cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Investigation of Homogeneous H2−D2 Equilibration Catalyzed by Pt−Au Cluster Compounds. Characterization of the Cluster [(H)Pt(AuPPh3)9](NO3)2

The new Pt−Au hydrido cluster compound [(H)Pt(AuPPh3)9](NO3)2 (3) has been synthesized and characterized by NMR, FABMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction [triclinic, P1, a = 17.0452(1) A, b = 17.4045(2) A, c = 55.2353(1) A, α = 89.891(1)°, β = 85.287(1)°, γ = 75.173(1)°, V = 15784.0(2) A3, Z = 4 (two molecules in asymmetric unit), residual R = 0.089 for 45 929 observed reflections and 3367 variables, Mo Kα radiation]. The Pt(AuP)9 core geometry is a distorted icosahedron with three vertices vacant. The Pt−Au, Au−Au, and Au−P distances are within the normal ranges observed in other Pt−Au clusters. This cluster is a catalyst for H2−D2 equilibration in homogeneous solution phase and has been used in a general mechanistic study of this reaction catalyzed by Pt−Au clusters. We previously proposed that a key step in the mechanism for catalytic H2−D2 equilibration is the dissociation of a PPh3 ligand to give a cluster with an open Au site for bonding of H2 or D2. This was based on qualitative observations th...
INTRAOPERATIVE ELECTRON RADIOTHERAPY AS A COMPONENT OF SALVAGE THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCER AND ADVANCED NODAL METASTASES

Purpose: To define the survival rates and relapse patterns in patients with isolated advanced nodal metastases secondary to colorectal cancer, treated with curative intent using aggressive combined-modality treatment. Methods and Materials: Forty-eight patients with isolated advanced lymph node metastases secondary to colorectal cancer received intraoperative radiotherapy as part of curative-intent treatment. Forty-seven patients also received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Chemotherapy was delivered concomitantly with EBRT in 35 patients. The median intraoperative radiotherapy dose was 1250 cGy. End points included local failure within the EBRT field, central failure within the intraoperative radiotherapy field, distant metastases, survival, and toxicity. Results: The median survival time and 5-year survival rate were 35 months and 34%, respectively. At 3 years, the local control and central control rates were 81% and 93%, respectively. Macroscopically complete resection and colonic primary site were predictors of survival and disease control. The median survival time and 5-year survival rate in patients with colonic primary sites and macroscopically complete resection were 53 months and 49%, respectively. Intraoperative radiotherapy‐related neuropathy occurred in 3 patients and ureteral fibrosis in 1. Conclusion: With aggressive combined-modality therapy that includes intraoperative radiotherapy, long-term survival is achievable in colorectal cancer patients presenting with nodal relapse or advanced nodal disease. Survival and disease control rates are highest in those without gross residual disease. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. Colorectal cancer, Combined-modality therapy, Nodal metastases, Radiotherapy.
Investigation of Liner Characteristics in the NASA Langley Curved Duct Test Rig

The Curved Duct Test Rig (CDTR), which is designed to investigate propagation of sound in a duct with flow, has been developed at NASA Langley Research Center. The duct incorporates an adaptive control system to generate a tone in the duct at a specific frequency with a target Sound Pressure Level and a target mode shape. The size of the duct, the ability to isolate higher order modes, and the ability to modify the duct configuration make this rig unique among experimental duct acoustics facilities. An experiment is described in which the facility performance is evaluated by measuring the sound attenuation by a sample duct liner. The liner sample comprises one wall of the liner test section. Sound in tones from 500 to 2400 Hz, with modes that are parallel to the liner surface of order 0 to 5, and that are normal to the liner surface of order 0 to 2, can be generated incident on the liner test section. Tests are performed in which sound is generated without axial flow in the duct and with flow at a Mach number of 0.275. The attenuation of the liner is determined by comparing the sound power in a hard wall section downstream of the liner test section to the sound power in a hard wall section upstream of the liner test section. These experimentally determined attenuations are compared to numerically determined attenuations calculated by means of a finite element analysis code. The code incorporates liner impedance values educed from measured data from the NASA Langley Grazing Incidence Tube, a test rig that is used for investigating liner performance with flow and with (0,0) mode incident grazing. The analytical and experimental results compare favorably, indicating the validity of the finite element method and demonstrating that finite element prediction tools can be used together with experiment to characterize the liner attenuation.
Analytical theory of electron mobility and drift velocity in GaN

The authors drive balance transport equations for the electron mobility and drift velocity, which are applicable at any degeneracy of the electron gas. These equations account for the polar optical phonon scattering and ionized impurity scattering and include the effects of screening. These equations are valid only for very high concentrations (above 10{sup 19} cm{sup {minus}3} for GaN). However, the comparison with the results of Monte Carlo simulations shows that they fairly accurately reproduce the field-velocity curves in GaN in moderate electric fields (up to 100 kV/cm). The comparison with the electron mobility calculated using the two-step model shows a much larger difference but allows us to illustrate the trends in mobility dependencies caused by electron-electron collisions. They also derive the balance transport equations accounting for the polar optical phonon scattering in a two-dimensional electron gas. The calculations based on these equations, show that the unscreened polar optical scattering mobility is smaller in the two-dimensional gas than in the bulk intrinsic semiconductor and that the mobility decreases with the decrease of the quantum well thickness.
Effects of Butyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoate on the Conversion of β-Carotene to Vitamin A in the Rat

Thyroid hormone inhibitors are for the most part nonselective, acting primarily to inhibit thyroxine (T$ formation within the thyroid gland itself. One notable exception to this rule, however, is the inhibitor n-butyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzoate. Wilkinson and Maclagan (1) have suggested that this compound acts as an analogue inhibitor, preventing the deiodination of thyroxine to an active hormone triiodothyronine. This belief is based on studies of the O2 uptake responses of animals to thyroxine and triiodothyronine under the influence of BHD.l Roche et al. (2) have suggested, however, that BHD functions as an antithyroid substance by virtue of its ability to increase the metabolic destruction of the thyroid hormone. More recent evidence (3) appears to favor the thesis of Wilkinson and Maclagan. However, the final role of BHD as an antithyroid compound has not been clearly delineated. In view of the wide range of thyroid effects it is somewhat surprising that BHD has been evaluated as an antithyroid agent only with respect to OZ uptake. One interesting relationship surprising that BHD has been evaluated only as an antithyroid agent with respect to O2 uptake. One interesting relationship which has not been investigated with respect to BHD action is the conversion of p-carotene to vitamin A. Baumann and Johnson (4) in 1947 appeared to show unequivocally that the thyroid status of an experimental animal had a direct bearing on the conversion of p-carotene to liver vitamin A. Since that time, however, conflicting reports (5, 6) have rendered this area less well characterized than previously believed. This present work was undertaken with the hope that if the thyroid effects observed by Baumann and Johnson could be substantiated, the thyroid&carotene-vitamin A relationship might be used as a metabolic “testing ground” for the evaluation of the mode of action of BHD. Moreover, the responses to BHD might provide fundamental information as to the mode of action of the thyroid hormone in this metabolic area.
The relationship between sustained attention and cognitive performance in 17–24‐month old toddlers

The purpose of this study was to investigate individual differences in sustained attention and task performance with toddlers. Participants were 61 17–24-month old toddlers. Indices of sustained attention (duration of attention and frequency of off-task glances) were assessed during two 4 min problem solving tasks, and then related to problem solving and the mental scale of the Bayley scales of infant development-II (BSID-II). As expected, toddlers who attended to tasks for longer periods of time were more successful at problem solving, and had higher scores on the BSID-II than toddlers who attended for shorter periods of time. In addition, older toddlers had longer attention spans, more frequent off-task glances, and were more successful at problem solving than younger toddlers. Interestingly, toddlers with more frequent off-task glances had longer attention spans, were more successful at problem solving, and had higher BSID-II scores than peers with fewer off-task glances. These findings suggest that although behavioural indices can be used to identify sustained attention, the relationship between behaviours thought to capture distractibility and attention is more complex than had been previously assumed. Results are discussed in the context of current theories of infant attention and cognitive performance. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative analysis of key information technology players

Abstract The study examines global operations of software development companies from US and India which over the years have become key information technology (IT) players in software outsourcing in the world. The analysis indicates common business strategy of Indian software companies is not to compete head on with US counterparts and instead focus on acquiring niche, outsourcing markets that are still open and growing rapidly due to worldwide slowdown in IT spending budgets. A comparative analysis provides further insight on these companies' operational and financial competitive strengths and weaknesses in the marketplace. The impact of these companies on the global IT industry is also explored.
A recurrent translocation is mediated by homologous recombination between HERV-H elements

Background: Chromosome rearrangements are caused by many mutational mechanisms; of these, recurrent rearrangements can be particularly informative for teasing apart DNA sequence-specific factors. Some recurrent translocations are mediated by homologous recombination between large blocks of segmental duplications on different chromosomes. Here we describe a recurrent unbalanced translocation casued by recombination between shorter homologous regions on chromosomes 4 and 18 in two unrelated children with intellectual disability. Results: Array CGH resolved the breakpoints of the 6.97-Megabase (Mb) loss of 18q and the 7.30-Mb gain of 4q. Sequencing across the translocation breakpoints revealed that both translocations occurred between 92%-identical human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) elements in the same orientation on chromosomes 4 and 18. In addition, we find sequence variation in the chromosome 4 HERV that makes one allele more like the chromosome 18 HERV. Conclusions: Homologous recombination between HERVs on the same chromosome is known to cause chromosome deletions, but this is the first report of interchromosomal HERV-HERV recombination leading to a translocation. It is possible that normal sequence variation in substrates of non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) affects the alignment of recombining segments and influences the propensity to chromosome rearrangement.
RNAi inhibition of mineralocorticoid receptors prevents the development of cold-induced hypertension

The objective was to determine whether the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a role in the initiation and development of cold-induced hypertension (CIH) by testing the hypothesis that the RNA i...
Dreaming of space, imagining membership: The work conduct of heroes

Space exploration work occupies a unique place in popular culture and consciousness. Popular media representations have long been acknowledged as sources of inspiration leading to membership in space exploration organizations like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.This article considers how popular media representations of space exploration work shape the conduct of work inside a space exploration organization. Using ethnographic data collected on NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers mission 2003, this article examines mission members’ responses to time management whereby members tended to individualize breakdowns that were necessarily a result of inadequate work support provided by the organizational infrastructure. This article uses Goffman’s (1963) theory of stigma management to explain member response to deal with breakdowns without formally notifying the organization as an effort to maintain a particular identity, one that had long been dreamed of and constituted by media representations of...
A plasma lens and accelerator eased upon magnetically driven charge separation

An electrostatic lens is described in which a pulsed magnetic field is used to create a radial charge separation in a cylindrical plasma. The radial field can be made strongly focusing for a positively or negatively charged beam passing along the axis. On a longer time scale, the ions initially in the plasma are accelerated to the axis with energies of up to 0.5 MeV. The device may be useful as a generator of neutrons as well as a lens for charged particle beams. Pulsed radial electric fields exceeding 100 MV/m should be possible from modest magnetic compression fields. >
Microgap Structured Optical Sensor for Fast Label-Free DNA Detection

This paper presents a new label-free DNA optical sensor based on the microgap structured Fabry-Perot interferometer. An optical cavity is formed by a microgap sealed between a singlemode fiber and a well-cleaved fiber end. The capture DNA is immobilized on the cavity end by layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly. This sensor detects the hybridization of target DNA with complementary capture DNA by observing the optical cavity thickness variation. Experimental results demonstrate that this sensor has a sensitivity of 6 nmol/ml and can identify a 2-bp mismatch.
High density 3D integration

This paper discusses the current and future needs in continued CMOS scaling, reviews the status of the transfer and joining (TJ) technology for MCM-D and wafer level 3DI integration, and explores the opportunities of the TJ technology in the realm of the “More than Moore” era.
Growth Regulator Herbicides Prevent Invasive Annual Grass Seed Production Under Field Conditions

Growth regulator herbicides, such as 2,4-D, dicamba, picloram, and aminopyralid, are commonly used to control broadleaf weeds in rangelands, noncroplands, and cereal crops. If applied to cereals at late growth stages, while the grasses are developing reproductive parts, the herbicides often reduce cereal seed production. We are researching methods for using this injury response to control invasive annual grasses in rangelands by depleting their short-lived seed banks. In a previous greenhouse study, we found picloram and dicamba reduced seed production of the invasive annual grass Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) by nearly 100%. However, this promising greenhouse finding needs to be corroborated in the field before growth regulators can be confidently recommended for invasive annual grass control. This research note describes a study conducted in eastern Montana suggesting growth regulators may provide excellent control of invasive annual grasses. Specifically, we found typical use rates of aminopyralid and picloram reduced Japanese brome seed production by more than 95% (based on sample means) when applied at three different plant growth stages. This promising result contributes to the accumulating body of evidence suggesting growth regulators may control invasive annual grasses.
Wave optics simulation approach for partial spatially coherent beams

A numerical wave optics approach for simulating a partial spatially coherent beam is presented. The approach involves the application of a sequence of random phase screens to an initial beam field and the summation of the intensity results after propagation. The relationship between the screen parameters and the spatial coherence function for the beam is developed and the approach is verified by comparing results with analytic formulations for a Gaussian Schell-model beam. The approach can be used for modeling applications such as free space optical laser links that utilize partially coherent beams.
A New Brewery By-Product for Turkey Diets

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine energy, methionine, lysine, and protein availability of solids concentrated from brewery process effluent through the Carver-Greenfield process. Analysis of these concentrated solids revealed 30% protein and 23% fat content. A biological evaluation was implemented to determine the availability of energy and protein to poults and to determine possible existence of unidentified growth factors. Sixteen diets were fed to 560 male poults. Five replicate groups of 7 birds each were housed in electrically heated Jamesway batteries. The study utilized Large White male turkeys, fed 0 to 20% levels of the test product (labeled CVS) covering a period from 1 day to 4 weeks of age. The energy value of CVS for poults appeared similar to the TME score of 3.02 kcal/g. Protein utilization was best when CVS was fed at 5% of the diet, and was equal to that of dehulled soybean meal. Five percent CVS substituted for one unidentified growth factor (UGF) source and appeared to have an additive effect with another UGF source. On two treatments, bird body weights averaged nearly 1000 g each at 4 weeks. It was concluded that CVS at up to 10% of the diet performed adequately as a product to provide usable protein and energy for early poult growth.
Mechanisms of vascular angiotensin II surface receptor regulation by epidermal growth factor

We investigated mechanisms by which epidermal growth factor (EGF) reduces angiotensin II (AngII) surface receptor density and stimulated actions in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). EGF downregulated specific AngII radioligand binding in intact cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells but not in cell membranes and also inhibited AngII-stimulated contractions of aortic segments. Inhibitors of cAMP-dependent kinases, PI-3 kinase, MAP kinase, cyclooxygenase, and calmodulin did not prevent EGF-mediated downregulation of AngII receptor binding, whereas the EGF receptor kinase inhibitor AG1478 did. Total cell AngII AT1a receptor protein content of EGF-treated and untreated cells, measured by immunoblotting, did not differ. Actinomycin D or cytochalasin D, which interacts with the cytoskeleton, but not the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, prevented EGF from downregulating AngII receptor binding. Consistently, EGF inhibited AngII-stimulated formation of inositol phosphates in the presence of cycloheximide but not in the presence of actinomycin D or cytochalasin D. In conclusion, EGF needs an intact signal transduction pathway to downregulate AngII surface receptor binding, possibly by altering cellular location of the receptors. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Study in CD Rats of LY275585, [Lys(B28),Pro(B29)]-Human Insulin:

LY275585, [Lys(B28),Pro(B29)]-human insulin, was administered daily by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0, 1, 5, or 20 U/kg. Male rats were treated with LY275585 beginning 2 weeks prior to cohabi...
Complex alternative processing of human cytomegalovirus UL37 pre-mRNA.

Differentially processed human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL37 RNAs encode biologically significant proteins. Due to the recent discovery of alternative UL37 exon 3 (UL37x3) splice donors, permissively infected cells were thoroughly examined for additional alternatively spliced UL37 RNAs. Newly described donors within UL37 exon 1 (nt 52520) and intron 1 (nt 52209) as well as UL37x3 di (nt 50770) and dii (nt 50782) were differentially spliced to known downstream UL37 acceptors. The alternatively spliced UL37S, UL37L, UL37di and UL37dii RNAs predictably encode proteins of 83, 163, 217 and 213 residues, respectively, which share UL37x1 N-terminal sequences but differ downstream in their C termini. Moreover, temporal expression of the alternatively spliced UL37 RNAs differs during HCMV infection. The complexity of UL37 pre-mRNA processing is evidenced by the detection of 11 UL37 spliced and unspliced UL37x1 RNAs in HCMV-infected cells. Based upon these data, a revised HCMV UL37 gene map is presented, which incorporates all RNA species detected during permissive infection.
Asymmetric spindle positioning

When a spindle is positioned asymmetrically in a dividing cell, the resulting daughter cells are unequal in size. Asymmetric spindle positioning is driven by regulated forces that can pull or push a spindle. The physical and molecular mechanisms that can position spindles asymmetrically have been studied in several systems, and some themes have begun to emerge from recent research. Recent work in budding yeast has presented a model for how cytoskeletal motors and cortical capture molecules can function in orienting and positioning a spindle. The temporal regulation of microtubule-based pulling forces that move a spindle has been examined in one animal system. Although the spindle positioning force generators have not been identified in most animal systems, the forces have been found to be regulated by both PAR polarity proteins and G-protein signaling pathways in more than one animal system.
Vibrations mediate prudent resource exploitation by competing larvae of the bruchid bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus

Larvae of the bean weevil C. maculatus feeding in a single bean apparently respond to vibrations from each other's chewing: one larva feeds normally, the other is inhibited. If the burrows of the larvae intersect, the inhibited larva dies. If the dominant larva pupates or dies without the burrows intersecting, the inhibited larvae then feeds and matures if enough food remains. Since females add second eggs to the largest beans after most beans carry a single egg, competition is most common in the largest available beans, precisely where inhibited larvae can benefit from avoiding a contest. RESUME Les vibrations servant de signaux lors de la competition pour l'exploitation des ressources par les larves de Callosobruchus maculatus F. Lors de la competition, les larves reagissent l'une par rapport a l'autre, meme lorsque leurs galeries sont separees. L'une est inhibee, tandis que l'autre se comporte comme si elle etait seule. Le signal provoquant ces reactions, qui peut traverser du papier metallique, est du vraisemblablement aux vibrations de mastication des larves; ces dernieres percoivent ces signaux tout au long de leur vie active. La larve la plus âgee ne l'emporte pas obligatoirement, ce qui signifie que le signal indique plus que l'âge. Les conditions experimentales peuvent inverser les reponses des unes et des autres, bien que la larve la plus âgee puisse souvent mourir de ces conditions anormales de competition. L'avantage potentiel associe a l'inhibition du futur perdant est mis en evidence en collant ensemble des graines. Quand la larve dominante se nymphose, la larve inhibee recommence a s'alimenter et acheve son developpement. En ayant eu son alimentation interrompue et en restant dans une galerie superficielle, la larve inhibee evite les affrontements et peut se developper lorsque la larve dominante meurt ou se nymphose, puisque la galerie de la larve inhibee n'avait pas ete sectionnee. La strategie de ponte reduit la frequence de la competition en uniformisant la distribution des oeufs; elle augmente les chances de survie des larves vaincues avec l'addition des oeufs sur les graines les plus grosses quand les disponibilites sont limitees. L'etude de l'evolution de ces adaptations a ete possible puisque, comme on le sait, C. maculatus est genetiquement polymorphe pour les caracteres determinant le comportement de ponte des femelles et la competition larvaire.
A digital control system for accelerator operator-host computer interface

A design for a digital control system for use by an accelerator operator is presented. The system is designed to interface the operator with the host control computer. This is done using panel mount rotary optical shaft encoders. Peripheral hardware processes the shaft encoder signals and gives the operator control over signal parameters such as rate-of-change. A design for a remote terminal (communicating with the host via RS-232) for data input and control commands is presented. The overall design maximizes ease-of-use by the operator while flexibility and expandability are increased over the levels offered by current systems at the Argonne Tandem-Linear Accelerator System (ATLAS). Alternative applications and future improvements are also discussed. >
Variability in functional response curves among larval salamanders: comparisons across species and size classes

Predator species and body size represent critical factors that have differential effects on prey populations, as well as overall community structure. However, investigations of how morphologically-similar predator species, simultaneous to variation in predator body size, influence lower trophic levels are infrequently performed. We tested whether predator species and body size influenced the functional response curve of three larval ambystomatid salamanders (Ringed Salamander, Ambystoma annulatum Cope, 1886; Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802); Marbled Salamander, Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807)) while eating congeneric prey. We combined larval salamanders of varying body sizes with up to six prey densities within experimental microcosms. We tested for the shape of the functional response curve and obtained parameter estimates for attack rate and handling time for each predator size – species combination. We found variability among both species and size classes, with a combination of...
Learning a domain theory by completing explanations

There are many systems that learn by creating an explanation for some phenomenon. They draw upon a domain theory in order to generate the explanation. One approach to acquiring that domain theory is to analyze phenomena that can’t be explained using the current domain theory. Any piece of knowledge that would complete the explanation is a candidate for addition to the domain theory. By examining several phenomena, the pieces of knowledge that have the most explanatory power can be located and added to the domain theory. A system based on this learning technique has successfully learned certain basic mathematical skills.
Amyloid P-Component: Clinical Implications

In the course of studying the isolation of amyloid fibril proteins, the structural protein P-component was identified. In 1965 an antibody was made to a solubilized fraction of amyloid fibrils that were isolated by a technique of sucrose gradient centrifugation (1). The antibody cross reacted with a circulating plasma alpha globulin and was called P (plasma) component. This plasma component was isolated from amyloid rich tissues from patients with primary (AL) and secondary (AA) types of amyloidosis and identified as a pentagonally structured protein separate from the amyloid fibrils (2,3). Subsequent studies have shown that AP can be extracted uniquely from amyloid tissue and is identical with normal α-1-glycoprotein (4,5). Thus, AP has been the term used for the P-component associated with amyloid tissues and SAP for the P-component found in serum (6). The two proteins are believed to be completely identical and the terms AP and SAP simply denote the site from which P-component has been isolated. AP has been found associated with amyloid fibrils in primary AL (immunoglobulin light chain), secondary AA, and heredofamilial AF (prealbumin) forms of systemic amyloid disease. In addition, it has been found on all deposits of the various localized forms of amyloid with the possible exception of the intracerebral amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer’s disease (7).
Improving locality with dynamic memory allocation

Dynamic memory allocators are a determining factor of an application's performance and have the opportunity to improve a major performance bottleneck on today's computer hardware: data locality. To approach this problem, a memory allocator must first offer strategies that allow the locality problem to be addressed. However, while focusing on locality, an allocator must also not ignore the existing constraints of allocation speed and fragmentation, which further complicate its design. In order for a locality improving technique to be successfully employed in today's large code applications, its integration needs to be automatic, without user intervention. The alternative, manual integration, is not a tractable solution. In this dissertation we develop three novel memory allocators that explore different allocation strategies that enhance an application's locality. We conduct the first study that shows that allocation speed, fragmentation and locality improving goals are antagonistic. We develop an automatic method that supplies allocation hints from C++ STL containers to their allocators. This method allows applications to benefit from locality improving techniques at the cost of a simple re-compilation. We conduct the first study that quantifies the effect of allocation hints on performance, and show that an allocator with high locality of reference can be as competitive as one using an application's spatial feedback. To further allow dynamic memory allocation to improve an application's performance, new and non-traditional strategies need be explored. We develop a generic software tool that allows users to examine unconventional strategies. The tool allows users not only to focus on allocation strategies rather than their implementation, but also to compare and contrast various approaches.
The Ironic Promise of the Thirteenth Amendment for Offender Anti-Discrimination Law

Persons convicted of crimes are routinely shut out of legitimate labor and housing markets, precipitating recidivist behavior and other social ills. In an attempt to curtail these practices, local and state governments have enacted anti-discrimination legislation designed to protect offenders’ access to these markets. Local legislative efforts have, however, proven inadequate to quell discrimination against this group, prompting calls for a federal response. This Article identifies a source of law supporting broad-ranging federal anti-discrimination legislation in this area — the Thirteenth Amendment. The goal of this Article is to provide a historical basis for linking market exclusion to slavery and other forms of citizen subordination. By examining the pernicious effects of private discrimination on offenders, it shows that these forms of discrimination mimic characteristics of American chattel slavery and warrant swift, comprehensive intervention.
Perception of Walking Speed on a Treadmill

健常成人19名を対象に，自己の日常の歩行，その1.5倍(50%増)の速さに感じられる歩行，0.5倍(50%減)の速さに感じられる歩行の3条件の歩行速度を設定し，床上とトレッドミル上で比較検討した。その結果，対応するどの条件においても，床上での歩行速度が速いことが判明した。その程度は，床上の日常の速度がトレッドミル上での1.5倍(50%増)に感じられる速度にほぼ相当していた。したがって，床上の速度を基準にトレッドミル上を同じ速度で歩くとかなり速く感じられることが裏付けられたと思われる。また，床上とトレッドミル上の歩行速度には対応関係が認められることや，速度調節に共通した特性が存在することも明かとなった。
Low Boom Configuration Analysis with FUN3D Adjoint Simulation Framework (Invited)

Off-body pressure, forces, and moments for the Gulfstream Low Boom Model are computed with a Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes solver coupled with the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. This is the first application of viscous output-based adaptation to reduce estimated discretization errors in off-body pressure for a wing body configuration. The output adaptation approach is compared to an a priori grid adaptation technique designed to resolve the signature on the centerline by stretching and aligning the grid to the freestream Mach angle. The output-based approach produced good predictions of centerline and off-centerline measurements. Eddy viscosity predicted by the SA turbulence model increased significantly with grid adaptation. Computed lift as a function of drag compares well with wind tunnel measurements for positive lift, but predicted lift, drag, and pitching moment as a function of angle of attack has significant differences from the measured data. The sensitivity of longitudinal forces and moment to grid refinement is much smaller than the differences between the computed and measured data.
Research Summary of the 20th Century on Hermit Poetry of the Han,Wei and Six Dynasties

Before 1980s,people did little research on hermit poetry of Han,Wei and Six Dynasties;in the last 20 years of the 20th century,reseach on the hermit poetry of Han,Wei,and Six Dynasties had been greatly strengthened,and made many breakthroughs.But most of the study paid more attention to individual hermit thoughts and poems,and lacked overall perspective of this period.
Faust and Technological Fulfillment

Among literary treatments of technology, Goethe’s Faust stands out. The story documents as few others do what we hope we will accomplish with technology. It does what magic was always supposed to do: provide real power over nature and human beings. The technological engineering of the landscape and human society finally affords Faust the satisfaction and fulfillment he had always sought. For him, the act of technologically taming nature institutes direction and meaning in the world. Faust is our contemporary. His experience anticipates and depicts the fulfillment we, too, expect from our technology. Thanks to technology, he established a Faustian world, a world defined by conquest, domination, and subjugation. Our own bargain with technology has its Faustian dimensions, where the devil is in the details.
CHAPTER 338 – Integrated Response to Neurotrophic Factors

The aggregate of these observations is consistent with the hypotheses that cellular events that take place when cellular homeostatic set points are shifted as part of the developmental process or in response to abrupt trauma or disease trigger signaling pathways with quite opposite end points. Consequently, eventual physiological outcomes will depend on delicate interactions at the level of receptors, receptor-associated pathways of activation, and differential transcriptional regulation by transcription factor dimers binding to similar but different promoter sites. Neurotrophic regulation of neuronal fate during phenotypic changes associated with the development of the nervous system or during neuronal recovery after injury or disease rely on a complex orchestration of signaling pathways and gene activating events balanced by virtue of shared molecular components and of binding events at the cell surface, in the cytoplasm, or at gene promoter sites that are similar but different enough to selectively promote or prevent cell death.
A Contextual Anomaly Detection Approach to Discover Zero-Day Attacks

There is a considerable interest in developing techniques to detect zero-day (unknown) cyber-attacks, and considering context is a promising approach. This paper describes a contextual misuse approach combined with an anomaly detection technique to detect zero-day cyber attacks. The contextual misuse detection utilizes similarity with attack context profiles, and the anomaly detection technique identifies new types of attacks using the One Class Nearest Neighbor (1-NN) algorithm. Experimental results on the NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset have shown that the proposed approach is quite effective in detecting zero-day attacks.
Vlasov simulations of thermal plasma waves with relativistic phase velocity in a Lorentz boosted frame.

For certain classes of relativistic plasma problems, performing numerical calculations in a Lorentz boosted frame can be even more advantageous for gridded momentum-space-time (e.g., Vlasov) problems than has been demonstrated for position space-time problems and result in a potential reduction in the number of calculations needed by a factor ∼γ 6b . In this study, the Lorentz boosted frame technique was applied to the problem of warm wave-breaking limits of plasma waves with relativistic phase velocity. The numerical results are consistent with analytic conclusions. By appropriate normalization and for sufficiently warm plasma, the dynamics for the Vlasov equation in different Lorentz frames were found to be independent of γp.
Water-Based Assembly of Polymer–Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Functional Coatings

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained attention for their porosity, size selectivity, and structural diversity. There is a need for MOF-based coatings, particularly in applications such as separations, electronics, and energy; yet forming thin, functional, conformal coatings is prohibitive because MOFs exist as a powder. Layer-by-layer assembly, a versatile thin film coating approach, offers a unique solution to this problem, but this approach requires MOFs that are water-dispersible and bear a surface charge. Here, these issues are addressed by examining water-based dispersions of MIL-101(Cr) that facilitate the formation of robust polymer–MOF hybrid coatings. Specifically, the substrate to be coated is alternately exposed to an aqueous solution of poly(styrene sulfonate) and nano MIL-101(Cr) dispersion, yielding linear film growth and coatings with a MOF content as high as 77 wt%. This approach is surface-agnostic, in which the coating is successfully applied to silicon, glass, flexible plastic, and even cotton fabric, conformally coating individual fibers. By contrast, prior attempts at forming MOF-coatings are severely limited to a handful of surfaces, require harsh chemical treatment, and are not conformal. The approach presented here unambiguously confirms that MOFs can be conformally coated onto complex and unusual surfaces, opening the door for a wide variety of applications.
Interfacial free energy and stiffness of aluminum during rapid solidification

Abstract Using molecular dynamics simulations and the capillary fluctuation method, we have calculated the anisotropic crystal-melt interfacial free energy and stiffness of aluminum in a rapid solidification system where a temperature gradient is applied to enforce thermal non-equilibrium. To calculate these material properties, the standard capillary fluctuation method typically used for systems in equilibrium has been modified to incorporate a second-order Taylor expansion of the interfacial free energy term. The result is a robust method for calculating interfacial energy, stiffness and anisotropy as a function of temperature gradient using the fluctuations in the defined interface height. This work includes the calculation of interface characteristics for temperature gradients ranging from 11 to 34 K/nm. The captured results are compared to a thermal equilibrium case using the same model and simulation technique with a zero gradient definition. We define the temperature gradient as the change in temperature over height perpendicular to the crystal-melt interface. The gradients are applied in MD simulations using defined thermostat regions on a stable solid-liquid interface initially in thermal equilibrium. The results of this work show that the interfacial stiffness and free energy for aluminum are dependent on the magnitude of the temperature gradient, however the anisotropic parameters remain independent of the non-equilibrium conditions applied in this analysis. The relationships of the interfacial free energy/stiffness are determined to be linearly related to the thermal gradient, and can be interpolated to find material characteristics at additional temperature gradients.
The Challenge of Improving Software Quality: Developers' Beliefs about the Contribution of Agile Practices

We observe that systems developers who have had experience with agile development projects often express their opinion that agile methodologies are superior to plan-driven methodologies. In order to collect empirical evidence to support or discount this belief, we conducted a survey among software developers about software quality and development practices. Our study identified eight quality goals from the software quality literature. We then asked the participants to identify which of eight practices contributes the most towards that quality goal. Half of the practices were agile practices; half were plandriven practices. We found that, for each and every quality goal, the participants as a whole chose one of the agile practices as a best practice enabling them to reach each quality goal. While this study does not conclude that agile methods are always the best approach, it does reveal that agile practices are being noticed and appreciated by many system developers.
Influence of interstitial Mn on magnetism in the room-temperature ferromagnet Mn 1 + δ Sb

We report elastic and inelastic neutron-scattering measurements of the high-${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ ferromagnet ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{1+\ensuremath{\delta}}\mathrm{Sb}$. Measurements were performed on a large, ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}=434$ K, single crystal with an interstitial Mn content of $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approx}0.13$. The neutron-diffraction results reveal that the interstitial Mn has a magnetic moment, and that it is aligned antiparallel to the main Mn moment. We perform density functional theory calculations including the interstitial Mn and find the interstitial to be magnetic, in agreement with the diffraction data. The inelastic neutron-scattering measurements reveal two features in the magnetic dynamics: (i) a spin-wave-like dispersion emanating from ferromagnetic Bragg positions $(\mathrm{H}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}2n)$, and (ii) a broad, nondispersive signal centered at forbidden Bragg positions $(\mathrm{H}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}2n+1)$. The inelastic spectrum cannot be modeled by simple linear spin-wave-theory calculations and appears to be significantly altered by the presence of the interstitial Mn ions. The results show that the influence of the interstitial Mn on the magnetic state in this system is more important than previously understood.
Review and analysis of fuel cell-based, micro-cogeneration for residential applications: Current state and future opportunities

Micro-cogeneration or micro-combined heat and power, which can meet both the electrical and thermal needs of the residential sector, is growing and can offer reduced energy usage and emission. Micr...
Interplay of PA-X and NS1 Proteins in Replication and Pathogenesis of a Temperature-Sensitive 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus.

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, representing a serious public health concern. It has been described that one mechanism used by some IAV strains to escape the host innate immune responses and modulate virus pathogenicity involves the ability of the PA-X and NS1 proteins to inhibit the host protein synthesis in infected cells. It was reported that for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV (pH1N1) only the PA-X protein had this inhibiting capability, while the NS1 protein did not. In this work, we have evaluated, for the first time, the combined effect of PA-X- and NS1-mediated inhibition of general gene expression on virus pathogenesis, using a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV (pH1N1 LAIV). We found that viruses containing PA-X and NS1 proteins that simultaneously have (PA WT + /NS1 MUT + ) or do not have (PA MUT − /NS1 WT − ) the ability to block host gene expression showed reduced pathogenicity in vivo . However, a virus where the ability to inhibit host protein expression was switched between PA-X and NS1 (PA MUT − /NS1 MUT + ) presented pathogenicity similar to that of a virus containing both wild-type proteins (PA WT + /NS1 WT − ). Our findings suggest that inhibition of host protein expression is subject to a strict balance, which can determine the successful progression of IAV infection. Importantly, knowledge obtained from our studies could be used for the development of new and more effective vaccine approaches against IAV. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are one of the most common causes of respiratory infections in humans, resulting in thousands of deaths annually. Furthermore, IAVs can cause unpredictable pandemics of great consequence when viruses not previously circulating in humans are introduced into humans. The defense machinery provided by the host innate immune system limits IAV replication; however, to counteract host antiviral activities, IAVs have developed different inhibition mechanisms, including prevention of host gene expression mediated by the viral PA-X and NS1 proteins. Here, we provide evidence demonstrating that optimal control of host protein synthesis by IAV PA-X and/or NS1 proteins is required for efficient IAV replication in the host. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of genetically controlling the ability of IAV PA-X and NS1 proteins to inhibit host immune responses, providing an approach to develop more effective vaccines to combat disease caused by this important respiratory pathogen.
Long Noncoding RNAs in the Yeast S. cerevisiae.

Long noncoding RNAs have recently been discovered to comprise a sizeable fraction of the RNA World. The scope of their functions, physical organization, and disease relevance remain in the early stages of characterization. Although many thousands of lncRNA transcripts recently have been found to emanate from the expansive DNA between protein-coding genes in animals, there are also hundreds that have been found in simple eukaryotes. Furthermore, lncRNAs have been found in the bacterial and archaeal branches of the tree of life, suggesting they are ubiquitous. In this chapter, we focus primarily on what has been learned so far about lncRNAs from the greatly studied single-celled eukaryote, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Most lncRNAs examined in yeast have been implicated in transcriptional regulation of protein-coding genes—often in response to forms of stress—whereas a select few have been ascribed yet other functions. Of those known to be involved in transcriptional regulation of protein-coding genes, the vast majority function in cis. There are also some yeast lncRNAs identified that are not directly involved in regulation of transcription. Examples of these include the telomerase RNA and telomere-encoded transcripts. In addition to its role as a template-encoding telomeric DNA synthesis, telomerase RNA has been shown to function as a flexible scaffold for protein subunits of the RNP holoenzyme. The flexible scaffold model provides a specific mechanistic paradigm that is likely to apply to many other lncRNAs that assemble and orchestrate large RNP complexes, even in humans. Looking to the future, it is clear that considerable fundamental knowledge remains to be obtained about the architecture and functions of lncRNAs. Using genetically tractable unicellular model organisms should facilitate lncRNA characterization. The acquired basic knowledge will ultimately translate to better understanding of the growing list of lncRNAs linked to human maladies.