cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation of serum hyaluronan with activity in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Summary Purpose Serum hyaluronan (HA) was evaluated for diurnal variation in participants with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Methods Twenty participants with radiographic OA of at least one knee were admitted overnight to the General Clinical Research Center for serial serum sampling. Serum was obtained between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. on Day 1 (T3) after a day of normal activity. During the night of bed rest, participants remained supine for a minimum of 5h between the hours of 3:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. Blood was drawn prior to arising from bed (T0), and 1h (T1) and 4h (T2) after arising and performing usual morning activities, including eating breakfast. During the morning, participants were encouraged to remain physically active and were not permitted to sit for more than 30min at a time. Serum HA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results were analyzed using non-parametric Freidman's test with Dunn's post-hoc Multiple Comparison test. Results Serum levels of HA increased significantly from T0 to T1 ( P Conclusions Although a rise in serum HA with activity and eating has been demonstrated previously in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, this is the first study to demonstrate a similar rise in individuals with OA. These results suggest that serum sampling for HA in OA clinical trials should be performed more than 1h after arising in the morning and at least 1h after breaking an overnight fast.
Variants associated with type 2 diabetes identified by the transethnic meta-analysis study: assessment in American Indians and evidence for a new signal in LPP

Aim/hypothesis A recent genome-wide trans-ancestry meta-analysis identified seven new loci associated with type 2 diabetes. We assessed the replication of the seven lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and evaluated these loci for additional signals in American Indians.
The relationship of the renal vasodilator action of bradykinin to the release of a prostaglandin E-like substance

Nachweis, dass Bradykinin den renalen Blutstrom um 58% der Kontrollwerte (282±40 ml min) erhoht und gleichzeitig im venosen Nierenblut die Konzentration einer Substanz, welche die physicochemischen und biologischen Eigenschatten eines Prostaglandins der E-Serie besitzt, steigert, wobei die Konzentration einer PGF-ahnlichen Substanz unverandert blieb.
TRUST: ON THE REAL BUT ALMOST ALWAYS UNNOTICED, EVER‐CHANGING FOUNDATION OF ETHICAL LIFE

: Following the lead of Annette Baier, this essay argues that trust relations provide the ethical substance of everyday living. When A trusts B, A unreflectively allows B to approach sufficiently close so as to be able to harm A. In order for this to be possible, A practically presupposes that B perceives A as a person and will hence act accordingly. Trust relations are relations of mutual recognition in which we acknowledge our mutual standing and vulnerability with respect to one another. A robust account of trust assumes: first, trust relations are primary and practical, and while monitored by reason, they are not rationally constituted; second, trust can sustain its practical primacy over moral reason because it is developmentally prior to reason; and third, trust relations can be the bearers of our worth and vulnerability because they are the developmental products of first love.
Photovoltaics V: amorphous silicon cells: A highly homogeneous amorphous semiconductor material promises low-cost solar cells

Briefly describes the historical development of amorphous silicon, produced from a glow discharge in silane gas, which was found to be highly homogeneous and having very few defect states. This material at present is being investigated for low-cost solar cell production by the deposition of thin films onto a substrate because the manufacturing process is cheaper, less silicon is used per cell and the process is very suitable for mass production.
Examining preschoolers' nutrition knowledge using a meal creation and food group classification task: age and gender differences

Eating behaviours begin to develop during early childhood, but relatively little is known about preschoolers' nutrition knowledge. The current study examined age and gender differences in this knowledge using two tasks: food group classification and the creation of unhealthy, healthy and preferred meals. Sixty‐nine three‐ to six‐year‐old children were interviewed. Findings suggest that the healthy meals children created were lower in calories and fat than their preferred and unhealthy meals. Older children and girls had a larger discrepancy in the calorie/fat content of their healthy and unhealthy meals than younger children and boys, respectively. Children's created meals showed some dietary variety, but many children could not provide valid explanations for why they selected the foods they did. Children were better at classifying fruits and vegetables than foods from the grain and dairy group. This study highlights the utility of using ecologically valid measures to understand children's developing nutr...
In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry as a surface sensitive tool to probe thin film growth.

Sputtered thin film and multilayer x-ray mirrors are made routinely at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) for the APS users. Precise film growth control and characterization are very critical in fabricating high-quality x-ray mirrors. Film thickness calibrations are carried out using in situ and ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, interferometry, and x-ray scattering. To better understand the growth and optical properties of different thin film systems, we have carried out a systematic study of sputtered thin films of Au, Rh, Pg Pd, Cu, and Cr, using in situ ellipsometry. Multiple data sets were obtained in situ for each film material with incremental thicknesses and were analyzed with their correlation in mind. We found that in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry as a surface-sensitive tool can also be used to probe the growth and morphology of the thin film system. This application of in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry for metal thin film systems will be discussed.
Phase equilibria in the pseudo-binary In2O3–SnO2 system

The pseudo-binary In2O3–SnO2 phase diagram has been determined in the range of 1000–1650 °C using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of solid-state sintered samples. The solubility of SnO2 in In2O3 was found to range from 1.3 mol% at 1000 °C to a maximum of 13.1 mol% at 1650 °C, indicating that commercial SnO2-doped In2O3 thin films are thermodynamically metastable. In2O3 was found to have negligible solubility in SnO2 throughout the temperatures examined. In this study two intermediate compounds, In4Sn3O12 and In2SnO5, were found. Each phase was found to be stable only at high temperatures, decomposing eutectoidally at 1325 and 1575 °C, respectively. This is believed to be the first report of the high temperature phase In2SnO5, which is attractive for future research as a transparent conducting oxide.
Temperature differentials between treatment and pretreatment temperatures correlate with local control following radiotherapy and hyperthermia.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the influence of pretreatment tumor temperatures and the temperature differential between treatment and pretreatment temperatures on local tumor control in patients who underwent combined radiation therapy and hyperthermia. Methods and Materials: Mapped intratumoral temperatures were measured immediately prior to and during hyperthermia in 138 hyperthermia fields among 59 patients with nodular (60 fields) or diffuse (78 fields) superficially-located tumors. In the nodular subgroup there were 40 fields with adenocarcinomas (31 breast, two prostate, seven other primary sites), six melanomas, nine squamous cell carcinomas, and five other histologies. The fields with diffuse tumor involvement consisted of 77 adenocarcinomas (67 breast, 10 other) and one melanoma. The maximum, minimum, and average temperatures were determined for both the pretreatment (pTmax, pTmin, pTave) and treatment (Tmax, Tmin, Tave) distributions and the differences, Dm=Tmin-pTmax, and Da=Tmin-pTave, computed. These quantities were averaged over treatments to produce the corresponding mean quantities for each hyperthermia field. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine treatment and pretreatment parameters which best correlated with the duration of local control. Results: Pretreatment tumor temperatures were significantly lower than the oral temperatures with mean pTmax, mean pTmin, and mean pTave of 36.2°C, 34.2°C, and 35.4°C, respectively. For the adenocarcinomas with diffuse involvement within the hyperthermia field, the covariates best correlating with local control duration on univariate analysis were concurrent radiation dose ( p = 0.0026), Dm ( p = 0.009), pTmax ( p = 0.012) and Da ( p = 0.036). Lower pTmax and larger Dm and Da were predictive for longer local control. In multivariate analyses, all thermal parameters lost power, however, the best model included Dm which was significant at the p = 0.040 level. For the nodular subgroup, nonthermal parameters and dichotomized thermal parameters were of prognostic significance for local control. Conclusion: For fields diffusely involved with adenocarcinoma significant correlations with duration of local control have been demonstrated both for a) low pretreatment temperatures and b) large differentials between treatment and pretreatment intratumoral temperatures. These correlations were also found in a dichotomized description for fields with nodular tumors. The results support the concept that pretreatment hypothermic conditions can lead to an increase in thermal sensitization and may help explain the excellent clinical results noted in the treatment of superficial tumors with radiation and hyperthermia. Further exploitation of this approach by planned cooling of superficially-located recurrent tumors prior to hyperthermia treatment warrants investigation.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): a rapid, flexible and sensitive method for separating islet proinsulin and insulin.

Evaluating islet function in vitro involves studying both insulin biosynthesis and release. For the former, it is necessary to resolve insulin from its precursor, proinsulin. This has been achieved in the past by various procedures, each of which suffers from major drawbacks in terms of resolution and the time involved. We show here that reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) outperforms previous methods for separating proinsulin from insulin in is let extracts without any prepurification or concentration steps. This HPLC method is rapid (90 min for a complete cycle, including washing the column) and reproducible, while allowing for unambiguous separation and quantification of proinsulin and insulin.
Badges of Half-Formed, Inarticulate Radicalism: A Critique of Recent Trends in the Study of Working Class Youth Culture

Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain, edited by Stu art Hall and Tony Jefferson. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1975 (U.S. Distri bution by Holmes and Meier, New York), 287pp. Subculture: the Meaning of Style, by Dick Hebdidge. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1979. ix, 195pp. Working Class Youth Culture, edited by Geoff Mungham and Geoff Pearson. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976. viii, 167pp. Profane Culture, by Paul E. Willis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978. x, 212pp.
An All-Fiber Stretched-Pulse Thulium/Holmium Co-Doped Ultrafast Laser

An all-fiber thulium/holmium laser has been demonstrated using a high numerical aperture fiber for intracavity dispersion management that permits operation in the stretched-pulse regime. With a net normal cavity dispersion the bandwidth is 15 nm.
Right-of-Way Acquisition Duration Prediction Model for Highway Construction Projects

AbstractA key element in moving a highway construction project forward is the ability to acquire the right-of-way (ROW) in a timely manner. Delay in the acquisition process can lead to major delays to the construction phase. Identifying the delay factors will allow for a better acquisition management process. Thirty-five projects, with 1,478 parcels, acquired by the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) were randomly selected for analysis to determine the factors affecting acquisition duration. The data were analyzed using Statistica7 software with t-test, correlation, scatter plot, and analysis of variance to gain understanding of the dataset; to test the null hypothesis (Ho) that no correlation exists between the control and experimental variables; and to statistically quantify the factors that contribute to acquisition duration delay through significance and standard multi- regression analysis. Condemnation ratio, number of revisions (design changes), and number of parcels per project were id...
The nucleon momentum scale in WW production at proton-proton colliders☆

Abstract We investigate the momentum scale of the nucleon structure functions for WW production at proton-proton colliders, computed in the effective W approximation and in the complete tree approximation. The former is dominated by a single kinematic region for which the nucleon scale Q2=M2W is appropriate, while the latter has two important regions requiring a different choice of scale.
Reconstructing the professional at the end of modernity

Faced with incidents of sexual misconduct within the professional ministry, some would have us return to a construct of the professional from the past and some would reject the construct altogether. Both those approaches may perpetuate systemic factors that contribute to injustice. This article explores the history of the professional construct and its challenges, and offers a reconstruction that could support a more just relationship between ministers and members of congregations.
Effectiveness of a computer-based interactive eating disorders prevention program at long-term follow-up.

Computer-based delivery of health-related psychoeducational programming is increasingly popular. In the present study, 72 non-symptomatic undergraduate women were randomized to an Internet-based prevention program for eating disorders with or without accompanying discussion groups, or a control group. Sixty-one of the women (84%) completed the Student Bodies program, and were assessed at short and eight–nine month follow-up. Participation in the program resulted in better outcomes across all groups compared to controls, and women in the unmoderated discussion group appeared to have the most reduction in risk. Benefits of the program continued at follow-up. Decrease in risk also was associated with time spent using the Internet-based program. The present study suggests that the use of Student Bodies may reduce risk of eating and body image concerns over the long term, and that moderation of discussion groups may not be essential for successful outcomes. Further research on larger samples will help determin...
New insights into zeolite formation from molecular modeling

We review recent molecular modeling efforts to shed light on the mechanisms of zeolite formation. We focus on studies that model the early stages of silica polymerization and zeolite nucleation. Electronic structure calculations, classical molecular dynamics, atomistic Monte Carlo simulations and Monte Carlo simulations of lattice models have been used to probe the formation of zeolites and mesoporous materials. Results from these modeling studies predict that in early stages of formation, the silicate material is amorphous. Cluster growth is predicted to occur primarily through Ostwald ripening, and by aggregation of small fragments.
Solubility of Ethylene in Mixtures of Toluene, Norbornene, and Cyclic Olefin Copolymer at Various Temperatures and Pressures

In this study, the solubilities of ethylene in mixtures of toluene, norbornene, and cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) were measured at various temperatures (between 323.15 and 423.15 K), pressures (between 5 and 25 bar), concentrations of norbornene (between 0 and 85 wt %), and concentrations of COC (between 0 and 40 wt %). The experiments were conducted by the pressure decaying method using a newly designed apparatus. The experimental results show that the solubility of ethylene increases with increasing system pressure but decreases with increasing system temperature in the above mixture. Another interesting observation is that the solubility decreases when the concentration of reaction product, COC, is increased. Thus, in addition to temperature and pressure, the COC concentration affects the reaction extent, and beyond a certain COC concentration, further reaction favoring COC generation is impossible because of the opposite effect on ethylene solubility. Also, in this study, the experimental solubility d...
Defect annihilations in carbon nanotubes under thermo-mechanical loading

Topological defects can be formed in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) either during processing or during subsequent thermo-mechanical loading. When multiple defects are formed, the defects interact with each other depending upon the distance of separation between them. Earlier studies have shown that under mechanical loading, such interacting defects coalesce to form a larger defect, ultimately leading to complete failure. While defect coalescence is possible, it has also been observed that some defects may disappear (anneal) under certain thermo-mechanical conditions. In this molecular dynamics (MD) based simulation studies, we show that two 5-7-7-5 type defects (Stone-Wales) in close proximity when subjected to either pure mechanical loading (tensile strain of 10%) or pure thermal loading (temperature up to 3000 K) remain stable. On the other hand, the defects annihilate completely under a combination of both thermal (2800 K) and mechanical loading (under 5%) applied concurrently. It is hypothesized that vibrational oscillations due to thermal effects combined with atomic separation induced due to mechanical load together can cause the defects to annihilate while either of them acting alone cannot do so.
Multigigahertz relative intensity noise of an InGaAsP laser at cryogenic temperature

Using a well-characterized measurement system having 22 GHz bandwidth, we show that the relative intensity noise (RIN) of a commercial InGaAsP laser (multi-longitudinal mode) operating at 77 K is significantly reduced below room temperature values over a broad frequency range. For laser operation with equal drive currents at both temperatures, a RIN reduction of as high as approximately equal to 24 dB/Hz is observed in the frequency region of relaxation oscillations, while for operation with equal power outputs the maximum reduction observed is approximately equal to 14 dB/Hz.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Surgical treatment of automatic atrial tachycardias.

Abstract From 1979 to 1989, 18 patients were seen in the Electrophysiology Service, Duke University Medical Center, with automatic atrial tachycardia. There were 8 male and 10 female patients with a mean age of 28.1 ± 2.9 years. Electrophysiological mapping localized automatic foci to right atrial sites (14 patients) and left atrial sites (4 patients). Depending on origin of the focus, patients were further diagnosed as having either chronic ectopic atrial tachycardia or inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Of the 15 patients with chronic ectopic atrial tachycardia, 6 responded to medical treatment; in 9, the tachycardia was not adequately controlled. Six of them were referred for surgical intervention. All 3 patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia underwent operative therapy. In the surgical group of patients with chronic ectopic atrial tachycardia, all 6 had a tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy with ejection fractions ranging from 14% to 27% (mean ejection fraction, 21% ± 2.7%). Surgical techniques used (alone or in combination) included an isolation procedure in 1 patient, cryoablation in 4 patients, and excision of atrial appendages or portions of atrial free walls in 7. Normal sinus rhythm developed in all surgical patients except 1 patient who had intractable congestive heart failure preoperatively and died of this condition and stroke. The overall success rates for medical and surgical therapy were 33.3% and 88.9%, respectively ( p
Normalization of the tumor microenvironment: evidence for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 as a cancer therapeutic.

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of the Metzincin family of proteases responsible for degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM). In early studies, MMP degradation of the sub-epithelial basement membrane was thought to be tumor cell autonomous and contribute to the invasive behavior of malignant cells. It is now recognized that MMPs have multiple roles that can either promote or inhibit tumor progression and metastasis. The endogenous inhibitors of the MMPs are the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Early studies on the tumor microenvironment revealed TIMP function to be principally through the inhibition of MMPs, thereby blocking tumor cell migration and invasion. However, data from a number of laboratories are now reporting that TIMPs have direct cellular functions, independent of their MMP inhibitory activity. The TIMPs can modulate normal tissue physiology and development, as well as pathology and progression in a variety of acute and chronic disease states. In this rev...
SU‐GG‐I‐137: Effects of Background Activity On Partial Volume Correction (PVC) in PET Imaging

Purpose: PVC techniques based on a‐priori knowledge of object size have been previously proposed and evaluated. The aim of this abstract is to investigate the effect of background activity (BA) correction on the accuracy of PVC. Method and Materials: An IEC phantom containing six spheres (1–3.7cm) was scanned using GE DRX PET/CT scanner. The sphere to background ratio (SBR) was (4:1, 6.5:1, 11.1:1) while keeping BA concentration constant. BA was set to that found in the thorax of clinical PET studies. PET data was acquired in 3D mode for 3 minutes. ROIs were drawn on all spheres. PVC was then applied with and without background subtraction (BS) while using the scanner's point spread function (PSF) and the sphere size obtained from CT. Care was taken to include the effects of reconstruction filter on the PSF. For PVC with BS, the BA was first subtracted from the mean sphere activity concentration (AC) and then divided by the convolution of the PSF with a binary map of the true sphere size obtained from CT. Finally, BA was then added to give the corrected sphere AC. Plots of mean AC with and without BS versus sphere size were generated and differences between the two corrections were calculated. Results: PVC with BS was consistently better than without BS for different SBR and sphere sizes. This effect was more pronounced as SBR and sphere size decreased. PVC with BS was on average 6.7% different than the true value while that without BS was 28.5% different. The smallest sphere had the biggest discrepancy with a difference of 64.3% and 13.9% for PVC without and with BS respectively. Conclusion: Background effects can impact the accuracy of PVC in PETimages, especially for small SBR and tumor size. BS should be implemented with PVC to insure accurate lesion quantification.
Association between duration and quality of sleep and the risk of pre-diabetes: evidence from NHANES.

Aims To examine the association between duration and quality of sleep and the prevalence of undiagnosed and clinically identified diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in a nationally representative sample. Methods Cross-sectional study of 2285 participants ≥ 30 years old and without diagnosed sleep disorders from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2008). The primary exposures were sleep duration and quality. Sleep quality was assessed by questionnaire using trouble initiating sleep, trouble maintaining sleep, and waking up too early. The primary outcomes were clinically identified and undiagnosed pre-diabetes and diabetes as defined by the American Diabetes Association using fasting plasma glucose (5.6–6.9 mmol/l = pre-diabetes; ≥ 7.0 mmol/l = diabetes). Multivariate logistic regression was used to test the association between sleep quality, sleep duration and glycaemic status. Results After adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics and health behaviors, sleeping ≤ 5 h/night was associated with clinically identified pre-diabetes (odds ratio 2.06, 95% CI 1.00–4.22 vs. 7 h). Both trouble maintaining sleep ≥ 5 times/month (odds ratio 3.50, 95% CI 1.30–9.45) and waking up too early ≥ 5 times/month (odds ratio 2.69, 95% CI 1.21–5.98) were also significantly associated with increased risk of clinically identified pre-diabetes. Trouble initiating sleep and sleeping ≥ 9 h/night were not found to be associated with having diabetes. Conclusions Only clinically identified pre-diabetes was associated with trouble maintaining sleep, waking up too early, and short sleep. No other relations were found to be significant. Findings suggest that poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were more strongly associated with clinically identified pre-diabetes than 7–8 hours per day.
Influence of Cobalt on Propionibacterium freudenreichii

IN recent years some attention has been devoted to study of Propionibacterium chiefly because of its ability to synthesize appreciable amounts of vitamin B12. Several authors1–6, working with different species of Propionibacterium, reported high vitamin B12 activity under different culture conditions3–6. However, there is lack of sufficient experimental evidence to ascertain optimum conditions for its growth and synthesis of vitamin B12. In this connexion, we have carried out experiments on the influence of cobalt on the growth characteristics of P. freudenreichii. This work was undertaken as a consequence of our recent report7 that cobalt stimulated vitamin B12 content of activated sludge.
Tautomeric exchange in cytosine.

Abstract It has long been noted that the H 5 proton of cytosine and its related derivatives exhibits unusually broad resonances in the pmr spectrum under certain conditions of temperature and solution pD. We have examined this phenomenon as a function of temperature, solution pD as well as the external magnetic field, and have shown that the line broadening arises from chemical exchange between the amino and imino tautomers of the cytosine base. The observation of sharp H 5 resonances in cytosine derivatives existing in only the amino or the imino tautomeric structure supports this interpretation. The imino tautomer was estimated to be present to the extent of 15 ± 3% at room temperature in neutral equeous solution.
Constructing Descriptive Records for an Art Image Database: What Do Use Statistics Tell Us?

The study compares three sample sets of records taken from the AMICO database to examine possible factors influencing retrieval of images: named artist and artist reputation, word count, and record richness. The authors found that images of works by renowned artists tended to show high numbers of retrievals. When works depicted were by relatively unknown or anonymous artists, more retrievals were likely if accompanying records included higher unique word counts. The frequency of first occurrences of name, geographic, and time terms in the records showed no major differences among the three sets. The authors suggest a strategy for constructing image records.
Structural and magnetic properties of four layered dicyanamide-based coordination polymers: M{N(CN)2}2(DMSO)2, [M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni]

Abstract The crystal structures and magnetic properties of four μ-(1,5) singly bridging dicyanamide complexes, specifically Mn{N(CN)2}2(DMSO)2 (1), Fe{N(CN)2}2(DMSO)2 (2), Co{N(CN)2}2(DMSO)2 (3), and Ni{N(CN)2}2(DMSO)2 (4), (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide) are presented. The compounds are isostructural, in which the MII ions adopt a distorted octahedral geometry, coordinating to four nitrile N atoms of the dicyanamide ligand and to the two DMSO molecules, giving rise to (4,4) pseudo-2D square grid sheets. Magnetic interactions in these materials are via the five atom dicyanamide bridge [ N C N C N ], which is known to propagate weak magnetic exchange, and the complexes do not undergo long-range ordering down to 2 K. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, CHN analyses, and SQUID magnetometry were used to characterize these materials.
Conflict Warnings and the Search and Detection of Collisions in a Simulated Atc-Like Task

An experiment assessed the effects of properties of a warning system on visual search patterns and collision detection efficiency in a simulated air traffic control-like task. Participants had to d...
Nursing's role with amputee support groups☆

An amputee support group is integral to holistic health care. A support group provides opportunities for peers and interdisciplinary team members to meet the unique needs of amputees. Nurses have an opportunity to be involved in the initiation and facilitation of an amputee support group within a health care agency or community. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of nursing in developing an amputee support group.
Growth and composition of brain myelin lipid in rats raised on restricted casein and soy protein diets

Abstract Studies were made in weanling and post-weanling rats to compare the effects of restricted dietary levels (8%) of casein (CS) and soy protein (SP) on the lipid composition of brain myelin, isolated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Diets containing normal levels (25%) of SP and CS (control), were also investigated. With the restricted protein diets, but not the 25% SP diet, there were significant reductions in the quantities of myelin, and of myelin lipid classes, relative to control. These deficits, including those of growth and body weight (but not brain weight), were greater at weaning than at 6 weeks of age. The severity of the deficits at each age, differed very significantly, depending on the type of dietary protein fed. Concerning the individual phospholipids at weaning, the restricted protein diets resulted in significantly lower values relative to control; these values were more depressed with the 8% SP than with 8% CS diet. The results were explained on the basis of a possible greater amino acid imbalance in the low protein SP diet than the corresponding CS diet.
Hepatitis B virus DNA in peripheral‐blood mononuclear cells in chronic hepatitis B after HBsAg clearance

In this study, peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis B and spontaneous or therapy-induced disappearance of HBsAg were examined for HBV DNA. Samples were evaluated by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction both before and after clearance of HBsAg. By in situ hybridization, positive signals were observed in 2 of 13 samples collected after HBsAg loss, in 8 of 15 samples before HBsAg loss and in 0 of 4 control patients without serological markers of active or prior HBV infection. When polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed, HBV DNA was detected in 5 of 12 HBsAg-negative samples and 10 of 15 HBsAg-positive samples from the study group. Testing of mononuclear cells after disappearance of HBsAg revealed that two of eight patients were HBV DNA positive by in situ hybridization and by polymerase chain reaction, whereas two additional patients were positive by polymerase chain reaction alone. Mononuclear cell-associated HBV DNA was detected between 2 and 9 mo after the disappearance of circulating HBsAg by in situ hybridization and as long as 4 yr later by polymerase chain reaction. These data indicate that patients who have undergone HBsAg seroconversion may nonetheless harbor HBV DNA in their peripheral-blood mononuclear cells for prolonged periods.
Blocking Candida adherence to contact lenses

The adherence of microorganisms to contact lenses may be an important initial step in the pathogenesis of contact lens-associated infectious keratitis. Using a strain of Candida albicans whose interaction with various polymers has been well characterized we systematically investigated the adherence of this pathogen to hard hydrophobic and soft hydrophilic extended-wear contact lenses. Yeasts adhere to the hydrophobic lenses in direct proportion to the wetting angle of the lens whereas yeasts adhere to the hydrophilic lenses in direct proportion to the water content of the lens. Tear proteins such as albumin, lactoferrin, and lysozyme in addition to fibronectin enhance yeast adherence to both types of lenses (P<0.01). Concanavalin A reduces adherence of yeasts to both lens types (P<0.01). Among tear components however, only mucin (0.5%) consistently reduced yeast adherence to both lens types. Hydrophilic extended wear lenses worn for at least 28 days by normal patients consistently had greater adherence of...
Hilarella hilarella (Zetterstedt) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Parasitic Upon a Rhaphidophorid (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae)

The larval stages of Hilarella hilarella (Zett.) have been previously reported as living on the stores in the nests of fossorial Hymenoptera. This fly is here reported as parasitizing an insect host without the intervention of any hymenopterous insect.
High oxidation state transition metal perfluoroglutarates

Abstract The reaction of bifunctional perfluorinated acid anhydrides with CrO 3 , K 2 CrO 4 , and Na 2 MoO 4 results in the formation of new high oxidation state transition metal perfluoroglutarates.
Lymph node scanning in sheep with indium-111-labeled lymphocytes.

Abstract Recirculating autologous lymphocytes of sheep were labeled in vitro with indium-111 and injected intravenously. Gamma camera pictures taken 24h later revealed detectable amounts of radioactivity in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and lungs. Single lymph nodes could be identified after the intravenous injection of as few as 108 lymphocytes labeled with as little as 50 μCi indium-111. The application of this procedure to human studies is discussed.
On the Generification of Culture: From Blow Fish to Melanesian

Les AA. poursuivent la discussion de Wilk sur la maniere dont les peuples qui ont davantage de pouvoir etablissent les dimensions du sens commun par lequel les groupes socio-culturels communiquent et rivalisent entre eux. En portant l'attention sur un groupe de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee pluraliste, ils demontrent qu'en etablissant ces dimensions, les representants de l'Etat et les emissaires du capitalisme global ont gagne un controle progressif sur les formes culturelles specifiques de savoir. Par l'analyse de trois evenements, ils demontrent que les Chambri ont perdu le controle sur leur savoir local au fur et a mesure qu'il est devenu comprehensible a d'autres populations. En effet, par le fait de devenir comprehensible - lisible, selon l'expression appropriee de Scott - il s'est produit une generification culturelle telle que le particulier culturel a ete soit traduit au sein de la generalite culturelle, soit tourne en exemple general de particularite culturelle. Dans les deux cas, a travers une telle generification, le savoir local et les auteurs du savoir sont devenus non seulement comprehensibles mais aussi controlables par les etrangers.
Evidence for the B12-dependent enzyme ethanolamine deaminase in Salmonella.

THE enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, like man, do not synthesise significant amounts of cobalamin (B12) compounds and thus depend on exogenous vitamin B12 for their B12-dependent enzymes1. In E. coli and S. typhimurium the only reported B12-dependent enzyme catalyses the final step in methionine biosynthesis—the methylation of homocysteine to give methionine. These bacteria do not depend on exogenous B12 for growth, however, for they have an alternative B12-independent homocysteine transmethylase (non-B12 enzyme) which can catalyse the same reaction. The non-B12 transmethylase is much less efficient than the corresponding B12-dependent enzyme: in bacteria grown in the absence of vitamin B12, the non-B12-dependent enzyme comprises 3–5 % of the total soluble protein2. If this enzyme is blocked by mutation, the mutant bacteria require either methionine itself or exogenous B12, which allows them to utilise the B12-dependent enzyme for methionine biosynthesis3. We have sought other B12-dependent enzymes in S. typhimurium and found evidence for an ethanolamine deaminase. We did not find other examples of parallel non-B12-dependent and B12-dependent enzymes in S. typhimurium. E. coli also seems to have an ethanolamine deaminase.
Interactive Image-Guided Resection of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations

Between July 1992, and February 1997, 15 patients with cavernous malformations underwent interactive image-guided resection of their lesions. There were eight women and seven men in the group, ranging in age from 6 years to 62 years (mean 34 years). Clinical presentations included seizures (n = 7), headache (n = 4), and hemorrhage (n = 4). Prior conventional subtotal resection had been performed in one patient, and a history of prior hemorrhage was found for two patients. Diagnosis was made using magnetic resonance imaging and digital substraction angiography. Locations of the lesions were temporal (n = 9), frontal (n = 3), thalamus (n = 1), basal ganglia (n = 1), and pons (n = 1). Size ranged from 9 to 20 mm (mean 12 mm). For those lesions located near or within eloquent areas (n = 7), an awake craniotomy with functional cortical and subcortical mapping was performed. An infrared system was used intraoperatively to confirm the location and the extent of the resection of these lesions in real time. In 1996 we started using a robotic microscope to aid in localization and resection. Clinical follow-up ranged from 2 to 54 months (mean 27 months). In all 15 patients, complete surgical resection was achieved as demonstrated by postoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies. Two patients had postoperative transient neurological deficits (13.3%) that cleared over a 6-month period. One of them had a lesion in the pons, with multiple cranial nerve deficits postoperatively that gradually improved. There was no associated mortality. Histological diagnosis was consistent with cavernous angioma in all cases. Clinical follow-up revealed that 13 patients experienced complete recovery from preoperative symptoms and two patients with seizures showed marked improvement. We conclude that interactive image-guided surgery for deep-seated cavernous malformations represents a very accurate and safe approach.
Modeling of confined turbulent fluid-particle flows using Eulerian and Lagrangian schemes

Two important aspects of fluid-particulate interaction in dilute gas-particle turbulent flows (the turbulent particle dispersion and the turbulence modulation effects) are addressed, using the Eulerian and Lagrangian modeling approaches to describe the particulate phase. Gradient-diffusion approximations are employed in the Eulerian formulation, while a stochastic procedure is utilized to simulate turbulent dispersion in the Lagrangina formulation. The k-epsilon turbulence model is used to characterize the time and length scales of the continuous phase turbulence. Models proposed for both schemes are used to predict turbulent fully-developed gas-solid vertical pipe flow with reasonable accuracy.
Pollen dimorphism in Ephedra L. (Ephedraceae)

Abstract The pollen of three Ephedra taxa, Ephedra torreyana , E. trifurca and E. funerea ⇔ E. torreyana , showed a marked pollen dimorphism when examined using scanning electron microscopy. Typical pollen grains in all of these taxa have straight ridges, but the variant forms exhibit a highly folded ectexine. In addition, previously used characters such as the presence or absence of bifurcating valley structure do not appear to be uniform, even within a single microsporangium, suggesting that their value to taxonomic study should be reassessed.
THE GLUCOSE PERMEASE SYSTEM IN BACTERIA.

Abstract 1. 1. The accumulation of [14C7]α-methyl- D -glucopyranoside is a measure of a glucose permease system in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. 2. 2. The steady-state level of α-methyl- D -glucopyranoside (α-MG) accumulation reached in these cells is depressed several fold by the addition of an exogenous energy source upon which the cells have been grown. This depressing effect can be nullified by the addition of metabolic poisons such as azide or dinitrophenol, or by anaerobic conditions. Experiments indicate that this effect cannot be explained by non-specificity of the permease, competition for a common transporter or physical replacement of α-MG by the added carbon source, but indicate that the glucose permease system possesses an exit reaction which is dependent on metabolic energy. 3. 3. Kinetic data, obtained by measuring the steady-state concentration level, the rate of uptake and the rate of loss of α-MG in the presence and absence of an exogenous energy source, demonstrate the presence in this system of another exit reaction besides the energy-requiring exit reaction, and a separate entrance reaction. The entrance reaction is also energy dependent, but is less sensitive to limitations of the available energy. 4. 4. A model is proposed which is consistent with these results.
On the circuit and VLSI complexity of threshold gate comparison

Abstract The paper overviews recent developments concerning optimal (from the point of view of size and depth ) implementations of comparison using threshold gates. We detail a class of solutions which also covers other particular solutions, and spans from constant to logarithmic depths . These theoretical circuit complexity results are extended to VLSI complexity ones, having practical applications to: (i) hardware implementations of integrated circuits; (ii) VLSI-friendly neural learning algorithms (i.e., constructive, or ontogenetic algorithms); and (iii) synthesis methods for mixed digital/analog technologies. In order to estimate the area ( A ) and the delay ( T ), as well as the classical AT 2 , we make use of the following “cost functions”: (i) the connectivity (i.e., sum of fan-ins ) and the number-of-bits for representing the weights and thresholds are used as closer approximations of the area ; while (ii) the fan-ins and the length of the wires are used for closer estimates of the delay . Such approximations will allow us to compare several solutions – which present very interesting fan-in -dependent depth-size and area-delay tradeoffs – with respect to AT 2 .
Effect of Sodium on HCl Hydrate Diffusion in Ice: Evidence for Anion−Cation Trapping

The effects of sodium (Na) on hydrogen chloride (HCl) hydrate diffusion in ice were investigated using infrared laser resonant desorption depth-profiling (LRD) techniques. By exciting the O−H stretching vibration in H2O, LRD was used to depth-profile into ice sandwich multilayers containing either an HCl or a Na/HCl interlayer. Diffusion coefficients for HCl were determined by measuring the relaxation of the HCl concentration gradient versus time. The HCl hydrate diffusion coefficient at 190 K in pure ice was D = 5.1(±1.7) × 10-11 cm2/s and lower for the Na/HCl interlayers. The HCl diffusion coefficients varied from D = 1.2(±0.5) × 10-11 cm2/s to D ≤ 9.0 × 10-13 cm2/s for initial interlayer molar ratios of Na/Cl = 0.04 to Na/Cl = 0.5, respectively. The effect of Na on HCl hydrate diffusion in ice is attributed to anion−cation trapping. Similar trapping interactions may influence the distribution of species in ice cores used to interpret the historical record of Earth's atmosphere.
Facile charge carrier adjustment for improving thermopower of doped polyaniline

Abstract We report a facile method of improving thermopower of doped polyaniline (PANI). It is believed that the electrical properties were altered by controlling the concentration of charge carriers with camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) and ammonium hydroxide. With CSA doping followed by drying and annealing at temperatures below ∼100 °C, the electrical conductivity was increased up to ∼5700 S/m with a thermopower value, ∼14 μV/K at room temperature. The power factor reached ∼1 μW/m-K2 after optimizing the drying and annealing temperature, which is 5–1000 times larger than those of other doped PANI without stretching. This thermopower of PANI–CSA films was monotonically improved in proportion to the time period of the ammonium hydroxide reaction, resulting in ∼115 μV/K at room temperature, which is 1.2–10 times higher than those of other doped PANI. The intensity changes of Fourier transform infrared spectra before and after the de-doping process with ammonium hydroxide indicates the thermopower increase is likely to be from the reduction in the charge carrier concentration. This method is a facile and convenient way of adjusting carrier concentrations, which are crucial to find the optimum doping level for high performance thermoelectrics. We believe further studies to improve crystallinity of doped PANI may dramatically raise the electrical conductivity in addition to the large thermopower, so as to obtain a high performance PANI-containing polymer composite for thermoelectric applications.
The levels of extramitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the wing muscles of a flightless grasshopper

Abstract In flying insects during the period following the imaginal ecdysis, the level of extramitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase increases several-fold only in flight muscles. Although following the last ecdysis of the flightless grasshopper, Romalea microptera , this enzyme does rise somewhat in wing muscles, the increase in leg muscles is the same. Furthermore, adult locust flight muscle contains essentially no lactate dehydrogenase, whereas Romalea wing muscle shows significant activity of the M type. Thus insects that have lost during evolutionary development the ability to fly lack two fundamental biochemical characteristics of insects which have retained this ability.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid as an ultraviolet-sensitive matrix

Matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to produce quasimolecular ion signals from underivatized mixed-base single-stranded DNA oligomers ranging from 10 to 67 nucleotides in length. These results were obtained with a new matrix material, 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-hydroxypyridine-2-carboxylic acid)which showed significant improvement over many previously reported matrices studied in terms of mass range available, signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to analyze mixed base oligomers. The desorption and simultaneous ionization was by pulsed laser light at 10 to 50 mJ/cm2, studied at 266, 308, and 355 nm. Spectra taken at 266 nm provided the smallest amounts of doubly charged and dimer ions—characteristics desirable for DNA sequencing by this technology. Negative-ion spectra were uniformly superior to positive-ion spectra. This new matrix also is quite effective for molecular weight determinations of peptides and proteins in both positive- and negative-ion modes.
A COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE UNIQUE PROTEIN-INDUCED TIGHT TURN THAT RESULTS IN POSTTRANSLATIONAL CHROMOPHORE FORMATION IN GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN

A thorough conformational search of the chromophore-forming region of immature green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that it is preorganized in a unique conformation required for chromophore formation. This “tight turn” conformation has an i carbonyl carbon to i + 2 amide nitrogen distance of less than 2.90 A with φ = 60 ± 30° and ψ = 30 ± 15°. Less than 1.00% of the residues of the 50 representative proteins examined adopt this conformation. The tight turn conformation is predominately located on the periphery of the proteins or in flexible areas, except in GFP. Molecular dynamics simulations and Ramachandran plots show the chromophore-forming region in immature GFP can only adopt the tight turn conformational family. Moreover, this conformation is ideally suited for the cyclization necessary for chromophore formation, i.e., for nucleophilic attack of the amino group of Gly67 on the carbonyl group of Ser67. The 11 β sheets of GFP force the chromophore-forming peptide fragment to adopt a conformation t...