cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task motivation influences alpha suppression following errors.

The goal of the present research is to examine the influence of motivation on a novel error-related neural marker, error-related alpha suppression (ERAS). Participants completed an attentionally demanding flanker task under conditions that emphasized either speed or accuracy or under conditions that manipulated the monetary value of errors. Conditions in which errors had greater motivational value produced greater ERAS, that is, greater alpha suppression following errors compared to correct trials. A second study found that a manipulation of task difficulty did not affect ERAS. Together, the results confirm that ERAS is both a robust phenomenon and one that is sensitive to motivational factors.
Recombinant BALB and Harvey sarcoma viruses with normal proto-ras-coding regions transform embryo cells in culture and cause tumors in mice.

Abstract The ras genes of BALB and Harvey sarcoma viruses contain point mutations in codon 12 or codons 12 and 59, relative to proto-ras from normal animal and human cells. By in vitro recombination between cloned rat proto-ras and cloned BALB and Harvey sarcoma proviruses, we constructed recombinant proviruses with normal proto-ras-coding regions. These recombinant proviruses transformed mouse 3T3 cells upon transfection. However, when the transforming efficiencies of proviral DNAs were compared after transfection with helper provirus, recombinant proviruses were 2 to 30 times less efficient than the corresponding wild-type proviruses. Recombinant sarcoma viruses isolated from cells transformed by cloned proviral DNA contained the expected normal ras-coding region. They transformed rat embryo cells and induced erythroblastosis and sarcomas in newborn mice as efficiently as wild-type viruses did. We conclude that conversion of normal proto-ras genes to viral ras genes depends on truncation of normal proto-ras regulatory elements and substitution by retroviral (long terminal repeat) promoters and that the transforming function of long terminal repeat-ras genes is enhanced by point mutations.
Modeling and Simulations of Frontal Impact Crash Sensing Tests

An extensive study of using non-linear finite element analyses to aid in calibrating an airbag crash sensing system using multiple sensors is presented. Details that are crucial for using a single vehicle model to simulate multiple testing conditions were identified and incorporated in a chosen vehicle model. The vehicle model was then used to simulate a set of no-deployment and all-deployment calibration events. The simulation results were compared with test data to identify Finite Element Analysis compatible (FEA-compatible) measures. These measures could be used to develop a new generation of FEA-compatible crash sensing algorithms.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Infliximab Treatment of Sarcoidosis

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether there is sufficient evidence in the literature to support the use of infliximab in the treatment of sarcoidosis.DATA SOURCES AND SELECTION:Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–August 2002), OVID (2001–January 2003), and bibliographic searches. Additional databases were also searched. Published literature relevant to the use of infliximab in the treatment of sarcoidosis was evaluated.DATA SYNTHESIS:In theory, tumor-necrosis factor-α blockade appears to be an optimal strategy for treating sarcoidosis. Case series reporting the use of infliximab in refractory sarcoidosis was reviewed to evaluate its potential role as a treatment option.CONCLUSIONS:Although there is insufficient evidence suggesting that infliximab is an appropriate alternative to conventional treatment options as first-line therapy for sarcoidosis, the preliminary outlook on its use in treatment-refractory cases is promising.
Theoretical and experimental study of resonance of blobs in porous media

ABSTRACTWe theoretically and experimentally investigated the frequency response of blobs in porous media to an oscillatory pressure difference. (The term blob refers to a connected liquid mass that occupies one or more pores.) To predict the frequency response analytically, we formulated a simple model pore system consisting of a blob in a capillary tube. This model accounts for the frequency-dependent viscous pressure drops in the blob and the surrounding liquid and for the dynamic capillary pressure that occurs due to contact line pinning. By using the planar laser-induced fluorescence technique, we visualized the dynamic response of blobs in porous media. As predicted by our theory, air and liquid blobs surrounded by an immiscible liquid exhibited resonance in a capillary tube. Furthermore, we showed, for the first time, that a liquid blob in a sphere-packing medium exhibits resonance.
WHAT ATTRACTS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: A CLOSER LOOK

It is rational to assume that minimal trade barriers (tariffs and quotas), a bigger trade sector, lower interest rate regulations, freer international capital market, lower credit and labour market regulations will make investment in a country more lucrative for foreign investors. We confirm this and show the prevalence of non-linearity in the relationships.
Online Estimation of Trifocal Tensors for Augmenting Live Video

We propose a method to augment live video based on the tracking of natural features, and the online estimation of the trinocular geometry. Previous without-marker approaches require the computation of camera pose to render virtual objects. The strength of our proposed method is that it doesn 7 require tracking of camera pose, and exploits the usual advantages of marker-based approaches for a fast implementation. A 3-view AR system is used to demonstrate our approach. It consists of an uncalibrated camera that moves freely inside the scene of interest, and of three reference frames taken at the time of system initialization. As the camera is moving, image features taken from an initial triplet set are tracked throughout the video sequence. And the trifocal tensor associated with each frame is estimated online. With this tensor, the square pattern that was visible in the reference frames is transferred to the video. This invisible pattern is then used by the ARToolkit to embed virtual objects.
Deformation and Failure Behavior of Woven Composite Laminates

A micromechanistic deformation model, that could realistically be incorporated into structural finite element codes, is proposed where loading direction and weave parameters are allowed to vary. Comparisons are made to previous models and experimental results for woven materials, indicating that the proposed model provides improved estimates for the linear elastic stiffness. The model further provides predictions for internal stresses in the longitudinal, transverse, and interlace regions of the woven laminate which qualitatively correspond to the experimentally observed failure mechanisms
Proteomics of Magnaporthe Grisea: Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Extracellular Proteins

The recent wealth of sequence information from a broad spectrum of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes has brought rapid technological innovations towards high-throughput functional analysis of whole genomes. Functional genomics addresses expression and function of all genes with regard to cell type, organ and physiological state [11]. One branch of functional genomics is the study of proteins, using proteomics technology [3, 6,7,13]. Proteomics is the study of the complete protein component, or a proteome, of an organism. The proteome is highly dynamic. For example, the presence of proteins, their abundance, state of modification and sub-cellular location, are all affected by the physiological state of the cell or tissue. It is estimated that, depending on the species, as many as a few thousand to ten thousand proteins may be present in a cell at a given moment [3]. Proteomics was developed with the realization of this dynamic complexity of a proteome, as well as the tremendous discrepancy among genes predicted from a whole-genome sequence, transcripts detected using DNA microarray assays [11], and proteins actually present in an organism’s particular state, organs or cells.
The fate of transported American black bears in Yosemite National Park

Abstract Wildlife management personnel often transport human food-conditioned (FC) bears (Ursidae) from developed areas (areas with high human-use) to undeveloped areas to reduce the number of bear incidents and property damage in developed areas. Our goal was to determine if American black bears (Ursus americanus) return to developed areas after being transported to undeveloped areas in Yosemite National Park. Using capture records (1992–2011) for 29 bears transported in 2006–08, we determined if FC (n = 20) and not human food-conditioned (NFC; n = 9) bears were equally likely to return to developed areas following transport. We also reported the fate of these transported bears through 2011. We found that FC bears were more likely to return to developed areas than NFC bears. Of the 16 returning bears, 15 were FC (9 juveniles, 6 adults) and one was NFC. The other 8 NFC bears were never reported as entering developed areas, and no NFC bears were reported as killed. By 2011, 65% of FC bears (13 of 20) w...
Explaining Difficult States: The Problems of Europeanization in Serbia

Why has Serbia’s path toward European integration been fraught with so much difficulty? This article explains Serbia’s reluctance to Europeanize by exploring why Serbian elites persistently refused...
The effect of nitrogen additions on bracken fern and its insect herbivores at sites with high and low atmospheric pollution

The impact of atmospheric pollution, including nitrogen deposition, on bracken fern herbivores has never been studied. Bracken fern is globally distributed and has a high potential to accumulate nitrogen in plant tissue. We examined the response of bracken fern and its herbivores to N fertilization at a high and low pollution site in forests downwind of Los Angeles, California. Foliage from the high pollution site had higher total N and nitrate than the low pollution site. Bracken fern biomass, foliar N and herbivore abundance were all affected by fertilization treatments. Biomass and herbivore responses were greatest during a year of high precipitation. N additions at the low pollution site were primarily associated with decreased fern biomass, and with transient impacts on herbivore abundance. N additions significantly affected bracken fern and its herbivores at the high pollution site where foliar N and nitrate decreased in response to N addition treatments, while biomass and herbivore abundance increased. High atmospheric deposition and fertilization were both associated with increased herbivore richness. Herbivore abundance was most impacted by fertilization during the early expansion of fern fronds. The most abundant chewing herbivore, a sawfly, was positively associated with plant nitrogen at the low pollution site, but negatively associated with plant nitrogen at the high pollution site, where concentrations of both total N and nitrate were high. While overall growth and herbivore impacts in this xeric location were limited, the variable response we observed associated with rainfall, may indicate impacts could be larger in more mesic environments.
A Tracking Polarimeter for Measuring Solar and Ionospheric Faraday Rotation of Signals from Deep Space Probes

A tracking polarimeter implemented on the 64-m National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Jet Propulsion Laboratories (NASA/JPL) paraboloid antenna at Goldstone, Calif., is described. Its performance is analyzed and compared with measurements. The system was developed to measure Faraday rotation in the solar corona of the telemetry carrier from the Pioneer VI spacecraft as it was occulted by the sun. It also measures rotation in the earth's ionosphere and is an accurate method of determining spacecraft orientation. The new feature of this system is its use of a pair of quarter-wave plates to allow the synthesis of a rotating feed system, while requiring the rotation of only a single section of waveguide. Since the polarization sensing is done at RF and the receiver operates essentially as a null detector, the system's accuracy is superior to other polarization tracking schemes. In addition, the antenna size and maser preamplifier provide unsurpassed sensitivity. The associated instrumentation used in the Pioneer VI experiment is also described.
Scalable fuzzy neighborhood DBSCAN

The majority of data available in most disciplines is unlabeled and unclassified. The amount of data is often massive, hence scalable processing methods are required. One method of providing structure to unlabeled data is to group it by clustering. Density based methods discover the number of clusters. Additionally, the shape of such clusters can also be irregular. In this paper we examine a version of DBSCAN modified to use fuzzy membership functions (FN-DBSCAN). FN-DBSCAN was implemented using the WEKA data mining framework and a scalable technique (SFN-DBSCAN) is simulated using the framework. Experimental results show that SFN-DBSCAN can be over three times as fast as FN-DBSCAN for small to medium size data. The resulting cluster assignments match at an average rate of 90% when compared with assignments by FN-DBSCAN. SFN-DBSCAN's speed increases proportionally with respect to the number of subsets, but cluster assignment concurrence between FN-DBSCAN and SFN-DBSCAN suffers from degradation as the number of subsets increase.
‘In’ or ‘As’ space?: A model of complexity, with philosophical, simulatory, and empirical ramifications

A General Systems model based on ideas originating with the writings of Benedict de Spinoza is described, starting with its philosophical underpinnings and proceeding on to its relation to modern systems concepts, including attempts to simulate the relationships posed and measure real-world structures. Central to the idea is the notion that spatial extension may not have a prior existence but emerges only through an entropy maximization process in which information and energy exchange is balanced among some limited number of subsystems that in sum comprise any given functioning complex system. Related published empiricism concerning geographical/geological systems – the hypsometry of stream basins and overall internal zonation properties of earth structure – is briefly described; the former, especially, reveals a hierarchical pattern of potential energy relations that seems to fit well the organizational hypothesis. Possible applications of the model to genomic codon and medical imaging modeling are alluded to. A brief treatment of the relation of the model to basic properties of complex systems (connectivity, autonomy, emergence, etc.) is provided.
The Genus Chloroflexus

Until the discovery of Chloroflexus, no photosynthetic bacteria were known that were filamentous or that possessed gliding motility. Since these attributes are found in the blue-green algae, considerable interest was aroused in the discovery of an organism that possessed bacteriochlorophylls and carried out a typical bacterial (rather than plant) type photosynthesis. The credit for the discovery of Chloroflexus goes to Beverly Pierson, a student of Richard Castenholz (Pierson, 1973), who deduced the likelihood that this organism was a photosynthetic bacterium and then proceeded to isolate it in pure culture and study some of its characteristics. At about the same time, John Bauld in my laboratory was working on this organism without knowing that it was photosynthetic, and when Pierson’s results became known, he was able to quickly confirm this finding. Later in my laboratory, Mike Madigan carried out detailed nutritional and physiological studies, and was able to place on a firmer footing the taxonomic status of this organism (Truper, 1976).
Asperger Syndrome in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinicians

Despite the dramatic proliferation of research, clinical perspectives, and first-person accounts of Asperger Syndrome (AS) in the last 15 years, much of this information has focused on the application of the diagnosis to children, even though AS displays persistence over time in individuals. This book is one of the only guides to Asperger Syndrome as it manifests itself in adults. It integrates research and clinical experience to provide mental health professionals with a comprehensive discussion of AS in adulthood, covering issues of diagnosis as well as co-morbid psychiatric conditions, psychosocial issues, and various types of interventions-from psychotherapy to psychopharmacology. It also discusses basic diagnostic criteria, controversies about the disorder, and possible interventions and treatments for dealing with the disorder.
Ultracold atoms: How hot is the coldest matter?

A thermometer for atomic Bose–Einstein condensates and a new way of cooling below the critical temperature will help the exploration of the coldest states of matter.
The CFO and Investment Decisions - Real Options Case Histories

This article is a survey of case examples where real options have been applied in practice.
Nest of the Cotton Rat

On November 20, 1955, at a place 1½ miles west and 1 mile south of Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas, four holes were found leading under a partially buried log and board. The log was approximately 6 feet in length and 8 inches …
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Perspective of Structures on Reduced SrTiO3(001) Surfaces

Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used in ultra high vacuum to provide atomic scale structural information on reduced SrTiO 3 (001) surfaces. Our tunneling images exhibit row-like features with 12 A and 20 A periodicities on the reduced surface. A local 2×1 reconstruction was also revealed on some regions of the surface. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the different sublimation rates of surface constituents and formation of lamella structures of Sr n+l Ti n O 3n+l .
A simple and reliable method of patient evaluation in the surgical treatment of nasal obstruction.

We have developed a simple method of evaluating nasal obstruction both before and after corrective surgery. With our system, patients self-rate their nasal patency on a 10-point visual analog scale...
Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients

We measured 24-hour circadian-rhythm patterns of activity and sleep/wake activity in a group of nursing-home patients (58 women and 19 men with a mean age of 85.7 years). Severely demented patients were contrasted with a composite group of moderate y, mild, or not-demented patients. Sleep/wake activity and light exposure were recorded with the Actillume recorder. Cosinor analyses were computed to determine the mesor, amplitude, acrophase, and circadian quotient of the activity rhythms. The diagnosis of dementia was based on the Mini Mental Examination and on examination of medical records. Sleep was extremely fragmented in both groups of nursing-home patients. Severely demented patients slept more both at night and during the day, but there were no significant differences in the number of awakenings during the night or in the number of naps during the day when compared to the composite group of moderate, mild, or no-dementia patients. The severely demented group had lower activity mesor, more blunted amplitude, and were more phase delayed (i.e. had later acrophases) than the other group. In addition, the severely demented patients spent less time exposed to bright light. These results confirm that circadian rhythms in nursing-home patients are disturbed with more disturbance in the severely demented. Much of the disturbance may be related not just to age but to mental status.
Stereotypes and evaluative intergroup bias.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the robust evaluative consequences of mere activation of intergroup concepts such as “we” and “they.” It highlights the dissociation between cognitive and affective components in intergroup perception. Priming with an ingroup designator produced, automatically and without consciousness, more positive evaluative associations than priming did with an outgroup designator. In the studies of ingroup/outgroup priming, differential evaluative associations were elicited even though there was no specifically delineated ingroup or outgroup. Thus, independent of well-established social schemata in which specific category-based attributes may be activated, different evaluative responses occur. In regard to socially sensitive issues, such as race, people may inhibit or deny negative feelings toward and beliefs about social categories to appear nonprejudiced to others or to themselves. This process involves more than simply methodological issues; it has theoretical and practical implications.
The generation effect revisited: Fewer generation constraints enhances item and context memory

Abstract Self-generated information is often better remembered than non-self-generated information. This effect has been robust for item memory (i.e., the content of information) across many different experiments, but inconsistent for context memory (e.g., memory for the extraneous details of information, such as source). Previous studies examining the generation effect, however, have often applied constraints on the generation task possibly limiting the memory benefit from self-generation. In three experiments, we compared item and context memory for a lower-constraint generation task (i.e., free response to a cue word) relative to higher-constraint generation tasks (Exp. 1 & 2: scramble; Exp. 3: word fragment). Results showed that participants had better item and context memory in the lower-constraint compared to higher-constraint generation tasks. Overall, these experiments suggest that that the mnemonic benefits of self-generation depend on the level of task constraint. This study further advances the idea that self-generation is a powerful mnemonic that leads to enriched memory representations for both the item and context, especially when fewer generation constraints are imposed.
VDC Scorecard : Formulation, Application, and Validation

AbstractThe authors have developed the virtual design and construction (VDC) Scorecard to encompass two characteristics, in which existing VDC assessment frameworks are weak: a holistic framework and adaptive scoring criteria. First, the Scorecard framework was developed to be holistic by including the vocabularies for measuring how well VDC is supporting its objectives. To make the framework holistic, the authors first developed the higher-level structure of the framework based on literature with holistic VDC themes and then refined the lower-level structure of the framework with nested interviews. Second, the scoring criteria were developed to be adaptive to evolving industry norms, which cannot be ignored in a field that is driven by rapid evolution of technology. To make the scoring criteria adaptive, the authors used iterative sampling and comparison methods for establishing the criteria. The resulting assessment framework is able to quantitatively and statistically represent the relationships betwee...
Prevalence of food allergies in South Asia

Abstract Objective To evaluate the published medical literature on the prevalence and types of food allergies in South Asia. Data Sources A PubMed search was performed using the keywords India and food allergy , Asia and food allergy , and South Asia and food allergy for any period. Articles cited in selected studies were reviewed for their appropriateness of inclusion into this review. Study Selections Publications were included that were original research and fit the topic of food allergy and South Asia. South Asia is defined as region inclusive of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Results A total of 169 articles were initially identified, and 47 were reviewed in detail for inclusion in this review. The primary focus was placed on 10 studies that consisted of case reports of newly reported or documented food allergy, survey studies that investigated food allergy prevalence in specific demographics, and prospective and cross-sectional studies with case controls, all of which investigated food allergy prevalence by allergy testing in a selected population. Conclusion The medical literature on the prevalence and types of food allergy in South Asia indicates that there is a variety of unusual and unique allergens and an overall low incidence of food allergy. There is also an association of increased food allergy prevalence in individuals who live in metropolitan regions or who migrate to communities that have adopted westernization.
The enlightened empiricist.

For Isaac Newton, laying the founda­tion of modern physics and astronomy was a bit of a sideshow. He believed that his truly important work was de­ciphering ancient scriptures and un­covering the nature of the Christian religion. How do we think about his career when we consider that Newton wrote vastly more on religious subjects than he did on what we would consider scien­tific ones? Rob Iliffe9s new book Priest of Nature pulls back the curtain on what Newton thought of as his life9s work, rather than that for which we remember him.
Residential proximity to high-density poultry operations associated with campylobacteriosis and infectious diarrhea.

Abstract Poultry carry zoonotic bacteria that can cause gastroenteritis in humans. Environmental transmission of pathogens from poultry operations may increase gastrointestinal infection risk in surrounding communities. To evaluate associations between residential proximity to high-density poultry operations and individual-level diarrheal illnesses, we conducted a nested case-control study among 514,488 patients in Pennsylvania (2006–2015). Using electronic health records, we identified cases of five gastrointestinal outcomes: three pathogen-specific infections, including Escherichia coli (n = 1425), Campylobacter (n = 567), and Salmonella (n = 781); infectious diarrhea (n = 781); and non-specific diarrhea (2012–2015; n = 28,201). We estimated an inverse-distance squared activity metric for poultry operations based on farm and patient addresses. Patients in the second and fourth (versus first) quartiles of the poultry operation activity metric had increased odds of Campylobacter (AOR [CI], Q2: 1.36 [1.01, 1.82]; Q3: 1.38 [0.98, 1.96]; Q4: 1.75 [1.31, 2.33]). Patients in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had increased odds of infectious diarrhea (Q2: 1.76 [1.29, 2.39]; Q3: 1.76 [1.09, 2.85]; Q4: 1.60 [1.12, 2.30]). Stratification revealed stronger relations of fourth quartile and both Campylobacter and infectious diarrhea in townships, the most rural community type in the study geography. Increasing extreme rainfall in the week prior to diagnosis strengthened fourth quartile Campylobacter associations. The poultry operation activity metric was largely unassociated with E. coli, Salmonella, and non-specific diarrhea. Findings suggest high-density poultry operations may be associated with campylobacteriosis and infectious diarrhea in nearby communities, highlighting additional public health concerns of industrial agriculture.
Estimates for Approximate Solutions to Acoustic Inverse Scattering Problems

Introduction. We examine the ‘inverse problem’ of determining a scatterer K ⊂ ℝ3 in terms of information on the scattered waves, particularly solutions to the reduced wave equation (Δ + k 2) u = 0 on ℝ3\ K, satisfying a Dirichlet boundary condition, u = f on ∂K, and the Sommerfeld radiation condition.
Process-Based Asynchronous Progress Model for MPI Point-to-Point Communication

The MPI two-sided communication model has been widely used in scientific applications for decades. The nonblocking version of the two-sided routines allows the application to potentially improve performance on many systems by overlapping communication and computation. In practice, unfortunately, the overlap is hard to achieve because of the limitations of the MPI internal progress engine and the underlying network. The traditional approach to resolving this issue is to implement an asynchronous progress engine based on either additional threads or hardware interrupts; however, such approaches may result in reduced computing power or expensive overheads. In this paper, we present a portable process-based asynchronous progress approach for two-sided communication in the PMPI-based Casper framework. It allows the user to specify an arbitrary number of cores on a multicore or many-core architecture and offload the point-to-point communication to these cores, thus ensuring asynchronous progress with low overhead. Unlike our previous work that supports asynchronous progress for the MPI one-sided model, a completely new design is needed for the message-matching-based two-sided model in order to ensure comprehensive semantics correctness as defined in the MPI standard. We present a detailed design of this two-sided model and compare it with the traditional thread-based approach on both a multicore Intel Xeon cluster and a many-core Knights Landing cluster.
Single Particle Imaging of Polarized Hepatoma Organoids upon Hepatitis C Virus Infection Reveals an Ordered and Sequential Entry Process

Summary Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters hepatocytes via various entry factors, including scavenger receptor BI (SR-B1), cluster of differentiation 81 (CD81), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), claudin-1 (CLDN1), and occludin (OCLN). As CLDN1 and OCLN are not readily accessible due to their tight junctional localization, HCV likely accesses them by either disrupting cellular polarity or migrating to the tight junction. In this study, we image HCV entry into a three-dimensional polarized hepatoma system and reveal that the virus sequentially engages these entry factors through actin-dependent mechanisms. HCV initially localizes with the early entry factors SR-B1, CD81, and EGFR at the basolateral membrane and then accumulates at the tight junction in an actin-dependent manner. HCV associates with CLDN1 and then OCLN at the tight junction and is internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis by an active process requiring EGFR. Thus, HCV uses a dynamic and multi-step process to engage and enter host cells.
Use of radiographic atlases in a mass fatality.

In May and June of 1996, a forensic anthropology team from the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory at the University of Florida identified 9 of 10 juveniles from the crash of ValuJet 592. The team relied primarily on a radiographic atlas developed and used by clinical practitioners to determine skeletal age. Postmortem radiographs of the juvenile victims were compared with radiographic standards to determine skeletal age. Skeletal age was then compared to a passenger list indicating the sex, weight, height, and chronological age of each individual. Tentative identifications based on the atlas method were organized into an exclusion matrix. Final identifications were based on this assessment in conjunction with other anthropological data such as appearance and fusion of ossification centers and estimation of stature.
PATIENT ACCRUAL TO CLINICAL TRIALS

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the patient accrual to clinical trials. Techniques for accruing patients are as diverse as the research professionals themselves. Due to the complex nature of modern health care, no single individual can accrue all patients to a clinical trial. It must be a team effort led by physicians and assisted by nurses and clinical research assistants. Interventions aimed at enhancing public knowledge and understanding of clinical trials promotes increased trial participation. The patient needs to know the facts about clinical trials and be aware that the hospital/clinic they are coming to is making research a top priority and will be presenting clinical trials to them if warranted. Increasing community awareness of an institution's participation in research is important to increase patient accrual to clinical trials. An outreach program is simply a plan to go into the community and educate the public about clinical trials. It is suggested to develop a smooth, working system that benefits both patients and medical professionals before offering clinical trials to patients. It is also suggested that informed consent is one tool that can help give the patient autonomy in a situation when patients are already very close to losing their independence.
Interagency Cooperation in the Era of Homeland Policing: Are Agencies Answering the Call?

Since the rise of “homeland security policing” (Oliver International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 20(1-2), 49–62, 2006), police agencies from all levels of organization are called on to cooperate by sharing intelligence, equipment, tactics, and training. While the increased level of cooperation between local policing agencies and Federal-level agencies has been well documented, far less attention has been paid to cooperation among agencies that share contiguous jurisdictions. Similarly, a body of research assesses if information is shared across agencies, but far less research exists that investigates if agencies cooperate in ways other than simply sharing information. Through interviews with officers from agencies operating in several adjacent jurisdictions, this research documents the ways in which agencies cooperate, the perceived benefits of cooperation, and the perceived challenges to cooperation. These findings suggest that agencies engage a variety of joint activities, and they agree on the benefits that working together affords. However, the broader political and contextual climates in which these organizations operate often limit the extent to which they can cooperate. Implications of this research for police management are discussed.
Macrophage-secreted TGF-β1 contributes to fibroblast activation and ureteral stricture after ablation injury

Iatrogenic injury to the healthy ureter during ureteroscope-guided ablation of malignant or nonmalignant disease can result in ureteral stricture. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-mediated scar ...
Karl W. Deutsch Interviewed

Andy: It’s great to have you back, Karl. I really have missed our many conversations in your office at Littauer, your cozy study at your lovely house on Lakeview Avenue, and, of course, our sporadic meals in fine restaurants in Berlin, Vienna and other European cities. What would you say is the single-most important change in the world of politics, economics, culture – any and all of it – which you have noticed since your untimely but temporal departure in 1992?
Chapter 8 – Icosahedral Carboranes: Closo-CB11 Clusters

The synthesis, structure, derivatization, and reactivities of the much-studied and widely utilized closo-monocarbadodecaborane anion and its substituted derivatives are described. Particular attention is directed to the robust character, high water solubility, and extremely low proton affinity of these carborane anions, whose very weak coordination toward cations in solution make them extremely useful in stabilizing highly electrophilic organic and inorganic species. This property has enabled the isolation of salts of hitherto nearly inaccessible ions such as R3Si+, protonated benzene, and C60+• among others.
Selection within wild Turkish alfalfa germplasm for alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) resistance.

In 1981, alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., germplasm was collected in Central and Eastern Turkey to provide a new source to screen for alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), resistance. This collec...
The Effect of U.S. Tax Reform on the Tax Burdens of U.S. Domestic and Multinational Corporations

We quantify the net effect of recent U.S. tax reform on the tax rates of public U.S. corporations and find they decreased by 7.5 to 11.4 percentage points on average following tax reform. Further, we separately examine the effect of tax reform on purely domestic firms and multinational firms because some key provisions only affect multinational firms. We find both sets of firms benefited from tax reform, although domestics benefited the most. We also find the entirety of multinational tax savings stemmed from tax savings on their domestic operations, not as a result of more favorable taxation of international income. We also find no changes in the federal tax burden on foreign income for firms most likely to be subject to the new anti-abuse provisions. Overall, our findings suggest that despite the recent overhaul in international taxation, the federal tax burden on the foreign earnings of U.S. corporations appears to have been largely unaffected.
A new polymorph of HMTD

While exploring the synthesis pathway of HMTD, an unexpected new route for preparing HMTD was found through the reaction of formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium hydroxide. The recovered HM...
RAGE Signaling in Melanoma Tumors

Despite recent progresses in its treatment, malignant cutaneous melanoma remains a cancer with very poor prognosis. Emerging evidences suggest that the receptor for advance glycation end products (RAGE) plays a key role in melanoma progression through its activation in both cancer and stromal cells. In tumors, RAGE activation is fueled by numerous ligands, S100B and HMGB1 being the most notable, but the role of many other ligands is not well understood and should not be underappreciated. Here, we provide a review of the current role of RAGE in melanoma and conclude that targeting RAGE in melanoma could be an approach to improve the outcomes of melanoma patients.
ROCK inhibitors 4: Structure-activity relationship studies of 7-azaindole-based rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors

Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are of therapeutic value for the treatment of disorders such as hypertension and glaucoma, and potentially of wider use against diseases such as cancer and multiple sclerosis. We previously reported a series of potent and selective ROCK inhibitors based on a substituted 7-azaindole scaffold. Here we extend the SAR exploration of the 7-azaindole series to identify leads for further evaluation. New compounds such as 16, 17, 19, 21 and 22 showed excellent ROCK potency and protein kinase A (PKA) selectivity, combined with microsome and hepatocyte stability.
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Fugitive Dust Control Methods

AbstractFugitive dust at construction sites reduces air quality and can affect respiratory health. Contractors must often use dust control strategies to meet environmental regulations for dust miti...
TAXA DEDICATED TO NORMAN I. PLATNICK

A list of 58 patronyms honoring the late Norman I. Platnick at the time of publication, is presented: six genera of spiders (Araneae Clerck, 1757), NormplatnickaRix and Harvey, 2010, PlatnickiaJocque, 1991, Platnickina Kocak and Kemal, 2008, PlatnickniaOzdikmen and Demir, 2009 (= ModisimusSimon, 1893), PlatnickopodaJager, 2020, and PlatnickMarusik and Fomichev, 2020, with their subordinate species; 41 species of spiders (in 23 families), three scorpions (Scorpiones C. L. Koch, 1837), three harvestmen (Opiliones Sundevall, 1833), two hooded-tick spiders (Ricinulei Thorell, 1876), a whip spider (Amblypygi Thorell, 1833), a false scorpion (Pseudoscorpiones Haeckel, 1866), and a millipede (Diplopoda Blainville, 1844).
White and minority demographic shifts, intergroup threat, and right-wing extremism

Abstract We present four studies (one correlational and three experimental) of American Whites that examine relationships between White and minority demographic shifts, intergroup threat, and support for extreme-right groups and actions. We focus in particular on the role of collective existential threat (i.e., a perception that the ingroup will cease to exist), along with three alternative/competing intergroup threats: status threat, symbolic threat, and prototypicality threat. Though no zero-order relationship was found between perceived White population decline and far-right variables, we find evidence that (1) perceived White population decline leads to collective existential threat net of other perceived demographic shifts, (2) collective existential threat is related to far-right support net of other threats, and (3) perceived White decline has a robust indirect relationship with measures of far-right support via collective existential threat.
Retrospective analysis of adverse events associated with non-stimulant ADHD medications reported to the united states food and drug administration

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders in children and although stimulant medications remain first line to treat the disorder, some families prefer nonstimulants. The goal is to analyze the adverse events (AE) associated with nonstimulant medications using post-marketing drug surveillance data. We aim to increase awareness and aide patient education. A retrospective study of adverse drug events with atomoxetine, clonidine, and guanfacine was performed using the Federal Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Database. Results show that the most commonly reported AEs, as defined by FAERS, were ineffectiveness (9.91-14.15%) fatigue (8.93%), and somnolence (8.8-10.16%). Of those taking atomoxetine, suicidal and self-injurious ideation was reported to a similar degree amongst all age groups. Suicidal ideation was listed within the top 20 most reported AEs for all three medications. It is more likely that some patients will experience milder side effects. We suggest providing these data to patients to help overcome the stigma of starting medication, especially if they prefer nonstimulants. Serious AEs are still reported to a small degree, thus monitoring and consistent patient education remains important. We also recommend educating a wider demographic of patients about recognizing potential development of suicidal thoughts.
Side-grooved Charpy impact testing: Assessment of splitting and fracture properties of high-toughness plate steels

Abstract The fracture properties and susceptibility to crack-divider delamination (or splitting) of three commercially produced high-toughness X70 pipeline steels are evaluated with Charpy impact test samples modified to incorporate side grooves. Temperature-dependent impact data are compared with standard Charpy V–notch (CVN) and drop weight tear test data (DWTT). It is shown that the modified geometry prevents the accumulation of plastic deformation at upper shelf energy temperatures and improves the accuracy of impact properties measurements. It also promotes splitting, mirroring the splitting behavior assessed with DWTT samples. To demonstrate the effects of splitting on fracture characteristics and impact energies, steels with similar tensile properties but different splitting susceptibilities are considered. Splitting severity is maximum close to the ductile–brittle transition temperature. However, the effect of splitting on impact energy is minimum at such temperature, as this type of delamination increases energy absorption at lower temperatures and decreases it by a similar extent at higher temperatures. This finding is discussed by examination of force–displacement curves from the instrumented impact tests.
Biotechnology and Human Tumor Nucleolar Antigens

Cancer cells and most normal resting cells have been readily differentiated for a century by morphologic and biologic criteria but biochemical and immunologic distinctions have not yet withstood the test of time (Busch, 1984).
The HFE genotype and a formulated diet controlling for iron status attenuate experimental cerebral malaria in mice

Plasmodium falciparum infects approximately 500million individuals each year. A small but significant number of infections lead to complications such as cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is associated with myelin damage and neurological deficits in survivors, and iron status is thought to impact the outcome of infection. We evaluated whether a mouse model of experimental cerebral malaria with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain was altered by dietary iron deficiency or genetic iron overload (H67D HFE). We found that H67D mice had increased survival over H67H (wild type) mice. Moreover, a specifically designed formulation diet increased survival regardless of whether the diet was iron deficient or iron adequate. To determine potential mechanisms underlying demyelination in experimental cerebral malaria, we measured Semaphorin4A (Sema4A) protein levels in the brain because we found it is cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes. Sema4A was increased in wild type mice that developed experimental cerebral malaria while consuming standard rodent chow, consistent with a decrease in myelin basic protein, an indicator of myelin integrity. The brains of iron deficient and H67D mice had lower levels of Sema4A. Myelin basic protein was decreased in brains of mice fed the iron deficient diet as has been previously reported. We also examined erythropoietin, which is under consideration for treatment of cerebral malaria, and IL-6, which is known to increase during infection. We found that plasma erythropoietin was elevated and IL-6 was low in H67D mice and in the mice fed the formulation diets. These data reveal a paradigm-shifting concept that maintaining iron status may not increase the mortality associated with malaria and provide a dietary strategy for further examination. Moreover, the data provide clues for exploring the mechanism to limit the co-morbidity associated with experimental cerebral malaria that appears to include decreased Sema4A in brain as well as elevated erythropoietin and lower IL-6 in plasma.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate KATP subunit transcription in HL-1 cardiomyocytes through effects on cholesterol homeostasis.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are under investigation for the treatment of a number of human health problems. HDIs have proven therapeutic value in refractory cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,. Electrocardiographic ST segment morphological changes associated with HDIs were observed during development. Because ST segment morphology is typically linked to changes in ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channel activity, we tested the hypothesis that HDIs affect cardiac KATP channel subunit expression. Two different HDIs, romidepsin and trichostatin A, caused ~20 fold increase in SUR2 (Abcc9) subunit mRNA expression in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. The effect was specific for the SUR2 subunit as neither compound causes a marked change in SUR1 (Abcc8) expression. Moreover, the effect was cell specific as neither HDI markedly altered KATP subunit expression in MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. We observe significant enrichment of the H3K9Ac histone mark specifically at the SUR2 promoter consistent with the conclusion that chromatin remodeling at this locus plays a role in increasing SUR2 gene expression. Unexpectedly, however, we also discovered that HDI-dependent depletion of cellular cholesterol is required for the observed effects on SUR2 expression. Taken together, the data in the present study demonstrate that KATP subunit expression can be epigenetically regulated in cardiomyocytes, defines a role for cholesterol homeostasis in mediating epigenetic regulation and suggests a potential molecular basis for the cardiac effects of the HDIs.