cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer analysis of the ungrooved disk of a cooled, multiplate clutch

A one-dimensional analysis is presented to determine the transient response of a disk due to a time varying heat flux boundary condition. The boundary condition alternates with a step change between a heating flux and a cooling flux which can occur over different time periods (simulating coolant grooves in the adjacent disk). For a multiplate clutch where the driving and reaction disks are of different materials, an approximation of the amount of the heat generated at the sliding interface which enters each disk is presented. Results are given to illustrate the effects of materials, heating and cooling fluxes, and time period on the transient temperature response. Increasing (reducing) the heating (cooling) flux, increasing (reducing) the time period of the heating (cooling) flux, decreasing the disk thickness, or increasing the disk thermal diffusivity increases the disk temperature during the clutch engagement period. 10 refs.
A Legal Look at Prosocial Behavior: What Can Happen for Failing to Help or Trying to Help Someone

The law has in general been extremely loath to attempt to enforce prosocial behavior. Partly this stems from a view that the law is having enough trouble controlling overtly antisocial conduct and until this is done better, the refinements must wait. In addition, two problems confront the law in this instance. First, there is the "Why me?" question, the difficulty of selecting among a large number of people who did not behave in a prosocial way which one or few should be prosecuted. Secondly, there is reluctance to interfere with human freedom any more than absolutely necessary. Prosocial behavior is, however, enforced in a number of specific situations where, for one cause or another, our reasons for generally not compelling prosocial behavior do not apply. Language: en
H-Y binding in the gonad: Inhibition by a supernatant of the fetal ovary

Abstract H-Y antigen, the product of mammalian testis-determining genes, is released in the free state by testicular cells. Molecules of free H-Y antigen are bound in vitro by dispersed cells of the adult ovary. The binding reaction is inhibited by specific H-Y antibody. It is also inhibited by a diffusible factor of the newly differentiated fetal ovary. These observations favor the view that testicular organogenesis depends upon dissemination and binding of H-Y molecules by cells of the undifferentiated gonad (XY or XX, both having H-Y receptors), and raise the question of whether ovarian organogenesis may be promoted by a "female" molecule corresponding to H-Y of the male.
Gumbel re-visited - a new look at extreme value statistics applied to wind speeds

Abstract This paper re-examines the traditional Gumbel extreme value method for analysing annual maximum windspeeds or similar data, with a view to improving the process. The advantages of transforming the data before applying an extreme value analysis are explained, and it is noted that the traditional Gumbel plot should really have its axes interchanged. An improved set of plotting positions based on the mean values of the order statistics are derived, together with a means of obtaining the standard deviation of each position. This enables a fitting procedure using weighted least squares to be adopted, which gives results similar to the traditional Lieblein BLUE process, but with the advantages that it does not require tabulated coefficients, is available for any number of data up to at least 50, and provides a quantitative measure of goodness of fit. A computer program which automatically implements the method is provided.
Cultural Intelligence A Model for Cross-Cultural Problem Solving

Out of the convergence of psychology and anthropology, for success in the international business community, has come the idea of cultural intelligence. What are the implications of this for missiol...
Antagonists of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase block activation of several novel protein kinases in neutrophils

Several novel protein kinases are known to be rapidly activated in neutrophils stimulated with the chemoattractant fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP). These kinases include a histone H4 protein kinase and several renaturable kinases with molecular masses of about 69, 63, 49, and 40 kDa. The renaturable kinases can catalyze the phosphorylation of a peptide that corresponds to residues 297–331 of the 47-kDa subunit of the NADPH-oxidase system (p47-phox). Previous studies have indicated that the activation of all of these protein kinases involves an uncharacterized stimulatory pathway and/or novel second messenger. The studies reported herein were undertaken to determine if phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) is a component of this pathway. We report that certain chromone derivatives (e.g. 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenylchromone (LY294002)) and wortmannin, which inhibit PI3-K by distinct mechanisms, blocked activation of all of these novel kinases. These antagonists also inhibited the phosphorylation of p47-phox (about 50%) and O2⨪ release (about 80%) in cells stimulated with fMLP, but not with 4β3-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. A strong correlation exists between the amounts of these antagonists required to produce 50% inhibition of PI3-K in vitro and O2⨪ release in vivo. In contrast, a single atom substitution of LY294002 produced a compound (LY303511) that did not inhibit PI3-K. Compound LY303511 did not appreciably inhibit the activation of the novel protein kinases or OT2 generation. These data strongly suggest that PI3-K is involved in the activation of several novel protein kinases in neutrophils, one or more of which may be involved in O2⨪ release.
The Behavior, onḂ0, 11, of an Oscillatory Integral with Polynomial Phase Function☆

Abstract We study the convolution oscillatory singular integral operatorTf = p.v. Ω ∗ f, with Ω(x) = eiq(x)K(x), whereqis a real-valued polynomial of a real variable, of degreed ≥ 2, andKis a Calderon–Zygmund-type kernel. We prove that this operator extends to an operator that maps the Besov spaceḂ0, 11into the Hardy-type spaceH10.
Varying coefficient meta-analysis methods for odds ratios and risk ratios.

© 2015 APA, all rights reserved). Odds ratios and risk ratios are useful measures of effect size in 2-group studies in which the response variable is dichotomous. Confidence interval methods are proposed for combining and comparing odds ratios and risk ratios in multistudy designs. Unlike the traditional fixed-effect meta-analysis methods, the proposed varying coefficient methods do not require effect-size homogeneity, and unlike the random-effects meta-analysis methods, the proposed varying coefficient methods do not assume that the effect sizes from the selected studies represent a random sample from a normally distributed superpopulation of effect sizes. The results of extensive simulation studies suggest that the proposed varying coefficient methods have excellent performance characteristics under realistic conditions and should provide useful alternatives to the currently used meta-analysis methods. (PsycINFO Database Record
Interaction of SO2 and O2 mixtures with CaO (100) and sodium deposited on CaO (100)

Abstract The interactions of mixtures of SO2 and O2 with single-crystal surfaces of CaO at temperatures of 973 and 1073 K and with sodium-covered CaO at 1073 K were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The initial sulfur product formed on the CaO surface was sulfite at both temperatures, 973 and 1073 K, for all the SO2 and O2 mixtures. In the presence of additional oxygen or at higher exposures (7200 L) of the SO2:O2 mixtures, sulfate was formed at 1073 K. At low SO2:O2 exposures (
Formation of 2-hexenal from linolenic acid by macerated Ginkgo leaves

Abstract The content of linolenic acid and its fat-soluble derivatives in Ginkgo leaves has been determined. By utilization of uniformly 14C-labelled linolenic acid it has been shown that the linolenic acid in Ginkgo leaves is converted into 2-hexenal when the leaves are macerated in the presence of air. The conversion of linolenic acid to 2-hexenal under the conditions of temperature and pH existing in the Ginkgo leaf requires the presence in the leaves of an enzyme or other catalyst. This is not lipoxidase but is a hexane-insoluble, water-soluble substance. A preparation of this substance strongly catalyzes the absorption of oxygen by linolenic acid in water at 20°.
Strontium isotopes in melt inclusions from Samoan basalts: Implications for heterogeneity in the Samoan plume

Abstract We measured 87Sr/86Sr ratios on 41 olivine-hosted melt inclusions from nine Samoan basalts using laser ablation multi-collector (LA-MC) ICPMS. 87Sr/86Sr ratios are corrected for mass bias after eliminating major isobaric interferences from Rb and Kr. The external precision averages ± 320 ppm (2σ) for the 87Sr/86Sr ratios on natural Samoan basalt glass standards of a similar composition to the melt inclusions. All of the Sr-isotope ratios measured by LA-MC-ICPMS on Samoan melt inclusions fall within the range measured on whole-rocks using conventional methods. However, melt inclusions from two Samoan basalt bulk rock samples are extremely heterogeneous in 87Sr/86Sr (0.70459–0.70926), covering 70% of the variability observed in ocean island basalts worldwide and nearly all of the variability observed in the Samoan island chain (0.7044–0.7089). Seven melt inclusions from a third high 3He/4He Samoan basalt are isotopically homogeneous and exhibit 87Sr/86Sr values from 0.70434 to 0.70469. Several melt inclusions yield 87Sr/86Sr ratios higher than their host rock, indicating that assimilation of oceanic crust and lithosphere is not the likely mechanism contributing to the isotopic variability in these melt inclusions. Additionally, none of the 41 melt inclusions analyzed exhibit 87Sr/86Sr ratios lower than the least radiogenic basalts in Samoa (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7044), within the quoted external precision. This provides an additional argument against assimilation of oceanic crust and lithosphere as the source of the isotopic diversity in the melt inclusions. The trace element and isotopic diversity in Samoan melt inclusions can be modeled by aggregated fractional melting of two sources: A high 3He/4He source and an EM2 (enriched mantle 2) source. Melts of these two sources mix to generate the isotopic diversity in the Samoan melt inclusions. However, the melt inclusions from a basalt with the highest 3He/4He ratios in Samoa exhibit no evidence of an enriched component, but can be modeled as melts of a pure high 3He/4He mantle source.
A radiotracer probe to study metal interaction with human lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.

The electrophilic Ag+ ion was found to destroy completely the enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme LDH-1 while other transition metal ions reduced its activity in varying degrees. A radiotracer probe involving110mAg-labeled silver ion was used to understand the mechanism of denaturation of LDH and also to determine the number of active sites, if any, for substrate binding with the enzyme. Purified LDH-1 was reacted with110mAg-labeled silver ion and the mixture was passed through the sephadex G-75-120 gel to separate the110mAg-LDH complex that might be formed during the reaction. The resulting elution curve revealed that a stable complex was formed. From the total radioactivity of110mAg bound LDH, the specific activity of labeled Ag+ and the amount of LDH used the ratio of the number of moles of Ag+ reacted with 1 mol of LDH was computed. This was found to be approximately 4.0, indicating that there are four binding sites in LDH, probably one on each subunit. Kinetic studies of LDH catalysis of L-P reaction in the presence and absence of Ag+ ion suggest that silver ion is involved in competitive inhibition and that the interaction conforms to the “lock-and-key” model. The inhibition of catalysis by other metals is presumably of a noncompetitive type.
Relationships between the morphology and function of gastric- and intestine-sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract.

This study employed single cell recording and intracellular iontophoretic injection techniques to characterize and label gastric- and/or intestine-sensitive neurons in the rat nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). It was possible to divide our sample of NST neurons into three broad groups based on their response to increased intra-gastric and intra-duodenal pressure. Group 1 cells (N=14) were excited by duodenal distention but were not responsive to gastric stimulation. Most of these intestine-sensitive neurons exhibited a delayed tonic response to the stimulus. Group 2 neurons (N=13) were excited by gastric distention but were not sensitive to distention of the duodenum. The typical Group 2 neuron evidenced a rapid, phasic response to the distention stimulus. Group 3 neurons (N=29) responded to both gastric and duodenal stimulation. We found that the Group 2 neurons had greater dendritic length and more dendritic branch segments than the Group 1 or Group 3 neurons. Most of the Group 1 neurons were found in the subpostremal/commissural region of the NST, while the majority of the Group 2 neurons were in the gelatinous subnucleus and a disproportionate number of the Group 3 neurons were located in the medial subnucleus. The results of this investigation demonstrate that (1) there are relationships between the morphology and physiology of distention-sensitive neurons in the NST, and (2) there are distinct functional differences between the gelatinous, medial and commissural subnuclei of this nucleus. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of propranolol in non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction in the beta blocker heart attack trial.

Abstract Although the beneficial effects of long-term therapy with β-adrenergic blocking agents in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are established, the effect of this therapy on the cardiac event rate in patients recovering from a non-Q-wave AMI is unknown. This post hoc analysis of the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial (BHAT) evaluates the effects of daily administration of propranolol 180 or 240 mg/day after non-Q-wave AMI. The study population consisted of 601 patients with enzymatically proven non-Q-wave AMI, which represented 17% of the BHAT patients. Of these, 310 patients were randomized to receive propranolol and 291 patients to placebo. There were no significant baseline differences between groups. The median follow-up was 24.6 months. Mortality was 7.8% (sudden death 4.8%) in the propranolol group and 7.9% (sudden death 4.8%) in the placebo group (p >0.99, log rank test). Reinfarction rate was 7.4% in the propranolol group and 6.5% in the placebo group (p >0.63, log rank test). The need for coronary bypass surgery was similar in the 2 groups. However, more patients randomized to placebo developed angina. In this post hoc group analysis of the BHAT, propranolol was not shown to be beneficial in reducing the cardiac event rate in patients recovering from a non-Q-wave AMI.
Fusion Relations in the System NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8-KAlSi3O8-SiO2-H2O and Generation of Granitic Magmas in the Sierra Nevada Batholith

Chemical analyses of 167 typical specimens indicate that about 95 percent of the intrusive rocks of the central Sierra Nevada contain more than 79 percent normative Ab + An + Or + Qz. If the composition of the lower continental crust is similar to or slightly more felsic than andesite, as seems likely, the system NaAlSi 3 O 8 -CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 -KAlSi 3 O 8 -SiO 2 -H 2 O provides an excellent chemical model for testing various schemes of fusion of the lower crust and crystallization of the resulting magmas. From consideration of this system in conjunction with field and petrographic data, we conclude that the intrusive rocks are best explained by repeated episodes of equilibrium fusion corresponding to magmatic sequences defined by field, petrologic, chemical, and geochronologic data. Fractional crystallization of the crystal-liquid mush generated by equilibrium fusion, coupled with periodic upward or lateral movement of the less crystallized central part of the magma, would produce the characteristic mafic to felsic sequence of intrusion; each mafic to felsic sequence corresponds to a separate equilibrium fusion event. In contrast, a close approach to fractional fusion of the lower crust is inadequate for obtaining most of the plutonic rocks, because rock compositions capable of being produced by this process do not match those observed. Normal amounts of conductive heat from the mantle and from radioactive decay in the crust may have been capable of causing fusion in the deepest parts of a thickened crust under the central part of the Sierra Nevada without the aid of a transient heat source from the mantle, but would have been inadequate where the crust was thin in the western Sierra Nevada. However, upward transport of andesitic and basaltic magmas generated along a Mesozoic subduction zone dipping beneath the Sierra Nevada would have provided sufficient additional heat to make fusion of the lower crust unavoidable. This implies that a major portion of the present batholith must have been derived from the lower crust.
On adelic automorphic forms with respect to a quadratic extension

Let E / F be a totally real quadratic extension of a totally real algebraic number field. The author has in an earlier paper considered automorphic forms defined with respect to a quaternion algebra B E over E and a theta lift from such quaternionic forms to Hilbert modular forms over F . In this paper we construct adelic forms in the same setting, and derive explicit formulas concerning the action of Hecke operators. These formulas give an algebraic foundation for further investigations, in explicit form, of the arithmetic properties of the adelic forms and of the associated zeta and L -functions.
A consistent set of trial functions for conical shells

A consistent approach is developed for the determination of trial functions for a class of shells of revolution. The trial functions satisfy the in-plane and out-of-plane boundary conditions at the shell ends and include the effects of tangential inertia. The resulting expressions converge rapidly for the problem of linear free vibration
Approximations for weak and strong oblique shock wave angles

V. Conclusion The derivation of the exponential-free modified hybrid approximation was motivated by the need to deal as efficiently as possible with the weighting functions arising in the physically based interpolation scheme considered. The alternative approximations, however, clearly appear to represent the most efficient option examined and, in general, can be very effective whenever a parametric dependence on a few variables arises in lengthy calculations. Their accuracies are fully adjustable at the cost of memory allocated rather than computational speed.
To Privatize or Not to Privatize: That is the Question; What is the Answer?

This paper develops a model of the decision to privatize state-owned enterprises. The model highlights important variables for the government to consider in making privatization decisions. The model is then employed to show that, even when the state's objective is to maximize economic growth and privately owned firms invest less than the state does, the case against privatization is not clear-cut.
Predictors of Suicide Attempts in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder Over 16 Years of Prospective Follow-up

Background It is clinically important to understand the factors that increase the likelihood of the frequent and recurrent suicide attempts seen in those with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although several studies have examined this subject in a cross-sectional manner, the aim of this study was to determine the most clinically relevant baseline and time-varying predictors of suicide attempts over 16 years of prospective follow-up among patients with BPD. Method Two-hundred and ninety in-patients meeting Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R) and DSM-III-R criteria for BPD were assessed during their index admission using a series of semistructured interviews and self-report measures. These subjects were then reassessed using the same instruments every 2 years. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach was used to model the odds of suicide attempts in longitudinal analyses, controlling for assessment period, yielding an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each predictor. Results Nineteen variables were found to be significant bivariate predictors of suicide attempts. Eight of these, seven of which were time-varying, remained significant in multivariate analyses: diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), substance use disorder (SUD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), presence of self-harm, adult sexual assault, having a caretaker who has completed suicide, affective instability, and more severe dissociation. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that prediction of suicide attempts among borderline patients is complex, involving co-occurring disorders, co-occurring symptoms of BPD (self-harm, affective reactivity and dissociation), adult adversity, and a family history of completed suicide.
Internalization of a second transhepatic biliary access with a captured microwire forced-buckle maneuver: Description, anatomic applications, and results

Percutaneous biliary drains are classified into external and internal/external drains. Internal/external drains can drain bile externally and internally (ie, anatomically) into bowel. Internal drainage is usually desired because it is associated with less morbidity. Not infrequently, operators encounter a situation in which one of two transhepatic biliary access tracts has been successfully internalized, and a second access cannot be internalized. The present report describes a technique that internalizes a second percutaneous transhepatic biliary access—relying on an initially successful first internalization—by capturing a microwire from the externalized to the internalized tract and forcing it down into the bowel. The anatomic applications and results of this technique are described.
The laboratory propagation of spirometra mansonoides as an experimental tool. IV. Experimental inversion of the primary axis in the developing egg.

Abstract When the eggs of Spirometra are incubated at 37 °C instead of the customary room temperature or lower, a heavy loss of eggs ensues, and of those that develop, as many as 20% show inversion of the coracidium within the egg envelope. Eggs incubated for 3 to 4 1 2 days at 37 °C and then withdrawn to room temperature develop proportionately fewer inversions. This inversion occurs naturally in about 1 egg in 300 in eggs incubated at room temperatures throughout. A similar effect is noted, but in lesser degree, in eggs where incubation is started at room temperature, and the eggs then transferred to 37 °C to complete incubation.
Study on mercury emission and migration from large-scale pulverized coal fired boilers

Abstract In order to study the characteristics of mercury emission and migration, EPA 30B method has been used to determine the Hg concentrations in flue gases emitted from four typical pulverized coal fired boilers in a large-scale power plant. The Hg contents of related input/output materials in two of these boilers were also analyzed and compared. According to mass balance, the Hg distribution in different materials was obtained, and then effects of the major pollution control facilities including selective catalytic reduction (SCR), electrostatic precipitation (ESP) and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) on Hg emission were clarified. Based on these, the migration pattern of Hg in pulverized coal fired boilers was summarized systematically. Experimental results indicate that Hg emissions of all the four boilers were below 3 μg/m 3 , which was much lower than the limit value specified by the new Chinese national emission standard. The emission is even significantly lowered when SCR system is located upstream. The reason was that lots of Hg 0 in flue gas will be oxidized to Hg 2+ with SCR and then adsorbed easily by fly ash. The solubility of Hg 2+ is also much higher than that of Hg 0 in WFGD system, thus the major Hg speciation in exhaust flue gas is Hg 0 . Most of the Hg absorbed in WFGD is transferred into desulfurization gypsum, while the enrichment in both desulfurization waste water and bottom ash is limited.
Governance in the Global Agro-food System: Backlighting the Role of Transnational Supermarket Chains

With the proliferation of private standards many significant decisions regarding public health risks, food safety, and environmental impacts are increasingly taking place in the backstage of the global agro-food system. Using an analytical framework grounded in political economy, we explain the rise of private standards and specific actors – notably supermarkets – in the restructuring of agro-food networks. We argue that the global, political-economic, capitalist transformation – globalization – is a transition from a Fordist regime to a regime of flexible accumulation (Harvey, 1989). We also argue that the standard making process of this new regulatory regime is increasingly moving from the front stage – where it is open to public debate and democratic decision-making bodies – to the backstage – where it is dominated by large supermarket procurement offices. We assert that transnational supermarket chains are increasingly controlling what food is grown where, how, and by whom. We also contend that the decision-making processes of transnational supermarket chains are typically “black-boxed.” The Euro-Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is presented as a case of private governance by transnational supermarket chains. We conclude by examining the limitations and long-term efficacy of a system of private governance in the global agro-food system.
Leveraging the information asset

Data is a corporate asset, and being able to derive more information from data can provide database users with a competitive advantage. For example, catching on to trends quickly can reduce unwanted store inventory and lower capital outlay for the same profit. If you have store sales data by product analyzed on a daily basis, that can make a 2-3% difference in margin -- and in a business where margins might be 4%, this is a significant competitive edge. This paper will cover what technology is needed by customers to leverage their information assets. Real-time access to production point of sale information, database mining for analysis to detect trends immediately, high performance, and multi-vendor database connectivity, cooperation among heterogeneous clients and servers are among the customer needs we are seeing in the marketplace.
On the structure of iodine dioxide from the infra-red spectrum

Abstract The structure of I 2 O 4 was confirmed as IO + IO 3 − from infra-red spectra of KBr pellets. Two absorption bands were observed; at 9·05 μ, presumably from IO + , and at 13·30 μ, characteristic of IO 3 − .
The effect of presentation and mode of delivery on neonatal outcome in the second twin

Abstract OBJECTIVE : The purpose of this study was to determine if cesarean delivery of the nonvertex second twin improved neonatal outcome. STUDY DESIGN : We examined the maternal and neonatal records from 4S7 sets of twins delivered from 1980 to 1990. We compared 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, umbilical artery and vein blood pH values, duration of neonatal hospitalization, the incidence and length of ventilation, intraventricular hemorrhage, birth trauma, and mortality rate between vertex and nonvertex second twins delivered either vaginally or by cesarean section. RESULTS : The presentation and mode of delivery of the second twin was not associated with a significant difference in any of the outcome variables except for the 1-minute Apgar score, which was lower in the nonvertex group delivered vaginally. CONCLUSION : Our data do not support routine cesarean delivery for twins of any birth weight when the second twin is nonvertex. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:901–6.)
Buck's direct repair of lumbar spondylolysis restores disc stresses at the involved and adjacent levels.

Abstract Background Lumbar spondylolysis was reported to cause disc degeneration at both caudal and cranial adjacent level. However, basic disc biomechanics in the spondylolytic spine is not fully understood. Purpose of this study was to analyze the disc stresses at cranial and caudal adjacent level of lumbar spondylolysis. Also, the biomechanical effects of Buck’s technique on disc stresses at these two segments were evaluated. Methods An experimentally validated three-dimensional non-linear finite element model of the intact ligamentous L3–S1 segment was used. Bilateral lumbar spondylolysis was simulated by creating bilateral pars defects with 1.0 mm gap at L5. Buck’s direct repair model was simulated with 4.0 mm cannulated Titanium screws, placed bilaterally across the defect. Von Mises stresses in the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus at L4/5 (cranial adjacent) and L5/S (caudal adjacent) disc levels were analyzed in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation in response to 400 N of axial compression and 10.6 N m moment. The highest values were compared among the three models, intact, spondylolysis and Buck’s technique. Findings After spondylolysis occurred at L5, annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus stresses at L4/5 increased to 111% and 120%, respectively. After the Buck’s technique it recovered to 102% and 105%, correspondingly. On the other hand, at L5/S, annulus fibrosus stress increased to 168%, and nucleus pulposus, 155%, which was much higher when compared to the stresses at L4/5. After the Buck’s technique the stresses were decreased to 125% and 120%, correspondingly. During rotation motion, especially, the operation normalized the disc stress completely. Interpretation Spondylolysis increases disc stresses at the affected as well as cranial adjacent level, and it may lead to disc degeneration at both levels. However, the increase in stresses is higher at the affected caudal level, when compared to the cranial level. Buck’s technique may restore the disc stresses back to normal at both disc levels. Thus, this technique may be beneficial from a biomechanical perspective as well.
Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of Inglis Result: From a Single Notch to Random Surface Stress Concentration Solutions

We celebrate the first quantitative evidence for the stress concentration effect of flaws analyzed by Inglis. Stress concentration factor (SCF) studies have evolved ever since Inglis' 1913 result related to the problem of the elliptical hole in a plate, which also approximately applies to the half-elliptical notch case. We summarize a hundred years of development of the SCF with the exclusive focus on analytical solutions, with a very specific route: the series of works reviewed and presented herein include a parade of solutions beginning with (and those that followed) Inglis famous result, continue with periodic discrete discontinuities, sinusoidal periodic surfaces, and end with more complex continuous configurations such as random surfaces. Furthermore, we show that the form of Inglis' result is powerful enough to serve as first-order approximation for some cases of multiple discontinuities and even continuous rough topologies. Thus, we proposed the Modified Inglis formula (MIF), to estimate the SCF for a variety of configurations, in honor to Inglis' historical result. The impetus of this review stems from the fact that for many engineering problems involving multiphysical solid–fluid interactions, there is a broad interest to couple stress concentration relationships with thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, or even diffusion equations in order to expand understanding on stress-driven interactions at the solid–fluid interface. Additionally, a handy first-order estimate of the SCF can serve in the initial stage of designs of structures and parts containing discontinuities.
Geomagnetic Reversals and Genome Imprinting

If it is more fundamental to formulate biological expression in terms of electromagnetic fields, does this also imply that living things are especially sensitive to the external electromagnetic environment? Specifically, we examine possible genomic effects due to reversals of the geomagnetic field. To maintain sensitivity following a reversal, the Wiltschko hypothesis for the avian magnetic compass can be subsumed under an NB imprinting paradigm, where N is the horizontal vector pointing to magnetic north and B the geomagnetic field vector. Even with a compass that is invariant under reversals, there are nevertheless potential difficulties due to discontinuities in the magnitude of the field during the transition between one chron and the next. Indeed, transitions may be one reason for other-than-magnetic avian auxiliary compasses. Additional problems may also arise during transitions because of high rates of change in B. However, the largest reported dB/dt (Steens Mountain event) is estimated at 1 /u.T/d...
Structural Changes in the U.S. Electric Utility Industry and the Scarcity Rent of Coal

Previous studies show that environmental regulations have caused significant decline in productivity and increases in the cost of electricity generation for the US coal-fired electric utilities. No analysis, thus far, measures the effect of such productivity decline on the scarcity rent of coal in-use. This paper shows that due to environmental regulations the basic cost structure of the coal-fired electric utilities have undergone a structural change resulting in increases in the scarcity rent of coal in-use.
Epithelioid sarcoma of the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.

Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor f unknown histogenesis first described by Laskowski [1] and later haracterizedbyEnzinger andWeiss [2]. The tumor typically affects dolescents and young adults aged 10–35 years and arise as supercial nodules in the distal extremities. Involvement of a deep nerve s exceedingly rare; thus far there is only one reported case of ES rising from the sciatic nerve [3]. Herewe report a case of ES arising n the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.
Three-dimensional quantitative modeling of clinoform development

Abstract Clinoform geometry pervades stratigraphic sequences across a variety of scales. It is a composite surface, which records the complex interplay between accommodation, sediment supply, physiography, and hydrodynamics. Much of the sequence stratigraphic technique employs clinoform geometry to discriminate between the various systems tracts that constitute depositional sequences. However, many sequence stratigraphic models treat the generation of accommodation and the input of sediment supply as a two-dimensional problem, by assuming a line source of sediment entering a system impacted by relative sea-level fluctuations. One common attribute of clinoforms, regardless of size and/or shape, is that their formation is inherently three-dimensional. Therefore, the clinoform geometry varies spatially and temporally throughout a region depending on the proximity to the sediment source and the character of the hydrodynamic regime. We present a three-dimensional stratigraphic model that combines both diffusion and advection to simulate across- and along-margin sediment transport and deposition. This model allows us to examine how the morphology and internal clinoform geometry of deltas vary away from the sediment source. In this application, we simulate the development of a delta in a low-energy environment to understand the importance of along-shelf diffusion on clinoform geometry and the morphology of the delta. We predict the three-dimensional geometry and how it varies throughout a relative sea-level cycle. Our model indicates that when the clinoform rollover is spatially coincident with the shoreline position, the clinoform geometry changes dramatically along strike away from the sediment source region throughout a relative sea-level cycle. For example, oblique clinoforms develop near the source region and evolve into an onlapping sequence along strike. On the basis of stratal geometry and the technique of sequence stratigraphy, this deposit would be interpreted as two different sequences with very different connotations for their formation. We surmise that when the clinoform rollover and the shoreline position are separated (e.g., a subaqueous delta), the along-strike variability of the clinoform geometry diminishes because of the hydrodynamic forces operative across the shelf. Consequently, it is important to determine how clinoforms develop in three dimensions and to ensure that our window of observation is sufficient to discern between local and regional variability.
Use of an interferometric SAR for terrain classification

In this paper we present initial results from an automated terrain classification algorithm that utilizes the information collected by an interferometric synthetic aperture radar system. It is shown that by combining radar cross section imagery with height maps additional information concerning terrain types can be extracted automatically, with the height information differentiating forests from other terrain classes and the radar cross section information differentiating field types. When tested on the same data it was trained on classification accuracy of 94 percent to 100 percent are shown. Similar results are generated when tested on a different data set, although to date this has only been determined with visual comparisons. The largest problem with the algorithm is the use of absolute height information that confuses high fields with forests. Work is on-going to develop relative height measures to improve the robustness of the algorithm.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proactive Guidance for Dynamic and Cooperative Resource Allocation under Uncertainties

In many technical systems, such as smart grids, the central issue is to enable multiple devices to solve a resource allocation problem in a cooperative manner. If the devices' ability to change their contribution is subject to inertia, the problem has to be solved proactively. This means that the allocation of resources is scheduled beforehand, based on predictions of the future demand. Because of the scheduling problem's complexity, schedules should be created rather sporadically for a coarse-grained time pattern. However, because the resource allocation problem has to be solved for all time steps and the demand and provision of resources is uncertain, devices have to reactively adapt their contributions according to the current circumstances. In this paper, we present a mechanism that allows the participants to incorporate the information of proactively created schedules in their reactive decisions in order to steer the system in a stable and efficient way. In particular, the decisions are guided by schedules that already include information about possible uncertainties. While this combination avoids inertia based problems, it significantly reduces the computational costs of searching for high quality solutions. Throughout the paper, the problem of maintaining the balance between energy production and consumption in decentralized autonomous power management systems serves to illustrate our algorithm and results.
Surgical pulmonary embolectomy in a community hospital

Abstract Background Surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) is indicated for a pulmonary embolism associated with hemodynamic instability. A review of the literature demonstrates that most studies of SPE are conducted at large academic medical centers. This series is from a 325-bed community hospital. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients undergoing SPE from January 2008 to December 2012. All patients aged >18 years were reviewed for 30-day mortality, length of hospital stay, comorbidities, and preoperative hemodynamic parameters. Results Fifteen patients (7 men and 8 women; median age, 55.5 years; range, 20–72 years) underwent SPE. There were 2 deaths (13.3%). Four of the patients underwent catheter-directed interventions before SPE. The mean length of hospital stay was 12 days. Conclusions These data suggest that SPE is associated with favorable outcomes in the appropriate community setting, and the mortality rate seen in this study compares favorably with the nationwide average of 27.2%.
Power measurement in the presence of harmonic distortion

Due to the rapid progress in power electronics, more and more energy is transmitted at nonsinusoidal voltage and current. However, the instrumentation controlling the flow of energy in such situations remains almost the same as is used for sinusoidal waveforms. The necessity of understanding these phenomena stems from the fact that they determine the efficiency of the power transmission and the possibility of power factor improvement. They also affect the energy accounts. It is possible to digitize the phase voltage synchronously with the current every T seconds over the cycle and the power can be digitally calculated. This approach will yield the real power at all the harmonic frequencies present. It is found from results of various practical cases that the harmonic content of the load waveform affects power measurement significantly. Furthermore, it is shown that, with sample data techniques, true power or energy consumed by the distribution system can be determined. >
Changes in Activating Protein 1 (AP-1) Composition Correspond with the Biphasic Profile of Nerve Growth Factor mRNA Expression in Rat Hippocampus after Hilus Lesion-Induced Seizures

In adult brain, nerve growth factor (NGF) gene expression is generally upregulated by neuronal activity. However, a single episode of hilus lesion (HL)-induced limbic seizures stimulates a biphasic increase in NGF mRNA expression with peaks at 4-6 and 24 hr after lesion and an intervening return to control levels at 10-12 hr after lesion. In vitro studies suggest that NGF transcription is regulated via an activating protein 1 (AP-1) binding site in the first intron of the NGF gene. To examine the relationship between seizure-induced AP-1 binding and NGF gene expression in this paradigm, NGF mRNA levels and AP-1 binding were examined after HL seizures. Furthermore, to gain insight into the functional composition of the AP-1 complex, supershift analysis was performed to characterize which Fos and Jun family members are included in the AP-1-binding complex at the different time points analyzed. Solution hybridization analysis verified the biphasic increase in NGF mRNA content of the dentate gyrus after HL seizures. After an initial increase, AP-1 binding slowly declined in a stepwise manner that encompassed, but did not correspond with, the two phases of NGF mRNA expression. However, supershift analyses demonstrated that the relative contributions of JunD and JunB to the AP-1 complex exhibited positive and negative correlations, respectively, with the phases of increased NGF expression after HL. These results suggest that AP-1 complexes containing JunD promote NGF transactivation and that transient changes in the relative contributions of JunD and JunB to AP-1 binding underlie the biphasic increase in NGF gene expression induced by HL seizures.
Director V. Shareholder Primacy in the Convergence Debate

Although the question of whether international corporate governance is converging on the U.S. model remains contested, there is general agreement as to the nature of that U.S. model. Specifically, virtually all participants in the convergence debate assume that U.S. corporate law is based on a norm of shareholder primacy. This assumption is wrong. U.S. corporate law is far more accurately described as a system of director primacy than one of shareholder primacy. In this essay, the author argues that the comparative corporate governance literature's erroneous understanding of the U.S. model distorts both the positive and normative aspects of the convergence debate. On the positive side, if we use the extent of shareholder primacy as our metric, we end up with a distorted estimate of the extent to which systems have converged. On the normative side, corporate governance is a potentially important instrument by which to increase the economy's efficiency. In recent years, elite U.S. corporate law scholars have played a significant role in "reforming" the corporate laws of transition economies. If the goal is to export the U.S. model, on the assumption of its superiority, we do those economies no good - and may do much harm - by exporting the wrong model. Hence, we are constrained to examine the normative question: Does it matter? Is director primacy superior to shareholder primacy? This essay acknowledges that investor participation in corporate governance has economic benefits, but argues that director primacy is preferable on balance.
Assessing healthful eating among community dwelling rural older adults using self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption via a community-wide mail-out health status assessment.

Abstract This project assessed fruit and vegetable intakes among rural older adults on a regional mail-out community health assessment. Over 95% of respondents answered questions regarding fruit and vegetable consumption. Rural older adults in this sample were willing to respond to questions regarding their fruit and vegetable intake; yet they were not likely to be meeting minimum recommended intakes of these foods. Including questions about dietary healthfulness on such an assessment may provide key stakeholders and policymakers a clearer understanding of their community's overall health status.
Modeling Family Dynamics in Children with Fragile X Syndrome

Few studies have examined the impact of children with genetic disorders and their unaffected siblings on family functioning. In this study, the reciprocal causal links between problem behaviors and maternal distress were investigated in 150 families containing a child with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and an unaffected sibling. Both children's behavior problems appeared to have strong, direct effects on maternal distress, but maternal distress did not appear to have any reciprocal causal effects on either child's behavior problems. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in the effects of the two children's behavior problems on maternal distress. These data suggest that the problem behaviors of children with FXS, as well as their unaffected siblings, can have a substantial and additive impact on maternal depression and anxiety. Future research efforts should employ longitudinal research designs to confirm these findings.