cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Level Laser Studies Of Condensed Phase Chemistry (The Interface Between Moleculodynamics And Hydrodynamics)

To extend hydrodynamic concepts to the molecular domain, and thus to use such concepts in the development of accurate rate theories for ultrafast chemical reactions, it must be realized that the relevant friction is a property, not of the solvent alone, but of the complete solute-solvent system. Properties of the solvent in the vicinity of reacting molecules are simply different than properties of the pure solvent. Because of this, a "renormalized" or effective friction must be introduced in place of the shear viscosity of the pure solvent. When this is done, hydrodynamic formalisms are found to be applicable to most experimental data. Past assumptions of "color blind" solvent-solute coupling seem to be the main reason that the moleculodynamic limit has been difficult to attain from the hydrodynamic starting point. A breakdown of ordinary hydrodynamics may still occur for very small (hydrogen-like) reacting particles because of the failure of the equilibrium assumption through the course of the reaction. Both computer molecular dynamics and ultrafast laser experiments are presented in support of these points of view.
Improved mask metrology system for 1-Gb DRAM

When we started to develop the mask metrology system named the XY-5i, the photomasks were supposed to be used only until 256M DRAM generation. However, now we are sure that the photomasks can also be applied to the 1G DRAM generation, or 180 nm pattern rule on a wafer. Thus we need to develop a metrology system for the 1G bit through 4G bit DRAM generations. In order to improve the metrology system's performance, we have introduced some new technologies and succeeded in realizing the improvement of the performance ability of the XY-5i. Now the XY-5i has the high technical performance and functions which are good enough to be the mask metrology system for the new generation of 1G DRAM. Moreover, in the XY-5i, we have developed some new metrology functions, such as coordinate measurement of pelliclized masks. We could get some data of the issue regarding the variation of the coordinates between before and after its pelliclization which has been seldom discussed so far.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changes in Causes of Death After Renal Transplantation, 1966 to 1987

This descriptive study was undertaken to examine survival and changes in cause of death after renal transplantation. One fourth (259) of the 1,022 patients who received a renal transplant between 1966 and 1987 at the University of Pennsylvania had died by January 1, 1988. Causes of death for 246 (960) of the deceased patients were analyzed. Despite an increase in age and number of comorbid diseases before transplantation, posttransplant survival increased significantly over the study period. All-cause mortality rates at 1, 2, and 5 years decreased significantly. Infectious disease cumulative mortality rates at 1, 2, and 5 years also decreased between 1966 and 1985. No trend in the 1-, 2-, or 5-year cardiovascular disease cumulative mortality rates was detected. The decline in the rate of deaths due to infection led to a decrease in the proportion of infection-related deaths and an associated increase in the proportion of cardiovascular disease-related deaths. The reduction in mortality over the past 2 decades is associated with the simultaneous improvement in immunosuppression and treatment of infectious diseases.
Chemiluminescence of neutrophil accumulation in liver following ischemia-reperfusion

The median and left lateral lobes of rat liverin situ were rendered ischemic for 30 min, then blood flow re-instituted. After 1, 3, 6, 24, or 48 h livers were removed and set up for isolated perfused organ study. Luminol enhanced chemiluminescence (LEC) was recorded from the surface of the median and left lateral lobe before and for 90 min following phorbol myristate acetate PMA (1.6×10−8M) perfusion. An increase in PMA induced luminol enhanced chemiluminescence was evident at 1 h, and continued to increase up to 6 h. By 24 h the magnitude of the PMA response had returned to within control values. This indicates that a large influx of inflammatory cells had occurred in the liver following thein vivo ischemia-reperfusion insult, and that these cells gave a very large and sustained burst of radical production on stimulation with PMA.
Long-term effects of cryopreservation on clinically prepared hematopoietic progenitor cell products

Abstract Background aims The question of how long hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) destined for clinical applications withstand long-term cryopreservation remains unanswered. To increase our basic understanding about the stability of HPC products over time, this study focused on characterizing long-term effects of cryopreservation on clinically prepared HPC products. Methods Cryovials (n = 233) frozen for an average of 6.3 ± 14.2 years (range, 0.003–14.6 years) from HPC products (n = 170) representing 75 individual patients were thawed and evaluated for total nucleated cells (TNCs), cell viability, viable CD34+ (vCD34+) cells and colony-forming cells (CFCs). TNCs were determined by use of an automated cell counter, and cell viability was measured with the use of trypan blue exclusion. Viable CD34 analysis was performed by means of flow cytometry and function by a CFC assay. Results Significant losses in TNCs, cell viability, vCD34+ cells and CFC occurred on cryopreservation. However, once frozen, viable TNCs, vCD34+ cells and CFC recoveries did not significantly change over time. The only parameter demonstrating a change over time was cell viability, which decreased as the length of time that an HPC product was stored frozen increased. A significant negative correlation (correlation coefficient = −0.165) was determined between pre-freeze percent granulocyte content and post-thaw percent viability (n = 170; P = 0.032). However, a significant positive correlation was observed between percent viability at thaw and pre-freeze lymphocyte concentration. Conclusions Once frozen, HPC products were stable for up to 14.6 years at
The effect on medical metal implants by magnetic fields of magnetic resonance imaging.

Forces and torques, due to a 0.3 Tesla magnetic field were evaluated on ten hip prostheses and ten hemostat clips. Measurements were performed with an instrument utilizing the movement of a laser beam caused by the deflection of a canti-lever. The results indicate effects, if any, to be smaller than the instrument's sensitivity which, at its highest, was 7 mg of force and 125 mg·cm of torque.
Variability and density dependence of bacteria in terrestrial subsurface samples: implications for enumeration

This study investigated the effects of common sampling strategies on estimates of terrestrial subsurface bacterial numbers derived by aerobic heterotrophic plate-count methods. Homogenization of soil and sediment samples is often used to reduce variability of replicate samples from a given volume. Sediment cores from paleosols and surface soils were divided into volumes of ca. 2 cm2 or 20 cm2 prior to homogenization and enumeration of bacteria by plate-count methods. Although homogenization of larger volumes reduced between-sample variability and sometimes increased mean estimates for surface soils, less reduction in variability occurred for subsurface samples. The dilution of bacterial density resulting from homogenizing larger volumes consistently reduced mean estimates of subsurface bacteria ca. tenfold, indicating that, for the majority of bacteria in these samples, the ability to form colonies on agar plates was strongly dependent on the local density of cells. Examination of data from previous studies indicated that density-dependence may be a common property of bacteria in some terrestrial subsurface environments. Extremely patchy distributions and density-dependent growth add severe limitations to the application of common methods for estimating bacterial numbers in the subsurface environment.
Experimental band structure of Cu 3 Au

Angle-resolved photoemission experiments on Cu/sub 3/Au/001/ with synchrotron light in the range 12.5--46 eV are presented and evaluated to produce the band structure along GAMMA--X. The initial-band positions have been obtained by assuming free-electron-like final states. The experimental band structure is compared with a recently calculated band structure. Similarities and discrepancies are discussed.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE BOND RATINGS AND INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONS

Previous statistical models designed to predict bond ratings use a variety of financial data and ratios; however, the possible effect of the industry in which the firms operate is generally disregarded. Although the exact bond rating process used by the rating agencies is not known, industry analysis is an important component of the process. This study evaluates the use of industry-specific multiple discriminant functions for predicting bond ratings. The results support using such a technique.
Independent inheritance of genes regulating two subpopulations of mouse clonogenic keratinocyte stem cells.

Mouse keratinocyte stem cells originate from the bulge of hair follicle, and, according o definition, possess a clonogenic activity in vitro . We have investigated seven inbred (C57BL/6, C3H, DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB) and outbred (SENCAR, CD-1) mouse strains and found that three genetically distinct subsets of mouse strains differ significantly in the frequency of clonogenic activity in vitro . The analysis of keratinocyte colonies in two reciprocal backcross [C57BL/6 × (BALB/c × C57BL/6); BALB/c × (BALB/c × C57BL/6)] and intercross [(BALB/c × C57BL/6)F2] of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice allowed us to identify two subpopulations of clonogenic keratinocytes able to produce small (less than 2 mm 2 ) and large (more than 2 mm 2 ) colonies. We conducted linkage analysis and found that small colonies associated with mouse chromosomes 1, 6, 7, 8, and 9; but large colonies—with the chromosome 4. We defined locus on the chromosome 9 that associated with small colonies as keratinocyte stem cell locus 1 ( Ksc1 ), and locus on the mouse chromosome 4 associated with large colonies-keratinocyte stem cell locus 2 ( Ksc2 ). Ksc1 and loci on chromosomes 6 and 7 are close if not equal to loci associated with sensitivity to skin carcinogenesis. We conclude that two subpopulations of stem cells able to produce small and large colonies regulated by different genes and genes regulating small colonies might be responsible for sensitivity to skin carcinogenesis.
Projection methods in flexible multibody dynamics. Part I: Kinematics

In this paper a recursive projection method for the dynamic analysis of open-loop mechanical systems that consist of a set of interconnected deformable bodies is presented. The configuration of each body in the system is identified using a coupled set of reference and elastic co-ordinates. The absolute velocities and accelerations of leaf or child bodies in the open-loop system are expressed in terms of the absolute velocities and accelerations of the parent bodies and the time derivatives of the relative co-ordinates of the joints between the bodies. The dynamic differential equations of motion are developed for each link using the generalized Newton-Euler equations. The relationship between the actual joint reactions and the generalized forces combined with the kinematic relationships and the generalized Newton-Euler equations are used to develop a system of loosely coupled equations which has a sparse matrix structure. Using matrix partitioning and recursive projection techniques based on optimal block factorization an efficient solution for the system accelerations and joint reaction forces is obtained. This solution technique yields a much smaller operations count and can more effectively exploit vectorization and parallel processing. It also allows a systematic procedure for decoupling the joint and elastic accelerations.
Heterocyst Differentiation and Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria face the difficult problem of fixing nitrogen while generating oxygen. Some solve this problem by storing carbohydrate during the day and using the stored material to fuel nitrogen fixation during the night. Others, notably Trichodesmium, a filamentous organism that is one of the major nitrogen fixers in the ocean, fixes only during the day, precisely at the same time that it is fixing CO2 and generating oxygen. How this is accomplished is still mysterious. There is no obvious morphological differentiation in Trichodesmium filaments. But there is now an acknowledged role for respiration in cyanobacterial photosynthesis, so possibly nitrogenase is protected by respiration in Trichodesmium. The heterocystous cyanobacteria, such as Anabaena, solve the problem of oxygen protection, at least in part, by differentiating specialized cells for nitrogen fixation at regular intervals along the filaments. We have been interested in the regulatory interactions among genes and their products, starting with the environmental cue of nitrogen depletion and concluding with a fully functional anaerobic factory for nitrogen fixation.
Multiple-terminal gate charging effect - competing/compensating charging behavior

The charging effect from the antenna at the multiple nodes of MOSFET devices was investigated using bulk-CMOS technology. We demonstrated experimentally that the antenna size at source and drain terminals can modulate gate charging behavior, just like that at the gate terminal. However, gate charging damage is lessened when the source and/or drain antenna size increases, which is an effect opposite to that of the gate antenna. The effect can be explained by a multiple-terminal gate charging model, revealing the competing and compensating nature of the incoming charging current among the gate, source, and drain terminal of the MOSFET. The model also indicates a similar effect for the N-well antenna in P MOSFETs. The finding here leads to an application that actually utilizes metal antennae to protect gate oxide in realistic circuits.
Rate Adaptation in Congested Wireless Networks through Real-Time Measurements

Rate adaptation is a critical component that impacts the performance of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. In congested networks, traditional rate adaptation algorithms have been shown to choose lower data-rates for packet transmissions, leading to reduced total network throughput and capacity. A primary reason for this behavior is the lack of real-time congestion measurement techniques that can assist in the identification of congestion-related packet losses in a wireless network. In this work, we first propose two real-time congestion measurement techniques, namely an active probe-based method called Channel Access Delay, and a passive method called Channel Busy Time. We evaluate the two techniques in a testbed network and a large WLAN connected to the Internet. We then present the design and evaluation of Wireless cOngestion Optimized Fallback (WOOF), a rate adaptation scheme that uses congestion measurement to identify congestion-related packet losses. Through simulation and testbed implementation we show that, compared to other well-known rate adaptation algorithms, WOOF achieves up to 300 percent throughput improvement in congested networks.
Absence of Association of Autoinducer‐2‐Based Quorum Sensing with Heat and Acid Resistance of Salmonella

: This study used various approaches to investigate the potential association of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) presence with thermal and acid resistance of Salmonella cultures. Salmonella Thompson strains RM1987N (luxS-positive; AI-2 positive) and RM1987NLUX (luxS-negative; AI-2 negative) were exposed to 55 °C (6 h) in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, while the luxS-negative S. Thompson strain and a Salmonella Typhimurium luxS-positive strain were exposed to 55 °C in AI-2-positive or -negative preconditioned (PC) media derived from S. Thompson and Escherichia coli O157:H7 luxS-positive and -negative strains. In addition, the luxS-negative S. Thompson strain was subjected to pH 3.5 PC media (35 °C, 6 h) with or without AI-2 activity, and acid-adapted or nonadapted S. Thompson strains were exposed to pH 3.0 LB broth (35 °C, 6 h). Surviving bacterial populations during exposure to 55 °C LB were not different between luxS-negative and -positive S. Thompson strains. In addition, heating at 55 °C of the luxS-negative S. Thompson strain in AI-2-positive and -negative PC media resulted in similar (P≥ 0.05) survivor counts. Furthermore, surviving cell counts of S. Typhimurium (luxS-positive) in 55 °C AI-2-positive PC media were not different (P≥ 0.05) than those in AI-2 negative PC media. No differences in surviving cell counts of the luxS-negative S. Thompson strain was found when exposed to pH 3.5 AI-2-positive and -negative PC media. Also, survivors of acid-adapted or nonadapted cells of luxS-negative and -positive S. Thompson strains were not different following exposure to pH 3.0 LB. The results indicated that, under the conditions of this study, AI-2-based quorum sensing did not appear to be associated with heat and acid resistance of Salmonella.
Structures and Properties of Side-Chain Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Polyacrylates

The synthesis and mesomorphic properties of four monomers and three side-chain cholesteric liquid crystalline polymers containing 4-cholesteryl-4'-(acryloyloxy-n-alkyloxy)benzoate mesogenic side groups are described. The structure-property relationships of monomers M-1-M-4 and polymers P-1-P-3 are discussed. Phase behavior and optical properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, and polarizing optical microscopy. Monomers M-1-M-4 and polymers P-I-P-3 revealed cholesteric phase. Cholesteric texture and reflection color of the polymers were frozen by quenching. The experimental results demonstrated that selective reflection of M-1-M-4 and P-1-P-3 shifted to the long wavelength region with rigidity of the mesogen or decrease of flexible spacer length. Polymers with flexible spacer showed lower phase transition temperatures, wider mesomorphic temperature ranges and higher thermal stability compared with the polymer with no flexible spacer.
Fast track article: Scheduling protocols for homogeneous and heterogeneous k-covered wireless sensor networks

Sensing coverage is a performance metric that reflects the quality of surveillance of a field by a wireless sensor network. This paper investigates the problem of minimum connected k-coverage in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, where each point in a field is covered (or sensed) by at least k active nodes while minimizing the necessary total number of active nodes and guaranteeing connectivity between them. First, we study the case of homogeneous nodes to gain some insights on how to address the problem of k-coverage using heterogeneous nodes. Our methodology to solve the minimum connected k-coverage problem consists of two main phases: sensing range slicing and active node scheduling. The goal of the slicing phase is to decompose the sensing range of a sensor node into smaller, congruent regions such that each of them is guaranteed to be k-covered when exactly k nodes are deployed in it. The purpose of the scheduling phase is to specify which nodes turn on (or become active), how, and when. In this paper, we propose two k-coverage protocols using different scheduling approaches. In the first protocol, called self-scheduling driven k-coverage, each sensor node turns itself on based on the local information it has about its sensing neighbors in order to k-cover its sensing range. The second protocol, called triggered-scheduling drivenk-coverage, allows a sensor node to trigger a necessary number of its sensing neighbors to become active in order to achieve k-coverage of its sensing range. Then, to promote the use of self-scheduling driven k-coverage and triggered-scheduling driven k-coverage in real-world sensing applications, we show how to relax some commonly used assumption for coverage configuration protocols in wireless sensor networks. More specifically, we discuss a more general framework, where the nodes are heterogeneous in terms of their sensing ranges. Precisely, we propose two protocols for k-coverage using heterogeneous nodes and generalize them by considering convex sensing and communication models. Simulation results show that triggered-scheduling driven k-coverage outperforms self-scheduling driven k-coverage with regard to the number of nodes required for connected k-coverage configuration as well as the network lifetime. We find that self-scheduling driven k-coverage outperforms an existing connected k-coverage protocol for wireless sensor networks. Also, we find that heterogeneity has a positive impact on our k-coverage protocol performance.
Evaluating the Supportive Care Costs of Severe Radiochemotherapy-Induced Mucositis and Pharyngitis Results From a Northwestern University Costs of Cancer Program Pilot Study With Head and Neck and Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Patients Who Received Care at a County Hospital, a Veterans Administration Hospital, or a Comprehensive Cancer Care Center

BACKGROUND. Few studies have examined the costs of supportive care for radiochemotherapy-induced mucosits/pharyngitis among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) or lung cancers despite the documented negative clinical impact of these complications. METHODS. The authors identified a retrospective cohort of patients with HNC or nonsmall lung cancer (NSCLC) who had received radiochemotherapy at 1 of 3 Chicago hospitals (a Veterans Administration hospital, a county hospital, or a tertiary care hospital). Charts were reviewed for the presence/absence of severe mucositis/pharyngitis and the medical resources that were used. Resource estimates were converted into cost units obtained from standard sources (hospital bills, Medicare physician fee schedule, Red Book). Estimates of resources used and direct medical costs were compared for patients who did and patients who did not develop severe mucositis/pharyngitis. RESULTS. Severe mucositis/pharyngitis occurred in 70.1% of 99 patients with HNC and in 37.5% of 40 patients with NSCLC during radiochemotherapy. The total median medical costs per patient were $39,313 for patients with mucositis/pharyngitis and $20,798 for patients without mucositis/pharyngitis (P = .007). Extended inpatient hospitalization accounted for $12,600 of the increased medical costs (median 14 days [$19,600] with severe mucositis/pharyngitis vs 5 days [$7000] without; P = .017). For patients who had HNC with mucositis/pharyngitis, incremental inpatient hospitalization costs were $14,000, and total medical costs were $17,244. For patients who had NSCLC with mucositis/pharyngitis, these costs were $11,200 and $25,000, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. In the current study, the medical costs among the patients with HNC and NSCLC who received radiochemotherapy were greater for those who developed severe mucositis/pharyngitis than for those who did not. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Limb-sparing of the lower extremity by using the expandable prosthesis in children with malignant bone tumor

Abstract Improved diagnostic modalities and progress in chemotherapy protocols has resulted in the increased survival of cancer patients. This has stimulated the search for ways to improve their quality of life. Better understanding of the biological behavior of tumor progress and spread resulted in new and safer surgical approaches that minimized local recurrence. Limb-sparing in children has proven to be successful and does not compromise the survival rate when compared with cross-bone amputation. With the introduction of the expandable prosthesis, the problem of limb length discrepancy has been solved. As the child grows, serial lengthening is performed. The number of lengthenings is dependent on the child's age at the time of presentation and the individual rate of growth. Limb-sparing in children is associated with a high morbidity rate related to multiple surgical procedures; however, the majority of surviving patients believe that the surgical effort to save the limb and the eventual functional outcome were worthwhile. The long-term experience with the use of the expandable prosthesis in sixty patients is presented.
Modulation of Inflammatory and Profibrotic Signaling in a Rabbit Model of Acute Phonotrauma Using Triamcinolone

ObjectiveTo investigate the hypothesis that prophylactic triamcinolone modulates acute vocal fold inflammatory and profibrotic signaling during acute phonotrauma.Study DesignIn vivo rabbit phonation model.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsForty New Zealand white breeder rabbits were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control (no intervention), no treatment (30 minutes of raised intensity phonation), sham treatment (bilateral intralaryngeal triamcinolone acetonide injection at 0 µg/25 µL followed by 30 minutes of raised intensity phonation), or steroid treatment (bilateral intralaryngeal triamcinolone acetonide injection at 400 µg/25 µL followed by 30 minutes of raised intensity phonation). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to investigate gene expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)–1β, and transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1.ResultsResults revealed a significant main effect for COX-2 (P = .002). Post hoc testing revealed that rabbits receiving...
Halothane-induced decrease in experimental myocardial ischemia in the non-failing canine heart.

The effect of halothane on net myocardial oxygen balance of ischemic myocardium was studied in the non-failing canine heart. Myocardial ischemia was produced by repeated reversible occlusions of a coronary artery; the severity of ischemia was estimated by summating ST-segment elevations (sigma ST) obtained by epicardial ECG mapping at 15 to 18 sites. Control measurements were obtained before and after administration of halothane (0.75 per cent) to six dogs with chloralose-urethane basal anesthesia. Halothane was associated with significant decreases of systemic arterial pressure (P less than .001), heart rate (P less than .01), and the product of systolic arterial pressure X heart rate (P less than .01), an indirect index of myocardial oxygen consumption, while left atrial pressure remained unchanged at normal levels. sigmaST during occlusion was less (P less .001) during halothane (26.5 +/- 7.4 (SD) mv) than before (36.6 +/- 5.4 mv) or after (34.4 +/- 8.2 mv) its administration. Thus, halothane decreased the severity of experimentally-induced myocardial ischemia in the non-failing canine heart. The data suggest that, in the absence of ventricular failure, halothane influences the relationship between myocardial oxygen supply and demand in a favorable direction when coronary blood flow is limited.
Use of screening and response surface experimental designs for development of a 0.5- mu m CMOS self-aligned titanium silicide process

A manufacturable self-aligned titanium silicide process for 0.5- mu m CMOS technologies has been developed. Factorial and fractional-factorial screening experiments, as well as physical models, were used to identify important process factors. Central-composite and D-optimal response surface designs were used to optimize the process; short-loop process and device experiments and 0.5- mu m technology static random access memory (SRAM) circuit flows were used. By using this comprehensive experimental design methodology, problems with diode leakage and silicide-to-silicon contact resistance were resolved, and specified device characteristics were achieved. >
Quantifying the environmental impacts of labor

Quantitative values for the environmental impacts of labor are needed to improve the accuracy and expand the decision making capabilities of life cycle analysis. We present a method of calculating the environmental impacts of a worker-hour, finding one worker-hour of industrial labor in the U.S. corresponding to 58 MJ of primary energy use, 82 gallons of water use, and 4.6 kg of CO2 equivalent emissions.
Exploring microbial microevolution with microarrays

Gene arrays are typically employed to monitor gene expression and regulation, but they are finding additional applications in studying patterns of evolution in bacterial genomes. In particular, this approach has been applied to answer questions about the heterogeneity in full gene repertoires among bacterial strains and species without relying on more costly and time-consuming methodologies. In this review, we evaluate some of the evolutionary patterns and processes affecting bacterial genomes as detected with microarrays, and also delineate the limitations and conclusions stemming from such studies. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Isoëtes tennesseensis (Isoëtaceae), an Octoploid Quillwort from Tennessee

Isoetes tennesseensis, an octoploid species with a chromosome count of 2n = 88, is described. It occurs in the Hiwassee River in Tennessee. Past collections of this species have been misidentified as Isoetes macrospora (= I. lacustris). Isoetes tennesseensis differs from I. lacustris in chromosome number, megaspore and microspore morphology and distribution. Speculation on the origin of this new species is presented.
A Genetic Screen for Mutations Affecting Cell Division in the Arabidopsis thaliana Embryo Identifies Seven Loci Required for Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis in plants involves the formation of unique cellular structures such as the phragmoplast and the cell plate, both of which are required to divide the cell after nuclear division. In order to isolate genes that are involved in de novo cell wall formation, we performed a large-scale, microscope-based screen for Arabidopsis mutants that severely impair cytokinesis in the embryo. We recovered 35 mutations that form abnormally enlarged cells with multiple, often polyploid nuclei and incomplete cell walls. These mutants represent seven genes, four of which have previously been implicated in phragmoplast or cell plate function. Mutations in two loci show strongly reduced transmission through the haploid gametophytic generation. Molecular cloning of both corresponding genes reveals that one is represented by hypomorphic alleles of the kinesin-5 gene RADIALLY SWOLLEN 7 (homologous to tobacco kinesin-related protein TKRP125), and that the other gene corresponds to the Arabidopsis FUSED ortholog TWO-IN-ONE (originally identified based on its function in pollen development). No mutations that completely abolish the formation of cross walls in diploid cells were found. Our results support the idea that cytokinesis in the diploid and haploid generations involve similar mechanisms.
The Lifestyle Plague and Health: Obesity and Endometrial Cancer

The Lifestyle Plague and Health: Obesity and Endometrial Cancer In developed and westernized countries such as the United States, endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological cancer with incidence rates being as much as 10 times higher than other cultures. The majority of women present with postmenopausal and abnormal perimenopausal bleeding, and almost 75% of these patients are in the early disease stage, yet the death rate has risen.
SOME VIEWS ON OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE1

The importance of cerebrovascular disease is instanced by the fact that it is a more common cause of death in the older age groups than either cardiovascular disease or bronchogenic carcinoma. The present paper is concerned with certain features of occlusive cerebrovascular disease, occlusive in the sense that the brain is rendered ischaemic by mechanisms such as vascular spasm, thrombosis or embolism.
Lung growth and development.

The organogenesis of lung involves several complex mechanisms, including interactions between cells originating from two germ layers--endoderm and mesoderm. Regulation of lung branching morphogenesis with reference to its architecture, growth pattern, differentiation, interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme and / or endothelium, as well as genes regulating these processes have been addressed by the pulmonary biologists through careful molecular biology and genetic experimental approaches. The mammalian lung develops by outpouching from the foregut endoderm as two lung buds into the surrounding splanchnic mesenchyme. Several different regions of the foregut are specified to develop into different thoracic and visceral organs. The lung-buds further elongate and branch, and the foregut longitudinally gets separated into esophagus and trachea. In rodents (mice and rats), this occurs around embryonic day 11, where the right lung bud develops into four different lobes and left lung develops as a single lobe. In humans, these processes occur by 3-4 weeks of embryonic development, where the right lung is a trilobar lung and the left lung is a bilobar lung. Several generations of dichotomous branching occur during embryonic development, followed by secularization and alveolarization pre- and post-natally, which transform a fluid-filled lung into an air-breathing lung able to sustain the newborn. During these different developmental stages from embryonic to newborn stage, the lung architecture undergoes profound changes, which are marked by a series of programmed events regulated by master genes (e.g., homeobox genes), nuclear transcription factors, hormones, growth factors and other factors. These programmed events can be altered by undesirable exposure to overdoses of hormones/vitamins/growth factors, synthetic drugs, environmental toxins, radiation and other agents. In the recent years molecular techniques have opened avenues to study specific functions of genes or their products (proteins) in vivo or in vitro at a cellular or an organelle level, some of these include targeted disruption, knock-in / knock-out genes, in vitro mutagenesis, use of sense and anti-sense oligonucleotides. Some of these aspects with reference to regulation of normal lung development and growth and a specific example of pulmonary hypoplasia as an abnormal lung formation are discussed in this review.
Effects of the Combustion Products of Coal-Derived Fuels on Gas Turbine Hot-Stage Hardware

This paper reports a DOE-sponsored program to evaluate the effect of the combustion products of coal-derived fuels on current and potential materials used in gas turbine hot-section components and on the plugging of cooling holes in air-cooled airfoils. Atmospheric-pressure small burner rigs and a combustor operating at elevated pressures and design air flows, equipped with a segment of a first-stage nozzle (turbine simulator), were used in these evaluations.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Sensitivity of MST neurons to optic flow stimuli. II. Mechanisms of response selectivity revealed by small-field stimuli.

1. In these experiments we examined the receptive field mechanisms that support the optic flow field selective responses of neurons in the dorsomedial region of the medial superior temporal area (M...
Melphalan therapy of polycythemia vera.

Twenty-seven patients with p. vera whose proliferative disease required the suppression of bone marrow function were treated with melphalan for periods of 20 to 72 months. The response was rated as good to excellent at three months in 24 of the 27 patients. At the end of one year 14 of the 27 patients had no evidence of disease. In eight of the remaining 13 the only persistent abnormality was a palpable spleen. Side reactions and adverse hematologic effects were infrequent. To date one patient has developed refractory anemia and evidence of myelofibrosis. Four patients have developed acute leukemia but none of these had been treated with melphalan alone. The results to date are sufficiently good to establish melphalan as one of the most effective agents in the control of p. vera.
Assessing Risks of Glucose Lowering Therapy in Heart Failure: Should We Rely on Post-hoc Analyses?

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common among patients with heart failure (HF), and each disease process likely potentiates the progression of the other. A number of recent clinical trials have brought significant attention to a possible association between glucose lowering therapy, particularly thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and increased HF hospitalizations. While several of these studies have been well powered for major adverse cardiovascular events, none of them have included HF outcomes as part of their primary endpoints. Numerous post hoc analyses of these studies have shown inconclusive evidence as to whether or not there exists an association between these newer glucose lowering agents and HF. The aim of this review is to summarize the most current understanding of the effects of glucose lowering therapies in the development and progression of HF. Moreover, we review the existing evidence for glucose lowering therapies in diabetic patients with pre-existing HF. Given the current ambiguity regarding whether these therapies contribute to or worsen HF, and given the poor prognosis associated with hospitalization for HF, prospective studies that specifically assess HF outcomes are needed to help guide therapy in this growing population of patients with comorbid DM and HF.
Values in Repair

This paper examines the question of "values in repair" -- the distinct forms of meaning and care that may be built into human-technology interactions through individual and collective acts of repair. Our work draws on research in HCI and the social sciences and findings from ethnographic studies in four sites -- two amateur "fixers" collectives' in Brooklyn and Seattle, USA and two mobile phone repair communities in Uganda and Bangladesh -- to advance two arguments. First, studies of repair account for new sites and processes of value that differ from those appearing at HCI's better-studied moments of design and use. Second, repair may embed modes of human interaction with technology and with each other in ways that surface values as contingent and ongoing accomplishments, suggesting ongoing processes of valuation that can never be fully fixed or commoditized. These insights help HCI account for human relationships to technology built into the world through repair.
Magnetic and superconducting properties of RBa2Cu

Specific-heat and dc magnetic-susceptibility measurements have been performed on $R{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ ($R$ denotes rare earth) compounds. These measurements show that the rare-earth atoms behave as local moments above the superconducting transition temperature of these compounds which can be as high or higher than in nonmagnetic $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$. Further, we find coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism in $R=\mathrm{G}\mathrm{d},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{y}$ compounds and evidence for crystalline-electric-field splittings in these materials.
Effect of insulin and linoleic acid on satellite cell differentiation.

Differentiation of rat skeletal muscle satellite cells was studied in vitro. Linoleic acid and insulin, two unrelated compounds that reportedly stimulate differentiation of other types of myogenic cells, were used to examine the regulation of differentiation in satellite cell cultures. As in cultures of chick embryo muscle cells, linoleic acid stimulated fusion but only at low serum concentrations or in defined medium without fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The effects of insulin on differentiation were quite variable, however; at very low cell densities no stimulatory effect was observed. In intermediate and, to a lesser extent, high density satellite cell cultures, the addition of insulin at concentrations between .01 and 1.0 microM stimulated satellite cell fusion. Whenever increases in fusion were observed, however, a parallel increase in cell number was also found. A closer examination of the relationship between differentiation and the presence or absence of mitogenic agents in the medium suggested that a mitogenic signal and the resultant proliferation of cells prevented differentiation. Subsequent experiments indicated that fusion could be induced by lower serum concentration or by removal of FGF, as long as linoleic acid was present in the medium. Therefore, proliferation and differentiation appear to be antagonistic processes in cultured satellite cells. If the rate of proliferation is depressed, either by mitogen removal or by increasing cell density, differentiation is favored. Differentiation can, therefore, be regulated and applied to in vitro studies of satellite cell activity.
Exploring the relationship between teacher spirituality and teacher self-efficacy

There often exists an immense disparity between the idealized goals of classroom teachers and the actual shortcomings of these educators. Strategies have been devised and programs have been implemented to enable teachers to be successful; however, these practices often lack the empowerment to sustain teachers through the arduous tasks and demands of being an educator. Teacher education programs, professional development , and teacher curriculum are oftentimes not designed to equip teachers to overcome adversity and discouragement, let alone thrive in the teaching profession. The question is, then, “Why do some teachers persevere through adversity, even moving beyond toward excellence in the profession?” The research on teacher effectiveness has largely examined the techniques and strategies that equip teachers to be effective, but there is very little research that has investigated the effect of teacher spirituality upon teachers’ beliefs regarding their own efficacy (teacher self-efficacy). A study was conducted which included 333 teacher participants from 2 school districts in San Gabriel Valley, California, representing elementary, middle, and high schools (Barsh 2015). The researcher sought to answer the following questions: Does spirituality impact teacher effectiveness? If so, then how does spirituality impact teacher self-efficacy?
Sublimity Is Lost as You Go Down

In 1913 and 1914, Galsworthy’s depictions and expressions of the “emotion” that “dominated” were often less elevated and abstract. He frequently returned to an earlier habit of thinking of himself as two opposed people, as in a letter to Sir William Rothenstein (1872–1945), his friend and a painter who wanted to draw portraits of both Galsworthy and Ada: “I”m a bit of a beast to draw, I believe; like all people with two men in them mixed very deep down.”1 When they finally were drawn two years later, the Galsworthys liked the results so much they insisted on paying for them. Galsworthy was sceptical about unalloyed emotion or abstraction in the work of others. In 1913, he wrote to the younger novelist, his new friend Hugh Walpole (1884–1941), who had earlier taken him to tea with Henry James when Galsworthy “simply listened to a long oration”, in response to Walpole’s request for an opinion of his most recent work: There’s great vigour, fertility, and aspiration in the book; too much sentiment perhaps, and not enough austerity. But of that last I am a poor judge, demanding it as I do so incorrigibly, and to the point of thinness in my own work. … It’s full romantic — don’t let yourself be swept away by the conviction, so common to the rising generation, that the last, or, shall we say, the present generation, drinking too little port at its literary feasts, must be avenged. Don’t joint the new two-bottle men. Keep your head and your balance, and you will write even cleaner and stronger stuff.2
A High Speed Video/Audio Stream Splitter for 4K Digital-Cinema

This paper develops the requirements of a high speed video stream splitting device and introduces a suitable architecture. The device can generate ten streams from a 500 Mbps 4K-digital-cinema stream without any loss. 1,000 receiving clients can be supported by connecting the devices in a multistage manner. It will be a key device in achieving a digital-cinema-based theater network and creating a new cinema distribution environment. The prototype of the device is implemented and the basic performance is evaluated by experiments. The evaluation results clearly show that the device satisfies the requirements.
Harnessing Invariant Natural Killer T Cells for Cancer Therapy

Abstract SCI-20 Natural killer T (NKT) cells are distinct innate lymphocytes that recognize lipid ligands in the context of nonclassical MHC molecules called CD1d. NKT cells have been broadly classified into two major types based on their T-cell receptors (TCRs). One group, termed type I invariant, or iNKT cells, bears a noncanonical conserved TCR (Va24/Vb11 in humans, and Va14 in mice), while others, termed type II NKT cells, express diverse TCRs. Recent studies have identified several naturally occurring lipid ligands recognized by these cells. iNKT cells are efficiently activated by α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a lipid ligand first isolated from a marine sponge. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo leads to activation of NK cells, as well as downstream activation of adaptive immunity, leading to strong antitumor effects in mice. Several hematologic malignancies express CD1d and are attractive targets of NKT-targeted therapeutic approaches. Progression from premalignant gammopathy to clinical myeloma is associated with loss of the interferon-γ-secreting effector function of NKT cells. Adoptive transfer of α-GalCer-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) led to activation and expansion of circulating NKT cells in vivo in patients with advanced cancer. However, the functional properties of NKT cells were found to be impaired. Lenalidomide leads to enhanced activation and cytokine secretion by NKT cells in a ligand-dependent manner in culture. This led us to treat patients with early multiple myeloma with three cycles of low-dose lenalidomide and α-GalCer-loaded DCs. Preliminary studies from this trial show that this combination leads to activation of diverse innate cells, including NKT and NK cells, and upregulation of NKG2D and CD56. Activation of these innate lymphocytes also led to an increase in serum-soluble interleukin-2 receptor and induction of eosinophilia. Together, these data demonstrate the capacity of this combination to recruit several innate lymphocytes and mediate antitumor effects. In contrast to conventional MHC I/II restricted T cells, understanding the diversity and functional properties of lipid-reactive T cells is still in its infancy. The biology of NKT cells may have an impact, due to the cells' immune-regulatory properties, in diverse inflammatory states, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and allergy. This research was supported in part by funds from the Translational Research Program of the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. Disclosures: Dhodapkar: KHK: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Lenalidomide in asymptomatic myeloma.
Examining the Impact of Writing and Literacy Connections on Mathematics Learning.

In this study, we examine how literacy connections with multiple step mathematics problems affected mathematics learning for 4th grade students. Three fourth grade teachers incorporated writing act...
Understanding and Meeting the Needs of Families Experiencing Homelessness: Introduction to the Brief

The purpose of this issue of Advances in Child and Family Policy and Practice is twofold. First, we aimed to increase awareness of the mental health, educational, and developmental challenges faced by children and their parents experiencing homelessness and to provide practice implications with a focus on assessment of functioning across domains and over time, individual differences in strengths and adjustment of parents and children experiencing homelessness, and innovative treatment and service delivery approaches. Second, we intended to advance a set of strong policy recommendations for assessment, intervention, research, and service delivery related to homeless children and their parents. These articles, authored by leading investigators and advocates in the field, highlight some of the most pressing challenges in addressing the needs of families who are experiencing homelessness. An overview of the contents of the Brief is provided in this opening chapter.