cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘tsunami earthquake’ of 1932 June 22 in Manzanillo, Mexico: seismological study and tsunami simulations

SUMMARY We conduct a detailed seismological study of the large Colima, Mexico earthquake of 1932 June 3 and of its aftershocks of June 18 and 22. The latter (Event III) generated a tsunami more devastating than that of the main shock despite much smaller seismic magnitudes, thus qualifying as a so-called ‘tsunami earthquake’. Relocation based on published arrival times shows that Event III took place up-dip of the main shock. The analysis of the spectral amplitude of mantle surface waves yields low-frequency moments of 24, 5.2 and 4 times 1027 dyn cm, respectively, with Event III featuring a moment growing with period, which expresses the source slowness characteristic of ‘tsunami earthquakes’. This is confirmed by a deficient energy-to-moment ratio, as derived from high-frequency P waves recorded at Pasadena. Near-field hydrodynamic simulations show that the effects of the main shock's tsunami are well modelled by a standard seismic source, whereas the stronger tsunami from Event III can be modelled by rupture along a splay fault in a mechanically deficient material. All our results then fit the model for ‘tsunami earthquake’ aftershocks proposed for the Kuril Islands by Fukao in 1979.
Plantinga on Properly Basic Belief in God: Lessons from the Epistemology of Perception

Plantinga famously argues against evidentialism that belief in God can be properly basic. But the epistemology of cognitive faculties such as perception and memory which produce psychologically non-inferential beliefs shows that various inferentially justified theoretical beliefs are epistemically prior to our memory and perceptual beliefs, preventing the latter from being epistemically basic. Plantinga's analogy between the sensus divinitatis and these cognitive faculties suggests that the deliverances of the sensus divinitatis cannot be properly basic either. Objections by and on behalf of Plantinga to this argument are considered.
GRAND: Git Revisions As Named Data

GRAND is an experimental extension of Git, a distributed revision control system, which enables the synchronization of Git repositories over Content-Centric Networks (CCN). GRAND brings some of the benefits of CCN to Git, such as transparent caching, load balancing, and the ability to fetch objects by name rather than location. Our implementation is based on CCNx, a reference implementation of content router. The current prototype consists of two components: git-daemon-ccnx allows a node to publish its local Git repositories to CCNx Content Store; git-remote-ccnx implements CCNx transport on the client side. This adds CCN to the set of transport protocols supported by Git, alongside HTTP and SSH.
The diffusion of influenza in sub-Saharan Africa during the 1918-1919 pandemic.

Abstract The focus of this study is the spread of influenza in Africa south of the Sahara during the pandemic of 1918–1919. Most known types of diffusion pattern, i.e. radial, wave-like and linear, have been identified; however, the disease spread so rapidly that four particularly devastating linear patterns stand out. One of the most incredible aspects of the regularity in epidemic velocity along these pathways was that the colonial transportation network was of fairly recent origin. Given modern transportation linkages, the ever-present danger of the resurgence of the agent or agents that caused the pandemic could result in a much greater disaster in Africa and other Third World areas if unabated by effective inoculation programs.
Feedlot performance, carcass composition, and muscle and fat CLA concentrations of lambs fed diets supplemented with safflower seeds

Abstract Fifty wether lambs were used in a 48-day finishing study to evaluate the effects of feeding diets high in linoleic acid on animal performance, carcass characteristics and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of muscle and fat tissue. Lambs were fed either a safflower supplemented diet containing 6% oil from safflower seeds or a control diet containing no added oil. Morlin safflower seeds, containing 37% oil with 79% linoleic acid, were utilized. Lambs fed the safflower supplemented diet had greater (P=0.04) ADG than those fed the control diet (0.29±0.01 kg per day versus 0.25±0.01 kg per day, respectively). Gain to feed ratio was greater (P=0.02) for lambs fed the safflower than control diet (14.8±0.54 kg/100 kg of feed versus 12.7±0.54 kg/100 kg of feed, respectively). Dressing percent, internal fat weight and longissimus muscle area did not differ (P>0.30) between lambs fed safflower or control diets. However, back fat thickness tended to be greater (P=0.17) for the lambs fed safflower diet (4.03±0.48 mm versus 3.03±0.48 mm, for safflower versus control lambs, respectively). Fat content of muscle tissue was greater (P=0.02) in safflower supplemented lambs (4.3±0.23 g/100 g muscle tissue versus 3.4±0.23 g/100 g muscle tissue for safflower versus control lambs, respectively). Safflower supplemented lambs had 2.3 percentage units lower (P=0.004) oleic acid (C18:1), 2.6 percentage units higher (P
I am going to gag: Disgust cognitions in spider and blood-injury-injection fears

There is mounting evidence that disgust plays an important role in certain anxiety disorders, yet little is known about disgust's cognitive component. The current study introduces a measure of cognitions associated with disgust and contamination to assess the role of disgust-specific primary and secondary appraisals in phobic responding. A multi-modal assessment of blood–injury–injection (BII) and spider phobia was conducted using BII (N=29) and spider (N=30) fearful groups, and a non-fearful control group (N=30). The Disgust Cognitions scale showed good reliability and validity, and distinguished among the groups. For example, relative to the other groups, the spider fear group reported higher disgust cognitions following presentation of a live spider, whereas the BII Fear group reported higher disgust cognitions following a surgery video. Moreover, the scale was associated with multiple phobic indicators (behavioural avoidance, subjective distress, symptom endorsement), suggesting cognitions may be crit...
Some Comments on Energy and Particle Confinement in Advanced Fuel EBT Reactors

Results of a point model calculation for advanced fuel (cat. D and D3He) EBT reactors are used to determine some of the limitations on the ratio of ion particle to energy confinement timeξ. The greater fraction of charged fusion products produced in the advanced fuel reactions and the greater fraction of their energy radiated cause the effect ofξ on ash buildup to be a factor of 4 greater for the advanced fuels than that of DT fuel. Hence it is found thatξ<5 for steady state ignited advanced fuel EBT reactors, whereasξ ⩽22 is the restriction for DT fueled EBT reactors. A survey ofξ for neoclassical bumpy torus ions reveals that in the plateau regime,ξ<5 appears possible but is critically dependent on the nature of the electric field.
Factors influencing students' choices of primary care or other specialties.

BACKGROUND. Because of the marked decline in the numbers of U.S. medical school graduates entering the primary care fields of internal medicine, pediatrics, and family medicine, medical educators are increasingly interested in determining the factors that influence students' choices of specialty. ME
Cold-formed steel flexural member with edge stiffened holes: Behavior, optimization, and design

Abstract Circular holes are commonly found on the web of cold-formed steel (CFS) flexural members for piping, electric-wiring, plumbing, or installing lateral bracing, etc. Traditional holes on CFS members are flat bunched without edge lips. A new generation of CFS C-section flexural members with edge stiffened holes was recently developed by the industry. However, research on the new generation C-section members is underdeveloped and available test results are limited. This paper presents finite element analyses to study on the stability of cold-formed steel thin plates and typical C-section members when edge stiffened circular holes are placed on those plates or members. Based on the elastic buckling analyses, the optimized profiles of the holes are obtained and then applied to standard C-section flexural members. The post-buckling finite element analysis is utilized to determine the flexural strength of those members. The results indicate that the stiffened holes can significantly improve the flexural strength of CFS C-sections. New design provisions are proposed to accurately predict the flexural strength of the new generation C-section flexural members with the optimized hole profiles.
Long-term prognostic value of preprocedural C-reactive protein after drug-eluting stent implantation.

C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation is associated with an adverse cardiovascular prognosis after bare metal stent implantation. Data have suggested a similar association between preprocedural CRP and adverse events after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. The present study was designed to address whether such a relation exists after DES placement. After excluding patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome with troponin I elevation, we analyzed the data from 936 consecutive patients who had undergone DES implantation from 2003 to 2007 and had a preprocedural CRP measurement. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the preprocedural CRP level ( 3.76 mg/L). The primary end point was the composite of death and Q-wave myocardial infarction (QWMI) at 2 years of follow-up. Target vessel revascularization was also assessed. The rate of death/QWMI was not significantly different statistically among the CRP tertiles during the in-hospital period (0.6% vs 0.0% vs 0.6%, p = 0.5) or at 1 year of follow-up (1.9% vs 2.9% vs 4.5%, p = 0.2). At 2 years, death/QWMI had occurred in 2.9% of patients in the lowest, 5.2% in the middle, and 8.8% in the highest tertile (p = 0.006). The incidence of target vessel revascularization was similar in the 3 groups at 2 years of follow-up (13.2% vs 14.9% vs 16.9%, p = 0.5). On multivariate analysis, the upper tertile of CRP was an independent predictor of death/QWMI at 2 years (hazard ratio 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 5.4, tertile 3 vs tertile 1, p = 0.006). In conclusion, high preprocedural CRP levels are associated with an increased risk of death and QWMI after DES implantation at long-term follow-up but not acutely. The CRP levels were not related to target vessel revascularization. Thus, an elevated CRP level in this population appears to be more of a marker of global cardiovascular risk than a predictor of post-DES-related complications.
Race Horse Men: How Slavery and Freedom were made at the Race Track

For centuries, rich Americans have acted out their claims to authority and superiority at the racetrack. In the nineteenth century, those claims depended largely on the labor of African American gr...
Comparison of ampicillin and hetacillin pharmacokinetics in man

The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous doses of ampicillin were studied when ampicillin was given directly and as its inactive precursor, hetacillin. The two compounds were assayed separately in plasma using an electrophoresis-bioautography method. Plasma concentration and urinary excretion rates of ampicillin after direct intravenous injection and after hetacillin administration were computer fitted using a two-compartment open model. Hetacillin hydrolyzed rapidly and completely to ampicillin with an in vito half-life of 11 ± 2 min. in eight human subjects. No differences were found in the distribution rate and volume constants, elimination rates and clearance parameters, and urinary recovery of ampicillin when it was given either as intravenous ampicillin or intravenous hetacillin. The major effect of intravenous hetacillin is that early plasma, urine, and peripheral compartment levels of ampicillin resemble those from a rapid absorption process, with a peak plasma concentration found at about 0.5 hr. Limited bioavailability studies in eight fasting subjects showed 32% absorption from ampicillin capsules, while 38 and 42% absorption values from hetacillin capsules were found in four fasting and four nonfasting subjects, respectively. The primary rationale for clinical use of ampicillin precursors is, in general, the improvement of the limited intestinal absorption of the antibiotic as well as increasing the stability of ampicillin in aqueous solutions.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of the Stable Iron Carbonyl Complex [Fe(CO)(N4Py)](ClO4)2: Photoactivated Carbon Monoxide Release, Growth Inhibitory Activity, and Peptide Ligation

Photoactivated carbon monoxide (CO) release by the iron carbonyl complex [FeII(CO)(N4Py)](ClO4)2 (1) is described. Compound 1 is a low-spin ferrous complex that is highly stable and soluble in aerobic aqueous solutions. CO release was studied by the substitution of MeCN for CO, which displays saturation kinetics, and by the transfer of CO to deoxymyoglobin, which is slow in the dark but fast upon irradiation with UV light (365 nm). Compound 1 is active against PC-3 prostate cancer cells and shows potent photoinduced cytotoxicity. In addition, the iron carbonyl complex was attached to a short peptide toward the goal of tissue or cell-specific delivery.
The effect of surface roughness on the average film thickness between lubricated rollers

The Christensen theory of stochastic models [7] for hydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces is extended to elastohydrodynamic lubrication between two rollers. The Grubin-type equation including asperity effects in the inlet region is derived. Solutions for the reduced pressure at the entrance as a function of the ratio of the average nominal film thickness to the r.m.s. surface roughness (in terms of standard deviation σ), have been obtained numerically. Results were obtained for purely transverse as well as purely longitudinal surface roughness for cases with or without slip. The reduced pressure is shown to decrease slightly by considering longitudinal surface roughness. The transverse surface roughness, on the other hand, has a slight beneficial effect on the average film thickess at the inlet. The same approach was used to study the effect of surface roughness on lubrication between rigid rollers and lubrication of an infinitely-wide slider bearing. Results of these two cases show that the effects of surface roughness are similar to those found in elastohydrodynamic contacts.
Proximate Composition of Poultry Processing Wastewater Particulate Matter from Broiler Slaughter Plants

Abstract An experiment was conducted to compare the proximate composition of particulate matter recovered from poultry processing wastewater (PPW) generated by broiler slaughter plants. Poultry processing wastewater is the cumulative wastewater stream generated during the processing of poultry following primary and secondary physical screening (typically to 500 μm) that removes gross offal. Composite samples of PPW from 3 broiler slaughter plants (southeast United States) were collected over 8 consecutive weeks. All 3 broiler slaughter plants process young chickens with an average live weight of 2.0 kg. At each plant, a single 72-L composite sample was collected using an automatic sampler programmed to collect 1 L of wastewater every 20 min for 24 h during one normal processing day each week. Each composite sample was thoroughly mixed, and 60 L was passed through a series of sieves (2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, 500 μm, and 53 μm). The amount of particulate solids collected on the 2.0 mm, 1.0 mm, and 500 μm sieves was insignificant. The solids recovered from the 53-μm sieve were subjected to proximate analysis to determine percent moisture, fat, protein, ash, and fiber. The average percentages of fat, protein, ash, and fiber for all samples on a dry-weight basis were 55.3, 27.1, 6.1, and 4.1, respectively. Fat made up over half of the dry-weight matter recovered, representing PPW particulate matter between 500 and 53 μm. Despite the variation in number of birds processed daily, further processing operations, and number and type of wastewater screens utilized, there were no significance differences in percentage of fat and fiber between the slaughter plants. There were significant differences in percent protein and ash between the slaughter plants.
Breast and cervical cancer screening among Mississippi Delta women.

The purpose of the study was to determine breast and cervical cancer screening among women living in the Mississippi Delta region. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 1999-2000, we determined the prevalence of mammography (women 40 years and older, n = 6,028) and Pap testing (women 18 years and older, n = 6,502) within the past 2 or 3 years, respectively. We examined predictors of testing and compared results with those for women living elsewhere in the United States. Among Delta women, 69.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.9% to 70.9%) had a mammogram and 85.5% (95% CI 84.3% to 86.6%) a Pap test. Mammography prevalence was lower among black and white Delta women than among black and white women elsewhere. Pap testing was lower among older (65 years and older) Delta women or women who did not visit a doctor within the past year than among their counterparts elsewhere. Additional interventions are needed to meet the goals of Healthy People 2010 for all women.
Integrated Flight Performance Analysis of a Launch Abort System Concept

This paper describes initial flight performance analyses conducted early in the Orion Project to support concept feasibility studies for the Crew Exploration Vehicle s Launch Abort System (LAS). Key performance requirements that significantly affect abort capability are presented. These requirements have implications on sizing the Abort Motor, tailoring its thrust profile to meet escape requirements for both launch pad and high drag/high dynamic pressure ascent aborts. Additional performance considerations are provided for the Attitude Control Motor, a key element of the Orion LAS design that eliminates the need for ballast and provides performance robustness over a passive control approach. Finally, performance of the LAS jettison function is discussed, along with implications on Jettison Motor sizing and the timing of the jettison event during a nominal mission. These studies provide an initial understanding of LAS performance that will continue to evolve as the Orion design is matured.
Image acquisition, geometric correction and display of images from a 2x2 x-ray detector array based on electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) technology

A high resolution (up to 11.2 lp/mm) x-ray detector with larger field of view (8.5 cm x 8.5 cm) has been developed. The detector is a 2 x 2 array of individual imaging modules based on EMCCD technology. Each module outputs a frame of size 1088 x 1037 pixels, each 12 bits. The frames from the 4 modules are acquired into the processing computer using one of two techniques. The first uses 2 CameraLink communication channels with each carrying information from two modules, the second uses a application specific custom integrated circuits, the Multiple Module Multiplexer Integrated Circuit (MMMIC), 3 of which are used to multiplex the data from 4 modules into one CameraLink channel. Once the data is acquired using either of the above mentioned techniques, it is decoded in the graphics processing unit (GPU) to form one single frame of size 2176 x 2074 pixels each 16 bits. Each imaging module uses a fiber optic taper coupled to the EMCCD sensor. To correct for mechanical misalignment between the sensors and the fiber optic tapers and produce a single seamless image, the images in each module may be rotated and translated slightly in the x-y plane with respect to each other. To evaluate the detector acquisition and correction techniques, an aneurysm model was placed over an anthropomorphic head phantom and a coil was guided into the aneurysm under fluoroscopic guidance using the detector array. Image sequences before and after correction are presented which show near-seamless boundary matching and are well suited for fluoroscopic imaging.
Picosecond mass-selective measurements of molecular cluster reactions: (CH3I)n Ã state excitation

The picosecond reaction dynamics of (CH3I)n clusters, initiated by A state excitation, were studied by molecular beam mass spectroscopy. Time-resolved measurements indicate that the prominent I2 and I2(CH3I)n-2 fragments are formed within the 10 ps limit of our resolution. The cluster dynamics and geometries allow for sequential loss of CH3 radicals and substantial caging of fragment I atoms and recombined I2 molecules. Loss of up to five CH3 radicals for cluster sizes n⩾8 occurs within the 25 ps excitation pulse duration as indicated by the presence of ion signals such as I5(CH3I)3+. The evidence suggests that the extensive demethylation in the larger clusters is driven in part by the energy of intracluster recombination of two CH3 radicals and the elimination of ethane.
Teaching Young Children How to Sing: One School's Experience.

In many schools, classroom teachers are responsible for the music experiences of young children. Children may learn songs, but may not learn how to sing. This article outlines simple teaching strategies to help young children develop listening and vocal habits leading to beautiful singing. The article discusses how the kindergarten classes at one elementary school succeeded, and includes recordings of children’s singing.
Solvent-suppression pulses. III. Design using simulated-annealing optimization with in vitro and in ivo testing

Abstract Pulses have been designed using a simulated-annealing optimization technique to overcome the problems associated with the observation of weak proton resonances in aqueous solution. As in a previous study (V. Smith, J. Kurhanewicz, and T. L. James, J. Magn. Reson . 95 , 41 (1991), where optimization was accomplished using optimal control theory, pulses are tailored to provide null excitation at the water proton resonance frequency with uniform excitation and phasing of other proton resonance frequencies. The pulse duration is reasonable, easily enabling study of nuclei with spin-spin relaxation time ⩾ 10 ms. In general, effects from inhomogeneities in the stationary magnetic field and the radiofrequency field are minimal. The objectives were best achieved using a tailored 90° pulse in a Hahn spin-echo sequence with a long interpulse delay. Efficacy of some of the pulses was demonstrated with a solution containing a mixture of histidine, methionine, and threonine and in vivo with the kidney of an anesthetized rat utilizing a surface coil, in comparison with standard pulse sequences.
Photophoresis of micrometer-sized particles in the free-molecular regime

The photophoretic force in the free-molecular regime has been calculated for a spherical particle using the Lorenz‐ Mie solution to the electromagnetic field within the particle. The temperature distribution on the surface of the suspended particle is calculated using a finite diAerence method. The eAect of the complex refractive index ma na ik and the normalized size parameter defined as aa 2pa=k on the photophoretic force and particle velocity are also examined. We show that for a 1 solar constant illumination, the photophoretic forces might be as high as 20% of the weight of the particles considered. ” 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
CSERE (Cognitive System Enabling Radio Evolution): A modular and user-friendly cognitive engine

CSERE (Cognitive System Enabling Radio Evolution) is a high performance modular cognitive engine written in Python which can control a wide variety of radio platforms to implement fully functional cognitive radios. Its modular architecture allows CSERE to hot swap software components like objective analyzers (objective function calculators), rankers, and environmental sensors, based on the evolving needs of the cognitive radio's mission and changes in the RF environment. Using an embedded version of CSERE running on a US $150 BeagleBoard single-board computer and controlling a US $12 Hope RF RFM22B RFIC, the authors have built cognitive radios small enough to install on Lego robots and inexpensive enough for student laboratory work. The CSERE software is available for research purposes at no cost.
A 2-manifold of genus 8 without theW v-property

We construct the first known polyhedral 2-manifoldM that does not have thew v-property, i.e. there are two verticesx andy inM such that any path fromx toy must revisit some face of the manifold.
XPS and FTIR Surface Characterization of TiO2 Particles Used in Polymer Encapsulation

The surfaces of hydrophilic (P25) and hydrophobic (T805) TiO2 particles were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to gain a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism of OLOA 370 (polybutene-succinimide pentamine) on TiO2 particles dispersed in styrene monomer prior to miniemulsion encapsulation polymerizations. XPS analysis revealed that both the P25 and T805 TiO2 particles had significant amounts of hydroxyl groups on their surfaces. The XPS results showed that the surface hydroxyl concentration on the hydrophilic (P25) particles was 3.3 OH/nm2, whereas the trimethoxy octyl silane (TMOS)-surface-modified hydrophobic (T805) particles unexpectedly contained 6.6 OH/nm2. This apparent increase in the hydroxyls was attributed to hydrolysis of −OCH3 on the TMOS. The majority of these groups, however, were apparently either not acidic or not accessible to the OLOA 370 in adsorption studies, where the concentration of reactive hydroxyls...
Quantifying the impact of demand substitution on the bullwhip effect in a supply chain

In a supply chain, the distorted demand information when it goes upstream is commonly known as the bullwhip effect. In this paper, the impact of demand substitution on the bullwhip effect in a two-stage supply chain is investigated. In our model, a single retailer observes inventory levels for two products, among which product 1 can be used to substitute product 2. The retailer places orders to a single manufacturer following an order-up-to inventory policy and uses a simple moving average forecasting method to estimate the lead-time demand. The customers’ demands are modeled by an autoregressive process. By analyzing the bullwhip effect in such settings, quantitative relations between the bullwhip effect and the forecasting method, lead time, demand process, and the product substitution are obtained. Numerical results show that demand substitution can reduce the bullwhip effect in most cases.
Mapping the 5' and 3' ends of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin mRNA

Abstract A 102 base cDNA copy of the 5' leader sequence of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) polyhedrin mRNA was made using the technique of primer extension with reverse transcriptase. Sequence analysis of the cDNA permitted the exact transcription initiation site of the polyhedrin mRNA to be identified. The sequence data also demonstrated that post-transcriptional processing and subsequent splicing at the 5' end of the mRNA does not occur. Nuclease S1 analysis of the 3' end of the mRNA has demonstrated that transcription terminated 372–376 base pairs from the end of the polyhedrin reading frame. Sequence analysis of AcMNPV DNA identified an AATAAA polyadenylation signal sequence 28 or 32 bases upstream from the end of the polyhedrin gene mRNA. This suggests that the processing of the 3' end of the mRNA occurs in a manner similar to that observed in other virus and cellular systems.
Medical and psychosocial outcomes in survivors of major heart surgery

Abstract To assess long-term recovery following major heart surgery, medical and psychosocial outcomes were studied by mailed questionnaire in a sample of 949 patients (724 coronary bypass, 147 mitral and 78 aortic valve) drawn from the membership of Mended Hearts, a nationwide (U.S.A.) voluntary organization of persons having had heart surgery. Survey data were scaled and scored for reported changes, preoperative to present, in psychosocial and social adjustment, and for current emotional status, social network and employment. Medical outcomes included rehospitalization, repeated heart surgery, continuation of angina and dyspnea and limitations of activity requiring bed rest. Although about half of the respondents had been rehospitalized in theaverage 3 built;1 2 year interval since surgery, over 90% were currently free of frequent serious angina or dyspnea and disability requiring bed rest. Post-operative medical complications were more common among persons forced to retire from work, those having Type A behavior, and women with multiple vessel bypasses. Even after seven biomedical variables were controlled statistically, psychosocial outcomes were clearly worse in these same three groups. The findings have implications for patient selection and for post-operative care.
Adhesive But Not Lateral E-cadherin Complexes Require Calcium and Catenins for Their Formation

We examined intercadherin interactions in epithelial A-431 cells producing endogenous E-cadherin and recombinant forms of E-cadherin tagged either by myc or by flag epitopes. Three distinct E-cadherin complexes were found. The first is a conventional E-cadherin–catenin complex consisting of one E-cadherin molecule linked either to β-catenin/α-catenin or to plakoglobin/α-catenin dimers. The second is a lateral E-cadherin complex incorporating two E-cadherin– catenin conventional complexes combined in parallel fashion via dimerization of the NH2-terminal extracellular domain of E-cadherin. The third complex is likely to contain two E-cadherin–catenin conventional complexes derived from two opposing cells and arranged in an antiparallel fashion. Formation of the antiparallel but not lateral complex strictly depends on extracellular calcium and E-cadherin binding to catenins. Double amino acid substitution Trp156Ala/Val157Gly within the extracellular NH2-terminal E-cadherin domain completely abolished both lateral and antiparallel inter–E-cadherin association. These data support an idea that the antiparallel complex has the adhesion function. Furthermore, they allow us to suggest that antiparallel complexes derive from lateral dimers and this complex process requires catenins and calcium ions.
Impurity deposition on ALT-I limiter heads

Abstract Detailed spatial profiles of impurities deposited on the surface of the ALT-I pumped limiter heads used in TEXTOR have been measured using proton induced X-ray emission in the external ion beam analysis system. The TiC coated, ATJ graphite ALT-I limiter head was analyzed after each of two plasma exposure periods. Measurements were also made on the uncoated ATJ limiter head. For limiter operation at plasma radii ranging from 40 to 46 cm we find large accumulations of metal impurities on the ion and electron sides of the limiter. The composition implies that the source of these impurities is predominantly the stainless steel main limiters in TEXTOR. Surface concentrations of iron as high as 1018/cm2 have been measured. On each of the limiter front faces a relative maximum in metal concentration occurs near the tangency point and relative minima are found near the toroidal extremities. An analysis of impurity transport in the edge region of TEXTOR using Redep is also presented. The calculations predict impurity atom migration patterns that strongly resemble the measured metal atom deposition profiles. The analysis provides considerable insight into impurity transport in the tokamak edge. Benchmark calculations of this type are valuable for the design of future limiter or divertor systems.
On the role of phosphorus in the caustic stress corrosion cracking of low alloy steels

Abstract This paper reports on a study of the role of phosphorus in the caustic stress corrosion cracking of NiCrMoV and NiCrV steels. The study was performed by carrying out constant load stress corrosion tests on smooth bar tensile samples for fixed lengths of time. The samples were tested in an aqueous solution of 9 M NaOH at a potential of −400 mV(Hg/HgO). After the tests were completed, the samples were sectioned metallographically and the cracks were examined. The results showed that phosphorus, when segregated to the grain boundaries, accelerates anodic dissolution at the crack tip. In samples in which this segregation had occurred, the cracks tended to be narrower. Both factors would lead to accelerated times to failure in stress corrosion tests. When the overall cracking process was examined, it was found that after the test begins there is a long initiation period before any cracking is observed. This period is shorter in steels that have phosphorus segregated to their grain boundaries than in those that do not. During this initiation time an oxide grows on the surface of the sample. Metallography showed that the oxide contains cracks and that often these cracks are associated with a small amount of penetration into the metal. When the crack in the oxide happens to occur over a grain boundary that contains segregated phosphorus, the penetration achieved after each rupture event is especially great. Eventually cracks will form along grain boundaries in the metal and the stress intensification associated with them causes the velocity of crack growth to increase. This velocity continues to increase as the cracks become longer. When failure does occur, only a few cracks have progressed to a depth that is sufficient to produce failure.
Studying the playbook: Which pathways mediate relationships between sports team participation and health-risk behaviors among alternative high school students?

Abstract Alternative high school (AHS) students engage in high levels of substance use and risky sexual behaviors. Sports team participation holds great potential for building resilience and preventing health-risk behaviors. Yet, little is known about sports team participation among this population. We used logistic regression-based path analytical frameworks (multiple mediator models) to simultaneously explore whether measures of social connectedness (i.e., connectedness to friends, adults, and school) and emotional distress mediated relationships between sports team participation and substance use/sexual risk-taking behaviors among AHS students in Minnesota. School connectedness and adult connectedness contributed to protective associations between sports team participation and most outcomes whereas friend connectedness had opposite effects, possibly diminishing overall associations. Emotional distress did not mediate associations. We conclude by discussing implications for future sport-related research and intervention with AHS students.
Solid State Adaptive Rotor Using Postbuckled Precompressed, Bending-Twist Coupled Piezoelectric Actuator Elements

This paper is centered on a new actuation mechanism which is integrated on a solid state rotor. This paper outlines the application of such a system via a Post-Buckled Precompression (PBP) technique at the end of a twist-active piezoelectric rotor blade actuator. The basic performance of the system is handily modeled by using laminated plate theory techniques. A dual cantilevered spring system was used to increasingly null the passive stiffness of the root actuator along the feathering axis of the rotor blade. As the precompression levels were increased, it was shown that corresponding blade pitch levels also increased. The PBP cantilever spring system was designed so as to provide a high level of stabilizing pitch-flap coupling and inherent resistance to rotor propeller moments. Experimental testing showed pitch deflections increasing from just peak-to-peak deflections at 650 V/mm field strength to more than at the same field strength with design precompression levels. Dynamic testing showed the corner frequency of the linear system coming down from 63 Hz (3.8/rev) to 53 Hz (3.2/rev). Thrust coefficients manipulation levels were shown to increase from 0.01 to 0.028 with increasing precompression levels. The paper concludes with an overall assessment of the actuator design.
Claisen ortho ester rearrangement with trimethyl β-(methoxy)orthopropionate: a thermally stable synthon for the preparation of methyl α-substituted acrylates☆

Abstract Trimethyl β-(methoxy)orthopropionate, a compound which is thermally stable at 190 °C for prolonged times, may be utilized as a synthon for the preparation of methyl α-substituted acrylates via Claisen ortho ester rearrangement with allylic alcohols followed by β-elimination of methanol with base.
Conditioned reflexes elicited in squirrel monkeys by stimuli producing recruiting responses

Abstract To determine whether recruiting responses (RRs) would adversely affect learning or learned behavior, squirrel monkeys were trained to respond to bilateral stimulation of nucleus centrum medianum at 6–8/sec by making a lever-pressing conditioned response (CR) to avoid cutaneous shocks. The thalamic stimulation produced large amplitude RRs throughout dorsal neocortex anterior to the central sulcus, including the sensorimotor cortical representation of the arm used to make the CR. Interference with learning or behavior was minimal or nil. CRs were made consistently with the hand contralateral to the hemisphere manifesting the smallest amplitude RRs, but if forced to do so the monkeys could use the other hand without apparent difficulty or abatement of RRs. Fluctuations observed in amplitude or RRs at various stages of learning and performance reflect alteration in degree of arousal.
Untersuchung eines photolumineszierenden Kupfer(I)‐Komplexkations mit außergewöhnlich hohem CuII/CuI‐Redoxpotential: [Cu(bfp)2]+ (bfp=2,9‐Bis(trifluormethyl)‐1,10‐phenanthrolin)

Erheblich stabilisiert wird der Oxidationszustand Kupfer(I) im Komplexkation [Cu(bfp)2]+1 durch die sterischen und elektronischen Effekte der CF3-Gruppen (E1/2(CuII/CuI) = +1.55 V vs. SCE). Der Redoxexistenzbereich der Kupfer(I)-Spezies ist mit 2.77 V bemerkenswert gros. Sie emittiert in Losung bei Raumtemperatur und weist ein groses Potential als Photokatalysator auf: So ist sie im angeregten Zustand ein sehr starkes Photooxidationsmittel.
MacIntyre on Tradition, Rationality, and Relativism

MacIntyre’s critique of liberalism relies crucially on a distinctive moral particularism, for which morality and rationality are fundamentally tradition-constituted. In light of this, some have detected in his work a moral relativism, radically in tension with his endorsement of a Thomist universalism. I dispute this reading, arguing instead that MacIntyre is a consistent universalist who pays due attention to the moral-epistemic importance of traditions. Analysing his teleological understanding of rational enquiry, I argue that this approach shows how it is possible, dialectically, to reconcile the particularity of our starting-points with the assertion of universal truths. What MacIntyre offers, I contend, is a moral universalism that avoids the pitfalls of its liberal counterpart, and invites an important meta-theoretical shift with respect to the scope for toleration and social critique and toleration in contemporary pluralist society.
Oxalate interference in cerate oxidimetry

A study of the kinetics of the cerium(IV)-oxalate reaction provides evidence in strong support of a simultaneous reaction model to account for errors found in the oxidation-reduction titrations of iron(II) with cerium(IV) in the presence of oxalic acid.
Long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical mass balance

Quantifying long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion is important for under- standing the long-term evolution of soils, landscapes, and Earth's climate. Here we describe how long-term chemical weathering rates can be measured for actively eroding landscapes using cosmogenic nuclides together with a geochemical mass balance of weathered soil and parent rock. We tested this approach in the Rio Icacos watershed, Puerto Rico, where independent studies have estimated weathering rates over both short and long timescales. Results from the cosmogenic/mass balance method are consistent with three independent sets of weathering rate estimates, thus confirming that this approach yields realistic measurements of long-term weathering rates. This approach can separately quantify weathering rates from saprolite and from overlying soil as components of the total. At Rio Icacos, nearly 50% of Si weathering occurs as rock is converted to saprolite; in contrast, nearly 100% of Al weathering occurs in the soil. Physical erosion rates are measured as part of our mass balance approach, making it particularly useful for studying interrelationships between chemical weathering and physical erosion. Our data show that chemical weathering rates are tightly coupled with physical erosion rates, such that the relationship between climate and chemical weathering rates may be obscured by site-to-site differences in the rate that minerals are supplied to soil by physical erosion of rock. One can normalize for variations in physical erosion rates using the "chemical depletion fraction," which measures the fraction of total denudation that is accounted for by chemical weathering. This measure of chemical weathering intensity increases with increasing average temperature and precipitation in data from climatically diverse granitic sites, including tropical Rio Icacos and six temperate sites in the Sierra Nevada, California. Hence, across a wide range of climate regimes, analysis of chemical depletion fractions appears to effectively account for site-to-site differences in physical erosion rates, which would otherwise obscure climatic effects on chemical weathering rates. Our results show that by quantifying rates of physical erosion and chemical weathering together, our mass balance approach can be used to determine the relative importance of climatic and nonclimatic factors in regulating long-term chemical weathering rates. Copyright © 2003 Elsevier Ltd
Glutamate-based therapeutic approaches: allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptors

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been proposed as novel targets for the treatment of a variety of disorders. Recently, highly selective allosteric modulators of the mGluRs have been developed by several groups. These allosteric compounds provide an unprecedented degree of selectivity for individual mGluRs, allowing for more detailed functional studies on the roles of these receptors. Furthermore, the allosteric approach avoids many of the hurdles associated with the development of direct agonists as drugs, and provides a clear path forward for clinical proof-of-concept studies. Currently, both positive allosteric modulators of mGluR2 and negative allosteric modulators of mGluR5 hold promise as novel anxiolytics, and positive allosteric modulators of mGluR4 appear to be an exciting new target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT IN THE CV. KS MALE-STERILE, FEMALE-STERILE LINE OF SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX)'

Light microscopic observations were made on 22 ovules from fertile plants and 108 ovules from sterile plants of the cv. KS synaptic mutant, a highly male-sterile, female-sterile line of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (2n = 2x = 40). Ovules of fertile siblings contained normal embryo sacs and embryos. Ovules from sterile plants contained various irregularities. The most consistent abnormality was the failure of the embryo sac to attain normal size. Small megasporocytes of irregular shape were seen; only one megasporocyte of normal shape and size was noted. No linear tetrads were found. However, two ovules contained nonlinear triads. A range from zero to 28 cells and nuclei, of various sizes, were identifiable in small megagametophytes and embryo sacs. Degeneration of these nuclei and cells was noted as early as the four-nucleate gametophyte stage. Other ovules contained degenerated nucellar centers without embryo sacs. Two ovules appeared to be normal. Late postpollination stages were marked by shrunken nucellus and integuments. The presence of pollen tube traces, endosperm, and aborting embryos in ovules of hand-pollinated flowers from sterile plants suggested that no incompatibility was involved. Degeneration of the gametophyte and embryo sac contents at many developmental stages indicated a wide array of effects, possibly resulting from meiotic irregularities similar to those seen in microsporogenesis of this mutant.
Advanced MOX and IMF Fuel Assembly Designs for Multi-Recycling Transuranics

Several new fuel assembly designs for multi-recycling Transuranics from spent nuclear fuel are proposed and investigated. Among these are (1) Mixed Oxide Fuel with Enriched Uranium (MOX-EU), in which Plutonium oxide and U-235 enriched Uranium oxide are mixed (2) MOX fuel with Americium coating, in which a thin layer of Americium is applied to the outer surface of the MOX fuel pellet, and (3) an heterogeneous fuel assembly consists of Inert-Matrix Fuel (IMF) pins at the periphery and UOX pins in the inner zone. All these designs are compatible with standard PWR utilizing 17×17 fuel assemblies. In-reactor fuel depletion simulation and long-term isotopic decay calculation are carried out using DRAGON[1] and ORIGEN[2], separately. Transuranics mass balance and long-term radiotoxicity analyses are implemented and the results are normalized to per 1TWh-electricity produced.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Expression and Characterization of Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Burkholderia cenocepacia

Putative penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) were identified in the genome of the Burkholderia cenocepacia strain J2315 based on homology to E. coli PBPs. The three sequences identified as homologs of E. coli PBP1a, BCAL2021, BCAL0274, and BCAM2632, were cloned and expressed as His(6)-tagged fusion proteins in E. coli. The fusion proteins were isolated and shown to bind beta-lactams, indicating these putative PBPs have penicillin-binding activity.
Growth and fabrication of an integrated DFB laser and EA modulator

By using the selective area growth (SAG) technique, the grating over growth technique, and the buried hetero-structure (BH) regrowth technique, we have successful fabricated integrated distributed feedback laser and electro-absorption modulator. A suitable tensile strain is introduced during the multiple quantum well (MQW) growth to compensate the compressive strain caused by the SAG effect. To obtain better control on the growth condition and grating coupling coefficient, a quaternary grating laser is used. The best DFB laser shows a threshold current of around 12 mA and slope efficiency up to 0.13 mW/mA from one facet.
Prostatic binding of estradiol-17β in the baboon

A specific receptor for estradiol-17β (E2) has been identified in the caudal and cranial lobes of the baboon prostate. Following in vivo infusion of [3H]-E2 into the hypogastric arteries of castrated and intact baboons, the prostate, particularly the cranial lobe, concentrated more radioactivity than any other tissue or fluid not involved in the metabolism or excretion of E2. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of in vivo and in vitro labeled cytosols showed that the bound E2 complex had a sedimentation coefficient of ∼-4S. Sephadex G-25 filtration of cytosols and 0.4 M KCl nuclear extracts of caudal and cranial lobe preparations from intact and 40 h castrates infused with [3H]-E2 showed bound radioactivity in all cases. Analysis of nuclear residues resistant to 0.4 M KCl extraction revealed significant concentrations of radioactivity. Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) did not compete in vitro with [3H]-E2 for the estrogen receptors, but E2 and diethylstilbestrol (DES) were effective competitors. Nafoxidine, and to some extent estracyt, displaced labeled E2 from cytosol binding sites. Analysis of cytosols and nuclear preparations following in vitro incubations of prostatic tissues revealed further evidence of specific cytosol binding and demonstrated nuclear translocation of a [3H]-E2 bound complex. Scatchard and double reciprocal plots indicated Ka and Ka values for the E2 binding to be about 1.2 × 109 M and 8.3 × 10−10M for the caudal lobe and 7.7 × 109 M and 1.3 × 10−10 M for the cranial lobe, respectively.