cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors that influence induction of gastroesophageal reflux in normal human subjects.

Findings from recent studies indicate that transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is an important contributory mechanism to spontaneous episodes of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in normal subjects as well as in patients with reflux esophagitis. Our study aim was to evaluate the interrelationship between reduction of LES pressure and elevation of intraabdominal pressure in the induction of GER in healthy subjects. Seven volunteers were studied supine after gastric loading with 0.1 N HCl. A pH probe recorded acid GER. Leg raising (LR) or abdominal compression (AC) were used as stress maneuvers to increase intraabdominal pressure, either alone or in combination with stimuli that concurrently lowered LES pressure, namely multiple rapid swallows (RS) or intraesophageal balloon distention (BD). Each individual stimulus and stimulus combination was tested three times, giving a total of 24 test maneuvers per subject. The test maneuvers elicited 2–12 GERs in each subject. The GER incidence for single maneuvers was: AC, 0%; LR, 0%; RS, 19%; and BD, 24%. LR in combination with RS or BD did not increase the incidence of GER above that induced by RS or BD alone. In contrast, AC concurrent with RS and BD increased the incidence of GER to 52% and 81%, respectively. For all test conditions, a prerequisite for the occurrence of GER was a fall in LES pressure to a minimal value of 3 mm Hg or less. GER never occurred when LES pressure was ≥4 mm Hg, even during intervals of increased intraabdominal pressure. We conclude that (1) virtually complete absence of LES pressure is an essential prerequisite for the induction of GER; (2) during intervals of negligible LES pressure, elevation of intraabdominal pressure increases the prevalence of GER;and (3) LR by normal subjects induces a substantial increase in the abdominal pressure but does not increase GER, probably due to a pinch-cock effect of the diaphragmatic hiatus on the intrahiatal esophageal segment.
The Exchange Potential in Path Integral Studies: Analytical Justification

We present analytical justification for our previously described exchange pseudopotential. We show how the fermi quantum partition function can be constructed from the Boltzmann (distinguishable particle) wave functions if the states that correspond to like‐spin electrons occupying the same quantum state are excluded. A class of weighting functions that satisfy this constraint approximately is discussed. Our previous pseudopotential falls under this class. Essentially, our pseudopotential forces the unwanted states to have high energy and, hence, to make negligible contribution to the partition function. Exchange potentials of the form discussed in this article should be useful for studying systems where the (allowed) correlated Boltzmann wave functions have negligible amplitude for like‐spin fermion–fermion distances less than the diameter of the individual particle wave packets. For example, in the case of two spin‐up (or spin‐down) fermions, if one fermion is located at r, then ‖Ψ(r,q)‖2 is negligible ...
Abrupt non-linear climate change, irreversibility and surprise

Abstract Any discussion of the benefits of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation measures should take into consideration the full range of possible climate change outcomes, including impacts that remain highly uncertain, like surprises and other climate irreversibilities. Real-world coupling between complex systems can cause them to exhibit new collective behaviours that are not clearly demonstrable by models that do not include such coupling. Through examples from ocean circulation and atmosphere–biosphere interactions, this paper demonstrates that external forcings such as increases in GHG concentrations can push complex systems from one equilibrium state to another, with non-linear abrupt change as a possible consequence. Furthermore, the harder and faster a system is perturbed, the higher the likelihood of such surprises—a conclusion that has significant bearing on the assessment of the potential benefits of the timing and stringency of GHG abatement measures. The paper concludes with a perspective on how to better incorporate uncertainty and surprise into integrated assessment models of climate change.
A comparison of classical tests of criterion when determining Granger causality with a bivariate ARMA model

The necessary and sufficient conditions for determining Granger causality with a bivariate ARMA model have been presented by Granger (1969), Haugh and Pierce (1977) and Eberts and Steece (1984). However the literature fails to address the question as to which classical test criterion likelihood ratio, Lagrange multiplier, Rao efficient scoring or Wald should be employed. This study addresses this question via a simulation study.
Factors influencing substrate utilization by tetrahymena pyriformis.

Abstract T. pyriformis H resembled other Protozoa and bacteria in the occurrence of reduced average cell volume with aging of cultures, and in undergoing initial contraction or expansion in transfers from cultures of comparable growth stages to fresh medium. Initial expansion of the ciliate depended upon substrate uptake and consequent increase in intracellular water. Such cellular expansion was achieved through a conditioning of the extracellular medium by the organism, which was prerequisite to utilization of yeast nucleic acid and related to the number of ciliates present. The same conditioning was found to be critical relative to the maximum volume of medium per ciliate permitting growth. Ciliates undergoing initial contraction continued to take up certain substrates, including l -arginine and dl -serine, at progressively diminishing rates after transfer, indicating that these substances did not require any diffusible secretion by the cells for their uptake. Thus, the collective data suggest that the uptake of at least one substrate by Tetrahymena depended on conditioning of the medium, that of certain amino acids being independent of any such conditioning.
A solid sorbent air sampling method for O-phenylenediamine (OPD)

A method for collecting, storing and quantifying airborne vapors of O-phenylenediamine (OPD) in the workplace has been developed. The vapors are collected on 100 mg of Tenax-GC packed in 4 mm ID glass tubing wrapped with aluminum foil. The OPD is desorbed and derivatized using a 10% solution of acetic anhydride in acetonitrile to form diacetamidobenzene (DAAB). The DAAB was subsequently quantified by injecting 10 µL of the solution into a liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV-detector (254 nm), a Partisil PXS PAC column and a 7% methanol in 1-chlorobutane mobile phase. The limit of detection is approximately 10 ng. Samples collected from test atmospheres containing OPD in dry air at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/m3 gave an overall recovery of 86.6%. Recoveries of samples collected from atmospheres humidified to 80% relative humidity were 79%. The capacity of the tube is at least 25 µg which is sufficient for either short or long term samples.
Ultra-low-power 10 to 28.5 Gb/s CMOS-driven VCSEL-based optical links [Invited]

We report three 850 nm, vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)-based optical links using 90 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits that achieve new records in speed and power efficiency. Two receiver (RX) circuit designs explore the tradeoffs between speed, power, and silicon area. The two RXs are first tested with a simple transmitter (TX), delivering full-link power efficiencies of 1.37 pJ/bit at 15 Gb/s and 3.6 pJ/bit at 25 Gb/s. An improved TX using feed-forward equalization (FFE) and an advanced VCSEL is then introduced. The link using the FFE TX achieves full-link power efficiencies of 1.5, 2.0, and 3.8 pJ/bit at 22.5, 25, and 28.5 Gb/s, respectively.
Basal-cell carcinomas on the scalp of a black patient many years after epilation by x rays.

The development of skin cancers in areas treated with X rays for benign dermatoses has not been common. Moreover, basal-cell carcinomas in blacks are exceedingly rare. We report successive development of two basal-cell carcinomas in the hair-covered scalp of a black man three decades after he had undergone epilation of the scalp by X rays for tinea capitis while a youth.
Surgery for pericardial disease

The pericardium is an important structure, and there are many diseases that affect the pericardium and the heart. Often, surgery is required for drainage or removal of the pericardium, but techniques are not standardized, and there is controversy, especially with regard to treatment of constrictive pericarditis. This paper reviews surgical methods for the treatment of inflammatory and constrictive pericarditis and presents early and late outcome of operation.
No selenium required: reactions catalyzed by mammalian thioredoxin reductase that are independent of a selenocysteine residue.

Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) contains a rare selenocysteine (Sec) residue in a conserved redox-active tetrapeptide of sequence Gly-Cys1-Sec2-Gly. The high chemical reactivity of the Sec residue is thought to confer broad substrate specificity to the enzyme. In addition to utilizing thioredoxin (Trx) as a substrate, other substrates are protein disulfide isomerase, glutaredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, NK-lysin/granulysin, HIV Tat protein, H2O2, lipid hydroperoxides, vitamin K, ubiquinone, juglone, ninhydrin, alloxan, dehydroascorbate, DTNB, lipoic acid/lipoamide, S-nitrosoglutathione, selenodiglutathione, selenite, methylseleninate, and selenocystine. Here we show that the Cys2 mutant enzyme or the N-terminal reaction center alone can reduce Se-containing substrates selenocystine and selenite with only slightly less activity than the wild-type enzyme, in stark contrast to when Trx is used as the substrate when the enzyme suffers a 175−550-fold reduction in kcat. Our data support the use of alterna...
1/f noise and clock jitter in digital electronic systems

Timing jitter is a concern in high speed digital integrated circuits, the presence of timing jitter will degrade system performance in many high-speed applications. In the first part of this paper, we have simulated the timing jitter due to CMOS device noise in a nine stage CMOS differential ring oscillator, and a methodology to efficiently simulate timing jitter has been developed. Simulation results show the variation of absolute jitter due to flicker noise has a linear time dependence, while for white noise it has a square root time dependence, these are consistent with accepted theory. Two important parameters cycle jitter, and cycle to cycle jitter used to describe jitter performance can be obtained from simulation. Simulation results are also compared to experimental results. The methodology developed described in this paper is also applicable to other types of clock generators and oscillators such as LC oscillators, as well as other kinds of noise sources as power supply and substrate noise. In the second part this paper, we have employed this methodology and investigated the timing jitter in silicon BJT /or SiGe HBT ECL ring oscillators, and we have shown BJT /or SiGe HBT oscillators have lower jitter compared to their CMOS counterparts. As such silicon BJT and/or SiGe HBT ring oscillators are a potential choice for low jitter applications.
Combustion kinetics of soot formation from toluene

The combustion kinetics of soot formation for toluene and other selected fuels was studied behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range 1400 to 2500 K and the pressure range 2.5 to 10 atm using a laser beam attenuation technique. The limitations of the optical method employed to measure soot concentrations were investigated, and the index of refraction of soot particles was identified as the major factor which limits the accuracy of these experiments. Detailed soot yield studies show that the aromaticity of the hydrocarbons determines their sooting ability and that condensation, polymerization, and dehydrogenation are the most important soot formation steps for aromatic fuels. Thermochemical equilibrium calculations indicate that C 96 H 24 appears to be an important soot precursor. Correlation equations for soot formation delay times, apparent soot formation rates, and quasi-global rate models were obtained. The data presented herein may be used to estimate the effects on sooting which are caused by using highly aromatic, synthetic fuels.
Caste and Community Participation in Cultural Tourism in Nepal

I first became aware of a unique Nepalese tourist program in the village of Sirubari in the summer of 2001, when I led a group of undergraduate students on a summer field school to Nepal that included a visit there. My Nepali collaborators were eager for us to visit because Sirubari had already gained a national reputation for offering an interesting and high-quality experience for tourists, run by ethnic Gurungs, despite having only been officially in operation for three years. To say the least, an extremely appealing tourism program that left a favorable impression on the students intrigued me. I was so compelled by it, that I returned the summer of 2002 with one of the field school students, Morgan Edwards, to conduct a brief study of the intercaste cooperation necessary to conduct such a program.
A numerical method for multiphase incompressible thermal flows with solid-liquid and liquid-vapor phase transformations

ABSTRACT A numerical method for multiphase incompressible thermal flows with solid–liquid and liquid–vapor phase transformations is presented. The flow is mainly driven by thermocapillary force and vaporization. Based on the level set method and mixture continuum model, a set of governing equations valid for solid, liquid, and vapor phases is derived, considering phase boundary conditions as source terms in the transport equations. The vaporization process is treated as a source term in the continuity equation. The model developed is applied to the laser welding process, where the flow is coupled with optical phenomena. Formation and collapse of a laser-created hole is simulated.
Geropsychology: Meaning in Life for Elderhostelers:

Participants in a 1984 Elderhostel Summer Session, whose ages ranged from 60 to 84 yr., volunteered to respond to the Life Satisfaction Index from the perspective of Self and Other. This Likert-typ...
Location-Allocation Modeling in Archaeological Settlement Pattern Research: Some Preliminary Applications

(1985). Location‐allocation modeling in archaeological settlement pattern research: Some preliminary applications. World Archaeology: Vol. 16, Water craft and water transport, pp. 354-371.
The social learning of tool use by orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)

Very little is known about the social learning of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), especially in the context of problem-solving situations such as tool use. Sixteen orangutans were presented with a rake-like tool and desirable but out-of-reach food. Eight subjects observed a human demonstrator use the tool in one way, while another eight observed the demonstrator use the tool in another way. Subjects behaved identically in the two experimental conditions, showing no effect of the type of demonstration observed. Analysis of individual learning curves suggested that a large component of individual trial-and-error learning was at work, even for two subjects who received additional trials with an orangutan demonstrator. This pattern of results suggests that subjects were paying attention to the general functional relations in the task and to the results obtained by the demonstrator, but not to the actual methods of tool use demonstrated. It is concluded that subjects in both conditions were employing emulation learning, not imitative learning.
Legal, Ethical, and Financial Dilemmas in Electronic Health Record Adoption and Use

Electronic health records (EHRs) facilitate several innovations capable of reforming health care. Despite their promise, many currently unanswered legal, ethical, and financial questions threaten the widespread adoption and use of EHRs. Key legal dilemmas that must be addressed in the near-term pertain to the extent of clinicians' responsibilities for reviewing the entire computer-accessible clinical synopsis from multiple clinicians and institutions, the liabilities posed by overriding clinical decision support warnings and alerts, and mechanisms for clinicians to publically report potential EHR safety issues. Ethical dilemmas that need additional discussion relate to opt-out provisions that exclude patients from electronic record storage, sale of deidentified patient data by EHR vendors, adolescent control of access to their data, and use of electronic data repositories to redesign the nation's health care delivery and payment mechanisms on the basis of statistical analyses. Finally, one overwhelming financial question is who should pay for EHR implementation because most users and current owners of these systems will not receive the majority of benefits. The authors recommend that key stakeholders begin discussing these issues in a national forum. These actions can help identify and prioritize solutions to the key legal, ethical, and financial dilemmas discussed, so that widespread, safe, effective, interoperable EHRs can help transform health care.
Alternative Sources of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Ethical and Scientific Issues Revisited

Stem cell researchers in the United States continue to face an uncertain future, because of the changing federal guidelines governing this research, the restrictive patent situation surrounding the generation of new human embryonic stem cell lines, and the ethical divide over the use of embryos for research. In this commentary, we describe how recent advances in the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells and the isolation of germ-line-derived pluripotent stem cells resolve a number of these uncertainties. The availability of patient-matched, pluripotent stem cells that can be obtained by ethically acceptable means provides important advantages for stem cell researchers, by both avoiding protracted ethical debates and giving U.S. researchers full access to federal funding. Thus, ethically uncompromised stem cells, such as those derived by direct reprogramming or from germ-cell precursors, are likely to yield important advances in stem cell research and move the field rapidly toward clinical applications.
The effect of temperature on the strength and failure mechanisms of a woven carbon/polyimide laminate under compression

Abstract The effect of temperature on the deformation and failure mechanisms of a 2D woven carbon/polyimide laminate under compression has been studied. The composite was characterized under fiber-aligned compression and along an orientation 45° to the fiber directions. Throughout the operating temperature range (ambient to 300°C), failure under fiber-aligned compression was brittle and via the formation of a through-thickness shear-fault comprising of sheared fiber bundles. The compressive strength showed a steady decline with temperature. In the temperature range 300–375°C, failure was dominated by kink-band formation at significantly lower failure stresses. This transition in failure appeared to be caused by the reduction in the polyimide yield strength and modulus with temperature. Similar trends were not observed under compression at 45° to the fiber directions, where a uniform degradation in strength and stiffness was observed. The latter experiments provided data on the modulus and yield strength in shear of the polyimide matrix at various temperatures, which in turn, were used to model the microbuckling of pre-compressed axial fibers, triggered by the onset of localized yielding within the cross-plies. This latter task was accomplished by using a relatively simple beam-on-elastic foundation-type model, which captured the trends in the experimental data well.
Susceptibility of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) Field Populations in Cyprus to Conventional Organic Insecticides, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, and Methoprene

Culex pipiens pipiens L. populations on Cyprus were sampled over a 6-yr period from 2002 to 2008 to evaluate the status of insecticide resistance toward the insecticides temephos, chlorpyrifos, and permethrin and to study susceptibility levels toward the recently introduced bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis De Barjac and the juvenile hormone analog, methoprene. Susceptibility to the three conventional chemical insecticides varied between different collections, with most collections showing moderate or low resistance. The 2004 Akrotiri collection had the highest temephos resistance ratio, 167-fold at the LC95, although later sampling showed that the population returned to susceptibility after treatments stopped. Chlorpyrifos resistance was generally higher than temephos resistance. Four collections showed high resistance, and the resistance ratios of two collections were notably high with resistance ratios of 110- and 248-fold at the LC95. Three collections showed high permethrin resistance (22.5-, 23.9-, and 86.3-fold). The frequency of elevated esterase activity in populations was estimated using a filter paper test, and frequencies varied from 0.9 to 65% among collections. The levels of temephos resistance and the frequency of elevated esterases in this survey were generally lower than in earlier reports, suggesting a decline in temephos resistance. Dose-response values for B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis covered an approximate eight-fold range, but no resistance was detected. Methoprene values showed a 4.7-fold and 16-fold range at the LC50 and LC95, respectively. Two populations showed significant resistance ratios at the LC95. These data are discussed in relation to the changes in larval control practices underway in Cyprus.
D-Serine as a putative glial neurotransmitter.

Abundant recent evidence favors a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator role for D-serine. D-serine is synthesized from L-serine by serine racemase in astrocytic glia that ensheath synapses, especially in regions of the brain that are enriched in NMDA-glutamate receptors. D-serine is more potent than glycine at activating the ‘glycine’ site of these receptors. Moreover, selective degradation of D-serine but not glycine by D-amino acid oxidase markedly reduces NMDA neurotransmission. D-serine appears to be released physiologically in response to activation by glutamate of AMPA-glutamate receptors on D-serine-containing glia. This causes glutamate-receptor-interacting protein, which binds serine racemase, to stimulate enzyme activity and D-serine release. Thus, glutamate triggers the release of D-serine so that the two amino acids can act together on postsynaptic NMDA receptors. D-serine also plays a role in neural development, being released from Bergmann glia to chemokinetically enhance the migration of granule cell cerebellar neurons from the external to the internal granular layer.
Development of relational learning: Effects of instruction and delay of transfer☆

Abstract Preschool children were trained on a color relevant oddity problem by one of three methods: increased salience of the oddity relationship, instruction on the solution rule, or a combination of increased salience and rule instruction. The youngest Ss solved the training problem when the solution rule was provided but not under the salience procedure. The two older groups solved in all conditions and errors decreased with age. The generality of the solution was determined by performance on a form relevant transfer task. The youngest Ss made fewer errors on the transfer problem following rule instruction training than following training in the combined procedure. The intermediate age group made fewer errors when the transfer task was administered one week after training than one minute after training. The transfer problem was easily solved by the oldest Ss and performance was independent of training procedure and amount of delay. These results were interpreted as reflecting developmental differences in relational concept learning.
Ortho-phonological cueing may be a viable method of treating anomia in Chinese for speakers with alphabetic script knowledge

Abstracted from: Law, S., Yeung, O., & Chiu, K. M. (2008). Treatment for anomia in Chinese using an ortho-phonological cueing method. Aphasiology, 22, 139–163. Source of funding: This study was supported by a grant from the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong (HKU 7664/05H).
Hybrid agent-based simulation for policy evaluation of solar power generation systems

Abstract To encourage the adoption of solar power as well as new technological improvements in solar industry, state and federal governments have employed various kinds of incentives over the past decades, such as rebates, tax return opportunities, and Net Metering credits. At the same time, however, the governments concern regulations to avoid highly steep growth of solar energy without considering necessary supporting structure such as storage components, which will increase the electricity price and threaten the stability of existing transmission systems. The goal of this research is to develop a decision support tool to analyze the effectiveness of various policies (both incentives as well as regulations) on the proper growth rate of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems avoiding the instability of the transition system or steep rising of the electricity price. To this end, we propose a hybrid two-level simulation modeling framework, which is significantly more detailed than the simplified structures commonly used in most policy evaluations. The lower-level model concerns the calculation of PV system payback period of individual household based on hourly electricity generation (PV) and consumptions, incentive levels, PV module price, and hourly electricity price (grid). The higher-level model, running on a weekly basis for 20 years, concerns the household adoption behaviors of the PV systems influenced by various factors, including payback period, household income, word-of-mouth effect and advertisement effect. Agent-based and system dynamics modeling techniques are leveraged in both levels. The proposed models have been developed for residential areas at two different regions in the US based on real data, which have been used to illustrate the impact of policies in different regions.
WHEN DOES “RACE” MATTER? EXPLORING VARIATION IN ATTITUDES TOWARD CONTROVERSIAL FACILITIES

Community opposition has been on the rise across the United States, particularly over the past decade. This research note explores the issue of “racial” variation in attitudes toward facilities and land uses by presenting an analysis of a national survey of perception concerning human service and other facilities. The results indicate that, for this national sample, respondents self-identifying themselves as “black” tend to be more accepting of facilities overall than respondents self-identifying as “white” and that after controlling for social class, life cycle, and residential location, there are only three facility types where “white” and “black” respondents differ in their attitudes: day care centers, alcohol rehabilitation facilities, and shopping malls.
Examining the performance and preference of embedded and framed/non-framed hyperlinks

Abstract This study examined the placement of hyperlinks in four locations on a web page for user performance and preference. The hyperlink placements consisted of (1) hyperlinks embedded (Embedded) within a document; (2) hyperlinks embedded within a document and placed adjacent to the left side and at the same height as the corresponding embedded hyperlinks (Left-Embedded) of the associative document; (3) hyperlinks placed at the top-left (Top-Left) of a document; and (4) hyperlinks placed within a vertical frame (Frame) to the left of a document. Participants using the Left-Embedded condition had faster search times than the Top-Left condition. Participants also perceived the Left-Embedded and Frame conditions as easier to navigate and to find information compared to the Top-Left condition. The Left-Embedded condition also was perceived as promoting higher levels of comprehension than the Top-Left condition. Overall, the Left-Embedded condition was most preferred and Top-Left condition was the least preferred. Relevance to industry This study is relevant to industry in that it provides empirical data suggesting where hyperlinks should be placed within common, hypertext-supported documents. Unfortunately, today system designers have to largely rely on their own experiences when configuring the layout of hypertext documents. This often leads to inefficient layouts, which may result in an overall decrease in search efficiency and user satisfaction. This study is one step in the process of providing the information needed to make layouts more useful and efficient.
Acyclic stereoselection. 20. High diastereofacial selectivity in the stannic chloride mediated reactions of allylsilanes with chiral α- and β-alkoxy aldehydes.

Abstract Stannic chloride is an effective catalyst for the reaction of allylsilanes with chiral α- and β-alkoxy aldehydes. In the case of α-alkoxy aldehyde 1 , the diastereofacial preference is outstanding (>35:1). With β- alkoxy aldehydes 5 and 6 , selectivity is lower, but still quite acceptable (7–12:1).
Endovascular Treatment of Pancreatic Allograft Transplant Arteriovenous Fistula Using Amplatzer Vascular Plug 2

We report a case of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant, referred to us with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in the transplanted pancreas. The AVF was manifested by compromised functions of the transplanted pancreas. The patient was successfully treated with percutaneous transcatheter embolotherapy using Amplatzer Vascular Plug 2 (St. Jude Medical, Plymouth, MA), after the adequacy of the pancreatic transplant perfusion was ensured to avoid the risk of postembolization pancreatic infarction. There were no complications related to the procedure and the patient pancreatic functions and clinical status returned to baseline. Our case highlights a rare vascular complication related to pancreatic transplant that was managed by minimally invasive endovascular treatment. To our knowledge, the technique used in treatment of this case was not previously described in literature.
A Laboratory Study of Satisfaction Effects on Mood State, Withdrawal Intentions, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior:

154 undergraduates role-played a restaurant server experiencing positive, neutral, or negative Job or Life Satisfaction. Positive Satisfaction resulted in ratings of more positive reported mood state, lower expected absenteeism and turnover intentions, and greater expected Organizational Citizenship Behavior than did Neutral Satisfaction and Negative Satisfaction. Life Satisfaction was associated with reported mood states and intentions similarly to Job Satisfaction, except Negative Job Satisfaction was more negatively influential on expectations of quitting than Negative Life Satisfaction. Both Job and Life Satisfaction may be antecedents to affect and its consequences in work settings.
Are protein-protein interfaces more conserved in sequence than the rest of the protein surface?

Protein interfaces are thought to be distinguishable from the rest of the protein surface by their greater degree of residue conservation. We test the validity of this approach on an expanded set of 64 protein–protein interfaces using conservation scores derived from two multiple sequence alignment types, one of close homologs/orthologs and one of diverse homologs/paralogs. Overall, we find that the interface is slightly more conserved than the rest of the protein surface when using either alignment type, with alignments of diverse homologs showing marginally better discrimination. However, using a novel surface-patch definition, we find that the interface is rarely significantly more conserved than other surface patches when using either alignment type. When an interface is among the most conserved surface patches, it tends to be part of an enzyme active site. The most conserved surface patch overlaps with 39% (± 28%) and 36% (± 28%) of the actual interface for diverse and close homologs, respectively. Contrary to results obtained from smaller data sets, this work indicates that residue conservation is rarely sufficient for complete and accurate prediction of protein interfaces. Finally, we find that obligate interfaces differ from transient interfaces in that the former have significantly fewer alignment gaps at the interface than the rest of the protein surface, as well as having buried interface residues that are more conserved than partially buried interface residues.
Self-management problem solving for adolescents with type 1 diabetes: intervention processes associated with an Internet program.

Objective Describe intervention processes associated with an Internet self-management problem solving program for adolescents with type 1 diabetes, and relate participant characteristics to program use.
Volatilization of EPTC: Simulation and Measurement

Many of the organic chemicals used in agricultural production are susceptible to loss from the soil surface to the atmosphere by volatilization. Adequate prediction of the impact of these chemicals on the environment thus requires consideration of both downward movement through the soil to groundwater and upward movement in the gas phase to the atmosphere. We developed a method to mechanistically simulate volatilization within the framework of a conventionally formulated solute transport model and used it to simulate the gas-phase losses of EPTC, a commonly used volatile herbicide. The model considers efflux of a trace gas at the sod surface to be a process of unsteady diffusion, interrupted intermittently by dispersive events that can be thought of as eddies at the innermost scale. Model results were compared to measurements of volatilization during the first 7 d following application of EPTC, conducted with a Bowen ratio system in a 17-ha field at Rosemount, MN. The measurements indicated a relatively large initial flux (ca. 150 g ha{sup -1} h{sup -1}) that rapidly decreased to negligible levels within a day following application. The model agreed reasonably well on the first day, if a measured value for Henry`s constant was used rather than amore » value estimated from the saturation vapor pressure and the solubility. However, on subsequent days the model considerably overestimated volatilization, regardless of the Henry`s constant that was used. It is likely that hysteresis in sorption/desorption, particularly as surface soil dries following herbicide incorporation, may be the primary reason why volatile losses are lower than might be predicted on the basis of equilibrium partitioning theory. 42 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.« less
Weatherization behavior and social context: The influences of factual knowledge and social interaction

Abstract Although energy behavior researchers have begun to realize that factual knowledge about energy does not always translate into specific household behaviors, many interventions continue to focus on educational strategies that assume individual knowledge to be a primary lever for change. We investigate the possibility that social interaction regarding energy may also play an important role. Specifically, we use nationally representative survey data ( N = 816) in the United States to assess the extent to which an indicator of relevant social interaction in one's social network regarding energy tips and information is predictive of weatherization behavior over and above individual-level knowledge and household characteristics. Results support the notion that social interaction is predictive of weatherization over and above what we would expect based solely on energy knowledge and hold important implications for future work in this arena.
Effect of cyclic AMP on nucleoside metabolism III. Effect on uridine incorporation in monkey (CV-1) cells

Abstract Adenosine 3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was found to increase the rate of incorporation of [ 3 H]uridine into CV-1 cell RNA while no significant differences were found in quantity or quality of total RNA. This increased rate of incorporation of uridine was dependent on the time after cyclic AMP addition and the concentration of cyclic AMP, and did not result from an increase in uridine transport or uridine phosphorylation; cyclic AMP was found to decrease the endogenous synthesis of uridine triphosphate, and this may account for the enhanced incorporation with time into the newly synthesized RNA.
Magnetic field- and concentration-dependent photon echo relaxation in ruby with simple exponential decay☆

Abstract Magnetic field- and concentration-dependent, simple exponential photon echo decay in ruby is observed in apparent disagreement with previous work. Similar results are obtained with electron spin echoes.
The distribution of boron in AlRu: Effect on ductility and toughness

Abstract Boron strongly enhances toughness and ductility in the high-temperature intermetallic compound AlRu, but the source of the improvement is unknown. Nuclear mapping of the location of the boron has been done using the 10 B( n , α ) 7 Li reaction and CR-39 as a nuclear-track detector. It is found that in the alloys for which boron has a beneficial effect the solute is located at random – in contrast to the case of boron in Ni 3 Al, where it preferentially occupies locations in grain boundaries. Thus, the mechanisms differ in the two intermetallics.
SPAN: a neural network that grows

Summary form only given, as follows. A novel neural model called SPAN (space partition network), which allows the network to adapt its structure autonomously, is proposed. According to the evolution level operators and their selection rules to be defined, a network can generate new neurons and connect them on desired positions in the network when the processing capability of the network is not sufficient, or the network can annihilate nonactive existent neurons. Using this algorithm, the authors initially put a set of seed neurons in the network, then let the network grow according to the training patterns. It is observed from the simulation results that the network will eventually grow to such a configuration which is suitable to the class of problems characterized by the training patterns, i.e. the neural network self-synthesizes itself to fit the problem space. >
Thermal decomposition of nickel carbide thin films

Abstract Thin films of nickel carbide are produced by evaporating fourteen atomic layers (1.8 × 10 16 atoms cm −2 ) of nickel onto the (0001) surface of graphite at room temperature. The presence of nickel carbide is indicated by the characteristic carbide Auger electron signal. LEED shows that no ordered structural change takes place on the graphite (0001) surface when nickel carbide is produced in this manner. Isothermal heating of the sample leads to an irreversible change of the carbon Auger signal. The times required for this change range from 150 min at 150°C to 45 min at 185°C. The times required for decomposition yield an activation energy for decomposition equal to 50 kJ mole −1 . The decomposition of nickel carbide thin films obeys zero order kinetics. Depth profiling of the film after decomposition reveals that the observed decomposition is limited only to the top two or three atomic layers.
Channeling effect and energy contamination evaluations of B-based beam-line ULE implants - Tools and recipe set-up dependence

We extensively investigate tool and recipe set-up dependence of the ultra-shallow junctions (USJ) doped by the boron-based ultra-low energy (ULE) beam-line (BL) implants. Recipes set-up includes different tools, energies, implant temperatures, and deceleration ratios. Channeling effect and energy contamination issues are de-coupled by drift and deceleration mode implants. A channeling effect factor (CEF) is defined and quantified. Channeling effect is found to be a major factor causing deeper profiles and long tails (x j ). Channeling effect gets worse when the implant energy is reduced due to less self-PAI effect (with less damage). Low temperature (−100 °C) implant does not effectively reduce channeling effect. Deceleration mode implant increases tail (x j ) due to energy contamination as a secondary order effect.
Thermal stability and degradation mechanism of alkylbenzene sulfonates in alkaline media

Abstract The thermal degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonates in alkaline media was examined. The half-lives of several commercially available sulfonates were estimated at hundreds to thousands of years at 204°C. The degradation mechanism was predominately a clipping of the alkyl chain to yield an alkylbenzene sulfonate with the phenyl group attached to the α-carbon, however, desulfonation also occurred. Pressure vessels made of carbon steel, gold, and platinum gave similar sulfonate degradation products and roughly the same degradation half-lives.
Individual and contextual socioeconomic status and community satisfaction

This study utilises the Pew Research Center’s 2008 survey on Social and Demographic Trends to examine both individual and contextual socioeconomic status in relation to community satisfaction. My focus on socioeconomic diversity, a measure of contextual socioeconomic status, allows for the examination of two antecedents of satisfaction: preferences and experiences. Specifically, I ask: Who wants socioeconomic diversity? Who has socioeconomic diversity? And who is satisfied? I find that higher socioeconomic status is associated with both having a preference for socioeconomic diversity and living in a diverse community. However, having a preference for diversity, in and of itself, is not significantly related to living in a more socioeconomically diverse community. Finally, the study reveals that both individual (education and income) and contextual (percent unemployment) socioeconomic measures are associated with community satisfaction. However, neither preferences for nor experiences with diversity are si...
Constraints on the Global Mass-to-Light Ratios and on the Extent of Dark Matter Halos in Globular Clusters and Dwarf Spheroidals

The detection of stars in the process of being tidally removed from globular clusters and dwarf spheroidals in the Galaxy's halo provides a strong constraint on their mass-to-light ratios and on the extent of their possible dark matter halos. If a significant dark matter component existed either within or beyond the observed stellar distribution, then stars would not be removed. This is a result of an increase in the tidal radius and mass segregation between luminous stars and the dark matter component. We use numerical simulations to study mass loss from two-component star clusters orbiting within a deeper potential. We find a global upper limit on the mass-to-light ratios of globular clusters, M/L 2.5, and rule out the possibility that they have extended halos of low-luminosity material. Similarly, the tidal tails of dwarf spheroidals indicate that their dark matter halos must be truncated at ~400 pc; therefore, they have total mass-to-light ratios 100.
A Call to Action: Proposing a University Network for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene

: Water is the critical concern of countries around the world due to increasing population and environmental change. The Paul Simon Water for the World Act, passed in early 2010, aims to provide support and funding for the provision of safe water and sanitation. Universities are uniquely poised to address solutions and assessments of efforts to address water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). This paper outlines a “call to action” for universities to collectively address WASH issues by establishing a network that identifies experts, links resources, and builds partnerships.
Glycerin suppository for promoting feeding tolerance in preterm very low birthweight neonates: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective To compare the efficacy of glycerin suppository versus no suppository in preterm very-low-birthweight neonates for improving feeding tolerance. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Level III neonatal unit from Mumbai, India. Participants 50 very-low-birthweight (birth weight between 1000 to 1500 grams)preterm (gestational age between 28 to 32 weeks) neonates randomized to glycerine suppository (n=25) or no intervention (n=26). Intervention Glycerin suppository (1g) once a day from day-2 to day-14 of life or no suppository, along with intermittent oral feeds and standardized care. Primary outcome Time required to achieve full enteral feeds (180 mL/kg/d). Results Baseline characteristics of neonates like gestational age, birthweight, gender and age at the time of introduction of feeds were comparable in both groups. The mean (SD) duration to reach full enteral feed was 11.90 (3.1) days in glycerin suppository group and was not significantly different (P=0.58) from control group, [11.33 (3.57) days]. Glycerin suppository group regained birth weight 2 days earlier than control group but this difference was not significant (P=0.16). There was no significant difference in duration of hospital stay or occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis amongst the two study groups. Conclusions Once daily application of glycerin suppository does not accelerate the achievement of full feeds in preterm very-low-birthweight neonates.
THE PERIODIC FRUITING OF DICTYOTA AND ITS RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT

The periodic production of the sexual cells of Dictyota has been described for Bangor, Wales, and Plymouth, England, by Williams (1905); for Beaufort, North Carolina, by Hoyt (1907); and for Naples, Italy, by Lewis (i9io). Further studies have now been made at other places on the coast of North Carolina, at Naples, and on material obtained from Jamaica, and some additional facts have been observed. While these do not seem to explain the phenomenon, they furnish material which must be considered and offer suggestions as to the possible nature of the problem. At all places where studies have been made, all observed species of Dictyota produce their sexual cells in periodic crops at intervals more or less definitely related to the tides of each region. The relation to the tides varies, however, in different localities, and three different types of periodicity have been observed: one shown by Dictyota dichotoma at Bangor, Wales; Plymouth, England; and Naples, Italy; the second shown by all observed species of Dictyota on the shore of Jamaica; and the third shown by the species of Dictyota resembling D. dichotoma occurring at several places on the coast of North Carolina. RECORDS
Reaction Attempts Book

This book is a compilation of Ugi reactions attempted for the UsefulChem Project mainly in the Bradley laboratory at Drexel University. This includes failed, inconclusive or in progress reactions as well as those where a product was successfully isolated and characterized. The entries are sorted alphabetically based on reactants. Links are provided to the relevant lab notebook pages. Future editions will include contributions from other sources as well.
Modeling oil-water partitioning and membrane permeation using reversed-phase chromatography

Abstract Reversed-phase chromatographic retention data are currently playing a significant role in the determination of one of the most important physical properties of compounds, the oil—water partition coefficient. The potential uses of partition coefficients cover many areas of chemistry and biology, and have been particularly important in the area of biomembrane transport. This review will address the theoretical foundation of the chromatographic method for the estimation of partition coefficients, with an emphasis on the origins of anomalous retention behavior. Deviations of chromatographically determined partition coefficients from true values may provide insight into reversed-phase retention mechanisms.
A nested queue model for the analysis of air traffic control sectors

Abstract This paper deals with the interaction between the airplane traffic and the control communications traffic in an air traffic control (ATC) sector. The concept of nested queue systems is introduced, and is used to model the above air traffic situation. It is shown that under certain assumptions, some operating characteristics useful in the design and analysis of air traffic sectors can be analytically derived.