cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autopsy Services for Dementia Patients

Chiefs of Pathology of every nonfederal hospital in Maryland were surveyed to determine their hospitals' experience with autopsies of dementia patients. Few pathology services had extensive, ongoing experience with these postmortem examinations, and many hospitals lacked special histochemical techniques or a referral system to evaluate them. Problems exist in obtaining postmortem examinations for dementia patients, especially those who die outside facilities with Autopsy Services.
Hyperbolic metamaterial feasible for fabrication with direct laser writing processes

Stimulated-emission-depletion-microscopy-inspired direct laser writing (STED-DLW) processes can offer diffraction-unlimited fabrication of 3D structures, not possible with traditional electron-beam or optical lithography. We propose a hyperbolic metamaterial for fabrication with STED-DLW. First, we design meandering wire structures with three different magnetic dipoles which can be excited under different incidences of light. Then, based on effective parameters corresponding to normal incidence and lateral incidence, we find that the hyperbolic dispersion relation for a five-layer structure appears between 15 and 20 THz. Finally, we investigate the influence of imaginary parts of the effective parameters on the metamaterial dispersion. The proposed metamaterial structure also has potential for three-dimensionally isotropic permeability despite geometric anisotropy.
Neutron star crusts.

We calculate properties of neutron star matter at subnuclear densities using an improved nuclear Hamiltonian. Nuclei disappear and the matter becomes uniform at a density of about 0.6n(s), where n(s) of about 0.16/cu fm is the saturation density of nuclear matter. As a consequence, the mass of matter in the crusts of neutron stars is only about half as large as previously estimated. In about half of that crustal mass, nuclear matter occurs in shapes very different from the roughly spherical nuclei familiar at lower densities. The thinner crust and the unusual nuclear shape have important consequences for theories of the rotational and thermal evolution of neutron stars, especialy theories of glitches.
A computer simulation for predicting electrostatic spray coating patterns

Abstract Although electrostatic spray coating (E-spray) is widely used, its complexity requires optimization based on an empirical understanding of the spray dynamics. The project goal is to develop a mathematical model of the electrostatic field, continuum flow-field, and particle trajectories in an E-spray process. By restricting the use of empirically based equations to the atomization phase of the spray process, this model should have the flexibility to tolerate “real-world” system complexities (i.e. multiple applicators, complicated geometries, etc.) and the ability to be used with any type of E-spray gun sharing the same atomization characteristics. This model predicts coupling between three components: the fluid mechanics of the continuum flow field, the electrostatic field, and the particle trajectories. The system is a vertical bell-cup sprayer and a grounded disc centered on the gun axis. An axisymmetric electrostatic model is assumed, while the fluid mechanics and particle trajectories are solved in 3-D. A dilute spray assumption (i.e. no direct particle–particle interactions) allows modeling single-particle trajectories resulting from a balance of electrostatic force, drag and inertia. Varying the particle size generates volume-averaged properties of individual paths to simulate the charge density and fluid drag of a sprayed particle distribution. A turbulence energy–dissipation rate (k–ɛ) model provides the continuum velocity for the particle drag. These individual systems are solved sequentially and that sequence is iterated to convergence. Results include the effect of charged particles on the electrostatic field and identification of the dominant factors affecting coating thickness distribution.
Continued development of a precision cryogenic dilatometer for the James Webb Space Telescope

As part of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) materials working group, a novel cryogenic dilatometer was designed and built at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory to help address stringent coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) knowledge requirements. Previously reported results and error analysis have estimated a CTE measurement accuracy for ULE of 1.7 ppb/K with a 20K thermal load and 0.1 ppb/K with a 280K thermal load. Presented here is a further discussion of the cryogenic dilatometer system and a description of recent work including system modifications and investigations.
Ancestry of motor innervation to pectoral fin and forelimb

Motor innervation to the tetrapod forelimb and fish pectoral fin is assumed to share a conserved spinal cord origin, despite major structural and functional innovations of the appendage during the vertebrate water-to-land transition. In this paper, we present anatomical and embryological evidence showing that pectoral motoneurons also originate in the hindbrain among ray-finned fish. New and previous data for lobe-finned fish, a group that includes tetrapods, and more basal cartilaginous fish showed pectoral innervation that was consistent with a hindbrain-spinal origin of motoneurons. Together, these findings support a hindbrain–spinal phenotype as the ancestral vertebrate condition that originated as a postural adaptation for pectoral control of head orientation. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that Hox gene modules were shared in fish and tetrapod pectoral systems. We propose that evolutionary shifts in Hox gene expression along the body axis provided a transcriptional mechanism allowing eventual decoupling of pectoral motoneurons from the hindbrain much like their target appendage gained independence from the head.
Women's Political Activism In Japan And Other Late Developing Asian Countries, 1870–1945

The main thrust of this paper is that countries at different industrial and developmental stages experience different pressure from both within and without. And these differences largely shape the nature of women's political activities. This paper examines the nature of Japanese women's political activities in initial stages, between 1868–1945, as an example to shed some light on where there exist differences between political activities of advanced Western industrial countries, especially the United States, and the late developing countries such as Japan and some other Asian countries. The paper asserts that the study of women's political consciousness and participation should be approached from the larger issue of international political environment in which internal politics of a country takes place. That is, the presence and absence of feminism in women's political activities should be understood in the context of the world historical time.
Medico-Marketing Concerns Regarding a Commercial System of Human Organ Transplant Supply

The successful transplantation of human organs has created a shortage of the precious commodity. One solution to this problem is to commercialize the exchange process for transplantable organs. Wha...
Relationship of intracerebral pituitary grafts to central neuropeptide systems

Variable amounts of pituitary tissue from neonatal or 30-day-old donor rats were implanted in the recessus triangularis or third ventricle of hypophysectomized male host rats. The pituitary tissue was implanted either immediately or 30 days after hypophysectomy of the host rat. Grafts from donors of either age were capable of maintaining a significant degree of testicular weight in one-third of the implanted animals. Neonatal grafts were not capable of restoring testicular weight when implanted 30 days after hypophysectomy. Final body weights of all graft-bearing animals were greater than those of hypophysectomized controls. The pars distalis of all grafts contained large numbers of cells immunore-active for LH, GH, and ACTH; TSH-immunoreactive cells were sparse. Prolactin-positive cells were extensive in grafts of animals in which the testes were maintained, and virtually absent in grafts of animals with atrophic testes. The fiber systems of three central neuropeptides, LRF, SRIF, and ACTH, were stained and found not to enter the graft. The results suggest that pituitary grafts in the third ventricle may receive their hypophysiotropic neuropeptides from the CSF.
The Organizational Buyer Behavior Learning Organization

Abstract This study develops a framework of integrated propositions of organizational learning in organizational buyer behavior. The focus is on the communication activities and relationships between and within the strategic business units operating within the purchasing process. Field support for the proposed relationships is provided in a series of case studies based on interviews with 30 managers of 10 strategic business units of a major publicly owned global services organization. Implications are discussed based on the framework and the case studies.
Molecular size of the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor.

Abstract Among the previously reported putative nuclear thyroid hormone receptor forms having molecular masses of 56–59 kDa and 45–49 kDa, respectively, only the former can be the endogenous receptor. The latter must be a degradation product because it is virtually absent in rat liver nuclear extracts prepared in the presence of 20% glycerol and 5 mM Mg2+, which inhibit degradation. In the absence of glycerol, the receptor form of lower mass was present in large amounts in nuclear extracts. Sucrose could not replace glycerol as a protective agent, even in the presence of Mg2+. Thus, the endogenous nuclear thyroid hormone receptor appears to be labile under the experimental conditions used in preparing nuclear extracts. The molecular mass of the nuclear receptor was determined to be 57 kDa on the basis of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after photoaffinity labeling of nuclear proteins with (3,5-125I)-labeled thyroxine.
On the uses of corporate governance provisions

We document a large and broad-based increase in the use of corporate governance provisions in the late 1980s. As a result, most large publicly traded firms have complex governance structures. This violates an assumption implicit in many empirical studies that provision use is mutually independent. While overall provision use is not systematically related to industry grouping, the uses of some types of provisions are correlated. Most notably, supermajority vote requirements, classified boards, and shareholder meeting requirements tend to be used in concert. Firms reincorporating to Delaware tend to eliminate cumulative voting, and coverages by certain types of state antitakeover laws are correlated. We also find that firms with poison pills tend to have relatively high institutional ownership, low managerial ownership, and a high proportion of independent directors.
A Robust Arbitrarily High-Order Transport Method of the Characteristic Type for Unstructured Grids

A reformulation of the arbitrarily high-order transport method of the characteristic type (AHOT-C) for unstructured grids (AHOT-C-UG) is presented in this work, which resolves the previous difficul...
The Music of James Bond

In his introduction to The Music of James Bond, Jon Burlingame tells us that “James Bond songs and scores—like diamonds—are forever, and this book celebrates that remarkable legacy” (4). Celebrate ...
Reconstruction of the nerve supply to a human muscle spindle

Abstract Distributions of one sensory and 13 motor axons to intrafusal fibers in a human spindle from the biceps brachii muscle were reconstructed from serial, 1 μm thick transverse sections. The primary afferent was distributed predominantly to nuclear bag fibers. Motor innervation in the human spindle was characterized by the presence of shared innervation among different types of intrafusal fiber, long unmyelinated preterminal segments of axon, and numerous short motor endings on both bag 1 and bag 2 fibers. These neuroanatomical features differ grossly from those in the cat tenuissimus spindles and may reflect a major functional difference.
Analysis of class II MHC structure in thymic nurse cells

During the course of thymocyte maturation, the processes of positive selection and tolerance induction are mediated by interactions between thymocyte T-cell receptors and MHC molecules on thymic stromal cells. The means by which these seemingly contrary processes can be mediated by interactions between the same molecules has long been a source of controversy. One idea which has been put forward is that the MHC molecules in different microenvironments of the thymus are not the same. We have tested this hypothesis by examining class II transcripts derived from thymic cortical epithelial cells known as thymic nurse cells, reasoning that alternative splicing of primary transcripts might give rise to a positively selecting MHC molecule. However, we found no evidence for alternative splicing of these transcripts. These results are presented and discussed with regard to implications for possible mechanisms of positive selection.
Drug induced increases in CNS dopamine alter monocyte, macrophage and T cell functions: Implications for HAND

Central nervous system (CNS) complications resulting from HIV infection remain a major public health problem as individuals live longer due to the success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). As many as 70 % of HIV infected people have HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Many HIV infected individuals abuse drugs, such as cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine, that may be important cofactors in the development of HIV CNS disease. Despite different mechanisms of action, all drugs of abuse increase extracellular dopamine in the CNS. The effects of dopamine on HIV neuropathogenesis are not well understood, and drug induced increases in CNS dopamine may be a common mechanism by which different types of drugs of abuse impact the development of HAND. Monocytes and macrophages are central to HIV infection of the CNS and to HAND. While T cells have not been shown to be a major factor in HIV-associated neuropathogenesis, studies indicate that T cells may play a larger role in the development of HAND in HIV infected drug abusers. Drug induced increases in CNS dopamine may dysregulate functions of, or increase HIV infection in, monocytes, macrophages and T cells in the brain. Thus, characterizing the effects of dopamine on these cells is important for understanding the mechanisms that mediate the development of HAND in drug abusers.
Seasonal trends in unequally spaced data: Confidence intervals for spectral estimates

Confidence intervals for spectral estimates are found for the case when the data are unequally spaced and exhibit a seasonal trend. The trend is estimated and removed using a procedure developed by the authors. This procedure is a modification of the Buys-Ballot filter where Hamming averaging is used to account for missing values. The effectiveness of this procedure in removing seasonal trends is examined. Both theoretical and Monte Carlo results are presented for confidence intervals of the spectral estimates based on the resulting residuals. Several decimation processes are considered -some that are independent of the trend, some that depend on the value of the trend, such as censoring of the data.
Computing the Bayes Factor from a Markov chain Monte Carlo Simulation of the Posterior Distribution

Determining the marginal likelihood from a simulated posterior distribution is central to Bayesian model selection but is computationally challenging. The often-used harmonic mean approximation (HMA) makes no prior assumptions about the character of the distribution but tends to be inconsistent. The Laplace approximation is stable but makes strong, and often inappropriate, assumptions about the shape of the posterior distribution. Here, I argue that the marginal likelihood can be reliably computed from a posterior sample using Lebesgue integration theory in one of two ways: 1) when the HMA integral exists, compute the measure function numerically and analyze the resulting quadrature to control error; 2) compute the measure function numerically for the marginal likelihood integral itself using a space-partitioning tree, followed by quadrature. The first algorithm automatically eliminates the part of the sample that contributes large truncation error in the HMA. Moreover, it provides a simple graphical test for the existence of the HMA integral. The second algorithm uses the posterior sample to assign probability to a partition of the sample space and performs the marginal likelihood integral directly. It uses the posterior sample to discover and tessellate the subset of the sample space that was explored and uses quantiles to compute a representative field value. When integrating directly, this space may be trimmed to remove regions with low probability density and thereby improve accuracy. This second algorithm is consistent for all proper distributions. Error analysis provides some diagnostics on the numerical condition of the results in both cases.
Impact of U.S. Overseas Schools in Latin America on Values.

This study focuses on the attitudinal outcomes of schooling in American Overseas Schools in Latin America with respect to democracy and citizenship, the formation of views about the United States, and student attitudes about the American international school.
Thyme to touch: Infants possess strategies that protect them from dangers posed by plants

Plants have been central to human life as sources of food and raw materials for artifact construction over evolutionary time. But plants also have chemical and physical defenses (such as harmful toxins and thorns) that provide protection from herbivores. The presence of these defenses has shaped the behavioral strategies of non-human animals. Here we report evidence that human infants possess strategies that would serve to protect them from dangers posed by plants. Across two experiments, infants as young as eight months exhibit greater reluctance to manually explore plants compared to other entities. These results expand the growing literature showing that infants are sensitive to certain ancestrally recurrent dangers, and provide a basis for further exploration.
Nanopore-Peptidomics to Predict Response to Chemoradiation Therapy for Lung Cancer

Purpose/Objective(s): Despite advances in cancer detection and management, the outcome for patients with Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TSCC) has not significantly improved over the last years. It is important to identify tissue molecular biomarkers that can provide information complementary to the histopathological studies and to define its relationship with progression and survival. Materials/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 67 patients treated with curative intent between 2004 and 2012. Oral tongue specimens were obtained from archived tissue samples of biopsy and surgery. The expression of cell cycle acceleration and proliferation markers: Cdk2, cyclin B1; and tumor suppression and apoptosis markers: p16, p27, p63, bcl2, PTEN, survivin and Daxx in the cancer cells was assessed immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays (TMAs). Its predictive value on survival and relapse was analyzed. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the resulting curves were compared using the Log-rank test. Mean follow-up: 43.6 months (DT: 29.1). Male/Female: 35/32. Mean age: 63 years (range: 24-89). Tumor stage: I-II 44 (66%); III-IV 23 (34%). Treatment: 58 (87%) pts. were surgically treated, 20 with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) +/chemotherapy (CT). Radical RCT: 9 pts. We used the 15% labeling index as a cutoff point in cyclin B1, 5% in CdK2, p63 and bcl2, 10% in p27, p16, PTEN, Daxx, and survivin. Results: Recurrence: 22 pts (31.4%). Disease-free survival: 37.4 months (DT: 29.25), Global survival: 43.16 months (DT: 29.53). When overall and disease-free survival curves were compared, Cdk2 marker was statistically significant for overall survival (pZ 0.034), p63 for disease-free survival (p Z 0.012) and p27 for both survival curves (pZ 0.000). The other markers showed no significance although cyclin B1 was near significance (p Z 0.098). p16 overexpression was found in 9,3% (6/65 pts.) and was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The present study shows a significant predictive value for p27, Cdk2 and p63 markers with respect to survival in TSCC. p27 is the marker with a stronger significance. Thus, those markers might be useful in order to facilitate the decision for appropriate therapy modality. Cyclin B1 could also be a useful marker and needs to be further investigated. p16 expression was low and was not a marker of favorable prognosis. Author Disclosure: A. Ruiz-Alonso: None. C. Ballestin Carcavilla: None. M. Alonso Riano: None. R. Garcia-Martin: None. M. Colmenero: None. M. Murillo: None. R. Gutierrez: None. G. Sanchez-Aniceto: None. J. Perez-Regadera: None.
Design of observers for two-dimensional systems

This paper extends the familiar 1-D concepts of observer designs to the design of observers for 2-D systems described by Roesser's model. Both full-order and reduced-order observers are considered. Extensions of 1-D concepts to 2-D is non-trivial in view of the requirement that state transformations for 2-D systems have to be block diagonal in order to preserve their input-output properties. Another issue addressed in this paper is the required asymptotic stability property of the 2-D observers. To maintain tractability in asymptotic stability analysis, we consider the class of 2-D observers with separable characteristic polynomials. Illustrative examples are provided.
PerAd-Service: a middleware service for pervasive advertisement in m-business

In this paper, primarily, we delineate the numerous challenges that can arise in mobile-business (m-business) to provide the highest degree of proliferation of pervasive advertisement. Later, we demonstrate the feasibility of PerAd-Service, an integral part of, MARKS (middleware adaptability for knowledge usability, resource discovery, and self-healing) to address those challenges.
Cloning and characterization of the t(15;17) translocation breakpoint region in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

A reciprocal chromosomal translocation, t(15;17)(q22;q11.2-12), is characteristic of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) of French-American-British (FAB) subtype M3, and is not associated with any other human malignancy. The non-random pattern of the APL translocations suggests that specific genes on chromosomes 15 and 17 are somehow altered or deregulated as a consequence of the rearrangement. Translocation breakpoints in APL patients provide physical landmarks that suggest an approach to isolating the APL gene(s). Genetic and physical maps constructed for the APL breakpoint region on chromosome 17 have indicated that two fully-linked DNA markers, defining loci for THRA1 and D17S80, map to opposite sides of an APL breakpoint yet reside on a common 350-kb Cla1 fragment. Cosmid-walking experiments to clone this APL breakpoint have revealed a 38-kilobase deletion on chromosome 17. Studies in additional APL patients have shown that the breakpoint region on chromosome 17 spans at least 80 kilobases.
Comparison of three real time techniques for the measurement of dynamic fracture initiation toughness in metals

Three techniques for measuring dynamic stress intensity factor time histories of dynamically loaded stationary mode-I cracks are compared as applied to dynamically loaded pre-cracked 6Al–4V titanium alloy specimens. The three techniques are crack opening displacement (COD), dynamic strain gage measurement, and coherent gradient sensing (CGS). The stress intensity factor histories are inferred from each measurement technique and are used to obtain the critical dynamic initiation toughness as a function of loading rate (K^(d)_(Ic)(K^⋅^(d)_(I))). There are significant differences in implementation and information obtained from each of the three measurement techniques, though for the tests performed all are found to yield very similar results.
A Framework for Efficient Service Composition in Cyber-Physical Systems

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) provides the concept of packaging available functionalities as interoperable services within the context of various domains that use it. With rapid advances in SOA technologies and the growing availability of web services, the problem of composing a set of web services to achieve complex systems is becoming more practical. In the context of cyber-physical systems where hardware and software are coupled together to realize integrated systems, there are special characteristics and requirements. One of these is that most service providers are physical entities with their own states and properties. The constraint that follows is that a given entity might not be able to perform all the services it can provide at the same time. In fact, “multi-threading” for physical entities is rarely possible. This requires specific service modeling techniques to enable the use of SOA methods for this domain. Another characteristic is that due to the dynamic nature of cyber-physical worlds, the service composition procedure must be dynamically adaptive. In terms of AI planning, which is one of the fundamental techniques for service composition, not only the initial state and the goal are dynamic, but the planning domain also needs to be generated dynamically to provide the complete input to the underlying planner. Taking all these characteristics and requirements into consideration, we develop an ontology model for physical entity specification. Based on this model, another widely used service ontology model, OWL-S is extended to accurately model the characteristics of service providers in the context of cyber-physical worlds. Further, a technique for generating planning domain based on task requirements is developed.
The Chick’s Response to Choline and its Application to an Assay for Choline in Feedstuffs

Abstract DURING our studies on choline assay methods a chick bioassay was needed to determine which of several analytical methods gave results which more nearly paralleled the biological activity. The young chick requires about 1300 mg. choline per kilogram of diet when the ration contains 2750 Calories metabolizable energy per kilogram (Bird et al., 1966). Combs (1963) has related choline requirements to the fat content of the diet. High energy broiler diets usually contain more than the above NRC requirement figure, and practical experience indicates that somewhat more choline is needed (Fritz, 1965a). Classen et al. (1965) concluded that typical broiler diets needed at least 1650 mg. choline chloride per kg. for best performance. As the energy content of the feed is increased, several factors increase the need for dietary choline: the higher energy ingredients contain less choline, the chick consumes less feed per unit gain in weight, and the increased . . .
Network stability from activity-dependent regulation of neuronal conductances

Activity-dependent plasticity appears to play an important role in the modification of neurons and neural circuits that occurs during development and learning. Plasticity is also essential for the maintenance of stable patterns of activity in the face of variable environmental and internal conditions. Previous theoretical and experimental results suggest that neurons stabilize their activity by altering the number or characteristics of ion channels to regulate their intrinsic electrical properties. We present both experimental and modeling evidence to show that activity-dependent regulation of conductances, operating at the level of individual neurons, can also stabilize network activity. These results indicate that the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab can generate a characteristic rhythmic pattern of activity in two fundamentally different modes of operation. In one mode, the rhythm is strictly conditional on the presence of neuromodulatory afferents from adjacent ganglia. In the other, it is independent of neuromodulatory input but relies on newly developed intrinsic properties of the component neurons.
Regime Shifting in the International Intellectual Property System

The international intellectual property system provides an important illustration of how regime complexity shapes domestic and international strategies of states and non-state actors. This article describes and graphically illustrates the multifaceted nature of the international intellectual property system. It then analyzes the consequences of regime complexity for international and domestic politics, emphasizing the strategy of regime shifting and its consequences for chessboard politics and the domestic implementation of international rules.
VARIATION AND DIVERSIFICATION IN PLANT EVO-DEVO'

differences in morphology. Thus, ‘‘saltation’’ (large changes) and ‘‘body plan’’ (indicating conserved development) are macroevolutionary concepts; the former often is implicitly equated with macroevolution. ‘‘Small’’ and ‘‘large’’ are relative concepts; finding objective criteria to define them may be difficult. Phyletic—The phyletic criterion is unambiguous: patterns and processes at the population level are microevolutionary; those at species level and above are macroevolutionary. This criterion can be used to establish whether or not there are patterns of variation across species that cannot be recognized from variation within species. The patterns are best characterized in a phylogenetic context so as to be considered unam
Temperature effects on hatching and viability of Juvenile Gill Lice, Salmincola californiensis.

Salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus, distributed throughout the Pacific Rim, can be infected by the gill lice species Salmincola californiensis (Dana, 1852), which makes them one of the most broadly distributed gill lice species. Despite their broad distribution and valuable obligate salmonid hosts, relatively little is known about S. californiensis. We evaluated effects of temperature on timing of S. californiensis hatching and survival of copepodids, and provide information on brood size and variability. Our results suggest that temperature was a primary driver of timing of S. californiensis hatching and post-hatching survival. Prior to this study, the free-swimming stage of S. californiensis was reported to survive approximately 2 days without a suitable host. We observed active copepodids 13 days after hatch with some individuals from most (>90%) viable egg sacs at all temperature treatments surviving ≥5 days. Our findings indicate that warmer temperatures could increase development rates of gill lice at certain life stages, potentially increasing fecundity. This information coupled with predictions that warmer water temperatures could intensify crowding of coldwater fishes, stress, and parasite transmission suggests that climate change could exacerbate negative effects of S. californiensis on ecologically and economically important salmonids.
Recalibration of the Asphalt Layer Coefficient

While there is an increasing interest in mechanistic-empirical flexible pavement design, this methodology will likely not be implemented by the majority of transportation agencies for several more years. Therefore, there is a need for optimization of the current design methodology, which for many agencies, is the 1993 AASHTO design guide. This approach contains a flexible pavement design equation with inputs of soil modulus, traffic, structural number, reliability, variability, and change in serviceability. A sensitivity analysis conducted on the inputs to this equation showed that the HMA layer coefficient (a 1 ) is the most influential on the resulting HMA thickness. A recalibration of a 1 was performed using data from the National Center for Asphalt Technology Test Track. A least-squares regression was performed to minimize the error between predicted and actual equivalent single axle loadings applied to the test sections. The resulting average a 1 was 0.54 with a standard deviation of 0.08. Using 0.54 instead of the AASHTO recommended coefficient (0.44) results in a HMA thickness savings of approximately 18%.
The 21-day postnatal rat ventricular cardiac muscle cell in culture as an experimental model to study adult cardiomyocyte gene expression

The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a cardiomyocyte culture system for use as an experimental model to study the mechanism(s) by which cardiac muscle cells permanently exit the cell cycle during early neonatal life. Ventricular cardiomyocytes, isolated by retrograde perfusion of hearts from 21-day-old and adult rats, were compared through 10 days of culture. Expression patterns of genes encoding developmentally programmed proteins were determined to be similar between cardiomyocytes cultured from 21-day-old and adult rats, using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A lacZ-expressing reporter gene was used to test the efficiency of gene delivery in cultured cardiomyocytes. Transfections using cationic liposomes yielded 24 ± 7, 25 ± 7 and 10 ± 1% cardiomyocytes positive for β-galactosidase activity in cultured 1-day, 21-day and adult cardiomyocytes, respectively. Direct needle microinjection resulted in 48 ± 7, 35 ± 6 and 37 ± 5% cardiomyocytes positive for enzymatic activity in 1-day, 21-day and adult cardiomyocytes, respectively. Cell cycle-specific cDNA arrays were used to analyze the expression pattern of cell cycle-related genes in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)- and non-TPA-treated cultured 21-day cardiomyocytes. Based on the similarity of cultured 21-day to adult ventricular cardiomyocytes and their high transfection efficiencies, we propose the use of cultured cardiomyocytes from 21-day-old rat ventricles as an experimental model system for the study of adult cardiomyocyte gene expression and cell cycle machinery.
A Monolithically Integrated ACP-OPLL Receiver for RF/Photonic Links

The first monolithically integrated optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) employing attenuating-counter-propagating waves is presented. It demonstrates the highest dynamic range among monolithically integrated OPLLs. Its performance is limited by the bandwidth and linearity of the photodetectors used in the OPLL.
Synthesizing SoS concepts for use in cost modeling

Today's need for more complex, capable systems in a short timeframe is leading many organizations towards the integration of existing systems into network-centric, knowledge-based system-of-systems (SoS). This presents new acquisition challenges in the area of cost estimation because of the lack of commonly accepted definitions and roles. Software and system cost models to date have focused on the software and system development activities of a single system. When viewing the new SoS architectures, one finds that the cost associated with the design and integration of these SoSs is not handled well, if at all, in current cost models. This paper looks at commonly cited definitions of SoS, then evaluates these definitions to determine if they adequately describe and converge on a set of SoS characteristics in the areas of product, development process, and development personnel that can be used to define boundaries and key parameters for an initial SoS cost model. Sixteen SoS definitions are synthesized to provide reasonable coverage for different properties of SoSs. Two examples are used to illustrate key characteristics relevant to cost modeling. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 297–308, 2007
Edge waves on a gently sloping beach

Edge waves of frequency ω and longshore wavenumber k in water of depth h(y) = h1 H(σy/h1), 0 [les ] y < ∞, are calculated through an asymptotic expansion in σ/kh1 on the assumptions that σ [Lt ] 1 and kh1 = O(1). Approximations to the free-surface displacement in an inner domain that includes the singular point at h = 0 and the turning point near gh ≈ ω2/K2 and to the eigenvalue λ ≡ ω2/σgh are obtained for the complete set of modes on the assumption that h(y) is analytic. A uniformly valid approximation for the free-surface displacement and a variational approximation to Λ are obtained for the dominant mode. The results are compared with the shallow-water approximations of Ball (1967) for a slope that decays exponentially from σ to 0 as h increases from 0 to h1 and of Minzoni (1976) for a uniform slope that joins h = 0 to a flat bottom at h = h1 and with the geometrical-optics approximation of Shen, Meyer & Keller (1968).
Changes in Pressure Pain in the Upper Trapezius Muscle, Cervical Range of Motion, and the Cervical Flexion-relaxation Ratio after Overhead Work

This study examined the changes in pressure pain in the upper trapezius muscle, cervical range of motion, and cervical flexion-relaxation ratio after overhead work. 14 workers were recruited. Pressure pain in the upper trapezius muscle, active cervical range of motion, and cervical flexion-relaxation ratio were measured in all subjects once before and once after overhead work. The pressure-pain threshold of the left upper trapezius muscle was 8.6 ± 2.5 lb before overhead work and 7.3 ± 2.4 lb after overhead work; that of the right upper trapezius muscle was 8.8 ± 2.9 and 7.3 ± 2.8 lb, respectively, revealing a significant decrease in pressure-pain threshold with overhead work. All cervical range of motion measures decreased significantly with overhead work. The cervical flexion-relaxation ratio on the left side was 1.3 ± 0.2 before overhead work and 1.1 ± 0.2 after overhead work; the respective values for the right side were 1.4 ± 0.5 and 1.2 ± 0.3 before and after overhead work, revealing a significant decrease with overhead work. We postulate that overhead work can reduce the pressure-pain threshold in the upper trapezius muscle and cause changes in the cervical range of motion and cervical flexion-relaxation ratio.
Information, Meaning, Knowledge, and Communications

The physical world is understood to be comprised of matter and energy, but in the early twentieth century, science began to recognize the significance of something seemingly less physical and yet at the heart of the organization and functioning of systems. Information was defined and characterized scientifically and is now recognized as a fundamental aspect of the universe that is neither matter nor energy per se. We provide an overview of that scientific viewpoint and relate the nature of information to other nearby concepts such as how it is communicated, how is it related to meaning, and most importantly, how is it related to knowledge. Information and knowledge are, in a sense, inverses of one another, alluded to by Morowitz’s quote above. These ephemeral elements are critical in the coming chapters where we see how they contribute to what makes complex systems work.
Are Chlorophyll a–Total Phosphorus Correlations Useful for Inference and Prediction?

Correlations between chlorophyll a and total phosphorus in freshwater ecosystems were first documented in the 1960s and have been used since then to infer phosphorus limitation, build simple models, and develop management targets. Often these correlations are considered indicative of a cause–effect relationship. However, many scientists regard the use of these associations for modeling and inference to be misleading due to their potentially spurious nature. Using data from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, we examine the relationship among chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and algal biomass measurements. We apply graphical models and recently developed “structure learning” principles that use conditional dependencies to help identify causal relationships among observational data. The spurious relationship suspected by some is not supported by our data, whereas a direct relationship between chlorophyll a and total phosphorus is always supported, and an additional indirect relationship with an algal biomass intermedi...
Decreasing amino acid hunger of human muscle with age.

Summary1. Injected C111α-aminoisobutyric acid was much more strongly concentrated by skeletal muscle in children than in men. The greater general uptake by tissues could be recognized by the resultant consistently lower plasma level in the young. 2. The absence of catabolism of this amino acid was shown by observation of less than 0.002% of the injected C14 in expired air during 6 hours, counting respiratory CO2 in the form of Li2CO3. After 24 hours average concentration in the body water was about 4 times that in the plasma water. A renal clearance of 56 ml of plasma per min was observed.
Grounding Grids Corrosion Diagnosis with Touchable Nodes Deviation

To make fault diagnosis of grounding grids with touchable nodes deviation,the testability of diagnosis directly on the exact grounding grid and on the mirror grounding grid are evaluated by using the theory of hierarchical simplification.A Tabu search based fault approach is put forward to reduce the influence of touchable nodes deviation.Four modes of diagnosis are suggested.An experimental grounding grid with sixty branches is used as an example to illustrate the proposed approach.The results show that the diagnosis directly on the exact grounding grid may obtain a higher clear branch ratio but its amount of test work is very large and that the proposed correction approach is feasible.It also shows that the hybrid method to combine the diagnosis on the exact grounding grid with the correction approach on the mirror grid may further improve the clear branch ratio.
The pervasive power of political positioning: A review of Culture & Political Psychology

Magioglou brought together a host of researchers to examine the lay political thought that an individual deals with at a daily basis. The authors provide a very sound foundation of what can be unde...
Vasomotor activity of moderately well-developed canine coronary collateral circulation.

This study examined the ability of moderately well-developed coronary collateral vasculature to undergo vasoconstriction in response to alpha-adrenergic agonists, vasopressin and angiotensin, and v...
Introduction: Emerging Powers and the wto

International trade has become increasingly important to emerging market economies. Concurrently, increasing trade liberalization through the multilateral Doha Round, launched in November 2001, from the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) has been a failure. The essays in this issue evaluate the role of Brazil, China, and India at the WTO examining in particular their domestic and coalitional constraints, the fairness and justice claims underlying their interests, and the types of identity politics that inform their negotiation positions. These three facets do not make multilateral negotiations easy but they do offer possibilities for future negotiations. Multilateral trade negotiations may not decline but the current era of ‘managed multilateralism’ has become complex balancing great and emerging powers interests.
Impulsive-Antisocial Dimension of Psychopathy Linked to Enlargement and Abnormal Functional Connectivity of the Striatum

Abstract Background Psychopathy is a mental health disorder characterized by callous and impulsive antisocial behavior, and it is associated with a high incidence of violent crime, substance abuse, and recidivism. Recent studies suggest that the striatum may be a key component of the neurobiological basis for the disorder, although structural findings have been mixed, and functional connectivity of the striatum in psychopathy has yet to be fully examined. Methods We performed a multimodal neuroimaging study of striatum volume and functional connectivity in psychopathy using a large sample of adult male prison inmates ( N = 124). We conducted volumetric analyses in striatal subnuclei and subsequently assessed resting-state functional connectivity in areas where volume was related to psychopathy severity. Results Total Psychopathy Checklist–Revised and factor 2 scores (which index the impulsive-antisocial traits of psychopathy) were associated with larger striatal subnuclei volumes and increased volume in focal areas throughout the striatum, particularly in the nucleus accumbens and putamen bilaterally. Furthermore, at many of the striatal areas where volume was positively associated with factor 2 scores, psychopathy severity was also associated with abnormal functional connectivity with other brain regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral midbrain, and other areas of the striatum. The results were not attributable to age, race, IQ, substance use history, or intracranial volume. Conclusions These findings associate the impulsive-antisocial dimension of psychopathy with enlarged striatal subnuclei and aberrant functional connectivity between the striatum and other brain regions. Furthermore, the colocalization of volumetric and functional connectivity findings suggests that these neural abnormalities may be pathophysiologically linked.
Submicron ambipolar nanocrystalline-silicon TFTs with high-K gate dielectrics

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) that use hydrogenated nanocrystalline-silicon (nc-Si) as the channel material are favorable for use in neuromorphic circuits [1] as well as in flat-panel displays. Nanocrystalline-Si can be deposited over large areas at low temperatures, thus enabling three-dimensional integration with CMOS structures. Recently, nc-Si TFTs that exhibit high channel mobility and provide stable operation under voltage bias stress have been fabricated [2]. In this work, the subthreshold swing, electron and hole threshold voltages (V T ), and field-effect mobilities are considerably improved by using high-K dielectrics instead of SiO 2 . These gains will translate to circuits with lower operating voltages at the same performance.
Challenges Facing Women’s Political Participation Post Arab Spring: The Cases of Egypt and Tunisia

Despite similarities between the Egyptian and Tunisian experiences since the onset of the Arab Spring, the two countries have taken different paths to democracy and to achieving gender parity in the decision-making process. While both countries have recently enshrined women’s political rights in their post-revolutionary constitutions, wide variations still exist regarding women’s substantive gains in the electoral arena. The goal of this chapter is to offer an in-depth examination and analysis of the gender-related articles in both the Egyptian and the Tunisian constitutions—especially those directly addressing women’s political representation. The chapter concludes with a broader discussion of the prospects of women’s political participation in the MENA region.
Structural modeling for the open state of an NMDA receptor

NMDA receptors are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that are crucial for neurodevelopment and higher order processes such as learning and memory, and have been implicated in numerous neurological disorders. The lack of a structure for the channel open state has greatly hampered the understanding of the normal gating process and mechanisms of disease-associated mutations. Here we report the structural modeling for the open state of an NMDA receptor. Staring from the crystal structure of the closed state, we repacked the pore-lining helices to generate an initial open model. This model was modified to ensure tight packing between subunits and then refined by a molecular dynamics simulation in explicit membrane. We identify Cα-H…O hydrogen bonds, between the Cα of a conserved glycine in one transmembrane helix and a carbonyl oxygen of a membrane-parallel helix, at the extracellular side of the transmembrane domain as important for stabilizing the open state. This observation explains why mutations of the glycine are associated with neurological diseases and lead to significant decrease in channel open probability.
Unix for Programmers: An Introduction

Because of the drop in hardware and software costs, more organizations are installing UNIX work-stations which interface with mainframes. This book aims to provide a broad understanding of microcomputers and operating systems for the UNIX user who is part of a multi-user installation, or for any individual using the UNIX system on a microcomputer for the first time.