cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Smooth Numbers in Number Theoretic Algorithms

A smooth number is a number with only small prime factors. In particular, a positive integer is y-smooth if it has no prime factor exceeding y. Smooth numbers are a useful tool in number theory because they not only have a simple multiplicative structure, but are also fairly numerous. These twin properties of smooth numbers are the main reason they play a key role in almost every moder integer factorization algorithm. Smooth numbers play a similar essential role in discrete logarithm algorithms (methods to represent some group element as a power of another), and a lesser, but still important, role in primality tests.
The Demand for NFL Football

This chapter considers the demand for NFL football. Football demand is unusual as compared with many goods and services. Rather than market clearing at competitive price levels or limited demand induced by monopoly pricing, the equilibrium position for many football teams is one of excess demand. Football attendance is characterized by excess demand and generally tight market. A theory of Becker (1991) helps explain the demand for football. Becker’s theory is that demand in some situations depends on social interaction and the size of the crowd. DeSerpa (1994) has adapted this theory for NFL football and other situations where the crowd composition is as important as the crowd size. Using data from 1995 through 1999 for all NFL teams during their regular season, I construct an econometric model of the demand for NFL football. I use this model to test the Becker/DeSerpa theory and conclude that the demand curve slopes upward in the relevant range as anticipated by the theoretical model. The next section of this chapter discuss NFL football demand. In Section 2.3, I discuss bandwagons, social influences, and group demand behavior. In Section 2.4, I discuss the Becker model and DeSerpa’ extensions. Section 2.5 presents the econometric model while Section 2.6 provides conclusions.
Adaptive Alignment of Plasticity With Genetic Variation and Selection

Theoretical research has outlined how selection may shape both genetic variation and the expression of phenotypic plasticity in multivariate trait space. Specifically, research regarding the evolution of patterns of additive genetic variances and covariances (summarized in matrix form as G) and complementary research into how selection may shape adaptive plasticity lead to the general prediction that G, plasticity, and selection surfaces are all expected to align with each other. However, less well discussed is how this prediction might be assessed and how the modeled theoretical processes are expected to manifest in actual populations. Here, we discuss the theoretical foundations of the overarching prediction of alignment, what alignment mathematically means, how researchers might test for alignment and important caveats to this testing. The most important caveat concerns the fact that, for plasticity, the prediction of alignment only applies to cases where plasticity is adaptive, whereas organisms express considerable plasticity that may be neutral or even maladaptive. We detail the ramifications of these alternative expressions of plasticity vis-a-vis predictions of alignment. Finally, we briefly highlight some important interpretations of deviations from the prediction of alignment and what alignment might mean for populations experiencing environmental and selective changes.
Securing Malware Cognitive Systems against Adversarial Attacks

The cognitive systems along with the machine learning techniques have provided significant improvements for many applications. However, recent adversarial attacks, such as data poisoning, evasion attacks, and exploratory attacks, have shown to be able to either cause the machine learning methods to misbehave, or leak sensitive model parameters. In this work, we have devised a prototype of a malware cognitive system, called DeepArmour, which performs robust malware classification against adversarial attacks. At the heart of our method is a voting system with three different machine learning malware classifiers: random forest, multi-layer perceptron, and structure2vec. In addition, DeepArmour applies several adversarial countermeasures, such as feature reconstruction and adversarial retraining to strengthen the robustness. We tested DeepArmour on a malware execution trace dataset, which has 12, 536 malware in five categories. We are able to achieve 0.989 accuracy with 10-fold cross validation. Further, to demonstrate the ability of combating adversarial attacks, we have performed a white-box evasion attack on the dataset and showed how our system is resilient to such attacks. Particularly, DeepArmour is able to achieve 0.675 accuracy for the generated adversarial attacks which are unknown to the model. After retraining with only 10% adversarial samples, DeepArmour is able to achieve 0.839 accuracy
General Education Teacher Educators and English Language Learner Teacher Preparation: Infusion as Curricular Change

ABSTRACTTo address the needs of English Language Leaners (ELLs) in grade-level content-area classrooms, teacher education programs are moving toward “infused” models of instruction where preservice...
Working with culture: a qualitative analysis of barriers to the recruitment of Chinese-American family caregivers for dementia research.

The National Institutes of Health ismaking efforts to increase the representation ofminority elders in aging research. While it is oftennoted that cultural barriers may make the recruitmentof minority elders into research more difficult,relatively little empirical exists to support thisclaim. The purpose of this study was to identifysociocultural barriers to recruitment that emergedduring a four-year study of dementia caregiving amongChinese families in the Boston area. Morespecifically, this paper examines how culturallyshaped conceptions of health, aging, and dementiaimpacted the recruitment process. This paper is basedon a qualitative analysis of interviews with 23Chinese families and extensive fieldnotes generated byproject ethnographers and interviewers. The followingthemes emerged in this analysis: 1) dementia-relatedchanges were construed as a normal part of the agingprocess rather than a disease, making it moredifficult to identify dementia-affected elders and torecruit families, 2) research participation was viewedas potentially harmful because it can lead toexcessive worry 3) Alzheimer's disease carries asocial stigma among Chinese, leading families to shunformal diagnosis and research participation, and 4)practitioners viewed research as an intrusion offeringno direct benefit to participants.
7 – Flowing Planet

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses flowing planet that refers to the flowing ice sheets. The geological framework imposed by the tectonic movement and ultimate positioning of the continents has exerted a major influence on Earth's climate. Along with the progressive isolation of Antarctica in its polar position during the Cenozoic, the Earth system has been cooling. However, superimposed on this long-term cooling trend are short-term climate fluctuations. This chapter illustrates that daily and seasonal warming is related to periods when sunlight is maximal. One of the most powerful innovations in paleoclimate research is the analysis of atmospheric gases and particles trapped in ice masses around the Earth. These ice-core records that come from both polar regions as well as high mountains at lower latitudes, contain information for interpreting temperature and precipitation variability in relation to atmospheric composition, moisture sources, and prevailing winds. On a global scale, the latent heat of vaporization causes the ocean to cool as liquid water evaporates and the atmosphere to warm as water vapor condenses. The latent heat of fusion causes heating and cooling of the atmosphere as ice forms and melts seasonally. Together, these latent heats limit the temperature variability in the Earth system as water shifts among its solid, liquid, and gas phases. The overall implication of these offset warming and cooling records is that climate oscillations are driven internally within the Earth system by ocean–atmosphere dynamics as well as externally by orbital relationships with the Sun.
The effect of adding lactic acid to canine whole blood on platelet aggregation as measured by impedance aggregometry.

Background Acidemia in sick dogs often results from the accumulation of lactic acid. The resulting decrease in blood pH can have many physiologic effects, including alteration of platelet function. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the effect of hyperlactatemia and subsequent acidemia on platelet aggregation in canine blood using impedance aggregometry. Methods Platelet aggregation was measured in blood from 27 healthy dogs using the Multiplate analyzer at baseline and after in vitro addition of two different volumes of lactic acid to adjust the pH. The area under the curve (AUC), reported by the Multiplate analyzer, was used to assess the extent of platelet aggregation in each sample. A linear mixed effects model was used to test for the association between platelet aggregation and pH. The association of baseline platelet aggregation with HCTs, platelet counts, and WBC counts was assessed using Pearson's correlations. Results Acidemia was associated with a significant decrease in platelet aggregation. No significant correlations were detected between platelet aggregation and HCT, platelet count, or WBC count. Platelet aggregation measured using the Multiplate analyzer showed substantial individual variation. Conclusions Worsening acidemia due to the addition of lactic acid caused a mild but significant decrease in platelet aggregation in canine blood. The clinical significance of this change is uncertain but could be important when combined with other abnormalities of hemostasis associated with illness.
Fashion, Ageing and Sustainability: A Capsule Collection Addressing the Wardrobe Desires of the Over Fifty Female

The object of this project is to design a capsule collectionfor professional women over fifty with an over-arching theme of sustainabilitybased on the research of sustainability expert, Kate Fletcher and sociologist, JuliaTwigg. Based on their research, women in this cohort have specific styling andfit concerns. They also have thedisposable income which allows them to purchase more expensive, higher qualityand longer lasting garments. Garmentdesign are based on these concerns along with natural fiber fabrics whoseserviceability characteristics include that of helping to regulate bodytemperature, a cause for concern for women in the stages of menopause. Fletcher’s “ideology of use” suggest thatgarment durability is rooted in satisfying activities around the wearing of thegarment and resourcefulness related to it, as opposed to the specific technicaldurability of the garment. Smallbooklets will accompany each garment with suggested wearing possibilities andactivities.
Correction for Singh et al., "The Three RelE Homologs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Have Individual, Drug-Specific Effects on Bacterial Antibiotic Tolerance".

Volume 192, no. 5, p. 1279–1291, 2010, [https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01285-09][1]. Page 1284, Fig. 2A: There is an erroneous duplication in a panel on the right side: the “RelB2 + RelE2” panel contains the same image as the “RelB3 + RelE3” panel. We no longer have the original images,
The Light at the End of the Tunnel . . . or Cliff

Earlier this month, the Federal Government released thousands of regulatory pages explaining the many ways in which Medicare providers will get paid and penalized over the next few years. The same week, the Federal Government released regulations for skilled nursing facilities, inpatient psychiatric facilities, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, hospices, and federally qualified health centers. The article juxtaposes the complexity of health care regulations with Executive Order 13563, which states that each of the federal agencies “identify and consider regulatory approaches that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the public,” as well as “consider how best to promote retrospective analysis of rules that may be outmoded, ineffective, insufficient, or excessively burdensome.” As another incantation of this Executive Order appeared in a federal regulation recently (“Medicare and Medicaid Programs: Regulatory Provisions to Promote Program Efficiency, Transparency, and Burden Reduction; Part II”), this article highlights some provisions therein.
Bimetallic-Derived Catalysts and Their Application in Simultaneous Upgrading of CO2 and Ethane

Summary Bimetallic-derived catalysts have played a pivotal role in many industrially important catalytic processes. In recent years, simultaneously upgrading the greenhouse gas CO2 and underutilized ethane (SU-CO2Et) has represented a promising route for producing value-added chemicals, such as synthesis gas and olefin. This review focuses on the synthesis and characterization of precious and non-precious bimetallic-derived catalysts and their application in SU-CO2Et. We discuss general principles and state-of-the-art strategies for catalyst synthesis, as well as in situ techniques for structural characterization and mechanistic insights. We then illustrate how to design and apply versatile bimetallic-derived catalysts for SU-CO2Et and to establish structure-function relationships by using combined experimental and theoretical approaches. We conclude the review by highlighting challenges and opportunities in active-site design and synthesis, in situ structural and mechanistic identification, and development of multifunctional bimetallic-derived catalysts for further upgrading abundant CO2 and shale gas into valuable aromatics and oxygenates.
Barriers to telehealth access among homebound older adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To identify major barriers to video-based telehealth use among homebound older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: A large home-based primary care (HBPC) program in New York City (NYC) serving 873 homebound patients living in the community. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen primary care physicians. MEASUREMENTS: An 11-item assessment of provider perceptions of patients' experience with and barriers to telehealth. RESULTS: According to physicians in the HBPC program, more than one-third (35%) of homebound patients (mean age of 82.7; 46.6% with dementia; mean of 4 comorbidities/patient) engaged in first-time video-based telehealth encounters between April and June 2020 during the first COVID-19 surge in NYC. The majority (82%) required assistance from a family member and/or paid caregiver to complete the visit. Among patients who had not used telehealth, providers deemed 27% (n = 153) "unable to interact over video" for reasons including cognitive or sensory impairment and 14% lacked access to a caregiver to assist them with technology. Physicians were not knowledgeable of their patients' internet connectivity, ability to pay for cellular plans, or video-capable device access. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a large and dramatic shift to video-based telehealth use in home-based primary care. However, 4 months into the pandemic a majority of patients had not participated in a video-based telehealth encounter due to a number of barriers. Patients lacking caregiver support to assist with technology may benefit from novel approaches such as the deployment of community health workers to assist with device setup. Physicians may not be able to identify potentially modifiable barriers to telehealth use among their patients, highlighting the need for better systematic data collection before targeted interventions to increase video-based telehealth use.
Gender, Age, and Small Business Financial Outcomes

The small business sector makes substantial contributions to overall US economic growth and dynamism. That dynamism is driven by the people who start businesses and grow them, including women who now comprise 36 percent of business owners, up from just 4.6 percent in 1972, and the business owners aged 35-54 who start and own the majority of firms. The JPMorgan Chase Institute analyzed differences in small business financial performance by owner age and gender in order to provide insight into small business outcomes including survival, cash liquidity, revenues, and revenue growth. The report leverages high-frequency, de-identified financial data from a sample of 1.3 million small operating businesses that use Chase Business Banking deposit accounts. We analyzed the 3.1 billion transactions associated with these accounts with a specific focus on gender and age as they relate to prevalence, firm size, cash flow, growth, longevity, and other factors. Our analysis uncovers four key findings illustrating how small business financial performance varies by owner gender and age. First, we observe that young and female small business owners are well-represented among firms that grow organically, but underrepresented among firms with external financing. Second, firms with founders 55 and older are the most likely to survive but are the least likely to have employees. A typical firm founded by a 30-year-old has an 11.1 percent predicted probability of exiting after its first year, whereas one founded by a 60-year-old has an 8.2 percent probability of doing so. Third, female-owned firms start with revenue levels 34 percent lower than male-owned firms and have slower revenue growth. The median first-year revenue is about $50,000 for female-owned small businesses, while male-owned small businesses generate $75,000 in first-year revenue. Fourth, first-year revenues by owner age and gender vary by metropolitan area. New female-owned businesses have 46 percent of the revenues of new male-owned businesses in San Antonio, but 85 percent of the revenues of male-owned businesses in Miami. Taken together, our findings indicate that gender and age differences among small business owners result in substantially different trajectories.
CRIMES AND OFFENSES Buying or Selling Human Body Parts: Include Fetal Tissue

The Act makes the buying or selling of a human fetus or any part of a human fetus a felony.
Inequalities for Queues with a Learning Server

We study a multi-class queue with a “learning” server who becomes stochastically faster with each subsequent customer served of the same type in a row, and returns to some baseline speed each time he switches to a different type of customer. We show under some conditions that customer waiting time is larger (in the increasing convex ordering sense) with server learning than in a queue with iid service times having the same marginal service distribution as the learning server. An easy to evaluate inequality for the mean stationary waiting time is derived from this in the case of Poisson arrivals, and results in more general settings are given. The primary tool used in the proofs is the supermodularity of the delay in queue as a function of previous service times.
Disorders of Magnesium: Hypomagnesemia

Hypomagnesemia is defined as serum [Mg2+] < 1.7 mg/dL. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia in outpatient and hospitalized patient population is 6–12 %. The incidence of hypomagnesemia is approximately 65 %. The causes of hypomagnesemia fall into four major categories: (1) decreased intake of Mg2+; (2) decreased intestinal absorption; (3) increased urinary losses; and (4) drugs. In addition to these causes, transcellular transport of Mg2+ into the cell is caused by infusion of glucose or epinephrine.
Lone Star 2000: Creating a Web-based Collaborative University and K-12 Learning Environment

This educational technology project enabled teacher educators at the University of North Florida to establish a successful collaborative educational partnership with several accomplished elementary and secondary science teachers in the Duval County Public School District in Jacksonville, Florida. The project received funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, IBM, Logical Business Sytems of Jacksonville, and MediaOne.The main goal of the project was to improve science teaching and learning for K-12 students and preservice teachers using educational technology. The participants received training in multimedia production and advanced educational technologies, including videoconferencing and the world wide web.This conference presentation will feature work products produced by the participants, including web site work, electronic portfolios of preservice teachers, and web-based portfolios of K-12 students.
Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Pathogenesis Is Independent of Caspase-1 and Caspase-11 in Mice and Impairs Interleukin-1β Production upon Extrinsic Stimulation in Culture

ABSTRACT Gammaherpesviruses establish lifelong infections that are associated with the development of cancer. These viruses subvert many aspects of the innate and adaptive immune response of the host. The inflammasome, a macromolecular protein complex that controls inflammatory responses to intracellular danger signals generated by pathogens, is both activated and subverted during human gammaherpesvirus infection in culture. The impact of the inflammasome response on gammaherpesvirus replication and latency in vivo is not known. Caspase-1 is the inflammasome effector protease that cleaves the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. We infected caspase-1 -deficient mice with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) and observed no impact on acute replication in the lung or latency and reactivation from latency in the spleen. This led us to examine the effect of viral infection on inflammasome responses in bone marrow-derived macrophages. We determined that infection of macrophages with MHV68 led to a robust interferon response but failed to activate caspase-1 or induce the secretion of IL-1β. In addition, MHV68 infection led to a reduction in IL-1β production after extrinsic lipopolysaccharide stimulation or upon coinfection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Interestingly, this impairment occurred at the proIL-1β transcript level and was independent of the RTA, the viral lytic replication and transcription activator. Taken together, MHV68 impairs the inflammasome response by inhibiting IL-1β production during the initial stages of infection. IMPORTANCE Gammaherpesviruses persist for the lifetime of the host. To accomplish this, they must evade recognition and clearance by the immune system. The inflammasome consists of proteins that detect foreign molecules in the cell and respond by secreting proinflammatory signaling proteins that recruit immune cells to clear the infection. Unexpectedly, we found that murine gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis was not enhanced in mice lacking caspase-1 , a critical inflammasome component. This led us to investigate whether the virus actively impairs the inflammasome response. We found that the inflammasome was not activated upon macrophage cell infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68. Infection also prevented the host cell inflammasome response to other pathogen-associated molecular patterns, indicated by reduced production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β upon bacterial coinfection. Taken together, murine gammaherpesvirus impairment of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in macrophages identifies one mechanism by which the virus may inhibit caspase-1-dependent immune responses in the infected animal.
Review of Conspectus of World Ethnomycology: Fungi in Ceremonies, Crafts, Diets, Medicines, and Myths

From the origins of fairy ring folklore in Western Europe to the use of polypore fungus by Great Plains Native Americans in adornment and crafts, Conspectus of World Ethnomycology: Fungi in Ceremon...
Continuous Frobenius Categories

We introduce continuous Frobenius categories. These are topological categories which are constructed using representations of the circle over a discrete valuation ring. We show that they are Krull-Schmidt with one indecomposable object for each pair of (not necessarily distinct) points on the circle. By putting restrictions on these points we obtain various Frobenius subcategories. The main purpose of constructing these Frobenius categories is to give a precise and elementary description of the triangulated structure of their stable categories. We show in Igusa and Todorov (arXiv:1209.1879, 2012) for which parameters these stable categories have cluster structure in the sense of Buan et al. (Compos. Math. 145:1035–1079, 2009) and we call these continuous cluster categories.
Conduction mechanisms through SIMOX buried oxide

In this study, the electric-field, time, and temperature dependence of intrinsic SIMOX buried-oxide conduction has been characterized. Asymmetry was observed between positive and negative applied gate voltage. Two primary conduction regimes have been identified for both polarities: a high-field regime that appears to be due to Fowler-Nordheim tunneling with substantial apparent barrier-height lowering at both injecting interfaces, and a low-field regime likely due to time-dependent trapping current. >
Ecclesiological Themes in the Teaching of Pope Francis

This article is an exploration of and theological reflection on the teaching of Pope Francis about the nature and mission of the church, as expounded in his encyclical Evangelii Gaudium and in the talks and presentations he has given in a number of venues. The author identifies three salient themes in Francis’ thought about the church: (1) the church as communion, (2) a church in solidarity, and (3) a servant church. The author relates Francis’ statements about the church as communion to the ecclesiology of Vatican II, especially as articulated in Lumen Gentium . The article expounds the pope’s emphasis on the need for the church to be in solidarity with the poor and other suffering people in the world, connecting it with statements made by Pope Benedict XVI at the 2007 CELAM gathering at Aparecida. Finally, the author reflects upon Francis’ summons to Christians to embody a spirit of service in their mission to the wider world and in their approach to ministry within the church. The author concludes by acknowledging that Francis’ ecclesiology will undoubtedly continue to develop, but he suggests that these three themes will remain central to the pope’s vision of the church in the modern world.
Foundations of pediatric practice for the occupational therapy assistant (2005).

Pediatric occupational therapy practice is a complex puzzle of foundational knowledge, intervention selection, assistive technology, reimbursement, legal mandates, sensory integration understanding...
Application of total quality management to research and development: a historical perspective

The historical applications of total quality management (TQM) to R&D are discussed. The emphasis is on the relationship of quality tools and techniques to the application of TQM in R&D, providing the foundation for further model development. The scope and definition of R&D are presented, followed by an overview of the TQM philosophy and its associated tools and techniques. Special attention is given to defining performance measures for R&D as a backdrop to measuring the success of TQM actions in an R&D organization. Industry controversy surrounding the applicability of TQM philosophies and tools are discussed. Work necessary to develop a complete model for the application of TQM to R&D is also examined. >
Impact of Coupling an Ocean Model to WRF Nor’easter Simulations

AbstractThe impact of ocean–atmosphere coupling and its possible seasonal dependence upon Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations of seven, wintertime cyclone events was investigated. Model simulations were identical aside from the degree of ocean model coupling (static SSTs, 1D mixed layer model, full-physics 3D ocean model). Both 1D and 3D ocean model coupling simulations show that SSTs following the passage of a nor’easter did tend to cool more strongly during the early season (October–December) and were more likely to warm late in the season (February–April). Model simulations produce SST differences of up to 1.14 K, but this change did not lead to significant changes in storm track ( 1) and have low-to-moderate threat scores (0.31–0.59). Analysis of the storm enviro...
Social factors affecting the completion of a batterer intervention program

From the perspective of social learning theory, factors such as experiences with childhood abuse, witnessing sibling and parental violence, having a distant relationship with one’s father, and experiencing parental divorce were expected to be associated with completion of a 52-week court-mandated batterer intervention program. Archival data from 180 clinical files of adult male batterers, aged 18 and older, who completed at least an intake session from an existing state-approved domestic violence treatment facility in the Los Angeles area, were analyzed. Results from a binary logistical regression showed that none of the independent variables were significant predictors of program completion. However, each independent variable was individually associated with program completion (p < .05). This finding reveals a need to further explore the impact of these variables so that programs can be tailored to meet the specific needs of batterers in treatment. Limitations, clinical implications, and future directions for research are also discussed.
THE EVIDENCE OF SIGHT

In The Archaeology of Knowledge, Michel Foucault focuses on excavating discursive formations, but he acknowledges that a pre-discursive reality, "the enigmatic treasure of 'things' anterior to discourse," also exists. This divide between the pre-discursive and the discursive is straddled, I argue, by photographs as historians use them. The reason for photography's dual capacity lies with the complex nature of sight, which is both precogni tive (primarily so, as neuroscience demonstrates), and also culturally encoded. Historians most commonly rely on mute sensuality; they place photographs in books with little com ment, implying that some form of unmediated recognition is possible. Used in this way, photographs cannot serve as the basis for new analyses but may underscore the affective stance of historians toward their topics. Less commonly, historians interrogate photographs much like texts, locating them within the discourses through which they emerged. This strategy treats the experience of sight, in Joan Scott's words, as "an interpretation that needs to be interpreted." Photographs seen as discursive objects may provide understand ing of past political and social relations, but we lose any assurance that we can recognize and intuitively understand their subjects. In short, we risk blindness. I explore these two fundamentally different strategies for approaching photographs, using the concepts of rec ognition and excavation to examine an image made in 1946 by Japanese photographer Hayashi Tadahiko. Photographs, I argue, expose our dual relationship with the past, both visceral and cultural.
Humanoid robot control by intelligent sensors and self-generating will

Robots operating under not standardized conditions such as assistive robots must understand the goals a user wants to be performed, recognize the environment in context with the goals, develop strategies to execute them and act autonomously.
Plasticity in Resource Allocation and Nitrogen-use Efficiency in Riparian Vegetation: Implications for Nitrogen Retention

In this work, we summarize our current understanding of the function of riparian zones and describe an investigation of changes in the production per unit nitrogen (N) taken up, or nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and resource allocation of a riparian shrub in response to changes in N availability. Empirical work included measuring leaf %N and root-to-shoot ratios (R:S) of individual riparian shrubs (Baccharis salicifolia, or seepwillow) growing at a range of N availabilities in the field and growing in fertilized and unfertilized plots in a field fertilization experiment. In both observational and experimental work, N availability was related positively to %N of plant tissues and negatively to R:S. We used a simulation model to investigate feedbacks between seepwillow responses to and effects on N availability. In the model, plasticity in resource allocation and NUE in response to changes in N led to lower productivity at low N supply and higher productivity and lower retention at high N supply than was observed in plants constrained to a constant %N and R:S. Furthermore, uptake became relatively more important as a retention mechanism when plants responded to high N supply. These feedbacks could have significant effects on N retention by riparian zones in watersheds receiving large fertilizer inputs of N or on ecosystems exposed to high rates of atmospheric N deposition.
Photoconduction in Annealed and Chemically Treated CdSe/ZnS Inorganic Nanocrystal Films

We present a study of photoconductivity in close-packed films of CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals, from which the majority of the organic ligands are removed. The ZnS inorganic shells separate the CdSe cores, and passivate the surface of the CdSe nanocrystals, slowing the nonradiative exciton decay rate. These films retain the size-dependent quantum-confined electronic properties of the nanocrystals, including the tunability of their band gap. We demonstrate that replacing the organic ligands, which form the tunnel barrier between nanocrystals in films of CdSe nanocrystals, with the inorganic ZnS shell results in photoconduction with near unity internal quantum efficiency at room temperature.
Influence of exercise on coronary sinus blood flow determinations.

Abstract Consecutively measured values of coronary sinus blood flow were compared to assess the reproducibility of the coronary sinus thermodilution technique. Values measured at rest and during exercise were evaluated and the influence of the respiratory cycle on reproducibility was studied. Correlation of consecutive values revealed a coefficient of 0.94 at rest and 0.93 during exercise. Differences between mean values of consecutive measurements were nonsignificant. A comparison of the coefficients of variation at rest (8.50 ± 7.09) and exercise (8.02 ± 4.75) revealed no significant difference. Variation about mean coronary sinus blood flow due to inspiration and expiration was similar at rest and during exercise (42% and 37%, respectively). Provided that critical variables are closely monitored the coronary sinus thermodilution technique is a highly reproducible technique in a clinically feasible setting.
Leadership emergence in autonomous work teams: Who is more willing to lead?

In a leaderless autonomous work team context, if people have a high motivation to lead (MTL) others and actively engage in leadership behaviors, these motivations and behaviors would distinguish them from other group members, leading them to be recognized as leaders of their groups. Therefore, MTL is an important determinant of leadership emergence in autonomous work teams. With a sample of 136 participants in a leadership development program, I examined the relationship between individual differences in internal (i.e., need for cognitive closure [NFC]) and external factors (i.e., seniority, culture) and MTL in the autonomous work team environment. The data showed that high NFC individuals had high noncalculative and social-normative MTL and, thus, were more likely to become leaders in their work teams. There was also a significant interaction between culture and gender in regard to social-normative MTL. Seniority was not an influential predictor for social-normative MTL.
Über cerebrale Endarterien

Das Opossumgehirn wird ausschlieslich von anatomischen Endarterien versorgt. Die Angioarchitektonik eines Gehirns mit Endarteriensystem verhalt sich in den wesentlichen Punkten nicht gegensatzlich zu der der Gehirne mit Gefaskontinuum.
Safety and Efficacy of Subcutaneously Administered Efalizumab in Adults with Moderate-to-Severe Hand and Foot Psoriasis : An Open-Label Study

Introduction: Hand and foot psoriasis may be more disabling than psoriasis at other body locations because of its interference with daily functional activities. Most treatment options have limited efficacy, short duration of response, toxicity, intolerability, or inconvenience. Objective: To investigate whether efalizumab (Raptiva®) is efficacious and safe for the treatment of patients with hand and foot psoriasis. Method: Adult patients with moderate-to-severe hand and/or foot psoriasis received a conditioning dose of efalizumab 0.7 mg/kg at week 0 with subsequent doses of efalizumab 1 mg/kg given weekly for 11 additional weeks (total of 12 doses). Patients were followed until week 24 (12 weeks after the last treatment) to monitor safety and efficacy. Static Physician’s Global Assessment (PGA) scores were used to measure efficacy. The primary efficacy endpoint was the number of patients achieving a 50% reduction in the global evaluation by static PGA from baseline at week 12. Results: Ten patients enrolled, six of whom completed the study. Of these six patients, four patients showed overall improvement at 12 weeks, including two patients that achieved 50% improvement overall. At 12 weeks, the hands of two patients and the feet of two patients showed at least 50% improvement from baseline. Efalizumab was well tolerated and there were no serious adverse events. Conclusion: Continuous treatment with efalizumab for 12 weeks was safe and efficacious in this open-label study of patients with hand and foot psoriasis.
Fresnel zone: A pitfall in seismic imaging of mid‐ocean ridge magma lenses

We present estimates of the Fresnel zone diameter for the axial magma chamber lens along the southern and northern East Pacific Rise and compare them to the magma lens widths derived from migrated seismic sections. The mean values of that diameter are 996m and 1052m and the mean values of the magma lens width are 680m and 1056m respectively. Most individual estimates of the magma lens width fall below the Fresnel zone diameter. Similar results are presented for three other mid-ocean ridges. The registered signal is therefore a mix of responses from the magma sill and the encasing rock and lateral resolution is not achieved. We conclude that data analysis procedures that assume a laterally homogeneous Earth, cannot provide reliable estimates of the magma lens physical properties, including whether it is liquid or not.
Species differences in estrogen receptors and in the response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure.

The acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exhibits marked interspecies variability, with the guinea-pig, rat and hamster representing the species most sensitive, intermediate and most resistant to acute toxicity. Prepubertal guinea-pigs, rats and hamsters were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of TCDD in olive oil at doses of 4, 50 and 1500 micrograms/kg, respectively. These exposures were chosen to produce acute toxicity and all 3 species exhibited a decrease in the rate of body weight gain during the 7 days following TCDD exposure when compared with control (olive oil-treated) animals. On the 7th day after exposure, the density and affinity of 17 beta-estradiol receptors were determined in the uterus and liver of TCDD-treated and control animals. The treatment with TCDD did not alter the affinity of the receptors in these 3 species. The density of hepatic 17 beta-estradiol receptors was decreased 65% in the guinea pig and 92% in the rat following exposure to TCDD. In contrast, TCDD-treated hamsters exhibited no change in the density of hepatic 17 beta-estradiol receptors. The uterine 17 beta-estradiol receptors were increased in density by TCDD treatment in the hamster and in the rat when expressed per mg protein. Uterine wet weights in the guinea-pig and rat were also significantly decreased by TCDD treatment but were not changed in the hamster. When the Bmax for uterine 17 beta-estradiol receptors was expressed as pmol/g tissue wet weight. TCDD exposure was found to produce an 11% decrease in density in the rat, while producing a 44% increase in the hamster. In control animals, the density of uterine 17 beta-estradiol receptors correlated inversely with the lethal dose of TCDD in these 3 species (i.e., the guinea-pig has the lowest LD50 and highest density of uterine 17 beta-estradiol receptors). The different responses to TCDD in the 3 species suggest that the changes in 17 beta-estradiol receptors may be related to species-specific toxic responses associated with TCDD exposure.
Luminescence and scintillation enhancement of Y2O3:Tm transparent ceramic through post-fabrication thermal processing

Abstract The effects of post-fabrication thermal processing in O2 flux on the luminescence and scintillation of a Y2O3:Tm transparent ceramic were investigated. The results showed that the strategy of post-fabrication processing can be beneficial to the performance of the ceramics, depending on the cumulative processing time. After the first hour of processing, about 40% enhancement in the luminescence output together with about 20% enhancement in the scintillation light yield were obtained. The enhancements were tentatively assigned to the incorporation of oxygen into vacancy sites. Longer cumulative processing times lead to the incorporation of oxygen as interstitials that is detrimental to scintillation light yield but not to luminescence output. This work also revealed that thermoluminescence measurements are a useful tool to predict scintillation light yield of Y2O3:Tm.
Long-term effects of fetal ethanol exposure on pituitary-adrenal response to stress ☆

Abstract Pregnant female rats were fed either a 5.0–5.5% w/v ethanol-containing liquid diet ad lib or pair-fed the isocaloric control diet during gestation weeks 2 and 3. At 75–105 days of age, female offspring of the ethanol-treated dams showed significantly greater corticosterone responses than pair-fed- or normally-derived offspring to the stress of cardiac puncture or of noise and shaking, while pituitary-adrenal responses to exposure to a novel environment, cold or 2–3 days of fasting were normal. Adrenal sensitivity to ACTH in dexamethasone-suppressed adult offspring was unaffected by the prenatal treatment. The results demonstrate that fetal ethanol exposure enhances adult pituitary-adrenal responses to certain stressors, including alcohol as demonstrated previously, and suggest that the long-term effects may be mediated by developmental actions of alcohol on central neural mechanisms involved in the regulation of this neuroendocrine system.
Studying Interpersonal Communication in Organizations: A Leadership Application

Five content- and behavior-oriented scales were developed to measure interpersonal communication between supervisors and subordinates. The relationship between the five scales and two leadership di...
Comparison of bovine corneal and scleral mucopolysaccharides.

Abstract The mucopolysaccharide components of bovine cornea and sclera were investigated, and the data obtained for the cornea confirm the results reported in the literature. Two fractions were isolated from the sclera, each amounting to about one half of the total mucopolysaccharide content: chondroitin sulfate B, and an inconclusively resolved mixture probably containing chondroitin sulfates A and C. No keratosulfate and only trace amounts of hyaluronic acid were found in the sclera. The sclera appears to be the only connective tissue investigated so far which does not contain any appreciable amounts of non-sulfated mucopolysaccharides.
Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase by acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD ratios.

Summary The interconversion of the active, nonphosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase and its inactive, phosphorylated form is modulated by acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD molar ratios. An increase in either ratio increases the proportion of the phosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is stimulated by acetyl-CoA and by NADH and is inhibited by CoA and by NAD. NADH inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, and this inhibition is reversed by NAD.
The Whimsical Bloomfield

SUMMARYThe author describes and gives excerpts from his correspondence with Leonard Bloomfield, principally between 1942 and 1945, dealing with the problems of preparing material for language-teaching in connection with the war-effort. In these post-cards and letters, in addition to dealing with serious matters, Bloomfield often included humorous remarks, or even invented entire episodes. The correspondence not only illustrates both the serious and the whimsical side of Bloomfield's nature, but also throws light on various neglected aspects of the role played by linguistics in the American war-effort.RESUMEL'auteur decrit sa correspondance avec Leonard Bloomfield, principalement entre 1942 et 1945, et il en donne des extraits. Il s'agissait des problemes de la preparation de textes pour l'enseignement des langues pour les forces armees. Dans ses cartes postales et dans ses lettres, a des discussions serieuses, Bloomfield melait souvent des observations humoristiques, et quelquefois il inventa meme d'entieres episodes ridicules. Cette correspondance met en lumiere les aspects serieux et facetieux de la mentalite de Bloomfield, et la facon dont il les melait ensemble, et en outre elle revele divers aspects peu connus de l'activite des linguistes americains pendant la guerre.
Regulation of P-Selectin by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Abstract The levels of P-selectin mRNA and polypeptide were analyzed in bovine capillary cells treated with or without the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α. The 3 kb P-selectin mRNA was upregulated three- to five-fold in cytokine-stimulated cells. The increase in mRNA correlated with a dramatic but short-lived increase in P-selectin polypeptide as determined by metabolic-labeling and immunoadsorption. These data confirm earlier studies on mouse P-selectin expressed in a mouse endothelioma cell line and further indicate that P-selectin function can be regulated not only by rapid translocation to the cell surface but also by cytokine-stimulation of P-selectin biosynthesis.
Modulated optical properties of nonpolar gallium nitride via surface in-situ functionalization with cysteamine assisted phosphoric acid

Abstract In-situ functionalization of nonpolar a-plane gallium nitride (GaN) surface was achieved by adding cysteamine to phosphoric acid, aiming to modulate its optical properties. The emission properties and oxide formation were explored through surface characterization with atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence (PL), and water contact angle. Nonpolar a-plane bulk GaN sample sliced from a GaN boule and nonpolar a-plane GaN thin layer heteroepitaxially grown on r-plane sapphire were used to elucidate the effects of in-situ functionalization of identical surface orientation of GaN crystals with different defect ensembles. The addition of cysteamine to the phosphoric acid solution was found to result in: (i) increased surface roughness, (ii) no change to hydrophobicity, (iii) decreased oxygen content at high solution temperatures and increased gallium and nitrogen content versus phosphoric acid solutions at similar temperatures without cysteamine. The in-situ functionalization resulted in enhanced PL intensity from the nonpolar bulk GaN, while the PL intensity from the nonpolar heteroepitaxially grown GaN layer on sapphire was significantly reduced. The opposite PL modulation was explained by the effects of different defects present in the two samples on the nonradiative recombination.