cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intubation Setting, Aspiration, and Ventilator-Associated Conditions.

Background Patients experience endotracheal intubation in various settings with wide-ranging risks for postintubation complications such as aspiration and ventilator-associated conditions. Objectives To evaluate associations between intubation setting, presence of aspiration biomarkers, and clinical outcomes. Methods This study is a subanalysis of data from the NO-ASPIRATE single-blinded randomized clinical trial. Data were prospectively collected for 513 adult patients intubated within 24 hours of enrollment. Patients with documented aspiration events at intubation were excluded. In the NO-ASPIRATE trial, intervention patients received enhanced oropharyngeal suctioning every 4 hours and control patients received sham suctioning. Tracheal specimens for α-amylase and pepsin tests were collected upon enrollment. Primary outcomes were ventilator hours, lengths of stay, and rates of ventilator-associated conditions. Results Of the baseline tracheal specimens, 76.4% were positive for α-amylase and 33.1% were positive for pepsin. Proportions of positive tracheal α-amylase and pepsin tests did not differ significantly between intubation locations (study hospital, transfer from other hospital, or field intubation). No differences were found for ventilator hours or lengths of stay. Patients intubated at another hospital and transferred had significantly higher ventilator-associated condition rates than did those intubated at the study hospital (P = .02). Ventilator-associated condition rates did not differ significantly between patients intubated in the field and patients in other groups. Conclusions Higher ventilator-associated condition rates associated with interhospital transfer may be related to movement from bed, vehicle loading and unloading, and transport vehicle vibrations. Airway assessment and care may also be suboptimal in the transport environment.
Virtual Residency Interviews: Optimization for Applicants

Social distancing guidelines during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have created substantial changes in undergraduate medical education in the United States. Specifically, the Coalition for Physician Accountability recommended that all programs transition to online interviews and visits for the 2020-21 application cycle. Current literature lacks concrete recommendations with visual examples for how interviewees should best prepare their interview rooms. The authors present cost-conscious recommendations addressing three main areas: the interview room background/environment, audiovisual quality, and virtual interview etiquette, while providing two before and after intervention photographs. Through optimization of these three domains, applicants can present the best versions of themselves during virtual residency interviews.
TPACK-RELATED PROGRAMS FOR PRE-SERVICE ENGLISH TEACHERS: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS ON EFFORTS AND ISSUES OF ICT INTEGRATION

As the advances of technology bring some changes in education, technology affects teacher training institutions, especially on the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) that supports Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) programs for English pre-service teachers. Regarding the ICT integration in TPACK-related programs, this study was then conducted to investigate the efforts done by the universities and lecturers and issues faced by the lecturers during the integration processes. This case study was conducted in Indonesia. The participants were 79 lecturers from 25 teacher education institutions implementing TPACK-related programs. This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-method design in which the data were collected by means of questionnaires consisting of 23 items and interviews containing 5 questions. The results revealed that in general, almost all universities had provided ICT resources, accessibilities, ICT competence development programs, and policies on ICT implementation. On the one hand, for the sake of ICT integration in TPACK related programs, the lecturers provided students with accessibilities, knowledge of ICT, and classroom regulations. However, there are problems faced by those lecturers to integrate ICT in TPACK-related programs. Thus, some possible implications of ICT integration are presented in this study.
Primary and secondary central nervous system mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas

Primary central nervous system (CNS) mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas are rare, only comprising 2% to 3% of all primary CNS lymphomas. Among them, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) are the commonly reported histological subtypes. Secondary CNS T-cell lymphoma generally affects about 5% of patients with T- or NK-cell lymphoma, with some exceptions. Acute and lymphomatous subtypes of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) have high risk of CNS progression, may affect up to 20% of patients; ALK-positive ALCL with extranodal involvement >1 also has high risk of CNS progression. However, the impact and the optimal methodology of CNS prophylaxis remain unclear in systemic T-cell lymphomas. There are little data on the treatment strategy of primary and secondary CNS T-cell lymphoma. Treatment strategy derived from B-cell CNS primary lymphoma is generally used; this includes induction therapy with high-dose methotrexate-based regimens, followed by high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant in fit patients. There are unmet needs for patients who are not fit for intensive chemotherapy. The prognosis after CNS progression in T-cell lymphoma is dismal with the median overall survival of less than 1 year. New agents targeting T-cell lymphomas are emerging and should be tested in patients with mature T- and NK-cell lymphoma who suffer from CNS involvement.
Does time stop in the world of Talmud Torah

In 2012 I began a certain engagement as a way to fill what the academy tellingly calls a period of ‘leave.’ That engagement constitutes study at Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem (MTJ), the ‘last remaini...
Fall 2021 Supplement to Brauneis & Schechter, Copyright: A Contemporary Approach

This Fall 2021 Supplement is the product of our effort to capture important developments in copyright law since the publication of the second edition of Copyright: A Contemporary Approach. It includes two new principal cases, both Supreme Court decisions: the 2021 fair use decision in Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., and the 2020 decision about copyright protection for state statutes in Georgia v. Public.Resources.Org. The supplement also includes notes on many other cases, and a few new features that we thought would enhance study of U.S. copyright law. In light of the passage of the Music Modernization Act in October 2018, we have completely revised Chapter 12.E., on digital audio transmission rights, and Chapter 12.F., on rights in pre-1972 sound recordings. The new Chapter 12.E. in this supplement, “Digital Streaming of Music After the Musical Works Modernization Act,” now consists of a general introduction to copyright and the streaming of music, covering both rights in sound recordings and rights in musical works, and all of the relevant exclusive rights.
New Combinations For the Moss Flora of China

The following twenty three new combinations and new names are proposed for Chinese moss taxa: Barbula chenia, B. dixoniana, Barbula propaguliferum, Bryum ochianum, Chrysocladium retrorsum var. pinfaense, Dicladiella trichophora, Didymodon rigidulus var. perobustus, Entodon caliginosus var. subtilis, Microdus brotheri, Platydictya sinensis-subtilis, P. yuennanensis, Pohlia cavalieri, P. ciliifera, C. graciliformis, P. laticuspes, P. propagulifera, P. pygmaea, P. tapintzense, P. timmioides, Sinskea flammea ssp. ochracea, S. flammea ssp. rufiflolioides, Trichostomum sinochenii and T. zanderi.
Strange Fruit Race, Terror, and the War on Terror

This poem examines drone warfare as a form of lynching. “Strange Fruit” links the deaths of Pakistani children Zeerak and Maria Khan to the murders of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith, documented in th...
Electrodeposition of Alloys and Compounds in the Era of Microelectronics and Energy Conversion Technology

Electrochemical deposition methods are increasingly being applied to advanced technology applications, such as microelectronics and, most recently, to energy conversion. Due to the ever growing need for device miniaturization and enhanced performance, vastly improved control of the growth process is required, which in turn necessitates a better understanding of the fundamental phenomena involved. This overview describes the current status of and latest advances in electrodeposition science and technology. Electrochemical growth phenomena are discussed at the macroscopic and atomistic scale, while particular attention is devoted to alloy and compound formation, as well as surface-limited processes. Throughout, the contribution of Professor Foresti and her group to the understanding of electrochemical interfaces and electrodeposition, is highlighted.
Spectroscopic diagnostics of the formation of auroral arcs

The theory and mechanisms for spectroscopic observations of auroral arcs are examined. The emission rate ratios of various spectroscopic features are used to determine the average energy of the auroral particles, noting that only proton bombardment of the atmosphere can produce the observed emissions of atomic hydrogen, Balmer alpha, and Balmer beta. The atomic hydrogen particles can cause excitation, stripping, or ionization. Differences in subsequent electron observations due to the relative energy levels of the bombardment are described, and the use of the First Negative bands of molecular N ions and the ground configuration transition in singly atomic O for optical emission studies is outlined. The mean energy of the bombarding electron flux can be obtained and may be equalled under certain conditions by the proton flux. Finally, the characteristics of an ideal spectrometer for exploring auroral emissions are introduced.
Maize Endosperm Tissue as an Endoreduplication System

One of the major biological horizons at this time is understanding the development of plants. Closely associated with development is the role played by cell growth and proliferation and the kinetics involved in these processes. The developing endosperm tissue of maize follows an interesting pattern of DNA changes and may be an excellent system for the elucidation of developmental concepts. Cells in the central region of the endosperm undergo an endoreduplication process resulting in very large nuclei. In addition, the maize endosperm tissue may provide a developmental system amenable to genetic engineering techniques in plants.
Extensions to the computational hemodynamics modeling of cerebral aneurysms

Image-based patient-specific CFD modeling of blood flows is important for better understanding the hemodynamics in cerebral aneurysms and their treatment. Some limitations of current methodologies have been identified, including (1) model size, (2) endovascular device modeling, (3) missing information and (4) extraction of relevant data. This work addressed the first two of these limitations. First, a Deflated Preconditioned Conjugate Gradients (DPCG) algorithm was developed to accelerate the computation of incompressible flows in the elongated geometries typically encountered in vascular models. This technique has enabled the modeling of the blood flow in complex arterial networks in a timely manner making these models practical for clinical purposes. Second, a methodology to model stented aneurysms on a patient-specific basis has been developed. This methodology has allowed the computation of the blood flow in cerebral aneurysms after the treatment with stents or other flow diverters. These two developments have extended the range of applicability of image-based CFD techniques applied to cerebral hemodynamics.
MMP-7 promotes host recovery and lung function to influenza virus infection (VIR2P.1016)

Wound healing is a critical aspect of recovery from influenza virus-induced lung damage. However, relatively little attention has been given to the role of host recovery mechanisms in influenza virus pneumonia. MMP-7, or matrilysin, is produced in the airways following damage and is known to promote airway homeostasis and respiratory cell migration and differentiation, possibly via immunomodulatory processes. We hypothesized that MMP-7 is a critical factor in recovery from influenza infection for both airway damage repair and respiratory function. MMP-7-/- mice are more susceptible to PR/8 influenza infection, and, while showing weight loss similar to WT controls, succumb on days 8-13 after infection. MMP-7-/- lungs scored higher than WT lungs in both acute and chronic tissue damage measures on day 7 after infection by histology, demonstrating MMP-7’s ability to reduce tissue damage and limit tissue remodeling at peak disease. Curiously, MMP-7-/- BAL taken day 3 after infection have lower levels of IL-6, KC, and MIG than WT BAL. Plethysmographic respiratory analyses on days 8-11 showed MMP-7-/- mice to have slower breathing rates and exaggerated expiratory functions, suggesting a role for MMP-7 in promoting proper lung function during attempted resolution. This study provides evidence of the impact of a specific tissue remodeling protein on lung function and influenza disease outcome.
Human Type 1 Diabetes Is Associated with T Cell Autoimmunity to Zinc Transporter 8

Recently we demonstrated that zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is a major target of autoantibodies in human type 1 diabetes (T1D). Because the molecules recognized by T1D autoantibodies are typically also targets of autoreactive T cells, we reasoned that this would likely be the case for ZnT8. To test this hypothesis, IFN-γ-producing T cells specific for ZnT8 in the peripheral blood of 35 patients with T1D (<6 mo after onset at blood draw) and 41 age-matched controls were assayed by ELISPOT using a library of 23 overlapping dipeptide pools covering the entire 369 aa primary sequence. Consistent with our hypothesis, patients showed significantly higher T cell reactivity than the matched controls, manifest in terms of the breadth of the overall response and the magnitude of responses to individual pools. Therefore, the median number of pools giving positive responses (stimulation index ≥ 3) in the control group was 1.0 (range, 0-7) compared with 6.0 (range, 1-20; p < 0.0001) for the patients. Similarly, the median stimulation index of positive responses in controls was 3.1 versus 5.0 in the patients (p < 0.0001). Individually, 7 of 23 pools showed significant disease association (p < 0.001), with several of the component peptides binding the disease associated HLA-DR3 (0301) and -DR4 (0401) molecules in vitro. We conclude that ZnT8 is also a major target of disease-associated autoreactive T cells in human T1D, and we suggest that reagents that target ZnT8-specific T cells could have therapeutic potential in preventing or arresting the progression of this disease.
Targeting childhood obesity in schools: an examination of the stability and utility of the value added index.

Summary What is already known about this subject High rates of childhood obesity and overweight have promoted interest in school-based interventions. Procter's Value Added Index (VAI) identifies schools with higher-than-predicted rates of obesity. What this study adds The VAI can be calculated with much simpler techniques than those proposed by Procter and associates. VAI data from a span of 4 years indicated that rank orderings of schools vary widely over time. This casts doubt on the utility of the VAI measure for targeting policy interventions, and we suggest that using a simpler method would be more effective, especially when obesity rates are high. Background High rates of childhood obesity and overweight have promoted interest in school-based interventions. As a way to identify schools with high unexpected prevalence of obesity and the greatest need, Procter and associates developed a ‘Value Added Index’ (VAI). It compares rates of obesity in entry level and advanced students in elementary schools, quantifying the extent to which rates for advanced students are higher than what would be expected given entry level rates and socio-demographic characteristics. Methods This paper replicates their analysis using data over a 4 year time span from 17 schools in the western United States. Our analysis compared results obtained with the relatively complicated mixed-model approach, which was used by Procter and associates, and a more simple linear regression, which could be easily used by local school officials. Results were also compared across the 4 years for which data were available. Results Identical results were found when the two methods were compared. There was little stability in the rank ordering of schools, based on the VAI, from 1 year to another. Conclusions Our results cast doubts on the utility of the VAI for policy makers and suggest policy makers consider a universalistic, rather than targeted, approach to interventions.
Systematic VIQ/PIQ differences on the WAIS: An artifact of this instrument?

Investigated the possibility that there exists a systematic VIQ/PIQ discrepancy on the WAIS that did not exist on the WBI or WBII. Five hundred and ten psychiatric patients who were referred for psychological testing were assigned randomly to one of three groups: Ss in Group 1 were administered the WAIS as a part of the test battery, Ss in Group 2 were administered the WBI and Ss in Group 3 were administered the WBII. Results indicated that the IQ scores provided by the WAIS were significantly (p < 0.01) lower than those provided by the other instruments and that a systematic VIQ/PIQ discrepancy in favor of the VIQ exists on this test, which was not found on the other instruments. Implications of these findings were discussed in regard to both clinical use of the WAIS and continuing research on its diagnostic utility.
The Effect of an Antimicrobial Formulary Change on Hospital Resistance Patterns

A university hospital formulary change that was designed to reduce the use of the third-generation cephalosporins ceftazidime and cefotaxime and replace them with the so-called “fourth-generation” cephalosporin cefepime was evaluated. A retrospective review of antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance during two 6-month periods before and after the formulary change was performed. All hospital patients with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), ceftazidime-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), piperacillin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PRPA), and ceftazidime-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) infections were included in the study. Ceftazidime use decreased from 9600 g to 99 g, and cefotaxime use decreased from 6314 g to 732 g, which represented a combined decrease of 89%. Use of cefepime increased from 0 g to 5396 g. Infections from CRKP decreased from 13% to 3%, PRPA infections decreased from 22% to 14%, and CRPA infections decreased from 25% to 15% (p<0.05 for all). Infections from MRSA dropped insignificantly, and VRE infections increased significantly. Substituting cefepime for ceftazidime and cefotaxime while reducing the overall use of cephalosporins appears to decrease rates of CRKP, PRPA, and CRPA.
A new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Cordillera striped shrew-rat, Chrotomys whiteheadi (Rodentia: Muridae), from the Philippines

During July 2011, a single Cordillera striped shrew-rat (Chrotomys whiteheadi) was collected from the Philippines and its faeces examined for coccidian parasites. It harboured an eimerian that we describe here as new. Oocysts of Eimeria macarthuri sp. n. were spheroidal to subspheroidal with a bi-layered wall and measured (length × width, L × W) 18.2 × 17.0 μm, with an L/W ratio of 1.1. A micropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granule were absent. Sporocysts were ovoidal, 9.0 × 6.4 μm, with an L/W ratio of 1.3. A nipple-like Stieda body was present as well as a substieda body. A granular sporocyst residuum was present. To our knowledge, E. macarthuri represents the only coccidian ever described from a rodent of the Philippines.
Simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by multiplex PCR

Contamination of foods with pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella is a major concern worldwide and rapid, sensitive, and reliable methods are needed for detection of these organisms. Since these pathogens can contaminate similar foods and other types of samples, a multiplex polymerase chain reduction (PCR) was designed to allow simultaneous detection of both E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp directly from enrichment cultures. Samples of apple cider, beef carcass wash water, ground beef, and bovine feces were inoculated with both E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium at various bacterial levels. Following enrichment culturing for 20–24 h at 37°C in modified EC broth or buffered peptone water both containing novobiocin, the samples were subjected to a DNA extraction technique or to immunomagnetic separation then tested by the multiplex PCR assay. Four pairs of primers were employed in the PCR: primers for amplification of E. coli O157:H7 eaeA, stx 1/2 and plasmid sequences and for amplification of a portion of the Salmonella invA gene. Four fragments of the expected sizes were amplified in a single reaction and visualized following agarose gel electrophoresis in all the samples inoculated with ≤ 1 CFU g−1 or ml−1. Results can be obtained in approximately 30 h. The multiplex PCR is a potentially powerful technique for rapid and sensitive co-detection of both pathogens in foods and other types of samples.
Fabrication of metallic nanoparticles by spinodal dewetting of thin films: A high-throughput approach

Metal nanoparticles on structured supports are used in a variety of technological applications including biosensing, energy harvesting, and electronics. In every case, the functions and properties of the metallic nanostructures depend on both their composition and structure (i.e. size, shape, and spatial distribution). Among the challenges to the development of metal nanoparticles for these applications is the characterization of relationships between their structure and their functional properties over multiple structural degrees of freedom spanning a large range of values. In this work, a method for creating a morphological gradient of metal nanoparticles on a substrate is described. The approach, suited for high-throughput fabrication and characterization, is based on spinodal dewetting of a metallic thin film from its substrate. Through control of initial film thickness, anneal temperature, and anneal time, spinodal dewetting results in supported nanoparticles with well-defined and controlled structure. The approach is demonstrated through its application to preparation of Pd nanoparticles on a silicon nitride substrate. The morphologies of the particles were characterized by scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. Free energy-based stability and topological analyses were used to confirm the dewetting mechanism. In addition, the stability theory provides a connection to the thermophysical properties of the resulting nanoparticle array. The dewetting approach is general to any metal/support system and provides an alternative, inexpensive, and robust means to rapidly create metal nanostructures with control of morphology. It shows promise for large scale production of metal nanoparticles structures, as well as understanding basic stability properties of thin metal films.
Knowledge strategy and its role in the organization: An exploratory study

Knowledge strategy is defined as the set of guidelines and philosophies that guide an organizationâ€™s knowledge-based activities, such as knowledge gathering, development, storage, and utilization. Much of the early literature describing knowledge strategy suggests that its role in the organization is to drive, and be driven by, organizational structure and the human resources and technology strategies. The present research utilizes semi-structured interview data to determine that knowledge strategy is less of a formal structure and more of a lens through which knowledge-based decisions are viewed and focused, resulting in organizational actions that align with the knowledge strategy of the organization.
Specific Heat of Lead in the Range from 2 to 8°K

The specific heat of pure lead has been measured in the normal and superconducting states between 2 and 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The electronic contribution in the superconducting state, ${C}_{\mathrm{es}}$, is derived using $\ensuremath{\gamma}=3.00$ mJ/mole${\mathrm{deg}}^{2}$ taken from other sources. Near ${T}_{c}$, ${C}_{\mathrm{es}}$ is roughly proportional to ${T}^{3.5}$, but the dependence becomes more marked as the temperature is reduced. Our data do not conform to the ${T}^{4}$ dependence deduced from the critical-field curve by Decker, Mapother, and Shaw for $1.2\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}5$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, although the critical field calculated from the difference $\ensuremath{\Delta}C={C}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{s}$ agrees with the measured values to within 0.8%. The Debye temperature $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ is deduced from the normal-state results, and a plot of $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ versus $T$ is given. The curve suggests that a maximum in $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ occurs near 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Absorption and gain of laser dyes with picosecond pumping

Abstract Using a passively mode-locked Nd:YAG laser, the absorption and gain of oxazine 1 and 9 were examined. Picosecond pumping is shown to have better gain efficiency and wavelength tunability than nanosecond pumping.
Stress Sensing in Polycaprolactone Films via an Embedded Photochromic Compound

A photochromic polymer exhibiting mechanochromic behavior is prepared by means of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of epsilon-caprolactone by utilizing a difunctional indolinospiropyran as an initiator. The configuration of having the photochromic initiating species within the polymer backbone leads to a mechanochromic effect with deformation of polymer films leading to ring-opening of the spiro C-O bond to form the colored merocyanine. Active stress monitoring by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in tension mode was used to probe the effects of UV irradiation on polymer films held under constant strain. Irradiation with UV light induces a negative change in the polymer stress of approximately 50 kPa. Finally, a model of the mechanochromic effect was performed using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations. A sharp increase in the relative molecular energy and the absorption wavelength as well as a drastic decrease in the spiro-oxygen atom charge occurred at a molecular elongation of >39%.
Characterization and Control of Residual Stress and Curvature in Anodically Bonded Devices and Substrates with Etched Features

While anodic bonding is commonly used in a variety of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications, devices and substrates that incorporate this processing technique are often subjected to significant residual stress and curvature that create post-processing and reliability issues. Here, using an anisothermal anodic bonding procedure, residual stresses and the resulting wafer curvature in these structures are controlled by varying the initial bond temperatures of the silicon and Pyrex wafers independently. Residual stresses are quantified by measuring bulk wafer curvature and, locally, stress concentrations are measured using infrared photoelasticity accompanied by 3-D thermomechanical finite element analysis. Based on the good agreement between numerical predictions and experimental results, this process can be used to determine the bulk post-bond wafer curvature and to reduce the likelihood of structural failure at these sites, by changing the residual stresses from tensile in nature, which may drive initiation and growth of cracks, to compressive, which can suppress such failures.
Image distortion in MRI‐based polymer gel dosimetry of Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery systems

We have studied effects of MR (magnetic resonance) image distortion on polymer gel dosimetry of Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery systems. MR images of BANG polymer gel phantoms were acquired by using a Hahn spin-echo sequence and a fast 3D imaging GRASS sequence. Image artifacts were studied by varying the directions of frequency encoding and the receiver bandwidth. The phantoms were also CT (computed tomography) scanned. The studies showed that the measured dose distributions are shifted by 1.8+/-0.5 mm (2 pixels) in the frequency encoding direction. The magnitude of the shift is inversely proportional to the receiver bandwidth in agreement with theory. Comparison of MRI with CT showed the same image shift. We concluded that the discrepancy is caused by MR image distortion due to a difference in susceptibility effects between the phantom and the fiducial markers of the Leksell localization box.
Sympatry of distinct mitochondrial DNA lineages in a copepod inhabiting estuarine creeks in the southeastern USA

The population genetic structure of the meiobenthic harpacticoid copepod Microarthridion littorale (Poppe) was examined with a geographic survey of a 348 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Copepods were collected from ten locations on the coast from North Carolina to Georgia, USA, from January 1997 to November 1998. Sequence divergence among 198 individuals was as much as 4.3%, and three divergent mitochondrial clades were uncovered that differed by six to nine nucleotide changes. A rapid assay was developed to distinguish among mitochondrial clades, and an additional 333 specimens were surveyed. The three lineages co-occurred in seven of ten sampling locations. Data analyses were carried out separately for individuals assayed by DNA sequencing as well as for a combined data set that included individuals typed by restriction endonuclease digestion. An analysis of molecular variance indicated that a significant proportion of the total genetic variance could be partitioned among populations, although no significant correlation between geographical and genetic distance was detected.
Relaxing effects of adenosine in coronary artery in calcium-free medium

Abstract Adenosine relaxes the coronary arteries of various species through A 2 receptors. The mechanism(s) by which adenosine causes relaxation of the coronary smooth muscle through changes in intracellular Ca levels is not understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the vasodilatory action of adenosine in normal and in Ca-free medium and the effect of adenosine on 45 Ca efflux in Ca-free medium. Prostaglandin F 2α (10 −5 M) was used to induce tone in bovine coronary artery rings both in the presence and absence of Ca. Adenosine, 5′-N-ethyl-carboxamide adenosine (NECA) and N 6 -L-phenyl-isopropyl adenosine (L-PIA) produced concentration-dependent relaxation of the coronary artery rings when precontracted with prostaglandin F 2α . Both in normal and Ca-free medium, the order of potency for adenosine analogs (NECA > L-PIA > adenosine) was similar and 8-phenyltheophyl-line antagonized the relaxation response to adenosine and its analogs. In Ca-free medium, the concentration-response curves for adenosine and its analogs were shifted to the right, in a parallel fashion, from the curves obtained in Ca-containing solution. Removal of extracellular Ca reduced the maximum responses and slowed the rate of relaxation of adenosine and its analogs and the K B values for 8-phenyltheophylline were significantly increased. In Ca-free medium, adenosine was without an effect on 45 Ca efflux in the presence of prostaglandin F 2α . The data suggest that the coronary vasodilatory action of adenosine has both extracellular Ca-dependent and -independent components.
Remarks on orthogonal superposition of small amplitude oscillations on steady shear flow

The paper demonstrates that experimental data (Simmons, 1968) for orthogonal superposition of small amplitude oscillations on steady shear flow, coincide well enough with the theoretical predictions (Leonov et al., 1976) of simple multi-modal version of Leonov model (Leonov, 1976, 1987; Leonov et al., 1976). It was also shown that the recent theoretical calculations (Wong and Isayev, 1989) of the problem, which used the same Leonov model, are wrong.
Prognostic Value of Circulating Plasma Cells in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance

Purpose Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progresses to multiple myeloma or another related plasma cell disorder (PCD) at a rate of approximately 1% per year. Identification of patients with MGUS at high risk of progression will allow development of preventive strategies. We studied the prognostic value of circulating plasma cells (PCs) in patients with MGUS to predict progression. Patients and Methods Patients were eligible for this retrospective analysis if they were seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1984 and 1997, were diagnosed with MGUS, and had an analysis of the peripheral blood for circulating PCs by the slide-based immunofluorescence method. Patients were observed for progression to another PCD. Results Three hundred twenty-five patients were eligible and 63 (19%) had circulating PCs. Patients with circulating PCs were twice as likely (hazard ratio, 2.1) to experience progression to another PCD (most commonly myeloma), compared with those without circulating PCs (95% CI, 1.1...
The Optimist, the Pessimist, and the Global Race to Exascale in 20 Megawatts

Multiple innovations will be required to navigate the challenging road to developing exascale systems. The stage is set for a global race to design and build the first exascale system within a 20-megawatt (MW) power envelope. Perhaps not since the race to the moon have we seen a worldwide competition of this scale and complexity.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the membrane fluidity of the foodborne pathogenic psychrotroph Listeria monocytogenes.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne psychrotrophic pathogen that grows at refrigeration temperatures. Previous studies of fatty acid profiles of wild-type and cold-sensitive, branched-chain fatty acid deficient mutants of L. monocytogenes suggest that the fatty acid 12-methyltetradecanoic (anteiso-C15:0) plays a critical role in low-temperature growth of L. monocytogenes, presumably by maintaining membrane fluidity. The fluidity of isolated cytoplasmic membranes of wild-type (SLCC53 and 10403S), and a cold-sensitive mutant (cld-1 )o fL. monocytogenes, grown with and without the supplementation of 2-methylbutyric acid, has been studied using a panel of hydrocarbon-based nitroxides (2N10, 3N10, 4N10, and 5N10) and spectral deconvolution and simulation methods to obtain directly the Lorentzian line widths and hence rotational correlation times (dc) and motional anisotropies of the nitroxides in the fast motional region. dc values over the temperature range of 37‡C to 50‡C were similar for the membranes of strains SLCC53 and 10403S grown at 10‡C and 30‡C, and for strain cld-1 grown with 2-methylbutyric acid supplementation (which restores branched-chain fatty acids) at 30‡C. However, strain cld-1 exhibited a threefold higher dc when grown without 2-methylbutyric acid supplementation (deficient in branched-chain fatty acids) compared to strains SLCC53, 10403S, and supplemented cld-1. No evidence was seen for a clear lipid phase transition in any sample. We conclude that the fatty acid anteiso-C15:0 imparts an essential fluidity to the L. monocytogenes membrane that permits growth at refrigeration temperatures. fl 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Propagation of deep venous thrombosis identified by duplex ultrasonography

To investigate the efficacy of anticoagulation in preventing continuing thrombosis, we prospectively evaluated 24 patients with acute deep venous thrombosis using duplex ultrasonography. All patients were hospitalized with conclusive ultrasonic evidence of deep venous thrombosis identified in one of four levels: I, calf only; II, calf-popliteal; III, calf-popliteal-femoral; or IV, calf-popliteal-femoral-iliac. Duplex scans were obtained on admission and on three subsequent occasions during therapy. Progression of thrombosis was defined as advancement of thrombus to the more proximal venous level. Demographic data, symptoms, risk factors for deep venous thrombosis, physical findings, anticoagulation regimens, and hematologic variables were ascertained. Adequacy of anticoagulation was defined as elevation of baseline activated partial thromboplastin time by 150%. Nine patients (38%) had progression of thrombosis, and 15 (62%) had stable or improving duplex scans. Progression occurred as follows: I----II (2), I----III (2), II----III (1), and III----IV (4). Of the demographic and clinical variables examined, only smoking correlated with progression of thrombus (p = 0.04). Average heparin dose in the stable group was 1214 +/- 294 units/hr and 1122 +/- 248 units/hr in the group that progressed (p = 0.8): activated partial thromboplastin time was 45.6 +/- 7 seconds in the stable group and 49.8 +/- 9 seconds in the progression group (p = 0.7). Nine patients in the stable group had consistently adequate anticoagulation, whereas six did not; six in the progression group were consistently anticoagulated, and three were not. Two patients (one with stable thrombus and one with progressive thrombus) suffered nonfatal pulmonary emboli. Clot progression as determined by duplex scanning did not predict acute complications of deep venous thrombosis.
Prenatal Smoking and Risk of Intrapartum Stillbirth

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between prenatal smoking and intrapartum stillbirth by the use of a cohort of singleton births in Missouri from 1978 through 1997. Overall, the authors identified a total of 7,325 counts of stillbirth, yielding a stillbirth rate of 4.4 per 1,000. The timing of the occurrence of the stillbirth to onset of labor was specified in 85.6% (n = 6,273). Of these, 1,070 (17.0%) occurred intrapartum. Smoking mothers were 50% more likely to experience intrapartum fetal death as compared with nonsmoking gravidas (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.3-1.7). Women who smoked 10 to 19 cigarettes per day were at the highest risk of experiencing intrapartum stillbirth (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.7 [95% confidence interval = 1.4-2.0]). Our findings underscore the need for increased smoking-cessation education efforts targeted toward pregnant women.
Abstract 1079: Identification of autocrine motility factor (AMF) receptor, HER2 (ErbB2) in breast cancer cells

Overexpression of HER2 (ErbB2) oncoprotein is associated with approximately 25% of aggressive breast carcinoma. Although a humanized monoclonal antibody (Trastuzumab) against HER2 is currently considered one of the most effective treatments, a significant number of patients are initially or eventually become resistant to Trastuzumab based therapy. Here, we demonstrate that secreted phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)/ autocrine motility factor (AMF), an orphan -CXXC- cytokine directly binds to HER2 and activates PI3K and MAPK through HER2 autophosphorylation, and also induces immediately HER2 cleavage in metalloprotease dependent fashion. We therefore speculate that AMF/HER2 signaling pathways play a physiological role in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells and contribute to Trastuzumab resistance and propose that AMF can be a novel therapeutic target in Trastuzumab resistant breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1079. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1079
The Varieties of Forgiveness Experience: Working toward a Comprehensive Definition of Forgiveness

The definition of forgiveness was explored in a group of 270 young adults, and the underlying dimensions of their definitions compared with those of philosophers, theologians and psychological researchers. Three dimensions were identified: orientation (self, other), direction (passive letting go of negative experiences, active enhancement of positive experiences) and form (emotion, cognition and behavior). Definitions employing a passive letting go of negative experiences were associated with more state forgiveness. Gender differences were found in state forgiveness and in the employment of passive vs. active dimensions of forgiveness.
Highly efficient fluorene- and benzothiadiazole-based conjugated copolymers for polymer light-emitting diodes

A series of highly efficient conjugated polymers have been synthesized for application in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). These polymers were based on the copolymerization between 9,9-dihexylfluorene and benzothiadiazole (BT). In several cases, a third comonomer was added to adjust the charge injecting and transporting properties of the polymers. All of these copolymers exhibited strong green emission at around 540 nm which can be attributed to either the charge transfer between an electron-rich segment and an electron-deficient BT-containing segment of the polymers or the Forster energy transfer between different polymer chains. These copolymers also exhibited very high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies up to 55%. A double-layer device using one of the copolymers as the emissive layer exhibited a low turn-on voltage (3.4 V), a very high external quantum efficiency (6.0%), and a high brightness of 59 400 cd/cm2.
Cell-cycle-regulated DNA double-strand breaks in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes.

Cell-cycle-regulated DNA double-strand breaks in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
El imperativo heterosexual y sus consecuencias en Así que pasen cinco años de García Lorca

This article argues for a re-reading of one of Garcia Lorca’s most complex plays, Asi que pasen cinco anos in the light of recent theoretical work on sexual categories and social identity. It suggests, contrary to what Lorca portends to do in his more conventional tragedies about sexual repression and institutionalized life, that Asi que pasen cinco anos offers a powerful defense of heterosexuality and marriage within the matrix of family life. This is done at the expense of a sublimated homosexuality that the protagonist disavows. Drawing from Freudian psychoanalytic theories and other contemporary, groundbreaking theorists on gender and sexuality, such as Foucault, Adrienne Rich and Judith Butler, the article argues against a natural and ‘essential’ notion of heterosexuality, in favor of a biologically fixed but culturally presupposed sexual identity that is imposed onto the psyche of a more authentic ‘other’ whose existence is disavowed. In this respect, the article posits this play as partaking of the conflict between nature and civilization that informs much of what Lorca wrote.
How consumers view advertising by optometrists

Abstract The purpose of this study were to determine: (a) consumers' attitudes toward advertising by optometrists; (b) which media consumers feel are appropriate for optometrists' advertising; and (c) whether consumers are aware of optometrists' advertisements and, if so, through which media. It was found that consumers indeed have a favorable attitude toward optometrists who advertise; that they find most media appropriate for optometrists' advertising; and that most consumers have encountered optometrists' advertisements, especially through radio, television and billboards.
Dual role of nitric oxide in focal cerebral ischemia

Abstract The importance of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia was examined following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. A significant increase in infarct size developed following inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) activity by l -arginine analogues whereas intravenous l -arginine dosedependently decreased infarct volume in the same models. Protection after l -arginine administration was associated with enhanced blood flow within the perinfarct zone as demonstrated by simultaneous recording of rCBF and electrocorticogram activity within subjacent brain. Selective NOS inhibition by 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) significantly reduced infarct volume at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg and in amounts that did not decrease the response of pial vessels to topical acetylcholine. Together these data suggest that enhanced NO production within the cerebrovasculature protects brain tissue during focal ischemia via hemodynamic mechanisms whereas neuronal overproduction may facilitate or mediate neurotoxicity. Recent data using transgenic animals lacking NOS activity support the latter conclusion.
Neural Correlates of Forward and Inverse Models for Eye Movements: Evidence from Three-Dimensional Kinematics

Inverse and forward dynamic models have been conceptually important in computational motor control. In particular, inverse models are thought to convert desired action into appropriate motor commands. In parallel, forward models predict the consequences of the motor command on behavior by constructing an efference copy of the actual movement. Despite theoretical appeal, their neural representation has remained elusive. Here, we provide evidence supporting the notion that a group of premotor neurons called burst-tonic (BT) cells represent the output of the inverse model for eye movements. We show that BT neurons, like extraocular motoneurons but different from the evoked eye movement, do not carry signals appropriate for the half-angle rule of ocular kinematics during smooth-pursuit eye movements from eccentric positions. Along with findings of identical response dynamics as motoneurons, these results strongly suggest that BT cells carry a replica of the motor command. In contrast, eye-head (EH) neurons, a premotor cell type that is the target of Purkinje cell inhibition from the cerebellar flocculus/ventral paraflocculus, exhibit properties that could be consistent with the half-angle rule. Therefore, EH cells may be functionally related to the output of a forward internal model thought to construct an efference copy of the actual eye movement.
Respiratory dendritic cells: maturation and migration following pulmonary influenza virus infection

Abstract Following uptake of either innocuous or pathogenic antigens, dendritic cells (DC) are thought to mature and then migrate to the regional lymph nodes, where they present this antigen to naive T and B cells resulting in peripheral tolerance or the induction of the adaptive immune response, respectively. Respiratory dendritic cells (rDC) reside throughout the respiratory tract where they are thought to participate in immune surveillance by sampling the pulmonary environment, yet surprisingly little is known about their maturation and migration. Recently, using a novel in situ CFSE labeling technique, we have explored rDC maturation and migration to the regional lymph nodes both in the steady state and following intranasal (i.n.) influenza virus infection.
The effect of temperature on the survival of microorganisms in a deep space vacuum.

A Space Molecular Sink Research Facility (Molsink) was used to evaluate the ability of microorganisms to survive the vacuum of outer space. this facility could be programmed to simulate flight spacecraft vacuum environments at pressures in the 10−10 torr range and thermal gradients (30 to 60°C) closely associated to surface temperatures of inflight spacecraft.
Simulation of plasma-based ion implantation of a sawtooth target

Abstract Plasma-based ion implantation of a two-dimensional target consisting of a periodic array of symmetric, 90°, triangular sawteeth is studied using a particle-in-cell plasma simulation. The average ion flux, ion impact angle, ion impact energy and the energy-resolved dose are computed. When the sheath width is large compared to the tooth size, the sheath edge becomes planar, the ion flux is nearly uniform and ions impact the surface of the target at 45°. The incident dose is greatest near the convex corner, and least in the concave corner.