cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FPGA based architecture of Extensive Cancellation Algorithm (ECA) for Passive Bistatic Radar (PBR)

Passive Bistatic Radar (PBR) exploits existing signals of opportunity from different sources such as Radio and TV signals. Extensive Cancellation Algorithm (ECA) has been proven to be a very effective way to mitigate the effects of direct signal, multipath and clutter echoes in PBR. Also, it is able to detect a moving target accurately when it comes to strong-clutter environment and long-range detection providing evidence for its robustness. However, ECA is a computationally intensive algorithm and will benefit from parallel processing and modern computational platforms such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). This work involves transformation of ECA by exploring opportunities for parallel processing and elimination of any unnecessary computations and storages. ECA algorithm has been also implemented on FPGAs for high speed computation by exploiting parallel and pipelining approaches. A new software tool called Radar Signal Processing Tool (RSPT) has been developed. It allows the designer to auto-generate fully optimized VHDL representation of ECA by specifying many user input parameters through GUI. The produced VHDL code is independent of FPGA part. It is also appropriate for use with any future high performance FPGAs or ASICs to further cut down computation time. Moreover, it provides the designer a feedback on various performance parameters. This offers the designer an ability to make any adjustments to the ECA component until the desired performance of the overall System on Chip (SoC) is achieved. The computation time of our transformed/optimized algorithm has improved by a factor of 3.8. Its FPGA implementation offers a speed up of 18 over CPU.
What Moves the National Retirement Risk Index? A Look Back and an Update

In June 2006, the Center for Retirement Research released the National Retirement Risk Index (NRRI). The results showed that even if households work to age 65 and annuitize all their financial assets, including the receipts from reverse mortgages on their homes, 43 percent will be at risk of being unable to maintain their standard of living in retirement. Households are more likely to be 'at risk' if they are young, have low incomes, or lack pension coverage.
Paper Prototypes: Key to Innovation

To succeed in the dynamic global marketplace, corporations need to routinely introduce innovation in their products, services, ideas, environments, and processes. The current global economic turbulence requires that new ideas be vetted, prioritized, and effectively tested with customers prior to initiation. Historically, companies have used prototypes in an ongoing conversation with customers to ascertain their actual needs and the attributes of products, services, processes, environments, and ideas most likely to satisfy those needs. Prototypes are an integral tool in the design process, not a result of it, and the appropriate use of prototypes is critical to mitigation of risk. This conceptual paper contends that prototypes — especially inexpensive, quickly developed two-dimensional paper prototypes — are a highly effective communication method used to elicit ideas and emotional responses in role discovery with customers, and should be a core competency and a primary mode of thinking and operating in every corporation.
Expression of involucrin in human middle ear cholesteatoma

Abstract Immunolocalization of involucrin in human middle ear cholesteatoma was performed with specific rabbit anti-human involucrin antibody. Involucrin was noted prominently in the cytoplasm of the suprabasal cells, including spinous cells and granular cells. The pattern of distribution of involucrin in cholesteatoma shows its epidermal characteristics. Immunostaining of involucrin was also made in tympanic membrane and external ear canal skin. As for comparing its distribution, a larger amount of involucrin was present in cholesteatoma (60%) than in external ear canal skin (29%) in our study and in normal skin (25%) in another study. This suggests active differentiation of the epithelial cells in cholesteatoma. Further investigation on the inhibition of involucrin formation may have some effect in the treatment of cholesteatoma.
A Genetic Programming-Based Surrogate Model Development and Its Application to a Groundwater Source Identification Problem

This paper investigates a groundwater source identification problem in which chemical signals at observation wells are used to reconstruct the pollution loading scenario. This inverse problem is solved using a simulation-optimization approach that uses a genetic algorithm to conduct the search. As the numerical pollution-transport model is solved iteratively during the heuristic search, the evolutionary search can be in general computationally intensive. This is addressed by constructing a surrogate modeling approach that is able to predict quickly the concentration profiles at the observation wells. A genetic program is used in the development of the surrogate models that provides an acceptable prediction performance. The surrogate model, which replaces the numerical simulation model, is then coupled with the evolutionary search procedure to solve the inverse problem. The results will illustrate 1) the performance of the surrogate model in predicting the concentration compared with the predictions using the original numerical model, and 2) the quality of the solution to the inverse problem obtained using the surrogate model to that obtained using the numerical model.
Research of Variable Displacement Alleviates for "U" Type Tube in Deep Well Cementing

The "U" type tube's existence in deep well cementing.Liquid's returning displacement is not equal to injection displacement.Especially,when a certainty of grout comes out of the casing shoes,annulus velocity reduces remarkablely,so the replace efficiency is seriously affected.In order to alleviate "U" type tube's influence,a suir of variable displacement replacement technology designing program is brought up.Compared to the fixed displacement replacement,the existence time of vacuum segment is shorten 13.8%,the lowest annulus velocity during "U" type tube is improved 15.73%,the overall efficiency of the replacement is improved about 5%,which could provide reference for cementing design in deep well.
Calculation of detection probability based on total system resolution of low light level imaging system

To investigate the detection probability of low light level imaging system,a method of calculating the detection probability and recognition probability of target based on the detection equation was proposed.The result shows that when the other conditions were invariant,the discovering and recognition probability of target was related to the surface reflectivity,the size of the target and the atmospheric transmittance;and that when the target size turns smaller,the surface reflectivity gets closer to that of the background or the atmospheric transmittance becomes lower,the discovering and the recognition probability will be smaller.Finally,some relevant camouflage measurements were analyzed and provided.
High-contrast 3D surface measurement without changing camera exposures

This paper proposes a method that does not require to change exposure time of the camera for high-quality surface measurement when the surface contrast is large. The idea is that three phase-shifted inverted fringe patterns are used to complement regular three phase-shifted fringe patterns for phase retrieval. For saturated pixels, the inverted fringe patterns will be used in lieu of the original patterns for phase computation. Though not as robust as some of previously proposed time-consuming methods, experimental data showed that the proposed method can substantially increase measurement quality for high-contrast surfaces.
Seed Strength Determination for Eye Plaque Therapy

Standardized radioactive plaques have been used in the irradiation of intraocular tumors. These plaques have defined slots to accommodate 125I seeds and hence produce predictable isodose distributions. The seed strength has to be adjusted to deliver 100 Gy to the prescription point, which varies with the tumor size. The purpose of this work is to develop lookup tables that relate the seed strength to different prescription distances. Dose rates were determined for a set of standardized eye plaques. Using these dose rates and the source strength decaying expression, the seed strengths were determined as a function of distance along a line through the plaque. Two seed-strength tables were created based on four-day and five-day treatment times delivering a 100 Gy to the prescription distance.
Variables associated with active and inactive behavior during the after-school period.

This study analyzed time-use interviews to report levels of active and inactive behavior during the after-school period (3–6 pm). Interviews were conducted on random days from three separate seasons during third and fourth grade. Youth with at least two interviews during third (356 completed 2 interviews; 506 completed 3 interviews [9 yrs; 50% boys]) and fourth (186 completed 2 interviews; 768 completed 3 interviews [10 yrs; 50% boys]) grade were included to report levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity, inactive screen time, inactive nonscreen time, and travel by location and who the activity was undertaken with. Reporting time outside the home and with peers (single or group) was related to higher levels of MVPA. While inside the home, screen and nonscreen proportions were comparable (38% and 40%, respectively), despite unique patterns (screen: boys > girls; nonscreen: girls > boys). Reporting time with both parents was associated with more nonscreen time; where...
Continuous-wave laser spectroscopy of the triplet manifold of magnesium

We have developed incoherent multiphoton techniques that use single-frequency cw lasers to perform spectroscopic studies on the triplet manifold of magnesium. Access to the triplet manifold is accomplished by use of a buffer gas contained within the vapor cell. It serves the purpose of collisionally redistributing population among the numerous velocity subgroups associated with the long-lived intercombination line. In this manner, the entire atomic ensemble can interact with a cw narrowband laser tuned to intercombination line thereby producing a large density of metastable triplets.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Two-Dimensional Crystals

Abstract The growth of graphene and other two-dimensional materials by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been an increasingly active area of research since graphene was first isolated in 2004. Materials such as hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, graphene, and other two-dimensional materials can now routinely be grown by CVD on various substrates with relatively inexpensive growth chambers and an established, straightforward growth process. The quality of these films varies and has been the focus of extensive surface-science research. This chapter will attempt to give a brief overview of the various two-dimensional materials that have been grown, with emphasis placed on the mainstream techniques commonly used to produce high-quality materials and the crystal growth processes that dictate the film quality.
Multiple Complex Chronic Conditions and Pediatric Hospice Utilization among California Medicaid Beneficiaries, 2007-2010.

Abstract Background: Over 42,000 children die each year in the United States, including many with multiple complex chronic conditions (MCCCs), but little is known about whether the presence of MCCCs influences families to utilize pediatric hospice care. Objective: The study objective was to examine the relationship between MCCCs and pediatric hospice utilization among Medicaid beneficiaries. Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal cohort design was conducted with 2007–2010 California Medicaid data to examine the relationship between MCCCs (i.e., two or more MCCCs) and pediatric hospice utilization (i.e., hospice enrollment, hospice length of stay). Multivariate logistic regression with year fixed effects examined the effect of MCCCs on hospice enrollment, and negative binomial model with year fixed effects explored the relationship between MCCCs and hospice length of stay. Results: More than 10% of children enrolled in hospice care with an average length of stay of approximately three days. In the study sa...
Routine Releases of Radioactivity from the Nuclear Industry

A light-water reactor consists of long, thin rods (fuel pins) of uranium oxide (UO2), enriched to about 3% in 235U, submerged in water. In the proper geometry, this arrangement permits a chain reaction in which a neutron striking a 235U nucleus induces a fission reaction, which releases neutrons some of which induce other fission reactions, etc. Each fission reaction releases energy, which is rapidly converted to heat, warming the surrounding water. The reactor therefore serves as a gigantic water heater; as water is pumped through at a rate of hundreds of gallons per second, it is heated to 600°F. The hot water may then be converted to steam either in the reactor [boiling-water reactor (BWR)] or in an external heat exchanger called a steam generator [pressurized-water reactor (PWR)]; the steam then drives a turbine, which turns a generator to produce electric power.
Role of visual and non-visual cues in damselfly mate recognition

In many species of damselflies, sexual conflict in the form of male harassment is thought to explain the widespread existence of female-limited color polymorphisms. With a few exceptions, the majority of investigations into these mating systems have assumed that male damselflies primarily use visual cues to detect and recognize their mates. Recently, laboratory studies have demonstrated that damselflies orient to olfactory signals from prey and that males orient to chemical cues from conspecific females. However, to date there are no field experiments which explicitly test the role that chemical cues play in sex recognition. Here we used a field experiment on Enallagma civile damselflies to test if free flying males detect and recognize females in the absence of visual cues through the use of non-visual signals. In the absence of visual cues males did not exhibit positive responses toward female conspecifics, whereas when both visual and non-visual cues were present, males readily detected females and oft...
The Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Activity by Multisite Phosphorylation

Mammalian cells contain two subspecies of RNA polymerase II, designated IIO and IIA. The objectives of these studies were to define the structural relationship between these subspecies and to determine the functional significance of these differences. Molecular cloning of the gene encoding the largest RNA polymerase II subunit of mouse has revealed the presence of an unusual sequence at the C-terminus consisting of 52 tandem repeats of the consensus sequence tyr-ser-pro-thr-ser-pro-ser. The structural differences between subspecies result from modifications within this C-terminal domain. Subunits IIo and IIa were purified and the effect of alkaline phosphatase on the electrophoretic mobility and immunochemical reactivity was examined. The fact that treatment with alkaline phosphatase converts subunit IIo to a form that is indistinguishable from subunit IIa suggests that subunit IIo is produced by multisite phosphorylation of subunit IIa. Analysis of peptides derived from CNBr cleavage of 32P-labeled subunit IIo establishes that phosphorylation is confined to the C-terminal domain. Photoaffinity labeling of RNA polymerase II by nascent transcripts, synthesized in either a cell free transcription system or in isolated HeLa nuclei, indicates that elongation is catalyzed by RNA polymerase IIO. Furthermore, immunoblotting of cell extracts indicates that HeLa cells contain predominantly RNA polymerase IIO.
G351(P) High falls from windows and balconies in children (2006–2011)

Aims Young children are at risk of falls due to their lack of danger awareness and curious nature. Falls from heights more than two metres are associated with significant risk of death and disability and contributed to 2.7% of injury-related deaths in Ireland between 2006–2011. The aim of this study was to further explore falls from windows and balconies, to identify demographics, injury type and severity, long-term outcomes and to inform strategies for prevention. Methods This retrospective cohort study reviewed high falls from windows and balconies in children from 2010 to 2016 in Ireland. Data was obtained from submissions to the Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) database and analysed in Excel.1,2 Results Seventy-six high falls were recorded during the study period with twenty falls occurring from a window or balcony. Of these twenty children, eighteen were less than five years, with a median age of 2 years (range 1.0–7.6 years) and a male to female ratio of 2.3:1. In this patient cohort, there were two deaths, four children sustained moderate disability and fourteen had a good recovery according to Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). The head was the most severely injured body part in 75% of falls (15/20). Injury severity score was greater than 15 in 65% (13/20) indicating moderate to severe injury. Although data was not available for all children, it was noted that high falls occured more often in the home than in public places (9 vs. 3 cases) and were onto concrete (14 cases). The two deaths were associated with falls from fourth and fifth floor windows. Conclusions High falls from windows and balconies, although infrequent, do occur and are preventable. Boys and children under 5 are at highest risk. Education on fall prevention, and environmental modifications such as window guards and alteration of surfaces below windows and balconies may prevent death and serious injury in young children. References . Committee on Injury and Poison P. American Academy of Paediatrics. Falls from heights: windows, roofs, and balconies. Paediatrics2001;107:1188–91. . Freyne, B, et al. Epidemiology of high falls from windows in children. Irish Medical JournalFebruary 2014;107(2).
Mechanistic investigations into the cyclization and crystallization of benzobisoxazole-linked two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks

Although many diverse covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been synthesised over the past decade, our fundamental understanding of their nucleation and growth during the crystallization process has progressed slowly for many systems. In this work, we report the first in-depth mechanistic investigation detailing the role of nucleophilic catalysts during the formation of two distinct benzobisoxazole (BBO)-linked COFs. The BBO-COFs were constructed by reacting 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB) and 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)triazine (TFPT) C3-symmetric monomers with a C2-symmetric o-aminophenol substituted precursor using different nucleophiles (e.g. NaCN, NaN3, and NaSCH3). Our experimental and computational results demonstrate that the nucleophiles help initiate an oxidative dehydrogenation pathway by producing radical intermediates that are stabilized by a captodative effect. We also demonstrate that the electron deficient TFPT monomer not only aids in enhancing the crystallinity of the BBO-COFs but also participates in the delocalization of the radicals generated to help stabilize the intermediates.
Primate Community Structure in Guyana: A Biogeographic Analysis

Studies of primate community structure increase our understanding of behavior, adaptation, and evolution. However, there are few biogeographic data on specific composition and association patterns in primate communities. I conducted a biogeographic analysis of the community structure of primate species at 16 sites in Guyana. I used data from 1725 km of line-transect censuses to determine specific composition and association patterns of 220 primate groups . Of the 18 polyspecific groups, 94.1% (N = 16) included squirrel monkeys. There was an overall trend towards positive specific associations among Guyanese primates. The only species that exhibited a negative pattern of interspecific associations were brown and wedge-capped capuchins. The sighting rate for wedge-capped capuchins at sympatric sites was particularly depressed compared to that for brown capuchins. Low plant productivity in Guyanese forests may reduce the diversity of feeding niches and result in a low incidence of polyspecific associations and scramble competition between wedge-capped and brown capuchins.
7 – Repulsive Steric Forces, Total Intermolecular Pair Potentials, and Liquid Structure

The chapter discusses the basic concepts of repulsive steric forces and the form, magnitude and range of total intermolecular pair potentials. A strong repulsive force arises when the electron clouds of atoms overlap at very small interatomic distances. This force determines how close two atoms or molecules can ultimately approach each other. The repulsive forces are sometimes referred to as exchange repulsion, hard core repulsion, steric repulsion, and Born repulsion, and they are characterized by having very short ranges and increase very sharply when two molecules come together. These forces belong to the category of quantum mechanical or chemical forces, and there is no general equation for describing their distance dependence. The chapter explains in detail the role of repulsive forces in noncovalently bonded solids. Packing of molecules and particles in solids is also discussed in the chapter. The chapter also elaborates the role of repulsive forces in liquids and the effect of liquid structure on molecular forces.
Multimodality imaging with F18 FDG PET in a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)

1010 Learning Objectives To demonstrate the usefulness of F 18 FDG PET CT in delineating the extent of disease in an unusual syndrome known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice, and the pathologic finding of hemophagocytosis (phagocytosis by macrophages of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors) in bone marrow and other tissues. Several forms of HLH can be severe. We present multimodality imaging findings including F18 FDG PET of a 20 year old gentleman who eventually died from systemic sepsis. He was a 20 year old Hispanic male with a 4 month history of painful facial swelling and fever. He saw his dentist for the swelling who placed a drain to his left perimandibular region. His symptoms did not improve and he started having headaches, chills, night sweats, and an unintentional weight loss. An extensive laboratory and imaging work-up included an F18 FDG PET CT which showed multiple FDG avid lymph nodes as well as multiple intramuscular and cutaneous lesions all throughout his body including his left mandibular mass. He also had multiple FDG avid lung nodules, and extensive soft tissue stranding in the chest, abdomen and retroperitoneum. A liver biopsy demonstrated hepatitis likely due to a systemic infection. He had multiple skin biopsies showing suppurative inflammation and his left mandible soft tissue biopsy showed purulent inflammation with necrosis. His blood cultures eventually grew VRE. The patient did not respond to aggressive treatment and eventually died in the ICU. His autopsy revealed the cause of death being an occult infection or malignancy leading to hemophagocystic syndrome which caused massive gastrointestinal ulcers and hemorrhages leading to hypovolemic shock and death. F18 FDG PET can delineate the extent of disease in HLH and predict the severity/aggressivity of the disorder
On the Projection of k-Valued Non-linearly Separable Problems into m-Valued Linearly Separable Problems

In this paper, we observe a new approach to learn non-linearly separable problems using a single multi-valued neuron. It is shown that a k-valued problem, which is non-linearly separable in the n-dimensional space can be projected into an m-valued (where m = kl) linearly separable problem in the same space. This projection can be utilized through a periodic activation function for the multi-valued neuron. Then the initial problem can be learned by a single multi-valued neuron using its learning algorithm. This approach is illustrated by the examples of such problems as XOR, Parity n, mod k addition of n variables and some benchmarks using a single multi-valued neuron.
Cannabinoid 1-Receptor regulation of deep and distributed subcellular processes enables neurite outgrowth

Neurite outgrowth is an integrated whole cell process that represents the earliest steps in neuronal differentiation. We studied cannabinoid-1 receptor regulated neurite outgrowth to identify the different subcellular processes (SCPs) involved and how they come together to produce a whole cell response. We identified the genes that were differentially expressed after CB1 receptor stimulation. From the differentially expressed components we identified the SCPs involved and how the SCPs connect to one another both horizontally and vertically. We used these SCP networks to identify genes, which when knocked down would validate the involvement of the SCP in neurite outgrowth. We identified a varied list of SCPs including those involved in pyrimidine metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, mitochondrial transport function, mRNA splicing and stability in addition to those involved in membrane vesicle production, transport and fusion and microtubule dynamics. Overall these data and computational analyses show that the downstream SCPs required for neurite outgrowth are widely distributed and involve a range of normal cellular functions. Additionally, several of these processes can be considered distal in terms of their proximity to cell signaling pathways and the microtubule and membrane vesicle dynamics, the proximal SCPs required for neurite outgrowth. Hence we conclude that receptor regulation of neurite outgrowth is distributed and deep.
Data driven governing equations approximation using deep neural networks

Abstract We present a numerical framework for approximating unknown governing equations using observation data and deep neural networks (DNN). In particular, we propose to use residual network (ResNet) as the basic building block for equation approximation. We demonstrate that the ResNet block can be considered as a one-step method that is exact in temporal integration. We then present two multi-step methods, recurrent ResNet (RT-ResNet) method and recursive ReNet (RS-ResNet) method. The RT-ResNet is a multi-step method on uniform time steps, whereas the RS-ResNet is an adaptive multi-step method using variable time steps. All three methods presented here are based on integral form of the underlying dynamical system. As a result, they do not require time derivative data for equation recovery and can cope with relatively coarsely distributed trajectory data. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the methods.
Thermal Phase Transitions in Superlattice Assembliesof Cuboidal CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 NanocrystalsFollowed by Grazing Incidence X‑ray Scattering

Colloidal nanocrystals of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) with the tetragonal crystal structure and cuboidal shape terminated by {110} and {002} facets were assembled into superlattices with cubatic structure an...
Advance in Detecting Key Concepts as an Expert Model: Using Student Mental Model Analyzer for Research and Teaching (SMART)

While key concepts embedded within an expert’s textual explanation have been considered an aspect of expert model, the complexity of textual data makes determining key concepts demanding and time consuming. To address this issue, we developed Student Mental Model Analyzer for Teaching and Learning (SMART) technology that can analyze an expert’ textual explanation to elicit an expert concept map from which key concepts are automatically derived. SMART draws on four graph-based metrics (i.e., clustering coefficient, betweenness, PageRank, and closeness) to automatically filter key concepts from experts’ concept maps. This study investigated which filtering method extract key concepts most accurately. Using 18 expert textual data, we compared the accuracy levels of those four competing filtering methods by referring to four accuracy measures (i.e., precision, recall, F-measure, and N-similarity). The results showed the PageRank filtering method outperformed the other methods in all accuracy measures. For example, on average, PageRank derived 79% of key concepts as accurately as human experts. SMART’s automatic filtering methods can help human experts save time when building an expert model, and it can validate their decision making on a list of key concepts.
Instrumentation and method developments of x-ray ptychography at the Advanced Photon Source

Among different techniques based on x-ray nanoimaging, ptychography has become a popular tool to study specimens at nanometer-scale resolution without the need of using high-resolution optics that requires very stringent manufacturing processes. This high-resolution imaging method is compatible with other imaging modalities acquired in scanning microscopy. At the Advance Photon Source (APS), we have developed two fluorescence microscopes for simultaneous ptychography and fluorescence imaging which together provide a powerful technique to study samples in biology, environmental science, and materials science. Combined with different tilted sample projections, such correlative methods can yield high-resolution 3D structural and chemical images. More recent work has been focused on the development of a fast ptychography instrument called the Velociprobe which is built to take advantage of the over 100 times higher coherent flux provided by the coming APS upgrade source. The Velociprobe uses high-bandwidth accurate interferometry and advanced motion controls with fast continuous scanning schemes which are optimized for large-scale samples and 3D high-resolution imaging. This instrument has been demonstrated to obtain sub-10 nm resolution with different high-photon-efficient scanning schemes using fast data acquisition rate up to 3 kHz (currently limited by detector's full continuous frame rate). A ptychographic imaging rate of 100 _m2/second with a sub-20 nm spatial resolution was shown in this paper.
Coarticulation in recent speech production models

Abstract: Whereas speech usually is considered to be a sequence of discrete units or segments (such as phonemes), attempts to impose segment boundaries on articulatory events are quickly confounded by the fact that articulatory movements overlap one another in complex fashion. This difficulty gave rise to the concept of coarticulation, which is a conceptualization of speech behavior that implies (1) discrete and invariant units serving as input to the system of speech production, and (2) an eventual obscuration of the boundaries between units at the articulatory or acoustic levels. Models of speech production with discrete control units must reconcile the presumed discreteness of the input to the production model with the demonstrated existence of complex, overlapping, and somewhat variable articulations at the output of the model. This paper reviews recent speech production models with particular attention to the problem of coarticulatory variation. It is concluded that coarticulatory patterns described in the experimental literature are not explained fully by any of these models. The inadequacies of individual models or theories are discussed, and some general suggestions on the form of an hierarchical model of speech production are given.
An ultra-high strength martensitic steel fabricated using selective laser melting additive manufacturing: Densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties

Abstract Martensitic steels have gained renewed interest recently for their use in automotive, aerospace, and defense applications due to their ultra-high yield strengths and reasonable ductility. A recently discovered low alloy martensitic steel, AF9628, has been shown to exhibit strengths greater than 1.5 GPa with more than 10% tensile ductility, due to the formation of e-carbide phase. In an effort to produce high strength parts with a high degree of control over geometry, the work herein presents the effects of selective laser melting (SLM) parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this new steel. An optimization framework to determine the process parameters for building porosity-free parts is introduced. This framework utilizes the computationally inexpensive Eagar-Tsai model, calibrated with single track experiments, to predict the melt pool geometry. A geometric criterion for determining maximum allowable hatch spacing is also developed in order to avoid lack of fusion induced porosity in the as-printed parts. Using this framework, fully dense samples were successfully fabricated over a wide range of process parameters, allowing the construction of an SLM processing map for AF9628. The as-printed samples displayed tensile strengths of up to 1.4 GPa, the highest reported to date for any 3D printed alloy, with up to 11% elongation. The demonstrated flexibility in process parameter selection, while maintaining full density, opens up the possibility of local microstructural refinement and parameter optimization for improved mechanical properties in as-printed parts. The process optimization framework introduced here is expected to allow successful printing of new materials in an accelerated fashion.
Climbing Mount Everest: Paul Samuelson on Financial Theory and Practice

Paul Samuelson regarded finance as the “Mount Everest” of economic pursuits. He proved that informationally efficient markets implied random price behavior and believed that very few investors could “beat the market.” Motivated by his study of the dismal performance of “managed money,” Samuelson was the first to advocate the creation of a low-cost stock index fund and his writings spurred Jack Bogle to create the S&P 500 Index Trust. His work on option theory brought him to the verge of the Black–Scholes formula, but the final equation eluded him. Samuelson warned investors that the Law of Large Numbers did not imply that investors with longer horizons should put a greater proportion of their portfolio in stocks but demonstrated that mean reversion of equity prices coupled with sufficient risk aversion would imply that strategy.
Non-equilibrium development in turbulent boundary layers with changing pressure gradients

Turbulence measurements were made in smooth-wall boundary layers subject to changing pressure gradients. Cases were documented over a range of Reynolds numbers and acceleration parameters. In all cases the boundary layer was subject to an initial zero pressure gradient (ZPG) development, followed by a favourable pressure gradient (FPG), a ZPG recovery and an adverse pressure gradient (APG). In the non-ZPG regions, the acceleration parameter, , was held constant. Two component velocity profiles were acquired at multiple streamwise locations to document the response to the changing pressure gradient of the mean velocity, Reynolds stresses and triple products of the fluctuating velocity components. Velocity field measurements were made to document the turbulence structure using two point correlations. In general, turbulence was suppressed by the FPG while structures became larger in streamwise and spanwise extent relative to the boundary layer thickness, particularly near the wall. In the recovery region, the return to canonical ZPG conditions was rapid. Changes in the structure in the APG region were less pronounced. The changes in the turbulence statistics and correlations relative to the ZPG baseline were quantified and presented as functions of streamwise location. When the streamwise location is scaled using the acceleration parameter, the results from all cases (including all statistical moments, and the size and inclination angles of turbulence structures), collapse in each region of the flow, showing a common non-equilibrium response to changes in the pressure gradient. These are new results which apply to the present flows and those with similar types of pressure gradients, but are not necessarily applicable to all flows with arbitrary pressure gradients.
On the thinning variations in hydrostatic forming of sheet metal

In sheet metal forming, thinning phenomenon is one of the most concerned topics to ameliorate the final quality of the manufactured parts. The thinning variations depend on many input parameters, such as technological parameters, geometric shape of die, workpiece’s materials, and forming methods. Hydrostatic forming technology is particularly suitable for forming thin-shell products with complex shapes. However, due to the forming characteristics, the thinning variations in this technology are much more intense than in other forming methods. Therefore, in this paper, an empirical study is developed to determine the thinning variations in hydrostatic forming for cylindrical cup. Measurement of thickness at various locations of deformed products are conducted to investigate the thickness distribution and determine the dependence of the largest thinning ratio on the input parameters (including the blank holder pressure, the relative depth of the die and the relative thickness of the workpiece). The results are expressed in charts and equation which allow determining the effect of each input parameter on the largest thinning ratio.
When Fieldwork Ends: Navigating Ongoing Contact with Former Insurgents

In research on terrorism and political violence, “fieldwork” now means many things. Scholars conduct interviews online, meet former extremists in urban centers, and travel across the globe to inter...
School Psychology Supervisors’ Perceptions of Specialist-Level Training: An Exploratory Study

Surveys of trainers in school psychology have been administered to examine training competencies and content delivered to school psychology trainees. Surveys of practitioners working with school psychology trainees are limited as discussed by Lewis et al. (2005). The purpose of this exploratory study is to seek to understand the perceptions of specialist-level site-based supervisors in relation to practicum students' knowledge in several competency areas. Utilizing the National Association of School Psychologists' Model for Comprehensive and Integrated School Psychological Services and Standards for Graduate Preparation of School Psychologists as reported by NASP (2020b) and commonly reported school psychology practices as discussed by McNamara et al. (2019), a survey was developed and administered to specialist-level practicum supervisors. Results of Chronbach's alpha analyses examining internal consistency for each of the seven domains ranged from good to excellent (0.85-0.95) although mean differences in domain ratings were not found to be significant. Results of the study are presented along with study limitations and directions for future research.
Low noise AlInAsSb avalanche photodiodes on InP substrates for 1.55 µm infrared applications

We report the noise characteristics of an AlInAsSb avalanche photodiode (APD) on an InP substrate. We observe low excess noise corresponding to an impact ionization coefficient ratio (k) of 0.012, and a dark current density of 55 μA/cm2 at a gain of 10 at room temperature. The performance of commercial APDs on InP substrates is limited by the excess noise and the performance of state of the art (SOA) APDs on InP substrates is limited by the dark current. The combination of low excess noise and low dark current of AlInAsSb leads to a significant performance improvement compared to commercial APDs and provides a potential candidate for low noise, SOA, commercial APDs for near-infrared applications. When combined in a separate absorber, charge and multiplication layer (SACM) architecture with an InGaAs absorption layer, the low noise characteristics of AlInAsSb point towards a superior InP substrate-based APD targeting 1.55 μm for applications such as optical communications and light detection and ranging (LiDAR).
Outcomes of robotic coronary artery bypass versus nonrobotic coronary artery bypass.

BACKGROUND Robotic coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) has developed in recent decades, however, prior studies showed conflicting result of robotic CABG compared to nonrobotic CABG in terms of mortality, morbidity, and cost. Herein, we sought to analyze the in-hospital outcomes and health care utilization after robotic CABG compared to nonrobotic CABG, based on data from a nationally representative sample. METHODS Patients who underwent CABG were identified using the national inpatient sample. Endpoints were in-hospital outcomes, length of stay, and total cost. Procedure-related complications were identified via international classification of diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 coding and propensity score matching analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 1,204,125 weighted adults underwent nonrobotic CABG and 7355 underwent robotic CABG in the United States between 2012 and 2017. The comparison of 7330 pairs after propensity score matching showed that in-hospital mortality was higher for those who underwent nonrobotic CABG compared to those who underwent robotic CABG (2.1% vs. 1.1%, p = .029). Similarly, the rates of acute kidney injury, transfusion, postoperative hemorrhage, length of stay, and total cost were higher for nonrobotic CABG compared to robotic CABG (all p < .05). The proportions of routine discharges with (34.5% vs. 40.0%) or without (39.7% vs. 45.0%) home health care were higher among those who underwent robotic, whereas the proportion of transfer to skilled nursing facility/nursing home was more frequent for cases of nonrobotic CABG (22.4% vs. 13.4%). CONCLUSION Robotic CABG was associated with lower rates of in-hospital mortality, acute kidney injury, transfusion, postoperative hemorrhage, total cost, and shorter hospital stay compared to nonrobotic CABG.
RF-based Drone Detection using Machine Learning

Drones or unmanned aerial vehicles have become a new option for multiple tasks including delivery, photograph, etc. However, the small size and flight ability of drones make it easier to break through any barriers and intrude important facilities. With an increasing safety concern of drone incursions, the research for an effective drone detection and identification approach has drawn a lot of attention in recent years. Among existing methods, passive radio frequency sensing is both reliable and cost-effective. However, previous studies are evaluating both machine learning and statistical methods on private datasets under different settings. To make a fair comparison, we evaluate six machine learning models on an open drone dataset for RF-based drone detection in this paper. The results demonstrate that XGBoost achieves the state-of-the-art results on this pioneering dataset.
Perceived Stress and Suicidal Behaviors in College Students: Conditional Indirect Effects of Depressive Symptoms and Mental Health Stigma

Suicide is a significant public health concern and the second leading cause of death for college students. Perceived stress, depression, and mental health stigma are established risk factors for suicidal behavior; however, their interrelationships are unknown. Data were collected from 913 collegiate housing residents (70.8% female; N = 646). Using data from self-report measures, depressive symptoms were examined as a mediator of the relation between stress and suicidal behavior, along with the moderating effect of mental health stigma. Depressive symptoms partially mediated the stress–suicide linkage, and mental health stigma was a significant moderator of the associations between stress and depression, depression and suicidal behavior, and stress and suicidal behavior. Stigmatized attitudes toward mental health treatment, including fear of social repercussion, may exacerbate the deleterious impact of stress on psychopathology and suicide risk. Individual-level therapeutic strategies targeting stress and psychopathology, as well as public health approaches that directly address and attempt to reduce mental health stigma, may reduce suicide risk in college students.
Analysis of the Whole-Nerve Responses from the Exposed Auditory Nerve in Man to Pseudorandom Noise

Evoked potentials that originate in the auditory nervous system are now widely used for diagnostic purposes (see, e.g., Jacobson, 1985), as well as for intraoperative monitoring to detect injuries to the auditory system that may occur during neurosurgical operations (see, e.g., Molier, 1987a). The most commonly used stimuli for such studies are transient sounds, such as click sounds or short tonebursts. However, natural sounds are usually more or less continuous in nature and are time varying. The electrical potentials that such sounds evoke are of much lower amplitude than those evoked by transient sounds, and complex signal processing is necessary to extract useful features from the responses recorded to continuous sounds. Transient sounds produce evoked potentials of higher amplitude than those produced by continuous sounds, because transient sound activates a greater number of neural elements at nearly the same time. The responses that can be recorded from the auditory nerve, the nerve tracts in the brain, and the brainstem nuclei to transient sounds, therefore, have a higher amplitude than that of the response to continuous sounds.
Determination of the Shear Strength of Shock Compressed 6061-T6 Aluminum

The strength of 6061-T6 aluminum was assessed over the stress range of 8–40 GPa using velocity interferometry to measure reloading and unloading profiles from the initial shocked state. These results show that the shear stress which can be supported in the shocked state increases by about a factor of five over this range. This observation is in agreement with previous investigations. However, an important new observation is that a substantial increase in shear stress occurs during reloading, resulting in a well-defined elastic precursor. This result indicates a significant departure from the elastic-plastic model and suggests that softening occurs during initial shock compression.
Methylene blue as an inhibitor of superoxide generation by xanthine oxidase. A potential new drug for the attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Abstract Tissue oxidases, especially xanthine oxidase, have been proposed as primary sources of toxic oxygen radicals in many experimental models of disease states. Among these, ischemia-reperfusion injury may be of the greatest clinical interest. In this paper we propose the use of methylene blue as a means of suppressing the production of Superoxide radicals O 2 − by acting as an alternative electron acceptor for xanthine oxidase. Previous work has indicated that methylene blue accepts electrons from xanthine oxidase at the iron-sulfur center. Initial experiments in our laboratory demonstrated that (1) pairs of electrons from each enzymatic oxidation are transferred to methylene blue, (2) the reduction of methylene blue can be achieved by model iron-sulfur centers, similar to the iron-sulfur center of xanthine oxidase, (3) reduced methylene blue auto-oxidizes to produce H 2 O 2 directly, rather than O 2 − , and (4) methylene blue is effective at non-toxic levels (2–5 mg/kg) in preventing free radical damage to liver and kidney tissues in an in vitro model of ischemia and reoxygenation. Accordingly, we propose that methylene blue may represent a new class of antioxidant drugs that competitively inhibit reduction of molecular oxygen to Superoxide by acting as alternative electron acceptors for tissue oxidases. We have termed these agents “parasitic” electron acceptors.
The p-menth-1-ene-3,6-diols

Abstract The large discrepancy between calculated and reported optical rotations for two of four compounds (A-D) described previously as diastereoisomeric p-menth-1-ene-3,6-diols (I–IV) has been resolved by reassignment of configuration to diol B, m.p. 112°, and reassignment of constitution to diol A, m.p. 54°, a p-menth-2-ene-1,6-diol (VI). The set of four diastereoisomeric p-menth-1-ene-3, 6-diols has been completed by synthesis of a new diol (IV), m.p. 123°. Hydrogenation of each p-menth-1-ene-3,6-diol yielded a different pair of p-menthane-2,5-diols, identification of which allowed assignment of configuration to diols I–IV.