cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The observed change in heat capacity accompanying the thermal unfolding of proteins depends on the composition of the solution and on the method employed to change the temperature of unfolding

The apparent change in heat capacity, ΔCp, accompanying the thermally induced unfolding of lysozyme and of ribonuclease A was determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry in dilute aque...
Mechanisms determining three-dimensional SiGe island density on Si(001)

Thin, coherently strained, films of SiGe were deposited on Si(001) in the Stranski-Krastanow (SK) growth mode to form small, faceted, dislocation-free-three-dimensional (3D) islands. The number density of these islands was determined as functions of SiGe alloy composition, growth rate, and substrate temperature during growth. From these experiments, the classical model of 3D island nucleation and growth yields an approximate activation energy for diffusion of Ge dimers on a Ge covered Si(001) surface of 0.70 eV. The dependence of the 3D-island number density on growth rate cannot be understood without modifying the classical model to account for the wetting layer present in SK systems. Heteroepitaxial strain is not included in the classical model of island nucleation and growth. A simple linear elastic model that fits the data is developed that predicts the island number density is proportional to the inverse square of the Ge mole fraction in the alloy plus a constant.
Electrochemical Approach to and the Physical Consequences of Preparing Nanostructures from Gold Nanorods with Smooth Ends

We have developed a method to smooth the end sections of nanowires and nanograps generated via the On-Wire Lithography process and studied these rods with optical spectroscopies and theoretical modeling (Discrete Dipole Approximation). The first step of the smoothing process is a reductive one aimed at controlling the diffusion and migration of metal ions to the growing nanorod surface by adjusting the applied potential and concentration of the metal ions in the growth solution. A second oxidative smoothing step, based in part on the energetic differences between topologically rough and smooth surfaces, is used to further smooth the nanorod. The RMS roughness can be reduced over five fold to approximately 5 nm. The properties of these smoothed rods were investigated by empirical and theoretical methods, where it was found the smoothed rods have sharper plasmon resonances and decreased SERS intensity.
Food fortification improves the intake of all fortified nutrients, but fails to meet the estimated dietary requirements for vitamins A and B6, riboflavin and zinc, in lactating South African women.

Objective: To investigate the impact of fortification by comparing food records and selected biochemical indicators of nutritional status pre- and post-fortification. Design: Mean intake from 24h recalls (n 142) was compared with the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) to determine the proportion with inadequate intake. In a subsample (n 34), diet and serum retinol, folate, ferritin and Zn were compared pre- and post-fortification for fortified nutrients vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, Fe and Zn. Setting: South Africa. Subjects: Breast-feeding women (ninety-four HIV-infected, forty eight HIVuninfected) measured at ,6, 14, 24 weeks, and 9 and 12 months postpartum. Results: Pre-fortification, .80% of women did not meet the EAR for vitamins A, C, D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6 ,B 12 and folate and minerals Zn, iodine and Ca. Dietary intake post-fortification increased for all fortified nutrients. In postfortification food records, .70% did not meet the EAR for Zn and vitamins A, riboflavin and B6. Serum folate and Zn increased significantly post-fortification (P ,0?001 for both), with no change in ferritin and a reduction in retinol. Postfortification marginal/deficient folate status was reduced (73?5% pre v .3 ?0% post; P ,0?001), as was Zn deficiency (26?5% pre v .5 ?9% post; P ,0?05). Pre- and post-fortification, .93% were retinol replete. There was no change in Fe deficiency (16?7% pre v .1 9?4% post; P 50?728). Conclusions: Micronutrient intake improved with fortification, but .70% of lactating women did not meet the EAR for Zn, vitamins A, riboflavin and B6. Although 100% exceeded the EAR for Fe after fortification, Fe status did not improve.
Leafroll Virus Is Common in Cultivated American Grapevines in Western New York

American grapevines (Vitis labrusca L. ‘Niagara’; Vitis × labruscana L. H. Bailey ‘Concord’ and ‘Catawba’; V. labrusca × V. riparia Michx. ‘Elvira’) from 24 vineyards in the New York portion of the Lake Erie production region (>13,000 ha cultivated) were tested to explore a possible relationship between virus infection and an unexplained fruit set malady in the district. One-year-old cane segments were collected 4 to 6 weeks before budbreak from 65 individual vines, which previously had been identified as malady positive or negative. Preparations from bark scrapings were tested for the presence of double-stranded (ds) RNA and for fan leaf degeneration virus, tobacco streak virus, and grapevine leafroll associated closterovirus-3 (GLRaV-3) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mechanical transmission of other potential viruses to Chenopodium quinoa was attempted with sap extracted from young shoots forced from intact segments of sampled canes. GLRaV-3 was detected in 17 (26%) of the sampled vines f...
Discontinuing anticytomegalovirus therapy in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and AIDS.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common opportunistic ocular infection in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).1 Before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), CMV retinitis affected 30% of patients with AIDS at some time during the course of their disease.2 Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a late stage complication associated with low CD4+ T cell counts, typically less than 50 cells × 106/l.34 Cytomegalovirus retinitis was rare at CD4+ T cells >100 cells × 106/l.34 All of the available anti-CMV therapies suppress viral replication, but do not eliminate the virus. Unless immune reconstitution occurs, prolonged suppressive anti-CMV therapy (maintenance therapy) is required.15 Without immune reconstitution or maintenance therapy, CMV retinitis relapses within 3 weeks. As such, in the pre-HAART era, patients with CMV retinitis required lifetime maintenance anti-CMV therapy. HAART consists of combination therapy for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with at least three drugs, typically two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and either a protease inhibitor or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. HAART can result in marked suppression of HIV replication, improvement in immune function, increases in CD4+ T cells, decreases in opportunistic infections, and improved survival.6 With HAART, there has been a 55%–95% reduction in the number of new cases of the CMV retinitis, and the decrease varies depending upon the population being served.6-8 However, CMV retinitis continues to occur, albeit at a reduced incidence, and there …
Prediction of energy release hazards using a simplified adiabatic temperature rise

Abstract A computationally simple method is outlined to calculate the maximum adiabatic temperature rise for the decomposition of a compound. This method, termed the MART method, is shown to be useful to assess the likelihood of a compound being an energy release hazard. Calculations were made for a number of classes of compounds and the results were analyzed for each class. The method was shown to give relatively clear transitions between compounds not being energy release hazards up to a breakpoint value and being energy release hazards at higher values past the breakpoint value. Peroxides were shown to be a class of compounds that the method works less well on. A predictive rule that could be used regardless of compound class is suggested. The MART method was compared to the more computationally intensive CART method and was found to be quite similar in performance. Also discussed is the potential incorporation of the MART method into the CHETAHTM software.
A tutorial program for propositional logic with human/computer interactive learning

This paper describes a tutorial program that serves a double role as an educational tool and a research environment. First, it introduces students to fundamental concepts of propositional logic and gives them practice with theorem proving. Secondly, the program provides an environment in which we can track student learning, explore cognitive issues of human problem solving, and investigate the possibilities of interactive human/machine learning. We have tested the tutorial program on two groups of Discrete Mathematics students and report the results of our assessment. We also discuss the contributions and future directions of our research in interactive human/machine learning.
Assertion revisited: On the interpretation of two-dimensional modal semantics

This paper concerns the applications of two-dimensional modal semantics to the explanation of the contents of speech and thought. Different interpretations and applications of the apparatus are contrasted. First, it is argued that David Kaplan's two-dimensional semantics for indexical expressions is different from the use that I made of a formally similar framework to represent the role of contingent information in the determination of what is said. But the two applications are complementary rather than conflicting. Second, my interpretation of the apparatus is contrasted with that of David Chalmers, Frank Jackson, and David Lewis. It is argued that this difference reflects a contrast between internalist and externa list approaches to the problem of intentionality.
Persistent enhancement of potassium-induced responses of the rat vas deferens by desipramine.

The effect of desipramine on the cumulative dose-response curves of noradrenaline and potassium (K+) was examined on the isolated rat vas deferens. An exposure of 10 min to 10−7 M desipramine caused a leftward shift and an increase in the maximum response of cumulative dose-response curves of noradrenaline. Desipramine (10−7 M), in contact with the tissue for 10 min, enhanced responses to cumulative additions of K+ without causing a consistent change in threshold concentrations. Wash-out of desipramine resulted in a rapid loss of enhanced maximum response to noradrenaline while the maximum response to K+ did not show any decrease for up to 120 min after wash-out of drug. One possible explanation for the persistent enhancement of K+-induced responses may be that desipramine causes postjunctional changes which selectively influence contractile responses of this tissue to K+.
Functional and Morphological Studies of Platelet Reactivity with Vessel Wall Subendothelium in Chronic Myeloproliferative Disease

Summary. Mechanisms of thrombus formation in myeloproliferative disease were studied using a technique which visualized platelet-vessel wall interactions under physiological conditions of blood flow. Whole blood from four patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and three with thrombocythaemia were pumped through perfusion chambers containing de-endothelialized artery segments. Platelet reactivity with vessel walls (thrombus formation) was measured in sections of vessels by light microscopy and quantitative morphometric analysis. Five patients produced platelet reactivity values of 130-258% of controls while two gave decreased values. The two highest platelet reactivity values occurred in samples with elevated platelet counts and normal haematocrits. In contrast, when anti-platelet drugs were administered to three patients with high platelet counts, reactivity values decreased to 11-34% of controls. Clinical correlations revealed that patients with highest platelet reactivity values (165-258%) were those subjects who also exhibited thrombotic or haemorrhagic complications. Thus absolute platelet count and haematocrit may be major determinants in predicting these complications. Qualitative evaluations of thrombus formations by light and electron microscopy provide further evidence that platelets in myeloproliferative disease also possess qualitative abnormalities.
The modified Pirogoff's amputation in treating diabetic foot infections: surgical technique and case series.

Background : This paper describes the surgical technique of a modified Pirogoff ’s amputation performed by the senior author and reports the results of this operation in a single surgeon case series for patients with diabetic foot infections. Methods : Six patients with diabetic foot infections were operated on by the National University Hospital (NUH) diabetic foot team in Singapore between November 2011 and January 2012. All patients underwent a modified Pirogoff ’s amputation for diabetic foot infections. Inclusion criteria included the presence of a palpable posterior tibial pulse, ankle brachial index (ABI) of more than 0.7, and distal infections not extending proximally beyond the midfoot level. Clinical parameters such as presence of pulses and ABI were recorded. Preoperative blood tests performed included a glycated hemoglobin level, hemoglobin, total white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, albumin, and creatinine levels. All patients were subjected to 14 sessions of hyperbaric oxygen therapy postoperatively and were followed up for a minimum of 10 months. Results : All six patients had good wound healing. Tibio-calcaneal arthrodesis of the stump was achieved in all cases by 6 months postoperatively. All patients were able to walk with the prosthesis. Conclusions : The modified Pirogoff ’s amputation has been found to show good results in carefully selected patients with diabetic foot infections. The selection criteria included a palpable posterior tibial pulse, distal infections not extending proximally beyond the midfoot level, ABI of more than 0.7, hemoglobin level of more than 10 g/dL, and serum albumin level of more than 30 g/L. Keywords : Pirogoff amputation; diabetes; diabetic foot complications; clinical outcome; prosthesis (Published: 3 April 2014) Citation: Diabetic Foot & Ankle 2014, 5 : 23354 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/dfa.v5.23354
Extending the Extended Self in a Digital World

Russell Belk's 1988 seminal paper on the extended self in the Journal of Consumer Research highlighted the central role of material artifacts in defining self-identity. How might Belk's paper differ if he had published it in 2013? We extend Belk's original construct to encompass the digital extended self as we identify three crucial domains where traditional boundaries between self/not self increasingly blur: (1) producer versus consumer; (2) being offline versus being online; and (3) body versus technology. We also present eight commentaries from experts in a range of pertinent domains that include advertising, law, technology, communications, and public policy.
Optical enhancement of ultra-thin CIGS solar cells using multi-layered antireflection coatings

The performance of ultra-thin CIGS solar cells can be greatly improved by the addition of multilayer anti-reflective coatings. They serve as excellent light traps in the red and near infra-red regions, thereby enhancing the total efficiency of the solar cell. In this study, multiple layer AR coatings were optimized on ultra-thin CIGS solar cells and a reduction in reflectance was observed. Different materials were explored in order to decrease the overall reflectance of the solar cell without increasing the complexity of the cell.
Ethnicity, instructional communication and classroom systems

The present study is the third in a series investigating how students' ethnic backgrounds relate to their views of instructional communication processes. Paired measurements of teacher immediacy, effectiveness and course utility were taken from Anglo‐American, Latino, African‐American and Asian‐American students at the middle and end of a ten week term. The results suggested that Anglo‐Americans viewed the course as less useful toward the end of the term, and immediacy and effectiveness appeared to be strongly related throughout the course. Immediacy was important earlier in the course for Latinos, while views of teaching effectiveness dropped. An evolutionary perspective was proposed to interpret the findings for African‐Americans in that their views of immediacy, effectiveness and course utility became more positive, and their judgments earlier in the course appeared to be causally related to later judgments. For Asian‐Americans, stable relationships emerged between immediacy and effectiveness, and effe...
Symbol and Symptom: Routes from Gesture to Signed Language

This study examines the developmental routes by which gesture is codified into a linguistic system in the context of the natural signed languages of the deaf. I suggest that gestures follow two routes as they codify, and thus that signed languages provide evidence of how material which begins its developmental life external to the conventional linguistic system, as spontaneous or conventional gestures, is codified as language. The Italian Sign Language modal form ‘impossible’ is studied in detail, exploring the developmental route that led from Roman gestures, through liturgical gestures as depicted in medieval Italian art, through everyday Italian and Neapolitan gestures to its modal meaning.
Priapism: Current Principles and Practice

Priapism, a pathologic condition of persistent penile erection in the absence of sexual excitation, is a true erectile disorder. Although it may seem to affect only a small population of male individuals, it carries major significance. Possible complications of the disorder include penile fibrosis and permanent erectile dysfunction. All health care professionals should appreciate the importance of the disorder and be prepared to follow current principles of diagnosis and treatment to reduce or avert its complications.
Assessing computer security vulnerability

The lack of a standard gauge for quantifying computer system vulnerability is a hindrance to communicating information about vulnerabilities, and is thus a hindrance to reducing those vulnerabilities. The inability to address this issue through uniform semantics often leads to uncoordinated efforts at combating exposure to common avenues of exploitation. The de-facto standard for evaluating computer security is the government's Trusted Computer Evaluation Criteria, also known as the Orange Book. However, it is a generally accepted fact that the majority of non-government multi-user computer systems are classified into one of its two lower classes. The link between the higher classes and government classified data, makes the measure unsuitable for commercial use.This project presents a feasible approach for resolving this problem by introducing a standardized assessment. It introduces a method, termed the System Vulnerability Index (SVI), that analyzes a number of factors that affect security. These factors are evaluated and combined, through the use of special rules, to provide a measure of vulnerability. The strength of this method is in its abstraction of the problem, which makes it applicable to various operating systems and hardware implementations. User and superuser actions, as well as clues to a potentially breached state of security, serve as the basis for the security relevant factors. Facts for assessment are presented in a form suitable for implementation in a rule-based expert system.
Double diffraction at zero impact parameter

Protons may sometimes have the configuration of a compact diquark, separated transversely from the quark by a string. If both protons in a collision have this form, the strings may be parallel, giving final states with high multiplicity, ellipticity and a ridge structure, or transverse, with leading protons and (sometimes) rapidity gaps. Simple considerations lead one to expect, at , central masses in the few GeV/c2 range, appropriate for glueball states.
Intuitionistic validity in T-normal Kripke structures

Abstract Let T be a first-order theory. A T-normal Kripke structure is one in which every world is a classical model of T. This paper gives a characterization of the intuitionistic theoryHT of sentences intuitionistically valid (forced) in all T-normal Kripke structures and proves the corresponding soundness and completeness theorems. For Peano arithmetic (PA), the theoryHPA is a proper subtheory of Heyting arithmetic (HA), so HA is complete but not sound for PA-normal Kripke structures.
‘Real options’ framework to assess public research investments

This paper deals with R&D priority setting. It advocates the introduction of strategic capital budgeting methodologies that will unite the hitherto largely independent processes of strategic planning and capital budgeting. Significant advances in economics and finance theory regarding valuing derivative securities, such as futures and options, and in computing power over the past 20 years make it feasible now to capture in explicit analytical terms the flexibility inherent in active strategy and management of R&D resources. R&D strategies can now be analyzed as chains of ‘real options’. The methodology can, in principle, be applied to all kinds of research investments, including longer-term, more basic research. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV): brief history of its oncolytic strains.

Background: While genetically engineered viruses are now being tested for the virus therapy of human cancers, some naturally occurring viruses display unmatched oncolytic activity. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) excels as an oncolytic agent. Objectives: As its virulence versus attenuation can be explained on molecular biological bases, it may be possible to develop or select highly oncolytic strains of NDV without adverse toxicity. Study design: Questions are posed as to the mechanisms of viral oncolysis, the appropriateness of tests to predict oncolytic activity of a given NDV strain and the best modes of administration for oncolytic effects. Answers are provided based on specific data or on considerations drawn from experience (the authors use NDV oncolysates to immunize against melanoma and kidney carcinoma) or from analogous clinical situations (therapeutic use of mumps or measles viruses). Results and conclusions: NDV oncolysates probably suit better for immunotherapy (providing also active tumor-specific immunization) than massive repeated inoculations of NDV strains, especially when the NDV strain used is not proven to be oncolytic by appropriate pre-clinical tests.
Elastic Constants and Pressure-Induced Effects in MoS2

We use hybrid density functional theory, including van der Waals interactions, to study the elastic properties of bulk molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). We determine a complete, consistent set of accurate values for elastic constants, overcoming the inconsistencies in the reported values in the literature. We also elucidate the changes in materials properties that occur when hydrostatic pressure is applied. The compression ratio, the transition from semiconductor to semimetal, and the pressure dependence of the elastic constants are discussed. The good agreement with experiments for small hydrostatic pressures validates our methodology and our calculated values for the elastic constants.
A multiple-control strategy for robot manipulators

The characteristic behavior of three control schemes for robot manipulators is analyzed. The controller designs are based on three different control theories, i.e., classical control theory, variable structure systems theory, and model-reference adaptive control theory. The advantages and weaknesses of each of the controllers are identified. then, the three controllers are combined for form a bank of controllers for the study of multiple-control strategies. A restructuring control mechanism is suggested and used to coordinate the operational behavior of the controllers and to dynamically select the proper control action for a prespecified subtask. The superiority of the multiple-control strategy over the single-control strategy is demonstrated by presenting simulation results done on a 2-DOF robot arm. Graphical simulation results are also presented for illustration. >
Stochastic Modular Robotic Systems: A Study of Fluidic Assembly Strategies

Modular robotic systems typically assemble using deterministic processes where modules are directly placed into their target position. By contrast, stochastic modular robots take advantage of ambient environmental energy for the transportation and delivery of robot components to target locations, thus offering potential scalability. The inability to precisely predict component availability and assembly rates is a key challenge for planning in such environments. Here, we describe a computationally efficient simulator to model a modular robotic system that assembles in a stochastic fluid environment. This simulator allows us to address the challenge of planning for stochastic assembly by testing a series of potential strategies. We first calibrate the simulator using both high-fidelity computational fluid-dynamics simulations and physical experiments. We then use this simulator to study the effects of various system parameters and assembly strategies on the speed and accuracy of assembly of topologically different target structures.
Thiol–Disulfide Exchange in Peptides Derived from Human Growth Hormone During Lyophilization and Storage in the Solid State

Lyophilization (freeze-drying) is frequently used to stabilize protein therapeutics. However, covalent modifications such as thiol-disulfide exchange and disulfide scrambling can occur even in the solid state. The effects of lyophilization and storage of lyophilized powders on the mechanism and kinetics of thiol-disulfide exchange have not been elucidated and are explored here. Reaction kinetics was monitored in peptides corresponding to tryptic fragments of human growth hormone (T20 + T20-T21 or T20 + cT20-T21) during different stages of lyophilization and during storage of the lyophilized powders at 22°C and ambient RH. The concentrations of reactants and products were determined using RP-HPLC and product identity confirmed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Loss of native disulfide was observed for the reaction of T20 with both linear (T20-T21) and cyclic (cT20-T21) peptides during the primary drying step; however, the native disulfides were regenerated during secondary drying with no further change till the end of lyophilization. Deviations from Arrhenius parameters predicted from solution studies and the absence of buffer effects during lyophilization suggest that factors such as temperature, initial peptide concentration, buffer type, and concentration do not influence thiol-disulfide exchange during lyophilization. Results from a "cold finger" method used to study peptide adsorption to ice indicate that there is no preferential adsorption to the ice surface and that its presence may not influence disulfide reactivity during primary drying. Overall, reaction rates and product distribution differ for the reaction of T20 with T20-T21 or cT20-T21 in the solid state and aqueous solution, whereas the mechanism of thiol-disulfide remains unchanged. Increased reactivity of the cyclic peptide in the solid state suggests that peptide cyclization does not offer protection against lyophilization and that damage induced by a process stress further affects storage stability at 22°C and ambient RH.
From hydroimperialism to hydrocapitalism: ‘French’ hydraulics in France, North Africa, and beyond:

This article examines hydroimperialism and the subsequent emergence of hydrocapitalism in 19th- and 20th-century France and beyond. As the terms themselves suggest, both forms of ‘hydropower’ illustrate the fundamental connection between water, its management, and colonial or neocolonial relations in the modern era. The article develops the concepts of hydroimperialism and hydrocapitalism both historically and analytically. It examines some of the historical processes that fostered and shaped French hydroimperialism during the colonial era, with French North Africa serving as the empirical example. It also explores how French political and technical elites basically advocated hydroimperialism, often from France to its North African empire, but also from the colonies to the metropole. Obscuring these earlier mobilities and exchanges, French water specialists in the late 20th century have pushed for the export of their hydraulic expertise ‘globally’. Finally, although this study of hydroimperialism and hydr...
Phylogenomic Analysis and Predicted Physiological Role of the Proton-Translocating NADH:Quinone Oxidoreductase (Complex I) Across Bacteria

ABSTRACT The proton-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is a multisubunit integral membrane enzyme found in the respiratory chains of both bacteria and eukaryotic organelles. Although much research has focused on the enzyme9s central role in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, comparatively little is known about its role in the diverse energetic lifestyles of different bacteria. Here, we used a phylogenomic approach to better understand the distribution of complex I across bacteria, the evolution of this enzyme, and its potential roles in shaping the physiology of different bacterial groups. By surveying 970 representative bacterial genomes, we predict complex I to be present in ~50% of bacteria. While this includes bacteria with a wide range of energetic schemes, the presence of complex I is associated with specific lifestyles, including aerobic respiration and specific types of phototrophy (bacteria with only a type II reaction center). A phylogeny of bacterial complex I revealed five main clades of enzymes whose evolution is largely congruent with the evolution of the bacterial groups that encode complex I. A notable exception includes the gammaproteobacteria, whose members encode one of two distantly related complex I enzymes predicted to participate in different types of respiratory chains (aerobic versus anaerobic). Comparative genomic analyses suggest a broad role for complex I in reoxidizing NADH produced from various catabolic reactions, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Together, these findings suggest diverse roles for complex I across bacteria and highlight the importance of this enzyme in shaping diverse physiologies across the bacterial domain. IMPORTANCE Living systems use conserved energy currencies, including a proton motive force (PMF), NADH, and ATP. The respiratory chain enzyme, complex I, connects these energy currencies by using NADH produced during nutrient breakdown to generate a PMF, which is subsequently used for ATP synthesis. Our goal is to better understand the role of complex I in bacteria, whose energetic diversity allows us to view its function in a range of biological contexts. We analyzed sequenced bacterial genomes to predict the presence, evolution, and function of complex I in bacteria. We identified five main classes of bacterial complex I and predict that different classes participate in different types of respiratory chains (aerobic and anaerobic). We also predict that complex I helps maintain a cellular redox state by reoxidizing NADH produced from central metabolism. Our findings suggest diverse roles for complex I in bacterial physiology, highlighting the need for future laboratory-based studies.
Carotid Artery Stenting: Operator and Institutional Learning Curves

Despite rapid growth in the frequency that carotid artery stenting (CAS) is performed, there remain concerns regarding the steep learning curve associated with this procedure. This article reviews the evidence base supporting operator and institutional CAS learning curves and discusses their implications for the establishment and maintenance of competencies. Attempts are made to delineate minimum volume thresholds to attain these goals and means to enhance procedural safety without compromising patient access.
Role of MrgA in Peroxide and Light Stress in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

In the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the mrgA gene is part of the PerR regulon that is upregulated during peroxide stress. We determined that an DeltamrgA mutant was highly sensitive to low peroxide levels and that the mutant upregulated a gene cluster (sll1722-26) that encoded enzymes involved with exopolymeric substance (EPS) production. We made mutants in this EPS cluster in both a wild type and DeltamrgA background and studied the responses to oxidative stress by measuring cell damage with LIVE/DEAD stain. We show that Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 becomes highly sensitive to oxidative stress when either mrgA or the sll1722-26 EPS components are deleted. The results suggest that the deletion of the EPS cluster makes a cell highly susceptible to cell damage, under moderate oxidative stress conditions. Mutations in either mrgA or the EPS cluster also result in cells that are more light and peroxide sensitive, and produce significantly less EPS material than in wild type. In this study, we show that in the absence of MrgA, which is known to be involved in the storage or mobilization of iron, cells can be more easily damaged by exogenous oxidative and light stress.
Response envelope spectrum and interpretation of strong earthquake ground motion

A multiple filter technique is developed using a single-degree-of-freedom lightly-damped oscillator as a narrow band-pass filter. It provides for a physically simple approach to the analysis of accelerograph records from the point of view of structural engineering. The analysis of several typical accelerograph records indicates that a significant portion of strong earthquake ground motion consists of surface waves. It is concluded that the duration of intense shaking will be determined predominantly by the dispersion properties of the ground.
Information Technology Outsourcing: A Taxonomy of Prior Studies and Directions for Future Research

ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the nearly 20 years of scholarly research on information technology outsourcing (ITO), with an explicit focus on developing a taxonomy for AIS academics and extracting valuable suggestions for AIS practitioners. Our taxonomy subdivides the ITO research into separate streams: (1) initial outsourcing decision and its determinants, (2) execution of the outsourcing contract and dynamics of outsourcing relationships, and (3) measurement of outsourcing results and the long-term organizational consequences of outsourcing. We consider the primary research questions addressed, summarize the major findings, and identify the theories and methods used. Finally, we highlight the limited accounting studies on ITO and discuss directions for potential synergies between accounting and IS scholars.
Plasma Deposition of Tungsten

Tungsten films were plasma-deposited using an abnormal glow discharge through a mixture of tungsten hexafluoride, hydrogen, and argon. The films adhered well to silicon, silicon dioxide, gallium arsenide, and aluminum substrates placed directly on the discharge cathode. Typical deposition rates were on the order of 160 Angstroms/minute with as-deposited film resistivities of 40 to 70 microohm-cm. The tungsten was analysed using a number of techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Auger spectroscopy, Low-resistivity (<10 microohm-cm) films that adhered well to silicon-dioxide were obtained with a two-step process utilizing plasma deposition and conventional chemical vapor deposition.
Transmission Investment Cost Allocation within the Cooperative Game Framework

This paper identifies the situations in which transmission investment are good for society as a whole but not necessarily for each agent. Regarding these situations, we define the rules for the allocation of transmission investment costs from the perspective of cooperative game theory. The main idea is that each investment cost allocation problem can be formulated into a cooperative game. Then one can apply well-known game theoretic solutions concepts such as the shapley value, core and nucleolus to the game induced by the cost allocation problem and obtain the corresponding cost allocations
Comparison of limit standards using a sequential probability ratio test

We continue our research into the comparison, via simulation experiments, of a stochastic system to a limit standard. A limit standard is defined as a maximum and/or minimum standard. We have found that evaluation methods using proportions provide a statistically valid comparison of this family of standards. In this paper, we present the use of Wald's sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) as a comparison method. We define a fully sequential analysis procedure, as well as initial test results.
Comparison of health and social characteristics of people leaving New York City jails by age, gender, and race/ethnicity: implications for public health interventions.

Objectives.We compared health and social needs by gender, age, and race/ethnicity of people leaving New York City jails and assessed the implication of these differences for the development of jail...
Developing interprofessional facilitators and leaders: Utilization of advanced health profession students as interprofessional (IPE) facilitators

Abstract Objective The purpose of this project was to prepare advanced students ( dentistry , medicine , pharmacy , and occupational therapy ) to be facilitators for interprofessional small groups and evaluate them compared to faculty facilitators. Methods The Interprofessional Leadership and Facilitation Course was developed as a way to provide advanced students with an opportunity to develop and apply interprofessional leadership and facilitation skills. Mixed-method analysis was used to compare student facilitator performance with faculty facilitators and determine educational impact of the experience. Multiple data sources were collected. Results Facilitator performance was similar between advanced students and faculty and the experience resulted in self-reported behavioral changes in the practice setting by the student facilitators. Student facilitators reported positive and meaningful experiences. Conclusions Utilizing advanced students as an educational resource, while providing unique and meaningful learning experiences for all participants, is a potential interprofessional resource management strategy to be further explored. These advanced students are future interprofessional preceptors, and this leadership experience begins their paths as interprofessional educators.
Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling of a Supersonic Commercial Transport Turbo-Machinery Propulsion System for Aero-Propulso-Servo-Elasticity Research

This paper covers the development of an integrated nonlinear dynamic model for a variable cycle turbofan engine, supersonic inlet, and convergent-divergent nozzle that can be integrated with an aeroelastic vehicle model to create an overall Aero-Propulso-Servo-Elastic (APSE) modeling tool. The primary focus of this study is to provide a means to capture relevant thrust dynamics of a full supersonic propulsion system by using relatively simple quasi-one dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods that will allow for accurate control algorithm development and capture the key aspects of the thrust to feed into an APSE model. Previously, propulsion system component models have been developed and are used for this study of the fully integrated propulsion system. An overview of the methodology is presented for the modeling of each propulsion component, with a focus on its associated coupling for the overall model. To conduct APSE studies the de- scribed dynamic propulsion system model is integrated into a high fidelity CFD model of the full vehicle capable of conducting aero-elastic studies. Dynamic thrust analysis for the quasi-one dimensional dynamic propulsion system model is presented along with an initial three dimensional flow field model of the engine integrated into a supersonic commercial transport.
Tractor-Drawn Mower Occupational Fatalities in Production Agriculture, 1992-1997

ABSTRACT Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries were analyzed for patterns of occupational fatalities while using tractor-drawn mowers in production agriculture in the United States from 1992-1997. There were 126 deaths: 32% from tractor overturns and 29% as a result of “fell from and struck by” events. The majority of workers fatally injured were self-employed (98 deaths, 77%). Fatalities were concentrated in the South (67 deaths, 53%) and the Midwest (40 deaths, 32%). The crude fatality rate was 1.0 death per 100,000 workers (crop production 1.8 deaths per 100,000 workers, livestock production 0.4 deaths per 100,000 workers). Workers 65 years and older reported the most fatalities (62 deaths, 49%), for a rate of 3.4 deaths per 100,000 workers. This analysis shows that an average of 21 workers die each year from this single work activity. Prevention strategies should address Roll Over Protective Structures (ROPS), older workers, and hazard awareness.
Marie Darrieussecq's Ghost

While it has been argued by proponents of surface reading that ghosts should be “just read,” a closer analysis of contemporary French writer Marie Darrieussecq's oeuvre reveals that ghosts cannot be read only in terms of what they may represent; one must rather take into account what they do and how they are produced. Through Darrieussecq's spectral engagement with her own work, and following Jacques Derrida's invitation to consider ghosts as possibility, this article reads ghosts as metafictional figures appearing within the text's own fabric and not external to it; it also questions the reader's involvement in the conjuration of ghosts.
Certain characteristics of the leukocytes of guinea pig blood with particular reference to the Kurloff body.

A critical review of the literature on the leukocytes of the guinea pig has been presented, with added observations from studies of the blood cells of more than 500 guinea pigs. Special studies of the Kurloff inclusion body were made on these animals to obtain information regarding its origin and significance because this entity occurs in the mononuclear leukocyte, which is a cell of great interest in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. The normal blood picture of the guinea pig was discussed and summarized in terms of the blood picture of the normal human being.
High conversion efficiency solid-state 263-nm laser for triggering high-voltage switches at Sandia's Z-accelerator

Several advanced technologies, including phase conjugation with non-hazardous fluorinert and harmonic conversion with large 2 × 2 × 1 cm BBO crystals, were used to generate near diffraction-limited, 2.4-J, 20-ns-long pulses at 263-nm.
Linearized dynamics and operating modes of a simple wind turbine model

Modal analysis and the future design of control strategies for a wind turbine rely heavily on the development of system descriptive dynamics models. Until now, wind turbine models have focused only on turbine simulations and not system characterization, which is necessary for the evaluation of operating modes, parameterization of stability, and controI designs. This paper presents an explicit, descriptive model of a rigid component, generic horizontal axis wind turbine, from which the system parameters and operating modes are extracted. A four degree-offreedom two-bladed turbine under free vibration is analyzed in parts and then as a complete system, presenting physical insight into the dynamic coupling behavior. A study perfonned at different rotor azimuth positions exposes the importance of Floquet analysis to better understand rotor-nacelle dynamic interactions. Mode shapes are identified and results are presented for modal frequencies at different rotor speeds.
School Food Politics: The Complex Ecology of Hunger and Feeding in Schools Around the World: Edited by Sarah A. Robert and Marcus B. Weaver-Hightower

(2012). School Food Politics: The Complex Ecology of Hunger and Feeding in Schools Around the World: Edited by Sarah A. Robert and Marcus B. Weaver-Hightower. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 688-691.
Two sides of the same coin Student physical activity levels during a game-centred soccer unit

Despite the advent of game-centred approaches (GCAs) to teaching sport games (e.g. teaching games for understanding (TGfU)), traditional direct instruction approaches remain prevalent in physical education. Moreover, the latter have tended to produce high levels of student inactivity. What remains unclear is whether and how much GCAs aid in students reaching the UK and USA recommendation of 50% of lesson time being spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Participants for this study were 85 students (41 girls) from three separate physical education classes (n = 23, n = 26, and n = 36) at one middle school in the western United States. A licensed teacher/soccer coach with expertise in GCAs taught units of soccer (n = 8 lessons per class; Mlength = 34 minutes 43 secsonds; SD = 3.13). Data on students’ physical activity levels and lesson context were collected using the system for observing fitness instruction time. Teacher behaviour data were collected using the West Virginia teaching evaluat...
An Experimental Investigation on the Transmission Characteristics of the Sound Emission Source in the Wave Guide Rods

In order to study the correlation between the first reflected peak voltage of the sound emission source of the standard break,the voltage value,the diameters and lengths of the rods,an experimental system of the sound emission of the wave guide rods with three kinds of length and seven kinds of diameter was founded,an experimental investigation was performed for the transmission process of the simulative sound emission signals in the wave guide rods.It was concluded that the attenuation of the sound emission wave in the transmission process in the wave guide rods was comparatively little.
Microbead Encapsulation of Living Plant Protoplasts: A New Tool for the Handling of Single Plant Cells

Premise of the study: Understanding plant cell biomechanics has been hampered by a lack of appropriate experimental tools. Here we introduce a protocol for the incorporation of individual plant protoplasts into precisely sized agarose microbeads. This technology may lead to new ways to manipulate the physical and chemical microenvironment of individual plant cells. Methods and Results: Living protoplasts obtained from BY-2 tobacco suspension cultures were continuously incorporated into a stream of agarose microdroplets, collected in cooled mineral oil as gelled microbeads, and then transferred into liquid MS medium for culture. In this first report, we show that spherical microbeads containing living protoplasts can be easily generated in quantity and that these encapsulated cells continue to grow and divide. Conclusions: Microbead encapsulation of protoplasts affords the opportunity to precisely control the physical microenvironment of individual plant cells. Ultimately, this method may help facilitate n...