cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
API Access Control with OAuth: Coordinating interactions with the Internet of Things.

The use of restful application programming interfaces (APIs) is growing quickly as more and more organizations determine that they can expand their core business by attracting developers and becoming a platform for online apps. This trend has been accelerated by the increasing use of mobile applications that rely on access to server-based data and processes to accomplish their work. The increased availability of connected consumer devices will further speed up API popularity.
Using PFS First Publisher for electronic graphics

PFS First Publisher, a reasonably priced (around $75 for education) desktop publisher with a very useful graphics clipboard, is briefly described. It is also an adequate desktop publisher for small newsletters, flyers, and cards such as invitations. >
Whole Body Counter Studies on the Absorption of 60Co, 59Fe, 54Mn and 65Zn by Chicks, as Affected by Their Dietary Levels and Other Supplemental Divalent Elements

Abstract COTZIAS et al. (1962) reported that increasing levels of zinc fed to mice, reduced the retention of 65 Zn in tissues and increased its absorption. Similar results were presented by Kinnamon and Bunce (1965). Gunn et al. (1962) observed that cadmium interfered with zinc by displacing 65 Zn in the liver by causing an interference with normal zinc excretions. Reports on the interference of zinc with ferritin iron incorporation and on the turnover of iron in rats were presented by Settlemire and Matrone (1967a, b). Hill et al. (1964) suggested that interactions of elements were due to similarities within their structures and their coordination numbers, which could be the result of a “total heavy metal ion effect”. The present studies were conducted to observe if elements of the same group of the periodic table had any effect on the absorption of 60 Co, 59 Fe, 54 Mn and 65 Zn by chickens. The effects that high…
Historical and Regulatory Perspectives on the Treatment Effect of Antibacterial Drugs for Community-Acquired Pneumonia

A noninferiority margin based on the treatment effect of antibacterial drugs is required for noninferiority studies of community-acquired pneumonia. A quantitative estimate of treatment effect is generally determined from placebo-controlled trials, but, since the mid-to-late 1930s, no studies have compared outcomes for patients who received placebo (or no specific therapy) with those for patients who received an antibacterial drug for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. In this article, early controlled studies, as well as observational data, are reviewed, and the beneficial effect of antibacterial drugs on mortality rates among patients with pneumococcal pneumonia is demonstrated. However, because these data were obtained in the early 20th century, several important factors have changed, including patient populations, the etiological agents of pneumonia, and medical standards of care. Thus, the applicability of these studies to the determination of a noninferiority margin for contemporary trials for community-acquired pneumonia remains in question.
Astroglia demonstrate regional differences in their ability to maintain primary dendritic outgrowth from mouse cortical neurons in vitro.

To determine whether glia from different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) initiate or maintain primary dendritic growth, embryonic day 18 mouse cortical neurons were co-cultured with rat (postnatal day 4) astroglial cells derived from retina, spinal cord, mesencephalon, striatum, olfactory bulb, retina, and cortex. Axon and dendrite outgrowth from isolated neurons was quantified using morphological and immunohistochemical techniques at 18 h and 1, 3, and 5 days in vitro. Neurons initially extend the same number of neurites, regardless of the source of glial monolayer; however, glial cells differ in their ability to maintain primary dendrites. Homotypic cortical astrocytes maintain the greatest number of primary dendrites. Glia derived from the olfactory bulb and retina maintained intermediate numbers of dendrites, whereas only a small number of primary dendrites were maintained by glia derived from striatum, spinal cord, or mesencephalon. Longer axons were initially observed from neurons grown on glia that did not maintain dendrite number. Axonal length, however, was similar on the various monolayers after 5 days in vitro. Neurons that were grown in media conditioned by either mesencephalic or cortical glia for the first 24 h followed by culture media from glia of the alternate source for 4 days in vitro confirmed that glia maintained, rather than initiated, the outgrowth of the primary dendritic arbor. These results indicate that glial cells derived from various CNS regions differ in their ability to maintain the primary dendritic arbor from mouse cortical neurons in vitro. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel approach for the analysis of T-cell reconstitution by using a T-cell receptor β-based oligonucleotide microarray in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Objective Analysis of T-cell population diversity is important to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The millions of specificities in T-cell receptor (TCR) hypervariable complementarity−determining region 3 (CDR3) precludes detection of all T-cell populations by antibody-based flow cytometry. An alternative method, the TCR CDR3 spectratyping assay, involves multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses and is interpreted only qualitatively. In this study, we designed the first TCRβ-based oligonucleotide microarray and investigated its specificity, clonality discrimination, sensitivity of detection, and feasibility for monitoring T-cell population diversity in HSCT. Materials and Methods The array contains 27 TCR Vβ probes and 13 Jβ probes. TCRβ repertoire diversity was detected with single PCR, microarray hybridization system, and Spotfire analysis software. Results TCRβ-based microarray provides specific sequence-based information and can distinguish T-cell monoclonal expansion within a polyclonal population. We successfully used this microarray to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze T-cell population diversity in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Conclusion This success suggests broad potential applications of the microarray for use in many other areas, including anti-tumor immunity, vaccination, autoimmunity, infectious diseases, and leukemia. By providing a single PCR-based assay to quantify multiple T-cell populations in parallel, this device will allow clinicians and researchers to rapidly perform high-throughput surveys.
Symmetric Space Cartan Connections and Gravity in Three and Four Dimensions

Einstein gravity in both 3 and 4 dimensions, as well as some interesting genera- lizations, can be written as gauge theories in which the connection is a Cartan connection for geometry modeled on a symmetric space. The relevant models in 3 dimensions include Einstein gravity in Chern-Simons form, as well as a new formulation of topologically massive gravity, with arbitrary cosmological constant, as a single constrained Chern-Simons action. In 4 dimensions the main model of interest is MacDowell-Mansouri gravity, generalized to include the Immirzi parameter in a natural way. I formulate these theories in Cartan geometric language, emphasizing also the role played by the symmetric space structure of the model. I also explain how, from the perspective of these Cartan-geometric formulations, both the topological mass in 3d and the Immirzi parameter in 4d are the result of non- simplicity of the Lorentz Lie algebra so(3,1) and its relatives. Finally, I suggest how the language of Cartan geometry provides a guiding principle for elegantly reformulating any 'gauge theory of geometry'.
Sum-rate maximization of two-way amplify-and-forward relay networks with imperfect channel state information

Considering a two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) relay network and aiming to simultaneously maximize the two users' mutual information lower bounds in the presence of channel estimation errors, we study the Pareto-front of users' mutual information lower bounds. Based on the Pareto-front we investigate the optimal power allocation among the two users and the relay, as well as the optimal power allotment between training and data symbols that maximize the average sum-rate lower bound, and explore the variations of these optimal power allocation as the relay position changes. We also show that the mean square error (MSE) of channel estimation is minimized when training vectors transmitted by the two users are orthogonal.
Identifying Active Travel Behaviors in Challenging Environments Using GPS, Accelerometers, and Machine Learning Algorithms.

Background: Active travel is an important area in physical activity research, but objective measurement of active travel is still difficult. Automated methods to measure travel behaviors will improve research in this area. In this paper we present a supervised machine learning method for transportation mode prediction from GPS and accelerometer data. Methods: We collected a dataset of about 150 hours of GPS and accelerometer data from two research assistants following a protocol of prescribed trips consisting of five activities: bicycling, riding in a vehicle, walking, sitting, and standing. We extracted 49 features from 1-minute windows of this data. We compared the performance of several machine learning algorithms and chose a random forest algorithm to classify the transportation mode. We used a moving average output filter to smooth the output predictions over time. Results: The random forest algorithm achieved 89.8% cross-validated accuracy on this dataset. Adding the moving average filter to smooth output predictions increased the cross-validated accuracy to 91.9%. Conclusions: Machine learning methods are a viable approach for automating measurement of active travel, particularly for measuring travel activities that traditional accelerometer data processing methods misclassify, such as bicycling and vehicle travel.
Duplication of Small Intestine With Perforated Peptic Ulcer In Ectopic Gastric Mucosa

THE ANOMALIES of the alimentary tract known under the term of "duplications" are not frequently seen, 1 except perhaps in a specialty institution. Even so, most of the larger series of these anomalies were collected over a period of several years. Two of the longer series are those of Gross and associates 2 who studied 67 cases seen in the Children's Hospital of Boston, during a period of 22 years, and Sieber, 3 in 1956, who reported a total of 25 cases from a pediatric service, collected in the course of 21 years. These malformations may be symptomless or may cause a variety of signs and symptoms depending on the site and type of the anomaly. The symptoms may range from bouts of abdominal pain to complete or partial obstruction of a portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Occult hemorrhage may lead to severe unexplained anemia or, in some cases, to
Natural Resources with Potential for Health Applications

If one simply drives through the rural areas or observes the rituals of one of India’s dozens of harvest festivals, it is obvious that agriculture plays a pivotal role in Indian life. India is the second largest user of arable land in the world (after the United States) and agriculture accounts for approximately 16 % of India’s GDP. It is also important to note that despite the rising populations of urban hubs like Mumbai and New Delhi, more than three of every five Indians is dependent upon agriculture for his/her livelihood. Silk farming, also known as sericulture, is also a major operation in India, employing approximately 750,000 people.
INTENSITY DEPENDENCE OF FLUOROPHORE PHOTOBLEACHING BY A STEPPED‐INTENSITY SLOW‐BLEACH EXPERIMENT

— We describe a simple method for determination of the dependence of fluorophore photo-bleaching on the intensity of the incident light. A sample of fluorophore is illuminated uniformly with an intensity which is sufficient only to bleach a small fraction of the fluorophore during a fluorescence lifetime period. The long-term decay of fluorescence due to photobleaching is monitored before and after a stepped increase in the incident intensity. The order of the photobleaching reaction is determined by taking the ratio of the logarithms of the limiting values of the slope of the fluorescence bleaching curve and the absolute fluorescence change. The method is applied to fluorescein, bound to dextran or ovalbumin, in aqueous solution, and the order of the reaction in both cases is shown to be unity.
Historic low-level phosphorus enrichment in the Great Lakes inferred from biogenic silica accumulation in sediments

Sedimentary biogenic silica (BSi) accumulation was used in conjunction with a hypothetical model of BSi accumulation to show that BSi is a sensitive proxy for low-level phosphorus enrichment in the Great Lakes. We hypothesize that historic nutrient-driven changes in diatom production altered silica biogeochemistry and induced biologically mediated silica depletion (BMSD) and that a record of the underlying mechanism, enhanced diatom production and BSi sedimentation stimulated by anthropogenic phosphorus enrichment, is preserved in the sediment record. Paleolimnological results support three hypotheses based on this model. First, BSi accumulation increased in Lake Superior and Lake Huron at total phosphorus (TP) concentrations (4 and 5 m gT P L 21 or 0.13 and 0.16 mmol L 21 , respectively) too small to induce BMSD and with changes in TP concentration too small to be detected by routine water-column sampling. Second, a peak in BSi accumulation in Lake Michigan resulted from epilimnetic silica depletion that developed rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s when TP averaged 8 m gL 21 (0.26 mmol L
Human cold adaptation: An unfinished agenda

1975 marked the end of a 20-year period of human biology research on physical environment. The focus then shifted from climatic adaptation to problems of nutrition, disease, and stress. However, many questions about human environmental patterns, especially in reference to their evolution, were abandoned rather than resolved. Assumptions about cold protective functions of low surface area/body mass ratio are entrenched in physical anthropology, despite lack of experimental validation. Since heat loss is controlled by vasoregulation and tissue insulation, a simple physics model of SA:mass may not apply. The issue merits investigation, as do the assumed thermal advantages of foreshortened extremities. Physiological assessment remains our primary research tool. In cold climate natives, elevated basal metabolic rates now appear to be genetically induced. During cold exposure, the body manages heat conservation through well known channels but also by specialized thermogenic functions such as metabolism in brown adipose tissue (BAT). The powerful protective capacity of BAT is largely unexplored either within or between populations of cold exposed human adults. An irony of our profession is that many biological variables seem to have minor effects when compared to behavioral cold protections. This is partly because biological anthropologists may have made incorrect assumptions about what most threatens the well being of cold climate people. Contrasts in environmental behaviors when comparing northern cultures such as Inuit, Athabaskan, and Norse are particularly instructive. Adaptations to life in the cold may ultimately reveal their secrets through biocultural research design modeling of environmental research. With both practical and theoretical gains still wide open, the field needs renewed attention from human biology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:218–227, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical application of the gender role strain paradigm: Group treatment for adolescent boys

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the clinical application of the gender role strain paradigm with a group of adolescent boys. Adolescent boys experience overwhelming pressure to adhere to gender norms. As they attempt to conform to the expectations associated with the male role, boys suffer from gender role strain. We illustrate how the protective environment of the group enables boys to engage and discuss problems with male role norms. The shift in the boys' adherence to traditional notions of masculinity supports the utility of the gender role strain paradigm in clinical work.
Attribution and Self‐Efficacy and Their Interrelationship in the Korean EFL Context

This study examined the interrelationships between learners' attributions and self-efficacy and their achievements in learning English as a foreign language. Participants were 192 ninth-grade English learners in Korea who were asked to provide attribution and self-efficacy ratings upon receiving test grades. Results indicated that learners with different levels of self-efficacy ratings endorsed attributions differently for successful and unsuccessful outcomes. Learners with higher levels of self-efficacy attributed their test results to more internal and personal control factors than those who reported lower self-efficacy levels. For learners who were unsuccessful, those with higher self-efficacy made stronger personal control attributions than learners with lower self-efficacy.
Infrared and Multispectral Sensing

The purpose of this paper is to present a brief introduction to infrared pictorial sensing for biologists. How the scanning systems developed for infrared might be extended to provide a true multispectral sensing system utilizing the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions in concert will be shown. Such a system appears capable of simultaneously improving contrast and also of reducing the work load of the human interpreter.
Distribution Patterns of Lentic-Breeding Amphibians in Relation to Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Western North America

An increase in ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation has been posited to be a potential factor in the decline of some amphibian population. This hypothesis has received support from laboratory and field experiments showing that current levels of UV-B can cause embryo mortality in some species, but little research has addressed whether UV-B is influencing the distribution of amphibian populations. We compared patterns of amphibian presence to sitespecific estimates of UV-B dose at 683 ponds and lakes in Glacier, Olympic, and Sequoia‐Kings Canyon National Parks. All three parks are located in western North America, a region with a concentration of documented amphibian declines. Sitespecific daily UV-B dose was estimated using modeled and field-collected data to incorporate the effects of elevation, landscape, and water-column dissolved organic carbon. Of the eight species we examined (Ambystoma gracile, Ambystoma macrodactylum, Bufo boreas, Pseudacris regilla, Rana cascadae, Rana leuteiventris, Rana muscosa, Taricha granulosa), two species (T. granulosa and A. macrodactylum) had quadratic relationships with UV-B that could have resulted from negative UV-B effects. Both species were most likely to occur at moderate UV-B levels. Ambystoma macrodactylum showed this pattern only in Glacier National Park. Occurrence of A. macrodactylum increased as UV-B increased in Olympic National Park despite UV-B levels similar to those recorded in Glacier. We also found marginal support for a negative association with UV-B for P. regilla in one of the two parks where it occurred. We did not find evidence of a negative UV-B effect for any other species. Much more work is still needed to determine whether UV-B, either alone or in concert with other factors, is causing widespread population losses in amphibians.
T Cells Help To Amplify Inflammatory Responses Induced by Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium in the Intestinal Mucosa

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium causes an acute inflammatory reaction in the ceca of streptomycin-pretreated mice. We determined global changes in gene expression elicited by serotype Typhimurium in the cecal mucosa. The gene expression profile was dominated by T-cell-derived cytokines and genes whose expression is known to be induced by these cytokines. Markedly increased mRNA levels of genes encoding gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and IL-17 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of genes whose expression is induced by IFN-γ, IL-22, or IL-17, including genes encoding macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2), lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC), were also markedly increased. To assess the importance of T cells in orchestrating this proinflammatory gene expression profile, we depleted T cells by using a monoclonal antibody prior to investigating cecal inflammation caused by serotype Typhimurium in streptomycin-pretreated mice. Depletion of CD3+ T cells resulted in a dramatic reduction in gross pathology, a significantly reduced recruitment of neutrophils, and a marked reduction in mRNA levels of Ifn-γ, Il-22, Il-17, Nos2, Lcn2, and Kc. Our results suggest that T cells play an important role in amplifying inflammatory responses induced by serotype Typhimurium in the cecal mucosa.
HC-BGP: A light-weight and flexible scheme for securing prefix ownership

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a fundamental building block of the Internet infrastructure. However, due to the implicit trust assumption among networks, Internet routing remains quite vulnerable to various types of misconfiguration and attacks. Prefix hijacking is one such misbehavior where an attacker AS injects false routes to the Internet routing system that misleads victim's traffic to the attacker AS. Previous secure routing proposals, e.g., S-BGP, have relied on the global public key infrastructure (PKI), which creates deployment burdens. In this paper, we propose an efficient cryptographic mechanism, HC-BGP, using hash chains and regular public/private key pairs to ensure prefix ownership certificates. HC-BGP is computationally more efficient than previously proposed secure routing schemes, and it is also more flexible for supporting various traffic engineering goals. Our scheme can efficiently prevent common prefix hijacking attacks which announce routes with false origins, including both prefix and sub-prefix hijacking attacks.
Polarized radiation from AM Herculis stars

Calculations of polarized cyclotron radiation from magnetized hot plasmas are modified to include the effects of collisions and photon scattering. These effects produce a general reduction in both the linear and circular polarization. The background unpolarized flux which had previously been invoked, in an ad hoc manner for the collisionless case, is no longer required to bring agreement with observations. The most striking effect is at small viewing angles with the magnetic field, where the fractional circular polarization is reduced from nearly 100% to close to 0%. The calculations also show that the shape of the linear polarization pulse is essentially unchanged.
Ground-penetrating radar profiles of the McMurdo Shear Zone, Antarctica, acquired with an unmanned rover: Interpretation of crevasses, fractures, and folds within firn and marine ice

ABSTRACTThe crevassed firn of the McMurdo shear zone (SZ) within the Ross Ice Shelf may also contain crevasses deep within its meteoric and marine ice, but the surface crevassing prevents ordinary vehicle access to investigate its structure geophysically. We used a lightweight robotic vehicle to tow 200- and 400-MHz ground-penetrating radar antennas simultaneously along 100 parallel transects over a 28 km2 grid spanning the SZ width. Transects were generally orthogonal to the ice flow. Total firn and meteoric ice thickness was approximately 160 m. Firn crevasses profiled at 400 MHz were up to 16 m wide, under snow bridges up to 10 m thick, and with strikes near 35°–40° to the transect direction. From the top down, 200-MHz profiles revealed firn diffractions originating to a depth of approximately 40 m, no discernible structure within the meteoric ice, a discontinuous transitional horizon, and at least 20 m of stratified marine ice; 28–31 m of freeboard found more marine ice exists. Based on 10 consecutiv...
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Chemical synthesis and properties of 3 beta-hydroxy-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluoro-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one and 25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluorocholesterol and their effects on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in cultured mammalian cells

A side-chain fluorinated delta 8(14)-15-ketosterol has been synthesized from 3 beta-acetoxy-24-hydroxy-5 alpha-chol-8(14)-en-15-one (VII) as part of a program to prepare new analogs of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (I), a potent regulator of cholesterol metabolism. 3 beta-Hydroxy-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluoro-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (VIII) was prepared in five steps from VII in 38% overall yield. Dehydration of VII via the ortho-nitrophenylselenide to the 23-ene, followed by addition of (CF3)2CFI gave 3 beta-acetoxy-23R-iodo-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluoro-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one. Reductive deiodination with tributyltin hydride, followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gave VIII. 25,26,26,26,27,27,27-Heptafluorocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol (XXI) was prepared in eight steps in 31% overall yield from 3 alpha,6 alpha-diacetoxy-5 beta-cholanic acid (XIII). Compound XIII was reduced with borane-methyl sulfide to the corresponding 24-hydroxysteroid, which was converted to 3 alpha,6 alpha-diacetoxy-25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluoro-5 beta-cholestane (XVIII) by reactions analogous to those developed for the preparation of VIII from VII. Conversion of XVIII via the 3 alpha,6 alpha-diol to the 3 alpha,6 alpha-ditosylate, followed by heating with potassium acetate in dimethylformamide and subsequent hydrolysis gave XXI. Full 1H and 13C NMR assignments are presented for VIII, XXI, and intermediates involved in their synthesis. 13C NMR assignments for 3 alpha,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-steroids have been corrected, and stereochemical assignments were established for the side-chain methylene protons of VIII, XXI, and most synthetic intermediates. Compound VIII lowered the levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells and in HepG2 cells with a potency comparable to that of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (I). In contrast, 25,26,26,26,27,27,27-heptafluorocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol had little or no effect on reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells. These combined results indicate that metabolism of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one (I) to 26- and 25-oxygenated species is not required for the suppressive action of I on the levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells and HepG2 cells.
Pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical and epidemiologic aspects.

Fifteen hundred clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 639 patients were pyocine typed using the indicator strains and a rapid glass rod modification of the standardized method of Gillies and Govan. The results suggest that hospitals differ in ranges and patterns of pyocine types. Of major interest was the adaptation of pyocine typing in determining the sites of colonization in patients with the same pyocine type of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in more than one clinical source, and its correlation with the patient’s clinical diagnosis. Pyocine typing was also found to be a workable epidemiologic tool, with the help of a surveillance officer, for routine monitoring of nosocomial infections by the Hospital Infection Committee.
Mesurer la performance globale de la chaîne logistique

La plupart des debats et des articles sur les mesures de la chaine logistique portent en realite sur les mesures de performance de la logistique interne. L’absence de definition acceptee par tous les acteurs de supply chain management et la complexite associee au recoupement des chaines logistiques, rend difficile le developpement de mesures. En depit de ces problemes les responsables continuent de chercher des mesures applicables a la chaine logistique afin de mieux « visualiser » des secteurs qu’ils ne controlent pas directement mais qui ont une incidence directe sur la performance de leur entreprise. Nous proposons un cadre de travail pour developper des mesures logistiques qui traduisent la performance dans la valeur creee pour les actionnaires. Cette demarche est axee sur la gestion de l’Interface entre les processus de management des relations avec les clients et avec les fournisseurs a chaque stade de la chaine logistique. Le transfert des ameliorations apportees aux processus dans la rentabilite d...
Family Response to the Farm Crisis: A Study in Coping

The recent farm crisis created major economic disruptions for rural communities and families. To understand the effects of these disruptions on rural families, a study was conducted with community leaders and adult members of rural families that had experienced these disruptions. Family members experienced many stress reactions, especially withdrawal and depression. Families coped primarily by marshalling family efforts to solve financial problems and to provide emotional support. Significant barriers prevented people from turning to others in the extended family and the community for help. Family members created barriers by their withdrawal and their sense of individualism and shame. Judgmental attitudes and lack of understanding by others as well as demeaning and inappropriate criteria for help also created barriers. Interventions require monitoring policy issues and mobilizing community resources, as well as helping individual families to cope.
The Role of Chemotherapy in the Management of Mesothelioma

Several chemotherapy agents have shown minor activity in MPM. Most of the studies supporting their use as single agents or in combination are misleading because of the sample size, lack of uniform measures of response, and lack of reproducibility. However, the combination of cisplatin with pemetrexed has demonstrated improved survival in phase III studies and is now considered standard therapy for mesothelioma.
121. Febrile response in an ectothermic species upon exposure to cytokines

While the behavioral and fever-inducing effects of cytokines in mammals have been well studied, little is known about their effects in reptiles. We decided to investigate the effects of cytokines and determine which (if any) were responsible for behavioral fever in lizards. We injected Dipsosaurus dorsalis with lipopolysaccaride (LPS), interluekin-1 (IL-1) or interferon-gamma (IFN-g), while continuously monitoring their body temperatures utilizing iButton temperature dataloggers. While LPS induced significant fever responses in the desert iguanas, the cytokines IL-1 and IFN-g produced a hypothermic reaction (IL-1 in the afternoon and night, while IFN-g was only significantly decreased during the night hours). These dissimilar results suggest that other cytokines may be more closely involved in the fever response in desert iguanas such as was seen post-LPS. However, the possibility may exist that there was a dosing effect, or turkey-IL-1 was not sufficiently similar to any putative reptilian IL-1 to exert “normal” fever induction.
Revision surgeries following vagus nerve stimulator implantation

The vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) has been shown to provide a safe, albeit costly, treatment for intractable epilepsy. We aimed to analyze the incidence, timing, and clinical/demographic associations of revision surgery post-VNS implantation in epilepsy patients. The Thomson Reuters MarketScan database, containing data from 23-50million individuals, was used. Epilepsy patients receiving VNS implantations from 2003 to 2009 were identified by Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification Of Diseases Ninth Revision codes. Incidence and timing of subsequent implant-related surgeries were recorded. Events were described using time-to-event methodology, with Kaplan-Meier failure estimation/Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for clinical/demographic factors. In 1234 patients, average incidence of revision surgeries over 6years of follow-up were <1%, <3%, 4-10%, and <1% for VNS electrode revision, battery revision/removal, battery replacement/implantation, and infection washout, respectively. For electrode revision and battery revision/replacement, the incidence was higher in the first year and for battery replacement in later years. Age, sex, insurance type, or geographic region did not significantly impact event occurrence. Implant-related revision surgeries are rare. Some events occur more often in certain follow-up years than others; none are significantly impacted by age, sex, insurance type, or geographic region. The most common reason for revision was battery replacement several years after VNS placement.
EVALUATION OF AERODYNAMIC AND SEISMIC COUPLING FOR WIND TURBINES USING FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH

The behavior of a wind turbine consists of complex interactions between different components and subsystems. As more large scale wind turbines are constructed in seismically active regions, earthquake excitation makes an even more challenging problem when calculating extreme loads. Turbine specific simulation codes that directly include simulation of aerodynamics and seismic loading often include considerable simplifications to the turbine model that might cause unrealistic scenarios when designing such structures. Turbine related simulation codes are also often unfamiliar for civil engineers. For these reasons, it is desirable to come up with an approach that can handle a more realistic model that can simulate coupling between the influenced loads involved. In this work, the emphasis is put on the response of the tower of a large scale wind turbine subjected to aerodynamic and seismic loading. To capture the inclusive behavior of the structure, finite element analysis was used that consisted of shell elements for the tower, and beam elements for the blades. Various interactions were also used to model the rotation of the rotor during the operation of turbine under wind loading. Results of this approach were compared with previous findings using a selection of ground motions and turbulent wind fields. It is shown that for the turbine operational condition, the presented approach agrees well with the previously verified design codes. The outcome of this approach will provide a better understanding of more detailed structural aspects of wind turbines such as nonlinear behavior and failure criteria that might be considered necessary for a more comprehensive design.
On the use of OCT to examine the varnish layer of paintings cleaned with an Er:YAG laser

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) was used to visualize and quantify the varnish layer of paintings. And to verify the success of efforts by conservators to remove the varnish using laser ablation. An Er:YAG laser (λ = 2.94μm) with a repetition rate of 15Hz and an optical power of ImW was used to remove the varnish. A spectral domain OCT system with a Michelson topology was constructed using a broadband super-luminescent diode (λ = 840±25nm). The OCT system provided an 8μm resolution, and a field of view of 5×5mm. Samples, including pigment, varnish and substrate, approximately 1mm2 in size, were removed from the oil painting, San Giorgio Maggiore by Martin Rico (1833–1908). Varnish thickness obtained from OCT was validated by similar measurements obtained from SEM analysis. Other paintings, including a late 18th century landscape, signed Thomas Gainsborough, were imaged with OCT to compare neighboring regions before and after laser treatment and to examine the layering of the artist's signature in an effort to determine its authenticity. In conclusion, the non-invasive OCT technique is an efficient tool for measurement of varnish layer thickness, for imaging over-paint under varnish layers, and for assessing the effectiveness of laser assisted varnish removal.
Rodent investigation in Zhenjiang port

Objective To understand and grasp the situation of species and density of the mouse in the river ports of Zhenjiang area,guide the control of mouse in the river ports so as to prevent the introduction or spread of communicable diseases.Methods The river ports of Zhenjiang area had three districts: Dagang,Jianbi and Gaozi,in each region selected four kinds of different environments among wharf,thicket,storage and habitation to investigate according to Ministry of Public Health "National vector biological monitoring program(Trial)",and adopted the investigation method of mouse-folder at night.Results For this research,within one year altogether 22 699 active mouse-folders had caught 202 mice,the density was 0.89%,after identification the mice were confirmed to be 2 orders 3 sections 4 genera 5 kinds.In three different regions the density of the mouse was different from each other(χ2=8.30,P0.05).Conclusion Through the research of density of the mouse,it provides a scientific basis for the establishment of beforehand warning of international infectious disease risk.It guides the people in the future activity to progress targeted work and get half the result with twice the effort.
Transference in group psychotherapy revisited.

(1971). Transference in Group Psychotherapy Revisited. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 11-22.
Endorphins and the control of pain: anatomical studies of enkephalin and dynorphin

Since pain involves complex sensory discriminative, affective and cognitive components, its control can be effected at almost any level of the neuraxis. A nociceptive stimulus may be faithfully transmitted to the spinal cord and from there to thalamus and cortex, but it is not always the case that the stimulus is perceived as painful, or for that matter, perceived at all. For example, hypnotic analgesia probably works by altering the perception of the noxious stimulus. The perceived quality of the stimulus changes sufficiently for the subject not to report pain.
Positioning by Opening the Consumer's Mind

As difficult as it has become for advertisers to attract consumers' attention, today's subtle product-positioning objectives call for ads to go beyond mere attention-getting and attract a form of attention in which the viewer is receptive to new ideas. As part of a review of the conceptual foundations of effective advertising, this paper explores some ways in which the advertiser can place a viewer in such a receptive state. It also proposes that, in certain cases, the most effective ad is one characterized by strategic deviation from approaches generally thought to be appropriate for a product category.
Abstract A62: Unjamming and spreading of a cellular aggregate as a model of breast cancer migration

Traditional understanding holds that metastasis begins as tumor cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to migrate and escape. Recent studies suggest that EMT is not necessary for metastasis, however. Tumor cells may retain their epithelial phenotype to migrate collectively during metastasis. But if EMT is not the crucial permissive step, what is? Our group recently discovered cellular jamming; a process by which an epithelial layer is dormant, non-migratory, and solid-like, corresponding to the jammed state, but in other circumstances becomes active, migratory, and fluid-like, corresponding to the unjammed state. Therefore, based on this phenomenon, do breast cancer cells unjam before they can collectively migrate and metastasize? Spheroidal aggregates of MCF10A and MDA-MB-231 cells spreading on collagen-coated polyacrylamide gels, modeling normal and malignant breast epithelium, respectively, were used to investigate cell jamming, cell-matrix adhesion, and associated traction forces. Compared with MCF10A spheroids, MDA-MB-231 spheroids permeated more rapidly onto gels, generated largely localized traction forces, and dissociated to spread more rapidly outwards. These results suggest MDA-MB-231 cells are more susceptible to unjamming and collective migration. This work will provide a new framework by which to explain collective cellular behavior of normal and malignant breast epithelium. Citation Format: Karin Wang, Jeffrey J. Fredberg. Unjamming and spreading of a cellular aggregate as a model of breast cancer migration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Engineering and Physical Sciences in Oncology; 2016 Jun 25-28; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A62.
Photosynthetic responses to temperature across leaf-canopy-ecosystem scales: a 15-year study in a Californian oak-grass savanna.

Ecosystem CO2 fluxes measured with eddy-covariance techniques provide a new opportunity to retest functional responses of photosynthesis to abiotic factors at the ecosystem level, but examining the effects of one factor (e.g., temperature) on photosynthesis remains a challenge as other factors may confound under circumstances of natural experiments. In this study, we developed a data mining framework to analyze a set of ecosystem CO2 fluxes measured from three eddy-covariance towers, plus a suite of abiotic variables (e.g., temperature, solar radiation, air, and soil moisture) measured simultaneously, in a Californian oak-grass savanna from 2000 to 2015. Natural covariations of temperature and other factors caused remarkable confounding effects in two particular conditions: lower light intensity at lower temperatures and drier air and soil at higher temperatures. But such confounding effects may cancel out. At the ecosystem level, photosynthetic responses to temperature did follow a quadratic function on average. The optimum value of photosynthesis occurred within a narrow temperature range (i.e., optimum temperature, T opt): 20.6 ± 0.6, 18.5 ± 0.7, 19.2 ± 0.5, and 19.0 ± 0.6 °C for the oak canopy, understory grassland, entire savanna, and open grassland, respectively. This paradigm confirms that photosynthesis response to ambient temperature changes is a functional relationship consistent across leaf–canopy–ecosystem scales. Nevertheless, T opt can shift with variations in light intensity, air dryness, or soil moisture. These findings will pave the way to a direct determination of thermal optima and limits of ecosystem photosynthesis, which can in turn provide a rich resource for baseline thresholds and dynamic response functions required for predicting global carbon balance and geographic shifts of vegetative communities in response to climate change.
Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cell transplantation for retinal degeneration

This chapter summarizes the design and outcomes of the first clinical trials of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell transplantation therapy for retinal regeneration. The MA09-(hESC) line was derived from the blastomere stage of a donated embryo and expanded on mitotically inactivated mouse embryonic fibroblasts according to the Good Manufacturing Practices. The MA09-hRPE cells were then tested for safety and terminal differentiation into mature RPE cells by gene expression analysis, karyotyping, phagocytosis assay, and differentiation and purity evaluation by way of morphology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and quantitative immune staining for RPE and hESC markers. Two phase I/II open-label, multicenter, prospective clinical trials investigating the safety of subretinal injection of hESC-derived RPE cell suspension in patients with end-stage atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Stargardt macular dystrophy (SMD) were performed. The visual outcomes were encouraging with some patients gaining more than ten letters in both groups; however, these results must be tempered by the lack of a control group, poor initial visual acuity, short follow-up, and limited number of patients. Thirteen of eighteen patients (72%) developed areas of increased subretinal pigmentation, some of which appeared to correlate to hyper-reflective bands on optical coherence tomography. The transplanted cells showed no evidence of tumor formation, adverse preretinal RPE cell engraftment, or clinically apparent rejection. Aside from a case of acute postoperative endophthalmitis, there were no issues with the surgical procedure itself. These promising results suggest that hESC-derived RPE cells could represent a novel treatment paradigm for retinal degenerations hallmarked by tissue loss or dysfunction.
Liver and Spleen

The liver and spleen are difficult to image with ultrasound because the overlying ribs, by preventing the transmission of ultrasound, obscure portions of these organs. In addition, since regions of the liver and spleen are larger than the field of view of a realtime scanner, a cross section of either of these organs often cannot be included on a single image. However, real-time imaging of the liver has several advantages over contact scanning. Small intrahepatic lesions can be more readily identified by real-time imaging than by contact scanning because the entire volume of the liver is continuously imaged as the real-time transducer sweeps through it, whereas with contact scanning serial scans are obtained with discrete spaces between the scans. In addition, when a questionable mass is identified, it can be more readily characterized as cystic or solid by real-time than by contact scanning since the beam can be more easily manipulated perpendicular to the surface of the mass and swept through the mass from side to side so as to both define its margins and internal echo pattern.
Molecular and Circuit-Dynamical Identification of Top-Down Neural Mechanisms for Restraint of Reward Seeking.

Reward-seeking behavior is fundamental to survival, but suppression of this behavior can be essential as well, even for rewards of high value. In humans and rodents, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been implicated in suppressing reward seeking; however, despite vital significance in health and disease, the neural circuitry through which mPFC regulates reward seeking remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that a specific subset of superficial mPFC projections to a subfield of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons naturally encodes the decision to initiate or suppress reward seeking when faced with risk of punishment. A highly resolved subpopulation of these top-down projecting neurons, identified by 2-photon Ca2+ imaging and activity-dependent labeling to recruit the relevant neurons, was found capable of suppressing reward seeking. This natural activity-resolved mPFC-to-NAc projection displayed unique molecular-genetic and microcircuit-level features concordant with a conserved role in the regulation of reward-seeking behavior, providing cellular and anatomical identifiers of behavioral and possible therapeutic significance.
A History of Unsustainability in Agriculture

Throughout history, farmers have sought to maximize yield, because growing bumper crops gives them a competitive advantage over their neighbors. Nations have sought to maximize agricultural yield, because it gives them an economic advantage in the world marketplace. The history of agriculture is the history of how producers, from farmers to nations, have maximized agricultural yields through maximizing energy subsidies to farmers’ fields and to nations’ farmers. But maximizing yield always had a downside. Early agriculturalists in Mesopotamia subsidized their crops with irrigation. As populations grew, more crops were needed until excess irrigation resulted in salinization of the region’s soil. The drive for more crop production in Greece and Rome resulted in deforestation that stripped the land of its ability to prevent erosion. Over-exploitation of the land to increase yield in Medieval Europe instead led to crop declines. The Mayan civilization declined, in part, because the demands they placed upon their environment grew beyond the carrying capacity of the land. For the first 9,700 years of agriculture, the use of energy subsidies including draft animals, slaves, and peasant farmers increased gradually, and cultures were able to adapt to problems caused by the subsidies. But with the advent of the industrial revolution, the pace of energy subsidies increased, and by the time the “Green Revolution” (industrial agriculture) appeared in the mid twentieth century, problems of energy pollution and energy scarcity have been increasing at an increasingly rapid rate.