cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability by deterrence in cooperative non-sidepayment n-person games

Abstract This paper reports several experimental tests of the deterrence set, a solution concept for n -person games proposed by Laffond and Moulin (1977, 1981). This solution concept is distinctive because it specifies equilibria attained through the use of threats, where threats are conceptualized as costly not only to the target but also to the user. The laboratory tests were conducted in the context of 3- and 4-person cooperative non-sidepayment matrix games. In the first experimental test, the deterrence set was juxtaposed against the imputation set. Results indicate that the deterrence set has greater predictive accuracy than the imputation set. In a series of further tests, the deterrence set was juxtaposed against both the imputation set and the von Neumann-Morgenstern stable set solution. Results again show that the deterrence set is more accurate than the imputation set, but neither the deterrence set nor the stable set is reliably more accurate than the other. Overall, these results indicate that deterrence is a viable basis for stability in cooperative non-sidepayment games.
An exploration of place as a process: The case of Jackson Hole, WY

Abstract A variety of theoretical positions and frameworks have been advanced to account for how places become “places”—in other words, how places become meaningful. Most existing frameworks share the idea that a place is a complex concept, given life by people attaching meaning to a physical setting in a variety of ways. This paper explores how places evolve as ever-shifting points of meaning that mark changes in people's lives in response to a variety of influences. Data collected from in-depth personal interviews in and around Jackson, Wyoming, are used to explore the conceptualization of place as a process, rather than a static entity. Three key themes or dimensions that were frequently described by interviewees are examined: (1) life stage/course , (2) searching for a feeling , and (3) commitment to a place . Not only did some respondents describe what made places important to them (the components, such as social ties, or favorite activities), they also described how these attributes worked together to create and maintain place meanings over the course of their lives. During the interviews, it was noted that these dimensions and processes were expressed explicitly as well as implicitly.
The effect of pre-irradiation vacuum storage on the oxidation and wear of radiation sterilized UHMWPE

The adverse biological response to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris in total joint replacement warrants the need for the material's improved wear resistance. The reaction of oxygen with radiation-induced free radicals within UHMWPE leads to oxidative degradation of the material. This work examines the effect of storing UHMWPE in vacuum at an elevated temperature (70 °C) prior to gamma irradiation in an attempt to remove pre-existing free oxygen from within the material and hence reduce oxidation that occurs during the irradiation process. UHMWPE specimens both with and without pre-irradiation vacuum were gamma irradiated to either 4 or 10 Mrad and then artificially aged to simulate the material's long-term oxidative behavior. Oxidation, degree of crosslinking, and wear resistance were measured. The benefit of pre-irradiation vacuum in terms of reduced oxidation, higher degree of crosslinking, and improved wear resistance measured after aging was observed for both 4 and 10 Mrad irradiation doses.
Feedback Control of Cavity Flow Using Experimental Based Reduced Order Model

We present preliminary results on subsonic cavity flow control using reduced-order model based feedback control derived from experimental measurements. The reduced-order model was developed using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of PIV results in conjunction with the Galerkin projection of the Navier-Stokes equations onto the resulting spatial eigenfunctions. The stochastic estimation method was used for real-time estimate of the model time coefficients from dynamic surface pressure measurements. Equilibrium analysis led to the linearization of the reduced-order model around the equilibrium point and a model for controller design was obtained by shifting the origin of the coordinates to the equilibrium point. A linear-quadratic optimal controller was then designed and tested in the experiments. The results obtained are very promising and show that control is capable of reducing the cavity flow resonance not only at the Mach 0.3 flow, for which the reducedorder model was specifically derived, but also at other flows with some variation of the Mach number. These preliminary results indicate that the control switches the flow from a single mode resonance to a multi-mode resonance.
Boundary element analysis of time-dependent inelastic deformation of cracked plates loaded in anti-plane shear

Abstract A boundary element analysis, for determining stress in planar cracked bodies undergoing Mode I or Mode II inelastic deformation, has been recently published by the present authors[14, 15]. One primary advantage of this formulation is that the effect of the crack is incorporated in the kernels of the integral equations. Thus, traction free conditions on the crack boundary are satisfied without discretization of this boundary in a numerical calculation procedure. The inelastic deformation of cracked plates loaded in anti-plane shear (Mode III) is studied in this paper. Modified kernels are used so that the only unknowns in the integral equation are source strengths on the outer boundary of the plate. It is proved that this formulation guarantees traction free cracks as well as single valued displacements on the crack boundary. Numerical results for stresses are presented for various loading histories with the plate material described by an elastic-nonlinear power law creep constitutive model and a stationary crack modelled as a very thin ellipse.
Theoretical analysis of composite-film hydrodynamic bearings

AbstractMajor aspects that influence quality and efficiency of the hydrodynamic lubrication of tribological contacts are the surfaceproperties of the contact, the properties of the lubricant, and the structure of the lubricant film. In search for efficiency,past approaches focused on surface modification techniques (surface texturing) and modification of lubricant properties(lubricant additives). The idea in this article is to modify the structure of the lubricant film itself. In contrast to atraditional bearing, the composite-film bearing advocated here relies on a double-layer, composite, lubricant film forseparating the load-bearing surfaces. (One of the Reviewers pointed out that ‘the functions of friction modifiers andantiwear additives are to form a boundary lubrication layer, which has a higher apparent viscosity than the bulk lubrica-tion oil, and resulting in a sandwich structure of lubrication film. In this sense, the composite film lubrication has beenused in many practical tribosystems already’.)Our first version of the composite-film bearing was based on an observation that to minimize frictional losses, twoimmiscible liquids of distinct viscosities will arrange into (stable) configurations that separates the component liquidswhile concentrating shear deformation in the low viscosity component. However, particularly in turbulent flow of thelubricant, reliance on the above principle might not be adequate, and, in this article, we offer a new composite-filmbearing construct in which actual physical boundary separates the two component films. For journal bearings, thisnaturally leads to the concept of the ‘floating-ring’ bearing, with two distinctly different lubricants occupying theinside and the outside clearance spaces. We show here that the new version of the composite-film bearing, i.e. afloating-ring bearing lubricated with two distinctly different liquids, performs not unlike its first kind; specifically, itsapplication leads to substantial reduction of viscous losses, over 90% in some cases, while maintaining safe filmdimensions.KeywordsJournal bearing, low friction, floating ring, composite-film, energy efficient
TWENTY‐FOUR HOUR METHODS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES IN FROZEN RAW BREADED SHRIMP PROCESSING

24-hr procedures suggested for the bacteriological evaluation of critical control points in the processing of frozen raw breaded shrimp were compared to official techniques on an interlaboratory basis. The 24-hr methods were designed to enumerate APC, total coliforms, E. coli, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The 24-hr APC was a standard plate count procedure using Eugon agar, while the abbreviated techniques for total coliforms, E. coli, and coagulase-positive S. aureus were 3-tube MPN procedures. The data gathered from 16 analytical laboratories comprising 18 series of frozen raw breaded shrimp subsamples were subjected to a least mean square analysis to determine the effects of technique, the bivariate interaction technique x laboratory, and the variable “SM” which embodied the sample source and month processed. The analyses of variance indicated that there were no differences between techniques for APC, total coliforms, and E: coli at the 5% level of significance. The bivariate interaction, technique x laboratory, was not significant at the 5% level for these tests indicating a consistent relationship between the means for the 24-hr and official methods for the various tests. The difference between the 24-hr and official method for coagulase-positive S. aureus was significant at the 10% level and the interaction, technique x laboratory, was highly significant. The variable SM was highly significant for all tests.
Type 2 Intramolecular N-Acylnitroso Diels−Alder Reaction: Scope and Application to the Synthesis of Medium Ring Lactams

Heteroatom variants of the type 2 intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction provide an efficient method for the preparation of bridged bicyclic heterocycles. The type 2 variant of the intramolecular N-acylnitroso Diels-Alder reaction is an effective method for the synthesis of bridged bicyclic oxazinolactams. Structural studies of the cycloadducts have allowed for quantification of the deformations of the bridgehead functionalities and provided a strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of substituted seven- and eight-membered ring lactams. Diastereoselective cycloadditions followed by cleavage of the oxazine ring afford azepin-2-ones or azocin-2-ones.
Assessment of Adolescent Mental Health and Behavioral Problems in Institutional Care: Discrepancies Between Staff-Reported CBCL Scores and Adolescent-Reported YSR Scores

For children residing in institutional settings, staff act as primary caregivers and often provide assessment of child psychopathology. Minimal research exists on how and when staff-caregivers are best positioned to report on youth mental health. This study examines differences between 60 staff-reported and 60 adolescent-reported Child Behavioral Checklist/Youth Self-Report (CBCL/YSR) scores in Jordanian care centers, and the associations between adolescent–staff agreement, demographic characteristics and child–caregiver relationship factors. Results indicated small to modest correlations between informant scores. Additionally, staff-caregivers who know the child over 1 year and have a high perceived fit are better able to approximate the adolescent’s self-report of psychopathology.
The use of stable isotopes in gas chromatography—mass spectrometric studies of drug metabolism

Abstract Internal reference compounds labeled with stable isotopes have been used to quantify drugs and drug metabolites in urine, plasma and breast milk. [2,4,5-13C3]Diphenylhydantoin, [2,4,5-13C3]phenobarbital and [1-C2H3]valium have been used to quantify diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital and valium, respectively; [2,4,5-13C3]pentobarbital has been used to quantify amobarbital, secobarbital, butabarbital and pentobarbital. Analyses have been carried out in the picogram to nanogram range by selective ion detection with two gas chromatograph—mass spectrometer—computer systems. Instrumental measurements with picogram samples have also been made using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer.
“Benign” metastasizing giant cell tumor: Evaluation of nuclear DNA patterns by flow cytometry

Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy was determined by flow cytometry for nine histologically benign giant cell tumors that developed systemic metastases and for eight tumors that did not metastasize. Specimens from the primary tumor, local recurrences, and pulmonary metastases were evaluated. No feature of the DNA ploidy pattern was identified to distinguish giant cell tumors that metastasized from those that did not. The mean percentage of diploid (G0/G1 peak, 2C) cells was 81% in the metastasizing group and 80% in the nonmetastasizing group. The DNA ploidy pattern of the primary tumors was not different from that of their metastases. No DNA aneuploid patterns were observed among the benign tumors.
Imagination and the I

Thought experiments about the self seem to lead to deeply conflicting intuitions about the self. Cases imagined from the 3 rd person perspective seem to provoke different responses than cases imagined from the 1 st person perspective. This paper argues that recent cognitive theories of the imagination, coupled with standard views about indexical concepts, help explain our reactions in the 1 st person cases. The explanation helps identify intuitions that should not be trusted as a guide to the metaphysics of the self.
Generalized adaptive smoothing for multiscale edge detection

Discontinuity preserving smoothing for edge detection is receiving more attention because of the fact that it does not suffer the disadvantage of linear filtering which smooth edges as well as noise. Adaptive smoothing is basically a discontinuity preserving smoothing scheme which preserves edges with gradient magnitude greater the preset threshold value. However, it suffers a leaking effect in its long term iterative behavior. The propagation of smoothing in the low contrast area will sometimes affect the preservation of high contrast edges. This paper proposes a remedy for adaptive smoothing which includes the original image in the iteration process. It provides not only a more stable iterative behavior, but also introduces a new scaling parameter which facilitates multiple scale processing. The study of iterative behavior of the proposed generalized adaptive smoothing as well as automatic selection of the number of iterations is presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identification of callus types for long-term maintenance and regeneration from commercial cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Immature embryos, inflorescences, and anthers of eight commercial cultivars of Triticum aestivum (wheat) formed embryogenic callus on a variety of media. Immature embryos (1.0–1.5 mm long) were found to be most suitable for embryogenic callus formation while anthers responded poorly; inflorescences gave intermediate values. Immature embryos of various cultivars showed significant differences in callus formation in response to 11 of the 12 media tested. No significant differences were observed when the embryos were cultred under similar conditions on MS medium with twice the concentration of inorganic salts, supplemented with 2,4-D, casein hydrolysate and glutamine. Furthermore, with inflorescences also no significant differences were observed. Explants on callus formation media formed two types of embryogenic calli: an off-white, compact, and nodular callus and a white compact callus. Upon successive subcultures (approximately 5 months), the nodular embryogenic callus became more prominent and was identified as ‘aged callus’. The aged callus upon further subculture, formed an off-white, soft, and friable embryogenic callus. Both the aged and friable calli maintained their embryogenic capacity over many subculture passages (to date up to 19 months). All embryogenic calli (1 month old) from the different callus-forming media, irrespective of expiant source, formed only green shoots on regeneration media that developed to maturity in the greenhouse. There were no significant differences in the response of calli derived from embryos and inflorescences cultured on the different initiation media. Also, the shoot-forming capacity of the cultivars was not significantly different. Anther-derived calli formed the least shoots. Aged and friable calli on regeneration media also formed green shoots but at lower frequencies. Plants from long-term culture have also been grown to maturity in soil.
The role of calcium ions in the permeability changes produced by external ATP in transformed 3T3 cells.

Abstract External ATP causes a rapid increase in passive permeability to nucleotides and phosphate esters in transformed cell lines, such as 3T6 mouse fibroblasts. However, untransformed lines, such as 3T3, do not show a similar sensitivity to external ATP. Ca2+ inhibits permeabilization, but only at concentrations approaching those of external ATP. In contrast, La3+ and Tb3+ inhibit ATP-dependent permeabilization at one-fifth the concentration of external ATP. Considering reports that lanthanides can substitute for calcium ion in many enzymatic reactions, often with a higher affinity, it would appear that Ca2+ plays a specific role in the maintenance of a passive membrane permeability barrier and in opposing the effects of external ATP. Other data suggest a regulatory role for the Ca2+-calmodulin complex in the permeabilization process. Trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine and W-7, compounds which inhibit cellular functions dependent on the Ca2+-calmodulin complex, are able to enhance the effect of external ATP. Thus, a dramatic stimulation of nucleotide permeability occurs with concentrations of external ATP and inhibitor that are ineffective when added alone. Calmodulin antagonists and low concentrations of external ATP increased membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ as was previously shown for permeabilization with ATP alone. Earlier studies have shown that energy inhibitors which reduce intracellular ATP levels greatly increase the sensitivity of transformed cells to external ATP. However, the Ca2+-calmodulin antagonists used in the present study exert their effects at concentrations which do not alter intracellular ATP levels.
Inflammation and Its Discontents: The Role of Cytokines in the Pathophysiology of Major Depression

Recognition that inflammation may represent a common mechanism of disease has been extended to include neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression. Patients with major depression have been found to exhibit increased peripheral blood inflammatory biomarkers, including inflammatory cytokines, which have been shown to access the brain and interact with virtually every pathophysiologic domain known to be involved in depression, including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and neural plasticity. Indeed, activation of inflammatory pathways within the brain is believed to contribute to a confluence of decreased neurotrophic support and altered glutamate release/reuptake, as well as oxidative stress, leading to excitotoxicity and loss of glial elements, consistent with neuropathologic findings that characterize depressive disorders. Further instantiating the link between inflammation and depression are data demonstrating that psychosocial stress, a well-known precipitant of mood disorders, is capable of stimulating inflammatory signaling molecules, including nuclear factor kappa B, in part, through activation of sympathetic nervous system outflow pathways. Interestingly, depressed patients with increased inflammatory biomarkers have been found to be more likely to exhibit treatment resistance, and in several studies, antidepressant therapy has been associated with decreased inflammatory responses. Finally, preliminary data from patients with inflammatory disorders, as well as medically healthy depressed patients, suggest that inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines or their signaling pathways may improve depressed mood and increase treatment response to conventional antidepressant medication. Translational implications of these findings include the unique opportunity to identify relevant patient populations, apply immune-targeted therapies, and monitor therapeutic efficacy at the level of the immune system in addition to behavior.
A K-dependent adiabatic approximation to the Renner-Teller effect for triatomic molecules

A K-dependent adiabatic approach is suggested to study the Renner–Teller effect in triatomic molecules using a two-dimensional Hilbert space approximation in the electronic degree of freedom. The theory is developed in hyperspherical coordinates, and approximately includes the electronic spin–orbit interaction. The adiabatic Hamiltonians are expressed in terms of a K-dependent effective potential energy surface. Eigenpairs are calculated by solving the time-independent Schrodinger equation, which is represented in a mixed grid/basis set. The method is applied to the A←X band system of bromomethylene (H/DCBr). The results obtained show that the Renner–Teller effect in this molecule is pronounced, particularly in the excited A 1A″ state. The results are compared to recent experimental measurements and good agreement is found.
Bridging the gap from T to K: integrated surgical research fellowship for the next generation of surgical scientists.

Delivery of health care will perpetually change, but the foundation of medicine will persist to emanate from understanding the biological mechanisms of disease. Fewer than 2% of all physicians conduct research as their primary profession, but this small group has made profound contributions to science that benefit the entire profession.1 The “endangered species” of the physician scientist has been on the radar of the medical community since the late 1970s.1-4 For nearly 4 decades, the NIH and academic medical societies have sought mechanisms to preserve and rejuvenate this invaluable group of clinician scientists capable of bridging the gap between the bench and bedside.3,5 Since the late 1990s, the NIH's K Awards have been the preferred strategy to support the development of clinician scientists. These awards have evolved with increased diversity and financial support.3,6 The K award is the NIH's mark of commitment to productive research efforts and provides the nidus for establishing career research grants.6,7 Nonsurgical specialties have capitalized on this training pathway, resulting in a 2.5-fold increased success rate in obtaining NIH funding compared with their surgical counterparts.8 The percentage of academic surgeons independently funded for research is on a steady decline.9,10 We propose that interventions to restructure surgical research fellowships will help bridge the gap of aspiring academicians to independently funded surgical scientists.
Left-hemisphere language lateralization in bilinguals: use of the concurrent activities paradigm

Previous visual and auditory lateralization studies have demonstrated that the languages of bilinguals are lateralized to the left hemisphere to the same extent as in monolingual controls (C. Soares & F. Grosjean, 1981, Perception and Psychophysics, 29, 599-604; C. Soares, 1982, Neuropsychologia, 20, 653-659). The present study tested the same group of Portuguese-English bilinguals and a group of English-speaking monolinguals on a series of concurrent activity, or time-sharing, tasks. Greater levels of disruption in finger tapping with the right hand than with the left hand occurred during the performance of those tasks which required overt speech production, and this for both bilinguals and monolinguals. As in the previous studies, there were no lateralization differences across the bilinguals' two languages or between bilinguals and monolinguals. Thus, further evidence for equal levels of left-hemisphere dominance for language in bilinguals and monolinguals was provided by the use of the concurrent activities paradigm.
Organ distribution of the cytoplasmic 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol receptor in various mouse tissues

Cytosolic receptor-like binders for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] have been demonstrated in several mammalian tissues, including intestine, kidney, and bone. To establish which other organs in the body possess the receptor and thus to elucidate new potential target tissues of 1,25- (OH)2D3, we thought it of interest to examine numerous mammalian organs for specific 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor-like binders. Cytosols from 13 murine tissues were prepared using hypertonic buffer and were incubated for 3 h at 0 C with 1,25-(OH)2[3H]D3. When examined on 5–20% sucrose density gradients, cytosols from kidney, intestine, bone, skin, and mammary gland exhibited a 3.2S peak which was specific for 1,25-(OH)2D3 and presumably represents the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor. Brain, lung, thymus, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, diaphragm, uterus, and myocardium lacked a detectable 3.2S peak, but displayed varying amounts of an approximate 6S peak, presumably representing the binding of 1,25-(OH)2[3H]D3 to the ubiquitous 25-hy...
Identification of neuronal loci involved with displays of affective aggression in NC900 mice

Aggression is a complex behavior that is essential for survival. Of the various forms of aggression, impulsive violent displays without prior planning or deliberation are referred to as affective aggression. Affective aggression is thought to be caused by aberrant perceptions of, and consequent responses to, threat. Understanding the neuronal networks that regulate affective aggression is pivotal to development of novel approaches to treat chronic affective aggression. Here, we provide a detailed anatomical map of neuronal activity in the forebrain of two inbred lines of mice that were selected for low (NC100) and high (NC900) affective aggression. Attack behavior was induced in male NC900 mice by exposure to an unfamiliar male in a novel environment. Forebrain maps of c-Fos+ nuclei, which are surrogates for neuronal activity during behavior, were then generated and analyzed. NC100 males rarely exhibited affective aggression in response to the same stimulus, thus their forebrain c-Fos maps were utilized to identify unique patterns of neuronal activity in NC900s. Quantitative results indicated robust differences in the distribution patterns and densities of c-Fos+ nuclei in distinct thalamic, subthalamic, and amygdaloid nuclei, together with unique patterns of neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortices. Our findings implicate these areas as foci regulating differential behavioral responses to an unfamiliar male in NC900 mice when expressing affective aggression. Based on the highly conserved patterns of connections and organization of neuronal limbic structures from mice to humans, we speculate that neuronal activities in analogous networks may be disrupted in humans prone to maladaptive affective aggression.
Role of spin exchange in elastic electron scattering from magnetic surfaces

The role of spin-exchange processes in (quasi-)elastic electron scattering is investigated by measurement of the changes in polarization of a spin-polarized electron beam scattered in specular geometry from Ni(110) and Ni(110)O(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) over an energy range of 5 to 30 eV. Concurrently measuring the scattered intensity as a function of primary spin polarization yields the spin-dependent reflection coefficients. These reflection coefficients entirely account for the changes in polarization. Therefore, it is concluded that spin-exchange processes are negligible (=3%) in the elastic channel.
Low-threshold room-temperature lasing in bottom-up photonic crystal cavities formed by patterned III-V nanopillars

We report the demonstration of photonic crystal lasers formed bottom-up by patterned III-V nanopillar (NP) arrays. In this work, we present a method whereby the photonic band gap region and active gain regions are formed simultaneously by selective-area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. This approach allows us the ability to design device parameters lithographically. By accurate control of position and diameter of the NPs, high-Q cavities can be formed entirely with NPs. This particular model cavity supports a non-degenerate hexapole mode1 with a high overlap between the E-field and the center pillars. Design optimization by finite-difference time-domain simulations yields a cavity Q of ~5000.
Sex differences in factors associated with use of medical care and alternative illness behaviors.

Abstract In many previous investigations of illness behavior the dependent variable has been restricted to use or nonuse of physicians' services. The purpose of this study was to determine how males and females differ in the tendency to respond to their symptoms when self-treatment and lay consultation as well as medical care are considered. The sample consisted of all white, married individuals ( n = 532) participating in a household survey who reported at least one symptom episode during a 4-week recall period. An important feature of this survey data set is that there were no proxy respondents. Similar distributions of behavioral responses to symptom episodes were found for men and women. Multinomial logit analysis was used to identify the factors associated with specific illness behaviors. The independent variables were: (1) characteristics of the individual and family such as number of children. social class and employment status; (2) characteristics and perceptions of the symptom episode including discomfort, disability and belief that a physician could do something to relieve it; and (3) access to, and attitudes toward medical care. Belief that a physician could do something to relieve the symptoms, number of days of disability and number of component symptoms in the complex were positively related to use of medical care and duration of the symptom episode was negatively related to use of medical care for both men and women. Several of the independent variables affected only one sex group or had differential effects on males and females. Sex differences were most pronounced with respect to use of lay consultants. Among men, higher social class was associated with use of medical care, whereas, among women, those in higher social classes were more likely to use lay consultants. Other things being equal, women who rated their symptom complexes high on discomfort and seriousness visited a physician, those worried about their symptoms sought lay consultation. An unexpected finding was that the presence of children in the home had a significant effect on men but not women. Employment status, number of children and age of the youngest child did not have significant effects on illness behaviors of men or women These findings should not be generalized beyond similar groups of white, primarily working class adults living in nuclear families in the early seventies. However, this data set provided an opportunity to explore gender differences in the factors associated with alternative illness behaviors including self-treatment and lay consultation in addition to use of medical care. In this sample sex differences in illness behavior were most pronounced with respect to the factors associated with use of the lay network to cope with illness. Further study is warranted.
Which pulse sequence is optimal for myo-inositol detection at 3T?

Optimized myo-inositol (mI) detection is important for diagnosing and monitoring a multitude of pathological conditions of the brain. Simulations are presented in this work, performed to decide which pulse sequence has the most significant advantage in terms of improving repeatability and accuracy of mI measurements at 3T over the pulse sequence used typically in the clinic, a TE = 35 ms PRESS sequence. Five classes of pulse sequences, four previously suggested for optimized mI detection (a short TE PRESS, a Carr-Purcell PRESS sequence, an optimized STEAM sequence, an optimized zero quantum filter), and one optimized for mI detection in this work (a single quantum filter) were compared to a standard, TE = 35 ms pulse sequence. While limiting the SNR of an acquisition to the equivalent SNR of a spectrum acquired in 5 min from an 8 cc voxel, it was found through simulations that the most repeatable mI measurements would be obtained with a Carr-Purcell sequence. This sequence was implemented in a clinical scanner, and improved mI measurements were demonstrated in vivo. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SYNTHESIS OF BICYCLO(2.2.1)HEPTAN‐2‐ONES BY THERMAL CYCLIZATION OF 3‐ALLYLCYCLOPENTANONES

Cyclopentenon (I) liefert mit Allylgrignardverbindung ein Addukt (II), das nach Allylumlagerung und Oxidation das 3-Allyl-2-cyclopentenon (III) gibt.
Critical Role of Asparagine 1065 of Human α2-Macroglobulin in Formation and Reactivity of the Thiol Ester

It has been shown that the relative reaction preference of the C4 thiol ester toward oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles upon activation by proteinase depends on whether residue 1106 is aspartate or histidine (Dodds, A. W., Ren, X.-D., Willis, A. C., and Law, S. K. A. (1996) Nature 379, 177–179). To determine if the equivalent residue in the related thiol ester-containing protein human α2-macroglobulin (α2M), asparagine 1065, plays a similar role, we have expressed and characterized four α2M variants in which this asparagine has been replaced by aspartate, alanine, histidine, or lysine. The change from asparagine resulted in an altered ability to form the thiol ester. This ranged from failure to form the thiol ester (Asn → Asp) to a maximum extent of formation of about 50% (Asn → Ala). For the three variants that were able to form the thiol ester, the rates of thiol ester cleavage by a given amine were found to be different from one another and slower in nearly all cases than plasma α2M, but with the same relative reactivity of methylamine > ethylamine > ammonia. The rate of conformational change that follows cleavage of thiol esters in a functional half-molecule was also found to differ between the variants and to be slower than plasma α2M. TNS emission spectra indicated that the conformations of the transformed variants differed measurably from transformed plasma α2M. These findings suggest that residue 1065 plays a critical role in human α2M, for formation of the thiol ester, for its subsequent reaction with nucleophiles, and for the conformational change induced by this reaction. By analogy with C4, where this residue influences the nucleophile preference through direct interaction with the thiol ester, residue 1065 in α2M is expected to be located in or very close to the thiol ester region in α2M.
Aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A prospective study.

Recent reports of and our own experience with biochemical alterations of liver function secondary to salicylate therapy stimulated this prospective study. Thirty-four children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 6 children with acute cartilagenous necrosis of the hip following slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and 2 children with ulcerative colitis and hip disease who were on salicylates were followed over a period of 1–27 months with serial determinations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (AP), bilirubin, and serum salicylate. Prothrombin time was measured in 14 children. Twenty-two of 34 children with rheumatoid arthritis and none of the 8 controls demonstrated abnormalities of various liver functions at serum salicylate levels between 7.0 and 43 mg%. Three children demonstrated severe abnormalities characterized by marked elevation of SGOT, SGPT, LDH, and AP, prolongation of prothrombin time, and epistaxis. This type of reaction occurred within 5–14 days of initiation of aspirin therapy and occurred at serum salicylate levels between 18 and 43 mg%. Moderate changes in various liver function tests were observed in 19 other children. None of those children who were tested showed prolongation of prothrombin time. The serum salicylate level in this group varied between 7.0 and 38.2 mg%. The abnormal liver function tests returned to normal in 6 children upon withdrawal of aspirin and in 12 others even when salicylates were continued. Therefore, despite the occurrence of biochemical abnormalities following chronic salicylate therapy, it does not appear to be necessary to discontinue their use except in those children who develop bleeding.
Canonical abstraction for outerjoin optimization

Outerjoins are an important class of joins and are widely used in various kinds of applications. It is challenging to optimize queries that contain outerjoins because outerjoins do not always commute with inner joins. Previous work has studied this problem and provided techniques that allow certain reordering of the join sequences. However, the optimization of outerjoin queries is still not as powerful as that of inner joins.An inner join query can always be canonically represented as a sequence of Cartesian products of all relations, followed by a sequence of selection operations, each applying a conjunct in the join predicates. This canonical abstraction is very powerful because it enables the optimizer to use any join sequence for plan generation. Unfortunately, such a canonical abstraction for outerjoin queries has not been developed. As a result, existing techniques always exclude certain join sequences from planning, which can lead to a severe performance penalty.Given a query consisting of a sequence of inner and outer joins, we, for the first time, present a canonical abstraction based on three operations: outer Cartesian products, nullification, and best match. Like the inner join abstraction, our outerjoin abstraction permits all join sequences, and preserves the property of both commutativity and transitivity among predicates. This allows us to generate plans that are very desirable for performance reasons but that couldn't be done before. We present an algorithm that produces such a canonical abstraction, and a method that extends an inner-join optimizer to generate plans in an expanded search space. We also describe an efficient implementation of the best match operation using the OLAP functionalities in SQL:1999. Our experimental results show that our technique can significantly improve the performance of outerjoin queries.
A cadaveric study of the motor nerves to the levator scapulae muscle

Understanding the surgical anatomic relationships of the motor nerves to the levator scapulae muscle is imperative for reducing postoperative shoulder dysfunction in patients undergoing neck dissection. To elucidate this relevant anatomy, cervical (C3, C4) and brachial (C5 via dorsal scapular nerve) plexi contributions to the levator scapulae were assessed with respect to posterior triangle landmarks in 37 human cadaveric necks. An average of approximately 2 (actual 1.92) nerves from the cervical plexus (range 1 to 4 nerves) emerged from beneath the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in a cephalad to caudad progression to enter the posterior triangle of the neck on their way to innervating the levator scapulae. These cervical plexus contributions exhibited a fairly regular relationship to the emergence of cranial nerve XI and the punctum nervosum along the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. After emerging from the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid to enter the posterior triangle of the neck, cervical plexus contributions to the levator scapulae traveled for a variable distance posteriorly and inferiorly, sometimes branching or coming together. Ultimately these nerves crossed the anterior border of the levator scapulae as 1 to 3 nerves (average 1.94) in a regular superior to inferior progression. The dorsal scapular nerve from the brachial plexus exhibited highly variable anatomic relations in the inferior aspect of the posterior triangle, and was found to penetrate or give branches to the levator scapulae in only 11 of 35 neck specimens. We have found that the levator scapulae receives predictable motor supply from the cervical plexus. Our data elucidate surgical anatomy useful to head and neck surgeons.
Susceptibility of HLA-B27 transgenic mice to Yersinia enterocolitica infection.

The majority of patients with reactive arthritis have the major histocompatibility complex class I gene HLA-B27. The development of arthritis in these patients often occurs following infection with one of several enteric bacteria, including Yersinia enterocolitica. In this study, transgenic mice expressing HLA-B27 and their negative full sibs were infected intravenously with Yersinia enterocolitica 0:8 WA in an attempt to develop an experimental model of reactive arthritis. To date, no reactive arthritis has been observed; however, a significantly higher incidence of paralysis was observed in the HLA-B27+ transgenic mice. Injection of 105 organisms induced hind limb paralysis in 8 out of 30 of the HLA-B27 transgenic mice (27%) and in only 1 of the 24 negative siblings (4%). Paralysis occurred in 14 out of 30 HLA-B27+ mice (47%) at a dose of 104 organisms. Only 2 of the 25 negative siblings (8%) were affected at this dose. Paraspinal abscesses were found in all of the paralyzed animals. At the 104 dose most of the HLA-B27+ mice (70%) succumbled to the disease within 4 weeks, while the mortality in their B27− full sibs was less than 10%. Thus, HLA-B27 transgenic mice have higher mortality and morbidity from infection with Y. enterocolitica 0:8 WA than corresponding HLA-B27− littermates.
RNA-Seq Analysis of the Sclerotinia homoeocarpa – Creeping Bentgrass Pathosystem

Sclerotinia homoeocarpa causes dollar spot disease, the predominate disease on highly-maintained turfgrass. Currently, there are major gaps in our understanding of the molecular interactions between S. homoeocarpa and creeping bentgrass. In this study, 454 sequencing technology was used in the de novo assembly of S. homoeocarpa and creeping bentgrass transcriptomes. Transcript sequence data obtained using Illumina's first generation sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) were mapped to the transcriptome assemblies to estimate transcript representation in different SBS libraries. SBS libraries included a S. homoeocarpa culture control, a creeping bentgrass uninoculated control, and a library for creeping bentgrass inoculated with S. homoeocarpa and incubated for 96 h. A Fisher's exact test was performed to determine transcripts that were significantly different during creeping bentgrass infection with S. homoeocarpa. Fungal transcripts of interest included glycosyl hydrolases, proteases, and ABC transporters. Of particular interest were the large number of glycosyl hydrolase transcripts that target a wide range of plant cell wall compounds, corroborating the suggested wide host range and saprophytic abilities of S. homoeocarpa. Several of the multidrug resistance ABC transporters may be important for resistance to both fungicides and plant defense compounds. Creeping bentgrass transcripts of interest included germins, ubiquitin transcripts involved in proteasome degradation, and cinnamoyl reductase, which is involved in lignin production. This analysis provides an extensive overview of the S. homoeocarpa-turfgrass pathosystem and provides a starting point for the characterization of potential virulence factors and host defense responses. In particular, determination of important host defense responses may assist in the development of highly resistant creeping bentgrass varieties.
Special issue paper. Transmission and mechanical properties of protected optical fibres for use in optical-fibre cables

The transmission characteristics of various types of fibres, fibre strengthening, cabling and cable techniques such as joint and fault location are discussed. The basic approaches used to obtain experimental results are indicated together with the inherent problems associated with optical fibres. The transmission characteristics of the fibres being investigated such as those of the plastic cladding, annular, conventional step index and graded index types are discussed. The strengthening of individual fibres for fibre breakage prevention and the undesirable effects of subsequent cabling processes on optical properties are discussed. The basic approach to fibre buffering for the preservation of optical properties is described with a method for protecting fibres. The mechanical properties of the cables for underground and indoor use are discussed, and the test equipment and test results are explained. The optical properties of the fibres in the cable have been proved to be virtually unchanged by careful design of the cables. The detectability of the breaking conditions of fibres by a pulse-echo technique is discussed. V-groove splicing is shown with its associated experimental results.
What If the Aztec Empire Never Existed? The Prerequisites of Empire and the Politics of Plausible Alternative Histories

ABSTRACT This article studies archaeological and local versions of the past at Xaltocan, Mexico. At Xaltocan, the past provides a vehicle for statements of ethnic, national, and community identity. Community organizations seek to glorify the town as the descendant of an ancient kingdom that, had a different constellation of historical processes transpired, could have become both the center of an empire and a nation. This process raises questions regarding archaeology's utility and points of convergence and divergence between archaeological and local versions of the past. Rather than disregard the local appropriation of archaeological knowledge, this article attempts both to recognize the relationship between the past and identity politics and to assess local claims by examining archaeological and historical data. This article also considers the problems of this project, particularly the unintended consequences of archaeological research connected to identity politics. [identity, heritage, empire, Mexico, Aztec empire] RESUMEN Este articulo estudia las versiones arqueologicas y locales del pasado en Xaltocan, Mexico. En Xaltocan, el pasado proporciona un vehiculo para la manifestacion de la identidad etnica, nacional y comunitaria. Las organizaciones de la comunidad tratan de glorificar a la ciudad como descendientes de un antiguo reino que, habiendose dado una constelacion diferente de procesos historicos, podria haberse convertido en el centro de un imperio y una nacion. Este proceso plantea dudas sobre la utilidad de la arqueologia y los puntos de convergencia y divergencia entre las versiones arqueologicas y locales del pasado. Este articulo intenta reconocer la relacion entre el pasado y las politicas de identidad y evaluar los reclamos locales mediante el examen de los datos arqueologicos e historicos. Tambien, este articulo considera los problemas de este proyecto, en particular, las consecuencias impremeditadas de la investigacion arqueologica ligadas a la politica de identidad.
Performance of the Molecular Alere i Influenza A&B Test Compared to That of the Xpert Flu A/B Assay

Data on the performance of rapid molecular point-of-care use platforms for diagnosis of influenza are lacking. We validated nasopharyngeal (NP) flocked specimens in universal transport medium (UTM) and evaluated the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the Alere i influenza A&B test compared to those of the Xpert flu A/B assay. The Alere i influenza A&B test had an overall sensitivity and specificity of 93.8% and 62.5% for influenza A, respectively, and of 91.8% and 53.6% for influenza B, respectively. The poor specificity was due to influenza virus samples determined positive for both type A and B.