cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fast, robust numerical method for solving optimal control problems

Generalized Lagrange Multiplier, combined with Quasi-Newton's method, is proposed for fast solving terminal constrained optimal control problems. The control variables are discretized and the optimal control problem is converted into Nonlinear Programming (NLP) with 4th Admas predict-modification scheme as integrating procedure. Generalized Lagrange Multiplier (GLM) is introduced to eliminate constraints in NLP, and the obtained unconstrained NLP is solved with Quasi-Newton's method. Numerical experiments on a simple nonlinear optimal control problem and the complicated lunar soft landing problem demonstrate efficiency, robustness and good accuracy of this method.
Water table fluctuation in representative Immokalee and Zolfo soils of Florida

(…) This study was conducted to determine how well current water-table statements agree with the actual data on the representative Immokalee (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Haplaquod) and Zolfo (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Grossarenic Entic Haplohumod) soils. The water table depths were measured approximately every 2 wk from 1977 to 1986. Rainfall was also measured. Water-table statements can be improved with long-term data on key soils. (…)
Age, sex and ethnic differences in the prevalence of underweight and overweight, defined by using the CDC and IOTF cut points in Asian children.

No nationally representative data from middle- and low-income countries have been analyzed to compare the prevalence of underweight and overweight, defined by using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity TaskForce (IOTF) body mass index cut points. To examine the consistency in the prevalence of underweight and overweight, defined by using the CDC and IOTF cut points in Chinese, Indonesian and Vietnamese children. We used data from 1600 Chinese, 11 756 Indonesian and 53 826 Vietnamese children aged 2–18 years, who participated in three recent, representative surveys in China, Indonesia and Vietnam. A smaller difference between prevalence and a higher κ-statistic indicated a higher consistency level. The prevalence of underweight was higher with the IOTF than the CDC cut points; absolute differences in the Chinese, Indonesian and Vietnamese were 6, 10 and 13% (boys), and 10, 13 and 19% (girls), respectively. The prevalence of overweight was more consistent (absolute differences were <2%, except for the 2–5.9-year-old Chinese and Indonesian children (from 2 to <5%)). Values of κ-statistic (from 0.55 to 0.88) varied by age, sex and ethnicity. The consistency was gradually improving from the Vietnamese to Indonesians and to Chinese boys and girls, from girls to boys, from the younger to older boys and from the older to younger girls. The age, sex and ethnic differences in the prevalence of underweight and overweight suggest a systematic evaluation of the cut points.
Prophylaxis of varicella in high-risk children: Dose-response effect of zoster immune globulin

Immunodeficient patients who were presumed to be susceptible received zoster immune globulin prophylaxis after exposure to varicella. The highest clinical attack rate (35.9%) was seen in household contacts; the lowest attack rate (0%) was observed in children exposed at school. Among household contacts, 48 of 100 patients who received high titer ZIG (reciprocal complement fixation titer ≥2,560) developed fourfold rises in serum CF antibody between pre- and 48-hour post-treatment specimens, compared to only one of 34 patients treated with lower titer ZIG lots ( P P P =0.025) and complications ( P =0.006). Among ZIG-treated patients who contracted clinical varicella, 80% developed mild disease (
Macronuclear Changes in a Strain of Blepharisma undulans during the Divisional Cycle

SYNOPSIS. Specimens of Blepharisma undulans were transferred from young clone cultures to a rotocompressor with 3 mm3 of culture medium. The organisms were slightly compressed and photographed at various intervals with dark field illumination. The sequence of macronuclear and cytoplasmic changes was compared with similarly followed Feulgen preparations. The cycle falls into several phases: (1) an interphase (12–24 hr.) in which the organism increases in size while cytoplasmic and macronuclear appearances remain unchanged. During this phase, the macronucleus consists of 3 to 5 nodes of various sizes connected by strands. (2) a pre-condensation phase (1 hr.) in which a new posterior peristome and cytopyge appear without visible macronuclear change. (3) a condensation phase (10–20 min.) in which the macronuclear nodes coalesce into a round mass without dissolution of the central nodes or strands. (4) a postcondensation phase (1 hr.) characterized by: (a) elongation of the condensed macronucleus into a rod-like shape followed by typical nodal formation; or (b) elongation of the condensed macronucleus into a form resembling the letter “J”, followed by nodal formation, and resulting in a double row of nodes in one daughter and a single row in the other. Separation occurs at this time, initiating the new interphase. The development of the j-form macronucleus. the lack of obliteration of the central nodes, and the characteristic interphase condition distinguish this strain of B. undulans from others described elsewhere.
Time resolved dopamine overflow from synaptosomes and chopped striatal tissue with rapid superfusion.

Abstract Overflow of dopamine has been measured with a rapid superfusion apparatus in an attempt to obtain a system in which overflow is a measure of the primary release process. The tissue samples employed, chopped tissue and synaptosomes, were prepared from rat striatum. The superfusion system employed an on-line amperometric detector to provide temporal information. In addition, liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used for identification and quantification of dopamine. Dopamine release could be induced from both samples by exposure to K+ in the presence of Ca2+. The presence of pargyline (0.1 mM) did not significantly affect overflow from either sample. In addition, dopamine stores could be replenished in both samples by exposure to 0.5 μM DA, an effect blocked by amphetamine, nomifensine, and amfonelic acid. However, overflow from synaptosomes showed considerably less distortion from interactions of released substances with the tissue than from chopped tissue. The temporal profile of overflow was more rapid and uptake inhibitors did not affect overflow during depolarization. Since overflow from synaptosomes appears to be more closely related to release, the temporal response of this preparation to K+ stimulations was examined in more detail. A linear relation between dopamine overflow and log (K+) was obtained with 3-s exposures to K+. In contrast, a sigmoidal relationship was obtained with 30-s exposures. Thus, the data support the concept that depolarization of nerve terminals by K+ is a biphasic process that can be temporally resolved.
3895 Randomized controlled trial of eus guided fine needle aspiration technique for confirming malignant lymphadenopathy.

Background: The optimal method for performing EUS guided FNA of malignant appearing lymph nodes (LN) is unknown. Histological evidence suggests that malignant cells are preferentially located in the edge of LN's. Improved techniques may increased diagnostic accuracy, and reduce procedure time and costs. Objetives: To determine the impact of the number of FNA passes, FNA-suction, FNA-location (center or edge), and examination of needle effluent on diagnostic yield and specimen quality. Methods: Consecutive EUS-FNA of LN were randomized in a 2x2 factorial design to suction (10cc syringe) or no suction, and to aspiration from the center or edge of the LN. Individual LN were sampled with all four possible combinations of suction and location for 30 seconds each FNA pass. Each aspirate was examined by a blinded cytopathologist for cellularity, and malignancy after Papanicolaou staining. Five cc of needle effluent from each pass were pooled and compared to the cytological diagnosis. Results: One hundred forty five FNA passes were performed on 32 LN in 27 patients. Ten LN were confirmed by cytology to be malignant, 3 were suspicious, 6 were confirmed by cytology and surgery to be benign, and 13 had normal cytology. Eighty percent of malignant specimens were obtained on the first FNA pass, and 100% were obtained in the first 3 passes (mean number of passes 4.5, range 2-8) regardless of the bedside cellularity of the specimen. Sampling the edge of the LN (compared to the center) did not improve the identification of malignant cells (Relative Risk 0.98, p=0.8) nor did it improve the specimen cellularity (RR=0.93, p=0.8). The use of suction did not improve the diagnostic yield of malignant cells (RR=1.1, p=0.4) nor cellularity (RR=1.3, p=0.3). The use of suction worsened of the quality (bloodiness) of the specimen (p value for trend 1cm) LN. Conclusion: This study suggests that three FNA passes are sufficient to diagnose malignant lymphadenopathy. The current standard use of suction significantly worsens the quality of the aspirate due to excessive bloodiness and does not improve diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA. FNA can be performed from either the center or edge of LN with equal yield. Dr. Wallace was supported by the American Digestive Health Foundation, Wilson Cook Award
On the stability of continuous parameter tracking systems

Continuous parameter tracking systems utilizing the out put-error method have been analyzed by intuitive argu ments1 and by linearized equations2. This paper presents a method for analyzing the convergence properties of this type of system; it is applicable when the input signal is either a single sinusoid or a sum of sinusoids. The method is based on the technique advanced by Kryloff and Bogo liuboff3.
Nearly one-dimensional singularities of solutions to the Navier-Stokes inequality

There exists a functionu satisfying (1)u is a weak solution to the Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible fluid flow in three-space with an external force that reduces the speed at every point, (2) the internal singularities ofu have Hausdorff dimension close to 1.
ELAV multimerizes on conserved AU4-6 motifs important for ewg splicing regulation.

ELAV is a gene-specific regulator of alternative pre-mRNA processing in Drosophila neurons. Since ELAV/Hu proteins preferentially bind to AU-rich regions that are generally abundant in introns and untranslated regions, it has not been clear how gene specificity is achieved. Here we used a combination of in vitro biochemical experiments together with phylogenetic comparisons and in vivo analysis of Drosophila transgenes to study ELAV binding to the last ewg intron and splicing regulation. In vitro binding studies of ELAV show that ELAV multimerizes on the ewg binding site and forms a defined and saturable complex. Further, sizing of the ELAV-RNA complex and a series of titration experiments indicate that ELAV forms a dodecameric complex on 135 nucleotides in the last ewg intron. Analysis of the substrate RNA requirements for ELAV binding and complex formation indicates that a series of AU4-6 motifs spread over the entire binding site are important, but not a strictly defined sequence element. The importance of AU4-6 motifs, but not spacing between them, is further supported by evolutionary conservation in several melanogaster species subgroups. Finally, using transgenes we demonstrate in fly neurons that ELAV-mediated regulation of ewg intron 6 splicing requires several AU4-6 motifs and that introduction of spacer sequence between conserved AU4-6 motifs has a minimal effect on splicing. Collectively, our results suggest that ELAV multimerization and binding to multiple AU4-6 motifs contribute to target RNA recognition and processing in a complex cellular environment.
Self-efficacy and self-concept as predictors of college students' academic performance

Social cognitive theory suggests that self-constructs are better predictors when the specificity levels of self-constructs (as predictors) and the criterion variable closely correspond. In this study it was examined whether self-constructs measured at an intermediate level of specificity better correspond with the criterion variable (course grades: an intermediate level of specificity) than general self-constructs or specific self-constructs. Self-constructs in this study included self-efficacy and self-concept at varying degrees of specificity: general self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy, specific self-efficacy, academic self-concept, and specific self-concept. College students (N = 230) in general education courses voluntarily completed the three self-efficacy measures and the two self-concept measures. Results of correlation and simultaneous multiple regression analyses indicated that the closer the level of specificity of self-efficacy and self-concept, the stronger the relationship between the two constructs. Both academic self-concept and specific self-concept were significant predictors of term grades. In addition, academic self-concept was also a significant predictor, whereas neither general self-efficacy nor academic self-efficacy was significant. Measurement issues and implications of the findings are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 197–205, 2005.
The distribution of orientation of optimal stimuli for cells of striate cortex

The mechanism mediating the adaptation of cortical Area 17 oriented line detector cells is modeled. A novel form of environment and convergence property (which places a requirement on distribution of optimal stimuli) is utilized to show that classical concepts of synaptic efficiency loss due only to disuse are inadequate under the convergence property. A reasonable alternative is presented: a form of synaptic control which reduces synaptic efficiency at non-active synapses as a function of cell firing rate. We show that adequate solutions to our convergence property exist for members of this class. Simulations of this adequate mechanism indicate that under the very disjoint environment defined, small perturbations of the environment's distribution of stimuli may lead to large perturbations of the distribution of stimuli to which Area 17 cells are optimally responsive. A simulation indicates that this effect may be accentuated by a lateral interaction which causeslike cell optimal stimuli to form near each other in cortex; and the effect may be reduced by a lateral interaction which causes like cell optimal stimuli to not form near each other. A form of neurophysiological experiment is suggested for verification.
Equilibrium reconstruction improvement via Kalman-filter-based vessel current estimation at DIII-D

Equilibrium reconstruction codes calculate the distributions of flux and toroidal current density over the plasma and surrounding vacuum region that best fit the external magnetic measurements in a least square sense, and that simultaneously satisfy the MHD equilibrium equation (Grad-Shafranov equation). Although these codes often use direct measurements of the currents in the plasma and poloidal coils, they sometimes neglect the current induced in the tokamak vessel due to the fact that they cannot be directly measured. Kalman filtering theory is employed in this work to optimally estimate the current in the tokamak vessel. The real-time version of the EFIT code is modified to accept the estimated vessel currents with the goal of improving the equilibrium reconstruction for the DIII-D tokamak.
An indentation method for creating reproducible proof-stress level flaws in commercial optical fiber

A technique was developed for obtaining proof-stress level flaws in commercial optical fiber with low variability in strength. It involves a novel method for stabilizing and protecting the round fiber prior to indentation. Indentation was performed in an automated fashion using a nano-indenter equipped with a cube-corner indenter. A Weibull modulus of 50 was achieved with a value of 100 over the lower portion of the distribution. This method will be useful in static fatigue testing of fiber with proof test level flaws.
Meiotic and Isozymic Analyses of Tall Fescue × Giant Fescue Hybrids and Amphiploids1

The meiotic behavior of three tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, 2n = 6x = 42) genotypes, giant fescue (F. gigantea, 2n = 6x = 42), and their reciprocal F1 hybrids and C1, amphiploids was evaluated to determine the parental genomic relationships. Isozyme banding patterns were used to confirm the parental identity of the hybrids and amphiploids. At meta-phase I, the parents had predominantly bivalent pairing. The hybrids had an average of 9.51 I, 16.02 II, 0.12 III, 0.02 IV, and the amphiploids had 2.17 I, 38.82 II, 0.60 III, 0.58 IV, 0.01 V—VIII. The prevalence of bivalent pairing in both hybrids and amphiploids suggested a homoeologous relationship between the six genomes, with four of the six being more closely related. Bivalent pairing in the amphiploids indicated genetic regulation of chromosome pairing. Zymograms were obtained for acid phosphatase (ACPH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI). The three tall fescue and giant fescue parents had different zymograms for ACPH, MDH, 6-PGD and PGI; thus, the tall fescue parents of the hybrids and amphiploids could be determined based on the banding patterns of these four enzymes. Phenotypes were determined for ACPH-1, PGI-2 and 6-PGD-1. ACPH-1 may be used to follow the introgression of giant fescue chromatin into a certain tall fescue genotype.
Perturbative treatment of diffractive dissociation at high energies

Two-component models have been quite successful in fitting multiplicity distributions in high-energy hadronic collisions. The fact that the diffractive component is considerably smaller than the short-range-correlation component suggests the possibility of a perturbative expansion of the high-energy total cross section. We develop such an expansion in this paper, and examine some of its consequences. Finally, prominent among these consequences are: (i) diffraction dissociation into high masses rises approximately logarithmically with energy at NAL-ISR (CERN Intersecting Storage Rings) energies, (ii) the short-range-correlation part of the cross section has high-energy behavior dominated by a "bare" Pomeron Regge pole, and (iii) the average multiplicity of particles produced in diffractive dissociation rises logarithmically with energy.
Hybrid CdSe nanoparticle-carbazole dendron boxes: Electropolymerization and energy-transfer mechanism shift

Carbazole containing ligand dendrons are designed based on second generation polybenzyl ether dendrons (2GPO). This is subsequently used for directly synthesizing and capping CdSe nanoparticles in contrast to ligand exchange for introducing functionality. The stable hybrid CdSe-2GPO quantum dot nanoparticles have characteristic energy-transfer properties from the donor carbazole peripheral groups to the acceptor CdSe nanoparticles, i.e., overlap of the fluorescence of the carbazole with the absorbance of the CdSe nanoparticle resulting in an enhanced fluorescence with concentration through Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). However, electropolymerization of the peripheral electroactive carbazole units result in a red-shift in absorbance and quenching in fluorescence. This is attributed to a reversed molecular orbital energy order with respect to the electropolymerized carbazole dendron and CdSe nanoparticle. The hole-transfer results in fluoresence quenching and charge transfer between the CdSe nanoparticles and the polycarbazole peripheral units. The photoelectric alteration may yet provide for an interesting electro-optical or sensing device application based on electrochemical properties of the hybrid material.
The Nucleotide Profile of Human Milk

To further identify and characterize the nitrogen fraction of human milk, nucleotide and total nitrogen contents were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography and Kjeldahl analyses. Five lactating women were followed longitudinally. Each provided 16 milk samples (8-10 ml each) collected before and after a single nursing, and in the morning and afternoon of a single day. This collection scheme was followed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk postpartum. The variance pattern of nucleotides was observed to be distinct from that of total nitrogen. As the lactation period progressed from wk 2 to 12 postpartum, levels of cytidine 5' monophosphate and adenosine 5' monophosphate declined from 594 to 321 micrograms/100 ml and from 244 to 143 micrograms/100 ml, respectively, whereas levels of inosine 5' monophosphate increased from 158 to 290 micrograms/100 ml and levels of total nucleotide nitrogen remained constant. Nucleotide nitrogen accounted for approximately 0.1-0.15% of the total nitrogen content of human milk samples analyzed. Total concentration of human milk was observed to decrease as lactation progressed and to be higher in afternoon than in morning samples. The nucleotide profile of human milk was characteristically different from that of other milks commonly used an infant feeding. It is estimated that an infant consuming human milk as a principal nutrition source would ingest 1.4-2.1 mg of nucleotide nitrogen per day.
New Combinations in Erica (Ericaceae: Ericoideae) from the High Mountains of East Africa

Three taxa found in the high mountains of East Africa are transferred from Philippia Klotzsch to Erica L., resulting in the following new combinations: Erica johnstonii (Schweinfurth ex Engler) Dorr, E. trimera subsp. abyssinica (Pichi-Sermolli & Heiniger) Dorr, and E. trimera subsp. meruensis (R. Ross) Dorr. A neotype is selected for Philippia johnstonii Schweinfurth ex Engler, which is the basionym of E. johnstonii. A key to the five subspecies of E. trimera (Engler) Beentje also is provided.
Nonrelativistic Theorem Analogous to the Goldstone Theorem

The Goldstone theorem states that a relativistic theory with a broken symmetry must have a zero-mass particle. In this context, broken symmetry means that the vacuum state is not invariant under the continuous group of transformations generated by the total charge operator referring to some microscopically conserved current. We prove that if the ground state in a nonrelativistic theory lacks such invariance, there will exist an excitation with zero energy in the long-wavelength limit, so long as the interactions in the theory have finite range. For purposes of demonstration the Heisenberg model of ferromagnetism is employed, but the theorem holds for other nonrelativistic broken-symmetry theories as well. Special care is given the limiting procedures involved in the proof so that ambiguities found in previous work on this question are avoided.
Exact study of adiabaticity.

A practical example, which admits a fully exact solution, is presented and then employed to study adiabaticity. The example consists of an oscillator whose oscillation frequency changes at a finite rate within a finite time interval. An analytically exact formula is given for the adiabatic ratio, which is a good measure of the adiabaticity. General and practical features of the adiabaticity, including the adiabatic theorem, are presented.
Apparent distance in a horizontal plane with tactile-kinesthetic stimuli

In the study of active tactile-kinesthetic space perception apparent distance has been found to vary as a function of the direction of the line segment in a horizontal plane. The present data indicate that the error is not consistently related to the same frame of reference as the visual illusion. Rather, with movement of the extended arm to determine the relative distances between pairs of points, radial distances are overestimated in relation to tangential ones, whether parallel or perpendicular to the medial plane. Interpretations are in terms of kinesthetic stimulus patterns and the structure of perceptual representation.
Study of amorphous-crystal interfaces in polymers using the wicket model: estimates of bounds on degree of adjacent reentry

Abstract An attempt to ascertain the structure of the crystal-amorphous interface in polycrystalline polymers of lamellar morphology is made by discussion of an idealization of loops called wickets. Equations which arise from the constraints of density at the interface are obtained that relate the various kinds of wickets to their lengths and to interface thickness. A measure of the degree of adjacent reentry is defined and bounds on the extent of adjacent reentry are obtained. It is found that the larger the assumed value of average loop size the larger the amount of adjacent reentry. Infinite average loop size results in complete adjacent reentry.
Protein synthesis in a maize callus exposed to NaCl and mannitol.

A maize (Zea mays, L) callus was exposed to media containing different levels of NaCl (0 to 3%) and mannitol (0 to 18.2%) for a period of 4 weeks, and the changes in growth and protein synthesis were determined. Cells are able to tolerate and grow in NaCl up to 1% (0.17 M) or mannitol up to 9.1% (0.5 M), but the relative overall growth rates are about 1/6 and 1/8 of the control, respectively. Protein synthesis, as assessed by pulselabeling of the cells with 35S-methionine after exposure to the stress reagents at various times of incubation, suggests that the relative rates of amino acid uptake and its incorporation into proteins are inhibited as early as 4 h after exposure, and the extent of inhibition does not increase appreciably until after 1 week. Severe inhibition of uptake and protein synthesis results from prolonged exposures at growth-inhibitory concentrations of NaCl and mannitol. In general, the overall mean inhibition of cellular uptake and protein synthesis in the first 2-week period are approximately 50% and 35% for the NaCl (1%) and mannitol (7.3 %) treatments, respectively. No detectable differences are apparent in the abundant, steady state protein population as revealed by SDS-PAGE and on staining with Coomassie blue or silver, but random losses of individual proteins occur after 2 weeks at 2% and 3% NaCl and at 18.2% mannitol. Of the newly-synthesized proteins, discernible changes are found in 7 and 4 polypeptides in NaCl and mannitol treatments, respectively. Apparently three new proteins (74 kd, 28.5 kd, and 26.2 kd) are induced de novo under both treatments. Other proteins (39.5 kd, 39.0 kd, 30 kd, and 16.5 kd) show an increased or decreased level of synthesis. NaCl levels above 0.5% or mannitol levels above 3.6% do not after the pattern of newly-synthesized proteins. This altered expression of newly-made proteins in the maize callus occurs only after a week of exposure to salinity or osmotic stress and coincides with the cell growth phase.
Immersed and floating tunnels

Abstract The similarities and differences between immersed tunnels and Submerged Floating Tunnels (SFT), also known as Archimedes Bridge, are explored. It follows the development of SFT through ITA Working Group 11 “Immersed and Floating Tunnels” that has resulted in proposed designs for tunnels in Europe and where SFT might be used world-wide.
Don't forget the "b": considering bisexual students and their specific health needs.

Many college health center staff are consciously addressing issues of cultural competency; however, the needs of 1 minority group—bisexuals—are often overlooked. In this article, the author briefly discusses bisexuality, provides an overview of health issues related to bisexuals, and lists specific strategies to address the needs of bisexuals within college health.
Aeconomicus Agriculturae: Who Shall Lead Us?

In the field of agriculture, no discipline has attracted more attention . . . no discipline has been held in higher expectation . . . no discipline is more pervasive . . . than agricultural economics. As a discipline, you have provided input-output models for policy analysis, provided the basis for predicting world food needs, examined trade patterns, assisted farmers and ranchers, and studied the impact of food as a strategic resource.
Is there morphological separation between the spinal cord motor nuclei which innervate the heads of a multiheaded muscle

Horseradish peroxidase was injected into the individual heads of the pectoralis muscles of the dog or applied to the nerve which supplies each of these heads. The location and numbers of labeled motoneurons in the spinal cord were studied using light microscopy. There was longitudinal overlap of the pectoral nuclei, but no separation in their mediolateral or dorsoventral positions. The cutaneous trunci muscle motor nucleus is distinctly separate from the motor nuclei of the pectoral muscles, even though they share a common nerve supply. The methods of horseradish peroxidase application to the cut nerve or injection into the muscle are compared.
Atenolol Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System. I. Screening of Formulation Variables

AbstractConventional dosage forms are disadvantageous for drugs having short half-lives because of cyclic under- or overdosing and problems of patient compliance. The matrix or reservoir type of controlled-release dosage form provides an alternative. However, bioavailability fluctuations due to gastric pH variations continue to be a problem for many drug candidates. Osmotically controlled drug delivery systems provide a means of eliminating the effect of pH on drug release. However, the literature information is very limited for the effects of formulation variables and other process variables on the release kinetics of drugs from osmotically controlled systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that influence the release of atenolol, a cardioselective p blocker, from biconvex. bilayered, osmotically controlled tablets coated with a semipermeable membrane of cellulose acetate. Coating was achieved using a Uni-Glatt fluidized-bed coater. Orifices were drilled for drug release and a sev...
Influence of illumination and temperature upon flatfish reactivity and herding behavior: Potential implications for trawl capture efficiency

Abstract For both survey and commercial trawls, selection of flatfish species and sizes is strongly influenced by fish behavioral reactions to the ground-gear. Herding begins with initial disturbance, where flatfish are flushed from the sediment by ground-gear. Yet this initial behavioral reaction is poorly understood, especially relative to effects of environmental parameters such as light and temperature. The goal of this study was to examine disturbance and herding behavior in English sole, northern rock sole and Pacific halibut using a simulated trawl footrope, in both light and darkness at 9 °C, and additionally, for rock sole, at 2 °C. In the light, all species exhibited a disturbance response consistent with the initiation of herding; directed swimming in close proximity to the substrate. This response was diminished in darkness, with fish hopping or slowly rising off the bottom, such that the footrope quickly passed beneath them (precluding herding). Low temperature also influenced rock sole behavior, increasing the likelihood that fish would simply hop off the bottom, rather than initiate herding. These results help lay a behavioral framework for understanding such phenomenon as diel and seasonal variations in flatfish catches and fish size composition, and why diel patterns for survey and commercial trawls often differ. Further, difference in behavior between rock sole and Pacific halibut suggest possible avenues of reducing halibut bycatch at night.
Rat thymic estrogen receptor--II. Physiological properties.

Abstract Specific, high affinity estrogen receptor has been shown to be present in the rat thymus. From in vivo and in vitro studies as well as competition assays, the receptor possesses specificity for estradiol and the estrogen-like compound diethylstilbestrol, but not for progesterone, testosterone, triamcinolone or cortisol. By sucrose gradient centrifugation studies the thymic estrogen receptor was shown to have a sedimentation value of 7–8s in low salt buffer. Castration resulted in a decrease in thymic estrogen receptor in terms of pmol/g tissue or fmol/mg soluble protein but no change in terms of pmol/mg DNA. Estradiol injection in vivo resulted in a rapid decrease of measurable cytoplasmic receptor by 2.5 min, which became undetectable by 20 min and returned to control values by 24 h. Autoradiographic studies show that the radioactive label is concentrated in single cells which may be of the reticulo-epithelial variety.
Severe slugging in flexible risers : Review of experimental investigations and OLGA predictions

Flexible risers are key components of floating production systems, particularly in harsh environmental conditions where the riser must deal with substantial vessel motion. Liquid slugging in flexible risers often causes severe operational problems for the downstream production system. To avoid such costly delays, it would be desirable to predict severe slugging behavior in flexible risers using experiments and transient codes. This article details the basic mechanisms and general characteristics of severe slugging in a pipeline-riser system. It also tries to present the research studies that have been carried out on severe slugging in flexible risers in two parts; experiments on different flexible riser configurations, and existing OLGA code predictions.
Rethinking the Flâneur: Flânerie and the Senses

‘Oh! errer dans Paris! adorable et delicieuse existence! Flâner est une science, c’est la gastronomie de l’œil’, wrote Honore de Balzac, generously mixing metaphors in his sensuous description of f...
Combinatorial approach to correlations of properties in copper nitride

Copper nitride (Cu3N) is a potential next-generation Earth abundant thin film solar cell absorber material. We performed reduction of Cu3N combinatorial optical and structural vector data to scalar metrics, and subsequent correlation of these metrics with other scalar quantities, such as isotropic bulk electrical conductivity or target-substrate distance during the growth. Insensitivity of the Cu3N conductivity to the structural and optical metrics is promising for large-scale fabrication of thin film solar cells where precise process control over the growth parameters may be challenging.
The influence of delay interval on severity of the spatial alternation deficit in frontal monkeys.

Summary Five normal and five dorsolaterally frontal-lesioned rhesus macaques were tested in an automated apparatus on non-correctional spatial delayed alternation using ITI’s of .75, 2, 3, and 4 sec. in ascending and descending order. Six hundred trials were presented at each delay, and while performance improved within testing at the various delays, there were significant influences of both delays and lesions. Further, although the lesion influence was generally more marked at the longer delays, the rapidity of adjustment to the presence of delay might have been greater for normals than for frontals. It was concluded that frontal alternation deficit is highly dependent upon task variables.
Mediators of Weight Loss in a Family-Based Intervention Presented over the Internet

AbstractWHITE, MARNEY A., PAMELA DAVIS MARTIN,ROBERT L. NEWTON, HEATHER M. WALDEN,EMILY E. YORK-CROWE, STEWART T. GORDON,DONNA H. RYAN, AND DONALD A. WILLIAMSON.Mediators of weight loss in a family-based interventionpresented over the Internet. Obes Res. 2004;12:1050–1059.Objective: To assess the process variables involved in aweight loss program for African-American adolescent girls.Several process variables have been identified as affectingsuccess in in vivo weight loss programs for adults andchildren, including program adherence, self-efficacy, andsocial support. The current study sought to broaden theunderstanding of these process variables as they pertain toan intervention program that is presented using the Internet.It was hypothesized that variables such as program adher-ence, dietary self-efficacy, psychological factors, and fam-ily environment factors would mediate the effect of theexperimental condition on weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 57adolescent African-American girls who joined the programwith one obese parent; family pairs were randomized toeither a behavioral or control condition in an Internet-basedweight loss program. Outcome data (weight loss) are re-ported for the first 6 months of the intervention.Results: Results partially supported the hypotheses. Forweight loss among adolescents, parent variables pertainingto life and family satisfaction were the strongest mediatingvariables. For parental weight loss, changes in dietary prac-tices over the course of 6 months were the strongest medi-ators.Discussion: The identification of factors that enhance orimpede weight loss for adolescents is an important step inimproving weight loss programs for this group. The currentfindings suggest that family/parental variables exert a stronginfluence on weight loss efforts for adolescents and shouldbe considered in developing future programs.Key words: adolescents, African American, Internet,telehealth, family-based interventions
FROM IMPERIAL TO INTERNATIONAL HORIZONS: A HERMENEUTIC STUDY OF BENGALI MODERNISM

This essay provides a close study of the international horizons of Kallol, a Bengali literary journal, published in post-World War I Calcutta. It uncovers a historical pattern of Bengali intellectual life that marked the period from the 1870s to the 1920s, whereby an imperial imagination was transformed into an international one, as a generation of intellectuals born between 1885 and 1905 reinvented the political category of “youth”. Hermeneutics, as a philosophically informed study of how meaning is created through conversation, and grounded in this essay in the thought of Hans Georg Gadamer, helps to reveal this pattern. While translocal vistas of intellectual life were always present in Bengali thought, the contours of those horizons changed drastically in the period under study. Bengali intellectual life, framed within a center–periphery imperial axis in the 1870s, was resolutely reframed within a multipolar international constellation by the 1920s. This change was reflected by the new conversations in which young Bengalis became entangled in the years after the war. At a linguistic level, the shift was registered by the increasing use of terms such as bideś (the foreign) and āntarjātik (international), as opposed to bilāt (England, or the West), to name the world abroad. The world outside empire increasingly became a resource and theme for artists and writers. Major changes in global geopolitical alignments and in the colonial politics of British India, and the relations between generations within Bengali bhadralok society, provide contexts for the rise of this international youth imagination.
Neuropathy after burn injury.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of neuropathy in a consecutive cohort of patients with major burn injuries and investigate the clinical correlates for both mononeuropathy and generalized peripheral polyneuropathy. Of 572 patients examined, 64 (11%) patients had clinical evidence of mononeuropathy or peripheral neuropathy or both. Associations of mononeuropathy and peripheral neuropathy with potential risk factors were identified using logistic regression analyses. Electrical cause (odds ratio [OR] = 4.1022, P < .01), history of alcohol abuse (OR = 2.2893, P <.05), and number of days in intensive care (OR = 1.0457, P < .001) were significantly associated with mononeuropathy. The number of days in intensive care (OR = 1.0740, P < .001) and patient age (OR = 1.0543, P < .01) were significantly associated with peripheral neuropathy. This study demonstrates that neuropathy is a common complication of severe burn injury in patients who are older, critically ill, have an electrical cause, or history of alcohol abuse.
High-temperature phase transitions and elasticity of silica polymorphs

The single-crystal acoustic velocities of α- and β-quartz were measured by Brillouin spectroscopy to a maximum temperature >1,500°C at room pressure. From these velocities, the single-crystal elastic moduli were calculated up to 1,050°C, exceeding the temperature range of previous measurements by 350°C for the elastic moduli and by 710°C for acoustic velocities. The ordinary refractive index (n o) of α- and β-quartz was measured from room temperature to 800°C. In the temperature interval from ∼950 to 1,000°C a subtle change in the temperature derivative of the longitudinal acoustic velocity was observed in platelet geometry for all measured directions. The high-temperature acoustic velocity data may indicate the presence of a second phase, presumably β-cristobalite, that nucleates below 1,000°C.
Determination of Critical Bending Stresses in Portland Cement Concrete Layer with Asphalt Overlay

An asphalt concrete overlay of a jointed plain concrete pavement is intended to extend the service life of the existing pavement structure. Also known as composite pavements, these structures exhibit features of both rigid and flexible pavements. Whereas the behavior of rigid pavements is mainly elastic, the behavior of an asphalt layer is dependent on load duration. At the same time, temperature curling causes nonlinear interaction with the foundation. The available structural models for composite pavements ignore the behavior of the asphalt layer that is load duration dependent when the composite pavement is subjected to a combination of temperature curling and traffic loads. Research was conducted to address the improvement of structural modeling of composite pavements that were subjected to slow-developing temperature curling and instantaneous traffic loads. A simplified procedure was developed that maintained compatibility with the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide. The procedure used a dif...
Updating reactivated memories in infancy: I. Passive‐ and active‐exposure effects

This study examined the vulnerability of infants' reactivated memories to modification. In three experiments, one hundred eight 3-month-olds learned to move a distinctive mobile by kicking. After the operant task was forgotten, its memory was recovered by a reactivation treatment. Immediately afterward, attempts were made to modify the reactivated memory by exposing infants to a novel mobile. Exposing the novel mobile immediately after the reactivation treatment did not affect the reactivated memory (Experiment 1). When exposure to the novel mobile was delayed for 24 hr, the novel mobile temporarily interfered with recognition of the original mobile, but did not modify the reactivated memory (Experiment 2). Only when the contingency was briefly associated with the novel mobile (an active-exposure procedure) was the reactivated memory modified (Experiment 3). These data reveal that infants' recently reactivated memories are surprisingly resistant to updating unless the operant contingency that established the original memory accompanies the new information.
A program of physical research in classical mechanics

Nach einigen Bemerkungen uber die Grundlagen der klassischen Mechanik behandelt dieser Artikel die allgemeine Natur der nichtlinearen Elastizitat und Viskositat. Die Experimente, die das Vorhandensein von eigentlich nichtlinearen Federkraften und den Zustand des Fliesens anzeigen, werden zusammengefast. Eine allgemeine Untersuchung vonReiner, die zeigt, das jede Theorie nichtlinearer Vorgange qualitative Merkmale dieser Phanomene angibt, wird wiedergegeben und erlautert. Fur diese beiden, im wesentlichen voneinander verschiedenen, aber vorausgesagten neuen Phanomene werden die BezeichnungenKelvin-Effekt undPoynting-Effekt vorgeschlagen. Die Theorie der nichtlinearen Viskositat in Flussigkeiten wird mit Hilfe des Dimensionsprinzips auf eine mehr explizite Form zuruckgefuhrt. Zwei verschiedene Flussigkeiten werden unterschieden: die «Stokessche Flussigkeit», die vom Autorangegeben worden ist, in der keine Materialkonstante der Zeitdimension besteht, und die Theorie vonReiner undRivlin, in der eine Zeitkonstante von Wichtigkeit ist. Diese einleitenden Betrachtungen fuhren zum Hauptteil des Artikels, zu einem Programm von 11 Richtlinien physikalischer Forschung—sowohl fur die Theorie als auch fur das Experiment—, das angegeben wird in der Hoffnung, das, angeregt durch das Vorhandensein dieser weitreichenden und wichtigen, noch ungelosten physikalischen Probleme, masgebende Physiker veranlast werden, in das neue Gebiet der nichtlinearen Mechanik der Kontinua weiter vorzudringen.
Combustion Promotors for Safe Disposal of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Carbon filaments disseminated into the environment by combustion of carbon fiber/resin composites threaten electrical and electronic equipment, including power distribution and communications systems. The anticipated use of such composites in structural parts of aircraft, automobiles, and con sumer goods requires that the hazard be minimized in the inevitable events of flaming aircraft and auto crashes and other incinerations. The electrical hazard is mitigated by combustion promotors, and several substances have been evaluated in this role. The decreasing order of effectiveness among the species studied is PbO, Pb[OOC(CH2)8COO(C8H17)] 2, Pb3O4, Bi2O2CO 3,Bi2O3, Bi, CuO, CaCO3, Ca(OOCCH 3)2 H2O, Sb2O3. The lead compounds are not significantly separated in rank, and the ranking of CuO in the list is somewhat uncertain. Sb2O3 shows no activity as a combustion promotor.
The Role of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Background Recent studies suggest that carboplatin with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (C+PLD) is as efficacious as carboplatin with paclitaxel (C+P) and possibly is more tolerable for ovarian cancer therapy. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) may also be efficacious and tolerable as monotherapy in recurrent or platinum-resistant disease. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized trials in order to elucidate the role of PLD in ovarian cancer. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge for studies comparing C+PLD with C+P and comparing PLD with another monotherapy. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) and relative risks with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a fixed-effects model. Results Three trials were included in the doublet regimen analysis, and five trials were included in the monotherapy regimen analysis. C+PLD provided superior progression-free survival (PFS) (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.96) and similar overall survival (OS; HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.84-1.07) compared with C+P. There was no evidence of improved tolerability: C+PLD had more gastrointestinal toxicity, anemia, thrombocytopenia, cutaneous toxicity, and mucositis/stomatitis, although there was less neutropenia, neuropathy, and alopecia. PLD monotherapy had similar PFS (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89-1.11) and OS (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.88-1.11) to other monotherapies, but it was more tolerable. There was less neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and gastrointestinal toxicity, although cutaneous toxicity was increased. Conclusion C+PLD had better PFS and similar OS compared with C+P and had a very different toxicity profile. Therapy selection could be based on patient risks for side effects. PLD is as efficacious as other monotherapies and is more tolerable.