cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact and Physical Interaction

This article reviews approaches to controlling robots undergoing physical contact and dynamic interaction with objects in the world. Conventional motion control is compared with a hybrid combinatio...
An International Common Law of Investor Rights

Customary international law (CIL) is sometimes referred to as "international common law." In theory, however, CIL is not created like common law through the incremental decision making of tribunals, but rather results from the "general and consistent practice of states followed by them from a sense of legal obligation." Nonetheless, there is at least one area of CIL that is being developed through a process that closely resembles the development of common law by domestic courts: the "minimum standard of treatment" which governments must accord to foreign investors. Although the minimum standard of treatment can claim a long pedigree in international law through its roots in the ancient doctrine of denial of justice, its content has always been highly indeterminate, and discussions of what types of measures it prohibits have largely focused on how egregiously a government's conduct must offend the sense(s) of justice of the members of a tribunal in order to violate the standard. Because the minimum standard of treatment lacks a clearly defined content, it can not constitute a legitimate norm of international law. This defect can not be cured, as has been suggested by proponents of the minimum standard, by conferring the authority to define the standard's content either on the existing system of ad hoc arbitral tribunals or on a new appellate body. Such an approach would violate nondelegation principles by giving international decision makers the authority to create a continuously evolving international common law of investor rights.
Consumption of Acai Beverage (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Cardio-metabolic Syndrome

Acai fruit (Euterpe oleraceaMart.) is rich in anthocyanins where cardiovascular benefits have been demonstrated in previous studies. In contrast, few human clinical assessments have previously been...
The structure, dynamics and tropospheric signature of the Polar Annular Mode

[1] Intraseasonal variability in the stratospheric polar vortex is intrinsically linked to concomitant tropospheric variability via the annular modes. The primary mode, the Northern Annular Mode (NAM), represents variability in the polar vortex strength while the second mode, the lesser studied Polar Annular Mode (PAM), represents variability in the latitudinal position of the polar vortex. The current study examines the structural evolution, zonal-mean dynamical forcing and tropospheric impact of discrete PAM episodes occurring during boreal winter. The analysis identifies large amplitude positive and negative PAM events occurring in the absence of NAM or sudden stratospheric warming events. Composite time evolution analyses are performed for both positive and negative PAM events. The onset of positive (negative) PAM events is preceded by a weak and broad acceleration (deceleration) within the stratospheric polar vortex at midlatitudes. During PAM onset the canonical PAM structure in zonal-mean zonal wind develops over a 5 day period in association with robust stratosphere-troposphere coupling. Zonal wind changes occurring during onset are induced by anomalous wave driving associated with low frequency Rossby wave activity. After PAM onset, the zonal wind anomaly features at high latitudes quickly weaken while those in the subtropics and midlatitudes persist for a period of 2–3 weeks. During this time, PAM events provide a statistically significant impact upon the tropospheric circulation, with large-scale perturbations in (a) surface air temperature over North America and Eurasia and (b) the structure and amplitude of the primary storm tracks.
Solving the Contentious Issues of Private Conservation Easements: Promoting Flexibility for the Future and Engaging the Public Land Use Process

Over the past thirty years, statutes have reversed the common law and authorized private conservation organizations to hold conservation easements "in gross." These interests allow nonprofits to control the use and development of the burdened property by preventing alterations of the natural and ecological features. Conservation easements can be held by organizations geographically distant from the restricted land. Conservation easements bring great benefits as they support conservation, represent private initiative, yield efficiency benefits, and exemplify freedom of choice of property owners. There are costs, however: significant federal and state tax subsidies, the lack of coordinated planning and public process, class issues, stewardship failures by nonprofits, and lack of flexibility by easement holders to meet emerging needs of the community (such as for economic development or affordable housing). There is a risk to effective policy making and democratic principles when local, public land use decisions are delegated to non-representative, non-accountable private organizations. The benefits of private conservation easements are significant, and they should be continued but with changes. The paper suggests five principles and related specific reforms that should be enacted: restoring market mechanisms in the creation of conservation easements; enhancing governance and operations of easement holders; protecting the expectations of future generation owners; achieving flexibility through expanded termination and modification doctrines; and preserving the public's power of eminent domain.
Name space models for locating services

Much of recent work on computer systems has focused on providing transparent resource-sharing in a distributed computing environment. Many of these systems use the server-client model to provide access to data and services. As more distributed services are offered and the demand for sharing increases in these environments, efficient management and accessing schemes become crucial. Locating services makes name service a critical part of access management.This report describes some of the work in progress as part of the Universal Name Semantics (UNS) project at the University of Michigan. UNS was intended to explore issues involved in providing client programs with seamless naming of objects across heterogeneous name spaces. UNS is distinguished from other heterogeneous naming systems in its attempt to partially automate the translation process by exploiting abstract similarity between name spaces.
“Guamanaian-Chamorro by Birth by American Patriotic by Choice”: Subjectivity and Performance in the Life of Agueda Iglesias Johnston

On July 3, 1945, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) aired a live fifteen-minute broadcast of events overseas in the United States territory of Guam where, as the proverbial adage goes, “ America's day begins.” July 4th festivities were already underway on the war-torn island that a year earlier had been the site of intense battles during World War II in the “Pacific Theater.” Following the flag-raising ceremony in the capital city of Hagatna and the “all-Guamanian” band's rendition of the Star Spangled Banner, CBS then went “deep” into the native patriotic landscape and to the “heart of a great symbol.” That symbol, explained the reporter, was the demolished native school, George Washington High, “appropriately named” after the “father of our country.” Beloved Principal Agueda Johnston then proceeded to tell how in spite of having nothing in the aftermath of war, boys in General Issue (GI) uniforms and girls in homemade wooden clogs and dresses made from curtains went back to school, determined to tak...
Fission of narrow high power beams into multiple solitons in a second-order nonlinear slab waveguide

Summary form only given. One of the first nonlinear effects observed was the break-up of wide, high intensity, beams into filaments due to spatial noise present on the beam, known as modulational instability (MI), that generally occurs in any media with nonlinearities which lead to self-focusing. We have recently reported observation of MI near the phase-matching condition for second-harmonic generation in LiNbO/sub 3/ slab waveguides. For narrow beams, a different phenomenon can occur at lower intensities than MI, namely the fission of the beam into multiple solitons. For spatial solitons, the peak soliton intensity varies inversely with the soliton's spatial width, so that if the input beam contains sufficient intensity to generate multiple solitons, fission occurs. Here we report experimental observation of the break-up of high intensity beams into multiple components at thresholds consistent with soliton fission.
Economic Growth in the Face of Weather and Climate Extremes: A Call for Better Data

The U.S. economy has grown to be the world's largest, even in the face of the most varied and costly weather and climate extremes on the planet (see http://www.munichreamerica.com/webinars/2013_01_natcatreview/MunichRe_III_NatCat01032013.pdf). Nevertheless, these extremes continue to take a toll on the nation, diverting public and private funds while limiting economic growth and jobs and threatening the well-being of Americans. Extreme weather events affect every state and manifest differently by region (see Figure 1 in Supporting Information in the online version of this Forum and http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/summary-stats).
Effect of Reperfusion on Left Ventricular Regional Remodeling Strains After Myocardial Infarction

Background Reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction is currently the most effective means for limiting early and late mortality. We sought to elucidate how reperfusion influences remodeling strains in the infarct, borderzone, and remote myocardial regions. Understanding the effects of reperfusion on regional remodeling will help to evaluate and optimize emerging treatments for patients who do not achieve effective reperfusion after myocardial infarction. Methods An ovine infarct model (n = 13) was used to assess the effect of 1 hour of ischemia followed by reperfusion on regional and global myocardial geometry, function, and perfusion using sonomicrometry, echocardiography, and microspheres. Thirteen additional animals were assessed chronically (8 weeks) with echocardiography and postmortem analysis after either reperfusion (n = 5) or untreated infarction (n = 8). Results During ischemia the area at risk thinned, stretched, and became dyskinetic. The normally perfused borderzone also stretched, and contraction decreased by 40% during ischemia. Reperfusion increased area at risk wall thickness and reduced area at risk stretching but did not restore contractile function. Borderzone stretching was reduced and contractile function improved by reperfusion. Contractile function of remote regions was also improved with reperfusion. Ventricular dilatation after ischemia was reversed within 180 minutes of reperfusion. Chronically, reperfusion significantly improved global remodeling when compared with nonreperfused controls. Reperfused animals had thicker infarcts and akinetic rather than dyskinetic apical segments. Conclusions Reperfusion acutely increases area at risk wall thickness, reduces area at risk and borderzone stretching, and improves borderzone and remote function. Reperfusion increases mature scar thickness and improves chronic global remodeling. These beneficial effects of reperfusion result primarily from reduced infarct expansion (stretching).
Bacterial incorporation of relict carbon in the hydrothermal environment of Guaymas Basin

Abstract Radiocarbon analyses of bulk carbon and individual organic compounds are presented for the hydrothermal environment of the Rebecca’s Roost vent in the southern trough of the Guaymas Basin hydrothermal field. The Δ 14 C values of CO 2 and CH 4 in the hottest hydrothermal fluids (317°C) are nearly “radiocarbon dead” (−944‰ and −923‰, respectively). In contrast, the Δ 14 C values of sediments and individual fatty acids (−418‰ to −227‰) obtained from a bacterial mat located south of the vent site are similar to values previously reported for hydrothermal petroleum in this environment and are more depleted in 14 C than overlying waters. Hydrothermal fluids moving through the sediments appear to supply 14 C of intermediate age to the bacteria. This carbon may take the form of, or may be supplied by processes similar to, the generation of hydrothermal petroleum. Although the bacterial mat visibly was dominated by Beggiatoa spp., such mats are known to include numerous other species. Individual compound data show that preaged carbon is being consumed by the integrated bacterial assemblage. Values of δ 13 C and Δ 14 C indicate that petroleum-derived carbon is incorporated directly into fresh bacterial biomass. Subsequently, some of this newly synthesized material also is consumed by heterotrophs, as eukaryotic sterols from the same sample also have 14 C-depleted values (Δ 14 C = −136‰ to −110‰). Therefore, the entire system may operate as a complex consortium to transform relict carbon back into biomass. Bacterial consumption of relict carbon occurs despite the ample supply of fresh carbon delivered from the productive, overlying water column.
Improving Postural Control in the Battement Tendu: One Teacher's Reflections and Somatic Exercises.

Abstract The battement tendu is introduced early in dance training, remaining integral to a dancer's vocabulary. Although appearing relatively simple to execute, the tendu aesthetic takes years to master. One reason might be that efficient performance requires complex coordination of postural balance. Known as postural control, this coordination appears in development first in the trunk as a set of neuromuscular activation patterns that evolve throughout the life span. Trunk control is a prelude to postural organization necessary to support articulation of the limbs. Historical methods for teaching the tendu progression from barre to center floor have emphasized visually-acceptable body placement and limb articulation over postural control fundamentals. Using the battement tendu center floor as an example, the author opens an inquiry into the role of postural control in dance technique. The effect of dance or any other training on postural control and balance is conjectural, and no one method has emerged ...
The effects of topical vitamin E on the cosmetic appearance of scars.

Background. Vitamin E is a generic term for a group of tocol and tocotrienol derivatives. Since the discovery that vitamin E is the major lipid soluble antioxidant in skin, this substance has been tried for the treatment of almost every type of skin lesion imaginable. Anecdotal reports claim that vitamin E speeds wound healing and improves the cosmetic outcome of burns and other wounds. Many lay people use vitamin E on a regular basis to improve the outcome of scars and several physicians recommend topical vitamin E after skin surgery or resurfacing. Objective. We attempted to determine whether topically applied vitamin E has any effect on the cosmetic appearance of scars as suggested by multiple anectodal reports. Methods. Fifteen patients who had undergone skin cancer removal surgery were enrolled in the study. All wounds were primarily closed in 2 layers. After the surgery, the patients were given two ointments each labeled A or B. A was Aquaphor, a regular emollient, and the B was Aquaphor mixed with vitamin E. The scars were randomly divided into parts A and B. Patients were asked to put the A ointment on part A and the B ointment on part B twice daily for 4 weeks. The study was double blinded. The physicians and the patients independently evaluated the scars for cosmetic appearance on Weeks 1, 4, and 12. The criteria was simply to recognize which side of the scar looked better if there was any difference. The patients’ and the physicians’ opinions were recorded. A third blinded investigator was shown photographs of the outcomes and their opinion was also noted. Results. The results of this study show that topically applied vitamin E does not help in improving the cosmetic appearance of scars and leads to a high incidence of contact dermatitis. Conclusions. This study shows that there is no benefit to the cosmetic outcome of scars by applying vitamin E after skin surgery and that the application of topical vitamin E may actually be detrimental to the cosmetic appearance of a scar. In 90% of the cases in this study, topical vitamin E either had no effect on, or actually worsened, the cosmetic appearance of scars. Of the patients studied, 33% developed a contact dermatitis to the vitamin E. Therefore we conclude that use of topical vitamin E on surgical wounds should be discouraged.
The Effects of Gender, Age, and Experience on Game Engagement

Entertainment gaming research typically focuses on the underlying motivations for play and on the subjective experience. A review of the literature has identified three factors that commonly affect patterns of play: gender, age, and gaming experience. This paper examines whether these individual differences affect the subjective experience of play, as measured by game engagement. Participants played a browserbased Flash game and responded to a number of surveys. The results suggested that low-levels of game engagement predict high-levels of game engagement, providing support for a proposed model of game engagement that exists on a gradient. The ability to experience low-levels of engagement while playing games is not affected by the individual differences of interest; however high-level engagement did decrease with age. Age may also weaken the relationship between low- and high-level game engagement.
Transmission electron microscopy standards for asbestos

Abstract Electron micrographs and selected area electron diffraction patterns of all six recognized asbestos minerals (chrysotile, amosite, anthopyllite, crocidolite, tremolite and actinolite) are shown. These were all produced with the same parameters on one electron microscope and using the same sample preparative techniques. X-ray crystallographic and chemical data for the six asbestos minerals from various sources in the literature are also given. It is hoped that all the data may prove useful as a comparison to other researchers involved in identifying submicroscopic asbestos fibres.
Does laparoscopic surgery decrease the risk of atrial fibrillation after foregut surgery

Atrial fibrillation, which occurs in 12% of all major foregut surgeries, can prolong hospital stay and increase morbidity. Minimally invasive techniques in foregut surgery have been suggested to cause less tissue trauma. We examined the factors associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation after foregut surgery at our institution. We retrospectively examined the records of 154 adult patients who underwent major foregut surgery which included esophagectomy, partial or total gastrectomy, redo Heller myotomy, redo or transthoracic fundoplications. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with standard modeling techniques were performed to determine risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation. Of the 154 patients, 14 patients developed new-onset atrial fibrillation with a higher mean age of 67.1 years (±8.8 years) versus 56.4 years (±14.1 years) (p = 0.006). Laparoscopic (p = 0.004) and nonthoracic surgeries (p = 0.01) were associated with lower risk of atrial fibrillation. Patients with atrial fibrillation had received more fluid (6.5 ± 2.8 liters versus 5.3 ± 2.0 liters) and had longer operations (370 ± 103 min versus 362 ± 142 min), none of which were statistically significant. The average intensive care length of stay of patients was longer: 7.5 ± 6.8 days versus 4.0 ± 7.1 days (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed an association of atrial fibrillation with age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.14, p = 0.01), and laparoscopic surgery (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.95, p = 0.04) after adjusting for surgery type. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with lower risk of atrial fibrillation in foregut surgery. Development of atrial fibrillation is associated with increased length of intensive care stay. We recommend a prospective trial to confirm our findings.
World collection rice varieties: Resistance to seed penetration by Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)

Abstract Lots of 200 eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) were placed on 10 g samples of 780 varieties of rice from the U.S.D.A. World Collection. An average of 91% of the eggs hatched and between 1 and 83% of the larvae from these reached the adult stage and emerged. Less than 10% survived in 102 varieties. Graphic data exhibit a bimodal shape, indicating that two resistance bases operated against these insects; both apparently acted to prevent kernel entry by the freshly hatched larvae.
Application of a new three-dimensional k·p model for the A-15 crystals to the properties of V3 Si

Abstract The new three-dimensional k·p model for the electronic structure of A-15 compounds gives satisfactory results for the magnetic susceptibility; shear modulus; tetragonal strain at the transition temperature T m ; and the magnetic field effect on T m and shear mode sound velocity.
Antipyretic activity of a potent α-MSH analog

Abstract [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH has exceptional potency in certain biological assays of α-MSH activity such as skin darkening in frogs. However, this analog was equipotent to α-MSH in induction of grooming in the rat and had opposite effects on the performance of a visual discrimination task. These results led to the suggestion that distinct differences may exist between the melanocyte and CNS receptors for α-MSH. We determined the antipyretic and hypothermic potencies of centrally and peripherally administered [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH, relative to those of α-MSH, in the rabbit. Central injections of 40 and 80 ng of [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH caused hypothermia in afebrile rabbits, whereas 20 and 10 ng, which had no effect on afebrile body temperature, caused greater than 40% reduction in leukocytic pyrogen-induced fever. These results indicate that this analog is approximately 10 times more potent in reducing fever than α-MSH, making it the most potent antipyretic substance yet described. In contrast, IV administration of 16 μg of the analog, an extremely large dose relative to established antipyretic doses of α-MSH, elicited weak, variable responses. Since this analog is said to be resistant to degradation by serum enzymes, the contrast between the effects of central and peripheral administration may reflect a limited ability of the analog to cross the blood brain barrier when given IV. Our results do not suggest any distinct differences between the melanocyte receptors for α-MSH and those involved with CNS control of temperature. The marked central potency of [Nle4,D-Phe7]-α-MSH could result from an increased duration of action and/or a greater affinity for central receptor sites relative to α-MSH.
Message delays at packet-switching nodes serving multiple classes

A packet-switching node is modeled as a single-server queueing system. Messages in class c have J/sub c/ packets, each of which has a length which may be drawn from a general service time distribution prescribed on the basis of the packet's position in the message. All of the messages' packets arrive at the instant of message arrival; each packet within the message has a preassigned priority. The first packet of the message joins a transmission queue at the message arrival instant, there being one queue for each distinct priority. Upon completion of transmission of a given packet within a message, its successor packet joins the queue of appropriate priority. Packets which are waiting in the queues are serviced by the trunk under a nonpreemptive priority discipline. A method is presented for finding average message system times for the service discipline just described. This class of service disciplines includes several service disciplines which have been reported in the literature including the PR+RR, the HOL, and HOLP, the RR, and others that are discussed herein. Some numerical examples are presented. >
Formation of Secondary Walls in the Palisade Cells of the Seed Coat of Lima Bean

Summary Deposition of the secondary wall in the palisade cells of the testa of lima bean seeds appears to involve the endoplasmic reticulum primarily. Although the principal component of that wall is highly oriented and highly crystalline cellulose, virtually no microtubules appeared during cell growth and maturation. Some indications were found that ribosome aggregation in the cytoplasm was associated with the origin of lamellae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosome-like bodies were also prominent at the plasmalemma during formation of the secondary wall.
Enhanced analysis of purine and pyrimidine bases by the use of double‐strand polyaniline coatings in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A double-strand polymeric complex, which suppresses electroosmotic flow relative to fused-silica, is described. The polymeric complex contains a strand polyaniline (PAN) with the second strand containing polyacrylic acid (PAA) and methacrylate (MA) groups. The complex is referred to as PAN:P(AAMA). This polymeric complex has pH-controlled electroactive and hydrophobic characteristics and can be easily coated onto fused-silica. Enhanced separations of theophylline, theobromine, caffeine and adenine, thymine, uracil and cytosine were obtained by the use of the coated capillary in the micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MEKC) system. The purine and pyrimdine bases were separated on the coated capillary with a 20 mM, pH 7 phosphate buffer which contains 0.05 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an additive.
Smart Growth Policies: An Evaluation of Programs and Outcomes

Gregory K. Ingram, Armando Carbonell, Yu-Hung Hong, and Anthony Flint, editors. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA, 2009. 288 pages. $35 (paperback). The Lincoln Institute of Land Poli...
High-Contrast In-Focus Imaging in Biological Cryo-EM

A variety of devices have been proposed whose performance might be superior to that achieved when using highly underfocused images to generate contrast for cryo-EM specimens. Practical applications nevertheless continue to be limited because it has been difficult to prevent corruption of the images due to unwanted electrostatic charging that occurs during use. We have implemented two steps that - together - appear to overcome charging of one such device. This particular device consists of a microfabricated aperture that contains an opaque half circle at the center. The opaque half circle produces high-contrast “schlieren-optics” images of the low-resolution features encoded in the phase of the wave transmitted through the specimen. At the same time, however, the rest of the scattered wave passes through the open area of the aperture, resulting in conventional images at intermediate and high resolution. This hybrid double-sideband/single-sideband (Foucault knife edge) aperture is thus well suited for recording images at the optimal (Scherzer) value of defocus. Our first step in controlling unwanted charging is to coat all exposed surfaces with evaporated carbon, which ensures that the isopotential surfaces conform, as intended, to the physical surface of the aperture. The second step is to hold the device at a temperature of 300° C or more during use, in order to prevent the buildup of polymerized organic contamination during use. Although care must be taken to avoid hitting the opaque half circle directly with the unscattered electron beam, our preliminary experience is that this type of in-focus phase-contrast aperture can be used for at least a few days without showing apparent charging effects. Our proof-of-concept experiments confirm that this type of device is effective in producing high-contrast, in-focus images of cryo-EM specimens.
Composition, Structure, and Integrity of Casein Micelles: A Review

Abstract This review is an attempt to bring what is known about casein micelles together into a coherent summary. Some of the earlier models and theories no longer appear workable, and much is left to be concluded on this subject. It is hoped with what we now know that those who already have contributed and others will continue to pursue the understanding of casein micelles.
Collaborative Curriculum Investigation as a Vehicle for Teacher Enhancement and Mathematics Curriculum Reform

The Missouri Middle Mathematics (M3) Project is an NSF-funded 3-year professional development project involving teacher/administrator teams from districts statewide. Project activities focus on collaborative investigation of emerging reform-based middle school mathematics curricula to support individual and systemic reform. Collaborative review and field-testing of material facilitates awareness and exploration of alternative instructional and assessment strategies and informed decision making. Early indicators of the model's success are reflected in participants’ enthusiasm and professional growth. Project activities stimulate discussions of critical topics including questioning appropriateness of various teaching practices, research about teaching and learning, tracking policies, appropriate assessment models for gauging student learning and the importance of calculators and manipulatives as teaching and learning tools. These discussions transcend curriculum materials being reviewed and serve as a powerful vehicle for professional growth and development for individual teachers and districts.
Measuring Dynamic 3D Micro-Structures Using a Superfast Digital Binary Phase-Shifting Technique

Binary phase-shifting in digital fringe projection has demonstrated significant merit over conventional sinusoidal phases-shifting methods in terms of measurement speed and simplicity. This paper will show that compared to conventional sinusoidal methods, binary defocusing 1) can better resolve 3D micro-structures; and 2) can achieve kilo-Hz 3D shape measurement rates. These features are critical for measuring dynamically deformable objects, such as the beating heart.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The effects of stream acidity on benthic invertebrate communities in the south‐eastern United States

SUMMARY 1. Patterns in invertebrate community structure were determined from analysis of benthic samples taken quarterly for 1 year from four sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). Sites ranged in baseflow pH from 4.5 to 6.8, with a corresponding range in inorganic monomeric aluminium concentrations from 3 to 197 μgl−1. 2. Total invertebrate density (excluding Chironomidae) was correlated with pH (R2= 0.90, P<0.05). Density of Ephemeroptera was more highly correlated with pH than density of invertebrates in other taxonomic orders. Invertebrate density (total and density of different orders) was generally more strongly correlated with pH than to inorganic monomeric aluminium concentrations. 3. Species richness declined from sixty-nine species at the highest pH site to thirty-three species at the lowest pH site. Richness of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera was positively correlated with pH (R2= 0.96 in both cases). Trichopteran richness was also negatively correlated with inorganic monomeric Al concentrations (R2= 0.96, P< 0.05). Plecopteran richness was not related to stream acidity. 4. Not all species of Ephemeroptera were negatively affected by low stream water pH. At low pH sites, Ameletus lineatus Traver (Family: Siphonoluridae) was relatively more abundant compared to other species of Ephemeroptera, and had greater biomass and greater weight per individual length than at higher pH sites. 5. Differences in invertebrate community parameters among sites were not based on changes in food abundance. Although grazer densities were positively correlated with pH (R2= 0.93, P < 0.05), differences in density were not related to differences in food. To the contrary, lower grazer densities occurred at the lowest pH site where measured food abundance (algae) was highest. Likewise, shredder density increased with increasing pH but was correlated with standing stocks of benthic organic matter (BOM), which had generally higher standing stocks at lower pH sites. 6. Transplants of two species of Ephemeroptera between sites differing in pH (6.4 v 5.0) resulted in increased mortality of organisms placed at lower pH sites. In another transplant experiment, differences in mortality were not observed, although surviving invertebrates at low pH sites had ×10 higher body burdens of aluminium following the transplant than invertebrates from the reference site. 7. These results indicate that direct effects of pH and Al (affecting survival) were more important than indirect effects of food availability in determining changes in invertebrate community structure between the study sites.
Ab Initio Calculation of structures and properties of halogenated general anesthetics: halothane and sevoflurane

To correctly analyze the effects of general anesthetics on their potential targets by large-scale molecular simulation, the structural parameters and partial atomic charges of the anesthetics are of determinant importance. Geometric optimizations using the Hartree–Fock and the B3LYP density functional theory methods with the large 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set were performed to determine the structures and charge distributions of two halogenated anesthetics, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (halothane) and fluoromethyl-2,2,2,-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl) ethyl ether (sevoflurane). The calculated bond lengths and angles are within 3% of the corresponding experimental values reported for the similar molecular groups. Charges are assigned using the Mulliken population analysis and the electrostatic potential (ESP) based on the Merz–Kollman–Singh scheme. The atoms-in-molecules (AIM) theory is also used to assign the charges in halothane. The dipole moments calculated with the Mulliken population analysis and ESP for the structures optimized by B3LYP/6-311+(2d,p) were respectively 1.355 and 1.430 D for halothane and 2.255 and 2.315 D for sevoflurane. These are in excellent agreement with the experimental values of 1.41 and 2.33 D for halothane and sevoflurane, respectively. The calculated structures and partial charge distributions can be readily parameterized for molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations involving these halogenated agents. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 436–444, 2001
The U.S. Economy And Changes In Health Insurance Coverage, 2000–2006

The number of uninsured Americans increased by 3.4 million between 2004 and 2006, despite improving economic conditions. In the first four years of the decade, during a period of economic recession, the number increased by 6.0 million. The dominant factor in both periods was a decline in employer-sponsored insurance coverage. Although the recent decline was less than that experienced from 2000 to 2004, growth in public coverage was small, and the number of uninsured people increased by 1.0 million children and 2.4 million adults. Employer coverage declined most for self-employed or small-firm workers, in the South, and among noncitizens.
Chronic inhibition of GABA synthesis in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis elicits anxiety-like behavior

The current study tested the hypotheses that chronic loss of inhibitory GABAergic tone in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a region implicated in anxiety behavior, results in generalized anxiety disorder-like behaviors without panic-like responses (i.e., tachycardia, hypertension and tachypnea) following panicogenic stimuli (e.g., sodium lactate infusions). To test this hypothesis, the GABA synthesis inhibitor L-allylglycine (L-AG) or its inactive isomer D-AG was chronically infused into the BNST of male rats via osmotic minipumps. L-AG, but not D-AG, treated rats had increased anxiety-like behavior as measured by social interaction (SI) and elevated plus maze paradigms. Restoring GABAergic tone, with 100pmoles/100nl of muscimol (a GABAA receptor agonist), in the BNST of L-AG treated rats attenuated L-AG-induced anxiety-like behavior in the SI test. To assess panic-like states, L-AG treated rats were intravenously infused with 0.5M sodium lactate, a panicogenic agent, prior to assessing SI and cardiorespiratory responses. L-AG decreased SI duration again; however, sodium lactate did not induce panic-like cardiorespiratory responses. These findings demonstrate that GABA inhibition in the BNST elicits anxiety-like behavior without increasing sensitivity to lactate, thus suggesting a behavioral profile similar to that of generalized anxiety-like behavior rather than that of panic.
New 19Ne Level Observed with a Thick Target 18F(p,p)18F Measurement

The rates of the 18 F( p , α ) 15 O and 18 F( p , γ ) 19 Ne reactions in astrophysical environments depend on the properties of 19 Ne levels above the 18 F + p threshold. There are at least 8 levels in the mirror nucleus 19 F for which analogs have not been observed in 19 Ne in the excitation energy range E x = 6.4 – 7.6 MeV . These levels may significantly enhance the 18 F + p reaction rates, and thus we have made a search for these levels by measuring the 1 H( 18 F, p ) 18 F excitation function over the energy range E c . m . = 0.3 - 1.3 MeV . We have identified and measured the properties of a newly observed level at E x = 7.420 ± 0.014 MeV , which is most likely the mirror to the J π = 7 2 + 19 F level at 7.56 MeV. We have additionally found a significant discrepancy with a recent compilation for the properties of a 19 Ne state at E x = 7.5 MeV and set upper limits on the proton widths of missing levels.
Bayesian algorithmic mechanism design

This article surveys recent work with an algorithmic flavor in Bayesian mechanism design. Bayesian mechanism design involves optimization in economic settings where the designer possesses some stochastic information about the input. Recent years have witnessed huge advances in our knowledge and understanding of algorithmic techniques for Bayesian mechanism design problems. These include, for example, revenue maximization in settings where buyers have multi-dimensional preferences, optimization of non-linear objectives such as makespan, and generic reductions from mechanism design to algorithm design. However, a number of tantalizing questions remain un-solved.This article is meant to serve as an introduction to Bayesian mechanism design for a novice, as well as a starting point for a broader literature search for an experienced researcher.
Selenoproteins--tracing the role of a trace element in protein function.

In retrospect, the history of selenium biochemistry does not differ greatly from the study of a number of other trace elements in that it occurred over many years, progressing from periods of little general interest to widespread concern regarding toxicity problems and eventually to recognition of selenium as an essential nutrient for many forms of life. My involvement in studies on selenium metabolism is a classic example of serendipity. I was studying an interesting enzyme from an anaerobic bacterium that utilized glycine as substrate (glycine reductase), but the amounts of pure protein I could isolate were very limited because it seemed to be produced only during the very early stages of bacterial cell growth. The rich culture medium supported continued luxuriant growth of the bacterium, but the level of the desired enzyme in the cells merely underwent dilution during the process. Finally, after testing many known growth stimulatory supplements to no avail, my colleagues and I tried two inorganic nutrients, molybdate and selenite. This approach was prompted by the report that addition of these inorganic compounds to a medium used for anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli supported synthesis of the enzyme formate dehydrogenase [1]. Much to my delight, addition of selenite to our growth medium resulted in greatly increased levels of the glycine reductase enzyme, and synthesis of the protein continued throughout the entire growth period. Thus, a common belief among microbiologists that a so-called rich culture medium high in tryptone and yeast extract content was nutritionally adequate is incorrect if growth of the organism depends on ability to synthesize a selenium-containing enzyme. In our case other amino acids in the medium could support growth even when the trace of selenium was depleted and synthesis of glycine reductase stopped. With this unexpected finding, we had an ideal biological system for unraveling details of the role of selenium in the anaerobic metabolism of glycine.
Digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and minerals in biosolids☆

Abstract Digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and minerals in food processing biosolids (BS) was determined. In Experiment 1, three diets (9% protein) were formulated from corn silage, ground corn, starch, and either dried BS (D), soybean meal (S) or soybean meal plus additional Ca and P (M). These diets plus a control (C, 6% protein) were fed to fistulated cows. Apparent digestibility of DM was lower for Diets C (74%) and D (72%) than for Diets S (83%) and M (79%). Effects of diets upon digestibilities of fiber and N were similar to effects upon DM digestibility. Digestibilities of minerals were not different among diets. The in situ digestibility of DM in BS was about 50%, compared to about 70% and 90% for alfalfa and soybean meal, respectively. In Experiment 2, chopped corn forage was ensiled with urea (U), soybean meal (S), dried BS (D) or wet BS (W) and fed to sheep. DM digestibility of Diets U (62%), S (64%) and D (64%) was greater than for Diet W (54%). Digestibility of N in Diet D (48%) was lower than in Diets S (52%) and U (54%); digestibility of N in Diet W (42%) was lower than in Diet D. Low digestibility of N in BS resulted in low ruminal ammonia, which reduced ruminal DM and energy digestibility and decreased volatile fatty acid concentrations. Dried BS were more digestible than native (wet) BS; BS could be added to silage as means of feeding and probably are best suited for maintenance diets. Bioprocessing methods are needed to increase the digestibility of DM and N in BS.
Electron microscope study of erythema multiforme

Abstract The literature concerning erythema multiforme has been reviewed and the most outstanding things noted about this eruptive fever are that the etiological factor or factors are unknown, that there is no known cure, and that remissions are followed by exacerbations which usually occur in the spring and fall. A case is reported in which the eruptions of erythema multiforme markedly regressed following the removal of all the patient's teeth. Viral studies were made of the oral flora with the aid of the electron microscope. Histologic examination was done on one oral section. Further studies were made with the electron microscope for the purpose of ascertaining the presence or absence, in the mouths of ten control patients, of viral type bodies like the ones in the reported case of erythema multiforme. The electron microscopic studies, while in no way complete, do show that viral type bodies were present in the patient's mouth, and may be a causative factor.
Crime in High and Low Crime Neighborhoods: An Assessment of Social and Physical Dimensions

Abstract A number of perspectives have been used to explain the nexus between community problems and the social and physical quality of the environment and its effects on people. Oscar Newman's seminal work in the area of the physical and social environment and the practice of informal control, has been primary in this regard. Moreover, there have also been analyses which have attempted to uncover the patterns of socio-economic and demographic “types” of people and their interactions within the community, and their possible influence on the phenomenon of social disorganization and crime (Greenberg, Rohe, and Wilhams, 1980; Newman and Frank, 1980; Smith, 1986; Figlio, Hakim, and Rengert, 1986). This analysis provides an additional integration of theoretical approaches in order to improve the assessment of social problems at the neighborhood level. More specifically, the research questions which are addressed in this study are: 1) What are the relevant dimensions or factors across different adjacent neighbo...
Identification of inpatient DNR status: a safety hazard begging for standardization.

BACKGROUND Ascertaining and documenting patients' preferences regarding end-of-life care is required by accrediting organizations at hospital admission. However, hospitals vary widely in their methods of making these preferences (including do-not-resuscitate [DNR] status) available to frontline providers, increasing the potential for errors. METHODS We surveyed 127 nursing executive members of the University HealthSystem Consortium (an alliance of academic medical centers), asking them to describe the current practices of their hospitals in identifying DNR orders. For those at institutions using color-coded wristbands, we also asked about other patient data depicted by wristbands and the choice of colors for DNR and these other indications. We used a commercial online survey tool with E-mail distribution. RESULTS Sixty-nine nurse executives completed the survey (54%). Fifty-six percent of hospitals use paper documentation as their only mode to identify DNR orders, 16% use electronic health records, and 25% augment either paper or electronic documentation with a color-coded patient wristband. Of those using color-coded wristbands (n = 17), 8 color schemes were reported. More than 70% of respondents recalled situations when confusion around a DNR order led to problems in patient care. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms to identify DNR orders vary significantly. For hospitals that use color-coded wristbands, the variety of color choices poses a risk for confusion and error. Building on existing and isolated state initiatives, a national mandate to standardize DNR identification and the color of patient wristbands would reduce the potential for errors and promote adherence to patients' wishes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:366–371. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Low-Pressure Shunt ‘Malfunction’ following Lumbar Puncture in Children with Shunted Obstructive Hydrocephalus

Most shunt malfunctions present with signs and symptoms of high intracranial pressure, and computed tomography scans demonstrate ventricular enlargement. However, several authors have described a rare
Flexible self-aligned double patterning aware detailed routing with prescribed layout planning

Self-aligned double patterning (SADP) is a promising manufacturing option for sub-22nm technology nodes. Studies have shown that SADP provides better overlay control than traditional litho-etch-litho-etch double patterning. However, the use of stitch is not allowed, which makes layout decomposition for SADP more difficult. It is necessary to find a new solution to handle pattern conflicts and consider SADP in earlier stages. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-layer SADP-aware detailed routing with prescribed layout planning. Our method is based on a correct-by-construction approach to take SADP compliancy into account during routing, and to achieve layout decomposition simultaneously. The experimental result shows that the proposed approach consistently achieves SADP-compliant solutions on both single-layer and multi-layer designs.
Caged tigers: ‘First wave’ feminists in India

Abstract Between the end of the nineteenth century and the Second World War, Indian women began to voice their grievances, form organizations for women only and formulate a women's rights ideology. Between the time when the three major all-India organizations were formed, 1917–1927, and Independence in 1947, women worked for female education and for legislation that would free women from traditional restrictions. This article examines their treatment of three issues: child marriage, purdah and the Hindu Code. The Conclusion evaluates the feminist ideology, the relationship between this ideology and nationalism, and the impact of this movement.