cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An anthropometric study of manual and powered wheelchair users

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural anthropometric dimensions of adult wheelchair users as part of a larger project that involved developing a database of the structural characteristics and functional abilities of wheelchair users. Measurements were made on 121 adult manual and powered wheelchair users with an electromechanical probe that registered the three-dimensional locations of 36 body and wheelchair landmarks. Thirty-one body and wheelchair dimensions (e.g., heights, breadths, depths) were calculated from the three-dimensional coordinate data. Tests of distributional normality showed that less than 1/3 of the dimensions were not normally distributed. ANOVA showed significant differences between powered and manual chair users, and women and men for only some of the anthropometric dimensions. The results of this study provide anthropometric information for a small and diverse group of wheelchair users using new measurement methods that may have value for three-dimensional human modeling and CAD applications. Relevance to industry Anthropometric data of wheelchair users can be applied toward the universal design of occupational environments and products that afford greater usability for wheelchair mobile user populations that are usually not considered in the design process.
Genetic Diversity and Spoilage Potentials among Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Fluid Milk Products and Dairy Processing Plants

Degradation of milk components through various enzymatic activities associated with the contamination of dairy products by Pseudomonas spp. can reduce the shelf life of processed milk. Reliable methods for differentiating among Pseudomonas spp. strains are necessary to identify and eliminate specific sources of bacterial contamination from dairy processing systems. To that end, we assessed the genetic diversity and dairy product spoilage potentials among a total of 338 Pseudomonas spp. isolates from raw and pasteurized milk and from environmental samples collected from four dairy processing plants. The majority of isolates were identified as P. fluorescens and P. putida by API 20 NE. A total of 42 different ribotype patterns were identified among a subset of 81 isolates. The presence of many different ribotypes within this collection indicates high genetic diversity among the isolates and suggests multiple origins of contamination within the processing plant and in dairy products. The extracellular enzyme activity patterns among Pseudomonas isolates appeared to be associated with ribotypes. Isolates with the same ribotype frequently had the same extracellular protease, lecithinase, and lipase activities. For example, isolates grouped in ribotype 55-S-6 had the highest extracellular protease activity, while those in ribotypes 50-S-8 and 72-S-3 had the highest extracellular lipase activities. We conclude that ribotyping provides a reliable method for differentiating Pseudomonas strains with dairy food spoilage potential.
A GENERAL SOLUTION FOR THE EPIDEMIC WITH CARRIERS

A recursive solution is obtained for the Laplace transforms of the probabilities in the epidemic model with carriers subject to a general infection mechanism.
Smart pavement sensor based on thermoelectricity power

The aging infrastructure requires a proactive strategy to ensure their functionality and performance. Innovative sensors are needed to develop infrastructures that are intelligent and adaptive. A power supply strategy is among the crucial components to reduce the instrument cost and to ensure the long term function of these embedded sensors. This paper introduces the results of a preliminary study on using thermo-electricity generation to power sensors. This presents an innovative strategy for long term monitoring of pavement performance.
Transition to detonation in dynamic phase changes

Subsonically propagating phase boundaries (kinks) can be modelled by material discontinuities which satisfy integral conservation laws plus an additional jump condition governing the phase-change kinetics. The necessity of an additional jump condition distinguishes kinks from the conventional shocks which satisfy the Lax criterion. We study stability of kinks with respect to the breakup (splitting) into a sequence of waves. We assume that all conventional shocks are admissible and that admissible kinks are selected by a prescribed kinetic relation. As we show, regardless of a particular choice of the kinetic relation, sufficiently fast-phase boundaries are unstable. The mode of instability includes an emission of a centered Riemann wave followed by a sonic shock (Chapman-Jouguet type phase boundary).
Internationalism, Environmental Necessity, and National Interest: Marine Science and Other Sciences

In 1902, eight northern European nations formed the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). A turn-of-the-century international movement created opportunities, funding, and political support for marine science. This paper uses ICES as a lens for examining international cooperation, and shows how its sponsors benefited from the intersection of internationalist ideals, national interest, and the characteristics of the marine environment. Marine science is then compared to other field sciences to explore how these three factors promoted internationalism in science more generally.
Serum levels of IL-7 in bone marrow transplant recipients: relationship to clinical characteristics and lymphocyte count.

IL-7 is produced by stromal cells and is the major lympho- and thymopoietic cytokine. IL-7 induces proliferation and differentiation of immature thymocytes, and protects thymocytes from apoptosis by induction of bcl-2 expression. The regulation of IL-7 production is poorly characterized, although down-regulation by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been described. We measured the serum levels of IL-7 before and after bone marrow transplant (BMT) in 32 children undergoing BMT for genetic diseases (severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) and thalassemia), aplastic anemia, and acute lymphoblastic and non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL and ANLL). Prior to BMT, the highest IL-7 levels were observed in patients with SCID and ALL, ie those patients with genetic or acquired lymphopenia. Patients with thalassemia and ANLL had normal levels of IL-7. Over the 8 weeks following BMT, the IL-7 levels of patients with SCID and ALL fell as the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) increased. No detectable change in IL-7 levels was observed in the patients with thalassemia and ANLL. Levels of IL-7 were highest in the young infants with SCID compared to the age-matched controls. Together, the data demonstrate that serum levels of IL-7 in lymphopenic patients are inversely related to patient age and the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). The inverse relationship to ALC suggests that there is either direct regulation of stromal production or more likely, binding of secreted IL-7 to lymphocytes expressing IL-7 receptors.
Photoemission from cesiated hydrogenated amorphous silicon

The spectral photoemissive yield was measured for p-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si : H), which was prepared by the decomposition of silane onto a quartz substrate in an rf glow discharge. In order to lower the photoemissive threshold energy Et, the sample surface was activated with a combination of cesium and oxygen. Depending on the state of surface activation, we find 1.1 1.2 eV, Y depends superlinearly on α; this indicates an increase of the escape probability with phonon energy, which is characteristic for hot electrons escaping over a potential barrier at the surface.
SEMILATTICE ORDERED INVERSE SEMIGROUPS

or, equivalently, ∨ is compatible with multiplication on both the left and the right. Such a semigoup is necessarily partially ordered; that is the partial order associated with ∨ is compatible with multiplication on both the left and the right. When S is a partially ordered group and a semilattice under the partial ordering, it is necessarily a semilatticed semigroup, in fact it is lattice ordered in the sense that it is a lattice in fact a distributive lattice under the partial ordering and both lattice operations are compatible with multiplication. In this case we say that the group is an l-group. Thus, for groups, there is a very strong relationship between the order and the structure of the group. For example, it is well known, that
Short communications normal fetal growth despite persistent amniotic fluid leakage after genetic amniocentesis

Two women not only lost relatively large amounts of amniotic fluid immediately following genetic amniocentesis, but continued to lose fluid for the remainder of their pregnancies. Periodic ultrasonographic assessment confirmed normal fetal growth and presence of some amniotic fluid. Both women were delivered at term of normal offspring who showed no evidence of fetal deformations. Although amnionitis is a risk, cautious surveillance may permit continuation of pregnancies complicated by copious or persistent amniotic fluid leakage following genetic amniocentesis.
A Symbolic Interaction Approach to Cigarette Smoking: Smoking Frequency and the Desire to Quit Smoking.

Abstract This study applies a symbolic interaction perspective to the investigation of smoking frequency and a person's desire to quit smoking cigarettes. Data derived from 485 Atlanta-area adult smokers provide a diverse, community-based sample of married and single men and women, aged 18 to 70 years old, with a range of income, education, and occupational experiences. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data in order to explore the influence of social demographic characteristics, social interaction, subjective assessments of health, self-conceptions, and smoker identity on smoking frequency and quitting smoking. The findings were that (1) the relationship with a nonsmoker and hiding smoking negatively impacted smoking frequency, whereas perceiving positive consequences from smoking has a positive effect on smoking frequency; and (2) perceiving positive consequences of smoking was negatively related to the desire to quit smoking, whereas a negative smoker identity has a positive influence on the ...
47.1: Invited Paper: How We See Letters: Implication for Making Better Displays

Recent research reveals that letter identification and reading use only an octave-wide band of spatial frequencies, which depends on letter size. Display design should optimize this band and may ignore errors outside it.
Professionalism and marketing of civil engineering profession

Basic microeconomic principles are used to evaluate the widely anticipated shortage of civil engineers. Long-term trends, demographic projections, and data on numbers of graduates and their starting salaries are considered. Civil engineering salary trends are compared to trends for other professions. The study found little evidence to support the widely accepted forecast of a civil engineering shortage. Instead, it found that we are in a period of oversupply. It also found many forecasts of civil engineering shortages during the last 35 years, but no evidence that any of these shortages actually happened. Skepticism of shortage forecasts is urged. Evidence of quality problems in civil engineering students, graduates, and practice are cited. These problems are related to the long-term oversupply of civil engineers and the resulting weak economic and professional position of civil engineering. Since additional students will worsen these problems and further lower the quality and stature of civil engineering, recruiting should be stopped and direct action taken to raise the quality of civil engineering students, graduates, and practice.
Prognosis after initial recurrence of cutaneous melanoma.

• We reviewed 231 patients who developed recurrent disease 1 to 218 months after surgical therapy for clinical stage I cutaneous melanoma. Metastatic lesions amenable to surgery, including visceral recurrences, were resected. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy/immunotherapy or regional hyperthermic perfusion was added in patients with unresected disease. Local irradiation was employed for nonresectable brain or other isolated symptomatic metastases. The overall 5-year survival rate after initial recurrence was 36%. In patients with soft tissue or nodal recurrence, the 5-year survival rates were 49% and 38%, respectively; six (11%) of 53 patients whose initial recurrence was in a visceral organ achieved prolonged remission. Primary lesion anatomic site, thickness, pathologic type, and interval from initial therapy to recurrence were unrelated to survival. Significant prognostic factors included the site of initial metastasis, stage of primary disease, and the successful complete eradication of gross disease by surgical excision or intensive chemotherapy. (Arch Surg.1991;126:703-708)
The Influence of Aging on Oral Health and Consequences for Taste and Smell

Oral diseases that are commonly seen in older adults can impair chemosensory function. Many stomatological conditions are preventable and treatable, yet unmanaged, they can cause significant morbidity and a diminished quality of life. Importantly, many oral diseases are not necessarily an inevitable consequence of growing old, and are frequently attributed to systemic diseases and their treatment. Although gustation may undergo mild age-related decrements, olfaction declines dramatically with greater age. The oral-facial region is intimately involved in the sensations of taste and smell, and diseases affecting this region in an older person could adversely affect an already compromised chemosensory system. Older adults with impaired taste and/or smell should be thoroughly evaluated for oral and pharyngeal diseases. It is reasonable to expect that a healthy adult can grow older with good oral health and function, and can continue to experience the hedonic pleasures of taste and smell associated with eating and drinking.
Polyhedral Cone-Ratio DEA Models with an illustrative application to large commercial banks

Abstract Polyhedral Cone-Ratio Data Envelopment Analysis Models generalizing the CCR Ratio Model are developed for situations with a finite number of DMUs and employing polyhedral cones of virtual multipliers. They provide improved definitions of efficiency over CCR models whose input-output data and/or numbers of DMUs are inadequate to capture aspects or restrictions which should be involved. The focus here is on the sum form for cones which easily provides for capturing exogenous expert opinion as well as mathematical reduction to the old form with its very powerful software. Transformation from the usual intersection form to it and vice versa is explicitly given. Thereby the advantages of either or both are available. The theory is illustrated with two-dimensional examples and by real banking examples for motivation.
Verification of image processing based visibility models

Methods are presented for testing visibility models that use simulated photographs to display results of model calculations. An experimental protocol is developed and used to obtain input data including standard photographs of chosen scenes on a clear day and during a smog event at Pasadena, CA. With the clear day photograph as a substrate, pollutant properties measured on the smoggy day are introduced into the visibility model, and results of the model calculations are displayed as a synthetic photograph of the expected appearance of the smog event. Quantitative comparisons are made between the predicted and actual appearance of the smog event. Diagnostic techniques developed are applied to the visibility modeling procedure proposed by Malm et al. That model is shown to reproduce the contrast reduction characteristic of urban air pollution but produces synthetic photographs with sky elements that differ substantially from a real photograph of the actual smog event.
Failure of nifedipine therapy to reduce myocardial infarct size in the baboon.

Abstract The value of nifedipine in reducing the ultimate size of an infarct associated with a period of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion was assessed. Eight baboons were administered a bolus dose of nifedipine, 5 μg/kg intravenously, and then a maintenance dose of 30 μg/kg per hour was begun 1 hour before occlusion. This regimen resulted in an 8.5 ±1.2 percent (mean ± standard error) decrease in mean arterial pressure. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 2 hours and then perfusion restored. At 2 hours after reperfusion the nifedipine infusion was discontinued. Eight control baboons underwent an identical protocol without nifedipine therapy. At 24 hours after occlusion, microvascular dyes were injected into the left anterior descending coronary artery and adjacent arteries to delineate the perfusion bed of the previously occluded artery. The volume of infarction was determined with planimetry and compared with the volume of the perfusion bed of the occluded artery. The area of infarction was always contained within the perfusion bed of the occluded artery. The mean percent of the perfusion bed with infarction was 50.1 ± 5.8 in the control group and 41.7 ± 9.5 in the treated group (difference not significant; p > 0.05). In both control and treated groups of baboons hemorrhage occurred only within the region of infarction. In both groups electron microscopy revealed large electron-dense granules within the mitochondria. In conclusion, nifedipine therapy during a 2 hour period of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion did not result in any significant reduction in ultimate infarct size in the baboon.
Identification of Human MicroRNA-Like Sequences Embedded within the Protein-Encoding Genes of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, short (18–22 nts), non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by binding to the 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of mRNAs. While numerous cellular microRNAs have been associated with the progression of various diseases including cancer, miRNAs associated with retroviruses have not been well characterized. Herein we report identification of microRNA-like sequences in coding regions of several HIV-1 genomes. Results Based on our earlier proteomics and bioinformatics studies, we have identified 8 cellular miRNAs that are predicted to bind to the mRNAs of multiple proteins that are dysregulated during HIV-infection of CD4+ T-cells in vitro. In silico analysis of the full length and mature sequences of these 8 miRNAs and comparisons with all the genomic and subgenomic sequences of HIV-1 strains in global databases revealed that the first 18/18 sequences of the mature hsa-miR-195 sequence (including the short seed sequence), matched perfectly (100%), or with one nucleotide mismatch, within the envelope (env) genes of five HIV-1 genomes from Africa. In addition, we have identified 4 other miRNA-like sequences (hsa-miR-30d, hsa-miR-30e, hsa-miR-374a and hsa-miR-424) within the env and the gag-pol encoding regions of several HIV-1 strains, albeit with reduced homology. Mapping of the miRNA-homologues of env within HIV-1 genomes localized these sequence to the functionally significant variable regions of the env glycoprotein gp120 designated V1, V2, V4 and V5. Conclusions We conclude that microRNA-like sequences are embedded within the protein-encoding regions of several HIV-1 genomes. Given that the V1 to V5 regions of HIV-1 envelopes contain specific, well-characterized domains that are critical for immune responses, virus neutralization and disease progression, we propose that the newly discovered miRNA-like sequences within the HIV-1 genomes may have evolved to self-regulate survival of the virus in the host by evading innate immune responses and therefore influencing persistence, replication and/or pathogenicity.
Interaction of cis- and trans-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) with synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides: Effect on equilibrium buoyant densities

Abstract Equilibrium buoyant densities in Cs 2 SO 4 of four synthetic double-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides were compared following reaction with either cis -Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , trans -Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 or PtCl 4 . While both Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 isomers caused significant increases in the buoyant densities (ϱ) of the two G + C polymers, the cis - isomer increased the ϱ of poly[d(G−C)] and the trans - isomer increased the ϱ of poly(dG) · poly(dC) more sharply than the corresponding isomer at low molar ratios of metal ion to polymer. Chloroplatinic acid was without effect. Only cis -Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 produced substantial increases in the ϱ of poly[d(A−T)] and poly(dA) · poly(dT) with increasing metal ion concentrations. These increases were accompanied by a proportional decrease in the thermal transition temperature (T m ) of poly(dA)-poly(dT) and a sharp increase in the T m of poly[d(A−T)]. Our results indicate that the cis - isomer reacts with all four polymers to produce ϱ changes clearly distinct from those values observed after reaction with either the trans - isomer or PtCl 4 . These results help explain the observation by others that the cis - isomer produces greater ϱ changes in native DNA than the trans - isomer. On the basis of our data and the published results of others, one may rationalize the quantitative differences between the cis - and trans - compounds on the buoyant densities of naturally occurring DNA; however, additional studies are clearly needed.
Social support and depressed mood in isolated and confined environments.

Abstract The influence of isolation and confinement on social support and depressed mood was examined in a study of 235 men and women who spent a year at McMurdo Station in Antarctica, and a study of 77 men and women who spent a year at the Amundson–Scott South Pole Station. Although availability of support remained unchanged, there was a significant decrease in reported satisfaction with support obtained, as well as a significant increase in depressed mood. Satisfaction with support was inversely associated with depressed mood at the beginning and end of isolation and confinement. At the end of winter, this association varied by source of support. High levels of tension-anxiety, depression and anger preceded an increase in advice seeking, but high levels of advice seeking also preceded an increase in tension-anxiety and depression. Results suggest a significant erosion of social support under conditions of prolonged isolation and confinement, leading to an increase in depressed mood.
Prevalence of children with disabilities in the child welfare system and out of home placement: An examination of administrative records

Abstract This article explores the prevalence and characteristics of children with disabilities within the child welfare system using administrative data from the State of Minnesota. This study finds that more than a fifth (22%) of children with substantiated maltreatment are labeled in administrative records as having a disability, and more than one quarter of children (27.9%) over age five. The most common type of disability among children with substantiated maltreatment was emotional disturbance, while other common disabilities included intellectual and developmental disabilities and learning disabilities. Using logistic regression, this study finds that children with substantiated maltreatment with disabilities were about two times more likely to be in out of home placement than children with substantiated maltreatment without disabilities.
Reflecting, Reconceptualizing, and Revising The Evolution of a Portfolio Assignment in a Multicultural Teacher Education Course

The goals of multicultural teacher education courses include increasing the awareness and consciousness of preservice teachers, promoting attitude change, increasing knowledge about diversity issues, and providing culturally relevant approaches to instruction. However, we know very little about the strategies and assignments that might help teacher educators accomplish these goals. Furthermore, researchers have not examined extensively the context wherein these strategies and assignments are developed, how they evolve over time, or how they influence preservice teachers' learning. Hence, in this article we focus on the development and evolution of a portfolio assignment in a course on multicultural issues in special education. In addition, we present qualitative data that describe students' learning and provide implications for future practice and research.
Proteomic detection of proteins involved in perchlorate and chlorate metabolism

Mass spectrometry and a time-course cell lysis method were used to study proteins involved in perchlorate and chlorate metabolism in pure bacterial cultures and environmental samples. The bacterial cultures used included Dechlorosoma sp. KJ, Dechloromonas hortensis, Pseudomonas chloritidismutans ASK-1, and Pseudomonas stutzeri. The environmental samples included an anaerobic sludge enrichment culture from a sewage treatment plant, a sample of a biomass-covered activated carbon matrix from a bioreactor used for treating perchlorate-contaminated drinking water, and a waste water effluent sample from a paper mill. The approach focused on detection of perchlorate (and chlorate) reductase and chlorite dismutase proteins, which are the two central enzymes in the perchlorate (or chlorate) reduction pathways. In addition, acetate-metabolizing enzymes in pure bacterial samples and housekeeping proteins from perchlorate (or chlorate)-reducing microorganisms in environmental samples were also identified.
Simulation of dam-break flow with grid adaptation

Abstract The unsteady free surface flow caused by sudden collapse of a dam produces discontinuities in the flow variables. As the flow surges downstream, it forms a moving bore front with steep gradients of water height and velocity. In the numerical simulation of this flow, proper grid distribution can play a crucial part in the prediction and resolution of the solutions. The use of presently available numerical schemes to solve this problem on a uniform course grid system fails to resolve the characteristic flow features and hence do a poor job in simulating this flow. In this paper, an adaptive grid which adjusts itself as the solution evolves is used for a better resolution of the flow properties. Rai and Anderson's12 method is used to determine the grid speed; however, a different partial differential equation based on the conservative principle of grid arc lengths for clustering grids in one-dimensional flow is used along with the St. Venant equations to numerically simulate the flow. Both the subcritical and the supercritical flows under extreme boundary conditions are solved using this technique. With a specified number of grid points, this provides better quality solutions as compared to those obtained with uniformly distributed grids.
Dance in Computer Technology: A Survey of Applications and Capabilities.

Dance has made major incursions into the area of computer technology over the past 10 years. In this respect, it has more than rivalled the other arts and, in addition, has an even greater potential for reaching beyond current constraints and into the realm of vanishing horizons. Through computer and video technologies, dance has gained a potential and accelerated access to home audiences. Computer technology has also provided the art of dance with increased opportunities for creativity and experimentation, for literacy and for learning. In sum, and as a result, dance exemplifies the integration of artistic concerns and technological advances in today's world.
Intelligent agents as one framework for defining fusion requirements for complex adaptive systems

The international defense and security community is moving ahead at flank speed to realize the vision of network centric warfare (NCW; aka network-enabled capability (NEC) and etc). Extensive efforts are being put forth to define, design, and develop many of the technical components of such a capability, to include varieties of networked communications systems, various highly-capable military platforms, and "service-oriented architectures" for a broad-based enterprise service middleware capability. To varying degrees, the human factors/human engineering community has also engaged in broad studies of "sensemaking" and "shared awareness" toward understanding some of the information-sharing and information- understanding paradigms put forward in the NCW literature.
Competition in the two-factor theory of forgetting

Two experiments compared the amounts of retroactive inhibition (RI) obtained with paced and unpaced recall procedures. Support for the response-competition hypothesis was limited. It was suggested that the impact of competition upon recall may be small and that phenomena heretofore attributed solely to the effects of competition may be at least partially determined by unlearning that occurs during typical verbal-learning retention intervals.
Two-photon absorption in cross-shaped chromophores with phenylene-vinylene backbones

While early investigations in two-photon absorption (TPA) mainly focused on developing structure/property relationships for organic molecules with a conjugated path extending in one dimension, more recent research efforts have also included molecules containing multiple TPA-active units or with multi-dimensional conjugated backbones. However, a complete understanding of how the number and structure of branches in chromophores affect TPA properties has not yet emerged. Here, we describe chromophores consisting of four donor-substituted branches linked to an aromatic core (benzene or pyrazine) and compare them with linear analogues with only two branches (donor-Π-donor distryrylbenzenes). It is shown that this design does not lead to large enhancement of the TPA cross sections, with only a modest increase being observed going from compounds with two to compounds with four branches. It is also shown that a molecular exciton model can describe semi-quantitatively both the one-photon and the two-photon spectra of this type of multi-branched compounds. In contrast to the one-photon case, the model shows that pure additivity of the TPA cross section should not, in general, be expected when two monomer units are coupled, and that the TPA cross section of the composite molecule depends on the relative orientation of the constituent units and on the strength and sign of the coupling interaction.
RANGE-ENERGY RELATION FOR Au IONS, E/A 150 MeV

The range-energy (RE) relations for Au ions in CH and Au in the energy interval 10\ensuremath{\le}E/A\ensuremath{\le}150 MeV are reported. Bevalac beams of ${\mathrm{Au}}^{61+}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}^{35+}$, and ${\mathrm{Au}}^{11+}$ at E/A=50 MeV were used to investigate the dependence of dE/dx, hence effective charge ${z}^{\mathrm{*}}$, of Au ions in matter as a function of target material and initial charge of incident Au ions. The essential finding of this experiment is that the measured ranges of the Au ions are typically within 2% of those predicted by the Barkas-Berger RE relation. The experimental RE relations for Au in CH and Au can also be reproduced with equal precision by assuming that dE/dx is given by the product of the rate of energy loss for protons and an empirically derived expression for ${z}^{\mathrm{*}2}$, each quantity being dependent on the target material, via the adjusted ionization potential ${I}_{\mathrm{adj}}$ and the velocity \ensuremath{\beta} of the ion.
Effects of Sodium Butyrate and 3-Aminobenzamide on Survival of Chinese Hamster HA-1 Cells After X Irradiation

HA-1 cells were grown in medium containing 2 mM sodium butyrate and then exposed to graded doses of 250 kVp X rays. After irradiation, some of the butyrate-treated cultures were treated with either 10 or 20 mM 3-aminobenzamide for 2 h at 37 degrees C. The butyrate treatment produced a small degree of radiation sensitization as indicated by an increase in the alpha parameter using a linear-quadratic description of survival responses. The dose-modifying factor at the 10% survival level (DMF10) was 1.15. Similarly, both 10 and 20 mM 3-aminobenzamide treatments produced concentration-dependent increases in radiosensitization, again as indicated by an increase in the value of the alpha constant, with DMF10 values of 1.22 and 1.40, respectively. However, the combination of the 2 mM sodium butyrate + 10 mM 3-aminobenzamide treatments produced a supraadditive response in terms of increased cell killing (DMF10 = 1.76). We interpret this to mean that 3-aminobenzamide inhibits a sodium butyrate associated increase in poly(ADP-ribose) which then predisposes hyperacetylated chromatin to attack by endogenous nucleases leading to increased cytotoxicity.
An ancestral amplification of DNA in primates

Abstract Newly evolved, tandemly arrayed, highly repeated DNAs from three primates were compared using Markov-chain and random-simulation approaches. Markov-chain calculations suggested that the repeated DNA sequences derived from the amplification of a progenitor sequence some 55 million years ago. Divergence of the products of this ancestral amplification could have created a library of related DNA sequences from which newly evolved repeated DNA was drawn — by recent amplifications of library members. The ancestral DNA amplification may have provided the genetic flexibility for creating the primate order; more recent amplifications in old-world primates probably led to the present subfamilies. The random-simulation approach verified the idea that repeated DNA evolves nonrandomly. A variable region was identified within the sequence.
A new skeleton of the late Oligocene “Enspel cormorant”—from Oligocorax to Borvocarbo , and back again

A new specimen of the cormorant species from the late Oligocene (MP 28) fossil site Enspel in Germany—the third to be discovered at this site—is described. Previously unknown or controversial features bearing on the taxonomic and phylogenetic affinities of this bird are identified, which do not support the assignment of the Enspel cormorant to the taxon Borvocarbo. The species is therefore here, tentatively, transferred back to Oligocorax, in which it was first placed. The new osteological data confirm that ?Oligocorax stoeffelensis is a stem group representative of Phalacrocoracidae, and the species exhibits a previously unrecognised derived morphology of the pectoral girdle bones in that the furcula is fused with the apex carinae of the sternum, a feature absent in modern cormorants. A phylogenetic analysis revealed two alternative positions for ?O. stoeffelensis relative to other stem group Phalacrocoracidae, supporting a sister group relationship either to the clade including Nambashag, Nectornis and crown group Phalacrocoracidae or to a clade including ?O. stoeffelensis and crown group Phalacrocoracidae to the exclusion of Nambashag and Nectornis.
Controlled Covalent Functionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes using [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Benzocyclobutenes

Controlled covalent functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes has been performed using Diels–Alder reaction of various functional benzocyclobutene derivatives with the sp2 carbons of the tubes at appropriate reaction temperature and time. The use of polymer containing pendant benzocyclobutene produces cross-linked organic nanoclusters covalently connected to the surface of the MWNTs.
A numerical algorithm for analyzing piping response to thermal transients and seismic excitations

Abstract This paper describes a three-dimensional finite-element method for the structural response analyses of reactor piping systems subjected to thermal transients and seismic excitations. In the thermal-transient analysis, the algorithm appropriately accounts for stresses arising from the temperature dependence of the elastic material properties, the thermal expansion of the materials, and the change in the temperature-dependent yield surface. It includes a thermoviscoplastic constitutive equation that incorporates capabilities of treating thermal softening, failure, strain rate, creep, and stress ratcheting. In the piping seismic analysis, a time-history method is utilized to account for possible nonlinear phenomena as well as to reduce the solution conservatism obtained from response-spectrum analyses. Variation in dominant stress frequencies and translational frequencies are easily handled. The algorithm described herein has been integrated with the implicit time-integration scheme for treating hoop, flexural, axial, and torsion deformations induced by these accident loads. It is valid for large displacement and rotations, but small strains. Both geometrical and material nonlinearities are considered. To illustrate the methodology, several sample problems are given. Results show that this approach is extremely efficient and is suitable for long-duration analyses of reactor piping systems.
Predictors of first lifetime episodes of major depression in midlife women

Background Little is known about factors that predict first lifetime episodes of major depression in middle-aged women. It is not known whether health-related factors and life stress pose more or less of a risk to the onset of clinical depression than does the menopausal transition.
Isomerization Of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane to Butadiene

Multiconfigurational wave functions were used to study the (1) concerted conrotatory, (2) concerted disrotatory, and (3) nonconcerted isomerization processes ofbicyclo[l.l.O]butane (C4H6) to 1,3-butadiene. The barriers for (1), (2), and (3) are about 42, 56, and 116 kcal/mol, respectively, as calculated with the second-order multireference perturbation theory (PT2). The barriers obtained from the multireference CI (MRCI) are within 1 kcal/mol of the those predicted by PT2. The predicted conrotatory barrier is within 1 kcal/mol of the experimentally measured barrier. The predicted stereochemistry is in agreement with the experimental observations.
Melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) expression in the normal mucosa around colorectal cancer after curative resection: presence of undetectable free cancer cells

Purpose: Curative surgical resection is of great importance and some trials have been performed to identify free undetectable cancer cells using molecular markers. The aim of this study is to investigate melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) expression in normal mucosa around colorectal cancer and its clinical significance. Material and method: From October 2003 to June 2004, we collected 46 colorectal cancer and matched normal mucosal tissues within 20 mm, 20 to 50 mm and more than 50 mm from tumors after the curative operation. Twenty-two mucosal tissues were harvested from patients with benign colorectal diseases as controls. MAGE expression was assayed using nested RT-PCR of MAGE A1-6 mRNA. Results: The MAGE expression rates in cancer tissue and adjacent normal mucosa were 65.2%, 6.5% ( 50 mm), respectively, while MAGE was not expressed in the mucosa of benign diseases. The MAGE-positive cases in the normal mucosa around tumors were located in the left colon or rectum, and one patient showed anastomotic mucosal site recurrence. Conclusions: MAGE expression in normal-appearing mucosa around colorectal cancer showed some clinical findings suggesting the presence of undetectable free cancer cells after curative resection.
Oxygen isotope records of goethite from ferricrete deposits indicate regionally varying Holocene climate change in the Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A.

Oxygen isotopes of goethite from ferricrete deposits were measured from both northern and southern Rocky Mountain localities to assess geographic variability in regional Holocene paleoclimate change. A f3.7xincrease in oxygen isotope values of 14 C-dated goethites in the northern Rocky Mountains suggests a regional-scale relative increase in amounts of isotopically heavy summer precipitation since the early Holocene. In contrast, oxygen isotope values from the southern Rocky Mountains increase abruptly f2.1xat f6200 14 C yr B.P., then decrease f2.4xbetween f2000 14 C yr B.P. and the present. We interpret this period of relatively high y 18 O values as evidence for a middle Holocene warm period combined with a relatively strong summer monsoon. These variable climate records suggest that the Rocky Mountains of the western United States have had a spatially heterogeneous Holocene climate history. D 2003 University of Washington. All rights reserved.
Free energy of QCD at high temperature.

Effective-field-theory methods are used to separate the free energy for a non-Abelian gauge theory at high temperature $T$ into the contributions from the momentum scales $T$, $\mathrm{gT}$, and ${g}^{2}T$, where $g$ is the coupling constant at the scale $2\ensuremath{\pi}T$. The effects of the scale $T$ enter through the coefficients in the effective Lagrangian for the three-dimensional effective theory obtained by dimensional reduction. These coefficients can be calculated as power series in ${g}^{2}$. The contribution to the free energy from the scale $\mathrm{gT}$ can be calculated using perturbative methods in the effective theory. It can be expressed as an expansion in $g$ starting at order ${g}^{3}$. The contribution from the scale ${g}^{2}T$ must be calculated using nonperturbative methods, but nevertheless it can be expanded in powers of $g$ beginning at order ${g}^{6}$. We calculate the free energy explicitly to order ${g}^{5}$. We also outline the calculations necessary to obtain the free energy to order ${g}^{6}$.
Plane-strain buckling of cracks in incompressible elastic solids

The buckling of a crack in an incompressible elastic solid subjected to a crack-parallel compression is studied by using a small-deformation-superposed-on-large-deformation analysis. It is found that for a general incompressible material there exists at least one and at most a finite number of buckling loads. For a Mooney material, a unique buckling load corresponding to a crack-parallel stretch ratio of 0.544 is found to exist.
Rate of nitrapyrin and soil ph effects on nitrification of ammonium fertilizer and growth and composition of burley tobacco

Abstract Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rate of nitrapyrin and soil pH on nitrification of NH4 + fertilizer in soil, and growth and chemical composition of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘KY ‐14'). Such experiments were needed to develop information for increasing efficiency of N fertilizer use and to lessen the fertilizer‐induced soil acidity and salt effects on tobacco plants. Results for laboratory and greenhouse incubations indicated that nitrification proceeeded slowly below pH 5.0 and the nitrapyrin necessary to delay nitrification increased with both increasing soil pH and length of incubation time. Generally, nitrification could be delayed 30 days by nitrapyrin rates of 0.25 or 0.5 μg g‐1 regardless of soil pH. but rates of 1 μg g‐1 nitrapyrin or higher were required for 60 days and longer incubation times, particularly at higher soil pH. Growth and morphology of tobacco plants were either unaffected, or affected positively, by low rates ...
Effect of a hospitalist-care coordinator team on a nonteaching hospitalist service.

BACKGROUND: Although many hospitalists work with clinical coordinators, few studies have evaluated their impact. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of a hospitalist–care coordinator team on hospitalist work experience, patient satisfaction, and hospital efficiency. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: During each of 12 weeks, hospitalists on a nonteaching hospitalist service were randomly assigned to work with a hospitalist care coordinator (HCC) or to work independently. MEASUREMENTS: Each week hospitalists completed a survey to assess their satisfaction and perceived work efficiency. Patient satisfaction with hospital discharge was assessed by telephone interviews. Hospital efficiency was analyzed with multivariate linear regression using log-transformed length of stay (LOS) and cost as dependent variables. RESULTS: The 356 patients cared for by hospitalist–HCC teams were similar to 337 patients cared for by control hospitalists. Twenty-eight of 31 hospitalists (90%) who worked with an HCC responded that the HCC improved their efficiency and job satisfaction. Seventy-one of 196 eligible patients (36%) completed the postdischarge interview. The mean ratings of overall satisfaction with hospital discharge on a scale of 10 were similarly high in both groups (8.57 vs. 8.37; P = .94). In multivariate regression analyses, LOS was 0.28 days shorter and cost was $585.62 lower for patients cared for by hospitalist–HCC teams; however, these results were not statistically significant (P = .17 and .15, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalists working in a team approach with an HCC reported improved efficiency and job satisfaction compared with hospitalists working independently. These findings are important in light of growing concerns about hospitalist workload and job satisfaction. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:103–109. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Behavior transactions between disturbed children and their mothers.

10 children between 4 and 6 yr. of age, coming from families who had sought help from the University of Washington Child Psychiatry Clinic, were observed in the laboratory in interaction with their mothers. Interactive patterns were analyzed, utilizing observational methods and rating procedures developed in other research. Ss each tended to exhibit some unique and deviant occurrences of certain classes of behaviors, but the only respect in which they systematically differed as a group from the comparison sample of non-clinic mother-child pairs was in the more frequent occurrence of strongly controlling behaviors on the part of the mothers. This control characteristically occurred in the context of some degree of high status on the part of the child, whereas in the comparison Ss the child tended to be displaying neutral status when his mother was being strongly controlling. Comparison mothers tended to exercise their control by directing their children what to do; clinic mothers tended to exercise their c...
Errors in the orientation of the principal stress axes if bone tissue is modeled as isotropic.

Abstract The error in the prediction of the orientation of the principal axes of stress in bone tissue is determined in the case when the tissue is modeled as elastically isotropic rather than as orthotropic, the probable symmetry of bone tissue. Results are two-dimensional and assume the same underlying strain state for both the orthotropic and isotropic cases. The maximum error is 45°, and the typical error is generally significant.
Facilitated self-assembly of novel dendron-based copolymers

Self-assembly of newly synthesized dendron-based amphiphilic copolymers with controlled hydrophilic-lipophilic balances has been investigated to evaluate their potential as a novel nanocarrier. The hydroxyl-terminated polyester dendron (G3) bearing a focal alkyne moiety was used to mediate the combination of poly(s-caprolactone) (PCL) with multiple polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties. Four types of PCL-G3-mPEG with different block lengths were prepared and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and GPC. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) values varied from 6.50 × 10−8 to 3.52 × 10−7 M, which were lower than those reported for linear PCL-mPEG. TEM revealed that all PCL-G3-mPEG micelles were spherical with an average diameter of 20 nm. The drug release profile for each PCL-G3-mPEG was investigated by loading indomethacin (IMC), as a model drug, within the micelles. IMC was released in a controlled manner over 72 hours. Synthesized copolymers used in this study were also found to be non-cytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 μM. The low CMC, along with the controlled morphology, release profile and biocompatibility, all demonstrate the potential of the dendron-based micelles as a novel nanocarrier.
Connection between Charge-Density Waves and Superconductivity in Nb Se 2

A study of the effect of magnetic impurities and magnetic field on the purported charge-density-wave (CDW) transition in Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ reveals an intriguing connection between the CDW and the superconducting states. Increasing magnetic impurity concentration results in a reduction of the transition temperature for CDW formation identical to the suppression of the superconducting ${T}_{C}$. A magnetic field, on the other hand, enhances the CDW transition.