cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Possibility of p -wave pairing of composite fermions at ν = 1 2

We find that for the pure Coulomb repulsion the composite Fermi sea at $\nu=1/2$ is on the verge of an instability to triplet pairing of composite fermions. It is argued that a transition into the paired state, described by a Pfaffian wave function, may be induced if the short-range part of the interaction is softened by increasing the thickness of the two-dimensional electron system.
Peptidase activities during morphogenesis of Mucor racemosus

Multiple peptidase activities are expressed in the dimorphic fungus Mucor racemosus. Peptide hydrolysis was measured using an enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay. Aminopeptidase as well as carboxypeptidase activities increased during spore, swollen spore, and budding yeast-to-hyphae conversions, and activities achieved a maximum level prior to the period of rapid germ tube formation. These increases in peptidase activity were prevented by cycloheximide. Three distinct aminopeptidases (AP) and three distinct carboxypeptidases (CP) were partially purified by gel filtration column chromatography. AP1 (235 kDa), AP2 (112 kDa), and AP3 (70 kDa) were all expressed in spore, yeast, and hyphae. The activity levels of AP2 and AP3 decreased in hyphae entering stationary growth. CP1 (250 kDa) and CP3 (50 kDa) activities were expressed exclusively in hyphae, whereas CP2 (77 kDa) was expressed in spore, yeast, and hyphal forms. CP1 activity was most pronounced in hyphae entering stationary growth. We concluded that M. racemosus expresses a multiplicity of peptidases and that CP1 and CP3 are morphology-specific carboxypeptidases.
Design and analysis of wide-angle Y-branch waveguide with low losses for integrated optics

A new wide-angle, low-loss, symmetrical Y-branch waveguide is proposed. The waveguide configuration utilizes ribs for lateral confinement in the planar guiding region underneath. This Y-branch structure can be fabricated easily without any additional processes. Together with multi-mode interference effect, a local decrease of the waveguide ridge in a wedge at the Y-branch region reduces the radiation loss. When properly designed, the proposed Y-branch has a radiation loss as low as 2.2 dB at a branch angle of 6 degrees with index difference ((Delta) n/n) as small as 7.1 multiplied by 10 -4 at a wavelength of 870 nm in the TE fundamental mode.
Conversion and possibility in syllogistic reasoning

Previous research on syllogistic reasoning has identified two bases of error on this task. One basis is the illicit conversion of universal affirmative and particular negative propositions. The second basis is the selection of propositional conclusions on indeterminate nonconversion syllogisms. The present study explores possible explanations for these phenomena. Data are presented that cast doubt on the explanation of conversion based upon the similarity between syllogistic premises and definitional statements. Even when the premises are modified so that they no longer resemble definitional statements, conversion still occurs. Bias toward symmetrical relations is discussed as an alternative explanation. Data are also presented to show that poor performance on indeterminate nonconversion syllogisms in large part reflects the failure of subjects to differentiate between possible and necessary conclusions. When this issue is clarified, performance significantly improves.
A study of message‐change and reaction in senator Edward W. Brooke's views on the Vietnam war

(1969). A study of message‐change and reaction in senator Edward W. Brooke's views on the Vietnam war. Today's Speech: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 60-62.
Experimentation Framework for Investigating Compensatory and Noncompensatory Decision-Making

The current study presents the effort of using the Lens Model framework, originally conceived by Brunswik, to investigate compensatory and noncompensatory decision makings. More specifically, we seek to validate the approach for using the rule-based formulation of the Lens Model to characterize noncompensatory behavior. Our current research program proposes a coherent experimentation framework to investigate human decision-making strategies with regard to environmental variations. We are particularly interested in the effects of task ecology, time pressure, and task workload on decision strategies in a simulation experiment. Through the proposed empirical investigation, we seek to establish a baseline for characterizing compensatory and noncompensatory decision-making behaviors.
Asymmetry in quasi-fixed exchange-rate systems☆

Abstract A stochastic model of an international payments system is formulated with the assumptions that: (1) international reserves are held in the form of a key currency; (2) fixed exchange rates are subject to infrequent change; (3) deficit countries depreciate more readily than surplus countries appreciate. The model is implemented with historical data. Time paths for international reserves and prices under alternative assumptions are secured through Monte-Carlo simulation. The paths show that anti-inflationary policy by the key-currency country — viz, the United States — is easily multiplied by exchange-rate changes by other countries.
The Principalship in Historical Perspective

This article offers a review of the existing historiography of the American school principal. Although a small and incomplete body of research, scholarship on the history of the principalship demonstrates that it has always been a complex and multifaceted role and that principals have historically drawn on shifting sources of authority to assert their institutional and personal power. The principalship has also been defined by who has occupied the position, as the role became increasingly dominated by white men in the second half of the 20th century. Recent scholarship has begun to create a more expansive social history of the American school principal, although a great deal of research remains to be done.
A model of project evaluation with limited attention

This paper characterizes the optimal policy for a model in which manager may adopt an endogenous number of projects but has only limited resources to devote to their evaluation and maintenance. In any period, the manager may discard any subset of existing projects but may evaluate only one existing or one new project which is then either discarded or restored. Both its current return and the probability with which a project may be restored depends only on the number of periods since its last evaluated. For a manager whose objective is to maximize the sum of discounted returns, the optimal policy takes one of two forms. A “discard” policy specifies that the manager evaluate a new project in each period and discard current projects at some critical age. An “age inspection” policy specifies that the manager evaluate a new project only if all current projects are sufficiently young.
Confidence intervals for parameters lying in a random polygon

This paper presents algorithms for computing confidence intervals and regions for elements of a parameter vector when the signs of linear combinations of unknown parameters are observed, but the coefficients contain experimental error. These methods were proposed in the geochemical literature by Kolassa (1992) as a method specific to petrology. Experimental data are used to give linear constraints, involving quantities measured with error, on unknown free energies and entropies of a chemical reaction. Confidence intervals are given for these parameters, and these are compared with more naive approaches. L'auteur presente des algorithmes permettant de calculer des intervalles et des regions de confiance pour les composantes d'un vecteur de parametres lorsque Ton observe les signes de certaines combinaisons lineaires des parametres dont les poids ne sont toutefois pas connus avec precision. Ces methodes ont d'abord ete proposees aux geochimistes par Kolassa (1992) afin de resoudre des problemes specifiques au secteur de la petrologie. Dans ce contexte, des donnees experimentales permettent de deduire des contraintes lineaires, connues de maniere impreAcise, sur des entropies et des energies libres inconnues d'une reaction chimique. L'auteur montre comment construire des intervalles de confiance pour de tels parametres et compare sa solution a des approches plus naives.
Perceptions of Safety in Intimate Relationships: Group Differences Based on Gender and Setting

Intimate partner violence continues to be prevalent, resulting in negative consequences for the individuals involved and for society as a whole. Perceptions of safety in relationships where intimate partner violence is present is an understudied topic in the literature. The Safety Assessment of Future Events Scale (SAFE) was developed to assess respondents’ perceptions of safety in their intimate relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine whether group differences existed on respondents’ SAFE scores. 428 participants from community and clinic samples completed the SAFE and other measures contained in a southwest university’s marriage and family therapy clinic intake packet. ANCOVA was used to control for gender and setting in determining if group differences existed on the SAFE based on measures assessing interpersonal violence, relational adjustment, intrapersonal symptoms, and PTSD symptoms. Results indicated group differences based on gender, interpersonal violence victimization, and relational adjustment.
Molecular imaging of neutropilin-1 receptor using photoacoustic spectroscopy in breast tumors

Purpose: Our purpose is to develop and test a molecular probe that can detect the expression of neutropilin-1 receptor (NPR-1) in vivo using fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic spectroscopy. Introduction: NPR-1 is expressed on endothelial cells and some breast cancer cells, and binds to vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF165, a growth factor associated with pathological tumor angiogenesis. This receptor is coexpressed with VEGFR2 and shown to enhance the binding of VEGF165; therefore, it has the potential to be used as a marker of angiogenic activity and targeted for therapy. Material and Methods: A peptide specific to NPR-1 receptor was synthesized and conjugated to a NIR fluorochrome (IRDye800CW) and was intravenously injected into mice with breast tumors (MCF7 VEGF ). Probe kinetics was monitored in vivo via near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) within an optical imager for up to 72 hours within the tumor and compared to other organs (liver, muscle) for binding specificity. A multivariate fitting algorithm was used to spectrally deconvolve the IRDye800CW from endogenous hemoglobin signature (hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation). Results: Dynamics of the NIR fluorescence signal within the first hour after injection indicates specific binding compared to muscle, with an average tumor-to-muscle ration of 2.00 (+/- 0.27). Spectral analysis clearly indentified the presence of the NPR-1 probe. Based on calibration data, the average tumor concentration from both NIRF and PCT-S was measured to be ~200-300nM. Conclusion: These preliminary results show the capability of PCT to image an exogenous probe in vivo in addition to its hemoglobin state.
The ecology of sexual selection: Mean crowding of females and resource-defence polygyny

Resource-defence polygyny is a mating system that offers an opportunity for strong sexual selection. I express the degree of aggregation or clustering of females at resources at the time of mating using Lloyd's measures of microspatial aggregation, mean crowding (m*) and patchiness (P). Here, I show that Lloyd's two ecological measures of aggregation can be used to quantify the relationship between resource-based polygyny and sexual selection. The advantage of using these measures is that some of the statistical machinery for estimating the degree of mean crowding and testing for density dependence in comparative ecological studies can be applied to estimating the strength of sexual selection and comparing different mating systems. When females vary in their tendency to aggregate with other females and males vary from one another in their ability to guard aggregations of females, a run-away process of sexual selection is possible. The largest aggregations of females have a higher proportion of the females most prone to aggregate or most tolerant of crowding. The males with the highest mating success have daughters more prone to aggregate and sons better at defending aggregated females against other males. As a result, females are selected to over-aggregate with respect to resources. The run-away process halts when single males cannot defend and maintain exclusive reproductive access to clusters of females as evidenced by extraharem copulations and paternity.
Interdisciplinary Co-Facilitation of Support Groups for Parents of Children with Autism: An Opportunity for Professional Preparation

Skillful cofacilitation of groups provides group members with shared leadership, combined knowledge, and broadened problem-solving capability. Interdisciplinary cofacilitation offers group members different points of view and diverse professional expertise. This article presents a support group approach for parents of children diagnosed with autism and describes the benefits of interdisciplinary cofacilitation by social workers and early childhood special educators. The advantages and challenges of interdisciplinary cofacilitation are discussed.
Behavioral correlates of oral and postingestive satiety in the rat

Abstract Hungry rats display the characteristic “satiety sequence” after drinking a glucose solution: The end of ingestion is accompanied by grooming and exploring, followed by resting. With saccharin solutions over a range of concentrations, however, ingestion is accompanied and followed by persistent grooming and exploring; resting rarely occurs. Gastric preloads of glucose solution promote resting to reinstate the “satiety sequence” after a bout of saccharin ingestion. Therefore, the systemic effects of glucose are sufficient to promote resting. In the absence of postingestive factors, the “satiety sequence” is incomplete following saccharin ingestion as it is after sham-feeding.
Antigenic structure of influenza virus haemagglutinin defined by hybridoma antibodies

The recurrence of influenza virus infection in man is attributed primarily to changes occurring in the antigenic structure of the viral surface glycoproteins, especially of the haemagglutinin (HA) molecule1–4. Comparative antigenic analysis5 of epidemic influenza virus strains has allowed the description of ‘strain-specific’ and ‘cross-reactive’ antigenic determinants6–8. However, the interpretation of these findings remained ambiguous, because the specificity of the applied antisera was insufficiently defined and because the antigenic differences among the HA molecules of various epidemic virus strains resulted presumably from a large number of amino acid substitutions9–11. Thus, in characterizing the antigenic structure of the HA molecule, our approach has been (1) to generate a panel of monoclonal anti-HA hybridoma antibodies, (2) to use some of these antibodies to select mutants of the influenza A/PR/8/34 (PR8) virus expressing antigenically altered HA molecules, and (3) to construct an operational antigenic map of the HA molecule by comparative antigenic analysis of the mutant viruses with the monoclonal antibodies. As we report here, analysis of the 34 mutant viruses selected has enabled us to define four antigenic sites on the HA molecule. Our observation that these sites have undergone antigenic drift to a different extent in nature implies that the mechanisms responsible for antigenic drift act selectively on distinct structures of the HA molecule.
Scalar dispersion from an instantaneous line source at the wall of a turbulent channel for medium and high Prandtl number fluids

Abstract Lagrangian methods have been used recently to reconstruct temperature profiles for relatively high Prandtl number, Pr, fluids (up to Pr=2400) in direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent channel flow. The basic concept is that a heated surface is formed by an infinite number of continuous sources of heat. For example, the behavior of a heated plane can be synthesized by the behavior of an infinite number of continuous sources of heat that cover the plane. The building block for such a reconstruction is the behavior of a single instantaneous heat source located at the wall. The present work studies the behavior of such sources in turbulent channel flow. The trajectories of heat markers are monitored in space and time as they move in a hydrodynamic field created by a DNS. The fluids span several orders of magnitude of Pr (or Sc), Pr=0.1, 1, 10, 100, 200, 500, 2400, 7000, 15 000, 50 000, (liquid metals, gases, liquids, lubricants and electrochemical fluids). The effects of Pr in the evolution of the marker cloud are examined and quantified. The marker cloud is found to evolve in three stages, two of which are Pr dependent.
Mediational links among parenting styles, perceptions of parental confidence, self-esteem, and depression on alcohol-related problems in emerging adulthood.

Objective: Depression is often found to be comorbid with alcohol-related problems. Parental overprotection, which may be of particular importance during emerging adulthood, has been linked to internalizing symptoms in offspring. This article evaluates the impact of parenting styles and parental confidence in their offspring on an internalizing pathway to alcohol-related problems through self-esteem and depression. Method: Mediational links were tested among parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive), parental confidence (overprotection, autonomy), self-esteem, depression, and alcohol-related problems. A two-group, multiple indicator multiple-cause structural equation model with 441 (216 female, 225 male) college students was examined. Results: Overall, having a father who was confident in his child‘s ability to make autonomous decisions was protective against depression for both genders. Perceptions of paternal autonomy mediated the impact of the fathers’ parenting styles (authoritative, ...
Opportunities for Cost Reduction of Medical Care: Part 3

The level of health care spending in the United States and other developed nations is rising at a disturbingly rapid rate. However, in the United States, these increases are not justified by superior performance. Rather, most other wealthy countries’ inhabitants live longer and suffer from fewer medical problems than the average American. This paper demonstrates the continued abundance of opportunities for substantially reducing health care costs without decreasing the quality of care. In particular, it emphasizes the need to reduce the practice of defensive medicine and to enlarge the cadre of non-specialist physicians who educate future doctors. Such cost-saving opportunities are not rare phenomena but are widely available and offer the United States opportunities to move toward the markedly lower cost levels that have been achieved in other countries.
Proteolysis of Monomeric Recombinant Rotavirus VP4 Yields an Oligomeric VP5* Core

Rotavirus particles are activated for cell entry by trypsin cleavage of the outer capsid spike protein, VP4, into a hemagglutinin, VP8*, and a membrane penetration protein, VP5*. We have purified rhesus rotavirus VP4, expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. Purified VP4 is a soluble, elongated monomer, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Trypsin cleaves purified VP4 at a number of sites that are protected on the virion and yields a heterogeneous group of protease-resistant cores of VP5*. The most abundant tryptic VP5* core is trimmed past the N terminus associated with activation for virus entry into cells. Sequential digestion of purified VP4 with chymotrypsin and trypsin generates homogeneous VP8* and VP5* cores (VP8CT and VP5CT, respectively), which have the authentic trypsin cleavages in the activation region. VP8CT is a soluble monomer composed primarily of β-sheets. VP5CT forms sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant dimers. These results suggest that trypsinization of rotavirus particles triggers a rearrangement in the VP5* region of VP4 to yield the dimeric spikes observed in icosahedral image reconstructions from electron cryomicroscopy of trypsinized rotavirus virions. The solubility of VP5CT and of trypsinized rotavirus particles suggests that the trypsin-triggered conformational change primes VP4 for a subsequent rearrangement that accomplishes membrane penetration. The domains of VP4 defined by protease analysis contain all mapped neutralizing epitopes, sialic acid binding residues, the heptad repeat region, and the membrane permeabilization region. This biochemical analysis of VP4 provides sequence-specific structural information that complements electron cryomicroscopy data and defines targets and strategies for atomic-resolution structural studies.
Bradykinin acutely inhibits activity of the epithelial Na+ channel in mammalian aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron.

Activation of the renal kallikrein-kinin system results in natriuresis and diuresis, suggesting its possible role in renal tubular sodium transport regulation. Here, we used patch-clamp electrophys...
Multi-scale dictionary learning for compressive sensing ECG

Compressed sensing (CS) as applied to the electrocardiogram (ECG) utilizes the sparsity of ECG signals to enable accurate reconstruction from undersampled data. Most prior work in compressive sensing ECG has employed analytical sparsifying transforms such as wavelets. In this paper, we propose to adaptively learn a sparsifying transform (dictionary) that exploits the multi-scale sparse representation of ECG signals. By calculating subdictionaries at different data scales, we are able to exploit the correlation within each wavelet subband and, subsequently, represent the data in a more efficient manner. Numerical experiments, conducted on records selected from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, demonstrate the good performance of the proposed method in terms of reconstruction error.
Different Pathways to Leadership Development of College Women and Men

Analyzing data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, this study explored gender differences in the development and learning of college students’ leadership capacities as framed with the Social Change Leadership Model (SCM). The results show that female students reported higher scores on six out of eight SCM values, and also had more growth on their leadership capacities than male students. Interpersonal interactions more than cocurricular involvement influenced students’ growth on SCM values with the effects varied by gender. The results of this study indicated a “male disadvantage” and suggest the need to develop a leadership program for male students.
Oral manifestations of patients with lupus erythematosus

Lupus erythematosus manifests as cutaneous variants, such as discoid lupus erythematosus or systemic lupus erythematosus. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by general autoantibody production and a wide range of mucocutaneous, renal, neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, infectious, and hematologic manifestations. This article discusses the prevalence of and considerations for oral mucosal lesions in lupus erythematosus and the impact of the various disease manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus on dental management.
Radiative Decay of Core Excitons in Alkali Halides

The soft x-ray emission spectra for fresh films of LiF, LiCl, and LiBr are presented. Prominent structures in these spectra above the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ $1s$ emission edge are shown to give a direct observation of the radiative decay of $K$-shell cation excitons in these materials.
An automated target species selection method for dynamic adaptive chemistry simulations

Abstract The relative importance index (RII) method for determining appropriate target species for dynamic adaptive chemistry (DAC) simulations using the directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP) method is developed. The adequacy and effectiveness of this RII method is validated for two fuels: n-heptane and isopentanol, representatives of a ground transportation fuel component and bio-alcohol, respectively. The conventional method of DRGEP target species selection involves picking an unchanging (static) set of target species based on the combustion processes of interest; however, these static target species may not remain important throughout the entire combustion simulation, adversely affecting the accuracy of the method. In particular, this behavior may significantly reduce the accuracy of the DRGEP-based DAC approach in complex multidimensional simulations where the encountered combustion conditions cannot be known a priori with high certainty. Moreover, testing multiple sets of static target species to ensure the accuracy of the method is generally computationally prohibitive. Instead, the RII method determines appropriate DRGEP target species solely from the local thermo-chemical state of the simulation, ensuring that accuracy will be maintained. Further, the RII method reduces the expertise required of users to select DRGEP target species sets appropriate to the combustion phenomena under consideration. Constant volume autoignition simulations run over a wide range of initial conditions using detailed reaction mechanisms for n-heptane and isopentanol show that the RII method is able to maintain accuracy even when traditional static target species sets fail, and are even more accurate than expert-selected target species sets. Additionally, the accuracy and efficiency of the RII method are compared to those of static target species sets in single-cell engine simulations under homogeneous charge compression ignition conditions. For simulations using more stringent DRGEP thresholds, the RII method performs similarly to that of the static target species sets. With a larger DRGEP threshold, the RII method is significantly more accurate than the static target species sets without imposing significant computational overhead. Furthermore, the applicability of the RII method to a DRG-based DAC scheme is discussed.
Performance under differential outcomes: Contributions of Reward-Specific Expectancies

Abstract Both acquisition and performance across delays are enhanced when each correct stimulus-response sequence in a conditional discrimination task is paired with a different reinforcing outcome, a procedure called differential outcomes (DO). It has been suggested that in the DO procedure, each discriminative stimulus comes to evoke an expectancy of a specific reward and this expectancy exerts stimulus control over choice behavior. Furthermore, expectancy control may reduce control by the discriminative stimulus itself under DO. In the study reported in this article, subjects under DO showed reduced ability to match based on the sample alone when expectancy could not be used to determine specific choices. The results generally support the contention that expectancy control is strong and sample stimulus control is weak under DO.
A monolithic poly(dimethylsiloxane) electrostatic actuator for controlling integrated pneumatic microsystems

Abstract Although pneumatic microvalves are widely utilized in microfluidic systems, they are rarely used in portable applications due to the bulky ancillary equipment required for their actuation. The microvalves rely on transducers that convert electrical signals into mechanical forces, and the miniaturization and integration of these transducers has proven to be challenging. Here, we report a strategy for operating pneumatic valves where microscale electrostatic actuators were used to relay commands from electronic ancillaries. Each electrostatic actuator occupied a footprint less than 0.5 mm 2 , and was composed entirely of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Similar to typical pneumatic microvalves, the electrostatic actuators were fabricated exclusively with soft-lithographic techniques, which permitted both components to be integrated monolithically. The actuators operated at electric potentials less than 300 V, and regulated microchannels pressurized up to ~4 kPa, which is sufficient for many microfluidic applications.
Surgical careers and preparedness of graduating residents—An outcomes-based study

Abstract Purpose Outcome-based measures have recently become the focus of residency program evaluations. The ultimate outcome of a surgical training program is the successful development of surgical careers by its graduates. Methods We developed a survey that was sent to all residents completing our surgical residency from 1989 to 1999 in order to evaluate practice location, type of practice, practice mixture, additional training obtained after residency, Board certification, and membership in the American College (ACS) or other professional societies. Graduates were asked to report their impression of their residency education program’s ability to prepare them for surgical practice as well as to give an overall opinion of their training using a scale of 10 (high) to 1 (low). Solicitations were also made for means to improve the training program. Results Of 32 graduates sent surveys, 30 responded (94%). A total of 29 of 30 responding graduates (97%) are active in surgery. A total of 26 of 30 graduates are in private or government practice, 3 of 30 are full-time academic, and 1 of 30 is completing fellowship training. A total of 13 of 30 (43%) immediately entered practice, whereas 17 of 30 (57%) received additional fellowship training. Board certification has been achieved by 24 graduates. A total of 17 of 30 (59%) are members of the ACS, and 24 of 30 (83%) are members of at least 1 regional or specialty society. The average score for practice preparedness was 8.35. Overall score for the residency program was 8.7. Specific graduate comments demonstrated a perceived need for additional vascular and oncology operative experience that led to changes in our program. These results demonstrate an overall high satisfaction with our training program by graduates over the past 10 years as well as high success rate as evidenced by successful surgical practices by 97% of our graduates. Conclusions We believe this type of outcome information provides valuable feedback to programs with regard to planning and development based on the types of careers graduates choose as well as specific changes in curriculum based on perceived deficiencies.
Gene expression drives local adaptation in humans

The molecular mechanisms of adaptive mutations have long been a topic of great interest (King and Wilson 1975). In particular, the relative roles of protein-coding versus cis-regulatory changes have been much debated (King and Wilson 1975; Hoekstra and Coyne 2007; Prud'homme et al. 2007; Stern and Orgogozo 2008). However, no systematic comparisons between the two classes have been reported for humans; previously reported evidence supporting either mechanism has been either indirect, theoretical, or anecdotal (King and Wilson 1975; Hoekstra and Coyne 2007; Prud'homme et al. 2007; Stern and Orgogozo 2008). Many genome-wide scans for positive selection in humans have been conducted (Akey 2009; Pickrell et al. 2009; Torgerson et al. 2009; Hancock et al. 2011), but none have compared the prevalence of these two classes of human adaptations. Adaptations that have arisen in recent human evolution are likely to be present only in a subset of human populations. For example, the sickle-cell mutation in beta hemoglobin, which confers resistance to malaria, is present at high frequency only in populations where malaria is endemic (Kwiatkowski 2005). Likewise, alleles causing lactase persistence—the continued expression of the lactase enzyme beyond childhood, allowing lactose to be metabolized—are at high frequency primarily in populations that have historically practiced dairy farming (Harris and Meyer 2006). These represent “local adaptations,” since they are specific to the local environments of a subset of human populations. Recently, many other candidate local adaptations have been detected as correlations between population-specific allele frequencies and factors reflecting the climates or geographies of those populations (e.g., temperature, latitude, etc.) (Hancock et al. 2011). These associations are present even after controlling for genome-wide covariation due to population structure, and are enriched for nonsynonymous variants, suggesting the action of natural selection and not simply neutral drift (Hancock et al. 2011). Although the allele frequencies of these putatively adaptive variants typically differ only slightly between populations, presumably affecting phenotypes in a highly polygenic manner, collectively they may account for a significant fraction of recent human adaptation (Hancock et al. 2010, 2011; Pritchard et al. 2010). To what extent human polygenic adaptations may act via changes in gene expression levels has not been investigated. Despite many examples of polygenic gene expression adaptations in model organisms (Fraser et al. 2010, 2011, 2012; Fraser 2011), the handful of known human gene expression adaptations all involve changes at only single genes, such as lactase (Harris and Meyer 2006). Therefore I sought to address two questions: (1) How important is gene expression in recent human adaptation, relative to changes in protein sequences? and (2) What specific functional classes have been targets of gene expression adaptations?
The Soccer Match as Stalinist Ritual: Constructing the Body Social in Lev Kassil’s The Goalkeeper of the Republic

Recent scholarship has demonstrated the extent to which the literature of the Stalin period renounced the earlier pathos of Spartan collectivism in favor of a large-scale revalorization of private life. As surely as writers like Andrei Platonov, whose works portrayed the (meta)physical agony inherent in socialism's attempts to restructure reality, were forcibly resettled to the margins of Soviet literature, those authors more adept at projecting Stalinism's fantasy of "optimistic tragedy" saw their own stars rise. To a large extent, this shift coincides with sea changes at work in the culture at large. In contrast to the carefully cultivated asceticism of much of the previous decade, the Stalinist 1930s were distinguished by a new cult of wealth, by portrayals of the "unprecedented prosperity of the Soviet land."' As one contemporary Russian critic notes, the discourse of the Stalinism moved its emphasis (in certain areas) from the pathos of collective-heroic feats to the pleasures of everyday living. While the importance of tragic heroism survives in the proliferation of scenes throughout Stalinist literature which take up the notion of redemptive suffering, mutilation, or selfsacrifice, a new Stalinist emphasis on happiness, wealth, and prosperity begins to celebrate food, comfort and even the traditional family celebration of New Year's.2 The encouragement of a "leisure culture" is evident in everything from the proliferation of popular Hollywood-style Soviet musicals such as Happy-Go-Lucky Guys (1934), Circus (1936), VolgaVolga (1938), and Radiant Path (1940) to the fashion for dancing and dance classes.3 Even the oft-maligned sphere of sexuality witnessed a rebirth-moving from the earlier era of "Revolutionary anorexia" to celebrations in literature and the culture at large of sexual desire,
Inhibition of adherence and cytotoxicity by circulating immune complexes formed in experimental filariasis.

Summary Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from normal jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) showed adherence to Brugia pahangi microfilariae, and subsequent cytotoxicity in the presence of antimicrofilarial antisera. Heat inactiviation of the antisera diminished both adherence and cytotoxicity, but readdition of fresh normal jird sera only partially restored the reactions. Macrophages were the predominant adherent cell type. Circulating immune complexes precipitated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) from the sera of jirds with an 8-month infection inhibited both of these reactions. Complement consumption by the precipitated complexes was found not to be the cause of inhibition. Blocking of adherence and cytotoxicity by circulating immune complexes may be preventing the trapping of microfilariae in vivo, and may play a role in the persistence of microfilaraemia in the jird.
Fat excretion in dogs lacking both bile and pancreatic juice.

SummaryIn 6 dogs deprived of both pancreatic juice and bile and fed varying amounts of olive oil or oleic acid added to a control meal, the fat assimilative deficiency was approximately 60%. It was comparable in 3 dogs with bile deficiency. In 4 dogs lacking pancreatic juice, oleic acid was absorbed as well as in normal dogs. However, the assimilative deficiency for olive oil was nearly 50%. Apparently in the dog, mechanisms other than the actions of bile and pancreatic juice can account for the assimilation of approximately 40% of the dietary fat.The technical assistance of Robert A. Watkins is gratefully acknowledged.
Effect of tumor promoters on lipid peroxidation in mouse skin

Products of lipid peroxidation were measured in mouse epidermis. These were shown to increase with advancing age. Conversely, a decline in these products was observed on treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoting agent. A decline in lipid peroxidation occurred within 4 h after application of 2 micrograms TPA and the maximum effect was seen at 22-24 h. A lesser active tumor promoter, phorbol dibenzoate; and ethyl phenylpropiolate, a purely hyperplastic agent, also lowered lipid peroxidation; while phorbol, a non-promoter, did not show any significant effect. Mezerein, a resiniferonal derivative with weak promoting activity but a potent stage II promoter, appeared to be more potent than TPA in lowering the basal levels of peroxidation. The TPA-induced decrease in lipid peroxidation could be prevented by fluocinolone acetonide, a potent antipromoting and antimitotic agent, but not by retinoic acid and tosylamino-2-phenylethylchlorimethyl-ketone which are relatively potent antipromoting agents but lack antimitotic activity, suggesting that the decrease of lipid peroxidation by tumor promoting agents is possibly related to their mitotic activity. Furthermore, skin papilloma and carcinoma contain lower levels of lipid peroxidation compared to epidermis from the same mice.
High coercivity of ultra-high-density ordered Co nanorod arrays

Abstract We report on magnetic properties of well-ordered ultra-high density (1.25×10 12 /in 2 ) arrays of vertically oriented high-aspect-ratio Co nanorods having a 14 nm diameter. The arrays were fabricated by electrodeposition within the pores of a nanoscale template derived from films of diblock copolymers. We find large coercivity enhancement ( H c ≈3 kOe at 5 K and 800 Oe at 300 K) relative to a continuous Co film of comparable thickness. The high coercivity in our ordered arrays is contrasted with a distinct decrease of coercivity below ∼50 nm rod diameter in a randomly positioned nanorod assembly.
Between Che Guevara and the Pachamama: Mestizos, Indians and identity politics in the anti-quincentenary campaign

Alors qu'une campagne contre le cinquieme centenaire de la decouverte de l'Amerique se manifeste, une opposition chez les Amerindiens entre les « indigenas » et les « populares » s'affirme sur les questions de l'imperialisme et du colonialisme, sur la culture nationale et les heros, sur l'Etat et la spiritualite
Enhancing accuracy of drape simulation. Part I: Investigation of drape variability via 3D scanning

Abstract The objective of this two part paper is to present a method of enhancing accuracy of fabric drape simulation using commercially available software. In Part I, we report results of an investigation of drape variability for a set of fabrics having varied mechanical properties, an essential step in defining accuracy for drape simulation. Results illustrate that fabric drape behaviour is highly variable and thus provide no single drape configuration to target with simulation. Development of a revolutionary method for capturing drape of actual fabrics and measuring that drape in a virtual three-dimensional (3D) environment is also presented. The method allows identical drape measurement processes to be implemented for actual and simulated fabrics and provides opportunity for use of additional measures to assess fabric drape in three dimensions. The accomplishments presented in this paper are utilized to demonstrate, in Part II, development of a relationship that enhances realism of particle model simu...
A power analysis for multivariate tests of temporal trend in species composition

Long-term monitoring programs emphasize power analysis as a tool to determine the sampling effort necessary to effectively document ecologically significant changes in ecosystems. Programs that monitor entire multispecies assemblages require a method for determining the power of multivariate statistical models to detect trend. We provide a method to simulate presence-absence species assemblage data that are consistent with increasing or decreasing directional change in species composition within multiple sites. This step is the foundation for using Monte Carlo methods to approximate the power of any multivariate method for detecting temporal trends. We focus on comparing the power of the Mantel test, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and constrained analysis of principal coordinates. We find that the power of the various methods we investigate is sensitive to the number of species in the community, univariate species patterns, and the number of sites sampled over time. For increasing directional change scenarios, constrained analysis of principal coordinates was as or more powerful than permutational multivariate analysis of variance, the Mantel test was the least powerful. However, in our investigation of decreasing directional change, the Mantel test was typically as or more powerful than the other models.
SYSTEMIC CELLULAR HYPERSENSITIVITY INDUCED BY AN INTESTINALLY ABSORBED ANTIGEN

Neonatal mice given intact living Schistosoma mansoni eggs or soluble schistosome egg antigens intragastrically developed systemic cellular hypersensitivity as shown by markedly accelerated, augmented granulomatous inflammation around S. mansoni eggs subsequently injected intravenously into the pulmonary microvasculature. To achieve partial sensitization in adult mice schistosome eggs had to be administered intragastrically with bicarbonate; full sensitization occurred when the eggs were injected intraduodenally. These data indicate that under appropriate conditions intestinal administration of antigen can result in systemic cellular immune sensitization.
Polysaccharide conjugate typhoid vaccine.

There is a growing appreciation of the huge health threat posed by increasingly resistant infectious diseases, especially in tropical areas of the developing world. Only with improved water, sanita...
WAR OR SETTLEMENT: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CONFLCIT WITH ENDOGENOUS AND INCREASING DESTRUCTION

This paper presents an economic analysis of the optimal choice between war and settlement when armed conflicts involve weapon costs and endogenously increasing destruction to consumable resources. In contrast to some earlier findings in the conflict literature, we derive conditions under which war dominates settlement as the Nash equilibrium choice in a one-period game without incomplete information or misconceptions. These conditions are shown to depend not only on resources allocated to the production of military weapons, but also on the endogenous destructiveness of weapons used in warfare. We show that contending parties always allocate more resources to arms productions under settlement (in the shadow of conflict) than under war. When total destruction is less than the difference in arms productions between settlement and war, each party’s expected payoff is relatively higher under war. As a result, war dominates settlement. But, when total destruction is greater than the difference in arms productio...
ORGANIZING A FUND-RAISING EVENT

This article describes the process by which a successful fund-raising event can be planned and staged by a nurse-midwifery organization. The recruitment and organization of the personnel necessary for a successful fund-raising effort are considered, and the three-phase planning effort leading up to the fund-raiser itself is described in considerable detail. Practical considerations are emphasized, and examples are drawn from an exceptionally successful fund-raising event held by a community organization supporting beleaguered nurse-midwives in Nashville, Tennessee.
A Floating Double Probe Method for Measurements in Gas Discharges

Measurements with a Langmuir probe in varying or decaying plasmas are defeated by the fact that the plasma potential in these cases follows that of the most positive electrode it can contact. The difficulties can be obviated by the use of a pair of probes joined by a variable potential source. The double probe system "floats" with respect to the discharge system.From the measurements of probe current vs. differential probe voltage, electron temperature and plasma densities can be determined. The method is also applicable to "going" discharges where it has the advantage over the single probe of exerting a negligible influence on the discharge.
Telephone-Based Coping Skills Training for Patients Awaiting Lung Transplantation.

Impaired quality of life is associated with increased mortality in patients with advanced lung disease. Using a randomized controlled trial with allocation concealment and blinded outcome assessment at 2 tertiary care teaching hospitals, the authors randomly assigned 328 patients with end-stage lung disease awaiting lung transplantation to 12 weeks of telephone-based coping skills training (CST) or to usual medical care (UMC). Patients completed a battery of quality of life instruments and were followed for up to 3.4 years to assess all-cause mortality. Compared with UMC, CST produced lower scores on perceived stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and negative affect and improved scores on mental health functioning, optimism, vitality, and perceived social support. There were 29 deaths (9%) over a mean follow-up period of 1.1 year. Survival analyses revealed that there was no difference in survival between the 2 groups. The authors conclude that a telephone-based CST intervention can be effectively delivered to patients awaiting lung transplantation. Despite the severity of pulmonary disease in this patient population, significant improvements in quality of life, but not somatic measures or survival to transplant, were achieved.
Transcriptional mechanisms regulating Ca2+ homeostasis

Ca2+ is a dynamic cellular secondary messenger which mediates a vast array of cellular responses. Control over these processes is achieved via an extensive combination of pumps and channels which regulate the concentration of Ca2+ within not only the cytosol but also all intracellular compartments. Precisely how these pumps and channels are regulated is only partially understood, however, recent investigations have identified members of the Early Growth Response (EGR) family of zinc finger transcription factors as critical players in this process. The roles of several other transcription factors in control of Ca2+ homeostasis have also been demonstrated, including Wilms Tumor Suppressor 1 (WT1), Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) and c-myc. In this review, we will discuss not only how these transcription factors regulate the expression of the major proteins involved in control of Ca2+ homeostasis, but also how this transcriptional remodeling of Ca2+ homeostasis affects Ca2+ dynamics and cellular responses.
Photodissociation of condensed films of chlorine dioxide

The photochemistry of condensed films of OClO was examined with photofragment spectroscopy. Photolysis of multilayers of OClO on a polycrystalline Pt surface with 355 nm light yields predominantly atomic O, O2, atomic Cl, and ClO photofragments. We have measured the quantum yield for the Cl product channel to be 0.8±0.1, which is approximately 800 times higher than reported values for the non-resonant gas-phase photolysis of OClO. This result may have implications for stratospheric ozone chemistry.