cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution dispersed 2D graphene & MoS 2 for an inkjet printed biocompatible photodetector

Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have shown promise for a wide range of semiconducting devices which can be formed not only on rigid Si substrates but also low-cost, flexible and biocompatible substrates. In this paper, we have tested the biocompatibility of various 2D materials, such as graphene and MoS 2 in several organic solvents. Specifically, these materials have been dispersed in Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA), a mixture of Cyclohexanone/Terpineol with a 7∶3 ratios (C/T), and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The electrical properties were characterized of all drop cast solutions. For preliminary analysis of the electrically-conducting dispersions of graphene and MoS 2 , the solutions were drop cast onto thin, flexible and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide films. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (STOs) were used to perform biocompatibility assays. Optical microscopy was used to gauge the degree of biocompatibility of all of the formulated dispersions. We also highlighted an inkjet printed photodetector which can be considered as a future possibility for in vivo photo sensing applications.
SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-SHP-2 is a novel anti-fibrotic regulator in pulmonary fibrosis

Rationale: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic fatal lung disease with dismal prognosis and ineffective treatment. The potential role of the ubiquitously expressed SH2 domain-containing-tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) as a therapeutic target has not been studied in IPF Objectives: To determine the role of SHP2 in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Methods: The effects of SHP2 overexpression and inhibition on fibroblast response to pro-fibrotic stimuli were analyzed in-vitro in primary human and mouse lung fibroblasts and in-vivo in the bleomycin-model of lung fibrosis. Results: SHP2 was downregulated in lungs derived from patients with IPF at the mRNA and protein level and immunolocalization studies revealed that SHP2 expression was absent within fibroblastic foci. Loss of SHP2 expression or activity was sufficient to induce fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation in primary human lung fibroblasts. Overexpression of constitutively active SHP2 reduced the responsiveness of fibroblasts to pro-fibrotic stimuli, including significant reductions in cell survival and myofibroblast differentiation. SHP2 effects were mediated through deactivation of fibrosis-relevant tyrosine-kinase and serine/threonine-kinase signaling pathways. Mice carrying the Noonan-syndrome-associated gain-of-function SHP2 mutation (SHP2D61G/+) were resistant to bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Restoration of SHP2 levels in-vivo through lentiviral delivery blunted bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusions: Our data suggest that SHP2 is an important regulator of fibroblast homeostasis. Augmentation of SHP2 activity or expression should be investigated as a novel therapeutic strategy for IPF.
Conformal Robotic Stereolithography

Abstract Additive manufacturing by layerwise photopolymerization, commonly called stereolithography (SLA), is attractive due to its high resolution and diversity of materials chemistry. However, traditional SLA methods are restricted to planar substrates and planar layers that are perpendicular to a single-axis build direction. Here, we present a robotic system that is capable of maskless layerwise photopolymerization on curved surfaces, enabling production of large-area conformal patterns and the construction of conformal freeform objects. The system comprises an industrial six-axis robot and a custom-built maskless projector end effector. Use of the system involves creating a mesh representation of the freeform substrate, generation of a triangulated toolpath with curved layers that represents the target object to be printed, precision mounting of the substrate in the robot workspace, and robotic photopatterning of the target object by coordinated motion of the robot and substrate. We demonstrate printi...
Challenges to implementing culturally specific models in juvenile corrections

ABSTRACTThis research explores the challenges of implementing culturally specific models within juvenile corrections in the United States. In-depth interviews with 16 staff at a private correctional facility working with incarcerated youth revealed the barriers to recognizing cultural differences among juveniles, promoting an environment that prioritizes and encourages diversity, and creating a system of corrections that reflects the specific cultural needs of the incarcerated youth served. Such research highlights how the traditional framework of the U.S. criminal justice system is structured to favor white juveniles while failing to provide culturally specific models that address the needs of youth of color.
Material Hardship and Self-Rated Mental Health among Older Black Americans in the National Survey of American Life.

This article examines the association between material hardships and self-rated mental health (SRMH) among older black Americans and determines whether the effect varies by race and ethnicity. Using data from the National Survey of American Life, multiple logistic regression models were specified on a sample of older white Americans (n = 289), African Americans (n = 1,135), and black Caribbean Americans (n = 377). Material hardship was measured as an index of seven items that occurred within the past year. Material hardship (odds ratio = 0.48; 95 percent confidence interval = 0.29-0.79) was associated with SRMH for both groups. None of the interactions were significant. The study concludes that material hardship may contribute to poorer SRMH among older African Americans and black Caribbean Americans. Future studies should examine these associations by using longitudinal designs, which may be better designed to confirm these results.
Simulating the Effects of Nutrient Loading Rates and Hypoxia on Bay Anchovy in Chesapeake Bay Using Coupled Hydrodynamic, Water Quality, and Individual-Based Fish Models

Water quality in the Chesapeake Bay has decreased since the 1950s due to an increase in nutrient loadings that have increased the extent and duration of hypoxic conditions. Restoration via large-scale reductions in nutrient loadings is now underway. How reducing nutrient loadings will affect water quality is well predicted; however, the effects of reduced nutrients (reduced food availability) and associated reduced hypoxia on fish are generally unknown as most water quality models do not include trophic levels higher than zooplankton. We dynamically coupled a spatially explicit, individual-based population dynamics model of juvenile and adult anchovy to the three-dimensional Chesapeake Bay eutrophication model. Growth rates of individual anchovy were calculated using a bioenergetics equation. Anchovy consumption rates were forced by zooplankton densities from the water quality model, and anchovy consumption of zooplankton was added as an additional mortality term on zooplankton in the eutrophication model. Anchovy mortality was size dependent and their movement depended on water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and zooplankton concentrations. Multi-year simulations with fixed annual recruitment were performed under decreased, baseline, and increased nutrient loadings scenarios. The results of our analyses show that anchovy responses to changed nutrient loadings are dominated by changes in productivity, including simultaneous changes in growth and mortality rates, and spatial distribution, and depend on life stage. As such, we recommend using full life cycle, spatially explicit population models that are dynamically coupled to water quality models as a tool for predicting the effects of changes in nutrient loadings on fish population dynamics.
A New Role of Mister (MR) T in Hypertension: Mineralocorticoid Receptor, Immune System, and Hypertension.

Emerging evidence has shown that inflammation and immunity play a central role in the genesis of hypertension. Cells of the immune system, including macrophages and T cells, have been observed in tissues of humans with hypertension and experimental evidence dating to the 1960s has suggested that both the elevation in blood pressure and end-organ damage are in part mediated by this immune cell infiltration. Studies in the past decade have shown that mice lacking T cells are protected against both angiotensin II and salt-sensitive hypertension and that adoptive transfer of T cells restores blood pressure in these animals. The T cells that accumulate in kidneys and vessels release inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 17A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), that promote vascular dysfunction and renal damage.1 Macrophages and dendritic cells in tissues also release cytokines and metalloproteinases. These powerful signals affect vascular function by promoting vasoconstriction, remodeling, and fibrosis, and in the kidney, locally released cytokines alter renal tubular sodium reabsorption and antagonize pressure natriuresis. Article, see p 1584 There is interest in the subsets of immune cells contributing to hypertension, with evidence supporting roles of CD8+ T cells, TH17 CD4+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Studies in mice and humans have emphasized a role of CD8+ T cells in hypertension, as these cells seem to be major sources of IFN-γ and an oligoclonal population of these cells accumulates in the kidney of hypertensive mice. Moreover, CD8−/− mice are partially protected against angiotensin II– and DOCA-salt–induced hypertension, whereas CD4−/− mice are not.2 There is an increased number of circulating senescent CD8+ T cells in humans with hypertension that produce IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, granzyme B and perforin and this is accompanied by a striking increase …
Authority Control in Organizing and Accessing Information: Definition and International Experience: Edited by Arlene G. Taylor and Barbara B. Tillett. NY: Haworth Information Press. 651 pp. $34.95 (also published as Cataloging and Classification Quarterly 38, 3/4 and 39, 1/2) soft ISBN 078902716X

This volume contains the proceedings of the international conference held in Florence, Italy, 10–12 February 2003, plus five additional papers solicited for this publication. It contains an overvie...
γ-AApeptides as a New Strategy for Therapeutic Development

A new class of peptidomimetics termed as "γ-AApeptides" was recently developed by our group. Similar to other peptidomimetics, γ-AApeptides are resistant to proteolytic degradation, and possess limitless potential to introduce chemically diverse functional groups. γ-AApeptides have shown great promise in biomedical applications. In this article, we will review a few examples of γ-AApeptides with biological potential. Certain γ-AApeptides can permeate cell membranes and therefore they can be used as potential drug carrier. γ-AApeptides can also bind to HIV RNA with high specificity and affinity, suggesting their potential application as anti-HIV agents. Moreover, they can mimic host-defense peptides and display potent and broad-spectrum activity towards a range of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. They are also potential anti-cancer agents. For instance, they have shown great promise in targeted imaging of tumor in mouse model, and they are also capable of disrupting p53/DNA interactions, and thus antagonize STAT3 signaling pathway. Recently, from combinatorial screening, γ-AApeptides are identified to inhibit Aβ peptide aggregation, and thus they can be developed into potential anti- Alzheimer's disease agent.
Multipoint Control for Single Axis Vibration Testing

In mechanical testing for system qualification, test engineers often face the challenge of representing a multi-axis vibration environment using a single-axis shaker table with only one degree of freedom for control. On large, complicated systems, the target environments are often defined as power spectral densities (PSDs) of a random vibration signal at multiple locations. These PSDs are almost invariably defined such that they are not physically realizable in any boundary condition. If one location responds with exactly its target PSD, another location will respond with a PSD that is different from its respective target. This paper presents a control strategy that minimizes an error between the responses and their respective targets, given a single actuation input. By estimating a model in real-time, an optimal input can be solved for each iteration of the control loop to adjust the excitation input and properly track responses. Implementing this control algorithm on a linear time invariant system by filtering the feedback sent to standard shaker controller hardware, there was a 4.3 dB and 3.5 dB variance in filter magnitude when using a 2.5 s model history and 5 s model history respectively. When applying this scheme to the LTV model, we noticed a stable change in filter magnitude. This paper has been approved for release as LA-UR-17-29695.
Robotic Resection of an 8 mm Nonexophitic Pancreatic Insulinoma

Abstract Introduction: Pancreatic insulinomas are rare pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Most insulinomas are benign and can be safely enucleated. Traditionally these tumors undergo open resecti...
Nonequilibrium effects and the compton energy exchange

It is shown that for given radiation energy a Planckian photon spectrum gives the maximum rate of energy exchange between electrons and photons due to Compton scattering.
Impact and diagnostic gaps of multiplex genomic profiling (MGP) in an academic community-based cancer center.

e24154Background: NGS-based MGP on tumor tissue and plasma is becoming common practice, identifying potentially clinically actionable genetic alterations. Its impact as part of routine management a...
Ontogeny of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate metabolism in guinea pig cerebral cortex

The effects of norepinephrine, histamine and adenosine, singly or in combinations, on the accumulation of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate were examined in slices of cerebral cortex from strain 2 guinea pigs at 40 to 68 days of gestation. The response to histamine was 2-fold at 40 days, increased to 19-fold at 55 days and declined there after toward the adult value of 4-fold. The response to adenosine was first apparent at 44 days and developed rapidly to a maximum of about 40-fold at 55 days. The response to norepinephrine remained at about 2-fold throughout the entire period. Synergistic responses to combinations of pairs of agents all became visible at 42 days and the degree of synergism was maximal by 47 to 48 days of gestation. The pharmacological characteristics of responses in fetal tissue resembled those in adult tissue in that the effects of norepinephrine in the presence of either adenosine or histamine were mediated principally by α-adrenergic receptors and the responses to histamine were more effectively inhibited by H1 and H2 antagonists in the presence and absence of adenosine, respectively.
First-Order Logic

We next consider first-order logic, which is also called quantification theory and predicate calculus.1 Initially we discuss first-order logic without equality, and then we discuss first-order logic with equality in §26.
Prevalence of Listeria spp. in produce handling and processing facilities in the Pacific Northwest.

Listeria monocytogenes is a significant concern for the produce industry; however, there is limited information to support the practical decision-making to mitigate this risk. This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in seven produce handling and processing (PHP) facilities in the Pacific Northwest. PHP facilities were defined as facilities that receive raw agricultural commodities and further handle, pack, wash, or process prior to distribution into the retail sector. Environmental swabs (n = 50/facility) were collected in high-risk areas (e.g., near raw product entry points) from seven PHP facilities over two visits. Listeria spp. were isolated using modified ISO 11290-1 method and speciated with Microgen® Listeria-ID. Listeria spp., including L. monocytogenes, were found in 5/7 PHP. Prevalence of Listeria spp. ranged from 2% to 26% in these five facilities. Drains, entry areas, and portable equipment consistently tested positive for Listeria spp. during active production. Two additional sampling rounds (n = 50/round) were conducted in the highest prevalence facility (Facility #1). Overall, Listeria spp. were detected in 44/150 (29.3%) swabs collected from Facility #1. This study demonstrated the high prevalence of Listeria spp. near raw product entry points across PHP facilities.
Representation of conscious percept without report in the macaque face patch network

A powerful paradigm to identify the neural correlates of consciousness is binocular rivalry, wherein a constant visual stimulus evokes a varying conscious percept. It has recently been suggested that activity modulations observed during rivalry could represent the act of report rather than the conscious percept itself. Here, we performed single-unit recordings from face patches in macaque inferotemporal (IT) cortex using a no-report paradigm in which the animal's conscious percept was inferred from eye movements. We found high proportions of IT neurons represented the conscious percept even without active report. Population activity in single trials, measured using a new 128-site Neuropixels-like electrode, was more weakly modulated by rivalry than by physical stimulus transitions, but nevertheless allowed decoding of the changing conscious percept. These findings suggest that macaque face patches encode both the physical stimulus and the animal's conscious visual percept, and the latter encoding does not require active report.
Overnight work-travel, work-to-family conflict, and psychological distress

Overnight work-related travel (OWT) is a job demand that is increasing among employees in the United States. Research suggests the impact of OWT is positively associated with work-to-family conflic...
Teaching Machine Learning: A Step towards Introducing Computing in Undergraduate Education

Stimulating a wider audience to learn about computing is a popular and important area of research. As a result, we see emerging efforts to create new undergraduate programs to prepare students for careers unavoidably connected to software development [1], [2]. Our own research motivation comes from such recent efforts and our primary goal is to offer a course on Machine Learning (ML) as a platform for students of different backgrounds to collaborate while learning together.
On the Measurement of Subjective Apprehension Risk

Do people think about offending risk in verbal or numerical terms? Does the elicitation method affect reported subjective probabilities? Rational choice models require potential outcomes (e.g., ben...
Central Camina pairs

Let (G, Z(G)) be a Camina pair. We prove that ∣G: Z(G)∣ > ∣Z(G)∣2 when G has nilpotence class at least 4. When G has nilpotence class 3, we show that ∣G: Z(G)∣ > ∣Z(G)∣3/2. Under the additional assumption that Z2(G) ∣Z(G)∣3 is obtained.
Heat Transfer Physics: Molecular Orbitals/Potentials/Dynamics, and Quantum Energy States

Energy is stored within atoms (electrons and relativistic effects) and in the bonds among them when they form molecules, and also between these molecules when they form clusters and bulk materials. In this chapter we review the intraatomic and interatomic forces and energies (potentials). We examine electron orbitals of atoms and molecules and review ab initio computations of interatomic potentials and potential models. Then we discuss the dynamics (and scales) of molecular (or particle) interactions in classical (Newtonian and Hamiltonian) treatments of multi-body dynamics and the relationship between the microscopic and macroscopic states (particle ensembles). We also begin examining the quantum energy states of the simple harmonic oscillator, free-electron gas, and electrons in hydrogen atom orbitals, by seeking exact solutions to the Schrodinger equation. Interatomic Forces and Potential Wells Atoms and molecules, at sufficiently low temperatures, can aggregate into linked structures that form what we know as the condensed phases of matter. What causes this aggregation behavior are the attractive forces generated by the opposite electrical charges of each particle (be it individual atom, ion, or polar molecule) in the system. These forces are in turn caused by the innate charges of the constituent subatomic particles of each atom, ion, or molecule. All physical and chemical bonding is the result of such molecular forces that are electrical in origin (the Coulomb forces).
Beyond Embedded: Creating an Online-Learning Community Integrating Information Literacy and Composition Courses

Abstract This article recounts our experience developing an embedded librarian model which evolved into a fully integrated learning community, pairing online composition with an online information literacy credit-bearing course. Our assessment of student success measures indicate that the positive trends we found under the embedded librarian program have continued to improve under the formal learning community model. We discuss the results of our qualitative and quantitative measures of the program's impact on student success and share our recommendations for further developments.
Transportation and Land Use Patterns: Monitoring Urban Change Using Aerial Photography, Portland, Oregon 1925-1945

An abstract of the thesis of Paul Hagen Fyfield for the Master of Science in Geography presented May 20,2003. Title: Transportation and Land Use Patterns: Monitoring Urban Change Using Aerial Photography, Portland, Oregon 1925-1945 American urban neighborhoods are a patchwork; the spatial arrangement of types is a reflection of the dominant transportation technology at the time of their development. The earliest suburban areas were made accessible by fixed route systems such as the electric streetcar, followed by the widespread adoption of the automobile; each transportation epoch resulted in characteristic patterns of land use. This study uses aerial photographic coverage of Portland, Oregon from the years 1925, 1936, and 1945, a time of decline for the once popular trolley lines and dramatic increase in automobile usage, to monitor change within the residential areas of Portland's east side over a twenty year period. Classic economic models of the time acknowledged transportation as a force shaping the city; modem ideas in urban planning such as Traditional Neighborhood Design and Transit Oriented Development look to pre-automobile urban form as a means to reduce automobile use and its negative implications. This study uses variables of housing density and street connectivity derived from the aerial photography; the measured values of these variables are then considered for their spatial and temporal distribution using statistical comparisons. The results are compared to ideas within the urban models and current thinking about urban morphology. While generally consistent with the expected patterns, deviations and differences between the two variables are considered for their implications. Models offer a simplified version of the growth of American cities, considering only a few of the many aspects of a dynamic environment. By isolating on these variables of density and connectivity, a greater understanding of their role in arriving at the modem residential urban environment may be reached, and this understanding can add to the discourse in current planning debates.
Metrics-based Sustainability Evaluation of Cryogenic Machining

Abstract Cryogenic machining is considered as the most sustainable alternative to conventional flood-cooled, near-dry and dry machining approaches in machining processes. This paper presents the application of a sustainability evaluation methodology for manufacturing processes, focusing on cryogenic machining processes. The methodology used here involves a metrics-based Process Sustainability Index ( ProcSI ) evaluation. To address the proper process conditions for cryogenic machining, different machining parameters, namely the cutting speed and the coolant flow rate, are used in the experiments as the controllable variables. The ProcSI assessment helps to decide on the best cutting conditions from the sustainable manufacturing viewpoint. During the evaluation procedure, the process behavior under different process conditions is considered and discussed in the analysis to understand the process mechanism and its controllability for achieving improved sustainability.
Non-Markovian Networks of Queues

In Chapter 3 we developed regenerative simulation methods for networks of queues with exponential service times and Markovian job routing. In this chapter, we derive analogous estimation procedures for networks with general service times. The development requires that we restrict attention to networks that have a “single state” in which all jobs are at the same service center with exactly one job in service. Regenerative cycles are defined in terms of entrances to the single state.
The linkage region of cartilage keratan sulfate to protein.

Abstract Glycopeptides derived from bovine nasal septum keratan sulfate by acid hydrolysis and gel chromatography are shown to be enriched in the carbohydrate-protein linkage region. The effects of alkali on these glycopeptides are compared to the effects on the starting material. It is shown that the β elimination caused by alkali is consistent with an O-glycosidic linkage between threonine or serine in the peptide and N-acetylgalactosamine in the carbohydrate chain. The glycopeptides were subjected to β elimination and reduction. The galactosamine destroyed by this treatment was converted to its reduced analog and the expected reduction products derived from serine and threonine were also formed. The carbohydrate fragments liberated were partially fractionated, and the disaccharide galactosyl-(1 →3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol from the linkage region was isolated and characterized.
Color discrimination after optic nerve regeneration in the fish Astronotus ocellatus

Abstract Fish were trained to jump at the correct (rewarded) one of two differently colored feeders and to avoid feeders of other colors and different shades of gray. It was found that the fish could discriminate the colors red, blue, yellow, and green both in the normal state and after complete section and regeneration of the optic nerve. When the color preferences were trained prior to optic nerve section, regeneration of the nerve resulted in reinstatement of the same color preferences, no relearning being necessary. Some of the implications regarding specificity of the optic fibers and factors governing their central synapsis in the optic tectum are discussed.
Synergistic enhancement of the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of luminol by 4-substituted phenylboronic acids.

Abstract Combinations of 4-substituted phenylboronic acids [phenyl, iodo, bromo, and trans-4-(3-propenoic acid) substituents] have been discovered to have synergistic effects in the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed chemiluminescent oxidation of luminol. Three types of effect have been observed: 1. synergistic reduction in the background light emission of a luminol-peroxide assay reagent to a value lower than the background obtained with either enhancer individually; 2. increase in signal to background ratio ( S B ) in the presence of HRP to a value higher than the S B obtained with either enhancer individually (synergy) or to a value higher than the combined S B obtained with each enhancer (synergistic enhancement); and 3. for some combinations of enhancers, an increase in signal in the presence of HRP to a value higher than the signal obtained with either enhancer individually (synergy), or to a value higher than the combined signal obtained with each enhancer (synergistic enhancement). The magnitude of the effect was moderate but the synergistic decreases in background and increases in signal produced increases in S B up to four-fold. Examples of synergistic pairs of enhancers included 4-biphenyl and 4-bromophenylboronic acid; 4-biphenyl and 4-iodophenylboronic acid; and trans-4-(3-propenoic acid) and 4-iodophenylboronic acid. Generally, synergy was obtained at several concentrations of all of the combinations of enhancers tested, and at different time points in the reaction due to the different light emission kinetics of the enhanced reactions. The mechanism of this synergistic effect has not been elucidated but may involve the enhancers acting at different points in the complex chemiluminescent peroxidase catalyzed oxidation reaction.
Lack of induction of single-strand breaks in mammalian cells by sodium azide and its proximal mutagen☆

The mutagenicity of sodium azide in both higher plants and bacteria is well documented. However, in mammalian cells, research on the effects of azide on gene mutations has produced conflicting results. Furthermore, no research has been conducted on the effects of azide and its proximal mutagen (mutagenic metabolite) on DNA single-strand breaks. Experiments were designed to overcome this lack of information on azide mutagenicity and to evaluate the potential hazard of azide exposure to man. Chinese hamster V79 cells were treated with either azide or its proximal mutagen(s) for 2 or 6 h, respectively, and analyzed by alkaline elution for single-strand breaks. The data showed that neither azide nor the proximal mutagen(s) induced single-strand DNA breaks or DNA-protein cross-links. Therefore it appears that neither azide nor its proximal mutagen(s) interact directly with DNA and this suggests that azide may be an indirect-acting mutagen. Furthermore, this lack of interaction with DNA may account for azide's lack of carcinogenicity.
Synthetic peptides as antigens for the detection of humoral immunity to Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites

Abstract The presence of antibodies against P. falciparum sporozoites in humans living in malaria-endemic areas was measured using as antigen the synthetic peptide (NANP) 3 , which represents the immunodominant region of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. By using a competitive binding assay it was determined that antibodies which recognize (NANP) 3 do not react with a 22-Mer synthetic peptide representing a cross-reacting epitope present in an antigen (5.1) from the blood stages of the parasite. Antibodies present in human sera which react with the 5.1 peptide did not react with (NANP) 3 . This strongly suggests that antibodies to (NANP) 3 found in sera of individuals living in endemic areas are a reflection of exposure to P. valciparum sporozoites. These results validate the use of (NANP) 3 for epidemiological studies to detect and measure humoral immunity to P. falciparum sporozoites.
Current status of the joint Mayo Clinic-IBM PACS project

A multi-phase collaboration between Mayo Clinic and IBM-Rochester was undertaken, with the goal of developing a picture archiving and communication system for routine clinical use in the Radiology Department. The initial phase of this project (phase 0) was started in 1988. The current system has been fully integrated into the clinical practice and, to date, over 6.5 million images from 16 imaging modalities have been archived. Phase 3 of this project has recently concluded.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Temporal trends in survival after surgical resection of localized non-small cell lung cancer

To test whether modern preoperative staging modalities and perioperative care improve survival after resection of localized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we retrospectively reviewed outcomes of 454 patients with NSCLC resected from 1947 through 1969 (designated pre-1970 cases), and 540 patients with cancers resected from 1981 through 1994 (designated post-1980 cases). Mean ages, histological subtypes, surgical stages, and types of surgical procedures differed significantly between the two groups. Compared with pre-1970 cases, post-1980 cases were older, had more adenocarcinoma and less squamous cell carcinoma, and had lesser proportions of advanced stage disease. Postoperative (day 30) mortality was significantly higher for resections of localized (stages 1 and 2) NSCLC prior to 1970. For patients surviving at least 30 days after surgery, subsequent survival after resection of localized NSCLC differed minimally between pre-1970 and post-1980 groups. We conclude that perioperative mortality after resection of localized NSCLC improved, but subsequent postoperative survival for these patients did not significantly improve over the 45-year period studied.
Studies with a constitutive aldose dehydrogenase in Pseudomonas fragi.

Abstract Pseudomonas fragi contains a constitutive, particulate aldose dehydrogenase. The enzyme oxidizes its sugar substrates to the γ-lactone of the corresponding aldonic acids. An investigation of properties of the enzyme showed that all substrates are oxidized by a single enzyme. Though the enzyme is constitutive, growth did not seem to be correlated with oxidation of the sugar but rather with metabolism of the product of oxidation, i.e. the sugar acid. The enzymes oxidizing the sugar acids and d -arabinose have different properties from those of the aldose dehydrogenase. These enzymes are soluble, are formed by induction and are highly specific for their individual substrates.
Pedal presentation of metastatic invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium and can occur in many different organs. We present a case of a 61-year-old veteran with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder with distal metastasis to the middle phalanx of the fourth toe, which is a rare occurrence in the literature. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(3): 251–253, 2009)
Reovirus morphogenesis. Corelike particles in cells infected at 39° with wild-type reovirus and temperature-sensitive mutants of groups B and G

Abstract Progeny subviral particles were isolated from cells infected at 39° with wild-type reovirus and temperature-sensitive mutants of groups B and G. These particles sediment at 400 S in sucrose density gradients. They closely resemble reovirus cores by several criteria: (1) they are composed of the four core polypeptides (λ1, λ2, μ1, σ2) and ten segments of double-stranded RNA; (2) they have a buoyant density of 1.44 g/cc in CsCl density gradients; (3) they are approximately 50 nm in diameter; and (4) they are capable of synthesizing single-stranded RNA. They differ from cores in that their surface structure is less defined, polypeptide λ2 is present in reduced amounts, and small and variable amounts of the noncore polypeptides μ0, μ2, and σ3 are present. Virions and 400 S particles accumulate in cells infected at 39° with wild-type reovirus, whereas only 400 S particles accumulate in cells infected with the group B and G temperature-sensitive mutants. Formation of 400 S particles precedes the formation of progeny reovirions in cells infected with wild-type virus which suggests that these corelike particles function as intermediates in viral morphogenesis.
Molecular modeling of RNA polymerase II mutations onto DNA polymerase I.

Abstract Genetic and molecular analysis in Drosophila melanogaster identifies eight suppressor mutations in the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. The suppressor mutations fall into two classes: five are strong, result from the same serine to cysteine amino acid residue substitution and rescue one conditional lethal allele in the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II; there are mild, result from a change in the same methionine residue to either isoleucine or valine, are located seven amino acid residues away from the strong suppressors and rescue two conditional lethal alleles in the largest subunit. Sequence analysis of the three regions around these mutations demonstrates that they are located within highly conserved domains but fails to explain the observed genetic interactions. One of the conditional lethal alleles maps within a region previously reported to share sequence similarity to Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. As the gross structure of RNA polymerase II and DNA polymerase I is similar, even though their primary sequence is not, we predict that more similarities exist but may be too highly divergent to be detected by normal homology searches. We indentify the most similar regions between each of the three conserved domains of RNA polymerase II, indentified as functionally important because of the mutations we isolated, and DNA polymerase I. Molecular modeling theses regions of RNA polymerase II onto the tertiary structure of DNA polymerase I predicts that all lie adjacent to the DNA binding cleft in positions such that they could interact with the phosphate backbone od DNA. This juxtaposition of mutations in two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II suggest a mechanism for their genetic interactions.
Retinohypothalamic tract development in the hamster and rat.

Abstract The development of the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) in the albino rat and golden hamster was studied using anterograde transport of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP). The RHT has three components in the adult: (1) a dense projection to the ventrolateral subdivision of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with some fibers extending into the dorsomedial SCN; (2) a projection to adjacent areas, the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) and retrochiasmatic area (RCA) and in the hamster, into the preoptic area (POA); (3) a projection to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA).In the rat, the projection to the SCN and adjacent areas first appears as scattered varicosities at the ventral border of the SCN at postnatal day 1 (P1) and gradually increases until the adult pattern is achieved at approximately P10. The projections to the AHA and RCA are seen first at P2–P3 and gradually increase to the adult appearance by P15. Both the projection to the SCN and adjacent areas and to the LHA, initially are more extensive than in the adult. Many of the axons extend well beyond the zone of the adult pattern but these anomalous fibers are eliminated by P6–P10. The LHA projection first appears at embryonic day 21–22 (E 21–22) and gradually increases in density from P1–P6. In the hamster the projections to the SCN, AHA and LHA appear first on P4 and gradually increase in density to reach the adult pattern by P15. The projections to the RCA and POA are present by P6 and reach the adult pattern by P15. None of the RHT projections in the hamster has the initial extended growth followed by pruning back that characterizes RHT development in the rat. Thus, the development of the RHT in both the rat and the hamster is complex with components of the projection appearing at different times with differing patterns of development that indicate specialized interactions of the developing axons with their target neurons. Synaptogenesis in the hamster hypothalamus was analyzed using an antiserum to synapsin I. Few synapses are present at E16, the last day of gestation, in the LHA, SCN and AHA. From P1–P3, synaptogenesis proceeds rapidly and the adult pattern is achieved in all three areas by P4.
An End to Natural Monopoly

Opponents of privatisation argue that ‘natural monopoly'in the supply of electricity (and similar services) will prevent competition between private suppliers. Professor Primeaux, of the University of Illinois, shows from his studies of competing electricity firms in the United States that two suppliers can serve the same area.
Environmental justice: the role of epidemiology in protecting unempowered communities from environmental hazards

The environmental justice movement in the U.S. is the product of the civil rights movement which gained headway in the 1960s and the environmental movement of the 1970s, which fought against environmental destruction, pollution, depletion of resources, and the extinction of species. Parallel movements internationally have brought attention to the need to protect unempowered communities worldwide from both environmental hazards and degradation. Environmental epidemiologists are shown to have an important role to play in the global struggle for environmental justice.
Preoperative screening strategies for bacterial vaginosis prior to elective hysterectomy: a cost comparison study

Objective The purpose of this study is to compare costs of 3 strategies for women undergoing hysterectomy: (1) test all patients for bacterial vaginosis; treat if positive; (2) treat all patients for bacterial vaginosis; (3) neither test nor treat patients for bacterial vaginosis. For comparison purposes, a fourth strategy is examined: (4) no surgical site infection prophylaxis or bacterial vaginosis treatment. Study Design A cost minimization model was created using estimates obtained from the published literature, Medicare reimbursement data, and wholesale drug costs. Results In the base case, the optimal strategy was to treat all patients for bacterial vaginosis, with a cuff infection rate of 4.0% and mean cost of $593. The “test all patients for bacterial vaginosis; treat if positive” strategy was also inexpensive, with a mean cost of $623 and 4.2% cuff infection rate. “Neither test nor treat patients for bacterial vaginosis” and “no surgical site infection prophylaxis or bacterial vaginosis treatment” were more expensive and less effective than other strategies. Conclusion This model suggests that consideration should be given to adding metronidazole to standard surgical site infection prophylaxis before hysterectomy.
Eight new polymorphic microsatellite loci from the eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe)

We describe eight new polymorphic microsatellite loci (5 dinucleotide and three trinucleotide) for the eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) to complement five previously published loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 15 and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.33 to 0.91. Preliminary screening revealed that loci were polymorphic in other Tyrannidae: Empidonax virescens (n = 10), Tyrannus tyrannus (n = 10), Tyrannus vociferans (n = 5), and Tyrannus melancholicus (n = 28).
Liquid-phase sintering in the glass-cordierite system

Densification mechanisms and kinetics of liquid-phase sintering were studied using borosilicate glass-cordierite as a model system. It is shown that the sintering behaviour can be represented predominantly by a non-reactive liquid-phase sintering and that the densification is achieved mainly in the initial stage of sintering. From the activation energy estimates of densification, it is concluded that the predominant mechanism of densification is the viscous flow of glass with contribution arising from both viscous sintering of glass and glass redistribution kinetics. The latter evidence stems from the microstructural observation that as the sintering proceeds, the glass undergoes a time-dependent wetting behaviour. Based on this observation, and calculated infiltration times of melt into the porous compact, it is found that the time-dependent contact angle between the melt and the solid particles plays a significant role in the glass redistribution process.
Influence of Ambulance Arrival on Emergency Department Time to Be Seen

Objectives. For a limited number of presenting complaints, arrival by ambulance has been shown in some emergency departments to decrease time to be seen by a physician. We sought to determine if this time advantage could be demonstrated as a national trend over a variety of presenting complaints. Methods. A secondary analysis was performed on the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a national probability sample of emergency department visits. To compare waiting times between patients arriving by ambulance andthose arriving by walk-in, a survival analysis was performed using univariate andmultivariate Cox proportional hazards models. Primary variables of interest were mode of arrival, waiting time to see physician, andimmediacy to be seen (triage category). The weighted values were utilized to produce national estimates. Patients who left without being seen were treated as right censored data. Results. A total of 61,130 records, weighted to represent 268.3 million emergency department visits ...
Determination of Low Molecular Weight Carboxylic Acids in Water by HPLC with Conductivity Detection

Abstract Low molecular weight carboxylic acids (C2-C8) were measured in aqueous samples using reverse phase HPLC coupled with conductivity detection. The aqueous samples are adjusted to pH 2 with H2SO4 and extracted with diethyl ether. The ether is allowed to evaporate over distilled water. The acid concentrate is analysed using a Zorbax-ODS column (25 mm × 4.6 mm). The method is simple, fast, and because of the selectivity of the conductivity detector, is relatively free from interferences. Average precision is estimated to be approximately ± 13% for the overall method.
Monitoring the refolding pathway for a large multimeric protein using capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract Rapid identification of transient partially folded intermediates formed during protein refolding and aggregation has been difficult, particularly with separation methods relying on solid matrices. Capillary zone electrophoresis equipped with laser-induced fluorescence detection provides a fast sensitive means of identifying folding and aggregation intermediates using the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. The in vitro refolding of the trimeric P22 tailspike, a model system for the study of protein folding, misfolding and aggregation, has been monitored after dilution out of denaturant. Both monomeric and trimeric folding intermediates were resolved. The refolding kinetics and yields measured by capillary zone electrophoresis were in good agreement with those obtained via fluorescence spectrophotometry and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In comparison with typical UV detection, laser-induced tryptophan fluorescence increased detection sensitivity. In addition, the fluorescence signal carries information on the packing of the tryptophan residues in the folding intermediates. For tailspike and many other proteins, the off pathway aggregation reactions proceed from a thermolabile intermediate at the junction with the productive pathway. By monitoring refolding intermediates after temperature shifts, the structured monomeric intermediate was identified as the thermolabile junctional intermediate between the productive and aggregation pathways.
Polymers for controlled parenteral delivery of peptides and proteins

Abstract This review summarizes the current state of parenteral delivery of proteins and peptides. Although an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review, the more recent developments, such as delivery of LHRH analogues, vaccine delivery systems and regulated systems, have been emphasized. Non-regulated delivery systems have been divided into non-degradable and degradable and each has been subdivided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic systems. Regulated systems have been divided into externally regulated and self-regulated.