cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Efficient 3-D FDTD Model of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Magnetized Plasma

Modeling electromagnetic wave propagation in the upper atmosphere is important for space weather effects, satellite communications ionospheric modification experiments, and many other applications. We propose a new methodology for solving and incorporating the current equation into the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) form of Maxwell's equations for modeling electromagnetic wave propagation in magnetized plasma. This approach employs a version of Boris's algorithm applied to particle-in-cell plasma computational models. There are four primary advantages of this new method over previously developed three-dimensional FDTD models of electromagnetic wave propagation in magnetized plasma. Specifically, it: 1) requires less memory; 2) is more than 50% faster; 3) is easier to implement; and 4) permits the use of two different time step increments when solving the current equation versus Maxwell's equations that is useful for modeling high collisional regimes. The new algorithm is faster because it solves all the equations explicitly and there is no need to solve complicated matrix equations. Modeling of higher altitude ranges and higher frequency electromagnetic waves is much more feasible using this new method. Results of the new FDTD magnetized plasma model are provided and validated.
‘By the Time I was 13, I was Old’: Early Childbearing Native American Women Share Childhood Stories

Purpose: This qualitative interpretive phenomenological study aimed to understand the lived experience of early childbearing (ECB), or teen pregnancy, among reservation-based Native American women. Specifically, the context for becoming an ECB woman was examined. Background: ECB is common among Native American women. Despite ECB rates dropping for this population from 1993–2003, they are still higher (54.7 per 1,000 live births) than white (26.6 per 1,000 live births) and the total US average (41.9 per 1,000 live births). Little data have demonstrated what situates their lives that they become pregnant. Methods: This collaborative study with a rural Native American Tribe investigated the childhood context of 30 adult self-identified ECB Native American women. Up to three, semi-structured, digitally voice-recorded interviews were conducted. Interview questions eliciting both reflective and narrative responses were used to uncover experiences. Interviews were transcribed. Transcriptions and field notes from participant observations were analyzed by uncovering paradigm cases, thematic analysis, and exemplars. Results: Two prevalent themes surfaced. Chaotic childhoods were marked by traumatic experiences such as death, parental divorce, neglect, and substance use and abuse, while diminished childhoods were characterized by a sense of maturing early through activities and responsibilities. Conclusion: Knowledge gained from these women's experiences demonstrates the need for clinicians to modify their interview to include further assessment questions.
One-dimensionality and stability in legislative voting

The widespread use in legislative studies of the one-dimensional model and its median-stability consequence raises a question: Do stability and one-dimensionality rest on evidence drawn from observed votes? They do not and cannot. I prove that every possible legislative history is compatible with a transitive majority preference (hence stability), and except in very special circumstances with a cyclic majority preference (hence instability) as well: observed votes can never refute and almost never confirm stability. One-dimensionality fares worse: any legislative history is compatible with the one-dimensional model if it includes no two votes with overlapping pairs of alternatives, but otherwise, I show, it is almost certainly incompatible with the model, even in those rare cases that ensure transitivity. Voting evidence aside, the one-dimensional model is unduly restrictive, and arguments in its defense do not survive scrutiny.
TLR2 Transmodulates Monocyte Adhesion and Transmigration via Rac1- and PI3K-Mediated Inside-Out Signaling in Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbriae

We present evidence for a novel TLR2 function in transmodulating the adhesive activities of human monocytes in response to the fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen implicated in chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis. Monocyte recruitment into the subendothelium is a crucial step in atherosclerosis, and we investigated the role of P. gingivalis fimbriae in stimulating monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. Fimbriae induced CD11b/CD18-dependent adhesion of human monocytes or mouse macrophages to endothelial receptor ICAM-1; these activities were inhibited by TLR2 blockade or deficiency or by pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K. Moreover, this inducible adhesive activity was sensitive to the action of Clostridium difficile toxin B, but was not affected by Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme, pertussis toxin, or cholera toxin. Accordingly, we subsequently showed through the use of dominant negative signaling mutants of small GTPases, that Rac1 mediates the ability of fimbria-stimulated monocytes to bind ICAM-1. A dominant negative mutant of Rac1 also inhibited the lipid kinase activity of PI3K suggesting that Rac1 acts upstream of PI3K in this proadhesive pathway. Furthermore, fimbriae stimulated monocyte adhesion to HUVEC and transmigration across HUVEC monolayers; both activities required TLR2 and Rac1 signaling and were dependent upon ICAM-1 and the high-affinity state of CD11b/CD18. P. gingivalis-stimulated monocytes displayed enhanced transendothelial migration compared with monocytes stimulated with nonfimbriated isogenic mutants. Thus, P. gingivalis fimbriae activate a novel proadhesive pathway in human monocytes, involving TLR2, Rac1, PI3K, and CD11b/CD18, which may constitute a mechanistic basis linking P. gingivalis to inflammatory atherosclerotic processes.
Localization of autologous and heterologous serum antigens in the mouse ovary.

Abstract The ovarian localization of systemically injected bovine plasma albumin, rabbit globulin, and autologous serum antigens was examined in the mouse by the fluorescent antibody technique. Bovine plasma albumin injected intravenously was localized primarily in the follicular fluid, granulosa cell cytoplasm, zona pellucida, and oocyte in tertiary follicles and in the ovarian connective tissues. It was not detected in primary and secondary follicles nor in corpora lutea. Rabbit globulin was not detected in the ovary except when injected intraperitoneally at relatively high concentrations; localization in such instance was in low amount in the follicular fluid and granulosa cell cytoplasm of tertiary follicles. Antigenic molecules similar to or identical with mouse serum macromolecules were detected in the cytoplasm of most ovarian cell types including the oocytes of primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles. In addition, the autologous serum molecules were present in the follicular fluid and zona pellucida of tertiary follicles; they were not detected in ovarian connective tissues. These data demonstrate that antigens may be transferred from maternal serum to the oocyte in the mouse; they suggest strongly that macromolecular transfer occurs. It is hypothesized that similar serum-to-oocyte transfer of large molecules synthesized by the maternal organism is a necessary concomitant of normal mammalian oogenesis.
Spherical Symmetric Solutions in Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz Gravity and their Properties

Nonprojectable Hořava gravity for a spherically symmetric configuration with λ = 1 exhibits an infinite set of solutions parametrized by a generic function g 2 (r) for the radial component of the shift vector. In the IR limit the infinite set of solutions corresponds to the invariance of general relativity under a space-time reparametrization. In general, not being a coordinate transformation, the symmetry in the action responsible for the infinite set of solutions does not have a clear physical interpretation. Indeed it is broken by the matter term in the action. We study the behavior of the solutions for generic values of the parameter g 2 ( r ).
On Indefinite Pronoun Structures with APs: Reply to Kishimoto

A number of authors have claimed that indefinite pronoun constructions like everything red are formed by raising a noun (thing) over a higher prenominal adjective (red). We examine phenomena in English and other languages which appear to show that adjectives participating in the indefinite pronoun construction do not correspond to prenominal forms, but to postnominal ones. We evaluate the challenges these results present for the N-raising account, showing that while some can be met, others apparently cannot. This outcome calls for a reexamination of postnominal position with indefinite pronouns.
A Role for KH Domain Proteins (Sam68-like Mammalian Proteins and Quaking Proteins) in the Post-transcriptional Regulation of HIV Replication

Overexpression of Sam68 functionally substitutes for, as well as synergizes with, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev in RRE (Rev response element)-mediated gene expression and virus replication. In addition, COOH-terminal deletion and/or point mutants of Sam68 exhibit a transdominant negative phenotype for HIV replication. Sam68 is a member of KH domain family that includes SLM-1, SLM-2 (Sam68 like mammalian); and QKI-5, QKI-6, and QKI-7 (mouse quaking) proteins. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of these KH family proteins on RRE- and CTE (constitutive transport element of type-D retrovirus)-mediated transactivation. We now report that SLM-1 and SLM-2 proteins, which are the closest relatives of Sam68, marginally enhanced RRE-mediated transactivation, while QK isoforms that are distant relatives of Sam68 had no effect. Interestingly, these proteins still enhanced the effect of Rev in RRE-mediated gene expression. The increase in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was also reflected at the levels of cytoplasmic RRE-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase mRNAs, indicating that Sam68 and KH proteins may have been involved in the stability or export of unspliced RNA. The increase in Rev activity was sensitive to leptomycin B, but not to olomoucine, indicating that the effect of SLM-1, SLM-2, QKI-5, QKI-6, and QKI-7 is exerted through a CRM-1-dependent mRNA export pathway. Thus, KH family proteins play an important role in the post-transcriptional regulation of HIV.
Specification Inference Using Context-Free Language Reachability

We present a framework for computing context-free language reachability properties when parts of the program are missing. Our framework infers candidate specifications for missing program pieces that are needed for verifying a property of interest, and presents these specifications to a human auditor for validation. We have implemented this framework for a taint analysis of Android apps that relies on specifications for Android library methods. In an extensive experimental study on 179 apps, our tool performs verification with only a small number of queries to a human auditor.
The Determinants of Industry Political Activity, 1978–1986.

C ampaign contributions made by corporate political action committees (PACs) are increasingly important-and controversial-in U.S. elections. "Influence purchasing" is often alleged by pundits, and campaign finance reform is continually debated in Congress. In the academy, social scientists have analyzed the allocation of interest group monies and have looked for possible impacts on legislation. Few, however, have tried to explain the total contributions of economic interest groups. We shall analyze variations in contributions across industries and over time with an empirical model based on organizationally constrained profit-maximizing behavior. We assume that corporate PAC contributions in an industry are raised to enhance industry profits subject to the constraints of organization costs and freeriding incentives. Our empirical work covers 124 industries over five election cycles from 1978 through 1986. Both the costs and benefits of political activity vary across industries. We argue that the benefits of political action are determined by direct contact with the government as a regulator or purchaser of industry output, by government's ability to ameliorate adverse market conditions, and by the industry's ability to solve collective action problems without government assistance. The costs of industry political action arise mainly from collective action problems, because effective political activity often requires concerted action by the constituent firms in each industry. We also make a methodological contribution. Previous studies use statistical techniques that suffer from sample selectivity bias or else force the probability of acting politically to be explained by the same set of coefficients as is the amount of action taken. We explain and employ a technique that accounts for both problems. The results are consistent with the theses that industries follow investment-oriented goals in deciding the amount of political action to undertake, and that collective action problems are important constraints on industry political activity. We can explain between 60% and 80% of the variation in contributions in our sample. First, we review existing work on corporate political activity, particularly papers examining patterns of aggregate PAC spending by industry. Then we present an organization-cost-constrained industryprofit-maximizing model, based on a comparison between an idealized zero-organization-cost industry and the more realistic case where organizing collective action is difficult. The independent variables used in the analysis are also discussed and defined. Next, we discuss the dependent variable and total industry contributions and explain our statistical method. Then the results are presented, followed by a discussion of industry structure and political activity. To make clear how our results can explain different contribution patterns, we give examples using five actual industries.
Imaging of the Elbow in the Overhead Throwing Athlete

Elbow injuries in athletes who perform overhead throwing motions often present diagnostic challenges because of the undue stresses and often chronic, repetitive patterns of injury. Accurate and efficient assessment of the injured elbow is essential to maximize functional recovery and expedite return to play. Radiographic evaluation should be tailored to the specific injury suspected and requires a thorough understanding of normal anatomic relationships as well as familiarity with common injuries affecting these athletes.
The Effects of Aging upon the Hemodynamic Response Measured by Functional MRI

We comparedthe characteristics of the visually evoked hemodynamic response (HDR) in groups of young and elderly adults. Checkerboard stimuli were presented for 500 ms either singly or in pairs separated by a 2-s intrapair interval while gradient-echo echoplanar fMRI images were acquired concurrently every 1 s. Activated voxels, identified by correlation with an empirically derived reference waveform, were found for both groups in cortex along the calcarine sulcus and in the fusiform gyrus, with the mean HDR latency in calcarine cortex peaking approximately 300 ms earlier than the HDR evoked in the fusiform gyrus. On average, younger subjects had twice as many activated voxels as older subjects. The mean HDR had a similar onset time, rate of rise, and peak amplitude in both groups. However, the HDRs of older subjects reached their peak earlier and were more variable across subjects. Despite having average HDR amplitudes similar to those of younger subjects, older subjects had higher noise levels in activated voxels, resulting in lower signal-to-noise ratios. Distribution analyses of voxel statistics (t value, peak amplitude, peak latency) revealed that older subjects had proportionally fewer small-effect-size voxels, due to their increased voxelwise noise. This finding was consistent with the smaller spatial extent of activation in older subjects. To investigate age differences in the refractory period of the visual HDR, the HDR evoked by the second stimulus of each pair was isolated by subtracting the HDR evoked by a single stimulus from the composite HDR evoked by a pair. Recovery measures were similar across the age groups.
On the roles of smoothing in planning of informative paths

This paper investigates the roles of smoothing in planning of information-gathering paths for mobile sensors, when the goal is to minimize the entropy of some variables of interest at the final time of generated plan. The main result is that smoothing simplifies the process of calculating the information gathered up to some arbitrary time on the fly. This enables quantification of the correct cost-to-go value when applied to a receding-horizon approximation of the optimal path planning problem. Numerical examples on simplified weather forecasting, sensor scheduling, and target localization validate the theoretical findings.
ELDRS Characterization of Texas Instruments LM185, 1.2V Precision Reference: Retrograde Behavior Demonstrates Why Taking Interim Test Points Is Important

The LM185 1.2V reference voltage degraded through total ionizing dose radiation, but began to recover at around 70 krad. The recovery curve was different for high and low dose rates and biased and unbiased test conditions.
Endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis of urethral and periurethral pathologic findings in women

Abstract Objectives To report our experience with endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging (ERC-MRI) in the evaluation of female patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We present the results of symptomatic patients who underwent this imaging modality, to better define its use and to try to identify applications relevant to everyday clinical practice. Methods We reviewed retrospectively 140 consecutive patients who presented with LUTS and underwent ERC-MRI between June 1997 and June 2000. Assessment included history, physical examination, urodynamic studies, and other radiologic evaluations (such as voiding cystourethrogram). Patients were divided into five groups on the basis of the main indication for ordering the MRI. The results in the subgroups of patients who had repeat ERC-MRI and transvaginal urethrolysis were also analyzed. Results Findings consistent with periurethral fibrosis were detected in 52% of the patients, most frequently in those with symptoms suggestive of, or with urodynamic evidence of, obstruction. Ten percent of the patients were found to have urethral diverticula; in 54% of this group, the diagnosis was made solely by MRI. Repeat ERC-MRI showed either periurethral fibrosis or a urethral diverticulum in most patients (17 of 22). No correlation was observed between the subjective estimate of scar tissue during urethrolysis and the amount determined by the interpretation of the images. Conclusions Our 3-year experience suggests that ERC-MRI may help better define the diagnosis of urethral and periurethral pathologic features in female patients with LUTS. With improved patient selection, ERC-MRI will likely have a role in evaluating women with symptoms difficult to explain by other diagnostic modalities.
Efficacy of Rosuvastatin (5 mg and 10 mg) Twice a Week in Patients Intolerant to Daily Statins

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of rosuvastatin twice weekly in 40 patients intolerant to daily statins. Rosuvastatin twice weekly alone or added to other lipid-lowering medications decreased total cholesterol by 19%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 26%, and triglycerides by 14% (p
Aerobic Fitness Reduces Brain Tissue Loss in Aging Humans

Background. The human brain gradually loses tissue from the third decade of life onward, with concomitant declines in cognitive performance. Given the projected rapid growth in aged populations, and the staggering costs associated with geriatric care, identifying mechanisms that may reduce or reverse cerebral deterioration is rapidly emerging as an important public health goal. Previous research has demonstrated that aerobic fitness training improves cognitive function in older adults and can improve brain health in aging laboratory animals, suggesting that aerobic fitness may provide a mechanism to improve cerebral health in aging humans. We examined the relationship between aerobic fitness and in vivo brain tissue density in an older adult population, using voxel-based morphometric techniques. Methods. We acquired high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans from 55 older adults. These images were segmented into gray and white matter maps, registered into stereotaxic space, and examined for systematic variation in tissue density as a function of age, aerobic fitness, and a number of other health markers. Results. Consistent with previous studies of aging and brain volume, we found robust declines in tissue densities as a function of age in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. More importantly, we found that losses in these areas were substantially reduced as a function of cardiovascular fitness, even when we statistically controlled for other moderator variables. Conclusions. These findings extend the scope of beneficial effects of aerobic exercise beyond cardiovascular health, and they suggest a strong solid biological basis for the benefits of exercise on the brain health of older adults. I N the course of normal aging, the human brain begins to lose tissue early in the third decade of life. Average losses are estimated at roughly 15% of the cerebral cortex and 25% of the cerebral white matter between ages 30 and 90 (1), with disproportionately high losses in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices (2). This pattern is closely matched by declines in cognitive performance throughout this period (3). Given the projected rapid growth in the aged population in developed countries (4), and the staggering costs associated with cognitive deterioration (4,5), identifying effective mechanisms to ward off structural and functional declines of the central nervous system (CNS) is rapidly emerging as an imperative public health goal. Several rigorous longitudinal studies (6,7) and a recent metaanalysis (8) have demonstrated that improvements in cardiovascular fitness can exert positive effects on human cognitive abilities. In this article, we report the first known evidence linking higher levels of aerobic fitness to the sparing of brain tissue in aging humans.
Creating a Technology-Based Entrepreneurial Economy: A Resource Based Theory Perspective

Academic research has identified a broad array of resources that exist in communities that have an established technology-based entrepreneurial venture population. These studies have focused upon well-known areas such as the Silicon Valley, the 128 loop in Boston and Austin, Texas.Yet even in these relatively homogeneous environments the studies have been highly inconsistent in their findings as to what bundle of resources might be critical in attracting new ventures. Many other communities have either been unsuccessful or only marginally successful in their efforts to recreate the magic of Silicon Valley. We utilize a Resource-Based model to suggest that communities develop unique bundles over time and that the development of these bundles in a particular geographic area is neither linear nor easily replicable.
Multiple target tracking using maximum likelihood principle

Proposes a method (tracking algorithm (TAL)) based on the maximum likelihood (ML) principle for multiple target tracking in near-field using outputs from a large uniform linear array of passive sensors. The targets are assumed to be narrowband signals and modeled as sample functions of a Gaussian stochastic process. The phase delays of these signals are expressed as functions of both range and bearing angle ("track parameters") of respective targets. A new simplified likelihood function for ML estimation of these parameters is derived from a second-order approximation on the inverse of the data covariance matrix. Maximization of this likelihood function does not involve inversion of the M/spl times/M data covariance matrix, where M denotes number of sensors in the array. Instead, inversion of only a D/spl times/D matrix is required, where D denotes number of targets. In practice, D/spl Lt/M and, hence, TAL is computationally efficient. Tracking is achieved by estimating track parameters at regular time intervals wherein targets move to new positions in the neighborhood of their previous positions. TAL preserves ordering of track parameter estimates of the D targets over different time intervals. Performance results of TAL are presented, and it is also compared with methods by Sword and by Swindlehurst and Kailath (1988). Almost exact asymptotic expressions for the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on the variance of angle and range estimates are derived, and their utility is discussed. >
High performance computing on a cluster of workstations

The effective utilization of a cluster of workstations for the implementation of a scientific application requires a highly flexible software environment. The characteristics of such an environment are considered and two novel data distribution aspects of this environment are explored. The performance of a distributed memory multicomputer, such as a workstation cluster, is very sensitive to the strategy used to distribute data to the processors. A performance prediction scheme is presented which could be incorporated into a compiler to determine the best data distribution for a given program and system. For heterogeneous systems a data distribution strategy has been developed which takes into account the different capabilities of the processors. A number of experiments have been conducted on workstation clusters to demonstrate these software techniques. >
Physical Activities of U.S. High School Students—2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey

Background: The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines recommend youth participate in a variety of physical activities; however, few nationally representative studies describe the types and variety of youth activity. This study assessed the most frequently reported types and variety of activities among U.S. high school students, and examined the association between variety and meeting the 2008 Guidelines for aerobic activity (aerobic guideline). Methods: We analyzed data on 8628 U.S. high school students in grades 9–12 from the 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey. Types of physical activity were assessed by identifying which activities each student reported in the past 7 days. Variety was assessed by the total number of different activities each student reported. Percentage (95% CI) of students who reported engaging in each activity was assessed. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between variety and meeting the aerobic guideline. Results: Walking was the most freque...
Lightweight object oriented structure analysis: tools for building tools to analyze molecular dynamics simulations.

LOOS (Lightweight Object-Oriented Structure-analysis) is a C++ library designed to facilitate making novel tools for analyzing molecular dynamics simulations by abstracting out the repetitive tasks, allowing developers to focus on the scientifically relevant part of the problem. LOOS supports input using the native file formats of most common biomolecular simulation packages, including CHARMM, NAMD, Amber, Tinker, and Gromacs. A dynamic atom selection language based on the C expression syntax is included and is easily accessible to the tool-writer. In addition, LOOS is bundled with over 120 pre-built tools, including suites of tools for analyzing simulation convergence, 3D histograms, and elastic network models. Through modern C++ design, LOOS is both simple to develop with (requiring knowledge of only 4 core classes and a few utility functions) and is easily extensible. A python interface to the core classes is also provided, further facilitating tool development.
The Key to Risk Management: Management

The Barings, Daiwa Bank and Sumitomo Corp. financial debacles in the mid-1990s suggest that management failures rather than misfortune, errors, or complexity are a major source of the risk of financial debacles. These errors are systematic and are a concommittant of the structure of trading and of human nature. Risk management systems must take these facts into account. Two years after this chapter first appeared, John Rusnak, a trader at Allied Irish Bank’s US subsidiary lost US$691m in unauthorized trading.
Complex-valued tapers

The spectral estimation method based on the average of short, tapered periodograms is re-examined. The bias of such estimators is typically O(1/b/sup 2/), where b is the length of the short blocks. Much of the current research on multitapering has been focusing on reducing the proportionality constant implicit in the term O(1/b/sup 2/). In this letter, we show how-with the use of complex-valued tapers-the bias of the spectral estimator can be reduced by orders of magnitude becoming O(1/b/sup p/) for (possibly) high p. Expressions for the estimators' variance and MSE are presented with an aim toward optimal estimation. An automatic method of optimally choosing the block size b is given. Finally, the usage of multiple complex tapers is proposed in an effort to reduce sidelobe size and improve finite-sample performance.
Immunophenotypic Stability of Sézary Cells by Flow Cytometry Usefulness of Flow Cytometry in Assessing Response to and Guiding Alemtuzumab Therapy

Flow cytometry (FC) is frequently used to detect aberrant peripheral blood (PB) T cells ("Sezary cells") in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS). However, immunophenotypic stability of MF/SS over time is not well characterized. We analyzed 141 PB samples from 9 cases (2 SS, 7 MF). At diagnosis, there were 3 to 5 immunophenotypic aberrancies per case (median, 4), including dim or absent CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, or CD26 and bright CD45RO. Of 9 patients, 7 had a subsequent change in immunophenotype. All patients retained multiple aberrancies at follow-up (median, 3 per analysis; range, 2-6), of which 22.0% (81/369) were new. In 5 patients, a more than 99% decrease in absolute Sezary cell (ASC) counts by FC after alemtuzumab therapy or total skin electron beam radiation was associated with clinical improvement. We observed minor immunophenotypic changes over time in most patients with MF/SS; however, the Sezary clones maintain persistently aberrant immunophenotypes and seem amenable to follow-up with limited FC panels. ASC counts by FC correlated well with clinical response.
Das Lösen linearer Gleichungen

Die zentrale Problemstellung der linearen Algebra besteht in der Losung eines Systems von Gleichungen. Diese Gleichungen sind linear, was bedeutet, dass die Unbekannten nur mit Zahlen multipliziert werden — es taucht niemals ein Produkt x mal y auf. Unser erstes Beispiel fur ein lineares System ist sicherlich nicht gros. Es enthalt zwei Gleichungen mit zwei Unbekannten.
Correlation Time Measurements for the d=2 Ising Model

Three methods of extracting the correlation time from the decay of time-displaced-correlation-functions are discussed. One of the methods is used to determine correlation times for Monte Carlo simulations of the d=2 Ising model on square lattices with L=6,8,10 and 12. From these results, we estimate the dynamical critical exponent to be z = 2.121±0.008 in agreement with recent Monte Carlo results.
Modelling Risk Ratios from Matched Cohort Data: An Estimating Equation Approach

In certain epidemiological studies, subjects come from an underlying cohort of matched pairs, but only those pairs in which an outcome event occurs are ascertained. Such data can be analysed by using odds ratio modelling methods, but these methods present interpretational problems and do not use information from matched pairs in which both subjects experience the outcome. This paper presents a method which models the risk ratio and makes use of double-outcome pairs. The method is compared with conditional logistic regression in the analysis of the effectiveness of motorcycle helmets in preventing deaths in motorcycle accidents.
The cumulants of a sample mean from a finite population of first N. integers

En un trabajo reciente de Haldane y Smith [2] se discute la funcion genecatriz de cumulantes de un test de orden, la cual da incidentalmente los cumulantes de una media de una muestra den<N de enteros tomada de la poblacion formada por los enteros 1, 2, ..., N. El autor presenta en esta nota dichos cumulantes.
Diversity in Cybersecurity

Randomizing software characteristics can help thwart cyberattacks by denying critical information about a target system previously known to an attacker.
ARID1A alteration in aggressive urothelial carcinoma and variants of urothelial carcinoma

ARID1A mutation leads to loss of the products of this tumor-suppressor gene. Studies demonstrated ARID1A mutation in 20% of stage IV urothelial carcinomas (UCs) with worse prognosis. The expression of ARID1A in aggressive variants of UC is not studied properly. From 2000 to 2015, 81 variants of UC (29 micropapillary, 33 sarcomatoid, 31 small cell, 2 nested, and 3 plasmacytoid variants) were identified in the archives of Rhode Island Hospital. Immunohistochemistry for anti-ARID1A antibody (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO) was performed. The staining pattern was semiquantitatively scored, and results were analyzed by Fisher exact test (2 tailed) on contingency tables, survival curve, and log-rank test. Patients were predominantly male (78%) with mean age of 67.9 years. The plasmacytoid variant group occurred in younger ages (mean: 54 years). Half of the specimens contained concurrent conventional UCs. Normal urothelium invariably exhibited strong ARID1A nuclear staining. There was no difference in expression between upper and lower tracts. ARID1A expression was lower in the variants compared with conventional UCs (P<.0001). In micropapillary UCs, an inverse correlation between stage and ARID1A expression was noted, with significant correlation between ARID1A expression and overall survival (P=.0221). Sarcomatoid UCs and small cell CCs showed lower ARID1A expression compared with UCs that was not statistically significant, and neither showed any significant correlation with stage or overall survival. ARID1A expression is significantly decreased in higher stages of UC and its aggressive variants; therefore, ARID1A mutation appears to play an important role in the prognosis of UC and its aggressive variants. This finding may have therapeutic implications.
Development situation and countermeasures on Guangdong vegetable industry in the first half of 2013

In the first half of 2013, the vegetable industry of Guangdong was in a steady development situation. The sown area, harvested area and the yield increased 2.0%, 1.9% and 4.3% compared with the same period in 2012,respectively. The price showed an increasing trend. Vegetable insurance progressed steadily and had a positive exploration.At the same time, the quality and safety of vegetable, the risk resistance capacity of vegetable industry would still be the important industry problems for the future. In order to promote the healthy development of vegetable industry, the related countermeasures and suggestions were put forward.
A survey on injury and its related behaviors among middle school students in Shijingshan district,Beijing

Objective To investigate prevalence and characteristics of injury and its related behavior among middle school students in Shijingshan district,Beijing to provide scientific basis for local health and education sectors in setting policies and measures of its prevention and control.Methods A survey using typical cluster sampling was conducted among 1 232 students attending three junior and three senior middle schools in Shijinghsan district with questionnaire and all the students were asked to report their injuries occurring in the past 12 months before the survey.Injury occurrence was analyzed by grade and gender using chi-square test.Results Among all the students surveyed,254 students(20.6%) ever violated traffic rules in cycling and 110(8.9%) violated street walking rules.In the previous 12 months,182 students(14.8%) attempted intentional self-injuries,206(16.7%) had suicidal related behavior(including suicidal ideas,plans and actions);675 students(54.8%) had intentional and unintentional injury behavior that could cause serious outcomes,and 198(16.1%) suffered serious injuries.Conclusion Various kinds of injuries are prevalent in middle schools of Shijinghsan district,Beijing.Relevant authorities at various levels should pay close attention to it and take effective measures to prevent or reduce its occurrence.
Carcinogenic Inorganic Chemicals

An overview of the carcinogenic actions of five inorganic chemicals, namely, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel, with special attention given to their molecular mechanisms, is provided in this chapter. Evidence drawn from both experimental and human systems is considered, and genetic and epigenetic phenomena are highlighted, in order to establish common pathways leading to carcinogenesis and to elucidate similarities in the mechanisms of action among these five chemicals.
Advanced Ceramic Components with Embedded Sapphire Optical Fiber Sensors for High Temperature Applications

Abstract This paper describes an extrusion-based additive manufacturing process that has been developed to enable embedment of sapphire optical fiber sensors in ceramic components during the part fabrication. In this process, an aqueous paste of ceramic particles is extruded through a moving nozzle to build the part layer-by-layer. In the case of sensor embedment, the fabrication process is halted after a certain number of layers have been deposited; the sensors are placed in their predetermined locations, and the remaining layers are deposited until the part fabrication is completed. Because the sensors are embedded during the fabrication process, they are fully integrated with the part and the problems of traditional sensor embedment can be eliminated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the embedded sensors and to detect any possible flaws in the part or embedded sensor. Attenuation of the sensors was measured in near-infrared region (1500–1600 nm wavelength). Standard test methods were employed to examine the effect of embedded fibers on the strength and hardness of the parts. The results indicated that the sapphire fiber sensors with diameters smaller than 250 micrometers were able to endure the freeform extrusion fabrication process and the post-processing without compromising the part properties.
Stereochemical Sequence Ion Selectivity: Proline versus Pipecolic-acid-containing Protonated Peptides.

Substitution of proline by pipecolic acid, the six-membered ring congener of proline, results in vastly different tandem mass spectra. The well-known proline effect is eliminated and amide bond cleavage C-terminal to pipecolic acid dominates instead. Why do these two ostensibly similar residues produce dramatically differing spectra? Recent evidence indicates that the proton affinities of these residues are similar, so are unlikely to explain the result [Raulfs et al., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 25, 1705–1715 (2014)]. An additional hypothesis based on increased flexibility was also advocated. Here, we provide a computational investigation of the “pipecolic acid effect,” to test this and other hypotheses to determine if theory can shed additional light on this fascinating result. Our calculations provide evidence for both the increased flexibility of pipecolic-acid-containing peptides, and structural changes in the transition structures necessary to produce the sequence ions. The most striking computational finding is inversion of the stereochemistry of the transition structures leading to “proline effect”-type amide bond fragmentation between the proline/pipecolic acid-congeners: R (proline) to S (pipecolic acid). Additionally, our calculations predict substantial stabilization of the amide bond cleavage barriers for the pipecolic acid congeners by reduction in deleterious steric interactions and provide evidence for the importance of experimental energy regime in rationalizing the spectra.
Exploiting mobile phone data for multi-category land use classification in Africa

In the context of Smart Africa Initiative, we present a method to infer multiple land use in Africa. Such information is usually scarce in developing countries due to the constrained resources. Timely land use information is a critical input to smart urban planning that improves efficiency for the public to access to resources. The mobile phone usage is almost universal, which creates a valuable data source for land use inference. In this paper, we demonstrate that the temporal mobile phone call pattern and call network features can be combined to infer ten-category land use including residential, commercial-industrial/office, commercial-business/retail/leisure, high- and low- density commercial, high- and low- density residential, mixed land use areas as well as commercial and residential hubs of the city. In low income countries where land use surveys are rare, our approach create an alternative for measuring land use.
Dual-Functional Tamm–Dancoff Approximation: A Convenient Density Functional Method that Correctly Describes S1/S0 Conical Intersections

Time-dependent Kohn–Sham density functional theory has been used successfully to compute vertical excitation energies, especially for large molecular systems. However, the lack of double excitation character in the excited amplitudes produced by linear response in the adiabatic approximation holds it back from broader applications in photochemistry; for example, it shows (3N – 7)-dimensional conical intersection seams (where N is the number of atoms) between ground and excited states, although the correct dimensionality is 3N – 8. In this letter, we present a new, conceptually simple, easy-to-implement, and easy-to-use way to employ time-dependent Kohn–Sham density functional theory that has global accuracy comparable with the conventional single-functional version and that recovers the double cone topology of the potential energy surfaces at S1/S0 conical intersection seams. The new method is called the dual-functional Tamm–Dancoff approximation (DF-TDA).
Evalution of High Dynamic Range Image-Based Sky Models in Lighting Simulation

AbstractHigh Dynamic Range (HDR) Photography is used to capture 180° images of the sky dome and provide data for image-based lighting in lieu of CIE sky models.
Propagation of action potentials in inhomogeneous axon regions.

Described are studies of propagation of action potentials through inhomogeneous axon regions through experiments performed on squid giant axons and by computer simulations. The initial speed of propagation of the action potential is dependent upon the stimulus waveform. For a rectangular pulse of current, the action potential travels initially at a high speed that declines over the distance, reaching a constant speed of propagation at about 1–5 resting length constants; this distance depends on the stimulus strength. Additional experiments studied the effects of changing the axon diameter and of introducing a temperature step. It was found that the propagated action potential suffers profound modifications in shape and velocity as it reaches the region of transition. In both cases, it was possible to obtain reflected action potentials. A region of increased effective diameter was produced experimentally in the squid giant axon by insertion of an axial wire as usually employed in voltage clamps. It was found that the action potential, at the axial wire tip region, undergoes shape changes similar to those obtained in simulations of a region of increased diameter as in a junction with the axon and soma in motor neurons. It is concluded that the giant axon can be used to reproduce simple electrical behaviors in other structures.—Ramon, F., R. W. Joyner and J. W. Moore. Propagation of action potentials in inhomogeneous axon regions. Federation Proc. 34: 1357–1363, 1975.
What Is Mathematics? By Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins, revised by Ian Stewart

(1998). What Is Mathematics? By Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins, revised by Ian Stewart. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 485-488.
Optical Spiral Structure between 1 = 30° and 70°

In the past two decades, a great deal of effort has gone into attempts to map the spiral structure of the Galaxy by optical means. This labour has been rewarded with some success, particularly in the southern Milky Way (e.g. Jackson 1976) and in the anticentre direction (Moffat, FitzGerald, and Jackson 1979), yet there remain some regions of the Galaxy where our knowledge of the distribution of optical spiral tracers is far from complete. Perhaps the best example of this is the region between 1 = 30°and 70°, as can be appreciated from any of a number of recent maps of optical tracers (Walborn 1973; Vogt and Moffat 1975; Crampton and Georgelin 1975; Humphreys 1979), all of which show a distinct lack of objects within this longitude range.
RNA-Seq Analysis of Spinal Cord Tissues from hPFN1 G118V Transgenic Mouse Model of ALS at Pre-symptomatic and End-Stages of Disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that leads to the loss of motor neurons. The molecular mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration are largely unknown and there are currently no effective therapies to treat this disease. In this work, we report whole transcriptome profiling of spinal cords of mutant transgenic hPFN1G118V mice and their wildtype transgenic hPFN1WT controls at a pre-symptomatic stage and at the end-stage of disease. Analyses revealed that end-stage hPFN1G118V mice had 890 differentially expressed genes (747 up-regulated, 143 down-regulated) when compared to pre-symptomatic hPFN1G118V mice, and they had 836 differentially expressed genes (742 up-regulated, 94 down-regulated) when compared to age-matched hPFN1WT controls. Pre-symptomatic hPFN1G118V mice were not significantly different from age-matched hPFN1WT controls. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified inflammatory pathways significantly activated in end-stage hPFN1G118V samples, suggesting an excess of glial activation at end-stage disease, possibly due to an increase in glial composition within the spinal cord during disease progression. In conclusion, our RNA-Seq data identified molecules and pathways involved in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration that could potentially serve as therapeutic targets for ALS.