cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a Pregnancy Smoking Intervention: The Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers Program

Despite the known dangers of pregnancy smoking, rates remain high, especially in the rural, Southern United States. Interventions are effective, but few have been developed and tested in regions with high rates of pregnancy smoking, a culture that normalizes smoking, and a hard-to-reach prenatal population. The goals were to describe a smoking cessation intervention, the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers program, and examine the impact on quit rates compared to usual care. Additionally we sought to examine reduction in smoking levels and number of quit attempts related to the intervention and finally to examine the impact of the intervention on birth outcomes. Intervention and historical control group participants, all smokers at entry to prenatal care, were recruited from five medical practices providing prenatal care in rural, South-Central Appalachia. The intervention, an expanded 5A's (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) model, was delivered by trained health educators. Over 28% of intervention group women quit smoking, compared to 9.8% in the control group. Two thirds of intervention group women significantly reduced smoking by delivery, with 40%+ attempting to quit at least once. Compared to controls, intervention group women saw significantly better birth outcomes, including newborns weighing 270g more and 50% less likely to have a neonatal intensive care unit admission. Among intervention group participants, those who quit smoking had significantly better birth outcomes than those who did not quit smoking. Findings point to the potential for appropriately tailored pregnancy smoking interventions to produce substantial improvements in birth outcomes within populations with health disparities.
Early modern Goa: Indian trade, transcultural medicine, and the Inquisition

Portugal’s introduction of the Inquisition to India in 1560 placed the lives of Jews, New Christians, and selected others labelled ‘heretics’, in peril. Two such victims were Garcia da Orta, a Portuguese New Christian with a thriving medical practice in Goa, and Gabriel Dellon, a French merchant and physician. In scholarship, Garcia da Orta and Gabriel Dellon’s texts are often examined separately within the contexts of Portuguese and French literature respectively and in terms of medicine and religion in the early modern period. Despite the similarities of their training and experiences, da Orta and Dellon have not previously been studied jointly, as is attempted in this article, which expands upon da Orta and Dellon’s roles in Portuguese India’s international commerce, especially the trade in spices, and the collaborations between Indian and European physicians. Thus, the connection between religion and food is not limited to food’s religious and religio-cultural roles. Food in terms of spices has been at the foundations of power for ethno-religious groups in India, and when agents became detached from the spice trade, their downfalls were imminent, as seen in the histories of Garcia da Orta and Gabriel Dellon.
In Brief: Underwater volcano gets real-time monitoring

A real-time underwater earthquake monitoring system was installed on the top of Kick'em Jenny, an underwater volcano located off the north coast of Grenada, on 6 May. The Real Time Offshore Seismic Station (RTOSS) consists of an ocean-bottom seismometer connected by a stretchy hose to a buoy on the ocean surface. The buoy is powered by solar panels and transmits seismic data by high-frequency radio to an observatory in Sauteurs, Grenada. The RTOSS research team, led by scientists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, is coordinating with the Grenadian National Disaster Management Agency and the Seismic Unit of the University of the West Indies to incorporate the RTOSS data into existing regional monitoring. Kick'em Jenny, the only ‘live’ submarine volcano in the West Indies, last erupted in 2001.
A dynein independent role of Tctex-1 at the kinetochore

Dynein light chains are accessory subunits of the cytoplasmic dynein complex, a minus-end directed microtubule motor. Here, we demonstrate that the dynein light chain Tctex-1 associates with unattached kinetochores and is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. Tctex-1 knockdown in cells does not affect the localization and function of dynein at the kinetochore, but produces a prolonged mitotic arrest with a few misaligned chromosomes, which are subsequently missegregated during anaphase. This function is independent of Tctex-1's association with dynein. The kinetochore localization of Tctex-1 is independent of the ZW10-dynein pathway, but requires the Ndc80 complex. Thus, our findings reveal a dynein independent role of Tctex-1 at the kinetochore to enhance the stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachment.
Analysis of Finger Joint Kinematics Before and After MCP Joint Arthroplasty

The purpose of this study is to assess the kinematical changes in the flexion of the finger joints after MCP arthroplasty. Angular joint position in relation to its corresponding excursion was used to quantify the kinematics of the finger. The assessment used real time data acquisition and fresh-frozen cadaver hands. Several important benchmarks were considered in analyzing the data. First of all, the initiation of the digit was considered. When a tendon is pulled, motion is normally observed in the DIP first, followed by the PIP, and finally the MCP. This order should be maintained after the arthroplasty. For our kinematics study, it is also important to note any significant increase or decrease in the time of the initiation. Other benchmarks we considered include the starting and ending angle of the joints. The start and ending angle is important when studying the overall range of motion of the digit. The overall range of motion affects basic hand function and is one measure of successful arthroplasty. Excursion was also considered as an overall measure of how well the prosthesis mimics the original joint. Large changes in excursion could indicate that the original center of rotation has not been maintained.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A Critical Analysis of the Classical Experiments on the Relativistic Variation of Electron Mass

In the course of a previous mathematical analysis of an improved method for the determination of the ratio $\frac{e}{m}$ it was suggested that the generally accepted interpretations of the classical experiments of Bucherer and of Neumann might be subject to serious limitations. A similar analysis for the unmodified Bucherer-Neumann experiment is therefore carried out in the present paper. By this means it is discovered that Neumann's supposed velocity filter, even for the case of negligible scattering of electrons along the condenser plates, must have been completely broken down on the high velocity side, for values of $\ensuremath{\beta}g0.7$; and that, even for the lower velocities observed, the resolution width was approximately as great as that equivalent to the whole relativistic mass effect. Besides, it is found from this analysis that, with a certain choice of geometrical constants, a very poor resolving power may be concealed by spurious focusing effects---and that it was just this choice that Neumann, by trial, found it necessary to make in order to obtain sharp lines. It is also seen that, when the filter is open on the high velocity side, one may still obtain an apparent line, which may be considerably shifted from the position predicted by the simple theory, and which in extreme cases may form the edge of a heavily fogged region extending inward to the central zero line corresponding to $\ensuremath{\beta}=1$. This fogging can actually be seen very clearly in Neumann's photographs for $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.8$. Further, a consideration of the possible effect of scattering on such experiments shows that, when the resolving power is very near the critical limit at which the filter breaks down, the probability of leakage of high velocity scattered electrons through the filter becomes relatively large, especially when the spectrum of the source is distributed largely amongst velocities above that to be observed. Under these latter circumstances it is suggested that one might obtain seriously shifted lines, and even mistake for the expected line a spurious maximum due to the source distribution itself. Since the interpretations of Bucherer and of Neumann are based on such doubtful premises, a short discussion is given of other similar experiments designed to distinguish between the Abraham and the Lorentz electrons. So far as is known to the authors, it appears that, at least for the higher velocities, no very satisfactory experimental distinction between the two types of electron has as yet been made by direct electric and magnetic deflection methods. In view of the fundamental importance of such experiments it seems that much is left to be desired.
A framework for structural constraints on feature creation

We address two major limitations of Schyns et al. First, we clarify their concept of “features” by postulating several levels for processing. The composition of the feature set at each level determines the set at the next higher level, following simple structural guidelines. Second, we show that our proposed framework reconciles feature-creation and fixed-feature approaches.
Percutaneous treatment of a ruptured superior mesenteric artery aneurysm in a child

Splanchnic artery aneurysms are very rare in children. We report a 10-year-old girl with a large atraumatic ruptured superior mesenteric artery aneurysm that was considered inoperable. She was ultimately treated with two percutaneous US-guided thrombin injections, which led to complete occlusion of the aneurysm. The aetiology of the aneurysm remained unclear, but a family history was suggestive of a congenital connective tissue disease such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome subtype IV.
Treatment of vincristine-induced ileus with sincalide, a cholecystokinin analog

Sincalide, a synthetic analog of cholecystokinin capable of stimulating bowel motility, has been administered to 12 patients with symptoms and signs of vincristine-induced ileus. Patients were given intrave nous infusions of sincalide 0.01 μg/kg/h over 2–24h (mean, 8h) for 1–12 days (mean, 5 days), usually until all evidence of ileus had resolved. Improvement was noted within 48 h of initiation of therapy in eight patients (75%), whereas marginal or no responses were observed in four patients. The mean duration of ileus was 3.6 days in responders and 7.7 days in nonresponders. Toxicity was minimal and consisted of diarrhea in two patients, in whom symptoms promptly resolved with discontinuation of the drug. Further exploration of this promising agent in the treatment of vincristine-induced ileus appears warranted.
Endometriosis of the vastus lateralis muscle.

We report an unusual case of a woman who sought medical attention for a painful mass within her anterolateral left thigh. The patient’s symptoms waxed and waned with her menses. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3 cm mass isointense to muscle and surrounded by a rim of decreased signal intensity on T1–weighted images. T2–weighted images with fat saturation revealed a low signal intensity mass with a surrounding rind of high signal intensity edema. Based on its magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, the lesion was initially thought to represent the sequela of prior trauma or perhaps a small fibrous tumor. An excisional biopsy of the mass, however, revealed endometrial tissue, and a pathologic diagnosis of intramuscular endometriosis was rendered.
Fuller Rose Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Ovipositional Preference on Florida Citrus

Viable Fuller rose beetle, Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman), egg masses were found on nearly 60% of 1,500 oranges, tangerines, and grapefruits ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck, C. reticulata Blanco hybrid, and C. paradisi Macf., respectively) selected randomly from two mixed citrus groves in 1988 and 1989. However, of the 18,320 processed fruit checked in packinghouses, no. P. cervinus eggs were found. Calyx removal during the packing process may be the cause of this phenomenon. Two sampling methods for determining beetle density per tree in the field are reported; emergence traps and beating samples. An oviposition study, which enclosed 1-10 beetles on 8 m3 of tree volumes with Fiberglas mesh cages, revealed the location of oviposition sites, the relationship between beetle density and number of eggs laid per site, the variability of eggs deposited over time of year, and how this variability is correlated to ambient temperature fluctuations.
Detection of Tay-Sachs disease heterozygotes by assay of hexosaminidase A in serum and leukocytes

Activity of the enzyme hexosaminidase A was assayed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis in serum and leukocytes of parents of children with Tay-Sachs disease. The activity of the enzyme was lower than normal in both serum and leukocytes of the parents. The data from the serum assay were more consistent than those from the leukocyte assay. This method is applicable for the detection of heterozygous carriers of Tay-Sachs disease.
Paramagnetic fluorescence quenching in a model membrane: a consideration of lifetime and temperature.

Abstract To expand our understanding of paramagnetic quenching in membranes, the relationship between fluorophore excited-state lifetime (τ), temperature, and the collisional quenching was studied. Specifically, the ability of tempo to quench the steady-state and time-resolved emission from five lipophilic fluorophores (diphenylhexatriene, perylene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and triphenylene) partitioned into egg phosphatidylcholine (EggPC) liposomes was examined. Also, the temperature dependence of spin-labeled androstane to quench the emission (steady-state and time-resolved) from perylene in EggPC liposomes was determined. Unexpectedly, in EggPC liposomes, the apparent quenching efficiency decreased with increasing τ until the effect leveled off above ∼20 ns. Moreover, in EggPC liposomes, dynamic quenching decreased with increasing temperature. The results suggest that in membranes, paramagnetic quenching is more complex than generally recognized.
Stellar interferometer tracking experiment (SITE): a precursor mission for multiple-aperture interferometry in space

The Stellar Interferometer Tracking Experiment (SITE) is a Space Shuttle flight experiment proposed by the MIT Space Engineering Research Center and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The SITE instrument is a two-aperture stellar interferometer with a baseline of four meters and a detection bandwidth of 200 - 780 nanometers. The objective of SITE is to validate in the space environment the detectors and fringe-tracking control systems necessary for future space-based astrometric and imaging interferometers. The cophasing and coalignmnet requirements of the stellar beams for such instruments demand nanometer pathlength and milli-arcsecond jitter control in order to acquire precise fringe amplitude and phase measurements. SITE will evaluate and quantify the effects of vibration isolation, structural quieting, and active pathlength and beam tilt control technologies on the ability to capture and track the central interference fringe from a star. This paper describes the conceptual optical design of the SITE instrument.
Rapid Aging Rescue

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare dominant genetic disorder that mimics premature, rapid aging. Patients fail to thrive, and death occurs at an average age of 13 years, usually from myocardial infarction or stroke. Spontaneous HGPS-generating mutations occur at the rate of about 1 in 4 to 8 million births. LMNA , the gene harboring the HGPS mutations, encodes prelamin A ( 1 ). This precursor matures to lamin A, a structural component of the nuclear envelope. On page 1330 of this issue, Ibrahim et al. ( 2 ) show that methylated prelamin A, an intermediate form in the protein's maturation pathway, is associated with progeria symptoms in a mouse model of the disease. The methylated form blocks a signaling pathway that promotes cell proliferation, survival, and tissue growth. Reducing this methylation pharmacologically could be an effective therapeutic approach for treating progeroid disorders.
Measurement of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Human Amniotic Fluid

TSH was measured in human amniotic fluid after 3- to 8-fold concentration of the fluids. Amniotic fluid TSH was identical to standard pituitary TSH by immunological and gel chromatographic criteria. In 201 samples of normal second trimester amniotic fluid (16-19 weeks of pregnancy), amniotic fluid TSH concentrations had a mean value of 0.4 microunits/ml (range, less than 0.15 to 1.7 microunits/ml). In 21 samples of third trimester amniotic fluid (obtained to check fetal lung maturity), amniotic fluid TSH concentrations had a mean value of 0.25 microunits/ml (range, less than 0.15 to 0.55 microunits/ml). The capability of measuring TSH in amniotic fluid and the relative constancy of these values between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy suggest that the determination of TSH levels in amniotic fluid may be useful in the diagnosis of fetal hypothyroidism in utero.
Beam position correction in the Fermilab high energy linac

Abstract The Fermilab Linac has been upgraded by the replacement of four 201.25 MHz drift tube linac tanks with seven 805 MHz side-coupled cavity modules. The reduction in physical aperture of the side-coupled modules has made control of the transverse beam position a more important consideration. An algorithm has been implemented to achieve a global least-squares minimization of beam position errors. Under typical operating conditions the RMS error in the horizontal plane is reduced by a factor of 8 (from 0.54 mm to 0.07 mm) and in the vertical plane by a factor of 4 (from 0.59 mm to 0.14 mm).
Rapid evaporation at the superheat limit

In an experimental investigation of the transient processes that occur when a single droplet of butane at the superheat limit vaporizes explosively, short-exposure photographs and fast-response pressure measurements have been used to construct a description of the complete explosion process. It is observed that only a single bubble forms within the drop during each explosion, and that the growth proceeds on a microsecond time scale. An interfacial instability driven by rapid evaporation has been observed on the surface of the bubbles. It is suggested that the Landau mechanism of instability, originally described in connection with the instability of laminar flames, also applies to rapid evaporation at the superheat limit. The photographic evidence and the pressure data are used to estimate the evaporative mass flux across the liquid-vapour interface after the onset of instability. The ;ate of evaporation is shown to be two orders of magnitude greater than would be predicted by conventional bubble-growth theories that do not account for the effects of instability. An estimate of the mean density within the bubbles during the evaporative stage indicates that it is more than one half of the critical density of butane. Additional interesting dynamical effects that are observed include a series of toroidal waves that form on the interface between the butane vapour and the external host liquid in the bubble column apparatus after the bubble has grown large enough to contact the outer edge of the drop, and violent oscillations of the bubble that occur on a millisecond time scale, after evaporation of the liquid butane is complete, that cause the disintegration of the bubble into a cloud of tiny bubbles by Rayleigh-Taylor instability.
1/mc terms in Λ+c semileptonic decays☆

We use the heavy quark effective theory to investigate the form factors that describe the semileptonic decays lambda+c -> lambda e+ nu, to order 1/mc. We find that a total of four form factors are needed to this order, in contrast with two form factors to leading order, and six form factors in the most general case. We point out some relationships that arise among the general form factors.
Exactness of homotopy functors of spaces

We will provide an analysis of the generalized Atiyah–Hirzebruch spectral sequence (GAHSS), which was introduced by Hakim-Hashemi and Kahn. To do so, we introduce a new class of functors, called n-exact functors, which are analogous to Goodwillie’s n-excisive functors. In the study of these functors, we introduce a new spectral sequence, the homological Barratt–Goerss spectral sequence (HBGSS), which has properties similar to those of the classical Barratt–Goerss Spectral Sequence on homotopy. We close by giving an identification of the E2 term of the GAHSS in the case of 2-exact functors on Moore spaces.
Viability and recovery from degranulation of isolated rat peritoneal mast cells

Abstract Using a culture system that allows prolonged maintenance of purified populations of peritoneal mast cells, we have examined them following stimulation by non-immunologic or immunologic agents. Employing phase-contrast microscopy of living cells and various pharmacological manipulations, we have noted that the recovery process includes a reduction in cell size, the probable sealing of exocytotic cavities, a pronounced displacement of the cell nucleus and a resynthesis of histamine. During recovery, mast cells can entrap molecules from the extracellular fluid and later release these substances by a Cadependent mechanism. Our results suggest that microfilaments, calmodulin, Ca, and metabolic energy are necessary for recovery.
The conversion of methane to methanol: a reaction catalyzed by I+ or I2(+)?

The gas-phase reactions of I+ and I2+ with methane were studied to determine which species is involved in the oxidation of methane to methyl sulfate, an intermediate in the production of methanol. We found that while I+ reacts readily with methane, I2+ does not react in our experimental reaction conditions. Reaction products and rate constants are measured and reported. In addition, ab initio calculations were carried out to further understand the reaction mechanism. A revised mechanism of catalysis is proposed which is in excellent agreement with available experimental data and our theoretical computations.
Texture evolution during strain-induced martensitic phase transformation in 304L stainless steel at a cryogenic temperature

The strain-induced martensitic phase transformation during quasi-static uniaxial compression testing of a 304L stainless steel was investigated at 300 and 203 K using time-of-flight neutron diffraction to study the evolution of transformation texture. A number of specimens were precompressed to different strain levels at 300 and 203 K and the texture was investigated. At 203 K, the newly formed martensites are bcc and hcp phases and the texture analysis shows that the martensites are highly textured due to the grain-orientation-dependent phase transformation. The bcc {100} planes are mostly oriented with their plane-normal parallel to the loading direction at the beginning of the phase transformation and this texture is weakened during the subsequent compressive deformation. In the case of fcc to hcp transformation, it is less dependent on the grain orientation, although the fcc grains with {111} plane-normal at an angle close to 40 deg to the loading direction transform easier and the {0001} plane-normal of the newly formed hcp phase tends to rotate toward the loading direction during the texture evolution. The final texture of bcc and hcp martensites is the result of the interaction between deformation texture and transformation texture.
Etest for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

Methods currently used for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium, including agar dilution and the Bactec radiometric method, are based on the proportion technique using a single critical concentration of antibiotic. Preliminary studies were conducted with Mycobacterium species by using the Etest method, a gradient minimum inhibitory concentration technique, well described for susceptibility testing of other fastidious and slow-growing organisms. Excellent correlation was demonstrated between Etest and agar dilution with rifampin-susceptible and -resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis and ciprofloxacin-resistant and -susceptible isolates of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare.
Circulation and hemostatic function of autologous fresh, liquid-preserved, and cryopreserved baboon platelets transfused to correct an aspirin-induced thrombocytopathy.

BACKGROUND : The survival of fresh and preserved platelets has been used primarily to determine their therapeutic effectiveness. The function of the fresh and preserved platelets has been difficult to assess. In stable thrombocytopenic patients, platelet function of fresh and preserved allogeneic platelets is evaluated by the reduction in bleeding time. In this study of healthy male baboons, both the survival and function of autologous fresh, liquid-preserved, and cryopreserved platelets in the correction of an aspirin-induced thrombocytopathy was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Five healthy male baboons were studied on eight occasions over a 4-year period. To produce a prolonged bleeding time, the baboon was administered 325 mg of aspirin 18 hours before receiving autologous transfusion. The fresh, liquid-preserved, and previously frozen washed platelets were labeled with 111 In-oxine before autologous transfusion. The autologous, nonaspirinated platelets' ability to reduce the aspirin-induced prolonged bleeding time and increase the shed blood thromboxane B 2 level at the template bleeding time site was studied. RESULTS : Platelets stored at 22°C for 48 hours had in vivo recovery values similar to those platelets stored for 18 hours, and they significantly reduced the bleeding time and increased the shed blood thromboxane level after transfusion. Platelets stored at 22°C for 72 hours had in vivo recovery values similar to those platelets stored for 18 hours, but the bleeding time was not corrected after transfusion, although there was a significant increase in the shed blood thromboxane B 2 level. The cryopreserved platelets significantly reduced the bleeding time and significantly increased the shed blood thromboxane level after transfusion. Cryopreserved platelets had better in vivo survival and function than the 5-day liquid-stored platelets. CONCLUSIONS : The survival of autologous fresh, liquid-preserved, or cryopreserved platelets did not correlate with their function to reduce an increased bleeding time in baboons treated with aspirin.
The peterson limestone — early cretaceous lacustrine carbonate deposition in western wyoming and southeastern idaho

Abstract The lacustrine Peterson Limestone of western Wyoming and southeastern Idaho comprises six lithofacies throughout its 20,000 km2 aerial extent. These are: (1) calcareous sandstone and shale, (2) red nodular limestone, (3) pink sandy micrite, (4) biomicrite, (5) graded silty micrite, and (6) limestone conglomerate. The first two represent floodplain deposition and paleosols, whereas the remaining are shallow nearshore and deeper lacustrine sediments. This sequence was developed in a large fresh, hardwater lake surrounded by fluvial systems and associated flood plains in a warm temperate climate. Well-oxidized sandy terrigenous rocks, together with calcareous paleosol nodules, indicate that flood-plain deposition both preceded and was concurrent with lacustrine carbonate deposition. Micrite and biomicrite formed in deeper parts of the basin while sandy and silty carbonate accumulated in shallower lake-margin areas. Less-calcareous shale units which are interbedded with deeper-water carbonate were deposited either during rapid basin subsidence and deepening of the lake center or during periods of slower carbonate precipitation. Turbidity currents and subaqueous debris flows generated along steeper lake margins, resulted in the deposition of rhythmic layers of graded silty micrite and diamictic limestone conglomerate in the deepest part of the basin. The carbonate-rich sediments comprising these two lithofacies were originally deposited on shallow lake-margin benches and subsequently were transported downslope toward the lake center. Comparison with other carbonate-precipitating lacustrine systems indicates that this lake was not like modern playas. Although no known modern lacustrine system is precisely like Lake Peterson, the flora, fauna, composition, and distribution of facies within modern temperate-region lakes most closely resemble those of the Peterson Limestone.
Asymmetric growth of the lateral cerebral ventricle in infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation

Lateral cerebral ventricular volume in 36 preterm infants with or without an intraventricular hemorrhage, and with or without posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, was measured longitudinally and compared with the ventricular index measurements of the same ventricles. A poor correlation was found ( r 2 =0.67). To determine a reason for this poor relationship, we analyzed the volumes of the regions of the ventricles by a segmental volume analysis. The occipital region of the lateral cerebral ventricle enlarged at a much faster rate (1.904±0.477 ml/day) than either the anterior region (0.546±0.253 ml/day; p p
A relativisitic “higher spin” quaternion wave equation giving a variation on the Pauli equation

A variation on the Dirac equation is presented which gives a new internal quantum number besides spin, producing four degrees of freedom.
Retrograde transport of the lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) by rat spinal motoneurons

The lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) has been used primarily as an anterograde transport tracer in the CNS. We present evidence of PHA-L retrograde transport by rat spinal motoneurons after injection into the triceps brachii. Labelled motoneurons were localized in specific and well-defined neuron pools in the ventral horn. Primary afferent labelling was not seen in the spinal gray matter. Dorsal rhizotomy did not eliminate or decrease motoneuron labelling. The retrograde transport rate was about 8 mm/day. PHA-L can clearly undergo retrograde, as well as anterograde, transport.
The ring structure of boron trioxide glass

Abstract A new experiment, sensitive to the dihedral angle distribution of neighboring structural units, was applied to boron trioxide glass. The experiment consisted of correlating the NMR frequencies of neighboring boron nuclei. The frequencies are identical if the boron oxide polyhedra containing the two borons are co-planar, as found in ring systems, but differ for non-co-planar geometries. Through the rate of growth of signal intensity arising from the non-co-planar case, as compared to that obtained in a boron trioxide crystal of known structure, the fraction of boron contained in rings in the glass was determined to be 0.70±0.08 .
Communication, global justice and the moral economy

The concept of a ‘moral economy,’ used famously by historian Edward Thompson in his 1971 essay, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,’ is sometimes invoked in discussions of struggles for social justice. Drawing from Thompson and others who have written about the idea of a ‘moral economy,’ this article shows how that concept serves as an instructive guide for thinking today about the idea of a global civil society and the global justice movement. Relying on historical work about selected struggles for social justice, this article demonstrates how the means of communication have been vital to transnational social movements for far longer than generally is acknowledged. Moreover, the means of communication have been central to sustaining the idea of a moral economy.
Adaptive Finite Element Analysis of the Anisotropic Biphasic Theory of Tissue-Equivalent Mechanics.

Abstract The nonlinear partial differential equations of the anisotropic biphasic theory of tissue-equivalent mechanics are solved with axial symmetry by an adaptive finite element system. The adaptive procedure operates within a method-of-lines framework using finite elements in space and backward difference software in time. Spatial meshes are automatically refined, coarsened, and relocated in response to error indications and material deformation. Problems with arbitrarily complex two-dimensional regions may be addressed. With meshes graded in high-error regions, the adaptive solutions have fewer degrees of freedom than solutions with comparable accuracy obtained on fixed quasi-uniform meshes. The adaptive software is used to address problems involving an isometric cell traction assay, where a cylindrical tissue equivalent is adhered at its end to fixed circular platens; a prototypical bioartificial artery; and a novel configuration that is intended as an initial step in a study to determine bioartific...
Photoisomerization of Azobenzene Chromophores in Organic/Inorganic Zirconium Phosphonate Thin Films Prepared Using a Combined Langmuir−Blodgett and Self-Assembled Monolayer Deposition

The photoinduced trans to cis isomerization of two new azobenzene-derivatized phosphonic acids, 4-(4‘-(3‘ ‘-pentyloxy)phenyl)azophenylbutylphosphonic acid (2a) and 4-(4‘-propoxyphenyl)azophenylbutylphosphonic acid (2b), has been studied in zirconium phosphonate thin films. Multilayer films were assembled using a three-step combined Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) and monolayer self-assembly procedure that forms a layered metal phosphonate lattice in the polar region of asymmetric bilayers which are composed of octadecylphosphonate and the azobenzene chromophore. Multilayer films containing 2a and 2b undergo rapid and reversible photoisomerization. For both molecules, thermal relaxation of the cis form shows both fast- and slow-relaxing components that arise from cis isomers experiencing different degrees of strain in the films. The relaxation rates and the ratio of fast/slow relaxing components can be changed through synthetic modification of the chromophore and by altering the thin-film architecture. When the cis...
Studies on a parent gelatin from ichthyocol.

Abstract Mild heating of citrate-extracted ichthyocol solutions results in a breakdown of long, thin collagen protofibrils into a monodisperse parent gelatin. Viscosity, sedimentation-diffusion, and light-scattering studies indicate a molecular weight of about 70,000, dimensions 20 × 400 A. A mechanism is proposed for the conversion of collagen to parent gelatin.
IMPACTS OF ACQUISITIONS AND NEW PLANTS ON THE EMPLOYMENT IN US AFFILIA TES OF FOREIGN MANUFA CTURING FIRMS

Using the polynomially distributed lags model we differentiate, through time, the aggregate impacts of the two major modes of Foreign Direct Investment upon employment within the foreign manufacturing sector in the US. Our results indicate that the impact of FDI is not uniform; it is specific to entry mode. The acquisition of domestic firms by foreign interests appears to have little aggregate positive impact upon employment, while new plants, constructed by foreign concerns, have positive employment impacts on the foreign manufacturing sector in the United States.
Gel electrophoresis of some dehydrogenases from flight muscles of tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans) and houseflies (Musca domestica).

1. 1. Dehydrogenases were visualized on agar gel after electrophoresis of solubel and particulate fractions (20,000 g) from flight muscles of tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans) and houseflies (Musca domestica Orlando). 2. 2. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate, glycero-3-phosphate, malate and glutamate dehydrogenases were demonstrated in the soluble fraction and succinate, glycero-3-phosphate, malate and proline dehydrogenases in the particulate fraction from both species. 3. 3. Proline dehydrogenase was much more active in tsetse flies than in houseflies, in line with Bursell's (1963, 1966) demonstration of proline asa major energy source in the former, while examination of similarities and differences among other dehydragenase activities did not further elucidate this feature of tsetse fly metabolism.
Ketene photochemistry. Relative CH2(1A1) quantum yields at 3130, 3340 and 3660 Å

Abstract The photochemistry of ketene has been studied at 3130, 3340 and 3660 A. A chemical trapping technique was used to determine the relative singlet methylene quantum yields. At a pressure of ≈ 120 torr the 3130:3340:3660 A CH 2 ( 1 A 1 ) quantum yield ratio is 1.0:0.16:
Finding Needles in a Haystack: Reducing False Alarm Rate Using Telemedicine Mobile Cloud

Wearable body sensors have been widely used to monitor the health status of seniors or patients who live alone. Alarms are sent to e-Health providers when dangerous symptoms are detected. However, high false alarm rate significantly limits the effectiveness of medical monitoring. Telemedicine Mobile Cloud (TMC), leveraging recent advances in sensing, networking, and computing technologies, is an effective and promising solution. In this paper, a TMC based strategy has been proposed, which identifies needles (real dangers) among the haystacks (alarms) by taking advantage of the real-time, on-site monitoring capability of Android mobile device and the abundant computing power of the cloud. Extensive experimental study has verified that the TMC-enhanced strategy has effectively reduced the false alarm rate.
“In My Extremity I Turned to Gandhi”: American Pacifists, Christianity, and Gandhian Nonviolence, 1915–1941

American pacifists first heard of Mohandas Gandhi and his struggles in South Africa and India after World War I. Although they admired his opposition to violence, they were ambivalent about nonviolent resistance as a method of social change. As heirs to the Social Gospel, they feared that boycotts and civil disobedience lacked the spirit of love and goodwill that made social redemption possible. Moreover, American pacifists viewed Gandhi through their own cultural lens, a view that was often distorted by Orientalist ideas about Asia and Asians.2 It was only in the 1930s, when Reinhold Niebuhr and other Christian realists charged that pacifism was impotent in the face of social injustice, that they began to reassess Gandhian nonviolence. By the 1940s, they were using nonviolent direct action to protest racial discrimination and segregation, violations of civil liberties, and the nuclear arms race.
The Holman Research Pathway in Radiation Oncology

A decade ago, the American Board of Radiology established a research pathway for residency training designed for individuals to simultaneously train in diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology and in basic science, clinical, or transitional investigation. This new pathway was called the ABR Holman Research Pathway, named for B. Leonard Holman, M.D., who first proposed this initiative to foster a cadre of research-oriented academicians. We graduated with the first two classes of Holman Research Pathway (HRP) Fellows in 2004 and 2005. Here, we review the HRP for radiation oncology trainees, and we consider the status of the program and current challenges facing physician scientists in radiation oncology. The HRP presents an alternative residency structure for physicians seeking careers as physician scientists. The traditional residency pathway requires 48 total months in radiation oncology with a minimum of 36 months in clinical radiation oncology. In the HRP, residents can become eligible for board certification after 27 months of clinical training. The remaining 21 months of residency training must be devoted to research. The goal of the HRP is to train residents with a documented history of research, such as those with M.D./Ph.D. degrees, who demonstrate such strong clinical skills that clinical competence can be achieved in an abbreviated period of time. Therefore, HRP residents not only have the opportunity to receive clinical training in radiation oncology but also undertake a significant postdoctoral research project during their residency. This opportunity can be used not only to gain key research skills but also to develop a portable research project, which can be used to help the resident successfully transition into a career as an independent physician scientist.
A method to control non-uniformity RF B 1 field for high field magnetic resonance imaging

The higher static magnetic fields $B_0$, in MRI systems result in higher signal to noise ratios. However, as the wavelength decreases linearly with the higher static magnetic field, image inhomogeneity occurs. This paper demonstrates the use of the convex optimization with an iterative method to improve $B_1^ +$ uniformity in an anatomic region of interest by varying the magnitude and phase of each RF channel element independently. The simulation results for 16 channels for 9.4 T systems are discussed in detail, with experimental results in a phantom.
The Rich Electrochemistry and Redox Reactions of the Copper Sites in the Cellular Prion Protein.

Abstract This paper reviews recent electrochemical studies of the copper complexes of prion protein (PrP) and its related peptides, and correlates their redox behavior to chemical and biologically relevant reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the difference in redox properties between copper in the octarepeat (OR) and the non-OR domains of PrP, as well as differences between the high and low copper occupancy states in the OR domain. Several discrepancies in the literature concerning these differences are discussed and reconciled. The PrP copper complexes, in comparison to copper complexes of other amyloidogenic proteins/peptides, display a more diverse and richer redox chemistry. The specific protocols and caveats that need to be considered in studying the electrochemistry and redox reactions of copper complexes of PrP, PrP-derived peptides, and other related amyloidogenic proteins are summarized.
Effects of pregnancy, sucrose, and various low-protein diets on the eating behavior of rats

To assess the effects of various low-protein diets on the eating behavior of female rats, 280 rats were assigned to one of 20 groups, according to a 5 x 2 x 2 (Protein Level x Pregnancy x Sugar) design. Each rat was offered one of five isocaloric, soy-based diets: 25%, 8%, 4%, 2% or 1% protein diet. The subjects' intakes and weights were recorded daily for 3 weeks. Protein content of the diet, pregnancy, and the presence of dietary sucrose all had significant effects on diet, sucrose, and protein intake. By the third week of the experiment, pregnant rats offered 1%, 2% or 4% protein diets consumed significantly less of their diet than did their nonpregnant controls, whereas pregnant rats in the 25% protein group consumed significantly more of their diet than did nonpregnant controls. The eating behavior of the rats offered the 8% protein diet was most affected by the presence of dietary sucrose. Pregnant rats in the 8% protein group consumed less of their diet than did nonpregnant controls when sucrose was also offered, but they consumed more of their diet than did nonpregnant controls when sucrose was not offered. A learned food aversion is probably the best explanation for the severe reduction of diet intake observed in pregnant rats in all of the 1%, 2%, and 4% protein groups, as well as in pregnant rats offered the 8% protein diet and sucrose.
The effect of the antiscatter grid on full-field digital mammography phantom images.

Computer Analysis of Mammography Phantom Images (CAMPI) is a method for making quantitative measurements of image quality. This article reports on a recent application of this method to a prototype full-field digital mammography (FFDM) machine. Images of a modified ACR phantom were acquired on the General Electric Diagnostic Molybdenum Rhodium (GE-DMR) FFDM machine at a number of x-ray techniques, both with and without the scatter reduction grid. The techniques were chosen so that one had sets of grid and non-grid images with matched doses (200 mrads) and matched gray-scale values (1500). A third set was acquired at constant 26 kVp and varying mAs for both grid conditions. Analyses of the images yielded signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), contrast and noise corresponding to each target object, and a nonuniformity measure. The results showed that under conditions of equal gray-scale value the grid images were markedly superior, albeit at higher doses than the non-grid images. Under constant dose conditions, the non-grid images were slightly superior in SNR (7%) but markedly less uniform (60%). Overall, the grid images had substantially greater contrast and superior image uniformity. These conclusions applied to the whole kVp range studied for the Mo-Mo target filter combination and 4 cm of breast equivalent material of average composition. These results suggest that use of the non-grid technique in digital mammography with the GE-DMR-FFDM unit, is presently not warranted. With improved uniformity correction procedure, this conclusion would change and one should be able to realize a 14% reduction in patient dose at the same SNR by using a non-grid technique.
Gauged sigma models from 2 + 1 dimensions and the issue of unitarity

As a Lagrangian realization of the Goddard-Kent-Olive G/H coset construction, Castellani, D'Auria and Levi recently proposed a gauged Wess-Zumino-Witten model in which the topological term is a difference of Chern-Simons forms. We show that their Lagrangian is actually an ungauged Wess-Zumino-Witten model plus a gauge field coupled linearly to an H-current, thus describing non-abelian chiral bosons with a linear constraint. We carry out the Dirac quantization procedure and show that the Hamiltonian is of the current-current form with indefinite signature, thus signaling instability. We also clarify the relationship of this model with that of Moore and Seiberg, which does provide an anomaly-free formulation of the GKO coset construction.
Deep upper-mantle melting beneath the Tasman and Coral Seas detected with multiple ScS reverberations

Abstract Multiple ScS reverberations are used to search for mantle reflectors beneath the Tasman and Coral Seas with a hierarchical waveform-inversion/migration method. In addition to the major transition zone discontinuities, a low-velocity layer above the 410-km discontinuity is detected. The top of the low-velocity layer lies at an average depth of 352 km, indicating that the layer could be more than 70-km thick if it persists to the 410-km discontinuity, which occurs at an average depth of 420 km along paths containing the low-velocity layer. We attribute the low velocities to partial melt resulting from volatile-induced melting. The considerable thickness of the partial melt layer may require thin films of a hydrous melt with a zero-degree dihedral angle surrounding grains or the combined effect on melting of the addition of both water and carbon to the deep upper mantle via subduction. Although the depths of the transition zone discontinuities do not indicate that the transition zone itself is rich in water, the impedance contrasts do contain a subtle signature that could be related to transition zone water, namely a decrease in the impedance contrast across the 410-km discontinuity and a relatively strong 520-km discontinuity.
14N magic angle spinning overtone NMR spectra

Abstract We present the first 14N overtone NMR spectra obtained directly under magic angle spinning conditions. Line-broadening contributions from chemical shift anisotropy and heteronuclear dipolar couplings are significantly reduced, and, despite theoretical predictions, spinning sidebands are minimal, leaving second-order quadrupolar powder patterns with narrow discontinuities that can be observed using a single excitation pulse. We also show that the limited bandwidth and offset-dependent nutation rates exhibited by standard RF pulses can be overcome using frequency-swept pulses, allowing the direct acquisition of solid-state 14N NMR spectra in which multiple nitrogen sites are well-resolved.