cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implosion characteristics and applications of combined tungsten–aluminum Z-pinch planar arrays

Abstract An exploration of the implosion properties and X-ray radiation pulses from tungsten-based planar wire array Z-pinch experiments is presented, with an emphasis on loads mixed with aluminum. These experiments were carried out on Zebra, the 1.0 MA pulse power generator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility. A suite of diagnostics was used to study these plasmas, including X-ray and EUV Si diodes, optical imaging, laser shadowgraphy, and time-gated and time-integrated X-ray pinhole imagers and spectrometers. Specifically, loads with relatively large inter-wire gaps where tungsten is placed in the center of a planar configuration composed primarily of aluminum showed unusual characteristics. These loads are shown to generate a “bubbling” effect in which plasma from the ablation of outer aluminum wires is temporarily hindered from converging at the center of the array where the tungsten wire is located. Reproduction of these experiments with variations to load geometry, materials, and mass distribution are also presented and discussed in an attempt to better understand the phenomenon. In addition, a theoretical model has also been applied to better understand the dynamics of the implosions of these loads. Applications of this effect to radiation pulse shaping, particularly with multi-planar arrays, are also discussed.
Intramolecular versus Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in the Adsorption of Aromatic Alcohols onto an Acrylic Ester Sorbent

Intramolecular hydrogen bonds influence intermolecular binding in adsorption and molecular recognition, but the interplay between intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding is poorly understood. In this study, a series of four aromatic alcohols, 2-phenylethanol, 3-phenyl-1-propanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, and 3-phenoxy-1-propanol, are examined to determine the effect of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation on the binding to ethyl propionate (EP), an analogue of an acrylic ester separation resin. A combination of infrared spectroscopy, molecular modeling, and ab initio calculations are used to investigate the conformational preferences of the alcohols and the alcohol:EP complexes in hexane. Without EP, 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenoxyethanol prefer intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded conformations, whereas 3-phenyl-1-propanol overwhelmingly favors a conformer without an intramolecular hydrogen bond. For 3-phenoxy-1-propanol, there is a smaller preference for conformers without an intramolecular hydrogen bond. These...
Some anatomic factors having to do with urinary continence

The levator ani acts synergistically with the sphincter urethrae in the voluntary control of micturition by stretching the urethra and thus narrowing its lumen. Further, because of the high origin of its anterior fibers it pulls the trigonal area of the bladder forward and angulates the urethra. The urogenital diaphragm also is pulled upward and made more horizontal. The concept that the levator compresses the urethra against the symphysis is not valid. The fibers of the urethral sphincter decussate around the urethra but few if any completely encircle it, even in the male. When it contracts it elevates the perineum slightly but its principal function is to convert the urethral configuration into a horizontal slit. In the male the sphincter conforms somewhat to the apex of the prostate so that it is concave as seen from above and is not the strictly horizontal structure so often portrayed. An internal urethral sphincter is present and may be well defined. The visceral pelvic fascia, in particular the anterior component of the uterovaginal fascia, which is the pubocervical fascia of the gynecologist, has much smooth muscle in it. This muscle, acting in line with the pelvic axis, would not elevate the trigonal area or the urethrovesical junction but would exert traction on the urethra, narrowing its lumen. It would thus help maintain involuntary control. The nerve supply of the above structures is considered briefly.
Cutaways and ghosting: satisfying visibility constraints in dynamic 3D illustrations

For an illustration to fulfill the purposes for which it is designed, it is often important that certain objects depicted not be blocked by others. We describe an automated approach to the problem of generating illustrations that satisfy a set of visibility constraints for a given viewing specification. We introduce a family of algorithms that automatically identify potentially obscuring objects, and render them using cutaway and ghosting effects modeled after those used by illustrators. These algorithms exploit modernz-buffer-based 3D graphics hardware to make possible dynamic illustrations that maintain a set of visibility constraints as a user interactively updates the viewing specification.
Fertility of cows challenged with a cytopathic strain of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus during an outbreak of spontaneous infection with a noncytopathic strain

During an attempt to accumulate 40 Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) seronegative cows for breeding and for intramuscular infection on Day 21 of gestation, a persistently infected cow was inadvertently included among the first group of seronegative animals assembled. This animal proceeded to infect all seronegative animals added to the experimental herd. Since the addition of cows was gradual and they were bred as they arrived, a group of cows was bred before they seroconverted, another group was inseminated during seroconversion and a third group was seropositive when bred. First service conception rates were 22.2, 44.4 and 78.6%, respectively. The difference between 22.2 and 78.6% conception rates was significant (P < 0.05). Thirty cows were diagnosed pregnant at 21 d after service on the basis of nonreturn to estrus, presence of a palpable corpus luteum and high serum progesterone concentration. Seventeen of these received cytopathic BVDV intramuscularly and 13 cows served as controls. All control cows and 9 of 17 (52.9%) virus-treated cows had normal fetuses and placentas at slaughter on Day 70. Six pregnancies were lost between 23 and 33 d after insemination and two were lost between 35 and 40 d after insemination. Noncytopathic BVDV was demonstrated in all eight of these cows either in the buffy coat or in tissues, despite the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies.
The thermal decomposition of Rh6(CO)16 on α-alumina

Abstract The heating of Rh6(CO)16 absorbed on α-alumina to 400 °C in either He or h2 gave primarily carbon monoxide resulting from the thermal decarbonylation of the cluster. A little CO2 was also formed at higher temperatures in either He or H2. At these higher temperatures under H2 a small amount of CH4 was also produced, but no evidence for the presence of higher hydrocarbons could be found.
Studies in protein metabolism of the amphibian embryo. II. Free amino acids.

SummarySeveral free amino acids and one amide were identified by paper chromatography in alcoholic extracts of eggs and early developmental stages of Rana pipiens and Hyla regilla. Other ninhydrin-positive substances, including several peptides, will be studied later. One experiment on Hyla revealed no major chromatographic difference between explants of dorsal lip and ventral ectoderm.
NMR determination of the structure and of the conformation of dimethyl 2-(2',2'-dicarbomethoxyethyl)cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate and of Dimethyl 3-dicarbomethoxymethylcyclopentane1,1-dicarboxylate

Abstract The 250 MHz proton spectra of the title compounds were recorded and analyzed in terms of chemical shifts and coupling constants. The spectral parameters suffice to uniquely determine the structure of the two compounds and provide valuable information about the conformations of their most stable conformational isomers.
The medical status of methadone maintenance patients in treatment for 11 - 18 years

To assess the safety and potential health consequences of long-term methadone maintenance treatment, we identified 111 male patients admitted to methadone maintenance treatment between 1965 and 1968, still enrolled in 1980 and in continuous treatment for at least 10 years. We were able, between 1980 and 1985, to examine patients or review records of 110 patients (99%). Most medical diagnoses, symptomatic complaints, physical examination findings and laboratory test results occurred with similar frequency in the long-term methadone maintenance patients and in a group of 56 long-term heroin addicts. These data suggest that prolonged methadone maintenance treatment is safe and is not associated with unexpected adverse effects.
The Studio experience at the University of Georgia: an example of constructionist learning for adults

The Studio curriculum in the Learning, Design, and Technology (formerly Instructional Technology) program at a large research-extensive university in the southeastern U.S. represents a deliberate application of contemporary theory of how adults learn complex information in ill-structured domains. The Studio curriculum, part of a graduate program leading to a master’s degree, has been implemented since 1998 to prepare professionals to design, develop, evaluate, and manage educational multimedia. Theoretical considerations played a major role in shaping the design of the Studio curriculum. Prominent among these were constructionism, situated cognition/situated learning, and self-directed learning. Important related theoretical constructs included scaffolding and flow theory. This paper describes the Studio learning environment, presents these theoretical concepts, and discusses the application of theory to practice in the training of adults in instructional design and development (IDD).
Hydrogen production in ?-ray and helium-ion radiolysis of polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(methyl-methacrylate), and polystyrene

The production of molecular hydrogen in the radiolysis of high-density polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene (PP), poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA), and polystyrene (PS) by y rays and 5-20-MeV helium ions was investigated. Molecular hydrogen is the dominant gaseous product from these polymers, and the yields with y rays are 3.3, 2.6, 0.24, and 0.033 molecules per 100 eV of energy absorbed for polyethylene, PP, PMMA, and PS, respectively. The decrease in observed hydrogen is due to increased branching and the chemical nature of the groups on the side chains. There is an increase in hydrogen production with increasing linear energy transfer (LET) from γ rays to helium ions, but the relative increase depends on the polymer type. With incident 5-MeV helium ions, the respective yields of molecular hydrogen are 4.6, 3.2, 0.62, and 0.15 molecules per 100 eV. The increase in molecular hydrogen with increasing LET may be due to changes in the kinetics of hydrogen precursors in the particle tracks. The differences in the relative increases in molecular hydrogen with increasing LET for each of the polymers suggests that self-scavenging reactions may be important for low LET particles.
Enhanced Translation of Rat β-Glucuronidase cDNA Is Conferred by 155-bp Segment of Internal Coding Sequence

Abstract When cDNAs for human and rodent β-glucuronidases were expressed in COS-7 cells using several different promoters, rodent β-glucuronidases were produced three times more than human β-glucuronidase, although their transcriptional levels were similar. Similar observations were also recorded in LMTK−cells using SV40 early or chicken β-actin promoters. In hopes of enhancing yields of recombinant human β-glucuronidase for enzyme replacement therapy, we sought to determine the region within the linear sequences responsible for the higher levels of expression of the rodent cDNAs. To do so, we made various rat–human chimeric cDNAs utilizing conserved restriction enzyme sites. The levels of products expressed from these chimeric cDNAs in COS cells were assessed by activity assay and by metabolic labeling of the proteins followed by immunoprecipitation and SDS–PAGE. From the results of these expression studies, we identified a 155-bpClaI (643)–AflII (797) fragment in the rat open reading frame responsible for the increased rate of translation of the rat β-glucuronidase (RBG) cDNA. Replacement of the homologousClaI (683)–AflII (838) fragment in human β-glucuronidase (HBG) with this 155-bp fragment from RBG increased the translation level of the resulting chimeric HRaH. Conversely, substitution of the 155-bp human fragment for that of rat in RBG cDNA reduced the total synthesis of the resulting chimeric RHaR. Placement of the 155-bp segment between the initiation ATG and the promoter has only negative effects on the expression of either cDNA. A more stable secondary structure of the human cDNA in this region might explain a reduced rate of translation. However, secondary structure analysis of mRNAs from the 155-bp fragment of rat and human cDNAs predicted that, while both can form stem–loops, the rat fragment (ΔG0= −42.1 kcal/mol) is actually more stable than the human fragment (ΔG0= −32.1 kcal/mol). In fact, the free energy of stability of the first 50 bp within thisClaI–AflII fragment from rat (−10.3 kcal/mol) indicates that the secondary structure is considerably more stable than the corresponding 50 bp from human (−2.1 kcal/mol). This segment of the rat sequence also contains atar-like sequence in a stem–loop. Althoughtar-like sequences can enhance rates of translation, altering this sequence by mutagenesis had no effect on the rate of synthesis of rat β-glucuronidase. Thus, although the region conferring enhanced rate of synthesis from rat cDNA has been identified, the mechanism by which it does so is not yet clear.
Hierarchical averaging over wireless sensor networks

We introduce an approach to gossip algorithms that exploits three aspects of the wireless medium: superposition, broadcast, and power control. Instead of sending pairwise messages between neighbors on a fixed network topology, we construct gossip algorithms in which nodes can simultaneously recover multiple neighbors' messages and in which nodes can adjust the set of their neighbors by adjusting transmit power. We present two averaging algorithms, each based on a hierarchical clustering of the network. In the first algorithm, clusters of nodes transmit their estimates locally and randomly select a representative node for communications at the next level. In the second, each cluster mutually averages and then cooperatively transmits at the next level. For path-loss environments, these schemes achieve order-optimal or near order-optimal performance.
Intimacy, Loneliness, and Openness to Feelings in Adult Children of Alcoholics

This article examines whether adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) have more problems with intimacy, loneliness, and openness to their own feelings than adult children of nonalcoholics (ACNAs). A sample of 76 adults ages 25 to 40 was drawn from the membership of a church. No subjects were preidentified as being ACAs. Subjects completed an 89-item questionnaire that included four standardized instruments. ACAs were found to be experiencing significantly less intimacy in their closest current relationship than ACNAs. Significant associations were found among the major variables of intimacy, loneliness, and openness to feelings, although correlations were much stronger for ACNAs, suggesting different relationships among the variables for the two groups. Models for the prediction of intimacy and loneliness were constructed in which a significant amount of the variance for both variables was predicted.
Control strategies of the elbow antagonist muscle pair during two types of increasing isometric contractions.

The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist between the control strategies of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles performing stepwise and linearly increasing isometric contractions, and to determine their control strategy when active as antagonists to each other. The electromyogram (EMG) from the biceps brachii and triceps brachii were recorded during stepwise and linearly increasing contractions in flexion and extension. The power density spectrum of the EMG was determined and the median frequency (MF) for each spectrum was calculated for assessment of changes in the average conduction velocity, which reflects motor unit recruitment and derecruitment, and thereby the control strategy of the muscle. The results suggest that differences exist in the control strategies employed by a single muscle during stepwise and linearly increasing contractions. Furthermore, the antagonist triceps recruits motor units up to a higher force level during stepwise contractions than during linearly increasing contractions. The antagonist biceps derecruits motor units up to a higher force level during linearly increasing contractions than during stepwise contractions.
Calmodulin kinase is functionally targeted to the action potential plateau for regulation of L-type Ca2+ current in rabbit cardiomyocytes

L-type Ca2+ current (ICa-L) triggers Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and both SR and ICa-L are potential sources of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) for feedback regulation of ICa-L. Ca2+i bound to calmodulin (Ca2+-CaM) can inhibit ICa-L, while Ca2+-CaM can also activate Ca2+-CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) to increase ICa. However, it is not known whether ICa-L or the SR is the primary source of Ca2+ for ICa-L regulation. The L-type Ca2+ channel C terminus is implicated as a critical transduction element for ICa-L responses to Ca2+-CaM and CaMK, and the C terminus undergoes voltage-dependent steric changes, suggesting that Ca2+i control of ICa-L may also be regulated by cell membrane potential. We developed conditions to separately test the relationship of Ca2+-CaM and CaMK to ICa-L and SR Ca2+i release during voltage clamp conditions modelled upon time and voltage domains relevant to the cardiac action potential. Here we show that CaMK increases ICa-L after brief positive conditioning pulses, whereas Ca2+-CaM reduces ICa-L over a broad range of positive and negative conditioning potentials. SR Ca2+ release was required for both Ca2+-CaM and CaMK ICa-L responses after strongly positive conditioning pulses (+10 and +40 mV), while Ca2+i from ICa-L was sufficient for Ca2+-CaM during weaker depolarizations. These findings show that ICa-L responses to CaMK are voltage dependent and suggest a new model of L-type Ca2+ channel regulation where voltage-dependent changes control ICa-L responses to Ca2+-CaM and CaMK signalling.
Models of Cognition and Educational Technologies: Implications for Medical Training

The ‘informatic’ age is changing the labor functions of human beings. A commonly held view is that, just as the industrial revolution replaced human strength and dexterity with machine power, the computer revolution is replacing memory and algorithmic thinking with machine power. Actually, life is not so simple. The industrial revolution had powerful effects, but it is still true that human labor is indispensible—albeit with tools and standards of performance that are different from those of the past. For example, as remodeling work proceeds on Lesgold’s house, a wide range of tasks requiring artistry, dexterity, and even strength are still required—with different tools and standards of performance; Lesgold’s carpenter uses an electric nail driver instead of a hammer. But, brute strength has been supplanted by machine power and standards of human requirements have been raised: High levels of skilled handiwork are valued and simple labor is considered less valuable than it used to be.
Hunters and the conservation and management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

White-tailed deer are widely distributed in North America and for at least 10,000 years have been important to human beings for food, clothing, and tools. Market hunting and habitat changes in the 1800s caused a precipitous decline in the number of white-tailed deer in North America. Hunters acted to restore deer populations. By promoting and helping to enforce hunting regulations, transplanting deer, and funding conservation and management programs, hunters were the primary reason deer populations grew during the 1900s from 500,000 to nearly 30 million. Today white-tailed deer are the most popular big game animal in North America and hunters continue to fund deer management and research. Hunters help wildlife agencies to manage white-tailed deer populations within ecological and cultural carrying capacity by harvesting deer. Thus, hunters, with their interest in viable deer populations, are integral to the conservation and management of white-tailed deer in North America.
Assessing technical potential for city PV deployment using NREL's in my backyard tool

This paper describes a method for estimating the technical potential of rooftop photovoltaics (PV) using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) In My Backyard (IMBY) tool. This method is applied to 10 utility network areas in New York City to estimate PV yield potential. PV power generation is compared to network loads to determine when and where PV generation may exceed network loads. The effects of energy exporting on network distribution systems are evaluated.
Effects of alendronate on bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy.

Abstract Bone mineral density (BMD) is low in men with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Intravenous bisphosphonates have been shown to prevent the bone loss, however, the effectiveness of oral bisphosphonates have not been studied in this population. In this retrospective cohort study, we examine the effect of alendronate on BMD in men with prostate cancer receiving ADT. We reviewed the charts of patients receiving ADT referred from the VA Urology Clinic for BMD measurements. Forty seven patients had follow up BMD measurements (17.6+8.3 months). Twenty-two men (47%) were also receiving alendronate 70 mg every week. There was a statistically significant difference (p 0.05). These findings confirm that bone loss occurs in men receiving ADT at all sites measured. The use of alendronate prevents bone loss at the spine and hip, but does not seem to have the same protective effect at the radius.
Differential capacity of anti‐RAP and anti‐megalin antibodies to produce progressive passive Heymann nephritis — implications for the pathogenesis of idiopathic human membranous glomerulonephritis

Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) induced with heterologous antisera has been described according to various criteria, which may or may not include induction of chronic disease and proteinuria. Characteristics of the glomerular immune deposits determined by the antigenic specificities of the antisera presumably account for differences in disease outcome. In this study, the clinical and immunohistological features in the model produced with monospecific antisera were compared against megalin or receptor associated protein (RAP), two proteins that have been implicated as target antigens in PHN. Rats injected with either anti-megalin or anti-RAP antiserum developed typical glomerular immune deposits of PHN when examined after 7 days. Although the deposits stained for complement, none of the animals had abnormal proteinuria in this time frame. Over a longer time course (7-16 weeks), immune deposits persisted and proteinuria increased to pathological levels in all animals injected with anti-megalin serum. By contrast, immune deposits had cleared from the kidneys of rats injected with anti-RAP antiserum when examined at 7-8 weeks post-injection and the proteinuria levels observed up to 13 weeks remained in the normal range. Additional doses of anti-RAP antiserum given 4 and 17 days after the first injection did not prolong the duration of glomerular immune deposits. These results demonstrate a clear divergence in pathogenic potential of antisera generated against the two renal antigens, which suggest differences in the immune deposits linked to a soluble antigen that is non-covalently bound to the podocyte membrane versus those linked to an integral membrane antigen. These observations could provide clues to the nature of the unknown glomerular autoantigen of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis in humans.
Role of Sublobar Resection (Segmentectomy and Wedge Resection) in the Surgical Management of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

The use of sublobar resection as definitive management of resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been a controversial topic throughout the history of surgery for lung cancer. Most thoracic surgeons continue to consider pulmonary resection less than lobectomy as inadequate for the management of lung cancers anatomically confined to a single lobe of the lung. The increasingly common finding of new subcentimeter malignant lesions identified through surveillance CT chest scanning efforts has led many surgeons to reassess the need for total lobectomy for the management of smaller peripheral NSCLCs. This article reviews the clinical information available today in formulating an opinion regarding the appropriate use of sublobar resection for the small peripherally located NSCLC. The technical details of the most commonly performed segmental resections are also described.
Developing and verifying rigorous specifications with viewpoints, use cases, and sequence-based specification methods

The effectiveness of rigorous specification methods such as sequence based specification is often limited by the specification team's ability to understand the system requirements. View points and use case methods address this issue by supporting requirements elicitation and informal description of system requirements and interfaces. However the system requirements developed using these methods are often expressed in (possibly structured) natural language. It can be difficult to reconcile multiple viewpoints and to translate the collection of graphical and text descriptions of use cases into rigorous specifications sufficient to support system development. The paper provides some process recommendations for integrating viewpoints, use case, and sequence based specification methods to yield a precise, readable tabular description of system behavior, validated for all known stakeholder viewpoints and uses.
Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Using Molecular Beacons for Detection of Enterovirus RNA in Clinical Specimens

Real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) using molecular beacon technology (NASBA-beacon) was compared to standard NASBA with postamplification hybridization using electrochemiluminescently labeled probes (NASBA-ECL) for detection of enteroviruses (EV) in 133 cerebrospinal fluid and 27 stool samples. NASBA-ECL and NASBA-beacon were similar in sensitivity, detecting 55 (100%) and 52 (94.5%) EV-positive samples, respectively. There were no false positives. Both NASBA assays were significantly more sensitive than culture. Real-time NASBA-beacon reagents and equipment rental were more expensive than those for NASBA-ECL; however, time to result was shortened by 1.5 h, hands-on time was reduced by 25 min, and the assay was much simpler for technologists to learn and perform.
Intelligence reform in new democracies: factors supporting or arresting progress

This article examines an important (and most problematic) component of the democratic civil–military relations (CMR) concept (understood in terms of democratic control, effectiveness, and efficiency of the armed forces, police forces, and intelligence agencies). It focuses (1) on the democratization of intelligence, that is finding a proper balance between intelligence effectiveness and transparency, and (2) on what particular factors support or arrest progress in the democratization of intelligence. The article provides supporting examples from Brazil and Romania, two developing democracies that have been undergoing major reforms of their intelligence systems for almost 20 years, in terms of both transparency and effectiveness.
Concurrent Isolation of Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus from a Patient with Coinfection Resulting from a Trip to Singapore

We report two cases of imported infection in patients who had returned to Taiwan from Singapore: one was coinfected with chikungunya virus and dengue virus type 2, and the other was infected with the same dengue virus. Both viruses were successfully isolated from the coinfected case by using antibody neutralization and a plaque purification technique.
N-System Amino Acid Transport at the Blood-CSF Barrier

Despite L-glutamine being the most abundant amino acid in CSF, the mechanisms of its transport at the choroid plexus have not been fully elucidated. This study examines the role of L-, A-, ASC-, and N-system amino acid transporters in L-[14C]glutamine uptake into isolated rat choroid plexus. In the absence of competing amino acids, approximately half the glutamine uptake was via a Na(+)-dependent mechanism. The Na(+)-independent uptake was inhibited by 2-amino-2-norbornane carboxylic acid, indicating that it is probably via an L-system transporter. Na(+)-dependent uptake was inhibited neither by the A-system substrate alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid nor by the ASC-system substrate cysteine. It was inhibited by histidine, asparagine, and L-glutamate gamma-hydroxamate, three N-system substrates. Replacement of Na+ with Li+ had little effect on uptake, another feature of N-system amino acid transport. These data therefore indicate that N-system amino acid transport is present at the choroid plexus. The Vmax and Km for glutamine transport by this system were 8.1 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg/min and 3.3 +/- 0.4 mM, respectively. This system may play an important role in the control of CSF glutamine, particularly when the CSF glutamine level is elevated as in hepatic encephalopathy.
Mediastinal bleeding after cardiac surgery: Etiologies, diagnostic considerations, and blood conservation methods

Excessive mediastinal bleeding is a serious complication of cardiac surgery. Mediastinal exploration is required in 3% to 14% of cardiac surgical patients (average, 6.2%). The bleeding tendency is related to hemostatic derangements resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), vascular trauma from the surgical incisions, and preoperative and early postoperative factors that increase the risk of bleeding. Recent advances in blood conservation techniques have reduced dependence on donor blood and its attendant risks
Ramp-rate effects in transient enhanced diffusion: a quasi-analytical examination

Summary form only given. Some experimental evidence has accumulated in recent years to support the use of "spike anneal" temperature trajectories with very fast heating and cooling rates for making ultrashallow junctions by ion implantation. Improved device properties have been claimed using heating rates of 400/spl deg/C/s or more. This procedure supposedly optimizes junction depth and sheet resistance by reducing transient-enhanced diffusion (TED) of the dopant. However, rigorous theoretical justification for using such fast ramps has been spotty in the literature. Since the design and use of fast-ramp annealing tools will require substantial investments by equipment manufacturers and IC manufacturers alike, it is important to obtain a clear picture for the occurrence and potential magnitude of such effects. We employ a quasi-analytical approach to the complex, interrelated phenomena that govern TED, confirmed by numerical simulations for boron based on FLOOPS. Our approach employs a set of rate equations and associated parameters (especially for kick-in and kick-out) that has much firmer kinetic grounding than is generally seen in the literature. We find that increasing the ramp rate /spl beta/ narrows the diffused profile according to /spl beta//sup -1/2/ as long as TED runs out before the top of the spike. Improvement decreases progressively as TED runs out after the top. High ramp rate also affects dopant activation indirectly (and in a complicated way) through interstitial clustering kinetics. The optimum value of /spl beta/ depends sensitively on the temperature trajectory near the peak and the details of the clustering model used. The details of the initial temperature stabilization step can influence subsequent profile evolution in a significant way under certain circumstances.
A new paradigm for engineering and engineering technology education to renew America's technology

Issues formerly not included in curricula are becoming part of a new paradigm which emphasizes communication skills, participation skills, and group decision-making. In the Spring 1993 semester at Memphis State University incorporation of this new paradigm was attempted by utilizing a team-teaching approach in a senior level capstone course which provided the students with a real-world practical problem. The project entailed the design and construction of a security system for a computer laboratory which primarily included access to the room via the use of a student, teacher, maintenance, or security identification card and a card-reader, assignment and monitoring of the computers in the room, log generation, equipment security, alarms, expansion capability, utility functions, and an operating manual. >
Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema xenoplax) alter root colonization and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grape roots in a low P soil

A reduction of arbuscules in roots of grapevines (Vitis vinifera) observed when ring nematodes were added to field microplots led to the hypothesis that nematode feeding suppresses arbuscules by competing for root carbohydrates. Support for this hypothesis was tested by growing ‘Pinot noir’ grapevines in a factorial experiment with three levels of initial nematode densities (0, 0.1, 1.0 nematodes g � 1 soil), two levels of light (full sun, 50% sun), and two levels of AMF (nonAMF, þAMF). Effects on plant growth were primarily driven by a light and AMF treatment interaction, such that low light increased stem dry matter accumulation at the expense of roots in þAMF vines only. Nematodes had only a minor influence on plant growth (leaf mass was reduced at the highest nematode density), but nematodes did not affect overall plant dry matter accumulation. Since nonAMF vines were severely limited by P and their growth was so poor, the impact of nematode and light treatments was further analyzed in þAMF plants only. Nematode populations, AMF colonization, and root carbohydrates were differentially affected by initial nematode density or light levels. Root biomass, and reducing sugar and starch concentrations in fine roots were reduced by low light, but the final nematode populations and arbuscule frequencies in roots were unaffected by light. Nematodes reduced arbuscules and starch concentrations in fine roots, but did not affect total colonization by AMF (hyphae, vesicles or arbuscules). Nematodes reduced plant P and K uptake at the highest density, and low light reduced Mg uptake. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ring nematodes suppress arbuscules in roots via competition for root carbohydrates. However, the lack of a treatment interaction between light and nematodes in our study suggests that ring nematode–AMF interactions in grape roots are controlled by more than competition for photosynthate. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Use of Forward Contracts for Hedging Currency Risk

This paper derives an optimal rule for hedging currency risk in a general utility framework. Ex ante hedging performance of the forward markets is examined using the optimal hedge ratio derived from the utility model and an optimal rule derived from another model (excess return per unit risk) suggested in the hedging literature. Results of this study indicate a naive (one-to-one) hedge performs similarly to the optimal hedge ratios under either model. An implication of this study is that financial managers of multinational firms should simply follow a one-to-one rule when hedging foreign exchange risk in the forward markets.
Using Semantics for Speech Annotation of Images

Digital cameras and multimedia capture devices are becoming increasingly popular to take pictures. Annotating these pictures is important to support their browsing and retrieval. Fully automatic image annotation techniques typically rely entirely on visual properties of the image. The state of the art image annotation systems of this kind work well in detecting generic object classes: car, horse, motorcycle, airplane, etc. However, certain characteristics of the image are hard to capture using strictly the visual properties. These include location (Paris, California, San Francisco, etc), event (birthday, wedding, graduation ceremony, etc), people (John, Jane, brother, etc) and abstract qualities referring to objects in the image (beautiful, funny, sweet, etc) among others. The more conventional method of annotation that relies completely on human input has several limitations as well. Typing tags using the keypads of such devices can be cumbersome and error-prone. Secondly, delay in tagging may result in a loss of context in which the picture was taken (e.g., user may not remember the names of the people/structures in the image). This presents an opportunity for using speech as a modality to annotate images and/or other multimedia content. Most camera devices have a built-in microphone. In principle, some of the challenges associated with both, fully automatic annotation as well as manual tagging can be alleviated if the user were to use speech as a medium of annotation. Ideally, the user would take a picture and speak the desired tags into the device's microphone. A speech recognizer would transcribe the audio signal into text. The speech to text transcription can happen either on the device itself or be done on a remote machine. The transcribed text can be used as tags for the image, exactly as the user intended. One of the biggest bottlenecks facing such systems is the accuracy of the underlying speech recognizer. Even speaker dependent recognition systems can make mistakes in noisy environments. If the recognizer's output is considered as is for annotation, then poor recognition will lead to poor quality tags. Our work tries to address this issue by incorporating outside semantic knowledge to improve interpretation of the recognizer's output, as opposed to blindly believing what the recognizer suggests. To improve interpretation of speech output, we exploit the fact that most speech recognizers provide alternate hypotheses for each utterance. The main contribution of this paper is our approach for annotating images using speech as the input modality. The approach employs a probabilistic model for computing the joint probability of a given combination of tags using a Maximum Entropy solution. The extensive empirical evaluation demonstrates the advantage of the proposed solution, that leads to a significant improvement of quality of speech annotation.
An extrachromosomal tetracycline-regulatable system for mammalian cells

We have modified the tetracycline-regulatable system so that all components are present on a stable extrachromosomal vector that can replicate in a wide variety of mammalian cells. An EBV/human ori vector is used to carry the system, overcoming the species specificity of conventional Epstein-Barr virus vectors. By placing the transcriptional transactivator gene under autoregulation, better induction characteristics are obtained. This system offers greater speed and sensitivity than previously reported methods. It can be applied within 3-4 weeks and produces an induction range of several hundred-fold with a low background.
Lower limb ischemia, Candida parapsilosis and prosthetic valve endocarditis

Learning points for clinicians We strongly recommend that when patients with prosthetic valve present with a serious embolism complication and large vegetation on echocardiogram, fungal endocarditis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. We emphasis on the importance of surgical intervention as it is generally regarded as the standard treatment in clinical practice. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease that can be observed in two different populations at risk: patients undergoing cardiac surgery and parenteral drug users. Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is a rare infection that accounts for only 1.3–6% of all IE cases; however, it is a serious complication of valve replacement surgeries that has increased in incidence over the last two decades.1 We report a case of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis secondary to intravenous drug abuse in a female …
Amino acid and peptide absorption in bypassed jejunum following jejunoileal bypass in rats

The intestinal digestive and absorptive function of the excluded jejunum was evaluated 6 and 12 weeks after jejunoileal bypass in rats. Brush border and cytosol aminopeptidase activities as well as mucosal sucrase activity were measured in self-emptying excluded jejunal segments following bypass surgery. In addition, followingin vivo perfusion of equimolar amounts of amino acid (l-leucine) and dipeptide (l-leucyl-l-leucine) solutions through bypassed jejunal segments, the uptake ofl-leucine was determined. Mucosal weight, protein, and DNA content were reduced in the bypass segment reflecting jejunal mucosal cell hypoplasia. Hydrolytic activities for all enzymes (including the subcellular fractions of the aminopeptidase activities) and absorption rates from both the free amino acid and peptide solutions were reduced in bypassed jejunal segments. When expressed on the basis of mucosal DNA content, however, no changes were observed. This study indicates that the functional alterations in the excluded jejunum after bypass are due to the reduced mucosal cell content of this segment.
Relationship between death anxiety and components of the self-actualization process.

Product-moment correlations for 35 nursing students' scores on the Death Anxiety Scale and on three scales and subscales of the Personal Orientation Inventory (Self-acceptance, r = −.85; Nature of Man-Constructive, r = −.54; Time Competence, r = −.38) suggest an inverse relationship between self-actualization and the fear of death.
Effects of intertrap distance and wind direction on the interaction of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pheromone-baited traps

More male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L., were captured in traps at the perimeter compared with traps at the center of a 6- x -6 grid of pheromone traps spaced every 80 m. Additional tests demonstrated suppression of catch at the center of hexagonal arrays of traps with intertrap distances ranging from 2.5 to 40 m. In a hexagonal array of traps spaced every 20 m and monitored every 1–3 h, more males were captured in upwind and downwind traps than in crosswind or central traps.
Fluorinated boron nitride nanotube quantum dots: a spin filter

Spin filtering requires a selective transmission of spin-polarized carriers. A perfect spin filter allows all majority (or minority) spin carriers to pass through a channel while blocking the minority (or majority) carriers. The quest for a novel low-dimensional metal-free magnetic material that would exhibit magnetism at a higher temperature with an excellent spin filtering property has been intensively pursued. Herein, using a first-principles approach, we demonstrate that the fluorinated boron nitride nanotube (F-BNNT) quantum dot, which is ferromagnetic in nature, can be used as a perfect spin filter with efficiency as high as 99.8%. Our calculation shows that the ferromagnetic spin ordering in F-BNNT is stable at a higher temperature. Comparison of the conductance value of the F-BNNT quantum dot with that of the pristine BNNT quantum dot reveals a significantly higher conductance in F-BNNT, which is in very good agreement with the experimental report (Tang, C., et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6552).
Kinetics of Photoactuation in Single Wall Carbon Nanotube−Nafion Bilayer Composite

Cantilevers made of a bilayer composite of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) deposited onto Nafion exhibit substantial mechanical motion upon exposure to visible or near-infrared light. The ki...
Corticosteroid regimens in pediatric practice.

The most common pediatric adverse effects of corticosteroids are growth suppression and posterior subcapsular cataract. They develop insidiously but can be minimized by the approaches described.
Lake Spray Aerosol: A Chemical Signature from Individual Ambient Particles

Aerosol production from wave breaking on freshwater lakes, including the Laurentian Great Lakes, is poorly understood in comparison to sea spray aerosol (SSA). Aerosols from freshwater have the potential to impact regional climate and public health. Herein, lake spray aerosol (LSA) is defined as aerosol generated from freshwater through bubble bursting, analogous to SSA from seawater. A chemical signature for LSA was determined from measurements of ambient particles collected on the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan during an event (July 6–8, 2015) with wave heights up to 3.1 m. For comparison, surface freshwater was collected, and LSA were generated in the laboratory. Single particle microscopy and mass spectrometry analysis of field and laboratory-generated samples show that LSA particles are primarily calcium (carbonate) with lower concentrations of other inorganic ions and organic material. Laboratory number size distributions show ultrafine and accumulation modes at 53 (±1) and 276 (±8) nm, respect...
Nickel Bis-Diphosphine Complexes: Controlling the Binding and Heterolysis of H2

Two new Ni(II) complexes, the homoleptic [Ni(8PCy2NH)2]2+ complex (8PCy2NH = 3,7-cyclohexyl-1-amino-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane) containing two pendant amines on adjacent ligands, and the heteroleptic [Ni(8PCy2NH)(dppe)]2+ complex (dppe = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) containing only a single pendant amine, have been synthesized, and their electrochemical properties are reported. The [Ni(8PCy2NH)(dppe)]2+ complex is capable of heterolytically cleaving hydrogen, allowing for the first observation of an endo-protonated nickel hydride related to the [Ni(PR2NR′2)2]2+ family of complexes. The [Ni(8PCy2NH)(dppe)]2+ complex did not exhibit electrocatalytic H2 oxidation activity; however, [Ni(8PCy2NH)2]2+ is an active electrocatalyst for H2 oxidation with a maximum turnover frequency (kobs) of 18 s–1 under 1 atm H2 at Ecat/2 = −0.71 V versus the ferrocenium/ferrocene (Cp2Fe+/0) couple. In addition to an analysis of the effect of the number of pendant amines on the rates of electrocatalytic H2 oxidation of compounds ...
The Tiny Trumpet: The Surprisingly Weak Relationship from Advertising to Corporate Social Responsibility — A Systematic Literature Review and a Panel Study of the World's Largest and Most International Companies

Theorists have given strategic and political explanations to expect a relationship from advertising to CSR. Contrary to this expectation, the nearly thirty studies that have tested the relationship from advertising to CSR have yielded evidence that is surprisingly weak. The current chapter systematically reviews this literature and conducts its own international panel study. The present findings, as well, suggest the absence of a strong, robust link from advertising to CSR. In a concluding section, this chapter discusses the findings alongside other recent studies of CSR advertising and of CSR adoption motivations.