cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Online Saddle Point Problem and Online Convex Optimization with Knapsacks

We study the online saddle point problem, an online learning problem where at each iteration a pair of actions need to be chosen without knowledge of the current and future (convex-concave) payoff functions. The objective is to minimize the gap between the cumulative payoffs and the saddle point value of the aggregate payoff function, which we measure using a metric called "SP-Regret". The problem generalizes the online convex optimization framework but here we must ensure both players incur cumulative payoffs close to that of the Nash equilibrium of the sum of the games. We propose an algorithm that achieves SP-Regret proportional to $\sqrt{\ln(T)T}$ in the general case, and $\log(T)$ SP-Regret for the strongly convex-concave case. We also consider the special case where the payoff functions are bilinear and the decision sets are the probability simplex. In this setting we are able to design algorithms that reduce the bounds on SP-Regret from a linear dependence in the dimension of the problem to a \textit{logarithmic} one. We also study the problem under bandit feedback and provide an algorithm that achieves sublinear SP-Regret. We then consider an online convex optimization with knapsacks problem motivated by a wide variety of applications such as: dynamic pricing, auctions, and crowdsourcing. We relate this problem to the online saddle point problem and establish $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret using a primal-dual algorithm.
Ineffective, Immoral, Politically Convenient: America’s Overreliance on Economic Sanctions and What to Do about It

American sanctions target around two dozen countries, with some states experiencing what amounts to near-total economic embargoes. Why are these policies in place, what effects do they have, and how successful are they in achieving their geopolitical objectives? Sanctions have massive humanitarian costs and are not only ineffective but likely counterproductive. On these points, there is overwhelming agreement in the academic literature. Such policies can reduce the economic performance of the targeted state, degrade public health, and cause tens of thousands of deaths per year under the most crushing sanctions regimes. Moreover, they almost always fail to achieve their goals, particularly when the aim is regime change or significant behavioral changes pertaining to what states consider their fundamental interests. Sanctions can even backfire, making mass killing and repression more likely, while decreasing the probability of democratization. Why, then, does the United States use economic sanctions so often? The popularity of sanctions owes more to the domestic interests of politicians than their ability to achieve geopolitical goals. American policymakers show little interest in the empirical research on sanctions and they often do not supplement trade restrictions with diplomatic efforts that can help achieve a bargain. In contrast, sanctions make sense from the perspective of domestic politics and political psychology. They provide a middle ground between military force and doing nothing and are unlikely to cause a domestic backlash because the damage they inflict is indirect and largely unobserved. Taking into account political realities, here are several suggestions to prevent the overuse of sanctions: when implemented, they should be restricted to symbolic targets, which would allow American leaders to achieve their political goals without harming innocents abroad; the United States should be laxer in the enforcement of current and future sanctions regimes; and Congress should legislate to make it more difficult for the executive branch to unilaterally impose sanctions without end, which would create a legal cause of action for those affected. Finally, opponents of current policies should continue to make the public aware of the effects of robust sanctions, which can remove the political incentive to enact and implement them. The more often that imposing heavy economic sanctions is seen as an ineffective policy that harms innocents abroad for self‐​interested reasons, the less likely they are to be used.
Obesity Is Not an Independent Predictor of Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection Outcomes.

Background: Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are a group of rapidly progressive infections of the skin and its underlying tissue. These infections result in substantial morbidity and mort...
A Shared Human Resources Change Initiative: What Influences (in)Effectiveness?

The study employs a mixed-method approach utilizing interview and survey data to discern what influences the effectiveness of an inter-organizational initiative wherein two distinct organizations s...
Nonoperative Management of the Diabetic Foot Infection

Diabetic foot infections are the result of a confluence of patient factors related to the end-stage effects of hyperglycemia on multiple organ systems. Diabetic foot infections are, therefore, best treated with a multidisciplinary approach. Keys to appropriate treatment include determination of the extent of infection and choosing a treatment plan that is aggressive enough to eliminate infection. Also, addressing reversible risk factors contributing to ulcer formation and infection is paramount to preventing recurrence.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Predicts Utilization of Dehydration Treatments After Bariatric Surgery.

Dehydration treatments (DT) provide intravenous fluids to patients in the outpatient setting; however, the utilization of DT is not well-described. We characterize the cohort receiving DT, the first year it was recorded in a bariatric-specific database. A retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016, in 791 centers in the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program data file. Patients ≥ 18 years with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2 who underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB), sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (LBPD/DS) were identified. Unadjusted and adjusted rates of DT were analyzed. In addition, adjusted rates and indication for readmission were reviewed. The overall rate of dehydration treatments was 3.5% for the 141,748 bariatric surgery cases identified. Patient comorbidities of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) (odds ratio (OR) 1.49; 95% CI, 1.40–1.59), insulin-dependent diabetes (OR = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07–1.33), and LRYGB (OR = 1.45; 95% CI, 1.36–1.54) were associated with higher odds of DT. DT only had the highest odds of readmission (OR = 6.22; 95% CI, 5.55–6.98) compared to other outpatient visits. Nausea and vomiting, or fluid, electrolyte, or nutritional depletion was the most common indication for readmission in all groups. Patients with GERD utilized dehydration treatments after bariatric surgery. DT was highly associated with readmissions, and a better understanding of the clinical application of DT will allow bariatric centers to develop programs to further optimize outpatient treatments.
Osilodrostat: A Novel Steroidogenesis Inhibitor to Treat Cushing's Disease.

Objective:To review data on efficacy and safety of osilodrostat (Isturisa), a novel oral steroidogenesis inhibitor for treatment of Cushing’s disease (CD), a life-threatening endocrine disorder.Dat...
Managerial Sentiment and Corporate Liquidity Hoarding: Evidence from the Special Case of Banking

We analyze how managerial sentiment embedded in accounting statements affects corporate liquidity hoarding. We choose banks as our empirical setting due to superior detailed accounting data, a comprehensive research-based liquidity hoarding measure, and avoidance of interindustry differences in liquidity needs. We derive managerial sentiment from negative and positive tones in annual reports (10-K) language. We find more negative managerial sentiment results in more liquidity hoarding, consistent with our hypothesis. Further analysis confirms that findings incorporate bank volition rather than being driven only by customers. We also address endogeneity using exogenous weather conditions as instruments. We finally derive potential policy implications.
Stepwise evolution and exceptional conservation of ORF1a/b overlap in coronaviruses

The programmed frameshift element (PFE) rerouting translation from ORF1a to ORF1b is essential for propagation of coronaviruses. A combination of genomic features that make up PFE-the overlap between the two reading frames, a slippery sequence, as well as an ensemble of complex secondary structure elements-puts severe constraints on this region as most possible nucleotide substitution may disrupt one or more of these elements. The vast amount of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing data generated within the past year provides an opportunity to assess evolutionary dynamics of PFE in great detail. Here we performed a comparative analysis of all available coronaviral genomic data available to date. We show that the overlap between ORF1a and b evolved as a set of discrete 7, 16, 22, 25, and 31 nucleotide stretches with a well defined phylogenetic specificity. We further examined sequencing data from over 350,000 complete genomes and 55,000 raw read datasets to demonstrate exceptional conservation of the PFE region.
Machine-Learned Functionals for Strongly Correlated Systems

We introduce multiconfiguration data-driven functional theory (MC-DDFT) as a new approach to multiconfiguration nonclassical functional theory (MC-NCFT), in which the classical energy of a multiconfigurational wave function is combined with a machine-learned functional for the nonclassical exchange-correlation energy. We also present results obtained by a related approach, multiconfiguration energy-correcting functional theory (MC-ECFT), in which the total energy of a wave function method (e.g. CASSCF or NEVPT2) is corrected with a machine-learned functional. On a dataset of carbene singlet-triplet energy splittings, we demonstrate that these new multiconfiguration data-driven functional methods (MC-DDFMs) are able to achieve near-benchmark performance on systems not used for training while being less active-space dependent than multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory using currently available translated functionals.
Neurodevelopmental profiles of preschool-age children in Flint, Michigan: a latent profile analysis.

Author(s): Zheng, Shuting; Bishop, Somer L; Ceja, Tiffany; Hanna-Attisha, Mona; LeWinn, Kaja | Abstract: ObjectiveChildren in Flint, Michigan, have experienced myriad sociodemographic adversities exacerbated by the Flint water crisis. To help inform child-focused prevention and intervention efforts, we aimed to describe patterns of neurodevelopmental outcomes among preschoolers who experienced the Flint water crisis before age 2 years.MethodParticipants were 170 preschoolers who completed a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment battery, including directly administered measures of cognitive and executive functioning and maternal-report of adaptive skills and behavioral problems. We used latent profile analysis to derive subgroups. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was conducted to examine the predictors of profile memberships, including child sex and maternal/family-level factors selected from an array of measured exposures using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression.ResultsThree latent profiles were identified: Profile 1-relative weakness in all domains (50%); Profile 2-normative functioning in all domains (34.1%); and Profile 3-relative strengths in executive function and behavior (15.9%). Profile 1 showed lower scores across cognitive and behavioral domains. Profile 2 demonstrated abilities within the normal range across domains. Profile 3 showed relative strength in executive functioning with few behavior problems, despite lower cognitive performance. Children across all profiles showed adaptive behavior in the adequate range. Child sex and maternal IQ were significant predictors of profile membership.ConclusionsChildren in Flint demonstrated diverse patterns of development in the face of sociodemographic and environmental adversities. Comprehensive screening and neurodevelopmental profiling of children in this at-risk population are needed to identify areas of needs and inform appropriate service delivery.
Relaxation Dynamics in an Imbalanced Pair of One-Dimensional Bose Gases

In this chapter, we study the relaxation dynamics of a quenched pair of 1D Bose gases with atom number imbalance. As demonstrated in the previous chapters, 1D Bose gases follow completely integrable dynamics via dephasing of their many-body eigenstates. For the imbalanced pair, we observe that this dephasing strongly depends on the choice of observable. In particular, we find that the dephasing can mimic thermalization if suitable initial conditions are imposed on the system.
Effect of digoxin on the T wave in normal individuals: Integrated spatial T magnitude and orientation

Abstract The effect of digoxin on the integrated spatial T magnitude in normal subjects was studied, by employing a corrected lead system. Following sthe intravenous administration of digoxin (1.6 mg.) the integrated spatial T magnitude diminished progressively, reaching a maximal effect at six hours. Thereafter there was a gradual dissipation of this response over a five day period. No corresponding alterations in the integrated spatial QRS magnitude were observed. The T loop following digoxin tended to become more uniform in its temporal inscription with an equivalent initial and late spatial velocity. This change was associated with a diminution in magnitude of the T maximum, and the development of a smaller, more rounded T loop. The diminution in the integrated spatial T magnitude and its reversal followed a temporal course which parallels that for other measures of the physiologic response and for the metabolism and excretion of the drug.
Experimental investigation of SO2 uptake in snow

Abstract We conducted a series of bench-top experiments to examine accumulation of acidity in temperate snowpacks due to the deposition of SO2. To achieve this, SO2 at concentrations of 45–85 ppbv was allowed to diffuse into containers of snow at 0°C for varying lengths of time, from 6 to 46 h. Depth profiles of dissolved total sulfur (S(IV)+S(VI)) in the snow were measured and modeled with a coupled diffusion and chemical reaction transport model. Measured deposition velocities decreased from 0.06 to 0.03 cm s−1 for increasing exposure times of 6 to 46 h. Simulations matched measured total sulfur depth profiles for liquid–water mass fractions in the snow of 0.07 for 6 h, increasing to 0.15 for 46 h of exposure. Multi-parametric sensitivity analysis indicates that deposition velocity is extremely sensitive to liquid water mass fraction. Modeling also shows that the decrease in deposition velocity with exposure time can be attributed to reduced solubility of SO2 as the pH in the liquid water mass fraction decreased. These results suggest that clean snow is the most effective scavenger of SO2.
Presentation of cytosolic antigen by HLA-DR requires a function encoded in the class II region of the MHC.

The processing pathway for the MHC class II-restricted presentation of endogenous cytosolic Ag is distinct from the class I pathway since a cytosolic form of the influenza virus A hemagglutinin, expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus, was presented by HLA-DR in a B cell mutant lacking the TAP1 subunit of the transporter for Ag presentation (TAP). In this report, two additional B cell mutants have been used to define the requirements of this TAP1-independent processing pathway. The first mutant, .61, lacks expression of both TAP1 and TAP2 genes, and of both LMP2 and LMP7 genes encoding proteasome subunits. As expected, class I-restricted presentation of the influenza virus matrix protein was totally deficient in mutant .61. In contrast, class II-restricted presentation of both the natural cytosolic matrix and the engineered cytosolic hemagglutinin proteins was functional in mutant .61. Thus, presentation of cytosolic Ag by class II molecules is independent of both TAP subunits and of the two MHC-encoded proteasome subunits. However, this endogenous processing pathway is dependent on at least one other function encoded in the class II region of the MHC as demonstrated with the second mutant, .174, in which a large deletion eliminates all expressed class II genes. Mutant .174 transfected with HLA-DR1 genes was previously shown to be defective in the presentation of exogenous Ag but normal in the presentation of short exogenous peptides. We show here that .174(DR1) is also defective in the presentation of cytosolic matrix and hemagglutinin proteins. This similar requirement for the class II-restricted presentation of either cytosolic Ag or internalized exogenous Ag suggests that both forms of Ag are ultimately targeted to the same cellular compartment for association with class II molecules.
Comovement in Equity Price Indexes of the EU Stock Markets: The Information Contents of Samples of Different Frequency

Weekly and monthly samples of MSCI equity price indexes from DatastreamInternational are used to illustrate that samples with less frequency contain less and/ordifferent information about the causal relations among equity price indexes of and thedegree of integration of the EU stock markets. Our results of the Granger causality testsindicate that the weekly sample contained more information about the short-run dynamicand long-run causal relations compared to that of the monthly sample, but the causalrelationships among price indexes were quite different between the two samples of differentfrequency. Findingsof this paper do not support Hardouvelis, Malliaropulos and Priestley’s(2006) conclusion of full integration of the EU stock markets during the 1990s. (G14)
A model for academia, industry, and government collaboration for K-12 outreach

This paper discuss how university faculty and engineering students, the US Federal Highway Association, and the Arizona Department of Transportation employees, and other technical industry members collaborated together to develop an effective program to increase interest in transportation.
Tool support for the compile-time execution structure of object-oriented programs with ownership annotations

Ownership domain annotations enable obtaining at compile-time the system's execution structure from the annotated program. The execution structure is sound, hierarchical (and thus more scalable) and conveys more design intent than flat object graphs obtained by existing static analyses that do not rely on annotations.
Bicyclist and Motorist Environments: Exploring Interlocking Behavioral Contingencies

This paper argues that collisions between bicyclists and motorists are the result of faulty interlocking contingencies. This theoretical assertion suggests the need for dedicated evaluation methods, tools, and data systems sensitive to relevant behavioral variables operating at multiple analytical levels. Suggestions are made for creating and aligning a research agenda tailored to bicyclist safety in the context of these interlocking contingencies.
A diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.

f a s n p n m i p r w ( ( n d ( 58-year-old man with a past medical history signifiant for hypertension, diabetes, and multiple myeloma, tatus post chemotherapy 1 week prior, presented to the mergency Department with a chief complaint of synope. Over the past day he experienced five episodes of yncope, three of which were witnessed by his wife. The itness stated that he lost consciousness for approxiately 1 to 2 min each time. No seizure activity was itnessed and he was oriented upon awakening. The atient denied chest pain, palpitations, shortness of reath, dizziness, incontinence, abdominal pain, nausea, omiting, or prodromal symptoms prior to the events. he patient at the time of presentation was asymptomatic nd without any further complaints. Physical examination revealed a well-nourished male omfortable on the stretcher. Vital signs were: a temperture of 37.2°C (98.9°F), respirations of 18 breaths/min, lood pressure 156/100 torr, pulse 130 beats/min, and a ulse oximetry of 96% on room air. The HEENT examnations were unremarkable: the neck was supple without ugular venous distention. The heart examination reealed an irregularly irregular tachycardia, no murmur, allop or rub was appreciated. The lungs were clear with qual air entry. Abdominal and neurological examinaions were unremarkable. The extremities demonstrated race edema bilaterally and no calf tenderness. The labratory findings included a sodium of 133, potassium of
Measurements of surface impedance, London penetration depth, and coherence length in Y-Ba-Cu-O films at microwave frequencies.

We have improved a microwave self-resonant technique to measure surface resistance ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{s}}$ directly and surface inductance ${\mathit{L}}_{\mathit{s}}$ indirectly. For films prepared by the laser ablation technique we observed that ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{s}}$ at 21 GHz decreased by about three orders of magnitude as the temperature decreased from 90 to 80 K reaching a low value of 4.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ \ensuremath{\Omega}. We measured the London penetration depth \ensuremath{\lambda} and coherence length \ensuremath{\xi}, and found that both \ensuremath{\lambda} and \ensuremath{\xi} are anisotropic. Their values depended on the direction of the microwave electric field relative to the c axis. We deduced the value of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$(0) to be about 1800 \AA{}, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$(86.5) about 8000 \AA{}, and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$(86.5) about 26 000 \AA{}, where ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$(0) is the penetration depth (as T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 K) for the electromagnetic electric field parallel and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ perpendicular to the film plane. In addition ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ was determined to be 129 \AA{} and ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ equal to 40 \AA{} at 86.5 K. The anisotropic factor \ensuremath{\gamma} is about 3.
Balancing the Needs of Customers and Shareholders

Many executives contend that creating value for shareholders is the primary objective of management. But in focusing so strongly on the bottom line, have US firms neglected the customer?
Relative rates for the amination of eta3-allyl and eta3-benzyl complexes of palladium.

Reactions of nucleophiles with metal-bound hydrocarbyl π-ligands bound in an η3-fashion are key steps in a variety of carbon−carbon and carbon−heteroatom bond-forming reactions. To reveal factors that control the rates of reaction of nucleophiles with this type of ligand, the rates of reactions of an aromatic and an aliphatic amine with a series of η3-allyl, η3-benzyl, and η3-phenethyl palladium complexes ligated by the bisphosphine (R)-BINAP to form allylic and benzylic amines were measured. These data showed that the less common addition to an η3-benzyl complex is faster than the more common addition to an η3-allyl complex. The relative rates of reaction followed the trend naphthylmethyl > naphthylethyl > benzyl > 1,1-dimethylallyl > allyl. Computational studies suggest that there is a correlation between the amount of positive charge at the site of nucleophilic attack and the rate of C−N bond formation.
Ca2+ influx and neurite growth in response to purified N-cadherin and laminin.

The signaling mechanisms underlying neurite growth induced by cadherins and integrins are incompletely understood. In our experiments, we have examined these mechanisms using purified N-cadherin and laminin (LN). We find that unlike the neurite growth induced by fibroblastic cells expressing transfected N-cadherin (Doherty, P., and F.S. Walsh. 1992. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2:595-601), growth induced by purified N-cadherin in chick ciliary ganglion (CG), sensory, or forebrain neurons is not sensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin. Using fura-2 imaging of single cells, we show that soluble N-cadherin induces Ca2+ increases in CG neuron cell bodies, and, importantly, in growth cones. In contrast, N-cadherin can induce Ca2+ decreases in glial cells. N-cadherin-induced neuronal Ca2+ responses are sensitive to Ni2+, but are relatively insensitive to diltiazem and omega-conotoxin. Similarly, neurite growth induced by purified N-cadherin is inhibited by Ni2+, but is unaffected by diltiazem and conotoxin. Soluble LN also induced small Ca2+ responses in CG neurons. LN-induced neurite growth, like that induced by N-cadherin, is insensitive to diltiazem and conotoxin, but is highly sensitive to Ni2+ inhibition. K+ depolarization experiments suggest that voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx pathways in CG neurons (cell bodies and growth cones) are largely blocked by the combination of diltiazem and Ni2+. Our results demonstrate that cadherin signaling involves cell type-specific Ca2+ changes in responding cells, and in particular, that N-cadherin can cause Ca2+ increases in neuronal growth cones. Our findings are consistent with the current idea that distinct neuronal transduction pathways exist for cell adhesion molecules compared with integrins, but suggest that the involvement of Ca2+ signals in both of these pathways is more complex than previously appreciated.
Simulation study of the carbon nanotube field effect transistors beyond the complex band structure effect

Abstract We show calculations and analysis of ID–VG curves for carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNTFETs). For 10 nm CNTFETs, it appears that there is a region where discretized energy levels in the channel have an effect on the ID–VG curve beyond the region where the complex band structure effect is important. This is because energy levels are pulled up from the valence band. We can still have this effect for longer channel CNTFETs, but because the spacing between energy levels is decreased, the energy discretization effect becomes less significant, and it appears as a region with small current oscillation. Also, because the tunneling through band gap states becomes unimportant and the complex band structure effect may even disappear, we separate the ID–VG curve into three parts: ON, OFF, and ON_II region for longer channel CNTFETs. The switching behavior from OFF to ON_II region may suggest interesting applications.
Automatic die placement and flexible I/O assignment in 2.5D IC design

This paper presents a problem formulation and procedure for design automation of 2.5D interposer-based multi-die ICs. Our approach is designed for (but not limited to) 2.5D ICs that contain one or more dies with flexible I/Os — such as FPGA dies. Given a set of dies, inter-die connections, I/O standard(s) for the connections, and a set of valid die pins for the connections, we simultaneously place dies on an interposer, assign pins to each inter-die connection, and assign specific voltages to I/O bank power supplies of the FPGA dies to produce a valid layout and pin assignments for the design. To our knowledge, this is the first formulation and methodology to consider flexible I/Os in 2.5D design automation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our procedure through a variety of example 2.5D designs containing different types of interconnected dies.
A facility for neutrino-nucleus cross-section measurements at the spallation neutron source

In this paper we discuss the possibility of building a neutrino facility at the Spallation Neutron Source presently under construction at ORNL. At such a facility an extensive long-term program can be established to study neutrino nucleus cross-sections in the range of interest for nuclear astrophysics and nuclear theory.
Effect of chlorpromazine on thyrotropin-stimulated endocytosis and glucose oxidation in canine thyroid slices.

Thyrotropin (TSH) markedly stimulated colloid droplet formation in dog thyroid slices; the addition of chlorpromazine (Cpz) to the incubation medium inhibited this response. The inhibition by Cpz was dose-related from 5 × 10−6m to 5 × 10−4m. Concentrations of 2 × 10−4m to 5 × 10−4m completely prevented the response to TSH. This concentration of Cpz also blocked TSH-induced stimulation of the oxidation of glucose-1-14C to 14CO2 without regularly altering basal glucose oxidation. Cpz is a potent lysosome stabilizer and this may be the mechanism for the observed inhibition. Labilization of lysosomes may be an essential step in induction of endocytosis by TSH. In support of this idea, several other lysosome stabilizers inhibited thyroidal responses to TSH. The present results also add some weight to the evidence favoring a link between TSH-induced colloid droplet formation and glucose oxidation. (Endocrinology 85: 150, 1969)
Evaluating base widening methods

Pavement widening can increase roadway capacity and improve safety, but results in a longitudinal joint between the existing and widened section that is susceptible to longitudinal pavement cracking. Previous research on construction methods focused on the pavement layer but this research looks at the effects of joint type on the base layer. Two base widening joint types, vertical and tapered, are commonly implemented by the Wyoming Department of Transportation. The objective of this study is to determine the most suitable base widening technique for durable pavement sections resistant to longitudinal cracking along the joint line. Field and laboratory evaluations were carried out on 28 existing pavement widening projects to determine the strength of the base layer as well as the occurrence and severity of longitudinal cracking. Results indicate that the tapered joint type has better strength in terms of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer and Falling Weight Deflectometer analyses, less longitudinal cracking, a...
Fitting KV potassium channels into the PIP2 puzzle: Hille group connects dots between illustrious HH groups

In the August 2012 issue of the JGP , the [Bertil Hille group][1] continues its exploration of the physiological significance and cell signaling roles of PIP2 interactions with potassium channels. As we have come to expect, the group brings surprises and deep insights. In their article ([Kruse et al
The Impact of Social Support and Attachment Style on Quality of Life and Readiness to Change in a Sample of Individuals Receiving Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Dependence.

ABSTRACTBackground: A basic principle within the addictions treatment field is that social support is a vital ingredient in the recovery process. This study examines the nature of social support in a sample of opioid-dependent men and women who are currently being treated in a medication-assisted treatment program (methadone). This research examines the types of social support behaviors that the opioid-dependent individuals consider helpful and explores whether attachment style (i.e., secure, ambivalent, or anxious attachment) was a determining factor in whether social support was perceived as helpful. The dependent variables included readiness to change addictive behaviors and abstinence from other mood-altering drugs. Methods: Participants (N = 159) completed a demographic questionnaire, the Significant Others Scale, the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Assessment, the Readiness to Change Scale, and an Attachment Style Questionnaire. The de...
How methionine and glutamine prevent inhibition of growth by methionine sulfoximine

Abstract Methionine sulfoximine, a potent inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, inhibits growth of Chlorella vulgaris. Growth inhibition is prevented by adding L-glutamine or L-methionine to the growth medium. We show that glutamine and methionine act by blocking methionine sulfoximine uptake into the cell.
Nitrate cancrinite: Synthesis, characterization, and determination of the enthalpy of formation

Abstract Nitrate cancrinite, with an ideal formula of Na 8 [Al 6 Si 6 O 24 ](NO 3 ) 2 · 4H 2 O, is an important constituent of high-level nuclear wastes at several US Department of Energy (DOE) storage sites. A simple synthesis route for this material is described. Pure nitrate cancrinite has been prepared using a mixed solution of sodium silicate, sodium aluminate, sodium nitrate, and sodium hydroxide. Crystallization took place rapidly at 90 °C and the cancrinite phase emerged within a few hours of aging. Both X-ray diffraction and composition analyses indicated the formation of pure nitrate cancrinite. Solution calorimetric measurements of this material were performed with a Calvet-type calorimeter operated at 701 °C using molten lead borate (2PbO · B 2 O 3 ) as the solvent. Enthalpies of formation from the constituent oxides and from the elements are −903.3 ± 15.7 kJ/mol and −14,258.3 ± 17.3 kJ/mol, respectively, for a sample with the analyzed formula of Na 7.282 [Al 5.854 Si 6.146 O 24 ](NO 3 ) 1.336 (CO 3 ) 0.046 · 3.365H 2 O.
The Effect of Hypoxia on Mechanical Stretch-Activated Hypertrophic Gene Expression in Neonatal Mouse Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

At birth, the heart is challenged with a shift from relative hypoxia to normoxia and from lower hemodynamic load on the ventricles to higher load, due to differences between in utero and ex utero oxygen tension and fetal and newborn blood circulation. Evidence suggests that postnatal cardiac hypertrophy may be regulated in part by these changes in hemodynamic loading and oxygen supply to the newborn heart. Here we test the hypothesis that mechanical overload and the shift from hypoxic to normoxic conditions may be signals that regulate neonatal myocyte maturation and growth. NMVMs were cultured on PDMS membranes subjected to 5% equibiaxial stretch for 15 minutes to 4 hours, under both normoxic (5% CO2 in air) and hypoxic (6.8 % CO2 with 5 % O2) conditions, after which we measured protein expression by Western blotting. Under normoxic conditions, whole cell lysates from control membranes (without stretch) were negative for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) protein expression as evidenced by immunoblotting. In contrast, by one hour of mechanical overload, lysates immunoblotted for ANF showed a nearly 2 -fold increase in ANF protein expression which returned to near baseline levels within 4 hours of mechanical stretch. Conversely, myosin heavy chain (MHC) protein expression was detected in lysates from cardiomyocytes subjected to 15 mins mechanical stretch and increased monotonically as evidenced by a 4-fold increase in protein expression by 4 hours of stretch. Furthermore, connexin-43 protein expression increased almost 3-fold over the unstretched controls after 15 mins of stretch. Preliminary data indicates that compared to normoxic conditions, expression of these signaling proteins decreases under hypoxic conditions. An understanding of the role of mechanical stretch in cardiomyocytes cultured under hypoxic conditions holds promise for advancing cardiac regenerative medicine.
Cooperation and punishment in an adversarial game: how defectors pave the way to a peaceful society.

The evolution of human cooperation has been the subject of much research, especially within the framework of evolutionary public goods games, where several mechanisms have been proposed to account for persistent cooperation. Yet, in addressing this issue, little attention has been given to games of a more adversarial nature, in which defecting players, rather than simply free riding, actively seek to harm others. Here, we develop an adversarial evolutionary game using the specific example of criminal activity, recasting the familiar public goods strategies of punishers, cooperators, and defectors in this light. We then introduce a strategy—the informant—with no clear analog in public goods games and show that individuals employing this strategy are a key to the emergence of systems where cooperation dominates. We also find that a defection-dominated regime may be transitioned to one that is cooperation-dominated by converting an optimal number of players into informants. We discuss these findings, the role of informants, and possible intervention strategies in extreme adversarial societies, such as those marred by wars and insurgencies.
On least-squares approximations to compressible flow problems

A direct finite-element method for computer solutions of compressible potential flow problems is presented. An analysis of least-squares approximation is given, including optimal order estimates for piecewise polynomial approximation spaces. The model problem considered is that of potential flow past a cylinder. Numerical results for the model problem are given for a shock-free subsonic case.
Providing Evidence in the Moral Domain

In this era of increased accountability, it is important to consider how student affairs researches and assesses the outcomes of our efforts to increase moral competence. This chapter examines both qualitative and quantitative inquiry methods for measuring moral development.
Temporal-spatial pattern of c-fos expression in the rat brain in response to indispensable amino acid deficiency I. The initial recognition phase

Rats reduce their food intake after ingestion of a small amount of an amino acid imbalanced (AA-IMB) diet that induces a pronounced amino acid deficiency. Two hours after ingesting a threonine-IMB diet, just when food intake is depressed significantly, the concentration of threonine is decreased in some but not all brain areas. Neural recognition of this decrease in the limiting amino acid is thought to be the first step in the anorectic responses to AA-IMB diets. To identify the regions of the brain that may be activated upon recognition of an AA-IMB diet, we examined the temporal-spatial distribution of Fos immunoreactive neurons at intervals after introduction of either threonine-IMB or control diets. We found that Fos immunoreactivity in the anterior piriform cortex and immediately surrounding areas, along with the infralimbic cortex, was increased selectively early (by 2 h) after introduction of the AA-IMB diet, and remained elevated through 3 h. The anterior piriform cortex is believed to function in neural recognition of amino acid deficiency. Fos immunoreactivity in the AA-IMB group increased over the control diet groups somewhat later in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. We hypothesize that these areas in the rostral forebrain may serve as neural relays in the early phases of the anorectic responses that occur upon recognition of amino acid deficiency.
Prophylactic and therapeutic use of abdominal drains and percutaneous nephrostomies and stents for treatment of precarious ureteroileal anastomosis.

Abstract One of the dread complications of ureteroileal anastomosis is partial or complete dehiscence with urinary extravasation. In the past this complication has been attended by inordinately high mortality if surgical intervention is not done promptly. However, the use of transabdominal drains or stents and percutaneous nephrostomies, with or without transureteral stenting or dilation of strictures, may obviate the need for re-exploration in most cases. The authors urge this type of prophylaxis and conservative therapy for cases in which anastomotic dehiscence is feared or encountered.
Effect of sludge digestion on metal segregation during ocean dumping

Abstract The variations in the metal chemical partitioning of the different settling velocity flocs, that are formed during the ocean dumping of sludges, were investigated in digested and undigested sludges originating from New York City Wastewater Treatment Plants. Major differences were found in the distribution of oxidizable and reducible metals. In the digested sludges, the maximum of the oxidizable metal concentrations were found in the larger flocs, while the smaller flocs contained higher concentrations of reducible metals. In the case of the undigested sludge, the large flocs had high concentrations of oxidizable metals, but the maximum concentrations of the organic-bound metals were found in the slowest settling microflocs. The undigested organic matter appears to be the reason for these differences.
Sinusoidal solutions to the aesthetic field equations

The aesthetic field equations do not resemble the wave equation, nor was the motivation behind them the wave equation. Nevertheless, we show that there exists a solution to the field equations that satisfies the wave equation. Integrability is also satisfied by this solution. Previously we showed that the Aesthetic Field Equations have particle solutions. Now we see that the equations also have sinusoidal solutions.
The proline-rich domain in p63 is necessary for the transcriptional and apoptosis-inducing activities of TAp63.

p63 shares considerable sequence identity with p53, especially in its DNA-binding, activation and tetramerization domains. When the upstream promoter is used for p63 expression, three major transactivation p63 (TAp63) isoforms (α, β and γ) are produced. p63 is also expressed from an alternate promoter located in intron 3, producing three major ΔNp63 isoforms. Recent studies demonstrated that p63 has the potential to function as a tumor suppressor or an oncoprotein. To further address this, we generated cell lines that inducibly express each TAp63 isoform. We showed that TAp63 isoforms are capable of inducing p53-responsive genes, inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Interestingly, we discovered that both the activation domain (residues 1–59) and the proline-rich domain (residues 67–127) are required for TAp63 transcriptional activity. Likewise, TAp63β(ΔPRD), deleted of residues 60–133, possessed a greatly attenuated ability to induce endogenous target genes and promote apoptosis, but retained the ability to inhibit cell proliferation when expressed in stable, inducible cell lines. TAp63β(ΔPRD) also functioned as a dominant negative to wild-type p63β in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the loss of function seen with deletion of the proline-rich domain was not due to a DNA-binding defect, as TAp63β(ΔPRD) was found to strongly bind endogenous promoters using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, mutational analysis revealed that a PXXP motif at residues 124–127 contributes to the transcriptional activity of TAp63. Altogether, our findings suggest that TAp63 transcriptional activity can be regulated by modification(s) of, or protein interactions with, the p63 proline-rich domain.
Molecular characterization of trisomic segment 3p24.1→3pter: a case with review of the literature

A 1-year-old male infant was found to have a de novo unbalanced translocation, resulting in trisomy for a portion of the short arm of chromosome 3, i.e. 46,XY,der(7)t(3;7) (p24.1;p22). Previous cases with a so-called "trisomy 3p syndrome" were evaluated by GTG banding, while we attempted to characterize the present case by the FISH-technique. The major clinical features included: dysmorphic ears, decreased muscle tone and seizure episodes associated with fever, which are concordant with "trisomy 3p syndrome". The most common malformations of trisomy 3p syndrome are: psychomotor and mental retardation, short neck, hypertelorism/telecanthus and congenital heart defects. Predominantly, the 3p trisomies have been maternally derived and the major mechanism of inheritance is due to a malsegregation of the chromosomes that are involved in a parental balanced translocation. A review of 44 cases from 35 studies revealed that the clinical manifestations have been quite varied, depending upon the amount of 3p2 material in the trisomic state, but interestingly a recognizable pattern of features was obvious in those cases whose cytogenetic findings and clinical histories were known.
Hepatic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in obesity and type 2 diabetes using a novel triple tracer cortisol technique

Dysregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzyme activities are implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of the study was to determine whether hepatic 11β-HSD type 1 (11β-HSD-1) enzyme activity differs in people with and without obesity and type 2 diabetes. We measured hepatic 11β-HSD-1 activity in the overnight fasted state in 20 lean non-diabetic participants (LND), 21 overweight/obese non-diabetic participants (OND) and 20 overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes (ODM) using a non-invasive approach. One mg doses of [9,12,12-2H3]cortisol (D cortisol) and [4-13C]cortisone ([13C]cortisone) were ingested, while [1,2,6,7-3H]cortisol ([3H] cortisol) was infused intravenously to enable concurrent measurements of first-pass hepatic extraction of ingested D cortisol and hepatic conversion of ingested [13C]cortisone to C13 cortisol derived from the ingested cortisone (a measure of 11β-HSD-1 activity in the liver) using an isotope dilution technique. One-way ANOVA models and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to test the hypothesis. Plasma D cortisol and C13 cortisol concentrations were lower in OND than in LND (p < 0.05) over 6 h of the study. There was no difference (p = 0.15) in C13 and D cortisol concentrations between OND and ODM and between LND and ODM for the same study period. Hepatic conversion of [13C]cortisone to C13 cortisol was similar between groups. Hepatic conversion of [13C]cortisone to C13 cortisol did not differ between the groups studied. We conclude that hepatic 11β-HSD-1 activity is similar in individuals who are overweight/obese or who have type 2 diabetes.
Spark plasma sintering of tantalum carbide

A tantalum carbide powder was consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The specimens were processed under various temperature and pressure conditions and characterized in terms of relative density, grain size, rupture strength and hardness. The results are compared to hot pressing conducted under similar settings. It is shown that high densification is accompanied by substantial grain growth. Carbon nanotubes were added to mitigate grain growth; however, while increasing specimens’ rupture strength and final density, they had little effect on grain growth.
Desmosome-like junctions in the spiral ganglia of cats.

The spiral ganglia of adult cats contain desmosome-like junctions between lamellae of perikaryal or axonal myelin, between Schwann cell and neuronal plasmalemma, and between the perikaryon of myelinated neurons and cellular structures not identified as to cellular origin. The possibility exists that the unidentified cellular structures observed may be part of another neuron, thus forming a means by which neurons in a spiral ganglion can communicate.
Classical relativistic constituent particles and composite-particle scattering

A nonlocal Lagrangian formalism is developed to describe a classical many-particle system. The nonstandard Lagrangian is a function of a single parameter $s$ which is not, in general, associated with the physical clock. The particles are constrained to be constituents of composite systems, which in turn can decompose into asymptotic composite states representing free observable particles. To demonstrate this, explicit models of composite-composite particle scattering are constructed. Space-time conservation laws are not imposed separately on the system, but follow upon requiring the constituents to "pair up" into free composites at $s=+\ensuremath{\infty},\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\infty}$. One model is characterized by the appearance of an "external" zero-mass composite particle which participates in the scattering process without affecting the space-time conservation laws of the two-composite system. Initial conditions on the two incoming composite particles and the zero-mass participant determine the scattering angle and the final states of the two outgoing composite particles. Although the formalism is classical, the model displays some features usually associated with quantum field theory, such as particle scattering by means of constituent exchange, creation and annihilation of particles, and restriction of values of angular momentum.