles is the very pretty duality invariance of Maxwell’s equations achieved if magnetic currents are present. Since we show that this duality transformation invariance is broken if we try to extend it to the fiber bundle formulation, the existence of Dirac magnetic monopoles becomes somewhat less compelling theoretically.
Cultivating Professional Skills Across The Business Curriculum

This university has devised a scheme for developing a set of professional skills in its students by means of a series of experiential activities incorporated into business core courses. Six areas of competency were identified as crucial for all business graduates: analytical skills, communication skills, ethical discernment, global perspectives, information technology/literacy and professional-ism. The program overlays a set of lessons and experiences in the thirteen courses that comprise the business core, i.e. those courses required for all business majors.
Retirement Income Planning Literacy in America

Although significant amounts of research and public policy have been directed toward financial literacy in recent years, not nearly as much attention has been placed on the type of information needed by the nearly 10,000 baby boomers reaching age 65 each day until 2030. As this group faces important decisions as they move into retirement, it would be wise to not lose focus on another important literacy measurement: retirement income planning knowledge.The reality is that retirement income planning is challenging — it requires knowledge across a broad array of legal, financial, and social topics. Although studies have surveyed different groups of people on specific financial topics, such as Social Security knowledge or health care expenditure knowledge, little existing research surveys baby boomers on their overall retirement income knowledge. This task was undertaken by The American College RICP® Retirement Income Literacy Survey. The goal was to gather information about the retirement planning knowledge of those individuals in retirement and nearing retirement. This article discusses the overall results of the research and sets forth the top distinguisher questions that can be used by financial advisers to gauge the retirement income knowledge of their clients.
Social Choice on Networks

A social network comprises a collective of individuals who exert influence on each other via explicit communication/ control linkages. Applying social choice theory to networks requires the influence linkages to be explicitly embedded into the social choice model. Embedding is accomplished by replacing classical categorical preferences with conditional preferences that enable individuals to express material benefit in a social context. The result is a new concept of aggregation that produces a coherent coordination utility that provides a comprehensive model of the emergent social structure and enables the generation of coordinated solution concepts.
General Method for Beams on Elastic Supports

A method for either reaction influence lines or reactions for any loading for continuous beams on elastic supports is presented in matrix form using basic physical relationships between beams with and without elastic supports. Influence line ordinates or reactions for any loading for regular continuous beams are used as coefficients for computing the corresponding values for beams on elastic supports. This simplifies calculations and allows the method to be used in conjunction with existing influence line tables or existing programs for regular beams. Although the method is general, the time-saving equations presented are useful for two-span beams, three-span beams, and four-span beams.
Serum Concentrations of Reproductive Hormones after Administration of Various Anesthetics to Immature and Young Adult Male Rats

Immature and young adult male rats were either castrated or unoperated. One of seven anesthetic agents (Rompun, Bio-Tal, Thiopental, pentobarbital, ketamine, halothane, or ether) was administered. When the animals were clearly anesthetized, they were decapitated. Control rats were decapitated without anesthesia. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, testosterone, and androstenedione were determined by radioimmunoassay. None of the anesthetics was clearly suitable for study of all these hormones. Most would be suitable for acute LH studies. Ketamine and halothane appeared inappropriate for FSH studies in immature rats. Pentobarbital, Rompun, and ether caused increases in serum prolactin. Most of the agents appeared to cause a reduction in serum testosterone in intact rats but an increase in castrated animals, suggesting an inhibition of testicular androgen secretion and a stimulation of adrenal androgen secretion.
New Distributional Records and Taxa from the Outlying Mountain Ranges of New Guinea

The mountains of New Guinea consist of the Central Range plus 19 outlying ranges. I report distributional and taxonomic novelties from the first explorations of four of these outliers, plus re-explorations of five others. The summit elevation and history of exploration are also described for each outlier. Thirty new outlier populations were discovered for superspecies represented by endemic species on outliers. New taxa described are three subspecies of Peneothello cryptoleucus (Kumawa Mts), Pachycephalopsis hattamensis (Yapen Island), and Melipotes fumigatus (Kumawa Mts), and a Pachycephala provisionally included in P. soror (Kumawa Mts). Taxa for which provisional diagnoses are for- mulated but which are not now named because of limited specimens include a Rallicula (Foja Mts) and races of Eupetes castanonotus (Foja and Kumawa Mts), Crateroscelis robusta (Foja and Kumawa Mts), Sericornis virgatus (Fakfak and Kumawa Mts), Poecilodryas albispecularis (Foja and Kurnawa Mts), a Pachycephala (Fakfak Mts), Ailuroedus crassirostris (Kumawa Mts), and Ptiloprora erythropleura (Kumawa and Fakfak Mts). Species lines in the Parotia superspecies are reconsidered. First records include Accipiter buergersi for Irian Jaya, A. meyerianus for the Irian Jaya mainland, Ptilinopus viridis for the Papua New Guinea mainland, and Tregellasia leucops and Pachycephalopsis hattamensis for any offshore island. A new Parotia population found in the Foja Mts may possibly be the long-lost P. carolae berlepschi. The bowerbird Amblyornis inornatus was found in the Kumawa Mts and probably in the Fakfak Mts. Vocalizations and habits are described for little-known species including those represented by new taxa plus Aquila gurneyi, Psittaculirostris salvadorii, Sericornis rufescens, Monarcha rubiensis, Peneothello bimaculatus, Timeliopsis griseigula, Melidectes leucostephes, Meliphaga montana, and Ptiloprora mayri. Speciation and distribution of endemic taxa on the outliers are analyzed, with the conclusion that the flow of species has been overwhelmingly from Central Range to outliers, not vice versa.
Magnetic Lock Used for Doors of Electrical Appliance Assemblies Switchgear Equipment

A new type of "five-protection" interlock magnetic lock was introduced it has "open, close" two positional locking and signal feedback etc practical functionalities, able to achieve remote interlockings between switchgear cabinets. The magnetic lock structure was given, the lock overcame the disadvantage of normal magnetic lock without dual functionality, it is own powered. With coordination of other interlocking mechanism, it can provide electrical assemblies switchgear equipment with safe effective and all round "five-protection" interlocking solvable plan.
Handover Decision in Heterogeneous Networks

The integration of heterogeneous wireless networks allows the mobile users to benefit simultaneously from the radio coverage of different access technologies (RAT: Radio Access Technology) and the diversity of applications. Nowadays, applications are becoming more and more critical in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) and dynamicity. Handover mechanism is responsible of guaranteeing the required quality of service in ubiquitous environment when mobile users roam across different RATs. The diversification of context metrics offered by these different networks has a direct impact on the user perceived quality of service especially during the network selection process. The present work addresses the network selection process, which is the most important stage of the vertical handover decision mechanism. Our proposed algorithm for Vertical Handover decision making is based on the context awareness and the quality of experience (QoE). It integrates the threshold values of sensitive criteria, which are considered as the required metrics in the making decision process used to select the optimal target network. However, we define a decision function that checks the performance of the given networks and identifies the best solution. Performance offered by the chosen network has to be reviewed since the handover is launched to control the quality of service perceived by the end user. Simulation results improve the perceived network performance by avoiding unnecessary handover. In Ubiquitous environment, most Handover decision mechanisms generate a ping pong effect caused by the inefficiency of the network handover metrics which do not consider the required end user performance. As compared to several existing algorithms, our algorithm fits the expected changes in the network performance and the users preferences without wastage of network resources. It reduces the processing delay and the complexity level caused by unnecessary computation over available radio access technologies which do not ensure required connection performance.
Organization of emergency medical care in the United States of America

Organised emergency medical services in the United States are a relatively recent development. Prior to 1967, emergency medicine was uncoordinated, inefficient and frequently of poor overall quality. Patients were transported to the hospital by ambulances that in a many cases were owned by funeral homes. Funeral homes had vehicles that were able to accommodate a stretcher but were not configured for ongoing patient care. Ambulance attendants had little training beyond basic first aid. Hospital care was not much better. Patients were usually taken to the closest facility regardless of the capabilities of the hospital. The doctor on duty usually had no formal training in emergency medicine. In many cases, the doctor was assigned as the "on-call" doctor for the day and did not work full time in the department. One day might find practitioner on duty, the next a psychiatrist or pathologist providing care during the critical early hours of a serious illness or injury.
Contemporary evaluation and management of lower extremity peripheral artery disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) includes atherosclerosis of the aorta and lower extremities. Affecting a large segment of the population, PAD is associated with impaired functional capacity and reduced quality of life as well as an increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. The evaluation of PAD begins with the physical examination, incorporating non-invasive testing such as ankle-brachial indices to confirm the diagnosis. Therapeutic interventions are aimed at alleviating symptoms while preserving limb integrity and reducing overall cardiovascular risk. With this in mind, risk factor modification with exercise and medical therapy are the mainstays of treatment for many patients with PAD. Persistent symptoms or non-healing wounds should prompt more aggressive therapies with endovascular or surgical revascularisation. The following manuscript provides a comprehensive review on the contemporary evaluation and management of PAD.
This Great Industrial Battle

Smith’s comment that he had experienced happier moments than the first commencement may have reflected his growing irritation at criticisms of his methods and results. During Smith’s first years in Massachusetts, Board of Education reports praised his knowledge and experience. Newspapers published summaries of his regular Thursday lectures at the normal art school, even one on preparing for final examinations. By the time Smith wrote his fourth annual state report in late 1875, he complained that his system was not being followed exactly, particularly in evening drawing classes where students were given inappropriate choices.
Why Now the Need for a New Clinical Trials Model for Antidepressants

The established model for evaluating a new, putative antidepressant was developed 50 years ago in the early 1960’s and was based on a number of assumptions about how and why the then new “antidepressants” were effective. These assumptions are described. They have assumed, e.g., that the drugs are specific for the depressive disorders. Based on research conducted since then, that assumption has been shown for the most part, to be invalid. The evidence, particularly as it refers to the initial clinical actions and their presumed time of onset of clinical actions, is analysed, showing several earlier like assumptions to be wrong. When the new more comprehensive, componential trial is applied, it is also shown that new applications of the drug to the treatment of other disorders are uncovered.
Developing a Business Plan for Critical Care Pharmacy Services

Critical care medicine has grown from a small group of physicians participating in patient care rounds in surgical and medical intensive care units (ICUs) to a highly technical, interdisciplinary team. Pharmacy's growth in the area of critical care is as exponential. Today's ICU requires a comprehensive pharmaceutical service that includes both operational and clinical services to meet patient medication needs. This article provides the elements for a business plan to justify critical care pharmacy services by describing the pertinent background and benefit of ICU pharmacy services, detailing a current assessment of ICU pharmacy services, listing the essential ICU pharmacy services, describing service metrics, and delineating an appropriate timeline for implementing an ICU pharmacy service. The structure and approach of this business plan can be applied to a variety of pharmacy services. By following the format and information listed in this article, the pharmacy director can move closer to developing patient-centered pharmacy services for ICU patients.
Geology and Mineralogy Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy

Geochemistry is fundamentally concerned with the occurrence and distribution of the chemical elements in the Earth, with stronger emphasis on processes occurring in the upper continental crust. Mineralogy involves the identification and characterization of minerals occurring in pure form or as solid-state mixtures in rocks. Both disciplines depend on bulk analysis of elemental constituents, identification and analyses of individual mineral phases, and isotopic analysis of targeted elements. Techniques utilized for bulk analysis include AAS, ICPAES, ICPMS, and XRF; individual phases are identified by methods such as SEM-EDX, LA-ICPMS, and XRD. Isotopic analyses are performed by mass spectrometric techniques such as ICPMS and TIMS. Many atomic spectroscopic procedures require dissolution, either by total dissolution with HF or fusion, or by selective leaching approaches. The applications of atomic spectroscopy in geology and mineralogy are very diverse and prolific; two typical examples of applications are described herein.
Palliative Care Scorecard

Abstract Background: In response to poor healthcare quality outcomes and rising costs, healthcare reform triple aim has increased requirements for providers to demonstrate value to payers, partners, and the public. Objective: Electronically automating measurement of the meaningful impact of palliative care (PC) programs on clinical, operational, and financial systems over time is imperative to the success of the field and the goal of development of this automated PC scorecard. Design: The scorecard was organized into a format of quality measures identified by the Measuring What Matters (MWM) project that are defined as important to the team, automatically extracted from the electronic health record, valid, and can be impacted over time. Setting: The scorecard was initially created using University of Florida Health (UF) data, a new PC program, and successfully applied and implemented at University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (CU), a second institution with a mature PC program. Measurements: Clinic...
The role of statins for primary prevention in non-elderly colorectal cancer patients.

1513 Background: There is conflicting evidence for the effect of statins in primary prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC). We conducted a case control study (N=357,702) in non-elderly adult US popu...
Biological Safety Considerations for Plant Pathogens and Plant-Associated Microorganisms of Significance to Human Health

Cross-kingdom or interkingdom pathogenic microorganisms are now recognized more commonly (1, 2). There are an increasing number of organisms, and occasionally even the same strains of an organism, that can colonize and/or infect both plants and humans. Pathogenic microorganisms demonstrating cross-kingdom host ranges may have been overlooked for several reasons. Taxonomic name changes may have resulted in misidentification. In addition, a different name may have been used to describe the same microorganism (2, 3). A primary reason for this failure to recognize nontraditional pathogenic microorganisms may be due to little earlier knowledge that some plant pathogens can grow at temperatures of body extremities and external parts of the body, which may be as low as 33.2°C (4). The thermal growth tolerance for most fungi is significant at 37°C or below (5). Fungi associated with human disease are speculated to have originated from asymptomatic or diseased plants (6). However, mammalian defense systems of innate temperature are a potent nonspecific defense against most fungi (5) and bacteria. As to classification of cross-kingdom microorganisms, Hubalek (7) suggested that emerging human infectious diseases could be grouped into those transmissible between humans (anthroponoses), those transmissible from animals to humans (zoonoses), and those transmissible to humans from the environment as sapronoses. However, the term “sapronoses” was presented as those diseases having an environmental reservoir (organic matter, soil, and plants). Other treatises define sapronoses as diseases whose source is only an abiotic substrate (nonliving environment). Hubalek (7) did not address diseases of humans transmissible from plants, but the term “phytoses” has been used in presentations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (R. V. Tauxe, personal communication), although “phytonoses” would be consistent with Hubalek's classification system (7).
Crystal chemistry of ordered rocksalt-type Ca2NF

Abstract Ordered rocksalt-type Ca 2 NF has a cubic unit cell that is doubled along [100] relative to the rocksalt-type polymorph due to N/F ordering. Crystals for the present study were prepared from a pure, dry KCuF 3 precursor by reaction with Ca metal under nitrogen, and analyzed via high resolution single crystal X-ray diffraction. From this analysis, as well as qualitative compositional analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy, it was determined that interstitial fluoride ions previously interpreted as Frenkel defects are actually due to a non-stoichiometric defect. The refined composition is Ca 2 N 0.925 F 1.23 , and the ordered cubic phase has space group Fd 3 ¯ m (No. 227) with a = 10.0301(5) A and Z = 16.
Goal model analysis of autonomy requirements for Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Designing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) for optimal autonomy while meeting user requirements is quite challenging. Researchers have focused on improving autonomy algorithms and verification methods to ensure safe and reliable autonomous behavior in UASs, but little research has been conducted on requirements engineering for UASs to answer design questions and explore the trade space for using autonomy to satisfy user requirements. This paper introduces a method to determine an optimal set of autonomous capabilities that satisfies UAS user requirements in the early stages of conceptual design. The method uses a modified Autonomy Requirements Engineering (ARE) process that applies quantitative measures and statistical analysis to Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE). We demonstrate this method in a case study of a “disaster robot,” i.e., a hazard response UAS for which the autonomy requirements were optimized using a goal model developed in the Goal-oriented Requirement Language (GRL), as implemented in the modeling tool jUCMNav. The high-level goals of the hazard response UAS—system performance, cost, and safety—were evaluated using the formula-based GRL strategy evaluation algorithm resident in jUCMNav version 6.0. An autonomy trade space study was conducted through a Design and Analysis of Simulation Experiments (DASE). Our designed simulation experiment inserted the number of trials (evaluation strategies) and inputs into the goal model, and evaluation data were analyzed to optimize design factors based on user weightings of the response variables. This paper presents a structured method of ARE for UASs, which could be adopted more broadly across other domains, demonstrating how to optimize autonomous capabilities for different design conditions.
The Consensus from the Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Conference 2017

On March 24 and 25, 2017 researchers and clinicians from around the world met at Temple University in Philadelphia to discuss the current knowledge of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and its relationship to human disease. The conference was held because of shared concern that MAP is a zoonotic bacterium that poses a threat not only to animal health but also human health. In order to further study this problem, the conferees discussed ways to improve MAP diagnostic tests and discussed potential future anti-MAP clinical trials. The conference proceedings may be viewed on the www.Humanpara.org website. A summary of the salient work in this field is followed by recommendations from a majority of the conferees.
Animal Cruelty, Domestic Violence, and Social Disorganization in a Suburban Setting

ABSTRACTBreaking away from a focus on the influence of individual characteristics on animal cruelty and guided by social disorganization theory, we investigated animal cruelty violations in block g...
Advancing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Methods for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An Open-Label Study of Paired Theta Burst and High-Frequency Stimulation.

Introduction Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), a rare and severe chronic pain condition, often responds poorly to existing treatments. Previous studies demonstrated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) provided short-term pain relief for upper extremity CRPS. Methods Building on previous methodologies, we employed a TMS protocol that may lead to significant pain relief for upper and lower extremity CRPS in a nonrandomized open label pilot trial involving 21 participants. We individualized TMS coil positioning over motor cortex of somatic pain location, and administered intermittent theta-burst stimulation followed by 10 Hz high-frequency stimulation using a deeper targeting coil. We assessed response (≥30% pain reduction) from a single session (n = 5) and five consecutive daily sessions (n = 12) and compared change in pain from baseline, after one treatment and one-week posttreatment between groups using a mixed ANVOA. Results Both groups demonstrated significant pain reduction after one session and one-week posttreatment; however, no group differences were present. From a single session, 60% of participants responded at Week 1. From five sessions, 58% and 50% of participants responded at Weeks 1 and 2, respectively. Two from each group achieved >50% pain reduction beyond six to eight weeks. No serious adverse events occurred. Though headache and nausea were the most common side-effects, we urge careful monitoring to prevent seizures with this protocol. Conclusions We used a TMS protocol that, for the first time, led to significant pain relief in upper and lower extremity CRPS, and will soon examine our protocol in a larger, controlled trial.
Birthright Citizenship, Undocumented Immigrants and the Slavery Analogy

The current controversy over territorial birthright citizenship in the United States links unauthorized immigration with slavery. Where ever one stands on birthright citizenship for US-born children of undocumented immigrants, everyone recognizes that the controlling legal standard was enunciated in the Fourteenth Amendment’s Citizenship Clause – itself a response to the iconic Dred Scott decision denying that people of African descent were, or could ever be, citizens. The jus soli rule in the U.S. has an earlier common law provenance, but because it was explicitly constitutionalized in the wake of the slavery conflict, the fate and meaning of today’s birthright citizenship controversy in the U. S. is necessarily refracted through the nation’s slavery experience. Certainly, disagreements abound about what exactly the Citizenship Clause has to say about extending citizenship to children born in the US of unauthorized immigrants, but the debates take as given that our current discussions over assignment of territorial birthright citizenship issue from the Fourteenth Amendment, thereby traversing the ground of the nation’s struggle over slavery and its aftermath. This geneology distinguishes the birthright citizenship controversy in the United States from debates on the subject in other national settings. In Ireland, for example – a country which recently eliminated birthright citizenship by constitutional amendment – a history of slavery does not figure as specific horizon or constraint. But other than recognizing the particular path dependency of the debate, what do we take from this fact? What is the significance of this historical sequencing? Are the institutions of slavery relevant to the current birthright citizenship debate in any internal, analytical sense? In other words, is their convergence by way of the Citizenship Clause simply a temporal happenstance which now distracts rather than enlightens, or does the slavery question represent something which – analytically and normatively – properly informs our approach to the citizenship question today? This essay is part of larger project on the specific nature of undocumented alien status in the liberal democratic polity.
Double Jeopardy Protection from Successive Prosecution: A Proposed Approach

The Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution protects criminal defendants against being repeatedly prosecuted for the same offense. However, when two separate charges do not fit the definition of same offense, the prosecution is free to pursue those charges in successive proceedings. The Supreme Court has adopted a narrow definition of the same offense, leaving the government wide latitude to bring successive prosecutions based on a single criminal episode. This approach threatens the demise of double jeopardy protection against successive prosecution. This article proposes an approach that will provide more effective double jeopardy protection while giving due consideration to legitimate government interests. First, the courts should adopt a broad definition of the term "same offence", encompassing all charges arising from a single criminal transaction. The courts must recognize that the quest for a satisfactory narrower definition of same offense has been failed; the definitions that have been considered are either too narrow to give substance to double jeopardy protection or so broad that they imbue the protection with too great a reach. Second, the courts should temper the impact of the broad definition with a balancing approach. The courts should not enforce an absolute prohibition on successive prosecutions for the same offense. Instead, they should recognize that government interests in successive prosecution sometimes outweigh the defendant's double jeopardy interests.
Reduced tenacity during “high-speed” territorial encounters in the intertidal owl limpet, Lottia gigantea: Agonistic escalation increases risk of wash-off

Abstract The dislodging effect of breaking waves is among the critically important factors structuring rocky intertidal communities . Because behavior is so difficult to study in the field, the interaction of wave force with behavior of intertidal organisms is poorly understood. Here, we present a field study of the interaction of breaking waves with the natural behavior of individuals of Lottia gigantea , an intertidal limpet with a complex territorial behavioral ecology . We hypothesized that limpets engaging in fast-moving territorial chase in response to intraspecific contact are more vulnerable to wash-off by a passing wave than are slowly foraging limpets that do not take part in such chase. We measured the lift force required to dislodge limpets while they were engaged in three natural behavioral responses to intraspecific contact in the field: 1.) continued foraging, 2.) retreat, and 3.) territorial pursuit. We divided the measured force-to-remove by aperture area to estimate resistance to wave-induced lift force, or tenacity. Tenacity (Newtons·cm −2) in slowly foraging limpets was 2–4 times stronger than previously reported for moving limpets (retreating at high speed from sea stars). Small foraging limpets showed stronger tenacity than did large limpets. Tenacity was significantly reduced by high-speed territorial and retreat responses, especially in small limpets. We compounded the wash-off probabilities of tenacity during the expected number of high-speed chases in the face of an entire year of reported waves at a nearby ocean buoy, and estimated that limpets should suffer substantially greater mortality (11.5%) than do limpets that refrain from all territorial chase (2.9%). Overall, these data support our hypothesis that dislodgement by breaking waves comprises a significant risk attendant to territorial chase. The fact that limpets nevertheless engage in these chases suggests that the resources gained by this behavior are substantial.