cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dry Heat Resistance of Salmonellae in Rendered Animal By-Products

Abstract SEVERAL investigators have reported that animal feeds, and particularly animal feed constitutents of animal origin, frequently are contaminated with salmonellae. Pomeroy and Grady (1960), and other workers (Watkins et al., 1959; Grumbles and Flowers, 1961; Boyer et al., 1958; 1961) have adequately reviewed this subject, including the contamination of poultry feeds and feed ingredients. In spite of the numerous reports in the literature as to the high incidence of salmonellae in animal feed constituents the numbers of salmonellae, if present, are invariably low. Previous publications by Leistner et al. (1961), Niven (1962), Hansen et al. (1962), and Leistner et al. (1963) have emphasized that the most practical and economical method for preventing Salmonella recontamination in rendered animal by-products is to follow good sanitary and house-keeping procedures in the handling of rendered material. However, it is realized that due to the type of construction employed by some establishments an effective sanitary…
Decline Is Renewal

America,” which appeared in the November 2009 issue of the Journal of Urban History and won the Urban History Association Prize for Best Scholarly Article. In Fall 2012, he coedited (with David Hsiung) a special issue of Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies on the “Environmental Histories of the Mid-Atlantic.” His book, tentatively titled Beyond Rust: Metropolitan Pittsburgh and the Fate of Industrial America, is scheduled for publication in Fall 2015 with the University of Pennsylvania Press.
L-carnitine and Peritoneal Dialysis

Asearch of PubMed (1) resulted in 6499 citations having the term “carnitine” in the title or key words. Of these citations, 120 pertained to carnitine in relation to dialysis. Despite this extensive literature on the medical uses of carnitine (Table 1), the specific medical uses for this compound remain unclear, particularly its utility in dialysis patients. This article will attempt to analyze the uses of carnitine in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In addition to the standard medical literature on carnitine, a vast “alternative” medical literature also exists, related to health and welfare, sports medicine, and life extension, among others. For example, using “carnitine” at the Google search engine (2) revealed 13,600 sites related to the discussion or use of carnitine.
Adaptive human-inspired compliant contact primitives to perform surface-surface contact under uncertainty

This paper focuses on devising a control policy that is inspired by human strategy to enable robots to perform surface-surface contact between a hand-held object e.g. a box and the environment e.g. table. We assume the object's shape is partially known and consider uncertainties in both the environment and the object grasp. Our analysis on ten untrained subjects indicates that during this task: 1 the subjects start decreasing the angular velocity before the complete alignment in contrast to existing approaches, and 2 they do not control the contact force to remain at a fixed value. Our study is also consistent with the hypothesis that the subjects determine an over-estimate of the relative angle between the object in hand and the environment. Based on these observations we propose a novel control policy, called Surface-Surface Contact Primitive SSCP, which can perform the surface-surface alignment task with only partial information about the hand-held object and the environment. Furthermore, SSCP only requires a rough estimate of the surface normal vector and does not rely on either the estimation of contact type i.e. point or edge contact or locations of contact points. We evaluate the performance of the proposed controller on a set of robot experiments using two seven-degree-of-freedom robots, one for imposing uncertainty to the environment, and the other to perform the experiment. We show the applicability of the controller on four objects with different geometries, its generalization to four different surface materials, and its robustness to uncertainty in environment and grasp as well as external perturbations.
Television News and Human Rights in the US & UK: The Violations Will Not Be Televised

Does the CNN Effect exist? Political communications scholars have debated the influence of television news coverage on international affairs since television news began, especially in relation to the coverage of massive human rights violations. These debates have only intensified in the last 20 years, as new technologies have changed the nature of news and the news cycle. But despite frequent assertion, little research into the CNN Effect, or whether television coverage of human rights violations causes state action, exists. Bridging across the disciplines of human right studies, comparative politics, and communication studies in a way that has not been done, this book looks at television news coverage of human rights in the US and UK to answer the question of whether the CNN Effect actually exists. Examining the human rights content in television news in the US and UK yields insights to what television news producers and policy makers consider to be human rights, and what, if anything, audiences can learn about human rights from watching television news. After reviewing 20 years of footage using three different types of content analyses of American television news broadcasts and two different types of British news broadcasts, and comparing those results with human rights rankings and print news coverage of human rights, Shawns M. Brandle concludes that despite rhetoric from both countries in support of human rights, there is not enough coverage of human rights in either country to argue that television media can spur state action on human rights issues. More simply, the violations will not be televised. A welcome and timely book presenting an important examination of human rights coverage on television news.
Why Women Rebel: Greed, Grievance, and Women in Armed Rebel Groups

Many scholars have sought to understand what drives recruitment in armed rebel groups. While theories focused on grievance and selective incentives have been the subject of a robust body of scholarship, large-N work in this area tends to focus primarily on male recruits, and often utilizes measures that fail to account for the differing motivations of male and female rebels. Moreover, existing studies of the motives of female rebels have been regionally focused or concentrated on a single case—calling into question whether the findings are consistent across the global population of females in armed rebel groups. Drawing on a data set measuring women’s participation in seventy-two active rebel groups since 1990, this work seeks to test hypotheses drawn from prior research to explain why women rebel. These tests indicate that some trends noted by previous researchers have explanatory power. Particularly, economic and ethnic or religious grievances are motivating factors that drive women to take up arms. At the same time, though, these findings cast doubt on the salience of other motivating factors, such as selective incentives and a desire for political participation.
Recurrence of Stroke in Patients with AF Using NOACs

Objective: To evaluate the risk factors of recurrent thromboembolic cerebral infarction in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), who were treated with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs).
Tetraphosphines with tetra(biphenyl)silane and -stannane cores as rigid scaffold linkers for immobilized catalysts

Abstract The silane Si(p-C6H4-p-C6H4Br)4 and the stannane Sn(p-C6H4-p-C6H4Br)4 have been synthesized and characterized. For the silane a single crystal X-ray structure has been obtained. Tetralithiation of the silane with nBuLi and quenching with the corresponding chlorophosphines gave the tetraphosphines Si(p-C6H4-p-C6H4PR2)4 with (R = Ph, Cy, iPr, tBu). Tetralithiation of Sn(p-C6H4-p-C6H4Br)4 led to cleavage of the Sn-C bonds. Therefore, Sn(p-C6H4-p-C6H4PPh2)4 was synthesized by Br/Li exchange of p-Br-C6H4-p-C6H4PPh2 with nBuLi and reaction with SnCl4. The silanes have been immobilized on silica by generating three phosphonium groups per molecule that were bound to the surface via strong electrostatic interactions. The remaining phosphine group was subsequently coordinated to Wilkinson's catalyst via ligand exchange. All solids have been characterized by quantitative 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The catalysts, immobilized via the tetraphosphine linker scaffolds with biphenyl spacers, showed high activities and selectivities with respect to the hydrogenation of 1-dodecene. They have been recycled 9 times in a batchwise manner. All immobilized catalysts eventually formed rhodium nanoparticles that retained their catalytic activity even after being exposed to air.
Evaluating the role of personality trait information in social dilemmas

Abstract We investigate whether cooperative behavior in social dilemmas is conditional on information about a partner's personality traits. Using a repeated one-shot continuous strategy Prisoner's Dilemma (two person Public Goods game), we test how information on personality traits of partners influences cooperative actions. Before each game we provide subjects with the rank-order of their partner (relative to all subjects in the session) on one of the personality traits of the Big Five Inventory. Using a within-subjects design we find that subjects are more cooperative when informed that their partner is more ‘Agreeable’ or ‘Open to Experience’. The primary reason for more cooperative behavior is the expectation that partners will give more to the public good.
Development of tuned refractive-index nanocomposites to fabricate nanoimprinted optical devices

The objective of this research is to demonstrate high-quality nanocomposites enabling convenient imprinting of nanopatterned optical devices. The nanocomposite developed contains homogeneously dispersed silicon (Si) nanoparticles in a UV-curable prepolymer host medium. Using an optical adhesive NOA73 as host eliminates surface treatment of the silicone mold due to minimal adhesion between the polymer and mold. Moreover, the chosen materials exhibit low shrinkage, enabling faithful replication of the master templates. Tunable refractive index is realized by mixtures of the host polymer with a refractive index of ~1.56 and nanoparticles with a refractive index of ~3.45. For example, using a ~28% Si fraction, an imprintable material with a refractive index of ~2.1 results. Surface functionalization of nanoparticles with polyvinylpyrolidone is shown to reduce agglomeration. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are employed to investigate the stability of nanocomposites and the efficacy of the surface treatment of nanoparticles, respectively. The quality and physical parameters of the fabricated devices are evaluated by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thickness of a homogeneous sublayer underneath a periodic layer in the fabricated optical devices is controlled by employing a channel with precisely managed depth. The example resonant filters show acceptable response as measured in the 1600-1800 nm spectral band and reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions.
Hepatocellular carcinoma disguised as liver abscesses.

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is growing rapidly in the United States. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are being increasingly recognized as known...
ICT AND CSR in the Lebanese banking sector, towards a regain of stakeholders' trust: the case of Bank Audi

Recent innovative developments in banking activities are not without consequences on the corporate social responsibility (CSR). The CSR approach in the banking sector is subject to a reflection (Cheynel, 2010), where the company must assert its stakeholders, the social fabric and the natural environment. Based on the stakeholder theory, the aim of this research is to study CSR as a source of value for the banking sector. Using a qualitative approach, our research highlights the complexity of this concept with the pioneer of the banking sector in Lebanon, "Bank Audi S.A.L.". This paper proposes to study the CSR initiatives, while focusing on information and communication technologies (ICT) contributions in integrating CSR within this very innovative bank in the field of ICT, in order to promote a regain of trust with its stakeholders.
Determinants of National Life Expectancy

This paper presents a multivariate cross-national analysis of life expectancy at birth in 1990. A model of life expectancy is used which distinguishes between proximate and distal determinants, and...
Expression of dog connexin 40 and 45 in paired Xenopus oocytes

Expression of dog connexin 40 and 45 cRNA in Xenopus oocyte pairs induced the formation of intercellular channels with distinct voltage dependent properties. The steady-state G j -V j relation of the cx45 channels had a greater voltage sensitivity and the time course of channel closure was much slower than for cx40.
The Innovative German Approach to Consumer Debt Relief: Revolutionary Changes in German Law, and Surprising Lessons for the U.S.

To add another enlightening dimension to current U.S. consumer bankruptcy reform debate, this Article describes the consumer provisions of the new German Insolvency Act. It reports on Germany's rising consumer debt problem and the various ways in which German debtor-creditor law failed to address this increasing problem before 1999. It then examines the consumer provisions of the new German Insolvency Act, in force since January 1999 and significantly amended in December 2001. It reveals critical distinctions between the theory of consumer insolvency, as described in German law and legal literature, and the reality of consumer insolvency in practice as it has developed in the nearly five years since the law went into effect. From this examination, this Article extracts several lessons for U.S. law reformers battling with provisions quite similar to those implemented in the new German law. As it turns out, the German and U.S. consumer debt relief systems produce largely the same economic results. Important distinctions between the German and U.S. economic and social systems suggest, however, that the German approach - and the amendments currently under consideration in the U.S. Congress - would not lead to success in the U.S. At the same time, the German system focuses on achieving important societal goals that U.S. law neglects, which might be incorporated into U.S. law through more careful reform of U.S. debtor-creditor law.
Peripheral blood flow regulation in response to sympathetic stimulation in individuals with Down syndrome.

Abstract Background Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) experience autonomic dysfunction, with reduced sympathetic and parasympathetic control. This results in alterations in resting heart rate and blood pressure and attenuated responses to sympathoexcitatory stimuli. It is unknown to what extent this impacts the regulation of peripheral blood flow in response to sympathetic stimuli, which is an important prerequisite to exercise and perform work. Therefore, we aimed to investigate differences in peripheral blood flow regulation in response to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) between individuals with and without DS Methods Participants (n = 10 males with DS and n = 11 male controls, mean age 23.7 years ± 3.2) underwent 5 min of LBNP stimulations (−20 mmHg), after resting supine for 10 min. One minute steady state blood pressure and blood flow at baseline and during LBNP were obtained for analysis. Mean flow velocity and arterial diameters were recorded with ultrasonography; foreram blood flow (FBF), shear rate and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) were calculated using brachial blood pressure measured right before ultrasound recordings Results Participants with DS responded differently (consistent with reduced vasoconstrictive control) to the LBNP stimulus (significant ConditionxGroup interaction effect) for mean velocity (p = 0.02), FBF (p = 0.04), shear rate (p = 0.02) and FVC (p = 0.03), compared to participants without DS. Conclusion Young males with DS exhibit reduced peripheral blood flow regulation in response to LBNP compared to controls, indicating a blunted sympathetic control of blood flow. Further research is necessary to explore the impact of these findings on exercise and work capacity.
Intradural Extramedullary Tumor in the Lumbar Spine

The management of intradural extramedullary tumors in the lumbar spine has evolved considerably from the technique described by Love in 1966 (Love JG. J Neurosurg 25(1):116–21, 1966). That evolution has marched in parallel with the developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), intraoperative localization (the introduction of intraoperative fluoroscopy and image guidance), intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, and minimally invasive techniques. Although the microsurgical techniques involved in the resection of these lesions remain essentially unchanged from Love’s technique, there has been a seismic shift in accessing the lesion within the spinal canal. The advancements in imaging and localization have allowed for precise monosegmental localization and exposure that result in less disruption of the native spine and thereby less postoperative discomfort for the patient. The minimally invasive paramedian approach builds upon the concept introduced by Yasargil and Eggert in the 1980s and 1990s (Chiou SM, Eggert HR, Laborde G, Seeger W. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 100:127–33, 1989; Yasargil MG, Tranmer BI, Adamson TE, Roth P. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 18:113–32, 1991). The paramedian approach is a paradigm shift in conceptualizing the spine, whereby the midline elements, specifically the spinous processes, are not considered an obstacle to the central spinal canal. Paramedian approaches with minimal access ports allow for the necessary access to the entire central spinal canal for safe and complete resection of the lesion. The introduction and the synthesis of MRI, fluoroscopy, and paramedian minimally invasive approaches have transformed the resection of intradural extramedullary lesions. This chapter details the evolution of the paramedian minimally invasive approach, describes the surgical technique, and presents a case illustration.
Next-Generation Intensity–Duration–Frequency Curves to Reduce Errors in Peak Flood Design

AbstractPrecipitation-based intensity–duration–frequency (PREC-IDF) curves are a standard tool used to derive design floods for hydraulic infrastructure worldwide. In snow-dominated regions where a...
The Balance Between Vision and Touch

Abstract Although research in augmented perception is booming, little is understood about the information processing characteristics that underlie the integration of these additional signals. In this experiment, Systems Factorial Technology was employed to examine the architecture, stopping rule, and workload capacity of participants when making use of vibration cues from a belt in combination with visual cues on a computer screen. In order to support the application of this vibration belt to improving balance in populations at risk of falling, this experiment used a novel lean-to-respond methodology rather than a traditional response pad. Participants stood on a Wii Balance Board and reacted to cues by leaning in the direction indicated. Results indicate that participants appear to process these two signals in a parallel, self-terminating fashion, with moderately limited-capacity. Capacity results indicate that the two cues are not processed as quickly together as they are individually, but the augmented cue still improved performance due to statistical facilitation.
Water 222Rn for evaluating the variation in groundwater inflows to discharge of the Big Sioux River in different flow periods

Knowledge of seasonal water sources can help for improved management strategies to sustain agricultural productivity and ecosystem-services in a basin. This study defines the distribution of gaining reaches and evaluates groundwater inflows into the Big Sioux River located in eastern South Dakota using 222Rn mass balance approach during two distinctly different flow periods. The groundwater inflows estimated for the middle catchment were higher (up to 12.8 m3/m/day) compared to the values estimated for the upper catchment (up to 0.3 m3/m/day) in the Big Sioux River basin during both low- and high-flow periods. During low-flow period, the overall cumulative groundwater inflow ranged between 2529 and 211,166 m3/day that corresponded to 5 and 53% contribution to the total flow rate. The inflow during high-flow period ranged between 2467 and 332,740 m3/day corresponding to 2 and 55% of the total flow rate. Despite having elevated cumulative groundwater inflow during high-flow period, the relative contribution of groundwater inflow into the river was high during the low-flow period (a mean of 24% evaluated for the low-flow period vs. 18% for the high-flow period), potentially associated with high meltwater contribution derived from the spring snowmelt during that period. These estimations are expected to provide a better knowledge on seasonal water resource allocations that may be crucial for better water resource management strategies for the Big Sioux River basin.
Los precursores (estéticos) de los Breviarios del Fondo de Cultura Económica

The Breviarios is one of the Fondo de Cultura Economica’s [Economic Culture Fund] most prominent and successful collections. Without a doubt, the physical and intellectual quality of each volume in the series completely transformed the publishing industry in Latin America. In order to better understand the impact and origins – both aesthetic and educational – of the collection itself, I will examine a series of its global precursors. In particular, I will analyze various international collections since the first half of the 20 th Century, from those of Albatross Press and Penguin Books to those of Emece Editores, for their form and content. In addition, I will compare and contrast the publishing strategies and artistic aims of these precursors in an effort to stress the originality of the Breviarios.
Intracranial venous malformations: Incidence and characterization in a large pediatric cohort.

Background Significant advances have been reported recently in the genetic and mechanistic characterization of extracranial venous malformations. However, intracranial purely venous malformations (icVM) analogous to those outside the CNS have not been systematically described. Purpose We sought to ascertain whether such an entity as icVM could in fact be identified, distinct from previously described CNS venous anomalies and analogous to extracranial venous malformations. Methods Our prospectively collected pediatric cerebrovascular database was reviewed to identify patients with icVM; 1458 consecutive angiograms and/or angiographic interventions performed on 706 children at our institution from October, 2006 through May, 2019 were evaluated, in addition to outside imaging studies on 192 additional patients sent to our Vascular Anomalies Center for cerebrovascular review during the same time period. Thus, the cohort consisted of 898 children. Results Nineteen of 898 patients (2.1%) were found to harbor icVM, including 9 (47.3%) with sinus pericranii, 15 (78.9%) with associated large, complex extracranial venous malformations, and 3 (15.7%) with neurocognitive delay. There was no intracranial hemorrhage or venous hypertension seen in the cohort. Asymptomatic venous thrombosis in the superior sagittal sinus was seen in three patients. Conclusion Venous malformations, both extracranial and icVM, share many characteristics that are distinct from developmental venous anomalies. icVM were not associated with venous hypertension. The underlying genetic mutations involved in the development of icVM, germ-line or somatic, remain to be elucidated, but may very well involve shared mechanisms and pathways with extracranial venous malformations.
Comparison of Systemic Treatments for Metastatic Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

Importance Multiple systemic treatments are available for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC), with unclear comparative effectiveness and safety and widely varied costs. Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety determined in randomized clinical trials of systemic treatments for mCSPC. Data sources Bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central), regulatory documents (US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency), and trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov and European Union clinical trials register) were searched from inception through November 5, 2019. Study selection, data extraction, and synthesis Eligible studies were randomized clinical trials evaluating the addition of docetaxel, abiraterone acetate, apalutamide, or enzalutamide to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for treatment of mCSPC. Two investigators independently performed screening. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus. A Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess trial quality. Relative effects of competing treatments were assessed by bayesian network meta-analysis and survival models. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guideline was used. Main outcomes and measures Overall survival, radiographic progression-free survival, and serious adverse events (SAEs). Results Seven trials with 7287 patients comparing 6 treatments (abiraterone acetate, apalutamide, docetaxel, enzalutamide, standard nonsteroidal antiandrogen, and placebo/no treatment) were identified. Ordered from the most to the least effective determined by results of clinical trials, treatments associated with improved overall survival when added to ADT included abiraterone acetate (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% credible interval [CI], 0.54-0.70), apalutamide (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.89), and docetaxel (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71-0.89); treatments associated with improved radiographic progression-free survival when added to ADT included enzalutamide (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.30-0.50), apalutamide (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.39-0.60), abiraterone acetate (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45-0.58), and docetaxel (HR, 0.67; 95% CI 0.60-0.74). Docetaxel was associated with substantially increased SAEs (odds ratio, 23.72; 95% CI, 13.37-45.15), abiraterone acetate with slightly increased SAEs (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.10-1.83), and other treatments with no significant increase in SAEs. Risk of bias was noted for 4 trials with open-label design, 3 trials with missing data, and 2 trials with potential unprespecified analyses. Conclusions and relevance In this network meta-analysis, as add-on treatments to ADT, abiraterone acetate and apalutamide may provide the largest overall survival benefits with relatively low SAE risks. Although enzalutamide may improve radiographic progression-free survival to the greatest extent, longer follow-up is needed to examine the overall survival benefits associated with enzalutamide.
The role of piped water supplies in advancing health, economic development, and gender equality in rural communities.

Abstract In rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, one in eight households obtain drinking water from a piped system; the rest fetch water from improved and unimproved sources located at some distance from their homes. This task falls primarily to women and girls, creating time poverty and risks to safety and health. In this paper, we present a conceptual model that elaborates the mechanisms linking access to piped water with food security and long-term economic impacts. These hypotheses were tested in a quasi-experimental study of four villages in rural Zambia using a combination of household surveys, Global Positioning System transponders, and water meters to measure time spent fetching water, water consumption, and how water was being utilized for domestic and productive activities. Households receiving the piped water intervention spent a median of 3.8 h per week less fetching water, savings that accrued primarily to women and girls. Household water consumption increased 32%, which was used for both domestic and productive uses. Increases in the frequency of gardening and the size of garden plots in treatment households were observed. Households receiving piped water reported being happier, healthier, and having more time to participate in work inside or outside the home. We find that piped water supplies can promote the economic development and well-being of rural households, with particular benefits to women and girls, conditional upon pricing and management models that ensure sustainable service.
Signaling Pathways Regulating Thermogenesis.

Obesity, an excess accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT), has become a global epidemic and is associated with complex diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Presently, there are no safe and effective therapeutic agents to treat obesity. In contrast to white adipocytes that store energy as triglycerides in unilocular lipid droplet, brown and brown-like or beige adipocytes utilize fatty acids (FAs) and glucose at a high rate mainly by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) action to uncouple mitochondrial proton gradient from ATP synthesis, dissipating energy as heat. Recent studies on the presence of brown or brown-like adipocytes in adult humans have revealed their potential as therapeutic targets in combating obesity. Classically, the main signaling pathway known to activate thermogenesis in adipocytes is β3-adrenergic signaling, which is activated by norepinephrine in response to cold, leading to activation of the thermogenic program and browning. In addition to the β3-adrenergic signaling, numerous other hormones and secreted factors have been reported to affect thermogenesis. In this review, we discuss several major pathways, β3-adrenergic, insulin/IGF1, thyroid hormone and TGFβ family, which regulate thermogenesis and browning of WAT.
The Banker Removal Power

The Federal Reserve can remove bankers from office if they violate the law, engage in unsafe or unsound practices, or breach their fiduciary duties. The Fed, however, has used this power so rarely that few even realize it exists. Although major U.S. banks have admitted to repeated and flagrant lawbreaking in recent years, the Fed has never removed a senior executive from one of these institutions. This Article offers the first comprehensive account of the banker removal power. It makes four contributions. First, drawing on a range of primary sources, it recovers the power’s history, showing that Congress created the authority to better align the interests of senior bankers and the public. Second, using a novel dataset obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests, it maps the actual practice of banker removal—who is removed, how often removal occurs, and for what reasons. It reveals that the Fed now uses the removal power mostly to prevent already-terminated, low-level employees from working at other banks, even though Congress never intended for the power to be used primarily in this way. Third, harnessing corporate law theory, the Article defends the legislative design. It argues that removal of senior bank executives for unsound management practices is a critical component of contemporary bank supervision, filling gaps left by regulatory rules and traditional corporate governance measures. Finally, the Article concludes by assessing obstacles to the use of the removal power against bank leadership and suggesting policy responses.
DNase treatment improves viral enrichment in agricultural soil viromes

Abstract The small genomes of most viruses make it difficult to fully capture viral diversity in metagenomes dominated by DNA from cellular organisms. Viral size-fraction metagenomics (viromics) protocols facilitate enrichment of viral DNA from environmental samples, and these protocols typically include a DNase treatment of the post-0.2 μm viromic fraction to remove contaminating free DNA prior to virion lysis. However, DNase may also remove desirable viral genomic DNA (e.g., contained in virions compromised due to frozen storage or laboratory processing), suggesting that DNase-untreated viromes might be useful in some cases. In order to understand how virome preparation with and without DNase treatment influences the resultant data, here we compared 15 soil viromes (7 DNase-treated, 8 untreated) from 8 samples collected from agricultural fields prior to tomato planting. DNase-treated viromes yielded significantly more assembled viral contigs, contained significantly less non-viral microbial DNA, and recovered more viral populations (vOTUs) through read mapping. However, DNase-treated and untreated viromes were statistically indistinguishable, in terms of ecological patterns across viral communities. Although results suggest that DNase treatment is preferable where possible, in comparison to previously reported total metagenomes from the same samples, both DNase-treated and untreated viromes were significantly enriched in viral signatures by all metrics compared, including a ~225 times greater proportion of viral reads in untreated viromes compared to total metagenomes. Thus, even without DNase treatment, viromics was preferable to total metagenomics for capturing viral diversity in these soils, suggesting that preparation of DNase-untreated viromes can be worthwhile when DNase treatment is not possible. Importance Viromics is becoming an increasingly popular method for characterizing soil viral communities. DNase treatment of the viral size fraction prior to DNA extraction is meant to reduce contaminating free DNA and is a common step within viromics protocols to ensure sequences are of viral origin. However, some samples may not be amendable to DNase treatment due to viral particles being compromised either in storage (i.e. frozen) or during other sample processing. To date, the effect of DNase treatment on the recovery of viruses and downstream ecological interpretations of soil viral communities is not thoroughly understood. This work sheds light on these questions and indicates that while DNase treatment of soil viromes improves recovery of viral populations, this improvement is modest in comparison to the gains made by viromics over total soil metagenomics. Further, DNase treatment may not be necessary to observe the ecological patterns structuring soil viral communities.
Public Health and Prevention

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most commonly reported diseases in the United States, and most sexually active persons will have at least one sexually transmitted infection during their lifetime. Public health organizations at the local, state, and national levels collect information about STDs through surveillance for notifiable diseases, nationally representative studies, and special studies. Clinically, the prevention and control of STDs are based on five major strategies: education and counseling, screening, diagnosis and treatment, partner services, and vaccination. These strategies can be applied to major public health problems in STD control and prevention, including antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhea, STD-related cancers, STD-related HIV acquisition and transmission, STD-related infertility, and STD-related adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Clinicians play an important role in public health and prevention of STDs.
Inosinic Acid Dehydrogenase of Sarcoma 180 Cells

Abstract Inosinic acid dehydrogenase was partially purified from sarcoma 180 cells. The concentrations of each reactant, inosine 5'-phosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and K+, altered both the apparent Km and Vmax values for each of the other reactants. Enzymatic activity was inhibited by both products of the reaction, xanthosine 5'-phosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; the inhibition produced by XMP was competitive with respect to IMP, whereas the inhibition caused by NADH was not competitive with respect to either IMP, NAD+, or K+. The data are consistent with an enzymatic mechanism involving ordered sequential addition of IMP, NAD+, and K+ to the enzyme to form active enzyme-substrate complexes. Substrate inhibition occurred at NAD+ concentrations several-fold higher than the optimal concentration of NAD+; the kinetics suggests that formation of an abortive ternary complex between the enzyme, XMP, and NAD+ is involved in producing this substrate inhibition.
The Law of Teacher Evaluation: Case Law Update

This article reviews the law of teacher evaluation using recent cases. The purpose is to assist administrators in separating professional lore from legal requirements. Case analysis, with citations, is provided in several topic areas including procedural default, remediation plans, statutory discrimination, and grievance arbitrability.
Requirements modeling for embedded realtime systems

Requirements engineering is the process of defining the goals and constraints of the system and specifying the system's domain of operation. Requirements activities may span the entire life cycle of the system development, refining the system specification and ultimately leading to an implementation. This chapter presents methodologies for the entire process from identifying requirements, modeling the domain, and mapping requirements to architectures. We detail multiple activities, approaches, and aspects of the requirements gathering process, with the ultimate goal of guiding the reader in selecting and handling the most appropriate process for the entire lifecycle of a project. Special focus is placed on the challenges posed by the embedded systems. We present several modeling approaches for requirements engineering and ways of integrating real-time extensions and quality properties into the models. From requirements models we guide the reader in deriving architectures as realizations of core requirements and present an example alongside with a formal verification approach based on the SPIN model checker.
Japanese Contributions to Theory and Practice in Developmental Psychology

In this volume, the editors assemble a wide range of papers from mostly Japanese authors that address technology and media influences, cognitive development, children with disabilities, family rese...
Modified commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) antenna for SATCOM on-the-move (SOTM)

This paper describes a Ku-band transmit and receive small aperture antenna suitable for operation while on a moving high mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV) in the 11.7-12.2 GHz downlink and 14.0-14.5 GHz uplink fixed satellite service (FSS) frequency band. This paper reflects our goal to develop the antenna using COTS components with low mass, small aperture, low sidelobe properties.
The Cytoplasmic Estradiol Receptors of Bovine Uterus: THEIR OCCURRENCE, INTERCONVERSION, AND BINDING PROPERTIES

Abstract The interconversions and properties of uterine cytoplasmic receptor proteins have been studied. In general the properties analyzed are those pertaining to the binding of the cytosol receptors to membranes or nucleohistone. Specific cytoplasmic estradiol receptors are found in both the endometrial and myometrial layers of both mature and immature heifers. The level of receptors is highest in immature tissues. The 4 S and 9 S receptors have similar binding properties and probably represent different levels of molecular complexity of the same receptor. The 4 S and 5 S receptors have very different binding properties in that the 4 S estradiol-receptor binds membranes in a temperature dependent process requiring the presence of divalent cations, whereas the 5 S receptor binds nucleohistone in a very rapid reaction even at 4°, in the absence of divalent cations. A small amount of 4 S receptor also binds to nucleohistone but only at elevated temperatures (25°) and in the absence of divalent cations. A small measure of specificity for target organ material is seen in the binding of 4 S estradiol-receptor to membranes. No specificity for target tissue was noted for 5 S estradiol-receptor binding to nuclear material. The 4 S form of the estradiol-receptor complex is converted into the 5 S estradiol-receptor in a reaction which does not require the presence of chromatin, but is dependent upon an elevated temperature and the presence of estradiol. Immature uterine tissue does not contain the 5 S receptor if assayed directly, but if the tissue is preincubated with estradiol, the formation of the 5 S receptor can be demonstrated, arguing that the 4 S-5 S conversion occurs within the cell in a reaction requiring the presence of estradiol. Since after incubation the 5 S estradiol-receptor is present in the cytoplasm in vivo and can bind nuclear material instantaneously at 4°, we have raised the possibility that the 5 S estradiol-receptor found associated with nuclear material could have been translocated and bound during the homogenization of the tissue.
High-Molecular-Weight Proanthocyanidins in Foods: Overcoming Analytical Challenges in Pursuit of Novel Dietary Bioactive Components

Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are an abundant but complex class of polyphenols found in foods and botanicals. PACs are polymeric flavanols with a variety of linkages and subunits. Connectivity and degree of polymerization (DP) determine PAC bioavailability and bioactivity. Current quantitative and qualitative methods may ignore a large percentage of dietary PACs. Subsequent correlations between intake and activity are hindered by a lack of understanding of the true PAC complexity in many foods. Additionally, estimates of dietary intakes are likely inaccurate, as nutrient databank values are largely based on standards from cocoa (monomers to decamers) and blueberries (mean DP of 36). Improved analytical methodologies are needed to increase our understanding of the biological roles of these complex compounds.
Cognitive and socioemotional caregiving in developing countries.

Enriching caregiving practices foster the course and outcome of child development. This study examined 2 developmentally significant domains of positive caregiving—cognitive and socioemotional—in more than 127,000 families with under-5 year children from 28 developing countries. Mothers varied widely in cognitive and socioemotional caregiving and engaged in more socioemotional than cognitive activities. More than half of mothers played with their children and took them outside, but only a third or fewer read books and told stories to their children. The GDP of countries related to caregiving after controlling for life expectancy and education. The majority of mothers report that they do not leave their under-5s alone. Policy and intervention recommendations are elaborated.
Combined Inhibitors of Carcinogenesis: Effect on Azoxymethane-Induced Intestinal Cancer in Rats

Outbred male Sprague-Dawley CD rats were fed a complete semisynthetic diet and were given supplemental low doses (2 ppm) of selenium as H2SeO3 in their drinking water or 50 mg 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) and 2 g beta-sitosterol/kg diet either singly, in combinations of two, or in combinations of all three. Intestinal tumors were induced with eight weekly sc injections of 8 mg azoxymethane (AOM)/kg body weight, and inhibition of tumor formation was determined by tumor counts after 26 weeks. Noncarcinogen controls for each dietary group received eight injections of sterile water. Tumor inhibition was statistically significant in 2 groups of animals: Dietary control animals had a tumor frequency of 5.07 tumors/rat, rats receiving selenium- plus 13-cis-RA supplementation had a tumor frequency of 3.77, and those being given the combination of all three inhibitors had 2.75 tumors/rat. Analysis of fecal steroids from 3 AOM groups (dietary controls, the beta-sitosterol plus 13-cis-RA-supplemented group, and the group receiving all three additives) after 4 months of supplementation showed that the addition of beta-sitosterol to the diet had no effect on acidic or neutral steroids, regardless of the observed difference in tumor frequency. These results suggest that subpharmacologic doses of inhibitors, particularly those that inhibit the process by different mechanisms, while ineffective alone, may provide significant inhibition of tumorigenesis when used in combination.
Mark Making in Drawing and Writing

I Iam a writer. But I still felt a little silly flipping to the back of my sketchbook to write down the art teacher's words. He wanted me to draw, after all, and we both knew there would be no multiple choice or even essay test on the lessons he taught before each drawing session. And I have grown out of my schoolgirl swallow-itwhole-and-spit-it-back phase of learning. In fact, for a long time now I have made it a point to break a rule a day, particularly if I can find one that is completely meaningless. So why this feverish record keeping in a class I enrolled in for pure enjoyment? I do this because in addition to being a writer I am a teacher of writing and because teachers never really leave their classrooms at school but instead carry them around inside their brains. I couldn't help hearing tomorrow's writing lessons in the art teacher's words.
The two-stream approximation in radiative transfer Including the angle of the incident radiation

Abstract The two-stream approximation has been applied to the equation of radiative transfer to obtain two–stream models for the transfer of radiation through an optically thin plane-parallel atmosphere. The models include the dependence of the reflection and the transmission of the atmosphere on the angle of the incident radiation and on the angular dependence of the scattering phase function of the medium. The two models arise from different methods for treating the incident radiation. It is shown that the models reduce to the thin-atmosphere approximation in the limit that the optical depth of the atmosphere approaches zero. In this limit the sign of the heating caused by the presence of a scattering and absorbing layer over a reflecting surface is derived. This reveals the importance of both the zenith angle and the angular dependence of the scattering phase function. The results obtained from the two-stream models are compared with those of numerical solutions to the equation of radiative transfer. I...
Experimental Upper Limit on the Photoproduction Cross-Section for the psi (3105)

The experimental upper limit for the diffractive photoproduction of the $\ensuremath{\psi}(3105)$ is 29 nb, with 90% confidence, at an average photon energy of 18.2 GeV.