cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a pragmatic clarification of materiality and animacy: the materials of life and the life of those materials

Materiality or what some theorists prefer to identify as materials have increasingly become the topic of discussion and investigation. While these authors have taken pains to specify what they mean by such terms, the topic calls for greater clarification than it has yet received. This makes it an ideal candidate for the three-tiered clarification championed by C. S. Peirce in “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” and ever after used by him to render, for the purpose at hand, his own ideas adequately clear. Just as he took absolute certainty to be unattainable, he judged absolute clarity to be beyond our reach. Even so, he offered his pragmatic maxim as the highest level of conceptual clarification. For countless purposes, adherence to this maxim enables us to clarify our ideas adequately. While he is emphatic in pointing out the shortcomings of abstract definitions (the second or intermediate level of clarity), he is appreciative of the value of such definitions, of what are for the most part verbal definitions (for, in an abstract definition, we are translating a word or expression into other words). If we take the successful practices of the experimental inquirer, however, then we readily see the need to translate our words not primarily into other words but into habits of action. Moreover, the first level of clarity (that of tacit familiarity) is all too often slighted or altogether ignored. This grade of clearness is however far more important than commentators and, on occasion, even Peirce seem to appreciate. Hence, this article is an attempt to clarify the meaning of materiality and cognate terms, using Peirce’s suggestions for how to carry out this task. It highlights the need for pragmatic clarification, but without denigrating the value of either tacit familiarity or abstract definitions. My hope is to show, in a single stroke, the power of Peirce’s methodological suggestions and the meaning of several elusive terms.
Small bowel obstruction caused by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin without lymphadenopathy in a renal transplant recipient.

Organ transplant recipients have an increased incidence of certain types of cancer when compared with the general population. Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common neoplasm in the transplant population and has features that differentiate it from similar tumors in the nonimmunosuppressed population (1, 2). In kidney transplant patients, squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are the most common nonmelanoma skin cancers. Their prevalence and incidence increases with the length of followup after transplantation. They also tend to be multiple and more aggressive in contrast to the general population (1, 3, 4). Metastasis from skin SCC can occur in 5–9% of the transplant patients who suffer from this condition (1, 5). The majority of the metastases first develop in regional nodes. Distant metastases in transplant patients with SCC without regional node involvement is rarely seen. Mortality from SCC in transplant patients can reach up to 4% (1, 3–5). Here, we report a kidney transplant patient with multiple SCC, who developed symptomatic (small bowel obstruction) distant metastasis (mesenteric and omental), without regional node involvement. He was surgically treated and remained symptom-free until he developed symptomatic metastatic tumor recurrence 12 months after original presentation and died 1 month later.
Temporal Pattern of Co-Development of Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors: An Application of Bivariate Mixed-Effects Models.

BACKGROUND Although previous research has shown that internalizing and externalizing behavior problems often co-occur, the relationship between the developmental trajectories of these two types of behavior problems is understudied. The co-occurring evolutions of developmental trajectories of two behaviors has two components: 1) the correlation between the slopes of two behavior profiles (termed the association of the evolutions); and 2) the marginal correlation of two development trajectory profiles, which is the development of correlation between internalizing and externalizing behavior over time (termed the evolution of the association). The association of the evolutions and the evolution of the association have not been fully explored in the context of the development of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems among kindergarteners in the United States. METHODS The random-effects approach for joint modeling of multivariate longitudinal profiles was used to evaluate the co-development and its temporal pattern of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems on a nationally representative sample of 9791 kindergarteners from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K). RESULTS There was a moderate positive association between the evolutions of the two behavior problems with correlation coefficient of 0.319. The evolution of association between the two behaviors was increasing over time with the correlation coefficient from 0.195 at the Fall of kindergarten to 0.291 by the time of fifth grade in general. Race and age groups act differently on the evolution of association. The associations were getting stronger for the Asian group and older groups than their peer groups. CONCLUSION This investigation of the association of evolutions and the evolution of association between the internalizing and externalizing behaviors show that the two problem behaviors reciprocally reinforce each other and lead to increases in the other in a moderate strength and the strength is increasing over time.
The effects of cognitive monitoring and confidence disposition on computing test scores

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cognitive monitoring and confidence disposition (riskiness and direction) on computing test scores. The results showed a significant relationship between cognitive monitoring and test score, confidence disposition (riskiness) and test score, confidence disposition (direction) and test score, and cognitive monitoring and confidence disposition (direction). Implications for teaching in the computing curriculum are discussed.
TCR + CD4 - CD8 - (double negative) T cells protect from cisplatin-induced renal epithelial cell apoptosis and acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to cisplatin is a significant problem that limits its use as an effective chemotherapeutic agent. T cell receptor+CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) T cells constitute the major T cell population in the human and mouse kidney, express programmed cell death protein (PD)-1, and protect from ischemic AKI. However, the pathophysiological roles of DN T cells in cisplatin-induced AKI is unknown. In this study, wild-type mice were treated with cisplatin (30 mg/kg) or vehicle, and the effects on kidney DN T cell numbers and function were measured. In vitro experiments evaluated effects of kidney DN T cells on cisplatin-induced apoptosis and PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) in renal epithelial cells. Adoptive transfer experiments assessed the therapeutic potential of DN T cells during cisplatin-induced AKI. Our results show that kidney DN T cell population increased at 24 h and declined by 72 h after cisplatin treatment. Cisplatin treatment increased kidney DN T cell proliferation, apoptosis, CD69, and IL-10 expression, whereas CD62L, CD44, IL-17A, interferon-γ, and TNF-α were downregulated. Cisplatin treatment decreased both PD-1 and natural killer 1.1 subsets of kidney DN T cells with a pronounced effect on the PD-1 subset. In vitro kidney DN T cell coculture decreased cisplatin-induced apoptosis in kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells, increased Bcl-2, and decreased cleaved caspase 3 expression. Cisplatin-induced expression of PD ligand 1 was reduced in proximal tubular epithelial cells cocultured with DN T cells. Adoptive transfer of DN T cells attenuated kidney dysfunction and structural damage from cisplatin-induced AKI. These results demonstrate that kidney DN T cells respond rapidly and play a protective role during cisplatin-induced AKI.
Supporting Non-traditional Students in Online Environments

In ever-evolving electronic learning environments, course retention of students in online courses is significantly lower than those studying in traditional classroom contexts. Through a research synthesis, three major factors seem to impact online course retention: levels of student engagement, the student's ability to self-regulate, and quality teacher interaction and feedback. If any of these factors are missing from the student's online learning experience, it will be more difficult to keep the student engaged in the material, stay motivated, and feel connected to the teacher and other classmates.
It’s HERstory: Unhealthy Relationships in Adolescence and Subsequent Social and Emotional Development in College Women:

The current study sought to expand our understanding of how early relationships characterized by intimate partner violence (IPV) influence college women's transition into emerging adulthood. We used a longitudinal qualitative design in which women (n = 13) with histories of IPV victimization participated in interviews twice a year beginning their first semester in college and ending in their final semester of college. Four primary themes were uncovered: making sense of the relationship, recognizing needs in the relationship, posttraumatic growth, and social cognitive maturity. The constitutive pattern across all four themes was resilience (i.e., positive adaptation during and after experiencing adversity).
Predicting future rates of tau accumulation on PET.

Clinical trials with anti-tau drugs will need to target individuals at risk of accumulating tau. Our objective was to identify variables available in a research setting that predict future rates of tau PET accumulation separately among individuals who were either cognitively unimpaired or cognitively impaired. All 337 participants had: a baseline study visit with MRI, amyloid PET, and tau PET exams, at least one follow-up tau PET exam; and met clinical criteria for membership in one of two clinical diagnostic groups: cognitively unimpaired (n = 203); or cognitively impaired (n = 134, a combined group of participants with either mild cognitive impairment or dementia with Alzheimer's clinical syndrome). Our primary analyses were in these two clinical groups; however, we also evaluated subgroups dividing the unimpaired group by normal/abnormal amyloid PET and the impaired group by clinical phenotype (mild cognitive impairment, amnestic dementia, and non-amnestic dementia). Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate associations between age, sex, education, APOE genotype, amyloid and tau PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR), cognitive performance, cortical thickness, and white matter hyperintensity volume at baseline, and the rate of subsequent tau PET accumulation. Log-transformed tau PET SUVR was used as the response and rates were summarized as annual per cent change. A temporal lobe tau PET meta-region of interest was used. In the cognitively unimpaired group, only higher baseline amyloid PET was a significant independent predictor of higher tau accumulation rates (P < 0.001). Higher rates of tau accumulation were associated with faster rates of cognitive decline in the cognitively unimpaired subgroup with abnormal amyloid PET (P = 0.03), but among the subgroup with normal amyloid PET. In the cognitively impaired group, younger age (P = 0.02), higher baseline amyloid PET (P = 0.05), APOE e4 (P = 0.05), and better cognitive performance (P = 0.05) were significant independent predictors of higher tau accumulation rates. Among impaired individuals, faster cognitive decline was associated with faster rates of tau accumulation (P = 0.01). While we examined many possible predictor variables, our results indicate that screening of unimpaired individuals for potential inclusion in anti-tau trials may be straightforward because the only independent predictor of high tau rates was amyloidosis. In cognitively impaired individuals, imaging and clinical variables consistent with early onset Alzheimer's disease phenotype were associated with higher rates of tau PET accumulation suggesting this may be a highly advantageous group in which to conduct proof-of-concept clinical trials that target tau-related mechanisms. The nature of the dementia phenotype (amnestic versus non-amnestic) did not affect this conclusion.
Glasdegib plus low-dose cytarabine for acute myeloid leukemia: Practical considerations from advanced practitioners and pharmacists:

ObjectiveAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is primarily a disease of older adults. These patients may not be candidates for intensive treatment, and there has been an ongoing need for treatment options ...
Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery in treating the complex intracranial arteriovenous malformations

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of treating large or eloquently located intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (FSRS). Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients with AVM treated with FSRS between March 2006 and August 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. The nidus obliteration, volume reduction, rate of rebleeding, newly onset neurological deficit, and signal change in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were evaluated. Results: With a median follow-up of 88 months (range: 24–154), 6 of the 18 lesions (33.3%) had a complete obliteration. All obliteration occurred in patients received the total treatment dose of 21 Gy (6 of 9 patients, 66.7%). The median time to complete obliteration was 38 months (range: 12–53). The mean volume reduction after FSRS in the 25 Gy group was 30.2% ± 20.9% and that in the 21 Gy group was 87.7% ± 24.2%. During the follow-up period, 4 of 18 (22.2%) lesions revealed T2 signal change in the MRI. No FSRS-related complication was noted clinically or radiologically. Conclusion: According to the present results, FSRS could be an effective and safe treatment alternative for complicated AVMs. Delayed toxicity after treatment is not noticed in the current study, but long-term follow-up is required. A higher dose in total and each fraction is likely needed when treating larger lesions.
Love-wave normal modes discriminate between upper-mantle and crustal earthquakes: Simulation and demonstration in Tibet

Abstract We discriminate upper-mantle earthquakes from crustal earthquakes based on the amplitude ratio of seismic waves Sn and Lg (‘ S n / L g ’), a prominent feature of regional seismograms that is visible to the naked eye. Crucially, our new method uses only the waveforms of the candidate earthquake, unlike previous methods to identify upper-mantle earthquakes that introduce potentially large errors by comparing hypocentral depths with independent measures of crustal thickness. Our synthetics show that the Love-wave higher modes that form individual Sn and Lg Airy phases on the transverse component are preferentially excited when the source is respectively below or above the Moho. We use three previously recognized mantle events from southern Tibet to validate our new approach and show that focal mechanism, intrinsic attenuation, geometrical spreading etc., can be ignored to first order. We then identify two new upper-mantle earthquakes in NW Tibet where, previously, only lower-crustal events had been reliably demonstrated, thereby showing this NW-Tibet lithosphere is seismogenic at all depths i.e. that upper-mantle and lower-crustal earthquakes co-exist. Our method has potential for expanding the global catalog of continental earthquakes reliably determined to be close above or close below the Moho.
How Graduate Students With Vocal Fry Are Perceived by Speech-Language Pathologists

Purpose Vocal fry (VF), a low-pitched, grating voice quality, appears to be trending among young women. Current research lacks consensus of listeners' perceptions associated with VF. This study inv...
Habeas Corpus in International Law

Habeas Corpus in International Law is the first comprehensive examination of this subject. It looks at the location, scope, and significance of the right to a judicial determination of the legality of one's detention as guaranteed by international and regional human rights instruments. First, it examines the history of habeas corpus and its place in human rights treaties, providing a useful resource for understanding the status and application of this internationally-protected right. The book continues by identifying and analyzing the primary challenges to habeas corpus, in particular its applicability during armed conflict, the possibility of derogation, and its extraterritorial application and procedural shortcomings. The book next addresses the significance of habeas corpus guarantees not just in protecting personal liberty, but in promoting the international rule of law by serving as a unique check on executive action. Finally, it offers suggestions on how this right might be strengthened.
Species-typical Response Predispositions

The study of stereotyped behaviors, such as grooming in the rat, suggests that these behaviors are coordinated peripherally. The fact that so many of the compensatory and correction mechanisms and other motor adjustments are also peripheral suggests that the entire motor system is under hierarchical control. We see the motor system as controlled by very simple central commands and being largely locally autonomous. We see it as being very elaborate but quite inflexible.
The Clinical Evaluation of Drug Therapy in Parkinsonism and Models of Dysfunction of Brain Dopamine Systems in Animals

The observation by Ehringer and Hornykiewicz (1960) that patients who had died with Parkinson’s disease showed cellular degeneration of basal ganglia structures and a deficiency of dopamine (DA) within this area was a key link in the concept that a deficiency in a specific substance was intimately involved in the pathogenesis of a neurological disorder. The efficacy of levodopa treatment in Parkinson’s disease obviously reinforced this idea. At about the same time as these discoveries, both biochemical and histological techniques became available for researchers to examine brain catecholamine systems that appeared to be involved in neurological illnesses (Carlsson, 1959; Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964).
IL-2 and Autocrine IL-4 Drive the In Vivo Development of Antigen-Specific Th2 T Cells Elicited by Nematode Parasites

The intestinal nematode parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, triggers potent type 2 immunity. Using OVA peptide as a model Ag, we have examined the adjuvant effects of this parasite on the in vivo development of Ag-specific Th2 cells from naive DO11.10 T cells. Our findings show that Th2 cells can develop from transferred naive OVA-specific DO11.10 T cells in recipient IL-4-/- mice inoculated with N. brasiliensis plus OVA. However, autocrine IL-4 is required for in situ Th2 cell differentiation since transferred IL-4Ralpha-deficient DO11.10 T cells showed greatly reduced Th2 cell development in inoculated IL-4-/- recipient mice. Surprisingly, we also found that IL-2 blockade promoted B7-dependent T cell cycling, but inhibited the development of OVA-specific Th2 cells. Furthermore, the effects of IL-2 occurred independently of CD25+ T regulatory cells. These studies establish a previously unrecognized requirement for autocrine IL-4 and IL-2 in Th2 responses elicited by nematode parasites.
Scheduling Jobs that Arrive Over Time (Extended Abstract)

A natural and basic problem in scheduling theory is to provide good average quality of service to a stream of jobs that arrive over time. In this paper we consider the problem of scheduling n jobs that are released over time in order to minimize the average completion time of the set of jobs. In contrast to the problem of minimizing average completion time when all jobs are available at time 0, all the problems that we consider are NP-hard, and essentially nothing was known about constructing good approximations in polynomial time. We give the first constant-factor approximation algorithms for several variants of the single and parallel machine model. Many of the algorithms are based on interesting algorithmic and structural relationships between preemptive and nonpreemptive schedules and linear programming relaxations of both. Many of the algorithms generalize to the minimization of average weighted completion time as well.
Human Rights in Theory and Practice: A Review of On Human Rights

One of the most important issues facing the international human rights movement is the claim that human rights values are universal and not culturally specific, and thus can be used to understand, evaluate, and influence global actors. This claim has obvious political and philosophical dimensions. That the concept of international human rights is being taken seriously by both governmental and nongovernmental actors is a sign of the importance of human rights today. The number of countries ratifying the basic international human rights treaties has reached an all-time high. Nevertheless, current events are drawing into question the universality and efficacy of the human rights regime. These events include women’s rights violations and genocide in BosniaHerzegovina, genocide in Rwanda, violation of the humanitarian laws of war in Chechnya, and the increased use of the death penalty in the United States. It is a tribute to the resiliency and appeal of the human rights idea that efforts to address these situations have begun to attract some of the most thoughtful advocates and philosophers of the twentieth century. On Human Rights is a collection of essays that addresses both the philosophical and political dimensions of the human rights debate, and provides useful guidelines for further advances in international human rights theory and practice. The seven essays in the collection range from philosophical inquiries concerning the source of international human rights norms to powerful critiques of our current understanding of the content of these norms and suggestions about how to create, support, and sustain an international human rights culture. The essays were presented over the course of a year at Oxford University, England, as part of an annual series of lectures sponsored by Amnesty International. It appears that the only thematic demand made of contributors was that they address a subject related to human rights.
Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis secondary to urachal adenocarcinoma.

Background and Objectives Urachal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal dissemination is an unusual presentation of a rare disease. It is associated with patients experiencing significant pain, poor outcomes, and historical median survival times between 12 and 24 months. We describe our 18-year experience in managing these patients with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Methods Five patients who underwent six CRS with HIPEC for disseminated urachal cancer were identified. Demographics, perioperative data, and oncologic results were reviewed. Results All patients successfully completed CRS followed by HIPEC with Mitomycin C. Three patients had prior urachal mass excision and one had previous cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit. At time of surgery, complete resection of all visible disease was only achieved in two patients. All patients developed local or distant disease recurrence at a median of 13 months postoperatively (range 7–31). The majority of patients (3/5) underwent postoperative intravenous chemotherapy for recurrence (2) or residual disease (1). All patients died of their disease, with median survival following date of surgery of 27 months (range 21–87). Symptomatic control of peritoneal disease was achieved in 2/5 (40%) of the cases. Conclusions Urachal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal dissemination is an aggressive, rare disease, which is uniformly fatal. In our experience, CRS followed by HIPEC with Mitomycin C may increase patient survival and palliation, although further treatment improvements are clearly required. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:258–260. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Egocentric frames of reference used for the retrieval of survey knowledge learned by map and navigation

Two experiments are reported that use a ``point-to-unseen-targets'' task to study the role of egocentric reference frames in the retrieval of survey knowledge learned from either studying a map or navigating an environment. In Experiment 1, performance was generally consistent with the hypothesis that map knowledge is retrieved using a frame of reference centered on the eye, characterized by (a) a fixed orientation in a ``frontal representational plane'' and (b) equal access to spatial relations both in front of, or above, and behind, or below, a right-left retrieval axis. The results of Experiment 2 were consistent with the hypothesis that environment knowledge is retrieved within a frame of reference centered on the body, characterized by (a) flexible orientation within a ``transverse representational plane'' and (b) privileged access to spatial relations located in front of the right-left retrieval axis in representational space. Both types of knowledge function as if they preserve information about the Euclidean angles connecting elements in physical space.
Detection of Selenium Deposits in Escherichia coli by Electron Microscopy

Cells of Escherichia coli will reduce sodium selenite to elemental selenium. Examination by electron microscopy of E. coli cultures grown in the presence of sodium selenite show selenium deposited on the cell membrane and cell wall but not in the cytoplasm.
Hidden Markov Models and Bayesian Networks for Counter‐Terrorism

Introduction Information concerning the potential whereabouts and activities of terrorists can be extrapolated from the massive amount of intelligence reported daily to US intelligence agencies. The events encapsulated in these reports, and, in particular, the sequence of these events, can be used to probabilistically infer the activities of terrorists. In this chapter, we are particularly interested in those events which pose a threat to our national security. Our purpose is, therefore, to detect and track likely instances of terrorist activities by analyzing the sources of data, which contain partial and/or imperfect information about the identities of actors involved and their actions. Throughout the chapter, we will refer to these types of data as “transactions.” The most evident example – and likely the greatest source of information – is financial. Say, for example:
Validation studies of Bilitec 2000: an ambulatory duodenogastric reflux monitoring system

Bilitec 2000, a fiber-optic spectrophotometer, detects duodenogastric (DG) reflux in an ambulatory setting independent of pH by measuring bilirubin in bile. Studies were performed for independent validation and better understanding of limitations of this system. Bilitec and a conventional spectrophotometer were used to assess the effect of gastric acidity on the spectral absorbance of refluxed DG contents, employing bilirubin ditaurate (BDT) and human bile. Total bile acid concentrations correlated with Bilitec absorption. BDT and bile had hypsochromic shift (400 nm) in spectrophotometric maximum wavelength (lambda max; 450 nm) in an acidic environment (pH 3.5 (n = 31, R = 0.81), but correlation was less strong for 32 samples with pH < 3.5 (R = 0.70). As currently designed, Bilitec adequately measures DG reflux but underestimates it by at least 30% in acidic medium (pH < 3.5). Design modifications are suggested for improving the sensitivity of this equipment.
Using “Sesame Street” to facilitate children’s recognition of letters and numbers

How can adults who watch “Sesame Street” with children facilitate the children’s recognition of the letters and numbers presented on the show? In order to examine this question, each of 95 preschool children watched three specially edited versions of “Sesame Street” with an adult who either (a) asked the child questions and provided feedback, (b) only asked questions, (c) directed the child’s attention to the screen, or (d) simply watched the shows with the child. Those children in the Questions + Feedback condition and the Questions condition scored significantly higher on a delayed posttest than did children who just watched the shows with an adult. There were no other significant differences among the treatment conditions. Results indicate that adults can increase children’s recognition of letters and numbers presented on “Sesame Street” by asking the children to name the letters and numbers as they are presented. Other interpretations are also discussed.
Service‐driven global supply chains

Value‐added services expand manufacturing organizations’ ability to compete beyond traditional measures of manufacturing competitiveness such as cost, quality, flexibility, and delivery. This concept of expanding the roles of factories to include service has received considerable attention and wide acceptance among both researchers and practitioners. For example, recent empirical studies have demonstrated that manufacturing performance, particularly delivery performance can be enhanced through expanded service roles that focus on effective information flows within the company and to external customers. Despite such benefits, the scope of analysis has been limited to individual manufacturing organizations. Given the realities of global competition, practitioners require knowledge that extends beyond individual organizations. The domain of their problems includes the complexities of interactions with multiple stakeholders along global supply chains. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to extend the concept of the service factory to global supply chains. Specifically, the approach will be to provide a conceptualization of the role of service in global supply chain management that can be used as a starting point for discussion and further research in this area. We provide several propositions and conclude with implications for both researchers and practitioners.
Bone Apatite Composition of Necrotic Trabecular Bone in the Femoral Head of Immature Piglets

Ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (IOFH) can lead to excessive resorption of the trabecular bone and collapse of the femoral head as a structure. A well-known mineral component to trabecular bone is hydroxyapatite, which can be present in many forms due to ionic substitution, thus altering chemical composition. Unfortunately, very little is known about the chemical changes to bone apatite following IOFH. We hypothesized that the apatite composition changes in necrotic bone possibly contribute to increased osteoclast resorption and structural collapse of the femoral head. The purpose of this study was to assess the macroscopic and local phosphate composition of actively resorbed necrotic trabecular bone to isolate differences between areas of increased osteoclast resorption and normal bone formation. A piglet model of IOFH was used. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, X-ray absorbance near edge structure (XANES), and Raman spectroscopy were performed on femoral heads to characterize normal and necrotic trabecular bone. Backscattered SEM, micro-computed tomography and histology showed deformity and active resorption of necrotic bone compared to normal. XANES and Raman spectroscopy obtained from actively resorbed necrotic bone and normal bone showed increased carbonate-to-phosphate content in the necrotic bone. The changes in the apatite composition due to carbonate substitution may play a role in the increased resorption of necrotic bone due to its increase in solubility. Indeed, a better understanding of the apatite composition of necrotic bone could shed light on osteoclast activity and potentially improve therapeutic treatments that target excessive resorption of bone.
The Perils of Desire in Roth's Early Fiction

In her article "The Perils of Desire in Roth's Early Fiction" Victoria Aarons posits that Philip Roth's first collection of stories Goodbye, Columbus is the prototype for a host of characters who emerge throughout his oeuvre: characters who are engaged as the inveterate Nathan Zuckerman insists, in "an exchange of existences" abandoning willingly "the artificial fiction" of an inherent, essential self." From the stories in Goodbye, Columbus to the "final" novels comprising the Nemesis tetralogy, Roth's characters perform a spectacle of selves engaged in the making of character. The making of character in Roth's fiction appears in two ways: 1) the developing of protagonists who emerge throughout the trajectory of Roth's extensive literary career and 2) each protagonist's individual psychic project of making himself his own favorite character. For Roth, character is all about motive, those oppositional and ambivalent impulses which drive people to perform acts of desperate selfassertion, all part of the masquerade of self-reinvention. Victoria Aarons, "The Perils of Desire in Roth's Early Fiction" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 16.2 (2014): Thematic Issue History, Memory, and the Making of Character in Roth's Fiction. Ed. Gustavo Sanchez-Canales and Victoria Aarons
The potential of liquid hydrogen as a military aircraft fuel

Abstract As domestic petroleum supplies diminish and prices escalate, the U.S. Air Force will need to consider the implications of relying on primary energy resources other than petroleum for its aviation fuel needs. Our recent studies have examined various candidate synthetic fuels and the types of vehicles in which they might be employed. In this paper, we have emphasized those results which highlight the possible use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for very large airplanes (with maximum gross weights in excess of one million pounds). Comparisons are provided of the life-cycle costs and life-cycle energy consumption for both synthetic jet-fuel and liquid hydrogen fueled airplanes. Both fuels are assumed to be synthesized from coal. In addition, the relative cost-effectiveness and energy-effectiveness of the two alternatives are presented for a variety of mission applications. These results suggest that a synthetic jet-fuel (similar to today's Jet-A or JP-4) derived from coal is more attractive than liquid hydrogen as a military aircraft fuel.
Financing New Urbanism projects: Obstacles and solutions

Abstract A survey of 23 industry practitioners from the development and finance fields yields a number of important conclusions regarding the financing of New Urbanism projects. First, these projects are perceived as generally riskier than typical real estate projects; their multiple‐use nature is the basis ofthat perception. For urban infill projects, the perceived risk is low, while for suburban projects, the perceived risk is high. The relatively high perceived risk for most New Urbanism projects imposes relatively high required rates of return, which in turn require these projects to generate cash flow quickly to be financially attractive to investors. In addition, the development of multiple uses—or multiple product types—in a single project is viewed as inherently more difficult to evaluate and implement. Financiers consequently favor larger, more experienced developers for multiple‐use projects in general and New Urbanism projects in particular.
Steroid inhaler laryngitis: dysphonia caused by inhaled fluticasone therapy.

Objective To describe a condition that is referred to as steroid inhaler laryngitis , a clinical entity that is caused by the use of inhaled fluticasone propionate and manifested by dysphonia, throat clearing, and fullness. Design Case series. Setting An outpatient clinic of an academic referral center. Patients The study population consisted of 20 patients with reactive airway disease and dysphonia who were receiving inhaled fluticasone therapy and who were diagnosed as having steroid inhaler laryngitis during the period from January 1998 to June 2000. Intervention Cessation of inhaled fluticasone therapy when possible, as well as treatment of other underlying causes of dysphonia, such as laryngopharyngeal reflux and infectious processes. Main Outcome Measure The resolution of dysphonia with cessation of inhaled fluticasone therapy. Results Patients with steroid inhaler laryngitis were found to have laryngeal findings ranging from mucosal edema, erythema, and thickening to leukoplakia, granulation, and candidiasis. Patients with more severe mucosal findings were more likely to have laryngopharyngeal reflux as well. Resolution of dysphonia occurred only after discontinuation of the inhaled fluticasone therapy. Conclusions Steroid inhaler laryngitis is a form of chemical laryngopharyngitis induced by topical steroid administration. Symptoms and physical findings mimic laryngopharyngeal reflux, but only respond completely to discontinuation of the inhaled steroid therapy. The otolaryngologist should be familiar with this cause of dysphonia.
A simple rapid biuret method for the estimation of protein in samples containing thiols

Abstract Interference in the Lowry protein determination by thiol compounds is now well known (1–3). We have found that the estimation of protein by the biuret reaction is also subject to interference when the protein sample contains various thiols. We wish to report that this interference can be prevented in most cases by using a biuret reagent which is chelated with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). In samples containing dithiothreitol (DTT) it is also necessary to add iodoacetamide prior to the addition of the biuret reagent. The use of iodoacetate to eliminate thiol interference in the Lowry procedure has been reported previously (3). This report details the extent of interference of dithiothreitol, β-mercaptoethanol, β-mercaptoethylamine, and glutathione, and illustrates the extent of neutralization which is attained in each case. We have also introduced modifications which permit the development of a stable color in only 5 min.
Standard Model anatomy of WIMP dark matter direct detection II: QCD analysis and hadronic matrix elements

Models of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) specified at the electroweak scale are systematically matched to effective theories at hadronic scales where WIMP-nucleus scattering observables are evaluated. Anomalous dimensions and heavy-quark threshold matching conditions are computed for the complete basis of lowest-dimension effective operators involving quarks and gluons. The resulting QCD renormalization group evolution equations are solved. The status of relevant hadronic matrix elements is reviewed and phenomenological illustrations are given, including details for the computation of the universal limit of nucleon scattering with heavy $SU(2{)}_{W}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1{)}_{Y}$ charged WIMPs. Several cases of previously underestimated hadronic uncertainties are isolated. The results connect arbitrary models specified at the electroweak scale to a basis of ${n}_{f}=3$-flavor QCD operators. The complete basis of operators and Lorentz invariance constraints through order ${v}^{2}/{c}^{2}$ in the nonrelativistic nucleon effective theory are derived.
Asymptotic behavior of a class of stochastic nonlinear wave equations with dispersive and dissipative terms

Abstract This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of solutions of a stochastic nonlinear wave equation with dispersive and dissipative terms defined on an unbounded domain. It is proved that the random dynamical system generated by the equation has a random attractor in a Sobolev space. To overcome the difficulty caused by the non-compactness of Sobolev embeddings on unbounded domains, a cut-off method and a decomposition trick are combined to prove the asymptotic compactness of the solutions.
Obstacle detection algorithms for rotorcraft navigation

In this research we addressed the problem of obstacle detection for low altitude rotorcraft flight. In particular, the problem of detecting thin wires in the presence of image clutter and noise was studied. Wires present a serious hazard to rotorcrafts. Since they are very thin, their detection early enough so that the pilot has enough time to take evasive action is difficult, as their images can be less than one or two pixels wide. After reviewing the line detection literature, an algorithm for sub-pixel edge detection proposed by Steger was identified as having good potential to solve the considered task. The algorithm was tested using a set of images synthetically generated by combining real outdoor images with computer generated wire images. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated both, at the pixel and the wire levels. It was observed that the algorithm performs well, provided that the wires are not too thin (or distant) and that some post processing is performed to remove false alarms due to clutter.
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy: Studies of Protein Metabolism

It is now well known that cardiomyopathy may follow prolonged ingestion of ethanol in man. This myopathy appears to be unrelated to the associated liver dysfunction and damage. Studies with animal models have been difficult because of different diets, species of animal studied, and the duration of administration of ethanol. The results have also been inconsistent. However, what has emerged in the last decade is the general finding that although the heart may behave normally under “control” conditions, when an additional stress, either chemical or hemodynamic, is applied, the heart from the ethanol exposed animal reacts abnormally. As examples, little impairment of cardiac contractile action has been noted in alcohol exposed hearts unless there is the added stress of increased afterload (1,2). Similarly, both fast electrical pacing (3) and ischemia (4) produce a greater impairment of contractile action in the ethanol exposed heart than in the matched control. Further, in vitro studies with hearts from ethanol exposed animals show a decresed contractile response to increases in calcium when compared to the control (5).
Issues in Education: Freedom from Social Isolation for Young Students with Disabilities

(2007). Issues in Education: Freedom from Social Isolation for Young Students with Disabilities. Childhood Education: Vol. 83, No. 5, pp. 316-320.
Development of Polymeric Micro/Nanostructures For Gene Delivery

Pluronic ® polymers were screened for binding affinity to oligoribonucleotides (ORN) using fluorescence techniques. F127 (Mw 12600 g/mole) proved to have the strongest binding affinity. Urethane linkages were introduced into F127 and two other Pluronics, F38 (Mw 4700 g/mole) and F77 (Mw 6600 g/mole) to prepare polymers that were multiples of their respective initial molecular weights. A series of these polyurethane Pluronics were screened for binding affinity. Fluorescence studies showed a relationship between the molecular weight of the PO units and the binding affinity in the structures of the newly synthesized polyPluronics, especially in the case of F77. Light scattering confirmed the binding affinity between the ORN and F77 polymers. Particle size analysis showed an exponential increase until the critical micelle concentration. Other analogs of these polymers also studied for their binding affinity were poly(ester amines) and PINC.
Angiogenesis in normal and neoplastic ovaries

Ovarian physiology is intricately connected to hormonally regulated angiogenic response. Recent advances in the post genomic revolution have significantly impacted our understanding of ovarian function. In an angiogenesis perspective, the ovary offers a unique opportunity to unravel the molecular orchestration of blood vessel development and regression under normal conditions. A majority of ovarian cancers develop from the single layer of epithelium surrounding the ovaries. Angiogenesis is critical for the development of ovarian cancer and its peritoneal dissemination. The present review summarizes recent findings on the angiogenic response in neoplastic ovaries and discusses the prospects of using anti-angiogenic approaches to treat ovarian cancer.
Mantle layering from ScS reverberations: 2. The transition zone

This is the second paper in a four-part sequence that examines the nature of mantle layering using the ScSn phases and internal reflections observed within the reverberative interval of SH-polarized seismograms. Mantle reflectivity profiles for 18 seismic corridors sampling portions of Indonesia, Australia, and the western and central Pacific are constructed from low-frequency (25-mHz) ScS reverberations; i.e, ScSn-type phases reflected once from internal mantle discontinuities. Modeling the reflectivity profiles using synthetic seismograms yields precise, path-specific estimates of the travel times to the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities and their reflection coefficients. The data are consistent with an olivine-dominated model of the transition zone, marked by two major phase transitions having average apparent depths of 414±2 km and 660±2 km and impedance contrasts of 0.046±0.010 and 0.072±0.010, respectively. The interpath variations observed in the reverberation travel times imply that the topography on the two discontinuities is of the order of 20 km (peak to peak) and is negatively correlated, consistent with an endothermic transition at 660 km whose Clapeyron slope magnitude is comparable to that of the 410-km (exothermic) transition. In the case of the 660-km discontinuity, we have been able to supplement these long-wavelength (1500–5000 km) observations with an estimate of intrapath topography, inferred from the frequency dependence of the 660-km reflection coefficient, which gives peak-to-peak variations less than 40 km on scale lengths of 500–1500 km. For the 660-km discontinuity, the observed topography is significantly less than the dynamic topography expected for a simple compositional interface in regions of subduction. However, we do observed an intriguing negative correlation between the apparent depth and the reflection coefficient of the 660-km discontinuity which may involve small compositional variations. Plausible explanations for this correlation include heating of an initially cool chemical boundary layer gravitationally trapped above an endothermic phase transition, loss of reflected energy due to local curvature (or roughness) of the reflector, and/or extreme topography occurring on a small compositional component to the discontinuity (≤40% of the total impedance contrast). By stripping the 410-km and 660-km peaks from the composite path reflectivity profile, we identify three minor reflectors at mean depths of 520, 710, and 900 km. The shallowest may mark the β-phase → γ-spinel phase transition. The 710-km discontinuity can be attributed to the ilmenite (gamet) → perovskite phase transition, although changes in perovskite symmetry can potentially provide explanations for both the 710-km and 900-km features.
High‐negative velocities in the inner 25 pc of the Galactic center

Almost three decades ago, in a survey for OH masers in the Galactic center, Baud et al. detected an OH/IR star with a line-of-sight velocity of –343 km s–1 with respect to the Local Standard of Rest, 50 pc in projection from Sgr A*. Since then, at least three more high-velocity (|V| > 250 km s–1) OH/IR stars have been found within about 25 projected pc of the Galactic center, all with a blue-shifted (negative) velocity. Over the years, several authors have also found emission and absorption by high-negative velocity gas (HI, H2CO, HCO+, CO, OH) toward the Galactic center; gas with | V| > 80 km s–1. This contribution attempts to explain the observations of the high-negative velocity OH/IR stars by relating their remarkable spatial and kinematic alignment in the inner 25 pc to the observations of the high-negative velocity gas.