cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The annotated-indexed bibliography of geothermal phenomena

Abstract Literature about geothermal phenomena is scattered through the documentation of many disciplines. It is in more than 15 languages. Most authors lack time and resources to completely survey the literatures and their reports show a lack of communication, both within and between disciplines. Duplication of effort and ignorance of earlier effort are common. To solve this problem we are preparing an Annotated-Indexed Bibliography of Geothermal Phenomena. The bibliography will cover all natural physical and chemical matters that relate to the earth's heat. The project, initiated in July 1968 under a National Science Foundation grant, will compile 10,000 to 20,000 references. Work began with Waring's 1965 publication ⪡Thermal springs of the United States and other countries of the world — a summary⪢, which contains over 3700 references. By October 1969, 9000 articles were processed. Sources include lists contributed by foreign and domestic bureaus and authors, and standard references such as Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, and Geophysical Abstracts. The project currently employs five students who search the literature, select pertinent articles, and prepare a standard form for each. Forms include author's full name, year of publication, title of article, publication source, an annotation of the article, and the source of the annotation. The New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources will market the bibliography, and so the forms follow a modified Bureau style. They are filed by serial number, with a cross file of authors in alphabetical order. Eventually all information from the standard forms will be punched on computer cards. A comprehensive index will be generated by a computer search of these cards for key words. Hard-to-find articles from unusual sources will be available to researchers through the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology library. The bibliography is tentatively scheduled for publication July 1971.
Isolation of the gene encoding the S. cerevisiae heat shock transcription factor

Summary The yeast heat shock transcription factor gene, HSF1 , has been isolated from an S. cerevisiae genomic expression library (in λgt11). The sequenced gene encodes an 833 amino acid protein having a mass of 93,218 daltons. Expression of specific DNA-binding activity in E. coli and of transcriptional activity in yeast confirmed the identity of the cloned gene. Southern analysis and gene-disruption experiments indicate that the heat shock transcription factor is encoded by a single-copy, essential gene. The DNA-binding domain was localized to a 118 amino acid region in the amino-terminal third of the protein. Inspection of the DNA-binding domain reveals no resemblance to any currently known secondary structural motifs implicated in DNA recognition and binding.
Three Mexico City Tabloid Newspapers: Some Surprises

Mexico today enjoys one of the most dynamic and varied print media in Latin America. Dating from 1542 when the first news flier came off the press in Mexico City, print journalism has had a lively history culminating in a most favorable situation in the 1980s in which this country's population counts on a daily deluge of newspapers, magazines and other publications. Al Hester concentrates on three tabloids which make up over one-tenth of the total daily circulation of papers in the capital. He examines their textual and pictorial content, sources of news, the importance of news coverage in comparison with advertising space, the general characteristics of the papers in the way they approach their tasks, how the communicators perceive their missions and their readers, and finally what contributions these tabloids make to Mexico City readers. Hester discovers that the tabloids do not fit the traditional picture of sensationalist publicatons but to varying degrees provide hard news, variety, even investigative reporting, and socially conscious types of content.
Nutritional outcomes with implementation of probiotics in preterm infants.

To assess nutritional outcomes in preterm infants after the implementation of probiotics. Retrospective chart review of infants with birth weight⩽1250 grams and/or⩽28 weeks of gestational age admitted to the KCH-Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was done. Data were collected over two periods, period 1 (before probiotics) and period 2 (after probiotics) and included demographic data, daily weight gain, feeding strategies (type, amount, caloric content and frequency of feeds) and comorbidities affecting feedings (Patent ductus arteriosus, Sepsis). Primary outcomes—extra uterine growth restriction (EUGR) status and incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) as well as secondary outcomes—time to reach full feeds, feeding intolerance episodes and weight gain were compared between the two groups. A total of 113 infants (period 1) were compared with 108 infants (period 2). The odds of EUGR was significantly lower with probiotics (odds ratio: 0.3, 95% confidence interval 0.138 to 0.611). Time to reach full feeds was significantly reduced and weight gain was significantly better in period 2. Significant reduction was also noted in number of total parental nutrition days, central line days, nil per os days and number of feeding intolerance episodes in period 2. There was no significant difference in the incidence of NEC. Probiotics improve feeding tolerance leading to better overall growth and decreases the incidence of EUGR in preterm infants.
Control of mitochondrial respiration in muscle

Control of mitochondrial respiration depends on ADP availability to the F1ATPase. An electrochemical gradient of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane is maintained by the adenine nucleotide translocase which provides ADP to the matrix for ATP synthesis and ATP for energy-dependent processes in the cytosol. Mitochondrial respiration is responsive to the cytosolic phosphorylation potential, ATP/ADP · Pi which is in apparent equilibrium with the first two sites in the electron transport chain. Conventional measures of free adenine nucleotides is a confounding issue in determining cytosolic and mitochondrial phosphorylation potentials. The advent of phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (P-31 NMR) allows the determination of intracellular free concentrations of ATP, creatine-P and Pi in perfused muscle in situ. In the glucose-perfused heart, there is an absence of correlation between the cytosolic phosphorylation potential as determined by P-31 NMR and cardiac oxygen consumption over a range of work loads. These data suggest that contractile work leads to increased generation of mitochondrial NADH so that ATP production keeps pace with myosin ATPase activity. The mechanism of increased ATP synthesis is referred to as ‘stimulusre-sponse-metabolism’ coupling. In muscle, increased contractility is a result of interventions which increase cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations. The Ca2- signal thus generated increases glycogen breakdown and myosin ATPase in the cytosol. This signal is concomitantly transmitted to the mitochondria which respond to small increases in matrix Ca2+ by activation of Ca2+-sensitive dehydrogenases. The Ca2+-activated dehydrogenase activities are key rate-controlling enzymes in tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, and their activation by Ca2- leads to increased pyridine nucleotide reduction and oxidative phosphorylation. These observations which have been consistent in preparations both in vitro and in situ do not obviate a role for ADP control of muscle respiration, but do explain, in part, the lack of dramatic fluctuations in the cytosolic phosphorylation potential over a large range of contractile activities.
Scattering of light by a weak neutral current

Abstract We consider the scattering of photons when their interaction with the target is mediated by a weak neutral vector boson. The scattering amplitude is found to be proportional to the divergence of the hadronic weak neutral current at all momentum transfer. Polarization measurements to help suppress the background are also discussed.
Burmese Refugees in Tokyo: Livelihoods in the Urban Environment

This paper explores the consequences of Japan's refugee policy for Burmese refugees living in Tokyo by examining refugees' livelihoods and responses to the immigration/ refugee legal system. It begins with a description of Japan's legal framework as it pertains to immigrants and refugees, then examines four elements of refugees' livelihoods in Tokyo: employment, housing, health care and education. Tokyo's urban environment enables Burmese refugees from all backgrounds to generate income and make a living. Finding a place to live is possible with the help of the Burmese community, both legal and illegal. Education is only partially successful, but will prove more challenging as the refugee population grows. The present system is woefully inadequate to meet the health needs of asylum seekers. While refugees manage adequately, this is largely due to the Burmese community's strength and to some extent the response of Japanese civil society in the form of volunteer organizations. This success is in spite of Japan's rusty immigration and refugee system, which, slow to recognize that its temporary population is gradually becoming more permanent, is in need of more than a cosmetic makeover.
Surface-enhanced Raman and optical scattering in coupled plasmonic nanoclusters

Optical excitation of small Au nanoparticle (NP) clusters of appropriate wavelength is known to generate intense electromagnetic fields localized uniquely at NP junction sites within the nanoclusters. These intense and localized field hot-sites can induce intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of molecules residing at the junction hot-sites. In this paper, we present a series of electromagnetic simulations, experimental SERS and extinction data obtained from small self-assembled Au NP clusters coated to saturation with a Raman reporter molecule. Our experimental data show that the SERS enhancement factor remains relatively constant despite the heterogeneity of the nanocluster and this is supported by the simulation results. Furthermore, our simulation results show significant variations in the localized electric field intensities of the junction hot-sites in different nanocluster geometries. This explains the observation that increasing the number of hot-sites does not necessarily result in a hi...
The role of short-range and long-range signaling in mesoderm induction and patterning duringXenopusdevelopment

Abstract Recent research in Xenopus mesoderm induction has focused on the molecular nature of inducing molecules and has yielded several candidates. However, little is known about the mechanism of action of the molecules within the intact embryo. We review here the mechanism of mesoderm induction in Xenopus , focusing on long-range and short-range modes of cell–cell communication and the way in which the concentration of the inducing signal may be attenuated.
The synthesis of 2-14C-N-nitrosothiazolidine

2-14C-N-Nitrosothiazolidine was synthesized with a chemical purity of 99.6%, a radio chemical purity of 99.4%, and an overall yield of 30.7%. Unlabelled N-nitroso-thiazolidine, synthesized using the same method, resulted in a purity of 99.85% by capillary GC and 99.7% by HPLC. Analysis of N-nitrosothiazolidine by GC was found to require a low injection port temperature of 160°C to prevent denitrosation in the injection port. During the nitrosation of thiazolidine, if the pH was reduced below 4 with hydrochloric acid, ring hydrolysis occurred, and chlorinated disulfide compounds formed.
Nonthermal Ignition of Premixed Hydrocarbon-Air Flows by Nonequilibrium Radio Frequency Plasma

Results are presented of nonequilibrium rf plasma-assisted combustion experiments in premixed air-fuel flows. The experiments have been conducted in methane-air, ethylene-air, and CO-air mixtures. The results show that large volume ignition by the uniform and diffuse rf plasma can be achieved at significantly higher flow velocities (up to u = 25 m/s) and lower pressures (P = 60-130 torr) compared to both a spark discharge and a dc arc discharge. The experiments also demonstrated flame stabilization by the rf plasma, without the use of any physical obstacle flameholders. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of combustion products show that a significant fraction of the fuel (up to 80%) burns in the test section. Temperature measurements in the diffuse rf discharge using FTIR emission spectra show that the flow temperature in the plasma before ignition (T = 250-550°C at P = 60-120 torr) is considerably lower than the autoignition temperatures for ethylene-air mixtures at these pressures (T = 600-700°C). Visible emission spectroscopy measurements in C 2 H 4 -air flows in the rf discharge detected presence of radical species such as CH, C 2 , and OH, as well as O atoms. In CO-air flows, O and H atoms have been detected in the rf plasma region and CO 2 emission (carbon monoxide flame bands) in the flame downstream of the rf plasma.
THE EFFECT OF LONG‐TERM OUTCOME STUDIES ON THE THERAPY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: A CRITIQUE

The reader of this commentary on Haley's paper by Stein will note that Stein refers to Haley as "the author of the critiqued paper" or "ACP," rather than by name. This unusual style was occasioned by the Editor's decision that Stein should comment on the paper without any knowledge of its authorship, in order that the focus of Stein's comments be on the substance of that paper and that his comments not be influenced by who had written it. The admittedly somewhat awkward references to "ACP" have been retained in Stein's comments in order to make that point clear.-Ed.
Discovery of a herbicidal lead using polymer-bound activated esters in generating a combinatorial library of amides and esters.

A combinatorial library containing mixtures of amides and esters was prepared through solid-phase chemistry. The advantages of using solid-phase chemistry over solution-phase chemistry to prepare this library are discussed. The library was screened through a high-throughput whole organism herbicidal assay upon which a mixture containing amides was found to have herbicidal activity. Deconvolution of the mixture providedN-(3-benzoylphenyl)-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-methyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide as a herbicidal lead with broadleaf and narrowleaf pre-emergence herbicidal activity as low as 100 g/ha on some weed species. This study represents the first report of an agrochemical discovered using a combinatorial approach.
How entrepreneurs manage growth

Abstract This article is based on a series of interviews with small business owners and managers concerned with problems of growth. There is an abundance of literature which describes the processes of evolution in business, but much of it describes the end product of growth rather than the initial problems incurred in the embryonic stages of corporate development. This article uses the experience of several small companies to suggest a model of development for the small firm. These companies range in size from $1m to over $100m. Each company faces significant problems as it copes with the pressures of growth.
Desmopressin (d‐DAVP) effects on platelet rheology and von willebrand factor activities in uremia

Bleeding times, von Willebrand activities, and platelet retentions were examined before and following d-DAVP in 13 uremic patients. Shortening of the bleeding time from 16.6 +/- 2.2 (SEM) to 6.8 +/- 0.7 min was seen in six patients. However, bleeding times remained greater than or equal to 20 min in the remaining seven individuals. The only baseline parameter that correlated with response to d-DAVP was the amount of blood loss (mg/min) during the bleeding time test. Responders had normal blood loss values averaging 6.2 +/- 1.5 mg/min. By contrast, these values were elevated in 6/7 of the non-responders and averaged 28.4 +/- 5.9 mg/min (P = 0.01). Von Willebrand activities increased following d-DAVP in the responders but not in the non-responders. Platelet retention was uniformly low in all patients and improved from 21.0 +/- 7.0% to 75.0 +/- 7.9% (P = less than 0.001) following d-DAVP in responders but not non-responders. To further define the retention abnormality in uremia, the two-stage platelet retention assay was performed prior to d-DAVP. Most of the patients (9/12) had both first- and second-phase abnormalities. Therefore, the retention defect in uremia appears to be more complex than that seen in von Willebrand's disease (2nd phase abnormality only). Nevertheless, d-DAVP seems to improve platelet rheology in uremic individuals whose von Willebrand activities increase with d-DAVP.
Vaginal native tissue repair versus transvaginal mesh repair for apical prolapse: how utilizing different methods of analysis affects the estimated trade-off between reoperation for mesh exposure/erosion and reoperation for recurrent prolapse.

Informed decision-making about optimal surgical repair of apical prolapse with vaginal native tissue (NT) versus transvaginal mesh (TVM) requires understanding the balance between the potential “harm” of mesh-related complications and the potential “benefit” of reducing prolapse recurrence. Synthesis of data from observational studies is required and the current literature shows that the average follow-up for NT repair is significantly longer than for TVM repair. We examined this harm/benefit balance. We hypothesized that using different methods of analysis to incorporate follow-up time would affect the balance of outcomes. We used a Markov state transition model to estimate the cumulative 24-month probabilities of reoperation for mesh exposure/erosion or for recurrent prolapse after either NT or TVM repair. We used four different analytic approaches to estimate probability distributions ranging from simple pooled proportions to a random effects meta-analysis using study-specific events per patient-time. As variability in follow-up time was accounted for better, the balance of outcomes became more uncertain. For TVM repair, the incremental ratio of number of operations for mesh exposure/erosion per single reoperation for recurrent prolapse prevented increased progressively from 1.4 to over 100 with more rigorous analysis methods. The most rigorous analysis showed a 70 % probability that TVM would result in more operations for recurrent prolapse repair than NT. Based on the best available evidence, there is considerable uncertainty about the harm/benefit trade-off between NT and TVM for apical prolapse repair. Future studies should incorporate time-to-event analyses, with greater standardization of reporting, in order to better inform decision-making.
Europe in Movement: A Choreography from the Eastern Border

This article centers on Letter to Heiner Muller by Croatian playwright Goran Fercec to discuss methods of artistic intervention in the social sphere. Various forms of movement—as mass mobilizations, as ideology in flux, as national and international migration chasing work opportunities, and as the movement of the singular body in performance—form the layered textures of Fercec's piece trying to spell out possible directions of political action. The role of the artist and intellectual in oppositional movement appears to be the burning question of the day.
Are Mestizos Hybrids? The Conceptual Politics of Andean Identities

Through a genealogical analysis of the terms mestizo and mestizaje, this article reveals that these voices are doubly hybrid. On the one hand they house an empirical hybridity, built upon eighteenth and nineteenth century racial taxonomies and according to which ‘mestizos’ are non-indigenous individuals, the result of biological or cultural mixtures. Yet, mestizos’ genealogy starts earlier, when ‘mixture’ denoted transgression of the rule of faith, and its statutes of purity. Within this taxonomic regime mestizos could be, at the same time, indigenous. Apparently dominant, racial theories sustained by scientific knowledge mixed with, (rather than cancel) previous faith based racial taxonomies. ‘Mestizo’ thus houses a conceptual hybridity – the mixture of two classificatory regimes – which reveals subordinate alternatives for mestizo subject positions, including forms of indigeneity.
DNA microarrays as a method to monitor changes in mitochondria-related gene expression during development and mitochondrial dysfunction

DNA microarrays as a method to monitor changes in mitochondria-related gene expression during development and mitochondrial dysfunction
Cytokine regulation of immune tolerance

The immune system provides defenses against invading pathogens while maintaining immune tolerance to self-antigens. This immune homeostasis is harmonized by the direct interactions between immune cells and the cytokine environment in which immune cells develop and function. Herein, we discuss three non-redundant paradigms by which cytokines maintain or break immune tolerance. We firstly describe how anti-inflammatory cytokines exert direct inhibitory effects on immune cells to enforce immune tolerance, followed by discussing other cytokines that maintain immune tolerance through inducing CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which negatively control immune cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 is the most potent cytokine in promoting the development and survival of Tregs, thereby mediating immune tolerance. IL-35 is mainly produced by Tregs, but its biology function remains to be defined. Finally, we discuss the actions of proinflammatory cytokines that breach immune tolerance and induce autoimmunity, which include IL-7, IL-12, IL-21, and IL-23. Recent genetic studies have revealed the role of these cytokines (or their cognate receptors) in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Taken together, we highlight in this review the cytokine regulation of immune tolerance, which will help in further understanding of human diseases that are caused by dysregulated immune system.
Lorentz covariance of photon dynamics

Recently, the author put forward a theory of the motion of photons in physical space, which provides a new approach to problems of photon-counting statistics. Here that theory is briefly reviewed, and a proof of its Lorentz covariance is given.
Incorporation of Ethanol-1-14C into Fatty Acids in the Normal and Alloxan Diabetic Rat

RECENT work in this laboratory has shown that, in the mouse, ethanol-1-14C is incorporated in vivo into phospholipids, cholesterol, and fatty acids at approximately the same rate and to the same degree as acetate-1-14C (ref. 1). It is well known that in diabetic animals a metabolic block exists in the synthesis of fatty acids from acetate2. It was of interest to determine whether ethanol can be used to any greater degree as a source of building blocks for fatty acid synthesis in diabetic animals, or whether a similar metabolic block occurs.
Hydrogeologic Controls on Radon-222 in a Buried Valley-Fractured Bedrock Aquifer System

A field study was conducted to evaluate the distribution of radon (222Rn) and the hydrogeologic controls on its occurrence in the glacial and fractured rock aquifers of the Pawcatuck River Basin, Rhode Island. A total of 91 ground water samples were collected and analyzed for major chemical constituents as well as uranium and 222Rn. The three bedrock types underlying the study area include the Proterozoic Esmond and Sterling gneisses, and the Devonian Scituate Granite, each having average uranium contents of 1.9 ppm, 3.3 ppm, and 4.1 ppm, respectively (Nevins 1991). All wells sampled in this study yielded radon levels above the proposed U.S. EPA limit of 300 pCi/L. Wells in areas underlain by the Esmond Suite had the lowest radon content (range 500 to 30,400 pCi/L, median 1400 pCi/L), areas underlain by the Sterling Suite were not significantly different but showed slightly higher concentrations (range 700 to 27,300 pCi/L, median 1600 pCi/L), and the areas underlain by the Scituate Suite had significantly higher levels (range 1600 to 83,500 pCi/L, median 5900 pCi/L). High fluoride and alkalinity concentrations in ground water were found to be hydrogeochemical markers for elevated radon concentrations. These markers are believed to represent chemical reactions that produce remobilization of uranium in the host crystalline rock to more favorable siting along grain and fracture boundaries. Physical characteristics such as porosity and the location of uranium are controlling factors in the distribution of radon between surficial and bedrock wells, with bedrock aquifers exhibiting higher radon concentrations than surficial-materials aquifers in this basin.
Autonomy by the Rules: The European Commission and the Development of State Aid Policy

The debate between theorists of European construction concerning the degree of autonomy of supranational institutions has begun to yield concrete rewards. Advances in our understanding of the emerging European polity have shown that these institutions are relatively independent actors in the European integration process; the critical question remains precisely how, where and why supranational autonomy is circumscribed by national interests, and how this relationship changes over time. While state aid is unrepresentative of other policy areas because of the exclusive competence exercised by the Commission, two aspects of the first experience of state aid policy are generalizable. First, the means by which the parameters of the Commission’s authority have been defined and by which the DG-IV itself has sought to expand that authority are similar to that for other policy areas. Second, as the work of the Commission shifts away from primary legislation and more toward a focus on implementation and enforcement, the tasks of other parts of the Commission become more like those of DG-IV. Thus DG-IV’s application of state aid policy can provide insight into problems faced by DGs in other policy areas and strategies of policy influence and effective enforcement.
Distribution of titanium and vanadium following repeated injection of high-dose salts.

Titanium and its alloy of 6% aluminum and 4% vanadium are used extensively in orthopedic and dental surgery. However, in conditions of motion leading to wear, there is significant generation of wear products with deposition of black debris in the tissue. The questions remain as to how much of this debris is generated and to where it is transported. Previous studies have been hampered by low levels of detected elements giving values just above the background levels found in normal tissue and body fluids. The purpose of these experiments was to increase the body burden of titanium and vanadium by injecting larger doses of titanium and vanadium salts over an extended period of time. Each animal (Syrian hamster) received 100 μg of each element once a week for six weeks. The hamster was sacrificed on the seventh week and body fluids and tissue harvested. The results indicate that in the experimental animals there was transport of vanadium with levels above control in urine, plasma, liver, spleen, and the mineralized portion and organic portion of bone. Titanium had less transport but still showed levels in the experimental animals in plasma, kidney, liver, spleen, and both phases of bone above those in the control animals. Neither element was found above control levels in lung or red blood cells. The levels of titanium and vanadium in control bone were high, possibly indicating bone as a site for storage and accumulation of these elements when encountered in the activities of daily living. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polycarbonates from the Polyhydroxy Natural Product Quinic Acid

Strategies for the preparation of polycarbonates, derived from natural polyhydroxy monomeric repeat units, were developed for biosourced polycarbonates based on quinic acid. The design and synthesis of regioselectively tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy (TBS)-protected 1,4- and 1,5-diol monomers of quinic acid were followed by optimization of their copolymerizations with phosgene, generated in situ from trichloromethyl chloroformate, to yield protected poly(1,4-quinic acid carbonate) and poly(1,5-quinic acid carbonate). The molecular weights reached ca. 7.6 kDa, corresponding to degrees of polymerization of ca. 24, with polydispersities ranging from 2.0 to 3.5, as measured by SEC using tetrahydrofuran as the eluent and with polystyrene calibration standards. Partially because of the presence of the bicyclic backbone, each regioisomeric poly(quinic acid carbonate) exhibited relatively high glass-transition temperatures, 209 °C for poly(1,4-quinic acid carbonate) and 229 °C for poly(1,5-quinic acid carbonate). Removal of the TBS-protecting groups was studied under mild conditions to achieve control over potential competing reactions involving polymer degradation, which could include cleavage of lactones within the repeat units, carbonate linkages, or both between the repeat units. Full deprotection was not achieved without some degree of polymer degradation. The regiochemistry of the monomer showed significant impact on the reactivity during deprotection and also on the thermal properties, with the 1,5-regioisomeric polymer having lower reactivity and giving higher T(g) values, in comparison with the 1,4-regioisomer. Each regioisomer underwent a 10-20 °C increase in T(g) upon partial removal of the TBS-protecting groups. As the extent of deprotection increased, the solubility decreased. Ultimately, at long deprotection reaction times, the solubility increased and the T(g) decreased because of significant degradation of the polymers.
A Computer Controlled Inagt Dissector System

The system which I am going to de-cribe has the capability of reading visual material of all kinds - opaque, transparent, two dimensional and three dimensional. It reads in a random access mode, a mode of particular importance in a reading system associated with present day computers. The reason for developing such a system are many:© (1966) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The impact of city-level permitting processes on residential photovoltaic installation prices and development times: An empirical analysis of solar systems in California cities

With “soft” costs accounting for well over 50% of the installed price of residential photovoltaic (PV) systems in the United States, this study evaluates the effect of city-level permitting processes on the installed price of residential PV systems and on the time required to develop those systems. The study uses a unique dataset from the U.S. Department of Energy's Rooftop Solar Challenge Program, which includes city-level permitting process “scores,” plus data from the California Solar Initiative and the U.S. Census. Econometric methods are used to quantify the price and development-time effects of city-level permitting processes on more than 3000 PV installations across 44 California cities in 2011. Results suggest that cities with the most favorable permitting practices can reduce average residential PV prices by $0.27–$0.77/W (4–12% of median PV prices in California) compared with cities with the most onerous permitting practices, depending on the regression model used. Though the empirical models for development times are less robust, results suggest that the most streamlined permitting practices may shorten development times by around 24 days on average (25% of the median development time). These findings illustrate the potential price and development-time benefits of streamlining local permitting procedures for PV systems.
Parallel Seismic Modeling Using the Pseudospectral Method on Marmousi2

We present parallel pseudospectral seismic modeling results for the elastic, variable-density acoustic and constant-density acoustic wave equations on the Marmousi2 model. We focus on the parallel implementation on distributed-memory systems to explore the potentials of the pseudospectral method for large scale seismic simulations. The numerical results demonstrate superior accuracy of the pseudospectral method and good scalability on a Linux cluster, which suggest the promising extensions of the current work to solving 3D seismic modeling and imaging problems on supercomputers.
Results from the Virginia Tech propagation experiment using the OLYMPUS 12, 20, and 30 GHz-satellite beacons

Virginia Tech has performed a comprehensive propagation experiment using the OLYMPUS satellite beacons at 12, 20, and 30 GHz. Four receive terminals were designed and constructed, one terminal at each frequency plus portable one with 20 and 30 GHz receivers for microscale and scintillation studies. Total power radiometers were included in each terminal to set the clear air reference level for each beacon and to predict path attenuation. Statistical results for one year of data collection have been analyzed. The following studies were also performed: a microdiversity experiment in which two closely spaced 20 GHz receivers were used, a comparison of total power and Dicke switched radiometer measurements, frequency scaling of scintillations, and adaptive power and control algorithm development. Attenuation statistics, attenuation ratios, fade and inter-fade durations, and fade slope for all three frequencies have been examined. >
A hybrid functional/anatomical imaging system for high-throughput planar projection mouse imaging

Imaging the mouse has become a valuable adjunct to genomic and cancer research. Although tomographic techniques such as high-resolution positron emission tomography (microPET) and computed tomography (microCT) are extremely useful, there is also a need for the rapid assessment of mouse anatomy and function at very low radiation doses, with low cost and high throughput. A system was designed using a stimulable phosphor BaFBr imaging plate (commonly called computed radiography [CR]) as the detector. A planar emission image (I-125) is acquired onto one side of the 18 cm × 24 cm CR detector. Subsequent to the emission image acquisition, precise translation of the mouse platform over the CR plate allows the acquisition of an X-ray radiographic image onto the other side of the same CR plate. The image is then read out in a CR reader, which produces a 1770 × 2370 pixel digital image with 0.100 mm pixel pitch. The I-125 and X-ray images are extracted from the larger image, and are mechanically registered, allowing the functional I-125 emission data to be overlaid onto the anatomical X-ray image. Because the CR imaging plates and other required hardware are relatively inexpensive, it is possible that up to 20 mice could be imaged simultaneously using 20 imaging plates, limited only by how many mice can be safely anesthetized and monitored by the technician(s). Once the mice are safely back in their cages, the CR plates can then be read out and the images processed. The overall design of the dual imaging system will be discussed, and the results of a prototype system currently in our laboratory will be presented. Monte Carlo techniques were used to assess the X-ray-associated radiation dose levels with the hybrid imaging system, and the findings suggest that the radiation levels due to the X-ray procedure are far lower than for microCT. We conclude that for appropriate research applications such as monitoring tumor growth over time, or monitoring tumor regression due to therapy, the hybrid imaging system may provide useful tumor kinetic information with high spatial and temporal resolution, and using low radiation dose levels.
A Punch-Card-Controlled Component-Part Insertion Machine

A new high-speed programmed insertion device for axial-lead component parts is described, which produces the "Y" coordinate motion by movement of the printed wiring board and the "X" and "Z" motion by movements of the insertion head. Although the basic idea is not new, it is claimed that its combination with novel mechanisms has resulted in a truly high-speed experimental programmed machine. Success of the machine is credited to a new small-and lightweight inserting tool, which allows high-velocity movement, using low power, and with reduced resonance. A series of pneumatic cylinders are shown, following the binary progression to provide specific strokes by IBM punched-card control, for both lead preparation and insertion. Salient features of the mechanism are described as follows: a) almost any part under a diameter of 0.250 inch and a length of 0.850 inch can be handled, b) component parts are center-taped on reels after wrap-around terminals have been added, c) torque sleeves and yokes remove component parts from the tape reels, d) cards are stacked and conveyor fed to the insertion head, e) the controller is in console form, and takes binary-coded cards directly without the need for a decoder, and f) 1,920 bits of information are available from only two cards. Factors which have been experienced in connection with the manufacture of Sage Computers at IBM Kingston are mentioned. It is claimed that for over two-million insertions, most failures have been eliminated, even though insertion is at the average rate of 60 per minute. Potential of the system is estimated at a maintained speed of at least 120 per minute, with its future hinted by the insertion speed of less than 0.1 second which has been attained. Possible utilization of the equipment for other purposes is stressed, such as for programmed drilling.
Mouse Model of Tuberculosis

The mouse provides a tool with which to probe the complex interaction between the mammalian immune system and the slow-growing, inflammatory, and persistent bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Simple mouse models using genetic deletion or antibody inhibition have identified causal connections between specific components of the immune response and survival upon challenge with Mtb, and these studies have corresponded with observations made in humans. To improve on current intervention strategies, it is essential that the complex interactions between the components of the immune response that mediate and regulate the protective response to Mtb infection be dissected; furthermore, the pathways by which specific molecules and cells act must be delineated. The mouse model provides a tool with which to achieve this goal; however, experimental design and data interpretation must be made in the context of data sets generated from the entire tuberculosis field.
Human factors engineering and patient safety

The case study and analyses presented here illustrate the crucial role of human factors engineering (HFE) in patient safety. HFE is a framework for efficient and constructive thinking which includes methods and tools to help healthcare teams perform patient safety analyses, such as root cause analyses. The literature on HFE over several decades contains theories and applied studies to help to solve difficult patient safety problems and design issues. A case study is presented which illustrates the vulnerabilities of human factors design in a transport monitor. The subsequent analysis highlights how to move beyond the more obvious contributing factors like training to design problems and the establishment of informal norms. General advice is offered to address these issues and design issues specific to this case are discussed.
Developing secure systems: issues and solutions

Specific issues associated with the development of secure systems are described. The authors focus on what an application of a mathematically-based development method means, within the constraints of a traditional development process. They then describe their experiences in the development of a secure internet system, the Multinet Gateway System. The description outlines the solutions developed in response to some of those issues. Among the results obtained is that a formal method can be defined and incorporated that yields a development process with noticeable positive effects. >
The Theory of Minds Within the Theory of Games

Classical rationality as accepted by game theory assumes that a human chooser in a given moment has consistent preferences and beliefs and that actions result consistently from those preferences and beliefs, and moreover that these preferences, beliefs, and actions remain the same across equal choice moments. Since, as is widely found in prior experiments, subjects do not follow the predictions of classical rationality, behavioral game theorists have assumed consistent deviations from classical rationality by assigning to subjects certain dispositions — risk preference, cognitive abilities, social norms, etc. All of these theories are fundamentally cognitive theories, making claims about how individual human minds work when choosing. All of them are fundamentally wrong in assuming one kind of consistency or another. Or at least, all of the proposals for consistency in belief, preference, and action with which we are aware turn out to be wrong when tested experimentally
Evolution of Physiological Tolerance and Performance During Freshwater Invasions

SYNOPSIS. Invasive species that penetrate habitat boundaries are likely to experience strong selection and rapid evolution. This study documents evolutionary shifts in tolerance and performance following the invasion of fresh water by the predominantly estuarine and salt marsh copepod Eurytemora affinis. Commongarden experiments were performed on freshwater-invading (Lake Michigan) and ancestral saline (St. Lawrence marsh) populations to measure shifts in adult survival (at 0, 5, and 25 PSU), and survival during development and development time (both using full-sib clutches split across 0, 5, 15, and 25 PSU). Results showed clear evidence of heritable shifts in tolerance and performance associated with freshwater invasions. The freshwater population exhibited a gain in low-salinity tolerance and a reduction in high-salinity tolerance relative to the saline population, suggesting tradeoffs. These tradeoffs were supported by negative genetic correlations between survival at fresh (0 PSU) versus higher salinities. Mortality in response to salinity occurred primarily before metamorphosis, suggesting that selection in response to salinity had acted primarily on the early life-history stages. The freshwater population exhibited curious patterns of life-history evolution across salinities, relative to the saline population, of retarded development to metamorphosis but accelerated development from metamorphosis to adulthood. This pattern might reflect tradeoffs between development rate and survival in fresh water at the early life-history stages, but some other selective force acting on later life-history stages. Significant effects of clutch (genotype) and clutch-by-salinity interaction (G 3 E) on survival and development time in both populations indicated ample genetic variation as substrate for natural selection. Variation for high-salinity tolerance was present in the freshwater population despite negative genetic correlations between high- and low-salinity tolerance. Results implicate the importance of natural selection and document the evolution of reaction norms during freshwater invasions.
A population-based study of race-specific risk for preterm premature rupture of membranes.

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that race is associated with the risk of preterm birth due to preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and its recurrence. Study Design We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Missouri Department of Health's maternally linked birth certificate database (1989-1997) to assess racial effects on the occurrence and recurrence of PPROM, while adjusting for socioeconomic and maternal medical risk factors (n = 644,462). Results Black mothers were more likely to have PPROM compared to white mothers (aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.5). The magnitude of risk of PPROM for black mothers compared to white mothers was greatest at Conclusion There is an overrepresentation in the occurrence and recurrence of PPROM in black mothers that persists after adjusting for known risk factors.
Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Flush-Mounted, S-Duct Inlets

A new high Reynolds number test capability for boundary layer ingesting inlets has been developed for the NASA Langley Research Center 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel. Using this new capability. an experimental investigation of four S-duct inlet configurations was conducted. A computational study of one of the inlets was also conducted using a Navier-Stokes solver. The objectives of this investigation were to: 1) develop a new high Reynolds number inlet test capability for flush-mounted inlets; 2) provide a database for CFD tool validation; 3) evaluate the performance of S-duct inlets with large amounts of boundary layer ingestion; and 4) provide a baseline inlet for future inlet flow-control studies. Tests were conducted at Mach numbers from 0.25 to 0.83. Reynolds numbers (based on duct exit diameter) from 5.1 million to a full-scale value of 13.9 million, and inlet mass-flow ratios from 0.39 to 1.58 depending on Mach number. Results of the experimental study indicate that inlet pressure recovery generally decreased and inlet distortion generally increased with increasing Mach number. Except at low Mach numbers, increasing inlet mass-flow increased pressure recovery and increased distortion. Increasing the amount of boundary layer ingestion or ingesting a boundary layer with a distorted profile decreased pressure recovery and increased distortion. Finally, increasing Reynolds number had almost no effect on inlet distortion but increased inlet recovery by about one-half percent at a Mach number near cruise. The computational results captured the inlet pressure recovery and distortion trends with Mach number and inlet mass-flow well: the reversal of the pressure recovery trend with increasing inlet mass-flow at low and high Mach numbers was predicted by CFD. However, CFD results were generally more pessimistic (larger losses) than measured experimentally.
Development of reliable and valid short forms of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale

Developed, on the basis of responses from 608 undergraduate students to the 33-item Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, three short forms of 11, 12, and 13 items. The psychometric characteristics of these three forms and three other short forms developed by Strahan and Gerbasi (1972) were investigated and comparisons made. Results, in the form of internal consistency reliability, item factor loadings, short form with Marlowe-Crowne total scale correlations, and correlations between Marlowe-Crowne short forms and the Edwards Social Desirability Scale, indicate that psychometrically sound short forms can be constructed. Comparisons made between the short forms examined in this investigation suggest the 13-item form as a viable substitute for the regular 33-item Marlowe-Crowne scale.
Broadband wavelength conversion of 10-Gb/s DPSK signals in silicon waveguides

We demonstrate for the first time four-wave mixing based wavelength conversion of phase modulated optical signals in dispersion-engineered silicon waveguides. Error-free operation and 1-dB power penalties are experimentally obtained for 10-GB/s DPSK wavelength-converted signals.