cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rectal and Vaginal Peristalsis

Rectal and vaginal peristaltic activity frequently obscures urodynamic tracings and complicates interpretation. It is a common source of artifact and its effects must be taken into account when-ever it occurs. Due to the fact that the true detrusor pressure is derived by subtraction of rectal or vaginal pressure from bladder pressure, any increase in rectal or vaginal pressure results in a decrease of recorded pressure in the true detrusor channel. A small increase in the bladder pressure channel due to detrusor activity would ordinarily be manifested in the true detrusor channel even when the baseline intra-abdominal pressure increases due to Valsalva or coughing because they are equally recorded by the abdominal (rectal or vaginal) pressure and bladder pressure transducers. In the presence of intrinsic rectal or vaginal peristaltic activity, such an increase in bladder pressure may be obscured by randomly occurring increases in pressure produced by this peristaltic activity. Whenever intrinsic rectal or vaginal peristaltic activity is present, the primary bladder pressure channel must be carefully examined for evidence of intrinsic detrusor activity.
The Neutron Capture Therapy Research Program at New England Medical Center and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The T-NEMC/MIT program in neutron capture therapy (NCT) is a collaborative research endeavor between T-NEMC (one of the principal tertiary care teaching hospitals in the Boston area) and the Nuclear Reactor Laboratory at MIT, where the MIT Research Reactor, MITR-II, is located. The program has been federally funded since 1987 by the U.S. Department of Energy, and a recent renewal continues funding through 1993. This paper will briefly review the program’s accomplishments over the past 3–4 years.
Image Tubes and Detective Quantum Efficiency

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about the image tubes and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). DQE is normally used as a single valued estimate of a photosensor's performance evaluated at zero frequency. DQE can be expressed as a function of the modulation transfer function (MTF) of a device, quantum efficiency of its photosensor, and of a degradation factor which exists when performance is reduced by noise other than photoelectron noise. The dependence on MTF is important because it permits expression of spatial frequency dependence in an absolute manner, simplifies obtaining a measure of performance of the system, and avoids difficulties which arise when working solely with the MTF. DQE is clearly revealed to give the effective efficiency of a device, when operating in a noisy condition. At high signal levels, DQE improves to a value equal to the photosensor's quantum efficiency. DQE can be expressed as a function dependent on spatial frequency. Effective efficiency of a device can be expressed as a function of spatial frequency, and in effect provides an absolute measure of MTF. This chapter elaborates relationship between DQE and the MTF. Concepts of the effective spatial frequency bandwidth are explained. A discussion on passive optics is also presented in this chapter.
Localization and function of heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cytological characteristics of heterochromatin in Dyosophila melanogaster (D. melmgaster) and the genetic effects of heterochromatin. The morphology of a chromosome varies during the different stages of mitosis but an estimation of the sequence, and the distribution of euchromatic and heterochromatic segments in mitotic metaphase chromosomes may be obtained by using certain constant structures, the constrictions as the landmarks. The chromosomes of D. melmgaster exhibit, at metaphase, nonstaining gaps or constrictions that are constant in position. The “primary constrictions” are associated with the spindle-fiber attachment regions or centromeres. The “secondary constrictions” are of two types: the nucleolus organizer, and the gap or indentation constrictions. In D. melmgaster, the Y chromosome is totally heterochromatic and the proximal third of the X is heterochromatic. But there must also be differences within the inert regions of both the X and Y chromosomes as shown by the cytogenetic tests. Translocations between the Y and fourth chromosomes, giving cubitus-interruptus position effect and affecting fertility, always occur at the distal ends of the Y. Cytologically, chromosomes 2 and 3 are heteropycnotic both to the left and right of the centromere for about one-fifth of the length of each arm and this heterochromatin is probably delimited by the secondary constrictions.
The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture

The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture Peter H. Kahn The MIT Press1999
Elastic properties of van der Waals epitaxy grown bismuth telluride 2D nanosheets.

Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets prepared by van der Waals epitaxy were successfully detached, transferred, and suspended for nano-indentation measurements to be performed on freestanding circular nanosheets. The Young's modulus acquired by fitting linear elastic behaviors of 26 samples (thickness: 5–14 nm) is only 11.7–25.7 GPa, significantly smaller than the bulk in-plane Young's modulus (50–55 GPa). Compliant and robust Bi2Te3 2D nanosheets suggest the feasibility of the elastic strain engineering of topological surface states.
The DNLZ/HEP zinc‐binding subdomain is critical for regulation of the mitochondrial chaperone HSPA9

Human mitochondrial DNLZ/HEP regulates the catalytic activity and solubility of the mitochondrial hsp70 chaperone HSPA9. Here, we investigate the role that the DNLZ zinc-binding and C-terminal subdomains play in regulating HSPA9. We show that truncations lacking portions of the zinc-binding subdomain (ZBS) do not affect the solubility of HSPA9 or its ATPase domain, whereas those containing the ZBS and at least 10 residues following this subdomain enhance chaperone solubility. Binding measurements further show that DNLZ requires its ZBS to form a stable complex with the HSPA9 ATPase domain, and ATP hydrolysis measurements reveal that the ZBS is critical for full stimulation of HSPA9 catalytic activity. We also examined if DNLZ is active in vivo. We found that DNLZ partially complements the growth of Δzim17 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and we discovered that a Zim17 truncation lacking a majority of the C-terminal subdomain strongly complements growth like full-length Zim17. These findings provide direct evidence that human DNLZ is a functional ortholog of Zim17. In addition, they implicate the pair of antiparallel β-strands that coordinate zinc in Zim17/DNLZ-type proteins as critical for binding and regulating hsp70 chaperones.
New venture development: The costs and benefits of public sector assistance

Abstract In recent years there has been an extraordinary level of entrepreneurial activity occurring in the United States. Venture start-ups, new incorporations even bankruptcies are reaching record numbers. Concurrent with the increase in entrepreneurial activity has been an effort within the Reagan Administration to privatize public sector programs designed to aid new and small, ongoing business ventures. The premise behind this movement is that private sector initiatives can better, and more efficiently, serve the needs of entrepreneurs and small business managers and can also offer new business opportunities for some entrepreneurs. At the same time, however, privatization could reduce the assistance programs currently targeting fledgling ventures, many of which are unable to afford a private consultant. The purpose of this article is to examine the economic impact of one public sector assistance program, the Small Business Development Center (SBDC), in terms of its contributions to new venture initiation in Georgia and South Carolina. The focus on the SBDC program is appropriate since over 50% of the counseling activities of most of the centers is devoted to pre-venture clients, i.e., individuals or groups considering starting a business. This study is important and timely, not only in respect to assessing the effectiveness of public sector assistance programs for pre-ventures, but also for assessing whether it is worthwhile from an economic perspective, to offer assistance to such individuals in the first place. Although it is difficult to be precise in attributing cause to effects in dynamic business ventures, our study indicates that the Small Business Development Center's client sample experienced a greater than expected number of business starts, and a higher than expected rate of survival. The results suggest that the net taxable sales, generated by these new ventures in 1984. was approximately $20 million in Georgia and $10 million in South Carolina. Results also suggest that almost 500 new jobs were created in Georgia and 600 new jobs were created in South Carolina between 1981 and 1984 as a result of successful business starts among SBDC pre-venture clients. While such figures are impressive, the bottom line of this study is that the new tax revenues generated by client firms exceeded the cost of delivering the services. Specifically, our conservative estimates suggest a $3.80 to $1.00 and $1.50 to $1.00 benefit to cost ratio for the center's pre-venture consulting services in Georgia and South Carolina, respectively. Furthermore, the value attached to the assistance received, by the entrepreneurs themselves, closely paralleled our estimates, lending additional validity to our conclusions. Resource constrained entrepreneurs can obtain effective business assistance from the SBDC free-of-charge, and the benefits to society accruing from this service far outweigh the cost of providing them.
Interpretations of Multiple Regression Borrowed From Factor Analysis and Canonical Correlation

Abstract Because multiple regression (MR) is a simplified case of canonical correlation, the authors present an alternative interpretation of MR in which loadings, in addition to weights, may be computed for predictors. The loadings, computed by both canonical correlation and factor analysis, represent the correlations of each predictor with the predicted criterion score. The authors concluded that in some situations, researchers should examine those values in addition to testing for the significance of beta weights.
High Energy Photo-Disintegration of the Deuteron

The disintegration of the deuteron by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays in the range 50-250 Mev is investigated. The lower energy limit is imposed by the neglect of nuclear forces between the neutron and proton after absorption of the photon. Moreover, the effects of retardation and of multipole radiation higher than dipole, the investigation of which constitutes one of the primary purposes of the present work, become apparent only above 50 Mev. The upper limit is imposed by the assumption that the nuclear particles can be treated non-relativistically. It is shown that at the high radiation energies considered it is essential to take into account the range of the nuclear forces in the ground state and that this is the case because of the importance of interference effects (short de Broglie wave-length of the nucleons) which depend very strongly on the "size" of the deuteron. The cross section at 50 Mev is 37\ensuremath{\mu}b(37\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}30}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) and decreases with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energy up to 150 Mev as ${(\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega})}^{\ensuremath{-}n}$ where $n$ lies between 4 and 5. Beyond 150 Mev the cross section decreases less rapidly because of a more favorable phase relation between outgoing waves from different parts of the deuteron. The general features of the cross section and of the angular distribution of the particles can be understood in terms of interference; the most important effect of the interference is to favor strongly small momentum for the recoil particle (proton in the case of charge coupling and both proton and neutron in the case of spin coupling). The error caused by neglect of nuclear forces in the final state is estimated, by a consideration of electric dipole transitions, to be less than 30 percent in the worst case (low energy photons). The effects of retardation and higher multipoles are calculated explicitly, and it is shown that these effects are small at 50 Mev and important at 100 Mev. It is also shown that the effect of non-central forces between the nucleons in the ground state introduces negligible error.
Improving the mental health, healthy lifestyle choices, and physical health of Hispanic adolescents: a randomized controlled pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and mental health disorders are 2 major public health problems in American adolescents, with prevalence even higher in Hispanic teens. Despite the rapidly increasing incidence and adverse health outcomes associated with overweight and mental health problems, very few intervention studies have been conducted with adolescents to improve both their healthy lifestyles and mental health outcomes. Even fewer studies have been conducted with Hispanic youth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy of the COPE (Creating Opportunities for Personal Empowerment) Healthy Lifestyles TEEN (Thinking, Emotions, Exercise, and Nutrition) program, a manualized educational and cognitive behavioral skills-building program, on Hispanic adolescents' healthy lifestyle choices as well as mental and physical health outcomes. METHODS: A cluster randomized controlled pilot study was conducted with 19 Hispanic adolescents enrolled in 2 health classes in a southwestern high school. One class received COPE and the other received an attention control program. RESULTS: Adolescents in the COPE program increased their healthy lifestyle choices and reported a decrease in depressive and anxiety symptoms from baseline to postintervention follow-up. A subset of 7 overweight adolescents in the COPE program had a decrease in triglycerides and an increase in high-density lipoproteins. In addition, these overweight adolescents reported increases in healthy lifestyle beliefs and nutrition knowledge along with a decrease in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: The COPE TEEN program is a promising school-based strategy for improving both physical and mental health outcomes in adolescents.
GridSAT: A Chaff-based Distributed SAT Solver for the Grid

We present GridSAT, a parallel and complete satisfiability solver designed to solve non-trivial SAT problem instances using a large number of widely distributed and heterogeneous resources. The GridSAT parallel algorithm uses intelligent backtracking, distributed and carefully scheduled sharing of learned clauses, and clause reduction. Our implementation focuses on dynamic resource acquisition and release to optimize application execution. We show how the large number of computational resources that are available from a Grid can be managed effectively for the application by an automatic scheduler and effective implementation. GridSAT execution speed is compared against the best sequential solver as rated by the SAT2002 competition using a wide variety of problem instances. The results show that GridSAT delivers speed-up for all but one of the test problem instances that are of significant size. In addition, we describe how GridSAT has solved previously unsolved satisfiability problems and the domain science contribution these results make.
Seasonal phenology of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and other aphid species in cultivated bean and noncrop habitats in Wisconsin.

ABSTRACT The occurrence of aphid-transmitted viruses in agricultural crops of the Midwest and northeastern United States has become more frequent since the arrival and establishment of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae). A. glycines is a competent vector of plant viruses and may be responsible for recent virus epidemics in Wisconsin snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., fields. To determine whether vegetation surrounding crop fields could serve as sources of virus inocula, we examined the settling activity of A. glycines and other aphid species in agricultural crops and noncrop field margins adjacent to snap bean fields. Noncrop field margins were made up of numerous virus-susceptible plant species within 10 m from snap bean field edges. During summers 2006 and 2007, horizontal pan traps were placed in commercial soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], snap bean, and surrounding field margins to characterize aphid flight activity patterns in the different habitat types. Alate abundan...
Novel treatment options for chronic heart failure: a radiologist's perspective.

OBJECTIVE. This article aims to familiarize radiologists with novel treatment options for chronic heart failure that is unresponsive to medical therapy, such as mechanical cardiac assist devices, surgical procedures, resynchronization therapy with biventricular pacing, and cellular cardiomyoplasty, and their radiographic appearances.CONCLUSION. Heart transplantation as a treatment of debilitating heart failure provides an opportunity for meaningful long-term survival but is limited by a shortage of donor hearts. This has spurred the development of new treatment options for chronic heart failure that is unresponsive to medical therapy.
THE CONCENTRATION OF PERSONAL WEALTH IN AMERICA, 1969

This essay focuses on the problems of estimating the share of America's personal wealth in the hands of affluent individuals by a technique known as the estate multiplier method. Rather than exploring these problems in an empirical vacuum, we first present some results from the most recent estimates of the distribution of U.S. personal wealth.1 The estimates—for the year 1969—are then used as a basis for gauging the sensitivity of estate multiplier estimates to variations in approach. Section I presents new empirical findings dealing with the asset holdings of top wealth-holders and the super rich, and with the shares of specific assets owned by them. Also presented is information about the sex and marital status of the super rich. Section II discusses various technical aspects of the estate multiplier as applied to federal estate tax returns. The main concern is with the weighting process, but attention is paid to the fact that estate tax returns filed in a given year are not for decedents who died in that year or any single year, and to the problems of adjusting the face value of life insurance to cash surrender value.
The effects of a tailored cardiac rehabilitation program on depressive symptoms in women: A randomized clinical trial

Background Depression is known to co-occur with coronary heart disease (CHD). Depression may also inhibit the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs by decreasing adherence. Higher prevalence of depression in women may place them at increased risk for non-adherence.
Subspace selection algorithms to be used with the nonlinear projection methods in solving systems of nonlinear equations

Abstract The nonlinear projection methods are minimization procedures for solving systems of nonlinear equations. They permit reevaluation of n k , 1 ≤ n k ≤ n , components of the approximate solution vector at each iteration step where n is the dimension of the system. At iteration step k , the reduction in the norm of the residue vector depends upon the n k components which are reevaluated. These n k components are obtained by solving a linear system. We present two algorithms for determining the components to be modified at each iteration of the nonlinear projection method and compare the use of these algorithms to Newton's method. The computational examples demonstrate that Newton's method, which reevaluates all components of the approximate solution vector at each iteration, can be accelerated by using the projection techniques.
A methodological critique of Bandura's self-efficacy theory of behavior change

This brief theoretical note identifies a major methodological problem in Bandura's argument in favor of self-efficacy theory and provides two methods of controlling for it. His data could likely be accounted for by social contingencies operating within his highly structured behavioral approach situation.
Brevetoxin composition in water and marine aerosol along a Florida beach: Assessing potential human exposure to marine biotoxins

Abstract The toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, produces a suite of polyether neurotoxins (brevetoxins, PbTx) that cause massive fish kills and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. A unique characteristic of K. brevis blooms is the associated airborne (aerosolized) toxin component causing respiratory irritation to humans and other mammals. This study was undertaken in collaboration with human respiratory effects studies to establish the type and amount of brevetoxins to which beach-goers were exposed during a coastal harmful algal bloom (HAB). Concentrations of K. brevis cells were monitored in water, and brevetoxin concentrations were monitored in water and air over 3-day periods during a non-exposure control study (no HAB) and an exposure study (HAB event) along the Gulf Coast of Sarasota, FL, USA. The aerosol particle size distribution was also determined to assess brevetoxin aerosol deposition in the human respiratory system. During the non-exposure study, very low to background K. brevis cell counts were observed on day 1 and at background levels (
Compressive response of tapered composite shells

Tapered composite shells provide considerable weight and energy savings in the engineering applications. Due to the advanced configurations of tapered composite shells and their complex behavior, closed-form analytical solutions are not available at present regarding their response to compressive loading. In the present work, approximate analytical solutions are developed using the Ritz method for the global buckling response of tapered shells considering uni-axial compression. Buckling analysis of the shells is carried out using the Ritz method based on six well-established First-order shear deformation Shell Theories (FST). The failure strength characteristics and load carrying capability of the above mentioned tapered shells are studied considering the first-ply failure. Based on the failure and buckling analyses, the critical values of size and shape parameters of the shells such that they will fail only in global buckling mode are determined. A comprehensive parametric study is carried out and design guidelines for the tapered shells are established based on this study.
Nucleotide-induced alteration of rat liver microsome calcium pump activity.

Rat liver microsomes sequester calcium by an energy dependent process that may be a nonmuscle cell analog of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump of skeletal muscle (Moore, L., Chen, T.S., Knapp, H.R., Jr. and Landon, E.J. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4562-4568). Homogenization of rat liver in the presence of ATP (5 mM) results in a 2-fold increase of the specific activity of the microsome Ca2+ pump. The effect of ATP is concentration dependent and is detected at ATP levels as low as 0.1 mM. ATP will produce this effect if added before homogenization, after homogenization or after any of the centrifugation steps of microsome isolation. Homogenization of rat liver in the presence of ADP and AMP also increases specific activity of the microsome Ca2+ pump, but to a lesser extent than ATP. Other nucleoside triphosphates have been tested and are in general less effective than ATP in increasing microsome Ca2+ pump activity. The phosphate group of nucleotides appears to be improtant to his effect in that adenosine does not affect Ca2+ pump activity, while sodium pyrophosphate will increase pump activity but to a smaller extent than ATP. The presence of nucleotides or pyrophosphate during microsome isolation results in the release of a small amount of protein material from microsomes. These proteins can be detected in 105 000 Xg supernatant by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three bands of molecular weight 46 000, 42 000 and 36 000 comprise the majority of protein material released from microsomes. The ability of nucleotides to release one of the these proteins, the 42 000 molecular weight band, from microsomes correlates with the ability of the nucleotide to increase microsome Ca2+ pump activity. Preliminary evidence indicates that the protein released from ATP-treated microsomes is able to suppress the stimulated calcium uptake measured in ATP-treated microsomes. It is possible that this protein functions to regulate Ca2+ pump activity in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver.
Poly(d,llactide–co-ethyl ethylene phosphate)s as new drug carriers

Many biodegradable polymers have been developed for controlled drug delivery. The plethora of drug therapies and types of drugs demand different formulations, fabrications conditions and release kinetics. No one single polymer can satisfy all the requirements. To extend the properties of poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA), we synthesized copolymers of PLA and poly(ethylethylene phosphate) (PEEP) by ring-opening polymerization using Al(Oipr)3 as the initiator. The copolymers were structurally characterized by IR and 1H NMR. DSC data confirmed the formation of random microphase structure in all the copolymers, and showed a decrease of Tg from 43.2 to -22.6 degrees C when the molar content of ethylethylene phosphate (EEP) increased from 5 to 40%. The hydrophilicity of the copolymers increased with EEP content. In contrast to the degradation behavior of PLA, disc samples made of PLAEEP90 showed a linear weight loss profile in PBS (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. BSA microspheres using PLAEEP90 were prepared by double-emulsion method, yielding a loading level of 4.3% and a loading efficiency of 75%. The BSA release profile consisted of an initial burst (9%) on the first day, followed by a daily 4% release for the following 40 days, resulting in 91% of the BSA release in a near linear manner. The released BSA remained intact according to SDS-PAGE data. Cytotoxicity and histopathology studies showed low toxicity in HeLa cells and good tissue biocompatibility in mouse brain, respectively. PLAEEP is a promising biodegradable polymer for controlled drug delivery.
Scalable, Multithreaded, Partially-in-Place Sorting

A recent trend in hardware development is producing computing systems that are stretching the number of cores and size of shared-memory beyond where most fundamental serial algorithms perform well. The expectation is that this trend will continue. So it makes sense to rethink our fundamental algorithms such as sorting. There are many situations where data that needs to be sorted will actually fit into the shared memory so applications could benefit from an efficient parallel sorting algorithm. When sorting large data (at least hundreds of Gigabytes) in a single shared memory, there are two factors that affect the algorithm choice. First, does the algorithm sort in-place? And second, does the algorithm scale well beyond tens of threads? Surprisingly, existing algorithms possess either one of these factors, but not both. We present an approach that gracefully degrades in performance as the amount of available working memory decreases relative to the size of the input.
Gender and Spatial Ability and the Use of Specific Labels and Diagrammatic Arrows in a Micro-Level Chemistry Animation

This study investigates the effects of using both specific labels and diagrammatic arrows in the animation of salt dissolution. Four different versions of the animation served as treatments that were developed based upon principles of educational technology and cognitive psychology. The researchers studied the effects of spatial ability (high or low) and gender in terms of interaction with the treatments and control using ANCOVA statistical procedure. The dependent variable was posttest knowledge conveyed in the animation. Participants were drawn from a college chemistry course for science majors. Overall, high spatial ability students performed better on the post-test than the low spatial ability students (p = .001). In terms of gender, females outperformed males on the post-test (p = .009). Students in the “arrows-only” treatment group tended to score lower on the post-test that the other groups (p = .083). In the article the authors discuss how the principles of educational technology might account for...
A new American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Creation and rationale for inclusion of tumor (T) characteristics

Background The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is increasing. Although most patients achieve complete remission with surgical treatment, those with advanced disease have a poor prognosis. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) is responsible for the staging criteria for all cancers. For the past 20 years, the AJCC cancer staging manual has grouped all nonmelanoma skin cancers, including cSCC, together for the purposes of staging. However, based on new evidence, the AJCC has determined that cSCC should have a separate staging system in the 7th edition AJCC staging manual. Objective We sought to present the rationale for and characteristics of the new AJCC staging system specific to cSCC tumor characteristics (T). Methods The Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Task Force of AJCC reviewed relevant data and reached expert consensus in creating the 7th edition AJCC staging system for cSCC. Emphasis was placed on prospectively accumulated data and multivariate analyses. Concordance with head and neck cancer staging system was also achieved. Results A new AJCC cSCC T classification is presented. The T classification is determined by tumor diameter, invasion into cranial bone, and high-risk features, including anatomic location, tumor thickness and level, differentiation, and perineural invasion. Limitations The data available for analysis are still suboptimal, with limited prospective outcomes trials and few multivariate analyses. Conclusions The new AJCC staging system for cSCC incorporates tumor-specific (T) staging features and will encourage coordinated, consistent collection of data that will be the basis of improved prognostic systems in the future.
Could cardiac CT revolutionize the practice of cardiology

Using computed tomography, physicians could move away from determining “probability” to establishing a definitive diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
Higher physician density is associated with lower incidence of late-stage colorectal cancer

INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States and a leading cause of cancer related mortality. Routine screening decreases incidence and mortality; however rates of screening remain low. Physician recommendation is a key determinant of screening rates; thus, physician availability may also influence CRC incidence and mortality.
Initial treatment and outcome of Candida glabrata versus Candida albicans bloodstream infection

Candida glabrata is a common cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) and exhibits decreased susceptibility to fluconazole. We sought to determine whether patients with C. glabrata infection were at increased risk of inappropriate initial therapy and mortality compared with the more fluconazole-susceptible species Candida albicans by performing a matched case-control study using the Prospective Antifungal Therapy Alliance registry of invasive fungal infections. C. glabrata BSI patients were matched to those with C. albicans BSI by age, sex, and underlying illness after screening all C. glabrata patients entered into the registry from March 2004 through September 2007. Of 161 patients with C. glabrata BSI included and matched to 161 C. albicans patients, those with C. glabrata were less likely to receive an adequate dose of fluconazole as initial therapy (12% versus 52%, P < 0.05) and more likely to receive an echinocandin (44% versus 26%, P < 0.05) or inadequately dosed fluconazole (32% versus 8%, P < 0.05) as initial therapy. Although time to initiation of therapy did not differ by species (P = 0.2), time to receipt of adequate therapy was longer for those with C. glabrata BSI (P < 0.001). Overall, C. glabrata patients were more likely to receive inadequate initial therapy (34% versus 11%, P < 0.05), but 4-week mortality was no different between groups (30% for C. glabrata versus 29% for C. albicans, P = 0.80). We found hematologic malignancy, age greater than 60, the presence of a central venous catheter at diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, and dialysis dependence to be independent predictors of 4-week mortality. The lack of difference in mortality between species may reflect the overriding importance of host variables and/or a difference in virulence by species: further study is needed to investigate these hypotheses.
The reliability of "bizarre" delusions.

Abstract The concept of bizarre delusions figures prominently in the diagnosis of schizophrenia under DSM-III-R criteria. Yet this concept may be difficult to apply in the clinical world. The interrater reliability of distinguishing bizarre versus non-bizarre delusions was estimated by compiling a sample of 40 delusional ideas and asking a group of psychiatrists (ranging from experts in the field to residents) to identify them as bizarre or non-bizarre. The interrater reliability of the 45 respondents was consistently low as measured by kappa statistic (κ
The estimation of P(x < Y) for distributions useful in life testing

Abstract : In this paper the reliability function R = P(X less than Y) has been estimated when X and Y follow gamma, exponential or bivariate exponential distributions. The paper is partly expository. (Author)
J / psi suppression in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions

Using a multiphase transport model, we study the relative importance of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ suppression mechanisms due to plasma screening, gluon scattering, and hadron absorption in heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We find that for collisions between heavy nuclei such as Au+Au, both plasma screening and gluon scattering are important. As a result, the effect due to absorption by hadrons becomes relatively minor. The final $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ survival probability in these collisions is only a few percent. In the case of collisions between light nuclei such as S+S, the effect of plasma screening is, however, negligible in spite of the initial high parton density. The final $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ survival probability thus remains appreciable after comparable absorption effects due to gluons and hadrons.
The effect of flavour on the growth and feed utilisation of broiler chicks.

Synopsis The results of four experiments testing the effect of a flavour made up of ethyl butyrate and other esters, phenylacetic acid and other organic acids, oil of juniper and other essential oils, diacetyl, and maltol on the feed utilisation and growth of broiler chicks to 8 weeks of age have shown small but consistent improvements in feed conversion. This improvement was significant (P>0.05) when the 8‐week results of the four tests were pooled, but were not significant when tested within each experiment. The 4‐week results of the combined experiments indicated a highly significant (P<0.01) improvement in feed utilisation following the use of the flavour.
Interpedal generalization of rearranged eye-foot coordination

Self-produced movements of one leg viewed through wedge prisms produce adaptive changes in eye-foot coordination that transfer to the unexposed leg. Results of a second experiment show that eye-hand coordinations, entailing the arm ipsilateral as well as contralateral to the leg whose movements were viewed through prisms, also manifest corresponding adaptive changes.
Feeding by Coral Reef Mesograzers: Algae Or Cyanobacteria?

Marine studies on herbivory have addressed the role of algae as food and shelter for small consumers, but the potential of benthic cyanobacteria to play similar roles is largely unknown. Here, feeding preferences were measured for eight invertebrate consumers from Guam, offered four common macroalgae and two cyanobacteria. The survivorship of another consumer raised on either macroalgae or cyanobacteria was also assessed. From the choices offered, the sacoglossans Elysia rufescens and E. ornata consumed the green macroalga Bryopsis pennata. The crab Menaethius monoceros preferred the red alga Acanthophora spicifera. The amphipods Parhyale hawaiensis and Cymadusa imbroglio consumed macroalgae and cyanobacteria in equivalent amounts, with C. imbroglio showing less selectivity among diets. In contrast to these patterns, in these assays the gastropods Stylocheilus striatus, Haminoea cymbalum, H. ovalis, and Haminoea sp. fed exclusively, or survived only, on cyanobacteria. Preferences for different cyanobacteria varied. Field surveys of cyanobacteria-associated species yielded 34 different invertebrate taxa and suggested different degrees of specificity in these associations. Tropical mesograzers exploit considerably different food resources, with some species adapted to consume cyanobacterial mats. Benthic cyanobacteria may play important roles as food and shelter for marine consumers and may indirectly influence local biodiversity through their associated fauna.
Are women invisible as leaders

This study shows that women are unlikely to be seen as leaders. Subjects (n=448) rated each member of a five-person group (shown in a photograph) on leadership attributes and also chose one of the five as “contributing most to the group.” Eight different stimulus slides were used. In two slides the “head-of-the-table” cue to group leadership was pitted against sex-role stereotypes. A man seated at the head of the table in a mixed-sex group was clearly seen as leader of his group, but a woman occupying the same position was ignored. The head-of-the-table cue identified women as leaders only in all-female stimulus groups. The data were consistent with the hypotheses that sex stereotypes still control social judgments, and that discrimination operates nonconsciously and in spite of good intentions.
Second order error in variational calculation of matrix elements

The second order error δF(2), made by employing the Schwartz−Dalgarno−Delves variational principle for the diagonal matrix element φ†Wφ of an arbitrary Hermitian operator W, is examined in the case that φ is the bound ground state eigenfunction of some given Hamiltonian H. This variational principle characteristically involves not only a trial estimate φt of φ, but also a trial estimate Lt(φt) Lt(φt) of a well−defined but generally not exactly known auxiliary function L (φ). It has previously been shown that, for certain special choices of a trial Hamiltonian Ht, the trial Lt(φt) can be found from a minimum principle. The present work finds that for these same special Ht it is possible to express δF(2) in comparatively simple closed form, depending only on known quantities, so that δF(2) should be calculable when the system described by H is not too complicated. However, these results for δF(2) are obtained on the assumption that Lt(φt) is known essentially exactly for any given φt; the practical utility ...
One Night in the ED

Radiology 2.0: One Night in the ED is an app that presents users with scrollable CT images for common scenarios found in any Emergency Department (ED). A great tool for a junior resident before starting call, it allows the user to build confidence by experiencing a simulated environment of viewing all images of a case in real time, rather than being shown screenshots of an abnormality. This can easily be used as one of many resources to prepare residents to spend a night (or more) in the ED.
Do Family Startups Explore Less than Lone Founder Startups? The Mediating Role of Promotion Focus.

Although family startups are well documented agents for economic growth and technological innovation, surprisingly little is known about the source of those innovations. Regulatory Focus Theory pre...
Structure Characterization of Porous Silicon Layers Based on a Theoretical Analysis

A theoretical framework is presented to allow for the determination of the basic structural parameters of a porous silicon thin layer using constructive−destructive positions of Fabry−Perot fringes...
Foraging on the radial-arm maze: Effects of altering the reward at a target location

Thirsty rats were trained to collect small water rewards from the end of each arm of an eight-arm radial maze. During these training trials and subsequent testing trials, the subjects were allowed to choose a maximum of eight arms. “Preference” for a target maze location was studied by noting when, in the sequence of eight choices, the target was selected. During testing, when one maze location was consistently devoid of water, rats decreased their preference for this arm over trials (Experiment 1). Similarly, rats that learned a saccharin-lithium association demonstrated lower preferences for a maze location that consistently held the conditioned saccharin solution. This was true for animals that received saccharin-lithium conditioning on the maze (Experiment 3A) and for animals conditioned to saccharin in a separate context (Experiment 3B). An increase in preference for a target maze location consistently containing a sweet chocolate milk solution was observed in animals that were water- and food-deprived (Experiment 2). These studies demonstrate that animals will modify their responses toward (preferences for) maze locations that predictably contain an altered reward.
The OGLE-TR-56 Star-Planet System

We simultaneously fitted light and velocity data for the star-planet system OGLE-TR-56 with the Wilson-Devinney (WD) binary star program. We solved for orbital and planet parameters, along with the ephemeris using all currently available observational data. Parameters for the star (OGLE-TR-56a) were kept fixed at values derived from spectral characteristics and stellar evolutionary tracks. Our results are in good agreement with parameters obtained by other authors and have slightly smaller errors. We found no significant change in orbital period that may be due to orbital decay.
Induction of p21WAF1 expression protects HT29 colon cancer cells from apoptosis induced by cryoinjury.

Background Cryotherapy is a method of in situ destruction of tumors by freeze/thaw mechanisms. Cancer cells located in the peripheral zone of the tumor undergoing cryotherapy can die by apoptosis. We hypothesized that p21WAF1 is involved in the mediation of cryotherapy-induced apoptosis.
Hypothermia during head and neck surgery

Objective: To determine the predictors and incidence of hypothermia in patients undergoing head and neck surgery. Study Design: Retrospective analysis. Methods: Patients were either not warmed (n = 43) or actively warmed with forced-air warming (n = 25). Clinical variables that were assessed as predictors of core body temperature included age, body mass, duration of procedure, estimated blood loss, amount of intravenous fluids administered, and the use of forced-air warming. The incidence of severe intraoperative hypothermia and potential hypothermia-related complications was also examined. Results: The study demonstrated that advanced age is a risk factor for hypothermia and decreased body mass is associated with lower final body temperatures in the groups of patients that was not warmed. After adjusting for differences in the ages and weights between the two groups, the mean core body temperature was found to be 0.4°C lower in the patients who were not warmed. Severe intraoperative hypothermia occurred in 5 of 38 patients (11.6%) who were not warmed and 2 of 23 patients (8.0%) who were warmed. The complications associated with hypothermia included delayed time to extubation, the development of neck seromas, and flap dehiscence. Conclusions: Patients undergoing head and neck surgery are at risk for the development of intraoperative hypothermia and require careful temperature monitoring. Elderly patients and patients with low body mass are more prone to develop low intraoperative core body temperatures. Active warming with forced-air warmers should be considered for patients at risk for intraoperative hypothermia and for patients who develop hypothermia intraoperatively, to avoid hypothermiarelated complications.
Apatite fission-track evidence of widespread Eocene heating and exhumation in the Yukon–Tanana Upland, interior Alaska

We present an apatite fission-track (AFT) study of five plutonic rocks and seven metamorphic rocks across 310 km of the YukonTanana Upland in east-central Alaska. Samples yielding ~40 Ma AFT ages and mean confined track lengths > 14 µm with low standard deviations cooled rapidly from >120°C to 40 Ma suggest partial annealing and, therefore, lower maximum temperatures (~90105°C). A few samples with single-grain ages of ~20 Ma apparently remained above ~50°C after initial cooling. Although the present geothermal gradient in the western YukonTanana Upland is ~32°C/km, it could have been as high as 45°C/km during a widespread Eocene intraplate magmatic episode. Prior to rapid exhumation, samples with ~40 Ma AFT ages were >3.82.7 km deep and samples with >50 Ma AFT ages were >3.32.0 km deep. We calculate a 440320 m/Ma minimum rate for exhumation of all samples during rapid cooling. Our AFT data, and data from roc...
The impact of incorporating spatial, temporal variability on running stabilized mobile emissions inventories

To improve prediction of hourly running stabilized vehicle volumes for emissions modeling, a new method was recently developed that disaggregates the period-based volumes produced by travel demand models into hourly volumes using observed traffic count data and multivariate multiple regression. In addition to a more robust method for estimating hourly volumes, the method also provides a means for introducing spatial variability of mobile emissions into air quality modeling. In this study, the new methodology is used to disaggregate travel demand volumes both temporally and spatially. The impact of the increased spatial and temporal resolution on estimated mobile emissions was then investigated for San Diego and Los Angeles. The results indicate that actual on-road running stabilized vehicle emissions exhibit less pronounced peaking during the day and a much slower decay of emissions during the late evening hours than would be predicted by the current method for allocating period volumes to specific hours within that period. The new method also identifies corridors (or clustered locations) producing the bulk of hourly emissions. This study should prove useful for further refining of control strategies for transportation conformity purposes and for improving the performance of air quality models, which tend to underpredict ozone concentrations.