cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex-Specific Differences in Late Preterm Neonatal Outcomes.

Objective To estimate sex-specific differences in late preterm outcomes and evaluate whether betamethasone modifies this association. Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of a multicenter trial of women at risk for late preterm birth randomized to receive betamethasone or placebo. We included women who delivered at 34 to 37 weeks and excluded major fetal anomalies. The primary outcome was severe neonatal morbidity (mechanical ventilation, respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage). Maternal characteristics were compared using chi-square test, t-test, or Mann–Whitney U-test. Multivariable logistic regression estimated the association between sex and morbidity, and likelihood ratio testing assessed for effect modification by betamethasone. Results Of 2,831 women in the primary trial, 2,331 met the inclusion criteria: 1,236 delivered males and 1,095 delivered females. Betamethasone modified the association between sex and severe morbidity (p = 0.047). Among those who received betamethasone, male sex was associated with higher odds of severe morbidity (adjusted odds ratio: 1.95, 95% confidence interval: 1.25–3.05), compared with female sex. Among those who did not receive betamethasone, there was no significant association between sex and morbidity. Conclusion Male sex is a risk factor for adverse late preterm outcomes, including severe neonatal morbidity after betamethasone receipt.
Modeling and Simulation of Nonstationary Non-Poisson Arrival Processes

We develop CIATA, a combined inversion-and-thinning approach for modeling a nonstationary non-Poisson process (NNPP), where the target arrival process is described by a given rate function and its ...
Local composition activity coefficient model for mixed-gas adsorption equilibria

Taking into consideration the adsorbate–adsorbent interactions, a novel activity coefficient model is derived from the non-random two-liquid theory for mixed-gas adsorption equilibria. In contrast with the conventional activity coefficient models developed for bulk liquids, the new model correctly predicts negative deviations from ideality for adsorbed phase mixtures including azeotropic behavior exhibited by selected gas-adsorbent systems. Requiring a single binary interaction parameter per adsorbate–adsorbate pair, the model successfully correlates wide varieties of binary adsorption isotherm data and it should be a powerful engineering thermodynamic tool in correlating and predicting mixed-gas adsorption equilibria.
Incorporating Core-to-Core Correlation to Improve Partially Good Yield Models

New partially good yield models have been developed by considering core-to-core correlation. The new models take into account the physical mechanisms which cause core-to-core correlation in advanced technologies. The improved models have clearly shown improved accuracy to actual data when compared to the existing models. First, existing partially good yield models are reviewed. Next, the physical mechanisms causing core-to-core correlation in advanced technology nodes are discussed. A simple correlated partially good yield model is given that is based on the physical mechanisms. A correlated partially good yield model based on Moody’s correlated binomial distribution is proposed. Finally, actual partially good yield data of two 14 nm products are compared to both the existing models and the proposed new models. The new correlated partially good yield model better matches the actual yield data across a range of core counts compared to existing models.
Decreased ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio attenuates ethanol-induced alterations in intestinal homeostasis, microbiota, and liver injury

Ethanol (EtOH)-induced alterations in intestinal homeostasis lead to multi-system pathologies, including liver injury. ω-6 PUFAs exert pro-inflammatory activity, while ω-3 PUFAs promote anti-inflammatory activity that is mediated, in part, through specialized pro-resolving mediators [e.g., resolvin D1 (RvD1)]. We tested the hypothesis that a decrease in the ω-6:ω-3 PUFA ratio would attenuate EtOH-mediated alterations in the gut-liver axis. ω-3 FA desaturase-1 (fat-1) mice, which endogenously increase ω-3 PUFA levels, were protected against EtOH-mediated downregulation of intestinal tight junction proteins in organoid cultures and in vivo. EtOH- and lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of INF-γ, Il-6, and Cxcl1 was attenuated in fat-1 and WT RvD1-treated mice. RNA-seq of ileum tissue revealed upregulation of several genes involved in cell proliferation, stem cell renewal, and antimicrobial defense (including Alpi and Leap2) in fat-1 versus WT mice fed EtOH. fat-1 mice were also resistant to EtOH-mediated downregulation of genes important for xenobiotic/bile acid detoxification. Further, gut microbiome and plasma metabolomics revealed several changes in fat-1versus WT mice that may contribute to a reduced inflammatory response. Finally, these data correlated with a significant reduction in liver injury. Our study suggests that ω-3 PUFA enrichment or treatment with resolvins can attenuate the disruption in intestinal homeostasis caused by EtOH consumption and systemic inflammation with a concomitant reduction in liver injury.
Retention of Patients With Multiple Vulnerabilities in a Federally Qualified Health Center Buprenorphine Program: Pennsylvania, 2017-2018.

Objectives. To describe and report initial outcomes of a low-threshold, group-based primary care medication for opioid use disorder (OUD) program in a federally qualified health center.Methods. We ...
How to Calibrate your Enemy's Capabilities? Inverse Filtering for Counter-Autonomous Systems

We consider the following adversarial Bayesian signal processing problem involving “us” and the “enemy”: an enemy observes our state in noise; updates its posterior distribution of the state and then chooses an action based on this posterior. Given knowledge of “our” state and sequence of enemy's actions observed in noise, we consider two problems: (i) How can the enemy's posterior distribution be estimated? Estimating the posterior is an inverse filtering problem involving a random measure - we formulate and solve several versions of this problem in a Bayesian setting. (ii) How can the enemy's observation likelihood be estimated? This tells us how accurate the enemy's sensors are. We compute the maximum likelihood estimator for the enemy's observation likelihood given our measurements of the enemy's actions where the enemy's actions are in response to estimating our state. The above questions are motivated by the design of counter-autonomous systems: given measurements of the actions of a sophisticated autonomous enemy, how can a counter-autonomous system estimate the underlying belief of the enemy, predict future actions and therefore guard against these actions.
A New Graph Database System for Multi-omics Data Integration and Mining Complex Biological Information.

Due to the advancement in high throughput technologies and robust experimental designs, many recent studies attempt to incorporate heterogeneous data obtained from multiple technologies to improve our understanding of the molecular dynamics associated with biological processes. Currently available technologies produce wide variety of large amount of data spanning from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and epigenetics. Due to the fact that such multi-omics data are very diverse and come from different biological levels, it has been a major research challenge to develop a model to properly integrate all available and relevant data to advance biomedical research. It has been argued by many researchers that the integration of multi-omics data to extract relevant biological information is currently one of the major biomedical informatics challenges. This paper proposes a new graph database model to efficiently store and mine multi-omics data. We show a working model of this graph database with transcriptomics, genomics, epigenetics and clinical data for three cancer types from the Cancer Genome Atlas. Moreover, we highlight the usefulness of graph database mining to extract relevant biological interpretations and also to find novel relationships between different data levels.
Imaging the delivery and behavior of cellulose synthases in Arabidopsis thaliana using confocal microscopy

Abstract Confocal microscopy has been a key tool for characterizing the behavior of cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins as they extrude cellulose into the apoplast to help construct plant cell walls. While other microscopy techniques like electron microscopy can achieve higher resolution images of CESAs, confocal microscopy is still the most accessible way to image these proteins in living plants as they are trafficked to and from the cell surface and move through the plasma membrane. Here, we describe a method for imaging fluorescently tagged CESA proteins in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana using spinning disk confocal microscopy, with a focus on quantifying the speed, density, and delivery rate of CESA particles. Many of these techniques can be adapted and applied to imaging other membrane-localized proteins and other plant species. In addition to imaging techniques, we describe several options for image analysis that can be optimized for different datasets.
History repeats itself: Role of characterizing flavors on nicotine use and abuse.

Abstract The popularity of e-cigarettes has skyrocketed in recent years, and most vapers use flavored e-cigarette products. Consumption of flavored e-cigarettes exceeds that of combustible cigarettes and other tobacco products among adolescents, who are particularly vulnerable to becoming nicotine dependent. Flavorings have been used by the tobacco industry since the 17th century, but the use of flavors by the e-cigarette industry to create products with "characterizing" flavors (i.e. flavors other than tobacco or menthol) has sparked a public health debate. This review addresses the possibility that characterizing flavors make nicotine more appealing, rewarding and addictive. It also discusses ways in which preclinical and clinical studies could improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which flavors may alter nicotine reward and reinforcement. This article is part of the special issue on ‘Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology’.
Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden on Abdominal CT: Automated Assessment With Deep Learning on Noncontrast and Contrast-enhanced Scans.

Background Abdominal aortic atherosclerotic plaque burden may have clinical significance but manual measurement is time-consuming and impractical. Purpose To perform external validation on an automated atherosclerotic plaque detector for noncontrast and postcontrast abdominal CT. Materials and Methods The training data consisted of 114 noncontrast CT scans and 23 postcontrast CT urography scans. The testing data set consisted of 922 CT colonography (CTC) scans, and 1207 paired noncontrast and postcontrast CT scans from renal donors from a second institution. Reference standard data included manual plaque segmentations in the 137 training scans and manual plaque burden measurements in the 922 CTC scans. The total Agatston score and group (0–3) was determined using fully-automated deep learning software. Performance was assessed by measures of agreement, linear regression, and paired evaluations. Results On CTC scans, automated Agatston scoring correlated highly with manual assessment (R2 = 0.94). On paired renal donor CT scans, automated Agatston scoring on postcontrast CT correlated highly with noncontrast CT (R2 = 0.95). When plaque burden was expressed as a group score, there was excellent agreement for both the CTC (weighted kappa 0.80 ± 0.01 [95% confidence interval: 0.78–0.83]) and renal donor (0.83 ± 0.02 [0.79–0.86]) assessments. Conclusion Fully automated detection, segmentation, and scoring of abdominal aortic atherosclerotic plaques on both pre- and post-contrast CT was validated and may have application for population-based studies.
Hox-logic of preadaptations for social insect symbiosis in rove beetles

How symbiotic lifestyles evolve from free-living ecologies is poorly understood. Novel traits mediating symbioses may stem from preadaptations: features of free-living ancestors that predispose taxa to engage in nascent interspecies relationships. In Metazoa's largest family, Staphylinidae (rove beetles), the body plan within the subfamily Aleocharinae is preadaptive for symbioses with social insects. Short elytra expose a pliable abdomen that bears targetable glands for host manipulation or chemical defense. The exposed abdomen has also been convergently refashioned into ant- and termite-mimicking shapes in multiple symbiotic lineages. Here we show how this preadaptive anatomy evolved via novel Hox gene functions that remodeled the ancestral coleopteran groundplan. Using the model staphylinid Dalotia coriaria, we abolished activities of the five thoracic and abdominal Hox genes. We show that elytral shortening is a staphylinid-specific property of the Hox-less appendage ground state, which is overridden in the metathorax by Ultrabithorax to promote hind wing expansion. In the exposed abdomen, we present evidence that defensive gland development stems from novel combinatorial outputs of the Abdominal-A and Abdominal-B Hox proteins: in the posterior compartment of tergite VI they specify a chemical gland reservoir, an imaginal disc-like invagination of ectodermal secretory cells; in the anterior compartment of tergite VII Abdominal-A and Abdominal-B specify clusters of classical duct-bearing glands. These distinct gland cell types collectively synthesize a blend of benzoquinone irritants, surfactant esters and alkane solvent, a defensive chemistry, which in symbiotic species has been augmented with specialized volatiles that potently manipulate ant behavior. These results reveal how Hox-controlled body axis modifications caused a convergent trend towards evolving symbiosis in the Metazoa.
Mfn2 requires Hinge 1 integrity for efficient nucleotide-dependent assembly and membrane fusion

ABSTRACT Mitofusins are members of the dynamin-related protein family, large GTPases that harness the energy from nucleotide hydrolysis to remodel membranes. Mitofusins possess four structural domains including two extended helical bundles that are connected by a flexible linker. The role of this linker (Hinge 1) in mitofusin-mediated membrane fusion is not well understood. We have characterized four variants with amino acid substitutions within this region of Mfn2. While a defect was not apparent in cells, a fusion deficiency was observed in vitro, and was rescued by the addition of cytosolic fraction. All four variants had decreased nucleotide-dependent assembly, which was improved by the addition of Bax. Assembly of mitofusins across two membranes was unaffected as formation of the trans complex was similar to wild type for all variants. We further demonstrate that variants with substitutions in both helical bundles are more severely impaired than any single mutant, suggesting that both helical bundles contribute to this function. Our data are consistent with a model where this region contributes to conformational changes that are important for assembly.
Greater complexity and monitoring of the new Kidney Allocation System: Implications and unintended consequences of concentric circle kidney allocation on network complexity

The deceased donor kidney allocation system in the United States has undergone several rounds of iterative changes, but these changes were not explicitly designed to address the geographic variation in access to transplantation. The new allocation system, expected to start in December 2020, changes the definition of "local allocation" from the Donation Service Area to 250 nautical mile circles originating from the donor hospital. While other solid organs have adopted a similar approach, the larger number of both kidney transplant centers and transplant candidates is likely to have different consequences. Here, we discuss the incredible increase in complexity in allocation, discuss some of the likely intended and unintended consequences, and propose metrics to monitor the new system.
Countering Educational Disparities Among Black Boys and Black Adolescent Boys from Pre-K to High School: A Life Course-Intersectional Perspective

Accounts of educational opportunity gaps for Black boys are overwhelmingly focused on later years of development. Achievement and discipline disparities are evident across their lifespan. Life course and intersectionality theories were used to develop a framework for understanding obstacles Black boys face during their preschool through high school years. Outlining the cumulative impact of threats and protective factors for their academic success provides insight for supporting Black boys at various developmental stages. Implications include tools for families, educators, and practitioners. This perspective will enhance the collective understanding of the resiliency of Black boys and support their educational success throughout the life course.
CHICKEN CHYMOTRYPSIN AND TURKEY TRYPSIN. II. PHYSICAL AND ENZYMIC PROPERTIES.

Abstract Turkey trypsin, molecular weight 22,500 by light scattering and 18,557 by amino acid analysis, reacted with substrates and inhibitors in the same manner as mammalian trypsins. The enzyme was stabilized by calcium at low and neutral pH. The amino acid analysis also indicated a similarity to mammalian trypsins. Chicken chymotrypsin, molecular weight 20,000 by light scattering and 26,309 by amino acid analysis, exhibited esterase activity almost twice that of bovine alpha chymotrypsin but only two thirds of the protease activity. Calcium did not increase the esterase activity but did stabilize the enzyme near pH 7. At low pH the enzyme was more stable in the absence of calcium. Amino acid analysis indicated chicken chymotrypsin is more like bovine chymotrypsinogen A than bovine chymotrypsinogen B or porcine chymotrypsinogen. The results indicate that natural variations between chicken and mammalian chymotrypsins occur in both physical and enzymic properties, whereas variations between turkey and mammalian trypsins were confined almost entirely to physical properties.
Vitamin E for prevention of perinatal intracranial hemorrhage.

Vitamin E was discovered in the early 1920s by Evans and Bishop1 who found that its absence from the diet of rats led to reproductive failure. The chemical identification of the vitamin was accomplished in 1936,2 and the alcohol was named α-tocopherol [Greek: tokos = offspring; pherein = to bear]. Disease due to deficiency of vitamin E is rare since the vitamin is present in a large variety of foodstuffs including human colostrum and milk, grains, nuts, and other vegetable oils, eggs, and liver. However, human deficiency syndromes that include myopathic and neuropathic disorders have been described in association with chronic fat malabsorption.3
Show Them the Mission: A Comparison of Teacher Recruitment Incentives in High Need Communities

Objective Most public organizations use both materialistic and idealistic appeals to attract valued employees, with the latter being particularly important for difficult jobs. Teaching in high poverty communities is one such job, though none have studied whether successful high poverty schools such as the Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) schools make relatively greater use of public service appeals in teacher recruitment. In education, we identify these materialistic and idealistic appeals as teacher-centered and student-centered incentives. Teacher-centered incentives are those that appeal to a teacher's desire for higher compensation or advancement opportunities, whereas student-centered appeals attempt to attract teachers with a public service mission. Method We compare the use of teacher-centered and student-centered appeals in teacher recruitment by the universe of KIPP networks (n = 33) and neighboring traditional public school districts (n = 34), each serving disadvantaged populations. Coders record personnel website use of four teacher-centered appeals (including salary and benefits) and four student-centered appeals. Results Chi-square tests show that KIPP schools make less use of teacher-centered appeals, especially monetary compensation, and more use of student-centered appeals in teacher recruitment. Conclusion Supplemented by fieldwork, findings suggest that appeals to mission may work better than merit pay in recruiting effective teachers for high poverty schools.
Kinetic Isotope Effects in Enzymes

Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) have progressed to become one of the most useful analytical techniques to study enzymatic reactions and can answer a variety of questions ranging from the basic mechanism of a reaction to the structure of a transition state (TS) and the role of quantum mechanical tunneling. Here, we briefly discuss the development of the theory behind KIEs with an emphasis on how it guides the interpretation of experimental data. We then present some of the instrumentation and techniques commonly used for KIE experiments, followed by a number of different examples from the enzymology literature wherein KIEs have been used to probe chemical transformations, with an emphasis on the effects of quantum mechanical tunneling on KIEs. Keywords: enzymes; kinetics; isotope effects; tunneling; dihydrofolate reductase; alcohol dehydrogenase; thymidylate synthase
A protein similar to the 67 kDa laminin binding protein and p40 is probably a component of the translational machinery in Urechis caupo oocytes and embryos

Oocytes of the echiuroid, Urechis caupo, contain an abundant maternal mRNA that encodes a protein very similar to LBP/p40, originally identified as a non-integrin 67 kDa laminin binding protein. We have sequenced the Urechis caupo mRNA for LBP/p40, and a similar mRNA from the Hawaiian sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla. Both of the encoded proteins, as well as LBP/p40 proteins from other sources, share significant homology in the amino 2/3 of the proteins, but diverge extensively at the carboxyl ends. LBP/p40 protein is present in growing and in full-grown U. caupo oocytes. The protein concentration remains constant for the first 48 hours of embryogenesis and then begins to decline. In sucrose gradients run with homogenates from coelomocytes, oocytes, and early embryos, all of the LBP/p40 protein appears to be associated with either polysomes or free 40 S ribosomal subunits. In later embryos, an increasing proportion of the protein is found in the soluble fraction. Immunohistochemistry indicates that LBP/p40 is uniformly distributed in early U. caupo embryos, with no localization at the cell surface. In later embryos LBP/p40 is localized in specific parts of the embryo which may correspond to neural tissue.
MO-D-M100F-03: Latest Clinical Development for GI

There has been significant progress in the technical delivery of radiation therapy in GI cancer. These innovations have included the use of intensity modulated radiation therapy,image guidance radiation therapy, and stereotactic radiation therapy. One of the key goals is judicious use of this technology. This lecture will highlight current efforts as well as future avenues of clinical research in the use of sophisticated radiationdelivery in the treatment of GI malignancies.
Hybrid fibers containing protein-templated nanomaterials and biologically active components as antibacterial materials

Abstract The persistent and emerging threat of bacterial infections now extends to many real world scenarios that drive a requirement for antimicrobial fabrics. Such functionalized textiles may find application in protective wear for medical and military personnel and provide functional wound dressings that reduce infection in situ. In this work, biomimetic enzyme entrapment and protein-directed nanomaterials synthesis is combined and applied to the antimicrobial functionalization of fabrics. A multi-faceted approach was adopted to address the fabrication of textiles with Ag nanoparticles, bactericidal proteins and mineral coatings that may contribute (singularly or in unison) to provide antimicrobial activity. Fibroin coordinated silver ions, for example, were chemically reduced to generate silver nanoparticles within the interior of silk fabric fibers. Silk textiles were further functionalized by the surface adsorption of the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme. The exposure of such lysozyme-conjugated fabrics to mineralizing solutions enabled the self-directed immobilization of the enzyme in a subsequent protective matrix of amorphous silica or titania. Silk-immobilized lysozyme was also utilized to adsorb nanocrystalline TiO2 from solution onto the fabric surface; a subsequent layer of enzyme served to entrap the ceramic particles under a layer of biomimetically mineralized titania. The multiplicity of antimicrobial activities derived from this approach thereby combined; 1) the hydrolytic activity of lysozyme (demonstrated by radial diffusion assays), 2) the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles (demonstrated effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and silver resistant E. coli) and 3) the photocatalytic bactericidal response of TiO2 under UV illumination.
EFFECTS OF SOIL RESOURCES ON PLANT INVASION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN CALIFORNIAN SERPENTINE GRASSLAND

Non-native annual grasses dominate most Californian mediterranean-cli- mate grasslands today. However, native Californian grassland flora persists in grasslands on serpentine-derived soils. We manipulated soil nutrient resources to explore the links between nutrient availability, plant productivity, and the relative abundances of native and non-native species in serpentine grassland. Factorial combinations of nitrogen, phos- phorus, and other components of a nutritionally complete formula were added to field plots over two growing seasons. Fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus increased biomass of the resident vegetation substantially in the first season, and within two years allowed the invasion and dominance of non-native annual grasses in patches originally dominated by native annual forbs. Species richness declined with fertilization, as the increased biomass production by invaders sup- pressed some native forbs. Increased macronutrient availability can increase production on serpentine-derived soil, even when other serpentine characteristics (such as low Ca/Mg ratios and high heavy-metal concentrations) have not been mitigated. Observed changes in community structure and composition demonstrate that the invasibility of plant com- munities may be directly influenced by nutrient availability, independent of physical dis- turbance.
Corneal Endothelial Cells Are Protected from Apoptosis by Gene Therapy

Abstract Corneal grafting is the most prevalent form of transplantation. Corneal endothelial cells (ECs), which form a monolayer of the cornea with minimal proliferative potential, are pivotal for maintenance of corneal clarity. Loss of EC viability and apoptosis leads to graft failure posttransplantation and reduces the quality of donor corneas in storage, such that up to 30% do not meet selection criteria and must be discarded. The current study investigates antiapoptotic effects of transduced mammalian Bcl-xL and baculoviral p35 on human ECs. Multiple apoptotic cell features are observed while inducing apoptosis either via the extrinsic (death receptor) or intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. Human ECs were studied under three experimental conditions: (1) as an immortalized cell line, (2) as primary cells, and (3) in an intact cornea. Interestingly, in primary EC suspensions, Bcl-xL was protective against apoptosis mediated via both pathways. However, p35 was significantly more protective again...
Party and personal preference in post-Soviet legislatures

Objective. Initial studies of post-Soviet legislative behavior have concluded that parties can affect legislative behavior; however, the methods used by these studies failed to distinguish between the effects of party and personal preferences. Evidence of party effects would be surprising given not only the perceived weaknesses of post-Soviet political parties, but also the debate on the existence of party effects in the U.S. Congress literature. Methods. The data are electronically recorded roll-call data from both the Ukrainian Rada and Russian Duma. I employ an OLS residualization technique to construct deputy preference measures. Then, I use multivariate analysis (tobit) to measure the impact of deputy preference and partisanship on support for government legislation. Results. In both the Rada and Duma, party and personal preferences impacted deputy voting behavior. Conclusion. Parties are an important determinant of legislative behavior, even in weak party systems of post-Soviet Ukraine and Russia.
Salute and critique: Remarks on Ratchford and Gupta's analysis of price-quality relations

The author argues that the assumptions contained in the model constructed by Ratchford and Gupta in an earlier issue of this journal are highly unrealistic. These assumptions concern the nature, extent, and outcome of consumer search. In the opinion of the author, Ratchford and Gupta's conclusion that the lack of a price-quality correlation is most likely not the most important determinant of consumer losses, is a child of the assumptions of the model. Had Ratchford and Gupta made the more realistic assumption that consumers search little, the typical near-zero correlation between price and quality would probably have been a very important determinant of losses.
Adenosine Mediates Decreased Cerebral Metabolic Rate and Increased Cerebral Blood Flow During Acute Moderate Hypoxia in the Near-Term Fetal Sheep

Exposure of the fetal sheep to moderate to severe hypoxic stress results in both increased cortical blood flow and decreased metabolic rate. Using intravenous infusion of 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist that is permeable to the blood brain barrier, we examine the role of adenosine A1 receptors in mediating cortical blood flow and metabolic responses to moderate hypoxia. The effects of DPCPX blockade are compared to controls as well as animals receiving intravenous 8-(p-sulfophenyl)-theophylline) (8-SPT), a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist which has been found to be blood brain barrier impermeable. Laser Doppler flow probes, tissue PO2, and thermocouples were implanted in the cerebral cortices of near-term fetal sheep. Catheters were placed in the brachial artery and sagittal sinus vein for collection of samples for blood gas analysis. Three to seven days later responses to a 30-min period of fetal hypoxemia (arterial PO2 10–12 mmHg) were studied with administration of 8-SPT, DPCPX, or vehicle. Cerebral metabolic rate was determined by calculation of both brain heat production and oxygen consumption. In response to hypoxia, control experiments demonstrated a 42 ± 7 % decrease in cortical heat production and a 35 ± 10 % reduction in oxygen consumption. In contrast, DPCPX infusion during hypoxia resulted in no significant change in brain heat production or oxygen consumption, suggesting the adenosine A1 receptor is involved in lowering metabolic rate during hypoxia. The decrease in cerebral metabolic rate was not altered by 8-SPT infusion, suggesting that the response is not mediated by adenosine receptors located outside the blood brain barrier. In response to hypoxia, control experiments demonstrated a 35 ± 7 % increase in cortical blood flow. DPCPX infusion did not change this increase in cortical blood flow, however 8-SPT infusion attenuated increases in flow, indicating that hypoxic increases in cerebral blood flow are mediated by adenosine but not via the A1 receptor. In summary, adenosine appears to play a key role in fetal hypoxic defences, acting to increase O2 delivery via adenosine A2 receptors and to decrease metabolic rate via A1 receptors inside the blood brain barrier. These data show for the first time in the mammalian fetus that the adenosine A1 receptor is an important mediator of brain metabolic rate during moderate hypoxia.
Connections of two types of flat cone bipolars in the rabbit retina.

The synaptic connections of two types of cone bipolar cells in the rabbit retina were studied with the electron microscope after labeling in vitro with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), intracellular injection with Lucifer Yellow, and photooxidation (Mills and Massey [1992] J. Comp. Neurol. 321:133). Both types of bipolars belong to the flat variety, because they make basal junctions with a group of four to ten neighboring cone pedicles. One cell type has an axonal arborization that occupies strata 1 through 3 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). At ribbon synaptic junctions, it is presynaptic to ganglion cell dendrites and to reciprocal dendrites belonging to narrow-field bistratified (AII) amacrine cells. In addition, it contacts and is contacted by other amacrine cell processes of unknown origin. The other cell type has an axonal arborization entirely confined to stratum 2 of the IPL; it is pre- or postsynaptic to a pleomorphic population of amacrine cell processes, and, in particular, it receives input from the lobular appendages of AII. Thus, these two bipolar types probably belong to the off-variety because they make basal junctions with cone photoreceptors and send their axon to sublamina α of the IPL, which is occupied by the dendrites of off-ganglion cells. They are also part of the rod pathway because they receive input from AII amacrine cells. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chemical preparation of ordered CdTe(110) and (100) surfaces using atomic hydrogen

Abstract We have studied reaction of oxide and contaminant layers on CdTe(100) and (110) surfaces with atomic hydrogen using a variety of analytical techniques. For these surfaces we observe a rapid, quantitative removal of oxide overlayers at room temperature resulting in surfaces free of contaminants with sufficient surface order to produce clear LEED patterns. In situ photoluminescence spectroscopy allows direct correlation of the enhancement of radiative carrier recombination with the production of an ordered (100)c(2 × 2) surface by such means.
DSM-5 cross-cutting symptom measures: a step towards the future of psychiatric care?

The notion that psychiatric disorders occur along dimensional continua rather than as categorical entities has long been debated. Research and clinical evidence have illustrated that a categorical diagnostic schema does not accurately reflect the full realms of clinical concerns in many patients, such as the presence of subthreshold anxiety or psychotic symptoms in individuals with major depressive disorder that cause or exacerbate impairment and distress (1,2). In some instances, clinicians are forced to diagnose two or three separate disorders, typically using the “not otherwise specified” label, in order to facilitate treatment for their patients (3). In the absence of a fully dimensional diagnostic schema, the integration of dimensional assessments of psychiatric symptomatology may be clinically useful in providing valuable information for our current understanding of mental disorders and the issue of co-occurring symptoms and conditions (1). In addition, the integration of categorical diagnoses and dimensional assessments of psychiatric symptoms may also facilitate the identification and fine-tuning of psychiatric endophenotypes, as emphasized in the Research Domain Criteria, for the various mental disorders (4). The DSM-5 Task Force and Work Groups developed and proposed the incorporation of dimensional measures – i.e., self-(i.e., adult and child/adolescent) and informant-report (i.e., parent/guardian) versions of the DSM-5 Cross-Cutting (CC) Symptom measures – to help address the issue of co-occurring symptoms across mental disorders (5–8). This paper discusses the benefits of the DSM-5 CC Symptom measures and identifies areas for further research and development.
Lateral inhibition and echoic memory: Some comments on Crowder’s (1978) theory

Crowder (1978) has proposed a theory of the suffix effect based on lateral inhibition among echoic representations of the list and suffix items. The theory was prompted by, and derives its principal support from, the counterintuitive finding that the effect is smaller with multiple suffixes than with a conventional single suffix. In this paper, we describe four experiments, each of which fails to replicate this finding. In addition, we note a prediction of the theory and show that it is contrary to available evidence. It is argued that the details of the suffix effect are too complex to be captured by a theory of peripheral mechanism, even one as ingenious as Crowder’s.
Supercomputer Supernet (SSN): a high-speed electro-optic campus and metropolitan network

Abstract The Supercomputer Supernel (SSN} is a high- performance, scalable optical interconnection nelwork I or supercompulers and worksaiion cMsers basedon asynchronous, wormhole-rouing switches. TheWDM oplical backbone extends the geographic cover- age range from inerdepartmenal io campus and even o mefropol2an areas w2h dynamically reconfigurable direct or muUi-hop connections. The neiwork pro-vides very high-speed integrated services, supporlingconnedion oriented, guaranteed bandwidth fraffic aswell as daagram Iraffic. The firsi networking level ofThe iwo-level SSN archiiecure is electronic and con- sists of crossbar meshes locally interconnecting work-stations, supercomputers, peripheral devices and massmemory. At a higher networking level, an optical back-bone network supporting multzple wavelength divisionmultiplexed (WDM) channels allows communicationbetween devices connected to distinct crossbar meshes. In this paper, we focus on the protocols of the WDM optical backbone network and address the issue of in-tegration of the electronic wormhole-routing LAN withthe optical backbone.Keywords: Supercomputer interconnection network, op-tical WDM network, Wormhole routing.
The roots of solid‐state research at Bell Labs

Solid‐state physics has experienced a dramatic growth in the last four decades; whereas in the 1920's the term “solid‐state physics” was not yet in use, this is now the single most populated sub‐field of physics. Much of this growth has taken place in industry, so that today a small number of industrial laboratories are producing a substantial fraction of contributions in the field.
Reduced and simplified chemical kinetics for air dissociation using Computational Singular Perturbation

The Computational Singular Perturbation CSP methods is employed (1) in the modeling of a homogeneous isothermal reacting system and (2) in the numerical simulation of the chemical reactions in a hypersonic flowfield. Reduced and simplified mechanisms are constructed. The solutions obtained on the basis of these approximate mechanisms are shown to be in very good agreement with the exact solution based on the full mechanism. Physically meaningful approximations are derived. It is demonstrated that the deduction of these approximations from CSP is independent of the complexity of the problem and requires no intuition or experience in chemical kinetics.
Evidence for inner-core rotation from possible changes with time in PKP coda

[1] Inner-core-grazing PKP waves from seven French nuclear tests on Mururoa Island recorded at NORSAR appear to change over a decade. We compared filtered and stacked signals from the explosions, which took place from 1977 to 1987 and were separated by less than 10 km. The PKP energy 3 to 10 s after the first arrivals differs greatly between the NORSAR subarrays, and evolves over time. The small time shifts of coda arrivals, a few tenths of a second, are qualitatively consistent with shifts predicted for point scatterers in an inner core that rotates in the range 0.05° to 0.10° per year. There are also visible changes in the envelope of the PKP energy. Although the alternative of systematic shifts in source location cannot be ruled out, the apparent time evolution of PKP supports claims of slow inner core rotation [Song and Richards, 1996; Creager, 1997; Laske and Masters, 1999; Vidale et al., 2000] and offers a powerful new tool for its assessment.
Suppression of Molecular Decay in Ultracold Gases without Fermi Statistics

We study inelastic processes for ultracold three-body systems in which only one interaction is resonant. We show that at ultracold temperatures three-body recombination in such systems leads mainly to the formation of weakly bound molecules. In addition, and perhaps more importantly, we have found that the decay rates for weakly bound molecules due to collisions with other atoms can be suppressed not only without fermionic statistics but also when bosonic statistics applies. These results indicate that recombination in three-component atomic gases can be used as an efficient mechanism for molecular formation, allowing the achievement of high molecular densities.
Comparative evaluation of systemic drugs for their effects against Anopheles gambiae

Laboratory and field studies have shown that ivermectin, a drug that targets invertebrate ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs), is potently active against Anopheles spp. mosquitoes at concentrations present in human blood after standard drug administrations; thus ivermectin holds promise as a mass human-administered endectocide that could help suppress malaria parasite transmission. We evaluated other systemic LGIC-targeting drugs for their activities against the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae using in vitro blood feeding assays. Eprinomectin, selamectin, moxidectin, and N-tert-butyl nodulisporamide were evaluated as potentially systemic drugs having similar modes of action to ivermectin; all primarily are agonists of invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride ion channels. Additionally, nitenpyram and spinosad were evaluated as systemic drugs that primarily work as agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels. Only eprinomectin killed An. gambiae at concentrations that were comparable to ivermectin. At sub-lethal doses, nitenpyram and moxidectin marginally affected mosquito re-blood feeding ability. The macrocyclic lactones, particularly eprinomectin, caused significantly increased knockdown and significantly inhibited recovery in blood fed females. These data are a first step in evaluating drugs that might be eventually combined with, or substituted for ivermectin for future malaria parasite transmission control.
The interaction between aspartic acid 237 and lysine 358 in the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The lacY from Escherichia coli strains 020 and AE43 have been cloned on plasmids which were designated p020-K358T and pAE43-D237N. These lacY mutants contain amino acid substitutions changing Lys-358 to Thr or Asp-237 to Asn, respectively. The charge neutralizing effect of each mutation is associated with a functional defect in melibiose transport which we exploited in order to isolate second site revertants to th melibiose-positive phenotype. Eleven melibiose-positive revertants of p020-K358T were isolated. All contained a second-site mutation converting Asp-237 to a neutral amino acid (8 to Asn, 1 to Gly, and 2 to Tyr). Twelve melibiose-positive revertants of pAE43-D237N were isolated. Two were second-site revertants converting Lys-358 to a neutrally Gln residue, while the remainder directly reverted Asn-237 to the wild-type Asp-237. We conclude that the functional intimate relationship between Asp-237 and Lys-358 suggests that these residues may be closely juxtaposed in three-dimensional space, possibly forming a ‘charge-neutralizing’ salt bridge.
A negative charge in transmembrane segment 1 of domain II of the cockroach sodium channel is critical for channel gating and action of pyrethroid insecticides

Voltage-gated sodium channels are the primary target of pyrethroids, an important class of synthetic insecticides. Pyrethroids bind to a distinct receptor site on sodium channels and prolong the open state by inhibiting channel deactivation and inactivation. Recent studies have begun to reveal sodium channel residues important for pyrethroid binding. However, how pyrethroid binding leads to inhibition of sodium channel deactivation and inactivation remains elusive. In this study, we show that a negatively charged aspartic acid residue at position 802 (D802) located in the extracellular end of transmembrane segment 1 of domain II (IIS1) is critical for both the action of pyrethroids and the voltage dependence of channel activation. Charge-reversing or -neutralizing substitutions (K, G, or A) of D802 shifted the voltage dependence of activation in the depolarizing direction and reduced channel sensitivity to deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide. The charge-reversing mutation D802K also accelerated open-state deactivation, which may have counteracted the inhibition of sodium channel deactivation by deltamethrin. In contrast, the D802G substitution slowed open-state deactivation, suggesting an additional mechanism for neutralizing the action of deltamethrin. Importantly, Schild analysis showed that D802 is not involved in pyrethroid binding. Thus, we have identified a sodium channel residue that is critical for regulating the action of pyrethroids on the sodium channel without affecting the receptor site of pyrethroids.
Anatomy of layer IV in cat primary auditory cortex (AI)

The structure of neurons and axons in layer IV was studied as part of a larger inquiry into the organization of primary auditory cortex (AI) in the cat. Tissue from the convexity of the middle ectosylvian gyrus between the anterior and posterior ectosylvian sulci was studied in Golgi, Nissl, Bodian, plastic-embedded, and other preparations from adult animals. Layer IV is defined as a strip about 200-250 micron thick consisting predominantly of small non-pyramidal neurons intercalated between the pyramidal somata of layers III and V, and in which few commissurally projecting cells occur. Lying some 800-900 micron beneath the pia, layer IV has six types of neurons, as seen in Golgi-stained material from anatomically and physiologically defined AI. These include three varieties (small, medium-sized, and large) of tufted neurons with intracortically branching axons and vertically polarized, cylindrical dendritic fields. Besides the tufted cells, which are the most numerous neurons in layer IV, large multipolar, double bouquet, and spiny stellate cells are scattered through layer IV. Each has a characteristic neuronal architecture and intracortical axonal branches. Smaller tufted cell somata dominate the upper half of layer IV (IVa), larger tufted cells are more common deep in layer IV (IVb). The average somatic area in midnuclear , plastic-embedded sections is 158 micron2. Layer IV (and layer IIIb) receive thick, probably ascending fibers, forming narrow, vertical terminal fields. These axons may be of thalamic origin and overlap with alternating, 50-75-micron-wide columns of somata and neuropil in layer IV. Layer III pyramidal cell axons often project to layer IV and ramify vertically and horizontally. The average height-width ratio of the dendritic domains of layer IV cells is about 3.6:1. The vertically disposed dendrites of layer IV cells, the columnar arrangement of their local axonal branches, and the polarized form of intrinsic and extrinsic axons collectively reinforces the columnar pattern in layer IV. Many layer IV cells structurally resemble neurons in layer IV in the primary visual and somatic sensory cortex. However, most AI cells have a pronounced columnar arrangement of their somata and an elongated, narrow form. The axons of many layer IV cells preserve this vertical arrangement and often branch in layer III and, to a lesser degree, in layer V.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)