cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation Of Qv Profile In A Sedimentary Type Geothermal Reservoir

In-situ determination of Q/sub v/ (effective concentration of clay-exchange cations) of sedimentary rocks using geophysical well logs is discussed with application to geothermal reservoirs. A method is proposed based on the solution of equations relating formation rock and fluid properties and the conductivity of mud filtrate to the data obtained from S.P. (Spontaneous Potential) and resistivity logs. The application of the proposed method to some wells in the Cerro Prieto Geothermal field in Mexico is discussed. 12 refs.
Embryonic Stem Cells: Testing the Germ-Cell Theory

The exact cellular origin of embryonic stem cells remains elusive. Now a new study provides compelling evidence that embryonic stem cells, established under conventional culture conditions, originate from a transient germ-cell state.
Structural study of Li2MnO3 by electron microscopy

Detailed crystallographic data on high-quality Li2MnO3 material has been obtained using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), and 0.1 nm probe high-angle annular dark-field imaging (HAADF) in a scanning transmission electron microscope. A high-purity Li2MnO3 powder was annealed at 950 °C for 3 days to obtain predominantly defect-free grains which average size was 3.0 ± 1.5 μm. Rietveld refinement indicated that the C2/m spacegroup provided the best fit for the XRD data. Electron diffraction patterns obtained along various zone axes, on defect-free oxide particles, could be uniquely indexed to the monoclinic structure. HREM and HAADF images of defect-free grains were consistent with a Li–Mn–Mn– arrangement, i.e., lithium ordering in the transition metal planes. Low-magnification TEM images occasionally revealed stacking defects within oxide particles. HREM images of sample areas containing defects revealed a low density of stacking faults within the monoclinic sequence, resulting in a trigonal P3 1 12 local arrangement.
Learning to Diversify Yourself

In response to increasing calls to realize more potential from diversity in organizations, Frances Hesselbein, CEO of Peter Drucker Leadership Institute, challenged management scholars to enrich the understanding of diversity. Her challenge contains descriptive and normative elements, and extends beyond learning only “about” others, toward “diversifying oneself.” With this purpose in mind, this two-stage study develops a framework of divergent learning. The first stage describes a philosophical foundation grounded in literature that orients its key concepts toward divergent learning. The second stage adds a layer of practical insights, gathered from professionals in eight different fields, providing channels of access and application within organizational contexts.
The Quantitative Analgesic Questionnaire: A Tool to Capture Patient-Reported Chronic Pain Medication Use

Abstract Context The extent to which patients take chronic pain medications as prescribed is not well studied, and there are no generally agreed-upon measures. The Quantitative Analgesic Questionnaire (QAQ) is a new instrument designed to comprehensively document patient-reported medication use, generate scores to quantify it (by individual drug, class, and/or overall), and compare it (qualitatively and/or quantitatively) to the regimen as prescribed. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the development and preliminary validation of the QAQ. Methods The QAQ was studied in a convenience sample of 149 HIV-infected participants. Results We found that the QAQ scores computed for participants' chronic pain medication regimens were valid based on their correlation with 1) patient-reported pain intensity ( r = 0.38; P r = 0.89; P r = 0.957; P Conclusion The QAQ is a simple tool that can facilitate understanding of patient-reported chronic pain medication regimens, including calculation of percent adherence and generation of quantitative scores suitable for estimating and tracking change in medication use over time.
The Contribution of Information Technology to Consumer Welfare

Over the past two decades, American businesses have invested heavily in information technology IT hardware. Managers often buy IT to enhance customer value in ways that are poorly measured by conventional output statistics. Furthermore, because of competition, firms may be unable to capture the full benefits of the value they create. This undermines researchers' attempts to determine IT value by estimating its contribution to industry productivity or to company profits and revenues. An alternative approach estimates the consumers' surplus from IT investments by integrating the area under the demand curve for IT. This methodology does not directly address the question of whether managers and consumers are purchasing the optimal quantity of IT, but rather assumes their revealed willingness-to-pay for IT accurately reflects their valuations. Using data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, we estimate four measures of consumers' surplus, including Marshallian surplus, Exact surplus based on compensated Hicksian demand curves, a “nonparametric” estimate, and a value based on the theory of index numbers. Interestingly, all four estimates indicate that in our base year of 1987, IT spending generated approximately $50 billion to $70 billion in net value in the United States and increased economic growth by about 0.3% per year. According to our estimates, which are likely to be conservative, IT investments generate approximately three times their cost in value for consumers.
The 24-hour helmet-mounted display

Abstract Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) optimized for night flying are now available from several manufacturers, as are HMDs optimized for day applications. In general day and night operations require HMDs with different attributes. Daytime use requires an HMD to be monocular, with up to 25° field of view, symbols only, very lightweight (3–3.5 lbs), high real-world transmission and high display brightness. At night, an HMD must be binocular, with greater than 40° field of view, forward-looking infra-red display, symbology overlay, integrated night vision, lightweight (4.5 lbs max), reduced real world transmission and low brightness display. However, many mission scenarios require the HMD to be used in both day and night conditions in the course of a single mission and therefore require the HMD to provide a 24-hour capability. This paper describes design solutions for 24-hour HMDs for both fixed wing and rotary wing applications, using state of the art technology.
Managed care for uninsured patients at an academic health center: a case study.

In 1997, the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center ("the Center") created a managed care plan ("the Plan") for its uninsured patients who were county residents. The Plan's features include pooling the resources of existing county safety-net providers, enrolling patients with primary care providers at easily accessible neighborhood-based clinics, and investing in social support services, case management, and 24-hour telephone triage. After two years of the Plan's operation, the utilization of ambulatory care services by Plan enrollees, the number of discharges per 1,000 enrollees from the Center-affiliated University Hospital, and the number of hospital days per 1,000 enrollees had all dropped significantly (p < .001 for all). For the 13,114 enrollees in the Plan, University Hospital saved an estimated $1,904,872 per year in costs. The replacement of unpaid hospital days with paying patients is estimated to have yielded over $695,000 in additional revenues per year. The authors conclude that managing the care of uninsured patients in an academic health center can reduce ambulatory care and inpatient utilization and reduce the cost of care. To achieve these favorable outcomes requires the organization of services to meet the unique needs of the uninsured and underserved population.
Investigation of the Statin Paradox in Different Populations of VICs

Abstract While numerous clinical studies have examined the effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statin drugs) on calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), their conflicting results have yielded many questions regarding the nature of statin-valve interactions. One step toward better understanding this relationship is to examine the effects of statin treatment on heart valves on a cellular level. Previous work found statin treatment to have a "paradoxical" effect in vitro, decreasing osteoblastic markers in valvular myofibroblasts, while increasing those same markers in osteoblast precursor cells. This finding that statins may be able to selectively induce bone formation only in a cell type that is already prone to mineralization leads to the question of how statin treatment will affect valvular interstitial cells (VICs), a heterogeneous cell population which is capable of differentiating into an osteoblast-like phenotype, termed obVICs. In this study, we set out to determine whether obVICs would respond to statin treatment in the same manner as myofibroblasts, or if obVICs would increase bone marker expression in a manner similar to a bone-derived cell type. This work was also complemented by a gene expression analysis of calcified human valves from individuals who were or were not taking a statin drug. Porcine VICs were cultured in vitro, with or without 1 uM simvastatin, in either control or mineralization medium, where the control medium yields a heterogeneous population that is predominantly myofibroblasts, while the mineralization medium drives VICs toward an obVIC phenotype. Gene expression analysis included multiple myofibroblastic and osteoblastic markers and was conducted daily over an 8-day time course, yielding information about not only expression levels, but also their temporal dynamics. Gene expression profiles were compared between VICs and an osteoblastic cell line (MC3T3-E1) to assess similarities. Myofibroblastic and osteoblastic genes were also analyzed in aortic valves from human patients (+/- statin) undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery. Statin treatment increased osteoblastic gene expression in VICs cultured in mineralization medium (obVICs), but the same effect was not obtained in control medium. This finding suggests that VICs are capable of responding to statin treatment in a manner similar to bone cells, but only when VIC cultures are driven toward an osteoblastic phenotype. The MC3T3-E1 cells also increased osteoblastic gene expression upon statin treatment, although their basal level of osteogenic activity was substantially greater than that found in any of the obVIC cultures. Analysis of human valve data is ongoing. Overall, this study suggests that different subpopulations of VICs exhibit different and temporally dynamic responses to statin treatment, further complicating the ability to predict a clinical effect of statin drugs on CAVD.
Electrophoretic study of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase from brain and liver in several species.

—An electrophoretic investigation in acrylamide gels of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, obtained mostly from mouse, rat, and beef brain and also from beef and human liver, showed electrophoretic differences between species. With the exception of the rat, only one molecular species was found (the same in beef brain and liver). In the rat, polymers form spontaneously and are, at least in part, disaggregated by urea and by triton. Mouse-rat or beef-rat molecular hybrids form in the admixtures. No electrophoretic differences were found in five mice strains that were investigated. Techniques of electrophoretic analysis and of assay of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase are described, which can be easily applied to other enzymes, provided a substrate is available in radioactive form.
Impact of dietary allelochemicals on gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars: importance of midgut alkalinity.

Abstract Midgut pH of gypsy moth larvae was depressed artificially with buffered diet to examine the impact of alkalinity on the caterpillars' ability to tolerate a dietary polyphenol and a quinone. A 2×3 factorial design was used, with 2 levels of succinate buffer and 3 dietary amendments (tannic acid, juglone, or control). Development was monitored during the third and fourth instars, with consumption, food passage rates, midgut pH, and midgut redox potential (Eh) measured in the fourth instar. Diet buffering successfully depressed midgut pH to hypothetically suboptimal acidic levels without reductions in survivorship, but it did reduce larval growth and impede development. Buffering dramatically reduced survivorship of fourth instar larvae eating diets containing tannic acid or juglone. Growth increased on unbuffered diet amended with tannic acid, but not with juglone. Caterpillars passed food through the gut more slowly when feeding on buffered tannic acid diet or on unbuffered juglone diet. These results indicate that maintenance of midgut alkalinity is critical to tolerance of dietary tannic acid and juglone, and that these allelochemicals have very different activities in the caterpillar gut.
Modeling actuation forces and strains in nastic structures

Nastic structures are capable of three dimensional shape change using biological principles borrowed from plant motion. The plant motor cells increase or decrease in size through a change in osmotic pressure. When nonuniform cell swelling occurs, it causes the plant tissue to warp and change shape, resulting it net movement, known as nastic motion, which is the same phenomena that causes plants to angle their broad leaf and flower surfaces to face light sources. The nastic structures considered in this paper are composed of a bilayer of microactuator arrays with a fluid reservoir in between the two layers. The actuators are housed in a thin plate and expand when water from the fluid reservoir is pumped into the actuation chamber through a phospholipid bilayer with embedded active transport proteins, which move the water from the low pressure fluid reservoir into a high pressure actuation chamber. Increasing water pressure inside the actuator causes lateral expansion and axial bulging, and the non-uniform net volume change of actuators throughout the nastic structure results in twisting or bending shape change. Modifying the actuation displacement allows controlled volume change. This paper presents an analytical model of the driving and blocking forces involved in actuation, as well as stress and strain that occurs due to the pressure changes. Actuation is driven by increasing osmotic pressure, and blocking forces are taken into consideration to plan actuator response so that outside forces do not counteract the displacement of actuation. Nastic structures are designed with use in unmanned aerial vehicles in mind, so blocking forces are modeled to be similar to in-flight conditions. Stress in the system is modeled so that any residual strain or lasting deformation can be determined, as well as a lifespan before failure from repeated actuation. The long-term aim of our work is to determine the power and energy efficiency of nastic structures actuation mechanism.
Characterization of Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonds. 5. Microsolvation of Enol-Enolate. An ab Initio and DFT Investigation.

Hartree-Fock, Moller-Plesset, and DFT calculations have been carried out using the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set to study the effect of microsolvation on the strength of a representative low-barrier hydrogen bond. In the gas phase, the hydrogen bond formed between vinyl alcohol (enol) and the corresponding oxyanion (enolate anion) is approximately 30 kcal/mol, with a calculated energy barrier for proton transfer from the enol to the enolate anion that is lower than the zero-point vibrational energy resonant in the system. When both the enol and the enolate anion are microsolvated, by one water molecule each, the resulting hydrogen bond is actually increased in strength slightly. When the microsolvation is asymmetrical, however, so as to cause a mismatch in the pK(a) values of the hydrogen-bond donor and hydrogen-bond acceptor, the resulting H-bond is weakened by approximately 4 kcal/mol. These results suggest that small amounts of interstitial water in enzyme active sites may not preclude the existence or importance of low-barrier hydrogen bonds in such biological catalysts.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Valuation of Surface Water Quality Improvements

AbstractSince 1982, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has used benefit-cost analysis to evaluate many of its surface water quality regulations. Early regulations were aimed at controlling co...
Measurement of capacitances and their loss factors

A method is described for measuring the capacitance values and the loss factors of a pair of capacitors simultaneously. The method uses the principle of oscillators. No standard capacitor is required. The possible errors introduced in the measurements are discussed. Both theoretical and experimental results are provided. The method can be used with any other oscillator circuit that contains only two capacitors. >
Navier-stokes analysis of the pump flow field of an automotive torque converter

A three-dimensional, incompressible, viscous flow code, developed by NASA AMES (INS3D) using the pseudo-compressibility method, is modified for torque converter flow field computations. The code is used to predict the velocity and pressure fields in the pump of an automotive torque converter. Numerical results are compared to measured static pressure and velocity distributions. Results show that: (1) the code can fairly well predict the C{sub p} distribution, the distribution of the through-flow velocity, and the secondary flow field, (2) pump rotation has a major effect on the secondary flow field and on the mass-averaged total pressure loss, and (3) inlet velocity profiles have a profound effect on the mass-averaged total pressure loss.
A supply-voltage scalable, 45 nm CMOS ultra-wideband receiver for mm-wave ranging and communication

A supply-voltage scalable, low-power, millimeter-wave UWB receiver fabricated in 45nm SOI CMOS is presented. All stages in the LNA and the quadrature mixers are limited to a single transistor in the stack between supply and ground, thereby allowing supply voltage scalability. A transformer neutralization technique is introduced for CG and CS stages to mitigate the deleterious effect of reverse signal flow. This ensures stable, unilateral operation over the entire bandwidth. The receiver achieves 46–64 GHz (48–68 GHz) bandwidth, 24.5 dB (20.7 dB) conversion gain, 5.3 dB (7.8 dB) NF and −22 dBm (−21.7 dBm) P1dB from a 1.1 V (0.6 V) supply voltage while consuming 18.4 mW (7 mW) power.
Tuberculosis prevention for non-US-born pregnant women.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether non–US-born pregnant women receiving prenatal care are targeted for treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) with isoniazid (INH) to prevent active TB. Study design This was a retrospective chart review study of 730 non–US-born pregnant women receiving care at 5 New York City prenatal clinics from 1999 to 2000. Results Among 678 women with known tuberculin skin test (TST) status, 341 (50.3%) had a TST-positive result, including 200 who were newly diagnosed. Of 291 TST-positive women with no previous LTBI treatment or history of TB, 27 (9.3%) completed ≥6 months of INH. In a subset with detailed follow-up, the most important reasons for not completing treatment were nonreferral for evaluation of a TST-positive result (30.9%), not keeping the appointment (17.9%), and nonadherence with prescribed treatment (34.6%). Conclusion The prenatal setting represents a missed opportunity to link TST-positive non–US-born women with LTBI treatment and support for treatment completion.
Electrical and gain characteristics of a simple compact XeCl laser

Abstract The electrical and gain characteristics of a uv preionized XeCl rare gas halide laser have been investigated over a laser pressure range of 1 to 6 atmospheres. Values for the small-signal gain as high as 30% per cm have been observed while measurements at high input intensity yielded an approximate value of 250 kW/cm2 for the optical intensity saturation parameter, Is.
Narrowing in on compulsions: dopamine receptor functions.

A series of experiments in rats explored the possibility that D3/D2 dopamine receptors are involved in behaviors that might be related to compulsion. A series of D3/D2 agonists and antagonists were shown to elicit yawning (D3-) and its inhibition (D2-receptor mediated). In rats with histories of cocaine exposure, D3-agonist-elicited yawning was enhanced, and quinpirole led to persistent operant responding only if conditioned-stimuli associated with cocaine were presented for responding. Finally, a more selective D3 partial agonist was reported that had a novel profile of activity that could have relevance to the suppression of dopamine-related compulsions.
A small operating system

A multitasking operating system for an IBM PC or compatible has been developed to provide students with an educational opportunity for hands-on experience with concurrent programming concepts. The operating system includes features which permit users to observe performance as a function of the I/O versus compute bound processes. Although other such educational operating systems exist, this operating system is limited primarily to process management. The small size of the operating system makes it easy to comprehend in a single term course. It is, however, a powerful real time executive for applications such as small, embedded systems.
Design and development of a semi-autonomous fixed-wing aircraft with real-time video feed

In recent years, the understanding and development of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has grown exponentially. With technological advancements in the fields of integrated circuits and battery polymers it is now possible to produce UAS that can provide benefits far outside their initial military purposes. Despite this, there are still very few developed UAS that can exploit such technological advancements. Several large scale vehicles (>4 m) utilize gas propeller-driven systems, which enables long endurance flights and applications of reconnaissance, surveying, and high altitude sensor testing. Unfortunately, these are exponentially expensive to purchase, maintain, and operate. On the other hand, there are mini-UAS (m-UAS)in production; most of them are focused on copter designs for study of stabilization and path planning software. m-UAS are a viable option for low endurance, altitude, and payload objectives due to battery limitations and constant adjustment of thrust for directional stabilization and maneuvering. The research presented here focus on the design and development of a fixed-wing aircraft that serves as a viable option between UAS and m-UAS platforms, with the purpose of merging the strengths of both systems into a low-cost, high versatility vehicle. The proposed UAS considers low-level autopilot capabilities for stabilized flight, with a minimum flight time of 60 min and 60 Km distance. Additionally, a 3-axis gimbal stabilized camera system is designed and implemented to produce steady video stream to a ground control station.
Bond length variation in hydronitride molecules and nitride crystals

Bond lengths calculated for the coordination polyhedra in hydronitride molecules match average values observed for XN bonds involving main group X-cations in nitride crystals to within ∼0.04 A. As suggested for oxide and sulfide molecules and crystals, the forces that determine the average bond lengths recorded for coordinated polyhedra in hydronitride molecules and nitride crystals appear to be governed in large part by the atoms that comprise the polyhedra and those that induce local charge balance. The forces exerted on the coordinated polyhedra by other parts of the structure seem to play a small if not an insignificant role in governing bond length variations. Bonded radii for the nitride ion obtained from theoretical electron density maps calculated for the molecules increase linearly with bond length as observed for nitride crystals with the rock salt structure. Promolecule radii calculated for the molecules correlate with bonded and ionic radii, indicating that the electron density distributions in hydronitride molecules possess a significant atomic component, despite bond type.
Race, structure, and state governments: the politics of higher education diversity

This paper examines the politics of higher education diversity for both African Americans and Latinos, by investigating how the structure of the bureaucracy affects the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation. The key theoretical determinants of minority college enrollments are legislative representation, bureaucratic structure, university-level policies, and restrictions on affirmative action. A hierarchical linear model of 500+ universities over an 11-year period shows that each of these factors affects minority enrollments.
Particle evaluation/control of the Ti/TiN barrier layer in BiCMOS processing

Snake/comb defect test structures and an in-line patterned wafer inspection system (Inspex) are very effective for monitoring, investigating, and controlling contamination in modern silicon wafer manufacturing. These techniques have been widely used in our wafer fabrication facility to monitor silicon wafer processing, and to diagnose device failures. In this paper, the methodology of using these techniques to evaluate and control Ti/TiN barrier layer particles is demonstrated. The correlation between these two techniques was studied. A defectivity control baseline for Ti/TiN deposition process was established using statistical analysis. New and improved preventative maintenance procedures were implemented based on the data from snake and Inspex monitors. As a result, the particle defectivity of the Ti/TiN sputtering process has been dramatically reduced in the Ti/TiN process. The column failures of BiCMOS fast SRAM devices have been reduced by approximately 30%, and the probe yield of the SRAM product line has increased by over 14%.
Multiple primary bronchogenic carcinomas of the lung

The problem of multiple primary bronchogenic carcinomas in a single patient is not well known to radiologists. Six patients who exemplified the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic difficulties in diagnosis are reported. The most frequent pathologic associations are squamous carcinoma and squamous carcinoma, squamous carcinoma and small-cell carcinoma, and squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The previously undescribed association of small-cell carcinoma and bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma was present in one of six patients. While many patients have a synchronous presentation, the tumors are metachronous in 66%. Since the incidence of second primary carcinoma increases with time, close long-term monitoring is recommended.
Combustion kinetic model uncertainty quantification, propagation and minimization

Abstract The current interest in the combustion chemistry of hydrocarbon fuels, including the various alcohol and biodiesel compounds, motivates this review of the methods and application of kinetic uncertainty quantification (UQ). Our intent is to provide a self-contained review about the mathematical principles and methods of uncertainty quantification and their application in highly complex, multi-parameter combustion chemistry problems. We begin by outlining the reasons why the kinetic uncertainty must be considered and treated as a part of the combustion chemistry development in order to make progress. This is followed by a brief discussion about the sources and classification of kinetic uncertainties and the meanings and definitions of model verification and validation. We discuss the histories of UQ studies with an emphasis on how the combustion community has a long tradition of UQ consideration through standard sensitivity analysis. Such efforts have motivated the advancements of UQ methods specifically tailored to combustion chemistry. They also led to the recent growing interests in applying UQ methods as a part of our recommended long-term solution to the chemical kinetic problem of combustion. We then review and classify the various UQ methods and illustrate their applications for problems involving forward uncertainty quantification and propagation, and as an inverse problem leading to model uncertainty constraining. For the inverse problem, the focus of discussion is in the use of methods originating from Bayes' Theorem. We show that, for combustion chemistry problems, while UQ alone cannot produce precise, individual rate parameters, it can be instrumental in measuring the progress of our understanding of combustion chemistry and in utilizing fundamental combustion property data beyond a simple “agree–disagree” statement. When treated as a Bayesian inference problem, UQ also aids the development of predictive kinetic models in two ways: the use of fundamental combustion property data, global or local, to provide a better constrained kinetic model, and along with forward kinetic uncertainty propagation, to yield estimates for the confidence of a model to make predictions outside of the thermodynamic regimes where the model has been tested. We provide several examples to illustrate the utility of the UQ methods discussed and to demonstrate that, in the field of combustion chemistry, further progress will be better achieved through a combination of fundamental studies of reaction rates through well-defined and designed experiments and ab initio theoretical calculations, and of analyses of global experimental measurements. These studies together must be supplemented by UQ analyses, in such a way that a measurable progress can be made over time.
Population dynamics of the mycoparasite, Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, and its host, Sclerotinia minor, in soil.

Abstract The infection and survival of sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor and the production ofmacroconidia of the mycoparasite, Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, were studied in vitro when each fungus was added to soil at various initial inoculum densities. The rate at which S. sclerotivorum invaded host sclerotia and caused their decay varied with the amount of the mycoparasite added to soil. The results suggest that approximately 5 macroconidia of the mycoparasite g−1 of soil are needed to successfully infect sclerotia and bring about their decay, when soils are sampled and mixed every 2 weeks. The rate at which S. sclerotivorum infects sclerotia of S. minor and causes their decay is also dependent on the initial inoculum density of the host. Each infected sclerotium supports the production of about 15,000 new macroconidia in soil regardless of the initial inoculum density of the host. It is concluded that successful biological control by S. sclerotivorum is dependent on the soil population of both the host and the mycoparasite.
“Insourcing” of Cataloging in a Consortial Environment: The UC Santa Barbara–UC San Diego Music Copy Cataloging Project

A collaborative cataloging project for music sound recordings between two University of California campuses matches available staffing at UC San Diego with the need for better access to a high-priority collection of audio CDs at UC Santa Barbara, with promising results. This article discusses the decision to collaborate, the project planning process, cataloging standards and workflow issues, network level cataloging within an international database (OCLC), communication between personnel on the two campuses, managing cataloging review, an assessment of the project's achievements to date, and implications and future directions for similar cooperative projects.
Collisionless Gas Flow over a Cylinder and a Sphere

In this paper, the problems of collisionless flows over a cylinder or a sphere are investigated. New flowfield formulas for the specular surface scenario are obtained, whereas past formulas to the scenario of a diffuse surface are simplified. All formulas are evaluated with a computer code. Several simulations with the direct simulation Monte–Carlo are performed, and the results are compared with these analytical results. In general, the agreement is satisfactory. These analytical results are quite complex; however, they explicitly illustrate the effects from several parameters, such as the specific heat and temperature ratios, and several geometry factors.
Hydroxylation and N-dechloroethylation of Ifosfamide and Deuterated Ifosfamide by the Human Cytochrome P450s and their Commonly Occurring Polymorphisms

The hydroxylation and N-dechloroethylation of deuterated ifosfamide (d4IFO) and ifosfamide (IFO) by several human P450s have been determined and compared. d4IFO was synthesized with deuterium at the alpha and alpha' carbons to decrease the rate of N-dechloroethylation and thereby enhance hydroxylation of the drug at the 4' position. The purpose was to decrease the toxic and increase the efficacious metabolites of IFO. For all of the P450s tested, hydroxylation of d4IFO was improved and dechloroethylation was reduced as compared with nondeuterated IFO. Although the differences were not statistically significant, the trend favoring the 4'-hydroxylation pathway was noteworthy. CYP3A5 and CYP2C19 were the most efficient enzymes for catalyzing IFO hydroxylation. The importance of these enzymes in IFO metabolism has not been reported previously and warrants further investigation. The catalytic ability of the common polymorphisms of CYP2B6 and CYP2C9 for both reactions were tested with IFO and d4IFO. It was determined that the commonly expressed polymorphisms CYP2B6*4 and CYP2B6*6 had reduced catalytic ability for IFO compared with CYP2B6*1, whereas CYP2B6*7 and CYP2B6*9 had enhanced catalytic ability. As with the wild-type enzymes, d4IFO was more readily hydroxylated by the polymorphic variants than IFO, and d4IFO was not dechloroethylated by any of the polymorphic forms. We also assessed the use of specific inhibitors of P450 to favor hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. We were unable to separate the pathways with these experiments, suggesting that multiple P450s are responsible for catalyzing both metabolic pathways for IFO, which is not observed with the closely related drug cyclophosphamide.
Effect of the Deformation Temperature on the Shape‐Memory Behavior of Epoxy Networks

The impact of the deformation conditions, specifically the temperature, on the shape-memory behavior and characteristics of epoxy SMPs is studied. By simply varying the temperature during deformation (i.e., the programming step of the SM effect), the ultimate strain of the formulated epoxy was improved three- to fivefold, thereby providing for an increased range of reachable deformation strains during SM thermo-mechanical cycling. This research unveils newly developed epoxy-based SMPs with improved deformability range and high strength with intrinsically good thermal and chemical stability.
A Babington-Type Nebulizer for Use in the Analysis of Natural Water Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry:

The construction and evaluation of a Babington-type pneumatic nebulizer for use in the inductively coupled plasma, emission spectrometric analysis of natural water samples is described. The performance of the nebulizer is relatively insensitive to suspended particulate matter, and detection limits for a wide variety of elements are equivalent to or better than those achieved with other pneumatic nebulizers. An accuracy comparison with a conventional crossflow pneumatic nebulizer shows essentially no analysis bias.
State Development Strategies for Small Enterprises: The Role of Structural Service Agencies

How can small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), collectively and individually, improve their capacity to compete in international markets dominated by large, resource-rich firms? Beyond providing financial assistance or market protection, can the state contribute to the development of SME capabilities? The creation of structural service agencies in certain Italian industrial districts suggests that the state may promote the development of specific competencies and capabilities among populations of small firms. This paper describes the logic and operation of structural service agencies, quasi-public organisations, which offer services possessing scale and scope economies to spatially clustered industries. Examples from Asia, North America and Europe are used to illustrate the discussion. The environmental conditions and organisational choices facing agency managers are examined. A transactions costs perspective frames the discussion but also draws upon the literature on organisation trust and industry c...
Who Are We? Where Do We Come From? Where Are We Going? Malinowski, Mead, and The Present State of Anthropology

At a time when there is talk of a crisis in anthropology and if the lack of a dominant paradigm, self-reflecting anthropology represents a strong and polar contemporary trend. Applying the Lstorical and comparative perspectives of anthropology to contemporary anthroplogy, this paper argues that the roots of this trend are to be found in the works of Malinowski, Mead and Luckhohn. Continuities are observed and their implications are robed by asking: anthropology for what? and for whom?
Cognitive Support for Real-Time Dynamic Decision Making

This research examines how decision makers manage their attentional resources when making a series of interdependent decisions in a real-time environment. Decision strategies for real-time dynamic tasks consist of two main overlapping cognitive activities: monitoring and control. Monitoring refers to decision makers' tracking of key system variables as they work toward arriving at a decision. Control refers to the decision maker's generation, evaluation, and selection of alternative actions. In real-time tasks, these two activities compete for the same attentional resources. The questions that motivate the two studies presented here are: (1) can decision making be improved by increasing individuals' attentional resources, thereby enhancing their ability to monitor the system, and (2) can decision making be improved by providing individuals with feedback and/or feedforward control support? Our findings show that some kinds of cognitive support degrade performance, rather than enhance it. These results indicate that providing support for real-time dynamic decision making may be very difficult, and that designing effective decision aids requires a detailed understanding of the underlying cognitive processes.
Performing Joint Learning for Passive Intrusion Detection in Pervasive Wireless Environments

Recent years have witnessed increasing interests in passive intrusion detection for wireless environments, e.g., asset protection in industrial facilities and emergency rescue of trapped people. Most previous studies have focused primarily on exploiting a single intrusion indicator, such as moving variance, for capturing an intrusion pattern at a time. However, in real-world, there are many intrusion patterns which may be only detectable by combining different intrusion indicators and performing detection jointly. To this end, we propose a joint intrusion learning approach, which has the ability in combining the detection power of several complementary intrusion indicators and detects different intrusion patterns at the same time. We developed the GREEK algorithm, which utilizes grid-based clustering over K-neighborhood to effectively diagnose the presence of intrusions. Further, we show that the performance of intrusion detection can be enhanced by utilizing the collaborative detecting efforts among multiple transmitter-receiver pairs. To validate the effectiveness of the joint intrusion learning method, we conducted experiments in a real-office environment using an IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee) network. Our experimental results provide strong evidence of the effectiveness of our joint learning approach in performing passive intrusion detection with a minimized false positive rate.
Estimating the modal mineralogy of eucrite and diogenite meteorites using visible–near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Reliable quantitative mapping of minerals exposed on Vesta's surface is crucial for understanding the crustal composition, petrologic evolution, and surface modification of the howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) parent body. However, mineral abundance estimates derived from visible–near infrared (VIS–NIR) reflectance spectra are complicated by multiple scattering, particle size, and nonlinear mixing effects. Radiative transfer models can be employed to accommodate these issues, and here we assess the utility of such models to accurately and efficiently determine modal mineralogy for a suite of eucrite and olivine-bearing (harzburgitic) diogenite meteorites. Hapke and Shkuratov radiative transfer models were implemented to simultaneously estimate mineral abundances and particle size from VIS–NIR reflectance spectra of these samples. The models were tested and compared for laboratory-made binary (pyroxene–plagioclase) and ternary mixtures (pyroxene–olivine–plagioclase) as well as eucrite and diogenite meteorite samples. Results for both models show that the derived mineral abundances are commonly within 5–10% of modal values and the estimated particle sizes are within the expected ranges. Results for the Hapke model suggest a lower detection limit for olivine in HEDs when compared with the Shkuratov model (5% versus 15%). Our current implementation yields lower uncertainties in mineral abundance (commonly <5%) for the Hapke model, though both models have an advantage over typically used parameters such as band depth, position, and shape in that they provide quantitative information on mineral abundance and particle size. These results indicate that both the Hapke and Shkuratov models may be applied to Dawn VIR data in a computationally efficient manner to quantify the spatial distribution of pyroxene, plagioclase, and olivine on the surface of Vesta.
A game of clicks: economic incentives to fight click fraud in ad networks

Ad networks use revenue sharing and effective filtering of fraudulent clicks to attract publishers. We develop a simple Hotelling competition-based game-theoretic model to study the effect of competition along these dimensions. We compute the Nash equilibrium strategy for two ad networks that compete for publishers. We then investigate how the preferences of the publishers and the quality of the ad networks affect the market share and the strategies chosen at equilibrium.
Schumpeterian Innovation in Modelling Decisions, Games, and Economic Behaviour

Von Neumann’s standard paradigm of a game in extensive form and Kolmogorov’s standard model of a stochastic process both rely on constructing a fixed state space large enough to include all possible future eventualities. This allows a typical single-person decision problem to be represented as a decision tree. Yet not all eventualities can be foreseen. Also, any practical decision model must limit the state space rather severely. In this way the standard paradigm excludes not only Schumpeter’s ideas regarding entrepreneurship, innovation and development, but also Shackle’s “unexpected events”. This paper proposes an alternative approach using “decision jungles” with an evolving state space.
ORDER PARAMETER APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING AND QUANTIFYING THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS

Many physico-chemical processes such as nucleation events in phase transitions, chemical reactions, conformational changes of biomolecules, and protein folding are activated processes that involve rare transitions between stable or metastable states in the free energy surface. Understanding the underlying mechanism and computing the rates associated with such processes is a central to many applications.
Optimal timing of intervention in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: insights from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) Registry.

Background— Recent studies indicate that a routine invasive approach for patients with unstable angina (UA) and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) yields improved outcomes compared with a conservative approach, but the optimal timing of this approach remains open to debate. Methods and Results— We used day of hospital presentation as an instrumental variable to study the impact of timing of cardiac catheterization and revascularization therapy on acute outcomes (death, reinfarction, stroke, cardiogenic shock, or congestive heart failure) among patients with UA and NSTEMI. Between January 2001 and September 2003, 56 352 patients with UA or NSTEMI were treated at 310 US hospitals participating in the CRUSADE national quality improvement initiative. Weekend patients were defined as those who presented to the hospital between 5 pm on Friday and 7 am on Sunday. All other patients were classified as weekday. Weekday patients were similar to weekend patients in terms of demographics, clinica...
The Consequences of Emotional Burnout Among Correctional Staff

The vast majority of past correctional staff burnout studies have focused on the possible antecedents of job burnout. Far fewer studies have been published on the possible outcomes of burnout among correctional staff. This study examined the effects of the emotional exhaustion dimension of burnout on life satisfaction, support for treatment, support for punishment, absenteeism, views on use of sick leave, and turnover intent among 272 staff at a state-run Midwestern maximum security prison. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis of survey data indicated that emotional burnout had significant negative associations with life satisfaction and support for treatment and significant positive relationships with support for punishment, absenteeism, views on use of sick leave (i.e., a right to be used however the employee wishes), and turnover intent. The results indicate that job burnout has negative outcomes for both staff and correctional institutions.
Stuttering — past and present: Principles and procedures of therapy

This article is based on a main report at The Third Nordic Congress for Logopedics and Phoniatrics, 7 October 1994. It provides a historical review of information about the treatment of stuttering from the 1940s to the. present, highlighting, the combining of stutter-more-fluently and speak-more-fluently therapy models. Principles providing a rationale for stuttering therapy that clinicians may use for guiding the making of decisions and planning treatment are discussed. Lastly, the applications of these principles to early intervention, therapy for teenage and adult clients, and therapy for elementary school-age children are discussed briefly.
ATP-Releasing Nucleotides: Linking DNA Synthesis to Luciferase Signaling

A new strategy is reported for the production of luminescence signals from DNA synthesis through the use of chimeric nucleoside tetraphosphate dimers in which ATP, rather than pyrophosphate, is the leaving group. ATP-releasing nucleotides (ARNs) were synthesized as derivatives of the four canonical nucleotides. All four derivatives are good substrates for DNA polymerase, with Km values averaging 13-fold higher than those of natural dNTPs, and kcat values within 1.5-fold of those of native nucleotides. Importantly, ARNs were found to yield very little background signal with luciferase. DNA synthesis experiments show that the ATP byproduct can be harnessed to elicit a chemiluminescence signal in the presence of luciferase. When using a polymerase together with the chimeric nucleotides, target DNAs/RNAs trigger the release of stoichiometrically large quantities of ATP, thereby allowing sensitive isothermal luminescence detection of nucleic acids as diverse as phage DNAs and short miRNAs.