cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using functor categories to generate intermediate code

In the early 80's Oles and Reynolds devised a semantic model of Algol-like languages using a category of functors from a category of store shapes to the category of predomains. Here we will show how a variant of this idea can be used to define the translation of an Algol-like language to intermediate code in a uniform way that avoids unnecessary temporary variables, provides control-flow translation of boolean expressions, permits online expansion of procedures, and minimizes the storage overhead of calls of closed procedures. The basic idea is to replace continuations by instruction sequences and store shapes by descriptions of the structure of the run-time stack.
Efficient tree codes on SIMD computer architectures

This paper describes changes made to a previous implementation of an N-body tree code developed for a fine-grained, SIMD computer architecture. These changes include (1) switching from a balanced binary tree to a balanced oct tree, (2) addition of quadrupole corrections, and (3) having the particles search the tree in groups rather than individually. An algorithm for limiting errors is also discussed. In aggregate, these changes have led to a performance increase of over a factor of 10 compared to the previous code. For problems several times larger than the processor array, the code now achieves performance levels of ∼ 1 Gflop on the Maspar MP-2 or roughly 20% of the quoted peak performance of this machine. This percentage is competitive with other parallel implementations of tree codes on MIMD architectures. This is significant, considering the low relative cost of SIMD architectures.
Utilization of airborne and in situ data obtained in SGP99, SMEX02, CLASIC and SMAPVEX08 Field Campaigns for SMAP Soil Moisture Algorithm Development and Validation

Field experiment data sets that include coincident remote sensing measurements and in situ sampling will be valuable in the development and validation of the soil moisture algorithms of the NASA's future SMAP (Soil Moisture Active and Passive) mission. This paper presents an overview of the field experiment data collected from SGP99, SMEX02, CLASIC and SMAPVEX08 campaigns. Common in these campaigns were observations of the airborne PALS (Passive and Active L- and S-band) instrument, which was developed to acquire radar and radiometer measurements at low frequencies. The combined set of the PALS measurements and ground truth obtained from all these campaigns was under study. The investigation shows that the data set contains a range of soil moisture values collected under a limited number of conditions. The quality of both PALS and ground truth data meets the needs of the SMAP algorithm development and validation. The data set has already made significant impact on the science behind SMAP mission. The areas where complementing of the data would be most beneficial are also discussed.
Effects of Stress and Temperature on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Concentrated Magnesium Chloride Solutions

Abstract Experimental data from published literature on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steels (SS) as influenced by temperature and stress in concentrated chloride solutions were analyzed using the chemical-mechanical correlation model. Effects of stress and temperature on SCC were analyzed using 63 sets of data for times to failure (tf) from 17 references. The data followed a systematic pattern which was described by the chemical-mechanical correlation model. An equation of tf as a function of stress and temperature was developed using an environmental parameter β that depends upon temperature, molybdenum concentration, and yield strength of the SS.
Dermal squamo-melanocytic tumour: metastasizing or not?

Editor We read with great interest the case report by Amerio et al. entitled ‘Metastasizing dermal squamomelanocytic tumour’. In their case, a 32-year-old woman presented with a biphenotypic dermalbased neoplasm compatible with a squamomelanocytic tumour, which was 4.3 mm in Breslow depth. A sentinel lymph node biopsy was pursued and revealed a Melan-A-positive deposit (0.54 mm) purportedly within the capsular sinus that was consistent with a micrometastasis of melanoma. Neither immunostain results for HMB-45 or Ki-67 nor cytomorphology of the cells within this lymph node deposit were described. The dermal squamomelanocytic tumour is an exceedingly rare and unusual, dermal-based tumour comprised of malignantappearing squamoid epithelial and melanocytic components in intimate association. Indeed, lymph node metastasis from a squamomelanocytic tumour has not been previously reported. Thus, it is generally believed that these tumours have an indolent biological behaviour, although the follow-up on these patients is quite limited. The authors mention in their report that the patient’s squamomelanocytic tumour may have arisen within a precursor naevus. Incidental naevus cell aggregates can often be found in lymph nodes removed in patients with melanoma. Nodal nevi typically have comparatively small collections of monomorphic melanocytes within the fibrous capsule of the lymph node. While the diagnosis of micrometastasis proffered by Amerio et al. may be appropriate in their case, we strongly urge them to provide a more detailed microscopic description of the cytomorphological features of the cells in the lymph node deposit and a high-power image demonstrating these features in the haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. This would allow for a more conclusive distinction between a melanoma micrometastasis and a nodal naevus deposit, to help further substantiate their diagnosis. Cytochemical stains, such as reticulin or trichrome, may have also been useful in demonstrating the relationship of the cells to the fibrous capsule of the lymph node. Immunohistochemical stains for HMB-45 and Ki-67 would also provide greater sensitivity in comparison with Melan-A in distinguishing micrometastatic melanoma from a benign nodal naevus, especially in the absence of a high-power figure showing the histopathological features of the cells within the lymph node. We kindly encourage the authors of this case report to provide additional histopathological and immunophenotypic evidence that can more definitively confirm that the nodal deposit in this patient is in fact a melanoma metastasis and not a nodal naevus. We emphasize this point because such reports can potentially impact the treatment decision in subsequent patients with this rare and unusual tumour.
Stimulus onset and its effect on S+ and S— performance in differential conditioning

Forty rats served as Ss in an investigation of differential conditioning involving various manners of presentation of the discriminative cues in a runway. For one group of Ss, the cues were presented only in the startbox, while for a second group, the cues were presented in the startbox and during the instrumental response chain. A third group received the cues during the entire instrumental response chain, but only after the start door was raised. A fourth group served as a nondiscriminative control group. The results indicated that the only effects of differential presentation of the discriminative cues were on performance to S— and that this effect on performance to S— occurred only when stimulus onset coincided with the initiation of the response.
Effects of cooling inferotemporal cortex on performance of visual memory tasks.

Abstract Monkeys with implanted cooling probes on the surface of the inferotemporal cortex were tested on performance of three visual tasks: simultaneous matching to sample, delayed matching to sample, and delayed response. Bilateral cooling of the inferotemporal cortex induced a pronounced deficit in delayed matching and a lesser deficit in simultaneous matching, but no significant deficit in delayed response. Reaction times were longer during cooling in the three tasks. Unilateral cooling induced performance deficits and prolongations of reaction time of less magnitude than those induced by bilateral cooling. The effects of cooling on performance and on patterns of ocular motility indicate that the functional depression of the inferotemporal cortex results in impaired attention and impaired provisional memory of visual information.
Precipitation of Kr In Ni at Room Temperature

The fluence dependence of Kr precipitation in Ni at room temperature has been studied with the aid of Transmission Electron Microscopy. As in other metals, the Kr precipitates in small cavities. Electron diffraction demonstrates that the Kr precipitates are solid, fcc crystals aligned with each other and the Ni lattice. The trends are similar to those observed for Kr precipitation in Al at room temperature. The average Kr lattice parameter, determined from the electron diffraction, increases with increasing Kr fluence from 0.515 nm to an asymptotic value of 0.545 nm. The asymptotic limit is due to the melting of the larger Kr precipitates. The mismatch between the Kr and Ni lattices is as large as 55%. Diffuse electron scattering was observed from large, liquid Kr precipitaes. This occurs for Kr fluences above 5.1020 Kr+ m-2 in Ni and above 2.5.1020 Kr+ m-2 in Al. At room temperature, the largest solid Kr precipitate observed in dark field images was 8.3 nm in diameter compared to 4.7 nm in Al. The larger precipitates are liquid or gas. The solid Kr metals at the same lattice parameter in both Ni and Al suggesting that the melting is thermodynamic in nature and independent of the host material.
Some reflections on characterizing potential surfaces for gas-phase ionic reactions

Abstract Gas phase ionic chemistry has become an essential element in our general understanding of chemical reactivity. Obtaining experimental data and then extracting information about the potential surfaces for ionic reactions in the gas phase has been critical in making the connections between gas phase and solution ionic chemistry. In this paper we discuss insights that have been important in developing some of the methodologies that are currently used in analyzing gas phase data.
The solubility of p-xylene in water as a function of temperature and pressure and calculated thermodynamic quantities

Abstract An experimental approach was developed to measure the mutual solubilities of organic fluids and water over a wide range in temperature and pressure. By using a gold bag, rocking autoclave, and a precision high pressure liquid chromatography pump, samples of both equilibrated fluids may be obtained. Using this technique the solubility of liquid p-xylene in water was measured as a function of temperature and pressure from 298 to 423 K (at constant pressure) and from 0.1 to 50 MPa (at constant temperature). The results were used to calculate the partial molal thermodynamic quantities: Δ G soln, Δ H soln, Δ S soln, Δ C psoln, and Δ V soln. Calculated values for these quantities at 298 K are: Δ G soln = 15.92 (±.13) kJ/mol, Δ H soln = 1.643 (±.214) kJ/mol, Δ S soln = −47.90 (±.72) J/mol-K, Δ C psoln = 214.7 (±3.8) J/mol-K, and Δ V soln = 31.08 (±3.80) cm3/mol.
Personality correlates of children's self-esteem and parental identification.

The California Test of Personality (CTP) with 15 subscales, the Sears Self-concept Inventory which measures self-esteem, and an Identification Inventory were administered to 34 girls and 37 boys ranging in age from 9 to 15 yr. The subscores of the CTP were correlated with both self-esteem and level of identification for both males and females. The self-esteem of males but not females was related to the personality measures, and the level of identification of females but not males was related to the personality subscales.
Central Sleep Apnea: Implications for Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure (HF), an exceedingly common and costly disease, is frequently seen in association with central sleep apnea (CSA), which often manifests as a periodic breathing rhythm referred to as Cheyne-Stokes respiration. CSA has historically been considered to be a marker of heart disease, since improvement in cardiac status is often associated with the attenuation of CSA. However, this mirroring of HF and CSA may suggest bidirectional importance to their relationship. In fact, observational data suggest that CSA, associated with repetitive oxyhemoglobin desaturations and surges in sympathetic neural activity, may be of pathophysiologic significance in HF outcomes. In light of the disappointing results from the first large trial assessing therapy with continuous positive airway pressure in patients with CSA and HF, further large-scale interventional trials will be needed to assess the role, if any, of CSA treatment on the outcomes of patients with HF. This review will discuss epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations of CSA in the setting of HF.
Methodology to Capture Children's Non-Dietary Ingestion Exposure Activities During Meal Events

ABSTRACT During meal events, a child's food can be contaminated through contacts with objects and surfaces, and/or unwashed hands that have chemical residues, increasing ingestion exposure of contaminants for the child. This is not surprising, given that very young children eat more with the hands than adults, are active, and play with toys and objects while eating. In addition, children's unwashed hands and toys are commonly inserted into their mouths during meal events, increasing exposure. By observing children during their meal events, information can be gathered on the frequency and duration of contacts between objects, foods, and hands, and the sequence of events before the hands, foods, or objects are inserted into the mouth. This article describes the process of refining a videotaping and video-translation methodology to capture micro-level activity time series (MLATS), in order to better quantify total exposure for young children as a result of their behavior during meal events and cross-contamin...
Evidence for involvement of 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 receptors in the food intake suppressant effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI).

Administration of various doses of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) to rats produced dose-related decreases in 1-h food intake in the food-deprived paradigm. Pretreatment with spiperone (5-HT1A/5-HT2/D2 antagonist), propranolol or CGP361A (β-adrenoceptor antagonists that also have binding affinities for 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B sites) and MDL-72222 (5-HT3 antagonist) did not attenuate DOI-induced suppression of food intake. In contrast, pretreatment with metergoline (5-HT1/5-HT2 antagonist) completely blocked whereas mesulergine, mianserin and ritanserin (5-HT1C/5-HT2 antagonists) partially blocked DOI's effect on food intake. On the other hand, pretreatment with MDL-72222 but not with m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) significantly potentiated DOI-induced suppression of food intake. Furthermore, the food intake suppressant effects of various doses of DOI were found to be similar in the Fawn-Hooded (FH) rat strain as compared to the Wistar rat strain. These findings suggest that DOI-induced suppression of food intake is mediated by stimulation of both 5-HT1C and 5-HT2 receptors.
Pharmacy Student Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Selling Syringes to Injection Drug Users

Objective: To explore pharmacy school education and pharmacy students’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), drug use, and syringe sales to injection drug users (IDUs). Design: Qualitative study of a convenience sample of pharmacy school students. Setting: A pharmacy school in the southeastern United States. Intervention: Two focus groups and nine in-depth interviews were conducted about HIV/AIDS education and counseling, syringe sales to possible IDUs, and related pharmacy school education. Participants: 19 Doctor of Pharmacy students, including 88 students in their third professional year and 11 in their fourth professional year. Results: Most participants believed that they would benefit from more class time on HIV/AIDS topics, including AIDS treatment medications and HIV prevention. Most participants believed that the laws and regulations governing syringe sales in their state were vague, leaving syringe sale decisions to pharmacists’ discretion. Nine study participants supported selling syringes to possible IDUs, five opposed it, and five were undecided or ambivalent. Classroom education focused on addiction to prescription drugs, with limited attention to illicit drug use. Conclusion: Pharmacy students have divided opinions about selling syringes to IDUs. To prepare students for helping their patients with drug-use problems, pharmacy schools should increase training about HIV/AIDS and addiction. Policy makers should consider changing laws and regulations of syringe sales to recognize prevention of blood-borne infections as a legitimate medical purpose for selling syringes to IDUs.
Wildfire Effects on Soil Gross Nitrogen Transformation Rates in Coniferous Forests of Central Idaho, USA

Forest fires often result in a series of biogeochemical processes that increase soil nitrate (NO3 −) concentrations for several years; however, the dynamic nature of inorganic nitrogen (N) cycling in the plant–microbe–soil complex makes it challenging to determine the direct causes of increased soil NO3 −. We measured gross inorganic N transformation rates in mineral soils 2 years after wildfires in three central Idaho coniferous forests to determine the causes of the elevated soil NO3 −. We also measured key factors that could affect the soil N processes, including temperature during soil incubation in situ, soil water content, pH and carbon (C) availability. We found no significant differences (P = 0.461) in gross nitrification rates between burned and control soils. However, microbial NO3 − uptake rates were significantly lower (P = 0.078) in burned than control soils. The reduced consumption of NO3 − caused slightly elevated NO3 − concentrations in the burned soils. C availability was positively correlated with microbial NO3 − uptake rates. Despite reduced microbial NO3 − uptake capacity in the burned soils, soil microbes were a strong enough N sink to maintain low soil NO3 − concentrations 2 years post fire. Soil NH4 + concentrations between the treatments were not significantly different (P = 0.673). However, gross NH4 + production and microbial uptake rates in burned soils were significantly lower (P = 0.028 and 0.035, respectively) than in the controls, and these rates were positively correlated with C availability. Our results imply that C availability is an important factor regulating soil N cycling of coniferous forests in the region.
Photodissociation of vibrationally excited H2, HD, and D2 by absorption into the continua of the Lyman and Werner systems

Results are presented of calculations of the photodissociation cross sections corresponding to absorption from all the vibrational levels of the ground electronic state, X 1 Σ g + , of H 2 and its isotopes, HD and D 2 , into the continua of the Lyman ( B 1 Σ u + ) and the Werner ( C 1 ∏ u ) systems.
Report from the American Nurses' Association Council on Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing

Society has demonstrated a major need for expanded gerontological and geropschiatric nursing services. Current needs have not yet been met and the call for service will increase throughout the balance of this century and beyond. Social responsiveness demands that nurses: (1) formally establish their clinical authority in care of the aged; (2) lobby for public policy which enables the provider professional to control the practice environment, rather than be controlled by it; (3) improve the educational preparation of nurses to care the aged; and (4) expand the professions' scientific and researhc base in this area. The national professional organization of registered nurses, the American Nurses' Association, provides leadership to influence the course of nursing as it continues to provide vital services in a dramatically changing environment.
Universal light cone commutator

Abstract An operator generalization of a previously considered universal light cone current commutator is proposed. It involves the vector Jμa(x) and scalar Sa(x) elements of the U(12) algebra as well as the the vector Pμ and scalar M2 elements of the Poincare enveloping algebra. The requirements imposed by the proposal on the light cone behaviour of the current commutator are deduced and discussed.
A glycolipid precursor of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lipid X) lacks activity against endothelial cells in vitro and is not toxic in vivo

Lipid X (2,3-diacylglucosamine-1-phosphate) accumulates in mutants of Escherichia coli incapable of assembling the disaccharide backbone of lipid A, the principle endotoxic moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We compared the effects of lipid X on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cell (BEC) viability and prostacyclin (PGI2) release with those of lipid A and LPS. At 10(-5) M, both LPS and lipid A produced significant BEC cytotoxicity (percentage cytotoxicity 69 +/- 4 for LPS and 51 +/- 11 for lipid A) and induced a variable but consistent increase in the release of PGI2 (11- to 73-fold increase for LPS and 4- to 6-fold increase for lipid A). Lipid X, in contrast, was not toxic and did not induce PGI2 release at 10(-4) M. Pretreatment and coincubation of BEC with lipid X, at a concentration 100 times greater than LPS, failed to prevent LPS-mediated cytotoxicity. Intravenous infusion of lipid X in goats had no effect except for a modest elevation in the pulmonary artery pressure during the period of infusion. Moreover, pretreatment of goats with lipid X (70 micrograms/kg) did not block the effects of a subsequent infusion of LPS (5 micrograms/kg). These data suggest that a fatty acid-substituted disaccharide is the minimal molecular requirement for the numerous effects in vivo and activity in vitro induced by LPS. Furthermore, these effects are not prevented by pretreatment with a monosaccharide precursor of lipopolysaccharide, lipid X, at a dose 10- to 100-fold greater than that of LPS.
Religious Switching for Marriage Reasons

L'A. s'interesse ici plus particulierement aux gens qui changent de religion (ou de confession chretienne) pour des raisons matrimoniales. Pour ce faire, il emploie une methodologie de type sociologique en travaillant sur le cas americain. Il analyse le contenu social et theologique de ces motivations en determinant les avantages que procure le fait de changer d'une denomination vers une autre ainsi que les criteres theologico-sociaux qui justifient pareille conversion d'une religion a l'autre
CT Portography with Gastric Variceal Volume Measurements in the Evaluation of Endoscopic Therapeutic Efficacy of Tissue Adhesive Injection into Gastric Varices: A Pilot Study

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) injection is used for treating gastric varices (GV). Determining the degree of obliteration of GV is not readily evident at endoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate CT portography with gastric variceal volume calculations to assess endoscopic therapeutic efficacy of NBCA injection. The study design is a retrospective series pilot study. The setting is a single, tertiary care academic medical center. Ten patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with NBCA injection of GV and had biphasic CT scans performed before and after injection therapy. Based on portal venous images, 3D reconstruction and semi-automated volume calculations of GV were performed. Pre and post injection GV volume calculations were compared. The mean pre-procedure GV volume was 89.84 cm3. Eight patients had significant improvement in GV volume from pre-treatment versus post-treatment (95.65 cm3 vs. 49.65 cm3, P-value 0.04). Pre-procedure GV volume was not significantly different in patients treated for active hemorrhage versus no hemorrhage (101.66 cm3 vs. 72.11 cm3, P-value 0.33). Two patients had a subsequent GV hemorrhage after NBCA injection. The mean residual GV volume in these patients versus those that did not re-bleed was significantly more (127.77 cm3 vs. 38.00 cm3, P-value 0.005). CT portography with measurement of GV volume is a potentially useful tool in determining the therapeutic efficacy NBCA injection of GV. Patients with higher residual GV volumes are at increased risk of hemorrhage and may benefit from repeat injection to reach ideal GV volumes.
Simultaneous interferometric optical figure characterizations for nominal optical flat and Dewar-window system at cryogenic temperatures

In cryogenic optical-figure measurements for nominal optical flats, we in principle need a dewar-window system with the associated wavefront distortion calibrated for its actual temperature profile. Using traditional approach, this calibration would require a cryogenically calibrated reference flat, whose calibration on the other hand would need a calibrated window system not existing yet. Of course, we cannot reliably calculate the wave-front distortion either because of the following unknown profiles in the glass substrates such as temperature, temperature-dependent non-uniformity of the thermal expansion coefficient, refractive index, mechanical mounting strain, etc. To solve the problem, the author proposes a scheme to characterize and separate the tilt-independent wavefront distortion of the window system from that of the test piece in only one cooldown. The scheme involves interferometric phase map measurements for several lateral locations of the test piece shifted by a cryogenic X-Y translation stage. The data reduction scheme is described in detail.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relations among age, visual memory, and resting cerebral metabolism in 40 healthy men

Visual memory, as measured by the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and resting regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc), as measured by positron emission tomography (PET) and [18-F]fluorodeoxyglucose, were examined in 40 very healthy men, aged 21 to 83 years. Age-related differences in visual memory were found but were significantly smaller than differences reported in the general population. This discrepancy is attributable to our rigorous health screening. The age-related differences found in this sample are estimates of the lower limit of population differences unconfounded by disease. Age-related differences on undistracted delayed visual memory were greater than differences on immediate visual memory, suggesting age-related differences in spontaneous elaborative visual information processing. No relation between visual memory and resting rCMRglc was found, supporting the hypothesis that mental abilities are unrelated to resting brain metabolism unless both functions are influenced by disease.
Protein Carbonyl Browning Systems: A Study of the Reaction Between Glucose and Insulin

SUMMARY The interaction between glucose and insulin in the dry state was studied at a relatively low glucose concentration with carbon-14-labeled glucose. The conditions of the investigation were that the equilibrium relative humidity was 0.74, pH range 4–7, and temperature range 35–55°C. Under these conditions, the rate of the reaction decreased with increasing pH and had an activation energy of approximately 2.7 Kcal/mole. Reasons are given for believing that the reaction may be the formation of a Schiff base.
The effects of postexposure test expectation in advertising experiments utilizing recall and recognition measures

Whether due to unaccepted guises, previous exposure to measures, or overt instructions, subjects in advertising experiments often expect testing related to ads, while individuals encountering ads in daily life feel no such expectation. The results of experiments exploring main and interactive effects of postexposure test expectation on ad retention measures are reported. In the first experiment, subjects who expected a recall or recognition test performed better on that test than subjects who expected a different measure or measures unrelated to retention. In the second experiment, the sort of test expectations which may arise when subjects encounter ads in controlled research settings moderated the effect of competitive advertising interference on recall scores. Summarily, these data suggest that test expectation may often influence the findings of advertising experiments.
Origins of Federal Oil Regulation in the 1920's

The 1920's and early 1930's witnessed the beginnings of federal oil regulation in the United States. Professor Nordhauser argues that oil executives rather than government officials led the way in the movement for regulation and that their dominant goals were the stabilization of prices and profits.
Isolation of Serratia marcescens on deoxyribonuclease-toluidine blue-cephalothin agar.

Serratia marcescens was isolated on a new medium—commercial deoxyribonuclease agar with the addition of cephalothin (1,000 μg/ml) and Toluidine Blue (1,000 μg/ml). It was detected in water samples even though it comprised only 0.1 to 0.0001% of the total bacterial population.
Remembering the Variants in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia, leaves its victims with a progressive loss of both memory and cognitive function. Rare forms of the disease are hereditary, caused by mutations in specific genes. But the causes of the more common sporadic type of Alzheimer’s disease are largely elusive. To determine whether variants in the genome modulate risk for development of Alzheimer’s disease, two international consortia sequenced the genomes of large groups of patients and controls. In two concurrent articles, Jonsson et al. and Guerreiro et al. report the genome-wide sequencing of over 4000 individuals, approximately half of whom had Alzheimer’s disease. Both groups found that variants in the gene encoding TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) were associated with markedly increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. People carrying one variant in particular (rs75932628-T) had the highest risk of Alzheimer’s. This finding was validated in several thousand additional cases and controls, when taking into account both studies. Individuals with this TREM2 variant were more than three times more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease than were individuals without it. Even carriers of the rs75932628-T variant without Alzheimer’s disease fared worse on cognitive testing than did noncarriers, especially after the age of 80. TREM2 is a transmembrane protein that participates in signaling pathways that modulate the immune response in several cell types, including microglia, the resident phagocytic cell of the brain. Although exactly how the rs75932628-T version of TREM2 changes microglia function is unknown, the authors postulate that it could perturb the cell’s ability to clear debris and amyloid aggregates, which are thought to be pivotal in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Although these studies present compelling evidence for the contribution of TREM2 variants to the development of Alzheimer’s disease, the vast majority of patients still have no identifiable genetic marker. The quest to understand and therapeutically target the drivers of Alzheimer’s disease is not over. T. Jonsson et al ., Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. , published online 14 November 2012 (10.1056/NEJMoa1211103). [[PubMed]][1] R. Guerreiro et al ., TREM2 variants in Alzheimer’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. , published online 14 November 2012 (10.1056/NEJMoa1211851). [[PubMed]][2] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150908 [2]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150934
Security architecture-based system design

We present a new view of information security based on concepts from the Defense Goal Security Architecture. This view looks at security according to the desire to protect and to share information without regard to either the hardware or the software architecture. The result is a separation of concerns and a security architecture that is based on system security requirements without including the network topology or the process interactions. The primary construct of the architecture is the information domain in which authorized users share information that has a common set of protection requirements. The system design is formed as a product of the security, the hardware, and the software architectures.
Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing Environment: A Dominant Role for Water

Transpiration—the movement of water from the soil, through plants, and into the atmosphere—is the dominant water flux from the earth's terrestrial surface. The evolution of vascular plants, while increasing terrestrial primary productivity, led to higher transpiration rates and widespread alterations in the global climate system. Similarly, anthropogenic influences on transpiration rates are already influencing terrestrial hydrologic cycles, with an even greater potential for changes lying ahead. Intricate linkages among anthropogenic activities, terrestrial productivity, the hydrologic cycle, and global demand for ecosystem services will lead to increased pressures on ecosystem water demands. Here, we focus on identifying the key drivers of ecosystem water use as they relate to plant physiological function, the role of predicted global changes in ecosystem water uses, trade-offs between ecosystem water use and carbon uptake, and knowledge gaps.
What Studies of Actors and Acting Can Tell Us About Memory and Cognitive Functioning

The art of acting has been defined as the ability to live truthfully under imaginary circumstances. Our many years of researching theatrical expertise have produced findings relevant to text comprehension, learning theory, cognitive aging, and expert memory. In this article, we first discuss how large amounts of dialogue, learned in a very short period, can be reproduced in real time with complete spontaneity. We then turn to abstracting the essence of acting and applying it to diverse undertakings, from discovering optimal learning strategies to promoting healthy cognitive aging. Finally, we address the implications of acting expertise on current theories of embodied cognition.
Detection of structural and numerical chromosome abnormalities in interphase cells using spectral imaging.

SUMMARY Chromosome abnormalities are common causes of congenital malformations and spontaneous abortions. They include structural abnormalities, polyploidy, trisomy, and mosaicism. In in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of oocytes and embryos has become the technique of choice to select against abnormal embryos before embryo transfer. For diagnosis of structural abnormalities, we developed case-specific breakpoint-spanning DNA probes. Screening of an in-house yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library is facilitated by information from publicly available databases and published articles. Most numerical chromosome abnormalities, on the other hand, are detrimental to early embryonic development and increase with maternal age. We therefore developed a multichromosome screening technique based on spectral imaging to simultaneously detect and score as many as 10 different chromosome types. The probe set was chosen to detect more than 70% of all numerical chromosome aberrations responsible for spontaneous abortions. Detecting structural and numerical abnormalities in single interphase cells using spectral imaging is a powerful technique for multilocus genetic screening. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:797–798, 2001) B ecause cells available for PGD analysis are likely to be in interphase, we set out to develop rapid procedures for chromosome enumeration and detection of structural abnormalities based on hybridization of chromosome-specific probes and spectral imaging detection. The following describes our typical procedure to prepare case-specific probe for detection of structural chromosome alterations in interphase cells. Institutional Review Board Approval was obtained for this study. Breakpoint-spanning probes were prepared for a carrier of a balanced reciprocal translocation, 46,XY,t(3;4)(p24;p15). We selected YAC clones based on STS markers previously mapped to the approximate breakpoint regions and informa
Nocardia veterana endogenous endophthalmitis in a cardiac transplant patient

Background Endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to Nocardia species is extremely rare but often portends a poor visual prognosis often owing to the advanced nature of disease at presentation and delay in diagnosis. Patients who are systemically immunosuppressed are at greatest risk and early suspicion of the role of this organism in patients with acute panuveitis is paramount.
A yeast gene essential for regulation of spindle pole duplication.

Abstract In eucaryotic cells, duplication of spindle poles must be coordinated with other cell cycle functions. We report here the identification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a temperature-sensitive lethal mutation, esp1, that deregulates spindle pole duplication. Mutant cells transferred to the nonpermissive temperature became unable to continue DNA synthesis and cell division but displayed repeated duplication of their spindle pole bodies. Although entry into this state after transient challenge by the nonpermissive temperature was largely lethal, rare survivors were recovered and found to have become increased in ploidy. If the mutant cells were held in G0 or G1 during exposure to the elevated temperature, they remained viable and maintained normal numbers of spindle poles. These results suggest dual regulation of spindle pole duplication, including a mechanism that promotes duplication as cells enter the division cycle and a negative regulatory mechanism, controlled by ESP1, that limits duplication to a single occurrence in each cell division cycle. Tetrad analysis has revealed that ESP1 resides at a previously undescribed locus on the right arm of chromosome VII.
A design study for photon diagnostics for the APS storage ring short-pulse x-ray source

A short x-ray pulse source based on the crab cavity scheme proposed by Zholents is being developed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). Photon diagnostics that visualize the electron bunches with transverse momentum chirp and verify the performance of the short x-ray pulse are required. We present a design study for the imaging diagnostics inside and outside of the crab cavity zone, utilizing both x-ray and visible synchrotron radiation. The diagnostics outside of the crab cavity zone will be used to map out stable operation parameters of the storage ring with crab cavities and to perform single-bunch, single- pass imaging of the chirped bunch, which facilitates optimizing the performance of the short-pulse source without disturbing other users around the ring.
Interval scripts: a programming paradigm for interactive environments and agents

In this paper we present interval scripts, a new paradigm for the programming of interactive environments and computer characters. In this paradigm, actions and states of the users and the system computational agents are associated with temporal intervals. Programming is accomplished by establishing temporal relationships as constraints between the intervals. Unlike previous temporal constraint-based programming languages, we employ a strong temporal algebra based in Allen's interval algebra with the ability to express mutually exclusive intervals and to define complex temporal structures. To avoid the typical computational complexity of strong temporal algebras we propose a method, PNF propagation, that projects the network implicit in the program into a simpler, 3-valued (past, now, future) network where constraint propagation can be conservatively approximated in linear time. The interval scripts paradigm is the basis of ISL, or Interval Scripts Language, that was used to build three large-scale, computer-vision-based interactive installations with complex interactive dramatic structures. The success in implementing these projects provides evidence that the interval scripts paradigm is a powerful and expressive programming method for interactive environments.
A compatible and scalable clock synchronization protocol in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks

This paper studies the scalability and compatibility problems of clock synchronization in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks. The scalability problem of 802.11 timing synchronization has been recognized and studied by researchers in the field, but the proposed solutions are not meeting industry expectation. The compatibility issue is not well investigated by the research community yet. The compatibility issue is very important and practical because of the large deployment base of 802.11 networks. In this paper, we try to address both issues. We propose a simple, compatible protocol without any change of beacon format. The frequency adjustment is proved to be bounded and the maximum clock offset is controlled under 20 /spl mu/s. It is a significant improvement over the current results in the field. The current solutions with similar complexity can only control the maximum clock offset around 125 /spl mu/s for compatible solutions and 50 /spl mu/s for non-compatible protocols.
Upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian rocks of the Sheeprock Mountains, Utah: Regional correlation and significance

Apparently conformable upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian miogeoclinal rocks in the Sheeprock Mountains, Utah, attain a maximum thickness of at least 7,200 m. The sequence begins at the base with phyllite, quartzite, glaciomarine diamictite, and shale deposited near the northern edge of a subsiding basin. These rocks are assigned to the Sheeprock Group (2,700–4,300 m). Overlying quartzitic rocks (1,950–4,000 m) are correlated with specific formations of the Brigham Group (Huntsville sequence). Revision of earlier accounts of the stratigraphy in the Sheeprock Mountains is suggested by the recognition of low-angle faults that attenuate the stratigraphic section. Stratigraphic relations in the Sheeprock Mountains bear on regional correlation. The probable presence in the Deep Creek Range of two diamictite units separated by quartzite is reaffirmed. This sequence is grossly similar to that of the Sheeprock Mountains. It is suggested that the Caddy Canyon Quartzite (Brigham Group) inter-fingers to the south and west of the Sheeprock area with siltstone, shale, and some limestone. Possibly, no rocks exposed in the San Francisco Mountains and Canyon Range are older than the Caddy Canyon Quartzite. The McCoy Creek Group of western Utah and eastern Nevada is probably for the most part equivalent to the Caddy Canyon Quartzite. The Osceola Argillite (unit G, McCoy Creek Group) may be equivalent to the Inkom Formation, and it perhaps records a marine transgression that temporarily reduced the clastic supply. The correlation of the Mutual Formation of the platform sequence in the Wasatch Range to a lithologically similar unit in the miogeocline to the west remains the simplest interpretation, although the platform Mutual may be older than the unit of the same name in the miogeocline.
Lidocaine levels during CPR: Differences after peripheral venous, central venous, and intracardiac injections

Drug administration via peripheral vein, central vein, and intracardiac routes is generally assumed to be equally effective during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Experiments were performed in an animal model to evaluate this assumption. Twelve mongrel dogs weighing >20 kg were studied. Arterial blood pressure and electrocardiogram were monitored continuously. Cardiac outputs were evaluated before CPR to determine control. After thoracotomy and fibrillation of the heart, cardiac massage was started and the rate of compression adjusted to give 30% of control cardiac output. A lidocaine bolus of 1.5 mg/kg was given via peripheral vein in four dogs, central vein in four dogs, and intracardiac (left ventricle) in four dogs. Drug levels were sampled through an aortic catheter at the level of the coronary artery ostia every 20 sec for five min, every 30 sec for 10 min, and every 60 sec for 15 min. There was no significant difference in the appearance of effective levels or time of peak levels in the three groups. The peak levels were highest in the central venous group, while peripheral venous and intracardiac peak levels were 63% and 31%, respectively, of the central venous peak. Duration of effective levels was 20 min in the intracardiac group, 14.5 min in the central venous group, and 9.6 min in the peripheral venous group. Further studies are needed to determine whether changes are needed in drug administration during CPR in man.
P02.27. Martial arts exercise improves quality of life in overweight/obese premenopausal women

Purpose Martial arts have been practiced as a physical activity for health and fitness and are recommended as such by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Previous studies showed that most forms of martial arts had positive effects on health. However, there is no data on the effects of martial arts exercise (MAE) on quality of life. This study evaluated the effects of 12 weeks of MAE intervention on quality of life among overweight/obese premenopausal women.
The Influence of Past Unemployment Duration on Symptoms of Depression Among Young Women and Men in the United States

Objectives. I examined whether unemployment while looking for a job and being out of the labor force while not seeking work have distinct effects on symptoms of depression among young women and men in the United States. I also investigated whether past unemployment duration predicts depressive symptoms.Methods. I used ordinary least squares regression to analyze data from the 1979–1994 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth.Results. Cross-sectional results suggested that current unemployment status and out-of-the-labor-force status were significantly associated with depressive symptoms at ages 29 through 37 years. The association between being out of the labor force and depressive symptoms was stronger for men. Longitudinal results revealed that past unemployment duration across 15 years of the transition to adulthood significantly predicted depressive symptoms, net of demographics, family background, current socioeconomic status, and prior depressive symptoms. However, duration out of the labor force did ...
Rift Valleys on Earth, Mars and Venus

Rift-like structures observed on Mars and Venus are grossly similar to their terrestrial counterparts. Rifts on both Mars and Venus cut regional uplifts and the martian rift is associated with extensive volcanism. The major differences between terrestrial and extra-terrestrial rifts are scale and abundance: the martian rift is ∼2200 km long and 90–120 km wide and the venusian trough has a length of ∼1400 km and a width of ∼ 150 km. These large dimensions suggest that the crusts of the two planets may be significantly thicker than the Earth’s crust. Only one major rift is seen on Mars, and only one has been detected to date on Venus. A lack of fold mountains, strike-slip faults, and subduction zone style volcanoes on Mars, and preservation of ancient cratered terrain, imply that unlike the present-day Earth, the martian rift was not formed as a result of plate tectonics. The possibility of additional rifts on Venus, and the presence of ancient cratered terrain, suggest that Venus may be analogous to the earliest stages of terrestrial rifting and plate tectonics.