cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineral composition ofCuscuta nevadensis Johnston (dodder) in relationship to its hosts

The mineral composition of 16 samples of dodder (Cuscuta nevadensis Johnston) and leaves of eight species of its host plants collected from the northern Mojave Desert were examined to determine relationships between parasitism and transport of mineral elements from the host to the parasite. The K concentration of dodder was fairly constant for a wide range of host plants. It was sometimes less than and sometimes greater than that of the host. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, B, Mn, Mo, and Sr in dodder were always much lower than those of leaves of host plants. Those of Fe, P, and Al were sometimes higher. Sodium was generally excluded from dodder regardless of host concentration. Positive and significant correlation coefficients were obtained for concentration in doddervs concentration in leaves of host plants for P, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Mo, Sr, Ba, and Li. The coefficient of variation was less in the dodder than in leaves of the different host plants for 7 of 17 metals.
Observations of ozone production in a dissipating tropical convective cell during TC4

Abstract. From 13 July–9 August 2007, 25 ozonesondes were launched from Las Tablas, Panama as part of the Tropical Composition, Cloud, and Climate Coupling (TC4) mission. On 5 August, a strong convective cell formed in the Gulf of Panama. World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data indicated 563 flashes (09:00–17:00 UTC) in the Gulf. NO2 data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) show enhancements, suggesting lightning production of NOx. At 15:05 UTC, an ozonesonde ascended into the southern edge of the now dissipating convective cell as it moved west across the Azuero Peninsula. The balloon oscillated from 2.5–5.1 km five times (15:12–17:00 UTC), providing a unique examination of ozone (O3) photochemistry on the edge of a convective cell. Ozone increased at a rate of ~1.6–4.6 ppbv/hr between the first and last ascent, resulting cell wide in an increase of ~(2.1–2.5) × 106 moles of O3. This estimate agrees to within a factor of two of our estimates of photochemical lightning O3 production from the WWLLN flashes, from the radar-inferred lightning flash data, and from the OMI NO2 data (~1.2, ~1.0, and ~1.7 × 106 moles, respectively), though all estimates have large uncertainties. Examination of DC-8 in situ and lidar O3 data gathered around the Gulf that day suggests 70–97% of the O3 change occurred in 2.5–5.1 km layer. A photochemical box model initialized with nearby TC4 aircraft trace gas data suggests these O3 production rates are possible with our present understanding of photochemistry.
The Flora and Vegetation of Timber Island, Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, U.S.A

Abstract The vascular flora of Timber Island, the largest undeveloped island in Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, was surveyed, and a vegetation analysis conducted. The island was found to have 187 vascular plant species, none of which are listed as rare or endangered for the state. The combination of tree species found throughout Timber Island indicates a forest type characteristic of the Central New Hampshire region. In the vegetation analysis, abundance and frequency data were recorded from 106 study plots and analyzed using a two-way indicator species analysis program (TWINSPAN). Six cover types (CT) were defined: Pinus strobus–Gaylussacia baccata CT, Fagus grandifolia–Ostrya virginiana CT, Pinus resinosa–Gaylussacia baccata–Vaccinium angustifolium CT, Tsuga canadensis CT, Acer rubrum–Dulichium arundinaceum CT, and Ruderal CT. Two additional cover types were recognized through qualitative field observation alone: Shoreline CT, and Vernal Woodland Pool CT. While not included in the floristic analysis,...
Satiety-dependent microbehavior in water ingestion by the rat: The effects of salt and water preloads on response duration

Rats were maintained on a 231/2h water-deprivation schedule and trained in either CRF operant responding or free drinking. A disruption of the intrasessional relation between response rate and duration opposite to that noted earlier with alcohol (Crow, Westveer, & Kass, 1976) was seen in the case of osmotically induced thirst. The results are discussed as they related to gastric distention hypotheses of the satiation of thirst.
KINETIC SIMULATIONS OF THE CURRENT-DRIVEN INSTABILITY IN COSMIC RAY MODIFIED RELATIVISTIC SHOCKS

We study the current-driven instability predicted by Bell (2004) using particle-in-cell simulations. We use one-dimensional simulations to test the dispersion relation and the nonlinear properties of the instability for the case of a relativistic shock front under idealized conditions. We find that if the cosmic rays (CR) are energetic enough to not get deflected by the generated magnetic field, the instability can grow exponentially until the Alfven velocity of the plasma becomes comparable to the speed of light. We also use one- and two-dimensional simulations to study the effect of the back reaction of the instability on CR. We find that the deflection and filamentation of CR and background plasma play an important role in the saturation of the instability. The current-driven instability is a viable mechanism for the amplification of magnetic fields in both non-relativistic and relativistic shock environments.
Low voltage, high performance inkjet printed carbon nanotube transistors with solution processed ZrO2 gate insulator

High-performance single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin-film transistors are fabricated by single-pass inkjet printing of SWCNTs on high-κ solution-processed ZrO2 gate dielectric. We demonstrate that an ultraviolet ozone treatment of the ZrO2 substrate is critical in achieving a uniform dispersion of sorted SWCNTs in the semiconducting channel. The resulting devices exhibit excellent performance with mobility and on/off current ratio exceeding 30 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 105, respectively, at low operating voltages (<5 V). The single-pass inkjet printing process demonstrated in this letter shows great promise as a reliable and scalable method for SWCNT based high performance electronics.
Developing a Competency-Based Curriculum in Agricultural Economics

In an article in this Journal, Manderscheid sets forth several guidelines for curricular changes (pp. 745-46). He suggests that curriculum change is a dynamic process requiring efforts to monitor developments both within the discipline and in supporting and complementary disciplines and notes the need for integration of individually planned instructional activities into a systematic whole. Manderscheid further hypothesizes that an inadequate humanities component, insufficient attention to the needs of students planning for a career in the public sector, and a tendency to base courses and curricula on teaching objectives rather than learning objectives all constitute weaknesses in current agricultural economics curricula. Manderscheid's work has exerted considerable influence on the direction taken in a recent review and restructuring at Kentucky. While much remains to be done in terms of implementation, the procedures followed may provide useful guidelines to other institutions contemplating similar curricular revision. This paper reports on the process employed in developing a competency-based undergraduate curriculum in the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky. While applying competency-based instructional techniques to academic programs in higher education is not new, this approach has received very limited use in our profession as well as in colleges of agriculture generally. A competency-based core curriculum has been developed in the College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Zubrick). Basically, a competency-based curriculum is an attempt to identify desired outcomes of an educational process (vis-a-vis experiences) and to certify these on the basis of demonstrated behavior (O'Connell and Moomaw).' The program being developed at the University of Kentucky is not strictly a competency-based program, since it will not be centered around individual, self-paced courses. It is competency-oriented, however, in that learning objectives were developed on a competency basis for formal classroom courses. Multimedia learning objectives are being developed to supplement rather than substitute for the classroom. The department chose this approach because it was felt that greater weight should be given to students' learning needs and objectives as opposed to faculty teaching interests and objectives.
Effects of Temperature on the Electrocardiogram of Broiler Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION STURKIE (1949, 1965) has conducted extensive studies to determine the basic characteristics of the electrocardiogram of the chicken. Studies by Sturkie and Hunsaker (1957) show that the amplitude of the male chicken ECG is greater than that of the female, and that estrogen can be used to decrease the ECG amplitude of yearling males. Sturkie (1948) has also shown that the electrical axis of the heart of the chicken can be shifted by physical rotation of the heart, indicating that the electrical axis might be used to determine the physical orientation of the heart. Jordan (1968) has used the electrical axis, as determined by the ECG's of young turkeys, to detect birds with “round-heart.” Studies by Deaton et al. (1969) show that ambient rearing temperature affects the development of the heart, indicating that chickens reared at low temperatures have larger hearts than those reared at higher temperatures. In these…
Phenylthioacetate: a useful substrate for the histochemical and colorimetric detection of cholinesterase.

Cholinesterase from frozen sections of honey bee (Apis mellifera, L. ) brain hydrolyzes phenylthioacetate and acetylthiocholine to give virtually identical patterns of enzyme distribution with and without the use of paraoxon. In addition, phenylthioacetate is an economical substrate for in vitro and in vivo studies of cholinesterase. Phenylthioacetate offers the advantages of being easily synthesized and lipoid soluble, and appears to penetrate membranes easily.
Large value of the electron-phonon coupling parameter ( λ = 1.15 ) and the possibility of surface superconductivity at the Be(0001) surface

The electron-phonon coupling parameter {lambda}{sub s} at the Be(0001) surface is measured using angle-resolved photoemission and found to be 1.15{plus_minus}0.1, more than four times the bulk Be value {lambda}{sub b}=0.24. This large value for {lambda}{sub s} may imply the existence of an unusual form of surface superconductivity with a correspondingly large transition temperature. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Walnut Husk Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): Evaluation of Traps for Timing of Control Measures and for Damage Predictions

In 2 yr of field tests in commercial walnut, Juglans regia L., orchards in northern California, an ammonium carbonate-baited fluorescent yellow Pherocon AMrectangle was approximately 10 times more attractive to adult walnut husk flies, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, than the standard Pherocon AMtrap or an unbaited green sphere during most of the season.The green sphere was not attractive in early seasonwhen husk fliesbegan to emerge but increased in attractiveness relative to the other traps as the season progressed. Once the sphere began to catch husk flies, it was as effective as the standard Pherocon AM trap. Adult flies began to respond to ammonium carbonate-baited and standard AM traps long before (42 and 44 d, respectively) females oviposited. Catches on green sphere traps, on the other hand, were closely synchronized with egg laying, becoming attractive shortly before or at the time nuts were attacked. The interval from first oviposition to harvest was the same on early- and late-maturing varieties. Cumulative catch on the ammonium carbonate- baited Pherocon AM trap was a better predictor for the infestation level at harvest than catches on the green sphere. These studies suggest that the green sphere is a better indicator for the timing of chemical treatments, whereas the ammonium carbonate-baited yellow rectangle appears to be more reliable for evaluating the damage potential of a husk fly population.
Diagnostics for edge pedestal research (invited)

Edge pedestal research in magnetic plasma confinement devices requires measurements which span multiple spatial and temporal scales and include a number of physical processes. Research seeks to optimize the height of the pedestal for maximum confinement, but to avoid large repetitive particle and heat loads in the divertor as a consequence of edge localized modes (ELMs). In this complex region, transport physics, fueling by neutrals, stability physics, and the physics of the self-driven bootstrap current all play key roles. To develop an understanding of the pedestal region, detailed physics measurements of the local gradients, neutral fueling, the turbulence spectra, and the magnetohydrodynamic characteristics are needed with both fine spatial and temporal resolution. Finally, development of two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging of the ELM evolution would greatly aid in understanding ELM transport.
Analysis of complex separation schemes in the presence of chemical reactions

A key feature in the analysis of extractive distillation columns is the use of difference points representing the flow rate and composition difference between the cascade section end-product and the extractive side feed(s). Also referred to as a Δ-point, it may be used to assess feasibility for complex cascades with highly non-ideal VLE behavior. We have recently generalized the concept of difference points to systems where chemical reactions take place. We have also shown that the analytical insights are independent of the actual configuration of physical equipment and apply to any partial or complete flowsheet. This paper will demonstrate how the theory of generalized difference points may be applied to the design of complex separation cascades with reaction. Two example designs with integrated reaction and separation will be presented and analyzed for 3 and 4 components, respectively: (a) reactive distillation for the production of acetic acid from acetic anhydride and water and (b) reactive extractive...
Trip Length Distributions in Commodity-Based and Trip-Based Freight Demand Modeling: Investigation of Relationships:

Commodity-based and vehicle-trip-based freight demand modeling is discussed. The characteristics of the trip length distributions (TLDs) are examined, defined in terms of tons, as required in commodity-based modeling, and in vehicle trips, as required in trip-based modeling. With data used from a major transportation study in Guatemala, the TLDs are estimated for both tons and vehicle trips. The analysis revealed that (a) the shape of the TLDs depends upon the type of movements being considered; (b) TLDs defined in terms of tonnage differ significantly from those defined in terms of vehicle trips; (c) TLDs for different types of vehicles, transporting similar commodities, reflect the range of use of each type of vehicle; (d) though tons TLDs and vehicle TLDs are different, the relationship between them seems to follow a systematic pattern that, if successfully identified, would enable transportation planners to estimate one type of TLD given the other; and (e) major freight generators affect the shape of ...
School Psychologists' Perceptions regarding the Practice of Identifying Reading Disabilities: Cognitive Assessment and Response to Intervention Considerations.

This study surveyed a national sample of school psychologists with respect to the identification of reading disabilities (RD). It covers school psychologists' opinions regarding perceived benefits of the use of cognitive assessment in RD identification, both within and outside of an IQ–achievement discrepancy model. The survey also solicited opinions about the nature of RD, particularly conceptions of general slow learners (and readers) versus those evidencing a discrepancy. Results related to school psychologists' concerns about job security, should IQ testing be reduced, are presented. Furthermore, the perceived benefits of a Response to Intervention (RTI) model, how school psychologists see themselves contributing to an RTI effort, as well as possible hurdles to RTI implementation are covered. Measurement of these perceptions may be beneficial in informing current and future service delivery models for RD identification as well as possible training needs of currently practicing school psychologists. Finally, the current work represents an effort to measure assessment acceptability for RD identification techniques. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex Sample Data Recommendations and Troubleshooting

Complex survey data, as highlighted in this issue of Evaluation Review, provide a wealth of opportunities for answering methodological and/or applied research questions. However, the analytic issues of nonindependence and unequal selection probability must be addressed when analyzing this type of data. Thus, to ensure that research questions are accurately answered when using complex survey data, researchers must take extra precautions to ensure complex survey data are correctly analyzed. The purpose of this article is to provide software recommendations for analysis of and tips on troubleshooting when analyzing complex sample data.
Ideal crystal stability and pressure-induced phase transition in silicon.

The structural response of diamond-cubic silicon under hydrostatic compression is analyzed using both an empirical interatomic potential proposed by Tersoff and ab initio total-energy calculations. The stability analysis based on elastic stiffness coefficients (which are generalized elastic constants at finite strain) gives a critical pressure of 64 GPa at which the ideal lattice becomes unstable against homogeneous tetragonal shear deformation. This prediction is explicitly verified by direct molecular-dynamics simulation, which shows that the instability causes the lattice to transform to the \ensuremath{\beta}-Sn structure. It is demonstrated that the large value of the transition pressure implies an intrinsic activation barrier, for which the Tersoff potential results agree well with ab initio calculations. This barrier exists for a transformation involving ideal crystal lattices that, while uniformly deformed from the equilibrium diamond-cubic structure, do not contain any point or extended defects. We suggest that, due to the neglect of lattice defects, the critical pressure corresponding to this transformation represents the upper bound on the limit of stability. A lower bound, corresponding to the barrierless transition, is obtained by equating free energies of different phases. Lower bounds calculated with the Tersoff potential and present ab initio results are 12.7 and 7.8 GPa, respectively, close to the range of experimental values for the diamond-cubic to \ensuremath{\beta}-Sn transition under compression. To support our conjecture on the role of defects we invoke certain analogies between the studied structural transitions in crystalline solids and melting.
The coding potential of the human genome: global compositional properties identify with statistical significance a plethora of new potential coding regions

Bioinformatics predictions of coding sequences rely on details models of compositional properties of genes. Such models are based on large, genome-specific training sets of known genes. Although these models are optimal for the identification of 'average' genes, they may be over-parameterized to allow recognition of genes of anomalous properties, for example genes coding for very short peptides. We have developed two approaches to the identification of coding sequences that rely on more general compositional principles that we expect to be conserved over a wider variety of genes. The first approach is based on the observation that coding regions generally exhibit contrasting global compositional properties in the three codon positions, depending on the overall base composition of the sequence. For example, sequences rich in C and G bases have a much higher GC content in third codon position and a relatively low GC content in second codon position. General rules on the base content at the three codon positions as a function of the overall base content can be identified and exploited to score sequence regions for their coding potential. More generally, the period-three structure of coding regions imposes compositional periodicity to the sequence that, irrespective of the specific type of contrasts that we might expect to see, result in a significantly non-random distribution of bases. Applying these principles, we have devised two algorithms to detect potential coding regions in sequences of any composition, one based on overall compositional expectations and one based on overall contrasts. We have applied our procedure to the human genome. To our surprise, we have detected a plethora of regions, not overlapping with any of the currently annotated gene sequences, that display with high statistical significance a periodic structure often conforming to expectations for coding regions in terms of base-type composition. The frequency of these regions is far greater than the random frequency observed in corresponding scrambled sequences. Most of these regions also show levels of complexity that distinguish them from repetitive elements and that are consistent with the complexity of known genes. Our bioinformatics results provide a rich source of information for future experimental analyses and the potential for exciting new discoveries.
Colonoscopy in the pediatric patient

In 1963 the description 1 of the first workable fiberoptic panendoscope heralded a new era of accurate gastrointes- tinal tract diagnosis and therapeutic procedures. Since the introduction of the flexible fiberoptic colonoscope in the early 1970s. colonoscopy has become an established proce- dure for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of large bowel disease in pediatric patients. The number of proce- dures has increased dramatically during the past 10 years. The use and importance of colonoscopy have continued to increase as instruments specifically designed for children come into routine use. Differences between pediatric and adult patients not only influence the approach to the patient but also modify therapeutic decisions when abnormalities are suspected or identified. We review here the value of the procedure, patient selection, instrumentation, and compli- cations. Advances in technique, premedication, and appli-
A water-miscible, nonhazardous liquid scintillation cocktail.

The optimal way to count aqueous samples by liquid scintillation counting is in a homogeneous solution. Technical limitations have previously made this difficult. Triton X-100 is a water-miscible liquid scintillant which counts 14C with 80% efficiency and 3H with 17% efficiency. It has a high flash point (over 300°F), is nonvolatile, and does not cause swelling or leaching when used in polyethylene vials. Liquid-scintillation counting cocktail using Triton X-100 as the sole scintillant (i.e., no toluene or xylene) does not have to be disposed of as a hazardous waste. The large aqueous sample capacity of a miscible cocktail, its safety, and ease of disposal make its use highly attractive for many applications.
PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF CHLOROPHYLL-A FROM RHODOCHLORIN

Abstract A synthesis of chlorophyll-a from a relay degradation product, rhodochlorin dimethyl ester, is described. Key steps involve formation of methyl pheophorbide-a by thallium(III) promoted photocyclization of the corresponding chlorin-6- β -keto-esler, and magnesium(II) insertion using Eschenmoser's BHT method.
Coexpression of liver-specific and growth-induced genes in perinatal and regenerating liver: Attainment and maintenance of the differentiated state during rapid proliferation☆

Abstract The liver shows maximal cellular growth during fetal development and after partial hepatectomy. Exploring overlaps in gene expression patterns in these two types of hepatic growth may provide insight into common regulatory pathways. The expression of a large number of growth-induced and liver-specific genes induced in liver regeneration has been examined in the perinatal liver from several days prenatal to 4 weeks postnatal when the major growth phase of the liver ceases. As in liver regeneration, many growth-induced genes, such as PRL-1 and β-actin, are expressed at a high level throughout the temporal course of liver development and correlate with the proliferative state. The level of fetal liver expression of these genes is similar to peak expression found in the regenerating liver, suggesting that common pathways of transcriptional regulation exist in the two types of proliferation. A subset of liver-restricted immediate-early genes including, IGFBP-1, CL-6, and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) are induced in regenerating liver and may be important in maintaining hepatic metabolism during regeneration. In developing liver, these genes are expressed primarily in the perinatal period but, unlike the regenerating liver, are not coinduced. For instance, at birth, G6Pase is induced, whereas CL-6 is downregulated. In situ analyses confirm that a proliferation associated gene PRL-1 is expressed in multiple cell types throughout the developing liver, whereas the expression of liver-specific genes is confined to hepatocytes. Taken together, these findings imply that significant similarities and differences in transcriptional regulation and hormonal milieu exist in liver during regeneration and development. The increased expression of genes responsible for glucose homeostasis in proliferative states of the liver suggests that maintenance of differentiated function is a component of the hepatic growth response.
Abstract LB-144: GPR56 internalizes and degrades TG2 in melanoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hallmark of tumor microenvironment and plays active roles during tumor progression. How this process is regulated and whether it is reversible for cancer treatment are outstanding questions. Our earlier study showed that an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR56, inhibits melanoma growth and metastasis and binds to tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a major cross-linking enzyme in ECM. To understand the function of TG2 in GPR56-mediated melanoma inhibition, we generated immunodeficient Tg2-/- mice and performed xenograft transplantation studies in these mice. Our results revealed an antagonistic relationship between GPR56 and TG2 during melanoma growth: whereas TG2 promotes melanoma growth, GPR56 antagonizes this effect via receptor-mediated internalization and degradation. Furthermore, the down-regulation of TG2 by GPR56 is associated with a reduction in the levels of fibronectin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), suggesting that the fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion is compromised upon GPR56 expression in melanoma. Taken together, our findings provide genetic evidence for the function of TG2 in GPR56-mediated melanoma inhibition. The uncovered antagonistic relationship between GPR56 and TG2 proposes a mechanism by which ECM accumulation/crosslinking may be reversed, and thus might be exploited for cancer control and treatment. Citation Format: Liquan Yang, Scott Friedland, Nancy Corson, Lei Xu. GPR56 internalizes and degrades TG2 in melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-144. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-144
Continuous Temperature Logging in Air across the Deep Vadose Zone

Accurate temperature measurements with good depth resolution will be helpful in appreciating processes that influence temperatures in the vadose zone. In some areas, such as the Albuquerque Basin, groundwater flow perturbs the temperature regime in the saturated zone, making the deep vadose zone a potentially better region to investigate ground surface temperature changes. When it is not logistically or economically possible to span the vadose zone with a pipe filled with water, the temperature measurements must be made in air. Because of the very small heat capacity of air, these temperature measurements are difficult. This paper describes a new temperature sensor with a relatively fast time constant in air that provides accurate temperature measurements in a continuous logging mode. Temperature gradient characteristics below the 5-m depth, based on a 1-m depth measurement interval, are reproducible at a number of logging speeds. Absolute temperatures between the logs at any given depth below about 25 m typically agree to within 0.01°C. The temperature logging system should enable one to gather considerable information regarding the thermal regime in the vadose zone.
Matrix cracking in a fiber-reinforced composite with slip at the fiber-matrix interface

Abstract A linear elastic analysis is presented of interfacial slip under longitudinal tensile loading in a fiber-reinforced brittle matrix composite with matrix cracks terminating and blunting at the interface. A prescribed shear stress distribution is taken in the slip region. The interfacial adhesive shear stress in the slip region which is later assumed constant is determined for different ratios of shear moduli, fiber volume fractions and slip lengths. Stress fields are obtained for a brittle matrix fiber-reinforced composite, calcium aluminosilicate glass ceramic reinforced with silicon carbide fibers (SiC/CAS), and are compared with the case when there is perfect adhesion at the interface.
Tunable Broadband Optical Generation via Giant Rabi Shifting in Micro-Plasmas

A new coherent laser-source arising from giant time-dependent generalized Rabi shifting has been demonstrated. A 1 ps laser is transformed into a pulse with bandwidth corresponding to a 70 fs pulse via time-dependent Rabi shifting.
An in vivo cumulative dose-response assay of the myocardial beta-adrenoceptor system

This paper describes an in vivo computer-based cumulative dose-response assay of the myocardial beta-adrenoceptor system. The technique involves measuring the ability of isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, administered through a jugular catheter to increase heart rate in rats. The computer system monitors heart rate, provides real-time graphics of incoming data and a detailed graphic review of responses following testing, coordinates drug injections by the experimenter, performs a nonlinear line analysis to determine the dose required to produce 50% maximal responding (ED50) following the data review, and generates a diskette and printer report at the completion of testing. Data are presented and discussed on how well this system meets the assumptions underlying the cumulative dose-response methodology. The results of a study on the effect of acute footshock on the myocardial beta-adrenoceptor system as measured by this technique is also presented and discussed. This technique permits chronic studies of an important myocardial receptor system and allows receptor changes to be tracked within individual subjects.
Shell model calculations for masses 27, 28 and 29: Specific application to 27, 28Mg and 28, 29Al

Abstract A shell model calculation has been performed in a truncated 1 d 5 2 , 2 s 1 2 , 1 d 3 2 configuration space with a modified surface-delta-interaction Hamiltonian for the T = 1, 3 2 and 2 nuclei of A = 27–29. The parameters of the model Hamiltonian were obtained from a fit to experimental data from T = 0 and T = 1 2 nuclei of the same region. Excitation energies, single-nucleon spectroscopic factors, electric quadrupole moments and transition strengths and magnetic dipole moments and transition strengths were calculated. Decay properties of the T = 2 and T = 1 multiplets in A = 28 and the ΔT = 1, M1 transitions from T = 3 2 levels in A = 27 and 29 nuclei have been studied in particular. The results indicate that the present shell model is able to describe quantitatively the nuclear structure around mass 28 in a unified approach in a fashion similar to the excellent descriptions available in this same theoretical framework for lighter and heavier mass regions of the sd shell.
Photon statistics in resonance fluorescence from laser deflection of an atomic beam

Abstract There is a simple relationship between the photon statistics in resonance fluorescence and the statistics of the momentum transferred to an atom by a plane traveling wave. We use this relation and the theory of atomic motion in resonant radiation to derive expressions for the mean n > and the variance n ) 2 > of the number of photons emitted in a given time by a two-level atom in a coherent exciting field. We find, in addition to the sub-poissonian statistics [ n ) 2 > less than n >] previously reported for the case of resonant excitation, that super-poissonian photon statistics [ n ) 2 > greater than n >] occur in resonance fluorescence for certain off-resonance cases. It is suggested that the sub-poissonian and the super-poissonian emission statistics might be demonstrated in a simple photodeflection experiment.
Nanoparticle-enhanced tunnel junctions for reduced free-carrier absorption in mid-IR lasers

We present tunnel junctions, employing buried semimetallic nanoparticles, to reduce intervalence-band absorption in mid-IR lasers. Proof-of-concept results demonstrate low-resistance tunnel junctions with low p-type dopant concentrations, suitable for integration into GaSb-based diode lasers.
Harnessing bursty interference

Interference is a central feature of wireless communication. In many scenarios, interference is bursty: interfering wireless links come and go. Designing the system assuming interference to be always present is very conservative. In this paper, we take a fundamental information theoretic stand point and address the issue of statistical gain associated with bursty interference in the context of a pair of unicast interfering wireless links. Modeling the problem as a “degraded message set” two user Gaussian interference channel, we approximately characterize the symmetric capacity region. Our results demonstrate the fundamental existence of three regimes: one where treating interference as always there is without loss of optimality, another where one can harness as well as if interference was never there and a third where the performance is in between these two regimes.
Endpoint Strichartz estimates

We prove an abstract Strichartz estimate, which implies previously unknown endpoint Strichartz estimates for the wave equation (in dimension n ≥ 4) and the Schrodinger equation (in dimension n ≥ 3). Three other applications are discussed: local existence for a nonlinear wave equation; and Strichartz-type estimates for more general dispersive equations and for the kinetic transport equation.
The art of seeing like a state: State building in Afghanistan, the DR Congo, and beyond

This paper considers the implications of James Scott’s Seeing Like a State (1998) and The Art of Not Being Governed (2009) for state-building efforts in Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In Seeing Like a State, Scott warns of the problems associated with top-down planning efforts to improve the human condition. In The Art of Not Being Governed, Scott discusses the “art” of state avoidance and self-governance. These works have important insights for contemporary state-building processes, and we explore some of the applications in the context of Afghanistan and the DRC. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for current and future state-building efforts.
The GTP-binding protein Rho1p is required for cell cycle progression and polarization of the yeast cell.

Previous work showed that the GTP-binding protein Rho1p is required in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for activation of protein kinase C (Pkc1p) and for activity and regulation of β(1→3)glucan synthase. Here we demonstrate a hitherto unknown function of Rho1p required for cell cycle progression and cell polarization. Cells of mutant rho1E45I in the G1 stage of the cell cycle did not bud at 37°C. In those cells actin reorganization and recruitment to the presumptive budding site did not take place at the nonpermissive temperature. Two mutants in adjacent amino acids, rho1V43T and rho1F44Y, showed a similar behavior, although some budding and actin polarization occurred at the nonpermissive temperature. This was also the case for rho1E45I when placed in a different genetic background. Cdc42p and Spa2p, two proteins that normally also move to the bud site in a process independent from actin organization, failed to localize properly in rho1E45I. Nuclear division did not occur in the mutant at 37°C, although replication of DNA proceeded slowly. The rho1 mutants were also defective in the formation of mating projections and in congregation of actin at the projections in the presence of mating pheromone. The in vitro activity of β(1→3)glucan synthase in rho1 E45I, although diminished at 37°C, appeared sufficient for normal in vivo function and the budding defect was not suppressed by expression of a constitutively active allele of PKC1. Reciprocally, when Pkc1p function was eliminated by the use of a temperature-sensitive mutation and β(1→3)glucan synthesis abolished by an echinocandin-like inhibitor, a strain carrying a wild-type RHO1 allele was able to produce incipient buds. Taken together, these results reveal a novel function of Rho1p that must be executed in order for the yeast cell to polarize.
THE STRATEGIC TIMING OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY

This paper focuses on the strategic timing of elections by agenda-setters in direct democracy settings. Because concurrent elections affect turnout, scheduling referenda for different elections will produce different median voters. I hypothesize that agenda-setters with power over the timing of a referendum will schedule the referendum in conjunction with the other set of races that produce a policy closest to their preferred outcome. Consistent with the theory, I show that Wisconsin school boards' use of special elections for school referenda are related to differences in the revealed preferences of voters in low- and high-turnout elections.
Biological signal conditioning for system identification

The use of mathematical models to characterize physiological systems attempts to summarize how a system behaves in terms of its internal structure. Thus the models should be isomorphic to the underlying physiological structure, and the model parameters must be estimated from input-output observations of the system. The model must be identifiable, in the sense that a unique parameter set exists and that parameter set is resolvable in the presence of noise. This paper considers these identifiability issues with specific emphasis on the effect of biological observation noise in degrading the parameter estimation process. It is shown that conditioning the output signal via design of the experimental input can minimize this degradation. These concepts are applied to metabolic and respiratory system studies.
William Alonso, Richard Muth, Resources for the Future, and the Founding of Urban Economics

Frequent reference is made to the Alonso-Muth model of the urban land and housing markets, and the creation of this model often is considered to be the founding act in the field of urban economics. One purpose of this paper is to examine closely the original writings of these two distinguished authors, William Alonso and Richard Muth, and to show that their contributions to the development of the model were not identical. Both authors focused on the idea that there is a trade-off between access to a central point (for employment) and the price of residential land or housing, but their models were designed to serve somewhat different purposes. A second objective of this paper is to evaluate the proposition that theirs was indeed the founding act in the field by concentrating on the earliest versions of their work on the model, rather than on the enormous literature that followed. See Masahisa Fujita (1989) for a comprehensive treatment of the subsequent theoretical literature that was stimulated by Alonso and Muth.
A Simple Kinetic Model for Singlet Fission: A Role of Electronic and Entropic Contributions to Macroscopic Rates

A simple three-state model for the dynamics of the singlet fission (SF) process is developed. The model facilitates the analysis of the relative significance of different factors, such as electronic energies, couplings, and the entropic contributions. The entropic contributions to the rates are important; they drive the SF process in endoergic cases (such as tetracene). The anticipated magnitude of entropic contributions is illustrated by simple calculations. By considering a series of three acenes (tetracene, pentacene, and hexacene), we explained the experimentally observed 3 orders of magnitude difference in the rate of SF in tetracene and pentacene and predicted that the rate in hexacene will be slightly faster than in pentacene. This trend is driven by the increased thermodynamic drive for SF (Gibbs free energy difference of the initial excitonic state and two separated triplets). The model also explains experimentally observed fast SF in 5,12-diphenyltetracene. Consistently with the experimental obs...
On the detection of impulsive stochastic transients over background noise

We develop a receiver which detects impulsive stochastic transients superimposed on Gaussian background noise and show that the new detector outperforms existing square- and /spl nu//sup th/-law detectors. To derive the receiver, we first study the structure of the probability density function (pdf) of random variables which are formed as the sum of two or more independent, symmetric stable random variables of different characteristic exponents. >
Reducing waiting costs in user-level communication

Describes a mechanism for reducing the cost of waiting for messages in architectures that allow user-level communication libraries. We reduce waiting costs in two ways: by reducing the cost of servicing interrupts, and by carefully controlling when the system uses interrupts and when it uses polling. We have implemented our mechanism on the SHRIMP multicomputer and integrated it with our user-level sockets library. Experiments show that a hybrid spin-then-block strategy offers good performance in a wide variety of situations, and that speeding up the interrupt path significantly improves performance.
Microbiological and Chemical Changes of Surimi-Based Imitation Crab during Storage

Changes in surimi-based imitation crab products were monitored during storage at o°, 5°, 10°, and 15°C. Numbers of bacteria growing on crablegs and flaked crablegs during 42 days storage were measured. The genera making up the major portion of these populations were Bacillus species at 15°C and Pseudomonas at 5° and 0°C. Chemical changes in the products produced by bacteria were monitored. Levels of total volatile bases produced were lower in the imitation crab than those reported for fresh fisheries products. The major compounds produced in crableg analogs were volatile acids and butandiol, which increased as the storage time increased.
Continence for women: a test of AWHONN's evidence-based protocol in clinical practice. Association of Women's Health Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses.

Objective To test the effectiveness of an evidence-based protocol for urinary incontinence in increasing identification of women with the condition and improving their outcomes. Design Prospective formative evaluation study. Setting Twenty-one public, private, and other women's health care sites. Participants Women in ambulatory care settings (N = 1,474) provided descriptive statistics. Clinical outcomes were tested in 132 cases for whom pre- and posttreatment data were available. Interventions Standardized screening and baseline follow-up forms were used to minimize time burden on clinicians; bladder and pelvic floor muscle training materials were provided to clinicians for distribution. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported frequency, volume, and quality of life related to incontinence and cost of self-management were used to assess protocol effectiveness. Results Frequency of incontinence episodes, estimated volume lost per episode, and the cost of self-management decreased. Quality of life improved, as reflected in decreased bother attributed to incontinence and in the number of women avoiding activities such as shopping, exercising, or travel because of incontinence. Conclusions This simple program of pelvic floor muscle and bladder training, as it has been systematically implemented in a variety of ambulatory women's health care settings, has benefited women's continence status. The results of this project strongly support widespread application. JOGNN 29, 18-26; 2000.
Global Analysis of Condition-specific Subcellular Protein Distribution and Abundance

Cellular control of protein activities by modulation of their abundance or compartmentalization is not easily measured on a large scale. We developed and applied a method to globally interrogate these processes that is widely useful for systems-level analyses of dynamic cellular responses in many cell types. The approach involves subcellular fractionation followed by comprehensive proteomic analysis of the fractions, which is enabled by a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry approach that samples every available mass to charge channel systematically to maximize sensitivity. Next, various fraction-enrichment ratios are measured for all detected proteins across different environmental conditions and used to group proteins into clusters reflecting changes in compartmentalization and relative conditional abundance. Application of the approach to characterize the response of yeast proteins to fatty acid exposure revealed dynamics of peroxisomes and novel dynamics of MCC/eisosomes, specialized plasma membrane domains comprised of membrane compartment occupied by Can1 (MCC) and eisosome subdomains. It also led to the identification of Fat3, a fatty acid transport protein of the plasma membrane, previously annotated as Ykl187.
SHOULD THE ECONOMY BE DEMOCRATIZED

With communism's collapse, the democratization of the economy might appear to be the specter haunting the new world order. Indeed, proponents have called for economic democracy as a prerequisite of both political freedom and social justice. They argue that extending democracy to the economy overcomes the limits of popular participation in modern representative government, remedies the subordination of politics to privileged social groups, and provides a training ground for political involvement. In addition, they maintain that democratizing the economy is necessary to realize economic freedom and curtail economic inequality. All these arguments neglect the distinction between civil society and the state and between social and political freedom. When this distinction is observed, the call to democratize the economy gets supplanted by the challenge of regulating markets to insure equal economic opportunity and to prevent economic factors from undermining the autonomy of politics and the equal political opportunity of citizens.
Lipids and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: is there a link?

SummaryAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by amyloid-beta plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss. Its fundamental cause(s) and the pathological cascades leading to clinical symptoms remain unknown. Lipids and lipid peroxidation products have important roles in the homeostasis of the central nervous system. As well, lipid transport genes and vascular changes associated with peripheral dyslipidemia have been associated with an increased risk of AD. The present review discusses ways in which lipids may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD-associated neurodegeneration through their roles as neuronal structural components, cell modulators, or second messengers. Given the many possibilities through which lipids may be directly involved in or contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, the use of lipids as biomarkers for disease progression is discussed, as are other avenues for future research.