cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The societal economic burden of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in the United States.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common inherited kidney diseases characterized by progressive development of renal cysts and numerous extra-renal manifestations, eventually leading to kidney failure. Given its chronic and progressive nature, ADPKD is expected to carry a substantial economic burden over the course of the disease. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the impact of ADPKD from a societal perspective. This study aimed to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with ADPKD in the United States (US). A prevalence-based approach using data from scientific literature, and governmental and non-governmental organizations was employed to estimate direct healthcare costs (i.e., medical services, prescription drugs), direct non-healthcare costs (i.e., research and advocacy, donors/recipients matching for kidney transplants, transportation to/from dialysis centers), and indirect costs (i.e., patient productivity loss from unemployment, reduced work productivity, and premature mortality, caregivers’ productivity loss and healthcare costs). The incremental costs associated with ADPKD were calculated as the difference between costs incurred over a one-year period by individuals with ADPKD and the US population. Sensitivity analyses using different sources and assumptions were performed to assess robustness of estimates and account for variability in published estimates. The estimated total annual costs attributed to ADPKD in 2018 ranged from $7.3 to $9.6 billion in sensitivity analyses, equivalent to $51,970 to $68,091 per individual with ADPKD. In the base scenario, direct healthcare costs accounted for $5.7 billion (78.6%) of the total $7.3 billion costs, mostly driven by patients requiring renal replacement therapy ($3.2 billion; 43.3%). Indirect costs accounted for $1.4 billion (19.7%), mostly driven by productivity loss due to unemployment ($784 million; 10.7%) and reduced productivity at work ($390 million; 5.3%). Total excess direct non-healthcare costs were estimated at $125 million (1.7%). ADPKD carries a considerable economic burden, predominantly attributed to direct healthcare costs, the majority of which are incurred by public and private healthcare payers. Effective and timely interventions to slow down the progression of ADPKD could substantially reduce the economic burden of ADPKD.
Toward a Liberal Analysis of the Law

This paper looks to explore the effects of James Buchanan's book Cost and Choice since its publication. I discuss how Cost and Choice has had a limited impact on the treatment of welfare economics within Law & Economics. I then elaborate on Buchanan's discussion to highlight other issues within the field and how they provide some insight into Buchanan's conception of the rule of law. This paper also discusses some implications for Law & Economics analysis moving forward.
Cohort strength and body size in co-occurring salmonids in a small stream network: variation in space and time

Trout and salmon commonly coexist in stream networks. Exploring similarities and differences among species can help explain coexistence and invasive ability. Here, we describe spatial distribution,...
The Living Body and Cyberspace: The Hyletic Dimension in the Constitution of Knowledge

When one speaks of hyletics and the lived body, it is clear that one is referring to Edmund Husserl, who believed that the hyletic dimension is the first layer of the constitution of the human being and that it is strictly connected to corporeity. This dimension, its constituent elements, and its cognitive structure can be uncovered by mining the interiority of the human being and her lived experiences [Erlebnisse], which are the privileged tools for investigating and comprehending how interior and external reality are constituted. Through the phenomenological method one is able to analyze the relation between the lived body and cyberspace while understanding the role our corporeity plays in virtual space. I maintain that this relation is the conditioned, in part, by the work of our imagination that deploys visible signs in and through artificially constructed tools and instruments.
Legacies of Enlightenment: Diderot’s La Religieuse and Its Cinematic Adaptations

La Religieuse is a classic French Enlightenment work in its elucidation of forced religious vocation as well as the hypocrisy and abuses of the Catholic Church. In reviving and effectively re-envisioning the novel, filmmakers Jacques Rivette and Guillaume Nicloux succeed in bringing Diderot’s ideas to bear on contemporary issues such as the image and role of the Church post Vatican II, and the effects of patriarchal and religious oppression on the individual. This article examines the context and reception of all three works (the original text and two film adaptations) and their engagement with specific historical circumstances as well as more universal concerns; by extension, this project represents an effort to probe the perhaps unexpected, continued interest in Diderot’s writings in popular culture today. An analysis of the literary and cinematic posterity of La Religieuse underscores the ongoing pertinence of French Enlightenment thought while illuminating the linked political and aesthetic inheritance of Diderot’s novel.
Some factors affecting the fetal heart rate.

A phonocardiograph was used to investigate factors influencing fetal heart rate in utero. The use of this instrumentation is described. All data recorded were obtained by crude measurements of paper tapes or semiautomatically from magnetic tapes and a more sophisticated method of data reduction is presently being developed. Normal mothers were submitted to various stimuli to test their effect on maternal and fetal heart rate. The responses to inhalation of 100% and 12% oxygen were inconstant. There was no fetal response to administration of epinephrine or of norepinephrine. Atropine produced vagal blockade and tachycardia in both the mother and the fetus. There was a significant time dalay between the maternal and fetal response (e.g. Case 1 130 seconds for mother and 1290 seconds for fetus). This was of such duration as to allow time for the drug to cross the placenta and blockade the fetal vagus. Cigarette smoking produced fetal and maternal tachycardia. This response had a short time delay similar to that produced by fright. It may be caused by a reduction in uterine blood flow. It may be that accurate measurements of the parameters of such responses in normal and abnormal gravidas can serve as a test for fetal well-being and the adequacy of placental transfer.
In Defense of the 2006 Title IX Regulations for Single-Sex Public Education: How Separate Can Be Equal

The U.S. Department of Education recently amended the regulations implementing Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments, which is the federal statute prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex. The new regulations provide greater flexibility for school districts to offer single-sex public elementary and secondary education. They embrace the recent growth of single-sex education in the United States, but some question their constitutionality. This Note explores how the U.S. Supreme Court should rule on a challenge brought against the regulations under the Equal Protection Clause. It introduces Title IX, the new regulations, and the relevant Equal Protection Clause jurisprudence, and it presents an argument for upholding the regulations' constitutionality. The Note then proceeds by rejecting a previously proposed analogy to the "separate but equal" doctrine prohibiting segregation on the basis of race in education. Instead, it favors an analogy to the athletic field, where segregation by sex has thrived under Title IX, suggesting that the single-sex programs promoted under the new regulations may be able to withstand judicial scrutiny.
CLOSURE ON FOUNDATION PRECOMPRESSION WITH VERTICAL SAND DRAINS

BARRON'S COMMENTS ILLUSTRATE FACTORS WHICH PRESENT DESIGN THEORIES, WHICH ARE LARGELY DERIVED FROM HIS OWN WORK, THAT DO NOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE EFFECTS OF (1) SEEPAGE FORCES RESULTING FROM RADIAL FLOW;(2) NONUNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF VERTICAL STRESS; AND (3) SHEAR FORCES WHICH MAY BE OF SECONDARY IMPORTANCE BUT ARE SIGNIFICANT FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURES. TO THESE THE WRITER WOULD ADD THE INFLUENCE OF THE VARIATION OF THE COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION WITH EFFECTIVE STRESS. FORTUNATELY, SINCE THE PAPER WAS PREPARED, BERRY AND WILKINSON HAVE PUBLISHED SOME NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS THAT APPLY. THESE ILLUSTRATE THE IMPORTANCE OF USING DESIGN VALUES FOR THE COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION THAT CORRESPOND TO EFFECTIVE STRESSES CLOSE TO THE MAXIMUM TO BE IMPOSED BY SURCHARGE LOADING, AS RECOMMENDED BY THE WRITER. BARRON'S COMMENT ABOUT THE NEED FOR FIELD TESTS TO EVALUATE SAND DRAIN INSTALLATION METHODS IS CONSIDERED OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE. IN RECENT MONTHS THE WRITER HAS SEEN DATA FROM THREE SUCH TESTS. IN ONE CASE, THE SHEAR STRENGTH ADJACENT TO A DRIVEN DRAIN WAS REDUCED BUT THE AVERAGE SHEAR STRENGTH WAS PRACTICALLY UNAFFECTED. HOWEVER, A DRIVEN SAND DRAIN DID NOT PROVIDE AS RAPID DISSIPATION OF EXCESS PORE PRESSURE AS A JETTED DRAIN. AT A SECOND SITE, DRIVEN AND NONDISPLACEMENT DRAINS WERE ABOUT EQUALLY EFFECTIVE IN ACCELERATING CONSOLIDATION, BUT THEIR EFFECT ON SHEAR STRENGTH WAS NOT DETERMINED. AT A THIRD LOCATION, NONDISPLACEMENT DRAINS APPEARED DEFINITELY SUPERIOR TO DRIVEN DRAINS IN ACCELERATING CONSOLIDATION, BUT THE RESULTS ARE NOT CONCLUSIVE, BECAUSE THE DRIVEN DRAINS WERE INSTALLED SEVERAL MONTHS AFTER THE NONDISPLACEMENT TYPES. /AUTHOR/
Conversations with chemists: information seeking behavior of chemistry faculty in the electronic age.

Six faculty members in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Texas at Austin were interviewed one-on-one to gather information about their information-seeking behavior, favored resources, and opinions about the transition from a print to an electronic information environment. In most cases, these chemistry faculty members have eagerly embraced the enhanced access to chemical information made possible by the steady addition of electronic journals and networked database systems. The most-cited benefits include significant time-saving and convenience as well as access to more journals than ever. As a result, use of the physical library and its printed collections by faculty is declining. Chemistry faculty interviewed expressed a strong self-reliance in their information-seeking skills and showed sophistication in their choice of tools.
Gene Expression and Protein Degradation

The sections in this article are: 1 Transcription 1.1 RNA Synthesis 1.2 mRNA Levels 1.3 Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Processing of mRNA 1.4 Factors That Regulate Transcription 1.5 Effect of Dietary Restriction on Transcription 2 Translation 2.1 Protein Synthesis 2.2 Effect of Dietary Restriction on Protein Synthesis 2.3 Fidelity of Protein Synthesis 2.4 Various Steps of Protein Synthesis 3 Protein Degradation 3.1 Degradation of Mixed Protein Populations 3.2 Degradation of Individual Proteins 3.3 Degradation of Abnormal Proteins 3.4 Effect of Dietary Restriction on Protein Degradation 4 Summary and Conclusions
Carbon cost of plant nitrogen acquisition: global carbon cycle impact from an improved plant nitrogen cycle in the Community Land Model

Plants typically expend a significant portion of their available carbon (C) on nutrient acquisition - C that could otherwise support growth. However, given that most global terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) do not include the C cost of nutrient acquisition, these models fail to represent current and future constraints to the land C sink. Here, we integrated a plant productivity-optimized nutrient acquisition model - the Fixation and Uptake of Nitrogen Model - into one of the most widely used TBMs, the Community Land Model. Global plant nitrogen (N) uptake is dynamically simulated in the coupled model based on the C costs of N acquisition from mycorrhizal roots, nonmycorrhizal roots, N-fixing microbes, and retranslocation (from senescing leaves). We find that at the global scale, plants spend 2.4 Pg C yr(-1) to acquire 1.0 Pg N yr(-1) , and that the C cost of N acquisition leads to a downregulation of global net primary production (NPP) by 13%. Mycorrhizal uptake represented the dominant pathway by which N is acquired, accounting for ~66% of the N uptake by plants. Notably, roots associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi - generally considered for their role in phosphorus (P) acquisition - are estimated to be the primary source of global plant N uptake owing to the dominance of AM-associated plants in mid- and low-latitude biomes. Overall, our coupled model improves the representations of NPP downregulation globally and generates spatially explicit patterns of belowground C allocation, soil N uptake, and N retranslocation at the global scale. Such model improvements are critical for predicting how plant responses to altered N availability (owing to N deposition, rising atmospheric CO2 , and warming temperatures) may impact the land C sink.
Tunable laser induced scattering from coastal water

This paper describes tunable laser-induced inelastic scattering measurements made on Chesapeake water. Results show both fluorescence and Raman signals were induced at laser wavelengths ranging from 180 to 530 nm. Depending on excitation laser wavelengths, Raman signals overlap with fluorescence signals at different spectral positions. At shorter excitation laser wavelengths, analyses of measurement data demonstrate that Raman signals can be recovered for water temperature retrievals. At longer excitation wavelengths, both fluorescence and Raman spectral shapes are corrupted. This paper describes the effects of superposed laser-induced signals on geophysical parameter retrievals through spectral analysis.
Epigenetics in Critical Illness: A New Frontier

Epigenetics is the study of alterations in the function of genes that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. Within the critical care literature, it is a relatively new and exciting avenue of research in describing pathology, clinical course, and developing targeted therapies to improve outcomes. In this paper, we highlight current research relative to critical care that is focused within the major epigenetic mechanisms of DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNA regulation, and composite epigenetic scoring. Within this emerging body of research it is quite clear that the novel therapies of the future will require clinicians to understand and navigate an even more complex and multivariate relationship between genetic, epigenetic, and biochemical mechanisms in conjunction with clinical presentation and course in order to significantly improve outcomes within the acute and critically ill population.
Block Hybrid -Step Backward Differentiation Formulas for Large Stiff Systems

This paper presents a generalized high order block hybrid -step backward differentiation formula (HBDF) for solving stiff systems, including large systems resulting from the semidiscretization parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs). A block scheme in which two off-grid points are specified by the zeros of the second degree Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind is examined for convergence, and stabilities. Numerical simulations that illustrate the accuracy of a Chebyshev based method are given for selected stiff systems and partial differential equations.
TOXICITY OF CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL TO SHRIMP EXPOSED TO CONSTANT AND DECREASING CONCENTRATIONS IN A FLOWING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT The shrimp Pandalus danae was exposed, in a flowing system, to a water extract of Prudhoe Bay crude oil and to chemically dispersed dilutions of this oil. Mortality produced over a period of 10 hours to 9 days was followed to the point of 50 percent survival in each tank. The product of time to 50 percent mortality (in days) and the measured concentration (in parts per million (ppm)) in each tank was used to describe the toxicity of the solutions. This toxicity index (ppm-days) was 4.5 times higher in the winter and fall than in spring and summer tests with the same oil extract. In the warmer months, when shrimp were more sensitive, oil dispersed with chemicals was about half as toxic as the seawater extract of the oil. Differences in the concentrations of specific petroleum hydrocarbons in the seawater extract and the chemically dispersed oil aid in explaining the toxicity observed. Toxic aromatics represent 98 percent of the extract but only 67 percent of the dispersed oil since the latter is e...
Treatment of periorbital rhytids with botulinum toxin type A: maximizing safety and results.

Botulinum toxin type A is widely used for treatment of facial rhytids, often in an “off-label” fashion. Important mechanisms of action and safety concerns for such treatments are presented along wi...
Stochastic Signatures of Phase Space Decomposition

We explore the consequences of metrically decomposing a finite phase space, modeled as a d-dimensional lattice, into disjoint subspaces (lattices). Ergodic flows of a test particle undergoing an unbiased random walk are characterized by implementing the theory of finite Markov processes. Insights drawn from number theory are used to design the sublattices, the roles of lattice symmetry and system dimensionality are separately considered, and new lattice invariance relations are derived to corroborate the numerical accuracy of the calculated results. We find that the reaction efficiency in a finite system is strongly dependent not only on whether the system is compartmentalized, but also on whether the overall reaction space of the microreactor is further partitioned into separable reactors. We find that the reaction efficiency in a finite system is strongly dependent not only on whether the system is compartmentalized, but also on whether the overall reaction space of the microreactor is further partitioned into separable reactors. The sensitivity of kinetic processes in nanoassemblies to the dimensionality of compartmentalized reaction spaces is quantified.
Difficulty Falling or Staying Asleep

Sleep complaints should be viewed as a symptom, not the problem, and a differential diagnosis list should be compiled based on the subtle features of these complaints. Screening tools and assessments are helpful in identifying and characterizing sleep complaints before or during the clinical encounter. An organized, systematic approach is preferred when evaluating patients’ sleep complaints. Gathering specific core data points of the sleep history is crucial to accurately appreciate the nuances of patients’ complaints and help to focus the differential diagnosis list. A firm understanding of the potential causes or exacerbating factors of the complaint is necessary to accurately guide the evaluation process. Several tools are available to help further characterize or diagnose conditions that may be responsible for patients’ complaints.
The influence of tropical heating displacements on the extratropical climate

The hypothesis is advanced that a latitudinal shift in the tropical convective heating pattern can significantly alter temperatures in the extratropics. Results of a simplified general circulation model (GCM) show that the shift of a prescribed tropical heating toward the summer pole, on time scales longer than a few weeks, leads to a more intense cross-equatorial 'winter' Hadley circulation, enhanced upper-level tropical easterlies, and a slightly stronger subtropical winter jet, accompanied by warming at the winter middle and high latitudes as a result of increased dynamical heating. The indications are that there is a robust connection between the net dynamic heating in the extratropics and the implied changes in the subtropical wind shear resulting from adjustments in the Hadley circulation associated with convective heating displacements in the tropics. The implications are that (1) the low-frequency temporal variability in the Hadley circulation may play an important role in modulating wave transport in the winter extratropics, (2) the global climate may be sensitive to those processes that control deep cumulus convection in the tropics, and (3) systematic temperature biases in GCMs may be reduced by improving the tropical rainfall simulation.
Employees as customers: The role of social controls and employee socialization in developing patronage

Abstract Employees can be an important source of patronage. This article examines the role of social controls in fostering employee socialization and the role of socialization in influencing the preferences of employees to patronize their employer for goods and services. It is found that social controls lead to higher employee socialization, which results in higher patronage preferences for the goods and services of the organization that employs them.
Isolation and Characterization of Phenoloxidase from Egg Masses of the Gastropod Mollusc, Biomphalaria glabrata

Previous studies have shown that phenoloxidase activity is present in the albumen gland and egg masses of Biomphalaria glabrata, and its potential role in egg formation in this snail has been proposed. In the present study, a phenoloxidase enzyme has been isolated from the supernatant of egg mass homogenates using a combination of hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography (GF-HPLC). The isolated phenoloxidase eluted as a single peak of activity upon GF-HPLC (representing a 132-fold purification) and subsequently was detected as a single band with an estimated molecular mass of 35 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. Phenylthiourea-inhibitable mono- and diphenoloxidase activities were demonstrated for the isolated enzyme suggesting that both enzyme activities are associated with a single, tyrosinase-type molecule.
Application of exfoliative cytology to benign and malignant diseases of the esophagus and stomach.

The technical considerations in the performance of gastrointestinal exfoliative cytology, though seemingly minor, pay large dividends in diagnostic accuracy. Conscientious application of the methods and sufficient care in the interpretation help make the exfoliative cytologic procedure the most accurate clinical method for both identifying and excluding the presence of malignant disease in the upper digestive tract.
Synthesis and structure of trans-[O2(Im)4Tc]Cl•2H2O, trans-[O2(1-meIm)4Tc]Cl•3H2O and related compounds

Abstract The synthesis, spectra and HPLC behavior of a series of trans-dioxotechnetium(V) complexes with imidazole and bidentate nitrogen ligands are reported. Crystals of trans-[O2(Im)4Tc]Cl·2H2O were found to form in the monoclinic space group C2/c with unit cell parameters a = 13.249 (3) A, b = 11.239 (2) A, c = 14.358 (3) A and β = 115.56 (2)°. The cell volume is 1929 (1) A3 with Z = 4. The similar compound trans-[O2(1-melm)4Tc]Cl·3H2O crystallized in the same space group with a = 20.980 (5) A, b = 8.599 (3) A, c = 16.105 (3) A and β = 124.22 (2)°. The cell volume is 2402 (1) A3 with Z = 4. The unweighted R-factors for the two structures are 0.091 and 0.122, respectively. The TcO and TcN bond distances are essentially identical in the two structures and are 1.71 A and 2.15 A, respectively. The imidazole ligands are canted slightly by an average angle of 15° off a plane perpendicular to that of the technetium and nitrogens. Infrared absorbances assigned to the asymmetric OTcO stretch occur in the range 810–830 cm−1. The compounds are all diamagnetic due to the strong tetragonal distortion exerted by the oxo ligands. Proton NMR resonances are deshielded slightly relative to the free ligands. The imidazole complexes are unstable in aqueous solution and the bidentate amine complexes are unstable at low pH. HPLC capacity factors by reverse-phase ion-pair chromatography varied in an unexpected manner and, in general, decreased with increasing aliphatic chain length of the eluant anion.
Case of the missing isomer: pathways for molecular elimination in the photoinduced decomposition of 1,1-dibromoethane.

We report an experimental and computational study of the photodecomposition pathways of a prototypical gem-dihalide, 1,1-dibromoethane (1,1-EDB), in the condensed phase. Following photolysis of the matrix isolated parent compound in Ar at 5 K, photoproducts are observed corresponding to Br2 elimination (+ C2H4 or C2H2) and HBr elimination (+ vinyl bromide). The elimination products are observed in the matrix as complexes. In contrast to our recent studies of the photolysis of matrix isolated polyhalomethanes, no evidence for the iso-1,1-EDB species is found, although studies of the matrix isolated 1,1-dibromo-2,2,2-trifluoroethane analogue show that the isomer is the dominant photoproduct. These results are examined in the light of theoretical studies that have characterized in detail the 1,1-EDB potential energy surface (PES). For Br2 elimination, a pathway from the isomer on the singlet PES is found which involves a simultaneous Br2 loss with 1,2-hydrogen shift; this pathway lies lower in energy than a ...
Political evocation and styles of candidate evaluation

Recent work in cognitive processing and individual decision making has emphasized that individuals vary in the criteria they bring to bear to evaluate political objects. In this paper we argue that individual differences are but one piece of the decision-making puzzle, and that environmental factors are also important. Of particular interest to us is the idea that different candidates evoke different evaluative criteria. Using data from a 1984 sample of undergraduates and the 1980 National Election Study, we find evidence that political evocation effects do exist. This result has implications for understanding both the decision calculus of individuals and the collective rationality of the electorate.
An analysis of reference services usage at a regional academic health sciences library

The University of Illinois Crawford Library of the Health Sciences at Rockford (CLHS-R) has been serving University of Illinois College of Medicine faculty, students, and staff and the area community since 1972. CLHS-R is a regional academic health sciences library for the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). The mission of the UIC University Library includes “ensuring that faculty, students and other users have access to a broad and diversified range of scholarly resources” and “engaging in outreach to the community” [1]. In keeping with this mission, CLHS-R welcomes members of the community into the library and provides borrowing privileges to Illinois residents with proper identification. The collection at CLHS-R primarily focuses on the curriculum and research needs of the faculty, students, and staff from the colleges of medicine, nursing, and public health. The secondary focus of the collection is on consumer health. At CLHS-R, the consumer health collection has been pulled from the regular collection and resides in a quiet reading area in the back of the library that offers privacy. Providing health information to consumers is a common practice among academic health sciences libraries [2, 3]. The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in reference services usage provided by CLHS-R from 1990 through 2009. Numerous articles can be found in the literature discussing the most efficient method of staffing the reference desk [4, 5]. Many studies have also asked if the reference desk should be eliminated completely [6–8]. At CLHS-R, the traditional reference desk has been phased out even though patrons still walk in the door and need assistance. Using a triage approach, patrons come to the user services desk to request assistance. The library staff member at the user services desk determines the difficulty of the question and handles the query directly or refers the patron to a reference librarian. Training of the library staff is critical so that the reference questions are handled properly. Over the past two decades, the method of providing reference services has changed dramatically [9–12]. The explosion of the Internet has changed the way libraries provide reference services today [13–16]. Overall traditional reference transactions have declined, while electronic reference questions have increased [17]. The author asked, “Who is really using the reference services at CLHS-R and why?” Knowing who is using reference and why should help reference librarians plan for the future.
Biocompution: An emerging discipline at the intersection of the computational and biological sciences

Research at the intersection of the biological and computational sciences holds the potential to enable a number of important advances for both communities. Computational models of cell regulatory networks and biochemical signaling cascades are being constructed to elucidate the inner workings of living cells. Biologists are utilizing these models to explore the logical implication of alternative competing hypotheses, to design drugs that are highly selective for specific targets, and to control the behavior of cells in response to external inputs. Similarly, advances in the biological sciences are being used to drive innovation in the design of novel new computing architectures based on biomolecules. The inherent ability of DNA and RNA nucleotides to perform massively parallel computations is being exploited to solve difficult, NP-hard, computational problems. In addition. DNA molecules are being utilized to construct two- and three-dimensional physical nanostructures.
Intrinsic viscosities and other rheological properties of flocculated suspensions of nonmagnetic and magnetic ferric oxides

Abstract The viscosity of flocculated suspensions of rhombohedral and acicular (needle-like) αFe2O3 (nonmagnetic) and acicular γFe2O3 (magnetic) particles in ethylene glycol was measured over broad ranges of concentration at shear rates D from a few sec−1 up to 1340 sec−1. The intrinsic viscosity, [η], derived from the concentration dependence of the viscosity, depends linearly on D−γ, where γ is rm1 2 and rm1 3 for suspensions of the acicular and rhombohedral particles, respectively. Intrinsic viscosities are discussed in terms of φpf = 2.5/[η], where φpf is the volume fraction of particles in a floc. At a D of 5.3 sec−1, [η] is about 30 for suspensions of the nonmagnetic particles and is 80 for the magnetic particles. The intrinsic viscosity at infinite shear rate, which increases from 3.3 to 6.0 with the axis ratio of the particles, indicates that small stable flocs exist. From [η] at 5.3 sec−1 and results from a theoretical treatment of floc growth by Vold, the floc size and number of particles in a floc were estimated and are compared with results from sedimentation rates. The dependence of shear stress on D conforms to the Casson equation, which gives the yield stress and viscosity at infinite shear rate. Data are also presented on xylene suspensions of acicular αFe2O3 particles stabilized with a polymeric dispersant.
Pion-sigma exchange and the proton-proton fusion rate

Abstract We investigate the π-σ meson exchange corrections to the solar p + p → d + e+ + ν fusion rate. This correction enhances the pp S-factor by about 1.5%. Various standard proton-proton and deuteron wave functions are used for the numerical evaluation of the effect.
Arylsulphatase and the melanin pigment cell cycle

Abstract 1. 1. Tumour arylsulphatase and DOPA oxidase activities from patients with malignant melanomas were measured and correlated with the degree of pigmentation. 2. 2. Liver arylsulphatase activities from poikilothermic vertebrates were measured and correlated with the liver melanin pigment cell cycle. 3. 3. A direct relationship was suggested between liver pigment content and arylsulphatase.
Effect of PGI2, PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1α on canine gastric blood flow and acid secretion

Abstract Prostaglandins (PG)I 2 , PGE 2 and 6-keto PGF 1 α were infused directly into the gastric arterial supply at 10 −9 , 10 −8 and 10 −7 g/kg/min during an intra-gastric artery pentagastrin infusion in anesthetized dogs. 6-keto PGF 1 α was also infused at 10 −6 g/kg/min. Gastric arterial blood flow was measured continuously with a non-cannulating electromagnetic flow probe and gastric acid collected directly from the stomach. PGI 2 and PGE 2 produced similar dose-dependent increases in blood flow with an increase of more than four-fold at the highest dose. Both PGs inhibited acid output over this dose range with PGE 2 having 10 times the potency of PGI 2 . 6-keto PGF 1 α was at least 1000 times less active than PGI 2 or PGE 2 at increasing blood flow and failed to inhibit acid output even at 10 −6 g/kg/min.
Quantifying differences in the impact of variable chemistry on equilibrium uranium(VI) adsorption properties of aquifer sediments

Uranium adsorption–desorption on sediment samples collected from the Hanford 300-Area, Richland, WA varied extensively over a range of field-relevant chemical conditions, complicating assessment of possible differences in equilibrium adsorption properties. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 500–1000 h although dissolved uranium concentrations increased over thousands of hours owing to changes in aqueous chemical composition driven by sediment-water reactions. A nonelectrostatic surface complexation reaction, >SOH + UO22+ + 2CO32- = >SOUO2(CO3HCO3)2–, provided the best fit to experimental data for each sediment sample resulting in a range of conditional equilibrium constants (logKc) from 21.49 to 21.76. Potential differences in uranium adsorption properties could be assessed in plots based on the generalized mass-action expressions yielding linear trends displaced vertically by differences in logKc values. Using this approach, logKc values for seven sediment samples were not significantly different. Ho...
The Velocity Distribution of Electrons Issuing from Small Holes

The velocity distribution of a beam of 50-volt electrons issuing from a hole 0.022 cm in diameter in a copper plate 0.02 cm thick has been measured. Seventy percent of the electrons were found to retain approximately their initial velocity. By coating the sides and edges of the hole with lampblack 95% of the electrons were transmitted without appreciable energy loss. Similar results were obtained with grids of 100 mesh copper gauze.
Efficacy of recent state implementation plans for 8-hour ozone

The development of state implementation plans (SIPs) for attainment of criteria pollutant standards is an integral component of air quality management in the United States. However, the content and efficacy of SIPs have rarely been examined systematically. Here, 20 SIPs developed in response to the 1997 8-hr ozone standard are reviewed as case studies of attainment efforts at the state level. Comparison of observed and model predicted ozone concentrations shows the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended modeled attainment test to be a somewhat conservative predictor of attainment. Among 12 SIPs for regions that sought attainment by 2009, the test correctly predicted attainment and nonattainment in four and five regions, respectively; in the other three regions, attainment was observed despite predictions of nonattainment. However, weight-of-evidence determinations and deviations from the recommended modeled attainment test methodology led five of these SIPs to predict attainment that was n...
Anterior segment ischemia in chronic herpes simplex keratouveitis

Six patients with chronic herpes simplex keratouveitis developed a rapidly progressive ocular inflammation unresponsive to corticosteroid and antiviral therapy. Severe secondary glaucoma unresponsive to maximum medical therapy ensued and was treated by cyclocryotherapy in five patients. Ocular ischemia with secondary corneal and scleral calcification subsequently developed in all six patients. All had also received prolonged topical therapy with topical antiviral agents, corticosteroids, beta adrenergic blockers and epinephrine compounds.Three eyes eventually required enucleation for the relief of pain; one stabilized, and two others became phthisical. One of the phthisical eyes developed a secondary fungal endophthalmitis. Histopathologic examination of the three enucleated globes revealed extensive corneal, scleral and conjunctival calcification, secondary angle closure, iris and ciliary body necrosis, focal choroiditis, retinal necrosis and atrophy. The syndrome recognized in these patients appears to ...
Role of Oxygen in Rare Earth Chalcogenide Semiconductors

Oxygen uptake by the rare earth chalcogenides takes place through a series of ordered compounds. At high oxygen concentrations the distinct and nearly stoichiometric oxychalcogenides, Ln202X (X = S, Se, Te) appear. For the chalcogenides of the larger rare earths there appears an ordered oxygen-containing beta structure, Ln10X14OxX1-x (X = S, Se). The vibrational spectrum of the trigonal oxysulfide structure contains four infrared and four Raman bands (2 A2u + 2 Eu + 2 Alg + 2 Eg). Band wavenumbers across the La to Lu series vary linearly with unit cell volume. The Raman bands are sharp indicating a high degree of order in the intermediate compounds. The Raman bands of the beta structure are remarkably sharp indicating that this compound also has a highly ordered structure. Known data plus synthesis data are combined to form not-impossible phase diagrams for the larger rare earth sulfide systems. The effect of oxygen in both series of compounds is to produce small wavenumber shifts rather than high wavenumber oxygen impurity bands.
A FORTRAN IV program for analyzing higher-order subjective organization units in free recall learning

This paper presents a program for the analysis of subjective organization in free recall and the instructions for the organization of data to use this program. The program is capable of handling lists of up to 40 items, as well as 20 trials of data. In addition, the program provides several types of data tables for unit sizes from 2 to 10 items in length and for three types of sequential ordering criteria.
Life Course Malleability: Biographical Work and Deprivatization

The traditional view of the life course as the patterned progression of individual experience through time has been challenged on several fronts. The emerging view is that patterned progression is subject to diverse social, historical, and cultural influences. This article extends the challenge by considering the way ordinary biographical work situationally and discursively shapes life course patterning in relation to local cultural and organizational usage. Ethnographic and narrative data from a variety of settings illustrate a social constructionist approach. Concluding comments address the link between the malleability of the life course and the increasing deprivatization of contemporary experience.
Fiscal impacts of local population growth: A conceptual and empirical analysis

Abstract This paper examines the legitimacy of concerns of local residents about the adverse fiscal impacts of population growth. The conceptual discussion shows that economic theory provides no clear prediction of the impact of population growth on per capita spending. Based on a national data set of large countries, simple d descriptive analysis indicates that greater population growth is associated with higher per capita current spending and interest outlays. More detailed analysis both of 1978–1985 changes and of 1985 levels of current spending indicates that higher growth-related per capita spending primarily reflects the combined effects of greater density and increased local spending shares. In sum, established residents in fast- growing areas may experience declines in service quality as well as rising local tax burdens.
Applications of health-related quality of life for guiding health care: advances in response shift research.

Applications of health-related quality of life for guiding health care : advances in response shift research
Differences in growth and survivorship of zebra and quagga mussels: size matters

The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and its congener the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are both invaders in freshwater, but have very different invasion histories, with zebra mussels attaining substantially faster rates of spread at virtually all spatial scales. However, in waterbodies where they co-occur, D. r. bugensis can displace D. polymorpha. To determine if the mechanisms for this displacement are associated with different survival and growth, we kept mussels in flow-through tanks for 289 days with two temperature regimes that mimicked the natural surface water (littoral zone) and hypolimnion conditions of Lake Erie. For the littoral zone regime, we used water directly from the surface of Lake Erie (range 4–25°C, average 11.9 ± 0.6°C). For the profundal zone treatment, Lake Erie surface water was chilled to about 6°C (range 5–8°C, average 6.2 ± 0.6°C) for the full duration of the experiment. For each of these temperature regimes, we used three replicate tanks with only zebra mussels present and three replicate tanks with only quagga mussels (150 ind./tank each), and three replicate tanks with both species (75 ind./tank of each species). Quagga mussels had higher survivorship and grew more than zebra mussels in all treatments. For both species, the size of the mussel entering the winter was critical for survivorship. Larger mussels had a higher survival over the winter in all treatments. For both species, there was a survivorship and growth tradeoff. In the warmer littoral zone treatment both species had higher growth, but lower survival than in the colder profundal zone treatment. Surprisingly, although quagga mussels outperformed zebra mussels, zebra mussel survivorship was better when they were faced with competition by quagga mussels than with just intraspecific competition. In addition, quagga mussels suffered size-specific mortality during the growing season only when facing interspecific competition with zebra mussels. Further experiments are needed to determine the possible mechanisms for these interspecific effects.
Health Care Utilization and Costs Associated with Childhood Abuse

Background Physical and sexual childhood abuse is associated with poor health across the lifespan. However, the association between these types of abuse and actual health care use and costs over the long run has not been documented.
Abstract LB-76: Tissue biomarkers and interstitial fluid pressure in a phase II study of preoperative (preop) bevacizumab (bev) followed by dose-dense doxorubicin (A)/cyclophosphamide (C)/paclitaxel (T) in combination with bev in HER2-negative operable breast cancer (BC)

Purpose: Recent studies evaluating the efficacy of bev in BC have shown conflicting results, particularly in hormone receptor (HR)+ BC. Identification of predictive biomarkers and their relationship to the pharmacodynamic effects of bev would facilitate the identification of BC patients (pts) most likely to benefit from bev. To examine this, we conducted a unique preop phase II trial with a run-in of single agent bev followed by dose-dense AC-T with bev in two cohorts, one with HR+HER2- BC pts, and a smaller triple negative (TN) BC pts. Methods: Pts with HR+, HER2- or TNBC were eligible. Treatment consisted of a single dose of bev 10 mg/kg, followed two wks later by A 60 mg/m2 and C 600 mg/m2 with bev 10 mg/kg q2 wks x 4, followed by T 175 mg/m2 with bev 10 mg/kg q2 wks x 3, followed by T 175 mg/m2 x1. Core biopsies and interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) were assessed pre- and post- bev alone. Pathologic response was confirmed centrally and Miller-Payne (MP) was assessed. Results: The study enrolled 84 pts with HR+ and 20 pts with TN BC. Amongst HR+ pts, 79 had surgical tissue centrally reviewed, and 6 (8%) had a pCR. Amongst TN BC pts, 19 pts had tissue centrally reviewed and 9 (47%) had a pCR. Grade was found to predict MP response in both HR+ and TN pts (p=0.001). Tissue biomarkers and IFP were evaluated as predictors of response to bev. Single-agent bev reduced the mean IFP in the overall cohort and HR+ patients by 20 (p=0.020) and 24.5% (p=0.001), respectively. The IFP decreased > 50% in 24/65 pts and did not change in others. Bev reduced the mean vascular density (MVD) by 33.0% (p Discussion: Collectively, these results indicate that vascular pruning post-BEV may reduce vascular function and increase hypoxia, which is associated with less favorable pathologic response after BEV with chemotherapy in TN BC. In conclusion, our exploratory study suggests that elevated hypoxia and reduced MVD in TN BC reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Citation Format: Yves Boucher, John D. Martin, Sara M. Tolaney, Giogio Seano, Shom Goel, Marek Ancukiewicz, Steven J. Isakoff, Eric P. Winer, Ian E. Krop, Rakesh K. Jain. Tissue biomarkers and interstitial fluid pressure in a phase II study of preoperative (preop) bevacizumab (bev) followed by dose-dense doxorubicin (A)/cyclophosphamide (C)/paclitaxel (T) in combination with bev in HER2-negative operable breast cancer (BC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-76. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-76
Efavirenz is a potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV type 1 replication in microglia in vitro.

The objective of this study was to determine whether reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) could decrease viral replication in microglia. Human microglia obtained from individuals undergoing temp...
Binary buffers for indirect absorption detection in capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract The displacement processes in binary buffers (two acids and one base) were studied theoretically and experimentally. An equation that correlates the concentration change of buffer ingredients in the sample zone with their electrophoretic mobility was derived. According to the equation, when the mobility of a sample is between those of the two buffer components, the sample will mainly displace the species to which its mobility is closest. This displacement is termed mobility-selective displacement. Several binary buffers with different mobilities were studied, and the experimental results agreed semi-quantitatively with the theory.
Visual and graviceptive influences on lower leg EMG activity in humans during brief falls

Human subjects were suspended in a safety harness 28 cm above the floor by a steel cable connected to a computer controlled force generator (electromagnetic brake). After the subjects were unexpectedly released, various controlled patterns of downward acceleration (less than 1 g) could be produced. During the falls, EMG activity was recorded simultaneously from the gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris, along with knee and ankle joint angle in one leg. Subjects were tested eyes closed and also eyes open, both in darkness and in light using a wide field visual display. The display scene could be moved downwards at exactly the same velocity as the moving subject, left fixed with respect to the laboratory ("normal" visual field), or moved upwards at a speed equal to the subject's falling speed (upward moving visual field). Ten vestibularly normal subjects each underwent a total of 45 drops, experiencing three replications of each vision/motion combination used. Under normal visual field conditions, both short and long latency postural responses were seen, which were dependent on the magnitude of the acceleration stimulus. Several of the visual conditions significantly altered both the short and the long latency responses in most of the muscles tested. Effects were particularly prominent in the gastrocnemius and soleus, and were also more pronounced during slow (0.5 g) falls. The upward moving visual field condition increased the short latency EMG reaction in gastrocnemius and soleus for 0.5 g falls. A preliminary scheme for visual-vestibular interaction in short latency EMG responses is presented. Long latency responses are more variable and not conducive to a simple interpretation.