cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cirrhosis and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in US Veterans: Risk of Infection, Hospitalization, Ventilation, and Mortality.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Whether patients with cirrhosis have increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the extent to which infection and cirrhosis increase the risk of adverse patient outcomes remain unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We identified 88,747 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 3/1/20-5/14/20 in the Veterans Affairs (VA) national healthcare system, including 75,315 with no cirrhosis-SARS-CoV-2 negative (C0-S0), 9826 with no cirrhosis-SARS-CoV-2 positive (C0-S1); 3301 with cirrhosis-SARS-CoV-2 negative (C1-S0); and 305 with cirrhosis-SARS-CoV-2 positive (C1-S1). Patients were followed through 6/22/20. Hospitalization, mechanical ventilation and death were modeled in time-to-event analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression. Patients with cirrhosis were less likely to test positive than patients without cirrhosis (8.5% vs. 11.5%, adjusted odds ratio 0.83, 95% CI 0.69-0.99). Thirty-day mortality and ventilation rates increased progressively from C0-S0 (2.3% and 1.6%), to C1-S0 (5.2% and 3.6%), to C0-S1 (10.6% and 6.5%), to C1-S1(17.1% and 13.0%). Among patients with cirrhosis, those who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were 4.1 times more likely to undergo mechanical ventilation (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 4.12, 95% CI 2.79-6.10) and 3.5 times more likely to die (aHR 3.54, 95% CI 2.55-4.90) than those who tested negative. Among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, those with cirrhosis were more likely to be hospitalized (aHR 1.37, 95% CI 1.12-1.66), undergo ventilation (aHR 1.61, 95% CI 1.05-2.46) or die (aHR 1.65, 95% CI 1.18-2.30) than patients without cirrhosis. Among patients with cirrhosis and SARS-CoV-2 infection, the most important predictors of mortality were advanced age, cirrhosis decompensation and high MELD score. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a 3.5-fold increase in mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was associated with a 1.7-fold increase in mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
A Review of “Radical: A Portrait of Saul Alinsky”

Saul Alinsky was a community organizer in Chicago from the mid-1930s until his death in 1972. His book Rules for Radicals (Random House, 1971) has long endured as a manual for organizers and activi...
Political Conflict and Youth: A Long‐Term View

Over the past two decades, the scientific study of youth experience with political conflict has come into its own as a recognized, vibrant field of scholarship. This essay briefly reviews the state of the research. It notes the upsurge in volume and increase in the sophistication of the research, including larger and more representative samples, inclusion of locally defined assessments of youth functioning, and the study of the broader social ecology of youth who experience political conflict. These elements of progress notwithstanding, the research remains overwhelming driven by psychopathology models and has yet to extend either to systematically explore a broader focus on youth social, civic, economic, and political functioning or to seriously consider youth's cognitive and behavioral engagements in political conflict. The bulk of the essay focuses on a different and crucial need for research refinement: namely, adopting a longer term view in to youth's development and functioning. As the large majority of young people survive the violence of political conflict without serious dysfunction, the field needs to examine the degree to which the normative transitions of their onward lives are shaped by their experiences with political conflict. The essay invokes classic theory from sociology and developmental psychology in advocating for such a life course perspective and it details a methodology—event history calendaring—ideally suited to collect such data. The essay closes with a brief overview of an ongoing study of the adult functioning of Palestinian youth of the first intifada to illustrate the feasibility and utility of this methodology. Keywords: Youth; political conflict; war; long-term functioning; research methods; event history calendar
Cultural Property, Law and Ethics

Professor Kreder analyzes the recent developments in the ethics of acquiring antiquities regarding United States museums. The article focuses primarily on Italy's efforts at restitution of antiquities.
Bergson: Before the Deleuze

_The New Bergson_ Edited by John Mullarkey Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1999 ISBN 0719053803 hb; 0719055539 pb 235 pp.
Quality of life in women with symptomatic HIV/AIDS.

Quality of life in women with symptomatic HIV/AIDS Despite the increasing incidence of cases of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection and of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in women, there is a serious lack of information about those women’s quality of life (QoL). The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to describe QoL using an HIV-specific instrument (the HOPES) every 2 months over a 4-month period in a convenience sample of 44 women with symptomatic HIV/AIDS. Changes in physical, psychological, social, sexual dimensions, and overall QoL were evaluated along with the frequency of the most prevalent distressing items. The mean scores of the global QoL, physical and psycho-social summary scales were significantly different over the 4-month data collection period: quality of life improved. The most prevalent disruptions were in the psycho-social domain, including financial problems, worry about the family, distress about losing others from HIV, and worry about disease progression. The most prevalent physical disruptions included reduction in energy, difficulties with daily activities and frequent pain. Married women appeared to be more vulnerable to disruptions in QoL over time. In addition to the use of conventional disease-specific parameters for the ongoing follow-up of women with HIV/AIDS, the systematic use of a QoL assessment can provide a focused approach to monitoring problems and targeting interventions. Such an approach is especially important for nurses who assist women living with the symptoms of HIV/AIDS.
Identification of interactions that stabilize the transition state in Escherichia coli phosphofructo-1-kinase

The activity of Escherichia coli phosphofructo-1-kinase depends upon the dissociation of a group with a pK of approximately 6.6. Mutation of the 2 active site residues most likely to be titrated in this range, Asp-127 and Asp-129, lowered activity but produced little change in the pH dependence, suggesting that these residues while important to activity were not responsible for the pH dependence of the enzyme. Alternatively, the pH dependence was thought to correspond to the negative charge on the phosphoryl group being transferred in the reaction. Mutation of Arg-72 to histidine, while lowering the activity substantially, shifted the pH optimum to approximately 6.2 with a secondary plateau on the alkaline limb that was eliminated in the double mutant R72H/R171H. Mutation of Arg-171 alone produced only a small decrease in maximal activity and little change in pH dependence from the wild type enzyme. The data support an associative mechanism with a transition state stabilized by the interaction between the negative charge on the phosphoryl group being transferred and the arginyl residue at position 72 on the enzyme.
Steps towards cache-resident transaction processing

Online transaction processing (OLTP) is a multibillion dollar industry with high-end database servers employing state-of-the-art processors to maximize performance. Unfortunately, recent studies show that CPUs are far from realizing their maximum intended throughput because of delays in the processor caches. When running OLTP, instruction-related delays in the memory subsystem account for 25 to 40% of the total execution time. In contrast to data, instruction misses cannot be overlapped with out-of-order execution, and instruction caches cannot grow as the slower access time directly affects the processor speed. The challenge is to alleviate the instruction-related delays without increasing the cache size. We propose Steps, a technique that minimizes instruction cache misses in OLTP workloads by multiplexing concurrent transactions and exploiting common code paths. One transaction paves the cache with instructions, while close followers enjoy a nearly miss-free execution. Steps yields up to 96.7% reduction in instruction cache misses for each additional concurrent transaction, and at the same time eliminates up to 64% of mispredicted branches by loading a repeating execution pattern into the CPU. This paper (a) describes the design and implementation of Steps, (b) analyzes Steps using microbenchmarks, and (c) shows Steps performance when running TPC-C on top of the Shore storage manager.
Frequency-change in DPOAE evoked by 1 s/octave sweeping primaries in newborns and adults.

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) in newborns and adults were evoked by sweeping primaries up and down in frequency at 1 s/octave. Sweeping up and down in frequency resulted in changes in the amplitude vs. frequency functions of the composite DPOAE and its two major components. In addition, DPOAE component phases differed slightly between the up- and down-swept conditions. The changes in amplitude vs. frequency functions were quantified using a covariate correlation technique, yielding single-valued estimates of the magnitude of the frequency changes. Separate analyses were performed for the entire DPOAE frequency range and split into low and high frequency ranges. There were consistent changes in newborn and adult composite DPOAEs and reflection components, but not generator components. Adults had significant frequency changes in the composite DPOAE for all frequency ranges and in the reflection component for the entire frequency range. Newborns had significant frequency change in the reflection component for all frequency ranges. Differences in frequency change between adults and newborns may stem from developmental changes in cochlear processing. Alignment of the component phase differences between the up- and down-swept conditions resulted in elimination of frequency-change in reconstructed composite DPOAEs.
The Influence Of Surface Structure On Diamond-Lattice Epitaxial Growth From The Vapor Phase

The results of a Monte Carlo simulation of crystal growth on the (001) face of diamond-structure semiconductors from the vapor phase are presented. The model shows that growth occurs by adatom clustering, cluster growth, and coalescence. The clusters are anisotropic on specular surfaces due to the influence of the symmetry of the surface reconstruction on diffusion. Anisotropic adatom motion is also shown to give rise to convolution of alternate step edges on terraced surfaces. The reconstruction is predicted to consist of large (2x1) domains on flat surfaces but small domains during growth at partial monolayer coverages. A short-range diffusion event is proposed to permit domain growth and reconstruction dimer alignment. Reconstruction domain formation and growth is predicted to produce oscillations in the half-order spots of reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns.
The Effects of Minimum Wage Increases on Retail Employment and Hours: New Evidence from Monthly CPS Data

Proponents of state and federal minimum wage increases argue that past minimum wage hikes have not adversely affected retail employment. However, the existing empirical evidence is mixed. This study uses monthly data from the 1979–2004 Current Population Survey to provide new estimates of the effect of minimum wage increases on retail employment and hours worked. The findings suggest evidence of modest adverse effects. A 10% increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 1% decline in retail trade employment and usual weekly hours worked. Larger negative employment and hours effects are observed for the least experienced workers in the retail sector. These results are robust across a number of specifications, but are sensitive to controls for state time trends.
Protein dynamics control the kinetics of initial electron transfer in photosynthesis

The initial electron transfer dynamics during photosynthesis have been studied in Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers from wild type and 14 mutants in which the driving force and the kinetics of charge separation vary over a broad range. Surprisingly, the protein relaxation kinetics, as measured by tryptophan absorbance changes, are invariant in these mutants. By applying a reaction-diffusion model, we can fit the complex electron transfer kinetics of each mutant quantitatively, varying only the driving force. These results indicate that initial photosynthetic charge separation is limited by protein dynamics rather than by a static electron transfer barrier.
Weight reduction and “free choice” polydipsic ethanol consumption

In seeking to measure the effects of some independent variables on polydipsic ethanol consumption and/or ethanol selection of rats in a “free choice” situation, researchers commonly reduce the weight of all experimental subjects. Failure to control for the independent effects of this weight reduction may cause confounding of the treatment variables. The present study is an investigation of the effects of weight reduction on ethanol selection and ethanol consumption in a “free choice” polydipsic situation. Two groups of five rats were used; one group was reduced to 80% of their free-feeding weight and the other group was not reduced. The degree of ethanol selection and quantity of ethanol consumed by weight-reduced rats was significantly greater than the other group. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for future research.
Experimental modification of caretaker-maintained high-rate operant crying in a 6- and a 20-week-old infant (Infans tyrannotearus): Extinction of crying with reinforcement of eye contact and smiling

Abstract By adapting procedural tacties to the different behavior patterns exhibited by two infant Ss, one 6 and one 20 weeks of age, experimental modification of high-rate operant crying has been demonstrated in both Ss (as early as the eighth week of life for the younger S). This was accomplished by combining the extinction of crying with the reinforcement of incompatible smiling behavior (and, for the younger S, eye contact as well as smiling was reinforced). An extensive decrease in the duration of both infants' crying was effected in an experimental room at the same time that their crying was being reinforced by the staff of their residential nursery. With the procedures used, the smile and eye contact responses appeared conditioned on an operant basis as early as the eighth week of life.
Ultrastructural changes in tea leaves during ‘orthodox’ black tea manufacture

SUMMARY Changes in fine structure of upper epidermal and palisade cells of fresh, withered, rolled, ‘fermented’ and ‘fired’ tea leaves have been studied. In the fresh immature leaves, the polyphenols are located mainly in the vacuoles of the first two to three layers of upper palisade cells. Loss of water during withering causes slight disorganization in the fine structure of the organelles. Rolling causes extensive disorganization of the organelles, membranes and cell walls. The chloroplast membranes, which are rich in lipoproteins, rupture and parts of it vesiculate. These controlled and defined changes in fine structure leading to cell death, characterized by cleavage of cell walls in certain areas, rupture of the membranes, organelles and their inclusions, followed by‘cramped plasmolysis’ of cellular contents, throw more light on the biochemical changes that take place during tea manufacture.
'Pseudopalisading' necrosis in glioblastoma: A familiar morphologic feature that links vascular pathology, hypoxia, and angiogenesis

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly malignant, rapidly progressive astrocytoma that is distinguished pathologically from lower grade tumors by necrosis and microvascular hyperplasia. Necrotic foci are typically surrounded by "pseudopalisading" cells-a configuration that is relatively unique to malignant gliomas and has long been recognized as an ominous prognostic feature. Precise mechanisms that relate morphology to biologic behavior have not been described. Recent investigations have demonstrated that pseudopalisades are severely hypoxic, overexpress hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), and secrete proangiogenic factors such as VEGF and IL-8. Thus, the microvascular hyperplasia in GBM that provides a new vasculature and promotes peripheral tumor expansion is tightly linked with the emergence of pseudopalisades. Both pathologic observations and experimental evidence have indicated that the development of hypoxia and necrosis within astrocytomas could arise secondary to vaso-occlusion and intravascular thrombosis. This emerging model suggests that pseudopalisades represent a wave of tumor cells actively migrating away from central hypoxia that arises after a vascular insult. Experimental glioma models have shown that endothelial apoptosis, perhaps resulting from angiopoetin-2, initiates vascular pathology, whereas observations in human tumors have clearly demonstrated that intravascular thrombosis develops with high frequency in the transition to GBM. Tissue factor, the main cellular initiator of thrombosis, is dramatically upregulated in response to PTEN loss and hypoxia in human GBM and could promote a prothrombotic environment that precipitates these events. A prothrombotic environment also activates the family of protease activated receptors (PARs) on tumor cells, which are G-protein-coupled and enhance invasive and proangiogenic properties. Vaso-occlusive and prothrombotic mechanisms in GBM could readily explain the presence of pseudopalisading necrosis in tissue sections, the rapid peripheral expansion on neuroimaging, and the dramatic shift to an accelerated rate of clinical progression resulting from hypoxia-induced angiogenesis.
Freshmen adaptation to university life: Depressive symptoms, stress, and coping

Attending a university for the first time can be a stressful experience for many new college students. This study examines the relationships among femininity and masculinity, depressive symptomatology, levels of stress, and the types of coping strategies used by college freshmen. Results of this study suggest that these variables were related uniquely for first-year college students. Masculinity and femininity significantly predicted problem-focused coping, and femininity significantly predicted emotion-focused coping. Further, the levels of family and college stress reported by college students, as well as their endorsement of avoidant coping, significantly predicted their levels of depressive symptoms. Overall, the results of this study suggest that understanding the relationships among the gender role, the levels of depressive symptomatology, and the levels of stress exhibited by college freshmen may be important in facilitating their transition and adjustment to university life.
On the “overlapping” problem in crack analysis

Abstract With the assumptions of classical elasticity, the displacement fields for certain crack configurations imply an “overlapping” of the crack faces and, thus, are physically unacceptable. An estimate of error in such solutions is illustrated by determining a physically acceptable solution for a central crack in an infinite sheet or a strip in pure bending. A solution which tolerates crack closure without overlapping is compared with the corresponding classical solution. The error in the classical solution is non-conservative and, for both the strip and the infinite sheet, underestimates the stress intensity factor at the crack tip in the tensile field by approx. 9%.
Activation of FAK is necessary for the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on laminin-5

Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) differentiation into osteoblasts and the signaling events involved are poorly understood. We recently established that contact with specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, in particular laminin-5, is sufficient to induce an osteogenic phenotype in hMSC through an extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)-dependent pathway. Activation of ERK 1/2 by laminin-5 induces phosphorylation of the runx2/cbfa-1 transcription factor that controls osteogenic gene expression. We hypothesized that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediated signaling pathways supply a link between cell surface integrin-ECM binding and activation of ERK 1/2, and that laminin-5 promotes its osteogenic effects through this pathway. To test this hypothesis, we plated hMSC on a laminin-5 matrix in the presence or absence of FAK-specific small inhibitory RNAs (siRNA), and assayed for phosphorylation of runx2/cbfa-1 as well as expression of established osteogenic differentiation markers (bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium deposition, and mineral:matrix ratio). We found that siRNA treatment reduced total endogenous FAK protein by approximately 40%, and reduced FAK phosphorylation on Y397 by approximately 33% in cells plated on laminin-5 for 30 min. SiRNA treated cells exhibited a decrease in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation after 1 h, and reduced serine/threonine phosphorylation of Runx2/Cbfa-1 after 8 days. Finally, FAK inhibition blocked osteogenic differentiation of hMSC, as assessed by lowered expression of osteogenic genes (RT-PCR), decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, greatly reduced calcium deposition, and a lower mineral:matrix ratio after 28 days in culture. These results establish FAK as an important mediator of laminin-5-induced osteogenic differentiation of hMSC.
A theory of non-linear system identification

Abstract The theory and procedures for the determination of an optimum pth-order nonlinear. time-invariant, model of a given system is developed in this article. The model determined is optimum in the sense that, with the input being from a Gaussian process, the mean-square difference between its output and that of the given system is the smallest possible. An analysis of the mean-square error also is presented. In addition, a Parseval theorem for nonlinear systems is derived from which a measure of pth-order non-linearity for a given system is obtained.
Applying NLP Technologies to the Collection and Enrichment of Language Data on the Web to Aid Linguistic Research

The field of linguistics has always been reliant on language data, since that is its principal object of study. One of the major obstacles that linguists encounter is finding data relevant to their research. In this paper, we propose a three-stage approach to help linguists find relevant data. First, language data embedded in existing linguistic scholarly discourse is collected and stored in a database. Second, the language data is automatically analyzed and enriched, and language profiles are created from the enriched data. Third, a search facility is provided to allow linguists to search the original data, the enriched data, and the language profiles in a variety of ways. This work demonstrates the benefits of using natural language processing technology to create resources and tools for linguistic research, allowing linguists to have easy access not only to language data embedded in existing linguistic papers, but also to automatically generated language profiles for hundreds of languages.
Hydrogen randomization in phenyl azide

The loss of both HCN and C2H2 from the phenyl nitrenium cation radical generated from 2,4,6-d3-phenyl azide is preceded by H/D randomization.
On the fundamentals of leakage aware real-time DVS scheduling for peak temperature minimization

As the consequence of the exponentially increased power density on integrated circuits, thermal issues are becoming critical in design of computing systems. Moreover, as both leakage and thermal issues have become more prominent in the deep sub-micron domain, a power and thermal aware design technique becomes less effective if the leakage/temperature dependency is not appropriately addressed. In this paper, we take into account the dependency among the leakage, the temperature, and the supply voltage in our theoretical analysis and explore the fundamental characteristics on how to employ dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) to reduce the peak operating temperature. We find that, for a specific interval, a real-time schedule using the lowest constant speed is not necessarily the optimal choice any more in minimizing the peak temperature. We identify the scenarios when a schedule using two different speeds can outperform the one using the lowest constant speed. In addition, we find that, when scheduling a periodic task set, the constant speed schedule is still the optimal solution for minimizing the peak temperature when the temperature is at its stable status. We formulate our conclusions into several theorems with formal proofs.
Heterogeneity of juvenile hormone binding compounds in fat bodies of a cockroach

Abstract Fat bodies of adult vitellogenic or non-vitellogenic females and those of adult males contain 2 populations of saturable JH binding compounds. The respective Kd values are 2–5 × 10−9 M and 1–4 × 10−8 M. Fat bodies of penultimate nymphs, hemolymph of any animal, and midgut epithelia contain one saturable JH binder with a Kd of 1–5 × 10−8 M. Unlabeled JH I and III, as well as the JH analog ZR-515 compete effectively for the binding sites in these tissues. The 2 classes of hormone binders were separated by DEAE ion-exchange column chromatography. The very high affinity molecules of the adult fat bodies are presumably the specific JH receptors which may function in translocation of the hormone to the nucleus. The compound with relatively lower hormone affinity may be the JH hemolymph carrier which is also produced by the fat bodies and then exported.
Extending mobile radio range by VHF repeaters

The distance from a base station over which a mobile radio may operate is usually limited to near the optical horizon, particularly with frequencies of 150 mc and higher. When it is desired to extend the mobile range beyond this distance remotely controlled base stations involving either telephone lines or microwave relay systems are used quite successfully. However, these systems are expensive, particularly where the cost of the microwave system or telephone line cannot be shared by other functions such as additional telephone channels or telemetering and control channels. By the Judicious use of mountain tops, where available, and the use of unattended automatic repeater (relay) stations, it is possible to extend mobile range from a base station to several times that which is obtained with a single base station without incurring the expense or complexity involved in a microwave relay system. This paper will describe some of the methods which have been used by the Bureau of Reclamation to provide this type of long distance base to mobile coverage. The operations of the Bureau of Reclamation differ somewhat from the average public utility in that the transmission of power or water is on a wholesale basis with very little retail or distribution type operation. Rather than involving a small amount of high voltage transmission with a great deal of complicated distribution which requires a large number of mobile units in a relatively small area, as is the case with most power utilities, the Bureau's power transmission systems involve very long high voltage power lines with few operational centers or base stations and relatively few mobile units, but these mobile units are required to operate over the much greater distances involved. Similarly, the Bureau's large irrigation systems involve transportation of water over hundreds of miles. This also requires a system with relatively few mobile stations but with a requirement that these stations operate over rather long distances. For these reasons it has been necessary to provide unattended vhf repeaters to extend mobile coverage from the operating centers to the ends of the power or water transmission systems. Since most of the Bureau of Reclamation operations are carried on in the sparsely settled areas of the 17 western states, there is often a lack of commercial telephone facilities which could otherwise be used to interconnect operating centers and provide channels to extend radio coverage. Three general types of repeater systems are used. (1) The low band-high band system which utilizes mobiles operating in the low vhf band (approximately 30 mc) with relay links in the high vhf band (approximately 160 mc). (2) The high bead system with wide frequency spacing. (3) The bigh band system with close frequency spacing. One of each will be described.
Rituximab monotherapy for patients with recurrent primary CNS lymphoma

Rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the CD20 antigen, increased survival when it was added to chemotherapy for patients with systemic, CD20+ diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Consequently, it is now a standard component of the treatment for these patients. Approximately 90% of primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL), a rare extranodal variant of NHL, are CD20+ DLBCL. Rituximab has been incorporated into some treatment regimens for newly diagnosed and relapsed PCNSL, although it is not known whether this agent will improve outcomes to the extent that it has for patients with systemic DLBCL.1,2 Rituximab may not traverse the normal blood–brain barrier (BBB) and this could limit the effectiveness of this agent in PCNSL. Rituximab concentrations in CSF are 0.1% of plasma levels when it is administered at a standard IV dose of 375 mg/m2, suggesting poor BBB penetration.3 Moreover, in a report of 4 patients with PCNSL administered I123-labeled rituximab, there was weak tumor uptake in only one out of 4 patients.4 However, in another study of the 90Y-labeled anti-CD20 antibody ibritumomab tiuxetan target accumulation of the antibody was observed in 4 out of 6 patients …
Neuropsychological, Personality, and Cerebral Oxygenation Correlates of Undergraduate Poly-Substance Use

While the relationship between cognitive deficits and impulsive-sensation seeking has been acknowledged in prior research, the impact of impulsive personality style on substance-related cognitive deficits has not been completely elucidated. The present study explored factors related to decision making and executive functioning in 23 polysubstance-using undergraduates and 23 healthy normal controls. Participants' cerebral oxygenation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Polysubstance users performed worse on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and N-Back than did personality-matched controls. They also displayed less dorsolateral prefrontal oxygenation during the IGT. The polysubstance group reported more antisocial characteristics and lower positive affect; controlling for these variables eliminated group differences on the N-Back reaction time. Results suggest that cognitive decrements can be observed in polysubstance-using undergraduates without a lifetime burden of substance use, even after accounting for impulsivity. Results also highlight the importance of considering the contribution of positive mood and antisocial characteristics on executive functioning in polysubstance use.
The sampling-boat TM technique for determination of lead in blood and urine by atomic absorption.

Abstract A rapid, precise method for the analysis of lead in blood and urine by atomic absorption, using the “sampling-boat” technique, has been described. The technique requires only a small volume of urine or blood. In urine analysis, 0.5 ml of urine is used for each measurement. Although 1 ml of blood was used in the procedure described, 0.25 ml of normal blood would be sufficient, giving about 1 ml of supernatant liquid which is sufficient for duplicate runs of 0.50-ml volumes. Even smaller amounts of blood could be used if only high lead levels were of interest. The method should be of value to toxicologists and others interested in lead levels in humans and animals.
Methylation of deoxycytidine in replicating cells treated with ultraviolet radiation and chemical carcinogens

5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (m5dC) levels were measured in DNA from three types of cultured cells following treatment with u.v. radiation and two chemical carcinogens, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (NA-AAF). Control values for m5dC in Raji cells (a human lymphoblastoid cell line), S49 cells (a mouse thymic lymphoma cell line) and human diploid fibroblasts are 3.6%, 3.6% and 3.2%, respectively. None of the damaging agents produced a detectable change in methylation levels of newly replicated DNA, even at levels of damage that inhibited replication by 95%. In contrast, treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a known methyltransferase inhibitor, transiently reduced genomic methylation by 89% and 74% in Raji and S49 cells, respectively. Although other investigators have found a marked reduction in m5dC in DNA replicated after carcinogen treatment, our experiments indicate that extensive demethylation is not a necessary consequence of DNA damage.
The enthalpy of formation of germanium monosulfide

Abstract The energy of fluorination of germanium monosulfide has been measured in a bomb calorimeter. From the combustion results the standard enthalpy of formation ΔH f o (GeS,c, 298.15 K) was determined to be −(18.2±1.0) kcal mol −1 . †
Acute lung injury following refrigeration coil deicing

We report a case of a worker who developed ALI requiring mechanical ventilatory support after attempting to melt ice condensate by applying the flame of an oxy-acetylene torch to refrigeration coils charged with a halocarbon refrigerant in a closed environment. A discussion of possible etiologies are discussed, including phosgene, carbonyl fluoride, and nitrogen oxides. Primary prevention with adequate respiratory protection is recommended whenever deicing is performed in a closed space environment.
Issues at a university based FEL center

Abstract The Stanford FEL Center was established in September 1990. In this paper, the FEL itself, the Center infrastructure, the interaction with experimenters and the educational mission are described.
Game theory for wireless engineers

The application of mathematical analysis to wireless networks has met with limited success, due to the complexity of mobility and traffic models, coupled with the dynamic topology and the unpredictability of link quality that characterize such networks. The ability to model individual, independent decision makers whose actions potentially affect all other decision makers makes game theory particularly attractive to analyze the performance of ad hoc networks. Game theory is a field of applied mathematics that describes and analyzes interactive decision situations. It consists of a set of analytical tools that predict the outcome of complex interactions among rational entities, where rationality demands a strict adherence to a strategy based on perceived or measured results. In the early to mid-1990's, game theory was applied to networking problems including flow control, congestion control, routing and pricing of Internet services. More recently, there has been growing interest in adopting game-theoretic methods to model today's leading communications and networking issues, including power control and resource sharing in wireless and peer-to-peer networks. This work presents fundamental results in game theory and their application to wireless communications and networking. We discuss normal-form, repeated, and Markov games with examples selected from the literature. We also describe ways in which learning can be modeled in game theory, with direct applications to the emerging field of cognitive radio. Finally, we discuss challenges and limitations in the application of game theory to the analysis of wireless systems. We do not assume familiarity with game theory. We introduce major game theoretic models and discuss applications of game theory including medium access, routing, energy-efficient protocols, and others. We seek to provide the reader with a foundational understanding of the current research on game theory applied to wireless communications and networking.
Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of Recombinant Fab Antibodies against Dioxin

Using two hybridoma cell lines (DD1 and DD3) secreting anti-dioxin monoclonal antibodies as a source for messenger RNA and cDNA, light and heavy chain gene fragments of Fab domains were amplified b...
Primary Surgical Repair of Severe Peripheral Marginal Ectasia in Terrien's Marginal Degeneration

We have developed a safe, successful, and simple procedure for repairing the severe peripheral marginal ectasia in Terrien's marginal degeneration. The area of ectasia is incised along its thinnest paralimbal dimension down to Descemet's membrane. Ectatic stroma along both sides of the incision is then undermined until normal-thickness stroma is reached. After excision of excess ectatic stroma, if necessary, the normal-thickness stroma is then sutured together, primarily with 9-0 Prolene. The sutures are left in place permanently, and the remaining refractive error is corrected with spectacles or contact lenses. This technique substantially improved visual acuity in three of four patients and decreased corneal astigmatism in all four. Although one eye required resuturing, there were no complications in any case.
In-person or remote behavioral interventions for obesity were better than a self-directed approach

Source Citation Appel LJ, Clark JM, Yeh HC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1959-68. 22085317
Quantum Analysis of the Beryllium Oxide Bands

New measurements of the structure lines in the (0, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 2), (1, 0) and (2, 1) bands of the visible BeO system are reported. Each band has $P$ and $R$ branches of almost equal intensity, the lines of which are strictly single. There is probably but one missing line at the origin. This structure characterizes the system as $^{1}S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{1}S$, the odd multiplicity agreeing with the even number of electrons in neutral BeO. The rotational terms are investigated by the combination principle, and can be represented by $F(j)=Bj(j+1)+D{[j(j+1)]}^{2}+\ensuremath{\cdots}$ with $j$ integral as required for $^{1}S$ states. One perturbation is found, consisting of a displacement of the line $R(49)$ in the (1, 0) band by 0.45 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ toward lower frequencies, with no sign of doubling. The following equation is obtained for the null-lines: ${v}_{0}=21,254.05+1370.81({n}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})\ensuremath{-}7.76{({n}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1487.45({n}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})+11.87{({n}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}+\frac{1}{2})}^{2}$.Molecular constants of BeO.---The principal molecular constants,evaluated from rotational term-differences using the new quantum mechanics energy formula, are: ${{B}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.5771$, ${{B}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=1.6514$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.0160$, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.0186$, ${{D}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}8.44\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, ${{D}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}8.26\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=+0.03\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.06\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, ${{F}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=22\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$, ${{F}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$, the zero subscripts referring to the vibrationless condition. The nuclear separation in the final state is: ${{r}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}=1.327\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm.
COMPARISON OF HPLC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF URINARY MALONDIALDEHYDE IN PRETERM INFANTS 1275

COMPARISON OF HPLC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF URINARY MALONDIALDEHYDE IN PRETERM INFANTS 1275
Constructing arbitrary torsion elements for a local cohomology module

Local cohomology modules are, in general, not finitely generated over the ambient ring. Towards a better understanding of the structure of these modules, Huneke (1992) [Hu] asked if they have finitely many associated prime ideals. The answer is negative. Several authors have constructed a ring whose local cohomology module has infinitely many associated primes. In certain situations, one can prove that a local cohomology module has infinitely many associated primes by showing that Z/pZ embeds into the local cohomology module for each prime integer p. We show that in fact, each finitely generated abelian group embeds into a local cohomology module.
Grüneisen parameter of quartz, quartzite, and fluorite at high pressures

Temperature changes caused by small rapid pressure changes have been measured for quartzite, single-crystal quartz, and fluorite to 36 kbar. The Gruneisen parameter was then calculated from the adiabatic pressure derivative of temperature (∂T/∂P)s by use of the thermodynamic relationship γ = Ks/T (∂T/∂P)s where Ks is the adiabatic bulk modulus. The measurements were carried out in a piston cylinder apparatus using alcohol as a pressure transmitter. Parameter γ for quartz and quartzite slightly decreases with pressure, whereas we note a large decrease in γ for fluorite with pressure. We find values for q = −(∂ ln γ/∂ ln V)T of 2.0, 1.7, and 4.6 for quartz, quartzite, and fluorite, respectively.
Negative P Waves in Lead I in Dextroversion: Differential Diagnosis from Mirror-Image Dextrocardia: With a Report of a Successful Closure of a Ventricular Septal Defect in a Patient with Dextroversion Associated with Agenesis of the Right Lung

The electrocardiographic differentiation of dextroversion from mirror-image dextrocardia has frequently been based on the configuration of the P waves in lead I, the assumption being that P waves are upright in dextroversion and inverted in mirror-image dextrocardia. A patient is presented with inverted P waves in lead I in whom an electrocardiographic diagnosis of dextroversion was made based on the analysis of the unipolar leads. This diagnosis was confirmed at surgery when a ventricular septal defect was successfully repaired. The Sodi-Pallares method of analysis of the precordial leads is valuable in determining whether the left ventricle lies anteriorly and to the left as in dextroversion or posteriorly and to the right as in mirror-image dextrocardia. Because of the frequency of unusual atrial rhythms in patients with right-lying hearts, the configuration of the P waves is often unreliable. When there is a discrepancy between the result of analysis of atrial activation and that of ventricular activa...
Effects of Glucose Feeding, Cortisol, and Insulin on Liver Glycogen Synthesis in the Rat

To determine maximal rates of liver glycogen synthesis in vivo, normal, diabetic and adrenalectomized rats were fasted 48 hr, then were given repeated, heavy oral doses of glucose during a 16-hr period, then fasted 24–32 hr. Liver glycogen was assayed at regular intervals throughout these periods of glucose foeding and subsequent fasting. Normal rats synthesized liver glycogen at an extremely rapid rate of about 1% of fresh liver weight/hr to reach a peak of 16–18 % in 16 hr. Similar rates were observed in similarly fed 3-day cortisol-treated rats. Adrenalectomized rats displayed initially a slow rate of liver glycogen synthesis, but after a 2-hr lag period synthesized liver glycogen almost as rapidly as normal rats. However, the level “plateaued” at about 8–9 % after 8–10 hr. Similarly fed adrenalectomized rats treated with cortisol for 3 days responded exactly like normal rats. Similarly fed alloxan-diabetic rats, whose liver glycogen was depleted by prior glucagon injection, synthesized glycogen initia...
Vouchers for Religious Schools and the Development of Democratic Values

Abstract Federal courts have permitted tax credits for tuition at religious schools. Does a religious mission inhibit a school's ability or willingness to teach civic values, such as tolerance for political and religious differences? This essay examines relevant empirical research to find that religious schools, overall, do no worse than public schools at teaching civic values. Research also points to some specific steps educators can take to promote the development of civic values.
Male Self-Acceptance and Attraction toward Women:

This research investigated the relationship between male self-acceptance and attraction toward traditional and nontraditional women. Undergraduate males of low, medium, or high self-acceptance were exposed to video-taped job interviews of undergraduate women playing traditional and nontraditional roles. A measure of interpersonal attraction was obtained for each model. Analysis of variance on this attraction measure revealed a significant interaction between level of self-acceptance and role model. Further comparisons revealed that the low self-acceptance males were more attracted to the traditional model than to the nontraditional model and less attracted to the nontraditional model than were high or medium self-acceptance males. The high self-acceptance males showed a tendency to be more attracted to the nontraditional than to the traditional model. These results were interpreted as suggesting that prejudice against nontraditional women may, in part, be a result of attempts to counter perceived threats ...
DISENTANGLING FATHERING AND MOTHERING: THE ROLE OF YOUTH PERSONALITY

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the possibility that mothers’ and fathers’ support are differentially moderated by personality-informed latent classes in predicting youth social initiative, therefore making contingent the previously detected pattern of fathers’ support being more impactful than mothers’ support with regard to this outcome. To test this, we conducted mixture model regression analyses (separately for boys and girls). Guided by prior research, we used the youth personality scales activity, openness, and fearlessness, along with mothers’ and fathers’ support, to index the latent class assignments from the mixture model. Results for both boys and girls suggested three classes of youth—apprehensive, easy-going, and spontaneous—that moderate the relationship between mothers’ and/or fathers’ support with social initiative.
CBS-QB3 determination of enthalpy and free energy changes at normal and elevated temperatures

Abstract The CBS-QB3 procedure has been used to compute Δ H and Δ G at 298 and 2000 K for a group of reactions representative of those involved in the combustion of boron in oxygen/fluorine environments. Good agreement is found between the calculated and experimental values of Δ H (298 K), Δ H (2000 K) and Δ G (298 K). Whereas Δ H changes very little between 298 and 2000 K, Δ G can vary quite considerably over this temperature range. At 2000 K, the computed and the experimental Δ G are sometimes in serious disagreement; this is particularly likely when Δ G has a high temperature dependence.