cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral hazard, optimal unemployment insurance, and experience rating

Abstract This paper is concerned with evaluating alternative unemployment insurance (UI) schemes in a dynamic economy with moral hazard. We consider changes in the size and duration of UI benefits, and the effects of experience rating, and use a dynamic contracting approach to determine a benchmark optimal allocation. Radical changes in the current UI system increase welfare, but not by much. A move to full experience rating has distributional effects, but the aggregate effects are negligible.
Sensing sound: molecules that orchestrate mechanotransduction by hair cells

Animals use acoustic signals to communicate and to obtain information about their environment. The processing of acoustic signals is initiated at auditory sense organs, where mechanosensory hair cells convert sound-induced vibrations into electrical signals. Although the biophysical principles underlying the mechanotransduction process in hair cells have been characterized in much detail over the past 30 years, the molecular building-blocks of the mechanotransduction machinery have proved to be difficult to determine. We review here recent studies that have both identified some of these molecules and established the mechanisms by which they regulate the activity of the still-elusive mechanotransduction channel.
X-ray spectra from exploded-wire plasmas

X-ray line spectra were collected from exploded (Al to U) wire plasmas produced by ${10}^{12}$-W pulse discharges of high-energy electrons in the Gamble II generator. High-ionization states were found in these spectra that provided new spectroscopic data. The Ne- and Ni-like isoelectronic sequences involving $L$- and $M$-shell transitions were extended to high-atomic-number elements, Ag and Au, respectively. The correlation of spectra and x-ray pinhole images revealed that the high-temperature emission emanates from small ( 75 \ensuremath{\mu}m), high-density pinched regions with plasma temperatures of 1-2 keV (based on the coronal model). Other x-ray emission arises from cool-plasma (50-200 eV) regions associated with the flaring structure as seen in x-ray-pinhole images. In addition to low-temperature thermal x-ray emission from the flare regions, energetic electrons produce nonthermal inner-shell spectral lines. As the atomic number increases, the relative intensity of the cool plasma to high-temperature thermal emission increases systematically for isoelectronic sequences involving $K$-, $L$-, and $M$-shell transitions. The plasma characteristics determined from the distribution of ionization states in the exploded-wire spectra correlate well with those from other high-energy-density generating devices, namely the vacuum spark and plasma focus.
The gramicidin dimer shows both EX1 and EX2 mechanisms of H/D exchange

We describe the use of H/D amide exchange and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to study, in organic solvents, the pentadecapeptide gramicidin as a model for protein self association. In methanol-OD, all active H’s in the peptide exchange for D within 5 min, indicating a monomer/dimer equilibrium that is shifted towards the fast-exchanging monomer. H/D exchange in n-propanol-OD, however, showed a partially protected gramicidin that slowly converts to a second species that exchanges nearly all the active hydrogens, indicating EX1 kinetics for the H/D exchange. We propose that this behavior is the result of the slower rate of unfolding in n-propanol compared with that in methanol. The rate constant for the unfolding of the dimer is the rate of disappearance of the partially protected species, and it agrees within a factor of two with a value reported in literature. The rate constant of dimer refolding can be determined from the ratio of the rate constant for unfolding and the affinity constant for the dimer, which we determined in an earlier study. The unfolding activation energy is 20 kcal mol−1, determined by performing the exchange experiments as a function of temperature. To study gramicidin in an even more hydrophobic medium than n-propanol, we measured its H/D exchange kinetics in a phospholipids vesicle and found a different H/D amide exchange behavior. Gramicidin is an unusual peptide dimer that can exhibit both EX1 and EX2 mechanisms for its H/D exchange, depending on the solvent.
Anisotropy and Transport in Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Hydrophilic−Hydrophobic Block Copolymers

Designing tailored block copolymers represents a viable strategy for building polymer membranes with fruitful combinations of properties, such as the high ionic or small molecule conductivity and h...
Isosafety loading functions in system reliability analysis

Abstract This paper discusses loading functions of structural systems against both unserviceability and collapse. An isosafety loading function of a structural system with uncertain properties and acted on by random loads is defined in the space of mean loads; it represents all the combinations of mean loads leading to a prescribed reliability level against the occurrence of a specified limit state. A computer program was developed for determining the overall reliability of framed structures and the associated loading functions. The main feature of this program is that at each stage of the analysis process the reliability levels against unserviceability and collapse are simultaneously generated.
Late Hettangian-Early Sinemurian (Jurassic) ammonite biochronology of the Western Cordillera, United States

A faunal succession based on ammonoids is established for the Late Hettangian to Early Sinemurian interval in the Western Cordillera, United States. The faunal sequence consisting of one zone and four informal biochronologic units termed assemblages is given as follows: Paracaloceras morganense assemblage, Badouxia oregonensis assemblage, Canadensis Zone, Metophioceras trigonatum assemblage and Coroniceras involutum assemblage. The succession correlates with the interval delineated by the Northwest European Angulata Zone through the Lyra Subzone. Two new genera (Guexiceras and Tipperoceras) are described along with 23 new species. The phylogenetic relationships of the earliest Jurassic ammonite superfamilies indicate that it is useful to include under the Psiloceratida, the Psilocerataceae and their derivatives including the Lytocerataceae. The Arietitaceae were derived from Hettangian lytocerataceans.
The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of soluble and particulate cobalt in human lung fibroblast cells

Cobalt exposure is increasing as cobalt demand rises worldwide due to its use in enhancing rechargeable battery efficiency, super-alloys, and magnetic products. Cobalt is considered a possible human carcinogen with the lung being a primary target. However, few studies have considered cobalt-induced toxicity in human lung cells. Therefore, in this study, we sought to determine the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble cobalt in human lung cells. Cobalt oxide and cobalt chloride were used as representative particulate and soluble cobalt compounds, respectively. Exposure to both particulate and soluble cobalt induced a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and intracellular cobalt ion levels. Based on intracellular cobalt ion levels, we found that soluble cobalt was more cytotoxic than particulate cobalt while particulate and soluble cobalt induced similar levels of genotoxicity. However, soluble cobalt induced cell cycle arrest indicated by the lack of metaphases at much lower intracellular cobalt concentrations compared to cobalt oxide. Accordingly, we investigated the role of particle internalization in cobalt oxide-induced toxicity and found that particle-cell contact was necessary to induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity after cobalt exposure. These data indicate that cobalt compounds are cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung fibroblasts, and solubility plays a key role in cobalt-induced lung toxicity.
Process parameters and their effect on grafting reactions in core/shell latexes

The grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto polybutadiene (PB) latexes prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization at 50°C was investigated as a function of: (a) initiator concentration used in the secondary polymerization, (b) monomer-to-polymer ratio, (c) the specific surface area of the seed latex, and (d) the degree of conversion. The thin layer chromatography/flame ionization detection (TLC/FID) technique was used to determine the proportion of graft copolymer in the core/shell latex, It was found that grafting PMMA onto PB depended upon the concentration of initiator, decreasing as the concentration was increased. The amount of grafting increased with increasing specific surface area of the seed latex, while the molecular weight of the acetone-soluble graft copolymer decreased. The amount of graft copolymer was found to decrease concurrently with increasing monomer-to-polymer ratio and degree of conversion. These results suggest a hydrogen abstraction mechanism in the formation of graft PB–PMMA through a chain transfer process.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide elicits a discharge in chronically decentralized sympathetic ganglia.

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP, 5–50 μg) injected intraarterially to the chronically decentralized cat superior cervical ganglion elicited a prolonged (2–5 min) postganlionic discharge which was resistant to cholinergic blocking agents but was blocked by [Leu 5 enkephalin and GABA (10–200 μg i.a.). VIP did not elecit a discharge in acutely decentralized ganglia. These findings indicate that VIP has direct excitatory effects on ganglion cells and that these excitatory effects are enhanced following degeneration of the preganglionic nerve terminals.
The crystal and molecular structure of pentakis(diacetamide)barium(II) perchlorate

Abstract The crystal structure of pentakis(diacetamide)barium(II) perchlorate, [Ba((CH 3 CO) 2 NH) 5 ](ClO 4 ) 2 , has been determined from three-dimentional X-ray diffraction data using Cukα radiation. The unit cell constants are a = 13.052(5)A, b = 14.406(6) A , c = 19.508(8) A and β = 107.6(3)°. The monoclinic colorless crystals belong to the space group P2 1 /c. The observed and calculated (Z = 4) densities are 1.608 g/ cm 3 and 1.602 g/cm 3 respectively. Two sets of intensity data (nkl and hnl) were recorded on film by the equi-inclination Weissenberg method and their intensities estimated visually. A total of 4041 independent reflections above background were used in the Patterson and Fourier summations for structure determination. The structure was refined by full-matrix least squares to an unweighted conventional R factor of 0.094. The five diacetamide molecules assume a modified trans—trans (diacetamide-B) configuration with a small twist from planarity (5–15°) about the oxygen—oxygen line as they bond as bidentates to barium forming a ten co-ordinated complex. The six membered rings formed by the diacetamide ligand with barium are folded to varying degrees (7–42°) about the oxygen-oxygen lines. The bonded oxygen atoms are located at the vertexes of a distorted symmetrically bicapped square antiprism (D 4d ). Barium-oxygen bond distances vary from 2.73(2) A to 2.91(2) A . The complex is unique in that it is the first reported case of a ten co-ordinated complex, characterized by X-rays, where all of the ligands are non-ionic, chemically identical bidentates. The hybrid orbitals of barium that could reasonably be involved in sigma covalent bonding with the oxygen atoms are sp 3 d 5 f z(5z 3 -3r 2 .
The effect of relational stage and intimacy on touch: An extension of Guerrero and Andersen

The effects of relational stage, intimacy, and gender on touch were examined. Participants were 270 partners from 135 couples involved in a heterosexual romantic relationship. Results indicated that touch varies as a function of relational stage. An examination of relational stage and subjects' perceptions of how much they touched their partner and how much their partner touched them generally indicated an asymptotic relationship. Specifically, men's and women's perceptions of how much they touched their partners, and women's perceptions of how much their partners touched them, increased from the casually dating to the seriously dating stage and then leveled off for seriously dating, engaged, and married couples. Men's perceptions of how much their partners touched them increased from the casually dating to the seriously dating stage then decreased from the seriously dating to the married stage. Relational intimacy was also curvilinearly related to self and partner perceptions of touch. Because there were no significant interaction effects between stage and gender, or intimacy and gender, the curvilinear effects of relational stage and intimacy on touch are generalizable to both men and women.
A survey of moving frames

This paper surveys the new, algorithmic theory of moving frames developed by the author and M. Fels. Applications in geometry, computer vision, classical invariant theory, the calculus of variations, and numerical analysis are indicated.
How work roles influence perception: Structural-cognitive processes and organizational behavior.

This article develops a model of how workers perceive each other at work, and shows why subordinate workers underevaluate their fellow subordinates and overevaluate their managers. The guiding thesis is that (1) organizational factors systematically bias the information that actors have about each other, and (2) cognitive and motivational limits on the ability to process information do not allow actors to correct for the biased source of their information. The main hypothesis tested is that those who are high in an organizational hierarchy and who do high-skill-level tasks are perceived more favorably on selected role-related traits than are others of equal ability in the organization. The hypothesis is tested by creating an experimental corporate office. As predicted, clerks rate managers more favorably on selected traits than they rate fellow clerks, even though subjects were assigned to the two roles on a random basis. A structural-cognitive model best accounts for the results. Recently, Jackman and Senter (1983) found that people believe that thriftiness, industriousness and intelligence increase as one ascends the class ladder. Furthermore, they found that poor and working-class respondents believe this as well as members of the upper classes. Although Jackman and Senter's data do not address specific occupations, their findings suggest that people make trait distinctions between occupations as well as classes. Thus, it seems likely that people think secretaries are less talented, ambitious, aggressive, etc., than their bosses. Yet, given the extreme skew of women's participation in the labor force, it is probable that secretaries are often more intelligent than their bosses, just as line workers are sometimes more intelligent than their foremen, and junior executives more talented than senior ones. In these cases, the question arises as to whether workers can accurately perceive each others' talents and abilities. In other words, are there organizational, cognitive and motivational factors that cause subordinate workers to overevaluate their managers and to underevaluate their fellow workers?
Predictors of Achievement When Virtual Manipulatives are Used for Mathematics Instruction

The purpose of this study was to determine variables that predict performance when virtual manipulatives are used for mathematics instruction. This study included the following quasi-experimental design features: 1) a large number of students ( N =350); 2) within-class random-assignment to treatment groups; 3) retention effects measured by post-test and delayed post-test; 4) fidelity of instructional treatments documented through observations; and, 5) instrument development for the unit of study. This design was used to determine variables that predict student performance on tests of fraction knowledge for third- and fourth-grade students in two treatment groups: classroom instruction using texts and physical manipulatives (CI), and computer lab instruction using virtual fraction applets (VM). The Pre-test, Post-test 1, and Post-test 2 measured learning and retention of fraction concepts. Observation ethograms documented representation use. The results revealed that fewer demographic predictors of student performance (e.g., socio-economic status, English language learner status, and gender) exist during fraction instruction when virtual manipulatives were used. When instructors used virtual manipulatives, there was an equalizing effect on achievement in third and fourth grade classrooms, in that fewer demographic factors were influential for VM groups compared to CI groups.
Pigment Pattern Formation in Zebrafish: A Model for Developmental Genetics and the Evolution of Form

The zebrafish Danio rerio is an emerging model organism for understanding vertebrate development and genetics. One trait of both historical and recent interest is the pattern formed by neural crest-derived pigment cells, or chromatophores, which include black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. In zebrafish, an embryonic and early larval pigment pattern consists of several stripes of melanophores and iridophores, whereas xanthophores are scattered widely over the flank. During metamorphosis, however, this pattern is transformed into that of the adult, which comprises several dark stripes of melanophores and iridophores that alternate with light stripes of xanthophores and iridophores. In this review, we place zebrafish relative to other model and non-model species; we review what is known about the processes of chromatophore specification, differentiation, and morphogenesis during the development of embryonic and adult pigment patterns, and we address how future studies of zebrafish will likely aid our understanding of human disease and the evolution of form.
Thibaut de Champagne and Lyric Auctoritas in Paris, BnF fr. 12615

Medieval composers and audiences alike took great stock in the cultural value of auctoritas, the notion that new compositions should closely follow the patterns set by previously accepted authors. The present study examines the concept as it applies to the composition of a particular manuscript: Paris, BnF fr. 12615. The codex underwent at least two, and most likely three, stages of compilation. Strategies of compilatio and ordinatio are examined to demonstrate how the compiler uses earlier songbooks dedicated to Thibaut de Champagne (d. 1253) to shape his own songbook and gradually move his anthology from aristocratic to urban, Artesian notions of auctoritas. Subsequent additions to 12615 enhance the original compiler’s scheme.
“I Don’t Want to Die Like That …”: The Impact of Significant Others’ Death Quality on Advance Care Planning

Purpose of the Study: I examine whether 5 aspects of a signifi cant other ’ s death quality (pain, decisionmaking capacity, location, problems with end-of life care, and preparation) affect whether one does advance care planning (ACP). I also identify specifi c aspects of others ’ deaths that respondents say triggered their own planning. Design and Methods: Data are from the New Jersey End of Life study, a survey of 305 adults age 55+ seeking care at 2 major New Jersey medical centers. I estimate multivariate logistic regression models for a subsample of 253 participants who recently lost a loved one and provide descriptive fi ndings from an open-ended question regarding the motivation for one ’ s ACP. Results: Multivariate analyses revealed “ positive ” role model effects; persons who witnessed signifi cant others ’ deaths that occurred at home, were free of problems associated with end-of-life care, and where advance directives were used are more likely to make endof-life preparations. Open-ended data showed that 19% cited others ’ deaths as the main trigger for their own planning, with most citing negative factors (pain, connection to machines, coma) that they hoped to avoid. Implications: Practitioners should encourage patients to use conversations about others ’ deaths as springboards for discussions about one ’ s own end-of-life care, and to engage in ACP together with family. Implications for health care reform are highlighted.
Traveling as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease.

We discuss a case of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis that illustrates risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease. The literature is rich in descriptions of such risk factors as surgical procedures, immobilization, and cancer in developing this condition. However, the association between long-distance flight and venous thromboembolism remains controversial. This case is instructive because it describes a temporal association between air travel and the onset of deep venous thrombosis in a young, otherwise healthy person, and highlights the potential importance of multiple interacting risk factors.
Iron supplementation of breastfed infants from an early age

Background: In breastfed infants, iron deficiency at <6 mo of life, although uncommon, is observed in industrialized countries. Iron supplementation starting at an early age may prevent iron deficiency. Objective: The study assessed the effect of early iron supplementation of breastfed infants and tested the hypothesis that iron supplementation enhances iron status. Potential adverse effects (tolerance and growth) were monitored. Design: The prospective, placebo-controlled study involved exclusively breastfed infants who were randomly assigned at 1 mo of age to iron (n = 37) or placebo (n = 38). Iron (7 mg/d as multivitamin preparation with ferrous sulfate) or placebo (multivitamin preparation without iron) was given from 1 to 5.5 mo of age. Complementary foods were allowed at >4 mo. Infants were followed to 18 mo. Blood concentrations of ferritin, transferrin receptor, hemoglobin, and red cell indexes were determined at bimonthly intervals. Stool consistency and color and feeding behavior were recorded. Results: Iron supplementation caused modest augmentation of iron status during the intervention at 4 and 5.5 mo but not thereafter. Iron supplements were well tolerated and had no measurable effect on growth. One infant developed iron deficiency anemia by 5.5 mo of age. Plasma ferritin and hemoglobin tracked over time. Conclusion: Early iron supplementation of breastfed infants is feasible and transiently increases iron status but not hematologic status. Iron is tolerated by most infants. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is low (3%) among unsupplemented breastfed infants in the first 6 mo of life.
Revisiting tight glycemic control in perioperative and critically ill patients: when one size may not fit all ☆ ☆☆

Glycemic control has received intense scrutiny in the last decade as an important aspect of patient care. Earlier studies suggested that tight glycemic control (target level of 80 - 110 mg/dL) improved outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Subsequent trials did not confirm the same benefit. Moreover, increased mortality was found in association with such tight control compared with a less strict target. As a result, tight glucose control has become less popular. The interaction between diabetic status and outcomes in relation to glucose control strategies and/or chronic glycemic state in perioperative and critically ill patients was examined. Tight glucose control appears to be more beneficial in patients without diabetes than in those with known diabetes. It also may be more beneficial in improving outcomes in surgical rather than nonsurgical ICU patients, and in decreasing sepsis rather than mortality. Tight glycemic control was associated with a high incidence of hypoglycemia, which may offset some of its potential benefits. Tight glycemic control in the perioperative and intensive care settings should not be totally abandoned either as a clinical practice or as a subject of future research. Beneficial effects of tight glycemic control may be demonstrated when the appropriate glycemic targets are matched to the appropriate population.
Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in guinea pigs with leucocytic extracts.

SummaryPassive transfer of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to 274-dinitro-chlorobenzene in guinea pigs has been accomplished with extracts of peritoneal exudative leucocytes disrupted by sonic vibration. Crude extracts of cells treated and subsequently centrifuged were effective as transfer media. Sedimented material was essentially ineffective.
Knee arthroplasty in post-traumatic arthritis.

Abstract Post-traumatic arthritis of the knee can involve the tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint, or both joints. In the tibiofemoral articulation, disabling injuries include articular crush, condylar split, shaft involvement, ligamentous injuries, or a combination. In the patella, similar injuries include articular crush, large or stellate displaced fractures, tendon disruption, or a combination. Cementless mobile-bearing knee arthroplasty principles and implants can provide satisfactory long-term results in patients with complex post-traumatic knee arthritis. Primary, resurfacing unicompartmental or total knee implants can be used for articular damage, whereas more complex modular or constrained implants and osteotomies are needed for angular or combined deformities. Bearing exchange revision may be needed for young, active patients within 20 years of their initial arthroplasty. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
PolyTOIL: A Type-Safe Polymorphic Object-Oriented Language

PolyTOIL is a new statically-typed polymorphic object-oriented programming language which is provably type-safe. By separating the definitions of subtyping and inheritance, providing a name for the type of self, and carefully defining the type-checking rules, we have obtained a language which is very expressive while supporting modular type-checking of classes. The matching relation on types, which is related to F-bounded quantification, is used both in stating type-checking rules and expressing the bounds on type parameters for polymorphism. The design of PolyTOIL is based on a careful formal definition of type-checking rules and semantics. A proof of type safety is obtained with the aid of a subject reduction theorem.
Effects of biologically-active chemical mixtures on fish in a wastewater-impacted urban stream

article i nfo Stream flow in urban aquatic ecosystems often is maintained by water-reclamation plant (WRP) effluents that contain mixtures of natural and anthropogenic chemicals that persist through the treatment processes. In effluent-impacted streams, aquatic organisms such as fish are continuously exposed to biologically-active chemicals throughout their life cycles. The North Shore Channel of the Chicago River (Chicago, Illinois) is part of an urban ecosystem in which N80% of the annual flow consists of effluent from the North Side WRP. In this study, multiple samplings of the effluent and stream water were conducted and fish (largemouth bass and carp) were collected on 2 occasions from the North Shore Channel. Fish also were collected once from the Outer Chicago Harbor in Lake Michigan, a reference site not impacted by WRP discharges. Over 100 organic chemicals with differing behaviors and biological effects were measured, and 23 compounds were detected in all of the water samples analyzed. The most frequently detected and highest concentration (N100 μg/L) compounds were ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 4-nonylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxycarboxylic acids. Other biologically-active chemicals including bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, 4-nonylphenolmono-to-tetra- ethoxylates, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxylates were detected at lower concentrations (b5 μg/L). The biogenic steroidal hormones 17β-estradiol, estrone, testosterone, 4- androstene-3,17-dione, and cis-androsterone were detected at even lower concentrations (b0.005 μg/L). There were slight differences in concentrations between the North Side WRP effluent and the North Shore Channel, indicating minimal in-stream attenuation. Fish populations are continuously exposed to mixtures of biologically-active chemicals because of the relative persistency of the chemicals with respect to stream hydraulic residence time, and the lack of a fresh water source for dilution. The majority of male fish exhibited vitellogenin induction, a physiological response consistent with exposure to estrogenic compounds. Tissue- level signs of reproductive disruption, such as ovatestis, were not observed. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Loss of E2F1 Extends Survival and Accelerates Oral Tumor Growth in HPV-Positive Mice

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with several human cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). HPV expresses the viral oncogene E7 that binds to the retinoblastoma protein (RB1) in order to activate the E2F pathway. RB1 can mediate contradictory pathways—cell growth and cell death via E2F family members. Here, we assessed the extent to which E2F1 mediates lethality of HPV oncogenes. Ubiquitous expression of the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 caused lethality in mice that was associated with focal necrosis in hepatocytes and pancreatic tissues. Furthermore, all organs expressing HPV oncogenes displayed up-regulation of several E2F1 target genes. The E2F1 pathway mediated lethality in HPV-positive mice because deletion of E2F1 increased survival of mice ubiquitously expressing HPV oncogenes. E2F1 similarly functioned as a tumor suppressor in HPV-positive oral tumors as tumors grew faster with homozygous loss of E2F1 compared to tumors with heterozygous loss of E2F1. Re-expression of E2F1 caused decreased clonogenicity in HPV-positive cancer cells. Our results indicate that HPV oncogenes activated the E2F1 pathway to cause lethality in normal mice and to suppress oral tumor growth. These results suggest that selective modulation of the E2F1 pathway, which is activated in HPV tumors, may facilitate tumor regression.
Last Settler's Syndrome and Resource Use in Southern Appalachia

To better understand perspectives on resource use and economic development in a rural area, results from three independent studies have been integrated. The first project assessed whether there were differences across demographic groups as to their willingness to pay to protect the aesthetic value of the landscape or their willingness to accept some decreased level of aesthetic value. The second project involved working with a rural community that faces development pressure from outside the community to generate ideas for economic development that preserves local cultural and environmental conditions. The third project addressed public perspectives on water conservation and economic development. All three projects reveal evidence of 'last settler's syndrome'—a tendency among individuals to place a high value on what initially attracted them to a specific place and to attempt to maintain status quo. The three projects also reveal situations of potential conflict when ideas about resource use clash as well as situations ripe for cooperation as various groups share values about resource use and economic development. Keywords: land use, rural, resource management, public attitudes, willingness-to-pay
Video Self-Modeling for Individuals with Disabilities: A Best-Evidence, Single Case Meta-Analysis

Video-based modeling capitalizes on technology to increase the efficiency of modeling interventions for individuals with disabilities. Video self-modeling is a specific form of video-based modeling that utilizes the learner as the model to provide an opportunity for the learner to view him or herself as competent. This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of video-self modeling using articles that met quality criteria with a focus on potential moderators of effect including participant characteristics, targeted outcomes, and implementation components. Results indicated strong effects for preschool and elementary aged participants with autism spectrum disorders, particularly when social-communicative and behavioral outcomes were addressed. In regards to implementation variables, significantly larger effect sizes were obtained when positive self-review was implemented as compared to feed forward. Additionally, video self-modeling implemented alone yielded stronger effects than video self-modeling implemented with programmed reinforcement or as part of a package. Gaps in the evidence are identified including limited evidence for the use of video self-modeling with older participants and participants with disabilities other than autism. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Linear Programming: A Survey of General Purpose Algorithms

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present the current status of general purpose linear programming algorithms. After a mathematical statement of the general linear programming problem, the following topics are discussed: Simplex Methods Primal-Dual Methods Generalized Inverse Applications Other Approaches Commercial Computer Codes Several possible areas for future research are indicated both in the body of the paper and in the concluding section.
Center pivot applications of chlorpyrifos 4e for reducing ear and stalk infestations of second generation european corn borer larvae lepidoptera pyralidae in field corn

Applications of chlorpyrifos 4 emulsifiable concentrate (EC) at 0.56 and 1.12 kg (AI)/ha applied through a center-pivot irrigation system resulted in significantly fewer second-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), larvae (and consequently a significantly higher grain yield) than the untreated control. Larval reduction was less in the ear than in the stalk. Addition of a nonemulsifiable oil (Sunoco 11N) (1.06 liters) in 1983 had no significant effect on control. In 1984, two applications of chlorpyrifos 4EC at 0.56 kg (AI)/ha applied at 6-d intervals resulted in significantly fewer ECB per plant than a single application at 1.12 kg (AI)/ha. However, yields did not differ significantly.
Best Practices in Human Operation of Robotic/Unmanned Vehicles: A Technical Review of Recommendations Regarding the Human-to-Robot Ratio

The purpose of this work is to review research in the domain of unmanned vehicle (UV) operations and to provide recommendations regarding the human-to-robot ratio for optimal performance. This begins with a discussion of how remote perception, multitasking, and workload can contribute to the difficulty of performing UV operations. Then, recommendations are provided in order to address three different aspects of the human-to-robot ratio: (a) human-centric factors, (b) robot-centric factors, and (c) collaborative human-robot factors. These recommendations begin by focusing on a team of high-ability operators that execute role-specific behaviors, and processes are supported by systems that are designed to support appropriate coordination. Additional UVs should be added with the intention of increasing unique capabilities and reliable autonomy. Finally, recommendations address methods collaboration that work within the perceptual limitation of humans and UVs.
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura of childhood.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a benign hemorrhagic disorder characterised by peripheral thrombocytopenia and increased megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. The exact pathogenesis of ITP is not well understood. The adherence of viral induced immune complexes to the platelet membrane is thought to trigger the phagocytosis of damaged platelets by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system. The role of platelet associated IgG in the pathogenesis of ITP is under investigation. Although spontaneous recovery is observed in 80–90% of patients, a short course of steroid therapy is recommended to reduce the duration of thrombocytopenia. The steroids however, have no influence on the course or outcome of the disease, and their possible role in reducing the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is unknown. Emergency management of patients presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of ICH is essential to prevent the fatal outcome. Approximately 10–20% of patients develop chronic ITP. Splenectomy, considered the treatment of choice in these patients, is not always curative. The post-splenectomy sepsis also imposes a great risk for these individuals. Recent experience with intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IgG) treatment indicates that the splenectomy could safely be deferred, or even avoided in chronic ITP. The use of IV IgG in acute ITP is being investigated.
Decomposing experience-driven attention: Opposite attentional effects of previously predictive cues

A central function of the brain is to track the dynamic statistical regularities in the environment - such as what predicts what over time. How does this statistical learning process alter sensory and attentional processes? Drawing upon animal conditioning and predictive coding, we developed a learning procedure that revealed two distinct components through which prior learning-experience controls attention. During learning, a visual search task was used in which the target randomly appeared at one of several locations but always inside an encloser of a particular color - the learned color served to direct attention to the target location. During test, the color no longer predicted the target location. When the same search task was used in the subsequent test, we found that the learned color continued to attract attention despite the behavior being counterproductive for the task and despite the presence of a completely predictive cue. However, when tested with a flanker task that had minimal location uncertainty - the target was at the fixation surrounded by a distractor - participants were better at ignoring distractors in the learned color than other colors. Evidently, previously predictive cues capture attention in the same search task but can be better suppressed in a flanker task. These results demonstrate opposing components - capture and inhibition - in experience-driven attention, with their manifestations crucially dependent on task context. We conclude that associative learning enhances context-sensitive top-down modulation while it reduces bottom-up sensory drive and facilitates suppression, supporting a learning-based predictive coding account.
A serological study on tick-borne infectious diseases among residents in Changbai mountainous area

Objective To understand the current status of tick-borne infectious diseases infection among residents in Changbai mountainous region. Methods A total of 629blood samples were collected from residents in 7different geographic regions around Changbai mountainous area and were tested by immunofluorescence assays(IFA)for serum antibodies against 5tick-borne infectious diseases pathogens.Chi-square test was used for data analysis. Results The positive rates of antibodies was 11.92%for Spotted fever rickettsias,7.15%for B.burgdorf eri sensu lato, 7.14%for Coxiella burnetii,4.45%for Tick borne encephalitis virus and 3.18%for Ehrlichia chaffeensis.In terms of geographic distribution,the positive rate in Huichun of north area was much higher than that in Huanren of south area(χ2=11.579,P0.01).Also,the antibody positive rate of R.heilongjiangensis was found to be higher than that of R.sibirica(χ2=11.267,P0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of 5tick-borne infectious diseases is high,indicating this mountainous area is the major natural foci.
Blood/vessel interaction in coronary disease.

Considerable experimental evidence suggests that the interaction of platelets and endothelium is important in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction. Platelet involvement in sudden cardiac death and coronary artery spasm is equally clear, but here the question is whether platelets play a causal or a secondary role.
Dietary fried fish intake increases risk of CVD: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.

Objective The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship of dietary fried fish consumption and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Design Prospective cohort study among participants of the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study who resided in the USA. Setting The primary outcome measures included the hazard ratios (HR) of incident CVD including first incident fatal or non-fatal ischaemic stroke or myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality, based on cumulative average fish consumption ascertained at baseline. Subjects Participants (n 16 479) were enrolled between 2003 and 2007, completed the self-administered Block98 FFQ and were free of CVD at baseline. Results There were 700 cardiovascular events over a mean follow-up of 5·1 years. After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, health behaviours and other CVD risk factors, participants eating ≥2 servings fried fish/week (v. <1 serving/month) were at a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events (HR=1·63; 95 % CI 1·11, 2·40). Intake of non-fried fish was not associated with risk of incident CVD. There was no association found with dietary fried or non-fried fish intake and cardiovascular or all-cause mortality. Conclusions Fried fish intake of two or more servings per week is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Given the increased intake of fried fish in the stroke belt and among African Americans, these data suggest that dietary fried fish intake may contribute to geographic and racial disparities in CVD.
Systems Engineering Process for the OSIRIS‐REx Camera Suite (OCAMS)

The OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS), built at the University of Arizona, is a mission-critical suite of cameras for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. It is comprised of three cameras used together to support the threshold mission objectives. The OCAMS systems engineering team developed a process to prepare verifiable requirements and create the associated test program. This process ensures the instrument performs all required functions for the mission operation and science requirements. The process was dynamic and sufficiently flexible to conform to the development process and mission schedule. The structure of the requirements, as well as the integration and test program, allowed the OCAMS team to adapt to changing circumstances and recover schedule to support an on-time delivery following hardware delays. The OCAMS process has been incorporated into other OSIRIS-REx payload elements. This paper discusses the process used by the systems engineering team. Italicized texts denotes case study.
Application of Jacobian defined direct interaction coefficient in DRGEP-based chemical mechanism reduction methods using different graph search algorithms

Abstract The graph search based approaches, such as the directed relation graph (DRG) and DRG with error propagation (DRGEP) methods, are efficient as the first-cut reduction for large detailed chemical mechanisms. In this study, the DRGEP-based methods are further improved by using a Jacobian for evaluating direct interaction coefficient (DIC). Both the Dijkstra's algorithm and the AStar algorithm are studied to assess the effect of graph search algorithms on the performance of DIC using the Jacobian implementation. Additionally, the target search algorithm (TSA) is used for exploring the further reduction potential by initializing with the skeletal mechanisms generated by the graph search methods. High temperature methane and low temperature n-heptane auto-ignition are selected as the testing conditions. For methane with high temperature conditions, the Jacobian DIC with the AStar algorithm has the best performance with 31% species less compared to the previously defined DIC with the Dijkstra's algorithm for the 10% limited error. By restarting TSA initialized with the skeletal mechanisms generated by graph search methods and TSA, an identical 19-species skeletal mechanism is generated. For n-heptane with NTC region conditions, the Jacobian DIC enhances both the two graph search algorithms as well as the methane skeletal reduction. With the combination of the proposed Jacobian DIC and the AStar algorithm, the n-heptane skeletal mechanism generated by repeatedly restarting TSA is 16% smaller (∼20 species less) than the one purely developed from multi-round TSA for the 10% error. The validation of n-heptane laminar flame speed against detailed mechanism shows that the skeletal mechanisms developed by the DRGEP-based approaches can retain the chemistry of laminar flames by targeting only 30 cases near NTC regions.
Anomalous dimensions and the renormalizability of the four-fermion interaction

Abstract We show that when the dynamical dimension of the ψ ¯ ψ operator is reduced from three to two in a fermion electrodynamics with scaling, a g ( ψ ¯ ψ ) 2 + g ( ψ ¯ i γ 5 ψ ) 2 four-fermion interaction which is dressed by this electrodynamics becomes renormalizable. In the fermion–antifermion scattering amplitude every term in an expansion to arbitrary order in g is found to diverge as just a single ultraviolet logarithm (i.e. no log squared or higher), and is thus made finite by a single subtraction. While not necessary for renormalizability per se, the reduction in the dimension of ψ ¯ ψ to two leads to dynamical chiral symmetry breaking in the infrared, with the needed subtraction then automatically being provided by the theory itself through the symmetry breaking mechanism, with there then being no need to introduce the subtraction by hand. Since the vector and axial vector currents are conserved, they do not acquire any anomalous dimension, with the four-fermion ( ψ ¯ γ μ ψ ) 2 and ( ψ ¯ γ μ γ 5 ψ ) 2 interactions instead having to be controlled by the standard Higgs mechanism.
Probing the temperature-dependent magnetic anisotropy and longitudinal spin Seebeck effect in Y3Fe5O12

Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) has attracted growing interest since a large Longitudinal Spin Seebeck Effect (LSSE) was discovered in this material. However, the origin of the LSSE and its temperature dependence are not well understood. We report here, the temperature dependence of the effective magnetic anisotropy field (HK) and LSSE voltage (VLSSE) of single crystal YIG, measured using the radio-frequency transverse susceptibility (TS) and LSSE techniques, respectively. VLSSE is found to vary from 40 nV to 97 nV from 100 to 300 K, which is consistent with the previously reported experimental results. Interestingly, we find the temperature dependence of HK resembles that of VLSSE in the high temperature regime (100 – 300 K), with the sudden changes in both VLSSE and HK at ∼175 K. Our results indicate the possible role of magnetic anisotropy in the LSSE in YIG and provide important insights into improving LSSE in magnetic materials through manipulating their magnetic anisotropy.
Multiple dielectric relaxation in non-crystalline polymers

This investigation is part of a larger program designed to clarify the molecular motions responsible for dielectric relaxation in polymers. It has been repeatedly observed that, in polar polymers, at least one and in general two or more relaxation processes are observed. In general a relaxation process is observed above the glass transformation temperature which is undoubtedly associated with the molecular motions which are "frozen" below this transformation. These motions are of the type associated with diffusion, i.e. motions of large segments or whole molecules involving translation and rotation.
Urogenital Tract and Mammary Gland: Overview

This chapter is an overview of the section that follows, dealing with immunity in the urinary tract including IgA nephropathy, female and male genital tracts, materno–fetal immune interactions, sexually transmitted infections, and the mammary gland and milk.