cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formula-fed and breast-fed baboons: Weight growth from birth to adulthood.

The objective of this study was to compare the immediate and long-term effects of type of infant diet (formula-fed vs. breast-fed) on the weight growth of baboons. Longitudinal (serial) weight data were collected from 44 savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) for the total preadult period of growth from birth to approximately 8 years of age. Fifty percent of the sample (11 females and 11 males) were fed a standard infant formula by a nursery care technician for the first 18 weeks of postnatal life. The remaining 11 females and 11 males were breast-fed by their mothers for an equivalent period of time. After 18 weeks of age the animals were removed from their infant environments (either nursery or mother-reared) and assigned to one of four age-cohort social groups. Each age-cohort group was balanced for infant treatment and gender. The animals remained in these social groups for the duration of the project and were provided nutritionally identical postweaning diets. No significant weight differences were found between the two rearing conditions for either gender during the initial 15 weeks of growth. Following this period, however, females of breast-fed environments averaged greater weight at all ages than their bottle-fed peers. The intensity of the adolescent growth spurt was also slightly greater among the female breast-fed group. No postinfant average weight-per-age disparity was observed between the male treatment groups.
Unbiased Scanning Method and Data Banking Approach Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Quantitative Comparison of Metabolite Exposure in Plasma across Species Analyzed at Different Dates.

An unbiased scanning methodology using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to bank data and plasma samples for comparing the data generated at different dates. This method was applied to bank the data generated earlier in animal samples and then to compare the exposure to metabolites in animal versus human for safety assessment. With neither authentic standards nor prior knowledge of the identities and structures of metabolites, full scans for precursor ions and all ion fragments (AIF) were employed with a generic gradient LC method to analyze plasma samples at positive and negative polarity, respectively. In a total of 22 tested drugs and metabolites, 21 analytes were detected using this unbiased scanning method except that naproxen was not detected due to low sensitivity at negative polarity and interference at positive polarity; and 4′- or 5-hydroxy diclofenac was not separated by a generic UPLC method. Statistical analysis of the peak ar...
Acetazolamide reduces postoperative pain following laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy

Carbonic acid accumulation, which results from CO2 insufflation, can produce visceral and referred pain in the postoperative setting. Acetazolamide inhibits carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that accelerates carbonic acid formation. We hypothesized that preoperative administration of acetazolamide would decrease postoperative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy. A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent laparoscopic preperitoneal inguinal herniorrhaphy at the Medical College of Wisconsin between October 2012 and September 2014. Beginning in January 2014, patients began receiving 250 mg of acetazolamide preoperatively; patients prior to that time did not. The visual analog scale (range 0–10) was used to assess both preoperative pain and postoperative pain. A total of 66 patients underwent laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy during the study interval. Of these, 22 (33 %) patients received acetazolamide preoperatively, and 44 (67 %) were included as controls. Overall mean pain scores were lower in the acetazolamide group (1.9 ± 1.45 vs 2.9 ± 1.5, p = 0.04). Specifically, patients who received acetazolamide reported lower pain scores immediately after surgery (0.6 ± 1.2 vs 1.9 ± 2.3, p = 0.01) and on post-op day one (2.3 ± 0.9 vs 4.0 ± 2.1, p = 0.04). Total morphine equivalents administered to manage postoperative pain were significantly less for the acetazolamide group (4.3 ± 4.8 mg) when compared to the control group (8.9 ± 8.4 mg), p = 0.04. Perioperative complications did not differ between the groups (p = 0.16). Acetazolamide appears to reduce pain in the immediate postoperative setting. Patients who received acetazolamide had lower pain scores postoperatively and required fewer narcotics for pain management prior to discharge.
The PROMIS FatigueFM Profile: a self-report measure of fatigue for use in fibromyalgia

Purpose Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by myriad symptoms and problems. Fatigue is one of the most common, distressing, and disabling symptoms in FM. The purpose of this study was to use fatigue item banks that were developed as part of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) to devise a self-report measure of fatigue for use in individuals with FM.
Ecohydrological implications of drought for forests in the United States

The relationships among drought, surface water flow, and groundwater recharge are not straightforward for most forest ecosystems due to the strong role that vegetation plays in the forest water balance. Hydrologic responses to drought can be either mitigated or exacerbated by forest vegetation depending upon vegetation water use and how forest population dynamics respond to drought. Understanding how drought impacts ecosystems requires understanding how drought impacts ecohydrological processes. Because different species and functional groups vary in their ecophysiological traits that influence water use patterns, changes in species assemblages can alter hydrological processes from the stand to the watershed scales. Recent warming trends and more prolonged and frequent droughts have accelerated the spread and intensity of insect attacks in the western US that kill nearly all of the canopy trees within forest stands, changing the energy balance of the land surface and affecting many hydrologic processes. In contrast, some eastern forest tree species and size classes can tolerate drought better than others, suggesting the potential for drought-mediated shifts in both species composition and structure. Predicting how these changes will impact hydrologic processes at larger spatial and temporal scales presents a considerable challenge. The biogeochemical consequences of drought, such as changes in stream chemistry, are closely linked to vegetation dynamics and hydrologic responses. As with other natural disturbances, droughts are difficult to prepare for because they are unpredictable. However, there are management options that may be implemented to minimize the impacts of drought on water quantity and quality. Examples include reducing leaf area by thinning and regenerating cut forests with species that consume less water, although a high level of uncertainty in both drought projections and anticipated responses suggests the need for monitoring and adaptive management.
The Stone Ancestors: Idioms of Imperial Attire and Rank among Huari Figurines

Two caches were recovered at Pikillacta, the largest Huari state installation (A. D. 550-1000) in the southern Andean highlands; each contained 40 richly garbed votive turquoise figurines. The figurines are analyzed in terms of their production, use, and deposition as well as their overall morphology. To the extent possible, the rank associated with the costumes worn by each figure is also considered. Reference is made to Inca apparel and its potential for interpreting Huari official garments. Because the number 40 also held special importance in Inca state organization as an administrative unit or division, the Inca example provides concepts of administration vital to the interpretation of the figurines. A more unusual source—origin myths associated with the Chimor Kingdom—supports the relation between turquoise figurines and ancestor worship. I argue that the stone figurines embody qualities and convey concepts that are central to Andean political administration, and that they are intimately tied into the web of ancestral cults through which kinship, hierarchy, and inheritance were determined.
Unsuspected Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate in Patients Undergoing Cystoprostatectomy for other Causes: Incidence, Histology and Morphometric Observations

Cystoprostatectomy specimens were evaluated in 66 male patients operated on for a pathological condition of the bladder with no evidence of prostatic malignancy on preoperative clinical assessment. There were 38 prostate cancers identified in 25 of 66 patients (38 per cent). Multiple foci of adenocarcinoma were noted in 10 of 25 patients (40 per cent). The mean tumor volume was 0.11 cc, with half of the cancers being less than or equal to 0.01 cc in volume. All 38 cancers were completely localized to the prostate and exact anatomical sites of origin for each of the cancers within the prostate were mapped. Whereas anatomical distribution of the cancers in the anteroposterior dimension was roughly uniform, a distinct predominance of apical prostatic cancers was observed. Possible anatomical explanations and implications of these findings in terms of the apical surgical margins at radical prostatectomy and cystoprostatectomy, and the new technologies currently available for diagnosis of prostate cancer are discussed.
Depressed functional and phenotypic properties of T but not B lymphocytes in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder in which the abnormality in cellular immunity has remained only vaguely defined. Previously we have shown that patients with ITP in its active phase have abnormal T cell subsets. We then examined the phenotypes of T and B lymphocytes in an additional 28 patients with ITP and 32 age- and sex-matched normal controls and compared the lymphocytes' capacity to respond to polyclonal T, T cell-dependent B, and B cell mitogens. Blastogenesis to optimal (5.0 micrograms/mL) and suboptimal (0.5 microgram/mL) concentrations of the polyclonal T cell mitogens were markedly depressed in patients compared with normal controls (P less than .0005). Similarly, a severe depression in response was noted with the polyclonal T cell-dependent B cell mitogen (P less than .000001). No difference was seen, however, with the polyclonal B cell mitogen. The proportions of pan-T and T helper/inducer lymphocytes were significantly depressed (P less than .005 and P less than .000005 respectively), and the T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocytes increased (P less than .02) in patients relative to controls. But there was no difference in the proportion of B lymphocytes or in their functional response. The abnormal cellular immunity appears to be due to a defect in the T lymphocyte population without involvement of the B lymphocytes.
Diluting the Commercial Speech Doctrine: "Noncommercial Use" and the Federal Trademark Dilution Act

The debate over the appropriate level of First Amendment protection for commercial speech has raged for more than half a century.1 While much of this debate has focused on purely commercial forms of expression,2 a great deal of scholarship has examined the correct standard for evaluating speech with both commercial and expressive elements.3 These "mixed" forms of communication, including commercial parody and criticism, present difficult constitutional questions. Some commentators have argued that mixed communications should receive full protection under the First Amendment, and have even gone so far as to suggest that the distinction between commercial and noncommercial speech be abolished.4 The debate has significant implications for trademark law. Trademarks are, essentially, purely commercial speech: they are words
Contractive One Step Intertwining Liftings

This chapter is devoted to a thorough analysis of contractive one step intertwining liftings. This analysis will play a very important role in the following chapters in the commutant lifting theorem and interpolation problems. An application of this theory to the Caratheodory interpolation problem will also be presented in Section 3.
Fundamentals of Standalone Photovoltaic Systems

This chapter deals with the types, benefits, and applications of standalone PV systems. It also describes different components of standalone PV systems including solar sources, PV cells, PV modules, PV arrays, inverters, charge controller, and type of storage batteries, battery management systems and battery safety for standalone PV systems. Sizing methodologies for PV arrays, inverters, charge controllers, and PV modules are also discussed. Details of modeling software and tools including HOMER, PVsyst, TRNS, PVGIS, and PVWatts for performance analysis and simulation of PV systems is also included.
Journalists’ Use of Knowledge in an Online World

There has been little empirical study of the extent to which journalists are drawing on and applying academic research and systematic knowledge, or of their sourcing routines and habits in this regard. This paper examines data from an original online survey conducted in fall 2015 with working journalists (N = 1,118). Over all, about half reported drawing on research studies frequently in their stories, and journalists expressed strong support for the idea that research can improve story quality. A multivariate analysis finds that knowledge usage is more likely to take place among journalists with some forms of academic and statistical training, with a national audience and with more coverage specialization in science-related topics. Political and television journalists are less likely to use expert knowledge.
Sensorimotor contingencies do not replace internal representations, and mastery is not necessary for perception

Sensorimotor contingencies are certainly of great importance for perception but they are no substitute for the internal representation of perceived information. I argue that internal, non-iconic representations of perceptions must, and do, exist and that sensorimotor contingencies are an integral part of them. Further, I argue that mastery of the sensory apparatus or environment is not a prerequisite for perception and that perception is possible in the absence of any control over the perceptual process.
Public Health Benefits of Preventive Nutrition

Staying lean and physically active throughout adult life has major health benefits. Diets low in the percentage of energy from fat have not been associated with lower risks of heart disease, cancer, or better long-term weight control. Avoiding industrially produced trans fat, keeping saturated fat low, and emphasizing unsaturated fats will minimize risks of heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Consuming grains in their original high fiber/whole grain form is likely to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Consumption of sugary beverages increases risk of type 2 diabetes and probably heart disease. High intake of fruits and vegetables will help prevent risks of cardiovascular disease, but the benefits for cancer reduction appear modest. High consumption of alcohol and alcoholism have many adverse health and social consequences, and intakes as low as one drink per day or less are associated with greater risks of breast cancer. In contrast, moderate consumption of alcohol reduces risks of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Imagining Artificial Intelligence Applications with People with Visual Disabilities using Tactile Ideation

There has been a surge in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies co-opted by or designed for people with visual disabilities. Researchers and engineers have pushed technical boundaries in areas such as computer vision, natural language processing, location inference, and wearable computing. But what do people with visual disabilities imagine as their own technological future? To explore this question, we developed and carried out tactile ideation workshops with participants in the UK and India. Our participants generated a large and diverse set of ideas, most focusing on ways to meet needs related to social interaction. In some cases, this was a matter of recognizing people. In other cases, they wanted to be able to participate in social situations without foregrounding their disability. It was striking that this finding was consistent across UK and India despite substantial cultural and infrastructural differences. In this paper, we describe a new technique for working with people with visual disabilities to imagine new technologies that are tuned to their needs and aspirations. Based on our experience with these workshops, we provide a set of social dimensions to consider in the design of new AI technologies: social participation, social navigation, social maintenance, and social independence. We offer these social dimensions as a starting point to forefront users' social needs and desires as a more deliberate consideration for assistive technology design.
Design of Electromagnetic Coils and Temperature Regulation Circuits for Impeding Microbial Growth on Medical Device Surfaces

Microorganisms that form biofilm on surface of medical devices represent a major health risk for patients and an economic burden for the health care system [1]. Biofilms are conglomerates of bacterial colonies characterized by the production of an exo-polysaccharide matrix making it challenging to eradicate them by using chemical or antibiotic treatments [2]. More than 70% of biofilm-related infections are resistant to at least one drug, therefore, alternative forms of treatments have been investigated. Previously we have reported compelling new data showing the synergistic effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and elevated temperatures on the colonization and survival of pathogenic bacteria on medical device surfaces [3]. Here we report the design and development of prototypical EMF coils and temperature regulation circuits that are simple and cost effective for impeding microbial growth on medical device surfaces.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Forschungsstand: Sprachregionale Unterschiede in der Schweizer Medienberichterstattung

Die foderalistische Struktur der Schweiz mit je eigenen Regierungen und teilweise auch eigener Gesetzgebung in den Kantonen wird uberlagert durch vier Sprachraume, die geographisch weitgehend abgegrenzt sind. Diese Strukturmerkmale stehen in einer Wechselwirkung mit dem Schweizer Mediensystem: Die Berichterstattung der Zeitungen und der privaten elektronischen Medien ist primar auf ein regionales Publikum ausgerichtet und auch die Berichterstattung der nationalen elektronischen Medien uberbruckt nur selten sprachregionale Grenzen.
Calculations of Inelastic Tunneling Cross Sections Using Self-Consistent Multiple Scattering Techniques

In the theory of inelastic electron scattering from molecules, it is known that the distortion of the initial and final state electronic wavefunction caused by elastic scattering plays an important role. Strong resonances in the inelastic cross section which mirror resonances in the elastic scattering dramatically illustrate this effect. We have developed a multiple scattering approach to include such elastic scattering effects. The scattered wave muffin-tin potential method is used to calculate the scattering amplitude f for fixed nuclear positions, “f” then acts as an effective potential for the inelastic scattering process. Multiphonon processes are obtained in addition to single phonon transitions. The theory is being applied both to tunneling and positive energy scattering processes and results will be discussed.
Vibrational spectra and structure of small ring compounds. XXIII. Conformational analysis of chlorocyclopentane and bromocyclopentane

Abstract The infrared spectra (33 to 400 cm−1) of gaseous, liquid, and polycrystalline chloro- and bromocyclopentane have been investigated. Raman spectra of the liquid and solid samples were recorded for the same frequency region and depolarization ratios were measured for the liquids. The C-X and ring-puckering vibrations have been assigned on the basis of a molecule with Cs symmetry. Although the barrier to pseudorotation has been found to be relatively small ( kcal mole ) for each molecule, the energy difference between the forms with the halogen atom in the axial or equatorial orientations is sufficiently large for the a′ C-X bending and a″ ring-puckering modes to appear as doublets in the ambient temperature spectra. From a temperature study of the Raman spectra on “neat” chloro- and bromocyclopentane, enthalpy differences of 344 and 612 cal/ mole were calculated, respectively.
The past is prologue? The long arc of childhood trauma in a multigenerational study of teen mothering.

Abstract The purpose of this interpretive phenomenological study was to describe intergenerational patterns in adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and protective childhood experiences among teen mothers, their parents and children, and to include social disadvantage as a source of ACE. At the seventh wave of a study that has followed teen mothers and families beginning in 1988 for 28 years, 42 family members were reinterviewed in 2016. Adult participants also completed two tools that identify ACE and childhood family strengths. After narrative data were coded inductively, Interpretive Family Profiles were created to facilitate case and cross-case analysis. Of the 9 participating teen mothers at Time 7, 4 reported few ACE and many family strengths; their parents and children reported similar scores. Of the 5 mothers reporting high ACE, children's scores improved with one exception. Findings suggest that mothers' aspirations to shield their children from trauma was a fragile endeavor for mothers who faced ongoing trauma and economic hardships. Clinicians may facilitate intergenerational repair by capitalizing on mothers' aspirations with trauma-informed care and referrals to community resources. Trauma assessment should also include poverty-related ACE and experiences related to stigma and discrimination.
A Feasibility Study of Muslim Cancer Survivors’ Experience in the United States: Recruitment and Data Collection:

Background: Studies with U.S. Muslims have had difficulty recruiting participants. Method: This article, which was part of a larger qualitative study, aimed to describe the effectiveness of targete...
Learning to define an electrical biomarker of the epileptogenic zone

The role of fast activity as a potential biomarker in localization of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) remains controversial due to recently reported unsatisfactory performance. We recently identified a "fingerprint" of the EZ as a time-frequency pattern that is defined by a combination of preictal spike(s), fast oscillatory activity, and concurrent suppression of lower frequencies. Here we examine the generalizability of the fingerprint in application to an independent series of patients (11 seizure-free and 13 non-seizure-free after surgery) and show that the fingerprint can also be identified in seizures with lower frequency (such as beta) oscillatory activity. In the seizure-free group, only 5 of 47 identified EZ contacts were outside the resection. In contrast, in the non-seizure-free group, 104 of 142 identified EZ contacts were outside the resection. We integrated the fingerprint prediction with the subject's MR images, thus providing individualized anatomical estimates of the EZ. We show that these fingerprint-based estimates in seizure-free patients are almost always inside the resection. On the other hand, for a large fraction of the nonseizure-free patients the estimated EZ was not well localized and was partially or completely outside the resection, which may explain surgical failure in such cases. We also show that when mapping fast activity alone onto MR images, the EZ was often over-estimated, indicating a reduced discriminative ability for fast activity relative to the full fingerprint for localization of the EZ.
Vida de Adil. Una creación del Laboratorio Escénico: Universo Inestables

Resena de arte que comparte la experiencia escultorica en relacion con las artes vivas plasmado en el Espacio Teatro Contemporaneo (ETC) de creacion escenica de la sala teatral Cuarta Pared en su convocatoria del ano 2018. Bajo la premisa de crear a partir de “historias de vida” se desarrolla la puesta en escena, Vida de Adil, desde la hibridacion de diversos lenguajes siendo las esculturas de David Gonzalez-Carpio Alcaraz principales protagonistas.La escultura figurativa y el cuerpo escultorico del actor se unen en el punto de indistincion - la figura se convierte en un cuerpo vivo, y el cuerpo vivo en un cuerpo marana. Este juego de reducir un personaje a su cuerpo y posteriormente a una figura, escultura inmovil, nos lleva a pensar en la desmaterializacion del ser como reaccion a los procesos de consumo de la sociedad capitalista, y a su vez en la resultante de esos procesos relacionados con el verbo reflexivo consumirse. Dentro de este contexto se establece una resonancia entre el cuerpo del actor y escultorico. En la relacion y manipulacion de las figuras existe prolongacion y afeccion. De ese dialogo nace una narrativa que va mas alla de la ilustracion. El cuerpo del actor por momentos se funde con las esculturas para deformar, deconstruir, y simbolizar a aquellos cuerpos objetos mecanizados, animados, y los cuerpos marionetas vivos, portadores de los sintomas de nuestra epoca.
Same old song and dance? An analysis of legislative activity in a period of penal reform:

After years of tough-on-crime politics and increasingly punitive sentencing in the United States, economic, political, and social shifts in the 21st century have created new opportunities for oppon...
Application of Fuzzy Reference Ideal Method (FRIM) to the military advanced training aircraft selection

Abstract When a nation needs to acquire a new military training aircraft for its Air Force, many factors must be taken into account. This requires a good command of conflicting factors, which can benefit from the domain of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). However, some criteria involved in the assessment process are often imprecise or vague and the use of linguistic terms characterized by fuzzy numbers could be advisable. The aim of this research is thus to extract the best of a combination of Fuzzy MCDM approaches with the aim of solving a real decision problem of interest for the Spanish Air Force, specifically, the selection of the best military advanced training aircraft, based on a set of criteria of differing natures. This decision problem involves, on the one hand, quantitative or technical criteria (combat ceiling, operational speed, take-off race, etc.) and, on the other hand, qualitative criteria (maneuverability, ergonomics, etc.) based on the experience of a set of flight instructors of the 23rd Fighter and Attack Training Wing, collected via questionnaires. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to obtain the weights of the criteria, whereas the Reference Ideal Method (RIM) and its Fuzzy version (FRIM) are used to evaluate the alternatives based on a reference ideal alternative defined by the flight instructors mentioned above. As a result, the Italian Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master aircraft was selected as the best option.
Demonstration of inferring causality from relational databases with CaRL

Understanding cause-and-effect is key for informed decision-making. The gold standard in causal inference is performing controlled experiments, which may not always be feasible due to ethical, legal, or cost constraints. As an alternative, inferring causality from observational data has been extensively used in statistics and social sciences. However, the existing methods critically rely on a restrictive assumption that the population of study consists of homogeneous units that can be represented as a single flat table. In contrast, in many real-world settings, the study domain consists of heterogeneous units that are best represented using relational databases. We propose and demonstrate CaRL: an end-to-end system for drawing causal inference from relational data. In addition, we built a visual interface to wrap around CaRL. In our demonstration, we will use this GUI to show a live investigation of causal inference from real academic and medical relational databases.
Nutrition in the critically ill surgical patient.

Purpose of review The aim of this study was to discuss recent findings related to providing adequate and well tolerated nutrition to the critically ill surgical patient. Recent findings The majority of nutritional studies in the critically ill have been performed on well nourished patients, but validated scoring systems can now identify high nutrition risk patients. Although it remains well accepted that early enteral nutrition with protein supplementation is key, mechanistic data suggest that hypocaloric feeding in septic patients may be beneficial. For critically ill patients unable to tolerate enteral nutrition, randomized pilot data demonstrate improved functional outcomes with early supplemental parenteral nutrition. Current guidelines also recommend early total parenteral nutrition in high nutrition risk patients with contraindications to enteral nutrition. When critically ill patients require low or moderate-dose vasopressors, enteral feeding appears well tolerated based on a large database study, while randomized prospective data showed worse outcomes in patients receiving high-dose vasopressors. Summary Current evidence suggests early enteral nutrition with protein supplementation in critically ill surgical patients with consideration of early parenteral nutrition in high nutrition risk patients unable to achieve nutrition goals enterally. Despite established guidelines for nutritional therapy, the paucity of data to support these recommendations illustrates the critical need for additional studies.
Automation Malfunction: Behavioral Characteristics of Different User Groups under Forced Transfer of Control *

This study presents a driving simulator experiment conducted on 47 drivers to investigate how different populations of users respond to automated system failure. On this account, a major takeover scenario of a level 3 automated vehicle malfunctioning at three high-speed critical curves along a freeway was designed. The drivers are notified with an auditory warning that is triggered instantaneously with the malfunctions, thus indicating a demand to takeover. The reaction time, time to regain control, frequency of time to regain control, frequency of unsafe curves, and type of control were used as measures of users’ behavior. The results show that conservative users may be able to learn how to take control of the car safely compared to aggressive users as they experience more malfunctions. However, there is enough evidence that such group of users are more likely to drop their level of trust in automation if they experience unsafe maneuvers or lose control. These findings are promising as they can help auto-makers better design autonomous vehicles and officials better establish educational programs, which can accommodate different groups of users.
“Constant Communication”: Rural Principals' Leadership Practices During a Global Pandemic

Rural school leaders are met with serious challenges and opportunities to lead rural schools in times of normalcy, but these challenges are amplified during a crisis Rural school principals in the United States faced an unprecedented crisis when school buildings closed in spring 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic The measure of rural school principals and their response to this crisis is exemplified through their leadership practices Through qualitative methods, we examined the leadership practices of rural principals through the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine, and we found that rural principals exhibit the practices of caretaker leadership From the findings, we used a meta-leadership frame to discuss the caretaker leadership practices of rural school principals © Copyright © 2021 Hayes, Flowers and Williams
Temperature-dependent luminescence of CaFCl:Yb,Er upconverting nanocrystals

Abstract CaFCl:Yb,Er upconverting nanocrystals were synthesized via solution-phase thermolysis of metal trifluoroacetates and trichloroacetic acid and their temperature-dependent luminescence was probed in the 150–450 K range. Nanocrystals exhibited anisometric shape with average length and width equal to 90 and 76 nm, respectively, and an aspect ratio of 1.2. The solubility limits of ytterbium and erbium codoped in the CaFCl host were estimated to be ≈0.60 and 0.09 mol. %, respectively. Green emissions and luminescence decays from the 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 thermally coupled levels of Er3+ were analyzed from the perspective of using CaFCl:Yb,Er for optical temperature sensing. When operating as a ratiometric thermometer, a maximum temperature sensitivity of 3.4 × 10−2 K−1 was obtained at 150 K. Much lower sensitivities were computed when nanocrystals were used as a lifetime thermometer, with a maximum of 2.0 × 10−3 K−1 at 275 K. Analysis of luminescence decays revealed the presence of a single type of Er3+ activator. Radiative constants of the 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 levels and activation energy for thermal quenching of the latter were estimated.
The use of onabotulinumtoxin A in migraine: mechanism of action, efficacy, safety and tolerability

Migraine is a common, yet disabling, neurological disorder that is characterised by recurrent attacks of headache lasting 4–72 hours at a time. Headaches may also present with associated symptoms, ...
Stretching and shearing contamination analysis for Liutex and other vortex identification methods

The newly developed vortex-identification method, Liutex, has provided a new systematic description of the local fluid rotation, which includes scalar, vector, and tensor forms. However, the advantages of Liutex over the other widely used vortex-identification methods such as Q, ∆, λ2, and λci have not been realized. These traditional methods count on shearing and stretching as a part of vortex strength. But, in the real flow, shearing and stretching do not contribute to fluid rotation. In this paper, the decomposition of the velocity gradient tensor is conducted in the Principal Coordinate for uniqueness. Then the contamination effects of stretching and shearing of the traditional methods are investigated and compared with the Liutex method in terms of mathematical analysis and numerical calculations. The results show that the Liutex method is the only method that is not affected by either stretching or shear, as it represents only the local fluid rigid rotation. These results provide supporting evidence that Liutex is the superior method over others.
Locke on the Probability of the Mind's Immateriality

For many years, there has been a vibrant debate about whether Locke is friendly or hostile to the proposition that the mind is a material thing. On the one hand, there are passages in which Locke tells us that it is probable that the mind is immaterial. On the other hand, there are passages in which Locke expressly allows for the possibility that matter, suitably arranged, could be given the power to think. It is no surprise, then, that some scholars assume that Locke is a dualist, while other scholars think that Locke is a materialist. Yet others think that Locke studiously tries to remain completely agnostic about the nature of mind. Taking the relevant primary sources and secondary literature into account, I argue that Locke takes it to be more probable than not that the mind is immaterial.
Tell the boys ‘bye:’ the broad bankruptcy of the Boy Scouts

In 2020 the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) announced it was filing for bankruptcy after haemorrhaging money for years due to insurance and the legal costs associated with sexual abuse lawsuits. This s...
On Gelfand-Dickey Systems and Inelastic Solitons

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the Gelfand-Dickey systems and inelastic solitons. The Boussinesq equation is known and called N-soliton solutions—for example, solutions that exhibit asymptotically N solitary waves of the typical sech 2 -form. The chapter mainly interested in the Boussinesq equation in imaginary time. This equation renders “inelastic solitons”—for example, solitary waves of the sech 2 -form which may stick together after interaction thus forming a new sech 2 -wave. These inelastic solitons can be obtained via an auto-Backlund transformation for the Gelfand-Dickey system associated with the Boussinesq-type equation. In general the solutions constructed by the method described in the chapter may have singularities because the Wronskians used may have zeros.
An analysis of chemical reactor stability and control—III: The principles of programming reactor calculations. Some extensions☆

Abstract The increasing use of automatic computers for chemical engineering calculations makes it desirable to give an outline of the programme used here. This is so constructed that it can be rapidly modified for many more difficult problems. To round off the question of proportional control with very high amplification the limiting form of off-on control is discussed. Finally the extension is given to simultaneous reactions in more than one reactor and the general conclusions of the problem are discussed.
The U.S.-European Conflict Over the Internationalization of Antitrust Law: A Legal Experience Perspective

“Do we take the next step in the internationalization of competition law?” This question is at the center of the conflict over the “globalization” of antitrust law (or, more generically, competition law). Conceptually, the step is a big one. Legally and politically, it may be even bigger. It would move from a normative regime in which states (including, for these purposes, the European Union) rely exclusively on their own domestic legal systems to combat restraints on competition to one in which a framework of multilateral commitments conditions their responses. It would create a new and specifically transnational antitrust regime for the global economy, and one reason why the issue is drawing so much attention is that some see it as prefiguring the process of normative globalization generally.Another reason for this attention is that these issues are the site for a conflict between the European Union and the United States. This essay will look at the conflict from a perspective that has seldom been utilized in any systematic way in this context. I identify a set of experiential factors that influence European and U.S. perspectives and positions in the conflict and thus structure the conflict itself. Here, I look at the conflict through a lens that focuses on the role of legal experience in shaping the conflict.
Addressing substance abuse treatment needs of parents involved with the child welfare system

The goal of this paper is to synthesize available data to help guide policy and programmatic initiatives for families with substance abuse problems who are involved with the child welfare system, and identify gaps in the research base preventing further refinement of practices in this area. To date, Family Treatment Drug Court and newly developed home-based substance abuse treatment interventions appear the most effective at improving substance abuse treatment initiation and completion in child welfare populations. Research is needed to compare the efficacy of these two approaches, and examine cost and child well-being indicators in addition to substance abuse treatment and child welfare outcomes.
Three-mode variable structure control for a pulse-density modulated current feedback amplifier

Design, implementation, and testing results of a variable structure controlled pulse density modulated current feedback amplifier are presented. The current amplifier is part of an industrial magnetic bearing digital control system, which uses a floating-point digital signal processor for levitation control of the bearing rotor. The signal processor is capable of very high sample rates and the amplifier control algorithm is very simple to program, so the entire controller (levitation control, state estimation, and amplifier control) is implemented on a single processor.
Three types of rescue can avert extinction in a changing environment

Setting aside high-quality large areas of habitat to protect threatened populations is becoming increasingly difficult as humans fragment and degrade the environment. Biologists and managers therefore must determine the best way to shepherd small populations through the dual challenges of reductions in both the number of individuals and genetic variability. By bringing in additional individuals, threatened populations can be increased in size (demographic rescue) or provided with variation to facilitate adaptation and reduce inbreeding (genetic rescue). The relative strengths of demographic and genetic rescue for reducing extinction and increasing growth of threatened populations are untested, and which type of rescue is effective may vary with population size. Using the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) in a microcosm experiment, we disentangled the genetic and demographic components of rescue, and compared them with adaptation from standing genetic variation (evolutionary rescue in the strictest sense) using 244 experimental populations founded at either a smaller (50 individuals) or larger (150 individuals) size. Both types of rescue reduced extinction, and those effects were additive. Over the course of six generations, genetic rescue increased population sizes and intrinsic fitness substantially. Both large and small populations showed evidence of being able to adapt from standing genetic variation. Our results support the practice of genetic rescue in facilitating adaptation and reducing inbreeding depression, and suggest that demographic rescue alone may suffice in larger populations even if only moderately inbred individuals are available for addition.
Predicting Glucose Sensor Behavior in Blood Using Transport Modeling: Relative Impacts of Protein Biofouling and Cellular Metabolic Effects

Background:Tissue response to indwelling glucose sensors remains a confounding barrier to clinical application. While the effects of fully formed capsular tissue on sensor response have been studie...
Cost savings and avoidance from clinical interventions

A method that lets a pharmacy department collect data on cost savings and avoidance achieved through pharmacist interventions is described. The pharmacist intervention program at an 849-bed institution is based on the pharmacist's evaluation of the patient, the disease or condition, and the appropriateness of the drug therapy selected. The pharmacist records the recommendation, the rationale, and the intervention outcome, and the data are entered into the medication order-entry system. An assigned code indicates the potential severity of consequences had the intervention not been made. The information is forwarded to the clinical interventions and financial assessment committee (CLIFAC) for analysis of cost savings and potential cost avoidance. To calculate savings, CLIFAC determines the drug acquisition and relevant laboratory costs that would have been charged, as well as the cost of a change in therapy. A method was developed that allows CLIFAC to use hospital-specific diagnosis-related-group data to determine potential cost avoidance as a function of hospital days prevented. From July 1994 through April 1995, 4648 interventions were documented by the 50-member inpatient and ambulatory care pharmacist staff and evaluated and quantified. Of these interventions, 87% were accepted by the medical staff. The accepted interventions represent a net therapy cost saving of $487,833, as well as a cost avoidance of $158,563 achieved by prevention of a potential net 371.9 additional hospital days. A pharmacy department's financial assessment committee evaluated pharmacist interventions by determining changes in the cost of therapy and estimating potential changes in the length of stay.
Extending UNIX System Logging with SHARP

System messages in a UNIX system are handled by syslog. The responsibilities of syslog are to filter and disperse program generated messages based on a priority code contained in each message. Filtering with priority codes is not sufficient to generate enough usable information for the system administrator. Utilities which do regular expression parsing of syslog messages typically do not run continuously and thus are limited by a lack of state in detecting potentially important patterns in syslog messages.SHARP (Syslog Heuristic Analysis and Response Program) improves the monitoring of systems by extending the existing syslog infrastructure with programmable modules. These modules use a library with a simple API to perform near real time analysis based on the messages they register to receive. System administrators can use SHARP to improve the services provided by their systems without the need for constant manual evaluation of message logs. The SHARP system and several modules were tested in a higher education production environment during the spring of 2000. Experience with SHARP indicates that it is stable, reliable, and improves the overall operation of a laboratory while not significantly increasing the workload on the system administrator.
Central nervous system action of TRH to stimulate gastric function and ulceration.

Abstract Intracisternal or intracerebroventricular injection of TRH (0.1–10 μg) in rats stimulated the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, increased gastric mucosal blood flow and gastric contractility and emptying, induced gastric hemorraghic lesions and aggravated experimental ulcers elicited by aspirin, serotonin or indomethacin. TRH action was dose-dependent, rapid in onset and central nervous system-mediated by activation of the parasympathetic outflow to the stomach and cholinergic receptors. The stable TRH analog, RX 77368, was more potent and longer lasting than TRH. TRH and its stable analog appear as new chemical probes to produce centrally-mediated vagal-dependent stimulation of gastric function and experimental ulcers. The physiologic role of endogenous TRH in the central regulation of gastric function and ulceration remains to be established.
Sex, Immorality, and Mental Disorders

Although the definition of a mental disorder has remained essentially the same from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R) through DSM-IV to DSM-IV-TR, the account of the paraphilias has changed continually. Although the definition in all the DSMs explicitly rules out deviant sexual behavior as sufficient for labeling someone as having a mental disorder, deviant sexual behavior counts as sufficient for all the paraphilias in DSM-III-R. In DSM-IV, the account of all the paraphilias is made consistent with the definition. In DSM-IV-TR, mere deviant sexual behavior is not sufficient for being classified as having a paraphilia, but immoral deviant sexual behavior is. Thus, in DSM-IV-TR, only those paraphilias that involve immoral deviant sexual behavior are inconsistent with the definition, but deviant sexual behavior by itself does not count as a mental disorder.
AFRICAN RANCHES LTD., 1914–1931: AN ILL-FATED STOCKRAISING ENTERPRISE IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT African Ranches Ltd., a subsidiary of a Liverpool firm which later became part of the United Africa Company, was the only private cattle ranching enterprise ever established in Northern Nigeria. The company operated a 16,000-acre ranch in western Bornu province from 1914 until 1923, when it was given up to the government. Although ranching was officially discouraged, for a time it looked as though it might succeed. The vicissitudes of this early ranching scheme are chronicled in this paper, with data coming principally from the National Archives in Kaduna and Ibadan, Nigeria, and the Public Record Office, London. Although this is an historical study of a unique enterprise, it offers instructive comparison with recent state-owned ranches in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa.