cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomic basis for the injury current producing ST-segment shifts on the body surface ECG.

ST-segment depression is the characteristic electrocardiographic response to myocardial ischemia. A hypothesis is presented defining the structural and functional requirements for ischemic blood flow and ST-T wave potential gradients for ST-segment depression to occur. Both flow and potential gradients may be either transmural or transventricular. ST-segment depression results only when both are concordant (e.g., both transmural); however, ischemic ST-segment depression does not follow when flow and potential gradients are discordant (e.g., one transmural and one transventricular).
6β-hydroxycortisol metabolism in man

Abstract 16α-hydroxycortisol (16α-OH-F) metabolism was studied by i.v. administration of a trace amount of 4- 14 C-16α-OH-F to a normal male. Of the injected dose, 83% was excreted in the urine within two days. About 55% of the urinary radioactivity was unconjugated (ethyl acetate extractable) and the major metabolite of this fraction was 16α-OH-F. An additional 30% of the urinary radioactivity was extractable following β-glucuronidase hydrolysis and the principal component of this fraction was tentatively identified as 16α-hydroxytetrahydrocortisone. Solvolysis yielded only a further 1% of the radioactivity. Although a number of radioactive metabolites were isolated, the tracer amounts available precluded their identification. Determination of the specific activity of the urinary 16α-OH-F by the double isotope derivative technique has indicated that there was no significant production or excretion of the steroid in this normal subject.
Investigation of a particulate flow containing spherical particles subjected to microwave heating

Microwave heating of a liquid and large spherical particles that it carries while continuously flowing in a circular applicator pipe is investigated. A three-dimensional model that includes coupled Maxwell, continuity, Navier–Stokes, and energy equations is developed to describe transient temperature, electromagnetic, and fluid velocity fields. The hydrodynamic interaction between the solid particles and the carrier liquid is simulated by the force-coupling method (FCM). Computational results are presented for the microwave power absorption, temperature distribution inside the liquid and the particles, as well as the velocity distribution in the applicator pipe and trajectories of particles. The effect of the time interval between consecutive injections of two groups of particles on power absorption in particles is studied. The influence of the position of the applicator pipe in the microwave cavity on the power absorption and temperature distribution inside the liquid and the particles is investigated as well.
Are proverbs really so bad? Herbert Simon and the logical positivist perspective in American public administration

Since the 1950s, the unifying epistemological perspective in American public administration has been logical positivism, most notably as defined and promoted by Herbert Simon. In recent years, logical positivism has been under attack for limiting inappropriately the scope of inquiry within the field, forcing it to ignore important, value‐laden issues critical to government and the public sector. The willingness to address value‐laden issues was at the core of what was to become the field of public administration in the early twentieth‐century. This article examines the philosophical roots of logical positivist movement, its dramatic effects upon public administration, and the subsequent counter attacks on the movement. The article concludes that although logical positivism’s attack on public administration initially weakened the field, as a result practitioners and scholars were eventually to demand increased rigor and higher standards of inquiry for research in the field.
Dorsal root reflexes

A t a break during the meeting on Abnormal Somatosensory Mechanisms organized by Lillian Pubols and Barry Sessle and held at Timberline Lodge, Oregon, in 1986, Wilfrid Janig and one of us wondered whether dorsal root reflexes might involve primary C-nociceptor afferents.The question was prompted by the amazing case of Mr. B, a patient who had suffered from persistent burning pain in the right upper extremity for 17 years. Together with spontaneous pain and mechanical hyperalgesia, Mr. B expressed substantial hyperthermia of the symptomatic part. There were some trophic changes.The patient had been investigated and treated unsuccessfully through the "sympathetic dystrophy" paradigm. We suspected Mr. B. had sensitized primary nociceptors but could not raise definitive proof. Eventually, we diagnosed a benign intramedullary spinal tumor in the cervical cord. Skilled neurosurgical approach ablated much of the tumor with minimal cord complications. The hyperalgesia was replaced by hypoesthesia, which the patient preferred. The spontaneous pain and the hyperthermia were relieved.The clinical picture was rationalized as the consequence of "irritation" of the central branches of primary nociceptor afferents within the spinal cord, with resultant pain and antidromically determined neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia. If we had known that Manfred Zimmermann had published a very pertinent basic paper on C-fiber stimulation and dorsal root potentials [reference 94 in Focus article; Zimmermann M: Dorsal root potentials after C-fiber stimulation. Science 160:896-898, 1968], we might have written the case of Mr. B. at that time. In a related context, a few years later we argued that human radiculopathy may
Processes regulating temporal and longitudinal variations in the chemistry of a low-order woodland stream in the Adirondack region of New York

Watershed processes influence the acid neutralizing capacity of surface waters by mediating changes in concentration of ionic solutes. Acidification of surface waters by atmospheric deposition of mineral acids and the extent to which ecosystem transformations neutralize this acidity are of particular concern. Seasonal variations in flow paths of water through soil and biological processes result in short-term changes in chemistry that may be critical to surface water ecology. In this study, we assessed longitudinal and temporal variations in the chemistry of a low-order stream, Pancake-Hall Creek, located in the west-central Adirondack region of New York. By quantifying changes in ionic solute concentration (e.g. Ca2+, Ala+, SO 4 2− , NO 3 − ) we were able to evaluate processes responsible for short-term fluctuations in acid/base chemistry. In the headwater sites, stream water was acidic; changes in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and Al were primarily due to seasonal variations in basic cation and NO 3 − concentrations. At the downstream sites, water migrated through a large beaver impoundment and thick till resulting in higher pH, acid neutralizing capacity and basic cation concentrations, and lower concentrations of Al. Neutralization of acidity was particularly evident during the low flow summer period and coincided with retention of SO 4 2− in the beaver impoundment. During the high flow non-summer (October to June) period, depressed pH and ANC, and elevated Al concentrations were observed in the downstream sites. Acidic conditions during the non-summer period were not due to the oxidation of reduced sulfur deposits (e.g. SO 4 2− events) but rather the resumption of conservative SO 4 2− transport through the beaver impoundment (e.g. minimal SO 4 2− retention) coupled with increases in NO 3 − .
Effects of hyperoxia and dimethylthiourea on neonatal pulmonary hemodynamics in piglets.

Exposure of piglets to 68–72 h of hyperoxia has previously been shown to blunt hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). We tested the hypothesis that the administration of a scavenger of toxic oxygen radicals during exposure to hyperoxia would preserve HPV in piglets. Newborn piglets were kept inFiO2 > 0.90 for 68–72 h and compared to control animals kept in room air. Randomly selected animals from both groups were given the O2 metabolite scavenger, dimethylthiourea (DMTU) (500 mg/kg followed by 250 mg/kg/d), resulting in plasma levels of 2–6 mM. Following the oxygen or room air (RA) exposure period, piglets had pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) measured following a 20 min exposure to alveolar hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12). Both groups of RA-exposed animals (DMTU and saline treatment) as well as the hyperoxia-exposed saline group had almost 2-fold increases in PVR during exposure to hypoxia (P<0.05). Contrary to expectations, the PVR in the hyperoxia-exposed DMTU group did not rise significantly during hypoxia and the use of DMTU did not restore HPV by increasing PVR to levels greater than the hyperoxia/saline group (P = 0.70). Therefore DMTU does not appear to prevent hyperoxia-induced blunting of HPV in piglets.
Critical area computation—a new approach

In this paper we present a new approach for computing the critical area for shorts in a circuit layout. The critical area calculation is the main computational problem in VLSI yield prediction. The method is based on the concept of Voronoi diagrams and computes the critical area for shorts (for all possible defect radii, assuming square defects) accurately in O(n log n) time, where n is the size of the input. The method is presented for rectilinear layouts but it is extendible to general layouts. As a byproduct we briefly sketch how to speed up the grid method of Wagner and Koren [16].
New aspects of an old discussion - phylogenetic relationships of Ammotragus and Pseudois within the subfamily Caprinae based on comparison of the 12S rDNA sequences

A mitochondrial 12S rDNA fragment was amplified by PCR and directly sequenced from eight members of the Caprinae (Ammotragus lervia, Capra aegagrus, Ovis ammon, O. musimon, O. nivicola, O. orientalis, O. vignei and Pseudois nayaur). Multiple alignment of the sequences and genetic distance calculation with the'distance of Taijama and Nei and the algorithms of Saitou and Nei (neighbour-joining - NJ) showed that Pseudois is grouped together with Capra and Ammotragus. All members of the genus Oxis formed a second cluster. Phylogenetic analyses supported these results. NJ-analyses and maximum parsimony (MP) trees did not support the present phylogenetic classification. Bootstrap values of 95% (NJ) and 96% (MP) confirms the grouping of P. nayaur and C. aegagrus. Another clade, O. ammon and O. orientalis supported weakly by bootstrap values of 65% (MP) and 70% (NJ) and the clade O. musimonand O. vignei had bootstrap values of 50% (MP) and 60% (NJ). So the phylogenetic relationship within the genus Oxis is still unsafe. But the parsimony analyses lead to the conclusion that Ammotragus represents an old lineage that diverged from ancestral caprines together with true sheep a long time ago and that both true goats and blue sheep forms represent one evolutionary lineage.
Kinetic proofreading in receptor-mediated transduction of cellular signals: receptor aggregation, partially activated receptors, and cytosolic messengers.

Signaling by the T cell receptor (TCR), and the related immunoreceptor FceRI, is sensitive to ligand-receptor binding kinetics. Differences in the rate at which a ligand dissociates from a receptor cause disproportionate differences in signaling events and cellular responses to ligand-receptor engagement. Analysis of a simple mathematical model, developed by McKeithan (1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 5042–5046), has indicated that such sensitivity to binding kinetics is expected if a bound receptor must complete a cascade of modifications before generating a productive signal. However, recent experiments show that some cellular responses mediated by immunoreceptors escape from the control of kinetic proofreading, in the sense that these responses do not exhibit the expected sensitivity to the lifetime of a ligand-receptor bond. Here, we use an extended form of the McKeithan model to investigate possible explanations for such exceptions to the kinetic proofreading rule. We examine cellular responses triggered by cytosolic messengers, which are activated by modified receptors, and responses triggered by receptors in intermediate states of modification, i.e., receptors that have not progressed through the full series of potential modifications. Receptor aggregation is also considered. We find that the expected relationship between ligand-receptor binding kinetics and cellular responses can change significantly when signal transduction depends on a messenger or a partially modified receptor. In particular, cellular responses triggered by a messenger, such as a transcription factor that translocates from the membrane to the nucleus after receptor-mediated activation, can be sensitive or insensitive to a change in the lifetime of a ligand-receptor bond, depending on the parameters that govern the activation and decay of a messenger.
What Happens When Information Leaves a Market? Evidence From Postbankruptcy Consumers

Federal law mandates the removal of personal bankruptcies from credit reports after 10 years. The removal's effect is market efficiency in reverse. The short‐term effect is a spurious boost in apparent creditworthiness, especially for the more creditworthy bankrupts, delivering a substantial increase in both credit scores and the number and aggregate limit of bank cards. The longer‐term effect is lower scores and higher delinquency than initial full‐information scores predict. These findings relate to both the debate over the bankruptcy code and the wisdom of influencing market clearing by removing information.
A kinetic study of the interaction between atomic oxygen and aerosols

This study was concerned with the effects of NH4Cl and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols on the kinetics of disappearance of atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen was generated by a 2.45-GHz microwave discharge and the kinetics of disappearance measured in a fast flow system using NO2 titration. Values of the recombination coefficient for heterogeneous wall recombination were determined for clean, H2SO4-coated, and (NH4)2SO4-coated Pyrex to be 0.000050, 0.000020, and 0.000019, respectively. A rapid exothermic chemical reaction was found to occur between atomic oxygen and an NH4Cl wall coating; the products were NH3, NO, H2O, and HCl. The NH4Cl aerosol was generated by gas phase reaction of NH3 with HCl. The aerosol particles were approximately spherical and nearly monodisperse with a mean diameter of 1.6 plus or minus 0.2 micron. The rate constant for the disappearance of atomic oxygen in the presence of NH4Cl aerosol was measured. No significant decrease was observed in the rate of disappearance of atomic oxygen in the presence of an (NH4)2SO4 aerosol at a concentration of 285 mg per cu m.
Resilient Modulus of Base Course Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement

Twenty resilient modulus (MR) tests were conducted for specimens with different ratios of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and aggregate to investigate the effect on material stiffness. Specimens were prepared by a gyratory compactor instead of a vibratory hammer, because the density of a gyratory-compacted specimen was closer to the field density. Moisture content and density were estimated before and during the tests according to the NCHRP 1-28A protocol requirements. MR data were evaluated by quality control-quality assurance (QC/QA) criteria such as the angle of rotation, signal-to-noise ratio, and coefficient of variance, and about 95% of the sequences passed the QC/QA criteria. Specimens with 65% optimum moisture content were stiffer than the specimens with 100% optimum moisture content at all confining pressures. The 50% aggregate-50% RAP specimens developed stiffness equivalent to 100% aggregate specimens at lower confining pressures; at higher confinement, the RAP specimens were stiffer. However, ...
Numerical evaluation of the flowmeter test in a layered aquifer with a skin zone

Abstract In this study, we used a two-dimensional groundwater flow model to numerically evaluate the single flowmeter test in a series of two-layer confined aquifers for a fully penetrating well with a skin zone (i.e. a disturbed zone, filter-pack envelope, etc.). The skin zone causes errors in estimates of the vertical distribution of horizontal hydraulic conductivity by acting as a channel for cross-flow between layers of contrasting hydraulic conductivity. The bias in measured layer discharge rates, Qi, is dependent on the ratios of the skin zone hydraulic conductivity to the layer hydraulic conductivities, K s K i , and on the ratios of the skin zone thickness to the thickness of the individual layers, (r s − r w ) b i . For any given K s K i the cross-flow increased with increases in the skin zone radius relative to the well radius, r s r w . The error in estimated Ki due to a skin zone of reduced hydraulic conductivity ( K s K i ) is greater than that of a skin zone of a correspondingly enlarged hydraulic conductivity ( K s K i > 1 ). As K s K 1 increases, the ratios K 1 K 1 and K 2 K 2 converge approximately to the ranges 0.9–0.95 and 1.0–1.25, respectively. As K s K 1 decreases from value 1, the ratios of K 1 K 1 and K 2 K 2 diverge from these asymptotic ranges. In all simulated flowmeter tests, where K 1 K 2 = 10, K 1 underestimates K1 and K 2 overestimated K2.
Synaptotagmin 4: A New Antiobesity Target?

In this issue of Neuron, Zhang et al. show that Synaptotagmin 4 (Syt4) is specifically induced in adult hypothalamic oxytocin neurons by high-fat diet. Evidence is provided to support a critical role for Syt4 in negative regulation of oxytocin release, which in turn is responsible for diet-induced obesity, raising the possibility of using Syt4 as a new antiobesity target.
Marital conflict resolution: Factors influencing concordance between partners and trained coders

Abstract This investigation sought to further delineate the factors which influence the concordant perceptions of distressed and nondistressed husbands and wives and trained coders who observed samples of marital conflict resolution. Twenty-eight couples entering marital therapy and 28 volunteer “happy” couples repeatedly rated five-minute videotaped samples of their own and a stranger couple's problem solving. These tapes were also scored by trained coders using the Marital Interaction Coding System. Correlational analyses suggested greater insider-outsider perceptual agreement for distressed than nondistressed couples and for negative than positive behavior being rated. Intracouple agreement was higher when couples rated their own versus stranger problem solving. After minimal training, only the distressed partners increased their agreement for their own problem solving. Findings are discussed in light of previous research.
Apparatus for Differential Thermal Analysis Under Controlled Partial Pressures of H2O, CO2, or Other Gases

An apparatus was designed so that an atmosphere (a continuously flowing atmosphere) containing any partial pressure of the active vapor such as H2O, CO2, or SO3, could be maintained around the particles of a mineral powder while the differential thermal analysis was being run. The sample holder and its attendant parts were mounted on a movable vertical shaft so that the assembly could be lowered into or raised out of the furnace. The gas was carried to the powders under very slight pressure through 1/2-in.-diameter porcelain tubes, called the injector, which fit snugly into the sample holder cavities. The bottoms of the cavities were the ends of two 4-hole porcelain tubes which carry the thermocouples and also support the sample holder. Two types of sample holders were used, (1) Inconel tubes, 1/2 in. in outside diameter and 3/4 in. long with a wall thickness of 0.008 in., and (2) a solid Inconel block 3/4 in. in diameter and 3/4 in. long with two symmetrically placed holes 0.234 in. in diameter drilled parallel to the length. These sample holders accommodate about 0.15 gm. of clay or 0.20 gm. of alumina as the reference material. There were four 28-gauge thermocouple wires in each cavity. In the sample cell, two wires were one leg of the differential couple and the other two wires were dummies to balance the cell. In the reference cavity were the other leg of the differential couple and the measuring couple. All four wires in each cell were fused into a single bead and the wires were spread as far apart as possible, forming a sturdy unit. The furnace was 41/2 in. square and 5 in. long with an Alundum tube core, 11/16 in. in outside diameter, on which 45 ohms of 28-gauge Nichrome V wire was noninductively wound. A motor-driven Powerstat was used to control the temperature rate at 16°C. per minute.
FAPA: Flooding Attack Protection Architecture in a cloud system

The rate of acceptance of clouds each year is making cloud computing the leading IT computational technology. While cloud computing can be productive and economical, it is still vulnerable to different types of external threats, one of which is a denial of service (DoS) attack. Taking the cloud providers’ security services could cause disputes and involvement of hidden costs. Rather than depending on cloud providers, we have proposed a model, called flooding attack protection architecture (FAPA), to detect and filter packets when DoS attacks occur. FAPA can run locally on top of the client’s terminal and is independent of the provider’s cloud machine. In FAPA, detection of denial of service is accomplished through traffic pattern analysis and it removes flooding by filtering. Both in the cloud and on the cluster, our experimental results demonstrated that FAPA was able to detect and filter packets to successfully remove a DoS attack.
Determining hydrogen-bond interactions in spider silk with 1H–13C HETCOR fast MAS solid-state NMR and DFT proton chemical shift calculations

Two-dimensional (2D) 1H–13C heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) solid-state NMR spectra collected with fast magic angle spinning (MAS) are used in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) proton chemical shift calculations to determine the hydrogen-bonding strength for ordered β-sheet and disordered 310-helical structures in spider dragline silk. The hydrogen-bond strength is determined to be identical for both structures in spider silk with a 1.83–1.84 A NH⋯OC hydrogen-bond distance.
Gene silencing in mammals by small interfering RNAs

Among the 3 billion base pairs of the human genome, there are approximately 30,000-40,000 protein-coding genes, but the function of at least half of them remains unknown. A new tool - short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) - has now been developed for systematically deciphering the functions and interactions of these thousands of genes. siRNAs are an intermediate of RNA interference, the process by which double-stranded RNA silences homologous genes. Although the use of siRNAs to silence genes in vertebrate cells was only reported a year ago, the emerging literature indicates that most vertebrate genes can be studied with this technology.
Rigid-Rod Sensitizers bound to Semiconductor Nanoparticles

A series of “rigid-rod” dyes with an organic chromophore (pyrene or coumarin) attached through an oligophenylenethynylene (OPE) rigid bridge, linear or branched, to an anchoring isopthalic acid unit (Ipa) were synthesized and studied for solar cells (DSSCs) applications. The new dyes were attached to metal oxide (MOn = TiO2, ZrO2 and ZnO) nanoparticles films via the two COOH binding groups on the Ipa unit to investigate their binding and photophysical properties at the semiconductor surface. FTIR-ATR spectra show that all dyes did bind to the metal oxide films through carboxylate bonds. Fluorescence emission on insulating ZrO2 films was employed to study aggregation of the organic rigid-rods. Studies of the pyrene rigid-rods in solar cells showed near quantitative conversation of absorbed photons into electricity.
A practical HW/SW codesign method for system-level embedded system

The development of modern embedded system needs more practical design technology with larger covering scope. A codesign method called DT (Dual-Trees) is proposed for system-level in coarse-grained view. This method builds behavior-tree and resource-tree by UML description and achieves the reasonable design results through analyzing the two trees integrally. Compared with other codesign methods, DT fully considers the actual design environment and enforces the userpsilas free design by different-level constraint description. In addition, more integrated resource classes of embedded system are defined in this method too. Proved by the experiment, this method has advantages as following: smaller design and realization spending of algorithm, lower sensitivity to the initial condition, stronger actual utility and so on.
Determination of winding inductances in ferrite type permanent magnet electric machinery by finite elements

A key design factor in ferrite type permanent magnet machines is the accurate knowledge of the values of machine winding inductances during the design stage. In the present paper, a method which is based on perturbation of the energy stored in the magnetic field, and on numerical models of simulation of such permanent magnets is used in calculating machine inductances. The effect of change in the values of these winding inductances with magnet position throughout the cycle of operation of such machines is given. These inductances also include the apparent and incremental values, whose definition is directly related to the choice of apparent or incremental reluctivities in the energy perturbation process. Results of application of this method to the calculation of inductances in a 15 hp 6-pole ferrite type electronically operated permanent magnet machine are given. These calculated values of inductances are in good agreement with the measured values.
Adaptive whole-field optical profilometry: a study of the systematic errors

An analysis of the sources of systematic errors in an optical whole-field profilometer based on the projection of fringes is presented here. In the system, the determination of the object profile is performed by triangulation. Both the period of the fringes and the geometrical system parameters on which triangulation operates (i.e. the distance between the object and the acquisition/projection units, and the distance between the acquisition unit and the projection unit) represent the input parameters of the profile evaluation algorithm. The influence on the height error introduced by an inaccuracy in the determination of the projected fringe period, as well as of the geometrical parameters of the system, is investigated here. The distortion in reconstructing the object shape due to the finite distance illumination scheme used in the system is also studied. The results obtained from the analysis are used to increase the accuracy at the optical profilometer by means of a suitably developed correction algorithm. >
Cell-type-specific long-range looping interactions identify distant regulatory elements of the CFTR gene

Identification of regulatory elements and their target genes is complicated by the fact that regulatory elements can act over large genomic distances. Identification of long-range acting elements is particularly important in the case of disease genes as mutations in these elements can result in human disease. It is becoming increasingly clear that long-range control of gene expression is facilitated by chromatin looping interactions. These interactions can be detected by chromosome conformation capture (3C). Here, we employed 3C as a discovery tool for identification of long-range regulatory elements that control the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, CFTR. We identified four elements in a 460-kb region around the locus that loop specifically to the CFTR promoter exclusively in CFTR expressing cells. The elements are located 20 and 80 kb upstream; and 109 and 203 kb downstream of the CFTR promoter. These elements contain DNase I hypersensitive sites and histone modification patterns characteristic of enhancers. The elements also interact with each other and the latter two activate the CFTR promoter synergistically in reporter assays. Our results reveal novel long-range acting elements that control expression of CFTR and suggest that 3C-based approaches can be used for discovery of novel regulatory elements.
MORTALITY OF ANT (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) PEST SPECIES EXPOSED TO SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE

Abstract Laboratory bioassays enabled us to determine the mortality of Argentine ant (Linepithema humile [Mayr]) workers, and red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) workers exposed to sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3, sodium bicarbonate). The median lethal concentration (LC50) of NaHCO3 for Argentine ants was 5.64 mg per cm2 after 5 d exposure and 3.96 mg per cm2 after 6 d. Cumulative mortality for Argentine ants exposed to 28 mg NaHCO3 per cm2 was 89.5% on day 6. Workers of both species were exposed to concentrations of 9.92, 17.70, or 152.00 mg NaHCO3 per cm2 in separate tests. Mortality of Argentine ants was significantly higher than that of fire ants following exposure to 9.92 mg NaHCO3 per cm2, while mortality for the two species did not differ following exposure to the two higher concentrations. Mortality of both species treated with the highest concentration exceeded 99% at 6 d. In tests with equivalent amounts of sodium in NaHCO3 and NaCl treatments, mortality for fire ants exposed to N...
Identifying mechanisms of change: utilizing single-participant methodology to better understand behavior therapy for child depression.

This study examined therapeutic mechanisms of action at the single-participant level in a behavior therapy (BT) for youth depression. By controlling for non-specific early responses, identifying potential mechanisms of action a priori, taking frequent measures of hypothesized mechanisms and dependent variables, rigorously evaluating internal validity, and using a variety of analytic methods, a unique model for analysis of potential mediators was created. Eleven children (M age = 9.84) meeting criteria on the Children’s Depression Rating Scale–Revised (M = 55.36) and Children’s Depression Inventory (M = 23.45) received non-directive therapy (NDT), followed by BT for those still displaying significant symptoms. Four participants (36%) had a clinically significant response to NDT. For the remaining seven, statistically significant changes in depressive symptoms and family interactions during the BT interval were found at the group level. At the single-participant level, evidence suggesting that outcome was a...
Persistent, localized outbreaks in the western tussock moth Orgyia vetusta: the roles of resource quality, predation and poor dispersal

1. On stands of the abundant perennial lupins Lupinus arboreus and L. chamissonis on the California coast, the western tussock moth Orgyia vetusta Bdv. occurs as only a few localized populations, which are locally dense enough to defoliate the host plants and yet do not appear to spread. 2. To determine what limits the spatial distribution of this insect, and therefore its global abundance, experiments were performed at three sites, examining the roles of host-plant quality, predator abundance, rates of predation and dispersal. 3. At no site did host quality, predator abundance or rates of predation vary spatially in a way that would explain the location of the outbreak. However, adult female tussock moths are flightless, and rates of long-distance aerial dispersal (‘ballooning’) by first-instar larvae were very low at all sites. Poor dispersal is the only consistent explanation for the limited distribution of the tussock moth.
Enterovirus Concentration on Cellulose Membranes

Cellulose nitrate membranes were used as one of the adsorbents in concentrating viruses from water. For adsorption to occur, salts were required. With increase in valency of salt, less salt was necessary for enhanced virus adsorption to membranes. Trivalent salts were more effective because they could be used at only 1% the concentration required for divalent salts. Thus, 0.5 mM AlCl3 was as effective as 50 mM MgCl2. For testing 500 gal of water, only 0.24 kg of AlCl3 was required in contrast to 20 kg of MgCl2. Virus could then be eluted from such membranes, having an area of 486 cm2, with 250 ml of pH 11.5 buffer. Lowering the pH of the eluate and adding AlCl3 permitted the virus to be quickly readsorbed on a smaller cellulose membrane, i.e., 4 cm2. Virus for assay was eluted from the small membrane in 1 ml. This procedure has provided the basis for concentrating minute amounts of virus from large volumes of water.
EMG pattern classification of normal and anterior cruciate ligament injured subjects

The authors have analyzed features of electromyographic (EMG) linear envelopes from six muscles of normal and anterior-cruciate-ligament-injured subjects and found that their phase spectra play major roles in determining the waveform. Pattern classification of six muscles was then done based on such features, and clusterings of some abnormal EMG waveforms were obtained. Several criteria for determining the optimal cluster number were also investigated. >
Vocational Education and Training (VET) Quality and Evaluation: Its Place in the US Community College

As the United States seeks to move beyond its current severe economic difficulties, whether vocational education and training (VET) will make a difference to the country’s economic recovery may rest on the varying opinions of quality and evaluation inside and outside of community college VET. Little information exists on VET quality, and the evaluation systems that do measure VET have not moved beyond compliance. Currently, VET evaluation systems are conducted separately and apart from other forms of evaluation generally used on community college campuses. This has led to definitional, technical, and policy gaps that make it difficult to connect VET evaluation to quality, the latter being expressed as the level of VET student performance. Such issues partly explain why the perception persists that the US VET educational experience is of low value.
Organization of Recurrent Inhibition and Facilitation in Motor Nuclei Innervating Ankle Muscles of the Cat

Turkin, Vladimir V., Katrina S. Monroe, and Thomas M. Hamm. Organization of recurrent inhibition and facilitation in motor nuclei innervating ankle muscles of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 778–790,...
A Dictionary-Based Approach to Identifying Aspects Implied by Adjectives for Opinion Mining

ABSTRACT One of the central problems of opinion mining is to extract aspects of entities or topics that have been evaluated in an opinion sentence or document. Much of the existing research focused on extracting explicit aspects which are nouns and nouns phrases that have ap‐ peared in sentences, e.g., price in The price of this bike is very high. (owever, in many cas‐ es, people do not explicitly mention an aspect in a sentence, but the aspect is implied, e.g., This bike is expensive, where expensive indicates the price aspect of the bike. Although there are some existing works dealing with the problem, they all used the corpus‐based approach, which has several shortcomings. )n this paper, we propose a dictionary‐based approach to address these shortcomings. We formulate the problem as collective classifica‐ tion. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is effective and produces sig‐ nificantly better results than strong baselines based on traditional supervised classification.
A Novel Approach to Business Ethics Education: Exploring How to Live and Work in the 21st Century

The power of great novelists’ storytelling is demonstrated by their ability to shape social attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, and even to make life more worth living. However, although narrative p...
NIMG-22MORPHOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION BASED AUTOMATED SEGMENTATION OF GLIOBLASTOMA TUMOR VOLUME ON MULTI-MODAL MRI IMAGES

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor and, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most common imaging tool for brain tumor diagnosis and disease status monitoring post any intervention including craniotomy, irradiation and various chemotherapies. Tumor volume estimation using MRI is routinely used to determine responses, such as Macdonald's or RANO's criteria. Current techniques used for tumor volume measurements are manual measurements of the largest two-dimensional tumor area and they are inaccurate and operator-dependent. Automated techniques for estimating volumetric measurements are needed for minimizing human bias and to follow disease status objectively. We developed and implement automated segmentation of tumors by fusing information from multi-modal MRI. METHODS: High resolution three-dimensional (1 mm3 isotropic voxel) T2-weighted (T2), fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and T1-weighted (T1) pre- and post-contrast images were acquired on nine glioblastoma patients. The images were pre-processed for co-registration, skull-stripping, intensity non-uniformities correction, noise reduction, and intensity standardization. Regional maxima were obtained on T2/FLAIR images using grayscale morphological reconstruction followed by adaptive thresholding, and regional multi-modal density distribution, connectivity, and growing techniques. Enhanced region of the tumor was obtained from the T1 pre-/post-contrast images followed by the minimization of false classifications arising from enhancing vasculature. Classified regions from T2/FLAIR, and T1 pre-/post-contrast images were combined to obtain enhancing tumor component and the surrounding FLAIR changes representing vasogenic edema/tumor infiltration as the final segmentation for volumetric measurements. RESULTS: The automatic program is able to capture and calculate tumor volumes from T1 post contrast or T2/FLAIR images accurately, as judged by neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons and neuro-oncologists. Additionally, our technique performed consistently well across all the patients that we scanned without any human intervention. CONCLUSION: We developed and implemented automated technique that identifies tumor volumes precisely, improves the accuracy and efficiency of tumor status measurements significantly with minimal human bias.
Health and subjective well-being: a replicated secondary data analysis

The purposes of this article are to use replicated secondary data analysis to summarize information about the relationship between health and subjective well-being and to assess the strengths and weaknesses of replicated secondary data analysis as a mode of research synthesis. The findings from thirty-seven replications in seven surveys suggest a moderate and robust relationship between self-rated health and subjective well-being. Physician-assessed health, in contrast, exhibits weaker and less robust associations with subjective well-being. Further, the relationship between health and subjective well-being is conditioned by age and is stronger for measures of negative than positive affect. The principal advantages of replicated secondary data analysis, vis-a-vis other modes of research synthesis, are cost-effectiveness, increased ability to apply multivariate statistical techniques, and greater control and flexibility for the investigator. We suggest, nonetheless, that different modes of research synthesis can best be used for different purposes.
Effect of Host Plant Nutrition on Susceptibility to Malathion of Two Strains of Two-Spotted Spider Mites

Malathion resistant and susceptible strains of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus telarius (L.), were removed from the bean plants of their respective parent colonies and reared for 3 weeks on bean plants fed a basic nutrient solution as well as on plants fed this solution with the nitrogen or phosphorus levels increased 3 and 4 times, respectively. LD50 s of malathion for both strains reared on the bean plants and for their parent colonies were determined by bioassay. Results indicated that susceptibility of both strains was altered from that of the parent colonies.
Suicidal Ideation in Juvenile Arrestees: Exploring Legal and Temporal Factors

Mental health screening data (Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument version 2 [MAYSI-2]) and offense history were used to study levels of suicidal ideation in a sample of juvenile arrestees held...
Effectiveness of ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems for terminal room decontamination: Focus on clinical trials

Over the last decade, substantial scientific evidence has accumulated that indicates contamination of environmental surfaces in hospital rooms plays an important role in the transmission of key health care-associated pathogens (eg, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp). For example, a patient admitted to a room previously occupied by a patient colonized or infected with one of these pathogens has a higher risk for acquiring one of these pathogens than a patient admitted to a room whose previous occupant was not colonized or infected. This risk is not surprising because multiple studies have demonstrated that surfaces in hospital rooms are poorly cleaned during terminal cleaning. To reduce surface contamination after terminal cleaning, no touch methods of room disinfection have been developed. This article will review the no touch methods, ultraviolet light devices, and hydrogen peroxide systems, with a focus on clinical trials which have used patient colonization or infection as an outcome. Multiple studies have demonstrated that ultraviolet light devices and hydrogen peroxide systems have been shown to inactivate microbes experimentally plated on carrier materials and placed in hospital rooms and to decontaminate surfaces in hospital rooms naturally contaminated with multidrug-resistant pathogens. A growing number of clinical studies have demonstrated that ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems when used for terminal disinfection can reduce colonization or health care-associated infections in patients admitted to these hospital rooms.
Constrained Reaction Volume: A New Approach to Studying Reactive Systems in Shock Tubes

One of the current problems facing kinetics modeling of combustion processes in shock tubes is the need for a simple, well-defined gasdynamics model that can be used to describe the time-dependent reflected test gas conditions throughout energetic ignition events. The near-constant-pressure or near-constant-volume assumption that may be valid before ignition is clearly violated behind reflected shock waves in conventional shock tubes when there is large energy release. In these cases, accurate modeling, both gasdynamic and chemical, throughout the ignition event is effectively impossible without having to resort to multi-dimensional computation schemes.
Screening for ALK Rearrangements in Lung Cancer: Time for a New Generation of Diagnostics?

A study reported in this issue of The Oncologist examined the utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in detecting ALK rearrangements. NGS may one day become the standard initial test for molecular genotyping of patients with advanced cancers, and this new generation of ALK diagnostics is a welcome addition to the current screening repertoire.
Minimal Surfaces: General Theory

This chapter contains a general introduction to minimal surfaces, without boundary, in Euclidean space. In Section 1 we review the Riemannian and conformal geometries of surfaces: The overriding observation in intrinsic surface theory is that isothermal coordinates — which always exist by the Korn-Lichtenstein theorem — provide an intimate link between the two geometries. This observation together with a bit of Hodge theory is explained in Section 1. The next section represents an excursion into the method of moving frames and a review of the geometry of submanifolds. The exposition in Section 2 is on a fairly abstract footing — this was to indicate the generality of our method. Several results of this section are used later when we discuss the Gauss map of a minimal surface. In Section 3 we prove that a conformal immersion from a Riemann surface into R n is minimal if and only if it is harmonic.
Activation of the central melanocortin system chronically reduces body mass without the necessity of long-term caloric restriction.

Melanotan II (MTII) is a potent appetite suppressor that rapidly reduces body mass. Given the rapid loss of anorexic response upon chronic MTII treatment, most investigations have focused on the in...
Serialization of PREMIS

This chapter is primarily concerned with the technical options for serializing data conformant to the PREMIS Data Dictionary. Serialization is the process of mapping a data model into formatted bits; it is generally required to facilitate transmission, storage, or computation on the data. The chapter begins with an introduction to the concept of serialization. It then describes several general factors that should be considered when implementing a PREMIS-compliant preservation system, weighing the benefits of the different approaches and offering suggestions for specific use cases. The next three subsections delve in some detail into three common implementation options: XML, RDF, and relational databases. Each of these subsections describes the option in general and then examines specific issues to consider with each approach. Each subsection offers suggestions for specific implementation scenarios such as partitioning and linking between PREMIS entities, linking to file content, dealing with specific data elements such as identifiers, using custom or non-standard elements, and storing the PREMIS data. Although the chapter was written for PREMIS version 2.2, much of the content is equally applicable to PREMIS 3.0; when there are differences, footnotes describing the differences have been provided.
Are intensive data collection methods in pain research feasible in those with physical disability? A study in persons with chronic pain and spinal cord injury

Intensive repeated measures data collection procedures, such as ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and end-of-day (EOD) diaries, are becoming more prominent in pain research. Existing data on the feasibility of such methods is encouraging; however, almost nothing is known about feasibility in clinical populations with significant physical disabilities. Research methodology feasibility is crucial to the inclusion of individuals with physical disability in pain research given the high prevalence and impact of pain in these populations. The aim of this study was to examine study compliance, protocol acceptability, and reactivity of intensive data collection methods in adults with chronic pain and spinal cord injury (SCI). Secondary analysis of data from a 7-day EMA and EOD diary study in a sample of 131 community dwelling adults with SCI. Results showed rates of missing data ranged from 18.4 to 22.8% across measures. Participant compliance was related to time of day/presence of audible prompts, mobility aid use, race, and baseline levels of pain and pain interference, with more missing data at wake and bedtimes/no prompts, and for those who used hand-held mobility devices, identified as black/African American, and/or reported higher baseline pain and pain interference. Participants rated the study methodology as generally highly acceptable and expressed willingness to participate in similar studies of much longer duration. There was no evidence of reactivity, defined as temporal shifts in pain or pain interference ratings. Overall, intensive pain data collection is feasible in persons with SCI with no evidence that the methodology impacts pain intensity or pain interference ratings.