cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Klaas Van Walraven. The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger . Leiden: Brill, 2013. vii + 968 pp. Photographs. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $136.00. Paper.

HISTORY Klaas Van Walraven. The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger. Leiden: Brill, 2013. vii + 968 pp. Photographs. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $136.00. Paper.In much of 1958, the Nigerien nationalist movement popularly known as Sawaba appeared poised to join its Guinean counterpart in opposition to the emergent French Fifth Republic. In France, the institution of the Fifth Republic was to become the final sanction for Charles de Gaulle's return to power, while in the empire the new republican constitution promised a reconfigured metropolitan-colonial relationship marked by the benign term communaute. The so-called French Community was to be an alternative to territorial independence via a constitutional declaration of the shared historical and cultural bond linking France with its colonies. In the referendum to approve the constitution, only Guinea voted "no," with all of its other neighboring colonies approving the measure by wide majorities. Klaas van Walraven's The Yearning for Relief seeks to understand why and how Niger, with a radical socialist and anticolonial movement on a par with that of its Guinean neighbors, did not join its western counterparts. In doing so, van Walraven also details the ramifications of the referendum for Sawaba and Nigerien nationalist politics, presenting the vote as setting the stage for the political upheaval that characterized much of Niger's first decade of self-rule.The Yearning for Relief contains three parts, comprising a total of fourteen chapters followed by an epilogue. The first chapters detail the formation of Sawaba, with afocus on the party's leaders and its rise to "revolutionary supremacy" in Niger in the 1950s. Unlike other parties in Niger, Sawaba, as van Walraven regularly reminds readers, was a national party, uniting diverse regions of the country behind the program of nationalist mass mobilization. In this context van Walraven presents what is perhaps his most forceful critique of Nigerien historiography as he seeks a holistic approach for understanding the country's midcentury politics. As the only mass party with a national reach, Sawaba had no choice but to adapt to a diverse array of political and cultural mores in order to thrive in the vast, sparsely populated Saharan country. To do so, as the book's first two chapters illustrate, Sawaba relied on popular religious and cultural imagery (i.e., the Prophet Muhammad and the camel); groups of women, workers, and youth; and the establishment of transnational connections with other dissident political groups in French West Africa and beyond. As a result, by the mid-1950s no other political party in Niger was able to compete on as wide and diverse a stage as Sawaba, culminating in the party's formation of Niger's first Africanled government in 1957. …
Performance Analysis of Optimum Demodulation in Optical Cdma

Performance results for optimum demodulation of optical code division multiple access (CDMA) signals are obtained. Upper and lower bounds on minimum probability of symbol error for a K-user, symbol-asynchronous optical CDMA system with optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) are derived and evaluated. An asymptotic efficiency defined relative to the performance in known interference is introduced. The results obtained exhibit the asymptotic efficiency of optimum demodulation and suggest the existence of a significant performance gap between the optimum receiver and the conventional correlation receiver even in mild near-far environments.
GENETIC CONTROL OF β-GLUCOSIDASE SYNTHESIS IN SACCHAROMYCES LACTIS

Herman, Alberta (University of Wisconsin, Madison) and Harlyn Halvorson. Genetic control of β-glucosidase synthesis in Saccharomyces lactis. J. Bacteriol. 85:901–910. 1963.—Both methyl-β-d-glucoside (2 × 10−2m) and glucose (10−3m) induced β-glucosidase synthesis in selected strains of Saccharomyces lactis. Genetic studies indicated the existence of a single locus specifically affecting β-methyl glucoside inducibility. Glucose-induced β-glucosidase synthesis, on the other hand, was nonspecific (other carbohydrases were simultaneously induced) and appeared to be controlled by more than one genetic factor. In both cases, noninducibility was dominant in diploids. The independent expression of these two modes of induction implied that these loci regulated β-glucosidase induction in a nonsequential manner.
Cosmological decrease in brightness and angular broadening in the ionized inter-galactic medium detected in the MASIV quasar survey

The MASIV survey of 482 compact sources at 6 cm found that half of them exhibit low level interstellar scintillation on timescales of two days. The ISS amplitude is quantified by the structure function of the flux density at a time lag of 2 d, which is found to decrease with redshifts in the range 2–4. A structure function model is given depending on the fraction of flux density and angular diameter in the most compact core in each source. If the core emission is limited to a maximum brightness temperature, the minimum diameter should increase as (1 + z)0.5. However the observed decrease in ISS is significantly faster than this prediction. We consider a possible explanation in terms of angular broadening in the ionized IGM, based on optical observations of the Lyα forest.
Comments on the Effect of Adopting New Precession and Equinox Corrections

The new astronomical constants being introduced for 1984 affect the derived values of UT1 and terrestrial longitudes differently for the space techniques than for the optical techniques. The new sidereal time equation has been defined to avoid a discontinuity in UT1 as obtained by the established techniques. However, this definition does introduce a discontinuity in both the terrestrial longitude system and the UT1 rate derived by the space techniques which have an inertial celestial reference frame rather than a stellar catalog frame. The use of consistent expressions for precession and Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time will not eliminate differences between the inertial and classical optical techniques. Only improvements in the accuracy of the precession constant and equinox offset and drift will bring about consistency. Improvements in the precession constant can be expected in the next few years. The inertial techniques will exhibit shifts in the derived UT1 rate and terrestrial longitude system with each change in the precession constant if Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time is referenced to the mean equinox of date, as is the present practice, but would be stable if the reference is a fixed equinox. The latter choice is recommended.
Rainwater Roof Catchment Systems, Microbial Quality of

Use and Status of Rainwater Roof Catchment Systems Types of RRCS Used Throughout the World Common Components of RRCS and their Impact on Water Quality Professional Organizations and Guidelines for RRCS Vulnerability of RRCS for Microbial Contamination An Assessment of the Microbial and Hygienic Quality of Cistern Waters Recommendations for Microbial Contamination in RRCS Keywords: cistern microbiology; rainwater roof catchment systems
Ideals in Physical Education

(1901). Ideals in Physical Education. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 110-135.
Salivary gland development and disease

Mammalian salivary glands synthesize and secrete saliva via a vast interconnected network of epithelial tubes attached to secretory end units. The extensive morphogenesis required to establish this organ is dependent on interactions between multiple cell types (epithelial, mesenchymal, endothelial, and neuronal) and the engagement of a wide range of signaling pathways. Here we describe critical regulators of salivary gland development and discuss how mutations in these impact human organogenesis. In particular, we explore the genetic contribution of growth factor pathways, nerve-derived factors and extracellular matrix molecules to salivary gland formation in mice and humans.
Nuclear data sheets for A=57

Nuclear structure data available through November 1976 are compiled, and adopted level properties are given. The bulk of the data is presented pictorially for easy comparison. Experimental details, references, and additional comments, where required, are given in the text. All drawings, tables, and comments are reproduced from the computerized Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF). Any additions or corrections desired by the users should be addressed to the compilers for maintenance and updating of the computer file.
A comparison of computational complexities of HFEM and ABC based finite element methods

The solution of a hybrid finite element method (HFEM) problem is considered. It is shown that a suitable ordering of the FEM mesh results in a canonical HFEM matrix system. This linear system can be solved in O(N1.5) cost when sparse direct methods are used. This cost is comparable to FEM methods using approximate boundary conditions and a similar sparse solution method.
Evidence for the date of Herodotus' publication

In this paper I contest the usually accepted terminus for the date of the publication of Herodotus' Histories, namely, just prior to the production of the Acharnians in February 425. I argue instead that Herodotus survived the Archidamian War—basically a return, this, to the position taken until the middle of the last century, especially in Germany, before the work of Schoell, Kirchoff and then Meyer and Jacoby. Further, I suggest that he published at a date close to 414 B.C. or, at least, that his Histories reached the Athenian public at around that time. Since even the orthodox date for his publication (426 or so) figures in the constructions of modern scholars merely as a literary curiosity devoid of significance—such are the preconceptions dominating our notion of Herodotus' ‘era’—a reconsideration of this question needs no apology if it serves the purpose of directing attention to a matter vitally affecting our interpretation of this author.First, a general observation. In seeking for external evidence to establish the date of the publication of Herodotus' Histories, we need to distinguish between possible and certain echoes of Herodotus in the works of others. The question must constantly be asked whether any allusion we have isolated presupposes and requires the knowledge of Herodotus' work on the part of the contemporary audience. For otherwise we could be misled by a coincidence or we could reach a false conclusion because some point of specific knowledge eludes us. Of the latter the famous parallel in the Antigone of Sophocles (909 ff. with Herodotus iii 119) provides a notable example. If Herodotus had been just a little more strict with himself in avoiding allusions to his own time, who would not suppose that his work had been published prior to 441? What we require, therefore, is material which is calculated to evoke Herodotus himself—the special characteristics of the man and his Histories—so as to leave in no doubt a general familiarity with his work on the part of others.
Regulation of smooth muscle α-actin expression and hypertrophy in cultured mesangial cells

Regulation of smooth muscle α -actin expression and hypertrophy in cultured mesangial cells. Background Mesangial cells during embryonic development and glomerular disease express smooth muscle α -actin ( α -SMA). We were therefore surprised when cultured mesangial cells deprived of serum markedly increased expression of α -SMA. Serum-deprived mesangial cells appeared larger than serum-fed mesangial cells. We hypothesized that α -SMA expression may be more reflective of mesangial cell hypertrophy than hyperplasia. Methods Human mesangial cells were cultured in medium alone or with fetal bovine serum, thrombin, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and/or transforming growth factor- β 1 (TGF- β 1 ). α -SMA expression was examined by immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Northern blot analysis. Cell size was analyzed by forward light scatter flow cytometry. Results α -SMA mRNA was at least tenfold more abundant after three to five days in human mesangial cells plated without serum, but β -actin mRNA was unchanged. Serum-deprived cells contained 5.3-fold more α -SMA after three days and 56-fold more after five days by Western blot. Serum deprivation also increased α -SMA in rat and mouse mesangial cells. The effects of serum deprivation on α -SMA expression were reversible. Mesangial cell mitogens, thrombin or PDGF-BB, decreased α -SMA, but TGF- β 1 increased α -SMA expression and slowed mesangial cell proliferation in serum-plus medium. Flow cytometry showed that serum deprivation or TGF- β 1 treatment caused mesangial cell hypertrophy. PDGF-BB, thrombin, or thrombin receptor-activating peptide blocked hypertrophy in response to serum deprivation. Conclusions We conclude that increased α -SMA expression in mesangial cells reflects cellular hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia.
Viral and cellular small integral membrane proteins can modify ion channels endogenous to Xenopus oocytes.

A slowly activated, inward current could be evoked from Xenopus oocytes in response to application of a strong (approximately -190 mV) hyperpolarizing pulse. However, a much lesser hyperpolarization (approximately -130 mV) was able to evoke a similar current from oocytes that expressed the cellular proteins IsK and phospholemman, the synthetic protein SYN-C, and the NB protein of influenza B virus. All of these currents were carried principally by Cl-, and they had similar blocker profiles. The time course (the function of time that described the current increase during a hyperpolarizing voltage-clamp pulse, i.e., activation kinetics) varied from one batch of oocytes to another, but did not vary within each batch with the type of protein expressed. This slowly activated, inward current evoked by hyperpolarization to approximately -130 mV required the expression of a characteristic, minimum level of each of the proteins IsK, SYN-C, and NB. However, not every integral membrane protein expressed in oocytes allowed substantial inward currents to be generated at -130 mV. Oocytes that expressed large amounts of the M2 protein of influenza A virus, which is known to possess an intrinsic cation channel activity, did not display a Cl- current when hyperpolarized to -130 mV. These results suggest that expression of any of the four proteins-IsK, phospholemman, SYN-C, or NB- acts as an activator of an endogenous Cl- conductance.
Backoff strategies for demand re-registration in PCS database failure recovery

Mobility Databases, Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), are utilized to support mobility management for Mobile Stations (MSs) in Personal Communications Services (PCS) networks. If the location database fail, the subscribers' services will be seriously degraded due to the loss or corruption of location information. Previous work proposed demand re-registration with a p-persistent backoff strategy and a checkpoint method that demonstrates better performance than the periodic re-registration policy. In demand re-registration, after a VLR fails, it broadcasts a re-registration request to all MSs. Backoff strategies are needed since collisions may occur if all MSs try to re-register after receiving the request. Choosing a good backoff strategy for demand re-registration has several benefits that are our goals in this paper. A better strategy will save the re-registration traffic in terms of signaling cost. Moreover, a better strategy will allow an MS to re-register earlier to reduce the probability that a call termination with expensive paging operations happens earlier than location information recovery. In this paper, we propose and study seven backoff strategies for demand re-registration: one optimal p-persistent strategy, three dynamic p-persistent strategies, and three non-persistent strategies. Among these proposed strategies, the optimal p-persistent strategy is optimal in the sense of optimality among all the p-persistent strategies; the three dynamic p-persistent strategies improve p-persistent strategies by allowing the p-value to change with time; the three non-persistent strategies include a binary exponential backoff strategy, an exponential backoff strategy, and a non-exponential non-persistent backoff strategy; our studies show that they can be approximately equivalent to special dynamic p-persistent strategies. Our studies also show that one of the dynamic p-persistent backoff strategies is the best strategy among all the seven proposed strategies and our results indicate that with better backoff strategies, the performance of demand re-registration can be dramatically improved.
Envisioning Citizenship: Toward a Polity Approach in Urban Design

This paper draws from cross-disciplinary literature on the topic of citizenship to argue for a polity approach in the planning and design of public space. New institutional and social formations in the public sphere are highlighted to reconsider the aims of participation. Three models of democratic design are presented to contrast types of political choices made by urban designers. A transit plaza renovation project is used as an illustrative example to consider how operative practice can facilitate changes in social and institutional relations. In the conclusion, the implications for a polity approach in urban design are discussed. The prime task of democratic politics is not to eliminate passions from the sphere of the public, in order to render a rational consensus possible, but to mobilize those passions towards democratic designs. (Chantal Mouffe, 2000)
Validity of the 28-item General Health Questionnaire in hospitalized gastroenterology patients.

The usefulness of the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in detecting psychiatric comorbidity in a satnple of hospitalized gastroenterology patients was tested. Validity coefficients were determined by comparing the results of the GHQ with findings from a psychiatric interview. At the best discriminating score (8/9), the GHQ yielded a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 75%, a positive predictive value of 67%, and a misclassification rate of 24%. The GHQ did not accurately identify alcohol dependence and abuse and did not discriminate between patients with anxiety disorders and those with depressive disorders. Despite its limitations, the GHQ, if supplemented with specific questions about alcohol abuse, can effectively screen medical inpatients for psychiatric disorders.
Economic development and the structure of the demand for commercial energy

To deepen understanding of the relation between economic development and energy demand, this study estimates the Engel curves that relate per-capita energy consumption in major economic sectors to percapita GDP. Panel data covering up to 123 nations are employed, and measurement problems are treated both in dataset construction and in estimation. Time and country fixed effects are assumed, and flexible forms for income effects are employed. There are substantial differences among sectors in the structure of country, time, and income effects. In particular, the household sector’s share of aggregate energy consumption tends to fall with income, the share of transportation tends to rise, and the share of industry follows an inverse-U pattern. This work is motivated by an interest in the relationship between economic development and the consumption of commercial energy. This relationship is clearly central to the development process itself. Moreover, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions produced by fossil fuel combustion are of independent policy interest because they may warm the Earth’s climate (IPCC, 1996). Forecasts of future CO 2 emissions depend primarily on explicit or implicit forecasts of the demands for commercial energy in its various forms and of the technologies that will be used to meet those demands. In an earlier paper (Schmalensee, Stoker, and Judson (1998), hereafter SSJ), we used aggregate, national-level panel data for the 1950‐1990 period to estimate reduced-form Engel curves for per-capita CO 2 emissions and commercial energy consumption. We allowed for country and time fixed effects and employed a flexible spline form for income effects. We encountered evidence of an “inverse-U” relationship between per-capita income and CO 2 emissions, along with weaker evidence of a similar relation involving energy consumption. In both cases the peak was estimated to occur below the sample maximum per-capita income. Inspection of the data indicated that the negative estimated income elasticities reflected declines in the carbon- and energy-intensity of OECD economies that began in the 1970s. Because our data covered 141 nations, we were able to obtain precise estimates of income elasticities for a wide range of development levels and thus to project global carbon dioxide emissions with reasonable confidence. The objective of the present paper is to deepen understanding of the aggregate reduced form relation between economic development and energy demand by disaggregating our Engel curve analysis to the level of major economic sectors. Different sectors use different mixes of energy
Injection level lifetime spectroscopy of impurities in semiconductors

The identification of semiconductor defects is a major task in photovoltaic and most solid state electronic technologies. A variety of techniques are used in materials analysis and many have been extensively described in the literature. Especially desirable are non-contact techniques that are sensitive to impurities in metals. Photoluminescence spectroscopy comes close to meeting this need, however it usually requires cryogenic cooling of the test specimen. The present authors have found that techniques based on measurement of recombination lifetime over a wide range of injection levels can be powerful and sensitive for materials characterisation. Not only is recombination lifetime sensitive to chemical and structural defects, but when a single defect dominates the recombination process that defect can be identified by observing the details of excess carrier decay over several orders of magnitude. This method of defect characterisation and identification will be the focus of this paper.
Humor Complexity and Political Influence: An Elaboration Likelihood Approach to the Effects of Humor Type in The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

The effects of exposure to different types of humor on argument scrutiny were examined in the context of televised messages. A resource allocation hypothesis (Young, 2008) and a discounting cue hypothesis (Nabi, Moyer-Guse, & Byrne, 2007) are discussed and explored. Participants (N = 188) watched clips of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart in which Stewart satirized American policy toward Iraq using either sarcasm (not complex) or irony (complex). Participants were then asked to counterargue these messages. A coding scheme was used to assess the extent of counterargumentation, and attitude change was also assessed based on a pretest/posttest semantic differential scale. Results indicated that irony reduced argument scrutiny on the premises of the messages relative to sarcasm, but no main effect was found for type of humor on attitude shift. Results also indicate a conditional effect of political efficacy, which moderates the effect of humor type on argument scrutiny. Implications for persuasion and public op...
Deficiency of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain in Muscle Does Not Cause Insulin Resistance

Background It has been proposed that muscle insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is due to a selective decrease in the components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and results from accumulation of toxic products of incomplete fat oxidation. The purpose of the present study was to test this hypothesis. Methodology/Principal Findings Rats were made severely iron deficient, by means of an iron-deficient diet. Iron deficiency results in decreases of the iron containing mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins without affecting the enzymes of the fatty acid oxidation pathway. Insulin resistance was induced by feeding iron-deficient and control rats a high fat diet. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance was evaluated by measuring glucose transport activity in soleus muscle strips. Mitochondrial proteins were measured by Western blot. Iron deficiency resulted in a decrease in expression of iron containing proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in muscle. Citrate synthase, a non-iron containing citrate cycle enzyme, and long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD), used as a marker for the fatty acid oxidation pathway, were unaffected by the iron deficiency. Oleate oxidation by muscle homogenates was increased by high fat feeding and decreased by iron deficiency despite high fat feeding. The high fat diet caused severe insulin resistance of muscle glucose transport. Iron deficiency completely protected against the high fat diet-induced muscle insulin resistance. Conclusions/Significance The results of the study argue against the hypothesis that a deficiency of the electron transport chain (ETC), and imbalance between the ETC and β-oxidation pathways, causes muscle insulin resistance.
Turbulent, concurrent, ceiling flame spread; The effect of buoyancy

Abstract Experiments have been conducted to study the effects of forced air flow velocity and grid-generated turbulence on the flow-assisted flame spread over a flat solid combustible surface in a ceiling configuration. The tests are conducted with thick PMMA sheets as fuel, and air as oxidizer. Flame spread rate, flame length, surface heat flux, and products composition are obtained for air flow velocities ranging from 0.25 to 4.5 m/s and turbulence intensities the 1% to 15%. It is found that for all turbulence intensities the ceiling flame spread rate increases with the flow velocity, and that the flow turbulence retards the flame spread for flow velocities larger than 1 m/s and enhances it at lower velocities. The flame length and the surface heat flux exhibit power law correlations with the fuel pyrolysis length, and the flame spread rate data can be correlated with an expression deduced from a simplified heat transfer analysis of the process. In order to determine the effect of buoyancy on the flame spread processes, data from the ceiling configuration experiments are compared with data from floor tests conducted previously. The experimental results indicate that in ceiling spread, buoyancy has two main competing effects. One is an enhancement of the heat transfer from the flame to the solid surface because the flame stands closer to the surface, the other is an incomplete combustion caused by larger heat losses to the wall and boundary layer stratification. For large flow velocities (larger than 1 m/s), the enhanced heat transfer is found to be dominant and results in a faster flame spread in the ceiling than in the floor. For small flow velocities, the incomplete combustion becomes more important and the opposite result is observed. The species concentration data show that in general the combustion reaction is less complete in ceiling spread than in floor spread, and that significant amounts of CO and unburned hydrocarbons are produced in ceiling flame spread.
In Reply: More on Burnout and Surgical Oncology

Dr. Hena raises interesting questions regarding (1) how burnout changes as surgical oncologists move from fellowship to practice, (2) when burnout begins, and (3) whether individuals at risk could be identified prior to residency/fellowship. With respect to the first question, although the total number of hours worked per week and the frequency of overnight call often decline after completing fellowship, this is not universally true. In our study of the Society of Surgical Oncology, 24% of surgical oncologists worked more than 70 h per week and 12% were on call 5 or more nights per week. 1 In addition, surgical oncologists entering practice face a number of new challenges such as managing an office, greater exposure to reimbursement issues, higher productivity expectations, and a need to establish their reputation within their practice and community. It is difficult to know how trading one set of stressors for a different set influences the experience of burnout, and it likely varies for each individual. Similarly, although as a generalization, surgeons earlier in the training process (medical school and residency) may experience less distress related to tension between personal and professional responsibilities, this again varies for each individual. Indeed, a sizable proportion of medical students and residents are married and have children, which may force them to deal with stress related to balance between personal and professional life earlier in their career than those surgeons who do not get married or have children until after they are in practice. At the cohort level, it appears that the prevalence of burnout is lowest at the start of medical school, increases toward the end of medical school training, peaks during residency, and then subsequently declines after physicians enter practice. 2,3 Such population-level data, however, ignores the more nuanced experience of the individual surgeon where the first experience of burnout may not occur in a given individual until mid career. Indeed, our own longitudinal studies of burnout suggest that burnout varies through time and that the adverse consequences associated with burnout may be reversible. 4 In this respect, it is important for surgeons to take inventory with respect to which aspects of their professional life are most or least
Selection Criteria and Tradeoffs for 0402 and 0204 Ceramic Chip Capacitors for On-Package Decoupling Applications

A comprehensive sweep of detailed time-domain simulations using 3D PEEC models of the package and PCB are used to map out the design space and to set performance expectations for 0402 and 0204 ceramic chip capacitors for use as on-package decoupling capacitors.
Electrostatic contribution from solvent in modulating single-walled carbon nanotube association

We perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to compute the potential of mean force (PMF) between two (10,10) single-walled carbon nanotubes solvated in pure nonpolarizable SPC/E and polarizable TIP4P-FQ water, at various temperatures. In general, the reversible work required to bring two nanotubes from a dissociated state (free energy reference) to contact state (free energy minimum) is more favorable and less temperature-dependent in TIP4P-FQ than in SPC/E water models. In contrast, molecular properties and behavior of water such as the spatially-resolved water number density (intertube, intratube, or outer regions), for TIP4P-FQ are more sensitive to temperature than SPC/E. Decomposition of the solvent-induced PMF into different spatial regions suggests that TIP4P-FQ has stronger temperature dependence; the opposing destabilizing/stabilizing contributions from intertube water and more distal water balance each other and suppress the temperature dependence of total association free energy. Further investigation of hydrogen bonding network in intertube water reveals that TIP4P-FQ retains fewer hydrogen bonds than SPC/E, which correlates with the lower water number density in this region. This reduction of hydrogen bonds affects the intertube water dipoles. As the intertube volume decreases, TIP4P-FQ dipole moment approaches the gas phase value; the distribution of dipole magnitude also becomes narrower due to less average polarization/perturbation from other water molecules. Our results imply that the reduction of water under confinement may seem trivial, but underlying effects to structure and free energetics are non-negligible.
Skin injuries in sports medicine

From the origin of civilization the pursuit of beauty has exemplified the highest order of the human being's quest for achievement, and from the beginning, this pursuit has focused, in part, on perfecting the human form. Freed from much of the time-consuming burden of attending to elemental needs, the present generation seems committed as never before to the reshaping of its own physical proportions. Paradoxically, the skin, positioned at the interface between the organism and its environment, embodies the visible envelope that surrounds pleasingly restructured muscle groups; at the same time it exhibits unsightly lesions produced as a consequence of the fitness program.
Sherry Turkle: Alone Together

In this essay, we learn about Sherry Turkle's research into human/machine interaction including strong emotional components that imbue artificial creatures with unwarranted sentiment and sentience.
Measurement of the positron work functions of polycrystalline Fe, Mo, Ni, Pt, Ti, and V.

We report measurements of the positron work functions ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}^{+}$ of polycrystalline samples of Fe, Mo, Ni, Pt, Ti, and V. The positron work functions were obtained by measuring the energy spectrum of slow positrons reemitted by the metal surfaces when bombarded with keV-energy positrons. Two methods were used to extract the work functions. The first method provides an absolute measurement. The second method infers the positron work function from measurements of \ensuremath{\Sigma}=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{+}$+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ (where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ are the positron and electron chemical potentials, respectively) relative to the value of \ensuremath{\Sigma} for Cu and to the values of the electron work function for the surface. The second method (which circumvents many of the systematic problems of the first method since the values of \ensuremath{\Sigma} are independent of crystal face and surface contamination) gives ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathrm{Fe}}^{+}$=-1.2(2) eV, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathrm{MO}}^{+}$=-2.2(2) eV, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathrm{Ni}}^{+}$=-1.2(2) eV, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathrm{Pt}}^{+}$=-1.8(2) eV, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathrm{V}}^{+}$=-0.6(2) eV, and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{\mathrm{Ti}}^{+}$g0. Our results are compared to theoretical predictions and to previous measurements.
Integral equations of the first kind, inverse problems and regularization: a crash course

This paper is an expository survey of the basic theory of regularization for Fredholm integral equations of the first kind and related background material on inverse problems. We begin with an historical introduction to the field of integral equations of the first kind, with special emphasis on model inverse problems that lead to such equations. The basic theory of linear Fredholm equations of the first kind, paying particular attention to E. Schmidt's singular function analysis, Picard's existence criterion, and the Moore-Penrose theory of generalized inverses is outlined. The fundamentals of the theory of Tikhonov regularization are then treated and a collection of exercises and a bibliography are provided.
Synthesis of carbon-11 labeled celecoxib derivatives as new candidate PET radioligands for imaging of inflammation.

Abstract Cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase or COX) enzyme represents a particularly attractive target in inflammation processes for the development of both therapeutic agents and imaging agents. This study was designed to develop new radioligands for imaging of inflammation using the biomedical imaging technique positron emission tomography (PET). Carbon-11 labeled celecoxib derivatives, [ 11 C]methyl 2-(4-(5- p -tolyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)phenylsulfonamidooxy)acetate ([ 11 C] 6e ), [ 11 C]methyl 2-methyl-2-(4-(5- p -tolyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)phenylsulfonamidooxy)propanoate ([ 11 C] 6f ), [ 11 C]methyl 2-(4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)phenylsulfonamidooxy)acetate ([ 11 C] 6g ), and [ 11 C]methyl 2-methyl-2-(4-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)phenylsulfonamidooxy)propanoate ([ 11 C] 6h ), were prepared by O -[ 11 C]methylation of their corresponding precursors using [ 11 C]CH 3 OTf under basic condition and isolated by a simplified solid-phase extraction (SPE) method in 50–60% radiochemical yields based on [ 11 C]CO 2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The overall synthesis time from EOB was 15–20 min, the radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity at end of synthesis (EOS) was 111–185 GBq/μmol.
Approach to ageing and growth back-calculation based on the otolith of the southern boarfish Pseudopentaceros richardsoni (Smith, 1844) from the south-west Indian Ocean seamounts

Age and growth of southern boarfish Pseudopentaceros richardsoni (Smith 1844) from south-west Indian Ocean seamounts were studied based on whole otolith readings using a non-linear back-calculation method and geometric mean regression to resolve the problem of the lack of young fish in the catches owing to age segregated habitat use by this species. Ages of the fish under study ranged from between 5 and 14 years (45.7–72.5 cm total length). Changes in relative growth of annuli were most probably related to aspects of the life history, such as migration to settle on seamounts. Age distribution was related to depth. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for all individuals were L∞ = 65.1 cm; K = 0.27 year–1 and t0 = –0.34 years, obtained by mean length-age from back-calculated lengths. These data are needed to assist in the wise management of this potential fishery and the back-calculation approach shows promise for other species where juvenile fish are difficult to obtain. It is also clear that more information about the southern boarfish biology is needed to establish bases for a responsible fishery development off the seamounts of the Southern Indian Ocean and other deep-sea regions.
Double haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation results in successful engraftment of bone marrow from both donors without graft-versus-host or graft-versus-graft effects.

We established double-haploidentical (DH) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) murine models to explore competitive engraftment, graft-versus-graft effect and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T cell–depleted (TCD) bone marrow (BM) cells from B6SJF1 (donor 1 [D1]) and B6D2F1 (donor 2 [D2]) mice achieved >90% donor engraftment when transplanted into B6CBAF1 mice. B6CBAF1 recipients survived without evidence of GVHD when undergoing HSCT with TCD-BM from 2 haploidentical donors, D1 and D2. DH-HSCT recipients had significantly higher leukocyte and neutrophil counts than single-haploidentical HSCT recipients from either D1 or D2. DH recipients consistently showed successful mixed chimerism in both BM and spleen. Two other DH-HSCT models, B6D2F1 + C3D2F1→B6C3F1 and B6CBAF1 + B6SJLF1→B6D2F1, showed similar engraftment patterns. Low-dose T cell infusion from both D1 and D2 increased the degree of early engraftment of the respective donors in BM and spleen; however, this early engraftment pattern did not determine long-term engraftment dominance. In the long term, minimally engrafted D1 BM recovered and comprised >50% of all donor- derived B, T, and natural killer cells. We conclude that early BM engraftment is determined by donor T cell immunodominance, but long-term engraftment is related to the engraftment potential of stem cells after DH-HSCT.
Neuropathological Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Perspective from Longitudinal Clinicopathological Studies

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of primary progressive dementia. It is defined by its pathological features, because the clinical syndrome of dementia lacks specificity. Although the brain in AD has many structural alterations, the two cardinal pathological features and sine qua non of AD are senile plaques and neurofibrillary degeneration. The latter takes the form of neurofibrillary tangles composed of paired helical filaments, as well as degenerating neurites within the neuropil ("neuropil threads") and within a diagnostically significant subset of SP, referred to as "neuritic plaques." All SP contain amyloid, but not all have pair helical filament-type neurites. The presence of even a small number of plaques with paired helical filament-type neurites in the neocortex is associated with cognitive impairment, and this lesion may be the most specific histopathological feature of AD. Although these observations suggest that the major difference between SP in aging and AD relate to differences in neuritic degeneration, more recent studies have also indicated that amyloid deposits are biochemically heterogenous and that amyloid deposits in aging may be different from those in AD. As more specific markers become available for recognizing AD-specific structural lesions, refined neuropathological diagnostic criteria will evolve. In the meantime, a practical neuropathological approach to the diagnosis of AD requires both widespread neocortical SP and an advanced stage of neurofibrillary degeneration. Using these criteria, it is very unlikely that AD will be diagnosed in an individual who was not demented in life. The rationale for adopting this conservative approach is that our knowledge is incomplete with respect to fundamental differences between the lesions in aging and AD.
SAEM position statement on the qualifications for unsupervised emergency department care. SAEM Board of Directors. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

Received March 14, 2000; accepted March 14, 2000. Address correspondence to: Carey Chisholm, MD, Indiana University School of Medicine, Clarian–Methodist Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, I-65 at 21st Street, Indianapolis, IN 46206. Fax: 317-929-2306; e-mail: cchisholm @clarian.com A related commentary appears on page 927. or American Board of Osteopathic Emergency Medicine (ABOEM) certification, or has successfully completed an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) or American Osteopathic Association (AOA)-accredited EM residency, and is in the process of completing ABEM or ABOEM examinations. Residents-in-training or other physicians who do not meet these criteria are less likely to possess the cognitive and technical skill set necessary for rendering unsupervised care for the tremendous breadth and acuity of situations encountered in an ED. SAEM believes that unsupervised ED practice is best provided by fully trained EM specialists.
Ergonomics in industrialized dairy operations

This paper presents a summary of a panel presentation by agriculture health and safety scientists on ergonomics of industrialized dairy parlor operations in the United States. Dairy industry trends in the United States were discussed in the panel presentation, which took place during the New Paths: Health and Safety in Western Agriculture conference, November 11-13, 2008. Dairy production is steadily moving to large-herd operations because of associated economies of scale and other economic and social conditions. Large-herd operations utilize a parlor milking system, as compared to a stanchion system used primarily in smaller operations. Each milking system presents different risks for worker injury. Low back, knee, and shoulder musculoskeletal symptoms were most frequently reported among workers in smaller dairy operations. Another study analyzing workers' compensation (WC) data from large-herd milking operations found nearly 50% of livestock-handling injury claims involved parlor milking activities. Nearly 27% of injuries were to the wrist, hand, and fingers, nearly 13% to the head or face, and 11% to the chest. Results indicated the vulnerability of these body parts to injury due to the worker-livestock interface during milking. More focused research should investigate milking practices and parlor designs as they relate to worker safety and health. Additional dairy-related injury research is vital given the trend towards large industrial milking operations.
Analysis of the Intel 386 and i486 microprocessors for the Space Station Freedom Data Management System

The feasibility is analyzed of upgrading the Intel 386 microprocessor, which has been proposed as the baseline processor for the Space Station Freedom (SSF) Data Management System (DMS), to the more advanced i486 microprocessors. The items compared between the two processors include the instruction set architecture, power consumption, the MIL-STD-883C Class S (Space) qualification schedule, and performance. The advantages of the i486 over the 386 are (1) lower power consumption; and (2) higher floating point performance. The i486 on-chip cache does not have parity check or error detection and correction circuitry. The i486 with on-chip cache disabled, however, has lower integer performance than the 386 without cache, which is the current DMS design choice. Adding cache to the 386/386 DX memory hierachy appears to be the most beneficial change to the current DMS design at this time.
Local and global universal relations for first-gradient materials

Local universal relations are relations between stress and kinematic variables which hold for all materials of a particular class irrespective of specific material parameters. A method is developed for obtaining local universal relations for most first gradient materials. The currently known local universal relations for isotropic elastic materials have been extended to all isotropic first gradient materials under constant step deformation histories and have also been extended to all isotropic first gradient materials undergoing arbitrary time dependent triaxial extensions along fixed material directions. It has been shown that universal relations exist for some anisotropic materials. A set of pseudo-universal relations has been obtained for anisotropic elastic materials which can be used to decouple the material functions. These pseudo-universal relations contain some, but not all, material functions. A global universal relation has been developed for the extension and torsion of an isotropic cylindrical shaft which holds for all incompressible first gradient materials.
Structural alterations in SiC as a result of Cr+ and N+ implantation

Abstract Ion scattering and channeling techniques were used to study production of disorder and randomization of SiC produced by implantation of Cr+ and N+ at doses up tp to 3 × 1016/cm2 for Cr+ and 8 × 1016/cm2 for N+. Experiments were designed so that the calculated damage energy profiles would be well matched for the two ions species. The results were compared for the degree of effectiveness of Cr+ and N+ in producing disorder. At higher doses, Cr+ was much more effective than N+ for a given damage energy using the same calculational method for Cr+ as N+. In correlated studies of swelling, both species had about the same effectiveness in producing swelling.
Ion induced Auger spectroscopy

Abstract Auger electron spectra are induced by impact of heavy ions (e.g. Ar + ) on surfaces; it has been suggested that analysis of such spectra would be a useful technique for surface analysis. We have examined the Auger spectra for various projectile-target combinations and present as representative data the spectra for 100 keV Ar + impact on Al, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co. For a projectile incident on a species of higher nuclear charge the spectrum is dominated by Auger lines from the projectile, broadened considerably by the Doppler effect due to the projectile's motion. The spectra are not characteristic of the target and therefore offer no opportunity for surface analysis. For a projectile incident on a target of lower nuclear charge the spectrum is that of the target species but the spectrum is consistent with the source being sputtered excited atoms; the Auger electrons do not come from the surface. We conclude that the ion induced Auger spectra are in general not a convenient method for surface analysis.