cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in kappa-opioid modulation of cocaine-induced behavior and NMDA-evoked dopamine release

Abstract It has been reported that kappa-opioids produce greater analgesia in women than in men. Sex differences are also apparent in drug-induced behaviors. Repeated administration of cocaine (25 mg/kg) produced a greater locomotor and sensitization response in C57BL/6By female mice. It was examined whether the increased sensitization in females to repeated cocaine administration was related to differences in kappa-opioid responses. The effects of the kappa agonist U62066 (spiradoline mesylate) on cocaine-induced locomotor stimulation in vivo and NMDA-mediated dopamine release in vitro were measured. In male, but not female mice, U62066 (1 mg/kg) given 30 min before cocaine potentiated the locomotor stimulation of an acute cocaine administration. U-62066 did not affect the development of locomotor sensitization with repeated cocaine administration (25 mg/kg s.c., once daily for 3 days), and a further enhanced response was not seen on days 2 and 3. It was then examined whether dopamine release, measured in vitro, plays a role in sex dependent differences in kappa-opioid- or NMDA-modulated dopaminergic function. In tissue perfusion studies, the in vitro NMDA (25 μM)-evoked release of labelled dopamine from striatum was lower in females (fractional release=5.4±0.4 and 4.0±0.4 in male and female mouse striatum). U62066 (1 μM) and ibogaine (1 μM), an indole alkaloid claimed to be useful in the treatment of drug addiction that acts in part at the kappa-opioid receptor, both reduced the NMDA (25 μM)-evoked release of dopamine. Inhibition of the release was significantly greater in tissue from male mice. Prior in vivo cocaine administration did not alter the NMDA-evoked dopamine release. Our studies indicate that kappa-opioid and NMDA receptor activity show differences between female and male mice that may account for differences in cocaine-induced behaviors, but do not exclude the role of other hetereoceptors modulating dopamine release.
Fault-Tree Model for Risk Assessment of Bridge Failure: Case Study for Segmental Box Girder Bridges

Over the past few decades, the design capacity and service condition of many bridges, which are vital components of the surface transportation infrastructure reliability and functionality, have been challenged by rapid traffic growth and scarce maintenance funds. Numerous incidents of bridge collapse call for an urgent need to develop a systematic method of assessing the failure risks and identifying the initiating events that can lead to a bridge collapse. This paper presents a process of bridge failure risk analysis through fault-tree modeling for a common type of bridge known as segmental concrete box girder bridge. The process was applied to a segmental box girder bridge in South Carolina and was found to effectively identify causal factors of bridge failure and estimate overall failure risk. However, to comprehensively assess the probability of bridge failure, fault-tree analysis can best be used in combination with current risk assessment methods, such as visual inspections and structural health monitoring sensors.
Complete sequence of the sendai virus NP gene from a cloned insert

Abstract A DNA molecule representing. all but the three terminal bases of the Sendai virus nucleoprotein (NP) gene, copied from viral mRNA, was inserted into pBR322. The NP insert comprised 1673 bases. The first AUG protein initiation colon, at position 65, began an open reading frame of 1551 bases, encoding a protein of 517 amino acids with an amino acid composition corresponding to previously published data. The NP gene sequence determined in the present work is similar to that described by Shioda et al. [Nucl. Acids Res.11, 7317 (1983)], but there are 14 amino acid differences that probably reflect differences in virus strains. The predicted secondary structure of the NP molecule and the locations within that structure of potential protease cleavage sites are in accord with structural domains previously defined by controlled protease digestion.
Application layer security proxy for smart Grid substation automation systems

America's electrical power industry, in conjunction with government, is developing Smart Grid technologies to improve electrical power efficiency and reliability. This move is creating challenges in transitioning originally isolated proprietary systems to more open ones, connecting them to enterprise-level and other networks without compromising their original control performance. Application layer communication is the weakest link in terms of security and the unique challenges of Smart Grid applications have not been addressed yet. This paper presents a security solution based on application layer security proxy, which deploys deep packet inspection and role-based access control technologies, for smart grid substation automation systems. The testing of the prototype system shows that it is able to block illegitimate packets without interrupting its communication session.
Condensation Induced Shock in Thermal/Fluid Systems

Phase-change through condensation and evaporation processes takes place in many daily-use heating and cooling systems. However, if these processes experience uncontrolled pressure and temperature conditions, shock waves may be generated. Depending on the strength and conditions of the generated waves, they can decrease the effective life of equipment or even cause devastating destruction. Cavitation and water hammer phenomena are examples of flow issues that are well understood and reported in thermal/fluid systems, although not many studies have been published in open literature on condensation-induced shock (CIS) with the applications in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. This study reviews the limited literature on this topic, analyze the complex CIS phenomenon, derives and solves the governing equations, presents the results of typical conditions that may happen in different residential and industrial applications, and provides ways to avoid devastating incidents that may occur as a result of this phenomena.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Mechanisms Underlying the Confined Diffusion of Cholera Toxin B-Subunit in Intact Cell Membranes

Multivalent glycolipid binding toxins such as cholera toxin have the capacity to cluster glycolipids, a process thought to be important for their functional uptake into cells. In contrast to the highly dynamic properties of lipid probes and many lipid-anchored proteins, the B-subunit of cholera toxin (CTxB) diffuses extremely slowly when bound to its glycolipid receptor GM1 in the plasma membrane of living cells. In the current study, we used confocal FRAP to examine the origins of this slow diffusion of the CTxB/GM1 complex at the cell surface, relative to the behavior of a representative GPI-anchored protein, transmembrane protein, and fluorescent lipid analog. We show that the diffusion of CTxB is impeded by actin- and ATP-dependent processes, but is unaffected by caveolae. At physiological temperature, the diffusion of several cell surface markers is unchanged in the presence of CTxB, suggesting that binding of CTxB to membranes does not alter the organization of the plasma membrane in a way that influences the diffusion of other molecules. Furthermore, diffusion of the B-subunit of another glycolipid-binding toxin, Shiga toxin, is significantly faster than that of CTxB, indicating that the confined diffusion of CTxB is not a simple function of its ability to cluster glycolipids. By identifying underlying mechanisms that control CTxB dynamics at the cell surface, these findings help to delineate the fundamental properties of toxin-receptor complexes in intact cell membranes.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Education: Some Problems and Prospects.

Two case histories of efforts at educational evaluation—the Pennsylvania Evaluation of Quality Education and the Educational Testing Service Longitudinal Study of Head Start Programs—are considered here to illustrate a number of the major problems facing the field of evaluation. These include the perils of intuitionist “holism” and the matching dangers of psychometric trivialization; the strain between the hyper-enthusiasm of the politics of educational reform and the inherent restraint of scientific evidence regarding alternatives. A third case study of an attempt to institue Advanced Placement Tests in Art studies, designed to legitimate art as a “hard subject,” suggests a range of possible negative consequences that arise from attempting to introduce structured evaluation too early and too uniformly in an unstructured and variegated field. The results of a two-year effort at devising a model for measuring and comparing the effectivencess of educational systems are reported, indicating significant but instructive failure. A number of the major lessons learned during that effort are recited. indicating, overall, the importance of treating evaluation as a transactive process that must be weaned through varius evolutionary stages into full productivity.
Applying, extending, and specializing pseudorecursiveness

Abstract Pseudorecursive varieties (Inter. J. Algebra Comput. 6 (1996) 457) exhibit a lack of recursive uniformity, expressing the failure of universal and existential quantifiers to reverse. Several examples are given of personal encounters with infeasible or errant quantifier reversal. Results strengthening and applying pseudorecursiveness are followed by the study of a property of spectra that is not uniform. These foreshadow an abstraction of this notion and its integration with the algebraic and computational studies—steps that may eventually help explicate Tarski's claim that recursively enumerable, nonrecursive but pseudorecursive equational theories are nonetheless decidable.
Government corruption in the Soviet Union

he Soviet Mafia is a fascinating account of the underside of the oviet government during the last two decades of its existence. ~ Arkady Vaksberg is a leading writer for the Literary Gazette, a Moscow newspaper that has long enjoyed considerable respect among Russian readers. During the perestroika period, Vaksberg began to write about government corruption in the Literary Gazette. Once he became known as an analyst of the subject, stories flooded in to him of abuses, and many of these stories are related in his book. Vaksberg is a lawyer by training, and he effectively draws on his legal knowledge in uncovering and analyzing acts of corruption. For better or for worse, the term "mafia" is used loosely in Russia these days to signify any criminal activity involving more than a few perpetrators. Vaksberg does not use the term in this sense. The
Liver toxicity of retinoid therapy

Vitamin A metabolism involves storage in the liver. Hypervitaminosis A results in liver abnormalities, including fibrosis and cirrhosis. Ito cells are increased and promote fibrogenesis, which results in cirrhosis. Retinoids (Accutane and Tegison) are used clinically for the treatment of a variety of skin diseases. Since retinoids are analogs of vitamin A, their potential to produce liver disease is reviewed. Animal and human studies of Ever function tests suggest some abnormalities in the liver in about 25% of patients treated. Liver biopsy studies have included isolated case reports and two retrospective and one prospective liver biopsy study of retinoids in humans. Although some increase in histologic liver changes have been noted, most liver biopsy specimens showed no change or improvement. Retinoids do not appear to produce consistent toxic liver abnormalities.
Recurrent vulvar carcinoma in the intervening tissue bridge in early invasive stage I disease treated by radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin dissection through separate incisions

Abstract Early invasive stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated with radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy rarely recurs, particularly when the lymph nodes contain no metastatic tumor. Primary radical surgery in this patient utilized separate groin incisions, and recurrent tumor developed in the tissue bridge between the groin scar and the vulva. Reexploration showed numerous inguinofemoral nodes to subseqently contain recurrent carcinoma. Literature regarding early, "microinvasive," squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva is reviewed.
A variable power singular element for analysis of fracture mechanics problems

Abstract A variable power displacement formulated singular element is developed. The stress and displacement fields within the element are expressed in terms of singular and regular components. The singular components of these fields are shown to provide a more accurate representation of the singularity than the total field solutions. The problem of a crack terminating at a bi-material interface is solved for two extreme ratios of singular element radius to crack length. The solution shows that accurate results can be achieved for either case.
Role of the Mf1-1 pheromone precursor gene of the filamentous ascomycete Cryphonectria parasitica.

Site-directed recombination was used to obtain a Cryphonectria parasitica strain carrying deletions at the Mf1-1 gene locus. Macroscopic features such as growth rate and conidia production were unaffected by Mf1-1 deletions, but, when a strain containing a complete deletion of Mf1-1 was used as spermatia it was male sterile. The same strain was fully competent as a female parent. Deletion of three of the seven putative pheromone peptide repeats within the gene had no effect on mating. Male fertility of the complete deletion strain was restored when an ectopic copy of the Mf1-1 gene was returned by transformation. Expression of the mating type specific pheromone precursor gene Mf1-1 was stimulated by growth in nutritionally poor liquid media. It was found that age and source of inoculum of liquid cultures influences pheromone precusor gene expression, i.e., conidia did not express Mf1-1 and cultures derived from conidia were significantly delayed in expression of this gene, as were cultures derived from young mycelium. Cultures inoculated with older hyphae, however, expressed Mf1-1 within 1 day after inoculation.
Frictional Behavior of sodium-lubricated materials in a controlled high-temperature environment

Abstract The frictional behavior between sliding-contact specimens was studied over a temperature range of 80 to 1,300°F. Speed and load were about 0.2 mm/sec and 100,000 p.s.i., respectively. Experiments were performed in argon-swept vacuum, both dry and with molten sodium at the specimen interface. Materials studied include molybdenum, tungsten, tungsten carbide, and titanium carbide. It was found that chemisorbed films were produced on the specimen surfaces, and the composition of these was largely determined by the type and duration of environmental exposure. The relationship between the observed stick-slip behavior and the presence of surface films of specific compositions is discussed.
Fat energy use and plasma lipid changes associated with exercise intensity and temperature.

The effect of 60 min of exercise at two intensities (50 and 60% $$\dot V_{O_2 \max }$$ ) and temperatures (0 and 22° C) on changes (A) in plasma lipids {triglycerides (TG), glycerol (GLY), total cholesterol (TC), and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)} was examined. Subjects were 10 men aged 27±7 years ( $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } = 3.81 \pm 0.451\min$$ , % fat=12.2%±7.1%). $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ and respiratory exchange ratio results indicated that total energy and fat energy use were similar at the two temperatures. Changes in plasma volume (%ΔPV) were different (P<0.05) at the two temperatures (22° C: −2.3% vs 0° C: 1.1%). Combining the data at each temperature revealed that the increases in concentrations were greater (P<0.05) at 22° C (ΔTG=0.22, ΔGLY=0.20, ΔTC=0.14, ΔHDL-C=0.05 mmol 1−1) vs 0° C (ΔTG=0.10, ΔGLY=0.12, ΔTC=0.05, ΔHDL-C=0.02 mmol 1−1). Combining the data for each intensity revealed that the increases in concentration were greater (P<0.05) at 60% $$\dot V_{O_2 \max }$$ for ΔTG and ΔHDL-C. The 60% $$\dot V_{O_2 \max } /22^o C$$ C bout produced greater changes (P<0.05) than all other bouts for ΔTC and ΔHDL-C (0.21 and 0.08 mmol 1−1, respectively). Only ΔTG and ΔGLY were greater at 22° C when adjusted for %ΔPV. These metabolic and plasma lipid results indicate that cold exposure does not act synergistically with exercise to further stimulate fat metabolism.
Adaptive Signal Enhancement of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

A noise reduction technique to analyze laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra is presented in this paper. This technique is an adaptive-type technique for noise minimization. It is based on an improved adaptive line enhancement to effectively increase the signal-to-noise ratio level in spectral data. It requires no a priori knowledge of the signal or of the noise, and it has the capability of on-line implementation. Medium and weak spectra are considered, and a comparison with traditional techniques is made to illustrate the applicability of the foregoing technique.
Impacts of Habitat Complexity on Physiology: Purple Shore Crabs Tolerate Osmotic Stress for Shelter

Abstract Purple shore crabs, Hemigrapsus nudus (Crustacea: Decapoda), can survive indefinitely in salinities of 8 (25% SW), but also tolerate short-term exposure to salinities as low as 2. In the laboratory their salinity preference range, determined from choice chamber experiments, is 22–32 and they can discriminate between pairs of salinities separated by a difference of 2. These crabs show a strong positive thigmotaxis and a weak negative phototaxis and tend to choose environments with available shelter. The presence of shelter significantly alters the behaviour of this species. When shelter is available the salinity preference range is 10–32. Even in salinities below this preference range, the presence of shelter prolongs the time spent in the lower test salinities. This change in behaviour has implications on the crab's physiology: the haemolymph osmolality falls to lower levels when crabs remain in low salinity under shelters. In the field, H. nudus is found in creeks with salinities close to freshwater and they may remain in this salinity for up to 11 h, if there are rocks under which to shelter. An increase in habitat complexity increases the number of crabs that are found within the creek. These crabs in the low salinity environment have a lower haemolymph osmolality than crabs on the nearby open shore. In H. nudus the behavioural selection of a shelter appears to outweigh the physiological costs associated with osmotic regulation of the body fluids. Therefore, the distribution of H. nudus in estuaries may depend more on the availability of suitable habitats rather than the salinity tolerance of this species.
Laboratory evaluation of plastic pipe from a gas service field‐test installation

This article presents the background and results of the first two-year interval test of a projected 10 or more years field gas service test of various types of plastic pipes. The study is part of a program to establish the suitability of plastic pipes for gas distribution uses. A number of short-term laboratory tests were used to characterize the condition of the pipe after the first two-year exposure period some, like the cursh test, are recognized and accepted methods; others, like the ring-tensile, tensile-impact, and the tear-propagation tests were developed or modified for this stdy. The results show that comparatively little change had taken place in this test period; the possible exception being in the ductility of two kinds of pipe subsequent evaluation should confirm or deny this behavior.
Screen Time Use Among Urban Children With Asthma

Objective To describe screen time use and factors related to screen time among urban children with persistent asthma. Methods We analyzed data for 224 children (aged 3 to 10 years) with persistent asthma. Parents reported on children's asthma severity, screen time use, and family practices regarding screen time. We asked parents: “On weekdays [and weekends] on average, over a 24-hour period, how many hours of screen time does your child have?” Parents also reported activity limitation due to asthma, and activities their child engaged in during times of activity limitation. Results Most children were male (58%), black (65%), and had Medicaid (74%); average screen time was 3.4 hours per day. Most parents (74%) reported that their child had >2 hours of screen time per day, and one-third were concerned that their child had too much screen time. Many children (63%) engaged in screen time activities during activity limitation due to asthma. Children who needed to slow down or stop normal activity due to asthma had more screen time compared with children who didn't need to slow down (3.51 hours vs 2.44 hours, P = .02). Additionally, children who engaged in screen time activities during times of physical limitation had more screen time compared with children who engaged in other activities (3.67 hours vs 2.99 hours, P = .01). Conclusions We found that urban children with asthma, particularly those with activity limitation, have excessive use of screen time. Strategies are needed to avoid activity limitation by improving asthma care and to empower families with alternative strategies to avoid excess screen time.
Size-Exclusion Chromatography of High Molecular Weight Water-Soluble Polymers

A preparative-scale, aqueous size-exclusion chromatography system was constructed for fractionation of large molecular weight polymers. Calibration of molecular weight to elution volume was accomplished without polymer standards by using an eluent viscosity detector in series with a refractometer. The system was found to have a hydrodynamic size-separation resolution that ranged from 500 to 3500 A.
PRECORDIAL MOVEMENTS IN RELATION TO AGE.

Abstract The precordial motions have been compared in various age groups. All subjects were free of clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of cardiac disease. Despite variations within a given age group, certain general trends were noted. Increasing age was accompanied by evidence of: (1) a progressive decline in those motions ascribed to right ventricular activity, and a relative increase in those attributed to contraction of the left ventricle and/or interventricular septum; (2) certain changes which resemble in type, but not in extent, those seen in patients with congestive heart failure—(a) diminution of the outward movement due to passive filling, (b) a trend, despite wide variations within a given age group, toward increase in those right parasternal motions which are related to atrial contraction, and (c) a reduction in the ratio of filling motions to atrial motions. This indirect evidence of decline in output in relation to stretch points toward diminished efficiency in older hearts.
Temporal Variability of Suspended Particulate Concentrations in the New York Bight

ABSTRACT Temporal variability observed in several time series of suspended matter measurements, obtained by light scattering and conventional water sampling, has been examined to identify significant time scales with respect to synoptic characterization of regional suspended matter distributions in the inner New York Bight. Processes with periods corresponding to surface waves (seconds) and storms (days) apparently make the strongest contributions to overall concentration variability, and tidal motions appear to have only a weak influence on near-bottom suspended load. An empirical model is proposed which assumes that concentration variance is linearly related to the mean concentration, both increasing in response to such processes as wind-wave mixing and boundary layer interactions with the b ttom. Data obtained during the study support the model. This model is used in a numerical experiment which suggests that fair-weather variability in processes affecting near-bottom concentrations is probably not sufficient to cause serious errors in suspended matter studies in the New York Bight.
Activation of p53 by Dishevelled independent of Wnt or planar polarity pathways

Dishevelled is a key component of the Wnt signaling and planar polarity pathways. We discovered that in selective cell types, it potently activates the transcriptional activity of the tumor suppressor p53. This action, however, is not dependent on the downstream of either the Wnt or the planar polarity pathways. Dishevelled signals to the first 50 amino acids of p53, which is the transactivation domain. The level of phosphorylation on several serine residues within that region of p53 increases in response to disheveled activation, partially contributing to p53 activation. The MAP kinase pathway and E1B55k may also be involved in this dishevelled-p53 connection. Our data provide evidence that there is a novel signaling pathway from Dishevelled to p53.
A Connectionist Model of the Owl's Sound Localization System

We do not have a good understanding of how theoretical principles of learning are realized in neural systems. To address this problem we built a computational model of development in the owl's sound localization system. The structure of the model is drawn from known experimental data while the learning principles come from recent work in the field of brain style computation. The model accounts for numerous properties of the owl's sound localization system, makes specific and testable predictions for future experiments, and provides a theory of the developmental process.
Consistency, standards, and formal approaches to interface development and evaluation: a note on Wiecha, Bennett, Boies, Gould, and Greene

Wiecha et al. [5] describe ITS, a system for interface construction. Application developers use ITS to compose style rules that are applied during compilation. These rules result in a certain interface conformity, described as “consistency,” and are said to reduce the development effort considerably. I have no reason to dispute the authors’ central claim, that their interfaces are useful, usable, and easy to develop. This is a response to their secondary claim, that their interfaces owe their virtue to consistency, which is incorrect. In [2], I illustrated a range of problems with the concept of interface consistency. In some circumstances it is difficult to define consistency or to determine the appropriate features or dimensions on which to be consistent. Consistency is a trade-off against other goals: at times, it is not the best design strategy. Random or careless design is to be avoided, but the best overall strategy is generally to use all available means to obtain the best possible understanding of the prospective users ancl their work situations. Consistency and other design rules are best seen as guidelines that may have to be violated for the benefit of users. ITS generates interfaces from design rules. Wiechla et al. argue for establishing a set of design rules to cover all allowable interaction techniques and then prohibiting exceptions (p. 233). They claim that resulting interfaces will be both good and consistent or perceived to be consistent. The generality of this claim must be evaluated carefully, with an eye to possible limitations. I
On shrinking wide compressors

Quite often built-in self-test (BIST) designs make use of multiple-input signature registers (MISRs) to compress the test data. Normally a MISR includes a stage for every signal that it is sampling. In some applications this leads to very wide MISRs that may include several hundred stages. Wide MISRs pose problems in terms of hardware and wiring overhead. Shorter compressors are, therefore, needed. This paper investigates the problem of shrinking a MISR so that it samples multiple signals at every stage. The ultimate shrinkage occurs when only the parity of the sampled signals is compressed. This is the case when a MISR is replaced by a single-input signature register (SISR). Issues like detection probability loss, test length penalty, fault coverage degradation, are some of the disadvantages that may arise from the MISR shrinkage. Minimizing the effect of these issues is a precondition to the success of this method.
Measurement of frog semitendinosus force, tendon load-deformation and load-strain properties

The authors previously studied the mechanics of the Rana pipiens semitendinosus (ST) muscle, assuming zero tendon compliance. The tendon of this muscle is relatively short, perhaps justifying the assumption. A study is reported here of the load-deformation and load-strain properties of these tendons. The tendon slack length was measured at 2.2 mu m. In this case, the muscle force was not altered. However, at different sarcomere lengths, tension might be affected. These results must be compared to physiological situations, i.e. the frog hop, in order to determine the true significance of the tendon compliance. >
Use of predictive models and rapid methods to nowcast bacteria levels at coastal beaches.

The need for rapid assessments of recreational water quality to better protect public health is well accepted throughout the research and regulatory communities. Rapid analytical methods, such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunomagnetic separation/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analysis, are being tested but are not yet ready for widespread use. Another solution is the use of predictive models, wherein variable(s) that are easily and quickly measured are surrogates for concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria. Rainfall-based alerts, the simplest type of model, have been used by several communities for a number of years. Deterministic models use mathematical representations of the processes that affect bacteria concentrations; this type of model is being used for beach-closure decisions at one location in the USA. Multivariable statistical models are being developed and tested in many areas of the USA; however, they are only used in three areas of the Great Lakes to aid in notificat...
On the use of averaging for the analysis of power electronic systems

Averaging theory offers constructive tools for the analysis of oscillatory ordinary differential equations with time-discontinuous right-hand sides, if requirements of solution differentiability are relaxed. This theory forms a rigorous framework for evaluating, refining, and extending heuristic averaged models used in power electronics, and provides direct techniques for recovering oscillatory effects such as ripple from the averaged model. An overview of this theory is presented, and DC-DC converters are analyzed as examples. >
A periodic pattern generator for dental diversity.

Background: Periodic patterning of iterative structures is a fundamental process during embryonic organization and development. Studies have shown how gene networks are employed to pattern butterfly eyespots, fly bristles and vertebrate epithelial appendages such as teeth, feathers, hair and mammary glands. Despite knowledge of how these features are organized, little is known about how diversity in periodic patterning is generated in nature. We address this problem through the molecular analysis of oral jaw dental diversity in Lake Malawi cichlids, where closely related species exhibit from 1 to 20 rows of teeth, with total teeth counts ranging from around 10 to 700. Results: We investigate the expression of conserved gene networks (involving bmp2, bmp4, eda, edar, fgf8, pax9, pitx2, runx2, shh and wnt7b) known to pattern iterative structures and teeth in other vertebrates. We show that spatiotemporal variation in expression pattern reflects adult morphological diversity among three closely related Malawi cichlid species. Combinatorial epithelial expression of pitx2 and shh appears to govern the competence both of initial tooth sites and future tooth rows. Epithelial wnt7b and mesenchymal eda are expressed in the inter-germ and inter-row regions, and likely regulate the spacing of these shh-positive units. Finally, we used chemical knockdown to demonstrate the fundamental role of hedgehog signalling and initial placode formation in the organization of the periodically patterned cichlid dental programme. Conclusion: Coordinated patterns of gene expression differ among Malawi species and prefigure the future-ordered distribution of functional teeth of specific size and spacing. This variation in gene expression among species occurs early in the developmental programme for dental patterning. These data show how a complex multi-rowed vertebrate dentition is organized and how developmental tinkering of conserved gene networks during iterative pattern formation can impact upon the evolution of trophic novelty.
A Career as a U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Scientist

Eliot M. Herman Among ASPB members, some 211 work for the U.S. Government at one of the many facilities of the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), primarily as research scientists. These facilities broadly fit into three different categories: the large regional ARS
On the Many Impacts of Inadmissible Testimony: Selective Compliance, Need for Cognition, and the Overcorrection Bias

A mock juror study tested three hypotheses: (a) Jurors comply selectively with instructions to disregard inadmissible testimony, (b) this effect is greater among jurors who are high rather than low in the need for cognition (NC), and (c) high-NC decision makers sometimes overcorrect against the perceived biasing agent of inadmissible testimony. Participants read a trial summary in which the admissibility of an incriminating wiretap and the basis for this ruling were manipulated. Consistent with the prediction that jurors would be motivated to reach a “just” verdict, participants disregarded an inadmissible wiretap when it was deemed unreliable but not when it violated due process. This pattern of selective compliance was found only among high-NC jurors. High-NC participants also exhibited signs of bias overcorrection, estimating the probability of the defendant’s guilt to be lower in the inadmissible-unreliable condition than in the no-wiretap control. The theoretical and practical implications of these r...
Authority and Legitimacy in Global Governance: Deliberation, Institutional Differentiation, and the Codex Alimentarius

In this Note, Livermore examines an important and controversial facet of globalization - the increased prominence and power of international institutions - through a study of the Codex Alimentarius. The Codex is an international food standard-setting body created in 1964 which experienced a significant increase in its authority in 1994 when its standards were incorporated into the World Trade Organization (WTO) regime through the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Standards that had once been entirely voluntary now have the bite of law in the global trade system. This change has challenged the Codex by subjecting its decision making processes to a higher standard of accountability while at the same time undermining the deliberations which were at the heart of its successful functioning and claim of legitimacy. This Note argues that deliberation within the Codex alone is unlikely to solve this legitimacy dilemma but that the structure of the WTO regime, which divides power between multiple independent bodies, creates the possibility of an external check on the Codex in the form of judicial review exercised by the WTO Appellate Body. Livermore proposes that the Appellate Body review the decision making of the Codex for procedural fairness and appropriate consideration of the views of minority states. Livermore also considers lessons that the successes and difficulties of the Codex have for the design of international regimes in the future.
Public Enforcement: Criminal versus Civil

This chapter explores the distinction between civil and criminal public enforcement of corporate laws and standards. It explains the main normative arguments relevant to the choice between civil and criminal enforcement, first generally and then as applied to the corporate law context specifically. It also examines actual corporate law enforcement patterns in the United States and abroad. While enforcement patterns vis-a-vis individual defendants hew closely to the theoretical ideal, there is substantial variation in countries’ use of corporate criminal liability, with some countries (most notably the United States) pursuing policies that are difficult to defend theoretically.
STATISTICAL INFERENCE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES RISK-SPECIFIC HOUSEHOLD AND COMMUNITY TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS

A statistical model is presented for the analysis of infectious disease data from family studies in the community. The model partitions the sources of infection into those from within the household and those from the community at large. The parameters reflecting these sources of infection are estimated as functions of the risk factors. This new model is used to overcome problems associated with the lack of independence of observations in infectious disease data and negative confounding due to the association of unmeasured exposures and immunity. An example of how this new statistical model is used to provide a clearer and less confounded description of risk factor effects is presented for data from influenza A(H3N2) epidemic seasons in the Tecumseh Respiratory Illness Study. The risk factors examined are age and pre-epidemic season antibody level as measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition test, while the outcome is the infection rate. A standard analysis of the data indicates that the efficacy of protective antibodies is 70% in children and only 47% in adults. However, such an efficacy measurement is negatively confounded by past exposure which is age dependent. By means of the model, the true, unconfounded, efficacy of protective antibodies is shown to be 90% in both adults and children.
Contributions of Maxwell Finland to the clinical pharmacology of antibiotics.

When I first began work with Dr. Finland in 1957, he permitted me to spend a few weeks in Ann Arbor to complete some earlier studies. I took along with me a large number of his reprints and carefully read them. This opportunity turned out to be invaluable in preparing for my new career. The occasion of this review is my second opportunity to go over those papers and the many which have followed since. I am convinced that the young investigator would do well to read in depth the works of a major figure in his field. The earliest papers will generally be quite unrelated to the man's eventual life work. Every once in a while, a diversion from the main path will be seen, as the mentor follows some interesting line in depth for a year or so and then returns to his major pursuit. It is not possible here to review completely Dr. Finland's contributions to the field of clinical
Spontaneous Formation of Zigzag Chains at the Metal-Insulator Transition in the β-Pyrochlore CsW 2 O 6

A paramagnetic metal to nonmagnetic insulator transition at ${T}_{\mathrm{MIT}}=210\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ is reported for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-pyrochlore oxide ${\mathrm{CsW}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$, accompanied by a first order structural transition that creates $⟨110⟩$ oriented chains in the pyrochlore lattice. Comparison of ${\mathrm{CsW}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$, which has 1 electron per 2 W sites, to the fully ${d}^{0}$ analog ${\mathrm{CsTaWO}}_{6}$ shows that the transitions are electronically driven. Corefinement of high resolution synchrotron x-ray and neutron diffraction data shows that the structural distortion that creates the W chains cannot be attributed to simple charge or orbital ordering. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the phase transition is driven by a sharply peaked electronic density of states near the Fermi energy in the cubic $\ensuremath{\beta}$-pyrochlore phase. A further electronic instability is required to create the insulating ground state.
Chronic toxicity of methyl linoleate hydroperoxide for the rabbit.

SummarySmall quantities of purified methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (MLHP) were administered by daily intravenous injection (50 mg/day) or by continuous intravenous infusion (206 μg/min) to rabbits depleted of their vitamin E stores. After 10-14 days the injected animals exhibited fatty degeneration and necrosis of the liver, cre-atinuria and an increased incidence of muscular incoorduration. The creatinuria was prevented by large oral doses of vitamin E (100 mg/day) but sodium selenite had no effect on the creatinuria or the incidence of liver lesions. Infusion of MLHP for 26-30 hr led to an increased fragility of the red blood cells and a marked creatinuria. These results indicate that chronic administration of small quantities of MLHP leads to a more rapid destruction of vitamin E in the tissues and an accelerated appearance of deficiency symptoms.
Low-dose propanolol (LDP) is effective in suppressing FDG brown adipose tissue (BAT) uptake in pediatric patients: Qualitative and quantitative analyses

400 Objectives Multiple studies reported a high prevalence of FDG BAT uptake in pediatric patients. Prior studies have shown LDP decreases BAT uptake. Based on this data we recently implemented a clinical practice change using LDP prior to FDG injection in pediatric patients. We compared FDG BAT uptake one year before and after routine use of LDP to determine its effectiveness in suppressing pediatric BAT FDG uptake. Methods 128 FDG PET/CT scans over one yr prior to LDP use (controls) were compared to 83 of 148 scans over the past year with documented LDP use prior to FDG administration. Patients ( liver). Extent of BAT FDG uptake was assessed in the cervical, supraclavicular, paraspinal regions. Quantitative BAT FDG assessment of Total Lesion Glycolysis(TLG), SUV average(SUV), and Glycolytic BAT Volume(GBV)(ml) using liver SUVavg for lower threshold. Results Use of LDP prior to FDG PET resulted in a 59% decrease in FDG BAT uptake compared to controls (13% vs. 32%). There was a statistically significant decrease in intensity and extent of FDG BAT uptake based on qualitative and quantitative parameters in the control and LDP group (see figure). There was no statistically significant difference in potentially confounding patient factors (age, gender, height, weight, BMI, serum glucose, FDG uptake time) between the control and LDP group (p>0.05). Conclusions Use of LDP substantially decreased the prevalence, extent and intensity of BAT FDG uptake in the pediatric population. Routine pretreatment with LDP prior to FDG PET is feasible and effective in pediatric patients
To Analyse the Detection Results of Blood Transmissible Disease Parameters of 2053 Patients before Blood Transfusion

Objective The detection results of blood transmissible disease parameters of patients were investigated before blood transfusion;the infected conditions of blood transmissible disease were analyazed;the necessity and significance of the detections were studied.Methods The detection results of blood transmissible disease parameters of 2 053 patients before blood transfusion were retrospectively investigated and analysed;hepatitis B virus,AIDS virus and hepatitis C virus were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA);the infected condition of microspironema pallidum was detected by TRUST assay.Results The infection rate of hepatitis B virus was the highest,HBsAg was positive in 167 patients,the infection rate was 8.13%;the infection rate of HCV was 1.36%;the infection rate of HIV was 0.05%;the positive rate of TRUST was 0.29%.Conclusion The detection of blood transmissible disease parameters of patients before blood transfusion benefited the diagnosis and treatment of clinic diseases,the prevention and control of the possibility infected by blood transmissible disease in patients and medical members.It is useful for the monitoring of safe blood transfusion,important for identity of duty in propagation of disease and the reduction of medical dissatisfaction,and beneficial for medical members and patients.
Insulin clearance and microsomal glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase in perfused livers of fed and fasted rats.

Clearance of exogenous insulin measured in perfused livers from rats fed ad lib or fasted X 24 or X 48 h was correlated with changes in activity and distribution of the insulin-degrading enzyme glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase measured in microsome fractions, post-perfusion. For comparison with endogenous insulin removal (Endocr. Res. Commun. 7: 231, 1980), a single-pass perfusion mode was used and clearance of insulin at levels (less than or equal to 15 ng/ml) typically observed in perfused rat liver-pancreases during glucose stimulation was studied. Similar to the endogenous data, exogenous insulin removal followed an ogival pattern during fasting. In the fed state, clearance was relatively low, corresponding to a hepatic extraction of approximately 29%. Insulin extraction increased nearly 2-fold after a 24 h fast to approximately 48% (p less than .01), declining to approximately 30% (p less than .025) when fasting was prolonged (X 48 h). At portal insulin concentrations greater than 8 ng/ml (approximately 200 microUnits/ml), clearance tended to decrease in all 3 nutritional states, with apparent saturation of the insulin capturing mechanism being strongest in the 24 h fasted state. In conjunction with these changes in whole organ insulin removal, GSH-insulin transhydrogenase nonlatency, viz., nonlatent activity in intact microsomes relative to total activity in disrupted microsomes, did not change during the first 24 h of fasting; whereas the proportion of nonlatent activity was significantly decreased (p less than .01) after 48 h. Homogenate activity remained essentially constant during the initial fasting period, and declined by approximately 16% (p less than .01) after 48 h of fasting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A tale of two fractals: The Hofstadter butterfly and the integral Apollonian gaskets

This paper unveils a mapping between a quantum fractal that describes a physical phenomena, and an abstract geometrical fractal. The quantum fractal is the Hofstadter butterfly discovered in 1976 in an iconic condensed matter problem of electrons moving in a two-dimensional lattice in a transverse magnetic field. The geometric fractal is the integer Apollonian gasket characterized in terms of a 300 BC problem of mutually tangent circles. Both of these fractals are made up of integers. In the Hofstadter butterfly, these integers encode the topological quantum numbers of quantum Hall conductivity. In the Apollonian gaskets an infinite number of mutually tangent circles are nested inside each other, where each circle has integer curvature. The mapping between these two fractals reveals a hidden D 3 symmetry embedded in the kaleidoscopic images that describe the asymptotic scaling properties of the butterfly. This paper also serves as a mini review of these fractals, emphasizing their hierarchical aspects in terms of Farey fractions.
Cellular Immunity in Interstitial Cystitis

AbstractIt has been suggested that interstitial cystitis is an autoimmune disease. The evidence for this hypothesis, based on studies of humoral immune factors, has been contradictory. We assessed the immune response in interstitial cystitis by evaluating lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood and bladder tissue of interstitial cystitis patients. The lymphocyte phenotypes in peripheral blood were entirely normal, including the CD4 (cluster designation nomenclature) and CD8 subsets, and the CD4:CD8 ratio. Bladder lamina propria showed a predominance of CD4 over CD8 lymphocytes in interstitial and other forms of cystitis. Bladder epithelium showed a similar pattern in bacterial or mechanical cystitis but specimens from patients with interstitial cystitis had a predominance of CD8 cells.The findings of normal lymphocyte populations in the peripheral blood are not supportive of an autoimmune mechanism in the disease. The findings in bladder tissue show that the urothelium is not involved in the inflam...