cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid Phase Synthesis of 3,4,7-Trisubstituted 4,5,8,9-Tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazepin-2(7H)-thiones and N-Alkyl-4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazepin-2-amines

The solid-phase parallel synthesis of 3,4,7-trisubstituted 4,5,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazepin-2(7H)-thiones and N-alkyl-4,5,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazepin-2-amines starting from resin-bound dipeptides is described. The key synthetic steps involve the cylization of an amino and a guanidino functionality using thiocarbonyldiimidazole and the subsequent transformation of the resulting thiourea moiety to a substituted guanidine group using HgCl(2) and various amines. Following cleavage from the resin, the desired products were obtained in good yields and good to moderate purities, depending on the building blocks employed.
Rapid assessment of in vivo cholinergic transmission by amperometric detection of changes in extracellular choline levels

Conventional microdialysis methods for measuring acetylcholine (ACh) efflux do not provide sufficient temporal resolution to relate cholinergic transmission to individual stimuli or behavioral responses, or sufficient spatial resolution to investigate heterogeneities in such regulation within a brain region. In an effort to overcome these constraints, we investigated a ceramic-based microelectrode array designed to measure amperometrically rapid changes in extracellular choline as a marker for cholinergic transmission in the frontoparietal cortex of anesthetized rats. These microelectrodes exhibited detection limits of 300 nm for choline and selectivity (> 100 : 1) of choline over interferents such as ascorbic acid. Intracortical pressure ejections of choline (20 mm, 66-400 nL) and ACh (10 and 100 mm, 200 nL) dose-dependently increased choline-related signals that were cleared to background levels within 10 s. ACh, but not choline-induced signals, were significantly attenuated by co-ejection of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine (Neo; 100 mm). Pressure ejections of drugs known to increase cortical ACh efflux, potassium (KCl; 70 mm, 66, 200 nL) and scopolamine (Scop; 10 mm, 200 nL), also markedly increased extracellular choline signals, which again were inhibited by Neo. Scop-induced choline signals were also found to be tetrodotoxin-sensitive. Collectively, these findings suggest that drug-induced increases in current measured with these microelectrode arrays reflect the oxidation of choline that is neuronally derived from the release and subsequent hydrolysis of ACh. Choline signals assessed using enzyme-selective microelectrode arrays may represent a rapid, sensitive and spatially discrete measure of cholinergic transmission.
A Multifaceted Approach to Applying Dispersants

A comprehensive oil spill response plan has been developed partially to deal with accidental discharges of oil into the Arabian Gulf. The spill response capabilities of contractor companies in the area are fairly limited. The response plan relies on chemical agents and recovery as cleanup tools. The key to effective response is a rapid response and deployment of cleanup equipment. Initially, marine vessels equipped with portable dispersant spray booms patterned after the Warren Springs equipment were used. To improve existing oil spill response, an extensive modernization of dispersant deployment equipment has been developed. The areas of modernization include upgrading the marine vessel equipment, dedicating boats and vessels of opportunity for dispersant application, using helicopters for spill response, using large fixed-wing aircraft for spill response, and establishing dispersant and refueling stockpiles. This paper discusses the use of dispersants in response to an oil spill. It is intended not as a scientific paper but as a paper on a local response capability.
Islet-1 Controls the Differentiation of Retinal Bipolar and Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

Whereas the mammalian retina possesses a repertoire of factors known to establish general retinal cell types, these factors alone cannot explain the vast diversity of neuronal subtypes. In other CNS regions, the differentiation of diverse neuronal pools is governed by coordinately acting LIM-homeodomain proteins including the Islet-class factor Islet-1 (Isl1). We report that deletion of Isl1 profoundly disrupts retinal function as assessed by electroretinograms and vision as assessed by optomotor behavior. These deficits are coupled with marked reductions in mature ON- and OFF-bipolar (>76%), cholinergic amacrine (93%), and ganglion (71%) cells. Mosaic deletion of Isl1 permitted a chimeric analysis of “wild-type” cells in a predominantly Isl1-null environment, demonstrating a cell-autonomous role for Isl1 in rod bipolar and cholinergic amacrine development. Furthermore, the effects on bipolar cell development appear to be dissociable from the preceding retinal ganglion cell loss, because Pou4f2-null mice are devoid of similar defects in bipolar cell marker expression. Expression of the ON- and OFF-bipolar cell differentiation factors Bhlhb4 and Vsx1, respectively, requires the presence of Isl1, whereas the early bipolar cell marker Prox1 initially did not. Thus, Isl1 is required for engaging bipolar differentiation pathways but not for general bipolar cell specification. Spatiotemporal expression analysis of additional LIM-homeobox genes identifies a LIM-homeobox gene network during bipolar cell development that includes Lhx3 and Lhx4. We conclude that Isl1 has an indispensable role in retinal neuron differentiation within restricted cell populations and this function may reflect a broader role for other LIM-homeobox genes in retinal development, and perhaps in establishing neuronal subtypes.
Effects of inhibitors and herbicides on the membrane potential of mung bean mitochondria

Abstract Alterations imposed by herbicides on the membrane potential (Δψ), oxygen utilization, and ATP synthesis of intact mung bean mitochondria were measured under state 3 conditions. Effects were correlated with changes imposed by classical electron transport inhibitors, energy transfer inhibitors, and uncouplers. In the dose-response studies, complete inhibition of ATP synthesis produced by electron transport inhibitors (rotenone, antimycin A, KCN), uncouplers [bis(hexafluoroacetonyl)acetone (1799) and carbonyl cyanide 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)], and the herbicides was associated with a decrease in Δψ from the state 3 value of 126 mV to between 90 and 100 mV. In contrast, the complete inhibition of phosphorylation produced by the energy transfer inhibitor N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodimide correlated with an increase in Δψ from the state 3 to the state 4 potential (145 mV). In the titrations, the herbicides and classical uncouplers, but not the electron transport inhibitors, progressively collapsed Δψ below the potential associated with the complete inhibition of phosphorylation (to the apparent Donnan potential of 60 mV). The herbicides could be placed into two groups according to the dose-response relationships exhibited with respect to Δψ and oxygen utilization. The first group, designated as dinoseb types (dinitrophenols, benzimidazoles, benzonitriles, thiadiazoles, and bromofenoxim), uncoupled phosphorylation and collapsed Δψ to the Donnan level before oxygen utilization was inhibited. These compounds possess dissociable protons and are postulated to act as protonophores, much like 1799 and FCCP. With the second group, termed dicryl types (acylanilides, dinitroanilines, diphenylethers, bis-carbamates, and perfluidone), collapse of Δψ was paralleled by uncoupling of phosphorylation and inhibition of oxygen utilization. However, phosphorylation was inhibited to a greater extent than was respiration. The dicryl-type herbicides are not classical-type protonophores. Some of their action can be attributed to interference with the redox pumps. The complete collapse of Δψ to the Donnan potential is associated with alterations and perturbations induced in the membranes by classical uncouplers and by both types of herbicides. The perturbations are postulated to increase the permeability of the membranes to protons and other cations and to induce unfavorable conformational changes that impede interactions between redox enzymes. Conceivably, the combined responses collapse Δψ and inhibit electron transport.
Linking Local Circuit Inhibition to Olfactory Behavior: A Critical Role for Granule Cells in Olfactory Discrimination

In this issue of Neuron , Abraham et al. report a direct connection between inhibitory function and olfactory behavior. Using molecular methods to alter glutamate receptor subunit composition in olfactory bulb granule cells, the authors found a selective modulation in the time required for difficult, but not simple, olfactory discrimination tasks.
Constraint effects on energy absorption in unidirectional PMC tubes

An investigation was carried out to understand the effect of an external constraint on the failure modes and energy absorption capability of unidirectional polymeric composite (PMG) tubes. The constraint was a steel ring that was tightened on the outside of the tube. This ring could slide during tube crushing. The tightness of the ring was determined using a strain gage positioned on the ring. The effect of the constraint was shown to depend on the initial position of the ring along the tube. The study was performed on fiberglass/polyester tubes and the results showed that the external constraint not only can improve the specific energy absorption of the tubes, but also can reduce significantly the undesired high initial peak loads. A nonlinear finite element approach was used to model the fundamental failure modes that dominate the energy absorption of the tubes with an external constraint. These modes including delamination and longitudinal crack propagation (splitting), were modeled using the finite el...
Evaluation of H-Function Inversion Integrals

Abstract We investigate the validity of applying a lemma of Springer to the evaluation of the H-function inversion integral. We provide examples to show that this lemma is incorrect as stated, prove several valid versions of this lemma, and investigate the use of this lemma in the context of the H-function integrals. We also investigate a question related to tangentiality in conformal mappings.
Discourse behind the Forbidden Realm: Internet surveillance and its implications on China's blogosphere

This paper investigates the implications of regulation in China's blogosphere and the extent to which it impacts bloggers from both a social and a cultural context. There is a growing culture of revelation in China's blogosphere which is replete with the character of celebrity gossip, personal experience, and self-disclosure. Abundant diary-style blogs and bloggers' limited interest in politics demonstrate a new cultural phenomenon that obscures the impact of Internet censorship on blogging. However, drawing from theoretical perspectives of Internet censorship, surveillance, and privacy to examine the current trends in China's blogosphere, this paper illustrates that cyberspace creates the structure of the surveillance environment by implementing technological architectures that mine information about human behavior and preferences. As a result, China's blogosphere has relatively little value as a medium for organized free speech. A blog is not necessarily a new democratizing vehicle; moreover, concentrated power and sustained inequality in the blogosphere do not overcome governmental regulations.
The identification of membrane glycocomponents in polyacrylamide gels: A rapid method using 125I-labeled lectins

A rapid method is described for the identification of lectin binding membrane glycocomponents in polyacrylamide gels. The method requires only small quantities of membrane material and is applicable to a wide variety of lectins. Solubilized membrane components are electrophoretically separated according to molecular weight in a SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The gel is then incubated in a solution containing the 125I-lectin. After elution of unbound 125I-lectin, the gel is dried down and those bands which have bound the 125I-lectin are identified by radioautography. The amount of bound 125I-lectin can be quantified by either densitometric scanning of the radioautogram or by liquid scintillation counting of the dried gel.
Classes of Models for Selected Axiomatic Theories of Choice

Abstract Adding a reversibility axiom to the other axioms of Luce's (1959) probabilistic ranking theory results in an impossibility theorem—that all alternatives in an alternative set are equally likely to be chosen (i.e., that preferences are random). This impossibility theorem is generally avoided by removing the reversibility axiom. Using simple algebraic methods such a modified theory is shown to contain a theorem similiar to the impossibility result. These results are discussed within the framework of mathematical model theory (model theory deals with the relations between sets of sentences (theories) and the structures which satisfy these sentences (models)) to illustrate the applicability of model theory as an analytic tool in theory development.
Drug Evaluations Cardiovascular & Renal: Biology of angiotensin II receptor inhibition with a focus on losartan: A new drug for the treatment of hypertension

Pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has advanced knowledge of the mechanisms by which blood pressure is regulated as well as provided new approaches to the treatment of essential hypertension and congestive heart failure. Although the idea that primary or essential hypertension may be caused by an increase in the activity of the renin-angiotensin system was originally proposed by Page in 1967 in his mosaic theory of arterial hypertension, the identification of molecular variants in the genes that encode the components of the renin-angiotensin system now begins to substantiate a role for this hormonal system in the causation of hypertension. The cumulative results of basic investigations and clinical research culminated with the introduction of a new class of orally active antihypertensive drugs which specifically target angiotensin (Ang) II receptors as a means to control blood pressure. Emerging results from the clinical...
Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor primes human neutrophils for increased diacylglycerol generation in response to chemoattractant

Abstract Pretreatment of human neutrophils with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) augments several biological responses to chemoattractants (e.g. the respiratory burst, degranulation, and chemotaxis). However, little is known regarding the intracellular effects of priming with GM-CSF. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of GM-CSF on the generation of diacylglycerol (DAG), a proposed mediator of neutrophil responses. GM-CSF alone produced only a small increase in cellular DAG mass, which was most apparent after 30 min. GM-CSF pretreatment (60 min), however, caused a striking augmentation in DAG generation in response to the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), compared with neutrophils preincubated without GM-CSF. The augmentation in DAG generation correlated with an enhancement by GM-CSF of Superoxide generation in response to fMLP. The data suggest that GM-CSF may exert some of its biological effects by enhancing DAG generation in response to a second agonist. Diacylglycerol; Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine; Human neutrophil; Respiratory burst
Holographic Terrain Displays

The suitability of holography as a method for recording and reproducing visual displays of terrain is examined in a tutorial, non-mathematical manner. The paper is based chiefly on a literature search combined with some original work by the author. Consideration of requirements for 3-D displays in general and the particular problem of making holograms of terrain is followed by a detailed discussion of the different types of hologram and how they may be used to make terrain displays with different characteristics. Emphasis is on the 2-photograph stereoscopic hologram which is called a "holographic stereomodel". Techniques to enhance certain characteristics of holographic displays such as color rendition and efficient use of illumination are examined and possible uses of holography in tasks related to map making are suggested. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of selected types of holograms for terrain display is included.
Discovery of natural products from Curcuma longa that protect cells from beta-amyloid insult: a drug discovery effort against Alzheimer's Disease

From Curcuma longa, two novel compounds, 4' '-(3' "-methoxy-4' "-hydroxyphenyl)-2' '-oxo-3' '-enebutanyl 3-(3'-methoxy-4'hydroxyphenyl)propenoate (calebin-A, 1) and 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one (2), and seven known compounds, 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione (curcumin, 3), 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione (demethoxycurcumin, 4), 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione (bisdemethoxycurcumin, 5), 1-hydroxy-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-heptene-3,5-dione (6), 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-heptene-3,5-dione (7), 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one (8), and 1,5-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3-one (9), were isolated following a bioassay-guided fractionation scheme utilizing an assay to detect protection of PC12 cells from beta-amyloid insult. Compounds 1, 3-5, and 7 were found to more effectively protect PC12 cells from betaA insult (ED(50) = 0.5-10 microg/mL) than Congo red (10) (ED(50) = 37-39 microg/mL).
HIV and STI risk behaviors, knowledge, and testing among female adult film performers as compared to other California women.

A cross-sectional structured online survey was self-administered to a convenience sample of current female adult film performers via the Internet; bivariate analyses compared HIV and other STI risk behaviors, knowledge, and testing in female adult performers to California Women’s Health Survey respondents. 134 female adult film performers (mean age 27.8 years) were compared to the 1,773 female respondents (mean age 31.3 years) to the 2007 CWHS. Female performers initiated sex on average 3 years younger and had 6.8 more personal sexual partners in the prior year than other California women. The majority of performers reported HIV and Chlamydia testing (94 and 82%, respectively) in the prior 12 months. They more likely to use condoms consistently in their personal life than other California women (21 vs 17%), though this difference disappeared after controlling for other variables. Adult performers are routinely tested for HIV and Chlamydia, yet they have multiple sexual partners and use condoms inconsistently.
Pangloss: a knowledge-based machine assisted translation research project - site 2

The Computing Research Laboratory (CRL) at New Mexico State University, jointly with the Center for Machine Translation (CMT) at Carnegie Mellon University and the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California, are developing a Translator's Workstation to assist a user in the translation of newspaper articles in the area of finance (mergers and acquisitions) in one language (Spanish initially) into a second language (English). At its core is a multilingual, knowledge-based, interlingual, interactive, machine-assisted translation system consisting of a source language analysis component, an interactive augmentor, and a target language generation component.
Investigating the communication problems encountered in knowledge acquisition

Whether conducted manually or with the help of automated software tools, knowledge acquisition is a process fraught with numerous communication problems. It has become widely accepted that domain experts sometimes have trouble articulating their knowledge in a way that knowledge engineers or knowledge acquisition programs can use effectively. These communication difficulties are often vaguely attributed to the unverbalizable, "intuitive" nature of expert problem solving. However, if we are to make substantive improvements in knowledge acquisition technology, a more sophisticated understanding of the communication characteristics of expert-novice (knowledge engineering) interactions needs to be developed.
Estradiol Modulation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor by Stromal Fibroblasts in the Female Reproductive Tract

Primary human uterine, cervical, and ectocervical stromal fibroblasts constitutively secrete hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), yet only uterine stromal fibroblasts increase HGF secretion in response to estradiol. Estradiol-induced HGF secretion by uterine stromal fibroblasts may have a significant effect on uterine cancer and endometriosis.
Multiple martensitic transformations in plutonium metal and a suggested similarity in electronic behavior of plutonium metal phases and d-electron transition element alloys

Abstract Hysteresis loops in electrical resistivity and elongation measurements made on plutonium (Pu) metal suggest that the α ah β and γ ah δ phase transformation are martensitic. The differing loops in different temperature ranges hint that the electronic properties of Pu metal are continuously changing as a function of temperature. A new view of martensitic (displacive) transformations suggests that modulations develop within the parent lattice, which are usually not commensurate, and that modulated structures are general and intrinsic and that incipient variants existing in the structure may trigger martensitic transformations. The physical property behavior of Pu metal in most of its phase transformations is also like that of proven incommensurate material, i.e., commensurate ah incommensurate phase transitions. The latter can result from structure modulations which are driven by charge-density waves (CDWs), or a coupled distortion of the conduction electrons and the underlaying lattice. The large number of crystallographically different atoms in the α and β-Pu phases may modulate the lattice and distort the conduction electrons to give a physical property response very similar to CDWs. It is suggested that thermal changes in 6d-7s and 5f electron populations, along with f-electron localization, give a continuous change in structure modulation. The result could be incipient structure variants, and as a consequence, multiple martensitic transformations.
Seminal Plasma Abrogates the Postcoital T Cell Response to Spermatozoal Histocompatibility Antigens

: The T-cell responses to spermatozoal histocompatibility antigens were studied in the uterine regional lymph nodes of female rats by a specific cytoadhesion assay. The antigenic challenge was introduced either by artificial insemination with syngeneic or allogeneic epididymal spermatozoa or coitus. The uterine regional T-cell response to allogeneic spermatozoa following artificial insemination was measurable after 2 days and continued undiminished until day 5. In contrast, the measurable response to allogeneic coital challenge peaked on day 3 and disappeared by days 4–5. Since the difference between the two stimuli involved the presence of seminal plasma, these results indicate a possible immunoregulatory (suppressive) effect of seminal plasma on the cellular immune reaction of the female to the male alloantigens after mating.
Terminal transferase: experienced biochemical reagent seeks biological assignment

Abstract Somatic generation of diversity in immunocyte DNA through the action of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), has fallen into disfavor and DNA sequencing studies now favor the recombinational germline theory. However, biological and cellular investigation of diversifying immunocytes places terminal transferase in the nucleus of cells passing through the stages of diversification/differentiation. Further study of DNA modification and rearrangement in TdT + cells is needed to clarify the mechanisms of diversification.
Initialization of the shallow water equations with open boundaries by the bounded derivative method

The shallow water equations are a symmetric hyperbolic system with two time scales. In meteorological terms, slow and fast scale motions are referred to as Rossby and inertial/gravity waves, respectively. We prove the existence of smooth solutions (solutions with a number of space and time derivatives on the order of the slow time scale) of the open boundary problem for the shallow water equations by the bounded derivative method. The proof requires that a number of initial time derivatives be of the order of the slow time scale and that the boundary data be smooth. If the boundary data are smooth and only have small errors, then we show that the solution of the open boundary problem is smooth and that only small errors are produced in the interior. If the boundary data are smooth but have large errors, then we show that the solution of the open boundary problem is still smooth. Unfortunately the boundary error propagates into the interior at the speed associated with the fast time scale and destroys the solution in a short time. Thus it is necessary to keep the boundary error small if the solution is to be computed correctly. We show that this restriction can be relaxed so that only the large-scale boundary data need be correct. We demonstrate the importance of these conclusions in several numerical experiments.
The Conserved Carboxyl Terminus and Zinc Finger-like Domain of the Co-chaperone Ydj1 Assist Hsp70 in Protein Folding

Ydj1 is a member of the Hsp40 (DnaJ-related) chaperone family that facilitates cellular protein folding by regulating Hsp70 ATPase activity and binding unfolded polypeptides. Ydj1 contains four conserved subdomains that appear to represent functional units. To define the action of these regions, protease-resistant Ydj1 fragments and Ydj1 mutants were analyzed for activities exhibited by the unmodified protein. The Ydj1 mutant proteins analyzed were unable to support growth of yeast at elevated temperatures and were found to have alterations in the J-domain (Ydj1 H34Q), zinc finger-like region (Ydj1 C159T), and conserved carboxyl terminus (Ydj1 G315D). Fragment Ydj1 (1-90) contains the J-domain and a small portion of the G/F-rich region and could regulate Hsp70 ATPase activity but could not suppress the aggregation of the model protein rhodanese. Ydj1 H34Q could not regulate the ATPase activity of Hsp70 but could bind unfolded polypeptides. The J-domain functions independently and was sufficient to regulate Hsp70 ATPase activity. Fragment Ydj1 (179-384) could suppress rhodanese aggregation but was unable to regulate Hsp70. Ydj1 (179-384) contains the conserved carboxyl terminus of DnaJ but is missing the J-domain, G/F-rich region, and a major portion of the zinc finger-like region. Ydj1 G315D exhibited severe defects in its ability to suppress rhodanese aggregation and form complexes with unfolded luciferase. The conserved carboxyl terminus of Ydj1 appeared to participate in the binding of unfolded polypeptides. Ydj1 C159T could form stable complexes with unfolded proteins and suppress protein aggregation but was inefficient at refolding denatured luciferase. The zinc finger-like region of Ydj1 appeared to function in conjunction with the conserved carboxyl terminus to fold proteins. However, Ydj1 does not require an intact zinc finger-like region to bind unfolded polypeptides. These data suggest that the combined functions of the J-domain, zinc finger-like region, and the conserved carboxyl terminus are required for Ydj1 to cooperate with Hsp70 and facilitate protein folding in the cell.
Sesquiterpene lactones of Artemisia: New guaianolides from fall growth of A. Douglasiana☆

Abstract In contrast to spring growth, in which only santanolides were found, mature, flowering fall growth of Artemisia douglasiana Bess, contains guaianolides. Two new lactones, arteglasin-A and -B, have been isolated and their structure established. It is possible to relate the structures of the santanolides and the guaianolides by a simple change in early stages of a rational course of biosynthesis.
Effect of heparin treatment on GVH disease.

SummaryGVHR induced by inoculation of parental (A/J) spleen cells into (C57BL/6 × A)F1 hybrids is suppressed by heparin treatment of recipient mice, and splenic homing of pre-labeled parental long-lived lymphocytes is reduced. Pretreatment of donor mice with heparin does not influence graft versus host reactivity.
Phish-Net: Investigating phish clusters using drop email addresses

The most common approach to collect users' secret credentials from phishing websites is to email the credentials to criminals' email addresses which we call drop email addresses. We propose a clustering algorithm, which is based on the assumption that if there is a common drop email address found in the phishing kits from two different phishing websites, then these two websites are directly related. Based on obfuscated and plain-text drop email addresses, we produce two types of clusters: one is called phishing kit creator cluster and another is kit user cluster. Clustering related phishing websites using our proposed approach will allow phishing investigators to focus their investigative efforts on important phishing attacks rather than random attacks. For example, in January 2013, 1475 phishing websites are hosted by only 317 groups of phishers (who we will call kit users). Our scheme will thus help investigators to narrow investigation to pervasive phishing criminals. By analyzing the clusters generated using our clustering approach, we can determine the strongest and most pervasive phishers, and phishing kit creators, relationships between phishing kit creators and phishing kit users, and the most dominant phisher of one group. These findings have real-life implication in phishing investigation paradigm.
Perceived Social Support and Social Network of Low-Income Mothers of Infants and Preschoolers: Pre-and Postparenting Program

(1994). Perceived Social Support and Social Network of Low-Income Mothers of Infants and Preschoolers: Pre-and Postparenting Program. Journal of Community Health Nursing: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 11-20.
Technique for Assessing the Electrical Charge Levels of Aerosols

A relatively low-cost and easy-to-use method for estimating the charge level on aerosols has been developed. It uses the properties of an electrostatically enhanced (electret) filter combined with an optical particle counter to obtain size-dependent charge levels of workplace aerosols. The optical particle counter is calibrated to give a “filtration equivalent” particle size. For the size range of the present measurements, this is similar to geometric size. The aerosol concentration is measured before and after neutralization to determine a penetration ratio that can be approximately correlated with particle electrical mobility. For a particle of a given size, the penetration ratio increases with increasing particle charge level. The method was calibrated with monodisperse methylene blue particles charged to a known level. A polydisperse CaCO3 aerosol, characterized as to size-dependent charge levels, also was measured. Finally, the charge level on a copy-machine toner dust was measured to simulate a high...
Trade Flows and Integration: The Case of the CARICOM

Following World War II, a number of developing countries were attracted to the idea of regional economic integration as a means of accelerating individual economic growth. The first attempt at integration in the English-speaking Caribbean began with the formation of the West Indies Federation in 1958. On July 4, 1973, CARICOM was convened through the signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas. CARICOM has two separate institutions: the Caribbean Community and the Common Market. Caribbean integration is not about trade and production alone. It extends to closer cooperation and common services and to promote the use of currencies of members in settling eligible transactions between the individual countries, thereby economizing on the use of foreign exchange. It is also designed to promote monetary cooperation across all sectors among the members.
Visual receptive field properties of cells of the superior colliculus after cortical lesions in the cat

Abstract Single units were studied in the superficial gray and optic laminae of the superior colliculus of cats during light barbiturate anesthesia. Cells in normal animals reponded maximally to moving stimuli, with 75% showing direction selectivity and 80% being strongly driven by either eye (binocular convergence). Large chronic cortical lesions that included area 17, or lesions limited to area 17 alone, resulted in a much reduced proportion of cells in the ipsilateral colliculus showing direction selectivity (12%) and binocular convergence (17%). In contrast, after lesions no change was seen in the spatial properties of collicular receptive fields. Large cortical lesions sparing area 17 did not produce the above effects on collicular cells. Cortical lesions placed 1 hr to 3 days before recording produced the same loss in direction selectivity and binocular convergence as lesions of 16 months duration. We conclude that in the cat these properties of collicular cells are dependent upon the integrity of cortical area 17.
A comparative review of “how to” books for parents of ADHD children and “how to” books for parents of typical children

Abstract Although an increasing number of children are diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and take medications to control their behaviors, a well-publicized controversy persists about whether ADHD refers to a common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood or to various medicalized temperamental, educational, and cultural differences and difficulties of children. Moreover, behaviors indicative of ADHD are commonly found among all children—although with different frequencies. This paper aims to identify and compare the type of information provided to parents of ADHD and non-ADHD diagnosed children through readily available self-help books. Searches using popular online bookstores were conducted to rank and select the ten most popular self-help books for parents of ADHD diagnosed children and those of typical children, from which relevant information was systematically extracted. We conclude that the information provided for these two sets of parents was substantially different, if not opposites, but children's behaviors were similarly portrayed.
Chronic infection of Fv-2-resistant hemopoietic cells by Friend spleen focus-forming virus. Leukemogenesis and control of stem cell differentiation by Fv-2.

Abstract Isologous bone marrow chimeras were prepared using adult Fv-2 resistant syngeneic C57 BL/6 (B6) mice. Exposure of the Fv-2rr donor to Friend virus (FV) complex [containing defective spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and NB-tropic helper (LLV-F)], or to LLV alone, at the time of engraftment resulted in the chronic infection of these chimeras by both viruses and in the appearance of erythropoietin (Epo)-independent erythroid progenitor cells (i.e., BFU-E, CFU-E). This SFFV-inductive event occurred in two phases. The first was transient and occurred in all mice early after infection while BFU-E were in cycle. The second phase occurred late (∼ Day 120) and was associated with leukemia induction. Since all mice within the SFFV/LLV study replicated virus that was demonstrably leukemogenic in Fv-2ss mice, and since only 12% of the viremic Fv-2rr B6 → B6 chimeras developed a malignant erythroleukemia with splenomegaly and polycythemia, we conclude that Fv-2 control of the proliferative state of erythroid progenitors is separable from Fv-2 control of leukemia induction by SFFV. Further, while SFFV+ B6 cells uneventfully repopulated B6 secondary recipients, congenic B6.C (Fv-2ss) recipients became ill 20–40 days after engraftment due to the outgrowth of a leukemia of donor origin. These results show that SFFV+ B6 donors contained preleukemic or “dormant” tumor. Interaction of these SFFV+ stem cells with the Fv-2ss environment permitted the expression of the Friend tumor phenotype, while interaction with the Fv-2rr environment allowed normal repopulation (i.e., hemopoietic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation). Thus, Fv-2 mediates resistance to the outgrowth of leukemia cells at the level of the hemopoietic environment.
THE INFORMATION A TEST PROVIDES ON AN ABILITY PARAMETER

In item-response theory, if a latent-structure model has an ability variable, then elementary information theory may be employed to provide a criterion for evaluation of the information the test provides concerning ability. This criterion may be considered even in cases in which the latent-structure model is not valid, although interpretation of the criterion is more complex in this case. It is also possible to consider reliability results for inferences about the ability variable. Use of sampling to develop required parameter estimates is straightforward. Applications of the criterion in zero-, one-, and two-parameter logistic (0PL, 1PL, and 2PL) examples are provided.
Integration of SPICE/PSPICE in basic circuits and electronics courses

The author presents experience with integrating SPICE/PSPICE in the 200-level circuits and electronics courses for electrical and electronics engineers. The introduction of SPICE starts at the basic circuit analysis course and it is continued through the first-level electronics course. There is no separate course on SPICE/PSPICE, it is built into the courses as a combination of self-study and lectures. It has been observed that, after four lectures of 50 min duration, all students could solve assignments independently without any difficulty. The class could progress in a normal manner with one assignment per week on electronic circuit simulation and analysis with SPICE. >
Fusion-fission hybrids: Environmental aspects and their role in hybrid rationale

The rationale for developing hybrids depends on real or perceived liabilities of relying on pure fission to do the same job. Quite possibly the main constraint on expanded use of fission will be neither lack of fuel nor high costs, but perceived environmental liabilities—radioactive wastes, reactor safety, and links to nuclear weaponry. The environmental characteristics of hybrid systems and pure-fission systems are compared here in detail. The findings are that significant environmental advantages for hybrids cannot now be demonstrated and may not exist. Therefore, if environmental drawbacks constrain the application of pure fission, hybrids probably also will be thus constrained.
APPLICATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH TO QUANTIFY GLUCONEOGENESIS IN HUMAN PREGNANCY. • 531

Quantification of gluconeogenesis (GNG) with carbon labeled tracers results in underestimation due to exchange and loss of tracer C in TCA cycle. We have reported the use of deuterium labeling of body water pool in order to label the glucogenic precursor phosphoenol pyruvate (JCI 95:172, 1995). The appearance of 2H on C-6 of glucose quantifies GNG from pyruvate, if correctred for incomplete equilibration of label at the pyruvate level, but does not include glycerol. Since 2H from water labels C-5 of glucose via pyruvate, and also labels C-2 of the triose phosphate pool, appearance of2 H on C-5 of glucose gives an estimate of total GNG, eliminating the uncertainty of incomplete equilibration and including glycerol.
Simulating the formation of biofilms in an undergraduate modeling course

Abstract Meaningful applications that illustrate fundamental concepts and techniques are crucial in computational science education. In this paper, we discuss development of a simulation on the structural growth of a biofilm that is appropriate for modeling, simulation, or high performance computing courses. Consideration of cellular automaton simulations, boundary conditions, and diffusion in this context can empower students to develop similar simulations for other applications. Moreover, extensions of the basic model can illustrate and motivate the need for high performance computing in computational science. The module, “Biofilms: United They Stand, Divided They Colonize,” used for instruction and developed by the authors as an Undergraduate Petascale Education Program (UPEP) Curriculum Module is available at http://computationalscience.org/upep/curriculum .
Aqueous quenched asymmetric polysulfone membranes prepared by dry/wet phase separation

Abstract A process for producing ultrathin and defect-free selecting layers on asymmetric membranes using dry/wet phase separation has been reported earlier for organic coagulation media. The present study seeks to generalize this process by demonstrating the ability to form equally thin defect-free polysulfone membrane using an aqueous coagulation medium. In addition, this study presents the fundamental issues involved in altering flat sheet casting solutions to produce solutions, potentially useful for preparing hollow fibers within, defect free selective layers. Transport properties of integrally-skinned asymmetric polysulfone membranes coagulated in water are reported for the separation of various gases of 24°C and upstream driving pressures of 50 to 100 psig. These asymmetric membranes have essentially the intrinsic permselectivities of dense polysulfone films formed by simple solvent casting techniques. The novel aspect of both the organic and the aqueous quenched structures in their ultrathin selective layers, which can be made as thin as 200 to 800 A under optimum formation conditions without introducing defects that reduce permselectivity. Unlike other thin-skinned structures reported recently, the present membranes do not require any post-formation solvent treatments or silicone coatings to achieve essentially the intrinsic separation factors of the material. High resolution scanning electron photomicrographs of the membrane structures are presented to clarify the morphologies responsible for their desirable properties.
Sodium channels as targets for volatile anesthetics.

The molecular mechanisms of modern inhaled anesthetics although widely used in clinical settings are still poorly understood. Considerable evidence supports effects on membrane proteins such as ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels of excitable cells. Na+ channels are crucial to action potential initiation and propagation, and represent potential targets for volatile anesthetics. Inhibition of presynaptic Na+ channels leads to reduced neurotransmitter release at the synapse and could therefore contribute to the mechanisms by which volatile anesthetics produce their characteristic effects: amnesia, unconsciousness, and immobility. Early studies on crayfish and squid giant axon showed inhibition of Na+ currents by volatile anesthetics. Subsequent studies using native neuronal preparations and heterologous expression systems with various mammalian Na+ channel isoforms implicated inhibition of presynaptic Na+ channels in anesthetic actions. Volatile anesthetics reduce peak Na+ current and shift the voltage of half-maximal steady-state inactivation towards more negative potentials, thus stabilizing the fast-inactivated state. Furthermore recovery from fast-inactivation is slowed together with an enhanced use-dependent block during pulse train protocols. These effects can reduce neurotransmitter release by depressing presynaptic excitability, depolarization and Ca entry, and ultimately transmitter release. This reduction in transmitter release is more portent for glutamatergic vs. GABAergic terminals. Involvement of Na+ channel inhibition in mediating the immobility caused by volatile anesthetics has been demonstrated in animal studies, in which intrathecal infusion of the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin increases volatile anesthetic potency, whereas infusion of the Na+ channels agonist veratridine reduces anesthetic potency. These studies indicate that inhibition of presynaptic Na+ channels by volatile anesthetics is involved in mediating some of their effects.
Sports-related injuries of the knee: an approach to MRI interpretation.

Sports-related knee injuries are common, accounting for a significant percentage of all sports injuries. Ligamentous knee injuries have been estimated at approximately 98 of 100,000 per year [1]. While injuries are common in many sporting activities, sports involving twisting and ‘‘cutting’’ movements and contact sports are most likely to result in knee injury. Knee injuries are especially common in female athletes, occurring several times more frequently than in their male counterparts participating in cutting sports [2,3]. Serious knee injuries result in decreased athletic performance or may be career ending in elite athletes. In recreational athletes, knee injuries result in diminished lifestyle and time off work. Failure to recognize and properly manage knee injuries can result in premature osteoarthritis in both groups. While both acute and chronic knee injuries are important in the athletic population, acute injuries account for most injuries requiring evaluation by MRI. For this reason, this article will focus on the systematic approach to MR evaluation of acute knee injuries. Sports injuries affect the knee menisci, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and periarticular soft tissues. Complex injuries involving multiple structures are common, and recognition of the full extent of injury is critical to effective treatment. In the setting of acute knee injury, the physical exam may be less reliable, owing to swelling, effusion, and guarding [4‐6]. A carefully elicited history may help in establishing a likely mechanism of injury, but is often nonspecific. Therefore, diagnostic imaging, in particular MRI, plays an important role in the urgent work-up of athletes with acute knee injury. MRI has been shown to be highly accurate in detecting acute injuries to various knee structures [7]. Although it seems intuitive that MRI would be indicated in evaluating ‘‘significant’’ acute knee trauma, there is conflicting evidence regarding its efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Several recent studies have concluded that MRI significantly affects the clinical decision-making process,
Parents’ Attitudes About Safe Schools Policies and Practices: Repositioning Parents as Youth Allies Through a Rights-Based Framework

The vast majority of young people experience gender or sexuality-based harassment in schools. Effective strategies exist for addressing this problem; however, little is known about parents’ attitudes toward such safe schools policies and practices. In light of recent legislation and case law that reify parental rights over children’s lives, parents’ attitudes toward these issues represent an important focus for research and intervention. In the current study, 301 Illinois parents completed an online survey assessing their attitudes about implementing specific safe schools policies and practices as well as their knowledge about their children’s harassment experiences in schools. Results demonstrate that parents overwhelmingly support practices that protect students from harm but are somewhat more ambivalent toward those that allow children to develop and assert agency. Though some demographic differences were observed in support for safe schools policies and practices, knowledge that their child had been harassed still predicted increased parental support after controlling for demographic effects. Our findings suggest that parents should be viewed as allies, rather than opponents, in the push to implement safe schools policies and practices. In addition, parental attitudes constitute a critical pathway through which young people may be able to affect change within their schools and communities.