cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decide your time: Testing deterrence theory's certainty and celerity effects on substance-using probationers

Abstract Background Bolstered by the initial effectiveness of programs such as Hawaii's Project HOPE, the resurgence in practical applications of deterrence theory has focused on certainty and swiftness of punishment. Following this theoretical trend, Delaware's Decide Your Time (DYT) program was designed to manage high risk substance-using probationers by focusing on the certainty of detection through frequent drug tests and graduated but not severe sanctions. Objective This paper, stemming from a larger process evaluation of DYT, reports on the theoretical development and implementation issues involved in instituting such a program in a large, urban probation department. Methods Data for the current effort consisted of notes taken at DYT management and staff meetings, interviews with key informants, and observational fieldwork. Results The evaluation demonstrated that judicial practices, client eligibility, logistics, and cooperation with secure facilities all posed noteworthy issues for program implementation. Perhaps just as important is the willingness of the program managers to listen to front line officers and make necessary changes to ensure the program's effectiveness and efficiency. Conclusion This study suggests that the design of similar programs should carefully consider the local legal structure and the policies and practices of the corrections institutions, treatment providers, and probation department.
Homology-based model of the extracellular domain of the taste receptor T1R3

The extracellular ligand binding domain of the sweet receptor T1R3 has been homology-modeled on the basis of the crystal structure of the metabotropic glutamate recep- tor (mGluR1). The region of the model that corresponds to the ligand binding site of mGluR1 has numerous polar and charged side-chains, consistent with expectations for a site that would respond to poly hydroxy compounds such as mono- and disaccharides. Docking stud- ies show that proposed active conformations of the high-potency sweeteners neotame, superaspartame, and SC-45647 could interact favorably in this binding site, forming ion pairs or ionic hydrogen bonds with His-163, Glu-318, and His-407, in addition to hydrophobic interactions with numerous nonpolar side-chains.
Preclinical development of an adjuvant-free peptide vaccine with activity against CMV pp65 in HLA transgenic mice.

Epitope vaccines have shown promise for inducing cellular immune responses in animal models of infectious disease. In cases where cellular immunity was augmented, peptide vaccines composed of covalently linked minimal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and T-helper (TH) epitopes generally showed the most efficacy. To address a clinical vaccine strategy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the context of HCT (hematopoietic cell transplantation), we observed that linking the synthetically derived pan-DR epitope peptide (PADRE) or one of several tetanus TH epitopes to the immunodominant human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A*0201–restricted CTL epitope from CMV-pp65 to create a fusion peptide caused robust cytotoxic cellular immune responses in HLA A*0201/Kbtransgenic mice. Significantly, the fusion peptides are immunogenic when administered in saline solution by either subcutaneous or intranasal routes. CpG-containing single-stranded DNA (ss-oligodeoxynucleotide [ODN]) added to the fusion peptides dramatically up-regulated immune recognition by either route. Notably, target cells that either expressed full-length pp65 protein from vaccinia viruses or were sensitized with the CTL epitope encoded in the vaccine were recognized by splenic effectors from immunized animals. Visualization of murine peptide–specific CTL by flow cytometry was accomplished using an HLA A*0201 tetramer complexed with the pp65495-503 CTL epitope. TH-CTL epitope fusion peptides in combination with CpG ss-ODN represent a new strategy for parenteral or mucosal delivery of vaccines in a safe and effective manner that has applicability for control or prophylaxis of infectious disease, especially in situations such as vaccination of donors or recipients of HCT, where highly inflammatory adjuvants are not desired.
Multiple interactive public goods games allows for exploration of evolutionary mechanisms that maintain cooperation

Cooperative behaviors are both prevalent and perplexing because selfish behaviors often return higher immediate fitness benefits. Additionally, cooperative behaviors are a prominent component of the human behavioral repertoire and therefore represent a useful teaching tool. To use cooperation as a teaching tool, I present software where students participate in a public goods game via a set of laptops connected to a Wi-Fi network. The public goods game entails multiple scenarios where students invest in a communal bank. The bank is then multiplied and money is divided and returned to all individuals equally. In this public goods game, students can partake in scenarios where reputation is displayed, as well as situations where individuals can punish players monetarily for not investing in the public good. Utilizing these scenarios, instructors can introduce fundamental concepts in evolution to students using intuitive interactive software.
Content Based Graph Visualization of Audio Data for Music Library Navigation

As a user's digital music collection grows, it can become difficult to navigate. Music library programs aid in this task by organizing music according to tags such as artist or title. However these generally utilize a text based interface, and they do not take into account the content of the music itself. As such, they do not handle untagged or mistagged music well. Automated metrics exist, but are not as widely used since they have the potential to be unreliable. This paper presents a graph-based visual interface for exploring a library of music based on analysis of the content of the music rather than tag information, which allows the user to navigate a music library thematically.
Arthrodesis of the spastic wrist

The clinical and radiographic results of 9 patients (11 wrists) who had wrist arthrodeses for severe spastic flexion contracture were evaluated. The spasticity was due to cerebral palsy, traumatic head injury, and cerebrovascular accident. All wrist deformities were aesthetically unappealing and the patients or their caretakers had difficulty with hygiene or function. The subjective evaluation included overall satisfaction, hand hygiene, wrist deformity, functional improvement, and willingness to have surgery again given the same preoperative circumstances. A standardized hand function questionnaire was used to determine functional improvement following surgery. The objective evaluation included clinical evidence of fusion, skin condition, wrist position, and radiographic assessment. The average age of the patients was 22 years at the time of surgery and the average follow-up period was 32 months. All patients were satisfied with the results of the surgery and hygiene improved in all cases. None had palmar skin maceration or breakdown. All patients or their caretakers rated the overall appearance or wrist and hand deformity as improved and all but one patient would agree to have the surgery over again given the same preoperative circumstances. According to a 17-task hand function questionnaire, 8 of 9 patients (10 wrists) reported improved function after surgery. Face washing, propelling a wheelchair, and picking up both large and small objects were among the most frequently improved functions. Radiographic fusion was present in all cases. The average position of wrist fusion was 15 degrees flexion and the average amount of wrist correction was 85 degrees. Improved appearance, hygiene, and a certain degree of upper extremity function, regardless of cognitive abilities, can be expected following arthrodesis for severe spastic wrist deformity.
Chapter 25 Agriculture and ecosystem services

Abstract A broad range of agriculture-environment interactions can be organized around the concept of agriculture as a producer and consumer of ecosystem services. Viewed as capital assets, ecosystems embody production technologies that are valuable, complex, and often poorly understood. The quantity and quality of services they deliver depend almost always on the joint actions of many dispersed resource users. Furthermore, ecosystems deliver multiple types of services, across widely varying spatial scales. Efficient delivery of alternative environmental “crops” such as carbon sequestration, water quality, and wildlife habitat requires distinctive institutional forms, and an intellectual integration of ecology into agricultural economics.
Serotonergic agents increase the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeds in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices

Serotonergic agents increase the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeds in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices Jordan Schultz, PharmD, Heather Bream-Rouwenhorst, PharmD, Ryan Hobbs, BS Pharm, Deanna McDanel, PharmD, and Jennifer Goerbig-Campbell, MD From the Department of Pharmaceutical Care, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa; The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine Cardiology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa; and the Carver College of Medicine at The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
OffShore Petroleum Production and the Rentier Effect

The rentier e ffect says that oil income inhibits the development of democratic political institutions. Using survival analysis techniques on a recently compiled dataset, we fi nd that democracy increases the rate at which newly discovered o ffshore reserves begin production. This suggests that the presence of o ffshore oil may incentivize rather than disincentivize democratization. We attempt to explain these fi ndings by applying the logic of private property rights protection to petroleum extraction. The rentier state literature assumes that a government can reap windfall profi ts from oil reserves, without considering diff erences in the cost of extraction. However, non-conventional petroleum production, proxied for by o ffshore oil extraction, requires significantly heavier capital investments than traditional methods. We present data which suggests that when compared to their onshore counterparts, multinationals extracting o ffshore petroleum are more wary of entering into business arrangements where they risk expropriation. We conjecture that the ability of more democratic governments to credibly commit to international investors that their investments will be safe from expropriation can at least partially explain the observed link between democracy and onshore oil production.
State of the art review: poverty and the developing brain

In the United States, >40% of children are either poor or near-poor. As a group, children in poverty are more likely to experience worse health and more developmental delay, lower achievement, and more behavioral and emotional problems than their more advantaged peers; however, there is broad variability in outcomes among children exposed to similar conditions. Building on a robust literature from animal models showing that environmental deprivation or enrichment shapes the brain, there has been increasing interest in understanding how the experience of poverty may shape the brain in humans. In this review, we summarize research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and brain development, focusing on studies published in the last 5 years. Drawing on a conceptual framework informed by animal models, we highlight neural plasticity, epigenetics, material deprivation (eg, cognitive stimulation, nutrient deficiencies), stress (eg, negative parenting behaviors), and environmental toxins as factors that may shape the developing brain. We then summarize the existing evidence for the relationship between child poverty and brain structure and function, focusing on brain areas that support memory, emotion regulation, and higher-order cognitive functioning (ie, hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex) and regions that support language and literacy (ie, cortical areas of the left hemisphere). We then consider some limitations of the current literature and discuss the implications of neuroscience concepts and methods for interventions in the pediatric medical home.
Abstract 1610: Predicting NSCLC outcomes based on tumor growth in SCID mice

Background. Xenograft models of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in immunodeficient mice have played an important role in the study of new chemotherapeutic regimens, including targeted agents. We hypothesize that the success of human tumor implantation in severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice will correlate with the observed clinical outcomes in patients with resected NSCLC. Such growth in mice may reflect the aggressiveness of human tumors. Methods. 196 lung cancer specimens from 193 patients who underwent surgical resection of NSCLC from June 1995 to June 2010 were implanted subcutaneously in (SCID) mice. Mice were observed for a period of six months to assess the success of tumor implantation. This was determined by the growth of tumors from 2-3 mm to 10 mm in diameter. Overall and disease free survival in patients were reviewed and were correlated with tumor growth in SCID mice. Results. Median overall and disease free survival in patients with successful tumor implantation in SCID mice was 16.3 months and 4.2 months vs. 38.6 and 20.6 months for patients whose tumor did not grow (logrank p = 0.0039 and 0.0024 respectively.) Half of all patients whose tumor successfully grew in SCID mice recurred or died within twelve months. Conclusions. Success of tumor implantation in SCID correlates with worse clinical outcome in patients with NSCLC. This model can be expanded to evaluate the predicted response of specific tumors to novel chemotherapeutic or molecularly targeted agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1610. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1610
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL:SOME CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS.

Hospitals exist primarily to benefit the communities in which they are located; their prime functions are patient care and community service. The medical school-affiliated hospital also has the res...
MEMS Based Side-Viewing Confocal Endomicroscope for Vertical/Horizontal Cross-Sectional Imaging

We demonstrate a side-viewing confocal endomicroscope with an outer diameter of 4.2 mm that can image either the horizontal or vertical plane, by using an integrated monolithic, electrostatic 3D MEMS scanner.
The secondary development of AutoCAD for injection mould frame based on objectARX

ObjectARX is the best development environment for AutoCAD. Design parameterization for plastic injection mould frame by this method,and expatiated key technic of the design. Utilized this method,achieving the automatization and standardization of paint and label,enhances efficiency of design.
Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma apolipoproteins in patients with multiple sclerosis

Apolipoprotein (apo) E is synthesized by cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and its synthesis and secretion in the peripheral nervous systems, and its synthesis and secretion in the peripheral nervous system of animals are greatly stimulated following Wallerian degeneration. It has been suggested that apo E functions in the metabolism of myelin lipids, but its physiologic role in nervous tissue has not been elucidated. To determine if apo E might play a role in demyelinating neuropathy, the concentrations were examined of apos E and A-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of patients with multiple sclerosis during clinical remission, and in patients with no neurologic disease. Serum and CSF albumin concentrations were measured to account for the possible influences of serum apo E concentration and/or altered blood-brain barrier permeability on the CSF apo E pool. A CSF index for apo E and apo A-1 was calculated in the same manner presently used for calculation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in the nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The results showed that the concentrations of apo E, apo Al, and albumin in the CSF of the MS patients were not significantly altered. The concentration of apo E in the serum, however, was significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased by 44 percent in the MS patients. The difference was relatively specific for serum apo E because the serum apo Al and albumin concentrations were unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pencil beam scanning proton therapy for treatment of the retroperitoneum after nephrectomy for Wilms tumor: A dosimetric comparison study.

Background Multimodality treatment for patients with Wilms tumor has improved patient survival, but is associated with acute and long-term toxicity, partially due to irradiation. Proton therapy using pencil beam scanning (PBS) is a promising technique to reduce dose to organs at risk (OAR). In this study, we evaluate PBS plans for postoperative irradiation in patients with Wilms tumor. Procedure Patients were treated with anterior-posterior–posterior-anterior (AP–PA) photon fields encompassing the preoperative tumor volume. Patients requiring whole lung irradiation were treated with AP–PA photon fields covering the bilateral lungs. Prescription doses were generally 1,080 and 1,200 cGy, respectively. Flank PBS plans encompassing the ipsilateral retroperitoneum and para-arotic nodes were generated for dosimetric evaluation. Results Treatment records and comparison plans of 11 patients were reviewed. Mean dose and median dose to 50% or more of the contralateral kidney (D50) were 135 cGy and 139 cGy with photons and 52 cGy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) (P = 0.009) and 5 cGy RBE (P = 0.000001) with PBS. Mean dose and median D50 to bowel was 639 cGy and 979 cGy with photons and 379 cGy RBE (P = 0.001) and 47 cGy RBE (P = 0.004) with PBS. Mean dose and median D50 to the liver were 755 cGy and 1,013 cGy with photons and 411 cGy RBE (P = 0.02) and 132 cGy RBE (P = 0.02) with PBS. For patients with right-sided tumors, mean liver dose following sequential whole lung irradiation was 1,252 cGy with photons and 845 cGy RBE (P = 0.04) with PBS. Discussions PBS proton therapy is a feasible method for irradiating the retroperitoneum and provides significant sparing of dose to critical OAR. This may translate to improved long-term health outcomes for patients and warrants further clinical investigation.
Overview of Dana Farber Cancer Institute-Consortium Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Protocols: 1973–1992

Programs for the treatment of childhood leukemia were instituted in 1947 by Dr. Sidney Farber at Children’s Hospital and the Jimmy Fund Clinic [1], modernized in the early 1970’s by Dr. Emil Frei III at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and are now part of a nine-institution consortium. We review here our treatment results for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and discuss two of our approaches to therapy; the Investigational Window and central nervous system treatment.
Past Peer Victimization and Current Adult Attachment in College Students

The authors examined the potential long-term effects of peer victimization experiences during childhood on attachment quality in current adult relationships in a sample of 386 university students attending 2 northeastern universities. Findings included (a) no significant gender differences regarding verbal or relational peer victimization; (b) significant correlations between all forms of previous victimization; and (c) previous verbal and relational victimization predicting less stable adult attachments, with verbal victimization being more significant.
Electrically Conductive and Protective Coating for Planar SOFC Stacks

Ferritic stainless steels are preferred interconnect materials for intermediate temperature SOFCs because of their resistance to oxidation, high formability and low cost. However, their protective oxide layer produces Cr-containing volatile species at SOFC operating temperatures and conditions, which can cause cathode poisoning. Electrically conducting spinel coatings have been developed to prevent cathode poisoning and to maintain an electrically conductive pathway through SOFC stacks. However, this coating is not compatible with the formation of stable, hermetic seals between the interconnect frame component and the ceramic cell. Thus, a new aluminizing process has been developed by PNNL to enable durable sealing, prevent Cr evaporation, and maintain electrical insulation between stack repeat units. Hence, two different types of coating need to have stable operation of SOFC stacks. This paper will focus on the electrically conductive coating process. Moreover, an advanced coating process, compatible with a non-electrically conductive coating will be shown.
Anatomy, taphonomy, and phylogenetic implications of a new specimen of Eolambia caroljonesa (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA.

Background Eolambia caroljonesa is the most abundant dinosaur in the lower Cenomanian Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah, and one of the most completely known non-hadrosaurid iguanodontians from North America. In addition to the large holotype and paratype partial skulls, copious remains of skeletally immature individuals, including three bonebeds, have been referred to E. caroljonesa. Nevertheless, aspects of the postcranial anatomy of this taxon, particularly the pelvic girdle, have remained ambiguous due to the lack of associated postcranial material of larger, more mature individuals. Methodology/Principal findings Here we describe a recently discovered associated partial postcranial skeleton of a large Eolambia caroljonesa. This specimen, FMNH PR 3847, provides new anatomical data regarding the vertebral column and pelvic girdle, supplementing previous diagnoses and descriptions of E. caroljonesa. A new phylogenetic analysis incorporating information from FMNH PR 3847 places E. caroljonesa as a basal hadrosauromorph closely related to Protohadros byrdi from the Cenomanian Woodbine Formation of Texas. Histological analysis of FMNH PR 3847 reveals that it represents a subadult individual eight to nine years of age. Taphonomic analysis indicates that FMNH PR 3847 was preserved in a crevasse splay deposit, along with an unusual abundance of small crocodylomorph material. Conclusions/Significance FMNH PR 3847 provides a wealth of new morphological data, adding to the anatomical and systematic characterization of Eolambia caroljonesa, and histological data, revealing new information on growth history in a basal hadrosauromorph. Taphonomic characterization of FMNH PR 3847 and associated vertebrate material will allow comparison with other vertebrate localities in the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation.
Psychological Scaling and Filtering of Errors in Empirical Systems

This chapter will address many of the issues that confront research psychologists who conduct empirical studies based on the system modeling methods described in this volume. In this chapter, we shall cover the problems of the design of proper empirical studies, emphasizing the use of longitudinal and time series studies to describe the dynamic behavior of the system. The chapter deals with the problem of measurement error in time series associated with system behavior and possible solutions to measurement error through the application of filtering techniques borrowed from the engineering literature. Finally, the topic of developing psychological instruments from the perspective of scaling will be covered in some detail. A way of developing theoretical curves for system variables that will be congruent with interval scales will be suggested.
Weaving Intersectional Rhetoric: The Digital Counternarratives of Indigenous Feminist Bloggers

Indigenous feminist bloggers weave an intersectional, rhetorical story that lances the core of American popular culture and misinformed imaginations. The Native American women bloggers introduced in this essay are unknown to most non-Native Americans, most rhetoric scholars, and most feminists, but should be on our radar because of their refusal to be constrained by colonialist binaries, single rhetorical forms, or imposed boundedness to the margins. These Indigenous feminists practice in the digital space to reinforce and reclaim rhetorical sovereignty as an outcome for themselves and their communities. Once the weaving is complete, the resultant warmth of rhetorical sovereignty provides some protection from the cold colonial stories of erasure and absence.
Analysis of Brain SPECT Images Coregistered with MRI in Patients with Epilepsy: Comparison of Three Methods.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE SISCOM and STATISCOM were clinically proved to be effective for ictal/inter-ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) analysis coregistered with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for seizure localization. Recently, a software package also became available for this analysis. This study aimed to investigate and compare the performance of these analysis methods for seizure localization. METHODS A total of 378 patients who underwent 99m Tc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) SPECT scans were retrospectively reviewed and 28 remained after applying exclusion criteria. Their SPECT and MRI images were analyzed with SISCOM (with z-score of 1.5 and 2), STATISCOM, and MIMneuro, resulting in a total of 112 image data sets. Two experienced radiologists participated in the blind review process using a custom tool and they can mark up to two hyper- and/or hypoperfusion regions. Their review results were analyzed using the Jackknife Free Response Receiver-Operating Characteristics (JAFROC) test and the JAFROC figure-of-merit (FoM) was reported for each method. The interobserver agreement was also assessed using Cohen's kappa test. RESULTS Based on the readers' two choices, averaged FoM was 85.7%, 83.9%, 66.1%, and 51.8% for STATISCOM, MIMneuro, SISCOM (z-score = 2), and SISCOM (z-score = 1.5), respectively. The average confidence rating was 2.5, 2.3, 1.6, and 1.1 for STATISCOM, MIMneuro, SISCOM (z-score = 2), and SISCOM (z-score = 1.5), respectively. For interobserver agreement, kappa was .742 for STATISCOM, .816 for MIMneuro, .517 for SISCOM (z-score = 2), and .441 for SISCOM (z-score = 1.5; all P < .001). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that STATISCOM showed the best performance for seizure localization, which was closely followed by MIMneuro. In addition, MIMneuro was not inferior to SISCOM with either z-score.
Mosaic-pattern dedifferentiation in liposarcoma and chondrosarcoma: imaging features of an uncommon form of dedifferentiation

The term "dedifferentiation" was classically used in sarcoma pathology to refer to tumors in which a high-grade, undifferentiated sarcoma, or a high-grade sarcoma showing heterologous differentiation, arises from a pre-existing neoplasm of borderline or low-grade malignancy. The best recognized examples of this include dedifferentiated liposarcoma, arising from atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma, and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, arising from grade 1 hyaline chondrosarcoma of bone. In the overwhelming majority of cases, this dedifferentiated, high-grade sarcoma presents as a macroscopically visible mass, adjacent to and clearly distinct from the pre-existing low-grade lesion. It is less well appreciated that dedifferentiation may also occur in a so-called "mosaic pattern,' in which the high-grade component is intimately admixed with elements of the precursor lesion, forming only microscopically apparent foci. This mosaic or co-mingling pattern of dedifferentiation is also reflected in the MR imaging appearance. In contrast to the classic pattern of dedifferentiation in which there are two distinct juxtaposed masses with different signal intensities and enhancement patterns, such changes are not seen in mosaic dedifferentiation. The imaging features of this pattern of dedifferentiation have not been described. In this report we describe the imaging features of two patients with mosaic pattern dedifferentiation, one with liposarcoma and one with chondrosarcoma. In both cases the precursor lesion was correctly diagnosed by pre-biopsy imaging, but the presence of high-grade sarcoma was not recognized.
The Weight of Things: Understanding African American Women’s Perceptions of Health, Body Image, and Attractiveness:

Negative attitudes toward being overweight or obese are widespread, and these notions perpetuate into conceptions about one's health. Clinically, being overweight is associated with health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and many other illnesses. African American women, who are generally larger in body size, are a particular target for health interventions. However, these women have resisted the "obesity" label, arguing that dominant measures of health are White norms and oppressive. Through the use of in-depth interviews, this study investigates how African American women understand and experience healthfulness, body image, and barriers to each. Findings show that African American women are ambivalent in their acceptance of dominant markers of health and expressed an almost universal disdain for the thin ideal as a marker of "good" health and a positive body image. Moreover, participants articulated a suspicion of formal medical measurements of obesity.
Introduction to ‘Theodor W. Adorno on Marx and the Basic Concepts of Sociological Theory. From a Seminar Transcript in the Summer Semester of 1962’

This introduction outlines the importance that Hans-Georg Backhaus’s transcript of Adorno’s 1962 seminar on ‘Marx and the Basic Concepts of Sociological Theory’ has for shedding light on the relationship between Adorno’s critical theory and the critique of political economy. Part I signals the importance of the seminar by assaying the Anglophone scholarship on Adorno. Part II contextualises the seminar in the development of his thought. Parts III and IV focus on what the transcript tells us about Adorno’s interpretation of Marx and the importance this interpretation held for Adorno’s critical social theory. Part V points to the influence this interpretation of the critique of political economy had on the formation of the New German Reading of Marx.
Chronic Abdominal Pain After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

The surgical and physiologic construct of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) leads to a unique set of potential complications that require routine follow-up by an experienced bariatric surgeon. Chronic abdominal pain after RYGB is particularly challenging and often requires thoughtful workup and possible surgical intervention. Patient history and physical examinations must be thorough, confirmed with radiographic imaging to support the diagnosis. Most common causes of abdominal pain after surgery include internal hernia, marginal ulcers, and adhesions causing intermittent bowel obstructions. Less frequent pathologies such as intussusception at the jejunojejunostomy, suture bezoars, candy cane (afferent limb) deformity, biliary pathology, and remnant gastritis can present with less obvious and consistent symptoms. Often, radiographic and endoscopic evaluations will be negative. Therefore, surgeons should have a low threshold for exploring post-RYGB patients for abdominal pain.
Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of the Dolphin EAR

The umwelt or perceptual world of odontocetes is largely defined by acoustic cues imperceptible to humans. Like bats, they use ultrasonic frequencies to echolocate. To penetrate this acoustic world, we must use indirect anatomical and psychophysical techniques. While bat research has incorporated anatomy and physiology to describe neural processing of echolocation signals, cetacean research, hampered by practical and legal restrictions, depends largely upon spectral and temporal analyses of emitted sounds coupled with behavioral observations. From these investigations, we have gained considerable information about the psycho-acoustics of dolphin echolocation, but we still know little about the receptor anatomy.
Actavis, the Reverse Payment Fallacy, and the Continuing Need for Regulatory Solutions

The Supreme Court’s decision in FTC v. Actavis, Inc.1 provided an incomplete and unsatisfying response to the issue that has provoked far more antitrust scholarship than any other in the past decade—patent settlements between branded and generic drug companies where the branded makes a “reverse payment” to the generic to stay off the market for some period of time before the expiration of the branded’s patent.2 In brief, Justice Breyer’s majority opinion rejected the Eleventh Circuit’s standard under which settlements within the patent’s exclusionary potential were presumed lawful.3 It also rejected more draconian rules, like the per se illegal rule adopted by the Sixth Circuit4 and the quick look approach urged by the FTC.5 It opted instead for a rule of reason analysis, where the defendant is free to show that the reverse payment is a “rough approximation of the litigation expenses
Early Lesions of the Human Mammary Gland and their Relationship to Precancerous Lesions of Other Species

Preneoplastic pathological lesions are tissue formations possessing an increased probability of developing neoplasia in comparison to the probability that the corresponding type of neoplasm will develop in adjacent morphologically normal tissue. Lesions with presumed preneoplastic potential have been described in the mammary glands of mice, rats, dogs, subhuman primates, and humans. In every instance the lesions stand out from the normal background as focal, multicentric, and hyperplastic. The epithelial cells of preneoplastic lesions have variable degrees of so-called premalignant atypia (anaplasia), and on this basis can be arranged in an arbitrary morphological continuum linking normal to pre-invasive carcinoma. In mice there is direct experimental proof that more cancers arise from precancerous mammary tissue than from normal tissue. In the human, however, techniques for such direct observation are not as yet perfected and the assignment of risk to particular focal lesions of the human breast is basea on morphological and statistical inference.
What Are the Neurological Foundations of Identities and Identity-Related Processes?

This chapter illustrates the relevance of neuroscience research on the default mode network to the identity theory research program. Specifically, we argue that the patterns of neuronal activity generated by the default mode network represent the referents of identity theory’s concepts. Further, we argue that research on the default mode network can supplement identity theory by offering the research program the ability to physiologically validate the existence of its concepts and processes, as well as elaborate in neurological terms their underlying causal mechanisms. Finally, we examine how an understanding of the neurological foundations of identity-related processes can expand identity theory into new domains of research.
Membrane-Anchored Serine Proteases and Protease-Activated Receptor-2–Mediated Signaling: Co-Conspirators in Cancer Progression

Pericellular proteolysis provides a significant advantage to developing tumors through the ability to remodel the extracellular matrix, promote cell invasion and migration, and facilitate angiogenesis. Recent advances demonstrate that pericellular proteases can also communicate directly to cells by activation of a unique group of transmembrane G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCR) known as protease-activated receptors (PAR). In this review, we discuss the specific roles of one of four mammalian PARs, namely PAR-2, which is overexpressed in advanced stage tumors and is activated by trypsin-like serine proteases that are highly expressed or otherwise dysregulated in many cancers. We highlight recent insights into the ability of different protease agonists to bias PAR-2 signaling and the newly emerging evidence for an interplay between PAR-2 and membrane-anchored serine proteases, which may co-conspire to promote tumor progression and metastasis. Interfering with these pathways might provide unique opportunities for the development of new mechanism-based strategies for the treatment of advanced and metastatic cancers.
Chapter 11.1 Automatic indexing of oscillation images

The first step in indexing an oscillation diffraction pattern is to determine the position of diffraction maxima and to record their coordinates on the detector relative to the camera axes. These coordinates can then be transformed into reciprocal-lattice coordinates assuming a zero rotation angle. These positions are then projected onto a vector emanating from the crystal position. If this radius vector is chosen perpendicular to a principal set of reciprocal-lattice planes for the given crystal setting, then a plot of the frequency of the projected reflections onto the vector will show a regular set of equally spaced maxima. These will correspond to the intersection of reciprocal-lattice planes with the selected radius vector. All possible directions, separated from each other by small incremental angles, are tested. One-dimensional Fourier inversion of each of the frequency plots identifies those directions that intersect widely spaced reciprocal-lattice planes, corresponding to principal reciprocal axial directions. Thus the orientation and lattice repeats of the crystal axes will have been determined relative to the camera axes. These parameters can be converted into a 3 × 3 crystal-setting matrix, [A], which relates Miller indices to reciprocal-lattice coordinates. Keywords: autoindexing; basis vectors; crystal orientation matrix; indexing; reciprocal-lattice vectors, distribution of
Initiation versus Cessation Control Policies: Deriving Optimal Resource Allocation Strategies to Decrease Smoking Prevalence Under a Fixed Budget.

Background. Over several decades the tobacco control community has recommended and implemented smoking initiation and cessation interventions to reduce the smoking toll. It is necessary to study th...
Lawn People: How Grasses,Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are

I assume there are readers who might not see this book of any interest given the title but who should. So, I will put the end of the review in the beginning: this book is highly recommended for any...
Institution, Major, and Firm-Specific Premia: Evidence from Administrative Data

We examine how a student?s major and the institution attended contribute to the labor market outcomes of young graduates. Administrative panel data that combine student transcripts with matched employer-employee records allow us to provide the first decomposition of premia into individual and firm-specific components. We find that both major and institutional premia are more strongly related to the firm-specific component of wages than the individual-specific component of wages. On average, a student?s major is a more important predictor of future wages than the selectivity of the institution attended, but major premia (and their relative ranking) can differ substantially across institutions, suggesting the importance of program-level data for prospective students and their parents.
A Caution on the Use of Semantic-Dimension Personality Self-Ratings As Sufficient Self-Reports

In the area of personality assessment it has been argued that self-estimates of Introversion-Extraversion and Adjustment are sufficient, adequate verbal self-report measures and that an inventory y...
Hand and Wrist Biomechanics

The biomechanical function of the human hand and wrist is closely related to the intricacy of its anatomy. The arrangement of the bones, ligament, and muscles in the hand allows a complex array of tasks to be performed. This chapter provides a brief review of the anatomy of the hand and wrist, normal biomechanical function, and examples of pathomechanics.
Multiple Epidemic Wave Model of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Modeling Study.

Background: Intervention measures have been implemented around the world to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the dynamics of the disease spread and the effectiveness of the interventions is essential in predicting its future evolution. Objective: The aim of this study is to simulate the effect of different social distancing interventions and investigate whether their timing and stringency can lead to multiple waves (subepidemics), which can provide a better fit to the wavy behavior observed in the infected population curve in the majority of countries. Methods: We have designed and run agent-based simulations and a multiple wave model to fit the infected population data for many countries. We have also developed a novel Pandemic Response Index to provide a quantitative and objective way of ranking countries according to their COVID-19 response performance. Results: We have analyzed data from 18 countries based on the multiple wave (subepidemics) hypothesis and present the relevant parameters. Multiple waves have been identified and were found to describe the data better. The effectiveness of intervention measures can be inferred by the peak intensities of the waves. Countries imposing fast and stringent interventions exhibit multiple waves with declining peak intensities. This result strongly corroborated with agent-based simulations outcomes. We also provided an estimate of how much lower the number of infections could have been if early and strict intervention measures had been taken to stop the spread at the first wave, as actually happened for a handful of countries. A novel index, the Pandemic Response Index, was constructed, and based on the model’s results, an index value was assigned to each country, quantifying in an objective manner the country’s response to the pandemic. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that the COVID-19 pandemic can be successfully modeled as a series of epidemic waves (subepidemics) and that it is possible to infer to what extent the imposition of early intervention measures can slow the spread of the disease.
Defining the performance envelope of reactivity-initiated accidents in a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor

Abstract The purpose of this study is to define an envelope of possible transient conditions during two reactivity-initiated accidents (RIAs) in a modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (mHTGR). The accident scenarios studied were a group control rod withdrawal (CRW), a design basis accident, and a control rod ejection (CRE), a beyond design basis accident. Variance-based sensitivity analysis methods were employed to obtain realistic bounds on the reactor power and maximum temperature, energy deposition, and heating rate in the fuel during these accidents. Key reactor kinetic parameters and the heat transfer properties of the fuel and moderator were varied in a RELAP computer model of a 350-megawatt mHTGR to obtain these bounds. Sobol sensitivity indices were calculated to highlight which inputs account for the most variance in the outputs. Results showed that the kinetic properties and reactivity temperature coefficients were the most dominant inputs, while thermal properties had little impact on the outputs. Compared to previous experimental work, the fuel particle energy deposition from the simulated RIAs would not be expected to cause fuel failure in any design basis or beyond design basis reactivity accident we investigated. The predicted energy deposition in fuel kernels ranged from 98 to 331 J/g-fuel, significantly less than the expected failure threshold of approximately 1500 J/g-fuel. However, the power pulse widths and heating rates used in previous fuel safety experiments were different from the values predicted in this study for both accident scenarios. Regardless of these differences, this analysis shows that the safety margins in graphite-moderated mHTGRs for reactivity accidents are very large, and additional fuel safety tests are not expected to be necessary for this application.
Protease Stability Correlates with Efficacy for High-Affinity, Cell Penetrant MDM2-Binding Stapled Peptides

Nearly two-thirds of all disease-associated proteins are ‘undruggable’ by modern therapeutics, meaning they are inside cells, out of the reach of biologics, but lack small molecule binding pockets. Stabilized peptides have the potential to hit these targets. However, the design criteria for developing agents that can reach and disrupt their target are poorly understood. This work focuses on the physicochemical properties of three newly-developed high affinity double-click stabilized MDM2/p53 inhibiting peptides that have favorable in vitro characteristics including protease stability, cytosolic access, and target-specific cell killing. These properties are distinct fromATSP-7041, the only p53-based peptide that has led to a clinical lead compound. We highlight a promising peptide variant with an added disulfide-bond backbone modification that demonstrates sub-micromolar cell killing in the presence of serum, comparable to the published in vitro potency of ATSP-7041. Overall, these peptides help better define the landscape needed for effective intracellular biologics.
Racial/Ethnic and Geographic Variations In Long-Term Survival Among Medicare Beneficiaries After Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction Little information is available about racial/ethnic and geographic variations in long-term survival among older patients (≥65) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods We examined data on 1,019,267 Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) beneficiaries aged 66 or older, hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AIS from 2008 through 2012. Survival was defined as the time from the date of AIS to date of death, or an end of follow-up date of December 31, 2017. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate 5-year survival after AIS, adjusted for age, sex, race and Hispanic ethnicity, poverty level, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and state. Results Among 1,019,267 Medicare FFS beneficiaries hospitalized with AIS from 2008 through 2012, we documented 701,718 deaths (68.8%) during a median of 4 years of follow-up with 4.08 million person-years. The overall adjusted 5-year survival was 44%. Non-Hispanic Black men had the lowest 5-year survival, and 5-year survival varied significantly by state, from the highest at 49.1% (North Dakota) to the lowest at 40.5% (Hawaii). The ranges between the highest and lowest 5-year survival rates across states also varied significantly by racial/ethnic groups, with percentage point differences of 9.6 among non-Hispanic White, 11.3 among non-Hispanic Black, 17.7 among Hispanic, and 28.5 among other racial/ethnic beneficiaries. Conclusion We identified significant racial/ethnic and geographic variations in 5-year survival rates after AIS among 2008-2012 Medicare FFS beneficiaries. Further study is needed to understand the reasons for these variations and develop prevention strategies to improve survival and racial disparities in survival after AIS.
The ups and downs of sensory eye balance: Monocular deprivation has a biphasic effect on interocular dominance.

Abstract Classic studies of ocular dominance plasticity in early development showed that monocular deprivation suppresses the neural representation and visual function of the deprived eye. However, recent studies have shown that a short period of monocular deprivation (