cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated CO2 studies: past, present and future

Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO(2) are predicted to impact both current and future ecosystems. Elevated CO(2) is also predicted to affect biological processes at many levels of organization. In this overview, we summarize the responses of plants to elevated CO(2) including primary physiological and molecular responses, growth and reproductive responses, effects on plant-plant competition and interactions with other organisms, evolutionary responses, and effects at the ecosystem level. The objectives of this paper are to: (a) overview studies in this issue that were presented at a 1997 meeting entitled "Critical Assessment of the Response of Forest Ecosystems to Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide," which was sponsored by the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) group of the International Geosphere Biosphere Program (IGBP), (b) review areas of recent progress in CO(2) research, (c) generalize patterns arising from past research, and (d) list critical areas of research for the future.
Photonic Crystal Geometry for Organic Polymer:Fullerene Standard and Inverted Solar Cells

We describe a 2-D photonic crystal (PC) geometry that enhances the absorption of light for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells relative to conventional planar cells. The PC geometry is developed by patterning an organic photoactive bulk heterojunction blend of P3HT (poly(3-hexylthiophene)) and PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) via PRINT (pattern replication in nonwetting templates), a method that lends itself to large area fabrication of nanoscale features. Replication flexibility for various patterns and ranges of materials emphasizes the utility of PRINT for both inverted and standard OPV architectures. The optical properties of PC cells for different device architectures are investigated theoretically and experimentally in order to determine critical physical dimensions that influence device performance.
Email-based book overdue early-warning system suitable for Milnets users

Milnets is a set of network management system which is generally used in military academy libraries.This system has an early-warning function for overdue books.It requires the readers to log in the system to get the online query.In order to reduce the phenomenon of overtime and to carry out the initiative push service for the readers better,an Email-based book overdue system suitable for the Milnets users is introduced.The Email-based system is able to remind the readers to return the books promptly in the practical operation,and has greatly reduced the overdue phenomenon of library books.
Social disparities in dietary habits among women: Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study.

Objective Relationships among race/ethnicity, individual socio-economic status (SES), neighbourhood SES and acculturation are complex. We sought to answer whether: (i) race/ethnicity, individual SES and neighbourhood SES have independent effects on women’s fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC); (ii) SES modifies the effects of race/ethnicity on FVC; and (iii) nativity modifies the effect of Latina ethnicity on FVC. Design Cross-sectional surveys from the population-based Geographic Research on Wellbeing (GROW) Study were linked with census-tract level data. FVC was indicated by (i) consuming fruits and vegetables less often than daily (LOWFV) and (ii) not having fruits and vegetables in the home very often. Other variables included age, marital status, race/ethnicity, country of birth, educational attainment, family income and longitudinal neighbourhood poverty (based on latent class growth models). Weighted logistic regression models accounting for the complex sample design were constructed. Setting California, USA, 2012–2013. Subjects Women (n 2669). Results In adjusted models, race/ethnicity, education and income were independently associated with FVC, but not neighbourhood poverty. Women of colour, high-school graduates and women with incomes at 301–400 % of the federal poverty level were at higher odds of LOWFV compared with non-Hispanic Whites, college graduates and those with incomes >400 % of the federal poverty level. Little evidence for interactions between race/ethnicity and individual or neighbourhood SES was found; similar patterns were observed for immigrant and US-born Latinas. Conclusions Addressing the dietary needs of lower-SES communities requires multilevel interventions that simultaneously provide culturally tailored nutrition education and address the physical and economic accessibility of culturally acceptable fruits and vegetables.
Some factors that may alter consumption of animal products. A review.

Trends in consumption of animal products are discussed, including reasons for changes. Although consumption of some products has increased--notably that of broilers and beef--for other products, it has declined, i.e., total dairy products and eggs. Evidence shows that consumers desire a lower fat content in both meat and dairy products, although, in the case of meat, minimal levels are necessary for palatability. Overall, it is suggested that consumers are concerned with nutritional quality and are influenced by health-related concerns. The use of vegetable proteins as extenders and substitutes for animal proteins is reviewed, with the conclusion that they will continue to influence consumption of animal products.
Simulating spark cluster for deployment planning, evaluation and optimization

As the most active project in the Hadoop ecosystem these days (Zaharia, 2014), Spark is a fast and general purpose engine for large-scale data processing. Thanks to its advanced Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) execution engine and in-memory computing mechanism, Spark runs programs up to 100x faster than Hadoop MapReduce in memory, or 10x faster on disk (Apache, 2016). However, Spark performance is impacted by many system software, hardware and dataset factors especially memory and JVM related, which makes capacity planning and tuning for Spark clusters extremely difficult. Current planning methods are mostly estimation based and are highly dependent on experience and trial-and-error. These approaches are far from efficient and accurate, especially with increasing software stack complexity and hardware diversity. Here, we propose a novel Spark simulator based on CSMethod (Bian et al., 2014), extension with a fine-grained multi-layered memory subsystem, well suitable for Spark cluster deployment planning, performance evaluation and optimization before system provisioning. The whole Spark application execution life cycle is simulated by the proposed simulator, including DAG generation, Resilient Distributed Dataset (RDD) processing and block management. Hardware activities derived from these software operations are dynamically mapped onto architecture models for processors, storage, and network devices. Performance behaviour of cluster memory system at multiple layers (Spark, JVM, OS, hardware) are modeled as an enhanced fine-grained individual global library. Experimental results with several popular Spark micro benchmarks and a real case IoT workloads demonstrate that our Spark Simulator achieves high accuracy with an average error rate below 7%. With light weight computing resource requirement (a laptop is enough) our simulator runs at the same speed level than native execution on multi-node high-end cluster.
Using a Decision Wheel to Reduce Use of Restraints in a Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Background Little information is available on the use of tools in intensive care units to help nurses determine when to restrain a patient. Patients in medical-surgical intensive care units are often restrained for their safety to prevent them from removing therapeutic devices. Research indicates that restraints do not necessarily prevent injuries or removal of devices by patients. Objectives To decrease use of restraints in a medical-surgical intensive care unit and to determine if a decision support tool is useful in helping bedside nurses determine whether or not to restrain a patient. Methods A quasi-experimental study design was used for this pilot study. Data were collected for each patient each shift indicating if therapeutic devices were removed and if restraints were used. An online educational activity supplemented by 1-on-1 discussion about proper use of restraints, alternatives, and use of a restraint decision tool was provided. Frequency of restraint use was determined. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to examine nurses' perceptions of the decision support tool. Results Use of restraints was reduced 32%. No unplanned extubations or disruption of life-threatening therapeutic devices by unrestrained patients occurred. Conclusions With implementation of the decision support tool, nurses decreased their use of restraints yet maintained patients' safety. A decision support tool may help nurses who are undecided or who need reassurance on their decision to restrain or not restrain a patient.
EnsembleSNN: Distributed assistive STDP learning for energy-efficient recognition in spiking neural networks

We present an ensemble approach for implementing Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with on-line unsupervised learning, well-suited for robust and energy-efficient design of neuromorphic computing systems for pattern recognition tasks. Inspired from the collective neuronal activity observed in the visual cortex, the proposed EnsembleSNN architecture involves multiple simple SNNs or ensembles acting in parallel on different aspects of the input. This in turn reduces the training complexity due to the decreased connectivity obtained from decomposing the input across different ensembles. During inference, a collective decision from all ensembles of the EnsembleSNN is considered to obtain the final prediction. We add predictive connections across different ensembles that enables individual ensembles to learn some statistics about the remaining portions of the input image that further enhances the collective decision making of the proposed architecture. We evaluate our approach on the MNIST dataset for different configurations of EnsembleSNN. Our experiments demonstrate upto 2.8x improvement in efficiency, while yielding better (∼2.5%) accuracy than the optimized baseline network, and even higher improvements of upto 3.7x for minimal accuracy degradation (∼3.2%).
Multi-heterodyne two dimensional coherent spectroscopy using frequency combs

Optical multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy is a powerful technique for studying the structure, properties and ultrafast dynamics of atoms, molecules, semiconductor materials and complex systems. Current implementations of multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy have long acquisition times and/or limited spectral resolution. In addition, most of the techniques utilize complex geometries or phase cycling schemes to isolate non-linear signals. We demonstrate a novel approach of using frequency combs to perform rapid, high resolution and background free multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy of semiconductor materials. Our approach is inspired by dual-comb spectroscopy, which has been proven to be a versatile tool for obtaining one dimensional absorption spectra with high resolution in a short acquisition time. We demonstrate the method using a GaAs multi-quantum well sample.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein deficiency serves as a reliable reporter of Pig-a gene Mutation: Support from an in vitro assay based on L5178Y/Tk +/- cells and the CD90.2 antigen.

Lack of cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein(s) has been used as a reporter of Pig-a gene mutation in several model systems. As an extension of this work, our laboratory initiated development of an in vitro mutation assay based on the flow cytometric assessment of CD90.2 expression on the cell surface of the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y/Tk+/- . Cells were exposed to mutagenic and nonmutagenic compounds for 24 hr followed by washout and incubation for an additional 7 days. Following this mutant manifestation time, cells were labeled with fluorescent antibodies against CD90.2 and CD45 antigens. These reagents indicated the presence of GPI-anchored proteins and general cell surface membrane receptor integrity, respectively. Instrument set-up was aided by parallel processing of a GPI anchor-deficient subclone. Results show that the mutagens reproducibly caused increased frequencies of mutant phenotype cells, while the nonmutagens did not. Further modifications to the method, including application of a viability dye and an isotype control for instrument set-up, were investigated. As a means to verify that the GPI-anchored protein-negative phenotype reflects bona fide Pig-a gene mutation, sequencing was performed on 38 CD90.2-negative L5178Y/Tk+/- clones derived from cultures treated with ethyl methanesulfonate. All clones were found to have mutation(s) within the Pig-a gene. The continued investigation of L5178Y/Tk+/- cells, CD90.2 labeling, and flow cytometric analysis as the basis of an in vitro mutation assay is clearly supported by this work. These data also provide evidence of the reliability of using GPI anchor-deficiency as a valid reporter of Pig-a gene mutation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:18-29, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavior recognition in assisted cognition

Introduction The problem of behavior recognition has been an active research topic for a long time (Kautz 1987; Charniak & Goldman 1993; Bui 2003) and still remains very challenging. While most early systems were focused on simulations or toy examples, more recent research has begun to build behavior recognition systems that work with realworld data (Pollack et al. 2002; Patterson et al. 2004a; Liao, Fox, & Kautz 2004). There are three main technical advancements that have made these systems possible. First, various sensing technologies such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, digital cameras, ultrasound sensors, infrared sensors, light sensors, and motion sensors are maturing and becoming widely used. Thus, it becomes much easier for computers to sense the physical world. Second, great advances have been achieved in probabilistic reasoning, especially for large and complex systems. Third, large amount of background knowledge can be acquired through the World Wide Web and other related technologies. Behavior recognition is one of the central pieces in the Assisted Cognition project at University of Washington (Kautz et al. 2002). By combining Artificial Intelligence and ubiquitous computing technologies, the Assisted Cognition project aims to augment human capabilities, with a particular emphasis on increasing the independence of people suffering from cognitive limitations, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease patients. In this paper, we explain our recent progress on probabilistic behavior recognition and discuss future research directions. In particular, we focus on the outdoor activities; see (Patterson et al. 2004a) for more about indoor behavior recognition. Besides behavior recognition, we must also develop effective intervention strategies. For example, when and how should the system interact with users when it detects errors? In principle, we shall take a decision-theoretic perspective and compute the expected costs and benefits under uncertainty about the world and user state at hand. See (Kautz et al. 2003) for more discussions on this topic.
Duplex-Derived Maximum Venous Outflow Velocity (MVOV) of the Common Femoral Veins is Asymmetric in Normal Women

BackgroundIt is generally accepted that a significant portion of our population harbors asymptomatic compression of the left iliac vein by the right iliac artery. This was demonstrated originally i...
Use of Omentum in Urethral Reconstruction

The omentum is a well-vascularized organ that can be utilized to maximize surgical success and promote wound healing in urethral reconstruction and fistula repair. Omentum can act as a bulking flap to fill the dead space, as a physical barrier between reactive tissues, as well as a vascular blood supply and lymphatic drain to support tenuous tissues and to help resolve infections and tissue inflammation. In one-third of cases the omentum is long enough to reach the pelvis, without any mobilization. In the other two-thirds of cases, methods in omental lengthening include dissecting the omentum off the transverse colon, dissecting the omentum off the stomach, and basing the blood supply on the right gastroepiploic artery.
Gene conversions may obscure actin gene family relationships.

Phylogenetic hypotheses of muscle actin evolution are significantly different when a sea urchin is used as a representative echinoderm than when a sea star is used. While sea urchin muscle actins support an echinoderm–chordate sister relationship, sea star sequences suggest that echinoderm muscle actins are convergent with chordate muscle actins. Our results suggest that gene conversion in the sea star muscle actin may be responsible for these discordant results.
Apoptosis, heart failure, ischemic heart disease

Cardiomyocytes die by apoptosis in addition to necrosis under a variety of pathological conditions including heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and ischemia/reperfusion. This review summarizes current status of the literature demonstrating evidence of apoptotic cell death in heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Apoptotic cells have been detected in failing hearts of human and dog. Ischemia up to 2 hr does not induce apoptosis, but reperefusion of ischemic heart can trigger apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis appears to occur in a varity of animal species including mouse, rat, rabbit, swine, dog and human suggesting that this is not species-specific.
Inhibitory Learning for Anxiety-Related Disorders

Abstract This article reviews the articles in this issue that describe the strategies derived from the inhibitory learning model as applied to exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. The major principles of inhibitory learning are to create and strengthen nonthreat associations in memory (largely by engaging prefrontal cortical regions), and to effectively retrieve those nonthreat associations in the long term. Several case vignettes are provided that demonstrate how the principles of inhibitory learning (which include maximizing expectancy violations, limiting distraction, fear antagonistic actions, deepened extinction, elimination of safety behaviors, occasional reinforced extinction, increasing variability of exposures and offsetting reinstatement and context renewal effects) can be applied in clinical practice.
The emergency surgical airway: Bridging the gap from quality outcome to performance improvement through a novel simulation based curriculum.

Abstract Background Emergency surgical airway is a low frequency, high risk clinical scenario. Implementing a simulation-based curriculum may bridge the gap in surgical training and address quality assurance/performance improvement (QAPI) needs. Methods We designed and implemented an Advanced Surgical Airway Curriculum (ASAC) modeled after proficiency-based training. General Surgery residents and student nurse anesthetists were enrolled. Evaluation consisted of cognitive tests, procedure checklists and questionnaire. Results In total, 78 participants successfully completed the ASAC. Trainees agreed that the curriculum provided the cognitive and psychomotor skills necessary to perform both an open and needle cricothyroidotomy. Conclusions In the age of increased patient safety concerns, QAPI initiatives can serve as a driver for simulation-based training curricula, with particular focus on individualized, active learning. This may be particularly useful in high risk, low frequency scenarios in which the traditional method of “See one, Do one, Teach one,” is not feasible.
Trends and Cost Analysis of Upper Extremity Nerve Injury Using the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample

Objective Epidemiology in upper extremity peripheral nerve injury (PNI) has not been comprehensively evaluated. The aim of this study was to calculate updated incidence of upper extremity PNIs in the United States and examine clinical trends and costs using a national database. Methods The National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample was used to evaluate patients with upper extremity PNI (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification 9534, 9550–9559) in 2001–2013. Results A weighted total of 170,579 patients experienced upper extremity PNI, representing a mean incidence of 43.8/1 million people annually. Mean (± SEM) age of patients was 38.1 ± 0.05 years, 74.3% of patients were male, and 49.0% were Caucasian. PNIs occurred to the ulnar (17.8%), radial (15.1%), digital (18.0%), median (13.0%), multiple (11.5%), and other (10.1%) nerves and brachial plexus (14.5%). The number of upper extremity PNIs decreased overall. Average care charge was $47,004 ± $185, with an average increase of $4623/year and compound annual growth rate of 9.59%. Although surgical nerve repair and home disposition were common with isolated PNIs, patients with brachial plexus PNIs did not have nerve surgery and were more likely to be discharged to skilled nursing facilities. Multivariate analysis showed that length of stay (β = 0.677, P = 0.0001) and number of procedures (β = 0.188, P = 0.0001) most affected total patient charges. Conclusions These results suggest an overall decrease in number of PNIs, suggesting lower incidence or frequency of detection; however, the cost of care has increased. Despite advances in nerve repair techniques, nerve surgery rates have not increased, especially for brachial plexus injuries, which may be undertreated.
A systematic review of the methods utilised to measure the relationship between cancer patients and oncologists: Implications for future research and practice.

INTRODUCTION The patient-physician relationship is a critical component of patient-centred health care. The patient-oncologist relationship is particularly important due to the uncertainties that surround treatment of cancer. The goal of the current review was to summarise current methodological approaches to studying the relationship between cancer patients and oncologists. METHODS A systematic review using PsychInfo, Ebsco, PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using combinations and variations of the MESH terms: "relationship," "doctor-patient," and "oncology." The included studies explicitly measured the "relationship" as an independent or dependent variable. Data were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The 13 studies included in the review were published from 2004 to 2018. There was little agreement between studies on the definition of the patient-oncologist relationship. Trust was most frequently measured, but methods varied. Most studies evaluated the patient perspective (n = 10). The few studies that considered the oncologist perspective did not measure their perception of the relationship. CONCLUSIONS The current review demonstrates that current approaches used to assess the patient-oncologist relationship are inconsistent. These differences may limit our understanding of patient needs in current research and practice. Future research should focus on the use of a relational lens as a theoretical framework to assess the patient-oncologist relationship.
Electronic Structure and Carrier Transport Analysis in $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 Using a Two-Valley Ensemble Monte Carlo Framework

We carry out two-valley ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) simulations for the calculation of electron mobility in $\beta-$ Ga 2 O 3 . First, the electronic bandstructure is determined using first-principles density function theory (DFT) as available in the open-source Quantum Espresso package. A Perdew-Zunger LDA exchange-correlation function generated ultrasoft pseudopotential was used in the calculations. The following electron scattering mechanisms are found to be important: acoustic deformation potential, ionized impurity, and polar optical phonons (POP). In $\pmb{\beta-\mathrm{Ga}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ , low crystal symmetry induces multiple phonon modes, which complicates the mobility calculation. Here, 50 meV of POP energy was found to be good enough for the Frohlich scattering model. For low electrical fields at 300K, we report an electron mobility of 113 cm2/V·s. Also, in the range of 150K-500K, our simulation results match very well with reported Hall mobility data. For high electrical fields, $\pmb{\beta-\text{Ga}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ displays a negative differential mobility (NDM). Critical electrical field is found to be 250 KV/cm with a maximum steady-state drift velocity of 2.2×105m/s. Finally, for a realistic device with an $\mathbf{Al}_{2}\mathbf{O}_{3}/\beta-\mathbf{Ga}_{2}\mathbf{O}_{3}$ interface, the influence of surface roughness scattering (SRS) was studied via Ando's model. Results show that electron mobility in $\pmb{\beta-\text{Ga}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ dramatically decreases with the inclusion of SRS.
Comparative landscape genetics of two endemic torrent salamander species, Rhyacotriton kezeri and R. variegatus : implications for forest management and species conservation

Comparative landscape genetic studies provide insights into whether relationships between landscape features and patterns of spatial genetic structure differ among populations, species, habitat types, and regions. For species with fragmented distributions, especially when management practices contribute to fragmentation, tests of the factors structuring population connectivity are particularly important for understanding continued risks. We determined levels of genetic diversity and tested the relationships of landscape-scale vegetative, geographic, and climate variables with genetic distance in two congeneric, endemic salamander species with status of concern. Using microsatellite data for 326 Rhyacotriton kezeri and 557 Rhyacotriton variegatus individuals collected from 17 to 29 localities, respectively, we implemented a model of landscape resistance based on circuit theory. The northernmost portions of each species’ range is more fragmented than areas to the south, leading to the prediction that these areas would have relatively lower genetic diversity in response. Due to reliance of both species upon cold-water habitats, we predicted that landscape variables maintaining cool, moist microhabitats would be correlated with gene flow. Genetic structure was high overall and trended toward increasing with the proportion of the forested landscape. Based on maximum likelihood population effects models across genetic clusters and species, land cover and roads were the best predictors of genetic distance, even though the degree of fragmentation differed across each species’ geographic range. Our results suggest that forest cover is essential for dispersal in these salamanders, indicating negative effects of fragmentation resulting from timber harvest and other forest disturbances.
Between Existentialism and the Human Sciences: Solomon’s Cognitive Theory of the Emotions

This paper critically articulates the evolution of Solomon’s claim that we choose our emotions and are responsible for them, which was one of the principal ideas in his thought. Solomon’s early existential account of the emotions held this view in an unqualified manner, and in this way it went beyond even Sartre’s view of the emotions, despite the latter’s notorious commitment to the idea of absolute freedom and responsibility. It is argued that, as with Sartre’s position, Solomon’s early position suffered from an indeterminacy problem. As his thought evolved, Solomon interrogated his earlier position in terms of the work that was being done in biological psychology and anthropology, and the latter in particular prompted him to modify it. Thus, he began to privilege the idea of emotional integrity, which subsumed his freedom and responsibility claim. It is argued that with this move, Solomon adopted a form of social constructivism that was not sufficiently critical in nature. Yet, it is ultimately argued, Solomon’s work is best understood as emphasizing the imperatives of the practical standpoint, which necessarily presupposes both freedom and responsibility, and that his work constitutes a warning to a culture that is in the process of falsifying both.
Neurologic Emergencies Presenting as Trauma Activations to an Urban Level I Trauma Center.

Abstract Background It is speculated that there is overlap between neurologic emergencies and trauma, yet to date there has not been a study looking at the prevalence of neurologic emergencies amongst trauma activations. Objectives We sought to determine the prevalence of neurologic emergencies in patients presenting to a level I trauma center as trauma team activations (TTAs). We explored a subset of acute ischemic stroke patients to determine delays in management. Methods This was a retrospective review of trauma registry data capturing all TTAs at a level I trauma and stroke center from 2011 to 2016. Neurologic emergencies were defined as ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or status epilepticus. Among patients diagnosed with acute ischemic strokes, we compared stroke metrics with hospital stroke data during the same period. Results There were 18,859 trauma activations during the study period, of which 117 (0.6%) had a neurologic emergency. There were 52 patients with ischemic stroke (45%), 39 with intracerebral hemorrhage (34%), 15 with subarachnoid hemorrhage (13%), and 10 with status epilepticus (9%). Among the 52 patients with ischemic stroke, 20 (38%) received intravenous thrombolysis. The median time to computed tomography scan was 23 min and the median time to thrombolysis (tissue plasminogen activator) was 60 min. When compared with non-TTA patients during the same time period, both median time to computed tomography scan and time to tissue plasminogen activator were similar (p = 0.16 and p = 0.6, respectively). Conclusions Neurologic emergencies, though relatively uncommon, do exist among TTAs. Despite the TTA, eligible patients met the benchmarks for acute stroke care delivery.
Letters to the editor: Uncertainties in the radiocarbon dating of organics associated with rock varnish: A plea for caution

(1996). LETTERS TO THE EDITOR: UNCERTAINTIES IN THE RADIOCARBON DATING OF ORGANICS ASSOCIATED WITH ROCK VARNISH: A PLEA FOR CAUTION. Physical Geography: Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 585-591.
The curriculum studies reader (5th edition)

As a former high school teacher, I began my doctoral studies with an understanding of curriculum design from a practitioner point-of-view only. In entering the field of education research, however,...
COVID-19 antibody testing: future directions

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread around the world, impacting every aspect of life. Valuable research is currently being conducted to understand disease transmission, detection, and treatment. As countries begin to relax policies aimed to reduce disease transmission, contact tracing and antibody testing will likely be incorporated to slow the spread of COVID-19. However, future research is needed to determine if the presence of COVID-19 antibodies offers immunity.
Experimental observations of “reversible” transformation toughening

Abstract Materials with the propensity to undergo irreversible deformation display an increasing resistance to progressive crack advance, i.e., stable crack growth. A one-parameter description of stable crack growth by a fracture toughness vs. crack advance (resistance) curve is possible under specific conditions. Here, experimental observations are reported to (i) demonstrate that the toughness enhancement due to crack advance in hysteretic materials may be “reversed” by partial unloading, which has implications on the evaluation of the resistance curve and its validity conditions, and (ii) provide an experimental verification of the theoretical insight into the mechanics of stable crack growth.
The Role of Reflux Disease in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a disorder characterized by persistent symptomatic inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucosa. Many factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease, with some studies citing laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) as a possible etiology, in part due to the high prevalence of reflux disease observed in patients with CRS. Multiple mechanisms in which LPR causes CRS have been proposed. Researchers have investigated the efficacy of acid suppression therapy in the management of the disease with variable results. Due to the controversial association between these two clinical entities, more robust data is required before definitive conclusions can be made. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the available literature regarding the connection between LPR and CRS and discuss the data concerning the role of anti-reflux treatment in the management of CRS.
Sex-segregated range use by black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar

Ranging behavior is one important strategy by which nonhuman primates obtain access to resources critical to their biological maintenance and reproductive success. As most primates live in permanent social groups, their members must balance the benefits of group living with the costs of intragroup competition for resources. However, some taxa live in more spatiotemporally flexible social groups, whose members modify patterns of association and range use as a method to mitigate these costs. Here, we describe the range use of one such taxon, the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata), at an undisturbed primary rain forest site in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar, and characterize sex differences in annual home range area, overlap, and daily distances traveled. Moreover, we characterize seasonal variability in range use and ask whether ranging behaviors can be explained by either climatic or reproductive seasonality. We found that females used significantly larger home ranges than males, though sexes shared equal and moderate levels of home range overlap. Overall, range use did not vary across seasons, although within sexes, male range use varied significantly with climate. Moreover, daily path length was best predicted by day length, female reproductive state, and sex, but was unrelated to climate variables. While the patterns of range use and spatial association presented here share some similarities with "bisexually bonded" community models described for chimpanzees, we argue that ruffed lemurs best conform to a "nuclear neighborhood" community model wherein nuclear (core) groups share the highest levels of home range overlap, and where these groups cluster spatially into adjacent "neighborhoods" within the larger, communally defended territory.
Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits.

A central challenge in developing quantum computers and long-range quantum networks is the distribution of entanglement across many individually controllable qubits1. Colour centres in diamond have emerged as leading solid-state ‘artificial atom’ qubits2,3 because they enable on-demand remote entanglement4, coherent control of over ten ancillae qubits with minute-long coherence times5 and memory-enhanced quantum communication6. A critical next step is to integrate large numbers of artificial atoms with photonic architectures to enable large-scale quantum information processing systems. So far, these efforts have been stymied by qubit inhomogeneities, low device yield and complex device requirements. Here we introduce a process for the high-yield heterogeneous integration of ‘quantum microchiplets’—diamond waveguide arrays containing highly coherent colour centres—on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). We use this process to realize a 128-channel, defect-free array of germanium-vacancy and silicon-vacancy colour centres in an aluminium nitride PIC. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals long-term, stable and narrow average optical linewidths of 54 megahertz (146 megahertz) for germanium-vacancy (silicon-vacancy) emitters, close to the lifetime-limited linewidth of 32 megahertz (93 megahertz). We show that inhomogeneities of individual colour centre optical transitions can be compensated in situ by integrated tuning over 50 gigahertz without linewidth degradation. The ability to assemble large numbers of nearly indistinguishable and tunable artificial atoms into phase-stable PICs marks a key step towards multiplexed quantum repeaters7,8 and general-purpose quantum processors9–12. An approach for integrating a large number of solid-state qubits on a photonic integrated circuit is used to construct a 128-channel artificial atom chip containing diamond quantum emitters.
Playing Well With Others: Exhibitions, Collaborations, and Lessons Learned:

Over the last several decades, Archives & Special Collections at the University of Mississippi has worked on exhibitions with several regional and on-campus partners. These types of collaborations ...
Radical Data-Rich Markets

This chapter examines data-rich markets concerning economic magnitude on both the productivity and profitability of data capital. The considered dimensions involve population, purchasing power, purchasing desire, power structure, and partnership. It also is compared with traditional markets with some barriers, financial markets, and the labor market that follows the general economic law of demand. An idea of sharing medical data profits based on the cross-border markets relating to a Bone Health app is given in the last.
Erosions and Vesicles in a Febrile Infant.

A five-month-old child with a history of dry skin presented with a spreading rash and fever.
Redefining Writing in the Foreign Language Curriculum: Toward a Design Approach.

Numerous scholars have critiqued a lack of focus on foreign language (FL) writing in the second language (L2) acquisition research base and in FL programs in the United States. This position article argues for reimagining the role of writing to maximize learners’ 21st‐century skill development and FL programs’ contributions to broader institutional missions. After discussing selected research on L2 writing and its uptake in FL curricula, an integrated pedagogy is proposed—a design approach—that incorporates insights from New Literacy Studies and L2 writing research and posits writing as a purposeful, collaborative act of communication that entails both learner agency and attention to textual conventions. Key foci of this approach are highlighted, and a description is provided of how a design approach relates to challenges in FL writing instruction. Finally, next steps in researching and implementing this approach are offered.
The pathway to progress on SDG 4 requires the global education architecture to focus on foundational learning and to hold ourselves accountable for achieving it

Abstract Levels of reading comprehension and ability to do basic mathematics are shockingly low among primary-age children in low-income countries, despite the efforts of global education actors. This essay will argue that to make real progress on improving learning, actors in the sector need to prioritize a few key goals – in particular foundational literacy and numeracy – monitor progress to achieve them, and hold ourselves collectively accountable for improving results. Recent efforts such as the World Bank’s Foundational Learning Compact show promise but will require the support and scrutiny of other actors.
Understanding simple liquids through statistical and deep learning approaches

Statistical and deep learning-based methods are employed to obtain insights into the quasi-universal properties of simple liquids. In the first part, a statistical model is employed to provide a probabilistic explanation for the similarity in the structure of simple liquids interacting with different pair potential forms, collectively known as simple liquids. The methodology works by sampling the radial distribution function and the number of interacting particles within the cutoff distance, and it produces the probability density function of the net force. We show that matching the probability distribution of the net force can be a direct route to parameterize simple liquid pair potentials with a similar structure, as the net force is the main component of the Newtonian equations of motion. The statistical model is assessed and validated against various cases. In the second part, we exploit DeepILST [A. Moradzadeh and N. R. Aluru, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10, 1242–1250 (2019)], a data-driven and deep-learning assisted framework to parameterize the standard 12-6 Lennard-Jones (LJ) pair potential, to find structurally equivalent/isomorphic LJ liquids that identify constant order parameter [τ=∫0ξcfgξ−1ξ2dξ, where gξ and ξ(=rρ13) are the reduced radial distribution function and radial distance, respectively] systems in the space of non-dimensional temperature and density of the LJ liquids. We also investigate the consistency of DeepILST in reproducibility of radial distribution functions of various quasi-universal potentials, e.g., exponential, inverse-power-law, and Yukawa pair potentials, quantified based on the radial distribution functions and Kullback–Leibler errors. Our results provide insights into the quasi-universality of simple liquids using the statistical and deep learning methods.
A Continuous-Time Sigma-Delta Modulator with Continuous-Time Delay Based Integrator

This brief presents a continuous-time sigma-delta modulator with a new integrator design based on continuous-time delays. It eliminates the need for high gain amplifiers, while providing loop gain for the modulator. It can also intrinsically compensate for the excess loop delay without additional feedback paths. The proposed integrator enables a compact modulator design that can operate under low supply voltages with high power efficiency for better process scalability. A 2nd order modulator prototype was fabricated in 0.18-μm CMOS. Measurement results show that it has 66dB dynamic range and 60dB SNDR over 4MHz signal bandwidth at 500MHz sampling frequency, while dissipating 1.92mW from a 1.4V supply. A FOMW of 286 fJ/conversion is achieved. It only occupies 0.039 mm2 of chip area.
Women's Power in Late Medieval Romance

The cultural and social power of women in the middle ages is perhaps hard to trace, with evidence for it scarce. This book argues that medieval romances provide a central, but under-explored, source for and examples of such authority. By reassessing the influence exerted by female characters, in a spectrum that includes both intellectual and chivalric aid and, in some cases, patronage, it considers how they functioned as models of cultural, intellectual, and social authority in medieval literary texts. In addition to examples set by the family connections, socio-political networks, and textual communities in which they lived, this study argues that women also learned methods of influence from the books they read. In texts like Troilus and Criseyde and Partonope of Blois, the female reader encounters an explicit demonstration of how a woman's intellectual and financial resources can be used. The literary representations of women's cultural power expose a continuum of influence from non-material effects to material sway in the medieval patronage system, an influence often unacknowledged in strictly historical and extra-literary sources. Amy N. Vines is Assistant Professor in the Department of English, University of North Carolina-Greensboro.
Genetics and outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI): What do we know about pediatric TBI?

Human genetic association studies in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) have increased rapidly over the past few years. Recently, several review articles evaluated the association of genetics with outcomes after TBI. However, almost all of the articles discussed in these reviews focused on adult TBI. The primary objective of this review is to gain a better understanding of which genes and/or genetic polymorphisms have been evaluated in pediatric TBI. Our initial search identified 113 articles. After review of these articles only 5 genetic association studies specific to pediatric TBI were identified. All five of these studies evaluated the apolipoprotein (APOE) gene. The study design and methods of these identified papers will be discussed. An additional search was then performed to evaluate genes beyond APOE that have been evaluated in adult TBI; findings from these studies are highlighted. Larger genetic studies will need to be performed in the future to better elucidate the association of APOE and other genes with outcomes after TBI in children. There is great potential to utilized genetic information to inform prognosis and management after TBI in children; however, we have much work ahead of us to reach the goal of individualized management.
Yima: Design and Evaluation of a Streaming Media System for Residential Broadband Services

We describe and evaluate the implementation of a streaming media system called Yima, which consists of a scalable continuous media server and client components. We report on the real-life experiences that we gained from streaming near NTSC quality video and audio to residential locations within a metropolitan area. We investigated tile feasibility of such streaming services with current boardband technology. We describe our experimental setup and the results, which indicate that streaming applications, such as video-on-demand, are not only technically feasible but also may be economically viable in the near future.
New Dose-Time Relationships of Folate Antagonists to Sustain Inhibition of Human Lymphoblasts and Leukemic Cells in Vitro

In this study, three methods are utilized to analyze toxicity produced by methotrexate and the lipid-soluble antifolate, 2,4-diamino-5-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine, in human lymphoblasts (WIL-2) and leukemic cells. These methods detect increasingly severe metabolic damage: inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA, the reversibility of inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation by supplementation with formyltetrahydrofolate as Ca2+ leucovorin, and the ability of cells to form clones in soft agarose. The critical dose and exposure time for establishing and maintaining the metabolic toxicity of methotrexate is examined in detail. It is shown that, if an initial loading dose of methotrexate is of high enough concentration or is maintained for a sufficient period to achieve >98% inhibition of deoxyuridine incorporation, this inhibition can be sustained by low concentrations of 2,4-diamino-5-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine or methotrexate. Concentrations of methotrexate or 2,4-diamino-5-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-6-methylpyrimidine that equal or exceed 0.1 µm are sufficient for maintenance of inhibition by an initial loading dose of methotrexate but escape from inhibition that occurs if lower levels of drug are used. The possible implications of these observations for in vivo protocols are discussed.
Large periphery, high power pseudomorphic HEMTs

The authors have simultaneously demonstrated 10 W output power, 13.5 dB gain and 63% power-added efficiency on a single 16.8 mm pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) device at 2.45 GHz. This result represents the highest output power from a single transistor at S-band frequencies. The power density exhibited by the PHEMT device was 625 mW/mm which is significantly higher than a typical MESFET power density of 400 mW/mm. >
The Physical Tourist¶Scientific Travels in the Irish Countryside

Newly-prosperous Ireland has a number of sites which the scientific traveller can visit. There are apparatus museums at Birr and Maynooth, and a collection of early apparatus at the physics department of the Irish National University in Galway. The main attraction at Birr is the Rosse Telescope, with its 6-ft diameter speculum, built in the 1840s, and recently refurbished. Travellers to Northern Ireland can see applied geology at the Giant's Causeway.
Response to Hron et al.

Hron et al. provide transcriptome evidence that three (1.1 %) of the 274 genes reported by Lovell et al. as missing in birds may actually be ‘hidden’ as a result of high GC content. Although this factor may explain some gene absences from genomic assemblies, we believe it is insufficient to account for the extensive syntenic losses described in Lovell et al.