cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of crosstalk phenomenon on the measurement of gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity in drinking water

Objective To study the influence of crosstalk phenomenon on the measurement of gross radioactivity in drinking water.Methods The gross activity in different standard materials with different thickness and area was measured using national standard method.Results There was no obvious change in crosstalk factor with the increase of 241Am powder amount in the measurement,whereas the larger amount of uranium used might lead to larger crosstalk factor.The different measurement channels resulted in different crosstalk factors.The influence of beta radioactivity on alpha radioactivity measurement was significant.On the contrary,the alpha-to-beta crosstalk factor was negligible.The area of sample plate imposed no significant influence on crosstalk factor.Conclusions The gross beta activity can be corrected to decrease the influence of alpha radioactivity using powder standard samples,when simultaneous alpha and beta counting mode is applied in measurement grass radioactivity in drinking water. Key words: Crosstalk phenomenon; Gross alpha activity; Gross beta activity; Drinking water
Modifications of the Hubble Law in Scale-Dependent Cosmology

We study some observational consequences of a recently proposed scale-dependent cosmological model for an inhomogeneous universe. In this model the universe is pictured as being inside a highly dense and rapidly expanding shell with the underdense center. For nearby objects (z≪1), the linear Hubble diagram is shown to remain valid even in this model, which has been demonstrated both analytically and numerically. For large z, we present some numerical results of the redshift luminosity distance relation and the behavior of the mass density as a function of the redshift. It is shown that the Hubble diagram in this model for a locally open universe (Ω(t0, r~0)=0.1) resembles that of the flat Friedmann cosmology. This implies that the study of the Hubble diagram cannot uniquely determine the value of q0 or Ω0. The model also accounts for the fact that Ω0 is an increasing function of the redshift.
Do roots bind soil? Comparing the physical and biological role of plant roots in fluvial streambank erosion: A mini-JET study

Abstract The roots of riparian vegetation can reduce fluvial streambank erosion by increasing soil resistance to erosion or by altering the applied hydrodynamic force of flowing water; however, the relative importance of these mechanisms is unknown. To assess the physical and biological effects of plant roots on streambank fluvial erosion, laboratory-scale testing was conducted using a mini Jet Erosion Testing (JET) device. Data analysis was conducted on three treatment groupings: (1) no roots (NR, n = 24); (2) synthetic roots (SR, n = 24); and (3) live roots (LR, switchgrass [Panicum virgatum], n = 12). Soil erosion was quantified by measuring the final volume of soil loss and calculating critical shear stress (τc) and the soil erodibility coefficient (kd). Potential explanatory soil and root properties, including percent water stable aggregates, root length density, and extracellular polymeric substances, were also measured. Kd was lower in rooted soil samples compared to NR when root length density was 2 cm cm−3 or higher, indicating that soil with densely packed fibers (either live and synthetic) have an impact on the applied hydrodynamic forces. However, τc was significantly higher in LR compared to both NR and SR, suggesting that only living roots provide additional soil protection by increasing soil resistance to fluvial erosion. The results of this study further emphasize that plant roots protect streambank soils from fluvial erosion through multiple mechanisms; nevertheless, further research is needed to determine which mechanism(s) plays a dominant role.
Incidence, risk factors, treatment, and consequences of antibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection: A systematic review.

Background Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a leading cause of kidney allograft failure, but its incidence, risk factors, and outcomes are not well understood. Methods We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Scopus from January 2000-January 2020 to identify published cohorts of ≥ 500 incident adult or 75 pediatric kidney transplant recipients followed for ≥ 1 year posttransplant. Results At least two reviewers screened 5061 articles and abstracts; 28 met inclusion criteria. Incidence of acute AMR was 1.1%-21.5%; most studies reported 3%-12% incidence, usually within the first year posttransplant. Few studies reported chronic AMR incidence, from 7.5%-20.1% up to 10 years. Almost all patients with acute or chronic AMR received corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin; most received plasmapheresis, and approximately half with rituximab. Most studies examining death-censored graft failure identified AMR as an independent risk factor. Few reported refractory AMR rates or outcomes, and none examined costs. Most studies were single-center and varied greatly in design. Conclusions Cohort studies of kidney transplant recipients demonstrate that AMR is common and associated with increased risk of death-censored graft failure, but studies vary widely regarding populations, definitions, and reported incidence. Gaps remain in our understanding of refractory AMR, its costs, and resulting quality of life.
The “Nixon Letter” to Ecevit: An Untold Story of the Eve of the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974

In 1964, the president of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson, prevented the planned Turkish invasion of Cyprus by sending the Turkish prime minister a letter so tough that the secretary of state, ...
Chemocapacitive Detection of Ethylene Using Potassium Permanganate/Polyimide Composite Thin-Films

This paper reports a novel method for detecting ethylene by using KMn04/polyimide composite thin-films as the analyte-sensitive layer in a capacitive MEMS ethylene sensor which requires zero-DC power for reliable operation. The technique utilizes a MEMS parallel-plate capacitor with the thin-film as a dielectric layer. Exposure of ethylene to the KMnO 4 molecules embedded within the polyimide matrix results in oxidation of ethylene into CO 2 and H 2 0, which induces swelling of the thin-film and also changes its dielectric-constant. This leads to a change in device capacitance. Preliminary results indicate a nearly reversible linear decrease of sensor capacitance of ~1 - 14 pF when exposed to ethylene concentrations ranging from 130 - 1000 ppm, yielding a normalized capacitance sensitivity of ~3.74×10−6/ppm. Selectivity tests revealed a favorable response towards ethylene compared to gases such as hexanal, indole, pentane, acetone, and IPA.
Assessing the Influence of Failed Implant Reconstruction on Patient Satisfaction and Decision Regret after Salvage Free-Flap Breast Reconstruction.

Background Free-flap breast reconstruction after failed implant reconstruction is associated with improved patient outcomes. How the level of satisfaction achieved compares between patients with and without previously failed implant reconstruction remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of prior failed implant-based reconstruction on long-term patient-reported outcomes after free-flap breast reconstruction. Methods All patients undergoing free-flap breast reconstruction between 2015 and 2019 were identified. Patient satisfaction using the BREAST-Q and decisional regret using the Decision Regret Scale were compared between patients with and without a history of implant breast reconstruction. Results Overall, 207 patients were contacted and 131 completed the BREAST-Q and Decision Regret Scale. A total of 23 patients had a history of failed implant-based reconstruction requiring free-flap-flap salvage, most commonly due to infection (39.1%), chronic pain (34.8%), capsular contracture (26%), and implant malposition (26.1%). Following definitive free-flap reconstruction, patients with prior failed implant reconstruction had significantly lower BREAST-Q scores for satisfaction with breast (61.2 ± 16.7 vs. 70.4 ± 18.7; p = 0.04) and sexual well-being (38.5 ± 18.2 vs. 52.8 ± 24.7; p = 0.01) and reported higher decision regret (19.1 ± 18.6 vs. 9.6 ± 15.6, respectively). There were no significant differences for psychosocial well-being (p = 0.67), physical well-being (chest; p = 0.27), and physical well-being (abdomen; p = 0.91). Conclusion A history of failed implant-based reconstruction is associated with reduced satisfaction and increased decision regret with the final reconstructive outcome. This data underscores the importance of appropriate patient selection at the initial consultation, and informed preoperative counseling regarding long-term outcomes in patients presenting for free-flap reconstruction after a failed implant-based reconstruction.
Confidence Intervals and the Scientific Method: A Case for Holm on the Range.

AbstractBased on principles of modern philosophy of science, it can be concluded that it is the magnitude of a population effect that is the essential quantity to examine in determining support or lack of support for a theoretical prediction. To test for theoretical support, the corresponding statistical null hypothesis must be derived from the theoretical prediction, which means that we must specify and test a range null hypothesis. Similarly, confidence intervals based on range null hypotheses are required. Certain of the newer multiple comparison procedures are discussed in terms of their applicability to the problem of generating confidence intervals based on range null hypotheses to control the familywise Type I error rate in multiple-sample experiments.
“Approximate dynamic programming: Solving the curses of dimensionality” by Warren B. Powell

Dynamic programming is a rich area with numerous books already available. Professor Powell's book on approximate dynamic programming sheds a completely new light on this exciting area. Instead of f...
Moral philosophy and managerial perceptions of ethics codes: Evidence from Peru and the United States

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of cultural differences on managerial attitudes about moral philosophies and ethics codes, accomplished through a sample of US and Peruvian managers.Design/methodology/approach – Managerial attitudes about moral philosophies are assessed in Peru and the USA. Specifically, the cultural dimension individualism vs collectivism is integrated with the moral philosophies egoism and utilitarianism to serve as the theoretical foundation for the three hypotheses in this study. Hypotheses are tested using survey data from 187 Peruvian and 117 US managers.Findings – The results suggest that important ethical differences exist between these two nations with respect to the impact of utilitarianism and egoism on the perceived benefits of ethics codes as deterrent mechanisms.Research limitations/implications – This study is limited in the generalizability of results because data from only two countries are collected. Another limitation is the lack of control ov...
Immunologic Response to Early and Routine DTP Immunization in Infants

The effect of early immunization, prior to discharge from the newborn nursery, on subsequent immunity as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunoglobulion (Ig) M and IgG antibody titers to filamentous hemagglutinin and lymphocytosis-promoting toxin (LPT) of Bordetella pertussis and by standard pertussis agglutinin titers was investigated. Eighteen infants received routine diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunization at 2, 4,and 6 months of age; 17 other infants received routine immunization and an additional DTP immunization in the newborn nursery. Antibody was determined on samples of cord blood and whole blood obtained at 4,6, and 9 months of age. IgM anti-filamentus hemagglutinin was significantly higher at 4 and 6 months of age in the group that received early immunization (P
ON PANEL FLUTTER IN THE PRESENCE OF A BOUNDARY LAYER

Abstract : The energy transfer from the uniform flow outside a boundary layer to a transverse surface wave at the boundary is calculated on the hypothesis that the boundary layer may be represented by an inviscid, approximately parallel shear flow. This energy transfer is found to consist of two components; the first is similar to that found previously for supersonic panel flutter in the absence of a boundary layer and is relatively diminished by the presence of the boundary layer; the second is intrinsic to the shear flow and is present whenever the surface wave speed is smaller than the free stream speed (whether subsonic or supersonic). The application of the results to actual flutter calculations is discussed and an example of a pressurized cylinder considered. It is concluded that the presence of a typical boundary layer may reduce the degree of instability for supersonic flutter of a long, monocoque shell by an order of magnitude, thereby providing a possible explanation of discrepancies between earlier theories (in which boundary layer effects were neglected) and observation. (Author)
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Technology

In the past fifteen years computational statistics has been enriched by a powerful, somewhat abstract method of generating variates from a target probability distribution that is based on Markov chains whose stationary distribution is the probability distribution of interest. This class of methods, popularly referred to asMarkov chain Monte Carlo methods, or simply MCMC methods, have been influential in the modern practice of Bayesian statistics where these methods are used to summarize the posterior distributions that arise in the context of the Bayesian prior-posterior analysis (Besag et al. 1995; Chib and Greenberg 1995; Gelfand and Smith 1990; Smith and Roberts 1993; Tanner and Wong 1987; Tierney 1994, 1996; Carlin and Louis 2000; Chen et al. 2000; Chib 2001; Congdon 2001; Gammerman 1997; Gelman et al. 2003; Gilks et al. 1996; Liu 2001; Robert 2001; Robert and Casella 1999; Tanner 1996). MCMC methods have proved useful in practically all aspects of Bayesian inference, for example, in the context of prediction problems and in the computation of quantities, such as the marginal likelihood, that are used for comparing competing Bayesian models.
Understanding Trends in Pertussis Incidence: An Agent-Based Model Approach

Objectives. We examined the impact of undetected infections, adult immunity, and waning vaccine-acquired immunity on recent age-related trends in pertussis incidence.Methods. We developed an agent-based model of pertussis transmission in Dakota County, Minnesota using case data from the Minnesota Department of Health. For outbreaks in 2004, 2008, and 2012, we fit our model to incidence in 3 children’s age groups relative to adult incidence. We estimated parameters through model calibration.Results. The duration of vaccine-acquired immunity after completion of the 5-dose vaccination series decreased from 6.6 years in the 2004 model to approximately 3.0 years in the 2008 and 2012 models. Tdap waned after 2.1 years in the 2012 model. A greater percentage of adults were immune in the 2008 model than in the 2004 and 2012 models. On average, only 1 in 10 adult infections was detected, whereas 8 in 10 child infections were detected.Conclusions. The observed trends in relative pertussis incidence in Dakota County...
Technique for importing greater evolution resolution in multidimensional NMR spectrum.

Abstract A very simple and general procedure that extracts constant-evolution-frequency data from a truncated multidimensional (2D, 3D, 4D, etc.) FID is described, generalized, analyzed, and illustrated. The method replaces Fourier transformation of the evolution dimension with a linear model created from a separate, high-quality 1D FID. The equivalent of high resolution in the evolution dimension can be achieved without obtaining an extensive multidimensional FID. The analysis of the 1D FID can also be used to predict the signal to noise ratio of the extracted slices that will result from various evolution dimension sampling protocols, making it possible to develop a priori an optimal sampling strategy for the multidimensional FID. The evolution dimension need not be sampled periodically. The procedure has a potential signal-to-noise ratio advantage because it extracts usable information from a multidimensional FID at short evolution times before the magnetization has decayed significantly.
Testing Concordance of Clinical Characteristics in Familial Studies with Application to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

The etiology of chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) remains unknown, with both genetic and environmental risk factors having been implicated. A recent collaborative study of IBD provides clinical data from families with three or more affected first-degree relatives. The scientific question is whether specific clinical characteristics aggregate among affected individuals within families. Gastroenterological researchers have examined the number of concordant familial pairs in familial aggregation studies, but methods and results have been discrepant. This article investigates concepts of concordance and gives a comprehensive statistical treatment for testing concordance of various clinical traits in familial studies. For dichotomous traits, the distribution of this statistic under the null hypothesis of no familial aggregation is obtained by three methods: asymptotic, probability generating function, and permutation. The permutation method is extended to analyze aggregation for non-dichotomous traits and co-aggregations between two traits. We apply the permutation method to analyze the aforementioned multiply-affected IBD family data. Evidence is found for familial clustering of various traits, some of which are not revealed in existing studies. Such analyses provide a basis for investigating the dependence of trait aggregation upon genetic or environmental risk factors.
Aggression-inhibiting influence of sexual humor.

Forty-eight undergraduate males participated in an experiment designed to investigate the hypothesis that prior exposure to sexual humor would reduce the level of aggression directed by angry individuals against the person who had previously provoked them. In order to examine this suggestion, subjects were first angered or not angered by a male confederate; next, exposed to either neutral, nonhumorous pictures or to one of two types of sexual humor (nonexploitative, exploitative); and finally, provided with an opportunity to aggress against this individual by means of electric shock. Results indicated that exposure to exploitative sexual humor, but not exposure to nonexploitative sexual humor, significantly reduced the strength of subjects' later attacks against the victim. These findings are discussed in terms of the results of a follow-up study suggesting that individuals are more likely to think or fantasize about exploitative than nonexploitative sexual humor following the removal of such stimuli. Language: en
Abstract 553: Host cell OGR1 plays an important role in TRAMP cell tumorigenesis

Ovarian cancer G protein coupled receptor 1 (OGR1) was previously cloned from an ovarian cancer cell line HEY. We have recently shown that OGR1 is a new tumor metastasis suppressor gene in prostate cancer. To further understand the physiological role of OGR1, we have generated OGR1 knockout (KO) mice. These mice are viable and grossly normal under regular physiological conditions. To exam the role of host cell OGR1 in prostate cancer development, TRAMP-C2 cells (a mouse prostate cancer cell line) were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected into OGR1 KO mice, significantly reduced tumorigenesis were observed when compared to that in wild type (WT) mice. 100% (20 of 20) of wild type mice developed tumors, while only 12.5% (4 of 32) of OGR1 deficient mice developed small tumors. To test whether OGR1 deficiency in host cells inhibits tumorigenesis of other mouse prostate tumor cells, RM-9 cells (an aggressive and poorly immunogenic mouse prostate tumor cells) were subcutaneously injected into OGR1 KO and WT mice (2 mice/group). All 4 mice developed big tumors at 10 days post tumor cell injection. No significant difference was observed between WT and OGR1 KO mice. Thus, host OGR1 deficiency differentially affected tumorigenesis of TRAMP and RM-9 cells, suggesting a tumor cell type specific effect. OGR1 are highly expressed in immune cells. We are currently testing whether these cells are functionally involved in host OGR19s effects. In addition, fibroblasts have a prominent role in the progression, growth and spread of cancers. The infiltration of fibroblasts in TRAMP-C2 tumors from WT and OGR1 KO mice were tested. Decreased fibroblast infiltration was observed in tumors from the KO vs. WT mice. The expression of OGR1 in mouse fibroblasts were confirmed by RT-PCR. Our results suggest that fibroblasts may be involved in OGR19s effect on tumorigenesis. Our new findings may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for prostate and/or other cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 553.
Quality Uncertainty, Brand Reliance, and Dissipative Advertising

Consumers may have learned to generalize from usage experiences that nationally advertised, name-brand items tend to be higher in quality than unadvertised brands. Such generalization may have prompted the substitution of brand-name evaluations for search in quality assessments of nondurable experience goods. This paper offers theoretical arguments which suggest that if some consumers do not search, all firms in nondurable, experience goods markets can increase their profits if some substitute dissipative advertising (i.e., advertising which ignores information about product performance characteristics) of brand names for product quality enhancements. Undersearching by consumers invites firms to downgrade value in nondurable, experience goods markets. In support of the hypothesized substitution by consumers of brand-name evaluations for search in nondurable, experience goods markets, this paper reports results of a field experiment in which the influences on quality assessments of brand name and product composition were studied in two categories where dissipative advertising is heavily relied upon. Results suggest that branding is relied upon more heavily than search to assess quality, even when brand cues are inconsistent with actual quality levels and search is costless, suggesting that dissipative advertising can be extremely effective.
X-linked agammaglobulinemia in a 10-year-old child: a case study.

Purpose: To discuss the advanced practice nurse’s diagnosis and management of an unsuspected primary immunodeficiency (PI) disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), in a child. Data sources: Review of historical and current scientific literature, practice guidelines, and a case study. Conclusions: While a diagnosis of XLA is most commonly made in the first 3 years of life, this case study presents a 10-year-old boy’s circuitous route to this diagnosis. A diagnosis of an immune defect should be considered for patients with chronic, recurrent, or unusual infections. For patients who lack immune globulins and antibodies, intravenous immune globulin, given monthly and continued throughout life, is the standard of care. Implications for practice: Diagnosis of children and adults with primary immune deficiency diseases may be delayed if practitioners fail to find the root cause of recurrent infections. Nurses as patient advocates should recognize the need for a referral in clinical cases where immunodeficiency may not be suspected. Evaluation of the immune system is performed by a panel of blood tests. There is a need to increase awareness of PI, their manifestations, and treatment among nurses both at the bedside and in advanced practice settings.
In vivo Imaging of Oral Cancer using a Multimodal Probe combining Fluorescence Lifetime, Photoacoustic and Ultrasound techniques

We report a multimodal system combining fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and ultrasound backscatter microscopy (UBM). The system provides complimentary diagnostic features allowing for enhanced in-vivo detection of oral carcinoma.
Oxidative metabolism of cord blood neutrophils: relationship to content and degranulation of cytoplasmic granules.

ABSTRACT. Generation of oxygen metabolites is an important component of the neutrophil's armamentarium against microbes. Production of superoxide anion (O−2) and generation of hydroxyl radical (·OH) were measured in neutrophils from cord blood of 12 vaginally delivered, term newborn infants and 12 adults after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and opsonized zymosan. With either stimulus, generation of ·OH was relatively less than production of O−2 for all infants studied. This discrepancy might be related to abnormal release or diminished cell content of a cofactor necessary for production of ·OH from O−2 Since both lactoferrin (LF) found in specific granules and myeloperoxidase (MPO) found in azurophilic granules have been shown to enhance ·OH generation, we compared degranulation of both granule types in response to PMA and opsonized zymosan and total neutrophil content of MPO, LF, and lysozyme in cord blood and adult neutrophils. Degranulation, even after pretreatment with cytochalasin B, was the same for newborn and adult neutrophils. Content of MPO was identical (adult, 204 ± 24 A units, mean ± SEM, n = 9; newborn, 201 ± 21, n = 9) but lysozyme was mildly diminished (adults, 111 ± 10 A units; newborn, 89 ± 6, n = 9, p < 0.05), and lactoferrin was moderately decreased (adult, 89.0±7.3 μg/mg cell protein, n = 11; newborn, 43.2±7.0, n=11 < 0.005). Generation of ·OH in response to PMA and LF content were measured in seven cord blood-adult control pairs. Both LF and ·OH generation were diminished in newborn cells and there was a direct relationship between OH generation and LF content. Electron microsopic studies of newborn neutrophils demonstrated evidence of degranulation and loss of specific granules. these dificits may be related to defective bactericidal activity exhibite by neutrophils from neonates. Activation of neutrophils during partuition may be the cause of the decrease in specific granules and the diminished LF content.
On the Aesthetics of Qualitative Research

The longstanding debate concerning the credibility of qualitative work and the increasing interest in computerized systems for qualitative data are, arguably, manifestations of efforts to make qualitative research more closely resemble conventional science. Computer technology, in particular, is transforming the look and feel of qualitative work. Yet, qualitative research continues to convey the feeling tone of art. Although the sciences and the arts involve different aesthetics, they share common aesthetic criteria for evaluation, such as beauty and style. Recognition of the aesthetic in works of science and art suggests that both artistic and scientific canons of criticism be used for evaluating qualitative work.
Endovascular management of acute symptomatic intracranial arterial occlusion.

OBJECTIVE: Acute ischemic stroke has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, affecting approximately 700,000 people annually. With the recent technological advancements in endovascular devices, clinicians now have tools capable of recanalizing acute intracranial occlusions. The combination of pharmacological thrombolysis and mechanical clot perturbation may result in increased rates of angiographic recanalization, which may lead to improvement in patient outcomes after acute stroke. METHODS: In this article, the various intra-arterial pharmacological and mechanical therapies used by interventionists to treat acute stroke are described. Strategies for using combinations of these therapies are discussed, as are preliminary radiographic and clinical outcomes. Techniques for complex mechanical stroke interventions are discussed in detail. RESULTS: Several advances in endovascular stroke technologies are becoming increasingly available. CONCLUSION: With proper patient selection, these therapies may lead to increased recanalization rates and better patient outcomes.
Calculation of scattering amplitudes for the Neveu-Schwarz model using supersheet functional integration

Abstract After extending the string world-sheet to a supersheet, the functional integration methods of Mandelstam are used to calculate Neveu-Schwarz tree amplitudes.
Developmental Changes in Reading Strategies

The purpose of the present study was to investigate developmental changes in strategies used in reading. Pseudo words or non-words are often used in order to determine a subject's knowledge of an underlying rule structure when it is abstracted from its familiar semantic context. The Berko (1958) study on the child's implicit knowledge of morphophonemic rules is a classic example of this approach. Baron [in press) has pointed out that subjects may use a number of different strategies in reading unfamiliar words. One strategy is use of implicit rules at the grapheme-phoneme correspondence level (Venezky, 1974). A second possible strategy is to search for a familiar word by analogy to the known word(s). The analogies could be either in spelling or in pronunciation at either the syllable level as suggested by Smith (1973) or the lexical level as suggested by Carol Chomsky (1970). In post hoc interview studies both children (Glass and Burton, 1973) and adults (Baron, in press) report using analogy strategies in reading new words. According to stage theories of reading [cf Marsh and Desberg, 1973) the strategies should change as a function of developmental level, the young child beginning with a grapheme-phoneme decoding strategy and at some point, switching to direct lexical access perhaps based on the visual spelling pattern. The purpose of present study was to investigate whether or not the strategies used in pronouncing unfamiliar (pseudo) words changed as a function of developmental level.
Postmortem dental radiography.

: Comparison of postmortem and antemortem dental radiographic films or digital images is a common procedure for establishing identity of human remains. This article describes some problems with producing postmortem dental radiographs in a medical examiner setting and gives methods for circumventing these difficulties. Resection of the jaws, when permitted, significantly simplifies the postmortem radiographic technique. When producing an actual postmortem panoramic dental radiograph (orthopantomogram) from a dry skull, stabilization of the specimen for exposure by the moving beam source may be accomplished simply by placing the specimen upside down on an anthropologist’s skull ring. Image “burnout” in the anterior segment, which results from absence of the tissues of the neck, may be avoided by appropriate placement of radiodense objects such as “zippered” plastic bags filled with water or other fluid material, freezer gel packs, or a block of self-polymerizing acrylic. These methods may increase future postmortem dental radiography efficiency.
Sensitivity of acoustic wave travel times to sound-speed perturbations in the solar interior

For time-distance helioseismology, it is important to establish the relationship between the travel times of acoustic waves propagating between different points on the solar surface through the solar interior and local perturbations to the sound speed in the propagation region. We use the Born approximation to derive a general expression for the linear sensitivity of travel times to local sound-speed perturbations in plane-parallel solar models with stochastic wave sources. The results show that the sensitivity of time-distance measurements to perturbations in sound speed depends on the details of the measurement procedure, such as the phase-speed filter used in typical time-distance data analysis. As a result, the details of the measurement procedure should be taken into account in the inversion of time-distance data. Otherwise, the inferred depths of perturbations may be incorrect.
Software development for computer-assisted instruction in experimental psychology

The introduction of CAI modules was pursued as a means of strengthening an experimental psychology course. After securing 12 Apple II-Plus microcomputers and a Winchester hard-disk system, we turned to the search for and development of relevant software. Our efforts were initially frustrated due to several inadequacies in extant software that are discussed herein. A surprising source of software turned out to be the commercial market; two well known commercial programs have been modified for educational use, and one of these programs has provided a pleasant solution to student computerphobia. These two old modules are discussed, along with others that are either borrowed or new. Although total computerization has been avoided for reasons discussed herein, extensive evaluation has indicated that the modules have greatly facilitated the realization of course goals and have especially minimized the three complaints (irrelevant, boring, too difficult) most often heard in traditional research methods courses. In addition, our Attitude Toward Computers Scale indicates that students develop a more positive attitude toward computers as a result of their usage in the course. This positive attitude is seen as most adaptive in a society within which computers will play an increasingly dominant role.
Pollution and genetic structure of North American populations of the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale).

Assessing the genetic structure of natural populations differentially impacted by anthropogenic contaminants can be a useful tool for evaluating the population genetic consequences of exposure to pollution. In this study, measures of genetic diversity at variable-number-tandem-repeat loci in six dandelion populations (3 urban and 3 rural) showed patterns that may have been influenced by exposure to environmental contaminants. Mean genetic similarity among individuals within a population was significantly and positively correlated with increasing levels of airborne particulate matter (≤ 10 μm, PM10) and soil concentrations of four metals (Cd, Fe, Ni and Pb). In addition, mean genetic similarity was always significantly higher at the urban sites compared to rural sites. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of genotypes at a site and increasing amounts of PM10, concentrations of five soil metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb), leaf tissue levels of Fe and a significant positive correlation between the extent of clonality at a site and levels of PM10 and soil concentrations of five metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb). Although, this study does not directly establish a causal link between the specific contaminants detected at the study sites and differences in genetic diversity, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that pollution-induced selection has contributed in some fashion to the lower genetic diversity found at the urban sites.
Mechanism of 2', 3'-Dideoxyadenosine Synthesis by Escherichia coli AJ 2595

(1991). Mechanism of 2′,3′-Dideoxyadenosine Synthesis by Escherichia coli AJ 2595. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 609-611.
Aggressiveness and vocalization in the leopard lizard (Gambelia wislizennii): The influence of temperature

Abstract In both the laboratory and the field, body temperature alters the defensive responses of leopard lizards ( Gambelia wislizenii ) toward predators. At high body temperatures lizards flee rapidly from predators. At lower body temperatures, which greatly retard running ability, lizards switch to a stationary defence consisting of aggressive postures, vocalizations and attacks. This temperature-dependent switch from flight to aggressive defence may be selectively favoured in species capable of inflicting damage on a predator. Increased ‘shyness’ at low body temperature may function as an alternative response in species lacking the ability to inflict damage upon a predator.
Lossy compression should not be used in certain imaging applications such as chest radiography

Computational techniques are frequently used to compress image data so that transmission and storage requirements are reduced. If the computational techniques result in no loss in image resolution, the technique is referred to as lossless compression. Greater compression of data may yield some loss in spatial or temporal resolution, and is referred to as lossy compression. In some radiologic examinations [e.g., gastrointestinal (GI) studies], some resolution loss may be tolerable, whereas in others (chest examinations and mammography) it conceivably could result in missed pathology. Without lossy compression, however, data requirements can be overwhelming for transmission, storage and retrieval of images such as chest films. The unanswered question, addressed in this Point/Counterpoint issue, is whether some degree of lossy compression can be tolerated in chest radiography.
On the rapid formation of giant planet cores

The formation of the ice-rock cores of the giant planets by density wave-assisted accretion is outlined. The process could be rapid (100,000-1,000,000 yr) and completed within the probable lifetime of the solar nebula. The mechanism works for both Jupiter and Saturn and does not require a large excess of mass over that believed present in their cores.
When, how and why to perform a double ballooning technique for dogs with valvular pulmonic stenosis.

Abstract Pulmonic valvuloplasty is a well-established method for the treatment of valvular pulmonic stenosis in people and dogs. In dogs, pulmonic valvuloplasty has been restricted to a single balloon; however, the simultaneous use of two balloons is common in pediatric cardiology. The use of two balloons provides an alternative to the use of a single large balloon in small dogs with a pulmonic anulus size that requires a large dilation catheter and large diameter introducer. Moreover, double balloon valvuloplasty permits dilation in large dogs with large pulmonic anulus sizes for which standard dilation catheters are not available. This report outlines the materials required, describes the technique, gives the advantages and disadvantages encountered when performing percutaneous double balloon valvuloplasty and provides some ‘tips’ for a successful outcome.
Flavor-changing electromagnetic vertex in a non-linear Rξ gauge

Abstract We calculate the general transition q i → q j + γ for arbitrary quark flavors in a non-linear R ξ gauge. The reduced number of Feynman diagrams as well as simplified Ward identities greatly facilitates this calculation. A general result with intermediate quarks of arbitrary mass is presented and the special cases s → d + γ as well as s → d + gluon are discussed.
Classical and quantum dynamics of long lived doubly excited vibrational states of triatomic molecules

Local mode A–B–A triatomic molecules are modeled as coupled Morse oscillators using classical and quantum techniques. Classical studies indicate large volumes of nondissociating classical phase space, even well above the dissociation threshold. The trapped classical motion corresponds to excitation in both bond modes of the system. Quantum studies have been performed as a function of coupling constant (mass ratio) and of dissociation energy. Quantum doubly excited vibrational resonances are found with lifetimes of up to 106 vibrational periods. The lifetimes of the states, as ℏ (or dissociation energy) is varied, are in accordance with the correspondence principle. Substantial deviation from the predictions of statistical theories is noted in the distributions of lifetimes, as well as in the fact that all of the resonances are only weakly coupled to the ‘‘direct’’ dissociation channels.
Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in forage-fed ruminants

Increasingly, the need for optimized nutrient utilization to address increasing production costs and environmental considerations will necessitate opportunities to improve nutrient synchrony. Historically, attempts at synchronizing nutrient supply in ruminants, particularly in cattle consuming high-forage diets, have met with variable results. The success of nutrient synchrony has been measured primarily in ruminants by increases in microbial yield, microbial efficiency, nutrient utilization, and to a lesser extent, animal performance. Successful synchrony of nutrient supply to cattle consuming forage-based diets faces several challenges. From a feed supply aspect, the challenges to nutrient synchrony include accurately measuring forage intake and consumed forage chemical composition. The issue of forage intake and chemical composition is perhaps the most daunting for producers grazing cattle. Indeed, for forage-fed cattle, the availability of forage protein and carbohydrate can be the most asynchronous aspect of the diet. In most grazed forages, digestion rates of the carbohydrate fractions are much slower than that of the corresponding protein fractions. Additionally, the forage-supplement interaction exerts a large impact on the synchrony of nutrients. The supplemental feedstuffs compose the component of the nutrient synchrony scenario that is most often manipulated to influence synchrony. The supplement type (e.g., starch vs. fiber, dry vs. liquid), nutrient profile, and degradation rates are often prime considerations associated with nutrient synchrony on high forage diets. Other considerations that warrant attention include temporal intake patterns of the forage and supplement, increased use and types of coproduct supplements, and an assessment of the success of nutrient synchrony. Synchronization of nutrient utilization by forage-fed ruminants has and will continue to encounter challenges for successful outcomes. Ultimately it is the improvement in animal performance and optimization of nutrient utilization efficiency that dictates whether nutrient synchrony is a successful strategy.
Reversibly sealed multilayer microfluidic device for integrated cell perfusion and on-line chemical analysis of cultured adipocyte secretions

A three-layer microfluidic device was developed that combined perfusion of cultured cells with on-line chemical analysis for near real-time monitoring of cellular secretions. Two layers were reversibly sealed to form a cell chamber that allowed cells grown on coverslips to be loaded directly into the chip. The outlet of the chamber was in fluidic contact with a third layer that was permanently bonded. Perfusate from the cell chamber flowed into this third layer where a fluorescence enzyme assay for non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) was performed on-line. The device was used to monitor efflux of NEFAs from ∼6,200 cultured adipocytes with 83 s temporal resolution. Perfusion of murine 3T3-L1 cultured adipocytes resulted in an average basal concentration of 24.2 ± 2.4 μM NEFA (SEM, n = 6) detected in the effluent corresponding to 3.31 × 10−5 nmol cell−1 min−1. Upon pharmacological treatment with a β-adrenergic agonist to stimulate lipolysis, a 6.9 ± 0.7-fold (SEM, n = 6) sustained increase in NEFA secretion was observed. This multilayer device provides a versatile platform that could be adapted for use with other cell types to study corresponding cellular secretions in near real-time.
Quenching in the basic πN amplitude for pion-nucleus scattering

Abstract An upward shift of the 3,3 resonance energy in pion-nucleus scattering is discussed, which arises from the absorption of the transferred pion in the Chew-Low πN amplitude, when the πN system is embedded in the nuclear medium.
Intense-field stabilization and the range of the potential

Abstract Classical intense-field stabilization (IFS), or suppression of photoionization, is investigated in three dimensions for various potentials. It is shown numerically that IFS exists only for long-range potentials under very general conditions. We show that this observation can be related to the quantum-mechanical interpretation of IFS in which Raman transitions via the continuum form a coherent superposition of a subset of the infinite set of eigenstates provided by a long-range potential.
Naming and placing the other: power and the urban landscape in Zanzibar

Place names mark the spatiality of power relationships, but toponymy has yet to be reexamined in light of human geography's recent philosophical and theoretical emphasis on power and language. This essay utilizes the example of Zanzibar's Ng'ambo neighborhoods, literally the city's ‘Other Side’, in order to show how toponymy and boundary-making embody a complex spatial discourse on power. Rather than simply reflecting the impress of state or elite ideologies, the toponymic tapestry of the Other Side and the micro-geographies of boundary-making that accompany it indicate die presence of many interwoven layers of power in the landscape. Toponymy and the accompanying emplacement process can thus be rich sources for analysis of the ‘capillary’ nature of power.
Recurrent intracaval renal cell carcinoma: The role of intravascular ultrasonography

Abstract The presence of extension into the vena cava does not preclude curative resection for extensive renal cell carcinomas. However, preoperative assessment of (1) the proximal extent of the tumor and (2) the degree of adherence within the vena cava is necessary to plan operative strategies. The following report describes the successful use of intravascular ultrasonography in the preoperative evaluation of a patient with recurrent renal cell carcinoma with vena caval extension. (J VASC Surg 1991;13:506-9.)
Coalescence and Fragmentation of Cortical Networks during Focal Seizures

Epileptic seizures reflect a pathological brain state characterized by specific clinical and electrical manifestations. The proposed mechanisms are heterogeneous but united by the supposition that epileptic activity is hypersynchronous across multiple scales, yet principled and quantitative analyses of seizure dynamics across space and throughout the entire ictal period are rare. To more completely explore spatiotemporal interactions during seizures, we examined electrocorticogram data from a population of male and female human patients with epilepsy and from these data constructed dynamic network representations using statistically robust measures. We found that these networks evolved through a distinct topological progression during the seizure. Surprisingly, the overall synchronization changed only weakly, whereas the topology changed dramatically in organization. A large subnetwork dominated the network architecture at seizure onset and preceding termination but, between, fractured into smaller groups. Common network characteristics appeared consistently for a population of subjects, and, for each subject, similar networks appeared from seizure to seizure. These results suggest that, at the macroscopic spatial scale, epilepsy is not so much a manifestation of hypersynchrony but instead of network reorganization.
The effect of histamine on cinchophen ulcers produced in dogs

There is no definite confirmation by reliable investigators concerning the inhibitory action of histaminase on gastric acidity as expressed by Roth, et al. The average survival period of dogs treated with
Computational Modeling of a Dynamic Knee Simulator for Reproduction of Joint Loading

A three-dimensional dynamic computational model was developed for the dual purposes of predicting and replicating joint loading generated by a five-axis dynamic knee simulator. The model was verified through an analog knee that was constrained for accurate modeling and instrumented to directly measure joint forces. The verified model was then used to generate control profiles to the five axes of the simulator for replication of desired joint loading. Reproduction of a walking profile is demonstrated.Copyright © 2003 by ASME