cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary genetics of flycatchers ii. differentiation in the empidonax difficilis complex

-We used starch-gel electrophoresis to assess variability at 41 genetic loci in 208 individuals from 11 breeding populations of the Western Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis) complex. Genic variability was substantial in most populations and equivalent to levels found in other avian taxa. A sample of E. d. insulicola from Santa Catalina Island, however, showed reduced heterozygosity and an unusually low percentage of polymorphic loci. We attribute this to a bottleneck at the time of the original colonization. Nei's genetic distances among populations of one taxon ranged from D = 0.0003 (in E. d. difficilis) to D = 0.0033 (in E. d. hellmayri). Intertaxon Nei's D ranged from 0.009 (E. d. insulicola vs. E. d. difficilis) and 0.0149 (E. d. difficilis vs. E. d. hellmayri) to 0.0228 (E. d. insulicola vs. E. d. hellmayri). F., statistics revealed significant population subdivision within the complex. With Slatkin's rare-allele method we estimated the gene-flow parameter, Nm. Mainland populations experience moderately high gene flow (9.62 immigrants/generation). In contrast, Santa Catalina Island receives an estimated 0.093 immigrants/generation, pointing to very low gene flow and essential genetic
The Bit Player: Stephen Hawking and the Object Voice

This essay argues that the mechanical voice of Stephen Hawking requires theorizing the public as a voice object. I contend that Hawking’s mechanical voice threatened his audience with what Jacques Lacan called the object voice, a voice in excess of bodies and languages that functions as an elusive object-cause of desire. Upon showing how the psychoanalytic account of voice and rhetorical scholarship on publics may mutually inform one another, I argue that, due to the role of publics as an objet petit a, the strange qualities of Hawking’s synthesizer were rhetorically surmounted. In sum, this essay considers whether Hawking’s mechanical voice was really all that different from our own.
Research on wavelet de-noising scheme for field overvoltage /lightning current signals

Overvoltage /lightning current signals collected by field monitoring equipment contain very rich information for fault types. However,the field waveforms are not all useful information,since the signals in the presence of a large number of unavoidable white noise in various frequency bands,which have occupied part of the energy. In order to guarantee and improve the monitoring equipment on accuracy of classification and recognition of field signals,before the overvoltage /lightning current signal feature extraction,classification and recognition,the signals must be preprocessed,which aims to eliminate the noise part that has no sense on or does harm to the classification and recognition system of field signals. In this paper,currently popular de-noising method that is wavelet threshold de-noising algorithm is applied to the field of overvoltage signals. Author compiles program based on wavelet algorithm using Matlab software,and uses it to deal with simulation waveforms adding the noise signals,and then by the assessing coefficient to reflect the effects of de-noising and reduction in various situations,therefore,the best de-noising scheme of overvoltage /lightning current signals is put forward. By combining the substation records with this de-noising scheme,the effectiveness of the best de-noising scheme for overvoltage /lightning current signals can be proved.
Application of Expanded CSCS System in Vietnam DAK MI4 Cascade Power Plant

The application of NARI SSJ-3000computer monitoring and control system structure,function,characteristic in Vietnam DAK MI4Project is introduced,the expanded factory type application is emphatically expounded,the implementation of the control mode is discussed.Since system commissioning,stability of hardware and software all reached the design requirements,it has certain project effectiveness.
Divorce and the psychotherapist.

This paper explores how divorce may affect psychotherapists’ personal and professional lives. It offers theoretical speculations about the effects of divorce and makes recommendations for helping d...
Twin related domains in 3D microstructures of conventionally processed and grain boundary engineered materials

Abstract The concept of twin-limited microstructures has been explored in the literature as a crystallographically constrained grain boundary network connected via only coincident site lattice (CSL) boundaries. The advent of orientation imaging has made classification of twin-related domains (TRD) or any other orientation cluster experimentally accessible in 2D using EBSD. With the emergence of 3D orientation mapping, a comparison of TRDs in measured 3D microstructures is performed and compared against their 2D counterparts. The TRD analysis is performed on a conventionally processed (CP) and a grain boundary engineered (EM) high purity copper sample that have been subjected to successive anneal procedures to promote grain growth. The EM sample shows extremely large TRDs which begin to approach that of a twin-limited microstructure, while the TRDs in the CP sample remain relatively small and remote.
Performance – Take-Off

The chapter presents T-O performance methods. First, fundamental relations of the T-O ground run, including the equation of motion for a T-O ground run and the kinematics of the T-O run are presented. Then, several methods to solve the equation of motion are introduced. These include standard, but limited solutions and a very capable numerical method that allows the introduction of time dependent events to be taken into account. These could be a time dependent increase in flap deflection or power increase. Finally, the T-O characteristics of selected aircraft types are presented to allow the reader an accessible reference to actual aircraft data.
A History Untold: Composition’s Connected Past to the Educational Reforms of the Reconstructive Era

Various historical moments—the Civil War (1861–1865), the Morrill Federal Land Grant (1862), World War I (1914–1918), World War II (1939–1945), and the Vietnam War (1959–1975)—affected the status and practice of Composition across the USA. Due to the scope of this book, however, I will focus on the periods right before, during, and after the Civil War in this chapter, and the next chapter will focus primarily upon the Civil Rights era, which also closely correlated with the time period of the Vietnam War.
Methodological and Design Considerations in Evaluating the Impact of Prevention Programs on Violence and Related Health Outcomes

Drawing on research that has identified specific predictors and trajectories of risk for violence and related negative outcomes, a multitude of small- and large-scale preventive interventions for specific risk behaviors have been developed, implemented, and evaluated. One of the principal challenges of these approaches is that a number of separate problem-specific programs targeting different risk areas have emerged. However, as many negative health behaviors such as substance abuse and violence share a multitude of risk factors, many programs target identical risk factors. There are opportunities to understand whether evidence-based programs can be leveraged for potential effects across a spectrum of outcomes and over time. Some recent work has documented longitudinal effects of evidence-based interventions on generalized outcomes. This work has potential for advancing our understanding of the effectiveness of promising and evidence-based prevention strategies. However, conducting longitudinal follow-up of established interventions presents a number of methodological and design challenges. To answer some of these questions, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a panel of multidisciplinary experts to discuss opportunities to take advantage of evaluations of early prevention programs and evaluating multiple long-term outcomes. This special section of the journal Prevention Science includes a series of papers that begin to address the relevant considerations for conducting longitudinal follow-up evaluation research. This collection of papers is intended to inform our understanding of the challenges and strategies for conducting longitudinal follow-up evaluation research that could be used to drive future research endeavors.
Interference management through mobile relays in adhoc networks

Adhoc Network nodes engage in localized grouping and organization based on their neighbourhood to carry out complex goals such as end to end communication. Certain network nodes are enlisted as localized relays to assist in passing messages along a chain. This paper proposes a method to exploit the presence of relay nodes in wireless networks to mitigate interference from other simultaneous transmissions. Optimal spatial locations and transmission schemes to combat interference are identified for cognizant mobile relays.
Interventions that increase the intention to seek voluntary HIV testing in young people: a review

ABSTRACTYoung people 15–24 years old represent 39% of new HIV infections globally. However, they are the least likely age demographic to seek HIV testing and the most likely to be unaware of their HIV status. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to identify interventions that increase either rates of HIV testing or intentions to seek HIV testing in young people 10–24 years old. In total, 1601 manuscripts were systematically examined and five manuscripts were included in the final review. Two common themes identified in the interventions were education and test delivery methods. Educational programs were found to be effective when delivered in classroom or entertainment-based formats. Health providers offering testing and home testing increased the rate of testing. Additional research is needed on programs aimed at young people not enrolled in schools, interventions that measure testing rates, and educating healthcare providers about offering HIV tests to young people.
Application of Real-Time Scheduling Theory to Multiprocessor Pipelines

Abstract Cyclic serial computational applications can be decomposed into multiple tasks for implementation on a multiprocessor system. In a hard real-time system this is usually for the purpose of meeting computational deadlines. Such a decomposition results in a pipelining of the computation with each processor being a stage of the pipeline. A shared resource (memory, bus) is utilized for inter-task communication. This study reviews the applicability of well-known real-time scheduling protocols for deadline analysis in such a system. Additionally, the impact of tasks whose execution time is data dependent is addressed. Given the timing characteristics of the task set, a priority assignment for resolving conflicting requests for the shared resource can be determined. Further, this analysis gives a method for establishing or evaluating the validity of the application’s cyclic deadline.
Zdhhc13-dependent Drp1 S-palmitoylation impacts brain bioenergetics, anxiety, coordination and motor skills.

Protein S-palmitoylation is a reversible post-translational modification mediated by palmitoyl acyltransferase enzymes, a group of Zn2+-finger DHHC-domain-containing proteins (ZDHHC). Here, for the first time, we show that Zdhhc13 plays a key role in anxiety-related behaviors and motor function, as well as brain bioenergetics, in a mouse model (luc) carrying a spontaneous Zdhhc13 recessive mutation. At 3 m of age, mutant mice displayed increased sensorimotor gating, anxiety, hypoactivity, and decreased motor coordination, compared to littermate controls. Loss of Zdhhc13 in cortex and cerebellum from 3- and 24 m old hetero- and homozygous male mutant mice resulted in lower levels of Drp1 S-palmitoylation accompanied by altered mitochondrial dynamics, increased glycolysis, glutaminolysis and lactic acidosis, and neurotransmitter imbalances. Employing in vivo and in vitro models, we identified that Zdhhc13-dependent Drp1 S-palmitoylation, which acting alone or in concert, enables the normal occurrence of the fission-fusion process. In vitro and in vivo direct Zdhhc13-Drp1 protein interaction was observed, confirming Drp1 as a substrate of Zdhhc13. Abnormal fission-fusion processes result in disrupted mitochondria morphology and distribution affecting not only mitochondrial ATP output but neurotransmission and integrity of synaptic structures in the brain, setting the basis for the behavioral abnormalities described in the Zdhhc13-deficient mice.
Pedagogies of Race: The Politics of Whiteness in an African American Studies Course

This paper evaluates students9 arguments for a color-blind society to avoid discussions related to the continued existence of racism in USA culture. Relatedly, this writer finds that as an black woman her status as facilitator in the classroom is directly challenged, on occasion, and that race and gender play a primary role in students9 perception of classroom material and how she is perceived. Classroom discussions related to historical texts reveal that structures of domination have slanted perception of black and white people in U.S. culture. Finally, a key to open dialogue about race and racism, primarily for white students, is to explain and demonstrate the invisibility of whiteness or white privilege in American society.
Shock wave induced anatase to rutile TiO2 phase transition using pressure driven shock tube

Abstract Pressure driven shock tube was employed to switch TiO2 nanoparticles from anatase to rutile phase at an applied pressure of about 2.683 MPa. The crystal structure and surface morphology of the anatase-rutile phase transformation are investigated for pre and post loaded shock using X-ray diffraction, FT – Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy respectively. The results from the experimental investigations elucidated that the TiO2 nanoparticles under post shock facilitated the formation of new crystallographic phase (rutile) from anatase phase.
Metabolic Clusters and Outcomes in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Background/Objectives Few studies have the requisite phenotypic information to define metabolic patterns that may inform our understanding of the pathophysiology and consequences of diabetes in older adults. We sought to characterize clusters of older adults on the basis of shared metabolic features. Design Population‐based prospective cohort study. Setting Four U.S. Cardiovascular Health Study field centers. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older taking no glucose‐lowering agents (N = 2,231). Measurements K‐means cluster analysis of 11 metabolic parameters (fasting and postload serum glucose and plasma insulin, fasting C‐peptide, body mass index, C‐reactive protein (CRP), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria, carboxymethyl lysine (an advanced glycation end‐product), procollagen III N‐terminal propeptide (a fibrotic marker)) and their associations with incident cardiovascular disease, diabetes, disability, and mortality over 8 to 14.5 years of follow‐up and with measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease. Results A 6‐cluster solution provided robust differentiation into distinct, identifiable clusters. Cluster A (n = 739) had the lowest glucose and insulin and highest eGFR and the lowest rates of all outcomes. Cluster B (n = 419) had high glucose and insulin and intermediate rates of most outcomes. Cluster C (n = 118) had the highest insulin. Cluster D (n = 129) had the highest glucose with much lower insulin. Cluster E (n = 314) had the lowest eGFR and highest albuminuria. Cluster F (n = 512) had the highest CRP. Rates of CVD, mortality, and subclinical atherosclerosis were highest in clusters C, D, and E and were similar to rates in participants with treated diabetes. Incidence of disability was highest in Cluster C. Conclusion Clustering according to metabolic parameters identifies distinct phenotypes that are strongly associated with clinical and functional outcomes, even at advanced age.
Sensitive Bacterial Detection via Dielectrophoretic-Enhanced Mass Transport Using Surface-Plasmon-Resonance Biosensors.

The performance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based bacterial biosensors is often compromised as a result of diffusion-limited mass transport of bacteria to the sensing surface. In this work, dually functional interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) were developed to sustain SPR and increase bacterial mass transport through external application of dielectrophoresis (DEP). IDEs were defined into 50 nm Au films with fixed electrode gaps (EG = 5 μm) and varied electrode widths (EW = 10, 20, and 100 μm), referred to as interdigitated SPR (iSPR) chips. The iSPR chips with EW = 100 μm effectively supported SPR, with comparable sensitivity to those of conventional SPR chips. The surfaces of iSPR chips (EW = 100 μm) were modified with mannose to target the FimH adhesin of Escherichia coli and increase cellular adhesion. An LOD of ∼3.0 × 102 CFU/mL E. coli was achieved on mannosylated iSPR chips under positive-DEP conditions, which is about a 5 order of magnitude improvement compared with those of mannosylated conv...
Estética de la irrupción. Activismo y performance en Las Yeguas del Apocalipsis (Chile 1987-1993)

This paper examines the aesthetic and political mechanisms of one of the first artistic groups that politicized the HIV/ AIDS crisis in Latin America: Las Yeguas del Apocalipsis, formed in 1987 by Pedro Lemebel and Francisco Casas. I will focus on the way in which their interventions dialogue with cultural activism, a term raised by Douglas Crimp in order to end the epidemic. Based on some of the most significant works of the colllective, this paper explores the way in which activism assumes a radical form thorugh corporality, which likewise raises a debate about health, diversity, and a vindication of marginal subjects. Through the particular use of performance this politicization puts in check the way in which sexuality is spoken in public, and at the same time, integrates a sharp reflection on dictatorship, post-dictatorship, neoliberalism, and the control of these forces over non-heteronormative bodies.
Pharmacy students' attitudes and perceptions toward pharmacogenomics education.

Purpose To evaluate final-year pharmacy students' perceptions toward pharmacogenomics education, their attitudes on its clinical relevance, and their readiness to use such knowledge in practice. Methods A 19-question survey was developed and modified from prior studies and was pretested on a small group of pharmacogenomics faculty and pharmacy students. The final survey was administered to 978 final-year pharmacy students in 8 school/colleges of pharmacy in New York and New Jersey between January and May 2017. The survey targeted 3 main themes: perceptions toward pharmacogenomics education, attitudes toward the clinical relevance of this education, and the students' readiness to use knowledge of pharmacogenomics in practice. Results With a 35% response rate, the majority (81%) of the 339 student participants believed that pharmacogenomics was a useful clinical tool for pharmacists, yet only 40% felt that it had been a relevant part of their training. Almost half (46%) received only 1-3 lectures on pharmacogenomics and the majority were not ready to use it in practice. Survey results pointed toward practice-based trainings such as pharmacogenomics rotations as the most helpful in preparing students for practice. Conclusions Final-year student pharmacists reported varying exposure to pharmacogenomics content in their pharmacy training and had positive attitudes toward the clinical relevance of the discipline, yet they expressed low confidence in their readiness to use this information in practice.
ECONOMIC CRITERION FOR HIGHWAY CAPACITY DETERMINATION

A method is presented for the determination of highway capacity that relies on an explicit statement of the benefits to users that accrue from highway capacity changes. The method relies on estimates of the extreme hourly traffic volumes that are likely to occur throughout a planning period on the highway under study. System wide design hour factors are presented for rural locations throughout Ontario which have been derived from data observed at the permanent counting stations maintained throughout the Province by the Department of Transportation and Communications Ontario. While the methodology has been presented in graphical terms it could be expressed in algebraic terms for computer manipulation.
Knowledge of US Midwifery Credentials Among Members of the American College of Nurse-Midwives.

Introduction Three midwifery credentials are granted in the United States: certified nurse-midwife (CNM), certified midwife (CM), and certified professional midwife (CPM). Confusion about US midwifery credentials may restrict growth of the midwifery profession. This survey assessed American College of Nurse-Midwives (ACNM) members' knowledge of US midwifery credentials. Methods ACNM members (N = 7551) were surveyed via email in 2017. The survey asked respondents to report demographic information and to identify correct statements about the education, certification, and scope of practice of CNMs, CMs, and CPMs. Responses to 17 items about all midwives certified in the United States, a 5-item subset specific to CNMs/CMs, and one item related to location of midwifery practice by credential were analyzed. Results Nearly a quarter of the membership (22.1%) responded to the survey. Higher scores on the survey indicated greater identification of correct statements about the education, certification, scope, and location of practice of CNMs, CMs, and CPMs. Significant differences in scores were found among ACNM members based on their level of education, degree of professional involvement in midwifery, and prior practice as a nurse. ACNM members with higher scores on the survey held a doctorate, worked in Region I, and had greater professional leadership involvement in midwifery organizations. Participants with less nursing experience prior to their midwifery education also scored significantly higher on the survey. Discussion Although two-thirds of respondents correctly answered items on the preparation, credentialing, and scope of practice of CNMs, CMs, and CPMs, a significant minority had gaps in knowledge. Results of this survey suggest the need for outreach about US midwifery credentials. Future research to replicate and expand upon this survey may benefit the profession of midwifery in the United States.
Nonreciprocal Metagratings

We introduce the concept of nonreciprocal metagratings. We study surfaces that can enable nonreciprocal energy transfer between multiple Floquet channels. These surfaces are fully periodic arrays of nonreciprocal bianisotropic particles that can enable nonreciprocal wave manipulation with unitary efficiency. Notably, we study metagratings with bianisotropic moving particles as their building blocks. These bianisotropic particles are in fact stationary, however from electromagnetic point of view they emulate the characteristics of a real moving particles. As a possible application, we derive the required electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic polarizabilities of the bianisotropic moving particles for a metagrating capable of nonreciprocal space wave circulation with unitary efficiency.
The effect of channel diameter on flow freezing in microchannels

Abstract An understanding of the factors that affect the flow freezing process in microchannels is important in the development of microfluidic ice valves featuring well-controlled and fast response times. This study explores the effect of channel diameter on the flow freezing process and the time to achieve channel closure. The freezing process is experimentally investigated for a pressure-driven water flow (0.3 ml/min) through three glass microchannels with inner diameters of 500 μm, 300 μm, and 100 μm, respectively, using channel-wall temperature measurements synchronized with high-magnification, high-speed imaging. Freezing invariably initiates in supercooled water as a thin layer of dendritic ice that grows along the inner channel wall, followed by the formation and growth of a thick annular ice layer which ultimately causes complete channel closure. The growth time of the annular ice layer decreases monotonically with channel diameter, with the 100 μm channel having the shortest closing time. Specifically, the mean closing time for this smallest channel is measured to be 0.25 s, which is markedly shorter compared to other reports in the existing literature using larger channel sizes at similar flow rates. A model-based analysis of the freezing process is used to show that the total latent heat released by the freezing mass (which varies as the square of the channel diameter) is the key factor governing the closing time. Owing to this simple scaling, the study reveals that reducing the channel diameter offers an attractive approach to increasing the responsiveness of ice valves to achieve non-intrusive flow control at high sample flow rates.
Clinical characteristics of 6 human case of avian influenza A (H7N9) infection in Xiaoshan District,Hangzhou

Objective To analyze clinical features of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou,in order to provide scientific basis for diagnosis and treatment.Methods Epidemiological investigation were conducted for each confirmed case of H7N9 virus infection,and the clinical data were collected.The incidence characteristics were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method.Results The median age of the 6 confirmed cases was 58 years (37-78 years),the proportion of male to female was 1∶2,and 4 cases complicated with basic disease.Patients onset 5-7 days after they direct or indirect contacted with poultry,the early clinical symptom was cough or diarrhea,and rapidly progressed to pneumonia or severe pneumonia.Leucocyte and lymphocyte both reduced in 5 cases.Chest X-ray or CT showed pneumonia in one side or double sides,with exudative lesion mainly.Two cases complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome,eventually died of multiple organ failures.Conclusions Influenza-like or gastrointestinal symptoms are the early clinical symptom of the cases.The elderly cases with chronic disease can easily have severe complications,such as severe pneumonia.X-ray chest films and blood routine examination is helpful to diagnose the human infection with H7N9. Key words: Influenza A virus, H7N9 subtype; Infection; Clinical features
Cerebral Concussion Suppresses Hippocampal Long-term Potentiation (LTP) in Rats

Patients suffering even mild head injury commonly have residual memory deficits (Rimel et al. 1981), the mechanisms of which are unknown. Recent experimental studies have shown that prolonged memory deficits exist following moderate head injury without any gross pathological change (Lyeth et al. 1987). It is our hypothesis that such enduring behavioral deficits may result following even mild trauma due to membran depolarization and excitatory transmitter release (Katayama et al. 1988; Hayes et al. 1988). It has been proposed that such events maladaptively alter synaptic efficacy (Hayes et al. 1988). In contrast, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) provides a model of adaptive synaptic modification possibly involved in the formation of memory (Teyler et al. 1984). The present study examined for the first time the effects of cerebral concussion on hippocampal LTP in rats.
Online Research Participant Communication: Balancing Benefits and Risks

Online communication has emerged as an important vehicle for participant interaction during the course of clinical research. At the same time, such communication has been identified as a source of risks both for participants and the scientific integrity of clinical trials. Although strategies for mitigating these risks have become a focus in the research community, missing from the discussion has been a sustained and sympathetic effort to understand the various benefits of online communication for participants themselves. In this article, we provide a taxonomy of the benefits of online communication for participants and argue that attempts to mitigate the risks of online communication by discouraging or placing limits on such communication are generally unadvisable. Instead, we advance a context-sensitive approach that emphasizes education and several actionable recommendations for preserving the benefits of online participant communities while mitigating the risks.
Electrical stimulation of the external ear acutely activates noradrenergic mechanisms in humans.

Abstract Background Transcutaneous stimulation of the external ear is thought to recruit afferents of the auricular vagus nerve, providing a means to activate noradrenergic pathways in the central nervous system. Findings from human studies examining the effects of auricular stimulation on noradrenergic biomarkers have been mixed, possibly relating to the limited and variable parameter space explored to date. Objective We tested the extent to which brief pulse trains applied to locations of auricular innervation (canal and concha) elicit acute pupillary responses (PRs) compared to a sham location (lobe). Pulse amplitude and frequency were varied systematically to examine effects on PR features. Methods Participants (n = 19) underwent testing in three separate experiments, each with stimulation applied to a different external ear location. Perceptual threshold (PT) was measured at the beginning of each experiment. Pulse trains (∼600 ms) consisting of different amplitude (0.0xPT, 0.8xPT, 1.0xPT, 1.5xPT, 2.0xPT) and frequency (25 Hz, 300 Hz) combinations were administered during eye tracking procedures. Results Stimulation to all locations elicited PRs which began approximately halfway through the pulse train and peaked shortly after the final pulse (≤1 s). PR size and incidence increased with pulse amplitude and tended to be greatest with canal stimulation. Higher pulse frequency shortened the latency of PR onset and peak dilation. Changes in pupil diameter elicited by pulse trains were weakly associated with baseline pupil diameter. Conclusion (s): Auricular stimulation elicits acute PRs, providing a basis to synchronize neuromodulator release with task-related neural spiking which preclinical studies show is a critical determinant of therapeutic effects. Further work is needed to dissociate contributions from vagal and non-vagal afferents mediating activation of the biomarker.
Abstract P238: Regulation Of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 4 Expression By Serum In Breast Cancer And Renal Proximal Tubule Cells

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) is a member of the GRK family which play critical role in regulation of the function of G protein-coupled receptors. Our previous studies have shown that ...
A Nonideal Approach to Truthfulness in Carceral Medicine

This chapter examines truthfulness, or veracity, in the context of health care services within prisons, jails, and detention facilities in the United States. Mainstream discussions of bioethics often highlight the general importance of veracity within the patient-provider relationship, including providers’ obligations and constraints with respect to telling the truth to their patients, and, to a lesser extent, patients’ responsibilities and concerns regarding truthful reporting to their providers. However, a great deal of this literature largely overlooks how structural barriers to health care impact the functions of veracity in the provision of health care—including racist and sexist biases in clinical judgment, inadequate staffing, infrastructure, and accessibility in medical facilities, and institutionally specific constraints. Through an analysis of Assata Shakur’s political autobiography, this chapter focuses on such structural barriers to health care in carceral facilities with a focus on the institutionally specific constraints that arise through the punitive aims of carceral facilities. By focusing on the intersection between punishment and health, this chapter argues that bioethicists and clinicians alike would be better equipped to analyze structural barriers to health care that exist both within and beyond prison walls through a nonideal approach.
Inhibition of Brain Protein Synthesis

An understanding of the molecular basis of normal and altered neurological function represents one of the significant challenges of modern neurology. In many neurologic disorders we can specify the enzymatic defect and the resultant alterations in precursors and products. But even in conditions so defined it remains unclear what altered brain functions produce the devastating neurologic disorder. The amino acidurias serve as an excellent example of disorders whose enzymatic and neuropathologie defects are reasonably well delineated, but whose brain dysfunction cannot be defined biochemically.(1) Alterations in neurohormones and in mitochondrial function have been implicated, but not proven.(2–6) For our present purposes the most intriguing hypotheses relate to alterations in protein synthesis which may occur as the result of amino acid imbalances.(7,8) In this report we review some of our experimental data which confirm reported alterations in amino acid transport produced by amino acid imbalances,(9–12) and suggest that both by inhibition of transport and by interference with amino acid activation, a significant inhibition of protein synthesis may occur in vitro Assuming that protein synthesis is a rate-limiting reaction in brain function, studies of amino acid inhibition in vitro may represent a meaningful approach to the understanding of neurologic dysfunction at a molecular level.
Feeding premature infants

Summary 1. A group of 101 premature infants born at Louisville General Hospitalfrom Sept. 1, 1947, to Aug. 31, 1948, were assigned in rotation to one of four groups. Each group received a different milk mixture. All of these infants were fed on a modified self-demand basis. 2. Determinations of the average age when birth weight was regained, the average mean weight gain in grams per kilogram of body weight per day from the eighth to the eighteenth day, and the average length of hospital stay were made for each group at the termination of the period of study. 3. The results were then compared and briefly discussed.
UMTS — the mobile part of broadband communications for the next century

This paper outlines the path from developing broadband ISDN/ATM systems towards the European vision of the next generation mobile system — Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The capabilities of UMTS in terms of services and features compared to the second generation mobile system GSM, and the network technologies behind N-ISDN and B-ISDN, are discussed with proposals for technical developments to satisfy the UMTS requirements. The UMTS radio interface aspects are described and considerations on the network requirements to support these radio aspects are discussed. The requirements within the network for control, switching and transport to support the mobility, service and interconnecting network aspects of UMTS are outlined in conjunction with the technical solutions currently under discussion and some latest thoughts on a potential high-level architecture
Bootstrap Initialization of Nonparametric Texture Models for Tracking

In bootstrap initialization for tracking, we exploit a weak prior model used to track a target to learn a stronger model, without manual intervention. We define a general formulation of this problem and present a simple taxonomy of such tasks. The formulation is instantiated with algorithms for bootstrap initialization in two domains: In one, the goal is tracking the position of a face at a desktop; we learn color models of faces, using weak knowledge about the shape and movement of faces in video. In the other task, we seek coarse estimates of head orientation; we learn a person-specific ellipsoidal texture model for heads, given a generic model. For both tasks, we use nonparametric models of surface texture. Experimental results verify that bootstrap initialization is feasible in both domains. We find that (1) independence assumptions in the learning process can be violated to a significant degree, if enough data is taken; (2) there are both domain-independent and domain-specific means to mitigate learning bias; and (3) repeated bootstrapping does not necessarily result in increasingly better models.
Maximally spaced projection sequencing in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) provides 3D images of absolute oxygen concentration (pO2) in vivo with excellent spatial and pO2 resolution. When investigating such physiologic parameters in living animals, the situation is inherently dynamic. Improvements in temporal resolution and experimental versatility are necessary to properly study such a system. Uniformly distributed projections result in efficient use of data for image reconstruction. This has dictated current methods such as equal-solid-angle (ESA) spacing of projections. However, acquisition sequencing must still be optimized to achieve uniformity throughout imaging. An object-independent method for uniform acquisition of projections, using the ESA uniform distribution for the final set of projections, is presented. Each successive projection maximizes the distance in the gradient space between itself and prior projections. This maximally spaced projection sequencing (MSPS) method improves image quality for intermediate images reconstructed from incomplete projection sets, enabling useful real-time reconstruction. This method also provides improved experimental versatility, reduced artifacts, and the ability to adjust temporal resolution post factum to best fit the data and its application. The MSPS method in EPRI provides the improvements necessary to more appropriately study a dynamic system.
Controlled Clinical Trials

Controlled Clinical Trials is an international journal covering the design, methods, and operational aspects of clinical trials. The readership is drawn from medicine, biostatistics, epidemiology, computer science, management science, behavioral science, pharmaceutical science, and bioethics. Keywords: clinical trial; design; methods; ethics; data collection; quality assurance; data auditing; multicenter trials
Chapter 19 A learning environment to teach planning skills

Publisher Summary People differ from each other. They are interested in different activities, they know different things, they learn at different rates, and so forth. Everyone knows this simple fact; yet, schools of today pretend it is not the case. Schools force students to learn the same things, to learn them at the same pace (or risk not learning them at all), and to learn them the same way. It should come as no surprise, then that after twelve years of schooling most students are turned off by the idea of learning, and they remember very little of what they were supposedly taught. Most of what they do know after high school is information and skills they picked up outside the classroom. Newly emerging technologies can finally provide the substrate for real progress in education. One of the missions at the Institute for the Learning Sciences (ILS) is to create learning environments which allow students to learn what they want and when they want it. The challenge for educators in this newly re-emerging one-on-one tutoring paradigm is to understand the real needs of the society, and design learning environments to prepare students for those needs. This chapter describes a simulated learning-by-doing environment to teach planning skills. In the first section it describes what it means by planning (or problem solving). The next section outlines the skills that one associates with the thus defined planning. Then it introduces a class of learning environments, Goal-Based Scenarios, which can teach the skills identified in the previous section. Finally, this chapter briefly describes the system developed at ILS.
Structural control design: a reliability-based approach

This paper develops probabilistically-based optimal control strategies which focus on increasing the safety and reliability of a seismically excited structure by minimizing the extreme responses of the structure. A performance function is chosen that is directly related to the failure probability for the structure. Optimization is performed over a parameterized class of controllers, subject to a probabilistic constraint on the available control effort. System uncertainty is modelled parametrically and explicitly incorporated into the optimization algorithm. First and second order reliability methods (FORM/SORM) are employed for calculation of the required probabilities. Numerical examples using a single story structure subject to seismic excitation are provided to illustrate the approach. Comparisons are made with extensive Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the approach.
Phases and templates in Georgian agreement

This paper proposes a new analysis of person and number agreement in Georgian, which combines the locality-based syntactic account of Be jar (2000) with the discontinuous bleeding mechanism proposed by Noyer (1997). Following Be jar (2000, 2003); Be jar and Rezac (2003), we argue that phi-feature checking and realization is sensitive both to locality and to markedness of features. Contra these previous approaches, however, we propose that the morphological real- ization of these checking relations is constrained by a morphological template which restricts the number of positions-of-exponence available in the Georgian verb, in the spirit of analyses proposed in Noyer (1997); Carmack (1997); and Hale (2001), and, in a way, by Harris (1981). Our central claim is that the cyclic, phase-dependent nature of Spell-Out interacts with the positions available in the template to produce the complex patterns of blocking observed, without recourse to extrinsic rule-ordering or a presyntactic level of paradigmatic structure (see, e.g. Stewart 2001). This approach easily accounts for the number sensitivity of the first person prefixes, and naturally extends to predict the forms of the inverse paradigm, given certain syntactic assumptions about the location of arguments in the tree structure in the relevant constructions. We also treat the agreement patterns of complex verbs, containing both the verb stem and a dummy auxiliary. We claim that these forms are distinct from the simplex forms in lacking a phase boundary which is present in the simplex forms.
An engineer's perception of the path to the executive suite

Problems in engineering education are often addressed in relation to professional and technical engineering areas. While these problems are undoubtedly real, the factors which are important in relation to promotion of engineers to upper management may be overlooked by not only engineers, but also by engineering educators, even those educators engaged in student career advisement. Here, the authors argue that engineering educators must teach technical skills, but educators should also focus their attention on specific areas of management development which engineering students may need for career advancement. Managerial skills are often more abstract than engineering skills and may sometimes be viewed as less important by educators. This lack of exposure to critical managerial skills could account for the apparent lack of executives with engineering backgrounds. Realization of factors which enhance management performance, and subsequently results in promotion into the ranks of upper management, may provide the necessary insight for engineering educators to assist the future endeavors of engineering students in relation to management advancement. >
Electromagnetic interference in CMOS circuits

A model for predicting the radiofrequency interference (RFI) susceptibility of CMOS circuits at the design stage, using SPICE, is reported on. The circuit investigated is the RCA CD4007A, which contains three CMOS pairs of n-MOSFETs and p-MOSFETs, input protection circuits, output protection circuits, and parasitic pn-junctions, which behave as parasitic capacitors. The model was verified in both the presence and absence of RFI. The SPICE simulations correctly predict the frequency dependences of the RFI responses. >
AMPA Receptor Trafficking and Learning

In the last few years it has become clear that AMPA-type glutamate neurotransmitter receptors are rapidly transported into and out of synapses to strengthen or weaken their function. The remarkable dynamics of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) synaptic localization provides a compelling mechanism for understanding the cellular basis of learning and memory, as well as disease states involving cognitive dysfunction. Here, we summarize the evidence for AMPAR trafficking as a mechanism underlying a variety of learned responses derived from both behavioral and cellular studies. Evidence is also reviewed supporting synaptic dysfunction related to impaired AMPAR trafficking as a mechanism underlying learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that emerging data support the concept of multistage AMPAR trafficking during learning and that a broad approach to include examination of all of the AMPAR subunits will provide a more complete view of the mechanisms underlying multiple forms of learning.
Talking Pain: Review of The Language of Pain. Finding Words, Compassion, Relief

Talking Pain: Review of The Language of Pain. Finding Words, Compassion, Relief David Biro, WW Norton Co Inc. Clinicians tend to work in tangibles, especially clinicians trained in Western, science-based medicine where it is what is felt, seen and heard—the pulse, the palpable or visible mass, the audible heart, lung, and bowel sounds, the x-ray, the ultrasound, the lab test, and so on—that elicits a response. If patients tell us they have pain, we expect to find something to account for it. We easily believe a pain complaint in a postoperative patient, or a cancer patient, or indeed any patient with a serious medical complaint. But what about the many patients whose pain complaint seems out of proportion to whatever indication we have, be it visible or audible, that something real is causing the pain? How can those patients possibly convey their distress in a way that communicates its reality to someone who is not experiencing it? And how, …
A low frequency assignment for infrared and Raman spectra of (-)-isobornyl acetate using related compounds and deuterated derivatives

Abstract Nineteen fundamentals of (−)-isobornyl acetate and seven deuterium substituted modifications (2-d1;3,3-d2;2,3,3-d3; acetate-d3; 2-d1, acetate-d3; 3,3-d2 acetate-d3; 2,3,3-d3 acetate-d3) have been assigned between 200 and 900 cm−1. These fundamentals are: skeletal vibrations of the quaternary carbons, ring breathing and bending vibrations, and vibrations of the acetate group. Key model compounds used in this analysis are norbornane, neopentane, methyl acetate and cyclopentanol. A series of related compounds (norbornane, bornane, exo-norbornyl acetate, 1-methyl-exo-norbornyl acetate, apoisobornyl acetate and (−)-isobornyl acetate) is used to identify frequencies associated with the quaternary carbon and the acetate group. Raman spectra are more useful for the quaternary carbon frequencies and i.r. spectra are more useful for acetate group frequencies. Quaternary carbon skeletal stretching frequencies and ring breathing frequencies are responsible for prominent Raman bands between 580 and 670 cm−1 and between 780 and 940 cm−1, respectively.
Synthesis of novel proteins.

De novo and rational protein design are progressing towards the chemical synthesis of proteins with pre-selected structure and function. The data illustrate diverse experimental and computational approaches which test our comprehension of protein structure, hydrophobic core packing and global stability, especially of coiled-coil proteins. The incorporation of biologial cofactors, including hemes, as well as active sites, such as tht of iron superoxide dismutase, into designed proteins provides an exciting next step towards the synthesis of proteins with enzymatic function.