cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of mating disruption dispenser placement on trap performance for monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Capture of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., in lure-baited, wing-style traps placcd at varying distances from polyethylene dispensers (Isomate-C+) in the canopy of an apple orchard was investigated during 1997. Replicated studies of trap - dispenser position were conducted with releases of sterile moths around each trap. In the first experiment, moth catch was unexpectcdly higher in traps placed 1 m below the 1997 dispenser's height (3.38 m) compared with traps at the dispenser's height. No differcnces were found in moth catch for traps placed adjacent to or 1 and 2 m distant from dispensers at the dispenser height. Subsequent analysis of the Isomate-C+ dispensers left in the field from 1996 found that they continued to emit low levels of sex pheromone through July. In the second experiment, the 1996 dispensers were removed from the trees around each trap and moth catch was significantly lower in traps placed 1 m below the 1997 dispenser height and in traps adjacent to the dispcnser comparcd with traps 1 and 2 m distant at the dispenser's height. In a third test, moth catches were significantly reduced when thc trap - dispenser distance was < 0.3 m for both 1996 and 1997 dispensers. Moth catch did not vary in traps placed 0.3 to 2.0 m from either dispenser type. A post-hoc evaluation or trap placements used in an areawide projcct situated near Oroville, Washington, in 1996 found that 9% of traps were placcd within 0.3 m of dispensers. This percentage of traps increased to 30% in 1997 following recommendations that traps should be placed higher in the canopy. Key words : codling moth; sex pheromone; mating disruption; apple; lures; traps
Cystic Fibrosis: Gene Therapy

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations of the CFTR protein, a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of transmembrane proteins. CFTR can act as a cAMP-activated chloride channel and as a regulator of other ion channels in exocrine glands and other ductular structures. Keywords: gene therapy; clinical trials; lung; cystic fibrosis
Experiences in constructing a level-2 software engineering graduate curriculum

This paper explores the application of the Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model to projects in graduate software engineering education. A notional maturity model for education and training is suggested. Actual experiences in injecting and using the model are described.
Retroviral Misexpression of engrailed Genes in the Chick Optic Tectum Perturbs the Topographic Targeting of Retinal Axons

We have investigated the role of the homeodomain transcription factor genes En-1 and En-2, homologs of the Drosophila segment polarity gene engrailed, in regulating the development of the retinotopic map in the chick optic tectum. The En proteins are distributed in a gradient along the rostral-caudal axis of the developing tectum, with highest amounts found caudally. Previous evidence suggests that En-1 and En-2 may regulate the polarity of the rostral-caudal axis of the tectum and the subsequent topographic mapping of retinal axons. We have tested this hypothesis by using a recombinant replication-competent retrovirus to overexpress the En-1 or En-2 genes in the developing tectum. Anterograde labeling with the axon tracer Dil was used to analyze the topographic mapping of retinal axons after the time that the retinotectal projection is normally topographically organized. Overexpression of either En-1 or En-2 perturbed the topographic targeting of retinal axons. In En-infected tecta, nasal retinal axons form an abnormally diffuse projection with numerous aberrant axons, branches, and arbors found at topographically incorrect locations, colocalized with domains of viral infection. In contrast, temporal axons did not form a diffuse projection or discrete aberrant arbors; however, many temporal axons were stunted and ended aberrantly rostral to their appropriate TZ, or in other cases either did not enter the tectum or formed a dense termination at its extreme rostral edge. These findings indicate that En-1 and En-2 are involved in regulating the development of the retinotopic map in the tectum. Furthermore, they support the hypothesis that En genes regulate the polarity of the rostral-caudal axis of the tectum, most likely by controlling the expression of retinal axon guidance molecules.
Third SSRC Design Guide, with Column Design Applications

The 3rd edition of the Structural Stability Research Council Guide to Stability Design Criteria for Metal Structures (formerly the Column Research Council Guide to Design Criteria for Metal Compression Members ) is reviewed. The effective length and equivalent slenderness ratio concepts are defined and differentiated. Multiple column strength curves, made available in the 3rd edition, together with an accurate determination of effective length, are shown to provide a means of reducing the uncertainties in column strength calculations. Procedures for determining modified effective lengths in the inelastic range are developed through simplified frame examples that include: (1)Columns connected to restraining members; (2)columns that support adjacent members; and (3)columns in building frames. Limitations in the use of the effective length concept are delineated.
Student Learning Styles And Performance In An Introductory Finance Class

Many academic disciplines have examined the role that variation in Jungian personality types plays in the academic performance of college students. Different personality types tend to have different learning styles, which in turn influence student performance in a variety of college courses. To measure the impact of learning styles on student performance in the introductory finance course, we administered an online Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test to students and then used regression analysis to measure the effects of different learning styles on course performance. We found several significant effects, which have implications for the teaching of introductory finance.
Nitrogen Heat Pipe for Cryocooler Thermal Shunt

A nitrogen heat pipe was designed, built and tested for the purpose of providing a thermal shunt between the two stages of a Gifford-McMahan (GM) cryocooler during cooldown. The nitrogen heat pipe has an operating temperature range between 63 and 123 K. While the heat pipe is in this temperature range during the system cooldown, it acts as a thermal shunt between the first and second stage of the cryocooler. The heat pipe increases the heat transfer to the first stage of the cryocooler, thereby reducing the cooldown time of the system. When the heat pipe temperature drops below the triple point, the nitrogen working fluid freezes, effectively stopping the heat pipe operation. A small heat leak between cryocooler stages remains because of axial conduction along the heat pipe wall. As long as the heat pipe remains below 63 K, the heat pipe remains inactive. Heat pipe performance limits were measured and the optimum fluid charge was determined.
The rightward gas vesicle operon in Halobacterium plasmid pNRC100: identification of the gvpA and gvpC gene products by use of antibody probes and genetic analysis of the region downstream of gvpC.

Abstract The extreme halophile Halobacterium halobium synthesizes intracellular gas-filled vesicles that confer buoyancy. A cluster of 13 genes on the 200-kb endogenous plasmid pNRC100 has been implicated in the biosynthesis of gas vesicles. Here, we show that two gas vesicle proteins are encoded by genes in the rightward operon, gvpA and gvpC, by Western blotting (immunoblotting) analysis with antibodies directed against LacZ-GvpA and LacZ-GvpC fusion proteins. Our results are consistent with previous data showing that the gvpA gene product is the major gas vesicle protein and demonstrate for the first time that the gvpC gene product is also present in H. halobium gas vesicles. Northern (RNA) blotting analysis showed two RNA species, an abundant 0.35-kb transcript of gvpA and a minor 2.5-kb transcript of gvpAC, and a third gene 3' to gvpAC, named gvpN. The gvpN gene encodes a hypothetical acidic protein with a molecular weight of 39,000 and a nucleotide binding motif. We used a site-directed mutagenesis method involving double recombination in Escherichia coli to insert a kanamycin resistance cassette just beyond the stop codon of gvpN. Introduction of the mutated gene cluster into an H. halobium mutant with a deletion of the entire gas vesicle gene cluster resulted in gas vesicle-positive transformants; this result suggests that gvpN is the last gene of the rightward gas vesicle transcription unit. We discuss the design and utility of the kanamycin resistance cassette for the mutagenesis of other genes in large operons.
Information Disclosure and Regulatory Compliance: Economic Issues and Research Directions

The Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOA) introduced significant changes to financial practice and corporate governance regulation, including stringent new rules designed to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. Briefly speaking, it requires management to submit a report containing an assessment of the effectiveness of the internal control structure, a description of material weaknesses in such internal controls and of any material noncompliance. Such mandatory regulations can have some broader ramifications on firm profitability, market structure and social welfare, many of which were unintended when policy makers first formulated this Act. Moreover, the tight coupling between compliance activities, information disclosure and IT investments can have implications for IT governance because of its potential to change relationships between technology investments and business. This article aims to provide insights into the trade-offs involved for firms in disclosure of such information, and gives an overview of some research questions that are yet to be addressed.
Fabrication of a superconducting hot-electron bolometer receiver with micromachined waveguide components

The use of superconducting hot-electron bolometers (HEBs) as mixing elements in terahertz heterodyne receivers has become increasingly attractive in the last few years. Such receivers find application in the fields of radio astronomy, molecular spectroscopy, and atmospheric remote sensing. We have developed a method of fabricating these devices, consisting of a niobium film less than one-quarter micron long and 150 /spl Aring/ thick, using a gallium focused-ion beam (FIB). We intend to build a mixer which incorporates these devices, fabricated on silicon nitride membranes, with terahertz waveguide components fabricated by laser-micromachining of silicon under CAD control. This paper discusses the three fabrication methods (focused-ion beam, the bulk micromachining of silicon necessary to obtain nitride membranes, and laser micromachining) used in our work.
Analyzing the Effect of Driver Age on Operating Speed and Acceleration Noise: On-Board Second-by-Second Driving Data

The objective of this research was to characterize the second-by-second driving style of older drivers to account accurately for differences in lead-vehicle operations for different subgroups of drivers. The project focused on differences by age and used field data collected with in-vehicle instrumentation on a predefined route. The sample set included 19 individuals older than age 70 and 16 individuals between the ages of 21 and 35 years. Trends and differences in unconstrained speed and acceleration noise—including interactions with intersection departures, posted speed limits, grade, and horizontal curvature—were explored. The speeds of younger drivers were up to 3 mph greater than those of older drivers; variations were also attributable to geometric roadway characteristics. Most notably, the speed of younger drivers was influenced 64.5% more than the speed of older drivers by the curvature change rate in 35 mph zones. Older drivers were influenced 87% more than younger drivers by grade in 25 mph zone...
Denise Horn. Women, Civil Society and the Geopolitics of Democratization

Denise Horn. Women, Civil Society and the Geopolitics of Democratization. New York: Routledge, 2010. ISBN 0–415–87225–1. Women, Civil Society and the Geopolitics of Democratization examines the rol...
Evaluation of moment statistics for molecular modeling

The concept of moment statistics for evaluating conformations of molecules derived from molecular dynamics simulations is presented. A comparison of the rigidity of tetralin with benzene and cyclohexane, the effect of “tooth thickness” in geared systems, the fluctional motion of a linear alkane, and the differences between dynamical motions of hydrogen-bonded systems in gas versus solution phases were studied. The strengths and weaknesses of implementing moment statistics as a tool for data reduction are described. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Myotomy: follow-up study of 50 patients.

Laparoscopic myotomy has become the standard treatment for definitive management of achalasia. This study was undertaken to assess the long-term results of the procedure. Perioperative data, including a symptom score questionnaire, were collected prospectively on all patients undergoing laparoscopic myotomy. The same questionnaire was readministered by phone to patients with follow-up greater than 3.75 years. The long-term success of myotomy was defined as a 50% or greater decrease in the dysphagia score and absence of further therapy (responders). Fifty of 95 patients (age = 57 years, 23 females) were successfully contacted. Average follow-up was 6.2 years. The overall long-term success rate was 64% (responders). Forty-two patients (84%) were able to gain or maintain their weight after the procedure. Five patients (10%) required one or more endoscopic dilations after the myotomy. The mean change in dysphagia score was higher in the responder group (7.8 ±1.9 vs. 1.9 ±2.1; P = 0.001). The two groups were similar in terms of age, gender distribution, and follow-up interval (P > .05). Dor fundoplication was performed in six patients (12%), and the outcome comparisons of these patients showed no significant differences from those patients undergoing Heller alone. Overall satisfaction was achieved in 94% of contacted patients. These results confirm that laparoscopic myotomy is an effective procedure with excellent long-term symptom resolution and overall satisfaction in patients with achalasia.
Mode of action of antibiotics. I. Site of action of ascosin.

Abstract Ascosin, a heptaene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces canescus (NRRL 2419) which inhibited yeast respiration completely, had no effect on glycolysis. Ascosin did not inhibit the reduction of the dye, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol with succinate as the substrate. Nor did it inhibit the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by yeast extracts. The reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, which accepts electrons from cytochrome a, was completely inhibited by ascosin when succinate was the substrate. Ascosin also inhibited the succinate → cytochrome c reductase system. Mixtures of ascosin and antimycin-A at low concentrations produced inhibition that was even greater than the sum of the individual inhibitions. From these data it is concluded that the site of action of ascosin is probably the same as that of antimycin A.
EARLY PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA AS AN INITIAL RESPONSE TO PREGNANCY IN CATTLE

This study was conducted to determine if early pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia exists in cattle as has been demonstrated in mice and in humans. Three experiments were designed to compare peripheral platelet counts in pregnant versus nonpregnant animals. In Experiment 1 heifers (n = 25) were artificially inseminated 12 h after the onset of estrus. Peripheral platelet counts in 19 pregnant versus 6 nonpregnant heifers did not reveal any significant differences between groups after insemination. In Experiment 2 embryos were collected nonsurgically from superovulated cows (n =18) on Days 6 to 7 after estrus. Platelet counts were monitored every 12 h after the first insemination until 60 h after the second insemination. Platelet counts and the number of embryos collected nonsurgically from these superovulated donors did not show any significant correlations (P>0.05). Ten recipient heifers synchronized to donor animals received either an unfertilized ovum or a good quality embryo via nonsurgical transfer into the uterus. There were no significant reductions in platelet counts after transfer. In Experiment 3 platelet counts were monitored daily in four pregnant and five nonpregnant recipient heifers between Day 0 and Day 30 after embryo transfer on Day 8 of the cycle. The platelet counts did not reveal any significant differences between the pregnant and nonpregnant groups throughout Days 0 to 30. These results indicate that early pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia cannot be demonstrated in cattle. Peripheral platelet counts cannot be used as an indicator of early pregnancy in cattle.
Structure, topology and chemical order in Ge-As-Te glasses: a high-energy x-ray diffraction study.

High-energy x-ray diffraction is employed to study the atomic structure of bulk GexAs2xTe100 − 3x glasses with compositions in the range 25 ≤ 3x ≤ 70. The coordination environments of Te atoms suggest significant violation of chemical order in these glasses. Analyses of the nearest-neighbor coordination environments and the parameters for the first sharp diffraction peak indicate that these telluride glasses are structurally and chemically more disordered as compared with their sulfide or selenide analogs. The compositional evolution of the structural parameters is shown to be consistent with the corresponding variation in molar volume and glass transition temperature.
Defining the Conductance of the Closed State in a Voltage-Gated K+ Channel

The opening and closing of the ion conduction pathway in ion channels underlies the generation and propagation of electrical signals in biological systems. Although electrophysiological approaches to measuring the flow of ions in the open state have contributed profoundly to our understanding of ion permeation and gating, it remains unclear how much the ion-throughput rate decreases upon closure of the ion conduction pore. To address this fundamental question, we expressed the Shaker Kv channel at high levels and then measured macroscopic K+ currents at negative membrane voltages and counted the number of channels by quantifying the translocation of gating charge. Our results show that the conductance of the closed state is between 0 and 0.16 fS, or at least 100,000 times lower than for the open state of the channel, indicating that the flow of ions is very tightly regulated in this class of K+ channels.
Automatic regional analysis of DTI properties in the developmental macaque brain

Many neuroimaging studies are applied to monkeys as pathologies and environmental exposures can be studied in well-controlled settings and environment. In this work, we present a framework for the use of an atlas based, fully automatic segmentation of brain tissues, lobar parcellations, subcortical structures and the regional extraction of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) properties. We first built a structural atlas from training images by iterative, joint deformable registration into an unbiased average image. On this atlas, probabilistic tissue maps, a lobar parcellation and subcortical structures were determined. This information is applied to each subjects structural image via affine, followed by deformable registration. The affinely transformed atlas is employed for a joint T1 and T2 based tissue classification. The deformed parcellation regions mask the tissue segmentations to define the parcellation for white and gray matter separately. Each subjects structural image is then non-rigidly matched with its DTI image by normalized mutual information, b-spline based registration. The DTI property histograms were then computed using the probabilistic white matter information for each lobar parcellation. We successfully built an average atlas using a developmental training datasets of 18 cases aged 16-34 months. Our framework was successfully applied to over 50 additional subjects in the age range of 9 70 months. The probabilistically weighted FA average in the corpus callosum region showed the largest increase over time in the observed age range. Most cortical regions show modest FA increase, whereas the cerebellums FA values remained stable. The individual methods used in this segmentation framework have been applied before, but their combination is novel, as is their application to macaque MRI data. Furthermore, this is the first study to date looking at the DTI properties of the developing macaque brain.
Autosomal recessive syndrome of sacral and conotruncal developmental field defects (Kousseff syndrome)

Kousseff [1984] reported on three sibs with an autosomal recessive syndrome of sacral meningocele, conotruncal heart defects, and minor anomalies of head and neck. We report on a fourth case and discuss the findings from a developmental field perspective and the ramifications for genetic counseling.
The origin of brainstem-spinal pathways in the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Studies using the horseradish peroxidase method.

Brainstem neurons which project to lumbar, thoracic and cervical spinal levels have been identified in the North American opossum by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. Neurons which relay to all of the levels studied are located within the medullary and pontine reticular formation as well as within the nucleus cuneatus, the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, the lateral reticular nucleus, the medullary and caudal pontine raphe nuclei, the lateral, medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, the nucleus “F,” the nucleus coeruleus, and the nucleus coeruleus, para α, the red nucleus, and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. The lateral vestibulospinal and rubrospinal systems are topographically organized, although neurons projecting to different cord levels show considerable intermingling. Our material also provides evidence that raphe-spinal and reticulospinal connections are organized to some degree. Neurons which backfill after cervical and thoracic placements, but not after lumbar injections, are distributed within the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus, the nucleus intercalatus, the dorsal vagal nucleus, the cuneiform area of Castaldi, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch. Reactive neurons are present within the lateral, dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas as well as within the periventricular and paraventricular nuclei after thoracic placements and within the superior colliculus after injections within the cervical cord. Additionally, neurons are reactive in the nucleus ambiguus, the interpolar division of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the rostral division of the oculomotor nucleus (Oswaldo-Cruz and Rocha-Miranda, '68) after HRP placements into the third and fourth cervical segments.
Ion Production and Loss Processes in Helium-Nitrogen Mixtures

Detailed studies of the time dependence of the number density of ions have been made during the decay period of plasmas produced in He containing various concentrations of nitrogen molecules. Various reaction-rate constants were obtained: $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)+{\mathrm{N}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{N}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}+\mathrm{He}+e[(6.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11} {\mathrm{cm}}^{3}invsec]$; ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ + ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ + He \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{N}}_{4}^{+}$ + He [(5.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$] and ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ + ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ + He \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{N}}_{3}^{+}$ + He [(4.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$]. Evidence for the charge-transfer process ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ + N \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${\mathrm{N}}^{+}$ + ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ was obtained. The values of the ambipolar-diffusion coefficients of nitrogen ions in He were found to be ${D}_{a}{p}_{0}({\mathrm{N}}^{+})=970\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50$; ${D}_{a}{p}_{0}(\mathrm{N}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{+})=920\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40$, and ${D}_{a}{p}_{0}(\mathrm{N}_{3}^{}{}_{}{}^{+})=840\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}70$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Torr, while the diffusion coefficient of $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}S)$ was ${D}_{m}{p}_{0}=480\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Torr.
Evidence for Changes in s − d Hybridization in α -Phase Cu-Ge Alloys from Positron Annihilation Experiments

Measurements of angular correlation of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from positron annihilation in Cu-Ge alloys have been used to reconstruct the momentum density in these alloys in the (110) plane. The densities show, for the first time in a copper alloy, details beyond fermiology which are linked to the detailed character of the electron wave functions and thus to $s\ensuremath{-}d$ hybridization. This hybridization undergoes large and anisotropic changes upon the alloying of Cu with Ge.
Optical measurement of depth and duty cycle for binary diffraction gratings with subwavelength features

We describe a new and unique method for simultaneous determination of the groove depth and duty cycle of binary diffraction gratings. For a near-normal angle of incidence, the +1 and -1 diffracted orders will behave nearly the same as the duty cycle is varied for a fixed grating depth. The difference in their behavior, quantified as the ratio of their respective diffraction efficiencies, is compared to a look-up table generated by rigorous coupled-wave theory, and the duty cycle of the grating is thus obtained as a function of grating depth. Performing the same analysis for the orthogonal probe-light polarization results in a different functional dependence of the duty cycle on the grating depth. By use of both TE and TM polarizations, the depth and duty cycle for the grating are obtained by the intersection of the functions generated by the individual polarizations. These measurements can also be used to assess qualitatively both the uniformity of the grating and the symmetry of the grating profile. Comparison with scanning electron microscope images shows excellent agreement. This method is advantageous since it can be carried out rapidly, is accurate and repeatable, does not damage the sample, and uses low-cost, commonly available equipment. Since this method consists of only four fixed simple measurements, it is highly suitable for quality control in a manufacturing environment.
Perturbation of renal amino acid transport by brush border membrane vesicles in the vitamin D-deficient rat

Vitamin D deficiency is characterized by secondary hyperparathyroidism, phosphaturia, bicarbonaturia, and generalized amino aciduria. While the site at which the phosphaturia ensues has been described to occur at the apical membrane of the renal proximal tubule, no studies are available for amino aciduria. Thus, weanling rats were fed five vitamin D-deficient diets for 4-6 weeks: (i) VLC, 0.02% Ca, 0.3% P; (ii) VLC + 1,25[OH]2D, same + 500 pmole ip for 2 days; (iii) LC, 0.45% Ca, 0.3% P; (iv) HC, 2.5% Ca, 0.3% P; and (v) VLP, 1.2% cA, 0.1% P. The normal diet contained 1.2% Ca, 0.7% P, and 2.5 micrograms% vitamin D. Amino acids, serum 25[OH]D, 1,25[OH]2D, and PTH, using a specific anti-rat PTH antibody, were measured. There were 4.65 +/- 1.1- and 10 +/- 1.39-fold increases in the urinary excretion of taurine and proline, respectively, irrespective of diet. Hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and increased concentrations of urinary cAMP were demonstrated in all diets, except VLP. Taurinuria and prolinuria manifested at the renal brush border membrane. There was 21-25% and 26-39% attenuation in the peak of the overshoot of Na(+)-dependent uptake of taurine and proline, respectively, that was statistically significant as compared to that of normal diets (P less than 0.01). VLC resulted in a reduction in the Vmax of taurine (VLC, 78.26 +/- 6.88 vs normal, 115.4 +/- 6.26 pmole/mg protein/min, P less than 0.01) and proline (VLC, 402.06 +/- 31.26 vs normal, 589.49 +/- 37.42 pmole/mg protein/15 sec, P less than 0.01) uptake. Acute supplementation with pharmacological doses of 1,25[OH]2D normalized the Vmax of taurine and proline uptake, without affecting their renal excretion. The VLP diet induced and increase in the Km of taurine (VLP, 58.95 +/- 1.88 microM vs normal, 39.75 +/- 2.75 microM P less than 0.01) and proline (VLP, 116.75 +/- 8.87 microM vs normal, 76.82 +/- 7.27 microM P less than 0.01) uptake, without an associated perturbation in the Vmax of uptake. We conclude that the amino aciduria of vitamin D deficiency manifests at the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by an attenuation in the Na(+)-dependent uptake of amino acids. This is associated with a reduction in the initial rate of uptake or number of active transporters in the presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypocalcemia, or a decrease in the affinity of the symport in the presence of P depletion. The data suggest the interplay of multiple factors in the causation of amino aciduria.
A Constructive Description of SAGBI Bases for Polynomial Invariants of Permutation Groups

LetRbe a commutative ring with 1, letRX1,?,Xn be the polynomial ring inX1,?,XnoverR, and letGbe an arbitrary group of permutations of {X1,?,Xn}. This note presents a detailed analysis and a constructive combinatorial description of SAGBI bases for theR-algebra ofG-invariant polynomials. Our main result is a ground ring independent characterization of all rings of polynomial invariants of permutation groupsGhaving a finite SAGBI basis.
Entropy and Demography

A socio-physical theory describing the land distribution patterns of a system in demographic equilibrium is developed in this article.
Early diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies.

Summary: Antibodies specific for human hemoglobins F, A, S, and C were isolated by affinity chromatography from antisera produced in rabbits and goats. These reagents were shown to possess adequate sensitivity for identifying and quantifying hemoglobins A, S, and C in cord blood by radial immunodiffusion (RID). Furthermore, single immunodiffusion plates combining up to three of the antibodies at differing concentrations produced up to three nonover-lapping immunoprecipitin rings, retaining the capability for identifying multiple hemoglobins by a single application of hemolyzed whole blood to the RID plate. Isolated antibodies were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and incubated with red blood cells which were obtained from placental cord blood or from amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis and maternal venous blood at 16–20 weeks of gestation, and suspended in a thin layer of agar. Using antibodies against hemoglobins F, A, and S this method proved to possess sufficient sensitivity for detecting each of the respective hemoglobins in individual cells in all of the above classes of specimens. Since the red blood cells obtained by amniocentesis are potentially a mixture of fetal and maternal cells the proportion of F cells to A cells in amniotic fluid and in maternal venous blood were estimated. In 33 such sequential specimen pairs, 29 contained a higher F cell to A cell ratio in amniotic fluid than in maternal blood. Red blood cells from maternal blood and from amniotic fluid were incubated in vitro with L-[14C]serine. Incorporation of the serine into cells was identified by autoradiography. Since a substantial proportion of fetal red blood cells are synthetically active this provides a method for identifying hemoglobin phenotype in fetal-origin cells in a fetal-maternal mixture. Initial experience with a short series of specimens examined in this manner indicates that in amniotic fluid the proportion of cells which contain both hemoglobin and L-[14C]serine is typically higher than in maternal venous blood. Diagnostic accuracy for hemoglobin phenotypes of the fetus by the combination of autoradiography and fluorescent cytoimmunodiffusion is being tested currently in a substantial unselected sample of amniotic fluid specimens. Criteria for definitive diagnosis of SS phenotype in the fetus are fluorescent anti-S pattern in synthetically active cells, absence or rare occurrence of fluorescent anti-A pattern in such active cells, and a higher relative frequency of synthetically active F cells in amniotic fluid than in maternal blood. Speculation: The specificity and sensitivity of antibodies to hemoglobin variants combined with the simplicity of the method of radial immunodiffusion offers promise for universally available screening for hemoglobinopathies in cord blood. The sensitivity of these same antibodies when conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate appears to provide a diagnostic approach to hemoglobinopathies in the fetus which circumvents the need to expose the fetus and mother to risks of amnioscopy and venipuncture of the fetal system.
Collaborators and Capitalists: The Politics of "Material Control" in Wartime Shanghai

From November 1937 to August 1945, during nearly the entire period of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese City (huajie) of Shanghai was under Japanese occupation. After December 1941 the International Settlement and the French Concession also fell into the hands of the Japanese, ending the Sino-Western condominium of the city that had existed for nearly a century. In Shanghai, as everywhere else in occupied China, the Japanese enlisted the help of Chinese collaborators. Their dependence on that help, however, was greater in the city than in most other places. It was impossible for the limited number of Japanese troops to maintain peace and order in a metropolis of more than five million people.1 More important, mobilizing through the city the economic resources of Lower Yangtze for support of the "China War," a major objective of the Japanese occupation in Shanghai, created a special need for obtaining cooperation and assistance from the city's business elite.
Correction of numerical error when two direction cosine columns are used as kinematical variables

Abstract When more than three variables are used to characterize a rotation they must satisfy one or more algebraic constraints. Numerical errors in integrating the kinematical differential equations cause the constraints to be violated. Known correction procedures for four- and nine-variable parametrizations are reviewed. A new correction technique is developed for six-variable methods in which two columns of the direction cosine matrix provide the six variables. Results of numerical tests of the method are given. Baumgarte's method for constraint stabilization also is described briefly.
Active tape edge position control system

Lateral tape motion (LTM) is a major obstacle to using thinner tapes for greater storage capacity, because impacts between the tape and the flanges of the reel can damage the tape edges. This paper presents an active tape edge position control system employing a tilted rotary guide and photonic sensors. To avoid impacts with the flanges, the tape motion sensor should be placed as close to the reel as possible. Calibration of such a sensors must account for the changing tape path as the reel winds and unwinds. We present the calibration method, the controller design process for a complex proportional integral lead (CPIL) compensator, and the results of experiments, which show promise for reducing damage to tape from LTM at the reel.
Dominance status and adrenocortical reactivity to stress in squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus )

Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus, Iquitos) were exposed to a sequence of three stresses: A live snake, ether anesthesia, and physical restraint. Plasma cortisol concentrations were determined both following each stress exposure and before and after the sequence of stresses. Dominant males demonstrated lower unstressed plasma cortisol levels than subordinates. Although the form of the relationship between adrenal activity and social dominance differs for the types of stress, dominant animals always show the greatest adrenal reactivity to stress.
Alcohol dehydration over model nonporous alumina powder

Abstract The reactivity of alumina powders obtained by evaporation of aluminum in Ar/O2 was investigated. These alumina powders contain single crystals of transitional alumina, 5–60 nm in diameter, with a surface area of 55 m2/gm. The reactivity of the nonporous alumina was compared with that of Kaiser A-201 γ-alumina (220 m2/gm) for the decomposition of ethanol, 1-propanol, and t-butanol. The product distributions on both aluminas were similar, but the nonporous alumina was more reactive than γ-alumina per unit surface area. The activation energy for the reaction was lower on the nonporous alumina. In view of these results, it appears that transitional alumina powders prepared by the evaporation method may provide good crystalline analogs to γ-alumina. These could be used as model alumina supports since the simple geometry of the primary particles facilitates examination by high-resolution TEM.
Creative Expression: Effectiveness of a Weekly Craft Group with Women Who Have Experienced Trauma

Creativity interventions have been shown to positively influence psychological and emotional health indicators. Nurses can play an important role in the development and implementation of interventions designed to counter the longer-term emotional and psychological consequences of trauma. The purpose of this study was to explore how participation in a nurse-facilitated weekly craft group may influence anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and self-confidence among women who have emotional and physical experienced trauma. A pre/post visual analog scale was used during a 7-week intervention to measure changes in anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem and self-confidence among a convenience sample of adult female trauma survivors (n = 33). A paired sample t test was used to evaluate the intervention with significance set at p = 0.05. Participant observation and field notes were used for qualitative data generation. Significant reductions were noted in anxiety, depression, and stress along with significant increases in self-esteem and self-confidence. Cohen’s d statistic indicated a large effect size for anxiety (0.72) and stress (0.69). Moderate effect size was determined for self-confidence (0.36), depression (0.41), and self-esteem (0.52). Emergent qualitative themes included: creative expression improved confidence to sooth the self, safe spaces fostered creativity, a sense of accomplishment was stimulated through creative activities, and creative expression groups provided opportunities for positive affirmation. Offered as a complementary intervention, nurse-facilitated creative expression groups can support continued healing long after traditional support services have been exhausted. It is important for nurses to pursue a greater understanding of the art of nursing and the important contribution of creativity when used as a nursing intervention with trauma survivors.
The importance of foreign-born talent for US innovation.

A survey suggests that foreign-born scientists and engineers play a major role in scientific and innovation output in the United States.
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with air-containing intrarenal abscesses

A case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis demonstrating air-containing intrarenal abscesses and extension of the disease into the posterior pararenal space and left flank as diagnosed by computed tomography is presented.
Drosophila rhodopsin: Photochemistry, extraction and differences in the norp AP12 phototransduction mutant*

Summary The visual pigments of Drosophila melanogaster eyes were studied by spectrophotometric measurements in whole eyes and digitonin extracts. The main visual pigment transition appears to be RHODOPSIN480 METARHODOPSIN580. Under most conditions the products are thermally stable and reversible by illumination. The norp AP12 phototransduction mutant appears to contain approximately one-third of the total visual pigment found in the wild type eye. The rhodopsin480 is greatly reduced in concentration. A rhodopsin420 may be dominant and a metarhodopsin480 may also be present. These species may also be present in the wild type eye. The reduced visual pigment concentration of norp AP12 does not appear to explain the small visual receptor potentials of this mutant and one must consider a more complex visual transduction mechanism.
Determination of cell asymmetry in temperature-modulated DSC

The quality of measurement of heat capacity by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is based on the symmetry of the twin calorimeters. This symmetry is of particular importance for the temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC) since positive and negative deviations from symmetry cannot be distinguished in the most popular analysis methods. Three different DSC instruments capable of modulation have been calibrated for asymmetry using standard non-modulated measurements and a simple method is described that avoids potentially large errors when using the reversing heat capacity as the measured quantity. It consists of overcompensating the temperature-dependent asymmetry by increasing the mass of the sample pan.
Novel contact structure for ultra thin YBa2Cu3O7−x films

Abstract Electrical contact structure for an ultra thin YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (YBCO) film was fabricated at edges of contact holes, which were made throughout the SrTiO 3 (STO)/YBCO film. Electrode of YBCO film, deposited at 600°C by pulsed laser deposition method, was found to reduce contact resistance for the bottom YBCO film. The specific contact resistance ( R s ) of 3×10 −8 Ω cm 2 was obtained from YBCO film of 5 nm thick. YBCO deposition circumstances were considered to recover crystallinity of the bottom YBCO film adjacent to the contact hole edges. The ability of this process was comparatively evaluated with an ex situ process, which resulted in the R s value of 5×10 −5 Ω cm 2 for YBCO film of 5 nm thick.
The Electrolytic Polishing of Stainless Steels

The use of glycerine‐phosphoric acid mixtures for electrolytically polishing 18/8 stainless steel is described. Optimum conditions to produce polish were determined with the aid of a photoelectric spectrophotometer. Maximum polish is obtained with an electrolyte consisting of approximately 42% , 47% glycerine and 11% water by weight, used at 100° C. or higher and anode c.d. of at least 0.1 amp./sq. in. (1.5 amp./dm.2). Other organic additions to phosphoric acid likewise produce practical electrolytes. These substances consist, in general, of high boiling materials soluble in phosphoric acid containing one or more hydroxyl groups. Nickel, copper, chrome steels, 18/8 containing molybdenum, and mild steel, similar to 18/8, can also be polished in these organic solution‐phosphoric acid electrolytes. Organic additions to phosphoric acid affect electrolytic polishing apparently by two independent mechanisms. The first is a change in electrolyte and anode phosphate film conductivity to produce optimum polish, and the second is a considerable retardation of localized pickling of the anode by acid independent of anodic solution. Stainless steel is much easier to polish electrolytically than iron.
Job attachment, satisfaction, and turnover among public sector employees

Abstract This study sought (1) to compare the relative predictive powers of job attachment and job satisfaction with respect to turnover among a sample of public employees; and (2) to examine individual and job-related influences on both attitudes. It was found that attachment was a more effective predictor of turnover than overall satisfaction (or any facet of satisfaction), even when the alternative attitude was partialled out. In addition, it was found that individual employee characteristics were more strongly related to attachment than were job characteristics, while the opposite was found for satisfaction. The findings are discussed in the light of previous evidence, and implications are drawn for research in vocational behavior.
Light Emission from Inelastic Electron Tunneling

We report the discovery of a new method for the generation of light. This technique yields a broad-band light source with a high frequency linear cutoff which is dependent only upon the applied voltage through the quantum relation $h{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{co}}=|\mathrm{eV}|$. The light source consists of a metal-insulator-metal tunneling junction. The effect can be interpreted in terms of inelastic tunneling excitation of optically coupled surface plasmon modes.
Counterion-Condensation-Induced Collapse of Highly Charged Polyelectrolytes

Dilute or semidilute solutions of polyelectrolytes show below a critical temperature the phenomenon of counterion condensation. This effect leads (a) to a decrease of the effective total charge of the macroion and (b) to a counterion-induced attraction between different parts of the chain. In this paper we provide simple scaling arguments that allow one to calculate the chain size and the effective total charge as a function of temperature, solvent quality etc. Especially we show that effect (a) alone leads to a continuous reduction of the chain size with decreasing temperature. Due to a feedback-type mechanism effect (b) amplifies this collapse process in such a way that it is reminiscent of a first-order phase transition.
Introduction of an initiator element in the mouse thymidylate synthase promoter alters S phase regulation but has no effect on promoter bidirectionality

The promoter of the mouse thymidylate synthase (TS) gene lacks a TATAA box and an initiator element, is bidirectional and initiates transcription at multiple start sites across broad initiation windows upstream and downstream of the 30 nt essential promoter region. The TS promoter also plays an essential role in the post-transcription regulation of TS gene expression during the G1–S phase transition. The goal of this study was to determine if the addition of a TATAA box or an initiator element would have a significant effect on start-site pattern, promoter bidirectionality and S phase regulation of the TS gene. A TATAA box and/or an initiator element were inserted downstream of the TS essential promoter region, and the modified promoters were used to drive expression of indicator genes. The engineered genes were transfected into cultured mammalian cells, and the effects of the mutations were determined. Addition of the TATAA box and especially the initiator element had a significant effect on the transcription start site pattern, indicating that the elements were functional. Unexpectedly, addition of one or both of these elements had no effect on promoter bidirectionality. However, inclusion of the initiator element led to a significant reduction in S phase regulation of TS mRNA levels, indicating that changes in promoter architecture can perturb normal S phase regulation of TS gene expression. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization detection of a new 3Σ+-a3Π band system in CS

Abstract Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization has been used to detect absorption transitions from the nascent states of CS produced in the two-photon laser flash photolysis of CS2. Transitions are seen from the a3Π state of CS to a previously unobserved 3Σ+ state. Rotational assignments of the (1, 0), (0, 0), (0, 1), and (0, 2) bands have been made; the derived constants for those bands are similar to those of the CS+ ion, in good agreement with the assumption that the upper electronic state is the 3sσ3Σ+ Rydberg state.