cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratios are independently associated with neurological disability and brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis.

Serum hematological indices such as the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) or monocyte-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) have been used as biomarkers of pathogenic inflammation and prognostication in multiple areas of medicine; recent evidence shows correlation with psychological parameters as well. Objectives/Aims: To characterize clinical, neuroimaging, and psycho-neuro-immunological associations with NLR and MLR in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). We identified a large cohort of clinically well-defined patients from our longitudinal database that included MS-related outcomes, disease-modifying therapy, patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures, and quantified cerebral MRI at 1.5 T. We queried hospital records for complete blood counts within 2 months of each clinic visit and excluded those obtained during clinical relapses. Four hundred eighty-three patients, with a mean of 3 longitudinal observations each, were identified who met these criteria. Initial analyses assessed the association between NLR and MLR as the outcomes, and psychological and demographic predictors in univariable and multivariable models controlling for age, gender and treatment. The second set of analyses assessed the association between clinical and MRI outcomes including whole brain atrophy and T2-hyperintense lesion volume, with NLR and MLR as predictors in univariable and multivariable models. All analyses used a mixed effects linear or logistic regression model with repeated measures. Unadjusted analyses demonstrated significant associations between higher (log-transformed) NLR (but not MLR) and PRO measures including increasing depression (p = 0.01), fatigue (p 0.05) even after controlling for all clinical and demographic covariates. Sensitivity analyses using a subset of untreated patients (N = 146) corroborated these results. Elevated NLR and MLR may represent hematopoetic bias toward increased production and pro-inflammatory priming of the myeloid innate immune system (numerator) in conjunction with dysregulated adaptive immune processes (denominator), and consequently reflect a complementary and independent marker for severity of MS-related neurological disability and MRI outcomes.
Translation as Testimony: Hebrew Translations of Yiddish Literature in the 1940s

During World War II, literary translation provided one of the few ways in which Hebrew readers living in Mandatory Palestine could encounter “there,” war-torn Europe. From Zusman Segalovitsh’s Ther...
Individualized, Single Session Yoga Therapy to Reduce Physical and Emotional Symptoms in Hospitalized Hematological Cancer Patients:

Objective: Inpatient treatment of hematological cancer is among the most physically and mentally arduous cancer treatments, and it is associated with a number of common physical, emotional, and soc...
“Everybody In! Nobody Out!”: Achieving Success with Grit and Resilience

In this chapter, I raise the question—has the Single Payer Movement been successful? Although it has not achieved its primary goal, using statistical data I examine the progress that has been made toward that goal by increasing support in the political, economic, cultural, and public (grassroots) spheres. This analysis shows that in the winter of 2020, the movement had more support than ever before and had made progress toward its goal by increasing support in all spheres, which could lead to future success in the form of policy reform.
Manufacturing for Design: A sustaining approach to drive manufacturing process evolution, then innovation

Abstract Often today’s designers are relegated to degrade their own output to realize mass production on existing manufacturing capital equipment. These considerations are typically encoded in the design process through “Design for Manufacturing” where constraints on the production processes available and limits to each manufacturing approach are ideally considered early in design. This Design for Manufacturing guise inhibits true designer creativity and the possibility to realize truly revolutionary products. In this paper, the authors formalize their previous introduction of the concept of Manufacturing for Design (MFD), a framework whereby product design creativity is used instead as a motive force of innovation to rethink manufacturing process approaches and assist in facilitating real innovation in manufacturing. This is not proposed as a replacement for DFM, but an extension that can help “question” the manufacturing-based requirements during the development process. It is clear that existing machines cannot be abandoned, but one can instead consider an intermediate augmentation step to feasibly enhance existing capital, to realize new designs in new materials, or to achieve new functional requirements and desires. The blending of MFD and DFM strategies (a proposed MFD|DFM approach) can lead to feasible evolution of manufacturing, and ultimately disruptive process innovation, defined as a rethinking of manufacturing rather than just improvement on existing solutions. Herein is reported the integration of the MFD|DFM concept to two separate education programs, one undergraduate and one graduate. These programs are independent but share resources together with those of an Advanced Manufacturing technical college program to educate students across disciplines and curricula in the dichotomy of Design and Manufacturing, and how the concepts can be properly considered together.
Mental health in the construction industry: an interview with Australia’s MATES in construction CEO, Jorgen Gullestrup

Research in Australia and internationally indicates that construction work is linked to higher suicide rates. Higher rates are associated with irregular, intense and remote working, as well as labo...
Board Certification in Cosmetic Surgery: An Evaluation of Training Backgrounds and Scope of Practice.

Background The American Board of Cosmetic Surgery (ABCS) offers a certification process for physicians desiring third-party credentials in aesthetic surgery. This study aims to examine the training backgrounds and scope of practice of ABCS-certified physicians. Methods The ABCS online directory was used to identify diplomates. Additional board certifications were identified using the American Board of Medical Specialties physician database. Scope of training was defined using American Council for Graduate Medical Education or Commission on Dental Accreditation requirements for residency training programs. Scope of practice was determined using ABCS physician profiles and professional websites. Results Three hundred forty-two ABCS-certified physicians were included in the study. Two-hundred twelve (60.2 percent) also held American Board of Medical Specialties board certifications. Over half (62.6 percent) of ABCS diplomates advertised surgical operations beyond the scope of their American Council for Graduate Medical Education or Commission on Dental Accreditation training. Specialties with the highest prevalence of practicing beyond scope of training were internal medicine [n = 2 (100 percent)], general surgery [n = 69 (95.8 percent)], obstetrics and gynecology [n = 17 (85 percent)], otolaryngology [n = 65 (59.1 percent)], dermatology [n = 16 (51.6 percent)], and oral and maxillofacial surgery [n = 30 (50 percent)]. The most commonly offered out-of-scope procedures were liposuction (59.6 percent), abdominoplasty (50.0 percent), breast augmentation (49.7 percent), and buttock augmentation (36.5 percent). Conclusions ABCS-certified physicians include internists and dermatologists, who market themselves as board-certified cosmetic surgeons, and the majority of ABCS members perform complex aesthetic procedures outside the scope of their primary residency training. Patients who rely on ABCS certification when selecting a cosmetic surgeon may not understand the scope of that physician's training experience and qualifications.
Wavefront sensing in space from the PICTURE-B sounding rocket

A NASA sounding rocket for high contrast imaging with a visible nulling coronagraph, the Planet Imaging Coronagraphic Technology Using a Reconfigurable Experimental Base (PICTURE-B) payload has made two suborbital attempts to observe the warm dust disk inferred around Epsilon Eridani. We present results from the November 2015 launch demonstrating active wavefront sensing in space with a piezoelectric mirror stage and a micromachine deformable mirror along with precision pointing and lightweight optics in space.
Assessment of risk for food insecurity among African American urban households: utilizing cumulative risk indices and latent class analysis to examine accumulation of risk factors

African American caregivers in low-income, urban communities have high rates of food insecurity. Unemployment, education, smoking, stress, and depressive symptoms are associated with household food insecurity. A cumulative risk model suggests that accumulation of risk may compound food insecurity risk, and certain risk factors are more likely to co-occur. This study utilizes two approaches to examine food insecurity risk among African American caregivers with an adolescent daughter-a cumulative risk index to examine accumulation of risk and food insecurity risk; latent class analysis (LCA) to determine if certain risk profiles exist and their relation to food insecurity risk. Caregivers completed surveys including demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral questions (to create a cumulative risk index) and a validated 2-item food insecurity screen. LCA was used to identify risk profiles. Logistic regression was used to examine relations between cumulative risk, risk profiles, and food insecurity risk. Each additional cumulative risk index factor was associated with a 54% increase in odds of risk of food insecurity. LCA identified three subgroups: high stress/depression (class #1), low education/low stress and depression (class #2), and low risk overall (class #3). Odds of food insecurity risk were 4.7 times higher for class #1, and 1.5 times higher for class #2 compared with class #3. This study contributes to understanding of how food insecurity risk relates to cumulative risk and risk profiles. Findings can be used to improve food insecurity risk screening in clinical settings, enhancing intervention/referral for food security risk and mental health among African American caregivers and their households.
The Cardiovascular Cost of Silence: Relationships Between Self-silencing and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Midlife Women.

Background Individuals engage in a range of behaviors to maintain close relationships. One behavior is self-silencing or inhibiting self-expression to avoid relationship conflict or loss. Self-silencing is related to poor mental health and self-reported physical health in women but has not been examined in relation to cardiovascular health, particularly using direct measures of the vasculature. Purpose To test associations between self-silencing and carotid atherosclerosis in midlife women; secondary analyses examined moderation by race/ethnicity. Methods Women (N = 290, ages 40-60) reported on self-silencing in intimate relationships and underwent physical measurements, blood draw, and ultrasound assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque. Associations between self-silencing and mean IMT and plaque index (0, 1, ≥2) were tested in linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models, respectively, followed by interaction terms between self-silencing and race, adjusted for demographic factors, CVD risk factors, partner status, depression, physical activity, and diet. Results Forty-seven percent of women demonstrated carotid plaque. Greater self-silencing was related to increased odds of plaque index ≥2 (e.g., for each additional point, odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.16 [1.03-1.31], p = .012), relative to no plaque). Moderation analyses indicated that self-silencing was related to odds of plaque index ≥2 in non-white women (1.15 [1.05-1.26], p = .004), but there was no significant relationship in white women (1.01 [0.97-1.06], p = .550). No associations emerged for IMT. Conclusions Among midlife women, self-silencing was associated with carotid plaque, independent of CVD risk factors, depression, and health behaviors. Emotional expression in relationships may be important for women's cardiovascular health.
Evaluation of chickens infected with a recombinant virulent NDV clone expressing chicken IL4

Abstract Background There is evidence that chicken IL4 (chIL4) functions similarly to its mammalian analogue by enhancing type 2 T helper (Th2) humoral immunity and promoting protection against parasitic infections; however, no studies have been performed to assess the effect of chIL4 on the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease (ND). To assess the role of chIL4 in velogenic NDV pathogenesis we created a vNDV infectious clone expressing chIL4. We hypothesized that co-expression of chIL4 during virus replication would result in decreased inflammation caused by the Th1 response and thereby increasing survival to challenge with vNDV. Methods To evaluate the effect of chIL4 during early infection with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens, recombinant NDV clones expressing either chIL4 (rZJ1-IL4) or a control expressing green fluorescent protein (rZJ1-GFP) were created by inserting an expression cassette in an intergenic region of the NDV genome. The pathogenesis of rZJ1-IL4 was assessed in 4-week-old specific pathogen free chickens. The extent of virus replication was evaluated by titration in mucosal secretions and immunohistochemistry in multiple tissues. Expression of chIL4 was confirmed in tissues using immunohistochemistry. Results Infection of birds with the rZJ1-IL4 resulted in successful viral replication in vivo and in vitro and generation of the chIL4 in tissues. All birds were clinically normal 2 DPI, with one bird in each group showing conjunctival swelling and enlarged spleens grossly. At 5 DPI, moderate or severe depression was observed in birds infected with rZJ1-GFP or rZJ1-IL4, respectively. Neurological signs and thymic atrophy were observed in one bird infected with rZJ1-IL4. Grossly, conjunctival swelling, mottled spleen and proventricular hemorrhages were observed at 5 DPI in one bird from each group. At 5 DPI, severe necrosis in the spleen, bursa and cecal tonsils were observed in birds infected with rZJ1-GFP, along with minimal evidence of chIL4 expression. In contrast, splenic atrophy, and moderate necrosis in the bursa and cecal tonsils were observed in birds infected with rZJ1-IL4. In addition, chIL4 signal was found in all tissues of rZJ1-IL4 birds at 5DPI. Conclusions The production of chIL4 by a recombinant NDV strain resulted in the activation of the positive feedback loop associated with IL4 production. Insertion of chIL4 into NDV may decrease necrosis to lymphoid organs while increasing the severity of lymphoid atrophy and prolonged disease. However, with a low number of birds it is difficult to determine whether these results are significant to disease outcome.
Facing Current Conditions: Employing Voting Rights Act Preclearance to Protect Reproductive Rights

Since the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973, many states have passed various anti-abortion legislation that will likely curtail American women’s right to receive abortion care. In response to this effort, some have posited federal legislation creating a preclearance requirement imposed on states with a history of restricting access to the right to undergo an abortion procedure. The blueprint for this legislation comes from the VRA. Sections 4(b) and 5 of the VRA as originally enacted required that jurisdictions with a history of restricting the right to vote to preclear with the Department of Justice any changes in their laws affecting the right to vote. To withstand constitutional challenge, a preclearance plan to protect the right to undergo abortion procedures must be responsive to the current conditions of abortion care access and abortion-related services, as is suggested by the Supreme Court’s criticisms of the VRA in Shelby County v. Holder. Therefore, the abortion protection legislation must limit its scope only to states who have committed demonstrable violations of the right. This note recommends such legislation. To do this, the note provides a history of reproductive rights jurisprudence since Roe v. Wade and introduces the current threat to those rights posed by anti-abortion legislation. Next the note explores the parallels between the right to vote and the right to an abortion procedure that make preclearance legislation appropriate. The note then proposes legislation that will comply with Shelby County. The note concludes with the ramifications associated with successful enactment of the proposed legislation.
Developing reflective engineers through an arts-incorporated graduate course: A curriculum inquiry

Abstract Engineering curricula have traditionally focused on preparing students to become specialized individuals with technical knowledge, while devoting less attention to reflective thinking about real-world engineering practice, which is fraught with complex, unpredictable, and ambiguous problems that require broader skills. More recently, engineering educators have recognized the need to broaden the engineering curriculum, in part by incorporating the arts and humanities. The present study involves the development of an arts-integrated graduate course in environmental engineering. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore how engineering students have experienced this new curriculum; and second, to understand how it has enhanced their reflective thinking skills. We employed a descriptive, intrinsic case study approach using student interviews, writing assignments, and artwork collected from the course as our primary sources of data. The findings show clear potential for the arts to provide meaningful changes in engineering students’ learning to become reflective thinkers. Hence, we suggest that engineering education be re-imagined by making the arts an essential part of the engineering curriculum to develop reflective engineers who are willing and able to navigate the “swampy lowlands” of engineering practice. The course provides a model for incorporating the arts to foster reflective thinking in graduate engineering education and the study contributes to the literature a distinctive, qualitative evaluation of its potential impacts.
Complete plastid genome sequences of Drimys, Liriodendron , and Piper : implications for the phylogenetic relationships of magnoliids

The magnoliids with four orders, 19 families, and 8,500 species represent one of the largest clades of early diverging angiosperms. Although several recent angiosperm phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of magnoliids and suggested relationships among the orders, the limited number of genes examined resulted in only weak support, and these issues remain controversial. Furthermore, considerable incongruence resulted in phylogenetic reconstructions supporting three different sets of relationships among magnoliids and the two large angiosperm clades, monocots and eudicots. We sequenced the plastid genomes of three magnoliids, Drimys (Canellales), Liriodendron (Magnoliales), and Piper (Piperales), and used these data in combination with 32 other angiosperm plastid genomes to assess phylogenetic relationships among magnoliids and to examine patterns of variation of GC content. The Drimys, Liriodendron, and Piper plastid genomes are very similar in size at 160,604, 159,886 bp, and 160,624 bp, respectively. Gene content and order are nearly identical to many other unrearranged angiosperm plastid genomes, including Calycanthus, the other published magnoliid genome. Overall GC content ranges from 34–39%, and coding regions have a substantially higher GC content than non-coding regions. Among protein-coding genes, GC content varies by codon position with 1st codon > 2nd codon > 3rd codon, and it varies by functional group with photosynthetic genes having the highest percentage and NADH genes the lowest. Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony and likelihood methods and sequences of 61 protein-coding genes provided strong support for the monophyly of magnoliids and two strongly supported groups were identified, the Canellales/Piperales and the Laurales/Magnoliales. Strong support is reported for monocots and eudicots as sister clades with magnoliids diverging before the monocot-eudicot split. The trees also provided moderate or strong support for the position of Amborella as sister to a clade including all other angiosperms. Evolutionary comparisons of three new magnoliid plastid genome sequences, combined with other published angiosperm genomes, confirm that GC content is unevenly distributed across the genome by location, codon position, and functional group. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses provide the strongest support so far for the hypothesis that the magnoliids are sister to a large clade that includes both monocots and eudicots.
Is X-chromosome inactivation a homology effect?

Homology effect is defined as any effect on gene expression or chromosome behavior relating to the presence of homologous sequences. Using this definition, imprinted X inactivation probably does not qualify as a homology effect, since paternal silencing is strictly the result of gametic imprinting and occurs without regard to total X-chromosome number. In contrast, random X inactivation could however qualify as a homology effect for three reasons. First, X inactivation depends on the presence of more than one X homolog, or more specifically, more than one Xic sequence. Second, some form of trans-sensing must be operative at the onset of X inactivation, specifically during the process of choice, so that an XX cell does not inadvertantly designate one X as both the future active and inactive X. And finally, the fact that Xist and Tsix produce noncoding homologous RNAs conjures up an analogy to posttranscriptional gene silencing in other organisms. In this class of silencing mechanisms, the action of a transcriptionally active gene is nullified by homologous double-stranded RNA molecules produced at ectopic loci in a process referred to as “RNAi” for RNA-inhibition.
Atomistic-continuum simulation of nano-indentation in molybdenum

Simulations of nano-indentation in bcc molybdenum are performed using a coupled atomistic-continuum method and a multi-body interatomic potential which includes angular forces. The indenter is flat and rigid while the indented material is a single crystal having its ⦑100⦒ and ⦑111⦒ directions respectively parallel to the indentation direction, in separate simulations. Indentation is accommodated by elastic deformation of the surface, up to an indenter displacement of about 6 A, and by nucleation of crystalline defects for deeper indents. When indented in the ⦑100⦒ direction, the crystal twins under the indenter, while indentation in the ⦑111⦒ direction produces dislocation nucleation from the stress concentration sites at the indenter edge. The critical loads for these events are computed and the nucleation mechanism is observed. The results are compared with available experimental data.
Nitric oxide, proteasomal function, and iron homeostasis--implications in aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

Abstract In this chapter, oxidant‐induced transferrin receptor‐mediated iron‐signaling and apoptosis are described in endothelial and neuronal cells exposed to oxidants. The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of iron homeostasis and oxidant‐induced apoptosis is described. The interrelationship between oxidative stress, iron‐signaling, and nitric oxide‐dependent proteasomal function provides a rational mechanism that connects both oxidative and nitrative modifications.
An architecture for network security using feedback control

In the past active worms have taken hours if not days to spread effectively. This gives sufficient time for humans to recognize the threat and limit the potential damage. This is not the case anymore. Modern viruses spread very quickly. Damage caused by modern computer viruses (example – Code red, sapphire and Nimda) is greatly enhanced by the rate at which they spread. Most of these viruses have an exponential spreading pattern. Future worms will exploit vulnerabilities in software systems that are not known prior to the attack. Neither the worm nor the vulnerabilities they exploit will be known before the attack and thus we cannot prevent the spread of these viruses by software patches or antiviral signatures. Hence there is a need to control fast spreading viruses automatically since they cannot be curtailed only by human initiated control. Some of the automatic approaches like quarantining the systems and shutting down the systems reduce the performance of the network. False positives are one more area of concern. Feedback control strategy is desirable in such systems because well-established techniques exist to handle and control such systems. Our technique is based on the fact that an infected machine tries to make connections at a faster rate than the machine that is not infected. The idea is to implement a filter, which restricts the rate at which a computer makes connection to other machines. The delay introduced by such an approach for normal traffic is very low (0.5-1 Hz). This rate can severely restrict the spread of high-speed worm spreading at rates of at least 200 Hz. As a first step, we apply feedback control to the first level of hierarchy (i.e., host). We will then expand the model to further levels (e.g., firewalls, IDS) as shown next in the description of the system architecture.
Seismic Evidence for Subduction-Transported Water in the Lower Mantle

We use seismic attenuation tomography to identify a region at the top of the lower mantle that displays very high attenuation consistent with an elevated water content. Tomography inversions with >80,000 differential travel-time and attenuation measurements yield 3D whole-mantle models of shear velocity (V S ) and shear quality factor (Q μ ). The global attenuation pattern is dominated by the location of subducting lithosphere. The lowest Q μ anomaly in the whole mantle is observed at the top of the lower mantle (660-1400 km depth) beneath eastern Asia. The anomaly occupies a large region overlying the high-Q μ sheet-like features interpreted as subducted oceanic lithosphere. Seismic velocities decrease only slightly in this region, suggesting that water content best explains the anomaly. The subducting of Pacific oceanic lithosphere beneath eastern Asia likely remains cold enough to transport stable dense hydrous mineral phase D well into the lower mantle. We propose that the eventual decomposition of phase D due to increased temperature or pressure within the lower mantle floods the mantle with water, yielding a large low-Q μ anomaly.
Nonempirical calculation of the Pb(Sc0.5Ta0.5)O3-PbTiO3 quasibinary phase diagram.

The nonempirical potential induced breathing (PIB) method has been used to calculate structural parameters and total energies for ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ (PT), ten different ordered structures with stoichiometry Pb(${\mathrm{Sc}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Ta}}_{0.5}$)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (PST), and 104 different structures with stoichiometries between PST and PT. The PIB results for intermediate stoichiometries predict two ordered ground-state phases at X(${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$)=1/4 and X=1/2. The differences in total energies were used as a basis for fitting a set of effective cluster interactions, and the resulting Hamiltonian was used as input for a cluster-variation method (CVM) phase diagram calculation. The CVM calculation predicts a third ordered phase at X\ensuremath{\approxeq}1/4. This phase is not a ground state, but it is predicted to be stable at higher temperatures than either of the ground-state phases and, therefore, to be more likely to be found experimentally.
Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease, and the Body in Western Societies

Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease, and the Body in Western Societies. D. Lupton. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003. 202 pp.
The Identification of Customary International Law and Other Topics: The Sixty-Seventh Session of the International Law Commission

The International Law Commission held its sixty-seventh session in Geneva from May 4 to June 5, and from July 6 to August 7, 2015, under the chairmanship of Narinder Singh (India). Notably, the Commission’s drafting committee completed a full set of sixteen draft conclusions on the topic of “identification of customary international law,” paving the way for those conclusions with commentaries to be approved by the Commission on first reading in 2016. Additionally, the Commission provisionally adopted with commentaries initial draft guidelines on “protection of the atmosphere” and initial draft articles on “crimes against humanity,” as well as one further draft conclusion with commentary on “subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to the interpretation of treaties.” Progress was also made in developing draft principles on “protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts,” draft articles on “immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction,” and draft guidelines on “provisional application of treaties.” The Commission completed its work on the topic “the most-favored-nation clause” and decided to add a new topic of jus cogens to its agenda.
Activation of Monocyte and Granulocyte Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxicity by Phorbol Myristate Acetate

We have characterized the effects of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) on human monocyte and neutrophil oxidative metabolism and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity toward anti-D sensitized human erythrocytes (RBC) and a human lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM). Hexose monophosphate shunt activity was measured by [1-14C]glucose oxidation and target lysis by 51Cr release. PMA produced a dose-dependent stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity. Neutrophils responded with higher hexose monophosphate shunt activity and at a lower PMA concentration than did monocytes. PMA increased monocyte lysis of antibody-sensitized RBC by two-thirds, but did not affect lysis of CEM targets. Neutrophils were unable to lyse either antibody-sensitized or nonsensitized RBC without the addition of PMA. When PMA was added, lysis of both targets increased markedly. Neutrophils without PMA were able to lyse a small number of both antibody-sensitized and nonsensitized CEM targets. PMA also increased neutrophil lysis of these targets. Target lysis by neutrophils from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, cells unable to produce reactive oxygen species, was not increased by PMA. Chronic granulomatous disease monocytes, however, responded to PMA by more than doubling lysis of antibody-sensitized RBC. Hypoxia inhibited PMA augmentation of antibody-sensitized RBC lysis by neutrophils, but not by monocytes. Generation of reactive oxygen species by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system inhibited CEM growth, but did not cause lysis, indicating that in some cases oxidative injury may be nonlytic. We suggest that PMA augments neutrophil cytotoxicity to tumor and RBC targets by stimulating reactive oxygen species-mediated lysis, but in monocytes augmentation of lysis is due to activation of a nonoxidative mechanism of lysis.
Discrete element method simulations of the seismic response of shallow foundations including soil‐foundation‐structure interaction

SUMMARY A novel three-dimensional particle-based technique utilizing the discrete element method is proposed to analyze the seismic response of soil-foundation-structure systems. The proposed approach is employed to investigate the response of a single-degree-of-freedom structure on a square spread footing founded on a dry granular deposit. The soil is idealized as a collection of spherical particles using discrete element method. The spread footing is modeled as a rigid block composed of clumped particles, and its motion is described by the resultant forces and moments acting upon it. The structure is modeled as a column made of particles that are either clumped to idealize a rigid structure or bonded to simulate a flexible structure of prescribed stiffness. Analysis is done in a fully coupled scheme in time domain while taking into account the effects of soil nonlinear behavior, the possible separation between foundation base and soil caused by rocking, the possible sliding of the footing, and the dynamic soil-foundation interaction as well as the dynamic characteristics of the superstructure. High fidelity computational simulations comprising about half a million particles were conducted to examine the ability of the proposed technique to model the response of soil-foundation-structure systems. The computational approach is able to capture essential dynamic response patterns. The cyclic moment–rotation relationships at the base center point of the footing showed degradation of rotational stiffness by increasing the level of strain. Permanent deformations under the foundation continued to accumulate with the increase in number of loading cycles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clair Engle and the brain tumor that almost derailed the Civil Rights Act.

Senator Clare Engle was a United States senator from California who cast an important vote to end the filibuster of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, even as a brain tumor had left him with an expressive aphasia and would claim his life just a month later. This paper reviews the history of Senator Engle’s illness in parallel with that of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Essential elements for translation: the germline factor Vasa functions broadly in somatic cells

Vasa is a conserved RNA-helicase found in the germ lines of all metazoans tested. Whereas Vasa presence is often indicated as a metric for germline determination in animals, it is also expressed in stem cells of diverse origin. Recent research suggests, however, that Vasa has a much broader function, including a significant role in cell cycle regulation. Results herein indicate that Vasa is utilized widely, and often induced transiently, during development in diverse somatic cells and adult precursor tissues. We identified that Vasa in the sea urchin is essential for: (1) general mRNA translation during embryogenesis, (2) developmental re-programming upon manipulations to the embryo and (3) larval wound healing. We also learned that Vasa interacted with mRNAs in the perinuclear area and at the spindle in an Importin-dependent manner during cell cycle progression. These results suggest that, when present, Vasa functions are essential to contributing to developmental regulation.
Palladium-catalyzed rearrangement and substitution reactions of acyclic vinylogous carbonates and sulfonates: Development of a new leaving group for PdAllyl chemistry

Abstract Palladium-catalyzed rearrangement of the deuterium labeled vinylogous carbonate 1 furnished the β-formyl esters 3a/b in 68% yield, while the Z-vinylogous sulfonate (Z-VINS) 2 under analogous reaction conditions led to reversible O-alkylation and isomerization to afford the E-VINS 4a/b in 61% yield. This observation prompted the development of the vinylogous sulfonate as an improved leaving group for a variety of palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions.
Dopamine neurons from transgenic mice with a knockout of the p53 gene resist MPTP neurotoxicity

We have examined MPTP toxicity to dopamine neurons of mice homozygous for a transgenic knockout of the p53 growth control gene (p53-/-). MPTP at a total dose of 96 mg/kg administered in four doses over two days produced a non-homogeneous loss of striatal dopamine transport sites and quantitatively reduced 3H-mazindol binding to similar degrees in p53-/- and wild type controls 2 and 3 weeks after starting MPTP. Nigral DA neurons stained immunohistochemically for tyrosine hydroxylase were counted using both manual and automated methods and found to be reduced 29-34% in wild type controls but were not reduced in p53-/-. Mean DA neuronal surface areas were reduced 63-68% by MPTP in controls and 35-50% in p53-/-. We conclude that p53 protein appears necessary for complete expression of MPTP neurotoxicity to dopamine neurons. Our findings suggest that the p53 gene and other growth control genes may regulate dopamine neuronal death in PD.
A note on automorphisms and derivations of Lie algebras

In a recent paper Borei and Serre proved the theorem: If \( \mathfrak{L} \) is a Lie algebra of characteristic 0 and \( \mathfrak{L} \) has an automorphism of prime period without fixed points ≠ 0, then \( \mathfrak{L} \) is nilpotent.1 In this note we give a proof valid also for characteristic p ≠ 0. By the same method we can prove several other similar results on automorphisms and derivations. Our method is based on decompositions of the Lie algebra which determine weakly closed sets of linear transformations. Such a set \( \mathfrak{W} \) has, by definition, the closure property that if \( A,\,B \in \mathfrak{W} \) then there exists a γ(A, B) in the base field such that \( A\,B + \gamma BA \in \mathfrak{W} \) The main result we shall need is the generalized Engel theorem that if \( \mathfrak{W} \) is a weakly closed set of nilpotent linear transformations in a finite-dimensional vector space, then the enveloping associative algebra \( \mathfrak{W}* \) of \( \mathfrak{W} \) is nilpotent [3].
Current issues in kosher foods

Abstract There is growing market for kosher foods and for similarly certified products that are compatible with the dietary laws of specific religious faiths. For food companies, this offers opportunities for the expansion of markets for existing products and scope for the development of new products for particular market niches. Modern scientific methods appear to be playing an increasingly important role in kosher certification. However, some aspects of modern technology (e.g. biotechnology raise new contents for the kosher food manufacturer. a
E‐Field Control of Exchange Bias and Deterministic Magnetization Switching in AFM/FM/FE Multiferroic Heterostructures

The coexistence of electrical polarization and magnetization in multiferroic materials provides great opportunities for novel information storage systems. In particular, magnetoelectric (ME) effect can be realized in multi­ferroic composites consisting of both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric phases through a strain mediated interaction, which offers the possibility of electric field (E-field) manipulation of magnetic properties or vice versa, and enables novel multiferroic devices such as magnetoelectric random access memories (MERAMs). These MERAMs combine the advantages of FeRAMs (ferroelectric random access memories) and MRAMs (magnetic random access memories), which are non-volatile magnetic bits switchable by electric field (E-field). However, it has been challenging to realize 180° deterministic switching of magnetization by E-field, on which most magnetic memories are based. Here we show E-field modulating exchange bias and for the first time realization of near 180° dynamic magnetization switching at room temperature in novel AFM (antiferromagnetic)/FM (ferromagnetic)/FE (ferroelectric) multiferroic heterostructures of FeMn/Ni80Fe20/FeGaB/PZN-PT (lead zinc niobate–lead titanate). Through competition between the E-field induced uniaxial anisotropy and unidirectional anisotropy, large E-field-induced exchange bias field-shift up to and near 180° deterministic magnetization switching were demonstrated in the exchange-coupled multiferroic system of FeMn/Ni80Fe20/FeGaB/PZN-PT. This E-field tunable exchange bias and near 180° deterministic magnetization switching at room temperature in AFM/FM/FE multiferroic heterostructures paves a new way for MERAMs and other memory technologies.
Simultaneous reconstruction of permittivity and conductivity maps by iterative born inversion

In the present paper, we develop the theory and the algorithm for the simultaneous inversion of permittivity and conductivity maps in the region between two boreholes in the earth. The three-dimensional region is modelled as an inhomogeneous annulus of known thickness and height with radial and vertical variations of the electrical properties. The medium of interest is probed by a vertical magnetic dipole located on the axis of the cylindrical geometry and the receivers can be placed anywhere outside the inhomogeneous annulus. This allows for a crosshole set up, The inversion procedure is formulated in terms of a sourcetype integral equation using monochromatic data. The integral equation obtained is then solved using an iterative approach where a Born approximation is applied at each iteration step. The nonuniqueness of the problem is overcome by imposing additional constraints on the solution using the method of regularization of Tikhonov. Numerical simulations, including multi-source inversions, show that good results can be obtained for smoothly varying electrical properties, even for large contrast cases. In the case of rapid local variations of such properties, convergence can also be reached but at a slower rate and the reconstructions are smoothed versions of the original properties.
Tratamiento enzimático en la extracción de aceite de pipa de uva, Vitis vinifera, por prensado en frío

The effect of enzyme incorporation is analyzed over the yield of grapeseed oil extraction by cold pressing. By this type of process the objective is to preserve grapeseed active compounds and to diminish the environmental impact in comparison to oil extraction conventional methods which use higher temperatures. The enzymatic hydrolysis takes place with a commercial enzyme previous to pressing stage. Its effectiveness is compared to a control without the biocatalyst. An oil extraction yield of 72 % d.b. is obtained with an enzymatic pre-treatment for 4 hours at 50 oC, and 60 % of moisture, increasing in 26 % the control result. It is concluded that the incorporation of an enzymatic processing would be a feasible alternative to extract grapeseed oil under softener process conditions improving the yield of extraction in comparison to the same type of methodology without an enzyme.
A new general synthetic route to bridged carboxylic ortho esters

Abstract Acylation of the readily available 3-methyl-3-hydroxymethyl oxetane ( 2 ) leads to the corresponding oxetane esters ( 3 ) which rearrange smoothly in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate in methylene chloride at −15° to form ortho esters of the 2, 6, 7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane series ( 4 ).
A characterization of permutations via skew-hooks☆

Abstract A characterization of permutations is given using skew-hooks, such that the r -descents of the permutation are reflected in the structure of the skew-hook. The characterization yields a combinatorial proof of Foulkes' skew-hook rule for computing Eulerian numbers.
An empirical comparison of the ANOVA F-test with alternatives which are more robust against heterogeneity of variance

Monte Carlo techniques were employed to compare the familiar one-way fixed effects ANOVA F-test with Welch's v-test and Marascuilo's slight variant of Welch's v-test. The three procedures were compared with respect to empirical significance levels under violations of homogeneity of variance and under violations of normality; power comparisons were performed only under conditions of homogeneity of variance because of the differing empirical significance levels which were produced under heterogeneous vaiance conditions. Welch's v-test is recommended as a reasonable alternative to the familiar F-test.
Portfolios of Control Modes and IS Project Management

In spite of the attention it has received, there is still much that is not understood about the management of systems development efforts. This research examines one aspect of the management process: the function of control. In this paper, control is viewed broadly, encompassing all attempts to ensure individuals in organizations act in a manner that is consistent with meeting organizational goals and objectives. Control is categorized into formal modes behavioral, outcome and informal modes clan, self. Formal and informal control modes are implemented via a variety of mechanisms, such as linking pay with performance, socialization, and team-building. Relatively little is known about the modes of control used to manage information systems development efforts. The objective of this research is to address this lack of understanding in the literature by exploring how control modes are implemented during systems development projects and by investigating why IS and user stakeholders implement particular combinations of control modes. To meet this objective, a series of four case studies of systems development projects was conducted. The results reveal that users, as well as IS managers, play a critical role in controlling systems development projects. Moreover, the results suggest that all stakeholders implement a portfolio of control modes that typically includes both formal and informal modes. This portfolio contains a mix of overlapping and redundant mechanisms used to exercise these modes of control. The results also suggest that constructing a portfolio of control modes is a process that includes selecting appropriate preexisting mechanisms of formal control; designing new mechanisms with which to implement formal control, if necessary; and supplementing the mechanisms of formal control with mechanisms of informal control. Throughout this process of construction, the choice of particular control mechanisms depends on task characteristics, role expectations, and project-related knowledge and skills.
Genetically encoded unstrained olefins for live cell labeling with tetrazine dyes.

A number of non-canonical amino acids (NCAAs) with unstrained olefins are genetically encoded using mutant pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase–tRNAPylCUA pairs. These NCAAs readily undergo inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder cycloadditions with tetrazine dyes, leading to selective labeling of proteins bearing these NCAAs in live cells.
Development of Neural Interfaces for Chronic Use in Neuromotor Prosthetics

This paper presents a review of our neural interface research program and provides a brief introduction to the field. We focus on three key areas which aim to minimize encapsulating tissue response to chronic neural interfaces: interface architecture, mechanical stresses, and stem cell-seeded probes. We explore these areas and present our current solutions which have led to the demonstration of cortical control of neuromotor prostheses (NMPs).