cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 19 Intestinal absorption of nutrients during early development of vertebrates: adaptive responses to dietary inputs

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the responses of the developing gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to changes in dietary inputs, focusing on the adaptive modulation of nutrient transport by the developing small intestine during four important phases of intestinal development that are characterized by different dietary inputs (foetal, perinatal, suckling, weaning). The responses of the nutrient transporters to hormones and regulatory factors that are of exogenous nature (for example, in milk) or are endogenous and secreted in response to dietary inputs or other factors (for example, stress) are described. The ability to adaptively modulate intestinal nutrient transport is related to the evolutionary diet. The diets consumed by vertebrates can vary over time and this is a major determinant of the capacities to adaptively modulate rates of transport and other digestive functions. The capacities for adaptation are acquired during ontogenetic development when the diet would normally begin to fluctuate in composition. Adaptive responses require the ability to recognize the amounts and composition of the diet. The signals triggering the adaptive responses can originate from the luminal contents (exogenous) or the animal itself (endogenous) in response to the changes in dietary inputs. The foetal GIT is also sensitive to the nutritional status of the mother. The most rapid and dramatic responses to dietary inputs are at the time of birth when mammals begin to suckle. The responses of the developing GIT are best known for weaning, as this is when the diet of most vertebrates can be easily manipulated. Future investigations of the responses of developing animals to changes in diet will be aided by the availability of genetic and molecular probes.
Compressive 39.6-gigapixel/s continuous imaging using spectrally-structured ultrafast laser pulses

We demonstrate ultrahigh-speed spectral shaping of broadband laser pulses to create structured illumination of a high-speed flow for compressive microscopy. We achieve up to 39.6 gigapixel/s continuous imaging rates using a 720-MHz ADC sampling rate.
Primate translational vestibuloocular reflexes. IV. Changes after unilateral labyrinthectomy.

The effects of unilateral labyrinthectomy on the properties of the translational vestibuloocular reflexes (trVORs) were investigated in rhesus monkeys trained to fixate near targets. Translational motion stimuli consisted of either steady-state lateral and fore-aft sinusoidal oscillations or short-lasting transient displacements. During small-amplitude, steady-state sinusoidal lateral oscillations, a small decrease in the horizontal trVOR sensitivity and its dependence on viewing distance was observed during the first week after labyrinthectomy. These deficits gradually recovered over time. In addition, the vertical response component increased, causing a tilt of the eye velocity vector toward the lesioned side. During large, transient lateral displacements, the deficits were larger and longer lasting. Responses after labyrinthectomy were asymmetric, with eye velocity during movements toward the side of the lesion being more compromised. The most profound effect of the lesions was observed during fore-aft motion. Whereas responses were kinematically appropriate for fixation away from the side of the lesion (e.g., to the left after right labyrinthectomy), horizontal responses were anticompensatory during fixation at targets located ipsilateral to the side of the lesion (e.g., for targets to the right after right labyrinthectomy). This deficit showed little recovery during the 3-mo post-labyrinthectomy testing period. These results suggest that inputs from both labyrinths are important for the proper function of the trVORs, although the details of how bilateral signals are processed and integrated remain unknown.
Glass Fiber as Insulation and Drainage Layer on Exterior of Basement Walls

To provide combined moisture and thermal protection for basements, high-density glass fiberboard was used on the exterior of two prototype basements. This insulation-drainage layer can easily be adapted to current construction procedures and the cost is not excessively high. Performance of the 140-kg/m 3 (9 lb/ft 3 ) glass fiberboard installed vertically below grade was monitored. Early results are encouraging. Favorable moisture distribution and compressive deformation were found. After two years of burial the insulation still maintained a thermal resistivity that ranged from 22.6 to 26.8 m.°c/W. It is believed that the concept of an insulation-drainage layer has the potential to keep the basement dry, to provide improved thermal insulation, and to enable better curing of concrete. With refined design details the concept is attractive and worthy of continued study and development. This paper describes methods of installation, monitoring instruments, and some findings obtained from two experimental basements monitored since 1976 by the Division of Building Research/National Research Council of Canada.
Polar facts in the age of polarization

Many drivers of polar-region change originate in mid-latitude industrial societies, so public perceptions there matter. Building on earlier surveys of US public knowledge and concern, a series of New Hampshire state surveys over 2011–2015 tracked public knowledge of some basic polar facts. Analysis indicates that these facts subjectively fall into two categories: those that are or are not directly connected to beliefs about climate change. Responses to climate-linked factual questions, such as whether Arctic sea ice area has declined compared with 30 years ago, are politicized as if we were asking for climate-change opinions. Political divisions are less apparent with factual questions that do not suggest climate change, such as whether the North Pole is on land or sea ice. Only 38% of respondents could answer that question correctly, and even fewer (30%) knew or guessed correctly that melting of Greenland and Antarctic land ice, rather than Arctic sea ice, could potentially do the most to raise sea level...
Theory of two-dimensional self-assembly of Janus colloids: crystallization and orientational ordering

We study the rich crystalline phase behavior of amphiphilic spherical Janus colloids using a new formulation of self-consistent phonon theory that includes coupled translational and rotational entropic and enthalpic contributions to the free energy. In contrast to homogeneous spheres, broken rotational symmetry can result in more exotic crystals that possess distinct orientational patterns, and also plastic crystals. Ground states are identified based on the compatibility between the patch geometry of particles (e.g., patch coverage, number, shape) and lattice symmetry. We derive the explicit coupled self-consistent equations for translational and rotational localization parameters for effectively 2-dimensional dense monolayers of Janus crystals. The equations are numerically solved for a given crystal symmetry, thermodynamic state, and patch orientational order, and the thermodynamic stability of different phases is determined. For hexagonal packing, we predict with increasing temperature or decreasing attraction strength the possibility of a phase sequence of maximally bonded zigzag stripe, trimer, and rotationally disordered plastic crystal phases (or a phase sequence of trimer, dimer, and plastic crystal), which depends sensitively on particle chemical composition (Janus balance) and pressure. The role of rotational entropy in stabilizing the intermediate trimer (or dimer) phase at intermediate temperatures and high pressures is discussed in detail. Evolution of the center-of-mass vibrational and rotational amplitudes with thermodynamic state and Janus balance is also determined.
Characterization of SOG (spin on glass) fully etch back process for multilevel interconnection technology

This investigation characterized SOG (spin on glass) fully etch back process for submicron multilevel interconnection planarization with the CHF3/CF4 etching chemistry in a conventional RIE (reactive ion etching) oxide etcher. The correlations of SOG fully etch back results with the tool controlled parameters such as pressure, magnetic field strength, bottom electrode temperature, CHF3/CF4 gas flow ratio, and backside helium pressure are completely studied. The selectivity of the PEOX (plasma-enhanced CVD oxide) to SOG and the uniformity of etching are investigated to ensure good planarization performance. It is found that high selectivity of PEOX to SOG process can effectively reduce the microloading effects and improve the planarization during SOG etch back. However, too high selectivity may result in bumped or rough SOG surface. Uniformity is basically affected by the SOG etch rate uniformity, the as-coated SOG thickness variation, and the selectivity. Several approaches are examined to achieve the best uniformity. Finally, with the combination of high selectivity of PEOX to SOG and the uniform etching, good planarization can be achieved in the SOG fully etch back process.
The equivalence of some necessary conditions for optimal control in problems with bounded state variables

Abstract : The problem of optimal control is considered as earlier studied separately by Gamkrelidze, Berkovitz, and Dreyfus --wherein a constraint is placed on the state variables. The three have studied the problem from different viewpoints: Gamkrelidze accounts for the constraint by modifying Pontryagin's maximum principle arguments; Berkovitz applies directly the classical theory developed for the problem of Bolza; and Dreyfus utilizes a dynamic programming approach. The results deduced by the latter approach, in some respects, appear to be unrelated to the Gamkrelidze and Berkovitz results, which are in agreement. It is demonstrated that the two sets of results are actually related. (Author)
Limitations of matrix completion via trace norm minimization

In recent years, compressive sensing attracts intensive attentions in the field of statistics, automatic control, data mining and machine learning. It assumes the sparsity of the dataset and proposes that the whole dataset can be reconstructed by just observing a small set of samples. One of the important approaches of compressive sensing is trace norm minimization, which can minimize the rank of the data matrix under some conditions. For example, in collaborative filtering, we are given a small set of observed item ratings of some users and we want to predict the missing values in the rating matrix. It is assumed that the users' ratings are affected by only a few factors and the resulting rating matrix should be of low rank. In this paper, we analyze the issues related to trace norm minimization and find an unexpected result that trace norm minimization often does not work as well as expected.
Subplanes of a tactical decomposition and singer groups of a projective plane

Sufficient and necessary conditions have been obtained for the following: (1) the substructure formed by a member of the partition of points and a member of the partition of lines to be a subplane; (2) the centralizer of a multiplier to be a Baer subplane. We establish the cyclicity of a Sylow 3-subgroup of the multiplier group of an abelian Singer group of square planar order. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a Type II divisor of a Singer group are given. For a Singer group of orderpq, p<q, we prove that if the order of the multiplier group is divisible byp, then the plane will admit a cyclic Singer group.
miR-218 Directs a Wnt Signaling Circuit to Promote Differentiation of Osteoblasts and Osteomimicry of Metastatic Cancer Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively and post-transcriptionally regulate expression of multiple target genes to support anabolic pathways for bone formation. Here, we show that miR-218 is induced during osteoblast differentiation and has potent osteogenic properties. miR-218 promotes commitment and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells by activating a positive Wnt signaling loop. In a feed forward mechanism, miR-218 stimulates the Wnt pathway by down-regulating three Wnt signaling inhibitors during the process of osteogenesis: Sclerostin (SOST), Dickkopf2 (DKK2), and secreted frizzled-related protein2 (SFRP2). In turn, miR-218 expression is up-regulated in response to stimulated Wnt signaling and functionally drives Wnt-related transcription and osteoblast differentiation, thereby creating a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, in metastatic breast cancer cells but not in normal mammary epithelial cells, miR-218 enhances Wnt activity and abnormal expression of osteoblastic genes (osteomimicry) that contribute to homing and growth of cells metastatic to bone. Thus, miR-218/Wnt signaling circuit amplifies both the osteoblast phenotype and osteomimicry-related tumor activity.
Evaluation of bacterial contamination on objects d'art by membrane filtration and epifluorescence microscopy

Abstract Bacterial contimination on proteinaceous objets d'art such as parchment and mummies exposed to low relative humidity and low oxygen levels has been assessed using a polycarbonate NUCLEPORE filter and incedent light (epifluorescence) microscopy. The technique described is a rapid and sensitive means for observing and evaluating bacterial populations including anaerobic organisms involved in the depolymerization of collagen. Using contaminated 17th century parchment treated to microenvironmental control and modified atmospheres a positive relationship has been found between fluorescence counts and plate colony counts.
Raman and far infrared spectrum of C2N2

Abstract Medium resolution (>0.3 cm −1 ) Raman spectra of cyanogen vapor have been observed. The fundamental ν 5 was also observed in infrared absorption at about 1 cm −1 resolution. From an analysis of these results and earlier results in the literature, anharmonicity corrections and fundamental harmonic frequencies have been determined. The latter in cm −1 are ω 1 = 2355.3, ω 2 = 877, ω 3 = 2192.1, ω 4 = 513.2, and ω 5 = 234.5. Harmonic force constants have been calculated and show significant differences from the anharmonic values.
Coupling sections, emittance growth, and drift compensation in the use of bent solenoids as beam transport elements.

Bent solenoids can transmit charged particle beams while providing momentum dispersion. While less familiar than quadrupole and dipole systems, bent solenoids can produce superficially simple transport lines and large acceptance spectrometers for use at low energies. Design issues such as drift compensation and coupling sections between straight and bent solenoids are identified, and aberrations such as shears produced by perpendicular error fields are discussed. Examples are considered which provide the basis for the design of emittance exchange elements for the cooling system of a muon collider.
Corrigendum to “Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of genus Tripterygium (Celastraceae)” [Phytochemistry 68 (2007) 732–766]

Corrigendum Corrigendum to ‘‘Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of genus Tripterygium (Celastraceae)’’ [Phytochemistry 68 (2007) 732–766] Anita M. Brinker , Jun Ma , Peter E. Lipsky , Ilya Raskin a,* a Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, Furan Hall, Cook College, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA b Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Available online 26 April 2007
A novel investigation of tin-doped ferrihydrite nanoparticles

Tin-doped ferrihydrite was synthesized and characterized with powder X-ray diffraction and 57Fe and 119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopy to obtain diagnostic and structural information. Samples were prepared with doping concentrations (molar percentages) of 0, 10, 25, 40, 50, 60, 75, and 90% tin. As Sn concentration increases, the 110 reflection plane of ferrihydrite shifts to higher d-values, while the 300 plane d-values increase, reach a maximum and then sharply drop. The δ (isomer shift) and Δ (quadrupole splitting) values for 57Fe Mossbauer spectra increase, while the Γ (line width) values stay constant. In 119Sn Mossbauer spectra, δ values decrease with increasing tin substitution while Δ and Γ values increase. After 50% Sn has been substituted, the ferrihydrite becomes oversaturated with surface tin and a secondary tin structure is proposed to develop.
The ontogeny of androgen receptors in the CNS of Xenopus laevis frogs

Androgenic steroids have been implicated in the development of sex differences in Xenopus laevis frogs. In order to determine when neurons first acquire the ability to concentrate androgen, we prepared autoradiograms of CNS in developing frogs following injection of tritiated dihydrotestosterone (DHT). X. laevis tadpoles and juveniles from stage 60 to 2 months post-metamorphosis (PM) were injected with [3H]DHT. Brain and spinal cord autoradiograms from these animals were examined for the presence of labelled cells. The pattern of [3H]DHT labelling in stage-64 tadpoles and in PM juveniles was similar but not identical to that seen in adults. Heavily labelled cells were seen in the motor nucleus of cranial nerves IX and X, medullary reticular formation, a presumed sensory nucleus of cranial nerve V, pretrigeminal nucleus of the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla, laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis, anterior pituitary, ventral thalamus and anterior spinal cord. The vestibular sensory nucleus of cranial nerve VIII was the only area that concentrates DHT in adults but did not contain labelled cells in young animals. No [3H]DHT-labelled cells were found in stage-60 tadpoles. The onset of androgen concentrating capability in X. laevis CNS thus probably occurs between stages 60 and 64.
Reverse Engineering of Modified Genes by Bayesian Network Analysis Defines Molecular Determinants Critical to the Development of Glioblastoma

In this study we have identified key genes that are critical in development of astrocytic tumors. Meta-analysis of microarray studies which compared normal tissue to astrocytoma revealed a set of 646 differentially expressed genes in the majority of astrocytoma. Reverse engineering of these 646 genes using Bayesian network analysis produced a gene network for each grade of astrocytoma (Grade I-IV), and 'key genes' within each grade were identified. Genes found to be most influential to development of the highest grade of astrocytoma, Glioblastoma multiforme were: COL4A1, EGFR, BTF3, MPP2, RAB31, CDK4, CD99, ANXA2, TOP2A, and SERBP1. All of these genes were up-regulated, except MPP2 (down regulated). These 10 genes were able to predict tumor status with 96-100% confidence when using logistic regression, cross validation, and the support vector machine analysis. Markov genes interact with NFkβ, ERK, MAPK, VEGF, growth hormone and collagen to produce a network whose top biological functions are cancer, neurological disease, and cellular movement. Three of the 10 genes - EGFR, COL4A1, and CDK4, in particular, seemed to be potential 'hubs of activity'. Modified expression of these 10 Markov Blanket genes increases lifetime risk of developing glioblastoma compared to the normal population. The glioblastoma risk estimates were dramatically increased with joint effects of 4 or more than 4 Markov Blanket genes. Joint interaction effects of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 Markov Blanket genes produced 9, 13, 20.9, 26.7, 52.8, 53.2, 78.1 or 85.9%, respectively, increase in lifetime risk of developing glioblastoma compared to normal population. In summary, it appears that modified expression of several 'key genes' may be required for the development of glioblastoma. Further studies are needed to validate these 'key genes' as useful tools for early detection and novel therapeutic options for these tumors.
Progressive Stages of Diagenesis in Early-Middle Eocene Fore-Arc Delta, Shelf, Slope, and Basin Sandstones, Southern Coast Range, Oregon: ABSTRACT

The Flournoy and Tyee formations (early to middle Eocene) of western Oregon are a model example of pervasive diagenesis in volcanic arenites, which extend over a full range of environments: delta, shelf, slope, and basin. Although younger Eocene units in Oregon prove to be good reservoir rocks, the Flournoy and Tyee lack porosity. This is due to fore-arc basin burial and subsequent mechanical and chemical diagenesis. Evaluation of the diagenetic phases indicate deep burial and compaction at an early stage. Unstable volcanic rock fragments and plagioclase grains from all environments show alteration to mixed-layer clays and laumontite, making them more susceptible to mechanical plastic deformation. Cementation and replacement were most common in coarse-grained deltaic and shelf sands, where the depositional porosity was high. An early stage of calcite cementation preserved open framework-supported textures in spherical concretions. A second stage of mixed-layer clays formed cement rims. Clinoptilolite filled remaining pore space. Locally, these two phases are reversed in Flournoy sands. Rare fractures were filled by stilbite. During a late stage, calcite replaced clay rims and zeolites, or filled remaining pores. In other samples, pervasive laumontite, together with minor clays, tightly cemented the coarse-grained sandstones. Slope and basin sandstones are finer grained and contain more matrix than coarse-grained sandstones. Original composition, grain size, and original porosity (a function of depositional setting) controlled diagenetic development. These deeper water sandstones show some clay and calcite cements, but are generally lacking zeolite cements. End_of_Article - Last_Page 558------------
Alpha-tocopherol attenuates lung edema and lipid peroxidation caused by acute zymosan-induced peritonitis

Background. Inflammation-induced disease as seen with trauma and infection can lead to increased lung oxidant activity resulting in cell membrane lipid peroxidation. Acute zymosan-induced peritonitis in rats produces lung inflammation, edema, and lipid peroxidation. We determined whether administered α-tocopherol (vitamin E), the key antioxidant protection against cell membrane lipid peroxidation, would improve this process. Methods. Male Wistar rats were given 0.75 mg/kg of intraperitoneal zymosan, volume resuscitated, monitored, and killed at 4 or 24 hours. Lung histologic changes and levels of conjugated dienes, a marker of lipid peroxidation, were used to monitor injury. The levels of vitamin E, vitamin C, and catalase were used to monitor antioxidant defenses. The effect of administering α-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) by gavage immediately after zymosan on the degree of the lung injury was then determined. Results. Twenty-four hours after zymosan was administered, the vitamin E levels in plasma were significantly decreased, but lung tissue vitamin E levels were maintained, whereas tissue catalase and vitamin E levels decreased. Lung tissue-conjugated diene levels, alveolar edema, and neutrophil count were significantly increased. α-Tocopherol treatment increased the postzymosan plasma vitamin E levels by 50%. Lung tissue vitamin E levels did not increase; however, the degree of lung injury and lipid peroxidation was significantly attenuated. Tissue catalase levels were also maintained. Conclusions. We conclude that α-tocopherol given at the onset of a progressing in flammatory injury can protect the lung from oxidant damage and attenuate the degree of lung injury.
Lack of effect of topically applied epidermal growth factor (EGF) on epidermal growth in man in vivo

Summary Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been applied daily to 6 mm diameter circular epidermal wounds in otherwise healthy adult volunteers, in dosage 5 /ug in O'T ml. Using complete closure of the wounds as an end-point, no evidence of enhancement of epidermal growth at EGF-treated sites was evident.
Failure of cobalt to influence the life span of the erythrocyte.

ConclusionsThis study shows that the life span of the red cell is not changed in rats made polycythemic with cobalt. The mechanism for the production of polycythemia following chronic administration of cobalt must be attributed to an increase in the rate of production and release of red cells into the circulation.
A highly efficient resolution protocol for 2′-halo-α-methylbenzylamines

Abstract A highly efficient resolution protocol for 2′-halo-α-methylbenzylamines is reported. Commercially available and inexpensive mandelic acid can be used for the resolution of the Br, Cl, and F derivatives to >99% de in a single crystallization. In addition, the reduction of acetophenone oximes using borane-dimethylsulfide is presented as a method for the preparation of racemic amine precursors.
Probing Single-molecule Interfacial Geminate Electron-cation Recombination Dynamics

Interfacial electron−cation recombination in zinc-tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (ZnTCPP)/TiO2 nanoparticle system has been probed at the single-molecule level by recording and analyzing photon-to-photon pair times of the ZnTCPP fluorescence. We have developed a novel approach to reveal the hidden single-molecule interfacial electron−cation recombination dynamics by analyzing the autocorrelation function and a proposed convoluted single-molecule interfacial electron−cation recombination model. Our results suggest that the fluctuations of the interfacial electron transfer (ET) reactivity modulate the ET cycles as well as the interfacial electron−cation recombination dynamics. On the basis of this model, the single-molecule electron−cation recombination time of ZnTCPP/TiO2 system is deduced to be at time scale of 10−5 s. The autocorrelation of photon-to-photon pair times as well as the convoluted ET model has been further demonstrated by simulation and interpreted in terms of the interfacial ET reactivit...
Does service innovation process differ across cultures

Purpose – New service development (NSD) is an important driver of growth, success and wealth of service firms in wide range of industries. Yet, few research studies have been done to investigate the issue of NSD across several geographical regions. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a comparative cross‐national study of NSD process of financial service firms in Australia and India.Design/methodology/approach – A survey methodology was used to assess and test the similarities and differences in various NSD activities and stages of service firms in the two seemingly different types of markets.Findings – The data suggest that significant differences in NSD exist between the Australian and Indian firms. They emphasize different sets of development stages in developing new services and follow different sets strategies.Research limitations/implications – The analysis has been restricted to two countries: Australia and India. This suggests the need for further comparative studies of NSD in oth...
VI. Measurement of proenkephalin A-derived peptides in biological tissues by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with amperometric electrochemical detection

Abstract We describe an analytic method for the separation and quantitation of a number of proenkephalin A-derived peptides using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with amperometric electrochemical detection (HPLC-AECD). Initially, we coupled our HPLC separation system with AECD in series with a UV detector for additional confirmation of peak specificity. AECD provided a 10 6 - fold increase in sensitivity over UV detection for these peptides. In addition to Met-enkephalin (ME), ME-Arg, ME-Arg-Phe, ME-Arg-Gly-Leu, Leu-enkephalin (LE) and LE-Arg (Dyn 1–6), we separated and detected the sulfoxides of ME and its extended peptides. Subsequently, we used minor modifications of the isocratic mobile phase to separate and detect enkephalin-related peptides with greater sensitivity and shorter chromatographic run times; each of these mobile phases was used to separate and detect two to three peptides. We have applied this HPLC-AECD methodology to quantitate ME, ME-Arg-Phe, ME-Arg-Gly-Leu and LE in pheochromocytoma tumors.
Protection against spontaneous mouse mammary adenocarcinoma by inoculation of heat-treated syngeneic mammary tumor cells.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the inoculation of syngeneic mouse mammary tumor cells on the incidence of spontaneous tumors and mortality in a group of RIII female mice which normally have a high incidence of primary breast tumors. Animals were inoculated with either untreated, heat-treated or irradiated tumor cells or a combination of cells. One group received no injections and served as a control. The incidence of tumor development and mortality was recorded for each animal used in the study. Significant delays in tumor onset and subsequent death of the animals were noted in those groups that had been injected with heat-treated cells as compared to those animals that had been inoculated with non-heated cells (either irradiated or untreated) or the untreated controls. No detectable differences were found between the groups receiving non-heated cells and the untreated control group. It was found that the protection derived from inoculation of heat-treated tumor cells was not due to decreased tumor growth rate, but was more probably related to the destruction of a portion of the tumor cell population. Protection Contre L'adenocarcinome Mammaire Spontane de la Souris par Inoculation de Cellules de Tumeurs Mammaires Sygeneiques Traitees par la Chaleur La presente etude avait pour but de determiner l'effet de l'inoculation de cellules de tumeurs mammaires syngeneiques sur l'incidence de tumeurs spontanees et la mortalite dans un groupe de souris femelles RIII,chez lesquelles on constate normalement une forte incidence des tumeurs mammaires primitives. Nous avons administre aux animaux des cellules tumorales non traitees, traitees par la chaleur ou irradiees, ou encore un melange de cetlules. Un groupe n'a recu aucune injection et a servi de temoin. Nous avons enregistre l'incidence du developpement tumoral et la mortalite pour chaque animal utilise au cours de l'etude. Nous avons note des retards importants dans l'apparition des tumeurs et la mort des animaux dans les groupes inocules avec des cellules traitees a la chaleur, par comparaison avec les animaux ayant recu des cellules irradiees ou non traitees et avec les animaux temoins. Aucune difference decelable n'apparit entre les groupes inocules avec des cellules non chauffees et le groupe temoin. Nous avons constate que la protection due a l'inoculation de cellules tumorales chauffees ne provient pas d'une diminution de la vitesse de croissance des tumeurs, mais bien plutot de la destruction d'une partie de la population de cellules tumorales.
HDAC Up-Regulation in Early Colon Field Carcinogenesis Is Involved in Cell Tumorigenicity through Regulation of Chromatin Structure

Normal cell function is dependent on the proper maintenance of chromatin structure. Regulation of chromatin structure is controlled by histone modifications that directly influence chromatin architecture and genome function. Specifically, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of proteins modulate chromatin compaction and are commonly dysregulated in many tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of HDAC proteins in early colorectal carcinogenesis has not been previously reported. We found HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC5, and HDAC7 all to be up-regulated in the field of human CRC. Furthermore, we observed that HDAC2 up-regulation is one of the earliest events in CRC carcinogenesis and observed this in human field carcinogenesis, the azoxymethane-treated rat model, and in more aggressive colon cancer cell lines. The universality of HDAC2 up-regulation suggests that HDAC2 up-regulation is a novel and important early event in CRC, which may serve as a biomarker. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) interfere with tumorigenic HDAC activity; however, the precise mechanisms involved in this process remain to be elucidated. We confirmed that HDAC inhibition by valproic acid (VPA) targeted the more aggressive cell line. Using nuclease digestion assays and transmission electron microscopy imaging, we observed that VPA treatment induced greater changes in chromatin structure in the more aggressive cell line. Furthermore, we used the novel imaging technique partial wave spectroscopy (PWS) to quantify nanoscale alterations in chromatin. We noted that the PWS results are consistent with the biological assays, indicating a greater effect of VPA treatment in the more aggressive cell type. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of HDAC activity in early carcinogenic events and the unique role of higher-order chromatin structure in determining cell tumorigenicity.
Photoluminescence of strained Si1 − x − yGexCy epilayers on Si(100)

Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been used to study the incorporation of C in several samples consisting of strained Si 1 − x − y Ge x C y epilayers lattice matched to Si (001). To obtain the total C concentration, these samples were characterized by both SIMS and Auger emission spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction data was analyzed to obtain the substitutional C concentration. The difference of the total and substitutional C concentrations, i.e., the non-substitutional carbon fraction, was found to be directly correlated with specific spectral lines in both the room-temperature Raman and low-temperature PL spectra.
Thermal stresses in 3D IC inter-wafer interconnects

We present a finite element based analysis to determine if thermally induced stresses in inter-wafer Cu via structures in 3D ICs using BCB-bonded wafers is a potential reliability problem. Experimental information on thermal stresses or stress-induced failures of 3D ICs is not available in the literature. Therefore we first partially validate our approach by comparing computed results against experimental data on via test structures from planar ICs. Computed von Mises stresses show that the predicted failure agrees with the results of thermal cycle experiments when SiLK is used as a dielectric [R.G. Filippi, J.F. McGrath, T.M. Shaw, et al. Thermal cycle reliability of stacked via structures with copper metallization and an organic low-k dielectric, in: 2004 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium. Proceedings, 25-29 April, 2004. IEEE, Phoenix, AZ, USA, p. 61-67]. Simulations show that no yielding is expected in vias embedded in SiCOH, which is also in agreement with experiment [D. Edelstein, H. Rathore, C. Davis, et al. Comprehensive reliability evaluation of a 90nm CMOS technology with Cu/PECVD low-k BEOL, in 2004 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium. Proceedings, 25-29 April, 2004, IEEE, Phoenix, AZ, USA, p. 316-319]. The approach is then employed to study thermal stresses in inter-wafer Cu vias in 3D IC structures bonded with BCB using a process developed at the Focus Center-New York. We conclude that there is a concern regarding the stability of inter-wafer Cu vias. Target values for design parameters, e.g., inter-wafer via size, pitch, and the thickness of BCB, are estimated. Simulations show that the von Mises stresses in inter-wafer Cu vias decrease with decreasing pitch length at constant via size, increase with decreasing via size at constant pitch, and decrease with decreasing BCB thickness. For 1@mm via diameter and 5@mm pitch, computations indicate that the thickness of BCB should be less than 1@mm to avoid plastic yield of Cu vias.
The impact of trait worry and emotion regulation on heart rate variability

AbstractHigh anxiety and poor emotion regulation have been found to function as independent causes of stress to the autonomic nervous system. The aim of this study was to further explore how these factors may interact to control heart rate variability. Fifty college students took part in a three-part cardiac recording session followed by questionnaires on trait worry and emotion regulation. An interaction for trait worry and emotion reappraisal was found on two markers of heart rate variability. Low trait worriers with high emotion reappraisal had higher vagal tone than the other three groups. This finding was across all three phases with no specific reactivity or recovery difference. Emotion suppression was not found to significantly impact vagal tone. The negative impacts of trait worry and emotion regulation on heart rate variability were found in this sample of healthy college-aged individuals. Specifically, high trait worry could have a deleterious effect on parasympathetic control of the heart. Emot...
Computational complexity of heat exchanger network synthesis

Abstract Heat exchanger network synthesis (HENS) has been the subject of a significant amount of research over the last 40 years. While significant progress has been made towards solving the problem, its computational complexity is not known, i.e., it is not known whether a polynomial algorithm might exist for the problem or not. This issue is addressed in this paper through a computational complexity analysis. We prove that HENS is N P -hard, thus refuting the possibility for the existence of a computationally efficient (polynomial) exact solution algorithm for this problem. While this complexity characterization may not be surprising, our analysis shows that HENS is N P -hard in the strong sense. Therefore, HENS belongs to a particularly difficult class of hard optimization problems. Further, via restriction to the 3-partition problem, our complexity proofs reveal that even the following simple HENS subproblems are N P -hard in the strong sense: (a) the minimum number of matches target problem, (b) the matches problem with only one temperature interval, uniform cost coefficients, and uniform heat requirements of all cold streams. These results facilitate the computational complexity analysis of more complex HENS problems and provide new insights to structural properties of the problem. They also provide motivation for the development of specialized optimization algorithms and approximation schemes.
National survey of career development functions of practicing school psychologists.

Three hundred sixty-four (364) practicing school psychologists were surveyed about involvement in career development functions. Responses were analyzed using multiple regressions and correlated t-tests. Findings reveal school psychologists to be interested in career development functions, with particular interest in career counseling; they are minimally involved in career assessment, counseling, and consultation. Ninety percent of respondents felt unprepared to participate in vocationally related job responsibilities. School psychology should prepare its members for involvement in career development. Means of accomplishing greater participation were discussed.
Ribavirin utilization and clinical effectiveness in children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infection

Ribavirin was approved in early 1986 for treatment of illness associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in hospitalized children; however, the value of its use remains controversial. This investigation was undertaken to describe ribavirin utilization and to evaluate the effectiveness of ribavirin in reducing the period of hospitalization. All children with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection, hospitalized over seven epidemic periods at a single institution, were identified. Characteristics from the medical records of the 768 children and their course of hospitalization were evaluated as determinants of treatment with ribavirin. Very young age as well as diagnoses of congenital heart disease, certain pulmonary conditions, and failure to thrive were all significantly related to increased likelihood of treatment. Children requiring intensive care were likely to be treated; however, the most critically ill children, those who required mechanical ventilation, were not treated. Although these results were in keeping with treatment guidelines for the use of ribavirin, actual utilization declined significantly over the course of the evaluation. The effect of ribavirin treatment on the duration of hospitalization among children with community-acquired infection was evaluated in a multivariate model, which controlled for the effects of underlying conditions, measures of illness severity, and epidemic year. This analysis failed to demonstrate a benefit for ribavirin in reducing length of stay; in fact, ribavirin treatment was significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization. It was not likely that the explanation for ribavirin's association with prolonged hospitalization was that the most seriously ill children were treated; however, it was not possible to determine whether this association was due to an adverse effect of treatment or resulted from a perceived need to complete the course of therapy.
Deformation characteristics of zinc foam

The temperature dependence of the yield stress and energy absorbing capacity of zinc foam, having a density between 0.05 and 0.07 of that of zinc, was determined over a range of temperatures from 0.1 Tm to 0.7 Tm approximately. With increase in temperature over this temperature range, the yield stress and energy absorbing capacity of the foam at first increased, and then subsequently decreased, above room temperature. At low temperatures,e.g. 0.1 Tm, the foam disintegrated into powder, and the energy absorbing efficiency parameters were high and independent of the foam density. In contrast, at the highest temperatures,e.g. 0.7 Tm, the energy absorbing efficiency parameters were lower and decreased with increase in density. The results are interpreted on the basis of the change in deformation mode which occurs in the zinc matrix of the foam over this temperature range,i.e. the transition from cleavage at the low temperature to plastic flow at the high temperature of deformation.
Emittance: A Little Understood Image Deception In Thermal Imaging Applications

Image contrast enhancement sometimes complicates image understanding. A scene that consists of slightly dissimilar target and background emittances may not be readily identifiable without image enhancement. Even if the emittance differential can be sharply contrasted, those image surface patterns that convey subsurface thermal information may not be visible because of the wide dynamic range that must be accommodated by the thermal imaging system. This paper describes how emittance complicates the interpretation of thermal images. High and low emittance values affect the logic required for understanding thermal scenes. Thermal scenes containing emittance differentials are easier to interpret if there is a large contrast between the object and the background.
Gas-to-particle conversion of sulfur in power plant plumes—III. Parameterization of plumecloud interactions

Long-range plume transport-transformation models generally require bulk rates of chemical transformations averaged over plume segments whose spatial-temporal scales exceed those of most clouds. There arises, therefore, the need to average out over the entire plume segment the effect of processes occurring quite rapidly in random and discrete clouds which occupy only parts of the segment. An attempt is made in this paper to quantify the relationship between the fast in-cloud sulfate formation rate (KtL) and the slower bulk sulfate formation rate by liquid phase mechanisms in an entire plume segment (KtL). The ratio KtLKtL is interpreted statistically in terms of the probability and extent of plume-cloud interactions within any plume segment. A quantitative expression is derived relating this plume-cloud interaction function to plume dimensions and to specific cloud-related quantities. A short-term and a long-term application of this plume-cloud interaction parameterization are attempted, respectively, for a case study of plume measurements on a summer day in the U.S. Midwest, and for statistically averaged summer and winter days in the same region. It is shown that KtLKtL is likely to be less than 0.1 during much of the long-range transport of a plume. On an average summer day, plume-cloud interaction is most likely in the midday hours when low-level cumulus formation is quite common. For the case study day, which is shown to be quite representative of the average summer day in the region, it is estimated that the in-cloud sulfate formation rate (KtL), averaged for the hours 1000–1700, was about (12 ± 6)% h−1. For the statistically average seasonal days, the regional cloud data needed to evaluate the interaction parameter are identified. The adequacy and reliability of the cloud data base of the NWS Surface Weather Observation Network are assessed in this context, and the probability and extent of plume-cloud interactions are evaluated to the extent permitted by the available data base.
Near-field optical recording with nanocomposite cover-layer for numerical aperture of 1.85

Near-field optical recording media with a nanocomposite cover-layer were prepared and tested using a gap servo, near-field recording system with an effective numerical aperture of 1.85. The refractive index of the nanocomposite cover-layer, which has a smooth surface, is 1.86, yielding a successful gap servo operation. However, the recording density cannot be maximized due to the refractive index of the cover-layer being lower than the required value for the effective numerical aperture. A recording density of 95 GB per disc can be achieved with a nanocomposite cover-layer having a refractive index of 1.86. The readout signal from 110 GB is not clear due to the reduced eventual numerical aperture in conjunction with the limited refractive index of the cover-layer.
Embedding General Education Competencies into an Online Information Literacy Course

ABSTRACT Assessing core competencies for students who are enrolled in purely online programs poses a challenge to colleges and universities. Our institution has chosen an existing online information literacy course to incorporate and assess general education competencies for an overseas cohort of transfer students. This article presents a brief overview of the course and describes the way in which the course was redesigned to embed and assess the five general education competencies (critical thinking, information literacy, critical reading, quantitative reasoning, and writing).
Small subclass of rat olfactory neurons with specific bulbar projections is reactive with monoclonal antibodies to the HSP70 heat shock protein

As part of a study of turnover of rat olfactory receptor neurons we have been examining immunohistochemical expression of members of the 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP70) family in the olfactory epithelium. Expression of HSP70 family members is up-regulated in many cells following exposure to physiologically stressing conditions. Because dying neurons are likely to undergo some sort of physiological stress before the onset of frank degeneration, we hoped that anti-HSP70 monoclonal antibodies would prove to be useful markers for early stages of olfactory neuron cell death. Two anti-human HSP70 monoclonal antibodies were used, Mabs 2A4 and 3a3. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/western blot analysis indicates that these Mabs are reactive with the HSC70 and HSP70 members of the rat HSP70 family. Immunohistological observations show that both Mabs are strongly reactive with a widely dispersed subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons. Morphological, immunohistological, and autoradiographic birthdating analyses demonstrate that reactive cells are fully mature receptor neurons. Their reactivity, however, does not appear to be stress-related. More significantly, axons of reactive neurons show intense anti-2A4 reactivity. This has allowed us to trace these axons to their target glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, demonstrating that the reactive neurons project to just one to two glomeruli on either side of each bulb via consistent and predictable pathways. This is the first subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons to be traced to such a small number of glomeruli. Given this extremely small number, it seems likely that the reactive receptor cell subpopulation serves some specific olfactory function. In addition, axonal 2A4 reactivity should also prove useful in defining the relative roles of receptor neurons and glomeruli in the establishment of epithelial-glomerular connections.