cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Failure Compensation for Aircraft Flight Control Using Engine Differentials: Regulation

The problem of using engine thrust differentials to compensate for rudder and aileron failures in aircraft flight control is addressed in this paper in a new framework. A nonlinear aircraft model that incorporates engine di erentials in the dynamic equations is employed and linearized to describe the aircraft s longitudinal and lateral motion. In this model two engine thrusts of an aircraft can be adjusted independently so as to provide the control flexibility for rudder or aileron failure compensation. A direct adaptive compensation scheme for asymptotic regulation is developed to handle uncertain actuator failures in the linearized system. A design condition is specified to characterize the system redundancy needed for failure compensation. The adaptive regulation control scheme is applied to the linearized model of a large transport aircraft in which the longitudinal and lateral motions are coupled as the result of using engine thrust differentials. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive compensation scheme.
Manipulating autonomy, competence, and relatedness support in a game-learning context: New evidence that all three needs matter

Self-report correlational data support self-determination theory's (SDT's) postulate that there are three basic psychological needs, for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which combine additively to predict well-being and thriving. However, experimental research in the SDT tradition has focused only on autonomy support, not relatedness and competence support. To fill this gap, we employed a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design within a game-learning experience to predict rated need satisfaction, mood, and motivation, and also objective game performance. Manipulated competence and relatedness support had main effects on most outcomes. Rated competence, relatedness, and autonomy need satisfaction also predicted the outcomes, and the significant experimental main effects were all mediated by the corresponding rated variables. Neutral control group data showed that thwarting participants' needs is more impactful than enhancing them. These findings offer new support for key postulates of SDT, while integrating the correlational and experimental traditions in this area.
Distinguishibility of oxygen desorption from the surface region with mobility dominant effects in nanocrystalline ceria films

We present an investigation of oxygen (O18) uptake measurements in 1μm thick nanocrystalline ceria films grown on single crystal Al2O3(0001) by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). Oxygen uptake measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 200–600°C at a background O18 pressure of 4.0×10−6Torr. Average grain size in the as-grown films, synthesized by sol-gel process was ∼3nm confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements. From the diffusion depth profiles, changes in intensity and slopes in surface and interface regions indicate complex oxygen mobility effects. Oxygen desorption is clearly distinguishable in the film surface region as a result of shift in the oxygen concentration maxima. It is argued that high defect density in nanocrystalline ceria which is associated with nanograin surface combined with intermediate temperature reducing environment triggers multiple processes such as molecular and ionic diffusion, adsorption, desorption, and iso...
Stadium Woods: A dendroecological analysis of an old-growth forest fragment on a university campus

On the Virginia Tech campus, adjacent to the football stadium is a 4.6-ha forest fragment that contains a population of unusually large white oak (Quercus alba L.) trees. We used dendroecology and sampled vegetation in fixed area plots to reconstruct the disturbance history of this forest fragment and compared the radial-growth averaging criteria and the boundary-line release criteria for identifying canopy disturbances. Structurally, the Stadium Woods has an inverse-J diameter distribution and trees present in all canopy strata. The oldest white oak had periods of asynchronous suppression and release indicating a closed canopy forest with periodic canopy disturbances. The boundary-line release criteria detect a broader range of growth releases, whereas the radial-growth averaging criteria are more specialized for capturing canopy gaps. Release events identified with the boundary-line release criteria lagged an average of 5.8 years behind those identified with the radial-growth averaging criteria because the boundary line release criteria identifies the year of maximum percent growth change, whereas the radial-growth averaging criteria identifies the first year with a detectable increase in radial growth. The Stadium Woods represents a unique collection of unusually large white oak trees growing in a heavily populated area and reveals the importance of long-term tree-ring chronologies stored within urban forest fragments.
The Authorityand Types for the Hackberry Gall Psyllid Genus Pachypsylla (Riley) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

The nomenclatural problems with the hackberry gall psyllid species names are rectified. The genus Pachypsylla Riley, 1883, type species, Psylla venusta Osten-Sacken, includes 14 nominal species: Pachypsylla venusta (Osten-Sacken, 1861); P. celtidismamma Riley, 1875; P. celtidisgemma Riley, 1885; P. celtidisasterisca Riley, 1890; P. celtidiscucurbita Riley, 1890; P. celtidisglobula Riley, 1890; P. celtidispubescens Riley, 1890; P. celtidisumbilicus Riley, 1890; P. celtidisvesiculus Riley, 1890; P. celtidisinteneris Mally, 1894; P. dubia Patch, 1912; P. pallida Patch, 1912; P. tropicala Caldwell, 1944; and P. cohabitons Yang & Riemann, 2001.
Investigating the effect of incubation time and starter culture addition level on quality attributes of indirectly cured, emulsified cooked sausages.

A process of “natural curing” utilizes vegetable juice/powder and a nitrate reducing starter culture to generate cured meat characteristics. The objective was to determine the effect varying levels of a mixed-strain bacterial starter culture (SC) and incubation time (INC) had on the quality characteristics of indirectly cured sausages. Four treatments (TRT) (TRT 1: 0.01% SC, 0 min INC; TRT 2: 0.01% SC, 90 min INC; TRT 3: 0.02% SC, 0 min INC; TRT 4: 0.02% SC, 90 min INC) and a control (C) were investigated. TRTs 2 and 4, and C revealed higher (P < 0.05) CIE a* redness values and greater (P < 0.05) cured pigment concentrations than TRTs 1 and 3 at days 0 and 14 while TRTs 2, 3, 4, and C were also redder (P < 0.05) than TRT 1 at days 28, 56, and 84. The results indicated the use of an incubation step was more critical than increasing the level of SC.
The Greater Rock of Ages Baptist Church

Working as a physician, I have collected people's life tales as I obtain their medical details. Putting people in their personal context helps me understand how they may internalize the medical adv...
A-type granite and the Red Sea opening

Abstract Miocene-Oligocene A-type granite intrudes the eastern side of the Red Sea margin within the zone of extension from Jiddah, Saudi Arabia south to Yemen. The intrusions developed in the early stages of continental extension as Arabia began to move slowly away from Africa (around 30–20 Ma). Within the narrow zone of extension silicic magmas formed dikes, sills, small plutons and extrusive equivalents. In the Jabal Tirf area of Saudi Arabia these rocks occur in an elongate zone consisting of late Precambrian basement to the east, which is gradually invaded by mafic dikes. The number of dikes increases westward until an igneous complex is produced parallel to the present Red Sea axis. The Jabal Tirf igneous complex consists of diabase and rhyolite-granophyre sills (20–24 Ma). Although these are intrusine intrusive rocks their textures indicate shallow depths of intrusion ( The alkali granites of Yemen consist primarily of perthitic feldspar and quartz with some minor alkali amphiboles and acmite. These granites represent water-poor, hypersolvus magmas generated from parent alkali basalt magmas. The granophyric, two-feldspar granites associated with the mafic dike swarms and layered gabbros formed by fractional crystallization from tholeiitic basalt parent developed in the early stages of extension. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of these rocks and their bulk chemistry indicate that production of peralkaline and metaluminous granitic magmas involved both fractionation and partial melting as they ascended through the late Precambrian crust of the Arabian plate.
An Analysis of Consumer Food Shopping Behavior Using Supermarket Scanner Data: Differences by Income and Location

tionwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS). Elasticities derived from NFCS data are generally viewed as reasonable measures of consumer behavior because the data are quite comprehensive, being collected from thousands of households across the forty-eight contiguous United States. Users of these data sets employ different econometric models (e.g., AIDS, CBS, LES, and Rotterdam) and often derive elasticities that differ widely in magnitude (Park et al.; Gao, Wailes, and Cramer). A few researchers have employed several models within a single study and found own-price and expenditure elasticities that differ in magnitude from model to model by as much as three to four times.
Towards a Unified Operational Value Index of Energy Storage in Smart Grid Environment

This paper proposes a unified operational value index of energy storage in the smart grid electricity market environment. Given the heterogeneity of many storage service providers enabled by smart grid technologies, this unified value index will allow for comparison across different technology choices. It is also argued that implicit forms of energy storage, such as demand response, should be valued and utilized. A cross-market cooptimization is proposed to maximize the operational value of energy storage under the deregulated electricity market environment. For numerical illustration a case study is conducted in a modified 24-bus IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS), which includes flywheels, battery storage in the form of plug-in electric vehicles, and price responsive thermal load.
Jewish Views on the Beginnings of Human Life and the Use of Medical Intervention to Produce Children

Ari Z. Zivotofsky and Alan Jotkowitz (2009) present a clear comparative perspective on the views of the Church and Orthodox Judaism regarding two important bioethical issues. The first characterize...
Cystine uptake by cultured cells originating from dog proximal tubule segments

Large numbers of kidney epithelial cells were cultured successfully from isolated dog proximal tubule segments. Cells in primary culture and in first passage retained the cystine-dibasic amino acid co-transporter system which is found in vivo and in freshly isolated proximal tubule segments. In contrast to other cultured cells, the cystine-glutamate anti-porter was absent in primary cultures. However, this anti-porter system seemed to be developing in cells in first passage. The intracellular ratio of cysteine:reduced glutathione (CSH:GSH) was maintained at 1∶36 in both primary cultures and in low passage cells. Incubation of cells in primary culture for 5 min at 37°C with 0.025 mM [35S]l-cystine resulted in incorporation of approximately 36 and 8.5% of the label into intracellular CSH and GSH, respectively. These cultured cells, therefore, seem to be an excellent model system for the eventual elucidation of a) the intricacies of cystine metabolism and b) regulation of 1) the cystine-dibasic amino acid co-transporter system and 2) the development of the cystine-glutamate anti-porter system.
The α1-acid glycoprotein variants of certain Caucasian patients

Abstract α 1 -Acid glycoprotein was isolated in homogeneous state from sera of 44 Caucasian patients with various diseases. The resulting glycoprotein preparations were treated with neuraminidase to cleave off their sialyl residues in order to permit starch gel electrophoresis at pH 5 for the identification of the variants. The relative distribution of the three types of α 1 -acid glycoprotein variant patterns was found to be very similar to that of normal Caucasian adults. This finding may be considered to be consistent with the concept of the genetically determined transmission of the α 1 -acid glycoprotein variants. The α 1 -acid glycoprotein preparations were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion techniques. They appeared homogeneous, revealed apparent electrophoretic mobilities identical to that of pooled normal α 1 acid glycoprotein and gave precipitin lines which fused completely with each other and with the precipitin line of normal α 1 -acid glycoprotein. The sialic acid content of the α 1 -acid glycoprotein preparations was essentially identical to that of the acid glycoprotein derived from pooled normal blood. The seromucoid fraction and the α 1 -acid glycoprotein levels of these patients' sera, however, showed a wide range and averaged values that were considerably above the normal.
Comparison of procedures for obtaining thresholds and maximum acceptable loudness levels with the nucleus cochlear implant system.

Two stimulus paradigms and two presentation methods were combined to form three procedures (keyboard, knob, and ascending loudness judgments with knob [ALJK]) to obtain detection thresholds and max...
A case of Mollitias and Fragilitas Ossium – unusual presentation of hairy cell leukaemia followed by the diagnosis of nonsecretory myeloma

Summary Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is a B-cell malignancy with a late developmental arrest. This report describes a patient that presented with leucocytosis and splenomegaly. The abnormal leucocytes showed typical morphology and expressed CD103, CD11c, CD19 and CD20 but not CD25 by immunophenotyping. The patient failed to respond to splenectomy and then developed lytic bone lesions and pathological fractures, which progressed despite a single course of cladribine chemotherapy. Review of the pathology of the bone reamings showed nonsecretory myeloma of the same kappa-light chain isotype. He went on to receive induction chemotherapy in preparation for an autologous stem-cell transplant but failed to mobilize sufficient numbers of stem cells. He has had two localized relapses with bony lesions, one within 6 weeks of stopping chemotherapy for which he received localized radiotherapy and thalidomide consolidation. Sequential myeloma has been described in HCL. There is controversy whether this represents clonal evolution or a secondary malignancy. An increased rate of secondary malignancies has been reported by some, but not other, authors in long-term survivors of HCL. This case illustrates the value of a repeat pathological review in case of unexpected complications.
The effect of the moisture content of a local heat source on the blood flow response of the skin

Numerous studies have examined the effect of local and global heating of the body on skin blood flow. However, the effect of the moisture content of the heat source on the skin blood flow response has not been examined. Thirty-three subjects, without diabetes or cardiovascular disease, between the ages of 22 and 32 were examined to determine the relationship between the effects of dry vs. moist heat applied for the same length of time and with the skin clamped at the same skin temperature on the blood flow response of the skin. The skin, heated with an infrared heat lamp (skin temperature monitored with a thermocouple) to 40°C for 15 min, was either kept moist with wet towels or, in a separate experiment, kept dry with Drierite (a desiccant) between the towels to remove any moisture. Before and after heat exposure of the forearm, blood pressure, heart rate, skin moisture content, skin temperature, and skin blood flow were recorded. The results of the experiment showed that there was no change in skin moisture after 15 min exposure to dry heat at 40°C. However, with moist heat, skin moisture increased by 43.7%, a significant increase (P < 0.05). With dry heat, blood flow increased from the resting value by 282.3% whereas with moist heat, blood flow increased by 386% over rest, a significant increase over dry heat (P < 0.05). Thus, with a set increase in skin temperature, moist heat was a better heating modality than dry heat. The reason may be linked to moisture sensitivity in calcium channels in the vascular endothelial cell.
Energy Budgets for Eared Grebes on the Great Salt Lake and Implications for Harvest of Brine Shrimp

Abstract About 1.5-million eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis), representing half of the North American population, stage on Utah's Great Salt Lake, USA (GSL) during autumn migration to forage on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). Indirectly competing with birds for brine shrimp are commercial harvesters who annually collect >1 million kg (dry wt) of shrimp cysts (i.e., hardened eggs), an amount that during some years equals up to half of all brine shrimp cysts produced annually on the GSL. No information was available regarding what impact this commercial harvest was having on eared grebes. We determined daily energy requirements of eared grebes so that regulations governing brine shrimp cyst harvest would better reflect foraging needs of grebes. We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR) of eared grebes from June 2000 to October 2000. Mean BMR of 106 adult and subadult eared grebes was 0.023 kJ/g/hour (SD = 0.004), and mean BMR of 37 juveniles was 0.024 kJ/g/hour (SD = 0.003). Resting and preening meta...
Diffusion of Colloids and Other Waste Species in Brine–Saturated Backfill Materials

The diffusion of plutonium (IV) and pertechnetate and the migration of colloidal gold in brine-saturated bentonite was measured. High ionic strength brine characterizes potentially intruding groundwater for radioactive waste repositories in salt. Plastic diffusion cells containing cylindrical diffusion columns were used for low density bentonite. Metal diffusion cells constructed entirely from Hastelloy C-276 were used for the diffusion of pertechnetate in highly compacted bentonite. Apparent distribution coefficients calculated from plutonium diffusion in two columns of low density bentonite are 2 m3/kg and 3 m3/kg. These values are in good agreement with the value of 3m3/kg that was calculated from previous batch sorption data. Pertechnetate anions migrated out of a brine-saturated high density bentonite diffusion column at rates that are too large to be rationalized with a simple diffusion theory. Additional measurements that take into account possible channeling of pertechnetate are required. Colloidal gold was excluded from low density brine-saturated bentonite, but colloidal gold may have channeled between the bentonite and the wall of the diffusion cell. These results support the effectiveness of brine-saturated bentonite as an engineered barrier to plutonium. The results also highlight the need for additional measurements of pertechnetate and gold transport in bentonite. Needs for transport measurements that take into account site-specific materials interactions are also described.
Correlation function of Ising lattice in nonzero field

Abstract A nontrivial lower bound of short range correlation function of Ising lattice, with arbitrary vacancies and in non-zero magnetic field, is derived in terms of the magnetization of noninteracting spins.
Sr3NiRhO6 and Sr3CuRhO6—Two New One-Dimensional Oxides. Magnetic Behavior as a Function of Structure: Commensurate vs Incommensurate

Abstract Two new compounds, Sr3NiRhO6 and Sr3CuRhO6, belonging to a family of 2H-perovskite related materials, were synthesized in both a commensurate and an incommensurate form. The oxides were structurally characterized by powder X-ray Rietveld refinements and magnetic measurements. The commensurate structure of Sr3NiRhO6 is isostructural with the rhombohedral K4CdCl6 structure (space group R 3 c; Z=6; a=9.5951(1) A, c=11.0621(2) A) while the structure of Sr3CuRhO6 forms in a monoclinic distortion of the K4CdCl6 structure (space group C 2/c; Z=4; a=9.2226(2) A, b=9.6882(2) A, c=6.6926(2) A, β=92.440(2)°). The structures of Sr3NiRhO6 and Sr3CuRhO6 contain chains of alternating face-sharing NiO6/CuO6 trigonal prisms and RhO6 octahedra. The magnetic susceptibility of Sr3NiRhO6 shows an abrupt drop at 30 K, suggesting antiferromagnetic correlations between the transition metal containing chains. Sr3CuRhO6 displays ferromagnetic-type ordering below 10 K. When the samples are heated for prolonged periods of time, a transition to an incommensurate structure takes place. Depending on the specific synthesis conditions, different incommensurate structures can be obtained. The fitted lattice parameters with space group R3m (cell 1) and P31c (cell 2) are a=9.6201(6) A, c1=2.6732(2) A, c2=3.9803(8) A for Sr3NiRhO6+δ and a=9.624(2) A, c1=2.6981(5) A, c2= 3.9539(5) A for Sr3CuRhO6+δ. The magnetic susceptibilities of the incommensurate compounds are quite different from their commensurate analogues, as all signs of long-range magnetic order disappear.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Mist Cooling for the Electra Hibachi

An experimental and numerical investigation has been conducted to examine the effectiveness of gas/liquid mist as a means of cooling the Electra hibachi structure. The aim is to quantify the effect of various operating and design parameters, viz. gas/liquid combination, gas velocity, liquid mass fraction, liquid atomization nozzle design (i.e. spray geometry, cone angle, and droplet size distribution), and heat flux on mist cooling effectiveness. The data are used to validate a mechanistic model which can be used to predict the hibachi foil's response under prototypical pulsed operating conditions.A fully-instrumented experimental test facility has been designed and constructed. The facility includes three electrically-heated test sections, including a channel with prototypical Electra hibachi dimensions. Water is used as the mist liquid, with air, or helium, as the carrier gas. Three mist generating nozzles with significantly different spray characteristics are used. Values of the local heat transfer coefficient along the channel surface are measured for a wide range of operating conditions. The data indicate that mist cooling can increase the heat transfer coefficients by nearly an order of magnitude compared to forced convection using only the carrier gas. Comparison has been made between the data and predictions of a mechanistic three-dimensional computermore » program for transient two-phase flow in the channel coupled with heat conduction in the surrounding structure; excellent agreement has been obtained. The results indicate that gas/liquid mist can effectively cool the Electra hibachi structure within the design constraints imposed on circulating power requirements.« less
Geometry variations analysis of TiO 2 thin-film and spintronic memristors

The fourth passive circuit element, memristor, has attracted increased attentions since the first real device was discovered by HP Lab in 2008. Its distinctive characteristic to record the historic profile of the voltage/current through itself creates great potentials in future system design. However, as a nano-scale device, memristor is facing great challenge on process variation control in the manufacturing. In this work, we analyze the impact of the geometry variations on the electrical properties of both TiO 2 thin-film and spintronic memristors, including line edge roughness and thickness fluctuation. A simple algorithm was proposed to generate a large volume of geometry variation-aware three-dimensional device structures for Monte-Carlo simulations. Our simulation results show that due to the different physical mechanisms, TiO 2 thin-film memristor and spintronic memristor demonstrate very different electrical characteristics even when exposing them to the same excitations and under the same process variation conditions.
CaMKII inhibition targeted to the sarcoplasmic reticulum inhibits frequency-dependent acceleration of relaxation and Ca2+ current facilitation

Abstract Cardiac Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in heart has been implicated in Ca 2+ current ( I Ca ) facilitation, enhanced sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ release and frequency-dependent acceleration of relaxation (FDAR) via enhanced SR Ca 2+ uptake. However, questions remain about how CaMKII may work in these three processes. Here we tested the role of CaMKII in these processes using transgenic mice (SR-AIP) that express four concatenated repeats of the CaMKII inhibitory peptide AIP selectively in the SR membrane. Wild type mice (WT) and mice expressing AIP exclusively in the nucleus (NLS-AIP) served as controls. Increasing stimulation frequency produced typical FDAR in WT and NLS-AIP, but FDAR was markedly inhibited in SR-AIP. Quantitative analysis of cytosolic Ca 2+ removal during [Ca 2+ ] i decline revealed that FDAR is due to an increased apparent V max of SERCA. CaMKII-dependent RyR phosphorylation at Ser2815 and SR Ca 2+ leak was both decreased in SR-AIP vs. WT. This decrease in SR Ca 2+ leak may partly balance the reduced SERCA activity leading to relatively unaltered SR-Ca 2+ load in SR-AIP vs. WT myocytes. Surprisingly, CaMKII regulation of the L-type Ca 2+ channel ( I Ca facilitation and recovery from inactivation) was abolished by the SR-targeted CaMKII inhibition in SR-AIP mice. Inhibition of CaMKII effects on I Ca and RyR function by the SR-localized AIP places physical constraints on the localization of these proteins at the junctional microdomain. Thus SR-targeted CaMKII inhibition can directly inhibit the activation of SR Ca 2+ uptake, SR Ca 2+ release and I Ca by CaMKII, effects which have all been implicated in triggered arrhythmias.
CVD-Major Divisions and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Thus far we have used the artificial device of classing all cerebrovascular disease as an entity. In this fashion it would appear we are dealing with a disorder that is strikingly related to age, but which otherwise seems to affect equally both sexes in all lands and in all regions of the lands. The “lands” of course are limited to those we have looked at, and “all regions” is somewhat of an exaggeration for effect. But thus far any evidence suggesting a link of CVD with the environment, the macroclimate, is discouragingly lacking. However the totality could well incorporate entities which either act in opposite directions or are masked by their small numbers in reference to the whole. It is therefore in order to look at the components of “stroke”.
Optimal position of nonlinear regenerators in optical communication links

We propose a general method of determining the optimal position of nonlinear regenerators and the bit-error-rate (BER) improvement in optical communication links. We calculate the BER improvement as a function of the position of the regenerator and the optical link noise parameter using an ideal regenerator as an example.
Complex stability margin computation based on computer algebra

This paper describes a symbolic method for robust stability analysis of which the stability margin (k/sub M/) problem can be formulated by solving polynomial systems using symbolic computation. Once the solutions are found, the stability margin problem can be easily solved. For the complex k/sub M/ problem, no matter how many uncertainties, there is only one polynomial system which needs to be solved in order to find all singularities to determine whether the boundary of Horowitz template intercepts the origin or not. In addition, the corresponding polynomial systems can be transformed into several zero-dimensional polynomial systems which are considered as easy problems by many mathematicians and computer scientists. Therefore, we can compute exact the complex /spl mu/ efficiently by this method.
The Effects of Carbon Dioxide and pH on the Regulation of the Pulmonary Circulation

The pulmonary vasculature is unique among the various regional circulations in that it must accommodate the entire cardiac output. Unfortunately, precisely the same factors that make this possible—the highly compliant vessels, their scant smooth musculature, the paucity of nervous control, and the consequent low intravascular pressures—also render the evaluation of pulmonary vasomotion difficult. The bed is so distensible that blood flow normally ceases at the end of diastole (MORKIN et al. [1965], KARATZAS and LEE [1969], and GABE et al. [1969]); nor is there a pressure gradient across the bed at that time. The use of mean pressure and mean flow for calculating resistance to pulmonary blood flow, in order to assess the effects of physiologic stimuli or pharmacologic agents, may lead, for these reasons, to conclusions which are quite inappropriate (HARVEY and ENSON [1969]).
Object-oriented techniques in computer integrated manufacturing

Object-oriented techniques are proposed for applications in computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM). Objects are used to model such manufacturing entities as parts, machines, product structures, and operations. An object-oriented architecture for the product and process design phases of CIM is then proposed. A scenario for simulating the design process is described. It appears that object-oriented techniques offer numerous advantages in CIM, including the ability to represent complex data structures, ease of model building, and support for dynamic simulations. >
Effect of Replacing Corn Silage with Annual Ryegrass Silage on Nutrient Digestibility, Intake, and Milk Yield for Lactating Dairy Cows

Twenty Holstein cows were used in an 8-wk randomized block design study to determine the effects of replacing corn silage with ryegrass silage on nutrient intake, apparent digestion, milk yield, and milk composition. The 8-wk trial consisted of a 2-wk preliminary period followed by a 6-wk collection period. Experimental diets were formulated to provide 55.5% of the total dry matter (DM) as forage. Ryegrass silage was substituted for 0, 35, 65, and 100% of DM provided by corn silage. Dietary concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased as ryegrass silage replaced corn silage. Intake of DM and crude protein (CP) was similar for all treatments, but intake of NDF and ADF increased linearly as ryegrass silage replaced corn silage. Apparent digestibility of DM declined linearly, whereas digestibility of CP increased linearly as ryegrass silage replaced corn silage. Apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF was highest for the diets in which ryegrass or corn silages provided all of the forage, resulting in a quadratic response. Dry matter intake was not different among treatments. Yield of milk, fat, and protein increased as ryegrass silage replaced corn silage. No differences were observed for body weight change, body condition score, and serum urea nitrogen concentration, but serum glucose concentration increased with increasing dietary proportion of ryegrass silage. These results indicate that substituting ryegrass silage for a portion or all of the corn silage in diets fed to lactating dairy cows can improve yield of milk and components.
Preliminary Sizing Methodology for Hypersonic Vehicles

Simplified design and analysis relationships have been developed that are suitable for conceptual-level sizing and synthesis of hypersonic vehicles. Relationships have been developed from point design studies and normalized for generalized vehicle design applications. First- and second-order polynomial curve-fit expressions describe the normalized, aerodynamic, and propulsion performance parameters. Geometry is represented by simple shapes and areas. Mass properties are approximated by unit weights and factors. A simplified atmosphere and equations of motion complete an equation set that can be iterated and solved using elementary programming techniques.
Modeling human errors in repairable systems

The author presents the reliability analysis of repairable and nonrepairable redundant systems with human errors and common-cause failures. Parallel, k-out-of-n, and standby systems are studied. Reliability, mean-time-to-failure, steady-state availability, and variance-of-time-to-failure formulas are developed. Some plots are presented. The plots clearly demonstrate that system steady-state availability, mean-time-to-failure, and reliability decrease with increasing values of human error rate. >
Sexual exploitation of children and international travel and tourism

The sexual abuse of children in developing countries by international tourists has received increasing attention recently, much of it concentrating upon the activities of paedophiles. This paper argues that the reduction in individual and social constraints associated with tourism and international travel, and an easier access to children for sex in certain destinations, also increases the potential for ‘situational’ child sexual abuse to occur. It reports on a literature study of the situation in the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, which found extensive evidence of the use of children for sex by international tourists. The paper suggests that remedial action is required on three levels: in the tourist receiving and sending countries and in the international arena.
Decreased neuronal excitability in hippocampal neurons of mice exposed to cyclic hypoxia

To study the physiological effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia on neuronal excitability and function in mice, we exposed animals to cyclic hypoxia for 8 h daily (12 cycles/h) for ∼4 wk, startin...
Managing design processes: a risk assessment approach

This paper presents a risk assessment strategy for managing the design process. The proposed method intends to provide the foundation for an intelligent system that can assist design engineers and managers of the design process. The IDEF3 methodology is used to describe the concurrent design process. The logical semantics of IDEF3 provide a much more detailed description than traditional project management methods, such as CPM. The IDEF3 model is then used to identify alternative scenarios that result in the successful completion of a design project. Using estimates of the likelihood that a scenario will fail to produce a successful design and the consequences that result, alternative scenarios are evaluated. A working example is provided, and the architecture of an intelligent system for risk assessment is discussed.
Effect of Testicular Hormone on Hypophysectomized Rats

The purpose of these experiments was to analyze further the factors necessary for the maintenance of the prostate. It is well known that prostatic atrophy follows either hypophysectomy or castration. The atrophy which follows castration can be prevented by the use of testicular hormone. Moore and Price1 believe that the prostatic atrophy which follows hypophysectomy is entirely secondary to the changes which occur in the testes. Moore has quoted unpublished experiments by Vatna that testicular extracts maintain the prostate in hypophysectomized rats. Moore believes that secretions produced by the hypophysis stimulate the functions of the gonads, that is, both germ cell production, and hormone secretion, and that the prehypophyseal hormone has no direct action on the prostate. It is not impossible, however, that under normal physiologic conditions, the prostate is supported directly by both the hypophyseal and testicular hormones. Some experimental evidence supports this latter theory.2We have injected hyp...
Effect of Malting on Development of Rice Weevils in Barley

Barley was steeped, germinated, and kilned under laboratory conditions, and the effects of the various steps in the malting process and of adding gibberellic acid (to enhance enzyme synthesis) and gibberellic acid plus potassium bromate (to check proteolytic activity) on the oviposition and growth of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) were determined. High kilning of malt, and especially of barley, reduced number of progeny and increased development time. Gibberellic acid did not affect the number of progeny or their development time, but potassium bromate had an inexplicable effect in reducing progeny numbers. The main effects of barley processing on rice weevil development were from heat treatment.
Applications of Sodium Hypophosphite in Electroless Plating

A review is made on the physical,chemical and electrochemical properties of sodium hypophosphite.The applications of sodium hypophosphite in electroless nickel,copper and tin plating,etc.are presented.The E-pH diagrams and properties of various reducing agents used in electroless plating are compared.
Flail Chest Injury: Are We Making Any Progress?:

Flail chest represents a severe injury with mortality historically reported at up to 30 per cent. Although management has changed dramatically over the past several decades, there is a paucity of l...
Pediatric cardiac transplantation. The Stanford experience.

BACKGROUND Cardiac transplantation for children with endstage heart disease has become an accepted form of therapy and is being practiced with increasing frequency and improving short-term outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS To assess the medium-term outcome of pediatric cardiac transplantation, we analyzed our experience with 72 patients under the age of 18 (range, 0.1 to 17.7 years; mean, 9 +/- 6.4 [SD]) who underwent orthotopic cardiac transplantation at Stanford University between 1977 and 1993. There were 38 male and 34 female patients. Preoperative diagnoses included congenital heart disease in 24 (33%), idiopathic cardiomyopathy in 27 (37%), viral cardiomyopathy in 12 (17%), and familial cardiomyopathy in 7 (10%) patients. Immunosuppressive management has evolved over time and has included a tapering schedule of steroids, azathioprine, rabbit antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporine in all patients after 1980, and induction with OKT3 since 1987. Operative mortality rate was 12.5 +/- 4.0% (mean +/- 70% confidence intervals). Actuarial survival estimates at 1, 5, and 10 years are 75 +/- 7.1%, 60 +/- 6.4%, and 50 +/- 8.1% (mean +/- 1 SEM), respectively. Causes of death included infection in 8 (28% of deaths), rejection in 7 (24%), graft coronary disease in 5 (17%), pulmonary hypertension in 4 (14%), and nonspecific graft failure in 2 (7%) patients. Survival rates were similar for patients over and those under age 10 years (including the infant cohort of 18 patients transplanted since 1986). Currently, there are 43 patients alive, all in New York Heart Association functional class I. Only 22 +/- 5.6% of patients were free of rejection at 1 year, but 86 +/- 5.4% were free of rejection-related death at 10 years. At 1 year, only 37 +/- 6% of patients were free from any infection, but 88 +/- 4.2% remained free of infection-related death at 5 years. Actuarial freedom from graft coronary artery disease (angiographic or autopsy proven) was 85 +/- 6.6% at 5 years and from coronary artery disease-related death was 91 +/- 4.7%. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate satisfactory medium-term outcome of cardiac transplantation in selected pediatric patients with end-stage heart disease, but further progress is necessary to more effectively control rejection, infection, and graft coronary disease.
Mixed-Status Immigrant Families in the United States: The Role of Social Justice in Intervention Research

More than 4 million unauthorized parents of legal status children currently reside in the United States (Capps, Fix, & Zong, 2016). Developmental scientists and intervention researchers hoping to work with these mixed-status families face a myriad of challenges, largely generated from the population's policy-driven social exclusion. Despite the challenges, there is a moral imperative to work with and support parents and children currently living in mixed-status households. This chapter applies a social justice perspective, largely stemming from Prilleltensky's critical community psychological framework, to improve the relevance and usefulness of research on mixed-status families (Prilleltensky & Nelson, 1997). We discuss the utility of this social justice perspective in theory building, study design and implementation, and dissemination of findings regarding mixed-status families, with exemplars from recent research.
Lactoferricin Peptides: The Importance of Methyl-Tryptophan and Glutamine for Structure and Activity

The rise in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria has led to an active search for more potent antimicrobial drugs. The hexapeptide (LfB6: RRWQWR-NH2) from the N-terminal of the protein lactoferricin was shown to be the antimicrobial ‘active core’ by Tomita (Acta Paediatr Jpn, 1994, 36:585). A heptapeptide synthesized in our lab, which contains 4 positively charged arginines and 2 methylated tryptophans (LfB7 MeTrp3,5: RRMeWQMeWRR-NH2), exhibits enhanced activity when compared to LfB6 against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. To determine if Trp-methylation is required for the increased efficacy, a control peptide without methylated Trp (LfB7: RRWQWRR-NH2) has been synthesized and characterized. In addition, glutamine was replaced with alanine in both peptides to examine the importance of H-bonding at the central position (LfB7 MeTrp3,5 Ala4: RRMeWAMeWRR-NH2and LfB7 Ala4: RRWAWRR-NH2). Replacement of the central Gln with Ala reduced activity 5-fold against E. coli. LfB7 MeTrp3,5 exhibits the highest activity, with a 4- and 6-fold increase compared to LfB7, against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The Ala, Trp and MeTrp residues were labeled with deuterium, and the peptide was studied by solid-state deuterium NMR in bacterial- and mammalian-like membranes. The 2H-quadrupolar splittings, whether from labeled Ala, MeTrp or Trp, are larger when MeTrp is present in the sequence, indicating a change in peptide conformation and/or dynamics upon Trp-methylation. Tryptophan emission fluorescence spectra reveal that the Trp and MeTrp residues are more deeply buried in anionic compared to neutral lipids, and circular dichroism spectra suggest that anionic lipids promote a conformational change that results in Trp-Trp (and MeTrp-MeTrp) interactions. These results emphasize the importance of Gln at the central position and of Trp-methylation for structure and activity of lactoferricin.
Regional Ventricular Function

One of the most useful applications of intra-operative 2D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in noncardiac surgery is qualitative assessment of myocardial function in acutely unstable patients. When hemodynamic instability occurs intraoperatively, TEE can serve as an adjunct to other modalities in diagnosing or ruling out an ischemic event. In fact, compared to other monitoring methods, regional wall motion abnormality (RWMA) observed on echocardiography is the most sensitive method for early detection of ischemic changes in the heart. In noncardiac surgery, this can be especially useful in patients with no existing invasive or detailed monitoring that shows a sudden change in clinical status. Knowledge of normal coronary anatomy and its myocardial distribution is key in determining the location of an ischemic event. Recognizing the attributes of a wall motion abnormality such as decreased wall excursion or decreased wall thickening is key in diagnosing ischemic events, while recognizing that not all wall motion abnormalities are ischemic events (e.g., pacing effect).
Quantum molecular motion in the mixed ion-radical complex, [(H2O)(H2S)]+

The cation dimer of water and hydrogen sulfide, [(H2O)(H2S)]+, serves as a fundamental model for the oxidation chemistry of H2S. The known oxidative metabolism of H2S by biological species in sulfur-rich environments has motivated the study of the inherent properties of this benchmark complex, with possible mechanistic implications for modern water oxidation chemistry. The low-energy isomer of this open-shell ion is a proton-transferred (PT) structure, H3O+⋯SH˙. An alternative PT structure, H3S+⋯OH˙, and a hemibonded (HB) isomer, [H2O·SH2]+, are also stable isomers, placing this complex intermediate to known (H2O)2+ (PT) and (H2S)2+ (HB) limiting regimes. This intermediate character suggested the possibility of unique molecular motion, even in the vibrational ground state. Path integral molecular dynamics and anharmonic vibrational spectroscopy simulations have been performed in this study, in order to understand the inherent quantum molecular motion of this complex. The resulting structural distributions were found to deviate significantly from both classical and harmonic analyses, including the observation of large-amplitude anharmonic motion of the central proton and nearly free rotation of the terminal hydrogens. The predicted vibrational spectra are particularly unique and suggest characteristic signatures of the strong electronic interactions and anharmonic vibrational mode couplings in this radical cation.
Raman Spectroscopy of Living Cells

Raman spectroscopy is an optical technique for the vibrational spectroscopy of molecules. It is a rather unique and powerful technique, because, similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or X-ray imaging, it is capable of live cell chemical analysis and imaging without destroying or altering the biological materials under investigation. In contrast to these techniques, however, Raman spectroscopy works really well at the cellular and subcellular levels, because it can easily be integrated with optical microscopy. Also, it does not require exogenous probes, such as in fluorescence microscopy, but instead relies fully on an intrinsically generated signal. Raman spectroscopy is based on the fact that a very small number of photons from an intense light source (typically a laser) can inelastically scatter off molecular bonds in a sample, leading todiscrete shifts in the wavelength (or color) of the scattered photons. This chapter will provide a brief introduction to Raman spectroscopy, explain the principles behind it, provide a brief “how-to” guide for interested experimentalists, and discuss applications and recent advancements in the chemical analysis of living cells.
Summary and Call to Action

We all have choices about how we implement and use technology, making our own personal cost/benefit calculation about our appetite for risk versus convenience and prioritizing actions (or inactions) accordingly. Hacks are continually evolving, forcing updates to mitigation approaches that combat the hacks. The number of WAPs and mobile devices are increasing (with some devices acting as both access points and mobile devices) as the IoT, self-driving cars and self-flying drones become a reality. New hacks will be created for these new environments. Because of this, mobile device risk management is an ongoing journey, not a destination. Money is not a reasonable excuse for not having a security plan for your devices. Start by thinking like a hacker with the objective of countering classic attack methodology steps—reconnaissance, scanning, access and escalation, exfiltration, obfuscation. The consequences of failing to act, or failing to think while acting, are too disturbing.
Response by McEvoy and Blaha to Letter Regarding Article, "Coronary Artery Calcium to Guide a Personalized Risk-Based Approach to Initiation and Intensification of Antihypertensive Therapy".

We thank Harbaoui and colleagues for their interest in our recent publication in Circulation .1 Their letter raises important points but also necessitates that we clarify others. We agree that pulse pressure and diastolic blood pressure (BP) are important clinical parameters to consider when targeting intensive systolic BP goals in high-risk adults. We have recently published on this very issue.2 We also agree that some individuals with elevated coronary artery calcium (CAC) may be more susceptible to myocardial ischemia when undergoing intensive systolic BP reduction because of the baseline presence of wide pulse pressure and low diastolic BP …