cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Markers and Meanings of Growing Up Contemporary Young Women's Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood

Growing up in the shadow of the women's movement dramatically influences how young women think about their life course transitions. Although prior research has examined the objective markers of adulthood, we know little about how young women themselves perceive these markers. This article examines the subjective meanings of the transition to adulthood among 42 young women who were part of the Youth Development Study. While interviewees saw becoming a parent and becoming financially independent as reflecting an adult orientation, completing schooling was tied to class-differentiated views of growing up. In addition, respondents did not see beginning full-time work and getting married as associated with growing up. Three key themes emerged as young women discussed their lives: independence/self-reliance, self-development, and uncertainty. These themes suggest that young women are partially “living feminism” (bringing aspects of feminist ideology and attitudes into their lives) as they make the transition to...
VLAP: results immediately post-op

Visual laser ablation of the prostate (VLAP) has been shown to be as effective with fewer complications than TURP in the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Questions have been raised about VLAP regarding prolonged irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms postoperatively. It is postulated that these symptoms are due to the slow slough of necrotic debris following VLAP. In an effort to improve upon the technique of VLAP, patients underwent lasing of the prostate in the routine manner (2, 4, 8, and 10 o'clock positions with sixty watts for sixty seconds) using Nd:YAG free beam energy. A bladder neck incision was then performed using a contact laser fiber. International prostate symptom score assessments were done preoperatively; one week and six weeks postoperatively. Post void residual urine volumes and prostate size were also evaluated. The findings indicate that symptom scores and post void residual urine volumes have significantly improved within ten days postoperatively using this technique.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A model for simulating the towing performance of the bongo sampler

Abstract The bongo sampler is an obliquely towed sampling system for determining depth-averaged plankton abundances. Ideally, the bongo sampler samples each depth equally assuming a linear time-depth relationship. In practice the path followed by the sampler may be curved to some extent due to the differing towing behaviors of the net and the cable supporting it. This curvature results in the vertical rate of descent or ascent of the sampler being depth-dependent which in turn leads to the introduction of a depth-dependent sampling bias. Further sampling bias can occur if there are depth variations in the current through which the sampler is towed. In this paper, a numerical model is developed to describe the towing performance of the bongo sampler. Simulations are presented which demonstrate how this performance depends on such parameters as the cable type, the cable payout and retrieval rates, the towing speed, the net and cable drag coefficients, and the weight on the net. To test the sensitivity of the towing performance on depth-variable currents, tows through a two-layer current system are simulated. For the cases presented, which could approximate actual situations, significant sampling biases appear to occur.
A New Approach to Modeling Discrete Nonlinear Constraints in Continuous Systems: The Method of Discontinuous Basis Functions

Solutions for analytical models of systems with nonlinear constraints have focused on exact methods for satisfying the constraint conditions. Exact methods often require that the constraint can be expressed in a piecewise-linear manner, and result in a series of mapping equations from one linear regime of the constraint to the next. Due to the complexity of these methods, exact methods are often limited to analyzing a small number of constraints for practical reasons. This paper proposes a new method for analyzing continuous systems with arbitrary nonlinear constraints by approximately satisfying the constraint conditions. Instead of dividing the constraints into multiple linear regimes, a discontinuous basis function is used to supplement the system’s linear basis functions. As a result, precise contact times are not needed, enabling this method to be more computationally efficient than exact methods. While the discontinuous basis functions are continuous in displacement, their derivatives contain discontinuities that allow for the nonlinear forces to be accounted for with the assumption that the nonlinear constraints are able to be modeled in a discrete manner. Since each nonlinear constraint requires only one associated discontinuous basis function, this method is easily expanded to handle large numbers of constraints. In order to illustrate the application of this method, an example with a pinned-pinned beam is presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Exciton sizes of conducting polymers predicted by time-dependent density functional theory

The electronic structure and size scaling of spectroscopic observables in conjugated polymers are investigated using time-dependent density functional theory. We show that local density approximations and gradient-corrected functionals do not have an effective attractive Coulomb interaction between photoexcited electron-hole pairs to form bound states and therefore do not reproduce finite exciton sizes. Long-range nonlocal and nonadiabatic density functional corrections (such as hybrid mixing with an exact Hartree-Fock exchange) are necessary to capture correct delocalization of photoexcitations in one-dimensional polymeric chains.
Hyperbaric oxygen effects on brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) envenomation in rabbits.

Abstract Hyperbaric oxygen effects on brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) envenomation in rabbits. Toxicon29, 989–996, 1991.—Human loxoscelism was modeled in albino rabbits by injection of brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) venom, and the effects of daily or twice-daily hyperbaric oxygen treatment on wound healing were investigated. Lesions similar to those seen in humans were produced in rabbits by intradermal injection of 200 μl of a venom extract (0.21 μg protein per μl), including edema and erythema, ischemia and cyanosis in the first 12 hr, extensive purpura by 24 hr, and crateriform ulcer formation by day four, with induration and eschar formation. Hyperbaric oxygen treatments, consisting of two atmospheres absolute (2 ATA) for 60 min, were applied daily (n = 8) or twice daily (n = 8), while control animals (n = 8) received no treatment. Treatments were initiated 72 hr after venom injection (day 3) to duplicate typical clinical treatment delays, and were administered for seven consecutive days. No significant effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on lesion healing were seen as measured by lesion area. However, histologic evaluation of wound tissue collected at euthanasia on day 24 showed clear differences between rabbits receiving twice-daily treatments and those receiving daily or no treatment. The former showed complete re-epithelization or slight ulceration, while the latter usually had necrotic cavities extending into the dermis, with myonecrosis and inflammatory cell accumulation. Thus, no superficial differences were seen between groups, but twice-daily treatments resulted in enhanced recovery at the histologic level.
CNS FORUM Advancements in Clinical Trials and Drug Development Philadelphia, PA, USA, July 29–30, 2003

Keywords: Clinical trials; CNS drugs; Cognition; Neuropathic pain; Pramipexole; Rotigotine; Schizophrenia
Tactual recognition of embossed Morse code, letters, and braille

A series of experiments was performed to evaluate the relative utility of embossed codes. Blindfolded sighted subjects attempted tactual recognition of braille, printed capital letters, and an embossed Morse code. Accuracy was generally similar for large embossed printed letters and braille. However, Morse code required much longer exploration times than did the other symbols.
Advancing a Research Agenda for Leadership in Dangerous Contexts

We propose that leadership is uniquely contextualized when confronting dangerous contexts such that specific causations and contingencies occur that are not present in non-dangerous contexts. Yet w...
Inversion of configuration at the metal in diastereomeric imido alkylidene monoaryloxide monopyrrolide complexes of molybdenum.

The two diastereomers of Mo(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(2,5-dimethylpyrrolide)(1), (SMR1)-2 and (RMR1)-2, respectively, where 1 is an enantiomerically pure (R) phenoxide and Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, form add...
Sulfur Gas Emissions From Stored Flue Gas Desulfurization Sludges

The emissions of volatile sulfur-containing compounds from 13 flue gas desulfurization (FGD) sludge field storage sites have been characterized. Sulfur gas emissions from the sludge surfaces were determined by measuring the sulfur gas enhancement of sulfur-free sweep air passing through a dynamic emission flux chamber placed over selected sampling sites. Samples of the enclosure sweep air were cryogenically concentrated in surface-deactivated Pyrex “U” traps. Analyses were conducted by wall-coated, open-tubular, capillary column, cyrogenic gas chromatography using a sulfur-selective, flame photometric detector. Several major variables associated with FGD sludge production processes were examined in relation to the measured range and variations in sulfur fluxes including: (a) the sulfur dioxide scrubbing reagent used, (b) sludge sulfite oxidation, (c) “unfixed” or “fixed” FGD sludge, and (d) ponding or landfill storage. The composition and concentration of the measured sulfur gas emissions were found to va...
IT Project Failure: A Proposed Four-Phased Adaptive Multi-Method Approach

Abstract In the field of Information Technology (IT) there is an observable trend toward project failure. Although multiple actions have attempted to address this failure trend, they have not impacted the extent of the trend. As the projections for IT investment increase by a magnitude of 3.5% (annual average) and IT project failures report losses in the billions [1] , it is anticipated that this trend will become ever steeper in the coming years. This problem and the magnitude of its reported impact demand researchers and practitioners alike take a hard look at the way that projects have been conducted historically in order to seek effective and holistic approaches to assess and ultimately rectify this systemic issue. Much of the research on IT projects to date addresses “success” factors with no accounting of or focus on “failures” and their respective potential root causes. This paper focuses on “Adaptive Experimentation,” a proposed four-phased research methodology incorporating a multi-method approach which integrates Grounded Theory principles to expose potential theoretical “blind spots” unexplored to date (validation and classification of reported IT “failure” categories) and explores this systemic matter from a social lens framework by incorporating IT Intangible Social Factors (IFSs).
Anthropogenic Influences on Macro-Level Mammal Occupancy in the Appalachian Trail Corridor

Anthropogenic effects on wildlife are typically assessed at the local level, but it is often difficult to extrapolate to larger spatial extents. Macro-level occupancy studies are one way to assess impacts of multiple disturbance factors that might vary over different geographic extents. Here we assess anthropogenic effects on occupancy and distribution for several mammal species within the Appalachian Trail (AT), a forest corridor that extends across a broad section of the eastern United States. Utilizing camera traps and a large volunteer network of citizen scientists, we were able to sample 447 sites along a 1024 km section of the AT to assess the effects of available habitat, hunting, recreation, and roads on eight mammal species. Occupancy modeling revealed the importance of available forest to all species except opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and coyotes (Canis latrans). Hunting on adjoining lands was the second strongest predictor of occupancy for three mammal species, negatively influencing black bears (Ursus americanus) and bobcats (Lynx rufus), while positively influencing raccoons (Procyon lotor). Modeling also indicated an avoidance of high trail use areas by bears and proclivity towards high use areas by red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Roads had the lowest predictive power on species occupancy within the corridor and were only significant for deer. The occupancy models stress the importance of compounding direct and indirect anthropogenic influences operating at the regional level. Scientists and managers should consider these human impacts and their potential combined influence on wildlife persistence when assessing optimal habitat or considering management actions.
Straggling of Heavy Charged Particles: Comparison of Born Hydrogenic-Wave-Function Approximation with Free-Electron Approximation

Statistical fluctuations in the energy loss of heavy charged particles in this absorbers resulting from collisions with atomic electrons are determined for collision cross sections obtained from the first Born approximation calculated with hydrogenic wave functions. A comparison is given with the results calculated with a $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}}$ collision spectrum.
Mechanism of the hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin.

Abstract The overall forward and reverse rate constants for the hexamer-dodecamer reaction of lobster hemocyanin have been determined in 0.1 ionic strength glycine buffers at pH 9.6. at free calcium ion levels from 0.0031 to 0.0053 molar, at 25°C. Concentration-jump relaxation experiments in a stopped-flow apparatus were monitored by light scattered at 90°. The reaction is pseudobimolecular, and the overall forward rate constant bears virtually all of the calcium ion concentration-dependence, while the overall reverse rate constant is truly unimolecular. Four calcium ions appear to participate in the reaction between two hexameric molecules, and appear to become an integral part of the structure of the dodecameric molecule under these conditions.
The many faces of counterterrorism: an introduction

This article sets the stage for the special issue by describing the many faces of counterterrorism policy. The article highlights some key concepts—e.g., domestic and transnational terrorism, and alternative types of counterterrorism policies—that are applied throughout the special issue. The two data sets exploited in this issue’s empirical contributions are also described. Next, each of the 12 articles is introduced and briefly summarized. The main conclusions and insights of the articles are distilled and placed in perspective.
Adaptation to the Edge of Chaos in the Self-Adjusting Logistic Map

Self-adjusting, or adaptive, systems have gathered much recent interest. We present a model for self-adjusting systems which treats the control parameters of the system as slowly varying, rather than constant. The dynamics of these parameters is governed by a low-pass filtered feedback from the dynamical variables of the system. We apply this model to the logistic map and examine the behavior of the control parameter. We find that the parameter leaves the chaotic regime. We observe a high probability of finding the parameter at the boundary between periodicity and chaos. We therefore find that this system exhibits adaptation to the edge of chaos.
A new extraction of arginine vasopressin from blood: The use of octadecasilyl-silica

Small columns packed with octadecasilylsilica were used to extract arginine-vasopressin in femtomole amounts from biological fluids for radioimmunoassay. This method is effective in isolating the peptide from substances in plasma and serum which interfere with its quantitation. Consistent and reproducible results and recoveries >80% were obtained with this procedure. High pressure liquid chromatography and serial dilution of extracted samples confirm the identity of the extracted product.
Machine intelligence-toward an artificial brain

An artificial brain project in which conceptual models are specified algorithmically is discussed. The feature that distinguishes the approach used in this project from connectionist neural models is its vertical abstraction of brain structure and function. The models comprise multiple local networks of neurons, each of which is a complex network of molecular and chemical processes. The memory manipulation system and reference neuron mechanism used in this approach are described. The development of simulation models for the different conceptual components and the assessment of these models are reviewed.
A Developmental Re-Forming of the Phases of Meaning in Transformational Learning.

In this study of peer instructors in three Learning in Retirement Programs, the constructivist elements embedded in Mezirow's theory of transformational learning are examined at the theoretical intersections of transformational learning and developmental constructivism, specifically the work of Robert Kegan, resulting in a suggested developmental reforming of the phases of meaning in transformational learning.
Radiative and dynamical properties of homogeneously prepared atomic samples.

We have employed an experimental apparatus in which a sample of nearly ideal, two-level atoms can be exposed to homogeneous amplitude- and phase-controlled resonant laser light to study fundamental dynamical, spectral, and radiative atomic properties. In particular, we show unambiguously that atomic fluorescence is maximized when atoms are purely in their excited state rather than in a superposition of ground and excited state. We also show that fluorescence lifetimes are independent of the atomic excitation level, and finally, we demonstrate interesting correlations between atomic dynamics and atomic spectral features.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HYDROLOGY, SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY, AND FISH RECRUITMENT DYNAMICS IN A TEMPERATE FLOODPLAIN RIVER

Fish populations in the Brazos River, Texas, were surveyed monthly for 2 years to determine the relative influence of hydrology and habitat characteristics on the recruitment dynamics of seven species representing three divergent life history strategies. Surveys were conducted in two oxbow lakes with different flood recurrence intervals and the main river channel. The first year was relatively dry with few oxbow-river connections, whereas year 2 was relatively wet and connections between the main channel and floodplain habitats were common. Oxbow lakes supported greater juvenile abundances of most species relative to the main channel and were particularly important for nest building species with parental care. The river channel supported small species with extended reproductive periods and large, long-lived species that are able to store reproductive potential during sub-optimal periods. Hydrologic isolation was associated with greater rotifer densities in oxbows, and species with the greatest fecundity produced strong year classes during this period. Hydrologic connectivity did not increase juvenile production for most species, suggesting that recruitment dynamics in the Brazos River are similar to predictions of the low flow recruitment hypothesis (LFR). These results suggest that both hydrology and habitat heterogeneity interact with fish life history strategy to determine optimal conditions for recruitment and all three factors must be considered in restoration strategies for floodplain rivers.
Digital Preservation for Libraries, Archives and Museums

The new millennium has brought many rapid advances in technology. This stream of new technologies will not slow down as the 2000s progress. Instead, it is the job and the duty of professionals in a...
The effect of surfactants on the interfacial tension of frying fat

Interfacial tension (IFT) between fat and water was measured as a means of evaluating fats used for frying. The Du Nouy ring method was used with a tensiometer to obtain IFT. The IFT of donut frying fats, which were diluted 1:1 with unused fat, decreased with increasing frying time from 21 mN/m in unused fat to 5 mN/m in fat at the point of discard. To determine which individual chemical components in donut frying fat are responsible for the decreased IFT, various surfactants were added. The addition of surfactants to the water phase (phosphatidylcholine, sodium oleate, and sodium chloride) or oil phase (monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and fatty acids) had varying effects on the IFT of soybean oil against water at 25 ± 0.1°C. The IFT decreased with increasing concentration of monoacylglycerols, sodium oleate, phosphatidylcholine, and sodium chloride. Sodium oleate was the most effective agent in lowering IFT, reducing it almost to zero at a concentration of 0.1%. At a concentration of 0.2%, monoacylglycerols lowered IFT of fresh soybean oil by 14% (monolinolein), 22% (monoolein), and 26% (monostearin). Egg lecithin lowered the IFT by 42%. These surfactants changed the IFT of fresh soybean oil by their adsorption at the oil/water interface. Although sodium chloride is not a surfactantper se, it lowered IFT by salting out surfactants from the aqueous phase onto the interface. The addition of diacylglycerols or fatty acids had virtually no effect on IFT.
The Influence of Public Self‐Consciousness and the Audience's Characteristics on Withdrawal from Embarrassing Situations

Two studies examined the impact of public self-consciousness (PSC) and the audience's characteristics on withdrawal from embarrassing situations In Study 1 subjects verbally responded to a series of hypothetical events of an embarrassing nature before audiences described as either strangers or friends Subjects high in PSC expressed similar tendencies to withdraw no matter who the audience was, whereas low PSC subjects reported that they were less likely to withdraw when the audience was composed of friends as compared to strangers Study 2 had high and low PSC subjects perform an embarrassing act in front of either a friend or two types of strangers–those they either would or would not interact with in the future Low PSC subjects withdrew sooner from an audience of strangers they would have to interact with than from either an audience of friends or strangers they would never see again Again, high PSC subjects responded similarly to the three audiences They tended to withdraw quickly no matter who the audience was Discussion focuses on the role situational and dispositional factors play in withdrawal from embarrassing situations
Bioequivalence assessment of generic drugs: an American point of view.

Consistent quality and performance characteristics for the innovator (brand name) drug products and their generic (multisource) equivalents are explicit objectives of the drug approval process in the US. Statutory and regulatory requirements supporting these objectives are based on the bioavailability and bioequivalence Regulations (1), the amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (2), and the implementing regulations to the amendments. These objectives are based on the concept that an innovator drug exists with reproducible quality and performance characteristics that are maintained throughout the marketing life. Following termination of the patent or the exclusivity period for an innovator drug product, its generic pharmaceutical equivalents may be marketed. These generic drug products are expected to demonstrate comparable quality and performance characteristics to those of the innovator product throughout the marketing period. In addition, both innovator and generic drug products may undergo several post-approval changes in formulation and manufacturing processes, change of manufacturing site, and increase in batch size, etc., that may warrant demonstration of sustained quality and performance characteristics. Several drug application and compendial tests and specifications exist to assure the overall objective of stability in the quality and the performance characteristics of the innovator and
Mutations in the early growth response 2 (EGR2) gene are associated with hereditary myelinopathies

The early growth response 2 gene (EGR2) is part of a multigene family encoding Cys2His2 type zinc-finger proteins and may play a role in the regulation of cellular proliferation. Egr2, (also known as Krox20) is the mouse orthologue of human EGR2 and was first identified as an immediate-early response gene, encoding a protein that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner and acts as a transcription factor. Stable expression of Egr2 is specifically associated with the onset of myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Egr2(-/-) mice display disrupted hindbrain segmentation and development, and a block of Schwann-cell differentiation at an early stage. We hypothesized that Egr2 may be a transcription factor affecting late myelin genes and that human myelinopathies of the PNS may result from mutations in EGR2. In support of this hypothesis, we have identified one recessive and two dominant missense mutations in EGR2 (within regions encoding conserved functional domains) in patients with congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy (CHN) and a family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1 (CMT1).
State Policy Components of Interstate Migration in the United States

This article examines the effects of state policy on net interstate migration. Using Ordinary Least Squares regression on aggregate cross-sectional data, state policy factors are found to be significant determinants of the net interstate migration levels of the states. In addition, two previously untested variables, state ideology and an investment-consumption ratio, are found to be significant. The analysis indicates that states with low taxation levels, high investment-consumption ratios, and more liberal ideologies relative to other states, tend to experience more population growth via interstate migration. The results suggest that a consumer-voter model explains a significant portion of the variation in aggregate migration behavior.
A mechanosensitive channel in whole cells and in membrane patches of the fungus Uromyces

Bean leaf stomata provide a topographical signal that induces germlings of the phytopathogen Uromyces appendiculatus to develop specialized infection structures. Protoplasts from germ tubes of this fungus, when examined with patch-clamp electrodes, displayed the activities of a 600-picosiemen mechanosensitive ion channel. This channel passes a variety of cations, including Ca2+, and is blocked by Gd3+ at 50 micromolar. This channel could transduce the membrane stress induced by the leaf topography into an influx of ions, including Ca2+, that may trigger differentiation.
Isozyme analysis of population structure and diversity in the puffball species Lycoperdon pyriforme

Isozyme analysis possesses predictive value and may reveal aspects of the natural history of a species that are not otherwise obvious. Working on this premise, isozyme analysis was performed on Ly- coperdon pyriforme to shed light on the attributes of this species that most likely influence the distribution of genetic diversity observed among seven collection sites within the study region (i.e., central Arkansas, northeastern Kansas and northwestern Missouri). Forty-nine unique multilocus isozyme phenotypes were identified from cultures isolated from immature glebal tissue of 310 basidiocarps collected from the surface of decaying logs (-one isozyme phenotype per log). Numerical and cluster analyses to deter- mine similarity of phenotypes indicated that these group out randomly and not according to collection site. Further analyses of isozyme data were per- formed, grouping phenotypes together into popula- tions according to collection site. Isozyme bands were partitioned by locus based on the assumption that these represent alleles and interpreted on the as- sumption that the dikaryotic mycelia of this puffball species are physiologically diploid. Nine of the eleven putative loci examined were polymorphic, with a mean of 3.6 alleles/polymorphic locus. Mean hetero- zygosity for populations varied from 0.200 to 0.345, suggesting the possibility that outcrossing occurs in this species. Unweighted pair group method cluster analysis displayed marginal grouping of populations based on geographic proximity. Genetic diversity sta- tistics indicate that genetic differentiation among populations is low (GST = 0.122). Patterns of varia- tion observed in this species suggest that gene flow has acted as a homogenizing force in this species within the region sampled.
On the existence of interpolating projections onto spline spaces

Abstract Sufficient conditions for the existence of a bounded interpolating projection onto subspaces of C[0, 1] are found. For spaces of piecewise polynomial functions the projection can be bounded by the B-spline basis condition number. Infinite interpolation problems are also considered.
Effects of eversion on transmural electrical properties of rat jejunum

Abstract Transmural potential difference, short circuit current, and electrical resistance were all appreciably greater when measured from noneverted rat jejunum in vitro than from everted jejunum. Everting the small intestine apparently decreases active ion transport but increases passive permeability. During the first few minutes of incubation at 37° (following preparation at 0°), potential difference rapidly declined with both everted and noneverted orientations. This decline was caused entirely by a drop in net ion fluxes, since during this time electrical resistance either remained constant or slightly increased. Adequate interpretation of these results must await further study. In the meantime it is worth knowing that important transport properties of intestine are drastically influenced by the common experimental expedient of eversion.
Diverse Roles and Interactions of the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex Revealed Using Global Approaches

A systems understanding of nuclear organization and events is critical for determining how cells divide, differentiate, and respond to stimuli and for identifying the causes of diseases. Chromatin remodeling complexes such as SWI/SNF have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes including gene expression, nuclear organization, centromere function, and chromosomal stability, and mutations in SWI/SNF components have been linked to several types of cancer. To better understand the biological processes in which chromatin remodeling proteins participate, we globally mapped binding regions for several components of the SWI/SNF complex throughout the human genome using ChIP-Seq. SWI/SNF components were found to lie near regulatory elements integral to transcription (e.g. 5′ ends, RNA Polymerases II and III, and enhancers) as well as regions critical for chromosome organization (e.g. CTCF, lamins, and DNA replication origins). Interestingly we also find that certain configurations of SWI/SNF subunits are associated with transcripts that have higher levels of expression, whereas other configurations of SWI/SNF factors are associated with transcripts that have lower levels of expression. To further elucidate the association of SWI/SNF subunits with each other as well as with other nuclear proteins, we also analyzed SWI/SNF immunoprecipitated complexes by mass spectrometry. Individual SWI/SNF factors are associated with their own family members, as well as with cellular constituents such as nuclear matrix proteins, key transcription factors, and centromere components, implying a ubiquitous role in gene regulation and nuclear function. We find an overrepresentation of both SWI/SNF-associated regions and proteins in cell cycle and chromosome organization. Taken together the results from our ChIP and immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that SWI/SNF facilitates gene regulation and genome function more broadly and through a greater diversity of interactions than previously appreciated.
Diffusion of the heavy interstitials in metals

Abstract A short discussion is given of recent developments of a model in which atomic diffusion in solids is based upon the quasi-free translational model of the diffusing species. It is shown that this concept is not in accordance with experimental results pertaining to the diffusion of the heavy interstitials.
Immunoregulatory activity of cells from lymph nodes draining the uterus of allopregnant mice

Abstract The presence of a local immunosuppressive environment in the vicinity of the developing fetus has been suggested to explain survival of the semi-allogeneic fetus in a potentially hostile maternal immunologic environment. The presence of non-specific suppressor cells in the uterus of pregnant mice has been well-documented. It has been suggested that the local immunosuppressive environment extends to the lymph nodes draining the uterus of pregnant mice. Studies undertaken to investigate this hypothesis have provided conflicting data. The current study was performed as an attempt to resolve some of the controversial results obtained from previous studies and to characterize more extensively the nature of lymph node suppressor cells. Our results clearly demonstrated that neither specific nor non-specific immunosuppression was expressed within lymph nodes draining the uterus of allopregnant mice. Cells obtained from draining lymph nodes consistently exhibited a normal capacity to respond to alloantigens whether by proliferation or through cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation. We conclude that immunosuppression fails to develop in draining lymph nodes during pregnancy and therefore plays little or no role in controlling the development of antifetal immune responses.
Optical test system for reflective electro-optical adaptive micro-device phase measurement

A system to measure phase for reflective electro-optical micro-devices at visible wavelengths was developed. Relative phase versus voltage is required for control design of devices utilizing electro-optic materials such as polymer dispersed liquid crystals.
Effects of Microtubule-Depolymerizing Agents on the Transfection of Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Enhanced Expression with Free Drug and Especially with Drug–Gene Lipoplexes

The microtubule-depolymerizing agents colchicine, vinblastine (VB), vincristine, nocodazole, and podophyllotoxin were found to increase dramatically the transfection of cationic phospholipid-DNA (CMV-beta-gal) complexes on cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Pretreatment of cells with free colchicine before addition of lipoplexes increased transgene expression both in the presence and in the absence of serum. Free vinblastine had similar effects; however, vinblastine was more effective (approximately 30-fold maximal stimulation) when incorporated into the lipoplexes. Under optimal conditions, vincristine, nocodazole, and podophyllotoxin produced 25- and 39-, 31- and 14-, and 26- and 14-fold increases in the absence and presence of serum, respectively. Taxol, which stabilizes microtubules, had no effect on transfection, but it blocked the positive effect of colchicine. Cytochalasin B, which inhibits microfilament polymerization, had no effect on transgene expression. By fluorescence microscopy, normal lipoplexes colocalized with lysosomes. In contrast, there was little, if any, colocalization of VB lipoplexes with lysosomes. Because depolymerization of microtubules induces NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression, the effects of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate and Nalpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation, were tested; inhibition of vinblastine stimulation of transfection was 85 and 66%, respectively. Also, immunofluorescence microscopy showed that vinblastine induced the translocation of NF-kappaB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. It is concluded that microtubule-depolymerizing agents, especially when incorporated into lipoplexes, dramatically increase transfection of VSMCs, probably by two mechanisms: (i) inhibition of transport of lipoplexes to lysosomes and (ii) activation of transcription (via NF-kappaB). There have been some reports on the use of pharmaceutical agents to enhance gene expression, but generally these have involved separate applications of drug and gene. The ability to deliver a drug and a gene in a single therapeutic formulation could have significant clinical implications.
Function and Teleology

In trying to decide whether teleology in the sciences is good, bad, or indifferent, philosophers have tended to focus on three sorts of cases. They are exemplified in these paradigms: (1) The function of the heart is to pump blood. (Call this a functional ascription) (2) The goal of the rat is to reach food at the end of the maze. (Goal-ascription) (3) Jones intends to retire early by working hard. (Intentionascription) These sorts of cases are sometimes confounded, but they should be clearly distinguished. In a rough-and-ready fashion, some important differences and connections can be described in the following way.
The hydrocarbons in the Isla Vista marine seep environment

Abstract Hydrocarbon analyses on samples of sediment, interstitial water, and dissolved and particulate fractions of the water column from the vicinity of the Isla Vista seep near Santa Barbara, California, are presented. The results demonstrate that a very heterogeneous distribution of hydrocarbon composition and concentration exists in the seep environment and that the life-style and feeding habits of the organisms in this environment will have a dramatic effect on their hydrocarbon exposure.
Curriculum Deliberations of Experienced Elementary Teachers Engaged in Voluntary Team Planning.

Few reports have been published about the deliberations on classroom curriculum conducted by teachers. This qualitative case-study explored the curriculum deliberations of three fourth-grade teachers who met weekly to plan social studies and science lessons. The teachers participated voluntarily and routinely produced viable plans for the coming week. The planning meetings were audiotape recorded and transcribed. The resulting transcripts were analysed using Walker's System for Analysing Curriculum Deliberations (SACD). The teachers had deliberated routinely about their lessons for four years. This veteran group experienced few conflicts and invested most of their planning energy in SACD episodes identified as ‘brainstorms’. Group members valued the social aspects of their meetings as well as the curriculum plans produced. This case-study demonstrates the power of teachers who work together to craft the curriculum they implement. This type of team planning requires a structure that allows teachers the fre...
The Consequences of Welfare Reform: How Conceptions of Social Rights are Changing

The idea of the welfare state is commonly grounded in the principles of social rights, universality and solidarity. Over the past twenty years, welfare reforms have challenged the salience of this conceptualisation. This article argues that changes such as austerity measures, pension reform, administrative decentralisation and efforts to revive the obligation of citizenship have fostered a more discursive conception of social rights. When rights are discursive, the relative power of various clientele interests plays a greater role in the distribution of benefits than objective conditions of need. Also, such notions as universality and solidarity are giving way to selectivity and individual responsibility as the paramount principles of the welfare state.
Single- and multiple-event paradigms for identification of motor cortex activation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The “single-event” technique has been used as an alternative to the “block-trial” method to detect activation that may be accompanied by head motion. The purpose of this study was to compare the two methods for measuring activation in the sensorimotor cortex secondary to motor tasks. METHODS: Functional MR imaging data were acquired from six participants as they performed tasks with their fingers, tongues, and toes in a block-trial and a single-event paradigm. For the block trial, the participant was instructed to perform the task when cued at a rapid self-timed rate for 15 seconds, alternating with 15 seconds of rest. Five periods of task performance and six rest periods were included in one acquisition. For the single-event method, the participant performed the task a single time every 15 seconds when cued by the investigator, for a total of 21 times. Using conventional parcellation methods, activation was detected by a cross-correlation technique and was classified as occurring in the sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area (SMA), or as nonspecific. Differences between the two acquisition paradigms were tested using the standard t test at a significance level of P RESULTS: Activation was identified by both the block-trial and the single-event methods for the finger task, for the tongue task, and inconsistently for the toe task. More motion artifact occurred in conjunction with the toe and tongue tasks than with the finger tasks. On average, more activated pixels were identified by the single-event method than by the block-trial method. For these motor tasks, however, a larger percentage of pixels detected by the block-trial method than by the single-event method were specific for the sensorimotor cortex or SMA as sites of activation. CONCLUSION: For the tongue and the toe movement tasks, which may produce some head motion artifacts, the single-event paradigm provides a useful alternative to the block-trial method for identifying the sensorimotor cortex or SMA. It does not achieve a greater percentage of activation within primary motor areas. For the finger movement task, which does not usually produce head motion artifacts, the block-trial method generally produced a greater percentage of activated pixels in the sensorimotor cortex or SMA than did the single-event method.
The social work revolution

A quiet revolution has been taking place in the way social work de velops and uses knowledge for practice. The profession has gradually moved away from vague and haphazard formulations and toward scientifically or empiri cally based practice. The author reviews the evidence of this change, noting that new forms of knowledge with the potential to enhance every practitioner's effec tiveness are already available, and discusses the prospects for the rev olution's success.
Commentary: The corporation, oil, and the financialization of risk

Hannah Appel's notion of “modularity” in her analysis of contemporary transnational oil operations exquisitely captures the work required to create the illusion that petroleum production is removed from and uncompromised by local entanglements. Her study belies the notion (peddled by the industry) that the extraction of crude oil is a technoscientific wonder detached from disruptive inequalities and tumultuous political conditions that too frequently haunt places where oil development occurs. In this commentary, I sketch two directions for further research inspired by Appel's work that could extend the disentangling calculus of corporate profit, liability, and risk. One centers on the corporate form and the other on the financialization of risk.
Educating Accounting Students On Computer Crime And Ethics

Accounting fraud has been prevalent in the popular press for the past several years. The accounting profession has begun to stress the importance of ethics because of this negative press. Some state boards of accountancy have begun requiring ethics courses as part of continuing education to maintain certification and licensing. Many accounting frauds are in the form of computer crime. Accounting students must be made aware of various types of frauds, including computer crimes, how frauds are prevented and detected, and why ethics are important in the accounting profession. This paper describes several categories of computer crimes and technological means of preventing and detecting these crimes. Computer crimes and prevention and detection means are as varied as the perpetrators who commit these crimes. Finally, this paper suggests using a combination of three courses to educate accounting students on computer crime and ethics for preparation for their accounting careers. These three courses are a traditional Accounting Information Systems (AIS) course, a fraud prevention and detection or forensic accounting course, and an accounting or business ethics course. These three courses, used in concert, will provide accounting students with the tools they need when they are faced with incidents of fraud or ethics decisions during their accounting careers.
Botulinum toxin type B for glabellar wrinkles: a prospective open-label response study.

background. Botulinum toxin type B (BTX-B) is U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of cervical dystonia. There are no published studies investigating its efficacy for treatment of glabellar (frown) wrinkles; however, anecdotal reports of its efficacy are promising. objective. The current pilot study is an initial screening study to assess the safety and efficacy of a single, set dose of BTX-B in the treatment of glabellar (frown) lines and to document current clinical experience with BTX-B. methods. Thirty subjects (28 women, 2 men) were injected in six sites with 300 U per site for a total dose of 1800 U. results. At 2 and 4 weeks, patient and physician assessment scores showed an average score of 2 (“complete disappearance of wrinkles”). Three patients reported mild adverse events. conclusion. Injections of BTX-B proved to be very efficacious, with rapid onset, with all patients responding within 3 days (mean 1.5 days). Adverse events were mild. The mean duration of effect with this low dose of BTX-B was 8 weeks. Since the duration may be dose related and minimal adverse events were observed at 1800 U, further studies are in progress to look at the duration of response resulting from higher doses of BTX-B in the treatment of glabellar wrinkles.
Tropospheric O3 compromises net primary production in young stands of trembling aspen, paper birch and sugar maple in response to elevated atmospheric CO2

Summary • Concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 and tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) are rising concurrently in the atmosphere, with potentially antagonistic effects on forest net primary production (NPP) and implications for terrestrial carbon sequestration. • Using free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) technology, we exposed north-temperate forest communities to concentrations of CO 2 and O 3 predicted for the year 2050 for the first 7 yr of stand development. Site-specific allometric equations were applied to annual nondestructive growth measurements to estimate above- and below-ground biomass and NPP for each year of the experiment. • Relative to the control, elevated CO 2 increased total biomass 25, 45 and 60% in the aspen, aspen‐birch and aspen‐maple communities, respectively. Tropospheric O 3 caused 23, 13 and 14% reductions in total biomass relative to the control in the respective communities. Combined fumigation resulted in total biomass response of − 7.8, +8.4 and +24.3% relative to the control in the aspen, aspen‐birch and aspen‐ sugar maple communities, respectively. • These results indicate that exposure to even moderate levels of O 3 significantly reduce the capacity of NPP to respond to elevated CO 2 in some forests.