cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary fat on fat absorption and concomitant plasma and tissue fat composition in a rat model of short bowel syndrome.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fat on the time course of changes in fat absorption and tissue and plasma lipid composition in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either a bowel transection with re-anastomosis (Sham rats) or 75% small bowel resection (SBS rats). Animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Sham rats fed normal chow (Sham-NC), SBS rats fed normal chow (SBS-NC), or SBS rats fed a high-fat diet (SBS-HFD). Rats were sacrificed on day 3 or 14. Body weight, food intake, food clearance (dry fecal mass), and fat clearance (total fecal fat) were measured twice a week. Fat and energy intakes were calculated according to the amount of ingested food. Food and fat absorbability were calculated as intake minus clearance and were expressed as percent of intake. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and albumin were measured. Total lipid composition of the liver, epididymal adipose tissue, and the small intestine was determined. Statistical analysis was performed by a Student’s test, with p values <0.05 considered significant. Both food and fat absorbability diminished after bowel resection in rats fed NC. This was accompanied by a decrease in body weight gain, plasma triglyceride and protein levels, and total lipid content of the liver at day 3 and of a decrease in adipose tissue at day 14 following operation. SBS-HFD rats experienced a significant increase ( p <0.05) in food absorbability after 7 days and fat absorbability after 3 days compared with Sham-NC and SBS-NC rats ( p <0.05), as well as increases in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose compared with SBS-NC rats. On day 14, plasma lipid levels in SBS-HFD rats were not different from SBS-NC or control rats; however, albumin levels were higher. A high-fat diet increased total fat content of the liver early after operation. In conclusion, in a rat model of SBS, an early high-fat diet increased the absorptive capacity of the intestinal remnant as seen by increased food and fat absorbability. These findings suggest a benefit of a high-fat diet on intestinal adaptation in general and on lipid absorption in particular.
Discontinuous gas exchange in insects

Many insects exchange respiratory gases cyclically and discontinuously. A typical discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC) starts with a closed-spiracle (C) phase, during which little external gas exchange takes place, followed by a fluttering-spiracle (F) phase, which is usually dominated by diffusive oxygen uptake. The DGC is terminated by an open-spiracle (O) phase, during which accumulated CO2 escapes. This review critically examines the applicability of the DGC to insect gas exchange in general, discusses the primary mechanisms of gas exchange in the F and O phases, evaluates the widespread hypothesis that the DGC lowers respiratory water loss rates adaptively, and proposes new hypotheses concerning the evolutionary genesis of the DGC in insects and other tracheate arthropods.
Strain differences in continued avoidance after a short or long retention interval.

S1rmn2ary.-3 experimenrs examined the effects of CS-only trials and retention interval upon resistance to extinction of an avoidance response. In Exps. I and 11, nonemotional Holtzman rats showed high resistance to extinction regardless of experimental conditions. In Exp. 111, emotional Sasco rats showed high resistance to extinction for a short delay while forgetting was almost complete for the longer retention interval. The results were discussed in terms of implications for elicitation theory. Elicitation theory (Denny & Adelrnan, 1955; Denny & Weisman, 1964) successfully predicted the importance of CS-only trials in producing resistance to extinccion of a simple avoidance-learning task (Reynierse, 1966). In this experiment, a series of CS-only trials interpolared bemeen achievement of the acquisition criterion and delayed extinction, as well as a single CS-only trial that occurred 40 min. after the acquisition criterion was reached, effectively prolonged extinccion of an avoidance response. The elicitation interpretation of this effect emphasizes that aversive stimuli such as shock elicit emotional responses while termination of shock and removal of the cues associated with shock elicit relaxational (nonemotional) responses. Early in avoidance-learning, shock-produced emotional stimuli predominate and, wich the passage of time, aze gradually replaced by relaxation-produced scimuli. In the experiment by Reynierse (1966), each group that received either a series of CS-only crials or a single CS-only trial after a 40-min. delay showed considerable resistance to extinccion. In these groups, presumably, the emotional stimuli which predominated early in avoidance learning have, in part, been replaced by relaxation-produced scimuli; on CS-only trials relaxation-produced stimuli can be sampled (Estes, 1959) and contiguously associated wich the avoidance response. On the other hand, when a single CS-only trial is administered immediately after S reaches a brief acquisition criterion, the avoidance response extinguishes rapidly 24 hr. later. Presumably, emotional scimuli still predominate when a single CS-only trial is administered immediately and 24 hr. later when relaxation produced stimuli prevail, Ss under these conditions no longer respond. From the elicitation viewp~int, unless relaxation-produced stimuli are conditioned to the avoidance response these stimuli cannot elicir or maintain avoidance responding later when rhese stimuli prevail.
Fate of Newly Mated Queens Introduced into Monogyne and Polygyne Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Colonies

Nestmate recognition is of prime importance in maintaining ant colony integration and organization. Monogyne red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, colonies are highly territorial and aggressive toward non-nestmate conspecific workers. In contrast, workers from polygyne nests in the United States show no aggression toward workers from other conspecific colonies (polygyne or monogyne). Nests within a polygyne population form a ‘supercolony,’ with free exchange of workers and food between nests. The difference in conspecific nestmate recognition is a major distinguishing feature of the two S. invicta forms in the United States. We report here the discovery of an exception to this dichotomy. High levels of worker aggression are released by the introduction of newly mated queens into both polygyne and monogyne colonies. This suggests that nestmate recognition involving female sexuals does not follow the same mechanism used to explain nestmate recognition behavior between workers.
Evoked potential versus behavior to detect minor insult to the spinal cord in a rat model

Reliable outcome measurement is needed for spinal cord injury research to critically evaluate the severity of injury and recovery thereafter. However, such measurements can sometimes be affected by minor, injury to the spinal cord during surgical procedures, including laminectomy. The open-field Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) behavior motor scores are subjective and prone to human error. We investigated somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) as an electrophysiological measure to assess the integrity of the spinal cord after injury. In our experiment, control rats with a minor unintentional spinal cord insult during laminectomy showed a decrease in SEP amplitude by 16% to 18%, which recovered in around 7 days. However, there was no change in the BBB scores for the same animals over the same period. This highlights the sensitivity of SEP to minor insult as compared to BBB. These differences may be beneficial in accurate evaluation of the severity and progression of spinal cord injury, and subsequent recovery.
A Discrete Movement Model for Cursor Tracking Validated in the Context of a Dual-Task Experiment:

Understanding human cursor tracking behavior is essential in understanding human motor control. Though tracking has been hypothesized as a sequence of discrete movements, better data is needed to support the theory. By analyzing moment-to-moment tracking data, this paper shows that discrete, non-ballistic movements exist throughout a tracking task, and that these short submovements can be characterized by either Fitts’ law or a linear model. A cognitive model was built to incorporate the characteristics of these discrete movements into a dual task. Using parameters estimated through linear regression of the movement data, the model achieves a good fit to the overall performance measures of the dual-task experiment. This research investigates the characteristics of human motor control in tracking tasks, improves modeling techniques by providing a new method for estimating tracking parameters, and advances the science of motor control with new evidence for the discrete movement tracking hypothesis. The disc...
Economic Decline in the English Industrial Revolution: The Gloucester Wool Trade, 1800–1840

This study questions the concept of entrepreneurial failure, traditionally invoked to account for the demise of the Gloucestershire wool trade in the Industrial Revolution. Gloucester clothiers used steam power selectively because of the high cost of coal but on a more regular basis and at greater capacity than scholars have commonly admitted. Excess capacity due to overcapitalization accounted for the failure of mills with large engines; underutilization of steam accounted for the failure of mills with small engines. Both types of failure sprang from rational and entrepreneurial choices, and not from an unwillingness to innovate.
Queer Eye for the Ascetic Guy? Homoeroticism, Children, and the Making of Monks in Late Antique Egypt

A famous instruction about children in monasteries reads: "Do not bring young boys here. Four churches in Scetis are deserted because of boys." Taken from the Sayings of the Desert Fathers, this apophthegm exposes the presence of homoeroticism and anxieties about the homoerotic, especially erotic encounters with children, in early Christian ascetic communities. This essay examines the construction of male sexuality in early Egyptian monasticism, focusing on the Sayings and the rules of the monastic leader Shenoute of Atripe It argues that the masculine ascetic ideal builds upon certain classical ideals of masculinity, especially the control of the passions, but purports to eschew classical models of eroticism in which the adolescent male represents the ideal sexual partner. However, these sources are designed to be recited or retold as edifying texts; despite their overt disavowal of sexual contact between men and boys, their retelling and rereading keeps homoeroticism and the representation of boys as sexually desirable objects alive in the ascetic imagination.
Internal Labor Markets Under External Market Pressures

Through an empirical investigation of 11 Korean firms before and after the Asian financial crisis, the author examines the impact of increasing external market pressures on internal labor market (ILM) practices. In addition, the merits of ILMs are tested by capturing the reactions of white-collar managers within these firms. The author posits that 1) firms may desert ILM practices in the face of external pressures but do so in varying degrees, and 2) despite reduced values placed on firm-specific human capital in the marketplace, ILM practices continue to have merit in promoting consummate cooperation and delaying perfunctory cooperation. The findings generally support the hypotheses, and implications of these results for theory and practice are discussed.
Neural correlates of craving and resisting craving for tobacco in nicotine dependent smokers.

Craving is a significant factor which can lead to relapse during smoking quit attempts. Attempts to resist urges to smoke during cue-elicited craving have been shown to activate regions in the brain associated with decision-making, anxiety regulation and visual processing. In this study, 32 treatment-seeking, nicotine-dependent smokers viewed blocks of smoking and neutral cues alternating with rest periods during magnetic resonance imaging scanning in a 3T Siemens scanner (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany). While viewing cues or control images, participants were instructed either to ‘allow yourself to crave’ or ‘resist craving.’ Data were analyzed with FSL 4.1.5, focused on the smoking cues versus neutral cues contrast, using cluster thresholding (Z > 2.3 and corrected cluster threshold of P = 0.05) at the individual and group levels. During the Crave condition, activation was seen on the left anterior cingulated cortex (LACC), medial prefrontal cortex, left middle cingulate gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulated gyrus and bilateral precuneus, areas associated with attention, decision-making and episodic memory. The LACC and areas of the prefrontal cortex associated with higher executive functioning were activated during the Resist condition. No clear distinctions between group crave and resist analyses as a whole were seen without taking into account specific strategies used to resist the urge to smoke, supporting the idea that craving is associated with some degree of resisting the urge to smoke, and trying to resist is almost always accompanied by some degree of craving. Different strategies for resisting, such as distraction, activated different regions. Understanding the underlying neurobiology of resisting craving to smoke may identify new foci for treatments.
Laparoscopic Repair of Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernias

Abstract Background: Regardless of symptoms, paraesophageal hiatal hernias should be repaired in order to prevent complications. This study reports the University of California San Francisco experience with laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernias, emphasizing the technical steps essential for good results. Patients and Methods: From May 1993 to September 1997, 55 patients, 27 women and 28 men, with a mean age of 67 years (range, 35–102 years) underwent laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hernias at the University of California San Francisco. Symptoms, which had been present an average of 85 months before surgery, consisted mainly of pain (55%), heartburn (52%), dysphagia (45%), and regurgitation (41%). Of the four patients who presented with acute illness, two had gastric obstruction, one had severe dyspnea, and one had gastric bleeding. Endoscopy demonstrated esophagitis in 25 (69%) of 36 patients, and 24-hour pH-monitoring demonstrated acid reflux in 22 (67%) of 33 patients. Manometry detected severely impaired distal esophageal peristalsis in 17 (52%) of 33 patients. The preferred operation consisted of reduction of the hernia, excision of the sack and the gastric fat pad, closure of the enlarged hiatus without mesh, and construction of a fundoplication anchored by sutures within the abdomen. Results: Of the 55 patients, the operations of 49 were completed laparoscopically using the following reconstructions: Guarner (270-degree) fundoplication (30 patients); Nissen fundoplication (10 patients); and gastropexy (9 patients). Five (9%) operations were converted to laparotomies. The average operating time was 219 minutes; the average blood loss was less than 25 mL; resumption of an unrestricted diet, 27 hours; and mean hospital stay, 58 hours. Intraoperative technical complications occurred in five (9%) patients. One patient died during surgery from a sudden pulmonary embolus. Two (4%) patients required a second operation for recurrent paraesophageal hernias. Conclusions: Laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernias is safe and effective, but the operation is difficult and good results hinge on details of the operative technique and the surgeon's experience. In this series, the crus could always be closed securely without using mesh. We realized early that a fundoplication should be a routine step, because it corrects reflux and is the best method to secure the gastroesophageal junction in the abdomen.
Integrated optical waveguides in polyimide for wafer scale integration

Optical interconnections promise several key advantages over their electrical counterparts such as large bandwidth and reduced propagation delay. The limitations of electrical interconnections become even more significant for wafer scale integration (WSI), and wafer scale hybrid packaging (WSHP) because of the length of wafer scale interconnections. The authors investigate the possibility of using optically transparent organic dielectrics such as certain polyimides as waveguide materials for integrated optical waveguides, and the use of a focused ion beam (FIB) for micromachining optical structures such as mirrors. >
Developing service-oriented applications in a grid environment

The Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol (OPeNDAP) software framework has evolved over the last 10 years to become a robust, high performance, service oriented architecture for the access and transport of scientific data from a broad variety of disciplines, over the Internet. Starting with version 4.0 of the server release, Hyrax, has at its core, the Back-End Server (BES). The BES offers ease of programming, extensibility and reliability al- lowing added functionality especially related to high- performance data Grids, that goes beyond its original goal of distributed data access. We present the fun- damentals of the BES server as a component based architecture, as well as our experiences using the BES
Patients with isolated laryngopharyngeal reflux are not obese

Objectives: The gastroenterology literature suggests that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is often associated with obesity. The National Institutes of Health uses body mass index (BMI) to identify patients who are overweight (BMI 25–30) or obese (BMI > 30). The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and elevated BMI. Study Design: The study involved a retrospective review of 500 pH-probe studies performed consecutively within the department. Methods: Studies performed on antireflux medication or after fundoplication were excluded. From the included study reports, age, sex, height, weight, use of tobacco or alcohol, and pharyngeal and esophageal probe findings were recorded. After controlling for other factors, the relationship between LPR and BMI was determined and statistical analysis performed. Results: Two hundred and eighty-five of the 500 pH studies met inclusion criteria. The overall mean BMI was 27.9 ± 6.42. The mean BMI for patients with normal studies was 25.6 ± 5.07, for those with isolated LPR 25.9 ± 6.44, for those with isolated GERD 28.3 ± 6.81, and for those with globally abnormal studies (LPR and GERD) 28.8 ± 6.55. Abnormal pharyngeal reflux did not correlate with increasing BMI; however, abnormal esophageal reflux events correlated with increasing BMI (P = .002). The mean number of pharyngeal reflux events was not elevated in obese patients, whereas the mean number of esophageal reflux events was significantly elevated in obese (P = .02) when compared with nonobese patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that pharyngeal reflux is not associated with increasing BMI or obesity in LPR patients. In contrast, abnormal esophageal reflux (GERD) is associated with increasing BMI and obesity. Because of the LPR patient selection bias of this study, these findings may not be applicable to the GERD populations routinely seen by gastroenterologists.
Publishing in French Political Science Journals: an Inventory of Methods and Sub-fields

In this essay, we undertake an inventory of the published articles in French political science journals since 1970, focusing on methodological preferences and sub-field coverage. Such an approach has been used to map the development of political science and its sub-fields in the United States. Thus, Prentice Hull (1999) addressed the evolution of comparative politics by systematically surveying the range and content of journal articles in the subfield. Bennett et al. (2003) conducted a systematic review of the diversity of theories and methods in American Political Science journal articles as well as a survey of Political Science Department courses on methodology, in order to make inferences about the nature of the discipline as a whole. Keeler (2005) has mapped the evolution of European Union studies in the United States, using data drawn from several leading journals and dissertations published at major American universities. In this study, we have reviewed all articles published in two major French journals: Revue Francaise de Science Politique (RFSP) and Politix. Looking at these journals will allow us to have an empirical basis against which to evaluate trends in the political science in France in terms of the use of methods as well as sub-disciplinary emphasis. After a brief discussion of our methodology and coding procedures, we will analyze (a) the use of quantitative vs qualitative methods in each journal, and (b) coverage by sub-field. In the latter part of the essay, we will compare the evolution of French Political Science with that in the United States using the data collected by Bennett et al. (2003).
The flight to the suburbs of population and employment, 1960-1970.

Abstract This paper develops an econometric model of suburbanization, analyzing the changing location of both population (classified by income and race) and of employment (divided into four sectors) in 106 large SMSAs. The results confirm that the differential mobility of upper-income residents, and white residents, has been a powerful force concentrating lower-income residents and nonwhites in central cities. Since upper income residents tend to flee cities with concentrations of poor people, the process of “class flight” is self-reinforcing; however, the analagous process of “white flight,” describing the tendency of whites to flee central cities with concentrations of nonwhites, is not confirmed. Tax rate differentials prompt suburban flight, but expenditures for public services have little effect. Finally, the results confirm the interaction of population and employment location, implying that both “jobs follow people” and “people follow jobs”.
Self-calibration and laser energy monitor validations for a double-pulsed 2-μm CO 2 integrated path differential absorption lidar application.

Double-pulsed 2-μm integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is well suited for atmospheric CO2 remote sensing. The IPDA lidar technique relies on wavelength differentiation between strong and weak absorbing features of the gas normalized to the transmitted energy. In the double-pulse case, each shot of the transmitter produces two successive laser pulses separated by a short interval. Calibration of the transmitted pulse energies is required for accurate CO2 measurement. Design and calibration of a 2-μm double-pulse laser energy monitor is presented. The design is based on an InGaAs pin quantum detector. A high-speed photoelectromagnetic quantum detector was used for laser-pulse profile verification. Both quantum detectors were calibrated using a reference pyroelectric thermal detector. Calibration included comparing the three detection technologies in the single-pulsed mode, then comparing the quantum detectors in the double-pulsed mode. In addition, a self-calibration feature of the 2-μm IPDA lidar is presented. This feature allows one to monitor the transmitted laser energy, through residual scattering, with a single detection channel. This reduces the CO2 measurement uncertainty. IPDA lidar ground validation for CO2 measurement is presented for both calibrated energy monitor and self-calibration options. The calibrated energy monitor resulted in a lower CO2 measurement bias, while self-calibration resulted in a better CO2 temporal profiling when compared to the in situ sensor.
Students' Emotions in Academic Service-Learning.

Research has demonstrated the importance of emotions in learning, and academic service-learning (AS-L) has become an increasingly popular pedagogy. However, few studies have investigated emotional experiences specific to AS-L. The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine students’ emotions related to their AS-L class. Results from the quantitative component revealed that students have emotional experiences both on site and in class that are specific to AS-L. The qualitative interview results supported the quantitative finding that excitement/enjoyment is the most frequently experienced emotion and that the majority of emotional experiences occurred on site. The findings demonstrate the importance of emotions in facilitating the intellectual and personal development of students in AS-L and emphasize the need for faculty to be mindful and intentional in helping students navigate these experiences and integrate them with the course content.
Pediatric Trauma Transfer Imaging Inefficiencies - Opportunities for Improvement with Cloud Technology

BACKGROUND : This study examines the inefficiencies of radiologic imaging transfers from one hospital to the other during pediatric trauma transfers in an era of cloud based information sharing. METHODS : Retrospective review of all patients transferred to a pediatric trauma center from 2008–2014 was performed. Imaging was reviewed for whether imaging accompanied the patient, whether imaging was able to be uploaded onto computer for records, whether imaging had to be repeated, and whether imaging obtained at outside hospitals (OSH) was done per universal pediatric trauma guidelines. RESULTS: Of the 1761 patients retrospectively reviewed, 559 met our inclusion criteria. Imaging was sent with the patient 87.7% of the time. Imaging was unable to be uploaded 31.9% of the time. CT imaging had to be repeated 1.8% of the time. CT scan was not done per universal pediatric trauma guidelines 1.2% of the time. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that current imaging transfer is inefficient, leads to excess ionizing radiation, and increased healthcare costs. Universal implementation of cloud based radiology has the potential to eliminate excess ionizing radiation to children, improve patient care, and save cost to healthcare system.
Responses of Variegated Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Various Light Levels

The behavioral response of variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hubner), larvae (instars 1–6) to several light levels was measured. The influence of food on the response was noted. Instars 1 and 2 were strongly photopositive, instar 3 exhibited no phototaxis, and instars 4 to 6 were photonegative. Larvae of instars 4 to 6 that were starved for 22 to 24 h tended to be less photonegative than satiated larvae instars 4 to 6. The presence of food on the lighted side of the choice chamber influenced the response of starved larvae.
MATING PATTERN AND MATING SUCCESS OF DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA KARYOTYPES IN LARGE EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS.

The pattern of matings between genotypes is the bridge connecting genotypic frequencies at the end of one generation with those at the beginning of the next. It is consequently an essential part of models in population genetics. The simplest assumption is that mating is random. The mating process in higher animals such as vertebrates and arthropods involves the pairing of diploid males and females and is random when the pairing occurs without regard to genotype. When mating is random and forces such as selection are absent, the genotypic frequencies among zygotes are the familiar Hardy-Weinberg frequencies. Most tests for randomness of mating are based on this fact. The usual procedure is to perform a chi-square test for goodness-of-fit between the frequencies of genotypes observed among zygotes and the Hardy-Weinberg expectations. However, such tests are indirect because they are based on genotypic frequencies which are the consequences of matings among adults of the previous generation, rather than on the frequencies of the matings themselves. And it is well known that the power of the chi-square test to detect departures from Hardy-Weinberg frequencies due to inbreeding (Ward and Sing, 1970) or selection (Lewontin and Cockerham, 1959) is severely limited. A stronger means of testing the randomness of mating is by direct analysis of the mating pattern-that is, by determination of the frequencies of matings between spe-
Vitamin E and coronary heart disease.

The benefits of self-treatment of coronary heart disease with vitamin E are being promoted to the lay public. The bases for the claims, however, are quite tenuous and not based on controlled investigations carried out in a scientific manner.
Epithelial Cells of Trachea and Bronchi

Abstract The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles constitute the branched conduit for transport of gases to and from the lung parenchyma. The airways regulate the flow and condition the inhaled air. To accomplish these tasks, mammalian airways have acquired a number of adaptive mechanisms and functions, which are reflected in their structure.
Role of BCR in Down-Modulation of BCR-ABL Oncogenicity in CML

Abstract Bcr-Abl acquires its transforming ability through its up-regulated Abl tyrosine kinase activity. Bcr is a phosphoprotein with a novel serine/threonine kinase activity encoded by its first exon. Over-expression of BCR in K562 cells produces a phosphoserine form of Bcr and interferes with the oncogenic effects of BCR-ABL in mice (Lin et al., Oncogene 2001). We have recently shown the inhibitory effects of Bcr on Bcr-Abl, in a nude mouse solid tumor model. Expression of BCR/GFP in TonB210 cells used for injection delayed tumor formation and tumors were 50% smaller compared to the TonB210/GFP control. In contrast two point mutants in the BCR kinase domain (Y360F and S354A), not only blocked Bcr's inhibitory effects but enhanced the oncogenic effects of BCRABL (Perazzona et.al. Oncogene, 2008). Similar Bcr effects were observed in a mouse leukemia model. We are investigating the mechanism of the interaction between Bcr and Bcr-Abl proteins. Using TonB210 cells, in which BCR-ABL expression is controlled by a tetracycline-inducible promoter and Bcr is stably transduced by lentivirus infection, we observed that increasing levels of Bcr-Abl expression increased the levels of the Bcr protein. Treatment of TonB210 cells with imatinib mesylate decreased the levels of Bcr- Abl and surprisingly the Bcr protein as well, indicating that the tyrosine kinase function of Bcr-Abl is required to up-regulate Bcr protein expression. In addition, withdrawal of doxycycline also reduced Bcr-Abl and Bcr protein levels, confirming that Bcr-Abl is required for increased expression of the Bcr protein. In order to examine the levels of Bcr in cells lacking Bcr-Abl, we transduced BCR/GFP with lentivirus infection into BaF3 and 32D cells. Surprisingly, these cell lines expressed extremely low levels of Bcr, despite 90% expression of the GFP marker. Expression of Bcr was restored by overnight treatment with the proteasome inhibitor calpain inhibitor I. Forced expression of Bcr-Abl in BCR- transduced cells restored high expression of Bcr protein, confirming that Bcr- Abl is required for preventing degradation of the Bcr protein. Together these findings indicate that Bcr-Abl up-regulated Bcr expression by interfering with proteasomemediated degradation of the Bcr protein. Additional studies indicated that Bcr increases expression of the myeloid membrane surface marker Mac-1 in Bcr-Abl TonB210 cells, which originated from the mouse pro-B cell BaF3. We propose that Bcr may play a role in generating the myeloid phenotype caused by Bcr-Abl in CML patients and may be an important player in the chronic phase of CML by down-modulating Bcr-Abl.
Flow cytometry dataset for cells collected from touched surfaces.

‘Touch’ or trace cell mixtures submitted as evidence are a significant problem for forensic laboratories as they can render resulting genetic profiles difficult or even impossible to interpret. Optical signatures that distinguish epidermal cell populations from different contributors could facilitate the physical separation of mixture components prior to genetic analysis, and potentially the downstream production of single source profiles and/or simplified mixtures. This dataset comprises the results from antibody hybridization surveys using Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and Cytokeratin (CK) probes, as well as surveys of optical properties of deposited cells, including forward scatter (FSC), side scatter (SSC), and fluorescence emissions in the Allophycocyanin (APC) channel. All analyses were performed on “touch” samples deposited by several different contributors on multiple days to assess inter- and intra-contributor variability.
Extreme Tensile Damage and Failure in Glassy Polymers via Dynamic-Tensile-Extrusion

Dynamic-tensile-extrusion (DTE) is an integrated test technique that allows the study of material deformation at high strain-rates (>10,000 s−1) and large strains (>1), under hydrostatic tension. This is an important compliment to the more traditional Taylor cylinder impact test, which achieves large strain and high strain-rate deformation, but under hydrostatic compression. Hydrostatic compression is known to suppress many forms of damage in materials. DTE has been previously employed on a number of metal and polymer systems that manifested tensile instabilities. More recently, this technique has explored stable tensile damage in high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which pointed to a pressure-mediated shear damage phenomenon. The current work extends the technique to the behavior of the glassy polymers poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). PMMA was found to undergo unstable brittle fracture at nearly all conditions, and therefore did not yield interpretable experimental results. PC (discussed herein) necked and either failed in a brittle fashion or the neck was arrested prior to failure. In the arrested condition, the neck was seen to become opaque from an apparent accumulation of small-scale damage, and a void nucleated at the centerline. A corkscrew fracture process was observed in PC, though its mechanics are not yet understood. It is worth noting that simulations of pressure-hardening PC indicate that it will not extrude or even neck during DTE without the action of a damage process reducing the flow strength of the material.
Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry for the Analysis of Ceramics and Glasses

The analysis of ceramics, glasses, and other refractory materials by atomic spectroscopic techniques is a well — established analytical chemistry approach. During the past decade development of new spectrochemical plasma sources, in particular the inductively coupled plasma (ICP), direct current plasma jet (DCP), and microwave induced plasma (MIP), has revelutionized spectrochemical measurements of major, minor, and trace elements in diverse industrial materials. Owing to the very high temperature, stability, and low chemical interferences of the ICP discharge, ICP spectrometry is especially suited for the analysis of ceramics, glasses, and refractories. The objective of this article is to review the features and capabilities of ICP spectrometry for the analysis of ceramics, glasses, and refractory materials. The prospects for development are substantial, and maturity in the application of ICP spectrometry to these materials is expected to occur by the end of the decade.
Brief of Amici Curiae Empirical Fourth Amendment Scholars in Support of Petitioner in Carpenter vs. United States

The Court has recognized that public expectations of privacy are relevant to the Fourth Amendment. A growing body of social science research shows that a majority of people: (1) do not knowingly convey their location information to cell phone providers; and (2) believe that law enforcement needs to obtain, and ought to obtain, a search warrant before gathering this information. These studies addressed a range of surveilled information (cell site location and GPS tracking) and conduct (by cell phone providers and by law enforcement). On average across all the studies more than 60% of survey respondents (and often upwards of 70-80%) emphatically asserted a privacy interest in the information contained on or emitted from their cell phones. In relative terms, these privacy interests are as strong, or stronger, than paradigmatic cases where the Court has required law enforcement officials to first obtain a warrant. These empirical data, detailed below, expressly undercut the Sixth Circuit’s reliance on the third party doctrine in deciding this case, and affirmatively support a finding that warrantless searches of this information violate the Fourth Amendment. This Court should employ these empirical data - a critical tool that informs the proper scope and functioning of the Fourth Amendment - and reverse the decision below.
Doom Towns: The People and Landscapes of Atomic Testing. A Graphic History

DOOM TOWNS: The People and Landscapes of Atomic Testing. A Graphic History. By Andrew G. Kirk. Illustrated by Kristian Purcell. ii and 337 pp.; maps, diagrs., ills., biblio., index. New York: Oxfor...
Improving Access and “Unhiding” the Special Collections

ABSTRACTThis article broadly reviews the issue of access in special collections and introduces several solutions for improving access to special collections materials. Drawing on literature and specific case studies, the author finds that special collections units have made great progress in making their materials accessible to researchers and users. A variety of access web and digitization technologies are outlined and discussed.
Whole blood stabilization for the microfluidic isolation and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells

Precise rare-cell technologies require the blood to be processed immediately or be stabilized with fixatives. Such restrictions limit the translation of circulating tumor cell (CTC)-based liquid biopsy assays that provide accurate molecular data in guiding clinical decisions. Here we describe a method to preserve whole blood in its minimally altered state by combining hypothermic preservation with targeted strategies that counter cooling-induced platelet activation. Using this method, whole blood preserved for up to 72 h can be readily processed for microfluidic sorting without compromising CTC yield and viability. The tumor cells retain high-quality intact RNA suitable for single-cell RT-qPCR as well as RNA-Seq, enabling the reliable detection of cancer-specific transcripts including the androgen-receptor splice variant 7 in a cohort of prostate cancer patients with an overall concordance of 92% between fresh and preserved blood. This work will serve as a springboard for the dissemination of diverse blood-based diagnostics.
An inexpensive sensor for noise.

ABSTRACTNoise is a pervasive workplace hazard that varies spatially and temporally. The cost of direct-reading instruments for noise hampers their use in a network. The objectives for this work were to: (1) develop an inexpensive noise sensor (<$100) that measures A-weighted sound pressure levels within ±2 dBA of a Type 2 sound level meter (SLM; ∼$1,800); and (2) evaluate 50 noise sensors for use in an inexpensive sensor network. The inexpensive noise sensor consists of an electret condenser microphone, an amplifier circuit, and a microcontroller with a small form factor (28 mm by 47 mm by 9 mm) than can be operated as a stand-alone unit. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate 50 of the new sensors at 5 sound levels: (1) ambient sound in a quiet office; (2) 3 pink noise test signals from 65–85 dBA in 10 dBA increments; and (3) 94 dBA using a SLM calibrator. Ninety-four percent of the noise sensors (n = 46) were within ±2 dBA of the SLM for sound levels from 65–94 dBA. As sound level increased, bias d...
Reliability Degradation of Mechanical Components and Systems

This chapter focuses on time-dependent reliability assessment approaches. Two new methods are presented to depict the change of reliability with the increase of operation time or the number of applied load cycles. In the first part of this chapter, we present a time-dependent load-strength interference analysis method that models reliability degradation caused by a randomly repeated load. By describing the loading history as the Poisson stochastic process, time-dependent reliability models are developed, and the characteristics of the failure rate curve with respect to different component strength degradation patterns is discussed. In the second part, we present a residual life distribution based method by which we model the change of the residual fatigue life distribution with the number of load cycles. Based on the experimental study of residual fatigue life distributions of two metallic materials, a model is developed to calculate the parameters of residual fatigue life distribution under variable amplitude load history, by which residual life distribution parameters are determined with the known applied load history. Furthermore, a recursive equation is introduced to predict the probability of fatigue failure under variable amplitude load histories.
The Use Of Two Photon Microscopy To Image Vaso-Occulsion In Pulmonary Microvessels Of Living Mice With Sickle Cell Disease

Although sickle cell anemia is initiated by red cell pathology, it is accompanied by an inflammatory immune response involving platelets and white blood cells that contribute to vaso-occlusvie episodes including painful vaso-occlusive crises (pVOC) and acute chest syndrome (ACS). In order to better understand the cellular and molecular bases of vaso-occlusion we are in the process of developing procedures to image microvessels in the lung, liver and spleen of living mice by 2-photon microscopy, a procedure that is based on excitation of a fluorophore by two photons simultaneously. The two-photon technique utilizes infrared light that efficiently penetrates tissues up to 200 microns with low phototoxicity allowing time-lapse imaging. Two-photon intravital microscopy can be used to study the behavior of intravascular cells during vaso-occlusive events. Mice are prepared for lung intravital microscopy by the intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine and xylazine. Additional anesthesia is added during experimentation. The trachea is opened and the mouse intubated. The chest is opened to allow access to the left lobe of the lung through a window that is a few millimeters in diameter. PBS is applied to keep the lung moist. A custom built suction device is placed on the lung and covered with a cover glass at the same time pressure is exerted to seal the organ and the glass cover together. Throughout the procedure, the mouse is held at a temperature of 37 ° C. Once surgery is completed, a mixture of antibodies coupled to fluorophores is given by retro-orbital injection. In order to minimize photobleaching we used antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 555 or Alexa Fluor 647. We are able to visualize and quantify interactions between red blood cells, white blood cells, and endothelial cells as well as the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in real time. During pVOC triggered by hypoxia, cell adhesion of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes to the endothelium is observed that is associated with an increase in endothelial expression of ICAM-1 and V-CAM. We label endothelial cells with anti-CD31, lymphocytes with anti-CD45, monocytes with anti-Ly6C and neutrophils with anti-Ly6G. Platelets are labeled with anti-CD41 or anti-CD62P, NK cells with anti-NKp46, and macrophages with anti-F4/80 and anti-CD1d. We are able to quantify cell shape, rolling, adhesion and movement. Our preliminary results demonstrate that it is possible in real time to image the sequence of events occurring during pulmonary vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease. In conclusion, intravital 2-photon microscopy holds great potential for enabling us to better understand inflammatory responses within the blood vessels of living SCD mice. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis With Obesity, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Sarcopenia.

Objective Obesity, defined by anthropometric measures, is a well-known risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA), but there is a relative paucity of data regarding the association of body composition (fat and muscle mass) with risk of knee OA. We undertook this study to examine the longitudinal association of body composition categories based on fat and muscle mass with risk of incident knee OA. Methods We included participants from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, a longitudinal cohort of individuals with or at risk of knee OA. Based on body composition (i.e., fat and muscle mass) from whole-body dual x-ray absorptiometry, subjects were categorized as obese nonsarcopenic (obese), sarcopenic obese, sarcopenic nonobese (sarcopenic), or nonsarcopenic nonobese (the referent category). We examined the relationship of baseline body composition categories with the risk of incident radiographic OA at 60 months using binomial regression with robust variance estimation, adjusting for potential confounders. Results Among 1,653 subjects without radiographic knee OA at baseline, significantly increased risk of incident radiographic knee OA was found among obese women (relative risk [RR] 2.29 [95% confidence interval {95% CI} 1.64-3.20]), obese men (RR 1.73 [95% CI 1.08-2.78]), and sarcopenic obese women (RR 2.09 [95% CI 1.17-3.73]), but not among sarcopenic obese men (RR 1.74 [95% CI 0.68-4.46]). Sarcopenia was not associated with risk of knee OA (for women, RR 0.96 [95% CI 0.62-1.49]; for men, RR 0.66 [95% CI 0.34-1.30]). Conclusion In this large longitudinal cohort, we found body composition-based obesity and sarcopenic obesity, but not sarcopenia, to be associated with risk of knee OA. Weight loss strategies for knee OA should focus on obesity and sarcopenic obesity.
Las relaciones entre la tutela precontractual y contractual del acreedor: la conexión y la proyección-absorción

espanolEl presente articulo tiene por proposito determinar, sistematizar y analizar las relaciones entre la tutela precontractual y contractual, a partir de la idea de conexion y proyeccionabsorcion, ensayando una tipologia de ellas que permitira al acreedor advertir sus deslindes e inclinarse por una u otra, dependiendo del caso concreto en que se encuentre y del alcance de la tutela que pretenda obtener. EnglishThe purpose of this article is to determine, systematize and analyze the relationships between precontractual and contractual protection, based on the idea of connection and projectionabsorption, testing a typology of them that will allow the creditor to notice their boundaries and lean towards one or the other, depending on the specific case in which it is found and the scope of the protection it intends to obtain.
Extralimital Records of Louisiana-Banded Mottled Ducks Recovered in North Dakota

Anas fulvigula (Mottled Duck) is a non-migratory year-round resident species of the western Gulf Coast and peninsular Florida. We report on 2 male Mottled Ducks banded in southwest Louisiana and harvested in south central North Dakoa, having traveled a minimum of 1991 km. It is unknown whether these birds paired with migratory female A. platyrhynchos (Mallard) during fall–winter 2016 and subsequently followed them to a breeding area in North Dakota, or whether these birds themselves may have been hybrid offspring of such a pairing. Previous extralimital records of Mottled Ducks have been reported in the Prairie Pothole region, but our data represent the northernmost records for this species. Increasing extralimital reports of Mottled Ducks or hybrid ducks should be cause for concern among conservation planners. Additional research into Western Gulf Coast Mottled Duck genetics and hybridization rates is warranted.
On the Natural Statistics of Chromatic Images

The visual brain is optimally designed to process images from the natural environment that we perceive. Describing the natural environment statistically helps in understanding how the brain encodes those images efficiently. The Natural Scene Statistics (NSS) of the luminance component of images is the basis of several univariate and bivariate statistical models. The NSS of other colors or chromatic components have been less well-analyzed. In this paper, we study the univariate and bivariate NSS of luminance and other chromatic components and how they relate.