cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Difference in Ethical Abilities of Dental Students

Walker’s comprehensive review of claims of gender difference and gender bias in moral cognition concluded 1) that gender explains a negligible amount of the variability in moral reasoning development, 2) that accumulated evidence does not support claims of gender polarity in moral orientations (i.e., an ethic of care and an ethic of justice), and 3) that future research should focus on the range of psychological processes that engender moral maturity. This study examined whether male and female predoctoral dental students who completed an ethics curriculum grounded in Rest’s comprehensive model of moral functioning differed on measures of four capacities: moral sensitivity, moral reasoning, moral motivation, and moral implementation. From archival data at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, data on sixty females and sixty males were randomly selected from five cohorts (n=386) who completed an ethics curriculum and outcome measures of the four capacities between 1996 and 2000. Gender differences were not apparent for a measure of moral sensitivity, but were evident for one of the moral reasoning indices, for the responsibility dimension of moral motivation, and for the measure of moral implementation. Implications are drawn for future research and for professional ethics education.
Functional importance of a peripheral pocket in mammalian cytochrome P450 2B enzymes

The functional importance of a peripheral pocket found in previously published X-ray crystal structures of CYP2B4 and CYP2B6 was probed using a biophysical approach. Introduction of tryptophan within the pocket of CYP2B4 at F202 or I241 leads to marked impairment of 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-EFC) or 7-benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation efficiency; a similar substitution at F195, near the surface access to the pocket, does not affect these activities. The analogous CYP2B6 F202W mutant is inactive in the 7-EFC O-dealkylation assay. The stoichiometry of 7-EFC deethylation suggested that the decreased activity of F202W and I241W in CYP2B4 and lack of activity of F202W in CYP2B6 coincided with a sharp increase in the flux of reducing equivalents through the oxidase shunt to produce excess water. The results indicate that the chemical identity of residues within this peripheral pocket, but not at the mouth of the pocket, is important in substrate turnover and redox coupling, likely through effects on active site topology.
Lack of effect of feeding citrus by-products in reducing salmonella in experimentally infected weanling pigs.

The objective of the current research was to determine if feeding the citrus by-products D-limonene (DL) and citrus molasses would reduce the concentration and prevalence of Salmonella in weanling pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Twenty crossbred weanling pigs (average body weight [BW], 19.9 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: control, low-dose DL (1.5 ml/kg of BW per day), high-dose DL (3.0 ml/kg of BW per day), and citrus molasses (0.05 kg/kg of BW per day). Treatments were administered in the feed (twice daily) for 7 days, with one-half of the dose administered at each feeding. Fecal samples were collected twice daily (prior to administration of treatment) and cultured for quantitative and qualitative determination of the challenge strain of Salmonella. Upon termination of the study, pigs were euthanized and tissues from the stomach, ileum, cecum, spiral colon, and rectum, as well as luminal contents, were collected. In addition, the popliteal and ileocecal ly...
Assessment of Critical Thinking Courses

Courses in critical thinking at the college level taken by groups of about 20 appeared to be differentially effective with respect to gains in performance on a standardized test of evaluative thinking.
Rigidization of a Deployable Membrane Reflector

The effect of rigidization of an inflated membrane was studied. Of particular interest was the deformation induced by the curing of an epoxy resin on a thin membrane that is already inflated under vacuum pressure. The membrane material used was a Polyvinylidene Fluoride, (PVDF) film that can be electrically actuated to correct small amounts of shape anomalies in such reflectors. Depending on the required sensitivity ‘Moire Interferometry’ (0.1mm – 1 mm), or laser based ‘Electronic Speckle Interferometry’ (0.2microns – 100 microns) was used to provide the full displacement field over the entire surface. It was shown that the loss of vacuum due to the diffusion of air through polymer membranes makes it impossible to measure deformations induced by shrinkage at the micron level of sensitivity. A large deformation finite element code (ABAQUS) was used to model the inflation of a membrane and to study the subsequent change in deformation due to shrinkage induced by rigidization.
Bimetallic Ruthenium PNP Pincer Complex As a Platform to Model Proposed Intermediates in Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia

A series of ruthenium complexes was isolated and characterized in the course of reactions aimed at studying the reduction of hydrazine to ammonia in bimetallic systems. The diruthenium complex {[HPNPRu(N2)]2(μ-Cl)2}(BF4)2 (2) (HPNP = HN(CH2CH2PiPr2)2) reacted with 1 equiv of hydrazine to generate [(HPNPRu)2(μ2-H2NNH2)(μ-Cl)2](BF4)2 (3) and with an excess of the reagent to form [HPNPRu(NH3)(κ2-N2H4)](BF4)Cl (5). When phenylhydrazine was added to 2, the diazene species [(HPNPRu)2(μ2-HNNPh)(μ-Cl)2](BF4)2 (4) was obtained. Treatment of 2 with H2 or CO yielded {[HPNPRu(H2)]2(μ-Cl)2}(BF4)2 (7) and [HPNPRuCl(CO)2]BF4 (8), respectively. Abstraction of chloride using AgOSO2CF3 or AgBPh4 afforded the species [(HPNPRu)2(μ2-OSO2CF3)(μ-Cl)2]OSO2CF3 (9) and [(HPNPRu)2(μ-Cl)3]BPh4 (10), respectively. Complex 3 reacted with HCl/H2O or HCl/Et2O to produce ammonia stoichiometrically; the complex catalytically disproportionates hydrazine to generate ammonia.
Cofactor Requirements for Expression of Lactoferrin Bactericidal Activity on Enteric Bacteria

Lactoferrin (LF), is an iron-binding glycoprotein that is common to most mammalian excretions (1–3) and is a prominent component of the specific granule of neutrophilic leukocytes (4,5). It shares its distribution on mucosal surfaces with that of secretory IgA. Its high affinity binding in coordination with suitable anion has been well characterized (6–9). This ability to bind iron has been associated with a bacteriostatic deprivation of this essential nutrient (10–12). A variety of other biological activities have also been attributed to LF, including a direct bactericidal effect on a variety of bacteria (13,14). This killing mechanism is temperature and pH dependent and requires direct interaction of the LF with the bacterial cell surface (15). There are a variety of bacteria that are resistant to the bactericidal effects of purified LF binding including selected Gramnegative enteric bacteria (14). The resistance of these bacteria appears related, in part, to the impermeability of their outer cellular structures (16).
Tuberculosis of the spine.

Abstract Chemotherapeutic agents remain the cornerstone of treatment for spinal tuberculosis. The arguments that surgery is necessary for biopsy and to allow for removal of infection and its byproducts have been usurped by advanced biopsy techniques and trials demonstrating resolution of infection and most abscesses using chemotherapy. Although chemotherapy alone has been demonstrated to be effective for some neurologic deficits, those lesions that may be safely treated without surgery remain to be fully defined. Modern imaging techniques have allowed more precise diagnosis and identification of neural compression and the extent of bony involvement. Refinement and popularization of anterior surgical techniques have made decompression and reconstruction relatively safe in experienced hands. Lesions that possess a propensity towards kyphosis are more readily identifiable. The use of instrumentation in the face of active disease appears to be promising, though at present there is a relative paucity of supporting data. Despite these advances in treatment, it must be borne in mind that ultimately, the diagnosis of this relatively uncommon disorder must precede the treatment.
Theories of Economic Growth in Capitalist Countries

This paper will attempt to make some assessment of our continuing effort to understand better the growth process in both the mature and so-called less-developed economy contexts. In view of the massive nature of that effort and the necessarily superficial and hurried nature of these comments it should be remarked at the outset that the task has been approached with considerable trepidation, and that apologies are due both to those who may be misinterpreted and to those who may be neglected, due either to a lack of time or a lack of courage.
Time Resolved Laser Desorption

The combination of laser ionization and mass spectrometry has been used for a number of years for elemental analysis of solid surfaces [1] and the pyrolysis of nonvolatile compounds [2]. However, an article by KISTEMAKER et al. [3] in 1978 focussed attention on the use of laser desorption for the analysis of large, nonvolatile bio-organic molecules, using conditions which produce intact molecular ions. There have been a number of contributions since [4–9] which have generally indicated that the kinds of ions produced by laser desorption are similar to those common in spectra produced by field desorption, plasma desorption, secondary ion mass spectrometry, thermal desorption, and fast, atom bombardment (Fig. 1.).
A muscle-driven approach to restore stepping with an exoskeleton for individuals with paraplegia

Functional neuromuscular stimulation, lower limb orthosis, powered lower limb exoskeleton, and hybrid neuroprosthesis (HNP) technologies can restore stepping in individuals with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury (SCI). However, a self-contained muscle-driven controllable exoskeleton approach based on an implanted neural stimulator to restore walking has not been previously demonstrated, which could potentially result in system use outside the laboratory and viable for long term use or clinical testing. In this work, we designed and evaluated an untethered muscle-driven controllable exoskeleton to restore stepping in three individuals with paralysis from SCI. The self-contained HNP combined neural stimulation to activate the paralyzed muscles and generate joint torques for limb movements with a controllable lower limb exoskeleton to stabilize and support the user. An onboard controller processed exoskeleton sensor signals, determined appropriate exoskeletal constraints and stimulation commands for a finite state machine (FSM), and transmitted data over Bluetooth to an off-board computer for real-time monitoring and data recording. The FSM coordinated stimulation and exoskeletal constraints to enable functions, selected with a wireless finger switch user interface, for standing up, standing, stepping, or sitting down. In the stepping function, the FSM used a sensor-based gait event detector to determine transitions between gait phases of double stance, early swing, late swing, and weight acceptance. The HNP restored stepping in three individuals with motor complete paralysis due to SCI. The controller appropriately coordinated stimulation and exoskeletal constraints using the sensor-based FSM for subjects with different stimulation systems. The average range of motion at hip and knee joints during walking were 8.5°–20.8° and 14.0°–43.6°, respectively. Walking speeds varied from 0.03 to 0.06 m/s, and cadences from 10 to 20 steps/min. A self-contained muscle-driven exoskeleton was a feasible intervention to restore stepping in individuals with paraplegia due to SCI. The untethered hybrid system was capable of adjusting to different individuals’ needs to appropriately coordinate exoskeletal constraints with muscle activation using a sensor-driven FSM for stepping. Further improvements for out-of-the-laboratory use should include implantation of plantar flexor muscles to improve walking speed and power assist as needed at the hips and knees to maintain walking as muscles fatigue.
Conservative Management of Post-prostatectomy Incontinence

Conservative therapies for post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) are often the initial therapy offered to patients after radical prostatectomy. Lifestyle modifications have been shown to have some effect, while pelvic floor physiotherapy and electrical stimulation therapies can be helpful when paired together. Pharmacological agents have shown minimal effects on PPI, and more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary. Likewise, penile clamps have been demonstrated to provide some symptom relief when utilized properly. Although several bulking agents have shown good efficacy in treating female stress incontinence due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency, their use and efficacy in treating male post-prostatectomy incontinence are limited. In this chapter, we will explore the evidence and clinical relevance of nonsurgical treatments for PPI.
Delayed Reaction: The Tardy Embrace of Physical Organic Chemistry by the German Chemical Community.

The emergence of physical organic chemistry, which focuses on the mechanisms and structures of organic reactions and molecules using the tools of physical chemistry, was a major development in twen...
Using an Embedding Strategy to Teach Preschoolers with Significant Disabilities

The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, this study analyzed the effects of using response prompting procedures within an embedded skill approach on skill acquisition by 4 preschoolers with significant disabilities. Two target skills were identified from each student's IEP and taught during three preschool activities. A multiple probe across subjects design assessed the effects of the intervention. All students made progress above baseline performance. More importantly, there was consistency in performance of the target skills across at least two of the three activities for all children. Second, the reliability with which paraprofessionals in the preschool setting implemented response prompting procedures was evaluated. Data indicated that the paraprofessionals implemented the procedures with a high degree of accuracy. The impact of embedded skill instruction is addressed, as well as the impact of using non-degreed personnel to teach students with significant disabilities within inclusive preschool programs.
Curriculum Design for a Disability Studies Minor: An Interdisciplinary Approach

The purpose of this paper is to present a model for a Disabilities Studies minor that serves students with a health and human services interest as well as students who are not typically associated ...
Studies on c-myc regulation in normal and transformed cells.

Structural alterations involving the c-myc locus and concomitant dysregulation of this proto-oncogene’s normal pattern of expression are common features of a variety of tumors and transformed cells. The structural changes which have been identified thus far are chromosome translocation, retroviral insertion and DNA. amplification (Klein and Klein, 1985; Cory, 1986).
Pharmacotherapy Considerations in Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Therapeutic Implications for Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) claims almost as many women’s lives as the next five diseases states in combination [1]. Furthermore, women who sustain a myocardial infarction (MI) have higher morbidity and mortality compared with men. Typically the higher risk is within the first 30 days of MI however some studies have shown the higher risk in women to be present for up to 1 year [2]. Due to the higher risk of morbidity and mortality it is imperative that clinicians treat women with effective and evidence based therapeutic regimens. Based on guidelines, patients with heart disease should be prescribed a myriad of medications from anti-hypertensives, lipid lowering medications, anticoagulants and/or anti-arrhythmics. Due to lack of therapeutic studies in special populations and or misunderstanding of the available data, women and elderly patients are less likely to receive these vital medications, even when coronary artery disease is documented or after myocardial infarction [3]. The limited therapeutic interventional studies performed in women have contributed to some of the confusion, but the studies available suggest that women benefit as much or more than men in some instances.
The effect of donor age on posttransplant mortality in a cohort of adult cardiac transplant recipients aged 18-45.

Hearts from older donors are increasingly utilized for transplantation due to unmet demand. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the prognosis of recipients of advanced age donor hearts, especially in young recipients. A retrospective analysis was performed on 11 433 patients aged 18 to 45 who received a cardiac transplant from 2000 to 2017. Overall, 10 279 patients received hearts from donors less than 45 and 1145 from donors greater than 45. Recipients of older donors were older (37 vs. 34 years, P < .01) and had higher rates of inotropic dependence (48% vs. 42%, P < .01). However, groups were similar in terms of comorbidities and dependence on mechanical circulatory support. Median survival for recipients of older donors was reduced by 2.6 years (12.6 vs. 15.2, P < .01). Multivariable analysis demonstrated donor age greater than 45 to be a predictor of mortality (HR 1.18 [1.05-1.33], P = .01). However, when restricting the analysis to patients who received a donor with a negative preprocurement angiogram, donor age only had a borderline association with mortality (HR 1.20 [0.98-1.46], P = .06). Older donor hearts in young recipients are associated with decreased long-term survival, however this risk is reduced in donors without atherosclerosis. The long-term hazard of this practice should be carefully weighed against the risk of waitlist mortality.
Transformational Leadership and the Proliferation of Community College Leadership Frameworks: A Systematic Review of the Literature

ABSTRACTDue to a significant turnover of community college presidents, considerable research has emerged on the topic of community college leadership in recent years. What competencies, skills, kno...
1165-P: In Vitro Actions of a Novel Biguanide (BIG), NT1195, That Support Its Use in T2D

Metformin, a frontline treatment for T2D, is a BIG drug with low potency and limiting side effects. To overcome these limitations, we examined a compound library of 265 novel BIGs by screening these agents against five organic cationic transporters (OCTs) (OCTs 1, 2 and 3, PMATE and MATE1), an approach based on the need of OCTs for BIG cell entry and action. mRNA expression data from vervet monkey liver, fat and muscle showed OCT1, OCT3, PMAT and MATE1 were the predominate transporters and were used to guide our search for more potent and selective BIGs. BIG transport activity was measured by a decrease in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in HEK 293 cells that express a single OCT and the results reported as EC 50 values. Following the screening, we identified NT1195 from its EC 50 transport values of 25, 5, 12, 3 and 57 uM respectively for OCT1, 2 and 3, PMAT and MATE1 when compared to those for metformin of 409, 320, 133, 288 and 5,993 uM. Other cellular effects of NT1195 were then examined in human adipocytes and myotubes, and in H4-lle liver cells. AMPK activation, a basic feature of BIG action, was increased by 6-fold over basal by NT1195 in fat cells versus a 3-fold increase by metformin; the EC 50 values were respectively 78 uM and 4,928 uM. NT1195 stimulated AMPK in myotubes by 3-fold with an EC 50 of 1,994 uM; metformin stimulation AMPK by 1.8-fold with an EC 50 of 7,817 uM. Both agents produced a 2-fold activation of AMPK in H4-II e cells but with different EC 50 values of 641 uM for NT1195 and 5,576 uM for metformin. Glucose production by H4-IIe cells was inhibited 90% by both BIGs, whereas the EC 50 values were 32 nM for NT1195 and 285 uM for metformin. NT1195 inhibited lipolysis in human fat cells stimulated by isoproterenol by 90% with an EC 50 of 286 uM while metformin inhibited lipolysis by 66% with an EC 50 of 4,360 uM. Therefore overall, these findings demonstrate the much greater potency of NT1195 over metformin and supports its potential as an improved therapeutic for T2D. Disclosure J.N. Livingston: Consultant; Self; CohBar, Inc. Employee; Self; NovoTarg Therapeutics. J.E. Cobb: Consultant; Self; NovaTarg Therapeutics. K.K. Brown: None. K. Kavanagh: Research Support; Self; Takeda Development Centre Europe Ltd. K.W. Batchelor: None. Funding National Institutes of Health
Preconception serum lipids and lipophilic micronutrient levels are associated with live birth rates after IVF

Abstract Research question Is a mixture of preconception serum lipids and lipophilic micronutrients associated with clinical pregnancy and live births? Design In this prospective cohort study, blood serum was collected on the day of oocyte retrieval for 180 women undergoing IVF at an academic reproductive health centre. Concentrations of lipids (phospholipids, total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides) and lipophilic micronutrients (α-, δ-, and γ-tocopherols, retinol, β- and α-carotenes, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and lycopene) were determined using diagnostic reagent kits and high-performance liquid chromatography. Poisson regression was used with robust variance estimation to evaluate changes in Z-scores for the mixture of serum lipid and lipophilic micronutrient concentrations as predictors of embryo implantation, clinical pregnancy and live birth, adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), race, smoking status, infertility diagnosis, ovarian stimulation protocol and other measured lipid and lipophilic micronutrient concentrations. Results Each SD higher serum triglyceride concentration was associated with a lower chance of live birth (RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.90) whereas a 1 SD higher serum α-tocopherol concentration, as part of a mixture of serum lipids and lipophilic micronutrients, was associated with a higher likelihood for a live birth (RR 1.61; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.36). Serum β-carotene concentrations were associated with live birth in a non-linear fashion; low β-carotene was associated with a lower chance of live birth and high β-carotene with a higher chance of live birth. Conclusion Although components of a mixture of lipids and lipophilic micronutrients were associated with live birth outcomes after IVF, a larger investigation is necessary to fully evaluate the potential clinical implications.
Nonoperative Management of Hip Labral Tears Yields Similar Total Hip Arthroplasty Conversion Rate to Arthroscopic Treatment.

Abstract Background Arthroscopic treatment of hip labral tears has increased significantly in recent years. There is limited evidence comparing nonoperative management to arthroscopic treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the progression to total hip arthroplasty (THA), as well as the cost associated with arthroscopic management of labral tears compared to nonoperative treatment. Methods The Humana claims database was queried from 2007 through 2016. International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to identify patients with hip labral tears and hip arthroscopy and THA procedures. Two cohorts were created: a nonoperative group and an operative group. Following propensity score matching, the rate of conversion and time to THA conversion were calculated. Cost was calculated using the total cost reimbursed for encounters within 6 months. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test, and categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square test. Results After propensity matching, 864 patients were included in the analysis. The conversion rate to THA in the operative group (6.7%) and the nonoperative group (5.3%) was not statistically different (P = .391). The operative group had a longer time to THA (21.5 ± 16.8 months) than the nonoperative group (15.9 ± 19.5 months; P = .044). The cost for the operative group was significantly higher ($14,266.55 ± $7187.96) compared to the nonoperative group ($2941.96 ± $2664.00; P Conclusion This study did not find a difference in the rate of conversion to THA for operative vs nonoperative groups. Time to THA in the operative group was longer, however, at the expense of higher costs.
Epilepsie und bilaterale Basalganglienverkalkungen: zwei neuropädiatrische Fälle

Atiologische Faktoren sind ausschlaggebend fur die Behandlung und Prognose kindlicher Epilepsiesyndrome. Wir beschreiben zwei Kinder die uber mehrere Jahre mit Antiepileptika wegen rezidivierender Anfalle behandelt wurden. Eine erweiterte Diagnostik demonstrierte bilaterale Basalganglienverkalkungen im MRT und die Labordiagnostik bot Hinweise fur einen Hypoparathyreoidismus und Pseudohypoparathyreoidismus bei den beschriebenen Patienten. Erst die kausale Therapie fuhrte zu einer kompletten Remission der Anfalle und assozierten Symptomatik beider Patienten. Bilateral Basalganglienverkalkungen sollten nicht als idiopathisch betrachtet werden bevor symptomatische Ursachen ausgeschlossen wurden. Dies gilt insbesondere fur das Kindesalter.
Tracking control of vertical taking‐off and landing vehicles with parametric uncertainty

Summary This paper considers the position and attitude tracking control of a quadrotor with inertia parameter uncertainty. With the aid of the cascade structure of the dynamics of the system, an im...
NFEH: An SDN Framework for Containerized Network Function-enabled End Hosts

Network infrastructure operation and management are becoming increasingly complex. This complexity is a result of multi-vendor devices, distributed platforms, and the numerous protocols for control and management present in the network. Previous studies indicate that shifting network functions from the core network infrastructure to the end hosts offers network benefits and reduces the dependencies on the core infrastructure. In this research, we propose a novel framework to enable network functions on end hosts by utilizing container virtualization technologies. The lightweight and flexible nature of containers facilitate simple deployment and management while enabling application-specific intelligence to reside on the end host relieving the core network infrastructure of these complexities. To achieve this, we implement software-defined networking (SDN) concepts and technologies to enable centralized control of end-host network functions. Functional validation of the proposed framework is performed using Voice over IP (VoIP), with the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), as the network function and the experiment results indicate that the containerized VoIP functions can operate on the end host, simplifying network management and enabling a simple network core.
Adsorption-controlled growth of MnTe (Bi 2 Te 3 )n by molecular beam epitaxy exhibiting stoichiometry-controlled magnetism

We report the growth of the intrinsic magnetic topological system $\mathrm{MnTe}{({\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3})}_{n}$ by molecular beam epitaxy. By mapping the temperature and the Bi:Mn flux ratio, it is shown that there is a narrow growth window for the $n=1$ phase $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$ with $2.0l\mathrm{Bi}:\mathrm{Mn}l2.6$ at 225 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Here the films are stoichiometric and excess Bi and Te is not incorporated. At higher flux ratios (Bi:Mn\ensuremath{\ge}4.5) it is found that the $n=2\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}{\mathrm{Te}}_{7}$ phase is stabilized. Transport measurements indicate that the $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}{\mathrm{Te}}_{7}$ undergo magnetic transitions around 25 and 10 K, respectively, consistent with antiferromagnetic phases found in the bulk. Further, for Mn-rich conditions (Bi:Mn2), ferromagnetism emerges that exhibits a clear hysteretic state in the Hall effect, which likely indicates Mn-doped $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$. Understanding how to grow ternary chalcogenide phases is the key to synthesizing new materials and to interface magnetism and topology, which together are routes to realize and control exotic quantum phenomena.
Choice: Examining a Differentiated Strategy:

This article addresses the differentiated strategy of choice. The author describes types of questions and how they affect self-regulation skills that are essential to the multiple personal and soci...
Yayasan Tahija and Venture Philanthropy: The Eliminate Dengue Project (A)

In 2011, the Tahija family foundation, Yayasan Tahija, in Indonesia, was considering various options in continuing its philanthropic work. Throughout its existence, the foundation had supported projects in education, health, social services, environmental conservation, and other areas, and had a reputation as one of the leading philanthropic foundations in Indonesia. Its projects included, among others, providing scholarships, promoting conversation, and improving educational infrastructure. In the last several years, the foundation had funded programs to eliminate mosquitos and thus fight dengue fever, but these efforts had failed. The foundation now had to decide whether to abandon its efforts and tackle other pressing issues, or to stay with the fight against dengue fever using alternative methods. Dengue fever affected a quarter of the world's population, with most of the afflicted in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The Tahija family members involved in the foundation were intrigued by the World Mosquito Project, which espoused injecting a particular bacteria into mosquitos that would slow or stop the spread of the dengue virus. The methods were untested, but had a lot of promise.There were safer bets: funding medical research or environmental causes, for example, but the foundation leaders believed eradicating dengue fever was an essential project. What should Yayasan Tahija do? Excerpt UVA-E-0427 Mar. 19, 2021 Yayasan Tahija and Venture Philanthropy: The Eliminate Dengue Project (A) In 2011, the Tahija family foundation, Yayasan Tahija, had an important decision to make. Over the last six years, the foundation had invested a total of more than $ 5 million in a project to stop the spread of dengue fever, a dreaded disease transmitted by mosquitos. The project, using a sophisticated model of water temperatures supplied by NASA, involved treating water containers with a chemical that changed mosquito larvae in a way that would lead to fewer outbreaks of the disease and lessen the overall consequences of an outbreak. Unfortunately, the project had not been successful and foundation leadership had to consider whether to continue the fight against dengue fever using alternative methods, or switch gears and tackle other pressing issues. Yayasan Tahija . . .
On Sacred Land

2010 through the present marked a prolific uptick in land use discrimination against Muslims – 160% greater than that of the post-9/11 period. Most startlingly, only 20% of Muslim land use disputes were resolved without a federal suit, compared to 84% of suits involving a non- Muslim claimant. This highlights the staunch resistance many local governments have against the creation of mosques and other Muslim institutions, and how the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Person’s Act (RLUIPA) counters this form of religious discrimination during an era of shrunken judicial protection following Employment Division v. Smith. The Anti-Sharia Movement, which also emerged in 2010, casts Islam as un-American and Muslim institutions as symbols of threat. It endorses these fears through legislation introduced at the state level. This Article ties the rise in Muslim land use discrimination to the projective influence of the Anti-Sharia Movement on local governments. It makes three entwined arguments: First, that the discriminatory posture of municipal governments toward Muslim land use requests is shaped by the local effect of the anti- Sharia Movement; Second, that RLUIPA enforcement not only overrides discriminatory denials of Muslim land use requests, but restores collective and collateral rights to Muslim communities by facilitating the creation of institutions vital for religious expression; and Third, RLUIPA relief retrenches the municipal entanglement of the Anti-Sharia Movement by imposing penalties—which have a deterrent effect on prospective discrimination against Muslims within the land use realm, and beyond. This analysis follows with proposals aimed at enhancing RLUIPA’s capacity to protect Muslims, and other religious minority groups, from land use discrimination during a moment of rising racial and religious animus. Looking ahead, this Article is also concerned with the other side of the religious freedom debate. And, from the vantage point of the Establishment Clause, concludes with an appeal for coordinated strategies by vulnerable religious minority and LGBTQ groups – common targets of movements that wield religious freedom as a basis for discrimination.
The Science of Health Care Worker Burnout: Assessing and Improving Health Care Worker Well-Being.

CONTEXT.­: Problems with health care worker (HCW) well-being have become a leading concern in medicine given their severity and robust links to outcomes like medical error, mortality, and turnover. OBJECTIVE.­: To describe the state of the science regarding HCW well-being, including how it is measured, what outcomes it predicts, and what institutional and individual interventions appear to reduce it. DATA SOURCES.­: Peer review articles as well as multiple large data sets collected within our own research team are used to describe the nature of burnout, associations with institutional resources, and individual tools to improve well-being. CONCLUSIONS.­: Rates of HCW burnout are alarmingly high, placing the health and safety of patients and HCWs at risk. To help address the urgent need to help HCWs, we summarize some of the most promising early interventions, and point toward future research that uses standardized metrics to evaluate interventions (with a focus on low-cost institutional and personal interventions).
Intermediate Dutch: A Grammar and Workbook

Selected Contents: Preface 1. Conjunctions 2. Conjunctional adverbs 3. Nouns 4. Adjectives 5. Possessives 6. Indefinite pronouns 7. The pronouns 'zich', 'zelf' and 'elkaar' 8. Demonstratives 9. Negatives 20. The passive 21. Infinitive constructions 23. Prepositions Appendix: Strong and irregular verbs. Answer Key. Index
Electron Correlation Energies in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

A general problem for the understanding of the properties of localized defect states in the gap of semiconductors is the question of electron correlation. Usually, the influence of correlation effects on the energy-levels of a localized gap state is expressed in terms of the effective correlation energy, Ueff, which describes the difference in total electronic energy due to occupation of the same defect state by one or two electrons: $$U_{eff} = E\left( {D^2 } \right) - 2E\left( {D^1 } \right),$$ (1a)
Two New Books Rethinking Antiracist Intragroup and Intergroup DialogueIntellectual Empathy: Critical Thinking for Social Justice, by Linker, M.Intergroup Dialogue: Engaging Difference, Social Identities and Social Justice, by Zúñiga, X., Lopez, G., Ford, K. A.

Dozens of important books have been published in recent years on the topic of antiracist dialogue for teaching and clinical practice—premised on the idea that reflective, face-to-face interactions ...
Puerperal breast abscess

Abstract The mechanism of breast infection is most likely one in which the infant acquires the pathogenic staphylococcus either in the hospital or home environment and transmits it to the breast upon suckling. Under favorable conditions of milk stasis, retrograde invasion of the duct occurs and an inflammatory process is initiated which may progress to abscess formation. Since the average duration of symptoms was 7.7 days before the patients sought medical care, personalized postpartum instruction to nursing mothers seems essential. This would permit earlier awareness of breast abnormality and allow for prompt antibiotic therapy in order to circumvent abscess formation. Infants who exhibit signs of upper respiratory infection should be removed from the breast, isolated (manual emptying of breasts instituted temporarily), and receive proper antibiotic care. In such cases the two conditions apparently necessary for promoting breast infection are present: (a) inability of sick infants to feed well with resultant ineffectual emptying of breasts, thereby promoting stasis and stagnation, and (b) the presence of a pathogenic organism in the upper respiratory tract of the infant. Infants of mothers who display breast infection should be placed in the isolation nursery and given antibiotic treatment. In smaller hospitals, when mastitis appears on the maternity floor, it would be feasible to administer antibiotics prophylactically to all infants in an attempt to prevent cross infection. At Cook County Hospital this practice would be virtually impossible. All normal postpartum patients leave the institution within 48 to 72 hours of delivery, long before signs and symptoms of infection are manifested. Also, the distribution of drugs to infants numbering in excess of 1,200 per month is in itself a prohibitive procedure. The ultimate but drastic measure for prevention of breast infection would be to eliminate all breast feeding during periods of increased breast infection. Breast feeding could be resumed when the infection has been curtailed. This protracted series of augmented numbers of breast infections would indicate that more than an “outbreak” has occurred. It is more plausible that a new norm or standard of bacterial virulence has been established, which is refractory to the more commonly used antibiotics, particularly penicillin.
Web Teaching and Learning Programming Environment Based on Plan Method and Constructs

Plan integrations and misconception of programming language constructs have been two major errors of novice programmers. A good design model can have a great impact on the effectiveness of these systems. A plan is an abstraction that visually provides a solution to a problem or to a sub-problem representing a problem from its macro level down to its micro level. Any important concept is a plan and it is up to the educator and level of learner to decide a particular plan. A plan can be visually represented by a dot, a geometric shape or an image. The Web Visual Learning System (WVLS) divides the process of learning and its enforcement into three selectable phases known as plan observation, plan integration, and plan creation. WVLS initially provides a library of sample problems (plans) working with all three phases. A learner can observe the process of solving a problem, become involved in a partial solution, or solve the problem entirely from beginning to end. A mixture of learning strategies and techniques is incorporated in WVLS to satisfy a wide range of learners. WVLS will identify and report the cause of problems to the learner. A systematic approach to analysing a solution based on plan relationships indicates whether a plan is missing, misplaced, malformed, or has a misconception.
Induction of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and the Oncogenicity of Marek's Disease Virus

Leukocytes recovered from birds inoculated with an oncogenic strain of Marek's disease virus synthesized deoxyribonucleic acid in vitro at a rate 7.9 times that of leukocytes from normal birds or birds inoculated with the nononcogenic herpesvirus of turkeys. A close relationship was observed between the level of in vitro deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and in vivo tumor formation.
Estimating ionospheric delay using kriging: 1. Methodology

[1] The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is an augmentation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) that provides safe and reliable use of GPS signals for airline navigation over much of North America. Ever since WAAS was first commissioned in July of 2003, the vertical delay estimate at each node in the WAAS ionospheric grid has been determined from a planar fit of slant delay measurements, projected to vertical using an obliquity factor specified by the standard thin shell model of the ionosphere. In a future WAAS upgrade (WAAS Follow-On Release 3), however, the vertical delay will be estimated by an established, geo-statistical technique known as kriging. When compared to the planar fit model, the kriging model is generally found to match better the observed random structure of the vertical delay. This paper presents the kriging methodology to be used to estimate the vertical delay and its uncertainty at each ionospheric grid point. In addition, it provides examples of the improvement in delay accuracy achieved. Under disturbed conditions, the implementation of kriging reduces the magnitude of the root mean square fit residual by up to 15%.
Endogenous neurotensin facilitates visceral nociception and is required for stress-induced antinociception in mice and rats.

Central neurotensin (NT) administration can both facilitate and inhibit somatic and visceral nociception, depending on the dose and administration site. NT microinjection in the rostroventral medulla facilitates nociception at low doses, while NT antagonist microinjection can markedly attenuate nociception, supporting the hypothesis that endogenous NT facilitates nociception. However, higher doses of NT produce a μ-opioid receptor-independent analgesia, similar to that resulting from various intense stressors. Furthermore, intense stress results in increased NT expression in several hypothalamic nuclei that have been implicated in stress-induced antinociception (SIAN); however, there is little direct evidence that endogenous NT is required for SIAN. We have investigated the role of endogenous NT in both basal visceral nociception and SIAN using both NT knockout mice and pharmacological approaches in rats. Visceral nociception was monitored by measuring visceromotor responses during colorectal distension both prior to and following water avoidance stress. Visceral nociception was significantly attenuated in both NT knockout mice and rats pre-treated with the NT antagonist SR 48692. Disruption of NT signaling also blocked SIAN, revealing a novel stress-induced hyperalgesic response that was significantly greater in female than in male rats. NT was also required for acetic acid-induced hyperalgesia. These results indicate that endogenous NT normally facilitates visceral pain responses, is required for irritant-induced hyperalgesia, and plays a critical role in SIAN.
Identification of a Potential Molecular Link Between the Glucocorticoid and Serotonergic Signaling Systems

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)) signaling systems play a pivotal role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but the molecular nature of interactions between these two systems remain largely unidentified. We used computational and experimental approaches to evaluate if DNA-protein interactions would provide a molecular link for the interaction between 5-HT and GR systems. Bioinformatic analysis identified nine binding sites in various serotonin receptors (HTR1D, HTR1F, HTR2A, HTR3A, and HTR6) for transcription factors in the GR family. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) using HeLa nuclear extract and purified full-length GR verified most of the predicted DNA-protein interactions. Six binding sites verified by EMSA results were evolutionarily conserved in multiple species. Multiple lines of evidence from computational and experimental analyses in this study support the potential of a molecular link between 5-HT and GR signaling systems. This finding provides new approaches to studies directed at mechanisms for glucocorticoid negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis involving 5-HT and interventional studies directed to neuropsychiatric diseases.
Increasing Mechanical Strength of Gelatin Hydrogels by Divalent Metal Ion Removal

The usage of gelatin hydrogel is limited due to its instability and poor mechanical properties, especially under physiological conditions. Divalent metal ions present in gelatin such as Ca2+ and Fe2+ play important roles in the gelatin molecule interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of divalent ion removal on the stability and mechanical properties of gelatin gels with and without chemical crosslinking. The gelatin solution was purified by Chelex resin to replace divalent metal ions with sodium ions. The gel was then chemically crosslinked by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). Results showed that the removal of divalent metal ions significantly impacted the formation of the gelatin network. The purified gelatin hydrogels had less interactions between gelatin molecules and form larger-pore network which enabled EDC to penetrate and crosslink the gel more efficiently. The crosslinked purified gels showed small swelling ratio, higher crosslinking density and dramatically increased storage and loss moduli. The removal of divalent ions is a simple yet effective method that can significantly improve the stability and strength of gelatin hydrogels. The in vitro cell culture demonstrated that the purified gelatin maintained its ability to support cell attachment and spreading.
Acoustic wavefront imaging

We introduce a new class of experiments which provide graphic insights into the propagation of acoustic waves in anisotropic media. Simply stated, we have devised a means of observing the expanding acoustic wavefront from a point disturbance in a solid. The data may be viewed as a movie or a series of snapshots. The observed wavefronts represent the group-velocity surfaces of acoustic waves, which reflect the basic elastic anisotropy of the solid. The technique has been applied to coherent acoustic waves with frequencies in the megahertz range (at ambient temperatures) and to incoherent heat pulses in the hundred-gigahertz range (at liquid-helium temperatures). In this article, we first provide a pedagogical introduction to wave propagation in elastically anisotropic media, reviewing some early methods for visualizing acoustic waves. Next, we describe the “acoustic wavefront imaging” method and give representative results in crystals and composite materials. Finally, we show how this method relates to recent advances in phonon imaging and internal diffraction of ultrasound.
Building A Framework For Two Internal Organizational Approaches To Resolving And Preventing Workplace Bullying: Alternative Dispute Resolution And Training

Workplace bullying is behavior that threatens, intimidates, humiliates, or isolates people at work, or undermines their reputation or job performance. Moving beyond research, academics and employment practitioners are beginning to address the need to design and implement organizational antibullying policies, training, conflict management programs and systems, and possibly, antibullying public policy and legislation. Consultants will play a key role in helping organizations develop and implement internal organizational programs. In this paper the authors describe alternative dispute resolution systems and workplace training. Key objectives include arriving at a clear definition of workplace bullying, fostering individual, organizational, and societal awareness of the prevalence and consequences of workplace bullying; and providing specific guidance and mechanisms for individuals, managers, human resource departments, corporate leadership, union representatives, attorneys, physicians, counselors, psychologists, and psychiatrists, for preventing and handling bullying incidents.
A semiclassical, dynamic model of methane☆

Abstract In this paper we present a semiclassical, dynamic model of the ground state methane molecule. The resulting 13-body problem is solved numerically using energy conserving methodology. The bond length and bond angle results are in complete agreement with experimental results.