cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Smartphone Sensors for Improving Energy Expenditure Estimation

Energy expenditure (EE) estimation is an important factor in tracking personal activity and preventing chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Accurate and real-time EE estimation utilizing small wearable sensors is a difficult task, primarily because the most existing schemes work offline or use heuristics. In this paper, we focus on accurate EE estimation for tracking ambulatory activities (walking, standing, climbing upstairs, or downstairs) of a typical smartphone user. We used built-in smartphone sensors (accelerometer and barometer sensor), sampled at low frequency, to accurately estimate EE. Using a barometer sensor, in addition to an accelerometer sensor, greatly increases the accuracy of EE estimation. Using bagged regression trees, a machine learning technique, we developed a generic regression model for EE estimation that yields upto 96% correlation with actual EE. We compare our results against the state-of-the-art calorimetry equations and consumer electronics devices (Fitbit and Nike+ FuelBand). The newly developed EE estimation algorithm demonstrated superior accuracy compared with currently available methods. The results were calibrated against COSMED K4b2 calorimeter readings.
Effects of Linkage on the Covariances between Relatives.

With two alleles per locus, partitioning of the hereditary variance of diploid populations factorially into additive,dominance, additive by additive and higher order components depends only on the assumption that genotypic frequencies are proportional to the marginal frequencies of the phases(AA, Aa or aa) of each locus (COCKERHAM 1954).
Predation by native sunfishes (Centrarchidae) on the invasive crayfish Orconectes rusticus in four northern Wisconsin lakes.

Tetzlaff JC, Roth BM, Weidel BC, Kitchell JF. Predation by native sunfishes (Centrarchidae) on the invasive crayfish Orconectes rusticus in four northern Wisconsin lakes. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 133–143. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Introduced rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) often establish abundant populations in lakes where they negatively impact native food webs. However, rusty crayfish do not become abundant in all lakes. Fish predation has been posed as one potential mechanism limiting rusty crayfish density, but there is limited empirical evidence to support this hypothesis. Using a case study approach, we quantified the extent and timing of predation on nonnative rusty crayfish by three native centrarchids in four northern Wisconsin lakes with contrasting crayfish densities. We estimated population-level predation effects on rusty crayfish using bioenergetics models in combination with fish and crayfish abundance estimates. Bluegill (Lepomis machrochirus) and pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) consumed young-of-year crayfish exclusively whereas rock bass (Ambloplites ruspestris) consumed a wide size range of crayfish. Rusty crayfish were found in Lepomis diets primarily in late June and early July while rock bass consumed crayfish throughout the summer. Per individual, rock bass consumed more crayfish biomass than Lepomis, but at the population-level, higher Lepomis densities resulted in greater numbers of crayfish and more crayfish biomass consumed by Lepomis than rock bass. Lepomis populations consumed 8 × , 14 × , 22 × and 120 × more individual crayfish than rock bass populations in the four study lakes. Bioenergetics simulations revealed that dense populations of Lepomis were capable of consuming a large percentage of the juvenile crayfish population in two of our study lakes. In systems with high Lepomis densities, Lepomis consumption of juvenile rusty crayfish may play a significant role in the invasion and establishment dynamics of rusty crayfish.
Infant Maltreatment: Caretaker-Infant Interaction and Developmental Consequences at Different Levels of Parenting Failure

A total of 53 mother-infant dyads, divided into five diagnostic groups (nonaccidental trauma combined with failure-to-thrive, nonaccidental trauma combined with iron-deficiency anemia, nonaccidental trauma only, neglect only, and normal control subjects) were observed during a feeding session. Qualitative differences were found in the relational characteristics of dyads in which multiple forms of maltreatment existed. Developmental examinations revealed that infants subjected to severe abuse and neglect were significantly retarded in their mental and motor development compared with the remaining index and control groups. The results were interpreted to suggest that relational disturbances are at the core of the problem of infant maltreatment and that on the basis of interactional symptomatology, two broadly different clinical conditions have been identified.
Mutual neutralization of atomic rare-gas cations (Ne(+), Ar(+), Kr(+), Xe(+)) with atomic halide anions (Cl(-), Br(-), I(-)).

We report thermal rate coefficients for 12 reactions of rare gas cations (Ne+, Ar+, Kr+, Xe+) with halide anions (Cl−, Br−, I−), comprising both mutual neutralization (MN) and transfer ionization. No rate coefficients have been previously reported for these reactions; however, the development of the Variable Electron and Neutral Density Attachment Mass Spectrometry technique makes it possible to measure the difference of the rate coefficients for pairs of parallel reactions in a Flowing Afterglow-Langmuir Probe apparatus. Measurements of 18 such combinations of competing reaction pairs yield an over-determined data set from which a consistent set of rate coefficients of the 12 MN reactions can be deduced. Unlike rate coefficients of MN reactions involving at least one polyatomic ion, which vary by at most a factor of ∼3, those of the atom-atom reactions vary by at least a factor 60 depending on the species. It is found that the rate coefficients involving light rare-gas ions are larger than those for the ...
Pathways of dehydroepiandrosterone formation in rat brain glia.

Abstract In peripheral steroidogenic tissues, dehydroepiandrosterone (D) is formed from pregnenolone (P) by the microsomal cytochrome P450c17 enzyme. Although some steroidogenic P450s have been found in brain tissue, no enzyme has been shown to possess P450c17 activity. We recently demonstrated the presence of an alternative, Fe2+-dependent pathway responsible for D formation from alternative precursors in rat glioma cells. We and others could not find P450c17 mRNA and protein in rat brain, but demonstrate herein the presence of Fe2+-dependent alternative pathway for D formation in rat brain cortex microsomes. Using primary cultures of differentiating rat glial cells, we observed that P450c17 mRNA and protein were present in O-2A oligodendrocyte precursors and mature oligodendrocytes. In the presence of P, O-2A and mature oligodendrocytes formed D. Addition of Fe2+ together with submaximal concentrations of P increased D formation by these cells. Treatment of oligodendrocytes with the P450c17 inhibitor SU 10603 in the presence or absence of P failed to inhibit D production. These data suggest that D formation in oligodendrocytes occurs independently of the P450c17 protein present in the cells. In isolated type I astrocytes we did not find neither P450c17 mRNA nor protein. These cells responded to Fe2+ by producing D and addition of P together with Fe2+ further increased D synthesis. SU 10603 failed to inhibit D formation by astrocytes. Taken together these results suggest that in differentiating rat brain oligodendrocytes and astrocytes D is formed via a P450c17-independent and oxidative stress-dependent alternative pathway.
The growth of CuSi composite nanorod arrays by oblique angle co-deposition, and their structural, electrical and optical properties

Different CuSi composite nanorods with 0-100 at.% Cu were fabricated by an oblique angle co-deposition technique. The effects of increasing Cu during deposition on the morphologies, structures and properties were investigated. During co-evaporation, the addition of Cu decreases the nanorod width and height but increases the nanorod tilting angle. The polarized optical transmission spectra reveal that all the nanorod samples show a remarkable anisotropic response to visible light with an eccentricity e ≈ 1, whereas their optical response to NIR light depends strongly on the Cu composition, and the related eccentricity increases monotonically with the increase of Cu. The obtained amorphous Si film has a resistivity of approximately 4.9 × 10(4) Ω cm. The incorporation of 5-75 at.% Cu increases the electrical conductance from two to eight orders of magnitude. The improved conductance and the unique optical properties of the Si-based nanocomposites could have potential applications for Li-ion battery anode and optical design.
Libraries Without Walls 7

Librarians have never met a format challenge that they were not willing to tackle for patron accessibility, from print to microform to digital. However, not all formats have been embraced by librar...
Clinical characterization of canine platelet procoagulant deficiency (Scott syndrome).

Background Platelet function defects are rare causes of bleeding diatheses; however, disease prevalence might be underestimated because diagnosis requires assessment of specific parameters of platelet activation. Objectives The goal of this study was to characterize the clinical presentation of canine Scott syndrome (CSS), an intrinsic platelet function defect first identified in a closed colony of German Shepherds (GSD). Animals Eleven (n = 6 female) client-owned GSD affected with CSS that sought veterinary care for one or more episodes of abnormal bleeding. Methods Retrospective review of all cases of CSS diagnosed through the Comparative Coagulation Laboratory at Cornell University between 2005 and 2011. The diagnosis of CSS was based on 2 measures of platelet procoagulant activity: serum prothrombin consumption and flow cytometric detection of platelet phosphatidylserine externalization after in vitro activation. Results Postoperative hemorrhage was the most common sign of CSS, whereas petechiae were not found in any dog. Although most GSD responded to platelet transfusion, refractory epistaxis in 2 GSD was managed by nasal arterial embolization. The CSS trait was not restricted to a single pedigree of related GSD or to a single geographic region. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Unlike thrombocytopenia and platelet aggregation defects, petechiae and other capillary hemorrhage are not typical features of CSS. After preliminary screening to rule out more common causes of hemorrhage, CSS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent hemorrhage in GSD, and potentially other breeds of dog. Definitive diagnosis of CSS requires specific tests of platelet procoagulant activity.
Interphase FISH and morphologic analysis of AML

Abstract Interphase cytogenetic analysis of peripheral white blood cells from a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who was previously diagnosed with trisomy 8 was performed for the purpose of documenting clonal response to intensive chemotherapy. DNA in situ hybridization was performed using a probe specific for chromosome 8 α-satellite DNA sequences. Cells were stained with Wright stain prior to interphase analysis and photographed to allow correlation of cell morphology with abnormal karyotype. Prior to chemotherapy, the patient's leukocyte differential contained 8% blasts; interphase analysis revealed 23% trisomy 8 cells, including mature granulocytes. Forty days after the start of chemotherapy, at which point the patient had attained clinical remission, interphase analysis revealed only 2% cells with three signals, which was not statistically significant when compared with our own series of controls. The use of interphase FISH analysis in this case provides additional evidence that some leukemic blasts may be capable of limited differentiation in vivo and also suggests a differential sensitivity to chemotherapy between cytogenetically normal and abnormal hematopoietic precursor cells.
Development of the diaphragm - a skeletal muscle essential for mammalian respiration

The mammalian diaphragm muscle is essential for respiration, and thus is one of the most critical skeletal muscles in the human body. Defects in diaphragm development leading to congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH) are common birth defects and result in severe morbidity or mortality. Given its functional importance and the frequency of congenital defects, an understanding of diaphragm development, both normally and during herniation, is important. We review current knowledge of the embryological origins of the diaphragm, diaphragm development and morphogenesis, as well as the genetic and developmental aetiology of diaphragm birth defects.
Fault Rupture in the Iranian (Dasht-e-bayāz) Earthquake of August 1968

A FIELD study after the destructive Iranian earthquake sequence beginning at 10 h 27 m GMT on August 31, 1968, has brought to light a major fault rupture. The precise extent and nature of the rupture are important to theories of earthquake mechanism. The main shock, which had a magnitude of 7.7 (estimated at Berkeley), caused severe damage over 20,000 km2 and was felt over twenty times this area, in the Khorassan province of Iran. Towns and villages which suffered heavily were Dasht-e-bayāz, Kakhk, Khezri, Miam, Beynavāch, Boskabad, Charmeh and Ferdows (Fig. 1). Kakhk, with a population of more than 7,000, alone accounted for one-third of the estimated 12,000 to 14,000 killed. Damage was, however, more complete in the village of Dasht-e-bayāz, where all buildings (including a mosque, estimated to be 800 yr old) were levelled and about 85 per cent of the population of 2,400 were killed. Earthquakes have struck the area before and people are familiar with the sensation caused by the ground shaking at the time of weaker earthquakes. The most recent earthquake still remembered by many is that of September 23, 1947, which destroyed Doulatabad, about 25 km south-east of Sarayān (Fig. 1), and left more than 400 dead.
Antirealism and universal knowability

Truth’s universal knowability entails its discovery. This threatens antirealism, which is thought to require it. Fortunately, antirealism is not committed to it. Avoiding it requires adoption (and extension) of Dag Prawitz’s position in his long-term disagreement with Michael Dummett on the notion of provability involved in intuitionism’s identification of it with truth. Antirealism (intuitionism generalized) must accommodate a notion of lost-opportunity truth (a kind of recognition-transcendent truth), and even truth consisting in the presence of unperformable verifications. Dummett’s position cannot abide this, while Prawitz’s can. Antirealism’s epistemic notion of truth derives from general features of its meaning theory, not from a universal knowability principle.
Charge transfer and electron detachment for collisions of H − and D − with H

Total cross sections for charge transfer and electron detachment for collisions of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ with atomic hydrogen have been separately determined for collision energies that range from a few electron volts up to several hundred electron volts. The experiments are performed with an apparatus that utilizes a crossed-beam configuration with a radio-frequency discharge as the source of atomic hydrogen. The experimental results are compared with several calculations and with other measurements that overlap the present results at the highest collision energies.
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease in infancy and childhood: progression and outcome.

Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease in infancy and childhood: Progression and outcome. Background The natural history of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) has not been well described in children and infants. Methods The present study analyzed the characteristics of 46 ADPKD children diagnosed before 18 months of life (VEO) and 153 children diagnosed between 18 months of age and 18 years of age (non-VEO). Results VEO children had more cysts and larger renal volumes than non-VEO children when adjusted for age. In both VEO and non-VEO children, the presence of signs or symptoms at the time of diagnosis as well as the presence of hematuria or proteinuria at the study visit were associated with larger renal volumes. Children diagnosed early (VEO) or diagnosed due to signs or symptoms were also more likely to have high blood pressure. Two VEO children and no non-VEO children reached end-stage renal disease during follow-up. Conclusion In contrast to many published case reports suggesting the occurrence of early end-stage renal disease in VEO children, the results of the present study were much more optimistic. Over 90% of the VEO children maintained preserved renal function well into childhood.
Understanding the mind's eye...and nose

New findings reveal that people sniff when imagining odors and that sniffing can modify the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the mental image. The work parallels findings in other systems and suggests common neural principles for mental imagery.
Comparison of gas transport and sorption in the ladder polymer BBL and some semi-ladder polymers

Gas separation membrane permselectivity is often improved by the introduction of stiffer polymeric backbone structures. This chain rigidity enables the polymeric segments to discriminate more selectively between penetrants of different size. Although not extensively reported in the literature, ladder and semi-ladder polymers formed from tetraamines and dianhydrides potentially provide rigid polymeric structures void of significant rotational mobility. This work examines the gas transport and sorption properties of BBL, a ladder polymer synthesized from 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene tetrahydrochloride and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid. In addition, the behavior of He, CO2, O2, N2, and CH4 permeability, diffusion, and sorption coefficients with temperature is examined and shown to follow the Arrhenius and van’t Hoff relationships. The near-ambient permeation properties of BBL are also compared with other previously reported semi-ladder polymers formed using polypyrrolone chemistry. These semi-ladder polymers incorporate both flat, packable monomers such as those used to form BBL as well as bulky monomers to inhibit chain packing.
Moments of complex Gaussian processes

It is shown that the same formula used for calculating the moments of a real multivariate Gaussian process may be used to calculate the moments of a complex Gaussian process. This is a slight generalization of a result of Reed. The method of proof is simple, elegant, and self-contained.
Respiration and sodium transport in rabbit urinary bladder

Abstract Respiration of rabbit urinary bladder was measured in free-floating pieces and in short-circuited pieces mounted in an Ussing chamber. Ouabain, amiloride, and potassium-free saline inhibited respiration approx. 20%; sodium-free saline depressed respiration approx. 40–50%. The coupling ratio between respiration and transport in short-circuited tissues was about two sodium ions per molecule O2. Chloride-free saline depressed mean oxygen consumption 21% in free-floating tissue pieces; 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (SITS) and furosemide had no effect. The effect of chloride-free saline in short-circuited tissues was variable; in tissues with low transport rates, respiration was stimulated about 21% while in tissue with high transport rates respiration was reduced about 24%. Nystatin and monensin, both of which markedly increase the conductance of cell membranes with a concomitant increase in sodium entry, stimulated respiration. These data indicate that 50–60% of the total oxygen consumption is not influenced by sodium, 20–25% is linked to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase transport, while the remaining 25–30% is sodium-dependent but not ouabain-inhibitable.
Effects of oiled sediment on predation on the littleneck clam, Protothaca staminea, by the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister

Field and laboratory experiments examined how oiled sediment influenced predation on littleneck clams, Protothaca staminea, by Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister. In two field enclosure experiments lasting 13 and 29 days crabs consumed more clams from oiled than clean sand. Clams were shallower in oiled than clean sand. To test whether the observed increase in predation rate on clams from oiled sand was due to shallow burial, a 19-day laboratory experiment examined predation rates on clams buried in different depths of sand. The high consumption of clams from shallow-clean sand indicated that shallow burial could have accounted for most but not all the higher consumption of clams in oiled sand. In a second laboratory experiment without crabs, clams were again shallower in oiled than clean sand. Clams did not actively emerge from oiled sand but did burrow slower into oiled sand. Shallow burial and slow reburrowing in oiled sand led to increased predation of littleneck clams through increasing the accessibility of clams to Dungeness crabs.
Expression and purification of human gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase.

Abstract γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of l -glutamate and l -cysteine to form l -γ-glutamyl- l -cysteine; this is the first and rate-limiting step in glutathione biosynthesis. Inhibitors of γ-GCS such as buthionine sulfoximine are widely used as tools for elucidating glutathione metabolism in vivo and as pharmacological agents for reversing glutathione-based resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy in certain cancers. Although γ-GCS is readily isolated from rat kidneys, future drug design efforts are better based on structure–activity relationships established with the human enzyme. We report here the coexpression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) of the human γ-GCS catalytic (heavy) subunit and regulatory (light) subunit using pET-3d and pET-9d vectors, respectively. Intracellular assembly of the holoenzyme occurred without difficulty, and levels of expression were acceptable (∼32 mg holoenzyme/100 g cells). Recombinant human γ-GCS was purified to homogeneity in an overall yield of 45% by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by sequential chromatography on Q-Sepharose ion-exchange, Superdex 200 gel filtration and ATP-affinity resins. Trace amounts of E. coli γ-GCS were removed by immunoaffinity chromatography. The specific activity of the isolated enzyme was >1500 units/mg, comparable to the best preparations from rat kidney. The K m values for l -glutamate, l -cysteine, l -γ-aminobutyrate (an l -cysteine surrogate), and ATP are 1.8, 0.1, 1.3, and 0.4 mM, respectively. Recombinant human γ-GCS, like native rat γ-GCS, is feedback inhibited by glutathione and is potently inhibited by buthionine sulfoximine and cystamine.
Pseudopotential Calculation of Transverse Effective Charges for III-V and II-VI Compounds of the Zinc-Blende Structure

A method is presented for the $\mathrm{ab}$ initio calculation of transverse effective charges for crystals possessing the zinc-blende structure. The method is implemented within the framework of the empirical pseudopotential method, and theoretical results are presented for the transverse effective charges of several III-V and II-VI compounds which yield both the magnitudes and signs of these quantities. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental values for the transverse effective charges is quite good for the III-V compounds, but is poor for the II-VI compounds. Reasons for this disagreement are discussed.
Heredity and Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a familial disorder. Studies have repeatedly shown a high prevAlcnce of alcoholism among the relatives of alcoholics. “Familial” however, is not synonymous with “hereditary.” Speaking French may also be familial but presumably not because of genes.
SERS-Coded Gold Nanorods as a Multifunctional Platform for Densely Multiplexed Near-Infrared Imaging and Photothermal Heating.

Multifunctional nanomaterials have the potential to integrate the clinical paradigms of imaging and therapy to enable real-time visualization of therapeutic biodistributions in patients. For cancer therapy, nanomaterials with capacities to be remotely detected and triggered for therapy could also close the loop between tumor detection and treatment. In this work, we show that the near-infrared plasmon resonance of gold nanorods (NRs) may be exploited to provide an integrated platform for multiplexed Raman detection and remote-controlled photothermal heating. By screening mixed-monolayer NRs, coated with polyethyleneglycol polymers alongside visible- and NIR-absorbing molecules, we achieved surface-enhanced, resonant Raman scattering (SERRS) and identified three NR formulations that may be uniquely distinguished over a spectral bandwidth of only 6 nm in the near-infrared, a spectral multiplexing density over an order of magnitude greater than attainable with semiconductor quantum dots,[1] organic fluorochromes, and Raleigh scattering nanoparticle imaging approaches.[2–5] Given the characteristic Raman fingerprint of the molecular labels on the NRs, we refer to them hereafter as SERS-coded NRs. SERS-coded NRs are found to be highly stable, to be detectable down to attomolar particle concentrations, and to have low baseline cytoxicity in vitro. In vivo, SERS-coded NRs were efficiently detected following subcutaneous or intratumoral injection and enabled remote photothermal tumor heating to ablative temperatures. In the future, the dense near-infrared spectral multiplexing of gold NRs should catalyze efficient, multivariable screening of NR surface chemistries in a single animal host, as well as provide a route towards characterizing multicomponent nanoparticle systems with cooperative in vivo functions.
Evidence fails to support more punishment as remedy for childhood violence.

Insisting that more punishment will produce more justice for children who are "victims of violence" at the hands of other children overlooks the fact that discipline should also change behavior. Evidence indicates that abandonment of mediation and "nonjudicial" methods in favor of stronger "police forces" for children is ill-advised. There is support for Purkey's (1990) conclusion that there is no "one-best method." How students respond to any strategy designed to reduce violence behavior is likely to be a function of background variables as well as the nature of the method. Language: en
A liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method to evaluate the distribution kinetics of 1,2-diethylbenzene and its metabolite 1,2-diacetylbenzene in the F344 male rat.

Diethylbenzene (DEB) is a moderately volatile, colorless liquid found in gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oils. Exposure to DEB has been shown to produce peripheral neuropathy in rats, and the ortho isomer of DEB (1,2-DEB) is generally believed to be the isomer responsible. 1,2-DEB is assumed to be metabolized primarily by direct oxidation of the ethyl side chain to form two enantiomers of 1-(2-ethylphenol) ethanol and their glucuroconjugates, which are the main 1,2-DEB metabolites, and 1,2-diacetylbenzene (1,2-DAB), a minor metabolite. The metabolite 1,2-DAB appears to be a chromogenic neurotoxin. A liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method using atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) for quantifying 1,2-DEB and 1,2-DAB in blood, urine, and brain tissues from animals treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 1,2-DEB was developed. Calibration curves were prepared using matrix-specific standards with concentrations ranging from 0.068 to 402 μM. Results indicate that the concentration of...
Control of continuous-time systems with communication constraints: Linear quadratic stabilization and fundamental limitations

This paper considers both synthesis and analysis problems for continuous-time stochastic systems in the presence of limited information. First, a novel linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problem is formulated to obtain a linear quadratic controller over an additive white-noise channel subject to a power constraint. We next consider a more general setting and, using tools from information theory, derive an extended Bode-type formula to analyze fundamental performance limitations.
Persistence of early crosslink-dependent signal transduction events in human basophils after desensitization

Desensitization of human basophils with anti-IgE antibody or antigen induced an increased sensitivity to the phorbol ester TPA, evidenced as 2-5 fold increase in the potency of TPA to induce histamine release. As noted in previous publications the magnitude of the change in sensitivity to TPA was a function of the extent of cell surface IgE crosslinking. Thus, the density of cell surface antigen-specific IgE determined the magnitude of the curve shift and the multivalent antigen, BPO21-HSA was found to produce a greater curve shift than the simpler bivalent hapten, BPO2, in accord with previous studies which demonstrated that BPO2 was a "weak" stimulus compared to BPO21-HSA. Basophils which had been fully desensitized by prior treatment with anti-IgE or antigen in the absence of calcium also displayed the curve shift for at least 24 h after desensitization. However, the change induced by crosslinking which altered the cells' sensitivity to TPA required the continued presence of crosslinks and was therefore not the result of a permanent alteration induced by desensitization. Basophils which were fully desensitized to BPO7-HSA demonstrated the curve shift provided that the antigen-induced crosslinks were maintained: treatment with monovalent hapten, BPO-EACA, rapidly returned the cell response to TPA to control, non-desensitized, levels. Since TPA is thought to act by activation of protein kinase C (PKC) we demonstrated that BPO-HSA induced crosslinking increased PKC activity and that the increased activity persisted unless antigen-induced crosslinks were dissociated by the addition of monovalent hapten.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Analgesic, Hypothermic, and Depressant Activities of Some N-Substituted α-5,9-Dimethyl-6,7-Benzomorphans

A series of N -substituted α-5,9-dimethyl-6,7-benzomorphans bearing N -2-hydroxyalkyl and N -2-bromoalkyl substituents have been synthesized and their analgesic, hypothermic, and depressant activities determined. The analgesic activities were not outstanding but the N -2-bromoethyl- and the N -2-bromopropyl derivatives produced prolonged hypothermia and depression. Possible mechanisms of these prolonged actions are discussed.
Cosmetic reproductive services and professional integrity.

(2001). Cosmetic Reproductive Services and Professional Integrity. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 11-12.
The link between dosage compensation and sex differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster.

The rate of 3H-uridine incorporation into X-chromosome and autosomal RNA was measured as an indicator of relative transcription activity in larvae carrying various Sxl mutant alleles. Hyperactivity of X chromosomes was found in heteroallelic Sxlf#1/Sxlfhv#1 and homozygous Sxlf#2 female larvae. Sxlfhv#1 homozygotes, Sxlf#1/Sxl+ heterozygotes, heteroallelic Sxlf#2/Sxlf#2 as well as homozygous Sxlf#ba female larvae exhibited normal X chromosome transcription. Except for Sxlf#ba, there is a correlation between the viability of the mutants and the degree to which X-chromosome activity is elevated. Male larvae carrying the dominant male-specific lethal mutation SxlM#1 displayed X chromosomes only half as wide as those of control larvae. However, it could not be determined whether this property is the result of a lower transcription rate or of underreplication of the mutated X chromosomes. The results demonstrate that the Sxl gene plays an important role in controlling X-chromosome activity. The relationship among the various genes known to act in sex differentiation and dosage compensation is discussed.
Human factors considerations for unattended ground sensors

Even with traditional system design and development programs military systems are developed that end up being difficult for the target audience to use. Over the years the military has learned to incorporate human factors considerations and requirements in system requirements documents in order to minimize this problem. However in today's environment of procuring GOTS/COTS equipment to quickly field a needed capability, the human factors aspects are not always considered or they may have to be traded for other considerations. This occurs for a variety of reasons with the driving reason being the willingness of commanders and agencies to trade capabilities for speed of fielding. This paper addresses human factors considerations that should be observed in the design of unattended ground sensors (UGS) at the component, equipment and system levels. This is not an abstract paper on human factors engineering but an examination of current trends and applications. Lessons learned from recent fieldings and example designs from the Harris Falcon Watch system are provided. What Harris has found is that design considerations, development schedules, understanding of the target audience and the mission scenarios, and training are all key factors in determining whether a system will be found to have utility by a broad spectrum of users.
Whole embryo culture: A screening technique for teratogens?

Head-fold and early somite stages of mouse and rat embryos maintained in whole-embryo culture throughout much of the period of organogenesis demonstrate normal growth and morphogenesis. Embryos directly exposed to teratogens in the culture system and embryos cultured in serum from adult animals treated with toxic compounds develop congenital abnormalities that resemble malformations induced in vivo by these same agents. Furthermore, the defects are dose- and stage-dependent, such that higher doses produce a greater percentage of malformed embryos, and younger embryos are more susceptible than older ones. These results--together with the observations that 1) data are rapidly produced, 2) quantifiable endpoints can be measured in mammalian systems at costs considerably below those inherent in in vivo analyses, and 3) the potential exists for monitoring serum toxicity in humans and primates--suggest that the whole-embryo culture system may be useful as a screening technique for potentially teratogenic substances.
Mixing effects on the mid-kilohertz mobility of polystyrene in glassy polystyrene-diluent blends

Abstract Low molecular weight additive effects on the mid-kilohertz mobility of atactic polystyrene (PS) at 25°C via n.m.r. spin-lattice relaxation experiments in the rotating frame (T1ϱ) are analogous to the results of a previous study of diluents in glassy bisphenol-A polycarbonate. The diluent with a relatively low glass transition temperature (Tg), dioctylphthalate, increases the spectral density of thermal motions of the chain backbone and the pendant group in PS on the order of 38.5 kHz. Of the 13C nuclei in the glassy polymer, the relaxation behaviour of which can be differentiated by high-resolution, solid-state n.m.r., the T1ϱ's of the aromatic carbons in the side group are affected most by dioctylphthalate. In contrast, the styrene oligomer, which has a higher Tg than that of dioctylphthalate, does not significantly alter the ambient temperature mobility of polystyrene at 38.5 kHz. The PS-styrene oligomer and PS-dioctylphthalate blends are examples of athermal and non-athermal mixtures, respectively. However, the effect of the enthalpy of mixing on the T1ϱ's of the polymer is probably obscured by differences in blend mobility due to different blend Tg's.
Health characteristics and behaviors of adults with mental retardation residing in three living arrangements.

Three hundred and twenty-nine subjects (aged 17–70 years) residing in an institution (N = 184), group home (N = 39), or with one or more family members (N = 106) were evaluated on body composition, blood lipids, and health behaviors. Subjects in the institutional group had lower body weights than those in the group home and natural family settings (p < .001) and also had lower BMIs and percent body fat levels compared to those in the natural family (p < .001). The institutional group also had lower total cholesterol and LDL-C levels than the group home and natural family groups (p < .001) and lower TG and ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C than the natural family group (p < .01). Although overall use was quite limited, residents in the group home setting smoked more cigarettes, drank more alcohol and coffee, and exercised less than those in the institution and natural family (p < .001). Group home residents also exercised less. Health promotion and disease prevention initiatives for persons with mental retardation living in group homes, in supported living placements, and with their natural families should be undertaken and carefully evaluated.
Experimental Investigation of the CHF Condition During Flow Boiling of Water in Microtubes

The critical heat flux (CHF) condition sets an upper limit on the flow-boiling heat transfer process. With the growing demand for the use of two-phase flow in micro and nano-sized devices, there is a strong need to understand the CHF phenomenon in channels of such small dimensions. This study experimentally investigates the critical heat flux condition during flow boiling in a single stainless steel microtube of two different diameters—0.427mm, and 0.286 mm. Degassed water is the working fluid. The effects of various parameters—diameter, mass flux (350–1500 kg/m2 s), inlet subcooling (2°C–50°C), and length-to-diameter ratio (75–200) on the CHF condition are studied for the exit condition being nearly atmospheric pressure. The CHF increases with an increase in mass flux. The effect of the inlet subcooling on the CHF condition is more complex. With a decreasing inlet subcooling, the CHF decreases until saturated liquid is reached; thereafter, the CHF increases with quality.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The anticonvulsant zonisamide scavenges free radicals

Zonisamide (ZNS) is effective in animal models of epilepsy and epileptic patients. The free radical scavenging activities of ZNS were analyzed by using electron spin resonance. ZNS, in the mmolar range, scavenged hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests that the mechanism of antiepileptic effect of ZNS may involve protection of neurons from free radical damage and stabilization of neuronal membranes.
An outflow boundary condition and algorithm for incompressible two-phase flows with phase field approach

We present an effective outflow boundary condition, and an associated numerical algorithm, within the phase-field framework for dealing with two-phase outflows or open boundaries. The set of two-phase outflow boundary conditions for the phase-field and flow variables are designed to prevent the un-controlled growth in the total energy of the two-phase system, even in situations where strong backflows or vortices may be present at the outflow boundaries. We also present an additional boundary condition for the phase field function, which together with the usual Dirichlet condition can work effectively as the phase-field inflow conditions. The numerical algorithm for dealing with these boundary conditions is developed on top of a strategy for de-coupling the computations of all flow variables and for overcoming the performance bottleneck caused by variable coefficient matrices associated with variable density/viscosity. The algorithm contains special constructions, for treating the variable dynamic viscosity in the outflow boundary condition, and for preventing a numerical locking at the outflow boundaries for time-dependent problems. Extensive numerical tests with incompressible two-phase flows involving inflow and outflow boundaries demonstrate that, the two-phase outflow boundary conditions and the numerical algorithm developed herein allow for the fluid interface and the two-phase flow to pass through the outflow or open boundaries in a smooth and seamless fashion, and that our method produces stable simulations when large density ratios and large viscosity ratios are involved and when strong backflows are present at the outflow boundaries.
Cellular basis for volume related wall thickness changes in the rat left ventricle.

Abstract Nine arrested rat hearts fixed by glutaraldehyde perfusion of the coronary arteries were studied in vertical cross-sections of the left ventricle by phase contrast microscopy. The number of fibers per unit area in the wall and the number of fibers between the epicardium and endocardium were measured and correlated with ventricular volume and wall thickness. Average center to center fiber separation was derived from these measurements. Increasing ventricular volume is associated with a decrease in wall thickness and fiber diameter which follows theoretical predictions. The relationship between these measurements, however, presents a dimensional paradox in that the decreases in wall thickness are 3 to 4 times greater than the decrease observed in separation of fiber centers. Thus, an increase in fixation volume from 0.03 to 0.60 ml results in a 68% decrease in wall thickness, while center to center fiber separation decreases only 20%. Changes in wall thickness are therefore mainly accounted for by internal rearrangement of the disposition of fibers composing the ventricular wall. A mechanism for such rearrangements is illustrated by low magnification cross-sections of the ventricular wall which demonstrate open spaces or sliding planes between groups of muscle fibers. A volume related alteration in the orientation of these sliding planes is noted.
Structure and topography of molecular assemblies on solid substrates by infrared spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy

Recently we have combined infrared spectroscopy and atomic resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to probe the local structure and intermolecular arrangement of molecules within thin films. IR spectroscopy provides spatially averaged information about orientation of the molecules with respect to the surface and about intermolecular arrangement within the crystallographic unit cell. STM data yields a local picture of molecular packing within the film. The requirements of an atomically flat (over distances of hundreds of angstroms) conducting substrate for the STM are fulfilled by an epitaxially grown film of gold on a cleaved mica substrate which also provides a good infrared reflective surface, enabling IR and STM measurements on identical samples. Systems investigated include Langmuir-Blodgett films of cadmium arachidate and self-assembled films of octadecyltrichlorosilane.
Effects of solute-solvent interactions on electronic spectra: a predictive analysis

Abstract Ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectra have long been utilized for qualitative and quantitative purposes despite numerous complicating factors. In this study, anthracene, 1-naphthol, and 9-acetylanthracene are used as model systems to distinguish solventinduced effects via multiple regression techniques. The ability to predict changes in spectral peak locations and quantum efficiencies arising from solute—solvent interactions is critical to the development of a versatile computer-searchable library of electronic spectra.
RESPONSES OF EARLY SUCCESSIONAL NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS TO CHANGES IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY

In many mesic forests the dominant trees are limited concurrently by light and soil resources, and understanding the mechanisms of competition and predicting outcomes of competition are especially difficult when co-limitation exists. We altered soil resource availability during the early stages of stand development after clearcutting of northern hardwood forests to examine the mechanism of competition. Specifically, we sought empirical evidence about the role of various physiological, morphological, allocational, and architectural responses in regulating plant competition. We expected the competitive ability of the extreme pioneer species, Prunus pensylvanica (pin cherry), to be enhanced by increased nutrient supply, with consequent effects at the community and ecosystem levels of organization. Nutrient availability was increased by about three-fold by monthly fertilization for 6 yr in nine even-aged northern hardwood stands dominated by pin cherry, three each of three ages (6, 12, and 18 yr at initiation...
The effect of ammonia on fruiting body size and microcyst formation in the cellular slime molds.

Abstract Either gaseous ammonia or ammonium salts directly control the size of fruiting bodies in Polysphondylium pallidum and a variant of Dictyostelium discoideum. However, the fruiting bodies of D. discoideum remain constant in size over a wide range of ammonia concentrations. In P. pallidum high concentrations of ammonia will induce microcyst formation, a developmental pathway that bypasses normal aggregation and fruiting. The effective concentrations of ammonia are within the range given off by the amoebae, and therefore, ammonia could conceivably be a controlling factor in slime mold development in nature.
From Airlie House in 1977 to Granlibakken in 2012: 35 Years of evolution of mineral physics

Abstract The first scientific conference focused on mineral physics was held at the Airlie House in Warrenton, Virginia in October 1977. In the ensuing 35 years, many other meetings were convened, dedicated journals were founded, national programs were established, all of which marked the emergence of the discipline of mineral physics into the mainstream of geosciences. At the onset of the 21st century, mineral physicists find themselves with many challenging problems and many exciting opportunities for research at high pressures and temperatures, made possible in large measure to access to synchrotron radiation facilities throughout the world. In this paper, we highlight this evolution of the field of mineral physics over this 35-year period from Airlie House to the Joint COMPRES Annual Meeting and High-Pressure Mineral Physics Seminar-8 at the Granlibakken Conference Center on Lake Tahoe in 2012.
The Effect of Alkane Structure on Rates of Photoinduced C−H Bond Activation by Cp*Rh(CO)2 in Liquid Rare Gas Media: An Infrared Flash Kinetics Study

C−H bond activation via photoinduced reaction of Cp*Rh(CO)2 (1) with alkanes (RH) in liquid Kr and liquid Xe solution has been studied by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Irradiation leads to t...
Lay images of mental illness: Social knowledge and tolerance of the mentally ill.

It is argued that demographic factors alone fail to account for public attitudes toward mental illness. Medical and moral lay images of mental illness provide a knowledge base from which tolerance arises. Path analysis of data obtained from 713 rural Tennessee adults indicated low tolerance among those endorsing either lay image. Demographic background variables exerted no direct effects upon tolerance-these effects were mediated by lay images. Comparison of these data with research on attitudes toward alcoholism brings into question the relevance of attributed responsibility for different types of deviant behavior. Finally, the study raises questions regarding the assumption that greater knowledge and understanding will necessarily yield greater tolerance of deviance.