cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Langmuirian kinetics in the analysis of optimal catalyst composition profiles—a problem in computing nonlinear singular controls in bifunctional packed-bed reactors

Abstract The optimal catalyst composition profile problem in bi-functional catalytic reactors has been examined for the case where the individual surface steps on two functionally different catalytic active sites are governed by a generalized Langmuirian kinetic mechanism wherein all process steps of adsorption, surface reaction, and desorption are mutually rate controlling. The parameters in the nonlinear kinetic model were developed in terms of temperature using Arrhenius and van't Hoff laws with thermodynamic constraints on the chemisorption equilibrium constants. Several computational procedures have been tested in order to discern their applicability in synthesizing the optimal catalyst composition profiles. A Hamiltonian, maximum principle formulation was used in conjunction with first-order gradient, conjugate gradient, modified penalty function transformation technique, and direct search algorithms in various combinations to obtain an approximation to the optimal solution. A combination of conjugate gradient and direct search algorithms proved quite fesible as a computational tool for handling difficult nonlinear singular optimal control problems in bifunctional catalytic reactors of the Langmuirian type. The resulting optimal profiles displayed a Bang-Chatter Bang-Bang policy with multiple switching times. A number of sub-optimal control policies were tested and the results compared with the optimal Bang-Chatter Bang-Bang policy. Depending on the relative magnitudes of the various Langmuirian kinetic and sorption equililbrium parameters, it appears that over a wide range of temperatures and rate controlling step situations, that a Bang-Bang sup-optimal policy or a Bang-Straight-Bang sub-optimal policy with two switching times can yield values of the performance index close to the optimum. One case was found where a sub-optimal constant control policy was better than Bang-Bang and Bang-Straight-Bang sub-optimal policies.
Noetherian types of homogeneous compacta and dyadic compacta

Abstract The Noetherian type of a space is the least κ such that it has a base that is κ -like with respect to reverse inclusion. Just as all known homogeneous compacta have cellularity at most c , they satisfy similar upper bounds in terms of Noetherian type and related cardinal functions. We prove these and many other results about these cardinal functions. For example, every homogeneous dyadic compactum has Noetherian type ω . Assuming GCH, every point in a homogeneous compactum X has a local base that is c ( X ) -like with respect to containment. If every point in a compactum has a well-quasiordered local base, then some point has a countable local π -base.
The Effects of Trait Type and Situation Type on the Generalization of Trait Expectancies Across Situations

Three experiments tested the cross-situational generality of trait expectancies. In each experiment, participants were told about a behavior that a target person performed in one situation and subsequently made predictions about the target person’s behavior in a different situation. In addition, the behaviors pertained to positive or negative hierarchically restrictive or partially restrictive trait dimensions. The findings from Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that behaviors consistent with the negative pole of hierarchically restrictive trait dimensions are most likely to be expected by participants to generalize across situations. In Experiment 3, the behaviors were relevant to ability rather than morality, and in this case, it was behaviors consistent with the positive pole of hierarchically restrictive trait dimensions that were most likely to be expected to generalize across situations.
Puffing of rice cakes as influenced by tempering and heating conditions

Puffed rice cakes were produced from long grain brown rice by a pressure-drop puffing method. Effects of raw rice tempering conditions (time and moisture level) and heating conditions (temperature and time) immediately before puffing on rice cake volume were investigated. In general, a lower moisture level (14% vs 16–20%) in raw rice and longer tempering time (5 hr vs 1–3 hr) resulted in higher specific volumes in rice cakes. Higher heating temperature (230°C vs 200–220°C) and 8 sec heating produced rice cakes with higher specific volumes. Darker cakes were obtained with the high temperature and long time combinations.
Lyapunov exponents and localization phenomena in multi-coupled nearly periodic systems

Abstract Lyapunov exponents of a system wave transfer matrix are employed to analyze localization in multi-coupled (and as a special case, mono-coupled) disordered periodic linear systems. An algorithm due to Wolfet al.[1] is used to calculate the Lyapunov exponents numerically. Perturbation techniques are used to find approximate Lyapunov exponents for the case of weak disorder. Two examples are presented. The largest Lyapunov exponent is calculated for a representative mono-coupled system, and compared with localization factors found by Monte Carlo methods, as well as with the approximated localization factors. This example is used to discuss computational issues. The Lyapunov exponents are also calculated for an example of a bi-coupled system, and compared with wave amplitude decay found in a single realization of the disordered system. The physical significance of the Lyapunov exponents for a multi-coupled nearly periodic system is discussed.
‘The White Wife Problem’: Sex, Race and the Contested Politics of Repatriation to Interwar British West Africa

Based on archival research in Ghana and Britain, this article documents the sustained but failed attempts of working-class West African seamen to repatriate to the colonies with their European wives during the interwar years. Colonial authorities crafted policies to prevent these couples from making British West Africa home because they feared that the presence of European women living ‘in native fashion’ with their African husbands would destabilise colonial race relations. After discussing the origins of this policy in the context of the 1919 race riots that swept Britain's port cities, the article draws on the case of a West African man married to a German woman to illuminate how concerns about race, sex, gender, nationality and class informed the politics of repatriation to British West Africa during the interwar years.
Prevalence of Influenza A viruses in wild migratory birds in Alaska: Patterns of variation in detection at a crossroads of intercontinental flyways

Background The global spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has stimulated interest in a better understanding of the mechanisms of H5N1 dispersal, including the potential role of migratory birds as carriers. Although wild birds have been found dead during H5N1 outbreaks, evidence suggests that others have survived natural infections, and recent studies have shown several species of ducks capable of surviving experimental inoculations of H5N1 and shedding virus. To investigate the possibility of migratory birds as a means of H5N1 dispersal into North America, we monitored for the virus in a surveillance program based on the risk that wild birds may carry the virus from Asia.
Worldliness in Out of the Way Places

This paper looks at such youthful cosmopolitan aspirations among Manjaco of Guinea-Bissau and Lauje in Sulawesi. It is often argued that these attempts at worldliness reflect claims for equal rights of membership in an unequal global society. Yet, an aspiration to worldliness also entails their assertion that we are, or at least should be, like them. This paper suggests that Manjaco and Lauje might seem to want to look like us but they talk very differently about what they expect of us in a world we mutually make.
Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Casco Bay, Maine.

In this communication, levels of 16 priority PAH's (US Environmental Protection Agency 1977) from the surficial sediments of Casco Bay, Maine are presented. Casco Bay is a 400 sq. km. embayment in the Gulf of Maine which includes Portland harbor, a major oil port and the principal fishing port in Maine. Recent data are presently available on the distribution of trace metals, PCB's and benthic fauna in Casco Bay.
Factors associated with reductions in alcohol use between high school and college: an analysis of data from the College Alcohol Study

Background: The consumption of alcohol by college students is a significant public health concern, and a large amount of literature explores this issue. Much of the focus is on the prevalence and correlates of binge drinking. Relatively few studies explore reductions in drinking, and these generally focus on reductions that occur during college. Aims: We examined the transition between high school and college and sought to understand the characteristics and behaviors of students that are related to reductions in the consumption of alcohol during this transition. Methods: We used data from all four rounds of the Harvard School of Public Health's College Alcohol Survey and logistic regression models to relate the status of reduced alcohol consumption to five groups of variables: demographic and parental variables, other substance use, social environment, student activities, and alcohol policies. Results: A number of characteristics were related to reductions in drinking. Students whose fathers did not attend college were more likely to reduce alcohol consumption (odds ratio [OR] =1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.06–1.55), whereas students who prioritize parties (OR =0.35; CI =0.30–0.43) and who have recently smoked cigarettes (OR =0.52; CI =0.41–0.64) or marijuana (OR =0.52; CI =0.40–0.67) or whose fathers are moderate (OR =0.73; CI =0.55–0.96) or heavy (OR =0.72; CI =0.53–0.96) drinkers were less likely to reduce alcohol consumption. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of family background and social environment on reductions in drinking.
The Borrower's Choice between Fixed and Adjustable Rate Loan Contracts

Previous research indicates that key variables in the choice between fixed and price index-linked debt are the covariances between inflation and real income and between inflation and the real value of the asset financed by the debt. This model extends those results to adjustable rate loan contracts and examines the impact of covariance between the real interest rate and, in turn, real income and real asset values. Positive (negative) covariance between those terms shifts preference toward the adjustable (fixed) loan contract.
What is the order of the transition from hadronic matter to the quark-gluon plasma?

Abstract Simulations of SU (3) gauge theory with a realistic spectrum of quarks are done on a 4×12 3 lattice. Comparing with similar simulations on a 4×8 3 lattice, we find a narrower region of metastability at the hadronic matter/quark-gluon plasma phase transition. Tunneling events are observed and discontinuities in order parameters and energy densities are measured which are in good agreement with the 4×8 3 results. A decisive determination of the order of the transition will require larger lattices, higher statistics and a finite-size analysis.
An efficient method for change detection of soil, vegetation and water in the Northern Gulf of Mexico wetland ecosystem

Mapping and monitoring wetland ecosystems over large geographic areas based on remote sensing is challenging because of the spatial and spectral complexities of the inherent ecosystem dynamics. The main objective of this research was to develop and evaluate a new method for detecting and quantifying wetland changes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico NGOM region using multitemporal, multispectral, and multisensor remotely sensed data. The abundance of three land-cover types water, vegetation, and soil was quantified for each Landsat 30 m pixel for 1987, 2004, 2005, and 2006 using a regression tree algorithm. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated using an independent reference data set derived from a high-resolution QuickBird image, and several statistics including average error AE, relative error RE, and the Pearson correlation coefficient r . For per-pixel percentage estimation, the AE is under 10% for water prediction, 9.5–11.4% for vegetation, and 9–11.1% for soil. The correlation coefficients between predicted and reference data range from 0.90 to 0.96 for water, from 0.80 to 0.89 for vegetation, and from 0.79 to 0.86 for soil. The high accuracy achieved by this method is attributed to the high quality of training data and the rigorous calibrations applied to multisensor and multitemporal satellite imagery. Based on the multitemporal estimation of the three land-cover components, spatial and temporal changes of the land-cover types from 1987 to 2006 were quantified and analysed. The study demonstrates that the method provided useful information on the abundance and changes of the key land-cover types in the NGOM region where long-term disturbances and episodic events occurred. Such information is valuable for monitoring land and vegetation loss and recovery processes, and for understanding possible drivers of the coastal wetland evolution in the region.
Adhesion, friction and micromechanical properties of ceramics

The adhesion, friction, and micromechanical properties of ceramics, both in monolithic and coating form, are reviewed. Ceramics are examined in contact with themselves, other harder materials, and metals. For the simplicity of discussion, the tribological properties of concern in the processes are separated into two parts. The first part discusses the pull-off force (adhesion) and the shear force required to break the interfacial junctions between contacting surfaces. The role of chemical bonding in adhesion and friction, and the effects of surface contaminant films and temperature on tribological response with respect to adhesion and friction are discussed. The second part deals with abrasion of ceramics. Elastic, plastic, and fracture behavior of ceramics in solid state contact is discussed. The scratch technique of determining the critical load needed to fracture interfacial adhesive bonds of ceramic deposited on substrates is also addressed.
Efficiency estimation and error decomposition in the stochastic frontier model: A Monte Carlo analysis

Critics of the deterministic approach to efficiency measurement argue that no allowance is made for measurement error and other statistical noise. Without controlling for measurement error, the resulting measure of efficiency will be distorted due to the contamination of noise. The stochastic frontier models purportedly allow both inefficiency and measurement error. Some proponents argue that the stochastic frontier models should be used despite the limitations because of the superior conceptual treatment of noise. However, the ultimate value of the stochastic frontier depends on its ability to properly decompose noise and inefficiency. This paper tests the validity of the stochastic frontier cross-sectional models using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results suggest that the technique does not accurately decompose the total error into inefficiency and noise components. Further, the results suggest that at best, the stochastic frontier is only as good as the deterministic model.
Seed Treatment with Live or Dead Fusarium verticillioides Equivalently Reduces the Severity of Subsequent Stalk Rot

Fusarium verticillioides is a widely distributed fungus that can associate with maize as a deleterious pathogen and an advantageous endophyte. Here, we show that seed treatment with live F. verticillioides enhances maize resistance to secondary stalk rot infection and further demonstrate that dead F. verticillioides is sufficient to equivalently reduce F. verticillioides biomass. Seed treatment with live or dead F. verticillioides primes maize plants, and upon subsequent stalk infection, terpenoid phytoalexins accumulate faster than control-treated plants. Seed treatment did not constitutively activate plant defences nor did it impact plant growth. These results suggest that seed treatment with dead F. verticillioides can be used as a ‘vaccination’ method to decrease the severity of stalk rot and potentially pathogen infection throughout the plant.
Digital Light Processing and MEMS: reflecting the digital display needs of the networked society

Digital video technology is becoming increasingly important to the networked society. The natural interface to digital video is a digital display, one that accepts electrical bits at its input and converts them into optical bits at the output. The digital-to-analog processing function is performed in the mind of the observer. Texas Instruments has developed such a display with its recent market introduction of the Digital Light ProcessingTM (DLPTM) projection display. DLP technology is based on the Digital Micromirror DeviceTM (DMDTM), a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) array of semiconductor-based digital light switches. The DMD switching array precisely controls a light source for projection display and digital printing applications. This paper presents an overview of DLP technology along with the architecture, projection operation, manufacture, and reliability of the DMD. Features of DMD technology that distinguish it from conventional MEMS technology are explored. Finally, the paper provides a view of DLP business opportunities.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis of Fe−C⋮C−M Complexes through Condensation of Fe−C⋮C−H with M−H or M−NMe2

The iron acetylide Cp*(dppe)FeC⋮CH (Cp* = η5-C5Me5, dppe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2) reacted with [Cp2Zr(H)Cl]n (Schwartz's reagent, Cp = η5-C5H5) to produce the C⋮C-bridged complex Cp*(dppe)FeC⋮CZrClCp2 in nearly quantitative yield instead of the expected CHCH-bridged hydrozirconation product. The bulky ligand set around iron is postulated to prevent the addition of hydride at the carbon α to the metal center. Reaction of Cp*(dppe)FeC⋮CH with (dimethylamino)trimethyltin gave the condensed product Cp*(dppe)FeC⋮CSnMe3 in nearly quantitative yield.
POSSIBLE RESOLUTIONS FOR A GIVEN HILBERT FUNCTION

We consider which sets of graded Betti numbers actually occur among all resolutions of modules with a given Hilbert function.
Clinical and histologic changes of the oral mucosa in pernicious anemia.

Abstract A case of pernicious anemia is reported in a 24-year-old black woman whose presenting complaint was burning erythematous macules of the buccal and labial mucosa. Glossitis was not a prominent sign. Diagnosis was delayed 1 year while the patient was treated for allergic stomatitis. An erythematous lesion was biopsied and the histologic characteristics of the mucosal epithelium are described and related to previous studies.
Light and Sight

IN a recent number of NATURE (Jan. 21, p. 95), Sir John Parsons, referring to the duplicity theory of vision, says without qualification that the “rods are responsible for scotopic, the cones chiefly for photopic vision,” though he later refers to ‘difficulties’ in this formulation.
Spins of states in 19O near 2.7 MeV excitation

A distorted-wave analysis of angular distributions from the 17O(t,p)19O reaction leads to spin-parity assignments of 92+, 72+, and 32+ forthe states at Ex = 2.37, 2.78, and 3.07 MeV, respectivel in agreement with recent γ-ray decay data, but not with assignments commonly quoted in the literature.
Artistry in classical musical performance

Dans le contexte culturel occidental distinguant la composition et l'interpretation d'une oeuvre classique, l'A. met en evidence le talent artistique que necessite la pratique de l'interpretation musicale. Alors que l'on parle de differentes versions musicales, l'A. montre qu'il existe de nombreuses disanalogies entre l'art compositionnel de l'arrangement et le talent d'audibilite de l'interprete.
QSAR and kinetics of the inhibition of benzaldehyde derivatives against Sacrophaga neobelliaria phenoloxidase.

Abstract A group of 18 benzaldehyde derivatives was characterized as a family of mixed type inhibitors on the oxidation of l -3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -DOPA) catalyzed by Sacrophaga neobelliaria phenoloxidase (PO), presumably by forming a Schiff base with a primary amino group of the enzyme. Inhibition constants and IC 50 were determined. Cuminaldehyde was the most active inhibitor with an IC 50 of 0.0067 mM. Vanillin was the least active inhibitor with an IC 50 of 38 mM. Four physicochemical descriptors were identified by stepwise multiple regressions as significant predictors on the inhibition activity, which were further rotated by principle component analysis yielding two significant principle properties. It was shown that hydrophobicity of the substituent at the para position of the aldehyde group played major role on inhibition activity: one unit increase in Hansch–Fujita π value of the substituent led to about 4.5 [95% confidence interval is (7.9, 2.6)] fold increase on IC 50 . Electron-donating effect of the substituent at the para position of the aldehyde group was less important than hydrophobicity. Hydroxyl group at the ortho position of the aldehyde group contributed to higher inhibition activity, presumably by forming a quasi-six-membered ring with the unshared pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom of the amino group through intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
A Generalized Urban Air Pollution Model and Its Application to the Study of SO2 Distributions in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area

Abstract A generalized urban air pollution model, based on numerical integration of the concentration equation, is developed for the study of air pollutant distributions over an urban area. The model computes the temporal and three-dimensional spatial concentration distributions resulting from specified multiple point and area sources by using currently available meteorological and source inventory data. A new method based on experiments and a turbulence transport model is used to estimate the turbulent diffusivity and atmospheric stability. Special treatments of the finite-difference scheme to accommodate the large variations of concentrations are discussed. An effort has been made to avoid any subjective analysis scheme for the preparation of the input data. The model was used to study SO2 distributions in the St. Louis metropolitan area during 25 consecutive days in February 1965. The computed results were evaluated with respect to observed data by using various statistic methods. The computed results ...
Characteristic energy losses in layered metallic thin films

Abstract Characteristic electron energy loss spectra of layered films of Bi-Mg have been measured and a new loss has been found at 12.9 ± 0.2 eV. This loss can be interpreted as a surface plasma loss at the metal-metal interface. A surface loss in Al-Mg films was not reproducible, but a new loss was observed at 26.4 eV which can be interpreted as a single Al loss (15.4 eV) plus a single Mg loss (10.9 eV).
Prediction of Aqueous Solvation Free Energies from Properties of Solute Molecular Surface Electrostatic Potentials

It is shown that aqueous solvation free energies, ¢Gsol, can be expressed quantitatively in terms of properties of the molecular surface electrostatic potentials of the solutes. The latter are obtained computationally by the B3P86/6-31+G** density functional procedure. Regression analyses and an experimental database encompassing 50 solutes of various types are used to obtain an analytical representation of ¢Gsol which reproduces the experimental values with a standard deviation of 1.57 kJ/mol and an average absolute deviation of 1.14 kJ/ mol.
Serologic Studies of Rabbit Antibodies to Rabbit Submaxillary Glands.

SummarySera of rabbits immunized with pooled rabbit submaxillary gland suspensions were studied by complement fixation and tanned cell hemagglutination technics. 1. Some of these antisera (3 out of 7) fixed complement in presence of rabbit submaxillary gland extracts. 2. Complement fixing activity of 2 of the 3 sera studied in detail was specific for submaxillary gland extracts within the limits of antigens tested. One of 3 serologically active sera (#1565) cross reacted with parotid gland extracts. 3. The globulin fraction of submaxillary gland extracts contained virtually all the material in the extract which was reactive with rabbit submaxillary gland antibodies. Some activity was also found in the microsome fraction. 4. Extracts of the submaxillary glands of the antibody-producing animals themselves reacted just as strongly as those of other rabbits, indicating the autoantibody nature of the antibodies elicited by isoimmunization. 5. Most of the rabbit antisera (6 out of 7) agglutinated tanned red cel...
Job sequencing and due date assignment in a single machine shop with uncertain processing times

This paper considers due date assignment and sequencing for multiple jobs in a single machine shop. The processing time of each job is assumed to be uncertain and is characterized by a mean and a variance with no knowledge of the entire distribution. A heuristic procedure is developed to find job sequence and due date assignment to minimize a linear combination of three penalties: penalty on job earliness, penalty on job tardiness, and penalty associated with long due date assignment. Numerical experiments indicate that the performance of the procedure is stable and robust to job processing time distributions. In addition, the performance improves when the means and variances of job processing times are uncorrelated or negatively correlated or when the penalty of a long due date assignment is significant.
Kelp gulls, Larus dominicanus, are Parasites on Flesh of the Right Whale, Eubalaena australis

Few birds parasitize living tissue of other birds or mammals. At Golfo San Jose, Argentina, kelp gulls, Larus domincanus, fed on live southern right whale, Eubalaena australis, mothers, landing on their backs and pecking at peeling skin or gouging into the energy-rich hypodermal blubber layer. Most attacks occurred while mothers were resting at the surface in the central nursery area. The typical immediate reaction of mothers to gull attacks was to lower the mid-back and rapidly raise the head and tail stock. Less frequently mothers submerged quickly. After their initial response mothers traveled rapidly, usually underwater, or adopted resting postures that submerged the vulnerable midback area. Gulls attacked singly or in small groups and alternated between following a single pair of whales and attacking several pairs sequentially. The intensity of maternal responses to these attacks affects the energy budget of mothers and calves during a time when energy conservation is important. Subtle postural shifts to submerge the back require less energy than rapid, frantic fleeing. Since gulls feed on whales without causing fatal injury this relationship is termed parasitic.
Laser Techniques In Photovoltaic Applications

High-power laser pulses are being used to replace conventional high-temperature furnace processing in the development of high-speed, low-cost solar cell fabrication methods. Three different approaches to p-n junction formation have been studied: (1) junction formation from laser-annealed, ion-implanted Si in which laser radiation is used to remove radiation damage and to recover the electrical activity in the implanted layer; (2) junction formation by laser-induced diffusion in which a thin film of dopant is first deposited on the substrate and then incorporated into the near-surface region by laser-induced melting of the near-surface region; and (3) laser-induced epitaxial junction formation in which a heavily doped amorphous silicon layer is deposited on a Si substrate and epitaxially regrown from the substrate layer which has been partially melted by the laser radiation. We have demonstrated that all three methods can provide suitable candidates for junction formation in high-efficiency Si solar cells. These laser techniques are particularly attractive for p-n junction formation in thin-film polycrystalline material. In conventional thermal diffusion, enhanced diffusion along grain boundaries can cause short circuits between the emitter region and the substrate. With the laser techniques, the near-surface region of the film actually melts but for such short times (~ 10-7 sec) that significant dopant diffusion to and along the grain boundaries does not occur, thus giving control of grain boundary diffusion and segregation.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Activity and Well-Being of Older Adults Does Cognitive Impairment Play a Role?

This analysis assesses the activity level of 324 older adults and the relationship of activity to quality of life with a specific emphasis on the role of cognitive ability. Although the number of older adults with cognitive impairment continues to grow, few studies have examined the variation in activity and quality of life based on the older adults’ cognitive status. Results indicated that cognitively impaired older adults were less active than their nonimpaired peers; however, correlations revealed that regardless of impairment status, more activity was related to a higher quality of life. There was no support for the hypothesis that impaired older adults who have more cognitive ability will have a higher rated quality of life. These results should be considered in the development of programs for older adults. Regardless of impairment level, activity is paramount to maintaining quality of life.
Simulation modeling of human behavior in buildings

A simulation model (BGRAF) capable of representing the emergency egress behavior of people in fires was developed at the University of Michigan. The software, written in Fortran, can be used to test different hypothesis about human behavior in fires. The cognitive effects of the physical environment were also incorporated into the decision making process simulated in this model. The graphic output animates the actions of the simulated people on a building plan on the screen. Tabular output is also provided. A building data base created by CAEADS computer-aided design software developed at the University of Michigan with partial funding from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is accessed by BGRAF during the input phase. The use of a CAD data base to model the physical environment was critical in creating an accurate model, since the actions of the simulated persons hinged upon the limitations of the physical environment.
The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesoscale iron addition experiment

We participated on the Iron-Ex II study in the equatorial Pacific to investigate ambient iron chemistry and its response to a mesoscale iron addition experiment. As expected, dissolved iron values in the high-nutrient, lowchlorophyll surface waters of the South Equatorial Current (4-6”S, 105-109”W) were extremely low (-20 PM). In studies of the chemical speciation of dissolved iron, we found two classes of Fe(III)-binding organic ligands-a strong ligand class (L,) with a conditional stability constant erdl,Fe(I,,), = 5 X lOI* M-l and a mean concentration of 310 pM, and a weaker class (L,) with a conditional stability constant ~~;&e(,,L)8 = 6 X 10” M-l and a mean concentration of 190 pM. The total Fe(III)-binding organic ligand concentrations were -25X higher than total dissolved iron concentrations (-20 PM). Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations indicate that >99.9% of the ambient dissolved Fe(II1) would be complexed with these organic ligands and exist as low-molecular-weight Fe(II1) chelates, with <O.l% (15 fM or -10 I4 M) existing as an inorganic Fe(II1)’ fraction. In the primary Iron-Ex II study, the tbtal Fe(III)-binding ligand concentrations increased by 400% to -2 nM within a day or two after the initial 2 nM mesoscale iron injection. Most of this increase was due to the stronger ligand class, L,, which increased from 0.3 nM to 1.3 nM. The weaker ligand class increased by a similar percentage, although the total magnitude was smaller. Similar increases in Fe(III)-binding ligand concentrations were observed in a secondary Iron-Ex II experiment within 17 h after an initial low-iron 0.4 nM infusion. Results obtained from samples collected throughout the entire course of the iron-enrichment experiments suggest that these Fe(III)-binding organic ligands are produced rapidly in response to small iron additions to this low-iron regime. The chelated iron appears to be directly or in&r&y accessible for growth.
Universal standardization for dual X‐ray absorptiometry: Patient and phantom cross‐calibration results

The comparison of patient data among different dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanners is complicated because no universally accepted cross-calibration procedure or standard currently exists. This study was performed under the auspices of the International DXA Standardization Committee to establish appropriate cross-calibration parameters. Posteroanterior (PA) lumbar spine measurements of 100 women, ages 20-80 years (mean 52.6 +/- 16, range of BMD = 0.4-1.6 g/cm2) were obtained on a Norland XR26 Mark II, a Lunar DPX-L, and a Hologic QDR 2000 densitometer using standard procedures (pencil beam mode for all three scanners). Area, BMC, and BMD results from the different scanners were compared for all patients. In addition, the European spine phantom (ESP) and the European spine phantom prototype (ESP prototype), as well as standard phantoms from all three manufacturers, were evaluated on the three systems. To achieve universal scanner calibration, we used the intercept and slope of the patient's correlations and the value of the middle vertebra of the ESP as a reference point in a series of standardization formulas, and we have expressed the results as sBMD (mg/cm2). The correlations of the patients' spinal BMD values were excellent for each of the three scanner pairs. The average absolute difference in patient spinal BMD values (L2-4) between Hologic and Norland was 0.012 g/cm2 (1.3%); it was 0.113 g/cm2 (11.7%) between Hologic and Lunar and 0.118 g/cm2 (12.2%) between Norland and Lunar. The phantoms' regression lines approximated those of the patient regression lines, and the phantoms with only one measurement point were very close to the patients' regression lines. After applying the standardization formulas, the average absolute differences for the 100 patients were 28 mg/cm2 (2.7%) for Hologic/Norland, 23 mg/cm2 (2.2%) for Hologic/Lunar, and 29 mg/cm2 (2.8%) for Norland/Lunar. Average BMD results for the patients before correction were 0.972 mg/cm2 for Hologic, 1.100 g/cm2 for Lunar, and 0.969 g/cm2 for Norland. After correction, sBMD results for patients were 1045 mg/cm2 for Hologic, 1047 mg/cm2 for Lunar, and 1043 mg/cm2 for Norland. The standardization approach as performed in our study provided compatibility of DXA results obtained on different scanners.
Using National Household Travel Survey Data for the Assessment of Transportation System Vulnerabilities

This paper describes how the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data can be used within the framework of the Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment, recently promulgated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, to assess transportation system vulnerability. The purpose of this paper is threefold: identify common ground between the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Transportation in methods of risk assessment; look specifically at transportation vulnerabilities by shifting the focus from transportation system infrastructure to the travel patterns and attributes of individuals; and with data from Honolulu, Hawaii, evaluate the vulnerability of transportation assets. The proposed transportation system vulnerability assessment method uses data from the 2001 NHTS Oahu, Hawaii, add-on survey and probable coastal inundation scenario for events caused by hurricane storm surge, inland flooding, and sea level rise. A geographic information system approach is used to simulat...
Image analysis and compression: Renewed focus on texture

We argue that a key to further advances in the fields of image analysis and compression is a better understanding of texture. We review a number of applications that critically depend on texture analysis, including image and video compression, content-based retrieval, visual to tactile image conversion, and multimodal interfaces. We introduce the idea of "structurally lossless" compression of visual data that allows significant differences between the original and decoded images, which may be perceptible when they are viewed side-by-side, but do not affect the overall quality of the image. We then discuss the development of objective texture similarity metrics, which allow substantial point-by-point deviations between textures that according to human judgment are essentially identical.
Improving powerplant and powertrain bending in East-West engine configurations

Once installed, the powertrain experiences a natural resonance that is usually referred to as the powerplant (and/or powertrain) bending. Such resonance manifests itself into noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) concerns at the customer level. It also causes higher levels of amplitudes of the dynamic deformation and stresses leading to durability concerns. This paper addresses powertrain bending of v6 engines mounted in east-west configuration. The objective of this work is to maximise the powerplant/powertrain bending frequency. This will get such frequency outside some of the engine orders and minimise the potential for resonance. Vibration strategies have been developed and practical recommendations are made.
An unusual presentation of schistosomiasis duodenitis.

Abstract Endoscopic diagnosis of symptomatic schistosomal duodenitis is reported. Diagnosis and treatment of this entity is discussed.
It road warriors: balancing work-family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions

This study examines the antecedents of turnover intention among information technology road warriors. Road warriors are IT professionals who spend most of their workweek away from home at a client site. Building on Moore's (2000) work on turnover intention, this article develops and tests a model that is context-specific to the road warrior situation. The model highlights the effects of work family conflict and job autonomy, factors especially applicable to the road warrior's circumstances. Data were gathered from a company in the computer and software services industry. This study provides empirical evidence for the effects of work family conflict, perceived work overload, fairness of rewards, and job autonomy on organizational commitment and work exhaustion for road warriors. The results suggest that work family conflict is a key source of stress among IT road warriors because they have to juggle family and job duties as they work at distant client sites during the week. These findings suggest that the context of the IT worker matters to turnover intention, and that models that are adaptive to the work context will more effectively predict and explain turnover intention.
The Training of Science Teachers in the Peoples Republic of China

Students from Asian societies have generally done well in the sciences in Western universities. Many factors have been invoked to explain their success. This paper is a study of one possible factor—the training of teachers for schools, specifically as investigated from first-hand observation by the author from Northwest Normal University in Lanzhou, China, and its affiliated primary and secondary schools.
Ancient Geomagnetic Field Intensities–III Historic and Archeological Data: H13X and H14‐15 Geological Data: G22‐29

Summary This catalogue contains all ancient geomagnetic field intensity data known to the author at 1968 June 1 and not previously appearing in these lists (Smith 1967c, d). In addition, a short list of publications relevant to the study of ancient field intensities, but containing no new data, is included.
Non-technical keys to keeping your personally identifiable information PII risk mitigation project on track

To avoid prohibitively expensive remediation costs associated with the exposure of personally identifiable information (PII), scans of systems can be run proactively to help find and remove sensitive data. System disks can also be encrypted to obfuscate the data on the drive from all but those to whom access is explicitly granted. At a first glance, undertaking an initiative to implement scanning and encryption might seem rather straight forward. Technically, there isn't much to it; install some clients and run some processes. However, the more problematic obstacles generally deal with non-technical issues such as conflicting values, established traditions, and inaccurate perceptions, all of which contribute to a significant measure of project complexity.This paper examines non-technical variables likely to be encountered while mitigating the risks associated with sensitive data in decentralized organizations. Drawing from experience in a technology organization within Penn State, the presenter will share what he has learned about how team dynamics, differing priorities of team members through the project lifecycle, dependencies on external units, management of perceptions, and a proper balance between usability and security, all play a vital role in the outcome of the initiative. This topic will also address the value of buy-in from key stakeholders, maintaining project momentum with action items and accountability, and staying efficient during unexpected delays.
Phosphorus deposition from the epilimnion of Onondaga Lake

The downward flux of inorganic and organic fractions of phosphorus from the epilimnion of calcium-rich, hypereutrophic, Onondaga Lake was determined over 7 months in the water and in sediment traps. Material was collected in sediment traps for short and long periods (average of 4 and 14 days) throughout the study. A linear relationship between overlying concentrations of particulate phosphorus and downward flux (mg P m-2 d-l) of phosphorus was only weakly supported (significant at the 99.5% confidence level, r 2 = 0.156). About 30% of the phosphorus deposited was in inorganic form. The time-averaged flux of particulate phosphorus (45.4 mg P m-2 d-l) was greater than any values in the literature for other systems. The substantial contribution of inorganic phosphorus to total phosphorus deposition and the large magnitude of the overall downward flux may’ be attributed to oversaturation with respect to the solubility of calcite in the epilimnion of the lake, which facilitates the sedimentation of phosphorus with calcite and may also enhance the settling of phytoplankton cells. A comparison of the sediment trap data with annual mass balance calculations suggests that phosphorus settling across the metalimnion cycles vertically on the average about three times before it is exported from the lake or incorporated into the sediments.
Economics and the evolution of life histories

Birth and death are subjects of perennial interest. They are shaped by both physiology and behavior, which are themselves shaped (presumably) by natural selection. Thus, it seems natural to suppose that evolutionary ideas would form the core of demography. This, however, is not the case. Students of birth and death are largely divided: social scientists call the subject demography, and evolutionists call it life history evolution. In this issue of PNAS, Ronald Lee (1) proposes a theory that may help heal this divide. Lee's theory is about aging. Within evolutionary biology, discussion of this subject has been dominated for decades by two theories: mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy (2). The first of these holds that selection is less effective at removing harmful mutations that act in old age, so such mutations accumulate. The second holds that some mutations are beneficial in youth but harmful later on. Such mutations accumulate because selection is more responsive to early effects than to late ones. Kirkwood's (3) “disposable soma” theory describes a mechanism that can plausibly generate antagonistic pleiotropy. Lee's focus is on parental care and other transfers of resources between individuals of different ages. When a woman dies at, say, age 30, the death deprives her children of the care they would have received from her. Thus, a mutation that increases the mortality of 30-year-olds has harmful effects at several ages. This has the flavor of antagonistic pleiotropy, but the theory is broader in that it encompasses cases in which the early and late effects are both harmful or both helpful. The real value of the new theory, however, is in its success in wedding an economic model of exchange between individuals to the evolutionary theory of aging. Lee's article addresses several important questions. The first of these has to do with the …
NOUVELLE CUISINE MEETS THE GERMAN CINEMA: BELLA MARTHA'S RECIPE FOR CONTEMPORARY FILM

Any food connoisseur who travels in Germany will know that haute cuisine has made its way into the country, and not just recently. 1 Gert Paczensky and Anna Duennebier, the German authors of an inf...
Uterine Preparation for Blastocyst Attachment

Existing models used to analyze uterine receptivity to blastocyst attachment have thus far failed to account for non-genotypic embryonic loss following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in any species. Although application of the technology for biochemistry and molecular biology has yielded useful information about the uterus at a molecular level, the regulatory mechanisms of ovoreceptivity and implantation remain elusive.
Risk Preferences, Transaction Costs, and Choice of Marketing Contracts: Evidence from a Choice Experiment with Fresh Vegetable Producers

Growers’ preferences for a number of marketing contract attributes, as well as the effect of growers’ risk aversion levels on the choice of marketing contracts, were examined with the use of a choice experiment. The main data source for the study is a mail survey administrated to wholesale tomato growers. The findings validate the transaction cost hypothesis and indicate heterogeneity in preferences. On the other hand, risk preferences had limited impact on contract choice.
Creating a Team: A Systemic View on Collaboration among Health Care Providers and Medical Family Therapists

The diverse issues affecting patients in the contemporary health care environment include physical concerns, psychosocial needs, and spiritual searching. Therefore, the appropriate quality of care can only be provided by the collaborative effort of a multidisciplinary team. Such health care is informed by the common goal of all members of the team and characterized by their willingness to delineate a common definition of the problem, to develop a united strategy, and to establish a clear understanding of their roles. This article offers an opportunity to explore how collaboration among health care providers can be successfully implemented and maintained in a variety of settings. In addition, the authors reflect on and clarify the role of the medical family therapist within the medical milieu.