cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal income transfers

A substantial literature addresses the design of transfer programs and policies, including the negative income tax, other means-tested transfers, the earned income tax credit, categorical assistance, and work inducements. This work is largely independent of that on the optimal nonlinear income tax, yet formulations of such a tax necessarily address how low-income individuals should be treated. This paper draws on the optimal income taxation literature to illuminate the analysis of transfer programs, including the level and shape of marginal tax rates (including phase-outs), the structure of categorical assistance, and the role of work inducements in an optimal income transfer scheme.
Experiments With Compact Antenna Arrays for MIMO Radio Communications

Realizing antenna arrays that preserve channel capacity in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio communications is a challenge because of the detrimental effects of mutual coupling. The fact that mutual coupling becomes more pronounced as antenna spacing decreases is therefore a critical issue with compact arrays used in portable MIMO radios. The contributions made in this paper include the realization of compact MIMO arrays designed to preserve channel capacity and the characterization of these compact arrays' performance in field measurements using MIMO radios. A multiport metric is used to characterize the compact arrays in a way that more appropriately measures array performance under MIMO signalling conditions than the traditional scattering matrix characterization. Field measurements show the extent and proportion of the effect that correlation and radiation efficiency have on MIMO channel capacity. The compact arrays' strong performance in field measurements is explained by their ability to preserve the MIMO channel's eigenstructure. Results also show that mutual coupling prevents channel capacity from scaling linearly with the number of antennas. Guidelines for compact MIMO array design are given with supporting results from field measurements
Comparing object encodings

Recent years have seen the development of several foundational models for statically typed object-oriented programming. But despite their intuitive similarity, differences in the technical machinery used to formulate the various proposals have made them difficult to compare. Using the typed lambda-calculus F < ω : as a common basis, we now offer a detailed comparison of four models: (1) a recursive-record encoding similar to the ones used by Cardelli [Car84], Reddy [Red88, KR94], Cook [Coo89, CHC90], and others; (2) Hofmann, Pierce, and Turner's existential encoding [PT94, HP95]; (3) Bruce's model based on existential and recursive types [Bru94]; and (4) Abadi, Cardelli, and Viswanathan's type-theoretic encoding [ACV96] of a calculus of primitive objects.
THE DIMENSION OF THE TORELLI GROUP

We prove that the cohomological dimension of the Torelli group for a closed, connected, orientable surface of genus g � 2 is equal to 3g 5. This answers a question of Mess, who proved the lower bound and settled the case of g = 2. We also find the cohomological dimension of the Johnson kernel (the subgroup of the Torelli group generated by Dehn twists about separating curves) to be 2g 3. For g � 2, we prove that the top dimensional homology of the Torelli group is infinitely generated. Finally, we give a new proof of the theorem of Mess that gives a precise description of the Torelli group in genus 2. The main tool is a new contractible complex, called the "complex of minimizing cycles", on which the Torelli group acts.
Discovery of palladium, antimony, tellurium, iodine, and xenon isotopes

Currently, thirty-eight palladium, thirty-eight antimony, thirty-nine tellurium, thirty-eight iodine, and forty xenon isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is described here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.
Preparation of optically active (acyloxy)alkyl esters from optically active O-acyl-α-hydroxy acids

(Acyloxy)alkyl esters are commonly employed as prodrugs of carboxylic acid containing compounds. Several optically active (acyloxy)alkyl esters are prepared from a coupling and rearrangement reaction between optically active O-acyl-α-hydroxy acids and 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid mediated by diisopropylcarbodiimide. The effect of temperature and solvent on the reaction is discussed. An application of the reaction to prepare a prodrug form of ibuprofen is described.
Clinical Sociology in Service Learning

Experiences in teaching internship courses illustrate some of the advantages of teaching sociological practice through community service. For example, a course requirement to spend 9 hours of each week of a semester in an advocacy group provides a richer variety of opportunities for students to learn about themselves, society, sociological theory, and research methodologies than is possible in conventional lecture–discussion classes. Furthermore, becoming participants in sociological interventions heightens students' awareness of related ethical concerns, as well as of the complexity of social problems, and of how to define viable individual and collective solutions.
Synthesis of fluorinated heterocycles

Selected 1,3-diketones having a trifluoromethyl group and/or a fluorine in the 2-position were condensed with aromatic hydrazines, hydroxylamine, urea, thiourea, guanidine, and substituted anilines producing pyrazoles, isoxazoles, pyrimidines, and quinolines, respectively, in yields ranging from 27 to 87%.
Determination Of Thickness Errors And Boundary Roughness From The Measured Performance Of A Multilayer Coating

The influence of thickness errors and boundary imperfections on the performance of a multilayer x-ray mirror is discussed, and it is shown that both can be obtained separately from a measured reflectivity curve at a short x-ray wavelength. Multilayers have greatly reduced scattering compared to single films, and for this reason rough boundaries and gradual transition layers between the film materials give practically identical performance. A simple Debye-Waller factor is not sufficient to describe the performance of a multi-layer with many layers at short wavelengths.
An expeditious aqueous Suzuki–Miyaura method for the arylation of bromophenols

Abstract The development of a novel Suzuki–Miyaura method has been achieved to allow the efficient arylation of bromophenols. A range of functionality is tolerated with regard to the boronic acid coupling partner and the reaction exhibits complete chemoselectivity for the C aryl –Br bond versus the C aryl –Cl bond in the aryl halide input. The experimental protocol features a short reaction time of 15 min, utilizes inexpensive Pd/C as a catalyst, and is conducted with water as the solvent.
An efficient route to 3-substituted cyclobutanone derivatives

An efficient route to 3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutanone acetals via a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction is reported. The dramatic effect of different diol acetals on benzyl deprotection is discussed. Efficient synthesis of two synthetically useful intermediates, 3-methylenecyclobutanone acetal and 3-(bromomethyl)cyclobutanone, are provided.
Structural Estimation of a Becker-Ehrlich Equilibrium Model of Crime: Allocating Police across Cities to Reduce Crime

We develop a model of crime in which the number of police, the crime rate, the arrest rate, the employment rate, and the wage rate are joint outcomes of a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. The local government chooses the size of its police force and citizens choose among work, home, and crime alternatives. We estimate the model using metropolitan statistical area (MSA)-level data. We use the estimated model to examine the effects on crime of targeted federal transfers to local governments to increase police. We find that knowledge about unobserved MSA-specific attributes is critical for the optimal allocation of police across MSA’s.
What are Conditional Intentions

The main thesis of this paper is that, whereas an intention simpliciter is a commitment to a plan of action, a conditional intention is a commitment to a contingency plan, a commitment about what to do upon (learning of) a certain contingency relevant to one’s interests obtaining. In unconditional intending, our commitment to acting is not contingent on finding out that some condition obtains. In conditional intending, we intend to undertake an action on some condition, impinging on our interests, which is as yet unsettled for us, but about which we can find out without undue cost.
Exploiting metric structure for efficient private query release

We consider the problem of privately answering queries defined on databases which are collections of points belonging to some metric space. We give simple, computationally efficient algorithms for answering distance queries defined over an arbitrary metric. Distance queries are specified by points in the metric space, and ask for the average distance from the query point to the points contained in the database, according to the specified metric. Our algorithms run efficiently in the database size and the dimension of the space, and operate in both the online query release setting, and the offline setting in which they must in polynomial time generate a fixed data structure which can answer all queries of interest. This represents one of the first subclasses of linear queries for which efficient algorithms are known for the private query release problem, circumventing known hardness results for generic linear queries.
Fuelwood Source Substitution and Shadow Prices in Western Kenya

Fuelwood scarcity creates a widespread environmental problem that places a major burden on women and children in the rural areas of developing countries. Consequently, many governments, donors and non-governmental organizations have encouraged on-farm fuelwood production and agroforestry practices. Whether, however, fuelwood from different sources can be easily substituted is an important empirical question as the degree of substitutability can depend on local markets and households' resource endowments and incomes. In this paper, we examine the substitution between three fuelwood sources among rural households in western Kenya: fuelwood collected off-farm, fuelwood produced on-farm, and that which is purchased. Using household-specific shadow prices for fuelwood and male and female wages, we find that strict gender divisions in household labor result in limited substitution between fuelwood sources. Among the implications are that programs and policies promoting agroforestry will have limited success without first addressing the structural differences in labor markets.
Strategic voting and nomination

Using computer simulations based on three separate data generating processes, I estimate the fraction of elections in which sincere voting is a core equilibrium given each of eight single-winner voting rules. Additionally, I determine how often each rule is vulnerable to simple voting strategies such as ‘burying’ and ‘compromising’, and how often each rule gives an incentive for non-winning candidates to enter or leave races. I find that Hare is least vulnerable to strategic voting in general, whereas Borda, Coombs, approval, and range are most vulnerable. I find that plurality is most vulnerable to compromising and strategic exit (causing an unusually strong tendency toward two-party systems), and that Borda is most vulnerable to strategic entry. I use analytical proofs to provide further intuition for some of my key results.
Distributed Algorithms for Finding Local Clusters Using Heat Kernel Pagerank

We consider the problem of computing local clusters in large graphs distributed across nodes in a network using two different models of distributed computation. We give a distributed algorithm that computes a local cluster in time that depends only logarithmically on the size of the graph in the CONGEST model. In particular, when the conductance of the optimal local cluster is known, the algorithm runs in time entirely independent of the size of the graph and depends only on error bounds for approximation. We also show that the local cluster problem can be computed in the k-machine distributed model in sublinear time. The speedup of our local cluster algorithms is mainly due to the use of our distributed algorithm for heat kernel pagerank.
Bank Time Deposit Rates and Market Discipline in Poland: The Impact of State Ownership and Deposit Insurance Reform

This paper examines the impact of ownership structure and changes in the deposit insurance system on the market for bank time deposits in Poland. In an environment of less restrictive bank supervision and a deposit insurance policy that favored state banks, we find that depositors exacted a price for risk-taking. After a new law increasing insurance coverage for private banks went into effect, however, bank specific variables became less important in explaining differences in deposit interest rates. We report, however, that the three fully guaranteed state banks pay significantly lower rates than private banks. Moreover, other state-owned banks, with the same explicit guarantee as private banks, pay significantly lower rates than private banks, so it appears that depositors treat these state-owned banks as if they have a larger implicit guarantee.
The “Next Phase” of Strategic Acquisition

1. Joseph Calandro Jr. 1. is a fellow of the Gabelli Center for Global Security Analysis at Fordham ­University in the Bronx, NY. (jtacalandro{at}yahoo.com) 1. To order reprints of this article, please contact Dewey Palmieri at dpalmieri{at}iijournals.com or 212-224-3675 .
Testing for Uncorrelated Residuals in Dynamic Count Models with an Application to Corporate Bankruptcy

This article proposes new model checks for dynamic count models. Both portmanteau and omnibus-type tests for lack of residual autocorrelation are considered. The resulting test statistics are asymptotically pivotal when innovations are uncorrelated but possibly exhibit higher order serial dependence. Moreover, the tests are able to detect local alternatives converging to the null at the parametric rate T− 1/2, with T the sample size. The finite sample performance of the test statistics are examined by means of Monte Carlo experiments. Using a dataset on U.S. corporate bankruptcies, the proposed tests are applied to check if different risk models are correctly specified. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Weaver: a high-performance, transactional graph database based on refinable timestamps

Graph databases have become a common infrastructure component. Yet existing systems either operate on offline snapshots, provide weak consistency guarantees, or use expensive concurrency control techniques that limit performance.In this paper, we introduce a new distributed graph database, called Weaver, which enables efficient, transactional graph analyses as well as strictly serializable ACID transactions on dynamic graphs. The key insight that allows Weaver to combine strict serializability with horizontal scalability and high performance is a novel request ordering mechanism called refinable timestamps. This technique couples coarse-grained vector timestamps with a fine-grained timeline oracle to pay the overhead of strong consistency only when needed. Experiments show that Weaver enables a Bitcoin blockchain explorer that is 8x faster than Blockchain.info, and achieves 10.9x higher throughput than the Titan graph database on social network workloads and 4x lower latency than GraphLab on offline graph traversal workloads.
Voronoi-based coverage control of heterogeneous disk-shaped robots

In distributed mobile sensing applications, networks of agents that are heterogeneous, respecting both actuation as well as body and sensory footprint, are often modelled by recourse to power diagrams — generalized Voronoi diagrams with additive weights. In this paper, we adapt the body power diagram to introduce its “free subdiagram,” generating a vector field planner that solves the combined sensory coverage and collision avoidance problem via continuous evaluation of an associated constrained optimization problem. We propose practical extensions (a heuristic congestion manager that speeds convergence and a lift of the point particle controller to the more practical differential drive kinematics) that maintain the convergence and collision guarantees.
Oxyboration with and without a Catalyst: Borylated Isoxazoles via B–O σ-Bond Addition

Herein we report an oxyboration reaction with activated substrates that employs B–O σ bond additions to C–C π bonds to form borylated isoxazoles, which are potential building blocks for drug discovery. Although this reaction can be effectively catalyzed by gold, it is the first example of uncatalyzed oxyboration of C–C π bonds by B–O σ bonds—and only the second example that is catalyzed. This oxyboration reaction is tolerant of groups incompatible with alternative lithiation/borylation and palladium-catalyzed C–H activation/borylation technologies for the synthesis of borylated isoxazoles.
Breadth versus depth: Interactions that stabilize particle assemblies to changes in density or temperature.

We use inverse methods of statistical mechanics to explore trade-offs associated with designing interactions to stabilize self-assembled structures against changes in density or temperature. Specifically, we find isotropic, convex-repulsive pair potentials that maximize the density range for which a two-dimensional square lattice is the stable ground state subject to a constraint on the chemical potential advantage it exhibits over competing structures (i.e., “depth” of the associated minimum on the chemical potential hypersurface). We formulate the design problem as a nonlinear program, which we solve numerically. This allows us to efficiently find optimized interactions for a wide range of possible chemical potential constraints. We find that assemblies designed to exhibit a large chemical potential advantage at a specified density have a smaller overall range of densities for which they are stable. This trend can be understood by considering the separation-dependent features of the pair potential and its gradient required to enhance the stability of the target structure relative to competitors. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we further show that potentials designed with larger chemical potential advantages exhibit higher melting temperatures.
Political Party Representation and Electoral Politics in England and Wales, 1690–1747

The Whig and Tory parties played an important role in British politics in the decades following the Glorious Revolution. This article introduces new data on the political affiliation of all Members of Parliament in England and Wales between 1690 and 1747. The data have numerous applications for research. The focus here is on majority party representation and the electoral politics of constituencies. I show that the Whigs had stronger representation in municipal boroughs with small and narrow electorates, whereas the Tories were stronger in county constituencies and in boroughs with large and more democratic electorates. The Whigs were stronger in the Southeast region and the Tories in Wales and the West Midlands. After the Whig leader, Robert Walpole, became prime minister in 1721 the Whigs lost some presence in their traditional strongholds including counties where the Dissenter population was large. Finally, I incorporate data on electoral contests and show that the majority party generally lost strength in constituencies following contests.
Stable husbands

Suppose $n$ boys and $n$ girls rank each other at random. We show that any particular girl has at least $({1\over 2}-\epsilon) \ln n$ and at most $(1+\epsilon)\ln n$ different husbands in the set of all Gale/Shapley stable matchings defined by these rankings, with probability approaching 1 as $n \to \infty$, if $\epsilon$ is any positive constant. The proof emphasizes general methods that appear to be useful for the analysis of many other combinatorial algorithms.
THE BI-CRUCIATE RETAINING TKA: “A THING OF BEAUTY IS A JOY FOREVER” – OPPOSES

The bi-cruciate retaining (BCR) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is based on sound biomechanics to produce kinematics close to normal, which is the goal of BCR TKA. This assumes that the joint line is maintained and both cruciates are functional with a range of motion greater than 125 degrees. The technical difficulties of implanting such a knee in correct anatomical position with preservation of both cruciate ligaments with proper tension is challenging and may not be possible in the hands of most surgeons. Patient selection for consideration of BCR TKA assumes that both ligaments are normal and ROM is greater than 125 degrees. If this assumption is correct, why does one need a knee replacement in such a patient? If we assume that the patient has normal cruciate ligaments, there is no scientific evidence to suggest that they will remain normal in the environment of a TKA with longer follow-up. Lastly, fixation with cement may be compromised because of the lack of a stem and less surface area. This can be argued both ways, but the long-term data on this matter favors stemmed designs. Moreover, insertion of cruciate ligaments (ACL) limits the robustness of the connecting bar for bicruciate knees. Lastly over 30 years, surgeons have tried BCR TKA without significant market share. Remember “all good things in life should ultimately prevail”.
Flow Equations For Natural Gas Pipelines

In use of various equations in pipe line design, practice is to apply Pipeline Efficiency factor; three equations most widely used for design are given; use of equations in operation study and capacity testing; difference between flow equation; determining behavior of resistance coefficient.
Composition of Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers Prepared by Emulsion Polymerization

Experimental data are presented on the monomer composition of copolymers of butadiene and styrene prepared by emulsion polymerization at 50°C. The composition of the copolymers is shown to be unaffected by variations in the amount of emulsifier, of mercaptan, and of the nature of the water-soluble polymerization catalyst. The composition of the copolymers formed from a charge containing 25% styrene (by wt.) can be represented accurately over the entire conversion range by the approximate theory according to which each monomer disappears by a first order reaction with the growing chain of the polymer, without taking into account the fact that the end of the growing chain to which the monomer adds may be a radical derived from either of the two monomer molecules. If the ratio of monomers in the charge is varied within wide limits, however, it is found that the simple theory is not adequate and it is necessary to consider that the chain may end with different radicals. The analysis of the experimental data shows that a butadiene molecule adds more rapidly than a styrene molecule to a radical derived either from a butadience or a styrene molecule.
Information Externalities along the Supply Chain: The Economic Determinants of Suppliers’ Stock Price Reaction to Their Customers’ Earnings Announcements*

We study the economic determinants of the information externality suppliers experience at the time of their customers’ quarterly earnings announcements (QEAs). We measure the information externality as suppliers’ stock price reaction to their customers’ QEAs. We expect information externalities to arise because the information revealed in customers’ QEAs can revise investors’ expectations about the level of suppliers’ future earnings and cash flows, and or because it resolves uncertainty about those future earnings and cash flows. We find that the information externality experienced by suppliers is increasing in the: (1) magnitude of the new information disclosed at customers’ QEAs; (2) strength of the economic bond between the firms, (3) components of the earnings information disclosed by a customer, (4) level of macroeconomic uncertainty prevailing at the time of customers’ QEAs; and decreasing in suppliers’ earnings persistence. We also find that the information contained in customers’ QEAs leads to both a revision in beliefs about the level of suppliers’ future earnings, as well as to a resolution of uncertainty about such earnings. Our study adds to the literature which seeks to understand the economic factors that lead to cross-sectional differences in earnings informativeness. However, unlike prior studies which have focused on examining the factors that determine “own-firm” stock price reactions to earnings, we identify the economic factors that lead to cross-sectional differences in the informativeness of one firm’s earnings (e.g., a customer’s) to investors of a another, non-announcing firm (e.g., a supplier). Our study also extends prior research by documenting that information externalities are not limited to firms in the same industry but also extend to firms in the supply chain.
Parameter Extraction Procedure for a Physics-Based Power SiC Schottky Diode Model

A detailed parameter extraction procedure for a simple physics-based power silicon carbide (SiC) Schottky diode model is presented. The developed procedure includes the extraction of carrier concentration, active area, and thickness of the drift region, which are needed in the power Schottky diode model. The main advantage is that the developed procedure does not require any knowledge of device fabrication, which is usually not available to circuit designers. The only measurements required for the parameter extraction are simple static I-V characterization and C-V measurements. Furthermore, the physics-based SiC Schottky diode model whose parameters are extracted by the proposed procedure includes temperature dependences and is generally applicable to SiC Schottky diodes. The procedure is demonstrated for five Schottky diodes from two different manufacturers having the following ratings: 600 V/50 A, 1.2 kV/3 A, 1.2 kV/7 A, 1.2 kV/20 A, and 600 V/4 A.
Hydrophobic Ambivalence: Teetering on the Edge of Randomness.

Processes ranging from oil–water phase separation to the formation of solid clathrate hydrates send mixed messages regarding whether oil molecules hate or love to be surrounded by water. Recent experimental and theoretical results help decipher these mixed messages by illuminating the conditions under which the stability of a hydrophobic contact is expected to exceed thermal energy fluctuations — thus facilitating hydrophobic self-assembly and the emergence of structure from randomness. Important open questions remain regarding the dependence of hydrophobic interactions on molecular size and temperature, as well as the balance of direct and water-mediated interactions.
Null-field Radiationless Sources

It is shown that it is in principle possible to produce radiationless electric-magnetic sources with any of the four microscopic or macroscopic electromagnetic fields exactly zero. Implications for invisibility optics are discussed.
Illinois Farmers Markets Using EBT: Impacts on SNAP Redemption and Market Sales

The number of people in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps, is currently at an all-time high. The switch from food stamp coupons to the Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) system was completed nationwide in 2004, yet almost 75% of the nation's farmers markets are not equipped to accept EBT. The state of Illinois has the sixth largest number of farmers markets in the U.S. and only 24% of its farmers markets accept EBT. The objective of this study is to identify variables important to facilitate successful EBT transactions at Illinois farmers markets. A survey was administered electronically to all Illinois farmers market managers who reported using EBT in 2011 in this cross-sectional study. Twenty-four markets participated and completed the survey. The main outcome measure was EBT sales at farmers markets in 2011. We used linear regression analysis to examine effects of selected market characteristics and management variables on EBT sales. We also performed a paired sample t-test to compare the sales of 2010 and 2011 and did correlation analysis to explore relationships between EBT and total credit and debit sales. SNAP redemptions increased significantly in Illinois farmers markets using EBT. Use of incentives, receipts or direct swipes, and volunteers handling EBT transactions had significant positive effects on EBT sales. Total credit and debit sales and the number of EBT transactions were found to be positively correlated. We conclude that having EBT service increases SNAP redemption at farmers markets, and that obtaining funds for incentive programs and using "receipts" method over tokens or scripts in processing EBT transactions should be areas to prioritize in adopting EBT at farmers markets.
Stress Relaxation of Natural and Synthetic Rubber Stocks

Measurements of stress decay as a function of time made at constant elongation on thin bands of gum and tread type natural rubber (Hevea), Neoprene, Butyl, Buna S, and Butaprene N stocks indicate that both secondary and primary bond relaxation occur. Practically complete relaxation is observed to take place in the experimental time (about 100 hours) at temperatures at and above 100 degrees C. The manner in which the rate of relaxation depends on temperature and the fact that the rate is independent of elongation and of the presence of carbon black in the vulcanizate indicate that stress decay is caused by a definite chemical reaction which deteriorates the rubber structure, and oxidative scission is suggested as the mechanism of deterioration of the primary bonds. The stress relaxation data, obtained over a temperature range from −50°C to +150°C, appear to verify modern concepts of the structure of elastomers. Theoretical equations are derived which give very good agreement with the observed relaxation da...
Sensitivity of the High Frequency Sounding Method to Variations In Electrical Properties

Summary Development of instrumentation for high frequency sounding (H FS) was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the late 1980s and continued until 2006. To aid in this development, forward modeling and sensitivity analysis of vertical magnetic fields to electromagnetic properties between 100 kHz and 100 MHz were completed. Because these frequencies encompass the transition between the diffusion and propagation regimes the HFS method ought to be sensitive to all properties contained in the electromagnetic wavenumber. The models consist of three layers that simulate the contamination and remediation of dense non-aqueous phase liquid contaminants by oxidation. This scenario provides values of σ that would attenuate ground penetrating radar signals, and a range of e, which is a parameter that direct current resistivity and low frequency electromagnetic induction techniques are not sensitive to. Conductivity and permittivity parameters are determined with Archie’s Law and the Bruggeman-Hanai-Sen mixing formula. Analytic partial derivatives of the vertical magnetic field with respect to each parameter are calculated. The results show that the sensitivity to the second layer permittivity is less than the sensitivity to other properties, and the response is sensitive to slightly magnetic soils. It is also evident that, sensitivity and resolution are limited by depth of penetration.
Total syntheses of enantiomerically enriched R-(+)- and S-(−)-deplancheine

Total syntheses of indoloquinolizidine alkaloid (+/-)-, R-(+)-, and S-(-)-deplancheine are described here. The synthesis features an enantioselective intramolecular formal aza-[3 + 3] cycloaddition for the construction of the quinolizidine CD-ring. This application serves to introduce a new synthetic strategy for the synthesis of indoloquinolizidine alkaloids.
Copper(II)-catalyzed room temperature aerobic oxidation of hydroxamic acids and hydrazides to acyl-nitroso and azo intermediates, and their Diels-Alder trapping.

CuCl2, in the presence of a 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline ligand, is an effective catalyst for the room temperature, aerobic oxidation of hydroxamic acids and hydrazides, to acyl-nitroso and azo dienophiles respectively, which are efficiently trapped in situ via both inter- and intramolecular hetero-Diels–Alder reactions with dienes. Both inter- and intramolecular variants of the Diels–Alder reaction are suitable under the reaction conditions using a variety of solvents. Under the same conditions, an acyl hydrazide was also oxidized to give an acyl-azo dienophile which was trapped intramolecularly by a diene.
The controls automation system

This paper discusses the specifications, programming implementation, and use of a design automation system that can be used in the development of any computer having read-only storage (ROS) controls.This system, called the Controls Automation System (CAS), designed concurrently with the IBM System/360 was used to aid in the design and construction of Models 40, 50, 65 and 67. The current version of CAS is used by IBM to aid in the design of all systems with ROS controls.The system has been found particularly attractive for the simulation of microprogram-controlled machines although its use is not restricted to them. The newly developed elements of this system are: 1) a programming language for describing the data flow of a machine; 2) a program for translating a variety of microprogramming languages into a common one; and 3) a set of computer programs enabling the machines operation to be simulated on an IBM 7090/1401 computer.In addition, CAS has facilities for preparing microprogram design records in a form that is easy to use and understand, and it provides for rapid updating of design records.This paper was presented at the Sixth Annual Symposium on Switching Theory and Logical Design at the U. of M., Oct. 1965.The paper discussions on an elementary level the systems objectives and organization of CAS. The CAS machine description language is explained followed by the microprogram description. Inserted directly behind the microprogram description is the following rather interesting quote "By Defining the Microprogram and the Machine Description in the two simple specialized languages described here, the Controls Automation System has been able to accomplish what has previously been done by a single, relatively complex language". This reference to APL - and Gormon and Anderson's "A Logic Design Translator." presented at the 1962 FJCC.The paper than concludes with CAS output examples and details of the other CAS design aids. Here is the first explanation of the use of the funny little boxes encountered. Not as complete in detail as one might like, but an interesting paper if one should need an overview of CAS.
Microstructural and Geometrical Factors Influencing the Mechanical Failure of Polysilicon for MEMS

The failure strength of polycrystalline silicon is discussed in terms of activation of critical flaws, as well as the material microstructure and inhomogeneity. The Weibull probability density function parameters were obtained to deduce the scaling of material and component strength and to identify critical flaw populations, especially when two or more flaw sets are concurrently active. It was shown that scaling of strength changes for small feature sizes, which limits the applicability of strength data from large MEMS components to self-similar small MEMS components. On the other hand, the probability of failure of small components is described by a larger Weibull material stress parameter, which makes uniaxial strength data a conservative design approach. Furthermore, according to mode I and mixed mode I/II fracture studies for polysilicon, it is concluded that microstructural inhomogeneity alone accounts for 50% scatter in strength (with reference to the minimum recorded value). Thus, the conditions for applicability of the Weibull probability density function are rather weak in polycrystalline silicon, because flaws of the same length that are subjected to the same macroscopic stresses are not always critical.
Why Focus? A Study Of Intra‐Industry Focus Effects

In an intra-industry setting, firm-focus is found to be positively correlated with the ability of firms to produce high-value products, while the overall effect of focus on firm performance is negative due to missed demand externalities generated by a broad product offering. In particular, it is shown that U.S. mutual funds that belong to more focused fund providers outperform similar funds offered by more diversified providers. An explanation based on alignment among a provider’s activities is consistent with this result. Cash inflows into fund providersFa measure related to fund provider profitabilityFis, however, negatively correlated with focus in fund offerings. I. INTRODUCTION A CENTRAL ISSUE FACED by every firm is the breadth of its product and business portfolio. Should a firm focus its activities around a set of core products or should it diversify into a broader set of products and businesses? As firms decide on the diversity of their business and product portfolios, two sets of considerations come into play. First, with any product, a firm faces the question whether it is capable of offering this product effectively. Can it produce the product at a quality and cost that will provide a competitive amount of value to customers, while still achieving a profit for the firm? In short, does the firm have the internal capabilities required for offering the products in its product portfolio? Second, if the firm offers more than one product, the firm needs to take into account possible demand interactions among the products it offers. The demand for an individual product offered by a firm may not only be affected by that product’s characteristics (e.g., its quality or price) but also by the overall product breadth offered by the firm. For instance, in the presence of ‘shopping costs’ (Klemperer [1992])Fthe costs of using a number of firms to fulfill the varied demands of a
Stereoselective formation of trisubstituted vinyl boronate esters by the acid-mediated elimination of α-hydroxyboronate esters.

The copper-catalyzed diboration of ketones followed by an acid-catalyzed elimination leads to the formation of 1,1-disubstituted and trisubstituted vinyl boronate esters with moderate to good yields and selectivity. Addition of tosic acid to the crude diboration products provides the corresponding vinyl boronate esters upon elimination. The trisubstituted vinyl boronate esters are formed as the (Z)-olefin isomer, which was established by subjecting the products to a Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction to obtain alkenes of known geometry.
Synthesis of tertiary alkyl amines from terminal alkenes: copper-catalyzed amination of alkyl boranes.

A method for highly selective anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of terminal alkenes is reported. The one-pot procedure involves hydroboration of the alkene followed by a novel electrophilic amination of the alkyl borane catalyzed by an NHC–Cu complex. Terminal alkenes are successfully transformed into tertiary alkyl amines in the presence of a variety of functional groups in yields ranging from 80 to 97% with excellent regioselectivity. Results of a preliminary study of the reaction mechanism are also described.
Triflic acid–catalyzed rearrangement of unalkylated benzene sulfonanilides

ABSTRACTPrevious work has demonstrated that alkylated benzene sulfonanilides undergo sulfuric acid (98%)–catalyzed rearrangement to alkylamino diaryl sulfones. Similar treatment of their unalkylated analogs typically leads only to hydrolysis. Surprisingly, when the unalkylated benzene sulfonanilides react with triflic acid, rearrangement to sulfones does occur.
Comment on ‘Dexamethasone exerts profound immunologic interference on treatment efficacy for recurrent glioblastoma’

Comment on ‘Dexamethasone exerts profound immunologic interference on treatment efficacy for recurrent glioblastoma’
A bioinformatics approach for precision medicine off-label drug drug selection among triple negative breast cancer patients.

Background Cancer has been extensively characterized on the basis of genomics. The integration of genetic information about cancers with data on how the cancers respond to target based therapy to help to optimum cancer treatment. Objective The increasing usage of sequencing technology in cancer research and clinical practice has enormously advanced our understanding of cancer mechanisms. The cancer precision medicine is becoming a reality. Although off-label drug usage is a common practice in treating cancer, it suffers from the lack of knowledge base for proper cancer drug selections. This eminent need has become even more apparent considering the upcoming genomics data. Methods In this paper, a personalized medicine knowledge base is constructed by integrating various cancer drugs, drug-target database, and knowledge sources for the proper cancer drugs and their target selections. Based on the knowledge base, a bioinformatics approach for cancer drugs selection in precision medicine is developed. It integrates personal molecular profile data, including copy number variation, mutation, and gene expression. Results By analyzing the 85 triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patient data in the Cancer Genome Altar, we have shown that 71.7% of the TNBC patients have FDA approved drug targets, and 51.7% of the patients have more than one drug target. Sixty-five drug targets are identified as TNBC treatment targets and 85 candidate drugs are recommended. Many existing TNBC candidate targets, such as Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1), Cell division protein kinase 6 (CDK6), epidermal growth factor receptor, etc., were identified. On the other hand, we found some additional targets that are not yet fully investigated in the TNBC, such as Gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase (GGH), Thymidylate Synthetase (TYMS), Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6 (PTK6), Topoisomerase (DNA) I, Mitochondrial (TOP1MT), Smoothened, Frizzled Class Receptor (SMO), etc. Our additional analysis of target and drug selection strategy is also fully supported by the drug screening data on TNBC cell lines in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. Conclusions The proposed bioinformatics approach lays a foundation for cancer precision medicine. It supplies much needed knowledge base for the off-label cancer drug usage in clinics.
Factors of low individual degree polynomials

Kaltofen (Randomness in computation, vol 5, pp 375---412, 1989) proved the remarkable fact that multivariate polynomial factorization can be done efficiently, in randomized polynomial time. Still, more than twenty years after Kaltofen's work, many questions remain unanswered regarding the complexity aspects of polynomial factorization, such as the question of whether factors of polynomials efficiently computed by arithmetic formulas also have small arithmetic formulas, asked in Kopparty et al. (2014), and the question of bounding the depth of the circuits computing the factors of a polynomial. We are able to answer these questions in the affirmative for the interesting class of polynomials of bounded individual degrees, which contains polynomials such as the determinant and the permanent. We show that if $${P(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})}$$P(x1,?,xn) is a polynomial with individual degrees bounded by r that can be computed by a formula of size s and depth d, then any factor $${f(x_{1},\ldots, x_{n})}$$f(x1,?,xn) of $${P(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})}$$P(x1,?,xn) can be computed by a formula of size $${\textsf{poly}((rn)^{r},s)}$$poly((rn)r,s) and depth d + 5. This partially answers the question above posed in Kopparty et al. (2014), who asked if this result holds without the dependence on r. Our work generalizes the main factorization theorem from Dvir et al. (SIAM J Comput 39(4):1279---1293, 2009), who proved it for the special case when the factors are of the form $${f(x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n}) \equiv x_{n} - g(x_{1}, \ldots, x_{n-1})}$$f(x1,?,xn)?xn-g(x1,?,xn-1). Along the way, we introduce several new technical ideas that could be of independent interest when studying arithmetic circuits (or formulas).
Relativistic locality and the action reaction principle predict de Broglie fields

The action reaction principle is violated in the standard formulation of Quantum Mechanics, so that its phase (Hilbert) space is incomplete. Moreover, projection of state of a quantum system under indirect measurement, when there are alternative virtual paths and one of them is discarded by negative detection implies, according to the action reaction principle, a reaction on the detector, although its macroscopic state does not change. If all interactions are local, mediated by fields with relativistically causal evolution, some system different from the particle (which follows another path) must locally interact with the detector. Relativistic locality and the action reaction principle predict the existence of de Broglie fields. It is presented a formulation of Quantum Mechanics in extended Hilbert spaces, where kinematic and dynamical representations of physical magnitudes are distinguished.
The search for the determinants of insertional RNA editing in Physarum polycephalum mitochondrial RNAs

The mitochondrial genome of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum is characterized by pervasive insertional RNA editing. Here, we provide an overview of the quest to identify the sequence determinant of the editing positions in this system. This work was presented at PhysNet 2015.
Single-Electron Transmetalation: Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalytic Cross-Coupling of Secondary Alkyl β-Trifluoroboratoketones and -esters with Aryl Bromides

The first cross-coupling of secondary alkyl β-trifluoroboratoketones and -esters has been achieved through application of photoredox/nickel dual catalysis. Although the related β-trifluoroboratoamides have been effectively cross-coupled via Pd-catalysis, the corresponding ketones and esters had proven recalcitrant prior to this report. Reactions occur under mild conditions, and a variety of functional groups and sterically and electronically diverse reaction partners are tolerated.
Learning to Be a Paradox-Savvy Leader

We outline the nature of paradox-savvy leader behavior by first considering an environmental context that increasingly demands attention to the paradoxes that are relevant to leaders. We then categorize such paradoxes as those that are inherent in leadership behavior per se, and those that are increasingly common in organizations. Based on this categorization, we outline four key paradoxes: (1) maintaining a strong sense of self while simultaneously maintaining humility, (2) maintaining control while simultaneously letting go of control, (3) stressing continuity while simultaneously stressing change, and (4) pursuing corporate social responsibility (CSR) for the strategic purpose of enhancing profits while simultaneously pursuing CSR for morally based purposes. In so doing, we consider the challenges in dealing with paradoxes and how such paradox-savvy leadership can be distinguished from, but still work in concert with, more classic approaches, such as situational/contingency leadership. We view our arti...
Exploring the Relationship between Hazard Adjustments and Risk Managers in Organizations

There is little empirical evidence on the relationship between organizational risk managers and the adoption of hazard adjustments (measures taken to reduce risks from extreme events). Similarly, the risk perception literature is mixed on the relationship between risk perception and the adoption of hazard adjustments in organizations. This study empirically addresses these two gaps using data collected from 227 public, private and non-profit organizations in the Memphis/Shelby County area, Tennessee, in 2006. This study finds a significant positive relationship between risk managers and the adoption of hazard adjustments. The results also indicate that organizational risk perception has a small positive influence on the adoption of hazard adjustments.