cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tritium inventory of the Black Sea

Tritium and helium-3 measurements from the southern half of the Black Sea are described. A tritium maximum centered at approximately 1200 m and accompanied by a radiogenic helium-3 maximum suggests deep injection of near surface water in the eastern part of the basin. The results are combined with three other tritium data sets to discern the temporal variation in the past three decades. The observed temporal variation is slower than would be expected from radioactive decay alone in the upper few hundred meters where the major proportion of tritium resides. This trend suggests that there must have been a tritium source(s) other than that produced by the atmospheric nuclear tests. It is estimated that approximately 0.1 kg of tritium of non-atmospheric origin had entered the Black Sea since 1969.
Virtual Reality in Interior Design Education: Enhanced Outcomes Through Constructivist Engagement in Second Life

This paper describes an implementation process of Second Life SL virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in an interior design foundations course. SL was found to advance learning, collaboration, engagement, and critical thinking among students who brought disparate levels of preparation. The case study presented represents a process evaluation approach, documenting and analyzing the development and implementation of the curriculum within an environment that was new to most stakeholders. Output measures reported include student evaluations of the course, peer evaluations of student products, and final grades. Important to successful incorporation of SL in interior design instruction is ensuring that the training students receive in SL align with the assignments they are expected to complete. Also important is the ongoing, cooperative support of university technical staff in providing the needed training and developing the virtual environment. Effective, informative hard-copy and on-line visual aids for students unfamiliar with SL or other virtual reality applications are also necessary. Alignment of SL activities and the course curriculum into a workable sequence was achieved by trial and error during two years of development. Since incorporating SL, the researchers have found that virtual reality enhances student engagement and outcomes.
pH controls over anaerobic carbon mineralization, the efficiency of methane production, and methanogenic pathways in peatlands across an ombrotrophic–minerotrophic gradient

Methane (CH4) production varies greatly among different types of peatlands along an ombrotrophice minerotrophic hydrogeomorphic gradient. pH is thought to be a dominant control over observed differences in CH4 production across sites, and previous pH manipulation experiments have verified the inhibitory effect of low pH on CH4 production. In this experiment, we asked (i) if the major effect of low pH is direct inhibition of one or both pathways of methanogenesis and/or inhibition of ‘upstream’ fermentation that provides substrates for methanogens, and (ii) to what extent is pH sufficient to explain differences in CH4 production relative to other factors that co-vary across the gradient. To address these questions, we adjusted the pH of peat slurries from 6 peatlands to 4 levels (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5) that reflected their range of native pH, maintained these pH levels over a 43-day anaerobic laboratory incubation, and measured a suite of responses within the anaerobic carbon cycle. Higher pH caused a significant increase in CO2 production in all sites. Regardless of site, time, and pH level, the reduction of inorganic electron acceptors contributed to <12% of total CO2 production. Higher pH caused acetate pooling by Day 7, but this effect was greater in the more ombrotrophic sites and lasted throughout the incubation, whereas acetate was almost completely consumed as a substrate for acetoclastic methanogenesis by Day 43 in the minerotrophic sites. Higher pH also enhanced CH4 production and this process was up to 436% more sensitive to changes in pH than CO2 production. However, across all sites and pH levels, CH4 production accounted for <25% of the total gaseous C production. Fermentation appeared to be the main pathway for anaerobic C mineralization. Our results indicate that low pH inhibits CH4 production through direct inhibition of both methanogenesis pathways and indirectly through its effects on fermentation, but the direct effects are stronger. The inability of acetoclastic methanogenesis to fully compensate for acetate pooling in ombrotrophic peats at higher pH suggests that CH4 production is inhibited by some factor(s) in addition to pH in these sites. We examine a variety of other potential inhibitory mechanisms and postulate that humic substances may provide an important inhibitory effect over CH4 production in ombrotrophic peatlands.
The rheology of lignosulfonate-stabilized dispersions of a textile dye

Abstract Rheological measurements of typical industrial, aqueous dispersion of a mono-azo dye stabilized with lignosulfonates were interpreted by means of the Ree-Eyring model to evaluate the degree of flocculation, the degree of agglomeration, and the particle—particle interaction energy between agglomerates. The effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and sample age on these parameters were measured. Mechanism underlying these effect were deduced from the above results when combined with electrophoretic mobilities of the dispersed phase and the properties of lignosulfonate solutions. In additions, the ξ potentials and Debye lengths demonstrated that the controlled flocculation in concentrated dispersion is predominantly due to steric stabilization, whereas deflocculation and stabilization of the dispersion after dilution with water is due to electrostatic repulsion.
Surveying Teens in School to Assess the Prevalence of Problematic Drug Use

BACKGROUND: Illicit drug use by school-aged teens can adversely affect their health and academic achievement. This study used a survey administered in schools to assess the prevalence of problematic drug use among teenagers in a Midwestern community. METHODS: Self-report data were collected from 11th- and 12th-grade students (N = 3974) in 16 school districts in the Dayton, Ohio, area. Students responded to a drug use survey that also included CRAFFT, a brief substance abuse screening instrument. Binomial and zero-inflated Poisson regressions were used to examine the association between CRAFFT scores and drug use practices, including abstinence. RESULTS: More than one third of students had CRAFFT scores suggestive of problematic use. Of these, 14.1% had scores suggesting drug dependence. Although alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco were the drugs most commonly used, an array of other drugs including opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, hallucinogens, and dextromethorphan were also commonly used. Higher CRAFFT scores were associated with a greater number of drugs used (p Language: en
The force and impulse of a flapping plate performing advancing and returning strokes in a quiescent fluid

Force measurements are conducted on a low-aspect-ratio ( ) trapezoidal flat plate that rotates at 90° angle of attack and performs an advancing stroke from rest followed by a returning stroke. The parameters varied are the rotational amplitude of the motion and the rest time between the advancing and returning strokes. The unsteady normal forces track with the angular acceleration of the plate, with the added mass force peak in the returning stroke being larger than that in the advancing stroke. However, as the rest time is increased, the normal forces generated in each stroke become dynamically similar. The maximum total impulse is calculated from the force measurements and rapidly decays from its largest value at zero rest time and asymptotes to a constant with increased rest time. The direction of this impulse is also calculated and quickly approaches the direction about which the plate motion is symmetric. The largest additional impulse contribution obtained from executing a returning stroke within a finite time is approximately 18 %. Increases in rotational amplitude initially increase the maximum total impulse, but it then plateaus at an amplitude of around 90°. For nonzero rest times, any maxima of the impulse in a fixed direction are weak and necessarily reduced from the maximum possible impulse. For a nearly 100° range of directions, the impulse is largest for rotational amplitudes between 75° and 90°. The results are also applied to three types of propulsive configurations.
Estrogen-binding substances of target tissues☆

Abstract A variety of evidence supports the concept that the interaction of estradiol with uterine tissue takes place by a two stage mechanism. The hormone associates spontaneously with an extranuclear protein to form an 8S complex, made up of 4S subunits, which possesses a strong affinity for nuclei. In the nucleus a new estradiol-protein complex, extractable as a 5S unit, is formed from the 8S complex by a temperature-dependent process which consumes 8S receptor. The concept of “induced derepression” is proposed to explain how the nuclear transformation of 4S to a 5S estradiol-protein complex might initiate uterine growth.
Meson substructure and the ϱNN and ωNN couplings

Abstract Estimates are made of the ϱNN and ωNN vector and tensor coupling constants and form factors by consideration of vector q q correlations as producted by a quark model nucleon source. Attention is paid to the finite extent of the q q correlations and to their departure from true bound state form at space-like momenta.
Line Discharge by Potential Transformers

The isolation of a section of a high-voltage transmission line or cable may leave the section charged to a voltage in the order of operating values. Upon automatic reclosing, dangerous transient overvoltages which may exceed tolerable overvoltage factors could be produced unless the isolated section is discharged to a small fraction of operating voltage. Of all the means presently available that act to discharge the section, including shunt devices and circuit- breaker resistors, the electromagnetic potential transformers (under conditions described in this paper) could be the most effective. A theoretical analysis of the discharge phenomena which permits determination of instantaneous voltage as a function of time is included.
Kinesin-1 Regulates Synaptic Strength by Mediating the Delivery, Removal, and Redistribution of AMPA Receptors

Summary A primary determinant of the strength of neurotransmission is the number of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) at synapses. However, we still lack a mechanistic understanding of how the number of synaptic AMPARs is regulated. Here, we show that UNC-116, the C. elegans homolog of vertebrate kinesin-1 heavy chain (KIF5), modifies synaptic strength by mediating the rapid delivery, removal, and redistribution of synaptic AMPARs. Furthermore, by studying the real-time transport of C. elegans AMPAR subunits in vivo, we demonstrate that although homomeric GLR-1 AMPARs can diffuse to and accumulate at synapses in unc-116 mutants, glutamate-gated currents are diminished because heteromeric GLR-1/GLR-2 receptors do not reach synapses in the absence of UNC-116/KIF5-mediated transport. Our data support a model in which ongoing motor-driven delivery and removal of AMPARs controls not only the number but also the composition of synaptic AMPARs, and thus the strength of synaptic transmission. Video Abstract
Extremal bipartite subgraphs of cubic triangle‐free graphs

A cubic triangle-free graph has a bipartite subgraph with at least 4/5 of the original edges. Examples show that this is a best possible result.
Lasers in dermatology--a critical update.

Lasers are accepted for treating nevus of Ota, other pigmented lesions, hair removal, vascular lesions, leg veins, tattoos, and for skin resurfacing. These are photothermal treatments, in which certain skin "targets" are heated, followed by selective wound healing. Small pigmented targets such as the dermal melanocytes in nevus of Ota, are best treated with short (< 1 microsecond) laser pulses. Large targets, such as hair follicles, have long thermal relaxation times and are best treated with longer pulses. In general, the ideal pulse duration is about equal to the thermal relaxation time for pigmented targets. However, sometimes the actual target is not pigmented and is at some distance from a pigmented structure. For example the follicular stem cells, which are not pigmented, line the outer root sheath far away from the pigmented hair shaft. These cells appear to be an important target for permanent hair destruction. Pulses longer than the thermal relaxation time of the hair shaft allow heat conduction and better damage of follicular stem cells. Epidermal cooling works far better with pulses longer than about 10 ms, delivered through a cold medium (e.g., cold sapphire in contact with the skin). Thus, the combination of cooling and long near-infrared laser pulses allows safe and effective pigmented hair removal in all skin types. In contrast, epidermal protection from short pulses is best with dynamic pre-cooling (e.g., cryogen spray), for example during portwine stain treatment. A major challenge for the future of photothermal laser treatments is to develop ways of treating non-pigmented skin "targets". New uses for lasers are emerging. Diagnostic laser imaging and spectroscopy will soon emerge in dermatology. A near-infrared laser confocal microscope provides histology-like images of human skin. Imaging is painless and takes only a few minutes. Lesions including melanoma, basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, microvascular and inflammatory lesions, dermatophytes, verrucae, etc, have distinct appearances. However, sensitivity and specificity of laser-based diagnostic imaging has not yet been compared with histopathology. Laser phototherapy is also emerging in dermatology. The 308 nm excimer laser has recently been shown to clear psoriasis faster than conventional phototherapy. Scalp psoriasis may soon be treated by fiber-optic delivery of this UV laser. The variety and utility of lasers in dermatology will probably continue to grow.
A Small Population of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-lmmunoreactive Neurons in the Guinea-Pig Arcuate Nucleus Contains Progestin Receptor-lmmunoreactivity.

Abstract We studied the co-localization of progestin receptor-immunoreactive (PR-IR) cell nuclei and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) cell bodies in guinea-pig brain with a double antibody, immunocytochemical technique. Sections were first immunostained for estradiol-induced PR-IR using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique with diaminobenzidine as the chromogen followed by alpha-naphthol as the chromogen for TH-IR. We examined the periventricular-preoptic area and the arcuate nucleus, because these two sites are dense in both PR-IR cells and TH-IR cells (cell groups A14 and A12, respectively), and the dorsal hypothalamic Area A13, because this area contains a high density of TH-IR cells, but few PR-IR cells. No co-localization was seen in the periventricular-preoptic area or Area A13. However, a small proportion (5% to 13%) of TH-IR cells in the arcuate nucleus was observed to have PR-IR cell nuclei with the rostral arcuate showing the greatest concentration of co-localized cells. In order to determine if the estradiol pretreatment required to induce PR-IR influenced TH-IR, TH-IR in estradiol-primed guinea-pigs was compared with that of vehicle-injected controls. This treatment did not noticeably influence the amount of TH-IR in the arcuate nucleus. Therefore, the results of these experiments suggest that, although some of the TH-IR neurons in the arcuate nucleus contain PR-IR, this relationship is seen in less than 15% of the TH-IR cells. In many cases, PR-IR neurons were found to have TH-IR varicosities closely associated with their cell bodies.
The need for color coding in ultrasound mammography.

The correct interpretation of echo amplitude patterns of high-resolution gray scale ultrasonograms of the breast requires the use of calibrated color-coded isodensitometry, standardized operation of the ultrasound system, amplitude stability of 1 per cent or better, and a constant velocity water-coupled electro-mechanical scanner. The same conditions may be required for correct interpretation of the ultrasonograms of the parenchyma of the liver, spleen, ovaries, testes, uterus, thyroid, and tumors. Color coding is not required and may actually be detrimental in the study of gross ultrasonographic anatomy and in disease states that can be identified by simple anatomical distortions. To be of value, rigid standardization and control of the amplitude characteristics and scanning velocity of the system are imperative.
Magnetic exchange energy of two-dimensional electrons

The exchange energy of a two-dimensional electron gas was evaluated exactly in the presence of a magnetic field when only the lowest Landau level is occupied fractionally.
Intermediate phases in binary systems of technetium-99 with several transition elements

Abstract An exploratory survey has been made of the intermediate phases formed when Tc-99 is alloyed with the Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn and Fe-group elements. A total of nineteen intermediate phases were identified and found to be isomorphous with the Cr 3 O-type, CsCl-type, MgZn 2 -type, χ-phase or σ-phase structure. The alloying characteristics of Tc are rationalized in terms of periodic table relationships.
Abbreviated protocol for breast MRI: Are multiple sequences needed for cancer detection?

Abstract Objective To evaluate the ability of an abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol, consisting of a precontrast T1 weighted (T1W) image and single early post-contrast T1W image, to detect breast carcinoma. Materials and methods A HIPAA compliant Institutional Review Board approved review of 100 consecutive breast MRI examinations in patients with biopsy proven unicentric breast carcinoma. 79% were invasive carcinomas and 21% were ductal carcinoma in situ. Four experienced breast radiologists, blinded to carcinoma location, history and prior examinations, assessed the abbreviated protocol evaluating only the first post-contrast T1W image, post-processed subtracted first post-contrast and subtraction maximum intensity projection images. Detection and localization of tumor were compared to the standard full diagnostic examination consisting of 13 pre-contrast, post-contrast and post-processed sequences. Results All 100 cancers were visualized on initial reading of the abbreviated protocol by at least one reader. The mean sensitivity for each sequence was 96% for the first post-contrast sequence, 96% for the first post-contrast subtraction sequence and 93% for the subtraction MIP sequence. Within each sequence, there was no significant difference between the sensitivities among the 4 readers (p = 0.471, p = 0.656, p = 0.139). Mean interpretation time was 44 s (range 11–167 s). The abbreviated imaging protocol could be performed in approximately 10–15 min, compared to 30–40 min for the standard protocol. Conclusion An abbreviated breast MRI protocol allows detection of breast carcinoma. One pre and post-contrast T1W sequence may be adequate for detecting breast carcinoma. These results support the possibility of refining breast MRI screening protocols.
Incubator birds: biogeographical origins and evolution of underground nesting in megapodes (Galliformes: Megapodiidae)

Aim Unique amongst birds, megapodes (family Megapodiidae) have exchanged the strategy of incubating eggs with the warmth of their bodies for incubation behaviours that rely entirely on environmental heat sources. Typically, mound-builders capture heat released from the decomposition of organic materials, while burrow-nesters lay their eggs in geothermal or solar-heated soils. The evolutionary path towards novel incubation behaviours has led to ecological and physiological adaptations unique to megapodes. Here, we present a species tree for all extant megapodes that settles long-standing debates about megapode evolution: namely, their biogeographical origins and ancestral nesting behaviour. Location Australasia. Methods A time-calibrated multilocus species tree for all extant megapodes was constructed using *beast. We estimated and compared divergence dates for megapodes obtained from molecular rates, fossils, and a combination of fossils and rates. Using this tree, Bayesian estimation of ancestral nesting behaviour was conducted in BayesTraits and ancestral ranges were estimated in BioGeoBEARS. Results Recent dispersal has led to the recolonization of mainland Australia and New Guinea by Megapodius. Bayesian estimation of ancestral states indicates that mound building is the most probable ancestral nesting behaviour in megapodes (posterior probability = 0.75). Burrow nesting was acquired early in the diversification of the family (at least 14 Ma), followed by a single switch back to mound building. Main conclusions Divergence dates and biogeographical reconstructions strongly suggest that dispersal, and not vicariance, led to the isolation of megapodes in Australasia. We propose that flight-mediated dispersal to environmentally variable islands is responsible for the behavioural lability in nesting behaviours observed in some Megapodius species today.
Development of a Detailed Multi-Body Computational Model of an ATV to Address and Prevent Child Injuries

Better insights into ATV crash mechanisms are needed to facilitate effective prevention strategies. Rollover crashes and resulting injuries represent major problems associated with ATVs. These problems are aggravated with the rider is a young child, since all ATVs are rider active machines. Serious injuries associated with child use of adult ATVs are an increasing problem in the United States and other countries. The computational technique is used to develop a detailed adult size ATV. The computational model is developed using the biodynamic code MADYMO. Laboratory tests are conducted on the ATV to extract the dynamic characteristics of the ATV. The ATV model developed features a detailed suspension system. The computational model confidence is increased using a digitized surface to create the rigid body model. The computational ATV model is validated for its lateral stability using a laboratory tilt table test. The suspension system is validated using a drop test on a rigid floor. This validated model is used to simulate and understand crashes and parameters affecting the injury outcome. A Hybrid III six year old dummy is used during the laboratory tilt table test and for initial crash simulations. This paper demonstrates the methodology used to develop a crash analysis for an ATV driven by a six year old child. The computation model is used to recreate a forward flip rollover crash scenario.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Michael of Rhodes and the Birth of the Mariner’s Manual

The Book of Michael of Rhodes, recently discovered and edited, stands near the beginning of a series of compilations of nautical information stretching from the fourteenth century into the modern age. It was written in the Venetian language by a non-noble sailor, apparently of Greek origin, who served aboard Venetian galleys from 1401 through 1443. This essay explores the composition of the manuscript in the context of the maritime life of fifteenth-century Venice and the individual who wrote it and discusses the other Venetian maritime manuals that preceded it or appear to derive from it.
Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the Cbl adaptor protein in coupling the α4β1 integrin to mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling

Cell adhesion mediated by beta1 integrin receptors leads to the initiation of intracellular signals that affect cell differentiation and survival. Here we have analysed the mechanism by which the alpha4beta1 integrin activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in HL60 cells, a myelomonocytic cell line that lacks the expression of focal adhesion kinase. A role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) in alpha4 integrin-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) is suggested by the ability of PI-3K inhibitors and a dominant-negative form of the p85 subunit of PI-3K to block the activation of ERK2 by integrin. Stimulation of alpha4beta1 integrins on HL60 cells also leads to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the 120 kDa adaptor protein Cbl. PI-3K activity associated with Cbl also increases on the stimulation of alpha4beta1 integrins, although immunodepletion experiments suggest that Cbl-associated PI-3K does not account for all of the PI-3K activity induced on the stimulation of integrins in these cells. The expression of wild-type Cbl or the 70Z/3 Cbl mutant enhances basal ERK2 activity in transfectants with a minimal effect on alpha4 integrin-mediated ERK2 activity. In contrast, overexpression of the Hut Cbl truncation mutant, which does not associate with p85, has no effect on the ERK2 pathway. These results suggest that PI-3K has a major role in coupling alpha4beta1 integrins to ERK2 activation in myeloid cells and that the Cbl adaptor protein has a role in basal, but not alpha4beta1 integrin-mediated, activation of ERK2.
A simple and reliable method of producing in vitro infections of cryptosporidium parvum (apicomplexa)

A variety of techniques have been used to infect cell monolayers in culture with the protozoan, Cryptosporidium parvum. However, most of these methods rely on the use of trypsin and/or bile salts to excyst sporozoites in vitro, followed by washing sporozoites free of excystation solution prior to their addition to subconfluent monolayers. This method not only increases the amount of time required to establish infections in vitro, but also results in prolonged exposure of free sporozoites to environmental conditions. Here we report a simple, fast, and efficient method of obtaining consistent infections of C. parvum in cell monolayers. This technique relies on the ability of the parasite to excyst at 37°C but not at room temperature following pretreatment with sodium hypochlorite. By adding surface-sterilized oocysts directly to monolayers, sporozoites have access to host cells immediately upon excystation.
Wireless sensor network for performance monitoring of electrical machine

To avoid unexpected equipment failures and obtain higher accuracy in diagnostic and prognostic for the health condition of a motor, efficient and comprehensive data collecting, monitoring, and control play an important role to improve the system more reliable and effective. A novel wireless data collection for health monitoring system of electric machine based on wireless sensor network (ZigBee™/IEEE802.15.4 Standard) is proposed and developed in this paper. The unique characteristics of ZigBee networks such as low power, low cost, and high flexibility make them ideal for this application. As the focus of this paper, the hardware design and implementation of a multiple nodes Zigbee based wireless sensor network are discussed. The communication protocol and software design for both wireless sensor network node and base station based on the CC2430 system on chip are presented in detail. Experimental results of the proposed wireless sensor network for its applicability to investigate different operating conditions such as electrical faults and mechanical faults are investigated and discussed.
Bicultural Faculty and Their Professional Adaptation.

This chapter expands the notion of biracial identity to include bicultural individuals and examines their adap-tation to faculty culture in the United States.
Automatic postural responses in the cat: responses of proximal and distal hindlimb muscles to drop of support from a single hind- or forelimb.

Cats respond to drop of the support from beneath a single limb with the “diagonal stance response” (Coulmance et al. 1979). They load the limbs on the diagonal opposite to the one containing the dropped limb and unload the third supporting limb in the diagonal containing the dropped limb. Characteristic biomechanical delays in limb motion and in vertical force changes imposed upon the limbs are observed. These delays range from 30 to 45 ms, depending upon the location of the dropped limb. This study describes the kinematics of the “diagonal stance response” and the activation of selected agonist-antagonist muscle pairs acting on the joints of the hindlimb during the response. Proximal and distal hindlimb muscles respond to perturbations in groups that are appropriate to the vertical forces imposed upon the limb. When the hindlimb containing the recording electrodes is loaded by drop of the contralateral hindlimb or the ipsilateral forelimb medium latency (25–45 ms) EMG responses occur in the extensors. This response serves to stiffen the limb against the increased vertical force of loading. A similar response is observed when the hindlimb is reloaded after being dropped. In this case, however, short latency responses precede the medium latency responses in muscles that are passively stretched by the limb drop. When drop of the diagonal forelimb unloads the hindlimb containing the electrodes, medium latency responses are observed in the distal hindlimb flexors, which indicates that the unloading is evoked in part by active lifting of the limb. In most cases, the medium latency responses precede or are coincident with the changes in force imposed on the limb, suggesting that the observed responses are centrally programmed.
A distributed, adaptive protocol for handling interference in wireless communications

The recent advent of wireless applications at the 2.4GHz level (e.g. wireless LAN, Bluetooth headsets, wireless mice and keyboards, remote controls, cordless phones, microwave ovens etc) creates a significant potential for widespread interference. Yet the most popular wireless protocols (e.g. Wi-Fi (802.11) and Zigbee (802.15)) currently lack the ability to switch in a coordinated manner to a different frequency once the channel currently in use becomes jammed. For example, Zigbee specifies a collision-avoidance algorithm (similar to 802.11b). Each device listens to the channel before transmitting to minimize the frequency of collisions between Zigbee devices. Zigbee does not change channels during heavy interference; instead, it relies upon its low duty cycle and collision-avoidance algorithms to minimize data loss caused by collisions. Hence, if Zigbee uses a channel that overlaps a heavily-used Wi-Fi channel, significant retransmission effort will be undertaken. In this paper we propose a simple channel hopping protocol to make wireless networks resilient to interference. In an exploration phase, each radio keeps track of how many neighbors are currently using each available channel. This phase continues until the empirical frequency of total number of neighbors in a given channel exceeds a given threshold. We present the results from a simulation test-bed and a physical implementation with SunSPOTs.
Implications of fetal sex ratio hypotheses in endangered populations: simulated dynamics of Florida Key deer, Florida, USA

Fetal sex ratios (FSRs) have important implications for managing small isolated populations. Mean male-biased FSRs ranging from 2.67:1 to 1:1 have been reported for the endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium ). Several general hypotheses have been proposed that describe the manner in which FSR may vary within a deer population over time: (1) tendency to equalize the sex ratio by producing the minority sex, (2) poor body condition results in more males, and (3) excellent body condition results in more males. Our objective was to evaluate implications of FSR for Key deer as suggested by these hypotheses. Because of their small numbers and geographic isolation, the issue of FSR is important for predicting response of Key deer to management actions. We developed nine alternative deterministic models representing combinations of three mean or median FSRs that have been hypothesized for Key deer and the three hypothesized mechanisms of FSR variation. With each model, we simulated Key deer demographics and compared predictions with actual survey data (1971–2000). The model with the best prediction was based on a median FSR of 1.45:1, and the FSR variation within the survey data best supported the hypothesis that poor body condition would result in more males. Our results indicate the most commonly cited FSR (2.67:1) for Florida Key deer is inaccurate, probably due to small sample size. We conclude that FSR variation has the potential to shape the response of endangered populations to disturbance. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Relationships Among Victoria Symptom Validity Test Indices and Personality Assessment Inventory Validity Scales in a Large Clinical Sample

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the relationships among measures of cognitive symptom exaggeration (i.e., response accuracy and response latency) and (2) to examine the relationship between measures of cognitive and psychopathological symptom exaggeration. It was expected that Victoria Symptom Validity Test (VSVT) accuracy and latency measures would be significantly correlated, with invalid responders demonstrating longer response latencies. VSVT scores were also expected to correlate significantly with the Negative Impression Management (NIM) and Infrequency (INF) subscales of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). VSVT and PAI data were collected from 300 patients during routine clinical neuropsychological evaluations. Results indicated that VSVT accuracy and latency measures were significantly and moderately correlated, and both types of VSVT scores were significantly, but modestly, related to NIM, but not INF. These findings suggest that VSVT response latencies may supplemen...
Youth, Racism, and Place in the Tony Martin Affair

This paper provides an analysis of media discourse surrounding the arrest, trial, and conviction of Norfolk farmer Tony Martin for the murder of 16-year old Fred Barras, a Traveller from Newark, Nottinghamshire. The paper argues that discourses about Travellers (re)constructed in the media during the Martin affair showed evidence of both older, stereotypical representations of Travellers and newer ways of locating them in relation to contemporary societal anxieties about “dangerous youth”, the “underclass”, and “social exclusion”. The coverage was often emblematic of political discourses in Britain, which too often emphasise the moral failings of the “excluded” without any significant discussion of the sources of inequalities.
Root‐cause analysis of an airway filter occlusion: a way to improve the reliability of the respiratory circuit

Background To show how root-cause analysis can identify system-level factors causing critical incidents and accidents, we present an investigation of the occlusion of an airway filter during anaesthesia. Method The investigation was based on a framework specifically developed for the analysis of medical accidents. This framework helped to identify the chronology and outcome of the case, the care management problems and the factors that led to the event. Information was obtained by interviewing the anaesthesiologist in charge of the patient. Results Occlusion was not recognized because the filter was hidden under the drapes and below the patient's head. To reduce the frequency of this event, we recommend that filters should be visible, placed above the level of the patient's body, or mounted on the expiratory circuit, at a distance from patient's airway. Conclusions To allow appropriate corrective actions, critical incidents and accidents should be systematically investigated using root-cause analysis.
Cervical and vaginal epithelial neoplasms in cynomolgus monkeys.

Papillomavirus-associated cervical cancer is the second most common neoplasm in women but has rarely been reported in animals. This report describes cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasms identified in routine histologic specimens obtained from 20 (5.2%) of 385 female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) being used in long-term studies. Lesion incidence was similar in both control and hormonally treated animals (4.7% and 5.5%, respectively). Neoplasms included benign vaginal papillomas, mild to severe intraepithelial dysplasias, and two invasive cervical carcinomas. Common morphologic features included koilocytosis, nuclear atypia, and expansion of the basal epithelium. Selective staining of lesions with at least one of three papillomavirus antibodies was observed in all cases (20 of 20). In contrast, immunostaining of lesions was negative for Epstein-Barr-related virus proteins (0 of 20). The unique similarities between the observed lesions and those seen in women suggest that macaques may p...
Thermal Conductivity of Nanoparticle -Fluid Mixture

Effective thermal conductivity of mixtures of e uids and nanometer-size particles is measured by a steady-state parallel-plate method. The tested e uids contain two types of nanoparticles, Al 2O3 and CuO, dispersed in water, vacuum pump e uid, engine oil, and ethylene glycol. Experimental results show that the thermal conductivities of nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures are higher than those of the base e uids. Using theoretical models of effective thermal conductivity of a mixture, we have demonstrated that the predicted thermal conductivities of nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures are much lower than our measured data, indicating the dee ciency in the existing models when used for nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures. Possible mechanisms contributing to enhancement of the thermal conductivity of the mixtures are discussed. A more comprehensive theory is needed to fully explain the behavior of nanoparticle ‐e uid mixtures. Nomenclature cp = specie c heat k = thermal conductivity L = thickness Pe = Peclet number P q = input power to heater 1 r = radius of particle S = cross-sectional area T = temperature U = velocity of particles relative to that of base e uids ® = ratio of thermal conductivity of particle to that of base liquid ¯ = .® i 1/=.® i 2/ ° = shear rate of e ow Ω = density A = volume fraction of particles in e uids Subscripts
APPROXIMATING A DSM-5 DIAGNOSIS OF PTSD USING DSM-IV CRITERIA.

Background Diagnostic criteria for DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are in many ways similar to DSM-IV criteria, raising the possibility that it might be possible to closely approximate DSM-5 diagnoses using DSM-IV symptoms. If so, the resulting transformation rules could be used to pool research data based on the two criteria sets.
Functional map networks for analyzing and exploring large shape collections

The construction of networks of maps among shapes in a collection enables a variety of applications in data-driven geometry processing. A key task in network construction is to make the maps consistent with each other. This consistency constraint, when properly defined, leads not only to a concise representation of such networks, but more importantly, it serves as a strong regularizer for correcting and improving noisy initial maps computed between pairs of shapes in isolation. Up-to-now, however, the consistency constraint has only been fully formulated for point-based maps or for shape collections that are fully similar. In this paper, we introduce a framework for computing consistent functional maps within heterogeneous shape collections. In such collections not all shapes share the same structure --- different types of shared structure may be present within different (but possibly overlapping) sub-collections. Unlike point-based maps, functional maps can encode similarities at multiple levels of detail (points or parts), and thus are particularly suitable for coping with such diversity within a shape collection. We show how to rigorously formulate the consistency constraint in the functional map setting. The formulation leads to a powerful tool for computing consistent functional maps, and also for discovering shared structures, such as meaningful shape parts. We also show how to adapt the procedure for handling very large-scale shape collections. Experimental results on benchmark datasets show that the proposed framework significantly improves upon state-of-the-art data-driven techniques. We demonstrate the usefulness of the framework in shape co-segmentation and various shape exploration tasks.
Assimilation of Polysaccharides and Glucose by Major Bacterial Groups in the Delaware Estuary

The contribution of major bacterial groups to the assimilation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and glucose in the Delaware Estuary was assessed using microautoradiography and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Bacterial groups contributed to EPS and glucose assimilation in part according to their distribution in the estuary. Abundance of the phylogenetic groups explained 35% and 55% of the variation in EPS and glucose assimilation, respectively. Actinobacteria contributed 70% to glucose assimilation in freshwater, while Alphaproteobacteria assimilated 60% of this compound in saline water. In contrast, various bacterial groups dominated the assimilation of EPS. Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria contributed the most in the freshwater section, whereas Cytophaga-like bacteria and Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria participated in EPS assimilation in the lower part of the estuary. In addition, we examined the fraction of bacteria in each group that assimilated glucose or EPS. Overall, the fraction of bacteria in all groups that assimilated glucose was higher than the fraction that assimilated EPS (15 to 30% versus 5 to 20%, respectively). We found no correlation between the relative abundance of a group in the estuary and the fraction of bacteria actively assimilating glucose or EPS; the more active groups were often less abundant. Our results imply that the bacterial community in the Delaware Estuary is not controlled solely by “bottom-up” factors such as dissolved organic matter.
Nonlinear kernel backprojection for computed tomography

In this paper, we propose a kernel backprojection method for computed tomography. The classical backprojection method estimates an unknown pixel value by the summation of the projection values with linear weights, while our kernel backprojection is a generalized version of the classic approach, in which we compute the weights from a kernel (weight) function. The generalization reveals that the performance of the backprojection operation strongly depends on the choice of the kernel, and a good choice of the kernels effectively suppresses both noise and streak artifacts while preserving major structures of the unknown phantom. The proposed method is a two-step procedure where we first compute a preliminary estimate of the phantom (a “pilot”), from which we compute the kernel weights. From these kernel weights we then reestimate the phantom, arriving at a much improved result. The experimental results show that our approach significantly enhances the backprojection operation not only numerically but also visually.
Robust wireless location over fading channels

This paper develops an estimation algorithm for the time and amplitude of arrival of a known transmitted sequence over a single-path fading channel. The algorithm is optimized to enhance robustness to fast channel fading and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, which are common in wireless location applications. The paper also presents a noise and fading bias correction technique for amplitude of arrival estimation that improves the estimation accuracy significantly. The proposed algorithm is then applied to the case of code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless location finding for which the paper gives simulation results that demonstrate significant estimation accuracy improvement over known algorithms.
Logical System Representation of Images and Removal of Impulse Noise

This paper presents a new concept of removing impulse noise through primary implicant elimination (PIE) applied to a logical system representation of the data. Applicable to binary and grayscale images, errors are corrected efficiently, in terms of the number of computations and memory requirements, while the fine details of the image are mostly preserved. Three filtering algorithms are presented: a general form in addition to iterative and switching variations. Experimental results on salt-and-pepper impulse noise, as well as on random-valued impulse noise, are compared against the performance of traditional median-based filters (both regular and switching) and are shown to be most successful in the often difficult case of when the original image contains many detailed patterns.
Student Perspectives on Problem-Based Learning in an Occupational Therapy Curriculum: A Multiyear Qualitative Evaluation

OBJECTIVES Problem-based learning (PBL) is increasingly being used within health care professional educational programs to develop critical thinking skills via a learner-centered approach. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of participation in a PBL-centered curriculum on occupational therapy knowledge and skill development over time from the perspective of the students involved. This study examined student evaluations of the first three class cohorts participating in a PBL-based curriculum. METHOD A participatory action design study involving qualitative, student-led focus groups was conducted with 154 students across 2 years of the education program. Fourteen focus groups were audiotaped, and those audiotapes were transcribed by an outside expert, followed by two levels of analysis by program faculty members and a member check by student participants. RESULTS Themes that emerged from the data analysis related to (a) defining elements of PBL, (b) the role of students and faculty members, (c) learning strategies used by students in a PBL versus traditional education program, (d) the challenges of a PBL approach, and (e) PBL's relationship to clinical reasoning and occupational therapy practice. CONCLUSIONS Students perceived that a PBL approach adopted consistently across the curriculum contributed to the development of information management, critical reasoning, communication, and team-building skills; however, identified challenges were time and role management, information access, instructor versus PBL expectations and practices, and coping with the ambiguity of knowledge and reasoning.
Factors Influencing Population Dynamics of the Southwestern Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): A Reassessment

Abstract Mortality data from the literature on the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, were analyzed to determine which factors have the most impact on populations of this insect. Adult mortality, presumed to occur primarily as a result of dispersal, appears to have been the largest source of mortality, as well as the key factor in the annual variance of mortality. Nonpredation mortality during diapause was also an important factor. Of the density-dependent mortality factors, predation by the flicker, Colaptes aruaus (L.) appears to be the factor that limits the size of overwintering populations in the southeastern United States, while cannibalism among prediapausing larvae limits the size of overwintering populations in the western Great Plains. Based on the analysis of mortality rates and historical field data, the annual finite capacity for increase (multiplication rate) was estimated to be ≈10 in the central United States. This analysis suggests that to comprehend more clearly the fac...
The Wearable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Newly Diagnosed Cardiomyopathy: Treatment on the Basis of Perceived Risk.

The Device-Based Therapy Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Heart Rhythm Society detail indications for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) [(1