cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Informal Social Reactions to College Women’s Disclosure of Intimate Partner Violence Associations With Psychological and Relational Variables

This researchers assessed informal (e.g., friends, family) social reactions to college women's (N = 139) disclosure of intimate partner violence (IPV) within their current romantic relationships and associated psychological (i.e., posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS] and global psychological distress symptoms) and relational (i.e., intentions to leave the abusive relationship) variables. Women completed confidential surveys, which assessed current partner abuse, psychological and relational variables, and three types of social reactions from informal supports to disclosure of IPV: positive (e.g., believing, validating the victim), negative (e.g., disbelieving, blaming the victim), and leaving (i.e., being told to end the relationship) reactions. At the bivariate level, negative social reactions to women's disclosure were related to increases in global psychological distress, PTSS, and leaving intentions; positive social reactions to disclosure related only to increases in PTSS; and being told to leave the relationship related to increases in PTSS and leaving intentions. In the regression analyses, after controlling for abuse severity, negative social reactions were significantly related to global psychological distress and PTSS, and being told to leave significantly related to leaving intentions and PTSS. Mechanisms for these relationships and implications are discussed.
Spinal fusion surgery in children with non-idiopathic scoliosis: is there a need for routine postoperative ventilation?

Background The perioperative management of children with non-idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal deformity surgery has not been standardized and the current practice is to routinely ventilate these patients in the postoperative period. This study reports the experience from a single institution and evaluates the need and reasons for postoperative ventilation. Details of ventilated patients are presented. Methods All patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery for non-idiopathic scoliosis were recorded prospectively (2003–4). Patients were anaesthetized according to a standardized technique. Physical characteristics, cardiopulmonary function, intraoperative blood loss and fluid requirement, postoperative need for ventilation and all perioperative adverse events were recorded on a computer database. Results A total of 76.2% of patients were safely extubated at the end of surgery without any further complications or need for re-ventilation; 23.8% of patients required postoperative ventilation with half of the cases being planned before operation and 40% of all patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) required postoperative ventilation. There were no specific factors that could predict the need for postoperative ventilation, although an increased tendency for children with DMD and those with a preoperative forced vital capacity Conclusions Early extubation can be safely performed after spinal deformity surgery for non-idiopathic scoliosis. The use of short-acting anaesthetics, drugs to reduce blood loss, experienced spinal anaesthetists and the availability of intensive care support are all essential for a good outcome in patients with neuromuscular disease and cardiopulmonary co-morbidity.
DNA cleavage and Trp53 differentially affect SINE transcription

Among the cellular responses observed following treatment with DNA-damaging agents is the activation of Short Interspersed Elements (SINEs; retrotransposable genetic elements that comprise over 10% of the human genome). By placing a human SINE (the Alu element) into murine cells, we have previously shown that DNA-damaging agents such as etoposide can induce both upregulation of SINE transcript levels and SINE retrotransposition. A similarly cytotoxic (but not genotoxic) exposure to vincristine was not associated with SINE activation. Here we demonstrate that multiple other genotoxic exposures are associated with upregulation of SINE transcript levels. By comparing the effects of similarly cytotoxic doses of the topoisomerase II inhibitors etoposide and merbarone, we confirm that DNA strand breakage is specifically associated with SINE induction. By evaluating transcription rate and RNA stability, we demonstrate that SINE induction by genotoxic exposure is associated with transcriptional induction and not with transcript stabilization. Finally we demonstrate that SINE induction by genotoxic stress is mediated by a Trp53-independent pathway, and in fact that Trp53 plays an inhibitory role in attenuating the transcriptional induction of SINE elements following exposure to a genotoxic agent. Together these data support a model in which initial DNA damage can trigger genomic instability due to SINE activation, a response which may be amplified in cancer cells lacking functional TP53.
Hospital and Surgeon Variation in Complications and Repeat Surgery Following Incident Lumbar Fusion for Common Degenerative Diagnoses

Low back pain is a condition for which expanding treatments and surgical innovation have outpaced supporting scientific evidence of their effectiveness (Deyo et al. 2009). Policy makers are questioning the value of lumbar fusion surgery for certain indications, and insurance companies have recently tightened coverage for this common procedure (BlueCross & BlueShield of North Carolina 2010). Recent reviews of surgical efficacy suggest that fusion surgery is no better than multidisciplinary, intensive nonsurgical treatment for discogenic back pain (pain due to degenerative discs, without sciatica), but with a worse safety profile and greater cost (Mirza and Deyo 2007; Washington State Health Care Authority 2007). Poor outcomes of lumbar fusion may be particularly pronounced in workers' compensation populations (Maghout-Juratli et al. 2006). Lumbar fusion may have a clearer role for treating deformities such as degenerative spondylolisthesis and scoliosis (Herkowitz and Kurz 1991; Fischgrund et al. 1997). However, even when there is an indication for less invasive surgery, such as decompressive laminectomy for spinal stenosis, complex fusion procedures that increase the risk of a complication may be performed (Deyo et al. 2010). Multilevel fusions and circumferential approaches are often performed without strong evidence of corresponding improvements in pain or physical functioning. A greater understanding of factors associated with lumbar fusion would help inform current debates. Postoperative complications may be influenced by the choice of surgical technique (Fritzell, Hagg et al. 2002; Deyo et al. 2010; Cizik et al. 2012), underscoring the imperative to rigorously evaluate the safety of surgical treatments. However, population-based measures of safety have been only sparsely reported, and little is currently known about hospital and surgeon variation in rates of postoperative complications following spinal fusion. Using a statewide inpatient discharge registry that allowed us to link successive episodes of care for the same patient across multiple years and institutions, we sought to determine the rates of postoperative complications following fusion for degenerative disease, assess the variation in these rates across individual hospitals and surgeons, and identify how much of the variation is accounted for by operative features.
Web Service Programs Described in a Rule-Based Language

This paper proposes a software architecture for Web service programs. Rule-based languages allow programs to be easily described at a high and abstract level, however, they suffer from long execution times. A state transition model, one of a standard model for developing telecommunication services programs, can be used to simply describe Web services. To reduce the complexity of development, this paper proposes a method for describing service programs using a rule-based language. In this paper the easy-of-use of this method for novice users is tested using remote control service which is one of Web services.
Labels, Categories, Behaviors: Ed, Ld, and Emr Reconsidered

Children traditionally labeled learning disabled, mildly emotionally disturbed, and mildly mentally retarded are considered within a behavioral rather than a categorical framework. A historical analysis reveals that the three areas have evolved from highly similar foundations. In addition, no behavioral characteristics can be found that are associated exclusively with any one of the three areas. Children who are usually identified as learning disabled, mildly disturbed, or mildly retarded reveal more similarities than differences. Consequently, successful teaching techniques do not differ among the three areas. A noncategorical orientation is recommended in which children are grouped for instruction according to their specific learning deficits rather than their assignment to traditional categories.
The muscle chloride channel ClC-1 is not directly regulated by intracellular ATP.

ClC-1 belongs to the gene family of CLC Cl− channels and Cl−/H+ antiporters. It is the major skeletal muscle chloride channel and is mutated in dominant and recessive myotonia. In addition to the membrane-embedded part, all mammalian CLC proteins possess a large cytoplasmic C-terminal domain that bears two so-called CBS (from cystathionine-β-synthase) domains. Several studies indicate that these domains might be involved in nucleotide binding and regulation. In particular, Bennetts et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 2005. 280:32452–32458) reported that the voltage dependence of hClC-1 expressed in HEK cells is regulated by intracellular ATP and other nucleotides. Moreover, very recently, Bennetts et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 2007. 282:32780–32791) and Tseng et al. (J. Gen. Physiol. 2007. 130:217–221) reported that the ATP effect was enhanced by intracellular acidification. Here, we show that in striking contrast with these findings, human ClC-1, expressed in Xenopus oocytes and studied with the inside-out configuration of the patch-clamp technique, is completely insensitive to intracellular ATP at concentrations up to 10 mM, at neutral pH (pH 7.3) as well as at slightly acidic pH (pH 6.2). These results have implications for a general understanding of nucleotide regulation of CLC proteins and for the physiological role of ClC-1 in muscle excitation.
An explicit third-order numerical method for size-structured population equations

A numerical method incorporating a combination of a difference scheme and several uniform and nonuniform quadrature rules is presented. The method is designed to solve size-structured population equations with linear growth rate and nonlinear fertility and mortality rates. A detailed analysis of the global discretization error is carried out. Examples with known exact solutions have been solved numerically using the proposed method. The computations show that the global error is of third order as predicted by the theory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 1–21, 2003
CMOS-compatible three dimensional buried channel technology (3DBCT)

This paper reports the development of a single-mask CMOS-compatible process for creating three dimensional buried channels (3DBCT). The structures are formed in silicon using isotropic SF6 plasma etching in a deep reactive ion etcher and are then sealed by depositing a low-stress dielectric material using low-temperature plasma enhance chemical vapor deposition. Utilizing reactive ion etch lag, this bulk micromachining technique creates silicon channels with 3D variability. With a single mask and a single etch step, silicon microchannels are created with control in all three dimensions to form complex μTAS comprising microchannels and cavities with varying depths and width. This technique also allows for creating microfluidic access ports to the microchannels.
A Risk-free Perishable Item Returns Policy

A returns policy, which specifies a schedule of rebates from manufacturer to retailer for product left over at the end of the selling season, encourages larger order quantities and can increase manufacturer profit. One downside from a manufacturer's perspective is the possibility of very low profit due to high rebate expense when demand is lower than expected. We take the viewpoint of a manufacturer selling a short life-cycle product to a single risk-neutral retailer and describe returns policies that, when compared to no returns, satisfy two conditions: (1) the retailer's expected profit is increased and (2) the manufacturer's profit is at least as large as when no returns are allowed. We call such a returns policyrisk-free.
The efficiency of C4 photosynthesis under low light conditions in Zea mays, Miscanthus x giganteus and Flaveria bidentis

The efficiency of C(4) photosynthesis in Zea mays, Miscanthus x giganteus and Flaveria bidentis in response to light was determined using measurements of gas exchange, (13) CO(2) photosynthetic discrimination, metabolite pools and spectroscopic assays, with models of C(4) photosynthesis and leaf (13) CO(2) discrimination. Spectroscopic and metabolite assays suggested constant energy partitioning between the C(4) and C(3) cycles across photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Leakiness (φ), modelled using C(4) light-limited photosynthesis equations (φ(mod)), matched values from the isotope method without simplifications (φ(is)) and increased slightly from high to low PAR in all species. However, simplifications of bundle-sheath [CO(2)] and respiratory fractionation lead to large overestimations of φ at low PAR with the isotope method. These species used different strategies to maintain similar φ. For example, Z. mays had large rates of the C(4) cycle and low bundle-sheath cells CO(2 ) conductance (g(bs)). While F. bidentis had larger g(bs) but lower respiration rates and M. giganteus had less C(4) cycle capacity but low g(bs), which resulted in similar φ. This demonstrates that low g(bs) is important for efficient C(4) photosynthesis but it is not the only factor determining φ. Additionally, these C(4) species are able to optimize photosynthesis and minimize φ over a range of PARs, including low light.
Ionizing Radiation for Quarantine Control of Opogona sacchari (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

A discriminating irradiation dose of 150 gray (Gy) was used to determine the most tolerant immature stages of Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). Based on adult emergence, early and late pupae were determined to be the most tolerant stages, and they were significantly more tolerant than eggs, neonate larvae, and larvae that were 1, 2, or 3 wk old. Irradiation treatment of eggs, neonates, 1-wk-old larvae, 2-wk-old larvae, 3-wk-old larvae, early pupae, and late pupae at 150 Gy resulted in a 96, 96, 95, 73, 61, 8, and 9% reduction in adult emergence, respectively. Pupae were treated with irradiation doses between 60 and 400 Gy. Emergence to the adult stage was significantly reduced by irradiation, averaging 90% in experimental controls and 29% in the 400-Gy treatment. Egg production was also reduced by irradiation, although the average age of pupae at the time of irradiation had a larger effect on fecundity. In total, 2,527 pupae treated with 120 Gy eclosed and produced 47,221 eggs and three F1 larvae. In the 150-Gy treatment, 2,927 adults in total emerged from the 4,626 insects treated as pupae. These adults laid 62,878 eggs, none of which hatched. We conclude that a minimum dose of 150 Gy should be sufficient for sterilization of immature O. sacchari infesting export commodities.
Spontaneous breakdown ofSUN

We examine the spontaneous breakdown of the generalSUN group in a model of a self-interacting fermion multiplet transforming according to theN-dimensional representation of the group. The 2(N−1) Goldstone bosons appear as bound states. We also obtain the observational (asymptotic)) symmetry, which turns out to be a contraction ofSUN, containing aSUN−1×U1 subalgebra and a (2(N−1))-dimensional subalgebra.
SOME ANTITHERAPEUTIC SIDE EFFECTS OF HOSPITALIZATION AND PSYCHOTHERAPY.

(1964). Some Antitherapeutic Side Effects of Hospitalization and Psychotherapy. Psychiatry: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 170-176.
FTIR Product Study of the Reactions CH3O2 + CH3O2 and CH3O2 + O3

The products of the self-reaction of methylperoxy radicals have been determined at 296 K in a 140-L chamber using continuous ultraviolet photolysis with FTIR detection. The branching fraction for the reaction channel giving methoxy radicals is found to be (41 ± 4)%, in good agreement with two earlier studies but somewhat higher than the most recent investigations. No evidence was found for the production of CH3OOCH3 (yield <6%). The addition of ozone led to changes in the rates of formation of the major products, which could largely be explained by chemistry of the OH radical. However, some evidence was found for a slow reaction of CH3O2 with O3 occurring with a rate coefficient of 1 × 10-17 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, with an uncertainty of a factor of 2. As part of the present work a relative rate technique was used to measure k(Cl + CH3N2CH3) = (4.8 ± 0.6) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 296 K. The decay of peroxy radical concentrations in the nighttime clean troposphere is interpreted in terms of the product br...
Integration of Inherited Sterility and a Parasitoid, Archytas marmoratus (Diptera: Tachinidae), for Managing Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Acceptability and Suitability of Hosts

One of the factors important to the successful integration of inherited sterility and biological control is the suitability of hosts from irradiated parents. In this study corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae from irradiated parents were compared with larvae from normal parents as to their acceptance by and suitability for Archytas marmoratus (Townsend). Normal larvae and larvae from crosses of irradiated males with normal females were placed in whorl-stage com and subsequently exposed to maggots of A. marmoratus . Host and parasitoid emergence was approximately equal from both the normal and the irradiation treatment; however, parasitism was greater in the normal hosts. In field-cage studies in which adult A. marmoratus were released and allowed to larviposit, percentage parasitism and emergence of H. zea and A. marmoratus were equal between the normal treatment and the irradiation treatment. When maggots were applied to caged plants, emergence of H. zea and A. marmoratus were both low. Significantly more H. zea emerged in the normal treatment than in the irradiation treatment and the application of maggots did not affect emergence of H. zea . There were no significant differences in emergence of A. marmoratus between the normal and irradiation treatments. In a concurrent laboratory study, emergence of H. zea did not differ between normal and irradiation treatment but was greatly reduced when exposed to maggots. Similarly, emergence of A. marmoratus was not affected by irradiation treatment. Larvae from a cross of irradiated males and normal females appear to be both acceptable and suitable for development and subsequent emergence of A. marmoratus .
Thrust Characterization for Bio-Inspired Pulsatile Vortex Ring Thrusters With Variable Exit Nozzle Diameter

The thrust response of a bio-inspired pulsatile vortex ring thruster is explored for variable diameter exit nozzle profiles. Our pulsatile vortex ring thruster is composed of a plunger in a submerged cavity that oscillates to intake and expel fluid through an exit nozzle creating vortex rings which generate thrust. The diameter of the exit nozzle is expanded upon fluid intake to increase volume flow. Upon fluid expulsion the nozzle diameter is reduced to increase flow velocity. This allows for an increase in total thrust. The effect is a thrusting force from a positive net flux in momentum with a zero net flux in mass. This is loosely inspired by jellyfish which utilize the same orifice for both mass intake and expulsion. The thrust is directly measured for multiple diameter profiles. A selected diameter profile is either a constant exit nozzle diameter or a sinusoidal oscillation of exit nozzle diameter that corresponds to the plunger motion. The increase in thrust is analyzed with respect to variable diameter effects and compared to thrust results of constant exit diameter nozzles.© 2009 ASME
Screening of AIDS Antibody among Prisoners in Tongliao City in 2008

[Objective]To understand the screening condition of AIDS among prisoners, control further spread of AIDS.[Methods]The screening data of AIDS among prisoners were analyzed statistically.[Results]In 2008, 2080 prisoners were examined, in which 2021 (97.16%) was male and 59(2.84%) was female 59(2.84%). 2 cases of HIV infection were detected.[Conclusion]It is very necessary to carry out AIDS screening among prisoners. The management should be improved, public security departments and health department should strengthen cooperation to find and block the transmission and spread of AIDS from different source.
On humane quality education of college students

Among the persons with lofty ideals and in the circle of education, it is commomly recognized that there should be a great promotion of the development of quality education in our country. The effect of humane quality education of college students is one of the important links. It carries very important meaning to both the whole and any individual student. This article puts forward some suggestions and suppositions on the humane quality education of college students in the respects of the reinforcement of leadership, the reinforcement of the construction of teadchers, the speed up of the reform of courses and the reinforcement of the cultural construction on the campus.
ORBITAL LYMPHOSARCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS IN A PEAFOWL

Lymphosarcoma associated with infection by avian reticuloendotheliosis virus was diagnosed in an Indian peafowl with exophthalmia and exposure keratitis. Exenteration of the orbit was complicated by a profound oculocardiac reflex and extensive hemorrhage during surgery. Orbital bleeding was controlled by direct pressure, electrocautery, topical administration of bovine thrombin, and application of sterile gelatin sponges and oxidized regenerated cellulose. A blood transfusion was also performed. In addition to describing methods of handling intraoperative complications of orbital exenteration in birds, to the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to describe an association of reticuloendotheliosis virus, which more commonly affects poultry, with lymphosarcoma in an Indian peafowl.
Pulsed, multiple dye laser oscillator system with accurate wavelength control

An ultrastable, tunable, multiple wavelength laser system would be highly desirable for performing multiphoton spectroscopic experiments. We have designed, built, and tested (for extended periods) such a system, whose frequency is accurately determined and controlled by a single wavelength meter. An optical fiber network is used to multiplex several lasers into the wavemeter and facilitate remote operation. In addition, a wavelength reference is included to periodically update calibration of the wavemeter, allowing for long-term operation.
Conclusion: Rethinking the Post-Soviet Experience Twenty Years On

No one denies that moral language was and is used in the post-Soviet world. What is more contentious, however, is whether and to what extent those norms really matter? Are they merely window-dressing for material needs and instrumentally governed tactics? Or do they truly influence dynamics of change? There is plenty to suggest the former, especially in narratives about the sordid world of privatization and property empires. Yet one could also argue that Russian post-socialism is Polanyi’s story in two acts: society biting back against Soviet authoritarianism, and then society biting back against market reforms (hence the rise of Putin). Alas, Polanyi was more rigorous in analyzing the rise of market society and market capitalism than addressing backlash against these state-led projects. Both stories include a plethora of factors and forces–elite machinations, policy errors, social movement dynamics (e.g. Kotkin 2001; Beissinger 2002)–but these interacted with discourses, frames, and narratives of legitimate, normal practice and structure. I have argued that norms and moral economies matter, but they are not overpowering in and of themselves. They interact with interests, shaping them and being shaped by them.
Heuristics and Biases in Evolutionary Biology

Approaching science by considering the epistemological virtues which scientists see as constitutive of good science, and the way these virtues trade-off against one another, makes it possible to capture action that may be lost by approaches which focus on either the theoretical or institutional level. Following Wimsatt (1984) I use the notion of heuristics and biases to help explore a case study from the history of biology. Early in the 20th century, mutation theorists and natural historians fought over the role that isolation plays in evolution. This debate was principally about whether replication was the central scientific virtue (and hence the ultimate goal of science to replace non-experimental evidence with experimental evidence) or whether consilience of inductions was the central virtue (and hence, as many kinds of evidence as possible should be pursued).
Bringing the Boss’s Politics In: Supervisor Political Ideology and the Gender Gap in Earnings

The gender gap in earnings and rewards remains persistent across many professional and managerial work contexts. In these settings, where there are few objective criteria for performance and organi...
Multiplex Imaging of Rho Family GTPase Activities in Living Cells

Here, we provide procedures for imaging the Rho GTPase biosensors in both single and multiplex acquisition modes. The multiplex approach enables the direct visualization of two biosensor readouts from a single living cell. Here, we take as an example a combination of the RhoA biosensor based on a CFP/YFP FRET modality and the Cdc42 biosensor based on organic dyes that change fluorescence as a function of the local solvent polarity. We list the required optical components as well as cellular manipulation techniques necessary to successfully image these two ratiometric biosensors in a single living cell.
1,1-Dichloroethane

The greatest source of exposure to 1,1-dichloroethane is inhalation of the compound in contaminated air, especially near source areas. Other potential sources of exposure are from eating contaminated food, skin contact, breathing contaminated air, or drinking contaminated water. 1,1-Dichloroethane affects the function of the central nervous system (CNS). This compound was used as an anesthetic in the past but current use is as an intermediate in chemical synthesis. 1,1-Dichloroethane is a colorless, oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor. It has been identified as a hazardous waste site chemical; therefore, it has been included in the US Environmental Protection Agency's National Priorities List. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to high levels of ethylidene dichloride in humans results in CNS depression and a cardiostimulating effect resulting in cardiac arrhythmias. Studies in animals have reported effects on the kidney. Upon exposure, this chemical leaves body via breath or is broken down into other chemicals and leaves the body via breath or urine. Presence of 1,1-dichloroethane in the environment is mainly related to its production, storage, consumption, transport, and disposal when it is used as a chemical intermediate, solvent, finish remover, and degreaser. It reaches the environment from biodegradation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane or when vaporized from surface waters and soils. Occupational exposure to 1,1-dichloroethane may occur via inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where it is produced or used. A few animal studies have examined the toxicity and carcinogenicity of 1,1-dichloroethane but have failed to conclusively identify the critical targets of toxicity. Nonneoplastic effects of 1,1-dichloroethane are limited to renal toxicity in cats, maternal and fetal toxicity in rats, and alterations in body weight gain. A significant positive dose-related trend was observed for the incidence of hemangiosarcomas and mammary adenocarcinomas in female rats, hepatocellular carcinomas in male mice, and endometrial stromal polyps in female mice. Two states (California and New Jersey) have set standards for drinking water: 5 and 50 μg l − 1 , respectively. 1,1-Dichloroethane is classified as a possible human carcinogen (Category C) based on no human data and limited evidence of carcinogenicity in two animal species (rats and mice).
Code for America as an Instructional Resource for Teaching User Centered Design and Accessibility

One of the key challenges in user centered design instruction is how to replicate the professional climate. Code for America is a group of volunteers who work on civic problems from a technology standpoint.The group is ideal for helping to train students in design thinking, civic entrepreneurship, and collaboration with the hope that they will continue to volunteer after graduation. Within the group, there are several development teams. The teams consist of experienced developers, writers, and designers. Often, the development teams lack interaction designers or user experience researchers to help them understand the user, understand accessibility and W3 standards. This article illustrates best practices in our experience. It is a starting point for incorporating open source volunteer development projects into a user centered design curriculum.
How socioeconomic disadvantages get under the skin and into the brain to influence health development across the lifespan

Socioeconomic disadvantage (SED) has adverse impacts on physical (Adler and Rehkopf 2008; Blair and Raver 2012; Braverman and Egerter 2008; Cohen et al. 2010; Poulton et al. 2002) and psychological (Adler and Rehkopf 2008; Bradley and Corwyn 2002; Grant et al. 2003) health development. SED is similar to low socioeconomic status (SES) which is based on occupation, income, and education or a composite of more than one of these indicators (McLoyd 1998). However, we conceptualize SED more broadly than socioeconomic status to also include subjective perception of social position and contextual indicators of disadvantage, such as neighborhood deprivation. One of the most commonly used SED indicators is poverty, which is calculated using income that falls below an annually adjusted federal poverty line. Some studies suggest independent effects of different SED variables, but each variable tends to be highly correlated with the others; thus, it is often nearly impossible to disentangle independent effects. Therefore, in this chapter, we will review findings on different SED variables but discuss the impact of SED inclusively. In adulthood, SED is assessed based on factors in an individual’s own background such as income, occupation, and education level, whereas in childhood, SED is typically assessed based on these factors for the parents.
Genesis, Pathways, and Terminations of Intense Global Water Vapor Transport in Association with Large-Scale Climate Patterns

Author(s): Sellars, SL; Kawzenuk, B; Nguyen, P; Ralph, FM; Sorooshian, S | Abstract: The CONNected objECT (CONNECT) algorithm is applied to global Integrated Water Vapor Transport data from the NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications – Version 2 reanalysis product for the period of 1980 to 2016. The algorithm generates life-cycle records in time and space evolving strong vapor transport events. We show five regions, located in the midlatitudes, where events typically exist (off the coast of the southeast United States, eastern China, eastern South America, off the southern tip of South Africa, and in the southeastern Pacific Ocean). Global statistics show distinct genesis and termination regions and global seasonal peak frequency during Northern Hemisphere late fall/winter and Southern Hemisphere winter. In addition, the event frequency and geographical location are shown to be modulated by the Arctic Oscillation, Pacific North American Pattern, and the quasi-biennial oscillation. Moreover, a positive linear trend in the annual number of objects is reported, increasing by 3.58 objects year-over-year.
Increasing cis-lycopene content of the oleoresin from tomato processing byproducts using supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract “Natural” lycopene is expensive and can be obtained from tomatoes; therefore, commercial lycopene is mostly obtained from chemical synthesis. Tomato processing byproducts represent a low-cost source of high-value lycopene. Cis-lycopene is more bioavailable than trans-lycopene; however, 95% of the lycopene in tomato is in all-trans form. The objective of this study was to obtain a cis-lycopene-rich oleoresin from tomato peels and seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and to compare it with the conventional hexane extraction. The highest oleoresin yield (246 g/kg) was obtained from 100% seeds; with SC-CO2 extraction at lower temperature (40 °C) and higher pressure (50 MPa), whereas the highest cis-lycopene content was obtained at higher temperature (80 °C) and lower pressure (30 MPa) from 100% peels. SC-CO2-extracted oleoresins contained up to 67% of cis-lycopene, whereas it was only 34% in the hexane-extracted ones. When the oleoresin was centrifuged, the upper oil fraction (supernatant) contained up to 82% of cis-lycopene. SC-CO2 can enhance the efficacy of lycopene during extraction stage in a simple and clean way.
Carbachol does not correct the defect in the phagocytosis of outer segments by Royal College of Surgeons rat retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Purpose. To investigate the effect of carbachol on the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) in cultures of normal Long-Evans and dystrophic Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods. Retinal pigment epithelial cells from normal and RCS rats were grown in tissue culture. On reaching confluence, they were presented with OS suspended in Krebs-Henseleit buffer in the presence or absence of carbachol and LiCl. The number of bound and ingested OS was quantitated using double immunofluorescence staining. Results. LiCl inhibited the ingestion of OS by more than 90% but had no effect on the binding of OS by Long-Evans RPE cells. The addition of carbachol further reduced OS ingestion. Carbachol alone decreased OS ingestion by normal RPE cells by 30% but had no effect on OS binding. The effect of LiCl and carbachol on RCS RPE cells was similar to their effect on normal RPE cells. Conclusions. Carbachol does not increase OS phagocytosis in normal or RCS rat RPE cells. The phagocytic defect in RCS rat RPE cannot be reversed or overcome by stimulation of the IP 3 pathway by carbachol. LiCl strongly inhibits the ingestion of OS by normal and by RCS RPE cells, and this effect is enhanced by carbachol.
Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions for DNS in Curvilinear Coordinates

High-order non-reflecting boundary conditions in a generalized curvilinear coordinate system for solving the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations in complex geometry have been developed based on the characteristic analysis and the modified Navier-Stokes equation. Viscous terms are taken into account to include the viscous effect near the wall. All boundary conditions are added implicitly to the equations of interior points to ensure the stability of this scheme. The computational results show that the non-reflecting boundary conditions are compatible to the sixth- or fourth-order compact central difference scheme and maintain a high-order accuracy for the global solution. The non-reflecting boundary conditions work surprisingly well without any artificial buffer or sponge. No visible reflected wave was found from either inflow, outflow, far-field, or solid surface. The computational solution is found quite accurate comparing with valid data.
Query answering in circumscriptive and closed-world theories

Among various approaches to handling incomplete and negative information in knowledge representation systems based on predicate logic, McCarthy's circumscription appears to be the most powerful. In this paper we describe a decidable algorithm to answer queries in circumscriptive theories. The algorithm is based on a modified version of ordered linear resolution, which constitutes a sound and complete procedure to determine whether there exists a minimal model satisfying a given formula. The Closed-World Assumption and its generalizations, GCWA and ECWA, can be considered as a special form of circumscription. Consequently, our method also applies to answering queries in theories using the Closed-World Assumption or its generalizations. For the sake of clarity, we restrict our attention to theories consisting of ground clauses. Our algorithm, however, has a natural extension to theories consisting of arbitrary clauses.
Neurotransmitter, Peptide, and Steroid Hormone Abnormalities in PTSD: Biological Endophenotypes Relevant to Treatment

This review summarizes neurotransmitter, peptide, and other neurohormone abnormalities associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and relevant to development of precision medicine therapeutics for PTSD. As the number of molecular abnormalities associated with PTSD across a variety of subpopulations continues to grow, it becomes clear that no single abnormality characterizes all individuals with PTSD. Instead, individually variable points of molecular dysfunction occur within several different stress-responsive systems that interact to produce the clinical PTSD phenotype. Future work should focus on critical interactions among the systems that influence PTSD risk, severity, chronicity, comorbidity, and response to treatment. Effort also should be directed toward development of clinical procedures by which points of molecular dysfunction within these systems can be identified in individual patients. Some molecular abnormalities are more common than others and may serve as subpopulation biological endophenotypes for targeting of currently available and novel treatments.
Focus on Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Advancing Approaches to Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment

As seen in this CME online activity (available at http://courses.elseviercme.com/694), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a specific form of chronic, progressive, fibrotic lung disease of unknown cause that is associated with substantial health-care utilization and high rates of mortality. The clinical symptoms of IPF are nonspecific and overlap with many pulmonary and cardiac diseases making differential diagnosis challenging. The American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/Japanese Respiratory Society/Latin American Thoracic Association (ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT) guidelines strongly recommend a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases; however, there are several limitations to the feasibility of this approach in clinical practice. Although early diagnosis is relevant to any chronic, progressive, and irreversible disorder, it is crucially important that effective treatments for IPF are prescribed without delay. A window of opportunity may exist during which time treatment can have optimal outcomes. Evidence on the clinical management of IPF is rapidly evolving, and key updates were made to the most recent ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT guidelines. The widely used combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine has now been associated with increased risk of hospitalization and death compared with placebo in patients with IPF. These treatments and others for IPF have been mostly supportive, but recently pirfenidone and nintedanib have demonstrated efficacy in reducing functional decline and disease progression in IPF. A pooled analysis of three phase 3 studies of pirfenidone found a significant 48% reduction in all-cause mortality, and a pooled analysis of a phase 2 and two phase 3 studies of nintedanib found a significant 43% reduction in on-treatment mortality. As patient exposure to these two new drugs increases, data continue to emerge on how and when to use these medications and on how to manage their side effects. Finally, several medications targeting the fibrotic pathobiology of IPF are currently in development. Given the limited treatment options for IPF, enrollment in a clinical trial may be the best chance to delay or prevent progression of IPF. This CME-certified expert video roundtable from CHEST reviews the ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT guidelines with a specific focus on accurate and timely diagnosis of IPF and the latest data on the treatment of IPF.
Preoperative Bowel Prep

Preoperative preparation of the colon prior to surgical resection was first introduced in 1966 [1]. The strategy employs the use of a mechanical bowel prep with or without oral antibiotics to reduce the bacterial biomass in the intestine as an empirical method to decrease infectious complications.
Providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin dosing algorithms.

Abstract Introduction Warfarin dosing algorithms have proven beneficial in increasing time within therapeutic range (TTR) and decreasing adverse events associated with out-of-range international normalized ratios (INRs). Despite widespread availability, providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin algorithms in real-world practice are unclear. Identifying perceptions and barriers to algorithm use may help attempts to improve warfarin therapy management. Methods Anticoagulation providers' utilization and perceptions of warfarin dosing algorithms were assessed via a nationwide electronic survey. Results Of the 246 providers who completed the survey, 82% were pharmacists, and 69% had over five years' experience dosing warfarin. Warfarin dosing algorithms were deemed beneficial by 84% of respondents and 72% currently use a warfarin dosing algorithm in their practice at least occasionally. Pharmacists were least likely of anticoagulation providers to use algorithms, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.12). Algorithm utilization also decreased as years of warfarin dosing experience increased, with the highest rate of usage noted in the first year of dosing warfarin. The most common reason providers gave for discontinuing algorithm use was that they no longer felt it was needed. In this study, clinic patient volume did not appear to be associated with algorithm utilization. Conclusion Warfarin dosing algorithms are frequently used among anticoagulation providers, especially those new to dosing warfarin, but use is frequently not sustained over the long-term. Education on the continued benefits of warfarin dosing algorithms could increase long-term utilization, potentially improving patient outcomes.
Training in the Homeland: Negotiating Artistic Travel in the Transnational Field of Indian Classical Dance

As South Asian arts—especially Indian classical dance—gain increasing prominence in transnational settings, travel to India for artistic training has become a major milestone for both amateurs and aspiring professionals. The global networks that are thus instantiated enable diasporic members to return to the ‘homeland’ of their art forms and communities, as well as non-diasporic enthusiasts—many of whom first encounter South Asian arts in the diaspora—the opportunity to learn their chosen art in its ‘original’ context. In this paper, I analyse this global network of artists to study the cross-cultural interactions that are made possible as a result. Some of the questions to be addressed include: How does artistic training in India serve to provide other forms of cultural education for diasporic and non-diasporic artists? How does the contemporary transnational practice of Indian classical dance sustain and/or produce particular identities relating to nation-culture, race and ethnicity? What is the relationship between dance practices in India and constructions of multicultural identity abroad? Drawing on ethnographic and historical research on the performance of Indian classical dance in the diasporic and multicultural context, this paper is also informed by my extensive experience as a diasporic Indian classical (Odissi) dancer in Canada. As travel to India for training becomes easier for diasporic and non-diasporic dancers, as well as something that is to be expected to evidence their commitment and proficiency, the question arises as to whether or not the ways in which South Asian arts are being perceived in India and abroad are changing. As I demonstrate, the fact that these national arts are regarded as rooted in India as their land of origin serves to cement earlier nationalist constructs even as these dance practices are shaped by contemporary transnational politics of multiculturalism and racial formation.
Prolonged Remissions with Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Burkitt’s Lymphoma: Long Term Follow-Up at a Single Institution.

Burkitts Lymphoma (BL) is a highly aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL) that accounts for 50% of childhood cases of NHL, yet is rare in adults. B symptoms, advanced stage and extranodal disease are risk factors previously associated with poor survival. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is often used because of either incomplete or short duration of remission with standard therapy yet little published data for HCT and BL exists. We evaluated the comparative safety and efficacy of a cyclophosphamide/total body irradiation-containing myeloablative conditioning regimen followed by either an autologous HCT (autoHCT) or allogeneic related donor HCT (alloHCT) in 38 patients who received transplants between October 1975 and June 2004. Twenty-five patients (median age 16 years [range, 4–65]) underwent an autoHCT; 13 patients (median age 13 [range, 4–62]) received an alloHCT. The median number of conventional chemotherapy regimens prior to transplant was 2 (range 1–4); the median duration of first complete remission (CR) was 0.4 years (range, 0–8.8). The majority of patients were in a complete remission (CR) at transplant (auto HCT - 16 [64%] [40% CR1]), alloHCT - 9 [69%] [23% CR1]). Patient demographics, disease characteristics at diagnosis, at relapse and at transplant were comparable between the two groups except for a greater incidence of high risk factors, including B symptoms, advanced stage at diagnosis, and extranodal (bone marrow and central nervous system) disease in the alloHCT group. The median follow up is 7 years (range 1–12) and 24 years (range 2–27) for the autoHCT and alloHCT groups, respectively. Post-transplant, 71% of auto-HCT and 75% of the alloHCT recipients obtained a CR. The 1-year treatment related mortality (TRM) was comparable in the two groups: 8% and 15% for the autoHCT and alloHCT groups, respectively (p=NS). Ten-year progression free survival (PFS) was 21% (95% CI, 4–38%) and overall survival (OS) 23% (95% CI, 5–41%) after autoHCT compared to 31% (95% CI, 6–66%) and 31% (95% CI, 6–66%) for alloHCT (p=NS). Six patients in autoHCT group and 3 in alloHCT survive disease free between 1 and 27 years; 5 survive beyond 10 years and 3 beyond 15 years from HCT. Donor choice did not significantly alter PFS. Two factors were predictive of superior PFS: fewer chemotherapy regimens prior to transplantation (1 vs ≥ 2) and CR (vs relapsed/persistent disease) at time of transplant. Patients with high risk factors more commonly underwent alloHCT, yet outcomes were comparable to autoHCT, suggesting that a powerful and durable graft versus lymphoma effect exists. These results demonstrate that prolonged remissions can be obtained with either auto or alloHCT, especially for high risk patients in CR. New approaches for patients in relapse are needed to improve these outcomes.
An in Vitro Comparison of Sisomicin with Gentamicin and Tobramycin

The in vitro activity of sisomicin was compared with those of gentamicin and tobramycin against 25 isolates each of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Serratia. Kinetics of bactericidal rates were measured for 3 isolates each of the 4 genera.