cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech Categorization Reveals the Role of Early-Stage Temporal-Coherence Processing in Auditory Scene Analysis.

Temporal coherence of sound fluctuations across spectral channels is thought to aid auditory grouping and scene segregation. Although prior studies on the neural bases of temporal-coherence processing focused mostly on cortical contributions, neurophysiological evidence suggests that temporal-coherence-based scene analysis may start as early as the cochlear nucleus (i.e., the first auditory region supporting cross-channel processing over a wide frequency range). Accordingly, we hypothesized that aspects of temporal-coherence processing that could be realized in early auditory areas may shape speech understanding in noise. We then explored whether physiologically plausible computational models could account for results from a behavioral experiment that measured consonant categorization in different masking conditions. We tested whether within-channel masking of target-speech modulations predicted consonant confusions across the different conditions and whether predictions were improved by adding across-channel temporal-coherence processing mirroring the computations known to exist in the cochlear nucleus. Consonant confusions provide a rich characterization of error patterns in speech categorization, and are thus crucial for rigorously testing models of speech perception; however, to the best of our knowledge, they have not been used in prior studies of scene analysis. We find that within-channel modulation masking can reasonably account for category confusions, but it fails when temporal fine structure cues are unavailable. However, the addition of across-channel temporal-coherence processing significantly improves confusion predictions across all tested conditions. Our results suggest that temporal-coherence processing strongly shapes speech understanding in noise and that physiological computations that exist early along the auditory pathway may contribute to this process.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTemporal coherence of sound fluctuations across distinct frequency channels is thought to be important for auditory scene analysis. Prior studies on the neural bases of temporal-coherence processing focused mostly on cortical contributions, and it was unknown whether speech understanding in noise may be shaped by across-channel processing that exists in earlier auditory areas. Using physiologically plausible computational modeling to predict consonant confusions across different listening conditions, we find that across-channel temporal coherence contributes significantly to scene analysis and speech perception and that such processing may arise in the auditory pathway as early as the brainstem. By virtue of providing a richer characterization of error patterns not obtainable with just intelligibility scores, consonant confusions yield unique insight into scene analysis mechanisms.
A Cortico-Cortical Pathway Targets Inhibitory Interneurons and Modulates Paw Movement during Locomotion in Mice.

The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is important for the control of movement as it encodes sensory input from the body periphery and external environment during ongoing movement. Mouse S1 consists of several distinct sensorimotor subnetworks that receive topographically organized corticocortical inputs from distant sensorimotor areas, including the secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) and primary motor cortex (M1). The role of the vibrissal S1 area and associated cortical connections during active sensing is well documented, but whether (and if so, how) non-whisker S1 areas are involved in movement control remains relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that unilateral silencing of the non-whisker S1 area in both male and female mice disrupts hind paw movement during locomotion on a rotarod and a runway. S2 and M1 provide major long-range inputs to this S1 area. Silencing S2→non-whisker S1 projections alters the hind paw orientation during locomotion, whereas manipulation of the M1 projection has little effect. Using patch-clamp recordings in brain slices from male and female mice, we show that S2 projection preferentially innervates inhibitory interneuron subtypes. We conclude that interneuron-mediated S2–S1 corticocortical interactions are critical for efficient locomotion. Significance Statement: Somatosensory cortex participates in controlling rhythmic movements, such as whisking and walking, but the neural circuitry underlying movement control by somatosensory cortex remains relatively unexplored. We uncover a corticocortical circuit in primary somatosensory cortex that regulates paw orientation during locomotion in mice. We identify neuronal elements that comprise these cortical pathways using pharmacology, behavioral assays, and circuit-mapping methods.
The Quadratic Assignment Problem

The quadratic assignment problem is reviewed in this chapter. Weights between pairs of facilities and distances between the same number of locations are given. The problem is to find the assignment of facilities to locations that minimizes the weighted sum of distances. This problem is considered to be one of the most difficult combinatorial optimization problems. The construction of efficient solution algorithms (exact or heuristic) is challenging and has been extensively investigated by the communities working in Operations Research/Management Science, Industrial Engineering, or Computer Science. Examples of applications are given, the related layout problem is briefly described, exact and heuristic solution algorithms are reviewed, and a list of test problem instances and results are reported.
A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the endemic North American camel spider family Eremobatidae (Arachnida: Solifugae)☆

Camel spiders (Solifugae) are a diverse but poorly studied order of arachnids. No robust phylogenetic analysis has ever been carried out for the order or for any family within the Solifugae. We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the endemic North American family Eremobatidae Kraepelin, 1899, the first such analysis of a family of Solifugae. We use a multi-locus exemplar approach using DNA sequences from partial nuclear (28S rDNA and Histone H3) and mitochondrial (16S rRNA and Cytochrome c Oxidase I) gene loci for 81 ingroup exemplars representing all genera of Eremobatidae and most species groups within the genera Eremobates Banks, 1900, Eremochelis Roewer, 1934, and Hemerotrecha Banks, 1903. Maximum Likelihood and two Bayesian analyses consistently recovered the monophyly of Eremobatidae, Eremorhax Roewer, 1934 and Eremothera Muma, 1951 along with a group comprising all subfamily Eremobatinae Kraepelin, 1901 exemplars except Horribates bantai Muma, 1989 and a group comprising all Eremocosta Roewer, 1934 exemplars except Eremocosta acuitalpanensis (Vasquez and Gavin, 2000). The subfamily Therobatinae Muma, 1951 and the genera Chanbria Muma, 1951, Hemerotrecha, Eremochelis, and Eremobates were polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Only the banksi group of Hemerotrecha was monophyletic; the other species groups recognized within Eremobates, Eremochelis, and Hemerotrecha were paraphyletic or polyphyletic. We found no support for the monophyly of the subfamily Therobatinae. A time-calibrated phylogeny dated the most recent common ancestor of extant eremobatids to the late Eocene to early Miocene, with a mean estimate in the late Oligocene (32.2 Ma).
The Ongoing Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Federal Government Litigation

This essay demonstrates that within appropriate guidelines, ADR has an important and growing role in the conduct of government litigation. To the extent that ADR can help the government save resources, this alone is of considerable public interest. More importantly ADR can help the government settle entire disputes rather than those pieces of disputes that become litigation events. ADR also involves the parties more directly in shaping the resolution of a dispute, and can often provide a result that is beyond the capacity of a court to provide. Because of the direct participation by the parties in mediation processes, ADR can produce higher levels of satisfaction with outcomes. Thus, the government's use of ADR can lead to more just results.
The integration of crime analysis into police patrol work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine national survey data of police agencies in the USA to explore the current state of crime analysis integration to patrol crime reduction work. Design/methodology/approach – The data examined in this paper are from a national quantitative survey which sought to understand how crime analysis results are used by officers as well as higher ranking personnel in the patrol division and what types of strategies are implemented using crime analysis. Findings – The findings show that the routine use of crime analysis is not well integrated. Despite the low integration, however, some differences were found. Management uses crime analysis the most overall, but officers and first-line supervisors use tactical crime analysis more routinely than management, where management personnel use evaluation most routinely. Tactical crime analysis is used most often for directed patrol, strategic for both directed patrol and general information, and evaluation for both general inf...
Generalized Stable Matching in Bipartite Networks

In this paper we study the generalized version of weighted matching in bipartite networks. Consider a weighted matching in a bipartite network in which the nodes derive value from the split of the matching edge assigned to them if they are matched. The value a node derives from the split depends both on the split as well as the partner the node is matched to. We assume that the value of a split to the node is continuous and strictly increasing in the part of the split assigned to the node. A stable weighted matching is a matching and splits on the edges in the matching such that no two adjacent nodes in the network can split the edge between them so that both of them can derive a higher value than in the matching. We extend the weighted matching problem to this general case and study the existence of a stable weighted matching. We also present an algorithm that converges to a stable weighted matching. The algorithm generalizes the Hungarian algorithm for bipartite matching. Faster algorithms can be made when there is more structure on the value functions.
Digital correction of motion artefacts in microscopy image sequences collected from living animals using rigid and nonrigid registration

Summary Digital image analysis is a fundamental component of quantitative microscopy. However, intravital microscopy presents many challenges for digital image analysis. In general, microscopy volumes are inherently anisotropic, suffer from decreasing contrast with tissue depth, lack object edge detail and characteristically have low signal levels. Intravital microscopy introduces the additional problem of motion artefacts, resulting from respiratory motion and heartbeat from specimens imaged in vivo. This paper describes an image registration technique for use with sequences of intravital microscopy images collected in time-series or in 3D volumes. Our registration method involves both rigid and nonrigid components. The rigid registration component corrects global image translations, whereas the nonrigid component manipulates a uniform grid of control points defined by B-splines. Each control point is optimized by minimizing a cost function consisting of two parts: a term to define image similarity, and a term to ensure deformation grid smoothness. Experimental results indicate that this approach is promising based on the analysis of several image volumes collected from the kidney, lung and salivary gland of living rodents.
NF-κB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Akt serine–threonine kinase

Activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB by inflammatory cytokines requires the successive action of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) and an IKB-kinase (IKK) complex composed of IKKalpha and IKKbeta. Here we show that the Akt serine-threonine kinase is involved in the activation of NF-kappaB by tumour necrosis factor (TNF). TNF activates phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) and its downstream target Akt (protein kinase B). Wortmannin (a PI(3)K inhibitor), dominant-negative PI(3)K or kinase-dead Akt inhibits TNF-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Constitutively active Akt induces NF-kappaB activity and this effect is blocked by dominant-negative NIK. Conversely, NIK activates NF-kappaB and this is blocked by kinase-dead Akt. Thus, both Akt and NIK are necessary for TNF activation of NF-kappaB. Akt mediates IKKalpha phosphorylation at threonine 23. Mutation of this amino acid blocks phosphorylation by Akt or TNF and activation of NF-kappaB. These findings indicate that Akt is part of a signalling pathway that is necessary for inducing key immune and inflammatory responses.
Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus after elimination of gastroesophageal reflux

A 56-yr-old man with severe reflux esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and a peptic lower esophageal stricture underwent subtotal resection of the Barrett's esophagus with colonic interposition. After the interposition procedure, gastroesophageal reflux was eliminated, as evidenced by absence of clinical and radiographic findings and by the results of a later continuous pH probe recording. Despite the absence of reflux, 8 yr after the colonic interposition the patient was found to have adenocarcinoma in the remnant of the Barrett's esophagus. This case indicates that elimination of gastroesophageal reflux does not necessarily lead to regression of Barrett's mucosa, nor does it prevent development of adenocarcinoma. As a result, patients with Barrett's esophagus should remain under long-term surveillance for dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, even after successful antireflux therapy. If esophagectomy is performed, every attempt should be made to resect all of the esophagus lined by Barrett's mucosa.
Numerically-simulated formation and propagation of interplanetary shocks.

The present numerical method for simulating the formation and propagation of interplanetary shocks is based on the shock-capturing finite difference scheme of Lax (1950) and Lax and Wendroff (1960), as well as the recent method of NEAR characteristics of Nakagawa (1980, 1981). Attention is given to examples which strongly suggest that all the shocked solar wind plasma parameters due to given physical perturbations, such as flare-generated shocks, can be predicted through the use of this method; the method is, however, limited to the supersonic and super-Alfvenic flow.
Warming up with an ice vest: core body temperature before and after cross-country racing.

Context: Athletes running in a hot, humid environment may have an increased risk of heat illness. In the 2004 Olympic Games, American and Australian athletes were provided with ice vests designed to cool their bodies before performance. The vest appeared to be effective in keeping body temperatures down and improving the performance of the marathoners. However, body temperatures have not been reported when the vest was used before an actual competition. Objective: To determine if wearing the Nike Ice-Vest decreased core temperature (Tc) before and during athletic performance in warm (26 Ct o 27C), humid (relative humidity 50% to 75%) conditions. Design: A2 3 mixed-model design was used to compare groups (ice vest, no ice vest) across changes in temperature from baseline (10 minutes and 1 minute before the race and immediately after the race). Setting: 2005 Big Wave Invitational 4-km race in Hawaii and 2005 Great American 5-km race in North Carolina. Patients or Other Participants: Eighteen women from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I cross-country team who participated in either the Big Wave Invitational or the Great American Race.
Prevention of injuries from improper backpack use in children.

Everyday backpack use by students of all ages is very widespread [3]. While backpacks are a convenient way to carry things, there are significant questions regarding their long-term effects on the musculoskeletal system, particularly for children. Although there is no medical consensus on the long-term effects of backpack use on youth, there is tacit agreement that when worn incorrectly or with excessive weight, they cause pain [3,7]. As occupational therapists, it is our obligation to address these problems and promote long and short-term solutions to maintain the musculoskeletal health of our children. Several backpack studies have been performed on soldiers and hikers [6,11]. These reports are interesting because they have studied energy use, backpack design and weight, effect of loads carried on shoulders and a host of other characteristics. While these studies are useful to understanding load carrying affects, there is one point which must be heavily considered when applying these findings to student backpacks: the design of the backpack itself. Military and hiking backpacks employ an internal or external frame to support the backpack with a significant waist strap to place the weight of the backpack on the hips instead of shoulders. Student backpacks are basically fabric bags with straps, sometimes unpadded, that hang off the shoulders and provide little or no opportunity for hip support. Between the design
An Experimental Determination of Distortion and Delay in the FM-FM Telemetry System of the Saturn Space Vehicle

The distortion of the FM-FM Saturn telemetry system for dc input (static error) has been the subject of many studies. The purpose of this correspondence is to measure the additional distortion (dynamic error) that results when the input signal is time-varying. A digital method is developed for measuring both the system delay and the system mean square error for various input signals.
Killing Private Ryan: An Institutional Analysis of Military Decision Making in World War II

Although many books have been devoted to the study of the strategy and tactics of fighting World War II, few have paid much attention to the ways in which the structure of organization, and in particular, the differing incentives in dictatorial versus democratic armies affected the chances for success and failure. This essay is a first attempt to apply the insights of the New Institutional Economics, especially thematerial on hierarchy inspired by Coase andWilliamson, and expanded upon by GaryMiller, to non-market organizations. The idea is to classify the characteristic successes and failures of the different armies with special attention to the structure of incentives provided by the peculiarities of their organizational structures and the nature of their political regimes. More important it extends the modern theory of the firm to non-market administrative structures that respond to a variety of competitive pressures. No attempt is made to reevaluate the military analysis of the war. This work takes the consensus of views as to the conduct of the war for granted.1 Instead selective details are highlighted to show how the work on the political economy of organizations can be fruitfully extended beyond the standard business firms. The characteristic successes and failures of both leading Western Allies as well as Germany (and the Soviet Union) were not isolated instances of poor judgment or bad luck. On the contrary, they were heavily influenced by the differing political pressures faced by the combatants and the ways in which the different military administrations were organized to cope with such difficulties. In particular, I claim that theWestern Allies–the Americans and the British– were less likely to be flexible than the Germans or even the Soviets on a variety of margins, precisely because they were democratic nations having to hold together a large multi-nation, coalition. This caused any number of problems in the tactical conduct of the war resulting from gridlock and the necessity of
Data Visualization and Infographics

A scan of recent popular, professional, and research publications, films, and other media of interest to visual communicators, artists, and scholars.Recipe for an infographic, Debbie Abilock and Co...
Characterizing Markov exchangeable sequences

In the 1920s the English philosopher W. E. Johnson discovered a simple characterization of the Dirichlet family of conjugate priors for a multinomial distribution having at least three categories. In the present note Johnson's result is extended to the case of a Markov exchangeable sequence.
Design and Estimation in Two-Way Stratification

Abstract One may encounter populations for which there are two effective stratifying criteria, both of which are desirable in a sample design. However, the number of permitted observations may be less than the number of strata formed by the usual double stratification technique. A method which will permit estimation in these cases is presented. Both biased and unbiased estimators are considered. It is shown that if the stratification effects are additive in the analysis-of-variance sense the method is particularly effective. Also, if the substrata sizes (formed from the two-way classification of the population according to the stratifying criteria) are proportional to the product of the corresponding one-way strata sizes, the possible loss in efficiency compared to single stratification is trivial. Even in populations in which substrata disproportion is great one can still use the method effectively by employing a method of allocating, with certainty, some of the sample observations to the substrata. Vari...
Dissolution of bedded rock salt: a seismic profile across the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member, central Kansas

Abstract Since late Tertiary, bedded rock salt of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member has been dissolved more-or-less continuously along its active eastern margin in central Kansas as a result of sustained contact with unconfined, undersaturated groundwater. The associated westward migration of the eastern margin has resulted in surface subsidence and the contemporaneous sedimentation of predominantly valley-filling Quarternary alluvium. In places, these alluvium deposits extend more than 25 km to the east of the present-day edge of the main body of contiguous rock salt. The margin could have receded this distance during the past several million years. From an environmental perspective, the continued leaching of the Hutchinson Salt is a major concern. This predominantly natural dissolution occurs in a broad zone across the central part of the State and adversely affects groundwater and surface-water quality as nonpoint source pollution. Significant surface subsidence occurs as well. Most of these subsidence features have formed gradually; others developed in a more catastrophic manner. The latter in particular pose real threats to roadways, railways, and buried oil and gas pipelines. In an effort to further clarify the process of natural salt dissolution in central Kansas and with the long-term goal of mitigating the adverse environmental affects of such leaching, the Kansas Geological Survey acquired a 4-km seismic profile across the eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt in the Punkin Center area of central Kansas. The interpretation of these seismic data (and supporting surficial and borehole geologic control) is consistent with several hypotheses regarding the process and mechanisms of dissolution. More specifically these data support the theses that: 1. (1) Dissolution along the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member was initiated during late Tertiary. Leaching has resulted in the steady westward migration of the eastern margin, surface subsidence, and the contemporaneous deposition of predominantly valley-filling Quarternary alluvium. 2. (2) Along the active eastern margin, the rock salt has been leached vertically from the top down, and horizontally along the uppermost remnant bedded soluble layer(s). As a result, the eastern margin thickens gradually (up to 90 m) and in a stepwise manner from east to west for distances on the order 5–15 km. 3. (3) In places, the Hutchinson Salt Member has been leached locally along NNE-trending paleoshear zones situated to the west of the present-day edge of the main body of contiguous rock salt. Leaching at these sites initiated when the main dissolution front impinged upon preexisting shear zones.
Introduction: Poverty and Charity in Past Times

Studies of medieval poverty and charity have heretofore tended to concentrate on Christendom. Interdisciplinary and comparative approaches to the ideas and practices of particular Jewish, Christian, and Islamic communities, however, afford new insights into how each viewed poverty and practiced charity, as well as how their cultures sometimes interacted and influenced each other. Interdisciplinary approaches also help to bring the structural elements of poverty and charity into greater relief across time and place.
Variation among conspecific insect populations in the mechanistic basis of diet breadth

Abstract Post-alighting oviposition behaviour of adult females was studied in two oligophagous populations of the butterfly, Euphydryas editha . Comparison of these two populations shows that similar patterns of host use can result from dissimilar patterns of plant-insect interaction. In one population, Schneider's Meadow, the variation of host use among individual insects resulted directly from heritable behavioural variation of preference rank. In the other population, Sonora Pass, this behavioural variation was absent. Variation of host use arose more from plant distribution and abundance than from variation among insects. At Schneider's Meadow, any of the three host species present could be ranked highest by a particular butterfly, and we found all possible permutations of preference rank order in pairwise comparisons of these hosts. Because host specificity was high, and because all three host species were abundant, butterflies usually found their preferred host species and expressed their preferences by laying eggs on the host species they preferred. At Sonora Pass, all butterflies that expressed preferences ranked host species in the same order, but many egg batches were laid on the second-ranked host. Host specificity of those insects that discriminated was significantly lower than at Schneider's Meadow. Because of this low specificity and because the top-ranked host was rare and clumped, many females failed to find this species before the second-ranked host also became acceptable.
Evaluation of Optically Acquired Zooplankton Size-Spectrum Data as a Potential Tool for Assessment of Condition in the Great Lakes

An optical plankton counter (OPC) potentially provides an assessment tool for zooplankton condition in ecosystems that is rapid, economical, and spatially extensive. We collected zooplankton data with an OPC in 20 near-shore regions of 4 of the Laurentian Great Lakes. The zooplankton size information was used to compute mean size, biomass density, and size-spectra parameters for each location. The resulting metrics were analyzed for their ability to discriminate among the Great Lakes. Biomass density provided discrimination among lakes, as did several parameters describing spectra shape and distribution. A proposed zooplankton indicator, mean size (determined with OPC measurements in this study), was found to provide discrimination among lakes. Size-spectra-related parameters added increased ability to discriminate in conjunction with the biomass density (or mean size) metric. A discriminant function analysis of the multiple metrics (mean size, biomass density, and distribution parameters) suggests that a multi metric size-based approach might be used to classify communities among lakes improving a mean-size metric. The feasibility OPCs and size-based metrics for zooplankton assessment was found to have potential for further development as assessment tools for the biological condition of zooplankton communities in the Great Lakes.
Transient Double Diffusion in a Fluid Layer Extending Over a Permeable Substrate

The problem of transient double diffraction in a composite layer is studied numerically. The composite layer consists of a fluid region extending over a fluid-saturated permeable substrate. Initially, the fluid in the system is motionless, isothermal, and stably stratified with a linear salt distribution. A constant uniform heat flux is then suddenly applied to the bottom wall of the system. The resulting coupled flow, temperature, and concentration fields as they evolve in time are obtained numerically. The flow in the fluid region was determined by solving the complete form of the two-dimensional laminar governing equations subjected to the usual Boussinesq approximations. The flow in the porous region was modeled using the general flow model, which includes both the effects of macroscopic shear (Brinkman effect) and flow inertia (Forchheimer effect). Interesting results were obtained and are presented in a systematic manner so as to document the effect of changing the important system parameters, which include the height of the permeable substrate, its permeability, and the ratio of the thermal to the solutal Rayleigh number. It was found that these parameters had a major impact on the system behavior and their effects are thoroughly discussed.
Tools of the Serials Trade

"Tools of the Serials Trade" reviews monographic and serial publications about serials. Acquisitions, cataloging, binding, storage, microforms, weeding, automation, networks, and interlibrary loan are integral to serials librarianship and are considered to be within the scope of this column. Comments and suggestions for review titles should be directed to: Marlene Sue Heroux, Serials Librarian, Glenn B. Bartle Library, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, N.Y. 13901.
Interband optical properties and electronic structure of α -phase disordered copper-aluminum alloys

Interband optical absorption spectra of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-phase Cu-Al concentrations in the range 0-10 at.% have been obtained from near-normal-incidence reflectivity measurements in the spectral region 1-6 eV and Kramers-Kronig analysis. The development of the spectra in the disordered alloys are interpreted using a sinking-conduction-band model. The experimentally obtained sinking rate of 0.1 eV per at.% Al indicates an increase of the Fermi-surface dimensions consistent with available positron-annihilation data. At the highest concentrations, where short-range order tends to form, drastic changes of the optical properties are noted which are indicative of interesting electronic as well as metallurgical effects. Numerical computations of the joint density of states for Cu bands and alloy-model bands have also been performed using the Hodges-Ehrenreich combined interpolation scheme to generate energy eigenvalues at a large number of points in the Brillouin zone and varying the input parameters to simulate the effects of alloying in the disordered alloy. The theoretical and experimental results are compared to obtain qualitative information about the relative strength of matrix elements and about the possible effects of alloying on the over-all width of the $d$ bands.
Protonated adenine: Tautomers, solvated clusters, and dissociation mechanisms

Ab initio and density functional theory calculations at the B3-MP2 and CCSD(T)/6-311 + G(3df,2p) levels of theory are reported that address the protonation of adenine in the gas phase, water clusters, and bulk aqueous solution. The calculations point to N-1-protonated adenine (1+) as the thermodynamically most stable cationic tautomer in the gas phase, water clusters, and bulk solution. This strongly indicates that electrospray ionization of adenine solutions produces tautomer 1+ with a specificity calculated as 97–90% in the 298–473 K temperature range. The mechanisms for elimination of hydrogen atoms and ammonia from 1+ have also been studied computationally. Ion 1+ is calculated to undergo fast migrations of protons among positions N-1, C-2, N-3, N-10, N-7, and C-8 that result in an exchange of five hydrogens before loss of a hydrogen atom forming adenine cation radical at 415 kJ mol−1 dissociation threshold energy. The elimination of ammonia is found to be substantially endothermic requiring 376–380 kJ mol−1 at the dissociation threshold and depending on the dissociation pathway. The overall dissociation is slowed by the involvement of ion-molecule complexes along the dissociation pathways. The competing isomerization of 1+ proceeds by a sequence of ring opening, internal rotations, imine flipping, ring closures, and proton migrations to effectively exchange the N-1 and N-10 atoms in 1+, so that either can be eliminated as ammonia. This mechanism explains the previous N-1/N-10 exchange upon collision-induced dissociation of protonated adenine.
Building Connection: Attunement and Gender Equality in Heterosexual Relationships

Results of recent studies suggest that the effect of gender on relational attunement may help explain why gender equality contributes to relationship success. This grounded theory analysis of interviews with 35 heterosexual couples identifies three levels of attunement and describes the nature of their link with gender equality. Mutually attuned couples carried equal weight regarding intentionality, continual communication, partnership, mutual understanding, and joint decision making. Thwarted attunement and the unattuned were linked to gendered power imbalances. Implications highlight a need to address the gendered nature of attunement when helping couples build emotional connection.
Dehiscence of a radial keratotomy incision during clear corneal cataract surgery

We report a case of dehiscence of a radial keratotomy (RK) incision caused by clear corneal cataract surgery. The patient had had eight-incision RK in both eyes 9 months previously with enhancement surgery in the left eye 1 month later. Cataract surgery through a clear corneal incision was performed in the right eye and 1 month later, in the left. Surgery in the right eye was uneventful. However, during surgery in the left eye, dehiscence of one radial incision occurred. The wound dehiscence was closed with interrupted sutures, and the patient achieved 20/20 uncorrected visual acuity 1 week after surgery.
Forward calculation for interferometers: method and validation

An approach to approximating the instrument response for an unapodized interferometer is presented. The approach comprises functions that are local enough in frequency space (no more than five wave numbers) that one can use the Planck function at a single frequency to calculate the radiance at a given frequency and atmospheric pressure level, and it is well behaved (transmittances change monotonically from 1.0 to 0.0), so existing transmittance calculation procedures can be used. It is faster than calculating radiances at a high resolution, doing a Fourier transform, and then doing a second transform, and it produces brightness temperatures that agree with exact values to better than the 0.01 K that is due to errors in the approximation. The approach is accurate enough and fast enough to be used for calculating unapodized radiances from an interferometer. It also can be used to calculate transmittances as well as radiances.
A circular test of association between a point process and a continuous time series

A test of association between a point process and a continuous time series is proposed. The test is exact for a general class of point processes, including Poisson processes. Simulation results for a Poisson point process are reported.
Chromatographic profiling of urinary volatile and organic acid metabolites of normal and diabetic C57BL/Ks mice.

Abstract Capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry were used to examine the urinary volatile and organic acid metabolites in normal and diabetic C57BL/Ks male mice. Quantitative differences in the excretion of these metabolites were assessed in the animals from 5 to 24 weeks of age. Statistically significant differences were examined with respect to known metabolic abnormalities in the diabetic animals and to the possible toxic effects of elevated levels of certain metabolites. A number of aldehyde metabolites and aromatic acids, as well as most other organic acids, were found at consistently higher levels in diabetic urine. Several ketone metabolites, linalool, and 2- sec .-butylthiazoline were found at consistently low levels throughout the study.
Learning with prolonged delay of reinforcement

Gustatory aversions, induced in rats by conditionally pairing a distinctive flavor with a noxious drug, were readily established even when injections were delayed an hour or more. The optimal interstimulus interval and effectiveness of cues for learning appear to be a function of the specific effects of the reinforcer on the organism.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF POBLEMS IN SHRIMP NUTRITION1

There are four problems which face the shrimp nutritionist. These are (1) selection of optimal experimental environment, (2) the inherent variability among shrimp, (3) the selection of the form of food and its ingredients, and (4) the presentation of the data in a form useful both to other investigators and to the commercial mariculturist. Data illustrative of each of these problems are presented, and a request is made for the presentation of certain minimal information in each shrimp nutritional study.
The role of the subthalamic nucleus in the response of globus pallidus neurons to stimulation of the prelimbic and agranular frontal cortices in rats

We investigated how the cerebral cortex can influence the globus pallidus by two routes: the larger, net inhibitory route through the neostriatum and the separate, smaller, net excitatory route through the subthalamic nucleus. Stimulation (0.3 and 0.7 mA) of two regions of frontal agranular (motor) cortex and of the medial orbitofrontal cortex centered in the prelimbic cortex typically elicited one or more of the following extracellularly recorded responses in over 50% of tested cells: an initial excitation (approximately 6 ms latency), a short inhibition (15 ms latency) and a late excitation (29 ms latency). Some other cells responded with an excitatory response only (18 ms latency). The excitatory responses largely arise from the subthalamic route. Kainic acid or electrolytic lesion of the subthalamic nucleus eliminated most excitatory responses and greatly prolonged the duration (16 vs 50 ms) of the inhibition. Subthalamic neurons typically showed one or more of the following responses to cortical stimulation: an early excitatory response (4 ms latency), an inhibitory period (9 ms) and a late excitatory response (16 ms). The early response was seen after motor cortex but not prelimbic stimulation. The timing of the globus pallidus and subthalamic responses suggest the operation of a reciprocal inhibitory/excitatory pathway. Two reciprocal interactions were indicated. First, pallidal inhibition may disinhibit the subthalamus and, via a feedback pathway onto the same pallidal cells, act to terminate the neostriatal-induced inhibition. Second, there may be a feedforward pathway from pallidal cells to subthalamic neurons to a different group of pallidal cells. This pathway could act to suppress competing responses. Thus the subthalamus may have three actions: 1) an early direct cortical and 2,3) later reciprocal feedforward and feedback excitatory antagonism of the neostriatal mediated inhibition of globus pallidus.
Inhibition of glucose synthesis in rat kidney cortex slices by oxythiamin

Abstract Glucose synthesis from pyruvate, malate or fructose is inhibited by preincubation of rat kidney slices with oxythiamin. Glucose synthesis from α-ketoglutarate was not impaired by oxythiamin. Pyrithiamin did not inhibit glucose synthesis. Preincubation of kidney slices with oxythiamin in the presence of pyrithiamin prevented the inhibitory effect of oxythiamin. The addition of octanoate, thiamin, or β-hydroxybutyrate restored glucose synthesis in the presence of oxythiamin. These findings support previous data on the mechanism of action of oxythiamin and pyrithiamin and suggest that the inhibition of pyruvate oxidation, in the absence of alternative energy sources, greatly decreases glucose synthesis in vitro .
THE INTERNATIONAL FLOW OF MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS: FROM LLOYD TO THOMPSON*

The traditional view of the early history of mathematical economics has been that the pioneers in that field were individuals who knew nothing of those who went before them and remained unknown to those who came after . . . that there was no continuity and therefore no development. This article shows that there was a continuous line of influence, beginning with Henry Lloyd and ending with Perronet Thompson, whose influence on later writers has been demonstrated elsewhere. Specifically, the line of influence ran from Lloyd to Pietro Verri, to Cesare Beccaria, to Jeremy Bentham, to Thompson. Copyright 1990 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd and The Victoria University of Manchester
Local Protein Synthesizing Activity in Axonal Fields Regenerating In Vitro

: The goldfish retinal explant system of Landreth and Agranoff was used to study endogenous protein synthesizing activity of retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating in culture. Light and electron microscopic examination of axonal fields showed that axons were free of nonneural cell investment. Decentralized axons were incubated with a mixture of tritiated amino acids, and direct quantitative microanalysis of protein and tritium radioactivity was carried out on individual axonal fields. Our findings showed that radioactive amino acids were incorporated into axonal protein in a manner that was inhibited significantly by cycloheximide, but not by chloramphenicol. Decentralized axons appeared to maintain their viability for at least 3–4 h. Axonal fields maintaining their central connections to the explant incorporated 3H-amino acids at an apparent rate that was similar to decentralized axonal fields. Labeled material transported into axonal fields from ganglion cell bodies appeared in significant amounts after a delay of 2–3 h. Fluorographic patterns of axonal proteins after labeling with either 3H-amino acids or [35S]methionine and separated by microelectrophoresis indicated that primarily tubulin and, to a lesser extent, actin were labeled. Our findings indicate that goldfish retinal ganglion cell axons regenerating in vitro exhibit measurable endogenous protein-synthesizing activity.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel, 4-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-1-benzyl piperidine-based, dopamine transporter photoaffinity label.

The dopamine transporter (DAT) has been implicated strongly in cocaine's reinforcing effects. Many derivatives of piperidine analogs of GBR 12909 have been developed and were found to be quite potent and selective for the DAT. In this regard, most of these derivatives were found to be much more selective for the DAT than conventional GBR compounds e.g. GBR 12909 when their selectivity was compared with the serotonin transporter (SERT). A brief structure-activity relationship (SAR) study has been carried out in the development of a novel photoaffinity ligand which illustrated the effect of the presence of a sterically bulky iodine atom next to the azido group in activity and selectivity for the DAT. This SAR study also led to the development of the compound 4 which is one of the most potent and selective blockers for the DAT known today. The photoaffinity ligand [125I]AD-96-129 was incorporated into the DAT molecule as was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with serum 16 which is specific for DAT. This photolabeling was antagonized by DAT-specific blockers and was unaffected by specific SERT and norepinephrine transporter (NET) blockers indicating interaction of this novel ligand with the DAT.
Experimental and simulation analysis of daylight glare probability in offices with dynamic window shades

Abstract This paper presents an experimental and simulation study to evaluate daylight glare probability (DGP) in office spaces with roller shades. Roller shades can be controlled in various ways and have an openness, transmitting direct and diffuse light even when fully closed. Since DGP combines the overall brightness of the visual field and the perceived contrast of the scene in one metric, the development of glare protection guidelines is complex in this case. Full-scale experiments with an HDR camera in test offices were combined with a validated, integrated daylighting and glare model. Correlations between DGP and design parameters (work plane or vertical illuminance) were developed and the applicability of DGP and DGPs for closed and controlled shades is discussed. The results show that DGPs is not an accurate metric when the sun is within the field of view – even for low openness fabrics – while the DGP equation might need a correction for such cases, due to extreme values of the solar corona's luminance influencing the luminance term. DGP and work plane illuminance are not well correlated, except for the case of perfectly diffuse fabrics. However, for all instances when the sun is not visible by the occupant, DGPs can be used to approximate daylight glare, including cases with sunlight on various surfaces in the space, for any fabric openness and control type. This enables the development of model-based, real-time glare control shading operation, with vertical illuminance being the basic parameter. Simple sunlight protection strategies cannot prevent glare, despite maximizing daylight utilization.
Nidicolous ticks of small mammals in Anaplasma phagocytophilum-enzootic sites in northern California

Ixodes spp. tick-borne zoonotic diseases are present across the Holarctic in humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Small mammals are reservoirs for the rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum and tick vectors may include catholic-feeding bridge vectors as well as host-specialist or nidicolous ticks. Far western North American communities in which A. phagocytophilum is maintained are complex ecologically, with multiple reservoir host and tick species, multiple strains of the bacterial pathogen A. phagocytophilum and differences in dynamics of hosts and vectors across heterogeneous landscapes. We evaluated sites in northern California in order to identify primarily nidicolous ticks and the hosts they infest. A total of 667 ticks was found in 11 study sites, including 288 on flags and 379 attached to small mammals. Larvae were over-represented among attached ticks and adults on flags. The most abundant species was I. pacificus. Two-hundred fourteen nidicolous ticks were found, most abundantly I. angustus and I. spinipalpis. All adult I. ochotonae, I. auritulus, I. angustus, I. jellisoni, and I. woodi were female, while the male:female ratio of I. spinipalpis was 1.2:1 and 1:1 for I. pacificus. The greatest number of ticks was obtained from Tamias ochrogenys, Peromyscus spp., and Neotoma fuscipes. Of 234 small mammal individuals that were infested with Ixodes spp., only 81 (34.6%) were infested with I. pacificus. The remaining infested small mammals hosted nidicolous tick species. Eight ticks were PCR-positive, including 6 I. pacificus (one adult, one larva, and 6 nymphs), and 2 adult I. ochotonae and high PCR prevalences of 18% and 9% were detected in woodrats and chipmunks, respectively. Nymphal I. angustus ticks were active year-long with a possible increase in August while larval activity was only observed in December and spring months and adults only during spring and fall. Overall, we show high tick species richness and year-round high levels of infestation on rodents by several different nidicolous ticks in areas where A. phagocytophilum is enzootic, including on reported reservoir species.