cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Pharmacy Special Interest Group Position Statement on Pharmacy Practice Management and Clinical Management for COVID-19 in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Patients in the United States

ABSTRACT The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a significant risk to patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) or cellular therapy. The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Pharmacy Special Interest Group Steering Committee aims to provide pharmacy practice management recommendations for how to transition clinical HCT or cellular therapy pharmacy services using telemedicine capabilities in the inpatient and outpatient settings to maintain an equivalent level of clinical practice while minimizing viral spread in a high-risk, immunocompromised population. In addition, the Steering Committee offers clinical management recommendations for COVID-19 in HCT and cellular therapy recipients based on the rapidly developing literature. As the therapeutic and supportive care interventions for COVID-19 expand, collaboration with clinical pharmacy providers is critical to ensure safe administration in HCT recipients. Attention to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and toxicity, particularly QTc prolongation, warrants close cardiac monitoring and potential cessation of concomitant QTc-prolonging agents. Expanded indications for hydroxychloroquine and tocilizumab have already caused stress on the usual supply chain. Detailed prescribing algorithms, decision pathways, and specific patient population stock may be necessary. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged all members of the healthcare team, and we must continue to remain vigilant in providing pharmacy clinical services to one of the most high-risk patient populations while also remaining committed to providing compassionate and safe care for patients undergoing HCT and cellular therapies.
Hyperfine Structure of Hg 197 and Hg 199

The hyperfine structure of the $^{3}P_{1}$ state of ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{197}$ and ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{199}$ has been measured by a microwave-optical experiment. This involves optical excitation to the desired state, paramagnetic resonance in this state, and an optical method of detecting the paramagnetic resonance. The paramagnetic resonances were obtained between different $F$ levels as a function of magnetic field. Quadratic Zeeman corrections were estimated by second-order perturbation theory and the corrected transition frequencies were then extrapolated to zero field. The zero-field hyperfine-structure splittings in the $^{3}P_{1}$ state are ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{197}(F=\frac{3}{2} \mathrm{to} F=\frac{1}{2})=23086.37(2)$ Mc/sec, ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{199}(F=\frac{3}{2} \mathrm{to} F=\frac{1}{2})=22128.56(2)$ Mc/sec. Hyperfine-structure constants $A$ are obtained which are correct to second order. These are combined with the known nuclear magnetic moments to give the hyperfine-structure anomaly in the $^{3}P_{1}$ state: $\ensuremath{\Delta}(^{3}P_{1}, {\mathrm{Hg}}^{199}, {\mathrm{Hg}}^{201})=\ensuremath{-}0.00147(1)$, and the anomaly of the hyperfine-structure interaction for the $6s$ electron in the $^{3}P_{1}$ state: $\ensuremath{\Delta}({s}_{\frac{1}{2}}, {\mathrm{Hg}}^{199}, {\mathrm{Hg}}^{201})=\ensuremath{-}0.00175(9)$.
Acute Deep Vein Thrombosis and Association with Popliteal Fossa (Baker's) Cysts in Patients with Lower Extremity Duplex Ultrasound Examination

Background: Popliteal fossa cysts (PFCs aka Baker's cysts) are synovial cysts of the knee joint that can be symptomatic or asymptomatic and incidentally identified on ultrasound. Whether PFCs are associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is unknown. Possible mechanisms for an association include direct compression of the popliteal vein, indirect compression on the popliteal vein with leg flexion, adjacent inflammation of the cyst, or relative immobility due to underlying joint disease itself. Methods: Lower extremity venous Duplex ultrasound radiology reports from the inception of electronic archiving through 11/14/2019 were evaluated across the Mayo Clinic Enterprise (Rochester MN, Jacksonville, FL, Scottsdale AZ, and Mayo Clinic Health System) in patients >18 years of age. Natural language processing (NLP) algorithms were created and validated to identify acute DVT (proximal or distal) and PFCs. A random sample of 1,752 ultrasound reports underwent manual review to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the NLP algorithm. Cases (ultrasounds with acute DVT) were compared to controls (ultrasound without acute DVT) to examine the frequency of PFCs. IRB approval was obtained and patients lacking Minnesota research authorization were excluded. Results: A total of 332,016 lower extremity venous ultrasounds were performed in 223,035 patients; 156,846 unilateral and 175,170 bilateral lower extremities exams. The mean age at ultrasound was 63.3 (SD 16.5) and 54.7% were female. Ultrasound reports were available for analysis starting in 1992 with a significant increase in the number of ultrasounds performed over the study period across the enterprise (Figure 1). Overall, acute DVT was identified in 24,179 (7.3%) of ultrasounds, and PFCs were identified in 32,427 (9.8%) of ultrasounds. The sensitivity and specificity of the NLP algorithm in the full dataset to identify acute DVT was 86.0% and 97.2%, respectfully. The sensitivity and specificity of the NLP algorithm to identify PFCs was 97.8% and 99.5%, respectively. PFCs were present in 9.3% of ultrasounds with acute DVT and 9.8% of ultrasounds without acute DVT (p=0.007), OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.90-0.98). In a multivariate logistic regression model, after adjusting for age and sex, results remained significant (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91-0.995). Comparing ultrasounds before and after 2010, there was a higher percentage of PFCs and acute DVT reported after 2010 (p Conclusions: PFCs are negatively associated with the presence of acute DVT on lower extremity venous Duplex ultrasound. This data does not support PFCs as a contributing or causative factor in the development of lower extremity DVT. Download : Download high-res image (318KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Full-Field Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy for Snapshot Three-Dimensional Imaging

We present a novel imaging setup for full-field spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy (OCM) that generates 3D complex-valued images of the scattered optical field with no moving parts for imaging biological sample dynamics, called Snapshot OCM.
Lyapunov-Based Robust Stability of Converter-Interfaced Wind Turbines for Inertial Frequency Support

Converter-interfaced wind turbines (WTs) can contribute to inertial frequency regulation through appropriate control of the converter interface. The kinetic energy (KE) of the WT rotor blades is the transient power reserve for inertial frequency support. This work demonstrates that the partial loss of power extracted from the wind when the WT decelerates to release its KE into the network restricts the maximum deviation of the WT rotational speed from the Maximum Power Point (MPP). For higher amount of transient deviation from the MPP, the WT is found to be susceptible to instability. These insights are drawn from Lyapunov's theory for the robust stability of non-linear dynamic systems, applied to the converter-interfaced WT system. The state-space equations governing the operation of the system around the MPP, and modeling of the wind power output are presented. Further, this work quantifies the stability-constrained maximum allowable deviation from the MPP speed, and presents a formulation using Lyapunov's methods to compute this quantity. The robust stability limit provides insights for designing the inertial frequency support contribution of the WT. For this, a control method that uses a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control loop in the converter interface is presented.
Evaluation of three detection strategies on the odds of lameness cure in dairy cows

The high prevalence of lameness in US freestall dairy herds is both an animal welfare and an economic concern. To achieve a low prevalence of lameness, strategies to lower incidence need to be combined with methods to decrease duration. This requires rapid and effective methods to detect and treat lameness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of 3 lameness detection strategies on the odds of cure of lameness.
Examining the Psychometrics of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Measure for Community HIV-Related Stigma.

The research tested the psychometrics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) community HIV-related stigma scale. Data was from men who have sex with men (MSM) NHBS cycles conducted 2011–2017 in Miami-Dade, Florida among n = 1455 participants. MSM were cis-gender male, 18+ years old, reported lifetime oral/anal sex with a male, and lived in Miami-Dade County. We assessed reliability using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega, determined factors using principal factor analysis, and assessed construct validity using five a priori hypotheses. The scale was unidimensional, had questionable internal reliability (α = 0.68, ω = 0.69), and met four of five a priori hypotheses in the expected direction. Correlations were medium-weak in strength and only one was consistently met. Future iterations of the NHBS survey should consider replacing the 4-item community HIV-related stigma scale with an instrument that has superior internal reliability, measures multiple HIV-related stigma dimensions, and demonstrates stronger evidence of validity.
Juries and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in France in the Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries

Persistent acquittals lead to changes in the criminal justice system. James Donovan takes a comprehensive approach to the history of the jury in modern France by investigating the legal, political, sociocultural, and intellectual aspects of jury trial from the Revolution through the twentieth century. He demonstrates that these juries, through their decisions, helped shape reform of the nation's criminal justice system. From their introduction in 1791 as an expression of the sovereignty of the people through the early 1900s, argues Donovan, juries often acted against the wishes of the political and judicial authorities, despite repeated governmental attempts to manipulate their composition. High acquittal rates for both political and nonpolitical crimes were in part due to juror resistance to the harsh and rigid punishments imposed by the Napoleonic Penal Code, Donovan explains.
Was Free Will a Pseudo-Problem?

If we cannot be satisfied with the conclusion that “the notion of obligability is…delusive,”1then it appears that we are well advised to examine the premises leading to this conclusion. In this chapter I propose to look at some standard responses given by determinists and some given by indeterminists in an attempt to avoid this conclusion. I shall discuss some typical and important views, but I shall make no claim of inclusiveness. I trust, however, that by the end of the next chapter, in which I discuss a recently fashionable attempt to bypass the determinism-indeterminism dichotomy, I shall have made a sufficiently persuasive case for my claim that it is the OES supposition that is the principal obstacle to the acceptance of the obligability claim. Even, however, if I fail to make such a case, I shall still try to show that the OES supposition has only a prima facie plausibility, and that should it finally appear that one must choose between the supposition that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’ and the claim that ‘ought’ and ‘ought not’ have application, it is clearly rational to opt for the latter.
Studies of electromagnetic interference of PET detector insert for simultaneous PET/MRI

We are developing a brain positron emission tomography (PET) system prototype with long optical cables to minimize mutual interference between our PET components and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Our PET system consists of 16 PET detector modules which are placed in Faraday cages spaced equally in a 32 cm diameter ring. By using 20 m length optical cables rather than electrical connections, the Faraday cage ground can float relative to the MRI RF ground which permits the RF field to transmit through PET ring. This could eliminate the need for custom RF coils in whole body inserts, or the need for a custom transmit coil in brain insert PET/MRI designs. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of PET detectors with a floating ground from measurements of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and numerical analyses of RF field attenuation under different conditions. The shielding effectiveness equation shows that a copper plate of 30 μm (∼4×Skin Depth) thickness shields approximately 120 dB (99.9999 %) of both the 66.7 MHz analog-to-digital converter sampling frequency of the interior PET electronics and the 127.7 MHz Larmor frequency of the exterior 3-T MRI RF coil. Simulation results using ANSOFT Maxwell showed that a larger gap between PET detectors or a shorter height of PET Faraday cage results in less RF field attenuation. The two side plates of adjacent PET Faraday cage act as a capacitor. When the gap increases or height shrinks, capacitive impedance increases which then results in less RF power dissipation and thus more RF field transmission inside field of view (FOV). Simulation results showed 25 dB increase of the transmission level when the gap was increased by 2 mm and height was decreased by 20 mm. Further MR-compatibility analysis will be performed by acquiring MR images with the shielded PET detector ring inserted.
MARVEL: A PC-BASED INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR LIFE-CYCLE EVALUATIONS OF HYBRID/ELECTRIC VEHICLES

As a life-cycle analysis tool, MARVEL has been developed for the evaluation of hybrid/electric vehicle systems. It can identify the optimal combination of battery and heat engine characteristics for different vehicle types and performance requirements, on the basis of either life-cycle cost or fuel efficiency. Battery models that allow trade-offs between specific power and specific energy, between cycle life and depth of discharge, between peak power and depth of discharge, and between other parameters, are included in the software. A parallel hybrid configuration, using an internal combustion engine and a battery as the power sources, can be simulated with a user-specified energy management strategy. The PC-based software package can also be used for cost or fuel efficiency comparisons among conventional, electric, and hybrid vehicles.
Classification of N=2 Superconformal Field Theories with Two-Dimensional Coulomb Branches, II

We continue the classification of 2-dimensional scale-invariant rigid special Kahler (RSK) geometries. This classification was begun in [hep-th/0504070] where singularities corresponding to curves of the form y^2=x^6 with a fixed canonical basis of holomorphic one forms were analyzed. Here we perform the analysis for the y^2=x^5 type singularities. (The final maximal singularity type, y^2=x^3(x-1)^3, will be analyzed in a later paper.) These singularities potentially describe the Coulomb branches of N=2 supersymmetric field theories in four dimensions. We show that there are only 13 solutions satisfying the integrability condition (enforcing the RSK geometry of the Coulomb branch) and the Z-consistency condition (requiring massless charged states at singularities). Of these solutions, one has a marginal deformation, and corresponds to the known solution for certain Sp(2) gauge theories, while the rest correspond to isolated strongly interacting conformal field theories.
Academic Perspectives on College-Level Learning: Implications for Workplace Learning.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore faculty definitions of college‐level learning in order to develop a universal definition to assist employers, career counselors, and academic institutions in assessing college‐level workplace learning.Design/methodology/approach – Faculty were administered an electronic survey to gather definitions of below college‐level, undergraduate level and graduate level learning at a USA university.Findings – A total of 20 per cent of the faculty completed the survey, representing an even distribution across disciplines offered at the university. Data were analysed using qualitative methods to determine themes arising from the faculty definitions; member checking occurred through a representative faculty group. The resulting framework had commonalities to other current college‐level learning schemas (e.g. American Association of Colleges and Universities). Terminology used by the faculty indicated students must understand and utilise different relationships across k...
Enthalpy of formation of LiNiO2, LiCoO2 and their solid solution, LiNi1−xCoxO2

Abstract LiCoO2, LiNiO2 and their solid solution, LiNi1−xCoxO2, are important cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. Samples in this system were synthesized by solid state reaction of Co3O4, NiO and Li2CO3 or LiOH·H2O. Their lattice parameters were determined by Rietveld refinement. High temperature drop solution calorimetry in molten 3Na2O·4MoO3 and 2PbO·B2O3 solvents at 974 K was performed to determine the enthalpy of formation from the constituent oxides plus oxygen and the enthalpy of mixing in the solid solution series. There are approximately linear correlations between the lattice parameters, the enthalpy of formation from oxides (Li2O, NiO and CoO) plus O2 and the Co content in the compounds. The solid solution of LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 is almost ideal, showing a small positive enthalpy of mixing. The enthalpy of formation of LiCoO2 from oxides (Li2O, NiO and CoO) and oxygen at 298 K is −142.5±1.7 kJ/mol (from sodium molybdate calorimetry) or −140.2±2.3 kJ/mol (from lead borate calorimetry). That of LiNiO2 is −56.2±1.5 kJ/mol (from sodium molybdate calorimetry) or −53.4±1.7 kJ/mol (from lead borate calorimetry). The cobalt compound is thus significantly more stable than its nickel analogue. The phase assemblage LiCoO2, Li2O and CoO is seen at a lower oxygen pressure at constant temperature than the assemblage Co3O4/CoO, reflecting the stabilization of Co(III) in the ternary Li–Co–O system.
Taiwan's challenges for significant international tourism market growth

This paper examines the nature of the Taiwanese tourism environment in a time where local tourism industries face significant challenges to attract international tourists to Taiwan. Based on a literature review of tourism marketing strategies as well as the use of information technology in the travel industry, the Force Field Analysis is used to address the significant transformation of this industry in the past ten years and examine the competency of Taiwanese inbound tour operators with the help of the government, which is actively promoting the country within the international tourism market. Indeed, the Force Field Analysis is a methodology that can be employed to examine tourism market evolution in the region as well as to identify the key forces driving and resisting the growth of the Taiwanese tourism industries in the international tourism market.
Time of occurrence of changes in the liver's capacity to utilize acetate for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis after fat feeding.

The time relationships in the changes in hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis induced by the feeding of corn oil and lard have been studied. A pronounced decrease in the capacity of the liver to convert acetate carbon to fatty acids was observed as early as 1 hour after fat administration. The increase in the liver's capacity to incorporate acetate carbon into cholesterol developed slowly after fat feeding; the earliest change was observed in 12 hours. The restoration of lipogenesis to normal, following the withdrawal of fat, was more rapid than that of cholesterogenesis. The time changes in hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis induced by fat feeding were correlated with the time of appearance of exogenous fat in the liver.
Influence of the 60-megadalton plasmid on adherence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and genetic derivatives.

The adherence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 and various genetic derivatives to Henle 407 intestinal and HEp-2 epithelial cell lines was examined by light and electron microscopy. The parent outbreak strain, 7785, harbors a 60-megadalton serotype-specific plasmid designated pO157 and adhered to both cell lines, as determined by light microscopy. A plasmidless derivative, 2-45, showed reduced adherence to both cell lines. After being labeled with Tn801, pO157 was transformed into E. coli C600, E. coli HB101, and E. coli GH42, and back into 2-45. Both E. coli C600 and HB101 transformants adhered weakly; full adherence was restored to the 2-45(pO157::Tn801) transformant. Transmission electron microscopy (EM) demonstrated the intimate attachment of HB101(pO157::Tn801) to Henle 407 cells which formed cuplike structures and areas of possible actin polymerization adjacent to adhering bacterial cells; scanning EM further extended these observations. EM studies of E. coli O157:H7 strains were hampered by extensive intestinal cell damage, presumably due to the action of Shiga-like toxins. EM also demonstrated that 7785 and its plasmidless derivative 2-45 were piliated and that no pili were apparent on HB101(pO157::Tn801) or GH42//(pO157::Tn801). The plasmid pO157 appears to modify the eucaryotic cell adherence of E. coli O157:H7 and to confer that adherence on E. coli HB101 through surface structures other than pili. These findings, when compared with other published reports, also suggest similarities between enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic E. coli adherence properties. Images
Modeling simple-cell direction selectivity with normalized, half-squared, linear operators

1. A longstanding view of simple cells is that they sum their inputs linearly. However, the linear model falls short of a complete account of simple-cell direction selectivity. We have developed a nonlinear model of simple-cell responses (hereafter referred to as the normalization model) to explain a larger body of physiological data. 2. The normalization model consists of an underlying linear stage along with two additional nonlinear stages. The first is a half-squaring nonlinearity; half-squaring is half-wave rectification followed by squaring. The second is a divisive normalization non-linearity in which each model cell is suppressed by the pooled activity of a large number of cells. 3. By comparing responses with counterphase (flickering) gratings and drifting gratings, researchers have demonstrated that there is a nonlinear contribution to simple-cell responses. Specifically they found 1) that the linear prediction from counterphase grating responses underestimates a direction index computed from drifting grating responses, 2) that the linear prediction correctly estimates responses to gratings drifting in the preferred direction, and 3) that the linear prediction overestimates responses to gratings drifting in the nonpreferred direction. 4. We have simulated model cell responses and derived mathematical expressions to demonstrate that the normalization model accounts for this empirical data. Specifically the model behaves as follows. 1) The linear prediction from counterphase data underestimates the direction index computed from drifting grating responses. 2) The linear prediction from counterphase data overestimates the response to gratings drifting in the nonpreferred direction. The discrepancy between the linear prediction and the actual response is greater when using higher contrast stimuli. 3) For an appropriate choice of contrast, the linear prediction from counterphase data correctly estimates the response to gratings drifting in the preferred direction. For higher contrasts the linear prediction overestimates the actual response, and for lower contrasts the linear prediction underestimates the actual response. 5. In addition, the normalization model is qualitatively consistent with data on the dynamics of simple-cell responses. Tolhurst et al. found that simple cells respond with an initial transient burst of activity when a stimulus first appears. The normalization model behaves similarly; it takes some time after a stimulus first appears before the model cells are fully normalized. We derived the dynamics of the model and found that the transient burst of activity in model cells depends in a particular way on stimulus contrast. The burst is short for high-contrast stimuli and longer for low-contrast stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Bag of worms.

In this story, I describe, from my perspective as a resident, working with a surgeon to resuscitate a woman who has suffered an avulsion of her pulmonary artery. The patient, a victim of a collision with an intoxicated driver, arrived at the hospital as I was caring for another patient who was undergoing his tenth admission for detoxification. Having been thrown unexpectedly into the fray, I looked upon a beating heart for the first time
Not Paying Dividends? A Decomposition of the Decline in Dividend Payers

Current payout policy literature contends that firms’ propensity to pay dividends declined between 1978 and 1998. Using the Oaxaca decomposition methodology, we measure changes in the propensity to pay dividends between 1978 and 1998. Results suggest that firms today have only a slightly lower propensity to pay dividends. Furthermore, when we also categorize firms that use stock repurchases as dividend payers, we find that 100% of the decline in the proportion of dividend payers can be explained by changes in firm characteristics only. The difference is that firms that firms are now repurchasing stock instead of paying dividends.
Effects of contingency management of chronic patients on ward control and behavioral adjustment

Abstract The effect was assessed of a simple contingency management program on the general adjustment of inpatients and overall operation of a chronic ward. In a series of stages, non-contingent staff control of reinforces was compared with job contingent control and standard hospital routine. Results indicated that some improvement in both general adjustment and ward management may be obtained by simple staff control of reinforces, and that the introduction of job contingent reinforcement schedules may yield greater improvement. It was also found that reinforcers relatively difficult to control, such as cigarettes, were effective in modifying behavior in an open ward situation.
The entanglement of meaning: illness, literary history, and morality in four Catalan novels

For Albert Pallares, in memoriam This article examines the force and function of medical and literary historical typologies in four Catalan novels in which illness figures prominently: Narcis Oller's La bogeria (1899), Miquel de Palol's Cami de llum. Narracions d'un crepuscle (1909), Blai Bonet's El mar (1958), and Maria-Antonia Oliver's Tallats de lluna (2000). Spanning a century, the four novels have been classified as naturalist, modernista, tremendista, and loosely postmodern, respectively, and focus on three maladies – mental illness, tuberculosis, and AIDS – that are shot through with morally charged questions of responsibility and guilt. For all their explanatory benefits, typological protocols, be they medical or literary historical, precede and exceed any given subject and any given text in ways that tend to elide specificities and to underestimate the entanglement of meaning.
Follicular populations during the estrous cycle in heifers. III. Time of selection of the ovulatory follicle

Follicular dynamics were monitored in 28 heifers by diagnostic ultrasonography. The objectives were to identify the time of physiological selection of the follicle destined to ovulate and to test the hypothesis that the selection process involves not only selection of an ovulatory follicle but also concurrent selection against other large follicles. The experimental design was based on the considerations that heifers tested with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) before the physiological selection of the ovulatory follicle would exhibit a maximal superovulatory response and heifers given eCG after the time of selection would not. Heifers in three groups were given a single injection of eCG on Day 14, 16, or 18 after the pretreatment ovulation and heifers in one group served as untreated controls (n=7 per group). In the control group, the first day that the difference between the diameters of the two largest follicles was greater than the minimum value on Day 15 (1.3 ± 0.6 mm) was Day 17 (Day —3, 3.9±0.8 m; P 13 mm (5.1±1.8, 4.6±2.2, 1.3±0.5, respectively) and more (P<0.05) ovulations (9.3±3.2, 8.9±3.1, 3.0±0.9, respectively). The ovulatory response for the Day 18 group was greater, however, than for the controls (1.1±0.1), indicating a partial stimulatory effect. This intermediate effect was attributable to a failure of response in some heifers and to a superstimulatory response in others. The results indicated that selection of the ovulatory follicle occurred between Days 16 and 17 (equivalent to Day -4 to Day -3, preovulation); the latest day on which maximum eCG stimulation occurred was Day 16 and the first day of a significant divergence in the diameters of the two largest follicles in the controls was Day 17. That selection had already occurred before Day 18 also was shown by the reduced response to eCG at that time. The hypothesis was supported that the selection process involves not only selection for an ovurlatory follicle but also selection against other follicles. This was indicated by the reduced stimulatory effect in the Day 18 group and the lack of a significant difference between the control and Day 18 groups in follicle numbers for all diameter categories. It was not determined, however, whether the positive selective effect on the ovulatory follicle and the negative effect on the other follicles occurred at the same time, as a single event, or whether one immediately preceded, and perhaps caused, the other.
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection.

Abstract This paper describes the use of nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to improve detection sensitivity. The nonaqueous medium is conducive to lower detection limits due to the minimization of quenching effects. The nonaqueous solvent, N-methylformamide, produced the best detection limit with a 2-fold enhancement using NACE–LIF as compared to aqueous CE. N-methylformamide also gave the best fluorescent signal enhancement (6-fold) among the five nonaqueous solvents tested using steady-state fluorescence. The extent (or degree) of enhancement in fluorescence intensity seems to be related to the viscosity and/or polarity of the solvent.
568 PATTERN AND ASYNCHRONY OF LATE X REPLICATION IN CASES OF MULTIPLE X

The replication patterns of human chromosomes can be visualised using the RBG technique. Five to six hours prior to termination of lymphocyte culture, BudR is added to a concentration of 75 mcg/ml. Prepared slides are exposed to 33258 Hoechst and sunlight concurrently, and subsequently stained with Giemsa. The BudR-incorporated (late replicating) regions are stained pale, and the resultant pattern is similar to R-banding. We have been examining the fine details of X chromosome replication in subjects with structural or numerical X abnormalities. In early metaphase cells of children with multiple X chromosomes the late-replicating X's do not replicate synchronously. The degree of asynchrony varies from cell to cell. However, the late-replicating X chromosomes follow a single sequence of replication. Xp22, p11, and q13 replicate first (98%), followed by q26 (95%), q24 and q28 (80%), and q22 (60%). (Percentage indicates the probability of replication prior to addition of BudR). The late replicating major bands are q12 (10%), q23 and q27 (5%), q25 (2%), q21 and p21 (0%). Late replicating sub-bands are seen in p22 (60% of X's), p11 (30% of X's), and q13 (10% of X's). Very early metaphase chromosomes are still under examination and are likely to reveal other late-replicating sub-bands. Exceptions to the above sequence of replication include late replication of Xq13 (4% of X's) and fusion of q22, q24, or q26 possibly due to early replication of q23 or q25 (7% of X's).
Four forms of interactional indirection

Abstract Building on previous research that points out the limited conception of indirection in pragmatics, we argue that the notion of indirection should be expanded to take into account any use of language that is ‘unconventional’ in a particular community. We argue that at least four types of indirections can be recognized: stance indirection, topic indirection, participation indirection, and production indirection. We then exemplify these different forms of indirection through the analysis of three examples.
Generalizing Leximin to t-norms and t-conorms: the LexiT and LexiS orderings

The Leximin procedure, introduced by Dubois and Prade in 1996, provides a methodology for adjudicating ties in aggregated values when using the min t-norm. Here, with the introduction of the LexiT procedure, we generalize these ideas to provide a tool for adjudicating ties when aggregating data using any t-norm. We then provide the LexiS procedure for adjudicating ties when aggregating arguments using t-conorms.
Attenuation length for fast nucleon production of 10Be derived from near surface production profiles

Abstract We have measured the fast nucleon production of 10 Be to depths of 2.37 m (659 g/cm 2 ) in a granodiorite core of uniform density and composition from the Mt. Givens pluton on the western side of the Sierra Nevada, California, at 37° 14.7′ N, 118° 53.7′ W and 2286 m. The data are well fit with a simple exponential decrease yielding an apparent attenuation length of 10 Be production of 177 + 4 (2 σ ) g/cm 2 . The shallowest data point is from a depth of 1.24 cm (3.45 g/cm 2 ) and shows no indication of a near-surface flattening of the radionuclide inventory and hence the 10 Be production rate.
The transition to nonmetropolitan population deconcentration

A major aim of this study is to address our lack of understanding of rural-urban population change within nonmetropolitan counties of the United States. Specifically, we (a) examine trends between 1950 and 1975 in differential rural and urban growth rates within nonmetropolitan counties, and (b) examine the relationship between county location/function and within-county deconcentration. We show that the post-1970period has not simply marked the net shift of population from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas, but has also ushered in a pattern of population deconcentration within most nonmetropolitan areas. It is also clear that traditional ecological and economic base variables have been of diminishing utility in explaining deconcentration during the 1970s, suggesting that deconcentration is now evident in nonmetropolitan counties characterized by a broad spectrum of economic and sociodemographic traits.
A stable, selective electrode for recording single motor-unit potentials in humans

A new application of electrode technology has enabled recording of single motor-unit potentials in human first dorsal interosseus muscle with more versatility than has been traditionally associated with this paradigm. The design, manufacture, and application are detailed for an electrode which has been used to discriminate potentials during efforts up to maximal voluntary contraction. The electrode comprises a branched, bipolar configuration which is positioned subcutaneously over the belly of the muscle. This extramuscular location maximizes stability and, with appropriate orientation of the electrode relative to the architecture of the muscle, ensures adequate selectivity of single motor-unit potentials.
Effects of potentially phobic conditioned stimuli on retention, reconditioning, and extinction of the conditioned skin conductance response.

Discriminative classical conditioning of skin conductance responses (SCRs) was studied in 163 college students as a function of four variables: CS type (potentially phobic versus neutral conditioned stimuli), Sex of the subject, Interstimulus interval (ISI) during conditioning (.5 versus 8 s), and Retention interval between conditioning and retention assessment (1 versus 6 months). CS type did not affect acquisition, retention, or reconditioning of the differential conditioned responses. The effect of CS type was highly significant during extinction, with differential SCRs to CS+ and CS- being greater with potentially phobic conditioned stimuli. This was true for both sexes, both the .5-s and the 8-s ISI, and after a 1-month or a 6-month retention interval. Moreover, SCRs conditioned to phobic conditioned stimuli with the .5-s ISI persisted even after subjects' cognitive expectancy of the UCS, which was measured on a trial-by-trial basis, had completely extinguished. The results indicate that the effect of potentially phobic conditioned stimuli on the conditioned skin conductance response is unique to resistance to extinction-they affect not learning but unlearning of the autonomic response.
Children's Memories According to Fuzzy-Trace Theory: An Endorsement of the Theory's Purpose and Some Suggestions to Improve Its Application ☆ ☆☆ ★

This reflection on the work of Brainerd and Reyna (1998, this issue) focuses on the goals of mathematical modeling of memory. Suggestions are made that might improve the experimental design used to examine the model in children, and points are raised regarding the boundary conditions of the model. It is concluded that the model currently cannot handle situations in which partial verbatim information is used along with partial gist information or in which information has an inhibitory effect. Both encouragements and precautions for the use of modeling are offered.
Increased pulmonary toxicity of ultrafine particles? II. Lung lavage studies

We determined the acute and late inflammatory reaction in the lung after instillation of equal amounts of two different dusts, commonly labelled as «nuisance» dusts, but each with two distinctly different particle sizes in the 15-50 nm and 0.2-0.5 μm range, TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3
MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN COUNTRY‐STYLE HAMS

Hams were inoculated with Pediococcus cerevisiae cells to determine effects of a lactic acid starter culture on resident microflora of hams. Butt microflora of control hams was predominated by lactobacilli, whereas coagulase negative staphylococci were most prevalent in the cushion. Inoculated hams were predominated by P. cerevisiae in both butt and cushion areas. Other bacteria isolated included fecal streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, micrococci, bacilli, and yeasts. The natural flora of country-style ham appeared to be antagonized by P. cerevisiue, while a staphylococcal isolate and fecal streptococci were most antagonistic to the natural flora on agar media.
Beauty is not always better: perfect babies and the tyranny of paediatric norms

During the early twentieth century, better baby contests were all the rage at agricultural fairs across the United States. Inaugurated at the Iowa State Fair in 1911, when progressive female reformers decided that the time had come to apply the techniques of breeding superior cattle, horses and hogs to infants, better baby contests stood at the crux of several overlapping trends of modern medicine and culture. One facet of a burgeoning eugenics movement, the contests were based on emergent notions of race betterment that increasingly focused on reproduction, sexuality and children. They also reflected and helped to promote the solidification of paediatrics as a medical profession dedicated to the unique physiological organism of the child. Stern examines the dynamic better baby campaign launched during the 1920s in Indiana, and argues that the norms utilized to test, measure and assess the young contestants were representative of a new optics of perfectibility. No longer judged by their apparent beauty an...
The effect of unanticipated money on the money and foreign exchange markets

Abstract A number of studies have attempted to determine why unanticipated increases in the money supply are positively correlated with money market interest rates by examining the response of the foreign exchange market to unanticipated changes in the money stock. They have found a significant positive relationship between unanticipated increases in the money supply and the foreign exchange value of the dollar and have interpreted this as evidence for the ‘anticipated-liquidity-effect’ hypothesis. However, these results support this hypothesis only if both markets respond simultaneously to unanticipated changes in money. This paper examines the cross-market consistency of the response using six bilateral exchange rates and the Treasury bill rate, all measured over a narrow time interval. The results show that, in general, these markets do not respond simultaneously to money announcements.
Development of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima) as a semiaridland starch and oil crop.

Cucurbita foetidissima (buffalo gourd), a semiaridland plant native to the Greater Southwest, has been utilized by humans for thousands of years, primarily as food and medicine. In recent years, buffalo gourd has been the focus of an important domestication program at the University of Arizona. This research has led to 2 main cultural systems, an annual mode for root-starch production, and a perennial mode primarily for seed-oil production. In our paper, over 75 references are analyzed to evaluate the potential of buffalo gourd as an energy, chemical-products, and food crop. Priorities are suggested, including investigation of buffalo gourd as a novel crop for New Mexico's developing fuel ethanol industry.
2.3.2 An Architecture‐Centric Approach for Systems Design

The most critical requirements for the lifetime value of a system are its non-functional requirements such as reliability, security, maintainability, changeability, etc. These are collectively known as the ‘ilities’ and are typically addressed in system design once the functional architecture has been developed. In this paper we propose the use of architecture-centric design that modifies this standard workflow so that those non-functional requirements, which actually reflect the true business needs, are addressed first. This ensures that the final system better reflects and embodies those architecturally-significant requirements rather than having them addressed secondarily. This is an important change since the ‘ilities’ are systemic properties (properties of the system as a whole) rather than systematic properties (properties of individual components or sub-systems) and are therefore difficult to address once the functional architecture has been determined and the separation of concerns is already somewhat completed. We provide an example of the approach based around a simplified case study of an online, on-board health monitoring system for shipboard gas turbine electricity generators that collects, filters, analyzes, transmits, and mines sensor data from the generators subsystems.
Optimal design of periodic piezocomposites

Abstract Application of piezoelectric materials, such as hydrophones and naval sonars, requires an improvement in their performance characteristics. This improvement can be obtained by designing new types of piezocomposite materials that possess a richer class of properties. The effective properties of a composite material depend on the topology of its unit cell (or microstructure) and the properties of its constituents. By changing the unit cell topology, better performance characteristics can be obtained in the piezocomposite. In this work, we have extended the optimal design method of piezocomposite microstructures proposed in the previous work [1] to three dimensional (3D) topologies, considering static applications such as hydrophones. This method uses topology optimization techniques and homogenization theory, and consists of finding the distribution of the material and void phases in a periodic unit cell that optimizes the performance characteristics of the piezocomposite. The optimization problem is subjected to constraints such as property symmetry and stiffness. An additional constraint was added in order to penalize the amount of intermediate densities generated in the final design. The optimized solution is obtained using Sequential Linear Programming (SLP). In order to calculate the effective properties of a unit cell with complex topology, a general homogenization method applied to piezoelectricity was implemented using the finite element method (FEM). This homogenization method has no limitations regarding volume fraction or shape of the composite constituents. The main assumption is the periodicity of the unit cell. Microstructures obtained show a large improvement in performance characteristics compared to pure piezoelectric material or simple designs of piezocomposite unit cells. Finally, a hydrophone made of one layer of the unit cells obtained by using microstructure design is suggested. An FEM analysis is done to evaluate the performance improvement of such transducer.
New applications of glass

During the past decade, numerous interesting and important applications of many different types of glasses have been conceived and developed. I t is impossible to describe al l of them in reasonable detail in a report of restricted length. Fortunately, some of the materials are already covered by others part icipating in this Congress These, include the use of glass as waveguides, glass for construction purposes and glasses as bioactive materials. Even so, the remaining l i s t of new applications is s t i l l very lengthy and some omissions from the present discussion are unavoidable. Some exa~les of the applications described below are already well-established. For instance, a product may actually be available on the market. Other examples are in their early stages of development and can possibly become important industr ial ly in the near future.
The relationship of free amino acids to salinity changes and temperature-salinity interactions in the mud-flat snail, Nassarius obsoletus

Abstract 1. 1. Nassarius obsoletus can tolerate salinities as low as 12% at both 10 and 25°C. 2. 2. Hemolymph Na+ and K+ determinations show N. obsoletus to be an osmoconformer which is able to concentrate K+. 3. 3. In both 10 and 25°C acclimated snails, the primary amino acids involved with salinity change were taurine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. 4. 4. The total FAA pool and component amino acids were found in higher concentrations in 10°C acclimated animals at all salinities.