cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patent foramen ovale: Association between the degree of shunt by contrast transesophageal echocardiography and the risk of future ischemic neurologic events

This study investigated whether there is an association between the degree of interatrial shunting across a patent foramen ovale, as determined by saline contrast transesophageal echocardiography, and the risk of subsequent systemic embolic events, including stroke. Thirty-four patients found to have foramen ovale during transesophageal echocardiography were divided into two groups on the basis of the maximum number of microbubbles in the left heart in any single frame after intravenous saline contrast injection: group 1 (n = 16) with a "large" degree of shunt ( > or = 20 microbubbles) and group 2 (n = 18) with a "small" degree of shunt ( > or = 3 microbubbles). Patients were followed up over a mean period of 21 months for subsequent systemic embolic events, including transient ischemic attack and stroke. Five (31%) of the patients with large shunts had subsequent ischemic neurologic events, whereas none of the patients with small shunts had embolic events (p = 0.03). These events occurred in spite of antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. We conclude that patients with a large degree of shunt across a patient foramen ovale, as determined by contrast transesophageal echocardiography, are at a significantly higher risk of subsequent adverse neurologic events compared with patients with a small degree of shunt.
Thyroid disease in children: part 2

Hyperthyroidism occurs secondary to overproduction of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. This condition can have rather serious effects on children, and thus timely diagnosis and treatment are of utmost importance. Imaging is quite useful in the management of children with hyperthyroidism. In addition to determining the underlying pathology, radiologic exams are crucial for therapy. This article describes the underlying etiologies of pediatric hyperthyroidism and provides general information on treatment.
Biological systems of the host cell involved in Agrobacterium infection.

Summary Genetic transformation of plants by Agrobacterium, which in nature causes neoplastic growths, repre- sents the only known case of trans-kingdom DNA transfer. Furthermore, under laboratory conditions, Agrobacterium can also transform a wide range of other eukaryotic species, from fungi to sea urchins to human cells. How can the Agrobacterium virulence machinery function in such a variety of evolutionarily distant and diverse species? The answer to this ques- tion lies in the ability of Agrobacterium to hijack fun- damental cellular processes which are shared by most eukaryotic organisms. Our knowledge of these host cellular functions is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie genetic transformation of eukaryotic cells. This review out- lines the bacterial virulence machinery and provides a detailed discussion of seven major biological systems of the host cell-cell surface receptor arrays, cellular motors, nuclear import, chromatin targeting, targeted proteolysis, DNA repair, and plant immunity - thought to participate in the Agrobacterium- mediated genetic transformation.
Out of Touch: The Presidency and Public Opinion

Out of Touch: The Presidency and Public Opinion. By Michael J. Towle. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004. 176p. $37.95. Public support is vital to the governing strategies of modern presidents. Although presidents, White House staff, and presidency scholars take this for granted during the “permanent campaign,” little is known about how administrations react to and interpret information about the public's support for the president. Michael J. Towle asks, How do presidential administrations interpret their wealth of public-opinion polling data? He observes that interpretation of these data by the Truman, Johnson, and Carter administrations varies by the president's own public standing: The more the president's public support declines, the more “out of touch” he becomes with the public.
Growth, reproduction, and tissue concentrations of selenium in the selenium-depleted rat.

Selenium-depleted rats were obtained by feeding a purified low selenium amino acid diet to commercially available weanling rats or by breeding females maintained on a Torula yeast diet. Both diets were fortified with dl-a- tocopherol. Selenium concentrations in blood, liver and skeletal muscle of wean ling rats obtained commercially and fed the purified diet decreased from initial values of 0.32, 0.60, and 0.23 ppm to 0.05, 0.04, and 0.02 ppm, respectively, in 20 weeks. Seventy percent of these declines occurred in the first 6 weeks. Supple mentation of the purified diet with 0.5 ppm selenium in selenomethionine im proved growth and produced increases in blood and liver selenium for 20 weeks but skeletal muscle selenium remained constant. Second and third litters of females fed the Torula diet were hairless at weaning and had blood concentra tions below 0.07 ppm. Second and third litter offspring of these depleted dams showed improved body and hair growth when fed the diet of their dams supple mented with 0.50 ppm selenium as selenomethionine. The females maintained for 6 months on the Torula yeast reproduced normally through three Utters. Their blood selenium values decreased from 0.52 to 0.06 ppm during this time. Affirma tive evidence is presented that selenium is a required nutrient, and regimens for producing selenium-depleted animals are discussed. J. Nutr. 101: 761-766, 1971.
Tectonic controls on magmatism in The Geysers–Clear Lake region: Evidence from new geophysical models

In order to study magmatism and geothermal systems in The Geysers–Clear Lake region, we developed a detailed three-dimensional tomographic velocity model based on local earthquakes. This high-resolution model resolves the velocity structure of the crust in the region to depths of approximately 12 km. The most significant velocity contrasts in The Geysers–Clear Lake region occur in the steam production area, where high velocities are associated with a Quaternary granitic pluton, and in the Mount Hannah region, where low velocities occur in a 5-km-thick section of Mesozoic argillites. In addition, a more regional tomographic model was developed using traveltimes from earthquakes covering most of northern California. This regional model sampled the whole crust, but at a lower resolution than the local model. The regional model outlines low velocities at depths of 8–12 km in The Geysers–Clear Lake area, which extend eastward to the Coast Range thrust. These low velocities are inferred to be related to unmetamorphosed Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. In addition, the regional velocity model indicates high velocities in the lower crust beneath the Clear Lake volcanic field, which we interpret to be associated with mafic underplating. No large silicic magma chamber is noted in either the local or regional tomographic models. A three-dimensional gravity model also has been developed in the area of the tomographic imaging. Our gravity model demonstrates that all density contrasts can be accounted for in the upper 5–7 km of the crust. Two-dimensional magnetotelluric models of data from a regional, east-west profile indicate high resistivities associated with the granitic pluton in The Geysers production area and low resistivities in the low-velocity section of Mesozoic argillites near Mount Hannah. No indication of midcrustal magma bodies is present in the magnetotelluric data. On the basis of heat flow and geologic evidence, Holocene intrusive activity is thought to have occurred near the Northwest Geysers, Mount Hannah, Sulphur Bank Mine, and perhaps other areas. The geophysical data provide no conclusive evidence for such activity, but the detailed velocity model is suggestive of intrusive activity near Mount Hannah similar to that in the “felsite” of The Geysers production area. The geophysical models, seismicity patterns, distribution of volcanic vents, heat flow, and other data indicate that small, young intrusive bodies that were injected along a northeast trend from The Geysers to Clear Lake probably control the thermal regime.
Noise-equivalent power and response time of TlSe bolometer at 1.5 K*

A far-infrared bolometer detector using p-type thallium selenide (TlSe) single crystal as the temperature-sensitive element has been operated at 1.5 K with a noise-equivalent power (NEP) of 8.3 × 10−15 W/Hz1/2 and a response time constant of 8 × 10−3 s. The bolometer could be made faster without increasing NEP by reducing the thickness of the element.
Reduced Hospitalization Rates of Two Sets of Community-Residing Older Adults After Use of a Personal Response System

This study replicated, in a United States setting, an earlier study conducted in Canada to determine whether use of a 24-hour personal response system (PRS) affected selected hospital utilization r...
Peremptory Challenges Based on Religious Affiliation: Are They Constitutional?

In Card v. United States, the defense made a Batson objection, believing that the prosecutor was challenging a juror because he was African American. In response, the prosecutor protested his innocence, stating that the reason for the peremptory was that the juror looked like a Muslim. The trial judge, noting that he too had observed that Muslim jurors were often obstinately pro-defendant, overruled the defendant’s Batson objection. The court found that since the prosecutor had struck the juror based on his religion, not his race, there was no violation of the Equal Protection Clause. In other cases, lawyers have exercised peremptory challenges against jurors for being Muslim, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Pentecostal, Catholic, Jewish, and Hindu, among other religions, and for
IncSpan: incremental mining of sequential patterns in large database

Many real life sequence databases grow incrementally. It is undesirable to mine sequential patterns from scratch each time when a small set of sequences grow, or when some new sequences are added into the database. Incremental algorithm should be developed for sequential pattern mining so that mining can be adapted to incremental database updates. However, it is nontrivial to mine sequential patterns incrementally, especially when the existing sequences grow incrementally because such growth may lead to the generation of many new patterns due to the interactions of the growing subsequences with the original ones. In this study, we develop an efficient algorithm, IncSpan, for incremental mining of sequential patterns, by exploring some interesting properties. Our performance study shows that IncSpan outperforms some previously proposed incremental algorithms as well as a non-incremental one with a wide margin.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the apolipoprotein B 3′ VNTR

Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci typically exhibit high rates of germline mutations that alter allele length and thus are ideal models for examining processes governing repeat sequence instability. We have characterized by nucleotide sequencing the internal structure of the apolipoprotein B (Apo B) 3' VNTR in a sample of same- and different-sized alleles previously associated with flanking marker haplotypes. Significant linkage disequilibrium between flanking polymorphisms and minisatellite alleles excludes unequal recombination as the predominant mechanism of mutation at the Apo B VNTR and is consistent with intra-allelic mutational processes such as replication slippage and/or unequal sister chromatid exchange. Diversity among different length alleles was distinctly polar and was usually attributable to changes in copy number at one particular repeat sequence. Analysis of predicted secondary structures for the dimeric repeats demonstrated a relationship between variability and the potential to form self-complementary intermediates. Preferential instability of the variable repeat: (i) was a function of its location within the tandem array; (ii) was not solely dependent on copy number; and (iii) may be related to the base composition of the VNTR and the degree of self-complementarity between the dimeric repeat sequences. The data suggest that polarized variability may be independent of the mutational process(es) generating length variation at minisatellite loci and suggest a possible alternative mechanism of mutation that involves the formation of secondary structures.
Hepatic secretion of VLDL fatty acids during stimulated lipogenesis in men

Fatty acids (FA) that are utilized for triglyceride (TG) synthesis in the liver and principally from two sources: FA synthesized de novo in the liver and preformed FA. We have measured the contribution from the two sources to very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG synthesis individually for palmitate, oleate, stearate, and linoleate (approximately 98% of the total FA of VLDL TG (VLDL TGFA)) by isotopomer analysis. Five healthy men were studied in the basal state, and 1 (day 1) and 4 days (day 4) after the start of a hypercaloric carbohydrate-enriched diet (approximately 2.5 times energy expenditure). The secretion of de novo palmitate was increased 15- and 43-fold after 1 and 4 days of hyperalimentation (2.6+/-1.2 (basal state), 40.8+/-20.0 (day 1), and 113.3+/-42.0 micromol/kg per d (day 4)). Even though 4 days of hyperalimentation increased the secretion of de novo stearate 43-fold and de novo oleate 70-fold (stearate; 0.2+/-0.2 (basal), 8.6+/-3.3 micromol/kg per d (day 4), oleate; 0.4+/-0.4 (basal), 28.2+/-12.7 micromol/kg per d (day 4)), palmitate accounted for 75-85% of all the de novo VLDL TGFA. One day of carbohydrate hyperalimentation tended to decrease the secretion while 4 days increased the secretion of all preformed FA in VLDL TG. The rate of secretion of preformed palmitate and oleate were almost identical (palmitate; 80.2+/-22.2 (basal), 45.1+/-23.8 (day 1), and 256.2+/-74.1 micromol/kg per d (day 4), oleate; 95.2+/-22.8 (basal), 46.2+/-24.2 (day 1), and 356.8+/-74.1 micromol/kg per d (day 4)) and collectively these two FA accounted for 80-90% of the secretion from the preformed source. Palmitate is the predominant product of acute and prolonged carbohydrate mediated lipogenesis in the human liver. The pathway of further elongation and subsequent desaturation of de novo synthesized palmitate to generate stearate and oleate is inducible but, quantitatively, of minor significance in hepatic lipogenesis.
Solid-State Luminescence

Publisher Summary Solid-state luminescence is the branch of solid-state physics that is concerned with the phenomena associated with light emission from solids in excess of thermal radiation. This chapter discusses luminescence by thallium-activated potassium chloride, manganese-activated luminescent solids, and sulfide phosphors followed by electroluminescence and cathode ray tube screens. Luminescence can be excited in many ways. Ultraviolet radiation, high-velocity electrons and nucleons, γ- and X-rays, and electric fields excite suitable phosphors. The type or the energy of excitation does not influence the emission spectra of most phosphors. In cathode ray tubes, the phosphor particles scatter the emitted radiation, thereby reducing the resolution and local contrast. In addition, scattering of the ambient illumination reduces the over-all contrast. The recent development of transparent phosphor films eliminate the limitations on contrast and resolution.
Predictive Value of Sonographic Features of Extranodal Extension in Axillary Lymph Nodes

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of 5 sonographic features in the prediction of extranodal extension (ENE) in axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) of patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer. Methods A review of our institution's surgical and pathologic database was performed for patients with pathologically proven axillary ENE from October 1, 2003, to October 1, 2007. An equivalent number of patients without ENE were included. All patients had sonograms of ALNs available. A radiologist to whom the study was masked reviewed ALN images with specific attention to unclear margins, node matting, perinodal edema, and hilar effacement or replacement. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to obtain the sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio (OR) for each feature. Results Our review included a total of 131 patients (64 with ENE and 67 without ENE). The respective sensitivity and specificity estimates for each feature were as follows: node matting, 52% and 84%; perinodal edema, 34% and 87%; unclear margins, 64% and 75%; hilar replacement, 71% and 42%; and hilar effacement, 74% and 60%. Univariate analysis showed a statistically significant association between features and ENE with ORs as follows: matting, 5.4; perinodal edema, 3.4; unclear margins, 5.2; and hilar replacement, 4.3. Multivariate analysis showed that matting and unclear margins were independently associated with ENE. Conclusions The sonographic features of unclear margins, node matting, perinodal edema, and hilar replacement have a statistically significant association with ENE. The sonographic features of unclear margins, node matting, and perinodal edema predict ENE with high specificity.
Race and the Digital Humanities in South Africa

On the morning of June 16, 1976, Black African students marching to protest the adoption of Afrikaans as the primary language of instruction for schools in Johannesburg’s “South Western Townships” (Soweto) were gunned downed by members of the South African police and security forces. The physical backdrop to these events, the so-called “model native township” of Soweto, was made-up of a series of systematically planned would-be South African garden cities with the primary purpose of reinforcing the powers and capacities of the state system of apartheid. Physical spaces such as these, built under apartheid, have been providing the social, political and economic context for Black urban life since the founding of Johannesburg in 1886 to the present. However, few studies have considered the historical significance of these townships as extant physical artifacts of a difficult past. This is particularly timely as townships now face complex heritage issues and the concurrent pressures of the international tourist market.Eighteen-months ago I began a collaborative project with three undergraduate students in the Department of Geography at Middlebury College to build a historical GIS database drawn from a collection of thirty-nine largely unseen maps, architectural plans and drawings discovered at the National Archives Repository in Pretoria, South Africa. These documents, developed by architects, engineers, and city planners, and dating from the period of the 1890s to the 1950s and 60s, provide great insights into the design and construction of model township communities for the City of Johannesburg during the apartheid era. That these existing idealized township designs were never realized for a variety of political, social, and economic factors is a topic that no researcher has yet to discuss in the fields of historical GIS and historical geography. This talk explores the making of a historical GIS database, the impact of digital technologies on the study of urban African communities, and a collaborative research process involving both faculty and undergraduate research assistants conducting fieldwork in Soweto, Johannesburg.
Effects of Titanium Doping in Titanomagnetite on Neptunium Sorption and Speciation

Neptunium-237 is a radionuclide of great interest owing to its long half-life (2.14 × 106 years) and relative mobility as the neptunyl ion (NpO2+) under many surface and groundwater conditions. Reduction to tetravalent neptunium (NpIV) effectively immobilizes the actinide in many instances due to its low solubility and strong interactions with natural minerals. One such mineral that may facilitate the reduction of neptunium is magnetite (Fe2+Fe3+2O4). Natural magnetites often contain titanium impurities which have been shown to enhance radionuclide sorption via titanium’s influence on the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio (R) in the absence of oxidation. Here, we provide evidence that Ti-substituted magnetite reduces neptunyl species to NpIV. Titanium-substituted magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized and reacted with NpO2+ under reducing conditions. Batch sorption experiments indicate that increasing Ti concentration results in higher Np sorption/reduction values at low pH. High-resolution transmission electron microsco...
Raphaël Blanchard, parasitology, and the positioning of medical entomology in Paris.

The histories of medical entomology and parasitology are entwined. Raphael Blanchard (1857-1919), Chair of Medical Natural History and Parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, organized the teaching of medical entomology and civilian colonial medicine. He also founded and edited the journal Archives de Parasitologie and started the Institute de Medecine Coloniale where he mentored many foreign students and researchers. Additionally, Blanchard is important for his scientific internationalism and medical historical work on the cultural location of parasitology and for training the future professors of parasitology Jules Guiart, Emile Brumpt, and Charles Joyeux.
Abstract 4037: Higher Expressions of miR-21, miR-106a, miR-181b, and miR-203 are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small (20- to 24-nucleotide) non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Although miRNAs are potential prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancers (CRCs), their value based on the patient race/ethnicity has not been examined. Thus, this study evaluated the prognostic value of miRNAs for CRCs in African-Americans (Blacks) and non-Hispanic Caucasians (Whites). Methods: TaqMan® microRNA assays and qRT-PCR were used to quantify the expression profiles of a panel of miRNAs (miR-20a, miR-21, miR-106a, miR-181b, and miR-203) in CRCs and corresponding benign tissues collected from 104 Blacks and 114 Whites. The expression profiles were correlated with patient overall survival, and p values were calculated by the log-rank test. Results: For both racial groups, all five miRNAs had higher expression in CRCs (>1.0 fold; range, 1.23 to 7.52) compared to their corresponding controls. Univariate Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated that increased expression of miR-106a was associated with decreased overall survival of both Blacks and Whites (p=0.040 and p=0.049, respectively). Increased expressions of miR-181b and miR-203 were each significantly associated with short patient survival of Blacks (p=0.009 and 0.003, respectively), but not Whites (p=0.117 and p=0.071, respectively). When Blacks and Whites were combined, over-expression of miR-21 was associated with poor patient survival (p=0.049), but statistical significance was not reached when the values were analyzed based on race. In contrast, increased expression of miR-20a was not associated with survival of either Blacks (p=0.193), Whites (p=0.242), or the combined patient population (p=0.072). Conclusions: These findings suggest that, for all CRC patients, over-expression of miR-21 and miR-106a are associated with poor prognosis, whereas over-expression of miR-181b and miR-203 are associated with poor outcomes for Blacks. These findings suggest that, in prognostic assessment of miRNAs in CRC, patient race/ethnicity should be considered. These studies were supported by NCI/NIH grants, U54-CA118948 and R01-CA098932-01. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4037.
How Korean and White Americans Evaluate and Use Online Advertising and Non-advertising Sources for Prescription Drug Information

This study examined Korean Americans’ evaluation and use of online advertising and non-advertising sources of prescription drug information and compared the findings to those of white Americans. A mail survey was conducted with a disproportionate stratified sample of 600 adults (300 general population and 300 Korean Americans) who have ever taken or are currently taking prescription drugs regularly and reside in a metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States. While both Korean and white Americans evaluated online non-advertising sources more positively than advertising sources, the 2 groups were similar in their evaluation of both online advertising and non-advertising sources. White Americans tended to use more online advertising sources than did Korean Americans, but both groups were equally likely to use non-advertising sources. Evaluation and use of online advertising and non-advertising sources by Korean and white Americans were associated with different predictors.
Composition Effects on the Devolatilization Behavior of Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste

A primary goal of this ongoing research is to quantitatively measure the effects of feedstock composition on the pyrolysis of biomass. Two classes of biomass are studied: municipal solid waste (refuse-derived fuel) which is over 80% lignocellulosics, and under-utilized herbaceous and woody species. The composition classes within municipal solid waste were easily identified, and experiments were performed to quantify the effects of paper, plastics, metal/and glass, and inorganics content on the pyrolysis product slate. The influence of reaction conditions (heating rate) and feed properties (moisture and particle size) were also studied in conjunction with the composition effects. The composition measures for biomass relied on characterization data from the US Department of Agriculture on over 1100 species.
Serologic Properties of a Cold Hemolysin and an Acid Hemolysin Occurring in a Case of Syphilitic Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

1. Two apparently separate hemolysins observed in a case of syphilitic paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria are described. a. One hemolysin (cold hemolysin) is that responsible for the Donath-Landsteiner reaction. b. The other (acid hemolysin) is a thermolabile antibody requiring a lowered pH for the production of hemolysis. 2. Review of the literature indicates that a similar acid hemolysin may have been encountered in other reported cases of this disease.
Some aspects of Property (Pq) for q>1

In this paper, we discuss the invariance property of Property (Pq) under holomorphic maps on any compact subset in Cn. An obstruction to Property (Pq) of any compact subset regarding the fine topology is also given, which generalizes a classical result of N. Sibony on the complex plane.
Learner (and Teacher) Talk in EAP Classroom Discourse

Research on spoken classroom discourse has a comparatively long tradition in linguistics, applied linguistics, and education in general. This, of course, is due to the fact that communication is central to educational contexts. It is through language that teachers conduct their work and students display what they have acquired. Language use in L2/foreign language classrooms, however, serves a distinct purpose, one that is quite unique from that of other classrooms. In most L2 classrooms, language is not only the medium of instruction but also the objective of learning (Lee 2010; Long 1983). In other words, “the medium is the message” in language teaching (Hammadou and Bernhardt 1987, p. 302). While teachers who teach in students’ L1 (e.g., teachers who teach Korean to L1 Korean speakers) also use the language as medium and object of instruction, one difference between L1 and L2 classrooms is the fact that, unlike L1 students, L2 learners in many cases have yet to develop high levels of proficiency in the target language. In order to gain a deeper appreciation of the complexity of L2 classroom discourse, researchers have used different analytical frameworks, including interaction analysis (e.g., Allen et al. 1984), discourse analysis (e.g., Cullen 2002), and conversation analysis (e.g., Lee 2007). The vast majority of research in these traditions, however, has mostly limited the analysis to the micro-levels of teacher-student interaction, focusing on the distribution and functions of teacher and student contributions to the three-part exchange structure: teacher initiation, student response, and teacher feedback (or IRF) (Sinclair and Coulthard 1975). Little research has examined L2 classroom discourse, particularly that of EAP classrooms, from a corpus linguistic perspective.
Processing Lexical and Speaker Information in Repetition and Semantic/Associative Priming.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction between processing lexical and speaker-specific information in spoken word recognition. The specific question is whether repetition and semantic/associative priming is reduced when the prime and target are produced by different speakers. In Experiment 1, the prime and target were repeated (e.g., queen–queen) or unrelated (e.g., bell–queen). In Experiment 2, the prime and target were semantically/associatively related (e.g., king–queen) or unrelated (e.g., bell–queen). In both experiments, the prime and target were either produced by the same male speaker or two different male speakers. Two interstimulus intervals between the prime and target were used to examine the time course of processing speaker information. The tasks for the participants included judging the lexical status of the target (lexical decision), followed by judging whether the prime and target were produced by the same speaker or different speakers (speaker discrimination). The results showed that both lexical decision and speaker discrimination were facilitated to a smaller extent when the prime and target were produced by different speakers, indicating reduced repetition priming by speaker variability. In contrast, semantic/associative priming was not affected by speaker variability. The ISI between the prime and target did not affect either type of priming. In conclusion, speaker variability affects accessing a word’s form but not its meaning, suggesting that speaker-specific information is processed at a relatively shallow level.
A Retrospective Volume Matched Analysis of the Submental Artery Island Pedicled Flap as Compared to the Forearm Free Flap: Is It a Good Alternative Choice for the Reconstruction of Defects of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx?

Purpose The submental artery island pedicled flap (SMIF) is an underused alternative for reconstruction of head and neck defects after tumor ablation. The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative evaluation of reconstructive outcomes based on surgical site and ablative defect volume in patients who underwent reconstruction with the SMIF versus the forearm free flap (FFF). Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study of all patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal defects reconstructed with the SMIF and a cohort of patients with similar volume defects reconstructed with the FFF were compared for oncologic safety and viability of equivalent reconstructive outcomes. All statistical comparisons were assessed by analysis of variance and Fisher exact test. Results Average age was 61.8 years in the SMIF group versus 57.9 years in the FFF group. The most common defect was located in the tongue, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common pathology identified. Flap volumes were similar (SMIF, 38.79 cm3; FFF, 39.77 cm3). Significant comparative outcomes identified with SMIF versus FFF reconstruction included shorter anesthesia times (815 vs 1,209 minutes; P Conclusions This is the first study to compare the SMIF with the FFF for reconstruction of oral cavity defects based on ablative volume deficit. The SMIF is a viable surgical option compared with the FFF that can be considered oncologically safe in the N0 neck, allowing for an excellent esthetic reconstruction, with decreased operative time, hospital stay, and donor site morbidity.
Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis fragariae and Species Prevalence in the Mid-Atlantic United States

Botrytis fragariae was recently described causing gray mold of strawberry in Germany and the United States. The goal of the present study was to determine its prevalence, distribution, and sensitivity to fungicides in strawberry fields of five states. In total, 188 Botrytis isolates were obtained from flowers and fruit collected from the states of Maryland (n = 35), Virginia (n = 38), North Carolina (n = 46), South Carolina (n = 41), and Georgia (n = 28). Only 13 of these were fruit samples and came from South Carolina (n = 5) and Georgia (n = 8). B. fragariae made up 35.1% of the entire collection, and composed close to half of the Botrytis population in North Carolina (43.4%), South Carolina (61.0%), and Georgia (42.9%). One isolate of B. mali was also found, and the rest of the isolates were B. cinerea (sensu lato). B. fragariae and B. cinerea were found coexisting in 11 fields, while other field samples consisted of only B. fragariae (n = 3) or only B. cinerea (n = 10) isolates. B. fragariae isolates with resistance to one or more fungicides were found, and resistance profiles differed from those of B. cinerea, in that no resistance to cyprodinil (FRAC 8) or boscalid and other FRAC 7 botryticides was detected. We detected B. fragariae resistance to the active ingredients thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, fludioxonil, and fenhexamid. We also detected B. fragariae isolates with resistance to up to four chemical classes of fungicides, though most isolates were resistant to one or two chemical classes. In conclusion, isolates of the newly detected species B. fragariae were commonly found on strawberry flowers in the Mid-Atlantic United States, and have developed resistance to many of the most commonly used botryticides. Though the relevance of this species to pre- and postharvest fruit infections is unknown, fludioxonil applications may give this species a competitive advantage over B. cinerea. Controlling this fungus with FRAC 7 fungicides may be an effective way of limiting its spread in strawberry fields.
Housing and Food Insecurity, Care Access, and Health Status Among the Chronically Ill: An Analysis of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

The proportion of the United States population with chronic illness continues to rise. Understanding the determinants of quality of care—particularly social determinants—is critical to the provision of care in this population. To estimate the prevalence of housing and food insecurity among persons with common chronic conditions and to assess the independent effects of chronic illness and sociodemographic characteristics on (1) housing and food insecurity, and (2) health care access hardship and health status. Cross-sectional study. We used data from the 11 states and one territory that completed the social context module of the 2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). We estimated the prevalence of housing and food insecurity among patients with cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. Logistic regression models were used to assess the independent effects of housing and food insecurity, chronic conditions, and demographics on health care access and health status. Among the chronically ill, 36.71% (95% CI: 35.54–37.88) experienced housing insecurity and 30.60% (95% CI: 29.49–31.71) experienced food insecurity. Cardiovascular and lung disease increased the likelihood of housing (OR 1.69, 95% CI: 1.07–2.66 and OR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.12–2.60, respectively) and food insecurity (OR 1.75, 95% CI: 1.12–2.73 and OR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.20–2.63, respectively). Housing and food insecurity significantly increased the risk of health care access hardship. Being insured or having an income level above 200% of the federal poverty level significantly reduced the likelihood of access hardship, while female gender significantly increased the likelihood. Chronic illness independently affects housing and food insecurity. In turn, food and housing anxiety leads to reduced access to care, likely due to cost concerns, and correlates with poorer health. A more complete understanding of the pathways by which chronic illness influences social determinants and clinical outcomes is needed.
Read-Tuned STT-RAM and eDRAM Cache Hierarchies for Throughput and Energy Optimization

As capacity and complexity of on-chip cache memory hierarchy increases, the service cost to the critical loads from last level cache (LLC), which are frequently repeated, has become a major concern. The processor may stall for a considerable interval while waiting to access the data stored in the cache blocks in LLC, if there are no independent instructions to execute. To provide accelerated service to the critical loads requests from LLC, this paper concentrates on leveraging the additional capacity offered by replacing SRAM-based L2 with spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-MRAM) to accommodate frequently accessed cache blocks in exclusive read mode in favor of reducing the overall read service time. Our proposed technique improves the temporal locality while preventing cache thrashing via sufficient accommodation of the frequently read reused fraction of working set that may exhibit distant re-reference interval in L2. Our experimental results show that the proposed technique can reduce the L2 read miss ratio by 51.7% on average compared to conventional STT-MRAM L2 design across PARSEC and SPEC2006 workloads while significantly decreasing the L2 dynamic energy consumption.
Loneliness and Isolation in Child Neglect

This investigation of 156 black and white low-income families from rural Georgia contrasted neglectful with control families. The isolation and loneliness of neglectful mothers was confirmed, altho...
Isolation of Murine Skin Resident and Migratory Dendritic Cells via Enzymatic Digestion.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a highly specialized subset of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that reside in peripheral and lymphoid tissues. DCs capture antigen in the periphery and migrate to the lymph node where they prime naive T cells. In addition, DCs have been recently appreciated to have function in innate immunity within tissues. In the skin, heterogeneous populations of DCs reside within the epidermis and the dermis. Analysis of the cutaneous DC subsets is complicated by requirements of distinct enzymatic digestion protocols for isolation of APCs from distinct anatomical compartments of the skin. Here, specific approaches for isolation of DCs from the epidermis, dermis, and the skin-draining lymph nodes of mice are described. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spotlight on Mathematics: Dislocations of Kant and Husserl

Having “taxonomized” various positions related to the visionary critique of metaphysics in previous chapters, in this chapter I initiate a second level of the project, which I exemplify in the philosophy and foundations of mathematics with respect to the philosophical programs of Kant and Husserl. In each case, a particular feature of Kant’s or Husserl’s philosophy is “dislocated” and emphasized at the expense of others, much as I showed in Chap. 3 how practical rationality is dislocated and emphasized at the expense of theoretical rationality in the philosophies of Kant and Peirce. This chapter serves as an extended exercise in illustrating how visionary critique can be “lifted” to a second level through selective emphasis.
The Shared Challenges of Institutional Theories: Rational Choice, Historical Institutionalism, and Sociological Institutionalism

Scholarship on institutions across the social sciences faces a set of fundamental dilemmas. On the one hand, it needs to explain how institutions change. Yet explanations of change which point to external factors run the risk of reducing institutions to a mere transmission belt for other, more fundamental causes. On the other, it needs to explain how institutions can have meaningful consequences. Yet in practice it is often hard to distinguish the institutions that cause a particular behavior from that behavior itself. In this chapter, the author shows how, these dilemmas affect the relatively discrete approaches to institutions offered by rational choice, historical institutionalist and sociological institutionalist accounts. He map out the different ways in which authors have sought to resolve these dilemmas and then briefly outlines an alternative approach that borrows from evolutionary theory and an understanding of institutions as congregations of beliefs to offer a better answer to these problems.
A Unified Rounding Algorithm For Unrelated Machines Scheduling Problems

The rise of cloud computing platforms has led to the study of many scheduling problems. Towards this, general algorithmic techniques that are applicable to a wide range of problems are highly valuable. We develop one such technique by a temporal generalization of the rounding algorithm of \citetShmoysT93 for the generalized assignment problem. Our algorithm gives a bi-criteria approximation algorithm for a problem we introduce, called the generalized interval scheduling problem, on unrelated machines. The problem allows for each job, a specification of a collection of intervals on each machine, with the constraint that the job must be completely processed in one of the given intervals on a single machine. The assignment costs and the processing lengths are interval dependent. Next we show how to get improved approximation factors for several classical scheduling problems, involving energy, $\ell_p$-norms of completion time, tardiness, and general delay costs by giving a reduction from these problems to the generalized interval scheduling problem with an appropriately defined assignment cost.
Regulation of Human PRS Isoform Expression

PRPP is a substrate in the synthesis of virtually all nucleotides1 and is also an important regulator of the de novo pathways of purine2 and pyrimidine3 nucleotide synthesis. Formation of PRPP is catalyzed in eukaryotes by a family of PRPP synthetase (PRS; EC2.7.6.1) isoforms.4–6 The substrates in the reaction are MgATP and Rib-5-P, and Mg2+ and P1 are essential activators. Inhibitors of PRS activity include: purine, pyrimidine, and pyridine nucleotides; reaction products; and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.4,5,7 Human erythrocyte PRS is composed of a polypeptide subunit of 34.5 kD which undergoes concentration-dependent and effector-mediated reversible aggregation in vitro to active forms of 16 and 32 subunits.4,8 The primary structure and kinetic and physical properties of purified human erythrocyte PRS are those of the purified recombinant PRS 1 isoform.
The gender facilitative school: Advocating authenticity for gender expansive children in pre-adolescence:

This article presents a framework for Gender Facilitative Schools advocating safe schools for transgender, gender expansive, and questioning children. This framework was constructed on the bases of...
Halauxifen-methyl preplant intervals and environmental conditions in soybean

Synthetic-auxin herbicides are often applied for horseweed control before soybean planting. However, certain days of planting interval must be maintained before soybean planting, depending on the product and rate used, because of potential crop phytotoxicity. Halauxifen-methyl is a new synthetic-auxin herbicide for horseweed control in preplant applications in soybean. Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 in Indiana to evaluate soybean phytotoxicity in response to applications of halauxifen-methyl (5 g ae ha–1) at five preplant intervals (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks before planting [WBP]). In 2015, soybean phytotoxicity was not observed for any of the preplant intervals at any of the sites. In 2016, 0% to 15% phytotoxicity was observed at 14 d after planting (DAP) when halauxifen-methyl was applied at planting, 1 WBP, and 2 WBP at different sites. Soybean phytotoxicity was expressed in the unifoliate leaves only at 14 DAP. However, the first trifoliate did not show any injury symptoms at 21 DAP from any preplant application timing. Preplant application intervals for halauxifen-methyl did not affect soybean stand counts or grain yield in any site-year. Therefore, field results indicated that halauxifen-methyl applied alone can cause slight soybean phytotoxicity in preplant applications. In growth-chamber bioassays, reductions in soybean biomass, plant length, and emergence were accentuated at 30 C, compared with 20 or 15 C, when halauxifen-methyl was applied at 20 or 40 g ae ha–1. These results contradict the currently held paradigm in which lower temperatures generally increase crop phytotoxicity levels to herbicide soil residual.Nomenclature: 2,4-D; dicamba; halauxifen-methyl; horseweed, Erigeron canadensis L. ERICA; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Investigation of a Magnetic Field-Assisted Digital-Light-Processing Stereolithography for Functionally Graded Materials

Abstract Stereolithography (SLA) is one of the most efficient additive manufacturing (AM) methods in terms of dimensional resolution and accuracy. The use of multiple or functionally graded materials in this process can broaden the design space for applications such as sensors and biomedical implants. However, it is still challenging to fabricate such materials using SLA. In this study, we propose a method for fabrication of functionally graded materials with embedded magnetic particles using digital-light-processing SLA in a single step. Magnetite (Fe3O4) particles with an approximate diameter of 300 nm were mixed with a diluted photocurable resin, and used in fabrication of the samples. A digital-light-processing SLA printer was modified to allow integration of a magnet holder above the print bed. Magnet holders with three different configurations of magnets were built and used to fabricate parts with controlled distribution of magnetic particles. Several parts have been printed and characterized by evaluating the concentration of ferromagnetic particles in different regions based on image analysis. The results of this study show that field assisted digital-light-processing SLA can be used to fabricate functionally graded materials with embedded magnetite particles. The resulting concentration of the particles depends on the strength and surface area of the magnets, and the distance between the magnets and the print bed. Experimental results are also used to verify a Finite Element model, which is developed to understand the effect of magnet location on particle concentration. The feasibility of the proposed process has been verified and this process can be used in additive manufacturing of magnetic field-responsive smart polymeric structures.
The normative gap: mechanism design and ideal theories of justice

This paper investigates the relationship between economic theory and theories of justice in the design of public policy. In particular, it focuses on the role of mechanism design in policy contexts beset with issues of social, racial and distributive justice. Economists’ involvement in redesigning Boston’s algorithm for allocating K-12 students to public schools serves as an instructive case study. The paper draws on the distinction between ideal theory and non-ideal theory in political philosophy and the concept of performativity in economic sociology to argue that mechanism design can enact elaborate ideal theories of justice. A normative gap thus emerges between the goals of the policymakers and the objectives of economic designs. As a result, mechanism design may obstruct stakeholders’ avenues for normative criticism of public policies, and serve as a technology of depoliticization.