cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Up-regulation of urokinase and urokinase receptor genes in malignant astrocytoma.

Abstract To understand the role of urokinase (u-PA) and the urokinase receptor (u-PAR) in malignant astrocytoma cell invasion of normal brain, astrocytic expression of u-PAR and u-PA mRNAs were analyzed by riboprobe in situ hybridization in astrocytoma and non-neoplastic brain biopsies. In eight of eight malignant astrocytomas (glioblastomas), u-PAR and u-PA mRNA expression was demonstrated, whereas in seven non-neoplastic brain biopsies, u-PAR and u-PA mRNAs were not expressed. In one of four low grade and all anaplastic astrocytomas u-PAR mRNA was expressed, although u-PA mRNA was undetectable. Consistent with the mRNA detection, u-PAR and u-PA proteins were expressed by malignant astrocytes in five of five glioblastoma biopsies. To study the tumor margin, U-251MG glioblastoma cells were propagated intracerebrally in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse xenograft (28 days), and u-PA mRNA was found to localize predominantly to the leading tumor edge, whereas u-PAR mRNA was expressed throughout the tumor. Furthermore, adherent human U-251MG glioblastoma cells in vitro expressed u-PAR and u-PA proteins, which localized to sites of integrin alpha nu beta 3 cell-matrix contacts. These data indicate that co-expression of u-PAR and u-PA mRNAs and proteins marks the malignant astrocyte phenotype and that u-PA bound to u-PAR may play a role in glioblastoma cell invasion of normal brain by virtue of its expression at the leading tumor edge.
Exercise: Optimizing Function and Survival at the Cellular Level

Physical exercise has many health- and survival-promoting effects in the central nervous system that may reduce the incidence of dementia and mood disorders. This article outlines the benefits of regular aerobic activity for human cognitive and emotional functioning, and highlights studies of both human and animal systems revealing the cellular changes occurring with exercise. These changes range from neurotransmitter release to the activation of survival-promoting growth factors and changes in metabolic function, to the alterations in gene expression that can optimize growth and survival. Evidence for protection and enhanced recovery in the face of insults to the brain and spinal cord, such as severe stress and neurodegenerative disease, has accumulated. There is much yet to be learned about the specific mechanisms involved in exercise-induced cellular adaptations, but we have enough evidence to suggest that exercise is an essential intervention to maintain brain health throughout life.
Dietary fat and breast cancer: a search for mechanisms.

In considering nutrition as an interventional approach to alter cancer incidence and mortality, most attention has focused on dietary lipids, a result of considerable experimental animal studies and the observations from numerous epidemiologic investigations internationally and nationally on the relationship between fat intake and breast cancer rates. Taken together, it has been suggested that high dietary fat intake is an important factor in breast cancer development and reduction of dietary fat is recommended. Although indisputable evidence for a beneficial outcome remains to be obtained and the controversy among epidemiologists pertaining to the association between dietary fat intake and breast cancer risk is disconcerting, it appears plausible to examine two important postulates regarding mechanisms by which dietary fat enhances breast cancer incidence or mortality. These can be stated simply as 1) dietary fat has a direct effect on initiation and/or promotion on mammary carcinogenesis and 2) dietary fat has indirect effects on initiation and/or promotion via alterations in the host’s hormonal milieu. It is noted that these do not have to be mutually exclusive, since the level and content of fat could affect cell membrane composition and fluidity and signal transduction via membrane receptors may be altered. This chapter will examine current literature pertinent to the aforementioned postulates and to consider further research needed to support the validity of these hypotheses.
Abstract 5306: SAUCIE: Sparse autoencoder for unsupervised clustering, imputation, and embedding

Handling the vast amounts of single-cell RNA-sequencing and CyTOF data, now being generated in patient cohorts, presents a computational challenge due to the noise, complexity, sparsity and batch effects present. Here, we propose a unified deep neural network approach to automatically process and extract structure from these massive datasets. Our unsupervised architecture, called SAUCIE (Sparse Autoencoder for Unsupervised Clustering, Imputation, and Embedding), simultaneously performs several key tasks for single-cell data analysis including 1) clustering, 2) batch correction, 3) visualization, and 4) denoising/imputation. SAUCIE is trained to recreate its own input after reducing its dimensionality in a 2-D embedding layer which can be used to visualize the data. Additionally, it uses two novel regularizations: (1) an information dimension regularization to penalize entropy as computed on normalized activation values of the layer, and thereby encourage binary-like encodings that are amenable to clustering and (2) a Maximal Mean Discrepancy penalty to correct batch effects. Thus SAUCIE has a single architecture that denoises, batch-corrects, visualizes and clusters data using a unified representation. We show results on artificial data where ground truth is known, as well as mass cytometry data from patients undergoing immunotherapy, dengue-infected patients, and single-cell RNA-sequencing data from embryonic mouse brain. Citation Format: Matthew Amodio, Krishnan Srinivasan, David van Dijk, Hussein Mohsen, Kristina Yim, Rebecca Muhle, Kevin Moon, Ruth Montgomery, James Noonan, Guy Wolf, Smita Krishnaswamy. SAUCIE: Sparse autoencoder for unsupervised clustering, imputation, and embedding [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5306.
The Lunar Flashlight CubeSat Instrument: A Compact SWIR Laser Reflectometer to Quantify and Map Water Ice on the Surface of the Moon

The Lunar Flashlight (LF) mission will send a CubeSat to lunar orbit via NASA’s Space Launch System (SLS) test flight. The LF spacecraft will carry a novel instrument to quantify and map water ice harbored in the permanently shadowed craters of the lunar South Pole. The LF instrument, an active multi-band reflectometer which employs four high power diode lasers in the 1-2 μm infrared band, will measure the reflectance of the lunar surface near water ice absorption peaks. We present the detailed instrument design and system engineering required to deploy this instrument within very demanding CubeSat resource allocations.
NEEXP in MIP.

We study multiprover interactive proof systems. The power of classical multiprover interactive proof systems, in which the provers do not share entanglement, was characterized in a famous work by Babai, Fortnow, and Lund (Computational Complexity 1991), whose main result was the equality MIP = NEXP. The power of quantum multiprover interactive proof systems, in which the provers are allowed to share entanglement, has proven to be much more difficult to characterize. The best known lower-bound on MIP* is NEXP, due to Ito and Vidick (FOCS 2012). As for upper bounds, MIP* could be as large as RE, the class of recursively enumerable languages. The main result of this work is the inclusion of NEEXP (nondeterministic doubly exponential time) in MIP*. This is an exponential improvement over the prior lower bound and shows that proof systems with entangled provers are at least exponentially more powerful than classical provers. In our protocol the verifier delegates a classical, exponentially large MIP protocol for NEEXP to two entangled provers: the provers obtain their exponentially large questions by measuring their shared state, and use a classical PCP to certify the correctness of their exponentially-long answers. For the soundness of our protocol, it is crucial that each player should not only sample its own question correctly but also avoid performing measurements that would reveal the other player's sampled question. We ensure this by commanding the players to perform a complementary measurement, relying on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to prevent the forbidden measurements from being performed.
What’s Wrong with Chapter 11?

The time has come to cast a discerning eye at chapter 11 and examine how it is currently broken and what fixes can be made to improve it. This Article first explains what the congressional reformers of the 1970s dreamed that chapter 11 could and should be, and identifies five core normative goals that chapter 11 should promote. I then examine how chapter 11 has failed, and has become a nightmare rather than a dream, and discuss five critical ways in which chapter 11 in practice fails to achieve the normative ideals previously identified. I conclude by identifying and explaining seven possible reforms that, if implemented, could help transform chapter 11 from the current nightmare to the normative ideal dream: (1) making sales once against just sales again; (2) resurrecting the “perishability” or “emergency” test for sales; (3) limiting secured creditors to foreclosure value; (4) opening up DIP financing terms and eliminating draconian terms; (5) eliminating all preferential priority-altering payments; (6) curtailing venue choice and forum shopping; and (7) eradicating judicial legislation.
A Case of Possible Monosodium Glutamate-Dependent, Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis.

A 24-year-old Asian-American male presented to the Emergency Department with his third episode of anaphylaxis in a one-year period. Based on the clinical history provided by the patient regarding each of these episodes, the trigger for the patient’s anaphylaxis appears to be the consumption of monosodium glutamate followed by physical exertion within the subsequent two to three hours. The case presented here represents a rare, but life-threatening, disorder. Identification of the triggers is important so that steps can be taken to prevent recurrence.
Bound States in the Continuum in Symmetric Double-Sided Grating Metamaterials

We study quasi-bound states in the continuum with diverging resonance lifetime and vanishing resonant linewidth in a novel double-sided grating metamaterial. With rigorous computations, we corroborate that specific physical conditions are required to obtain the diverging resonance quality factor.
Statistical and Dempster-Shafer techniques in testing structural integrity of aerospace structures

Several techniques are known for non-destructive testing of aerospace structures, such as pulse echo, Eddy current, magnetic resonance, etc. Each of these techniques detects some faults but misses others, so it is desirable to combine (fuse) the results of these techniques. Several methods of data fusion are known. To improve the quality of fault detection, we modified the straightforward statistical method as follows: (1) we computed mean and variance iteratively: detected faults are excluded form the computation on the next iteration; (2) we treated the plate's edge and the inside separately; (3) we dismissed measurements in which only one technique detects a fault as possibly erroneous. The resulting method indeed leads to a much better fault detection.
Health Literacy of Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe influencing factors of adolescent health literacy. Methods This study is a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study. Based on an a priori power analysis and utilizing convenience sampling, 105 adolescents completed the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) health literacy instrument via the Qualtrics online platform. Health literacy was correlated with potential influencing factors to determine relationships between variables. Results The mean NVS score was 3.78 (SD = 1.96), indicating possible limited health literacy in this population. There was a moderate, positive correlation between adolescent health literacy and race (r = 0.34, p = .00), with non-white adolescents scoring lower than white adolescents. There was a moderate, positive correlation between adolescent health literacy and income (r = 0.24, p Conclusions This study adds to the paucity of adolescent health literacy literature. Furthermore, this study indicates that race and income may play significant roles in adolescent health literacy. Future research is needed to further investigate influencing factors of adolescent health literacy. Practice implications This article provides unique information for nurses to consider alongside other individualized assessments as they continue to design health promotion and patient education practices for adolescents.
On optimizing a MODIS-based framework for in-season corn yield forecast

Abstract Accurate forecast of corn yields is important for decision making regarding food and energy management strategies. In this work, we developed an unprecedented optimized framework for the MODIS-based mid-season corn yield forecasting over five producing states of the United States: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, and Ohio. We evaluated Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)-based forecasts under different schemes accounting for: different machine learning techniques with a mid-season composite or multi-temporal composites as inputs, four (county-, district-, state-, and global-based) training domains, and 16-day composites versus daily interpolated composites involving the day of pixels as predictors. Under the best identified scheme, we compared the EVI-based forecasts with those based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Leaf area Index (LAI) and Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetic Active Radiation (FPAR). EVI and NDVI were transformed to LAI (named as LAIEVI and LAINDVI) as predictors for producing EVI- and NDVI-based forecasts. We evaluated both county- and state-level forecasts using the percent error (PE), mean absolute PE (MAPE) and determination coefficient (R2). The linear regression models driven by the single latest composite in mid-season often outperformed elastic net and random forest models driven by multi-temporal composites. The forecast performance decreased with longer subsets of EVI composites being used. The performance under the different training domains varied by states and forecast level (county or state), although the changes within states were mostly non-significant except in Nebraska. The forecasts based on 16-day and daily composites performed similarly, indicating that the use of information about the day of pixel composite provides no additional benefit to the yield forecast. For the best EVI-based schemes, the medium annual MAPE (PE) at the county (state) level varied between 6.1% (2.4%) and 7.7% (5.3%) across states while the medium annual R2 (interannual R2) varied between 0.54 (0.59) and 0.82 (0.86). Results suggested that, while EVI was, in general, the best predictor for the Corn Belt as a whole, the adequacy of the EVI- and NDVI-based forecasts varied by states and largely exceeded that of the LAI- and FPAR-based forecasts. Compared with the EVI-based forecasts, the NDVI-based forecasts performed better in Iowa (MAPE’s 0.9% and 1.43% lower at the county and state level), similar in Nebraska and worse in the other states. Overall, the best state-level forecasts consistently outperformed concurrent National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS) forecasts.
The pancreatic cancer genome revisited

Pancreatic cancer is a genetic disease, and the recurrent genetic alterations characteristic of pancreatic cancer indicate the cellular processes that are targeted for malignant transformation. In addition to somatic alterations in the most common driver genes (KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53 and SMAD4), large-scale studies have revealed major roles for genetic alterations of the SWI/SNF and COMPASS complexes, copy number alterations in GATA6 and MYC that partially define phenotypes of pancreatic cancer, and the role(s) of polyploidy and chromothripsis as factors contributing to pancreatic cancer biology and progression. Germline variants that increase the risk of pancreatic cancer continue to be discovered along with a greater appreciation of the features of pancreatic cancers with mismatch repair deficiencies and homologous recombination deficiencies that confer sensitivity to therapeutic targeting. Wild-type KRAS pancreatic cancers, some of which are driven by alternative oncogenic events affecting NRG1 or NTRK1 - for which targeted therapies exist - further underscore that pancreatic cancer is formally entering the era of precision medicine. Given the vast developments within this field, here we review the wide-ranging and most current information related to pancreatic cancer genomics with the goal of integrating this information into a unifying description of the life history of pancreatic cancer.
People are not Computers

As a professional philosopher, of course, I have become accustomed to the truth that no position is so absurd that some philosopher has not held it. As a human being, of course, I have also had to personally cope with experiences in life that have involved formal systems and syntax processing. Sometimes our professional activities become detached from our life experiences to a degree that might astonish empirical scientists. Our enthusiasm for a theoretical position may even appear to be virtually independent of our experiences in life, which, were they only taken seriously, might completely undermine what we take as our best theories. The computational conception that dominates what is known as “cognitive science” provides a remarkable illustration of this point. Even if some of our thought processes are computational, most of them are not, which makes our best theory either trivial or false. We need something better.
ACF7: An essential integrator of microtubule dynamics

ACF7 is a member of the spectraplakin family of cytoskeletal crosslinking proteins possessing actin and microtubule binding domains. Here, we show that ACF7 is an essential integrator of MT-actin dynamics. In endodermal cells, ACF7 binds along microtubules but concentrates at their distal ends and at cell borders when polarized. In ACF7's absence, microtubules still bind EB1 and CLIP170, but they no longer grow along polarized actin bundles, nor do they pause and tether to actin-rich cortical sites. The consequences are less stable, long microtubules with skewed cytoplasmic trajectories and altered dynamic instability. In response to wounding, ACF7 null cultures activate polarizing signals, but fail to maintain them and coordinate migration. Rescue of these defects requires ACF7's actin and microtubule binding domains. Thus, spectraplakins are important for controlling microtubule dynamics and reinforcing links between microtubules and polarized F-actin, so that cellular polarization and coordinated cell movements can be sustained.
Input/output hierarchical clustering in process networks based on relative degrees

In this paper, a divisive hierarchical clustering method is proposed to address the problem of pairing of manipulated inputs and controlled outputs. Specifically, an integer nonlinear optimization problem is formulated to identify groups of inputs and outputs with strong structural coupling quantified by relative degrees. This optimization problem can be solved in a hierarchical manner to generate a hierarchy of block decentralized control configurations. The application of the method is illustrated through a case study on an example chemical process network.
Pneumococcal Forssman Antigen A CHOLINE-CONTAINING LIPOTEICHOIC ACID

Abstract The pneumococcal F-antigen (a substance which cross-reacts with the Forssman series of mammalian surface antigens) contains choline.
Immunofluorescence microscopy in experimentally induced, type B hepatitis in the chimpanzee

Abstract Immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy of liver biopsy specimens in type B hepatitis has revealed two types of IF reactivity; one cytoplasmic (attributable to the hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg) and one nuclear (attributable to the hepatitis B core antigen, HBcAg). In this study, sequential liver biopsies from 5 chimpanzees with experimentally-induced, acute type B hepatitis were studied for IF reactivity. In general, IF for HBsAg and HBcAg appeared early in the course of the infection, shortly after the first appearance of HBsAg in the serum and well before the onset of elevated transaminase values and light microscopy histopathological changes on liver biopsies. IF reactivity usually disappeared at the time of peak transaminase elevations and liver cell morphological changes, but before the disappearance of serum HBsAg. The pattern of IF reactivity—whether predominantly HBsAg or HBcAg or both — remained constant over the course of the infection for any one chimpanzee and did not appear to be correlated with clinical severity or the presence or absence of the hepatitis B virusrelated "e" antigen. The occurrence of peak liver enzyme elevation and clinical disease at the time of disappearance or diminution of hepatic HBsAg and HBcAg expression, and not at the time of peak in IF reactivity, is consistent with the concept that tissue injury in type B hepatitis is not the result of a direct cytopathic effect of the virus, but is rather the result of an indirect, host-mediated effect involved in the immune clearance of these viral antigens.
Experimental investigation of radar interference

The interference between two radars having constant carrier frequency is examined, as is the interference between two radars, one of which has linear sweep frequency while the other has a constant carrier frequency. In the first case, it is found that the interference depends upon the matching between the two radars from the point of view of pulse duration, carrier frequency, pulse repetition frequency, transmitting power and beam width. In the second case, it is determined that it is somewhat difficult to cause effective interference on sweep frequency radars because their pulses cover a certain range of frequencies, and it is difficult to cause interference on this entire range of frequencies. >
Developing Representational Ability in Mathematics for Students With Learning Disabilities A Content Analysis of Grades 6 and 7 Textbooks

This study was an examination of the extent to which sixth- and seventh-grade mathematics textbooks incorporated recommended instructional practices for students with learning disabilities to help ...
Children on the Autism Spectrum: Grandmother Involvement and Family Functioning.

Background This study investigated associations between the presence of a child with autism or Asperger’s disorder in the family, family functioning and grandmother experiences with the goal of better understanding grandparent involvement in the lives of grandchildren on the autism spectrum and their families. Methods Mothers and grandmothers of children who were either typically developing or on the autism spectrum completed parallel forms of a grandparent involvement measure. Mothers reported on the functioning of the immediate family. Data were analysed via multilevel modelling with mother–grandmother dyads as the unit of observation. Results Autism spectrum disorders in children were associated with more flexible family functioning, lower levels of family satisfaction, greater grandmother difficulties and more grandmother information needs. Conclusions Participation of grandparents in diagnostic and treatment meetings and increased communication among family members may facilitate grandparent support and involvement in families with a child on the autism spectrum.
Persistent Perianal Abscess in Early Infancy as a Presentation of Autoimmune Neutropenia

Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy is a primary, usually self-limiting, antineutrophil autoimmune phenomenon seen in infancy and early childhood. These infants are at a higher risk of infection, and early detection, particularly with the availability of newer therapeutic options such as hematopoietic growth factors, can allow close follow-up and, if needed, treatment. We report two infants with autoimmune neutropenia who presented with a persistent perianal abscess, which has not been documented previously in this population.
The Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff-Dynkin formula and solutions of differential equations

The Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff-Dynkin formula is a special case of a simpler and more general formula for the solution of nonautonomous systems of first order ordinary differential equations in terms of autonomous systems. Specifically, suppose u(t) takes values in a C∞ manifold and satisfies the initial value problem u′(t) = A(t)(u(t)), u(0) = a, where A(t) is a vector field on the manifold depending continuously on t. Then u(t) = exp z(t)(a) (here exp z(a) means the solution at s = 1 to v′(s) = z(v(s)), v(0) = a) for z(t)∼∑r=1∞∑ωϵPr(−)e(ω)r2r−1e(ω)∫Tr(t) , x[⋯[A(Sω(1))A(Sω(2))]⋯]A(Sω(r))]ds as, t → 0, where Tr(t)={sϵRr:0<S1<S2⋯<Sr<t}, Pr is the set of permutations on {1,…, r}, e(σ) is the number of errors in ordering consecutive terms in {σ(1),…, σ(r)}, and [ ] is the usual commutator of vector fields. Under appropriate analyticity assumptions the series for z(t) is convergent for small t. This formula gives an explicit formulation of results of K.-T. Chen published in 1957. Applications are given to problems in sub-Riemannian geometry, and to improving convergence estimates for the Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff-Dynkin formula in the context of Banach algebras. Our formula can be thought of as a noncommutative generalization of the familiar formula u(t) = a exp(∝0t A(s) ds) in the scalar linear case, in the same way that the Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff-Dynkin formula is a noncommutative generalization of the familiar formula exey = ex + y.
Sulfamethazine Transport in Agroforestry and Cropland Soils

Knowledge of veterinary antibiotic (VA) transport and persistence is critical to understanding environmental risks associated with these potential contaminants. To understand mobility of sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sorption processes involved during SMZ transport in soil, batch sorption experiments were conducted and column leaching experiments were performed with repacked soil columns containing silt loam soils collected from cropland (Crop) and an agroforestry (AGF) vegetative buffer system. Bromide (Br − ) was applied as a nonreactive tracer to characterize the flow of water. Radio-labeled ( 14 C) SMZ with or without 150 mg L −1 of manure-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC), was added as a pulse and leaching of the compounds was monitored for 21 d. Sulfamethazine concentration in the leachate was monitored using a liquid scintillation counter and high performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed absence of SMZ degradation product in the leachate. Breakthrough curves of SMZ and Br − were constructed for each column. Bromide breakthrough curves were fitted with a convection/dispersion based transport equilibrium model with no sorption, whereas SMZ breakthrough curves were fitted with multisite sorption chemical nonequilibrium transport models with linear or Freundlich sorption components. Results indicated that the three-site model containing two reversible sites (one instantaneous and one kinetic) and one irreversible site coupled with the Freundlich sorption component (3S2R-Freu-irrev model) best described SMZ transport through the columns with model efficiencies of 0.998, 0.994, and 0.991 for AGF, AGF + DOC and Crop soils, respectively. No difference or small difference between fitted sorption parameters, such as the linear sorption coefficient ( K d ), Freundlich sorption coefficient ( K f ), and Freundlich nonlinearity parameter ( N ), and those obtained from equilibrium sorption experiments was observed. Data from equilibrium sorption experiments and column transport experiments suggested that the AGF soil was able to retain a larger quantity of SMZ than the Crop soil, and DOC had little effect on SMZ sorption or leaching. Greater SMZ retention by the AGF soil compared to the Crop soil suggests that vegetative buffers may be a viable means to mitigate VA loss from agroecosystems.
Crystallization and mechanical behavior of (Hf, Zr)-Ti-Cu-Ni-Al metallic glasses

Abstract We have prepared a series of glass-forming alloys of composition (Hf x Zr 1− x ) 52.5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 Ti 5 and (Hf x Zr 1− x ) 57 Cu 20 Ni 8 Al 10 Ti 5 with x =0–1. The substitution of Hf for Zr reduces the glass-forming ability of these alloys; while all compositions of (Hf x Zr 1− x ) 52.5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 Ti 5 can be cast in bulk form, amorphous samples of the Hf-rich compositions ( x >0.8) of (Hf x Zr 1− x ) 57 Cu 20 Ni 8 Al 10 Ti 5 can only be produced by rapid solidification. The alloys show similar crystallization behavior, although we observe an intermediate phase in the Hf-rich glasses (Al 16 Hf 6 Ni 7 ) that is not observed in the Zr-rich glasses. The Young’s modulus and the flow strength under quasi-static uniaxial compression increase linearly with increasing Hf content. Under dynamic loading, the failure strength of all of the alloys tested decreases with increasing strain rate. The differences in mechanical behavior between the Zr- and Hf-rich glasses can be rationalized in terms of the higher melting point of Hf. The addition of Hf increases the average bond energy of the alloy, resulting in a higher modulus and increasing the activation energy for atomic motion by which plastic deformation occurs.
The State of Media Literacy

Media literacy is a term that means many different things to different people—scholars, educators, citizen activists, and the general public. This article reviews the variety of definitions and presents a synthesis of commonalities that most definitions of media literacy share. The review presents an overview of how media literacy has been treated as an issue in curriculum design within the institution of education, and then how it has been treated as an intervention by parents and researchers.
Role of sample size in the nucleation kinetics of phase transformations in steel alloys

Certain commercial steel alloys exhibit a two-step phase transformation process during solidification when substantial undercooling of the liquid allows access to the metastable phase. This two-step transformation leads to a desirable microstructure under certain conditions. Electrostatic Levitation (ESL) and Electromagnetic Levitation (EML) are two methods of containerless processing used to study how nucleation and growth kinetics influence the transformation delay between phases. Because the two facilities show substantially different delay results, the test environment differences have been analyzed to determine the root cause of this deviation. In particular, the difference in sample size between ESL and EML is examined and modeling shows that this difference is not the controlling factor in determining transformation delay behavior.
Narcotic addiction and family process: Death wish or countertransference

Abstract This article critically examines the literature which suggests that families of narcotic addicts push their addicted member toward death. Following an overview of the conventional literature on the family treatment of drug addiction, an alternative perspective is proposed to more fully understand how these families are preoccupied with death. The “suicide-like” quality of addiction is probed both in terms of the intention to die and the countertransference possibilities. The notion of a family “death wish” has the potential to be misinterpreted by the countertransference response of an unseasoned treatment provider. Clinicians are cautioned that this notion can be a potential threat to the patient's life. Implications are presented for the supervision of the family treatment of narcotic addiction.
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Delirium to Restore Mental Capacity

The authors report four patient cases of delirium in which medications were used to restore mental capacity when life-or-death treatment decisions were required. Although extensive literature on substituted judgment exists for delirium and depression compromising capacity to make competent decisions, the authors could locate no articles proposing aggressive delirium treatment for restoring patients' capacity to participate in their own care. Without surgical intervention, all four of the authors' patients faced imminent death. Without psychopharmacologic banishment of the patients' deliria, proxies would have been asked whether the patients should undergo potentially lifesaving but high-risk procedures. The patients would have lost the opportunity to express their wishes about heroic lifesaving medical measures.
Breaking the rules: bacteria that use several DNA polymerase IIIs

Studies using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase (Pol) III as the prototype for bacterial DNA replication have suggested that—in contrast to eukaryotes—one replicase performs all of the main functions at the replication fork. However, recent studies have revealed that replication in other bacteria requires two forms of Pol III, one of which seems to extend RNA primers by only a few nucleotides before transferring the product to the other polymerase—an arrangement analogous to that in eukaryotes. Yet another group of bacteria encode a second Pol III (ImuC), which apparently replaces a Pol Y-type polymerase (Pol V) that is required for induced mutagenesis in E. coli. A complete understanding of complex bacterial replicases will allow the simultaneous biochemical screening of all their components and, thus, the identification of new antibacterial compounds.
Activity of single action potentials in monkey motor cortex during long-term task learning

Studies using continuous recording of neural activity during long-term learning are now possible with an implanted neurotrophic electrode. During recording of individual cortical action potentials in monkeys performing a reach and grasp task, we were able to follow the gradual change in firing of several action potentials as the task was learned. Control experiments suggest that the neurons involved in the learning were initially silent.
Interpolation of 2-D signals from their isolated zeros

In this paper, interpolation formulas are derived for the recovery of a two-dimensional (2-D) bandlimited signal from its isolated zeros. Different constellations of zero locations are considered. The interpolation formulas, based on Lagrange interpolation, are given both in Cartesian and in polar coordinates.
Photorefractive crystal-based IR optical modulation

An Infrared optical modulation (reticle or chopper) is used to provide directional information of infrared system for tracking and to suppress the unwanted signals from backgrounds. In this paper an infrared optical modulation using Photorefractive crystal associative memory (PRAM) technique will be provided. The proposed PRAM is used to replace the optical modulator (reticle) by using an associative hologram technique. The hologram is insert in the optical path between the optical lens of the optical system and the detector in the focal plane of the lens. When the IR fluxes illuminate the hologram, the hologram redirects the flux to the desired direction. A particular arranged detector generating the codes correspond to its position. By use of the optical signal processing and neuron network theorem, the background radiation of IR system can be suppressed effectively. Computer simulation results of PRAM based IR optical modulation are shown to be consistent with the theoretical analysis.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The influence of context boundaries on memory for the sequential order of events

Episodic memory allows people to reexperience the past by recovering the sequences of events that characterize those prior experiences. Although experience is continuous, people are able to selectively retrieve and reexperience more discrete episodes from their past, raising the possibility that some elements become tightly related to each other in memory, whereas others do not. The current series of experiments was designed to ask how shifts in context during an experience influence how people remember the past. Specifically, we asked how context shifts influence the ability to remember the relative order of past events, a hallmark of episodic memory. We found that memory for the order of events was enhanced within, rather than across, context shifts, or boundaries (Experiment 1). Next, we showed that this relative enhancement in order memory was eliminated when across-item associative processing was disrupted (Experiment 2), suggesting that context shifts have a selective effect on sequential binding. Finally, we provide evidence that the act of making order memory judgments involves the reactivation of representations that bridged the tested items (Experiment 3). Together, these data suggest that boundaries may serve to parse continuous experience into sequences of contextually related events and that this organization facilitates remembering the temporal order of events that share the same context.
Nanofabrication via atom optics with chromium

Through the use of light forces exerted by near-resonant laser light, chromium atoms are focused as they deposit onto a substrate, forming nanometer-scale structures on the surface. The laser light is in the form of a standing wave, in which each node acts as an atom-optical `lens.'. The result is a highly accurate array of lines with a periodicity of (lambda) /2 equals 212.78 nm and full-width at half maximum as small as 38 nm. We discuss progress with this process, in particular the fabrication of a 2D array, the creation of an array with (lambda) /8 periodicity, the replication of the array in polymer material, the production of magnetic nanowires, and the reactive-ion etching of a chromium pattern on silicon to generate an array of distinct nanowires and/or nanotrenches.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Antioxidant protection systems of rat lung after chronic ethanol inhalation.

The effect of chronic ethanol administration on pulmonary antioxidant protection systems was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to room air or room air containing ethanol ethanol vapors for 5 weeks. Blood ethanol concentrations in ethanol-exposed rats were usually between 200 and 300 mg/dl. Glutathione, vitamin E, and malondialdehyde concentrations were measured in lung homogenates, and antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase) were determined in the supernatant fractions. For comparison, the measurements were also made using liver fractions. Ethanol treatment increased the activities of catalase (117%) and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (25%) in lung but not in liver. Although chronic ethanol inhalation lowered hepatic glutathione (19%) and hepatic vitamin E (30%), there was no increase in malondialdehyde content in either liver or lung of ethanol-exposed rats. The elevation of pulmonary antioxidant enzyme activities could be interpreted to mean that lung is a target for ethanol-induced oxidative stress. However, as there was no loss of pulmonary GSH or vitamin E and no increase in malondialdehyde formation, it appears that long-term ethanol exposure did not produce a significant degree of oxidative stress in rat lung.
Dopamine (D2) or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAB) receptor activation hyperpolarizes rat melanotrophs and pertussis toxin blocks these responses and the accompanying fall in [Ca2+]i

The effects, on membrane potential, of dopamine (DA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), transmitters present in the secreto-inhibitor innervation to the melanotrophs, were monitored in primary cultures of rat melanotrophs with bis-oxonol. DA and GABA, acting through D2 and GABAB receptors, hyperpolarized the melanotrophs. Hyperpolarization was not suppressed by tetrodotoxin but was prevented by pertussis toxin and may thus be due to a G protein mediated mechanism. Pertussis toxin also blocked the effects mediated by the two receptors to reduce intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i).
Quantum computation with trapped polar molecules

We propose a novel physical realization of a quantum computer. The qubits are electric dipole moments of ultracold diatomic molecules, oriented along or against an external electric field. Individual molecules are held in a 1D trap array, with an electric field gradient allowing spectroscopic addressing of each site. Bits are coupled via the electric dipole-dipole interaction. Using technologies similar to those already demonstrated, this design can plausibly lead to a quantum computer with $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{4}$ qubits, which can perform $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{5}$ CNOT gates in the anticipated decoherence time of $\ensuremath{\sim}5\mathrm{s}$.
Single and Multiple Suicide Attempts and Associated Health Risk Factors in New Hampshire Adolescents

In this study we examined self-reported suicide attempts and their relationship to other health risk factors in a community sample of 16,644 adolescents. Fifteen percent endorsed suicide attempts (10% single; 5% multiple attempts). We hypothesized that multiple attempters would show higher prevalence of comorbid health risks than single or non-attempters. The three groups showed significant differences in ten health risk domains, on factors such as depressed mood, sexual assault, weight problems, and drug and alcohol use (ORs: 3.26–13.57). Repeated suicide attempts appear to be related to increased vulnerability and likelihood of harm in multiple domains of health risk.
Inheritance of Rate of Growth in Domestic Fowl III. Comparative Rates of Growth of Leghorns and Rocks

Abstract IN studies of inheritance of rate of growth in the domestic fowl by Lerner and Asmundson (1932) and Asmundson and Lerner (1933), a modified formula of Minot measuring the rate of growth was used on data for certain periods of growth (3-12 weeks of age and 8-12 weeks in studies on Ancona × Light Sussex crosses, and 2-8 weeks of age on Leghorns). The choice of the particular formula for the average rate of growth, (1) R = W 2 - W 1 1 / 2 ( W 2 + W 1 ) 100 was based largely on simplicity of operation. No claim was made as to the accuracy of the formula as a measure of rate of growth, but since only comparative figures were required the formula was considered satisfactory. With regard to the choice of periods suitable for such study, however, a number of factors had to be considered. Aside from the desirability of a short period, in order to avoid carrying a large number of . . .
Calculating age and residence time in the tidal York River using three-dimensional model experiments

The age concept is applied to an estuary to estimate time scales quantifying transport processes of dissolved substance for a spatially varying case. A real-time three-dimensional numerical model was applied to the tidal York River estuary, a western branch of the Chesapeake Bay, to calculate the age distribution for a substance released from the headwaters of tributaries of the estuary under different hydrological conditions. The mean age, residence time, and turnover time were computed through a series of numerical model experiments. Both mean age and residence time are functions of freshwater discharge. The model results show that substantial time is required for a substance discharged into the system at the headwaters of the tributaries to be transported to the downstream estuary. It takes about 2 months and 3 months for the substance discharged into the headwaters to be transported to the mouth of the estuary under high flow and mean flow conditions, respectively. The results provide useful information for understanding the transport processes in the estuary and can be used to estimate dissimilative capacity of the estuary for environmental assessment.
Walking the Talk: The Importance of Community Involvement in Preservice Urban Teacher Education

As we prepare teachers for a society that will be increasingly urban and diverse, we must carefully plan and require field-based experiences that will put prospective teachers in direct contact wit...
Management of lymphatic malformations: If, when, and how

Lymphatic malformations are usually congenital in origin and often arise in the head and neck region. The size of lymphatic malformations varies markedly and treatment is tailored ascending to the degree of function and cosmetic compromise. Current common treatment options include observation, sclerosant therapy, somnoplasty, laser reduction/excision, and surgical removal. The classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of lymphatic malformations are further discussed in this article.
The effect of coordination on the reactivity of aromatic ligands—XIII Rates of iodination of some complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid

Abstract The rates of iodination of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid and its complexes with iron(III), chromium(III), palladium(II), and rhodium(III) have been measured over the temperature range 10–40° in phosphate buffers of pH 7 and 9. All of the complexes undergo iodination at rates less than that found with the parent phenolate anion. The variation of the rate as the metal ion is varied is enormous; at 40° and a pH of 7·0, the rates range from 1·75 × 101 1. mole−1 sec−1 for the iron(III) complex to 1·37 × 10−4 1. mole−1 sec−1 for the rhodium(III) complex. The most drastic reductions in rate were found to be due to decreases in the entropies of activation.
pH-controlled coordination mode rearrangements of "clickable" Huisgen-based multidentate ligands with [M(I)(CO)3]+ (M = Re, (99m)Tc)

The viability of the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction for clickable radiopharmaceutical probes was explored with an alkyne-functionalized 2-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]acetic acid (PMAA) ligand system, 3, and fac-[M(I)(OH2)3(CO)3](+) (M = Re, (99m)Tc). Two synthetic strategies, (1) click, then chelate and (2) chelate, then click, were investigated to determine the impact of assembly order on the reactivity of the system. In the click, then chelate approach, fac-[M(I)(OH2)3(CO)3](+) was reacted with the PMAA ligand "clicked" to the benzyl azide, 5, to yield two unique coordination species, fac-[M(I)(CO)3(O,N(amine),N(py)-5)], M = Re (8), (99m)Tc (8A), and fac-[M(I)(CO)3(N(tri),N(amine),N(py)-5)], M = Re (9), (99m)Tc (9A), where coordination is through the triazole (N(tri)), central amine (N(amine)), pyridine (N(py)), or carboxylate (O). Depending on the reaction pH, different ratios of complexes 8(A) and 9(A) were observed, but single species were obtained of (O,N(amine),N(py)) coordination, 8(A), in basic pHs (>9) and (N(tri),N(amine),N(py)) coordination, 9(A), in slightly acidic pHs (<4). In the chelate, then click approach, the (O,N(amine),N(py)) coordination of [M(I)(CO)3](+) was preorganized in the alkyne-functionalized fac-[M(I)(CO)3(O,N(amine),N(py)-3)], M = Re (6), (99m)Tc (6A), followed by standard Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen "click" conditions at pH ≈ 7.4, where the (O,N(amine),N(py)) coordination mode remained unchanged upon formation of the triazole product in the clicked molecule. Despite the slow substitution kinetics of the low-spin d(6) metal, the coordination modes (O,N(amine),N(py)) and (N(tri),N(amine),N(py)) were found to reversibly intraconvert between 8(A) and 9(A) based upon changes in pH that mirrored the (O,N(amine),N(py)) coordination in basic pHs and (N(tri),N(amine),N(py)) coordination in acidic pHs. Comparison of the Re and (99m)Tc analogs also revealed faster intraconversion between the coordination modes for (99m)Tc.