cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OZONE SENSITIVITY OF LEAVES: RELATIONSHIP TO LEAF WATER CONTENT, GAS TRANSFER RESISTANCE, AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS'

Relative water content, resistance to gas transfer, stomatal spacing, and other characteristics of primary bean leaves were studied in relation to ozone sensitivity and injury. Cells of primary bean leaves are maximally sensitive to ozone exposure 9-10 days after germination under our experimental conditions. The stage of maximum sensitivity was not correlated with changes in stomatal number or resistance on either adaxial or abaxial leaf surfaces. It was deduced that bean leaf sensitivity was a function of more internal circumstances, and gas exchange was never the limiting factor through the developmental period studied. Changes in resistance were not significantly altered by ozone levels that produced no visible injury. After exposure to high ozone doses, a decrease in adaxial resistance occurred apparently as a result of palisade and epidermal cell lysis. Normally most gas exchange occurs through the adaxial surface. A 10 % decrease in relative water content accompanying a 60-min ozone exposure of 0.55 ppm could not be explained physiologically on the basis of cell injury as no visible leaf injury occurred. OZONE INJURY associated with leaf stomata has attracted much attention because the major portion of gas exchange, including ozone, occurs through stomata. Heggestad and Middleton (1959) showed that leaf folding, shading, or a lanolin layer on the abaxial leaf suiface prevented ozone injury. MacDowall (1965) and Lee (1965) re
Sediment-level fluctuation in a mussel bed on a ‘protected’ sand-gravel beach

Abstract Studies of a dense population of the blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) between an abrupt lower boundary at +0·6 m above MLLW, and an indistinct upper limit at +2·3 m above MLLW on a sand-gravel beach at Quartermaster Harbor, Vashon Island, WA, evaluated the effects of physical and biological factors on patterns of abundance and distribution. Winter storms caused little sediment movement high on the shore either inside or outside patches of mussels, but large fluctuations (> 3 cm) at mid- and low-shore levels sometimes caused burial and mortality. Even high mussel biomass (25 kg m −2 ) did not prevent large-scale sediment level change.
Retinoic Acid Induces Multiple Hallmarks of the Prospermatogonia-to-Spermatogonia Transition in the Neonatal Mouse

In mammals, most neonatal male germ cells (prospermatogonia) are quiescent and located in the center of the testis cords. In response to an unknown signal, prospermatogonia transition into spermatogonia, reenter the cell cycle, divide, and move to the periphery of the testis cords. In mice, these events occur by 3–4 days postpartum (dpp), which temporally coincides with the onset of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in the neonatal testis. RA has a pivotal role in initiating germ cell entry into meiosis in both sexes, yet little is known about the mechanisms and about cellular changes downstream of RA signaling. We examined the role of RA in mediating the prospermatogonia-to-spermatogonia transition in vivo and found 24 h of precocious RA exposure-induced germ cell changes mimicking those that occur during the endogenous transition at 3–4 dpp. These changes included: 1) spermatogonia proliferation; 2) maturation of cellular organelles; and 3), expression of markers characteristic of differentiating spermatogonia. We found that germ cell exposure to RA did not lead to cellular loss from apoptosis but rather resulted in a delay of ∼2 days in their entry into meiosis. Taken together, our results indicate that exogenous RA induces multiple hallmarks of the transition of prospermatogonia to spermatogonia prior to their entry into meiosis.
Hybrid Newton observer design using the inexact Newton method and GMRES

We study the Newton observer design, developed by Moraal and Grizzle (1995), when the exact discrete-time model of the sampled-data system is not available analytically. The hybrid reconstruction of the Newton observer in (Arcak, 2006) eliminates the dependence on this exact discrete-time model by numerical integration and finite difference Jacobian approximations. This paper reduces the computational cost of (Arcak, 2006) using an inexact Newton method and the generalized minimum residuals (GM-RES) algorithm. It then studies how a line search scheme can be incorporated in this modified Newton observer to enlarge the region of convergence.
Inhibition of PI3K/mTOR Leads to Adaptive Resistance in Matrix-Attached Cancer Cells

The PI3K/mTOR-pathway is the most commonly dysregulated pathway in epithelial cancers and represents an important target for cancer therapeutics. Here, we show that dual inhibition of PI3K/mTOR in ovarian cancer-spheroids leads to death of inner matrix-deprived cells, whereas matrix-attached cells are resistant. This matrix-associated resistance is mediated by drug-induced upregulation of cellular survival programs that involve both FOXO-regulated transcription and cap-independent translation. Inhibition of any one of several upregulated proteins, including Bcl-2, EGFR, or IGF1R, abrogates resistance to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. These results demonstrate that acute adaptive responses to PI3K/mTOR inhibition in matrix-attached cells resemble well-conserved stress responses to nutrient and growth factor deprivation. Bypass of this resistance mechanism through rational design of drug combinations could significantly enhance PI3K-targeted drug efficacy.
Energy Efficient Sensing of Non-cooperative Events in Wireless Sensor Networks

In a wireless sensor network, energy efficiency is one of the primary concerns since typically the sensor nodes rely on small battery to operate. Non-Cooperative events refer to such events that they are not easily monitored as they come and go. As a result, they can be observed only if the sensors are constantly monitoring the environment. However, energy efficiency is a serious concern if the sensors are always ON. In this work, the tradeoff between energy efficiency and non-cooperative events coverage in a wireless sensor network is studied. We begin with fixed listen and sleep time schemes for a single sensor node and quantify the performance results in terms of event miss rate and normalized average power consumption. If the statistics of the event is unknown, an adaptive scheme based on a "additive increase/multiplicative decrease" rule is proposed to adapt the sleep schedule with the sensing data. Both fixed and adaptive schemes are extended to multiple nodes and the coverage of the entire area of a network is taken into consideration in addition to energy efficiency. Discrete-event simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Polarimetric SAR calibration experiment using active radar calibrators

Active radar calibrators are used to derive both the amplitude and phase characteristics of a multichannel polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) from the complex image data. Results are presented from an experiment carried out using the NASA/JPL DC-8 aircraft SAR over a calibration site at Goldstone, California. As part of the experiment, polarimetric active radar calibrators (PARCs) with adjustable polarization signatures were deployed. Experimental results demonstrate that the PARCs can be used to calibrate polarimetric SAR images successfully. Restrictions on the application of the PARC calibration procedure are discussed. >
Asymptotic behavior of frequency and wave number spectra of nearshore shoaling and breaking waves

range (2.5 kpk � 1/h) has a k � 4/3 dependence, while the Toba range (k >1 /h) has a k � 5/2 shape. Comparison to laboratory data reveals that the spectral slopes from the Zakharov range of the data trend toward increased agreement with the parameterization in the range of incipient breaking. In contrast, the spectral slopes from the Toba range evolve slowly, likely owing to nonlinear interactions with lower, more energetic wave numbers. However, in the inner surf zone the spectral shape for both parameterized ranges tend toward k � 2 (or equivalently, f � 2 in shallow water). The dissipation coefficient a( f )i s extracted from time series of free surface elevations; it is found that a( f ) has a reciprocal frequency dependence with that of the frequency spectra S( f ) of the data, and that this correspondence increases as the waves enter the surf zone. Additionally a(f) � 1/S(f ) � f 2 in the inner surf zone. It is concluded that the wave number spectrum parameterization, particularly in the Zakharov range, reasonably describes the spectral shape while the surf zone is still only partially saturated. However, continued breaking moves the spectral shape away from the parameterized slope toward a f � 2 (or k � 2 ) spectral shape, representative of the sawtooth-like shape of surf zone waves. This spectral shape is a clear inner surf zone asymptote.
The Dimensions of Radio Noise

The radio noise field is composed of naturally occurring emissions from atmospheric and galactic processes, man-made disturbances and thermal radiation from the local environment. Natural noise processes including thermal radiation contribute the dominant noise at the extremes of the radio spectrum in metropolitan environments but are superseded by man-made noise in the LF to UHF bands. The dominance of man-made noise in the center of the radio spectrum arises from coherent interference of entertainment, communication, and navigational equipment and the incoherent emissions of transportation, utility, industrial and commercial equipment. The source emission spectra and the propagation characteristics of the source-to-detector space control the noise intensity. The intensity of coherent noise is predictable from a knowledge of the number, location, modulation and carrier frequency of the sources and the physical properties and features of the transmission space. The intensity of incoherent interference is similarly dependent but complicated by being produced from statistically random processes. The prediction and ultimately the control of incoherent radio noise is yielding to analyses and measurements which combine examinations of the dominant individual source spectra and the composite spectrum of area noise sources. The multi-dimensional area signatures of composite, incoherent radio noise can be used to identify an area from observation points located throughout the local hemisphere.
From electron tubes to nanostructures: 60 years of electron device research

This paper firstly gives a broad overview of electron device research from a perspective of technical conferences and their structure and organization. It then follows with a review of current and emerging technologies and their possible future developments. Subjects covered include: Moore's law; quantum devices; nanotechnology; nanoprinting; single electron devices; spintronics; low-temperature devices; and quantum computers.
Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: current concepts in biology and treatment

Natural killer/T-cell (NK/T) lymphomas represent a group of rare tumors of NK and NK-T cells. The World Health Organization classifies NK-cell tumors into three types, extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas (ENKL, nasal and non-nasal), NK-cell leukemias, and a blastic variant (CD4-positive, CD56-positive hematodermic neoplasms). We focus our review to the current concepts in biology and treatment of ENKL. Though considerable advances have been made in our understanding of NK-cell biology, malignant transformation including the role of Epstein-Barr virus, and prognosis, the rare nature of ENKL and its heterogeneity limit the ability to standardize therapy. Radiotherapy is fundamental to treatment of early-stage disease with a role for chemoradiotherapy among high-risk patients. The clinical course of advanced disease is highly aggressive with frequent chemotherapy resistance and a poor prognosis. Therapeutic approaches to advanced-stage or relapsed and refractory disease, including the appropriate sequence of chemotherapy, combined modality therapy, and stem cell transplantation is not well-established. International and multicenter clinical trials are needed for this rare and aggressive disease.
The ergodic fading interference channel with an on-and-off relay

We consider the ergodic fading Gaussian interference relay channel (EF-GIFRC) with individual power constraints at the nodes. Aiming at design insights to emerge from the optimal power allocation, we focus on scenarios similar to that of the degraded/reversely degraded relay channels. In particular, we focus on models where the source-to-relay (S - R) links are either stronger than direct links, or completely blocked, i.e., with an “on-and-off” relay. To characterize the capacity of EF-GIFRC with an on-and-off relay, we first investigate the parallel interference relay channel. We propose an achievable scheme based on partial decode-and-forward (DF) strategy and show that the capacity for the parallel IFRC can be achieved under strong interference and degradedness conditions. Based on the achievable rate region for parallel IFRC, we propose an achievable rate region for EF-GIFRC, and present the properties of optimal power allocation. We also present a sum capacity result when the EF-GIFRC satisfies certain channel conditions.
A New Trunk Subdivision Model in BIA - The system design and preliminary experiment

Taking account of the deficiency in whole body measurement and in the traditional segment measurement methods, a new trunk subdivision model is established and preliminary experiment is carried out. The trunk subdivision model avoids the undesirable effects from chest and abdomen on fat measurement. A measuring system based on the model is developed. The results of the fat distribution and content measurement experiments using trunk subdivision BIA is compared with the result of MSCT. The comparison result of two methods shows excellent correlation. The novel method is a good remedy to whole body measurement and the traditional segment method. It is an effective improvement in BIA.
Grenville Province and Monteregian carbonatite and nepheline syenite distribution related to rifting, collision, and plume passage

Stimulated by the recognition of a rifted continental margin to pre-Grenville Laurentia, we interpret the deformed alkaline igneous rocks and carbonatites (DARCs) adjacent to that margin in the Bancroft domain of Ontario, Canada, to be rocks initially erupted as alkaline rocks and carbonatites (ARCs) in an intra-continental rift. When an ocean began to form, rupturing Laurentia on the site of that rift, the newly formed Laurentian rifted continental margin contained ARCs that had erupted into the intra-continental rift. Later in a Wilson cycle of ocean opening and closing, those ARCs became DARCs during a collision that sutured the Grenville province composite arc belt and Bancroft domain rocks against the margin of Laurentia on the Central Meta-sedimentary Belt boundary thrust zone. Using this interpretation we show that DARCs of the down-dip Bancroft domain suture zone in the mantle at a depth of ~100 km are likely sources of the Early Cretaceous ARC rocks in the Monteregian province.
Decay phases of Swift X-ray afterglows and the forward-shock model

The X-ray flux of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows monitored by the Swift satellite from January 2005 to July 2006 displays one to four phases of flux power-law decay. In chronological order, they are: the GRB tail, the ‘hump’, the standard decay and the post-jet-break decay. More than half of the GRB tails can be identified with the large-angle emission produced during the burst (but arriving later at observer). The remaining, slower GRB tails imply that the gamma-ray mechanism continues to radiate after the burst, as also suggested by the frequent occurrence of X-ray flares during the burst tail. The several GRB tails exhibiting a slow unbroken power-law decay until 100 ks must be attributed to the forward shock. In fact, the decay of most GRB tails is also consistent with that of the forward-shock emission from a narrow jet. The X-ray light-curve hump may be due to an increase of the kinetic energy per solid angle of the forward-shock region visible to the observer, caused by either the transfer of energy from ejecta to the forward shock or the emergence of the emission from an outflow seen from a location outside the jet opening. The decay following the X-ray light-curve hump is consistent with the emission from an adiabatic blast wave but, contrary to expectations, the light-curve decay index and spectral slope during this phase are not correlated. The X-ray light curves of two dozens X-ray afterglows that followed for more than a week do not exhibit a jet break, in contrast with the behaviour of pre-Swift optical afterglows, which displayed jet breaks at 0.5–2 days. Nevertheless, the X-ray light curves of several Swift afterglows show a second steepening break at 0.4–3 days that is consistent with the break expected for a jet when its edge becomes visible to the observer.
Wave propagation in a partilly-ionized chemically-reacting plasma

Multifluid equations are used to study small-amplitude wave motion in a partially ionized chemically reacting plasma. The plasma is assumed to be infinite and without external fields. The dispersion equations are derived and solved both numerically and analytically for several limiting cases. The effects of chemical reactions were explicitly obtained. It is found that at the longwavelength limit, the ionization and recombination terms play the dominant role for the damping of certain longitudinal waves even for a nearly frozen plasma. (auth)
Total Aortic Replacement in Loeys-Dietz Syndrome

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a recently identified genetic complex characterized in part by rapidly progressive aortic and branch vessel disease. We now describe total aortic replacement using an open Extent II thoracoabdominal repair followed by second stage redo-sternotomy for a valve-sparing aortic root replacement and hybrid aortic arch repair in a patient with this syndrome.
Movement of 14C-Labeled Assimilates into Kernels of Zea mays L: I. Pattern and Rate of Sugar Movement 1

Carbon-14, photosynthetically fixed in leaves of Zea mays L. and translocated to developing kernels, passed through specialized basal endosperm cells prior to movement into the starchy endosperm and embryo. Radioactivity migrated in the endosperm at a maximum rate of 2.7 millimeters per hour, and there was no difference in the rate of movement in kernels treated 14 to 30 days after pollination.Sucrose contained over three-fourths of the radioactivity in the kernal base (fruit stalk) 1 to 6 hours after (14)CO(2) treatment of the plant. Conversely, in the basal endosperm three-fourths of the radioactivity was in glucose and fructose. A high proportion of the radioactivity was retained in the monosaccharides of the starchy endosperm the first 3 hours after the (14)CO(2) treatment. With additional time after treatment there was a decline in the percentage of radioactivity in the monosaccharides and an increase in sucrose-(14)C. From these data we suggest that translocated sucrose is cleaved to glucose and fructose during entry into the endosperm and that the monosaccharides diffuse throughout the endosperm. Once the sugars arrive in the cells active in starch synthesis, they are rapidly converted to sucrose which in turn is utilized in the synthesis of starch.
Plasmid DNA content of several agronomically important Rhizobium species that nodulate alfalfa, berseem clover, or Leucaena

Plasmids control the effective symbiotic properties of legume-nodulating Rhizobium species. Our long-term goal is to genetically improve inoculant strains using plasmid transfer, therefore, in this study, we examined the plasmid content of eight agronomically-important strains of Rhizobium meliloti from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), six strains of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii from berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and thirteen strains of Rhizobium sp. (Leucaena) from L. leucocephala (Lam.) Dewit, isolated in Egypt. Most of the R. meliloti strains had an approximately 800-MDa cryptic megaplasmid; USDA strain 1021a and ARC strains 1, 103, B3, and B7 also contained a smaller symbiotic megaplasmid that hybridized with nifHD. These Sym plasmids varied in size from 430–615 MDa. Both strain ARC 104, with a single megaplasmid greater than 1600 MDa, and strain USDA1011, which had six plasmids ranging from 1000 to < 50 MDa, failed to hybridize with the nif gene probe. R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii USDA strains 2101, 2128, 2129 and 2131 each had a 500-MDa nif megaplasmid plus a 220 and a 150-MDa plasmid, whereas ARC strains 100 and 101 each had a 200-MDa nif plasmid and six other plasmids ranging in size from 75 to 310 MDa. Rhizobium sp. (Leucaena) strains fell into five different plasmid profile groups, most with a nif-carrying plasmid of 200, 230 or 290 MDa. Plasmid characterization will be useful for plasmid transfer studies aimed at developing improved Rhizobium inoculant strains. This is the first study to document diversity in plasmid profiles among inoculant Rhizobium strains for alfalfa and berseem clover in Egypt. It is also the first report describing plasmids and megaplasmids of Rhizobium sp. (Leucaena) strains isolated in Egypt.
Designing Experiments Graphically

This chapter examines the graphical characteristics of good experiment designs. By good we mean designs that provide low variability of estimates of model coefficients and low confounding of estimates and that take into account constraints on design factor settings. These characteristics will be described geometrically and often assume the statisticians’ dogma. We develop these characteristics by studying several designs that have been published in the literature and by reviewing comments by statisticians about the geometric properties of good designs. Readers can use these geometric characteristics to create their own designs graphically. There is always a risk that a design created graphically (or by other means for that matter) will not be satisfactory for fitting the intended model. Chapter 5 presents graphical methods for checking the adequacy of an experiment design.
Interaction Effects and the Analysis of Household Food Expenditures

Past studies of household food expenditure suggest that the effect of income on expenditure varies among households of different sizes and in different urbanization and region categories. No systematic investigation has been made, however, of these or other interactions among the independent variables used to explain household food expenditures. In this study, data from the 1955 USDA Household Food Consumption Survey are examined through the use of a special program developed by Sonquist and Morgan for the detection of interaction effects. Important interactions affecting expenditures for food and beverages consumed at home were found between household size and income, between household size and urbanization, and among household size, urbanization, and income.
The Economic Efficiency of Mixed Financing of Education in Economic Space

The major purpose of this paper is to compare spatial models of two alternative systems of public support for primary and secondary education in terms of economic efficiency: the nationalized system and the mixed financing system. The nationalized system is defined as a public school system in which an equal quantity of education of homogeneous quality is offered to all students at designated attendance centers. The mixed financing system is defined as one in which households may utilize either public or private schools, with the community providing a voucher equal in value to the cost of providing public education to those households which desire to utilize private schools. The expected result of greater efficiency for the mixed financing model breaks down in economic space because of diseconomies inherent in the spatial model which are absent in the nonspatial model. We find that lower-income households or the community suffer a reduction in welfare as a result of a change to the mixed financing system,...
Identification of LPV systems with LFT parametric dependence via convex optimization

This paper considers the identification of Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems in Linear Fractional Transformation (LFT) form, where the “forward” part is a Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system, while the “feedback” part is given by a single scheduling variable available for measurement. Our main result shows that, despite the nonlinear dependence on the scheduling parameter, the system can be identified using convex optimization, provided that this parameter can be suitably manipulated. These results are illustrated with examples showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Differences in Hepatic Drug Metabolism in Various Rabbit Strains Before and After Pretreatment with Phenobarbital.

SummaryThe results of these experiments indicate that basal levels of activity of hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme systems from various rabbit strains can vary as much as 20-fold in the strains studied. This is particularly true of hexobarbital, amphetamine, and aminopyrine metabolism where the widest variations were observed. Relatively little strain variation was seen in the basal metabolism of chlorpromazine. The wild rabbits and California rabbits exhibited the greatest differences from other rabbit strains in basal hepatic drug metabolism.A wide range of variability was also observed in the response of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme systems to in vivo pre-treatment with phenobarbital. Especially noteworthy were the 26-fold increase in hexobarbital metabolism seen with the hepatic enzyme systems of Cottontails, the 7.5-fold increase in metabolism of p-nitrobenzoic acid in Jack rabbits, and the significant increases in 3,4-benzpyrene metabolism observed only in the wild rabbits. Also inter...
The impact of metabolic syndrome on inpatient outcomes after isolated ankle fractures

Background:Metabolic syndrome has been associated with increased morbidity following surgical procedures, yet its impact in acute orthopaedic trauma remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of metabolic syndrome on in-hospital (1) complications, (2) length of stay, and (3) nonroutine discharge in patients sustaining an isolated ankle fracture.Methods:Using the National Health Discharge Survey (NHDS) database for the years 2001 through 2007, an estimated 669 841 patients with isolated ankle fractures treated operatively were identified and separated into groups with and without metabolic syndrome. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was performed for each of the outcome variables.Results:Metabolic syndrome was an independent risk factor for increased nonroutine discharge (OR = 1.8) and the development of in-hospital complications (OR = 2.1). The presence of metabolic syndrome was not an independent risk factor for prolonged hospital stay.Conclusion:Patients wit...
Selected Preharvest Morphological Characteristics of Soybeans Stressed by Simulated Green Cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Defoliation and Velvetleaf Competition1

The separate and combined effects of velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti (Medic.), competition and simulated green clover worm (SGCW), Plathypena scabra (F.), defoliation on soybean Morphological development were evaluated in a 3-year field study. Statistical confirmation of velvetleaf competition stress was limited to soybeans in weed-proximate positions. Preharvest, weed-induced reductions in nodes with unrolled and fully developed leaves (1981 only) and transient effects on leaf area development were statistically significant. In comparison, the SGCW defoliation procedure consistently reduced soybean leaf area, height, and preharvest lodging scores. Nodal development and lower-leaf abscission lagged slightly in 1980 defoliated plots. Defoliated plants did not exhibit ‘compensatory regrowth.’ No treatment altered soybean stand counts, branching, reproductive phenology, or gravimetric soil moisture Determinations significantly. Actual statistical confirmation of velvetleaf × SGCW treatment interaction swash not achieved in this study.
Integration of Digital Technology and Innovative Strategies for Learning and Teaching Large Classes: A Calculus Case Study.

Successful science and engineering programs require proficiency and dynamics in mathematics classes to enhance the learning of complex subject matter with a sufficient amount of practical problem solving. Improving student performance and retention in mathematics classes requires inventive approaches. At the University of Central Florida (UCF) the Department of Mathematics developed an innovative teaching method that incorporated computers and MyLabsPlus software with application sessions in large calculus classes. Introduction of new technology, in-class problem solving and application (or discussion) sessions are important factors in the enhancement of students’ deep understanding of mathematics. We will detail various components of the course (daily online homework sets, online skills tests, application sessions and projects with Teaching Assistants, in-class tests, and comprehensive final exam) and discuss how we obtained optimal results enhancing the traditional teaching techniques. The instructional delivery involves group work combined with the use of computer technology to analyze the relationship between the physical problems and the mathematical models. We hope that the details of our experiences and the lessons we learned along the way will be helpful to others who are struggling with the same issues. Furthermore, this technique can be used to teach large classes not only in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines but also in social sciences.
Ventricular stroke work and efficiency both remain nearly optimal despite altered vascular loading

Recent clinical and animal studies have suggested that ventricular-vascular coupling normally operates at either optimal ventricular efficiency (EFF = stroke work/myocardial oxygen consumption) or stroke work (SW) and that efficiency in particular is compromised by cardiac dysfunction. These distinctions between coupling states at maximal work vs. efficiency are largely based on theoretical models. To date, there are few direct experimental data defining optimal conditions for each parameter, respectively, in the same heart or tests of whether changes from these conditions must produce significant declines in both parameters. Therefore, 10 isolated blood-perfused canine hearts were studied at varying contractilities, with the heart ejecting into a simulated three-element Windkessel model of arterial impedance. For a given inotropic state [indexed by the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (Ees)], myocardial oxygen consumption and SW were measured over a broad range of afterload resistances. The latter was indexed by the effective arterial elastance (Ea) and ventricular-vascular interaction expressed by the ratio of Ea to Ees (Ea/Ees). On average, maximal SW occurred at Ea/Ees = 0.80 +/- 0.16, whereas EFF was maximal at Ea/Ees = 0.70 +/- 0.15 (P or = 90% of their respective optima over a broad overlapping range of Ea-to-Ees ratios (0.3-1.3, corresponds with ejection fractions ranging from approximately 40 to 80%). These data show that both SW and efficiency are nearly maximal under many conditions of ventricular-vascular interaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Managing atopic dermatitis.

"Itchy" rashes occurring in patients (usually an infant or child) with a personal and/or family history of itching, sneezing, and/or wheezing should be considered part of the spectrum of skin problems labeled "atopic dermatitis" (AD). Multiple factors influence AD, and effective management requires that none be overlooked. The complicated nature of treatment means parents and family members require repeated reinforcement and education, particularly in avoiding "triggers of itch;" and use of medications. When all the aspects of AD are adequately addressed, more than 90% of patients with AD can be effectively managed.
Noncognitive Variables and Student Learning in Extended Opportunity Programs and Services (EOPS).

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this mixed methods study was to investigate the relationship between participation in Extended Opportunity Programs and Services (EOPS) at California Valley College (CVC) (one of the 113 California Community Colleges in California) and several measures of student learning. An embedded survey design was developed using William Sedlacek’s noncognitive questionnaire (NCQ), items from the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE), items based on Marcia Baxter Magolda’s epistemological reflection model of cognitive complexity, and items based on student learning outcomes for learning in EOPS. The survey had a 43.7% response rate. Students’ demographic characteristics, progress data, and grades were also collected. The survey concluded with four open-ended questions examining students’ perceptions about their learning. GPA (grade point average) as an outcome measure, and several NCQ scales were positively correlated with the Learning in EOPS Scale. Qualitative and mixed metho...
Nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers: low frequency self-pulsations due to asymmetric optical feedback

Due to their strongly nonlinear behavior, semiconductor lasers are ideal systems for studying complex dynamic effects such as coherence collapse, instabilities, and chaos. Furthermore, they have found extensive applications in optical communication and data storage. Understanding nonlinear dynamic effects in diode lasers is essential for applications such as modulation, switching, bistability. short-pulse generation, linewidth narrowing, and fast reading/writing on reflective optical disks. At a more fundamental level, nonlinear processes such as harmonic generation and parametric amplification could occur at dynamic bifurcation points of a system constructed from linear materials.
Fiat Lux: The Squid–Vibrio Association as a Model for Understanding Host–Microbe Associations

The symbiosis between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri offers an experimentally tractable model for understanding the role of beneficial bacteria on animal development and the mechanisms by which host and symbionts establish and maintain highly specific associations. The symbiont is transmitted from the environment each generation, and mechanisms must be in place to ensure specificity. Research over the years has revealed some of the “molecular dialogue” that occurs between the partners during and after colonization. Many of these interactions involve microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as well as components of the host’s innate immune system. The role of light production by the symbiont and light detection by the host is also critical to the association and has likely served as a driving force during the evolution of this symbiosis. Finally, the host harbors a second symbiosis, housing a consortium of bacteria in the female reproductive system. Euprymna scolopes therefore offers the unique opportunity to study both a binary and consortial symbiosis in the same host.
Electrical resistivity surveys in two historical cemeteries in Northeast Texas: A method for delineating unidentified burial shafts

Electrical resistivity surveys have been conducted in two historical cemeteries in northeast Texas. The purpose of the work was to establish an empirical test of the resistivity method in identifying known graves in the I.D. Parker Cemetery in Hurst, Texas, and to apply the method in locating unknown burial shafts in a small south Dallas cemetery where markers had been destroyed. Resistivity surveys in the Parker Cemetery were successful in distinguishing known graves when a uniform electrode spacing of 0.5 m was employed. At the south Dallas cemetery, initial excavations at marked graves prior to the resistivity survey located some burials, but it was not clear that all remains had been recovered from the site. As a test to see if undiscovered burials remained, a resistivity data grid with 0.5 m electrode spacing was developed for the cemetery. Eight anomalies, interpreted as potential burial shafts, were identified; six were deemed optimum. Excavation of all eight anomalies located four sets of human remains. The results of these surveys indicate that the method can be effective in identifying unknown burial shafts.
Sleep-Wake Concordance in Couples Is Inversely Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers.

Aim To determine whether interdependence in couples' sleep (sleep-wake concordance i.e., whether couples are awake or asleep at the same time throughout the night) is associated with two markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and systemic inflammation. Methods This community-based study is a cross-sectional analysis of 46 adult couples, aged 18-45 years, without known sleep disorders. Percent sleep-wake concordance, the independent variable, was calculated for each individual using actigraphy. Ambulatory BP monitors measured BP across 48 h. Dependent variables included mean sleep systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), mean wake SBP and DBP, sleep-wake SBP and DBP ratios, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Mixed models were used and were adjusted for age, sex, education, race, and body mass index. Results Higher sleep-wake concordance was associated with lower sleep SBP (b = -.35, SE = .01) and DBP (b = -.22, SE = .10) and lower wake SBP (b = -.26, SE = .12; all p values < .05). Results were moderated by sex; for women, high concordance was associated with lower BP. Men and women with higher sleep-wake concordance also had lower CRP values (b = -.15, SE = .03, p < .05). Sleep-wake concordance was not associated with wake DBP or sleep/wake BP ratios. Significant findings remained after controlling for individual sleep quality, duration, and wake after sleep onset. Conclusions Sleep-wake concordance was associated with sleep BP, and this association was stronger for women. Higher sleep-wake concordance was associated with lower systemic inflammation for men and women. Sleep-wake concordance may be a novel mechanism by which marital relationships are associated with long-term CVD outcomes.
A method for setpoint alarming using a normalized index

Abstract This paper describes a normalized index for assessing the performance of PID control loops. The index was developed with a focus on ease of implementation by making use of features that are commonly found in modern control systems. Exponentially-weighted moving averages (EWMAs) or equivalent first-order infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters are found in many control system algorithm libraries and the index is developed using two EWMAs. Because the index is normalized, this paper shows how a single threshold can be derived from generic performance metrics thereby providing a solution to replace traditional setpoint alarming. Results are presented from evaluating the index using data gathered from several different loop types in a building heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.
Multipotent Myoepithelial Progenitor Cells Are Born Early during Airway Submucosal Gland Development

Airway submucosal glands (SMGs) are facultative stem cell niches for the surface epithelium, but the phenotype of the SMG-derived progenitor cells remains unclear. In other organs, glandular myoepithelial cells (MECs) have been proposed to be multipotent progenitors for luminal cells. We sought to determine the developmental phase during which mouse tracheal glandular MECs are born and whether these MECs are progenitors for other cell phenotypes during SMG morphogenesis. To approach this question, we localized two MEC protein markers (α-smooth muscle actin [αSMA/ACTA2] and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11 [SMMHC/MYH11]) during various stages of SMG development (placode, elongation, branching, and differentiation) and used ACTA2-CreERT2 and MYH11-CreERT2 transgenic mice to fate map MEC-derived lineages during SMG morphogenesis. Both αSMA- and SMMHC-expressing cells emerged early after placode formation and during the elongation phase of SMG development. Lineage tracing in newborn mice demonstrated that lineage-positive MECs are born at the tips of invading tubules during the elongation phase of gland development. Lineage-positive MECs born within the first 7 days after birth gave rise to the largest percentage of multipotent progenitors capable of contributing to myoepithelial, serous, mucous, and ductal cell lineages. Serial tamoxifen-induction of both Cre-driver lines demonstrated that lineage-positive multipotent MECs contribute to ∼ 60% of glandular cells by 21 days after birth. In contrast, lineage-traced MECs did not contribute to cell types in the surface airway epithelium. These findings demonstrate that MECs born early during SMG morphogenesis are multipotent progenitors with the capacity to differentiate into other glandular cell types.
Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Medal of 2000

Mr. President, members of the society, and guests: I begin these brief remarks by expressing sincere thanks to the Mineralogical Society of America for awarding me the Distinguished Service Medal for the year 2000. I greatly appreciate this honor. Public service and the public’s understanding of science are extremely important matters. After all, how can we expect the public to support our work if there is not some semblance of understanding “out there” of what we do and why we do it? Over my career, I have been fortunate to have been employed by two organizations that place great importance on serving the general public—the U.S. Geological Survey and the Smithsonian Institution. The Smithsonian, where I’ve been since 1976, has as its mission statement the goal to, “increase and diffuse knowledge.” …
CP-152 Appropriateness of art prescription in hiv infected naïve patients according to the gesida guide (gesida/spanish aids national plan recommended guidelines)

Background Proper management of HIV treatment is important because of the complexity and speed with which knowledge changes, requiring the development of guidelines for antiretroviral therapy (ART), but also frequent updating of these guidelines. In Spain, the Society of Infectious Diseases annually produces a consensus document (GESIDA) for ART. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate adjustment to the recommendations of the GESIDA consensus document in Spain for the prescription of ART in naive patients between January 2014 and March 2016. Material and methods This was a retrospective observational study. The medical records of all HIV naive adult patients were reviewed. Epidemiological and laboratory data on viral load (blood VL) and CD4+ were retrieved from the clinical management programme. Therapeutic regimens at treatment initiation and clinical data were collected. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A central tendency was expressed, with median and minimum and maximum values. Results Between 2014 and March 2016, 28 patients were started on ART; 18 (85.7%) were men, mean age was 43.13 years (IQR 24–64), blood VL was 94 396 copies/mL (IQR 800–749 000) and CD4 was 384.5 cells/mm 3 (IQR 11–850). The treatments described in the Guide were prescribed to 27 patients (96%). 7 (25%) received a preferred treatment to the Guide, 20 (71%) an alternative treatment described from the Guide and only 1 patient received a therapeutic regimen not described in the Guide for a justified reason. Conclusion The initial prescription for a naive HIV patient during the period of this study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations from GESIDA. References and/or acknowledgements Spanish AIDS National Plan recommended guidelines, 2014, 2015, 2016. No conflict of interest
A targeted attack for enhancing resiliency of intelligent intrusion detection modules in energy cyber physical systems

Secure high-speed communication is required to ensure proper operation of complex power grid systems and prevent malicious tampering activities. In this paper, artificial neural networks with temporal dependency are introduced for false data identification and mitigation for broadcasted IEC 61850 SMV messages. The fast responses of such intelligent modules in intrusion detection make them suitable for time-critical applications, such as protection. However, care must be taken in selecting the appropriate intelligence model and decision criteria. As such, this paper presents a customizable malware script to sniff and manipulate SMV messages and demonstrates the ability of the malware to trigger false positives in the neural network's response. The malware developed is intended to be as a vaccine to harden the intrusion detection system against data manipulation attacks by enhancing the neural network's ability to learn and adapt to these attacks.
Water velocity modeling can delineate nearshore and main channel plankton environments in a large river

Methods to distinguish nearshore and main channel ecosystems within large rivers are essential for observing physical, chemical, and biological features that influence overall river ecosystem function. Water velocity fields based on hydrodynamic modeling of water flow trajectory were used to evaluate water history (i.e., water moving slowly as in a slack water region, or more rapidly, as characteristic of the main channel) prior to passing a given point in the Upper St. Lawrence River. Using this method to differentiate zones in the river, observations of biotic and abiotic variables in nearshore and main channel zones during late spring and summer (June–August) were compared to assess the difference in these water column river ecosystems. Differences in plankton community composition between nearshore and main channel waters along the Upper St. Lawrence River were investigated to test the hypothesis that nearshore and main channel environments in large river systems have different biotic (e.g., phytoplankton, crustacean zooplankton, and rotifer concentrations) and abiotic [e.g., water temperature, specific conductivity, silicate, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and total phosphorus] characteristics. Nearshore water had significantly higher concentrations of CDOM and chlorophyll-a than main channel waters. With distance downstream, crustacean zooplankton and rotifers decreased in abundance in both nearshore and main channel regions. This study describes an effective method for stratified sampling design that differentiates nearshore and main channel ecosystems in the water column of large rivers.
Greenberg's and Vennemann's Universals of Word Order

Current research on synchronic word order universals has been most influenced by the work of Joseph Greenberg and by Theo Vennemann, whose work draws extensively on that of Winfred Lehmann. This chapter discusses their contributions, as a background to the reformulated word order universals. Joseph Greenberg is to be credited with the collection of an impressive body of data and with the formulation of a large number of word order universals. Theo Vennemann, following Winfred Lehmann, has proposed a general organizing principle for these word order universals that has some explanatory value. However, this principle has more exceptions than does the original body of universals proposed by Joseph Greenberg and Theo Vennemann, in his more recent work, no longer claims that his principle has much descriptive power. There are also interesting differences in language frequencies that are not being accounted for.