cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peptide targeting of platinum anti-cancer drugs.

Besides various side effects caused by platinum anticancer drugs, they are not efficiently absorbed by the tumor cells. Two Pt−peptide conjugates; cyclic mPeg-CNGRC-Pt (7) and cyclic mPeg-CNGRC-Pten (8) bearing the Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) targeting sequence, a malonoyl linker, and low molecular weight miniPEG groups have been synthesized. The platinum ligand was attached to the peptide via the carboxylic end of the malonate group at the end of the peptide. The pegylated peptide is nontoxic and highly soluble in water. Platinum conjugates synthesized using the pegylated peptides are also water-soluble with reduced or eliminated peptide immunogenicity. The choice of carboplatin as our untargeted platinum complex was due to the fact that the malonate linker chelates platinum in a manner similar to that of carboplatin. Cell toxicity assay and competition assay on the PC-3 cells (CD13 positive receptors) revealed selective delivery and destruction of PC-3 cells using targeted Pt−peptide conjugates 7 and 8 significan...
SPLENIC FUNCTIONS IN NON NEGRO PATIENTS WITH SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA AND HB-S-THALASSEMIA

Platelet and F-VIII reservoir and phagocytic function Of the spleen have been studied in 7 patients with Hb-S-thalassemia and 13 acute cases of Hb SS disease. 8 splenectomized patients and 11 healthy children served, as controls. F-VIII elevation following adrenalin was found to be a sensitive index in the evaluation of “functional hypersplenism” I which was shown in 42.8 and 77 % of the patients with Hb-S-β-thalassemia and Hb SS disease respectively. The high platelet count was observed in patients with sickle-cell anemia and Hb-S-β-thalassemia without palpable spleen. The independence of the splenic functions of these patient were emphasized.
Ultrafast electron transfer dynamics from molecular adsorbate to semiconductor nanoparticles

Electron transfer (ET) dynamics between molecular adsorbates and semiconductor nanoparticles has been a subject of intense recent interest because of relevance to many applications of nanomaterials, such as dye-sensitized solar cells, molecular electronics and sensors. However, it is still unclear how the charge transfer rate depends on the properties of molecules and semiconductors. In this paper we examine electron injection from Ru and Re polypyridyl complexes to metal oxide (TiO 2 , SnO 2 and ZnO) nanocrystalline thin films. Adsorbates with different energetics and electronic coupling are compared to identify molecular properties that influence ET dynamics. Different semiconductor nanomaterials are compared to understand the dependence on conduction band composition and energetics. ET dynamics were found to be biphasic consisting of ultrafast (<100fs) and slower components, with varying partitioning between them and rates of slow components. These kinetics can be well described by a two-state injection model, which includes injection from both unthermalized and thermalized excited states and competition between electron injection and intramolecular relaxation from the unthermalized state. The dependence of ET rates on various molecular and semiconductor properties is also discussed.
Multivariate estimation of exposure-specific incidence from case-control studies.

Abstract Ordinary estimation of exposure-specific incidence from case-control data involves only stratum-by-stratum application of Bayes' theorem. This type of analysis suffers from two important drawbacks: (1) when several risks factors must be considered, many of the category-specific incidence estimates may become very unreliable due to small numbers within the categories and (2) risk factor categories must be treated as unordered, resulting in loss of information on factors with a natural ordering of categories. Several methods are presented for deriving exposure-specific incidence from case-control data by means of multivariate modelling. These methods overcome the above drawbacks of the conventional approach, allow the development of models for exposure-specific incidence from case-control data and allow derivation of joint confidence limits for the exposure-specific incidence estimates which take into account the correlated nature of these estimates.
Is weight gain really a catalyst for broader recovery?: The impact of weight gain on psychological symptoms in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa.

The main aims of this study were to describe change in psychological outcomes for adolescents with anorexia nervosa across two treatments, and to explore predictors of change, including baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as weight gain over time. Participants were 121 adolescents with anorexia nervosa from a two-site (Chicago and Stanford) randomized controlled trial who received either family-based treatment or individual adolescent supportive psychotherapy. Psychological symptoms (i.e., eating disorder psychopathology, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem) were assessed at baseline, end of treatment, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up. Conditional multilevel growth models were used to test for predictors of slope for each outcome. Most psychological symptoms improved significantly from baseline to 12 month follow-up, regardless of treatment type. Depressive symptoms and dietary restraint were most improved, weight and shape concerns were least improved, and self-esteem was not at all improved. Weight gain emerged as a significant predictor of improved eating disorder pathology, with earlier weight gain having a greater impact on symptom improvement than later weight gain. Adolescents who presented with more severe, complex, and enduring clinical presentations (i.e., longer duration of illness, greater eating disorder pathology, binge-eating/purging subtype) also appeared to benefit more psychologically from treatment.
Gender differences in the organization of sexual information

One widely used model of knowledge representation is that of a network in which concepts are portrayed as nodes with links between the nodes representing associations. Schvaneveldt (1990) developed a method (Pathfinder) that generates associative networks from individual's ratings of similarity of word pairs. We had 51 female and 47 male undergraduates rate for similarity all paired combinations of 16 words judged as relevant to the domain of sexuality. Using a measure of network similarity, we found that each gender's networks were more similar to each other than they were to the other gender's. Using the number of links on works as the dependent variable there were gender differences in the number of links within clusters of words, between clusters of words, and on specific words. These differences, for the most part, are consistent with gender stereotypes and prior research showing gender differences in the processing of sexual information.
Information behavior in requirements engineering: An initial review of the research

This paper provides an overview of the existing research on information behavior (IB) in the practice of software requirements engineering (RE) and the research which, although it does not refer to IB or to RE by name, addresses the concepts and theories of one within the framework of the other. The paper begins with operational definitions of the terms “requirements,” “requirements engineering,” “information behavior,” and “information behavior in requirements engineering” to set the framework for this analysis. A number of authors have written extensively on theories of IB. Similarly, although perhaps less well known to those in the Library and Information Science (LIS) community, many terms exist for the field and practices of software requirements elicitation, documentation and maintenance, herein referred to as RE. Although RE is still a relatively young field, having emerged from computer science and software engineering in only the past 20-30 years, research in the field is diverse and growing. However, little research has taken place specifically on IB in RE. In some cases, research on IB and RE progresses on parallel paths, even utilizing the same terminology, without a recognition of the other community's work. The paper follows the operational definitions with a review of the collective set of literature covering IB in RE and that which reflects IB in RE but does not label it as such. The next section includes a discussion of what the reviewed literature reveals about the state of research and practice in this area, and the paper concludes with suggestions for future research.
Randomness in complex media

Randomness is not always the enemy. It can serve many purposes where materials sciences and optical sciences meet. Among those purposes are these. It can provide the raw material for self-organization. It can 'uniformize' optical properties. It can make manufacturing easier. It can assure a great deal of noise immunity. Although most cases exhibit all of those features, we can illustrate them with examples in which one tends to dominate the other.
Precursors of Novel Gla-Containing Conotoxins Contain a Carboxy-Terminal Recognition Site That Directs gamma-Carboxylation(,).

Vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of glutamyl residues to γ-carboxyglutamate. Its substrates include vertebrate proteins involved in blood coagulation, bone mineralization, and signal transduction and invertebrate ion channel blockers known as conotoxins. Substrate recognition involves a recognition element, the γ-carboxylation recognition site, typically located within a cleavable propeptide preceding the targeted glutamyl residues. We have purified two novel γ-carboxyglutamate-containing conotoxins, Gla-TxX and Gla-TxXI, from the venom of Conus textile. Their cDNA-deduced precursors have a signal peptide but no apparent propeptide. Instead, they contain a C-terminal extension that directs γ-carboxylation but is not found on the mature conotoxin. A synthetic 13-residue “postpeptide” from the Gla-TxXI precursor reduced the Km for the reaction of the Conus γ-carboxylase with peptide substrates, including FLEEL and conantokin-G, by up to 440-fold, regardless of whether it w...
Adsorption of Mercury(II) by Variable Charge Surfaces of Quartz and Gibbsite

The influence of pH, ionic strength, ligands (Cl, SO{sub 4}, PO{sub 4}), and metals (Ni and Pb) on the adsorption of Hg(II) by quartz and gibbsite was investigated to better understand the Hg(II) adsorption process and the impact of metals and ligands on this process. The triple layer model (TLM) was used to simulate Hg(II) adsorption on both surfaces. Mercury(II) adsorption from a 0.6 {micro}M Hg(II) solution varies as a function of pH, increasing to an adsorption maximum with increasing pH before tailing off to a constant level at high pH values. The pH at which maximum Hg(II) adsorption occurs (pH{sub max} {approximately} 4.5) is comparable to the pK{sub a} (3.2) for the hydrolysis of Hg{sup 2+} to form Hg(OH){sub 2}{sup 0}. Further, the Hg(II) adsorption edge shifts to much higher pH values in the presence of 0.001 M and 0.01 M Cl, which also corresponds to the pH at which Hg(OH){sub 2}{sup 0} is predicted to form. Only minor deviations in the degree of adsorption and the shape of the Hg(II) adsorption edge are influenced by ionic strength, suggesting the formation of inner-sphere surface complexes. However, Hg(II) adsorption can only be successfully modeled with consideration of the formation ofmore » both an outer-sphere surface complex [{approximately}XO{sup {minus}} - HgOH{sup +}] and an inner-sphere surface complex [{approximately}XOHg(OH){sub 2}{sup {minus}}]. Swamping concentrations (0.01 M) of SO{sub 4} and PO{sub 4} reduced Hg(II) adsorption on quartz, a result of the predicted formation of Hg(OH){sub 2}SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}}, Hg(OH){sub 2}H{sub 2}PO{sub 4}{sup {minus}}, and Hg(OH){sub 2}-HPO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} aqueous species (the adsorption edge and pH{sub max} were not influenced). The presence of SO{sub 4} also decreased Hg(II) retention by gibbsite, which was also attributed to the formation of the Hg(OH){sub 2}SO{sub 4}{sup 2{minus}} ion pair; however, the presence of PO{sub 4} increased Hg(II) retention by gibbsite, which was attributed to the formation of a phosphate bridge [{approximately}AlOPO{sub 3}Hg(OH){sub 2}{sup 2{minus}}]. Mercury(II) adsorption was decreased in the presence of 14 {micro}M Pb and 48 {micro}M Ni, and most noticeably in the quartz system. The adsorption of Hg(II), when in competition with Pb or Ni, could not be simulated by the TLM without the reoptimization of the Hg(II) outer- and inner-sphere log K{sub int} values. Intrinsic Hg(II) adsorption constants derived from single-element systems could not be employed to simulate adsorption in multi-element, competitive systems.« less
The expanding definition of framing and its particular impact on economic experimentation

Abstract In both experimental economics and psychology, framing research has focused primarily on the reflection effect. Recently, however, economic research on framing has employed a broader definition which incorporates context and institutional factors in a more general and productive way-a way which is also more consistent with the goals of socio-economics. This paper explores this expanding definition of framing and its particular impact on economic experimentation. A wide range of studies are reviewed to illustrate the influence on economics of the changes in understandings of framing, and to examine some of the evidence for context-dependent choice. Research concerning fairness and institutional framing, social norms, reference points, and non-rational choice is considered. Because of the complementarity between economic experimentation and economic theory, these advances in framing research are viewed as further positive signs of the opening of neoclassical economics to socio-economic premises.
A study of bromoporphins

Abstract The synthesis and characterizations of 2-bromoporphin, 5-bromoporphin, 5,15-dibromoporphin, and 5, 10, 15-tribromoporphin are described. Yields of the bromoporphins obtained with a variety of brominating agents are reported. Spectral properties were measured and, along with chemical properties, are presented as evidence for a preferred delocalization pathway in porphin.
The work of indebtedness: The traumatic present of late capitalist Chile

In political and biomedical discourses, “posttraumatic stress disorder” has become a set of organizing concepts for trauma and traumatic memory. These concepts, however, are predicated on an understanding of traumatic memory as a discrete etiological event that, when reexperienced, is productive of symptoms. In this essay, I explore alternative framings of trauma that arise out of historical changes in political economic language and from experiences of monetary, historical, and affective indebtedness in Santiago, Chile. This ethnographic research is based in an historically leftist poblacion(poor urban sector) and follows the interwoven narratives of a formerly exiled communist militant and her adopted daughter. Throughout this essay, I describe the mother's attempts to inhabit an untimely language of socialist politics and the daughter's rejection of both this language and her mother's pain. I elaborate on how these attempts are products of and productive of monetary and intersubjective indebtedness in a neoliberal present. By describing the differing historical languages inhabited by these subjects, I attempt to evoke an understanding of trauma not as an individual possession or etiological event, but rather as a referential dissonance in the neoliberal context. This referential dissonance emerges from the gap between the historical languages that inform subjectivities. I explore how such a gap can create contexts in which the everyday itself both threatens the disarticulation of the subject and produces injurious affective relationships. In this way, I interrogate relationships between trauma, recovery, and the everyday.
Crystal grain growth at the α -uranium phase transformation in praseodymium

Structural phase transformations under pressure are examined in praseodymium metal for the range $0--40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ at ambient temperature. Pressure was generated with a diamond-anvil cell, and data were collected using high-resolution synchrotron x-ray diffraction and the image plate technique. The structural sequence double hexagonal close packed (dhcp)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}face centered cubic (fcc)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}distorted-fcc (d-fcc)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$\ensuremath{\alpha}$-uranium $(\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}\mathrm{U})$ is observed with increasing pressure. Rietveld refinement of all crystallographic phases provided confirmation of the hR24 structure for the d-fcc phase while the previously reported monoclinic phase between the d-fcc and the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}\mathrm{U}$ phase was not confirmed. We observe dramatic crystal grain growth during the volume collapse concurrent with the symmetry-lowering transition to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}\mathrm{U}$ structure. No preferred orientation axis is observed, and the formation process for these large grains is expected to be via a nucleation and growth mechanism. An analogous effect in rare earth metal cerium suggests that the grain growth during transformation to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\penalty1000-\hskip0pt}\mathrm{U}$ structure is a common occurrence in $f$-electron metals at high pressures.
Improving poisson approximations through tilting and expansion

Random variables defined on the natural numbers may often be approximated by Poisson variables. Just as normal approximations may be improved by saddlepoint methods, Poisson approximations may be substantially improved by tilting and expansion. A finite population relative of the probability generating function turns out to be useful in this process.
Effect of residual stress and adhesion on the hardness of copper films deposited on silicon

Continuous indentation testing was used to measure the hardness as a function of indentation depth, of three micron thick copper films deposited on silicon with an intermediate layer of 20 nm thick chromium or titanium. Three different indenters, a nearly perfect Vickers, a Vickers with a 1.2 μm2 flat, and a Pyramid with a 25 μm2 flat were employed. The hardness data suggest that the titanium interlayer produced significantly greater film/substrate adhesion than the chromium interlayer. A compressive residual stress, which relaxed with time, was detected in the samples with the titanium interlayer.
SEGREGATION IN NEW ALLOPOLYPLOIDS OF GOSSYPIUM. IV. SEGREGATION IN NEW WORLD × ASIATIC AND NEW WORLD × WILD AMERICAN HEXAPLOIDS

PHILLIPS, LYLE L. (North Carolina State Coll., Raleigh.) Segregation in new allopolyploids of Gossypium. IV. Segregation in New World X Asiatic and New World X wild American hexaploids. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49 (1) : 51-57. 1962.-The New World tetraploid cottons, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, are natural amphidiploids (genome formula, 2 [AD]) combining species of the cultivated Asiatic (2A) and wild American (2D) groups of diploid cottons. Genetic segregation for marker alleles in New World X Asiatic and New World X wild American synthetic hexaploids have been determined. Average segregation for several loci in New World X Asiatic hexaploids is close to the autoploid 5:1 ratio, ranging from 5.1 to 6.8:1. Average segregation for 3 loci (L, Rd, and Rj) common to a series of New World X wild American hexaploids is: New World X G. raimondii, 9.3:1;-X G. harknessii, 16.4:1;-X G. armourianum, 17.4:1;-X G. aridum, 20.3:1;-X G. lobatum, 21.4:1-X G. thurberi, 32.9:1;-X G. gossypioides, 66.5:1. These data are discussed, and the method by which they were derived is compared with other cytogenetical means of discerning phyletic interrelationships among Gossypium species. RECENT publications from this laboratory concerning the cytogenetics of cotton have included descriptions of segregation and multivalent formation in various tetraploid and hexaploid synthetic amphidiploids of Gossypium species (Gerstel, 1956; Gerstel and Phillips, 1957, 1958; Sarvella, 1958; and Phillips and Gerstel, 1959). Of the 6 genome groupings delimited by Beasley (1942), A, B, C, D, E, and AD, 4 (A, B, D, and AD) have been represented by the 7 species used in forming these polyploid hybrids. Inasmuch as the cultivated species, G. hirsuitum L. and G. barbadense L., are themselves amphidiploids combining species from the A and D groups, raw allopolydiploids involving A, D, and AD species have received special attention. The present report concerns the segregation of a number of AD X A and AD X D synthetic allohexaploids. METHODS AND MATERIALS-The New World tetraploid group (genome formula, AD) contains 2 cultivated species, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, as well as a wild indigen of the Hawaiian Islands, G. tomentosum L. The marker stocks used from this group and the alleles they carry are listed as follows:
Decoding the Genome

Biology is the only natural science built on an accident. All life forms share so many biochemical factors, that the best explanation for what we now see is evolution from a common ancestor. Biochemistry is defined by the genes (eg enzymes) ‘listed’ in the genome and thus by a string of letters A,C,G,T. The most cornpelling argument for evolution, at least as measured by bites of information comes from comparing genomic sequence. The most widely used of these molecular phylogenies is built from the sequence of ribosomal RNA, a component of the protein synthesis machinery common to all forms of free living life. Though the algorithms for computing the phylogeny from the extant species has been under development for several decades [1], methods which treat the entropy of all possible trees, on par with the energy (number of mutations and perhaps insertion-deletions) and thus optimize a free energy are still a subject of active research. Also unsettled are general ways of testing for so called horizontal transfer of genes between ancestral species, which put loops into the so called ‘tree of life’ for certain genes. However they are computed, these molecular phylogenies all agree that the vast diversity of life is embodied in single celled organisms and all the multicelled plants and animals are a relatively recent addition to the biosphere. They cluster together in one small branch of the ribosomal RNA phylogeny [2 3].
Effect of estradiol-17α and diethylstilbestrol on adrenal cortex and anterior pituitary gland of the mongolian gerbil

Abstract Injection of diethylstilbestrol (DES) for 7 days in female gerbils significantly increased the number of vacuolar and membranous intranuclear inclusions within mammotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. The presence of multiple inclusions adjacent to the nuclear membrane suggests that vacuolar inclusions arise from the inner nuclear membrane. DES also increased significantly the number of lipid droplets in adrenocortical parenchymal cells and in macrophages of the zona reticularis. In contrast, estradiol-17α induced only a few intranuclear inclusions in mammotrophs of castrated male gerbils after 14 days of injection. Estradiol-17α injection was totally ineffective in causing accumulation of lipid droplets in macrophages or parenchymal cells of the zona reticularis, emphasizing the importance of stereo-specificity for inducing ultrastructural changes in the anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex of the Mongolian gerbil.
Materialism and self-presentational styles

To examine the images that materialistic people wish to convey, we first asked 177 participants to complete the Richins and Dawson (1992) materialism scale and an adjective checklist that assessed five self-presentational styles. In a subsequent experiment, we primed 210 participants to experience one of five self-presentational styles and asked them to complete a state materialism scale. We expected that materialists would tend to avoid supplication and ingratiation, but would self-promote and intimidate. Across both studies, results supported the supplication and ingratiation hypotheses, but failed to show any link between either self-promotion or intimidation and materialism. We discuss how personal insecurity may be a precursor to materialism. We also discuss future research avenues with respect to probing the interrelationship between materialism, insecurity, and self-presentational considerations.
Therapy, Remedy, Cure: Disorder and the Spatiotemporality of Medicine and Everyday Life

Increasingly, there is a temporal differentiation among kinds of treatments available through medicine. Cures offer one-time resolution of symptoms; that is, with the benefit of a cure, there is no longer a medical problem in need of treatment. Remedies offer temporary, situational relief of symptoms. Therapies offer temporary relief of symptoms, but promise the possibility of nonsituational fixes, offering universal cessation of symptoms but only for a limited time. Therapy has become increasingly integral to the rhythm of everyday life, particularly in the United States, where medical treatment and pharmaceutical consumption have become a means for normalizing oneself to social expectations. I draw on fieldwork with people who experience sleep disorders-narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and delayed and advance sleep phase syndrome-to explicate these models of treatment and consider how these medical spatiotemporalities formulate emergent everyday orders of life.
Thermomechanical continuum representation of atomistic deformation at arbitrary size scales

A thermomechanical equivalent continuum (TMEC) theory is developed for the deformation of atomistic particle systems at arbitrary size scales and under fully dynamic conditions. This theory allows continuum interpretation of molecular dynamics (MD) model results and derivation of thermomechanical continuum constitutive properties from MD results under conditions of general macroscopically transient thermomechanical deformations, which are not analysed by statistical mechanics. When specialized to the more specific conditions of non-deforming systems in macroscopic equilibrium, this theory yields certain results that are identical to, or consistent with, the results of statistical mechanics. Coupled thermomechanical continuum equations and constitutive behaviour are derived using MD concepts in a time-resolved manner. This theory is a further advancement from the purely mechanical equivalent continuum (EC) theory developed recently. Within the meaning of classical mechanics, the TMEC theory establishes the ultimate atomic origin of coupled thermomechanical deformation phenomena at the continuum level. The analysis is based on the decomposition of atomic particle velocity into a structural deformation part and a thermal oscillation part. On one hand, balance of momentum at the structural level yields fields of stress, body force, traction, mass density and deformation as they appear to a macroscopic observer. On the other hand, balance of momentum for the thermal motions relative to the macroscopically measured structure yields the fields of heat flux and temperature. These quantities are cast in a manner as to conform to the continuum phenomenological equation for heat conduction and generation, yielding scale-sensitive characterizations of specific heat, thermal conductivity and thermal relaxation time. The structural deformation and the thermal conduction processes are coupled because the equations for structural deformation and for heat conduction are two different forms of the same balance of momentum equation at the fully time-resolved atomic level. This coupling occurs through an inertial force term in each equation induced by the other process. For the structural deformation equation, the inertial force term induced by thermal oscillations of atoms gives rise to the phenomenological dependence of deformation on temperature. For the heat equation, the inertial force term induced by structural deformation takes the phenomenological form of a heat source.
Kinetic Study of the Ring-Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of Ionic with Nonionic Cyclooctatetraene Derivatives To Yield Polyacetylene Ionomers

The ion density in ionically functionalized polyacetylenes can be controlled by the ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of functionalized cyclooctatetraene (RCOT) monomers. Studies are reported on the kinetics for copolymerization of anionic (MA, R = −CH2CH2SO3−NMe4+) and cationic (MC, R = −CH2CH2NMe3+CF3SO3−) RCOTs with a nonionizable RCOT (MT, R = −SiMe3) initiated by the well-defined tungsten imidoalkylidene catalyst W[CH(o-C6H4OMe)](NC6H5)[OCCH3(CF3)2]2(THF). Twenty separate copolymerizations were studied as a function of the mole fraction of ionic monomer in the feedstock. The monomer consumption was observed to follow zero-order behavior over a range of monomer concentration in the MA−MT system, whereas it was observed to follow first-order behavior in the MC−MT system. The zero-order behavior in the MA−MT system was observed to lead to much less drift in polymer composition than predicted by classic copolymerization theory. The initial rates of monomer conversion were determined and used to ca...
Hormonal effects on the development of glutamine synthetase in the embryonic chick retina.

Abstract Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in the neural retina of the chick embryo increases rapidly during the final period of embryonic development. Maturational changes occurring in chick serum during this period were shown to enhance precociously GS activities in organ cultures of retina from early embryos in a pattern strikingly similar to the normal sequence of GS development toward hatching. The significance of this agreement between patterns of retinal GS in the embryo and in vitro was discussed in relation to recent evidence suggesting that GS development in cultured retina acquires an insensitivity to inhibitors of RNA synthesis. Hormones were employed to examine the possibility that changes in the systemic environment of the embryo might participate in controlling GS increases in situ. Injections of estradiol, thyroxine, cortisone, and hydrocortisone increased retinal GS activities to varying degrees; hydrocortisone was most effective in stimulating precocious GS development in the embryo. The influence of endogenous thyroid hormone on the normal GS pattern was tested with propylthiouracil (PTU), an antithyroid compound; PTU-treatment depressed the normal rapid increase of retinal GS activities during the terminal phase of embryonic development. Hormonal effects on retinal GS were examined further in vitro in organ cultures, using retinas from early embryos. The adrenal corticoids were shown to advance precociously GS activities in retina cultured under appropriate conditions. Hydrocortisone elicited maximal GS development in vitro in concentrations comparable to circulating levels of this steroid in the adult. Finally, the possibility was tested whether thyroid function was necessary for the precocious stimulation of retinal GS in the embryo by hydrocortisone. It was shown that hydrocortisone or substances with similar activity in the embryonic serum could precociously enhance retinal GS activities in the embryo in the absence of normal serum levels of thyroid hormone.
The development of biocatalytic membrane electrodes

Abstract Recent developments and future prospects of biocatalytic membrane electrodes are examined in the light of past experience. The influences of scientific, economic and human factors on the course of development is evident.
Self-care in medical education: effectiveness of health-habits interventions for first-year medical students.

ABSTRACTPurposeTo examine changes in health habits (sleep, alcohol, and exercise) and the effects of an educational intervention promoting self-care on the emotional and academic adjustment of first-year medical students.MethodFifty-four medical students completed questionnaires that assessed variou
Symptomatic giardiasis in three patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia

patients with the lupus anticoagulant, Ann Intern Med 92:156, 1980. 6. Austen DEG, and Rhymes IL: A laboratory manual of blood coagulation, Oxford, 1975, Blackwell Scientific Publications. 7. Sas G, Pepper DS, and Cash JD: Investigations on antithrombin III in normal plasma and serum, Br J Haematol 30:265, 1975. 8. Hoots KW, Carrell NA, Wagner RH, Cooper HA, and McDonagh J: A natural occurring antibody that inhibits fibrin polymerization, N Engl J Med 304:857, 1981. 9. Aberg H, and Nilsson IM: Recurrent thrombosis in a young woman with a circulating anticoagulant directed against factors XI and XII, Acta Med Scand 192:419, 1972. 10. Angles-Cano E, Sultan Y, and Clauvel J: Predisposing factors to thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus, J Lab Clin Med 94:312, 1979. 1 I. St Clair W, Jones B, Rogers JS, Crouch M, and Hraborsky E: Deep vein thrombosis and a circulating anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus, Am J Dis Child 135:230, 1981. 12. Ratnoff OD, Burse R J, and Shean RP: The demise of John Hageman, N Erlgl J Med 279:760, 1968.
Resource recovery potential from municipal waste in an urban region

Abstract Before resource recovery activities can be incorporated into municipal solid waste management plans, estimates must be made of the quantity, form and value of recoverable materials. A methodology for making these estimates is to conceptualize and evaluate various diversions and terminal processing alternatives which are judged to be technically and economically feasible. Estimates made for one urban region suggest that resource recovery should be included in the plan for management of municipal waste in the region. Accuracy of the estimates is diffucult to assure because of poor data on the size and composition of the waste stream and lack of operating experience with separation and processing methods. However, the risks associated with implementing a resource recovery program do not appear to be large even if substantial errors exist in the estimates.
Retail shopping safety and the direct marketing alternative: exploring student perceptions

Abstract Issues of customer safety in the retail store environment are becoming increasingly serious. However, little empirical research has tested the idea that consumers’ shopping safety concerns represent opportunities for direct marketers. The study sample included 152 undergraduate marketing students, ranging from 19 to 47 years of age: 65 women and 87 men participated; six hypotheses were tested. Women were significantly more concerned about shopping safety than men (p = .0004). Shopping safety concern scores were significantly related to the perception that shopping by direct mail offers greater personal safety than store shopping (p = .0455). Safety concern scores were related to more often considering shopping direct (p = .0000). Marital status and shopping safety concern were significantly related (p = .0104). Whether a respondent had been a crime victim, or knew someone who had, was partially significant (p = .0821). Age and shopping safety concern were not significantly related (p = .1559). Implications for direct marketers are discussed.
Temperature-compensated frequency discriminator based on dielectric resonator

A planar circuit realisation of the Pound-type frequency discriminator has been implemented with a dielectric resonator in a microstrip environment. By taking advantage of the nature of the planar geometry, the circuit is further simplified and the original performance is maintained. Various frequency discriminators with centre frequencies around 4.2 GHz have been constructed and tested. It is demonstrated with analytical models and substantiated by measurement results that the dielectric resonator, with its own temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency, offers a degree of freedom that proves to be effective for temperature compensation in the design of the frequency discriminator. A temperature coefficient of 3.6 ppm//spl deg/C for the centre frequency is achieved with readily available dielectric resonator and substrate material from commercial sources. Further improvement of the system thermal stability can be obtained by tailoring the thermal property of the dielectric resonator to the chosen microstrip substrate.
Stochastic Input-Output Analysis: A Simulation Study:

In the first part of the paper, the idea of a stochastic input-output model, as conceived by Gerking, is reviewed and criticized; and some extensions and simplifications are then made. The second part seeks to assess the small sample behavior of several regression estimators proposed by Gerking. Since samples available for the construction of regional tables are typically quite small, this Monte Carlo study provides evidence as to which of the proposed estimators is most feasible for the actual empirical construction of regional input-output tables.
PFO and ASD Closure in Adulthood: Where Do We Stand?

Ever since the observation was made linking a higher prevalence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in younger individuals with cryptogenic stroke (CS), there has been a vigorous debate as to the role the PFO plays and a search for the optimal management strategy to prevent recurrent CS. Data from observational studies from the past two decades have demonstrated the superiority of percutaneous device closure over medical therapy. The recent publication of three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which failed to demonstrate the superiority of percutaneous closure has reignited the controversy as to how best treat these patients. In this article, we will review the contemporary literature from the past three years including the results from new meta-analyses of medical therapy and device closure. In addition, we will review the three published randomized control trials to date (ie, CLOSURE I, the PC trial, and RESPECT) along with a meta-analysis of their results. While on primary intention-to-treat analysis, the three RCTs failed to demonstrate a superiority of percutaneous PFO closure vs medical therapy, a closer look at the data seems to suggest a trend toward benefit. We come to the conclusion that the issue of optimal treatment of PFO in patients with CS is far from settled and is unlikely to be a “one size fits all” approach due to the heterogeneity of this condition. In our opinion, based on the entirety of available data, both observational and randomized, there is likely a role for percutaneous device closure in select patients with CS in whom a PFO is the likely cause of their first stroke and will remain a significant risk for recurrent neurologic events. The article will go on to review current indications for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure and will highlight safety, efficacy and caveats regarding this technique.
[3H] clonidine binding to rat hippocampal membranes.

Alpha adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat hippocampal membranes were studied, using [3H]clonidine as the radioactive ligand. On the basis of competitive binding studies, using the selective antagonist-prazosin, WB-4101, and yohimbine, [3H] clonidine appeared to bind to a population of presynaptic sites that are pharmacologically similar to receptors previously classified as alpha2. A computerized model that linearized and produced the best possible fit to the experimental data points indicated that [3H]clonidine binds to a single population of receptors possessing equal affinity for the ligand. Binding data also indicated that rat hippocampus contains significantly fewer [3H]clonidine binding sites than rat cortex.
Acceptors and Rejecters of Life-Sustaining Treatment Differences in Advance Care Planning Characteristics

Because most patients are decisionally incapacitated at the end of life, health care providers often rely on advance directives or proxies’ substituted judgment for guidance in treatment decisions. In a survey of 202 older adults and their respective proxies, we compared older adults who would reject life-sustaining care to those who would accept it in terms of the availability and accuracy of the information sources that providers would consult, viz., whether the patient had (a) completed a living will, (b) designated a durable power of attorney for health care (DPAHC), and (c) discussed wishes with a proxy; and (d) we calculated the accuracy of proxies’ substituted judgment. Older adults who would accept all treatments were significantly less likely to have completed a living will, assigned a DPAHC, or discussed their wishes with their proxies, and their proxies were much less accurate in understanding their wishes.
Fenton-driven chemical regeneration of MTBE-spent granular activated carbon--a pilot study.

Abstract Three columns containing granular activated carbon (GAC) were placed on-line at a ground water pump and treat facility, saturated with methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE), and regenerated with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) under different chemical, physical, and operational conditions for 3 adsorption/oxidation cycles. Supplemental iron was immobilized in the GAC (≈6 g/kg) through the amendment of a ferrous iron solution. GAC regeneration occurred under ambient thermal conditions (21–27 °C), or enhanced thermal conditions (50 °C). Semi-continuous H 2 O 2 loading resulted in saw tooth-like H 2 O 2 concentrations, whereas continuous H 2 O 2 loading resulted in sustained H 2 O 2 levels and was more time efficient. Significant removal of MTBE was measured in all three columns using $(USD) 0.6 H 2 O 2 /lb GAC. Elevated temperature played a significant role in oxidative treatment, given the lower MTBE removal at ambient temperature (62–80%) relative to MTBE removal measured under thermally enhanced (78–95%), and thermally enhanced, acid pre-treated (92–97%) conditions. Greater MTBE removal was attributed to increased intraparticle MTBE desorption and diffusion and higher aqueous MTBE concentrations. No loss in the MTBE sorption capacity of the GAC was measured, and the reaction byproducts, tert -butyl alcohol and acetone were also degraded.
Control of nonlinear steam generation processes using H ∞ design

While the theoretical aspects of H∞ optimal control have received widespread attention, the nontrivial application issues of this methodology are not often elaborated on. In this paper we detail our experience with H∞ optimal control as applied to a central heating plant boiler model which exhibits nonlinearities, instability, non-minimum phase behavior, and colored noise disturbances. Descriptions of each step of the design are provided and motivated by features of the model which present problems. The performance of the controller is evaluated by simulation using the boiler model. The H∞ design is suggested as the foundation for a general method to design control systems for smooth nonlinear plants via gain scheduling.
Social Support and Life Stress: New Directions for Communication Research.

This essay is a critical review of the broad research literature on social support. The nature of support is explicated and findings from studies of diverse populations are considered for understanding the role of communication in the support process. Uncertainty reduction theory is discussed as an emergent theoretical foundation for explaining the sources/providers, function, and network structure of supportive communication. The paper includes hypotheses for future research and a review of some central dilemmas of supportive relationships.
Satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain in a specialty service: preliminary prospective results.

Treatment satisfaction is an increasingly popular outcome measure in pain management. While it is a subjective variable, it may nonetheless reflect the quality of care and it may predict other important patient behaviors. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate predictors of satisfaction with treatment for chronic pain. Subjects included 62 adults seeking treatment for pain at a community-based, specialty clinic. Treatment included combinations of analgesic medications (e.g., opioids, tricyclic antidepressants) and procedures performed by anesthesiologists (e.g., epidural steroid injections, facet joint blocks). Subjects completed measures of pain severity, depression, disability, and pain-related anxiety, prior to treatment and at a 6-month follow-up. Follow-up assessment also included measures of treatment satisfaction and characteristics of the patient's clinic experience and a chart review to assess medications, procedures, and number of visits. Comparison of baseline and follow-up data showed statistically significant reductions in pain (25%) and depression. Most patients were satisfied (45.6%) or extremely satisfied (43.9%) with the treatment they received (10.5% was somewhat satisfied, none were dissatisfied). Correlation analyses showed that patient demographic variables did not predict treatment satisfaction. Changes in pain, depression, and pain-related anxiety were associated with treatment satisfaction but change in pain was a relatively weak predictor. Nine of the 16 characteristics of the patient's clinic experience correlated with treatment satisfaction. Regression analyses showed that the strongest unique predictors of treatment satisfaction were the patients feeling their evaluation was complete, believing they received an explanation for clinic procedures, and finding that treatment helped them improve their daily activity.
The development of Doppler sonar technology at SIO

Development of acoustic techniques for the remote sensing of ocean velocity has been progressing at Scripps for the past 34 years. While many scientifically productive systems have been created, there have also been numerous technical surprises and well explored dead-ends. Here, the development of both coherent and incoherent backscatter systems at SIO is reviewed, with an emphasis on the real-world problems encountered.
Single and Four-Element $Ka$ -Band Transmit/Receive Phased-Array Silicon RFICs With 5-bit Amplitude and Phase Control

Ka-band SiGe BiCMOS single- and four-element phased arrays capable of both transmit and receive operation with 5-bit phase and amplitude control are presented. The design is based on the All-RF architecture with RF phase shifters and attenuators, and a 4:1 passive power combining/dividing network. The four-element array results in an average gain of ~ 0 dB per channel and a noise figure of 9.0 dB, and is designed to be placed behind III-V T/R modules. The rms phase error is 5.6° (5-bit operation) and < 12.5° (4-bit operation) over a 2 or 5 GHz instantaneous bandwidth, respectively, centered at around 36.5 GHz. In the receive mode, the input P1dB is -16 dBm per channel (IIP3 of - 5.9 dBm), and in the transmit mode, the output P1dB is +4-5 dBm, all at 35-36 GHz. The measured isolation between the channels is better than 30 dB. The array maintained excellent phase characteristics up to 100°C with no change in the rms phase error. Also, ten different four-element phased arrays were tested (40 channels) and result in an rms gain variation of 0.5 dB at 34-39 GHz. The four-element array consumes 171 and 142 mW in the Tx and Rx modes from 1.8 V, and occupies an area of 2.0 × 2.02 mm2. To our knowledge, this is the smallest and lowest power consumption on-chip K ?-band phased-array to-date.
Weighted power counting and perturbative unitarity

We consider the relationship between renormalizability and unitarity at a Lifshitz point in $d$ dimensions. We test tree unitarity for theories containing only scalars and fermions, and for pure gauge theory. In both cases, we find the requirement of weighted power-counting renormalizability is equivalent to that of tree unitarity.
Techniques for detection and classification of edges in color images

We introduce a novel method of splitting up color spaces into different components and then performing edge detection on individual color planes. The two general approaches taken for this are monochromatic and vector based. Also a new color space will be introduced in this paper, which is an improved version of the PCA algorithm. By analyzing the results of these algorithms we are able to determine which color space and edge detector is best suited for each algorithm. We test these methods using a number of well known edge detectors and color spaces. All the algorithms are tested on 17 different color images (12 natural, 5 synthetic). To analyze the results we use Pratt's Figure of Merit and Bovik's SSIM measures.