cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of rural hospital closures on emergency medical service response and transport times

Objective To examine the effect of rural hospital closures on EMS response time (minutes between dispatch notifying unit and arriving at scene); transport time (minutes between unit leaving the scene and arriving at destination); and total activation time (minutes between 9-1-1 call to responding unit returning to service), as longer EMS times are associated with worse patient outcomes. Data sources/study setting We use secondary data from the National EMS Information System, Area Health Resource, and Center for Medicare & Medicaid Provider of Service files (2010-2016). Study design We examined the effects of rural hospital closures on EMS transport times for emergent 9-1-1 calls in rural areas using a pre-post, retrospective cohort study with the matched comparison group using difference-in-difference and quantile regression models. Principal findings Closures increased mean EMS transport times by 2.6 minutes (P = .09) and total activation time by 7.2 minutes (P = .02), but had no effect on mean response times. We also found closures had heterogeneous effects across the distribution of EMS times, with shorter response times, longer transport times, and median total activation times experiencing larger effects. Conclusions Rural hospital closures increased mean transport and total activation times with varying effects across the distribution of EMS response, transport, and total times. These findings illuminate potential barriers to accessing timely emergency services due to closures.
Low-Resource Nucleic Acid Extraction Method Enabled by High-Gradient Magnetic Separation.

Nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests often require isolation and concentration of nucleic acids from biological samples. Commercial purification kits are difficult to use in low-resource settings be...
Renal artery stenosis presenting as preeclampsia

Renal artery stenosis is a notorious cause of secondary hypertension which classically presents as chronic refractory hypertension, recurrent flash pulmonary edema or renal insufficiency after initiation of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Rarely, there have been reported cases of pregnant patients presenting with new onset or superimposed preeclampsia secondary to renovascular hypertension. In this subset of patients, renovascular hypertension carries significantly higher risks including obstetric, fetal and medical emergencies and death. Prompt treatment is required. However, the teratogenic risks of radiological investigations and antihypertensive medications limit diagnostic and management options thus posing quite a dilemma. A 38-year-old female, at 33 weeks of gestation, was hospitalized for preeclampsia with severe features. A viable neonate had been expeditiously delivered yet the patient’s post-partum blood pressures remained severely elevated despite multi-class anti-hypertensive therapy. Renal artery dopplers revealed greater than 60% stenosis of the proximal left renal artery and at least 60% stenosis of the right renal artery. Renal angiography showed 50% stenosis of the left proximal renal artery for which balloon angioplasty and stenting was performed. The right renal artery demonstrated less than 50% stenosis with an insignificant hemodynamic gradient, thus was not stented. Following revascularization, the patient’s blood pressure improved within 48 h, on dual oral antihypertensive therapy. Preeclampsia that is refractory to multi-drug antihypertensive therapy should raise suspicion for renal artery stenosis. Suspected patients can be screened safely with Doppler ultrasonography which can be then followed by angiography. Even if renal artery stenosis does not seem severe, early renal revascularization may be considered in patients with severe preeclampsia who do not respond to antihypertensive management.
Leadership of Academic Libraries: A Literature Review

This review synthesizes what is known about the characteristics and leadership style of university librarians and academic library directors. It is the leadership of the library that determines whether a philosophy and vision are articulated and to what extent they are implemented. Leadership influences a library's effectiveness, institutional role, and adaptability. Publications on recruitment, leadership potential identification, career development, roles and responsibilities, and characteristics and management style were included.
An Analysis of Self-Reported Sleepiness and Fatigue Measures from Collegiate Aviation Pilots

Fatigue can be deleterious to pilot performance. The National Transportation Safety Board has called on the aviation community to reduce fatigue related accidents. Currently, there are few studies and guidance specific to collegiate aviation pilots. The current study is part of a larger effort by the authors to gain a clearer understanding of fatigue within the collegiate aviation environment. Collegiate aviation pilots are a unique group with different schedules, lifestyles, and demands when compared to airline, military, and on-demand pilots. The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported fatigue and sleepiness measures. Research instruments included the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and the Samn-Perelli Fatigue Scale. The research team recruited thirty-two collegiate aviation pilots from a large Midwestern university. Participants were asked to record their sleepiness and fatigue ratings four times a day, at intervals, for a total of four weeks over four months. Approximately 5,000 total data points were collected. Results indicated a significant difference between the times of day. The 8:00 a.m. recording time had the highest median fatigue and sleepiness score. There were no significant differences between the days of the week. However, overall median fatigue and sleepiness scores indicated participants were slightly fatigued and sleepy throughout the data collection period.
Augmenting Reinforcement Learning with a Planning Model for Optimizing Energy Demand Response

While reinforcement learning (RL) on humans has shown incredible promise, it often suffers from a scarcity of data and few steps. In instances like these, a planning model of human behavior may greatly help. We present an experimental setup for the development and testing of an Soft Actor Critic (SAC) V2 RL architecture for several different neural architectures for planning models: an autoML optimized LSTM, an OLS, and a baseline model. We present the effects of including a planning model in agent learning within a simulation of the office, currently reporting a limited success with the LSTM.
Oncology social work intervention index (OSWii): An instrument to measure oncology social work interventions to advance research

There is much interest in screening for and treating psychosocial distress in cancer patients; however, little is known about if and how psychosocial services are provided for patients demonstratin...
Profile of Chronic Comorbid Conditions and Obstetrical Complications Among Pregnant Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in the United States.

BACKGROUND To evaluate the frequency and associated characteristics of chronic comorbid conditions and obstetrical complications among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in comparison to those without HIV. METHODS We compared 2 independent concurrent US pregnancy cohorts: (1) with HIV (International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Protocol P1025, 2002-2013) and (2) without HIV (Consortium for Safe Labor Study, 2002-2007). Outcomes were ≥2 chronic comorbid conditions and obstetrical complications. For women with HIV, we assessed whether late prenatal care (≥14 weeks), starting ART in an earlier era (2002-2008), and a detectable viral load at delivery (≥400 copies/mL) were associated with study outcomes. RESULTS We assessed 2868 deliveries (n = 2574 women) with HIV and receiving ART and 211 910 deliveries (n = 193 170 women) without HIV. Women with HIV were more likely to have ≥2 chronic comorbid conditions versus those without HIV (10 vs 3%; adjusted OR [AOR]: 2.96; 95% CI: 2.58-3.41). Women with HIV were slightly less likely to have obstetrical complications versus those without HIV (both 17%; AOR: .84; 95% CI: .75-.94), but secondarily, higher odds of preterm birth <37 weeks. Late entry to prenatal care and starting ART in an earlier era were associated with a lower likelihood of ≥2 chronic comorbidities and obstetrical complications; detectable viral load at delivery was associated with a higher likelihood of obstetric complications. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women with HIV receiving ART have more chronic comorbid conditions, but not necessarily obstetrical complications, than their peers without HIV.
An on-off receiver array for low-power scaling of mmWave massive MIMO

Low-power solutions are crucial for realizing the throughput gains of mmWave massive MIMO in base station to mobile links, particularly for the battery-powered handset. LNA power consumption is a significant bottleneck in scaling to large arrays at high frequencies. We propose a simplified phased array architecture for a 140 GHz receiver that uses activation switches in place of noisy phase shifters, allowing the relaxation of LNA gain requirements and, consequently, power consumption. On-off beamforming is employed, which introduces a tradeoff between aperture utilization and power efficiency. Our results show the potential for 7X power savings with approximately 40% average utilization of die area.
Wind Turbine and Propeller Aerodynamics—Analysis and Design

Wind turbines and propellers are very similar from the aerodynamics point of view, the former extracting energy from the wind, the latter putting energy into the fluid to create a thrust. The main part of this chapter will be devoted to wind turbine analysis and design, as this is currently a major area of research. But much of the theory and numerics is applicable to propellers. Section 10.9 will discuss some results pertinent to propellers. By convention, the power absorbed by a wind turbine rotor will be negative, whereas, that provided by the power plant of a propeller driven system will be positive.
Saving for Retirement: Taxes Matter

To encourage individuals to save for retirement, federal tax policy provides various tax advantages for investments in self-directed accounts, such as traditional and Roth IRAs, and 401(k) plans. However, the differential tax treatment of these accounts and traditional taxable accounts can make it difficult for individuals to choose where to put their money and, once they have begun to accumulate assets, to evaluate how much they will have available in retirement. This Issue in Brief begins with a brief description of the types of accounts that individuals may consider for retirement saving. It then analyzes two separate issues that are relevant to different stages of the investment process: 1) where to invest; and 2) how to value existing investments. The first issue involves what type of account individuals should choose in order to maximize their after-tax rate of return, assuming that each account offers the same pre-tax return. The analysis of this fundamental saving decision considers both taxes that are paid up-front on contributions and taxes that are paid when funds are withdrawn. The second issue involves how to determine the after-tax value of existing assets in order to assess progress toward meeting a retirement saving target. Since, once the investments are made, up-front taxes are no longer relevant, this analysis looks only at taxes that are paid when funds are withdrawn or, in the case of taxable accounts, taxes that are due along the way.
Automated calculation of the distal contractile integral in esophageal pressure topography with a region-growing algorithm.

Background The distal contractile integral (DCI) is an index of contractile vigor in high-resolution esophageal pressure topography (EPT) calculated as the product of amplitude, duration, and span of the distal esophageal contraction. The aim of this study was to develop an automated algorithm calculating DCI. Methods The DCI was calculated conventionally using ManoView™ (Given Imaging, Los Angeles, CA, USA) software in EPT studies from 72 controls and 20 patients and compared to the calculation using a MATLAB™ (Version 7.9.0, R2009b; The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) ‘region-growing’ algorithm. This algorithm first established the spatial limits of the distal contraction (the proximal pressure trough to either the distal pressure trough or to the superior margin of the lower esophageal sphincter at rest). Pixel-by-pixel horizontal line segments were then analyzed within this span starting at the pressure maximum and extending outward from that point. The limits of ‘region-growing’ were defined either by the spatial DCI limits or by encountering a pressure <20 mmHg. The DCI was then calculated as the total units of mmHg s cm greater than 20 mmHg within this domain. Key Results Excellent correlation existed between the two methods (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). The DCI values obtained with the conventional calculation were slightly but significantly greater than with the region-growing algorithm. Differences were attributed to the inclusion of vascular pressures in the conventional calculation or to differences in localization of the distal limit of the DCI. Conclusions & Inferences The proposed region-growing algorithm provides an automated method to calculate DCI that limits inclusion of vascular pressure artifacts and minimizes the need for user input in data analysis.
Oxidative redispersion of palladium and formation of PdO particles in NaY: An Application of High Precision TPR

Abstract Chemistry and kinetics of the oxidation of Pd particles entrapped in a NaY zeolite have been studied. The oxidation products, PdO or Pd 2+ ions, are quantitatively identified by high precision TPR. Pd particles in supercages are initially oxidized to PdO. In a secondary process this oxide reacts with zeolite protons to form water and Pd 2+ ions; these ions migrate rapidly to sodalite cages. Rate and extent of oxidative redispersion into ions depend on the temperature and the size of the original Pd particles; the fraction which can be redispersed to Pd 2+ ions decreases linearly with the Pd particle size. A model is proposed which considers the mobility of Pd particles through the supercage network, the escape of Pd atoms from the sodalite cages, and the availability of zeolite protons in the vicinity of PdO particles.
Review of the development of RF cavities for high currents

To fulfill the need for ever higher luminosities, the magnitude of the beam currents continues to increase. This is true for the electron-positron rings, the hadron colliders, and the synchrotron light sources. These high currents bring a set of new and difficult challenges. Both normal conducting and superconducting cavity structures will be considered. While these two alternatives have significant differences, the challenges addressed are rather similar.
Communication and Display: The Integration of Early Egyptian Art and Writing

Etude de l'integration de l'ecriture et de l'image en Egypte au 3e millenaire, due a l'elite d'un etat monarchique organise. Exemples des palettes predynastiques. L'art et l'architecture en tant que manifestation royale ou divine
Panel proposal: state of the art perspectives on health information technology

Health information technologies encompass a variety of tools that facilitate the organizational management of health information, support secure exchanges of information between consumers and providers, and enable individuals to manage their personal health information. Participants on this panel discuss the strategies and principles used in their work, as well as the challenges they encounter, in designing health information applications that best serve their constituencies.
Microstructural analysis of the effects of THIP, a GABAA agonist, on voluntary ethanol intake in laboratory rats.

Abstract The effects of GABAA agonist THIP on the acquisition of voluntary ethanol intake and the pattern of food and water consumption were examined through the use of a computer-controlled data acquisition system. Twenty male Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to two groups, one of which received THIP (16 mg/kg, IP) and the other an equal volume of saline. Subjects were presented with a free choice of ethanol and water immediately following drug injections, which occurred every other day. The initial concentration of ethanol presented aas 2% and was increased by increments of 2% following the second presentation of each concentration, up to a maximum concentration of 10%. Subjects treated with THIP consumed significantly greater amounts of ethanol than did saline controls. A microstructural analysis of bout patterns suggested that the increased consumption of ethanol was a function of an increase in the size, duration, and frequency of ethanol drinking bouts. Food intake was also attenuated by THIP treatment. The results indicated that the decrease in total food intake was a function of a decrease in the frequency of the food bouts. However, in contrast to that observed for ethanol intake, the size and duration of the food bouts were unchanged. The qualitatively different patterns in the microstructure of consummatory behavior for ethanol and food following THIP treatment would suggest that differential mechanisms may mediate the food and ethanol effects observed in the present study. In addition, the differential effects of THIP on ethanol consumption relative to water would suggest that GABAA manipulations may play a role in influencing the acquisition of voluntary ethanol drinking.
Cross-Species Replication of a Serum Osteocalcin Quantitative Trait Locus on Human Chromosome 16q in Pedigreed Baboons

Osteocalcin (OC), a serum marker of bone formation, in its intact form reflects osteoblast activity. It is of interest to clinicians and bone biologists due to easy measurability and potential utility as an identifier of those at risk for fracture and other complications associated with bone metabolism disorders. The only published linkage study in humans shows significant evidence for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting OC levels on 16q. We used the baboon, a primate model for skeletal maintenance and turnover, to detect and quantify the effects of genes on serum OC levels and to localize chromosomal regions harboring the responsible loci. We assayed OC levels in 591 pedigreed animals, assessed OC heritability, and conducted a genomewide linkage scan for evidence of QTLs affecting this phenotype. Heritability in these baboons is 0.24. Suggestive linkage is evident with markers in a region homologous to human chromosome 16q. This first genomewide linkage scan in a nonhuman primate for QTLs affecting bone formation as reflected by OC levels provides cross-species replication of the QTL on chromosome 16q previously localized in humans. Given the concordance of results of the only two genome scans for this trait in two primate species, further studies of this region are warranted.
Hexabenzo[4.4.4]propellane: a helical molecular platform for the construction of electroactive materials.

Helical hexabenzo[4.4.4]propellane (a relative of hexaphenylethane) and its derivatives are synthesized and their structures are established by X-ray crystallography. Isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of a robust trication-radical salt of hexamethoxypropellane derivative confirms that its framework is stable toward oxidative (aliphatic) C−C bond cleavage. It is also demonstrated that propellane can be easily brominated at the 4,4‘-positions of the biphenyl linkages for its usage as a molecular platform for the preparation of electroactive materials.
Output and welfare effects of optimal price discrimination in markets segmented at the initiative of the seller

Abstract This paper investigates the output and welfare effects of optimal price discrimination in markets segmented at the initiative of the seller. A market with n segments and prices is compared to a noncooperative Cournot-Nash oligopoly with n competitors. Output and welfare are greater than (less than, equal to) Cournot-Nash levels when the demand function is concave (convex, linear) from below.
The Stringent Response Is Required for Full Virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Guinea Pigs

During human latent tuberculosis infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis likely resides within the nutrient‐starved environment of caseous lung granulomas. The stringent response alarmone (p)ppGpp is synthesized by Rel in response to nutrient starvation, thus enabling tubercle bacilli to restrict growth and shut down metabolism in a coordinated fashion. In this study, we investigated the virulence of a rel‐deficient M. tuberculosis mutant in the guinea pig model. Quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to study the effect of (p)ppGpp deficiency on expression of key cytokine and chemokine genes in guinea pig lungs. The rel‐deficient mutant showed impaired initial growth and survival relative to the wild‐type strain. Loss of Rel was associated with the striking absence of tubercle lesions grossly and of caseous granulomas histologically. The attenuated phenotype of the rel‐deficient mutant was not associated with increased expression of genes encoding the proinflammatory cytokines interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor α in the lungs 28 days after infection.
What is the evidence for hardening in the cigarette smoking population? Trends in nicotine dependence in the U.S., 2002-2012.

Abstract Background It is unclear whether declines in cigarette smoking in the U.S. have resulted in a hardened population of “hardcore” smokers. We studied changes in nicotine dependence severity from 2002 to 2012, using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Methods We used generalized non-linear factor analysis to examine whether individual Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) items functioned differently over time, and whether average NDSS scores changed in a sample of 130,637 current smokers. We also examined trends for individual NDSS sub-scales and whether trends were moderated by tobacco consumption and socio-demographic factors. Results Consumption levels and dependence severity both declined over the study period. This decline was driven by priority (e.g., avoiding smoke-free locations) and tolerance dimensions of dependence, while drive (e.g., craving and smoking to relieve negative affect) and continuity (e.g., stability) of smoking did not change. Declines for tolerance were greatest among those without serious psychological distress and among middle-aged smokers. Drive and continuity increased among women and low income smokers. Conclusions We did not find evidence of hardening at the population level for smokers in the U.S., 2002–2012. However, there is evidence of hardening when considering drive and continuity-related nicotine dependence among women and low-income smokers, suggesting these sub-groups are experiencing greater severity of craving, smoking to relieve negative affect, and regularity of smoking despite reduced consumption.
HIV/AIDS and the teachers of young children

More than half the children with HIV infection in the United States now live long enough to attend school. However, most studies of teachers’ knowledge and attitudes about HIV in schools have not assessed content that is relevant to the needs of preschool or elementary‐aged children with HIV or AIDS. We propose that content included in teachers’ training and assessment should be specifically related to HIV/AIDS in young students, including transmission of HIV in the classroom, routes of HIV transmission in children, disease processes for children with HIV, effects of HIV on intellectual and emotional functioning, and safety procedures in the classroom. The assessment of attitudes will also be critical to the success of any training program, and we discuss issues that affect teachers’ attitudes about having children with HIV or AIDS in their classrooms.
H2Whoa?!: An Examination of the Presence of Pharmaceuticals in America's Waters

When a patient dies at a long-term care facility, what should be done with the unused medications? What does a hospital do with expired, spoiled, or simply unneeded pharmaceuticals? What should ind...
AN EXPLORATION OF NON-ASYMPTOTIC LOW-DENSITY, PARITY CHECK ERASURE CODES FOR WIDE-AREA STORAGE APPLICATIONS

As peer-to-peer and widely distributed storage systems proliferate, the need to perform efficient erasure coding, instead of replication, is crucial to performance and efficiency. Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes have arisen as alternatives to standard erasure codes, such as Reed-Solomon codes, trading off vastly improved decoding performance for inefficiencies in the amount of data that must be acquired to perform decoding. The scores of papers written on LDPC codes typically analyze their collective and asymptotic behavior. Unfortunately, their practical application requires the generation and analysis of individual codes for finite systems. This paper attempts to illuminate the practical considerations of LDPC codes for peer-to-peer and distributed storage systems. The three main types of LDPC codes are detailed, and a huge variety of codes are generated, then analyzed using simulation. This analysis focuses on the performance of individual codes for finite systems, and addresses several important heretofore unanswered questions about employing LDPC codes in real-world systems.
Cesarean or vaginal delivery for the breech fetus at the threshold of viability: results from a maternal-fetal medicine specialists survey.

Objective. To determine how United States Maternal–Fetal medicine specialists recommend delivery of a breech fetus at the threshold of viability.Methods. U.S. Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine (SMFM) members were surveyed about; geographic location, practice type, whether they performed deliveries, definition of threshold for viability, recommendations for delivery of a breech fetus at the threshold of viability, and if the current medical–legal climate had any bearing on their decisions. Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests were used for analysis.Results. 510 SMFM members responded to the questionnaire. The highest percentage of respondents stated ‘23 weeks’ (31%) as the cutoff for viability, followed by ‘24 weeks’ (21%) and ‘23 weeks or 500 g’ (10%). Seventy percent recommended cesarean delivery for a breech fetus at the threshold of viability. The majority of respondents based their decision on ‘published data’ or ‘expert opinion’, however, 58.6% reported they felt current medical evidence was inadequ...
Geology, basin analysis, and hydrocarbon potential of Mozambique and the Mozambique Channel

Abstract The Phanerozoic structural and stratigraphic history of Mozambique can be separated into a “Karoo” and a post-Karoo phase. Outcrops of Karoo rocks, limited to the Zambezi valley and small outliers in the Mozambique belt to the north show an eastward facies change marked by an increased argillaceous content and the appearance of carbonates. The wide coastal plain and immediate offshore of southern Mozambique is marked by extensional horsts and grabens with a Mesozoic fill covered by Cenozoic sediments. Little is known of lower stratigraphic horizons. In this coastal province there is a facies transition from continental clastics in the northwest and west to more lacustrine and marine deposits to the southeast and east. Upwards the succession passes into the Cenozoic without a noticeable break. In the offshore in the north seismic lines help define two basins, the Zambezi Delta basin and the Mozambique Channel basin separated by the Beira High. In the south several offshore grabens have been defined, one of which, the South Mozambique graben, has been examined here by an integrated basin analysis technique. The technique, which uses available depositional, structural and thermal data, provides information on maturation and the timing of hydrocarbon maturation. The analysis showed variation in the extension rate with time, and two phases of rifting. The greatest rate of extension, accumulation and subsidence, between 96 and 76 Ma, depends upon interpretational assumptions. During this time interval fault blocks were systematically tilted “domino” fashion. This event broadly coincides with the rifting between Madagascar and Antarctica, a period of plate reorganization. The earlier rifting phase was probably related to the strike-slip separation of Madagascar from Africa. Modelling heat flow suggests that the later event is the more important from the maturation-hydrocarbon standpoint. The offshore, and potentially the deeper, onshore post-Karoo basins have traps, reservoirs and seals with the presumed source rock within Lower Cretaceous or Jurassic strata. There is, at the present time, no means to evaluate the potential of the Karoo rocks.
The Ethical Function of Architecture

(1998). The Ethical Function of Architecture. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 263-264.
Computer-mediated communication and the linking of students, text, and author on an ESL writing course listserv

Abstract This paper addresses an issue of interest to many first- (L1) and second-language (L2) writing theorists and teachers: the role(s) that computer-mediated communication (CMC) can play in making writing instruction more effective and more meaningful, particularly in the highly technological early years of the twenty-first century. This paper explores the use of CMC in the form of a writing course listserv on which L2 students and the author of an assigned novel interacted in an effort to strengthen students’ reading of and writing about the novel. Examples of the interaction between the novel's author and the students are presented and analyzed relative to the ways in which this interaction was intended to help students asynchronously construct understanding that could then inform their writing about the literary text.
Homogenization and Specialization Effects of International Trade: Are Cultural Goods Exceptional?

Summary In contrast to the logic that international trade leads to greater specialization and differentiation of products, cultural industries are often still protected from imports, in part, because of the worry that trade will lead instead to homogenization. Is this true for cultural goods and if so, is this different from other goods? I consider the effects of homogenization on industrial development, propose a network-based method of identifying homogenization in global trade patterns, and test a range of industries. I find evidence of homogenization in many industries, calling into question a major justification for free trade.
Bulky alkyls and amides of main group 5 elements II. Rotational barriers in phosphorus compounds containing bulky groups

The group [(CH3)3Si]2CH is effectively bulkier than the (CH3)3C group in inhibiting rotation about the PC bond in R2PCI compounds. In phosphonamidous chlorides, RP(CI)NR2′, increasing the bulk of the groups at nitrogen, e.g., from CH3 to (CH3)2CH to (CH3)3Si, increases the rotational barriers about the PN bond; however, changing R from (CH3)3C to [(CH3)3Si]2CH increases the barrier, which is a reversal of the trend earlier observed. It is suggested that these very bulky silylated groups represent limiting cases of steric interference.
Cyclic nucleotide signaling in polycystic kidney disease.

Increased levels of 3′-5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulate cell proliferation and fluid secretion in polycystic kidney disease. Levels of this molecule are more sensitive to inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), whose activity far exceeds the rate of cAMP synthesis by adenylyl cyclase. Several PDEs exist, and here we measured the activity and expression of PDE families, their isoforms, and the expression of downstream effectors of cAMP signaling in the kidneys of rodents with polycystic kidney disease. We found a higher overall PDE activity in kidneys from mice as compared with rats, as well as a higher contribution of PDE1, relative to PDE4 and PDE3, to total PDE activity of kidney lysates and lower PDE1, PDE3, and PDE4 activities in the kidneys of cystic as compared with wild-type mice. There were reduced amounts of several PDE1, PDE3, and PDE4 proteins, possibly due to increased protein degradation despite an upregulation of their mRNA. Increased levels of cGMP were found in the kidneys of cystic animals, suggesting in vivo downregulation of PDE1 activity. We found an additive stimulatory effect of cAMP and cGMP on cystogenesis in vitro . Cyclic AMP–dependent protein kinase subunits Iα and IIβ, PKare, the transcription factor CREB-1 mRNA, and CREM, ATF-1, and ICER proteins were upregulated in the kidneys of cystic as compared with wild-type animals. Our study suggests that alterations in cyclic nucleotide catabolism may render cystic epithelium particularly susceptible to factors acting on Gs-coupled receptors. This may account, in part, for increased cyclic nucleotide signaling in polycystic kidney disease and contribute substantially to disease progression.
Field‐based education and indigenous knowledge: Essential components of geoscience education for native American communities

The purpose of this study is to propose a framework drawing on theoretical and empirical science education research that explains the common prominent field-based components of the handful of persistent and successful Earth science education programs designed for indigenous communities in North America. These programs are primarily designed for adult learners, either in a postsecondary or in a technical education setting and all include active collaboration between local indigenous communities and geoscientists from nearby universities. Successful Earth science curricula for indigenous learners share in common an explicit emphasis on outdoor education, a place and problem-based structure, and the explicit inclusion of traditional indigenous knowledge in the instruction. Programs sharing this basic design have proven successful and popular for a wide range of indigenous cultures across North America. We present an analysis of common field-based elements to yield insight into indigenous Earth science education. We provide an explanation for the success of this design based in research on field-based learning, Native American learning styles research, and theoretical and empirical research into the nature and structure of indigenous knowledge. We also provide future research directions that can test and further refine our understanding of best practices in indigenous Earth science education. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed, 89:296–313, 2005
Serious Emotional Disturbance in Children and Adolescents: Current Status and Future Directions

Research indicates low rates of identification, poor school performance and completion, and high rates of restrictive placements, despite federal mandates requiring appropriate educational and mental health-related services for children with serious emotional disturbance (SED). The present paper examines the current status of assessment and treatment needs of children with SED. A synthesis of child characteristics, diagnostic criteria, placement rates, and outcomes is presented. Challenges to appropriate and effective care for children with SED are outlined. Five empirically validated behavioral prevention and intervention models are described as examples of “programs that work” with this population. New frameworks are provided to stimulate future thinking on behavioral assessment and therapy for children with SED. Finally, priorities for professional development and research are described.
Economic Comparison of NdFeB and Hard Ferrites in Automotive Applications

Abstract With the increasing use of electric motors in automobiles—in some cases as many as 100 electric motors per vehicle—alternatives to ferrite magnetic materials are under consideration. If more powerful magnetic materials could be implemented, size reductions in these motors could result in curb weight reductions that lead to improved fuel economy. NdFeB magnets are attractive as potential replacement materials, due to their higher flux density and thus smaller required size; however, high material costs have limited their implementation. To investigate the economic competitiveness of alternative magnetic materials, technical cost models (TCMs) were developed and used to examine the manufacturing economics related to the production of both NdFeB and ferrite magnets. Results from the TCMs are used to identify the cost drivers and opportunities for cost reductions. Subsequent investigations will include effects on vehicle fuel efficiency, and the environmental impact of magnet manufacture and disposal.
Intracellular organelles involved in antigen processing and the binding of peptides to class II MHC molecules.

Abstract Nascent class II MHC (MHC class II) molecules are transported from theER to a specialized late endocytic antigen processing compartment, termed MIIC (MHC class II compartment). This compartment, with some variations, has been defined in multiple studies of B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Though this compartment shares properties with both lysosomes and late endosomes, it is a specialized compartment that differs from these other endocytic compartments in important characteristics. The MIIC contains abundant MHC class II molecules and other molecules important for antigen processing, including lysosomal enzymes and HLA-DM. Biochemical and functional immunological assays have detected not only the presence but the initial formation of peptide-MHC class II complexes in MIIC during the processing of certain model antigens. However, MHC class II molecules are also present in other endocytic compartments, albeit at lower levels, and these compartments may also perform antigen processing functions.
A likely possible origin of homochirality in amino acids and sugars on prebiotic earth

Abstract For life to start on earth and elsewhere, it is critical that the building blocks—amino acids and sugars—be in predominant homochiral form. Over the past century, the origin of terrestrial prebiotic homochirality has been the subject of many speculations. In this Letter I summarize the experimental evidence for ways in which some meteoritic components could have led to the dominance of l amino acids and d sugars on earth, and the most likely way in which the original chiral excesses in the meteorites were formed.
Welcome to the Journal of Family Communication Special Issue on Communication Privacy Management Theory and Family Privacy Regulation

Welcome to the Special Issue on Communication Privacy Management Theory focusing on family communication issues. There are many colleagues to acknowledge, beginning with Professor Loreen Olson, Edi...
Loss of Expression of the WNT/β-Catenin-Signaling Pathway Transcription Factors Lymphoid Enhancer Factor-1 (LEF-1) and T Cell Factor-1 (TCF-1) in a Subset of Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas

T cell factor-1 (TCF-1) and lymphoid enhancer factor-1 (LEF-1), members of the TCF/LEF family of transcription factors, play a significant role in T cell development and are expressed in thymocytes and peripheral CD3+ T cells. Previously, precursor T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL/LyL) was found to express TCF-1, and we find that 9 of 10 cases of T-ALL/LyL express LEF-1 as well as TCF-1, exhibiting uniform nuclear immunostaining for both transcription factors. In addition, a significant subset of cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL), 39 of 81 cases (48%), are immunoreactive for LEF-1 and/or TCF-1, with 36 of 38 cases immunoreactive for both, indicating that these transcription factors are coordinately expressed in PTCL. The vast majority of LEF-1+ and/or TCF-1+ PTCL (34 of 39 or 87%) exhibit a composite Th1 T-cell-like immunophenotype, based on expression of Th1 T cell-associated, but not Th2 T cell-associated, chemokine receptors and activation markers. Of the Th1-like PTCL studied, 33 of 42 (79%) were immunoreactive for LEF-1 and 32 of 42 (76%) were immunoreactive for TCF-1, including most cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphoma and all cases of lymphoepithelioid lymphoma. Surprisingly, none of the 21 cases of Th2-like PTCL studied, all cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, were immunoreactive for LEF-1 or TCF-1 (P < 0.0001), suggesting that LEF-1 and TCF-1 transcription factor expression may be lost in Th2 T cells or Th2-like PTCL. LEF-1 and TCF-1 immunostaining can serve to identify specific subtypes of PTCL, and lends support to a bipartite model of PTCL development, based on expression of activation markers.
Energy agile packet scheduling to leverage green energy for next generation cellular networks

Green communications has received much attention recently. Utilizing green energy in wireless cellular networks is promising to reduce the main grid electricity consumption, and thus to reduce the CO2 footprint. However, owing to the fluctuating nature of green energy, it is challenging to use green energy in cellular networks. In this paper, we propose an energy agile packet scheduler which maximizes the utilization of green energy by optimizing the packet scheduling. The packet scheduling optimization problem is NP-hard in the strong sense. The energy agile scheduler approximates the optimal packet scheduling solution in two steps. First, the energy agile scheduler balances the BS's energy consumption in transmitting packets among time slots. Second, within each time slot, the energy agile scheduler optimizes the bandwidth allocations to minimize the BS's energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed energy agile scheduler achieves significant main grid energy savings.
Ultra sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection using uniform sub-5 nm gap optical antennas

Arch-dipole optical antennas with uniform 5nm gaps have been fabricated on Si substrate using deep-UV “spacer” lithography. Strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals with an enhancement factor of 1.1×108 have been measured.
I misremember it well: why older adults are unreliable eyewitnesses.

We used the eyewitness suggestibility paradigm to investigate the hypothesis that cognitive aging is associated with an increase in misrecollections—confidently held but false memories of past events. When younger and older adults were matched on their overall memory for experienced events, both groups showed comparable rates of suggestibility errors in which they claimed to have seen events in a video that had only been suggested in a subsequent questionnaire. However, older adults were—alarmingly—most likely to commit suggestibility errors when they were most confident about the correctness of their response. By contrast, their younger, accuracy-matched counterparts were most likely to commit these errors when they were uncertain about the accuracy of their response. The elderly adults’ propensity to make high-confidence errors fits our misrecollection account.
“I Leapt over the Wall and They Made Me President”: Historical Context, Rhetorical Agency and the Amazing Career Of Lech Walesa

Abstract The rise of Lech Walesa from shipyard electrician to leader of “Solidarity,” international icon of freedom, and first president of democratic Poland was closely bound up with rhetoric. Walesa's idiosyncratic verbal style galvanized the masses and successfully confronted communist propaganda. The revolution of the workers on the Baltic coast was to a large extent a revolution in language. Walesa was also a skilled negotiator. As president, however, he was a controversial figure; his conception of democracy as a continuing war of words is widely credited with spelling the end of the idealistic “Solidarity” era. Today, allegations remain that Walesa was an agent provocateur and that the Polish revolution may have been a provocation that got out of hand. Some allege that Walesa's myth was a creation of Western media, a function of people's desires, and an accident of the historical moment. While there is no proof that any of these allegations are true and the documentary record reveals Walesa's unden...
Elementary Physical Education Teachers' Experiences in Teaching English Language Learners.

The purpose of the current study was to describe and explain the views on teaching English Language Learners (ELLs) held by six elementary physical education (PE) teachers in the Midwest region of ...
Hybrid Teacher Leaders and the New Professional Development Ecology.

This two-year study examines an emergent model for promoting classroom change amidst systemic professional development efforts – the hybrid teacher leader (HTL). Utilizing ecological and teacher social network frameworks, the relative strengths and weaknesses of educators who both teach and lead teachers are explored. In-depth qualitative data from six HTLs across four Washington state school districts are examined to look at the ways that HTLs navigate and shape the change-oriented professional development environment, as well as the conditions under which the ‘teacher’ and the ‘leader’ are synergetic. Findings include that HTLs have a significant capacity to serve as a bridge between multiple subgroups within the larger educational system, making them an essential human resource within their environments. At the same time, role confusion, mismanagement of time and tenuous relationships across the sites reduced the impact of HTLs on colleagues’ professional learning – necessitating sharp intentions and b...
Numerical measures of segregation: desirable properties and their implications

Abstract This paper proposes seven properties for a ‘good’ measure of segregation, and derives the class of numerical measures that corresponds to these properties. Measures in this class can be explicitly linked to segregation curves, much like numerical measures of income inequality can be explicitly linked to Lorenz curves. The paper evaluates the dissimilarity and Gini segregation indexes from the perspective of the seven properties, and introduces an alternative index — the square root index.