cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of exercise in the management of cystic fibrosis: short communication about a survey of cystic fibrosis referral centers.

A survey of 47 cystic fibrosis referral centers was conducted to study the use of exercise in the management of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). A questionnaire with 5 brief questions concerning the prescription and application of exercise therapy was sent to the first 47 centers (38.5%) listed in the 1988 CF Foundation Directory, and 46 (97.9%) were returned. While all but one of the respondents recommend exercise at least to selected patients, and while 80.4% of the centers refer patients to summer camp programs, only 43.5% offer exercise stress testing and only 21.7% offer an exercise program for their patients. Most of the respondents who recommend exercise prescribe aerobic exercise, swimming being the most frequently chosen type. Although there is a large discrepancy between those centers that acknowledge the benefits of exercise and those that have arranged for regularly available exercise services, inroads have been made in utilizing this therapeutic tool for patients with CF. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:205–207.
Konformationsanalyse beweglicher Cyclohexan‐Systeme

Als Konformationsanalyse bezeichnet man die Untersuchung der Abhangigkeit physikalischer und chemischer Eigenschaften einer Verbindung von bevorzugten Konformationen, d. h. von Molekulanordnungen, die durch Drehungen um Einfachbindungen ineinander ubergehen konnen. Diese Arbeit behandelt Cyclohexan-Derivate, die in zwei oder mehr stabilen Konformationen existieren konnen.
Two-Photon Processes in Complex Atoms

The off-diagonal matrix elements of the polarizability operator when operating within an ${l}^{N}$ configuration of a complex atom can be approximately written in simple tensor-operator form. The resulting expressions are discussed in terms of two-photon absorption and the recently observed electronic Raman scattering in the trivalent rare-earth ions.
First results from the third-generation Columbia parallel processor

We present results from preliminary simulations of Quantum Chromodynamics with 4 flavours of staggered fermions, using the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm. We are investigating the finite temperature phase transition on a relatively large lattice, 163×Nt, varying both the coupling of the gauge fields and the quark mass. We found no evidence for a first order phase transition for Nt = 4 at mqa = 1.0 and mqa = 0.5 and neither for Nt = 6 at mqa = 0.025. We were able to collect high statistics in a relatively short time using the floating point power of our third-generation machine. This work was done in collaboration with Norman Christ, Frank Brown, Frank Butler, Hong Chen, Zhihua Dong and Leo Unger.
Effect of conjugation path length on quadratic nonlinear optical properties of monomer and aggregates of zwitterionic merocyanine dyes.

We present a quantum-chemical analysis of the conjugation path length effect on first hyperpolarizabilities of a series of zwitterionic merocyanine dyes whose synthesis has been reported earlier (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9431, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3144). The effect of the conjugation path lengths is evaluated to demonstrate the engineering guidelines for enhancing molecular optical nonlinearity. The first hyperpolarizabilities are calculated for extended conjugated monomer and H and J type aggregates of merocyanine dyes, to provide insight into the intermolecular interactions and the relationship between structural and collective nonlinear optical properties. The molecular geometries for monomers are obtained via B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level optimization including the SCRF/PCM approach, and the dynamic nonlinear optical (NLO) properties for monomer and aggregates are calculated with the ZINDO/CV method, including solvent effects. It is found that the chain length dependence of the first nonlinearity...
Effectiveness of indapamide versus enalapril as second-step therapy of systemic hypertension

ported by Doring and Loddenkemper,’ although we farkt. Z Kreislauffomh 1962;5 I:40 I-442. found that a reanalysis of their data for women aged 0.05). The reasons for the different patterns found beLondon: Her Majesty’s Stationery Oftice, 1977. tWeeU men and women are UUknOWII and merit further 4. Ndyhe S. Short and medium-term variations in mortality in Finland. a15:851-857.
Uncertain interactions affect degree distribution of biological networks

Biological interactions are often uncertain events, that may or may not take place under different scenarios. Existing studies analyze the degree distribution of biological networks by assuming that all the given interactions take place under all circumstances. This strong and often incorrect assumption can have misleading results. Here, we address this problem and develop sound mathematical basis to analyze degree distribution of biological networks in the presence of uncertain interactions. We present a comparative study of node degree distributions in two types of biological networks: the classical deterministic networks and the more flexible probabilistic networks. We extend this comparison to joint degree distributions of nodes connected by edges. The number of possible network topologies grows exponentially with the number of uncertain interactions. However, the mathematical apparatus we develop allows us to compute these degree distributions quickly even for entire protein protein interaction networks. It also helps us find an adequate mathematical model using maximum likelihood estimation. l Our results confirm that power law and log-normal models best describe degree distributions for both probabilistic and deterministic networks. Moreover, the inverse correlation of degrees of neighboring nodes shows that, in probabilistic networks, nodes with large number of interactions prefer to interact with those with small number of interactions more frequently than expected.
Synthesis of a thymidine phospboramidite labelled with 13C at C6: relaxation studies of the loop region in a 13C labelled DNA hairpin

A thymidine phosphoramidite labelled at C6 with 13C has been synthesized, and incorporated into a synthetic oligonucleotide, d(CGCGT*T*GT*T*CGCG), which adopts a hairpin conformation. NMR relaxation measurements indicate that internal motion may be present in the loop region of the oligonucleotide. The relaxation behavior of a the C6 carbon in a model compound, N,N-1,3 dimethylthymine is examined in detail as a function of magnetic field strength to determine relative contributions of various mechanisms to the relaxation. The relaxation behaviour of the labelled carbons in the oligonucleotide is discussed in relation to these measurements.
Acquisition of a learning set by children with communication disorders

Abstract Acquisition of a conditional matching learning set (CMLS) was studied in 64 children in a school for the deaf who ranged in age from eight to fourteen, and in 24 normal controls. Half of each sample was pretrained. All S s were presented with 15 trials on each of four CMLS problems. The results indicated that: most S s formed the learning set, pretaining facilitated acquisition, CMLS performance correlated with MA, and performance was similar in the two samples. A follow-up study of the children with communication disorders indicated that CMLS performance predicted academic achievement one year later.
Reoperation for Achalasia of the Esophagus

Twenty-one patients underwent reoperation for achalasia after various unsuccessful surgical procedures designed to relieve chronic esophageal symptoms. The chief cause for their continued disability was either persistent obstructive achalasia or incompetence of the cardia with esophagitis and stricture. Continued esophageal obstruction with persistent achalasia was caused chiefly by complete or partial healing of a previous improperly performed esophagomyotomy. The performance of a new myotomy at reoperation usually effected a satisfactory result. Incompetence of the cardia followed previous operations which totally destroyed or bypassed the distal esophageal sphincter. At reoperation, the resultant lower esophageal stricture required resection for relief.
Parameter Estimation for Peer Grading under Incomplete Design

Methodology developed in the paper supports administration and analysis of peer grading exercises. The technique is especially useful for the incomplete design case, wherein each grader does not grade each paper. The procedure produces simultaneous estimates of (a) bias of each grader, (b) "true" grade for each paper, and (c) relative consistency of each grader. The approach is based on a simple linear statistical model, augmented by a zerosum constraint on grader bias parameters. Ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates are computed and then refined via generalized least squares (GLS) estimation. Case weights for the GLS are based on consistency patterns of the graders, as revealed in the OLS step. The methodology is applied to artificial data to demonstrate its effectiveness. The methodology applies to any situation wherein multiple raters rate multiple ratees on an additive scale.
Tagged versus untagged libraries: methods for the generation and screening of combinatorial chemical libraries.

Abstract Over the past two decades the pharmaceutical industry has been driven by the biological sciences. The discovery and description of the biological mechanisms that underlie disease states accompanied by an unraveling of these mechanisms has provided drug, and more recently biotechnological, companies with a barrage of new therapeutic targets. Paradoxically, as a result of such biological and biochemical advances, new sources of drug leads are in short supply. Considerable efforts in trying to create potential drug candidates has led to the parturition of combinatorial chemical libraries. In this review I will examine some of the main technologies for generating and deducing active components from combinatorial libraries that have been segregated into two schools of thought: (i) the creation and decoding of combinatorial libraries by so-called tagged methodologies, and (ii) the production and deconvolution of chemical libraries by untagged protocols.
Feature subset non-negative matrix factorization and its applications to document understanding

In this paper, we propose feature subset non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), which is an unsupervised approach to simultaneously cluster data points and select important features. We apply our proposed approach to various document understanding tasks including document clustering, summarization, and visualization. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for these tasks.
Measurement of Synchronous Activity by Microelectrode Arrays Uncovers Differential Effects of Sublethal and Lethal Glutamate Concentrations on Cortical Neurons

We grew cultures of rat cortical cells on microelectrode arrays to investigate the effects of glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity as a model of traumatic brain injury. Treatment with two different concentrations of glutamate, 175 and 250 μM, led to different outcomes. Cultures treated with 250 μM glutamate suffered a loss in overall activity that was not seen in cultures treated with 175 μM glutamate. An analysis of the changes in the synchronization of action potential firing between electrodes, however, revealed a loss of synchronization in subsets of electrode pairs treated with both the higher and lower concentrations of glutamate. We found that this loss of action potential synchronization was dependent on the initial amount of synchronization prior to injury. Finally, our data suggest that the synchronization of electrical activity as well as the susceptibility to loss of firing synchrony is independent of the distance between neurons in a network.
Dialkyltin dichloride complexes of 4-picoline

Abstract Use of the magnitude of spin-spin coupling to infer the geometry of octahedral diakyltin dichloride complexes with 1,8-naphthyridine(1), pyridine N-oxide (2) and dimethyl sulfoxide (3) is well documented. The coupling constants observed for similar complexes wherein 4-picoline is the ligand suggest a trans alkyl configuration. Similarity of the infrared spectra with analogous 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridine complexes support a cis arrangement for both the 4-picoline and chlorine groups. (4,5).
Structure of 12B from measurement and R-matrix analysis of σ(θ) for 11B(n, n)11B and 11B(n, n')11B∗(2.12 MeV), and shell-model calculations☆

Abstract Differential cross sections for neutrons elastically scattered from 11B and inelastically scattered to the first excited state 11B∗ (2.12 MeV) have been measured at 13 incident energies for 4.8 ≦ En ≦ 7.6 MeV corresponding to excitation energies in 12B of 7.8 to 10.3 MeV. The cross sections were measured at nine laboratory angles per energy from 20° to 160° and show considerable resonance structure. Differential inelastic cross sections were also measured for the 4.45 and 5.02 MeV levels of 11B for 2 to 9 angles at several incident energies. These new elastic and inelastic 2.12 MeV level data have been analyzed together with previously published cross sections for 2 ≦ En ≦ 7.5 MeV using a multilevel-multichannel R-matrix program to determine J, π, Eλ and γλc for states in 12B. The shell model was used to calculate states in 12B as well as spectroscopic amplitudes for reactions leading to these states. The results of this model calculation are compared to those of the R-matrix analysis. Much of the structure observed in the experimental work is predicted by the model for Ex ≲ 7 MeV. For levels of higher excitation the agreement is not as good. The experimental data are also compared to continuum shell-model calculations.
Momentum distributions in A = 3 and 4 nuclei

Abstract We develop a general Monte Carlo method to study momentum distributions of nucleons and nucleon clusters in nuclei. The method is used to calculate the momentum distributions of protons and neutrons in A = 3 and 4, d + p amplitudes in 3 He, and t + p and d + d amplitudes in 4 He nuclei, with improved variational wave functions. The nucleon and d + p momentum distributions in 3 He are also calculated from a five-channel Faddeev wave function. The calculations are based on realistic hamiltonians that include the three-nucleon interaction, and give reasonable binding energies and densities for light nuclei and nuclear matter. The calculated proton and d + p momentum distributions in 3 He at low k are in good agreement with the results obtained by the Saclay analysis of the electron scattering data in the plane-wave impulse approximation; however, at higher values of k , the calculated momentum distributions are larger. The calculated values of the asymptotic D- to S-wave ratio of the d+n and d+d amplitudes are also in agreement with the values obtained from (d, t) and (d, α) reactions. The number of deuterons is found to be 1.38 and ∼2.4 in A = 3 and 4 nuclei, while the number of tritons in 4 He is ∼1.6. This large value of the triton number reflects the large contribution (more than 90% at small k ) of the t+p state to the total proton momentum distribution in 4 He.
Effect of furosemide on renal autoregulation.

Effect of furosemide on renal autoregulation. The effect of furosemide administration on renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular fitration rate (GFR) autoregulation was examined in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs during unilateral renal artery constriction, which reduced renal perfusion pressure (RPP) in 20 mm Hg decrements from 140 to 40 mm Hg. In the first group of animals, at RPP above 80 mm Hg, RBF autoregulation was absent 15 min after initiating furosemide infusion (5 mg/kg of body wt, prime; and 5 mg/kg/hr), as changes in RPP were accompanied by proportional changes in RBF. At both 120 and 140 mm Hg, RBF was significantly greater than control (3.96 ± 0.4 ml/min·g) and averaged 5.20 ± 0.6 and 6.10 ± 0.7 ml/min·g, respectively. After 60 min of continuous furosemide infusion, however, autoregulatory ability as well as RBF returned to control values. GFR, estimated from inulin extraction and renal blood plasma flow, autoregulated during control and at both 15 and 60 min. To test the hypothesis that prostaglandins (PG) may mediate the early vasodilatation observed during furosemide infusion, a second series of experiments were performed in which animals were pretreated with either indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or RO 20-5720 (2 mg/kg). Forty-five minutes following adminstration of either PG synthesis inhibitor, RBF autoregulation was still demonstrable; overall RBF, however, decreased (P Effet du furosemide sur l'autoregulation renale. L'effet du furosemide sur l'autoregulation du debit sanguin renal (RBF) et du debit de filtration glomerulaire (GFR) a ete etudie, chez des chiens anesthesies par le pentobarbital, au cours d'une constriction unilateral de l'artere renale qui a reduit la pression de perfusion renale (RPP) de 140 a 40 mm Hg par decrements de 20 mm Hg. Dans le premier group d'animaux, a une RPP superieure a 80 mm Hg, l'autoregulation de RBF ne s'exerce plus 15 min apres le debut de la perfusion de furosemide (dose initiale, 5 mg/kg; et dose d'entretien, 5 mg/kg/hr), puisque les modifications de RPP sont accompagnees par des modifications proportionnelles de RBF. A 120 et 140 mm Hg de RPP, RBF est significativement superieur aux valeurs controles (3,96 ± 0,4 ml/min·g) les valeurs moyennes sont 5,20 ± 0,6 et 6,10 ± 0,7 ml/min·g respectivement. Soixante minutes apres le debut de la perfusion de furosemide, cependant, la capacite d'autoregulation et RBF reviennent aux valeurs controles. Le GFR, calcule a partir de l'extraction de la creatinine et du debit plasmatique renal, est autoregule au cours de la periode controle et aussi bien a 15 qu'a 60 min. Pour etudier l'hypothese selon laquelle les prostaglandines (PG) peuvent etre le mediateur de la vasodilatation precoce observee au cours de l'administration de furosemide, une seconde serie d'experiences a ete realisee au cours de laquelle les animaux ont prealablement ete traites soit par l'indomethacine (10 mg/kg) ou RO 20-5720 (2 mg/kg). Quarante cinq minutes apres l'administration de l'un ou l'autre inhibiteur de la synthese de PG l'autoregulation est encore observee mais le RBF global est diminue (P
Space-time trajectories of quantum particles

The concept of trajectory is extended theoretically from classical mechanics through nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics. Forced motion of the particle as might be caused by an electromagnetic field is included in the equations. A new interpretation of the electromagnetic potential and the gauge transformation is presented. Using this formal structure, the problem of collecting particles into packets using trajectories is studied for both quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. Quantum mechanical trajectories are found to be significantly more restricted than those allowed by classical physics. The uncertainty principle comes from the second-order nature of the field equation without recourse to statistical arguments. The trajectories of particles in a quantum state can be calculated explicitly from the wave function (also see article in Volume 20, Number 6).
Science Literacy: Hand in Glove with Numeracy

Science Literacy requires numeracy as part of its foundation, and much of Numeracy draws on examples and applications from the sciences. They share the goal of creating a society that is mathematics numerate and science literate, and are interrelated. National priorities to strengthen both among all our students are driven by practical considerations of economic competitiveness that increasingly depend on technological innovation. It is also critical to each individual for long-term job opportunities and for informed citizenship. With up to 80% of 21st century jobs requiring mathematics and science skills, a large majority of the 2,900,000 students who graduate from America’s high schools every year must become Numerate and Science Literate. Many of these students are not motivated to learn, requiring a change in teaching strategies. Societal will and substantial resources are required to help teachers adopt new approaches that are much more demanding than traditional lectures. Major organizational changes may be needed to strengthen student experience in elementary schools. Advocates of Numeracy and Science Literacy need to work hand in glove to create a citizenry prepared to compete in the 21st century.
A Cellular Construction of BP and Other Irreducible Spectra

In this note we construct and derive the basic properties of the Brown-Peterson spectrum BP by attaching cells to the sphere spectrum S o (localized at a prime p) so as to kill the odd-dimensional homotopy groups. This procedure is, of course, entirely analogous to the construction of the Eilenberg-MacLane spectrum K(1g(p)) by killing the positive dimensional homotopy groups of S ~ One can thus view BP as lying "half-way" between S o and K(1g(p)). The advantage of our approach is that it avoids computations with Steenrod operations inherent in the original Postnikov tower construction [2]. Moreover, we obtain the homotopy and cohomology groups of BP immediately from the construction by a simple application of obstruction theory and the Adams spectral sequence. Pedagogically, we have found this approach useful in introducing BP to students who have mastered homotopy theory including the Adams spectral sequence, as for example from the texts of Moser-Tangora [5] or Switzer [9]. This paper consists of four sections the first of which gives the construction of our candidate X for the BP spectrum after making precise the notion of attaching cells "non-trivially". X-~BP follows easily from the fact that a self map of a complex with cells attached non-trivially is an equivalence iff it is an equivalence on the bottom cell. In w 2 we derive the main properties of X directly from the construction without assuming the existence of BP. The idea is to prove H* (X;Z/p) is free over A/(~), then use the Adams spectral sequence to simultaneously compute rc, X and show H*(X;1g/p) is monogenic. In w we analyze the individual spaces of our spectrum. They are found to be equivalent to certain spaces in Wilson's spectrum B P @ ) . Finally in w we show that by attaching cells to kill the ( 4 k 1) dimensional homotopy groups of S o we obtain an interesting spectrum which is equivalent to MSp through the 30-skeleton.
Coronary Artery Manifestations of Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) involving the coronary arteries is an uncommon but important condition that can present as acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular dysfunction, or potentially sudden cardiac death. Although the classic angiographic “string of beads” that may be observed in renal artery FMD does not occur in coronary arteries, potential manifestations include spontaneous coronary artery dissection, distal tapering or long, smooth narrowing that may represent dissection, intramural hematoma, spasm, or tortuosity. Importantly, FMD must be identified in at least one other noncoronary arterial territory to attribute any coronary findings to FMD. Although there is limited evidence to guide treatment, many lesions heal spontaneously; thus, a conservative approach is generally preferred. The etiology is poorly understood, but there are ongoing efforts to better characterize FMD and define its genetic and molecular basis. This report reviews the clinical course of FMD involving the coronary arteries and provides guidance for diagnosis and treatment strategies.
Structure and Evolution of Winter Cyclones in the Central United States and Their Effects on the Distribution of Precipitation. Part III: The Development of a Squall Line Associated with Weak Cold Frontogenesis Aloft

Abstract From 8 to 9 March 1992 cold frontogenesis aloft (CFA), which was associated with the development of a vigorous baroclinic wave, triggered a series of squall lines that produced large hail and several tornadoes as they moved across the central United States. The air lifted by the CFA, which produced the squall lines, was made potentially unstable as a result of the circulation associated with a surface drytrough. This study provides further support for the view that in winter and early spring CFA plays an important role in triggering severe weather in the central United States.
Pollutant dispersion in a large indoor space. Part 2: Computational fluid dynamics predictions and comparison with a scale model experiment for isothermal flow

This paper reports on an investigation of the adequacy of Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), using a standard Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) model, for predicting dispersion of neutrally buoyant gas in a large indoor space. We used CFD to predict pollutant (dye) concentration profiles in a water filled scale model of an atrium with a continuous pollutant source. Predictions from the RANS formulation are comparable to an ensemble average of independent identical experiments. Model results were compared to pollutant concentration data in a horizontal plane from experiments in a scale model atrium. Predictions were made for steady-state (fully developed) and transient (developing) pollutant concentrations. Agreement between CFD predictions and ensemble averaged experimental measurements is quantified using the ratios of CFD-predicted and experimentally measured dye concentration at a large number of points in the measurement plane. Agreement is considered good if these ratios fall between 0.5 and 2.0 at all points in the plane. The standard k-epsilon two equation turbulence model obtains this level of agreement and predicts pollutant arrival time to the measurement plane within a few seconds. These results suggest that this modeling approach is adequate for predicting isothermal pollutant transport in a large room with simple geometry.
Effect of malathion on the brain acetylcholinesterase activity of bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus.

The harmful e f f e c t s o f p e s t i c i d e s on a q u a t i c organisms a re due t o the i n d i s c r i m i n a t e use , c a r e l e s s hand l ing , a c c i d e n t a l s p i l l a g e , o r d i s c h a r g e o f u n t r e a t e d e f f l u e n t s i n t o n a t u r a l waterways. There was a s h i f t in the t y p e s o f i n s e c t i c i d e s used in the mid-1960s from the o r g a n o c h l o r i n e to the l e s s s t a b l e o rganophospha te and carbamate c l a s s e s (Henry 1984). Mala thion be longs to the wide ly used organophosphorus group of p e s t i c i d e s . Mala th ion has a low t o x i c i t y to mammals and a r e l a t i v e l y h igh t o x i c i t y to f i s h (Mount and Stephan 1967). I t r eaches the a q u a t i c environment by d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n , sp ray d r i f t , a e r i a l s p r a y i n g , washing from the a tmosphere by p r e c i p i t a t i o n , e r o s i o n and r u n o f f from a g r i c u l t u r a l land , in f a c t o r y e f f l u e n t s and in sewage (Edwards 1973). Frank e t a l . (1990) surveyed the farm we l l s du r ing 1986 and 1987 f o r p e s t i c i d e s in O n t a r i o , Canada. The i r su rvey showed c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f farm we l l s by v a r i o u s p e s t i c i d e s i n c l u d i n g ma la th ion .
Structural Evaluation of Graphene/SiC (0001) Grown in Atmospheric Pressure

Graphene growth on SiC in atmospheric pressure argon exhibits large terrace sizes and coverage over the entire substrate surface. Graphene growth and the resulting morphology are correlated with the characteristics of the growth chamber and the surface quality of the starting SiC substrate. Without in-situ surface preparation prior to growth, we observe “wrinkles” in the graphene surface. Graphitic-like disordered structures are formed at 1500°C while atomically flat graphene terraces are formed above 1600°C.
Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, glucocorticoids, and neurologic disease.

Neurologic diseases are often accompanied by significant life stress and consequent increases in stress hormone levels. Glucocorticoid stress hormones are known to have deleterious interactions with neurodegenerative processes, and are hypersecreted in neurologic disorders as well as in co-morbid psychiatric conditions, such as depression. This article highlights the state of our knowledge on mechanisms controlling activation and inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion, outlines signaling mechanisms used by these hormones in neural tissue, and describes how endogenous glucocorticoids can mediate neuronal damage in various models of neurologic disease. The article highlights the importance of controlling stress and consequent stress hormone secretion in the context of neurologic disease states.
Recipient prioritization and use of human milk in the hospital setting

Donor human milk is used to treat and protect the health and development of preterm and term infants, and occasionally to treat illnesses in older children and adults. When donor human milk is in short supply nationally, decisions must be made with regard to the priority of recipients. This article reviews the importance of donor human milk in the hospital setting, describes the factors that are considered by the Human Milk Banking Association of North America when prioritizing eligible recipients if there is a shortage of donor milk, and discusses how human milk should be stored and handled in the hospital setting.
Dynamic cluster model of the ac conductivity of crystalline materials and glasses

Many ionically conducting crystalline materials, glasses, and polymers exhibit a power-law frequency dependence of the ac conductivity with exponent $s\ensuremath{\approx}0.6$ in the temperature range 300--500 K. To explain this phenomenon a dynamic cluster model (DCM) is suggested. DCM describes the dispersive frequency behavior and defines the range of frequency and dopant concentration at which a power-law behavior takes place. It also establishes an important role of the effective charge of carriers $Ze/\sqrt{{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{S}}.$ Experimental results for ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\cdot}}3\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ glass and for ${\mathrm{CeO}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CaTiO}}_{3}$ ceramics doped with aliovalent ions are in good agreement with this theory.
Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia

Research on regime change has often wound up chasing events in the post-Soviet world because it has frequently assumed that regime change, if not simple instability, implies a trajectory toward a regime-type endpoint like democracy or autocracy. A supplemental approach recognizes that regime change can be cyclic, not just progressive, regressive, or random. In fact, regime cycles are much of what we see in the postcommunist world, where some states have oscillated from autocracy toward greater democracy, then back toward more autocracy, and, with recent “colored revolutions,” toward greater democracy again. An institutional logic of elite collective action, focusing on the effects of patronalpresidentialism, is shown to be useful in understanding such cyclic dynamics, explaining why “revolutions” occurred between 2003 and 2005 in Ukraine, Georgia, and Kyrgyzstan but not in countries like Russia, Azerbaijan, and Uzbekistan.
Insulin receptors mediate growth effects in cultured fetal neurons. I. Rapid stimulation of protein synthesis.

Abstract In this study we have examined the effects of insulin on protein synthesis in cultured fetal chick neurons. Protein synthesis was monitored by measuring the incorporation of [3H]leucine (3H-leu) into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable protein. Upon addition of 3H-leu, there was a 5-min lag before radioactivity occurred in protein. During this period cellassociated radioactivity reached equilibrium and was totally recovered in the TCA-soluble fraction. After 5 min, the incorporation of 3H-leu into protein was linear for 2 h and was inhibited (98%) by the inclusion of 10 μg/ml cycloheximide. After 24 h of serum deprivation, insulin increased 3H-leu incorporation into protein by approximately 2-fold. The stimulation of protein synthesis by insulin was dose dependent (ED50 = 70 pM) and seen within 30 min. Proinsulin was approximately 10- fold less potent than insulin on a molar basis in stimulating neuronal protein synthesis. Insulin had no effect on the TCAsoluble fraction of 3H-leu at any time...
Impact of dialysis and older age on survival after liver transplantation.

Because creatinine is heavily weighed in the MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) score, we sought to determine the impact of MELD-based organ allocation on outcomes after transplantation in the pre- and post-MELD eras, focusing on recipients over age 65 on dialysis prior to transplant. A total of 20 196 patients from the UNOS database were analyzed. Comparing the pre-MELD to MELD era, there was a 41% increase in patients on dialysis (p < 0.0001), and a 117% increase in combined liver/kidney transplants (p < 0.0001). In the pre-MELD era, 1-year patient survival in recipients greater and less than age 65 on dialysis who received liver transplant alone was 56.8% and 76.4%, respectively (p = 0.13). In the MELD era these rates were 50.7% and 77.8% (p = 0.04). In the pre-MELD era, 1-year patient survival in recipients greater and less than age 65 on dialysis who underwent combined liver/kidney transplantation was 25.0% and 83.2%, respectively (p = 0.0002). In the MELD era, these rates were 67.0% and 82.5% (p = 0.18). In conclusion, a greater proportion of patients in the MELD era are on dialysis prior to transplant, and more receive combined liver/kidney transplants compared with the pre-MELD era. Candidates over age 65 who are on dialysis at the time of transplant have decreased survival after isolated liver transplantation.
Constraints on the possible atmospheric sources of perchlorate

Environmental context. Perchlorate ion is a potentially harmful trace pollutant that can interfere with the proper absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland. Natural, atmospheric chemical sources of perchlorate have been proposed based on isotopic composition of mineral deposits, ground and surface waters. Understanding this natural source is crucial to the formulation of effective mitigation and control strategies. Abstract. Observations of perchlorate (ClO4–) in a variety of environmental media imply that there is an atmospheric source related to nitrate and ozone photochemistry. Formation of perchlorate from chloride in the atmospheric condensed phase (cloud droplets, aerosol particles) requires considerable oxidation, most likely starting with the conversion to a 0 or +1 oxidation-state compound, a process that has been loosely termed ‘chlorine activation’. There are several features of mid-latitude tropospheric chlorine activation chemistry, insolubility of known precursors, nitryl chloride (ClNO2) and molecular chlorine (Cl2), and rapid and efficient cycling of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) to molecular chlorine, that make these pathways highly improbable candidates for the source of perchlorate. It is more probable that environments such as the chlorine-impacted stratosphere, or arid, high-salt desert regions have the necessary high concentrations of chlorine intermediates that could lead to perchlorate, although the detailed chemical steps are not completely known. Measurements of perchlorate in aerosol particles, and in polar snow, firn and ice cores, as well as further fundamental chemical kinetics studies are recommended.
Cleavage of the cap binding protein complex polypeptide p220 is not effected by the second poliovirus protease 2A.

Abstract Poliovirus protein 2A contains a short amino acid sequence that also occurs in the putative active site of the known viral proteinase, 3C, previously shown to be responsible for glutamine/glycine cleavages in the poliovirus polyprotein precursor. Experimental evidence indicates that 2A is a second viral proteinase that mediates the cleavage of two tyrosine/glycine cleavages in the generation of virus-specific proteins. Since poliovirus inhibition of host cell protein synthesis correlates with the specific cleavage of the 220,000-Da component of the cap binding protein complex, we have tested whether viral protein 2A contains the p220 cleavage activity. The results show that (1) 2A does not copurify with p220 cleavage activity, (2) partially purified fractions containing high p220 cleavage activity contain no detectable 2A sequences in the form of either mature or precursor protein, and (3) anti-2A serum or IgG does not inhibit p220 cleavage in vitro .
Furazolidone combination therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States.

Background: Antibiotic resistance has begun to impair the ability to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Aim: To evaluate furazolidone as a component of combination therapies for treatment of H. pylori infection in the United States. Methods: Patients with active H. pylori infection received furazolidone combination therapy for 14 days (furazolidone 100 mg and tetracycline 500 mg t.d.s.; omeprazole 20 mg o.d. in the morning and, depending on the pre-treatment antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, 500 mg of metronidazole or clarithromycin t.d.s.). Results: A total of 27 patients received the metronidazole containing combination (cure rate 100%) and seven received the clarithromycin combination (cure rate 86%). Overall the cure rates for intention-to-treat was 97% (95% CI: 85% to 100%). The single failure took the clarithromycin containing combination for only 2 days (per protocol cure rate = 100%). Side-effects were common and led to discontinuation of therapy in 26% of patients. An attempt to eliminate metronidazole and clarithromycin and use furazolidone, tetracycline, and lansoprazole b.d. produced an unsatisfactory cure rate of 72%. Conclusion: Furazolidone combination therapy appears to be effective. Additional studies with different antimicrobial combinations and duration of therapy are warranted.
Successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with active Coccidioidomycosis

Successful allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with active Coccidioidomycosis
Solid-State Coordination Chemistry of Metal Oxides: Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of o-Phenanthroline-Ligated Copper- and Zinc-Molybdenum Oxides.

The hydrothermal chemistry of molybdate with phenanthroline in the presence of M(II) cations was investigated. With Cu(II) starting materials, modifications in reaction conditions yielded the molecular cluster [Cu(o-phen)2Mo4O13] (MOXI-27) and one-dimensional [Cu(o-phen)MoO4]·H2O (MOXI-28). The analogous Zn(II)-containing one-dimensional material [Zn(o-phen)MoO4] (MOXI-29) was isolated under conditions similar to those employed for the preparation of MOXI-28. Crystal data: C24H16CuMo4N4O13 (MOXI-27), monoclinic, P21/c, a = 10.5218(3) A, b = 12.1113(4) A, c = 22.0125(7) A, β = 97.988(1)°, Z = 4; C12H10CuMoN2O5 (MOXI-28), monoclinic, P21/n, a = 14.050(1) A, b = 5.8818(4) A, c = 16.227(1) A, β = 103.586(1)°, Z = 4; C12H8MoN2O4Zn (MOXI-29), monoclinic, P21/m, a = 8.7714(7) A, b = 6.4172(2) A, c = 10.652(1) A, β = 100.702(5)°, Z = 2.
Chemoselective Nucleophilic Arylation and Single-Step Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes Using Siloxanes and a Palladium−Phosphinous Acid as a Reaction Switch

Aldehydes and siloxanes form methyl esters in a single step through mild oxidative esterification in the presence of a palladium catalyst or, alternatively, afford secondary alcohols via TBAF-promoted arylation in the absence of a catalyst at increased temperatures under otherwise identical reaction conditions.
Automatic test factoring for java

Test factoring creates fast, focused unit tests from slow system-wide tests; each new unit test exercises only a subset of the functionality exercised by the system test. Augmenting a test suite with factored unit tests should catch errors earlier in a test run.One way to factor a test is to introduce mock objects. If a test exercises a component T, which interacts with another component E (the "environment"), the implementation of E can be replaced by a mock. The mock checks that T's calls to E are as expected, and it simulates E's behavior in response. We introduce an automatic technique for test factoring. Given a system test for T and E, and a record of T's and E's behavior when the system test is run, test factoring generates unit tests for T in which E is mocked. The factored tests can isolate bugs in T from bugs in E and, if E is slow or expensive, improve test performance or cost.Our implementation of automatic dynamic test factoring for the Java language reduces the running time of a system test suite by up to an order of magnitude.
Modeling the impact of incentives on vehicle sales volume

In the last decade, automotive companies have developed various aggressive marketing campaigns and have used incentives such as cash rebate, low financing rates to boost vehicle sales. Although the impact of incentives is often immediate, heavy incentives can cut into profit margins and sometimes create huge losses. It is therefore desirable to have a quantitative model that can measure the impact of incentives on actual sales volume. Furthermore, the model can be used to calculate the elasticity of the sales volume with respect to various incentives. In this paper, we will discuss various incentives commonly used in the automotive marketplace and evaluate their effects on sales volume. A multivariate regression model was developed which employed incentives and other economic variables such as foreign exchange rate and inventory level as input variables and calculated vehicle sales volume as the output variable. Historical sales and incentives data were used to estimate model parameters. Based on the analysis of a popular vehicle segment, the model prediction on vehicle sales volume agreed consistently with actual sales data across different vehicle brands. The model thus provides a quantitative tool for marketing managers to formulate effective marketing campaign strategies.
Contribution to the Knowledge of the Hippoboscidae (Diptera) from the Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT Eight species of Hippoboscidae from 13 bird hosts are reported from the Republic of Korea (ROK). A new species of the genus Crataerina von Olfers with reduced wings is described, and it was collected from a Pacific Swift (Apus pacificus Latham; Apodiformes, Apodidae). Icostafenestella Maa is recorded for the first time from the ROK. Ornithoica tridens Maa is synonymized with O. momiyamai Kishida. Turdus chrysolaus Temminck and Zoothera ( = Turdus) sibirica (Pallas) are recorded as new birds host for I. fenestella and O. unicolor Speiser, respectively. Morphological identification keys are also presented for the species of the genus Crataerina in the Palaearctic region, and for the species of the Hippoboscidae in the ROK.
Local Cluster First Load Sharing Policy for Heterogeneous Clusters

This paper studies the load sharing problem among heterogeneous cluster systems. The heterogeneous clusters we consider are time-sharing, and the computers in these clusters have different CPU powers and memory capacities. Load sharing means even workloads among all coordinated computers in the system. As some nodes suffer from high loading, it is necessary to migrate some jobs to the nodes with light loading. Recently, many load sharing policies, such as CPU-based and Memory-based policies, have been proposed for single-cluster system. However, they cannot be directly applied to larger-scale heterogeneous cluster systems. Without careful assignment, the cluster systems will waste time in moving migrated jobs to remote cluster, and thus reduce the performance of the cluster systems. In this paper we propose a simple but effective load sharing policy, local cluster first (LCF) policy, to improve the performance of various load sharing algorithms on heterogeneous cluster systems. The idea of LCF is that when some nodes suffer from heavy CPU (or/and memory) loading, the migrating procedure is carried on hierarchically. Since the heavy loading computer moves most of the migrated jobs to computers in the local cluster, the remote cluster migrations are reduced. We use a trace-driven simulator to simulate a heterogeneous cluster system. Compared with other load sharing policies, LCF reduces a lot of remote cluster migrations. As a result, LCF policy may improve the performance of load sharing on heterogeneous cluster systems.
Autonomic nervous system function following prenatal opiate exposure.

In utero exposure to opiates may affect autonomic functioning of the fetus and newborn. We investigated heart rate variability (HRV) as a measure of autonomic stability in prenatal opiate-exposed neonates (nD 14) and in control term infants (nD 10). Electrocardiographic data during both non-nutritive and nutritive sucking were evaluated for RR intervals, heart rate (HR), standard deviation of the consecutive RR intervals (SDRR), standard deviation of the differences of consecutive RR intervals (SDDRR), and the power spectral densities in low and high frequency bands. In controls, mean HR increased significantly, 143‐161 per min (pD 0.002), with a trend toward a decrease in RR intervals from non-nutritive to nutritive sucking; these measures did not change significantly among exposed infants. Compared to controls, exposed infants demonstrated significantly greater HRV or greater mean SDRR and SDDRR during non-nutritive period (p < 0.01), greater mean SDDRR during nutritive sucking (pD 0.02), and higher powers in the low and high frequency bands during nutritive feedings. Our findings suggest that prenatal opiate exposure may be associated with changes in autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning involving both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Future studies are needed to examine the effects of prenatal opiate exposure on ANS function.
Teen Momism on MTV: Postfeminist Subjectivities in 16 and Pregnant

The cable channel MTV developed the reality series 16 and Pregnant and its spinoff, Teen Mom, to educate young viewers about the negative consequences of unplanned pregnancy. I argue that these series construct a postfeminist, neoliberal subject position through discourses of individual choice and personal responsibility, the incorporation of a maternal role into adolescent identity, and the internalisation of gendered social expectations of “successful” female adolescence and parenting. The episodic formula of 16 and Pregnant works to individualise the experience of teen pregnancy and positions each teen girl subject as a success or failure based on her ability to adapt to motherhood. Within both of these series, the responsibilities related to bearing and raising children become part of a larger fabric of educational and social achievements associated with feminine adolescence.