cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin-tumor-initiating ability of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (anti) when applied topically in tetrahydrofuran*

Summary The skin-tumor-initiating abilities of various metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) were determined in mice by using a two-stage system of tumorigenesis. We previously reported that BP-7,8-dihydrodiol (± trans) was approximately as potent as BP, suggesting that it may be a proximate carcinogen, but the alleged ultimate carcinogen of BP [BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti)] was a weak tumor initiator (Cancer Lett. 2: 115, 1976). Because of its high reactivity, the tumor-initiating ability of the BP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (anti) was determined by using acetone, benzene, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the solvent vehicles. The ‘diol-epoxide’ of BP was found to be an effective tumor initiator when applied topically in THF. The effectiveness of the various vehicles for the ‘diol-epoxide’ was as follows: THF > benzene > acetone; however, acetone was the best solvent for BP tumor initiation. The BP-9,10-dihydrodiol and BP-3-hydroxy were found to be weak tumor initiators. BP-3-hydroxy was also tested for tumor-promoting ability and was found to be inactive in this capacity.
Chicken Breast Meat as a Food-Based Supplement for Dietary N-3 Fatty Acids

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: The learner will describe the lipid composition of poultry meat designed to serve as a functional food for increasing n-3 fatty acid consumption The U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommend fish as a low-fat source of protein and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA). Dietary n-3 FA are believed useful for reducing heart disease risk and promoting neonatal development. Unfortunately, a disparity exists between nutritional recommendations and dietary practice, as consuming 2–3 fish meals per week is considered healthful but the current average U.S. consumption offish is only 1.3 meals per week. Functional foods have been proposed as food-based alternatives to dietary supplements for increasing the availability of certain desirable nutrients. The current study investigated the manipulation of poultry diets to include n-3 FA for the production of n-3 FA rich poultry meat. Meat-type chickens were fed diets containing either 8.4 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) from marine algae (MA) or 8.4 g DHA from menhaden oil (MO) for 28 days prior to commercial processing. Both diets yielded breast meat with similar total fat as typical breast meat, 2.0 and 1.7 g per 100 g serving, respectively. Importantly, however, both diets yielded significantly greater n-3 FA than that found in typical chicken breast meat (44±5 mg/100 g). The MA diet, however, produced breast meat containing 190±10 mg total n-3 FA per 100 g serving compared to the MO diet which yielded breast meat containing only 87±11 mg total n-3 FA per serving. An equivalent serving of lean fish typically contains between 100 and 300 mg total n-3 FA per 100 g serving, therefore, a serving of breast meat from a chicken fed MA would provide a similar n-3 FA content as lean fish. These data indicate that the manipulation of poultry rations to include MA results in a breast meat that can serve as a functional alternative to fish for increasing n-3 fatty acid consumption and thus promoting health.
GRIP: Global Routing via Integer Programming

This paper introduces GRIP, a global routing technique via integer programming. GRIP optimizes wirelength and via cost directly without going through a traditional layer assignment phase. Candidate routes spanning all the metal layers are generated using a linear programming pricing phase that formally accounts for the impact of existing candidate routes when generating new ones. To make an integer-programming-based approach applicable for today's large-scale global routing instances, the original problem is decomposed into smaller subproblems corresponding to rectangular subregions on the chip together with their net assignments. Route fragments of nets that fall in adjacent subproblems are connected in a flexible manner. In case of overflow, GRIP applies a second-phase optimization that explicitly minimizes overflow. By using integer programming in an effective manner, GRIP obtains high-quality solutions. Specifically, for the ISPD 2007 and 2008 benchmarks, GRIP obtains an average improvement in wirelength and via cost of 9.23% and 5.24%, respectively, when compared to the best result in the open literature.
Don't hold your breath.

A 50-year-old athletic man presented with two weeks of debilitating “sinus” headache, continuous left nostril drainage, persistent cough, with no history of head trauma. His nasal discharge was unilateral, worse with coughing or leaning forward (Fig. 1), with one clear drop every 2–3 seconds. Analysis demonstrated beta-2 transferrin, a transferrin isoform found almost exclusively in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Brain MRI showed no cribriform or ethmoid sinus fractures. Endoscopy revealed a small bony defect in his left nasal cribriform plate (Fig. 2), with active CSF drainage, causing his rhinorrhea. After endoscopic meningocele repair, his symptoms completely resolved. Further review revealed that our patient was a former US Marine who exercised aggressively, bench-pressing 200-300lbs daily, but with poor technique—holding his breath while lifting. Normal intracranial pressures (ICPs) range from 5–15cmH20 when laterally recumbent1. Patients with CSF leaks, regardless of etiology, have ICPs of 26–33cmH20, suggesting correlations between intracranial hypertension and CSF leak2. When fifteen patients were placed in left lateral recumbent positions and asked to bear-down against a closed glottis (Valsalva), every patient achieved ICPs of 25cmH20 or greater, with one reaching 47cmH203. People performing frequent Valsalva maneuvers, including weightlifting without exhaling, elevate their ICPs to pressures associated with spontaneous CSF leaks. Smaller leaks may spontaneously heal. Large, symptomatic or continuous leaks should be repaired to prevent meningitis. Large or rapidly draining defects may be visualized during endoscopy. Smaller defects are localized with dyes injected into CSF. We presume that our patient’s Valsalva maneuvers during weightlifting elevated his ICP, eroded his meninges, eventually causing an meningocele and spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea. Figure 1 His nasal discharge was unilateral, worse with coughing or leaning forward. Figure 2 Endoscopy revealed a small bony defect in his left nasal cribriform plate.
Hidden Fermi liquid: self-consistent theory for the normal state of high-Tc superconductors.

Hidden Fermi liquid theory explicitly accounts for the effects of Gutzwiller projection in the $t\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}J$ Hamiltonian, widely believed to contain the essential physics of the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. We derive expressions for the entire ``strange metal,'' normal state relating angle-resolved photoemission, resistivity, Hall angle, and by generalizing the formalism to include the Fermi surface topology\char22{}angle-dependent magnetoresistance. We show this theory to be the first self-consistent description for the normal state of the cuprates based on transparent, fundamental assumptions. Our well-defined formalism also serves as a guide for further experimental confirmation.
Excess enthalpies for (butane + chloromethane) at the temperatures (298.15, 323.15, and 348.15) K and pressures (5 and 15) MPa and at the temperature 293.15 K and pressure 15 MPa

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies H E m for (propane + chloromethane) have been measured using a flow calorimeter at the temperatures (298.15, 323.15, and 348.15) K and pressures (5 and 15) MPa and at the temperature 363.15 K and pressures (5, 10, and 15) MPa. The comparison with earlier measurements reported in the literature at the temperatures (193.15, 203.25, 213.15, and 223.15) K indicates that the change of H E m with temperature is small over a wide range of temperatures.
Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage-plant (brassica olerecea var. capitate cv. yalova-1) chemical properties

The use of wastewater for irrigation is increasingly being considered as a technical solution to minimize soil degradation and to restore nutrient contents of soils. The aim of this study is to increase fertility and minimize degradation of soils irrigated with wastewater exposed to different purification treatments. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of control and irrigation with wastewater, which had undergone different purification treatments, on macro- and micronutrient distribution within the soil profile and nutrient contents of cabbage (Brassica olerecea var. Capitate cv. Yalova-1) in Erzurum, Turkey. Wastewater irrigation and preliminary treatment–wastewater irrigation significantly affected soil chemical properties especially at 0–30 cm soil depth and plant nutrient contents after one year. Application of wastewater increased soil salinity, organic matter, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, plant-available P, and micro-elements and decreased soil pH. Wastewater increased also yield and N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, and Mo contents of cabbage plants. Undesirable side effects were not observed in plant heavy-metal contents, due to salinity and toxic concentrations of metals from the application of wastewater to soil.
Constructing endomorphism rings via duals

We present a new deterministic algorithm for constructing endomorphism rings of a finite dimensional module M, given via a vertex projective presentation, over finite dimensional quotients of path algebras. We use the theory of right Grobner basis to encode M and to construct appropriate systems of equations for finding the endomorphism ring of M. The algorithm is implemented in the computer algebra system GAP and is included in HOPF, a computational package for noncommutative algebra. We compare the performance of our implementation with implementations of existing algorithms for computing endomorphism rings.
Identification and localization of adrenergic receptors in cat visual cortex.

Abstract The concentration and location of adrenergic receptors in cat visual cortex have been determined by radioligand binding techniques using [3H]prazosin (α1-adrenergic receptors), [3H]yohimbine (α2-adrenergic receptors) and [3H]dihydroalprenolol (β-adrenergic receptors). Saturable high affinity binding sites for all of these ligands were found. The β-adrenergic receptor population was resolved intoβ1-andβ2-sites that were present in the ratio35:65. The laminar distributions of theα1-, α2 and β-adrenergic receptors were different. Theα1- and β-adrenergic receptors were very similarly localized, being seen in upper layers (I, II and III) and lower layers (layers V and VI). The labelling in upper layers was greater than that in lower layers, more so forα1-adrenergic receptors than β-adrenergic receptors.α2-Adrenergic receptors were seen in a single band that occupied layer II and III but did extend to the pial surface. These results indicate that the effect of norepinephrine on neuronal activity in cat visual cortex will depend upon the layer in which it is released. Our results provide a basis for further physiological studies of the role of norepinephrine in the processing of visual information.
Neurologic assessment and cardiac surgery.

Abstract Cerebral injury remains a significant complication of cardiac surgery. This complication is evaluated by clinical means that include a neurologic examination. In this report, the most important components of this type of evaluation are described. The neurologic complications of cardiac surgery can be determined by comparing structured preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluations. The neurologic examination must include a mental state examination, examination of cranial nerves, motor, sensory, and cerebellar systems, examination of gait and station, and deep tendon and primitive reflexes. The purpose of this report is to discuss the relevance of the neurologic examination in the assessment of cerebral injury after cardiac surgery, review the components of a structured neurologic examination, and explore the role of “quantitative” stroke scales as a research tool.
Antisocial behavioral syndromes and DSM-IV alcohol use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

Background: Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), syndromal adult antisocial behavior (AABS) without conduct disorder (CD) before age 15, and CD without progression to ASPD (“CD only”) are highly prevalent among adults with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Among patients in AUD treatment, antisocial behavioral syndromes are associated with more severe AUDs and poorer treatment outcomes. Comparative data concerning associations of antisocial syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs and the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of these syndromes among general population adults with AUDs have not previously been available. This study examines prevalences and correlates of antisocial syndromes among adults with lifetime Diagnostic and Statistical Manual—Version IV (DSM-IV) AUDs, and describes associations of these syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs, in the general U.S. population. Methods: This report is based on the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=43,093, response rate=81%). Respondents (n=11,843) with lifetime AUDs were classified according to whether they met criteria for ASPD, AABS, “CD only,” or no antisocial syndrome. Correlates of antisocial syndromes were examined using contingency table approaches and normal theory analyses of variance. Associations of antisocial syndromes with clinical characteristics of AUDs, including number of lifetime episodes, duration of longest or only episode, and alcohol consumption during period of heaviest drinking were examined using normal theory and logistic regression. Results: Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of antisocial syndromes among respondents with AUDs were consistent with results from prior studies. Antisocial syndromes were significantly associated with phenomenology of AUDs, particularly ASPD with the most severe clinical presentations. Associations with AABS were similar to but more modest than those with ASPD; those with “CD only” were weaker and less consistent. Patterns of associations between antisocial syndromes and clinical characteristics of AUDs were generally similar between men and women. Conclusions: Antisocial syndromes, particularly ASPD, appear to identify a more pernicious clinical profile of AUDs among adults in the general U.S. population.
Determination of Fluoxetine and Norfluoxetine Concentrations in Cadaveric Allograft Skin

Fluoxetine hydrochloride is the sixth most prescribed drug in the United States and is administered to treat major depression. A cadaveric skin donation was obtained from a 46-year-old woman who died as a result of a fluoxetine overdose. Due to the potential penetration of the drug and its major metabolite, norfluoxetine, into skin, the safety of using the skin as an allograft was questioned. Our evaluation showed that mean concentrations in skin were 2304 ± 175 and 1353 ± 102 ng/g of skin, respectively. The skin:plasma ratio was 0.41. Clinically, the amount of fluoxetine that can be transferred to an allograft recipient depends on many factors. Based on penetration of drug and metabolite into skin, one would have to evaluate carefully the risk:benefit ratio of using allografts from a donor who died from a fluoxetine overdose.
On the Size Distribution of Autonomous Systems

This paper explores reasons for the high degree of variability in the sizes of ASes that have recently been observed, and the processes by which this variable distribution develops. AS size distribution is important for a number of reasons. First, when modeling network topologies, an AS size distribution assists in labeling routers with an associated AS. Second, AS size has been found to be positively correlated with the degree of the AS (number of peering links), so understanding the distribution of AS sizes has implications for AS connectivity properties. Our model accounts for AS births, growth, and mergers. We analyze two models: one incorporates only the growth of hosts and ASes, and a second extends that model to include mergers of ASes. We show analytically that, given reasonable assumptions about the nature of mergers, the resulting size distribution exhibits a power law tail with the exponent independent of the details of the merging process. We estimate parameters of the models from measurements obtained from Internet registries and from BGP tables. We then compare the models solutions to empirical AS size distribution taken from Mercator and Skitter datasets, and find that the simple growth-based model yields general agreement with empirical data. Our analysis of the model in which mergers occur in a manner independent of the size of the merging ASes suggests that more detailed analysis of merger processes is needed.
Dynamic rescheduling: a technique for object code compatibility in VLIW architectures

Lack of object code compatibility in VLIW architectures is a severe limit to their adoption as a general-purpose computing paradigm. Previous approaches include hardware and software techniques, both of which have drawbacks. Hardware techniques add to the complexity of the architecture, whereas software techniques require multiple executables. This paper presents a technique called dynamic rescheduling that applies software techniques dynamically, using intervention by the operating system. Results are presented to demonstrate the viability of the technique using the Illinois IMPACT compiler and the TINKER architectural framework.
Governing by Standards: The Fabrication of Austerity in the Italian Education System

This article reflects on the fabrication of austerity in the Italian education system during the recent financial crisis and the resulting economic stagnation in the economic outlook. In particular, it describes the construction and emerging configuration of a mode of educational governance where standards, data analysis and performances play a growing and relevant role. By drawing on recent literature on a sociology of educational policy and practice (Lawn & Grek 2012; Landri 2012), the article depicts the dynamics of two policy technologies of austerity: standardisation and evaluation. The limits of the spending containment and of the standardisation underway are finally discussed in the article’s conclusion. Keywords: economic crisis, standardisation, performativity, governance, Italy ( Published: 7 March 2014) Citation: Education Inquiry (EDUI) 2014, 5 , 24057, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/edui.v5.24057
Astronomical tests of relativity: beyond parameterized post-Newtonian formalism (PPN), to testing fundamental principles

By the early 1970s, the improved accuracy of astrometric and time measurements enabled researchers not only to experimentally compare relativistic gravity with the Newtonian predictions, but also to compare difierent relativistic gravitational theories (e.g., the Brans-Dicke Scalar-Tensor Theory of Gravitation). For this comparison, Kip Thorne and others developed the Parameterized Post-Newtonian Formalism (PPN), and derived the dependence of difierent astronomically observable efiects on the values of the corresponding parameters. Since then, all the observations have conflrmed General Relativity. In other words, the question of which relativistic gravitation theory is in the best accordance with the experiments has been largely settled. This does not mean that General Relativity is the flnal theory of gravitation: it needs to be reconciled with quantum physics (into quantum gravity), it may also need to be reconciled with numerous surprising cosmological observations, etc. It is, therefore, reasonable to prepare an extended version of the PPN formalism, that will enable us to test possible quantum-related modiflcations of General Relativity. In particular, we need to include the possibility of violating fundamental principles that un- derlie the PPN formalism but that may be violated in quantum physics, such as scale-invariance, T-invariance, P-invariance, energy conservation, spatial isotropy violations, etc. In this paper, we present the flrst attempt to design the corresponding extended PPN formalism, with the (partial) analysis of the relation between the corresponding fundamental physical principles.
Cerebral and peripheral circulatory responses to intracranial hypertension in fetal sheep.

Fetal head compression during normal labor can increase intracranial pressure (ICP). We studied the cerebral and peripheral blood flow responses to ICP elevation in utero in chronically catheterized fetal sheep using the radiolabeled microsphere technique. ICP was elevated, stepwise, in increments of 6 +/- 1 mm Hg by infusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid into a lateral ventricle. When ICP was raised to within 28 mm Hg of baseline mean arterial blood pressure (i.e., ICP above 22 mm Hg), arterial pressure began to increase. Above this ICP level, up to 41 mm Hg, mean cerebral perfusion pressure was maintained by equivalent increases in arterial pressure. Cerebral blood flow and O2 uptake at the highest ICP levels were not different from baseline values. Changes in peripheral organ blood flow were graded according to the level of ICP. At the highest level (ICP = 41 mm Hg), renal, gastrointestinal, and skin blood flow decreased by 68%, 69%, and 65%, respectively. Myocardial and adrenal blood flow doubled, whereas heart rate and cardiac output were unchanged. Placental blood flow increased in proportion to arterial pressure. Arterial plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine and arginine vasopressin increased by nearly two orders of magnitude. Therefore, as ICP approaches baseline mean arterial pressure, fetal lambs are capable of sustaining cerebral perfusion by initiating profound visceral vasoconstriction without curtailing placental blood flow. Since cerebral O2 uptake was maintained, there is no evidence that stimulation of the peripheral response requires pronounced cerebral ischemia. This highly developed Cushing response may be important for ensuring cerebral viability when the fetal head is compressed during parturition.
Aggressive Play and Demand for English Premier League Football

This study estimates a demand curve for per-match attendance in the English Premier Football League (EPL), the highest level of professional association football (soccer) in England. An emphasis is placed on the effect of aggressive play on attendance demand. Aggressive play is measured by fouls and cards accumulated by a team during each season. The results indicate that aggressive play by EPL teams has a significant effect on attendance and that this effect varies with team quality and the type of infraction. An increase in normal fouls by the home team appears to decrease attendance for the best teams and increase attendance for the worst teams. However, an increase in yellow-card fouls has the opposite effect on attendance. Interestingly, red cards given for violent play do not seem to be related to EPL per-match attendance, suggesting that fans do not have preferences for seeing violent play.
The use of data envelopment analysis for technology selection

Abstract The range of manufacturing technologies available to firms has significantly increased in the past 20 years. A potential buyer of a technology such as machine tools, industrial robots, or flexible manufacturing systems is faced with many options in both performance and cost. This paper proposes a decision model for technology selection problems using a two-phase procedure. In phase 1, data envelopment analysis is used to identify technologies that provide the best combinations of vendor specifications on the performance parameters of the technology. In phase 2, a multi-attribute decision making model is used to select a technology from those identified in phase 1. Unlike most other models for technology selection, this model takes into consideration the fact that the performance of a technology, as specified by its vendor, is often unobtainable in reality. The proposed model is illustrated using robot selection and is tested on an actual robot data set.
Changes in geyser eruption behavior and remotely triggered seismicity in Yellowstone National Park produced by the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, Alaska

Following the 2002 M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake, clear changes in geyser activity and a series of local earthquake swarms were observed in the Yellowstone National Park area, despite the large distance of 3100 km from the epicenter. Several geysers altered their eruption frequency within hours after the arrival of large-amplitude surface waves from the Denali fault earthquake. In addition, earthquake swarms occurred close to major geyser basins. These swarms were unusual compared to past seismicity in that they occurred simultaneously at different geyser basins. We interpret these observations as being induced by dynamic stresses associated with the arrival of large-amplitude surface waves. We suggest that in a hydrothermal system dynamic stresses can locally alter permeability by unclogging existing fractures, thereby changing geyser activity. Furthermore, we suggest that earthquakes were triggered by the redistribution of hydrothermal fluids and locally increased pore pressures. Although changes in geyser activity and earthquake triggering have been documented elsewhere, here we present evidence for changes in a hydrothermal system induced by a large-magnitude event at a great distance, and evidence for the important role hydrothermal systems play in remotely triggering seismicity.
A Generalized Control Strategy of Per-Phase DC Voltage Balancing for Cascaded Multilevel Converter-based STATCOM

Because of its modularity, scalability and good power quality, the cascade multilevel converter (CMC), comprising a number of modular H-bridge voltage source converter (VSC) in each phase, is considered as one of the most promising topologies for STATCOM application. However, how to maintain a balanced DC-bus voltage is not well known. In this paper, a generalized per-phase DC-bus voltage balancing scheme of a CMC-based STATCOM is presented. STATCOM small signal model and existing control scheme are reviewed first. The concept of proposed per-phase DC-bus voltage balancing scheme based on the loop-gain shaping control design method and an "imaginary" dq/abc park transformation, is described. Secondly, the open-loop transfer function is derived from STATCOM small-signal model in dqO coordinates so that the compensator parameters of the proposed control strategy can be easily designed to achieve a flexible control bandwidth and desired stability margins without any tuning. The simulation results on the detailed switching model show the consistency of the proposed control scheme. Finally, the control is verified experimentally using a STATCOM transient network analyzer (TNA).
Visualizations for power system contingency analysis data

Contingency analysis (CA) is critical in many routine power system and market analyzes to show potential problems with the system. Due to the tremendous and yet increasing amount of data computed by CA, effective visualizations are needed to present the CA results to assist the system operators and engineers to comprehend the static security status of the system in a quick and intuitive manner. The desirable functionalities of such visualizations include showing the overall system security status, showing the severity levels of the contingencies in terms of their associated limit violations, and showing the geographic connection between the violated elements and the contingent elements. The traditional EMS display of CA results is a tabular list of elements with limit violations. This paper explores interactive three-dimensional visualizations for contingency data. We visualize vulnerability levels of power system elements and severity information of outages separately. The overall situation of the whole system is conveyed "at a glance" by the overview visualizations, while more detailed information is displayed as needed.
Somatostatin Inhibits Intestinal Motility via Modulation of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Cholinergic Transmission

Somatostatin (SRIF) is a tetradecapeptide that was initially isolated from ovine hypothalamus and described as an inhibitor of growth hormone release (1).
Prevalence of nonmedical methamphetamine use in the United States.

Illicit methamphetamine use continues to be a public health concern in the United States. The goal of the current study was to use a relatively inexpensive methodology to examine the prevalence and demographic correlates of nonmedical methamphetamine use in the United States. The sample was obtained through an internet survey of noninstitutionalized adults (n = 4,297) aged 18 to 49 in the United States in 2005. Propensity weighting methods using information from the U.S. Census and the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were used to estimate national-level prevalence rates. The overall prevalence of current nonmedical methamphetamine use was estimated to be 0.27%. Lifetime use was estimated to be 8.6%. Current use rates for men (0.32%) and women (0.23%) did not differ, although men had a higher 3-year prevalence rate (3.1%) than women (1.1%). Within the age subgroup with the highest overall methamphetamine use (18 to 25 year olds), non-students had substantially higher methamphetamine use (0.85% current; 2.4% past year) than students (0.23% current; 0.79% past year). Methamphetamine use was not constrained to those with publicly funded health care insurance. Through the use of an internet panel weighted to reflect U.S. population norms, the estimated lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use among 18 to 49 year olds was 8.6%. These findings give rates of use comparable to those reported in the 2005 NSDUH. Internet surveys are a relatively inexpensive way to provide complimentary data to telephone or in-person interviews.
Pathology of neonatal liver biopsy

Summary Neonatal liver biopsy is most frequently performed in the setting of conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. In order to provide a differential diagnosis, the biopsy can be assigned to one of four histological patterns: biliary, neonatal/giant cell hepatitis, paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts and bland cholestasis. Within each category, clues can be sought to narrow the differential diagnosis still further. Potential aetiologies, emphasizing the most common and including the iatrogenic changes of total parenteral nutrition, are discussed, with a brief consideration of concepts in aetiopathogenesis.
A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis

Preliminary investigation has indicated that the use of the ventral arc, subpubic concavity, and medial aspect of the ischio-pubic ramus as sexing criteria allows one to sex the os pubis with an accuracy in excess of 95%. The method described here is simple and objective enough to allow the beginning researcher to sex hip bones accurately while requiring the presence of only a small fragment of the bone.
Transphosphorylation of E. coli Proteins during Production of Recombinant Protein Kinases Provides a Robust System to Characterize Kinase Specificity.

Protein kinase specificity is of fundamental importance to pathway regulation and signal transduction. Here, we report a convenient system to monitor the activity and specificity of recombinant protein kinases expressed in E.coli. We apply this to the study of the cytoplasmic domain of the plant receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), which functions in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Recombinant BRI1 is catalytically active and both autophosphorylates and transphosphorylates E. coli proteins in situ. Using enrichment approaches followed by LC-MS/MS, phosphosites were identified allowing motifs associated with auto- and trans-phosphorylation to be characterized. Four lines of evidence suggest that transphosphorylation of E. coli proteins by BRI1 is specific and therefore provides meaningful results: 1) phosphorylation is not correlated with bacterial protein abundance; 2) phosphosite stoichiometry, estimated by spectral counting, is also not related to protein abundance; 3) a transphosphorylation motif emerged with strong preference for basic residues both N- and C-terminal to the phosphosites; and 4) other protein kinases (BAK1, PEPR1, FLS2 and CDPKβ) phosphorylated a distinct set of E. coli proteins and phosphosites. The E. coli transphosphorylation assay can be applied broadly to protein kinases and provides a convenient and powerful system to elucidate kinase specificity.
Controlled Delivery of Chemopreventive Agents by Polymeric Implants.

The clinical development of cancer chemopreventive agents has been hampered by poor oral bioavailability issue. Several compounds have low aqueous solubility and undergo extensive first pass metabolism following oral dosing. To overcome this limitation, we developed polymeric implants from biodegradable e-polycaprolactone (PCL) that can deliver both lipophilic as well as hydrophilic compounds. Implants furnish controlled release of compounds for long duration and provide dose-dependent release. The rate of release in vitro correlated well with the in vivo release. The polymeric implant technology thus overcomes the oral bioavailability issues, lowers the total required dose and minimizes or eliminates toxicity generally associated with high doses.
Analysis and control of dynamic stall phenomenon using Navier-Stokes formulation involving vorticity, stream function and circulation

An unsteady Navier-Stokes (ns) analysis is developed for studying flow past a maneuvering body. The present inclusion ofcirculation in the earlierns analysis of the authors makes it feasible,for the first time, to accurately simulate the asymptotic far-field boundary condition. In the overall analysis, a clustered conformal mesh withC-grid topology is used, with the governing differential equations being solved using the implicitadi-bge technique. The effects of grid size and clustering on the flow solution, and the effect of grid stretching on the far-field solution, are studied using the flow configuration with Re=45,000 and constantrate pitch-up motion, with\(\dot \alpha ^ + = 0 \cdot 2\). The results obtained for this case compare very satisfactorily with available experimental data. Other numerical results are also used for carefully validating the analysis developed here. Anactive control strategy, consisting of modulated suction/injection at the airfoil surface, is studied, and provides satisfactory control of the unsteady separation process and, hence, of the dynamic stall vortex.
Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects

From a theory of Hohenberg and Kohn, approximation methods for treating an inhomogeneous system of interacting electrons are developed. These methods are exact for systems of slowly varying or high density. For the ground state, they lead to self-consistent equations analogous to the Hartree and Hartree-Fock equations, respectively. In these equations the exchange and correlation portions of the chemical potential of a uniform electron gas appear as additional effective potentials. (The exchange portion of our effective potential differs from that due to Slater by a factor of $\frac{2}{3}$.) Electronic systems at finite temperatures and in magnetic fields are also treated by similar methods. An appendix deals with a further correction for systems with short-wavelength density oscillations.
Using Make for Reproducible and Parallel Neuroimaging Workflow and Quality-Assurance

The contribution of this paper is to describe how we can program neuroimaging workflow using Make, a software development tool designed for describing how to build executables from source files. We show that we can achieve many of the features of more sophisticated neuroimaging pipeline systems, including reproducibility, parallelization, fault tolerance, and quality assurance reports. We suggest that Make represents a large step towards these features with only a modest increase in programming demands over shell scripts. This approach reduces the technical skill and time required to write, debug, and maintain neuroimaging workflows in a dynamic environment, where pipelines are often modified to accommodate new best practices or to study the effect of alternative preprocessing steps, and where the underlying packages change frequently. This paper has a comprehensive accompanying manual with lab practicals and examples (see Supplemental Materials) and all data, scripts and makefiles necessary to run the practicals and examples are available in the “makepipelines” project at NITRC.
Review of Certainly More Than You Want to Know About The Fishes of The Pacific Coast: A Postmodern Experience

Milton S. Love. Really Big Press. Santa Barbara, CA. 2011. 685 pages. US$29.95/CAD$29.95Milton Love has produced a highly readable encyclopedia of Pacific Coast marine fishes that is packed with ph...
Resuscitation After Severe Burn Injury Using High-Dose Ascorbic Acid: A Retrospective Review

Resuscitation of burn victims with high-dose ascorbic acid (vitamin C [VC]) was reported in Japan in the year 2000. Benefits of VC include reduction in fluid requirements, resulting in less tissue edema and body weight gain. In turn, these patients suffer less respiratory impairment and reduced requirement for mechanical ventilation. Despite these results, few burn centers resuscitate patients with VC in fear that it may increase the risk of renal failure. A retrospective review of 40 patients with greater than 20% TBSA between 2007 and 2009 was performed. Patients were divided into two groups: one received only lactated Ringer's (LR) solution and another received LR solution plus 66 mg/kg/hr VC. Both groups were resuscitated with the Parkland formula to maintain stable hemodynamics and adequate urine output (>0.5 ml/kg/hr). Patients with >10-hour delay in transfer to the burn center were excluded. Data collected included age, gender, weight, %TBSA, fluid administered in the first 24 hours, urine output in the first 24 hours, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score. PaO2 in millimeters mercury:%FIO2 ratio and positive end-expiratory pressure were measured at 12-hour intervals, and hematocrit was measured at 6-hour intervals. Comorbidities, mortality, pneumonia, fasciotomies, and renal failure were also noted. After 7 patients were excluded, 17 patients were included in the VC group and 16 in the LR group. VC and LR were matched for age (42 ± 16 years vs 50 ± 20 years, P = .2), burn size (45 ± 21%TBSA vs 39 ± 15%TBSA, P = .45), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (17 ± 7 vs 18 ± 8, P = .8), and gender. Fluid requirements in the first 24 hours were 5.3 ± 1 ml/kg/%TBSA for VC and 7.1 ± 1 ml/kg/%TBSA for LR (P < .05). Urine output was 1.5 ± 0.4 ml/kg/hr for VC and 1 ± 0.5 ml/kg/hr for LR (P < .05). Vasopressors were needed in four VC patients and nine LR patients (P = .07). VC patients required vasopressors to maintain mean arterial pressure for a mean of 6 hours, but LR needed vasopressors for 11 hours (P = .2). No significant differences in PaO2 in millimeters mercury:%FIO2 ratio, positive end-expiratory pressure, frequency of pneumonia, renal failure, or inhalation injury were found. VC group had four mortalities, and LR group had three mortalities (P = 1). VC is associated with a decrease in fluid requirements and an increase in urine output during resuscitation after thermal injury. Although this study did not find a difference in outcomes with VC administration, it demonstrates that VC can be safely used without an increased risk of renal failure. The effects of VC should be further studied in a large-scale, prospective, randomized trial.
A study on the role of interleukin 4(IL-4),von Willebrand factor(vWF) and vascular endothelial growth factor in Kawasaki disease

Objective:To explore the role of IL-4、vWF and VEGF in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease(KD),and the relationship for the change of IL-4、vWF and VEGF with coronary artery disease(CAD) in KD children.Method:We dected the density of serum IL-4、plasma vWF and VEGF by ELISA in 23 KD patients,and compared with normal control group,dilatation of coronary arterygroup(CAD) and no dilatation of coronary artery(non-CAD).Result:①The levels of IL-4、vWF of KD acute and early convalescence group were all higher than that of normal control group,VEGF levels of KD acute group were higher than that of early convalescence group.②In KD acute CAD group and non-CAD,the levels of IL-4、vWF and VEGF were all higher than that of normal control group(P0.01).③In KD early convalescence group and non-CAD,the levels of IL-4、vWF were all higher than that of control group(P0.01),KD early convalescence CAD compared with non-CAD and control group,VEGF levels were apparently changed(P0.05).Conclusion:All IL-4、vWF and VEGF take part in the occurrence of KD,IL-4、vWF connect with the immunity lesions and sustain vasculitis of KD,VEGF may forcast the coronary artery lesion in a certain degree.
Clomiphene citrate in the management of male infertility.

AbstractThere were 35 hypofertile men who underwent assay of serum follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones, and testosterone, and were placed in a trial program using clomiphene citrate in a ...
Evidence for Multiple Roles of the 32–34 KDA Chloroplast Polypeptide of Scenedesmus Obliquus in Reactions of Photosystem II

The 32–34 kDa intrinsic polypeptide of chloroplast membranes has been equated with the rapidly metabolized chloroplast protein as originally discovered by Ellis and coworkers (1). It has also been described as the Q-binding protein, the D-protein and the herbicide-binding protein (2). The primary role of this protein has been deduced to be the site of binding of a plastoquinone molecule, Q , that functions in electron transport on the reducing side of PS-II; DCMU and atrazine compete at the Qb binding site. This interpretation is supported by the preferential labeling of a 32–34 kDa PS-II core protein by the photoaffinity label, azidoatrazine (3). A comprehensive review of this subject area is presented in (2).
The Neural Processing of Frequency Modulations in the Auditory System of Bats

This chapter is concerned with the neural processing of communication calls emitted by bats. The focus is on the processing of frequency modulated (FM) sweeps in the inferior colliculus (IC), the midbrain auditory nucleus that receives the convergent projections from almost all lower auditory nuclei. The chapter has four themes. The first theme is the dominant role that inhibition plays in shaping the response preferences of IC neurons. The second theme is the heterogeneity of mechanisms that shape the response properties of IC neurons. There is not a single mechanism that the IC employs to form a given response property, but rather there are multiple ways in which the same response property is formed within the IC population. The third theme is the close correspondence between neural tuning for a particular FM feature and acoustic properties of conspecific communication signals. In bats at least, this correspondence suggests that IC neurons are specifically encoding features of these signals through the neural computations that generate FM selectivity. Moreover, the various selectivities expressed by IC neurons for communication calls are a consequence of the multiple ways in which their selectivities for features of acoustic signals, such as the preference for the direction of FM sweeps, are created. The fourth theme is the idea that the auditory system of bats is not distinguished by novel mechanisms, but rather that mechanisms and features that are present in the auditory systems of all mammals are more pronounced in bats than in other mammals.
Transcriptional Repressors and Repression Mechanisms

A harmonious balance between transcriptional activation and repression in eukaryotes is necessary for a variety of biological phenomena, such as pattern formation, tissue differentiation, and normal development. In this chapter, we will use well-understood cases to provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms by which transcription factors mediate repression.
Comparative Evaluation of Disease Induced by Three Strains of Tobacco etch virus in Capsicum annuum L.

Tobacco etch virus (TEV; genus Potyvirus) strains HAT, Mex21, and N were evaluated comparatively for their pathogenicity and effects on growth of Capsicum annuum L. ‘Calwonder’. Each TEV strain induced an initial systemic symptom of vein-clearing but subsequent disease symptoms ranged from mild (HAT) to moderate (Mex21) to severe (N). Effects on plant growth parameters closely reflected disease symptoms induced by each TEV strain. HAT-infected Calwonder plants did not differ from the healthy control for plant height, internode lengths, and aboveground fresh weight of shoots. Root dry weight, however, was less for HAT-infected plants than for the healthy control. Mex21 affected plants more severely, with significantly shorter plant height (at 20, 30, and 40 days postinoculation), reduced root dry weight, and shortened internodes compared with HAT and healthy control treatments. Aboveground fresh weight of Mex21-infected plants was significantly less than for the healthy control. N induced significant negat...
Modern Treatment Modalities and Duration of Treatment for Venous Thromboembolism

Abstract. Anti-vitamin K (AVK) were the only oral anticoagulants available for the treatment of venous thromboembolism for about half a century until the recent approval of novel oral agents dabigatran, rivoraxaban, apixaban and edoxaban. Randomized phase 3 trials have demonstrated that patients receive similarly effective anticoagulation with the DOACs when compared with warfarin, with similar or reduced risk of bleeding. Extended therapy trials have consistently demonstrated superior effectiveness for DOACs treatment when compared with placebo in preventing VTE recurrence. These new classes of medications are less cumbersome to use and they do not require frequent laboratory monitoring or have numerous drug interactions. Although DOACs allow for simplification of treatment in the majority of patients with acute VTE, they have not been tested in all subgroups of patients. This review summarizes the major trials that led to the approval of these agents, clinical settings or subgroups of patients in whom s...
SERF: efficient scheduling for fast deep neural network serving via judicious parallelism

Deep neural networks (DNNs) has enabled a variety of artificial intelligence applications. These applications are backed by large DNN models running in serving mode on a cloud computing infrastructure. Given the compute-intensive nature of large DNN models, a key challenge for DNN serving systems is to minimize the request response latencies. This paper characterizes the behavior of different parallelism techniques for supporting scalable and responsive serving systems for large DNNs. We identify and model two important properties of DNN workloads: homogeneous request service demand, and interference among requests running concurrently due to cache/memory contention. These properties motivate the design of SERF, a dynamic scheduling framework that is powered by an interference-aware queueing-based analytical model. We evaluate SERF in the context of an image classification service using several well known benchmarks. The results demonstrate its accurate latency prediction and its ability to adapt to changing load conditions.
Measurement and Analysis of Biodiversity

The measurement and analysis of biodiversity encompasses sampling strategies and statistical estimation methods for assessing the diversity of species in biological communities and provides the basis for comparison of these measurements across time and space.