cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similarity of Mold Metallurgy

The governing equations for hydrodynamics and electromagnetism can be described by a general differential equation, which involves, in convective terms, diffusion and source. The finite-volume method, which has been widely applied in the field of computational fluid dynamics, is introduced to solve the magnetohydrodynamics equations. Numerical results show that the spatial distribution of flow field, temperature field, inclusion concentration field, and inclusion number density field are similar. All of them have the upper and lower recirculation region. But the electromagnetic field follows another rule: the symmetric static magnetic field and the symmetric flow field produce the asymmetric induced current density field and the symmetric electromagnetic force.
Searching for Structure: Creating Coherence in the Sociology Curriculum:

For over 30 years, sociologists have expressed concern that the undergraduate curriculum in sociology lacks coherence. The sociology major continues to be loosely structured with few opportunities for sequential learning. To achieve greater coherence in the major, I recommend that departments sequence more courses or infuse both empirical and theoretical skills as well as key sociological concepts throughout their course offerings. Both approaches lead to a more sophisticated understanding of a complex discipline.
Aggregate convergence and sectoral specialization in innovation

Over the last 20 years OECD countries have converged in terms of their innovations, in parallel to the process of economic convergence and catching up in technology. However, this has not led to a similarity in the sectoral strengths of the majority of countries. Applying a measure of ‘technological distance’ between pairs of countries based on patents, it is shown that nations have increased their technological specialization (i.e. their sectoral differences) over the 1980s. An apparent paradox is pointed out, as countries converge by becoming more different and grow by becoming more specialized.
Modifications to an analytical mass spectrometer for the soft-landing experiment

Abstract Modifications to a hybrid geometry beam mass spectrometer are described that allow its use for soft-landing of ions onto a stainless steel surface intercepting the ion beam at the site of the intermediate detector. Initial success is documented through the presence of metal ions brought to the surface as part of a complex, metal-containing cluster ion. Further, organic cations have also been soft landed at the collector surface, and electrospray ionization (ESI) and ESI tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the surface wash solution confirm preservation of the original organic structure. Future directions for predictable surface density collection strategies are described.
ON THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE QUASI-RANGE AND MIDRANGE FOR SAMPLES FROM A NORMAL POPULATION,

Abstract : Let X sub 1, X sub 2,..., X sub n be an ordered sample from the standard normal population. If the r largest and r smallest observations are omitted, the range of the remaining n-2r sample values is defined as the rth quasi-range. Expressions involving multivariate normal probabilities are found for the density function, the cumulative distribution function, and the expected value. The midrange is defined. If the sample values X sub 1 and X sub n are from the standard normal population, it is possible to express the density function of the midrange in terms of multivariate normal probabilities for even values of n. (Author)
The significance of viruses to mortality in aquatic microbial communities.

A variety of approaches including enumeration of visibly infected microbes, removal of viral particles, decay of viral infectivity, and measurements of viral production rates have been used to infer the impact of viruses on microbial mortality. The results are surprisingly consistent and suggest that, on average, about 20% of marine heterotrophic bacteria are infected by viruses and 10–20% of the bacterial community is lysed daily by viruses. The effect of viruses on phytoplankton is less certain, but ca. 3% of Synechococcus biomass may be lysed daily. The fraction of primary productivity this represents depends upon the relative biomass and growth rate of Synechococcus. Virus enrichment experiments suggest that the productivity of eukaryotic phytoplankton would be ca. 2% higher in the absence of viruses. Overall, probably about 2–3% of primary productivity is lost to viral lysis. There is considerable variation about these estimates; however, they represent a starting point for incorporating viral-mediated processes into aquatic ecosystem models.
On the Bound States of Matrix Strings

We investigate excitations in Matrix Theory on T 2 corresponding to bound states of strings. We demonstrate the Dirichlet aspect of R-R charged vacua through a non-trivial connection between the U(1) and SU(n) sectors of the matrix SYM.
Monocytes from sickle cell disease patients induce differential pulmonary endothelial gene expression via activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Abstract Monocyte–endothelial interactions play an important role in inflammatory diseases and may modulate vasculopathy in sickle cell disease, a disorder with an important inflammatory component. We co-incubated normal and sickle monocytes, lymphocytes and TNF-α with pulmonary microvascular and arterial endothelial cells and compared the expression of genes coding for adhesion molecules and cytokines that might contribute to sickle vasoocclusion. Monocyte–endothelial cell co-incubation resulted in up-regulation of L-selectin, E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1, MMP-1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and down-regulation of eNOS. Lymphocyte–endothelial cell co-incubations, induced similar effects restricted to pulmonary artery endothelial cells. TNF-α had similar effects on the endothelial cells as monocytes did, however monocyte induced gene expression in endothelial cells was not TNF-α dependent but was regulated through the NF-κB pathway. Sickle monocytes lead to altered expression of L-selectin, MCP-1 and MMP-1 in pulmonary vascular endothelium when compared with normal monocytes. The gene expression changes we observed could reflect pathological events of sickle vasoocclusion.
Sensitive fluorescence detection of polyphosphate in polyacrylamide gels using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindol

PAGE is commonly used to identify and resolve inorganic polyphosphates (polyP). We now report highly sensitive and specific staining methods for polyP in polyacrylamide gels based on the fluorescent dye, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindol (DAPI). DAPI bound to polyP in gels fluoresced yellow while DAPI bound to nucleic acids or glycosaminoglycans fluoresced blue. Inclusion of EDTA prevented staining of glycosaminoglycans by DAPI. We also identified conditions under which DAPI that was bound to polyP (but not nucleic acids or other anionic polymers) rapidly photobleached. This allowed us to develop an even more sensitive and specific negative staining method that distinguishes polyP from nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans. The lower LOD using DAPI negative staining was 4 pmol (0.3 ng) phosphate per band, compared to conventional toluidine blue staining with a lower LOD of 250 pmol per band.
The Application of the Human Engineering Modeling and Performance Laboratory for Space Vehicle Ground Processing Tasks at Kennedy Space Center

The introduction of United Space Alliance's Human Engineering Modeling and Performance Laboratory began in early 2007 in an attempt to address the problematic workspace design issues that the Space Shuttle has imposed on technicians performing maintenance and inspection operations. The Space Shuttle was not expected to require the extensive maintenance it undergoes between flights. As a result, extensive, costly resources have been expended on workarounds and modifications to accommodate ground processing personnel. Consideration of basic human factors principles for design of maintenance is essential during the design phase of future space vehicles, facilities, and equipment. Simulation will be needed to test and validate designs before implementation.
Common pathways for receptor-mediated ingestion of Escherichia coli and LDL cholesterol by Entamoeba histolytica regulated in part by transmembrane kinase 39

The single-celled parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, is an enteric pathogen that ingests bacteria and host cells. Inhibition of phagocytosis renders the parasite avirulent. The ligand/receptor interactions that allow E. histolytica to phagocytose are not well understood. We hypothesised that E. histolytica trophozoites might accomplish ingestion through the utilisation of a scavenger receptor for cholesterol. Here we show that acetylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol was phagocytosed by amoebae via receptor mediated mechanisms. Acetylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol competitively inhibited by 31 ± 1.3% (P < 0.005) the ingestion of Escherichia coli, but not erythrocytes and Jurkat T lymphocytes, suggesting a partially redundant phagocytic pathway for E. coli and cholesterol. Inducible expression ofa signalling-dead dominant-negative version of E. histolytica transmembrane kinase 39 inhibited ingestion of E. coli by 55 ± 3% (P < 0.005) but not LDL particles. We concluded that ingestion of E. coli was regulated by TMK39 and partially shared the acetylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake pathway.
Stratigraphy of the Cambrian Sedimentary Rocks of Eastern Pennsylvania

This paper describes the stratigraphy of the Cambrian sedimentary rocks of eastern Pennsylvania and adjacent New Jersey in the neighborhood of the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh rivers. The succession is: The sequence, except for the Hardyston, is predominantly carbonate rocks. The total thickness is about 3000 feet. The basal formation, the Hardyston, is clastic and changes abruptly lithologically and in thickness and was probably laid down in a rapidly advancing sea. The carbonate formations which follow, except the Leithsville, are fossiliferous. Partly through analogy with recent conditions, it is postulated that these carbonate rocks and their “cryptozoons were deposited in a shallow, agitated sea into which little detritus was carried. View this table:
A Structural Model of the Erythrocyte Spectrin Heterodimer Initiation Site Determined Using Homology Modeling and Chemical Cross-linking

Abstract Spectrin assembles into an anti-parallel heterodimeric flexible rod-like molecule through a multistep process initiated by a high affinity interaction between discrete complementary homologous motifs or “repeats” near the actin binding domain. Attempts to determine crystallographic structures of this critical dimer initiation complex have so far been unsuccessful. Therefore, in this study we determined the subunit-subunit docking interface and a plausible medium resolution structure of the heterodimer initiation site using homology modeling coupled with structural refinement based on experimentally determined distance constraints. Intramolecular and intermolecular cross-links formed by the “zero length” cross-linking reagent, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide were identified after trypsin digestion of cross-linked heterodimer complex using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. High confidence assignment of cross-linked peptides was facilitated by determination of cross-linked peptide masses with an uncertainty of a few parts per million using a high sensitivity linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a Fouriertransform ion cyclotron resonance detector. Six interchain cross-links distinguished between alternative docking models, and these distance constraints, as well as three intrachain cross-links, were used to further refine an initial homology-based structure. The final model is consistent with all available physical data, including protease protection experiments, isothermal titration calorimetry analyses, and location of a common polymorphism that destabilizes dimerization. This model supports the hypothesis that initial docking of the correct α and β repeats from among many very similar repeats in both subunits is driven primarily by long range electrostatic interactions.
The quest for a new hierarchy in education: from loose coupling back to tight?

Building on and reconsidering previous research on organizational models of education, the authors argue that while many administrators in education are still trying to manage ambiguous, and occasionally “anarchic” organizations effectively, the ambivalences of both loose and tight structures are today better understood than 25 years ago. In a development paralleling the evolution of organizational thinking in corporate management which no longer posits a “one‐best‐system hierarchy”, developments in education theory and practice point to the emergence of hybrid models of organization that capture the advantages of centralization and coordination produced by hierarchy while attempting to harness the advantages of more decentralized organizational structures.
IRON CLUSTERS AND OXYGEN-CHEMISORBED IRON CLUSTERS

The photoelectron spectroscopy of size-selected (n=3–24) clusters and oxygen-chemisorbed clusters FenO−(n=1–16), has been studied at 3.49-eV photon energy with a magnetic-bottle time-of-flight photoelectron spectrometer. While the spectra of the pure iron clusters show rather sharp features in the whole size range, those of the oxygen-chemisorbed species are considerably different, with extensive sharp structures observed for n only up to 6. The electron affinities (EAs) of both the bare and chemisorbed clusters exhibit strong size variations. However, the first oxygenation of the iron clusters induces a systematic lowering of EA in the size range n=9–15. Towards a complete molecular picture of these interesting clusters, density-functional calculations are being performed to determine the equilibrium cluster structures, oxygen chemisorption sites, and their electronic structures. The equilibrium structures obtained for FenO with n=2–6 are reported.
Chloride Effect on TNT Degradation by Zerovalent Iron or Zinc during Water Treatment

Addition of corrosion promoters, such as sodium and potassium chloride, accelerated TNT degradation during water treatment using zerovalent zinc and iron. It was theorized that corrosion promoters could be used to accelerate electron generation from metallic species, create new reactive sites on the surface of metals during contaminated water treatment, and minimize passivating effects. The surface area normalized pseudo-first-order rate constant for the reaction of zerovalent zinc with TNT in the absence of KCl was 1.364 L·m-2·h-1. In the presence of 0.3 mM and 3 mM KCl, the rate constant increased to 10.5 L·m-2·h-1 and 51.0 L·m-2·h-1, respectively. For the reaction with zerovalent iron and TNT, the rate constant increased from 6.5 (L/m2·h) in the absence of KCl to 37 L·m-2·h-1 using 3 mM KCl. The results demonstrate that chloride based corrosion promoters enhance the rate of TNT degradation. The in-situ breakage of the oxide layer using corrosion promoters was applied as a treatment to maintain the long...
A simultaneous dual-band infrared hyperspectral imager for standoff detection

A novel dual-band hyperspectral imager has been developed to collect 128-band hyperspectral image cubes simultaneously in both 4-5.25 μm (mid wave IR, MWIR) and 8-10.5 μm (long wave IR, LWIR) bands for both target detection and standoff detection of chemical and biological agents. The imager uses a specially designed diffractive optics Ge lens with a dual-band 320×240 HgCdTe infrared (IR) focal plane array (FPA) cooled with a closed cycle Sterling-cooler. The diffractive optics lens acts both as a focusing as well as a dispersive device. The imager simultaneously collects a single-color full scene image with a narrow band in the LWIR region (e.g., at 8 μm) using the first order diffraction and corresponding single-color image in the MWIR region (e.g., at 4 μm) using the second order diffraction. Images at different wavelengths are obtained by moving the lens along its optical axis to focus the corresponding wavelengths. Contributions of out of focus wavelengths are removed in post processing. In this paper we will briefly discuss the imager and present data and results from a recent field test.
Complete listing of order parameters for a crystalline phase transition: A solution to the generalized inverse Landau problem

For a given group-subgroup transition, the complete set of order parameters, primary and secondary, describe the distortions that accompany this transition. The task of obtaining all order-parametric distortions for a group-subgroup pair is a long standing problem. An algorithm is presented here which obtains the irreducible representations and order parameter directions for an arbitrary transition. Examples are given for a variety of phase transitions showing the application and utility of the procedure. It is shown that a unique selection of primary order parameters is not always possible.
Engineering a Scalable and Bandwidth Elastic Next Generation PON

We engineer and simulate the scalability and bandwidth elasticity of a next generation PON. Our scalable PON hierarchically combines WDM and TDM, and it connects 16,000 end-users with elastic bandwidth on demand with high performance.
Phase shift calculations on αα scattering

Abstract The α—α scattering phase shifts are calculated with two nucleon forces which describe the low energy two-nucleon scattering data. The obtained results are discussed.
Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism: The first four years post-licensure

Infant botulism is the intestinal (infectious) toxemia in which swallowed spores of Clostridium botulinum activate in the lumen of the colon and thereby produce botulinum toxin, which after absorption causes flaccid paralysis. Human Botulism Immune Globulin (BIG-IV) neutralizes botulinum toxin types A and B. The US FDA licensed BIG-IV to the California Department of Public Health, its creator and developer, as the public service orphan drug BabyBIG ® in October 2003 (N. Engl. J. Med. 2006;354:462–471). International distribution began on a trial basis in July 2005. This report summarizes the 2003–2007 distribution, efficacy and safety data for BIG-IV. In the US, a total of 333 eventually laboratory-confirmed patients residing in 35 states were treated within 1 week of hospital admission: 142 type A, 188 type B, 2 type Ba and 1 type Bf. Mean length of hospital stay was 2.2±1.5 vs. 5.7±5.1 wks for untreated patients in the 1992–97 BIG-IV randomized clinical trial ( P ® ), its use globally to treat infant botulism patients has demonstrated its continued safety, efficacy and US cost-effectiveness.
Improved approximate methods for analysising steady heat conduction

An improved version of the Rayleigh techinique used by Rayleigh and Schmidt for solid mechanics problems is extended to one- and two-dimensional problems of steady heat conduction. Here the technique is applied to the heat-balance integral (HBI) method, the variational method and the square-error method. To determine the most appropriate value of the non-integer exponent, either one of two different criteria is used: the variational or the square-error integral. Thus, four new methods are considered. A comparison with a closed-form solution is made for a one-dimensional fin. It is demonstrated that the error for a one-term trial function is much less for an improved HBI method with the variational integral criterion. Thus, additional terms should not be needed in most instances. Excellent results are also achieved by using one of the new methods in a two-dimensional problem with internal heat generation.
CRITICAL POINT PROPERTIES OF ELECTRON DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR OXIDE MOLECULES CONTAINING FIRST AND SECOND ROW CATIONS

Minimum energy geometries and electron density distributions, ϱ(r), for ∼40 polyatomic oxide molecules containing first and second row M-cations have been calculated at the Hartree-Fock level with a 6-311++G** basis set. The nature of the bonded interactions in these molecules is examined in terms of the relative electronegativities, χ M , of the M-cations and the properties of the electron density distribution, ϱ(r c ), evaluated at the bond critical points, r c , along each MO bond. As ϱ(r c ) and the Laplacian of ϱ(r c ) increase, χ M increases indicating an increase in the covalent character of the bonded interactions between M and O. The ratios of the curvatures of ϱ(r c ) indicate that the NO bond is predominantly covalent, that the CO and SO bonds are of intermediate type and that the remaining MO bonds are indicated to be predominantly ionic in character. A comparison of the critical point properties of ϱ(r c ) and χ M indicates that the minimum energy MO bond length is an important determinate of the properties of ϱ(r c ) and the character of the MO bonds.
Phenology Measurements and Fiber Associations of Near-Long Staple Upland Cotton

Breeding for long staple, early maturing upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes is a criterion for many breeding programs. Vertical flowering interval, horizontal flowering interval, and boll maturation period of long staple cotton was studied in four field-grown experimental strains and three cultivars in 1998 and 1999 at College Station, TX. Phenological traits of earliness, fiber length development period (FLDP), and fiber quality characteristics, especially fiber length measurements, were evaluated. TAM 94L-25 and TAM 94M-14, near long staple breeding lines, exhibited agronomically acceptable vertical (VFI) and horizontal (HFI) fruiting intervals and a slightly longer boll maturation period (BMP) when compared with current and obsolete cultivars. Fruiting interval measurements, BMP, and FLDP were all positively associated. No associations among fiber length measurements and earliness components were noted. Positive correlations were detected between FLDP and advanced fiber information system (AFIS) upper quartile length of fibers by weight (UQLw) and high volume instrument (HVI) upper half mean fiber length (UHM) across these seven genotypes. Negative relationships were noted between BMP and fiber quality parameters, while FLDP was negatively associated with fiber maturity parameters. Breeding for long staple genotypes has been successful, resulting in lines that possess improved yield and fiber quality but without unduly delaying crop maturity.
The Ontogeny of Mammalian Mastication

Movements of the oral apparatus begin during the fetal period and develop in a consistent order. Jaw openingappears first, followed by active jaw closure and tongue movements, lip movements, sucking, and finally masticatory movements. The later developing movements appear prenatally in precocious mammals such as guinea pigs and sheep, but are postnatal in altricial mammals such as rats, hamsters and rabbits. The orderly development of oral behavior is probably related to the progressive maturation of the nervous system and neuromuscular connections. Most newborn mammals feed exclusively bysuckling, a combination of the tongue working against the nipple and negative pressure at the back of the oral cavity. Thetransition from suckling to mastication is gradual and involves considerable learning. In at least one species, the domestic pig, infant animals chew using a somewhat different muscular contraction pattern from that of adults. Age changes in muscle action lines are the most likely explanation for this difference. After being established in infancy, the process of mastication undergoes only minor changes in rate and relative muscle activity during the juvenile period. Throughout ontogeny there is a reciprocal relation between morphology and behavior. While masticatory performance depends on structure at any given stage, it also has profound effects on further musculoskeletal growth and differentiation.
Fieller's theorem vs. The delta method for significance intervals for ratios

Fuller's Theorem and the Delta Method are both proposed as methods for obtaining a significance interval for the ratio of two parameters. The relative difference between Fieller and Delta Method lower limits and the relative difference between Fieller and Delta Method upper limits for 95% significance intervals are examined conditional on the observed sample coefficients of variation of the estimators of the unknown parameters and correlation between the estimators The behavior of relative differences are discussed in terms of maximum values of relative differences, conditions for which relative differences are greater than 100% and for which they are less than 10 %. Several rules of thumb for deciding when to approximate a Fieller interval by a Delta Method interval are discussed and evaluated.
Standing wave solutions of the discrete non-linear Schrödinger equations with unbounded potentials, II

In this article, we prove the existence of infinitely many non-trivial standing wave solutions of the discrete non-linear Schrodinger equation with the unbounded potential at infinity by using the linking theorem.
Modeling, validation and analysis of a Whegs™ robot in the USARSim environment

Simulation of robots in a virtual domain has multiple benefits. End users can use the simulation as a training tool to increase their skill with the vehicle without risking damage to the robot or surrounding environment. Simulation allows researchers and developers to benchmark robot performance in a range of scenarios without having the physical robot or environment present. The simulation can also help guide and generate new design concepts. USARSim (Unified System for Automation and Robot Simulation) is a tool that is being used to accomplish these goals, particularly within the realm of search and rescue. It is based on the Unreal Tournament 2004 gaming engine, which approximates the physics of how a robot interacts with its environment. A family of vehicles that can benefit from simulation in USARSim are Whegs TM robots. Developed in the Biorobotics Laboratory at Case Western Reserve University, Whegs TM robots are highly mobile ground vehicles that use abstracted biological principles to achieve a robust level of locomotion, including passive gait adaptation and enhanced climbing abilities. This paper describes a Whegs TM robot model that was constructed in USARSim. The model was configured with the same kinds of behavioral characteristics found in real Whegs TM vehicles. Once these traits were implemented, a validation study was performed using identical performance metrics measured on both the virtual and real vehicles to quantify vehicle performance and to ensure that the virtual robot's performance matched that of the real robot.
The abrasive wear of cylindrical grinding media

This paper presents a conceptually simple derivation of the equilibrium distribution of media sizes obtained in steady state milling in tumbling media mills. The method is used to derive the well-known relation for spherical media and it is extended to a relation for cylindrical media. A test method is given for obtaining accurate data for cylindrical media and it is shown how the wear law is determined from the data. Tests on the equilibrium charge of cylindrical media of high density alumina taken from an industrial mill dry grinding silica gave a Bond linear wear law. The wear constants were 1.0 μm of radius per hour and 1.05 μm per hour of each end: total time in the mill was about 430 days for any piece of media of initial diameter and length of 31.6 mm.
Neural Correlates of Complex Tone Processing and Hemispheric Asymmetry

In an effort to further explore the role of the right hemisphere in auditory processing, this study utilized brain event-related potentials (ERPs) and standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) in order to localize electrical brain activity of complex tone processing. Participants engaged in a diotic pitch discrimination task while ERP components were recorded from 28 electrodes on the scalp. ERPs were analyzed via individual/group average area measurements and were submitted to sLORETA for neural source localization. Results showed stronger right vs. left hemisphere activation to complex tone processing that was localized to regions of the auditory cortex. Findings support the notion that auditory cortical regions in the right hemisphere may be involved in music processing. Moreover, these findings indicate that source localization methods may be a good approach to study the complex nature of brain electrical activity during cognitive processing. Faculty Sponsor: Ralf Greenwald, Ph.D.
The convergence of graphics and vision

Computer graphics and computer vision are inverse problems. Traditional computer graphics starts with input geometric models and produces image sequences. Traditional computer vision starts with input image sequences and produces geometric models. Lately, there has been a meeting in the middle, and the center, the prize, is to create stunning images in real time. Vision researchers now work from images backward, just as far backward as necessary to create models that capture a scene without going to full geometric models. Graphics researchers now work with hybrid geometry and image models. Approaching similar problems from opposite directions, graphics and vision researchers are reaching a fertile middle ground. The goal is to find the best possible tools for the imagination. This overview describes cutting edge work, some of which will debut at Siggraph 98.
Hepatic and biliary transport of orotate and its metabolic consequences.

Abstract Entry of ratioactive orotic acid ([ 14 C]OOH-orotate) into tissues of rats treated with pyrazofurin to inhibit metabolism of this precursor could be shown to be limited primarily to liver and kidney, both of which actively concentrate this precursor. A saturable active transport system responsible for excretion into the bile at concentrations up to 16 times that found in plasma was shown to be inhibited by probenecid and p -aminohippurate. Evidence for active transport between the plasma and the cytoplasma of hepatic cells in vivo and in liver slices is also presented.
Projected regime shift in Arctic cloud and water vapor feedbacks

The Arctic climate is changing faster than any other large-scale region on Earth. A variety of positive feedback mechanisms are responsible for the amplification, most of which are linked with changes in snow and ice cover, surface temperature (T(sub s)), atmospheric water vapor (WV), and cloud properties. As greenhouse gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, air temperature and water vapor content also increase, leading to a warmer surface and ice loss, which further enhance evaporation and WV. Many details of these interrelated feedbacks are poorly understood, yet are essential for understanding the pace and regional variations in future Arctic change. We use a global climate model (Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Atmosphere-Ocean Model) to examine several components of these feedbacks, how they vary by season, and how they are projected to change through the 21st century. One positive feedback begins with an increase in T(sub s) that produces an increase in WV, which in turn increases the downward longwave flux (DLF) and T(sub s), leading to further evaporation. Another associates the expected increases in cloud cover and optical thickness with increasing DLF and T(sub s). We examine the sensitivities between DLF and other climate variables in these feedbacks and find that they are strongest in the non-summer seasons, leading to the largest amplification in Ts during these months. Later in the 21st century, however, DLF becomes less sensitive to changes in WV and cloud optical thickness, as they cause the atmosphere to emit longwave radiation more nearly as a black body. This regime shift in sensitivity implies that the amplified pace of Arctic change relative to the northern hemisphere could relax in the future.
The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Probing the Evolution of Dark Matter Halos around Isolated Galaxies from z~1 to z~0

Using the first 25% of the DEEP2 Redshift Survey data, we probe the line-of-sight velocity dispersion profile for isolated galaxies with absolute B-band magnitude -22 < MB - 5 log(h) < -21 at z = 0.7-1.0, using satellite galaxies as luminous tracers of the underlying velocity distribution. Measuring the velocity dispersion beyond a galactocentric radius of ~200 h-1 kpc (physical) permits us to determine the total mass, including dark matter, around these bright galaxies. Tests with mock catalogs based on N-body simulations indicate that this mass measurement method is robust to selection effects. We find a line-of-sight velocity dispersion (σlos) of 162 km s-1 at ~110 h-1 kpc, 136 km s-1 at ~230 h-1 kpc, and 150 km s-1 at ~320 h-1 kpc. Assuming an NFW model for the dark matter density profile, this corresponds to a mass within r200 of M200 = 5.5 × 1012 h-1 M☉ for our sample of satellite hosts with mean luminosity ~2.5L*. Roughly ~60% of these host galaxies have early-type spectra and are red in rest-frame (U - B) color, consistent with the overall DEEP2 sample in the same luminosity and redshift range. The halo mass determined for DEEP2 host galaxies is consistent with that measured in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey for host galaxies within a similar luminosity range relative to M. This comparison is insensitive to the assumed halo mass profile and implies an increase in the dynamical mass-to-light ratio (M200/LB) of isolated galaxies that host satellites by a factor of ~2.5 from z ~ 1 to z ~ 0. Our results can be used to constrain the halo occupation distribution and the conditional luminosity function used to populate dark matter halos with galaxies. In particular, our results are consistent with scenarios in which galaxies populate dark matter halos similarly from z ~ 0 to z ~ 1, except for ~1 mag of evolution in the luminosity of all galaxies. With the full DEEP2 sample, it will be possible to extend this analysis to multiple luminosity or color bins.
Pickup ion acceleration by turbulent field‐aligned electric fields in the slow low‐latitude solar wind

[1] Recent spacecraft observations reveal the continuous presence of energetic tails in solar wind and pickup ion spectra in the quiet, slow low-latitude solar wind. To explain this phenomenon, we take into account growing evidence from observations, theory, and simulations that MHD turbulence in the solar wind has a dominant two-dimensional (2-D) component. Of special significance is that 2-D MHD turbulence simulations feature turbulent field-aligned electric fields due to turbulent convection of 2-D magnetic field fluctuations. Such electric fields have been observed in the low-latitude solar wind. We explore pickup ion propagation and acceleration between the Sun and Earth with a newly developed kinetic numerical model. It includes a random distribution of large-scale field-aligned electric field fluctuations consistent with observations in the low-latitude solar wind. The main result is the qualitative reproduction of observed accelerated interstellar pickup He + spectra at Earth. We find that a spectral "knee" connects the pickup ion core with the accelerated "tail." Like observations, the simulated tail is approximately a power law f(v) ν - 4 . 5 until it reaches particle speeds ∼10 times the solar wind speed, where a rollover occurs. The energetic tail particles originate closer to the Sun, where acceleration is most efficient. The knee forms because the local pickup ion source particles are abundant but weakly accelerated. Further predictions, such as large knees for pickup ion species formed from interstellar neutrals with large ionization cavities, and the absence of knees in accelerated spectra of inner source pickup ions are also discussed.
Robot hands and the mechanics of manipulation (T. Mason and J.K. Salisbury, Jr. (Cambridge, MA: M.I.T., 1985) [Book Reviews]

The reviewer calls "Robot Hands and the Mechanics of Manipulation" a preliminary exploration of the mechanics of dexterous manipulation. It isb ased almost entirely on the Ph.D. dissertations of the two authors. That of Dr. Salisbury is dated 1982, while the date of Dr. Mason's dissertation was not evident. (prehension) is the important part of Mason?s thesis. The book is not intended as a text for a University course and would fa11 far short of being an aid to designing a robot hand. It is a presentation of fundamentals of the mechanics of manipulation, which is certainly an immature science. It exemplifies the problem that an individual faces on entering the robotics area: there are either the texts that describe the capabilities and expectations of robotic automation and are written for managers or there are the texts such as this that develop the basic science and are written for researchers. This is a clear indication of the immaturity of the subject. A note of comment about the editing is ino rder. The M.I.T. Press, as publisher, states that the format was intended to reduce the time between the editorial process and the final publication. However, the introduction was written in 1984, the most recent reference cited was dated August 1983 (in a paper contained in the appendix to Section I) and the book publication date is 1985. There is not much further evidence of the rush to publish in that few errors were found. One error is that while reference 11 was cited on page 16, it could not be found in the list of references, and another is that the top figure on page 21 does not show the twist t6.
Glomerular microfibrils in renal disease: a comparative electron microscopic study.

Glomerular microfibrils in renal disease: A comparative electron microscopic study. Microfibrils are a common component of connective tissue that have been described only rarely in the renal glomerulus. Structurally, microfibrils are fibrotubules with an average diameter of 12 nm, a lucid core, and a dark periphery. High resolution electron microscopy, including stereo microscopy performed on renal biopsy tissues, demonstrated the presence of microfibrils under the endothelium of the capillary walls and in the mesangium in several glomerular diseases. These diseases were characterized by widening of lamina rara interna or separation of the endothelium from the basement membrane, among them transplant glomerulopathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (including a case associated with Marfan syndrome), preeclamptic toxemia, and less frequently hemolytic-uremic syndrome and malignant hypertension. The number of microfibrils generally correlated with the degree of subendothelial widening. Microfibrilles glomerulaires dans les maladies renales: Etude comparative en microscopie electronique. Les microfibrilles sont les constituants communs du tissu de soutien et ont ete rarement decrits dans le glomerule renal. Du point de vue structural les microfibrilles sont des fibrotubules d'un diametre moyen de 12 nm, avec un centre transparent et une peripherie sombre. La microscopie electronique a haute resolution, comprenant la stereo microscopie, montre, sur des biopsies renales, la presence de microfibrilles sous l'endothelium des parois capillaires et dans le mesangium, dans plusieurs lesions glomerulaires caracterisees par l'elargissement de la lamina rara interna ou la separation de l'endothelium d'avec la membrane basale. Les lesions en cause etaient la glomerulopathie du rein transplante, la glomerulosclerose segmentaire et focale (y compris un cas associe a un syndrome de Marfan), la toxemie pre-eclamptique et, moins souvent, le syndrome hemolytique et uremique et l'hypertension maligne. Le nombre de microfibrilles est generalement proportionnel a l'elargissement sous-endothelial.
Hybrid Air Separation Processes for Production of Oxygen and Nitrogen

Novel hybrid air separation processes for oxygen production are developed that use an unusual adsorption unit, Cycling-Zone Pressure-Swing Adsorption (CZPSA) [also known as feed purge pressure swing adsorption], to increase the oxygen concentration of the feed to the cryogenic distillation plant. Four cases are studied: 1. CZPSA before the main air compressor increases oxygen concentrations to 23.5% or less. 2. CZPSA after the main air compressor increases oxygen concentrations to significantly higher values. 3. CZPSA in between the stages of the main air compressor increases oxygen concentration to intermediate values. 4. CZPSA before the main air compressor to increase oxygen concentrations to 23.5% or less plus CZPSA after the main air compressor to increase oxygen concentrations to higher values. All cases can be applied either to new designs, or for retrofitting and debottlenecking existing plants. The reason for a 23.5% limit on oxygen in cases 1 and 4 is that above this concentration more expensive...
Voltammetric studies of eu(III) in formate buffer the formal potential of the eu(III)-eu(II) system

Abstract Polarographic and. chronopotentiornetric evidence for the formation of the Eu formate complexes, Eu(HCOO) 2+ and Eu(HCOO 2 +, is given. Values for the corresponding step stability constants were estimated to be 20 and 120, respectively. The effect of such formate complexes on the original determination of the formal potential of the Eu(III)Ẽu(II) couple by McCoY (1963) is discussed. The conclusion is that McCoY's result is in error by approximately 70 mV and that the value of−0.35 V vs. N.H.E. is more realistic for the non-complexed system.
The influence of patient expectations regarding cure on treatment decisions.

Objective To test whether cancer patients’ expectations for cure prior to interacting with their oncologist influence their decisions to follow treatment recommendations. Further, to test whether patients’ expectations for cure are affected by the strength of the oncologist–patient alliance or the extent to which companions (if present) share patients’ expectations for cure.
Staking ground: The politics of space in Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own and Three Guineas

(1989). Staking ground: The politics of space in Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own and Three Guineas. Women's Studies: Vol. 16, No. 3-4, pp. 331-347.
Quantitative Assessment of Forearm Muscle Size, Forelimb Grip Strength, Forearm Bone Mineral Density, and Forearm Bone Size in Determining Humerus Breaking Strength in 10 Inbred Strains of Mice

Bone strength is an important clinical endpoint of osteoporosis research. The evaluation of the relative importance of bone and muscle components to bone strength has widespread implications for the understanding and preventing of osteoporosis. The objectives of this study were to understand the interrelationship between the different components of the muscular skeletal system and to determine the effect of forearm muscle size, forelimb grip strength, forearm bone mineral density (BMD), and forearm bone size on the humerus breaking strength among 10 inbred strains of mice. The forearm muscle size was measured using a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The forearm BMD and forearm bone size were measured using a PIXIMUS Densitometer. The forelimb grip strength and humerus breaking strength were measured using an Instron Mechanical Tester. Significant correlations were found among the five regional phenotypes. All variables have a moderately high genetic component with heritability estimates of 0.83 for forelimb grip strength, 0.76 for forearm muscle size, 0.6 for forearm BMD, 0.63 for forearm bone size, and 0.68 for humerus breaking strength. Forward stepwise multiregression analysis showed that the forearm BMD, forelimb grip strength, and forearm bone size were three major determinants of bone strength and explained 61% of the variation in bone breaking strength. These data suggest that evaluation of these three parameters together, rather than BMD alone, is a more effective, noninvasive approach for predicting fracture risk.
SEVERE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IS UNDER RECOGNIZED IN U.S. VETERAN PATIENTS

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a key contributor to decreased quality of life and early mortality. The U.S. Veteran patient population is associated with elevated rates of cardiopulmonary diseases that promote PH. However, there are no reports on the prevalence, clinical profile, or diagnostic
Magnesium fixation—a possible cause of negative yield responses to lime applications

Abstract Negative yield responses are common when highly leached soils are limed to neutrality. A number of explanations have been proposed, but very few have been experimentally verified or are entirely acceptable. In this paper the problem is re‐examined and a new possible causal mechanism is proposed. Data assembled from the literature are used to demonstrate that a consistently observed reduction in Mg uptake by plants when soils are limed to neutrality is often accompanied by a generally ignored reduction in exchangeable soil Mg. Using data for soils of North American and African origin, it is demonstrated that when the soils were limed with pure Ca sources, the level of exchangeable soil Mg was reduced between 36 and 93%. Furthermore, after treatment with a Mg containing liming material, initial increases in the level of exchangeable Mg were followed by similarly large decreases when the soil pH approaches neutrality. The applicability of known Mg fixation mechanisms is briefly discussed and the sug...
Understanding placebo effects: Implications for nursing practice

Placebo effects permeate many aspects of the clinical environment. However, little attention has been devoted to placebo effects in the nursing literature. Recent research shows that the promotion of placebo responses can enhance certain patient outcomes. Nurses are situated in an ideal position to take on this task. This article suggests ways for nurses to ethically promote placebo responses in daily practice.
Characteristics of Successful Cross‐disciplinary Engineering Education Collaborations

This article employs theory to demonstrate the characteristics of successful cross-disciplinary engineering education collaborations. Specifically, we analyzed data from interviews with 24 recent Journal of Engineering Education authors from engineer-nonengineer teams. Theoretical frameworks from education and psychology are used to ground the results and contribute to broader research on collaboration across technology and social science disciplines. The data suggest that the way an individual understands and appreciates the nature of knowledge affects the way he or she collaborates with colleagues in different academic disciplines, especially when the disciplines are fundamentally different. Although the literature criticizes engineers for not understanding or respecting other viewpoints, we found that nine engineers and eight nonengineers articulated awareness of their collaborators' perspectives, worked to integrate these into the research, and noted increased satisfaction and quality of work as a result. Recommendations for fostering this type of interdisciplinary integration in engineering education are offered along with suggestions for future research.