cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overwintering and monitoring of potato leafroll virus in some wild crucifers.

A potato leafroll virus (PLRV) isolate has been successfully transmitted to and recovered from two wild crucifers,Sisymbrium altissimum L. (Jim Hill or tumble mustard) andCapsella. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. (shepherd’s purse) by the green peach aphid (GPA),Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Virus antigen in both plant species was found to be higher in root tissue than in foliar tissue, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) determinations.C. bursa-pastoris was apparently a relatively poorer source of inoculum for the GPA thanS. altissimum. Using two geographically-separated biotypes ofC. bursa-pastoris, a Washington biotype was found to contain higher antigen titer in both leaf and root tissue than a California biotype, as determined by ELISA. Field studies demonstrated that both weed species can serve as overwintering sources of PLRV
Electromagnetic field stress tensor between dielectric half-spaces

The stress tensor for the quantized electromagnetic field is calculated in the region between a pair of dispersive, dielectric half-spaces. This generalizes the stress tensor for the Casimir energy to the case where the boundaries have finite reflectivity. We also include the effects of finite temperature. This allows us to discuss the circumstances under which the weak energy condition and the null energy condition can be violated in the presence of finite reflectivity and finite temperature.
Assessing the importance of maintaining soldiers' moral responsibility--possible trade-offs.

Jessica Wolfendale (2008) argues that maintaining soldiers' capacity for moral responsibility is especially important. She says: “Good military personnel cannot be mere automatons carrying orders; ...
Image computing library for a next-generation VLIW multimedia processor

We have developed the University of Washington Image Computing Library (UWICL), the high-performance image processing library for a next-generation mediaprocessor currently under development, named the Media Accelerated Processor (MAP1000). The primary goal of this library is to provide the algorithm developers and application programmers with a flexible and efficient library of core image computing functions. The UWICL is organized as a set of three hierarchical layers. Each function in this multilayered framework consists of an application module, a function module, and a tight-loop module. The MAP has an intelligent DMA controller called the Data Streamer that allows efficient data flow management. In cache-based architectures, streaming image data from the external memory generates many costly data-cache misses, in many cases leading to a severe performance bottleneck. The MAP's Data Streamer is designed to address this problem. To reduce the number of the data-cache misses further, a ping-ponging data flow scheme is employed in UWICL functions, i.e., while execution units are processing a block of data currently in the data cache, the Data Streamer brings the next data block to the data cache before it is actually needed. We compare the performance of key imaging functions on the MAP and the Texas Instruments TMS320C80, one of the most powerful mediaprocessors currently available. Typically, a MAP function is 1.5 to 6.6 times faster than the corresponding TMS320C80 implementation. Also, we demonstrate the advantages of the UWICL's multilayered library organization over the single-layered approach with an example in implementing the Canny's edge detector. The multilayered implementation of this algorithm outperforms the single- layered version by 26%.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
IBM POWER7+ design for higher frequency at fixed power

The IBM POWER7+™ microprocessor is the next-generation IBM POWER® processor implemented in IBM's 32-nm silicon-on-insulator process. In addition to enhancing the chip functionality, implementing core-level and chiplet-level power gating and significantly increasing the size of the on-chip cache, the chip achieves a frequency boost of 15% to 25% compared with its predecessor at the same power. To achieve these challenging goals and deliver a serviceable power-frequency limited yield (PFLY), the IBM team made significant innovations in the post-silicon hardware-tuning methodology to counteract the inherent process variability and developed new PFLY models that account for several sources of variability in power and frequency. The paper describes the new methodology and the models, provides analysis of the sources of variability and their impact on power and frequency, and describes the work done to achieve correlation between the models and hardware measurements.
Solid waste management in the U.S. and 1989-1991 state legislation

Abstract This is an updated version of a study on solid waste management. It deals with state legislation that is developing rapidly and also includes summaries of factual information that is required to assess current and future problems related to solid waste management in the U.S. An integrated solid waste management system that includes waste-to-energy conversion and can dispose of solid waste in an environmentally responsible manner is discussed.
Vapor—liquid equilibrium measurements for the n-pentane—methanol—acetone ternary at 372.7 K and their prediction from the constituent binaries

Abstract Vapor—liquid equilibrium measurements for the n-pentane—methanol—acetone ternary system have been obtained along the 372.7 K isotherm. For the measurements of this polar-nonpolar system, the pressure varied from 348.5 to 850.7 kPa. Of all the equations tested, these measurements are correlated best with the four-suffix Margules equation using three adjustable ternary parameters. Nevertheless, the two- and three-parameter forms of the Wilson equation and the NRTL equation are capable of predicting these ternary measurements when the associated parameters are determined from binary information only. The UNIQUAC equation does not perform as well for this sytem primarily because it cannot model the n-pentane—methanol binary behavior satisfactorily. The predictive capabilities of the four-suffix Margules equation and the Peng-Robinson equation of state are poor. However, if an equation of state such as the Peng-Robinson equation of state is to be used, it has been clearly shown that utilizing binary interaction coefficients is a requirement, not a refinement. Finally, this ternary system does not possess a ternary azeotrope at 372.7 K. The maximum pressure is that corresponding to the azeotrope belonging to the n-pentane—methanol binary.
A Practical Solution to the Deterministic Nonhomogeneous LQR Problem

A linear-quadratic-regulator-based (LQR) controller originates from a homogeneous set of state-space equations, and consists of a matrix of constant feedback gains. If the state equations are made nonhomogeneous by adding a vector of deterministic forcing terms, the standard LQR solution is no longer optimal. The present paper develops a matrix solution to this augmented (nonhomogeneous) LQR problem. The solution form consists of constant-gain feedback of the full-state vector, summed with a matrix preview (Duhamel integral) term. A practical and usable approximation is presented for the optimal preview term, having the form of a constant preview gain matrix. An example shows the improvement obtainable in controller performance with the use of this preview gain matrix, for exponentially decaying disturbances with a range of time constants.
Pollination of Sisyrinchium campestre (Iridaceae) in Prairies Invaded by the Introduced Plant Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae)

Abstract Introduced plants may compete for pollination with native species, leading to increased pollinator limitation for one or both species. In this study, I test the hypothesis that the introduced plant Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiaceae, leafy spurge) competes for pollination with the native prairie perennial Sisyrinchium campestre (Iridaceae, blue-eyed grass). A breeding system study revealed that Sisyrinchium is self- incompatible, potentially increasing its vulnerability to competition for pollination. Interspecific competition for pollinator visits occurred, as visit rates were lower for Sisyrinchium near Euphorbia than for Sisyrinchium more than 10 m from Euphorbia. However, supplemental hand pollinations of Sisyrinchium did not increase fruit or seed set either near to or far from Euphorbia, indicating that visits were not limiting. More than one- third of Sisyrinchium stigmas received Euphorbia pollen, but hand-pollination experiments detected no effect of Euphorbia pollen receipt on fruit or seed...
Modeling short-channel effects in channel thermal noise and induced-gate noise in MOSFETs in the NQS regime

Abstract Analytical expressions for channel thermal noise and induced-gate noise considering mobility degradation and carrier heating in the non-quasi-static regime are presented. At a given frequency, as a function of channel electric field, channel thermal noise current increases for pure carrier heating and decreases for pure mobility degradation. With both effects present, the increase in noise is much slower and under quasi-static approximation, based on the model used, the two effects cancel out. Induced-gate current noise, on the other hand, increases when both effects are present. Individual presence of either of the two short-channel effects produces similar but slower increase. A physical explanation for the above behavior is presented. An elemental analysis for long-channel devices reveals that, under device saturation, thermal voltage fluctuations precisely at a distance (5/9)L eff from the source, do NOT produce any induced-gate current noise.
Intravaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation of first trimester missed abortion.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation of first trimester missed abortions. Methods: Seven women with a transvaginal ultrasound diagnosis of a first trimester missed abortion were treated with 800 μg of misoprostol. Four 200 μg misoprostol tablets were placed intravaginally, and a repeat dose of 800 μg was repeated if products of conception were not expelled in 12 hours. Results: Five of seven of the medical evacuations were successful. The average gestational age for the patients was 9 weeks with a range of 8 3/7 to 9 3/7 weeks. The average time from insertion to complete passage of products of conception was 18 hours with a range from 5 hours 10 minutes to 50 hours. Only one patient in the successful group required the second dose of misoprostol. One patient completely passed products of conception 2 weeks after the 2 doses of misoprostol and was considered a treatment failure. Another patient passed products of conception within 12 hours following insertion of the misoprostol but required a dilatation and curettage 3 days later and was also considered a treatment failure. Side effects included cramping in all patients, which was noted to be moderate in six and mild in one. One patient also had mild nausea, mild headache, and one episode of diarrhea. The average blood loss was estimated at 434 mL with a range from 171 to 871 mL. Conclusion: Intravaginal misoprostol for medical evacuation of first trimester missed abortions appears to be safe and effective and may be an alternative to dilatation and curettage.
Amino acid geochemistry of fossil bones from the Rancho La Brea asphalt deposit, California

Low aspartic acid d:l ratios and modern collagenlike concentration values indicate that amino acids in bones from the Rancho La Brea asphalt deposit, Los Angeles, California are better preserved than amino acids in bones of equivalent age that have not been preserved in asphalt. Amino acids were recovered from 10 Rancho La Brea bone samples which range in age from less than 200 to greater than 36,000 yr. The calibrated rates of aspartic acid racemization range from 2.1 to 5.0 × 10−6yr−1. Although this wide range of rate constants decreases the level of confidence for age estimates, use of the larger rate constant of 5.0 × 10−6yr−1 provides minimum age estimates which fit the known stratigraphic and chronologic records of the Rancho La Brea deposits.
Performance test correlates of component factors of impulsiveness

Impulsiveness is a multifactorial trait, but studies using experimental performance tasks of impulsiveness rarely consider that they might only assess narrow components of this trait. In this study, we administered a battery of performance tests in an attempt to find unique correlates of the subdimensions of impulsiveness assessed by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Forty healthy adult participants received the BIS and performance tests selected to measure key behavioral features of impulsiveness, including temporal regulation (time estimation), motor inhibition (stop-signal reaction time), and response organization (complex reaction time). We hypothesized that each task would correlate most strongly with a different BIS subdimension: Cognitive, Motor, and Non-Planning Impulsiveness, respectively. Results were consistent with this hypothesis for Motor and Non-Planning Impulsiveness. Time estimation correlated most strongly with Cognitive Impulsiveness, and this relationship reached significance in an expanded version of the sample. Performance tests were uncorrelated with one another, providing support for the relative independence of the underlying dimensions of impulsiveness. Data suggest there may be multiple behavioral pathways to impulsive behavior. Future studies using performance tests must be aware of their specific associations to subdimensions of impulsiveness, particularly when relating them to morphologic or neurotransmitter measures in the brain.
Slow AV nodal pathway ablation utilizing a unique temperature controlled radiofrequency energy system.

Thirty-nine consecutive patients with symptomatic AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) underwent temperature guided slow AV nodal pathway ablation (group 1). Forty-three consecutive patients undergoing nontemperature guided slow AV nodal pathway ablation late in our experience compose the control population (group 2). Slow pathway ablation was achieved in all patients of both groups. The mean fluoroscopy and ablation times for group 1 were significantly shorter than for group 2 (26.1 +/- 14.9 vs 33.9 +/- 18.9 min, P or = 50 degrees C for the remainder of patients (37/39 [95%]). The catheter ablation system used in this study was safe, effective, and prevented coagulum formation while delivering relatively high power. In addition, shorter ablation times and radiation exposure were seen with this system. Although successful energy applications and the production of junctional rhythm were associated with higher achieved temperatures, temperature alone did not predict either endpoint. Future prospective, randomized trials are needed to confirm these findings and further evaluate the value of temperature monitoring.
Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation

[1] Three objective techniques used to obtain gauge-based daily precipitation analyses over global land areas are assessed. The objective techniques include the inverse-distance weighting algorithms of Cressman (1959) and Shepard (1968), and the optimal interpolation (OI) method of Gandin (1965). Intercomparisons and cross-validation tests are conducted to examine their performance over various parts of the globe where station network densities are different. The gauge data used in the examinations are quality controlled daily precipitation reports from roughly 16,000 stations over the global land areas that have been collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center (CPC). Data sources include daily summary files from the Global Telecommunication System (GTS), and the CPC unified daily gauge data sets over the contiguous United States (CONUS), Mexico, and South America. All three objective techniques are capable of generating useful daily precipitation analyses with biases of generally less than 1% over most parts of the global land areas. The OI method consistently performs the best among the three techniques for almost all situations (regions, seasons, and network densities). The Shepard scheme compares reasonably well with the OI, while the Cressman method tends to generate smooth precipitation fields with wider raining areas relative to the station observations. The quality of the gauge-based analyses degrades as the network of station observations becomes sparser, although the OI technique exhibits relatively stable performance statistics over regions covered by fewer gauges.
Brain cytoplasmic and flagellar outer arm dyneins share a highly conserved Mr 8,000 light chain.

Sequence comparisons with the Mr 8,000 light chain from Chlamydomonas outer arm dynein revealed the presence of highly conserved homologues (up to 90% identity) in the expressed sequence tag data base (King, S. M. & Patel-King, R. S. (1995a) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11445-11452). Several of these homologous sequences were derived from organisms and/or tissues that lack motile cilia/flagella, suggesting that these proteins may function in the cytoplasm. In Drosophila, lack of the homologous protein results in embryonic lethality (Dick, T., Ray, K., Salz, H. K. & Chia, W. (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol., 16, 1966-1977). Fractionation of mammalian brain homogenates reveals three distinct cytosolic pools of the homologous protein, one of which specifically copurifies with cytoplasmic dynein following both ATP-sensitive microtubule affinity/sucrose density gradient centrifugation and immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody specific for the 74-kDa intermediate chain (IC74). Quantitative densitometry indicates that there is one copy of the Mr 8,000 polypeptide per IC74. Dual channel confocal immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that the Mr 8,000 protein is significantly colocalized with cytoplasmic dynein but not with kinesin in punctate structures (many of which are associated with microtubules) within mammalian oligodendrocytes. Thus, it appears that flagellar outer arm and brain cytoplasmic dyneins share a highly conserved light chain polypeptide that, at least in Drosophila, is essential for viability.
Bound solutions of the equal-Mass n-ion problem

Abstract Nineteen distinct, rigidly rotating solutions of period 2τ are given for the equal-mass n -ion problem, with n = 3, 4, and 5. Numerical calculations suggest that none of these solutions are stable.
Percussion marks on bone surfaces as a new diagnostic of hominid behaviour

Since stone tool cut marks and carnivore tooth marks were first described systematically on Plio-Pleistocene archaeological bone1,2, bone surface modification has played a prominent role in interpreting early archaeological site formation and hominid behaviour3–15. Here we introduce a new class of bone surface modification, which we call percussion marks. Percussion marks were produced during experimental breakage of marrow bones, and occur as pits or grooves impressed on a bone's surface by natural protrusions on the granitic hammerstone and anvil used. Although percussion marks can superficially mimic carnivore tooth marks, they nonetheless are closely associated with hammerstone impact notches and show consistent micromorphological features which distinguish them from tooth marks and other classes of bone surface modification. Given indications of prehistoric hammer-stone breakage of marrow bones1,7, an awareness of percussion marks is critical for accurately identifying the biological agents of bone modification at archaeological sites and provides a new diagnostic of carcass processing by hominids.
Development of the 4D Phantom for patient-specific, end-to-end radiation therapy QA

In many patients respiratory motion causes motion artifacts in CT images, thereby inhibiting precise treatment planning and lowering the ability to target radiation to tumors. The 4D Phantom, which includes a 3D stage and a 1D stage that each are capable of arbitrary motion and timing, was developed to serve as an end-to-end radiation therapy QA device that could be used throughout CT imaging, radiation therapy treatment planning, and radiation therapy delivery. The dynamic accuracy of the system was measured with a camera system. The positional error was found to be equally likely to occur in the positive and negative directions for each axis, and the stage was within 0.1 mm of the desired position 85% of the time. In an experiment designed to use the 4D Phantom’s encoders to measure trial-to-trial precision of the system, the 4D Phantom reproduced the motion during variable bag ventilation of a transponder that had been bronchoscopically implanted in a canine lung. In this case, the encoder readout indicated that the stage was within 10 microns of the sent position 94% of the time and that the RMS error was 7 microns. Motion artifacts were clearly visible in 3D and respiratory-correlated (4D) CT scans of phantoms reproducing tissue motion. In 4D CT scans, apparent volume was found to be directly correlated to instantaneous velocity. The system is capable of reproducing individual patient-specific tissue trajectories with a high degree of accuracy and precision and will be useful for end-to-end radiation therapy QA.
Pressure half-time alternans in aortic regurgitation: effects of intra-aortic counterpulsation.

was continued throughout the operation. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography of the aortic valve (AV) in the midesophageal short- (30°) and long-axis (130°), transgastric long-axis and deep transgastric left-ventricular (LV) views revealed a tricuspid AV with normal systolic opening. Color-flow Doppler examination in the midesophageal long-axis view (130°) revealed a narrow turbulent jet arising from the base of the AV directed toward the center of the LV outflow tract (LVOT) during diastole. The width of the AR jet was 20% of the diameter of the LVOT. Examination of the descending aorta did not reveal diastolic flow reversal. Based on the previous findings, the AR was graded as mild (1). After bypass, when the IABC was set at a trigger ratio of 1:2, the continuous-wave Doppler signal of the AR jet and the pulse-wave Doppler signal of the LVOT were fluctuating. The AR jet pressure half-time (PHT) decreased with each IABC (Fig 1, top), indicating worsening AR. The LVOT velocity was higher after IABC (Fig 1, bottom). During the same time, there were no obvious changes of AR severity by color-flow echocardiography. Is this a case of worsening AR?
Constipation related to narcotic therapy. A protocol for nurses and patients.

Constipation is a well-known side effect of narcotics and can add to the total burden of pain of cancer patients in need of pain medication. There is little literature on this topic, and it has been suggested that one reason is that the definitions are vague and socially bound. It has also been suggested that some physicians consider constipation a trivial problem, resulting in a relative lack of attention to the subject. Although this article addresses narcotic-induced constipation, other types related to poor dietary and exercise habits and to disease are mentioned and may be contributing factors. There are a number of drugs and treatments available to treat the problem, but the emphasis of nursing care should be on prevention of constipation. Senna derivatives have been noted to reverse the major constipating effect of narcotics, i.e., the decrease in propulsive movements of the colon, and it is recommended they be given right along with narcotics as a preventive measure. A protocol that incorporates a schedule of drugs and dosages and specific patient and nursing guidelines for daily evaluation of bowel function, with education about dietary, fluid, and exercise requirements, will help nurses practice prevention and contribute to patients' comfort.
Kaersutite and Kaersutite Eclogite from Kakanui, New Zealand — Water-Excess and Water-Deficient Melting to 30 Kilobars

A natural kaersutite megacryst (compositionally equivalent to olivine nephelinite) and a kaersutite eclogite nodule (equivalent to olivine basanite) from the Mineral Breccia, Kakanui, New Zealand, were reacted in sealed platinum and Pd_(70)Ag_(30) alloy capsules, both with excess water and no additional water present, using half-inch piston-cylinder apparatus. Near-liquidus assemblages include orthopyroxene at pressures greater than about 15 kb in water-rich portions of the olivine-basanite system but not in the olivine-nephelinite system. Reversed high-pressure limits of the amphibole stability fields (excess water) have negative values of dP/dT, which crosses 25 kb at 1075°C and 30 kb at 925°C in the kaersutite system, but which crosses 25 kb at 1025°C and 30 kb at about 775°C in the kaersutite eclogite system. Comparison with experimental results reported elsewhere indicates that amphiboles persist to highest temperatures in basaltic liquids with greatest TiO_2 contents but with lowest Na_2O/(Na_2O + K_2O) ratios and lowest SiO_2 contents. Experimental results suggest that many natural nephelinite and basanite magmas evolve from hydrous picritic parent magmas through deep-seated fractionation of olivine, possibly with clinopyroxene and garnet but excluding orthopyroxene. Although some olivine-rich basanitic liquids may be generated by partial fusion of hydrous mantle peridotite, it is unlikely that orthopyroxene fractionation is important in their subsequent evolution. Experimental observations, together with chemical and petrographic relations, support the following model petrogenetic history for the Kakanui Mineral Breccia: pyrope-rich garnet and omphacitic pyroxene precipitated from ascending hydrous alkali basaltic magma (75 to 85 km, 1200° to 1300°C), then became trapped in deep-seated pockets within Iherzolitic mantle, together with inter-cumulus liquid that precipitated kaersutite on cooling. Resulting kaersutite eclogite assemblages re-equilibrated subsolidus (75 to 85 km, 700° to 800°C) prior to being incorporated into a rapidly ascending hydrous nephelinite magma, which was coprecipitating garnet, clinopyroxene, and probably kaersutite at depths >75 km (1100° to 1200°C). These accidental eclogitic inclusions underwent partial melting during the subsequent rapid ascent, which was terminated by an explosive eruption.
Effect of Double Red Light Interruptions on the Photoperiodic Response of Pharbitis nil

In previous papers (2, 3) it was suggested that 2 endogenous circadian rhythms were associated with the photoperiodic response of Pharbitis; one was initiated by the beginning of the light period (lighton signal) and the other was initiated by the beginning of the dark period (light-off signal). Both of these rhythms had alternate phases of sensitivity to light; during 1 phase red light was inhibitory to flowering and during the other phase red light could be stimulatory. Since even a brief period of illumination gives the plant both a light-on and light-off signal the question arises as to whether or not the intensity of the light and the duration of the photoperiod affects the intensity or effectiveness of the 2 rhythms produced. Furthermore, if light is given during the dark period out of phase with the rhythm which had been induced by prior treatment, how much light is required to interfere with or damp that preinduced rhythm ?
Behavior of nuclear projectile fragments produced in collisions of 14.5A GeV 28Si with Pb and Cu targets.

Using CR-39 nuclear track detectors and an automated scanning system, we have studied the behavior of projectile fragments with charges 8\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{F}}$\ensuremath{\le}13 produced in interactions of 14.5A GeV $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ nuclei with Pb and Cu targets. Both nuclear and electromagnetic spallation contribute to fragmentation of beam nuclei in Pb and Cu. The total charge-changing cross sections of nuclear projectile fragments with 9\ensuremath{\le}${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{F}}$\ensuremath{\le}13 interacting in Pb are found to be enhanced by 10 to 30 % relative to charge-changing cross sections of stable nuclides. The enhancement occurs primarily in interactions with large loss of charge. In Cu the charge-changing cross sections of secondaries show no significant excess. The mean free path of secondary fragments shows no dependence on the distance from the point of origin. This result rules out at 95% confidence level the production of nuclear fragments with interaction cross sections enhanced by a large factor as conjectured by some workers, but the result is consistent with a two-component model in which \ensuremath{\sim}30% of secondary beams are off-stability isotopes with total cross sections enhanced by \ensuremath{\sim}25%. Our measurements of angular distributions of projectile fragments showed that the transverse momentum distributions are similar to those measured at (1--2)A GeV. The charge pickup cross section of 14.5A GeV Si is measured to be 0.07--1.3 mb in Pb and \ensuremath{\le}0.9 mb in Cu, which is of the same order of magnitude as that measured at \ensuremath{\sim}1A GeV.
A New Method for Studying the Life Cycle and Cellular Aggregation of Bacillus subtilis

A method enabling cells of B. subtilis to be differentiated morphologically in the living state has been described.
A Sufficient Condition for a Minimal Ring Extension to Be an Overring

It is proved that if R ⊂ T is a minimal ring extension such that (a) the set of zero-divisors of R is contained in a nonmaximal prime ideal of R and (b) each non-zero-divisor of R remains a non-zero-divisor in T, then T is isomorphic to an R-subalgebra of the total quotient ring of R. A nondomain example R ⊂ T satisfying the above hypotheses is given where the Krull dimension of R is any preassigned integer n ≥ 2 and the total quotient ring of R has Krull dimension n − 1. Examples also show that neither of the hypothesis (a), (b) can be deleted. In the case that T is a domain, the above result recovers a theorem of Sato et al. (1992).
Measuring the interfacial shear strength of thin polymer coatings on glass

The interfacial adhesive shear strengths of four commercial polymer coatings on soda-lime glass were measured by the microindentation and single lap shear tests. The indentation interfacial shear strengths were over an order of magnitude greater and exhibited significantly less variability than those measured by lap shear. It is believed that the indentation test measures the “intrinsic” interfacial shear strength of the bonded coatings, whereas the lap shear strengths are controlled by large processing flaws (pores in this study) in the region of stress concentration near the overlap edge.
Instrument technologies for the detection of extraterrestrial interstellar robotic probes

In the continuing endeavor to detect evidence of ETI (Extraterrestrial Intelligence) in the solar neighborhood, instrument technologies now exist that allow the formation of a scientific method to carry out a search for interstellar robotic probes of possible extraterrestrial origin. The range of currently observable probe features/manifestations will be shown and how they influence search space, instrument selection and deployment. Autonomous instrument platforms (i.e. robotic observatories) to search for anomalous energy signatures can be designed and assembled using Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware and software. The COTS approach to observatory design provides an economical, flexible and robust path toward collecting reliable data. The present variety of COTS instruments permits the necessary observational sensitivity, bandwidth and embedded processing speed to establish a nearby robotic probe detection envelope. A survey of these instrument technologies will be presented and how they can be applied to the challenge of collecting enough scientific data on anomalous observational phenomena to determine whether or not a robotic probe was detected.
Correlation of bivalirudin dose with creatinine clearance during treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Study Objectives. To evaluate steady-state bivalirudin dosing requirements in patients with a wide range of kidney function who were being treated for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)-related disorders. Design. Retrospective medical record review. Setting. Academic medical center. Patients. Sixty-four adults with varying degrees of renal function who were receiving bivalirudin for at least 48 hours for HIT-related disorders between March 2007 and May 2010. Measurements and Main Results. Steady-state conditions were defined as a constant bivalirudin infusion dose for at least 12 hours, with serum creatinine concentration varying less than 20% for 48 hours (for patients not receiving renal replacement therapy) and at least two therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values (60–80 sec). Patients were assigned to five groups based on Cockcroft-Gault-estimated creatinine clearance (Clcr) of less than 30, 30–60, or greater than 60 ml/minute, or by type of renal replacement therapy—intermittent hemodialysis or continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). For Clcr greater than 60 ml/minute, the median bivalirudin dose was 0.15 mg/kg/hour (interquartile range [IQR] 0.11–0.15 mg/kg/hr), which was greater than median doses for Clcr 30–60 ml/minute (0.10 mg/kg/hr, IQR 0.06–0.13 mg/kg/hr, p=0.004), Clcr less than 30 ml/minute (0.08 mg/kg/hr, IQR 0.04–0.1 mg/kg/hr, p=0.001), CVVH (0.06 mg/kg/hr, IQR 0.03–0.10 mg/kg/hr, p=0.046), and hemodialysis (0.04 mg/kg/hr, IQR 0.03–0.05 mg/kg/hr, p=0.0001). Bivalirudin doses correlated with Clcr (Spearman r = 0.58, p<0.01). The median aPTT value of 70 seconds (IQR 63–74 sec) was similar in all groups. Thrombosis was present before bivalirudin therapy in 18 (28%) of 64 patients, and two patients (3%) developed thromboemboli during bivalirudin therapy. Clinically significant bleeding related to bivalirudin and leading to discontinuation of bivalirudin occurred in four patients (6%). The median international normalized ratio increased from 1.5 (IQR 1.3–1.7) before bivalirudin therapy to 1.9 (IQR 1.8–2.1) during bivalirudin therapy (p=0.002) in 11 patients who were not receiving warfarin. Conclusion. Bivalirudin dosing requirements increased with increasing Clcr values. The high degree of variability suggests that dosing in individual patients will require careful titration to achieve adequate anticoagulation.
Cloning techniques for hierarchical compaction

True hierarchical compaction maintains input layout hierarchy as well as abutment constraints between cells. The bottleneck for hierarchical compaction is the time taken to analyze the system of equations which must be solved via linear programming methods. Because of the computational complexity of linear programmin it is essential to keep this system of equations as smal?as possible. With over the cell routing the amount of interaction between levels of hierarch increases considerably. This causes a substantial rise in tXe number of constraints and so the time taken by the compaction rocess is significantly increased. A novel method for hanAing over the cell routing, termed cloning, is described. This approach allows for efficient compaction of arbitrary hierarchies containing ouer the cell routing without significantly degrading the run time performance of the hierarchical compactor. 1 Overview 1.1 Background
The effects of chronic alcohol self-administration in nonhuman primate brain networks.

Background Long-term alcohol abuse is associated with change in behavior, brain structure, and brain function. However, the nature of these changes is not well understood. In this study, we used network science to analyze a nonhuman primate model of ethanol self-administration to evaluate functional differences between animals with chronic alcohol use and animals with no exposure to alcohol. Of particular interest was how chronic alcohol exposure may affect the resting state network. Methods Baseline resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in a cohort of vervet monkeys. Animals underwent an induction period where they were exposed to an isocaloric maltose dextrin solution (control) or ethanol in escalating doses over three 30-day epochs. Following induction, animals were given ad libitum access to water and a maltose dextrin solution (control) or water and ethanol for 22 h/d over 12 months. Cross-sectional analyses examined region of interests in hubs and community structure across animals to determine differences between drinking and nondrinking animals after the 12-month free access period. Results Animals were classified as lighter (<2.0 g/kg/d) or heavier drinkers (≥2.0 g/kg/d) based on a median split of their intake pattern during the 12-month ethanol free access period. Statistical analysis of hub connectivity showed significant differences in heavier drinkers for hubs in the precuneus, posterior parietal cortices, superior temporal gyrus, subgenual cingulate, and sensorimotor cortex. Heavier drinkers were also shown to have less consistent communities across the brain compared to lighter drinkers. The different level of consumption between the lighter and heavier drinking monkeys suggests that differences in connectivity may be intake dependent. Conclusions Animals that consume alcohol show topological differences in brain network organization, particularly in animals that drink heavily. Differences in the resting state network were linked to areas that are associated with spatial association, working memory, and visuomotor processing.
A general screened Coulomb potential based implicit solvent model: Calculation of secondary structure of small peptides

The screened Coulomb potential based implicit solvent model (SCP-ISM) was recently proposed to describe bulk solvent effects in proteins. In this work it is combined with the Monte Carlo approach of conformational memories (CM) and the PAR22 force field of CHARMM to carry out sequence to structure calculations on peptides that have been shown to adopt α-helix and β-hairpin conformations. Simulations at 270 K and 300 K on the peptide, CH3CO-(AAQAA)3-NHCH3, result in α-helix containing populations of 60% and 53% at these two temperatures, respectively. The residue helicities were found to change dramatically between these two temperatures, and at the lower temperature are in good agreement with the experimental helicities estimated at 274 K. CM simulations on the second peptide, CH3CO-V5DPGV5-NH2, were carried out to study the β-hairpin forming propensity of DPro. The calculations gave a population of about 40% β-hairpin conformations at 300 K with the residues DPro-Gly forming all or part of the loop. Four main subfamilies of different β-hairpin/β-turn structures were found. It was observed that hydrophobic interactions between specific side chains play a fundamental role in the formation and stabilization of the different types of β-turns. For both peptides, populations of about 40% random coil structures were found. Comparison with available theoretical and experimental results is presented and discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 83: 193–202, 2001
A comparison of the anemia produced by hypophysectomy with that resulting from combined thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy and gonadectomy.

EVIDENCE has been presented that the pituitary contains an erythropoietic factor which stimulates red blood cell formation in the rat when given orally or when injected parenterally (Contopoulos, Van Dyke, Simpson, Garcia, Huff, Williams, and Evans, 1953; Van Dyke, Contopoulos, Williams, Simpson, Lawrence, and Evans, 1954; Contopoulos, Van Dyke, Simpson, Ellis, Garcia, Huff, Williams, and Evans, 1953). This pituitary eiythropoietic factor is able to repair the post-hypophysectomy anemia, and to prevent the development of the physiological neonatal anemia in the rat (Contopoulos, and Lawrence, 1954). The erythropoietic factor has not been identified with any of the known pituitary hormones and it appears to be a distinct substance (Contopoulos, Van Dyke, Ellis, Simpson, Lawrence, and Evans, 1954; Simpson, Van Dyke, and Williams, 1954). As the target organs atrophy after hypophysectomy, other workers have directed their attention to the effects of the administration of the target organ hormones themselves (...
PCM-Based Durable Write Cache for Fast Disk I/O

Flash based solid-state devices (FSSDs) have been adopted within the memory hierarchy to improve the performance of hard disk drive (HDD) based storage system. However, with the fast development of storage-class memories, new storage technologies with better performance and higher write endurance than FSSDs are emerging, e.g., phase-change memory (PCM). Understanding how to leverage these state-of the-art storage technologies for modern computing systems is important to solve challenging data intensive computing problems. In this paper, we propose to leverage PCM for a hybrid PCM-HDD storage architecture. We identify the limitations of traditional LRU caching algorithms for PCMbased caches, and develop a novel hash-based write caching scheme called HALO to improve random write performance of hard disks. To address the limited durability of PCM devices and solve the degraded spatial locality in traditional wear-leveling techniques, we further propose novel PCM management algorithms that provide effective wear-leveling while maximizing access parallelism. We have evaluated this PCM-based hybrid storage architecture using applications with a diverse set of I/O access patterns. Our experimental results demonstrate that the HALO caching scheme leads to an average reduction of 36.8% in execution time compared to the LRU caching scheme, and that the SFC wear leveling extends the lifetime of PCM by a factor of 21.6.
The Lex Calpurnia of 149 b.c.

There is no shortage of literature on this subject. Almost every treatise on Roman law, public or private, contains a discussion of the Lex Calpurnia. In the development of Roman criminal law this bit of legislation occupies a central position, and it has accordingly been the starting point of many works of learning and insight. In fact so inevitably has the topic entered into all investigations as to the origin and procedure of criminal trials by jury in Rome, that it has seemed to some ‘almost flogged to death.’ Why, then, persecute the subject further ?
Scalable multi-access flash store for big data analytics

For many "Big Data" applications, the limiting factor in performance is often the transportation of large amount of data from hard disks to where it can be processed, i.e. DRAM. In this paper we examine an architecture for a scalable distributed flash store which aims to overcome this limitation in two ways. First, the architecture provides a high-performance, high-capacity, scalable random-access storage. It achieves high-throughput by sharing large numbers of flash chips across a low-latency, chip-to-chip backplane network managed by the flash controllers. The additional latency for remote data access via this network is negligible as compared to flash access time. Second, it permits some computation near the data via a FPGA-based programmable flash controller. The controller is located in the datapath between the storage and the host, and provides hardware acceleration for applications without any additional latency. We have constructed a small-scale prototype whose network bandwidth scales directly with the number of nodes, and where average latency for user software to access flash store is less than 70mus, including 3.5mus of network overhead.
Laser Etching: A Novel Technology to Label Florida Grapefruit

Laser labeling of fruit and vegetables is an alternative means of labeling produce in which a low-energy carbon dioxide laser beam etches the surface and reveals a contrasting underlying layer. These etched surfaces can promote water loss and may increase the number of entry sites for decay-promoting organisms. The long-term effects of laser labeling on produce quality during storage have not been examined. We conducted experiments to measure water loss, peel appearance, and potential decay in laser-labeled grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) during storage. Laserlabeled fruit stored at 10 C and two relative humidities (i.e., 95% and 65%) for 5 weeks showed no increase in decay compared with nonetched control fruit, suggesting that laser labeling does not facilitate decay. This was confirmed by experiments where Penicillium digitatum spores were coated on fruit surfaces before and after etching. In either case, no decay was observed. In agar plates containing a lawn of P. digitatum spores, the laser etching reduced germination of spores in contact areas. Water loss from etched areas and label appearance were determined during storage. Water loss from waxed etched surfaces reached control levels after 24 h in storage. Label appearance slowly deteriorated during 4 weeks in storage and was proportional to laser energy levels and ambient relative humidity. Waxing the labeled surface reduced water loss by 35% to 94%, depending on the wax formulation used. We concluded that laser labeling provides the grapefruit industry a safe alternative to adhesive sticker labeling without enhancing decay susceptibility.
Colossal resistance switching and band gap modulation in a perovskite nickelate by electron doping

Orbital occupancy by electrons has a large effect on electronic properties of correlated oxides. Here, the authors report a chemical doping strategy of a perovskite nickelate, leading to the observation of a new insulating phase and a reversible resistivity modulation greater than eight orders of magnitude.
Evita's lobotomy.

For 60 years, the details about Eva Peron's illness and lobotomy at the end of her life have been obscured from the public. Here, we examine the sociopolitical factors that may have contributed to this secrecy. The first involves Eva Peron's political status and the personality cult surrounding her image, including partisan efforts to present her as a patron saint of Peronism. The second involves the social perceptions, which are often stigmatizing, regarding disease in political or public figures. Notably, neuropsychiatric illness and associated indications for treatment were viewed as oligarchic by the Peron regime, and admission to a lobotomy may have been perceived as anti-Peronist. A third factor involves the growing ignominy of prefrontal lobotomy as a surgical modality, which may have precluded operative exposes. A final factor may be that Eva Peron's lobotomy was in fact performed for behavior and personality modification, and not just for pain control. A brief history of lobotomy is presented, highlighting its adoption as a procedural panacea for psychiatric illnesses, relief of intractable pain from cancer, and management of belligerent behavior, and its subsequent fall from clinical favor. Although a shroud of secrecy still surrounds Eva Peron's prefrontal lobotomy, these factors provide a potential rationale for the circumstances, as well as foster a discussion of cultural elements that may still play a role in the public perception of psychosurgery today.