cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Village: Recent Approaches to the Social History of the Early Modern German Peasantry

The early modern Germany peasantry emerged as an historical subject in its own right in the 1960s. The first generation of this research gained a mainstream readership partly by appealing for a more ‘democratic’ history, but also by grounding peasant history in a wider interpretive framework indebted to Marxism, in which economic transformation stemmed from class formation, while meaningful political change was driven by class conflict. Although it succeeded in making the first generation of early modern peasant history matter to a wider audience, this class-based framework not only no longer enjoys widespread support, but also has not been replaced in the work of peasant historians with a similarly compelling substitute. As a result, while a great deal of research continues to be published on the early modern German peasantry, its readership is increasingly confined to specialists. All is not lost, however, for with conceptions like ‘economic sociability’ and ‘state-formation from below,’ the best recent research suggests ways of reconnecting the history of the early modern peasantry to wider social and political narratives. The article concludes by surveying some of the kinds of archival resources through which these new frameworks could be investigated.
Primality Testing and Prime Generation

The primality testing problem (PTP) may be described as the following simple decision (i.e., yes/no) problem: Open image in new window
Duration of Residence in the Rental Housing Market

This paper estimates a proportional hazard model of duration of residence in rental housing. The study employs unique data from the BLS-CPI housing sample to construct the duration of rental occupancy for metropolitan areas over the 1987-1998 period. American Housing Survey and other metropolitan economic data are used to proxy time-varying covariates of duration of residence. The paper employs an innovative semi-parametric estimation approach for group duration analysis of the proportional hazard model, as originally proposed by Ryu (1994) and then modified by Deng [(1995), (1997)]. Results of the analysis indicate that the duration of residence in rental housing varies significantly across individual units and market segments. In fact, the duration of residence is highly time dependent, given significant intertemporal variation in many of the housing and market covariates. The paper provides evidence of high tenant turnover rates at about 3 years of residence. However, the turnover hazard curve depends as well on market conditions and housing policy. For example, imposition of rent control can shift the peak of the tenant turnover hazard curve to the left. Research findings further indicate that median housing costs, public housing share of the rental stock, poverty rate, and African-American and Hispanic share of tenant households are among those factors that positively affect tenant turnover hazard rates and hence are negatively related to tenant residence duration. Elevator buildings, unemployment rate, population growth and central city share of the rental stock negatively affect tenant turnover hazard rates and hence are positively related with tenant residence duration. Further, the estimated pattern of duration of residence was shown to vary substantially across 33 large metropolitan markets. Simulation results further indicate the sensitivity of duration of residence to housing locational and structural characteristics. For example, findings for New York City indicate that increased geographic dispersion of rental housing, as reflected in a reduction in the share of rental stock in the central city to national average levels, would serve to boost cumulative tenant turnover rates by 12 percent by the end of year three of the rental lease. Similarly, simulated reduction in the density of rental housing, as reflected in downward adjustment in the share of NYC buildings with seven or more stories to that of the national average level, would serve to increase cumulative tenant turnover rates by 13 percent. The research provides new evidence as regards tenant and market characteristics that determine the duration of residency. Clearly, an improved understanding thereof offers new insights as regards fluctuations in tenant turnover, building occupancy, and rent flows, as well as new confidence in pro forma assumptions critical to rental housing development.
Constitutive and protein kinase C-induced internalization of the dopamine transporter is mediated by a clathrin-dependent mechanism.

The amount of dopamine transporter (DAT) present at the cell surface is rapidly regulated by the rates of DAT internalization to endosomes and DAT recycling back to the plasma membrane. The re-distribution of the transporter from the cell surface to endosomes was induced by phorbol ester activation of protein kinase C in porcine aortic endothelial cells stably expressing the human DAT. Inhibition of DAT recycling with the carboxylic ionophore monensin also caused significant accumulation of DAT in early endosomes and a concomitant loss of DAT from the cell surface, due to protein kinase C-independent constitutive internalization of DAT in the absence of recycling. Such monensin-induced relocation of DAT to endosomes was therefore utilized as a measure of the constitutive internalization of DAT. Knock-down of clathrin heavy chain or dynamin II by small interfering RNAs dramatically inhibited both constitutive and protein kinase C-mediated internalization of DAT. In contrast, neither monensin-dependent nor phorbol ester-induced re-distribution of DAT were affected by inhibitors of endocytosis through cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. Mutational analysis revealed the potential importance of amino acid residues 587–597 in DAT internalization. Altogether, the data suggest that both constitutive and protein kinase C-mediated internalization of DAT utilize the clathrin-dependent endocytic pathway, but likely involve unconventional mechanisms.
Pyridoxamine protects proteins from damage by hypohalous acids in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Diabetes is characterized, in part, by activation of toxic oxidative and glycoxidative pathways that are triggered by persistent hyperglycemia and contribute to diabetic complications. Inhibition of these pathways may benefit diabetic patients by delaying the onset of complications. One such inhibitor, pyridoxamine (PM), had shown promise in clinical trials. However, the mechanism of PM action in vivo is not well understood. We have previously reported that hypohalous acids can cause disruption of the structure and function of renal collagen IV in experimental diabetes (K.L. Brown et al., Diabetes 64: 2242–2253, 2015). In the present study, we demonstrate that PM can protect protein functionality from hypochlorous and hypobromous acid-derived damage via a rapid direct reaction with and detoxification of these hypohalous acids. We further demonstrate that PM treatment can ameliorate specific hypohalous acid-derived structural and functional damage to the renal collagen IV network in a diabetic animal model. These findings suggest a new mechanism of PM action in diabetes, namely sequestration of hypohalous acids, which may contribute to known therapeutic effects of PM in human diabetic nephropathy.
Moral development: Theory and applications

In this work, Elizabeth Vozzola tackles an important challenge: to provide a balanced, comprehensive review of moral development theory and applications for a broad audience. She is up to the task,...
The Great Deflation of 1929–33: it (almost) had to happen1

There are many explanations of the fall in prices and production called the Great Depression of 1929–33, but this article argues that a sufficient explanation of the price fall—the Great Deflation—was the resumption of the gold convertibility of currencies at prewar parities. The value (general purchasing power) of a convertible currency must be the relative cost of producing gold and other goods, which did not change significantly between 1914 and the 1930s. Monetary and fiscal policies might have affected the timing but not the ends of the price paths that were determined by the decisions to resume.
Teflon Embolization to Pulmonary Arteries

Abstract A previously unreported complication of cardiac surgery, embolization to the lungs from Teflon pledgets, is presented. The pathological changes found in the pulmonary arteries postmortem are described and their possible clinical significance is discussed. Properties inherent in Teflon are implicated in the origin of the embolization.
Readability analysis of patient information on the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery website

Objective: To evaluate the readability of patient-oriented online health information (OHI) presented on the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (AAO–HNS) website.Study Design: Review of the Flesch-Kincaid (FK) grade level for 104 articles on the AAO–HNS website.Methods: The FK grade level for 104 articles was determined using the readability calculator available within Microsoft Office Word 2003. The interobserver reliability for the FK grade level was determined by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for 52 entries.Results: The average FK grade reading level of the articles was 10.8 (range 6.3-16.7; 95% CI, 10.4-11.2). Eighty-one percent of the articles were written at a ninth grade level or higher. The intraclass correlation was good (r = 0.83) for the 52 articles that were independently reviewed.Conclusions: This analysis has shown that the average reading level for each article on the AAO–HNS site was higher than the recommended sixth grade reading level. Alth...
Transport of phase space volume near isolated invariant sets

A measure preserving homeomorphismf determines a discrete dynamical system. Measurable sets in phase space are moved or transported byf. It is shown that the asymptotic rate of escape of phase space volume from neighborhoods which isolate the same invariant set is unique.
Is there a role for high tibial osteotomies in the athlete

Context:The use of high tibial osteotomies (HTOs) in elite and professional athletes has been slow to gain acceptance by both the athlete and the surgeon because it is generally thought that return to competitive sports will be unlikely. Conversely, HTOs have been used extensively and effectively in managing degenerative knee arthrosis in the less active recreational patient with varus deformity who wishes to maintain activity and delay the need for knee arthroplasty. Unfortunately, situations arise where elite athletes develop debilitating pain secondary to malalignment that prevents them from participation, at which time corrective osteotomy may be indicated. Return to sport is not necessarily the goal of osteotomy surgery, but success with correction may allow the athlete to return to high-level activity. Return to elite competition is not the singular goal of HTO in the athlete; however, if the surgery is successful, then consideration can be given to return to play.Evidence Acquisition:Despite an ext...
Monitoring water scarcity risk in Africa

Water scarcity threatens food security, public health and economic development in Africa. Lack of coordination and cooperation between actors in the water ecosystem drives scarcity and threatens use and management of the shared resource. Access to relevant information that facilitates awareness of water scarcity risks over familiar geographic scales is an important first step to addressing this challenge. In this paper, we describe the development of community-level water scarcity risk estimates along with the initial architecture of the proposed system for estimating these risks.
Numerical Solution of the Boundary-Layer Equations

The numerical solution of the boundary-layer equations by means of implicit finite-difference integration, as set forth by Fliigge-Lotz and Blottner, is examined in detail. Ting's recent analysis of the compatibility condition for the velocity components at the initial station suggests a new approach for the integration of the continuity equation. The integration scheme presented here requires only initial data for the tangential velocity component and the temperature, and can handle boundary-layer problems with discontinuities in the initial and/or boundary conditions. Although the original integration procedure for the momentum and energy equations is retained, the integration of the continuity equation is facilitated simultaneously by an iteration process. In this manner the difficulties at the start of the integration are eliminated, and no additional initial conditions for the normal velocity component or the streamwise derivatives of u and T have to be imposed. Several numerical examples are included to demonstrate the application of the method.
Phenomenal conservatism, classical foundationalism, and internalist justification

In “Compassionate Phenomenal Conservatism” (2007), “Phenomenal Conservatism and the Internalist Intuition” (2006), and Skepticism and the Veil of Perception (2001), Michael Huemer endorses the principle of phenomenal conservatism, according to which appearances or seemings constitute a fundamental source of (defeasible) justification for belief. He claims that those who deny phenomenal conservatism, including classical foundationalists, are in a self-defeating position, for their views cannot be both true and justified; that classical foundationalists have difficulty accommodating false introspective beliefs; and that phenomenal conservatism is most faithful to the central internalist intuition. I argue that Huemer’s self-defeat argument fails, that classical foundationalism is able to accommodate fallible introspective beliefs, and that classical foundationalism has no difficulty accommodating a relatively clear internalist intuition. I also show that the motivation for phenomenal conservatism is less than clear.
Binary Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae Discovered Through Photometric Variability. I. What We Know and What We Would Like to Find Out

Shaping axisymmetric planetary nebulae is easier if a companion interacts with a primary at the top of the asymptotic giant branch. To determine the impact of binarity on planetary nebula formation and shaping, we need to determine the central star of planetary nebula binary fraction and period distribution. The short-period binary fraction has been known to be 10-15% from a survey of ~100 central stars for photometric variability indicative of irradiation effects, ellipsoidal variability, or eclipses. This survey technique is known to be biased against binaries with long periods and this fact is used to explain why the periods of all the binaries discovered by this survey are smaller than 3 days. In this paper we assess the status of knowledge of binary central stars discovered because of irradiation effects. We determine that, for average parameters, this technique should be biased against periods longer than 1-2 weeks, so it is surprising that no binaries were found with periods longer than 3 days. Even more puzzling is the fact that 9 out of 12 of the irradiated binaries have periods smaller than 1 day, a fact that is starkly at odds with post-common envelope predictions. We suggest that either all common envelope models tend to overestimate post-common envelope periods or this binary survey might have suffered from additional, unquantified biases. If the latter hypothesis is true, the currently known short-period binary fraction is put in serious doubt. We also introduce a new survey for binary-related variability, which will enable us to better quantify biases and determine an independent value for the short-period binary fraction.
Acidochromogenicity is a common characteristic in nontuberculous mycobacteria

An acidic environment is something likely encountered by mycobacteria in the environment or in a human host. Previously mycobacterial species had been known to produce carotenoid pigments in response to light or constitutively. We have tested the ability of various mycobacteria to grow on solid agar plates of differing acidity, and have shown that many species of mycobacteria previously thought to not produce pigment are pigmented when exposed to acidic stress. The Mycobacterium smegmatis promoter region upstream of the genes homologous to those of other mycobacterial species known to code for proteins involved in carotenoid biosynthesis was found to be upregulated under acidic stress. Mycobacterial species can produce pigment in response to conditions not previously known to induce chromogenicity in mycobacteria. In addition many mycobacterial species previously thought to not produce pigment are actually chromogenic under acidic conditions.
Corporate Structure and Modernization: A Comparative Analysis of Japan and the United States

(1991). Corporate structure and modernization: A comparative analysis of Japan and the United States. International Review of Sociology: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 149-173.
Effect of chemical modifications of the pineapple leaf fiber surfaces on the interfacial and mechanical properties of laminated biocomposites

Natural fiber reinforced renewable resource based laminated composites were prepared from biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and untreated or surface-treated pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) by compression molding using the film stacking method. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of surface treatment of PALF on the performance of the fiber-reinforced composites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to aid in the analysis. The mechanical properties of the PLA laminated composites were improved significantly after chemical treatment. It was found that both silane- and alkali-treated fiber reinforced composites offered superior mechanical properties compared to untreated fiber reinforced composites. The effects of temperature on the viscoelastic properties of composites were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). From the DMA results, incorporation of the PALF fibers resulted in a considerable increase of the storage m...
Detection of Synthetic Testosterone Use by Novel Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Combustion–Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry

We report the first demonstration of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC×GCC–IRMS) for the analysis of urinary steroids to detect illicit synthetic testosterone use, of interest in sport doping. GC coupled to IRMS (GCC–IRMS) is currently used to measure the carbon isotope ratios (CIRs, δ13C) of urinary steroids in antidoping efforts; however, extensive cleanup of urine extracts is required prior to analysis to enable baseline separation of target steroids. With its greater separation capabilities, GC×GC has the potential to reduce sample preparation requirements and enable CIR analysis of minimally processed urine extracts. Challenges addressed include online reactors with minimized dimensions to retain narrow peak shapes, baseline separation of peaks in some cases, and reconstruction of isotopic information from sliced steroid chromatographic peaks. Difficulties remaining include long-term robustness of online reactors and urine matrix effects t...
Calibrated models as management tools for stream-aquifer systems: the case of central Kansas, USA

Abstract We address the problem of declining streamflows in interconnected stream-aquifer systems and explore possible management options to address the problem for two areas of central Kansas: the Arkansas River valley from Kinsley to Great Bend and the lower Rattlesnake Creek-Quivira National Wildlife Refuge area. The approach we followed implements, calibrates, and partially validates for the study areas a stream-aquifer numerical model combined with a parameter estimation package and sensitivity analysis. Hydrologic budgets for both predevelopment and developed conditions indicate significant differences in the hydrologic components of the study areas resulting from development. The predevelopment water budgets give an estimate of natural ground-water recharge, whereas the budgets for developed conditions give an estimate of induced recharge, indicating that major ground-water development changes the recharge-discharge regime of the model areas with time. Such stream-aquifer models serve to link proposed actions to hydrologic effects, as is clearly demonstrated by the effects of various management alternatives on the streamflows of the Arkansas River and Rattlesnake Creek. Thus we show that a possible means of restoring specified streamflows in the area is to implement protective stream corridors with restricted ground-water extraction.
Innovations, improvements, and the optimal adoption of new technologies

Abstract This paper extends the literature on technology adoption by introducing a distinction between technological breakthroughs (‘innovations’) and the engineering refinements (‘improvements’) that follow such a breakthrough. Firms do not necessarily wait for a future technological breakthrough, but instead have an incentive to delay the adoption of a new technology until it is sufficiently advanced. We characterize a firm's adoption decision as the solution to a continuous time, infinite horizon dynamic programming problem, which gives rise to an ordinary differential equation that is highly non-linear and does not have a closed-form solution. We thus employ projection techniques and show how these techniques can be applied to the analysis of optimal stopping problems.
Review: Evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin D and calcium for reducing CV outcomes, cancer, and death is limited

Source Citation Chung M, Balk EM, Brendel M, et al. Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes. Evid Rep No. 183. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2009....
Veratridine-induced breakdown of cytosolic acetylcholine in rat hippocampal minces: An intraterminal form of acetylcholinesterase or choline O-acetyltransferase?

Rat hippocampal minces were loaded with N-methyl-[3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) in the presence of the 'poorly penetrating' acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, AChE) inhibitor echothiophate and the effect of the depolarizing agent veratridine determined on the subcellular storage and release of [3H]ACh and [3H]choline. Results indicated that veratridine stimulated the release of [3H]ACh from a crude vesicular fraction (P3) by a Ca2+-dependent process, while simultaneously accelerating the breakdown of cytosolic (S3) [3H]ACh. A portion of the [3H]choline derived from the hydrolyzed S3 [3H]ACh was donated to the P3 fraction for [3H]ACh formation and release. When the identical experiment was done using hippocampal minces from septal lesioned rats, veratridine did not stimulate either the Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]ACh or the hydrolysis of cytosolic [3H]ACh. Incubation of control hippocampal minces with paraoxon, an AChE inhibitor which can penetrate cholinergic nerve terminals more rapidly than echothiophate, prevented veratridine from stimulating the Ca2+-dependent release of [3H]ACh from the P3 fraction. Instead, it then stimulated the Ca2+-independent release of [3H]ACh from the S3 fraction. When minces were incubated with the choline O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6, ChAT) inhibitor 4-(1-naphthyl)vinyl pyridine (NVP), veratridine was no longer able to stimulate the Ca2+-dependent release of labelled ACh either. Instead, veratridine stimulated the Ca2+-independent release of labelled ACh from the S3 fraction. NVP also abolished the veratridine-induced, Ca2+-dependent release of total ACh. Both paraoxon and NVP inhibited the reversible reaction of ionically bound ChAT prepared from rat brain when tested in vitro, yet paraoxon was much less potent than NVP, and was unable to inhibit this reaction at the low concentration which prevented the veratridine induced breakdown of S3 [3H]ACh during mince incubation. Veratridine depolarization of hippocampal minces stimulated the activity of a membrane-bound fraction of ChAT associated with the P3 fraction, but this fraction of ChAT did not become more sensitive to inhibition by paraoxon during tissue incubation. Veratridine depolarization of minces also increased the activity of membrane-bound AChE, but this enzyme was not inhibited by the low NVP concentration which prevented the veratridine-induced breakdown of S3 [3H]ACh. The veratridine-induced increase in membrane-bound ChAT activity was dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ in the incubation medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Body In Pieces: Contemporary Anatomy Theatres

In spite of its obvious focus on the body in performance, the form of the medical anatomy theatre has not been a topic of great interest to scholars in the humanities, until recently. New approaches, such as Hillary Nunn's Staging Anatomies: Dissection and Spectacle in Early Stuart Tragedy and Stephanie Moss and Kaara Peterson's Disease, Diagnosis, and Cure on the Early Modern Stage signal increasing focus on both cultural and formal manifestations of the Renaissance anatomy theatre, on the heels of the notable rise in the sub-discipline of body criticism. While such examples point to new understandings about the anatomy theatre in early modern history, they do not address what happens to the form following the Enlightenment. The spectacle of the public autopsy was banned as a practice in nearly every European country by the early twentieth century, making its existence more difficult to explore in the context of modernism. Does it disappear? Go underground? Does it simply retreat back into the lecture halls of medical academies? Or is it resurrected now and again, brought back from the grave throughout the trajectory of modern
Minimal separators of 2-chordal graphs

Abstract As a generalization of chordal graph, the notion of 2-chordal graph arises naturally from the consideration of matrix valued matrix completion problems. The structure of minimal vertex separators of 2-Chordal graphs is determined. Moreover, except in trivial cases, it is possible to choose a clique (complete subgraph) as a minimal vertex separator. As an application of this result and using the techniques in [5], the characterizations of 2-Chordal graphs in terms of an elimination order and a list of forbidden subgraphs begun in [6] is given.
Effect of Norepinephrine on the Ovine Umbilical Circulation

SummaryThe administration of norepinephrine (50 μg/kg) to the fetuses of nine sheep caused an increase in fetal arterial pressure (Control = 30 mm Hg; Test = 56 mm Hg; P > 0.001) and vasoconstriction in the fetal kidney (Control = 3.79 mm Hg × min/ml × kg; Test = 16.24 mm Hg × min/ ml × kg; P > 0.001), placental membranes (Control = 2.74 mm Hg × min/ml × kg; Test = 17.79 mm Hg × min/ml × kg; P > 0.004), and fetal cotyledons (Control = 0.178 mm Hg × min/ml × kg; Test = 0.706 mm Hg × min/ml × kg; P > 0.003). These results indicate the presence of alpha receptors in these organs. The uterine blood flow fell subsequent to the injection of norepinephrine to the fetus and this response was abolished by phenoxybenzamine blockade of the circulation of four fetuses even though we could demonstrate no phenoxybenzamine blockade in the uterine circulation of these animals.Supported by Grant No. HD 06736.
Variability in hemodynamic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension at large referral centers

Despite consensus guidelines for right heart catheterization (RHC) in the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), considerable differences exist in the performance of RHC, interpretation of hemodynamic data, and frequency of RHC performance in patients with established disease. These differences may lead to variability in diagnosis or treatment of PAH. We sought to gather information on the standard practice of RHC for the diagnosis and management of PAH from experienced pulmonary vascular disease specialists. We developed a semiquantitative online survey of diagnosis and treatment patterns of pulmonary hypertension and distributed it to physicians at pulmonary hypertension centers in the United States. Thirty of 50 physicians completed the survey: 20 pulmonologists and 10 cardiologists, all of whom reported treating >100 patients with PAH in the past year. All respondents perform RHC in ≥90% of patients with suspected PAH. All physicians determine the pulmonary wedge pressure at end expiration; however, only half of respondents personally review tracings. Physicians differed in frequency of vasodilator testing (8 of 24 performed testing in >90% of patients with PAH), fluid challenge and exercise (19 of 30 performed testing in <25% of patients with PAH for both). Most physicians (70%) report repeating RHC between 6 months and 1 year after PAH treatment initiation. Variability exists in the interpretation of hemodynamic tracings and performance of vasodilator, fluid, and exercise challenges in the management of PAH by experienced physicians in the United States. Additional consensus guidelines delineating appropriate adjunctive testing to standardize the diagnosis of PAH are needed.
Tango and the Political Economy of Passion

Tango and the Political Economy of Passion. Marta E. Savigliano. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. 289 pp., Index, illustrations.
The regulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in intact normal and transformed cells maintained with a minimal salts/glucose medium☆

Abstract Ornithine decarboxylase activity could be enhanced 40 to 50 fold when confluent (G o ) intact Chinese hamster ovary cells were incubated for 7–8 h in a simple buffered salts/glucose solution. The apparent minimal buffer requirements established in this study for optimal enzyme activation were: Hepes buffer pH 7.2 (50 mmol/l), NaCl (100 mmol/l), KCl (5 mmol/l), CaCl 2 (2 mmol/l), glucose (5 mmol/l), L-asparagine (10 mmol/l), dibutyryl cAMP (0.5 mmol/l), and l-methyl, 3-isobutylxanthine (0.1 mmol/l). Little to no enzyme activation resulted by individually omitting from the activating solution CaCl 2 , KCl, L-asparagine, or agents which elevate cellular cAMP levels. The asparagine activation of ornithine decarboxylase was antagonized by the addition of L-ornithine, D,L-β-Aspartyl hydroxamate, lanthanum chloride, and sodium EGTA. The antagonism by the latter two agents reinforces the notion that calcium ions are involved in the activation of ornithine decarboxylase. Several other amino acids including qlutamine, serine, alanine, and glycine were equally as effective as asparagine in activating the enzyme and in permitting the cAMP mediated activation of ornithine decarboxylase. The enhancement of ornithine decarboxylase by asparagine and cAMP was also studied in two normal (Syrian hamster embryo cells, Balb 3T3) and in two transformed (Ni 3 S 2 transformed Syrian hamster embryo cell, SV-40 transformed Balb 3T3) cell culture systems. Asparagine and cAMP enhanced ornithine decarboxylase activity (30–50 fold) in transformed cells maintained in Earle salts medium. Little enzyme activation was detected under similar conditions in the respective normal cells.
Electroless copper deposition for ULSI

Abstract This work reviews the electroless copper deposition process as a metallization method for integrated circuit applications. We review the solution chemistry and reaction thermodynamics as well as the deposition kinetics for deposition on flat surfaces and on patterned surfaces with minimum dimensions between 0.1 and 1.0μm. The development of an alkali-free solution for sodium-free copper deposition is presented and the optimization of this solution for minimum as-deposited film resistivity is described. The integration of electroless technology in integrated circuit production is discussed and two basic approaches are presented, planar and non-planar. Finally, process flows for several integration methods are summarized and discussed.
Educating the Infrastructure Professional: A New Curriculum for a New Discipline

The United States has the most extensive, complex, and arguably the most sophisticated system of public infrastructure in the world. This linked system of facilities and activities provides the broad range of essential services that support our economic well-being and overall quality of life. In light of the critical role that infrastructure plays in our everyday lives and the many challenges facing the owners and operators of these systems, professionals of the highest caliber are needed to support and manage the nation’s infrastructure. This article suggests that existing university curricula at the undergraduate and graduate levels are generally inadequate to provide the necessary integrated and cross-disciplinary training required for infrastructure professionals. A focused activity should be undertaken to assess the educational needs and the adequacy of the training of those professionals and propose necessary curricula improvements.
Trauma exposure and PTSD is associated with attenuation in fronto-limbic functional connectivity among cocaine users

negative urines, reduction in opioid craving, improvement inmental health functional quality of life, and no new safety concerns. Financial support: Funded by Alkermes, Inc. Drs. Gastfriend, Memisoglu and Silverman are employees of Alkermes, Inc. Dr. Earley is a paid consultant to Alkermes. Injectable extended-release naltrexone (Vivitrol®) was developed with support from National Institute onDrugAbuseGrant R43DA013531 andNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Grant N43AA001002.
Evaporation from a translating drop in an electric field

Abstract The problem of evaporation from a spherical liquid drop translating in an electric field is investigated with perturbation solutions. The total flow field, a combination of the drop creeping translation, the electrically generated Taylor motion, and a strong non-uniform evaporation velocity assumed to be one order-of-magnitude larger than the formers, is solved by a regular perturbation technique in which the Reynolds number is used as the expansion parameter. The conservation equations of heat and mass transfer for the continuous and dispersed phases are solved by perturbation methods with the overall solution being second order accurate with respect to the perturbation variable. The results obtained from the sample calculations indicate that the electric field only alters the local temperature and concentration profiles. From the computational point of view, the current formulation is very useful, and may be used to handle a condensing drop as well as nonlinearities arising from the interactions of the thermal radiation at the drop surface. Therefore the analytical solution may easily be adopted in a large computer code which does the entire system simulation.
Arsenic Induces Peroxynitrite Generation and Cyclooxygenase-2 Protein Expression in Aortic Endothelial Cells: Possible Role in Atherosclerosis

Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to the metalloid arsenic constitutes a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether arsenic could stimulate generation of factors involved in oxidative stress and inflammation, conditions associated with atherosclerosis, or coronary artery disease. We found that production of peroxynitrite, a strong oxidant formed from the coupling of nitric oxide and superoxide anion, was significantly increased in bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells exposed to sodium arsenite at concentrations as low as 0.5 microM. Expression of the inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was also upregulated in response to arsenite exposure as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. The increase in COX-2 protein was time dependent with highest levels at 30 min and 48 h. This result was supported by an increase in the generation of prostaglandin E(2) following exposure to arsenic. Nitrotyrosine residues in proteins are indicative of peroxynitrite generation, and extensive nitrotyrosine formation has been detected in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, COX-2 protein was immunoprecipitated from BAE cells and submitted to Western blot analysis using an antibody to nitrotyrosine. Nitration of COX-2 was detected in arsenic-treated cells, but not in untreated control cells. The findings in this report suggest an increase in reactive species, notably peroxynitrite, in BAE cells exposed to arsenic. Furthermore, induction of important inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 may exacerbate the inflammatory state typical of atherosclerosis.
Two Additional Criteria for Identifying Aerolites

The “black” or non-metallic veins, and the magnetic properties, of aerolites can often be used as additional criteria for distinguishing these bodies from terrestrial stones.
Rapid-acquisition computed tomography demonstration of chronic calcified pericardial constriction

Dynamic imaging by a new ultrafast computed tomography scanner of a patient with chronic calcified pericardial constriction is presented. Images of the heart throughout the cardiac cycle demonstrate compression of the right ventricle by calcified pericardium. Hemodynamic data was derived from the scan study to support the diagnosis of pericardial constriction, which was confirmed on cardiac catheterization.
The Incremental Validity of a Short Form of the Ideational Behavior Scale and Usefulness of Distractor, Contraindicative, and Lie Scales

ABSTRACT This article describes an empirical reﬁnement of the Runco Ideational BehaviorScale (RIBS). The RIBS seems to be associated with divergent thinking, and thepotential for creative thinking, but it was possible that its validity could beimproved. With this in mind, three new scales were developed and the unique bene-ﬁt (or “incremental validity”) of each was assessed. The three validity scales con-tained (a) distractor items, (b) contraindicative items, or (c) items constituting a liescale. Step-wise analyses using the three validity scales indicated very little incremen-tal validity: They were interpreted in the light of psychometric theory, which sug-gests that their contribution may have been on a behavioral rather than on astatistical level. One additional analysis explored the possibility that a short formcould be constructed. The short form of the RIBS was highly correlated with thelong form (r = .94). Thus, most decisions made by the short form will be entirelycompatible with decisions that would have been reached using the long form. A sec-ond signiﬁcant result was that the RIBS was highly correlated with a check list ofcreative activities, supporting its concurrent validity.Keywords: ideation, divergent thinking, originality, incremental validity, concurrentvalidity, validity scales.Psychometric research plays a vital yet largely unsung role in studies of creativity.In fact, it plays two roles: First it insures that empirical research relying on any sortof assessment is valid and therefore meaningful. No inferences about the meaning ofcreativity in the natural environment or predictions about future creative accom-plishments would be possible without psychometrics. The second role of psychomet-ric theory is its contribution to accurate diagnoses and identiﬁcation of individuals
Exploring Transitions of Space Plasmas Out of Equilibrium

Space plasmas from the solar wind to planetary magnetospheres and the outer heliosphere are systems in stationary states out of equilibrium. Empirical kappa distributions, which naturally emerge from Tsallis Statistics, successfully describe these space plasmas. The Tsallis formalism offers a solid statistical foundation and provides a set of proven tools for understanding these distributions, including a consistent definition of temperature-the physical temperature, which characterizes the non-equilibrium stationary states. Here, we develop a measure of the 'thermodynamic distance' of stationary states away from equilibrium. The stationary states are labeled by the value of the entropic q-index, lying in a spectrum from q = 1 (equilibrium) to the maximum value of q, which specifies the furthest possible stationary state from equilibrium. We call this the 'q-frozen state', because as a system approaches this state, it behaves analogously to when its temperature approaches absolute zero. We also introduce a novel isothermal procedure that describes a system's transition into different stationary states by varying the q-index, and show how the variation of temperature can be realized using an 'iso-metastability' procedure, in which the system remains in a fixed stationary state. These innovations allow a generalization of the zeroth law of thermodynamics to cover stationarymore » states out of equilibrium. By expressing the entropy in terms of the q-index, we show the detailed paths by which the transition of stationary states evolves toward equilibrium following the dynamics of a characteristic difference equation along the q-indices. This naturally exhibits certain stationary states out of equilibrium that are frequently observed in space plasmas.« less
INNOVATIVE PROCEDURES FOR NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT The State of Texas has developed an innovative scheme for resolving contentious issues in assessing natural resource damages from coastal oil spills. The Texas statute and regulations provide for mediation among state natural resource trustees to resolve differences among them when assessing natural resource damages. The state trustees have formally signed a memorandum of agreement to institute mediation whenever they have disputes about any aspect of damage assessment in a case. The statute and regulations also require the responsible person (the spiller) to mediate any disagreement about the assessment as a prerequisite to the jurisdiction of any court. This provision gives both the trustees and the responsible person an opportunity to reach a negotiated agreement without initiating expensive and lengthy litigation. The regulations implementing damage assessment procedures and protocols were developed through the use of a negotiated rulemaking process. This process brought together representati...
A Defense of Restricted Phenomenal Conservatism

In this paper, I criticize Michael Huemer's phenomenal conservatism, the theory of justification according to which if it seems to S that p, then in the absence of defeaters, S thereby has at least some degree of justification for believing that p. Specifically, I argue that beliefs and hunches provide counterexamples to phenomenal conservatism. I then defend a version of restricted phenomenal conservatism, the view that some but not all appearances confer prima facie justification on their propositional contents. Specifically, I defend the view that S has defeasible justification for believing that p if and only if it seems to S that p and it seems to S that she is acquainted with the fact that makes p true. Finally, I criticize Huemer's self-defeat argument for phenomenal conservatism.
High Incidence of Severe Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease with Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil in a Large Cohort of Related and Unrelated Allogeneic Transplantation Patients

Abstract Both acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). The optimal pharmacological regimen for GVHD prophylaxis is unclear, but combinations of a calcineurin inhibitor (cyclosporin or tacrolimus [Tac]) and an antimetabolite (methotrexate or mycophenolate mofetil [MMF]) are typically used. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical outcomes of 414 consecutive patients who underwent AHSCT from sibling (SD) or unrelated donors (UD) with Tac/MMF combination, between January 2005 and August 2010. The median follow-up was 60 months. Less than one third of the patients received a reduced-intensity chemoregimen. The incidence of grades III and IV acute GVHD was 22.3% and 36.5% in SD and UD groups, respectively (P = .0007). The incidence of chronic GVHD was 47.1% and 52.7% in the SD and UD groups, respectively. Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 60 months was 33.3% and 46.5% in the SD and UD groups, respectively (P = .0016). The incidence of relapse was 22.4% for UD and 28.8% for SD. Five-year overall survival was 43% and 34% in the SD and UD groups, respectively (P = .0183). GVHD was the leading cause of death for the entire cohort. Multivariable analysis showed that 8/8 HLA match, patient's age
Factors associated with the clinical response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing health problem worldwide. People with T2DM are at risk of experiencing periodontitis and likely require treatment. Using data from the national multicenter Diabetes and Periodontal Therapy Trial (DPTT), the authors assessed patient-based characteristics associated with the clinical response to nonsurgical therapy. Methods The DPTT investigators randomly assigned adults with T2DM (hemoglobin A 1c [HbA 1c ] ≥ 7 percent and Results More severe baseline PD, CAL and BOP were associated with greater improvements in these same measurements ( P P 30 kilograms per square meter) experienced greater reductions in PD and BOP than did participants who were not obese ( P 1c values, diabetes duration, and smoking were not associated with change in any outcome ( P > .1). Conclusions In patients with T2DM, baseline disease severity was associated with the clinical response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Body mass index and Hispanic ethnicity—but not glycemic control, diabetes duration or smoking—also may be useful in predicting clinical changes in this population. Practical Implications These findings could help clinicians identify patients with T2DM who may or may not respond well to initial periodontal treatment.
BMP4 modulates fibroblast growth factor-mediated induction of proximal and distal lung differentiation in mouse embryonic tracheal epithelium in mesenchyme-free culture.

Lung morphogenesis and differentiation require interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme, which is mediated by diffusible molecules such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and Shh. We have used mesenchyme-free culture to study the effects of these molecules on lung epithelial differentiation. We have tested the individual abilities of FGF1, FGF2, FGF7, FGF9, FGF10, and FGF18, as well as BMP4 and Shh to promote growth and specify distal lung differentiation in mouse tracheal epithelium. The different FGFs exhibited distinct abilities to induce epithelial growth and the expression of the distal lung epithelial marker, surfactant protein C (SP-C), although all FGFs were able to induce expression of BMP4. Tracheal epithelium treated with FGF10 showed little growth and failed to express SP-C as measured by whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. FGF1 treatment resulted in the strongest induction of SP-C. Treatment with BMP4 inhibited epithelial growth and differentiation and antagonized the stimulatory effects of FGF1. In contrast, inhibition of endogenous BMP4 signaling with Noggin protein did not inhibit growth or expression of SP-C but did increase the expression of the proximal lung markers CCSP and HFH4. Expression of Shh was not affected by any of the conditions tested. These results suggest that BMP4 does not signal epithelial cells to adopt a distal fate but may regulate the expansion of proximal epithelial cells in the lung.
Rescuing Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) Education

Responsible conduct of research (RCR) education requirements, resources, and research have proliferated over the past twenty years, but evidence and experience highlight shortcomings in many domains: goals, audience, content, teaching tools, use of the Internet for instruction, instructors, allocation of responsibility for education, education requirements, and sources of funding. Revised approaches and suggested roles and responsibilities are proposed to meet these challenges. The unifying theme for these recommendations is to shift the focus from RCR education to RCR culture building.