cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Fiber Optic Interferential Equipment and the Explore of Applications

In this thesis,we have an acquaintance with the full fiber optic temperature transducer Mach-Zehnder based on phase modulation by temperature,and observe the moving of interferential stripes through CCD camera connected with miniature TV set,and give out the relations between variation of temperature and moving of these stripes,and between sensitive length and sensitivity.Furthermore,we also have an knowledge of parameter characteristics of the interferometer as temperature transducer and calibration of it as a metrical apparatus.
The Epidemiology of Diseases Associated with HTLV-I and HTLV-II

SUMMARY Considerable progress is being made in the understanding of at least two diseases associated with HTLV-I, ATLL and TSP. While laboratory methodology has not yet permitted comparable advances in identifying diseases associated with HTLV-II, if any, it is likely that a greater understanding of this and other retroviruses will result from the increasing focus of attention in this area. As illustrated by a recent meeting on retroviruses in the nervous system,61 which included discussions on polymyositis and multiple sclerosis as well as TSP, ATLL, and AIDS, the number of diseases associated with retroviruses is likely to increase and, if the applications of research data to the control of malignancies associated with hepatitis B virus and Epstein—Barr virus are applicable, the future for improving control of HTLV-I-associated disease should be quite promising.
Lineage Cells and Regional Definition in Complex Societies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses lineage cells and regional definition in complex societies. The anthropology of complex societies began with self-contained community studies in peasant Latin America, village India, and other rural components of Third World nations. As anthropologists became more attuned to the complexity of these societies and as they increasingly threw off the methodological baggage brought from the primitive world, they soon recognized that these communities could not be treated as isolates and could only be comprehended in their many stranded links with the larger society. Two assumptions implicit in the village-outward perspective may actually impede investigation of the social components of complex societies: (1) The village or local community is often taken as the locus of state–locality relations; the nation exists in a sociological sense only to the extent that it is coalesced by the many strands of patron clientage, friendships, quasi-groups, and other interstitial and supplementaryrelationships. (2) These networks of relations may tell one how the boundaries of village community life are abridged and penetrated by national institutions; it is said that a good deal less about the social composition of complex societies as whole and the manner in which their constituent local communities adhere to form them.
Meteorites: A shift in shooting stars

Measurements now show that the distribution of meteorite compositions arriving to Earth was significantly different in the past and that the flux changes on short timescales.
Acute Brain Diseases as Triggers for Stress Cardiomyopathy: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes.

To determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy (NSC) among patients admitted to our neuroscience intensive care unit (NICU). Following institutional review board approval, consecutive adult patients admitted to the NICU between 2009 and 2013 with definite and possible NSC were included. Data on patient demographics, baseline clinical information, cardiac function, and laboratory values were collected. Outcomes included length of stay, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge and long-term follow-up. Continuous variables were compared using a student’s t test, and categorical variables were compared using a Chi-square test. Among 34 patients included in the study, the most common presenting symptom was dyspnea (17 patients, 50%). Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was the most common neurological inciting event (11 patients, 32.4%), but two-thirds of this cohort had other neurological triggers. The most common electrocardiogram changes were QT-interval prolongation (30 patients, 88.2%) and T-wave inversion (22 patients, 64.7%). The most common echocardiographic pattern was the apical variant (14 patients, 41.2%), and 26% of patients had right ventricular involvement (P = 0.03) which was a predictor of poor outcome along with inotropic support (P = 0.006). Functional outcome was poor (mRS > 3) in 53% of patients at discharge, but function improved over time in most survivors. NSC is most common after SAH, but can result from a wide spectrum of acute brain insults. Requirement of inotropic support was the strongest indicator of prognosis at last follow-up. Patients with NSC often have poor function at discharge but many improve over time.
Voice biometrics: Deep learning-based voiceprint authentication system

Speaker identification systems are becoming more important in today's world. This is especially true as devices rely on the user to speak commands. In this article, an analysis of how a text-independent voice identification system can be built is presented. Extracting the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients is evaluated and a support vector machine is trained and tested on two different data sets, one from LibriSpeech and one from in-house recorded audio files. The results show the ability for such systems to be utilized in both speaker identification and speaker verification tasks.
Functional Polyolefins: Synthesis and Energy Storage Applications

This chapter discusses our research into the functionalization of polyolefins (PE, PP etc.) that contain polar groups (such as OH and NH2) in the side chains and chain end, as well as polyolefin graft and block copolymers containing both a polyolefin block and functional polymer blocks (acrylic and methacrylate polymers). In the late 1980s, our research on the functionalization of polyolefins was inspired by the development of homogeneous, single-site metallocene catalysts that showed excellent copolymerization capabilities and a well-controlled polymerization mechanism. We were curious to know how to apply this newly available technology to the direct polymerization (in-reactor) process to circumvent the inevitable deactivation of the transition metal cationic active site by functional (polar) groups containing basic O, N, and halides. Throughout the past two decades, we have developed an effective approach that is centered on specially designed “reactive” comonomers and chain transfer agents. These can deliver three essential properties during the polymerization process: (1) stability (no side reaction) of the active site; (2) solubility in the polymerization media for effective incorporation; and (3) versatility for interconversion to desirable functional groups under mild reaction conditions after polymerization (preferably a one-pot process). With the conjunction of suitable metallocene catalysts, a broad range of polyolefins with “reactive” sites in the side chains or chain end were prepared, and the incorporated reactive groups were interconverted into functional groups to form side-chain- or chain-end-functionalized polyolefins. Some active sites were also transformed into “living” radical or anionic initiator to initiate graft-from polymerization of polar monomers to obtain polyolefin graft and block copolymers (such as PP-g-PMMA and PP-b-PMMA). The resulting functional polyolefins show many desirable properties and applications. This chapter focuses on applications in the area of energy storage. Specifically, I will discuss the usage of new functional polypropylene polymers in the formation of dielectric thin films in capacitors that show significantly higher energy and power densities.
A Framework for Optimizing the Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks

In order to tackle the problem of poor network connectivity and sensing coverage in random wireless sensor networks (WSNs) deployment, this paper proposes hierarchical-logic mapping and deployment algorithms, which use disk communication model and radio frequency propagation model to optimize sensing and connectivity coverage. To further accomplish the optimized approach, the study utilizes efficient image processing algorithm for classification of deployment terrain in order to improve deployment and connectivity coverage with required minimum number of nodes and transmission parameters. The Poisson random distribution process is used to simulate deployment while kernel-based support vector machine is used for terrain classification. The proposed approach is developed into an optimization and visualization framework for characterization and prediction of optimal deployment of WSNs. The performance of the framework is compared with actual small-scale stochastic deployment and existing simulators such as GloMoSim to demonstrate its optimal performance. Results show a significant difference and commonality. With the approach used in this paper, results show that deployment performance can be improved significantly. The availability of the deployment framework will ameliorate the current and future applications of WSN technology such as in military operations, post disaster recovery response, environmental quality, surveillance, and border security.
Depression of amino acid transport in cultured rat hepatocytes by purified enterotoxin from Clostridiumperfringens

Abstract Rat liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) were isolated by a collagenase perfusion technique and maintained as monolayers in serum-free medium in collagen-coated culture dishes. Glucagon, in combination with dexamethasone, induced α-aminoisobutyric acid transport in these cells. Addition of purified Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin to hepatocytes preinduced by glucagon and dexamethasone rapidly depressed (but did not abolish) α-aminoisobutyric acid transport. The toxin effect was dose dependent: 1000 or 300 ng/ml produced maximal depression whereas 100 or 40 ng/ml were without effect in 120 minutes. The effect was eliminated by pretreating the toxin with heat or specific antisera. The effect of enterotoxin on α-aminoisobutyric acid transport in two cultured rat hepatoma cell lines (H4-II-E-C3 and McA-RH 7777) was also investigated. Only the McA-RH 7777 cells were sensitive to the toxin suggesting that the enterotoxin may interact with specific membrane components of normal rat liver cells which are also present on some (but not all) cancerous rat liver cells.
Truth and advertising: the Lanham Act and commercial speech doctrine

The Lanham Act and its state counterparts in trademark and unfair competition law regulate speech in ways inconsistent with the current thrust of Supreme Court's commercial speech doctrine. The lines between confusing and informative uses of trademarks and between true and false advertising claims are difficult to draw, in ways that in other contexts - particularly libel doctrine - have led courts to impose increasing burdens on plaintiffs and regulators. I will discuss the First Amendment implications of distinguishing truth from falsity in commercial speech, applied to trademark infringement and to other types of false advertising. In addition, on a somewhat different note, I will consider trademark dilution, arguing that even a dilution law limited to classic nonconfusing uses of a famous mark on noncompeting goods is constitutionally deficient.
Endoscopic clipping of the sphenopalatine artery

Different sources of trauma or pathological conditions of the nose may lesion the sphenopalatine artery and cause profuse posterior nasal bleeding. Posterior epistaxis is also common after endonasal surgical procedures. The traditional transmaxillary surgical technique to control this type of bleeding in patients that are seriously ill, anticoagulated or with severe facial trauma is difficult and may be especially hard, particularly in those with grave trauma that involves the maxillary sinus and subsequent collapse of its walls. When there is a fracture of the orbital floor with severe hernia of orbital contents into the maxillary sinus, the last thing one wants to do is cause greater morbidity in an already debilitated patient (Fig. 1). The dilemma arises in these patients when attempting a transmaxillary approach that causes greater damage to the face and removes the walls of a damaged maxillary sinus. In these cases the clipping is very complicated and an endonasal approach with microsurgery or endonasal techniques are a great help in order to resolve the bleeding and can be valuable alternate techniques.
Structure Determination of Weakly Bound Complexes

Radiofrequency and microwave spectra have been obtained for hydrogen bonded complexes such as (H2O)2, NH3-H2O and NH3-H2S with the molecular beam electric resonance method. The purpose of these experiments is to understand the structural factors influencing the formation of hydrogen bonds and to provide accurate data for models and ab initio calculations of hydrogen bonding. The information available from this work includes rotational and centrifugal distortion constants, electric dipole moments, and nuclear spin-spin and quadrupole coupling hyperfine constants. The geometries of these complexes are calculated principally from the rotational constants with some angular information from the hyperfine interaction results. Deuterium substitution data is particularly useful for increasing the number of structural parameters which can be determined. The large amplitude vibrational motions of the monomers in weakly bound complexes complicate this procedure in two ways. Firstly, interchange of indistinguishable nuclei by tunneling processes can lead to large splittings in the rotational spectra, as observed for (H2O)2, and to more subtle effects such as the absence of K-doubling and resulting linear Stark effects in NH3-H2S. Secondly, even if these effects are absent or have been accounted for, the spectroscopic constants used in a structure calculation reflect vibrational averages, typically for several isotopically distinct species.
Inflammation Relates to Poorer Complex Motor Performance Among Adults Living With HIV on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy.

Author(s): Montoya, Jessica L; Campbell, Laura M; Paolillo, Emily W; Ellis, Ronald J; Letendre, Scott L; Jeste, Dilip V; Moore, David J | Abstract: BackgroundInflammatory processes have been suggested to underlie early neurologic abnormalities among persons living with HIV (HIV-positive), such as deficits in complex motor function, that are purported to remit with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that HIV will have negative direct and indirect effects through inflammation on complex motor performance.MethodsThe sample consisted of 90 ART-treated virally suppressed HIV-positive and 94 HIV-negative adults, aged 36-65 years, with balanced recruiting in each age decade (36-45, 46-55, and 56-65). Biomarkers of inflammation (d-dimer, IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2, sCD14, and TNF-α) were measured, and a composite inflammation burden score was calculated. Complex motor performance was evaluated using the Grooved Pegboard Test.ResultsThe HIV-positive group had worse complex motor performance (P = 0.001; Hedges g = -0.49) and a higher average inflammation burden composite score (P l 0.001; Hedges g = 0.78) than the HIV-negative group. Path analyses indicated that the indirect effect of HIV disease on complex motor performance through inflammation burden was statistically significant, accounting for 15.1% of the effect of HIV on complex motor performance.ConclusionsAlthough neurologic findings (eg, deficits in motor speed/dexterity) commonly associated with HIV infection typically remit with ART, our analysis indicates that inflammation plays an important role in worse complex motor skills among HIV-positive adults. Future studies of strategies for managing chronic inflammation in HIV should consider using an inflammation burden composite and examining its effect on complex motor performance.
Impaired hippocampal development and outcomes in very preterm infants with perinatal brain injury.

Abstract Preterm infants are at high risk for brain injury during the perinatal period. Intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia, the two most common patterns of brain injury in prematurely-born children, are associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. The hippocampus is known to be critical for learning and memory; however, it remains unknown how these forms of brain injury affect hippocampal growth and how the resulting alterations in hippocampal development relate to childhood outcomes. To investigate these relationships, hippocampal segmentations were performed on term equivalent MRI scans from 55 full-term infants, 85 very preterm infants (born ≤32 weeks gestation) with no to mild brain injury and 73 very preterm infants with brain injury (e.g., grade III/IV intraventricular hemorrhage, post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, cystic periventricular leukomalacia). Infants then underwent standardized neurodevelopmental testing using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition at age 2 years, corrected for prematurity. To delineate the effects of brain injury on early hippocampal development, hippocampal volumes were compared across groups and associations between neonatal volumes and neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 2 years were explored. Very preterm infants with brain injury had smaller hippocampal volumes at term equivalent age compared to term and very preterm infants with no to mild injury, with the smallest hippocampi among those with grade III/IV intraventricular hemorrhage and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Further, larger ventricle size was associated with smaller hippocampal size. Smaller hippocampal volumes were related to worse motor performance at age 2 years across all groups. In addition, smaller hippocampal volumes in infants with brain injury were correlated with impaired cognitive scores at age 2 years, a relationship specific to this group. Consistent with our preclinical findings, these findings demonstrate that perinatal brain injury is associated with hippocampal size in preterm infants, with smaller volumes related to domain-specific neurodevelopmental impairments in this high-risk clinical population.
Laurent polynomial mirrors for quiver flag zero loci

The classification of Fano varieties is an important open question, motivated in part by the MMP. Smooth Fano varieties have been classified up to dimension three: one interesting feature of this classification is that they can all be described as certain subvarieties in GIT quotients; in particular, they are all either toric complete intersections (subvarieties of toric varieties) or quiver flag zero loci (subvarieties of quiver flag varieties). There is a program to use mirror symmetry to classify Fano varieties in higher dimensions. Fano varieties are expected to correspond to certain Laurent polynomials under mirror symmetry; given such a Fano toric complete intersections, one can produce a Laurent polynomial via the Hori--Vafa mirror. In this paper, we give a method to find Laurent polynomial mirrors to Fano quiver flag zero loci in $Y$-shaped quiver flag varieties. To do this, we generalise the Gelfand--Cetlin degeneration of type A flag varieties to Fano $Y$-shaped quiver flag varieties, and give a new description of these degenerations as canonical toric quiver varieties. We find conjectural mirrors to 99 four dimensional Fano quiver flag zero loci, and check them up to 20 terms of the period sequence.
Using Implementation Science to Optimize the Uptake of Evidence-Based Medicine into Dermatology Practice

An estimated 17-year lag exists between evidence generation and its integration into routine clinical care. The field of implementation science has emerged to close this gap by applying rigorous methods to systematically study the obstacles and facilitators of the uptake of evidence-based practices. However, implementation science has not gained wide traction in dermatology. In this narrative review, we use literature and expert input to introduce implementation science and key frameworks for implementing interventions and evaluating their uptake. We then highlight opportunities for dermatology-specific interventions at the patient-, provider-, system-, and population-levels, and advocate for the field's expansion into dermatology.
A parametric SPICE model for the simulation of spark gap switches.

The use of SPICE-based software for the simulation of pulsed power systems—even large complex systems—has become commonplace in the pulsed power community. This is in contrast to earlier work in the field that relied on specially developed simulation codes such as Sandia’s Screamer or the Navy Research Lab’s Bertha, which natively incorporated models for common pulsed power components such as spark gap switches. Unlike these programs, SPICE programs provide a simple and familiar user interface and wide availability. However, SPICE programs do not include realistic models for key pulsed power circuit devices—including the spark gap switch. While simple switch models do exist in SPICE programs, these can only crudely approximate the behavior of a spark gap. This effort focuses on developing an SPICE circuit model for a gas-filled spark gap switch that is physically realistic while being simple enough to permit simulations to run in reasonable times on typical personal computers. Detailed information is provided for implementation in two common versions of SPICE: LTspice and Orcad PSPICE. Adaptation to other SPICE programs is possible with minimal modification. The model is intended as a design tool that uses physical parameters as inputs to connect it directly to the development of useable pulsed power systems. Data collected from the operation of a high-pressure pulsed-charged switch and a complete 12-stage Marx generator have been used to demonstrate the implementation and accuracy of the model over a wide range of parameters.
Treatment of popliteal cyst in children by internal purse-string suture

Objective To introduce internal purse-string suture in the management of popliteal cyst in children and evaluate the clinical outcomes.Methods Between May 2008 and March 2012,26 children (16 boys,10 girls) with a mean age of 8.3 years (ranging 6.2 to 11.6 years) were treated for popliteal cysts with internal purse-string suture in our hospital.Among them,3 patients were with recurrent cysts,while the others were with primary cysts.Preoperative physical examination and Bultrasonography confirmed the diagnosis.The cysts were opened in advance and internal purse-string suture were used to close the channels between cysts and knee joints.No antibiotics were used.Functional exercise of the affected lower extremities started after fixed by cast for 3 weeks,and the patients returned to full activity gradually.Cyst recurrence and function of the knee joint were followed up.Results All cases were treated by internal purse-string suture.The mean operation time was 26 min (range:22-29 min).No injuries of major nerve and vessel were encountered.Cosmetic appearance and knee function were satisfactory after followed up for an average of 3.4 years (range,1 to 4.8 years).No recurrence was observed.Conclusions Internal purse-string suture appears to be a safe,effective and simple techniques in managing popliteal cysts in children with lower recurrence rate. Key words: Popliteal cyst; Purse-string suture; Knee joint
All Hail the Overcomers: How Entrepreneurs Spur Themselves to Start New Ventures

In this study, we utilize regulatory mode theory to explore the influence that entrepreneurs’ self-regulation holds in leading entrepreneurs to act on and exploit opportunity ideas. By doing so, we...
Visualization and Simulation of Particle Rearrangement and Deformation During Powder Compaction

Two key mechanical processes exist in the formation of powder compacts. These include the complex kinematics of particle rearrangement as the powder is densified and particle deformation leading to mechanical failure and fragmentation. Experiments measuring the time varying forces across a densifying powder bed have been performed in powders of microcrystalline cellulose with mean particle sizes between 0.4 and 1.2 mm. In these experiments, diagnostics measured the applied and transmitted loads and the bulk powder density. Any insight into the particle behavior must be inferred from deviations in the smoothly increasing stress-density compaction relationship. By incorporating a window in the compaction die body, simultaneous images of particle rearrangement and fracture at the confining window are captured. The images are post-processed in MATLAB® to track individual particle motion during compression. Complimentary discrete element method (DEM) simulations are presented and compared to experiment. The comparison provides insight into applying DEM methods for simulating large or permanent particle deformation and suggests areas for future study.
Dynamic changes in human single-cell transcriptional signatures during fatal sepsis.

Systemic infections, especially in patients with chronic diseases, may result in sepsis: an explosive, uncoordinated immune response that can lead to multisystem organ failure with a high mortality rate. Patients with similar clinical phenotypes or sepsis biomarker expression upon diagnosis may have different outcomes, suggesting that the dynamics of sepsis is critical in disease progression. A within-subject study of patients with Gram-negative bacterial sepsis with surviving and fatal outcomes was designed and single-cell transcriptomic analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected during the critical period between sepsis diagnosis and 6 h were performed. The single-cell observations in the study are consistent with trends from public datasets but also identify dynamic effects in individual cell subsets that change within hours. It is shown that platelet and erythroid precursor responses are drivers of fatal sepsis, with transcriptional signatures that are shared with severe COVID-19 disease. It is also shown that hypoxic stress is a driving factor in immune and metabolic dysfunction of monocytes and erythroid precursors. Last, the data support CD52 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for sepsis as its expression dynamically increases in lymphocytes and correlates with improved sepsis outcomes. In conclusion, this study describes the first single-cell study that analyzed short-term temporal changes in the immune cell populations and their characteristics in surviving or fatal sepsis. Tracking temporal expression changes in specific cell types could lead to more accurate predictions of sepsis outcomes and identify molecular biomarkers and pathways that could be therapeutically controlled to improve the sepsis trajectory toward better outcomes.
College students’ awareness and familiarity with modern activism: Prosocial involvement in Black Lives Matter

With the recent rise of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement limited empirical research has been conducted examining knowledge of and attitudes toward this group, especially of that held by colleg...
Plant–Microbe Interactions: From Genes to Ecosystems Using Populus as a Model System

Plant–microbe symbioses span a continuum from pathogenic to mutualistic, with functional consequences for both organisms in the symbiosis. In order to increase sustainable food and fuel production ...
Effect of point defects in armchair graphene nanoribbons for biosensing of Methanethiol biomarkers: A DFT Study

In this study, we probe the surface engineered (vacancy and Stone Wales defective) hydrogen passivated armchair graphene nanoribbon with a width of 7 atoms as a biosensing material to detect methanethiol biomarkers. Induction of defects results in the decrement of the bandgap by the formation of the trapping states. After geometry optimisation, it is found that only vacancy induced armchair graphene nanoribbon can form strong binding with the biomarker, whereas Stone Wales defect induced armchair graphene nanoribbon show disassociation with the biomarker by having positive adsorption energy. Using density functional theory, the electronic properties of a vacancy-induced armchair graphene nanoribbon with and without adsorption of methanethiol are calculated, showing that methanethiol adsorption leads to increment in the bandgap of the host material by eliminating the trapping states. The work function and electron affinity change after adsorption. As there are significant changes in the electronic properties, vacancy induced armchair graphene nanoribbon show high sensing capabilities toward methanethiol biomarkers.
Superconducting Circuit Realization of Combinatorial Gauge Symmetry

A sophisticated proposal for engineering topologically ordered systems with superconducting quantum circuits and gauge symmetry is presented.
Jews as a Changing People of the Talmud: An American Exploration

Excerpt] My project has two parts. The first part demonstrates that Jews were in fact a changing people of the Talmud. Even though I make some references to it, discussion of that large subject awaits further investigation. The second part of the project is to identify and evaluate reputations of Jews as a People of the Talmud. An aspect of that work is the primary concern of this article.
A game-theoretic model for defending against malicious users in RecDroid

RecDroid is a smartphone permission response recommendation system which utilizes the responses from expert users in the network to help inexperienced users. However, in such system, malicious users can mislead the recommendation system by providing untruthful responses. Although detection system can be deployed to detect the malicious users, and exclude them from recommendation system, there are still undetected malicious users that may cause damage to RecDroid. Therefore, relying on environment knowledge to detect the malicious users is not sufficient. In this work, we present a game-theoretic model to analyze the interaction (request/response) between RecDroid users and RecDroid system using a static Bayesian game formulation. In the game RecDroid system chooses the best response strategy to minimize its loss from malicious users. We analyze the game model and explain the Nash equilibrium in a static scenario under different conditions. Through the static game model we discuss the strategy that RecDroid can adopt to disincentivize attackers in the system, so that attackers are discouraged to perform malicious users attack. Finally, we discuss several game parameters and their impact on players' outcome.
Extensive editing of both processed and preprocessed maxicircle CR6 transcripts in Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract Transcripts from several genes encoded in the Trypanosoma brucei maxicircle genome are altered by posttranscriptional uridine insertion and deletion through a process called RNA editing. We find that transcripts from the CR6 gene are extensively edited by addition of 132 uridines and deletion of 28 uridines to produce a fully edited mRNA 47% larger than unedited mRNA. Two open reading frames (ORFs) and their initiation and termination codons are created by editing of CR6 mRNA. Both ORFs specify small, hydrophobic proteins with no homology to proteins in three databases. Both unedited and edited CR6 transcripts are more abundant in bloodstream form than in procyclic form parasites. cDNA clones spanning both CR6 and the downstream NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) gene were isolated, indicating that mature CR6 and ND5 transcripts arise from a common precursor. Sequencing of these cDNAs revealed 37 nucleotides of overlap between the 3' end of CR6 and the 5' end of ND5. In addition, the CR6 portion of many of these molecules was extensively edited, indicating that RNA editing can precede precursor processing. These results provide the first clear demonstration of polycistronic transcription of maxicircle genes, and suggest new mechanisms by which both RNA editing and precursor processing may regulate maxicircle gene expression.
Applications of Very High-Resolution Imagery in the Study and Conservation of Large Predators in the Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is one of the most rapidly changing ecosystems on the planet due to the effects of climate change and commercial fishing for ecologically important krill and fish. Because sea ice loss is expected to be accompanied by declines in krill and fish predators, decoupling the effects of climate and anthropogenic changes on these predator populations is crucial for ecosystem-based management of the Southern Ocean. We reviewed research published from 2007 to 2014 that incorporated very high-resolution satellite imagery to assess distribution, abundance, and effects of climate and other anthropogenic changes on populations of predators in polar regions. Very high-resolution imagery has been used to study 7 species of polar animals in 13 papers, many of which provide methods through which further research can be conducted. Use of very high-resolution imagery in the Southern Ocean can provide a broader understanding of climate and anthropogenic forces on populations and inform management and conservation recommendations. We recommend that conservation biologists continue to integrate high-resolution remote sensing into broad-scale biodiversity and population studies in remote areas, where it can provide much needed detail. Aplicaciones de Imagenes de Muy Alta Resolucion en el Estudio y Conservacion de Grandes Depredadores en el Oceano Antartico
Carol Maier et Françoise Massardier-Kenney, dir. (2010) : Literature in Translation : Teaching Issues and Reading Practices. Kent : Kent State University Press, 263 p.

Carol Maier et Francoise Massardier-Kenney ont realise un collectif en deux parties dont l'objectif est de sensibiliser les universitaires americains a la specificite du texte litteraire traduit. Dans la premiere partie de ce collectif, l'accent est mis sur les principes generaux. Carol Maier propose une methodologie permettant aux enseignants de selectionner une traduction parmi d'autres. Elle leur recommande de prendre tout d'abord conscience de leurs preferences personnelles, puis de consulter l'ensemble des traductions existantes et leurs critiques, de reperer les projets de traduction, de replacer les traducteurs dans leur contexte traductif et editorial, et enfin de selectionner la version traduite en fonction du type de cours enseigne. La richesse de ces multiples versions permettra d'alimenter le debat sur l'empan interpretatif et de susciter, chez les etudiants, une prise de conscience du role et de la responsabilite du traducteur, ainsi que du statut qui lui est accorde (notamment a partir des indices editoriaux). Rejoignant souvent les propositions de Carol Maier, Isabel Garayta suggere des strategies visant a souligner l'extraneite du texte traduit. Selon elle, le texte poetique constitue le genre le plus a meme d'exemplifier la multiplicite des axes traductifs auxquels les traducteurs se trouvent confrontes (style, temporalite, niveau de langue, toponymes�), incitant les etudiants a depasser le stade du simple jugement de valeur. Francoise Massardier-Kenney se propose quant a elle d'expliquer l'alarmante situation de la litterature traduite aux Etats-Unis. Heritier d'un paradigme aujourd'hui desuet, voulant que le langage constitue l'expression d'idees preexistantes, l'acte traductif est encore trop souvent envisage comme " simple " transfert. Une telle conception a permis l'avenement de binarites faciles, telles que celle opposant sourcisme a ciblisme. Par ailleurs, on oublie que les languescultures font - encore et toujours - partie de l'arsenal servant a definir zones dominantes et zones dominees. Les desequilibres occasionnes par ces rapports de force se refletent dans les flux de traduction et privent le " centre " de reflexions nees ailleurs. Paradoxalement, les textes issus de la peripherie n'accedent a une certaine notoriete dans leur contexte d'origine qu'apres avoir ete traduits vers une culture centrale. Massardier-Kenney souligne encore que, si la culture d'une societe donnee a longtemps ete jaugee a l'aulne de sa litterature, celle-ci n'y joue plus qu'un role tres marginal aux Etats-Unis, et la part de la litterature traduite est negligeable. En 2005, elle representait moins de 4 % (contre plus de 40 % en France) une indigence qui se reflete tant dans le milieu universitaire que dans celui de l'edition. Fort de son experience d'editeur, Ronald Christ fait remarquer que la traduction ne constitue pas un frein a la publication, dont elle...
Optimization of the ironmaking-steelmaking sequence in an integrated steel plant having non-linear and distributed elements

A mathematical technique is proposed for the optimization of large scale metallurgical operations whose mathematical models contain linear, nonlinear, and possibly distributed elements. The computational procedure consists of optimization of the nonlinear or distributed subsystems using special purpose techniques. These results are then incorporated into a linear program representing the system as a whole. The overall scheme involves an iterative procedure, through which the discrepancies are reconciled between the subsystem and total system optimization. It is thought that the technique is a practical means for optimizing actual large scale metallurgical operations. To illustrate this fact an example is given dealing with the optimization of the primary end of an integrated steelplant.
Synthesis and excretion of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in neuroblastoma.

Abstract Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was measured in the urine of children. Patients with neuroblastoma did not excrete more cyclic AMP than control subjects and the excretion of this substance was not related to the levels of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) or catecholamines in their urine. Cyclic AMP synthesis was demonstrated in human leukocytes with the use of 32 P-orthophosphate as a precursor. Leukocytes from children with neuroblastoma incorporated more radioactive precursor into cyclic AMP than cells from normal children. However, the levels of synthesis were not directly related to the extent of urinary excretion of catecholamine and VMA. The data suggest that raised leukocyte adenyl cyclase or reduced diesterase may be a manifestation of malignant disease or stress. The data do not suggest that increased amine excretion and VMA in urine in neuroblastoma patients is linked causally to raised amounts of cyclic AMP excretion or altered levels of leukocyte adenyl cyclase or diesterase.
Addition of lithiated C-nucleophiles to 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-erythronolactone: stereoselective formation of a furanose C-disaccharide.

Addition of PhLi and lithiated dithianes to 2,3-O-isopropylidene-d-erythronolactone affords lactols, which are reduced with Et3SiH to the corresponding C-glycosides, the structures of two of which have been solved by X-ray diffraction. The use of a d-ribose-derived lithiated dithiane nucleophile in this chemistry allows for the convenient construction of a furanose C-disaccharide.
Metabolism correlates of cocaine-induced stereotypy in rats

Abstract An increase in stereotyped behavior was observed in rats injected daily with cocaine (40 mg/kg, IP), as compared with the first day. This increase persisted 14 days after discontinuation of the drug treatment, and corresponded to increased levels of 3 H-cocaine, norcocaine and benzoylecgonine in brain. Pretreatment of the animals with SKF-525A, an inhibitor of cocaine demethylation, produced a decrease in stereotypy rating and concomitantly a lower level of 3 H-norcocaine in the brain. The role of this metabolite in the production of cocaine-induced stereotyped behavior is discussed.
Quinolone and “Azaquinolone” Antimicrobial Agents

(1977). Quinolone and “Azaquinolone” Antimicrobial Agents. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 105-148.
Feedrate optimization and trajectory control for micro/nanopositioning systems with confined contouring accuracy

This article focuses on identifying and fully utilizing the dynamic capabilities of a nanopositioning system to optimally trace a given trajectory. This work develops a framework for abstracting th...
Advances in adsorption of surfactants and their mixtures at solid/solution interfaces.

Surfactants and their mixtures can drastically change the interfacial properties and hence are used in many industrial processes such as dispersion/flocculation, flotation, emulsification, corrosion inhibition, cosmetics, drug delivery, chemical mechanical polishing, enhanced oil recovery, and nanolithography. A review of studies on adsorption of single surfactant as well as mixtures of various types (anionic–cationic, anionic–nonionic, cationic–nonionic, cationic–zwitterionic and nonionic–nonionic) is presented here along with mechanisms involved. Results obtained using techniques such as zeta potential, flotation, AFM, specular neutron reflectivity, small angle neutron scattering, fluorescence, ESR, Raman spectroscopy, ellipsometry, HPLC and ATR-IR are reviewed along with those from traditional techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of adsorption and particularly to understand synergistic/antagonistic interactions at solution/liquid interfaces and nanostructures of surface aggregates. In addition, adsorption of several mixed surfactant systems is considered due to their industrial relevance. Finally an attempt is made to derive structure–property relationships to provide a solid foundation for the design and use of surfactant formulations for industrial applications.
Primordial gases in the Jodzie howardite and the origin of gas-rich meteorites.

Magnetic separations performed on Jodzie howardite, showing uniform primordial gas enrichment indicating covariant solar planetary components
Evidence for control of nitrogen metabolism by a START-dependent mechanism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

It is generally thought that cell growth and metabolism regulate cell division and not vice versa. Here, we examined Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells growing under conditions of continuous culture in a chemostat. We found that loss of G1 cyclins, or inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28p, reduced the activity of glutamate synthase (Glt1p), a key enzyme in nitrogen assimilation. We also present evidence indicating that the G1 cyclin-dependent control of Glt1p may involve Jem1p, a DnaJ-type chaperone. Our results suggest that completion of START may be linked to nitrogen metabolism.
Application of nested multigrid finite elements to two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering

Nested multigrid techniques are combined with the finite-element method for the fast numerical solution of two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems. The finite-element modeling is performed on nested meshes of the same computational domain. The conjugate-gradient method is used to solve the resultant finite-element matrix for the finest mesh, while the multigrid method acts as the preconditioner of the iterative solver. Numerical experiments are used to demonstrate the efficiency as well as the limits of the proposed methodology. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 97–101, 2001.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Neuromuscular Diseases With Chronic Respiratory Failure

Background: The prevalence and clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency have never been studied in patients with underlying neuromuscular diseases complicated with chronic respiratory failure. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, its relationship with other bone markers, and mode of nutrition. Materials and Methods: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels along with calcium, serum albumin, and phosphorus levels were obtained from 57 patients with chronic respiratory failure due to underlying neuromuscular diseases. These levels were obtained during their first visit to a chronic respiratory diseases clinic. Data with regard to nutrition, respiratory muscle function, and level of mobility were also obtained at the same time. Results: Seventy-five percent of patients had serum 25(OH)D levels ≤30 ng/mL. There is a negative correlation between parathyroid hormone and 25(OH)D levels (P = .006) and corrected calcium levels (P = .066). Serum 25(OH)D levels varie...
Should Parenting Education Be Mandatory

Many strides have been made in understanding the genetic-environmental transactions that fulfill and facilitate development. Applying this knowledge, special educators have been successful in ameliorating or improving many impairments, particularly when working with the child's parents. However, poverty, adolescent pregnancies, child abuse, and nonfacilitating parenting are needlessly creating populations of special needs children. This paper argues for a national family policy to assist the families who reside in poverty and to provide parenting classes for all students in the late elementary and junior high school. It is proposed that these two efforts would do much to prevent needlessly impaired and handicapped children and would provide a new generation with the skills needed to facilitate their children's potential.
Suicide and the Media

Evidence continues to amass on the significant impact of media coverage on suicide. The research literature on the impact of news reports of nonfictional suicides as well as fictional suicide stories is reviewed in order to determine the nature and scope of the influence of the mass media on suicide. The current review, building upon earlier reviews, is limited to English language publications or English translations of articles and/or abstracts. The interactive factors that may moderate the impact of media stories are also reviewed. Such interactive factors include characteristics of the stories (agent), individuals' attributes (host), and social context of the stories (environment). Recommendations are presented for the reporting of suicide stories, which may minimize the risk of imitative suicides. The media's positive role in educating the public about risks for suicide and shaping attitudes about suicide is emphasized. In summary, the existence of suicide contagion no longer needs to be questioned. We should refocus our research efforts on identifying which particular story components promote contagion under which circumstances and which components are useful for preventive programming.
DIETARY FATTY ACID (FA) EFFECTS UPON THYMOCYTE SUBSET DISTRIBUTION. † 1817

Alterations in dietary FAs are reported to affect immunity via effects upon cytokine gene expression, eicosanoid synthesis and membrane physicochemical properties. The effects of maternal diet FA composition upon thymocyte subset distribution were studied in neonatal rat pups. Methods: Timed pregnant dams were fed, beginning on day 2 of gestation and throughout lactation, either chow (control) or a purified diet whose fat source (22% of cals) was corn oil (high n6) or menhaden fish oil (high n3). On day 3 of life, pups were culled to 10 per dam and were randomly cross-fostered among dams fed the same diets to minimize litter effects. Culled pup thymuses were removed for FA analysis. On day 7 of life, pups were sacrificed and thymuses removed for flow cytometric analysis of thymocyte subsets; milk samples were collected for FA analysis. Results: Length of gestation and pup weights did not differ among diet groups. The FA composition of maternal milk and pup thymuses reflected maternal diet, with a significant enrichment of n6 and n3 FAs in the corn and fish groups, respectively (FA data shown for pup thymus only). The percent of double positive immature thymocytes (CD4+CD8+) was significantly lower in the fish versus corn group, while the percent of CD4+CD8-, CD3brtCD4brt and CD3brtCD8brt thymocytes was significantly higher in the fish versus corn and chow groups.Conclusion: The FA composition of pre- and/or postnatal diet affects the FA composition of neonatal thymus, and may influence thymocyte differentiation. (Funded in part by Ross Products Division)Table