cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selecting a humanly understandable knowledge representation for reasoning about knowledge

Three formalisms for representing knowledge about knowledge are briefly examined from the point of view of allowing a computer program to communicate its knowledge to a human. The first two formalisms are philosophically motivated and the last is psychologically motivated. Although all three formalisms are adequate for the purposes of valid inference in this problem domain, it is argued that the psychologically motivated formalism is the most useful of the three for the purposes of man-machine communication. The first two formalisms express more distinctions than a human would, when reasoning about the same problem, whereas the last formalism express the right number of distinctions.
Learning Scleral Depression With Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

Scleral depression with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy will be easier to learn if the examiner observes the patient's pupillary reflex through the ophthalmoscope without looking through the hand-held condensing lens. When the tip of the scleral depressor is properly positioned the pupillary reflex will darken slightly. If the condensing lens is then moved into position the actual scleral depression will be visible.
Space telerobots and planetary rovers

Space telerobots and planetary rovers are advanced forms of space automation that are being studied for missions beginning in the 1990s. This paper describes telerobots and planetary rovers, points out that pure autonomy is far beyond the state of the art, and goes on to discuss how useful, realizable telerobots and rovers can be developed in the context of human-machine systems. Telerobot and rover computational and architectural requirements are also briefly examined, and examples of current work, including the development of dedicated analog processing chips based upon neural networks are described. The paper closes with some speculations on the terrestrial implications of space robotics and some general conclusions.
From Stop to Go in Foreign Policy

Painful Choices: A Theory of Foreign Policy Change. By David A. Welch Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 312 pp., $35.00 (ISBN: 0-691-12340-3). Given the dramatic institutional and policy changes in response to September 11 and the policy debate regarding when, why, and how the United States should withdraw its forces from Iraq, nothing could be more timely than David Welch's Painful Choices: A Theory of Foreign Policy Change . In particular, this important book addresses two crucial questions: when will dramatic policy change occur and why do states resist change? Explanations of foreign policy change have received only sporadic attention in the foreign policy analysis literature—most notably in the classic statements of foreign policy change by Charles Hermann (1990), Jerel Rosati, Joe Hagan, and Martin Sampson (1994), and James Rosenau (1981). Nonetheless, this question remains central for policy analysts and political leaders alike. The conventional wisdom in international relations is that inertia is the default setting for governments. Thus, continuity in policy is interrupted only occasionally, and then only by such crises as failed policies and the rise of political instability. Welch takes this assumption as a starting point but specifically grounds his approach in organizational theory, cognitive and motivational psychology, and prospect theory. Collectively these three perspectives suggest that foreign policy change should be rare. First, as Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow (1999) outline in their work, organizational routines favor continuity over change because information is …
The Way of the Agent

The conditional,if an agent did something, then the agent could have done otherwise, is analyzed usingstit theory, which is a logic of “seeing to it that” based on agents making choices in the context of branching time. The truth of the conditional is found to be a subtle matter that depends on how it is interpreted (e.g., on what “otherwise” refers to, and on the difference between “could” and “might”) and also on whether or not there are “busy choosers” that can make infinitely many choices in a finite span of time.
A high-speed low-power spectrum accumulator using dual-port RAM and state machine control

A high-speed spectrum accumulator circuit intended for use with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer is described. Advantages of this design include high-speed data acquisition (>400 kHz periodic, 2.5- mu s pulse-pair resolution), high resolution (256 channels, expandible to 1024), low power ( approximately 2 W), and circuit simplicity. This performance is achieved with an optimum combination of an 8-b flash analog-to-digital converter, dual-port RAM, and erasable programmable logic device state machine controller. >
In vitro interactions of cytokines and bovine viral diarrhea virus in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated bovine mononuclear cells

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and bovine interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. In the controls, the heat-inactivated BVD virus was not capable of suppressing the PHA-stimulated PBMC proliferation. Presence of exogenous cytokines, such as purified human IL-2, recombinant bovine interleukin-1 (rbovIL-1), recombinant bovine IL-2, and recombinant human IL-6 failed to reverse the BVD virus-induced immunosuppression. Also, we found that the BVD virus inhibited PHA and IL-2 induced proliferation of bovine PBMC in the early and late stages of activation. In summary, our data suggest that BVD virus induced immunosuppression was not due to destruction of the PBMC but may be inhibiting one or more of the important intracellular enzymes that may regulate PBMC proliferation.
Camera talk: making the camera a partial participant

In this paper, we describe how encouraging children to talk to the camera can structure their behavior and provide them opportunity for reflection. Encouraging "camera talk," interactions directed at the camera, can effectively elicit verbal comments from children participants. We describe a study in which children participants were told that they could tell the camera anything they wanted to about the designs they were making using a piece of educational software, but not to behave in a disruptive manner for the camera. By allowing children to interact with the camera in a particular way, rather than encouraging them to ignore its presence, we were able to elicit information about some children's design activities, thoughts, and struggles. The camera became an integral part of the socio-technical system for some children. This method may be useful to researchers interested in what children are thinking about in-the-moment as they work with software.
Comparison of the glutamate-, arginine- And lysine-dependent acid resistance systems in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of growing conditions on the glutamate-, arginine- and lysine-dependent acid resistance (AR) systems of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Methods and Results: Seven E. coli O157:H7 strains were grown in five different media at neutral or acidic pH under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and the survival rate after acid shocks (pH 2·0, 1 h, 37°C) in the presence of glutamate, arginine and lysine was determined. Six strains induced the glutamate-dependent AR at stationary phase, and maximal survival were observed (≥10%) when grown in pH 5- Luria-Bertani media with glucose (LBG) and in pH 4·5-anaerobic media. The arginine- and lysine-dependent systems were also present, but were only induced if cells had grown in LBG. For strain ATCC 43895, the minimum glutamate concentration that resulted in at least 10% survival rate was 10 μ mol l−1, but it required at least 10-fold more arginine and lysine. Conclusions: The lysine-dependent AR system could be as important as the arginine-mediated one, but the contribution of both systems to E. coli O157:H7 overall AR response might be minor compared with the glutamate-dependent system. Significance and Impact of the Study: Under typical environmental conditions, the glutamate-dependent AR system might be solely responsible for protecting cells against acidic pH.
Small-scale hummocky cross-stratification in turbidites: a form of antidune stratification?

Small-scale hummocky cross-stratification occurs in Upper Cretaceous calciclastic turbidites exposed in the western Basque Pyrenees; facies associations and microfossil assemblages indicate slope to base-of-slope (bathyal) depositional environments. It is developed in the fine-grained portion of beds and displays spacings mostly between 0.2 and 0.7 m. The beds fine upward with no sharp grain size breaks or mud partings, suggesting that deposition occurred during a single flow event. Hummocky intervals are 0.1–0.8 m thick and consistently grade laterally and vertically into flat, planar laminations of Bouma B divisions suggesting that deposition occurred under upper-flow-regime conditions. They have wave-like geometries with laminae continuous across ‘crests’ and ‘troughs’ and display a ratio of ‘wavelength’ to estimated underflow thickness of 11.3–12.8. Combining the above observations and inferences, these examples of small-scale hummocky cross-stratification are interpreted as a form of antidune stratification generated by standing waves along the interface of a thinner, denser underflow (main body/tail of the turbidity current) and an overlying thicker, low-density layer. This occurrence is further evidence that small-scale hummocky cross-stratification is multigenetic and therefore not indicative of a particular flow condition or depositional environment.
Rubidium and creatinine transport across isolated isolated mesentery.

Abstract The movement of Rb 86 cations across isolated rabbit mesentery displays the kinetic pattern associated with passive diffusion. The permeability constant can be increased by the application of several drugs. Histamine markedly stimulates the movement of rubidium ions, while epinephrine and acetylcholine are much less effective. By measuring the contemporaneous transfer of the Rb 86 cation and of un-ionized creatinine, an attempt was made to expose the nature of the permeability barrier. A 10° rise in temperature produced a relatively greater elevation in creatinine permeability, while 5-HT was relatively more effective in enhancing the permeability to rubidium. The differential effects of these two environmental stimuli on the trans-mesenteric movement of two tracer substances indicate that these two stimuli must affect different parts of the transport process.
The stimulants and hallucinogens under consideration: a brief overview of their chemistry and pharmacology

Abstract The substances under review are a heterogenous set of compounds from a pharmacological point of view, though many have a common phenylethylamine structure. Variations in structure lead to marked changes in potency and characteristic action. The introductory material presented here is meant to provide a set of chemical and pharmacological highlights of the 28 substances under consideration. The most commonly used names or INN names, Chemical Abstract (CA) names and numbers, and elemental formulae are provided in the accompanying figures. This provides both some basic information on the substances and a starting point for the more detailed information that follows in the individual papers by contributors to the symposium.
TEP/EDTA Doubly Regulated Hydrothermal Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite Films on Metal Substrates

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of Ca(EDTA)2− and triethyl phosphate (TEP) to regulate the hydrothermal crystallization of hydroxyapatite (HA) films. HA was coated on various substrates including titanium, Ti6Al4V, grit-blasted Ti6Al4V, 316 stainless steel, and Co28Cr6Mo via hydrothermal synthesis at 200 °C for 24 h utilizing a 0.232 molal Ca(NO3)2−0.232 molal EDTA−0.187 molal TEP−1.852 molal KOH−H2O chemical system. The role of film deposition processing variables on HA crystallization was studied using thermodynamic process simulation and experimental TEP hydrolysis kinetics data. Profilometry, XRD, FESEM, and adhesion testing (ASTM D3359) were used to characterize substrates and films. Kinetics studies of TEP hydrolysis revealed that phosphate was available for the formation of HA at temperatures above 180 °C and synthesis times greater than 4 h. Thermodynamic modeling demonstrated both that the formation of phase pure HA was thermodynamically favored at 200 °C on all substrates and th...
The Effects of Formocresol on Rat Sponge Implant Tissue: A Biochemical Study:

An investigation was conducted on the effect of formocresol treatment on the aqueous extractability and enzymatic susceptibility of excised implant tissue. The treated tissue demonstrated a decreased solubility and a diminished digestibility by trypsin, pepsin and collagenase. However, its reactivity toward hyaluronidase showed little alteration.
Hearing and vestibular deficits in the Coch−/− null mouse model: Comparison to the CochG88E/G88E mouse and to DFNA9 hearing and balance disorder

Abstract Two mouse models, the Coch G88E/G88E or “knock-in” and the Coch −/− or “knock-out” ( Coch null), have been developed to study the human late-onset, progressive, sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction known as DFNA9. This disorder results from missense and in-frame deletion mutations in COCH ( co agulation factor C h omology), encoding cochlin, the most abundantly detected protein in the inner ear. We have performed hearing and vestibular analyses by auditory brainstem response (ABR) and vestibular evoked potential (VsEP) testing of the Coch −/− and Coch G88E/G88E mouse models. Both Coch −/− and Coch G88E/G88E mice show substantially elevated ABRs at 21 months of age, but only at the highest frequency tested for the former and all frequencies for the latter. At 21 months, 9 of 11 Coch −/− mice and 4 of 8 Coch G88E/G88E mice have absent ABRs. Interestingly Coch −/+ mice do not show hearing deficits, in contrast to Coch G88E/+ , which demonstrate elevated ABR thresholds similar to homozyotes. These results corroborate the DFNA9 autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, in addition to the observation that haploinsufficiency of Coch does not result in impaired hearing. Vestibular evoked potential (VsEP) thresholds were analyzed using a two factor ANOVA (Age X Genotype). Elevated VsEP thresholds are detected in Coch −/− mice at 13 and 21 months, the two ages tested, and as early as seven months in the Coch G88E/G88E mice. These results indicate that in both mouse models, vestibular function is compromised before cochlear function. Analysis and comparison of hearing and vestibular function in these two DFNA9 mouse models, where deficits occur at such an advanced age, provide insight into the pathology of DFNA9 and age-related hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction as well as an opportunity to investigate potential interventional therapies.
The Difficult Road from Sequence to Function

The recent report by Patridge and Ferry ([20][1]) on the identification of a function for WrbA in the archaea emphasizes the continued importance of experimental measurements leading the way to the identification of the function of a protein encoded by a hypothetical gene. WrbA was first discovered
Scaling, localization and bandwidths for equations with competing periods

Abstract The finite size scaling theory of the measure of the spectrum of Harper's equation is reexamined. For sequences of fractions tending to a rational limit a simple criterion is derived which determines whether the corrections to scaling behave as (log p)−2 or p−2 as the denominator p is increased. The question of how special are the properties of the Harper equation, is studied. It is shown that if the pure cosine term in the diagonal term is replaced by a distorted periodic function the different subbands undergo a transition from “localized” to “extended” at a value of the strength of the off-diagonal term that depends on energy, in contrast to the Harper equation where the transition is energy-independent. This has a crucial effect on the measure of the spectrum.
Polymer grafted nanoparticles: Effect of chemical and physical heterogeneity in polymer grafts on particle assembly and dispersion

Macroscopic properties of polymer nanocomposites depend on the microscopic composite morphology of the constituent nanoparticles and polymer matrix. One way to control the spatial arrangement of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix is by grafting the nanoparticle surfaces with polymers that can tune the effective interparticle interactions in the polymer matrix. A fundamental understanding of how graft and matrix polymer chemistries and molecular weight, grafting density, and nanoparticle size, and chemistry affect interparticle interactions is needed to design the appropriate polymer ligands to achieve the target morphology. Theory and simulations have proven to be useful tools in this regard due to their ability to link molecular level interactions to the morphology. In this feature article, we present our recent theory and simulation studies of polymer grafted nanoparticles with chemical and physical heterogeneity in grafts to calculate the effective interactions and morphology as a function of chemistry, molecular weights, grafting densities, and so forth. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Is It the Spirit Moving, Or Is It Just that Burrito from Lunch? A Review Essay of T. M. Luhrmann’s When God Talks Back: Understanding the American Evangelical Relationship with God

T. M. Luhrmann sets out to explore a crucial theme in contemporary evangelical Protestantism: the process by which members of the so-called “new paradigm” churches not only learn how to pray to God but also how to engage God in entire conversations. Luhrmann analyzes how prayer, visions, therapeutic practices, and spirituality play a part in this process. Beautifully written and compellingly told, When God Talks Back deserves the widest possible audience.
Kentucky's ANSER: The Agricultural Network Serving Extension and Research

used for data retrieval. Unlike some computer systems, ANSER is geared to serve the needs of many interests. The system is designed to meet the needs of a diversified clientele including farmers, county agents, rural development specialists, agribusinessmen, local political figures, and other decision makers. These clientele share a common need for up-to-date assistance in making knowledgeable decisions. The scope of ANSER is broad-based and comprehensive. By studying systems developed in other states, extensive planning by personnel in the college of agriculture has been done to ensure that the system has appeal to the diverse clientele of agricultural economics (Diesslin; Harsh; Kendrick, Thompson, Murray; Payne). This paper (a) describes the design philosophy upon which the system's development was based, (b) outlines the software development effort, (c) describes the hardware selections, and (d) explains how clients will use the system.
Ramp initiation in a thrust wedge

Collisional mountain belts are characterized by fold and thrust belts that grow through sequential stacking of thrust sheets from the interior (hinterland) to the exterior (foreland) of the mountain belt1,2,3,4,5. Each of these sheets rides on a fault that cuts up through the stratigraphic section on inclined ramps that join a flat basal fault at depth. Although this stair-step or ramp–flat geometry is well known, there is no consensus on why a particular ramp forms where it does. Perturbations in fault shape6,7, stratigraphy8,9, fluid pressure10,11, folding2,12, and surface slope13,14 have all been suggested as possible mechanisms. Here we show that such pre-existing inhomogeneities, though feasible causes, are not required. Our computer simulations show that a broad foreland-dipping plastic strain band forms at the surface near the topographic inflection produced by the previous ramp. This strain band then migrates towards the rigid base, where the plastic strain is preferentially concentrated in a thrust ramp. Subsequent ramps develop toward the foreland in a similar fashion. Syntectonic erosion and deposition may strongly control the location of thrust ramps by enhancing or removing the surface point of initiation.
Twisted polyaza clefts for the complexation of cyclohexane-polyols

Abstract A polyaza cleft was synthesized and shown to bind 1,2- and 1,3-cyclohexanediols and 1,3-2-cyclohexanetriol in chloroform.
Improving the Drive: A Case Study for Modeling Public Radio Member Donations Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Public radio is increasingly dependent on effective fundraising for its survival. As a result, it is helpful to examine how psychology theories might increase the understanding of public radio donation. This case study explored the potential for using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to model public radio members' donation intentions. Results of a survey of 690 public radio members indicated that the TPB was a significant predictor of donation intentions although not all the TPB factors contributed to the model. Findings suggest the TPB can be a useful theory for informing public radio fundraising campaign strategies and message tactics.
Managerial implications of flexible manufacturing for small/mediumm-sized enterprises

Abstract Small/medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) constantly face challenges as they react to changing environmental factors such as the emergence of worldwide markets and standards for better product quality, demands for faster delivery times and closer business partnerships. These companies must bring together people, resources and facilities to develop, manufacture and market products with an ongoing commitment to accept and react to changing market conditions. Recently, flexibility has been widely recognized as a distinctive competence leading to competitive advantage, and thus flexible manufacturing (FM) technologies serve as a strategic asset to accomplish operations strategy. The SMEs must develop a framework to protect and enhance this asset. Only with the proper organizational structure, culture and external alliances can an SME achieve the full potential of FM technologies. In this paper, we provide an overview of strategic, organizational and personnel implications of flexible manufacturing for SMEs. We also discuss the significance of alliances with external partners and performance measures for implementation of flexible and automated manufacturing technologies.
Fracture Characterization Using Borehole Radar: Numerical Modeling

Forward modeling of borehole radar data for a series of synthetic discrete-fracture network (DFN) models provides a conceptual framework for interpreting experimental field data at fractured rock sites. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) radar wave propagation model was developed for this purpose. Synthetic examples demonstrate the utility of single-hole reflection-mode and cross-hole transmission-mode borehole radar for (1) identification of fracture location and orientation, and (2) identification of fracture pore-fluid properties, which might change as a result of tracer tests or flooding exercises in support of resource development or site remediation. A two-dimensional, synthetic DFN was generated statistically based on hypothetical distributions of fracture length, orientation, aperture, permeability, and inter-connectivity. The DFN includes a zone of permeable fractures embedded within a network of lower-permeability fractures and a low-permeability rock matrix. We modeled the unconnected and non-permeable fractures as being filled with freshwater. To simulate tracer experiments, contaminant releases, or engineered-remediation processes, we considered alternately the inter-connected, permeable fractures to be filled with freshwater air, or saline water (tracer). Synthetic radar data sets for both single-hole reflection and cross-hole transmission modes were generated. The features in synthetic radargrams were then examined and compared to the DFN model to evaluate the likelihood of identifying fracture location, orientation, and pore fluid in field situations. This comparison demonstrates that (1) the replacement of freshwater with saline water in permeable fractures generally increases the amplitude of reflections from permeable, connected fractures; and (2) in general, radar reflection-mode data contains more information about fracture properties than transmission-mode data.
Review of radiation dosimetry and dating by thermally stimulated processes

Abstract The field of radiation dosimetry by thermally stimulated processes will be reviewed, with emphasis on thermoluminescence (TL). The thermoluminescent properties of the man-made and natural phosphors commonly used for radiation dosimetry will be reviewed with particular attention to their more interesting, complex and imperfectly understood properties. These include supralinearity, sensitivity changes produced by previous irradiation and heat, anomalous (“nonthermal”) fading of thermoluminescence from deep traps, dependence on type and energy of ionizing radiation, and spurious TL. In dating applications, thermoluminescent measurements are made on the more common minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, flint and zircon, with many of the same complex and interesting problems. The other thermally stimulated processes that have been used in dosimetry and dating, thermally stimulated exoelectron emission and thermally stimulated conductivity, will also be discussed.
Microfluidic arrays of fluid-fluid diffusional contacts as detection elements and combinatorial tools.

This paper describes microfluidic systems that can be used to investigate multiple chemical or biochemical interactions in a parallel format. These three-dimensional systems are generated by crossing two sets of microfluidic channels, fabricated in two different layers, at right angles. Solutions of the reagents are placed in the channels; in different modes of operation, these solutions can be either flowing or stationarythe latter is important when one set of channels is filled with viscous gels with immobilized reagents. At every crossing, the channels are separated either by a single membrane or by a composite separator comprising a membrane, a microwell, and a second membrane. These components allow diffusive mass transport and minimize convective transport through the crossing. Polycarbonate membranes with 0.1−1-μm vertical pores were used to fabricate the devices. Each crossing of parallel channels serves as an element in which chemical or biochemical interactions can take place; interactions can b...
Environmental significance of harvesting wind power on the Alleghenies

The paper discusses the environmental and social significance of wind powered electric generation on the Allegheny Mountains. The existing power generation capacity in four states surrounding the region is first described and statistical data is given to show the history of fuel mix and emissions. Environmental effects of the existing power generation facilities are discussed in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. The wind potential available in the region is described. Recent developments and planned wind power projects are presented with a discussion of their environmental impacts. The current policies and initiatives applicable to wind power in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia are compared and suggestions are made to promote the use of wind energy potential in the region
ac inductance measurements of thin superconductors and ferromagnets: Demagnetization effects.

Measurements of magnetic properties of thin-film superconductors at 77 K using dc magnetic fields and ac inductance techniques are discussed. The effects of demagnetizing fields on these measurements are analyzed and compared with results for thin ferromagnets. It is shown that for perpendicular magnetic fields opposite effects are predicted and observed for ferromagnets as compared to superconductors.
Exact solution of a periodic-cluster Hubbard model with an electron-lattice interaction.

An exact solution of a modified Hubbard model for a tetrahedral cluster with periodic boundary conditions is presented. It includes a static electron-lattice interaction in which the intersite bond-hopping parameter is a function of the bond electron occupation. It is found that the intrasite Coulomb repulsion and the effective attractive electron-lattice interaction have, generally speaking, opposite (although not identical) effects. They cancel each other exactly along a line of singularities in parameter space. The state vectors are easily obtained analytically. A study is made of magnetic and superconducting static correlation functions as functions of the parameters. Various forms of anisotropic superconducting fluctuations are favored in the various regimes. There is an indication of possible states with coexisting nonuniform, nonisotropic superconductivity and antiferromagnetism caused by a ``compromise'' between the competing forces.
ALTERNATE SPLICING OF THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR mRNA IS MODULATED DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT. • 386

ALTERNATE SPLICING OF THE VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR mRNA IS MODULATED DURING LUNG DEVELOPMENT. • 386
High-Volume Diffusion Denuder Sampler for the Routine Monitoring of Fine Particulate Matter: II. Field Evaluation of the PC-BOSS

The high-volume Brigham Young University organic sampling system with a particle concentrator (PC-BOSS) has been field evaluated for the determination of airborne fine particulate matter including semivolatile chemical species during 3 intensive sampling programs in 1997: Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Lawrence County, TN; Riverside, CA; and Provo, UT. The PC-BOSS precision was tested using 2 collocated PC-BOSS samplers. In addition, the PC-BOSS results were compared with results from a prototype PM 2.5 U.S. EPA federal reference method (FRM sampler), a filter pack sampler (quartz and charcoal sorbent filters), the BIG BOSS, an annular denuder sampler, and the ChemSpec sampler for the determination of major fine particulate species. Fine particulate mass, sulfate, nitrate, and organic carbonaceous material (OC) determined by 2 PC-BOSS samplers agreed within - 10%. Possibly due to absorption of SO 2 by a quartz filter, the sulfate concentrations determined by the filter pack sampler and the BIG BOSS wer...
Induced flux-flow noise in type II superconductors

Abstract The induced flux-flow noise has been measured for Type II superconductors by a pick-up wire method; the results indicate that moving fluxoids are responsible for the effect. Cross-correlation coefficients between the flux-flow signal of the primary superconductor foil and the induced flux-flow signal on the pick-up wire were measured with about 80% correlation near 1 kHz. Flicker noise does not show correlated noise in the pick-up coil, as expected from its generation mechanism. The experimental data agree qualitatively with the theoretical calculation of single flux motion.
Time-varying carrier offsets in mobile OFDM

A carrier offset in OFDM system simulation is generally considered to be slowly time-varying, so that, over short simulation periods, it may be considered to be a constant quantity. However, depending on system mobility, carrier frequency, and communication duration, time-varying carrier offsets caused by Doppler effects can be significant in a real physical environment. Few researchers have addressed this in their works. Of those who have addressed this, many present simplified, vague, or inaccurate time-varying carrier offset models. In this paper, we present a more realistic time-varying carrier offset model and present expressions for carrier offset correction that maximize the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). We also provide guidelines for when the application of the time-varying carrier offset model is crucial for correct OFDM system evaluation.
Induction of Myeloid Differentiation of HL-60 Cells with Naphthalene Sulfonamide Calmodulin Antagonists

The naphthalene sulfonamide calmodulin antagonists, N -(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide and N -(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide, both induce limited myeloid differentiation of the human promyelocytic cell line, HL-60. In addition, these inhibitors augment the differentiation observed when HL-60 cells are induced with retinoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The dose-response curve for HL-60 differentiation was consistent with the published 50% inhibitory dose for inhibition of calmodulin-activated phosphodiesterase and with the calmodulin drug-binding potential of N -(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide and N -(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide and their less active congeners, N -(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide and N -(4-aminobutyl)-2-naphthalenesulfonamide. These effects, of the naphthalene sulfonamide calmodulin antagonists, are consistent with a regulatory role for calmodulin in cell differentiation, but parallel effects on protein kinase C cannot be excluded.
A glutathione S‐transferase gene of the vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae

A cDNA (D7-8B) 1456 nucleotides in length was isolated from an adult, female-specific Anopheles gambiae library and identified as a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family by virtue of the inferred amino acid sequence. The gene, AgGST2-1, specifies a protein that is 57% identical to the Drosophila melanogaster gene, DmGST-2. The conceptual translation product also shows similarity to the jt family of vertebrate GSTs. Northern analysis reveals multiple and abundant transcription products in larval, pupal and adult RNA preparations. Southern analyses of genomic DNA and hybridizations in situ to polytene chromosomes both suggest that there are multiple members of the GST gene family in Anopheles gambiae.
Canine Synovial Myxoma 39 Cases

This report describes the signalment, clinical findings, gross appearance, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, and behavior of 39 cases of canine synovial myxoma. Large-breed middle-aged dogs-especially, Doberman Pinschers and Labrador Retrievers-were most commonly affected. The stifle and digit were the most common sites. Grossly, the tumors were composed of gelatinous nodules that often filled the joint cavity and exuded viscous fluid on cut section. In 12 cases (31%), radiographic bony lysis or grossly invasive growth was noted clinically. Histologically, the nodules were sparsely cellular and composed of stellate to spindle cells suspended in an abundant myxomatous matrix. By immunohistochemistry, the cells were positive for vimentin, heat shock protein 25, and cadherin 11 and negative for cytokeratin and S100 protein; some cells (20-40%) were positive for CD18. Affected dogs had long survival times (average, 2.5 years), even with incomplete excision of the tumor. Three cases had local recurrence, but none metastasized or directly resulted in death. Canine synovial myxoma is a histologically distinctive tumor with a good prognosis.
Routine Activities as Determinants of Gender Differences in Delinquency

Abstract This study examined the extent to which gender differences in delinquency can be explained by gender differences in participation in, or response to, various routine activity patterns (RAPs) using data from the second and third waves of the National Education Longitudinal Survey of 1988. While differential participation in routine activities by gender failed to explain males’ high levels of deviance relative to females, two early RAPs moderated the effect of gender on subsequent deviant behavior. Participation in religious and community activities during the sophomore year in high school decreased, while unstructured and unsupervised peer interaction increased, levels of delinquency two years later substantially more for males than for females, suggesting there are gender differences in reactivity to contextual opportunities for deviance during early high school with effects that persist over time.
Distinct ligand-dependent and independent modes of thyroid hormone receptor (TR)/PGC-1α interaction.

Abstract Thyroid hormone receptor (TR)/peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator (PGC-1α) interactions are required for T3-dependent transcriptional responses involved in adaptive thermogenesis and liver. Thus, it is important to define TR/PGC-1α contact modes and to understand their significance in gene expression. Previous studies have shown that TRβ1 recruits PGC-1α to target promoters via contacts between the hormone-dependent TRβ1 activation function 2 (AF-2) in the C-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD) and a major PGC-1α nuclear receptor (NR) interaction box (consensus LxxLL) at amino acids 142–146. While our studies verify the existence and importance of this interaction, we present evidence that TRβ1 also binds PGC-1α in a second ligand and LxxLL motif independent mode and show that this interaction requires the TRβ1 N-terminal domain (NTD) and the PGC-1α N-terminal activation domain (AD) at amino acids 1–130. Transfection assays suggest that optimal PGC-1α coactivation requires the TRβ1 NTD and that these contacts are needed for utilization of the PGC-1α C-terminal AD, which does not bind TR and is implicated in basal transcription machinery contacts. We propose that TR AF-1/PGC-1α contacts are needed for transition between activities of PGC-1α N-and C-terminal ADs in gene expression. Our findings provide insights into possible roles for TR and NR AF-1 in gene expression.
Map Integration Model Applied in Site Selection

Site selection is a location dependent decision-making task, and it is carried out traditionally by overlying various types of maps and attempting to assimilate number of factors into a composite picture. Geologists may be involved in various site selection jobs such as: exploration, environmental studies, construction, and drilling-site selection.
Decentralized Search in Scale-Free P2P Networks

Search in peer-to-peer networks is a challenging problem due to the absence of any centralized control & the limited information available at each node. When information is available about the overall structure of the network, use of this information can significantly improve the efficiency of decentralized search algorithms. Many peer-to-peer networks have been shown to exhibit power-law degree distribution. We propose two new decentralized search algorithms that can be used for efficient search in networks exhibiting scale-free design. Unlike previous work, our algorithms perform efficient search for a large range of power-law coefficients. Our algorithms are also unique in that they complete decentralized searches efficiently even when the network has disconnected components. As a corollary of this, our algorithms are also more resilient to network failure.
Temporal expression of growth factor genes during myogenesis of satellite cells derived from the biceps femoris and pectoralis major muscles of the chicken.

The expression of mRNAs for transforming growth factors (TGF-β2, myostatin, activin-B, and follistatin), insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II), and fibroblast growth factor (basic, bFGF) was investigated in satellite cells derived from chicken pectoralis major (PM) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles in the stages from initiation of proliferation to fusion. These growth factor gene cDNAs were synthesized by reverse transcript ase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No myostatin, activin-B, follistatin or bFGF expression was detected in either cell culture at 0 h. TGF-β2 mRNA level increased at 48 h (P < 0.01) and remained constant through 144 h in both PM and BF satellite cell cultures. The ontogeny of myostatin gene expression with the exception of a sharp increase in BF culture at 72 h (P < 0.01), was nearly identical in both cell cultures. Activin-B mRNA level in PM satellite cells was higher than that in BF satellite cells at 72 h and 120 h (P < 0.01). Follistatin mRNA in PM satellite cells was higher than that in BF satellite cells at 24, 96, and 120 h culture (P < 0.01). No IGF-I gene expression was detected in cell cultures at any time point. IGF-II gene expression in BF satellite cells declined at 96 h (P < 0.01) and remained reduced until 144 h. bFGF mRNA in both satellite cell cultures increased at 24 h (P < 0.05) and remained at this level in BF satellite cells through 144 h. J. Cell. Physiol. 186:146–152, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
3D Ridge-Valley Structure of a Pt-Ceria Catalyst: HRTEM and EELS Spectrum Imaging

Nano-ridge and valley structures formed as a result of self-aligned individual ceria nano-crystals, and HRSTEM/EELS revealed the 3-dimensional morphology profiles of the ridge and valley structures of the ceria support. After preparation of a Pt/ceria catalyst, HRSTEM indicated the preferential alignment of Pt nanoparticles inside the nano-valleys of the ceria support. EELS analyses confirmed changes in the oxidation state of ceria in the vicinity of Pt nanoparticles that are present at different depth in the valleys.
Angiotensin II Infusion Model of Hypertension: Is There an Important Sympathetic Component?

See related article, pp 614–620 There has been a long-standing interest in the possibility that activation of the sympathetic nervous system may contribute to the hypertension induced by angiotensin II (Ang II). This hypothesis is commonly assessed by chronically infusing Ang II and using various tests to determine the sympathetic component to the increase in arterial pressure. Despite a multitude of studies, it is still unclear whether the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in mediating this form of hypertension. Why the uncertainty? This is largely because of the varied and often times ambiguous experimental approaches to address this issue. More specifically, the uncertainty arises from studies using different animals, different sites of Ang II administration (central, intravenous, and subcutaneous), different rates of Ang II infusion, and different time courses of study. In addition, in most studies, measures of Ang II levels have not been made, making it difficult to determine whether reported effects are physiological, pathophysiological, or pharmacological. In addition, precise measures of sympathetic activity must be made before specific inferences regarding its role in Ang II hypertension can be made. Beyond these considerations, there are additional limitations that impede a clear resolution of this topic. The kidneys play a primary role in mediating long-term changes in arterial pressure, and, therefore, neurogenic mechanisms of hypertension must in some way impair renal excretory function. Because the renal nerves provide an obvious link between alterations in central sympathetic outflow and renal excretory function (Figure), an understanding of the role of neurogenic mechanisms in the maintenance of hypertension depends on measurement of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and assessment of the influence of this sympathetic outflow on steady-state levels of arterial pressure. Unfortunately, technical limitations often preclude these chronic determinations. In this regard, the Circulatory Control Laboratory at the University of …
The Formation of Ceramide-1-phosphate during Neutrophil Phagocytosis and Its Role in Liposome Fusion

Ceramide, a product of agonist-stimulated sphingomyelinase activation, is known to be generated during the phagocytosis of antibody-coated erythrocytes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Agonist-stimulated formation of ceramide-1-phosphate is now shown to occur in 32PO4-labeled neutrophils. Ceramide-1-phosphate is formed by a calcium-dependent ceramide kinase, found predominately in the neutrophil plasma membrane. The neutrophil kinase is specific for ceramide because, in contrast to the bacterial diglyceride kinase, ceramide is not phosphorylated under conditions specific for diglyceride phosphorylation. Conversely, 1,2-diacylglycerol does not serve as substrate for the neutrophil ceramide kinase. Ceramide kinase activation occurs in a time-dependent fashion, reaching peak activity 10 min after formyl peptide stimulation and challenge with antibody-coated erythrocytes. The lipid kinase activity is optimal at pH 6.8. Because the formation of the phagolysosome is a critical event in phagocytosis, the effect of ceramide-1-phosphate in promoting the fusion of liposomes was determined. Both the addition of increasing concentrations of sphingomyelinase D and ceramide-1-phosphate promoted liposomal fusion. In summary, ceramide-1-phosphate is formed during phagocytosis through activation of ceramide kinase. Ceramide-1-phosphate may promote phagolysosome formation.
A Unified Model for Security and Integrity in Relational Databases

The issues of database security and integrity are tightly related. Security mechanisms and integrity mechanisms are both concerned with protection of information, and both involve management of meta-information and procedures for screening transactions. Yet in database systems these tasks are entirely separate. In this paper we describe a unified model that accommodates both security and integrity, with all protective restrictions stated in terms of database views. These protective restrictions are treated as knowledge, from which transaction screening procedures infer the restrictions that apply to individual transactions. A transaction may be allowed or denied in its entirety, or specific non-violating subtransactions may be identified. This process is an application of the view inference problem, to which we offer two alternative solutions. We then show how users can exploit information made available by the integrity mechanism to bypass the security mechanism, and discuss how such security breaches can be avoided. Finally, we show how the model can accommodate a broader concept of integrity that was introduced recently.
Characterization of the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate-activated, L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus.

AbstractThe L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase from Thermoanaerobacler elhanolicus wt was purified to a final specific activity of 598μmol pyruvate reduced per min per mg of protein. The specific activity of the pure enzyme with L(-t-)-lactate was 0.79 units per mg of protein. The Mr of the native enzyme was 134,000 containing a single subunit type of Mr 33,500 indicating an apparent tetrameric structure. The L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase was activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in a cooperative manner affecting Vmax and Km values. The activity of the enzyme was also effected by pH, pyruvate and NADH. The Km for NADH at pH 6.0 was 0.05 mM and the Vmax for pyruvate reduction at pH 6.0 was 1082 units per mg in the presence of I mM fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The enzyme was inhibited by NADPH, displaying an uncompetitive pattern. This pattern indicated that NADPH was a negative modifier of the enzyme. The role of L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase in controlling the end products of fermentation is discussed.
Amplitude analysis of the KSKS system produced in radiative J/psi decays

An amplitude analysis of the pi(0)pi(0) system produced in radiative J/psi decays is presented. In particular, a piecewise function that describes the dynamics of the pi(0)pi(0) system is determined as a function of M pi(0)pi(0) from an analysis of the (1.311 +/- 0.011) x 10(9) J/psi decays collected by the BESIII detector. The goal of this analysis is to provide a description of the scalar and tensor components of the pi(0)pi(0) system while making minimal assumptions about the properties or number of poles in the amplitude. Such a model-independent description allows one to integrate these results with other related results from complementary reactions in the development of phenomenological models, which can then be used to directly fit experimental data to obtain parameters of interest. The branching fraction of J/psi -> pi(0)pi(0) is determined to be (1.15 +/- 0.05) x 10(-3), where the uncertainty is systematic only and the statistical uncertainty is negligible.