cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peroxiredoxin 5 confers protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis and also promotes longevity in Drosophila

Peroxiredoxin 5 is a distinct isoform of the peroxiredoxin gene family. The antioxidative and anti-apoptotic functions of peroxiredoxin 5 have been extensively demonstrated in cell culture experiments. In the present paper, we provide the first functional analysis of peroxiredoxin 5 in a multicellular organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Similar to its mammalian, yeast or human counterparts, dPrx5 (Drosophila peroxiredoxin 5) is expressed in several cellular compartments, including the cytosol, nucleus and the mitochondrion. Global overexpression of dPrx5 in flies increased resistance to oxidative stress and extended their life span by up to 30% under normal conditions. The dprx5−/− null flies were comparatively more susceptible to oxidative stress, had higher incidence of apoptosis, and a shortened life span. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) analysis revealed that the dprx5−/− null mutant had discernible tissue-specific apoptotic patterns, similar to those observed in control flies exposed to paraquat. In addition, apoptosis was particularly notable in oenocytes. During development the dPrx5 levels co-varied with ecdysone pulses, suggesting inter-relationship between ecdystreroids and dPrx5 expression. The importance of dPrx5 for development was further underscored by the embryonic lethal phenotype of progeny derived from the dprx5−/− null mutant. Results from the present study suggest that the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of dPrx5 play a critical role in development and aging of the fly.
Asymmetric Dark Matter

We consider a simple class of models in which the relic density of dark matter is determined by the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. In these models a B-L asymmetry generated at high temperatures is transferred to the dark matter, which is charged under B-L. The interactions that transfer the asymmetry decouple at temperatures above the dark matter mass, freezing in a dark matter asymmetry of order the baryon asymmetry. This explains the observed relation between the baryon and dark matter densities for the dark matter mass in the range 5-15 GeV. The symmetric component of the dark matter can annihilate efficiently to light pseudoscalar Higgs particles a or via t-channel exchange of new scalar doublets. The first possibility allows for h{sup 0}{yields}aa decays, while the second predicts a light charged Higgs-like scalar decaying to {tau}{nu}. Direct detection can arise from Higgs exchange in the first model or a nonzero magnetic moment in the second. In supersymmetric models, the would-be lightest supersymmetric partner can decay into pairs of dark matter particles plus standard model particles, possibly with displaced vertices.
The fine structure of neuromuscular junctions and contact zones between body wall muscle cells of Ascaris lumbricoides (var. suum).

Neuromuscular junctions and close membrane apposition between body wall muscle cells of Ascaris lumbricoides (var. suum) have been examined with the light and electron microscopes. It was found that the body wall muscle cells send out elongate processes from their basal, myofibril containing portion to terminate on dorsal and ventral nerves. When observed with the aid of the electron microscope the neuromuscular junctions were seen to consist of several muscle cell processes in apposition to a single axon. The intersynaptic cleft was approximately 350–500 A wide. Both the axolemma and sarcolemma were triple layered membranes which were 75–80 A thick. Electron dense patches were observed at intervals on the apposed membranes which were due to increased thickness of the inner membrane leaflets of axolemma and sarcolemma. Muscle cell membranes, at the level of the neuromuscular junction, were in “close” apposition resulting in an apparently five-layered membrane complex which was 170–210 A thick. The sarcolemmata in these regions were separated by 10–50 A. Presynaptic axons contained mitochondria, microtubules which were 180–270 A in diameter, and two, morphologically distinct types and sizes of synaptic vesicles. One was 200–600 A in diameter, with a single, triple-layered membrane bounding a center of low electron density. The other was 600–1200 A in diameter, with a single, triple-layered membrane bounding a central, electron dense granule of 500–800 A size. The functional significances of the “close” membrane appositions between body wall muscle cells and of the two types of synaptic vesicles found at the neuromuscular junctions of Ascaris lumbricoides were discussed with respect to their possible role in neuromuscular physiology.
Ideology and North-South relations

Abstract North-South relations have been characterized by three ideological phases. The first started with a long period of ideological harmony, lasting into the early 1970s. It was interrupted by OPEC and the period of radical Southern ferment, to be followed by another, opposed divide when the United States shifted into conservative ideological posturing and actions with the first Reagan Administration. The second Reagan Administration's shift to the Baker Plan represents the third phase but can also be regarded as consistent with that ideological position.
Lessons for program design from the PMM projects

The Prevention of Maternal Mortality (PMM) Network designed and tested projects for reducing maternal deaths. The focus was on improving the availability, quality and utilization of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) for women with serious complications. Teams' projects included interventions in health facilities (to improve skills and services and reduce delays in treatment) and in communities (to address lack of transport, funds and information concerning obstetric complications). The teams' results, reported in this volume, offer several lessons for program planners. Despite difficult conditions in the project countries, the teams demonstrated that it is almost always possible to make improvements in the delivery of EmOC. Their work shows that EmOC can be improved not only by concentrating on hospitals and physicians, but also by focusing on peripheral facilities and other qualified staff. The teams' findings regarding utilization of EmOC suggest that more people utilize services when they know them to be functioning well. Community efforts, including education and mobilization, have a role to play in improving utilization once services are in place. Improving EmOC need not be costly, because in many areas the necessary facilities exist and staff are already in place.
Activity of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the cabbage looper evaluated at programmed temperature regimens.

Abstract Each larval instar of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, was treated in the laboratory with a peroral, standardized lethal dose of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus disease and maintained until death at one of three programmed regimens of temperature. The resulting experimental data were tested in the field and found to provide a reliable method of predicting the course of epizootics.
Macroeconomic Forecasting Using Diffusion Indexes

This article studies forecasting a macroeconomic time series variable using a large number of predictors. The predictors are summarized using a small number of indexes constructed by principal component analysis. An approximate dynamic factor model serves as the statistical framework for the estimation of the indexes and construction of the forecasts. The method is used to construct 6-, 12-, and 24-monthahead forecasts for eight monthly U.S. macroeconomic time series using 215 predictors in simulated real time from 1970 through 1998. During this sample period these new forecasts outperformed univariate autoregressions, small vector autoregressions, and leading indicator models.
Inelastic microstructural failure mechanisms in crystalline materials with high angle grain boundaries

Abstract Microstructurally-induced failure mechanisms in crystalline materials with coincident site-lattice (CSL) high angle grain boundaries (GBs) have been investigated. A multiple-slip rate-dependent crystalline constitutive formulation that is coupled to the evolution of mobile and immobile dislocation densities and specialized computational schemes have been developed to obtain a detailed understanding of the interrelated physical mechanisms that result in material failure. A transmission scalar has also been introduced to investigate slip-rate transmission, blockage and incompatibility at the GB. The combined effects of high angle GB misorientation, mobile and immobile dislocation densities, strain hardening, geometrical softening, localized plastic strains, and slip-rate transmission and blockage on failure evolution in face centered cubic (f.c.c.) crystalline materials have been studied. Results from the present study are consistent with experimental observations that single dislocation pile-ups result in a transgranular failure mode for the ∑9 CSL GB, and that symmetric double dislocation pile-ups result in an intergranular failure mode for the ∑17b CSL GB.
Growth Regulation and Cellular Changes during Differentiation of Human Prostatic Cancer LNCaP Cells as Induced by T Lymphocyte-Conditioned Medium

Abstract Human prostatic epithelial cells from an androgen-dependent LNCaP cell line were examined in response to conditioned medium (CM) derived from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes. Addition of CM caused a greater than 70% reduction of cell proliferation by cell counting and cell cycle. These cells showed G 1 phase arrest and the clonogenicity was reduced. The growth-modulating effect was dose-dependent and not due to cell lysis or apoptosis. The binding of androgen to androgen receptor on these cells showed approximately 50% reduction, underlining a proliferation reduction mechanism. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was downregulated to approximately 75% during the process. Cell morphology showed dendritic processes extending from cytoplasm and other neuro-endocrine cell characteristics. The expression of several cytoskeleton and intracellular proteins increased as determined by immunostaining on slides and by ELISA procedures. These included vimentin, correlating to cell shape changes, cytokeratins 8 and 18, associated with differentiated cell types of prostate epithelia, and neuron-specific enolase and serotonin, associated with neuroendocrine cells. From these cellular changes, we can infer that the cell growth was modulated along with induction of terminal differentiation. Activated T cells were demonstrated to be important in providing the modulating activity. This growth modulator was semipurified and had an estimated molecular weight 13,000 to 24,000 Da. The activity was determined to be distinct from TGF, TNF, and some commonly known lymphokines. The interaction between lymphoid and prostatic cells in growth and development is described.
Subjective measurements in speech: A note on method

(1935). Subjective measurements in speech: A note on method. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 53-59.
Nonperturbative Continuity in Graviton Mass versus Perturbative Discontinuity

We address the question of whether a graviton could have a small nonzero mass. The issue is subtle for two reasons: there is a discontinuity in the mass in the lowest tree-level approximation, and, moreover, the nonlinear four-dimensional theory of a massive graviton is not defined unambiguously. First, we reiterate the old argument that for vanishing graviton mass the lowest tree-level approximation breaks down since the higher order corrections are singular in the graviton mass. However, there can exist nonperturbative solutions which correspond to the summation of the singular terms, and these solutions are continuous in the graviton mass. Furthermore, we study a completely nonlinear and generally covariant five-dimensional model which mimics the properties of the four-dimensional theory of massive gravity. We show that the exact solutions of the model are continuous in the mass, yet the perturbative expansion exhibits a discontinuity in the leading order and singularities in higher orders as in the four-dimensional case. Based on exact cosmological solutions of the model we argue that the helicity-zero graviton state responsible for the perturbative discontinuity decouples from the matter in the limit of vanishing graviton mass in the full classical theory.
Mental and physical health of male caregivers of a spouse with Alzheimer's disease.

Fifty-two male spouse caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease and 53 demographically equated controls completed multidimensional assessments of mental and physical health. Results indicate that compared with noncaregiving men, male spouse caregivers have poorer mental and physical health, but only within limited domains of health outcomes. In particular, caregiving men showed higher levels of depression, respiratory system symptoms, and poorer levels of health habits, but did not differ from noncaregiving men on other indexes of physical and mental health. The importance of focusing on understudied specific subgroups of caregivers, such as male spouses, as well as using multidimensional instead of summary measures of mental and physical health are emphasized
GLAST: A Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope

Abstract The GLAST LAT instrument has been designed for high precision gamma-ray detection in space. It will contain more than 80 m 2 of single-sided AC-coupled silicon detectors. The design of the instrument will be described, and the predicted performance will be traced back to the scientific goals of the GLAST mission. The application in space will require stringent requirements for the silicon detectors, and the R&D work needed to put the instrument into space by 2005 will be described.
Characterizing optical proximity effect difference among exposure tools

In terms of mass production, the CD variation between exposure tools is not avoidable because of different exposure tool characteristics. The major CD variation is coming from different optical proximity effect (OPE) response between exposure tools. Knowing and control the major contributor to the OPE, ramping up the device will be faster because of one reticle usage in various exposure tools. Therefore, the quantitative measurement and simulation with actual exposure tool characteristics need for analyzing proximity impact to CD. For this purpose, collecting CD data on the wafers and analyzing was carried out to find large ID bias exposure tool. Normal and abnormal exposure tool in terms of proximity matching is inspected using LITEL products of ISITM(In-situ Interferometer) and SMITM(Source Metrology Interferometer). ISITM and SMITM were for collecting machine characteristic and Solid-ETM was for simulation purposes. From this study, the practical procedure is proposed to prevent using of large proximity exposure tool for production line and the impact of actual tools characteristic on proximity matching is known.
Activation of the β-catenin/Lef-Tcf pathway is obligate for formation of primitive endoderm by mouse F9 totipotent teratocarcinoma cells in response to retinoic acid

The morphogen retinoic acid promotes the formation of primitive endoderm in mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells as does the stimulation of the Frizzled-1 pathway. We investigated whether the β-catenin/Lef-Tcf-sensitive transcriptional pathway activated by Frizzled-1 plays a role in the retinoic acid-induced pathway to primitive endoderm formation. An analysis of Lef-Tcf-sensitive transcription reveals increased transcription at 1 and 4 h post-treatment with retinoic acid. The stimulation of Lef-Tcf-sensitive transcription as well as the formation of primitive endoderm was accompanied by the stabilization of β-catenin as observed in activation of the Frizzled-1 pathway. Transient transfection of F9 cells with an expression vector harboring a dominant-negative mutant of Tcf4 resulted in the attenuation of both the increase in Lef-Tcf-sensitive transcription and formation of primitive endoderm in response to the morphogen. Clones stably transfected to express the dominant-negative Tcf4 displayed a block in retinoic acid-induced activation of Lef-Tcf-sensitive transcription and primitive endoderm formation. These data reveal the obligate role of the β-catenin/Lef-Tcf transcriptional pathway in the action of the morphogen retinoic acid.
To Study the Fragments/Whole: Microhistory and the Atlantic World

This article looks at existing and potential connections between two disparate subfields of historical enquiry: microhistory and Atlantic history. New research in the latter has utilized microlevel sources (those that allow the researcher to track an individual life) to challenge long-accepted generalizations about which kinds of people did what where in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Atlantic. But, the author suggests, such research raises specific methodological challenges and epistemological caveats. The risk is that we may borrow some of the more attractive elements of microhistory—in particular, the chance to tell extraordinary stories about ordinary lives—without addressing the elements of research design that give rigor and weight to the most persuasive microhistorical studies. Can microhistorical evidence from the Atlantic world serve as a basis for explanatory as well as descriptive claims? The article explores this question by discussing the author’s own attempts to use microhistorical inquiry to answer macrolevel questions about the origins and breadth of anti-imperialism in the interwar British Caribbean.
Hemolytic anemia induced by light therapy in jaundiced rats.

SummaryIn jaundiced Gunn rats, but not in nonicteric animals, light therapy induced a moderate fall in hematocrit accompanied by reticulocytosis and diminished plasma haptoglobin concentration. There was decreased 51Cr sequestration in the spleens of these animals, suggesting that the hemolysis was intravascular. Hematocrits rose again progressively after the first few days of light therapy, but the other parameters reflected continuing hemolysis with improved marrow compensation. Plasma bilirubin concentration fell in all animals studied. Hence, the increase in bilirubin production caused by this moderate hemolytic anemia was more than offset by light-induced enhancement of bilirubin excretion. However, it is possible that light-induced hemolysis could sometimes interfere with the beneficial effect of phototherapy, on hyperbilirubinemia.
On Two Alternative Motivations of Reference-State Expressions for Turbulent Flows with Mass Transfer

Although the preliminary calculations presented in the foregoing indicate that nonequilibrium heating is feasible, more detailed investigations of the kinetics and aerodynamics are necessary to evaluate quantitatively its effectiveness in reducing frozen flow loss. In particular, the influence of electron impact dissociation at high electron concentrations and temperatures should be investigated. It is hoped that this note will stimulate interest among propulsion engineers in these endeavors.
ZYGOSPORE GERMINATION IN COSMARIUM BOTRYTIS VAR. SUBTUMIDUM

IN MOST haplobiontic green algae, the zygospores enter a dormant state which, often lasting for months, is broken only after a series of environmental changes that are fatal, in many instances, to the species in its vegetative state. The placoderm desmids are no exception. The rarity of observed sexual union in the desmids and the interval between zygo^pore formation and zygospore germination have resulted in a scarcity of published accounts of the latter. Inasmuch as the taxonomy of the desmids is based almost entirely on characteristics of the vegetative cells, few workers have concerned themselves with attempts to investigate sexual reproduction in the desmids beyond the chance observation of sexual union in natural collections and the even more rare observation of zygospore germination. The most complete accounts of zygospore germination in the placoderm desmids are those of DeBary (1858) who observed the entire life cycle of several species of Cosmarium, Closterium, and Staurastrum which he maintained in crude mixed culture in his laboratory. Periodic checks of these cultures during the period following zygospore formation resulted eventually in the observation of the germination process. Other workers have contributed to our knowledge of this phenomenon in these and other genera, such as Cosmariuam (Hofmeister, 1857; Klebahn, 1891), Closterium (Millardet, 1870; Klebahn, 1891; Morren, 1836), Staurastrum (Millardet, 1870; Turner, 1922), and Hyalotheca (Potthoff, 1927, 1928). Without exception, these reports have been based on chance collections or crude cultures. In an earlier paper, the writer (Starr, 1954a) reported the isolation of heterothallic strains of Cosmarium botrytis var. subtumidum Wittr. These strains are maintained in unialgal clonal culture and sexual union can be effected at will by mixing the two strains under appropriate environmental conditions. Inasmuch as these strains are being used in continuing cytological and genetic research in the writer's laboratory, it seems desirable to record for future reference the details of zygospore germination. The observations of DeBary (1858) on this process in Cosmarium botrytis are confirmed and expanded. The heterothallic strains of Cosmarium botrytis
Metal-porphyrin interactions—VI The reactivities of several ferric porphyrin monomers with cyanide compared with ligand reactions of iron and cobalt porphyrins reconstituted with proteins[1]

Abstract A study of the hydrolysis and kinetics and equilibrium behavior of cyanide addition to the monomeric iron(III) complexes of meso, proto and deuteroporphyrin-IX in 2 per cent sodium lauryl sulfate-0·1 M tetramethyl ammonium bromide, 25° is reported. The reactivity parameters are compared to reactions of the same Co(II) and Fe(II) porphyrin types reconstituted to myoglobins and hemoglobins.
Leflunomide in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders

Leflunomide (Arava) is an isoxazole derivative approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Its mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that controls the pathway for denovo synthesis of uridine ribose monophosphate (rUMP) in activated T-cells. Leflunomide is structurally unrelated to other known immunomodulatory drugs in clinical use. Data have demonstrated benefit in control of clinical symptoms and quality of life in RA and prevention of radiologic progression after 24 months of treatment. Further, studies suggest a role for the combination of methotrexate plus leflunomide in the treatment of some patients with refractory RA. Recent studies have also indicated efficacy in psoriatic arthritis, other autoimmune disorders and in prevention of allograft rejection. A recent important issue is reports of potentially serious liver toxicity and guidelines for monitoring toxicity.
HREELS studies of ethylene oxide interaction with Pd(110)

Abstract Ethylene oxide (EO) adsorption and reaction on Pd(110) was investigated with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The HREEL spectrum following EO adsorption on Pd(110) at 120K indicated molecular adsorption of EO, with the molecular ring plane tilted away from the surface normal. The suggestion of the complete absence of any symmetry of the metaladsorbate complex in the present study was based on the observation for adsorbed EO of vibrations which are infra-red forbidden for gaseous EO with C 2v symmetry. Further results from temperature programmed HREELS studies indicated that adsorbed EO underwent a ring opening reaction above 200 K, ultimately producing CO and methylene species on the metal surface.
Determination of kinetic parameters of the cholesteryl esters and proteins of plasma lipoproteins

A method for determining kinetic parameters of the cholesteryl ester and protein moiety of plasma high-density (HDL), low-density (LDL) and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in species with plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity is described. First, a method for analysis of cholesteryl ester kinetic studies is described. Formulas for calculating plasma lipoprotein cholesteryl ester production rates and fluxes between the various lipoprotein classes are presented. In addition, a method for analyzing kinetic studies of both the cholesteryl ester and protein moiety is described.
Growth in vitro of cells from hyperplastic nodules of liver induced by 2-fluorenylacetamide or aflatoxin B1.

Cell suspensions obtained from hyperplastic nodules induced in rat liver by either of the two hepatic carcinogens, 2-fluorenylacetamide or aflatoxin B1, show growth when cultured in vitro. No growth of cells from liver adjacent to the hyperplastic nodules or from liver of control rats has been obtained so far under comparable conditions. Hepatocarcinoma cells induced by 2-fluorenylacetamide grow readily in vitro but behave differently. These findings suggest that some nonmalignant cells capable of growth in vitro arise during liver carcinogenesis prior to the appearance of unequivocal cancer. Cultures of such cells may offer new avenues for the study of liver carcinogenesis.
Effect of a bacterial inoculant on the fermentation of high moisture shelled and ear corn.

Abstract The effect of DM percent and bacterial inoculation on fermentation of shelled corn and ear corn was determined. Shelled corn at 76, 68, and 67% DM and ear corn at 79, 71, and 64% DM were treated with no inoculant (control), dry inoculant, or reconstituted inoculant at ensiling. Both inoculants contained Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis , and Pediococcus acidilactici . In addition, the dry inoculant contained a protease, amylase, and gumase, whereas the reconstituted inoculant contained amylase, gumase, and hemicellulase. Calculated inoculant application rate was 53million cfu for dry and 264 cfu for reconstituted per kg of ensiled corn. Ground, treated shelled corn and ear corn (2.27kg) were ensiled in plastic bags for 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, or 28 d. A significant interaction between DM and inoculation occurred on all days of fermentation except d 0. Lower DM corn (68 and 67% shelled corn, 71 and 64% ear corn) fermented more and had higher concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, NH 3 N, and lower pH than higher DM corn (76% shelled corn and 79% ear corn). Ethanol concentration was affected by DM during the first 2 wk of fermentation with lower DM corn of both types producing more than their respective higher DM corn type. Both dry and reconstituted inoculated corn had lower pH and more lactic acid than control corn on d 28 of fermentation; however, no differences in lactic acid concentrations were detected until d 7 of fermentation. Inoculation also tended to reduce ethanol production. Shelled corn had a higher concentration of lactic acid (d 2 and 3) and a higher pH (d 1 and 2) during early phases of fermentation than ear corn, but overall pattern and end products of fermentation were similar for the two corn types.
A Sudan Black B Myelin Stain for Peripheral Nerves

Blocks of fresh issue were fixed 2 or more days in: cobalt sulfate (or nitrate), 1 gm; distilled water, 80 ml; 10% calcium chloride, 10 ml; and formalin, 10 ml. The fixed tissue was washed thoroughly in tap water, embedded in gelatin, frozen sections cut, and mounted on slides with gelatin adhesive. The sections were stained 15-30 min in a saturated, filtered solution of Sudan black B in 70% alcohol, differentiated in 50% alcohol under microscopic observation, and a cover glass applied with glycerol-gelatin. In thick (50-100 μ) sections, myelin stained green to gray-green and this allowed easy differentiation between nerves and other tissue elements.
Trabeculectomy and Molteno Implantation for Glaucomas Associated with Uvettis

Purpose: This study compares the outcomes of trabeculectomy and Molteno implantation in the treatment of glaucomas associated with uveitis. Methods: Forty-five patients with uveitis, who had undergone filtering surgery for glaucomas associated with uveitis, were reviewed retrospectively. Successful outcome was defined as final intraocular pressure (IOP) of 6 to 21 mmHg, with a minimum followup of 6 months without visually devastating complications or loss of light perception. Results: One- and two-year life-table success rates, respectively, were 81 % and 73% with trabeculectomy (16 patients); 53% and 31 % with combined trabeculectomy and first-stage (reserve) Molteno implantation (19 patients); and 79% and 79% with one-stage Molteno implantation (10 patients). In 11 patients who underwent secondstage Molteno implantation after trabeculectomy failure, 1- and 2-year life-table success rates were 79% and 79%, respectively. Complications included surgically treated choroidal effusions (1 /45; 2%), choroidal hemorrhages (3/45; 7%), and chronic hypotony (3/45; 7%). Follow-up in all groups ranged from 5 to 70 months (mean ± standard deviation, 28 ± 17 months). Conclusions: Trabeculectomy provides surprisingly good results in glaucomas associated with uveitis (modulation of wound healing with antimetabolites probably would afford an even higher success rate). However, when significant, immediate postoperative and/or moderate chronic postoperative inflammation is likely, aqueous drainage devices appear more likely to control IOP.
Sumatriptan needle-free subcutaneous (Sumavel® DosePro™) approved for the acute treatment of migraine, with or without aura, and cluster headaches

Sumatriptan subcutaneous administration is the fastest and most effective of the triptans for relief of acute migraine headache. This occurs even when the patient has already developed symptoms related to central sensitization, a key parameter in determining the effectiveness of these agents. In patients whose migraine attacks have historically failed to respond to oral triptans, this route of administration has also proven to be more consistent and effective. Until recently this method of drug delivery was dependent upon a needle for administration. A new method of delivery for this agent, Sumavel(®) DosePro™, eliminates the needle and disposal issues coupled with an improved ease of use of drug delivery and acceptable tolerability for patients in clinical trials.
Proteomics Identification of Proteins in Human Cortex Using Multidimensional Separations and MALDI Tandem Mass Spectrometer

It is essential to characterize the proteome of various regions of human brain because most, if not all, neurodegenerative diseases are region-specific. Here we report an in-depth proteomics identification of proteins extracted from the frontal cortex, a region playing a critical role in cognitive function. The integrated proteomics analytical flow consisted of biochemical fractionation, strong cation exchange chromatography, reverse phase liquid chromatography, and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometric analysis. In total, 812 proteins were confidently identified with two or more peptides. These proteins demonstrated diverse isoelectric points and molecular weights and are involved in several molecular functions, including protein binding, catalytic activity, transport, structure, and signal transduction. A number of proteins known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases were also identified. Detailed characterization of these proteins will supply the necessary information to appropriately interpret proteins associated with aging and/or age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Finally 140 proteins found in the cortical proteome were present in the proteome of cerebrospinal fluid, providing tissue-specific candidates for biomarker discovery in body fluid.
Increased DNA damage in sperm from leukocytospermic semen samples as determined by the sperm chromatin structure assay

Objective: To determine DNA damage as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) in subsets of human spermatozoa at different stages of maturation in patients who are undergoing infertility evaluation. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Andrology laboratory at a tertiary care hospital. Patient(s): Fifty-six patients undergoing infertility evaluation. Patients with normal semen parameters (n = 17), abnormal semen parameters (n = 29), leukocytospermia (n = 10), and a group of healthy fertile men (n = 18) were included in the study. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): The shift of green (native DNA) to red (denatured, single-stranded DNA) fluorescence was measured and quantified using the expression αt (red fluorescence/[red + green fluorescence] per cell). Sperm DNA damage was examined in subsets of spermatozoa isolated by a three-step density gradient. The DNA damage was correlated with classic semen characteristics. Result(s): Leukocyte concentration in semen was directly correlated with chromatin alterations in immature and mature sperm. Leukocyte concentration in semen was also directly correlated with immature germ cell concentration and the percentage of abnormal forms in semen. Conclusion(s): The increase in chromatin alterations and DNA damage in sperm, as defined by the sperm chromatin structure assay from leukocytospermic samples may be related to alterations in the regulation of spermatogenesis.
Fenoldopam in the Prevention of Contrast Media—Induced Acute Renal Failure

OBJECTIVE:To examine the role of fenoldopam in prevention of contrast media—induced acute renal failure (ARF).DATA SOURCES:A literature search of MEDLINE (from 1966 to October 2000) was performed using the following title search terms: fenoldopam, contrast, and renal failure.STUDY SELECTION:English-language human studies, abstracts, and pertinent animal data were reviewed.DATA SYNTHESIS:Small trials using animals with artificially induced ARF receiving fenoldopam demonstrated improvement in renal function. Preliminary trials in healthy humans have also demonstrated similar results using doses not affecting systemic blood pressure.CONCLUSIONS:Fenoldopam may have a role in the management of ARF induced by contrast dye. However, due to the lack of a large-scale study, it cannot be routinely recommended.
The 15-20 μm Spitzer Spectra of Interstellar Emission Features in NGC 7023

Wepresent15Y20 � mlong-slitspectraof NGC7023fromtheInfraredSpectrograph(IRS)onSpitzer. Weobserve recently discovered interstellar emission features at 15.9, 16.4, 17.0, 17.4, 17.8, and 18.9 � m, throughout the reflection nebula. The 16.4 � m emission feature peaks near the photodissociation front northwest of the star, as the aromatic emission features (AEFs) at 3.3, 6.2, and 11.3 � m do. The 16.4 � m emission feature is thus likely related to the AEFs and radiates by nonequilibrium emission. The new 18.9 � m emission feature, by contrast, decreases monotonically with stellar distance. We consider candidate species for the 18.9 � m feature, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fullerenes, and diamonds. We describe future laboratory and observational research needed to identify the 18.9 � m feature carrier. Subject headingg dust, extinction — infrared: ISM — ISM: individual (NGC 7023) — ISM: lines and bands — ISM: molecules — reflection nebulae
β-Amyloid Peptide Free Radical Fragments Initiate Synaptosomal Lipoperoxidation in a Sequence-Specific Fashion: Implications to Alzheimer′s Disease

We have previously reported (Hensley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) in press) that beta-amyloid peptide fragments in aqueous media, in a metal-independent reaction, produce reactive peptide free radicals and reactive oxygen species. In contrast to the hours or days necessary to produce neurotoxicity and a detectable free radical for beta-amyloid, the extremely neurotoxic A beta(25-35) fragment of beta-amyloid peptide produces a detectable radical in minutes. We now report that A beta(25-35) is a potent lipoperoxidation initiator, as inferred from peptide-mediated reduction of nitroxyl stearate spin labels bound to rodent neocortical synaptosomal membranes. A beta(25-35) rapidly quenches the paramagnetism of membrane-bound 12-nitroxyl stearate spin probe deep within the lipid bilayer, but reacts poorly with the 5-nitroxyl isomer whose paramagnetic center is near the lipid/water interface. A beta(35-25), the non-neurotoxic reverse sequence of A beta(25-35), shows little proclivity to reduce either spin label. These findings are formulated into a "molecular shrapnel" model of neuronal membrane damage in Alzheimer's disease.
Numerical methods for buying-low-and-selling-high stock policy

This work develops numerical methods using stochastic approximation approach for an optimal stock trading (buy and sell) strategy. Assuming the underlying asset price is governed by a mean-reverting stochastic process, we aim to find buying and selling strategies so as to maximize an overall expected return. One of the advantageous of our approach is that the underlying asset is model free. Only mean reversion is required. Slippage cost is taken into consideration for each transaction. Convergence of the algorithms is provided. Numerical examples are reported to demonstrate the results.
Carbohydrate and oxygen metabolism during hepatocellular proliferation: a study in perfused livers from mirex-treated rats.

Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is accompanied by altered hepatic intermediary metabolism. Because the organochlorine compound mirex also causes liver cell growth, the purpose of this study was to investigate hepatic carbohydrate and oxygen metabolism in perfused livers from mirex-treated rats and to localize cell proliferation in this model. Pretreatment with mirex (100 mg/kg, intragastrically) increased liver/body weight ratios and DNA synthesis in livers of fed rats, effects that were markedly diminished in livers of fasted rats. This finding shows that liver growth caused by mirex, as is the case after partial hepatectomy, is hindered when animals are deprived of food. Furthermore, perfused livers from mirex-treated rats had depleted glycogen stores but significantly elevated oxygen uptake compared with livers from control rats. Increases in oxygen uptake and hepatocellular proliferation were observed mostly in periportal regions of the liver lobule. In regenerating livers, most DNA synthesis was reported to also occur in these regions of the liver lobule. Taken together, these data show that liver cell growth caused by mirex is accompanied by changes in hepatic intermediary metabolism and sublobular proliferation similar to those observed after partial hepatectomy. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;13:1229–1234.)
Experimental Evidence That Low Social Status is Most Toxic to Well-being When Internalized.

What makes low social status toxic to well-being? To internalize social status is to believe the self is responsible for it. We hypothesized that the more people internalize low subjective social status, the more their basic psychological needs are thwarted. Experiment 1 randomly assigned participants to imagine themselves in low, middle, or high social status, and assessed their subjective social status internalization by independent ratings. The more participants internalized low status, the more they reported their basic psychological needs were thwarted. This effect did not appear among their higher status counterparts. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings using a behavioral manipulation of subjective social status and a self-report measure of internalization. We discuss implications for basic and action research.
E-selectin ligand-1 controls circulating prostate cancer cell rolling/adhesion and metastasis

// Sayeda Yasmin-Karim 1 , Michael R. King 2 , Edward M. Messing 1 , Yi-Fen Lee 1 1 Departments of Urology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Correspondence to: Yi-Fen Lee, e-mail: YiFen_Lee@URMC.Rochester.edu Keywords: prostate cancer, circulatory tumor cell, cancer cell rolling and adhesion, E-selectin ligand-1, E-selectin Received: July 31, 2014 Accepted: September 16, 2014 Published: October 06, 2014 ABSTRACT Circulating prostate cancer (PCa) cells preferentially roll and adhere on bone marrow vascular endothelial cells, where abundant E-selectin and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) are expressed, subsequently initiating a cascade of activation events that eventually lead to the development of metastases. To elucidate the roles of circulating PCa cells’ rolling and adhesion behaviors in cancer metastases, we applied a dynamic cylindrical flow-based microchannel device that is coated with E-selectin and SDF-1, mimicking capillary endothelium. Using this device we captured a small fraction of rolling PCa cells. These rolling cells display higher static adhesion ability, more aggressive cancer phenotypes and stem-like properties. Importantly, mice received rolling PCa cells, but not floating PCa cells, developed cancer metastases. Genes coding for E-selectin ligands and genes associated with cancer stem cells and metastasis were elevated in rolling PCa cells. Knock down of E-selectin ligand 1(ESL-1), significantly impaired PCa cells’ rolling capacity and reduced cancer aggressiveness. Moreover, ESL-1 activates RAS and MAP kinase signal cascade, consequently inducing the downstream targets. In summary, circulating PCa cells’ rolling capacity contributes to PCa metastasis, and that is in part controlled by ESL-1.
Sleeping policy cost analysis for sensor nodes collecting heterogeneous data

Sleeping policies are widely used in many contexts to reduce energy consumption in sensor nodes, ad-hoc terminals or mobile cell phones. Although there is extensive literature on energy saving in sensor networks, little has been done with respect to comparing additional costs, such as packet drop probability and buffer occupancies of sleeping versus non-sleeping policies, especially for multiple classes of data. In this paper, we employ discrete time vacation modeling results from queueing theory to obtain the quantities of interest, i.e., blocking probabilities, and queue lengths incurred by sleeping policies for a sensor node with a finite buffer.We propose a 2-class Geo/G/1/K vacation model, where two classes of data, each with its own buffer, are collected by a sensor node following a sleeping policy. At any time instant, only one packet can be transferred and the transmission order is selected by a scheduling function. The sleeping, transfer and selection processes have general distributions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on modeling and analyzing the performance characteristics of a sensor node with a sleeping policy, collecting heterogeneous data. First, we present a Markov renewal process embedded at the time instant of transfer completion and then obtain the marginal occupancy distributions at an arbitrary time instant. Simulation results validate our theoretical derivation and demonstrate how the results can be applied to understand the behavior of sensor nodes with heterogeneous data.
Market-Based Pay in Action: Municipal Strategies and Concerns in the Cities of Hampton Roads

The practice of linking the pay of public sector employees to the prevailing labor market, or market-based pay, has been a topic of conversation in many municipalities across the nation. Although much has been written about the use of this pay philosophy, little has been written about the use of market-based pay in local government settings. This article presents the results of in-depth interviews about the use of market-based pay with the human resource directors in the seven Hampton Roads, Virginia, cities. The authors find that although the idea of a market-based pay system is alluring, the difficulties of balancing internal and external equity, political considerations, and economic barriers make full implementation of such a system difficult at best.
Preoperative 5-FU, low-dose leucovorin, and radiation therapy for locally advanced and unresectable rectal cancer

Abstract Purpose: We report the local control and survival of two Phase I dose escalation trials of combined preoperative 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), low-dose leucovorin (LV), and radiation therapy followed by postoperative LV/5-FU for the treatment of patients with locally advancd and unresectable rectal cancer. Methods and Materials: A total of 36 patients (30 primary and 6 recurrent) received two monthly cycles of LV/5-FU (bolus daily × 5). Radiation therapy (50.40 Gy) began on day 1 in the 25 patients who received concurrent treatment and on day 8 in the 11 patients who received sequential treatment. Postoperatively, patients received a median of four monthly cycles of LV/5-FU. Results: The resectability rate with negative margins was 97%. The complete response rate was 11% pathologic and 14% clinical for a total of 25%. The 4-year actuarial disease-free survival was 67% and the overall survival was 76%. The crude local failure rate was 14% and the 4-year actuarial local failure rate was 30%. Crude local failure was lower in the four patients who had a pathologic complete response (0%) compared with those who either did not have a pathologic complete response (16%) or who had a clinical complete response (20%). Conclusion: Our preliminary data with the low-dose LV regimen reveal encouraging downstaging, local control, and survival rates. Additional follow-up is needed to determine the 5-year results. The benefit of down-staging on local control is greatest in patients who achieve a pathologic complete response.
Concomitant Rash and Blood Dyscrasias in Geriatric Psychiatry Patients Treated with Carbamazepine

BACKGROUND:Rashes and blood dyscrasias are disconcerting adverse effects associated with carbamazepine therapy. Rashes are quite common, as are mild blood dyscrasias, such as mild leukopenias. Fortunately, severe rashes and blood dyscrasias are rare. There are few reports on the relationship between carbamazepine-induced rashes and blood dyscrasias, including a prospective study in which rash appeared concomitantly with leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia in 10 patients, two case reports in which simultaneous rash and agranulocytosis occurred, and two case reports in which rashes served as harbingers of fatal aplastic anemia.CASE REPORTS:We report two cases of concomitant rashes and blood dyscrasias in geriatric psychiatry patients receiving carbamazepine therapy for bipolar disorder. One patient was found to have a severe leukopenia within several days after rash onset. The other patient was discovered to have a severe leukopenia and thrombocytopenia within about a month after rash onset.DISCUSSION:Curren...
WETLAND AND UPLAND USE PATTERNS IN SEMI-AQUATIC SNAKES: IMPLICATIONS FOR WETLAND CONSERVATION

Conservation efforts require detailed knowledge of a species' habitat use and movements about the landscape. We radio-tracked sympatric congeners, the Copperbelly Water Snake (Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) and the Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) in northwestern Ohio and southern Michigan, USA, to investigate differences in the use of wetland and upland habitats between species. Nerodia erythrogaster neglectaused twice as many wetlands (4.1 6 0.4) as N. s. sipedon (2.1 6 0.3), moved between these wetlands three times more often (9.1 6 1.9 times) than N. s. sipedon (2.8 6 1.0 times), and moved to small wetlands seven times more often (3.6 6 0.7 times) than N. s. sipedon (0.5 6 0.3 times). Nearly 30% of N. e. neglecta locations were in uplands, sometimes over 100 m from the nearest wetland. Less than 3% of N. s. sipedon locations were in upland habitats, and all locations were , 30 m from wetlands. We simulated the impact of small wetland loss and demonstrated that N. e. neglecta would need to move longer than normal distances when traveling between wetlands after small wetlands are lost, while N. s. sipedon would not. The northernmost populations of N. e. neglecta are listed as federally threatened and state en- dangered in Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana; N. s. sipedon remains abundant in this region. Historic and current wetland losses in the midwestern United States may have severely impacted N. e. neglecta populations due to this species' high vagility and use of numerous wetlands. Protection and restoration of wetland landscapes are critical for the long-term persistence of many wetland-associated species, including N. e. neglecta.