cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late-Life Depression, Social Support, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, and Utilization of In-Home and Community-Based Services in Older Adults

This study examined the relationship between social support, depression, instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and utilization of in-home and community-based services. The sample included 39 adults age 65 years old and older. The data were collected by distributing a self-administered questionnaire. Depression levels significantly decreased as levels of social support increased. IADLs functioning significantly decreased as depression levels increased. The number of in-home services used significantly increased as IADLs functioning decreased. The number of community-based services used significantly increased as depression levels decreased. The number of in-home and community-based services used significantly increased as levels of support decreased.
Anesthesia and post-mortem interval profoundly influence the regulatory serine phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in mouse brain

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a crucial enzyme contributing to the regulation of neuronal structure, plasticity and survival, is implicated as a contributory factor in prevalent diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and mood disorders and is regulated by a wide range of signaling systems and pharmacological agents. Therefore, factors regulating GSK3 in vivo are currently of much interest. GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3β and GSK3α, respectively. This study found that accurate measurements of phospho-Ser-GSK3 in brain are confounded by a rapid post-mortem dephosphorylation, with ~90% dephosphorylation of both GSK3 isoforms occurring within 2 min post-mortem. Furthermore, three anesthetics, pentobarbital, halothane and chloral hydrate, each caused large in vivo increases in the serine phosphorylation of both GSK3β and GSK3α in several regions of mouse brain. Thus, studies of the phosphorylation state of GSK3 in brain, and perhaps in other tissues, need to take into account post-mortem changes and the effects of anesthetics and there is a direct correlation between anesthesia and high levels of serine-phosphorylated GSK3.
Effect of urinary extravasation on renal wound healing in dogs

It is frequently stated that extravasation of urine after intrarenal surgery is deleterious to renal wound healing causing fibrosis or granulation tissue. A study using dogs was designed to test the hypothesis that the contact of urine with incised renal parenchyma may cause altered wound healing. This study showed that exposure of the renal parenchyma to extravasated urine from open collecting structures did not alter renal healing.
Changes in rRNA Transcription Influence Proliferation and Cell Fate Within a Stem Cell Lineage

Ribosome biogenesis drives cell growth and proliferation, but mechanisms that modulate this process within specific lineages remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a Drosophila RNA polymerase I (Pol I) regulatory complex composed of Under-developed (Udd), TAF1B, and a TAF1C-like factor. Disruption of udd or TAF1B results in reduced ovarian germline stem cell (GSC) proliferation. Female GSCs display high levels of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription, and Udd becomes enriched in GSCs relative to their differentiating daughters. Increasing Pol I transcription delays differentiation, whereas reducing rRNA production induces both morphological changes that accompany multicellular cyst formation and specific decreased expression of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway component Mad. These findings demonstrate that modulating rRNA synthesis fosters changes in the cell fate, growth, and proliferation of female Drosophila GSCs and their daughters.
The daylit area – Correlating architectural student assessments with current and emerging daylight availability metrics

Abstract This paper proposes a method for testing current and emerging daylight availability metrics such as daylighting factor, daylight autonomy, useful daylight illuminance and LEED 3.0 requirements against building occupant assessments of a daylit space. During spring 2011 the method was tested as a classroom exercise by 60 architectural students enrolled in two graduate-level building science courses in the 2nd floor studio space of le Corbusier’s Carpenter Center in Cambridge, MA, USA. The results from this test yielded that the Lighting Measurement protocol for Spatial Daylight Autonomy, that is current being developed by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) daylighting metrics committee, reproduced the student assessments of the daylit area in the space more reliably than the other tested daylight availability metrics. These findings are preliminary and still need to be validated and refined in other spaces. Apart from providing valuable data points for scientific experiments, the method also has substantial educational value as a teaching exercise for architectural students to develop an intuitive understanding of contemporary daylight performance metrics, as well as a feeling of how their personal lighting preferences compare to these metrics.
A strategic approach to knowledge development and protection

A standard prescription for industry is increased investment in and application of intangible assets, including knowledge management, competitive intelligence, and, now, big data. This paper examines whether a more measured, strategic approach might be appropriate, particularly whether knowledge development and protection needs vary by type of industry. Overall, knowledge decisions should be more strategic, there are some patterns in type of industry (services) and type of knowledge. In developing this case for a more strategic approach to developing and protecting knowledge assets, this paper applies concepts from the fields of knowledge management, intellectual capital, and competitive intelligence to healthcare industries. The literature is scanned to develop a categorization of the competitive conditions facing firms in these industries. This categorization (a Strategic Protection Factor framework) identifies the degree of knowledge development in an industry as well as the level of competitive intell...
Low temperature synthesis of insertion oxides for lithium batteries

The increasing demand for portable electronic devices has created significant activity in the development of compact lightweight batteries of high-energy density, and lithium batteries have become attractive in this regard. The commercial lithium cells use lithium cobalt oxide cathodes and the high cost and toxicity of cobalt has prompted the design and synthesis of alternate insertion hosts. Several low-temperature synthesis routes have been pursued during the past few years both to improve the properties of known oxide hosts as well as to access new insertion oxides, particularly metastable phases. This review, after providing a brief background to lithium batteries, lithium insertion compounds, and lithium ion batteries, presents the low-temperature synthesis and electrochemical properties of manganese, cobalt, nickel, iron, vanadium, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, and tin oxides. The use of soft chemistry methods such as sol−gel processing, ion-exchange reactions, hydrothermal reactions, and oxidatio...
Highways, roadblocks and empires

'Building the Balkans' requires the construction of infrastructures, especially highways. In this paper, I look at the construction and obstruction of highway systems in the Balkans as concrete manifestations of metaphors of incorporation and separation. While the infrastructure is mainly tangible, the roadblocks, largely due to ideological positions, are often intangible but very real, and are created as much by the European Union and the US as by the peoples of the Balkans themselves. The basic argument is that infrastructures connect people better than ideologies do, and that putting 'values' before more practical linkages (which both the EU and the US are doing) hinders the establishment of normal links between the Balkans peoples. Finally, I add a few words of anticipatory nostalgia for Balkans diversity that may well be threatened by the region's incorporation into the unifying structures, and ideologies, of the European Union.
Melatonin and lighting condition: Absence of long-term effects on food intake and body weight regulation in the albino rat☆

Abstract In contrast to photoperiodic rodents, the nonphotoperiodic laboratory rat's food intake and body weight was unaffected by melatonin treatment (Silastic implants). Constant dark and constant light were equally ineffective as well in disturbing these regulatory behaviors.
Virology: Influenza's tale of tails

Epigenetics is a hot new research field, but it seems that the influenza virus already has it figured out. By mimicking epigenetic regulation in human cells, one flu strain suppresses the expression of antiviral genes. See Article p.428 Histone proteins are essential regulators of gene function. The amino-terminal domain of the histone H2, or the histone 'tail', can be post-translationally modified, and it acts as a scaffold for the assembly of protein complexes that control gene function. Ivan Marazzi and colleagues now show that the immunosuppressive NS1 protein of the influenza virus carries a histone-like sequence that mimics key features of histone H3, including binding to key transcriptional regulators, so that the virus can hijack the host transcriptional machinery. Interaction between NS1 and transcriptional elongation complex PAF1C is shown to be crucial to the host antiviral response, validating PAF1 protein as a candidate for anti-inflammatory therapy using synthetic PAF1 antagonists.
Imprint of the Sun on the Solar Wind

Observations of the inner corona in polarized brightness by the Mauna Loa MkIII K-coronameter and soft X-ray by Yohkoh of the inner corona are combined with Ulysses radio occultation measurements of the solar wind to demonstrate that the signature of active regions and bright points is present in the heliocentric distance range of 10-30 Ro.
Alkyl and ω-amino alkyl agaroses as probes of light-induced changes in phytochrome from pea seedlings (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska)

Partially purified phytochrome from peas (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska) was absorbed to alkyl and omega-amino alkyl agaroses varying in the number of carbons in their alkyl chains from 2 to 10. The absorption and the elution of the absorbed phytochrome from them with KCl, KI, ethylene glycol and surfactants were investigated either in the dark or under red light in order to detect any chemical differences between the red-light-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) and the far-red-light-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr). With increasing alkyl chain length, more phytochrome was absorbed to the substituted agaroses. Phytochrome was absorbed to a greater extent by alkyl agaroses than by the less hydrophobic omega-amino alkyl agaroses. Absorbed Pfr was eluted by all the eluants tested to a lesser extent than the absorbed Pr. In those cases in which phytochrome could be eluted by KCl, a higher concentration was required to elute Pfr than Pr. As the chain length of the alkyl groups was increased, the difference in elution of Pr and Pfr by KCl increased. Phytochrome was salted out at a lesser concentration of ammonium sulfate after brief red-light irradiation than in the dark. Absorption of phytochrome to DEAE-agarose was also investigated as an example of ionic phytochrome-ligand interactions. The difference between the affinity of Pr and Pfr for DEAE-agarose was less than it was for omega-amino alkyl or alkyl agarose. It is concluded that Pfr is more hydrophobic than Pr.
Formation and characterization of thin film vanadium oxides : auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and optical reflectance studies

Abstract The growth of thin film vanadium oxides on a vanadium substrate under oxygen partial pressure has been investigated over a range of temperatures and times. A variety of oxide structures in the range VO2V2O5 have been grown. Chemical composition, phase identification and structure of the oxides have been characterized using several analytical techniques including Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and optical reflectance and have been supported by thermodynamic calculations. Small grain crystalline V2O5 was successfully grown under a reproducible recipe. A visible band gap energy Eg ≈ 2.38 eV and an XRD morphological factor ƒ ≈ 0.94 were measured for the grown V2O5 film. Ultrahigh vacuum thermally induced reduction of V2O5 into a lower oxide has been observed. The various properties (structural, electronic, optical, and electrical) of V2O5 have also been reviewed.
A consideration of electrode polishing prior to application of pulsed amperometric detection

An examination was made of the effect of electrode polishing on the direct pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) and indirect PAD response to penicillin G. The polishing procedure produced a temporary loss of sensitivity for both types of PAD, which over time relaxed back to higher levels. A temporary increase in the electrode kinetics can be observed as well, particularly for a PAD waveform in the crossover region between direct and indirect PAD. In extreme cases, the penicillin G response can undergo a complete polarity reversal. By observing post-polish equilibration times, it was recommended that the direct and indirect PAD user observe 3 and 5 h delay times, respectively, to insure stable electrode response following an electrode polish.
Design of digital differentiators satisfying prescribed specifications

A procedure is described which can be used to design digital differentiators satisfying prescribed specifications. The procedure is based on the Fourier-series method for the design of nonrecursive digital filters, and uses the Kaiser window function for the minimisation of the amplitude of Gibbs oscillations. The approach is used to design a number of differentiators assuming various prescribed bandwidths and various prescribed inband errors. It is also used to design a wideband high-precision differentiator. The proposed method is compared briefly with that of McClellan and Parks, based on the theory of weighted Chebyshev approximation.
Garlic Effects on Dough Properties

Addition of garlic to wheat flour dough causes it to rapidly break down during mixing but the cause of that effect is unknown. Our objectives were to determine if the effect was present in the clove or due to an enzyme reaction and whether encapsulation would prevent the effect. Scallion and leek also cause rapid breakdown, but to a lesser extent. The dough-weakening effects were similar to effects of a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds rather than sulfide-disulfide interchange reactions. The responsible compound was not pyruvic acid or alliinase but appeared to form as a result of alliinase reactions. Garlic in the bread formula weakened the dough and resulted in bread with undesirable crumb grain characteristics and low volume. Encapsulated garlic increased dough strength and did not affect loaf volume or crumb grain.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel light-emitting polymer containing highly efficient hole-transporting aromatic diamine

A new electroluminescent copolymer incorporating both a highly efficient hole-transporting moiety, tetraphenyldiaminobiphenyl (TPD), and a light-emitting moiety, 2-(2‘-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-...
Time Resolved DPIV Analysis of Pulsatile Flow in Symmetric Stenotic Arteries: A Comparison Between Arterial and Coronary Flow

The presence of stenoses in the vasculature is responsible for significant alterations in the blood flow patterns. The flow within the stenosis is characterized by regions of high shear rates and flow separation, and downstream of stenosis recirculation region is formed, with low wall shear stresses (WSS) and large residence time[1,2. Flow in a symmetric stenosis is characterized by a central jet region with axisymmetrically separated flow surrounding it. A shear layer is formed between the jet and the recirculation region, which may be responsible for platelet activation [3,4] Wall shear stresses as high as 1500 to 3000 dynes/cm2 have been predicted at the throat of the stenosis in coronary flow models. A thorough characterization of these phenomenon is important because of the established relationship between the hemodynamics and vascular pathology. [3,4]Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The influence of lipoxygenase inhibitors on the in vitro production of human leukocytic pyrogen and lymphocyte activating factor (interleukin-1).

Abstract Leukocytic pyrogen (LP), the endogenous mediator of fever, is synthesized and released from mononuclear phagocytes following activation by several microbial and immunologically-derived substances. Purified fractions of LP also stimulate thymocyte proliferation and LP seems to be indistinguishable from lymphocyte activating factor (LAF) otherwise known as interleukin-1 (IL-1). In the present investigation, we have examined the effect on IL-1 production of drugs inhibiting both cycloxygenase- and lipoxygenase-mediated transformations of arachidonic acid (ETYA, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and compound BW755C, 3-amino-1-3-trifuoromethylphenyl-2-pyrazoline). Ibuprofen inhibited the production of PGE 2 from stimulated human monocytes but had no effect on LP and LAF release. ETYA prevented LP production from human monocytes when added to the incubation fluid prior to activation by Staphylococcus albus . When added after cell activation, ETYA was ineffective. Similar results were obtained using BW755C. Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) levels in cell supernates were markedly decreased in the presence of either drug when compared to supernates from untreated, stimulated cells. Low PGE 2 , levels were also demonstrated in supernates of cells in which either ETYA or BW755C were added 1 hour after stimulation. Pretreatment with BW755C also resulted in decreased LAF activity in the supernates of mononuclear cells stimulated with staphylococci, endotoxin, or muramyl dipeptide. Other experiments demonstrated that crude or purified human LP retains its activity following treatment with soybean lipoxidase. These findings indicate that a product of arachidonate lipoxygenase is important in the sequence of events underlying cell activation for the production of human LP/LAF/IL-1. The possibility that LP might be an eicosanoid-peptide conjugate structurally resembling the leukotrienes was ruled out.
Paramagnetic susceptibility of an interacting electron gas at metallic densities

Abstract We present a self-consistent theory for the frequency and wave number dependent paramagnetic response of an interacting electron gas. The theory leads to an expression for the ‘local field’ responsible for the susceptibility enhancement, which is determined numerically by solving three coupled non-linear integral equations. Calculated values of the static susceptibility are in good agreement with experiment for simple metals in the entire metallic density range.
Genome Wide Association Identifies Novel Loci Involved in Fungal Communication

Understanding how genomes encode complex cellular and organismal behaviors has become the outstanding challenge of modern genetics. Unlike classical screening methods, analysis of genetic variation that occurs naturally in wild populations can enable rapid, genome-scale mapping of genotype to phenotype with a medium-throughput experimental design. Here we describe the results of the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) used to identify novel loci underlying trait variation in a microbial eukaryote, harnessing wild isolates of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. We genotyped each of a population of wild Louisiana strains at 1 million genetic loci genome-wide, and we used these genotypes to map genetic determinants of microbial communication. In N. crassa, germinated asexual spores (germlings) sense the presence of other germlings, grow toward them in a coordinated fashion, and fuse. We evaluated germlings of each strain for their ability to chemically sense, chemotropically seek, and undergo cell fusion, and we subjected these trait measurements to GWAS. This analysis identified one gene, NCU04379 (cse-1, encoding a homolog of a neuronal calcium sensor), at which inheritance was strongly associated with the efficiency of germling communication. Deletion of cse-1 significantly impaired germling communication and fusion, and two genes encoding predicted interaction partners of CSE1 were also required for the communication trait. Additionally, mining our association results for signaling and secretion genes with a potential role in germling communication, we validated six more previously unknown molecular players, including a secreted protease and two other genes whose deletion conferred a novel phenotype of increased communication and multi-germling fusion. Our results establish protein secretion as a linchpin of germling communication in N. crassa and shed light on the regulation of communication molecules in this fungus. Our study demonstrates the power of population-genetic analyses for the rapid identification of genes contributing to complex traits in microbial species.
Spatial Patterns of Bird Abundance in New Orleans After Hurricane Katrina

A comprehensive understanding of natural disasters requires understanding their environmental consequences. I examined the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the urban birds of New Orleans, USA. I counted resident land birds on a network of transects established after Katrina's August 2005 landfall. One hundred of these were randomly located and surveyed ten to fourteen weeks after the storm, and 150 more in five focal neighborhoods were surveyed from November 2005 through the fourth winter. Bird numbers on the 100 transects were lower on transects with higher Katrina wind speeds but not on those that flooded by more than 3 ft. The five focal neighborhoods maintained similar bird numbers relative to each other over the duration of the study. Bird numbers in the neighborhood impacted by the Murphy Oil spill were low but not lower than in some areas not contaminated by oil. Reproduction did not appear to be reduced in the oil spill relative to other neighborhoods. Creation of open land by removal of houses appe...
BRAID STATISTICS FOR THE SOURCES OF THE NONABELIAN CHERN-SIMONS TERM

A Lagrangian consisting of an Abelian Chern-Simons term and N identical point particle sources is known to lead to fractional statistics for the sources. In this paper, we investigate the non-Abelian generalization of this system with special emphasis on source statistics. All solutions for the Yang-Mills potential in the presence of identical or nonidentical sources are found. For two or more sources, they fall in many gauge inequivalent classes whereas in the Abelian problem, there is only one such class. An effective Lagrangian for N sources is found for each of these solutions. The quantum mechanics and statistics of the sources are sensitive to the potential leading to the effective Lagrangian. There is for instance, a class of solutions for identical sources which are not invariant under exchange of sources. For these solutions, the identity of the sources obliges us to consider such a potential and all its exchange transforms at the same time, and to introduce a Hilbert space of states which is the direct sum of the Hilbert spaces associated with each of these potentials. There are also exchange invariant potentials for identical sources. For SU(3) and N = 3, all exchange invariant potentials are shown to lead to statistics defined by S3 representations. The nature of statistics for SU(M) for higher M as also the creation of intrinsic spin by self interaction are briefly considered.
A questionnaire approach to transitivity in children

In the present study 7-year-old children were verbally presented transitivity problems in which the type of relational term was varied. Although the majority of Ss indicated the presence of the concept, more correct responses were made on problems employing the same relational term throughout than on problems that used different and opposite terms.
Cortical spectroscopy: localized spectroscopy of the cerebral cortex in rats.

A method for obtaining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic signals confined to the cerebral cortex in rat using a cortical coil constructed based on the principles of the zig-zag coil is described. We obtained 31P NMR spectra of normal cerebral cortex and cold-induced injured cortex using this cortical coil. The cortical coil clearly demonstrated an increase in inorganic phosphate (Pi) confined to cerebral cortex which, by contrast, the conventional planar surface coil failed to detect. There are significant metabolic differences between cortex and subcortical tissues. The technique described here, capable of assessing cortical metabolism in vivo without contamination by the underlying tissue, has substantial application to studies of cerebral metabolism. © 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
The CAGE questionnaire and the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test in trauma patients: comparison of their correlations with biological alcohol markers.

Study Objectives:To explore and compare the sex-specific correlation of two standard behavioral screening instruments, the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (SMAST) and the CAGE, with a weighted scale that combines the three most commonly used biological alcohol markers (blood alcohol level, mea
Perceptual Categorization and Consistency of Synthesized /r-w/ Continua by Adults, Normal Children and /r/-Misarticulating Children

The purpose of this study was to determine if children who misarticulate /r/ differ from normal children and adults in the perception of sound features that are produced correctly and incorrectly. ...
Detection of urban expansion in an urban-rural landscape with multitemporal QuickBird images

Accurately detecting urban expansion with remote sensing techniques is a challenge due to the complexity of urban landscapes. This paper explored methods for detecting urban expansion with multitemporal QuickBird images in Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Different techniques, including image differencing, principal component analysis (PCA), and comparison of classified impervious surface images with the matched filtering method, were used to examine urbanization detection. An impervious surface image classified with the hybrid method was used to modify the urbanization detection results. As a comparison, the original multispectral image and segmentation-based mean-spectral images were used during the detection of urbanization. This research indicates that the comparison of classified impervious surface images with matched filtering method provides the best change detection performance, followed by the image differencing method based on segmentation-based mean spectral images. The PCA is not a good method for urban change detection in this study. Shadows and high spectral variation within the impervious surfaces represent major challenges to the detection of urban expansion when high spatial resolution images are used.
A three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm for an inverse-geometry volumetric CT system.

An inverse-geometry volumetric computed tomography (IGCT) system has been proposed capable of rapidly acquiring sufficient data to reconstruct a thick volume in one circular scan. The system uses a large-area scanned source opposite a smaller detector. The source and detector have the same extent in the axial, or slice, direction, thus providing sufficient volumetric sampling and avoiding cone-beam artifacts. This paper describes a reconstruction algorithm for the IGCT system. The algorithm first rebins the acquired data into two-dimensional (2D) parallel-ray projections at multiple tilt and azimuthal angles, followed by a 3D filtered backprojection. The rebinning step is performed by gridding the data onto a Cartesian grid in a 4D projection space. We present a new method for correcting the gridding error caused by the finite and asymmetric sampling in the neighborhood of each output grid point in the projection space. The reconstruction algorithm was implemented and tested on simulated IGCT data. Results show that the gridding correction reduces the gridding errors to below one Hounsfield unit. With this correction, the reconstruction algorithm does not introduce significant artifacts or blurring when compared to images reconstructed from simulated 2D parallel-ray projections. We also present an investigation of the noise behavior of themore » method which verifies that the proposed reconstruction algorithm utilizes cross-plane rays as efficiently as in-plane rays and can provide noise comparable to an in-plane parallel-ray geometry for the same number of photons. Simulations of a resolution test pattern and the modulation transfer function demonstrate that the IGCT system, using the proposed algorithm, is capable of 0.4 mm isotropic resolution. The successful implementation of the reconstruction algorithm is an important step in establishing feasibility of the IGCT system.« less
The effect of over‐activity on the morphological structure of the synapse

Careful investigation of the cell body as well as the synapse of the fatigued Mauthner cell in Ameiurus revealed a number of interesting findings, which can be summarized as follows: The cell body was found either swollen or shrunken; the turgescence was regarded as the result of overactivity and the shrinkage as that, of exhaustion. The Nissl substance was in a more or less advanced stage of chromatolysis and thereby the cytoplasm was stained variously deeply. On the border of the nucleus a mass of stainable substance was observed as the restitution phenomenon of the Nissl bodies op the side of the nucleus. It was also accepted that a mutual interchange of substance occurs between nucleus and protoplasm in activity. The nucleus was also either swollen or shrunken; in the swollen nerve cell it was sometimes renioved to one side of the cell body. The nucleolus mas also found swollen sometimes and other times shrunken and it was of angular or otherwise irregular shape.
Identification of Three Redundant Segments Responsible for Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP0 To Fuse with ND10 Nuclear Bodies

Infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a key regulator in both lytic and latent infections. In lytic infection, an important early event is the colocalization of ICP0 to nuclear domain 10 (ND10), the discrete nuclear bodies that impose restrictions on viral expression. ICP0 contains an E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and Sp100, two major components of ND10, and disperses ND10 to alleviate repression. We previously reported that the association between ICP0 and ND10 is a dynamic process that includes three steps: adhesion, fusion, and retention. ICP0 residues 245 to 474, defined as ND10 entry signal (ND10-ES), is a region required for the fusion step. Without ND10-ES, ICP0 adheres at the ND10 surface but fails to enter. In the present study, we focus on characterizing ND10-ES. Here we report the following. (i) Fusion of ICP0 with ND10 relies on specific sequences located within ND10-ES. Replacement of ND10-ES by the corresponding region from ORF61 of varicella-zoster virus did not rescue ND10 fusion. (ii) Three tandem ND10 fusion segments (ND10-FS1, ND10-FS2, and ND10-FS3), encompassing 200 amino acids within ND10-ES, redundantly facilitate fusion. Each of the three segments is sufficient to independently drive the fusion process, but none of the segments by themselves are necessary for ND10 fusion. Only when all three segments are deleted is fusion blocked. (iii) The SUMO interaction motif located within ND10-FS2 is not required for ND10 fusion but is required for the complete degradation of PML, suggesting that PML degradation and ND10 fusion are regulated by different molecular mechanisms. IMPORTANCE ND10 nuclear bodies are part of the cell-intrinsic antiviral defenses that restrict viral gene expression upon virus infection. As a countermeasure, infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) localizes to ND10s, degrades the ND10 organizer, and disperses ND10 components in order to alleviate repression. We studied the ICP0-ND10 association to delineate elements important for this dynamic interaction and to understand its role in viral replication and host defense. In this work, we show that ICP0 contains three redundant segments to ensure an effective mergence of ICP0 with ND10 nuclear bodies. This is the first study to systematically investigate ICP0 elements that are important for ICP0-ND10 fusion.
Hemin Upregulates Egr-1 Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Reactive Oxygen Species ERK-1/2–Elk-1 and NF-κB

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidant stress are important mediators of cardiovascular pathologies including atherosclerosis. One source of ROS in the vasculature is free heme released from hemoglobin. Because Egr-1, the regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis, is also induced by oxidant stress and is likewise implicated in atherosclerosis, we examined the regulation of Egr-1 by heme in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Hemin increased Egr-1 expression (mRNA, protein) within 30 minutes and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation within 5 minutes. Inhibiting hemin-induced ERK-1/2 activation by U0126 (MAPK-inhibitor), the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine, the NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin and diphenyleneiodonium chloride, the superoxide scavenger tiron, or tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II)-dimer (carbon-monoxide donor; CORM-2) blocked hemin-induced Egr-1 expression. Hemin activated Elk-1, SRF, and NF-kappaB and promoted their interaction with the Egr-1 promoter. Downregulating Elk-1 (via siRNA) or blocking NF-kappaB activation (via BAY-11-7082) abolished hemin induction of Egr-1. Finally, hemin-induced Egr-1 bound the promoters of tissue factor (TF), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI)-1, and NGF-1A Binding (NAB)-2, upregulating their expression, and increased the biochemical activity of TF and PAI-1. Upregulation of Egr-1 and its target genes by heme-induced oxidant stress may be an important event in the initiation and progression of inflammatory vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Synthesis of self-orienting triptycene adsorbates for STM investigations

Abstract The syntheses of three C2 symmetric triptycenes containing two pendant groups are described. The pendant groups are designed to promote oriented adsorption to graphite or gold electrodes such that the unfunctionalized aryl group extends perpendicular to the surface. Initial STM studies are consistent with oriented adsorption on graphite.
Landowner conservation awareness across rural-to-urban gradients in Massachusetts.

In many parts of the eastern US, the provision of ecosystem services depends on private land. In these regions, decisions about land management and conservation made by private landowners can have significant effects on habitat and other ecosystem services. Advancing permanent conservation of land can be particularly challenging in dynamic rural-to-urban landscapes facing development pressures. We estimated private landowner “conservation awareness” using a mail survey instrument to assess relative familiarity, knowledge, and experience with various conservation and land management options. Conservation awareness differed significantly by town, implying hotspots and troughs of awareness, potentially leading to significant geographical variation in landowner decision-making and long-term conservation futures. We were surprised to find that conservation awareness did not necessarily diminish in more suburbanized environments of our study area. Higher conservation awareness was related to enhanced conservation social capital at the town level as well as relative affluence. We suggest that low conservation awareness could represent a precursor to or symptom of eventual land use change and hence loss of habitat. As a result, conservation efforts should focus not only on biophysical aspects such as habitat connectivity and rarity, but also on the conservation awareness of owners of private land.
Forum: a seminar course on globalisation

A previous forum paper discussed the needs and awareness of globalisation efforts involving professionals in environmental sciences and engineering. Making engineering students aware of the relation between globalisation and engineering and integrating it into the educational curriculum have been popular topics in recent years. This forum paper outlines a seminar course initiated by the author on Globalisation and Engineering for a group of civil engineering graduate students and also for outstanding undergraduate students.
A PY-NLS nuclear targeting signal is required for nuclear localization and function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA-binding protein Hrp1.

Proteins destined for import into the nucleus contain nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that are recognized by import receptors termed karyopherins or importins. Until recently, the only nuclear import sequence that had been well defined and characterized was the classical NLS (cNLS), which is recognized by importin α. However, Chook and coworkers (Lee, B. J., Cansizoglu, A. E., Suel, K. E., Louis, T. H., Zhang, Z., and Chook, Y. M. (2006) Cell 126, 543–558) have provided new insight into nuclear targeting with their identification of a novel NLS, termed the PY-NLS, that is recognized by the human karyopherin β2/transportin (Kapβ2) receptor. Here, we demonstrate that the PY-NLS is conserved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show for the first time that the PY-NLS is a functional nuclear targeting sequence in vivo. The apparent ortholog of Kapβ2 in yeast, Kap104, has two known cargos, the mRNA-binding proteins Hrp1 and Nab2, which both contain putative PY-NLS-like sequences. We find that the PY-NLS-like sequence within Hrp1, which closely matches the PY-NLS consensus, is both necessary and sufficient for nuclear import and is also required for receptor binding and protein function. In contrast, the PY-NLS-like sequences in Nab2, which vary from the PY-NLS consensus, are not required for proper import or protein function, suggesting that Kap104 may interact with different cargos using multiple mechanisms. Dissection of the PY-NLS consensus reveals that the minimal PY-NLS in yeast consists of the C-terminal portion of the human consensus, R/H/KX2–5PY, with upstream basic or hydrophobic residues enhancing the targeting function. Finally, we apply this analysis to a bioinformatic search of the yeast proteome as a preliminary search for new potential Kap104 cargos.
News from the field: 13th International Planning History Society conference (10–13 July 2008)

The 13th biennial conference of the International Planning History Society took place in Chicago, Illinois, USA, from 10 to 13 July 2008. The conference theme was Public versus Private Planning: Th...
Heat capacity in the glass transition range modeled on the basis of heterogeneous dynamics

A heterogeneous version of the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) model is proposed, in which enthalpy relaxation is heterogeneous in the sense that the overall nonexponential relaxation originates from the superposition of independently and exponentially relaxing domains with individual time constants. Analogous to rate exchange at a constant temperature, there is only a single fictive temperature that controls the rate at which all time constants can change considerably during a temperature scan. The model is shown to be consistent with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data taken across the glass transition of polystyrene, propylene carbonate, and glycerol. In contrast to the standard homogeneous TNM model, the heterogeneous counterpart fits DSC up-scans for As2Se3 for cooling rates of 0.31, 2.5, and 20 K/min with a common set of parameters.
Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated with Cardiac β-Myosin Heavy Chain and Troponin I Mutations

We report an African American family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which an individual with severe disease has alterations in two sarcomeric protein genes, cardiac β-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) and troponin I (TNNI3). Each of her children has only one of these mutations. Although novel, the MYH7 mutation disrupts a conserved amino acid, and other missense substitutions at this position are known to cause disease. The TNNI3 alteration, replacing proline with serine (Pro82Ser), has been previously implicated in elderly-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, although its pathogenicity is not clear. Proline in this position is conserved in all species, and its alteration to a serine is likely to result in a dramatic change in protein structure. We analyzed DNA from a panel of 100 healthy African Americans and found 3% carry the heterozygous TNNI3 missense allele that was identified in this family. Based on these findings, we propose that the TNNI3 Pro82Ser alteration is likely a disease-modifying mutation in a severely affected individual, and, furthermore, carriers of this alteration (3% of African Americans) might be at increased risk of late-onset cardiac hypertrophy.
Subchronic Toxicity of Triethylenetetramine Dihydrochloride in B6C3F1 Mice and F344 Rats

Triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride (trien-2HCl; CAS No. 38260-01-04), a chelating agent used to treat Wilson's disease patients who are intolerant of the drug of choice, was tested for subchronic toxicity in B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats. Mice and rats received trien-2HCl in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 120, 600, or 3000 ppm for up to 92 days. Twenty mice and 18 rats of each sex were assigned to each dose group fed either a cereal-based (NIH-31) or a purified (AIN-76A) diet, both containing nutritionally adequate levels of copper. An additional control group of rats and mice received a Cu-deficient AIN-76A diet. This low copper diet resulted in Cu-deficiency symptoms, such as anemia, liver periportal cytomegaly, pancreatic atrophy and multifocal necrosis, spleen hematopoietic cell proliferation, and increased heart weight, together with undetectable levels of plasma copper in rats but not in mice. Trien-2HCl lowered plasma copper levels some-what (at 600 and 3000 ppm) in rats fed the AIN-76A diet, but did not induce the usual signs of copper deficiency. Trien-2HCl caused an increased frequency of uterine dilatation at 3000 ppm in rats fed AIN-76A diet that was not noted in females fed the Cu-deficient diet. Trien-2HCl toxicity occurred only in mice in the highest dose group fed an AIN-76A diet. Increased frequencies of inflammation of the lung interstitium and liver periportal fatty infiltration were seen in both sexes, and hematopoietic cell proliferation was seen in the spleen of males. Kidney and body weights were reduced in males as was the incidence of renal cytoplasmic vacuolization. There were no signs of copper deficiency in mice exposed to trien-2HCl. The only effect of trien-2HCl in animals fed the NIH-31 diet was a reduced liver copper level in both rat sexes, noted at 3000 ppm.
Phospholipids of tuna white muscle

The composition of the lipids from the white muscle of five tuna fish has been determined. Total extractable lipid varied from 0.5%–10.3% of the tissue wet weight; phospholipid content ranged from 0.3%–0.6%. The separation of the phospholipid components was made by column chromatography with activated silicic acid and stepwise elution, with increasing concentrations of methanol in chloroform. The components were identified by chemical tests and infrared (IR) spectra. Tuna white musele contained an average of 0.5% phospholipid on wet weight basis; 23% was cephalin, 54% lecithin, 8% sphingomyelin, 2% phosphoinositide, with small amounts of unidentified components. Ten to 30% of the lecithin and cephalin fractions were in the form of plasmalogens. The gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of the 12–22 carbon fatty acids of the lecithin, cephalin, and neutral fractions are presented. The cephalins were characteristically high in stearie acid and low in palmitic acid, in contrast to the lecithins.
Three dimensional dynamic motor performance of the normal trunk

Abstract Traditionally, human strength has been described in terms of the maximum force one could exert under isometric conditions. However, in the past decade ergonomists have attempted to find strength measures that better represent the dynamic aspects of occupational tasks. Recent efforts have focussed upon dynamic motor performance capabilities of the human body that go beyond the traditional measures of isometric strength. The objective of this study was to document the three dimensional dynamic motor performance capabilities of the normal human trunk as subjects flexed and extended their trunks as fast as they could under 'sagittaly symmetric and asymmetric “back lifting” conditions. The results indicated that the range of motion, trunk angular velocity and trunk angular acceleration decreased in the sagittal plane as the trunk became more asymmetric. Dynamic motor performance characteristics increased in the frontal and transverse planes as the trunk became more asymmetric, however, these differences were also dependent upon the device used to measure trunk motor performance.
Teaching Group Work from an Ecological Perspective

We argue in this article that group work is a distinct methodology that rests upon a unique conceptual base. We suggest that an ecological perspective fits group work especially well, since it encompasses a comprehensive, interdependent, and contextual orientation. Teaching strategies addressing Best Practices in Group Work (ASGW, 1998) are described from this ecological perspective.
An epidemiologic assessment of the relationship between the G985A medium chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) allelic variant and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

An epidemiologic assessment of the relationship between the G985A medium chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) allelic variant and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Living donor liver transplantation using a right lobe graft in an adult with situs inversus

Situs inversus totalis is a rare anatomic variant in which there is a complete mirror image of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. The common association of situs inversus and biliary atresia has led to a variety of modifications of surgical techniques utilizing both living donor and deceased donor liver grafts, with mixed results in the pediatric liver transplant population. The use of a living donor liver graft in an adult with situs inversus has not yet been described. However, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has produced excellent results in the adult population, particularly in the cholestatic population, which may be disadvantaged by the model for end-stage liver disease system. This is the first report of a successful living donor right liver graft in an adult with end-stage liver disease secondary to primary sclerosing cholangitis and situs inversus totalis.
Extending and Connecting Signaling Pathways in C. elegans

The development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is known to depend extensively on reproducible cell-cell interactions. The analysis of many of these signaling events has revealed that, in most cases, the mechanisms that mediate them have been conserved throughout metazoan evolution. Thus, the analysis of signaling pathways in C. elegans can aid in the understanding of signal transduction mechanisms in general. In this review we focus on signaling events that occur during the development of the hermaphrodite egg-laying system. Many of these signaling events occur at approximately the same time and in very close proximity to one another. Following a brief review of the individual signaling systems employed, we analyze the data that have started to address how the specificity among these pathways is maintained and how multiple pathways that affect individual developmental decisions are integrated. These issues are common to all signaling systems and should be instructive in presenting the complexities that are involved in obtaining a global understanding of development.