cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross‐fostering reveals that among‐brood differences in ornamental mouth coloration mostly reflect rearing conditions in nestling house sparrows

Dependent offspring use specialized traits to attract parental care. In birds, this includes morphological ornaments (e.g. colourful plumage or mouthparts) that are associated with nestling condition and shape the allocation of parental care. Ornament expression often differs among broods, even after differences in individual condition are accounted for statistically. Understanding how this variation arises is important for understanding the information content of these signals, their functional importance, and their evolution. The present study used a cross-fostering experiment to assess the relative contributions of parental effects to among-brood differences in the mouth coloration of nestling house sparrows, specifically the carotenoid-richness, overall brightness, and ultraviolet (UV) coloration of rictal flanges. The expression of carotenoid-based coloration was explained by synchronous breeding, nest-of-rearing and nest-of-origin. Brightness and relative UV intensity, however, were explained only by synchronous breeding, and there was substantial unexplained variation in all three colour parameters. Among-brood variation in mouth coloration, then, may primarily contain information about the environment in which offspring are reared. At the individual level, ontogenetic changes in the carotenoid-richness and brightness of flanges positively reflected mass gain (a proxy for food intake). Larger and yellower chicks gained more mass, consistent with parental preferences for these traits. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 169–179.
Factors related to university presidents' pay: An examination of private colleges and universities

In this research, we used institutionalcharacteristics and market-related factors to predictuniversity president's pay, benefits, and totalcompensation at 190 private colleges and universities. Results showed that university CEOs' pay was relatedto the expenditures, type of institution, theexistence of professional schools, and academicreputation ranking, while their benefits package wasrelated to the expenditure, type of institution,reputation ranking, and undergraduate student'stuition. CEOs' total compensation (pay and benefitscombined) was related to the expenditures, type ofinstitution, reputation ranking, and tuition. Resultsof this study support the notion that agency theorycan be used to provide a theoretical framework topredict university CEOs' pay, benefits, and totalcompensation.
The Jovian Upper Atmosphere

The upper atmosphere of Jupiter represents a refreshing change from the aeronomy of the terrestrial planets. The solar fluxes incident on it are smaller by a factor of 27 and the temperature and temperature gradients are correspondingly less than on the terrestrial planets. In such a cold atmosphere chemical reactions with high activation energies are of negligible importance. Unlike the terrestrial planets the major constituent H2 is extremely light and all constituents except H and He fall off very abruptly above the turbopause (with the assumption that the concepts of eddy diffusion and turbopause are applicable to Jupiter).
Sticking to the basics: information technology at the glue factory

INTRODUCTION M.K. Mikels and Company is a manufacturer that serves mainly as a supplier for the building industry in Israel. The company makes glues and related products used to construct buildings. To begin with, several factors have contributed to the current high price of housing in Israel, including waves of immigration from Russia and Ethiopia during the 1990s, demand created by young couples for housing, and heavy population density in the main cities. These factors particularly accelerated demand for construction of new apartments in this decade, giving rise to an increase in activity for the Israeli construction industry and its suppliers, including M.K. Mikels. The firms principal activities are the design, development, production, and marketing of glue products. This company, which is located in the industrial zone of Rishon-Lezion, is housed in three manufacturing facilities and two other buildings used for administration and management. It has 300 employees, most of whom are employed in manufacturing. Mikels is among the largest companies in Israel serving the market for glue products. It has two key competitors who (along with Mikels) import raw materials from abroad and use a state-run central distribution center (and local agencies) to market their products.
Family behavior, adaptation, and treatment adherence of pediatric nephrology patients.

In this exploratory study we investigated the relationships among family behavior variables (e.g., family expressiveness), adaptive functioning skills, maladaptive behavior, and adherence to treatment in pediatric renal failure patients. The study included 22 pediatric outpatients with renal failure who had not yet received dialysis or transplantation (RF) and their parents, and 12 pediatric outpatients with kidney transplants (TX) and their parents. For the RF patients, significant correlations were found between some of their adaptive functioning skills and measures of their medication adherence, diet adherence, and clinic appointment adherence; however, for the TX patients significant correlations were found only between some of their adaptive functioning skills and measures of their medication adherence. For the RF patients only, some measures of their family behavior were significantly correlated with measures of their medication adherence and diet adherence. Additionally, some measures of the RF patients' family behavior were significantly related to their communication skills, socialization skills, overall adaptive functioning skills, and maladaptive behavior. For the TX patients, only their socialization skill level was significantly correlated with one measure of their family behavior. It is concluded that facilitation of adaptive and physical functioning among renal pediatric patients likely requires multidimensional training and/or counselling interventions with the children and their families, and that some of the content and/or emphasis of this training likely needs to differ for RF patients versus TX patients.
A Dowry Office in Seventeenth-Century Chile

(1987). A Dowry Office in Seventeenth‐Century Chile. The Historian: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 204-222.
Development of choline acetyltransferase activity in chick cranial neural crest cells in culture

Abstract Cultures of chick cranial neural crest cells, when grown in medium containing horse serum (HS), underwent morphological changes leading to the formation, after 6 days in culture, of dense aggregates of cells, some of which produced processes resembling neurite fascicles. In contrast, cranial neural crest cells grown under identical conditions, but with fetal calf serum (FCS) instead of HS, did not form aggregates; after 7–8 days, most of these cells were heavily pigmented. Choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity was absent or low in freshly dissected neural tubes from embryos of stage 9 and in neural tubes in culture for 2 days in medium containing either HS or FCS. CAT activity was also absent in neural crest cells which had grown out in the presence of FCS for 6 days or in the presence of HS for 2 or 4 days. Cells grown in medium containing HS for 6 days developed significant levels of CAT activity. These results demonstrate that cranial neural crest cells in culture have the capacity to differentiate into cholinergic cells under specific conditions. When neural crest cells which had migrated from neural tubes in medium containing HS were shifted to medium containing FCS for 4 days, no CAT activity was detected. However, when neural crest cells which had migrated in medium containing FCS were shifted to medium containing HS for 4 days, the cells formed aggregates and CAT activity was present. This demonstrates that the kind of serum present in the medium did not select for the outgrowth of a specific predetermined population of neural crest cells from the neural tube, but rather that some factor associated with subsequent culture conditions influenced the cells to become cholinergic cells or pigmented cells.
An experimental perspective on triggered gamma emission from nuclear isomers

The study of triggered depopulation of nuclear isomers, with accompanying gamma emission, is a rapidly-changing field that is only now attaining some degree of maturity. Because isomer decays via electromagnetic transitions are strongly inhibited, the interaction of these levels with externally-produced photons provides an important probe of nuclear structure. Also, since some isomers may store large amounts of energy for long times, a number of applications have been proposed, including the creation of a gamma-ray laser. Early experiments conclusively demonstrated triggering of the 1015-year isomer of 180Ta, but even a partial correlation of the effect with known levels could only be obtained recently. Investigations of triggering for the 31-year isomer of 178Hf were initially guided just by systematics and experiments are characterized by considerable controversy. Against this background, the field of triggered gamma emission is entering a new phase in which improved level data allow targeting of specific potentially-useful transitions. This paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art and discusses the changing nature of the field.
Gallium nitrate increases type I collagen and fibronectin mRNA and collagen protein levels in bone and fibroblast cells

Gallium is a Group IIIa transitional element with therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of metabolic bone disorders. Previously described antiresorptive effects of gallium on osteoclasts are not sufficient to account for the full range of effects of gallium on bone structure and metabolism. We have recently shown that gallium nitrate inhibits osteocalcin gene expression and the synthesis of osteocalcin protein, an osteoblast-specific bone matrix protein that is thought to serve as a signal to trigger osteoclastic resorption. Here we present evidence for an additional mechanism by which gallium may function to augment bone mass by altering matrix protein synthesis by osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells. Rat calvarial explants exposed to gallium nitrate for 48 h showed increased incorporation of 3H-proline into hydroxyproline and collagenase digestible protein. In addition, gallium treatment increased steady-state mRNA levels for fibronectin and type I procollagen chains in primary rat calvarial osteoblast-enriched cultures, the ROS 17/2.8 osteoblastic osteosarcoma line, and nontransformed human dermal fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the exposure of mesenchymally-derived cells to gallium results in an altered pattern of matrix protein synthesis that would favor increased bone formation.
Dehydrogenation and Other Non-radiative Relaxation Processes in Gas-Phase Metal−DNA Base Complexes

Photoinduced dehydrogenations of gas-phase Al-guanine, Mn-guanine, and the Al-base pair adduct Al-guanine-cytosine have been observed. Upper and lower limits on the minimum photon energy required to effect the dehydrogenation have been determined for these species. Species were generated using a laser ablation source and were detected with laser photoionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Only metalated species were observed to dehydrogenate, and the effect of metal on the photochemistry of guanine and cytosine has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Avoided crossings between the ground and first electronically excited states are features specific to the metalated species and are likely responsible for the metal-specific dehydrogenation observed. The rapid nonradiative relaxation believed to manifest the dehydrogenation is consistent with the dominance of multiphoton contributions to the mass spectral signals observed which also stems from rapid nonradiative relaxation. In this context, the photophysics of the gas-phase complexes is similar to that of solution-phase bases where nonradiative relaxation processes also dominate.
Enhanced outgrowth of EBV-transformed chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells mediated by coculture with macrophage feeder cells

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of CD5-expressing B lymphocytes that produce mAbs often reactive with microbial or autoantigens. Long-term culture of B-CLL clones would permit the collection and characterization of B-CLL mAbs to study antigen specificity and of B-CLL DNA to investigate molecular mechanisms promoting the disease. However, the derivation of long-term cell lines (eg, by EBV), has not been efficient. We have improved the efficiency of EBV B-CLL transformation of CpG oligonucleotide-stimulated cells by incubating patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of an irradiated mouse macrophage cell line, J774A.1. Using this approach, peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 13 of 21 B-CLL patients were transformed as documented by IGHV-D-J sequencing. Four clones grew and retained CD5 expression in culture for 2 to 4 months. However, despite documentation of EBV infection by expression of EBNA2 and LMP1, B-CLL cells died after removal of macrophage feeder cells. Nevertheless, using electrofusion technology, we generated 6 stable hetero-hybridoma cell lines from EBV-transformed B-CLL cells, and these hetero-hybridomas produced immunoglobulin. Thus, we have established enhanced methods of B-CLL culture that will enable broader interrogation of B-CLL cells at the genetic and protein levels.
Ubiquitin immunostaining and inclusion body myositis: Study of 30 patients with inclusion body myositis

Abstract Distinction of inclusion body myositis (IBM) from other forms of inflammatory myopathy is significant from prognostic and therapeutic standpoints. This study retrospectively examines ubiquitin expression by paraffin immunohistochemistry in muscle biopsy material from 30 patients with IBM. Patients included 19 men and 11 women (ages 29 to 80 years; mean, 64 years). All biopsies were characterized by endomysial chronic inflammation, muscle fiber degeneration and regeneration, rimmed vacuoles, and angular atrophic esterase-positive muscle fibers. Ragged red fibers were identified in biopsies of five patients and a partial cytochrome C-oxidase deficiency by enzyme histochemistry in biopsies of 10 patients. Evidence of intranuclear or cytoplasmic tubulofilamentous structures confirming a diagnosis of IBM was observed in all 30 cases. Paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions were noted in five patients. Discrete myocyte intranuclear ubiquitin-positive inclusions were noted in 14 patients (47%). Discrete intracytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive inclusions were noted in 24 (80%) patients. Positive staining of rimmed vacuoles by ubiquitin was observed in 25 (83%) patients. Diffuse staining of scattered muscle fibers was observed in 21 (70%) patients. In a control group including patients with polymyositis ( n = 3), dermatomyositis ( n = 3), necrotizing vasculitis ( n = 1), and granulomatous myositis ( n = 1), discrete intranuclear or cytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive inclusions were not observed. Rimmed vacuoles were not seen either by light microscopy or ubiquitin immunostaining in any of the eight cases. Occasional myofibers from all eight cases showed diffuse, positive muscle fiber staining. Although not present in all cases, evidence of ubiquitinpositive myocytic intranuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions or positive-staining rimmed vacuoles in the setting of an inflammatory myopathy may be suggestive of a diagnosis of inclusion body myositis. Use of ubiquitin immunohistochemistry may be useful in cases in which frozen tissue or tissue processed for electron microscopy is not available, and IBM is suspected. Light or electron microscopic evidence of mitochondrial abnormalities were noted in a significant subset of patients (13 of 30; 43%) of patients with IBM.
Modulation and polytypic signaling in GABAergic transmission.

Using modern techniques, we now find ourselves closer to understanding more clearly the complexity of GABAA receptor function. Heterogeneity of the GABAA receptor family has been shown to exist while its significance in the regulation of cell function continues to be evaluated. In closing, it must be said many contributions which brought us to our current understanding of the GABAA receptor are attributed to the combined efforts of Dr. Erminio Costa and his laboratories. Through many years of dedicated work and perseverance, he and his co-workers have helped to move the neuroscience community rapidly forward. His efforts continue to influence and inspire creative scientific thinking and research development in neuroscience.
Worker piping associated with foraging in undisturbed queenright colonies of honey bees

Le chant des ouvrieres, deja mentionne mais seulement en association avec une perturbation de la colonie ou une absence de reine, a ete observe dans des colonies non perturbees et possedant une reine. Lorsqu'elles chantent, les ouvrieres pressent leur thorax sur le rayon, deploient legerement leurs ailes et relevent l'abdomen vers les ailes. On voit celles-ci vibrer nettement quand l'abeille emet un son audible. Les chanteuses peuvent circuler dans la ruche pendant 2 heures et demie en s'arretant a quelques secondes d'intervalle pour emettre un chant qui dure environ 1 seconde (fig 1). Ce comportement est peu frequent; il est rare de trouver deux chanteuses actives en meme temps et l'inspection fortuite d'une ruche d'observation n'en revele en general aucune. La pression du thorax et le mouvement visible des ailes pendant la production de son laissent penser que les abeilles produisent les vibrations avec leurs muscles alaires et les font passer dans le rayon. Les autres abeilles peuvent percevoir le chant a l'aide de leur organe subgenual. Chaque chant est constitue d'un son continu de faible modulation de frequence, d'une frequence de base comprise entre 330 et 430 Hz et d'une energie considerable comprise entre 3 000 et 5 500 Hz (figs 2 et 3). Sur trois ouvrieres dont on connaissait l'activite avant le chant, deux avaient ete butineuses et la troisieme avait decharge des collecteuses d'eau. Chanter dans ce contexte peut constituer un signal lie au butinage, bien que les destinataires et l'information transmise restent inconnues.
A Comparison of the Rate of Technical Change Between FmHA and Non-FmHA Farmers*

This paper uses a nonparametric approach to measure technical change. The method is applied to individual farm data from Illinois for the years 1981 and 1984. The farms are divided into those that receive subsidized credit and those that do not. The results indicate similar rates of technical change for the two groups.
Partial Bilateral Bundle Branch Block in Acute Myocardial Infarction

The relationship of partial bilateral bundle branch block to hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction (MI) was studied concerning the need for prophylactic temporary transvenous pacemakers. Factors examined for their contributions to hospital mortality in 156 consecutive patients with acute MI were: age, sex, race, infarct location, number of prior infarctions, heart failure class (1-4), bundle branch block (BBB), and partial bilateral BBB (right BBB with an abnormal superior or rightward mean QRS axis, or both right and left BBB). Partial bilateral BBB occurred in 12 patients (8 percent) with 50 percent mortality. None of these deaths was attributable to sudden complete heart block or asystole. The prognosis of patients with partial bilateral BBB and acute MI is related to the extent of myocardial damage, not to complete heart block or electrical instability. Thus, prophylactic temporary transvenous pacing may not be beneficial in patients with acute myocardial infarction and partial bilateral bundle branch block.
The Natural Killer Cell‐Like Lytic Activity Expressed by Cytolytic T Lymphocytes is Associated with the Expression of a Novel Function‐Associated Molecule

Experiments were performed to analyse the natural killer cell (NK)-like cytotoxicity frequently expressed by human antigen-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). To this end, several monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) previously shown to identify a novel function-associated molecule (FAM) involved in human NK function were utilized. Flow cytometry revealed that these MoAbs reacted with the majority of human NK, but only with a subpopulation of CTL isolated from primary mixed lymphocyte cultures. Preincubation of CTL with the MoAbs inhibited the NK-like lysis of K562 targets. Experiments with anti-CD3 MoAb demonstrated that neither the NK-like cytotoxicity of CTL nor the lytic activity of NK were mediated by the CD3 complex. Expression of the novel FAM was found to develop in T-cell cultures at the time that NK-like cytotoxicity was observed. Repeated in vitro antigenic stimulation of CTL was shown to result in loss of NK-like cytotoxicity, as well as loss of the FAM on the CTL surface. Thus, NK-like cytotoxicity displayed by antigen-specific CTL appears to be mediated by a novel FAM that is identical to that structure found on NK.
Investigation of Delamination Caused by Impact Using a Cohesive-Layer Model

A numerical simulation of crack growths in specimens tested under static loading and low-velocity impact is undertaken using a cohesive-layer model. The basis on which the model is constructed and the identification of critical strain-energy release rates from available experimental results of load vs crack length relationship are described. The model is then used to trace the crack growth for given initial crack lengths. It is demonstrated that in a strict sense there is no unique relationship between the load and crack length because of the nonlinearities involved, a factor that accounts for the scatter in the experimental results. The relationship between crack growth under static loading and dynamic load application associated with impact is studied in some detail for the test specimens. In general the cracks are seen to grow to greater lengths under dynamic loading than under static loading. Once again the initial crack length is seen to be a significant factor in the total crack length reached under a given dynamic load. The results demonstrate that a program of a series of successive impacts with steadily increasing amplitudes results in higher delamination than that caused by the direct application of the impact loading with the highest amplitude in the series.
Subacute ischemia of the colon esophageal interposition

Abstract The most devastating complication of colon interposition is acute ischemia with colon necrosis. Delayed complications of the interposed colon, including long segment stricturing develop in an occasional patient. Some investigators have speculated that these late complications result from delayed colon ischemia. We believe that these patients represent a small subgroup who have nonnecrotic vascular insufficiency (subacute ischemia) of the interposed colon, which is present from the time of the operation. We reviewed the postoperative contrast radiographic studies of 3 patients with subacute colon ischemia. The radiographic findings are characteristic, and are identical to those seen in ischemic colitis or the nonmobilized colon. They include loss of haustral folds, an ill-defined bowel wall border, and mucosal changes such as "thumbprinting," and "urticaria." Fibrosis and stricturing represent the end-stage of the ischemic process.
Perceived Instructional Needs of Middle School and Senior Citizen Band Members

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare adult and middle school band members' perceptions of music education issues, including effective teaching and musical environment. The participants were 94 band members from three states: 28 middle school band participants from three middle schools and 66 senior citizen band participants from three adult bands. At a band rehearsal, the band members answered a 49-item questionnaire with 26 Likert-type questions on the topic of effective teaching. While the overall means are high for all component skills, musical skills were rated lowest, followed by instructional skills and personality characteristics. Older and younger musicians responded similarly across the musical, instructional, and personality components. Conclusions highlight the collegiate instructional issues that may help meet older and younger musicians' instructional preferences.
A Consumer Advocate On Medicaid Managed Care

Medicaid managed care may offer the last, best chance to provide integrated health care for the nation's poor—but only if states learn from past problems.
Photoelectrolysis of water by irradiation of platinized n-type semiconducting metal oxides☆

Abstract The basic principles of semiconductor photoelectrochemistry as applied to light to chemical and/or electrical energy conversions are outlined. Special emphasis is on the photoelectrolysis of H2O to H2 and O2. New results are presented which show that platinized n-type SrTiO3 and KTaO3 evolve H2 and O2 from alkaline aqueous solutions when irradiated with ultraviolet light. The irradiated portions of the metal oxide behave as the photoanode and the dark platinized portions behave as the cathode. The nonplatinized oxides are energetically capable of evolving H2 and O2 upon irradiation but the overvoltage for H2 is too great. The general requirement for the “short-circuit” redox chemistry at the irradiated n-type semiconductor surface is that the dark cathodic reaction occur at a potential more positive than the anodic reaction upon irradiation. The role of the Pt coating is to reduce the H2 overvoltage to meet this requirement. It is demonstrated that polished n-type TiO2 and SrTiO3 are both capable of oxidizing H2O to evolve O2 and reducing Cu2+ to plate out Cu upon irradiation in 0.5 M CuSO4 (pH = 7). We discuss the importance of “short-circuit” redox chemistry and overvoltage in obtaining opencircuit photopotential in photoelectrochemical cells.
Examining consumer attributes associated with collegiate athletic facility naming rights sponsorship: Development of a theoretical framework

Abstract Facility naming rights sponsorship is one of the fastest growing and most valuable forms of sponsorships. The limited opportunities in major league professional sports have led corporations to seek opportunities with college sports. Although collegiate athletics have become increasingly attractive for sponsorship investment, they have also been laden with potentially negative side effects. How university stakeholders perceive and respond to stadium naming rights sponsorship is a major concern for both corporations and college administrators. This study reviewed the relevant literature to propose a theoretical framework incorporating multidimensional factors of assessing consumers’ perspectives (i.e., beliefs about naming rights sponsorship, attitudes toward commercialization, team and stadium identification, perception of financial status, and perceived fit) of naming rights sponsorship effectiveness. The relationships among variables were examined by reviewing related theories and previous research findings. The derived theoretical framework is expected to provide a research direction for comprehensively examining how stakeholders of intercollegiate athletic programs perceive and respond to corporate naming rights sponsorship of sport facilities.
Preface to special section on enhanced Subarctic influence in the California Current, 2002

[1] This special section discusses a rare phenomenon: strong enhancement of Subarctic influence in the California Current system in the summer of 2002. This cold, fresh anomaly in the upper halocline was more extreme than any prior observation, though historical records extend back for several decades. The Subarctic anomaly extended more than 1500 km along the U. S. west coast, from 49°N to 33°N. It brought high-nutrient waters into the coastal upwelling zone off Oregon and northern California, and produced exceptionally high chlorophyll concentrations. Inner shelf oxygen concentrations were very high near the surface and very low near the bottom. The presence of this Subarctic water mass was associated with anomalous southward currents detected by three different methods: by satellite-tracked drifters, a mid-shelf mooring, and by satellite altimetry. Large-scale wind forcing over the northeastern Pacific during the previous winter and spring seems to be responsible for these anomalies.
A Model of Regional Ground‐Water Flow in Secondary‐Permeability Terrane

The ground-water flow system in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin in Pennsylvania and Maryland can be considered as one complex unconfined aquifer in which secondary porosity and permeability are the dominant influences on the occurrence and flow of ground water. The degree of development of secondary porosity and permeability in the various lithologies of the lower basin determines the aquifer characteristics of each lithology. Based on qualitative evidence, the use of a porous-media model was assumed to be appropriate on a regional scale and a finite-difference ground-water flow model was constructed for the lower basin. The conceptual model of ground-water flow in the lower basin incorporates the major features of the flow system. Through the use of two layers, 21 hydrogeologic units, and five topographic settings, the conceptual model was systematically reduced to arrive at a simplified conceptual model. Further reduction produced a numerical model representation of the conceptual model, in which the essential features of the lower-basin flow system were quantified for input into the numerical model. The model was calibrated under both steady-state and transient conditions, and was used to evaluate the water-supply potential of the 21 hydrogeologic units. The carbonate units have the greatest potential for ground-water development and the Triassic sedimentary and crystalline units have the least potential. A total ground-water yield potential of about 900 million gallons per day could be obtained from the lower basin with a consequent 50-percent reduction of base flow in streams.
Becoming an independent field: Societal pressures, state, and professions

This paper inquires about the conditions that enable the rise of new applied undergraduate fields in American universities and colleges. After identifying high-growth fields since 1950, the paper traces their professional development from an embryonic stage until universities and colleges started offering bachelor’s degrees in those fields. The experiences of the six fields of this study show that although pressures for academic differentiation were evident, governmental intervention was ultimately crucial. Qualitative evidence indicates that the independence of a new field hinges on the interaction of four factors: societal pressures, state intervention, academic resourcefulness of the field, and professional institutional processes.
The transition from filial to reproductive function of "coitus-related" responses in young guinea pigs.

A lordosis-like response and a purring vocalization which was similar to that emitted by the adult male in precopulatory displays were observed in suckling guinea pigs. During that period in which parental stimulation was required to elicit micturition, both responses occurred in the context of nursing behavior and were frequently followed by the mother's licking the pups' anogenital regions; there was no sex difference in the display of these behaviors. When adult micturition behavior matured, the frequency of lordosing waned in both sexes; purring also declined in females, but in males, purring became associated with a hip-swaying movement and increased in frequency. In adult females, the display of lordosis and/or purring was confined to estrous periods; males were not observed to lordose as adults, but purred when exposed to estrous females. Isolation- and mother-reared animals displayed the same response organizations in infancy and adulthood. The functional reorganization of these responses in ontogeny is discussed.
A study of reactions to frustration in 236 college students and in 207 inmates of state prisons.

(1949). A Study of Reactions to Frustration in 236 College Students and in 207 Inmates of State Prisons. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 427-438.
Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone by Abnormal Human Parathyroid Glands in Vitro

The secretory response of abnormal parathyroid glands obtained surgically from eleven patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidsm was tested in vitro. Short term flask studies were used to measure release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) at high (3.0 mM) and low (0.5 mM) calcium. Of eight adenomas, all but one showed increased release of hormone when exposed to low calcium ("responsive to calcium"), the degree of stimulation at three hours ranging from 15 to 209%. By comparison, two normal human glands were stimulated an average of 180%. Glands from three patients with secondary hyperplasia were also responsive to calcium. Thus, parathyroid glands from patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism were characterized by a spectrum of responsiveness to calcium, and absolute "autonomy" was unusual. Even at high calcium concentrations, hormone release persisted at a low but definite level ("basal secretion"). The total number of functioning parathyroid cells is therefore a principal determinant in the oversecretion of PTH in hyperparathyroidism.
A computational study of the mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline fcc metals

Abstract We have conducted a finite-element-based study of the deformation and failure behavior of nanocrystalline face-centered cubic metals. A rate-dependent amorphous plasticity model which accounts for cavitation and related failure phenomena is used to model the grain boundaries, while a crystal plasticity model is used for the grain-interiors. Our numerical simulations using material parameters estimated to represent the macroscopic rate-dependent stress–strain response of nanocrystalline nickel (nc-Ni), show that there is a transition in deformation mechanism from grain-interior shearing to grain-boundary shearing, as the average grain-size decreases from 50 nm to 10 nm, and that the low ductility of nc-Ni is the result of intergranular failure due to grain-boundary shearing and resulting cavitation at triple-junctions and other high stress points in the microstructure. Our numerical simulations also show that the strength of nc-Ni is expected to be slightly higher in compression than in tension, primarily due to the easier operation of cavitation failure of the grain boundaries in tension.
Regional specialization in the eye of the sphingid moth Manduca sexta : Blue sensitivity of the ventral retina

The compound eye of the tobacco hornworm moth Manduca sexta contains green-, blue-, and ultraviolet-sensitive photoreceptors. Electroretinogram spectral-sensitivity measurements were recorded from different regions of the retina in order to broadly map the distribution of the three receptor types. The relative contribution of the three receptors to spectral-sensitivity curves was estimated by fitting theoretical curves based on the absorption spectra of the three rhodopsins. This analysis indicated that the dorsal retina is green and ultraviolet dichromatic, with green-sensitive cells greatly predominating. The ventral retina is trichromatic with a substantial population of blue- and ultraviolet-sensitive receptors. We previously showed that flower visitation for nectar feeding is mediated mainly by blue-sensitive cells. Their localization in the ventral retina seems an appropriate adaptation of the receptor mosaic, since the moths hover above flowers as they feed.
Criteria for Assessing Therapy Outcome in Speech Pathology and Audiology

Speech pathologists and audiologists function as both producers and consumers of information concerning therapy outcome. In both roles they have to know the questions that need to be answered to adequately evaluate a therapy method and the factors that have to be considered when interpreting answers to such questions. An approach (in the form of a work sheet) is described here that can be used for both identifying and systematically evaluating the validity, reliability, and generality of information regarding impacts of therapy methods on persons who have communicative disorders and for identifying additional information needed to complete such an evaluation. The approach is used to assess the impacts of a therapy method.
Evaluation of hyperspectral technology for assessing the presence and severity of peripheral artery disease

Background Hyperspectral imaging is a novel technology that can noninvasively measure oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations to create an anatomic oxygenation map. It has predicted healing of diabetic foot ulcers; however, its ability to assess peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has not been studied. The aims of this study were to determine if hyperspectral imaging could accurately assess the presence or absence of PAD and accurately predict PAD severity. Methods This prospective study included consecutive consenting patients presenting to the vascular laboratory at the Jesse Brown VA Medical Center during a 10-week period for a lower extremity arterial study, including ankle-brachial index (ABI) and Doppler waveforms. Patients with lower extremity edema were excluded. Patients underwent hyperspectral imaging at nine angiosomes on each extremity. Additional sites were imaged when tissue loss was present. Medical records of enrolled patients were reviewed for demographic data, active medications, surgical history, and other information pertinent to PAD. Patients were separated into no-PAD and PAD groups. Differences in hyperspectral values between the groups were evaluated using the two-tailed t test. Analysis for differences in values over varying severities of PAD, as defined by triphasic, biphasic, or monophasic Doppler waveforms, was conducted using one-way analysis of variance. Hyperspectral values were correlated with the ABI using a Pearson bivariate linear correlation test. Results The study enrolled 126 patients (252 limbs). After exclusion of 15 patients, 111 patients were left for analysis, including 46 (92 limbs) no-PAD patients and 65 (130 limbs) PAD patients. Groups differed in age, diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, tobacco use, and insulin use. Deoxyhemoglobin values for the plantar metatarsal, arch, and heel angiosomes were significantly different between patients with and without PAD (P Conclusions These results suggest the ability of hyperspectral imaging to detect the presence of PAD. Hyperspectral measurements can also evaluate different severities of PAD.
Coronary Artery Disease in IDDM: Gender Differences in Risk Factors but Not Risk

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with that seen in the general population, while the sex differential in rates of CAD is considerably reduced in IDDM populations. To further our understanding of these observations, the effects of gender on baseline risk factors for CAD incidence were examined. Participants in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study were recruited from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh IDDM registry and had been diagnosed between 1950 and 1980. Subjects completed a series of questionnaires and were given a full clinical examination at baseline (1986 through 1988) and every subsequent 2 years. This report is based on the first 4 years of follow-up. Similar incidence rates of new CAD events were observed in men and women. In neither sex was glycemic control a predictor of later CAD. Sex-specific Cox proportional hazards models showed that for men, duration of IDDM, HDL cholesterol, fibrinogen, hypertension, and smoking were all significantly associated with the onset of CAD. Hypertension, fibrinogen, and smoking were all replaced by nephropathy when this latter variable was added to the model. For women, duration, hypertension, waist-hip ratio, physical activity, and depressive symptomatology were all significant independent predictors of CAD. Nephropathy status did not enter the model for women. While 4-year incidence of CAD in IDDM varies little by sex in this population, the predictive risk factors vary considerably. In particular, the effect of renal disease was stronger in men, while the cluster of physical activity, waist-to-hip ratio, and depressive symptomatology were more important in women. These results may help explain the relatively greater impact IDDM has on CAD risk for women and suggest new potential preventive approaches.
Growth hormone insensitivity: physiologic and genetic basis, phenotype, and treatment.

Primary growth hormone insensitivity is the absence of an appropriate growth or metabolic response to endogenous or exogenous growth hormone at physiologic concentrations, which is due to GH receptor deficiency or defective GH-GHR signal transduction. Numerous catabolic states and chronic conditions may demonstrate acquired GHI, but only that due to growth-inhibiting antibodies developing in patients with GH gene deletion who have been treated with GH has been considered, along with primary GHI, as appropriate for treatment with recombinant human insulinlike growth factor I. This review examines the physiology of the GHIGF-I axis, noting the importance and varied actions of IGF binding proteins. Also considered is the classification and clinical and biochemical description of the conditions resulting in primary and acquired GHI and their similarity and differences from other IGF-I‐deficient states. The molecular heterogeneity of primary GHI and the functional information certain muta
Measurement of the rayleigh scattering properties of some gases with a nephelometer.

Nephelometers used in NOAA’s Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change program are very sensitive instruments for measuring the scattering extinction coefficients of aerosols and gases. These instruments are calibrated by filling them with gases having known scattering coefficients, such as air, carbon dioxide, and dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2). Because of its sensitivity, the nephelometer can be used to study the scattering properties of these gases. In these experiments the volume Rayleigh scattering of CCl2F2 was found to be 15.3 times that of air, and the volume scattering of argon was found to be 0.879 times that of air. Furthermore, the index of refraction of argon has been deduced from these measurements and is in excellent agreement with published values. A new depolarization factor of CCl2F2 deduced from these measurements is 0.048.
Relative Transition Probabilities in the A-X System of OD,

Abstract As in a previous study on the OH molecule, branching ratios for emission from v ′ = 0, 1 and 2 of the A 2 Σ + state of OD have been measured using frequency-doubled, tunable dye laser excitation. The six independent ratios so obtained are used to assess calculations incorporating an electronic transition moment varying linearly with internuclear distance, a form judged superior from the OH work. Calculations of the rotational dependence of the transition probabilities in OD, and comments on some recent OH investigations are included.
Assessment of subjective outcome of hearing aid fitting: getting the client's point of view

This paper provides an overview of the measurement of hearing aid fitting outcomes in real life using self-report methods. Three topics are addressed: (1) why we should measure real-life outcomes; (2) seven different types of self-report outcome data; and (3) issues to consider in self-report outcome measurement. It is stressed that self-report data provide a unique view of the way that clients function and feel in their daily lives with regard to their hearing health. Self-report outcome data are multidimensional, and the different domains are only moderately correlated. When these types of data are gathered, it is essential to control relevant variables to safeguard validity and reliability.
Relations Between Work Habits, Research Technologies, and Eminence in Science

This paper examines relations between the work habits of academic scientists and measures of scholarly eminence and productivity. Data for 549 facult' members in three disciplines in U. S. universities are examined in order to test previous arguments on the topic. Results are presented which are consistent with the hypothesis that associations between work habits and scholarly output vary with the level of predictability or routine in research work. To the extent that this level is a consequence of the underlying pattern of social integration in a scientificfield, these results imply that an understanding of scientific creativity andproductivity presupposes an understanding of patterns of social integration in science.
Interpretation of Molecular Structure and Kinetics in Melt Condensation of A2 Oligomers, B3 Monomers, and Monofunctional Reagents

This article applies kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to interpret experimental measurements in the polymerization of hyperbranched poly(ether esters)s in a melt condensation of A2 oligomers and B3 monomers. Building on the analytical modeling of Flory and Stockmayer, additional effects of cycle formation, unequal reactivities, and end-capping reagents are added into the simulations to describe A2 + B3 polymerization in the absence of a solvent. The experimental data have been published separately,1 and here it is compared to the model predictions in order to quantitatively assess whether the data are consistent with these models. On the basis of the modeling, we conclude that cycle formation is negligible, suppression of the third B group is insignificant, and the mobility of the free B3 monomer leads to enhancement of its reaction rate. The addition of the monofunctional end-capping reagents does not necessarily lead to suppression of branching in the A2 + B3 system and depends sensitively on the stoichi...
Application of a generalized Feynman-Hellmann theorem to bound-state energy levels

We derive a generalization of the Feynman-Hellmann theorem and use it to describe how the energy of a bound state changes with the change in mass of one of the constituent particles.
Able but Not Motivated? The Relative Effects of Happy and Sad Mood on Persuasive Message Processing.

The effects of happy and sad moods on systematic processing are examined in the present study. Research has indicated that positive mood leads to less systematic processing, and negative mood heightens systematic processing. Debate has ensued as to whether persons in a positive mood lack the cognitive ability to process messages systematically (e.g., Worth & Mackie, 1987), or lack the motivation to process systematically (e.g., Bohner et al., 1992). In the present study, it was posited that, consistent with Cialdini's Negative State Relief Model (1973), persons in a positive mood lack the motivation to process, but do not lack the cognitive ability to do so. An experiment was designed to test this motivational hypothesis by varying outcome involvement, message strength, and mood. Contrary to the cognitive inability hypothesis, results indicated that persons in a positive mood do have the cognitive capacity to process systematically, but that message strength is the major predictor of attitude.