cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural heat treatments against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): effect of flour depth, life stage and floor.

The effect of high temperatures (50-60°C) and two levels of sanitation (~0.5 and 43 g of flour), on mortality of eggs, young larvae, old larvae, pupae, and adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum , were evaluated during heat treatment of a pilot flour mill at Kansas State University. The mill was heated once during 13-14 May 2009 and once during 25-26 August 2009. Each of the heat treatments lasted 24 h. Bioassay boxes, with life stages of T. castaneum and temperature sensors confined in small compartments, were placed in 25 locations across all five mill floors. Temperature data showed that the mean time to 50°C based on the two treatments ranged from 10.39 to 17.18 h, and the mean time above 50°C ranged from 6.01 to 13.63 h. The mean maximum temperatures attained ranged from 50.7 to 61.4°C. In general, temperatures were lower in compartments with 43 g of flour when compared with compartments with 0.5 g of flour. Temperatures were also lower on the first floor than on the remaining floors. In box bioassays, essentially none of the life stages survived the 24 h heat treatment (99-100% mortality), except on the first floor. The survival of insects, especially on the first floor, is related to how quickly temperatures reached 50°C and how long temperatures were held between 50 and 60°C, and the maximum temperatures attained at a given location. There were only small differences in mortality between the two levels of sanitation. These results show that heat treatment of flour mills can control all life stages of T. castaneum in 24 h. Keywords : Tribolium castaneum , Heat treatment, Sanitation, Life stages, Methyl bromide alternatives
Noninvasive Diagnoses by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The sections in this article are Introduction The Study of Human Peripheral Muscle Organ Perfusion and Metabolism Skin Monitoring Tumor Detection Detection of pH in Blood and Tissue Lipids and Proteins Body Composition Conclusion
Hubs, nodes and by–passed places: a typology of e–commerce regions in the United States

This paper assesses US metropolitan regions in terms of the adoption of e–commerce by businesses using a combination of data from Interactive Week, Alexa Research and Hoover’s Online. This analysis shows that e–commerce is providing the impetus and means to reorganise the economic and geographic space in which businesses operate. Spatial divisions in the use of e–commerce are identified in which many cities in the South and Midwest appear to be lagging behind their counterparts in other parts of the country. Thus, rather than the destruction of place and geography predicted by some, e–commerce is reorganising the economic space in which businesses operate. Although not every place will become a major e–commerce hub, all regions will be shaped by the way in which firms adapt to this new commercial medium.
On the relationship between reaction time to light and latency of blocking of the alpha rhythm.

Abstract 1. 1. EEG recordings were taken from the occipital areas of twenty adult human subjects under passive and four reaction conditions, when the subjects responded to visual stimuli. These ranged from discrimination reaction (to light and sound) to a speed∼b reaction when only light stimuli were presented at regular intervals of 2 1 2 sec. Reaction times and latent times of blocking of the alpha waves were computed for each experimental condition. 2. 2. Mean reaction times for the group of subjects decreased systematically from 0.408 sec. under discrimination to 0.319 sec. under the speed∼b condition. Latencies, however, did not decrease effectively and varied only between 0.346 sec. under passive to 0.327 sec. under speed∼b condition. The mean correlation coefficients between the two measures were approximately 0.3. 3. 3. Under every reaction condition there were subjects who responded with longer latencies than reaction times, and under the speed∼b condition an average of 43 per cent of the responses was in this manner. 4. 4. Statistical evaluations of the data showed that the differences between the mean reaction times under any two conditions were significant, whereas the differences of latent times between the passive and any reaction condition were not significant. 5. 5. It was concluded that reaction and latent times were measures of essentially independent systems.
Looking for structure: Is the two-word stage of language development in apes and human children the same or different?

Previously published corpora of two-word utterances by three chimpanzees and three human children were compared to determine whether, as has been claimed, apes possess the same basic syntactic and semantic capacities as 2-year old children. Some similarities were observed in the type of semantic relations expressed by the two groups; however, marked contrasts were also uncovered. With respect to the major syntactic mechanism displayed in two-word child language, namely word order, statistically significant differences were found in all three comparisons that were tested. These results indicate that chimpanzees do not exhibit the linguistic capacities of 2-year old children.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Complementation Group C and Malignant Melanoma

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an exceedingly rare, autosomal recessive, multisystem disorder that harbors a strong predisposition to skin cancer induced by solar radiation. 1 The pioneering efforts of Cleaver, 2 studying DNA repair defects induced by UV radiation (UVR) stimulated interest in XP. Xeroderma pigmentosum is more heterogeneous than originally perceived, as evidenced by the presence of at least eight subgroups that are based on the ability to repair DNA after UV irradiation of cultured skin fibroblasts. Cells deficient in excision repair (classic XP) have been classified as complementation groups A through G; at least one other group, the XP variant, exhibits defective postreplication repair. The XP cell types seem to be controlled by a separate allele, since multiple patients affected within a given kindred show the same complementation group. 3 We have observed one family with XP for almost two decades. We provided samples from this family for skin
Prevalence of essential tremor in a multiethnic, community-based study in northern Manhattan, New York, N.Y.

Background: Our aims were to: (1) estimate the prevalence of essential tremor (ET) in a community-based study in northern Manhattan, New York, N.Y., USA; (2) compare prevalence across ethnic groups, and (3) provide prevalence estimates for the oldest old. Methods: This study did not rely on a screening questionnaire. Rather, as part of an in-person neurological evaluation, each participant produced several handwriting samples, from which ET diagnoses were assigned. Results: There were 1,965 participants (76.7 ± 6.9 years, range = 66–102 years); 108 had ET [5.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.5–6.5%]. Odds of ET were robustly associated with Hispanic ethnicity versus white ethnicity [odds ratio (OR) = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.03–4.64, p = 0.04] and age (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03–1.26, p = 0.01), i.e. with every 1 year advance in age, the odds of ET increased by 14%. Prevalence reached 21.7% among the oldest old (age ≥95 years). Conclusions: This study reports a significant ethnic difference in the prevalence of ET. The prevalence of ET was high overall (5.5%) and rose markedly with age so that in the oldest old, more than 1 in 5 individuals had this disease.
Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanolaminate Films

This project sought to increases the understanding of fundamental properties of the transparent conducting oxide materials needed to improve solar energy device efficiency. Specifically, this study focused on the development of Cu:ZnO nanolamintate materials where Cu and ZnO form alternating layers on the nanomerter scale. Initial results show no intermixing of materials, and suggest that these nanolaminates may be employed as infrared mirrors.
nadA and nadB of Shigella flexneri 5a are antivirulence loci responsible for the synthesis of quinolinate, a small molecule inhibitor of Shigella pathogenicity

The evolution of bacterial pathogens from commensal organisms involves virulence gene acquisition followed by pathoadaptation to the new host, including inactivation of antivirulence loci (AVL). AVL are core ancestral genes whose expression is incompatible with the pathogenic lifestyle. Previous studies identified cadA (encoding lysine decarboxylase) as an AVL of Shigella spp. In this study, AVL of Shigella were identified by examining a phenotypic difference from its non-pathogenic ancestor, Escherichia coli. Unlike most E. coli strains, Shigella spp. are nicotinic acid auxotrophs, the pathway for the de novo synthesis of NAD being uniformly defective. In Shigella flexneri, this defect is due to alterations in the nadA and/or nadB genes encoding the enzyme complex that converts L-aspartate to quinolinate, a precursor to NAD synthesis. Quinolinate was found to inhibit invasion and cell-to-cell spread of Sh. flexneri 5a and its ability to induce polymorphonuclear neutrophil transepithelial migration. Virulence of other Shigella species was also inhibited by quinolinate. Introduction of functional nadA and nadB genes from E. coli K-12 into Sh. flexneri 5a restored its ability to synthesize quinolinate but also resulted in strong attenuation of virulence in this strain. The results define nadA and nadB as AVL in Shigella and validate the concept of pathoadaptive evolution of bacteria from commensal ancestors by inactivation of AVL. They also suggest that studies focusing on this form of bacterial evolution can identify novel inhibitors of virulence in other bacterial pathogens.
Lack of Evidence for Prenucleation Aggregate Formation in Lysozyme Crystal Growth Solutions

There have been numerous claims of large concentrations of prenucleation aggregates in supersaturated as well as undersaturated lysozyme solutions at high salt concentrations. The presence of these aggregates was derived from measurements of the light or neutron scattering intensity, ultracentrifugation and dialysis behavior, as well as over-simplified crystal growth kinetics considerations. In all these interpretations it has been assumed that lysozyme solutions are either ideal or that protein interactions are independent of salt concentration. Contrary to these presumptions, our static and dynamic light scattering experiments provide evidence that lysozyme forms highly non-ideal, strongly interacting solutions. At low salt concentrations, the scattering intensities fall well below the values expected for an ideal, monomeric solution at the same protein concentration, while diffusivities increase with increasing protein concentration. Upon increase in salt concentration, these trends are eventually reversed. This enhancement in scattering intensity and decrease in diffusivity was widely interpreted as sign of aggregate formation. Yet, a quantitative interpretation of the scattering behavior over the whole salt concentration range can only be given in terms of a transition from net repulsion to net attraction between lysozyme monomers. Increased salt screening of the electrostatic repulsion among the protein macro-ions, together with attractive protein interactions, such as van der Waals, hydrophobic and hydration forces, provide an unambiguous mechanism for the observed transition and a more physical interpretation of the various observations.
The reactions of hydrated electrons with inorganic compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with hydrated-electron reactions that are electron-transfer processes, which are not common in classical organic chemistry. The kinetic studies have shown that the electron behaves analogously to a classical nucleophilic reagent. This is probably the most extensively studied single reaction in physical organic chemistry. This effort has not been in vain, since it led to a better understanding of one of the most fundamental processes in chemistry. It demonstrated electron tunneling in organic chemistry and resulted in the discovery of many novel organic intermediates. The investigation of the chemical behavior of the latter, which is presently in its very early stages, might become one of the important fields of research in physical organic chemistry in the coming years. The intramolecular electron distribution as perturbed by inductive and resonance effects is the essence of physical organic reactivity.
Deleted in Breast Cancer 1 (DBC1) Protein Regulates Hepatic Gluconeogenesis

Liver gluconeogenesis is essential to provide energy to glycolytic tissues during fasting periods. However, aberrant up-regulation of this metabolic pathway contributes to the progression of glucose intolerance in individuals with diabetes. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression plays a critical role in the modulation of gluconeogenesis. Several pathways contribute to the regulation of PEPCK, including the nuclear receptor Rev-erbα and the histone deacetylase SIRT1. Deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) is a nuclear protein that binds to and regulates both Rev-erbα and SIRT1 and, therefore, is a candidate to participate in the regulation of PEPCK. In this work, we provide evidence that DBC1 regulates glucose metabolism and the expression of PEPCK. We show that DBC1 levels decrease early in the fasting state. Also, DBC1 KO mice display higher gluconeogenesis in a normal and a high-fat diet. DBC1 absence leads to an increase in PEPCK mRNA and protein expression. Conversely, overexpression of DBC1 results in a decrease in PEPCK mRNA and protein levels. DBC1 regulates the levels of Rev-erbα, and manipulation of Rev-erbα activity or levels prevents the effect of DBC1 on PEPCK. In addition, Rev-erbα levels decrease in the first hours of fasting. Finally, knockdown of the deacetylase SIRT1 eliminates the effect of DBC1 knockdown on Rev-erbα levels and PEPCK expression, suggesting that the mechanism of PEPCK regulation is, at least in part, dependent on the activity of this enzyme. Our results point to DBC1 as a novel regulator of gluconeogenesis.
Investigating factors of student learning in introductory courses

Instructors of the introductory computer science courses, commonly called "CS1" and "CS2", face a large number of choices when designing their classes. Instructors have available to them a multitude of ways to explain each topic as well as course-wide choices such as objects-first or objects-late or using a functional or procedural language. Understanding how these options can affect student learning would help simplify these decisions. Unfortunately, just comparing how well students perform may not be accurate as it ignores the many confounding factors that could also have made a difference. To get beyond that problem, this study investigates underlying factors that affect student learning. Using a survey of instructors, we find that students' abilities are nearly always correlated with the importance that the instructor placed on a particular topic. Our results also highlight several "hard" topics for which student mastery and topic importance were not correlated in CS1 and only weakly correlated in CS2. While one might expect the time spent covering a topic in class to also be correlated with student mastery, we find little evidence of this. In fact, for some basic programming concepts, we document negative correlations between instructional time and learning. We discuss how instructors can use these results when organizing their courses and how the computer science education community can use this finding of "hard" topics to focus their efforts.
Stored energy in poly(vinyl chloride) from pelletizing process

Abstract From the heat capacities measured from 5 to 375 K on three poly(vinyl chloride) samples, evidence of residual strain energies stored in the sample appeared near the glass-transition temperature in the pelletized materials. The three samples were derived from suspension-and bulk-polymerized powder stocks and were measured either pelletized or as received. The stored energies began to be released at temperatures about 30 to 40 K below the glass-transition temperature of about 355 K. The stored energies were estimated to be (2.7 ± 0.1) and (3.5 ± 0.1) J g −1 for samples pelletized under 140 and 500 MPa of pressure, respectively.
Controls on Fe(II)-Activated Trace Element Release from Goethite and Hematite

Electron transfer and atom exchange (ETAE) between aqueous Fe(II) and Fe(III) oxides induces surface growth and dissolution that affects trace element fate and transport. We have recently demonstrated Ni(II) cycling through goethite and hematite (adsorbed Ni incorporates into the mineral structure and preincorporated Ni releases to solution) during Fe(II)-Fe(III) ETAE. However, the chemical parameters affecting net trace element release remain unknown. Here, we examine the chemical controls on Ni(II) and Zn(II) release from Ni- and Zn-substituted goethite and hematite during reaction with Fe(II). Release follows a rate law consistent with surface reaction limited mineral dissolution and suggests that release occurs near sites of Fe(III) reductive dissolution during Fe(II)-Fe(III) ETAE. Metal substituent type affects reactivity; Zn release is more pronounced from hematite than goethite, whereas the opposite trend occurs for Ni. Buildup of Ni or Zn in solution inhibits further release but this resumes upon fluid exchange, suggesting that sustained release is possible under flow conditions. Mineral and aqueous Fe(II) concentrations as well as pH strongly affect sorbed Fe(II) concentrations, which directly control the reaction rates and final metal concentrations. Our results demonstrate that structurally incorporated trace elements are mobilized from iron oxides into fluids without abiotic or microbial net iron reduction. Such release may affect micronutrient availability, contaminant transport, and the distribution of redox-inactive trace elements in natural and engineered systems.
The stacked OLED (SOLED): A new type of organic device for achieving high-resolution full-color displays

Abstract We describe a novel organic light-emitting device (OLED) in which color, grey scale and intensity can be independently achieved. The device consists of three separately contacted, red-, green-and blue-emitting OLEDs placed in a vertical stack and separated by transparent, conducting electrodes. The stacked OLED (or SOLED) is shown to efficiently generate a high-intensity optical output whose color is a linear superposition of spectra of the individual emitting elements in the device. Optical microcavity effects are found to distort the output spectrum in non-optimized SOLEDs. To our knowledge, the SOLED architecture provides the highest efficiency and resolution, as well as the simplest means for fabricating full-color displays based on small molecular weight organic materials demonstrated to date.
General purpose fiber optic hydrophone made of castable epoxy

A fiber-optic, interferometric, flexural disk hydrophone cast from an epoxy resin is described. This hydrophone is designed in the shape of an enclosed, hollow cylinder with pairs of flat, spiral wound coils of optical fiber embedded in each sensing plate. An all-fiber Michelson interferometer is used to detect the optical phase shift which results from pressure induced strains in the optical fiber. The sensing coils are positioned in the plates in a manner to enhance the acoustic response and provide cancelation of acceleration induced signals. An epoxy resin was chosen for its relatively high tensile strength, its low Young's modulus, and its ability to cure at room temperature. The acoustic sensitivity of this sensor in both air and water was measured to be 0.277 0.005 rad/Pa (-131.2 dB re rad/μPa) which corresponds to a normalized sensitivity (formula available in paper)re 1 μPa -1 below 1 .0 kHz. This measured result is in excellent agreement with simple elastic theory and the measured epoxy elastic constants. The normalized acceleration sensitivity is (formula available in paper)dB re g -1 . The acceleration-to-acoustic sensitivity ratio (figure-of-merit) of -134 dB re g4tPa is the largest reported to date for any fiber-optic hydrophone.
A praxis and Research Agenda for Multicultural Human Services Organizations

Human services organizations in the United States are currently faced with the problems of a diminishing and shifting resource base coupled with increasing demands for services. In addition, national demographic changes with increasing social diversity, and a rise in racial, ethnic, gender and other group-based tensions have posed special challenges for human service organizations. By tracing the history of social work approaches to working with ethnic minorities, this paper argues that responses to environmental flux have in fact been inadequate in addressing issues of social inequalities and injustices. We articulate a vision of socially just and diverse human services organizations that are both empowering and empowered. We call these Multicultural Human Services Organizations (MHSO). We spell out praxis and research agendas that continue the social justice-social diversity mission that is central to our vision.
Aging lengthens TauDD in C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and outbred SWR male mice (Mus musculus).

ABSTRACT: The effect of aging on the free-running period (TauDD) of a circadian rhythm for wheel-running activity was observed in two inbred strains (DBA/2J and C57BL/6J) and one outbred strain (Tac: (SW)fBR) of laboratory mice (Mus musculus). TauDD in the DBA and C57 mice was monitored at approximately age 100 days and age 300 days. TauDD in the outbred strain was monitored at approximately age 100 days and age 600 days. TauDD increased with age in all three strains. Most studies of age effects in rodent species have shown a shortening of TauDD with age, with the exception of the C57BL inbred mice. These results show that the lengthening of TauDD with age in laboratory mice is not limited to the C57BL strain and may be a general characteristic of this species, in contrast to other rodent species examined.
The effects of dietary cabbage on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and the binding of aflatoxin B1 to hepatic DNA in rats.

The effect of dietary cabbage (Brassica oleracea) on the binding of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to hepatic DNA and on the activities of liver and intestinal microsomal and cytosolic enzymes was studied in weanling male Fischer 344 rats. Freeze-dried cabbage was fed to rats at a level of 25% in the diet for 21 days, while others received a basal diet. In the cabbage-fed group there was an 87% (P < 0.01) reduction in the binding of AFB1 to hepatic DNA 2 hr after the ip injection of [3H]AFB1 (3 μg/kg). There was also a 41% (P < 0.05) increase in liver weight expressed relative to body weight. Hepatic and intestinal glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly increased (2.1- and 2.3-fold, respectively) over those in rats fed the basal diet. Hepatic and intestinal microsomal epoxide hydrolase activities were significantly increased (2.6- and 1.4-fold, respectively) over the basal group. Intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECD) activities were significantly increased (2.3- and 2.5-fold, respectively), over the basal group but dietary cabbage had no significant effect on hepatic AHH or ECD activities.
Dental education at the crossroads: a perspective from the chair.

I n January 1995, the Institute of Medicine’s longawaited study of great import to our citizenry was unveiled in Washington. The highlights of this broadly based portrayal of dental education-past, present, and futureare reviewed. The origins of this Institute of Medicine initiative can be traced to the early ’90s. The leadership of the American Association of Dental Schools joined with its sister organizations in recommending an in-depth study of dental education. There was a growing feeling that it was time to chart a thoughtful course for the next generation of young people aspiring to careers in dentistry. The Institute of Medicine was an appropriate organization to take the lead, with its long-standing history of successful analyses of health issues from clinical care to public policy. Funding for the Institute of Medicine came from both public and private sources and, most importantly, it was not an arm of the Federal Government. The study’s resources came from a wide array of contributors: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the American Fund for Dental Health, the Department of Defense, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Veterans Administration, the American Association of Retired Persons, and the CIGNA Dental Health Corporation. This allowed the Committee on the Future of Dental Education the needed funds to carry out this initiative over a 2-year period. The Committee’s charge was to assess dental education in the United States and make recommendations regarding its future, namely: 1. examine the current status of dental education and oral health in the United States and consider future scientific, demographic, economic, organizational, and other developments that may affect oral health status and the system for education of dentists and other personnel; 2. develop a statement of how, over the next 25 years, oral health and oral health services can be improved in the United States, and identify the shortand long-term
Causal Attribution to Salient Stimuli An Investigation of Visual Fixation Mediators

Considerable research has revealed that perceivers of a social interaction tend to attribute causality to the stimulus person who is salient. The present research tested the hypothesis that the control which salient persons exert upon perceivers' attentional focus yields the perception that these people also exert control in the social interaction in which they are engaged. To this end, subjects' visual fixation while watching a televised interaction between two actors as well as subjects' causal attributions for the actors' behavior were recorded. The duration of visual fixation upon an actor was greater when that actor was salient by virtue of a striped shirt, a leg brace, or red hair than when the actor was not salient. While the effects of salience upon the duration of visual fixation paralleled its effects upon causal attributions, the intercorrelations between visual fixation measures and causal attributions provided no support for the hypothesis that increased duration of attention to salient stimu...
Metabolism Changes in Tetrahymena pyriformis W Adapted to Potassium Cyanide.

SummaryCyanide-adapted Tetrahymena pyriformis show considerable alteration in glucose, acetate and amino acid metabolism. Total lipid metabolism is not changed. Although adapted cells remove more amino acid from the culture medium during growth, this appears more due to accumulation and/or conversion to other materials than to increased oxidation. Methionine, proline, serine and valine oxidative activities are especially lowered upon adaptation, as is glucose oxidation. Adapted cells show marked increase in oxidation of phenylalanine, isoleucine and threonine, as well as acetate.
The analysis for inositol phosphate forms in feed ingredients

Limited data are available on the content of inositol phosphates in feed ingredients. The doubtfulness over the identity and literature values of the inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) analysed in feed ingredients by the classical iron precipitation method prompted the analysis for inositol phosphates in some feed ingredients using a modified high-performance liquid chromatography method. The inositol phosphates analysed were inositol triphosphate (IP3), inositol tetraphosphate (IP4), inositol pentaphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). At least 97% of the inositol phosphates in grains occurred as IP6 and the remainder as IP5. In milled products the relative percentage of IP5 was higher (up to 14·5% in wheat bran) but the overall IP6 relative percentage was still high (more than 82%). IP3 and IP4 were not present in grains, and their amounts were very low when present in their milling or processed fractions. The absolute IP6 content was highest in rice bran and wheat bran at 68·31 and 47·63 g kg−1, respectively. The results indicate that processed plant products may contain hydrolysis products of IP5 and IP6. These products contain greater percentages of IP3, IP4 and IP5 than in grains or milling products. © 1998 SCI.
Encephalitis of the Basal Ganglia in an Injection Drug User

A 24-year-old white female intravenous heroin user with osteogenesis imperfecta presented with a 3-day history of diminished level of consciousness. On physical examination, she was febrile to 39.1?C, tachycardic (pulse rate, 120 beats per minute), and had a blood pressure of 100/55 mm Hg. She was cachectic, with no evidence of recent trauma or oral thrush. She had pronounced nuchal rigidity, was mute with poor cooperation, had intermittent choreiform movements of the right arm, and had generalized hyperreflexia with bilateral ankle clonus and Babinski signs. Routine serological test results were within normal ranges, including a WBC count of 8500 cells/mm3 and a serum glucose level of 76 mg/dL. Serological test results were negative for HIV
Use of Fluorophore-Conjugated Lectins To Study Cell-Cell Interactions in Model Marine Biofilms

Biofilms dominated by pennate diatoms are important in fields as diverse as ship biofouling and marine littoral sediment stabilization. The architecture of a biofilm depends on the fact that much of its mass consists of extracellular polymers. Although most illuminated biofilms in nature are dominated by phototrophs, they also contain heterotrophic bacteria. Given the close spatial association of the two types of organisms, cell-cell interaction is likely. Fluorophore-conjugated lectins were used to demonstrate the sites of the various extracellular polymers in three species of diatoms. Based on their lectin staining properties, the polymers in different species appeared to be similar, but their involvement in the process of attachment to a surface differed. In a coculture Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain 4 or its sterilized spent medium reduced the ability of Amphora coffeaeformis and Navicula sp. strains 1 and D to adhere, inhibited motility, and caused agglutination and eventually diatom cell lysis. Diatoms could be protected from the negative effects of the bacterial spent medium if D-galactose or mannan was included in the incubation medium. The active principle of the spent medium is probably a lectin/agglutinin that is able to bind to the extracellular polymers of the diatoms that are involved in adhesion and motility. Awareness of interactions of this type is important in the study of natural biofilms.
The role of spatial memory and frames of reference in the precision of angular path integration

Angular path integration refers to the ability to maintain an estimate of self-location after a rotational displacement by integrating internally-generated (idiothetic) self-motion signals over time. Previous work has found that non-sensory inputs, namely spatial memory, can play a powerful role in angular path integration (Arthur et al., 2007, 2009). Here we investigated the conditions under which spatial memory facilitates angular path integration. We hypothesized that the benefit of spatial memory is particularly likely in spatial updating tasks in which one's self-location estimate is referenced to external space. To test this idea, we administered passive, non-visual body rotations (ranging 40°-140°) about the yaw axis and asked participants to use verbal reports or open-loop manual pointing to indicate the magnitude of the rotation. Prior to some trials, previews of the surrounding environment were given. We found that when participants adopted an egocentric frame of reference, the previously-observed benefit of previews on within-subject response precision was not manifested, regardless of whether remembered spatial frameworks were derived from vision or spatial language. We conclude that the powerful effect of spatial memory is dependent on one's frame of reference during self-motion updating.
Are phase resetting curves tunable

Neurons are excitable cells capable of sustaining high amplitude membrane potential oscillations called action potential (AP). There are two classes of repetitively firing neurons: Class 1 characterized by a continuously and arbitrarily low tunable firing frequency, or Class 2 characterized by a minimum firing frequency threshold [1]. The ionic channels and the morphology of the cells determine the characteristics of repetitive firing, such as the intrinsic period Pi, the firing threshold, or the duration of the AP. For the study of phase locked modes and synchrony of neural populations a phenomenological understanding of neural activity suffices. In such cases, the phase response curve (PRC) rather than a detailed biophysical model of the neuron provides accurate and quick results. A PRC tabulates the transient changes in the firing period of a neuron due to an external perturbation, usually a brief current or synaptic conductance pulse [2,3]. The most significant effect of a perturbation occurs during the cycle that contains the perturbation and is quantified by the first order PRC, i.e. F1(φ) = P1/Pi - 1, where P1 is the transiently modified duration of the current cycle due to a perturbation applied at the stimulus time ts or phase φ = ts/Pi (Figure ​(Figure1A).1A). There are two types of PRCs: Type II PRC that has an almost sinusoidal shape and comparable sizes of the positive and negative lobes, and Type I PRC that has a disproportionate ratio of the two lobes (see Figure ​Figure1B).1B). When Type I neurons are part of neural network they can predominantly speed up (or only slow down) their rhythm, whereas Type II neurons synchronize more readily due to their ability to both slow down and speed up. While it is clear that every PRCs are bimodal, the purpose of this study is to investigate what parameters determine their shape. We found that the phase space bifurcation structure determines not only the PRC’s type but also how easily the shape of the PRC can be tuned such that a “typical” Type I PRC can be smoothly converted into a Type II PRC. We found that nonlinear oscillators characterized both by saddle-node of invariant circle (SNIC) and Andronov-Hopf (HB) bifurcations, such as Morris-Lecar (ML) model neuron, the PRC can be smoothly adjusted from a pure Type I to a Type II. For example, by slowly increasing a bias current, ML model reaches a SNIC bifurcation and produces a typical Type I PRC approximately captured by the generic infinitesimal PRC iPRC1(φ) = 1 - cos(φ). Further increasing the bias current brings the model closer to a HB that produces a typical Type II infinitesimal PRC iPRC2(φ) = sin(φ + α), with α a constant phase. For any intermediate value of the bias current the actual shape of the infinitesimal PRC is a linear combination of iPRC1 and iPRC2. Figure 1 (A) Intrinsic oscillations (continuous line) and transiently perturbed period (dashed line). (B) A Type I PRC is bimodal with one large lobe of amplitude M and the other with a disproportionately smaller amplitude m.
Pentafluorophenyl Transfer: A New Group-Transfer Reaction in Organoborate Salts

Irradiation of isoquinolinium hydroxytris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 1, and phenanthridium hydroxytris(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 2, in either CH2Cl2 or CH3CN resulted in C6F5 transfer to the isoquinolinium and phenanthridium cations, generating 2-methyl-1-(2,3,4,5,6- pentafluorophenyl)-1,2-dihydroisoquinoline, 3, and 2-methyl-1-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-1,2-dihydrophenanthridine, 4, respectively. In addition, photogeneration of H2O·B(C6F5)3 resulted from 1. Photogeneration of C6F5−C6F4H from HO−B(C6F5)3- and of C6H5−C6F4H from C6H5−B(C6F5)3- was discovered.
Phase-locking of soliton motion in uniformly driven sine-Gordon systems

Abstract Phase-locking of fluxon motion in a long, but finite, Josephson junction is studied analytically in the case where the external forces are uniformly distributed in space. The range of phase-locking in bias current is found and it is demonstrated that the mechanism of locking can be described as a boundary effect. We find very good agreement between the analytical results and results of direct numerical simulations of the problem.
Re‐storying an entrepreneurial identity: education, experience and self‐narrative

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the ways in which entrepreneurship education may serve as an identity workspace.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual/theoretical paper based on previously completed empirical work.Findings – The paper makes the connection between worldmaking, experience, action and identity.Practical implications – The paper furthers understanding of entrepreneurship education and its potential effect on the identity of participants. It stresses the importance of offering entrepreneurship education participants the opportunity to take entrepreneurial action. It has implications for the existing state of entrepreneurship education, e.g. the focus on business plans in the absence of an exploration of the identity of participants.Originality/value – The paper is an original exploration of the linkage between entrepreneurship education and identity and has implications for both pedagogy and practice.
Baseline knee adduction and flexion moments during walking are both associated with 5 year cartilage changes in patients with medial knee osteoarthritis.

Summary Objective To test the hypothesis that knee cartilage changes over 5 years are associated with baseline peak knee adduction moment (KAM) and peak knee flexion moment (KFM) during early stance. Design Baseline KAM and KFM were measured in sixteen subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). Regional changes in cartilage thickness and changes in medial-to-lateral thickness ratio were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and again after 5 years. Multiple regression was used to determine whether baseline measures of KAM and KFM were associated with cartilage changes over 5 years. Associations with baseline pain score, Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) grade, walking speed, age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were tested one-by-one in the presence of KAM and KFM. Results Changes over 5 years in femoral medial-to-lateral thickness ratio were associated with baseline KAM, KFM, and pain score ( R 2 = 0.60, P = 0.010), and most significantly with KAM ( R 2 = 0.33, P = 0.019). Changes in tibial medial-to-lateral thickness ratio were associated with baseline KAM, KFM, and walking speed ( R 2 = 0.49, P = 0.039), with KFM driving this association ( R 2 = 0.40, P = 0.009). Changes in medial tibial thickness were associated with baseline KAM, KFM, and walking speed ( R 2 = 0.49, P = 0.041); KFM also drove this association ( R 2 = 0.42, P = 0.006). Conclusions The findings that the KAM has a greater influence on femoral cartilage change and the KFM has a greater influence on tibial cartilage change provide new insight into the tibiofemoral variations in cartilage changes associated with walking kinetics. These results suggest that both KAM and KFM should be considered when designing disease interventions as well as when assessing the risk for OA progression.
Minimizing gauges in magnetic susceptibility calculations and their application to ring currents in annulenes

Abstract Some general results are reported on the calculation of magnetic susceptibilities for systems of paired electrons. Specifically, the consequences of using a gauge that minimizes the diamagnetic part of the second order energy are analyzed. The results are applied to the explanation of ring current effects in annulenes.
Gelsolin Deficiency Blocks Podosome Assembly and Produces Increased Bone Mass and Strength

Osteoclasts are unique cells that utilize podosomes instead of focal adhesions for matrix attachment and cytoskeletal remodeling during motility. We have shown that osteopontin (OP) binding to the αvβ3 integrin of osteoclast podosomes stimulated cytoskeletal reorganization and bone resorption by activating a heteromultimeric signaling complex that includes gelsolin, pp60c-src, and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase. Here we demonstrate that gelsolin deficiency blocks podosome assembly and αvβ3-stimulated signaling related to motility in gelsolin-null mice. Gelsolin-deficient osteoclasts were hypomotile due to retarded remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. They failed to respond to the autocrine factor, OP, with stimulation of motility and bone resorption. Gelsolin deficiency was associated with normal skeletal development and endochondral bone growth. However, gelsolin-null mice had mildly abnormal epiphyseal structure, retained cartilage proteoglycans in metaphyseal trabeculae, and increased trabecular thickness. With age, the gelsolin-deficient mice expressed increased trabecular and cortical bone thickness producing mechanically stronger bones. These observations demonstrate the critical role of gelsolin in podosome assembly, rapid cell movements, and signal transduction through the αvβ3 integrin.
NB X FO factor—A novel suppressor factor produced by fusion of neonatal spleen and a nonsecreting myeloma

Abstract Spleens from 1-day-old DBA/2J mice were fused to the nonsecreting myeloma, FO. Dialyzed supernates of these cells were found to suppress the antigen-specific proliferative response of cloned helper or alloreactive T cells at a final concentration of ≤5%. The same supernate-containing factor did not suppress the response to IL-2 of an IL-2-addicted T cell line. The factor was found not to suppress the production of either IL-2 or antibody, following stimulation of spleen cells with LPS. Absorption analysis revealed that the target of the factor was the accessory cell population. Further experiments indicated that the factor blocked the proliferation of thymocytes due to IL-1. Biochemical analysis revealed a molecular weight for the factor of about 90,000 and a pI of approximately 4.5.
Cucurbit[7]uril disrupts aggregate formation between rhodamine B dyes covalently attached to glass substrates.

Dye aggregation is detrimental to the performance of high optical density dye-doped photonic materials. To overcome this challenge, the ability of cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) as a molecular host to disrupt aggregate formation on glass substrates was examined. Rhodamine B was covalently attached to glass slides by initially coating the surface with azidohexylsiloxane followed by copper-catalyzed “click” triazole formation with rhodamine B propargyl ester. The absorption and emission spectra of rhodamine B coated slides in water indicated diverse heterogeneous properties as surface dye density varied. Fluorescence quenching due to dye aggregation was evident at high surface dye density. Addition of aqueous cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) to the surface-tethered dyes perturbed the spectra to reveal a considerable reduction in heterogeneity, which suggested that the presence of a surface in close proximity does not significantly impair CB7’s ability to complex with tethered rhodamine B.
5′-Noraristeromycin derivatives isomeric to aristeromycin and 2′-deoxyaristeromycin

Abstract A straightforward synthesis of (1S,2R,3R,4R)-4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-hydroxymethylcyclopentane-1,3-diol ( 2 ), an isomer of aristeromycin, and its 2′-deoxy derivative 3 from readily available disubstituted cyclopentenes is presented. An antiviral analysis of 2 showed it to have significant activity versus Epstein–Barr virus (IC50 0.62 μg/mL in the Elisa assay) and to be free of cytotoxicity effects against the host cells. In a much less comprehensive antiviral analysis, 3 also was active towards Epstein–Barr (IC50 7.58 μg/mL in the Elisa assay) but this was accompanied by cellular toxicity.
Closer look at lactose-mediated support of retinal morphogenesis.

We have previously shown in intact isolated eye rudiments from Xenopus laevis that lactose, but not mannose, permits the formation of organized photoreceptor outer segments in the absence of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The purpose of this study was to determine, using electron microscopic analysis, the key ultrastructural differences between healthy retinas, lactose-protected retinas, and retinas that developed aberrantly to reveal which subcellular structures were exclusively present in healthy retinas. Filamentous actin was also localized in retinas to determine its distribution under the various conditions. In healthy retinas, calycal processes extending approximately three-fourths of the length of the outer segment surrounded highly organized photoreceptor outer segments. Adherens junctions were localized between adjacent photoreceptors and Muller cells at the outer limiting membrane. In addition, Muller cells possessed apical processes that extended for a short distance beyond the adherens junctions. These fine cytoarchitectural details were missing in retinas that completed differentiation in the absence of the RPE; both calycal and apical processes were no longer present and adherens junctions were sparsely intermittent. Muller cells appeared atrophic. Similarly, mannose promoted none of the fine cytoarchitectural details of the retina. Lactose, however, supported the formation of the proper subcellular cytoarchitecture of both photoreceptor and Muller cells. These results suggest that these subcellular structures may be fundamental for the proper assembly and stability of organized outer segments and are necessary to allow for normal cytogenesis of the outer retina.
Time-resolved photoluminescence from wide parabolic GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum wells in high magnetic fields

Abstract We report on time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) from the quasi-three-dimensional electron gas in remotely-doped wide parabolic GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs quantum wells in magnetic fields up to 18 T. The magnetic field dependence and the decay times of the PL indicate an excitonic character in spite of the doping. In magnetic fields, an additional peak appears at higher energy in all the samples studied. At At T = 0.06 K, the decay time of the lower energy peak increases considerably above an onset field, while that of the higher energy peak remains inchanged. We considered possible effects of electron/hole localization on the PL lifetime changes.