cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spines of Random Constraint Satisfaction Problems: Definition and Impact on Computational Complexity.

The major promise of phase transitions in combinatorial problems was to shed light on the “practical” algorithmic complexity of combinatorial problems. A possible connection has been highlighted by the results (based on experimental evidence and nonrigorous arguments from statistical mechanics) of Monasson et al. [1, 2]. Studying a version of random satisfiability that “interpolates” between 2-SAT and 3-SAT, they concluded that the order of the phase transition, combinatorially expressed by continuity of an order parameter called the backbone, might have algorithmic implications for the complexity of the important class of Davis-Putnam-Longman-Loveland (DPLL) algorithms [3]. A discontinuous or first-order transition was symptomatic of exponential complexity, whereas a continuous or second-order transition correlated with polynomial complexity. It is well understood by now that this connection is limited. For instance, k-XOR-SAT is a problem believed, based on arguments from statistical mechanics [4], to have a first-order phase transition. But it is easily solved by a polynomial algorithm, Gaussian elimination. One way to clarify the connection between phase transitions and computational complexity is to formalize the underlying intuition in a purely combinatorial way, devoid of any physics considerations. Firstorder phase transitions amount to a discontinuity in the (normalized) size of the backbone. For random k-SAT [5], and more specifically for the optimization problem MAX-k-SAT, the backbone has a combinatorial interpretation: it is the the set of literals that are “frozen” (assume the same value) in all optimal assignments. Intuitively, a large backbone size has implications for the complexity of finding such assignments: all literals in the backbone require well-defined values in order to satisfy the formula, but an algorithm assigning variables in an iterative fashion has very few ways to know what the “right” values to assign are. In the case in a first-order phase transition, the backbone of formulas just above the transition contains with high probability a fraction of the literals that is bounded away from zero. DPLL algorithms would then misassign a variable having Ω(n) height in the tree representing the behavior of the algorithm, forcing it to backtrack on the given variable. Assuming the algorithm cannot significantly “reduce” the size of the explored portion of this tree, a first-order phase transition would then w.h.p imply a 2 lower bound for the running time of DPLL on random instances located slightly above the transition. There exists, however, a significant flaw in the heuristic argument above: the backbone is defined with respect to optimal solutions, and would seem to imply that it is difficult to find solutions to, e.g., MAXK-SAT using algorithms that assign variables iteratively. But why should the continuity/discontinuity of the backbone be the relevant predictor for the complexity of the (often easier) decision problem, which is what DPLL algorithms try to solve anyway?
Cultural Competence and Sensitivity in Applied Psychology: Ethical and Scientific Problems

There have been significant problems in precisely defining cultural competence and cultural sensitivity in applied psychology. This chapter examines definitional issues related to this problem and suggests that these constructs rest, at least partially, on an ethical premise. This may account for the paucity of empirical evaluation as ethical claims (when viewed deontically or from the perspective of virtue ethics) may not be decided on empirical grounds. Although these constructs may have empirical dimensions, significant paradoxes and contradictions continue to exist.
A Thick Intersectional Approach to Microaggressions

Using Yep’s (2010¸ 2016a) notion of thick intersectionality as a theoretical framework, the authors advocate for a more nuanced approach to microaggressions than has traditionally been undertaken b...
Singularities of meager composants and filament composants

Abstract Suppose Y is a continuum and X is the union of all nowhere dense subcontinua of Y which contain a given point. Suppose further that there exists y ∈ Y such that every connected subset of X limiting to y is dense in X. And, suppose X is dense in Y. We prove X ∪ { y } is indecomposable for every y ∈ Y . We then prove X is homeomorphic to a composant of an indecomposable continuum, even though Y may be decomposable. An example establishing the latter was given by Christopher Mouron and Norberto Ordonez in 2016. If Y is chainable or, more generally, an inverse limit of mutually homeomorphic topological graphs, then Y is necessarily indecomposable. Similar results for homogeneous continua are linked to a 2007 question of Janusz Prajs and Keith Whittington.
The lifespan development of writing

This essay reviews Charles Bazerman, Arthur Applebee, Virginia Berninger, Deborah Brandt, Steve Graham, Jill Jeffery, Paul Matsuda, Sandra Murphy, Deborah Wells Rowe, Mary Schleppegrell, and Kristen Wilcox’s edited volume, The Lifespan Development of Writing.
Persistent Opioid Use Among the Elderly After Lung Resection: A SEER-Medicare Study.

Background Opioids represent the mainstay for treating postsurgical pain but can cause significant morbidity in addition to dependency. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of persistent opioid use after lung surgery. Methods Patients who underwent lung resection from 2008 to 2013 for non-small cell lung cancer were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database. Patients were categorized as being chronic, intermittent, or naive preoperative opioid users using information obtained from part D records. Persistent opioid use was defined as having a filled opioid prescription between 3 and 6 months after lung resection. Results A total of 6948 patients were identified, among whom 3946 (56.8%) were opioid naive, 2017 (29.0%) were intermittent opioid users, and 985 (14.2%) were chronic opioid users preoperatively. Persistent opioid use (3-6 months) after lung resection was high (31%), even among opioid-naive patients (17%). Among those who were previously opioid naive, independent predictors of persistent opioid use were receipt of adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy, less than 70 years of age, Charlson comorbidity score of 1 or 2, and residence in zip codes associated with lower education. Conversely, patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery were less likely to have persistent opioid use. Those with persistent opioid use after surgery did not show any trend toward returning to preoperative opioid utilization for at least the first postoperative year. Conclusions Opioid dependence after lung resection in the population over 65 years of age is high but was significantly lower among those who received minimally invasive surgery, in addition to other factors.
A practitioner view of content strategy best practices in technical communication: a meta-analysis of the literature

Content strategy is a discipline pulled in two opposite directions: toward strategic concerns like how organizations should manage all existing content, and toward practical concerns like how to effective publish content within a specific medium. In this analysis of existing literature, we draw on past literature reviews to present a meta-analysis of best practices. By best practices we mean considerations for how to effectively work with content in a way that weds strategic and practical concerns. Content strategy has amassed a wide variety of literature in the past decade. It is time to put this literature to use by identifying best practices so that they can be tested, researchers, and taught.
Identification, pathogenicity and comparative virulence of Fusarium spp. associated with insect-damaged, diseased Centaurea spp. in Europe

Fusarium spp. isolated from insect-infested, diseased Centaurea diffusa and Centaurea maculosa in Europe were assessed for pathogenicity to North American plants of their respective original hosts: either C. diffusa or C. maculosa. Of the ten isolates of Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased Centaurea spp. in the Caucasus region of Russia and eastern Europe, all caused one or more disease symptoms or reductions in fresh weight of North American accessions of their original host species. In three instances, these reductions were statistically significant (p = 0.05). Symptoms included overall stunting, root lesions, and crown rot. Reductions in fresh weight of C. diffusa ranged from 17–78%, and C. maculosa exhibited reductions of 18–82%. The pathogenic cultures were identified as F. solani, F. tricinctum and F. oxysporum. Six of seven other cultures were identified as F. oxysporum, and one as F. tricinctum. It was concluded that further screening of a larger set of isolates of foreign Fusarium spp. under quarantine conditions stateside or in limited USDA-ARS overseas facilities is justified and promising.
An efficient cell-centered finite-volume method with face-averaged nodal-gradients for triangular grids

Abstract In this paper, a face-averaged nodal-gradient approach is proposed as an efficient gradient method for a second-order cell-centered finite-volume discretization on triangular grids. The gradients needed in the linear reconstruction are computed in two steps: (1) compute gradients at nodes from solutions stored at cells, and (2) compute the gradient at each face by averaging the nodal gradients over the nodes forming the face. A unique feature of the proposed approach is that the same face-averaged gradient is used in linear reconstructions from both the left and right cells to the face centroid. This approach offers advantages over a conventional cell-gradient-based finite-volume method: reduced memory requirement for the gradients, smaller residual stencils, direct evaluations of viscous stresses and heat fluxes at solid boundaries, and less interpartition communication. The method is demonstrated for various inviscid and viscous problems from low to high Mach numbers on triangular grids.
Participation by women in behavior analysis.

The participation of women in behavior analysis as authors of articles published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA), as members of the Association for Behavior Analysis (ABA), and as contributors to the 1982 ABA convention was examined. Since the inception of JEAB and JABA, men have appeared as authors far more frequently than women, although women have published relatively more frequently in the latter journal than in the former. Across years, there has been an upward trend in the proportion of JEAB authors who are female; this is not the case for all JABA authors, although it does hold for senior authors. In 1980–1981 and 1981–1982, females represented approximately half of ABA’s student and affiliate members but less than a third of its full members. Approximately a third of the contributors to posters and symposia and a seventh of those delivering invited addresses at the 1982 ABA convention were women.
Selecting, Administering, and Interpreting Outcome Measures among Adults with Lower-Limb Loss: An Update for Clinicians.

To summarize outcome measurement research among adults with lower-limb loss (LLL) for clinicians. Houghton Scale, Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaire-Mobility Subscale (PEQ-m), Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M™), Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC), Amputee Mobility Predictor (AMP), Comprehensive High-Level Activity Mobility Predictor, Four Square Step Test (FSST), Narrowing Beam Walking Test (NBWT), L Test, 10 Meter Walk Test (10MWT), and 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) are appropriate for evaluating individual patient changes post-LLL. Post-LLL, Socket Comfort Score, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29-Item Profile, Timed Up and Go, and 2 Minute Walk Test may be more appropriate for evaluating groups. Minimal detectable change is available for 15/20 reviewed measures. Many measures differ between mobility levels. Quick, reliable measures for evaluating patient functional change include ABC, PEQ-m, PLUS-M™, FSST, and L Test; when resources allow, NBWT, 10MWT, 6MWT, and AMP may be considered.
Presence of long-term stable quasispecies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inferred using a quasi-steady-state multiscale model

Abstract Mathematical modeling studies are useful for an improved understanding of the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection dynamics. Mutations are considered to facilitate the escape of HIV-1 from the immune system and anti-HIV-1 drugs. Thus, quasispecies, populations of closely related virus variants, are important in HIV-1 infection. Recently, a multiscale model incorporating both intracellular viral genome replication and extracellular viral infection was developed to study viral dynamics. A multiscale model has also been developed for analyzing HIV-1 infection. However, the multiscale model could not reveal high quasispecies diversity. Herein, I present a new quasi-steady-state multiscale model of HIV-1 infection that incorporates a quasi-steady state among the virion, uninfected cell, and virion–uninfected cell complex similar to that among the enzyme, substrate, and enzyme–substrate complex in enzyme kinetics. This new model can reveal stable quasispecies better than the previously described multiscale model. The model and the strategy to calculate the model might be useful in the field of demographics where multiscale models are used. For HIV-1 infection, the model might be useful for analyzing and predicting the breakthrough of drug-resistant mutants in the future.
Methods for recording and imaging spreading depolarizations and seizure-like events in mouse hippocampal slices

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a sudden and synchronized depolarization of principal cells followed by depression of activity, which slowly propagates across brain regions like cortex or hippocampus. SD is considered to be mechanistically relevant to migraine, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. Interestingly, research into SD typically uses SD triggered immediately after a focal stimulus. Here we optimize an in vitro experimental model allowing us to record SD without focal stimulation. This method uses electrophysiological recordings and intrinsic optical imaging in slices. The method is also relatively easy and inexpensive. Acute hippocampal slices from mice or rats were prepared and used for extracellular and whole-cell recordings. Recordings were made in a submerged-style chamber with flow of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) above and below the slices. Flow was fast (> 5ml/min), and temperature was 32{degrees}C. As soon as slices were placed in the chamber, aCSF containing 0 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM K+ (0 Mg2+/5 K+ aCSF) was used. Two major types of activity were observed: SD and seizure-like events (SLEs). Both occurred after many minutes of recording. Although both mouse and rat slices showed SLEs, only mouse slices developed SD and did so in the first hour of 0 Mg2+/5 K+ aCSF exposure. Intrinsic optical imaging showed that most SDs initiated in CA3 and could propagate into CA1 and dentate gyrus. In dentate gyrus, SD propagated in two separate waves: (1) into the hilus and (2) into granule cell and molecular layers simultaneously. This in vitro model can be used to better understand the mechanisms and relationship between SD and SLEs. It could also be useful in preclinical drug screening.
Sparsity in Partially Controllable Linear Systems.

A fundamental concept in control theory is that of controllability, where any system state can be reached through an appropriate choice of control inputs. Indeed, a large body of classical and modern approaches are designed for controllable linear dynamical systems. However, in practice, we often encounter systems in which a large set of state variables evolve exogenously and independently of the control inputs; such systems are only \emph{partially controllable}. The focus of this work is on a large class of partially controllable linear dynamical systems, specified by an underlying sparsity pattern. Our main results establish structural conditions and finite-sample guarantees for learning to control such systems. In particular, our structural results characterize those state variables which are irrelevant for optimal control, an analysis which departs from classical control techniques. Our algorithmic results adapt techniques from high-dimensional statistics -- specifically soft-thresholding and semiparametric least-squares -- to exploit the underlying sparsity pattern in order to obtain finite-sample guarantees that significantly improve over those based on certainty-equivalence. We also corroborate these theoretical improvements over certainty-equivalent control through a simulation study.
The Model-Composition Problem in User-Interface Generation

Automated user-interface generation environments have been criticized for their failure to deliver rich and powerful interactive applications. To specify more powerful systems, designers require multiple specialized modeling notations. The model-composition problem is concerned with automatically synthesizing powerful, correct, and efficient user interfaces from multiple models specified in different notations. Solutions to the model-composition problem must balance the advantages of separating code generation into specialized code generators each able to take advantage of deep, model-specific knowledge against the correctness and efficiency obstacles that result from such separation. We present a correct and efficient solution that maximizes the advantage of separation by using run-time composition mechanisms.
A new modeling approach for Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) in D-Q frame

Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) becomes an interesting topology especially for high voltage applications. Since, the Direct-Quadrature (D-Q) model of the MMC is not existent in the literature so far, in this paper, the D-Q model of the MMC is extracted analytically and simulated using SIMULINK/MATLAB. To verify the MMC D-Q model, the result is compared with the ABC average and switching model of the MMC. The D-Q model of the MMC can be used to design and simplify the control of the inner and outer loop parameters of the MMC.
Increasing Access to Teacher Preparation: The Effectiveness of Traditional Instructional Methods in an Online Learning Environment

Distance education via the World Wide Web is currently being examined as a method to provide special and general education instruction in teacher preparation programs. The purpose of this study was...
Macro-Economic Stability and Bank Soundness

Macroeconomic and banking stability are inexorably linked. This paper examines the nature of this linkage and makes recommendations for enhancing macroeconomic stability by improving bank stability. Except where governments intervene significantly, bank instability is caused primarily by macro instability, but feeds back to exacerbate the macro instability. Although widely perceived to be highly fragile and prone to frequent breakage, banking appears to be relatively stable when regulated by market forces. However, poorly designed government safety-nets under banks reduce the stability and contribute to macro instability. The paper concludes by deriving lessons for enhancing bank stability from past experiences of different countries. These include recommendations for structuring the safety-net so that regulatory discipline mimics market discipline and reduces fragility, deregulating and liberalizing banking on a sound basis, avoiding freezing deposits at failed banks, privatizing state owned banks, and reducing the leverage of banks as well as nonbanks.
Electrical changes associted with human ovulation

Abstract Studies of mamalian ova (Pincus; 1 Allen, Pratt, Newell and Bland; 2 Young and Blandu 3 ) justify the conclusion that, like other cells of the body, the mature fertilizable ovum is dynamic, and when it has reached its limit of autogenous growth, it must be fertilized within a short time or perish. The exct limit of this "short time" has not been determined, but by analogy to data obtained particularly on the rabbit (Pincus) 1 and on the monkey (Hartman) 4 , we believe that it is of the order of hours and not days. Spermatozoa, too, seem to have but a short functional span, limited perhaps not only by length of life, but by their dissemination. Though one spermtozoon may fertilize, the assistnce of may is normally essential. Knowledge then of just which hours during any given ovrian cycle the ovum is free and susceptible to spermatozoa, would be of profound value to the rational control of human fertility. Various statistical studies correlting menstruation with coitus and fertility have confirmed the conclusion drwn from endocrine and natomic studies that ovulation normally occurs in strictly limited time reltion to a subsequent menstruation. This much is exceedingly helpful, but the duration of ovulation time thus indicated is still a matter of four or five days, during only a few hours of which the ovum is actually susceptible to fertilization; and still more unsatisfactory is the fact that the data of the subsequent menstruation from which we may estimate ovulation time is predictble only within a wide range of several days ore even weeks. This report presents experiments designed to determine more directly the exact moment when the mature human ovum is liberated from the follicle.
Transamerican Marital Allegories in Alcott's M.L. and Pauline's Passion and Punishment

In the years prior to the Civil War, Louisa May Alcott wove her knowledge of transamerican events into her fiction. Not only do two of her early stories reference the existence of cross- cultural t...
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of the Galactic and Intergalactic Medium toward H1821+643

We have obtained moderate-resolution spectra of the bright QSO H1821+643 (z = 0.297) in the wavelength interval 990-1185 A with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). Strong, complex O VI λ1032 and Fe II λ1145 absorption arising in gas above several spiral arms and the outer warp of our Galaxy is detected. We have identified absorption by a high negative-velocity (-215 km s-1) component of O VI, which corresponds to the limiting velocity of vLSR ~ -190 ± 20 km s-1 for Milky Way gas along this line of sight, assuming corotation of disk and halo gas and a flat rotation curve for the outer Galaxy. We report the detection of four absorbers in the intergalactic medium, through detections of Lyβ at z = 0.02438 and 0.1213, Lyδ, Ly, Lyζ in a system at z = 0.2249, C III λ977 at z = 0.1705, and O VI λ1032 at z = 0.12137. The FUSE data show that the Lyman absorbers at z = 0.225 are composed of two components separated by ~70 km s-1. Finally, we have observed associated absorption from O III λ832, O IV λ787, and possibly S V λ786 at the redshift of the QSO (z ~ 0.297). Ne VIII λλ770, 780 is not detected in this associated system. When combined with the previous detection of associated O VI λ1032, we conclude that this system is a multiphase absorber, and we discuss the origin of the absorption in this context.
The Role of Intestinal Flora in Endotoxin (LPS)-Induced Gut Injury and Group II Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 -II) Activation in the Small Intestine

The Role of Intestinal Flora in Endotoxin (LPS)-Induced Gut Injury and Group II Phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 -II) Activation in the Small Intestine
MT1-MMP as a downstream target of BCR-ABL/ABL interactor 1 signaling: polarized distribution and involvement in BCR-ABL-stimulated leukemic cell migration.

MT1-MMP as a downstream target of BCR-ABL/ABL interactor 1 signaling: polarized distribution and involvement in BCR-ABL-stimulated leukemic cell migration
Kirchhoff scattering series for sources and receivers located in an elastic medium: Another insight into the concept of virtual events

The convolution-type and correlation-type representation theorems are building blocks of wave-scattering theory whose usefulness expands in many seismological applications. For example, the Kirchhoff scattering series currently used for attenuating free-surface multiples has been derived from the convolution-type representation theorem. The recently introduced concept of virtual events, which allows us to put virtual sources and virtual receivers inside the subsurface based on the data collected at the sea surface, has been derived by a combined use of the convolution-type and correlation-type representation theorems. The formulation of inverse Kirchhoff scattering series and virtual events has been limited so far to the cases in which sources or receivers, or both, are located in the water. Unfortunately, this assumption is not valid, especially in the context of virtual events, in which both sources and receivers will often be located in a solid. We here redescribe the Kirchhoff scattering series and reformulate the concept of virtual events for the cases in which sources and receivers are in a solid. Moreover, we describe a new form of Kirchhoff series based on the correlation-type representation theorem and new formulae for computing virtual events which do not include the complex renormalization operation of the previous formulation.
Reflective thinking as a goal of education.

Abstract Dewey (1933) proposed that “reflective thinking” ought to be encouraged by education. This is a type of thinking that considers options and reasons before choosing a course of action or adopting a belief. I argue here that Dewey's proposal can serve as the basis for a domain-independent theory of intelligent thinking. Following Dewey, I propose a general normative (prescriptive) model of the phases of reflective thinking: problem recognition, enumeration of possibilities, reasoning, revision, and evaluation. Associated with each phase is at least one parameter governing the operation of that phase, e.g., sensitivity to evidence for the “revision” phase, and at least one rule for setting the optimum value of that parameter. People may tend to deviate from the optimum in a particular direction; for example, people may be generally too insensitive to evidence against favored beliefs. Some people may be more prone to such biases than others. Such individual differences are a matter of propensities rather than capacities, because the setting of the parameter is under voluntary control—either directly, through the explicit use of the rules, or indirectly, through the use of heuristics. The measurement of individual differences in these parameters is best done under typical conditions, rather than optimal conditions. Although the general rules may provide goals for education (descriptions of what a good thinker should do), they do not tell us how to achieve those goals. The setting of a parameter is likely to be affected by beliefs, values, emotions, and habits; and education for reflective thinking may have to deal with all of these.
Dynamic culture enhances stem cell infiltration and modulates extracellular matrix production on aligned electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds

Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have become widely investigated for tissue engineering applications, owing to their ability to replicate the scale and organization of many fiber-reinforced soft tissues such as the knee meniscus, the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc, tendon, and cartilage. However, due to their small pore size and dense packing of fibers, cellular ingress into electrospun scaffolds is limited. Progress in the application of electrospun scaffolds has therefore been hampered, as limited cell infiltration results in heterogeneous deposition of extracellular matrix and mechanical properties that remain below native benchmarks. In the present study, dynamic culture conditions dramatically improved the infiltration of mesenchymal stem cells into aligned nanofibrous scaffolds. While dynamic culture resulted in a reduction of glycosaminoglycan content, removal from dynamic culture to free-swelling conditions after 6 weeks resulted recovery of glycosaminoglycan content. Dynamic culture significantly increased collagen content, and collagen was more uniformly distributed throughout the scaffold thickness. While mechanical function was assessed and tensile modulus increased with culture duration, dynamic culture did not result in any additional improvement beyond free-swelling culture. Transient dynamic (6 weeks dynamic followed by 6 weeks free-swelling) culture significantly enhanced cell infiltration while permitting GAG accumulation. In this study, we demonstrated that a simple modification to standard in vitro culture conditions effectively improves cellular ingress into electrospun scaffolds, resolving a challenge which has until now limited the utility of these materials for various tissue engineering applications.
Differentiation of ES cells into cerebellar neurons

The neuronal circuits of the cerebellar cortex are essential for motor and sensory learning, associative memory formation, and the vestibular ocular reflex. In children and young adults, tumors of the granule cell, the medulloblastomas, represent 40% of brain tumors. We report the differentiation of E14 ES cells into mature granule neurons by sequential treatment with secreted factors (WNT1, FGF8, and RA) that initiate patterning in the cerebellar region of the neural tube, bone morphogenic proteins (BMP6/7 and GDF7) that induce early granule cell progenitor markers (MATH1, MEIS1, ZIC1), mitogens (SHH, JAG1) that control proliferation and induce additional granule cell markers (Cyclin D2, PAX2/6), and culture in glial-conditioned medium to induce markers of mature granule neurons (GABAα6r), including ZIC2, a unique marker for granule neurons. Differentiated ES cells formed classic “T-shaped” granule cell axons in vitro, and implantation of differentiated Pde1c-Egfp-BAC transgenic ES cells into the external granule cell layer of neonatal mice resulted in the extension of parallel fibers, migration across the molecular layer, incorporation into the internal granule cell layer, and extension of short dendrites, typical of young granule cells forming synaptic connections with afferent mossy fibers. These results underscore the utility of treating ES cells with local, inductive signals that regulate CNS neuronal development in vivo as a strategy for cell replacement therapy of defined neuronal populations.
Phenomenological models for post-stall airfoil characteristics of horizontal-axis wind turbines

Abstract There exist significant differences in airfoil aerodynamic characteristics between wind tunnel test data (2-Dimensional flow) and field test data (3-D dimensional flow). Through the Combined Experiment Program (CEP), efforts have been made to investigate proper approaches to analyze such differences so that it enables us to incorporate the results into wind turbine rotor performance codes to assist in optimal design of a horizontal axis wind turbine. As a step towards a more indepth, theoretical analysis of various physical effects under field conditions, we first analyze the difference in airfoil characteristics from phenomenological point of view by developing correlations from experimental data. The correlations for the difference in lift coefficient and drag coefficient between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional flow are developed to form a basis and are suggested to be modified and included in the PROP code.
The relationship between dense bodies and mitochondria in motor neurones.

An electron microscopic study was made of the hypoglossal nuclei in a series of rabbits which had been subjected to unilateral hypoglossal neurotomy. Particular attention was given to the dense bodies which were present in the cytoplasm of the motor neurones on both sides. The simplest forms of dense body showed a granular structure without a limiting membrane. Others showed a limiting membrane (with either one or two dense layers) and varying degrees of internal organization in the form of double membranes. Some of the more highly-organized dense bodies possessed electron-transparent areas and were very similar in appearance to mitochondria. The appearances seemed consistent with the possibility that different forms of dense body represented developmental stages leading to or from mitochondria.
Two-phase flow of solid hydrogen particles and liquid helium

Abstract Atomic hydrogen propellant feed systems may require transporting solid hydrogen particles containing atomic species from storage tanks to the engines using liquid helium as the carrier fluid. In this paper, a three-dimensional two-phase mixture model, along with the standard k – e mixture turbulence model is employed to study the turbulent mixing of the fluid–particle slurry system. Numerical results show that turbulent flow is required to keep the hydrogen particles in suspension, which otherwise form a sliding layer of particles on top of the helium layer. Hydrogen particle concentration profiles in the slurry system are functions of particle size, flow velocity, and influx volume fraction of hydrogen particles. Particle dispersion at different Stokes numbers, different Kolmogorov length scales, and different time scales are discussed.
Laboratory testing of a Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph

ABSTRACT We present high-contrast images from laboratory testing of a Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph at NASAs High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT). Using a deformable mirror and wavefront estimation and control algorithms, we create a dar k hole in the monochromatic point-spread function with an inner working angle of 2.05 fO /D , with a mean intensity 3.5×10 i 8 . We discuss the contributions to this floor, and the techniques being developed to improve it. We also present simulations that investigate the effect of Lyot stops of various sizes, and conclude that a Lyot stop is necessary for 10 i 9 performance but that an annular postapodizer is not necessary. Keywords: Exoplanets, coronagraphy, deformable mirror, wavefront control, wavefront estimation 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PIAA coronagraph principle This paper presents laboratory results from testing of a Phase Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph on the High Contrast Imaging Testbed (HCIT) at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory. PIAA is a high-throughput, small inner-working angle, high spatial resolution coronagraphic technique proposed for space-based exoplanet imaging and spectroscopy missions
Stability of discrete-time conewise linear inclusions and switched linear systems

This paper addresses the stability of discrete-time conewise linear inclusions (CLIs) and its connection with that of switched linear systems (SLSs). The CLIs form a class of switched linear systems subject to state dependent switchings. Strong and weak stability concepts of the CLIs are considered and the equivalence of asymptotic and exponential stability is established. To characterize stability of the CLIs, a Lyapunov framework is developed and a converse Lyapunov theorem is obtained. Furthermore, stability of general SLSs is studied and is shown to be closely related to that of the CLIs through a family of properly defined generating functions.
The rotational structure of the ν(e) fundamental infrared band of tetrahedral XY4 molecules

Abstract Expressions for the rotation-vibration energy levels of the doubly degenerate vibrational state ν2(e) of tetrahedral XY4 molecules have been computed. These calculations have been carried out to fourth-order approximation for values of J up to 10. The ν2 fundamental band of these molecules is “forbidden” in the infrared but may appear in the spectrum with weak intensity due to interactions of the ν2, ν3, and ν4 states. The selection rules and intensities for the lines of the band have also been computed by taking into account these interactions.
SaaS for science: the path to reality for research in the cloud

With the world moving to web-based tools for everything from photo sharing to research publication, it's no wonder scientists are now seeking online technologies to support their research. But the requirements of large-scale computational research are both unique and daunting: massive data, complex software, limited budgets, and demand for increased collaboration. While "the cloud" promises to alleviate some of these pressures, concerns about feasibility still exist for scientists and the resource providers that support them.This panel will explore the capacity of Software as a Service (SaaS) to transform computational research so the challenges above can be leveraged to advance, not hinder, innovation and discovery. Leaders from each constituency of a scientific research environment (investigator, campus champion, supercomputing facility, SaaS provider) will debate the feasibility of SaaS-based research, examining the delta between current and desired state from a technology and adoptability perspective. We will explore the delta between where we are -- and where we need to be -- for scientists to reliably and securely perform research in the cloud.
Nitric acid adsorption on ice: Surface diffusion

Knowledge of the behavior of nitric acid on the surface of ice is important to predicting nitrate loads from snowpacks and determining paleoclimates from ice cores. Our experiments have shown that HNO3 will diffuse across the ice driven by concentration gradients. A diffusion constant, D, for this process was determined from Fick's first law to be 3.5(±1.0)×10−7 cm²/sec between −20° and −25° C.
Design and Development of a Direct Injected, Glow Plug Ignition-Assisted, Natural Gas Engine

Conventional (Otto cycle) natural gas engines are limited in power and thermal efficiency relative to a diesel engine due to detonation and the need to run a nearly stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. Technology is under development to burn natural gas in a direct-injected diesel cycle that is not prone to detonation or air/fuel ratio control limitations. Direct-injected gas (DIG) technology will allow natural gas engines to match the power and thermal efficiency of the equivalent diesel-fueled engine. Laboratory development now under way is targeted for field experimental evaluation of a DIG 3516 engine in a 1500 kW road switcher locomotive. This paper will describe DIG 3516 engine component design and single and multicylinder performance development.
Image Analysis With The Septree Data Structure

This paper surveys hierarchical algorithms used in the analysis of image data under hexagonal planar decomposition. Part of the motivation for these algorithms is that practical parallel image processing devices have been based on hexagonal decomposition. The advantages of the hexagonal covering are based on the 'uniform adjacency property: each element is adjacent to exactly six others, shares with each exactly one-sixth of its boundary, and has identical distance between its centroid and those of its neighbors. We describe the septree: a seven-descendant hierarchical data structure based on decomposing a roughly-hexagonal planar region into a central hexagon and its six neighbors. Septree algorithms used for low-level image pre-processing, image segmentation, and feature extraction are surveyed. The results presented here for static two-dimensional scenes can be extended to three-dimensional analogies. These can be used in computer vision models and in time-sequences of images for robots.
Sensitivity of Commercial Cheddar Cheese Starter Isolates to Bacteriophage Associated with Wheys

Abstract Seventy-six Cheddar cheese starter cultures were collected from five cheese plants located in New York, Wisconsin, and Illinois. Several single colony isolates from each starter culture were purified and identified to species on the basis of six biochemical reactions. Thirteen of the 76 starter cultures were identified as mixture of Strepcococcus lactis and S. cremoris and 63 of the starter cultures were single species. Plasmid profiles and resistance to five phages (ML3, C2, TRM, 18-16, and C5W6) were determined for all 450 isolates. One hundred and thirty-six isolates that constituted a representative cross-section of commercial strains were selected upon their plasmid and phage-resistance profiles. These strains were used as indicators to test phage activities of 57 wheys collected from four of the five cheese plants. Wheys from different cheese plants showed varying levels of phage activity. Wheys from the plant that had the most acute phage problem completely lysed at least 25% of the 136 strains. Most of the sensitive bacterial strains of the 136 isolates were lysed by wheys from two individual plants. The percentage of strains from each plant resistant to all 57 wheys ranged from 9 to 43.
Superiorly based trapezius flap for emergency carotid artery coverage.

Three to four percent of patients with carotid artery exposure following major head and neck surgery suffer a rupture of the carotid artery system.le4 Preoperative radiation, orocutaneous fistula, tumor recurrence, infection, and local flap failure are the most common contributing factors to wound breakdown and carotid artery exposure.’ Carotid vessels that are exposed to a direct salivary stream will undergo desiccation and digestion of their surface. Also, local wound infection and tumor recurrence place the arterial wall at risk for weakening and potential rupture. As stated by Shumrick, “A carotid artery rupture should never occur.‘” Therefore, the authors recommend a policy of active early intervention in all patients with an exposed carotid artery. A “wait and see” attitude with regards to carotid exposure only invites the potential catastrophic complication of a carotid “blow out.” Several methods have been historically used but have inherent limitations affecting their utility for carotid coverage.6 Dermal and fascial grafts do not have an independent blood supply and thus are unreliable in infected contaminated wounds. They also need to be placed at the time of initial surgery. The levator scapulae flap is locally available, but difficult to transpose. Additionally, the entire length of exposed carotid artery cannot be covered with the levator scapulae flap. The
Antigen processing: an interim report

Abstract The activation of B cells to synthesize and secrete antibody requires, in the vast majority of cases, the coincident activation of antigen-specific helper T cells to release B-cell growth and differentiation factors. Unlike antibody, which constitutes the B-cell receptor, the T-cell receptor does not bind globular protein antigens in their native conformations. Rather, the antigen must be fragmented or denatured and bound to the surface of an antigen presenting cell where it is recognized by the specific T cell in conjunction with a glycoprotein, Ia, encoded by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC). The molecular mechanisms by which antigen is processed and presented to T cells is now being unraveled, revealing the remarkable strategies employed for ensuring a specific immune response, and their possible application to the fundamental requirement for self-nonself discrimination.
Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies of serpentinization in the Troodos ophiolite complex, Cyprus

Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions were measured on 12 serpentine and 2 actinolite samples from the Troodos ophiolite complex, Cyprus. The single analyzed antigorite(δD= −60, δ18O= 7.1) is isotopically similar to all previously analyzed antigorites from ultramafic bodies. However, although their D/H ratios are relatively “normal”(δD= −70to−92), the δ18O values of most of the Troodos lizardite-chrysotile serpentines (+12.6 to +14.1) are much higher than the 2.0–9.3‰ range typically found in such serpentines. Such high δ18O values have previously been found only in the serpentine-like mineraloids termed “deweylites”, which apparently formed at Earth-surface temperatures, and in a single sample from Vourinos, Greece that is in contact with high-18O limestone. The Troodos lizardite-chrysotile samplescannot have formed by reaction with heated ocean waters, but instead must have formed in contact with large amounts of some type of meteoric, metamorphic, or formation water, either (1) at very low temperatures in a near-surface environment, or (2) at about 100°C from waters that were abnormally enriched in18O(δ18O ≈ +4 to +8). The latter possibility seems most plausible inasmuch as extensive evaporites were deposited throughout the Mediterranean Sea during the late Miocene, and this would have been accompanied by strong18O enrichments of the local meteoric waters. Heated ocean waters, however, probably were responsible for the formation of the actinolitic amphiboles(δ18O= 4.6 to 5.5; δD= −51to−46) from the gabbro and ultramafic zones in the Troodos complex. The amphiboles must have formed at considerably higher temperatures and at an earlier stage than the lizardite-chrysotile serpentinization.
Understanding social media advertising in higher ed: a case study from a small graduate program

This paper describes how a small academic program used social media marketing--specifically, a Facebook advertising campaign and a Facebook page to attract prospective students. From the results obtained, the design and deployment of Facebook as part of a strategic departmental communication and marketing plan requires more study. While advertisements brought users to the page, the conversations and engagement typically expected in a social network site did not materialize. In the end, the online advertising and promotion resulted in no new student applications to the graduate program.
Prediction of Horseshoes Chaos in Active Magnetic Bearings With Time-Varying Stiffness

The paper considers a model of an active magnetic bearing with time-varying stiffness and investigates the effects of the control gain parameters on the appearance of horseshoes chaos. The Melnikov method is used to derive the critical conditions for chaos and numerical simulations are performed to determine the basins of attraction. It is shown that the domain of chaotic motion strongly depends on the gain parameters and that this domain increases with the magnetic force and decrease with the static current. The controller frequency ω is found to be a key parameter and has a critical effect on the enlargement of the chaotic domain.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
From genetics to genomics: fungal collections at the Fungal Genetics Stock Center

The Fungal Genetics Stock Center (FGSC) has been described as an Open Source Repository supporting over 50 years of research into some of the most fundamental questions in modern biology. From its origins allied to studies of the nature of genes, through the first efforts to associate DNA sequence with genes, to its current position as a repository for nearly 75 strains with fully sequenced genomes, the FGSC has taken on whatever challenges the community has offered. As the tools have changed over the years the FGSC has adapted. Whether it was classical mutants, gene libraries, or fully genome-sequenced strains, and even gene deletion sets for several fungi, the FGSC community has trusted their most valuable resources to the FGSC. The FGSC currently holds nearly 20,000 accessioned fungal strains. Additional non-accessioned strains, including Cryptococcus and Candida deletion sets, Magnaporthe-tagged integrants, lyophilized strains from the Tatum collection, and wild strains from the Perkins lab, bring the...
A Second Law analysis of the optimum design and operation of thermal energy storage systems

Abstract Second Law analysis techniques based on the minimization of entropy generation are applied to the optimal design and operation of a sensible heat thermal energy storage system in which the storage element is both heated and cooled by flowing streams of gases. The results of this study show that (1) an entire operational cycle, which consists of a storage process and a removal process, must be considered (as opposed to the storage process alone) in order to optimize the design and performance of such a system; and (2) a typical optimum system destroys approximately 70–90% of the entering availability and, therefore, has an extremely low thermodynamic efficiency.