cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faith-Based Economics

The official Hayek biographer is funded by the John W. Pope Foundation which ‘supports organizations that work to advance free enterprise and teach the next generation about the blessings of liberty’ and is the sixth largest contributor to what Robert Brulle describes as the ‘Climate Change Counter Movement.’ Between 2007 and 2011, the Koch brothers donated $30.5 million to 221 colleges and universities, usually to fund Austrian School ‘academic’ programs. According to the Godfather of Austrian economic ‘science,’ ‘A logically competent defense of a free society requires divinely revealed information; all other defenses fail’—the defense of a ‘free’ society rests on ‘revelation.’ This chapter examines Austrian economics in the context of the aspirations of those who promote it.
Synaptic Capture of Laterally Diffusing AMPA Receptors – An Idea That Stuck

By the early 2000s there was strong support for the idea that synaptic function and plasticity required AMPA glutamate receptor trafficking through constitutive and regulated internalization and exocytosis. In 2002, Borgdorff and Choquet demonstrated that AMPA receptors could also diffuse laterally in the membrane and become stabilized near synapses. Subsequent studies extended this work, establishing a fundamental role for lateral diffusion in synaptic function and plasticity.
Interrelationship of hypertension and atherosclerosis in a subhuman primate model.

Hypertension is recognized as one of the major precursors of atherosclerotic vascular disease (Kannel et al. Dis. Chest. 56:43, 1969). There is evidence in man and experimental animals that a sustained elevation of arterial blood pressure regardless of its cause aggravates and accelerates atherosclerosis (Page & McGubbin Renal Hypertension. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1968; McGill Lab. Invest. 18:463, 1968). The actual mechanism by which hypertension aggravates atherosclerosis has not been established. It also is not clear that hypertension per se, in the absence of other atherogenic factors can cause atherosclerosis. The present study was undertaken to clarify some of the interrelationships of hypertension and atherosclerosis in a subhuman primate model with hypertension.
Inversion problems in SAR imaging

Many remote sensing problems may be described as an inversion process, in which information about some process or structure is inferred from a set of indirect measurements at a remote distance. Mathematically, the problem may be stated simply in one dimension as an attempt to solve an equation of the form $$ [g(x) = \int\limits_a^b {F(x')K(x,x')dx'} $$ (1) for the function F(x1), given a set of measurements of g(x) and some knowledge of the kernel function K(x, x1). A classical example is the determination of atmospheric temperature and density profiles from satellite improved radiation measurements (Westwater and Strand, 1972).
Connecting the Dots: The Relevance of Scar in Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy*

Delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI) has emerged as the gold standard imaging technique for defining myocardial scar with high resolution. Gadolinium contrast washes out of the blood pool and accumulates in the extracellular space. Tissues with weak intracellular bonds and high
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors: altered functional domains are associated with cellular resistance to vitamin D3.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors are cytosoluble proteins detectable in a variety of tissues responsive to 1,25(OH)2D3. They are DNA binding proteins analogous to other steroid receptors and it is this functional property which is likely involved in the activation of hormone-sensitive genes. Utilizing 1,25(OH)2D3 and DNA binding assays, as well as antireceptor monoclonal antibodies, we have probed the relationship between the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor binding domains after selective cleavage with trypsin. These studies reveal that the hormone and DNA binding regions are separable, and are consistent with the finding that tissue resistance to 1,25(OH)2D3 is a result of structural defects in these domains. Recently, a primate model, the LLC-MK2 monkey kidney line, has been uncovered which may exemplify a hormone-binding defect. Here, 25hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase induction, a 1,25(OH)2D3 bioresponse, requires 100-fold higher concentrations of the hormone for maximal response. Concomitantly, this cell contains a variant receptor form which displays a correspondingly lowered apparent affinity for the hormone despite its seemingly normal DNA binding characteristics. Taken together, these studies suggest that the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor is a macromolecule with multiple domains each of which may produce modified cellular resistance to 1,25(OH)2D3 if structurally altered.
Raising to Ergative: Remarks on Applicatives of Unaccusatives

Applicatives of unaccusatives provide a crucial test case for the inherent-case view of ergativity. If ergative is assigned only to external arguments, in their θ-positions, there can be no “raising to ergative” in applicative unaccusatives; an internal argument subject can never receive ergative case. In this article, I present evidence from Nez Perce (Sahaptian) that this prediction is false. In Nez Perce applicative unaccusatives, the theme argument raises over the applicative argument and is accordingly marked with ergative case. Nez Perce thus demonstrates raising to ergative. Departing from Baker’s (2014) conclusions for similar phenomena in Shipibo (Panoan), I argue that apparently nonlocal movement of the theme in the raising-to-ergative pattern involves not a covert adpositional structure, but rather a response to independently motivated constraints on antilocal movement and remnant movement.
Clinical evaluation and in-vivo analysis of the performance of a fractional infrared 1550 nm laser system for skin rejuvenation

ABSTRACTBackground: This study was done to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a novel fractional 1550 nm laser device with a rolling mechanism (FRAX1550 Ellipse Medical, Horsholm, Denmark).Obje...
High-level visual manifestations of epileptic seizures originating from the medial parietal cortex

We describe the case of a patient with well-localized focal seizures originating from the medial parietal cortex. Seizures originated from area 7m, and findings revealed clear visuospatial semiological signs that may be used clinically to help diagnose similar cases of seizures in non-lesional patients.
Repositories, Trust, and the CoreTrustSeal

ABSTRACTThis column examines the issue of trust in digital repositories, especially ones with a digital preservation component. The concept of trust is important for repositories that have a mission to provide designated communities with long-term access to data that is deposited in there repository. Many repository administrators and other digital preservationists have looked at trusted digital repository certifications such as the CoreTrustSeal as one way to help build trust but it is not clear how much members of the designated community are influenced by certifications. However, even if the designated community is not directly influenced by certifications, repositories who meet the requirements and go through the process of being certified with the CoreTrustSeal or other certifications may have a better foundation to grow trust upon.
Molecular investigations on the interactions of graphene, crude oil fractions and mineral aggregates at low, medium and high temperatures

Performance of the nanoparticle-modified asphalt binder is greatly influenced by adhesion properties between asphalt binder and nanoparticle. In this work, the adhesion properties of crude oil frac...
Affiliation, Aggression, and Selectivity of Peer Relationships in Meadow and Prairie Voles

Relationships between adult peers are central to the structure of social groups. In some species, selective preferences for specific peers provide a foundation for consistent group composition. These preferences may be shaped by affiliation toward familiar individuals, and/or by aversion to unfamiliar individuals. We compared peer interactions in two vole species that form selective preferences for familiar same-sex individuals but differ in mating system. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) form pair bonds with mates and may reside in family groups. Meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) are promiscuous breeders that form communal winter groups in the wild, and exhibit greater social behavior in short day (SD) lengths in the laboratory. We characterized affiliative, anxiety-like, and aggressive interactions with familiar and novel same-sex conspecifics in meadow and prairie voles housed in summer- or winter-like photoperiods. Species differences in affective behaviors were pronounced, with prairie voles exhibiting more aggressive behavior and less anxiety-like behavior relative to meadow voles. Meadow voles housed in short (vs. long) day lengths were more affiliative and more interactive with strangers; prosocial behavior was also facilitated by a history of social housing. Prairie voles exhibited partner preferences regardless of sex or day length, indicating that selective peer preferences are the norm in prairie voles. Prairie vole females formed preferences for new same-sex social partners following re-pairing; males were often aggressive upon re-pairing. These data suggest that preferences for familiar peers in prairie voles are maintained in part by aggression toward unfamiliar individuals, as in mate partnerships. In contrast, social tolerance is an important feature of meadow vole peer affiliation, demonstrated by low aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics, and consistent with field data on winter tolerance.
Competencies for Teachers of Gifted and Talented Children

The purpose of this study was to determine competency areas for training teachers of gifted and talented children. Thirty colleges and universities in the United States which offered such training were surveyed to comment on state certification issues and to rate competency areas as to their respective value as standards. Also a sample of principals and teachers who work with gifted programs in Colorado was surveyed using the same instrument. The survey resulted in a set of recommendations for state certification and list of competencies individually rated by the three respondent groups.
A novel qualitative methodology study to characterize discrimination and inclusion among hematology/oncology trainees.

10530Background: Learner wellbeing may be adversely affected by the experience of discrimination. Eliciting details from this vulnerable population about these experiences is a challenge. This stud...
Kif2a Scales Meiotic Spindle Size in Hymenochirus boettgeri.

Summary Size is a fundamental feature of biological systems that affects physiology at all levels. For example, the dynamic, microtubule-based spindle that mediates chromosome segregation scales to a wide range of cell sizes across different organisms and cell types. Xenopus frog species possess a variety of egg and meiotic spindle sizes, and differences in activities or levels of microtubule-associated proteins in the egg cytoplasm between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis have been shown to account for spindle scaling [ 1 ]. Increased activity of the microtubule severing protein katanin scales the X. tropicalis spindle smaller compared to X. laevis [ 2 ], as do elevated levels of TPX2, a protein that enriches the cross-linking kinesin-5 motor Eg5 at spindle poles [ 3 ]. To examine the conservation of spindle scaling mechanisms more broadly across frog species, we have utilized the tiny, distantly related Pipid frog Hymenochirus boettgeri. We find that egg extracts from H. boettgeri form meiotic spindles similar in size to X. tropicalis but that TPX2 and katanin-mediated scaling is not conserved. Instead, the microtubule depolymerizing motor protein kif2a functions to modulate spindle size. H. boettgeri kif2a possesses an activating phosphorylation site that is absent from X. laevis. Comparison of katanin and kif2a phosphorylation sites across a variety of species revealed strong evolutionary conservation, with X. laevis and X. tropicalis possessing distinct and unique alterations. Our study highlights the diversity and complexity of spindle assembly and scaling mechanisms, indicating that there is more than one way to assemble a spindle of a particular size.
Thyrotropin Causes Dose-dependent Biphasic Regulation of cAMP Production Mediated by Gs and Gi/o Proteins

The thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR) signals via G proteins of all four classes and β-arrestin 1. Stimulation of TSHR leads to increasing cAMP production that has been reported as a monotonic dose-response curve that plateaus at high TSH doses. In HEK 293 cells overexpressing TSHRs (HEK-TSHR cells), we found that TSHR activation exhibits an "inverted U-shaped dose-response curve" with increasing cAMP production at low doses of TSH and decreased cAMP production at high doses (>1 mU/ml). Since protein kinase A inhibition by H-89 and knockdown of β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 did not affect the decreased cAMP production at high TSH doses, we studied the roles of TSHR downregulation and of Gi/Go proteins. A high TSH dose (100 mU/ml) caused a 33% decrease in cell-surface TSHR. However, because inhibiting TSHR downregulation with combined expression of a dominant negative dynamin 1 and β-arrestin 2 knockdown had no effect, we concluded that downregulation is not involved in the biphasic cAMP response. Pertussis toxin, which inhibits activation of Gi/Go, abolished the biphasic response with no statistically significant difference in cAMP levels at 1 and 100 mU/ml TSH. Concordantly, co-knockdown of Gi/Go proteins increased cAMP levels stimulated by 100 mU/ml TSH from 55% to 73% of the peak level. These data show that biphasic regulation of cAMP production is mediated by Gs and Gi/Go at low and high TSH doses, respectively, which may represent a mechanism to prevent overstimulation in TSHR-expressing cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We demonstrate biphasic regulation of TSH-mediated cAMP production involving coupling of the TSH receptor (TSHR) to Gs at low TSH doses and to Gi/o at high TSH doses. We suggest that this biphasic cAMP response allows the TSHR to mediate responses at lower levels of TSH and that decreased cAMP production at high doses may represent a mechanism to prevent overstimulation of TSHR-expressing cells. This mechanism could prevent chronic stimulation of thyroid gland function.
An Initial Framework for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Synthetic Biology-Derived Organisms with a Focus on Gene Drives

The goal of this chapter is to present a path to estimate risk due to synthetic biology being released into the environment. Our examples are for organisms released with gene drives specifically designed to alter the fitness of specific populations that either transmit disease or are nonindigenous and pose a hazard to the ecosystem services of a specific ecological structure. We apply the structure of source-stressor-habitat-effect-impact pathway derived from the relative risk model (Landis and Wiegers 2005) and as was demonstrated to be applicable in the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) 2016 report Gene Drives on the Horizon. This relative risk model is now calculated employing Bayesian networks and has been applied to forestry management (Ayre and Landis 2012), infectious disease (Ayre et al. 2014), invasive species (Herring et al. 2015), contaminated sites (Landis et al. 2017a; Johns et al. 2017), and watershed management (Hines and Landis 2014; Graham et al. 2019).
Diagnostic yield of pulmonary embolism testing in patients presenting to the emergency department with syncope

Background Syncope occurs in 1 in 4 people during their lifetime and accounts for 1% to 1.5% of emergency department (ED) visits. Most causes of syncope are benign, but syncope may be caused by life-threatening conditions including pulmonary embolism (PE) in up to 2% of cases. A recent publication reported the prevalence of PE in patients with syncope to be over 17%. Aims We sought to determine the frequency and diagnostic yield of testing for PE in patients presenting to the ED with syncope in our large, integrated health care system. Methods We performed a retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of patients who presented with syncope to EDs within a 21-hospital integrated health care system from 2010 to 2015 to find the frequency and diagnostic yield of testing for PE in patients with syncope at index ED visit and within 180 days afterward. Results We screened 2 749 371 ED encounters to find 32 440 (1.2%) with syncope. Median age was 52 (interquartile range, 31-71), 57.5% were female, and 90% were Caucasian. PE was diagnosed on the index ED visit in 259 (0.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7%-0.9%) cases. Assessment for suspected PE with D-dimer occurred in 5089 (15.7%) patients, and 2338 (7.2%) underwent computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). The yield of CTPA was 7.9%. PE was detected in 2.2% in whom a D-dimer was performed. From index visit to 180 days, 467 (1.4%; 95% CI, 1.3%-1.6%) patients were diagnosed with a PE, and 1051 (3.2%, 95% CI, 3.0%-3.4%) patients died. Conclusion Diagnostic testing for PE is frequent in patients with syncope presenting to the EDs of a large, integrated health care system. The yield of diagnostic testing is low.
New London and the Alchemical Plantation

After John Winthrop, Jr., had been relieved of his responsibilities for the ironworks, he was free to pursue his dream of creating a utopian plantation in Connecticut. This is a complicated story, but it illustrates all the excellencies of Winthrop. He founded a flourishing town of New London. He established an iatrochemical practice that all the leading citizens of Connecticut used. He negotiated the difficult political situation with both the Colonial governments and the Native American tribes. And he practiced alchemy and industrial chemistry. It is no real surprise that he was elected Governor of Connecticut without running for office. One of his favorite medicines was based on antimony. The chemistry of this element is described. Another important chemical was saltpeter, and Winthrop manufactured it as well.
Role of glia in optic nerve

Glial cells are critically important for maintenance of neuronal activity in the central nervous system (CNS), including the optic nerve (ON). However, the ON has several unique characteristics, such as an extremely high myelination level of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons throughout the length of the nerve (with virtually all fibers myelinated by 7 months of age in humans), lack of synapses and very narrow geometry. Moreover, the optic nerve head (ONH) - a region where the RGC axons exit the eye - represents an interesting area that is morphologically distinct in different species. In many cases of multiple sclerosis (demyelinating disease of the CNS) vision problems are the first manifestation of the disease, suggesting that RGCs and/or glia in the ON are more sensitive to pathological conditions than cells in other parts of the CNS. Here, we summarize current knowledge on glial organization and function in the ON, focusing on glial support of RGCs. We cover both well-established concepts on the important role of glial cells in ON health and new findings, including novel insights into mechanisms of remyelination, microglia/NG2 cell-cell interaction, astrocyte reactivity and the regulation of reactive astrogliosis by mitochondrial fragmentation in microglia.
How Cattle and Wild Ungulate Use of Riparian Areas Effects Measures of Streambank Disturbance

Improper management of cattle near streams can negatively affect the processes that support stream and riparian ecosystems. To judge the success of riparian management strategies, public land management agencies often evaluate two metrics of livestock disturbance, stubble height and streambank alteration. There are concerns associated with how well these disturbance metrics reflect livestock use and incorporate additional effects due to wild ungulates. We sought to address these questions in 39 riparian areas by using time-lapse cameras to estimate ungulate use and then measuring near stream ungulate disturbance in these same reaches. We found daytime measures of livestock use were related to stubble height and streambank alteration. Explaining the variation in the relationship between stubble height and livestock use was improved by incorporating covariates, whereas covariates did little to improve our understanding of streambank alteration. This suggests greater flexibility in how different stream reaches are managed when stubble height is the guideline. As streambank alteration was explained solely by ungulate use, the simplest way to reduce disturbance was to reduce use. In most stream reaches, the additive presence of wild ungulates was minimal but sufficient to be included in the best models describing the effects of ungulate disturbance. On most days, no cattle were seen in the evaluated riparian reaches. Although large groups of cattle (> 20 individuals) were occasionally observed within riparian areas, they generally occurred in small groups of one to four individuals. Across the riparian reaches we evaluated, cattle presence and density were generally low enough that metrics of livestock disturbance suggested little risk to stream conditions important to aquatic biota. However, there were some riparian areas where cattle stayed too long or occurred in large enough numbers that their use along the streambanks could negatively affect stream habitat conditions.
Low contrast volume dual-energy CT of the chest: Quantitative and qualitative assessment.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the image quality of chest CT performed on dual-energy scanners using low contrast volume for routine chest (DECT-R) and pulmonary angiography (DECTPA) protocols. Materials and methods This retrospective study included dual-energy CT scans of chest performed with low contrast volume in 84 adults (34M:50F; Age 69 ± 16 years: Weight 71 ± 16kg). There were 42 patients with DECT-R and 42 patients with DECT-PA protocols. Images were reviewed by two thoracic radiologists. Qualitative assessment was done on a four-point scale, for subjective assessment of contrast enhancement and artifacts (1 = Excellent, 2 = optimal, 3 = suboptimal, and 4 = Limited) in the pulmonary arteries and thoracic aorta, on virtual monoenergetic and material decomposition iodine (MDI) images. Quantitative assessment was performed by measuring the CT (Hounsfield) units in aorta and pulmonary arteries. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated before and after CT scans. Two tailed student's t-test was performed to assess the significance of findings, and strength of correlation between readers was determined by Cohen's kappa test. Results DECT-PA and DECT-R demonstrated excellent/adequate contrast density within the pulmonary arteries (up to segmental branch), and aorta. There was no suboptimal or limited examination. There was strong interobserver agreement for arterial enhancement in pulmonary arteries (kappa = 0.62–0.89) and for thoracic aorta (kappa = 0.62–0.94). Pulmonary emboli were seen in 3/42(7%) in DECT-R and in 5/42(12%) in DECT-PA. There was no significant change in eGFR before and after IV contrast injection (p = 0.46–0.52). Conclusion DECT-R and DECT-PA performed with low contrast volume provide diagnostic quality opacification of the pulmonary vessels and aorta vessels.
A Line Commutated - Thyristor Bridge Emulated Rotating Power Electronic Converter for Brushless Exciter Applications

The reliability of the wound field synchronous machines is improved by the brushless exciter (BLE) rather than using static exciter which requires brushes and slip rings. Conventional BLEs uses a rotating diode bridge rectifier for converting AC to DC voltage. However, these exciters cannot produce a negative voltage across the field winding because of which dynamic response of the field current is very low. The proposed topology in this paper introduces a new line commutated-thyristor bridge emulated power electronic converter that can produce both positive and negative voltage across the field winding of the generator. Also, this topology eliminates the need for a DC-link capacitor which improves the reliability of the BLE system. The proposed topology is simulated in MATLAB-SIMULINK platform and the simulation results for both rectification and inversion mode are presented. Also, a simpler control methodology has been proposed for the BLE with the proposed converter.
Association of Visitor Contact Precautions With Estimated Hospital-Onset Clostridioides difficile Infection Rates in Acute Care Hospitals

Importance Visitor contact precautions (VCPs) are commonly used to reduce the transmission ofClostridioides difficileat health care institutions. Implementing VCPs requires considerable personnel and personal protective equipment resources. However, it is unknown whether VCPs are associated with reduced hospital-onsetC difficileinfection (HO-CDI) rates. Objective To estimate the association between VCPs and HO-CDI rates using simulation modeling. Design, Setting, and Participants This simulation study, conducted between July 27, 2020, and August 11, 2020, used an established agent-based simulation model ofC difficiletransmission in a 200-bed acute care adult hospital to estimate the association between VCPs and HO-CDI while varying assumptions about factors such as patient susceptibility, behavior, andC difficiletransmission. The model simulated hospital activity for 1 year among a homogeneous, simulated adult population. Interventions No VCP use vs ideal use of VCPs under different hospital configurations. Main Outcomes and Measures The rate of HO-CDI per 10 000 patient-days according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s definition of HO-CDI. Results With use of the simulation model, the baseline rate of HO-CDI was 7.94 10 000 patient-days (95% CI, 7.91-7.98 per 10 000 patient-days) with no VCP use compared with 7.97 per 10 000 patient-days (95% CI, 7.93-8.01 per 10 000 patient-days) with ideal VCP use. Visitor contact precautions were not associated with a reduction of more than 1% in HO-CDI rates in any of the tested scenarios and hospital settings. Independently increasing the hand-hygiene compliance of the average health care worker and environmental cleaning compliance by no more than 2% each was associated with greater HO-CDI reduction compared with all other scenarios, including VCPs. Conclusions and Relevance In this simulation study, the association between VCPs and HO-CDI was minimal, but improvements in health care worker hand hygiene and environmental cleaning were associated with greater reductions in estimated HO-CDI. Hospitals may achieve a higher rate of reduction for HO-CDI by focusing on making small improvements in compliance with interventions other than VCP.
Unified Nearly Optimal Algorithms for Structured Integer Matrices

Our subject is the solution of a structured linear system of equations, which is closely linked to computing a shortest displacement generator for the inverse of its structured coefficient matrix. We consider integer matrices with the displacement structure of Toeplitz, Hankel, Vandermonde, and Cauchy types and combine the unified divide-and-conquer MBA algorithm (due to Morf 1974, 1980 and Bitmead and Anderson 1980) with the Chinese remainder algorithm to solve both computational problems within nearly optimal randomized Boolean and word time bounds. The bounds cover the cost of both solution and its correctness verification. The algorithms and nearly optimal time bounds are extended to the computation of the determinant of a structured integer matrix, its rank and a basis for its null space and further to some fundamental computations with univariate polynomials that have integer coefficients.
Widely tunable micromachined detectors with wavelength tracking

Micromechanical tunable detectors have demonstrated record tuning and are promising for WDM networks with increased wavelength tolerances. Built in wavelength tracking allows the detectors to be locked to a signal wavelength for as long as desired. Alternatively, continuous tuning is useful for tuning to the exact channel wavelengths of WDM multiplexers or routers. Because the detectors have a record tuning range of 30 nm, channels can be placed further apart with greater tolerance for wavelength errors. Finally, with optimized structures, much wider tuning ranges, up to 100 nm, should be achievable.
Ultrastructural changes in rabbit heart mitochondria during the perinatal period: Neonatal transition to aerobic metabolism

Abstract Ultrastructural changes in mitochondria of rabbit left ventricular myocardial cells were measured during the interval from 3 days before to 4 days after birth. This interval is characterized by a transition from partially anaerobic to aerobic metabolism and by a concomitant increase in the work of contraction. Measurements were made by recently developed morphometric techniques [Smith, H. E., and Page, E. (1976). J. Ultrastruct. Res. 55, 31–41]. It was shown that the perinatal transition was associated with a rapid and large accumulation of mitochondria and myofibrils, reflected by increases of 29–35% and 37–41% in the mitochondrial and myofibrillar fractions of cell volume. The mitochondria thus accumulated were packed more densely with cristae. The membrane area of cristae + inner membrane per unit of mitochondrial volume rose from an antenatal value of 47 μm2/μm3 to a peak of 64 μm2/μm3 2 days after birth, then declined significantly. The relative and absolute increases in the membrane area and volume of respiratory membrane were associated with a relative decrease in matrix volume. These measurements also permitted the calculation of the area of mitochondrial respiratory membrane per unit myofibrillar volume. This physiologically important index, which relates the amount of ATP-producing membrane to the volume of the principal ATP-consuming organelle, increased progressively throughout the perinatal period.
Concretion Inferences in NAtural Language Understanding

This paper introduces the architecture of FRESCO, an integrated inference mechanism and knowledge representation suited to a cognitive model of natural language understanding processes. A particular type of disambiguation inference known as concretion which occurs in language interpretation is examined within this framework. I put forth some principles resolving several outstanding issues surrounding concretion inferences, and describe a technique called probabilistic map passing which is employed within FRESCO to implement these principles.
Approximation schemes for NP-hard geometric optimization problems: a survey

Traveling Salesman, Steiner Tree, and many other famous geometric optimization problems are NP-hard. Since we do not expect to design efficient algorithms that solve these problems optimally, researchers have tried to design approximation algorithms, which can compute a provably near-optimal solution in polynomial time. We survey such algorithms, in particular a new technique developed over the past few years that allows us to design approximation schemes for many of these problems. For any fixed constant c> 0, the algorithm can compute a solution whose cost is at most (1 + c) times the optimum. (The running time is polynomial for every fixed c> 0, and in many cases is even nearly linear.) We describe how these schemes are designed, and survey the status of a large number of problems.
PeerReview Analysis and Re-evaluation for Accountability in Distributed Systems or Networks

Accountability implies that any entity should be held responsible for its own specific action or behavior so that the entity is part of a larger chain of accountability. PeerReview [1] is designed as a practical system that provides accountability for distributed systems. A key assumption in PeerReview is that a message sent from one correct node to another will be eventually received. In the real world, however, message loss is commonplace and unavoidable due to the dynamics and uncertainties of the current Internet, and it prevents a message from always reaching its destination. Beginning with this point, we have comprehensively analyzed the behavior of PeerReview with the assumption that, eventually, a message will probably be lost. We have shown that PeerReview would be unable to maintain its completeness and accuracy under such a circumstance. We present six possible errors and the causes from which they originate. We re-evaluated PeerReview with two newly defined metrics, Node Accountability and System Accountability, which are employed to assess the degree of system accountability. Simulation results show that message loss decreases the performance of PeerReview in terms of both metrics.
Effect of Bovine Growth Hormone Administration on Metabolism of Growing Hereford Heifers: Protein and Lipid Metabolism and Plasma Concentrations of Metabolites and Plasma Concentrations of Metabolites and Hormones

The objectives were to determine the effects of daily injection of bovine growth hormone (bGH) on the metabolism of [1-14C]leucine and [1-14C]palmitate and on hormone and metabolite concentrations in growing Hereford heifers. The experimental design was a 28-d single reversal with two 14-d injection periods of placebo or bGH. Energy intake was restricted to a level slightly above maintenance. Injection of bGH did not affect circulating concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, urea nitrogen, prolactin, triiodothyronine or thyroxine. Plasma concentrations of insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were chronically elevated whereas leucine concentration was chronically decreased after 1 wk of bGH injection compared to placebo injection. Leucine oxidation was lower and whole-body protein synthesis was higher during bGH injection than during placebo injection. There were increases in both total irreversible loss and oxidation of NEFA during bGH injection compared to placebo injection. These results suggest mobilization of stored fatty acids and increased reliance on NEFA to provide energy for cellular processes. The dual and reciprocal effects of bGH on nitrogen and NEFA metabolism demonstrate its role as a homeorhetic regulator, affecting metabolism of several body tissues to support lean body accretion in Hereford heifers at near-maintenance intake of metabolizable energy.
Hyperbaric oxygen in chronic traumatic brain injury: oxygen, pressure, and gene therapy

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a treatment for wounds in any location and of any duration that has been misunderstood for 353 years. Since 2008 it has been applied to the persistent post-concussion syndrome of mild traumatic brain injury by civilian and later military researchers with apparent conflicting results. The civilian studies are positive and the military-funded studies are a mixture of misinterpreted positive data, indeterminate data, and negative data. This has confused the medical, academic, and lay communities. The source of the confusion is a fundamental misunderstanding of the definition, principles, and mechanisms of action of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This article argues that the traditional definition of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is arbitrary. The article establishes a scientific definition of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as a wound-healing therapy of combined increased atmospheric pressure and pressure of oxygen over ambient atmospheric pressure and pressure of oxygen whose main mechanisms of action are gene-mediated. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exerts its wound-healing effects by expression and suppression of thousands of genes. The dominant gene actions are upregulation of trophic and anti-inflammatory genes and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic genes. The combination of genes affected depends on the different combinations of total pressure and pressure of oxygen. Understanding that hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a pressure and oxygen dose-dependent gene therapy allows for reconciliation of the conflicting TBI study results as outcomes of different doses of pressure and oxygen.
Lactic versus nonlactic metabolic acidosis: outcomes in critically ill patients

Critical care physicians associate lactic acidosis (LA) with higher morbidity and mortality. Other forms of metabolic acidosis are generally regarded as less dangerous and any association with adverse outcomes in critically ill patients is poorly understood. We sought to compare differences in mortality and length of stay (LOS) between LA and other forms of metabolic acidoses.
Pyrolytic methylation-gas chromatography of whole bacterial cells for rapid profiling of cellular fatty acids

A novel, on-line derivatization technique has been developed which enables generation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles from microorganisms by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry without the need for laborious and time-consuming sample preparation. Microgram amounts of bacterial cells are directly applied to a thin ferromagnetic filament and covered with a single drop of methanolic solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide. After air drying, the filament is inserted into a special gas chromatograph inlet equipped with a high-frequency coil, thus enabling rapid inductive heating of the ferromagnetic filament. This so-called Curie-point heating technique is shown to produce patterns of bacterial FAMEs which are qualitatively and quantitatively nearly identical to those obtained from extracts of methylated lipids prepared by conventional sample pretreatment methods. Relatively minor differences involve the loss of hydroxy-substituted fatty acids by the pyrolytic approach as well as strongly enhanced signals of FAMEs derived from mycolic acids. This type of pyrolysis enables on-line derivatization and thermal extraction of volatile derivatives for analysis, whereas the residual components remain on a disposable probe (ferromagnetic wire) of a pyrolytic device. The reduced sample size (micrograms instead of milligrams) and the lack of sample preparation requirements open up the possibility of rapid microbiological identification of single colonies (thus overcoming the need for time-consuming subculturing) as well as analysis of FAME profiles directly from complex environmental samples.
Blow-up in a reactive-diffusive medium with a moving heat source

A concentrated source of heat is allowed to move in one-dimension through a reactive-diffusive medium. For rather general motion, it is shown that if the speed remains sufficiently high then a blow-up can be avoided; whereas, if the speed remains sufficiently low then a blowup must eventually occur. Other criteria involving the displacement and velocity of the heat source are found to guarantee a blow-up. Special examples of (i) rapid deceleration from one velocity level to a lower level and (ii) a simple periodic motion are examined.
A 4-week Pilot Study With the Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Dronabinol and Its Effect on Metabolic Parameters in a Randomized Trial

Abstract Purpose Dronabinol (synthetic Δ 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol) is used in patients with nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy and in AIDS patients for appetite stimulation. Recently, dronabinol was used to successfully treat visceral hypersensitivity causing noncardiac chest pain. With widening uses of this medication, we aim to explore its effects on metabolic parameters in long-term dosing and hypothesize that it will not affect major metabolic parameters. Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled, 28-day trial was performed with patients 18 to 75 years old without cardiac disease. Patients had at least 2 weekly episodes of chest pain for the last 3 months and evidence of esophageal hypersensitivity after balloon distention testing. Prior use of pain medication, psychiatric diagnosis, or significant medical comorbidities precluded inclusion in the study. Patients were randomized to receive 5 mg dronabinol or placebo twice daily with metabolic parameters examined before and after the use of medication. Findings Thirteen patients completed the study (7 with dronabinol [6 women and 1 man] and 6 with placebo [5 women and 1 man]). None of the measured values, including body mass index, HDL, triglycerides, calculated LDL, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, glucose, insulin, leptin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, LDH, or non-HDL, differed significantly in either group before or after treatment. In general, treatment with dronabinol coincided with favorable trends in some parameters, although these trends were not statistically significant. Implications Dronabinol administration does not significantly affect basic metabolic components after a period of 28 days. The implications of these findings are important because dronabinol may be able to be used in patients with metabolic disorders. The favorable trends observed here warrant further exploration into its long-term effects. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01598207.
Effects of oxazepam on anxiety: implications for Fowles' psychophysiological interpretation of Gray's model

The present dose-response study investigated the effects of the benzodiazepine oxazepam (Serax) on anxiety as measured by autonomic and self-report indices in a nonclinical sample. Given Fowles' (1980, 1988) theory that electrodermal activity primarily reflects the activity of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) while heart rate primarily reflects the activity of the behavioral activation system (BAS), we predicted that electrodermal indices of anxiety would be more affected by oxazepam than heart rate. Psychophysiological and self-report measures were recorded prior to and following a speech stressor in subjects given placebo (n = 17), 15 mg oxazepam (n = 19), and 30 mg oxazepam (n = 17). Anxiolytic effects were found during stressed state as measured by skin conductance level but not heart rate or self-reported anxiety. Furthermore, the anxiolytic effects of oxazepam were noted only during the stressful phases of the experiment. The results are viewed as supportive of Fowles' motivational interpretation of the distinction between heart rate and electrodermal responding.
An Investigation of the Impact of Micro Surface on the Cylinder Block/Valve Plate Interface Performance

Lubricating gaps are the primary source of energy dissipation in axial piston machines of swash plate-type. One of these lubricating gaps is designated as the cylinder block/valve plate interface, and is one of the most critical design elements for this type of positive displacement machine. In the past, extensive work has been done at Maha Fluid Power Research Center both to model this interface and to study the effects of micro-surface shaping on the valve plate. This paper presents a more in-depth investigation into optimizing valve plate micro-surface shaping (both by altering the number and amplitude of waves) in order to achieve a fluid film thickness that compromises between leakage and torque loss, minimizes power loss in the cylinder block/valve plate interface, and maximizes machine efficiency.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Developing the Commons: The Contradictions of Growth in Exurban Montana

Property development in exurban areas has the capacity to undermine the amenity values that undergird that development. Predicated on that contradiction, this research seeks to explain the emergence of local, informal, planning-based regulations in the traditionally antiregulatory context of rural Montana. Adopting both the insights of institutional common property theory and those of critical materialist analysis of economic growth, the work reconciles accounts of development as inherently ecologically self-destructive with those stressing creative development and adoption of rules for collective self-governance. Using a detailed case analysis of a Montana county undergoing rapid growth, it examines what drives localized land use regulation, what controls are enacted, and whether such controls are resisted or facilitated by development capital. Findings suggest that informal regulations seek to control externalities of development on valuable amenity commons and that they are adopted with the acceptance,...
Comparison of behavioral characteristics and self-concepts of American Indian and Caucasian preschoolers.

In this study were compared the scores of American Indian and Caucasian preschoolers on the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire, which is scored by teachers to screen for emotional disturbance, and the Primary Self-concept Inventory, a self-report measure of self-concept. Also examined were the intercorrelations of behavioral characteristics and elements of self-concept. A multivariate analysis of the variance comparing scores on each measure gave no significant difference for race. Pairwise comparisons examined relationships between separate scores on the two tests. Significant correlations were found between the Primary Self-concept Inventory factor, Intellectual-self, and the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire factors of Total, Anxious, and Hyperactive. Findings suggest that preschoolers who show indications of emotional disturbance are more likely to retain negative views of themselves as learners.
Replacing proline at the apex of heptapeptide-based chloride ion transporters alters their properties and their ionophoretic efficacy

A membrane anchored heptapeptide, (C18H37)2NHCOCH2OCH2CO–NH–Gly–Gly–Gly–Pro–Gly–Gly–Gly–OCH2Ph, has proved to be a selective chloride anion transporter that functions in phospholipid bilayer membranes. When Pro was replaced by the natural amino acid Leu, the activity decreased dramatically. In the present study, Pro is replaced by pipecolic acid (homoproline, Pip); the resulting anchored heptapeptide is a membrane active, chloride selective transporter.
A New Temporary Pacing Electrode

Abstract A simple method for the positioning of a temporary pacemaker electrode in the course of open-heart operation is presented. Instead of using "back stitching," we recommend that after the wire electrode is passed through the myocardium, it should be driven through a small pledget of Silastic rubber material to hold it in position.
Serials management: integration and enhancement through reorganization

It is broadly acknowledged that effective serials management supports and requires a close link between the staff in technical and public services. More recently, new technological opportunities combined with changes in library organization and administration have greatly facilitated this linkage. The nature and structure of a library’s organization can aid in and benefit from this connectedness. Departments in the University of Louisville’s public and technical services areas began a cooperative effort to maintain serials records in the online catalog in the early 1990s. With reorganization in the late 1990s, a new team structure emerged which further facilitated this effort. In return, this cooperation and the tools that it has created support the teams in a new user-centered approach to serials management.
Rotating Electrode Potentiometry: Lowering the Detection Limits of Nonequilibrium Polyion-Sensitive Membrane Electrodes

A rotating electrode configuration is evaluated as a means to lower the detection limits of newly devised polyion-sensitive membrane electrodes (PSEs). Planar potentiometric polycation and polyanion PSEs are prepared by incorporating tridodecylmethylammonium chloride and calcium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate, respectively, into plasticized PVC or polyurethane membranes and mounting disks of such films on an electrode body housed in a conventional rotating disk electrode apparatus. Rotation of the PSEs at 5000 rpm results in an enhancement in the detection limits toward heparin (polyanion) and protamine (polycation) of at least 1 order of magnitude (to 0.01 unit/mL for heparin; 0.02 μg/mL for protamine) over that observed when the EMF responses of the same electrodes are assessed using a stir-bar to achieve convective mass transport. A linear relationship between ω-1/2, where ω is the rotating angular frequency, and C1/2, the polyion concentration corresponding to half the total maximum ΔEMF response toward ...