cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cultures of participation-for students, by students

Culturally relevant health information is said to benefit diverse populations and is critical for health dissemination and user experience creation. Social media and online content provide mechanisms to engage specific populations while helping to reduce barriers that can often hinder participation and engagement. Using action research and informed by co-creation theory, the MyHealthImpactNetwork.org initiative seeks to provide a user experience targeting Black female college students. Data were collected from females at a large university located in the Southeast United States. Through focus group participants' feedback, co-creation with students as design delegates and reviews of social media resentments, MyHealthImpactNetwork.org evolved to include user-driven content. Results indicate that Black females are interested in HIV prevention information that uses simple, non-technical health jargon. The information should be, however, socially engaging to enable their voices to be heard, absent of cultural assumptions and biases about Black women, and embody an ownership ethos relative to social content. Informed by principals of canonical action research and the co-creation that results between the researcher and potential user, these findings suggest that the hedonic dimension underpins the key design lessons. This research helps to fill a void in the literature regarding the creation of user experiences for health-related messages, particularly those regarding stigmatized conditions, such as HIV, while designing for cultures of participation among under-represented groups.
Alcohol-mediated enhancement of postprandial lipemia: a contributing factor to an increase in plasma HDL and a decrease in risk of cardiovascular disease

Background Moderate alcohol consumption increases plasma HDL and lowers cardiovascular disease risk while transiently enhancing postprandial lipemia. Objective We hypothesized that the alcohol-mediated increase in postprandial triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their clearance elevate HDL cholesterol and reverse cholesterol transport. Design We determined the effect in normolipidemic humans (n = 14) of postprandial lipemia produced 4 h after a test meal (M) or a test meal + 0.5 g alcohol/kg body wt (M+A) on postprandial changes in plasma lipids and on the balance of cholesterol between TRL and the cholesterol-rich LDL and HDL fractions (CRL) or red blood cells (RBCs) in fresh and incubated plasma or blood. Results Postprandial lipemia after the M and M+A test meals caused a 56% and 89% increase in plasma triacylglycerol, a 30% and 74% increase in TRL cholesterol, and a 3.8% and 6.6% decrease in CRL cholesterol, respectively. In vitro reaction of endogenous lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43) and cholesteryl ester transfer proteins via incubation of fasting plasma samples and postprandial M and M+A plasma samples for 16 h increased TRL cholesterol by 22.8% (0.08 mmol/L), 32.6% (0.16 mmol/L), and 45.8% (0.28 mmol/L) in plasma and by 71.1% (0.27 mmol/L), 89.4% (0.45 mmol/L), and 112.5% (0.70 mmol/L) in RBC-enriched blood, respectively. After the in vitro lipolysis of TRL, the elevation of HDL cholesterol in postprandial M+A plasma, but not in postprandial M plasma, was significantly greater than in fasting plasma. Conclusion The alcohol-mediated increase in postprandial TRL flux and the hepatic removal of postprandial TRL after the acceptance of cholesterol from CRL and cell membranes contribute to increased HDL cholesterol and enhancement of reverse cholesterol transport in humans.
A living laboratory study in personalized automated lighting controls

We report on an experimental case study of personalized lighting controls built on top of an infrastructure designed to enable rapid development of applications in commercial buildings. Our personalized lighting controls (PLC) use an existing standard commercial building lighting automation system and require no new hardware to deploy. PLC presents occupants with a "shared virtual light switch" accessible online and easily viewable on smart phones by scanning a QR code. It embodies three important design principles: individual empowerment with localized human-centered resolution, token effort for energy consumption and return to a low-power state when inactive. After deploying our lighting controls on two new floors of a large research building on campus, we show a sustainable reduction in lighting energy of 50% to 70% on both floors over 12 weeks, continuing to this day. These savings are found to come from a combination of reducing brightness and keeping lights on less often, especially during evenings and weekends.
Elite New Anion Ligands: Polythioamide Macrocycles

Prototypes for a new class of polythioamide-based macrocycles have been synthesized and anion-binding capabilities assessed. Results indicate higher anion binding for H(2)PO(4)(-), HSO(4)(-), and F(-) for monocycles, but somewhat lessened binding capabilities for bicycles compared with amide corollaries.
Pressure dependence of the electrical resistivity and the ionization energy of Cr In n-type InP

Abstract The electrical resistance of chromium-doped, n-type InP has been found to increase exponentially with hydrostatic pressure (up to 4.7 kbar) at 273 K, 301 K, and 344 K. The resistivity activation energy increases by 6.5 × 10-6 eV/bar. This rate equals the difference between the pressure dependences of the lowest conduction band minimum at k = (000) and the subsidiary minima determined by others. Our results indicate that pressure increases the ionization energy of a Cr donor level whose wave function has a large contribution from the minima. It is suggested the Cr donor level is due to Cr+3 occupying an indium site.
Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry for characterization of thin film optical properties and microstructural evolution

Abstract A rotating polarizer multichannel ellipsometer was applied in spectroscopic (1.3–4.2 eV) investigations of thin films during deposition. In this review, two examples are selected which demonstrate real time spectroscopic ellipsometry. In the first, we compare results for amorphous silicon and germanium sputtered to approximately 50 A on native oxide-covered c-Si. For these films, the evolution of the effective optical properties with thickness is dominated by changes in void volume fraction and surface roughness which accompany nucleation and growth. Abrupt transitions from cluster to bulk film growth occur at total thicknesses of 10–15 A for materials deposited under optimum conditions of microstructural uniformity. In the second example, corresponding results for aluminum evaporated to opacity onto thermally oxidized c-Si are discussed. In this case, the evolution of the effective optical properties with thickness is strongly influenced by changes in the intrinsic aluminum dielectric function. In particular, we find that the relaxation time for the (200) parallel-band transition increases abruptly with thickness over the 55–60 A range. The enhanced scattering of electrons in the films less than 60 A thick may originate from a disordered or fine-grained film structure, and for thicknesses less than 55 A the (200) parallel-band feature in the aluminum dielectric function at 1.5 eV disappears.
Cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression profiles in tracheobronchial lymph nodes from pigs singularly infected or coinfected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO).

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine cytokine and chemokine mRNA expression profiles in tracheobronchial lymph nodes from pigs singularly infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO), or coinfected with both. Twenty-eight pigs were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) negative controls (NEG), (2) inoculated with MHYO (IMHYO), (3) inoculated with MHYO and PCV2 (CoI), and (4) inoculated with PCV2 (IPCV2). MHYO infection significantly (P
Kant, Hume and causality

Kant's answer to Hume is seen to comprise the following: agreement with Hume that causal connection cannot be inferred from experience; moving beyond Hume in making causal conceptions presuppositions of experience (where “experience” has the full force of “scientific knowledge”, and not merely its minimal meaning of spatio-temporal representations in appearance); distinguishing causality from other, more basic presuppositions of experience (where experience is tacitly defined in terms less strong than those associated with the advance to scientific knowledge). Not only is causality aVerknuepfung, rather than aBedingung, thereby relegating it to a lower level of generality, but its presence in the table of categories simply signifies the possibility of its application at any time, not the necessity for a universally valid interpretation of temporal succession as given in the manifold, a specification that is only introduced after the schematism, in the Analogies of experience. Furthermore, unlike e.g. the transcendental unity of apperception, cause involves regulative, not constitutive (or demonstrable) principles. Failure to recognize all of this has created unnecessary controversy concerning the relative merits of Kant's response to the problem of justifying induction.
On Dynamics of Mostly Contracting Diffeomorphisms

Mostly contracting diffeomorphisms are the simplest examples of robustly nonuniformly hyperbolic systems. This paper studies the mixing properties of mostly contracting diffeomorphisms.
The molecular core associated with DR 21.

DR 21 has been observed in the J = 1-0 line of HCN with a resolution of 12.5 by 15.5 arcsec using the mm-wave interferometer at the Hat Creek Observatory. The HCN line is seen in both emission and absorption as an isolated clump immediately adjacent to the compact H II regions of DR 21. The full extent of the clump is about 30 arcsec in R.A. and 60 arcsec in decl. which corresponds to 0.3 by 0.6 pc for an assumed distance of 2 kpc. The mass of the clump is estimated to be about 200 solar masses. Two velocity components are present: the more intense one at -5 km/s is only seen in emission, and the other at -2.4 km/s is seen in emission in the northwest and mostly in absorption against the continuum source. The component at -5.0 km/s is identified to have higher excitation, and the one at -2.4 km/s to have greater column density.
Semen quality from the bull to the freezer: an assessment.

Abstract Frozen semen has provided the cattleman with the opportunity of using outstanding tested sires in a variety of breeding programs. However, to make the most effective use of these sires, high quality semen is essential to help achieve the good conception rates necessary. In view of the multitude of frozen semen producers, not all subjecting bulls and processed semen to rigid quality control, and the difficulty of obtaining accurate nonreturn rates, the present status of frozen semen and research needs are assessed. 1. 1. Tests of semen quality are helpful in ranking bulls of unknown fertility, but they are not highly correlated with fertility of ejaculates within bulls. Therefore, further research is needed on the combination of tests which can be applied to maximize the prediction of ejaculate fertility. 2. 2. Furthermore, currently available nonreturn rates are not as accurate a reflection of pregnancy rates as in former times. Therefore, studies are needed to find ways of correcting biases in nonreturn rates, if possible. Otherwise, easily retrievable reliable alternative estimates of fertility are needed. 3. 3. A major single source of variation in fertility is the bull, not the individual ejaculate. So if the true fertility of the bull can be established, and semen is carefully processed and stored to preserve this fertility, individual ejaculate selection becomes less critical. Testicular traits associated with semen quality and fertility are heritable. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on pedigree selection of bulls for reproductive fitness initially, where the information is available, and in performance testing the bull at puberty (testis and semen evaluation) before putting it into service. 4. 4. Each batch of semen should be processed by the best procedure known in order to maximally preserve the fertility of the semen as it is produced by the bull. All semen suppliers should have, and buyers require, rigid quality control standards. 5. 5. Fertility and semen quality tend to decline with age of the bull. Liquid nitrogen storage technology could be used advantageously to preserve sperm cells from young sexually inactive bulls awaiting progeny test results. 6. 6. Herd management, particulary estrus detection and insemination at the right time, presents another major challenge today if conception rates are to be maintained at a level that will attract cattlemen to use A.I. service from genetically superior bulls.
422.7-nm atomic filter with superior solar background rejection

A novel atomic resonance filter with powerful solar background rejection is proposed. The filter wavelength matches the g Fraunhofer line at 422.7 nm. Atomic filtering occurs within the singlet manifold of neutral calcium. Superior sunlight discrimination arises mainly from two factors: overlay with an intense Fraunhofer line and signal levels devoid of fine and hyperfine structures. The new filter should exhibit high throughput and low noise.
Relation of “Breast Swab” to “Drip” Bacterial Counts in Tray-Packed Chicken Fryers

SUMMARY Four different methods were used to sample drip from fresh tray-packed cut-up fryer chickens during storage at 34°F. In the first method, one ml of drip was obtained from packages used for breast swab-count determinations. The second method consisted of sampling drip from packages in which drip was allowed to accumulate throughout storage. In the third method, the sample of drip was taken from packages from which all drip that had accumulated between sampling days was removed. In the 4th method, drip from packages that been stored for one day was placed in test tubes and kept in the storage room with the packages. This drip was then sampled for bacterial counts at various intervals during storage. With each of the 4 methods, the numbers of bacteria per ml increased during storage at a rate paralleling that of the breast swab count. Significant positive correlations were found between the log of the breast swab count and the log of the drip count for all 4 methods. A significant positive correlation was also found between the log of the breast swab count and the log of the drip count when packages of frozen thawed tray-packed cut-up fryers stored at 34°F were tested. The rates of increase in numbers of bacteria, both on the breast skin surface and in the drip were lower for the frozen thawed samples than for the fresh samples. The advantages of using drip as a sampling material for estimating shelf life or sanitary quality of eviscerated poultry are discussed.
Managing Diversity: Interpretation and Enactment in a Health Care Setting

As the United States workforce becomes increasingly diverse, many organizations have attempted to raise awareness and sensitivity to cultural group issues. Diversity management programs combine Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action with internal organizational initiatives such as diversity sensitivity training. These diversity management policies and initiatives may be interpreted and enacted in various ways. This exploratory study was designed to investigate how managers interpreted the meaning of diversity management and enacted EEO/AA laws and diversity initiatives in a hospital in the process of evaluating its diversity programming. Using a grounded theory approach, in-depth interviews with clinical and non-clinical managers were conducted. Several themes emerged, including professional differences in the legal and social understanding of diversity, the nature of managerial uncertainty, and the significance of formal and informal resources when managing diversity.
Staggered Contracts and the Frequency of Price Adjustment

This paper describes a methodology for measuring the frequency of price change in order to test the relevance of assuming prices to be set for discrete periods of time at overlapping intervals. Taylor [1980] has related the frequency of adjustment to the rigidity of the economy in responding to unanticipated events. Estimates of the frequency of price change are computed from data on the component parts of the deflator for personal consumption expenditure. The results show a substantial decrease in the period between price changes during the middle 1960s, and marked fluctuations in the 1970s. The movements suggest changes in the rigidity associated with both changes in general price inflation and changes in the posture of the fiscal and monetary authorities.
Heat transfer during liquid to solid phase change

Abstract Simple closed from approximate solutions are obtained for the rates of freezing of several planar and cylindrical melts with a variety of pertinent boundary conditions. These solutions are directly applicable to thermal energy storage by phase change liquid to solid. The value of the errors incurred in the approximations are evaluated to provide limits as to the validity of the solutions.
Hydromechanical mechanisms of colony organization and cost of hefense in an encrusting bryozoan, Membranipora membranacea

In bryozoans, hydrodynamic interactions among colony members can substantially affect filtering rates and access to food-rich water for zooids within a colony and for the colony as a whole. Hydrodynamic theory suggests that highly integrated (area-filling) colony architectures lead to strong interference between neighboring zooids, whereas less integrated architectures do not. The highly integrated bryozoan Membranipora membranacea displays two morphological specializations that modify hydrodynamic interactions: internal excurrent zones (chimneys) and inducible defensive spines. In this study, possible hydrodynamic mechanisms underlying the cost of inducible defense and chimney organization were tested experimentally by culturing spined and unspined colonies under controlled flow conditions. Spines reduced colony growth rate when growth was limited by clearance rates, but not when transport of particles from upstream limited growth. This supports the hypothesis that the cost of inducible defense is primarily a reduction in clearance rate (i.e. spines cause hydrodynamic interference with feeding currents) rather than metabolic investment in spine construction. Chimneys were more closely spaced in spined than unspined colonies, consistent with a mechanism for organizing chimney formation based on responses by zooids to local hydromechanical cues rather than a rigid, colony-level control of zooid growth form (astogeny). Direct manipulation of hydrodynamic cues resulted in substantial changes in chimney morphology, again supporting the hydromechanical organization mechanism. More generally, these experimental results support the theoretical assessment that the highly integrated architecture is hydrodynamically unfavorable. The success of Membranipora in some habitats suggests that its architecture confers compensating advantages, such as improved ability to compete for space. This tradeoff in growth habit may explain shifts in relative prevalence of bryozoan architectures with depth and across other environmental gradients.
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) in the Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (PLHC-1): dose- and time-dependent glucocorticoid potentiation of CYP1A induction without induction of CYP3A

Glucocorticoids are being found to influence expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in multiple subfamilies in mammals (J.S. Sidhu, and C.J. Omiecinski (1995) Pharmacogenetics 5, 24--36). In the present study we investigated CYP1A and CYP3A expression in the fish Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (PLHC-1) after coadministration of CYP1A and CYP3A inducers, including glucocorticoids. A putative CYP3A protein is expressed in PLHC-1 cells but its content was not altered by exposure of cultures to the prototypical mammalian CYP3A inducers dexamethasone (DEX), pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), or rifampicin (RIF). However, when coadministered with 3,3', 4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), DEX but not PCN or RIF caused increases in the degree of CYP1A induction by these aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists. This increase was seen both in CYP1A protein content and rates of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity. DEX alone caused no induction of CYP1A, indicating that the enhancement of CYP1A induction caused by DEX + AHR agonists was not an additive effect but rather a potentiation. The dose of DEX required for maximal potentiation was three orders of magnitude greater at 48 h than the dose required at 24 h. Moreover, the degree of potentiation of CYP1A induction was much greater at the lower doses than at the highest doses of TCDD. There was up to 20-fold potentiation of EROD induction in cultures exposed to 0.1 nM TCDD. Two other glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists, cortisol and prednisone, also produced a strong potentiation of CYP1A induction, but other mammalian CYP3A inducers that are not GR agonists, such as the anti-glucocorticoid PCN, the anti-mineralocorticoid spironolactone, or the macrolide antibiotics RIF and troleandomycin, did not potentiate the CYP1A induction in PLHC-1 cells. Addition of the mammalian GR antagonists PCN or RU 38486 reduced the DEX-mediated potentiation of CYP1A induction, whereas spironolactone had no effect on the potentiation. RU 38486 also potentiated the induction of EROD activity by the TCDD, which suggests that RU 38486 acts as a partial GR agonist in PLHC-1 cells. These results suggest that potentiation of CYP1A induction in this nonmammalian cell line proceeds by a classical GR-mediated pathway, independently of the expression of CYP3A. However, the complex interaction between doses of both GR and AHR agonists and duration of exposure, suggests that additional processes influence this potentiation. The unusually strong potentiation at lower doses of TCDD may make PLHC-1 cells particularly suitable in exploring further the consequences of this potentiation.
Experimental status epilepticus alters γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor function in CA1 pyramidal neurons

There is a reduction of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition in the CA1 pyramidal region of the hippocampus during status epilepticus (SE). The cellular basis of this loss of GABAmediated inhibition is not known. This study tested the possibility that GABA type A (GABAA) receptor function in CA1 pyramidal neurons was reduced or blocked during SE, at least in part by postsynaptic cellular mechanisms. GABAA, receptor currents (IGABA) were studied by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques in CA1 pyramidal neurons acutely dissociated from rats undergoing lithium/pilocarpine-induced limbic status epilepticus (SE neurons) and from naive rats (naive neurons). SE neurons had more depolarized resting membrane potential (−17.3 mV) compared with naive neurons (−56 mV). IGABA was absent in 47% of SE neurons and reduced in 55% of the remainder, compared with naive neurons. The reduction in IGABA in SE neurons resulted from a combination of factors, including reduced potency and reduced efficacy of GABA in activating chloride channels, and diminished driving force for the GABA-induced chloride currents once activated. These postsynaptic cellular mechanisms resulted in a net reduction or loss in GABAmediated inhibition and may explain previous in vivo findings reporting a loss of inhibition in hippocampus during limbic SE. Convulsive status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency that can result in brain damage or even death. While death following treated SE is usually a consequence of the underlying cause of SE, mortality is also related to seizure duration [1]. Neurologic morbidity including neuropsychological dysfunction [2], increased risk for subsequent seizures, and a low incidence of spontaneous remission of underlying epilepsy is associated with SE [2]. Improvement in prognosis of patients with SE will result from a better understanding of the pathophysiology of SE. A key to understanding the pathophysiology of SE was the development and validation of various animal models of this disorder. One such model initially described by Honchar and colleagues [3] was based on cholinergic stimulation of the brain by sequential administration of lithium and pilocarpine. Treiman and associates [4] found that a predictable sequence of electroencephalographic (EEG) changes that occurred during the course of human convulsive SE was replicated in lithium/pilocarpine-induced SE in rats [5]. In addition, the profile of efficacy of anticonvulsants in an animal model of SE was similar to that in human convulsive SE [6].
Geology of Raymond Canyon, Sublette Range, Western Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Raymond Canyon is located on the west side of the Sublette Range, Lincoln County, Wyoming. The study area is just east of the Idaho border and 10 mi (16 km) southeast of Geneva, Idaho. It contains an ideal view of a thrust fault (Tunp thrust), excellent exposures of vertical strata, small-scale folding, and minor strike-slip faulting formed during development of the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt. Formations exposed range in age from Late Pennsylvanian to Tertiary (Pliocene) and include: the lower part of the Wells Formation (Pennsylvanian, total thickness 720 ft or 219 m); the upper part of the Wells Formation and the Phosphoria Formation (both Permian, 153-210 ft or 47-64 m); the Dinwoody Formation (185 ft or 56 m); Woodside Shale (540 ft or 165 m); Thaynes Limestone (2,345 ft or 715 m); and Ankareh Formation (930 ft or 283 m), all of Triassic age; the Nugget Sandstone (1,610 ft or 491 m), Twin Creek Limestone, Preuss Sandstone, and Stump Formation, all of Jurassic age; and the Salt Lake Formation and the Sublette conglomerate, both Pliocene postorogenic continental deposits. Generally these formations are thinner than in nearby areas to the west and northwest. Raymond Canyon lies on the upper plate of the Tunp thrust and the lower plate of the Crawford thrust of the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt. Thus, it lies near the middle of the imbricate stack of shallowly dipping thrust faults that formed in the late Mesozoic. Study of the stratigraphy, structure, petrography, and inferred depositional environments exposed in Raymond Canyon may be helpful to those engaged in energy development in the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt. End_of_Article - Last_Page 949------------
Studies on ionization phenomena associated with solid-propellant rockets.

Solid propellant composition and rocket motor design effect on plasma microwave and visible light attenuation emitted by exhaust
Phase relations associated with one-dimensional shell effects in thin metal films.

The physical and chemical properties of thin metal films show damped oscillations as a function of film thickness (one-dimensional shell effects). While the oscillation period, determined by subband crossings of the Fermi level, is the same for all properties, the phases can be different. Specifically, oscillations in the work function and surface energy are offset by $1/4$ of a period. For Pb(111) films, this offset is $\ensuremath{\sim}0.18$ monolayers, a seemingly very small effect. However, aliasing caused by the discrete atomic layer structure leads to striking out-of-phase beating patterns displayed by these two quantities.
A quantitative analysis of structure sensitive fatigue crack growth in steels

Abstract A quantitative theory for structure sensitive fatigue crack growth is constructed. The theory relates fatigue crack growth rate to mean free path for dislocation motion, Young's modulus and yield strength. The theory agrees well with the measured growth rates in a number of steels.
A psychophysical investigation of spatial vision in the normal and reeler mutant mouse.

Abstract Spatial vision in the normal mouse (C57B1/6J) and the reeler (rlrl) mutant was studied by observing optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in response to 2 superimposed vertical square wave gratings moving in opposite directions. One grating (standard) had a fixed spatial frequency and variable contrast. The spatial frequency of the 2nd (test) grating could be set to each of 6 values with the contrast held constant. We have defined a “grating sensitivity” function for the mouse by determining the standard grating contrast necessary to make the standard and test gratings equally effective in eliciting OKN. Under these test conditions, grating sensitivity was highest for a test frequency of 0.125 c/deg, and the high frequency limit of mouse grating sensitivity was reached at 0.50 c/deg. There were no differences between the normal mouse and the reeler mutant with respect to grating sensitivity.
A Synthetic Task Environment for Team Cognition Research

A STE (Synthetic Task Environment) provides the context for a suite of synthetic tasks in which skills pertinent to the corresponding real-world task can be exercised in a controlled setting, thus bridging the gap between lab and field studies. The UAV (Uninhabited Air Vehicle)-STE described in this paper was designed to provide a flexible research platform, yet realistic task environment, for team performance research and the measurement of team cognition. The abstraction of task features from the real UAV task environment occurred with these objectives serving as a filter. In the resulting UAV-STE, three team members work together to control and navigate the UAV and to take photographs of designated targets. Whereas, there are similarities between the synthetic and real UAV task environments, the differences reflect the objectives in that the UAV-STE exaggerates team cognition, provides task and measurement flexibility, and allows for relatively rapid skill acquisition by inexperienced participants.
Modelling mechanical behaviour of continuously graded vulcanised rubbers

AbstractTailoring the spatial distribution of material properties is a well-established concept in materials engineering and referred as functional grading. Vulcanised rubbers have been graded very recently using a construction-based (layering) method. Although these studies have indicated the possibility of continuously grading the mechanical and chemical properties, there is little information available in the literature regarding the mechanical behaviour of so-produced rubbers. The present study attempts to close this knowledge gap via mathematical modelling of the stress–strain fields in graded rubbers. Rectilinear shearing of graded rubber slabs is theoretically analysed as it allows us to obtain closed-form analytical solutions. It is found that the slabs can develop highly localised stress–strain fields depending on the spatial variation of the shear modulus. The results indicate the need for a design code to grade rubbers with a mechanical functionality and the potential risks in the absence of su...
Assessing the quality of annotations in asthma gene expression experiments

Background: The amount of data deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) has expanded significantly. It is important to ensure that these data are properly annotated with clinical data and descriptions of experimental conditions so that they can be useful for future analysis. This study assesses the adequacy of documented asthma markers in GEO. Three objective measures (coverage, consistency and association) were used for evaluation of annotations contained in 17 asthma studies. Results: There were 918 asthma samples with 20,640 annotated markers. Of these markers, only 10,419 had documented values (50% coverage). In one study carefully examined for consistency, there were discrepancies in drug name usage, with brand name and generic name used in different sections to refer to the same drug. Annotated markers showed adequate association with other relevant variables (i.e. the use of medication only when its corresponding disease state was present). Conclusions: There is inadequate variable coverage within GEO and usage of terms lacks consistency. Association between relevant variables, however, was adequate.
A Descriptive Followup Study of Learning Disabled Boys

A followup study of ten pupils five-six years after their enrollment in a special learning disabilities (LD) program is reported. Information presented on these pupils includes direct measures of oral reading, indices of general school performance (e.g., grade point average and attendance), and interview responses. Data are also presented on the performances of a comparison group of students. The results suggest that substantial academic deficits in the elementary grades do not preclude successful high school experiences for LD pupils.
What to expect when you are not expecting to be a publisher

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline the evolution of University of Illinois at Chicago’s (UIC) journal hosting service from the initial phase of setting up a server to host journals through to the point of offering a suite of library publishing services. The UIC has been hosting Internet-based journals since the 1990s. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, challenges and steps taken for inclusion in PubMed, archiving in PubMed Central and developing policies and parameters of support are discussed. Findings – Venturing into the world of Library as Publisher is not the decision that should be taken lightly, but supporting affordable scholarly publishing, when successful, is rewarding. Originality/value – This paper will be of value to libraries considering offering journal hosting services.
The case for combining angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and calcium-channel blockers

Tight blood pressure control among diabetic and nondiabetic patients with hypertension is perhaps the single most effective intervention used to delay progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The renoprotective actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy is well established. Drugs of this class fairly uniformly reduce glomerulosclerosis, delay the deterioration in renal function, and improve proteinuria, a predictive surrogate marker for renal injury. Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) in the phenylalkylamine (verapamil) and benzothiazepine (diltiazem) classes also improve proteinuria and delay the progression of renal disease in diabetic and nondiabetic hypertensive nephropathy beyond that attributable to blood pressure control. The short-acting dihydropyridine CCBs worsen proteinuria and accelerate renal injury in both animal models and humans with hypertension or diabetes. A very limited number of studies in animals or humans with hypertension or diabetes have demonstrated at least an additive renoprotective effect when the combination of ACE inhibitors and nondihydropyridine CCBs has been compared with each agent administered as monotherapy. Because patients with impaired renal function and either hypertension or diabetes appear to benefit from aggressive blood pressure reduction, many of these patients will require two or more drugs to achieve the currently recommended blood pressure goals. Combinations of ACE inhibitor and CCB are attractive because they may provide better blood pressure control, appear to be better tolerated with fewer side effects than either drug alone, and may exert a greater renoprotective effect in patients at risk for renal failure than either an ACE inhibitor or a CCB.
Blood Glucose Dynamics and Control of Meal Initiation: A Pattern Detection and Recognition Theory

A new framework for understanding the control of feeding behavior, with special emphasis on the evolution of hunger, the initiation of feeding, and its dependence on patterns of blood glucose, is the subject of this review. A perspective on the current status and future directions of this search for a more complete understanding of the regulation of feeding behavior in laboratory rats and humans is presented including theoretical and experimental components. First, a historical perspective on the role of blood glucose in the control of feeding is presented. Next, the theoretical approaches that have been applied to the control of feeding and had a strong influence on experimental feeding research are summarized. This is followed by a statement and overview of a current theory that has emerged from studies of the role of transient declines in blood glucose in the control of meal initiation. The current working hypothesis that transient declines in blood glucose are endogenous metabolic patterns that are detected and recognized by the central nervous system and are mapped into meal initiation in rats and are correlated with meal requests in humans are then presented. Then, the experimental studies on meal initiation and its dependence on patterns of blood glucose, first in rats and then in humans, are reviewed in detail. Finally, the future directions of the work, limitations, and the implications for the understanding of the control of feeding behavior and the regulation of energy balance are discussed.
Surface modification in plasma-assisted etching of silicon

Abstract We have investigated surface modification of crystalline Si by energetic ion bombardment in simulated plasma etching conditions, using Rutherford backscattering-channeling and SIMS techniques. For 1 keV Ar + bombardment of chlorinated Si surfaces the incorporation of Ar and Cl and the extent of crystal damage produced is measured as a function of the angle of incidence of the ion beam. Ar and Cl are incorporated into subsurface Si to the extent of 10 14 − 10 15 cm 2 in a layer less than 100 A thick. Ar, Cl and displaced Si densities all decrease with increasing angle of incidence (measured from normal). SIMS depth profiles indicate that Ar + depth and concentration in the the altered layer is much reduced by the presence of adsorbed Cl. Recoil implantation and ion enhanced diffusion of Cl are proposed to be the dominant means of subsurface Cl incorporation, and are possibly major effects in the ion-enhanced etching of Si.
Animal Models of Hemophilia and Related Bleeding Disorders

Animal models of hemophilia and related diseases are important for the development of novel treatments and to understand the pathophysiology of bleeding disorders in humans. Testing in animals with the equivalent human disorder provides informed estimates of doses and measures of efficacy, which aids in design of human trials. Many models of hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and von Willebrand disease (VWD) have been developed from animals with spontaneous mutations (hemophilia A dogs, rats, sheep; hemophilia B dogs; and VWD pigs and dogs), or by targeted gene disruption in mice to create hemophilia A, B, or VWD models. Animal models have been used to generate new insights into the pathophysiology of each bleeding disorder and also to perform preclinical assessments of standard protein replacement therapies, as well as novel gene transfer technology. The differences both between species and in underlying causative mutations must be considered in choosing the best animal for a specific scientific study.
Arabidopsis thaliana model system reveals a continuum of responses to root endophyte colonization

We surveyed the non-mycorrhizal model plant Arabidopsis thaliana microscopically for its ability to form dark septate endophyte (DSE) symbioses in field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies. The laboratory studies were also used to estimate host growth responses to 34 Periconia macrospinosa and four Microdochium sp. isolates. Consistent with broad host range observed in previous experiments, field-, greenhouse-, and laboratory-grown A. thaliana were colonized by melanized inter- and intracellular hyphae and microsclerotia or chlamydospores indicative of DSE symbiosis. Host responses to colonization were variable and depended on the host ecotype. On average, two A. thaliana accessions (Col-0 and Cvi-0) responded negatively, whereas one (Kin-1) was unresponsive, a conclusion consistent with our previous analyses with forbs native to the field site where the fungi originate. Despite the average negative responses, examples of positive responses were also observed, a conclusion also congruent with earlier studies. Our results suggest that A. thaliana has potential as a model for more detailed dissection of the DSE symbiosis. Furthermore, our data suggest that host responses are controlled by variability in the host and endophyte genotypes.
Isotope effects in the hydroformylation of olefins with cobalt carbonyls as catalysts

The stoichiometric hydroformylation reaction has been shown to consist of two variations: conducted in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of HCo(CO) 4 and CO (Type I) or in the presence of Co 2 (CO) 8 and H 2 (Type II). The main difference between these two types of stoichiometric hydroformylation reactions was believed to be the nature of the cobalt carbonyl precursor and the number of steps necessary to the onset of reaction. In both types of reactions, however, the source of the hydrogen in the hydrogenolysis step was considered to be HCo(CO) 4 and not H 2 . In this article, we examine the conventional assumptions regarding the nature and mechanism of the hydrogenolysis step for both types of stoichiometric hydroformylation reactions. This examination stems from inconsistencies observed during the study of the mechanism of the second type of the stoichiometric hydroformylation reaction, which cast some doubt on the identification of HCo(CO) 4 as the hydrogen-donor species, under conditions in which molecular hydrogen is present. The presence of isotope mixtures of H 2 /D 2 in the gas phase during the various steps of the reaction showed that the ratio of H/D isotopes in the hydrocarbon portion of the aldehydic product correlates with the HCo(CO) 4 /DCo(CO) 4 ratio in solution, while the R(CO)H/R(CO)D product ratio correlates with the H 2 /D 2 in the gas phase. Hence, the dominant reaction pathway for the hydrogenolysis step in this type of stoichiometric hydroformylation reaction is the direct reaction of hydrogen or deuterium with the acyl complex intermediate.
Comparison of microleakage of experimental and selected commercially available bonding systems

Abstract The microleakages of composite restorations bonded with two commercial and two experimental systems were observed. A high-viscosity condensable composite and a low-viscosity composite were used as the restorative materials. The bonding systems used were two widely accepted commercial brands and two experimental systems, one containing ferric oxalate and the other aluminum oxalate. Restorations were placed in cavities prepared in extracted human teeth and treated with the various bonding systems. These restorations were stored in 37°C water for 24 hours and then polished. The restored teeth were subjected to seven days of thermocycling (5°C – 55°C for 540 cycles per day). Microleakage was detected and scored from 0–4 according to the degree of stain penetration. The experimental systems had lower scores than the commercial systems. The high-viscosity composite restorations had microleakage scores higher than those of the lower-viscosity composite restorations.
Stretch-regulated Exocytosis/Endocytosis in Bladder Umbrella Cells

The epithelium of the urinary bladder must maintain a highly impermeable barrier despite large variations in urine volume during bladder filling and voiding. To study how the epithelium accommodates these volume changes, we mounted bladder tissue in modified Ussing chambers and subjected the tissue to mechanical stretch. Stretching the tissue for 5 h resulted in a 50% increase in lumenal surface area (from approximately 2900 to 4300 microm(2)), exocytosis of a population of discoidal vesicles located in the apical cytoplasm of the superficial umbrella cells, and release of secretory proteins. Surprisingly, stretch also induced endocytosis of apical membrane and 100% of biotin-labeled membrane was internalized within 5 min after stretch. The endocytosed membrane was delivered to lysosomes and degraded by a leupeptin-sensitive pathway. Last, we show that the exocytic events were mediated, in part, by a cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase A-dependent process. Our results indicate that stretch modulates mucosal surface area by coordinating both exocytosis and endocytosis at the apical membrane of umbrella cells and provide insight into the mechanism of how mechanical forces regulate membrane traffic in non-excitable cells.
Life Expectancy, Death Rates, Geography, and Black People A Statistical World Overview

Just as Black Americans have the lowest life expectancy and highest death rates among the many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, so also are Black Africans in Africa the racial group with the lowest life expectancy and highest death rates among all the nations of the world. This article presents a statistical world overview of the life expectancy and death rates of people of Black African descent.
Radiation plus androgen deprivation therapy reduced mortality in locally advanced prostate cancer

Source Citation Warde P, Mason M, Ding K, et al; NCIC CTG PR.3/MRC UK PR07 Investigators. Combined androgen deprivation therapy and radiation therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: a randomi...
Video Techniques In Diagnostic Radiology

The development of high resolution image intensifier tubes, television cameras and electronic storage devices has opened up the possibility of significant advances in the techniques of diagnostic radiology. Systems incorporating these components can increase diagnostic information, reduce procedure time, decrease patient trauma, reduce radiation dose and permit new types of procedures to be undertaken that were previously not possible. These new electronic recording techniques have now been used in gastro-intestinal examinations, selective catheterization, pelvimetry, repair of intra cranial aneurysms and arterio-venous malformations as well as in the high-resolution transmission of radiographic film images from the emergency room to the diagnostic reading room.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
WE-B-203-01: Treating H&N with EWRT and VMAT

This session explores the core details of head and neck treatment planning as practiced at multiple institutions using IMRT and VMAT. Variability in planning criteria and plan evaluation: Much of the variability in the planning process is out of the control of the physicist or dosimetrist. For example, inter‐user variability in defining the target volumes as well as deviations in levels of acceptable coverage and hotspots can lead to planning variations among clinics. These variabilities must be appreciated if reports of the successful implementation of new technologies, such as VMAT, are to be understood in the context of ones own clinic. IMRTtreatment planning: In this session, we will discuss IMRTtreatment planning for routine head and neck tumors. We will also discuss IMRT planning tips for special cases such as sinus, thyroid and retreatment patients. VMAT treatment planning: The use of VMAT for head and neck tumors will be described, including advantages and disadvantages compared with IMRT planning. Tips on planning VMAT cases will be discussed; VMAT and IMRT plans will be compared. Learning Objectives: 1. Discuss the issues surrounding plan evaluation: Variability in target definition, prescriptions, margins, etc. 2. Discuss different approaches for the use of IMRT for treating head and neck tumors 3. Describe the use of VMAT to treat head and neck tumors 4. Comparison of VMAT and IMRT
Age and attachment style impact stress and depressive symptoms among caregivers: a prospective investigation.

Introduction Family members begin their role as caregivers to persons with cancer with little advance notice. In this situation, the caregivers’ existing psychosocial resources, including their stage in life and the nature of their relationship with the patient, can play important roles in the extent of stress caregivers experience during this unique time.