cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerial Broadcast of Free-Falling Pupae of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly for Sterile-Release Programs

Free-falling pupae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) reached a constant terminal velocity of fall of 6 m/sec within the 1st 3 m of fall. The percentage eclosion of pupae recovered after falls of 60 m onto bare rocky ground, grassy fields, and forest cover was 41, 82, and 62%, respectively. Pupae dropped within 2 days of eclosion were less injured than younger pupae. The posteclosion mortality of flies dropped as pupae was 10-20% greater than that of the controls in the 1st week; thereafter, the mortality rate of flies dropped as pupae was less than or equal to that of the controls. In a 5-km2 plot about twice a, many flies were recovered from those dropped 90 m as bagged young adult, as from those dropped as free-falling pupae.
Time-resolved optical reflectivity of the electron-doped Nd(2-x)Ce(x)CuO(4+δ) cuprate superconductor: evidence for an interplay between competing orders.

We use pump-probe spectroscopy to measure the photoinduced reflectivity $\ensuremath{\Delta}R$ of the electron-doped cuprate superconductor ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ce}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ at a value of $x$ near optimal doping, as a function of time, temperature, and laser fluence. We observe the onset of a negative $\ensuremath{\Delta}R$ signal at ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\approx}75\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$, above the superconducting transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$, of 23 K. The relatively slow decay of $\ensuremath{\Delta}R$, compared to the analogous signal in hole doped compounds, allows us to resolve time-temperature scaling consistent with critical fluctuations. A positive $\ensuremath{\Delta}R$ signal onsets at ${T}_{c}$ that we associate with superconducting order. We find that the two signals are strongly coupled below ${T}_{c}$, in a manner that suggests a repulsive interaction between superconductivity and another fluctuating order.
DISTORSION THEOREMS AND COEFFICIENTS OF SCHLICHT FUNCTIONS

Let S be the class of functions f(z)=z+c_2z~2+……each of which isregular and schlicht in the unit circle |z|1.The functions f(z)of S with thefixed coefficient c_2 form a subclass of S.We denote this subclass by S(c_2).Evidently,any function of S must belong to a certain S(c_2).It is interest to discuss the distorsion theorem for the functions of S(c_2).In 1920,Gronwall~[1] estimated |f(z)|and|f'(z)|.In 1951,Lebedjef andMielin~[2] point out that the result of Gronwall for the upper bound of |f(z)|when |c_2|1 is not true,and prove that(?)and that(?)where f(z)∈S(c_2),r=[z].On the other hand,Golusin~[3] established the in-equality(?)In this paper,we improve Lebedjef and Mielin's results(1)and(2)andaccordingly we estimate the coefficients of functions in S(c_2).We prove thefollowing theorems.Theorem 1.If f(z)=z+c_2 Z~2+……S,then(?) where(?)Corollary.If f(z)=z+c_2z~2+……∈S,then(?)where(?)Theorem 2.If f(z)=z+c_2z~2+……S,then(?)where |Z|=γ,0γ1,|c_2|≤2.Corollary.If f(z)=z+c_2z~2+……S,then(?)where |z|=r,0γ1,|c_2≤2.It should be observed that our inequalities improve Lebedjef and Mielin'sresults(1)and(2)in various ways.Theorem 3.let f(Z)=z+c_2z~2+……S.(i)If(?)then(?) (?)whereCorollary.Let f(z)=z+c_2z~2+……∈S.(i)If(?)then(?)(?)0γ1,(?)where |z|=γ,0γ1.Theorem 5.If (?)then,for n2,(?)Corollary. Let(?)then(?) and,in particular,if c_2=0,then(?)It follows from this corollary that in case(?)(?)Theorem(?)(?)The proofs of these theorems depend upon the following lemmae.Lemma 1.Let f(z)=z+c_2z~2+……∈S,then(?)where γ=|z|.Corollary.Let f(z)=z+c_2z~2+……∈S(c_2),then(?)where γ=|z|.Lemma 2.Let f(z)=z+c_2 z~2+c_3z~3+……∈S,then(?)where(?)Corollary.Let f(z)=z+c_2z~2+c_3z~3+……∈S,If c_2~2=c_3,then(?)where(?)Lemma 3.If f(z)∈S,|z|=γ1,then(?)This result improves the well-known inequality(?)Corollary. If f(z)∈S,then (?)implies(?)where |z|=γ.
Icebreaker-3 Drill Integration and Testing at Two Mars-Analog Sites

A decade of evolutionary development of integrated automated drilling and sample handling at analog sites and in test chambers has made it possible to go 1 meter through hard rocks and ice layers on Mars. The latest Icebreaker-3 drill has been field tested in 2014 at the Haughton Crater Marsanalog site in the Arctic and in 2015 with a Mars lander mockup in Rio Tinto, Spain, (with sample transfer arm and with a prototype life-detection instrument). Tests in Rio Tinto in 2015 successfully demonstrated that the drill sample (cuttings) was handed-off from the drill to the sample transfer arm and thence to the on-deck instrument inlet where it was taken in and analyzed ("dirt-to-data").
Identification of Major Adverse Kidney Events Within the Electronic Health Record

Acute kidney injury is common among critically ill adults and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The Major Adverse Kidney Events by 30 days (MAKE30) composite of death, new renal replacement therapy, or persistent renal dysfunction is recommended as a patient-centered outcome for pragmatic trials involving acute kidney injury. Accurate electronic detection of the MAKE30 endpoint using data within the electronic health record (EHR) could facilitate the use of the EHR in large-scale kidney injury research. In an observational study using prospectively collected data from 200 admissions to a single medical intensive care unit, we tested the performance of electronically-extracted data in identifying the MAKE30 composite compared to the reference standard of two-physician manual chart review. The incidence of MAKE30 on manual-review was 16 %, which included 8.5 % for in-hospital mortality, 3.5 % for new renal replacement therapy, and 8.5 % for persistent renal dysfunction. There was strong agreement between the electronic and manual assessment of MAKE30 (98.5 % agreement [95 % CI 96.5---100.0 %]; kappa 0.95 [95 % CI 0.87---1.00]; P?<?0.001), with only three patients misclassified by electronic assessment. Performance of the electronic MAKE30 assessment was similar among patients with and without CKD and with and without a measured serum creatinine in the 12 months prior to hospital admission. In summary, accurately identifying the MAKE30 composite outcome using EHR data collected as a part of routine care appears feasible.
A survivorship program to improve quality of life of Hispanic/Latino breast cancer (BC) survivors.

183Background: We sought to determine whether Hispanic BC survivors in El Paso, TX would benefit from participating in a comprehensive multidisciplinary cancer survivorship program, by improvement ...
Using a Framework to Create Better Choices

Intuition can be a good guide for decision making when the current situation generally matches the situations in which the intuition was formed. But for novel or ambiguous situations, relying only on intuition can blind us to possible negative consequences by focusing our attention only on data that support our intuition. To reduce the likelihood of these errors and to better imagine and prepare for the outcomes of our choices, we use a decision-making framework. This note outlines the process of how to apply a framework. Excerpt UVA-E-0407 Jan. 5, 2016 Using a Framework to Create Better Choices Yi Jao, a product manager at an online travel agency, has to decide whether to pursue a potentially lucrative but controversial idea. Recently, an internal team proposed revising the online pricing algorithm to use the cookies from customers' web browsers in order to customize flight and hotel pricing. Because a customer's level of disposable income can be easily inferred from his or her online habits; a travel agency could then use this information to charge from 10% to 30% more for a flight or a hotel. Given the high volatility in flight and hotel prices, it would be almost impossible for customers to trace these price increases back to the booking agency. Jao wants to increase revenue for the company and increase her bonus, but she is also concerned about the fairness of this practice and about violating customer privacy norms. Typically, decision makers in Jao's position feel conflicted and uncomfortable when faced with this type of decision and try to make it as quickly as possible relying only on intuition. Perhaps Jao has competing intuitions and her stronger intuition leads her to pursue the customized pricing algorithm. This decision might have unintended but problematic consequences. For example, perhaps an employee who leaves the company reveals the pricing algorithm to the press, possibly creating a public relations nightmare for the company. Intuition, which comes from our experiences, is a shortcut to making decisions. It can be a good guide for decision making when the current situation generally matches the situations in which the intuition was formed. But for novel or ambiguous situations, relying only on intuition can blind us to possible negative consequences by focusing our attention only on data that support our intuition. . . .
Factors associated with health behavior change among residents 50 to 96 years of age in Rancho Bernardo, California.

Alterations in personal health habits can prevent disease and reduce morbidity and mortality. We examined the association between self-reported healthy behavioral change and age, sex, chronic disease, plasma cholesterol, and body mass index in an older Caucasian population in southern California. Overall, about two thirds of respondents reported decreased dietary salt or fat intake over the last 15 years, whereas one third reported increased frequency of exercise. Women were more likely than men to report increasing exercise, changing diet, or reading self-help materials. Individuals 50—69 years of age reported more positive health behavior changes than those 70 years and older. Those with diabetes and hypertension were more likely to decrease salt intake, but less likely to increase exercise than those without disease. Hypertensive and diabetic men, but not women, were also more likely to change their diet or read self-help materials than their peers without disease. The presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as obesity, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension, were generally associated with positive alterations in diet and inversely related to increasing exercise.
Weathering the storm; a review of pre-pregnancy stress and risk of spontaneous abortion.

Abstract The Weathering Effect is a theory that links stress exposure, over the life-course, with racial disparities in reproductive outcomes, through the effects of social adversity on a woman’s body. The concept of maternal “weathering” captures cumulative somatic and psychological adversities that can exacerbate the effects of aging. Much of the evidence for weathering comes from observational studies linking self-report measures with reproductive outcomes. The purpose of this review is to explore biological mechanisms that underlie these observations. We focus on spontaneous abortion because this event is understudied despite evidence of racial disparities in this outcome. Spontaneous abortion is the most common pregnancy failure, and it happens early in pregnancy. Early pregnancy is a time most susceptible to the harmful effects of immune dysregulation that may, in part, result from adversities experienced before pregnancy begins. In exploring these mechanisms, we draw on well-defined signaling processes observed in the stressor-depression relationship. Pro-inflammatory dysregulation, for example, has particular relevance to immunological control occurring early in pregnancy. Early pregnancy immunologic changes affect the trajectories of pregnancy via control of trophoblastic invasion. Within the first few weeks of pregnancy, uterine derived cytokines operate within cytokine networks and play a critical role in this invasion. Programming for pro-inflammatory dysregulation can occur before conception. This dysregulation, brought into early pregnancy, has implications for viability and success of the index pregnancy. These patterns suggest early pregnancy health is susceptible to stress processing pathways that influence this immunologic control in the first six to eight weeks of pregnancy. In this review, we discuss the known mediating role of immune factors in the stressor-depression relationship. We also discuss how adversity experienced before the index pregnancy, or “pre-pregnancy” may influence these pathways, and subsequently influence early pregnancy health. There is a need to understand adversity, experienced before pregnancy, and mechanisms driving the effects of these experiences on pregnancy outcomes. This approach is a useful entry point for understanding racial inequities in pregnancy health through an understanding of differences in exposures to adversity. We hypothesize that spontaneous abortion involves cyclical changes within a woman’s reproductive tract in response to stressors that are established well before a woman enters into pregnancy. Furthermore, we propose mechanisms that potentially drive weathering processes relevant to reproductive disparities. We also examine what is known about pre-pregnancy stress exposures associated with race, inequity, and adversity, and their potential impact on neuroendocrine and immune changes affecting early pregnancy risk.
Delta-Huffman Coding of Unbounded Integers

In this paper we detail a new approach for lossless integer compression that can be used to extend and improve several existing dynamic lossless data compression methods. The new methodology, referred to as Delta-Huffman, uses the Elias Delta code as a uniquely decodable representation of the infinite alphabet of unbounded integers and utilizes this representation to enable the application of dynamic Huffman coding on the Delta encoded set of integers. The method can be extended to combinations of other integer encoding techniques with additional dynamic symbol coding algorithms.
"Full Stomach" Despite the Wait: Point-of-care Gastric Ultrasound at the Time of Procedural Sedation in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Objectives The objective was to use gastric point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to assess gastric contents and volume, summarize the prevalence of "full stomach," and explore the relationship between fasting time and gastric contents at the time of procedural sedation. Methods This was a prospective study of patients aged 2 to 17 years fasting prior to procedural sedation. A single sonographer scanned each patient's gastric antrum in two positions: supine with the upper body elevated and right lateral decubitus (RLD). Gastric content (empty, liquid, or solid) was noted, and the gastric volume (mL/kg) was estimated from antral cross-sectional area (CSA). "Full stomach" was defined as any solid content or >1.2 mL/kg of liquid gastric content. Results We enrolled 116 subjects, with a median fasting time of 5.8 hours. Of the 107 with evaluable images, 74 patients, 69% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 60%-77%), were categorized as having a full stomach. Each hour of fasting was associated with lower odds (odds ratio = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.65-0) of a full stomach. However, the knowledge of fasting time alone provides little ability to discriminate between risk groups (C-index = 0.66). Conclusions Gastric POCUS classified many patients as having a full stomach at the time of expected procedural sedation, despite prolonged fasting times. These findings may inform risk-benefit considerations when planning the timing and medication choice for procedural sedation.
Losing Employment: At-Risk Employed Vocational Rehabilitation Applicants with Vision Loss:

IntroductionRecent U.S. legislation supports vocational rehabilitation efforts to maximize employment and community integration of persons with disabilities by providing job retention and career ad...
Robotic Davydov Peritoneal Flap Vaginoplasty for Augmentation of Vaginal Depth in Feminizing Vaginoplasty.

Purpose:Penile inversion vaginoplasty is the most common procedure for genital reconstruction in transwomen. While penile inversion vaginoplasty usually provides an excellent aesthetic result, the ...
Short-duration hyperoxia causes genotoxicity in mouse lungs: protection by volatile anesthetic isoflurane

High concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) are routinely used during anesthesia, and supplemental oxygen is also administered in connection with several other clinical conditions. Although prolonged...
NIOBIUM-TIN SUPERCONDUCTORS FOR FUSION RESEARCH

Multi-filamentary niobium-tin superconductors are being developed in a number of countries to meet a variety of requirements.
Predicted Power Output of Silicon-Based Bifacial Tandem Photovoltaic Systems

Summary Combining the higher energy yield of bifacial photovoltaic modules with the higher efficiency of silicon-based tandem devices is a promising pathway to reduce the levelized cost of electricity of photovoltaic systems. In a two-terminal bifacial tandem, the additional photon flux on the back of the bottom cell alters the current matching between the cells. This study quantifies this phenomenon, starting with spectrally resolved front and back irradiances determined from ray tracing under realistic conditions. A tandem-device model is then used to explore the impact of different scenarios on the optimal top-cell bandgap and power production. Although the energy gains from bifacial tandem systems are small, the range of suitable top-cell bandgaps is greatly broadened, thus widening the window of absorber candidates. In one exemplary case, a bifacial tandem with a top-cell bandgap as low as 1.63 eV retains the energy output of an optimized monofacial tandem with a 1.71-eV top cell.
Tracking Driver Eye Movements at Permissive Left-Turns

The objective of this analysis was to identify sources of information used by left-turning drivers. To complete the experiment, a virtual network of signalized intersections was created for use in a driving simulator equipped with head and eye tracking equipment. Fourteen drivers were recruited to participate in the experiment, which included two independent variables (permissive signal indication and presence of opposing traffic). The primary dependent variable was the associated eye movements at permissive left-turns, including the magnitude of time focused on each potential cue and the pattern in which cues were detected. To complete the analysis, eye movements were tracked and the screen was divided into “areas of interest,” which coincided with potential cues used in the completion of a permissive left turn. For each permissive scenario, drivers used more total cues when no opposing traffic was present. Specifically, in the absence of opposing traffic, drivers fixated on a wider array of available information. When opposing traffic was present, drivers spent a majority of time focused on opposing traffic and would use this as a base point from which they would glance at other data sources. Overall, drivers looked at least once at the protected/permissive left-turn (PPLT) signal display and the opposing traffic stream. Drivers tended to scan the intersection from right to left, after initially locating the PPLT signal display and opposing traffic and/or stop bar area. The results of the eye movement analysis are consistent with data obtained in a follow-up static evaluation.
One-Shot Composition of Vision-Based Skills from Demonstration

We consider the problem of learning multi-stage vision-based tasks on a real robot from a single video of a human performing the task, while leveraging demonstration data of subtasks with other objects. This problem presents a number of major challenges. Video demonstrations without teleoperation are easy for humans to provide, but do not provide any direct supervision. Learning policies from raw pixels enables full generality but calls for large function approximators with many parameters to be learned. Finally, compound tasks can require impractical amounts of demonstration data, when treated as a monolithic skill. To address these challenges, we propose a method that learns both how to learn primitive behaviors from video demonstrations and how to dynamically compose these behaviors to perform multi-stage tasks by “watching” a human demonstrator. Our results on a simulated Sawyer robot and real PR2 robot illustrate our method for learning a variety of order fulfillment and kitchen serving tasks with novel objects and raw pixel inputs. Video results are linked at https://sites.google.com/view/one-shot-hil.
Systematic age‐, organ‐, and diet‐associated ionome remodeling and the development of ionomic aging clocks

Aging involves coordinated yet distinct changes in organs and systems throughout life, including changes in essential trace elements. However, how aging affects tissue element composition (ionome) and how these changes lead to dysfunction and disease remain unclear. Here, we quantified changes in the ionome across eight organs and 16 age groups of mice. This global profiling revealed novel interactions between elements at the level of tissue, age, and diet, and allowed us to achieve a broader, organismal view of the aging process. We found that while the entire ionome steadily transitions along the young-to-old trajectory, individual organs are characterized by distinct element changes. The ionome of mice on calorie restriction (CR) moved along a similar but shifted trajectory, pointing that at the organismal level this dietary regimen changes metabolism in order to slow down aging. However, in some tissues CR mimicked a younger state of control mice. Even though some elements changed with age differently in different tissues, in general aging was characterized by the reduced levels of elements as well as their increased variance. The dataset we prepared also allowed to develop organ-specific, ionome-based markers of aging that could help monitor the rate of aging. In some tissues, these markers reported the lifespan-extending effect of CR. These aging biomarkers have the potential to become an accessible tool to test the age-modulating effects of interventions.
Novel Hot-Spot Ignition Designs for Inertial Confinement Fusion with Liquid-Deuterium-Tritium Spheres.

A new class of ignition designs is proposed for inertial confinement fusion experiments. These designs are based on the hot-spot ignition approach, but instead of a conventional target that is comprised of a spherical shell with a thin frozen deuterium-tritium (DT) layer, a liquid DT sphere inside a wetted-foam shell is used, and the lower-density central region and higher-density shell are created dynamically by appropriately shaping the laser pulse. These offer several advantages, including simplicity in target production (suitable for mass production for inertial fusion energy), absence of the fill tube (leading to a more-symmetric implosion), and lower sensitivity to both laser imprint and physics uncertainty in shock interaction with the ice-vapor interface. The design evolution starts by launching an $\ensuremath{\sim}1$-Mbar shock into a DT sphere. After bouncing from the center, the reflected shock reaches the outer surface of the sphere and the shocked material starts to expand outward. Supporting ablation pressure ultimately stops such expansion and subsequently launches a shock toward the target center, compressing the ablator and fuel, and forming a shell. The shell is then accelerated and fuel is compressed by appropriately shaping the drive laser pulse, forming a hot spot using the conventional or shock ignition approaches. This Letter demonstrates the feasibility of the new concept using hydrodynamic simulations and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the concept compared with more-traditional inertial confinement fusion designs.
Closing the Loop on Collections Review

Resource cancelations happen all the time; however, assessing the outcomes of this process isn’t necessarily a priority. As our profession continues to move toward data supported decisions, how can...
30. IMPROVING THE IMPACT OF A PRIMARY CARE ASYNCHRONOUS CURRICULUM IN PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY

Background Few studies have assessed the efficacy of asynchronous curricula (AC) in GME. In 2018 we introduced the John Hopkins Physician Education & Assessment Center, a module-based pediatric primary care AC to replace in-person didactics (IPD). While residents liked the concept of AC, usage was low. This led to further investigation to optimize the impact of AC, resulting in a new blended curriculum (BC). Aim Identify barriers to AC use; compare usage and satisfaction with AC alone vs. BC; determine if poor AC use in 2018 impacted knowledge as measured on the pediatric in-training exam (ITE). Design A survey was sent to residents exposed to 1 year of AC to assess barriers and preference for IPD vs. AC. Results prompted design of a BC for 2019 with monthly resident-led conferences and faculty-led board review on assigned modules with incentives for module completion (MC). After 6 months of BC use, satisfaction and MC were assessed. ITE scores were collected from 2018 and 2019 for those exposed to a year of IPD and then a year of AC. Questions on primary care topics (PCT) were identified and a PCT subscore was computed. Results 22/32 residents (69%) exposed to 1 year of AC completed the survey. 73% preferred a blend of IPD and AC, whereas prior to AC, 65% preferred AC to IPD. 68% cited either lack of protected time (41%) or accountability (23%) as barriers to MC. After 6 months of exposure to BC, 35/57 residents (61%) responded to the next survey; there was no preference for any one BC component. MC for AC vs. BC was compared for 52 residents; median MC in 6 months increased by 3 in BC (p Conclusion A BC with in-person components and more accountability led to higher MC, underscoring the need to accommodate diverse learning styles. Resident PCT scores decreased significantly after 1 year of the underutilized AC. Further study will determine the impact of better BC participation on PCT scores.
Molecular determinants that govern scaRNA processing by Drosha/DGCR8

The Cajal body (CB) is a subnuclear domain that participates in the biogenesis of many different types of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), including small nuclear RNPs (snRNPs), small Cajal body-specific RNPs (scaRNPs) and telomerase. Most scaRNAs, the RNA component of scaRNPs, accumulate in CBs. However, there are three scaRNAs (scaRNA 2, 9, and 17) that are known to be processed into small, nucleolar-enriched fragments. Evidence suggests that these fragments are packaged into a new class of RNPs, called regulatory RNPs (regRNPs), and may modify small nucleolar RNP (snoRNP) activity, thus playing a role in rRNA modification. However, the mechanism by which these fragments are produced is unknown. Previous work has reported the involvement of Drosha and DGCR8 in the cleavage of primary-scaRNA9. Here, we expand on that knowledge by identifying sequence elements necessary for the efficient production of these RNA fragments and demonstrate that primary scaRNA 2 and 17 are also processed by the Drosha-DGCR8 complex. Collectively, our work establishes new factors in the scaRNP biogenesis pathway and adds to the ever-expanding list of noncanonical functions for the microprocessor complex.
Error-free recombination in sugarcane mediated by only 30 nucleotides of homology and CRISPR/Cas9 induced DNA breaks or Cre-recombinase.

Precision genome editing by homology directed repair has tremendous potential for crop improvement. This study describes in planta homologous recombination mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 induced DNA double strand break in proximity to a single short (∼30 nt) homology arm. The efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated recombination between two loxP sites was compared with Cre (Cyclization recombination enzyme) and codon-optimized Cre-mediated site-specific recombination in sugarcane. A transgenic locus was generated with a selectable nptII coding sequence with terminator between two loxP sites located downstream of a constitutive promoter and acting as transcription block for the downstream promoter-less gusA coding sequence with terminator. Recombination between the two loxP sites resulted in deletion of the transcription block and restored gus activity. This transgenic locus provided an efficient screen for identification of recombination events in sugarcane callus following biolistic delivery of Cre, codon-optimized Cre, or the combination of sgRNA and Cas9 targeting the 5' loxP site. The Cre codon optimized for sugarcane displayed the highest efficiency in mediating the recombination that restored gus activity followed by cre and CRISPR/Cas9. Remarkably the short region of homology of the loxP site cleaved by Cas9 (30 nt)-mediated error-free recombination in all 21 events from three different experiments that were analyzed by Sanger sequencing consistent with homology directed repair. These findings will inform rational design of strategies for precision genome editing in plants.
Young Adults Underestimate How Well Peers Adhere to COVID-19 Preventive Behavioral Guidelines.

To combat the rampant spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has provided Americans with empirically supported preventive behavioral guidelines (e.g., wearing a face mask). However, there is a need to develop behavioral strategies that can effectively increase adherence to these guidelines, especially for young adults, who report particularly poor adherence. Across several domains of prevention science, norms-based interventions have successfully motivated constructive health behavior by correcting normative misperceptions, but these strategies are only relevant when these misperceptions are widespread. We examined the accuracy of young adults’ perceptions of peers’ adherence to CDC-recommended behavioral guidelines (i.e., perceived social norms) to assess the rationale for employing norm-correcting strategies. Young adult college students (N = 539; Mage = 19.5 years) self-reported their level of adherence to a list of preventive behavioral guidelines and estimated the norms regarding the extent to which other young adults adhered to these guidelines. We measured adherence and perceived norms for each guideline in terms of adherence frequency, ranging from 0 to 100% of the time. We found that young adults, on average, underestimated the extent to which other young adults adhere to each of the recommended preventive behaviors. That is, young adults tended to think that other young adults are failing to adhere to CDC guidelines, whereas our self-reported data showed adherence frequency may be quite high. Moreover, we found positive associations between self-reported adherence and perceptions of others’ adherence—that is, those who underestimated others’ adherence also self-reported lower adherence to guidelines. Findings from this study establish proof-of-concept for the development of norms-based strategies designed to improve young adults’ adherence to preventive behavioral guidelines that are both specific to the COVID-19 pandemic and that prepare for future contagious outbreaks.
Parenting and Adolescents’ Academic Achievement: The Mediating Role of Goal Engagement and Disengagement

Prior research has investigated parental behavior and students’ motivation separately as predictors of adolescents’ academic achievement. The current study jointly examined the associations between parental behavior, adolescents’ motivation, and academic achievement. Using data collected from participants in youth programs (N = 220), we investigated whether students’ academic goal engagement and disengagement mediates the association between adolescents’ relationships with their parents and their academic achievement. Findings from regression-based mediation models indicated that adolescents’ perceived maternal support was positively associated with their academic achievement, and that this association was mediated by students’ engagement with academic goals. Perceived maternal psychological control was negatively associated with students’ academic success, mediated by students’ academic goal disengagement. Supplementary analyses examining components of perceived parental support and psychological control showed that maternal warmth may be most beneficial for adolescents’ academic success, whereas maternal devaluation may be most detrimental. Perceived paternal psychological control was only associated with lower academic achievement, but was not related to adolescents’ goal disengagement.
LANDSAT-1 IMAGERY FOR GEOLOGIC EVALUATION

The paper reviews the geologic evaluation of the North Carolina coastal plain using Landsat-1 imagery as related to a general study of the geomorphology to assess the imagery as a tool for upgrading the understanding of the coastal plain, along with recognition of subsurface structures. Among the more prominent features displayed on the Landsat imagery are the scarps and beach ridges associated with former positions of the shoreline. Compilations of various types of lineaments reveal two dominant trends, one northwest-southeast and the other northeast-southwest, which are significant in the tectonic development of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The synoptic view recorded by the satellite allows a perspective that aids geologic studies of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
The Sharing-Mart System: Digital Content Sharing, Online Auctions, and Incentives

This paper introduces Sharing-Mart (S-Mart), an online digital trading platform developed at Princeton University to perform social file sharing experiments on top of technological networks as overlays. It describes the S-Mart system, the experiments conducted, and incentivization aspects which can be investigated using S-Mart. In the first part of the paper, the S-Mart system and the experiments conducted are explained, and the economic behaviors and dynamics of package auctions run on S-Mart are described. The major experimental observation that stands out here is that Internet users are less incentivized to share content on competitive applications, whose success depends on the co-operation of other users in the system. To alleviate incentivization issues in these applications, in the second part of the paper a mathematical framework is proposed that derives user population threshold values, which hint at the necessity of a certain base population strength in S-Mart for co-operation to take place amongst all the users. An outline of two experiments to validate the theory is presented.
Decision Making Under Pressure and Constraints: Bounded Rationality

The origins of bounded rationality in the pioneering research of Herbert A. Simon are presented, and the influence of these original ideas are traced forward to examine how they have influenced a wide variety of contemporary lines of psychological research on both, the capabilities and mechanisms of human judgment and decision making. Keywords: bounded rationality; SEU; satisficing; Simon's scissors; human decision making
Composing Dwarfism: Reframing Short Stature in Contemporary Photography

This paper will explore the work of two contemporary dwarf photographers, Ricardo Gil and Laura Swanson, who use different conceptual and technical methods to re-frame the figure of the dwarf subject. The dwarf has often been a marginalized subject in the history of photography, so I am interested in exploring how the strategies that Gil and Swanson employ might resist reductive meanings, and offer alternative readings to the dwarf beyond the oppositional gaze. The articulation of these methods will be prefaced by a focused discussion of dwarf depictions in the history of photography based on the intentions of the photographer, so that the work of several photographers might be powerfully juxtaposed with the radical counter-strategies that Gil and Swanson utilize. Figure 1 and 2: Figure 3 and 4: Figure 5 and 6: Figure 7 and 8: Figure 9 and 10: Figure 11 and 12: Figure 13 and 14: Figure 15 and 16: Figure 17 and 18: Image Credits Figure 1: George Dureau, Short Sonny , ca. 1970, photograph courtesy of Arthur Roger Gallery Figure 2: George Dureau, Ricardo Gil , ca. 1970, photograph courtesy of Arthur Roger Gallery Figure 3: Ricardo Gil and George Dureau , 2012, photograph courtesy of Jason Kruppa Figure 4: Arthur Fellig (Weegee), Drinking In Style , 1943: Shorty, the “Bowery Cherub” celebrates New Year's Eve at Sammy's Bar, in the Bowery district of New York. © Weegee (Arthur Fellig)/International Center of Photography /Getty Images Figure 5: Mary Ellen Mark, Twin Brothers Tulsi and Basant (Great Famous Circus, Calcutta, India) , 1989, photograph courtesy of the artist Figure 6: Bruce Davidson, The Dwarf , 1958, photograph courtesy of Magnum Photos, New York Figure 7: Ricardo Gil, Walking Man and Mannequins , c. 1996, photograph courtesy the artist Figures 8 & 9: David’s Kitchen , 1997, and Ricardo Gil, Charles, Eric and Meg , 1999, photographs courtesy of the artist Figures 10 & 11: Garry Winogrand, New York, ca. 1968 and American Legion Convention, Dallas, Texas, 1964 © The Estate of Garry Winogrand, photographs courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco Figures 12 & 13: Kevin Michael Connolly, Girl; London, England , 2007, and Man; Reykjavik, Iceland , 2007, photographs courtesy of the artist Figures 14 – 17: Laura Swanson, Anti-Self Portraits , 2005-2008, photographs courtesy the artist Figure 18: Joel-Peter Witkin, Dwarf From Naples, Rome, 2006 © Joel-Peter Witkin / photograph courtesy Catherine Edelman Gallery, Chicago
An improved two‐dimensional depth‐integrated flow equation for rough‐walled fractures

[1] We present the development of an improved 2-D flow equation for rough-walled fractures. Our improved equation accounts for the influence of midsurface tortuosity and the fact that the aperture normal to the midsurface is in general smaller than the vertical aperture. It thus improves upon the well-known Reynolds equation that is widely used for modeling flow in fractures. Unlike the Reynolds equation, our approach begins from the lubrication approximation applied in an inclined local coordinate system tangential to the fracture midsurface. The local flow equation thus obtained is rigorously transformed to an arbitrary global Cartesian coordinate system, invoking the concepts of covariant and contravariant transformations for vectors defined on surfaces. Unlike previously proposed improvements to the Reynolds equation, our improved flow equation accounts for tortuosity both along and perpendicular to a flow path. Our approach also leads to a well-defined anisotropic local transmissivity tensor relating the representations of the flux and head gradient vectors in a global Cartesian coordinate system. We show that the principal components of the transmissivity tensor and the orientation of its principal axes depend on the directional local midsurface slopes. In rough-walled fractures, the orientations of the principal axes of the local transmissivity tensor will vary from point to point. The local transmissivity tensor also incorporates the influence of the local normal aperture, which is uniquely defined at each point in the fracture. Our improved flow equation is a rigorous statement of mass conservation in any global Cartesian coordinate system. We present three examples of simple geometries to compare our flow equation to analytical solutions obtained using the exact Stokes equations: an inclined parallel plate, and circumferential and axial flows in an incomplete annulus. The effective transmissivities predicted by our flow equation agree very well with values obtained using the exact Stokes equations in all these cases. We discuss potential limitations of our depth-integrated equation, which include the neglect of convergence/divergence and the inaccuracies implicit in any depth-averaging process near sharp corners where the wall and midsurface curvatures are large.
Driving Performance under Nighttime Conditions of Visual Degradation

Nighttime driving performance was studied in relation to four different driving tasks and four levels of visual degradation. Four matched but task-differentiated groups of four Ss each drove an ins...
Effect of prenatal marijuana exposure on the cognitive development of offspring at age three

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance among pregnant women. Although there has been substantial concern about the effects of substance use during pregnancy, few studies have assessed the effects of prenatal exposure to marijuana and even fewer have provided longitudinal data on the developmental outcome of offspring. This is a report from a longitudinal study of substance use during pregnancy. The women in the cohort were of lower socioeconomic status, most were single, half were white and half were African-American. Women were interviewed at the fourth and seventh prenatal months, and women and children were assessed at delivery, 8, 18, and 36 months. Pediatric assessment included physical and cognitive development. At each study phase, mothers were interviewed about life style, living situation, current substance use, sociodemographic, and psychological status. Findings are reported on 655 women and children who were assessed at the third year. There were significant negative effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on the performance of 3-year-old children on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. The effects were associated with exposure during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Among the offspring of white women, these effects were moderated by the child's attendance at preschool/day-care at age three.
Quantitative approach to the sequential degradation of proteins and peptides.

IT has been known for many years that quantitative as well as qualitative information can be derived from the Edman sequential degradation method1,2, but the variable recovery of liberated thiohydantoin derivatives of the constituent amino-acids has made an accurate quantitative analysis of proteins and pep tides difficult. We report here an approach to a quantitative protein degradation method using a volatile Edman reagent (methyl isothiocyanate3), an isotope dilution step for quantitation of the data, and an isotope ratio assay using conventional mass spectrometry4.
Advanced flip-chip package production solution for 40nm/28nm technology nodes

The key technology challenges and solutions in the packaging and assembly of large dies and/or fine pitch on organic substrates for both the 40 and 28 nm technology nodes are reported. Both eutectic PbSn, Pb-free solders, and Cu pillar bumps were used in the flip chip packages. The key challenge of chip-package-integrations (CPI) due to the use of fragile extreme low-k (ELK) dielectric materials in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) layer has been resolved by the redesigning of the BEOL structure and optimizing the materials set including both the organic substrate and solder materials, along with process improvements.
Evidence on the clonal versus non-clonal origin of dark green islands in virus infected tobacco leaves

Abstract The origin of green islands which appear as virus-free areas in a tobacco leaf systemically infected with tobacco mosaic virus, was investigated by means of genetic markers. ‘Twin spots’ are visually identifiable regions of clonally related green homozygous (+/+) and yellow homozygous (Su/Su) tissue in leaves of Nicotiana tabacum var. John William Broadleaf heterozygous (Su/+) for the sulfur mutation. Green island which were totally contained within the genetically green portion of twin spots were excised. The upper epidermis plus the mesophyll layers, and the lower epidermis, were separately cultured, yielding plants of two distinct genetic clones. Green (+/+) plants were regenerated from the mesophyll layers while heterozygous, yellow-green (Su/+) plants were recovered from the lower epidermis. When tissues from the regenerated plants were indexed for virus on leaves of Pinto bean, 38% of the plants derived from both the green (+/+) and the heterozygous (Su/+) tissue of green islands were found to be free of the virus. Based on observations of the extent of green islands, it was calculated that only 0.56% of both plant genotypes would be expected to have been virus free if the event producing a green island involved a clonal origin of cells. Our results support the notion that a diffusible substance may be involved in the origin of green islands.
Details of the nucleic acid binding site of T4 gene 32 protein revealed by proteolysis and DNA Tm depression methods.

Abstract The affinities and location of oligonucleotides bound to intact and truncated bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein have been elucidated by two independent and sensitive methods. The nucleic acid binding site is located within the core domain of 32 protein, residues 22-253. Oligonucleotides protect the core domain against proteolysis catalyzed by mammalian endoproteinase Arg-C. Of the three cleavage sites, Arg111, within the internal “LAST” ((Lys/Arg) 3 (Ser/Thr) 2 ) motif, is selectively protected. We have previously suggested that these LAST residues, Lys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Ser, residues 110-114, are involved in nucleic acid binding, and our results are also consistent with crystallographic studies. The inhibitory effects of oligonucleotides on the kinetics of core domain proteolysis were used to quantify binding affinities. In addition, affinities of oligonucleotides for both core domain and intact protein were obtained from their effect on the T m -depressing activities of these proteins. For both core and intact protein, the degree of affinity increases with oligonucleotide length. The presence of a 5′ terminal phosphate increases the affinity two- to fourfold. Placement of methylphosphonodiester (uncharged) linkages at alternating linkages vastly lowers binding affinity for the intact protein and core domain. We conclude that at least two and likely three adjacent phosphodiester linkages are a minimal requirement for binding, further defining the electrostatic component of the interaction. The length-dependence of binding affinity suggests that additional interactions, both ionic and non-ionic, likely occur with longer oligonucleotides.