cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Infection with the Meningopneumonitis Agent on Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis by Its L-Cell Host

Cycloheximide, which had already been shown to inhibit protein synthesis in Earle's L cells (mouse fibroblasts) without having any effect on the multiplication or protein synthesis in Chlamydia psittaci (strain meningopneumonitis) infecting these host cells, also caused greater than 90% inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in L cells after a 3-hr exposure to the drug. L cells infected with the meningopneumonitis agent and treated with cycloheximide were used to follow meningopneumonitis-specific DNA synthesis during intracellular growth of the parasite. The rate at which labeled precursors were incorporated into parasite DNA doubled every 2 hr. The effect of meningopneumonitis infection on L-cell DNA and protein synthesis was investigated in logarithmically growing and in stationary-phase (nondividing) populations of L cells. Host-specific DNA and protein synthesis appeared to be inhibited in infected L cells when compared with logarithmically growing control cells, whereas no inhibition was apparent when the comparison was made with stationary-phase control cells. The maximal amount of protein and DNA synthesis that occurred in meningopneumonitis-infected L cells was equal to the amount of DNA and protein synthesized in logarithmically growing, uninfected L cells. A possible explanation of these results is given.
Community Size Differences in Senior Center Resources, Programming, and Participation A Longitudinal Analysis

Analyzed are longitudinal data for the 1980s on community size differences in senior center resources, programming, attendance, and participant characteristics for a 31 -state sample. More rural centers were found to have smaller facilities, staffs, budgets, and numbers of programs and participants and, overall, were less likely to have experienced growth during the 1980s. Their participants were older and poorer, and rural centers were less likely to report increases in participant incomes and health during the 1980s. The implications of these findings for rural center programming and funding are discussed.
An Analytical Treatment of Policy Function Schedulers

This paper presents an analysis of time-sharing computer facilities using scheduling algorithms defined in terms of priority functions. We consider the class of algorithms in which a job's priority is defined by the difference between the time it spent in the system and an arbitrary function F of its attained service, where F is called the policy function. Our main result, the average response time for a job conditioned on its service requirement, applies to a broad class of policy functions. The derivation is based on the model of a processor-sharing M/G/1 queuing system and does not use transforms. The analysis is simplified by the decomposition of a non-Markovian process. Properties of the average response time resulting from policy function schedulers are discussed and related to those of other known time-sharing scheduling algorithms. For the examples of linear, exponential, and composite policy functions we plot the response times. We demonstrate the flexibility and the limitations of policy functions with respect to the discriminatory treatment of short jobs versus long ones and discuss the optimal selection of a policy function with respect to a given overall performance criterion.
Surface structural characterization and mechanical testing by nanoindentation measurements of hybrid polymer/clay nanostructured multilayer films

Nanostructured montmorillonite/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) multilayer thin films were fabricated up to 100 layers thick by stepwise alternating polyelectrolyte and clay deposition from solution. The structure and morphology of the films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance ex situ and in situ measurements. The mechanical properties were tested by nanoindentation. The hardness of the multilayer thin film was 0.46 GPa. The thin film's modulus was correlated to its ordering and anisotropic structure. Both hardness and modulus of this composite film were higher than those of several other types of polymer thin films.
Low-Fat Set Yogurt Made from Milk Subjected to Combinations of High Hydrostatic Pressure and Thermal Processing

The combined use of high hydrostatic pressure (300 to 676 MPa, 5 min) and thermal treatment (85 degrees C, 30 min) in milk for the manufacture of low-fat yogurt was studied. The objective was to reduce syneresis and improve the rheological properties of yogurt, reducing the need for thickeners and stabilizers. The use of high hydrostatic pressure alone, or after thermal treatment, reduced the lightness and increased the viscosity of skim milk. However, milk recovered its initial lightness and viscosity when thermal treatment was applied after high hydrostatic pressure. The MALDI-TOF spectra of skim milk presented monomers of whey proteins after a treatment of 676 MPa for 5 min. Yogurts made from skim milk subjected to 400 to 500 MPa and thermal treatment showed increased yield stress, resistance to normal penetration, and elastic modulus, while having reduced syneresis when compared to yogurts from thermally treated or raw milks. The combined use of thermal treatment and high hydrostatic pressure assures extensive whey protein denaturation and casein micelle disruption, respectively. Although reaggregation of casein submicelles occurs during fermentation, the net effect of the combined HHP and thermal treatment is the improvement of yogurt yield stress and reduction of syneresis.
Morning breakup of cold pools in complex terrain

Under fair weather conditions, local flow patterns in areas of complex topography are driven by diurnal heating and cooling. If the topography is basin-shaped, downslope flows occurring at night accumulate (pool) in the basin valley to form a stable layer of cold air. During the morning transition, this cold pool is destroyed by the onset of turbulent convection and upslope flow. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to identify mechanisms responsible for the breakup of cold pools. An idealized V-shaped tank filled with thermally stratified water and heated with an approximately uniform bottom heat flux was used. Temperature measurements and dye visualization were used for flow diagnostics. Mechanisms of cold pool destruction were identified and placed in the context of previously proposed mechanisms. A new mechanism was identified, wherein a dominant intrusion emanating from the upslope flow plays a dynamically important role in cold pool destruction. The results are expected to help develop subgrid parameterizations for meso-scale weather forecasting models, which are notorious for giving poor predictions during the morning transition period in complex terrain.
Partner support for individual self-expansion opportunities Effects on relationship satisfaction in long-term couples

Previous research indicates that partner responsiveness and self-expansion play key roles in the creation, maintenance, and improvement of close relationships. This experiment examined the hypothesis that active (vs. passive) partner support for an individual's opportunity for self-expansion would increase relationship satisfaction. In an experimental task manipulated to be either self-expanding or stressful, dating couple members (N ¼ 116; 58 couples) received active or passive support messages, ostensibly from their partners. Among those in longer term (14-60 months), but not in shorter term relationships, relationship satisfaction increased significantly more for those who received active (vs. passive) support for self-expansion. This same pattern was not found when partners' messages responded to a stressful task or for couples in short-term relationships. This study provides the first experimental evidence for effects on relationship satisfaction of partner support for individual self-expansion. In addition, the findings suggest the potential substantial importance of relationship length for moderating self-expansion processes.
Structure and Dynamics of Ringed Salamander (Ambystoma annulatum) Populations in Missouri

Abstract: We report a detailed account of the structure and dynamics of five populations of Ringed Salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum Cope, 1886) in Missouri, USA, studied over a 4-yr period. The average date of capture for breeding males varied from 30 August to 2 October, and average date of capture for breeding females varied from 9 September to 7 October. The sex ratio was consistently male biased and averaged 2.05 males to each female. The smallest breeding female was 77 mm snout–vent length ([SVL]; mean = 96.3 mm) and the smallest breeding male was 66 mm SVL (mean = 94.2 mm). Eggs and larvae were present in September and October each year, and the larval period varied from 7 to 9 mo. Juveniles metamorphosed in all years in every pond, albeit in low numbers (6–631). The mean SVL of metamorphosing juveniles among all years and ponds was 39.2 mm. Intra-annual body size of emerging juveniles declined over time; juveniles that metamorphosed early were larger in body size than those metamorphosing later in...
Predictors of bigheaded carp drifting egg density and spawning activity in an invaded, free-flowing river.

Abstract Successful reproduction of non-native species is a critical step in the invasion process, influencing establishment and spread. Predicting invasive species' reproduction is often based on information collected from species' native ranges; however, environmental variables within the invaded range may provoke different responses. Bigheaded carp ( Hypophthalmichthys spp.) have successfully invaded many water bodies worldwide and are currently threatening the Laurentian Great Lakes. We examined bigheaded carp spawning in a mostly unregulated, invaded ecosystem (Wabash River, IN, USA) which has similarities to multiple Great Lakes tributaries; it can therefore provide insights into the potential spawning of bigheaded carp in the Great Lakes. Spawning was protracted, and while initiation of spawning has been reported to require changes in discharge in their native ranges, this association was not observed in the Wabash River. However, changing discharges did appear to influence egg density, with rises in late spring producing high drifting egg densities. Cumulative growing degree-day (sum of days where [(max temperature − min temperature / 2) − 10 °C base temperature] is > 0) was the most influential factor predicting spawning initiation. Overall, it appears that bigheaded carp exhibit the ability to spawn under a variety of environmental conditions, with changing discharges targeting spawning to periods when reproductive success may be more likely. The successful establishment of invasive species may hinge on their ability to reproduce across wide-ranging environmental conditions. The reproductive plasticity displayed by bigheaded carp could therefore contribute to their successful reproduction in multiple invaded ecosystems, including Great Lakes tributaries.
Lifestyle Interventions to Improve Exercise Tolerance in Obese Older Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction

The evidence-based management of patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF), among whom older obese women constitute the predominant population, has been largely unsatisfactory. The outcomes of randomized trials of pharmacologic therapeutic strategies for HFPEF have been disappointing.1 Consequently, therapies for patients with HFPEF are directed primarily toward controlling hypertension (which is considered etiologic) and toward reducing symptoms, such as exertional dyspnea and exercise intolerance. An effective management strategy for patients with HFPEF beyond blood pressure control was highlighted as an evidence gap in the 2013 Heart Failure guideline.
Foothill Yellow-Legged Frog (Rana boylii) Oviposition Site Choice at Multiple Spatial Scales

Abstract Studies of resource selection at multiple scales are critical to understanding ecological and evolutionary attributes of a species. We analyzed relative abundance, habitat use, and oviposition site selection of Foothill Yellow-Legged Frogs (Rana boylii) at 11 localities across two geographic regions in California (northern Coast Range and Sierra Nevada) over 16 yr. We found narrow ranges for oviposition microhabitat characteristics (water depth, water velocity, and stream substrate) among study localities. At the Main and South forks of the Trinity River, variances of the habitat traits were lower for oviposition microsites than for random points within breeding areas, indicating fine-scale selection. On the South Fork Trinity, egg mass relative abundances were negatively associated with water depth and positively associated with distance from the shoreline, suggesting that breeding areas with high egg mass relative abundances generally occurred in wide shallow areas. We observed long-term repeat...
TRENDS IN THE EVALUATION OF LYMPHEDEMA

This study reviews the criteria and thevarious measurements available for evaluationof a patient with peripheral lymphedema basedon a systematic literature search usingMedline. Each clinician needs to be moreaware of the measuring technique chosen todetermine limb swelling with the inherentlimitations of each if errors in calculations ormisinterpretations are to be avoided. Determiningthe patient's symptoms (subjective)and limb changes (objective) are both importantfor evaluating response to treatment.
A Preliminary Evaluation of a Web-Based Intervention for College Marijuana Use

Young adults in college have high rates of marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Web-based interventions are increasingly popular, but their dissemination exceeds empirical support. One popular but understudied program is The Marijuana eCHECKUP TO GO (e-TOKE) for Universities & Colleges (San Diego State University Research Foundation, 2009). The aim of the present study was to evaluate its short-term effectiveness in changing marijuana involvement and perceived norms in undergraduates. Participants were 317 undergraduates (52% female, 78% White) who reported marijuana use within the month preceding baseline; each was randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions formed by crossing e-TOKE versus assessment only, with brief versus extensive baseline assessment (to assess assessment reactivity). Thus, 161 (51%) received eTOKE (77 with extended baseline, 84 with brief baseline), and 156 (49%) received assessment-only control (85 with extended baseline, 71 with brief baseline). 1 month later, all participants reported on marijuana use, problems, abuse and dependence symptoms, and norms. Assessment reactivity analyses yielded no significant differences by assessment condition. Individuals completing the e-TOKE program reported less extreme descriptive norms (ps 0.10). Thus, e-TOKE reduces perceptions of others' use, but this study did not provide evidence for its utility in changing personal use and problem indicators in the short-term. More research with longer follow-ups is indicated, given the possibility that descriptive norms could mediate behavior change.
Decolonizing Bourdieu Colonial and Postcolonial Theory in Pierre Bourdieu’s Early Work

While new scholarship on Pierre Bourdieu has recovered his early work on Algeria, this essay excavates his early thoughts on colonialism. Contrary to received wisdom, Bourdieu did in fact offer a t...
Structures of Methylene Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) and Ethylene Bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate):Me_2NCS_2CH_2S_2CNMe_2 and Me_2NCS_2CH_2CH_2S_2CNMe_2

The crystal and molecular structures of methylene and ethylene bis(dimethy ldithiocarbamate), (Me 2NCS 2) 2CH 2(Ⅰ) and Me 2NCS 2CH 2,CH 2S 2CNMe 2 (Ⅱ) have been determined by X ray crystallography. The former crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group Pca21, with lattice parameters a =13.809 9(3), b =43.453(1), c = 20.368 6(4) , and Z =4. The latter crystallizes belong to the monoclinic system, space group P2 1/c, with a =6.069(7), b =7.829(2), c =13.455(3), β =91.76(3),and Z =2.They both consist of two dimethyldithiocarbamate units joined by an S atom to an alkylene group. In (I), the planes of two dithiocarbamate groups form a dihedral angle of 55.92(2)° to each other. In (II), the ethylene bridge and the bridged S atoms form a dihedral angle of 84.4 (2)° with the dimethyldithiocarbamate plane. In both structures, the S2...C4 contact distances [3.089 9 (2)in (I) and 3.096 6 (3)in(Ⅱ) ]are significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radi (3.55). Their crystal structures are all stabilized by van der Waals interaction.
Redox and Compositional Insights into the Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor of Azotobacter Vinelandii Nitrogenase as a Guide to Synthesis of New Mo-Fe-S Clusters

The larger of the two component proteins of nitrogenase, the molybdenum-iron protein (MoFe protein), contains the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco), which is generally recognized as the enzymic N2-reducing site (Hawkes et al., 1984). Two such cofactors are contained within the MoFe protein,each of which accounts for one Mo. ca. 50% (6–8 atoms) of the Fe and probably 8–9 S atoms (Shah, Brill, 1977; Yang et al., 1982; Nelson et al., 1983), arranged in a cluster so far unrecognized elsewhere in biology. Many on-going syntheses of Mo-Fe-S cluster compounds to simulate the structure or duplicate the chemical properties of FeMoco (Holm, 1981; Coucouvanis, 1981; Averill, 1983), although interesting in their own right, have yet to produce a close chemical model. Additional redox and compositional probes of FeMoco, extruded from Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase, have been undertaken recently to gain added insight into this entity and to produce guidelines for the bioinorganic chemist in his quest for the successful synthesis of FeMoco. These probes cover the application of physical techniques as well as successful attempts to perform chemistry on the natural cluster.
Heterogeneity of subgenomic mRNAs of a mutant mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM2C.

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a prototype of murine Coronavirus, contains a single-strand, positive-sense RNA genome of ≈32 kb in length (Lee et al, 1991; Pachuk et al. 1989). Upon viral infection into susceptible cells, the viral genomic RNA serves both as an mRNA for translation of the RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase polyprotein, which is required for subsequent RNA transcription and replication and as a template for the synthesis of the negative-strand RNA (Lai and Cavanagh, 1997). The genome-length, negative-strand RNA, in turn, is used for the synthesis of the viral genome. Six to seven subgenomic mRNAs (mRNAs 2 to 7) are found in MHV-infected cells; they are co-nested at the 3′-ends. Each mRNA contains a leader sequence of approximately 70 nucleotides (nt) at the 5’-end, which is identical to the leader of the genomic RNA. Depending on MHV strains, there are two to four consensus UCUAA repeats with the last repeat being UCUAAAC, at the 3’-end of the leader. An identical or similar consensus sequence is present between each gene, termed intergenic (IG) sequence, which serves as a transcription initiation signal (promoter) for subgenomic mRNA synthesis (based on the leader-primed transcription model) or a termination signal for subgenomic negative-strand RNA synthesis (based on the discontinuous transcription on the negative-strand RNA) (Lai and Cavanagh, 1997, and ref. therein). Regardless of which transcription model Coronavirus actually utilizes, the IG is the cis-acting sequence absolutely required for subgenomic RNA transcription; it serves as a joining point between the leader (or antileader) and the remaining body part of each subgenomic RNA. This structural feature lead to propose that Coronavirus RNA transcription results from RNA-RNA base-pairing between the consensus sequences of the leader and the IG template.
Effective Interactions: Derivation of Moment Criteria

Meaningful spectral calculations for a many particle system usually require severe truncation of the vector space and renormalization of the interaction to account for effects of truncation1. Traditional methods for imposing spectral criteria to find the effective Hamiltonian (indicated here by ĥ) have centered around the use of projection operators and linked-folded perturbation theory as, for example, in the Block-Horowitz-Brandow2 formulation. In most cases, the difficulties of calculating the significant third and higher order diagram contributions have made these approaches impractical.3
Editorial Commentary: “There, It Fits!”—Justifying Nonsignificant P Values

The increasing emphasis placed on value-based medicine has become a powerful motivating factor that has driven the performance and publication of more comparative clinical outcome studies. Although these endeavors are well intentioned and significant progress has been made in our field over the past few decades, I believe that we need both to re-emphasize the importance of results derived from meaningful study designs and to avoid the notion that nonsignificant P values represent study failure.
Liver Transplantation: An Overview

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a definitive life-saving treatment for irreversible liver failure and specific types of liver and bile duct cancers in the absence of systemic metastasis. Donor availability is the principal limiting factor for expansion of OLT. With scarcity of organs for transplantation, the current Model for End-Stage Liver Disease/Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD/PELD) liver allocation system prioritizes the organ based on medical urgency to decrease patient death rate while on the liver transplant waiting list. In short, the deceased donor liver graft is allocated to the sickest patient on the waiting list based on the patient’s MELD score.
Electronic medical record as a research tool: Virtual clinical trial comparing pemetrexed and gemcitabine, both given with cisplatin, in patients with lung adenocarcinomas.

8024 Background: The electronic medical record (EMR) is a tremendous research resource, but its use for exploring hypotheses has been limited by an inability to reliably and efficiently identify pa...
Teaching TEI to Undergraduates: A Case Study in Digital Humanities Curriculum

ABSTRACTThis case study describes two iterations of a Digital Humanities (DH) “Studio” course on scholarly text encoding as a model for a DH curriculum at a small liberal arts college. Designed to accompany a three-credit humanities course, the one-credit DH Studios are taught by library faculty. The paired courses share a final project—a digital edition of a short work of literature encoded in the Text Encoding Initiative. The DH Studio creates a methodology-focused environment for students to practice information and digital literacies.
Competitive Sport Participation Among Athletes With Heart Disease: A Call for a Paradigm Shift in Decision Making.

More than 8 million young men and women participate in competitive high school or collegiate sports in the United States annually. For the vast majority of these young men and women, sport participation plays an invaluable role in promoting healthy physical, emotional, and cognitive development. In rare cases, however, seemingly healthy athletes with occult cardiovascular disease (CVD) die suddenly during sport participation. Strategies to reduce these highly visible tragedies, including preparticipation screening and medical oversight of training and competition, are well established and can lead to the identification of athletes with undiagnosed CVD. For the competitive athlete diagnosed with CVD, determination of future athletic eligibility is a critical step in a care continuum that begins with diagnosis and continues through long-term treatment. Fundamentally, eligibility determination is a quest to reduce the risk of future sudden death while simultaneously avoiding unnecessary sport restriction. This process may be challenging for the patient and family, clinicians, and schools or sporting organizations. Accordingly, the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) provide eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with established CVD. Until recently, the 2005 update of the 36th Bethesda Conference statement, an encyclopedic compendium of CVD diagnoses with binary yes-or-no eligibility recommendations for each diagnosis, served as the standard of care.1 This binary approach to eligibility inherently facilitated paternalistic decision making, in which doctors, schools, and athletic organizations were encouraged/expected to permit or restrict sport participation with little or no input …
Effect of speaker certainty on novel word learning in monolingual and bilingual children

In the present study, we examined the effect of speaker certainty on word-learning performance in English-speaking monolingual (MAge = 6.40) and Spanish–English bilingual (MAge = 6.58) children. No group differences were observed when children learned novel words from a certain speaker. However, bilingual children were more willing to learn novel words from an uncertain speaker than their monolingual peers. These findings indicate that language experience influences how children weigh cues to speaker credibility during learning and suggest that children with more diverse linguistic backgrounds (i.e., bilinguals) are less prone to prioritizing information based on speaker certainty.
The psychophysics of low-frequency acoustic hearing in electric and acoustic stimulation (EAS) and bimodal patients

This paper provides a review of the current literature on psychophysical properties of low-frequency hearing, both before and after implantation, with a focus on frequency selectivity, nonlinear cochlear processing, and speech perception in temporally modulated maskers for bimodal listeners as well as patients with hearing preservation in the implanted ear and receiving combined electric and acoustic stimulation (EAS). In this paper we review our work, the work of others, and report results not previously published for speech perception in steady-state and temporally fluctuating maskers; the degree of masking release and frequency resolution for 11 bimodal, 6 hearing preservation patients; and 5 control subjects with normal hearing. The results demonstrate that a small masking release is possible with acoustic hearing in just one ear, with the degree of masking release being correlated with the low-frequency pure tone average in the non-implanted ear; furthermore, frequency selectivity as defined by the width of the auditory filter was not correlated with the degree of masking release. Descriptions of the clinical utility of hearing preservation in the implanted ear for improving speech perception in complex listening environments, as well as directions for the future, are discussed.
Chromosomal Differentiation of Cells

The chromosomes of differentiated cells have been much less studied than those of meristematic or germline cells, probably because such cells do not usually divide spontaneously. However, in many cases they can be induced to undergo mitosis. Plant cells renew their mitotic activity around a wound, or after application of plant growth substances (Therman, 1951; D’Amato, 1952; Tschermak-Woess, 1956). Similarly, a portion of the mouse liver can be removed to stimulate tissue regeneration. Mouse liver cells can also be induced to divide by injecting the animal with carbon tetrachloride (CC14). However, as a rule, highly polyploid cells cannot be induced to undergo mitosis, although sometimes in cancer they do so spontaneously (Figs. 30.2d and 30.4d).
Mutual Funds, Hedge Funds, and the Public-Private Dichotomy in a Macrosociological Framework for Law

Macrosociology considers law to be one of the institutions of society and, hence, a fundamental component of a social system. Four macrosociological propositions underlie the instant article: (i) the institutions comprising a social system are, in the long term, compatible with one another; (ii) the compatibility of institutions includes, inter alia, concepts that are similar or identical across at least some institutions; (iii) the concepts and doctrines of the institution of law manifest the properties, including the central values, of the social system; and (iv) the properties of the social system are fashioned by system-level forces. Because the propositions are consistent with existing evidence, they are the foundation for an examination of the concepts of public and private. In the United States, the dichotomy between public and private is widespread both in social values and in law, as illustrated by the Investment Company Act. Under the Act, mutual funds are classified as public and hedge funds are classified as private. However, research is lacking on the source of social values that lead law to designate certain topics as public and other topics as private. In a macrosociological framework, the designation can be attributed to another institution or to the social system as a whole. These alternatives are assessed using data from a national sample of adults in U.S. households. Specifically, logistic regression coefficients are estimated for the relationship between (i) the strength of ties to each of four institutions (economy, education, law, and religion) and (ii) whether social values designate morality a public or private matter. In the sociology of law, (ii) is important because law incorporates societal designations of matters as public or private. The findings indicate that the designations are produced by the social system, not by an institution. The implications of this conclusion for the sociology of law are discussed.
Assessment of quality of life in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension

The aim of this study is to evaluate quality of life in four domains (physical, emotional, social, and school) in pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) using a validated survey (PedsQL). This is a prospective cohort study of pediatric patients aged 2-18 years with PH. Parents of all children and patients aged 8-18 years with appropriate developmental capacity completed the PedsQL survey in the clinic. Results were compared with published norms for pediatric patients, those with congenital heart disease (CHD) and cancer. Thirty-three children were enrolled yielding 32 parent and 18 patient self-reports: seven patients were aged 2-4 years; three were aged 5-7 years; 11 were aged 8-12 years, and 12 were aged 13-18 years. Twenty-one patients were classified as World Health Organization (WHO) Group I pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), 11 WHO Group III PH due to lung disease, and one WHO Group V with segmental PH. Thirteen patients were NYHA functional class (FC) 1, 12 were FC 2, eight were FC 3, and none were FC 4. The PH cohort had significantly lower scores than healthy children in all domains on both parent and self-report. The PH cohort also had significantly lower scores than patients with CHD (parent report: total, physical, social, school; patient self-report: total, physical, school) and cancer (parent report: school; patient self-report: physical, school). Close to 50% of participants reported at risk scores in each domain. The quality of life in pediatric PH patients assessed by PedsQL revealed functional impairment in multiple domains. Administration of the PedsQL during outpatient encounters may provide an easy, reproducible method to assess quality of life and direct referral for interventional services.
Contraceptive Initiation Among Women in the United States: Timing, Methods Used, and Pregnancy Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Timely contraceptive initiation is increasingly common, yet population trends by method and among subgroups with increased risk of unintended pregnancy are not well described. The impact of timing and type of contraceptive initiation on risk of unwanted pregnancy is unknown. METHODS: We used nationally representative cross-sectional data from 4 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, 2002–2015. We calculated outcomes from self-reported dates of sexual debut, contraceptive initiation, and unwanted pregnancy. We compared trends in timely contraceptive initiation (within 1 month of sexual debut) by method and by race and/or ethnicity and income. Using multivariable regression, we identified predictors of delayed contraceptive initiation. We compared the risk of unwanted pregnancy for delayed versus timely contraceptive initiation. RESULTS: We analyzed responses from 26 359 women with sexual debuts in 1970–2014. One in 5 overall and 1 in 4 African American, Hispanic, or low-income respondents reported delayed contraceptive initiation, which was associated with unwanted pregnancy within 3 months of sexual debut (adjusted risk ratio 3.7 versus timely contraceptive initiation; 99.9% confidence interval: 2.3–5.9; P CONCLUSIONS: Delayed contraceptive initiation is more common among African American, Hispanic, and low-income women and is strongly associated with short-term risk of unwanted pregnancy. Pediatricians play a key role in making timely contraception available to adolescents at or before sexual debut. More research is needed to understand the importance of early contraceptive methods on pregnancy risk.
The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator

The Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) at the Fermilab Accelerator Science & Technology (FAST) Facility is beginning operations, with an experimental program aimed at developing technology to enable future high intensity particle beams. The results garnered from IOTA should allow for better control of beam losses, leading to higher safely achievable beam power. This will be particularly useful for future accelerator based neutrino experiments. Two of the R&D efforts at IOTA, Nonlinear Integrable Optics and Electron Column-based space charge compensation, are discussed here.
Life and its traces in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valley paleolakes: a survey of preservation

Abstract The extremely cold and arid conditions of Antarctica make it uniquely positioned to investigate fundamental questions regarding the persistence of life in extreme environments. Within the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ranges are multiple ancient relict lakes, paleolakes, with lacustrine deposits spanning from thousands to millions of years in age. Here we present data from light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and radiocarbon dating to catalog the remarkable range of life preserved within these deposits. This includes intact microbes and nanobacteria-sized cocci, CaCO3 precipitations consistent with biogenic calcium, previously undescribed net-like structures, possible dormant spores, and long-extinct yet exquisitely preserved non-vascular plants. These images provide an important reference for further microbiome investigations of Antarctic paleolake samples. In addition, these findings may provide a visual reference for the use of subsurface groundwater microbial communities as an analog for paleolake subsurface water on planets such as Mars.
Corporate Internships, Undergraduate Research, and Finances: Successful African American Engineersâ€™ Consideration of Immediate Workforce Entry or Graduate School

This study was based on a multiple case study of two Predominantly White Institutions. Interviews were conducted with 61 individuals including undergraduate and graduate engineering and computer science majors and recent graduates, faculty, and administrators. This study focuses specifically on how studentsâ€™ experiences with corporate internships, undergraduate research, and their financial status informed their consideration of immediate workforce entry or graduate school. The findings from this study indicate that students who participated in corporate internships overwhelmingly intended to pursue the labor market immediately following completion of her/his bachelorâ€™s degree. Conversely, students who were engaged in undergraduate research tended to express a desire to pursue graduate school. Finances appeared to play a key consideration in participantsâ€™ decision to enter the workforce or seek graduate school.
Cervical Muscle Activation Due to an Applied Force in Response to Different Types of Acoustic Warnings

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and whiplash-associated disorder are the most common head and neck injuries and result from a sudden head or body acceleration. The head and neck injury potential is correlated with the awareness, level of muscle activation, and posture changes at the time of the perturbation. Environmental acoustic stimuli or a warning system can influence muscle activation and posture during a head perturbation. In this study, different acoustic stimuli, including Non-Directional, Directional, and Startle, were provided 1000 ms before a head impact, and the amplitude and timing of cervical muscle electromyographic (EMG) data were characterized based on the type of warning. The startle warning resulted in 49% faster and 80% greater EMG amplitude compared to the Directional and Non-Directional warnings after warning and before the impact. The post-impact peak EMG amplitudes in Unwarned trials were lower by 18 and 21% in the retraction and rebound muscle groups, respectively, compared to any of the warned conditions. When there was no warning before the impact, the retraction and rebound muscle groups also reached their maximum activation 38 and 54 ms sooner, respectively, compared to the warned trials. Based on these results, the intensity and complexity of information that a warning sound carries change the muscle response before and after a head impact and has implications for injury potential.
A method for acute cerebral cortex recordings using the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array

The Utah Intracortical Electrode Array is a unique three-dimensional silicon-based device originally designed to be used as a chronic multichannel interface to the central nervous system. We describe herein a method that can be used in acute experiments that allows for direct and easy access to each of the 100 electrodes in the array. This technique has been employed successfully for acute recordings of stimulus correlated clusters of neural activity in the visual and auditory cortices of cats. Our data indicate that this recording method, and the unique 3D architecture of the electrode array makes it well suited for recording neural activity during acute neurophysiological experimentation.
Subcortical regions of the human visual system do not process faces holistically

Abstract Face perception is considered to be evolutionarily adaptive and conserved across species. While subcortical visual brain areas are implicated in face perception based on existing evidence from phylogenetic and ontogenetic studies, whether these subcortical structures contribute to more complex visual computations such as the holistic processing (HP) of faces in humans is unknown. To address this issue, we used a well-established marker of HP, the composite face effect (CFE), with a group of adult human observers, and presented two sequential faces in a trial monocularly or interocularly using a Wheatstone stereoscope. HP refers to the finding that two identical top (or bottom) halves of a face are judged to be different when their task-irrelevant bottom (or top) halves belong to different faces. Because humans process faces holistically, they are unable to ignore the information from the irrelevant half of the composite face, and this is true to an even greater extent when the two halves of the faces are aligned compared with when they are misaligned (‘Alignment effect’). The results revealed the HP effect and also uncovered the Alignment effect, a key marker of the CFE. The findings also indicated a monocular advantage, replicating the known subcortical contribution to face perception. There was, however, no statistically significant difference in the CFE when the images were presented in the monocular versus interocular conditions. These findings indicate that HP is not necessarily mediated by the subcortical visual pathway, and suggest that further investigation of cortical, rather than subcortical, structures might advance our understanding of HP and its role in face processing.
On-Chip Optical Filters for Microwave-Optical Quantum Transduction in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate

We describe a low-loss on-chip optical filter network designed to separate pump and signal photons in a cavity electro-optic microwave-optical transducer for enhanced transduction performance.
Writing bold, broad, and rigorous review articles in entrepreneurship

Abstract Despite the importance of review articles in entrepreneurship, specific guidance to authors remains limited. Alongside JBV's rolling annual review issue, we provide authors practical tips for preparing review articles. Building on widely accepted principles employed in general management review articles, we tailor our guidance to the “entrepreneurship” way of writing review articles in entrepreneurship. Specifically, we call on authors to write bold, broad, and rigorous reviews that exemplify JBV's mission to publish and disseminate high-quality entrepreneurship research.
Quantifying and Visualizing the History of Public Health Comics

Comic books can potentially be a useful tool for education in public health crisis, especially in areas with high rates of illiteracy. This research presents the results of a quantitative survey of public health comics, from the 1940’s to the present. The data shows how the form and function of these comics has changed. The results show that one of the top challenges to public health professionals interested in using comic books to solve a health crisis in in locating them, as a significant amount of this material is produced and distributed in channels outside of traditional archiving and cataloging.
The Fifth Amendment: Right or Privilege?

“No person...shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” These words from the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America give to all Americans the right to refuse to testify against themselves in a court of law. This right to silence is the result of long and heroic struggles on the part of many people over the course of hundreds of years.But despite the fact that this right is hard won, and despite the fact that it comes down to us from such a long time ago, many excellent thinkers, such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, have questioned its wisdom. Despite the fact that it is guaranteed by our Constitution, and is part of the Bill of Rights, it has been traditional since the beginning of this century to refer to it as the privilege against self-incrimination. Yet at the same time that the judiciary was referring to the right to silence in this unprecedented manner, it consistently expanded the right to a position of prominence in our justice system.The right to silence also has a unique place in our language. To take the Fifth is a cliche that has become synonymous with guilty evasion. The Fifth Amendment is the only right we have that has given rise to such a phrase, and it is one of most well known rights in the Constitution, second only to the first. With the invocation of the Fifth Amendment goes a presumption of guilt, and even where the law specifically requires jurors not to consider refusal to testify as an indication of guilt, the vast majority who invoke the right are found guilty.During the 1950s when many communists, communist sympathizers, and others found it convenient to invoke the Fifth Amendment during congressional hearings, the right to silence became a popular political issue. Many people, mostly conservatives, argued against the legitimacy of a right to silence, and those who argued for the right found that the traditional arguments in its favor were not very strong. Generally, when an argument for a right to silence was advanced in the case of self-incriminating testimony, it was found to apply equally well to all testimony.The question has once again lost immediate political relevancy, but still remains: Is the right to silence as guaranteed by our Constitution a legitimate right, or is it merely a privilege granted to American citizens, but a liberty that we could do without? This paper will attempt to answer that question by reviewing the traditional arguments for a right to silence and then presenting an original argument for the right that seeks to avoid the problem of proving a complete right to silence rather than just a right in the case of self-incriminating evidence.
A stochastic steepest-descent algorithm

A stochastic steepest-descent algorithm for function minimization under noisy observations is presented. Function evaluation is done by performing a number of random experiments on a suitable probability space. The number of experiments performed at a point generated by the algorithm reflects a balance between the conflicting requirements of accuracy and computational complexity. The algorithm uses an adaptive precision scheme to determine the number of random experiments at a point; this number tends to increase whenever a stationary point is approached and to decrease otherwise. Two rules are used to determine the number of random experiments at a point; one, in the inner loop of the algorithm, uses the magnitude of the observed gradient of the function to be minimized; and the other, in the outer-loop, uses a measure of accumulated errors in function evaluations at past points generated by the algorithm. Once a stochastic approximation of the function to be minimized is obtained at a point, the algorithm proceeds to generate the next point by using the steepest-descent deterministic methods of Armijo and Polak (Refs. 3, 4). Convergence of the algorithm to stationary points is demonstrated under suitable assumptions.
Saturn's Strangest Ring Becomes Curiouser and Curiouser

Saturn's rings have long been a source of fascination. Interest in them increased in the 1980s when Voyager sent back detailed images of the ring structures showing intricate kinks and braids. In his Perspective, [Showalter][1] discusses results from the Cassini spacecraft reported by [ Charnoz et al .][2] in the same issue that reveal the existence of spiral features in the F ring, a narrow strand just outside the main rings. One possible mechanism for the formation of spiral rings centers on an object called S/2004 S6, possibly a small moon or a clump of dust. This object may have interacted with the ring particles, causing them to scatter into a spiral pattern about the ring. Another possible scenario suggested by Showalter is that S/2004 S6 is the consequence of a large unusual impact event. Continued monitoring of Saturn by Cassini should help decide among the possible mechanisms. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5752/1287 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5752/1300