cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal cocaine exposure increases heart susceptibility to ischaemia–reperfusion injury in adult male but not female rats

The present study tested the hypothesis that prenatal cocaine exposure differentially regulates heart susceptibility to ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in adult offspring male and female rats. Pregnant rats were administered intraperitoneally either saline or cocaine (15 mg kg(-1)) twice daily from day 15 to day 21 of gestational age. There were no differences in maternal weight gain and birth weight between the two groups. Hearts were isolated from 2-month-old male and female offspring and were subjected to I/R (25 min/60 min) in a Langendorff preparation. Preischaemic values of left ventricular (LV) function were the same between the saline control and cocaine-treated hearts for both male and female rats. Prenatal cocaine exposure significantly increased I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis and infarct size, and significantly attenuated the postischaemic recovery of LV function in adult male offspring. In contrast, cocaine did not affect I/R-induced injury and postischaemic recovery of LV function in the female hearts. There was a significant decrease in PKCepsilon and phospho-PKCepsilon levels in LV in the male, but not female, offspring exposed to cocaine before birth. These results suggest that prenatal cocaine exposure causes a sex-specific increase in heart susceptibility to I/R injury in adult male offspring, and the decreased PKCepsilon gene expression in the male heart may play an important role.
Robust Stabilization With Positive Real Uncertainty

In many applications of feedback control, phase information is available concerning the plant uncertainty. For example, lightly damped flexible structures with colocated rate sensors and force actuators give rise to positive real transfer functions. Closed-loop stability is thus guaranteed by means of negative feedback with strictly positive real compensators. In this paper, the properties of positive real transfer functions are used to guarantee robust stability in the prosence of positive real (but otherwise unknown) plant uncertainty. These results are then used for controller synthesis to address the problem of robust stabilisation in the presence of positive real uncertainty. One of the principal motivations for these results is to utilise phase information in guaranteeing robust stability. In this sense these results go beyond the usual limitations of the small gain theorem and quadratic Lyapunov functions which may be conservative when phase information is available. The results of this paper are based upon a Riccati equation formulation of the positive real lemma and thus are in the spirit of recent Riccati-based approaches to bounded real (H ? ) control.
Bayesian model aggregation for ensemble‐based estimates of protein pKa values

This article investigates an ensemble-based technique called Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to improve the performance of protein amino acid pKa predictions. Structure-based pKa calculations play an important role in the mechanistic interpretation of protein structure and are also used to determine a wide range of protein properties. A diverse set of methods currently exist for pKa prediction, ranging from empirical statistical models to ab initio quantum mechanical approaches. However, each of these methods are based on a set of conceptual assumptions that can effect a model's accuracy and generalizability for pKa prediction in complicated biomolecular systems. We use BMA to combine eleven diverse prediction methods that each estimate pKa values of amino acids in staphylococcal nuclease. These methods are based on work conducted for the pKa Cooperative and the pKa measurements are based on experimental work conducted by the Garcia-Moreno lab. Our cross-validation study demonstrates that the aggregated estimate obtained from BMA outperforms all individual prediction methods with improvements ranging from 45 to 73% over other method classes. This study also compares BMA's predictive performance to other ensemble-based techniques and demonstrates that BMA can outperform these approaches with improvements ranging from 27 to 60%. This work illustrates a new possible mechanism for improving the accuracy of pKa prediction and lays the foundation for future work on aggregate models that balance computational cost with prediction accuracy. Proteins 2014; 82:354–363. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Promise and peril: Dissemination of findings from studies of drugs used in pregnancy and their association with birth defects.

BACKGROUND When and how to publish birth defects research can be complex, especially in the context of drugs used in pregnancy. Such research frequently involves multiple stakeholders, including regulatory agencies. Researchers must balance the potential peril of an unnecessarily panicked populace versus the benefit of protecting the public's health. METHODS We use a case presentation and contemporary literature to highlight the potential tradeoffs that researchers must consider. We highlight important considerations including the public health impact, examining the likelihood of causality, understanding common considerations when using large data sources, the role of peer review and working in partnership with regulatory agencies. RESULTS We suggest that plans for analyses, dissemination and risk communication are done best a priori and not post hoc. CONCLUSION Rigorous research evaluating the impact of drugs used in pregnancy, coupled with effective dissemination strategies, has the potential improve outcomes for mothers and their infants for generations.
Manejo de los niños con trastornos del espectro autista

Introduccion. En este articulo repasamos la bibliografia reciente sobre el diagnostico y tratamiento de ninos con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA). Estos trastornos se caracterizan por deficiencias cualitativas en la comunicacion, las habilidades sociales y un repertorio restringido de intereses y conductas. Los estudios recientes sugieren que pueden representar uno de los trastornos del desarrollo neurologico mas predominantes. Desarrollo. El tratamiento de las deficiencias centrales de los TEA se basan principalmente en las intervenciones sobre el habla y el lenguaje, conductuales y pedagogicas. Se han utilizado diversos farmacos, como los neurolepticos, los anticomiciales, los ISRS, los neuroestimulantes y otros medicamentos para dirigirse hacia unas conductas muy especificas, pero en la bibliografia aparecen muy pocos estudios que se han realizado con el metodo doble ciego y con control por placebo. Conclusiones. El manejo clinico de los TEA requiere un planteamiento multidisciplinario para identificar las conductas que podrian interferir con la capacidad del individuo para beneficiarse de tales intervenciones. Se hace necesario realizar mas investigaciones para que los farmacos jueguen un papel mas importante en el tratamiento de los sintomas centrales de los TEA.
High-Frequency Sound Interaction in Ocean Sediments

Abstract : Our long-term goals are to develop accurate models for high-frequency scattering from, penetration into, and propagation within shallow water sediments, and to understand the conditions for which objects buried in sediments can be detected acoustically. Reaching these goals requires a better understanding of several fundamental issues pertinent to high-frequency sediment acoustics. These issues include an understanding of the dominant scatterers versus frequency near the sediment surface, the potential need for poroelastic sediment models, the appropriateness of stochastic descriptions of sediment heterogeneity, the importance of single versus multiple scattering in sediments, and an understanding of the physical and biological processes that determine sediment structure.
The productivity puzzle

Abstract The productivity puzzle is the unexplained drop in productivity growth rates that began circa 1970. When standard productivity measures are adjusted for employer incentives for labor hoarding, approximately 10% of this drop is explained.
Migration of 3-D Gravity, Gravity Tensor, and Total Magnetic Intensity Data

In this chapter, we discuss a novel approach to interpretation of 3-D gravity, gravity tensor, and total magnetic intensity data based on the principles of potential field migration. Migration can be mathematically described as the action of an adjoint operator on observed data. As applied to potential fields, such as gravity and magnetic fields, migration manifests itself as a special form of downward continuation of the potential field and/or its gradients. This downward continuation is applied to the auxiliary field obtained by moving the sources of the true observed field into the upper half-space as the mirror images of the true sources. This transformation results in extrapolation of the field downward and, contrary to conventional downward continuation, away from the mirror images of the sources. We will show in this chapter that migration is a stable transformation similar to conventional upward continuation. At the same time, the migration field contains remnant information about the original source distribution, which is why it can be used for subsurface imaging. We will consider the basic principles of migration transformation and its application to imaging the sources of the potential field.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIN3 gene, a negative regulator of HO, contains four paired amphipathic helix motifs.

Abstract The SIN3 gene (also known as SDI1) is a negative regulator of the yeast HO gene. Mutations in SIN3 suppress the requirement for the SWI5 activator for expression of the yeast HO gene and change the normal asymmetric pattern of HO expression in mother and daughter cells. Furthermore, the in vitro DNA-binding activity of several DNA-binding proteins is reduced in extracts prepared from sin3 mutants. We have cloned the SIN3 gene and determined that a haploid strain with a SIN3 gene disruption is viable. We determined the sequence of the SIN3 gene, which is predicted to encode a 175-kDa polypeptide with four paired amphipathic helix motifs. These motifs have been identified in the myc family of helix-loop-helix DNA-binding proteins and in the TPR family of regulatory proteins. The SIN3 transcript was mapped, and it was determined that the SIN3 transcript was absent in stationary-phase cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy with anti-SIN3 antibody demonstrated that SIN3 protein was present in nuclei. A comparison of restriction map and sequence data revealed that SIN3 is the same as regulatory genes UME4 and RPD1.
CHAPTER 10 – Data Processing and Analysis

This chapter discusses some common processing and analysis techniques applied to acquire data together with considerations of numerical representation and precision. As most data collected by data acquisition systems is numeric, it is important to know how numbers are represented and manipulated on a computer. There are many ways to represent conventional decimal numbers in a binary format. The simplest of these are integer representations. The fastest and the most efficient way to manipulate data on a PC is to store it in an integer format. An integer can either represent positive and negative numbers or only positive numbers. The maximum dynamic range of the values that can be represented is determined by the number of bits used. For nonintegral numbers, various fractional formats can be used for maximum flexibility. Floating-point format consists of a fractional part and an exponent. The number of bits used to represent the exponent determines the floating-point number's range of values. Later, data analysis techniques are discussed in this chapter.
Highly directional spaser array for the red wavelength region

The spaser offers an opportunity to achieve coherent optical sources at nanometer scales due to the extreme confinement of optical fields. However, achievement of spasers with directional propagation in the visible wavelength region remains a challenge thus far, owing to the unique optical feedback mechanism and large dissipative losses of the metal cavity. Here, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time a spaser showing highly directional emission in the visible by using a periodic subwavelength hole array perforated in a metal film, which function as plasmonic nanocavities, along with an organic laser dye to supply gain. The lasing occurs in the red wavelength region and shows a single mode. It is suggested that the optical feedback for spasing is provided by the SPP–Bloch wave, which is supported by the fact that no spasing was attained in aperiodic holes as well as in periodic holes that do not support the SPP–Bloch wave at the spasing wavelength.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma of the esophagus in a pediatric patient

We report a 3-year-old boy who initially presented with abdominal pain and was subsequently found to have an esophageal perforation. The child did not respond to conservative management, and subsequent lymphadenopathy led to a lymph node biopsy demonstrating an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Esophageal perforation and thickening is most commonly seen in children with a history of esophageal intervention or foreign body/caustic ingestion. Esophageal involvement in children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has not, to our knowledge, been reported in the literature. This case illustrates an unusual presentation of pediatric NHL.
Being just a husband is no fun.

One of our stalwarts on the Editorial Board has had a unique experience in the last few years; he has been a transcontinental spouse. In one of his two lives, as he so aptly describes, he has learned how the "other half" feels to be "the spouse of...". His article has currency, not only for the experience itself and its reflection of some marriages today, but because such experience will become commonplace in the future. More and more women have entered medicine and other professional careers and are achieving hierarchical status within their chosen fields. Their male spouses will now have to cope, as our female spouses have for decades, with a quite different role than that of the stereotypic dominant male, so prominent in American conception. My wife, Shirley, and I attended a retreat for first-year freshman medical students not too many years ago. I was privileged to be a member of the small break-out group that consisted of spouses and so-called significant others of the medical students. To my amazement and education, the majority were male (correspondingly, most of the students attending the retreat were female), and the attitudes displayed echoed what I had heard female spouses of the faculty saying for years. For example, one male businessman said, "Do you mean that if she wants to take a residency in Seattle, I'd have to give up my business and follow her?... Hell, no!" Perhaps he would be like Dr Stiehm and conduct a Los Angeles-Tucson-to-Seattle marriage. Another complained, "At every party we go to, all they talk about is medicine! Don't they have any other interests?" And on through the day. On reflection, Shirley and I realized that medical marriages are in for some surprises in the future. Dr Stiehm's experience is just the forerunner of many like it in the future. We will have to find new ways to make relationships work and to be sustained over the years. Men will have to learn to be secondary in interest to friends and colleagues of their successful female spouses. Men will have to learn to tolerate highly technical cocktail-party and dinner-party talk outside their sphere of knowledge, and interest, and scope. We are truly in for a brave new tomorrow. Dr Stiehm's firsthand description will be recognized by many today as pertinent and will be a blueprint for the future. May all have the wisdom and humor of Judy and Dick Stiehm!—.ED
Marketing and technology strategy in a “medium-tech” startup

Abstract The computer industry like many others is characterized by a number of successful and unsuccessful start-ups. Past studies of innovation have presented “market pull” and “technology push” models to describe the development of new products. This paper proposes a synthesized model of concurrent technology and market strategy development. The model is illustrated with a case study of a successful “medium-technology” start-up company. For this firm, market needs drove the development of technology, while the technology enabled the firm to achieve its market strategy.
A Picosecond Resolution Time Digitizer for Laser Ranging

The Time Digitizer capable of covering a range of 0.34 sec in 9.76 psec increments is described. The time interval between a pair of start-stop pulses is digitized coarsely in 20 nsec periods by a very accurate 50 MHz reference clock. The residual fractions of a clock period at the start and the stop end of the measured interval are stretched in two interpolators and digitized in 9.76 psec increments. An equivalent digitizing frequency of 102.4 GHz is thus achieved. The digitizer is built in a CAMAC minicrate and communicates via a standard crate controller. It is intended for use in the laser ranging between ground stations and the Laser Geodetic Satellite (LAGEOS). It is shown that the distribution in any two adjacent 9.76 psec channels of a small number of identical test time intervals is essentially binomial. The performance of the digitizer and test results are given.
Computer analysis of induced-inversion layer MOS solar cells☆

Abstract A computer analysis of induced inversion layer MOS solar cells is described. The analysis simultaneously solves Poisson's equation and the continuity equation in one dimension and provides a very effective method for solar cell evaluation. Numerical solutions of the carrier continuity equation in the inversion layer illustrate how cell designs may be improved in order to obtain higher short wavelength spectral response. Very shallow junctions (on the order of 0.07-0.1 μm) are shown to be optimum with higher electric fields in a direction to aid the collection of carriers generated by very high energy photons. The results also indicate that induceed inversion layer cells are less sensitive to surface recombination velocity variations than diffused p - n junction cells and have higher minority carrier lifetime. Furthermore, the effect of a p - p + low-high junction on the back surface is examined and the results indicate that it is insignificant when the substrate doping concentration is optimized. High inversion layer sheet resistance values are evaluated and minimized with the contact diffusion used in the analysis designed to reduce the high inversion layer sheet resistance. Design improvements in cell performance are evaluated and identified with further improvement possible here. Conversion efficiency for silicon of 17.3% at AMO in the inversion layer solar cell is predicted assuming 95% transmission through the transparent conductor.
Increased ILC2s in the eosinophilic nasal polyp endotype are associated with corticosteroid responsiveness

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have recently been identified in human nasal polyps, but whether numbers of ILC2s differ by polyp endotype or are influenced by corticosteroid use is unknown. Here, we show that eosinophilic nasal polyps contained double the number of ILC2s vs. non-eosinophilic polyps. Polyp ILC2s were also reduced by 50% in patients treated with systemic corticosteroids. Further, using a fungal allergen challenge mouse model, we detected greatly reduced Th2 cytokine-producing and Ki-67+ proliferating lung ILC2s in mice receiving dexamethasone. Finally, ILC2 Annexin V staining revealed extensive apoptosis after corticosteroid treatment in vivo and in vitro. Thus, ILC2s are elevated in the eosinophilic nasal polyp endotype and systemic corticosteroid treatment correlated with reduced polyp ILC2s. Finally, allergen-challenged mice showed reduced ILC2s and increased ILC2 apoptosis after corticosteroid treatment suggesting that ILC2 may be responsive to corticosteroids in eosinophilic respiratory disease.
Studies of caste differentiation inMyrmica rubra L. 4. Controlled larval nutrition

Large queen-potential third instar larvae after winter have been cultured with sugar and water, but no protein, for various times at various stages.
Enhancement of artificial lung metastases by misonidazole

The effect of treatment with the hypoxic cell radiosensitizer misonidazole on the formation of artificial lung metastases was examined. Both single treatments with large doses of misonidazole and fractionated treatments with smaller doses of misonidazole were found to increase the number of lung tumors developing after intravenous injection of EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cells. The immunologic and physiologic effects of the nitroimidazole were postulated to be responsible for the enhancement of lung tumor formation.
Effects of weld geometry and sheet thickness on stress intensity factor solutions for spot and spot friction welds in lap-shear specimens of similar and dissimilar materials

Abstract In this paper, three-dimensional finite element analyses for spot welds with ideal geometry in lap-shear specimens of different materials and thicknesses were first conducted. The computational results indicate that the stress intensity factor and J integral solutions based on the finite element analyses agree well with the analytical solutions and that the analytical solutions can be used with a reasonable accuracy. Three-dimensional finite element analyses based on the micrographs of an aluminum 6111 resistance spot weld, an aluminum 5754 spot friction weld, and a dissimilar Al/Fe spot friction weld were also conducted. The computational results indicate that the stress intensity factor and J integral solutions based on the finite element analyses for the aluminum 6111 resistance spot weld and aluminum 5754 spot friction weld with complex geometry are in good agreement with the analytical solutions for the equivalent spot welds with ideal geometry. However, the stress intensity factor and J integral solutions based on the finite element analysis for the Al/Fe spot friction weld with complex geometry are completely different from the analytical solutions for the equivalent spot weld with ideal geometry. Different three-dimensional finite element analyses based on the meshes that represent different features of the complex geometry of the Al/Fe spot friction weld were then conducted. The computational results indicate that the stress intensity factor and J integral solutions for the Al/Fe spot friction weld based on the finite element analysis agree reasonably well with the analytical solutions for the equivalent spot weld with consideration of gap and bend. The computational and analytical results suggest that the stress intensity factor and J integral solutions based on the finite element analysis and the analytical solutions with consideration of gap and bend may be used to correlate with the fatigue crack growth patterns of Al/Fe spot friction welds observed in experiments.
Indentation-induced phase transformations in silicon: influences of load, rate and indenter angle on the transformation behavior

Abstract Nanoindentation has been used widely to study pressure-induced phase transformations in Si. Here, a new aspect of the behavior is examined by making nanoindentations on (1 0 0) single crystals using a series of triangular pyramidal indenters with centerline-to-face angles varying from 35.3° to 85.0°. Effects of indenter angle, maximum load, and loading/unloading rate are systematically characterized from nanoindentation load–displacement data in conjunction with micro-Raman imaging spectroscopy of the residual hardness impressions. Results are discussed in terms of prevailing ideas and models for indentation-induced phase transformations in silicon.
Thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonists and their role in mechanical, thermal and nociceptive sensations as assessed using animal models.

Introduction The present paper summarizes research using animal models to investigate the roles of thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in somatosensory functions including touch, temperature, and pain. We present new data assessing the effects of eugenol and carvacrol, agonists of the warmth-sensitive TRPV3, on thermal, mechanical, and pain sensitivity in rats.
Influence of the ionic composition of fluid medium on red cell aggregation.

The effects of ionic strength and cationic valency of the fluid medium on the surface potential and dextran-induced aggregation of red blood cells (RBC's) were investigated. The zeta potential was calculated from cell mobility in a microelectrophoresis apparatus; the degree of aggregation of normal and neuraminidase-treated RBC's in dextrans (Dx 40 and Dx 80) was quantified by microscopic observation, measurement of erythrocyte sedi- mentation rate, and determination of low-shear viscosity. A decrease in ionic strength caused a reduction in aggregation of normal RBC's in dextrans, but had no effect on the aggregation of neuraminidase-treated RBC's. These findings reflect an increase in electrostatic repulsive force between normal RBC's by the reduction in ionic strength due to (a) a decrease in the screening of surface charge by counter-ions and (b) an increase in the thickness of the electric double layer. Divalent cations (Ca + + , Mg + + , and Ba++) increased aggregation of normal RBC's in dextrans, but had no effect on the aggrega- tion of neuraminidase-treated RBC's. These effects of the divalent cations are attributable to a decrease in surface potential of normal RBC's and a shrinkage of the electric double layer. It is concluded that the surface charge of RBC's plays a significant role in cell-to-cell interactions.
A novel mechanism for the inhibition of interferon regulatory factor-3-dependent gene expression by human respiratory syncytial virus NS1 protein

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type I interferon (IFN)-dependent signalling, as well as IFN synthesis. RSV non-structural protein NS1 plays a significant role in this inhibition; however, the mechanism(s) responsible is not fully known. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 is essential for viral-induced IFN-β synthesis. In this study, we found that NS1 protein inhibits IRF-3-dependent gene transcription in constitutively active IRF-3 overexpressing cells, demonstrating that NS1 directly targets IRF-3. Our data also demonstrate that NS1 associates with IRF-3 and its transcriptional coactivator CBP, leading to disrupted association of IRF-3 to CBP and subsequent reduced binding of IRF-3 to the IFN-β promoter without blocking viral-induced IRF-3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and dimerization, thereby identifying a novel molecular mechanism by which RSV inhibits IFN-β synthesis.
A status report on digital imaging for dentistry

Digital radiographic systems for use in dental practice have been available for almost two decades, but internationally most dentists still use analog silver halide X-ray film. This article is a review of the presumed advantages digital radiographic systems have over conventional X-ray film with special emphasis on the costs and benefits of current intraoral and panoramic systems. It is concluded that more evaluations of time and motion for digital imaging in dental practice are needed. Moreover, evidence-based logic should be applied to the determination of the physical properties required by image detectors for the performance of the different diagnostic tasks that are needed when practicing dentistry.
Elimination of thickness dependence from medium resolution electron holograms

Abstract We show that a composition image that is independent of thickness can be obtained by suitably combining the phase and amplitude images extracted from an off-axis electron hologram. This image is the product of the mean inner potential of the material and the mean-free-path for inelastic scattering. The method used has been evaluated using single crystal Si wedges with known linearly increasing thickness, and it has then been applied to CoSi 2 / Si epitaxial interfaces with unknown thickness. Thickness independent images of Si show constant contrast while images of hetero interface emphasize compositional differences.
Heterogeneous materials—Scaling phenomena relevant to fracture and to fracture toughness

Abstract The paper documents a study on novel fracture and fracture toughness properties of brittle heterogeneous materials. Before any external load is applied on a structure/specimen, certain material relevant variables are considered to form a random field. The implications of these underlying heterogeneous fields before fracture on the properties of the fracture network developed from external load application are examined first. Then, emphasis is given on the distribution of the spatial variation of the dissipated energy due to fracture which shows, under certain yet general conditions, multifractal scaling properties. Importantly such scaling depends not only on the initial heterogeneity present, but also on the externally applied load and on the nature and extend (depth) of relevant surface effects. From the engineering point of view, such properties of dissipated energy provide a renewed load-path as well as structure dependent definition of fracture toughness.
An electrochemical reactor for postcolumn fluorescence detection of catecholamines using HPLC

Abstract An electrochemical reactor is described for on-line electrochemical modification of analytes after HPLC separation. The reactor is applied to the on-line oxidation of epinephrine, norepinephrine. and dopamine. A reaction system is presented that causes the base-catalyzed tautomerization of the oxidation products of these catecholamines to give highly fluorescent trihydroxyindole derivatives, which are monitored using a fluorescence detector. Isoproterenol, an artificial catecholamine analog, is included in the study group of compounds as a potentially useful internal standard. The design of the reactor, its advantages, and the optimization of the analytical system for maximum yield of oxidation products and fluorescent THI derivatives are described.
Interfacial Shear Strength of Oxide Scale and SS 441 Substrate

Recent developments on decreasing the operating temperature for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have enabled the use of high-temperature ferritic alloys as interconnect materials. Oxide scale will inevitably grow on the ferritic interconnects in a high-temperature oxidation environment of SOFCs. The growth of the oxide scale induces growth stresses in the scale layer and on the scale/substrate interface. These growth stresses combined with the thermal stresses induced after stacking cooling by the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the oxide scale and the substrate may lead to scale delamination/buckling and eventual spallation, which may lead to serious cell performance degradation. Hence, the interfacial adhesion strength between the oxide scale and the substrate is crucial to the reliability and durability of the metallic interconnect in SOFC operating environments. In this article, we applied an integrated experimental/modeling methodology to quantify the interfacial adhesion strength between the oxide scale and the SS 441 metallic interconnect. The predicted interfacial strength is discussed in detail.
Stable Lasers In Dynamic Environments

AbstractShort term laser frequency stability is an important parameter affecting target velocityresolution of a coherent laser radar (ladar) system. This paper presents CO2 laser designconsiderations which affect frequency stability, measures the frequency sensitivity of thelaser to various stimuli, and evaluates performance of an actively stabilized, unmodulatedoutput CO2 laser. A frequency modulated acousto -optic modulator is used to produce a con-trol beam which is passed through a low pressure SF6 gas cell and the laser is locked tothe resultant saturated absorption peak. This investigation demonstrated laser frequencyinstability for periods up to 50 msec of less than +500 Hz when the piezoelectric trans-ducer (PZT) drive voltage was off, and about +900 Hz when the laser was free running withvoltage applied to the PZT. When a 90 dB, 200 Hz acoustic disturbance was applied, thefrequency instability was less than +4.3 kHz and +2.8 kHz when the laser was free runningand locked, respectively.IntroductionThe evolution of high velocity resolution CO2 laser radars from the laboratory to air-borne platforms for two -dimensional wind field measurements) and, perhaps, to space plat-forms for global wind measurements2,3 necessitates investigations of techniques to main-tain high frequency stability operation of lasers in dynamic environments. Specifically,for space platforms tens of kilohertz frequency stability must be maintained for tens ofmilliseconds to achieve submeter per second wind velocity resolution. This paper willpresent the results of an initial investigation evaluating a technique capable of providingthis level of laser frequency stability in dynamic environments.Excellent CO2 laser frequency stability has been demonstrated in laboratories using thefollowing techniques: Passive stabilization,4 -6 locking two lasers together by maintain-ing a constant difference frequency between them,6 locking the laser to the gain profileof the active medium,7 locking the laser to a reference cavity,7 locking the laser to theLamb dip of a low pressure active medium,8 and locking the laser to the saturated absorp-tion peaks in the following low pressure gases: CO2,9 SF6'10 -11 and 0304. 11-12 Using CO2assures that the absorption wavelength is within the laser gain profile; whereas, for othergases wavelength coincidences must be sought. The frequency stability achieved with eachof these methods is listed in Table 1.Table 1. CO2 Laser Frequency Stability Achieved With Different Stabilization MethodsSTABILIZATION SHORT TERM LONG TERMMETHOD STABILITY STABILITY REFERENCEPassive, Sealed 9 kHz (30 msec)
Optical Implementation Of The Kittler-Young Transform For Image Classification

The Kittler-Young (K-Y) transform is a nonparametric method for feature extraction. The important property of the K-Y transform is that the information of class variances and mean squares are utilized optimally in feature selection. A joint transform correlator (JTC) is used to extract the features of the K-Y transform from input images optically. Making use of these features, classifications are performed on a microcomputer.
PERFECT PROBLEMS AND HOMOGENEOUS GROUPS ENHANCE COOPERATIVE LEARNING IN ABSTRACT ALGEBRA

ABSTRACT Student work, done cooperatively, often fails to generate individual understanding of abstract material. We suggest techniques which enable abstract algebra students to master proofs and which then enhance cooperative work.
Power electronics health monitoring test platform for assessment of modern power drives and electric machines with regeneration capabilities

This work presents a power electronics health monitoring test platform for assessing modern power drives and electric machines with regeneration capabilities. This versatile platform combines data acquisition of critical system signals that are used for analysis as health indicators for the overall system and individual components such as power semiconductor devices. The test platform combines hardware and software in the loop to allow health monitoring and control techniques for fault tolerance.
Some arrowing results for trees versus complete graphs

For an arbitrary tree T of order m and an arbitrary positive integer n, Chvatal proved that the Ramsey number r(T, Kn) = 1 + (m − 1) (n − 1). for graphs G, G1, and G2, we say that G arrows G1 and G2, written G (G1, G2), if for every factorization G = R ⊕ B, either G1 is a subgraph of R or G2 is a subgraph of B. it is shown that (i) for each l ≥ 2, K1+ (m−1)(n−1) −E(K1) (T, Kn) for m ≥ 2/ − 1 and n ≥ 2; (ii) K1 +,(m −1)(n −1) − E(H) (T, Kn), where H is any tree of order m − 1, m ≥ 3 and n ≥ 2. It is further shown that result (i) is sharp with respect to the inequality m ≥ 2/− 1; in particular, examples are given to show that K1 + (2l−3)(n−1) E(K1) ↛ (P21−2, Kn) for all n ≥ 2, where P21−2 denotes the path of order 21 − 2. Also result (ii) is sharp with respect to the order of H; examples aregiven to show that K1 + (m−1)(n−1)− E(K(1, m − 1)) ↛(T, Kn)for any tree T of order m and any n ≥ 2.
Material and Interface Engineering for High Efficiency Light-emitting Devices

We have employed an integrated interface engineering and materials development approach to produce bright, very efficient and stable light-emitting devices demonstrated for applications in displays and solid-state lighting.
Positron emission tomography and neuropsychological correlations in children with turner's syndrome

A wide variety of learning and cognitive impairments have been identified in individuals with Turner's syndrome (TS), leading to diverse predictions regarding the neural substrates of TS. However, neuropathological studies have failed to identify any consistent structural abnormality in TS. Using positron emission tomography (PET), the current study provided a unique opportunity to examine patterns of cerebral glucose metabolism in girls with TS as compared to normal controls, and to examine diverse neuropsychological profiles of individual participants in relation to anatomical sites of metabolic dysfunction as identified with PET. TS girls with a wide range of cognitive functioning were chosen for study. PET studies in the awake, resting state were performed on 6 girls (ages 11–15 years) with TS (5 with some degree of cognitive or learning impairment; and for exploratory purposes, 1 with no history of learning or cognitive difficulties), and 6 age‐matched controls. Neuropsychological testing was also pe...
Electrically conductive oxide aerogels: newmaterials in electrochemistry

Aerogels, which are nanoscale mesoporous materials of low density and high surface area, have been well studied as thermal insulators, heterogeneous catalysts, and novel particle or radiation detectors. Now, electrically conducting oxide aerogels are being explored as new materials in electrochemistry and for their innate ability to amplify the nature of the surfaces of technologically relevant conducting oxides in batteries, ultracapacitors, and fuel cells. Recent results are reviewed in which the mixed electron- and cation-conducting transition metal oxides of vanadium, molybdenum, ruthenium, and manganese have been prepared as low density, highly porous, and high surface area aerogels and then studied as charge-storage electrode materials. These materials challenge the standard ways in which electrochemically active oxides are conceived, studied, and used.
Altered error-related brain activity in youth with major depression.

Depression is associated with impairments in cognitive control including action monitoring processes, which involve the detection and processing of erroneous responses in order to adjust behavior. Although numerous studies have reported altered error-related brain activity in depressed adults, relatively little is known about age-related changes in error-related brain activity in depressed youth. This study focuses on the error-related negativity (ERN), a negative deflection in the event-related potential (ERP) that is maximal approximately 50 ms following errors. High-density ERPs were examined following responses on a flanker task in 24 youth diagnosed with MDD and 14 low-risk healthy controls (HC). Results indicate that compared to HC, MDD youth had significantly smaller ERN amplitudes and did not exhibit the normative increases in ERN amplitudes as a function of age. Also, ERN amplitudes were similar in depressed youth with and without comorbid anxiety. These results suggest that depressed youth exhibit different age-related changes in brain activity associated with action monitoring processes. Findings are discussed in terms of existing work on the neural correlates of action monitoring and depression and the need for longitudinal research studies investigating the development of neural systems underlying action monitoring in youth diagnosed with and at risk for depression.
Hepatitis B virus prevalence and vaccination rates among Hispanic injection drug users participating in a vaccination campaign

Injection drug users are at high risk for hepatitis B virus infections. Nevertheless, few concerted efforts have been made to provide injectors with access to an available, safe, and effective vaccine. A campaign to screen and vaccinate injectors was conducted at syringe exchange programs in Chicago, Illinois, and Hartford and Bridgeport, Connecticut. Injectors with no evidence of past hepatitis B infection were eligible for vaccination. Eligible injectors were offered the three doses of vaccine and questioned about their past and current drug use, their sociodemographics, their understanding of hepatitis infections, and their motivation for participating in the study. Disease prevalence, vaccination rates, and the answers to study questions were analyzed comparing the sample of Hispanic to non-Hispanic injectors. We screened 1970 injectors, 860 of whom were eligible for vaccination. Of those, 591 received at least one dose of the vaccine. Hispanics comprised 30.9% of those screened, 24.9% of those eligib...
THE METABOLISM OF HISTIDINE. LIVER-ENZYME CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT.

Abstract In contrast to l -histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) activity which is barely detectable at birth and remains low for the first 2–3 weeks of life, l -histidine-pyruvate transminase is readily detectable in the liver of the rat fetus on the 17th day of gestation and increases during the ensuming 4 days so that by 12 h prior to parturition the activity is one-third that found in weanling rats. By 24 h after birth, the levels are almost the same as those found in the livers of adult rats. Levels of both liver histidine-pyruvate transaminase and histidine ammonialyase are higher in adult female than in male rats; they also higher in pregnant rats than in non-pregnant females of the same age.
Silent Mandibular Oscillations in Vocal Babbling

Early babbling has been characterized as being fundamentally a mandibular oscillation: the infant’s repeated lowering and raising of its mandible yields a perceived contrast between consonants produced in a closed vocal tract configuration and vowels produced with an open tract. We wondered whether babblers produce rhythmic mandibular oscillations without phonation and, if so, whether there might be a relationship between such ‘jaw wags’ and early speech. We report two studies: the first is a longitudinal, observational study of 14 infants, some of whom were hearing and some Deaf. Seven infants (3 hearing, 3 Deaf, and 1 hearing-impaired) produced numerous speech-like, rhythmic jaw wags without phonation; sometimes jaw wags formed a single utterance with phonated babbling. Most jaw wags reported here were produced when these infants were ages 8–13 months. The second study, a survey of 90 parents of 4- to 10-month-old hearing infants, suggests that silent babbles may be a widespread phenomenon of early speech development.
Teaching at the Secondary Level: Wisdom from Veteran Health Educators

This qualitative study explored factors that helped veteran public school health educators sustain enthusiasm in the classroom throughout their careers. Twelve Caucasian participants, seven men and five women with 18 to 28 years of public school teaching experience (mean age = 49 years, mean experience = 24 years), were interviewed. Participants were selected from teachers with at least 18 years experience who lived within 60 minutes of Salt Lake City, Utah. Semi-structured, individual interviews addressed four questions: Why did participants enter teaching? What are some challenges of teaching? What factors contribute to successful teaching? What factors contributed to participants' longevity in teaching? A decision to teach was based primarily on having an influential teacher. The greatest challenges were discipline and diversity. Factors related to successful teaching also contributed to longevity in teaching. These factors included staying current with information and technology, supportive colleagues, and sharing oneself with students and colleagues. Those interested in a teaching career, and those already invested in teaching, can learn from these veterans in terms of skills and values.
Invisible occidentalism: eighteenth‐century Indo‐Persian constructions of the West

(1992). Invisible occidentalism: eighteenth‐century Indo‐Persian constructions of the West. Iranian Studies: Vol. 25, No. 3-4, pp. 3-16.
Amphetamine-induced Dopamine Efflux: A VOLTAGE-SENSITIVE AND INTRACELLULAR Na+-DEPENDENT MECHANISM *

Amphetamine (AMPH) elicits its behavioral effects by acting on the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) to induce DA overflow into the synaptic cleft. Facilitated exchange diffusion is the classical model used to describe AMPH-induced DA efflux. This model hypothesizes that AMPH-induced DA efflux is mediated by DAT and results from the transport of AMPH into the cell followed by a counter movement of DA out to the extracellular compartment. To further characterize the action of AMPH, we used the patch clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration combined with amperometry on human embryonic kidney HEK-293 cells stably transfected with the human DAT (DAT cells). In DAT cells, AMPH-induced DAT-mediated currents were blocked by cocaine. We demonstrate that DA efflux mediated by DAT is voltage-dependent, electrogenic, and dependent on intracellular Na(+) concentration in the recording electrode. Intracellular Na(+) fluorescence, as measured by confocal microscopy using a Na(+)-sensitive dye, was enhanced by AMPH application. Furthermore, the ability of AMPH to induce DA efflux was regulated by intracellular Na(+) concentration and correlated with the size of the DAT-mediated, AMPH-induced ion flux across the plasma membrane. In the absence of intracellular Na(+) but the presence of high intracellular Cl(-), AMPH-induced inward currents elicited DA efflux proportionally to their dimension and duration. Thus, we propose that AMPH-induced DA efflux depends on two correlated transporter processes. First, AMPH binds to the DAT and is transported, thereby causing an inward current. Second, because of this AMPH-induced inward current, Na(+) becomes more available intracellularly to the DAT, thereby enhancing DAT-mediated reverse transport of DA.
Revision control practices applied to computer configurations

The standard computer configuration process at Drew University was far from a formalized procedure. Computer lab workstations, classroom computers, faculty and staff desktops, library public workstations, and student laptops were imaged with different configurations, created independently by several different staff members. When a configuration problem occurred, the staff member responsible for the configuration was the only source of information to troubleshoot problems.With the introduction of Windows XP in 2002, image creation was centralized for all non-server configurations, drawing from the individual methods of all staff members. The standardized configuration was used interdepartmentally, and the steps were made publicly accessible.In August of 2004, a plan was drafted to take advantage of this centralized system, when an image versioning system was suggested. Using standard revision control practices, the exact configuration of a machine could be gathered from the version number of the image found on it. Whether or not a certain patch was applied or application was upgraded could be ascertained from this information, and the appropriate level of support offered before an upgrade was suggested.Computer configurations are created initially as virtual machines on VMware Workstation, allowing support personnel to try to reproduce a problem with the customer's configuration, and giving system administrators a way to test patches on different configurations that exist out in the field before applying them over the network. This paper will examine the versioning system used and explain its benefits.