cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate Specificity and Chemical Mechanism for the Reaction Catalyzed by Glutamine Kinase.

Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, has a unique O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) moiety attached to its capsular polysaccharide. Investigations into the biological role of MeOPN have revealed that it contributes to the pathogenicity of C. jejuni, and this modification is important for the colonization of C. jejuni. Previously, the reactions catalyzed by four enzymes (Cj1418–Cj1415) from C. jejuni that are required for the biosynthesis of the phosphoramidate modification have been elucidated. Cj1418 (l-glutamine kinase) catalyzes the formation of the initial phosphoramidate bond with the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of the amide nitrogen of l-glutamine. Here we show that Cj1418 catalyzes the phosphorylation of l-glutamine through a three-step reaction mechanism via the formation of covalent pyrophosphorylated (Enz-X-Pβ-Pγ) and phosphorylated (Enz-X-Pβ) intermediates. In the absence of l-glutamine, the enzyme was shown to catalyze a positional isotope exchange (PIX) reactio...
LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO PUBLICADA VERSUS ANONIMATO: A (IR)RESPONSABILIZAÇÃO NO CYBERBULLYING

A internet trouxe a vida das pessoas um novo espaco democratico de representacao de direitos e deveres. Entretanto, a infindavel gama de possibilidades interativas propiciada pela internet, resultou nas mais diferentes manifestacoes do pensamento dos usuarios da rede, cujas opinioes sao publicadas, sejam elas positivas ou negativas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em estudar a necessidade de responsabilizacao dos internautas quando utilizam a internet para a pratica do cyberbullying (intimidacao sistematica praticada via internet), afinal, a internet nao pode ser considerada um espaco sem representacao de direitos e deveres. O metodo de abordagem a ser seguido sera o empirico-dialetico, com revisao de literatura e analise descritiva dos fenomenos pesquisados. Em conclusao, aponta-se para a necessidade da determinacao de parâmetros que permitam a responsabilizacao dos praticantes desses atos a fim de salvaguardar o equilibrio entre direitos fundamentais.
Controls on gross production in an aspen–sagebrush vegetation mosaic

The critical zone (CZ; defined as the zone between the top of the vegetation canopy and the groundwater) mediates the impact of precipitation amount and timing on water availability and plant productivity. However, CZ structure, including soil and subsurface properties, are almost always unknown, leading to considerable uncertainty in the links between precipitation, plant water availability, and gross production. Using multiyear records of gross ecosystem CO2 exchange (GEE), micrometeorology, and streamflow, we examined the sensitivity of GEE to environmental controls in a sagebrush shrubland and an aspen forest. The sites were within 500 m of each other and had similar precipitation and temperature but marked differences in CZ structure. Cumulative growing season GEE was approximately two times greater at the aspen compared with the sagebrush, underscoring the importance of CZ properties in structuring spatial “hot spots” for carbon cycling. Larger soil water holding capacity and topography that produced lateral subsurface flow to the aspen enabled marked difference in plant functional type. Annual variability in growing season GEE within each site was not driven by annual precipitation; this lack of relationship was attributed to the CZ's limited ability to store water and an associated increase in water yield. Instead, both seasonal timing and cumulative growing season GEE for the sagebrush varied with spring and summer rain, whereas aspen GEE responded to spring snowpack conditions. These results emphasized how mapping and understanding CZ structure will help predict the spatial variability in plant functional type and temporal sensitivity of growing season GEE.
Don't Ruin My Life - Aging and Driving in the 21st Century.

Don’t Ruin My Life Neither medicine nor society is prepared for the eventuality that most of us will outlive our driving life expectancy. To clinicians, driving may not seem like a medical problem,...
Evaluating Riparian Vegetation Roughness Computation Methods Integrated within HEC-RAS

AbstractDetermining the roughness of riparian vegetation is often a challenge in river hydraulic modeling. A large number of quantitative methods have been developed, but none of them have been int...
The Legal Treatise

The legal treatise is a subject with a pedigree. Four seminal articles by eminent legal historians have defined how we think about this particular fabrication of literary form. Writing in the midst of debates over critical analysis of law, A.W.B. Simpson identified the treatise as a common law form of summation for legal doctrine. Its rise was marked by nineteenth-century demands for a tidy form of legal thinking while the doctrinal skepticism of legal realism doomed the genre by the 1930s. Morton Horwitz underscored the importance of treatises for legal historians. In his view, the genre serves as a freeze-frame of law as it is conceived in a given moment of time. Angela Fernandez and Markus Dubber argued that the treatise was a more or less stable mixture of law as it is and law as it should be. They foregrounded the utopian dimension within the legal treatise. Christopher Tomlins identified the treatise as a legal technology with set purposes. Many of these purposes are deeply instrumental—and the very act of recordation is an exercise of power. This essay disembarks from these important contributions. Drawing upon such diverse fields as the history of the book, literary genre studies, information management, and the sociology of knowledge, it underscores the multiplicity of the treatise’s genre ecosystem. The legal treatise simultaneously serves as a site for the production of knowledge, a stepping-stone or even substitute for codes, fabricated order, a mechanism for establishing authorial authority, a professional talisman, a technic of systematizing and organizing information, a legitimization of existing norms, and a means of constructing a national jurisprudence akin to the way a dictionary might define a national language. The essay focusing largely on common law treatises of the long nineteenth-century will examine these and other purposes operating within the social context of the legal profession. How do these competing goals exist within a single literary artifact? What pressures threaten to unravel the legal treatise’s claims to monumental authority? The essay’s salient contribution will be its highlighting the importance of time. The legal treatise is a genre which simultaneously asserts its place as a summa of legal knowledge and—as the commonplace historical introduction especially underscores—will be subject to countless revisions. It is a text readied for obsolescence. Beneath the treatise’s facade of professional authority lies a profound anxiety about its own timelessness.
Sample size calculations for mixture alternatives in a control group vs. treatment group design

We consider a control group versus treatment group experimental design and assert that powering the design for a potential treatment effect that is represented by a pure shift of the control group ...
Can we beneficially reuse produced water from oil and gas extraction in the U.S.

There is increasing interest in beneficial uses of large volumes of wastewater co-produced with oil and gas extraction (produced water, PW) because of water scarcity, potential subsurface disposal limitations, and regional linkages to induced seismicity. Here we quantified PW volumes relative to water demand in different sectors and PW quality relative to treatment and reuse options for the major U.S. shale oil and gas plays. PW volumes from these plays totaled ~600 billion liters (BL, 160 billion gallons, Bgal) in 2017. One year of PW is equal to ~60% of one day of freshwater use in the U.S. For these plays, the total irrigation demand exceeded PW volumes by ~5× whereas municipal demand exceeded PW by ~2×. If PW is reused for hydraulic fracturing (HF) within the energy sector, there would be no excess PW in about half of the plays because HF water demand exceeds PW volumes in those plays. PW quality can be highly saline with median total dissolved solids up to 255 g/L in the Bakken play, ~7× seawater. Intensive water treatment required for PW from most unconventional plays would further reduce PW volumes by at least 2×. Desalination would also result in large volumes of salt concentrates, equivalent to ~3000 Olympic swimming pools in the Permian Delaware Basin in 2017. While water demands outside the energy sector could accommodate PW volumes, much lower PW volumes relative to water demand in most regions would not substantially alleviate water scarcity. However, large projected PW volumes relative to HF water demand over the life of the play in the Permian Delaware Basin may provide a substantial new water source for beneficial use in the future. Large knowledge gaps in PW quality, lack of appropriate regulations, and economic factors currently preclude beneficial uses outside the energy sector in most regions.
Teprotumumab: a novel therapeutic monoclonal antibody for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a disfiguring, potentially blinding, and sub-optimally managed autoimmune condition. Current therapy of active TAO consists most frequently of glucocortic...
Abstract A12: L1CAM defines the regenerative origin of metastasis initiating cells in colorectal cancer

Metastatic cancers relapse due to the emergence of stemlike clones capable of reversible quiescence, tumour reinitiation, and therapy resistance termed metastasis-initiating cells (MICs). The origins of MICs and their relationship to primary tumor-initiating cells are not known, largely due to a lack of representative models of MICS. To directly scrutinize MICs in patient metastases, we established organoid cultures from therapy-resistant, residual colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases of patients undergoing cancer surgery. We identify the neuronal cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1CAM) as a critical mediator and marker of colorectal cancer (CRC) MICs. L1CAM+ cells are quiescent in well-structured neoplastic glands in vivo, but when dissociated from their epithelial niche, drive organoid regeneration and xenograft tumor reinitiation. FACS-sorted L1CAM+ cells preferentially regenerate heterogeneous organoids containing both L1CAM+ and L1CAM- progeny. Single-cell mRNA sequencing of 10,000 cells from four patient-derived organoids reveals that L1CAMhigh MICs in human CRC organoids partially overlap with a subset of LGR5high cancer stem cells (CSCs). The number of LGR5-expressing cells decreases, while the number of L1CAM-expressing cells increases in metastases in comparison with primary tumors in patients. We show that L1CAM is required for organoid formation, intestinal epithelial repair following colitis in vivo, regeneration of orthotopic rectal tumors, and metastatic colonization of the liver, but is dispensable for intestinal epithelial homeostasis or tumor initiation. Mechanistically, disruption of intercellular epithelial contacts inhibits an E-cadherin-REST signaling axis and enables transcriptional derepression of L1CAM. Our work underscores the distinct requirements of the CSCs that initiate tumor growth and MICs that drive lethal metastatic relapse. We identify the loss of epithelial integrity, an obligatory step of metastasis, as a crucial molecular driver of the transcriptional plasticity required for the emergence of prometastatic traits. Further, we define L1CAM as a crucial vulnerability of MICs that could be exploited therapeutically to treat patients with metastatic cancer. Citation Format: Karuna Ganesh, Harihar Basnet, Yasemin Kaygusuz, Ashley Laughney, Lan He, Roshan Sharma, Kevin O9Rourke, Vincent Reuter, Yun-Han Huang, Ignas Masilionis, Mesruh Turkekul, Ekrem Er, Katja Manova-Todorova, Leonard Saltz, Martin Weiser, Julio Garcia-Aguilar, Richard Koche, Scott Lowe, Dana Peer, Jinru Shia, Joan Massague. L1CAM defines the regenerative origin of metastasis initiating cells in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolving Landscape of Cancer Modeling; 2020 Mar 2-5; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A12.
Experimental Study of a Hypergolically Ignited Liquid Bipropellant Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine

A liquid bipropellant rotating detonation rocket engine was successfully test fired. The 6.5-in.-diam engine operates on a mixture of rocket-grade hydrogen peroxide and triglyme. Ignition is accomp...
Superdeterministic hidden-variables models I: non-equilibrium and signalling

This is the first of two papers that attempt to comprehensively analyse superdeterministic hidden-variables models of Bell correlations. We first give an overview of superdeterminism and discuss va...
Current-Dependent Growth Mechanisms of Sodium Metal Anode in Diglyme-Based Electrolytes

Sodium-ion batteries are economical substitute for lithium-ion batteries due to the earth abundance of sodium element [1, 2]. Similar to lithium metal anodes, while sodium metal anodes hold the promise to improve the energy density of next-generation sodium-ion batteries, the nonuniform electrodeposition of sodium metal that can lead to internal shorts remains a major obstacle toward its practical applications [3]. Here, we systematically investigated the electrodeposition of sodium in diglyme-based electrolytes in our unique capillary cells and realistic split cells. While a similar transition of electrodeposition mode to dendritic growth at Sand's time was observed for sodium [4], only the smooth surface growths were observed at under-limiting current densities, suggesting a possible much higher cycling efficiency due to much less surface areas to be covered by the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers. By examining the limiting current and Sand's time obtained from operando experiments with the capillary cells, the diffusion coefficient (1.13×10-6 cm2 s-1) and transference number (0.45) of sodium ions in 1M NaClO4 in diglyme were accurately extracted, which were further verified by post-mortem analyses of linear sweep voltammetry experiments with split cells. The unique two current plateaus, shown in Figure 1, surprisingly can be explained by a single limiting current density in a self-consistent manner. At such plateaus, deposits of sodium metal were discovered to grow along the surface, rather than through the pores, of the ceramic-coated separator and form equiaxed and columnar dendrites with orthogonal branches similar to that found in solidification [5].Our work provides a platform to not only evaluate the current-dependent growth mechanisms of sodium, but also reveal the roles of separators toward designing safe sodium metal batteries.References[1] D. Larcher and J. M. Tarascon. Towards greener and more sustainable batteries for electrical energy storage. Nature Chemistry. 2015; 7(1): 19-29. [2] M. D. Slater, D. Kim, E. Lee and C. S. Johnson. Sodium-Ion Batteries. Advanced Functional Materials. 2013; 23(8): 947-958. [3] C. L. Zhao, Y. X. Lu, J. M. Yue, D. Pan, Y. R. Qi, Y. S. Hu, et al. Advanced Na metal anodes. Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2018; 27(6): 1584-1596. [4] P. Bai, J. Li, F. R. Brushett and M. Z. Bazant. Transition of lithium growth mechanisms in liquid electrolytes. Energy & Environmental Science. 2016; 9(10): 3221-3229. [5] L. Granasy, L. Ratkai, A. Szallas, B. Korbuly, G. I. Toth, L. Kornyei, et al. Phase-Field Modeling of Polycrystalline Solidification: From Needle Crystals to Spherulites-A Review. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science. 2014; 45A(4): 1694-1719. Figure 1 Linear sweep voltammetry curve of the sodium symmetric split cell with twelve layers of ceramic coated separators with the ex-situ photos at different stages of the electrodeposition. Figure 1
"To Assure the Reign of Work and Justice": The 'Union des Femmes' and the Paris Commune of 1871

On April 11, 1871, an "Appeal to the Women Citizens of Paris" summoned the women of the Paris Commune "To arms ! The nation is in danger." This call led to the formation of the 'Union des Femmes pour la defense de Paris et les soins aux blesses', a socialist and feminist organization devoted not only to the immediate defense of Paris , but also to the fundamental reordering of socio-economic and gender relations. Operating within a transitional and discrepant milieu, the 'Union des Femmes' leaders constructed a socialist feminist critique of both the pre-Commune capitalist world and the nascent socio-economic order of the Commune. The Union des Femmes members seized the revolutionary moment to begin to reconceptualize and reorganize women's labor. They saw the recognition of their lives as full participants within the public, laboring world as essential to their access to economic independence, their primary goal. Facing the immediate reality of working class women 's economic needs , and their understanding of the Commune as a developing, evolving society, the 'Union des Femmes' took a pragmatic and transitional stance, while planning for their ideally conceived future.
Clinical Trial Design for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Genetic Epilepsies.

Although trials with anti-seizure medications (ASMs) have not shown clear anti-epileptogenic or disease-modifying activity in humans to date, rapid advancements in genomic technology and emerging gene-mediated and gene replacement options offer hope for the successful development of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for genetic epilepsies. In fact, more than 26 potential DMTs are in various stages of preclinical and/or clinical development for genetic syndromes associated with epilepsy. The scope of disease-modification includes but is not limited to effects on the underlying pathophysiology, the condition’s natural history, epilepsy severity, developmental achievement, function, behavior, sleep, and quality of life. While conventional regulatory clinical trials for epilepsy therapeutics have historically focused on seizure reduction, similarly designed trials may prove ill-equipped to identify these broader disease-modifying benefits. As we look forward to this pipeline of DMTs, focused consideration should be given to the challenges they pose to conventional clinical trial designs for epilepsy therapeutics. Just as DMTs promise to fundamentally alter how we approach the care of patients with genetic epilepsy syndromes, DMTs likewise challenge how we traditionally construct and measure the success of clinical trials. In the following, we briefly review the historical and preclinical frameworks for DMT development for genetic epilepsies and explore the many novel challenges posed for such trials, including the choice of suitable outcome measures, trial structure, timing and duration of treatment, feasible follow-up period, varying safety profile, and ethical concerns.
Catabolism of Dimethylsulfide and Methane Thiol by Methylotrophic Methanogens

We demonstrated the ability of several methylotrophic methanogens to degrade dimethylsulfide and methane thiol to hydrogen sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide. This is the first report of the growth of a pure culture of methanogen on methane thiol. Methanolobus siciliae HI350, a methylotrophic methanogen isolated from an oil well, was grown routinely on trimethylamine. When this culture was inoculated into a medium with 5 mM dimethyl sulfide, it began producing methane and hydrogen sulfide after a lag of several weeks. Methane production was slow, with an apparent microbial growth rate of 0.0033 h-1 (about 3% as fast as growth on trimethylamine or methanol). The lag was shorter when 2 mM methane thiol was substrate. When a culture of M. siciliae HI350 growing on dimethylsulfide was subcultured on dimethylsulfide, the lag disappeared and growth rate was higher (0.087 h-1). Dimethylsulfide-grown cultures also had no lag when transferred to media with methane thiol. Studies of cell-free extracts suggested that enzymes for the degradation of dimethylsulfide and methane thiol were inducible, whereas those for the degradation of methanol and trimethylamine were constitutive. Degradation of dimethylsulfide or methane thiol was complete, and stoichiometric quantities of methane and hydrogen sulfide were formed. Most surprisingly, this strain could be adapted to grow with high concentrations of dimethylsulfide or methane thiol, as high as 30 mM. Other methanogens which have been reported to catabolize dimethylsulfide are Methanolobus siciliae T4/M, Methanohalophilus zhilinaeae WeN5, Methanohalophilus oregonensis WALL, and strain GS-16. The M. siciliae strains and strain GS-16 were also able to use methane thiol as their catabolic substrate (other strains were not tested). We tested other methylotrophic methanogens for their ability to use dimethylsulfide at concentrations which did not inhibit their ability to degrade trimethylamine and found the following cultures unable to catabolize dimethylsulfide: Methanococcoides methylutens TMA-10, Methanolobus tindarius Tindari 3, Methanolobus vulcani PL-12/M, Methanohalophilus mahii SLP, Methanohalophilus halophilus Z-7982, Methanosarcina mazeii LYC, and Methanosarcina mazeii C 16.
The tropical history and future of the Mediterranean biota and the West African enigma

Aim Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, many tropical taxa from the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) realm have entered the Mediterranean Sea, which is experiencing rising temperatures. My aims are: (1) to compare biogeographically this tropical transformation of the Mediterranean biota with the tropical faunas of the Mediterranean and adjacent southern European and West African seas during the Late Oligocene to Pliocene interval; (2) to infer the relative contributions of the tropical eastern Atlantic and IWP to the tropical component of the marine biota in southern Europe; and (3) to understand why West Africa is not now a major source of warm-water species. Location Southern Europe, including the Mediterranean Sea, and the coast of tropical West Africa. Methods I surveyed the literature on fossil and living shell-bearing molluscs to infer the sources and fates of tropical subgenus-level taxa living in southern Europe and West Africa during the Late Oligocene to Pliocene interval. Results Ninety-four taxa disappeared from the tropical eastern Atlantic (including the Mediterranean) but persisted elsewhere in the tropics, mainly in the IWP (81 taxa, 86%) and to a lesser extent in tropical America (36 taxa, 38%). Nine taxa inferred to have arrived in the tropical eastern Atlantic from the west after the Pliocene did not enter the Mediterranean. The modern West African fauna is today isolated from that of other parts of the marine tropics. Main conclusions Taxa now entering the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal are re-establishing a link with the IWP that last existed 16 million years ago. This IWP element, which evolved under oligotrophic conditions and under a regime of intense anti-predatory selection, will continue to expand in the increasingly warm and increasingly oligotrophic Mediterranean. The IWP source fauna contrasts with the tropical West African biota, which evolved under productive conditions and in a regime of less anti-predatory specialization. Until now, the post-Pliocene West African source area has been isolated from the Mediterranean by cold upwelling. If further warming should reduce this barrier, as occurred during the productive and warm Early Pliocene, the Mediterranean could become a meeting place for two tropical faunas of contrasting source conditions.
Electronic Properties of Molecules in High Magnetic Fields: Hypermagnetizabilities of H 2

Self-consistant field calculations using a Hamiltonian containing an external magnetic field and a basis of gauge origin independent atomic functions have been used to calculate some of the lower (< 5) magnetic hyperpolarizabilities of H 2. Comparison with other calculations gives good agreement.
Spectrally selective B1-insensitive T2 magnetization preparation sequence.

A T2 magnetization-preparation (T2 Prep) sequence is proposed that is insensitive to B1 field variations and simultaneously provides fat suppression without any further increase in specific absorption rate (SAR). Increased B1 inhomogeneity at higher magnetic field strength (B0 ≥ 3T) necessitates a preparation sequence that is less sensitive to B1 variations. For the proposed technique, T2 weighting in the image is achieved using a segmented B1-insensitive rotation (BIR-4) adiabatic pulse by inserting two equally long delays, one after the initial reverse adiabatic half passage (AHP), and the other before the final AHP segment of a BIR-4 pulse. This sequence yields T2 weighting with both B1 and B0 insensitivity. To simultaneously suppress fat signal (at the cost of B0 insensitivity), the second delay is prolonged so that fat accumulates additional phase due to its chemical shift. Numerical simulations as well as phantom and in vivo image acquisitions were performed to show the efficacy of the proposed technique. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electrospray mass spectrometry for fumonisin detection and method validation.

Fumonisins are a structurally related group of mycotoxins, characterized by a 19-20 carbon aminopolyhydroxy-alkyl chain which is diesterified with propane-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid (tricarballylic acid). These mycotoxins are commonly found in corn and corn-based food products and have been linked to a variety of animal toxicities. The widespread prevalence of fumonisins and the toxicity associated with ingestion has resulted in a number of analytical methods for determining the amount of fumonisins present in foods. Among the most common of these methods are liquid chromatographic (LC) separation with fluorescence detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LC /mass spectrometry. LC and ELISA give quantitative results while LC/MS provide quantitative analysis as well as confirmation of identity of the fumonisins.
Trustworthy Tools for Trustworthy Programs: A Verified Verification Condition Generator

Verification Condition Generator (VCG) tools have been effective in simplifying the task of proving programs correct. However, in the past these VCG tools have in general not themselves been mechanically proven, so any proof using and depending on these VCGs might have contained errors. In our work, we define and rigorously prove correct a VCG tool within the HOL theorem proving system, for a standard while-loop language, with one new feature not usually treated: expressions with side effects. Starting from a structural operational semantics of this programming language, we prove as theorems the axioms and rules of inference of a Hoare-style axiomatic semantics, verifying their soundness. This axiomatic semantics is then used to define and prove correct a VCG tool for this language. Finally, this verified VCG is applied to an example program to verify its correctness.
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and Multiplex Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to Identify Global Transcription Factor Binding Sites in the Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans

The global identification of transcription factor (TF) binding sites is a critical step in the elucidation of the functional elements of the genome. Several methods have been developed that map TF binding in human cells, yeast, and other model organisms. These methods make use of chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, and take advantage of the fact that formaldehyde fixation of living cells can be used to cross-link DNA sequences to the TFs that bind them in vivo. In ChIP, the cross-linked TF-DNA complexes are sheared by sonication, size fractionated, and incubated with antibody specific to the TF of interest to generate a library of TF-bound DNA sequences. ChIP-chip was the first technology developed to globally identify TF-bound DNA sequences and involves subsequent hybridization of the ChIP DNA to oligonucleotide microarrays. However, ChIP-chip proved to be costly, labor-intensive, and limited by the fixed number of probes available on the microarray chip. ChIP-Seq combines ChIP with massively parallel high-throughput sequencing (see Explanatory Chapter: Next Generation Sequencing) and has demonstrated vast improvement over ChIP-chip with respect to time and cost, signal-to-noise ratio, and resolution. In particular, multiplex sequencing can be used to achieve a higher throughput in ChIP-Seq analyses involving organisms with genomes of lower complexity than that of human (Lefrancois et al., 2009) and thereby reduce the cost and amount of time needed for each result. The multiplex ChIP-Seq method described in this section has been developed for Caenorhabditis elegans, but is easily adaptable for other organisms.
Interaction of e-beams with tantalum foils and Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ foam

Summary form only given. We present recent progress of the study of interaction of an e-beam with tantalum foils and Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ foam. (1) Simulations on ETA-II target experiments. To study the hydro characteristics of beam foil interactions, a series of experiments were performed on ETA-II. The experiments were performed using different focal spot sizes to study different energy densities. Hydro-simulations performed using LASNEX to model these experiments and comparison with experimental results are discussed. (2) Linking LASNEX with MCNP. The latest code modification allows us to link simulation data between LASNEX and MCNP automatically and consequently the time required for the multi-pulse target simulation is reduced and the accuracy of simulation is improved. The physics of foil expansion caused by beam heating and the effect of a multi pulse is discussed.
Instrument for precision long-term β-decay rate measurements

We describe an experimental setup for making precision measurements of relative β-decay rates of (22)Na, (36)Cl, (54)Mn, (60)Co, (90)Sr, (133)Ba, (137)Cs, (152)Eu, and (154)Eu. The radioactive samples are mounted in two automated sample changers that sequentially position the samples with high spatial precision in front of sets of detectors. The set of detectors for one sample changer consists of four Geiger-Muller (GM) tubes and the other set of detectors consists of two NaI scintillators. The statistical uncertainty in the count rate is few times 0.01% per day for the GM detectors and about 0.01% per hour on the NaI detectors. The sample changers, detectors, and associated electronics are housed in a sealed chamber held at constant absolute pressure, humidity, and temperature to isolate the experiment from environmental variations. The apparatus is designed to accumulate statistics over many years in a regulated environment to test recent claims of small annual variations in the decay rates. We demonstrate that absent this environmental regulation, uncontrolled natural atmospheric pressure variations at our location would imprint an annual signal of 0.1% on the Geiger-Muller count rate. However, neither natural pressure variations nor plausible indoor room temperature variations cause a discernible influence on our NaI scintillator detector count rate.
Part 3.5: Autonomy-Enhancing Socialization

Part III. Section 5. Autonomy-Enhancing Socialization: Meyers seeks a remedy for gendered inequality with respect to autonomy in processes of socialization. After critically examining proposals offered by Beauvoir, Chodorow, and Radcliffe Richards, Meyers describes a pedagogical model that fosters assertiveness and intimacy while avoiding the inculcation of aggression and that actively nurtures the development of autonomy skills.
Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Breast Cancer by Tumor Receptor Expression

In epidemiologic studies, alcohol consumption appears more strongly associated with risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive than ER-negative breast cancer. However, this association has not been assessed by other potentially relevant tumor markers, such as androgen receptor (AR) or insulin receptor (IR). In the prospective Nurses' Health Study cohort, we evaluated alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by individual tumor marker expression (i.e., ER, progesterone receptor [PR], AR, and IR) while controlling for other markers and also assessed the joint effect of these receptors. During 26 years follow-up of 106,037 women, 2552 invasive breast cancers contributed to the analysis. When all four markers were considered simultaneously, no significant heterogeneity of the alcohol and breast cancer association was observed by any of the markers. However, each increment in one drink per day was associated with 10% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4%, 15%) and 9% (95% CI = 4%, 15%) increased risk of AR-positive and ER-positive breast cancer, respectively, while no increased risk was observed among AR-negative or ER-negative tumors. The association was independent of PR and IR expression. Assessment of the joint expression of hormone receptors revealed a significantly increased risk among AR+/ER+/PR+ (hazard ratio [HR] per drink/day = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.17) but not in other subgroups (e.g. , AR-/ER-/PR-: HR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.88, 1.12). Our data suggest that the alcohol and breast cancer association may be more pronounced among ER-positive and/or AR-positive breast tumors. However, our data do not support an important role of IR in the association.
Characteristics of Clostridium perfringens Strains associated with Food and Food-Borne Disease.

Hall, Herbert E. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), Robert Angelotti, Keith H. Lewis, and Milton J. Foter. Characteristics of Clostridium perfringens strains associated with food and food-borne disease. J. Bacteriol. 85:1094-1103. 1963.-A total of 83 strains of Clostridium perfringens-30 from England, Europe, and Asia, associated with food-poisoning outbreaks; 28 from the United States, associated with outbreaks or contaminated foods; and 25 from natural or pathological sources-have been studied to determine their serological relationships, sporulation and heat-resistance of spores, and their hemolytic activity on mammalian bloods. A comparison of the results obtained with these three groups of strains reveals that the Eurasian group is characterized by serological typability, poor sporulation with the production of heat-resistant spores, and a hemolytic activity limited to the production of partial hemolysis on horse, ox, and sheep bloods, whereas the strains from natural and pathological sources in this country are not serologically typable, sporulate well but the spores are not heat-resistant, and are hemolytically active, producing both partial and complete hemolysis on horse, ox, and sheep bloods. The American food-poisoning strains have a wide variety of characteristics. Some strains resemble the Eurasian in their serological typability and the production of heat-resistant spores, but sporulation and hemolytic activity are more like the strains from classical sources. On the basis of these data, it appears unlikely that C. perfringens food-poisoning outbreaks in the United States are restricted to strains meeting the criteria of classification described by British workers and that the isolation of large numbers of any strain of this organism from an incriminated food must be considered as having a possible bearing on the etiology of the outbreak.
Embedded testing for data communications circuits

This paper discusses a new BIST methodology suitable for functional testing of transceivers on a data communications chip. Practical circuits are presented which allow the at-speed testing of various functional blocks. The concept has been applied to test a 400 Mbps 3-port IEEE 1394a system. The silicon for the 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS implementation is expected in early 2002.
Spatial patterns and light-driven variation of microbial population gene expression in surface waters of the oligotrophic open ocean

Summary Because bacterioplankton production rates do not vary strongly across vast expanses of the ocean, it is unclear how variability in community structure corresponds with functional variability in the open ocean. We surveyed community transcript functional profiles at eight locations in the open ocean, in both the light and in the dark, using the genomic subsystems approach, to understand variability in gene expression patterns in surface waters. Metatranscriptomes from geographically distinct areas and collected during the day and night shared a large proportion of metabolic functional similarity (74%) at the finest metabolic resolution possible. The variability between metatranscriptomes could be explained by phylogenetic differences between libraries (Mantel test, P < 0.0001). Several key gene expression pathways, including Photosystem I, Photosystem II and ammonium uptake, demonstrated the most variability both geographically and between light and dark. Libraries were dominated by transcripts of the cyanobacterium Prochlorocococcus marinus, where most geographical and diel variability between metatranscriptomes reflected between-station differences in cyanobacterial phototrophic metabolism. Our results demonstrate that active genetic machinery in surface waters of the ocean is dominated by photosynthetic microorganisms and their site-to-site variability, while variability in the remainder of assemblages is dependent on local taxonomic composition.
Immunity-to-change: are hidden motives underlying patient nonadherence to chronic disease medications?

Abstract New approaches to understanding patient nonadherence to chronic disease medications are urgently needed. To explore whether patient hidden motives and their underlying assumptions contribute to nonadherence, we examined an innovative application to health care of a transformative learning process successfully used in work settings, immunity-to-change. Eligible participants taking at least 2 chronic disease medications, filling prescriptions at U.S. chain drugstores, wanting to continue to take medications and reporting adherence problems underwent a psychological interview focused on their medication-taking behavior as part of a market survey. Participants (n = 46) were interviewed as a construction sample to create a preliminary set of motive clusters. To test the completeness of the cluster categories, 17 additional eligible persons were interviewed. An established psychological interviewing method was used to identify hidden motives and unrecognized assumptions underlying non-adherent behavior. Hidden motives (n = 167) for nonadherence were identified and categorized into 6 clusters based on their commonality (n, %): (1) to avoid interference with other priorities (40, 24%), (2) to avoid losing control (35, 21%), (3) to avoid a negative identity (28, 17%), (4) to be one’s own doctor (28, 16%), (5) to keep an arm’s length relationship to one’s medications or to the medical establishment (27, 16%) and (6) to avoid unpleasantness (10, 6%). Within each cluster, a set of previously unrecognized assumptions inhibiting adherence was identified. in conclusion, hidden motives, and their underlying assumptions, contributing to chronic disease medication nonadherence were identified using a transformative learning process. Research is needed to test this approach in larger general population samples.
Reaction of British bank share prices to Citicorp's announced $3 billion increase in loan-loss reserves

Abstract This study assesses the impact of Citicorp's announcement of a $3 billion increase in loan-loss reserves on May 19, 1987, on the share prices of British banks. The announcement may have had an impact on British banks because, like Citicorp, the major British ones have a high degree of exposure to the debt of less developed countries (LDCs). Musumeci and Sinkey detected a favorable reaction of U.S. money-center banks to the announcement. Because of disparate bank characteristics and regulations between the U.S. and the United Kingdom, share prices of British banks may be affected in a different manner than U.S. banks. The results of our study indicate that British bank share prices were adversely affected by the announcement. Our findings confirm that (1) the strategy of a bank in one country may not only influence other banks in that country, but foreign banks as well, and (2) the effects on banks can be dependent on the country of origin.
The effect of temperature and salinity on cadmium uptake by the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus

Adult blue crabs were exposed to various concentrations of cadmium in sea water at different thermosaline regimes. Concentration and rates of uptake of cadmium were greatest at low salinities and higher temperatres with major sites of localization in gill, hepatopancreas and carapace. Claw muscle was comparatively low in cadmium.
Designing tax policy in federalist economies: An overview

Abstract The emerging economic federations of the European Union, Russia, and South Africa, along with the established federations in Australia, Canada, and the United States, confront the task of designing the institutions for federal fiscal policy. This paper reviews the literature on the design of tax policy in federalist economies. We conclude that taxation by lower level governments can lead to significant economic inefficiencies and inequities. The usual ‘assignment’ view of federalis recommends central government policies — for example, resident-based taxation or grants-in-aid — to correct these failures. These recommendations assume that the central government will act as a benevolent social planner. The ‘political economy’ view of federalism suggests that this assumption is in error and that additional federalist institutions must be considered. Alternative legislative structures and constitutional rules are considered.
Recent advancements in fiber optic transmission

Recent emergence of coherent optical modem has solved a number of difficult problems in optical transmission, resulting in 10x increase in capacity. The latest research of super-channels further increases spectral efficiency and network flexibility.
Über schwebungseffekte in überlagerten normalschwingungen

Zusammenfassung Die Uberlagerung von Normalschwingungen auf die Gleichgewichtskonfiguration eines Molekuls ruft wahrend des molekularen Schwingungsprozesses typische Schwebungen hervor, d.h. zeitweilige starke Verzerrungen von internen Koordinaten, die grosser sind als die mittleren Schwingungsabweichungen von der Gleichgewichtslage. Wie an einigen Beispielen gezeigt, konnen diese Phanomene mit Hilfe von klassischen Verfahren leicht analysiert werden. Die Untersuchungen lassen den Schluss zu, dass die wahrend des molekularen Schwingungsprozesses durch Schwebungen verursachten Verzerrungen fur komplexe Molekule grosser sein konnen als fur freie Molekule, da eine grossere Zahl von 3N-6 Normalschwingungen addiert wird. Dies ermoglicht, in der klassischen Beschreibung, bei Komplexbildung die Aktivierung eines Molekuls durch mechanische Prozesse. Der Effekt, der fur katalytische Reaktionen von Interesse ist, kann wahrscheinlich besonders zur Wirksamkeit von Katalysatoren mit hohem Molekulargewicht beitragen.
Emerging technology: endoluminal treatment of obesity

Background Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for the management of obesity. Endoluminal interventions offer the potential for an ambulatory weight loss procedure that may be safer and more cost-effective compared with current laparoscopic approaches. Objective We review the currently available endoluminal techniques for obesity that have been presented or discussed in public forums and meetings, focusing on those with published trials. Design Literature review. Results Human trials of endoluminal treatments of obesity are primarily limited to restrictive interventions, including intragastric balloons, transoral gastroplasty, and endoluminal vertical gastroplasty. Currently, the duodenojejunal bypass sleeve is the only endoluminal device that has been studied in humans that promotes weight loss through malabsorption. Early results of these technologies are promising, but long-term data are lacking. Conclusions Endoluminal treatments for obesity have promise, and recent technological advances have been astounding. However, these interventions will need to be held to the same standards of current operative techniques. Each device will need to be scrutinized within clinical trials to determine its safety, efficacy, and durability.
VIRUS‐LIKE PARTICLES IN HYDRURUS (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1,2

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been found in cells of the colonial, chrysophycean alga Hydrurus foetidus (Vill.) Trev. The infected cells, probably zoospores, were discovered in material fixed directly in the field. The VLPs appear either hexagonal or pentagonal when sectioned and are therefore presumed to be icosahedra, They are 50–60 nm diam. and demonstrate distinct trilaminar coals. The VLPs were observed in the cytoplasm, but not in the chloroplast or nucleus.
Analysis of Reactivity Insertion Accidents for the NIST Research Reactor Before and After Fuel Conversion

Reactivity insertion accidents have been analyzed for the 20-MW D2O-moderated research reactor (NBSR) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The analysis has been carried out for the present core, which contains highly enriched uranium fuel, and for a proposed equilibrium core with low-enriched uranium fuel. The time-dependent analysis of the primary system is performed with a RELAP5 model that includes the reactor vessel, primary coolant pump, heat exchanger, fuel element geometry, and flow channels for both the 6 inner and 24 outer fuel elements. Postprocessing of the simulation results has been conducted to evaluate minimum critical heat flux (CHF) ratio and minimum onset of flow instability (OFI) ratio using the Sudo-Kaminaga correlations and Saha-Zuber criteria, respectively.Evaluations are carried out for the control rod withdrawal start-up accident and the maximum reactivity insertion accident. In both cases the RELAP5 results indicate that no damage to the fuel will occur an...
Family Influences in Addiction: A Review of Research and Implications for Treatment

A variety of reasons have been offered as causal for the addiction of individuals to psychoactive drugs. Much of the literature offers a dichotomy of either physical attributes (medical model) or psychosocial attributes (sociological model). Neither stands alone as a satisfactory model for the process of addiction and recovery. Rather than accepting the two areas as dichotomous, another possibility is that the medical and psychosocial models instead form the structure and process of addiction. This paper examines familial substrata of addiction, that is, those underlying elements of biology, genetics, and social learning that occur in families and that contribute to the structure and process of addiction. A family-based treatment model is proposed for the treatment of addiction.
Learning new problem-solving strategies leads to changes in problem representation.

Abstract Children sometimes solve problems incorrectly because they fail to represent key features of the problems. One potential source of improvements in children's problem representations is learning new problem-solving strategies. Ninety-one 3rd- and 4th-grade students solved mathematical equivalence problems (e.g., 3 + 4 + 6 = 3 + __) and completed a representation assessment in which they briefly viewed similar problems and either reconstructed each problem or identified it in a set of alternatives. Experimental groups then received a lesson about one or both of two solution strategies, the equalize strategy and the add–subtract strategy. A control group received no instruction. All children completed posttest assessments of representation and problem solving. Children taught the equalize strategy improved their problem representations more than those not taught it. This pattern did not hold for the add–subtract strategy. These results indicate that learning new strategies is one source of changes in problem representation. However, some strategies are more effective than others at promoting accurate problem representation.