cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco use among low-income housing residents: does hardship motivate quit attempts?

The purpose of this study was to examine material hardship among smokers to determine whether such hardship was positively associated with current attempts to quit tobacco use. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Health in Common (HIC) study, an observational study to investigate social and physical determinants of cancer risk-related behaviors among residents of low-income housing in three cities in the Boston metropolitan area. In this study, three indicators of hardship were used: food hardship, financial hardship, and material hardship (food and financial hardship combined). Logistic regression models were used to obtain the odds of currently trying to quit among current smokers in the HIC (n = 170) across hardship types experienced, adjusting for sociodemographic and psychosocial factors. Fully adjusted models revealed no statistically significant association between trying to quit tobacco use and indicators of material hardship: food hardship and financial hardship present (OR 1.33 (0.42–4.2); food hardship and no financial hardship OR 3.83 (0.97–15.13); and financial hardship but no food hardship OR 0.5 (0.1–2.39). These findings suggest that even in the presence of material hardship, low-income housing resident tobacco users are not more likely to quit tobacco use; therefore, cessation efforts focused on the financial benefits of quitting may be insufficient to motivate quit attempts among low-income smokers.
Small-molecule targeting of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 to treat non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Objective Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has an overall 5-year survival rate of 15%. While aberrant STAT3 activation has previously been observed in NSCLC, the scope of its contribution is uncertain and agents that target STAT3 for treatment are not available clinically. Methods We determined levels of activated STAT3 (STAT3 phosphorylated on Y705, pSTAT3) and the two major isoforms of STAT3 (α and β) in protein extracts of 8 NSCLC cell lines, as well as the effects of targeting STAT3 in vitro and in vivo in NSCLC cells using short hairpin (sh) RNA and two novel small-molecule STAT3 inhibitors, C188-9 and piperlongumine (PL). Results Levels of pSTAT3, STAT3α, and STATβ were increased in 7 of 8 NSCLC cell lines. Of note, levels of pSTAT3 were tightly correlated with levels of STAT3β, but not STAT3α. Targeting of STAT3 in A549 cells using shRNA decreased tSTAT3 by 75%; this was accompanied by a 47–78% reduction in anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth and a 28–45% reduction in mRNA levels for anti-apoptotic STAT3 gene targets. C188-9 and PL (@30 μM) each reduced pSTAT3 levels in all NSCLC cell lines tested by ≥50%, reduced anti-apoptotic protein mRNA levels by 25–60%, and reduced both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of NSCLC cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 3.06 to 52.44 μM and 0.86 to 11.66 μM, respectively. Treatment of nude mice bearing A549 tumor xenografts with C188-9 or PL blocked tumor growth and reduced levels of pSTAT3 and mRNA encoding anti-apoptotic proteins. Conclusion STAT3 is essential for growth of NSCLC cell lines and tumors and its targeting using C188-9 or PL may be a useful strategy for treatment.
An approximate description of the temporal evolution of a Hertzian impact

Abstract The mathematical intractability of the equation of motion governing Hertzian impact means that the approximate analytical solution suggested by Deresiewicz is often useful. Unfortunately, this approximation is widely misquoted. This letter reiterates Deresiewicz’ approximation, states its corollaries, examines its accuracy and suggests a further refinement.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children

Ten children with lymphoepithelioma of the nasopharynx were reviewed. Six had regional spread at presentation and four developed distant metastases. Seven patients are alive, six free of disease. The 5-year survival rate was 62.5% of this series. Five patients presented later with endocrine abnormalities probably related to the radiotherapy; these endocrine problems were minimal and responded to therapy.
Rapid protein kinase assay using phosphocellulose-paper absorption.

Protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37) catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues of a number of proteins. Histone is widely used as an acceptor substrate in measuring the activity of this enzyme isolated from a variety of sources. We have devised a rapid procedure for resolving phosphohistone from ATP and its metabolites based on the specific absorption of phosphorylated histone onto phosphocellulose paper. Using [γ-32P]ATP as the phosphoryl donor, aliquots of the protein kinase assay mixture are applied to phosphocellulose-paper disks that are then immersed in water which elutes [γ-32P]ATP and metabolites. After brief organic solvent extraction and drying, bound radioactivity is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry.
Shearing Interferometry by Wavefront Reconstruction

Lately, practical applications for holographic techniques have been found in interferometry. These techniques are usefully applied to shearing interferometry. Different kinds of shear are treated, and in several cases the optical system is significantly simplified, compared to the corresponding conventional setups. Both zero-order (no tilt) and multiple-fringe (tilt between wavefronts) interferograms can he achieved, as well as a simple method for displaying the second derivative of phase variation in an object. Experimental results of holographic shearing interferometry are shown.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Performance of Polymer-Coated Surface Acoustic Wave Vapor Sensor Arrays

The influences of temperature and atmospheric humidity on the performance of an array of eight polymer-coated 158-MHz surface acoustic wave vapor sensors were investigated. Sensitivities to the seven organic vapors examined all exhibited negative Arrhenius temperature dependencies, with responses increasing by factors of 1.5−4.4 on going from 38 to 18 °C. The magnitudes of the temperature effects, while generally similar, differed sufficiently among certain sensor−vapor combinations to cause marked changes in vapor response patterns. In addition, it was found that operating identically coated sensors at different temperatures could provide a means for discriminating certain vapors. The changes in sensor responses with temperature agreed reasonably well with those expected assuming ideal vapor sorption behavior and indicated that changes in the moduli of the sensor coatings were not important mediating factors. Responses to relative humidity (RH) from 0 to 85% RH were important even for the nonpolar sensor...
Evaluating the potential role of nitric oxide as a mediator of hydrostatic edema mediated intestinal contractile dysfunction.

Background Administration of L-nil, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), improves ileus in an animal model of resuscitation induced intestinal edema. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the iNOS/nitric oxide (NO) signal transduction pathway in intestinal edema. Materials and Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups; CONTROL and RESUS+VH (edema, 80 cc/kg normal saline (resuscitation) with mesenteric venous hypertension). iNOS mRNA and protein, iNOS activity, NO tissue levels, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) expression, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were measured. As a functional endpoint, we evaluated intestinal contractile strength and frequency in L-nil treated animals. Results Edema was associated with increased iNOS mRNA and protein expression without subsequent increases in iNOS activity or tissue NO levels. There was no significant change in sGC expression or increase in cGMP induced by edema. Administration of L-nil did not decrease edema development or preserve contractile strength, but increased contractile frequency. Conclusion Hydrostatic intestinal edema is not associated with increased iNOS activity or tissue NO levels. Administration of L-nil in edema increases intestinal contractile frequency. This may represent a potential mechanism for the amelioration of ileus seen with the administration of L-nil.
Comparison of measured and predicted nearshore sediment grain-size distribution patterns, southwestern Lake Michigan, U.S.A.

Abstract Comparison of calculated grain sizes with those found in a part of the shoaling zone of south western Lake Michigan reveals that existing quantitative expressions yield sizes which are much larger than those of the natural sediments, but that many aspects of the pattern of size distribution are predictable. An empirical and a theoretical expression were each used to calculate grain sizes in equilibrium with several different wave states for the measured bathymetry. For each wave state, the theoretical equation yields sizes which are closer to those found in the field over most of the shoaling zone, but sizes predicted by each of the two equations approach each other as the shore is approached and natural slopes increase toward the slope used in formulating the empirical expression. Grain-size trends predicted by the calculations include coarsening toward shore and to the south near shore. The calculations with the theoretical expression reveal more detail and predict an anomalously coarse area in the deeper part of the field area and elongate areas of fine sediments close to shore. Some support for the existence of these areas was found in the field.
Social network factors and the transition to parenthood

A social support model for predicting the ease of transition into the motherhood role is presented. Four kinds of social network supports (relational, ideological, physical, and informational) and six social network agents (husband, friends, relatives, work associates, neighbors, and institutions) are considered. Ways in which each kind of support facilitates maternal and marital adaptation are discussed, along with implications of such support for influencing the nature of mother—child interactions. In addition, a case example (career women in transition) is presented to illustrate the predictive utility of the model. Policy and research implications of the present analysis follow.
Convoluted Paths: Mapping Genre in Contemporary Footsteps Travel Writing

Footsteps travel writing—narrative accounts of journeys that retrace the routes of earlier travelers—constitutes one of the most prolific and controversial subgenres in contemporary travel writing. This article examines three broadly illustrative examples of footsteps travel writing drawn from postcolonial contexts: Caroline Alexander's One Dry Season (1990), Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild (1996), and Bruce Chatwin's In Patagonia (1977). Highly intertextual and characterized by deep immersion in the discursive and personal space of the subject, footsteps travel writing holds a unique capacity to undermine the still-powerful cultural myth of the self-sustaining, solitary traveler. The effort to re-create a journey in turn refocuses our attention on travel writing's status as a border genre between fiction and nonfiction. Tracing the physical and textual pathways of others for these authors forms the basis of a uniquely evocative, intertextual mode of critical cosmopolitanism—itself a highly contested term that footsteps travel writing allows us to productively reassess. In its most compelling forms, footsteps travel does not just mechanically follow a well-beaten path. Rather, it enables a wider, more measured point of view characterized by stronger attention to the historical and cultural contexts of travel.
Physical and sexual intimate partner violence and reported serious psychological distress in the 2007 BRFSS

Objectives: We sought to determine the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and serious psychological distress (SPD) as measured by the Kessler-6 (K6) among U.S. adults. We used data from the 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to determine whether individuals who reported multiple forms of IPV also reported higher prevalences of SPD compared with those who reported: 1) no physical or sexual IPV; 2) physical or sexual IPV only; and 3) threatened or attempted physical IPV. We also obtained adjusted prevalences for lifetime physical or sexual IPV.
Effect of premedication on duration of anaesthesia with halogenated vapours: Chloroform, trichlorethylene, halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane (Ēthrane) and isoflurane (Forane)

IN PREVIOUS STUDIES of the interaction of sedatives with thiopentone given intravenously, it was found that unstimulated trained dogs very often "slept" much longer than when thiopentone was administered alone. This response varied with the type of sedative given and was dose-related3 -~ This study was undertaken to determine whether a similar interaction occurs between representative sedatives commonly used and nonflammable halogenated inhalation anaesthetics, and to determine whether the response is primarily due to the dose of the sedative or to the concentration of the anaesthetic. METHODS Female albino rats of the CFE strain, of uniform age and size (weight approx. 200 gin), were used to carry out dose-response tests with several sedatives given intravenously, and with several inhalation anaesthetics administered with oxygen in a closed jar. Two problems had to be solved initially before the interactions could be studied. In order to reduce or eliminate as many gross physiological and pharmacological variables as possible, we had to determine the concentration of each anaesthetic which would produce a moderate depth of anaesthesia rapidly and the dose of sedative appropriate to cause light to moderate sedation within 10 minutes after intravenous injection. First it was necessary to determine the appropriate range of concentration for chloroform, trichlorethylene, halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane and isoflurane between the ACs0 and the LC~o for this breed and size (age) of rat. This was accomplished by testing pairs of rats at various concentrations of each of the anaesthetics. Each pair of rats was placed in a jar of approximately 4 litres capacity filled with oxygen and a vapourised calculated dose of the liquid anaesthetic. After sealing, the jar was rotated manually 12 to 15 times per minute for 10 minutes. The speed with which unconsciousness and flaccidity supervened was observed and noted during this period. If the rats did not lose consciousness within three minutes, a higher concentration of the anaesthetic was tested with fresh rats until two appropriate doses ( concentrations ) were determined, at which
A model—object based supervisory expert system for fault tolerant chemical reactor control

Abstract An expert system for real-time control of chemical processes provides an environment for coordination of process fault diagnosis, assessment of process behavior, automated controller retuning and/or reconfiguration and consequently enables fault-tolerant process control. A supervisory expert system with object-based knowledge representation and heuristic (shallow) and model-based (deep) knowledge is presented. The expert system resides on a PC/386 and communicates with the control system developed in the form of control blocks residing on a PC/286. The prototype of the expert system is developed for retuning model-based controllers to improve the behavior of a packed-bed tubular CO oxidation reactor under autothermal operation. MOBECS is a supervisory expert system designed to tailor the process control system for a tubular autothermal reactor in response to process or control system faults, and changes in the process behavior. Specific functions include process fault diagnosis, control system performance monitoring and trouble-shooting, controller tuning and control system restructuring. As this work progresses, we will also address the problems of sensor placement, state estimation and process identification. Because of the high degree of coupling and interaction between process and control system entities, objects are the best knowledge representation for a process control expert system. The class—object structures of MOBECS is divided into three orthogonal trees representing the process and control system hierarchies and the topology of the system. Using this structure, knowledge is divided into general knowledge applicable to any process or control system and knowledge that is domain specific. The general knowledge is stored in the class structures and, together with generalized rules, forms a knowledge base kernel. This permits rapid prototyping of other applications of MOBECS. Properties are defined as high as possible in the class tree structure and inherited downwards. Knowledge specific to the process is stored in the objects at the leaves of the trees. Rules form the reasoning portion of the knowledge base and contain the causal relationships, meta-knowledge and performance monitoring functions. Rules that perform general monitoring and troubleshooting are applied at the class level through pattern matching. Rule sets are linked through context relationships to identify indirect relationships to the inference engine. These relationships are used with the process topology tree to reduce the search space when a fault is detected. The process monitoring and instability detection rules have been tested by simulating the inputs to the expert system. At the present time, experimental validation of the MOBECS prototype is being undertaken. Once the MOBECS prototype has been fully tested, the knowledge base will be extended to incorporate more complex fault diagnosis, state estimation, sensor placement and controller restructuring.
Effect of pressure on the structural phase transition and superconductivity in ( Ba 1 − x K x ) Fe 2 As 2 ( x = 0 and 0.45) and SrFe 2 As 2 single crystals

The effects of pressure up to $\ensuremath{\sim}20\text{ }\text{kbar}$ on the structural phase transition of ${\text{SrFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ and lightly Sn-doped ${\text{BaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ as well as on the superconducting transition temperature and upper critical field of $({\text{Ba}}_{0.55}{\text{K}}_{0.45}){\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ single crystals have been studied. All the transition temperatures decrease with pressure in an almost linear fashion. Under pressure, the upper critical-field curve ${H}_{c2}(T)$ for $({\text{Ba}}_{0.55}{\text{K}}_{0.45}){\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ shifts down in temperature to follow the zero-field ${T}_{c}$ with very little change in slope. Composite $P\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ phase diagrams for three parent compounds $A{\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ ($A=\text{Ba}$,Sr,Ca) are constructed and appear to be remarkably similar: (i) having a structural (antiferromagnetic) phase-transition line with a negative slope and (ii) showing signs of the emerging superconducting state at intermediate pressures.
Inferential Statistics and Treatment Efficacy Studies in Communication Disorders

A reconsideration of the dependence on inferential statistical analyses in treatment efficacy studies in communication disorders is suggested. The argument is developed that inferential statistical...
Conditioned place preference: What does it add to our preclinical understanding of drug reward?

Rationale: Among the various experimental protocols that have been used to measure drug reward in laboratory animals, conditioned place preference (CPP) has been one of the most popular. However, a number of controversial issues have surrounded the use of this experimental protocol. Objective: The present review provides a theoretical overview of some critical issues relevant to CPP. The advantages and limitations of CPP are also covered. Results: Based on modern and traditional theoretical formulations of Pavlovian conditioning, CPP appears to reflect a preference for a context due to the contiguous association between the context and a drug stimulus. Within this theoretical framework, it seems clear that CPP measures a learning process that is fundamentally distinct from drug self-administration. The main advantages of CPP are that it: (1) tests animals in a drug-free state; (2) is sensitive to both reward and aversion; (3) allows for simultaneous determination of CPP and locomotor activity; (4) is adaptable to a variety of species; (5) typically yields dose-effect curves that are monophasic rather than biphasic; and (6) has utility in probing the neural circuits involved in drug reward. The main limitations of CPP are that it: (1) is subject to interpretation based on the notion of novelty seeking; (2) is cumbersome for providing the graded dose-effect curves needed for answering some pharmacological questions; (3) is difficult to interpret when animals prefer one context prior to drug conditioning; and (4) lacks face validity as an experimental protocol of drug reward in humans. Conclusion: Despite some limitations, CPP provides unique information about the rewarding effect of contextual cues associated with a drug stimulus.
Inverted Y incision for accurate tailoring of patches and vessels

When anastomosing vessels or using a patch to close a defect, it is often difficult to trim the vessel end or patch to size once the anastomosis is underway. We describe an inverted Y technique that is easy, is completely reproducible, and provides for an even, accurate fit. A continuous suture is run from the heel along either side to the widest part of the anastomosis. A straight incision is made from the tip of the patch or toe of the vessel to a point corresponding to the apex of the defect to be filled; from this point, approximately curved cuts are made to the edges of the patch or vessel just beyond the last sutures. The patch is now accurately shaped and the suture lines are completed.
Effect of atrial stimulation site on the electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular node in man.

The electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular conduction system were compared in 16 patients using stimulation of the high right atrium (HRA) and a site within the coronary sinus (CS). The site of atrial stimulation significantly altered A-V nodal conduction time and refractoriness in eight patients (Group A) and did not change A-V nodal properties in the remaining patients. His-Purkinje conduction time and refractoriness were not affected by changing the atrial stimulation site. The atrial stimulation site may influence A-V nodal function by changing the site and/or mode of entry of the impulse into the A-V node.
13C and 1H chemical-shift anisotropies in chloroform☆

Abstract The anisotropies in the 13 C and 1 H chemical-shift tensors in chloroform are determined using a pulsed FT NMR spectrometer. The 13 C shielding anisotropy, obtained from the temperature dependence of the nematic-phase carbon-13 chemical shift and the ordering parameter, is —39 ± 1 ppm. A similar value is also obtained from the nematic-isotropic phase difference method. The value of 1 H shielding anisotropy obtained from temperature studies in the nematic phase is 9.8 ± 2.5 ppm.
The effect of type of practice on motor learning in children

The present investigation was concerned with the variability-of-practice hypothesis of Schmidt's schema theory of motor learning; i. e. it was sought to determine if there is an optimal way to structure the variable practice session with regard to schema formation. Furthermore, children's motor recognition (movement evaluation) was examined, in addition to recall (movement production), since apparently no such studies had been done within the context of schema theory before. Eighty-eight girls and boys with a mean age of 11.3 years were tested on a throwing task. Three groups of subjects practised under variable conditions (different target distances and weights) that differed with regard to contextual interference and sequential organization of task variations; another group received constant throwing practice. Following practice trials with knowledge of results, the four treatment groups and a control group without prior practice were required to produce and evaluate a novel response (novel target distance and weight) without vision and knowledge of results. The results supported the variability-of-practice hypothesis, in that variable practice in general facilitated recall and recognition on the novel task. Furthermore, variable practice with the highest level of contextual interference (random order of tasks) produced most effective transfer performance, suggesting that the structure of the variable-practice session in fact plays a role with regard to the effectiveness of motor schema development. Contrary to the ‘organization hypothesis’ (Gentile and Nacson, 1976) a hierarchical organization of movement variations was not more beneficial to schema formation than random practice.
A pragmatic guide to qualitative historical analysis in the study of international relations

Researchers using qualitative methods, including case studies and comparative case studies, are becoming more self–conscious in enhancing the rigor of their research designs so as to maximize their explanatory leverage with a small number of cases. One aspect of qualitative research that has not received as much attention is the use of primary and secondary source material as data or evidence. This essay explores the potential problems encountered by political scientists as they conduct archival research or rely on secondary source material produced by historians. The essay also suggests guidelines for researchers to minimize the main problems associated with qualitative historical research, namely, investigator bias and unwarranted selectivity in the use of historical source materials. These guidelines should enable advanced undergraduates and graduate students to enhance the quality of their historically minded political science scholarship.
Wireless platform for controlled nitric oxide releasing optical fibers for mediating biological response to implanted devices.

Abstract Despite the documented potential to leverage nitric oxide generation to improve in vivo performance of implanted devices, a key limitation to current NO releasing materials tested thus far is that there has not been a means to modulate the level of NO release after it has been initiated. We report the fabrication of a wireless platform that uses light to release NO from a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) optical fiber coated with an S -nitroso- N -acetylpenicillamine derivatized polydimethylsiloxane (SNAP-PDMS). We demonstrate that a VAOL-5GSBY4 LED ( λ dominant = 460 nm) can be used as a dynamic trigger to vary the level of NO released from 500 μm diameter coated PMMA. The ability to generate programmable sequences of NO flux from the surface of these coated fibers offers precise spatial and temporal control over NO release and provides a platform to begin the systematic study of in vivo physiological response to implanted devices. NO surface fluxes up to 3.88 ± 0.57 × 10 −10 mol cm −2 min −1 were achieved with ∼100 μm thick coatings on the fibers and NO flux was pulsed, ramped and held steady using the wireless platform developed. We demonstrate the NO release is linearly proportional to the drive current applied to the LED (and therefore level of light produced from the LED). This system allow the surface flux of NO from the fibers to be continuously changed, providing a means to determine the level and duration of NO needed to mediate physiological response to blood contacting and subcutaneous implants and will ultimately lead to the intelligent design of NO releasing materials tailored to specific patterns of NO release needed to achieve reliable in vivo performance for intravascular and subcutaneous sensors and potentially for a wide variety of other implanted biomedical devices.
Nonequivalent roles for motor and visual feedback in the Müller-Lyer and horizontal-vertical illusions

The relative contributions of motor and visual feedback to illusion decrement for the Muller-Lyer (ML) and horizontal-vertical (HV) illusions were estimated after subjects judged the perceived equality of standard and comparison lines with or without visual feedback and after the subject or the experimenter adjusted the comparison line (motor feedback). Visual feedback in the absence of motor feedback reduced magnitude of illusion by 38% for the ML illusion and by 45% for the HV illusion. Motor feedback in the absence of visual feedback reduced magnitude of illusion by 17% for the ML illusion and by 27% for the HV illusion. Estimates of “strategic” factors, commonly interpreted as the correction of inaccurate routine problem-solving and judgmental factors, also contain components of motor learning.
The chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: the date and the debate

Emperor Alexius I Comnenus granted to the Republic of Venice a generous chrysobull of privileges and property in return for the latter's support in Byzantium's war with the Normans. Despite more than a century of criticism, scholarly consensus continues to favour May 1082 as the probable date for this important chrysobull. Various attempts by scholars to offer alternate dates have not met with success or acceptance. The evidence for the date of the imperial charter can be divided into three categories: near-contemporary chronicles, contemporary archival documents, and textual/paleographic evidence. An examination of the evidence considered in its totality appears to confirm the traditional date of May 1082.
Industrial Engineering and information systems

Abstract The Industrial Engineer has a well established reputation for effective computer utilization in the areas of scheduling, simulation, inventory control, forecasting and operations research. The I.E.'s role in developing and maintaining computerized administrative information systems is less visible. In the current data processing environment, computer center personnel and users are the sole developers of the organization's information systems. Their skills include, and are usually limited to, knowledge of the technical intricacies of the computer and the user's system. These skills, though necessary, are not sufficient to create an information system in the most effective manner. The additional skills and techniques required to fully complement the systems development process are, for the most part, traditional industrial engineering functions. If effectively utilized, the I.E. can increase productivity in computer center operations and user activities by as much as 50–100%.
A Variable Heat Flux Model of Heat Transfer in Grinding: Model Development

In any grinding process, thermal damage is one of the main limitations to accelerating the completion of the product while maintaining high quality. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to understand the thermal behavior in the grinding process and possibly achieve the ultimate goal of avoiding thermal damage in the grinding process. A model previously developed is improved to analyze the heat transfer mechanisms in the grinding process. Heat generated at the interface between the abrasive grains and workpiece (i.e., the wear flat area) is considered. A conjugate heat transfer problem is then solved to predict the temperature in the grinding zone. In the previous model, all the heat fluxes were assumed to be uniformly distributed along the grinding zone. This led to a contradiction in the temperature matching condition. This reveals that the heat fluxes into each of the various materials are not uniform along the grinding zone. An improved model, accounting for the variation of the heat fluxes along the grinding zone, is presented. The temperature and heat flux distributions along the grinding zone are presented, along with comparisons to previous theoretical results.
Selective inhibition of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases of cardiac nuclear fraction

Approximately 60% of the total particulate phosphodiesterase activity occurring in cardiac tissue was associated with the nuclear fraction. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity of the purified cardiac nuclear fraction was selectively inhibited by trifluoperazine (I50 = 19 microM) with negligible inhibition (less than 15%) of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity. Inhibition of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase by trifluoperazine was calcium-dependent and suppressed by ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). The inhibitory response of both phosphodiesterases to papaverine was similar in the presence of calcium. However, in the presence of EGTA, papaverine inhibition of cyclic GMP but not cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was reduced significantly. Calmodulin (1-5 micrograms/ml) readily reversed the inhibition by 25 microM trifluoperazine of membraneous cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, but had no effect on inhibition by papaverine. With imidazolidinone analogues (Ro 7-2956 and Ro 20-1724), EGTA enhanced the inhibition of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase without significantly altering the inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Inhibition of cyclic AMP of cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity by 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, quinidine, or compound SQ 20,009 was not affected appreciably by calcium or EGTA. The selective inhibitory action of certain pharmacological agents on phosphodiesterases of cardiac nuclear fraction and the modulation of the inhibitory response by calcium suggest an intrinsic and predominant association of calmodulin with cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity of these membranes.
Intravenous cholangiography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis

Summary The experience with intravenous cholangiography in evaluating thirty-one patients with suspected acute cholecystitis is reviewed. Certain pitfalls in the technic and evaluation of the radiographic films are mentioned. Visualization was noted in 71 per cent of the patients and a definitive decision concerning the presence or absence of acute cholecystitis was made in all of these patients. Nonvisualization occurred in 29 per cent of the patients and the majority of these patients were noted to have significant surgical diseases. This test has been found to be a reliable adjunct in the work-up of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.
Study of the initial aluminide phase growth in Al/Pt couples

Abstract The thermal reaction of thin platinum films with large-grained aluminum substrates is studied with emphasis on the growth kinetics of the initial aluminide phase. In situ d.c. sputter cleaning is performed on the large-grained aluminum substrates before the platinum film is evaporated to ensure a clean interface. Uniform layer-by-layer growth of Pt2Al3 is observed and monitored by 2 MeV4He+ backscattering. The thickness x of this initial aluminide phase grows parabolically with the annealing duration t as x2 = Kt. After the incubation period, the growth constant K is given by K = x 2 t = 8.76 exp − 1.45 eV k B T ( cm 2 s −1 ) for 255°C
Chest Contour (Structure) and Cardiovascular Work

(1) This study failed to show chest contour (structure) a predictor of an individual's ability to perform cardiovascular work. (2) Structure and function are inseparable. However, structure and performance in humans may be quite variable. (3) Performance equals function plus "E," a very important factor, which consists of inherent ability, training, the urge, desire and determination to accomplish, to conquer, to win, and for which there is no known laboratory test. (4) In humans, structure and function and structure and performance are not synonymic.
AMPLITUDES OF THE EARTH'S SPLIT NORMAL MODES

This paper develops the theory necessary to explain the amplitudes of the earth's split normal modes. Expressions are derived for the amplitudes of the free oscillations of a laterally homogeneous rotating and elliptical earth excited by a point double couple. The eigenfunctions for this problem are the complex vector spherical harmonics about the north pole. The amplitudes of the normal modes are obtained by transforming SAITO'S (1967) results, expressed in vector spherical harmonics about the earthquake source, into geographic coordinates. We explicitly show the dependence of the excitation of each singlet within a multiplet on geometric fault parameters, seismic moment, source depth, earth structure and the geographic coordinates of the source and receiver. We present synthetic torsional and spheroidal displacement and strain spectra for low order fundamental modes (0S2-0S5, 0T2-0T5) excited by four basic fault geometries.Our results are suitable for the synthesis of observed spectra and time domain records in which splitting is an important effect. We have applied these results elsewhere to the Chilean and Alaskan earthquakes and have obtained very good agreement with observations.
Cyber-Physical Security Testbeds: Architecture, Application, and Evaluation for Smart Grid

The development of a smarter electric grid will depend on increased deployments of information and communication technology (ICT) to support novel communication and control functions. Unfortunately, this additional dependency also expands the risk from cyber attacks. Designing systems with adequate cyber security depends heavily on the availability of representative environments, such as testbeds, where current issues and future ideas can be evaluated. This paper provides an overview of a smart grid security testbed, including the set of control, communication, and physical system components required to provide an accurate cyber-physical environment. It then identifies various testbed research applications and also identifies how various components support these applications. The PowerCyber testbed at Iowa State University is then introduced, including the architecture, applications, and novel capabilities, such as virtualization, Real Time Digital Simulators (RTDS), and ISEAGE WAN emulation. Finally, several attack scenarios are evaluated using the testbed to explore cyber-physical impacts. In particular, availability and integrity attacks are demonstrated with both isolated and coordinated approaches, these attacks are then evaluated based on the physical system's voltage and rotor angle stability.
Antibiotic penetration into cervical discs.

ANTIBIOTICS ARE FREQUENTLY prophylactically administered in surgical procedures to reduce the incidence of infection. The penetration of antibiotics into lumbar discs has been studied with mixed results, but penetration into cervical discs has not been reviewed. In this study, we examined the penetration of two commonly used antibiotics, oxacillin and cefazolin, into cervical discs. Eighteen patients with a total of 30 discs removed were studied. Two groups, each consisting of four patients with five discs removed, received either 1 g of oxacillin or 1 g of cefazolin by a single, preoperative intravenous infusion. Two other groups, each consisting of five patients with 10 discs removed, received either 2 g of oxacillin or 2 g of cefazolin, also by a single, preoperative intravenous infusion. A blood specimen, from which serum antibiotic levels were determined, was obtained from each patient simultaneously with each discectomy. The time interval between the antibiotic infusion and discectomy/phlebotomy was also recorded. Antibiotic levels were detected in all discs removed but were quantifiable in only 12. Nine of these 12 had been exposed to cefazolin. Of these nine discs, one was from a patient who had received 1 g whereas the other eight were from patients who had received 2 g of cefazolin. This represents 80% of the removed discs exposed to 2 g of cefazolin (10 discs total) and 20% exposed to 1 g (5 discs total). The remaining three discs with quantifiable antibiotic levels had been exposed to 2 g of oxacillin, which represents 30% of the discs (10 total) exposed to that dose of oxacillin. Although cervical disc space infections are rare, they are serious. This information should be considered by those using prophylactic antibiotics for invasive cervical disc space procedures.
In vitro susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi: comparison of Etest and reference M38-A microdilution methods for determining posaconazole MICs.

The performance of the Etest for posaconazole susceptibility testing of 72 isolates of filamentous fungi was assessed in comparison with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) approved standard broth microdilution method (M38-A). The NCCLS method employed RPMI 1640 broth medium, and MICs were read after incubation for 48h at 35°C. Etest MICs were determined with RPMI agar containing 2% glucose and were read after incubation for 48h at 35°C. The isolates included Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. versicolor, A. oryzae, A. terreus, Cladosporium spp., Curvularia sp., Exophiala sp., Fusarium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Pithomyces sp., Penicillium spp. and Scedosporium apiospermum. Overall agreement between Etest and microdilution MICs was 84% for Aspergillus spp. and 100% for the less common opportunistic molds, with the exception of Penicillium spp. (67%). Where a discrepancy was observed between Etest and the reference method, the Etest tended to give lower values. The Etest method using RPMI agar appears to be a useful method for determining posaconazole susceptibilities of filamentous fungi.
Age, period and cohort effects in suicide behavior in the United States and Canada in the 20th century

Abstract The impact of age, period and cohort effects on Canadian male suicide patterns between 1926 and 1981, and United States white male suicide patterns between 1933 and 1983 is examined using multiple classification analysis. Previous cohort studies of suicide behavior have been descriptive, and have failed to consider the interaction of the three effects. In both nations, period effects are weaker than age and cohort effects for explaining suicide shifts. Cohort effects are relatively strong in the United States, but are weaker in Canada. The United States suicide data fit the APC model better than the Canadian data. The findings are exploratory, and may help to identify the factors that influence longitudinal suicide behavior in the two nations.
SU‐GG‐T‐547: New Measures for Evaluating SBRT Dose Distribution Quality

Purpose. To define a measure that indicates how well the dose distribution in SBRT treatment satisfies standards of dose symmetry and compactness required by SBRT RTOG protocols. Method. Any SBRT dose has to provide the adequate coverage of the PTV and away from PTV it has to decrease fast enough to minimize the volume of tissue in the organ in which the tumor is contained (e.g. lung,liver) (see RTOG 0236). To measure the tightness of dose around PTV one may create a sequence of regions that increase their detachment from PTV quantifying the dose in subsequent regions away from the target. The convenient approach is to build histograms based on a sequence of shells that wrap the target one after the other. This can be achieved by creating sequence of shell structures in the TPS system (script in case of Pinnacle) for which values of minimal, maximal and average dose will be automatically assigned and displayed in the form of appropriate histogram. Results. The script has been written for Pinnacle 8.0m and examples of dose distributions for sequence of SBRT plans have been analyzed by means of computed for these plans histograms. Histograms provide natural means for verification of SBRT RTOG parameters denoted as R50 and D2cm. These histograms provide, however, also additional information on symmetry and steepness of dose gradient in SBRT dose distributions. Conclusion. As in SBRT the quality of treatment depends on the location relative to the target of volumes of tissue exposed to given dose levels measures that go beyond DVH and quantify spatialproperties of dose distribution in tissue are needed for the assessment of SBRT treatment quality.
Enzymatic activity of surface-immobilized horseradish peroxidase confined to micrometer- to nanometer-scale structures in nanocapillary array membranes

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized on the planar surfaces and inside the cylindrical nanopores of nanocapillary array membranes (NCAMs) to study how the enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of a fluorigenic substrate, Amplex Red (AR), to fluorescent resorufin by hydrogen peroxide is influenced by confinement. Because AR was also found to be converted to resorufin photolytically at high laser fluences, a modified laser-induced fluorescence protocol was developed to characterize the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the absence of interference from the photolytic reaction. Surface-immobilized HRP was studied in two environments: bound to the surface of a microfluidic channel, and bound to the interior of cylindrical nanopores in NCAMs connecting crossed microfluidic channels. HRP was immobilized through reaction of solvent-accessible primary amines with the epoxy group of the methyl methacrylate–glycidyl methacrylate copolymer synthesized in either planar or annular geometries to construct the test structures for enzymatic activity. HRP immobilized on planar surfaces shows high activity (∼10 µM min−1) meaning that the copolymer membrane exhibits good potential for immobilizing the enzyme, especially since active structures are obtained in a one-step reaction. HRP was also immobilized inside nanopores via physisorption. Enzymatic reactions inside the nanopores were characterized and compared to finite element simulations of a modified Eley–Rideal mechanism to bracket the value of the overall rate constant for the confined enzyme. Reaction velocities were estimated to be ∼10-fold higher in the nanopores than for the same enzyme bound to a planar microfluidic surface.
Somatic symptoms, somatization, and traumatic stress: An overview

This communication reviews published studies (English language) that relate somatic symptoms to traumatic stressors. Findings were inconsistent but suggest that physical symptoms are common after severe or recurrent traumatic stress and/or if there were physical sensations at the time of the stressor (for example, rape), irrespective of whether there was permanent tissue damage. Somatic symptoms after traumatic experiences may result from: a) tissue damage, including the brain; b) physioslogic hyperactivity; and/or c) somatization. Psychologic symptoms that am typical of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be masked by somatization. Somatization is more likely to occur when, as a result of younger age or cultural mores, there is an impaired capacity to communicate psychologic experiences. Prospective studies to investigate the relationship of trauma to somatic symptoms an needed.
Cytological Evidence for Association of the Ends of the Linear Chromosome in Streptomyces coelicolor

The chromosome of the filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor is linear, but the genetic map is circular. We present cytological evidence based on the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization showing that the ends of the chromosome frequently colocalize, in agreement with the idea that the ends are held together, effectively forming a circular chromosome. These observations provide a possible explanation for how a linear bacterial chromosome can exhibit a circular genetic map.