cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminative stimulus properties of isradipine: effect of other calcium channel blockers.

Abstract This study constitutes the first report of a calcium channel blocker used as a drug capable of controlling differential responding in a drug-discrimination paradigm. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate between intraperitoneally administered 10.0 mg/kg isradipine and its vehicle in a two-lever, food-motivated, operant task. Once trained, rats displayed a dose-related decrease in discriminative responding when tested with lower isradipine doses. An analysis of the dose-response curve indicated an ED 50 = 5.71 mg/kg. As all training and dose-response testing occurred at 60 min postadministration, experiments were conducted with varying injection-to-test intervals ranging from 15–240 min. Results indicate that the optimum time for discriminative performance was at the time used in training, and that discrimination returned to nondrug (vehicle) levels 2 h postinjection. Administration of other L-type calcium channel blockers, viz., nifedipine (5–50 mg/kg), diltiazem (10–60 mg/kg), or nicardipine (0.5–3.0 mg/kg), as well as a novel antipsychotic that inhibits dopamine release (10–30 mg/kg of CGS 10746B), did not produce isradipine-like discriminative effects. Thus, there was no generalization from the training dose of 10 mg/kg isradipine to any of these other agents, and the results are discussed in light of the possible specificity of the isradipine discriminative stimulus cue as it is produced in the central nervous system.
Option Pricing Approach to International Reserves

This paper brings forward the insurance aspect of holding reserves by using the conceptual equivalence between insurance and financial options, and explores when reserves are likely to become the primary means of precautionary arrangement, in particular in emerging markets. The sharp rise in the amount of reserves held by many emerging markets since the mid-1990s can be traced to the rise in the “globalization hazard” that confronts emerging markets. A modest probability of globalization hazard (sudden stop) can induce emerging markets to self-insure fully by hoarding international reserves, rather than relying on nonreserve alternatives of taking precautions.
Remediation of sucarnoochee soil by agglomeration with fine coal

Abstract Fine-sized Blue Creek coal was used to remove high molecular weight hydrocarbons from Sucarnoochee soil, a fine-sized high-organic soil. Fine coal in slurry form was blended with Sucarnoochee soil contaminated with 15.0% by wt of crude oil, and agglomerates were removed in a standard flotation cell. Crude oil in the remediated soil was reduced from the original 15.0% to less than a tenth of a wt% by a two-step process. Oil removal of approx. 99.3% was obtained. An added benefit was that the low-grade coal used in the process was simultaneously upgraded. The final level of cleaning was not affected by initial oil concentration. The process compared favorably with a hot water wash technique used to recover oils from contaminated soil.
A constitutive O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase of Rhizobium meliloti.

Abstract We have identified a DNA methyltransferase activity of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Rhizobium meliloti, that repairs O6-methylguanine lesions. Repair of the O6-methylguanine residue results in transfer of the methyl group to a cysteine residue of a 28 000-dalton protein. The O6-methyltransferase activity is expressed constitutively and R. meliloti does not exhibit an adaptive response to alkylating agents.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of mobile right atrial thrombus: Early recognition and treatment

Une scintigraphie de perfusion et de ventilation pulmonaire revele une embolie pulmonaire et une plicature de la veine cave inferieure ainsi qu'un traitement anticoagulant font disparaitre la masse cardiaque
Some new double induction and superinduction principles

Some new double analogues of induction and transfinite recursion are given which yields a relatively simple proof of a result of Robert Cowen, [2] which in turn is a strengthening of an earlier result of Smullyan [1], which in turn gives a unified approach to Zorn's Lemma, the transfinite recursion theorem and certain results about ordinal numbers.
Block regional off-resonance correction (BRORC): A fast and effective deblurring method for spiral imaging

One primary disadvantage of spiral imaging is blurring artifact due to off-resonance effects. The conventional frequency segmented off-resonance correction method that is performed over the entire image is computationally intense due to the large number of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) required. Here, a new fast off-resonance correction method, block regional off-resonance correction (BRORC), is presented. In this method, off-resonance correction proceeds block-by-block through the reconstructed image with FFTs performed on matrices that are smaller than the full image matrix. The BRORC algorithm is typically several times more computationally efficient than the conventional off-resonance correction algorithm. Additional computational reductions can be expected for the BRORC if only specific image regions require deblurring. The newly proposed off-resonance correction method offers significant speed advantages and equivalent image quality when compared to conventional off-resonance correction methods.
CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF A DYNAMIC TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT MODEL

A new approach is proposed to calibrate and validate the most critical components of a dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model: dynamic route choice and flow propagation. By presenting approximate joint probability distribution functions of the temporal link traffic flows on a network, it is possible to derive the likelihood functions for estimating dynamic route choice and actual flow propagation. This approach also enables statistical tests to be performed for validation of DTA models. Both procedures are presented with a small numerical example and a larger network. These examples also indicate that it is possible to calibrate and validate a DTA model with detection errors and incomplete data, especially when real-time traffic counts are available on only a few links in the network.
Effect of cholesterol epoxides on the inhibition of intercellular communication and on mutation induction in Chinese hamster V79 cells.

Cholesterol, cholesterol-5α, 6α-epoxide, cholesterol-5β, 6β-epoxide and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol were tested for their ability to induce mutations at the Na+/K+-ATPase loci of the Chinese hamster V79 cells. None of these compounds induced ouabain-resistant mutations compared to the background mutation frequency in the control cells. These compounds were further tested for their ability to inhibit intercellular communication, using the Chinese hamster V79 cell metabolic cooperation assay. The diastereomeric epoxides and cholestane-triol, but not cholesterol, were found to be inhibitors of intercellular communication in a manner similar to other known tumor promoters.
Interpretation of tandem mass spectra obtained from cyclic nonribosomal peptides.

Natural and non-natural cyclic peptides are a crucial component in drug discovery programs because of their considerable pharmaceutical properties. Cyclosporin, microcystins, and nodularins are all notable pharmacologically important cyclic peptides. Because these biologically active peptides are often biosynthesized nonribosomally, they often contain nonstandard amino acids, thus increasing the complexity of the resulting tandem mass spectrometry data. In addition, because of the cyclic nature, the fragmentation patterns of many of these peptides showed much higher complexity when compared to related counterparts. Therefore, at the present time it is still difficult to annotate cyclic peptides MS/MS spectra. In this current work, an annotation program was developed for the annotation and characterization of tandem mass spectra obtained from cyclic peptides. This program, which we call MS-CPA is available as a web tool (http://lol.ucsd.edu/ms-cpa_v1/Input.py). Using this program, we have successfully anno...
Clinical work with adolescents and their parents during family transitions: Transference and countertransference issues

This paper describes specific transference and counter-transference issues that commonly emerge in therapeutic work with adolescents and parents who are in the midst of family transitions such as divorce and remarriage. Psychoanalytic understanding and definitions of transference and countertransference are applied to short-term family-centered cases in which the parent-adolescent relationship is at particular risk. Case vignettes are presented in order to illustrate how transference and countertransference may guide or interfere with clinical interventions that are especially indicated with adolescents whose family structure has changed. Such interventions as well as the use of consultation are briefly described.
Ileal brake: neuropeptidergic control of intestinal transit

Digestion and absorption of a meal are time-intensive processes. To optimize digestion and absorption, transit of the meal through the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by a complex integration of neuropeptidergic signals generated as the jejunal brake and ileal brake response to nutrients. Mediators involved in the slowing of transit responses include peptide YY (PYY), chemosensitive afferent neurons, intestinofugal nerves, noradrenergic nerves, myenteric serotonergic neurons, and opioid neurons. The activation of this circuitry modifies the peristaltic reflex to convert the intestinal motility pattern from propagative to segmenting. Fat is the most potent trigger of these transit control mechanisms. The integrated circuitry of gut peptides and neurons involved in transit control in response to nutrients is described in this review.
Oxygen, antioxidants and brain dysfunction

Brain is a logical target of free radical damage, considering the large lipid content of myelin sheaths and the high rate of brain oxidative metabolism. Thus, the hypothesis that free radicals may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain CNS diseases has gained increasing popularity in recent years. In CNS ischemia-reperfusion injury, the role of free radicals appears to be well established, however, involvement of other factors, such as excitatory amino acids and prostaglandins, may also contribute to the production of neuronal necrosis following ischemia. Liberation of free iron appears to play a crucial role in the generation of reactive oxygen species in posttraumatic epilepsy. Although there is no direct evidence to indicate free radical involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, brain trauma with release of iron, amyloid angiopathy and disturbances in blood-brain barrier function all appear to contribute to the development of ischemic episodes with free radical generation and neuronal degeneration. In Parkinson's disease, the substantia nigra appears to be under oxidative stress as evidenced by the findings of increased lipid peroxidation, reduced GSH levels, high concentration of iron and free radical generation via autocatalytic mechanisms within neuromelanin-containing catecholaminergic neurons. Regardless of the initial insult, a cascade of events involving both reactive oxygen radicals and mitochondrial metabolism is likely to contribute to cell injury.
Riparian plant composition in an urbanizing landscape in southern California, U.S.A.

In coastal southern California, natural riparian corridors occur in a landscape mosaic comprised of human land uses (mainly urban and suburban development) interspersed among undeveloped areas, primarily native shrublands. We asked, does the composition of the landscape surrounding a riparian survey point influence plant species distribution, community composition, or habitat structure? We expected, for example, that invasive non-native species might be more abundant as the amount of surrounding urbanization increased. We surveyed 137 points in riparian vegetation in Orange County, California, along an urbanization gradient. Using logistic regression we analyzed 79 individual plant species' distributions, finding 20 negatively associated and 12 positively associated with the amount of development within a 1-km radius around the survey points, even after accounting for the effects of elevation. However, after summarizing plant community composition with Detrended Correspondence Analysis we observed that, overall, community composition was not statistically correlated with the amount of development surrounding a survey point once the association between development and elevation was taken into account. Non-native species were not particularly associated with increasing development, but instead were distributed throughout vegetation and urbanization gradients. However, the extent of the tree and herb layers (structural attributes) was associated with development, with the tree layer increasing and the herb layer decreasing as urbanization increased. Thus, although the degree of surrounding urbanization appears to influence the distribution of a number of individual plant species, overall composition of the community in our study system seemed relatively unaffected. Instead, we suggest that community composition reflected larger-scale environmental conditions, such as stream order and other variables associated with elevation, and/or regional-scale disturbances, such as historic grazing or enhanced atmospheric deposition of nitrogen.
An Elementary Approach to the Daniell‐Kolmogorov Theorem and Some Related Results

Abstract : A short elementary proof is given of the Daniell Kolmogorov existence theorem for probability measures on product spaces, assuming nothing but the existence of Lebesgue measure on the unit interval. Related approaches are used to prove the existence of regular conditional distributions directly on Polish spaces, and to establish the existence of random measures and sets with given finite dimensional distributions or hitting probabilities, respectively. Keywords: Measures on product spaces; Regular conditional distributions; Random measures; Sets and point field; Finite dimensional distributions; Hitting probabilities.
Active sidestick design using impedance control

The active sidestick is a mechanical sidestick assembly for fly-by-wire flight control that uses motors, electronics and a high bandwidth closed loop control system to provide grip feel of spring return, breakout forces, and soft-stops. The grip feel characteristics can be user-configured. Also, advanced features such as two-stick cross-coupled operation can be implemented using only electronic feedback signals instead of a mechanical link connecting the two sticks. The goal of this project is to develop a proof of concept system that implements the most important functional requirements of the active sidestick. Safety-critical issues and other flight-worthiness issues are not considered here. The intention is to demonstrate the functionality of the active sidesticks to potential customers in order to generate interest in a request for proposal. This paper describes the system architecture and functional operation of the proof of concept system.
Diagenesis of deformation band faults: Record and mechanical consequences of vadose zone flow and transport in the Bandelier Tuff, Los Alamos, New Mexico

[1] Deformation band faults in nonwelded ignimbrites of the Bandelier Tuff record unsaturated fluid flow and transport. More than two thirds of the faults studied display diagenetic minerals virtually absent from adjacent protolith. Stable isotope analyses indicate that smectite enrichment and calcite cementation result from low-temperature meteoric fluid-fault interaction. Fault zone microstructures, rare earth element signatures, and mineralogy indicate that smectite was introduced to deformation band fault zones by a combination of translocation from the surface and in situ alteration of fault gouge. Rod-shaped calcite microcrystallites and the close association of calcite with plant roots suggest a combination of pedogenic, biologically mediated, and physicochemical precipitation. Enrichment in smectite and calcite modified major oxide and trace element contents of deformation bands with respect to protolith. Collectively, these observations indicate that these faults have served as, and may still be, zones of preferential vadose zone fluid flow and transport. These processes alter fault rock permeability; affect the transport of solutes via processes such as dissolution, precipitation, and adsorption, and they change the mechanical properties of the fault zone. Smectite and calcite enrichment results in localization of deformation, effectively halting the further development of deformation bands. Vadose zone alteration therefore is one way to produce a clay-rich fault core at early stages in a fault's history, resulting in fault zone weakening and localization of slip. Progressive burial of growth faults can subsequently bring fault cores into the seismogenic zone.
The Effect of A General Aspherical Perturbation on the Free Oscillations of the Earth

summary. The Lagrangian governing the infinitesimal elastic-gravitational oscillations of a completely general earth model with interior fluid—solid boundaries is given. Rayleigh's principle is then used to derive a formula for calculating the first-order perturbations in the eigenfrequencies due to an arbitrary slight perturbation of a spherically symmetric, non-rotating, isotropic starting model. The perturbations considered include rotation, asphericity, elastic anisotropy, and a deviatoric initial stress, as well as a change in the positions of both welded and fluid—solid boundaries.
Reflecting on Racism: School Involvement and Perceived Teacher Discrimination in African American Mothers.

Abstract The relationships among maternal perceptions of racial discrimination, mother–teacher relationship quality, and school involvement were examined in this sample of 73 African American mothers of kindergarteners and first graders. Mothers reported time spent in school-related activities at home, their attitudes about the importance of school involvement, the quality of their interactions with their children's teachers, and incidents of racial discrimination by their previous teachers. Mothers and their children's teachers also reported on mothers' involvement at school. Mother–teacher relationships moderated the association between perceived teacher discrimination and involvement in somewhat complicated ways. When mother–teacher interactions were more positive, mothers who perceived more discrimination tended to be less involved. In the context of a less positive mother–teacher interaction, greater perceived discrimination was associated with greater involvement. Results are discussed in terms of the potential effect on children's outcomes and strategies by which to increase parents' school involvement.
Metabolic Effects in Lambs Intravenously Infused with Xylitol, Medium Chain Triglycerides, and Corn Oil

Abstract Our experiment determined if xylitol, corn oil, and medium chain triglycerides administered by intravenous infusion could serve as useful metabolic fuels for supporting nitrogen balance in ruminants with the lamb as the model. Xylitol at 400 kcal per day was well tolerated; it decreased urinary and fecal nitrogen and increased nitrogen balance. Xylitol infusion consistently lowered blood glucose by 20 mg/100 ml and reduced plasma urea nitrogen. Medium chain triglycerides and corn oil increased plasma urea nitrogen and the respiratory rate. The reduction in blood glucose, after medium chain triglycerides infusion averaging 10 mg/100 ml from the control, was inconsistent and variable. No significant reduction in blood glucose occurred after intravenous infusion of corn oil.
EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON I131 METABOLISM IN NORMAL AND THIOURACIL TREATED C3H MICE

Many studies have been made of the effect of hypophysectoy on the radioiodine metabolism of the rat (Leblond, Sue and Chamorro, 1940; Leblond and Sue, 1941; Morton, Perlman, Anderson and Chaikoff, 1942; Cortell and Rawson, 1944; Chaikoff and Taurog, 1949; VanderLaan and Greer, 1950; Ghosh, Woodbury and Sayers, 1951; Randall and Albert, 1951; Randall, Lorenz and Albert, 1951; Albert, Tennev and Lorenz, 1952). Similar studies in the mouse have not been reported as yet. This paper presents the experimental findings made in a study of some effects of hypophysectomy on I131 metabolism in C3H mice with either normal or hyperplastic thyroid glands.1 Data are reported on the I131 uptake by the thyroid gland, on the percent of thyroid I131 in thyroxine, and on the concentration of radioiodide in the thyroid gland compared to that in the serum. It was found that the I131 content of the thyroid gland 25 hours after I131
Visual hallucinations following viral encephalitis: a self report.

Abstract Aspects of my personal experience with visual hallucinations following viral encephalitis are reported. A descriptive analysis and categorization of my hallucinations follows with comparisons made with hallucinations described in other clinical, experimental and drug-induced circumstances. The hallucinations I experienced are more similar to a drug-induced hallucinosis than to any other type of hallucinatory phenomenon.
Viscosities and sintering rates of a two-dimensional granular composite

The effective sintering rates and viscosities of two-dimensional granular composites are studied using discrete computational models. The composites consist of randomly mixed soft and hard spheres on a triangular lattice. The numerical formulation is based on a requirement of quasistatic equilibrium for each particle in the packing, Two distinct models are employed: the truss model in which only force equilibrium is enforced for each particle, and the beam model in which force and moment equilibrium are enforced for each particle. The differences between the two models are illustrated by the specific problem studied. The effective composite properties display a transition from soft to hard behavior at a well-defined fraction of hard particles. If contacts between hard particles resist interpenetration, shear, and bending (bonded case), the transition coincides with the site percolation threshold. If contacts between hard particles can slide and bend but resist inter-penetration (sliding case), the transition coincides with percolation of triangular units. Thresholds and scaling of effective viscosities and sintering rates are computed. Because of the mathematical analogy between linear viscous and elastic deformations, these results can also be used to predict the effective moduli and coefficients of thermal expansion of such composites.
ION BEAM INDUCED AMORPHIZATION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION OF SI/SIC/SI LAYER SYSTEMS

Epitaxial, buried silicon carbide (SiC) layers have been fabricated in (100) and (111) silicon by ion beam synthesis (IBS). In order to study the ion beam induced epitaxial crystallization (IBIEC) of buried SiC layers, the resulting Si/SiC/Si layer systems were amorphized using 2 MeV Si2+ ion irradiation at 300 K. An unexpected high critical dose for the amorphization of the buried layers is observed. Buried, amorphous SiC layers were irradiated with 800 keV Si+ ions at 320 and 600°C, respectively, in order to achieve ion beam induced epitaxial crystallisation. It is demonstrated that IBIEC works well on buried layers and results in epitaxial recrystallization at considerably lower target temperatures than necessary for thermal annealing. The IBIEC process starts from both SiC/Si interfaces and may be accompanied by heterogenous nucleation of poly-SiC as well as interfacial layer-by-layer amorphization, depending on irradiation conditions. The structure of the recrystallized regions in dependence of dose, dose rate, temperature and crystal orientation is presented by means of TEM investigations.
Mechanisms Controlling World Water Chemistry

On the basis of analytical chemical data for numerous rain, river, lake, and ocean samples, the three major mechanisms controlling world surface water chemistry can be defined as atmospheric precipitation, rock dominance, and the evaporation-crystallization process.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate and heat induce two distinct forms of lobster muscle multicatalytic proteinase: the heat-activated form degrades myofibrillar proteins.

Abstract A multicatalytic proteinase (MCP) purified from lobster claw and abdominal muscles degrades a variety of peptide and protein substrates. The enzyme is activated by low concentrations (0.03%) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and brief (1 min) heating at 60 °C. The lobster MCP can assume three stable and functionally distinct states in vitro; these are classified as the basal, heat-activated, and SDS-activated forms. The basal MCP possessed high trypsin-like peptidase activity and low chymotrypsin-like peptidase, peptidylglutamyl-peptide hydrolase, and caseinolytic activities; incubation of the basal form with SDS stimulated the peptidylglutamyl-hydrolase activity about 30-fold and inhibited the other three activities 80% to 100%. Heating the basal form stimulated caseinolytic activity about 6-fold with little effect on the peptidase activities. The heat-activated enzyme also degraded myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, and actin depolymerizing factor; α-actinin was resistant to proteolysis. Incubation of the heat-activated MCP with SDS inhibited the trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and proteinase activities 95 to 100% and stimulated the peptidylglutamyl-hydrolase activity about 16-fold. Incubation of myosin with either the basal or the heat-activated forms in the presence of SDS generated identical proteolytic fragments of the myosin heavy chain, suggesting that SDS induced a third form that can be produced from either the basal or the heat-activated forms. The heat-activated form produced proteolytic fragments of myosin heavy chain different from those generated by either basal or heat-activated enzymes in the presence of SDS. Furthermore, 100 m m KCl stimulated the caseinolytic activity of the heat-activated form 24% and inhibited the trypsin-like and peptidylglutamyl-hydrolase activities 56 and 20%, respectively. These results, though indirect, suggest that heating induced a proteinase activity that was distinct from the three peptidase activities. Activation of the basal form with SDS was reversible, since precipitation of dodecyl sulfate with 100 m m KCl restored trypsin-like activity and inhibited peptidylglutamyl-hydrolase activity. In contrast, removal of dodecyl sulfate from the SDS-activated form that was derived from the heat-activated MCP induced its conversion to the basal form. Thus, although heat-activation was irreversible, the heat-activated form was converted back to the basal form via the SDS-activated form.
REGULATION OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR ACTIVITY BY CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES 1 AND 2 OCCURS IN PART BY PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE SRC-1 CARBOXYL-TERMINUS

We described previously a novel role for cyclin A2/Cdk2 as a progesterone receptor (PR) coactivator. In reporter gene assays, cyclin A2 overexpression enhanced PR activity while inhibition of Cdk2 activity using the chemical inhibitor roscovitine or Cdk2 siRNA strongly inhibited PR activity. We demonstrate here that both Cdk1 and Cdk2 contribute to maximal induction of endogenous progestin responsive genes in T47D breast cancer cells. Our earlier studies suggested that the mechanism by which cyclin A2/Cdk2 enhances PR activity is via phosphorylation of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), which increases PR-SRC-1 interactions. To assess the importance of SRC-1 phosphorylation in the regulation of PR activity, SRC-1 was phosphorylated by cyclin A2/Cdk2 in vitro and seventeen phosphorylation sites were identified using biochemical techniques. We show that one of these sites, T1426 (adjacent to the C-terminal LXXLL nuclear receptor interaction motif), is an in vivo target of Cdks in mammalian cells and an in vitro target of Cdk1 and Cdk2. Phosphorylation of T1426 also contributes to SRC-1 coactivation potential, as mutation of the threonine target site to alanine results in reduced stimulation of PR activity by SRC-1. Together, these results suggest a role for Cdk1 and Cdk2 in the regulation of endogenous PR activity in part through phosphorylation of SRC-1.
A simple weighted essentially nonoscillatory limiter for Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin methods

In this paper, we investigate a simple limiter using weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) methodology for the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) methods solving conservation laws, with the goal of obtaining a robust and high order limiting procedure to simultaneously achieve uniform high order accuracy and sharp, non-oscillatory shock transitions. The idea of this limiter is to reconstruct the entire polynomial, instead of reconstructing point values or moments in the classical WENO reconstructions. That is, the reconstruction polynomial on the target cell is a convex combination of polynomials on this cell and its neighboring cells and the nonlinear weights of the convex combination follow the classical WENO procedure. The main advantage of this limiter is its simplicity in implementation, especially for multi-dimensional meshes. Numerical results in one and two dimensions are provided to illustrate the behavior of this procedure.
Organization and synaptic relationships of the projection from the primary sensory to the primary motor cortex in the cat

It is known from previous studies that fibers originating from cells in area 2 of the cat primary somatosensory cortex project topographically to area 4 of the motor cortex and that they terminate preferentially in the caudal region of the cruciate sulcus. We examined this pathway to determine more precisely the distribution pattern of fibers and the laminar arrangement of axon terminals in the motor cortex. The recently developed technique of PHA-L staining enabled us to label anterogradely the axons that form this projection. Iontophoretic injections of PHA-L were made into the rostral bank of the ansate sulcus (area 2). After 7 days the cats were perfused and the tissue was processed immunohistochemically to stain the PHA-L filled fibers. Light microscopic examination revealed that a small cluster of cells in the sensory cortex gave rise to multiple foci of labeled axons in area 4. The labeled fibers formed columnlike arrays, which were located for the most part in the posterior bank of the cruciate sulcus and were separated by irregular intervals of cortex devoid of labeled fibers. Clusters of labeled fibers were also found in the anterior region of the cruciate sulcus in some of the animals. The dimensions of the labeled areas and the small number of cells that gave rise to each group of fibers suggested that axonal branches of cells within the injection site formed the multiple foci. Variations in the immunohistochemical staining enabled us to study the laminar distribution of sensory cortex axon terminals with the electron microscope. Whereas some PHA-L labeled terminals were found in the deep cortical layers, the majority (82%) were spread throughout layers I-III. Differences in the laminar distribution of sensory cortex afferents that formed axodendritic or axospinous synapses were noted. Synapses formed with dendritic shafts were relatively sparse (28%) and were confined to the superficial layers. Some of the more numerous axospinous synapses, which accounted for 72% of identified synapses, were found in layers V and VI, although most were in layers I-III. The distribution pattern of terminals showed little variation between columns in different areas of the motor cortex, including that in the anterior cruciate region. The pattern of termination of the sensory to motor cortex projection is discussed in relation to the physiological characteristics of this pathway.
Synthesis of p-nitrobenzyl and p-nitrophenyl 1-trioglycopyranosides

Abstract Reaction of 2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-α- L -fucopyranosyl bromide ( 1 ),with thiourea ( 2 ), followed by reductive cleavage of the product, gave 2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-1-thio-β- L -fucopyranose ( 4 ). Reaction of 4 with p -nitrobenzyl bromide followed by O -deacylation yielded p -nitrobenzyl 1-thio-β- L -fucopyranoside ( 6 ). Similar reaction conditions were used for the synthesis of p -nitrobenzyl 1-thio-β- D -fucopyranoside ( 11 ) and 1-thio-α- D -mannopyranoside ( 16 ). A facile preparation of O -acylated p -nitro-phenyl 1-thioglycopyranosides was achieved by condensing the appropriate glycosyl halide with sodium p -nitrobenzenethioxide in N , N -dimethylformamide.
Transcriptomes of the Parasitic Plant Family Orobanchaceae Reveal Surprising Conservation of Chlorophyll Synthesis

Summary Parasitism in flowering plants has evolved at least 11 times [1]. Only one family, Orobanchaceae, comprises all major nutritional types of parasites: facultative, hemiparasitic (partially photosynthetic), and holoparasitic (nonphotosynthetic) [2]. Additionally, the family includes Lindenbergia , a nonparasitic genus sister to all parasitic Orobanchaceae [3–6]. Parasitic Orobanchaceae include species with severe economic impacts: Striga (witchweed), for example, affects over 50 million hectares of crops in sub-Saharan Africa, causing more than $3 billion in damage annually [7]. Although gene losses and increased substitution rates have been characterized for parasitic plant plastid genomes [5, 8–11], the nuclear genome and transcriptome remain largely unexplored. The Parasitic Plant Genome Project (PPGP; http://ppgp.huck.psu.edu/) [2] is leveraging the natural variation in Orobanchaceae to explore the evolution and genomic consequences of parasitism in plants through a massive transcriptome and gene discovery project involving Triphysaria versicolor (facultative hemiparasite), Striga hermonthica (obligate hemiparasite), and Phelipanche aegyptiaca ( Orobanche [12]; holoparasite). Here we present the first set of large-scale genomic resources for parasitic plant comparative biology. Transcriptomes of above-ground tissues reveal that, in addition to the predictable loss of photosynthesis-related gene expression in P. aegyptiaca , the nonphotosynthetic parasite retains an intact, expressed, and selectively constrained chlorophyll synthesis pathway.
On the Mechanism of Gene Silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for gene silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ranging from steric occlusion of DNA binding proteins from their recognition sequences in silenced chromatin to a specific block in the formation of the preinitiation complex to a block in transcriptional elongation. This study provided strong support for the steric occlusion mechanism by the discovery that RNA polymerase of bacteriophage T7 could be substantially blocked from transcribing from its cognate promoter when embedded in silenced chromatin. Moreover, unlike previous suggestions, we found no evidence for stalled RNA polymerase II within silenced chromatin. The effectiveness of the Sir protein–based silencing mechanism to block transcription activated by Gal4 at promoters in the domain of silenced chromatin was marginal, yet it improved when tested against mutant forms of the Gal4 protein, highlighting a role for specific activators in their sensitivity to gene silencing.
Physical Therapy: Stories That Must Be Told

I love a good story. Everyone does. Not all of us like the same stories, and we all have different levels of patience for certain storytellers; however, we can agree that we all like some kind of story. We enjoy reading or hearing a story and its plot. We like vicariously experiencing how the situations are handled or the challenges faced unfold. Good stories contain complex situations and challenges. Good stories reflect life and the reality that life is not a clear-cut endeavor; it is, rather, an adventure. Imagine reading an excerpt from each of the many individual stories you could tell because of your various experiences in the profession of physical therapy. Some of our stories may draw a tear. Others can encourage a smile. Like the story that a colleague told me [Figure] about a young high school student. This young man was in an unfortunate accident where he was hit by a car and incurred a fractured femur, a dislocation of his contralateral knee, and many other assorted soft tissue injuries. This 6′8″ patient was brought into the clinic in a wheelchair, and the 5′3″ physical therapist and a physical therapist assistant transferred him to a plinth, far too short for his frame, to begin her examination. The physical therapist wanted to initiate a rapport with this young man. Now, you can imagine this: here is a young man draped off the long ends of a plinth, uncomfortable and with an almost comatose level of interest in any kind of rapport. The physical therapist asked, “Are you a basketball player?” The 6′8″ kid opened his heretofore closed eyes and without hesitation said to the 5′3″ physical therapist, “No, are you a jockey?” Our stories are as good as they get; they draw out all kinds …
A Rapid Reusable Fiber Optic Biosensor for Detecting Cocaine Metabolites in Urine

Analyte 2000, a four-channel fiber optic biosensor (FOB), was used for analysis of cocaine and its metabolites (COC) in human urine using a competitive fluorescence immunoassay. Binding of antibenzoylecgonine monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the casein-benzoylecgonine Ag-coated, tapered optical fibers was inhibited by COC. Bound mAb, which inversely correlated with COC concentration, was quantitated by fluorescence produced by evanescent excitation of bound cyanine dye-tagged antimouse antibody (CY5-Ab). The effective concentration range of benzoylecgonine (BE) for inhibiting the fluorescent signals was 0.75-50 ng/mL, with IC50 of 9.0 ng/mL. This FOB had similar affinities for BE, cocaine, and cocaethylene, but very low affinities for ecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. A sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96% were achieved when 54 human urine specimens were analyzed by FOB (cutoff, 300 ng/mL COC) and GC-MS (cutoff, 150 ng/mL BE). All results were in agreement except for one positive FOB result with a GC-MS BE concentration of 148 ng/mL. In addition, regeneration and reuse of the fiber for multiple analyses were performed successfully with no carryover from specimens containing high COC concentrations to specimens containing low COC concentrations.
Editorial: Guidance for Submitting and Reviewing Case Reports and Series in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology

Case studies and series have several important functions such as illustrating models for assessment and intervention, describing new clinical challenges and phenomena, including outcomes of treatments for rare conditions or clinical presentations, documenting the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of innovative interventions, and extending the clinical effectiveness and generalizability of empirically supported interventions and evidence-based assessment (Drotar, 2009a, 2010). A previous editorial issued an invitation to authors for submissions of case studies to the Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP) and suggested strategies to enhance their publishability (Drotar, 2009a). Since then, we have seen an increase in submissions and successful publication of case studies on such topics as multisystemic therapy to reduce HIV transmission risk behavior (Letourneau, Ellis, Naar-King, Cunningham, & Fowler, 2010), behavioral sleep interventions for autism and primary insomnia (Moon, Corkum, & Smith, 2011), and acceptance and commitment therapy to enhance psychological adaptation to pediatric sickle cell disease (Masuda, Cohen, Wicksell, Kemani, & Johnson, 2011). Our experiences in reviewing case study submissions and working with authors in revising their manuscripts have underscored significant challenges in writing and reviewing case studies including confusion about specific information that should be included in the report, how it should be organized, and how case report submissions should be evaluated. To facilitate authors’ tasks in preparing case studies and reviewers’ tasks in reviewing them, the purpose of this article is to provide additional guidance for submissions of case reports and series and for reviews of such manuscripts. This guidance pertains to case reports that have a narrative format and present data on clinical outcomes as well as those that utilize single subject methodology and designs. The latter also require specialized data analytic methods (see Rapoff & Stark, 2008 for a description).
The theory of compositionals

Abstract By introducing the notion of compositionals we obtain a combinatorial interpretation of plethysm of formal power series in infinitely many variables. The following related problems are studied: Polya's theorem on the plethysm of cycle indices, plethystic inverse, the inverse of a sequence of delta series, the plethystic analog of the partition lattice, the reduced incidence algebra of the plethystic lattice, and the plethystic Hopf algebra. We also introduce plethystic trees, enriched plethystic trees and plethystic Schroder trees. An involution for plethystic Schroder trees is devised, which leads to a combinatorial expansion for the plethystic inverse of a series f ( x 1 , x 2 ,…) containing the factor x 1 .
Exterior reflections in elliptic harbor wave models

Traditional elliptic harbor wave models are based on the assumptions that the exterior sea region (i.e. the region outside the computational grid) is of constant depth and that the exterior coastlines are collinear and fully reflecting. This paper demonstrates that for most coastal regions, where these assumptions are generally not true, their effect on model results is substantial. This leads to unreliable simulations. Enlarging the model domain to overcome their effects is cumbersome and often prohibitive. To overcome these difficulties, the use of parabolic approximations of the mild-slope wave equation as open boundary conditions is explored. Suitable parabolic equations are derived and interfaced with an elliptic finite-element model. Since the parabolic approximation does not describe wave scattering as rigorously as the traditional method, the new model is tested against analytical and other solutions for cases where scattering is extensive. Errors resulting from the parabolic approximation are found to be extremely small. Further model tests show that for the generally realistic case where exterior reflection coefficients are less than unity, the new method requires considerably smaller domains than the traditional method, resulting in reduced modeling effort. The model is also applied to Toothacher Bay, Maine, and the use of the parabolic boundary conditions eliminates many spurious features in the simulation.
What Do We Mean by Giftedness? A Pentagonal Implicit Theory

This article presents a pentagonal implicit theory of giftedness and a set of data testing the theory. The exposition is divided into five parts. First, we discuss what an implicit theory is and why such theories are important. Second, we describe the pentagonal theory, specifying five conditions claimed to be individually necessary and jointly sufficient for a person to be labeled as gifted. These conditions help us understand not only why some people are labeled as gifted but also why some others are not, Third, we consider the relation of the pentagonal theory to explicit theories of giftedness. Fourth, we present data supporting the theory. Finally, we discuss some implications of the pentagonal theory for gifted education.
Perfect Maps and Relatively Discrete Collections

We show that the image of a s-relatively discrete cover of a space under a perfect map has a s-relatively discrete refinement. From this we deduce that spaces with a s-relatively discrete network and, in particular, s-relatively discrete sets, are invariant under perfect maps. Another corollary is that weakly s-refinable spaces are preserved by perfect maps, a result previously shown by the first author.
Electron microscopic studies of induced cartilage development and calcification.

Cultured, human, amniotic cells (FL strain) injected into the thigh muscles of cortisone-conditioned mice proliferated to form discrete colonies which, over a period of 5 days, became invested by numerous fibroblasts. Cartilage cells and matrix appeared within the fibroblastic zones during the succeeding 2–4 days. Cartilage matrix calcified within 12 days following FL-cell injection. Cartilage cells closely resembled fibroblasts from which they appeared to be derived, and were readily distinguished from FL cells by their prominent ergastoplasm and Golgi complexes. Cartilage matrix was composed of a distinctive feltwork of randomly arranged, collagen fibrils (∼600 A axial period and ∼250 A width) from which small electron-opaque, leaflike matrix particles extended. Matrix calcification occurred with the deposition of radially arranged needle-like structures resembling hydroxyapatite. Dense centers were often identified within these clusters. Examination of heavily calcified areas revealed confluent masses of apatite-like material. In general, the fine structure of induced cartilage formation and calcification resembled that of cartilage development and calcification as previously described in the normal epiphysis.
A parallel Lauritzen-Spiegelhalter algorithm for probabilistic inference

Probabilistic inference in belief networks is a promising technique for diagnosis, forecasting and decision analysis tasks. Unfortunately, exact inference can be very expensive computationally. In this paper, we examine whether probabilistic inference can be sped up effectively through parallel computation on real multiprocessors. Our experiments are performed on a 32-processor Stanford DASH multiprocessor, a cache-coherent shared-address-space machine with physically distributed main memory. We find that the major part of the calculation can be moved outside the actual propagation through the network, and yields good speedups. Speedups for the propagation itself depend on the structure of the network and the size of the cliques that the algorithm creates. We demonstrate good speedup on a CPCS subnetwork used for medical diagnosis. This result as well as a tendency for the speedup to increase with the size of the network invites practical application of parallel techniques for large Bayesian networks in expert systems.
Go Global, Innovate! Training Social Entrepreneurial Leaders

Problems associated with poverty, education, healthcare, and the environment are grand challenges shared by all nations. For example, poverty in one country may lead to immigration and limitations on exports for another. Similarly, as the Ebola crisis demonstrated, one country's healthcare challenges can quickly turn into a problem for all. The global interconnectedness of social problems necessitates the development of solutions by entrepreneurial leaders trained to adopt a global perspective. The questions explored in the current article are: (a) what does it take to be a global entrepreneurial leader and a social entrepreneur, and (b) how can we prepare students to succeed as global entrepreneurial leaders?
Vertigo in the Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Diseases that cause hyperviscosity of the blood can result in otologic symptoms--especially vertigo. These symptoms are predominantly produced by peripheral vestibular involvement. The pathophysiology probably involves vascular obstruction in the venules. Specific changes in the microvasculature are presumed to be comparable to those that occur with hyperviscosity disorders in the retina. Maintenance of a normal blood viscosity will prevent damage to the ear, as well as other organs. Additionally, reduction of the blood viscosity can greatly improve otologic symptoms. Case studies and a review of the pertinent literature are included.