cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Examination of Auditor Planning Judgements in a Complex Accounting Information System Environment

This study investigates the effects of computer assurance specialist (CAS) competence and auditor accounting information system (AIS) expertise on auditor planning judgements in a complex AIS environment. Recent professional standards state that auditors need to change their audit strategies in reaction to the all-encompassing changes in their clients’ AIS (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants [AICPA] 2001, 2002). Information technology (IT) applications, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, are significantly changing the ways in which companies operate their businesses (e.g., business process reengineering) and auditors perform their duties (Helms 1999; Public Oversight Board [POB] 2000). For example, the implementation and utilization of ERP systems at many major corporations can increase audit-related risks such as business interruption, data base security, process interdependency, and overall control risk (Hunton, Wright, and Wright 2004). As technological developments continue, auditors must expand their AIS knowledge and skills in order to perform effective and efficient audits (POB 2000; Kinney 2001; AICPA 2002). Prior research suggests that expertise in the AIS domain may make auditors more cognizant of AIS-specific risks and provide them with the sophisticated audit skills required in such settings (Lilly 1997; Hunton et al. 2004). To our knowledge, our study is the first to examine whether auditors’ AIS expertise levels affect their risk assessments and subsequent testing decisions in a complex AIS setting. Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 94 (AICPA 2001) suggests that a CAS be assigned to assist in the audit of computer-intensive environments. CAS (also referred to as information systems audit specialists and IT auditors) provide
Take a Deep Breath: A Pilot Study Demonstrating a Significant Reduction in Blood Pressure with 15 Minute Daily Pranayama Breathing

Approximately one third of US patients are diagnosed with pre-hypertension, associated with significant health risks. Current treatment guidelines recommend lifestyle modification as first-line therapy for pre-hypertension, and a few recent studies have indicated the potential for mind-body therapies to reduce blood pressure in pre-hypertensive patients. Our study investigated the effect of daily practice of Pranayama, a group of yogic breathing exercises, on blood pressure of eight pre-hypertensive individuals. Participants received weekly Pranayama instruction and blood pressure measurements were obtained. Daily Pranayama practice resulted in statistically significant blood pressure reduction of 11 points (systolic) and 8 points (diastolic) between baseline and week six. Blood pressure measurements at week nine were similar to week six. The ease with which the technique of Pranayama can be learned and practiced by patients and its potential to significantly lower blood pressure makes this technique a promising non-pharmacologic tool for blood pressure reduction in pre-hypertensive patients. The small study presented here provides a discussion of the possible physiological basis for the effectiveness of analyzing Pranayama breathing in the care of pre-hypertensive patients. Such an approach to examining the logic behind and evidence for or against any intervention should be a permanent aspect of education and training of all health care providers.
Role of Rat Liver in Nonshivering Thermogenesis.

SummaryComparative studies on liver blood flow, oxygen consumption, liver and rectal temperatures, oxygen of liver were conducted on cold-adapted and warm-adapted rats. Muscular activity of all rats was blocked by curare. Liver blood flow was measured by blood clearance curve of radioactive chromic phosphate injected intravenously No difference in temperature between rectum and liver was found in a given rat in both groups. Liver blood flow in cold-adapted rats did not differ from that of warm-adapted ones so long as tests were performed in a warm room (30°C). However, liver blood flow in cold-adapted rats was considerably greater than that of warm-adapted ones when animals were cooled, though not sufficient to account for the excess oxygen consumption.
851 ESTIMATION OF LEAN BODY MASS FROM ARM CIRCUMFERENCE AND SKINFOLD THICKNESS

Assays for lean body mass (LBM) by 40K, body water, or densitometry require specialized techniques. Simpler methods for estimating this metabolically active component of the body are needed. We assayed LBM by 40K counting in 251 males and 206 females 8-60 years old, and calculated the circumference of the muscle-bone component (M+B) of the arm from measurements of arm circumference and the triceps and biceps skinfold thickness. The correlation coefficients are 0.959 for males and 0.800 for females, and the respective standard errors of estimate are 5.2 and 4.8 kg LBM. LBM is also related to stature (Forbes, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27, 1073). A multiple regression analysis of LBM on stature and arm M+B circumference reduced the s.e. of estimate to 4.0 kg for males and 3.4 kg for females, and yielded correlation coefficients of 0.975 and 0.906, respectively. Hence these simple measurements can yield a reasonable estimate of LBM.
Role of cardiovascular imaging in selection of donor hearts.

AIM:To perform a systematic review of literature on use of cardiovascular imaging in assessment of donor hearts. METHODS: A systematic search of current literature from January 1965 to August 2015 was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to investigate the different imaging modalities used to assess donor hearts. RESULTS: Recent literature still estimates only a 32% utilization of available donor hearts in the United States. Most common imaging modality used is transthoracic echocardiography. Use of advanced imaging modalities such as 3D echocardiography, cardiac computer tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance to evaluate donor hearts is not reported in literature. This review attempts to highlight the relevant imaging modalities that can be used to assess cardiac function in a time-efficient manner. The algorithm suggested in this review would hopefully pave the way to standardized protocols that can be adopted by organ procuring organizations to increase the donor pool. CONCLUSION: Use of advanced imaging techniques for a thorough assessment of organs will likely increase the donor pool.
Localization of the Lateral Retinacular Nerve for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Nerve Block for Lateral Knee Pain: A Cadaveric Study.

Abstract Background The lateral retinacular nerve (LRN) is a branch of the superior lateral genicular nerve (SLGN) and is believed to contribute to anterolateral knee pain. The precise anatomical pathway of the LRN, however, has not been demonstrated as it relates to the performance of targeted nerve block procedures. Objective To describe the anatomical landmarks for localization of the LRN to facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic nerve blocks in the treatment of chronic anterolateral knee pain. Design Descriptive study. Setting Anatomy dissection laboratory in an academic institution. Methods Twenty lower extremities were dissected in 12 cadavers. The sciatic nerve was identified, and its branch to the posterior aspect of the knee, the SLGN, was dissected. The SLGN dissection was continued distally to identify its first branch, the LRN. Two measurements were taken from the branch point on the lateral knee deep to the distal biceps tendon in alignment with the fibular head. A validation study completed in 4 knees was performed as follows: 1 mL of colored dye was injected at the first and second measurements. The cadaveric knee was then dissected to assess the accuracy. Main Outcome Measurements Localization of the branch point of the LRN from the SLGN via dissection and then direct assessment of injected dye at the measurement points via dissection. Results The branch point of the LRN from the SLGN was, on average, 5.5 ± 0.66 cm (with a range of 4.5-7.0 cm) proximal to the lateral tibiofemoral joint line in line with the head of the fibula and 2.6 ± 0.62 cm (2.0-4.5 cm) proximal to the tip of the lateral femoral epicondyle. On assessment of the 2 measurements, the measurement 5.5 cm proximal to the lateral joint line accurately targeted the branch point in 100% (4/4) of the knees, whereas the measurement 2.6 cm proximal the tip of the lateral femoral epicondyle accurately targeted the branch point in 75% (3/4) of the knees. Conclusion The results of this study provide 2 dependable landmarks and a description of the path of the LRN, making it possible to accurately target the LRN to diagnose and alleviate lateral knee pain.
The Roots of Visual Literacy: Reflections on an Historical Perspective

AbstractHypermedia computer programs (including the World Wide Web) are an important part of today's educational curricula, and the computer interface plays a critical role in the interpretation of information in these programs. Students are fascinated with the amount of information that is available, but they often feel overwhelmed because they don't know how to organize the information into a coherent whole. They get caught up in the process of navigating to various locations in a multimedia environment, and the continuity between ideas is obscured. This paper discusses the semantic structures in various forms of electronic art and makes recommendations for using these structures to create interface designs that symbolize the integration of multiple relationships in complex information spaces.
Multiple across-strain and within-strain QTLs suggest highly complex genetic architecture for hypoxia tolerance in channel catfish

The ability to survive hypoxic conditions is important for various organisms, especially for aquatic animals. Teleost fish, representing more than 50 % of vertebrate species, are extremely efficient in utilizing low levels of dissolved oxygen in water. However, huge variations exist among various taxa of fish in their ability to tolerate hypoxia. In aquaculture, hypoxia tolerance is among the most important traits because hypoxia can cause major economic losses. Genetic enhancement for hypoxia tolerance in catfish is of great interest, but little was done with analysis of the genetic architecture of hypoxia tolerance. The objective of this study was to conduct a genome-wide association study to identify QTLs for hypoxia tolerance using the catfish 250K SNP array with channel catfish families from six strains. Multiple significant and suggestive QTLs were identified across and within strains. One significant QTL and four suggestive QTLs were identified across strains. Six significant QTLs and many suggestive QTLs were identified within strains. There were rare overlaps among the QTLs identified within the six strains, suggesting a complex genetic architecture of hypoxia tolerance. Overall, within-strain QTLs explained larger proportion of phenotypic variation than across-strain QTLs. Many of genes within these identified QTLs have known functions for regulation of oxygen metabolism and involvement in hypoxia responses. Pathway analysis indicated that most of these genes were involved in MAPK or PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways that were known to be important for hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and survival.
EEPROM-based Charging-Effects Sensors for Plasma Etching and Ion Implantation

Conventional studies of damage effects associated with plasma-based processes and ion implantation have focused on characterization of the damage inflicted on typical IC structures and devices. Although essential, these studies provide little insight regarding the nature and magnitudes of the driving forces behind the damage, which is essential for the design of more benign wafer processing equipment, process optimization, etc. This talk describes the design, characterization, and application of re-usable, EEPROM-transistor-based, wafer-level, sensors intended to quantify the driving forces behind the damage, and to v unipolar monitors for capturing information about transients of opposite polarities; extended range UV monitors; and structures for characterization of process environment equivalent networks needed for damage modeling. Most of the sensors incorporated on the monitor wafers employ EEPROM transistors, due to their sensitivity to electrostatic and photo-electric effects, and due to their ability to remember critical attributes of these driving forces. Individual sensors are personalized for specific tasks by additional elements attached to the EEPROM transistors, and by suitable pre-conditioning and test techniques. Experimental results from plasma etching and high-current ion implant experiments are presented to illustrate the capabilities of these (CHARM2) monitors.
Development and dissection of diagnostic SNP markers for the downy mildew resistance genes Pl Arg and Pl 8 and maker-assisted gene pyramiding in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)

Diagnostic DNA markers are an invaluable resource in breeding programs for successful introgression and pyramiding of disease resistance genes. Resistance to downy mildew (DM) disease in sunflower is mediated by Pl genes which are known to be effective against the causal fungus, Plasmopara halstedii. Two DM resistance genes, Pl Arg and Pl 8 , are highly effective against P. halstedii races in the USA, and have been previously mapped to the sunflower linkage groups (LGs) 1 and 13, respectively, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this study, we developed high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps encompassing the Pl arg and Pl 8 genes and identified diagnostic SNP markers closely linked to these genes. The specificity of the diagnostic markers was validated in a highly diverse panel of 548 sunflower lines. Dissection of a large marker cluster co-segregated with Pl Arg revealed that the closest SNP markers NSA_007595 and NSA_001835 delimited Pl Arg to an interval of 2.83 Mb on the LG1 physical map. The SNP markers SFW01497 and SFW06597 delimited Pl 8 to an interval of 2.85 Mb on the LG13 physical map. We also developed sunflower lines with homozygous, three gene pyramids carrying Pl Arg , Pl 8 , and the sunflower rust resistance gene R 12 using the linked SNP markers from a segregating F2 population of RHA 340 (carrying Pl 8 )/RHA 464 (carrying Pl Arg and R 12 ). The high-throughput diagnostic SNP markers developed in this study will facilitate marker-assisted selection breeding, and the pyramided sunflower lines will provide durable resistance to downy mildew and rust diseases.
Street level urban design qualities for walkability: Combining 2D and 3D GIS measures

Abstract Much of the physical activity and built environment literature has focused on composite walkability indices based on the D variables– design , density , diversity , destination accessibility , and distance to transit . This literature, however, has largely ignored the microscale streetscape features that affect the pedestrian experience. Five street level urban design qualities were recently identified and defined for quantitative measures although these measures are mostly through subjective field observation. View related features such as long sight line and proportion of sky have not yet been objectively measured due to the limitation of data and method. This study uses both 2D and 3D GIS to objectively measure street level urban design qualities in Buffalo, New York and tests their correlation with observed pedestrian counts and Walk Scores. Our results showed that 3D GIS helped to generate objective measures on view related features. These objective measures can help us better understand the influence of street level urban design features on walkability for designing and planning healthy cities.
Pathophysiology of Sports-Related Concussion

Concussion pathophysiology is complicated and involves numerous mechanisms, including excessive neurotransmitter release, metabolic derangements, neuroinflammation, cerebral blood flow changes, and axonal disruption. The initial biomechanical impact in a concussion results in abnormal function at the cellular level, which initiates a cascade of events that leads to microstructural changes and, in the minority of cases, more persistent, permanent damage.
Stoop: Stochastically-Dominant Access Point Selection in Enterprise WLANs

In this work, two access point (AP) selection mechanisms called STOOP and MD-STOOP are presented for enterprise wireless local area networks (WLANs). STOOP utilizes first- order stochastic dominance (FSD) tools to develop a runtime algorithm that probes the network to compare the quality of service from multiple APs in a stochastic manner. MD-STOOP utilizes the concept of mean dominance (MD) to select APs, which provides good average case performance with less overhead than STOOP. Performance of the two algorithms is evaluated through extensive simulations in comparison to the state-of-the-art. It is shown that STOOP and MD-STOOP outperform existing solutions and directions for further improvements are discussed.
Row-column sparse linear quadratic controller design via Bi-linear rank penalty technique and non-fragility notion

We consider the problem of row-column sparse linear quadratic controller (LQC) design. An optimization problem is formulated in which the quadratic performance loss is minimized subject to satisfaction of m+n sparsity constraints to obtain the row-column (r, c)-sparse LQC design where m and n refer to the number of inputs and states, respectively and r/c represent the maximum allowed density level for each row/column of controller. It is expressed that the obtained non-convex optimization problem can equivalently be reformulated as a rank-constrained problem with m+n +1 rank constraints. After applying the non-fragility notion provided by [1] to such a rank-constrained problem, bi-linear rank penalty technique is deployed to find a sub-optimal row-column (r, c)-sparse LQC design which fulfills the rank constraint with desired tolerance. At last, to verify our proposed algorithm, given a randomly generated system, a sub-optimal row-column (r, c)-sparse LQC design is proposed and subsequently, the fundamental trade-off between r/c and quadratic performance loss is visualized.
Margolis and the philosophy of history

Etude de la philosophie de l'histoire developpee par J. Margolis a partir de la notion d'invariance. Definissant la science ou la philosophie comme la recherche de la structure invariante de la realite independante, et observant le flux de nos conceptions changeantes de la realite, Margolis repere dans les differentes versions du progressisme (hegelienne, pragmatiste) la persistance obstinee de la meme quete, qui ne peut s'accomplir qu'au sein d'un historicisme radical historisant la nature et les idees dans une forme (incoherente?) de relativisme
A 10-yr Analysis of Chronic Pelvic Pain and Chronic Opioid Therapy in the Women Veteran Population.

Introduction Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) affects an estimated 30% of women Veterans. Previous research shows high rates of narcotic abuse in the women Veteran population. Narcotics are not recommended for the treatment of CPP. Understanding how CPP impacts narcotic prescribing in the women Veteran population is critical to addressing the public health crisis of opioid abuse. Our objective was to compare chronic opioid therapy (COT) prescribed 5 yr prior to and following CPP diagnosis and to identify predictors of COT as well as adverse events associated with COT. We choose to look at 10 yr of data because we thought this time period would provide unique insight into the longitudinal associations of CPP and COT and was available in the database. Materials and Methods Women with non-cancer CPP were included for analyses from the Veteran's Affairs Corporate Database Warehouse. COT was defined as 90 d of opiates/calendar year for each of the 5 yr proceeding and following the diagnosis of CPP. Patient characteristics and potential variables influencing COT were collected. We compared baseline demographics between the women who received COT to the women who did not receive COT to find additional demographic predictors of COT in association with CPP. Multivariable analysis identified predictors of COT in this population of women with CPP. We utilized an interrupted time series analysis to understand the impact of the diagnosis of CPP on COT. Results A total of 49,601 women met inclusion criteria with an average age of 40.1 ± 11.5 yr; 37.3% self-characterized as being a racial minority and 24% had a history of military sexual trauma. Chronic use increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the 5 yr preceding the diagnosis of CPP from 6.3% (n = 3124) of women at time -5 to 13.6% (n = 6746) at time 0. In the first year following the diagnosis of CPP, 16.8% (n = 8,333) of women with CPP met the criteria for COT (p < 0.001) and 15% (n = 7440) of women with CPP remained in the COT group for the remaining 5 yr following the diagnosis. On average women in the COT group had 250-292 d of opioids/year. When comparing women who received chronic narcotics following the diagnosis of CPP versus those who did not receive chronic narcotics, women who received COT were older, more likely to smoke and more frequently diagnosed with other pain conditions such as back pain, headaches, and fibromyalgia. (All p < 0.001). In the multivariable model, predictors of COT following CPP diagnosis included prior COT (OR = 10.0 (95% CI 9.4, 10.6), a positive history of military sexual trauma, smoking, and other chronic pain conditions. Conclusions The distinct pattern of prescribing shown in this cohort may mean COT is prescribed for CPP and this prescribing pattern contributes to the adverse events associated with COT. As COT is not recommended for CPP, physicians need more education on the therapies available to help CPP patients.
We-Energy Modelling

In this chapter, a mechanism model of We-Energy based on its structure is proposed, which embodies the distinguishing features of bi-directional power transformation and energy coupling. A quaternary model of WE is established under steady and transient state, which can be divided into normal state, alert state, emergency state and recovery state. And the interaction process of quaternary model is described as Cyber-Physics-Economy-Energy. Simulation results validate that the proposed model is of high identification accuracy and has better generalization performance, and can effectively fit the state variation of each node of the whole system under different operation modes.
Comparative Structural Features of Nerve Growth Factor and its Receptor

The nerve growth factor protein, NGF, is a subunit containing protein that plays a central role during developmental events associated with neuronal cell death, neurite extension and synapse formation in peripheral neurons of sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Also, NGF has been shown to allow recuperative and regenerative events for some central and peripheral neuronal structures. Lastly, it has been demonstrated that NGF has mitogenic effects on neural crest precursor cells and on cells of the immune system although the role of NGF in the development of the immune system is not known. It is known, however, that in all instances where NGF effects have been demonstrated, the NGF effect is initiated by binding of the NGF beta subunit in a specific and saturable fashion to cell surface NGF receptors, NGFR. In order to better understand the mechanism of action of NGF, we have studied structural features of the NGF molecule and its receptor derived from different cell types and species.
Three Stage Biotechnology for the Rehabilitation of Soils Polluted with Explosives

Screening of plants according to their potential to assimilate TNT and RDX was carried out. As a result, 3 plant species (soybean, alfalfa and ryegrass), 41 bacterial cultures, 14 strains of microscopic fungi, 3 strains of yeast were selected. Two bacterial consortia for bioconversion of TNT were composed. Selected cultures of microorganisms and consortia were tested in conditions of submerge cultivation on the areas containing 0.5 mM TNT. Optimum conditions of submerge cultivation (pH, temperature, duration of incubation) for selected active strains has been established. As a result of the experiments performed for water cleaning, it has been established that 12-days-old soybean seedlings effectively absorb [1-14 C] TNT from the polluted water and after 8 days approximately 80% of clearing effect is reached. It has been shown that that during destruction of biomass of plants by microscopic fungi Aspergillus niger J 3-5 the release of part of labeled TNT and its metabolites from plant biomass and the release of radioactive CO2 takes place.
Sulfotransferase-Mediated Activation of Some Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols

Sulfo-conjugation in general renders the lipophilic xenobiotics water-soluble, thereby facilitating their removal from the body through excretion in urine or bile. Under certain circumstances, however, sulfonation can also contribute to toxification of some classes of chemicals (recently reviewed by Miller, 1994; Miller and Surh, 1994). Since the first discovery of 2-acetylaminofluorene-N-sulfate as an electrophilic metabolite of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (Debaun et al., 1968; King and Phillips, 1968), there has been accumulated evidence for the association between sulfonation and induction of tumors by this carcinogen and others. Although the “bay-region” theory is widely accepted as a general concept in determining the tumorigenicity of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAH) in general, recent studies have shown that PAHs bearing benzylic hydroxyl functional groups can also be activated via sulfuric acid esterification (vide infra). This report briefly reviews our recent findings on metabolic activation of some benzylic alcohols to electrophilic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic sulfate esters. The paper also concerns the sulfate ester of the heterocyclic allylic alcohol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, as a novel example of electrophilic species formed by sulfotransferase activity.
Pathogenesis of Asthma

Asthma is a common lung disease defined by reversible airway obstruction, airway inflammation, and increased airway responsiveness to a wide variety of stimuli. It is characterized by paroxysmal bronchospasm, hypersecretion of mucus, airway wall edema, and bronchial hyperreactivity. There is substantial evidence for the role of inflammation in asthma and bronchial hyperreactivity. Early autopsy studies of patients who had died in status asthmaticus showed epithelial denudation, mucosal edema, glandular hypertrophy, and dense eosinophilic infiltration. More recently, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) studies in patients challenged with aeroallergens consistently reveal increased numbers of BAL fluid eosinophils, mast cell mediators, and products of other inflammatory cells (1,2). Furthermore, transbronchial biopsies, even of patients with mild, well-controlled disease, have shown significant inflammatory changes. Biopsies have not only shown inflammation, but also an association between the degree of inflammatory changes and measurements of nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (3,4). Finally, therapy directed toward airway inflammation has been most effective in the treatment of chronic asthma and in attenuating bronchial hyperreactivity.
The complex case of EHRs: examining the factors impacting the EHR user experience

Physicians can spend more time completing administrative tasks in their electronic health record (EHR) than engaging in direct face time with patients. Increasing rates of burnout associated with EHR use necessitate improvements in how EHRs are developed and used. Although EHR design often bears the brunt of the blame for frustrations expressed by physicians, the EHR user experience is influenced by a variety of factors, including decisions made by entities other than the developers and end users, such as regulators, policymakers, and administrators. Identifying these key influences can help create a deeper understanding of the challenges in developing a better EHR user experience. There are multiple opportunities for regulators, policymakers, EHR developers, payers, health system leadership, and users each to make changes to collectively improve the use and efficacy of EHRs.
Gluteus medius activity during gait is altered in individuals with chronic ankle instability: An ultrasound imaging study.

Abstract Background Altered gait mechanics are frequently reported in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), and increasing information suggests proximal muscle adaptations occur in this population. Ultrasound imaging (USI) offers a visual means to evaluate muscle activity during movement, and overcomes limitations of electromyography (EMG) to detect hip muscle activity. Research Question A descriptive laboratory study was conducted to determine if gluteus maximus (GMAX) and medius (GMED) muscle activity differed throughout gait in patients with CAI compared to healthy counterparts. Methods Twenty young adults with CAI (21.6 ± 2.4 years, 10 males) and 20 healthy participants (21.2 ± 2.8 years, 10 males) walked on a treadmill at 1.35 m/s while researchers obtained 10-second clips of bilateral USI of the GMAX and GMED. USI clips were reduced to 55 frames consisting of 11 points over five full gait cycles. Muscle thickness values during walking were normalized to quiet bipedal standing USI images to obtain functional activity ratios (FARs). FARs with 90% confidence intervals (CI) were plotted as 10% interludes from 0 to 100% of the gait cycle to compare groups and limbs. Mean differences and Cohen’s d effect sizes were used to assess the extent of differences. The CAI group had decreased GMED activity bilaterally from 0 to 40% of walking gait compared to healthy counterparts with large effect sizes (d≥0.60). CAI group FARs were below quiet stance levels (FARs Significance Proximal stabilizing musculature was altered bilaterally in CAI individuals compared to healthy counterparts, which may contribute to movement dysfunction. Previous studies using EMG have not detected this extent of bilateral gluteal muscle alterations in CAI groups during gait, however our findings suggest USI was able to detect significant proximal alterations during walking in this population.
‘A commons before the sea:’ climate justice considerations for coastal zone management

If climate change mitigation and adaptation are a human right, institutional change is needed that considers coastal ecosystem integrity as a common pool resource. Increasing risks in coastal zones...
Invertible Functions. Arc-length and Path-length

Let I be an interval in ℝ, let f be a function I → ℝ, and let J = f(I). If f(x) = f(x′) ⇒ x = x′, then f is invertible. If so, there is function f-1: J → I such that for each x ∈ I, f-1 (f(x)) = x, and for each y ∈ J, f(f-1(y)) = y. (To be precise, f-1 = {(y,x)|(x,y) ∈ f}.) f-1 is called the inverse of f.
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for operable stage I non-small cell lung cancer: not ready for prime time.

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) is a wellaccepted treatment modality for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are thought to be inoperable or who decide not to undergo surgery (1). Some groups have recently suggested that SABR is a noninferior treatment approach for patients with operable stage I NSCLC (2,3). Surprisingly, there are no available data demonstrating the effectiveness of SABR at achieving pathologic complete response (pCR) in patients with NSCLC, a highly relevant point for all patients and perhaps particularly so for those who are candidates for surgery.
The Kinetics of Inorganic Phosphate Uptake and Utilization by Chick Heart Mitochondria

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a functionally versatile anion which regulates the flux through numerous key metabolic pathways. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is one such pathway. However, the explicit kinetic and thermodynamic mechanisms by which Pi regulates the rate of mitochondrial respiration are unclear. A number of theories concerning this issue have been elaborated in recent years. Wilson and coworkers (Wilson et al., 1974; Holian et al., 1977) showed that the rate of mitochondrial respiration depends on the extramitochondrial phosphorylation potential. According to this theory, increased Pi concentrations activate respiration because the phosphorylation potential would no longer be at equilibrium with the redox state of the electron transfer chain components involved in energy conservation. Lemasters and Sowers (1979) postulated that increasing Pi concentrations would stimulate the rate of oxidative phosphorylation by raising the magnitude of the Δψ component of protonmotive force, thereby accelerating the rate at which ADP exchanges with ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. In contrast, other workers claim that the rate of respiration is independent of Pi and depends instead on the ratio of ATP to ADP concentrations, primarily because ATP would compete with the binding of ADP to the adenine nucleotide translocase (Slater et al., 1973; Davis and Lumeng, 1975; Kuster et al., 1976). Early work by Chance and Williams (1955) with isolated mitiochondria suggested that ADP is the primary regulator of respiratory rate. This has been substantiated in intact skeletal muscle under steady-state conditions using phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Chance et al., 1985 and 1986). In those models which attribute primary rate control to ADP, Pi may be rate-limiting if the Pi requirements for near maximal activity of the ATP synthase are not met. Thus, in kinetic models Pi apparently modulates the rate of respiration because it is a substrate of oxidative phosphorylation with a characteristic affinity for the F1F0-ATP synthetase.
“Please Don’t Gender Me!” Strategies for Inclusive Language Instruction in a Gender-Diverse Campus Community

Foreign language instructors increasingly face challenges in the classroom due to highly gendered structures inherent in many languages. Teaching grammatically gendered foreign languages such as German in its normative language patterns without consideration of how it affects gender nonconforming students, not only creates an exclusionary classroom environment, but also neglects to teach students authentic conceptions of new sociocultural developments in the target language. The question arises whether and if so how such gendered notions can be addressed successfully to create an inclusive environment for all students in a language classroom. While we cannot change language patterns or dismiss textbooks altogether, we need to develop strategies that can be incorporated in language classrooms to create safe spaces for students while still allowing for effective pedagogical instruction.
The Effect of Hypothyroidism on Bone Loss at Dental Implants.

Hypothyroidism (HT) is an endocrine disorder characterized by abnormally reduced thyroid gland activity, and is most commonly of autoimmune etiology. HT is associated with alterations in bone metabolism, and HT patients typically experience decreased bone resorption. The objective of this study was to use dental implants as standardized reference markers to compare the extent of alveolar bone loss in implant patients with and without HT. We examined medical and dental history records, and radiographic data, from 635 patients receiving 1480 implants during 2000-2017. The rate of bone loss was calculated from differences in radiographic bone levels over time, corrected for radiographic distortion. Peri-implant bone loss from patients with HT was significantly lower than for those without HT (t 1252 = -3.42; 95% confidence interval= 0.47-1.73; P<0.001; M= 0.53 mm/yr and 1.63 mm/yr, respectively. A similar relationship persisted after excluding smokers and diabetics, and after additionally excluding those on systemic steroids, hormone replacement therapy, hormone medications, or autoimmune diseases other than HT. Our data suggest that patients with HT have a decreased rate of bone loss around dental implants and may not be at increased risk for dental implant failure. The decreased bone metabolic rate among patients with HT might contribute to those findings.
The Supply-Side Effects of India’s Demonetization

I study the supply-side effects of a unique monetary shock – the 2016 Indian demonetization – that made 86% of currency in circulation illegal overnight. Exploiting cross-sectional variation in firm and industry characteristics that correlate with cash usage and exposure to the informal sector, I find that firms that use cash more and obtain larger shares of labor or material inputs from the informal sector, experienced declines in their labor and material shares after demonetization. I also show that casual laborers were more likely to report being unemployed in the months following demonetization. These findings document a supply channel for demonetization and also show that cash plays an essential role in India’s informal sector. Crucially, given that India’s formal sector is highly dependent on the informal sector for labor and materials, any shock to the supply of cash is likely to have affected the economy as a whole.
An Ontology to Describe Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Product Development and Methodology for Optimal Activity Scheduling

This contribution is the first example of a small molecule pharmaceutical product development ontology. This ontology allows the portfolio-wide visualization of the small molecule pharmaceutical development business as a network of decisions and activities. This ontology was built not only to digitalize, rapidly access, and gain insights from prior decision-making but also to deliver input data for dynamic resource allocation via optimal scheduling of research activities subject to resource, cost, and time constraints. This ontology can be understood as a generic wiring diagram for small molecule product development which outlines the predecessors and successors of activities and decisions, along with needed or allowed overlap between activities. Each activity has multiple modes with direct dollars, resource consumption, and time taken to complete each mode. This generic wiring diagram was instanced for 17 portfolio assets by creating 32 specific scenarios. These scenarios were stored in an ontology as instances and served as foundational digitalized data for a host of future applications. These specific scenarios across the multiple assets served as input to the optimal resource allocation model. In summary, this work describing pharmaceutical Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) development activities and decisions is a foundational transformative project that enables full digitization of pharmaceutical CMC data, not only for optimal scheduling but also to generate heuristics on selection of research activities given development risks, a topic which has received virtually no mention in literature.
Loosening the grip on nuclear cGAS.

Maintaining ignorance to self-nucleic acids can prevent inflammatory diseases such as Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome (AGS). A new study finds that mutations in LSM11 and RNU7-1, which encode components of the histone messenger RNA–preprocessing complex, cause AGS by loosening the binding of cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) to nucleosomes, thus enabling cGAS activation and induction of type I interferons.
The effects of bed sharing on sleep: From partners to pets.

Abstract Background Bed sharing is common practice across the global population. However, the vast majority of research on bed sharing has focused solely on mother-infant bed sharing. Methods Here, we provide a holistic review of research on bed sharing. Articles investigating the relationship between bed sharing and sleep were identified in 4 dyad categories: (1) parent and child, (2) couples, (3) siblings, and (4) pet owners and pets. Of interest was whether sleep-promoting factors such as psychological comfort were generalizable across bed-sharing dyads; alternatively, sleep-demoting factors such as movement or heat may be commonalities. Results We found that, across dyad types, in general, subjective reports of sleep quality were better when bed sharing despite generally worse objective measures of sleep. Conclusions Understanding bed sharing is important to treating sleep disturbances, given the prevalence of shared beds. This scoping review points to critical gaps in our understanding of bed sharing that motivate future research.
"Hell Is Popping Here in South Carolina": Orangeburg County Black Teachers and Their Community in the Immediate Post-"Brown" Era.

When the South Carolina legislature created the anti-NAACP oath in 1956, teachers across the state lost their positions. But it was the dismissal of twenty-one teachers at the Elloree Training School that captured the attention of the NAACP and Black media outlets. In the years following Brown v. Board of Education, South Carolina's Black and White communities went head-to-head in the battle over White supremacy versus expanded civil rights. The desegregation movement in 1955 and 1956 placed Black teachers’ activism in the spotlight—activism that mirrored what was happening in their community. This largely unknown episode of civil rights activism demonstrates that Black teachers were willing to serve not only as behind-the-scenes supporters in the equal education struggle but as frontline activists. Furthermore, it shows that South Carolina was an integral site of the long civil rights movement.
The Logic of Kleinkrieg: The “Book of Halil Beg” in Habsburg-Ottoman Diplomacy, 1550–76

The Ottoman conquest of Szigetvar and Gyula (1566) exposed the weakness of the Habsburg monarchy. Unable to mount a military response, Maximilian II depended on his diplomats to ward off the imposition of a conqueror's peace along the Hungarian border. But an official register, the Book of Halil Beg, put forward the sultan's claims to a wide swath of towns and villages, including many still held by Habsburg loyalists. Moreover, the Ottomans said, His Majesty had best accept a settlement on these terms; victorious Turkish captains wanted more and were restrained only by Selim II's orders. This essay describes the efforts of Maximilian's ambassadors to forestall additional losses in peacetime. After years of tough negotiation, they managed to obtain minor revision of the relevant treaty text. Although the Book of Halil Beg would indeed be the basis for any border settlement, as the Porte insisted, the Ottomans acknowledged that Vienna disputed certain of its provisions. This mere protest may have been enough to assure loyalist magnates in Hungary that the dynasty had not abandoned them, or their hereditary lands. Hence the paradox of Habsburg-Ottoman diplomacy. The 1576 treaty of peace, formally ending hostilities, was at the same time a charter for Kleinkrieg.
Identifying Real-world Credible Experts in the Financial Domain

Establishing a solid mechanism for finding credible and trustworthy people in online social networks is an important first step to avoid useless, misleading, or even malicious information. There is a body of existing work studying trustworthiness of social media users and finding credible sources in specific target domains. However, most of the related work lacks the connection between the credibility in the real-world and credibility on the Internet, which makes the formation of social media credibility and trustworthiness incomplete. In this article, working in the financial domain, we identify attributes that can distinguish credible users on the Internet who are indeed trustworthy experts in the real-world. To ensure objectivity, we gather the list of credible financial experts from real-world financial authorities. We analyze the distribution of attributes of about 10K stock-related Twitter users and their 600K tweets over six months in 2015/2016, and over 2.6M typical Twitter users and their 4.8M tweets on November 2nd, 2015, comprising 1% of the entire Twitter in that time period. By using the random forest classifier, we find which attributes are related to real-world expertise. Our work sheds light on the properties of trustworthy users and paves the way for their automatic identification.
Mainstream Consensus and the Expansive Fringe: Characterizing the Polarized Information Ecosystems of Online Climate Change Discourse

In this paper, we introduce a social network perspective for characterizing polarized information ecosystems. We apply our framework to a large-scale dataset of climate change conversations on Twitter. Leveraging a stance detection algorithm, we quantify the link-sharing behaviors of Believers and Disbelievers of anthropogenic climate change. We generate networks of web domains based on co-sharing by Believers and Disbelievers, and we characterize these networks in terms of both structure and content. While Believers outnumber Disbelievers in our dataset, our results showed that Disbelievers are responsible for sharing over three times as many unique domains. However, for every 10% increment in a domain’s proportion of Disbeliever sharers, the same domain is shared 58% less. Structurally, we observed that domain clusters associated with Believers were significantly smaller, denser, and less connected to other domains. Content-wise, we additionally found that Disbelievers were the near-exclusive sharers of majority right-wing and known fake news sources, whereas both Believers and Disbelievers shared left-wing and centrist domains. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate change Believers rely on a popular, well-consolidated, and exclusive set of mainstream web domains. In contrast, Disbelievers draw on a diverse and fragmented collection of fringe information sources. Although these results suggest the marginal status of climate change skepticism, they also troublingly point to its expansive ecosystem of online information featuring multiple entry points. We conclude with directions for future research and potential implications for science communication and climate change policymakers.
Medicolegal Considerations in the Management of Opioid Use Disorder With Buprenorphine in the Correctional Setting

Buprenorphine-based medication-assisted treatment is a long-term strategy for individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD), a condition observed at disproportionate rates among incarcerated populations. Individuals with OUD are also at higher risk of overdose and death upon community reentry, necessitating effective interventions and care modalities targeted at this high-risk population. As support for buprenorphine in correctional health care increases, so do concerns surrounding personal liability for prescribers. This article seeks to identify problematic events related to prescribing buprenorphine to incarcerated individuals, clarify medicolegal implications, and provide recommendations for safe prescribing and administration within this unique setting.