cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slowed Progression of Maximal Intimal Thickening by Intravascular Ultrasound after Initiation of Sirolimus

Purpose Evidence in adult heart transplant (HT) patients (pt) shows that initiating sirolimus (SRL) slows progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) measured by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). However, no data exist in children. We evaluated changes in maximal intimal thickness (MIT) using serial IVUS measurements in children who initiated SRL for increased MIT post-HT. Methods A single center retrospective review of all pt who underwent pediatric HT and initiated SRL after diagnosis (dx) of increased MIT. We included pt with at least one IVUS before and after starting SRL and excluded re-HT. Repeated measures were analyzed with a univariable linear mixed model with a breakpoint at the time of SRL initiation to account for differing numbers of IVUS studies between pt. The F test compared the difference in slopes before vs. after starting SRL. Results Twenty-eight pt met inclusion criteria and had HT between 1991 - 2007 with IVUS performed between 1995 - 2018. Mean age at HT was 4.1 ± 5.2 yr and 68% were male. Pre-HT dx was cardiomyopathy in 12 and congenital in 16. Mean number of rejection episodes was 1.9 ± 1.7 before SRL and 0.5 ± 0.9 after SRL (p Conclusion SRL initiation slowed the increase in MIT by IVUS in pediatric HT pt. This suggests that intimal thickening after pediatric HT may be mitigated by incorporating SRL into maintenance immunosuppression.
Comparing Performance Feedback and Video Self-Monitoring Within a BST Package to Train Pre-service Behavior Analysts to Conduct Preference Assessments

Behavior skills training (BST) has been shown to be an effective strategy for teaching new skills. Given the evidence suggesting its efficacy for use as a training package, BST should be considered as an option for training future behavior analysts to implement behavior change strategies. Further, training future practitioners to engage in self-monitoring skills may enhance training and promote generalized skills across time. Video self-monitoring is one strategy that can increase efficiency of using this strategy. The current study compares two BST packages, one with instructor feedback and one with video self-monitoring, in a multielement design embedded within a multiple baseline across participants design to train master’s level graduate students to conduct preference assessments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of performance feedback and video self-monitoring on performance fidelity outcomes of pre-service behavior analysts conducting preference assessments.
Formation and Language: Hybrid Subjectivity in the Spanish American Bildungsroman

AbstractIn the multiethnic, multicultural, and multilingual setting of contemporary Spanish America, the Bildungsroman has evolved to incorporate contestatory features necessary to address the tens...
Systematic bias in evaluating chemical transport models with maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) surface ozone for air quality applications: a case study with GEOS-Chem v9.02

Abstract. Chemical transport models frequently evaluate their simulation of surface ozone with observations of the maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) concentration, which is the standard air quality policy metric. This requires successful simulation of the surface ozone diurnal cycle including nighttime depletion, but models often have difficulty simulating this diurnal cycle for a number of reasons, including (1) vertical grid structure in the surface layer, (2) timing of changes in mixed layer dynamics and ozone deposition velocity across the day–night transition, (3) poor representation of nighttime stratification, and (4) uncertainties in ozone nighttime deposition. We analyze the problem with the GEOS-Chem model, taking as a representative case study the Southeast US during the NASA SEAC 4 RS aircraft campaign in August–September 2013. The model is unbiased relative to the daytime mixed layer aircraft observations but has a mean +8 ppb bias at its lowest level (65 m) relative to MDA8 surface ozone observations. The bias can be corrected to +5 ppb by implicit sampling of the model at the 10 m altitude of the surface observations. The model does not capture frequent observed occurrences of ppb MDA8 surface ozone on rainy days, possibly because of enhanced ozone deposition to wet surfaces that is unaccounted for. Restricting the surface ozone evaluation to dry days still shows inconsistencies with MDA8 ozone because of model errors in the ozone diurnal cycle. Restricting the evaluation to afternoon ozone completely removes the bias. We conclude that better representation of diurnal variations in mixed layer dynamics and ozone deposition velocities is needed in models to properly describe the diurnal cycle of ozone.
Why Is It That Not All Men with Varicocele Are Infertile

Varicocele has been linked to male infertility for a long time. The majority of the scientific community has assumed that varicocele has a detrimental effect on male fertility based on a vast number of scientific evidence. However, the evidence is often criticized due to several flaws in the methods, studied population, reported outcomes, and strengths of conclusions and clinical recommendations. Many papers have challenged the assumed causality effect of varicocele on male infertility at the pathophysiological levels and clinical significance of the outcomes. Indeed, many men with varicocele retain their fertility potential. It has been shown that the presence of varicocele negatively affects fertility only on a subgroup of susceptible or predisposed men. Thus, varicocele might not be the sole cause for male infertility. New technological advancements, such as proteomic studies or biological markers, might provide insights towards further evaluation of men with varicocele and direct their therapeutic management.
Lineage plasticity in cancer: a shared pathway of therapeutic resistance.

Lineage plasticity, the ability of cells to transition from one committed developmental pathway to another, has been proposed as a source of intratumoural heterogeneity and of tumour adaptation to an adverse tumour microenvironment including exposure to targeted anticancer treatments. Tumour cell conversion into a different histological subtype has been associated with a loss of dependency on the original oncogenic driver, leading to therapeutic resistance. A well-known pathway of lineage plasticity in cancer — the histological transformation of adenocarcinomas to aggressive neuroendocrine derivatives — was initially described in lung cancers harbouring an EGFR mutation, and was subsequently reported in multiple other adenocarcinomas, including prostate cancer in the presence of antiandrogens. Squamous transformation is a subsequently identified and less well-characterized pathway of adenocarcinoma escape from suppressive anticancer therapy. The increased practice of tumour re-biopsy upon disease progression has increased the recognition of these mechanisms of resistance and has improved our understanding of the underlying biology. In this Review, we provide an overview of the impact of lineage plasticity on cancer progression and therapy resistance, with a focus on neuroendocrine transformation in lung and prostate tumours. We discuss the current understanding of the molecular drivers of this phenomenon, emerging management strategies and open questions in the field. Lineage plasticity is a source of intratumoural heterogeneity and enables tumour adaptation to an adverse tumour microenvironment, eventually leading to therapeutic resistance. The authors of this Review provide an overview of the impact of lineage plasticity on cancer progression and therapy resistance, with a focus on neuroendocrine transformation in lung and prostate tumours, and discuss emerging management strategies and open questions in the field.
Fourth generation t ′ quark in extensions of the standard model

We study the effects of a fourth generation t{sup '} quark in various extensions of the standard model. In the Randall-Sundrum model, the decay t{sup '}{yields}tZ has a large branching ratio that could be detected at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We also look at the two-Higgs doublet models I, II and III, and note that, in the latter, the branching ratio of t{sup '}{yields}t{phi}, where {phi} is a Higgs scalar or pseudoscalar, is huge and we discuss detection at the LHC.
Motor Controller and Reaction Wheel for CubeSat

The University of South Alabama is designing a CubeSat named JagSat 1 to measure the free electron density of plasma in the ionosphere. JagSat 1 requires attitude control to switch between obtaining measurements and sending the measurements to Earth. This details experiments in the design of reaction wheels for a CubeSat application. Specifically, the experiment investigated the ease of use of brushless DC motors and the correlation between the moment of inertia of the wheel and the energy efficiency.
Interstellar Chemistry in a Glovebox: Elusive Diatomic P≡N, Exposed.

Molybdenum complex exposes end-on coordinated, multiply bonded PN ligand for the first time.
The lac Operon

The lac operon regulatory mechanism allows bacteria to sense external nutrient conditions and, accordingly, regulate gene transcription that assists in the digestion of available nutrients. The lac system produces a switch-like dynamic behavior, where the switching between ‘on’ and ‘off’ states of lac gene transcription depends on the specific thresholds of nutrient concentrations. As lac operon regulation has been extensively studied and is one of the most well-understood gene regulatory systems, it is often used as an example to demonstrate the functional principles of genetic switches. By studying this case, we learn the role of nonlinearity and positive feedback loops in gene regulatory networks, and how gene circuits can generate an all-or-nothing response.
Shallow foundations : bearing capacity and settlement

Introduction * Ultimate Bearing Capacity Theories - Centric Vertical Loading * Ultimate Bearing Capacity Under Inclined and Eccentric Loads * Special Cases of Shallow Foundations * Settlement and Allowable Bearing Capacity * Dynamic Bearing Capacity and Settlement * Shallow Foundations on Reinforced Soil * Uplift Capacity of Shallow Foundations * Appendix: Conversion Factors * Index.
Current Commentary on R.K. Chandra's Milestone in Nutritional Immunology

Abstract A 1972 Paper Describing Multiple Functional Derangements in the Immune System of Indian Children with Generalized Malnutrition.
Chronic Treatment with the Neuroactive Steroid Ganaxolone in the Rat Induces Anticonvulsant Tolerance to Diazepam but Not to Itself

Ganaxolone (3α-hydroxy-3β-methyl-5α-pregnane-20-one), an orally active synthetic analog of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone, is a positive allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors with anticonvulsant properties. We sought to determine whether tolerance occurs to the anticonvulsant activity of ganaxolone in the pentylenetetrazol seizure test and whether there is cross-tolerance with diazepam. Rats were treated with two daily injections of a 2 × ED50 dose of ganaxolone (7 mg/kg s.c.), diazepam (4 mg/kg i.p.), or vehicle for 3 or 7 days. On the day after the chronic treatment periods, the anticonvulsant potencies of ganaxolone and diazepam were determined. The ED50 values for ganaxolone after 3- and 7-day treatment with ganaxolone were not significantly different from that in naive rats (ED50 = 3.5 mg/kg). In contrast, in animals that were treated chronically with ganaxolone for 7 days, there was a significant reduction in the anticonvulsant potency of diazepam (ED50 = 4.0 versus 1.9 mg/kg for naive controls). Chronic treatment with diazepam was not associated with a reduction in the potency of ganaxolone, but there was a reduction in the potency of diazepam (ED50 = 3.7 mg/kg). Plasma ganaxolone determinations indicated that the pharmacokinetic properties of ganaxolone were unchanged after 7-day chronic ganaxolone treatment. The estimated equilibrium plasma concentrations of ganaxolone associated with threshold (750–950 ng/ml) and 50% seizure protection (1215–1295 ng/ml) were similar in naive and chronically treated rats. We conclude that there is no tolerance to the anticonvulsant activity of ganaxolone nor is there cross-tolerance to ganaxolone when tolerance develops to diazepam. However, there is cross-tolerance to diazepam with chronic ganaxolone treatment.
Characterization of Nanoporous Metal-Ionic Liquid Composites for the Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The activity for an electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is most often assessed using bare metal electrodes in direct contact with an aqueous electrolyte. This architecture allows all reactants and products to have equivalent geometric access to the catalyst surface, but this does not always lead to an optimal reaction environment. By adding an intermediate phase as a layer between the catalyst and the electrolyte, diffusive driving forces can be engineered into the system to force reactants to the catalyst and products away from it, increasing the overall system activity. For instance, previous research explored nanoporous Ni/Pt electrodes encapsulated with the ionic liquid [MTBD][beti]. The high oxygen solubility in this ionic liquid was thought to explain the nearly doubled increase in the composite electrocatalyst activity, but it is possible that other ionic liquid properties (water solubility, oxygen diffusivity, ionic conductivity, viscosity) might also be affecting ORR activity. In this work, we surveyed a number of ionic liquids in nanoporous NiPt/ionic liquid composite catalysts with an eye toward clarifying to what extent the physical properties of the IL have on the activity of the composite ORR catalyst. Overall, we find the oxygen solubility and water solubility most strongly affect the decrease in ORR overpotential.
U.S. National Statistics on Penile Fracture

We read with great interest the recent case report and literature review on penile fracture by Al-Shaiji et al. [1] The topic is of substantial public interest, primarily for prurient reasons, but public awareness that such a thing is physically possible is generally low. Despite a number of quality case reports and small single institution case series, the true incidence of penile fracture in the United States is unclear. In the interest of better understanding the frequency with which penile fracture occurs, we consulted the 2006 and 2007 National Inpatient Sample (NIS, a nationally representative weighted sampling of data from U.S. men) for hospital admissions secondary to penile fracture. According to the NIS, in the United States a total of 1,043 men were admitted to the hospital for penile fracture in 2006–07. Demographic information on these patients is presented in Table 1. The average age was 36.7 years (range 16–67). Although Caucasian men accounted for the largest proportion of patients seen, Hispanic and African-American men were overrepresented relative to national population data. There were no reports of Asian-American men with penile fracture, although case series from Japan have indicated that penile fracture can occur in this racial group [2]. Interestingly, conditions known to be co-morbid with erectile dysfunction were rare in this sample; this is logical, given that penile fracture typically requires application of pressure to a very rigid and inflexible phallus, a condition less likely to be present in men with impaired penile hemodynamics. Concomitant urethral injury was identified in 20.5% of subjects. All subjects underwent surgical repair with just 1.9% undergoing “delayed” repair, which is not surprising given the emergent nature of presentation. It is impossible to determine outcomes with this dataset, but the majority of studies have suggested recovery is excellent in cases where fracture is surgically repaired emergently [3–6]. Penile fracture has a substantial financial impact on those affected, as only 41% of men with penile fracture had some form of insurance. The mean length of stay was 1.3 days and the mean total charges were $12,932. Although it is not assessed in this study, occult costs in terms of lost wages and other expenditures may be significant. Although penile fracture is rare, consideration should be given to discussing this possibility with male patients when discussing safer sex, though we acknowledge this discussion is done far too infrequently. Of course, physicians must balance the provision of information about penile fracture during vigorous sexual activity with the risk of inhibiting sexual pleasure [7].
Homologous recombination of copackaged retrovirus RNAs during reverse transcription.

According to prevailing models, the high frequency of recombination in retroviruses occurs during reverse transcription of two genetically different genomes copackaged into virion particles. This view has been tested in our studies of the mechanism of recombination within homologous sequences of two retroviral genomes during a single round of virus replication and in the absence of helper virus. The recombination substrates were Moloney murine leukemia virus-based vectors, each of which contains an altered defective neomycin gene (neo) under the transcriptional control of the 5' long terminal repeat; the 3' sequences of each construct contain either the Moloney murine leukemia virus or simian virus 40 large-T polyadenylation sequence. One neo gene contained a linker insertion mutation at the 5' end (neo minus), and the other contained a deletion and linker insertion at the 3' end (neo delta 3). Each of the mutant neo constructs was introduced into the packaging helper cell line psi 2 by sequential cotransfection, and individual psi 2 double transformants were selected. Supernatant fluids from the cloned psi 2 double transformants were used to infect NIH 3T3 cells, and recombinant neo+ proviruses were detected by their ability to confer G418 resistance during infection of NIH 3T3 cells. Our results show that (i) recombination between a homologous sequence of about 560 bp occurred with a frequency of about 10(-4) per virus replication cycle; (ii) recombination occurred only after the viral RNAs had been packaged into particles, i.e., recombination between the two vector DNAs or between viral RNAs prior to packaging was not detected; and (iii) copackaging of two different genomic RNAs as a heterodimer is a prerequisite for recombination. Furthermore, our results indicate that recombination can occur during the DNA negative-strand synthesis of reverse transcription.
Infrared SEDs of Seyfert Galaxies: Starbursts and the Nature of the Obscuring Medium

We present the results of IRS low-resolution spectroscopy of 51 Seyfert galaxies, part of a large Spitzer observing program to determine the mid-to-far infrared spectral energy distributions of a well-defined sample of 87 nearby, 12 micron-selected Seyferts. We find that the spectra clearly divide into groups based on their continuum shapes and spectral features. The infrared spectral types appear to be related to the Seyfert types. Some features are clearly related to a starburst contribution to the IR spectrum, while the observed power-law continuum shapes, attributed to the AGN, may be dust or non-thermal emission. Principal component analysis results suggest that the relative contribution of starburst emission is the dominant cause of variance in the spectra. We find that the Sy 2's show on average stronger starburst contributions than the Sy 1's.
TERMINAL SYNTHESIS OF XANTHOMMATIN IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. III. MUTATIONAL PLEIOTROPY AND PIGMENT GRANULE ASSOCIATION OF PHENOXAZINONE SYNTHETASE

Phenoxazinone synthetase, which catalyzes the condensation of 3-hydroxykynurenine to xanthommatin, the brown eye pigment of Drosophila, is shown to exist in association with a particle which resembles the cytologically defined Type I pigment granule. Several classical eye color mutants (v, cn, st, ltd, cd, w), including two which effect other enzymes in the xanthommatin pathway (v, cn), have low levels of phenoxazinone synthetase activity and disrupt the normal association of the enzyme with the pigment granule. A model is proposed depicting several structural and enzymatic interrelationships involved in the developmental control of xanthommatin synthesis in Drosophila.
Hybrid linguistic/numeric control of deburring robots based on human skills

The authors develop a method of modeling a human manipulative skill using human linguistic knowledge about the task. A global nonlinear structure of human control behavior is constructed based on the linguistic information, and all functionalities used by the linguistic structure are identified from human demonstration data. Mapping between sensor space and human mental space for input signals is discussed to elucidate human skills. Techniques for selecting significant features extracted from sensor signals and reducing the dimension of the sensor space are developed. The techniques were applied to a direct-drive deburring robot to verify the feasibility of the method. >
SU-FF-J-73: Targeting Accuracy Using Exac-Trac® and Synergy® CBCT Image-Guided Radiotherapy Systems for Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Purpose: To analyze the targeting accuracy using Exac‐Trac® (BrainLAB) and Synergy® CBCT (Elekta) systems for lungSBRT, and discuss the difference between these two IGRT systems. Methods: The target localization for lung patients treated with SBRT on Novalis® with Exac‐Trac® system and on Synergy® with CBCT system was analyzed. Prior to each treatment, patient's setup correction using Exac‐Trac® is performed by fusing (bone structure matching) two oblique x‐ray images with related DRRs computed from the planning CT, the correction using the CBCT system is by fusing (grey volume registration) CBCT with the planning CT. The position error is adjusted by shifting the table in lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions. If the shifted distance is >5mm in one direction, we usually repeat the image capturing and fusing procedures to double check the position error—the “second” shifting distance. In this study, we used the “second” shifting distance to analyze the targeting accuracy for both systems. Results: Sixteen and twenty‐nine setup correction cases were studied for Exac‐Trac® and Synergy® CBCT systems, respectively. The first shifted distances were in the ranges of 8.6–22.7mm and 3.5–18.3mm, with the average of 15.2mm and 8.2mm. The “second” shifting distances were in the ranges of 0.5–4.9mm and 0.6–3.4mm, with the averages of 2.8mm and 1.9mm, respectively. For both systems there was no correlation between the first shifted and the “second” shifting distances. The average position error after table shifting in Exac‐Trac® was larger than that in Synergy® CBCT system. We think the 3D volume registration is more practical or accurate than the 2D imaging matching for soft tissue localization. Conclusion: Using volume registration, Synergy® CBCT system is more accurate compared to Exac‐Trac® system in IGRT for lungSBRT. Detailed comparison and discussion of targeting accuracy for different tumor locations between the two systems will be reported.
“Mother is not holding competely respect”: Making social sense of schizophrenic writing

This paper provides a phenomenological account of the writing of a young woman diagnosed with schizophrenia. The method of interpretation is to put ourselves in the place of the author drawing upon a combination of sympathy, reason, common-sense, experience, and “an intersubjective world, common to us all” (Schutz, 1945: 536). The result is the recognition of the person as also capable of putting herself in the place of others so as to understand their behavior. This “role-taking success” identifies the limits of the current sociological understanding of insanity's significance in social interaction as an instance of “role-taking failure” (Rosenberg, 1992). The very appearance of a piece of writing often permits one to recognize the presence of schizophrenia. The use of space may be quite bizarre. The varying margins betray the writer's changing mood. The letter may start at the bottom or side of the paper or very close to the top .... Capital letters and all letters are employed without any apparent rules, the former even in the middle of a word. (Bleuler, 1950: 159) What we want to understand is not something hidden behind the text, but something disclosed in front of it. (Ricoeur, 1971: 557) Why do we need an art of guessing? Why do we have to “construe” the meaning? Not only — as I tried to say a few years ago — because language is metaphorical and because the double meaning of metaphorical language requires an art of deciphering which tends to unfold the several layers of meaning.... [But also] because [a text] is not a mere sequence of sentences, all on an equal footing and separately understandable. A text is a whole, a totality. (Ricoeur, 1971: 548)
Implications of the Normalization Principle for Psychotic Children.

The evolution of the normalization principle is described. Whereas the principle initially advocated normalizing individual lives and routines, it presently is being applied to entire human service delivery systems. The need for more data supporting proposals to normalize human service systems is discussed, as well as some disadvantages in applying this approach with psychotic children. It is concluded that a wide range of treatment options for psychotic children is needed and that these options should be evaluated based on their effectiveness with individual children.
Light treatment prevents fatigue in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Purpose Fatigue is one of the most disturbing complaints of cancer patients and is often the reason for discontinuing treatment. This randomized controlled study tested the hypothesis that increased morning bright light, compared to dim light, would result in less fatigue in women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy.
Modeling hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay: Ensemble estimation using a Bayesian hierarchical model

Abstract Quantifying parameter and prediction uncertainty in a rigorous framework can be an important component of model skill assessment. Generally, models with lower uncertainty will be more useful for prediction and inference than models with higher uncertainty. Ensemble estimation, an idea with deep roots in the Bayesian literature, can be useful to reduce model uncertainty. It is based on the idea that simultaneously estimating common or similar parameters among models can result in more precise estimates. We demonstrate this approach using the Streeter–Phelps dissolved oxygen sag model fit to 29 years of data from Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Bay has a long history of bottom water hypoxia and several models are being used to assist management decision-making in this system. The Bayesian framework is particularly useful in a decision context because it can combine both expert-judgment and rigorous parameter estimation to yield model forecasts and a probabilistic estimate of the forecast uncertainty.
Ralph Waldo Ellison: A Man of Letters for Our Time

[… B]y the grace of the past and the examples of manhood picked willy-nilly from the continuing-present of my background, I rejected all negative definitions imposed upon me by others. —Ralph Ellis...
God and evil: Polarities of a problem

Dans le contexte de la dialectique Dieu-Mal, M.Adams propose huit paires de considerations polaires theoriques ; cette sorte de carte des poles aidera nos choix theoriques pour devenir plus deliberes car plus conscients. Selon Ph.Quinn, la carte d'Adams est tres utile mais il reste encore des terra incognita a aposer sur elle.
Relevant operators in exactly solvable lattice Hamiltonians

A recent suggestion that the Hamiltonian of lattice QCD may be rendered exactly solvable by quadrature after addition of an irrelevant operator is critically analyzed. It is shown that a precisely analogous procedure may be applied to the nonlinear O({ital N}) {sigma} model. An exact solution may be performed in the large-{ital N} limit in this latter case, and the modifying operator found to be a relevant perturbation of the original theory, but only after summing to all orders of perturbation theory.
Anomalous effects of cycloheximide on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase: role of synthesis and inactivation in leaf disks of helianthus annuus*☆

Abstract The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increases dramatically in leaf disks of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) cultured on 0.1 M sucrose in the dark. If disks are subsequently transferred to water, PAL activity decays rapidly. After inactivation the level of PAL can be increased again by transferring the tissue back to sucrose. The initial increase in PAL activity appears to involve an increase in the rate of PAL formation and the appearance is inhibited by cycloheximide. Inactivation of the enzyme is also inhibited by cycloheximide. A comparison of cycloheximide inhibition at different concentrations showed that inactivation was much more sensitive to the inhibitor than PAL formation. The rate of PAL inactivation was very low in fresh disks placed directly on water ( t 1/2 = > 1 day) but increased greatly after culture on sucrose ( t 1/2 = 2 to 4 hr). Therefore, culture appears to increase PAL inactivation as well as PAL formation. Reappearance of PAL activity after inactivation is stimulated rather than inhibited by cycloheximide. The change in effect of cycloheximide from inhibition to apparent stimulation can best be explained by the observation that (1) the turnover of PAL, both formation and inactivation, increases greatly as a result of culture on sucrose and (2) inactivation is more sensitive to cycloheximide than formation. Thus, even where an anomalous cycloheximide insensitive appearance of PAL activity occurs, a mechanism other than reactivation of the enzyme may be involved.
EEG Abnormalities in Children with a First Unprovoked Seizure

We examined EEG findings from an ongoing study of 347 children with a first unprovoked seizure. EEGs were available in 321 (93%), and 135 (42%) had an abnormal EEG. EEG abnormalities included focal spikes (n = 77), generalized spike and wave discharges (n = 28), slowing (n = 43), and nonspecific abnormalities (n = 7). Abnormal EEGs were more common in children with remote symptomatic seizures (60%) than in those with idiopathic seizures (38%) (p 3 years (52%) than in younger children (12%) (p < 0.001). Records including both awake and sleep tracings were available in 148 (46%) cases. For 122 (38%) only awake tracings and for 51 (16%) only sleep tracings were available. Fifty-nine (40%) of the 148 patients with both an awake and asleep tracing had abnormal EEGs. Of 50 such EEGs with epileptiform abnormalities, 15 (30%) demonstrated the abnormality either only while awake (n = 8) or only while asleep (n = 7). Of 17 patients with EEG slowing, 8 showed slowing only in the awake tracing and 9 showed slowing in both the awake and asleep tracing. Children with even a single unprovoked seizure have a high incidence of EEG abnormalities. Obtaining a combined awake and sleep EEG significantly increases the yield of EEG abnormalities. In children with an idiopathic first seizure, EEG abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of seizure recurrence.
Palladium-facilitated electrolytic dechlorination of 2-chlorobiphenyl using a granular-graphite electrode

Abstract Palladium-assisted electrocatalytic dechlorination of 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-Cl BP) in aqueous solutions was conducted in a membrane-separated electrochemical reactor with granular-graphite packed electrodes. The dechlorination took place at a granular-graphite cathode while Pd was electro-deposited from the K2PdCl6 in the solution and at a Pd-deposited granular-graphite electrode. Using the Pd-deposited graphite cathode in the membrane reactor for a sequence of experiments, each was conducted under a lower current than in the previous one, and the rate of dechlorination became slower in each consecutive experiment. At the end of this sequence, a duplicate experiment showed a loss of activity of the Pd-deposited granular-graphite cathode. In the experiments of dechlorination while Pd was deposited at the granular-graphite electrode, the rate of dechlorination increased with increases of the initial K2PdCl6 concentration and of the applied cathode potential. In each experiment, the dechlorination of 2-Cl BP was relatively fast at the beginning, as demonstrated in an experiment in which 66.4% of 2-Cl BP was dechlorinated within 4 h, but the rate of dechlorination decreased over the time. This decrease can be described with two stages of exponential decrease. The values of the rate constant in the first stage varies with the applied potential and the initial K2PdCl6 concentration, but the values of the rate constant in the second stage do not show any dependence on the potential and the K2PdCl6 concentration. The current efficiency of dechlorination was improved by applying part-time current to the electrodes.
Salmonella typhimurium secreted invasion determinants are homologous to Shigella lpa proteins

Salmonella typhimurium secreted proteins (Ssp) were previously implicated in epithelial cell invasion. Here we describe four genes (SspB, sspC, sspD, and sspA), located between spaT and prgH, which encode proteins of 63, 42, 36, and 87 kDa, respectively. These Ssp are homologous to Shigella flexneri secreted proteins IpaB, IpaC, IpaD and IpaA. A non-invasive mutant with a transposon insertion in sspC lacks Ssp of 87, 42 and 36 kDa. Complementation and analyses show that sspC and sspD encode the 42 and the 36 kDa Ssp, while the 87 kDa Ssp is encoded by sspA. sspC and sspD, but not sspA, are required for invasion. Amino-terminal sequencing shows that SspC and SspA are secreted without amino-terminal processing. We further demonstrate that Ssp secretion requires proteins encoded by prgHIJK, homologous to the Shigella Ipa secretion system, since SspA is abundantly secreted by wild-type bacteria but is completely retained within the cellular fraction of a prgHIJK mutant. A precipitate containing abundant SspC and three other major Ssp of 63, 59 and 22 kDa was isolated from culture supernatants of wild-type bacteria. These data indicate that major secreted invasion determinants of S. typhimurium are structurally and functionally homolgous to S. flexneri Ipa proteins.
Detection of metapyrocatechase homologous genes in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by polymerase chain reaction

PCR assay was developed and used for rapid detection of metapyrocatechase (MPC) homologous gene sequences among hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial populations present in contaminated environments. The primers for the PCR assay were selected from the DNA sequence of MPC gene that has been cloned in Escherichia coli pAW313 after aligning with other published sequences. The primary primers, PF313 and PR313 were located 882 bp apart and were able to amplify the conserved region of the MPC homologous gene sequences under standardized PCR conditions. The nested primers, NF313 and NR313 amplified a confirmatory internal fragment of 506 bp from within the 882 bp region of MPC gene. Specific amplification of the unique 506 bp nested fragment was also obtained using DNA extracted from nine naturally occurring hydrocarbon degrading bacteria while, no amplification was observed when the DNAs extracted from 18 unrelated bacterial strains were used as template. The specificity and identity of the amplified 506 bp nested DNA fragment from hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strains was confirmed by restriction digestion with EcoRI and by southern hybridization using digoxigenin-labeled internal probe. The MPC homologous gene sequences were also amplified when DNA directly extracted from petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater samples was used as template. Humic substances present in the groundwater samples did not inhibit the amplification reaction when the DNA extracted directly from groundwater was used for the PCR assay without further purification.
Perspectives on the New Architecture for the US National Accounts

Paul Samuelson once called the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs) one of the great inventions of the twentieth century. He was right. It is difficult to imagine modern economics and even public discourse on the economy without them. The NIPAs (and related accounts) provide the basic set of estimates on a wide range of economic variables of interest to economists, citizens, policymakers, firms, investors, workers, and consumers. They enforce important economic and statistical properties and reveal, at least retrospectively and historically, many of the most important features of the evolution of the economy. In short, it would be difficult to imagine where our understanding of recent economic events and economic history would be without the NIPAs. The NIPAs are based on an analytical framework and innumerable decisions on how to categorize economic activities and how to measure variables of interest. Doing so requires many judgments and, in an economy that evolves rapidly, a willingness to reconsider those judgments. Fortunately, in most major statistical agencies around the world, especially in the United States, including the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), a high level of professionalism has led to many improvements, and to making most of the historical time series consistent with the new measures. One important example is the reclassification of software as investment. Some of those judgments are large, some negligible, some fundamental, e.g., the decisions
Conflict Policing: Policing in a Time of War

Violent conflict, within countries and internationally, is a significant factor in many justice issues, most notably policing. Yet, despite this importance, there has been relatively little research into the policing issues that arise in relation to conflict and none that look at police behavior during conflict. This article examines the current literature on conflict and the justice issues surrounding it and suggests a realignment of research to specifically address the strong relationship between conflict, crime, and policing. The resulting research agenda, an area defined as ‘‘Conflict Policing,’’ is outlined and ways forward are suggested.
Complexity, Adaptability and Job Satisfaction in High Schools: An Axiomatic Theory Applied.

The major purpose of this study is to test the applicability of an eight‐variable axiomatic theory of organizations to the secondary school. Three corollaries, derived from the seven major propositions of the theory, were tested with data from 36 secondary schools in Illinois. The methodological processes employed to obtain measures of complexity, adaptability, and job satisfaction are presented following explication of the larger theoretical framework. An extended discussion of the findings and their implications for the theory applied to schools concludes with suggestions for methodological changes and an expanded research approach.
Mate reinforcement value and the pair bond in ring neck dove (Streptopelia risoria)

During the breeding season, monogamous birds form partnerships characterized by preferential involvement in reproductive and parental behaviors with a mate. The breeding partnership is dependent on a ‘pair bond’, an adhesive force that promotes prolonged affiliation and behavioral cooperation between two birds. Here we propose that the adhesive force of the pair bond is at least partially the result of the acquired reinforcement value of the mate. If the mate becomes a reinforcer during courtship then through classical conditioning principles the mate will reinforce affiliative behavior evident in pair-bonded birds. The present experiments were designed to determine whether the pair-bonded mate of ring neck dove (Streptopelia risoria) acquire reinforcement value during the reproductive cycle. Mate reinforcement value was assessed using a conditioned place preference paradigm in which the mate was paired with a visually distinct context and a second distinct context was paired with social isolation (Experiment 1) or an unfamiliar bird of the opposite sex (Experiment 2). Both males and females preferred the context that had been paired with the mate to the context paired with social isolation or an unfamiliar dove. The results suggest that pair-bonded mates are stronger reinforcers than unfamiliar birds. Experiment 3 found that the preference for the mate context over the unfamiliar dove context was stronger during incubation than during courtship. The possible involvement of a classical conditioning process in the maintenance of the pair bond is discussed.
5,5‐Dimethyl‐3‐(5‐methyl­isoxazol‐3‐yl)cyclo­hex‐2‐enone

The X-ray crystal structure of the title compound, C12H16N2O2, has been determined and its structure correlated with its anti­convulsant activity in mice and rats. In each of the two molecules of the asymmetric unit, the two rings are linked by an intramolecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bond.
Unit root tests allowing for a break in the trend function at an unknown time under both the null and alternative hypotheses

Abstract Perron [Perron, P., 1989. The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica 57, 1361–1401] introduced a variety of unit root tests that are valid when a break in the trend function of a time series is present. The motivation was to devise testing procedures that were invariant to the magnitude of the shift in level and/or slope. In particular, if a change is present it is allowed under both the null and alternative hypotheses. This analysis was carried under the assumption of a known break date. The subsequent literature aimed to devise testing procedures valid in the case of an unknown break date. However, in doing so, most of the literature and, in particular the commonly used test of Zivot and Andrews [Zivot, E., Andrews, D.W.K., 1992. Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 10, 251–270], assumed that if a break occurs, it does so only under the alternative hypothesis of stationarity. This is undesirable since (a) it imposes an asymmetric treatment when allowing for a break, so that the test may reject when the noise is integrated but the trend is changing; (b) if a break is present, this information is not exploited to improve the power of the test. In this paper, we propose a testing procedure that addresses both issues. It allows a break under both the null and alternative hypotheses and, when a break is present, the limit distribution of the test is the same as in the case of a known break date, thereby allowing increased power while maintaining the correct size. Simulation experiments confirm that our procedure offers an improvement over commonly used methods in small samples.
Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) and patterns of cognitive loss in dementia of the Alzheimer type

Recent data suggest that a proportion of patients with primary neuronal degeneration of the Alzheimer type have the HLA-B7 antigen. However, the possibility that other differences might exist between patients with and without the marker has not been examined. We tested a range of cognitive skills in Alzheimer patients with and without the HLA-B7 to examine whether those individuals with the HLA marker would exhibit a profile of cognitive loss different from those without it. Our results indicate that patients with HLA-B7 antigens had selective attentional scores that were significantly lower than Alzheimer patients without the antigen. Neither group was significantly different in either memory capacity or retrieval from short-term and long-term memory. The data support the hypothesis that there may be more than one disorder in what is now referred to as dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Air deployment of satellite-tracked drifters

Six free-drifting buoys tracked by the Nimbus 6 satellite were successfully launched by C-130 aircraft in a series of deployments during 1977-1979. The buoys were launched in Gulf Stream rings which had been identified with airborne XBT surveys and satellite infrared images. This is the first operational test of these air-deployable buoys.
Growth hormone-releasing activity in the hypothalamus of animals of different species.

Abstract Hypothalamic extracts from the dog, rabbit, mouse, kitten, pigeon, and frog were found to decrease the growth hormone (GH) content of rat pituitary glands. Comparable cerebral cortical extracts were completely inactive in this test. These results broaden previous observations on the existence of a GH-releasing factor (GRF) in the hypothalami of mammals and show the presence of GRF activity in birds and amphibians.
Collaborative Evaluation of a Proposed Reference Dilution Method of Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria

An agar dilution method for susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria was evaluated to determine whether results obtained would be consistent enough to recommend it as a reference method. The study was conducted in 10 laboratories where the minimum inhibitory concentrations of six antibiotics (carbenicillin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline) were determined against 10 bacterial strains on Wilkins-Chalgren agar prepared by three manufacturers. Minimum inhibitory concentrations falling on the modes varied from 57 to 80% of all determinations and on the mode or within +/-1 log(2) dilution of the mode from 87 to 100% within each laboratory. When data from all laboratories were pooled, minimum inhibitory concentrations from each laboratory agreed with the overall mode 48 to 71% of the time, with an overall agreement at +/-1 log(2) dilution of 96%. This degree of reproducibility allows for recommendation of the procedure as a reference method. Results with three of the test strains were very consistent, and these strains are recommended as control strains: Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for these strains were on the mode or within +/-1 log(2) dilution of the mode 98, 99, and 99% of the time, respectively. The remaining anaerobic bacteria are recommended as reference strains.
The Effect of 'Sympatholytic' Drugs on the Cardiovascular Responses to Epinephrine and Norepinephrine in Man

Under controlled conditions the effects of various "sympatholytic" agents on the cardiovascular responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine were compared in man. The dosages of the sympatholytic drugs administered approximated those usually employed clinically. Such basic data are given for the following agents: Dibenamine, the imidazoline derivatives [Priscoline and Regitine (C-7337)], the dihydrogenated alkaloids of ergot (D.H.K. and C.C.K.), L-hydrazinophthalazine (C-5968), tetraethylammonium, and hexamethonium (C6).
Basic Operations in an Unnormalized Arithmetic System

A particular set of unnormalized arithmetic operations termed ``basic'' are described, in the context of the University of Chicago Maniac III Computer. Each basic operation involves three operand words and generates two result words, all in unnormalized floating point format. The use of these operations in the implementation of multi-precision arithmetic is explained; in particular, it is demonstrated that multiprecision division can be effected in a nontentative manner with their aid.
A Study of Color and Color-Variation in Aphis Gossypii Glover.

The well known melon or cotton plant louse, Aphis gossypii Glover, is a notoriously variable species of aphid. The striking color variation exhibited by the species has been repeatedly observed and remarked upon in the literature; and form also varies to the extent that taxonomic workers speak of the “painfully variable” microscopic characters and of large and small forms.