cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental characterization of shrink techniques on negative tone development based dense contact holes

Enormous advances have been made in recent years to design sub 40nm dense contact hole pattern with local CD uniformity (CDU) that the process can tolerate. Negative tone development process (NTD) on 193nm photoresists has achieved this to a large extent without the requirement of additional processing steps on the patterned layer. With further shrinking of size of the subsequent nodes, the demand to produce smaller patterns with wider process window, low defectivity, and improved CDU is increasing, and reaching beyond what can be achieved through NTD alone. A number of techniques are in practice today to achieve this, most notably, implementation of a collar of Atomic Layer Deposited SiO2 (ALD) on photoresist or substrate. However, in recent years, various material suppliers have also proposed shrink chemistries to achieve this. In this paper, we have provided fundamental characterization of shrink via application of spin-on agents (organic as well as aqueous) on the post-imaged pattern. We have also compared them for their shrink capacity, defect tendency, dry etch capability and ease of implementation in the process flow. In addition, we have provided recommendations on which technique is suitable for a given set of process prerequisites.
Optimum number of aggregators based on power consumption, cost, and network lifetime in advanced metering infrastructure architecture for Smart Grid Internet of Things

Internet of Things connects anythings at any time in any places. Smart grid is one of the promising applications of Internet of Things. Advanced metering infrastructure is one of the most important components of smart grid which aggregates data from smart meters and sends the collected data to the utility center to be analyzed and stored. In this paper, we have proposed an aggregation-based indirect architecture for advanced metering infrastructure architecture in smart grid Internet of Things and focused on finding the optimum number of regional aggregators in its neighborhood area network (NAN) based on three metrics: regional aggregator (RA) power consumption, cost of RAs and wide-area aggregator, and NAN lifetime. We have developed a power consumption model for each RA and define NAN lifetime based on that. We also defined a new performance metric, the product of power consumption and cost (PC), so that by minimizing it, we can obtain the optimum number of RAs. The simulation results indicate correctness of our theoretical model and show that we can achieve a balance between NAN lifetime and RAs' cost.
Observations on the Biology of Four Species of Dioryctria in North Carolina (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae)

In North Carolina, Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) is injurious to long-leaf pine ( Pinus palustris L.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.); D. disclusa (Heinrich) feeds upon long-leaf pine, loblolly pine, and scrub pine (P. virginiana Mill.); and I), zimmermani (Grote) and D. clarioralis (Walker) occur on loblolly pine. D. amatella produces several generations each year; the other 3 species of Dioryctria are univoltine. Parasites associated with D. amatella include Exochus turgidus Holmgren, Bracon sp., Macrocentrus sp., and at least 2 species of Diptera. D. zimmermani is parasitized by Hyssopus rhyacioniae Gahan, and D. disclusa by Met corns tetralophae Muesebeck and Apanteles sp.
Cardiac Ablative Technologies

Device technologies to treat cardiac arrhythmia continue to advance at a rapid pace; this is a highly competitive field with numerous corporate powerhouses playing significant roles. The primary goals for treatment of arrhythmia are to: (1) alleviate symptoms and improve an individual’s quality of life; (2) prolong the patient’s life by preventing complications such as ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, syncope, and/or stroke; and (3) reduce an individual’s dependency on pharmacologic therapies that often carry significant side effects. Pharmacologic treatment has been the mainstay for management of most cardiac arrhythmias, although in recent years implantable devices and ablation have become increasingly more important. In this chapter we review several ablation technologies that are in current use as well as others that are being developed. This review contains descriptions of: (1) various energy sources; (2) the mechanisms of action for lesion formation; (3) required power sources; (4) the variety of catheters that can be used to apply these therapies; (5) potential treatment complications; and (6) the recent sensor technologies that are being developed to improve therapeutic efficacy and/or minimize complications.
Research on Secure Web Service in Mobile E-Government Platform

In platform of mobile e-government,Web service is the most common usages in deployment plan.By reason of the Web service is self-contained and self-described and modularized,it can be invoking,it need to consider that security of the web service be used.Web service transmit data by SOAP,SOAP reformatting data in the shape of XML there are many venture in the channel,Non-encrypted soap message transmitted in an insecure channel may leak sensitive data.Data must be encryption if the data is sensitivity.In order to settle the problems in view of the foregoing,giving out a solution based on the.net platform.When use Web service,only authorized users can access to the services provided by Web services,when client log in,obtain public key first.In response to these issues:first client connect to the server,obtain the public key of server,and then negotiate with server about the asymmetric encryption key and symmetric key used for encrypting the soap,and obtained the encrypted SessionID from server.Use Soap header to achieve authentication,and use Soap extension to achieve Soap message optional encryption,ensured the security of web services.
Interpreting Method of Thick Layer Subdivision of Production Proflle

Based on distance theory needed for produced fluid becoming stable flow, the fundament of anisotropic subdivision interpretation is emphatically discussed, an effective layering method is studied by using the characteristic information reflecting formation curve in production. The principle of dynamic flow unit clinging to static flow unit is used to recognize produced phase state and productivity size, an example is given to demonstrate the monitoring effect of the technique.
Crustal shear-wave velocity structure beneath the western Tibetan plateau revealed by receiver function inversions

The collision of Indian and Eurasian plates is the most significant geological event on the Earth since Cenozoic era.How the subduction of the Indian plates occurs under the Tibetan plateau is one of the topics receiving much attention.Whether the boundaries between inner micro-blocks of the Tibetan plateau cut through the crust is another focused issue,which is of great significance for the deformation mechanism of the Tibetan plateau.To help address these issues,we performed a passive-source seismic survey profiling through the western Tibetan plateau.The receiver function method was used to study the crustal shear-wave velocity structure along the survey line.Firstly,we selected the similar receiver functions for each station bydiscarding the weird waves,then stacked the rest of results to obtain waves of high signal-tonoise ratio.Secondly,the inversion was operated with the Neighborhood algorithm.The Neighborhood algorithm made use of the geometrical constructs known as Voronoi cells to derive the search in the parameter space.It is known that this algorithm produces a selfadaptive search behavior.The inversion results of all stations are shown as a 2Dimage.As we expected,the shear-wave velocity structure along the survey line coincides with the migration of common conversion point(CCP)of the receiver functions.The earthquake of MS4.0 mainly happened beneath the Karakorum fault zone and the Longmu Co fault zone,which are featured by low shear-wave velocity in the upper-middle crust at both ends of the profile.The subduction of Indian plate under the Tibetan plateau probably reaches the BangongNujiang suture based on the comprehensive analysis in this study and the previous work on the western Tibetan plateau.The Karakorum fault zone,Bangong-Nujiang suture and the AltynTagh fault zone cut through the whole crust leading to the Moho offset.The absence of low shear-wave velocity in the upper-middle crust between the Karakorum fault zone and the Longmu Co fault zone probably indicates the lack of the decoupling layer,which supports the assumption that western Tibet has been experienced crustal shortening and thickening.
Implement and exploration of vector control in Xiamen city

A joint compaign is launched to control vectors in Xiamen city.Elaborating organization,scientific planning,strengthen information dissemination,comprehensive ecological improvement,innovative inspection are done to effect the vector control compaign.Vector density could be controlled well through traditional patriotic health movement with comprehensive control strategies.
Medical criteria for active physical therapy. Physician guidelines for patient participation in a program of functional electrical rehabilitation.

Medical guidelines are presented by which the physician may evaluate a patient for participation in a program of active physical therapy (A.P.T.). A.P.T. system modalities are introduced and defined as: a) isokinetic leg trainer, b) stationary bicycle ergometer, c) outdoor exercise bicycle, and d) Functional Electrical Stimulation (F.E.S.)--Orthosis for ambulation. The physiological responses to these F.E.S. exercise modalities are reviewed. Initial and interim patient evaluations are discussed. The initial patient evaluation includes a history, physical examination, lab tests, and a report summary, all of which culminate in an F.E.S. exercise prescription. The interim patient evaluation is performed for continuation-termination purposes as well as to progress the patient through the various F.E.S. exercise modalities. Specific F.E.S. exercise progression criteria are summarized. The medical criteria are presented with respect to both patient participation in the F.E.S. exercise program and patient monitoring during the exercise itself. Specific medical criteria for patient participation in A.P.T. are organized around eight functional categories: a) level of neurological injury, b) muscular system, c) skeletal system, subdivided into bone criteria and joint criteria, d) cardiovascular system, e) respiratory system, f) urogenital system, g) cutaneous system, and h) psychological system. The medical criteria for patient monitoring during F.E.S. exercise are discussed with respect to: a) cardiovascular monitoring, b) objective patient monitoring, and c) F.E.S. exercise system monitoring. The article concludes with a discussion of informed consent when applied to an emerging treatment modality.
Empowering OWL with Overriding Inheritance, Conflict Resolution and Non-monotonic Reasoning.

The popularity of OWL for knowledge representation in the Semantic Web applications makes it an attractive platform. Although OWL supports some form of object-oriented features for knowledge structuring and maintenance, it is significantly weak in capturing most essential object-oriented features such as single and multiple inheritance, default class values, methods, overriding and encapsulation in their true spirits. It is also weak in extending reasoning support for intelligent knowledge processing. Such features are becoming increasingly essential in applications such as social networks, e-commerce and knowledge rich ontology for Life Sciences. In this paper, we propose an extension of OWL toward a more powerful knowledge structuring language, called OWL, by supporting multiple different types of inheritance with overriding, and non-monotonic reasoning capabilities within OWL. We demonstrate OWL’s computability and implementability by presenting a translational semantics of OWL to OWL, for which we have robust execution engines while for the reasoning component of OWL we rely on Jena to support rules in OWL.
Consolidation of Partially Stabilized ZrO 2 in the Presence of a Noncontacting Electric Field

Electric field-assisted sintering techniques demonstrate accelerated densification at lower temperatures than the conventional sintering methods. However, it is still debated whether the applied field and/or resulting currents are responsible for the densification enhancement. To distinguish the effects of an applied field from current flow, in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments with soft agglomerates of partially stabilized yttria-doped zirconia particles are carried out. A new microelectromechanical system-based sample support is used to heat particle agglomerates while simultaneously exposing them to an externally applied noncontacting electric field. Under isothermal condition at 900 °C, an electric field strength of 500 V/cm shows a sudden threefold enhancement in the shrinkage of the agglomerates. The applied electrostatic potential lowers the activation energy for point defect formation within the space charge zone and therefore promotes consolidation. Obtaining similar magnitudes of shrinkage in the absence of any electric field requires a higher temperature and longer time.
A novel method of urban land type identification utilizing meteorological station network temperature data, as developed for the Baltimore-Washington region

Abstract Changes to urban areas over time and their relationship to precipitation and climate is a topic of growing interest. Cities have existed and expanded for centuries, but datasets which show levels and changes in urbanization prior to recent years are often spatially or temporally limited. It is known urban areas are generally warmer than rural areas, therefore relative values of temperatures can be used to discern land type. In this study, a new method utilizing the statistical k-means clustering technique is proposed to identify urbanization by using temperature data recorded at meteorological weather stations. The new technique was developed and applied to a network of meteorological stations in the greater Washington, DC region for 5-year intervals from 1980 to 2010, where it was able to identify urban, suburban, and rural land types for both large and small cities. The technique was also able to capture general temporal transitions from rural to suburban environments at the edges of urban areas.
Invasive Ants Generate Heterogeneity in Patterns of Seed Survival

Although studies often focus on the direct effects of invasive species on native taxa, invasive species may also alter interactions among native species. For example Solenopsis invicta, the red imported fire ant, may directly alter native seed survival by consuming seeds, but also indirectly alter seed survival, by altering the abundance and/or behavior of native granivores. We tested the effects of invasive S. invicta on rodent and arthropod granivory by quantifying seed removal from seed depots that differed in granivore access (arthropods and rodents or arthropods only) and distance from an S. invicta mound (0.1 m or 4.0 m). We hypothesized the effect of S. invicta on native granivores would be stronger at depots located near (0.1 m) a mound than at depots located 4.0 m from a mound. Use of two different seed species (Rubus cuneifolius and Prunus serotina) allowed us to evaluate the consequences of S. invicta for small-seeded plant species consumed by both arthropods and rodents (R. cuneifolius) as well as for large-seeded species that can only be consumed by rodents (P. serotina). We found overall removal of P. serotina was low, regardless of seed depot location or exclosure type. Near S. invicta mounds, the removal of R. cuneifolius was also low, with no difference between depots that allowed or excluded rodents. In contrast, removal of R. cuneifolius by arthropods 4.0 m from a mound was nearly twice that of removal next to a mound but only when rodents were excluded. Our results indicate S. invicta may create hotspots of granivory by native arthropods in the areas between S. invicta mounds, but these effects may not extend to large-seeded plants that are consumed by rodents. By influencing seed survival as a function of plant species and proximity to a mound, nonnative S. invicta generates heterogeneity in native seed survival, which may affect plant community composition.
FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN HOLDING TUBES OF COMMERCIAL EGG PASTEURIZERS

Fluid flow theory, as related to the holding of egg products in continuous pasteurization operation, is discussed. The conditions for laminar, turbulent and transitional types of flow; the specific factors in holding tubes that may cause deviations from the anticipated type of flow; and the effects of the viscosities of egg products are outlined. Retention times for laminar flow and the effects on survival of microorganisms are evaluated. Determination of minimum holding times in 10 commercial holding tube arrangements with varying egg products were made. All minimum holding times were appreciably less than average holding times but more than would be predicted from simple laminar flow theory. Holding tube efficiencies varied roughly from 60 to 80%. They increased slightly with increased Reynolds numbers over the range of the latter that is found in commercial holding tubes.
Seizure Outcome After Surgical Resection of Insular Glioma.

Background A majority of patients with insular tumors present with seizures. Although a number of studies have shown that greater extent of resection improves overall patient survival, few studies have documented postoperative seizure control after insular tumor resection. Objective To (1) characterize seizure control rates in patients undergoing insular tumor resection, (2) identify predictors of seizure control, and (3) evaluate the association between seizure recurrence and tumor progression. Methods The study population included adults who had undergone resection of insular gliomas between 1997 and 2015 at our institution. Preoperative seizure characteristics, tumor characteristics, surgical factors, and postoperative seizure outcomes were reviewed. Results One-hundred nine patients with sufficient clinical data were included in the study. At 1 yr after surgery, 74 patients (68%) were seizure free. At final follow-up, 42 patients (39%) were seizure free. Median time to seizure recurrence was 46 mo (95% confidence interval 31-65 mo). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that greater extent of resection (hazard ratio = 0.2899 [0.1129, 0.7973], P = .0127) was a significant predictor of seizure freedom. Of patients who had seizure recurrence and tumor progression, seizure usually recurred within 3 mo prior to tumor progression. Repeat resection offered additional seizure control, as 8 of the 22 patients with recurrent seizures became seizure free after reoperation. Conclusion Maximizing the extent of resection in insular gliomas portends greater seizure freedom after surgery. Seizure recurrence is associated with tumor progression, and repeat operation can provide additional seizure control.
National Resident Matching Program (NRMP)

The National Resident Matching Program, also known as the Main Residency Match, or simply “The Match,” is a program that matches applicants to a US residency program of any specialty with the exception of urology and ophthalmology, which have their own matching programs. The residency matching process is one that is almost a year long and involves an online application including letters of recommendation, a personal statement, medical school performance evaluation (MSPE, often referred to as the “Dean’s letter”), and transcript. The earliest date you can begin this online application is during the month of May for US seniors/graduates or Canadian medical graduates. For international medical graduates (IMG), you must wait until June when the ECFMG releases your ERAS token, a one-time access code used to register for the online application—ERAS (see below for more information). The earliest you can submit your application is a date in mid-September. Most programs extend interview offers between September and December. Many programs wait until the submission of your MSPE, which historically has occurred on October 1st. Applicants receive the bulk of their interview offers during the months of October and November. By the end of February, applicants must submit a rank list of programs at which they interviewed. In mid-March, applicants find out whether or not they matched and where. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the details of this process and supply tips for a successful match.
Channel sparsity-aware recursive least squares algorithms for nonlinear system modeling and active noise control

In this paper, we propose new channel sparsityaware recursive least square (RLS) algorithms using a sequential update. The developed sparse sequential RLS (S-SEQ-RLS) and filtered-x RLS (S-SEQ-FxRLS) algorithms use a discard function to disregard the coefficients which are close to zero in the weight vector for each channel in order to reduce the computational load and improve the algorithm convergence rate. The developed l0-norm sequential RLS (l0-SEQ-RLS) and filtered-x RLS (l0-SEQ-FxRLS) algorithms minimize the error objective function with a sum of weighted penalty terms in which each penalty term is the l0-norm of the channel weight vector. The channel sparsity-aware algorithms are first derived for nonlinear system modeling and then modified for nonlinear active noise control. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed channel sparsity-aware RLS algorithms achieve the similar performance as the sequential RLS (SEQ-RLS) algorithm in which the channel weight vectors are sequentially updated. Furthermore, the proposed channel sparsity-aware algorithms require a lower computational load in comparison with the nonsequential sparsity-aware algorithms.
Comparison of triangle and tetrad discrimination methodology in an applied manner

Abstract Choosing a discrimination test can involve numerous factors, one of which is statistical power. The tetrad test has been shown to possess statistical advantages over the more traditional triangle method. However, these statistical advantages may not be present when the effect size decreases by more than 1/3. The frequency of large decreases in effect size, as well as other measures of test performance has not been characterized. In this study, over thirty products were tested using both triangles and tetrads in order to compare the two methods. The products tested ranged from canned vegetables and fresh fruits to deli meats and baked goods. After testing, inconsistencies were found within and across product categories. Only 16% of the tests were found to end with a different conclusion regarding a statistical difference (p
Ein etwas anderes Nierenversagen

Ein 44-jahriger Patient stellte sich wegen einer Verschlechterung des Allgemeinzustands auf dem Notfall vor. Er berichtete, dass er seit zwei Wochen wegen mangelnden Appetits kaum gegessen habe. In diesem Zeitraum habe er, bei vorbestehendem chronischem Alkoholabusus, selbstandig einen Entzug durchgefuhrt. Er beklagte, seit langerem unter diffusen Bauchschmerzen zu leiden, und gab an, kein Wasser mehr losen zu konnen.
Controlling the Roadway: Signs, Markings, and Signals

Prytherch examines the foundational Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), which employs symbolic communication and physical engineering to shape the social space of the street. These federally enforced standards for uniform traffic control translate societal assumptions and legal principles into signage, retroreflective markings, and traffic signals, which in turn choreograph the way people move and interact on the street. Like standards of geometric design and quality of service, the details of the MUTCD reveal the complex mobility politics underlying traffic control, and how knowledge of these technical standards can provide a tool for reimagining the American street.
Probable pulmonary embolism with repeat administration of prothrombin complex concentrate in a factor Xa inhibitor patient.

What is known and objective Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) is a plasma-derived concentrate used to replenish clotting factors. There are limited recommendations for treating coagulopathy induced by direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). Data are limited regarding both total dose and repeated dosing with this population. Case summary We describe a case of an adult patient anticoagulated with apixaban who received two 35 unit/kg doses of PCC resulting in suspected pulmonary embolism. What is new and conclusion Treatment of DOAC-induced bleeding remains an "off-label" indication for PCC. Additional doses should be given with caution if given at all and patients monitored closely.
Training and standards

It hardly needs to be stated that vascular neurosurgery has changed dramatically over the past 50 years. As neuroendovascular surgery has evolved, more cerebrovascular disease has come to be treated with these techniques. At the same time, fewer but possibly more complex aneurysms must be treated with open cerebrovascular techniques. Together, these changes present unique challenges for training programs and practice standards within vascular neurosurgery. In this chapter, we outline the historical context of training guidelines and certification in neuroendovascular and open cerebrovascular neurosurgery. We then review the current status of these efforts including the Committee on Advanced Subspecialty Training (CAST) certification and other training research and initiatives. We briefly review guidelines for specific operations, as well as hospital privileges. An additional aspect of training and standards, the maintenance of certification process, is discussed in the context of neuroendovascular surgery. We then turn our attention to open cerebrovascular neurosurgery, where fewer but perhaps more complex aneurysms present unique challenges for training the next generation of open cerebrovascular surgeons as well as maintaining standards in this area. Possible solutions to these challenges including simulation training and fellowship training in high-volume centers are discussed. We also review guidelines for competence including CAST certification in cerebrovascular neurosurgery. In conclusion, we offer a checklist of recommendations regarding training and standards in neuroendovascular and open cerebrovascular neurosurgery.
Developing Course-Based Research Experiences in Discipline-Based Education Research: Lessons Learned and Recommendations

In this perspective, we highlight the opportunity for the biology education research community to develop course-based research experiences (CREs) or course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) in discipline-based education research. Building on our prior experience developing and teaching four biology education research CREs, we present opportunities, potential pitfalls, and recommendations for discipline-based education researchers interested in integrating their research and teaching in the context of a CRE.
Parallel lines and forking paths: reflections on the work of Tim Ingold

To speak of existential anthropology is to make a commitment to engage directly with life as it is lived, in all its empirical diversity and complexity, and to reflect that life in one's writing. T...
Late Effects of Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (AHCT) in Elderly Patients with Lymphoma

Background Limited data is available on long-term effects of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) in older patients (pts). Methods This single-center, retrospective study examines late cardiopulmonary effects, and overall outcomes of AHCT in 41 pts age ≥ 70, with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), between 2000-2016. Pre- and post-HCT pulmonary function tests (PFT) and echocardiograms (echo) were compared. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed according to age, gender, histology, stage, number of lines of treatment, diffusing capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and comorbidity index (HCT-CI). Results 41 pts [median age 72 (range 70-75)] received AHCT for follicular or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n=18 44%), mantle cell lymphoma (n=15 37%) and T-cell or other NHL subtypes (n=8 20%). Eight (20%), 6 (15%) and 27 (66%) pts had a low (0), intermediate (1-2) and high (≥3) HCT-CI, respectively. All pts except 1, had received anthracycline as part of initial therapy. BEAM was the most common conditioning regimen (n=38 93%). Pre-HCT LVEF was normal in all pts except 1 (45%). Median (range) pre- and post-HCT LVEF was 63% (45-74%) and 64% (39-71%), respectively. Of the 23 pts who had post-HCT echo (median time between pre- and post-HCT echo was 423 days), a mild decrease in LVEF was noted in 3. Only 1 pt had a significant decline of 19%. Pre- and post-HCT pulmonary artery pressure was normal in all. The median (range) of pre-transplant DLCO, FEV1 and FVC were 70% (48-125%), 97% (83-141%), and 98% (57-123%), respectively. Of the 10 pts who had post-HCT PFT (median time between pre- and post-HCT PFT was 405 days), DLCO decline of >10% was the most common abnormality and developed in 4. In 5 pts DLCO improvement of >10% was observed. A >15% improvement in FEV1 and FVC was observed in 5 and 4 pts respectively. The median improvements in FVC, FEV1 and DLCO were 4%, 6% and 10%, respectively. With a median follow-up of 58 months (range 5-123) for survivors, PFS and OS at 3 years were 84% (95% CI, 67-92%) and 94% (95% CI, 80-99%), respectively. In a univariate analysis, age, gender, histology, stage, number of lines of treatment, DLCO, LVEF, and HCT-CI did not affect OS or PFS. Relapse occurred in 11 pts (27%), 8 of whom died. Median time to relapse was 38 months (range 27-100). Secondary malignancies developed in 4 pts (10%) and led to death in 3. Conclusion In our cohort of elderly pts who underwent AHCT, late declines in cardiopulmonary function were minimal, and none resulted in mortality. The most common cause of death was lymphoma recurrence. Secondary malignancy was the only cause of non-relapse mortality. While prospective studies with larger number of pts are needed to evaluate long-term effects of AHCT on different organ functions in elderly, strategies to mitigate risk of relapse remain the most important area to improve outcomes.
Associations of Growth and Body Composition with Brain Size in Preterm Infants

Objective To assess the association of very preterm infants' brain size at term-equivalent age with physical growth from birth to term and body composition at term. Study design We studied 62 infants born at Results The median gestational age was 29 weeks (range, 24.0-32.9 weeks). Positive gains in weight and body mass index Z-score were associated with increased brain size. Each additional 100 g of fat-free mass at term was associated with larger bifrontal diameter (0.6 mm; 95% CI, 0.2-1.0 mm), biparietal diameter (0.7 mm; 95% CI, 0.3-1.1 mm), and transverse cerebellar distance (0.3 mm; 95% CI, 0.003-0.5 mm). Associations between fat mass and brain metrics were not statistically significant. Conclusions Weight and body mass index gain from birth to term, and lean mass—but not fat—at term, were associated with larger brain size. Factors that promote lean mass accrual among preterm infants may also promote brain growth.
Noise analysis of cytosolic calcium image data

Cellular Ca2+ signals are often constrained to cytosolic micro- or nano-domains where stochastic openings of Ca2+ channels cause large fluctuations in local Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+ 'noise'). With the advent of TIRF microscopy to image the fluorescence of Ca2+-sensitive probes from attoliter volumes it has become possible to directly monitor these signals, which closely track the gating of plasmalemmal and ER Ca2+-permeable channels. Nevertheless, it is likely that many physiologically important Ca2+ signals are too small to resolve as discrete events in fluorescence recordings. By analogy with noise analysis of electrophysiological data, we explore here the use of statistical approaches to detect and analyze such Ca2+ noise in images obtained using Ca2+-sensitive indicator dyes. We describe two techniques - power spectrum analysis and spatio-temporal correlation - and demonstrate that both effectively identify discrete, spatially localized calcium release events (Ca2+ puffs). Moreover, we show they are able to detect localized noise fluctuations in a case where discrete events cannot directly be resolved.
Does negative pressure wound therapy with irrigation improve clinical outcomes? A randomized clinical trial in patients with diabetic foot infections.

Abstract Aim To compare the efficacy of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) with and without irrigation with 0.1% polyhexanide-betaine. Methods We randomized 150 subjects in a 16-week RCT to compare healing in patients with diabetic foot infections. NPWT delivered at 125 mm Hg continuous pressure. NPWT-I were administered at 30 cc per hour. Results There were no differences clinical treatment or outcomes: wound area after surgery (18.5 ± 19.0 vs. 13.4 ± 11.1 cm2, p = 0.50), duration of antibiotics (39.7 ± 21.0 vs. 38.0 ± 24.6 days, p = 0.40), number of surgeries (2.3 ± 0.67 vs. 2.2 ± 0.59, p = 0.85), duration of NPWT (148.1 ± 170.4 vs. 114.5 ± 135.1 h, p = 0.06), healed wounds (58.7% vs. 60.0%, p = 0.86), time to healing (56.3 ± 31.7 vs. 50.7 ± 27.8, p = 0.53), length of stay (13.8 ± 6.4 vs. 14.5 ± 11.2 days, p = 0.42), re-infection (20.0% vs. 22.7%, p = 0.69, and re-hospitalization (17.3% vs. 18.7, p = 0.83). Conclusions The addition of irrigation to NPWT did not change clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic foot infections. Clinical trial number NCT02463487, ClinicalTrials.gov .
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in pediatric hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) may result in thrombotic central nervous system complications. We present a child with diarrhea-associated HUS who developed new-onset focal seizures secondary to cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT). Her CSVT was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. The patient's seizures were controlled with levetiracetam, and her HUS was managed supportively with hemodialysis. Repeat imaging nearly 6 months following presentation and initiation of anticoagulation demonstrated cerebral sinus enlargement and persistent intraluminal webbing. Anticoagulation was discontinued after 6 months, and she did not experience long-term gross neurologic sequelae. CSVT is a complication of HUS that has not been previously described. In this report, we summarize the thrombotic central nervous system complications of pediatric HUS.
Reconciling blackmail and nondisclosure agreements: An economic approach

The different legal treatment of blackmail and nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) is puzzling. Although both are aimed at concealing potentially valuable information, NDAs are legal, but blackmail is not. This paper offers an economic explanation that reconciles this difference. The setting is a relationship involving adverse selection in which a third party acquires information about another party's quality. The key to distinguishing between the practices is the manner in which the third party discovers the information: in blackmail, it occurs casually or as a result of costly search; in the NDA context, it occurs as a by‐product of an employment relationship.
When Logics Collide: Implementing Technology-Enabled Personalization in the Age of Accountability:

In this article, we situate the relatively new wave of technology-enabled personalized learning platforms within the broader policy context of institutional accountability. Although many education ...
Macrophage activation on "phagocytic synapse" arrays: Spacing of nanoclustered ligands directs TLR1/2 signaling with an intrinsic limit.

The activation of Toll-like receptor heterodimer 1/2 (TLR1/2) by microbial components plays a critical role in host immune responses against pathogens. TLR1/2 signaling is sensitive to the chemical structure of ligands, but its dependence on the spatial distribution of ligands on microbial surfaces remains unexplored. Here, we reveal the quantitative relationship between TLR1/2-triggered immune responses and the spacing of ligand clusters by designing an artificial “phagocytic synapse” nanoarray platform to mimic the cell-microbe interface. The ligand spacing dictates the proximity of receptor clusters on the cell surface and consequently the pro-inflammatory responses of macrophages. However, cell responses reach their maximum at small ligand spacings when the receptor nanoclusters become adjacent to one another. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using spatially patterned ligands to modulate innate immunity. It shows that the receptor clusters of TLR1/2 act as a driver in integrating the spatial cues of ligands into cell-level activation events.
Forest Preference in Swidden Agriculture.

This paper addresses the question of a preference for primary versus secondary forest among swidden agriculturalists, using data gathered among the tribal Kantu’ of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Kantu' have traditionally made a distinction between the two types of forest, based on the differing inputs, outputs, and chronologies of swiddens that are cut from them. Historically this distinction was important to the Kantu' because farming of primary forest bore decisive economic and military advantages within the context of chronic intertribal warfare. This distinction has maintained its importance into the postwar, contemporary era, although for different reasons. Today the average Kantu' household farms both primary and secondary forest, in part because the former has jural advantages whereas the latter has economic advantages, but largely so as to exploit the differences between the two. This is a major element in a strategy designed, first, to minimize risk and stabilize the return on labor, and second, to intensify utilization of this labor.
Challenging representations of Muslims and cultural métissage in the ethnic comedies L’Italien (2010) and Mohamed Dubois (2013):

In this article, I am looking at two popular ‘ethnic’ comedies, L’Italien (2010) and Mohamed Dubois (2013), that promote dialogue and conviviality between Franco-Maghrebi and Franco-French people i...
Effect of tryptophan on hepatoma and host liver of rats. Influence after treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride and carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract Female inbred Buffalo rats bearing intrahepatically transplanted hepatoma 5123 were subjected intraperitoneally to the acute administration of hypertonic NaCl or CCl 4 followed by a tube-feeding of l -tryptophan. The responses in terms of changes in polyribosomal aggregation and protein synthesis ( in vitro ) of host liver and hepatoma were evaluated. While treatment with hypertonic NaCl or CCl 4 caused disaggregation of polyribosomes and inhibition of protein synthesis in both host liver and hepatoma, the subsequent administration of tryptophan caused some improvement in both parameters in host liver but not in hepatoma. Administration of hypertonic NaCl alone caused a decrease in [ 14 C]orotate incorporation into poly(A)-mRNA of host liver and hepatoma, whereas administration of tryptophan after hypertonic NaCl caused a significant improvement in host liver alone. Following the tryptophan administration, the activities of nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II, and of nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase, as well as labeled nuclear RNA release in vitro were slightly elevated in host liver but not in hepatoma. Tryptophan-related compounds, 5-hydroxy- dl -tryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, indole, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, when administered in place of l -tryptophan, did not appreciably affect polyribosomal aggregation or protein synthesis in vitro in host liver or hepatoma.
PHYLOGENETIC VERSUS FUNCTIONAL SIGNALS IN THE EVOLUTION OF FORM–FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS IN TERRESTRIAL VISION

Phylogeny is deeply pertinent to evolutionary studies. Traits that perform a body function are expected to be strongly influenced by physical "requirements" of the function. We investigated if such traits exhibit phylogenetic signals, and, if so, how phylogenetic noises bias quantification of form-function relationships. A form-function system that is strongly influenced by physics, namely the relationship between eye morphology and visual optics in amniotes, was used. We quantified the correlation between form (i.e., eye morphology) and function (i.e., ocular optics) while varying the level of phylogenetic bias removal through adjusting Pagel's λ. Ocular soft-tissue dimensions exhibited the highest correlation with ocular optics when 1% of phylogenetic bias expected from Brownian motion was removed (i.e., λ= 0.01); the value for hard-tissue data were 8%. A small degree of phylogenetic bias therefore exists in morphology despite of the stringent functional constraints. We also devised a phylogenetically informed discriminant analysis and recorded the effects of phylogenetic bias on this method using the same data. Use of proper λ values during phylogenetic bias removal improved misidentification rates in resulting classifications when prior probabilities were assumed to be equal. Even a small degree of phylogenetic bias affected the classification resulting from phylogenetically informed discriminant analysis.
On Estimating Granulometric Discrete Size Distributions of Random Sets

Morphological granulometries, and the associated size distributions and densities, are important shape/size summaries for random sets. They have been successfully employed in a number of image processing and analysis tasks, including shape analysis, multiscale shape representation, texture classification, and noise filtering. For most random set models however it is not possible to analytically compute the size distribution. In this contribution, we investigate the problem of estimating the granulometric (discrete) size distribution and size density of a discrete random set. We propose a Monte Carlo estimator and compare its properties with that of an empirical estimator. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrate superiority of the Monte Carlo estimation approach. The Monte Carlo estimator is then used to demonstrate existence of phase transitions in a popular discrete random set model known as a binary Markov random field, as well as a tool for designing “optimal” filters for binary image restoration.
How Do Respondents with Uncertain Willingness to Pay Answer Contingent Valuation Questions

Four elicitation methods are compared in a split-sample, contingent-valuation study valuing avoidance of episodes of ill health linked to air pollution: two discrete methods and two more-continuous methods. Respondents to a traditional payment card (PC) question gave willingness-to-pay values that were lower than those implied by dichotomous-choice (DC) responses. However, followup questions showed that DC respondents were less certain of their stated behavior than were PC respondents. When respondents were told to be ``almost certain’ ’ of their responses, responses to the DC and the PC formats converged.
Environmental controls on spatial patterns in the long-term persistence of giant kelp in central California

As marine management measures increasingly protect static areas of the oceans, it is important to make sure protected areas capture and protect persistent populations. Rocky reefs in many temperate areas worldwide serve as habitat for canopy-forming macroalgae and these structure-forming species of kelps (order Laminariales) often serve as important habitat for a great diversity of species. Macrocystis pyrifera is the most common canopy-forming kelp species found along the coast of California, but the distribution and abundance of M. pyrifera varies in space and time. The purpose of this study is to determine what environmental parameters are correlated with and their relative contribution to the spatial and temporal persistence of M. pyrifera along the central coast of California and how well those environmental parameters can be used to predict areas where this species is more likely to persist. Nine environmental variables considered in this study included depth of the seafloor, structure of the rocky reef, proportion of rocky reef, size of kelp patch, biomass of kelp within a patch, distance from the edge of a kelp patch, sea surface temperature, wave orbital velocities, and population connectivity of individual kelp patches. Using a generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMM), the persistence of M. pyrifera was significantly associated with seven of the nine variables considered: depth, complexity of the rocky reef, proportion of rock, patch biomass, distance from the edge of a patch, population connectivity, and wave orbital velocities. These seven environmental variables were then used to predict the persistence of kelp across the central coast, and these predictions were compared to a reserved dataset of M. pyrifera persistence, which was not used in the creation of the GLMM. The environmental variables were shown to accurately predict the persistence of M. pyrifera within the central coast of California (r = 0.71, P < 0.001). Because persistence of giant kelp is important to the community structure of kelp forests, understanding those factors that support persistent populations of M. pyrifera will enable more effective management of these ecosystems.
Preparing tomorrow's teachers to use technology: analysis of pre-service elementary and middle school teachers' interactions with computer modeling and simulation tools

Tomorrow's teachers need to be prepared to use technology in their classrooms. However, student teachers have little knowledge about what kind of computer software to use, where to find good examples of such software, or how to use it with their own students. It is the premise of this paper that computer modeling and simulation software can play a pivotal role in helping pre-service elementary and middle school teachers learn about robust uses of technology in the science classroom as well as helping them learn about important issues of science pedagogy and epistemology. Computer modeling and simulation software, or software that represents data or phenomena in a way that can help predict and explain those phenomena often by visually representing abstract components and causal relationships over time, lies at the core of scientific practice and has revolutionized science and engineering. Further, educational versions of such software enable students and teachers to visualize and develop reasoning about abstract scientific concepts and phenomena, access cutting-edge scientific research, engage in authentic practices of science, and do so in interesting ways.
62.2: Invited Paper: LED Life Versus LED System Life

The useful life of an LED is presently determined by the IESNA LM80-08 lumen maintenance standard. Even though an LED system has many components, the current industry practice rates LED system lifetime based on a single component, namely, the LED. LED system life is one of the least understood parameters, especially in application environments. As a result, any lifetime claim for a complete LED lighting system, such as a lamp or luminaire, is a guess. This paper describes an accelerated life test of an LED system to predict the lifetime at any given environment temperature and system use (ON-OFF) pattern.