cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Christ and the Shape of Philosophy: A Rejoinder to Moser

Paul Moser claims that there is no evidence for my attribution to him of certain views in my essay, “How Christian Can Philosophy Be?” Here I review the evidence presented in my essay and reconsider its import. I also reflect further on our respective views concerning philosophy, and Christian philosophy.
Jailing the Twitter Bird: Social Media, Material Support to Terrorism, and Muzzling the Modern Press

Social media companies such as Facebook and Twitter are vulnerable to federal criminal prosecution under 18 U.S.C. § 2339B, the material support to terrorism statute, for providing a means for terrorists and their sympathizers to glorify and pursue their violence on social media. This Article exposes that vulnerability as well as the material support statute’s conflicts with the First and Fifth Amendments in this context, such as the statute’s chilling effect. In particular, the Article explores how social media providers have responded to threats from the U.S. government by suspending hundreds of thousands of user accounts, effectively censoring constitutionally protected speech. Crucial to this argument is this Article’s broader foundational assertion that social media providers should be seen as today’s fourth estate, and that what this Article identifies as the First Amendment’s “press narrative” should help shield them from this counterterrorism statute. This Article contextualizes this issue of social media providers and user speech within the classic struggle of state security versus freedom of press and speech in the age of modern transnational terrorism. The material support statute is currently the federal government’s foremost counterterrorism criminal tool, and its constitutional defects raise concerns about censorship during times of war and national insecurity. Addressing these concerns, this Article wrestles with the growing role of social media providers as news providers, the increasing alarm at terrorists’ and their supporters’ use of social media, and the tensions resulting from social media’s unique attributes such as general anonymity of users. It urges greater attention to questions critical for our liberal democracy: how and when to hold social media companies accountable for the speech they allow on their platforms.
Roles of Long Non-coding RNAs in X-Chromosome Inactivation

Organisms in which gender is genetically encoded require a dosage compensation process to equalize sex-linked gene expression between the hetero- and homogametic sexes. In mammals, this dosage compensation process is termed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI). XCI results in the near-complete transcriptional silencing of a single X in XX females, ensuring that only one X per diploid genome remains active. Once stably inactivated, the silent state of the chosen X can be propagated in each cell for the life of the organism, making XCI a paradigm of large-scale epigenetic regulation. Since its discovery more than 50 years ago (Lyon 1961), significant progress has been made toward understanding XCI. In this chapter, we discuss recent advances in the field, with a focus on murine XCI and the essential roles that long, nonprotein coding RNAs play in regulating the process.
Pulsed-laser induced Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities of ultrathin metal films inside homogeneous liquid mixtures

Nanosecond pulsed laser melting of ultrathin gold films immersed inside glycerol-water mixtures assemble into monomodal sized nanoparticles with small spacing. This is a result of the large vapor pressure gradient created at the metal-fluid interface.
Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase B Agonist, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone, Improves Mitochondrial Respiration in Placentas From Obese Women

Maternal obesity negatively impacts the placenta, being associated with increased inflammation, decreased mitochondrial respiration, decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TRKB). TRKB induction by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) improves energy expenditure in an obesity animal model. We hypothesized that TRKB activation would improve mitochondrial respiration in trophoblasts from placentas of obese women. Placentas were collected from lean (pre-pregnancy BMI 30) women at term following cesarean section delivery without labor. Cytotrophoblasts were isolated and plated, permitting syncytialization. At 72 hours, syncytiotrophoblasts (STs) were treated for 1 hour with 7,8-DHF (10 nM-10 M), TRKB antagonists (ANA-12 (10 nM-1 M), Cyclotraxin B (1 nM-1M)), or vehicle. Mitochondrial respiration was measured using the XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. TRKB, MAPK, and PGC1α were measured using Western blotting. Maternal obesity was associated with decreased mitochondrial respiration in STs; however, 7,8-DHF increased basal, ATP-coupled, maximal, spare capacity, and nonmitochondrial respiration. A 10 μM dose of 7,8-DHF reduced spare capacity in STs from lean women, with no effect on other respiration parameters. 7,8-DHF had no effect on TRKB phosphorylation; however, there was a concentration-dependent decrease of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and increase of PGC1α in STs from obese, but not in lean women. TRKB antagonism attenuated ATP-coupled respiration, maximal respiration, and spare capacity in STs from lean and obese women. 7,8-DHF improves mitochondrial respiration in STs from obese women, suggesting that the obese phenotype in the placenta can be rescued by TRKB activation.
Exploring Self-Regulation through a Reflective Practicum: A Case Study of Improvement through Mindful Piano Practice.

Learning to self-regulate during practice is one of the most important skills that music majors must learn. Yet, because practising tends to occur mostly in private, there can be a disconnect betwe...
Estimating biomass and carbon for Gilbertiodendron dewevrei (De Wild) Leonard, a dominant canopy tree of African tropical Rainforest: Implications for policies on carbon sequestration

Abstract Estimates of global carbon stocks in standing forests are subject to uncertainty because of regional and tree species differences that are usually ignored in global allometric equations. The absence of appropriate site-specific and individual tree allometric equations has led to broad use of pan moist tropical equations, which use has raised questions on the accuracy of the resulting predictions of standing biomass. Here we develop site-specific individual tree allometric equations for estimating biomass of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, a canopy tree that dominates extensive areas of forest in the Congo basin region. We applied both antithetic and randomized branch sampling to sample for total aboveground biomass components. We evaluated a series of regression models (linear and non-linear) for predicting total aboveground biomass as a function of commonly measured variables including diameter, basal area and total height of 43 sample trees for Ituri and Yoko forests in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We found the best model for total aboveground biomass to be a linear, 3-knot cubic spline model that used only basal area as a predictor with the lowest AIC and BIC of 602 and 610 respectively. The incorporation of height in biomass equations did not significantly improve model performance, while models with diameter alone or in combination with height perform poorly. Our results show that models using only basal area are sufficient to accurately estimate biomass for Gilbertiodendron dewevrei and carbon stock, which is an important outcome given that height measurements are usually difficult to acquire. We also demonstrate that general models used can significantly overestimate amounts of carbon for Gilbertiodendron dewevrei as compared to the site and species-specific regression model that we have developed.
Isolation and Expansion of Schwann Cells from Transgenic Mouse Models

The most widely used method (Brockes' method) for preparing primary Schwann cell culture uses neonatal rat sciatic nerves as the primary source of Schwann cells. The procedure is relatively simple and yields a highly purified population of Schwann cells in a short period of time. The method has also been used to prepare Schwann cells from mice, however, with limitation. For example, Brockes' method is not applicable when the genotypes of mouse neonates are unknown or if the mouse mutants do not develop to term. We described a method ideal for preparing Schwann cells in a transgenic/knockout mouse study. The method uses embryonic dorsal root ganglia as the primary source of Schwann cells and allows preparing separate, highly purified Schwann cell cultures from individual mouse embryos in less than 2 weeks.
Socioeconomic status and survival for patients with melanoma in the United States: an NCDB analysis.

Background The importance of socioeconomic factors and healthcare treatment and outcomes for lower income patients is tremendous, affecting not only those afflicted by poverty and decreased quality of care but also physicians, healthcare professionals, and society at large. Methods The National Cancer Database was used to identify 80,907 patients with stage 0-4 melanoma and analyze variables to track patterns in survival and outcome. Results This study demonstrates that disparities in income, insurance status, and education affects treatment and survival rates across all stages of melanoma and seeks to establish further understanding surrounding socioeconomic factors and quality of healthcare in America. Conclusion Through investigation and analysis, the goal of this study is to highlight how the existing socioeconomic gap in America impacts the quality of treatment and survival in patients diagnosed with melanoma.
The other insect societies: overview and new directions.

The diversity of societies and forms of social interaction across the Arthropoda is commensurate with the great taxonomic diversity within this pylum. Social evolution research has, however, largely focused on a small subset of social forms; namely, those deemed to be ‘eusocial’ — groups exhibiting overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and reproductive division of labor. Here I provide a brief overview of the ‘other’, non-eusocial, societies of insects and allies, defining the main social traits of interest and summarizing recent work. Four active and emerging fields of inquiry in the other insect societies are discussed.
Evasion-Robust Classification on Binary Domains

The success of classification learning has led to numerous attempts to apply it in adversarial settings such as spam and malware detection. The core challenge in this class of applications is that adversaries are not static, but make a deliberate effort to evade the classifiers. We investigate both the problem of modeling the objectives of such adversaries, as well as the algorithmic problem of accounting for rational, objective-driven adversaries. We first present a general approach based on mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) with constraint generation. This approach is the first to compute an optimal solution to adversarial loss minimization for two general classes of adversarial evasion models in the context of binary feature spaces. To further improve scalability and significantly generalize the scope of the MILP-based method, we propose a principled iterative retraining framework, which can be used with arbitrary classifiers and essentially arbitrary attack models. We show that the retraining approach, when it converges, minimizes an upper bound on adversarial loss. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the mixed-integer programming approach significantly outperforms several state-of-the-art adversarial learning alternatives. Moreover, the retraining framework performs nearly as well, but scales significantly better. Finally, we show that our approach is robust to misspecifications of the adversarial model.
Other Problems with High-Protein Intakes

There are at least four other problems associated with diets high in protein that are worth noting here. The first of these concerns water consumption. As already alluded to, high-protein intakes step up the rate of urea synthesis and excretion, a process that may necessitate an increase in water intake (e.g., Bankir et al. 1996; Bankir and Kriz 1995; Denke 2001; Jackson 1999; but see Luft et al. 1983:605; and Martin et al. 2006 for a contrasting view). The impact of high-protein intakes on water requirements and renal function, like so many other issues in nutrition, still remains controversial (Lowery and Devia 2009). Experiments vary in the amount of protein ingested, the duration of the studies, the age and sex of the participants, and even the mix of proteins from animal versus vegetable sources (e.g., Bernstein et al. 2007:648). And, perhaps not surprisingly, there are differences between the conclusions drawn by medical and nutrition science researchers and the first-hand experience of explorers and ethnographers living among, and observing, hunters and gatherers.
Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts

The goals of surgical treatment of most pancreatic pseudocysts are to provide a pathway of internal (enteric) drainage of the “leaking” exocrine secretions to allow the pseudocyst cavity to collapse, thereby either “sealing off” the ductal leak or creating a permanent internal fistula for drainage. Internal drainage includes cystogastrostomy, cystojejunostomy, and less commonly, cystoduodenostomy. Internal drainage can also be accomplished by endoscopic cystogastrostomy or cystoduodenostomy in selected patients.
MAXIMUM POWER TRACKING AMONG DIFFERENT GROUPS OF DISTRIBUTED POWER SOURCES WITH UNIFORM TIME/VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION CONTROL

An apparatus may include a group of distributed-input series-output (DISO) converters, each of which are actively controlled by a common maximum power tracking (MPT) controller. The common MPT controller is configured to actively control one of the DISO converters in the group of DISO converters to update a present group-peak power voltage of the one DISO converters while remaining DISO converters in the group of DISO converters are controlled to hold most recently grouped peak power voltages updated during their previously non-overlapping uniform time windows of active MPT control.
BALANCED BUDGETS AND BUSINESS CYCLES: EVIDENCE FROM THE STATES

This paper presents evidence that stringent balanced budget requirements enforced in some U.S. states have exacerbated business cycles in those states. The effect is not apparent directly. However,...
Novel techniques for large-scale manipulations of cortical networks in non-human primates

Optogenetics is a powerful tool that enables millisecond-level control of the activity of specific groups of neurons. Furthermore, it has the great advantage of artifact free recordings. These characteristics make this technique ideal for relating brain function to behavior in animals with great behavioral capabilities such as non-human primates (NHPs). We recently introduced a practical, stable interface for optogenetic stimulation and recording of large-scale cortical circuits in NHPs. Here we present the various potentials of this interface for studying circuits and connectivity at a large-scale and for relating it to behavior.
Searching for Beyond the Standard Model Physics with COHERENT Energy and Timing Data.

We search for beyond the standard model physics by combining COHERENT Collaboration energy and timing data. Focusing on light, $\ensuremath{\lesssim}\mathrm{GeV}$ mediators, we find the data favor a $\ensuremath{\sim}10--1000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ mediator, as compared to the standard model best fit at the $\ensuremath{\lesssim}2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level. The best-fit coupling range is $g\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}--{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The timing data provide statistical information on the neutrino flavor distributions that is not attainable from the nuclear recoil energies alone. This result accounts for uncertainty in the effective size of the neutron distribution, and highlights the power of including uncertainties on experimental backgrounds, nuclear structure, and beyond the standard model physics.
Parent–Child Relationship Quality and Internalizing Problems as Predictors of Risky Sexual Behavior:

Risky sexual behavior is more prevalent in emerging adult populations and emerging adults engaging in risky sexual behavior also may be experiencing higher levels of internalizing problems. Parents...
Determination of solute-polymer interaction properties and their application to parenteral product container compatibility evaluations.

Kinetic and thermodynamic interaction properties between dialkyl phthalate test compounds and a polyolefin polymer were examined via a permeation-cell experimental design. Disappearance and appearance rates of solute in the receptor and donor solutions, as well as the equilibrium composition of the test system, are used to determine sorption and diffusion coefficients and the solute/polymer equilibrium binding constant. Sorption rate constants and diffusion coefficients exhibit Arrenhius-type behavior. The binding constants obtained correlate well with the solute's octanol–water partition coefficient. The kinetic and thermodynamic data generated combine with proposed interaction models to identify solute/polymer interactions (binding and leaching) pertinent to evaluating container/solution compatibility for parenteral products.
The extreme acoustic anisotropy and fast sound velocities of cubic high-pressure ice polymorphs at Mbar pressure

We presented the experimentally determined single-crystal elasticity model of ice up to 103(3) GPa, based on the sound velocity measurements of high-P ice polymorphs within multiple diamond anvil cells using Brillouin spectroscopy. We have not observed any discontinuities of the P-wave (Vp) or S-wave (Vs) velocities over the entire P range. The elastic moduli of high-P ice show a close to linear P dependence. In comparison with the high-P silicate minerals in terrestrial planetary bodies, the Vp and Vs values of ice exceed those of both bridgmanite and ferropericlase at P > 80–90 GPa, counter-intuitively indicating that the high-P ice, if existing in the deep terrestrial planets' interior, is not a slow phase. Instead, the high-P ice shows extremely strong elastic anisotropy, reaching 27% and 74% at 100 GPa for Vp and Vs, respectively. The presence of high-P ice in terrestrial planets' interior, even on a small scale may lead to the observable anisotropic signatures, such as the 25% Vs anisotropy in the deep earthquake-generating zone in subducting slabs. We anticipate our measurements to serve as an important base for explaining and modeling the geophysical observations for various types of planetary bodies.
Control of Precambrian-to-Paleozoic orogenic trends by along-strike variations in Early Cretaceous continental rifts of the South Atlantic Ocean

AbstractThe Early Cretaceous (135–130 Ma) continental rupture of Western Gondwana to form the South American and African plates closely paralleled the elongate trends of Precambrian and Paleozoic o...
Enhancing Clinical Data and Clinical Research Data with Biomedical Ontologies - Insights from the Knowledge Representation Perspective.

Objectives: There exists a communication gap between the biomedical informatics community on one side and the computer science/artificial intelligence community on the other side regarding the meaning of the terms “semantic integration" and “knowledge representation“. This gap leads to approaches that attempt to provide one-to-one mappings between data elements and biomedical ontologies. Our aim is to clarify the representational differences between traditional data management and semantic-web-based data management by providing use cases of clinical data and clinical research data re-representation. We discuss how and why one-to-one mappings limit the advantages of using Semantic Web Technologies (SWTs). Methods: We employ commonly used SWTs, such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Ontology Web Language (OWL). We reuse pre-existing ontologies and ensure shared ontological commitment by selecting ontologies from a framework that fosters community-driven collaborative ontology development for biomedicine following the same set of principles. Results: We demonstrate the results of providing SWT-compliant re-representation of data elements from two independent projects managing clinical data and clinical research data. Our results show how one-to-one mappings would hinder the exploitation of the advantages provided by using SWT. Conclusions: We conclude that SWT-compliant re-representation is an indispensable step, if using the full potential of SWT is the goal. Rather than providing one-to-one mappings, developers should provide documentation that links data elements to graph structures to specify the re-representation.
“We Need to Redefine What We Mean by Winning”: NAKASEC’s Immigrant Justice Activism and Thinking Citizenship Otherwise

The National Korean American Services and Education Consortium (NAKASEC) is becoming an increasingly influential player in national immigrant justice worlds. This article traces NAKASEC’s evolving ...
Reverse Discrimination and Aggressive Behavior.

Aggression of each of 32 white male and female university students toward an opponent who had just defeated him in a competition was assessed in a 2 X 2 experiment design in which the winning opponent was either a black or a white and the loss was for one or two reasons: because the opponent 1) was economically deprived or 2) had superior ability. It was assumed that those Ss who had lost to a black opponent because this person was economically deprived experienced reverse discrimination based on race. Results indicated that white Ss were more aggressive toward a black when the loss was based on economic deprivation (reverse discrimination) than towards a white when the loss was due to economic deprivation (an arbitrary loss but not based on race), whereas white Ss were less aggressive towards a black opponent than towards a white opponent when the Ss lost because of the other's superior ability. The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
“Shelter from the Storm”: Military Service Member Spousal Caregiver Challenges and Barriers to Resources in the Midst of Enduring Conflicts

The enduring nature of the Global War on Terrorism has created a generation of active duty service members and recently retired veterans who spent the majority of their careers training and deploying to combat. Their long-term persistent service heightens the likelihood of symptoms of PTSD, moral distress, or moral injury (Frankfurt & Frazier, 2016) and the enduring nature of the conflicts means many remained undertreated or undiagnosed for extensive periods of time (Conard & Sauls, 2014). In the past decade, expansive research has begun to study the psychological implications of these extensive conflicts on service members and has begun to offer ways to mitigate and treat this generation. However, the research and institutional and financial support are often given to the active duty service member or veteran despite the knowledge that the active duty service member’s combat service has extensive mental health impacts on the spouse caregiver and other family members. While research and resources for spousal caregivers and family members are becoming more frequent, this article argues the need for additional resources for spouse caregivers of active duty service members or recently retired service members who have served primarily in combat-related positions and who have cases of undiagnosed, underdiagnosed, or untreated cases of PTSD or moral distress or injury after several decades of conflicts. Implementing, and providing adequate awareness of, additional institutional and individual support services for the spousal caregiver can help to heal the family unit more effectively.
High-Performance Bipolar Membrane Development for Improved Water Dissociation

Bipolar membranes (BPMs) are the enabling component of many promising electrochemical devices used for separation and energy conversion. Here, we describe the development of high-performance BPMs, ...
Abstract 3208: OncoKB, a precision oncology knowledgebase

OncoKB is a precision oncology knowledge base that annotates the oncogenic effects and clinical actionability of somatic alterations in cancer. Initially focused on solid tumors, OncoKB was introduced in 2016 with >200 genes and almost 3000 somatic alterations via a public website (oncokb.org) and through the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics. OncoKB now contains annotations for g a growth of 114% since 2016), 15 Level 2 alterations (included in the NCCN guidelines; 50% growth), and 38 Level 3A alterations (predictive of drug response in well-powered clinical studies; 65% growth). OncoKB now also supports hematologic malignancies with two new levels of evidence systems that encompass diagnostic and prognostic implications (in addition to therapeutic implications) and 288 heme-specific alterations in 156 newly curated cancer-associated genes. At MSK, OncoKB is used for the annotation of 1000 molecular patient reports per month. To assess the clinical utility of OncoKB and changes in the frequency of actionable alterations, we performed a comparison between the AACR Project GENIE cohort from 2017 and the most recent one (Table 1). With an increased number of tumor types and greater inclusion of hematologic malignancies, the overall potential actionability rate increased by 3.6 percentage points. A shift in access to targeted cancer therapies is also observed, where Level 1 or 2 alterations increased over 5 percentage points and Level 3 alterations decreased by ~3 percentage points, perhaps reaping the benefits of recent successful phase III trials. While only a subset of patients with targetable alterations will benefit from treatments, there is ample evidence that targeted cancer therapies can have profound and durable clinical activity. Knowledgebases such as OncoKB have become a key component to support clinical decision making, and there is a continued need to expand their capabilities while maintaining a nuanced approach to annotation. Citation Format: Sarah Suehnholz, Hongxin Zhang, Moriah Nissan, Ritika Kundra, Jing Su, Lindsay LaFave, Kinisha Gala, Chad Vanderbilt, Maria Arcila, Marc Ladanyi, Michael Berger, Ahmet Zehir, Julia E. Rudolph, Paul Sabbatini, Ross Levine, Ahmet Dogan, Jianjiong Gao, David B. Solit, Nikolaus Schultz, Debyani Chakravarty. OncoKB, a precision oncology knowledgebase [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3208.
The Construction of Value in Science Research Articles: A Quantitative Study of Topoi Used in Introductions:

Scholars in the field of writing and rhetorical studies have long been interested in professional writing and the ways in which experts frame their research for disciplinary audiences. Three decade...
Influence of Surface Temperature in the Laser Assisted Cold Spray Deposition of Sequential Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Layers: Microstructure and Hardness

Abstract Six-sequential layer deposits of an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe91Ni8Zr1 alloy were laser assisted cold sprayed (LACS) at 650 °C and 950 °C. The nanoscale zirconia phase in this alloy precipitated from residual oxygen within the high-energy ball milled constituent elemental powders used for the spray deposition. The laser provided a local heating of the substrate (or the surface of the previous deposited layer), which thermally softens it, increasing the mass deposition efficiency (DE). At a surface temperature of 650 °C during deposition, the ODS alloy was ferrite with a DE of 7.3%. This low DE resulted in a peening/tamping effect of ricocheted powders off the surface resulting in the grains at the substrate/deposit interface being notably refined. At a surface temperature of 950 °C, the ODS alloy was in the austenitic phase field during deposition resulting in a DE increase to 32.4%. With this increase in deposition temperature, the deposited grains grew and the oxide particles coarsened. This resulted in a reduction in Vickers hardness from 598 ± 56 (650 °C) to 293 ± 38 (950 °C). Hall-Petch grain size effects, Orowan strengthening between oxide particles, and Taylor hardening contributions estimated the hierarchy in the strengthening mechanisms with these microstructural changes, with grain size being determined as the dominant mechanism. These deposits demonstrate the advantages of using a laser for relatively difficult-to-spray (high hardness and strength) materials, albeit with associated changes in microstructure with their corresponding changes in hardness.
Molecular diffusion analysis of dynamic blood flow and plasma separation driven by self-powered microfluidic devices

Integration of microfluidic devices with pressure-driven, self-powered fluid flow propulsion methods has provided a very effective solution for on-chip, droplet blood testing applications. However, precise understanding of the physical process governing fluid dynamics in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices remains unclear. Here, we propose a pressure-driven diffusion model using Fick's law and the ideal gas law, the results of which agree well with the experimental fluid dynamics observed in our vacuum pocket-assisted, self-powered microfluidic devices. Notably, this model enables us to precisely tune the flow rate by adjusting two geometrical parameters of the vacuum pocket. By linking the self-powered fluid flow propulsion method to the sedimentation, we also show that direct plasma separation from a drop of whole blood can be achieved using only a simple construction without the need for external power sources, connectors, or a complex operational procedure. Finally, the potential of the vacuum pocket, along with a removable vacuum battery to be integrated with non-PDMS microfluidic devices to drive and control the fluid flow, is demonstrated.
MeshScope: a bottom-up approach for configuration inspection in service mesh

The microservice architecture has been widely adopted in modern cloud environments. It greatly improves the flexibility of cloud applications by splitting a large and complex application into multiple microservices. To manage the communication among services, as an emerging microservice deployment paradigm, service mesh goes further. It builds a dedicated communication infrastructure layer that can transparently provide some standard features for microservices, such as load balancing, encryption, and access control. Benefiting from this, developers can focus on their applications' functionalities, and administrators can manage the inter-service communication elegantly and flexibly.
Numerical Analysis for Engineers and Scientists

Preface 1. Numerical error 2. Direct solution of linear systems 3. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 4. Iterative approaches for linear systems 5. Interpolation 6. Iterative methods and the roots of polynomials 7. Optimization 8. Data fitting 9. Integration 10. Ordinary differential equations 11. Introduction to stochastic ODEs 12. A big integrative example A. Mathematical background B. Answers C. Sample codes References Index.
Missions, Indians, and cultural continuity

A technique has been devised for measuring the rate and degree of culture change represented in archaeological assemblages from the California Missions. Using this technique on data from excavations at the missions of Soledad, San Antonio, and La Purisima, shows that while there are differences between these missions, the most important result is that the California Indians maintained a high degree of traditional cultural continuity at all three missions. Using a sequence of assemblages from Mission Soledad, changes through the Mission period are evaluated and interpreted in relation to changes in the economic structure of Spanish and Mexican California.
Effects of Hyperthermia against Spontaneous Cancers

The previous chapters have developed the biological and physical data that suggest the use of hyperthermia as a treatment modality against cancer. In this chapter I’ll present a spectrum of results that show the responses to heat of spontaneous tumors in animals and in man. These are generally in line with the expectations raised by the cellular and murine data. A word of caution: it is essential that the results shown, particularly those relating to human tumors, be regarded in the proper context. To date no controlled clinical trials have taken place; thus, all the results reported are preliminary in nature. Equally importantly, the reported response rates must not be looked upon as reflecting the limits of hyperthermic usefulness. Patients treated were usually suffering from far-advanced disease. In the best protocols, the temperature-time profiles employed as well as fractionation schedules and timing of heat applications when given in conjunction with X-ray therapy, were based on cellular or mouse data. At worst, they were random guesses. Superimposed on the limitation implied by the range of biological uncertainties is the current lack of adequate heating and temperature monitoring equipment.
Structural and socioeconomic aspects of the artisanal fishery in the Middle and Low Tietê River, São Paulo, Brazil.

The professional fishery in Middle and Low Tiete River, although an important food and income source to river communities, is not correctly considered in comparison with others increasing in rivers and dams. Their socioeconomic characteristics and the fishery artisanal structure are described and compared between the two regions from data collected in 202 fisherman interviews from May to December/2001. Around 74% of the interviewed people said to have the fishing as exclusive economic activity, while the remaining affirmed working on other activities besides fishing. Results indicate a high fish consumption among fisher’s families (from 120 g person-1 day-1). The education level was low (above of 70% had only the incomplete fundamental instruction). The structural and social aspects of fishery were similar between the two regions and distinguished by the fishery strategy and the catched target-species, the productivity (kg/day) and the declared gross-income. Although the role of the intermediate traders seems to be important, this dependence of the fishermen to them can be the main obstacle to the capital accumulation of the “artisanal fisherman” social group.
Inhibition of the rat blood-brain barrier choline transporter by manganese chloride.

Choline transport has been characterized by multiple mechanisms including the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and high- and low-affinity systems. Each mechanism has unique locations and characteristics yet retain some similarities. Previous studies have demonstrated cationic competition by monovalent cations at the BBB and cation divalent manganese in the high-affinity system. To evaluate the effects of divalent manganese inhibition as well as other cationic metals at the BBB choline transporter, brain choline uptake was evaluated in the presence of certain metals of interest in Fischer-344 rats using the in situ brain perfusion technique. Brain choline uptake was inhibited in the presence of Cd2+ (73 ± 2%) and Mn2+ (44 ± 6%), whereas no inhibition was observed with Cu2+ and Al3+. Furthermore, it was found that manganese caused a reduction in brain choline uptake and significant regional choline uptake inhibition in the frontal and parietal cortex, the hippocampus and the caudate putamen (45 ± 3%, 68 ± 18%, 58 ± 9% and 46 ± 15%, respectively). These results suggest that choline uptake into the CNS can be inhibited by divalent cationic metals and monovalent cations. In addition, the choline transporter may be a means by which manganese enters the brain.
Efficient Adaptive-Support Association Rule Mining for Recommender Systems

Collaborative recommender systems allow personalization for e-commerce by exploiting similarities and dissimilarities among customers' preferences. We investigate the use of association rule mining as an underlying technology for collaborative recommender systems. Association rules have been used with success in other domains. However, most currently existing association rule mining algorithms were designed with market basket analysis in mind. Such algorithms are inefficient for collaborative recommendation because they mine many rules that are not relevant to a given user. Also, it is necessary to specify the minimum support of the mined rules in advance, often leading to either too many or too few ruless this negatively impacts the performance of the overall system. We describe a collaborative recommendation technique based on a new algorithm specifically designed to mine association rules for this purpose. Our algorithm does not require the minimum support to be specified in advance. Rather, a target range is given for the number of rules, and the algorithm adjusts the minimum support for each user in order to obtain a ruleset whose size is in the desired range. Rules are mined for a specific target user, reducing the time required for the mining process. We employ associations between users as well as associations between items in making recommendations. Experimental evaluation of a system based on our algorithm reveals performance that is significantly better than that of traditional correlation-based approaches.
Knives, Accomplices, and RNA

There are many proteins known to cleave different types of RNAs, but it is not clear whether they all act separately or sometimes cooperate. In their Perspective, [Wickens and Gonzalez][1] discuss the search for the enzyme that cleaves pre-mRNAs to form the 3 ' end of mRNAs. They reveal the surprising finding that this enzyme colludes with the enzymes that cut pre-tRNAs. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5700/1299
Evaluation of a computer integrated surgical technique for percutaneous fixation of transverse acetabular fractures

Certain minimally displaced acetabular fracture patterns are amenable to treatment with computed tomography (CT) assisted percutaneous fixation using cannulated screws (Kahler DM, et al. Presented at AAOS Annual Meeting, Feb. 1996). Although the early results have shown promise in the treatment of transverse, anterior column, and anterior column/posterior hemitransverse fractures, there remain concerns regarding radiation exposure to the patient, operative time averaging 45 minutes per screw, and the questionable sterility of the CT suite. A feasibility study was therefore undertaken to evaluate a new technique of percutaneous acetabular fracture fixation utilizing a stored CT image of the pelvis in a computer integrated surgical system, consisting of an array of three CCD cameras and a computer workstation. Five human cadaver pelvis specimens with intact external soft tissues were obtained, and simulated transverse acetabular fractures with roof arcs of approximately 30 degrees were created bilaterally. An external fiducial array consisting of aluminum spheres affixed to carbon fiber rods was attached to the iliac wing of each specimen with two 4.5 mm Schanz pins. Computed tomography was performed to allow segmentation of the specimens and fiducial arrays. The digitized scans were then loaded onto a computer workstation, and ideal pin placement and length were planned. The fiducial arrays were registered using a probe to allow orientation of the pelvis, and the specimen and drill guide were then optically and dynamically tracked during the procedure. Internal fixation was simulated by the percutaneous placement of a 2.8 mm guide wire perpendicular to the fracture cephalad to the joint surface, and a second wire crossing the fracture into the anterior column. Plain radiographs and specimen dissection were performed after fixation for evaluation of the accuracy of pin placement. There was no sign of penetration of the hip joint or the cortical bone of the pelvic brim along the entire path of the wires. It was found that computer integrated percutaneous fixation of transverse acetabular fractures in vitro provides comparable accuracy to CT-guided procedures without the need for intraoperative CT or a formal surgical exposure. Additionally, operative time is greatly reduced in comparison with CT-guided technique, and the computer integrated surgical system allows greater variability in the angle of screw placement to compensate for variations in pelvic anatomy. Computer integrated surgery may allow accurate percutaneous placement of cannulated screws in acetabular fracture surgery, and may prove a useful adjunct to conventional internal fixation using standard surgical approaches.
Vascular endothelial growth factor synergistically enhances bone morphogenetic protein-4-dependent lymphohematopoietic cell generation from embryonic stem cells in vitro

The totipotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell is known to differentiate into cells expressing the β-globin gene when stimulated with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. Here, we demonstrate that BMP-4 is essential for generating both erythro-myeloid colony-forming cells (CFCs) and lymphoid (B and NK) progenitor cells from ES cells and that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synergizes with BMP-4. The CD45+ myelomonocytic progenitors and Ter119+ erythroid cells began to be detected with 0.5 ng/mL BMP-4, and their levels plateaued at approximately 2 ng/mL. VEGF alone weakly elevated the CD34+ cell population though no lymphohematopoietic progenitors were induced. However, when combined with BMP-4, 2 to 20 ng/mL VEGF synergistically augmented the BMP-4-dependent generation of erythro-myeloid CFCs and lymphoid progenitors from ES cells, which were enriched in CD34+ CD31lo and CD34+CD45− cell populations, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, during the 7 days of in vitro differentiation, BMP-4 was required within the first 4 days, whereas VEGF was functional after the action of BMP-4 (in the last 3 days). Thus, VEGF is a synergistic enhancer for the BMP-4-dependent differentiation processes, and it seems to be achieved by the ordered action of the 2 factors.
Esthetic and Functional Rehabilitation of a Bilateral Cleft Palate Patient with Fixed Prosthodontic Therapy

Patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate present with multiple challenges to the prosthodontist. Some of them include mobility of the premaxillary segment, multiple missing and malposed anterior teeth, unfavorable soft tissues, and a tense maxillary lip. This clinical report describes the fixed prosthodontic management of a bilateral cleft lip and palate patient with a surgically corrected lip and a mobile premaxillary segment. The patient presented with an 11-unit metal-ceramic fixed partial denture made of a base metal alloy that was made 25 years ago. He had multiple porcelain fractures over the years that compromised his esthetics and function. Prosthodontic therapy involved sectioning the old prosthesis, followed by careful treatment planning and fabrication of a new fixed dental prosthesis with improved design and superior materials. At a 3-year follow-up, the fixed dental prosthesis remained intact and functional, and no further complications were noted. A discussion of approaches to treatment planning, biomechanical principles involved, and choice of biomaterials in designing a fixed prosthesis for such patients is presented. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE As cleft palate patients require life-long prosthodontic follow-up and maintenance, revisional treatments should incorporate superior materials and methods to minimize future complications. (J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2011)
Regulation of epithelial cell polarity during carcinogenesis

Pathogenesis of cancer begins as hyperplastic lesions; some lesions remain benign, while others progress to malignancy. An increase in cell proliferation rates and changes in tissue architecture are two properties commonly observed in hyperplastic lesions. A great deal is known about the molecular events that regulate cell proliferation and the knowledge gained is widely used for development of diagnostic and treatment tools. Our understanding of the mechanisms that deregulate tissue architecture is poor, and hence it is understandable that the use of architectural features to determine prognosis of early lesions has varying success. We used polarized epithelial cells and an inducible method of ErbB2 activation to investigate whether the cell architecture influences ErbB2-induced gene expression and to investigate how activation of ErbB2 disrupts epithelial cell architecture. Activation of ErbB2 in three-dimensional epithelial acini-like structures leads to expression of a unique set of genes that was not observed when ErbB2 was activated in cells grown on plastic dishes, suggesting that the cell architecture can have significant influence on ErbB2-induced gene expression. To investigate the effect of ErbB2 activation on epithelial architecture, we activated ErbB2 in polarized epithelial cells. ErbB2 induced a loss in apical–basal polarity, re-initiated proliferation and induced multilayering of epithelial sheets. These changes correlate with the ability of ErbB2 to regulate the Par complex, a protein complex known to regulate establishment of epithelial cell polarity. Inactivation of atypical protein kinase C, a component of the Par complex, cooperates with ErbB2 to disrupt polarized epithelial cells, suggesting that the Par complex is a mediator of ErbB2-induced effects on polarized epithelial cells. In addition, we identify tricellular junctions, and not bicellular junctions, as a novel site for ErbB2 action in cultured epithelial cells and in primary breast cancer. We are thus beginning to gain novel insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate early lesions.
Clinical Outcomes for Patients with Bacteremia Caused by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus in a Level 1 Trauma Center

To assess the degree of morbidity and mortality attributable to vancomycin resistance in enterococcal bacteremia (EB), a matched case-control study was conducted. Patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) were matched to control patients with bacteremia due to vancomycin-susceptible enterococcus. During 1996--2000, 65 patients with cases of clinically significant VRE bacteremia were identified, and 53 of these patients were successfully matched. In this group of patients, VRE bacteremia was found to be an independent predictor of crude mortality (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2--13.3) and the infection-related mortality rate (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.4--20.0). It was also an independent predictor of the rate of clinical failure at day 7 after the onset of EB (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.2--17.3) and overall clinical failure (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.3--14.5) and was associated with a longer mean length of hospitalization after the onset of EB, compared with that for control patients (22.7plus minus1.88 vs. 15.9 +/- 1.7, P=.006). These observations indicate that vancomycin resistance in EB independently affects outcomes.
LU factorization on CM2

A massively parallel algorithm of LU factorization based on a scheme of mapping a matrix onto CM2 is presented. The algorithm uses O(n/sup 2/) processors and achieves O(nlogn) time complexity. The analysis and the experimental implementation show that a substantial speed-up and a satisfactory processor utilization are achieved. >
Review of Adam Stewart, ed. Handbook of Pentecostal Christianity. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 2012.

This is a book review of Adam Stewart, ed. Handbook of Pentecostal Christianity . DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 2012.
Electric field dependence of the diabatic potential energy surface for gas-phase electron transfer O2O2− → O2−O2

Abstract At the level of 6–31G plus a set of sp diffuse functions, the structures of two nonlinear encounter complexes of O 2 O 2 − have been optimized. The influence of the external electric field (field strength F ) upon the diabatic potential energy surfaces has been investigated. An electron-localized initial guess has been used to induce the UHF SCF calculation, and the F -dependent diabatic potential surfaces have been constructed. A simple model for the F -dependent rate constant of electron transfer has been proposed.