cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zernike coefficients: are they really enough?

Zernike aberration coefficients are routinely used in simulation exercises for lithographic printing and the discovery of Zernike values is considered strategic for many lithographic process engineers. Thanks to progress in actinic interferometry and resist based evaluation techniques, reliable estimates of Zernike component magnitudes are possible in many cases. It is expected that wavelength reductions from 248 nm and 193 nm to 157 nm along with continued use of aspheric elements in high NA designs will lead to an increase in the component of wavefront aberration that is not adequately characterized by a 36 term Zernike polynomial. Wavefront errors not well characterized by a conventional Zernike fit are variously termed mid- spatial frequency errors, lack of fit, residuals, flare, scatter etc. This paper explores the importance, characterization and analysis of these residual errors and attempts to clarify the boundaries between the various classes of wavefront error. We find that an accurate assessment an model of lens performance requires the inclusion of both residual wavefront errors and flare effects in addition to the customary 36 term Zernike expansion.
High Temperature Heat Exchangers (HTHX) for Nuclear Applications

Many nuclear engineering applications, current and future, require heat exchangers operating at high temperatures. The operating conditions and performance requirements of these heat exchangers present special design challenges. This paper considers these challenges with respect to a simple heat exchanger design manufactured of a novel carbon material. Heat transfer and effectiveness calculations are performed for several parametric studies regarding heat exchanger parameters. These results are used to better understand the design challenges of high temperature heat exchangers as well as provide a starting point for future optimization work on more complex heat exchanger designs.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Assessing performance gains via the use of global resource controller for realistic heterogeneous wireless networks

We study the resource allocation and management issues related to heterogeneous wireless systems made up of several Radio Access Technologies (RATs) that collectively provide a unified wireless network to a diverse set of users through co-ordination managed by a centralized Global Resource Controller (GRC). We assume that the user devices are multi-modal, which makes it possible for each device to use the Access Point (AP)/Base Station (BS) of any available RAT at any given time. Through detailed protocol level simulations performed in ns-2, we show an increase in spectral efficiency of up to 99.2% and an increase in instantaneous fairness of up to 28.5% for two greedy sort-based user device-to-AP/BS association algorithms implemented at the GRC compared to a distributed solution where each user makes his/her own association decision.
The effects of naloxone on behavior maintained by cocaine and heroin injections in the rhesus monkey

Abstract The effects of repeated administration of naloxone on heroin and cocaine self-administration in non-dependent rhesus monkeys were investigated. Animals lever pressing for intravenous heroin (6 μg/kg) and cocaine (100 or 200 μg/kg) were treated for 7–10 days with naloxone at a fixed dose prior to each session. Low pretreatment doses of naloxone increased rate of responding maintained by heroin injections while higher doses decreased responding maintained by heroin. The pattern of responding over the 10-day period of treatment with the higher doses of naloxone was similar to that observed when saline was substituted for heroin. Naloxone was without effect on responding maintained by injections of cocaine.
Pubic symphyseal synostosis and sexual dimorphism of the pelvis inPresbytis cristata andPresbytis rubicunda

This study examines the relationship between public symphyseal synostosis and sexual dimorphism of the pelvis in two sympatric species ofPresbytis—P. cristata andP. rubicunda. Whereas no specimen ofP. cristata shows fusion of the interpubic joint, a high percentage of female (43.8%) and male (83.3%)P. rubicunda have a fused public symphysis. As females of both species are similar in body size, they are predicted to give birth to similarly sized newborns. Based on comparison with other anthropoids, the percentage dimorphism in the ischiopubic index inP. cristata andP. rubicuda suggests selection on pelvic capacity in relation to obstetrics. In species characterized by cephalopelvic constriction (i.e., the size of the fetal cranium closely approximates the capacity of the maternal birth canal), successful birth seems possible only by a hormonally induced increase in pelvic joint mobility during delivery. However, fusion of the interpubic joint obviates pelvic joint mobility. Consequently, this study tests the hypothesis thatP. rubicunda shows obstetric adaptations of the pelvis that are not found inP. cristata. The results show that pelvic capacity is larger in females than males in bothP. cristata andP. rubicunda; the sexual difference is most pronounced at the inlet. Moreover, the pattern of pelvic dimorphism is nearly identical between the species. When females of the two species are compared,P. rubicunda evidences a shorter distance between the sacroiliac and hip joints and a wider bituberous diameter. The former is related to interspecific differences in locomotion, and the latter is associated with obstetrics.
William Worthy’s Concept of “Institutional Rape” Revisited Anchor Institutions and Residential Displacement in Buffalo, NY

This article examines the role of anchor institutions in the urban revitalization process. We use case study analysis to understand how concerns about residential displacement are addressed by anch...
Seeking new ways of living community in the classroom and the world: an action research study

Action research is a method of examining one’s own practice through reflection and critical self-study. In this paper, the author considers her experience teaching a two-day lesson on connections and relationships in William Forsythe’s dance One Flat Thing, reproduced (2000) and the accompanying website, Synchronous Objects. The author reviews student data collected during the lesson and links it to literature about feminist and critical pedagogy. She discusses the kinds of relationships she fostered in the context of her lesson and considers strategies for creating a democratic community in the classroom. The paper concludes that encouraging students to interact with each other as subjects, to engage with the world, and to uphold the community-based values of dialog and participation are primary goals in her philosophy of education. Moreover, the author suggests that dance as a discipline holds great potential for supporting student engagement with others and the world.
Configuration tradeoffs for the space infrared telescope facility pointing control system

Candidate pointing control configurations for a Space Infrared Telescope Facility are examined in terms of fine guidance pointing and large angle slewing accuracies. In particular, the fundamental tradeoff is between a strategy that uses body pointing only, where the entire spacecraft is controlled to null pointing error, or body pointing plus image motion compensation, where a movable secondary mirror is employed to remove high-frequency disturbances and therefore mitigate excitation of flexible body modes. Using known characteristics of available attitude control sensors and actuators, a linear covariance analysis is used to compute rms pointing error, while a time domain simulation is used to compute transient response to specific disturbance torques. It is found that body pointing alone can provide excellent fine pointing accuracy but limits slewing performance. Both slewing performance and disturbance rejection may be significantly improved by a steerable secondary mirror, but the noise level of the attitude sensor under study limits control bandwidth and thus restricts the potential advantages of this approach. It is recommended that improved sensor designs be pursued while enhancing slewing performance by appropriate combination of command profile and control compensation.
Induced and natural regulatory T cells in the development of inflammatory bowel disease.

The mucosal immune system mediates contact between the host, and the trillions of microbes that symbiotically colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Failure to tolerate the antigens within this “extended self” can result in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Within the adaptive immune system, the most significant cells modulating this interaction are Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Treg cells can be divided into two primary subsets: “natural” Treg (nTreg) cells, and “adaptive” or “induced” Treg (iTreg). Recent research suggests that these subsets serve to play both independent and synergistic roles in mucosal tolerance. Studies from both mouse models and human patients suggest defects in Treg cells can play distinct causative roles in IBD. Numerous genetic, microbial, nutritional, and environmental factors that associate with IBD may also affect Treg cells. In this review we summarize the development and function of Treg cells, and how their regulatory mechanisms may fail, leading to a loss of mucosal tolerance. We discuss both animal models and studies of IBD patients suggesting Treg cell involvement in IBD, and consider how Treg cells may be used in future therapies.
Successive Overrelaxation, Block Iteration, and Method of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Equations for Multiple Trait Evaluation of Sires

Abstract A potential difficulty with mixed model equations for multiple trait evaluation of sires is solving the equations as the number of equations increases proportionally to the number of traits. Time required to obtain inverse solutions increases by the number cubed. Thus, iterative procedures often are used. Three iterative procedures, successive overrelaxation, block iteration with relaxation, and the method of conjugate gradients, were compared for four sets of multiple trait equations for sire evaluation. Equations were solved after absorption of equations for random herd-year-season effects. Equations for two and four traits each with test and complete data sets made up the four sets of equations. The two-trait system featured high heritabilities and large negative correlations among effects whereas the four-trait system had low heritabilities and smaller negative correlations. Rate of convergence for block iteration was faster than for successive overrelaxation, especially for the four-trait system and especially for more exacting convergence criteria. The method of conjugate gradients was efficient only for test data sets (30 and 60 equations) and was not competitive with the other methods for complete data sets (1426 and 2852 equations). Test data sets accurately predicted optimum relaxation factors for successive overrelaxation for complete data sets. Optimum relaxation factor for the two-trait system was 1.5 to 1.7 and for the four-trait system was 1.3 to 1.5. Gauss-Seidel iteration took 33 to 400% more rounds than successive overrelaxation with the optimum relaxation factor depending on stopping criteria and data set.
CLAPP: characterizing loops in Android applications (invited talk)

When performing program analysis, loops are one of the most important aspects that needs to be taken into account. In the past, many approaches have been proposed to analyze loops to perform different tasks, ranging from compiler optimizations to Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) analysis. While these approaches are powerful, they focus on tackling very specific categories of loops and known loop patterns, such as the ones for which the number of iterations can be statically determined. In this work, we developed a static analysis framework to characterize and analyze generic loops, without relying on techniques based on pattern matching. For this work, we focus on the Android platform, and we implemented a prototype, called CLAPP, that we used to perform the first large-scale empirical study of the usage of loops in Android applications. In particular, we used our tool to analyze a total of 4,110,510 loops found in 11,823 Android applications, and we gained several insights related to the performance issues and security aspects associated with loops.
Noncontact infrared-mediated thermocycling for effective polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA in nanoliter volumes.

We demonstrate that accurate thermocycling of nanoliter volumes is possible using infrared-mediated temperature control. Thermocycling in the presence of Taq polymerase and the appropriate primers for amplification of λ-DNA in a total volume of 160 nL is shown to result in the successful amplification of a 500-base pair fragment of λ-DNA. The efficiency of the amplification is sufficiently high so that as few as 10 cycles were required to amplify an adequate mass of DNA for analysis by capillary electrophoresis. This indicates that, as expected, PCR amplification of DNA in nanoliter volumes should not only require less Taq polymerase but require less cycling time to produce a detectable amount of product. This sets the stage for microchip integration of the PCR process in the nanoliter volumes routinely manipulated in electrophoretic microchips.
Understanding the influence of structural hierarchy and its coupling with chemical environment on the strength of idealized tropocollagen–hydroxyapatite biomaterials

Abstract Hard biomaterials such as bone, dentin, and nacre have primarily an organic phase (e.g. tropocollagen (TC)) and a mineral phase (e.g. hydroxyapatite (HAP) or aragonite) arranged in a staggered arrangement at the nanoscopic length scale. Interfacial interactions between the organic phase and the mineral phase as well as the structural effects arising due to the staggered arrangement significantly affect the strength of such biomaterials. The effect of such factors is intricately intertwined with the chemical environment of such materials. In the present investigation, an idealized TC–HAP composite system under tensile loading is analyzed using explicit three-dimensional (3-D) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to develop an understanding of these factors. The material system is analyzed in three different environments: (1) in the absence of water molecules (non-hydrated), (2) in the presence of water molecules (hydrated), and (3) in the presence of water molecules with calcium ions (ionized water). The analyses focus on understanding the correlations among factors such as the structural arrangement, the peak stress during deformation, Young's modulus, the peak interfacial strength, and the length scale of the localization of peak stress during deformation. Analyses show that maximizing the contact area between the TC and HAP phases results in higher interfacial strength as well as higher fracture strength. Due to the staggered arrangement, the orientation of HAP crystals has insignificant effect on the biomaterial strength. Analyses based on strength scaling as a function of structural hierarchy level reveal that while peak strength follows a multiscaling relation, the fracture strength does not. The peak strain for failure was found to be independent of the changes in levels of structural hierarchy. Overall, the analyses, being limited in size due to the computational time constraint, point out important correlations between the mechanical strength and chemically influenced structural hierarchy of biomaterials.
Evidence for the controlled release of a crustacean sex pheromone

Evidence for the controlled release of a crustacean sex pheromone: mature malePortunus sanguinolentus (Herbst) did not give the characteristic display described by Ryan (1966) to water from a container with a carried or artificially restrained premolt female. However, the sex pheromone was still present in the urine of the restrained female, suggesting that she inhibits the emission of the sex pheromone by regulating her urine flow.
Role of inflammation in retinal vein occlusion.

Abstract Background: Inflammation measured by using highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) may be a separate risk factor in retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods: In a small consecutive pilot case series, hs-CRP was measured in 11 patients with RVO. Results: Levels ranged from 1.0 to 18.0 mg/L (mean 6.5 [SD 6.1] mg/L), with >3.0 mg/L being considered high risk for developing vascular disease. Interpretation: The new role of hs-CRP is important for ophthalmologists because of its part in vascular disease.
Construction of a dual affinity tagged allele of the Rb1 tumor suppressor gene in the mouse

Loss of Rb1 tumor suppressor gene function is involved in the genesis of most human cancers. Novel therapies targeting Rb1 have been slow to develop because of our incomplete understanding of its molecular mechanisms of action. Rb1 protein (pRb) binds a host of cellular genes and proteins, and these molecular interactions mediate its various functions. Given the potential complexity of these molecular interactions and the lack of established methods for pRb purification, it has been difficult to systematically identify gene and protein interactions relevant to tumor suppression in different tissues in vivo. To address this limitation, we have generated a dual affinity tagged Rb1 allele in the mouse. The tagged allele functions as wild type and the encoded protein can be purified by tandem affinity chromatography. This allele will facilitate identification and characterization of native pRb molecular interactions in any tissue accessible in the mouse.
TGFβ inhibitors: new and unexpected requirements in vertebrate development

Analysis of embryonic induction has pointed to the importance of the antagonistic roles played by secreted inducing factors and their soluble inhibitory binding proteins. These interactions have been particularly well characterized in patterning the primary axes of insects and vertebrates. New results implicate similar antagonistic relationships in numerous later events of embryogenesis.
The Early Design Reliability Prediction Method

The purpose of this paper is to formalize the Early Design Reliability Prediction Method (EDRPM) into a comprehensive framework, then to provide a case study using an Electrical Power System (EPS) which shows the usefulness of the methods. EDRPM has been developed to facilitate decision making in early design using quantitative reliability results [1]. Candidate components and design alternative are eliminated using justification provided by EDRPM. The output of this method is a set of design alternative that have a reliability values at or greater than a preset reliability goal. At the completion of applying EDRPM, additional metrics can be used to determine a final design. This research addresses the need for reliability methods to be moved earlier in the design process. Current methods are applicable after components have been selected. EDRPM is used during functional design, and when concepts are generated. This method also calculates functional failure rates which are applied to generate the function and component distributions. The results of the case study shows that several candidate components and design alternatives can be eliminated using EDRPM. It is demonstrated that only a subset of designs that meet the failure rate piece of the reliability goal should not be eliminated. The reliability goal is the combination of two parts; the failure rate and the probability of not exceeding the failure rate. Several of these design still have a probability of exceeding the second piece of the reliability goal given that they meet the first.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nonlinear Behavior of a Shim Coil in an LTS/HTS NMR Magnet With an HTS Insert Comprising Double-Pancake HTS-Tape Coils

This paper reports results, experimental and analytical, of the nonlinear behavior of a shim coil in the presence of an HTS coil assembled with double-pancake (DP) HTS-tape coils. The experimental results are from: 1) operation of a 700 MHz LTS/HTS NMR magnet (LH700) consisting of a 600 MHz LTS NMR magnet (L600) equipped with superconducting shim coils and a 100 MHz DP-assembled HTS insert (H100) and; 2) an experiment with a room-temperature (RT) Z1 shim coil coupled to a 50 MHz DP-assembled HTS insert (H50). A field mapping theory with a harmonic analysis is applied to interpret both results. Based on experimental results and analyses, we conclude that the screening-current-induced field (SCF) generated by a DP-assembled HTS insert is primarily responsible for the nonlinear behavior, including strength degradation, of a shim coil.
A Human Condensin Complex Containing hCAP-C-hCAP-E and CNAP1, a Homolog of Xenopus XCAP-D2, Colocalizes with Phosphorylated Histone H3 during the Early Stage of Mitotic Chromosome Condensation

ABSTRACT Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family proteins play critical roles in structural changes of chromosomes. Previously, we identified two human SMC family proteins, hCAP-C and hCAP-E, which form a heterodimeric complex (hCAP-C–hCAP-E) in the cell. Based on the sequence conservation and mitotic chromosome localization, hCAP-C–hCAP-E was determined to be the human ortholog of theXenopus SMC complex, XCAP-C–XCAP-E. XCAP-C–XCAP-E is a component of the multiprotein complex termed condensin, required for mitotic chromosome condensation in vitro. However, presence of such a complex has not been demonstrated in mammalian cells. Coimmunoprecipitation of the endogenous hCAP-C–hCAP-E complex from HeLa extracts identified a 155-kDa protein interacting with hCAP-C–hCAP-E, termed condensation-related SMC-associated protein 1 (CNAP1). CNAP1 associates with mitotic chromosomes and is homologous toXenopus condensin component XCAP-D2, indicating the presence of a condensin complex in human cells. Chromosome association of human condensin is mitosis specific, and the majority of condensin dissociates from chromosomes and is sequestered in the cytoplasm throughout interphase. However, a subpopulation of the complex was found to remain on chromosomes as foci in the interphase nucleus. During late G2/early prophase, the larger nuclear condensin foci colocalize with phosphorylated histone H3 clusters on partially condensed regions of chromosomes. These results suggest that mitosis-specific function of human condensin may be regulated by cell cycle-specific subcellular localization of the complex, and the nuclear condensin that associates with interphase chromosomes is involved in the reinitiation of mitotic chromosome condensation in conjunction with phosphorylation of histone H3.
Use of an Ilizarov apparatus to perform closed reduction of a chronic proximal dislocation following total hip arthroplasty. A case report.

Dislocation remains a major early perioperative complication of total hip arthroplasty, with a prevalence of 3.9% within the first six months as reported in a review of 58,521 patients in the Medicare population1. While the literature abounds with options for the treatment of recurrent dislocation after total hip arthroplasty, we are not aware of any report on the treatment of chronic proximal dislocation after total hip arthroplasty. We report the case of a patient in whom this complication was successfully treated with gradual closed reduction with use of an Ilizarov distraction technique. The patient was informed that data concerning this case would be submitted for publication. Aforty-six-year-old man was involved in a motor-vehicle accident in 1997 and sustained a right posterior wall acetabular fracture with peroneal nerve palsy that was treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Degenerative joint disease subsequently developed, and the patient underwent right total hip arthroplasty. Postoperatively, the hip dislocated multiple times and revision total hip arthroplasty was recommended by the original treating physician. The revision procedure was postponed on a number of occasions, and the patient was then lost to follow-up. The patient presented to our facility six years later for evaluation of chronic proximal dislocation at the site of the right total hip arthroplasty. The initial radiographic evaluation revealed the right total hip replacement to be dislocated posteriorly, resulting in 10 cm of shortening (Fig. 1). Other than the peroneal nerve palsy, motor and sensory function were intact in the involved extremity. The patient had chronic pain in the buttock and a severe Trendelenburg gait, and he walked with use of a crutch and a 7.5-cm shoe-lift. The pain was worse with weight-bearing but was also moderate to severe with sitting. The treatment options that were discussed with the patient included resection …
Indirect effects of an introduced ungulate on pollination and plant reproduction

Herbivores can affect plants not only directly through browsing and tram- pling, but also indirectly through other species. For example, herbivores could affect the interaction between plants and their pollinators. Because plant population density may affect plant-pollinator interactions and plant reproductive success, we hypothesized that herbi- vores could affect pollination and plant reproduction indirectly by modifying plant popu- lation density. Unlike previous hypotheses, which concerned individual-level effects on vegetative and reproductive traits, our hypothesis focuses on population-level effects and involves a feedback mechanism. To test this hypothesis, we conducted field studies in the temperate forest of the southern Andes, where introduced ungulates are a major source of anthropogenic alteration. For 10 animal-pollinated understory plants, we compared popu- lation density, pollinator visitation, pollen deposition in stigmas, and reproduction in four pairs of grazed and ungrazed sites. We found evidence of indirect effects of ungulates on pollination and reproduction only for the herb Alstroemeria aurea(Alstroemeriaceae). The general lack of evidence for indirect effects on most of the species may result from resistance to cattle browsing and trampling, or low statistical power. For A. aurea, we present additional evidence from trampling and hand-pollination experiments, plus path analyses of the effect of density on pollination and reproduction showing that: (1) cattle decrease the absolute and relative population density of this species through trampling; (2) density, particularly relative density, affects pollen deposition on stigmas; and (3) conspecific pollen deposition affects reproduction. Thus, our results indicate that, by directly reducing the population density of A. aurea, cattle are indirectly affecting its reproduction.
Friction, overpressure and fault normal compression

More than twenty-five years ago Miller and Low reported the existence of a threshold pore pressure gradient below which water would not flow through clay. Recent experimental observations of the shear strength of structured water on biotite surfaces have provided a physical basis for understanding this threshold gradient. The existence of this phenomenon has profound implications for the rheological properties of mature fault zones, such as the San Andreas, that contain large thickness of fault gouge. For example, a clay-filled fault zone about 1 km wide at the base of the surface could support core fluid pressure equal to the maximum principal stress over the entire seismogenic zone. As a result, the fault would have near-zero strength and the maximum principal stress measured on the flanks of the fault, would be oriented normal to the fault surface. Another consequence of the threshold gradient is that normal hydrostatic fluid pressures outside the fault zone could coexist with near-lithostatic fluid pressures in the interior of the fault zone without the need for continual replenishment of the overpressured fluid. In addition, the pore pressure at any point should never exceed the local minimum principal stress so that hydrofracture will not occur.
On process tolerance: a brief review and models

The emergence of new processing technologies (electronic discharge machine (EDM), water jet cutting, etc.), the availability of sensitive control devices, and the accessibility of powerful computation machinery on factory floors provide today’s engineer with a wide variety of choices to achieve the specified tolerance targets. It is known that the proper specification of tolerance is essential in the equation of successful manufacturing. Motivated by this, both researchers and practitioners alike are taking a new look at this important aspect of design and manufacturing.
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections: A Critical Review and the Role of Telavancin in Their Treatment

Skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients and a major therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Although uncomplicated SSTIs are managed successfully on an outpatient basis, more serious infections extending to the subcutaneous tissue, fascia, or muscle require complex management. Early diagnosis, selection of appropriate antimicrobials, and timely surgical intervention are key to successful treatment. Surgical-site infections, an important category of SSTI, occur in approximately half a million patients in North America annually. SSTIs are also a potential source for life-threatening bacteremia and metastatic abscesses. Gram-positive organisms, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, are the dominant organisms isolated early in the infectious process, whereas gram-negative organisms are found in chronic wounds. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a potential bloodstream invader that requires aggressive antimicrobial treatment and surgery. Recent concerns regarding vancomycin activity include heteroresistance in MRSA and increase in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (>1 or 2 µg/mL); however, alternative agents, such as telavancin, daptomycin, linezolid, ceftaroline, dalbavancin, oritavancin, and tedizolid, are now available for the treatment of severe MRSA infections. Here, we present a review of the epidemiology, etiology, and available treatment options for the management of SSTIs.
Effects of pulsewidth on Faraday tarotion

We discuss effects of pulsewidth on the accuracy, of Faraday tarotion (spread-spectrum analog of Faraday rotation) as a measure of electron density. Results age presented for rectangular pulse envelopes of 10-100 cycles corresponding, for example, to 1-10 ns at 10 GHz.
The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes at the Art Institute of Chicago.

The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes. Art Institute of Chicago (October 10, 1992. January 3, 1993); Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (February 14. April 18, 1993); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (June. - August 15, 1993).
Measuring and Modeling Change in Examinee Effort on Low-Stakes Tests Across Testing Occasions

Because schools worldwide use low-stakes tests to make important decisions, value-added indices computed from test scores must accurately reflect student learning, which requires equal test-taking effort across testing occasions. Evaluating change in effort assumes effort is measured equivalently across occasions. We evaluated the longitudinal measurement invariance of a globally used self-report measure of test-taking effort. Given measurement invariance, we assessed average change and variability in change in effort when examinees completed the same low-stakes tests twice during college. Average effort declined slightly, but there was large variability in change in effort. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, and performance-approach orientation were uncorrelated with change in effort. Initial effort, change in mastery-approach orientation, change in work-avoidance orientation, and change in perceived test importance were correlated with change in effort. Because change in test importance had the...
Strategic Uncertainty as a Cause of War

This paper shows why states, acting in their own self-interest, may create informational asymmetries that lead to war. In our models, two actors with no private information invest in military capacity before engaging in crisis bargaining. If bargaining fails, the states go to war, and the payoffs of a war depend on the two states’ military capacities. We examine a large class of models and show that states have incentives to keep each other guessing about their exact levels of military capacity — even though doing so creates the risk of war. Thus, self interest and strategy are to blame for the emergence of uncertainty about military strength and war. Our paper explains two stylized facts: States devote considerable resources to secrecy in the national-security realm, and often disagree about the balance of capabilities.
The E158 experiment

We have carried out a precision measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry A PV in the scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons off electrons in a liquid-hydrogen target. The measurement was performed with the 50 GeV beam line at SLAC. The final result with the full data set collected in three production runs is A PV = −131 ± 14 (stat) ±10 (syst) parts per billion. The result leads to new limits on possible contact interactions at the TeV scale. We discuss future prospects for more precise measurements.
On the use of silicon photonics--Part II

As today's complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies are scaled down to below 65 nm, conventional metal lines carrying signals in an integrated circuit face increasing challenges. As a short-term solution, the semiconductor industry adopted copper instead of aluminum for interconnects due to its low resistive behavior and good electromigration property. However, issues such as delay degradation, interference, and power dissipation will remain for metal interconnects as we further scale down feature sizes.
A Clustered Dynamic Model for a class of LInear Autonomous Systems Unsing Simple Enumerative Sorting

Simple, computationally efficient, enumerative techniques are introduced for establishing a clustered semidecoupled dynamic model for a class of autonomous linear systems exemplified by the electromechanical dynamics of the electric power system. Such a model consists of intercluster (usually slow) dynamics and intracluster dynamics (usually fast) which are respectively weakly coupled. The process starts by selecting the point in frequency where intracluster and intercluster dynamics tend to separate. The sorting technique then identifies the number of clusters, the width of separation in frequency, the specifics of the dynamic components and the coupling between them. No matrix manipulations like finding eigenvalues or inverses are required.
Single Photon Avalanche Photodiodes for Near-Infrared Photon Counting

InP-based single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) have proven to be the most practical solution currently available for many applications requiring high-performance photon counting at near-infrared wavelengths between 1.0 and 1.6 µm. We describe recent progress in the design, characterization, and modeling of InP-based SPADs, particularly with respect to the dark count rate vs. photon detection efficiency metric of devices optimized for use at both 1.55 μm and 1.06 μm. In this context, we report for the first time dark count probabilities as low as 7 x 10-7 ns-1 for fiber-coupled 1.55 μm SPADs operated at 20% detection efficiency and 215 K. Additionally, because of the critical role played by afterpulsing in limiting photon counting rates, we describe recent characterization of the dependence of afterpulsing effects on SPAD operating conditions such as photon detection efficiency, repetition rate, and bias gate length.
Review of Environmental chemistry: A modular approach by Jan Williams

Aquatic Chemistry by Strumm and Morgan is a standard text in this field and as such is an excellent book. For undergraduates, however, it may be too advanced for use as a first textbook. Dr. Benjamin has attempted to address that problem in his work. Water Chemistry starts with an overview of some physical/ chemical concepts. This chapter could be extremely useful to students who have had their last chemistry course well before taking a course in water chemistry. Chapter 2 discusses chemical thermodynamics in some depth. The author prides himself on providing more than basic coverage of this subject. He argues that students have problems with thermodynamics due to texts not going into the subject in sufficient detail. Chapters 3–5 and 7–10 apply the concepts that were introduced in the first two chapters to specific types of chemical reactions. Chapter 6 discusses currently available software which can be used to solve chemical equilibrium problems. Dr. Benjamin avoids recommending specific software packages, but does prefer the MINEQL family of programs. Intended as an undergraduate textbook, Water Chemistry could also be used by professionals wanting an understanding of chemical processes related to water and wastewater treatment. The book is readable and logically organized. Chapters 1 and 2 may be more useful to students than to professionals already familiar with the more basic concepts covered there. There is an index at the back of the book. Appendix A has thermodynamic data and equilibrium constants. Equations used throughout the book are compiled in Appendix B. Each equation given is referenced to the text in which it is presented in the main body of the book. This allows you to find an equation easily. It also allows you to quickly read how and where that equation should be applied. This section would be particularly useful to professionals who need quick access to practical information on the job. Dr. Benjamin has done an outstanding job of taking a difficult subject and making it accessible to undergraduates and others looking for a basic understanding of water chemistry.
Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

To support the USPSTF recommendation in this issue, Lin and colleagues found good-quality evidence from 17 studies suggesting that behavioral counseling interventions with multiple sessions conduct...
Synthesis and reactivity of alkynyloxy molybdenum carbene complexes: formation of cyclopropyl substituted dihydrofurans and dihydropyrans

Abstract Alkynyloxycarbene complexes of molybdenum have been found to readily cyclize to give cyclopropyldihydrofurans and cyclopropyldihydropyrans upon thermolysis in the presence of methyl acrylate.
Modelling the Effects of Market Orientation on Channel Relationships: A Conceptual Framework

The adoption of market-oriented behaviors by partners engaged in a channel of distribution would appear to allow for the creation of resilient, longer-lasting channel relationships, which in turn, should result in stronger competitive positions. This paper presents a model and pro-positional inventory which integrates market orientation with other channel constructs determined to be important in the creation of long-term dyadic relationships between firms.
Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of big endothelin-1 and phosphoramidon in the ovine fetus

To investigate the potential role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in fetal vasoregulation, we examined in sheep the hemodynamic effects of infusion of big ET-1 (bET-1; precursor of ET-1) on the systemic and pulmonary circulations in chronically catheterized late-gestation fetuses. Thirteen animals [134 +/- 0.5 (SE) days gestation] received systemic infusions of bET-1 (1.5 or 3.0 micrograms/min for 10 min via the superior vena cava), which increased systemic arterial pressure by 5.0 +/- 1.9 (P < 0.01) and 13.9 +/- 1.8 mmHg (P < 0.01), respectively. Pretreatment with 10 mg of phosphoramidon, an ET-1-converting enzyme inhibitor, blocked the hypertensive response to bET-1. Six animals (136 +/- 1.5 days gestation) received intrapulmonary infusion of bET-1 (3.0 micrograms/min for 10 min via the left pulmonary artery), which increased pulmonary arterial pressure by 18.1 +/- 1.5 mmHg (P < 0.01). Three animals (130 +/- 1.5 days gestation) received phosphoramidon (1 mg/min for 10 min via the left pulmonary artery), which had no observed effect on baseline pulmonary vascular tone. We conclude that bET-1 produces systemic and pulmonary hypertension in the late-gestation fetus. Phosphoramidon inhibits bET-1-induced hypertension, suggesting that the fetus possesses ET-1-converting enzyme activity.
Cultural Continuity and Communities and Well-being

This paper describes a household survey of Inuit in northern Alaska and how the survey data were used to better understand the relative importance of jobs, wild food harvesting, and social ties for life satisfaction. It emphasizes the importance of non-material measures for life satisfaction. It builds on other research showing the importance of harvesting wild food and the persistence of a mixed economy—one that combines cash income and wild food harvests. An empirical model estimates the relationship between people's choices to work, and/or hunt and fish, and individual satisfaction with life. The model includes economic and non-economic measures of well-being as well as community characteristics and shows that what matters most for satisfaction are family ties, social support and opportunities to do things with other people. Jobs, income, housing, and modern amenities—are less important among arctic Inuit. This research addresses the purpose for the original survey project—to give a more realistic picture of life in the Arctic by showing why people who live in remote, isolated, communities, with low incomes, and substandard housing are very satisfied with their lives. It also contributes to public policy in remote regions and efforts to understand how people are adapting in a rapidly changing environment. Keywords: Alaska Natives, subsistence, well-being
Effects of hybrid and ensiling with and without a microbial inoculant on the nutritional characteristics of whole-plant corn.

Two corn hybrids (Pioneer 3377 and 3389) with similar total plant and grain yield characteristics were evaluated to determine potential differences in nutritive value of the whole plant and stover. Hybrids were grown in plots at four different locations in Idaho in 1988 and 1989 for laboratory evaluation. Samples from the plots were stored fresh or ensiled with or without a microbial inoculant for 60 d in laboratory silos. Whole-plant samples of 3377 had a lower (P .lo) due to inoculant was noted. Hybrid x storage interac- tions were not observed (P > .lo). Inoculation and hybrid did not affect (P > .lo) organic acid concentra- tion of the silages. In 1989 silages from 3377 and 3389 were harvested to evaluate diets containing 65% (DM basis) corn silage in steer digestion and growth trials. Digestible energy and digestibility of DM and CP were greater (P .05) was for greater NDF and ADF digestibility for the 3377 than for the 3389 diet. In a growth trial, steers fed the 3377 silage diet had greater ( P < .05) daily gain (1.09 vs 1.01 kgid), consumed numerically less (P = .09) DM, and had improved (P < .01) feed efficiency (6.75 vs 7.49 feed:gain) compared with steers fed the 3389 silage diet. Results of the experiments indicate that large differences in feed value of corn silage may exist among hybrids with similar grain content.
Reliable Optical Disk Geometry at High Operating Speed

All polycarbonate optical disks, including BD and HD-DVD, are possible to be crushed in a disk drive at high-speed operation. In this study, disk crushing phenomenon is investigated with fracture mechanics and new disk geometry is proposed.
Thermal Load in Sliders for Hybrid Recording

We review the fundamental issue standing in the path of continued improvement in areal density in magnetic hard disk drives, namely, the superparagmagnetic effect. We also describe some of the optical components of a hybrid or heat assisted magnetic recording system, which is one possible solution to this technical challenge. We note the potential for heat assisted magnetic recording to achieve increased information storage densities at reasonable signal to noise ratios. Finally we identify an issue exacerbated by the introduction of thermal assistance of magnetic recording, namely that of the additional thermal load on the slider. We describe an experimental apparatus that we have employed to quantify the temperature rise in a slider when it is subjected to particular thermal loads at various locations on the slider body.
Gravity-Directed Orientation of Postgastrular Development and Emergence of Prenauplii from Cysts of Artemia (Anostraca)

ABSTRACT Prenauplii of brine shrimp hatched from cysts adhered to a stationary substratum emerged upward (from the top of the cyst) instead of randomly. The direction of light and point of cyst adhesion during postgastrular embryogenesis had no effect on this direction of emergence, which was 76% upward, 23% sideways, and 1% downward (P = 0.168), suggesting a gravity effect. In cysts incubated and hatched without a constant orientation to gravity prenauplii emerged in random directions. The embryos of stationary cysts, including decapsulated cysts, were motionless during postgastrular development until final emergence (late El stage). Therefore, gravity directs orientation of the embryo during development in stationary cysts and dictates a head-up orientation of the prenauplius prior to emergence.
Clean Chip Residual as a Substrate for Perennial Nursery Crop Production

Pine bark (PB) for horticultural uses is becoming less available and as a result, there is a need to develop alternative substrates for continued profitability of the nursery industry. This study, conducted at Poplarville, MS, and Auburn, AL, evaluated the growth of nine perennial species in a substrate composed of a pulpwood harvesting by-product called clean chip residual (CCR) which contains approximately 50% wood fiber. Two CCR particle sizes were used alone or amended with peat moss (PM) (4:1 by vol) and compared with control treatments PB and PB:PM. Substrates composed of 100% PB or 100% CCR had high air space (AS) and low water holding capacity (WHC) which resulted in less available water to plants. Addition of PM lowered AS and increased WHC. There were no significant differences among growth indices at Poplarville for 6 of 8 species and for 3 of 7 species at Auburn, though the remaining 4 species were only slightly smaller when grown in 100% CCR. Shoot dry weight was greatest in substrates amended with PM. Results of this study indicate that acceptable growth of perennial plants can be obtained in substrates composed of CCR when compared to PB and PB amended with PM. Index words: media, forest residuals, pine, Loblolly, peat moss, pine bark, sustainable. Species used in this study: loblolly (Pinus taeda L.); butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii ‘Pink Delight’ Franch.); gaura (Gaura lindheimeri ‘Siskiyou Pink’ Engelm. & A. Gray); coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora ‘Early Sunrise’ Hogg ex Sweet); coreopsis (Coreopsis rosea ‘Sweet Dreams’ Nutt.); verbena (Verbena canadensis ‘Homestead Purple’ (L.) Britt.); scabiosa (Scabiosa columbaria ‘Butterfl y Blue’ L.); dianthus (Dianthus gratianopolitanus ‘Firewitch’ Vill.); rosemary (Rosemarinus offi cinalis ‘Irene’ L.); salvia (Salvia guaranitica ‘Black and Blue’ St.-Hil. ex Benth.).
Discussions on clinical evaluation for biosimilar products

In China,the majority of biological products on the market and under new drug application are biosimilar ones,and there are no guidelines and technical requirements on clinical assessment for biosimilar products available now.We expect to obtain some useful information in this field in referring to the updated international guidelines.