cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Room temperature GaN-based spin polarized emitters

Wide band gap dilute magnetic semiconductors have recently been of interest due to theoretical predictions of room temperature ferromagnetism in these materials. In this work Ga 1-x GdxN thin films were grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition. These films were found to be ferromagnetic at room temperature and electrically conducting. However, only GaN:Gd layers and devices grown with a TMHD 3 Gd precursor that contained oxygen showed strong ferromagnetism, while materials grown with an oxygen-free Cp 3 Gd precursor did not show ferromagnetic behavior. This experimental observation was consistent with first-principles calculations based on density functional theory calculations that we completed that showed the ferromagnetism was mediated by interstitial oxygen. The results confirmed the first successful realization of Ga 1-x Gd x N-based spin-polarized LED with 14.6% degree of polarization at 5000 Gauss is obtained.
Trans-Theta Logistics: A New Family of Population Growth Sigmoid Functions

Sigmoid functions have been applied in many areas to model self limited population growth. The most popular functions; General Logistic (GL), General von Bertalanffy (GV), and Gompertz (G), comprise a family of functions called Theta Logistic ( $$ \Uptheta $$ L). Previously, we introduced a simple model of tumor cell population dynamics which provided a unifying foundation for these functions. In the model the total population (N) is divided into reproducing (P) and non-reproducing/quiescent (Q) sub-populations. The modes of the rate of change of ratio P/N was shown to produce GL, GV or G growth. We now generalize the population dynamics model and extend the possible modes of the P/N rate of change. We produce a new family of sigmoid growth functions, Trans-General Logistic (TGL), Trans-General von Bertalanffy (TGV) and Trans-Gompertz (TG)), which as a group we have named Trans-Theta Logistic (T $$ \Uptheta $$ L) since they exist when the $$ \Uptheta $$ L are translated from a two parameter into a three parameter phase space. Additionally, the model produces a new trigonometric based sigmoid (TS). The $$ \Uptheta $$ L sigmoids have an inflection point size fixed by a single parameter and an inflection age fixed by both of the defining parameters. T $$ \Uptheta $$ L and TS sigmoids have an inflection point size defined by two parameters in bounding relationships and inflection point age defined by three parameters (two bounded). While the Theta Logistic sigmoids provided flexibility in defining the inflection point size, the Trans-Theta Logistic sigmoids provide flexibility in defining the inflection point size and age. By matching the slopes at the inflection points we compare the range of values of inflection point age for T $$ \Uptheta $$ L versus $$ \Uptheta $$ L for model growth curves.
Rapid detection of a foreign protein in milk using IMS-SERS

A method for rapid detection of foreign protein contamination in complex food matrices is critically needed. Here we present a novel method that combines immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to detect ovalbumin (OVA), an egg white protein, added into whole milk. IMS was used to specifically capture the OVA out of the milk. Then SERS was applied to analyze the IMS eluate using silver dendrites as the substrate. Two SERS sample preparation methods, namely solution based and substrate based, were used to prepare the IMS eluate for SERS analysis. Results show both methods were able to detect 1 µg OVA in 1 ml milk (1 part per million). Based on the results of principal component analysis and partial least-squares analysis, solution SERS was more capable of quantitative analysis, while substrate SERS was more sensitive for qualitative analysis. The total analytical time for IMS–SERS was less than 20 min, which satisfied the requirement of rapid detection in a milk processing facility. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuroimaging and the origin of psychiatric symptoms in dementia.

Neuroimaging studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging reveal brain structure and aid in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with cognitive impairment. Functional neuroimaging studies use positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and other methods to measure regional cerebral activity, including metabolic rate, blood flow, and neuroreceptor density. Functional neuroimaging results can be useful clinically and have also been used in a variety of research applications to examine physiologic variables in neuropsychiatric illnesses.
Application of spaceborne scatterometer to study typhoon, tropical hydrologic balance, and El Niño

The high spatial resolution and global coverage of a spaceborne microwave scatterometer make it a power instrument to study phenomena ranging from typhoon to El Nino Southern Oscillation which have regional and short term economic and ecological impacts as well as effects on long term and global climate changes. In this report, the application of scatterometer data, by itself, to study the intensity and the evolution of typhoon is demonstrated. The potential of combining wind vector and precipitable water derived from two spaceborne sensors to study the hydrologic balance in the tropics is discussed. The role of westerly wind bursts as a precursor of anomalous warming in the equatorial Pacific is investigated with coincident data from microwave scatterometer, altimeter and radiometer.
Reflection Through Discomfort: What Resistance Reveals When Communication Technologies Mediate Authentic Writing Mentorships

Students entering teacher preparation programs often exhibit a desire to be shown the magic bullet of teaching practice. When they fail to be presented with recipes for success, or when the instruction they receive in methods classes does not match their own understanding of instructional methods and what they believe methods should be, they can feel a heightened level of discomfort. This paper describes the study of an Online Writing Partnership and examines participants’ discomfort regarding the use of online communication technologies to facilitate mentor relationships with high school students in writing. Findings indicated that this discomfort can provide opportunities for reflection on and examination of beliefs about writing instruction, as well as on the nature of writing itself as a recursive process. Further, using online communication technologies to facilitate practicum experiences can enrich preservice teachers’ understandings of and approaches to the complexities and challenges of teaching writing.
Suppression of pecan and peach pathogens on different substrates using Xenorhabdus bovienii and Photorhabdus luminescens

Abstract Prior research indicated the ability of concentrated metabolites from Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. to suppress a variety of peach and pecan diseases in vitro, and on detached pecan leaves or terminals. In the current study, our objectives were to (1) determine if bacterial broths (in addition to concentrated metabolites tested previously) have suppressive ability and (2) determine if metabolites or bacterial broths are active in a soil medium. In laboratory studies, two pathogens of pecan ( Fusicladium effusum and Phytophthora cactorum ) and one peach pathogen ( Armillaria tabescens ) were tested for susceptibility to Xenorhabdus bovienii (SN) and Photorhabdus luminescens (VS) bacterial broths or concentrated metabolites on three different substrates. Treatments were applied to lesions of F. effusum on terminals to ascertain any suppressive effect on sporulation, to A. tabescens in soil to determine effect on survival of mycelia, and to lesions caused by P. cactorum on pecan leaf surfaces to assess any reduction in lesion development. Acetone (the metabolite solvent), un-inoculated media (tryptic soy broth) and water were included as controls. The X. bovienii metabolite treatment was as efficacious as a commercial fungicide (fenbuconazole) in reducing sporulation of F. effusum on pecan terminals. The P. luminescens metabolite treatment also caused reduced sporulation relative to water and acetone controls but bacterial broths had no effect. In contrast, all bacterial broth and metabolite treatments suppressed lesion growth caused by P. cactorum (measured on detached leaves maintained on agar). However, in soil, only the P. luminescens metabolite treatment was suppressive to A. tabescens (this is the first report of Photorhabdus or Xenorhabdus toxicity to Armillaria spp.). This study provides a basis for further research on the use of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus metabolites or bacterial broth for suppression of pecan and peach diseases.
ESTIMATING EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE AND MUTATION RATE FROM SEQUENCE DATA USING METROPOLIS-HASTINGS SAMPLING

We present a new way to make a maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter 4N mu (effective population size times mutation rate per site, or theta) based on a population sample of molecular sequences. We use a Metropolis-Hastings Markov chain Monte Carlo method to sample genealogies in proportion to the product of their likelihood with respect to the data and their prior probability with respect to a coalescent distribution. A specific value of theta must be chosen to generate the coalescent distribution, but the resulting trees can be used to evaluate the likelihood at other values of theta, generating a likelihood curve. This procedure concentrates sampling on those genealogies that contribute most of the likelihood, allowing estimation of meaningful likelihood curves based on relatively small samples. The method can potentially be extended to cases involving varying population size, recombination, and migration.
Psychological Distance: The Relation Between Construals, Mindsets, and Professional Skepticism

v 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Questions and Motivation 1 1.2 Research Design 6 1.3 Results and Contribution 9 2.0 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 15 2.1 Professional Skepticism 15 2.2 Mindset Theory 17 2.3 Construal-Level Theory 20 2.4 Audit Documentation 24 3.0 HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT 27 3.1 Hypothesis 1 27 3.2 Hypothesis 2 29 3.3 Hypothesis 3 30 4.0 METHOD 33 4.
Validation of a wireless modular monitoring system for structures

A wireless sensing unit for use in a Wireless Modular Monitoring System (WiMMS) has been designed and constructed. Drawing upon advanced technological developments in the areas of wireless communications, low-power microprocessors and micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) sensing transducers, the wireless sensing unit represents a high-performance yet low-cost solution to monitoring the short-term and long-term performance of structures. A sophisticated reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microcontroller is placed at the core of the unit to accommodate on-board computations, measurement filtering and data interrogation algorithms. The functionality of the wireless sensing unit is validated through various experiments involving multiple sensing transducers interfaced to the sensing unit. In particular, MEMS-based accelerometers are used as the primary sensing transducer in this study's validation experiments. A five degree of freedom scaled test structure mounted upon a shaking table is employed for system validation.
Requirements for Investigation of New Drugs and Feed Additions for Animal Usage—A Symposium 1. Introduction

Abstract THE Poultry Science Association Board of Directors appointed a Committee on Administrative Regulations in 1965. One of the duties accepted by this committee was to inform the membership of pending legislation that could affect the poultry industry and further to inform them of current regulations relative to the use of drugs and other chemicals. This symposium is an attempt at fulfilling the latter function. The three papers of this symposium are aimed at explaining what research is conducted, how it is reviewed and how the cleared products are used by the feed industry for the benefit of the poultry industry. These are the steps necessary for the clearance of any drug material by the Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The exacting requirements put on the drug manufacturer and the equally rigid requirements placed on the feed manufacturer using the materials should be known . . .
Return Rates for Needle Exchange Programs: A Common Criticism Answered.

This study searched the available needle exchange program (NEP) literature for return rate data. A total of 26 articles were found. The overall worldwide return rate was 90%, although this ranged from a low of 15% to a high of 112%. U.S. NEP return rates were gathered from only eight studies, indicating a clear need for more data, although U.S. return rates were comparable to those from NEPs outside of the U.S. One underlying assumption made by opponents of NEPs is that IDUs will not return needles to the distribution site, thereby potentially increasing the risk of health problems to the surrounding community from exposure to contaminated needles. This study's results suggest that NEPs are relatively successful in taking in used needles, although it is generally unclear where the needles were originally acquired, and if IDUs return their own needles, or are returning needles for a social network. Ways for AIDS Service Organizations to capitalize on these brief encounters with IDUs, as well as public policy implications of the findings, are discussed.
Theory and application of wavelet based bi-orthonormal decomposition method in the solution of linear inverse problems in electromagnetics

A wavelet based bi-orthonormal decomposition method is proposed and applied to the solution of linear inverse problems in electromagnetics. The unknown function is expanded into wavelets, where an adaptive algorithm is developed utilizing the multiresolution properties of the wavelet. The spectral domain method is used to find the bi-orthonormal bases for shift-invariant operators; and the wavelet decomposition method is formulated to construct the biorthonormal bases for general operators. The modified least square QR iterative method is employed to solve the resulting sparse matrix equations. Finally the method is used in the computation of the scattering of TM waves by an elliptic conducting cylinder. >
Obesity in Mexican American subgroups: findings from the San Antonio Heart Study

This study describes the prevalence of overweight in 2013 Mexican Americans and 928 non-Hispanic whites, aged 25-65 y, who participated in phase 2 of the San Antonio Heart Study, 1984-1988, and examines differences in overall obesity and body fat distribution among diverse Mexican American subgroups defined by neighborhood, socioeconomic status (SES), and assimilation to mainstream US society. Prevalence of overweight was greater in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites, and the ethnic difference was greater in women than in men. In Mexican Americans the effects of SES and assimilation on overall obesity and body fat distribution differed by sex group. In men SES and cultural assimilation were associated with less favorable body fat distribution. In women SES and assimilation were associated with lower overall obesity and more favorable body fat distribution. Interventions to reduce obesity in Mexican Americans should take these subgroup differences into account.
Yield Map Interpretation

Yield monitoring and mapping are becoming commonplace with many crops throughout North America. Some fields now have a 3- to 5-yr yield map history. A yield map, however, only documents the spatial distribution of crop yield and does not explain what factor(s) caused the variation. The goal of yield map interpretation is enhanced profitability through better understanding and control of natural and management-induced sources of yield variation. Numerous causes of crop yield variation have been documented, including climate, soil-water relationships, soil physical and chemical properties, site attributes, crop pest infestations, crop inputs and condition, field history, and cultural practices. Proper visual presentation of yield monitor data in yield map form and the accurate identification of characteristic patterns of yield variation are essential for meaningful interpretation of the yield map. Unfortunately, all yield monitor data sets and maps contain inherent error, some of which cannot be easily corrected. Error-induced patterns must be separated from real yield variation in order to make correct interpretations. In general, irregular areas, blotches or, speckles, and elliptical patterns are the result of naturally occuring yield-limiting factors. Conversely, rectangles, abrupt boundaries, circles, arcs, and streaks or lines reflect management-induced patterns of yield variation. In addition, divergence of parallel swaths, missing data points, and a repeating sawtooth pattern along field margins usually result from errors associated with Global Positioning System (GPS) signal reception and yield monitor data collection. Yield map interpretation is greatly enhanced by ongoing grower involvement and the insightful use of auxiliary agronomic, spatial, and historical site information. Geographic Information System (GIS) tools are virtually essential to evaluate multiple layers of spatial data. GIS software can be used to systematically and quantitatively evaluate the relationships between yield data and other spatial features. In the future, tools such as data-mining software, and other sophisticated mathematical and spatial models may provide additional power to interpret single-year as well as multi-year yield map information.
Vertical seismic profile polarization method for determining reflector orientation

The strike and dip of the reflecting interfaces in the vicinity of a well can be derived from VSP data recorded with a three-component downhole seismometer. The method relies on measuring the polarizations in the direct and reflected compressional waves. The mathematical relation which is the basis of the method is exact only when the seismometer is positioned at the depth where the interface intersects the well. At that depth the polarization of the reflected wave cannot be measured because of interference with the direct wave. The orientation of the normal to the reflector can be determined to within 2 degrees when the polarizations of the direct and reflected waves are determined within 100 m of the reflector.If the direct and reflected waves can be identified without multidepth processing, only measurements at a single depth are required to determine the reflector orientation. Error analysis and statistical refinement can be achieved by measuring the polarizations at several seismometer depths, source azimuths, or source offsets. The method is robust in the sense that the error in the interface orientation cannot exceed the error in the measurement of the polarizations. The method should be useful in structurally complex areas provided the reflections can be observed at depths above the depths of generation.
Antigenic characterization of H3N2 influenza A viruses from Ohio agricultural fairs

The demonstrated link between the emergence of H3N2 variant (H3N2v) influenza A viruses (IAVs) and swine exposure at agricultural fairs has raised concerns about the human health risk posed by IAV-infected swine. Understanding the antigenic profiles of IAVs circulating in pigs at agricultural fairs is critical to developing effective prevention and control strategies. Here, 68 H3N2 IAV isolates recovered from pigs at Ohio fairs (2009 to 2011) were antigenically characterized. These isolates were compared with other H3 IAVs recovered from commercial swine, wild birds, and canines, along with human seasonal and variant H3N2 IAVs. Antigenic cartography demonstrated that H3N2 IAV isolates from Ohio fairs could be divided into two antigenic groups: (i) the 2009 fair isolates and (ii) the 2010 and 2011 fair isolates. These same two antigenic clusters have also been observed in commercial swine populations in recent years. Human H3N2v isolates from 2010 and 2011 are antigenically clustered with swine-origin IAVs from the same time period. The isolates recovered from pigs at fairs did not cross-react with ferret antisera produced against the human seasonal H3N2 IAVs circulating during the past decade, raising the question of the degree of immunity that the human population has to swine-origin H3N2 IAVs. Our results demonstrate that H3N2 IAVs infecting pigs at fairs and H3N2v isolates were antigenically similar to the IAVs circulating in commercial swine, demonstrating that exhibition swine can function as a bridge between commercial swine and the human population.
Does it matter where your manager works? Comparing managerial work mode (traditional, telework, virtual) across subordinate work experiences and outcomes

Although research has begun to examine impacts from employee work modes such as teleworking, studies to date have overlooked the impact that managers who work away from the office might have on subordinates. Using a large dataset (N = 11,059), this study therefore compares three managerial work modes (traditional, telework, virtual work), to investigate differences in subordinate work experiences and outcomes. Results suggest that in comparison to subordinates with managers in a traditional work mode, work experiences and outcomes are generally less positive for subordinates with teleworking managers who spend a portion of the week away from the office, and they are lower as well for subordinates with virtual managers who are away from the office full time. These results differ based on the subordinate’s own work mode and are modest in magnitude. This study suggests a need for further investigation into the effects of managerial work modes on subordinate experiences and outcomes.
Dependence of film morphology on growth rate in ITO/TPD/Alq/sub 3//Al organic luminescent diodes

In this paper, we study about the effect of growth kinetics, governed by deposition conditions, on the formation of pinholes is studied in order to optimize the film growth conditions. The morphology of the resultant film observed under an SEM and AFM. Surface morphology of thermal evaporated TPD/Alq/sub 3/double layer show strong dependence on the evaporation rate, and the high evaporation rate, which result in dense and texture films, is more for the illumination of organic luminescent diode.
Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and FMRI to examine the default mode network.

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3 It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9 In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.
Representing Geometric Constructions As Programs: A Brief Exploration

This column will publish short (ranging from just a few paragraphs to ten or so pages), lively and intriguing computer-related mathematics vignettes. These vignettes or snapshots should illustrate ways in which computer environments have transformed the practice of mathematics or mathematics pedagogy. They could also include puzzles or brain teasers involving the use of computers or computational theory. Snapshots are subject to peer review. In this issue’s snapshot, Bruce Sherin presents a series of geometric constructions made in a Boxer programming environment enriched with a modest set of primitives. In reflecting on the resultant blended turtle geometric and dynamic geometry environment, he discusses the role and potential of programmable applications and the affordances of a programming representation of geometric concepts and other sub-domains of mathematics.
2010 ACR Presidential Address: Patient-Focused Radiology: Taking Charge of Radiation Dose

Radiology and radiation oncology accidents involving radiation overexposure have caused increased scrutiny by the media, lawyers, our patients, and most recently the US Food and Drug Administration. We should add a new pillar for the ACR called "patient-focused radiology." We have reached new heights of quality in imaging, but at the same time, we have dramatically increased the radiation dose to the US population. We need to take charge of radiation dose and demonstrate that radiology expertise is essential to safe imaging. We need to introduce computerized order entry software that protects patients and educates physicians about the indications and contraindications of radiology examinations. We need to support the ACR in requesting federally mandated accreditation of all "advanced imaging" and radiation oncology accreditation, whether inpatient or outpatient. We need to support the ACR in requesting that Congress mandate a national CT dose registry, which will give alerts to each facility daily for radiation dose outliers and proactively protect patients from radiation overdoses.
Satellite Cells Say NO to Radiation

Skeletal muscles are commonly exposed to radiation for diagnostic procedures and the treatment of cancers and heterotopic bone formation. Few studies have considered the impact of clinical doses of radiation on the ability of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) to proliferate, differentiate and contribute to recovering/maintaining muscle mass. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the proliferation of irradiated satellite cells could be rescued by manipulating NO levels via pharmacological approaches and mechanical stretch (which is known to increase NO levels). We used both SNP (NO donor) and PTIO (NO scavenger) to manipulate NO levels in satellite cells. We observed that SNP was highly effective in rescuing the proliferation of irradiated satellite cells, especially at doses less than 5 Gy. The potential importance of NO was further illustrated by the effects of PTIO, which completely inhibited the rescue effect of SNP. Mechanical cyclic stretch was found to produce significant increases in NO levels of irradiated satellite cells, and this was associated with a robust increase in satellite cell proliferation. The effects of both radiation and NO on two key myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD and myogenin) were also explored. Irradiation of satellite cells produced a significant increase in both MyoD and myogenin, effects that were mitigated by manipulating NO levels via SNP. Given the central role of myogenic regulatory factors in the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, the findings of the current study underscore the need to more fully understand the relationship between radiation, NO and the functionality of satellite cells.
Backscatter and the resonant fiber-optic gyro scale factor

The authors address theoretically the effects of singly and doubly backscattered light on the resonant-ring fiber-optic gyro scale factor. It is found that the doubly backscattered light, interfering with the forward traveling wave, contributes significantly to the rotation sensitivity nonlinearity. Neither the suppressed-carrier method nor the frequency-shift method removes this effect. Consequently, in a precision gyro this double backscatter effect may be a major source of the scale factor nonlinearity. >
An aphasiologist has a stroke

I woke up at 6:00 am on Wednesday, June 12, 2013, unable to converge the visual signals from my left and right eyes. This diplopia was accompanied by vertigo, and I listed to the left when attempti...
Fractal Characterization of Chromatin Decompaction in Live Cells

Chromatin organization has a fundamental impact on the whole spectrum of genomic functions. Quantitative characterization of the chromatin structure, particularly at submicron length scales where chromatin fractal globules are formed, is critical to understanding this structure-function relationship. Such analysis is currently challenging due to the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. We herein present an optical approach termed inverse spectroscopic optical coherence tomography to characterize the mass density fractality of chromatin, and we apply the technique to observe chromatin decompaction in live cells. The technique makes it possible for the first time, to our knowledge, to sense intracellular morphology with length-scale sensitivity from ∼30 to 450 nm, thus primarily probing the higher-order chromatin structure, without resolving the actual structures. We used chromatin decompaction due to inhibition of histone deacytelases and measured the subsequent changes in the fractal dimension of the intracellular structure. The results were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Combination of loosely and compactly coupled integrations of CAD tools and its applications in SAW devices design and fabrication

A combination of the loosely and compactly coupled integrations of CAD tools and its applications in the design and fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are proposed in this paper. Three core modules are developed as design and mask pattern verification module, database module, and device characteristics simulation module. All the operations are controlled under Microsoft Windows GUI interface. This leads to a reduced design and fabrication cycle, workload and cost. With the knowledge-based library for intelligent design and Lotus Notes database for distributed and networked engineering database management (EDM) and effective control of documents, a new enterprise-leveled, computer-integrated design and manufacturing system (CIDMS) can be established for monolithic and hybrid device design (not only confined to SAW device).
Reproductive Life Planning: A Cross-Sectional Study of What College Students Know and Believe.

Objectives The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a reproductive life plan (RLP) to promote individual responsibility for preconception health. The objectives of this study were to determine existing awareness of RLPs in a cohort of reproductive-age adults and to evaluate their knowledge level and beliefs about reproductive life planning. Methods We performed a cross-sectional survey study of adults ages 18-40 years old seeking care at the student health center of a large public university. Participation was voluntary. Survey responses were analyzed by age and gender. Results A total of 559 surveys were collected and analyzed. Only 24 % of participants had heard of an RLP although a majority (62.9 %) agreed that it is important to develop an RLP. Most respondents (85.4 %) preferred to receive information about reproductive life planning from a primary care provider or obstetrician-gynecologist, while only 4.2 % of patients surveyed reported ever being actually asked about an RLP by their healthcare provider. Among those who agreed that an RLP was important, knowledge of specific aspects of an RLP was lacking. Conclusions In our cohort of reproductive-age adults, general health literacy regarding RLPs was poor. Most of the young adults who responded to our survey did not know what an RLP was and even fewer had ever discussed one with their health provider.
Pit River Tribe v. Bureau of Land Management, 793 F.3d 1147 (9th Cir. 2015)

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.umt.edu/plrlr Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Agency Commons, Energy and Utilities Law Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Government Contracts Commons, Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons, Jurisdiction Commons, Land Use Law Commons, Legislation Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons
Suspect Demeanor and Arrest: a Triggered Displacement of Aggression Explanation

The evidence that police arrest suspects who display a disrespectful demeanor is mixed. One explanation for these equivocal results may be triggered displaced aggression theory. This theory suggests persons who are provoked to anger internalize their aggression and unleash it later on someone or something that further agitates them. A sample of officers was primed for either a positive or negative affect, presented with a domestic disturbance vignette, and asked to rate their likelihood of making an arrest. In one vignette version the suspect displayed a hostile demeanor and in the other the suspect’s demeanor was neutral. Officers who were negatively primed and encountered the hostile demeanor suspect were most likely to arrest compared to officer in the other conditions.
TH-F-201-00: Writing Good Multiple Choice Questions

Multiple choice questions are a tool medical physicists encounter throughout their careers. They are a commonly used method of assessment during our early didactic training (graduate school, residency and board certification). They are used throughout our MOC process both in SAMs and online CE. And they are used for the MOC exam every 10 years. While we have significant training in answering these multiple choice questions, we rarely receive training in how to construct effective multiple choice questions. This is important too, as it is medical physicists who are creating the exams at academic institutions, for the AAPM SAMs and online CE as well as for the ABR exams (both initial and MOC). While there are rigorous scientific methods for evaluating the quality of questions in an exam that has been taken, creating good questions (stem) and multiple choice answers (distractors) requires skill and practice. This talk will cover some of the do's and don'ts for creating good multiple choice questions. Item analysis of answers to multiple choice questions can reveal a great deal about the quality of the questions. Questions can be measured in terms of their difficulty and ability to discriminate between examinees. The distractors themselves can be evaluated for their ability to discriminate as well. And finally the overall test can be evaluated for reliability. We will discuss some of the specifics of item analysis as well as provide guidelines for constructing good tests items. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand rules for writing a good stem 2.Understand rules for writing good distractors
The Psychologist's Companion: How to Generate, Evaluate, and Sell Your Ideas for Research and Papers

There is no one foolproof way of getting ideas for papers. You have to find the ways that work for you. In the first part of this chapter, we present you with different ways in which you can develop ideas for your research projects. Of course, it is not enough to have ideas. To be a successful researcher, you also need the ability to evaluate your ideas and find out whether they are good ones. You do not want to waste your time on bad ideas. The second part of this chapter deals with the evaluation of your ideas. And once you have come to the conclusion that yours is a wonderful idea, it will be important for you to sell your idea. How do you convince others that your planned study is one that is worthwhile to conduct, and how do you convince an editor of a journal and reviewers that your paper is worth publishing? Especially creative ideas are often hard to sell. Therefore, the third part of this chapter shows you some ways to sell your ideas. GENERATING IDEAS Generating Ideas by Consulting with Others In many colleges and universities, the faculty is among the most underutilized of resources. In Bob's first semester of teaching at Yale, he set aside three hours each week for office hours. He encouraged – sometimes he practically begged – students to come see him during those hours for advice on papers, projects, and the like. He left his door wide open to encourage students to enter. For the most part, though, he sat staring at the walls or at the people scurrying by (but not in) the door. He also encouraged students to make individual appointments if they were unable to see him during his prearranged hours, but for the most part, students also failed to take him up on this offer. Later, business picked up, although much more so among graduate than among undergraduate students. Once, the psychology department faculty at Yale spent the better part of an hour trying to figure out why students are so timid in approaching faculty. Sometimes students try once, are unsuccessful in reaching the faculty member, and give up.
Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Death

Publisher Summary A common theme in disease is death of cells. In diseases ranging from stroke to congestive heart disease to alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, death of individual cells leads to irreversible functional loss in whole organs and ultimately mortality. For such diseases, prevention of cell death becomes a basic therapeutic goal. By contrast in neoplasia, the purpose of chemotherapy is to kill proliferating cancer cells. For either therapeutic goal, understanding the mechanisms of cell death becomes paramount. Although many stresses and stimuli cause cell death, the mode of cell death typically follows one of two patterns. The first is necrosis, a pathological term referring to areas of dead cells within a tissue or organ. Necrosis is typically the result of an acute and usually profound metabolic disruption, such as ischemia/reperfusion and severe toxicant-induced damage. The second pattern is programmed cell death, most commonly manifested as apoptosis. In apoptosis, specific stimuli initiate execution of well-defined pathways leading to orderly resorption of individual cells with minimal leakage of cellular components into the extracellular space and little inflammation. Apoptosis and necrosis are prominent events in pathogenesis. An understanding of cell death mechanisms forms the basis for effective interventions to either prevent cell death as a cause of disease or promote cell death in cancer chemotherapy.
(In)dependence and addictions: Governmentality across public and private treatment discourses:

In light of the current spike in opioid addiction in upper middle-class white populations, we examine addiction treatment discourses on the webpages of public methadone clinics and private rehabilitation facilities through a critical theoretical lens. While both discourses exercise social control over opioid-addicted clients by regulating their everyday practices, we find classed differences in these discourses when they are aimed at differently socially located populations. Private treatment discourses trust clients to be led to a state of self-governance through a holistic transformation of ‘mind, body, and spirit’, while public clinics’ websites frame patients as unruly bodies that must be chemically rendered docile through medication before they can return to everyday life.
A Cobalt-Containing Eukaryotic Nitrile Hydratase

Nitrile hydratase (NHase), an industrially important enzyme that catalyzes the hydration of nitriles to their corresponding amides, has only been characterized from prokaryotic microbes. The putative NHase from the eukaryotic unicellular choanoflagellate organism Monosiga brevicollis (MbNHase) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The resulting enzyme expressed as a single polypeptide with fused α- and β-subunits linked by a seventeen-histidine region. Size-exclusion chromatography indicated that MbNHase exists primarily as an (αβ)2 homodimer in solution, analogous to the α2β2 homotetramer architecture observed for prokaryotic NHases. The NHase enzyme contained its full complement of Co(III) and was fully functional without the co-expression of an activator protein or E. coli GroES/EL molecular chaperones. The homology model of MbNHase was developed identifying Cys400, Cys403, and Cys405 as active site ligands. The results presented here provide the first experimental data for a mature and active eukaryotic NHase with fused subunits. Since this new member of the NHase family is expressed from a single gene without the requirement of an activator protein, it represents an alternative biocatalyst for industrial syntheses of important amide compounds.
Use of Genetic Mouse Models to Study Kidney Regeneration

Publisher Summary Since the development of the first transgenic mice there has been an explosion of knowledge and experience in the use of genetic manipulation to test gene function in vivo in mice. These technologies have proved to be tractable and powerful tools with significant advances over in vitro studies that were the mainstay of basic sciences. Genetic manipulation in mice has proven to have greater relevance to human disease and greater reproducibility, and has enabled functional studies at a level of sophistication not previously possible. Alongside this explosion of genetic tools in mice, has been the development of an array of mouse models of human conditions including kidney disease and regeneration. Regenerative nephrology, a new field in nephrology, has emerged from these technological advances. This chapter explains some of the underlying technologies that are in common usage, highlights key areas of technological advance using these methods, and shows key areas of pitfalls.
Gender Laws, Values, and Outcomes: Evidence from the World Values Survey

This paper analyzes six waves of responses from the World Values Survey to understand the determinants of beliefs about women’s roles in society and their relationship with the legal system and outcomes. Using survey data for 300,000 individuals, we find that characteristics of an individual’s home country only explain about a fifth of the variation in values, and a single individual can report strongly different norms about women’s equality across different domains. There is a strong correlation between norms, laws and female labor force participation and between norms and the proportion of legislators who are women—but not between norms and relative female tertiary education. There is some suggestive evidence that laws may be more significant than norms in determining female employment outcomes, but the available evidence does not allow for strong causal statements at the cross-country level.
Scandals and Their Legacies

Science and medicine are not immune to scandals. Abuse of patients and research subjects, falsification of data, lying about conflicts of interest, and plagiarism occur. In some cases violations have been unintentional (e.g., due to mistakes or negligence). In other cases the motivations have included personal fame, professional advancement, wealth, cynicism, or the drive to achieve a goal for which the ends justify the means. Iconic scandals – World War II Nazi experiments, Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Guatemala Syphilis Studies, Willowbrook Hepatitis Study, and the UCI Fertility Clinic Scandal are analyzed. Personal integrity and following accepted professional ethical standards are some of the means of avoiding scandals. Institutions have responsibilities for establishing and enforcing ethics requirements and for providing access to ethics training
Governance Reforms: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly; and the Sound: Examining the Past and Exploring the Future of Public Organizations

This paper addresses governance reforms of the last three and a half decades and looks into the future. This is done in three parts. The first part presents a birds-eye view of the massive literature on governance and governance reforms with a focus on the good, the bad, and ugly sides, then in part two argues for an alternative concept or theory of “sound governance” with characteristics and dimensions that overcome the deficiencies of other models of governance. As a consequence of reforms, the third part examines the past and explores the future of public organizations via “going home” as a conclusion with possible scenarios, challenges, and opportunities.
The Politics of Middle-Class Success in an Inner-City Public School*:

Recent ethnography of minority and working-class schooling has shown how wider structural factors like class stratification, poverty, and racism influence observable patterns of failure and under achievement in the classroom. In contrast, ethnography in middle-class schools and classrooms has not seriously probed similar structural bases of middle-class children's success, instead attributing this success to a presumed equivalence between the “middle-class culture” of the children's homes and the culture of the school and its staff.This study traces the history and effects of middle-class involvement in the public elementary school of a gentrifying inner-city neighborhood in New York City. Segregated into their special classrooms with distinctive curriculum and organization, the school's middle-class children were more successful than their poor and working-class peers. Their success was not the result, in Bourdieu's terms, of the “cultural capital” afforded by their middle-class upbringing. The school st...
Quality of Life (QOL) in Patients with Osteosarcoma

Patients with osteosarcoma undergo extensive treatment using aggressive chemotherapy and surgery and this can have substantial acute and long-term effects on patients. In particular, quality of life (QOL) can be affected. It is important that QOL be examined to see how it is influenced. It is also important to determine who is at highest risk for impaired QOL and develop appropriate interventions. QOL is one of several outcomes that are influenced by the diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma. Other outcomes include function, disability, and body image. Currently, gaps exist in our knowledge of QOL in osteosarcoma patients and prospective studies are needed.