cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Double Face of the Political and the Social: Hannah Arendt and America's Racial Divisions

Analyse de la relation entre le politique et le social a laquelle H. Arendt recourt: 1) pour expliquer l'histoire de la pensee politique occidentale depuis les Grecs, 2) pour rendre compte de la question du racisme noir aux Etats-Unis apres son exil en 1942, 3) pour observer la Revolution americaine d'un point de vue non-critique. L'A. conclut a l'insuffisance de la conception de la communaute politique chez Arendt qui ne parvient pas a resoudre la contradiction entre une liberte politique et une servitude sociale dans son pays d'adoption
Evidence that vestibular hypofunction affects reading acuity in children

Summary Objective Despite reported gaze stability deficits in children with hearing impairment and concurrent vestibular hypofunction, the reading difficulties reported in this population have not been linked to the gaze instability. The purpose of this study was to develop a modified version of the MNREAD chart that enabled responses orally or using sign language. Methods Seventy-two typically developing children and 14 children with sensorineural hearing loss with and without vestibular hypofunction participated. We examined: (1) reliability and age related changes in reading acuity scores, (2) the effect of vestibular hypofunction on reading acuity scores, and (3) the relationship between these scores and a test of dynamic visual acuity. Results The test was reliable (ICC (3,2) ≥ 0.86). Reading acuity scores were significantly worse in children with vestibular hypofunction (p ≤ 0.002). Furthermore, reading acuity scores correlated with dynamic not static visual acuity scores (r = 0.55, p Conclusions These results imply that the gaze instability due to vestibular hypofunction affects reading ability in young children.
Griffith's “broken blossoms” and the problem of historical specificity

(1978). Griffith's “broken blossoms” and the problem of historical specificity. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 37-47.
Peptide binding to the most frequent HLA-A class I alleles measured by quantitative molecular binding assays

Quantitative assays to measure the binding of defined synthetic antigenic peptides and purified MHC class I molecules are described for several common human HLA-A alleles (A1, A2.1, A3, A11 and A24). Under appropriate conditions, the binding of radiolabeled peptides to purified MHC class I molecules is very effective, highly specific, and appears to be dependent on the specific sequence motif of the peptide as defined by critical anchor residue positions. Establishment and optimization of the assay reveals that a relatively high fraction of the MHC class I molecules isolated from EBV transformed B cell line sources is capable of binding exogenously added peptide. Scatchard analysis for all alleles yields 5-10% occupancy values. There is a stringent peptide size requirement that is reflected by the direct influence of peptide length on the binding affinity. The peptide-MHC class I interactions demonstrate remarkable similarity to peptide-MHC class II interactions, both in overall affinity and kinetic behavior. The immunological relevance of the peptide-MHC class I binding assay is also demonstrated by measuring the affinity of a panel of previously described HLA restricted peptides for their HLA restriction element. In 91% (10/11) of the cases, the peptides bound with affinities of 50 nM or less, and in the remaining 9% (1/11) of the cases, in the 50 to 500 nM range. Thus, these data provide the first quantitative estimate of what level of HLA-A binding affinity is associated with a diverse panel of immunodominant CTL epitopes in man.
Reducing non-determinism of k-NN searching in non-ordered discrete data spaces

We propose a generalized version of the Granularity-Enhanced Hamming (GEH) distance for use in k-NN queries in non-ordered discrete data spaces (NDDS). The use of the GEH distance metric improves search semantics by reducing the degree of non-determinism of k-NN queries in NDDSs. The generalized form presented here enables the GEH distance to be used for a much greater variety of scenarios than was possible with the original form.
A Class of Pattern-Forming Models

A general class of nonlinear evolution equations is described, which support stable spatially oscillatory steady solutions. These equations are composed of an indefinite self-adjoint linear operator acting on the solution plus a nonlinear function, a typical example of the latter being a double-well potential. Thus a Lyapunov functional exists. The linear operator contains a parameter ρ which could be interpreted as a measure of the pattern-forming tendency for the equation. Examples in this class of equations are an integrodifferential equation studied by Goldstein, Muraki, and Petrich and others in an activator-inhibitor context, and a class of fourth-order parabolic PDE's appearing in the literature in various physical connections and investigated rigorously by Coleman, Leizarowitz, Marcus, Mizel, Peletier, Troy, Zaslavskii, and others. The former example reduces to the real Ginzburg-Landau equation when ρ = 0 .
Further evidence for host-specific variants in Zygorhizidium planktonicum

Zygorhizidium planktonicum (Chytridiales) an obligate, epibiotic parasite of freshwater diatoms was recently isolated from Lake Lanier, Georgia. Host specificity and ultrastructural morphology of clones infecting Synedra acus were investigated to further evaluate the life history and taxonomic significance of host-specific strains. Host range studies revealed that germination and sporangium development were con- fined to Synedra sp., S. acus, and S. ulna. On occasion, zoospores loosely adhered to Asterionellaformosa; how? ever, subsequent growth did not ensue despite efforts to induce parasitism in mixed cultures and altered environmental conditions. Ultrastructural studies of conjugating gametangia demonstrated the fusion of thalli by means of a narrow, smooth-walled tube and the apparent migration of the nucleus and other or- ganelles from the donor gametangium to the larger, recipient thallus. The resulting resting spore possessed a thick multilayered wall, either one or two nuclei, and electron opaque bodies of unknown composition. Zoospores contained discrete morphological features including a rumposome-associated fibrillar vesicle, dis- persed ribosomes, and a dense particulate body. Our findings regarding this disjunct population confirm the occurrence of host-specific variants in Z. plankton? icum. Host selection indicates a conserved ontogeny which further suggests that host-selective strains have coevolved with their respective diatom hosts.
Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Surface Water in Southeastern United States

ABSTRACT A study of prevalence, diversity, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica in surface water in the southeastern United States was conducted. A new scheme was developed for recovery of Salmonella from irrigation pond water and compared with the FDA9s Bacteriological Analytical Manual (8th ed., 2014) (BAM) method. Fifty-one isolates were recovered from 10 irrigation ponds in produce farms over a 2-year period; nine Salmonella serovars were identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, and the major serovar was Salmonella enterica serovar Newport (S. Newport, n = 29), followed by S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (n = 6), S. enterica serovar Muenchen (n = 4), S. enterica serovar Javiana (n = 3), S. enterica serovar Thompson (n = 2), and other serovars. It is noteworthy that the PulseNet patterns of some of the isolates were identical to those of the strains that were associated with the S. Thompson outbreaks in 2010, 2012, and 2013, S. Enteritidis outbreaks in 2011 and 2013, and an S. Javiana outbreak in 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing confirmed 16 S. Newport isolates of the multidrug resistant-AmpC (MDR-AmpC) phenotype, which exhibited resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (ACSSuT), and to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations of cephalosporins (cephalothin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and ceftriaxone). Moreover, the S. Newport MDR-AmpC isolates had a PFGE pattern indistinguishable from the patterns of the isolates from clinical settings. These findings suggest that the irrigation water may be a potential source of contamination of Salmonella in fresh produce. The new Salmonella isolation scheme significantly increased recovery efficiency from 21.2 (36/170) to 29.4% (50/170) (P = 0.0002) and streamlined the turnaround time from 5 to 9 days with the BAM method to 4 days and thus may facilitate microbiological analysis of environmental water.
The Environment of Active Galactic Nuclei in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We present the observed fraction of galaxies with an active galactic nucleus (AGN) as a function of environment in the early data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Using 4921 galaxies in the redshift range 0.05 ≤ z ≤ 0.095 and brighter than M(r*) = -20.0 (or M* + 1.45), we find at least ~20% of these galaxies possess an unambiguous detection of an AGN, but this fraction could be as high as 40% after we model the ambiguous emission-line galaxies in our sample. We have studied the environmental dependence of galaxies, using the local galaxy density as determined from the distance to the 10th nearest neighbor. As expected, we observe that the fraction of star-forming galaxies decreases with density, while the fraction of passive galaxies (no emission lines) increases with density. In contrast, the fraction of galaxies with an AGN remains constant from the cores of galaxy clusters to the rarefied field population. We conclude that the presence of an AGN is independent of the disk component of a galaxy. We have extensively tested our results, and they are robust against measurement error, definition of an AGN, aperture bias, stellar absorption, survey geometry, and signal-to-noise ratio. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a supermassive black hole resides in the bulge of all massive galaxies, and 40% of these black holes are seen as AGNs in our sample. A high fraction of local galaxies with an AGN suggests either that the mean lifetime of these AGNs is longer than previously thought (i.e., ≥108 yr) or that the AGNs burst more often than expected: ~40 times over the redshift range of our sample.
Genetics training in the genomic era.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although major advances have been made in understanding the genetic basis of both rare and common disorders, the number of trainees entering medical genetics in recent years has been dwindling. This review summarizes some possible reasons for this decline and suggests approaches to increase the number of people who enter the field. RECENT FINDINGS In October 2004 a 'summit meeting' was held at the Banbury Conference Center to discuss the problem. The meeting was attended by leaders in medical genetics from the United States and Canada. Several suggestions were made at the meeting that have resulted in new initiatives to alter medical genetics training and recruit additional trainees. SUMMARY Major initiatives are being launched that will position medical genetics to work in collaboration with other specialties to lead the integration of genetics into medical practice.
Synergistic effects of HIV coat protein and NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity

Abstract Exposure of rat retinal cultures to HIV-1 coat protein gp120 for several minutes increases [Ca 2+ ]i in approximately half of the ganglion cells; this effect is associated with delayed-onset neuronal injury, similar to that previously reported in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Here we show that NMDA antagonists can prevent both the rise in [Ca2+]; and subsequent neuronal damage engendered by 20 pM gp120. However, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrate that gp 120 does not directly evoke an NMDA-like response or enhance glutamate/NMDA-activated currents. Moreover, complete protection from gp120-induced [Ca 2+ ]i increases and neurotoxicity is afforded by incubation with glutamate-pyruvate transaminase, which breaks down endogenous glutamate as verified by HPLC. Since, under standard conditions in these cultures, neither glutamate nor a low picomolar concentration of gp120 is deleterious on its own, our results suggest that their neurotoxicity is synergistic.
Novel aspirin-triggered neuroprotectin D1 attenuates cerebral ischemic injury after experimental stroke

Acute ischemic stroke triggers complex neurovascular, neuroinflammatory and synaptic alterations. Aspirin and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 essential fatty acid family member, have beneficial effects on cerebrovascular diseases. DHA is the precursor of neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), which downregulates apoptosis and, in turn, promotes cell survival. Here we have tested the effect of aspirin plus DHA administration and discovered the synthesis of aspirin-triggered NPD1 (AT-NPD1) in the brain. Then we performed the total chemical synthesis of this molecule and tested in the setting of 2h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurological status was evaluated at 24h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days. At 3h post-stroke onset, an intravenous administration of 333 μg/kg of AT-NPD1 sodium salt (AT-NPD1-SS) or methyl-ester (AT-NPD1-ME) or vehicle (saline) as treatment was given. On day 7, ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brains was conducted on 11.7 T MRI. T2WI, 3D volumes, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were generated. In addition, infarct volumes and number of GFAP (reactive astrocytes), ED-1 (activated microglia/macrophages) and SMI-71-positive vessels were counted in the cortex and striatum at the level of the central lesion. All animals showed similar values for rectal and cranial temperatures, arterial blood gases, and plasma glucose during and after MCAo. Treatment with both AT-NPD1-SS and AT-NPD1-ME significantly improved neurological scores compared to saline treatment at 24h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days. Total lesion volumes computed from T2WI images were significantly reduced by both AT-NPD1-SS and AT-NPD1-ME treatment in the cortex (by 44% and 81%), striatum (by 61% and 77%) and total infarct (by 48% and 78%, respectively). Brain edema, computed from T2WI in the cortex (penumbra) and striatum (core), was elevated in the saline group. In contrast, both AT-NPD1 decreased water content in the striatum on day 7. 3D volumes, computed from T2WI, were dramatically reduced with both AT-NPD1 and the lesion was mostly localized in the subcortical areas. Treatment with both AT-NPD1-SS and AT-NPD1-ME significantly reduced cortical (by 76% and 96%), subcortical (by 61% and 70%) and total (69% and 84%, respectively) infarct volumes as defined by histopathology. In conclusion, a novel biosynthetic pathway that leads to the formation of AT-NPD1 mediator in the brain was discovered. In addition, administration of synthetic AT-NPD1, in either its sodium salt or as the methyl ester, was able to attenuate cerebral ischemic injury which leads to a novel approach for pharmaceutical intervention and clinical translation.
Attitude commitment: Its impact on the similarity-attraction relationship

The degree to which target persons were “committed” to attitudes which were in agreement or disagreement with those of Ss was investigated with respect to influence on attraction. Commitment and proportion of similar attitudes were found to interact in the determination of attraction. Additionally, main effects for commitment and for proportion of similarity were found on two separate measures designed to ascertain any differences across experimental conditions in Ss’ evaluation of the target as an agent of consensual validation.
Experiment at Duck, N.C., beach explores nearshore processes

Last year's first northeaster yielded a few surprises about the physics of nearshore oceanographic processes along a well-studied patch of the North Carolina coast. The storm winds and incident waves were typical, but nearshore currents and bathymetric response took an unexpected turn. An immense rip channel cut through the nearshore bar. Previous storm observations at this site had suggested that mean currents and bathymetry become uniform in the alongshore direction, but the rip channel challenged this assumption. Mapping after the storm showed that the bar crest in the vicinity of the rip had migrated up to 100 m seaward over an alongshore distance of 200 m.
Natural programming languages and environments

Over the last six years, we have been working to create programming languages and environments that are more natural, or closer to the way people think about their tasks. Our goal is to make it possible for people to express their ideas in the same way they think about them. To achieve this, we have performed various studies about how people think about programming tasks, both when trying to create a new program and when trying to find and fix bugs in existing programs. We then use this knowledge to develop new tools for programming and debugging. Our user studies have shown the resulting systems provide significant benefits to users.
The Music Librarian as Development Officer: Raising Funds for Special Collections

Over the past ten years, advances in technology have led to increased productivity and efficiency in nearly every area of librarianship. As a result, many music libraries across the United States are either beginning a special collections program or are turning to these collections for digitization; as special collections often consist of older materials no longer under copyright, they become priorities for digitization, which also affords a critical preservation benefit. As these collections grow, so does the need for funding, which is essential to their proper archival storage and long‐term preservation. A review of the literature finds that little research has been published in the area of special collections fundraising, particularly specific to music; therefore, this article summarizes the literature and attempts to apply it to music special collections fundraising. Topics covered include grants and grant writing; employing a development officer or becoming one yourself; Friends' groups; and, annual ...
“I want to be there when he graduates:” Foster parents show higher levels of commitment than group care providers

Group care is a frequent placement for adolescents placed in out of home care when their birth parents' care is deemed unsafe. In the present study, we assessed whether foster parents show greater commitment to children than group care providers. Given that group care represents a number of living arrangements, we considered both shift care (where staff work shifts and do not live with the children) and cottage care (where staff live for extended periods of time with the children in a group living context). Commitment was assessed using the This Is My Child Interview (adapted for adolescents). Thirty-one foster parents, 18 shift workers, and 28 cottage care providers were interviewed. As predicted, foster parents showed higher levels of commitment than both shift care workers and cottage care providers, and the associations held when children's externalizing behaviors and the number of children the caregivers had cared for were controlled. The results suggest that foster care promotes greater commitment among caregivers than other out of home placements, and add to other findings that favor foster care as the out of home placement of choice for adolescents.
Simultaneous transfer, introgression, and genomic localization of genes for resistance to stem rust race TTKSK (Ug99) from Aegilops tauschii to wheat.

Wheat production is currently threatened by widely virulent races of the wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, that are part of the TTKSK (also known as ‘Ug99’) race group. The diploid D genome donor species Aegilops tauschii (2n = 2x = 14, DD) is a readily accessible source of resistance to TTKSK and its derivatives that can be transferred to hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). To expedite transfer of TTKSK resistance from Ae. tauschii, a direct hybridization approach was undertaken that integrates gene transfer, mapping, and introgression into one process. Direct crossing of Ae. tauschii accessions with an elite wheat breeding line combines the steps of gene transfer and introgression while development of mapping populations during gene transfer enables the identification of closely linked markers. Direct crosses were made using TTKSK-resistant Ae. tauschii accessions TA1662 and PI 603225 as males and a stem rust-susceptible T. aestivum breeding line, KS05HW14, as a female. Embryo rescue enabled recovery of F1 (ABDD) plants that were backcrossed as females to the hexaploid recurrent parent. Stem rust-resistant BC1F1 plants from each Ae. tauschii donor source were used as males to generate BC2F1 mapping populations. Bulked segregant analysis of BC2F1 genotypes was performed using 70 SSR loci distributed across the D genome. Using this approach, stem rust resistance genes from both accessions were located on chromosome arm 1DS and mapped using SSR and EST-STS markers. An allelism test indicated the stem rust resistance gene transferred from PI 603225 is Sr33. Race specificity suggests the stem rust resistance gene transferred from TA1662 is unique and this gene has been temporarily designated SrTA1662. Stem rust resistance genes derived from TA1662 and PI 603225 have been made available with selectable molecular markers in genetic backgrounds suitable for stem rust resistance breeding.
Energy efficiency and conservation in buildings: The use of indicators

Abstract The paper deals primarily with energy used in residential and commercial buildings. The commonly used yardsticks for energy efficiency and conservation are the total amount of energy spent and the ratio of energy to GNP in individual countries. Both indicator are misleading. They lead to pessimistic conclusions, which are wrong. Existing buildings were designed to optimize their economic value in terms of initial investment and cost of exploitation during their lifetime when energy was cheap. There is an enormous potential for improvement in newly designed buildings and this potential is being taken advantage of. The use of accurate indicators for assessing energy efficiency is discussed. These include energy spent per household (for residential buildings), energy per square meter (for commercial and public buildings), energy per pupil (for schools), with an additional sophistication to allow for climate (energy per degree day). An analysis of energy consumption in buildings, carried out for several countries, indicates a sustained improvement of the efficiency in the use of energy and paints a rather bright picture in contrast to the prevailing opinion based on false indicators.
An X-ray Reflectivity Study of the Water-Docosane Interface

Synchrotron X-ray reflectivity is used to study the electron density profile normal to the interface between bulk water and bulk n-docosane (C22H46). These measurements are interpreted in terms of an error function electron density profile to yield an interfacial width of 5.7 ± 0.2 A. In contrast with an earlier measurement on the water−hexane interface, this interfacial width disagrees sharply with the prediction from capillary wave theory, σcap = 3.5 A. This width can be accounted for by combining the capillary wave prediction with a contribution from intrinsic structure due to the bulk correlation length of docosane. We also discuss the absence of interfacial freezing at this interface, a phenomenon observed for n-alkanes of a similar chain length at the alkane−vapor and alkane−silicon oxide interfaces.
The role of vocalization in the social behaviour of the northern elephant seal

Abstract The northern elephant seal breeds on islands off the coast of Mexico and California. It is a highly vocal species and during the breeding season vocalization plays an important role in the maintenance of the species' highly polygynous social organization. The importance of vocalization in this species is demonstrated by the presence in the adult male of a highly modified proboscis which appears to have no function other than the production of vocal threats. Observation of colour-marked individuals on San Nicolas Island, California, showed that females of a harem tend to remain in a given spot. Females of low dominance are often forced to move by the aggressive behaviour of more dominant females and their pups are likely to become lost and to be bitten by other females. The voice of the pup attracts the mother and stimulates the mother to suckle the pup. Observations in the field combined with spectrographic analysis of tape recordings reveal two main communicational and structural classes of vocalization, attraction calls and threat sounds. Attraction sounds (mother to pup) are unpulsed, of high and variable pitch, and show clear harmonic structure. Threat sounds (both female and male) have an opposite type of structure; they are highly pulsed, of low and steady pitch, are harsh, and lack clearcut harmonics. In general, pulse interval in the threat sounds tends to increase with body size. Among males, the resonance and volume of the clap-threat increases with the size and development of the proboscis. Hissing occurs in many tetrapods and probably preceded and facilitated the evolution of vocal cords and patterned sounds; in turn the extensive use of different sounds as a means of communication probably facilitated the evolution of social life in the vertebrates. It is of interest that yearlings use the hiss as a threat and some yearling threat sounds are structurally intermediate between a hiss and the common roaring type of threat.
Requirement for an enzymatic visual cycle in Drosophila.

Summary Background The visual cycle is an enzymatic pathway employed in the vertebrate retina to regenerate the chromophore after its release from light-activated rhodopsin. However, a visual cycle is thought to be absent in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster . Results We demonstrate that an enzymatic visual cycle exists in flies for chromophore regeneration and requires a retinol dehydrogenase, PDH, in retinal pigment cells. Absence of PDH resulted in progressive light-dependent loss of rhodopsin and retinal degeneration. These defects are suppressed by introduction of a mammalian dehydrogenase, RDH12, which is required in humans to prevent retinal degeneration. We demonstrate that a visual cycle is required in flies to sustain a visual response under nutrient deprivation conditions that preclude de novo production of the chromophore. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that an enzymatic visual cycle exists and is required in flies for maintaining rhodopsin levels. These findings establish Drosophila as an animal model for studying the visual cycle and retinal diseases associated with chromophore regeneration.
Union growth and decline: The impact of employer and union tactics

The past decade has generally not been a time of prosperity for organized labour, especially in the United States. It is now estimated that only about 19 per cent of the American workforce is unionized (Adams, 1985), compared with an all-time high of approximately 30 per cent. It is widely believed that this results from changes in organizing strategies used by both unions and, in particular, employers. The resistance of American employers to unionization has clearly increased over the past quarter of a century, spawning a multimillion dollar industry (Bureau of National Affairs, 1985). At the forefront of the ‘union-free environment’ movement is a formidable array of management consultants and attorneys, dubbed ‘union busters’ by a disdainful labour movement. This paper examines the nature of union organizing and employer counter-organizing efforts and the role of the new breed of union resistance specialists. Although written from a North American perspective, the activities and research findings discussed here should be of relevance in Europe and elsewhere. Indeed, many American multinationals have implemented union resistance programmes in foreign subsidiaries and aspects of these programmes have been adopted by some non-American firms.
Gaston de Latour and Pater's Art of Autobiography

PATER WROTE TO AN AMERICAN CORRESPONDENT that his first novel, Marius the Epicurean (1885), was "designed to be the first of a kind of trilogy, or triplet, of works of a similar character; dealing with the same problems, under altered historical conditions. The period of the second of the series would be at the end of the 16th century, and the place France: of the third, the time, probably the end of the last century-and the scene, England."'l Pater's unfinished second novel, Gaston de Latour (1888-) was to have been the sixteenth-century French study; of the third novel, nothing exists except, possibly, a few unpublished fragments at Harvard's Houghton Library. In comparison with Marius, Gaston exhibits a noticeable change in atmosphere: the violence is no longer quite so hidden under a tranquil surface, and the ambiguity of motives, the personal regrets, and especially an abiding sense of guilt are all more prominent. Yet what primarily distinguishes Gaston from Marius is Pater's failure, despite repeated efforts, to finish it; and the deducible reasons are pertinent to an understanding of Pater's art generally.
Crystallization kinetics of dilute polyethylene solutions

The crystallization kinetics of a high molecular weight fraction of linear polyethylene was studied in dilute solutions of p-xylene, n-hexadecane, and decalin by dilatometric methods. For all solvents and temperatures, the experimental isotherms could be quantitatively described by the Avrami formulation for the complete transformation. This result is unique in the realm of polymer crystallization, since marked deviations from this theory are usually observed in more concentrated systems. The Avrami exponent is found to be n = 4 in all cases. The temperature coefficients of the rate constants are indicative of a nucleation controlled process. The data fit either a two-dimensional or three-dimensional nucleation mode, and a discrimination can not be made between these two cases. The interfacial free energies are found to be independent of the solvent medium. It is also shown that, irrespective of the type of nucleation control governing the kinetics, the same type governs the crystallite thickness of the lamella-like crystals that are formed.
Dechlorination of chloroethylenes by cob(I)alamin and cobalamin model complexes

Cobalt-mediated dehalogenation reactions, specifically those that employ cobalamin, have attracted particular attention because these complexes rapidly degrade tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), which are common groundwater contaminants. Although questions remain about the relative importance of several pathways, both radicals and organometallic intermediates, specifically chlorovinyl complexes, play an important role in these processes. This Perspective highlights recent studies focused on elucidating the mechanism of chloroethylene degradation, including experimental studies on PCE and TCE dechlorination, computational studies, preparation of model complexes, and the study of model catalytic systems.
Integrating web sites and databases

Web site developers creating 'data-based Web pages' that interact with organizational databases need to know server- and client-side processing.
Kinetics of CH2ClO Radical Reactions with O2 and NO, and the Unimolecular Elimination of HCl†

The kinetics of the title reactions were investigated at 5−35 Torr total pressure and 265−306 K by UV flash photolysis and time-resolved mass spectrometry. The CH2ClO radical was generated by photo...
SELF-CONCEPT AND PARTICIPATION IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES '

Responses from 149 randomly selected respondents indicated that some types of self-concept descriptions can be significantly associated with participation in leisure activities.
FEM/BEM impedance and power analysis for measured LGS SH-SAW devices

Pure shear horizontal surface acoustic waves (SH-SAW) exist on rotated Y-cuts, Euler angles (0/spl deg/, 0, 90/spl deg/), of trigonal class 32 group crystals, which include quartz and the LGX family of crystals (langasite, langatate, and langanite). This pure SH-SAW mode has a number of interesting propagation characteristics. Along selected LGX orientations, interdigital transducers (IDTs) used to generate the SH-SAW also excite a significant amount of shear horizontal bulk acoustic wave (SH-BAW) that propagates almost parallel to the surface, with a slightly different phase velocity. We use combined finite and boundary element methods (FEM/BEM) to calculate IDT admittance, while considering both the SH-SAW and SH-BAW contribution. The ratio of transduced SH-SAW power to total input power is analyzed as a function of device geometry and IDT metallization material and thickness. Typically, for a 20/spl lambda/ IDT, the FEM/BEM simulations indicate that about 40% of input power is converted to the SH-SAW when the area outside of the IDT is coated with an infinitesimally thin conducting film. Both our simulations and experimental results consistently indicate that the ratio of SH-SAW to total input power strongly depends on metal type and thickness. The SH-BAW angular plots obtained with the FEM/BEM analysis confirm that the mode excited by the IDTs propagates nearly parallel to the surface. Measured device impedances agree extremely well (within 5%) with the FEM/BEM IDT impedance calculations accounting for both SH-SAW and SH-BAW generation.
Incidence and Predictors of Myocardial Infarction After Transient Ischemic Attack A Population-Based Study

Background and Purpose—Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death after TIA. Reliable estimates of the risk of MI after TIA, however, are lacking. Methods—Our purpose was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for MI after TIA. We cross-referenced preexisting incidence cohorts from the Rochester Epidemiology Project for TIA (1985–1994) and MI (1979–2006) to identify all community residents with incident MI after incident TIA. Incidence of MI after TIA was determined using Kaplan–Meier life-table methods. This was compared to the age-, sex-, and period-specific MI incidences in the general population. Proportional hazards regression analysis was used to examine associations between clinical variables and the occurrence of MI after TIA. Results—Average annual incidence of MI after TIA was 0.95%. Relative risk for incident MI in the TIA cohort compared to the general population was 2.09 (95% CI, 1.52–2.81). This was highest in patients younger than 60 years old (relative risk, 15.1; 95% CI...
Accelerating policy decisions to adopt haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine: a global, multivariable analysis.

Background: Adoption of new and underutilized vaccines by national immunization programs is an essential step towards reducing child mortality. Policy decisions to adopt new vaccines in high mortality countries often lag behind decisions in high-income countries. Using the case of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, this paper endeavors to explain these delays through the analysis of country-level economic, epidemiological, programmatic and policy-related factors, as well as the role of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI Alliance). Methods and Findings: Data for 147 countries from 1990 to 2007 were analyzed in accelerated failure time models to identify factors that are associated with the time to decision to adopt Hib vaccine. In multivariable models that control for Gross National Income, region, and burden of Hib disease, the receipt of GAVI support speeded the time to decision by a factor of 0.37 (95% CI 0.18–0.76), or 63%. The presence of two or more neighboring country adopters accelerated decisions to adopt by a factor of 0.50 (95% CI 0.33–0.75). For each 1% increase in vaccine price, decisions to adopt are delayed by a factor of 1.02 (95% CI 1.00–1.04). Global recommendations and local studies were not associated with time to decision. Conclusions: This study substantiates previous findings related to vaccine price and presents new evidence to suggest that GAVI eligibility is associated with accelerated decisions to adopt Hib vaccine. The influence of neighboring country decisions was also highly significant, suggesting that approaches to support the adoption of new vaccines should consider supply- and demand-side factors. Please see later in the article for the Editors’ Summary.
Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Case for Bioscales in Medicine

The demand to constrain the increasing costs of medical care in an aging population while improving the quality of services is a contradiction of goals that provides the opportunity to rethink the medical service paradigm. It is not a new idea to promote preventive medicine or to attempt to intervene at the earliest stages of disease when treatment costs are low and outcome is improved. However, current imaging modalities are geared toward assessment of disease through detection of altered anatomy that is a late marker of disease. The emphasis has been on higher spatial resolution imaging with improved contrast of tissues in less time in an effort to improve sensitivity of disease detection while maintaining patient throughput to reduce cost escalation. Although exquisite anatomical images are obtained, the large variation in anatomic parameters across the population handicaps such an approach for improving sensitivity of disease detection. An alternative approach is to change the nature of the questions to be answered by measuring parameters that more directly relate to disease. Disease is a disturbance of cellular metabolic processes that are manifested by abnormal genetic expression or external disruption of the cellular homeostatic processes. Metabolic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of MR signals from proton and non-proton elements such as sodium, oxygen, and phosphorus can be performed in a quantitative manner to yield spatially resolved maps of parameters that are directly interpretable in terms of biological processes. As these processes are tightly controlled in normal tissue, the small biological variation of these metabolically based parameters enhances the sensitivity for detection of early disease. The term bioscale has been coined to reflect that these quantitative metabolic maps have a direct biological interpretation, to be distinguished from the term biomarker that is usually a qualitative term, usually predicting risk for disease. The bioscale of tissue sodium concentration is used to demonstrate the method of measurement of metabolic MR imaging and its application in important clinical roles of determining tissue viability in the setting of stroke and during radiation treatment of brain tumor.
Approaches to teaching through digital reference

As “teaching libraries,” many academic libraries are committed to teaching not only in classrooms but also at the reference desk. As reference has expanded to include digital modes of e‐mail and chat, reference librarians are prompted to consider approaches to teaching in these new reference venues in ways that are meaningful to the user. A promising approach to teaching through digital reference is the application of the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards. This paper presents some challenges and benefits of teaching via digital reference. Practical methods for promoting self‐directed learning by examining online instruction, and suggestions for effectively advancing a pedagogy based on the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards, are offered.
Failure of 1-l-Penicillamine-Oxytocin and 1-Deaminopenicillamine-Oxytocin To Inhibit the Uterine Effect of Oxytocin in Rabbits in Vivo

1-l-Penicillamine-oxytocin and 1- deaminopenicillamine-oxytocin are analogues of oxytocin that have been found to be potent inhibitors of the oxytocic activity of oxytocin in the rat. The 2 analogues were tested on the rabbit uterus in vivo with regard to the uterine response both to endogenously released oxytocin and to intravenously administered synthetic oxytocin. They were found to be devoid of inhibitory activity when administered in molar ratios of inhibitor to oxytocin between 170:1 and 10000:1. Both analogues had an oxytocic effect on the rabbit uterus in vivo but were approximately 500 to 1000 times less potent than oxytocin in the same preparation. Neither analogue inhibited the milk-ejection effect of oxytocin as judged by the milk yield obtained by the pups from unanesthetized mothers. Both analogues had milkejecting activity estimated on the basis of the milk yield in anesthetized rabbits. This activity was about 50 to 100 times less than that of synthetic oxytocin. A sensitive chronic prepar...
Multi-paradigmatic model-based testing

For half a decade model-based testing has been applied at Microsoft in the internal development process. Though a success story compared to other formal quality assurance approaches like verification, a break-through of the technology on a broader scale is not in sight. What are the obstacles? Some lessons can be learned from the past and will be discussed. An approach to MBT is described which is based on multi-paradigmatic modeling, which gives users the freedom to choose among programmatic and diagrammatic notations, as well as state-based and scenario-based (interaction-based) styles, reflecting the different concerns in the process. The diverse model styles can be combined by model composition in order to achieve an integrated and collaborative model-based testing process. The approach is realized in the successor of Microsoft Research's MBT tool Spec Explorer, and has a formal foundation in the framework of action machines.
Modern Qur’anic Hermeneutics

With an eye towards developments that either depart from or re-envision Islam's classical exegetical methodologies, this article furnishes a schematic overview of major trends and trajectories in Qur’anic hermeneutics situated across a range of modern Muslim discursivities, paying particular attention to six hermeneutical models that have, some more than others, garnered attention from the mid-19th century to the present: modernist, Islamist, scientist, translationalist, revisionist, and feminist. As distinct from modern exegetical practice carried out in an established classical idiom, all of these models have engendered debate, controversy, or contestation to one degree or another, being as reflective of the complexity of Muslim engagements with modernity as of the polyvalence of interpretations of the text itself.
The relationship between biomechanical variables and driving performance during the golf swing

Swing kinematic and ground reaction force data from 308 golfers were analysed to identify the variables important to driving ball velocity. Regression models were applied at four selected events in the swing. The models accounted for 44–74% of variance in ball velocity. Based on the regression analyses, upper torso–pelvis separation (the X-Factor), delayed release (i.e. the initiation of movement) of the arms and wrists, trunk forward and lateral tilting, and weight-shifting during the swing were significantly related to ball velocity. Our results also verify several general coaching ideas that were considered important to increased ball velocity. The results of this study may serve as both skill and strength training guidelines for golfers.
Does Corporate Transparency Contribute to Efficient Resource Allocation

This paper examines whether a country's corporate transparency environment, which includes the quality of accounting information, contributes to efficient resource allocation. Based on a cross-country study of 37 manufacturing industries in 37 countries, we provide three pieces of related evidence. First, we find the contemporaneous correlations in industry growth rates across country pairs are higher when there is a greater level of corporate transparency in the country pairs, after controlling for country-level economic and financial development. Second, we find the influence of transparency on these correlations is stronger when country pairs are at similar levels of economic development (GDP). Finally, when we control for the level of transparency explained by a country's institutions in place, we find that residual transparency (unexplained by country-level factors) is associated with industry-specific growth rates. Taken together, the results are consistent with corporate transparency facilitating the allocation of resources across industry sectors.
Serial-position effects in paragraph recall following mild closed-head injury

Serial-position effects were examined on a contextual memory task (paragraph recall) for patients with minor to mild closed-head injury and normal controls. Analysis indicated that at immediate recall, both normals and closed-head-injury patients have primacy and recency effects. With regard to total recall, however, the closed-head-injury patients remembered significantly fewer items than normal controls. The poorer performance of the minor to mild closed-head-injury group was not related to the duration from injury to neuropsychological evaluation and appears to be a lasting feature of memory performance following such injury. The pattern of serial-position effects was different between the groups. Normal controls showed slight recency and primacy effects and relatively better recall for the middle portions of the story, while patients with minor to mild closed-head injuries have prominent recency and primacy effects. Potential explanations for this pattern of performance are discussed.
Application of multivariate analysis for optimizing & predicting hepatic function

An optimization model based upon multivariate analysis was developed to capture hepatic specific function in relation to the environmental condition and the intracellular metabolic network and the flux information obtained from metabolic flux analysis (MFA). Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) was applied to maximize the discrimination among groups thus permitting visualization of the sample separation between different conditions. FDA identified factors that contribute greatly to the separation of the groups. Mapping fluxes to a hepatic function permits an examination of the interrelationship of the fluxes and captures the hepatic function in terms of the metabolic profile. Partial least square (PLS) was the mapping technique applied to evaluate the effect of metabolic state on hepatic function, namely, the levels of intracellular triglyceride or urea production. This methodology identified fluxes most relevant to minimizing the accumulation of intracellular triglyceride and maximizing the production of urea, two important hepatic functions. In the study, 75 metabolic fluxes were mapped to measured levels of intracellular triglyceride or urea. Once a mapping model was constructed, analyzing the model parameters permitted the assessment of how the metabolic profile, in turn, pathways collectively regulate and control hepatic function by identifying pathways that are highly correlated with the hepatic function.
Groups for Individuals with Traumatic Histories: Practice Considerations for Social Workers

Based on the notion of mutual aid, a conceptual framework for understanding how membership in a group benefits survivors of trauma is presented. Incorporating current research and theory, this article discusses distinguishing features of these groups, as well as professional challenges social workers are likely to face in facilitating them.