cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental occurrence, abundance, and potential toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners: considerations for a congener-specific analysis.

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as environmental contaminants often cannot be adequately described by reference to Aroclors or to total PCBs. Although there are 209 possible PCB configurations (congeners), perhaps half that number account for nearly all of the environmental contamination attributable to PCBs. Still fewer congeners are both prevalent and either demonstrably or potentially toxic. If potential toxicity, environmental prevalence, and relative abundance in animal tissues are used as criteria, the number of environmentally threatening PCB congeners reduces to about thirty-six. Twenty-five of these account for 50 to 75% of total PCBs in tissue samples of fish, invertebrates, birds, and mammals. A few PCB congeners that are sterically similar to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) are directly toxic. Other PCB congeners, as well as those that are directly toxic, may also be involved in toxicity indirectly by stimulating the production of (inducing) bioactivating enzyme systems. The most consequential of these have the ability to induce aryl hydrocarbon metabolizing mixed-function oxidases (MFOs). A result can be an increased capacity for bioactivation of otherwise nontoxic foreign compounds such as certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to cytotoxic or genotoxic metabolites. The effectiveness of specific PCB congeners as inducers of different types of cytochrome P-450-dependent MFO systems is determined by their stereochemistry. Although MFO induction is not a proximate cause, it is a strong correlate of certain kinds of toxicities. Structural patterns can thus be used to discriminate among PCB congeners on the basis of toxic potential, if not entirely on toxicity per se. Congeners that demonstrate 3-methylcholanthrene-type (3-MC-type) and mixed-type MFO induction have the greatest toxic potential. These congeners most closely resemble 2,3,7,8-TCDD in their structures and in their toxic effects. The larger group of phenobarbital-type (PB-type) inducers have considerably less potential for contributing to toxic effects. Weak inducers and noninducing congeners have the least potential for toxicity. Using the rationale described in this paper, we assigned the most evironmentally threatening PCB congeners to four groups. Congeners assigned to Group 1 are considered most likely to contribute to adverse biological effects attributable to PCBs in an environmental sample. Group 1A contains the three most potent (pure 3-MC-type inducer) congeners, IUPAC numbers 77, 126, and 169. Six congeners, numbers 105, 118, 128, 138, 156, and 170, are assigned to Group 1B. These congeners are mixed-type inducers that have been reported frequently in environmental samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Infrared spectroscopic and theoretical studies of the OTiF2, OZrF2 and OHfF2 molecules with terminal oxo ligands.

The isolated group 4 metal oxydifluoride molecules OMF2 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) with terminal oxo groups are produced specifically on the spontaneous reactions of metal atoms with OF2 through annealing in solid argon. The product structures and vibrational spectra are characterized using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy as well as B3LYP density functional and CCSD(T) frequency calculations. OTiF2 is predicted to have a planar structure while both OZrF2 and OHfF2 possess pyramidal structures, all with singlet ground states. Three infrared absorptions are observed for each product molecule, one M–O and two M–F stretching modes, and assignments of these molecules are further supported by the corresponding 18O shifts. The molecular orbitals of the group 4 OMF2 molecules show triple bond character for the terminal oxo groups, which are also supported by an NBO analysis. These molecular orbitals include a σ bond (O2p + Tisd hybrid), a normal electron pair π bond (O2p + Tid), and a dative π bond arising from O lone pair donation to the overlapping Ti d orbital. The M–O bond dissociation energies for OMF2 are comparable to those in the diatomic oxide molecules. The OTiF intermediate is also observed through two slightly lower frequency bond stretching modes, and its yield is increased in complementary TiO + F2 experiments. Finally, the formation of group 4 OMF2 molecules is highly exothermic due to the weak O–F bonds in OF2 as well as the strong new MO and M–F bonds formed.
Non-linear unity-feedback systems and Q-parametrization†

This paper concerns nonlinear systems, defines a new concept of stability and extends to unity-feedback systems the technique of Q-parametrization introduced by Zames and developed by Desoer, Chen and Gustafson. We specify 1) a global parametrization of all controllers that S-stabilize a given S-stable plant; 2) a parametrization of a class of controllers that stabilize an unstable plant; 3) necessary and sufficient conditions for a nonlinear controller to simultaneously stabilize two nonlinear plants.
Endoscopic approach to pancreas divisum

Pancreas divisum has been claimed to be a harmless congenital variant or to occasionally cause acute relapsing pancreatitis (ARP), chronic pancreatitis (CP), or a chronic abdominal pain (CAP) syndrome. Both surgical and endoscopic approaches to accessory papilla decompression have been promulgated and widely disparate results reported in the literature. We retrospectively reviewed a five-year experience with dorsal pancreatic duct decompression at our institution utilizing a variety of endotherapeutic techniques. Data collected included procedural complications; patient interpretation of pre- and posttherapy pain, frequency, and intensity graded on an analog pain scale; frequency of hospitalization; and patient perception of “global” improvement to endotherapy. At a mean follow-up of 20 months, there was a statistically significant decrease in pancreatitis incidence in 15 patients with ARP (P=0.016) and 19 patients with CP (P=0.025). The frequency and intensity of chronic pain was also significantly improved (P<0.001) in the latter group. In contrast, only one of five patients with CAP and normal dorsal pancreatography and secretin tests experienced global improvement, and there was no improvement utilizing an analog pain scale (P=0.262) in the group as a whole. There was a 20% incidence of mild procedure or subsequent stent-related pancreatitis and an 11.5% accessory papilla restenosis rate. It is concluded that a subset of carefully selected patients with pancreas divisum may respond to endotherapy but that long-term follow-up will be required to define its ultimate place in the management of symptomatic patients with this anomaly.
Grating interferometers for producing large holographic gratings.

Methods for producing large holographic diffraction gratings are described. In particular, the advantages of using a grating interferometer illuminated with a noncollimated beam from either an extended monochromatic source or an extended polychromatic source are described along with some of the problems that arise and methods to solve them. Experimental results illustrating the grating interferometer’s ability to produce straight uniform fringes when illuminated with such noncollimated wavefronts are given.
The rationality/emotional defensiveness scale—II. Convergent and discriminant correlational analysis in males and females with and without cancer

The psychological correlates of the Rationality/Emotional Defensiveness Scale and its two subscales were examined in 1236 males and 863 females from the Western Collaborative Group Study. An additional 157 males and 164 females with some form of cancer other than of the skin were also included in this analysis. Characteristics measured included self-reported emotional control, anger expression, trait personality, depressive and neurotic symptomatology, Type A behavior, hostility, and social desirability. Results indicate that the Rationality/Emotional Defensiveness Scale is most strongly related to the suppression and control of emotions, especially anger. Scores on this scale also tend to be associated with less Type A behavior and hostility and with more social conformity. Analysis of the component subscale suggests that Antiemotionality, i.e. the extent to which an individual uses reason and logic to avoid interpersonally related emotions, is most strongly marked by the control of anger, while Rationality, i.e. the extent to which an individual uses reason and logic as a general approach to coping with the environment, is related to the control of anxiety and a higher level of trait curiosity. The psychological interpretation of the scale appears to be largely invariant across gender, unaffected by residualization of the total scale score for its association with Social Desirability, and, except for a few minor instances, unrelated to the diagnosis of cancer.
Sac-vein decompression for intractable Meniere's disease: two-year treatment results

Surgical intervention has been offered to patients with Meniere's disease who have failed medical treatment and have disabling symptoms. Surgical options have included labyrinthectomy (mechanical and chemical), vestibular neurectomy, and endolymphatic sac surgery with or without shunting. We present a modification of endolymphatic sac decompression surgery that includes wide decompression of the sigmoid sinus, posterior cranial fossa dura, and endolymphatic sac (sac-vein decompression). Thirty-five patients underwent 37 primary procedures with 2 years of follow-up. Patients were evaluated according to the 1985 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery criteria for assessing Meniere's disease. Vestibular symptom severity was resolved or mild in 92% and disability severity was none or mild in 95% of patients at 2 years after surgery. Vertigo control was complete or substantial in 85% and 100% of patients at 1 and 2 years after surgery. Audiologic data showed stable or improved hearing in 86% and 85% of patients at 1 and 2 years after surgery. In summary, wide decompression of the sigmoid sinus, posterior cranial fossa dura, and endolymphatic sac offers improved control of vertigo and hearing stabilization for intractable Meniere's disease compared with simple endolymphatic sac decompression or shunt surgery.
Modeling the buildup of exponentially growing polyelectrolyte multilayer films.

We develop a simplified one-dimensional model to describe the build-up of exponentially growing polyelectrolyte multilayer films. The model accounts for the migration of polycations in and out of the film, the existence of an energetic barrier at the film surface, and film dissolution. All the electrostatic interactions are modeled using a screened Coulombic potential. For appropriately chosen model parameters, the model predictions are in quantitative agreement with experimental results. The model predicts that the exponential-to-linear growth transition is set kinetically, and this transition occurs when the dipping time is not long enough for unbound polycations to uniformly distribute inside the film. Additionally, for a film to exhibit exponential growth, it is essential that very few unbound polycations move out of the film during the rinsing step that follows after dipping in a solution of polycations. The model predicts that this criterion is satisfied either when a sharply peaked energetic barrie...
Percutaneous balloon pericardiostomy for non-surgical management of recurrent pericardial tamponade : a case report

We report the case of a 26-year-old male with recurrent hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade occurring after initial management by needle pericardiocentesis and pigtail catheter drainage. As an alternative to open surgical pericardial fenestration, a percutaneous balloon pericardiostomy was performed with an 18 mm balloon catheter and over-the-wire insertion of a 16 F chest tube for 72 h of pericardial drainage. This non-surgical approach resulted in successful resolution of recurrent cardiac tamponade.
Endoscopic decompression and drainage of benign and malignant biliary obstruction

Successful performance of endoscopic sphincterotomy in the treatment of choledocholithiasis led to the placement of retrograde, transpapillary catheters for internal drainage and prevention of cholangitis. This technique presented the opportunity for using nasobiliary tubes for short term treatment of this problem or placing a permanent drain into the bile duct for long term management. Internal drains placed endoscopically have been used on 15 occasions: 10 nasobiliary and five permanent. These drains have functioned well without complications prompting us to recommend this approach in patients with benign or malignant obstruction of the biliary tree.
Structural and Thermodynamic Origins of Ligand Specificity in Homologous PDZ Domains from the Tiam-Family of Guanine Exchange Factors

PSD-95/DlgA/ZO-1 (PDZ) domains are among the most abundant protein-protein interaction domains in the human proteome and typically bind the 4-10 most C-terminal residues of its interaction partner with exquisite specificity. To investigate the origin of this specificity, we used two homologous PDZ domains from the Tiam-family of GEFs that have distinct but overlapping specificity for ligands. The Tiam1 PDZ domain binds 8-residue long C-terminal peptides derived from the proteins Syndecan1 and Caspr4 with micromolar affinity but does not bind Neurexin1. In contrast, the Tiam2 PDZ domain binds to peptides derived from Caspr4 and Neurexin1 with low micromolar affinity but not Syndecan1. Analysis of the X-ray crystal structure of the Tiam1 PDZ domain bound to a “model” peptide shows two specificity pockets created by four residues in the Tiam1 PDZ domain. Moreover, comparison of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titrations of the Tiam1 PDZ domain with the Syndecan1 and Caspr4 peptides showed substantial differences in the changes in chemical shift in these residues. Sequence comparison of Tiam-family PDZ domains revealed that these residues are not conserved, further suggesting that they play a role in establishing ligand specificity. Double mutant cycle analysis of residues in these two pockets revealed ligand-dependent cooperativity, supporting their role in specificity is ligand specific. Remarkably, substitution of all four residues in the Tiam1 PDZ domain with the amino acids found in the Tiam2 PDZ domain switched the specificity to that of Tiam2. Collectively, our data suggest that Tiam-family proteins have highly evolved PDZ-ligand interfaces with distinct specificities, and that they have disparate PDZ-dependent biological functions.
Airflow-terrain interactions through a mountain gap, with an example of eolian activity beneath an atmospheric hydraulic jump

The integration of atmospheric soundings from a fully instrumented aircraft with detailed sedimentary and geomorphic analyses of eolian features in the Ferris dune field of south-central Wyoming lends insight into the manner in which topography interacts with airflow to modify eolian activity. Topographically modified airflow results in zones of airflow deceleration, acceleration, and enhanced atmospheric turbulence, all of which influence the surface morphology and sedimentology. Extreme lateral confluence of prevailing airflow produces accelerated, unidirectional winds. These winds correlate with unusually continuous and elongate parabolic dunes that extend into a mountain gap (Windy Gap). Persistently heightened winds produced at the entrance to Windy Gap have resulted in a concentration of active sand dunes that lack slipfaces. Common development of a strongly amplified atmospheric wave analogous to a hydraulic jump in the gap contributes to the formation of a variety of eolian features that mantle the surface of Windy Gap and the Ferris dune field tail. Heightened, unidirectional winds in this zone promote grain-size segregation, the formation of elongated and aligned sand drifts, climbing and falling dunes, elongate scour streaks, and parabolic dunes that have low-angle (< 20/sup 0/) cross-stratification. Deflation of bedrock and loose sediment has been enhanced in the zonemore » of maximum turbulence beneath the hydraulic jump.« less
A defense of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising

Abstract Within the past 20 years, consumer advertising of prescription drugs has grown from a rarity to one of the most pervasive forms of consumer advertising, with ads for antidepressants and heart medications now as common as those for fast food and automobiles. At the same time, direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising has attracted a growing chorus of criticism from consumer advocates, health professionals, and elected officials. This article explores the extent to which such criticism has merit and the extent to which it lacks soundness. Specifically, the article casts doubt on the charges that (1) DTC advertising is deceptive; (2) DTC downplays product risks; (3) DTC focuses on trivial or imaginary maladies; (4) DTC doesn’t promote non-pharmaceutical solutions to health problems; (5) DTC harms the doctor-patient relationship; and (6) DTC is responsible for the rapid rise in drug costs.
Television: Its Impact on School Children

Recent studies have shown that children in is difficult at this point to estimate its longhomes with television are spending very conrange effects, but it is possible to assess some siderable amounts of time watching TV proof the effects to date, and to speculate about grams. What will be the effects of this massive the implications of these effects for the future. exposure to a new mass medium on the deThe author is a lecturer in the Department veloping personality of the child? On relationof Social Relations and a research associate in ships within the family? On social interaction the Laboratory of Human Development at among children? Since television is so new, it Harvard University.
Girlz II women: Age‐grading, language change and stylistic variation

Informed by abstract models of language change or stability over time, we present a longitudinal study of two African American females, first interviewed as teenagers, and re-recorded twenty years later. As teenagers, they used morpho-syntactic features of AAVE voraciously. But as working adults, these women distance themselves from their teenage activities and social networks, and display a considerably reduced vernacular usage that accords with their articulated concern to get ahead. The diachronic interpretation that best characterizes their transformation is age-grading rather than generational change, since change at the individual level is accompanied by stability at the community level. The picture is complicated by intermediate recordings showing that one of the speakers is a stylistic chameleon, capable since her teenage years of varying copula absence rates depending on addressee, topic, and projected persona. But the age-grading interpretation of change at the individual level remains valid based on the evidence of her reduced use of habitual be2, and third singular present tense –s absence. The case highlights the importance of paying more attention to stylistic variation and including more than two time points in sociolinguistic studies of change in real and apparent time. Informado por modelos abstractos del cambio de lenguaje o estabilidad con el paso del tiempo, presentamos un estudio longitudinal de dos mujeres afro-americanas, a quienes les hicieron entrevistas por primera vez cuando eran adolescentes y grabado de nuevo veinte anos despues. Como adolecentes, utilizaban caracteristicas morfo-sintacticas del AAVE vorazmente. Pero, como adultos que trabajan, estas mujeres marcan distancia de sus actividades adolecentes y redes sociales, y demuestran un uso vernaculo bastante reducido que esta de acuerdo con la preocupacion articulada de progresar. La interpretacion diacronica que mas caracteriza la transformacion de las dos es el cambio de edad en vez de un cambio de generacion, ya que el cambio al nivel individual es acompanado de la estabilidad al nivel comunitario. La situacion es complicada por las grabaciones intermedias que muestran que una de las hablantes es un camaleon estilistico, capaz desde sus anos de la adolescencia de indices variados de la ausencia de copula reducida dependiendo del destinatario, tema, y imagen proyectada. Pero la interpretacion del cambio de edad del cambio al nivel individual permanece valida basado en la evidencia de su uso de copula habitual, y la ausencia de la tercera persona singular –s, el presente. Este caso destaca la importancia de prestando mas atencion a la variacion estilistica y incluyendo mas de dos puntos de tiempo en los estudios sociolinguisticos del cambio en tiempo real y aparente. [Spanish]
Racial/ethnic differences among battered women and their children

Ethnicity/race has received relatively little attention in the spousal violence literature. Wheares some investigators have found that spousal abuse is more prevalent in minority populations, particularly among African-American families, other investigators found no racial/ethnic differences. The studies that do exist have focused primarily on prevalence rates of spousal violence and have not examined other family or contextual factors. Also, no studies have examined whether race/ethnicity impacts the emotional and behavioral adjustment of children exposed to marital violence. The purpose of the present study is to provide descriptive and analytic information on a sample of acially/ethnically diverse battered women and their children assessing their backgrounds, amount of violence, family functioning and child adjustment. Findings indicate few statistically significant racial/ethnic differences on numerous background and family functioning measures. The implications of the findings are discussed.
FK506-binding protein mutational analysis: defining the active-site residue contributions to catalysis and the stability of ligand complexes

The 12 kDa FK506-binding protein FKBP12 is a cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that binds the macrolides FK506 and rapamycin. We have examined the role of the binding pocket residues of FKBP12 in protein-ligand interactions by making conservative substitutions of 12 of these residues by site-directed mutagenesis. For each mutant FKBP12, we measured the affinity for FK506 and rapamycin and the catalytic efficiency in the cis-frans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase reaction. The mutation of Trp59 or Phe99 generates an FKBP12 with a significantly lower affinity for FK506 than wild-type protein. Tyr26 and Tyr82 mutants are enzymatically active, demonstrating that hydrogen bonding by these residues is not required for catalysis of the cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase reaction, although these mutations alter the substrate specificity of the enzyme. We conclude that hydrophobic interactions in the active site dominate in the stabilization of FKBP12 binding to macrolide ligands and to the twisted-amide peptidyl-prolyl substrate intermediate.
A hybrid-ARQ protocol using channel output feedback

In recent years, hybrid-automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol has become one of the most popular packet transmission schemes. Hybrid-ARQ aims to combine the advantages of forward error correction codes with the traditional ARQ scheme to increase the reliability and throughput of the network. In this paper, we look at improving upon this performance for block fading channels (e.g., Rayleigh, Rician, etc.) by using feedback information from the destination; in particular, using a turbo code [1] in conjunction with a proposed linear feedback code under additive white Gaussian noise. The scheme is developed for the general case of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver, and is analyzed for varying amounts of feedback information sent from the destination to the source. Simulations are presented to illustrate the gains in throughput offered by the proposed scheme over the existing ones.
Demographic Futures for Christianity and the World Religions

: Since before 1970 Christian researchers have been tracking the massive demographic shift of Christianity to the Southern Hemisphere and noting the increasingly religious nature of populations around the world. At the same time, writers on the future of religion have been drawn to extreme portrayals of decline or revival of religion. However, the world's religious situation is replete with detailed information, drawn from enormous data collections on religious affiliation and questions about religion in government censuses. Quantitative tools, utilizing this information in the context of demography provide a more nuanced view of humankind's religious future. Demographic trends coupled with conservative estimates of conversions and defections envision over 80% of the world's population will continue to be affiliated with religions 200 years into the future. This religious future will have a profound influence on Christian theology, relations between religions, and the interaction between religion and politics.
Coordinated receptor regulation in ovarian granulosa cells.

The concept of receptor down regulation by its own hormone through internalization of the hormone-receptor complex is well established (for reviews, see Blecher and Bar, 1981; Kaplan, 1981). However, the cellular basis for heterologous receptor regulation is less well defined. The process is important in endocrine cells, particularly in the ovarian cell, because granulosa and luteal cells are under the control of at least a dozen different hormones and growth factors (Hseuh et al., 1984). To further complicate matters, any one of these agents may positively or negatively regulate receptors for other hormones. For example, physiologic levels of LH increase prolactin (Prl) receptor number, while pharmacologic levels of LH induce a transient decrease of Prl receptors (Chen et al., 1979). Likewise, physiologic levels of Prl result in an increase of LH receptors in these cell types (Richards, 1979), but the effect of high levels of Prl on LH receptor has not been well studied.
State of the Science: Salivary Biomarker Utilization for Stress Research

Purpose: The use of salivary biomarkers for stress research is increasing based on the convenience of collection, affordability and scientific merit. This short review provides an overview of the state of the science of salivary biomarkers utilized in research related to stress. Methods: An integrative review was conducted. Results: The trend of utilizing salivary biomarkers in stress research was reviewed, specifically, focusing on the use of endocrine and inflammatory biomarkers incorporated in previous stress research. Then, a review of sampling procedures for salivary biomarkers and the analytic methods is provided. Finally, a discussion on the strengths and areas for improvement in the use of salivary biomarkers in stress research is included. Conclusion: Salivary biomarkers as an alternative to blood biomarkers are increasingly being recognized as a legitimate source for analyzing the stress response in humans.
A New Modification of the Standard Lacrimal Groove Director for Nasolacrimal Intubation

• We devised a new lacrimal groove director, designed for the atraumatic and easy retrieval of the Crawford metal probe. This instrument alleviates many of the problems encountered with the use of the Crawford hook.
Patterns and correlates of nutrition among migrant farm-worker children.

Past research has demonstrated a higher incidence of overweight children in migrant farm-worker (MFW) families than in the general U.S. population. This study provided descriptive data on MFWs’ acculturation, household food security, and general self-efficacy, and children’s food patterns and body mass index. Convenience samples of 60 parent–child dyads were obtained from six MFW camps in two Midwest states. Acculturation and food security were low, higher general self-efficacy was associated with low acculturation, and the majority of children did not meet their U.S. Food Guide Pyramid recommendations. It was noteworthy that 48% of the sample, including siblings (excluded from data analysis), was overweight or obese. The knowledge learned concerning the food patterns and correlates of nutrition in this descriptive phase of the DINE study will direct counseling to MFW mothers on the purchase and preparation of affordable, nutritious, and culturally acceptable foods to achieve healthy weight in their children.
Thalictrum Alkaloids V. Isolation

The experimental procedure which led to the isolation of the new alkaloids thalifendlerine (I), thalifendine (II), thalidastine (III), thaliporphine (IV), preocoteine (V), and thalidezine (VI), from Thalictrum fendleri is described in detail. Known alkaloids also found in T. fendleri are berberine (VII), jatrorrhizine (VIII), glaucine (IX), magnoflorine (X), ocoteine (XI), hernandezine (XII), and thalicarpine (XIII). A completely new dimeric aporphinebenzylisoquinoline alkaloid of only partially elucidated structure is thaldimenne (XIV). A novel procedure for the separation of tertiary alkaloids consists of partition chromatography of the mixture of hydrochloride salts using a cellulose column in the system methyl ethyl ketone–water.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ce1‐xGdxO2‐δ Nanorods

Single crystalline Ce1−xGdxO2−δ nanorods with x=0.05 and 0.1 as well as x=0 were synthesized by a sol–gel process without using any template and/or applying high pressure. The nanorods grow preferentially along the [110] direction regardless of the dopant concentration. The diameter and the length of the synthesized nanorods range from 10 to 50 nm and from 200 to 700 nm, respectively. The length of the nanorods decreases with increasing dopant concentration. The role of the surfactant as a structure-directing agent is critical to the growth of Ce1−xGdxO2−δ nanorods.
Diffusivity of Cu2+ in calcium alginate gel beads

The diffusivity of Cu2+ in calcium alginate beads calculated by the shrinking core model (SCM) was reevaluated in this work. The results obtained in this work were significantly different than those by the original authors. There were excellent agreements between the results obtained by the SCM in this work and those by the more rigorous linear absorption model (LAM) by the original authors. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The determinants of mothers' knowledge of the Down syndrome before genetic counseling: Part II

Mothers coming for genetic counseling because they have an infant with the Down syndrome (DS) vary in their amount of knowledge about the cause, recurrence risk, and options for dealing with the recurrence risk. The purpose of this work has been to determine some predictors of the variability in mothers' knowledge of the DS before coming to genetic counseling. Data were collected before counseling through a detailed interview concerning mothers' knowledge of the DS, their demographic background, fertility plan, and attitude toward family planing. These data were "reduced" by multiple-regression analysis, to 7 variables used in a prediction equation for mothers' level of pre-knowledge attainment. These variables were then used to construct a model which was tested by path analysis. Results of analyses showed that about 2/3 of the variance in mothers' pre-knowledge of the DS could be accounted for by 5 independent variables: 1) time from diagnosis to counseling session, 2) date of counseling session, 3) nonreporting of emotional upset, 4) education-occupational status (EOS), and 5) utilization of birth control methods. These findings led to the conclusion that what occurs before counseling is of importance for the outcome of genetic counseling, as measured by the genetic information acquired by the counselees. Some precounseling precedures are suggested on how genetic counselors might be able to gain more control over the important factors that occur before actual counseling.
The Complex Ethics of First In Human Stem Cell Clinical Trials.

We applaud Dr. Hess for raising an issue of critical importance regarding Phase I clinical trials of novel stem cell (sc) transplants, which is the role that clinical efficacy endpoints should play in assuring the ethical design and conduct of such trials.1 In what follows, we highlight significant considerations, all interrelated, that can challenge efforts to incorporate ethically appropriate clinical efficacy endpoints in Phase I sc trials. First and foremost is the need to preserve the principal aim of safety in such trials. Second is the degree of difficulty researchers can face in trying to minimize the risks that Phase I sc trials pose to clinical volunteers. Third is the difficulty of knowing what should count as adequate pre-clinical data that warrant the launch of Phase I trials with realistic expectations for clinical efficacy. Finally, there is the challenge of not permitting those clinical efficacy measures to introduce unrealistic expectations of therapeutic benefit into the informed consent process. Throughout we will draw from ongoing research, including research at our own institution, that targets sc therapies for both Huntington’s disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).
STRUCTURE OF THE TRANSITION STATE FOR FOLDING OF A PROTEIN DERIVED FROM EXPERIMENT AND SIMULATION

Independent experimental and theoretical studies of the unfolding of barley chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2) are compared in an attempt to derive plausible three-dimensional structural models of the transition states. A very simple structure index is calculated along the sequence for the molecular dynamics-generated transition state models to facilitate comparison with the phi F values. The two are in good agreement overall (correlation coefficient = 0.87), which suggests that the theoretical models should provide a structural framework for interpretation of the phi F values. Both experiment and simulation indicate that the transition state is a distorted form of the native state in which the alpha-helix is weakened but partially intact and the beta-sheet is quite disrupted. As inferred from the phi f values and observed directly in the simulations, the unfolding of CI2 is cooperative and there is a "folding core" comprising a patch on the alpha-helix and a portion of the beta-sheet, nucleated by interactions between Ala16, Ile49 and other neighbouring residues. The protein becomes less structured radiating away from this core. Overall the data indicate that CI2 folds by a nucleation-collapse mechanism. In the absence of experimental information, we have little confidence that the molecular dynamics simulations are correct, especially when only one or a few simulations are performed. On the other hand, even though the experimentally derived phi values may reflect the extent of overall structure formation, they do not provide an actual atomic-resolution three dimensional structure of the transition state. By combining the two approaches, however, we have a framework for interpreting phi F values and can hopefully arrive at a more trustworthy model of the transition state. The process is in some ways similar to the combination of molecular dynamics and NMR data to solve the tertiary structure of proteins.
Hyperspectral imagery throughput and fusion evaluation over compression and interpolation

Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI) is an emerging capability that extends the analysis of multi-spectral imagery (MSI) through additional bands, variable frequency band distributions, enhanced collections, and improved resolution. These developments have also led to increasing large data files that require intelligent strategies to perform throughput data reduction without degrading exploitation performance. In this paper, we explore the (1) common compression techniques with a novel method that improves the baseline, (2) exploitation targeting with frequency fusion of results over bands to maintain detection, and (3) demonstrate an information fusion performance model strategy for dynamic sensor management of HSI exploitation. The paper describes a method for robust HSI performance evaluation to truncate disturbances, interpolate data across these locations, compress and reconstruct the signal, perform decision-fusion detection, and check the error associated with these operations - all supporting techniques to enable realizable HSI tracking and identification solutions.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD ON MOVEMENTS OF COTTON RATS (SIGMODON HISPIDUS) IN NORTHEASTERN KANSAS

Abstract We provided supplemental food to hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in northeastern Kansas to test for restriction of movements in the presence of additional resources. We estimated movements as the mean squared distance from the centroid of locations for each individual and tested for changes in movements on 2 time scales using mark–recapture data. Movements within a 3-day interval varied with sex, season, and reproductive condition, but we found no significant changes in response to supplemental food. Movements over an individual's entire 1–6-month tenure on our area decreased with added food. Hence, adding food at regularly spaced, point sources did not seem to influence daily movements but reduced the tendency of individuals to shift centers of activity over longer time intervals.
Synthetic Prions Provide Clues for Understanding Prion Diseases

This Commentary highlights the article by Makarava et al that discusses the formation of synthetic prions and the role of substrate levels in their evolution.
Marriage Against the State: Toward a New View of Civil Marriage

As U.S. courts have repeatedly declared, marriage is fundamentally a private, individual right. One implication of this view, clear but not always consistently applied, is that the federal role in marriage should be to get out of the way. When it cannot, it should behave in predictable, orderly, and low-cost ways so that individuals may conduct their family and private lives as they think best. When the federal government must act in this area, it should do so only with a view toward preserving individual rights. This paper considers federal marriage policy in a new light by suggesting that some, though far from all, of the federal provisions governing marriage may be understood as protections of this kind, or as guarantees of individual responsibility, as in the case of children. When marriage acts in such a way, it merits federal recognition, but not otherwise. Although privatizing all aspects of marriage may well be appealing, such an approach would result, at both state and federal levels, in much greater government interference in family life, higher taxes for married couples, invasions of privacy, difficulties related to child custody, and other negative consequences. In some areas, marriage is a defense against state power, and such a defense should not be lightly discarded. However, marriage should be decoupled from the tax code by adopting a flat tax; the Defense of Marriage Act should be repealed; and Congress should adopt language making it clear that civil and religious marriage are not the same institution, and that the existence of marriage as a legal category is neutral with respect to religion. Wherever possible, marriage penalties and bonuses in the tax code and welfare system should be eliminated.
“I'm Going to Shut Down All of Your Tricks”: Depictions of Treatment Professionals in Addiction Entertainment

ABSTRACTBackground: Previous research on addiction themed reality television shows has focused on the depiction of addiction and treatment and has concluded that these shows reinforce stigma. Existing research has not investigated the depiction of treatment professionals in these series. Objectives: This study fills the gap in existing research by analyzing the representations of treatment professionals in reality television shows, including the ways that the shows are edited, the statements made by treatment professionals, and interactions between treatment professionals and laypersons. Methods: The data for this study was drawn from two popular reality shows Intervention and Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew. Using a total of 117 episodes, a qualitative content analysis of the representations of treatment professionals in the two series was conducted. Results: The data reveal the ways that depictions of treatment professionals are carefully controlled compared to those of people with substance use issues. I...
Multiple mechanisms of theta rhythm generation in a model of the hippocampus

Hippocampal theta oscillations (4-12 Hz) are consistently recorded during memory tasks and spatial navigation. While computational models suggested specific mechanisms for theta generation, experimental inactivation of these mechanisms did not disrupt theta, precluding definitive conclusions about their roles. We investigated this discrepancy using a biophysical model of the hippocampus that included several of the components implicated in rhythm generation, all constrained by prior experimental results. The CA3 network model included recurrently connected pyramidal cells, and inhibitory basket cells (BC) and oriens-lacunosum moleculare (OLM) cells. The model was developed by matching experimental results characterizing neuronal firing patterns, synaptic dynamics, short-term synaptic plasticity and the three-dimensional organization of the hippocampus. The model revealed four mechanisms that generated theta oscillations: intrinsic theta resonance of pyramidal cells, recurrent connections between them, coupling between OLM and pyramidal cells, and, as a novel finding, the correlated input from entorhinal cortex. Consistent with experimental results, inactivation of any single mechanism did not disrupt the rhythm. Another novel finding was that the low and high cholinergic states differentially recruited theta generating mechanisms. Atropine -sensitive and -resistant forms of theta, however, corresponded to theta generated during low and high levels of network excitation, respectively. These findings provided an alternative interpretation of the atropine-based classification of theta oscillations, and suggested that the theta rhythm is an intrinsic property of the network. Any experimental manipulation or brain state that enhances or suppresses excitation might also, therefore, non-specifically enhance or suppress theta oscillations.
The Indecomposability of the Dyadic Solenoid

(1973). The Indecomposability of the Dyadic Solenoid. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 677-679.
Effects of specific nutrients on the immune response: selected clinical applications

The importance of diet in multiple aspects of the immune response is inescapable. Although only a few trials have attempted to apply knowledge derived from in-vitro and animal data to humans, the ability to modulate or "reset" the immune response by manipulating dietary intake will surely continue to be studied in the future. The role of various nutrients in immunity is reviewed and clinical applications are noted.
Epidemiological features of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Dahua County,Guangxi from 2008-2011

Objective To analyze the prevalence of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)in DAhua County in Guangxi from 2008-2011. Methods The infections of HFMD in Pubei county were collected and statistically analyzed. Results A total of 1 029 HFMD cases were diagnosed and treated and an infant aged 12months died in 2011. The average annual incidence rate of HFMD in 2008-2011 was 60.69/ 100 000. The children under 4 years old accounted for 95.34% of the total cases and infants aged 12 months accounted for 43.83%,90.18% of the cases scattered infant patients, the ratios of male cases to female ones was 1.97:1. The HFMD cases were reported in every month,the prevalent seasons were from April to July,The case were scattered in all the 16 townships. The infection rates of EV71,CoxA16 and HEV accounte4d for5 11.11%,22.22% and 66.67%. Conclusions The number of HFMD patients fluctuated in the past 4 years. The identification of HFMD viral strains be strengthened while continues the control of HFMD in this county.
Layered Architectures for Quantum Computers and Quantum Repeaters

This chapter examines how to organize quantum computers and repeaters using a systematic framework known as layered architecture, where machine control is organized in layers associated with specialized tasks. The framework is flexible and could be used for analysis and comparison of quantum information systems. To demonstrate the design principles in practice, we develop architectures for quantum computers and quantum repeaters based on optically controlled quantum dots, showing how a myriad of technologies must operate synchronously to achieve fault-tolerance. Optical control makes information processing in this system very fast, scalable to large problem sizes, and extendable to quantum communication.
The Influence of Energy Storage Technology on Developing Mode of Future Power Grid

Limitation of development mode of traditional power grid is analyzed.High efficient application of large-scale intermittent renewable energy can be solved with enhanced developing energy storage devices.It can also implement following requirements such as : the integration of large scale renewable energy sources,enhancement of transmission security reliability,end user customer service options,enhancement of grid-self adjustment and control abilities,emission reduction of generation unit and energy saving,possibility to efficient separate usage from generation.It is pointed out that the development of future power grid mainly relied on distributed flexible energy storage devices built in load centre of power grid and load regulating control mechanisms.Furthermore,the new evolutionary concepts for updating the design,planning,construction and command/control of the next generation power grid are demonstrated.
Treatment of Transformer Oil Polluted by Metal Particles & its Evaluation

The transformer oil polluted by metal particles was treated.The oil test and evaluation results after treatment were introduced.The treatment and evaluation method for transfomier oil polluted by metal particles are put forward.
Restoration of responsiveness of chronic myeloid leukemia granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells to growth regulation in vitro following preincubation with prostaglandin E.

The ability to modulate granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU- GM) Ia-antigen expression and response to growth inhibition in vitro was investigated in normals and patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The hyporesponsiveness of CML CFU-GM to inhibition by prostaglandin E and acidic isoferritins in vitro and their associated diminished capacity for Ia-antigen expression could be reversed following suspension culture of bone marrow cells in the presence of prostaglandin E prior to soft agar culture. Suspension preculture with prostaglandin E for 24 hr resulted in the detection of a population of CFU-GM that were equivalent to normal CFU-GM in both response to inhibition by prostaglandin E and acid isoferritins and in their pattern of Ia-antigen expression. Cytogenetic analysis of the progeny of CFU-GM proliferating in cultures established from marrow cells, cultured directly upon isolation or following suspension culture in the absence or presence of prostaglandin E for 24 hr, indicated that the responding cell population belonged to the Ph1-positive leukemic clone. Antigen detection on these CFU-GM resulted both from Ia-antigen reexpression and the induction of noncycling cells into S-phase with coincident expression of Ia-antigens. These studies provide further evidence for a direct regulatory association between Ia-antigen and control of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell proliferation, offer a possible explanation for the disordered regulatory responses observed in patients with CML, and indicate that abnormal growth phenotypes can be modulated, at least in vitro.