cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclosporine downregulates Fas ligand expression on vascular endothelial cells: implication for accelerated vasculopathy by immunosuppressive therapy.

Although the introduction of cyclosporine A (CyA) and FK506 for immunosuppressive therapy has dramatically enhanced the early survival of organ transplant recipients, administration of these immunosuppresants is correlated with high incidence of transplant arteriosclerosis. Transplant-associated arteriosclerosis is believed to result from recipient inflammatory responses to the allograft, as it is characterized by early mononuclear cell infiltration of the transplanted vessel. We reported that vascular endothelial cells naturally express a death factor, Fas ligand, that may function to inhibit detrimental leukocyte infiltration. Here, we show that CyA or FK506 downregulates FasL expression on endothelial cells with accompanying decrease in the cytotoxicity toward Fas-bearing cells. Our findings not only demonstrate a novel biological action of these drugs, but also suggest a mechanism by which immunosupressive treatment contributes to atherogenesis.
Parasitism of the apple maggot,Rhagoletis pomonella, infesting hawthorns in Washington

Five species of larval parasitoids were reared fromRhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) infested fruit of hawthorn,Crataegus, collected from several locations in southwest Washington over a four year period. A braconid,Biosteres melleus (Gahan), parasitized larvae infesting fruits of a native hawthorn species,Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Another braconid,Opius downesi Gahan, emerged exclusively fromR. pomonella pupae reared from fruits of an introduced species of hawthorn,Crataegus monogyna Jacq. A pteromalid,Pteromalus sp., and two eulophids,Tetrastichus spp., attackedR. pomonella larvae infesting fruits of both hawthorn species. No parasitoids emerged from a total of 4385 pupae reared from apple. Percent parasitism ofR. pomonella was higher inC. monogyna compared toC. douglasii fruits. The highest average levels of parasitism ofR. pomonella inC. monogyna andC. douglasii fruits were 90% and 23% respectively. The kinds of parasitoids, their relative abundances and timing of parasitization on the two hawthorns was related to differences in fruit ripening patterns and its effect on the development ofR. pomonella on these two hosts. Parasitization ofR. pomonella byTetrastichus spp. is a new host record. The detection of these species andPteromalus sp. in southwest Washington are the first records of ectoparasitoids attacking this tephritid.
Political Culture as a Catalyst for Political Change in American Cities

Urban scholars generally agree that structural constraints limit the capacity of public officials to govern their cities efficiently and equitably. This paper considers how a transformation in the local political culture may expand policy options. Ronald Inglehart's theory of postmaterial cultural change and Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony/counterhegemony are evaluated in the context of one of the more successful urban protest movements during the past two decades — the San Francisco growth-control movement. The Gramscian framework may provide the more promising approach to understanding enduring cultural/political change in American cities.
Positive Accounting Theory as a Lakatosian Research Programme

Abstract ‘Positive accounting theory’ fails to meet Popper's falsificationist criteria for scientific inquiry. This paper argues, however, that Lakatos' ‘methodology of scientific research programmes’ is superior to Popper's falsificationist methodology, and that ‘positive accounting research’ does meet Lakatos' criteria for ‘scientific' status. Within Lakatos’ philosophy of science, however, this claim does not necessarily represent an endorsement of positive accounting theory.
1067 CLINICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS OF TWO PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINES

As a step towards prevention of diseases due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, separate studies of 2 polyvalent polysaccharide vaccines [8-valent Eli Lilly (L) and 14-valent Merck,Sharp and Dohme (MSD)] were undertaken involving 210 normal infants. At age 6 months children were assigned to groups receiving 5 to 50 mcg per vaccine component doses at 6 and/or 12 months or to serve as unvaccinated controls (C). Clinical reactions were monitored by a home visit at 24 hours after vaccination. Antigenicity was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of type specific antibody at ages 6,7,12,13 and 24 months. RESULTS: Clinical reactions to both vaccines were mild. The 8-valent L vaccine stimulated significant antibody to type 3 at 6 months and types 3,7,18 and 23 at 12 months when compared to controls. The 14-valent MSD vaccine stimulated significant antibody at 12 months to types 6,7,8 and 14 when compared to controls. Vaccination at 6 months depressed antibody responses at 12 month revaccination. RIA antibody rose in control groups ≥1.8 fold for all types between the ages of 6 to 13 months indicating some natural acquisition of antibody. By age 24 months, GMTs of all vaccinated groups were similar to C. No influence of vaccination on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage or otitis could be demonstrated. It is concluded that the present pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines are poor immunogens in infants in all dosage schedules tested.
Surface modified silver-carbonate mixed conducting membranes for high flux CO2 separation with enhanced stability

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate that a silver-carbonate CO 2 permeation membrane with the surface of silver matrix modified by a thin coating of Al 2 O 3 can effectively improve the flux stability over an extended period. The CO 2 and O 2 flux densities reached 0.39 ml cm −2 min −1 and 0.20 ml cm −2 min −1 at 650 °C, respectively, and maintained >90% of its original values for 130 h. This is in contrast with the untreated membrane in which only one-third of the original values can be retained even after 60 h. Overall, surface modification of silver matrix by a thin layer of Al 2 O 3 coating is demonstrated as a viable method to fabricate stable silver-carbonate membranes for electrochemical CO 2 capture from flue gas.
THE EFFECT OF IONIC STRENGTH AND pH ON THE PROTONATED SCHIFF BASE AND TYROSINE DEPROTONATION KINETICS DURING THE BACTERIORHODOPSIN PHOTOCYCLE

— The deprotonation kinetics of tyrosine and the protonated Schiff base during the bacteriorho-dopsin photocycle were studied under different perturbations by transient absorption spectroscop Native purple membrane, as well as samples which were deionized (blue) then restored with Na+ or La3+ were used at pH's ranging from 7 to 10 at very low salt concentrations. The results were compared with previous studies at higher ionic strength. The important conclusions can be summarized as follows: (a) The rate constants of both the Schiff base and tyrosine deprotonation are not very sensitive to the changes of conditions. (b) An almost linear relationship is observed between the relative amplitudes of the tyrosine deprotonated during the cycle and the slow component of the Schiff base deprotonation under the different perturbations studied. This was taken to support the two site model for the protonated Schiff base, one near tyrosine and the other near its ionized form. (c) The pKa value determined from the ratio of the amplitude of the fast to the slow component of the Schiff base deprotonation is found to decrease with increasing ionic strength of the medium. At extremely low ionic strength, it was found to equal that of the tyrosine phenolic group in solution.
Pulmonary and hepatic actinomycosis: atypical radiologic findings of an uncommon infection.

Actinomycosis is an uncommon infection caused by Actinomyces israelii, characterized by clinical and radiological findings that can resemble other inflammatory and neoplastic lesions. In the lung, the pathogen classically causes a chronic pneumonia, which may have associated pleuritis, abscesses and fibrosis. It is estimated in the literature that only 15% of all cases of actinomycosis involve the thorax [1‐ 3]. The causative agent, Actinomyces, usually A. israelii, is non acid-fast, Gram-positive, filamentous bacterium belonging to the same family as Nocardia asteroides. The bacterial species is usually part of the normal flora of the oral cavity. Of particular relevance is the variability of both the radiographic appearance of actinomycosis as well as its clinical presentation. Recognizing this is critical to considering this diagnosis and allows for a specific work-up involving anaerobic cultures and appropriate fluorescent antibody stains. We report a case with unique CT findings of pulmonary and hepatic actinomycosis.
Influence of dental resin material composition on cross-polarization-optical coherence tomography imaging

The purpose of this study was to investigate cross-polarization-optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) signal attenuation through different resin material compositions. Four distinct composite systems were used: Filtek supreme ultra (FSU) (3M ESPE), IPS empress direct (EMD) (Ivoclar Vivadent), estelite sigma quick (SQK) (Tokuyama Dental), and Z100 (3M ESPE). Cross-sectional images of different composite-demineralized phantoms (n=108 ) were collected using a 1310-nm intraoral cross-polarization swept source OCT (CP-OCT) imaging system. %T quantified the CP-OCT signal attenuation. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer chemical analysis was utilized to determine how different matrix/filler compositions affected attenuation of the near infrared (NIR) signal. CP-OCT imaging of dental resin composites showed enormous variation in signal attenuation. For each of our composite systems, there was not a consistent attenuation difference in the NIR signal for A to D shades. The four composites had similar measured backscattering values but attenuated the overall signal to different degrees. When comparing the A2 shades between the four different composite systems, the order of highest to lowest of %T was EMD>Z100 , FSU>SQK (ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.0001 ). As a result, we demonstrate the importance of understanding how the constituents of composite materials affect CP-OCT signal attenuation.
Modeling and controlling 3D formations and flocking behavior of unmanned air vehicles

This paper deals with the problem of modeling and controlling dynamic formations and flocking behavior of unmanned air vehicles. Dynamic formations are modeled using 3D kinematic models combined with dynamic graph structures. The leader-follower and co-leader interconnections are described by time-varying matrices that consist of a binary connectivity matrix and shape matrices. The control laws allowing to maintain the formation with stable motion are decentralized and reactive. They consist of linear navigation laws with deviation terms. These laws are used to generate trajectories to reach the goal and/or switch from one configuration to another. All geometric shapes are obtained from a basic shape that consists of a triangle. Thus any formation is a collection of triangles. To simplify the modeling and control tasks, a cylindric coordinate system is used and the three dimensional workspace is resolved into horizontal and vertical planes. The vehicles are then controlled in the horizontal and vertical planes separately.
A Liberal Pluralism: Isaiah Berlin and John Stuart Mill

The essay explores the relationship between value pluralism, as Isaiah Berlin understood it, and liberalism. It consists of two main parts. In the first part, I argue that value pluralism does not entail liberalism, and I criticize two philosophers—William Galston and George Crowder—who believe that it does. In the second, I reconstruct and defend Isaiah Berlin's own understanding of this relationship, drawing on an essay that is often neglected by Berlin's interpreters: “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life.” Berlin thought that the relationship between value pluralism and liberalism was largely psychological. He believed that those who embraced value pluralism would be more likely to affirm liberal institutions, because they would be more likely to exhibit certain virtues—notably empathy, imagination, and openness to other ways of life—that typically motivate tolerance.
Mapping Fire Scars in a Mixed‐Oak Forest in Eastern Kentucky, USA, Using Landsat ETM+ Data

Abstract Satellite images have been used successfully to map fire scars in a variety of ecosystems, but to date there are no documented studies on the application of this technology in the oak‐dominated deciduous forests of the eastern United States. The goal of the current study was to develop an approach suitable for mapping fire scars in eastern Kentucky using a single‐date Landsat ETM+ image. No single spectral band or spectral vegetation index appears successful in mapping fire scars in senesced oak‐dominated hardwood forests. Results obtained in this study suggest that a combination of Landsat spectral bands, particularly ETM+ 3, ETM+ 4, and ETM+ 7, are necessary for separating burned areas from low‐reflectance targets such as water bodies and shadows areas, and other land cover types such as senesced forests, and clear‐cut/strip mine surfaces. Of the techniques evaluated, the unstandardized principal components analysis (UPCA) resulted in the highest overall classification accuracy (85.3%) while KT...
Acute pancreatitis induced fluid collections - the naming game.

Despite the publication of the “Revision of the Atlanta Classification and Definitions by International Consensus” [1], we have noted a continued variability in terminology used for reporting the types of pancreatic fluid collections complicating acute pancreatitis. In response to this perceived variability, we devised a survey to determine if the updated terminologies were being implemented in everyday practice. Our hypothesis was that physicians are still unclear on how to distinguish and name pancreatic fluid collections.
How to Lower the River to Reveal the Rocks without Putting a Hole in Your Boat

Toyota’s example has inspired revolutionary changes in the way all manner of goods and services are designed and produced. One of the key features of this new approach is the self-imposition of necessity. Rather than wait for customers or competitors to compel innovation and improvement, In the famous words of Toyota Chief Engineer Ohno, we should ‘lower the river to reveal the rocks’; i.e., deliberately reduce the buffers of time, capacity, inventory and financial contingency that are currently necessary to absorb variation and uncertainty, in order to reveal where the production system needs to be changed. This paper explores the application of Ohno’s advice in the construction industry. Examples of successful implementation are provided, and methods are proposed to reduce the risk of putting a hole in your commercial boat.
Peptide Mimic of Phosphorylcholine, a Dominant Epitope Found on Streptococcus pneumoniae

Even in the age of antibiotics, Streptococcus pneumoniae causes significant morbidity, especially in the young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. While a carbohydrate-based vaccine exists, it is poorly immunogenic in the at-risk populations. In mice, antibodies directed against phosphorylcholine (PC), an epitope present on the cell wall C polysaccharide of all pneumococcal serotypes, protect against infection. However, PC itself is a poor vaccine candidate. We report here peptide mimics of PC based on the anti-idiotypic interaction of T15 anti-PC antibodies. T15 antibodies, the dominant and protective idiotype induced in mice by PC immunization, self-associate via a 24-amino-acid region in the PC binding site (ASRNKANDYTTEYSASVKGRFIVS; peptide 1). Peptide 1 has been shown to bind in the PC binding site. We demonstrated that amino acid sequences derived from peptide 1 starting at amino acid 9, 11, or 13 inhibit PC binding. Therefore, we immunized mice with bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates of peptide 1 or either of two selected 12-mers. The 12-mer peptides were not immunogenic. Mice immunized with peptide 1-BSA developed an anti-PC response consisting mainly immunoglobulin G1 and expressed the T15 heavy chain. Nonetheless, neither BALB/c nor CBA/N mice were protected from lethal pneumococcal infections by immunization with peptide 1-BSA. Preliminary data suggest that peptide 1-BSA is not able to elicit the canonical T15 light chain, explaining the absence of protection. This idiotype-derived mimotope of PC is a useful tool for understanding immunologic cross-reactivity and learning to design T-cell-dependent vaccines for S. pneumoniae.
Colchicine: a novel positive allosteric modulator of the human 5-hydroxytryptamine3A receptor.

The actions of colchicine were examined with the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique and radioligand binding assays in mouse and human 5-hydroxytryptamine3A receptors (5-HT3ARs) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Colchicine inhibited 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-evoked currents in oocytes expressing mouse 5-HT3ARs, with an IC50 of 59.5 ± 3 μM. In contrast to the mouse receptor, coapplication of colchicine with 5-HT ( 1 μM. In oocyte membranes expressing mouse or human receptors, binding studies with colchicine (25 nM–1 mM) revealed no displacement of 1-methyl-N-((1R,3r,5S)-9-methyl-9 azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-3yl)-1H-indazole-3 carboxamide ([3H]BRL-43694), suggesting that actions of colchicine do not occur at the ligand binding domain. Functional effects of colchicine on both receptors occurred in the absence of preincubation and after cold temperature incubation, suggesting that the microtubule-depolymerizing effects of colchicine play no role in modulation of receptor function. Studies with interspecies chimeric receptors demonstrated that the distal one third of the N terminus is responsible for the bidirectional modulation by colchicine. Collectively, these results suggest that colchicine modulates receptor function through loops C and/or F through a gating mechanism.
Low light level saturated absorption in tapered fiber embedded in alkali vapor

We demonstrate ultra-low light level saturated absorption in a tapered fiber embedded in an atomic vapor. This shows the potential for extremely low light level optical switching and quantum information processing with such a device.
Of hammers and nails: an empirical comparison of three paradigms for processing large graphs

Many phenomena and artifacts such as road networks, social networks and the web can be modeled as large graphs and analyzed using graph algorithms. However, given the size of the underlying graphs, efficient implementation of basic operations such as connected component analysis, approximate shortest paths, and link-based ranking (e.g. PageRank) becomes challenging.This paper presents an empirical study of computations on such large graphs in three well-studied platform models, viz., a relational model, a data-parallel model, and a special-purpose in-memory model. We choose a prototypical member of each platform model and analyze the computational efficiencies and requirements for five basic graph operations used in the analysis of real-world graphs viz., PageRank, SALSA, Strongly Connected Components (SCC), Weakly Connected Components (WCC), and Approximate Shortest Paths (ASP). Further, we characterize each platform in terms of these computations using model-specific implementations of these algorithms on a large web graph. Our experiments show that there is no single platform that performs best across different classes of operations on large graphs. While relational databases are powerful and flexible tools that support a wide variety of computations, there are computations that benefit from using special-purpose storage systems and others that can exploit data-parallel platforms.
Role of Integrins in Endothelial Mechanosensing of Shear Stress

The focal pattern of atherosclerotic lesions in arterial vessels suggests that local blood flow patterns are important factors in atherosclerosis. Although disturbed flows in the branches and curved regions are proatherogenic, laminar flows in the straight parts are atheroprotective. Results from in vitro studies on cultured vascular endothelial cells with the use of flow channels suggest that integrins and the associated RhoA small GTPase play important roles in the mechanotransduction mechanism by which shear stress is converted to cascades of molecular signaling to modulate gene expression. By interacting dynamically with extracellular matrix proteins, the mechanosensitive integrins activate RhoA and many signaling molecules in the focal adhesions and cytoplasm. Through such mechanotransduction mechanisms, laminar shear stress upregulates genes involved in antiapoptosis, cell cycle arrest, morphological remodeling, and NO production, thus contributing to the atheroprotective effects. This review summarizes some of the recent findings relevant to these mechanotransduction mechanisms. These studies show that integrins play an important role in mechanosensing in addition to their involvement in cell attachment and migration.
Sensitivity analysis and parameter tuning scheme for global sea-ice modeling

Abstract Automatic differentiation (AD) is used to perform a multiple parameter sensitivity analysis for the Los Alamos sea-ice model CICE. Numerical experiments are run by six-hourly, 1987 forcing data with a two-hour time step, and the AD-based sensitivity scheme is validated by comparison with derivatives calculated using the conventional finite-difference approach. Twenty-two thermodynamic and dynamic parameters are selected for simultaneous analysis. Of these, the simulated average sea-ice thickness is most sensitive to ice density; albedos and emissivity predominate in summer, while ice thickness is highly sensitive to the snow density in winter. Ice conductivity, the ice–ocean drag parameter, maximum ice salinity and ridging parameters significantly affect the simulation year-round. Gradient information computed by the AD-based sea-ice code is then used in an experiment designed to assess the efficacy of this technique for tuning the parameters against observational data. Preliminary results, obtained with a bound-constrained minimization method and with simulated observational data, show that satisfactory convergence is obtained.
Correlation of EUS measurement with pathologic assessment of neoadjuvant therapy response in esophageal carcinoma

Abstract Background: EUS-measured reduction in tumor size after neoadjuvant therapy has previously been correlated with downstaging and improved survival in patients with esophageal cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether tumor changes measured by EUS correspond to pathologically assessed chemoradiotherapy-induced tumor regression. Methods: Forty-one patients with esophageal cancer treated with combined modality treatment were studied. After initial EUS, patients completed a cisplatin/carboplatinum, 5-fluorouracil, and radiotherapy regimen and underwent repeat EUS before resection. A positive response on EUS was defined as a 50% reduction in maximal tumor cross-sectional area. Chemoradiotherapy-induced tumor regression was assessed in resection specimens by using a previously defined pathologic scoring system based on the extent of tumor proliferation into adjacent fibrosis. Results: Pathologic tumor regression was present in 23, indeterminate in 5, and minimal or absent in 13 patients. EUS measured a positive response in 20 of 23 (87%) patients with CRT-induced tumor regression and a negative response in 10 of 13 (77%) patients with absent tumor regression ( p Conclusions: Measurement of tumor size by EUS is a reliable clinical method for assessing pathologic tumor regression before surgery. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:655-61.)
Statistical Significance Tests, Effect Size Reporting and the Vain Pursuit of Pseudo-Objectivity

Two themes are argued in this comment on the use of statistical significance tests. First, effect sizes are an important aspect of results that should be reported. However, 10 empirical studies (some of several different journals) of articles in various disciplines demonstrate that effect sizes are still not usually being reported, notwithstanding the admonitions of the 1994 American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual. Second, using statistical significance tests does not (and cannot) make scientists (or their science) objective.
The appropriation of endogenously provided common-pool resources

Because game theory suggests that the origin of a common-pool resource should not affect appropriation behavior, experimental studies of appropriation from common-pool resources generally presume resources are exogenously provided. However, behavioral economic research indicates that the origin of a resource may affect the use of that resource. We investigate the potential role of resource origin by considering the appropriation of a common-pool resource after users have determined its productive capacity through contributions. Results indicate that resource origin does not significantly influence aggregate appropriation levels but that endogenous resource provision leads to individual strategic behavior.
Late Glacial History of the Upper Wallkill Valley, New York

Final Wisconsinan glaciation of the Wallkill Valley was accomplished by the Wallkill Valley lobe that advanced as far south as the Ogdens-burg-Culvers Gap moraine in New Jersey. As the ice margin retreated northward to the Pellets Island and New Hampton moraines, a proglacial lake was impounded with an outlet at 500 ft. Next, the ice margin retreated to the Wallkill moraine and a new lake outlet was established at 400 ft. Kettle ice in the New Hampton moraine then melted and drained into the 400 ft lake, and pollen sedimentation in New Hampton Bog No. 1 commenced. Analysis of the pollen spectra in New Hampton No. 1 indicates the presence of pollen subzones that are correlated with dated sequences in southern New England and southern New York. Correlation with the Herb Pollen Zone is based on the presence of cold climate indicator pollen even though nonarboreal pollen (NAP) comprises only 11 percent of the spectrum. A radiocarbon date of 12,850 ± 250 years B.P. between the A 1 -A 2 and A 3 subzones confirms correlation and suggests that sedimentation in the T 1 subzone began about 15,000 years B.P. Using the most recent sedimentation rate for Rogers Lake, the basal sediments are calculated to be 14,850 yrs old. A spruce rise in the T 2 subzone is tentatively correlated with the Rosendale re-advance in the Hudson Valley and the Middle-town re-advance in Connecticut. The initial advance into the Wallkill Valley is correlated with the early Woodfordian Kent glaciation of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and western New York. The mid-Woodfordian recessional deposits probably correlate in part with the Valley Heads drift of western New York.
Open universe from inflation.

We present a natural scenario for obtaining an open universe (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{0}$1) through inflation. In this scenario, there are two epochs of inflationary expansion\char22{}an epoch of ``old inflation,'' during which the inflaton field is stuck in a false vacuum, followed by an epoch of ``new inflation,'' during which the inflation field slowly rolls toward its true minimum. During the first epoch, inflation solves the smoothness and horizon problems. Then an open universe (with negative spatial curvature) is created by the nucleation of a single bubble. In effect \ensuremath{\Omega} is instantaneously ``reset'' to zero. During the subsequent ``new'' inflation \ensuremath{\Omega} rises toward unity. The value of \ensuremath{\Omega} today is calculable in terms of the parameters of the potential, and we show that obtaining values significantly different from zero or unity (though within the range 01) does not require significant fine-tuning. We compute the spectrum of density perturbations by evolving the Bunch-Davies vacuum modes across the bubble wall into its interior.
A new three-dimensional linear predictive algorithm for digital subtraction angiography

The authors apply a three-dimensional (3-D) linear least-squares (LS) prediction technique to the processing of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) image sequences. The main goal of this processing is the cancellation of motion artifacts, which is a visual structured noise that appears in current DSA images. Two important issues are addressed by this technique. The first is the misregistration of the mask and the contrast image. The second is the temporal filtering of the DSA image sequence. Instead of treating these two issues separately, as in conventional DSA, the authors combine them into a 3-D LS prediction problem. Based on this approach they developed an efficient algorithm for the solution of normal equations. To match the image sequence physical characteristics, the authors have further optimized practical parameters of this algorithm. Actual patient data are used for the evaluation of this technique. Results show a significant improvement over the existing methods. >
Crack Arrest Testing Using Small Wide Plate SE(T) Specimens

A greatly scaled-down version of the wide plate crack arrest test has been developed to characterize the crack arrest performance of a high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steel alloy in the upper region of the ductile-brittle transition. The specimen is a single-edge notched, 152 mm wide by 19 mm thick by 910 mm long plate subjected to a strong thermal gradient and a tensile loading. The thermal gradient is required to arrest the crack at temperatures high in the transition region, close to the expected service temperature for crack arrest applications in surface ships. Strain gages are placed along the crack path to obtain crack position and crack velocity data, and this data, along with the applied loading is combined in a “generation mode” analysis using finite element analysis to obtain a dynamic analysis of the crack arrest event. A prior investigation demonstrated the feasibility of the technique and this investigation was devised to obtain a larger dataset of crack arrest toughness values of an HSLA-100 steel plate to better characterize the upper transition crack arrest performance of this alloy. Brittle crack initiation, significant cleavage crack propagation, and subsequent crack arrest was achieved in all eight of the tests conducted in this investigation. The cleavage cracks were observed to propagate at nearly constant velocity, typically in the range of 350–400 m/s before arresting abruptly. A crack arrest master curve approach was used to characterize the fracture toughness and a crack arrest reference temperature, TKIA=−136°C was determined for the HSLA-100 plate. This corresponded to a shift in the crack initiation reference temperature of +36°C. The shift in reference temperature was much less than that observed for low Ni steel alloys.
The role of PPARs in inflammation and immunity

The family of transcription factors termed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) has recently been the focus of much interest for their possible role in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses. PPARalpha and PPARgamma have been implicated in the regulation of macrophage and endothelial cell inflammatory responses. Although PPAR activation has generally been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, opposite effects have been noted, and results often appear to depend on the ligands being used and the inflammatory parameters being measured. Recently, my laboratory and others have described a role for PPARgamma in the responses of T lymphocytes. Ligands for PPARgamma have been found to inhibit proliferation of activated T cells, and this appears to involve inhibition of IL-2 secretion and/or the induction of apoptosis. However, one problem in the interpretation of many of the studies of PPARgamma, inflammation, and immunity is that ligands thought to be specific for PPARgamma may have regulatory effects on inflammatory parameters that are PPARgamma-independent. Future studies of the role of the PPARs in inflammatory and immune responses should include further studies of T cells, T-cell subsets, and dendritic cells but will have to re-examine the issue of PPAR specificity of the ligands being used. This may require further knockout studies and technology, together with the identification of endogenous and perhaps more specific synthetic PPAR ligands.
The Roles of Auxin Response Factor Domains in Auxin-Responsive Transcription

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcription factors that bind to TGTCTC auxin response elements in promoters of early auxin response genes. ARFs have a conserved N-terminal DNA binding domain (DBD) and in most cases a conserved C-terminal dimerization domain (CTD). The ARF CTD is related in amino acid sequence to motifs III and IV found in Aux/IAA proteins. Just C terminal to the DBD, ARFs contain a nonconserved region referred to as the middle region (MR), which has been proposed to function as a transcriptional repression or activation domain. Results with transfected protoplasts reported here show that ARFs with Q-rich MRs function as activators, whereas most, if not all other ARFs, function as repressors. ARF DBDs alone are sufficient to recruit ARFs to their DNA target sites, and auxin does not influence this recruitment. ARF MRs alone function as activation or repression domains when targeted to reporter genes via a yeast Gal4 DBD, and auxin does not influence the potency of activation or repression. ARF CTDs, along with a Q-rich MR, are required for an auxin response whether the MRs plus CTDs are recruited to a promoter by an ARF DBD or by a Gal4 DBD. The auxin response is mediated by the recruitment of Aux/IAA proteins to promoters that contain a DNA binding protein with a Q-rich MR and an attached CTD.
A Framework for Implementing Systems Engineering Leading Indicators for Technical Reviews and Audits

Abstract This paper proposes a framework for implementing systems engineering measures at technical reviews and audits that expand upon the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) set of systems engineering leading indicators. Premature transition through key decision gates is likely to lead to cost and schedule overruns. Risks to a program can be monitored by measuring key systems engineering measures in the development of products. Decision makers need to assess uncertainty in a program's ability to meet cost, schedule and technical performance requirements at key milestones throughout the systems engineering life cycle. The paper seeks to improve and expand on the existing INCOSE systems engineering leading indicators that are significant predictors of program performance. Correlation between a set of leading indicators and technical reviews to support successful program performance is evaluated. Further research is planned to improve systems engineering by providing examples of performance measurement benchmarks that could aid technical reviews and decision gate analysis.
VESS24. Arterial Duplex for Diagnosis and Operative Planning of Peripheral Arterial Emboli

Comparator (reference strategy) Strategy 2 PE: if abnl, DSA 64.06 d 200 d d Cost-effective strategies (increased costs, increased health benefits compared to comparator) Strategy 12 ABI: if abnl, DSA 67.90 3.84 183 17 0.22 Strategy 13 SPP: if abnl, DSA 69.74 5.69 176 24 0.24 Strategy 8 PE: if nl, ABI if abnl, DSA 72.79 13.47 165 35 0.25 Strategy 9 PE: if nl, SPP if abnl, DSA 74.14 14.83 162 39 0.26 Strategy 7 PE: if nl, TBI if abnl, DSA 76.21 16.90 155 45 0.27 Strategy 15 DSA for all 80.49 21.17 148 52 0.32 Weakly dominated strategies (increased cost, increased benefits vs comparator but less so than strategies listed above) Strategy 14 TcPO2: if abnl, DSA 71.69 7.64 174 26 0.29 Strategy 10 PE: if nl TcPO2 if abnl, DSA 75.13 11.07 160 40 0.28 Dominated strategies (increased costs and for fewer benefits vs comparator) Strategy 4 PE: if abnl, ABI; if abnl, DSA 59.31 4.74 218 18 d Strategy 5 PE: if abnl, SPP; if abnl, DSA 60.31 3.75 215 15 d Strategy 6 PE: if abnl, TcPO2 if abnl, DSA 60.68 3.37 213 13 d Strategy 3 PE: If abnl, TBI If abnl, DSA 62.28 1.78 208 8 d Strategy 11 TBI: if abnl, DSA 74.48 10.42 163 2 d
EmptyHeaded: A Relational Engine for Graph Processing

There are two types of high-performance graph processing engines: low- and high-level engines. Low-level engines (Galois, PowerGraph, Snap) provide optimized data structures and computation models but require users to write low-level imperative code, hence ensuring that efficiency is the burden of the user. In high-level engines, users write in query languages like datalog (SociaLite) or SQL (Grail). High-level engines are easier to use but are orders of magnitude slower than the low-level graph engines. We present EmptyHeaded, a high-level engine that supports a rich datalog-like query language and achieves performance comparable to that of low-level engines. At the core of EmptyHeaded’s design is a new class of join algorithms that satisfy strong theoretical guarantees, but have thus far not achieved performance comparable to that of specialized graph processing engines. To achieve high performance, EmptyHeaded introduces a new join engine architecture, including a novel query optimizer and execution engine that leverage single-instruction multiple data (SIMD) parallelism. With this architecture, EmptyHeaded outperforms high-level approaches by up to three orders of magnitude on graph pattern queries, PageRank, and Single-Source Shortest Paths (SSSP) and is an order of magnitude faster than many low-level baselines. We validate that EmptyHeaded competes with the best-of-breed low-level engine (Galois), achieving comparable performance on PageRank and at most 3× worse performance on SSSP. Finally, we show that the EmptyHeaded design can easily be extended to accommodate a standard resource description framework (RDF) workload, the LUBM benchmark. On the LUBM benchmark, we show that EmptyHeaded can compete with and sometimes outperform two high-level, but specialized RDF baselines (TripleBit and RDF-3X), while outperforming MonetDB by up to three orders of magnitude and LogicBlox by up to two orders of magnitude.
Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase PIPKIγ and phosphatase INPP5E coordinate initiation of ciliogenesis

Defective primary cilia are causative to a wide spectrum of human genetic disorders, termed ciliopathies. Although the regulation of ciliogenesis is intensively studied, how it is initiated remains unclear. Here we show that type Iγ phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) 5-kinase (PIPKIγ) and inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E (INPP5E), a Joubert syndrome protein, localize to the centrosome and coordinate the initiation of ciliogenesis. PIPKIγ counteracts INPP5E in regulating tau-tubulin kinase-2 (TTBK2) recruitment to the basal body, which promotes the removal of microtubule capping protein CP110 and the subsequent axoneme elongation. Interestingly, INPP5E and its product--PtdIns(4)P--accumulate at the centrosome/basal body in non-ciliated, but not ciliated, cells. PtdIns(4)P binding to TTBK2 and the distal appendage protein CEP164 compromises the TTBK2-CEP164 interaction and inhibits the recruitment of TTBK2. Our results reveal that PtdIns(4)P homoeostasis, coordinated by PIPKIγ and INPP5E at the centrosome/ciliary base, is vital for ciliogenesis by regulating the CEP164-dependent recruitment of TTBK2.
Potentiation of glycogenolytic effect of epinephrine by desoxycorticosterone in certain skeletal muscles.

SummaryDesoxycorticosterone acetate increased the glycogenolytic action of epinephrine in the rectus femoris and abdominal muscles but not in the diaphragm in intact rats. In adrenalectomized rats, the effect was limited to the rectus femoris. Thyroidectomy decreased epinephrine induced glycogenolysis, and DOCA was unable to nullify this inhibitory effect. Progesterone had no effect on the glycogenolytic action of epinephrine.
A Review of Minimum Control Airspeed Test Methodologies for Carrier -Based Aircraft

In the late 1980’s the Naval Air Systems Command started encountering situations in which the time-tested classical (military and civil) flight test method of determining dynamic minimum control airspeed (Vmc) for multi-engine aircraft was not useable. This occurred on existing aircraft refitted with new, more powerful engines and new aircraft with unconventional aerodynamic configurations. Reasons for this problem included lack of the pilot’s ability to maintain situational awareness due to aircraft attitude, aircraft motions unrepresentative of the flight phase following simulated or actual failure of one engine, and/or non-linear aerodynamic characteristics within the angle of attack range of interest for minimum control speed. Aircraft affected by one or more of these problems include: re-engineed E-2C, re-engined F-14B/D, E-2 and C-2 with NP2000 propeller, F/A-18C/D and F/A-18 E/F. One difficulty with refining the test technique is covering the critical maneuvers and flight conditions for carrier-based aircraft, specifically sudden engine failure during (1) a maximum thrust catapult launch and (2) a maximum power/thrust waveoff from an aborted shipbased approach. For each case, the solution has been to tailor the flight test methodology to both the aircraft characteristics and the most critical phase of flight for that aircraft. This resulted in a variety of test techniques which will be discussed in this paper. The peculiarities of the aircraft/engine and (as applicable) propeller combinations and the resulting problems posed for determining Vmc will be discussed, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of the test techniques chosen for each aircraft, and the rationale for abandoning the classic Vmc test technique.
Intrinsic point-defect equilibria in tetragonal ZrO 2 : Density functional theory analysis with finite-temperature effects

We present a density functional theory (DFT) framework taking into account the finite temperature effects to quantitatively understand and predict charged defect equilibria in a metal oxide. Demonstration of this approach was performed on the technologically important tetragonal zirconium oxide, T-ZrO${}_{2}$. We showed that phonon free energy and electronic entropy at finite temperatures add a nonnegligible contribution to the free energy of formation of the defects. Defect equilibria were conveniently cast in Kr\"oger--Vink diagrams to facilitate realistic comparison with experiments. Consistent with experiments, our DFT-based results indicate the predominance of free electrons at low oxygen partial pressure (${P}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ atm) and low temperature ($T\ensuremath{\le}1500\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$). In the same regime of ${P}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$ but at higher temperatures, we discovered that the neutral oxygen vacancies (F-centers) predominate. The nature of the predominant defect at high oxygen partial pressure has been a long-standing controversy in the experimental literature. Our results revealed this range to be dominated by the doubly charged oxygen vacancies at low temperatures ($T\ensuremath{\le}1500$ K) and free electrons at high temperatures. T-ZrO${}_{2}$ was found to be hypostoichiometric over all ranges of $T$ and ${P}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$, mainly because of the doubly charged oxygen vacancies, which are responsible for inducing $n$-type conductivity via a self-doping effect. A range of 1.3 eV in the band gap of T-ZrO${}_{2}$ starting from the middle of the gap toward the conduction band is accessible to the chemical potential of electrons (Fermi level) by varying $T$ and ${P}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2}}$ without extrinsic doping. The approach presented here can be used to determine the thermodynamic conditions that extremize certain desirable or undesirable defects to attain the optimal catalytic and electronic performance of oxides.
Proactive Efforts to Educate Attorneys and Judges on the Role of the Court Interpreter in the United States (US), at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and at the International Criminal Court (ICC)

Le present article traite des seances de formation destinees aux avocats qui preparent a representer les accuses devant le Tribunal Penal International pour l’ex-Yougoslavie et/ou la Cour Penale Internationale. Les seminaires touchent surtout les techniques de plaidoirie et la pratique du droit devant les tribunaux internationaux. Dans le contexte americain, l’article decrit aussi une formation parrainee par le Barreau de l’Etat du Delaware pour les avocats, les juges, et d’autre personnel juridique. En general, cette contribution insiste sur l’importance d’eduquer les avocats par rapport au role de l’interprete aupres des tribunaux. Par ailleurs, l’article souligne , une habilete qui manque souvent. Il y a des defis linguistiques et extralinguistiques a comprendre. Les modes d’interpretation (simultanee, consecutive et relais) s’elaborent aussi bien que les situations variees dans lesquelles les differents modes sont employes. Enfin, l’article fournit des renseignements en ce qui concerne les formations a l’avenir et insiste sur le besoin d’un engagement continuel des interpretes experts dans ce domaine tres specialise.
Semi-random vs Well-Defined Alternating Donor–Acceptor Copolymers

The influence of backbone composition on the physical properties of donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers composed of varying amounts of benzodithiophene (BDT) donor with the thienoisoindoledione (TID) acceptor is investigated. First, the synthesis of bis- and tris-BDT monomers is reported; these monomers are subsequently used in Stille copolymerizations to create well-defined alternating polymer structures with repeating (D–A), (D–D–A), and (D–D–D–A) units. For comparison, five semi-random D–A copolymers with a D:A ratio of 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 7 were synthesized by reacting trimethyltin-functionalized BDT with various ratios of iodinated BDT and brominated TID. While the HOMO levels of all the resultant polymers are very similar, a systematic red shift in the absorbance spectra onset of the D–A copolymer films from 687 to 883 nm is observed with increasing acceptor content, suggesting the LUMO can be fine-tuned over a range of 0.4 eV. When the solid-state absorbance spectra of well-defined alternating copolymers...
Monitoring Results of Influenza in Dalian during 2008-2010

[Objective]To learn the epidemic situation and type distribution of influenza in Dalian,analyze its epidemic tendency,and provide the scientific references for control and prevention of influenza.[Methods]The data of influenza-like illness(ILI) and aetiological monitoring results in sentry hospitals of Dalian were collected and analyzed.[Results]In 2 monitoring cycles from 2008 to 2010,ILI accounted for 4.06% and 9.24% respectively,and the positive rate of aetiological monitoring results was 2.00% and 26.09% respectively.The influenza virus detected during 2008-2009 all was seasonal influenza A(H1N1)(100%).During 2009-2010,the influenza virus was dominated by influenza A(H1N1),which accounted for 70.50%,followed by influenza B(26.62%) and seasonal influenza A(H3N2)(3.06%).[Conclusion]The epidemic situation of influenza was steady in Dalian during 2008-2009.The influenza epidemic was occurred during 2009-2010,which influenced by global epidemic situation of influenza A(H1N1).The influenza A(H1N1) had been became the dominate strain.