cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THIOREDOXIN PEROXIDASES FROM BRUGIA MALAYI

Parasite-derived antioxidant proteins have been implicated in playing an important role in protection against the oxygen radicals that are generated during aerobic metabolism and in defense against host immune cell attack. Here we report that filarial nematodes include the thioredoxin peroxidase/thiol-specific antioxidant (TPx/TSA) family of antioxidant proteins as part of their complex defense against radical-mediated damage. At the protein level, the TPx/TSA from Brugia malayi (Bm-TPx-1) was approximately 50% identical and approximately 60% similar to TPx/TSAs from mammals, amphibians and yeast. Bm-TPx-1 was also approximately 60% identical to putative TPx proteins from a related filarial nematode, Onchocerca volvulus, and from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. That B. malayi may express multiple forms of molecules with TPx/TSA activity was indicated by the identification of a B. malayi gene encoding a second, distinct member of the TPx/TSA family (Bm-tpx-2). Bm-tpx-1 was found to be transcribed in all stages of the parasite present in the mammalian host and the 25 kDa translation product was present in all of the developmental stages studied. The results of immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent and immunoprecipitation studies showed Bm-TPx-1 to be localized in the cells of the hypodermis/lateral chord in adult parasites and not to be present at the surface or in excretory/secretory products. The distribution in the parasite suggests that Bm-TPx-1 may play its major role in countering radicals produced within cells. A recombinant form of Bm-TPx-1 was biologically active and capable of protecting DNA from oxygen radical-mediated damage. Thioredoxin peroxidases may prove to be a critical component in the parasite's defense against injury caused by oxygen radicals derived from endogenous and exogenous sources.
Evolution of conformal color dipoles and high-energy amplitudes in N = 4 SYM

The high-energy behavior of the $\mathcal{N} = 4$ SYM amplitudes in the Regge limit can be calculated order by order in perturbation theory using the high-energy operator expansion in Wilson lines. At large Nc, a typical four-point amplitude is determined by a single BFKL pomeron. The conformal structure of the four-point amplitude is fixed in terms of two functions: pomeron intercept and the coefficient function in front of the pomeron (the product of two residues). The pomeron intercept is universal while the coefficient function depends on the correlator in question. The intercept is known in the first two orders in coupling constant: BFKL intercept and NLO BFKL intercept calculated in Ref. [1]. As an example of using the Wilson-line OPE, we calculate the coefficient function in front of the pomeron for the correlator of four Z2 currents in the first two orders in perturbation theory.
Evangelicals in Defense of Hell—An Annotated Bibliography with Extended Introduction

ABSTRACT In the last decade, debate about hell among evangelicals has increased significantly. This paper summarizes that debate as it has taken place over the past decade and particularly in the last six years. It furnishes an annotated bibliography of items by evangelicals, at least partly about evangelicals, dealing with the eternal destiny of unbelievers. It defines the four alternatives, briefly traces the developing history of the debate, notes the leading participants, summarizes the issues which they raise, and calls attention to the major arguments used for and against the various positions. Since the major contenders at the moment are the traditional view of eternal conscious punishing and conditional immortality, they will receive the bulk of the attention.
Spin damping in an rf atomic magnetometer

Under negative feedback, the quality factor $Q$ of a radio-frequency atomic magnetometer can be decreased by more than two orders of magnitude, so that any initial perturbation of the polarized spin system can be rapidly damped, preparing the magnetometer for detection of the desired signal. We find that noise is also suppressed under such spin damping, with a characteristic spectral response corresponding to the type of noise; therefore magnetic, photon shot, and spin-projection noise can be measured distinctly. While the suppression of resonant photon shot noise implies the closed-loop production of polarization-squeezed light, the suppression of resonant spin-projection noise does not imply spin squeezing, rather simply the broadening of the noise spectrum with $Q$. Furthermore, the application of spin damping during phase-sensitive detection suppresses both signal and noise in such a way as to increase the sensitivity bandwidth. We demonstrate a threefold increase in the magnetometer's bandwidth while maintaining 0.3 fT/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ sensitivity.
Government-sponsored lotteries: Exploring purchase and nonpurchase motivations

Although the consumption of government-sponsored lotteries has grown considerably over the past 30 years, few researchers have considered the psychological motivations underlying lottery purchase behavior. The present research explicitly investigates this issue by examining not only the reported motives for playing the lottery, but the motives for not playing as well. Based on open-ended surveys of lottery-eligible individuals, a formal taxonomy of purchase and nonpurchase motivations is developed. Variations in lottery expenditures are examined with respect to the reported motivations, demonstrating the key role of nonpurchase motivations in understanding lottery consumption levels. Policy implications and avenues for future research are also discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gel-diffusion and hemagglutination studies with Trypanosoma theileri.

Abstract Antigens prepared from trypanosome forms of T. theileri obtained from culture have been used in immunodiffusion and indirect hemagglutination tests. Absorbed rabbit antisera showed at least six reactive components in the gel-diffusion tests. In the hemagglutination test with rabbit antisera, specific reactions occurred at end point titers of 1:5,120. Precipitins were present in the sera of 10 of 17 cattle naturally infected with T. theileri, but the indirect hemagglutination test appeared to be of little or no value in detecting T. theileri antibodies, even in cattle whose sera showed precipitin reactions with the T. theileri antigen. The possible significance of T. theileri reactors in the immunologic diagnosis of the pathogenic bovine trypanosomes is discussed.
Enhanced detection of drugs in complex mixtures by derivatization/secondary ion mass spectrometry

Derivatization/secondary ion (SI) mass spectrometry is a sensitive surface analysis technique. It can detect ppm levels of selected compounds in complex mixtures, as can tandem mass spectrometry. However, unlike tandem mass spectrometry it uses simpler instrumentation, since chemistry is used to select the compound of interest instead of a mass spectrometer. The application of derivatization/SI mass spectrometry is discussed regarding the analysis of drugs in aqueous media, tablets or human urine.
Cryptochrome mediates light-dependent magnetosensitivity in Drosophila

Although many animals use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation, the precise biophysical mechanisms underlying magnetic sensing have been elusive. One theoretical model proposes that geomagnetic fields are perceived by chemical reactions involving specialized photoreceptors. However, the specific photoreceptor involved in such magnetoreception has not been demonstrated conclusively in any animal. Here we show that the ultraviolet-A/blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome (Cry) is necessary for light-dependent magnetosensitive responses in Drosophila melanogaster. In a binary-choice behavioural assay for magnetosensitivity, wild-type flies show significant naive and trained responses to a magnetic field under full-spectrum light ( approximately 300-700 nm) but do not respond to the field when wavelengths in the Cry-sensitive, ultraviolet-A/blue-light part of the spectrum (<420 nm) are blocked. Notably, Cry-deficient cry(0) and cry(b) flies do not show either naive or trained responses to a magnetic field under full-spectrum light. Moreover, Cry-dependent magnetosensitivity does not require a functioning circadian clock. Our work provides, to our knowledge, the first genetic evidence for a Cry-based magnetosensitive system in any animal.
Single-stage optical adder/subtractor

Fully parallel processors call for a technology that is inherently parallel, a suitable number system, and an efficient encoding scheme for handling the data. The throughput of a binary adder/subtractor is limited by the carry propagation to the most significant bits. Optical adders using a modified signed digit (MSD) number system have been proposed to eliminate the carry propagation chain encountered in binary adders. The MSD number system satisfies the requirements of fully parallel addition/ subtraction by limiting the carry propagation to two positions to the left. This enables one to carry out the addition/subtraction of two n-digit MSD numbers in three stages, independent of n. In this paper it is shown that by suitably exploiting the redundant nature of the MSD number system, the carry generation and propagation can be completely eliminated. The MSD adder/subtractor presented in this paper fully exploits the redundant nature of the MSD number system and performs the addition/subtraction of two numbers in a single stage. The adder employs 81 substitution rules to perform the addition/subtraction of two MSD numbers in a single stage. The number of substitution rules can be reduced to 16 if the input numbers are limited to binary. The proposed architecture reduces the computation time by 33.3% compared to the three-stage MSD adder originally proposed.
ACTION SPECTRA OF PHOTOGEOTROPIC EQUILIBRIUM IN Phycomyces WILD TYPE AND THREE BEHAVIORAL MUTANTS

Photogeotropic equilibrium action spectra in the range from 301 to 740 nm were made for Phycomyces wild type and the three behavioral mutants C47 (madA35), C109 (madBlOl) and LI (madCIIQ), all of which have a raised phototropic threshold. In addition to two broad peaks at 365 and 455 nm, typical for flavins, the wild type action spectrum shows three novel peaks, which have not been observed previously. These peaks are located at 414, 491 and 650 nm. The 650 nm peak has a relative quantum efficiency of 3 × 10−8 compared to the peak at 414 nm. The wavelength dependent shapes of the fluence-response curves of the bending angle and the aiming error angle indicate more than one receptor pigment for phototropism. The shape of the action spectrum of C47 is basically unaltered in comparison to wild type. C109 and LI show substantial differences from the wild type. In the near UV two small peaks at 334 and 365 nm appear; the 414 and 491 nm peaks present in wild type and C47 are missing and two new peaks at 529 nm (not well resolved in C109) and 567 nm are found. None of the three mad mutations affects the 650 nm peak. A model of the sensory transduction chain is presented, which incorporates these and other known features.
Evidence that Mothers-against-dpp-related 1 (Madr1) plays a role in the initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis in the mouse

Abstract We have cloned a mouse cDNA encoding a Mothers-against-dpp (MAD)-related protein, MADR1. Madr1 is ubiquitously expressed in the mouse embryo, indicating a broad function in a variety of tissues during embryogenesis, potentially relaying signals of numerous BMPs. However, its expression in the testis is strictly germ cell-specific and developmentally regulated. Testicular Madr1 expression starts in some seminiferous tubules at 2 weeks of age. After mid-puberty, a stage-specific Madr1 expression is established. During the cycling of the seminiferous epithelium, Madr1 expression initiates in the pachytene spermatocytes of stage V seminiferous tubules, peaks at stage X, then decreases as pachytene spermatocytes differentiate into secondary spermatocytes and then round spermatids. In the testis of adult Bmp8b homozygous mutant males, the Madr1 -expressing pachytene spermatocytes are the first cell population to show increased apoptosis. These data suggest that MADR1 serves as a downstream component of the BMP8 signaling pathway during the differentiation of meiotic male germ cells.
Nanohardness and fracture toughness of combustion chemical vapor deposition deposited yittria stabilized zirconia-alumina films

Abstract Composite films with compositions of 100% yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and YSZ with 15, 30, 45, 62.8 (eutectic composition), 80 mol% alumina and 100% alumina films were deposited onto sapphire substrates using combustion chemical vapor deposition. Precursors of yttrium 2-ethylhexanoate, zirconium 2-ethylhexanoate and Al acetylacetonate dissolved in toluene at a total metal ion concentration of 0.002 M were used to produce films up to 1 μm thick. Flame temperatures at the substrate surfaces were 1550±50 °C and deposition rates fell between of 0.76–1.7 μm/h, depending on composition. Nanohardness, determined with a Berkovich indenter, was constant at about 15 GPa for compositions less than 100% alumina. The 100% alumina films were about twice as hard as other films. The films' fracture toughness, determined with a cube corner indenter, increased with alumina content from 1.76±0.46 MPa m0.5 with no alumina to 2.49±0.32 MPa m0.5 at 30 mol% alumina. Further alumina increases had little effect on fracture toughness, with about 2.2 MPa m0.5 being the fracture toughness at 100% alumina. Eutectic composition films, that were annealed for 2.5–10 h at 1500 °C, displayed coarsening of the second phase YSZ particles. Film hardness decreased by about half (∼22 to ∼11 GPa) after five or more hours of annealing, while fracture toughness reached a maximum of 3.33 MPa m0.5 after a 5 h anneal.
Scalable and adaptive streaming for non-linear media

Streaming of linear media objects, such as audio and video, has become ubiquitous on today's Internet. Large groups of users regularly tune in to a wide variety of online programming, including radio shows, sports events, and news coverage. However, non-linear media objects, such as large 3D computer graphics models and visualization databases, have proven more difficult to stream due to their interactive nature. This paper presents Channel Set Adaptation (CSA), a framework that allows for the efficient streaming of non-linear datasets to large user groups. CSA allows individual clients to request custom data flows for interactive applications using standard broadcast or multicast join and leave operations. CSA scales to support very large user groups while continuing to provide interactive data access to independently operating clients. We discuss a motivating sample application for digital museums and present results from an experimental evaluation of CSA's performance.
Balloon dilation of critical valvar pulmonary stenosis in the first month of life

Between 1985 and 1992, 36 consecutive neonates, aged 1-29 days, weight 2.4-5.0 kg, with critical valvar pulmonary stenosis underwent attempted balloon dilation (BD). At catheterization, 30 were on prostaglandin (PGE1) therapy and 20 were intubated. The valve was successfully crossed and dilated in 34/36 (94%), including three with an echocardiographic diagnosis of valvar pulmonary atresia and a right ventricle of adequate size. The valve was first dilated with a 2- to 5-mm balloon and then with serially larger ones (up to 12 mm) to a final balloon/annulus value of 126%. The RV/systemic pressure value fell from 150 +/- 32 to 83 +/- 30%, O2 saturation rose from 91 +/- 6% to 96 +/- 4%, and PGE1 was discontinued at the end of the procedure. There were 11 complications (31%) including one early death from sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis, endocarditis in another, two myocardial perforations, one femoral-iliac vein tear, and one transient pulse loss. A repeat BD was carried out in five patients, two of whom subsequently had surgery. At follow-up (33 +/- 23 months), the 31 patients managed by BD alone were well and had echocardiographic gradients of < 30 mm Hg in 90% and pulmonary regurgitation, considered mild in most, in 52%. In neonates with critical valvar pulmonary stenosis, we believe BD mortality is less than with surgery and is the treatment of choice.
Do electrostatic interactions destabilize protein–nucleic acid binding?

The negatively charged phosphates of nucleic acids are often paired with positively charged residues upon binding proteins. It was thus counter-intuitive when previous Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) calculations gave positive energies from electrostatic interactions, meaning that they destabilize protein-nucleic acid binding. Our own PB calculations on protein-protein binding have shown that the sign and the magnitude of the electrostatic component are sensitive to the specification of the dielectric boundary in PB calculations. A popular choice for the boundary between the solute low dielectric and the solvent high dielectric is the molecular surface; an alternative is the van der Waals (vdW) surface. In line with results for protein-protein binding, in this article, we found that PB calculations with the molecular surface gave positive electrostatic interaction energies for two protein-RNA complexes, but the signs are reversed when the vdW surface was used. Therefore, whether destabilizing or stabilizing effects are predicted depends on the choice of the dielectric boundary. The two calculation protocols, however, yielded similar salt effects on the binding affinity. Effects of charge mutations differentiated the two calculation protocols; PB calculations with the vdW surface had smaller deviations overall from experimental data.
Changes in potassium concentration and haematocrit associated with cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric cardiac surgery

Introduction: A blood prime is frequently required for paediatric bypass surgery to maintain adequate haematocrit (Hct). However, stored blood can have high extracellular potassium levels and this ...
Hydrocephalus and abnormal digits after failed first-trimester prostaglandin abortion attempt.

The possible teratogenic effects of prostaglandins (PGs) in humans have not been investigated in detail yet these drugs appear to be deleterious in laboratory animals. A case report is presented of congenital anomalies in a newborn infant whose mother received intravaginal PG 7 weeks after conception but failed to abort. The infant was delivered after 34 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 2.34 kg. The mother had been placed in an experimental protocol using intravaginal PG 15-methyl F2alpha. She received 1 mg then another 3 mg after 1 hour and was sent home with instructions to call in 24 hours if no tissue was passed. She experienced nausea vomiting and intense abdominal cramping but no vaginal blood or tissue loss occurred. She then decided to continue the pregnancy and did not mention these events when she went to a different clinic for prenatal care. Routine ultrasound examination at 24 weeks disclosed dilated lateral cerebral ventricles which progressively enlarged over the next 3 weeks. No other anomalies were seen. Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein concentration was normal and karotype was 46XY. Referral was made to Yale-New Haven Hospital where at 27 weeks a silastic catheter was placed by Dr. Richard Berkowitz through the fetal skull into the left lateral ventricle under ultrasound guidance creating a ventriculoamniotic shunt. There was an initial decrease in the size of the left lateral ventricle and improvement in thickness of the corticle mantle. The right ventricle remained enlarged and the left dilated again after 4-6 weeks indicating probable blockage of the shunt. The infant was delivered at 34 weeks by cesarean section after pulmonary maturity was demonstrated by amniotic fluid L/S ratio. At birth the Apgar score was 9 at 5 minutes and maturity ratings were consistent with 34-35 weeks. The head was large the circumference being 34 1/2 cm. The face was not dysmorphic but the ears appeared slightly small. The most striking abnormality concerned the digits of all 4 limbs; all were tapered and shortened with hypoplastic or absent nails. There was a left simian crease. The infant had a shrill cry and was hypertonic but a good suck was present. Radiographs of the hands revealed missing or hypoplastic distal phalanges of all fingers; the middle phalanges of the 3rd and 4th digits of the right hand also were absent. More proximal osseous structures were normal. A search of the literature failed to reveal a report of the association of hydrocephalus and these digital anomalies.
Primary cardiac T-cell lymphoma in a child.

A 10-year-old boy presented with a 12-week history of progressive breathlessness following a chest infection. He had no history of pyrexia or night sweats and no significant weight loss. On examination, the patient was well at rest but breathless on minimal exertion. He was slightly pale with palpable cervical lymph nodes. His heart rate was 136 b.p.m. and blood pressure 107/75. On auscultation, heart …
Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for nosocomial gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

Background:Acid-suppressivemedicationsareincreasingly prescribed for noncritically ill hospitalized patients, although the incidence of nosocomial gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding (GI bleeding) and magnitude of potential benefit from this practice are unknown. We aimed to define the incidence of nosocomial GI bleeding outside of the intensive care unit and examine the associationbetweenacid-suppressivemedicationuseand this complication. Methods: We conducted a pharmacoepidemiologic cohort study of patients admitted to an academic medical center from 2004 through 2007, at least 18 years of age, and hospitalized for 3 or more days. Admissions with a primary diagnosis of GI bleeding were excluded. Acid-suppressive medication use was defined as any order for a proton pump inhibitor or histamine-2receptor antagonist. The main outcome measure was nosocomial GI bleeding. A propensity matched generalized estimating equation was used to control for confounders. Results:Thefinalcohortincluded78394admissions(medianage,56years;41%men).Acid-suppressivemedication was ordered in 59% of admissions, and nosocomial GI bleeding occurred in 224 admissions (0.29%). After matching on the propensity score, the adjusted odds ratio for nosocomial GI bleeding in the group exposed to acid-suppressivemedicationrelativetotheunexposedgroup was0.63(95%confidenceinterval,0.42-0.93).Thenumberneededtotreattoprevent1episodeofnosocomialGI bleeding was 770. Conclusions:Nosocomial GI bleeding outside of the intensive care unit was rare. Despite a protective effect of acid-suppressivemedication,thenumberneededtotreat to prevent 1 case of nosocomial GI bleeding was relativelyhigh,supportingtherecommendationagainstroutine use of prophylactic acid-suppressive medication in noncritically ill hospitalized patients.
Persian cursive script recognition

The main objective of this paper is to design a Persian text recognition system. As even typed Persian scripts are cursive, our system includes a segmentation stage in order to separate the constituent characters. This stage is also useful for highly declined or italic Latin texts. A new segmentation algorithm with two consecutive steps is introduced in this paper. The first step separates isolated and non overlapped characters as well as some overlapped ones. The second step segments not connected overlapped characters. The novel segmentation method has been tested on some real world script and has shown an accuracy rate of more than 99.7%. In the recognition stage which involves a statistical approach, two types of feature sets along with different classification methods are evaluated.
SP3, a reliable alternative to HercepTest in determining HER-2/neu status in breast cancer patients

Accurate assessment of HER-2/neu gene status in breast cancer patients has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. Overexpression/gene amplification of HER-2 is associated with a more aggressive clinical course and eligibility for targeted therapy with trastuzumab. A variety of immunohistochemical (IHC) antibodies and in situ hybridisation (ISH) methods have been employed to assess HER-2 status. SP3 is a rabbit monoclonal antibody that has been shown to have a high level of agreement with other anti-HER-2 antibodies and ISH methods. We assessed HER-2 status by SP3 and HercepTest IHC stains and by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) on invasive breast carcinomas from paired needle core biopsy and excisional biopsy specimens from 100 patients. We compared the two antibodies with respect to concordance rates with FISH, concordance rates between samples of the same tumour, and sensitivity and specificity using FISH as the reference test. Concordance between SP3 and FISH in needle core biopsy and excisional biopsy specimens was 96% (95% CI 91.9% to 99.7%) (κ=0.89 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.00)) and 97% (95% CI 90.3% to 99.3%) (κ=0.84 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.00)), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of SP3 for detecting HER-2 overexpression/gene amplification were 78.3% and 100%, respectively, in needle core biopsy and excisional biopsy specimens. Concordance between SP3 results assessed on the needle core biopsy and excisional biopsy was 89% (95% CI 81.2% to 94.4%) (κ=0.62 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.82)). Concordance between SP3 and HercepTest antibodies, after excluding 2+ cases, was 97.6% (95% CI 94.0% to 99.3%) (κ=0.88 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.00)). SP3 is a reliable alternative to HercepTest in evaluating HER-2 status in breast cancer patients. Like other anti-HER-2 antibodies, SP3 may serve as a diagnostic tool in breast pathology and has potential utility as an IHC biomarker in non-mammary malignancies.
Full-sharing: efficient bandwidth scheduling for video streaming over broadband cable networks (BCNs)

Broadband Cable Networks (BCNs) bring high-speed Internet access to home and make emerging multimedia streaming applications feasible. However, bandwidth contention is still a challenging problem in providing efficient IP-based Video-On-Demand (VOD) service on BCNs, due to the lack of effective approaches to exploit the unique characteristics of BCNs. To address the bandwidth contention issue, we propose an efficient video scheduling technique, called full-sharing scheduling in this paper. This technique fully exploits the unique characteristics of BCNs to reduce the bandwidth consumption of video sessions sharing a cable channel of fixed capacity, thereby maximizing the number of simultaneous video sessions on the single channel. Furthermore, we analyze the expected bandwidth and the session blocking probability of a video under the full-sharing scheduling. Based on this analysis, we design an efficient video assignment mechanism for maximizing the profit of a VOD system in scheduling videos on BCNs. Through both analysis and simulation, we show that our approach minimizes the bandwidth consumption of video sessions compared with the previous approaches and has significant advantages on BCNs. The proposed approach is also directly applicable on other broadcast/multicast networks in which clients have sufficient buffer and downstream bandwidth, e.g., satellite broadband networks.
Building robust spanning trees in free space optical networks

Free space optical (FSO) technology has been considered as a viable solution for broadband wireless networks. It has high potential for military communications for the next decade. In this paper, we investigate the problem of building robust spanning trees for FSO networks. We adopt algebraic connectivity as robustness measure, and formulate a 0–1 integer linear programming (ILP) problem. We present a fragment selection and merging (FSM) algorithm, which is executed in a distributed and asynchronous fashion to iteratively merge fragments until a spanning tree is formed. Our simulation study shows that FSM can achieve significantly improved connectivity at the cost of slightly degraded average link weight performance, compared to prior approaches. FSM can be used not only for FSO network bootstrapping, but also for auto-reconfiguration in response to network dynamics during operation.
Navigating web-based environments: Differentiating internal spatial representations from external spatial displays

Abstract Fifty-five undergraduate students read pages on a website presenting text about familiar and unfamiliar geographic locations in the United States. Learners navigated the site by having available or unavailable navigational buttons showing the cardinal compass directions between the map locations in the presence or absence of a cartographic map enabling them to click specifically on the map locations. Learners navigated the site with the goal of learning as much information as they could about the geographic locations described on each page. Results revealed that learners remembered significantly more page content when the geographic map was present and the geography of the area was unfamiliar. However, when the geographic area was familiar, learners remembered more page content when the navigational map was absent regardless of whether the directional links to each page were present or not. The findings: (1) support the contention that maps are used differently as graphic displays for navigating a website than for comprehending associated text, and (2) reveal that learners develop a cognitive model of text and graphics when the content familiar is high, but simply use an image as a mnemonic when content familiarity is low.
Loop quantum cosmology of Bianchi I models

The 'improved dynamics' of loop quantum cosmology is extended to include anisotropies of the Bianchi I model. As in the isotropic case, a massless scalar field serves as a relational time parameter. However, the extension is non-trivial because one has to face several conceptual subtleties as well as technical difficulties. These include: a better understanding of the relation between loop quantum gravity (LQG) and loop quantum cosmology (LQC)/ handling novel features associated with the non-local field strength operator in presence of anisotropies/ and finding dynamical variables that make the action of the Hamiltonian constraint manageable. Our analysis provides a conceptually complete description that overcomes limitations of earlier works. We again find that the big bang singularity is resolved by quantum geometry effects but, because of the presence of Weyl curvature, Planck scale physics is now much richer than in the isotropic case. Since the Bianchi I models play a key role in the Belinskii, Khalatnikov, Lifshitz (BKL) conjecture on the nature of generic space-like singularities in general relativity, the quantum dynamics of Bianchi I cosmologies is likely to provide considerable intuition about the fate of generic space-like singularities in quantum gravity. Finally, we show that the quantum dynamics of Bianchi I cosmologies projects down \emph{exactly} to that of the Friedmann model. This opens a new avenue to relate more complicated models to simpler ones, thereby providing a new tool to relate the quantum dynamics of LQG to that of LQC.
Multilevel factors associated with dentists' counseling of pregnant women about periodontal health.

Objective To identify the factors associated with dentists’ counseling of pregnant patients about periodontal health.
Cooperative breeding in South American hunter–gatherers

Evolutionary researchers have recently suggested that pre-modern human societies habitually practised cooperative breeding and that this feature helps explain human prosocial tendencies. Despite circumstantial evidence that post-reproductive females and extra-pair males both provide resources required for successful reproduction by mated pairs, no study has yet provided details about the flow of food resources by different age and sex categories to breeders and offspring, nor documented the ratio of helpers to breeders. Here, we show in two hunter–gatherer societies of South America that each breeding pair with dependent offspring on average obtained help from approximately 1.3 non-reproductive adults. Young married males and unmarried males of all ages were the main food providers, accounting for 93–100% of all excess food production available to breeding pairs and their offspring. Thus, each breeding pair with dependants was provisioned on average by 0.8 adult male helpers. The data provide no support for the hypothesis that post-reproductive females are the main provisioners of younger reproductive-aged kin in hunter–gatherer societies. Demographic and food acquisition data show that most breeding pairs can expect food deficits owing to foraging luck, health disabilities and accumulating dependency ratio of offspring in middle age, and that extra-pair provisioning may be essential to the evolved human life history.
Capacity, delay and mobility in wireless ad-hoc networks

Network throughput and packet delay are two important parameters in the design and the evaluation of routing protocols for ad-hoc networks. While mobility has been shown to increase the capacity of a network, it is not clear whether the delay can be kept low without trading off the throughput. We consider a theoretical framework and propose a routing algorithm which exploits the patterns in the mobility of nodes to provide guarantees on the delay. Moreover, the throughput achieved by the algorithm is only a poly-logarithmic factor off from the optimal. The algorithm itself is fairly simple. In order to analyze its feasibility and the performance guarantee, we used various techniques of probabilistic analysis of algorithms. The approach taken in this paper could be applied to the analyses of some other routing algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks proposed in the literature.
Early acceleration of students in mathematics: Does it promote growth and stability of growth in achievement across mathematical areas?

Abstract Using data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY), the present study examined whether early acceleration of students into formal algebra at the beginning of middle school promoted evident growth in different mathematical areas (basic skills, algebra, geometry, and quantitative literacy) and stable growth across these mathematical areas. Results of multivariate multilevel analyses showed that low achieving students who were accelerated into formal algebra grew faster than not only low achieving students who were not accelerated but also high achieving students who were not accelerated. The rates of growth of accelerated low achieving students were even comparable to those of accelerated high achieving students. All low achieving students showed the same potential to take advantage of early acceleration regardless of their individual, family, and school characteristics. Early acceleration also promoted stability of growth across mathematical areas, and this stability was not dependent on student and school characteristics.
Song Learning in Song Sparrows: Relative Importance of Autumn vs. Spring Tutoring

We examined ‘late’ song learning in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), i.e., song learning that occurs after the first few months, or classical sensitive period, of the natal summer. Fledgling juveniles were brought into the laboratory at 2–3 mo of age and exposed to computer-simulated song tutors in three different time periods: late in the natal summer, the autumn, and the next spring. As expected, the birds’ final repertoires consisted mostly of songs heard in the field, but 30% of the birds’ songs were influenced by songs heard in the laboratory (selective retention) and another 8% were learned de novo in the laboratory. Parallel results were obtained for a second group of birds who received laboratory tutoring only in the spring. In fact, the results suggested that autumn tutoring may even be inhibitory. We conclude that the songs a young song sparrow hears in his first spring may be critical to his final repertoire development, indicating that the song learning process in song sparrows is longer and more flexible than previously supposed.
Optimal allocation of on-chip memory for multiple-API operating systems

The allocation of die area to different processor components is a central issue in the design of single-chip microprocessors. Chip area is occupied by both core execution logic, such as ALU and FPU datapaths, and memory structures, such as caches, TLBs, and write buffers. This work focuses on the allocation of die area to memory structures through a cost/benefit analysis. The cost of memory structures with different sizes and associativities is estimated by using an established area model for on-chip memory. The performance benefits of selecting a given structure are measured through a collection of methods including on-the-fly hardware monitoring, trace-driven simulation and kernel-based analysis. Special consideration is given to operating systems that support multiple application programming interfaces (APIs), a software trend that substantially affects on-chip memory allocation decisions.Results: Small adjustments in cache and TLB design parameters can significantly impact overall performance. Operating systems that support multiple APIs, such as Mach 3.0, increase the relative importance of on-chip instruction caches and TLBs when compared against single-APl systems such as Ultrix.
Women's Rights Movements as a Measure of African Democracy

The currently dominant neoliberal narrative of democratization in Africa is silent on women, focussing (as have the dominant narratives on colonialism and nationalism before it) on conflicts between male elites. This paper, using the case of Botswana, is intended as a contribution to a counternarrative of democratization that focuses on women's groups, along with trade unions, civic groups and other popular forces, as a basis for "democratization from below." The inclusion of women in both politics and scholarly narratives is not only a question of equity. Examining the conditions that make it possible for women's groups to organize and to succeed can provide a useful measure of the substantive democracy in a system, an understanding of the class base needed for effective women's mobilization and protection of their rights, and an idea of how women's groups might develop as part of effective coalitions seeking popular democracy.
THE NEW ECONOMICS OF RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: COST COMPARISON OF OPEN, LAPAROSCOPIC AND ROBOT ASSISTED TECHNIQUES

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the costs components of laparoscopic (LRP) and robot assisted prostatectomy (RAP), and compared their costs to those of open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP).Mat...
Suslin Homology and Deligne 1-Motives

Suslin has defined a complex for any algebraic variety X over an algebraically closed field k which computes what he calls the “algebraic homology” of X. If X is an arbitrary curve C, we show that this complex may be viewed as the points of a “homology motive” of C with values in k.
Abstract 3063: Novel putative tumor suppressor LZAP binds and regulates Wip1

Our group has shown that LZAP is lost in ∼30% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and that inhibition of LZAP expression is associated cellular transformation and xenograft tumor growth. LZAP increases invasion and inhibits cellular proliferation and clonogenic growth mediated correlating with inhibition of NF-kB and activation of p53. Other researchers have found that LZAP promotes cell death in response to cytotoxic therapy at least partially dependent on activation of Cdk1 through Chk1/2 inhibition. We have also found that LZAP binds and inhibits p38 and this inhibition does not depend on upstream regulators MKK3 and MKK6. The activity of MAPKs reflects a balance between the upstream activating kinases and inactivating protein phosphatases. Since LZAP inhibition of p38 is not through upstream kinases, we determined if phosphatase activity targeting p38 was regulated by LZAP. Wip1 is a major phosphatase regulating p38 phosphorylation and activation. Wip1 is a member of the PP2C family of serine/threonine phosphatases and was identified in a screen to detect p53 responsive genes. We noted that LZAP and Wip1 had many binding partners/targets including RelA, p38, and Chk1/Chk2 in common. Mechanisms of LZAP inhibition of RelA, p38 and Chk1/Chk2 are not well described, but expression of LZAP is associated with decreased phosphorylation of all three target proteins. To determine if LZAP could regulate Wip1 activity, we first evaluated LZAP and Wip1 interaction through immuno- or affinity precipitation. LZAP and Wip1 co-precipitated after expression in mammalian cells and bacterially expressed LZAP pulled down Wip1 generated through in vitro transcription and translation. After transient expression in mammalian cells, Wip1 and LZAP co-localized by indirect immunofluorescence staining. When expressed singly, Flag-tagged Wip1 localized to the nucleus and LZAP was excluded from the nucleolus, but localized to both cytoplasm and nucleus. When Wip1 and LZAP were co-expressed LZAP localization was altered so that nucleolar LZAP was observed. These findings indicate that co-expression of LZAP and Wip1 results in alternation of LZAP subcellular localization with resultant co-localization of these two proteins to nucleus. Functionally, co-expression of LZAP with Wip1 increased Wip1 content within p38 immunocomplexes which was associated with decreased p38 phosphorylation. Together, our findings indicate LZAP binds and co-localizes with Wip1 and increases activity of Wip1 towards p38. Wip1 may play a common mediator for LZAP activities. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3063.
Green's function for unbounded piezoelectric material of class 6

Abstract Green's function that gives the full set of electromechanical fields due to a point electric charge and an arbitrarily oriented point force is derived in explicit form for a piezoelectric material with the symmetry of class 6. In this case the coupling piezoelectric effect is non-axisymmetric and has not been previously discussed in literature. The derivation is done by the method of potential functions. Known results on particular cases of 6mm and 622 symmetries are recovered. The results are compared with the case of 6mm symmetry and are illustrated on example of bovine cortical bone possessing symmetry of class 6.
Mobile Phones as Participatory Radio: Developing Hmong Mass Communication in the Diaspora

In this article, I explore the development of Hmong teleconference radio: a thriving form of mass communication for Hmong in the diaspora that uses conference call software to provide listeners with a wide array of radio-like programming accessed through their mobile phones. It is based on a qualitative analysis of Hmong media that assesses the history of Hmong media development in the United States, the content and formatting of teleconference radio programs, and the perspectives of those who participate in creating and consuming media. In exploring the development of a new form of participatory radio, this article expands our understanding of diasporic media practices to include communities that must overcome the challenge of using limited resources in their efforts reach geographically dispersed audiences.
Application of Individualized Service in Digital Library of Guangdong Power Grid

Aiming at the content and related technical issues of individualized information service in digital library at present,this paper analyzes the application of such service means as information customization,push,intelligentization and interaction in digital library of Guangdong power grid.Resource construction issues about information collection,integration and navigation of individualized service are also investigated.A solution suitable for the power industry is proposed,i.e.,via various intelligent techniques and resource integration,enabling customers to enjoy individualized services like sorting,searching,customizing and pushing of information resources needed only based on one platform.
Growth of the Food Service Industry

The food service industry has come into its own recognition as a growing segment of the total food market. The author looks at the recent expansion of the industry in volume, diversification of restaurant types, and
Red Herrings and Sundry Unidentified Fish in Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics

The title of this talk is evidently provocative and represents a radical departure from other papers I have written. The modern resurgence of interest in the fundamentals of nonlinear continuum theories and in the study of their implications dates very largely from the end of World War II. During the whole of the period since then, the subject has been a primary source of interest and activity for me. Very early in my involvement with this subject, I was advised by Sir Eric Rideal, who was at that time to some extent my mentor, not to engage myself in controversy and to meet work with which I disagreed by ignoring it rather than being at pains to underscore its fallacies. In the more than twenty years since I was given this advice, I have, with few exceptions, followed it. Reflecting on the indignation of some of the authors whose work I have ignored for these reasons, I sometimes question the wisdom of the policy I have followed.
Microstrip comb-line antenna with inversely tapered mode transition and slotted stubs on liquid crystal polymer substrates

In recent years, millimeter-wave technology has attracted much attention in high-speed wireless communications, imaging and radar applications. Low-cost devices are very important for prevalence of the technology in consumer applications. Antennas for such applications are required to have high gain and low loss due to the high absorption in air-propagation and the high operation frequency. In this paper, a microstrip comb-line antenna constructed on liquid crystal polymer substrates is proposed. The antenna consists of 10 radiation elements and a termination element lined up like a comb and a waveguide-to-microstrip mode transition. Each radiation element has a slot and the mode transition has an inversely tapered section. The antenna realized a return loss less than -15 dB and a radiation with a maximum gain of 13 dBi and a side lobe level less than -10 dB at 60GHz. Radiation efficiency reached to about 90%.
Risk and Protective Processes Predicting Rural African American Young Men's Substance Abuse.

Informed by a life course perspective, this study tested a cascade model linking harsh, unresponsive parenting during childhood to young African American men's substance abuse via precocious transitions, economic instability, and future orientation. The moderating influence of community disadvantage and romantic partner support on the hypothesized pathways was also examined. At the baseline, the sample included 505 African American men between ages 19 and 22 years from high-poverty rural communities. Follow-up data were collected 18 months after baseline. Using structural equation modeling, we identified harsh, unresponsive parenting influenced precocious transitions in adolescence, which in turn increased economic instability during young adulthood. Economic instability was associated with a reduction in future orientation, a proximal influence on increases in substance abuse. Also, residence in a disadvantaged community amplified the influence of precocious transitions on economic instability and the influence of economic instability on future orientation. Involvement with supportive romantic partnership evinced a protective effect, attenuating the influence of precocious transitions on economic instability and the influence of economic instability on a future orientation. This study expands understanding of young adults' substance abuse by demonstrating the risk and protective processes linking substance abuse to developmental factors across childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.