cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast charging of energy-dense lithium-ion batteries for urban air mobility

Abstract Urban air mobility (UAM) demands batteries with high energy density, long cycle life, and fast rechargeability. Here, we demonstrate an energy-dense lithium-ion battery (LiB) with ultralong cycle life under ultrafast charging. By using the asymmetric temperature modulation (ATM) method, i.e., charging at an elevated temperature and discharging around the ambient temperature, it is experimentally shown that the 209 Wh/kg LiB is charged to 88% state of charge (SOC) in ∼5 min under UAM cycling while retaining 97.7% capacity after 1,000 cycles. Moreover, an experimentally validated electrochemical-thermal (ECT) model is developed to elucidate the fast charging process and the degradation mode of UAM batteries, quantitatively capturing lithium plating during fast charging. We find that the LiBs for UAM applications are most prone to lithium plating due to their higher initial SOC required as the reserve for safety; nevertheless, the ATM method is effective in minimizing or preventing lithium plating in the high SOC range of 30-90%. In addition to slowing down capacity fade, the ATM method also raises the usable capacity by 10%, which boosts the battery energy density and ensures the battery to perform full UAM cycles even at the end of life.
Intramuscularly administered A1 adenosine receptor agonists as delayed treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent-induced Status Epilepticus.

Abstract Exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents (NAs) like sarin (GB) and soman (GD) can lead to sustained seizure activity, or status epilepticus (SE). Previous research has shown that activation of A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) can inhibit neuronal excitability, which could aid in SE termination. Two A1AR agonists, 2-Chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) and N-Bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-yl-5′-chloro-5′-deoxyadenosine (ENBA), were effective in terminating GD-induced SE in rats when administered via intraperitoneal (IP) injection. However, IP injection is not a clinically relevant route of administration. This study evaluated the efficacy of these agonists in terminating NA-induced SE when administered via intramuscular (IM) route. Adult male rats were exposed subcutaneously (SC) to either GB (150 μg/kg) or GD (90 μg/kg) and were treated with ENBA or CCPA at 15, 30, or 60 min after seizure onset or left untreated. Up to 7 days after exposure, deeply anesthetized rats were euthanized and perfused brains were removed for histologic assessment of neuropathology (i.e., neuronal damage) in six brain regions (amygdala, cerebral cortex, piriform cortex, thalamus, dorsal hippocampus, and ventral hippocampus). A total neuropathy score (0–24) was determined for each rat by adding the scores from each of the six regions. The higher the total score the more severe the neuropathology. With the GB model and 60 min treatment delay, ENBA-treated rats experienced 78.6% seizure termination (N = 14) and reduced neuropathology (11.6 ± 2.6, N = 5), CCPA-treated rats experienced 85.7% seizure termination (N = 14) and slightly reduced neuropathology (20.7 ± 1.8, N = 6), and untreated rats experienced no seizure termination (N = 13) and severe neuropathology (22.3 ± 1.0, N = 4). With the GD model and 60 min treatment delay, ENBA-treated rats experienced 92.9% seizure termination (N = 14) and reduced neuropathology (13.96 ± 1.8, N = 9), CCPA-treated rats experienced 78.6% seizure termination (N = 14) and slightly reduced neuropathology (22.0 ± 0.9, N = 10); and untreated rats experienced 16.7% seizure termination (N = 12) and severe neuropathology (22.0 ± 1.8, N = 5). While ENBA and CCPA both demonstrate a clear ability to terminate SE when administered up to 60 min after seizure onset, ENBA offers more neuroprotection, making it a promising candidate for NA-induced SE.
Prediction of Differential Pharmacologic Response in Chronic Pain Using Functional Neuroimaging Biomarkers and Support Vector Machine Algorithm – An Exploratory Study

OBJECTIVE There is increasing demand for prediction of chronic pain treatment outcomes using machine-learning models, in order to improve suboptimal pain management. In this exploratory study, we used baseline brain functional connectivity patterns from chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia (FM) to predict whether a patient would respond differentially to either milnacipran or pregabalin, 2 drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of FM. METHODS FM patients participated in 2 separate double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studies, one evaluating milnacipran (n = 15) and one evaluating pregabalin (n = 13). Functional magnetic resonance imaging during rest was performed before treatment to measure intrinsic functional brain connectivity in several brain regions involved in pain processing. A support vector machine algorithm was used to classify FM patients as responders, defined as those with a ≥20% improvement in clinical pain, to either milnacipran or pregabalin. RESULTS Connectivity patterns involving the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) individually classified pregabalin responders versus milnacipran responders with 77% accuracy. Performance of this classification improved when both PCC and DLPFC connectivity patterns were combined, resulting in a 92% classification accuracy. These results were not related to confounding factors, including head motion, scanner sequence, or hardware status. Connectivity patterns failed to differentiate drug nonresponders across the 2 studies. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that brain functional connectivity patterns used in a machine-learning framework differentially predict clinical response to pregabalin and milnacipran in patients with chronic pain. These findings highlight the promise of machine learning in pain prognosis and treatment prediction.
Transcriptional and imprinting complexity in Arabidopsis seeds at single-nucleus resolution

Seeds are a key life cycle stage for many plants. Seeds are also the basis of agriculture and the primary source of calories consumed by humans1. Here, we employ single-nucleus RNA-sequencing to generate a transcriptional atlas of developing Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, with a focus on endosperm. Endosperm, the primary site of gene imprinting in flowering plants, mediates the relationship between the maternal parent and the embryo2. We identify transcriptionally uncharacterized nuclei types in the chalazal endosperm, which interfaces with maternal tissue for nutrient unloading3,4. We demonstrate that the extent of parental bias of maternally expressed imprinted genes varies with cell-cycle phase, and that imprinting of paternally expressed imprinted genes is strongest in chalazal endosperm. Thus, imprinting is spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Increased paternal expression in the chalazal region suggests that parental conflict, which is proposed to drive imprinting evolution, is fiercest at the boundary between filial and maternal tissues. This study generated a transcriptional atlas of developing Arabidopsis seeds with single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, reporting transcriptionally uncharacterized nuclei types in the chalazal endosperm and spatially and temporally heterogenous imprinting in the seeds.
Geospatial Analysis of Neighborhood Environmental Stress in Relation to Biological Markers of Cardiovascular Health and Health Behaviors in Women: Protocol for a Pilot Study

Background: Innovative analyses of cardiovascular (CV) risk markers and health behaviors linked to neighborhood stressors are essential to further elucidate the mechanisms by which adverse neighborhood social conditions lead to poor CV outcomes. We propose to objectively measure physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and neighborhood stress using accelerometers, GPS, and real-time perceived ecological momentary assessment via smartphone apps and to link these to biological measures in a sample of White and African American women in Washington, DC, neighborhoods. Objective: The primary aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that living in adverse neighborhood social conditions is associated with higher stress-related neural activity among 60 healthy women living in high or low socioeconomic status neighborhoods in Washington, DC. Sub-aim 1 of this study is to test the hypothesis that the association is moderated by objectively measured PA using an accelerometer. A secondary objective is to test the hypothesis that residing in adverse neighborhood social environment conditions is related to differences in vascular function. Sub-aim 2 of this study is to test the hypothesis that the association is moderated by objectively measured PA. The third aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that adverse neighborhood social environment conditions are related to differences in immune system activation. Methods: The proposed study will be cross-sectional, with a sample of at least 60 women (30 healthy White women and 30 healthy Black women) from Wards 3 and 5 in Washington, DC. A sample of the women (n=30) will be recruited from high-income areas in Ward 3 from census tracts within a 15% of Ward 3’s range for median household income. The other participants (n=30) will be recruited from low-income areas in Wards 5 from census tracts within a 15% of Ward 5’s range for median household income. Finally, participants from Wards 3 and 5 will be matched based on age, race, and BMI. Participants will wear a GPS unit and accelerometer and report their stress and mood in real time using a smartphone. We will then examine the associations between GPS-derived neighborhood variables, stress-related neural activity measures, and adverse biological markers. Results: The National Institutes of Health Institutional Review Board has approved this study. Recruitment will begin in the summer of 2021. Conclusions: Findings from this research could inform the development of multilevel behavioral interventions and policies to better manage environmental factors that promote immune system activation or psychosocial stress while concurrently working to increase PA, thereby influencing CV health. Trial Registration:
Ichnology of a dolomitized raised reef: Hopegate Formation, Jamaica (Upper Pliocene)

The Upper Pliocene Hopegate Formation of north central Jamaica is a dolomitized raised reef. Hitherto, its palaeontology has been largely ignored because of the poor preservation; the Hopegate Form...
Graphical Representations of Items and Tests That are Measuring Multiple Abilities

This article compares graphical representations of items and tests for four different multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models: compensatory logistic model, the noncompensatory logistic model, a noncompensatory diagnostic model (DINA), and a compensatory diagnostic model (CRUM/GDM). Graphical representations can provide greater insight for measurement specialists and item/test developers about the validity and reliability of the multidimensional tests. They also can provide a link between quantitative analyses and substantive interpretations of the score scale and inform the test development process.
Early Postoperative Complications following Gracilis Free Muscle Transfer for Facial Reanimation: A Systematic Review and Pooled Data Analysis

Background Multiple studies have detailed promising smile restoration following gracilis free muscle transfer for facial reanimation but information detailing the potential complications is lacking. The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature to evaluate the reported complication rate associated with this procedure. We also aim to determine the most common occurring complications. Methods The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were queried with multiple search strategies for published articles between January 1950 and February 2013 that detailed gracilis free muscle transfer for facial reanimation. Title, abstract, and full text review was performed. Complications were defined as any reported, identifiable adverse outcome that required an alteration in treatment for correction. Results The literature search yielded 62 studies of gracilis free muscle transfer for facial reanimation. Overall, 36 articles (58%) reported whether or not a complication had occurred. The overall complication rate based on pooled proportions was 9.6% and the most commonly occurring complications were postoperative hematoma (3.6%) and infection (3.5%). Conclusions Our data suggests that complications after gracilis free muscle transfer for facial reanimation may be underreported and this complex procedure may in fact be associated with significant adverse outcomes as high as 9.6%.
Purposeful Ambiguity as International Legal Strategy: The Two China Problem

For every definable term in international law there are clear cases and fuzzy cases. Everyone accepts that the term “state” applies to Paraguay, Poland, Portugal and over a hundred other clear cases, but does it apply to Puerto Rico, Western Samoa, the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, Gibraltar, or the Vatican City? The word “treaty” has thousands of clear applications, but does it apply to an exchange of faxes between two governments or a handshake between two diplomats at a cocktail party? In addition to ambiguities of this kind, international law is replete with deliberately created ambiguities. One of the most interesting situations in recent years that illustrates in several important ways the role of deliberate ambiguity in international law is the Two China Problem.
Phase II trial of clofarabine with topotecan, vinorelbine, and thiotepa in pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia.

Background Outcomes for children with relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) are dismal. In an effort to improve outcomes, we performed a phase I/II study of a novel clofarabine based combination regimen called TVTC. Herein, we report the response rates of patients in the phase II portion of the study. Procedure Seventeen patients with R/R ALL, AML, or biphenotypic leukemia were enrolled. Sixteen patients were evaluable for response. Patients were treated at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) from the phase I portion of the study (clofarabine 40 mg/m2/day IV × 5 days, topotecan 1 mg/m2/day IV continuous infusion × 5 days, vinorelbine 20 mg/m2/week IV × 3 weeks, thiotepa 15 mg/m2/day IV × 1 day). The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR), defined as CR or CR without platelet recovery (CRp). Results The ORR was 69% (10 CR, 1 CRp). Among the 11 responders, 9 (82%) proceeded to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The most common grade 3+ non-hematologic toxicities were febrile neutropenia (82%) and transient transaminase elevation (47%). Conclusions TVTC demonstrates significant activity in patients with R/R acute leukemia. The activity in R/R AML patients was very encouraging, with 8 of 12 (67%) patients achieving a CR/CRp. Patients with high risk de novo AML may benefit from incorporation of TVTC therapy into frontline treatment regimens. This regimen warrants further exploration in a larger cohort of patients with R/R leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:431–435. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Clinical Nurse Leader--new nursing role with global implications.

BAERNHOLDT M. & COTTINGHAM S. (2011) The Clinical Nurse Leader – new nursing role with global implications. International Nursing Review58, 74–78 Aim: This paper describes the development of the Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL©) role and education, the CNL's impact and potential to improve quality globally. Background: The need for clinical nurse leadership to improve the quality of health care systems while controlling costs is recognized in reports internationally. In the USA, a new nursing role, the CNL, was developed in response to such reports. Conclusion: CNLs are master's level nurse graduates (although not necessarily recruited from a nursing background) with the skills and knowledge to create change within complex systems and improve outcomes while they remain direct care providers. This innovative role can be adapted worldwide to improve the quality of health care systems.
Multistep Information Fusion for Target Detection Using UWB Radar Sensor Network

In this paper, we propose a multistep information fusion scheme for target detection through foliage and wall, using ultrawideband (UWB) radar sensor networks. We apply an information theory to detect target with poor signal quality in dynamic forest-environment. This method is motivated by the fact that echoes from the stationary target that is obscured by foliage has strong random characteristics. This is resolved by three steps of information fusion. For the first step of information fusion, we use Kullback–Leibler divergence-based weighting and generated a modified histogram. In the second step, we use entropy- and mutual information-based information fusion. Finally, we use three different fusion methods: 1) Dempster and Shafer theory of evidence; 2) proportional conflict redistribution rule 5; and 3) Bayesian network for decision fusion. Results show that when echoes are in poor quality, accurate detection can be achieved by applying our method. To demonstrate that our algorithm could be applied to other scenarios, we apply it to sense-through-wall human detection using different UWB radars, and simulation results show that our approach works well.
Eddy Current Corner Crack Inspection

The purpose of this paper is to report on the development of an eddy current (EC) measurement model applicable to corner crack inspections. Naturally, corner cracks are more difficult to detect than those on flat surfaces, because the specimen edge itself gives a large response to the EC probe. The flaw signal, if any, tends to be obscured by the large edge signal. Thus, probe impedance should be determined more accurately than usual in order to extract flaw signals out of the background. Experimentally, this requires high-accuracy impedance measurements with rigid control over probe motion. In modeling point of view, this means that predictions should be made from an exact model, or at least from a model which can achieve the required level of accuracy [1–3].
Strict Model Structures for Pro-categories

We show that if ς is a proper model category, then the pro-category pro-ς has a proper model structure in which the weak equivalences are the levelwise weak equivalences. The structure is simplicial when ς is simplicial. This is related to a major result of [10] and is the starting point for many homotopy theories of pro-objects such as those described in [5], [17], and [19].
Verification of RF SoCs: RF, analog, baseband and software

Single-chip RF SoCs are seeing widespread acceptance in wireless applications. In this paper we address the issue of design verification of such complex ICs that accept input close to the RF carrier frequency and are analyzed for receiver BER performance and transmitter output distortion and phase noise by processing several thousand packets of baseband information while compensation algorithms are simultaneously executed. No comprehensive methodology exists to date for designing such complex systems. This paper present a novel approach that allows building complex RF SoC systems based on VHDL modeling and simulation and opens up major avenues of model development for RF and analog circuits. This approach has been successfully applied to verify two generations of digital RF processors in deep-submicron technologies.
Auto-Bio/Ethnography as a Curriculum in Cross-Culture Communication: A Voice from the Other Shore

In an increasingly globalized and multicultural world, authentic auto-bio/ethnographic travel accounts have become representations of the social, cultural, historical, and political intricacies in cross-culture communication. In this research study, I critically analyze three excerpts from my diary narrated in the form of short stories in order to answer two research questions: How do cultures shape our personalities? And, what factors influence cross-culture communication of the “Self” and the “Other?” I selected the Thematic Analysis method in Narrative Analysis to analyze my three narratives. The narrative analysis resulted in three themes: cultural identities, appearance and reality, and bridging the gaps. I argue that being an Arab, Muslim, female with hijab (hair scarf) in the U.S. after 9/11 creates a complex experience in cross-culture communication. I conclude that international students’ auto-bio/ethnography travel accounts can be implemented as a curriculum to celebrate our similarities and respect and appreciate our differences. Key words: Auto-bio/ethnography; Curriculum; Self actualization; Cultural agent; Hijab
Regeneration of Cardiac Type Mucosa and Acquisition of Barrett Mucosa After Esophagogastrostomy

The surgically created squamocolumnar junction in patients who have undergone an esophagogastrostomy after partial esophagogastrectomy provides a unique opportunity to study mucosal regeneration in the setting of gastroesophageal reflux. The pathological and clinical findings in 17 such patients are presented. In each patient the anastomosis had been performed between histologically documented squamous-lined esophagus and gastric fundus. Cardiac type mucosa had regenerated in the region of the anastomosis in 9 patients and was detected as early as 2 months after operation. In addition, 3 patients, 2 of whom had cardiac type mucosa, had acquired Barrett or Barrett-like mucosa on the distal esophagus by 76 to 119 months. Gastroesophageal reflux was prominent in all 3 of these patients. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that the distinctive mucosa of Barrett's esophagus develops after reflux-induced ulceration and subsequent mucosal regeneration by immature cells that are derived from cardiac and/or fundic mucosa, and which undergo specialized differentiation in the presence of reflux.
Microstructure, texture evolution and magnetic properties of strip-casting non-oriented 6.5 wt.% Si electrical steel sheets with different thickness

0.15, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5mm thick 6.5 wt.% Si electrical steel sheets were produced by twin-roll strip casting, hot rolling, warm rolling and annealing. A detailed study of the microstructure and texture evolution at different processing stages was carried out by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The initial as-cast strip showed strong columnar grains and pronounced //ND (λ-fiber) texture. After hot rolling, the intensity of the //ND texture was a little weakened and the microstructure was inhomogeneous. The warm rolling microstructures could be divided in two types, one characterized by in-grain shear bands (0.5mm thick sheet) and the other constituted of newly recrystallized grains (0.15∼0.3mm thick sheets), due to the difference in the warm rolling and interpass thermal treatment temperatures. The warm rolling texture was dominated by the mixture of //RD (γ-fiber) texture and //ND (γ-fiber) texture which was intensified in the 0.15∼0.3mm thick sheets. After annealing, //ND and parallel α-fiber textures were formed in the 0.5mm thick sheet, while //ND texture was nearly absent, but the 0.15∼0.3mm thick sheets were still dominated by //ND texture. The magnetic induction of the annealed sheet was much superior to that of the CVD product.
Tissue-Specific Cell Cycle Indicator Reveals Unexpected Findings for Cardiac Myocyte Proliferation

Rationale:Discerning cardiac myocyte cell cycle behavior is challenging owing to commingled cell types with higher proliferative activity. Objective:To investigate cardiac myocyte cell cycle activity in development and the early postnatal period. Methods and Results:To facilitate studies of cell type–specific proliferation, we have generated tissue-specific cell cycle indicator BAC transgenic mouse lines. Experiments using embryonic fibroblasts from CyclinA2-LacZ-floxed-EGFP, or CyclinA2-EGFP mice, demonstrated that CyclinA2-βgal and CyclinA2-EGFP were expressed from mid-G1 to mid-M phase. Using Troponin T-Cre;CyclinA2-LacZ-EGFP mice, we examined cardiac myocyte cell cycle activity during embryogenesis and in the early postnatal period. Our data demonstrated that right ventricular cardiac myocytes exhibited reduced cell cycle activity relative to left ventricular cardiac myocytes in the immediate perinatal period. Additionally, in contrast to a recent report, we could find no evidence to support a burst o...
Properties of intraglobular contacts in proteins: an approach to prediction of tertiary structure

Matrices of intraglobular contacts and vectors of coordination numbers derived from the amino acid sequence form the basis for computer procedures for the analysis and prediction of the tertiary structure of proteins. Three main modules perform: 1) prediction of the plot of residue-coordination numbers (number of contacts) on the basis of amino-acid sequence; 2) calculation of the matrix of intraglobular contacts on the basis of coordination-numbers plot and amino-acid sequence; and 3) reconstruction of the three-dimensional structure starting with the contact matrix. This approach provides insight into important regularities governing globule formation, for example, problems of interior/exterior residue distribution and apparent residue-residue affinities. The current state of development is illustrated by calculation of the three-dimensional structure of sea snake neurotoxin. >
Comptonization of gamma rays by cold electrons

An analytic method is developed for calculating the emergent spectrum of gamma-rays and X-rays scattered in a homogeneous medium with low-temperature electrons. The Klein-Nishina corrections of the scattering cross section and absorption processes are taken in account. The wavelength relaxation and the spatial diffusion problems are solved separately, and the emergent spectrum is calculated by convolving the evolution function of the spectrum in an infinite medium with the photon luminosity resulting from the spatial diffusion in a finite sphere. The analytic results are compared with that of Monte Carlo calculations and it is concluded that the analytic result is quite accurate.
Methamphetamine: An update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature

a b s t r a c t Background: Despite initial reports of a decline in use in the early 2000s, methamphetamine remains a significant public health concern with known neurotoxic and neurocognitive effects to the user. The goal of this review is to update the literature on methamphetamine use and addiction since its assent to peak popularity in 1990s. Methods: We first review recent epidemiological reports with a focus on methamphetamine accessibil- ity, changes in use and disorder prevalence rates over time, and accurate estimates of the associated burden of care to the individual and society. Second, we review methamphetamine pharmacology lit- erature with emphasis on the structural and functional neurotoxic effects associated with repeated use of the drug. Third, we briefly outline the findings on methamphetamine-related neurocognitive deficits as assessed via behavioral and neuroimaging paradigms. Lastly, we review the clinical presentation of methamphetamine addiction and the evidence supporting the available psychosocial and pharmacolog- ical treatments within the context of an addiction biology framework. Conclusion: Taken together, this review provides a broad-based update of the available literature covering methamphetamine research over the past two decades and concludes with recommendations for future research.
Climate forcing of wetland landscape connectivity in the Great Plains

Habitat connectivity is a landscape attribute critical to the long-term viability of many wildlife species, including migratory birds. Climate change has the potential to affect habitat connectivity within and across the three main wetland complexes in the Great Plains of North America: the prairie potholes of the northern plains, the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska, and the playas of the southern plains. Here, we use these wetlands as model systems in a graph-theory-based approach to establish links between climatic drivers and habitat connectivity for wildlife in current and projected wetland landscapes and to discern how that capacity can vary as a function of climatic forcing. We also provide a case study of macrosystems ecology to examine how the patterns and processes that determine habitat connectivity fluctuate across landscapes, regions, and continents.
Comparing FCFS & EDF scheduling algorithms for real-time packet switching networks

Nowadays, most of the computerized network applications are depending on the ability of the servicing packet switching network to integrate different types of traffic from two main categories, real-time and best-effort classes, and provide different QoS guarantees based on the traffic type. Different methods were applied to provide such guarantees, one of the most efficient method used in packet switching networks is the use of the proper scheduling algorithms. In this paper we have studied two main schedulers, The First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) scheduler which is commonly used in best-effort networks where no QoS guarantees are required, and the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduler which is mostly used to provide different QoS requirements for real-time traffic while continuing to provide a service for best effort data traffic. Three main QoS guarantees had been studied (miss ratio, delay, and average size of the buffer) by using these two scheduler on a set of data packets from two main categories (real-time and best-effort). The study shows the efficiency of using the EDF scheduler in a hybrid network to provide such QoS guarantees among the FCFS scheduler which is more efficient for serving best-effort data traffic.
Acute myocardial infarction in the hospital and delay in blood transfusion

Peer reviews of hospital transfusion practices rarely screen for under-transfusion, one definition of which is a delay in transfusion that complicates significant myocardial ischemia. A one-year, retrospective review studied the timing of red cell transfusions among medical and surgical patients with secondary diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction. Five possible cases of delayed transfusion were found among 11,197 transfused patients (incidence = 1 in 2,200 transfusions). Delayed transfusion can complicate a patient's difficult clinical course. Hospital transfusion committees should consider surveying for delayed transfusion in addition to the more common surveys for over-transfusion.
Microdialysis evaluation of the brain distribution of stavudine following intranasal and intravenous administration to rats

Abstract Intranasal (IN) administration as a potential route of enhancing brain delivery of stavudine (d4T) was investigated in rats using microdialysis as a sampling technique. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups ( n = 7 per group). One group of animals received IN administration of 5 mg/kg d4T (50 μL); the other group was dosed intravenously (IV) at the same dose. Following IN administration, d4T was rapidly and completely absorbed into the systemic circulation with a T max of 14 min and an IN bioavailability of 105%. The brain/plasma AUC ratios in the lateral ventricle, caudate putamen, and frontal cortex in the anesthetized and nasal surgery-operated rats were 0.36 ± 0.090, 0.47 ± 0.089, and 0.41 ± 0.087, respectively, whereas they were 0.63 ± 0.077, 0.62 ± 0.17, 0.60 ± 0.13, respectively, following IV dosing to sham animals. The half-life of d4T in the various brain regions was significantly longer than that in plasma ( p
Cultural Diversity in People's Understanding and Uses of Time

La mondialisation et les projets commerciaux internationaux mettent frequemment en relation des personnes relevant de cultures differentes. Hall soutient que la gestion du temps est un ‘langage silencieux’ qui affecte les conduites quiotidiennes. Les auteurs ont retenu dix concepts resumant l’impact de la culture sur les contact interculturels qui sont l’un des aspects des negociations dans les affaires internationales: 1. Le temps de l’horloge et celui de l’evenement: respecte-t-on des programmes preetablis ou laisse-t-on l’evenement suivre son cours naturel avant de passer a un autre evenement? 2. La ponctualite: quel est le degre de sensibilite au non respect des horaires convenus? 3. La relation entre la tâche et le temps social pendant la journee de travail; 4. Se consacre-t-on a une seule activitea la fois ou a plusieurs en meme temps? 5. Efficience vs efficacite; 6. Un rythme de vie lent ou acceler; 7. Comment reagit-on aux longues periodes de silence? 8. Est-on plutot tourne vers le passe, le present ou l’avenir? 9. La dimension symbolique due temps; 10. L’importance respective du temps consacre au travail et aus loisirs. En s’appuyant sur ces dix concepts, les auteurs suggerent quelques idees aux hommes d’affaires qui voyagent beaucoup dans des environnements culturels differents du leur et qui accepteur des sejours de longue duree dans l’autres pays. The global economy and international business ventures have brought many occasions for the development of interpersonal relationships among people who were socialised into different cultures. People's use of time, according to Hall, is a “silent language” that affects their everyday behaviors. The authors identify ten concepts that summarise how culture affects intercultural interactions that are part of international business dealings: 1. Clock and event time: Do people follow set schedules or let the event take its natural course before moving to another event? 2. Punctuality: How sensitive are people to deviations from appointed times? 3. The relation between task and social time during the workday; 4. Whether people do one activity at a time or do many at once; 5. Efficiency vs. effectiveness; 6. Fast and slow paces of life; 7. How people deal with long periods of silence; 8. People's time orientation: past, present and the future; 9. The symbolic meaning of time; 10. Cultural differences in importance of work and leisure time. The authors also provide insights based on these ten concepts for business people who travel extensively to other cultures and who accept long-term assignments in other countries.
Host-reactive CD8+ memory stem cells in graft-versus-host disease.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is caused by alloreactive donor T cells that trigger host tissue injury. GVHD develops over weeks or months, but how this immune response is maintained over time is unknown. In mouse models of human GVHD, we identify a new subset of postmitotic CD44loCD62LhiCD8+ T cells that generate and sustain all allogeneic T-cell subsets in GVHD reactions, including central memory, effector memory and effector CD8+ T cells, while self-renewing. These cells express Sca-1, CD122 and Bcl-2, and induce GVHD upon transfer into secondary recipients. The postmitotic CD44loCD62LhiCD8+ T cells persist throughout the course of GVHD, are generated in the initial phase in response to alloantigens and dendritic cells and require interleukin-15. Thus, their long life, ability to self-renew and multipotentiality define these cells as candidate memory stem cells. Memory stem cells will be important targets for understanding and influencing diverse chronic immune reactions, including GVHD.
Chew Marks and Cut Marks on Animal Bones from the Kasteelberg B and Dune Field Midden Later Stone Age Sites, Western Cape Province, South Africa

Abstract The Later Stone Age sites at Kasteelberg B (KBB) and the Dune Field Midden (DFM), western Cape Province, South Africa, were occupied at least 300-700 years after domestic stock and pottery were first introduced to the region between 2000 and 1600 years ago. Fur seal bones abound at both sites, but bones of stock are common only at KBB. At both sites, predepositional damage to bones consists mostly of chew marks, probably produced mainly by dogs. Macroscopically visible cut marks are relatively rare, suggesting that, like stone age people elsewhere, the KBB and DFM butchers avoided prolonged contact with bone. At both sites, cut marks tend to occur near major limb joints, at acute angles to long bone shafts, implying that the marks were produced mainly by disarticulation or skinning as opposed to filleting. Differences in the frequency of cut marks on homologous bones of sheep and seal at KBB probably partly reflect differences in disarticulation patterns due to differences in anatomy, but other factors, including the removal of cut marks by dog-chewing (much more common on seal bones), differences in average distance between carcass and site, and differences in average carcass condition, probably also played a role. The rarity or absence of chew marks on seal bones from older sites may imply that dogs appeared or became abundant locally only after the introduction of stock. The abundance of chew marks at the DFM may mean that the occupants were fundamentally herders, even though they left few bones of stock at the site.
The 2S albumin allergens of Arachis hypogaea, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, are the major elicitors of anaphylaxis and can effectively desensitize peanut‐allergic mice

Background Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, co-purified together in a 13-25 kD fraction (Ara h 2/6; 20 kD fraction) on gel filtration chromatography, account for the majority of effector activity in a crude peanut extract (CPE) when assayed with RBL SX-38 cells sensitized with IgE from human peanut allergic sera.
The effect of soil hydrology on the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of plants’ source water

Abstract Many studies have demonstrated that the isotopic composition of plants’ source water is the main factor affecting the isotopic composition of tree rings. Because of soil hydrological processes, soil water as the source water for plants may isotopically differ from precipitation that contains climatic information (such as surface temperature). This study addresses the effects of soil hydrological processes on the isotopic compositions of soil water and discusses how these effects affect interpretations of tree ring data in isotopic dendroclimatology. We collected precipitation, soil gas at two depths (20 and 50 cm), and twigs from a maple tree ( Acer saccharum ) on a biweekly basis during the growing season in 1997–1999 at Hanover, NH, USA. Water was extracted from the twig samples by vacuum distillation. All water samples were analyzed for both δD and δ 18 O. Soil CO 2 was extracted from soil gas and measured for the δ 18 O values, and using the soil temperature and assuming isotopic equilibrium between CO 2 and H 2 O, we calculated the δ 18 O values of soil water. Comparisons among the isotopic time series of each type of sample indicate the following. (1) The isotopic composition of soil water is much less variable than that of precipitation, suggesting isotopic mixing between waters of different precipitation events. (2) In early spring, soil water at all depths is isotopically similar to winter precipitation, but with time the surface soil water becomes progressively enriched in deuterium and 18 O due to infiltration of summer rain and enrichment through soil water evaporation. (3) The influence of summer precipitation decreases with increasing depth, and soil at 50 cm can only receive water from large storms. (4) Replacement of old soil water with new infiltrating water is dependent upon frequency and intensity of growing season precipitation, and it is generally more efficient in a wet year than in a dry year. (5) The tree we studied uses water mainly from near-surface soil layers. (6) The δD–δ 18 O relationship in twig water indicates that soil water has experienced isotopic enrichment by evaporation. These results have important implications for selecting sites for paleoclimatic studies using isotopic data of tree rings.
Applications of amorphous magnetic alloys in electronic devices

Abstract Some of the features of amorphous magnetic alloys that differentiate them from other soft magnetic materials include: low magnetic loss, fast flux reversal, high electrical resistivity and low acoustic loss. Furthermore, a wide range of B–H characteristics can be obtained through alloy design and heat-treatment of the alloys under different conditions. The versatile properties thus obtained can then be utilized in a number of magnetic applications ranging from large electrical power devices such as transformers and motors to recording heads and to anti-pilferage markers. This paper reviews the applications of various amorphous magnetic alloys in electronic devices including magnetic components in power electronics, telecommunication equipment, automotive parts and sensing devices. Relationships between property requirements and material capabilities are also discussed.
Individual Ambidexterity: Exploring and Exploiting in Dynamic Contexts

Previous research regarding the role of individuals within the organizational ambidexterity construct has primarily focused on behavioral characteristics of managers. Drawing from the organizational, psychological, and neuroscience literatures, this study develops and tests hypotheses concerning the formative construct of Individual Ambidexterity (IA), the cognitive abilities necessary to balance efforts of exploration and exploitation. In an initial criterion-related predictive validity laboratory study, 181 undergraduate students completed successive trials in a computer-simulated, real-time dynamic microworld context. Findings explained unique variance beyond measures of general intelligence on the total score of task adaptive performance. The results indicate a novel combination of abilities that may further understanding of how individual abilities contribute to the ambidexterity literature.
Early stages of pentacene film growth on silicon oxide

Abstract Among the various materials suitable for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), pentacene stands out as a model molecule, exhibiting one of the highest field effect mobilities reported so far. Understanding the growth mechanism of pentacene on dielectrics is essential for controlling film morphology and for fabricating high quality, large-grain, defect-free films. Such films will help us gain insight into the fundamentals of transport in organic films as well as enable the ultimate OTFT performance. In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering was used to probe the early stages of pentacene growth on SiO 2 in real time and under conditions relevant to the fabrication of OTFTs. Reflectivity measurements reveal that a thin layer of water, initially present on the substrate, is trapped at the interface when the pentacene film is deposited. Therefore, the interface relevant for OTFTs is that between pentacene and water. Anti-Bragg oscillations, observed for the first time during organic film growth, reveal that the first monolayer of pentacene completes fully before the second one nucleates. Subsequent layers nucleate before the underlying layers complete, giving rise to the characteristic island structure observed in pentacene films used in OTFTs. A simple distributed growth model was found to adequately describe the growth mechanism.
Structural Stability of Metal Organic Framework MOF-177

Metal organic framework MOF-177 is one of the most promising crystalline porous adsorbents for hydrogen adsorption. The effects of oxygen and water on the structural stability of MOF-177 are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A MOF-177 sample is exposed to ambient air for 5 weeks and monitored for its structural changes by XRD. The crystal structure of MOF-177 gradually changes from hexagonal to orthogonal, and then to monoclinic in the 5-week period. The crystal structure of MOF-177 is completely destroyed after it is immersed in water. The weight loss of MOF-177 is negligible at temperatures below 330 °C in the presence of oxygen. However, MOF-177 totally converts to zinc oxide at 420 °C.
ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF NON-PRIMARY PCI AT HOSPITALS WITH AND WITHOUT ON-SITE CARDIAC SURGERY: CPORT-E PROJECT

Whether non-primary PCI performed at hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery is safe and effective remains controversial. The Cardiovascular Patient Outcomes Research Team Trial (CPORT-E) compared outcomes of non-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed at hospitals with (SOS)
Correction of atmospheric distortion with an image-sharpening telescope*

A 30 x 5 cm aperture telescope employing six movable mirrors to compensate for atmospherically induced phase distortion is built and tested. A feedback system adjusts the mirrors in real time to maximize the intensity of light passing through a narrow slit in the image plane. Essentially diffraction-limited performance is achieved when imaging both laser and white-light objects through 250 m of turbulent atmosphere. The behavior of the telescope is accurately predicted by computer simulations. The system has yet to achieve its full potential, but has already operated successfully for objects as dim as 5th magnitude.
Modeling thermal management of lithium-ion PNGV batteries

Batteries were designed with the aid of a computer modeling program to study the requirements of the thermal control system for meeting the goals set by the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The battery designs were based upon the lithium-ion cell composition designated Gen-2 in the US Department of Energy Advanced Technology Development Program. The worst-case cooling requirement that would occur during prolonged aggressive driving was estimated to be 250 W or about 5 W per cell for a 48-cell battery. Rapid heating of the battery from a very low startup temperature is more difficult than cooling during driving. A dielectric transformer fluid is superior to air for both heating and cooling the battery. A dedicated refrigeration system for cooling the battery coolant would be helpful in maintaining low temperature during driving. The use of ample insulation would effectively slow the battery temperature rise when parking the vehicle in warm weather. Operating the battery at 10 °C during the first several years when the battery has excess power would extend the battery life.
Effects of Environmentally Induced Asymmetries on Hurricane Intensity: A Numerical Study

Abstract The influence of uniform large-scale flow, the beta effect, and vertical shear of the environmental flow on hurricane intensity is investigated in the context of the induced convective or potential vorticity asymmetries in the core region with a hydrostatic primitive equation hurricane model. In agreement with previous studies, imposition of one of these environmental effects weakens the simulated tropical cyclones. In response to the environmental influence, significant wavenumber-1 asymmetries develop. Asymmetric and symmetric tendencies of the mean radial and azimuthal winds and temperature associated with the environment-induced convective asymmetries are evaluated. The inhibiting effects of environmental influences are closely associated with the resulting eddy momentum fluxes, which tend to decelerate tangential and radial winds in the inflow and outflow layers. The corresponding changes in the symmetric circulation tend to counteract the deceleration effect. The net effect is a moderate we...
The Severity of Cecal Coccidiosis Infection in Chickens as Related to the Age of the Host and the Number of Oocysts Ingested

Abstract WHETHER young chickens are more susceptible to coccidiosis than older birds is a question on which workers in this field have conflicting opinions. Some maintain that the younger the bird the greater its susceptibility, while others feel that very young chicks are comparatively immune (Becker, 1952). Horton-Smith (1947) has demonstrated that, provided the birds are kept free of infection, 6-month-old chickens are just as susceptible as younger birds. In regard to the effect on the host bird of the quantity of oocysts received, the prevailing idea seems to be that severity of infection is in direct proportion to number of oocysts ingested. Horton-Smith (1947) found a correlation between the quantity of oocysts ingested and the percent of mortality, the larger doses proving more fatal than the smaller. His largest inoculation was 120,000 sporulated oocysts per bird, but he does not state the age of the chicks when inoculated. Jones (1934), …