cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canine lymphoma as a comparative model for human non-Hodgkin lymphoma: recent progress and applications.

The term “lymphoma” describes a heterogeneous group of disorders involving monoclonal proliferation of malignant lymphocytes. As a group, lymphomas are among the most common tumors of dogs. Yet our enumeration and understanding of the many subtypes of lymphoma have been relatively slow, perhaps in part because for many years lymphoma was treated as a singular entity rather than a group of distinct diseases. The recognition that the full spectrum of lymphoid malignancies seen in humans also occurs in dogs, and that these tumors retain not only morphologic similarities and biological behavior but also synonymous driver molecular abnormalities, sets an ideal stage for dual-purpose research that can accelerate progress for these diseases in both species. Specifically, dogs represent exceptional models for defining causality, understanding progression, and developing new treatments for lymphoma in comparatively brief windows of time. Unique advantages of canine models include (1) spontaneous disease occurring without an isogenic background or genetic engineering; (2) chronology of disease adapted to lifespan, (3) shared environment and societal status that allows dogs to be treated as “patients,” while at the same time being able to ethically explore translational innovations that are not possible in human subjects; and (4) organization of dogs into breeds with relatively homogeneous genetic backgrounds and distinct predisposition for lymphomas. Here, we will review recent studies describing intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of canine and human lymphomas, as well as newly developed tools that will enhance the fidelity of these models to improve diagnosis and develop new treatments.
Characterization of fluoroelastomer networks. I. Infrared analysis

Fluorocarbon compounds based on vinylidene fluoride copolymers and dihydroxy nucleophiles were prepared to determine the network forming structures of the cured materials. Previous attempts to achieve this goal consisted of model compound reactions, of prevulcanization events, and of materials cured under conditions only approaching industrial vulcanization conditions. The proposed structures derived from these studies could be different from the entities that will come in contact with alternate fuels such as methanol/gasoline blends when used in automotive applications. The evolution of the solid-state chemistry during cure and the final network structure needed to be defined. Thus, infrared vibrational spectra for 25-μm thick sections from key stages of processing were recorded. These spectra established directly, for the first time, that bisphenol-AF (BPAF) serves as the crosslinker during cure. Additionally, persistent unsaturation is formed on the elastomer backbone after crosslinking. Curing for extended periods of time produces no observable effect on the network. Furthermore, postcuring reduces residual hydrofluoric acid in the compound and results in two new absorptions at 2851 and 2920 cm−1, indicative of amorphous regions of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF2). Although these findings help define the final network structure, there remain uncertainties about the pathway leading to the final structure. The data serve as input to understanding the fracture behavior and long term performance of this class of materials. It also could serve as a starting point for studies dealing with the enhancement of certain fluorocarbon properties such as low temperature behavior. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ethnography and Ethnographers in Museum-Community Partnerships

During the 1999 American Association of Museums (AAM) meetings, museum workers reflected on ways in which their institutions could become more relevant. Social structures that have supported museums are rapidly changing and in which cultural diversity is increasingly recognized as both a social value and as a pragmatic challenge for public institutions. Although the forms they take are almost as diverse as the American museum community itself, models of direct collaboration between museums and specific local communities (ethnic, religious, occupational, etc.) are becoming a standard part of museum-based exhibition and research. While this common pattern is emerging, there are wide gaps existing between the aspirations and rhetoric of museum advocates of collaboration and the real work done throughout the United States. What is often missing in collaborative exhibition projects exploring local artistic, cultural, or historical traditions are the values and perspectives that are the common background of pro...
Ruthenium Crossover in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with Pt-Ru Black Anode

In this study, we provide electrochemical and X-ray fluorescence evidence of ruthenium crossover in direct methanol fuel cells using a state-of-the-art Pt-Ru alloy catalyst at the anode. We find ruthenium susceptible to leaching out from the highly active Pt-Ru black catalyst, crossing the proton-conducting Nafion membrane and redepositing at the Pt cathode on the opposite side of the fuel cell. After first detecting this phenomenon in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) stack with a history of cell-voltage reversal, we have since observed ruthenium crossover under virtually all DMFC operating conditions, from single cell break-in (humidification) to stack life testing. The degree of cathode contamination by ruthenium species (of chemical form yet unknown) depends on, among other factors, the DMFC anode potential and the cell operating time. Once deposited at the cathode, ruthenium inhibits oxygen reduction kinetics and the catalyst's ability to handle methanol crossover. Depending on the degree of cathode contamination, the overall effect of ruthenium crossover on cell performance may be from as little as ∼40mV up to 200 mV.
Successful management of post-tumor resection middle cerebral artery thrombosis with stent-assisted angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: To describe successful endoluminal revascularization of an acute M1 occlusion 4 days after craniotomy and tumot resection. CLINICAL PRESENIATION: A 16-year-old right-handed girl presented with a 1-month history of daily headaches. The neurological examination was normal, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography demonstrated a mass consistent with an epidermoid tumor compressing the left upper pons, left cerebral peduncle, and mesial left temporal lobe. INTERVENTION: A combination of low-dose antiplatelet agents administered intra-arterially and stent-assisted angioplasty was used Successful endoluminal revascularization was achieved. Acute complications such as intracranial stent-thrombosis and/or intracranial hemorrhage were successfully avoided. CONCLUSION: In the acute postoperative period, most current chemical thrombolytic protocols are contraindicated because of the prohibitive risk of latrogenic intracranial hemorrhage. With an understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the currently available antiplatelet drugs, combined chemical and mechanical thrombolysis may be used in the acute post-operative setting for endoluminal recanalization.
Development discourse on gender and communication in strategies for social change

This exploration of the nature of institutional discourse on development communication opens with a brief introduction and then locates the theoretical framework used within the "recent tradition" of using the context of institutional discourse to analyze development. Next the article focuses on historical shifts in the development discourse on women and gender and on how communication interventions affect social change. The article then considers how this discourse articulates both the role of gender as it creates constructions of project beneficiaries and the role of communication as a strategy for social change. The analysis is informed by a review of 262 population health and nutrition projects implemented outside of North America and Western Europe since 1975. Findings reveal 1) assumptions made about the potential for communication interventions to affect social change 2) how gender works as a mode of categorization in constructions of beneficiaries 3) patterns of discourse about social change and beneficiaries across organizational contexts and 4) changes in intervention strategies and constructed beneficiaries across time. The final section looks at the implications of gendered constructions of beneficiaries and of different approaches to strategic communication intervention and concludes that development communication is not a direct cause for the failure of development efforts to improve womens conditions. Instead it is recommended that development discourse and practice be broadened to privilege individual consumption and structural privatization.
Investigating femtosecond-laser-induced two-photon photoacoustic generation

We investigated two-photon absorption-based photoacoustic generation and compared it with corresponding photoluminescence emission. Experimental results revealed expected quadratic dependences on the incident optical fluence in both photoacoustic and photoluminescence processes. We also investigated the influence of optical scattering on the generation of two-photon photoacoustic and photoluminescence signals and found that photoacoustic signals attenuated more slowly than photoluminescence signals when the optical scattering coefficient was increased, which was attributed to a weaker ultrasonic attenuation than that the optical attenuation in the scattering medium. Finally, we showed three-dimensional two-photon photoacoustic imaging.
Hydrogen solubility in ternary Pd0.90Rh0.1-xNix and Pd0.90Rh0.1-xCox alloys

Abstract The absorption/desorption of hydrogen (deuterium) by fcc ternary substitutional Pd 0.90 Rh 0.10− x Ni x and Pd 0.90 Rh 0.10− x Co x alloys has been examined. The dilute phase solubilities are very similar for all of these ternary alloys including the component binary ones, e.g., Pd 0.90 Rh 0.10 and Pd 0.90 Ni 0.10 , which are used in the appropriate proportions for the preparation of the ternary alloys. The plateau pressures of the ternary alloys were found to lie between those of their component binary alloys. The ternary Pd 0.90 Rh 0.10− x Ni x alloys exhibited effects due to cycling through the hydride phase (323 K) which were more similar to those found in the Pd 0.90 Ni 0.10 rather than the Pd 0.90 Rh 0.10 alloy. The ternary alloys were subjected to treatment with moderately high pressures of hydrogen at moderately high temperatures which had been found to cause phase separation in the component binary alloys. The Pd 0.90 Rh 0.07 Ni 0.03 and Pd 0.90 Rh 0.03 Ni 0.07 alloys showed indications of phase separation but the Pd 0.90 Rh 0.05 Ni 0.05 alloy did not.
Grain boundary segregation in austenitic stainless steels and its effect on intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking

This paper reports a study of grain boundary segregation, intergranular corrosion, and intergranular stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels. The results show that phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur all segregate to grain boundaries in these materials and that they can affect one another's segregation through site compctition. In particular, the results demonstrate that phosphorus segregation can be lowered by the presence of nitrogen and sulfur in the steel. Also, if manganese is present in the steel, sulfur segregation will be greatly decreased as a result of formation of manganese sulfides. Phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen will not initiate intergranular corrosion in the modified Strauss test, although if corrosion is initiated by chromium depletion, these elements might enhance the corrosion process. Phosphorus segregation does enhance corrosion in the Huey test, even in steels that have not undergone grain boundary chromium depletion, although there does not appear to be a precise correlation between the depth of corrosion penetration and phosphorus segregation. Intergranular stress corrosion cracking in 288 °C water at a pH of 2.5 and electrochemical potential of OVSHE can occur in these steels even in the absence of chromium depletion if sulfur is present on the grain boundaries. Phosphorus segregation appears to have very little effect.
Reversible Hyperinflation in Emphysema

Pulmonary emphysema results in hyperinflation of the lungs and concomitant changes in the configuration of the thoracic cavity. We describe a patient who underwent bilateral lung transplantation for emphysema due to alpha, antitrypsin deficiency. Dramatic changes in chest dimensions and configuration occurred following transplantation, demonstrating the dynamic and reversible nature of the thoracic cavity abnormalities of emphysema. (Chest 1989; 96:421–22)
Process Design & Integration of Salicide and Source/Drain process Modules for Improved Device Performance

To enable swift integration of process modules into manufacturable process flows; three components–individual process modules, their interactions and their variability-must be understood well. At dimensions ≤ 0.25 μm, this understanding is especially critical, and also quite challenging. We present here an approach to address this challenge by joint process design, using two key modules-salicide and source/drain-as an example. Together, these modules impact the silicide-to-diffusion contact resistance, (Rc), and the gate sheet resistance (Rs); which, in turn, significantly affect transistor series resistance and circuit delays respectively. We have built a model to help provide insight into the underlying physical mechanisms, and to help provide a quantitative framework for optimizing performance and variability. Rc, depends critically on the doping concentration immediately adjacent to the silicide, and this concentration is determined by the combined effect of silicide processing and the two-dimensional source/drain dopant profile. Rs depends on the thickness and phase of the silicide film formed, which, in turn, depend on the salicide process variables as well as the source/drain doping concentration, because both affect the silicide growth kinetics. Process conditions favoring Rs. and Rc are opposite to each other: thicker silicide films and higher thermal budgets help in the phase-transformation to the low-resistivity C54 phase and improve Rs but they increase dopant redistribution and worsen Rc. Optimal process design can improve the transistor drive current (Id) by ≈5%, and circuit performance, as measured by the figure-of-merit (FOM) by ≈ 4%. This improvement is significant, and an added benefit of this approach is that other transistor characteristics such as effective channel length, off-current, substrate current, etc. remain unchanged. In summary, we have demonstrated that by joint process design and integration of the salicide and source/drain modules, insight can be gained into the underlying physical mechanisms, and device and circuit performance can be improved significantly.
New Horizons for Study of the Cardiopulmonary and Circulatory Systems

The paper discusses the development of computer-controlled three-dimensional reconstruction techniques designed to determine the dynamic changes in the true shape and dimensions of the epi- and endocardial surfaces of the heart, along with variable time base (stop-action to real-time) displays of the transmural distribution of the coronary microcirculation and the three-dimensional anatomy of the macrovasculature in all regions of the body throughout individual cardiac and/or respiratory cycles. A technique for reconstructing a cross section of the heart from multiplanar videoroentgenograms is outlined. The capability of high spatial and high temporal resolution scanning videodensitometry makes possible measurement of the appearance, mean transit and clearance of roentgen opaque substances in three-dimensional space through the myocardium with a degree of simultaneous anatomic and temporal resolution not obtainable by current isotope techniques. The distribution of a variety of selected chemical elements or biologic materials within a body portion can also be determined.
Determination of uric acid in human serum by capillary electrophoresis with polarity reversal and electrochemical detection.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) under conditions of reversed polarity is used in conjunction with electrochemical detection (EC) at carbon fiber microcylinder electrodes for the selective and sensitive determination of uric acid in human blood serum. Comigration of anions with the electroosmotic flow is accomplished with reversed polarity and the buffer additive cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in a 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer system, giving rise to rapid and sensitive analyses. Optimal buffer conditions (pH 7.0), detection potential (0.80 V vs. Ag/AgCl), and electrokinetic injection are employed to allow for maximal resolution and signal intensity. Amperometric end-column detection with a carbon fiber microcylinder electrode results in lower limits of detection for uric acid of about 25 nM (ca. 140 amol injected) without the need for decoupling. Linear calibration plots using uric acid standards in water and serum are obtained over a linear range from 5.00 x 10 - 4 M to 2.50 x 10 - 7 M. Uric acid concentrations obtained for human sera using the CE-EC approach described here are shown to compare favorably to the accepted laboratory values.
Constraint-induced movement therapy effects on gross motor function of a child with triplegic cerebral palsy.

Background and purpose The purpose of this case report is to describe physical therapy interventions used and gross motor functional outcomes achieved during a 3-week course of constraint-induced movement therapy for a child with cerebral palsy. Case description A 10-year-old boy with spastic triplegic cerebral palsy underwent fine and gross motor interventions to force use of the left extremities and right lower extremity. Intervention For weeks 1 to 2, he received 2 occupational and physical therapy sessions each week. For weeks 3 to 5, he participated in constraint-induced movement therapy, while wearing a cast 90% of waking hours. Outcomes The Gross Motor Function Measure-88 score increased from 44.55% to 62.35% after treatment. Although he improved in one area of the Functional Independence Measure for Children, he demonstrated remarkable progress in his ability to bear weight and shift weight to his involved side in various developmental positions.
Tremetone and structurally related compounds in white snakeroot ( Ageratina altissima ): a plant associated with trembles and milk sickness.

Ingestion of white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) can cause trembles in livestock and milk sickness in humans. The toxicity has been associated with tremetol, a relatively crude, multicomponent lipophilic extract of the plant. In this study, 11 different compounds were isolated from white snakeroot-derived lipophilic extracts from 18 collections. Six of the isolated compounds have not been previously reported to be found in white snakeroot. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that there are three different chemotypes of white snakeroot from the plant samples analyzed. Elucidation of these chemotypes may explain the sporadic and unpredictable toxicity of white snakeroot to livestock and humans.
MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CRACKED BEAM

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of vibrations of a cracked beam. In general, the motion of such a beam can be very complex. This phenomenon can be attributed to the presence of the non-linearity due to the opening and closing of cracks. The focus of this paper is the modal analysis of a cantilever beam with a transverse edge crack. The non-linearity mentioned above has been modelled as a piecewise-linear system. In an attempt to define effective natural frequencies for this piecewise-linear system, the idea of a “bilinear frequency” is utilized. The bilinear frequency is obtained by computing the associated frequencies of each of the linear pieces of the piecewise-linear system. The finite element method is used to obtain the natural frequencies in each linear region. In order better to understand the essential non-linear dynamics of the cracked beam, a piecewise-linear two-degree-of-freedom model is studied. Perturbation methods are used to obtain the non-linear normal modes of vibration and the associated period of the motion. Results of this piecewise-linear model problem are shown to justify the definition of the bilinear frequency as the effective natural frequency. It is therefore expected that calculating piecewise mode shapes and bilinear frequencies is useful for understanding the dynamics of the infinite degree of freedom cracked beam.
Familial Transmission of Human Longevity Among the Oldest-Old in China

This paper investigates the relationship between longevity of parents and exceptional longevity (survival to age 80 or older) of offspring, using data from the first three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. We apply the Fixed-Attributes Dynamics method and logistic regression models to the data. Results of both methods show that the familial transmission of longevity exists at very old ages, and the transmission is same-sex linked between parents and offspring; that is, there is a strong father-son resemblance of longevity and a strong mother-daughter resemblance of longevity, but a non-significant or weak association of longevity between father and daughter or between mother and son.
Theory of the urban web

This paper identifies fundamental processes behind urban design. Rules are derived from connective principles in complexity theory, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. Any urban setting can be decomposed into human activity nodes and their interconnections. The connections are then treated as a mathematical problem (here in a qualitative manner). Urban design is most successful when it establishes a certain number of connections between activity nodes. Mathematics itself depends upon establishing relationships between ideas, this ability being a central component of the intelligence of human beings. The creation of the built environment is driven by forces analogous to those that lead us to do mathematics.
Self-Initiated Learning Activities of Experienced Public School Teachers: Methods, sources, and relevant organizational influences

The self-initiated learning activities of experienced public school teachers are examined in this study. Twenty-two experienced teachers were interviewed to develop a greater understanding of the types of self-initiated learning activities in which they engage and the organizational characteristics that influence their participation in those activities. Analysis of the data showed that experienced teachers engaged in three types of self-initiated learning activities: knowledge exchanging, experimenting, and environmental scanning. Participation in these activities was influenced by the availability of resources, physical layout, and level of centralization in their schools. Implications of these findings for theory, practice, and future research in teacher learning and development are discussed.
Sequential design for achieving estimated accuracy of global sensitivities

Global sensitivity analysis provides information on the relative importance of the input variables for simulator functions used in computer experiments. It is more conclusive than screening methods for determining if a variable is influential, especially if a variable's influence is derived from its interactions with other variables. In this paper, we develop a method for providing global sensitivities with estimated accuracy. A treed Gaussian process serves as a statistical emulator of the black box function. A sequential experimental design makes effective and efficient use of simulator evaluations by adaptively sampling points that are expected to provide the maximum improvement to the emulator model. The method accounts for both sampling error and emulator error. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic investigation of the (α, 2nγ) reaction on medium-heavy nuclei

Abstract Exclusive neutron spectra and angular distributions have been measured for 28–35 MeV (α, 2nγ) reactions on various nuclei in the 80 ≦ A ≦ 210 region. Pre-equilibrium processes dominate the 35 MeV (α, 2nγ) reaction mechanism in much of this region. Analysis of systematic variation in the neutron spectrum parameters shows that the reaction mechanism is strongly correlated with the target neutron excess parameter (N−Z/A. Analysis of the γ-decay of the entry states shows that well-defined incident angular momentum windows exist for the pre-etjuilibrium (α, 2nγ) reaction. These features are discussed in terms of various models for the reaction mechanism.
Histologic Evidence of Connective Tissue Integration on Laser Microgrooved Abutments in Humans

Introduction: Human histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are presented, outlining the soft tissue integration to a laser microgrooved abutment surface.Case Presentation: In two patients, prosthetic abutments with a laser microgrooved surface were placed on osseointegrated implants. After 6 weeks of healing, the abutments and the surrounding soft tissue were removed and prepared for histology and SEM. The most apical epithelium was found coronal to this surface. Connective tissue demonstrated collagen fibers oriented perpendicular to the microgrooved surface. There was intimate contact between the connective tissues and the microgrooved abutment surface.Conclusion: The abutments in these patients had connective tissue integration with functionally oriented fibers to the microgrooved surface.
Histopathologic margin distance in survival in resection of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck.

Objectives/Hypothesis Treatment of cutaneous melanoma involves surgical excision with wide clinical margins. No guidelines regarding safe histopathologic margin distance exist. This study examines the impact of histopathologic margin, measured from closest cut edge of the specimen, on overall survival in resection of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck. We hypothesize that close histopathologic margins (<2 mm) are associated with decreased survival. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods A total of 637 patients were treated for cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck between 2001 and 2011. Demographics, tumor characteristics, histopathologic margin distance (from a pathology database), and survival data from state health registries and health system clinical data repositories were used to create a dataset. Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze data, adjusting for age, tumor location, ulceration, and depth of invasion (DOI). Results When analyzing for overall survival, Cox multivariate regression analysis showed age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.0–1.1), DOI (HR = 1.2–1.5), ulceration (HR = 1.3–3.8), and subsite (ear, HR = 1.0–3.9) were significant predictors of survival. Histopathologic margin distance was not significant for predicting survival. Three percent of histopathologic margins were <1 mm. Conclusions In a large dataset of head and neck cutaneous melanoma, known factors associated with overall survival (age, DOI, ulceration, subsite) proved significant, validating the dataset. Examining the effect of histopathologic margin distance on survival, while controlling for these factors, we failed to reject the null hypothesis. Margin distance as measured by histopathology does not affect survival. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:1856–1860, 2015
High-Temperature Spectral Emissivities of H 2 O–CO 2 Mixtures in the 2.7-μ Region

Spectral emissivities in the 2.7-μ band were obtained for hot gas mixtures of CO2 and H2O between 1000°K and 2200°K for various (CO2/H2O) sample ratios. The emission measurements were made at the exit of a small tripropellant rocket burner which produced the variable (CO2/H2O) mixtures by burning hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide. The spectral emissivities were determined from a calibrated emission spectrum and a spectroscopic determination of the temperature of the hot gas. The composition was evaluated from a semiempirical fit to a thermochemical flow calculation. The hot CO2–H2O mixtures were observed at a total pressure of 1 atm in the optically thin absorption region with a constant geometric pathlength. The variations of the spectral emissivities as a function of temperature are given for constant density of CO2 and H2O in the optical path. The experimental results agree with semitheoretically derived predictions. The characteristic area ratios of the integrated emissivities or integrated radiances within portions of the 2.7-μ band were derived and given as a function of temperature and (CO2/H2O) sample ratio. These area ratios can be used to determine the (CO2/H2O) concentration in hot gas samples.
Prospective prediction of suicide in a nationally representative sample: religious service attendance as a protective factor

Background Previous research into religious service attendance as a protective factor against suicide has been conducted only retrospectively, with psychological autopsy studies using proxy informants of completed suicide, rather than prospectively, with completed suicide as a dependent variable. Aims To determine whether individuals who frequently attended religious services were less likely to die by suicide than those who did not attend so frequently. Method We analysed data from a nationally representative sample ( n = 20 014), collected in the USA between 1988 and 1994, and follow-up mortality data from baseline to the end of 2006. Results Cox proportional hazard regression analysis indicated that those who frequently attended religious services were less likely to die by suicide than those who did not attend, after accounting for the effects of other relevant risk factors. Conclusions Frequent religious service attendance is a long-term protective factor against suicide.
Chronic Ingestion of H1-Antihistamines Increase Progression of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-/- Mice

Although increased serum histamine levels and H1R expression in the plaque are seen in atherosclerosis, it is not known whether H1R activation is a causative factor in the development of the disease, or is a host defense response to atherogenic signals. In order to elucidate how pharmacological inhibition of histamine receptor 1 (H1R) signaling affects atherogenesis, we administered either cetirizine (1 and 4 mg/kg. b.w) or fexofenadine (10 and 40 mg/kg. b.w) to ApoE−/− mice maintained on a high fat diet for three months. Mice ingesting a low dose of cetirizine or fexofenadine had significantly higher plaque coverage in the aorta and cross-sectional lesion area at the aortic root. Surprisingly, the higher doses of cetirizine or fexofenadine did not enhance atherosclerotic lesion coverage over the controls. The low dose of fexofenadine, but not cetirizine, increased serum LDL cholesterol. Interestingly, the expression of iNOS and eNOS mRNA was increased in aortas of mice on high doses of cetirizine or fexofenadine. This may be a compensatory nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilatory mechanism that accounts for the lack of increase in the progression of atherosclerosis. Although the administration of cetirizine did not alter blood pressure between the groups, there was a positive correlation between blood pressure and lesion/media ratio at the aortic root in mice receiving the low dose of cetirizine. However, this association was not observed in mice treated with the high dose of cetirizine or either doses of fexofenadine. The macrophages or T lymphocytes densities were not altered by low doses of H1-antihistamines, whereas, high doses decreased the number of macrophages but not T lymphocytes. The number of mast cells was decreased only in mice treated with low dose of fexofenadine. These results demonstrate that chronic ingestion of low therapeutic doses of cetirizine or fexofenadine enhance progression of atherosclerosis.
Survival of clover rhizobia and their plasmid-cured derivatives in soil under heat and drought stress

Abstract Strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum by. trifolii often contain plasmids other than the symbiotic plasmid. The ecological function of these plasmids is not known. Three strains of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii containing from 3 to 5 plasmids were used to obtain derivatives cured of individual plasmids and in some cases cured of more than one plasmid. The ability of the strains and their plasmid-cured derivatives to survive in soil under heat and moisture stress was tested. Resistance to heat stress was tested by incubating these bacteria in soil at 38 or 42°C and drought resistance was tested by subjecting them to a soil moisture tension of −1.5 MPa at 28°C. The results suggested an involvement of some plasmids in mediating the response to the stress conditions. Some cured derivatives survived better than the parent but for others the parent survived better than cured derivatives. Evidence for involvement of plasmids was stronger for resistance to heat stress than moisture stress.
Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus) use thermal and structural cues to choose overwintering hibernacula

Hibernacula play an important role in the ecology of high-latitude snakes, and communally denning species may occupy their hibernacula for half the year or more. Because of the long duration spent ...
Role of Multidrug Resistance–Associated Protein 4 in the Basolateral Efflux of Hepatically Derived Enalaprilat

Hepatic uptake and efflux transporters govern the systemic and hepatic exposure of many drugs and metabolites. Enalapril is a pharmacologically inactive prodrug of enalaprilat. Following oral administration, enalapril is converted to enalaprilat in hepatocytes and undergoes translocation into the systemic circulation to exert its pharmacologic effect by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme. Although the transport proteins governing hepatic uptake of enalapril and the biliary excretion of enalapril and enalaprilat are well established, it remains unknown how hepatically derived enalaprilat translocates across the basolateral membrane into the systemic circulation. In this study, the role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the hepatic basolateral efflux of enalaprilat was investigated using membrane vesicles. ATP-dependent uptake of enalaprilat into vesicles expressing multidrug resistance–associated protein (MRP) 4 was significantly greater (∼3.8-fold) than in control vesicles. In contrast, enalaprilat was not transported to a significant extent by MRP3, and enalapril was not transported by either MRP3 or MRP4. The functional importance of MRP4 in the basolateral excretion of derived enalaprilat was evaluated using a novel basolateral efflux protocol developed in human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Under normal culture conditions, the mean intrinsic basolateral efflux clearance (CLint,basolateral) of enalaprilat was 0.026 ± 0.012 µl/min; enalaprilat CLint,basolateral was significantly reduced to 0.009 ± 0.009 µl/min by pretreatment with the pan-MRP inhibitor MK-571. Results suggest that hepatically derived enalaprilat is excreted across the hepatic basolateral membrane by MRP4. Changes in MRP4-mediated basolateral efflux may alter the systemic concentrations of this active metabolite, and potentially the efficacy of enalapril.
Nitric oxide may inhibit neointimal hyperplasia by decreasing isopeptidase T levels and activity in the vasculature

Objective Isopeptidase T is a cysteine protease deubiquitinating enzyme that hydrolyzes unanchored polyubiquitin chains to free monoubiquitin. Nitric oxide (NO) decreases 26S proteasome activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in animal models. As NO can cause S-nitrosylation of active-site cysteines, we hypothesize that NO inhibits isopeptidase T activity through S-nitrosylation. Because accumulation of polyubiquitin chains inhibits the 26S proteasome, this may be one mechanism through which NO prevents neointimal hyperplasia. Methods To investigate our hypothesis, we examined the effect of NO on isopeptidase T activity, levels, and localization in VSMCs in vitro and in a rat carotid balloon injury model in vivo. Results NO inhibited recombinant isopeptidase T activity by 82.8% ( t = 60 minutes, P P Conclusions Local administration of NO may prevent neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting isopeptidase T levels and activity in the vasculature, thereby inhibiting the 26S proteasome in VSMCs. These data provide additional mechanistic insights into the ability of NO to prevent neointimal hyperplasia after vascular interventions.
Staphylococcal Central Corneal Ulcer

A review of staphylococcal central corneal ulcers has shown that the staphylococcus is the commonest bacterium isolated at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center. One-third of central corneal ulcers cultured Staphylococci; one-third of these were Staphylococcus aureus. These ulcers occurred in immunodepressed or otherwise previously diseased patients, but not as a primary disease entity. Penicillin resistance was a common characteristic of the isolated Staphylococci. Prognosis for retention of the eye was good.
Calcium Carbonate Cementation of Alluvial Fans in Southern Nevada

Several types of calcium carbonate cement occur on alluvial fans in southern Nevada. Secondary calcium carbonate deposits of pedogenic origin begin as coatings on pebble-size and larger clasts, and progress through calcic horizons to petrocalcic horizons and laminar layers. Nonpedogenic deposits include some laminar layers, gully-bed cementation, and case hardening. The extent and development of cementation are greatest on fans composed of carbonate and basic igneous rock detritus, less on fans built of siliceous sedimentary detritus, and least on fans composed of acid igneous rock material. In a single fan, the best-developed cementation is in the poorly sorted layers of alluvium containing more than 25 percent material coarser than pebbles. The major source of calcium carbonate deposited on noncarbonate fans is apparently wind-blown silt and sand and, as a result, fans of noncarbonate detritus are best cemented downwind of playas high in carbonates. Only fans composed of carbonate and basic igneous rock detritus show clearly defined, older, abandoned surfaces and extensive areas of the strongest forms of cementation; petrocalcic horizons and laminar layers are found only on these surfaces. It is suggested that formation and preservation of these surfaces are contingent upon development of strong carbonate cementation. Petrocalcic horizons and laminar layers apparently formed over a wide climatic range, and variation of the other factors controlling the degree of cementation, therefore, appears to govern the formation and preservation of abandoned surfaces.
Cray Y-MP C90 Supercomputer

In 1822, an Englishman named Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine, the forerunner to modern computers. As the technical wonder of its age, it revolutionized the way people thought about problem solving. Now, Cray Research starts a new revolution in science and engineering with the CRAY Y-MP C90 supercomputer, a new Difference Engine for the Grand Challenges of today.
Effect of Creosote Bush-Derived NDGA on Expression of Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism in Liver of High-Fructose Fed Rats: Relevance to NDGA Amelioration of Hypertriglyceridemia and Hepatic Steatosis

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), the main metabolite of Creosote bush, has been shown to have profound effects on the core components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), lowering blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) levels in several models of dyslipidemia, as well as improving body weight (obesity), insulin resistance, diabetes and hypertension, and ameliorating hepatic steatosis. In the present study, a high-fructose diet (HFrD) fed rat model of hypertriglyceridemia was employed to further delineate the underlying mechanism by which NDGA exerts its anti-hypertriglyceridemic action. In the HFrD treatment group, NDGA administration by oral gavage decreased plasma levels of TG, glucose, FFA, and insulin, increased hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and attenuated hepatic TG accumulation. qRT-PCR measurements indicated that NDGA treatment increased the mRNA expression of key fatty acid transport (L-FABP, CD36), and fatty acid oxidation (ACOX1, CPT-2, and PPARα transcription factor) genes and decreased the gene expression of enzymes involved in lipogenesis (FASN, ACC1, SCD1, L-PK and ChREBP and SREBP-1c transcription factors). Western blot analysis indicated that NDGA administration upregulated hepatic insulin signaling (P-Akt), AMPK activity (P-AMPK), MLYCD, and PPARα protein levels, but decreased SCD1, ACC1 and ACC2 protein content and also inactivated ACC1 activity (increased P-ACC1). These findings suggest that NDGA ameliorates hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis primarily by interfering with lipogenesis and promoting increased channeling of fatty acids towards their oxidation.
Nonfatal physical violence, United States, 1994.

OBJECTIVES: Most surveillance and research efforts focus on severe violence, especially on homicides. Because less extreme forms of violence may be precursors to more extreme forms, the authors analyzed data from a national survey to describe the extent of nonfatal physical violence in the US. METHODS: The authors generated weighted national estimates from responses to a random-digit-dialed telephone survey. Respondents were asked if they had been "hit, slapped, pushed, or kicked by another person or hit with an object or weapon" in the preceding 12 months. Respondents were also asked how many times such incidents had occurred and, for the last such episode, their relationship with the perpetrator, whether they had been injured, and, if so, whether they had sought medical treatment. RESULTS: The authors estimate that approximately 15 million people, or 8% of the US adult population, experienced nonfatal physical violence, as defined for this study, during a 12-month period. Male gender, the 18-24-year-old age group, never having been married, being out of work or a student, and heavy drinking were associated with a higher likelihood of being assaulted. An estimated 75% of assaults were by a known person and 26% by a stranger. Women were more likely than men to be assaulted by current or former intimate partners; men were more likely than women to be assaulted by strangers. An estimated 18% of incidents resulted in injuries, and an estimated 7% required medical attention. CONCLUSIONS: Nonfatal physical violence is fairly common in the US and may lead to more than one million medical encounters each year. Language: en
Toward an International Right to Claim Innocence

In the past, wrongful convictions were traditionally seen as a local problem largely not deserving national or international attention. Very different legal systems shared a common approach emphasizing the finality of criminal convictions, making it very difficult to claim innocence relying on new evidence uncovered post-trial. While international law guarantees a right to a fair trial, a presumption of innocence, and a right to appeal, no international human rights norms clearly obligate countries to allow defendants to meaningfully assert claims of innocence. Today, the procedures and underlying attitudes towards claims relying on newly discovered evidence of innocence are in flux. In this Article, I describe remarkable changes in the past few decades, driven by mounting numbers of exonerations, the development of DNA technology, the work of innocence projects initially pioneered in the United States, and a new international dialogue on research and legal methods to address wrongful convictions. Large and small countries, civil law and common law countries, and countries with very different attitudes towards criminal justice, increasingly converge in developing mechanisms to permit convicts to assert factual innocence. Countries now permit innocence-based challenges under various procedural labels, ranging from the writ of habeas corpus, amparo de libertad, revision, or other statutory or administrative remedies. In turn, international bodies have relaxed concerns with finality and opened the door to broader use of innocence claims, if not recognizing a freestanding right to make use of them. In a time of growing convergence and comparison of criminal procedure approaches, the movement towards permitting claims of innocence may lead in time to an outright recognition of an international right to claim innocence, or more plausibly, a customary international law right to claim innocence in domestic courts. Whether or not an international human right to claim innocence is formally recognized, the decades to come will bring far greater international prominence to claims of innocence.
What to do till the computer scientist comes

The potential impact of computer science departments in the field of education is discussed. This is an expanded version of a presentation to a panel session before the Mathematics Association of America, Toronto, 30 August 1967.
Atomic-scale modeling of radiation damage by SAS

Stochastic annealing simulations provide a way of exploring the evolution of displacement damage created by irradiation over large time and distance scales while retaining explicit information on the spatial distribution of individual defects. In this article, the various stages of defect production in displacement cascades and the models that are applicable at each stage are discussed. The role of stochastic annealing simulations as a link between molecular dynamics and reaction-rate theory is illustrated by simulations of defect production in cascades in copper.
Studies in the Ecology of Forest Coleoptera. Seral and Seasonal Succession of Coleoptera in the Chicago Area, With Observations on Certain Phases of Hibernation and Aggregation.

The region in the vicinity of Chicago, Illinois has been deseribed previously by Salisbury and Alden (1899), Cowles (1901). Shelford (1913), and more recently by Fryxell (1927), among others. In general, Cowles noted (p. 8) that this area has “three great vegetation types: the mesophytic upland forests of the morainic clays, the hydrophytic lakes and swamps or mesophytic prairies of the Chicago plain, and the xerophytic forests of the dunes and beaches.”
Computational Optimization of Flexible Wing Aerodynamic Performance in Hover

It is widely thought that wing flexibility and wing deformation could significantly affect aerodynamic force productions over completely rigid wings in flapping motion. However, there is a lack of quantitative discussion of dynamic formation of wing camber and its effect on wing's aerodynamic performance. In this work, 2D deformable plates with three adjustable parameters are used to model the wing camber and its dynamic formation. A Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) based computational optimization frame has been developed to obtain the optimal setting of those parameters for maximizing the mean lift coefficient. Results have shown more than one local maximums are obtained from the optimization process. Force production and its unsteady flows are also discussed for the better performed plate.