cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occasional smoking in college: Who, what, when and why?

Introduction The majority of college students who smoke do so on an occasional basis and generally do not define themselves as smokers. This represents a considerable challenge for public health efforts to prevent escalation of use and to promote cessation. Strengthening such efforts will require further examination of the motivations behind occasional smoking within this vulnerable group.
A direct method for non-linear normal modes

Abstract This paper presents a direct method for locating normal modes in certain holonomic, scleronomous, conservative non-linear two degree of freedom dynamical systems. The method does not require that the system studied be close to a linear system.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation, Penicillin, and/or Pectic Enzyme on Chick Growth Depression and Fecal Stickiness Caused by Rye, Citrus Pectin, and Guar Gum

The effects of gamma irradiation of rye, corn, pectin, and guar gum and supplementation of procaine penicillin and/or pectic enzyme (Irgazyme-100) were studied. Addition of 62.5% rye, 4% pectin, or 2% guar gum in place of corn significantly reduced chick growth (P < .05). Exposure to gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, or pectic enzyme supplementation improved the growth of chicks fed rye. Growth response on the rye diet to one or more combinations of gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, and pectic enzyme was greater than that of gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, or pectic enzyme alone. Gamma irradiation or pectic enzyme supplementatin of pectin or guar gum improved chick growth and almost eliminated their growth depressing properties. A combination of gamma irradiation and pectic enzyme failed to give a further significant increase in growth over that of either alone. Addition of procaine penicillin to diets containing rye, irradiated pectin, or guar gum elicited a significant growth response, but the response was greatly reduced when diets contained irradiated guar gum or irradiated pectin. Feces of chicks fed diets containing rye, pectin, or guar gum adhered to screen floors in much greater amounts than for corn-fed chicks. Gamma irradiation, procaine penicillin, or pectic enzyme had no significant effect on fecal condition of birds fed diets containing rye or guar gum. In contrast, fecal condition of birds fed guar gum was significantly improved by a combination of gamma irradiation and pectic enzyme supplement. Gamma irradiation almost eliminated and pectic enzyme supplementation completely eliminated properties of pectin causing sticky feces. Results indicate that the component of rye that causes sticky feces was not changed by gamma irradiation and/or pectic enzyme, and, therefore, is different from the growth depressing factor and from citrus pectin.
Neuroimaging of neuronal circuits involved in tic generation in patients with Tourette syndrome.

Objective: To identify brain regions generating tics in patients with Tourette syndrome using sleep as a baseline. Methods: We used [ 15 O]H 2 O PET to study nine patients with Tourette syndrome and nine matched control subjects. For patients, conditions included tic release states and sleep stage 2; and for control subjects, rest states and sleep stage 2. Results: Our study showed robust activation of cerebellum, insula, thalamus, and putamen during tic release. Conclusion: The network of structures involved in tics includes the activated regions and motor cortex. The prominent involvement of cerebellum and insula suggest their involvement in tic initiation and execution.
A picomolar spectrophotometric assay for superoxide dismutase.

Abstract During the aerobic xanthine oxidase reaction, O2− is produced and accumulates to a steady state determined by a balance between the rate of production of this radical and its rate of dismutation. Addition of ferricytochrome c then results in a biphasic reduction, the very rapid phase of which reflects reaction of the accumulated O2−, while the slower phase corresponds to the continuing production of this radical. Superoxide dismutase suppresses the accumulation of O2− during the xanthine oxidase reaction and thus diminishes the burst of reduction seen upon addition of ferricytochrome c. This effect has been utilized, at pH 10.2, as the basis of an assay that permits measurement of picomolar levels of superoxide dismutase. The theory and practice of this ultrasensitive assay are described.
Coupled reservoir-wellbore simulation of geothermal reservoir behavior

Abstract The reservoir simulator TOUGH and the wellbore simulator WFSA have been coupled to model flow of geothermal brine in the reservoir as well as in the wellbore. An outline of the structure of the two computer codes is given, together with the relevant equations. A new module, COUPLE, has been written to serve as an interface between TOUGH and WFSA. Two sample problems are given to illustrate the use of the coupled codes. One of these problems compares the results of the new simulation method to those obtained by using the deliverability option in TOUGH. The coupled computing procedure is shown to simulate more accurately the behavior of a geothermal reservoir under exploitation.
Narrative and social change: A case study of the Wagner act of 1935

The Wagner Act of 1935 (the National Labor Relations Act) transformed unionization and collective bargaining from legally‐acknowledged rights difficult to exercise into federally‐protected rights. The National Labor Relations Board was established as a legal body that could punish employers for violating workers’ rights to organize. A narrative analysis of the competing stories provided by the proponents and opponents of the Act reveals how consequence, context, and values interact in a narrative framework to legitimate social change in policies and to realign value structures.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2-Mediated ICAM-1 Expression Is Calcium Dependent

Abstract Background. Some human malignancies such as virus-related hepatocellular cancer arise in a setting of chronic inflammation. Upregulation of ICAM-1 is a seminal late event in malignant transformation following chronic inflammation. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is a lipid-mediator activated by inflammatory stimuli, which has been shown to mediate ICAM-1 upregulation. As lipid mediators are known to work via calcium-dependent mechanisms in nearly all mammalian cells, we hypothesize that inflammatory-mediated ICAM-1 upregulation is dependent on both cPLA2 and intracellular calcium. Materials and methods. HUVEC were chosen as a representative cell line as they emulate hepatic sinusoids and are a well-established cell model. These were grown to confluence in T-25 flasks and stimulated with TNF-α or LPS for 6 h. Additional groups were preincubated with AACOCF3 (a specific cPLA2 inhibitor) or BAPTA A.M. (a specific inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+) prior to being exposed to inflammatory stimuli. ICAM-1 expression was determined by mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) as measured by FITC-labeled moAb to ICAM-1 via FACS. The role of intracellular Ca2+ on cPLA2 activity was determined by thin-layer chromatography. Groups were compared using ANOVA with Scheffe's post hoc analysis; *P Results. Both cPLA2 and Ca2+ inhibition significantly inhibited inflammatory upregulation of ICAM-1. Pretreatment with BAPTA A.M. attenuated HUVEC cPLA2 activity in response to LPS. These findings suggest that appropriate molecular target suppression may prevent malignant degeneration in the presence of chronic inflammation.
Owners incentives during the 2004–05 National Hockey League lockout

This study shows that firm owners can indirectly benefit from work stoppages if they own other firms in substitute industries and gain market power for those other firms. The incentives of the owners are examined with a model of cross-ownership cartels and data from professional sports. Assuming that various professional sport events are substitutes, owners may increase profits by eliminating competition, even if they own the competition. This study shows that the recent National Hockey League (NHL) lockout caused a statistically significant increase in attendance for the National Basketball Association and junior hockey leagues. Given that many NHL owners own teams in these substitutable leagues, this could be construed as anti-competitive behaviour and may have prolonged the NHL lockout and helped NHL owners in collective bargaining. Given the public investment in sports facilities and market power in professional sports, this analysis calls for cross-ownership across professional sports to be questioned.
Wireless Intrusion Detection and Device Fingerprinting through Preamble Manipulation

Wireless networks are particularly vulnerable to spoofing and route poisoning attacks due to the contested transmission medium. Recent works investigate physical layer features such as received signal strength or radio frequency fingerprints to localize and identify malicious devices. In this paper we demonstrate a novel and complementary approach to exploiting physical layer differences among wireless devices that is more energy efficient and invariant with respect to the environment. Specifically, we exploit subtle design differences among transceiver hardware types. Transceivers fulfill the physical-layer aspects of wireless networking protocols, yet specific hardware implementations vary among manufacturers and device types. In this paper we demonstrate that precise manipulation of the physical layer header prevents a subset of transceiver types from receiving the manipulated packet. By soliciting acknowledgments from wireless devices using a small number of packets with manipulated preambles and frame lengths, a response pattern identifies the true transceiver class of the device under test. Herein we demonstrate a transceiver taxonomy of six classes with greater than 99 percent accuracy, irrespective of environment. We successfully demonstrate wireless multi-factor authentication, intrusion detection, and transceiver type fingerprinting through preamble manipulation.
Effects of potassium iodide on aspartate aminotransferase.

The absorption spectrum of the phosphopyridoxal form of the enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase, can be perturbed by the anion iodide over a wide range of pH values. The binding of this anion to the catalytic site of the enzyme brings about a decrease in the absorption at 360 nm and a concomitant increase in the absorption band centered at 430 nm corresponding to the positively charged nitrogen of the aldimine linkage of the cofactor. The absorption spectral changes are accompanied by variations in the fluorescence intensity emitted by the cofactor. The fluorescence studies reveal an efficient collisional interaction between the excited state of pyridoxal-5-P and the perturbing anion iodide. It is proposed that the active site of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase is very accessible to the anion iodide.
Speech compression: a functional approximation approach

This paper presents research undertaken in the field of speech compression with a low cost speech processing system developed around an APPLE II microcomputer. Unlike some of the more popular techniques of speech compression based on statistical analysis of the speech waveforms in the frequency domain, speech compression was approached by the authors with the perspective of functional approximations of speech waveforms in the time domain. These functional approximations would be evaluated in a parallel processing mode. Research activities discussed in this paper include: the design and implementation of a parallel interface between the APPLE II and an analog to digital converter; the development of machine language programs to accurately sample sound waveforms; the development of software for the analysis of converted data, including a real time scrolling graphics routine and also a graphics hardcopy routine which controls a dot-matrix printer; the development of the compression technique utilizing an intelligent sampling routine; and the design of a pipelined parallel processing network of microprocessors, to evaluate in real time a polynomial function representing a speech waveform. The compression technique developed currently allows four minutes of good quality speech to be stored on one floppy disk.
A review of the symposium on aneuploidy: Etiology and mechanisms

A symposium titled “Aneuploidy: Etiology and Mechanisms” was held in Washington, D.C., in March, 1985. The stimulus for convening it was the growing concern that environmental agents with the capacity to induce aneuploidy can have detrimental effects on human health. Major components of the symposium were devoted to an analysis of human aneuploidy, mechanisms by which aneuploidy originates, and tests for the detection of agents that induce aneuploidy. This review outlines the content of the symposium, its conclusions, and major uncertainties in the field.
“If I Had a New Notebook, I Know Things Would Change”: Bright Underachieving Young Men in Urban Classrooms:

Despite a preponderance of research on students who fail academically in urban schools, few studies have examined the academic experience of high-ability students in urban schools, particularly tho...
Initial Experience with a Central Respiratory Monitoring Unit as a Cost-Saving Alternative to the Intensive Care Unit for Medicare Patients Who Require Long-Term Ventilator Support

The cost of delivering health care to Medicare patients in intensive care units (ICU), especially those on long-term ventilator support, has become a major financial burden to American hospitals. We established a central station, respiratory, noninvasive monitoring unit (NIMU) on a cardiac telemetry floor where nurse to patient ratio was 1:4 to 1:6 as a cost-effective alternative to the ICU which has a ratio of 1:2. During the first five months of operation, 55 patients were admitted to this unit, of which 11 were long-term ventilator Medicare patients. Seven of these 11 patients were successfully weaned and discharged from the hospital. Overall, a minimum of $21,724 was saved over five months by shifting these long-term ventilator patients from the ICU to the NIMU while quality of medical care remained or exceeded accepted standards. We conclude that alternative health care delivery systems such as the NIMU need to be investigated as safe, cost-reducing substitutes for selected ICU patients to prevent loss of quality medical care in the financial backlash of the present Medicare prospective payment schedule.
On the pricing of American options

The problem of valuation for contingent claims that can be exercised at any time before or at maturity, such as American options, is discussed in the manner of Bensoussan [1]. We offer an approach which both simplifies and extends the results of existing theory on this topic.
MicroRNA-145 regulates OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 and represses pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells.

SUMMARY MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are posttranscriptional modulators of gene expression and play an important role in many developmental processes. We report here that expression of microRNA-145 (miR-145) is low in self-renewing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) but highly upregulated during differentiation. We identify the pluripotency factors OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4 as direct targets of miR-145 and show that endogenous miR-145 represses the 3 0 untranslated regions of OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4. Increased miR-145 expression inhibits hESC selfrenewal, represses expression of pluripotency genes, and induces lineage-restricted differentiation. Loss of miR-145 impairs differentiation and elevates OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4. Furthermore, we find that the miR-145 promoter is bound and repressed by OCT4 in hESCs. This work reveals a direct link between the core reprogramming factors and miR-145 and uncovers a double-negative feedback loop involving OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and miR-145.
Unintentional injuries in child care centers in the United States: A systematic review

The study systematically reviewed all types of unintentional injury and injury prevention research studies occurring within child care centers in the United States. A total of 2 reviewers searched 11 electronic databases to identify 53 articles meeting inclusion criteria. No studies used trauma registries or randomized control trials. Data were not pooled for further analysis because studies lacked standardized definitions for injury, rates, severity, exposure, and demographics. The following child care center injury rates were reported: (0.25-5.31 injuries per 100,000 child-hours); (11.3-18 injuries per 100 children per year); (6-49 injuries per 1000 child-years); (2.5-8.29 injuries per child-year); (2.6-3.3 injuries per child); (3.3-6.3 injuries per 100 observations); (635-835 medically attended injuries per year per 100,000 children and 271-364 child care center playground injuries per year per 100,000 children); and (3.8 injuries per child per 2000 exposure hours). Child care center injury rates were comparable to injury rates published for schools, playground, and summer camp. Most injuries were minor, while most severe injuries (fractures and concussions) were falls from playground structures. Future studies need to use standardized injury definitions and injury severity scales, focus efforts on preventing severe playground injuries in child care centers, and report child care parameters for inclusion in national injury databases.
The Evolution of Media Effects Theory: A Six‐Stage Model of Cumulative Research

The literature of media effects is frequently characterized as a three-stage progression initially embracing a theory of strong effects followed by a repudiation of earlier work and new model of minimal effects followed by yet another repudiation and a rediscovery of strong effects. We argue that although this dramatic and somewhat romantic simplification may be pedagogically useful in introductory courses, it may prove a significant impediment to further theoretical refinement and progress in advanced scholarship. We analyze the citation patterns of 20,736 scholarly articles in five communication journals with special attention to the 200 most frequently cited papers in an effort to provide an alternative six-stage model of, we argue, cumulative media effects theories for the period 1956–2005.
A longitudinal analysis of timing differences in visual checking and vocalization associated with declarative pointing in infancy

The present paper reports the results of two longitudinal studies of the timing of visual checking and vocalizations associated with declarative pointing between ages 12 and 17 months in order to verify a developmental progression found in an earlier study by [J. Child Language 23 (1996) 307]. The first study involved nine normally developing children followed longitudinally for 6 months and the second study included 14 additional children studied for the same time period. The results of experiment 1 did not support a developmental progression in timing of visual checking and suggested some methodological difficulties with the use of videotaped stimuli to elicit the protodeclarative. Experiment 2 systematically examined three different stimulus conditions (video, mechanical dolls, caretaker-child play) to determine differences in elicitation of protodeclarative pointing. The second experiment found that mechanical dolls were significantly more effective than video or play conditions in eliciting pointing in the participants and again found no support for a developmental progression in the timing visual checking associated with pointing in these tasks. Results are discussed in terms of methodological and theoretical implications.
High-precision stellar parallaxes from Hubble Space Telescope fine guidance sensors

We describe our experiences with on-orbit calibration of, and scientific observations with, the Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS), white-light interferometers aboard Hubble Space Telescope. Our original goal, 1 milliarcsecond precision parallaxes, has been exceeded on average by a factor of three, despite a mechanically noisy on-orbit environment, the necessary self-calibration of the FGS, and significant temporal changes in our instruments. To obtain accurate absolute parallaxes from these small fields of view (. The FGS will remain a competitive astrometric tool for the generation of high-precision parallaxes until the advent of longer-baseline space-based interferometers (SIM), or the failure of some key HST component.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
Evaluation of a Peer-Education Program on Heart Disease Prevention with Older Adults

This investigation evaluated the effect of a peer-education program on preventing cardiovascular disease in older persons. Peer leaders at two urban senior housing residences were provided with training on cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, strategies to reduce the risk factors, and communication skills. Baseline and follow-up data were collected on residents at the two intervention and two control sites. The dependent variables were knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors; perceived self-efficacy to reduce calories, dietary fat and salt intake, to lose weight, to stop smoking, and to exercise regularly; and self-reported cardiovascular risk behaviors. Analysis of individual change scores between baseline and follow-up surveys showed a statistically significant increase in overall knowledge of heart disease, dietary self-efficacy, and exercise self-efficacy for the intervention group compared with the control group. This program appeared to benefit the individuals who lived in housing residences where the peer educators also resided.
Anthracyclines and mitochondria.

Anthracyclines remain the cornerstone in the treatment of many malignancies including lymphomas, leukaemias, and sarcomas. Unfortunately, the clinical use of these potent chemotherapeutics is severely limited by the development of a progressive dose-dependent cardiomyopathy that irreversibly evolves toward congestive heart failure. The molecular mechanisms responsible for anthracycline anticancer activity as well as those underlying anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity are incompletely understood and remain a matter of remarkable controversy. Anthracyclines have long been considered to induce cardiotoxicity by mechanisms different from those mediating their anticancer activity. In particular, anthracycline antitumor efficacy is associated with nuclear DNA intercalation, topoisomerase II inhibition and drug-DNA adducts formation, whereas the cardiotoxicity is prevalently ascribed to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. At present, however, the view that distinct mechanisms are implied in anticancer and cardiotoxic responses to anthracycline therapy does not seem fully convincing since beneficial (anticancer) and detrimental (cardiotoxic) effects are to some extent overlapping, share the subcellular organelle targets, the molecular effectors and the pathophysiological processes (i.e. DNA strand breaks, oxidative stress, signalling pathways, mitochondrial dysfunctions, apoptosis etc.).
Real-time unsupervised neural networks for non-implementable in natural noise: A refutable hypothesis based on experiment

Summary form only given. An analog computer implementation of an unsupervised neural network was investigated. Results indicate that the implementation of the nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the Outstar learning model are destabilized by unavoidable multiplicative biases produced by physical circuitry, attributable to 1/f noise drift. A multiplicative offset perturbation model was developed to simulate the instabilities discovered in the analog implementation. Timing and scaling optimizations are required to allow stable learning of spatial patterns. These results were generalized with the hypothesis that real-time unsupervised neural networks are nonimplementable in natural noise. The perturbation model facilitates the testing of this hypothesis. It seems that 1/f phenomena are teleologically related to physically occurring self-organizing systems. The authors suggest a fractional calculus. Outstar generalization for incorporating nonzero mean noise-induced parameters caused by multiple scales of self-organizing interactions. >
Robot multi-sensor fusion and integration: optimum estimation of fused sensor data

The authors address the problem of robot multisensor fusion and integration with special emphasis on optimal estimation of fused sensor data. The investigation is based on a Unimation PUMA 560 robot and various external sensors. These include overhead vision, eye-in-hand vision, proximity, tactile array, position, force/torque, crossfire, overload, and slip sensing devices. The efficient fusion of data from different sources will enable the machine to respond promptly in dealing with the real world. Towards this goal, the general paradigm of a sensor data fusion system has been developed, and some simulation results as well as results from the actual implementation of certain concepts of sensor data fusion have been demonstrated. >
Sirolimus-eluting stent placement for refractory renal artery in-stent restenosis: sustained patency and clinical benefit at 24 months.

Renal artery stenosis may cause or exacerbate hypertension and renal fail- ure. Percutaneous transluminal renal artery stent placement, increasingly the first- line therapy for ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, can be complicated by in- stent restenosis weeks to months after the procedure. There is currently no consen- sus for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. Sirolimus-eluting stents have been shown to be effective to treat in-stent restenosis in the coronary circulation. We report a case of sustained 24-month patency after repair of recurrent renal artery in- stent restenosis with use of a sirolimus-eluting stent.
CONSEQUENCES OF HABITAT UTILIZATION BY NEST PREDATORS AND BREEDING SONGBIRDS ACROSS MULTIPLE SCALES IN AN URBANIZING LANDSCAPE

Abstract Abstract. Nest predation may influence habitat selection by birds at multiple spatial scales. We blended population and community ecology to investigate this possibility for 15 species of forest songbirds and their diurnal nest predators (corvids and sciurids) in 28 1 km2 sites near Seattle, Washington, from 1998 to 2004. We determined whether songbirds were positively or negatively associated with nest predators at three spatial scales, and whether their co-occurrence affected reproductive success. At the largest ‘neighborhood’ scale (1 km2 areas that included suburban and exurban development and second-growth forest remnants), nest predators and their prey were positively or negatively correlated according to general species-specific habitat associations. At the intermediate ‘forest patch’ scale (among remnant forested areas 0.5 to 70 ha), associations between predators and prey were generally weak. At the smallest ‘within patch’ scale (multiple 50 m radius survey plots within each forest patch...
A Response to Bartholomew Sparrow

Bartholomew Sparrow takes exception to some aspects of my article on the origins of the National War Labor Board (NWLB). Although claiming “no great quarrel” with my argument, research, or the topic of my project, he raises two large points of criticism and follows with a number of minor objections. I'll address each in turn.
New Species of Mikania (Compositae: Eupatorieae) from Ecuador and Peru

Abstract Mikania palmata and Mikania wurdackii, endemic to Ecuador and Peru, respectively, are new species. Both are members of section Summikania. Dendroid hairs are reported on the leaves, stems, and capitulescences of M. wurdackii and compared to somewhat similar structures reported elsewhere in the genus only on the cypselae of two Brazilian species. Communicating Editor: Fred R.
Ecology and behaviour of a free‐swimming tube‐dwelling rotifer Cephalodellaforficula

SUMMARY. 1. Cephalodella for ficula (Ploima, Rotifera) lives in tubes it constructs itself. These tubes are built of mueus in detritus-rich environments. The tubes are often closed at both ends, arc not used as sieves, and are not eaten directly. 2. The rotifer swims back and forth in its tube and apparently lives on bacteria which are shed from the inner walls of the tubes. Because of surface-to-volume considerations, this feeding strategy is probably only possible for animals smaller than roughly 1 mm. Under low food conditions, rotifers inside a tube have a distinctly higher fitness than rotifers removed from their tube. 3. Given high food conditions, rotifers removed from a tube immediately build another. Grazing on particles outside the tube appears to take place when a tube is being lengthened. Rotifers do not leave the tube for routine feeding, but under conditions of starvation or very low oxygen concentration they will leave the tube and swim about.
"Secret Kitchen"™: An Amalgam of Family, Fortune and Fusion Food in Asian American Cuisine

This essay provides a re-framed and in-depth view of the An family and Crustacean Restaurant as a space in which the elements of entrepreneurialism, ethnicity, family and food intersect on multiple levels. The essay poses the following question: how do Asian Americans negotiate these four dimensions, both in the public eye and the private familial space? In current ethnic marketing and advertising literature, the emphasis is on how mainstream practitioners can target and attract multi-ethnic consumers, including African Americans, Asian Americans and Chicano/Latinos. These works highlight the importance of introducing and promoting mainstream products to emerging ethnic groups.
Inductive Risk, Epistemic Risk, and Overdiagnosis of Disease

Recent philosophers of science have not only revived the classical argument from inductive risk but extended it. I argue that some of the purported extensions do not fit cleanly within the schema of the original argument, and I discuss the problem of overdiagnosis of disease due to expanded disease definitions in order to show that there are some risks in the research process that are important and that very clearly fall outside of the domain of inductive risk. Finally, I introduce the notion of epistemic risk in order to characterize such risks.
Primary cutaneous nodular amyloidosis in association with Sjögren's syndrome.

Joint Bone Spine - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since mardi 20 octobre 2015
Microwave-Assisted Oxidation of Electrospun Turbostratic Carbon Nanofibers for Tailoring Energy Storage Capabilities

We report the systematic structural manipulation of turbostratic electrospun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) using a microwave-assisted oxidation process, which is extremely rapid and highly controllable and affords controlled variation of the capacitive energy storage capabilities of ECNFs. We find a nonmonotonic relationship between the oxidation degree of ECNFs and their electrocapacitive performance and present a detailed study on the electronic and crystalline structures of ECNFs to elucidate the origin of this nonmonotonic relation. The ECNFs with an optimized oxidation level show ultrahigh capacitances at high operation rates, exceptional cycling performance, and an excellent energy–power combination. We have identified three key factors required for optimal energy storage performance for turbostratic carbon systems: (i) an abundance of surface oxides, (ii) microstructural integrity, and (iii) an appropriate interlayer spacing.
The “Trigon” Wing Pattern Variant in Female Papilio glaucus (Papilionidae) in an Indiana Population

A small percentage of adult dark-morph female eastern tiger swallowtails, Papilio glaucus L. (Papilionidae), display wing coloration patterns intermediate between those of normal yellow-morph and normal dark-morph females. One of these patterns (which, for the sake of convenience, I refer to in this paper as the “trigon” pattern) involves normal melanization of the scales in the basal portions of the dorsal wing surfaces but incomplete melanization of the scales in the central portions, resulting in the appearance of an inverted triangle (trigon) centered on the insect's body when the wings are outstretched. Between mid-July and mid- August 2010, I observed trigon-type female P. glaucus in the Terre Haute (Vigo Co.), Indiana region for the first time since I had begun systematically observing the P. glaucus in the area in 2002. Five trigon-type females out of 2,388 females were observed, suggesting that the trigon type comprised about 0.2% of the local female P. glaucus population. An examination of photographs of P. glaucus posted on an insect/spider identification website by users from throughout P. glaucus's range revealed a notable increase in the percentage of trigon-type females in 2010, suggesting that the Vigo Co. increase was not a localized phenomenon. I concluded that the unusually high temperatures that prevailed in the summer of 2010 affected wing pigment production during pupal development, thereby serving to make the trigon phenotype more prevalent that year. Other evidence further suggests that in general the prevalence of the trigon phenotype is associated with elevated temperatures (e.g. severe heat events). The findings of the present study suggest that if record high temperatures continue to prevail throughout P. glaucus's range during pupal development times, dark female P. glaucus expressing the trigon (and other intermediate) color patterns could become more prevalent, potentially altering the dynamics of dark female P. glaucus's mimetic relationship with Battus philenor in the most impacted populations.
Historical Tensions, Institutionalization, and the Need for Multistakeholder Cooperatives

First paragraphs: In "Democratizing a Rural Economy," Mooney (2004) suggests that for future generations, social scientists may need to give some greater emphasis to bequeathing not only a sustainable environment, but also institutions that can set a forum for democratic struggle and voice. As economic entities, agricultural cooperatives may be among the few institutions in rural areas retaining a semblance of economic democratic governance. However, institutionalization processes have left many of these co-ops in a challenged position to sustain their own democratic ethos. The nature of these losses is difficult to understand without historical texture and outside a tension frame of reference. This essay will define co-op structure in a manner that specifies some of these tensions and their historical context and pressures, and make suggestions for a more inclusive and possibly more resilient cooperative alternative in the form of multistakeholder cooperatives. This latter organizational form may be able to set a community development template for addressing various social, economic, and ecological needs, with a more inclusive and hopefully enduring democratic organization....
Variations in the hemoglobin concentrations of Great Basin rodents.

The hemoglobin concentration of the blood of seven species of Great Basin rodents varies inversely with body weight. Field values are higher in winter than in summer; part of this difference may be attributed to the effects of different ambient temperatures. Changes in hemoglobin concentration can be accounted for by changes in the number of circulating erythrocytes.
AN INTERFERON PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO INFECTION BY HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS.

SummaryThe production of an inter-feron-like substance by chick embryos infected with herpes simplex virus is described. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of herpes interferon are demonstrated to be similar to those of previously reported interferons. Speculation is made on the possible role of interferon in the classic example of latency in humans—infection by herpes simplex virus.
A Structural and Mechanism-Based Perspective Toward Understanding Pediatric and Adult Sports Injuries.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to compare the injury patterns in skeletally mature patients versus skeletally immature patients to better understand the factors that cause the specific injury appearance. The physis as the essential factor in the injury manifestation will be examined. CONCLUSION: The physis and immature chondroosseous junctions operate as the weak links in the immature skeleton and are the deciding factors in the pattern of injury, even though the injury mechanisms are identical to those in adults. Language: en
Effects of Chilling Stress on Growth of Double Cropping Rice in South China at Seedling Stage

In this paper,5 cultivars,including 'Wuyou 308','Hemeizhan','Tianyou 390','Yuejingsimiao2' and 'Yueqisimiao',which were released and large-scale cultivated in South China,were used as tested materials.The experiments of cold tolerance at the seedling stage were carried out in the phytotron(PGV-36)in 2011.The results showed that(i)the growth and development of the tested materials were stunted under the chilling stress of 8.5 ℃.The plant height,leaves on the culm and leaf length of the tested materials had no significant difference between pre-and post treatment;(ii)under the treatment,the effects of chilling stress on the plant fresh weight and dry weight had a same trend,not only the tested materials had no dry matter accumulation with the processing of growth,but also both the 10-plant fresh weight and the 10-plant dry matter weight decreased;(iii)the cold tolerance of the tested cultivars at 3 leaf stage was stronger than that at five leaf stage.The reaction to the chilling stress(8.5 ℃) had difference among the tested materials,the order of their cold tolerance was Wuyou 308Tianyou 390Yuejingsimiao 2 Yueqisimaio Hemeizhan either at 3 leaf stage or at 5 leaf stage.
Hearing aid and cellular telephone compatibility: working toward solutions.

The ability of hearing aid wearers to use cellular telephones using digital transmission formats has become a prominent issue. This article presents the requirements, technical challenges, and emerging standards for the combined use of hearing aids with cellular telephones .
Implementing the new model of family medicine.

The New Model of family medicine, introduced in the Future of Family Medicine report,1 offers physicians the opportunity to increase the efficiency and reliability of their practices and improve clinical care, patient satisfaction, and the “bottom line.”
Hierarchical patterning of hydrogels by replica molding of impregnated breath figures leads to superoleophobicity.

The surface chemistry and topography govern the spreading of liquids on a solid. When an oil drop makes a contact angle, θ > 90° on a solid surface, the solid is termed as oleophobic. Adding roughness to an inherently oleophobic surface enhances its oil dewetting and can lead to superoleophobicity when θ > 150°. In this study, we introduce the concept of a two-tier hierarchical roughness on the surface of soft materials such as hydrogels by forming the patterned inverse replica of breath figure polymer films impregnated with nanoparticles. The directed deposition of nanoparticles in the breath figure pores is accomplished by an aerosol assisted technique that exclusively leads to deposition within the pores and filling of the pores. The inverse replica of such impregnated films exhibits a close packed hexagonally structured second tier of surface roughness which directly leads to a superoleophobic surface. Since these structures have well defined geometries, it is possible to estimate the contact angle by assuming a partial wetting of the oil drop in a ‘fakir’ state on the rough surface. The estimation is in good agreement with the experimental contact angle value. While the work demonstrates a facile method to impart superoleophobicity to a hydrogel surface, it also demonstrates new methods to imbue breath figure pores with functional materials that can be easily transferred to the pores of the inverse replica.
Evidence, Explanation, and the Pursuit of Truth in Literature and Law

My focus is evidence. I understand this concept to be the marshalling of facts (data, etc.) in support of some position. This might be a district attorney presenting evidence to a jury that O. J. i...
Unusual Solvent Effects on Optical Properties of Bi-Icosahedral Au25 Clusters

Temperature-dependent and time-resolved absorption measurements were carried out to understand the influence of solvent hydrogen bonding on the optical properties of bi-icosahedral [Au25(PPh3)10(C6S)5Cl2]2+ (bi-Au25) clusters. Theoretical calculations have shown a low energy absorption maximum that is dominated by the coupling of the two Au13 icosahedra, as well as a high energy absorption arising from the individual Au13 icosahedra that make up the bi-Au25 clusters. Temperature-dependent absorption measurements were carried out on bi-Au25 in aprotic (toluene) and protic (ethanol and 2-butanol) solvents to elucidate the cluster–solvent hydrogen bonding interactions. In toluene, both the low and high energy absorption bands shift to higher energies consistent with electron–phonon interactions. However, in the protic solvents, the low energy absorption shows a zigzag trend with decreasing temperature. In contrast, the high energy absorption in protic solvents shifts monotonically to higher energy similar to...
Imbalances: Social Equity and the Politics of Globalization

The United Nations Women’s Commission on the Status of Women met March of 2016. Their original meeting was held in Beijing in 1995. Their initial draft titled Women’s Empowerment and the Link to Sustainable Development is a draft of agreed conclusions which reveals the following topics (February 12, 2016): strengthening normative, legal, and policy frameworks, enhancing national institutional arrangements, fostering enabling environments for financing gender equality and women’s empowerment, strengthening women’s leadership and supporting women’s civil society organizations, strengthening gender-responsive data collection, follow-up and review, and monitoring and accountability processes. This commission confirms that it will contribute to the follow-up by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. So as to accelerate the realization of gender equality and empowerment of women and girls, and will exercise its catalytic role for gender mainstreaming so as to ensure that review processes benefit women and girls and lead to the full realization of gender equality and the empowerment of women by 2030. (U.N. Women 2016, February, p. 4)
COMPARING THE PRAGMATIC FUNCTION OF CODE SWITCHING IN ORAL CONVERSATION AND IN TWITTER IN BILINGUAL SPEECH FROM VALENCIA, SPAIN

This study examines the pragmatic function of code switching (CS) in Twitter and conversation in Valencia by comparing data from the PRESEEA corpus with a corpus of 106,719 words and 8,432 tweets collected by the author. A secondary comparison was made with data from studies on e-mails and blogs. In Twitter, CS is used most frequently with tag switches, followed by lexical unit switches and the use of CS for emphasis. In conversation, CS is used primarily for lexical unit switches, in free switches, i.e. those switches that are not easily classified into neat categories, and in quote switches. The idea of expected vs. non-expected reciprocity seems to be an important factor in determining the similarity between the pragmatic functions of a communication medium. In those mediums where reciprocity is expected, the pragmatic function of CS will be similar, as in the case of conversation in PRESEEA and in e-mails. In those mediums where reciprocity is not necessarily expected, we see that CS has a similar pra...
LA INTERACCIÓN CULTURAL PREHISPÁNICA DE LOS VALLES INTERANDINOS, EL SUBANDINO Y LA AMAZONIA, NORTE DE ECUADOR

El presente articulo muestra la importancia de los eventos medioambientales para las culturas prehispa- nicas de las hoyas interandinas de Ecuador para la eleccion de las rutas de contacto con el subandino y la Amazonia. En este sentido, se analizan los datos arqueologicos registrados en una de las rutas de acceso al subandino utilizadas por las culturas de la hoya interandina de Quito-Guayllabamba, para conectarse con el piedemonte amazonico. Esta ruta estuvo controlada por la Fase de ceramica Cosanga, conocida historicamente como etnia Quijos. Las evidencias arqueologicas sugieren que esta cultura del subandino tambien pudo haber sido la intermediaria para contactos con culturas del bajo Amazonas. Por su parte los datos arqueologicos relacionados con la Tradicion amazonica de ceramica corrugada-falsocorrugada muestran, que grupos de esta tradicion trataron de expandirse hacia el subandino siguiendo el valle del rio Quijos. Al parecer el avance de ambas culturas fue detenido por los eventos medioambientales producidos por la actividad volcanica de El Reventador.
Enhancing sink node anonymity in tactical sensor networks using a reactive routing protocol

Tactical wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are deployed over a region of interest for mission centric operations. The sink node in a tactical WSN is the aggregation point of data processing. Due to its essential role in the network, the sink node is a high priority target for an attacker who wishes to disable a tactical WSN. This paper focuses on the mitigation of sink-node vulnerability in a tactical WSN. Specifically, we study the issue of protecting the sink node through a technique known as k-anonymity. To achieve k-anonymity, we use a specific routing protocol designed to work within the constraints of WSN communication protocols, specifically IEEE 802.15.4. We use and modify the Lightweight Ad hoc On-Demand Next Generation (LOADng) reactive-routing protocol to achieve anonymity. This modified LOADng protocol prevents an attacker from identifying the sink node without adding significant complexity to the regular sensor nodes. We simulate the modified LOADng protocol using a custom-designed simulator in MATLAB. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our protocol and also show some of the performance tradeoffs that come with this method.
Neurological Localization in Autism

The location of the neuropathology responsible for the clinical syndrome of autism has been a hotly debated topic since the 1960s, when evidence for central nervous system involvement was first given serious consideration. Since that time, three fundamentally different localizations have been hypothesized for the primary neuropathology in autism: the brainstem-cerebellar circuitry, the limbic system, and the circuitry of the cerebral cortex. In the last decade, there have been major shifts in the data available to support each of these localizations and, consequently, in the theories themselves. Although there continues to be some degree of support for abnormalities at each of these levels within the neuraxis, the evolving body of scientific research appears to suggest primary involvement of forebrain structures in autism and, in particular, in the distributed neural network involved in complex information processing. However, examination of existing data also highlights the real paucity of data related to the neurobiologic issues and the need for research to target specific hypotheses on the location and mechanism of the primary pathophysiology in autism, to accumulate a substantial research data base on these issues, and to interpret these data across test modalities and across the spectrum of autism in order to ascertain the essential nature and location of the neurobiology.
The Gross Anatomy and Embryology of the Eye

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the gross anatomy and embryology of the eye. Shape and dimensions of the eyeball are best studied on fresh specimens obtained surgically because of small intra-ocular tumors. Geometric methods have been employed to establish points and lines of reference on the surface of the globe. The anterior pole is easily and unequivocally located at the point of intersection of several diameters of the cornea. By averaging the results of geometric methods, a spot on the posterior surface of the globe, that is, on the opaque sclera, can usually be designated as the posterior pole. It is situated medially to the functional posterior pole that is the most highly differentiated portion of the retina called the fovea. The dimensions of the eyeball are usually stated in terms of its three diameters, the antero-posterior or sagittal, the transverse, and the vertical. The shape of the posterior half of the human eyeball is close to spherical.