cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Explicit Goals and Specific Feedback on Escalation Processes

The present study was designed to look at the effects of two important factors on escalation behavior: explicit goals and specific feedback concerning negative decision consequences. Subjects were assigned to one of six conditions in a 2(explicit goal, general goal) × 3(feedback: small, moderate, or large -failure) factorial design. Results demonstrated that as failure feedback increased from small to moderate levels, subjects with explicit goals escalated their commitment, but they de-escalated when feedback indicated a large goal/feedback discrepancy. In contrast, feedback had no effect on allocation behavior for general goal subjects. The study also content analyzed subjects' self-descriptions in an attempt to explore the processes used to reach an allocation decision. The importance of goals and feedback as well as the need for alternative theoretical frameworks, such as control theory, to explain escalation behavior is discussed.
Dynamical instability of bosonic stellar configurations

Abstract We study the problem of the dynamical stability of the equilibrium solutions for the bosonic stellar configurations in the framework of general relativity. The time evolution of infinitesimal radial oscillations, which conserve the total number of particles, is analyzed starting from the scalar wave equation coupled to the Einstein field equations. Following the method developed by Chandrasekhar, one finds a variational principle for determining the eigenfrequencies of the oscillations. Using the variational principle, one can find numerically an upper bound for the central densities where dynamical instability occurs. As examples we consider the equilibrium configurations, found by Ruffini and Bonazzola, for the non-interacting massive complex scalar fields as well as the quartic self-interacting case, V(|φ|) = 1 4 λ > |φl| 4 ( λ > 0) , discussed by Colpi, Shapiro and Wasserman. In the non-interacting case, we find that for central densities bigger than ϱ = 2.1 × 1098m2 g/cm3 (m is the boson mass in grams) the configuration is dynamically unstable; whereas in the interacting case, with a value λ = 3.8 × 10 12 m 2 , the bound is given by ϱ = 1.3 × 1098m2 g/cm3.
Surface Tension Evaluation of Lennard-Jones Fluid System With Untruncated Potentials

In typical atomistic simulations of simple liquids, the Lennard-Jones interatomic pair potential is truncated so that algorithms scale as Natoms rather Natoms 2 , which would be the case if an interaction were computed explicitly for all atom pairs. However, it is known that interfacial properties are sensitive to the cutoff radius selected. Corrections for the missing ‘tails’ of the potential can reduce the error, but cannot eliminate it because the liquid and vapor densities are also sensitive to the cutoff radius. In light of this, we have developed and implemented a NlogN particle-particle particle-mesh (P3 M) algorithm to evaluate the 1/r6 dispersive forces between Lennard-Jones fluid molecules without truncation. Statistical expression for the surface tension also scale as N2 if potentials are not truncated, so we also developed a P3 M formulation for computing surface tension. The techniques are demonstrated on a thin liquid film suspended in equilibrium with its own vapor. Simulations at several temperatures between the triple point and the critical point are compared with the available data. The expense of the algorithm is competitive for simple geometries and seems preferable in non-trivial geometries without the possibility of tail corrections.© 2003 ASME
Accommodation of two excess electrons in sodium chloride cluster anions.

We report photoelectron spectra of sodium chloride cluster anions, (NaCl${)}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Na}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$(n=1--21), which contain two excess electrons. We observe three distinct types of spectra, corresponding to three different modes for accommodating the two electrons. Our evidence suggests that, in some clusters, the electrons form spin pairs that either occupy a single anion vacancy as an F' color center or localize on a ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ cation to form a ${\mathrm{Na}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ anion. In other clusters, the two electrons separately occupy a pair of anion vacancies as a double F color center.
Interactions of earthworms with indigenous and bioaugmented PCB‐degrading bacteria

Partial bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soils has been achieved using bioaugmentation with PCB-degrading bacteria and earthworms. To further study the contribution of earthworms to bioremediation, an experiment was conducted in which the changes in indigenous and bioaugmented PCB-degrading bacteria were analyzed during treatment of contaminated soil using earthworms (Pheretima hawayana) alone or in combination with the PCB-degrading bacteria, Ralstonia eutrophus and Rhodococcus sp. ACS. Bacteria used for bioaugmentation were induced with carvone and salicylic acid in culture and were repeatedly applied every 3–4 days to the surface of unmixed, 20-cm long soil columns containing 100 ppm Aroclor 1242. After 9 weeks of treatment, the soil bacterial communities were analyzed using PCR primers for the bph genes. Results showed that approximately 50% of the PCBs were removed in the top 9 cm using a combination of earthworms and bioaugmentation, whereas bioaugmentation or earthworms applied alone were effective only for removing PCBs from the top 3 cm of the soil columns. Enhanced removal of PCBs caused by earthworms was associated with an increase in the population size of culturable, indigenous biphenyl-degrading bacteria, and an increase in the level of the bphA and bphC genes. The results suggest that earthworms facilitate PCB bioremediation by enhancing the dispersal of PCB-degrading bacteria in bioaugmented columns, as well as providing environmental conditions that favor the growth and activity of indigenous PCB-degrading bacteria.
A wave driven model of the Jovian equatorial jet

We explore the consequences of assuming that the equatorial jet, which is the most prominent feature of the atmospheric motions on Jupiter, is driven by vertically propagating Kelvin and mixed Rossby-gravity waves that are absorbed during their passage through the stratosphere to produce a mean zonal flow. Since even the basic atmospheric parameters on Jupiter are still largely a matter of conjecture, we are not able to produce a unique model but one that can span a whole range of possible conditions and which can be refined (or rejected) as more information becomes available.
Preparing and supporting special needs adoptive families: A review of the literature

Families who adopt special needs children require substantial preparation and support, due to their increased risk of adoption difficulties and disruption. Studies of special needs adoptive families indicate that large proportions of parents are dissatisfied with the preparation they receive. Present forms of preparatory and supportive services by adoption agencies are reviewed, followed by descriptions of needed additions to and reemphasis in adoption services. These enhancements, such as more child-specific information, identification of problem areas, behavioral training, information on the impact of sexual abuse, identification of community resources, and availability of services over the life of the family, will help to better recruit and serve adoptive families.
Does chronic prenatal methadone exposure affect β-receptor subtypes in placental, fetal and maternal brain homogenates?

Abstract Computer competition analysis of 3H-DHA (3H-dihydroalprenolol, a nonselective β-adrenergic radioligand) binding in the presence of unlabeled metoprolol (a β1-selective antagonist) indicates the existence of both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in and confirms previous reports that both β-adrenoceptors are present in adult rat cortex. In the fetal brain (20th day of gestation), however, only β1-receptors were detected. Pregnant rats were chronically exposed to methadone from day 7 to day 20 of gestation via implanted osmotic minipumps (6.3–9.0 mg/kg/day). This treatment schedule did not induce a change in the affinity and density of either β-receptor subtype in the placental, fetal and maternal brain homogenates. The results are discussed in terms of the reported monoaminergic and opiate receptor functional interactions.
Mast Cell Mediators in the Blood of Patients with Asthma

Mast cell activation occurs in allergic asthma and may play a role in a variety of nonallergic asthmatic states. The defined mast cell constituent histamine has been identified in blood of antigen-sensitive challenged asthma patients, while other mediators, whose cell of origin is not fully defined, accompany this amine in blood (Table 1). Due to technical difficulty in accurate assessment, the rapid metabolism of various constituents, and the need for biologic rather than chemical assay of some mediators, it is not yet possible to assess blood constituents for the unequivocal attribution of asthma to activation of a particular cell type. Likewise, the usefulness of blood studies in the prediction of the course of asthma or as serial measurements to define the severity of asthma remains limited. However, it is only with analysis of the appropriate biologic fluids, blood and/or bronchoalveolar lavage materials, that it will be possible to define which potential mediators are, in fact, present and active in asthma. Until such analysis is completed, it is not possible to assign a function in this disease to the numerous potent inflammatory mediators known to be active in in vitro or in vivo models of asthma.
M X-ray cross sections from 75 to 300 keV proton bombardment of selected 5d transition elements

Abstract M X-ray production cross sections for selected thick targets of Hf, W, Re, Pt, Au and Pb impacted by 75–300 keV protons are presented and compared with ECPSSR and RPWBA theories using different atomic data bases, including comparisons with other investigators. The results for the major M X-ray transitions exhibit a universal character with respect to the reduced proton velocity in agreement with expectations from theory.
High power single frequency operation of dyes over the spectrum from 364 nm to 524 nm pumped by an ultraviolet argon ion laser

Abstract An argon ion laser is operated at double the conventional ultraviolet output power level on three groups of lines spanning 300.3 nm to 385.8 nm. These ion laser lines are used to pump several dyes, giving single frequency tunable outputs covering 364 nm to 524 nm, with a peak output power of 1.02 W at 435 nm. Performance is reported for the first time for the dyes Polyphenyl 1 and Polyphenyl 2 operated single frequency in a ring laser, and for the dye Coumarin 102 pumped at high efficiency with the long wavelength UV group, as well as for the dyes Stilbene 1 and Stilbene 3 at double the previous output levels.
PREVALENCE OF SEROLOGIC TYPES OF PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA FROM 57 SPECIES OF BIRDS AND MAMMALS IN THE UNITED STATES

The serologic types of 265 isolates of Pastenrella multocida collected from 50 species of wild birds and seven species of wild mammals over a 22-yr period were determined with the gel diffusion precipitin test. Antigens prepared from these isolates reacted with reference P. multocida antisera representing serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, and 15. Antigens from some isolates reacted slightly with antisera from more than one serotype. Overall, gel precipitin reactions involving serotype 1 (65%) and 3 (20%) were the most prevalent.
The biosynthesis of squalene from mevalonic acid-2-C14 and farnesyl pyrophosphate-4,8, 12-C14 by carrot and tomato enzymes

Abstract An isoprenoid compound, less tightly adsorbed than phytoene on a chromatographic column of alumina, is synthesized from terpenyl pyrophosphates (mainly farnesyl pyrophosphate-4,8, 12-C 14 ) by isolated tomato and carrot plastids and by more purified enzyme preparations. This compound has been characterized as squalene through the preparation of a hexahydrochloride derivative and a thiourea adduct and the crystallization of each of these substances to constant specific radioactivity. Gas-liquid chromatography of the radioactive isoprenoid compound and its hydrogenated product resulted in a coincidence of radioactivity with squalene and squalane, respectively. No evidence of association of radioactivity with lycopersene was obtained. Some of the radioactivity of the plant squalene was converted to digitonin-precipitable compounds on incubation with an animal enzyme system, and a portion of this radioactivity was retained on preparation of cholesterol dibromide. Thus all evidence indicates that plant and animal squalene are identical. The biosynthesis of squalene by partially purified tomato and carrot enzymes requires TPNH and Mg ++ as cofactors. DPNH is a less effective hydrogen donor. Intermediate reactions in the formation of plant squalene from farnesyl pyrophosphate are unresolved.
Effects of salts and temperatures on post-irradiation growth of Penicillium exposed to ultraviolet.

Abstract The growth of Penicillium notatum colonies after UV irradiation of dried mycelium or spores was studied in relation to post-irradiation temperature and salt environment. Dried mycelium and spores behaved differently with respect to sensitivity to temperature, salts and UV, especially the latter. Threshold inhibitory doses for spores were modified markedly either at 4°C or in magnesium and calcium chlorides. It is suggested that these temperature and salt effects are related to prevention of photochemical membrane damage.
Simulation of a Communication Processor Under Extreme Loading Conditions

The manner in which the performance of a communication processor (CP) can be expected to deteriorate under extreme loading conditions has been studied through general-purpose simulation system (GPSS). Processing of characters to determine their disposition when they initially arrived at the CP was assumed to be the primary factor limiting performance under extreme loads and was hence modeled carefully. The CP proved to have an extremely sharp saturation threshold, with the threshold very sensitive to minor variations in character processing times. Simple design criteria for ensuring satisfactory performance without resorting to an extreme worst case design were developed. Also, the effects of some changes in buffering and in the use of priorities were determined.
Real-time multi-vehicle detection and sub-feature based tracking for traffic surveillance systems

As traffic surveillance technologies continue to grow worldwide, vehicle detection, counting and tracking are becoming increasing important. This paper proposes a real-time multi-vehicle detection and tracking approach. Lane marker detection is carried out for vehicle counting on each lane. It also helps remove the foreground noise and shadow. Instead of tracking the entire vehicle blob, vehicle sub-feature based Kalman filter is used in tracking. By implementing sub-feature tracking, this system is more robust to partial occlusions, which happens a lot in congestions. This approach is scalable to most freeway surveillance video. Several freeway surveillance videos are used to evaluate the performance of the traffic surveillance system. The proposed approach is compared with the standard blob tracking. Test results demonstrated that our approach outperforms blob tracking in correct tracking rate. The performance of our method is also illustrated with different video image sampling rates.
Δ(1232) contribution to the nuclear photoeffect at intermediate energies

Abstract The contribution of the Δ(1232) isobar to the (γ, p) interaction at intermediate energies has been investigated using a simple model. In the case of 16 O(γ, p) 15 N g.s. , this effect is shown to be large for photon energies above about 150 MeV and is predicted to produce a significant contribution to differential cross sections. This effect may have already been seen in recent 16 O(γ, p) experiments.
Time dependent Hartree-Fock theory of ion-atom collisions: application to F9++ Ne

Abstract Atomic collisions at intermediate energies are formulated in terms of a time dependent self-consistent field. Numerical problems which arise in applying the formalism to heavy ions and atoms are discussed. Results are presented on charge capture and ionization in F 9+ + Ne collisions.
Why do complications of gastrointestinal disease and procedures come as serial rather than singular events

Background : It often appears as if complications arising from gastrointestinal disease and interventional procedures come in ‘series’ and ‘cluster’ in individual patients. Aim : The aim of this study was to analyse the clustering of complications in terms of stochastic modelling and Markov chains. Methods : A patient with gastrointestinal disease is simulated to move along either a ‘bad track’ associated with multiple consecutive complications or a ‘good track’ free of complications, the transitions within each track and between the two tracks being governed by probability values. Results : Because the occurrence of a single complication increases the risk of further complications, subjects who encounter their first complication are more likely to experience a second, third or even more complications, before they leave the ‘bad track’ and their personal chain of cascading complications becomes discontinued. The model of a Markov chain explains why the overall number of complications in the total population of patients with digestive disease remains low even if individual patients are expected to encounter more than a single complication. Conclusions : Published complication rates for gastrointestinal procedures underestimate the true risk to the patient, because they do not consider the added vulnerability to cascading complications after the first event.
Diurnal Rhythm of the Distal Pigment Cells in the Eyes of Certain Crustaceans

Among the fresh water crustaceans found in the vicinity of the Harvard Biological Station in Cuba are two shrimps, lMacrobrachium olfersii Wiegmann and Macrobrachium acanthurus Wiegmann, which are ideal for studying the behavior of the distal pigment cells in the eye, because of the large size and transparency of the animals, and the ease with which they may be kept in the laboratory. While I was at the Station during the summer of 1929 I studied the physiological factors controlling the movements of the distal pigment cells in these animals. The present paper is an account of the results obtained. The work supplements that done on Palaemonetes vulgaris (Welsh, 1930) and the methods of observation were similar to those used in the earlier work.
A comparison of adaptive control strategies for hot steel strip rolling mills

Abstract Many modeling situations occur in which the plant has uncertain dynamics, nonlinearities, time varying characteristics and noise corrupted input and output measurements. These processes generally require a human operator whose function is to provide intelligent modeling and control. This exact situation occurs in the modeling and control of roll force in a hot steel rolling mill. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate and compare various adaptive control strategies for this problem. The first strategy uses a parameter identification technique to track the parameters in the roll force setup model from one steel run to the next. The next algorithm provides feedback control from run to run by an adaptive controller which uses a linear reinforcement learning scheme to adjust its parameters. The third method accounts for the above complexities by approaching the problem from a behavioral and structural point of view. The behavior of the model is assessed through a performance evaluator and the model is modified structurally and parametrically to improve the performance of the system as the process evolves. The derivation is based on correlation techniques and linear reinforcement learning theory, the latter of which provides memory and intelligence to the algorithm to model the decision process of the human operator. The results of this work serve to reinforce the opinion that the nonlinear mathematical structure of the model should be able to change from one steel run to the next in order to compensate for changes in mill characteristics and in the mill environment. Modeling results are presented from actual mill data and comparisons are made with time invariant models. In addition, the algorithms are general enough so that they may be easily applied to other processes that seem to defy traditional modeling techniques. They are not case dependent.
Nuclear-spin waves in polarized atomic hydrogen gas: Temperature and density dependence in the hydrodynamic and Knudsen regimes.

Accurate measurements on the nuclear-spin waves observed in the NMR spectrum of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen provide a quantitative test of theory. Results for temperatures between 160 and 537 mK and densities between 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ and 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ display the expected magnitude and ${T}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ divergence predicted for the spin-wave quality factor \ensuremath{\mu}. It is shown that spin waves persist at low enough densities (Knudsen regime) that elastic wall collisions are more probable than atom-atom exchange collisions. An anomalous increase in spin-wave widths at low temperatures is explained in terms of the enhanced effects of sticking collisions of the atoms with the walls.
Techniques in Spoken Language: Specific Procedures in the ASTP Foreign Area and Language Studies

IN VIEW of the emphasis in the ASTP on oral-aural training, specific techniques for the purpose of developing spoken foreign language habits are of prime importance. A wide variety of such techniques is being employed, and it is therefore not my intention to offer the following as altogether original or exhaustive though some of them are new, such as the Comtdie Spontanee, the unprepared dialogue, and work with pictorial materials. Others were used in some form before, such as poems and songs, plays, foreign language newspapers, sound films, etc. In the following discussion, many of the points in question can be illustrated by exercises which have been used in Russian, French, German, Italian and Spanish classes, but the points made in this discussion will be illustrated mainly in French for the sake of convenience.
Threat Assessment of Hazardous Materials Transportation in Aircraft Cargo Compartments

The Volpe National Transportation Systems Center of the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) has conducted a quantitative threat assessment for RSPA's Office of Hazardous Materials Safety (OHMS) to determine the probability of a life-threatening incident occurring as the result of transporting hazardous materials in aircraft cargo compartments. The study team developed a threat assessment model using an event tree method and threat scenarios that were refined with the assistance of a panel of experts, which contributed potential countermeasures, suggested experimental tests, and provided input data for the model. Additional input was developed from data collected by OHMS, the Volpe study team, and support contractors. The threat scenarios were developed using three possible cases: (a) packages that comply with DOT regulations for shipment on passenger flights; (b) packages that comply with DOT regulations for shipment on cargo-only flights; and (c) ...
New algorithm for atmospheric correction of hyperspectral remote sensing data

We previously developed an algorithm for remote sensing of ocean color from space that allows quick atmospheric correction of hyperspectral data using lookup tables generated with a modified version of Ahmad & Fraser's vector radiative transfer code. During the past year we extended our radiative transfer calculations, allowing us to generate tables for several airborne altitudes. We also modified our lookup-table software to interpolate to sensor altitudes between those specified in the new tables. Here, we present results of atmospheric corrections using the new tables and software on hyperspectral imagery collected with NRL's recent PHILLS instrument and past AVIRIS flights.
A Cysteine Scan of the Inner Vestibule of Cyclic Nucleotide–gated Channels Reveals Architecture and Rearrangement of the Pore

Cyclic nucleotide–gated (CNG) channels belong to the P-loop–containing family of ion channels that also includes KcsA, MthK, and Shaker channels. In this study, we investigated the structure and rearrangement of the CNGA1 channel pore using cysteine mutations and cysteine-specific modification. We constructed 16 mutant channels, each one containing a cysteine mutation at one of the positions between 384 and 399 in the S6 region of the pore. By measuring currents activated by saturating concentrations of the full agonist cGMP and the partial agonists cIMP and cAMP, we show that mutating S6 residues to cysteine caused both favorable and unfavorable changes in the free energy of channel opening. The time course of cysteine modification with 2-aminoethylmethane thiosulfonate hydrochloride (MTSEA) was complex. For many positions we observed decreases in current activated by cGMP and concomitant increases in current activated by cIMP and cAMP. A model where modification affected both gating and permeation successfully reproduced the complex time course of modification for most of the mutant channels. From the model fits to the time course of modification for each mutant channel, we quantified the following: (a) the bimolecular rate constant of modification in the open state, (b) the change in conductance, and (c) the change in the free energy of channel opening for modification of each cysteine. At many S6 cysteines, modification by MTSEA caused a decrease in conductance and a favorable change in the free energy of channel opening. Our results are interpreted within the structural framework of the known structures of KcsA and MthK. We conclude that: (a) MTSEA modification affects both gating and permeation, (b) the open configuration of the pore of CNGA1 channels is consistent with the structure of MthK, and (c) the modification of S6 residues disrupts the helical packing of the closed channel, making it easier for channels to open.
Synthesis of fluorinated α-diketones and some intermediates

Abstract Reactions of perfluoroalkylcopper compounds with α-ketoacyl chlorides were used for the synthesis of fluorinated α-diketones. Heptafluoropropylcopper prepared from copper bronze and 1-iodoheptafluoropropane reacted with benzoylformyl chloride to give heptafluoro-1-phenyl-1,2-pentanedione, with trimethylpyruvyl chloride to give 2,2-dimethyl-5,5,6,6,7,7,7-heptafluoro-3,4-heptanedione, and with 3,3,4,4,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2-ketopentanoyl chloride or oxalyl chloride to give tetradecafluoro-4,5-octanedione. Syntheses of fluorinated acetylenes, cyanohydrins, α-hydroxy acids, α-keto acids, their chlorides, and other intermediates for the syntheses of α-diketones by the above route and by other methods are described. An interesting seven-membered ring containing β-hydroxy ketone was obtained by an intramolecular aldol condensation of a fluorinated bis(methyl) ketone.
Lymphocyte-macrophage interaction in antigen induced in vitro lymphocyte transformation in patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and other diseases with anergy.

Abstract The antigen induced in vitro proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes is dependent upon the interaction of the lymphocytes with monocytes or macrophages. In this study, mixtures of lymphocytes and allogenic macrophages from normal donors and patients with various anergic disorders were compared in order to define the cell population responsible for the anergy. Suspensions of macrophages were obtained by removing the glass adherent cells from 2–17 day cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes. Both autochthonous and allogeneic macrophages were effective in reconstituting the antigen-induced blastogenic transformation of normal column purified lymphocytes. In such mixtures, ratios of 1 macrophage per 10 lymphocytes were usually optimal, but as few as 1 macrophage per 200 lymphocytes usually partially reconstituted the response to antigen. The responses to streptolysin 0, Type I pneumococci and Candida albicans were reconstituted more frequently than the responses to tetanus toxoid and vaccinia vaccine, suggesting that the lymphocytes proliferating in response to some antigens are at least partially removed by glass bead column filtration. Macrophages obtained from anergic patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and Hodgkin's disease were also effective in reconstituting the proliferative response of purified normal lymphocytes, although the yield of macrophages obtained from anergic patients was generally low. By contrast, macrophages from normal donors were unable to promote responses to antigens by lymphocytes from patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Therefore, the decreased in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses seen in these disorders characterized by anergy cannot be attributed to defective macrophage function in vitro.
Videopaper/victer a production/distribution system using television and computers

This paper describes two integrated parts of a media distribution system. The first is a method of producing non-print information in the form of videocassettes by health professionals and the second explains how those programs are indexed and retrieved using a computer program.
PET image reconstruction with a Bayesian projector for multi-electronic collimation schemes

We evaluated a new image reconstruction algorithm using a Bayesian projector for multi-collimation PET systems. We are developing a PET system using high spatial and energy resolution 3-D detectors made from cadmium zinc telluride with cross-strip anodes and cathodes. This PET system can collimate photon pairs by coincidence timing and can collimate single photons by the kinematics of Compton scatter within the detector (Compton collimation). Compton collimation of single photons can dramatically increase overall photon sensitivity by making use of events that are discarded by conventional PET systems. However, single photon events offer lower spatial resolution than coincidence measurements. Previously, we showed that conventional maximum likelihood reconstruction by the list- mode ordered subset expectation-maximization (OS-EM) algorithm for these "multi-collimation" data sets yields no measurable improvement over images reconstructed using high- resolution coincidence collimation alone. We also studied a Bayesian projector function with non-uniform emission probability along the line of response weighted by an image prior generated from the low-resolution (Compton collimation) channel, to reconstruct the high-resolution (coincidence) channel. In this work, we investigated a novel approach using priors generated by reconstructing images from the high-spatial resolution coincidence data followed by post-reconstruction smoothing with a new spatially varying 3-D filter function and the Perona-Malik gradient anisotropic diffusion filter.
Why the Dogs of the Dow Bark Loudly in China

The Dogs of the Dow (Dow Dogs) strategy, which has gained widespread popularity in the U.S., is found to be considerably successful in China’s stock markets. This trading strategy contradicts the well-established efficient market hypothesis. This study examines the cross-sectional variations in the magnitude of the predictive power of the Dow Dogs strategy using Chinese stocks for 1994-2009. Our results suggest that (1) Significant Dow Dogs effect apply to Class A shares, but not Class B shares; (2) Stocks priced between $1 and $5 demonstrate the strongest Dogs effect among all stock price ranges; (3) Changes in share price range has the most powerful impact on risk adjusted return, followed by changes in the AB share class, re-balancing frequency and number of Dogs in the portfolio. Our results suggest that the superior predictive power of the Dow Dogs strategy is mainly driven by behavioral factors. Our overall findings support the behavioral hypothesis in which market inefficiency stems from investors irrationality and herding behaviors. This study provides practical implications to both government regulators and finance practitioners.
Role of sonography in the recognition, assessment, and treatment of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies.

Objective Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies (CSEPs) are rare but may have serious adverse consequences and are therefore important to promptly recognize on sonography. We aim to describe the typical sonographic appearances. Potential treatments are discussed, including sonographic guidance for transcervical injection of methotrexate (MTX) into the gestational sac. Methods Two patients with CSEPs were treated with systemic and intra-amniotic administration of MTX under sonographic guidance. Results Both patients were followed clinically after medical treatment, resulting in low maternal morbidity and mortality. Conclusions Considering the increasing rate of cesarean delivery and the increased risk of CSEPs, sonologists should be familiar with the sonographic appearances of a pregnancy implanted into the cesarean scar. We show how to correctly diagnose scar implantation and describe how to perform sonographically guided transcervical injection of MTX.
Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change:

1 An earlier draft of this paper was written while the author was with the Laboratory of Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health, and was read at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in Chicago on August 30, 1956. The experiment reported here was conducted while the author was at Johns Hopkins University as a Public Health Service Research Fellow of the National Institute of Mental Health. Additional financial support was received from the Yale Communication Research Program, which is under the direction of Carl I. Hovland and which is operating under a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The author is particularly grateful to James Owings for his help in running the experiment; to Ramon J. Rhine and Janet Baldwin Barclay for their help in analysis of the data; and to Roger K. Williams, Chairman of the Psychology Department at Morgan State College, for the many ways in which he facilitated collection of the data. nication produce public conformity without private acceptance, or did it produce public conformity coupled with private acceptance? (Cf. 1, 4.) Only if we know something about the nature and depth of changes can we make meaningful predictions about the way in which attitude changes will be reflected in subsequent actions and reactions to events.
Continuous-Time Collaborative Prefetching of Continuous Media

The real-time streaming of bursty continuous media, such as variable-bit rate encoded video, to buffered clients over networks can be made more efficient by collaboratively prefetching parts of the ongoing streams into the client buffers. The existing collaborative prefetching schemes have been developed for discrete time models, where scheduling decisions for all ongoing streams are typically made for one frame period at a time. This leads to inefficiencies as the network bandwidth is not utilized for some duration at the end of the frame period when no video frame ldquofitsrdquo into the remaining transmission capacity in the schedule. To overcome this inefficiency, we conduct in this paper an extensive study of collaborative prefetching in a continuous-time model. In the continuous-time model, video frames are transmitted continuously across frame periods, while making sure that frames are only transmitted if they meet their discrete playout deadlines. We specify a generic framework for continuous-time collaborative prefetching and a wide array of priority functions to be used for making scheduling decisions within the framework. We conduct an algorithm-theoretic study of the resulting continuous-time prefetching algorithms and evaluate their fairness and starvation probability performance through simulations. We find that the continuous-time prefetching algorithms give favorable fairness and starvation probability performance.
COMMUNICATION, SOCIAL CLASS, AND CULTURE

This article reports on a study that treats recent growth in ethnic awareness as an opportunity to study cultural concepts at a more manageable level. Scholars in this area have pitted social class against ethnicity, and people moving up the status ladder were expected to assimilate. Ethnic communication holds ethnic groups together but also may mediate changes in ethnic behaviors and attitudes. Changes in social status are viewed as competing influences, acting directly and indirectly through changes in ethnic communication networks. Some 392 people represented 11 ethnic groups in a panel study that tapped communication and ethnic behaviors in 1976 and 4 years later. Correlations show income is negatively related to ethnic behaviors at time one but not at time two. Cross-lagged correlations show income is negatively associated with observing ethnic customs but not perceived change in ethnic ID; education is unrelated to either ethnic measure. Regression analysis shows that neither status variable is rela...
Towards an integrated, model-based codesign environment

The paper describes desiderata for an environment to implement the model based codesign methodology. A brief summary of model based codesign is given, followed by a discussion of related work. The services and capabilities required of a design environment are given within the concept of a CAD framework. The design flow that realizes model base codesign is presented. Attention is given to the required activities at each step and to the flow of design information between design steps. The design flow described here focuses on real time embedded systems. It covers engineering activities from requirements documentation to the physical realization of the design. Emphasis is placed on modeling and simulation to support automated design reasoning. Considerations related to tool support and tool integration are also given.
Path planning for mobile manipulators for multiple task execution

The planning problem for a mobile manipulator system that must perform a sequence of tasks defined by position, orientation, force, and moment vectors at the end-effector is considered. Each task can be performed in multiple configurations due to the redundancy introduced by mobility. The planning problem is formulated as an optimization problem in which the decision variables for mobility (base position) are separated from the manipulator joint angles in the cost function. The resulting numerical problem is nonlinear with nonconvex, unconnected feasible regions in the decision space. Simulated annealing is proposed as a general solution method for obtaining near-optimal results. The problem formulation and numerical solution by simulated annealing are illustrated for a manipulator system with three degrees of freedom mounted on a base with two degrees of freedom. The results are compared with results obtained by conventional nonlinear programming techniques customized for the particular example system. >
Consistency conditions for orientifolds and d manifolds

We study superstrings with orientifold projections and with generalized open string boundary conditions (D branes). We find two types of consistency condition, one related to the algebra of Chan-Paton factors and the other to cancellation of divergences. One consequence is that the Dirichlet five branes of the type I theory carry a symplectic gauge group, as required by string duality. As another application we study the type I theory on a $K3$ ${Z}_{2}$ orbifold, finding a family of consistent theories with various unitary and symplectic subgroups of U(16)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(16). We argue that the $K3$ orbifold with spin connection embedded in gauge connection corresponds to an interacting conformal field theory in the type I theory.
Native Land Acquisition in the Minnesota River Valley

The economic issues that often arise from Native land acquisition and development can strain relationships between American Indian tribes and non-Indian local governments. As Indian tribes expand their landholdings, political and economic landscapes are transformed. This paper examines intergovernmental relationships and the characteristics and impacts of recent land acquisitions made by two Dakota Indian com­ munities in the Minnesota River Valley of Minnesota. The Upper Sioux Community has enjoyed a level of cooperation from local communities in their rural land acquisitions, while the Shakopee Mdewakanton Dakota Community has experienced vigorous opposition to their urban land acquisitions. Geographic situation may help to explain the variation in level of opposition or support for Native land acquisition, as well as the possibili­ ties for Native land "possession" vs. "ownership."
Polymorphisms in uracil-processing genes, but not one-carbon nutrients, are associated with altered DNA uracil concentrations in an urban Puerto Rican population

Background: Five genes—UNG, SMUG1, MBD4, TDG, and DUT—are involved in the repair or prevention of uracil misincorporation into DNA, an anomaly that can cause mutagenic events that lead to cancer. Little is known about the determinants of uracil misincorporation, including the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the abovementioned genes. Because of their metabolic function, folate and other one-carbon micronutrients may be important factors in the control of uracil misincorporation. Objectives: We sought to identify polymorphisms in uracil-processing genes that are determinants of DNA uracil concentration and to establish whether one-carbon nutrient status can further modify their effects. Design: We examined the relations between 23 selected variants in the 5 uracil-processing genes, uracil concentrations in whole-blood DNA, and one-carbon nutrient (folate, vitamins B-6 and B-12, and riboflavin) status in 431 participants of the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. Results: Four SNPs in DUT, UNG, and SMUG1 showed a significant association with DNA uracil concentration. The SNPs in SMUG1 (rs2029166 and rs7296239) and UNG (rs34259) were associated with increased uracil concentrations in the variant genotypes (P = 0.011, 0.022, and 0.045, respectively), whereas the DUT SNP (rs4775748) was associated with a decrease (P = 0.023). In this population, one-carbon nutrient status was not associated with DNA uracil concentration, and it did not modify the effect of these 4 identified SNPs. Conclusion: Because elevated uracil misincorporation may induce mutagenic lesions, possibly leading to cancer, we propose that the 4 characterized SNPs in DUT, UNG, and SMUG1 may influence cancer risk and therefore deserve further investigation.
Simplicial Vertices in Graphs with no Induced Four-Edge Path or Four-Edge Antipath, and the H6-Conjecture

Let be the class of all graphs with no induced four-edge path or four-edge antipath. Hayward and Nastos [6] conjectured that every prime graph in not isomorphic to the cycle of length five is either a split graph or contains a certain useful arrangement of simplicial and antisimplicial vertices. In this article, we give a counterexample to their conjecture, and prove a slightly weaker version. Additionally, applying a result of the first author and Seymour [1] we give a short proof of Fouquet's result [3] on the structure of the subclass of bull-free graphs contained in .
Display of scientific data structures for algorithm visualization

A technique for defining graphical depictions for all the data types defined in an algorithm is presented. The ability to display arbitrary combinations of an algorithm's data objects in a common frame of reference, coupled with interactive control of algorithm execution, provides a powerful way to understand algorithm behavior. Type definitions are constrained so that all primitive values occurring in data objects are assigned scalar types. A graphical display, including user interaction with the display, is modeled by a special data type. Mappings from the scalar types into the display model type provide a simple user interface for controlling how all data types are depicted, without the need for type-specific graphics logic. >
Effect of Distribution of Practice on the Maze Learning of Descendants of the Tryon Maze Bright and Maze Dull Strains

Recently a number of investigations have been undertaken in an attempt to understand the nature of the differences between the descendants of the Tryon maze bright (S1) and maze dull (S3) strains. One generalization derived from this research is that, when training trials are relatively massed, i.e., 1 min. or less between trials on any given day, the performance of Ss of the Sl strain is superior to that of Ss of the S3 strain (Rosenzweig, Krech, & Bennett, 1960; Fehmi & McGaugh, 1961; McGaugh, Westbrook, & Burt, 1961). Other recent studies have found, however, thac the Sls are not superior to the S3s in maze performance when Ss are given only one training trial a day (Breen & McGaugh, 1961; McGaugh, Westbrook, & Thompson, in press). Using a 1-day inter-trial interval, Rowland and Woods ( 1961) recently found Ss from the S3 strain superior to Sls in the learning of a maze highly similar to that used in the original selection study (Tryon, 1940) .4 These findings suggest thac the difference in maze performance of Ss of these strains depends, at least in part, upon the time allowed berween training trials. In view of the increased use of and interest in these strains, as well as the implications of these findings regarding the basis of the differences between these strains, the present study was undertaken to investigate systematically the effect of distribution of practice on the maze learning of Ss from the S1 and S3 strains.
Local Adaptation in Marine Invertebrates

Local adaptation in the sea was regarded historically as a rare phenomenon that was limited to a handful of species with exceptionally low dispersal potential. However, a growing body of experimental studies indicates that adaptive differentiation occurs in numerous marine invertebrates in response to selection imposed by strong gradients (and more complex mosaics) of abiotic and biotic conditions. Moreover, a surprisingly high proportion of the marine invertebrates known or suspected of exhibiting local adaptation are species with planktonic dispersal. Adaptive divergence among populations can occur over a range of spatial scales, including those that are fine-grained (i.e., meters to kilometers), reflecting a balance between scales of gene flow and selection. Addressing the causes and consequences of adaptive genetic differentiation among invertebrate populations promises to advance community ecology, climate change research, and the effective management of marine ecosystems.