cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New DREADD Facilitates the Multiplexed Chemogenetic Interrogation of Behavior

DREADDs are chemogenetic tools widely used to remotely control cellular signaling, neuronal activity, and behavior. Here we used a structure-based approach to develop a new Gi-coupled DREADD using the kappa-opioid receptor as a template (KORD) that is activated by the pharmacologically inert ligand salvinorin B (SALB). Activation of virally expressed KORD in several neuronal contexts robustly attenuated neuronal activity and modified behaviors. Additionally, co-expression of the KORD and the Gq-coupled M3-DREADD within the same neuronal population facilitated the sequential and bidirectional remote control of behavior. The availability of DREADDs activated by different ligands provides enhanced opportunities for investigating diverse physiological systems using multiplexed chemogenetic actuators.
Effect of Relative Decision Monitoring on Chief Executive Compensation.

This study investigated the effects of relative decision monitoring, whereby decisions are compared to those of competitors, on chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. We tested for both cash c...
RECEPTOR‐BOUND uPA IS REVERSIBLY PROTECTED FROM INHIBITION BY LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT INHIBITORS

Abstract Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a ubiquitous role in cell migration and invasiveness. Amiloride, a competitive inhibitor of uPA, can inhibit endothelial cell (EC) outgrowth during angiogenesis. To address the question of whether amiloride blocked angiogenesis by inhibiting uPA, we undertook a study of uPA expression in sprouting EC in vitro and the effects of amiloride on both enzymatic and morphogenetic activity. As expected, amiloride inhibited soluble uPA (suPA) with an IC50 of 45–85 μ m , however, receptor-bound uPA (rbuPA) from the sprouting EC was insensitive to amiloride. Removal of uPA from its receptors confers sensitivity to inhibition by amiloride suggesting that a reversible conformational change may mediate the insensitivity of rbuPA to amiloride and its analogs. In summary, we found no evidence to support the hypothesis that amiloride blocks capillary outgrowth by inhibition of uPA, but were able to successfully demonstrate a functional difference between two physiological forms of this important matrix-degrading enzyme.
Susceptibility of commercial oat cultivars to Cryptolestes pusillus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis

Susceptibility to two storage insect pests [(Cryptolestes pusillus (Sch . onherr) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)] of eight commercial oat cultivars from the United States was determined in laboratory studies. Duration of insect development was shorter and number of progeny produced was greater on cracked than on whole oats. Simulations based on data from the study showed that insect populations would reach the threshold level for treatment in 2–3 months of storage at 301C on cracked oats. Insect population development was slowest on the hulless cultivar Paul when the oat kernels were cracked. Simulations also indicated that all cultivars of whole oats tested could be stored for at least 1 yr at 301C without reaching the threshold for treatment when infested with these two species of insects, and insect populations would decrease over time on the cultivars Don, Jerry, Milton, NewDak, Otana, and Valley. Analyses of oat grain quality characteristics, including kernel weight, groat hardness, and groat composition, provided little insight into the mechanism of observed differences in insect development among cultivars. Hardness of the kernels (as indicated by % broken groats after dehulling) may be related to near immunity to these two species of insects in whole Otana. Steaming whole oats to inactivate hydrolytic enzymes in the trichomes of the pericarp did not increase susceptibility to these two species of insects, suggesting that enzymes in the trichomes were not responsible for insect population development being slower on whole oats than on cracked oats. Although we were unable to identify the factors that determined relative susceptibility in this study, the results will be useful for selecting commercial oat cultivars for planting that will be less susceptible to insect pests in storage and suggest that the economics of
Anaerobic Conditions Improve Germination of a Gibberellic Acid Deficient Rice

Dwarf plants are useful in research because multiple plants can be grown in a small area. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is especially important since its relatively simple genome has recently been sequenced. We are characterizing a gibberellic acid (GA) mutant of rice (japonica cv 'Shiokari,' line N-71) that is extremely dwarf (20 cm tall). Unfortunately, this GA mutation is associated with poor germination (70%) under aerobic conditions. Neither exogenous GA nor a dormancy-breaking heat treatment improved germination. However, 95% germination was achieved by germinating the seeds anaerobically, either in a pure N2 environment or submerged in unstirred tap water. The anaerobic conditions appear to break a mild post-harvest dormancy in this rice cultivar. Copyright 2002 Crop Science Society of America.
Energetics of Self-Assembly and Chain Confinement in Silver Alkanethiolates: Enthalpy−Entropy Interplay

The formation enthalpies by in situ direct synthesis calorimetry for a series of silver alkanethiolates, AgS(CH2)nCH3, with various long chain-length substituents (n = 9, 11, 15, and 17) are reported. The calorimetric results support a mechanism of stepwise hierarchical assembly involving primary directional interactions between Ag and S forming the inorganic core and secondary stacking facilitating the formation of the three-dimensional structure. The formation enthalpy data are chain-length dependent, indicating an energy of −4 ± 0.5 kJ/mol per methyl group due to alkyl chain interactions. The chain independent component of the enthalpy associated with bonding between Ag and S is −137 ± 6 kJ/mol, which is consistent with previous experimental data and ab initio calculations for these and related materials. A new recrystallization method offers significantly improved structural consistency across the chain-length series. Larger purified crystals, prepared by this method, were used to probe the structure,...
The use of risk assessment instruments in child protective services case planning and closures

Abstract This exploratory study examined variables expected to predict which caretakers are most likely to reabuse children under child protective services (CPS) supervision. Caretaker variables related to poverty, mental health problems, history as a victim of abuse, substance abuse, and prior CPS reports were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in predicting which children remain at risk of maltreatment. Method: Using a pretested instrument, data were collected from case records of 447 randomly selected children supervised by CPS while residing with parents or relatives for a minimum of six months. These children, in contrast to those in foster family care, were selected because of their more likely exposure to initial abusers. Results: This study offered little support for using variables employed by risk assessment instruments to predict which caretakers were most likely to reabuse because reabusers and non-reabusers shared many features. Importantly, findings in this study indicate that children residing in kinship care are not at significant risk for future maltreatment.
Solar and lunar velocities in the Alfonsine Tables.

Abstract Although not previously noticed, the solar and lunar velocity tables in the 1483 edition of the Alfonsine Tables differ from the corresponding tables in the 1518 edition (Venice) which are identical to those that appear in the Toledan Tables and the z i j of al-Batt a n i . The velocity tables in the unpublished Hebrew version of the Alfonsine Tables, composed in 1460 (Avignon), agree with the 1483 edition, and the Hebrew translator tells us that these tables (together with some others) were added to the Alfonsine Tables by Christian scholars after the time of Alfonso. A discussion of the underlying parameters is also presented.
The LINE-1 DNA sequences in four mammalian orders predict proteins that conserve homologies to retrovirus proteins.

Abstract Recent work suggests that one or more members of the highly repeated LINE-1 (L1) DNA family found in all mammals may encode one or more proteins. Here we report the sequence of a portion of an L1 cloned from the domestic cat (Felis catus). These data permit comparison of the L1 sequences in four mammalian orders (Carnivore, Lagomorph, Rodent and Primate) and the comparison supports the suggested coding potential. In two separate, noncontiguous regions in the carboxy terminal half of the proteins predicted from the DNA sequences, there are several strongly conserved segments. In one region, these share homology with known or suspected reverse transcriptases, as described by others in rodents and primates. In the second region, closer to the carboxy terminus, the strongly conserved segments are over 90% homologous among the four orders. One of the latter segments is cysteine rich and resembles the putative metal binding domains of nucleic acid binding proteins, including those of TFIIIA and retroviruses.
Temporal optics of resonant transmission of gamma rays through57Fe

The development in time of the transmission through57Fe of a broad Lorenztian radiation is calculated numerically. Examples are given forθ=0 andπ/2, for the magnetic hyperfine case, and forθ=π/2 for pure quadrupole splitting.
Surface features of cirrhotic liver.

The surface features of single cells and of multicellular tissue units in cirrhotic rat livers have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cirrhosis of the liver was produced in rats by simultaneously treating them with carbon tetrachloride and sodium phenobarbital. Connective tissue septa consisted of a loose mesh-work of fibers in which fibroblasts were embedded. The arrangement and surface features of hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules differed from those found in parenchyma of normal livers. Hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules universally formed plates two cells thick. The portion of the hepatocyte surface covered by microvilli was greatly increased in cells from cirrhotic livers, and this was reflected in a corresponding reduction in the area occupied by the smooth-surfaced narrow intercellular space. Canaliculi between hepatocytes in cirrhotic livers were reduplicated and frequently branched. Hepatocyte surfaces covered by microplicae and flattened microvilli, typical of connective tissue-facing surfaces in normal livers, were greatly increased in cirrhotic livers corresponding to the increase in connective tissue. Where hepatocytes directly contacted fibroblasts (and not fibers), their surfaces were entirely smooth. Sinusoidal endothelial cells in cirrhotic livers contained only isolated, relatively sparse pores, and they lacked both sieve plates (pore complexes) and large fenestrations.
Tumor necrosis factor-α in pregnancies associated with preeclampsia or small-for-gestational-age newborns * ** *

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the presence and concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α in maternal and fetal plasma in pregnancies associated with preeclampsia and small-for-9estational-age newborns. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal and fetal plasma tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were measured in nonpregnant women ( n = 12), women with normal pregnancies ( n = 24), and women with pregnancies associated with severe preeclampsia ( n = 23), small-for-gestational-age newborns ( n = 14), or both preeclampsia and small-for-gestational-age newborns ( n = 12). Tumor necrosis factor-α was measured with a sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Tumor necrosis factor-α was detected in 89% of the samples studied. Concentrations ranged from r = 0.51, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to demonstrate a decrease in maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α in pregnancies associated with idiopathic small-for-9estational-age newborns. This reduction may have endocrinolo9ic importance or may reflect widespread paracrine and autocrine events. On the other hand, our findings do not support a fundamental endocrine role of tumor necrosis factor-α in Preeclampsia.
Microfabrication of a metal fuel injector nozzle array

Furl injector nozzles fabricate with micrometer-scale swirler channels are being fabricated using a combination of micro-fabrication and precision machining. Arrays of fuel injector nozzles are an integral component of the Trapped- Vortex (TV) gas turbine combustor for use in advanced aircraft engines. The principle of TV is to improve flame stabilization through interaction between the main and secondary combustion processes. The fabrication of an array of fuel injectors requires nickel microstructures to be electro deposited on both sides of a nickel substrate in order to segregate the inlet air and fuel flows. The microstructures assist in the atomization of the fuel and induce swirl in the fluids. For each injector, a micrometer- scale cone drilled through the plate facilitates mixing of swirling fuel and air. The mixture is then injected into the secondary combustion chamber with a low-pressure air supply, which is required in order to obtain stoichiometric conditions. The prototype fuel injectors are composed of four individual plates. Two plates seal the air and fuel channels. Another plate contains the micro fabricated swirlers. The fourth plate is used to define the low- pressure air reservoir. The plates were mechanically fastened together using alignment pins for accurate plate positioning. Precision machining was used to position and drill the holes required for alignment, fluid flow, and connectors.
HIV-positive patients' discussion of oral health with their HIV primary care providers in Miami, Florida

Abstract Over 90% of HIV-positive persons will have at least one oral manifestation of HIV disease during the course of infection. Clinical guidelines suggest that examination of the oral cavity should be included in initial and interim physical examinations of all HIV-infected patients by their HIV care providers. Clinically significant manifestations of oral disease may impact prescribed treatment regimens. The objective of this analysis was to describe HIV-positive patients' discussion of oral health and dental health with their HIV primary care providers and the correlates of this discussion. We used cross-sectional data from the baseline of a randomized trial testing the efficacy of a risk reduction intervention. Participants were HIV-positive male and female patients attending five HIV primary care clinics in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA. Overall, 37% of patients did not discuss oral health with their provider. After controlling for age, gender, education, and clinic, odds of discussion of oral h...
Efficient carbon-carbon bond formation in ethanol homologation by CO/H2 with specific C1 oxygen retention over Cs/Cu/ZnO catalysts

The reactions of ethanol with CO/H2 or CH3OH to form 1-propanol proceed most efficiently over Cs/Cu/ZnO catalysts with selective oxygen retention from CO/H2 or CH3OH and removal of oxygen associated with the OH group of ethanol, in contrast to that predicted by the classic aldol condensation mechanism. Isotopic labeling experiments reveal a novel path12CH3 13CH2OH+12CO/H2→13CH3 12CH2 12CH2OH.
Mathematical Programs with Optimization Problems in the Constraints

This paper considers a class of optimization problems characterized by constraints that themselves contain optimization problems. The problems in the constraints can be linear programs, nonlinear programs, or two-sided optimization problems, including certain types of games. The paper presents theory dealing primarily with properties of the relevant functions that result in convex programming problems, and discusses interpretations of this theory. It gives an application with linear programs in the constraints, and discusses computational methods for solving the problems.
Integrating support persons into diabetes telemonitoring to improve self-management and medication adherence.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential benefits for medication adherence of integrating a patient-selected support person into an automated diabetes telemonitoring and self-management program, and to determine whether these benefits vary by patients’ baseline level of psychological distress.
Shaping Society through Dance: Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Peruvian Andes

During the patron saint fiesta in the Andean town of San Jeronimo, Peru, crowds gather at sunset in the town square, eagerly awaiting the entrance of the colourful dance troupes, or "comparsas". With their masks, music and surprising interpretations of contemporary events, the "comparsas" of the Cusco region are the focus of this multifaceted work. At the crossroads of folklore and ritual, mass media and local preferences, and regional and national identity, the "comparsas" -recorded here on video and compact disc - have become a powerful way for the local people to make sense of their place in Peru and in the world. As Zoila Mendoza shows, they do more than reflect societal changes, they actively transform society. In this fluid world, she argues, racial and ethnic identities are shaped more by notions of what is decent, elegant and modern rather than by skin colour or status. As the different troupes vie for the townspeople's recognition as the most "authentic" group, these notions are challenged and reworked. A fascinating look at a rich tradition, this innovative work is also a compelling example of the critical anthropology of performance.
A direct comparison of a Si(Li) detector with a sphericaly bent crystal X-Ray spectrometer in trace element analysis

Abstract A direct experimental comparison of a Si(Li) detector with a spherically bent crystal x-ray spectrometer for trace element analysis is presented. Characteristic x-rays are produced by electron bombardment of powder and aqueous-residue samples placed on the anode of a demountable x-ray tube. The resulting radiatmn is analyzed simultane- ously by each spectrometer. The data include the minimum detectable limit (b.: DL) in terms of percent concentration in a light element matrix for the powder samples and in terms of the mass of the element for re,ddue samples. MDLs obtained with the Si(Li) detector approach those obtained with the crystal spectrometer. However, the crystal spectrometer was found to be superior in analyzing complex spectra. A!though the electron excitation technique was not expected to haw any particular merit as an ana- lytical tool, traces as small as a few nanograms of some elements are easily detectable in residue samples.
Oblique impact modeling of fuzes

This paper presents the results of a combined experimental, numerical, and analytical investigation of a low-speed (198 m/s) oblique impact of a cylindrical steel projectile into an aluminum-brass composite fuze simulant. The numerical simulations were performed prior to the experiments using the Lagrangian hydrocode EPIC92. The results indicate that projectile hardness and impact point strongly influence the mechanism by which the fuze deforms. An experiment was then conducted in order to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the hydrocode. The experimental results generally corroborate the hydrocode results during the initial stages of the impact but depart significantly at later stages of the penetration. Possible causes for the observed differences between the experiment and the simulation include, (i) the absence of a global fracture modeling capability in the hydrocode, and (ii) boundary condition differences between experiment and simulation. The hydrocode predicts that 91% of the projectile kinetic energy is converted into target plastic work. This result compares well with predictions based upon an analytical model of an elastic-plastic beam bent by an end load.
National Guard families after combat: mental health, use of mental health services, and perceived treatment barriers.

Objective:National Guard forces have deployed in large numbers to Iraq and Afghanistan since September 11, 2001. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess mental health symptoms, utilization of mental health services, and perceived barriers to service use among National Guard members and their significant others (including spouses and others with whom they share a committed relationship) from a Midwestern state. Methods:Participants were recruited for the study at military-sponsored reintegration workshops, which took place 45–90 days after service members' return from deployment. A sample of 332 National Guard members and 212 significant others volunteered to complete a survey that assessed mental health symptoms, service utilization, and barriers to treatment. Results:Forty percent of National Guard members and 34% of significant others met the screening criteria for one or more mental health problems. Of those meeting the criteria, 53% reported seeking help of some kind (50% of soldiers; ...
On the helix-ferro transition in MnP

Abstract The decrease in the ratio of the exchange constants J2 and J1 gives for a special value of the anisotropy energy a first-order phase transition.
The pharmacogenomics of mood stabilizer response in bipolar disorder

Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a common psychiatric illness that has a recurring course and 17% - 24% lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts. Difficulty in diagnosis and individual variation in response point to a great need for personalized medicine. Studies to date have focused largely on lithium and suggest the idea that different medication responses may reflect different disease mechanisms. An overview of current pharmacogenomic studies will be presented and needs and future directions discussed.
Stable isotope canopy effects for sympatric monkeys at Tai Forest, Cote d'Ivoire.

This study tests the hypothesis that vertical habitat preferences of different monkey species inhabiting closed canopy rainforest are reflected in oxygen isotopes. We sampled bone from seven sympatric cercopithecid species in the Tai forest, Cote d'Ivoire, where long-term study has established taxon-specific patterns of habitat use and diet. Modern rib samples (n = 34) were examined for oxygen (δ18Oap) and carbon (δ13Cap) from bone apatite (‘bioapatite’), and carbon (δ13Cco) and nitrogen (δ15Nco) from bone collagen. Results are consistent for C3 feeders in a closed canopy habitat. Low irradiance and evapotranspiration, coupled with high relative humidity and recycled CO2 in forest understory, contribute to observed isotopic variability. Both δ13Cco and δ13Cap results reflect diet; however, δ13C values are not correlated with species preference for canopy height. By contrast, δ18Oap results are correlated with mean observed height and show significant vertical partitioning between taxa feeding at ground, lower and upper canopy levels. This oxygen isotope canopy effect has important palaeobiological implications for reconstructing vertical partitioning among sympatric primates and other species in tropical forests.
Risk factors for symptom onset in PI*Z alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

BACKGROUND In an early study of highly symptomatic patients with PI*Z alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AAT), tobacco smoking was identified as a risk factor by comparing the age of symptom onset in smokers and nonsmokers. Age of symptom onset has not been well studied in relationship to other environmental exposures. METHODS Environmental exposures were assessed in 313 PI*Z adults through retrospective self-administered questionnaire. Age of onset of symptoms with and without these exposures were analyzed through survival analysis. RESULTS Personal smoking was the most important risk factor, associated with earlier onset of cough and wheeze, and showed a dose-dependent relationship with the onset of dyspnea. Childhood environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure was independently associated with younger age of onset of cough. Earlier onset of wheeze was also associated with childhood respiratory infections and family history of emphysema. The report of childhood respiratory infections was associated with childhood ETS exposure, but no statistically significant interactions were noted. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that both personal and secondhand exposure to tobacco smoke in childhood are likely to accelerate the onset of symptoms in AAT deficient patients. Respiratory infections in childhood may also contribute to this risk.
Development of a sparging chamber for field radon analysis

Radon-222 has become a widely used tracer of submarine groundwater discharge. However, remote field studies are often limited by the need to pump water to a spray chamber which degasses dissolved radon for subsequent analysis in the gaseous phase. We develop here a new method of degassing dissolved 222Rn, utilizing a stream of bubbles driven by the internal air pump of a commercial radon analyzer to achieve air:water partitioning equilibrium, eliminating the need to pump water. This system utilizes a sparging chamber, comprised of a slotted vertically-oriented pipe with bubbles produced in the bottom. A non-slotted section of the pipe at the top of the chamber forms a sealed headspace, allowing air to be circulated in a closed loop between the sparging chamber and a radon-in-air monitor. We found that such a sparging chamber needs to allow bubbles to rise through at least 45 cm of water column to function at equal efficiency as the standard protocol of the spray chamber. Under our optimized configuration, the sparging chamber operates as efficiently as the standard protocol at measuring dissolved 222Rn activities when encountering increasing 222Rn activities, and offers even greater gas exchange efficiency when dissolved 222Rn activities decrease. The sparging chamber offers a more field-friendly alternative to measuring 222Rn activities, as it eliminates the need to maintain a submersible pump throughout the measurement and it offers increased temporal resolution when variable 222Rn activities are expected.
Prospectively Quantifying the Propensity for Atrial Fibrillation: A Mechanistic Formulation

The goal of this study was to determine quantitative relationships between electrophysiologic parameters and the propensity of cardiac tissue to undergo atrial fibrillation. We used a computational model to simulate episodes of fibrillation, which we then characterized in terms of both their duration and the population dynamics of the electrical waves which drove them. Monte Carlo sampling revealed that episode durations followed an exponential decay distribution and wave population sizes followed a normal distribution. Half-lives of reentrant episodes increased exponentially with either increasing tissue area to boundary length ratio (A/BL) or decreasing action potential duration (APD), resistance (R) or capacitance (C). We found that the qualitative form of fibrillatory activity (e.g., multi-wavelet reentry (MWR) vs. rotors) was dependent on the ratio of resistance and capacitance to APD; MWR was reliably produced below a ratio of 0.18. We found that a composite of these electrophysiologic parameters, which we term the fibrillogenicity index (Fb = A/(BL*APD*R*C)), reliably predicted the duration of MWR episodes (r2 = 0.93). Given that some of the quantities comprising Fb are amenable to manipulation (via either pharmacologic treatment or catheter ablation), these findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of titrated therapies of atrial fibrillation.
Solution of a free-surface boundary value problem using an inverse formulation and the finite element method

Abstract Two-dimensional free surface problems, examples of which are the seepage from triangular and trapezoidal ditches through porous media, have been solved by the finite element method using rectangular elements. The inverse formulation, in which the x- and y-coordinates are considered dependent variables, and the streamfunction and potential function are the independent variables, has been used in the solution. Included are comparisons between finite element, finite difference, and analytical solutions which show the increased accuracy and computational efficiency of the finite element method.
Geographic Access to Acute Stroke Care in the United States

Background and Purpose—Only 3% to 5% of patients with acute ischemic stroke receive intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA) and <1% receive endovascular therapy. We describe access of the US population to all facilities that actually provide intravenous r-tPA or endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Methods—We used US demographic data and intravenous r-tPA and endovascular therapy rates in the 2011 US Medicare Provider and Analysis Review data set. International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision codes 433.xx, 434.xx and 436 identified acute ischemic stroke cases. International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision code 99.10 defined intravenous r-tPA treatment and International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision code 39.74 defined endovascular therapy. We estimated ambulance response times using arc-Geographic Information System’s network analyst and helicopter transport times using validated models. Population access to care was determined by summing...
Sex-role traditionalism and fear of success

In the present study 33 adult women completed Horner's measure of fear of success, filled out a questionnaire that tapped sex-role traditionalism and negative attitudes toward the women's liberation movement, and answered questions concerning their political beliefs and educational backgrounds. In line with some of Horner's contentions, it was found that fear of success is more common among nontraditional women — those who favor the women's movement, have more education, and hold liberal or radical political beliefs. Fear of success is not a correlate of traditional femininity but rather a sign of conflict experienced by ambitious, nontraditional women. Implications and further questions are discussed.
Transient photoconductivity in conjugated polymers

Abstract We present the results of transient (subnanosecond) photoconductivity for a variety of conjugated polymers including trans -polyacetylene, poly(3-hexylthiophene), and polyaniline. The effects of temperature, and incident light polarization are also discussed.
Absorption and metabolism of proanthocyanidins

Abstract Proanthocyanidins are found in fruits, tree nuts, cereals, legumes, wine, and chocolate. They affect nutritional value, appearance, taste, and texture of these foods and promote better health by preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers, urinary tract infections, and other aging-related metabolic complications. The bioavailability of proanthocyanidins is largely influenced by their degree of polymerization. The absorption rate of proanthocyanidin dimers is 5–10% of that of (−)-epicatechin. Trimers and tetramers had lower absorption rates than dimers. Absorbed intact dimers, trimers, and tetramers undergo limited phase II metabolism in the intestine and liver in rats compared with (−)-epicatechin. Proanthocyanidins with a degree of polymerization over 4 (DP > 4) are not absorbable because of their large molecular size and gut barrier. Depolymerization of proanthocyanidins in the gastrointestinal tract was negligible. The majority of proanthocyanidins reaches the colon intact and is degraded into phenylvalerolactones and phenolic acids by colon microbiota. These microbial metabolites may contribute to the health promoting properties of proanthocyanidins in vivo. Future research of proanthocyanidin bioavailability will likely focus on identification of new microbial metabolites and investigation of how proanthocyanidins influence human health by affecting the composition of human gut microbiota.
Production of Hydrogen from Biomass by Catalytic Steam Reforming of Fast Pyrolysis Oils

Hydrogen is of great interest as the cleanest fuel for power generation using fuel cells and for transportation. Biomass can be thermochemically converted to hydrogen via two distinct strategies: ...
Expression Cloning and Characterization of NSIST, a Novel Sulfotransferase Expressed by a Subset of Neurons and Postsynaptic Targets

Synapses are distinguished by localized concentrations of specific proteins, many of which bear the marks of posttranslational processing such as glycosylation and sulfation. One strategy to elucidate this posttranslational tailoring is to identify the enzymes that create these modifications. Monoclonal antibody 3B3 recognizes a carbohydrate-containing epitope expressed on dystroglycan and other constituents of Torpedo electric organ synaptic membranes. We used mAb 3B3 in an immunofluorescence-based expression-cloning method and isolated a cDNA clone conferring mAb-3B3 immunoreactivity to transfected COS cells. The deduced polypeptide has a predicted molecular weight of 51 kDa, a type II transmembrane topology, and four potential N-linked glycosylation sites. The polypeptide, which we term NSIST (nervous system involved sulfotransferase), shows extensive, although not complete, homology to a chondroitin-6-sulfotransferase and limited homology to other sulfotransferases. In NSIST-transfected COS cells,35SO4 incorporation and chondroitin-sulfate-like immunoreactivity are increased. In vivo , NSIST occurs as a single 2.4 kb transcript abundant in Torpedo electric organ, moderately expressed in spinal cord and electric lobe, and undetectable in non-neural tissues. Immunohistochemistry shows that NSIST is expressed in a punctate distribution in the innervated portion of electrocytes. In the CNS, NSIST-like immunoreactivity is localized within the somas of motor neurons and neurons of the electromotor nucleus, whereas mAb-3B3 immunostaining is associated with cell surfaces and neuropil. Neuronal NSIST is therefore likely to exert its effects extracellularly; although NSIST is synthesized by neurons, its product, the 3B3 epitope, is found outside neuronal cell bodies. Our evidence indicates that NSIST participates in nervous system specific posttranslational modifications, perhaps including those at synapses.
Fluctuations in highly dilute solutions

Presentation d'un modele stochastique d'un processus de separation par extraction liquide liquide. On utilise la thermodynamique statistique pour determiner la composition des gouttes dispersees
Changes in operant responding for saccharin in male and female hamsters following gonadectomy

Male and female hamsters were trained to barpress for saccharin. Half of each group was gonadectomized and tested for response rate for saccharin reinforcement under water deprived and nondeprived conditions. Gonadectomized females did not differ from intact females in response rate or weight gain. Gonadectomized males gained more weight and barpressed less than intact males. These data were discussed as failing to support any current theory dealing with the effects of alterations in gonadal hormones on preference behavior.
Guided-mode absorption in ultrathin organic photovoltaics

We introduce a novel organic photovoltaic (OPV) design, termed a “slot OPV”, that applies the principles of slot waveguides to confine light within the ultrathin (&#60; 50 nm) active layer of an OPV. Our calculations demonstrate that a “slot OPV” can be designed with guided-mode absorption for a 10 nm thick active layer equal to the absorption of normal incidence on an OPV with a 100 nm thick active layer. These results, together with the expected improvement in charge extraction for ultrathin layers, suggest that “slot OPVs” can be designed with greater power conversion efficiency than today's state-of-the-art OPV architectures.
Outpatient Views on Direct Access to Physical Therapy in Indiana

The purpose of this study was to determine the opinions of outpatients receiving physical therapy in Indiana about physical therapy evaluation and treatment without referral (direct access). Subjects were 361 individuals being treated at one of 25 privately owned clinics. Each subject completed a 15-item questionnaire. Results showed that 82.8% of the respondents supported direct access to physical therapy. A majority indicated they would seek physical therapy services without referral if they were available. Physical therapists were cited as frequently as all other health care professionals combined as the practitioners providing the most thorough evaluation. Physical therapists were cited far more often than other health care professionals combined as the practitioners providing the best information about the control of symptoms. Subjects who had received more treatments than others were significantly more likely to support direct access (p less than .05). Conclusions were that individuals who have received physical therapy at private outpatient physical therapy clinics in Indiana are supportive of direct access to physical therapy services.
On the Computation of Pseudoadiabatic Entropy and Equivalent Potential Temperature

A set of approximate equations for pseudoadiabatic thermodynamics is developed. The equations are derived by neglecting the entropy of water vapor and then compensating for this error by using a constant (but relatively large) value for the latent heat of vaporization. The subsequent formulations for entropy and equivalent potential temperature have errors that are comparable to those of previous formulations, but their simple form makes them attractive for use in theoretical studies. It is also shown that, if the latent heat of vaporization is replaced with a constant value, an optimal value should be chosen to minimize error; a value of 2.555 10 6 Jk g 1 is found in tests herein.
Growth of Spanish, Boer×Angora and Boer×Spanish goat kids fed milk replacer

Abstract Seventy-seven male kids were used to compare growth performance of Spanish (S, n =26), Boer×Angora (BA, n =21) and Boer×Spanish (BS, n =30) kids during the preweaning period. All kids were removed from does 3 days postpartum, moved indoors and randomly allocated to individual cages. Kids received goat milk fortified with milk replacer for approximately 1 week followed by 600 ml of milk replacer (23% CP, 30% crude fat) twice daily until weaning at 8 week. At 3 week of age, all kids had ad libitum access to a commercial goat starter diet (20% CP). Feed intake was measured daily and BW gain at 2-week intervals. There were interactions ( P P P >0.10). From Week 3–8, Boer crosses gained BW more rapidly ( P =0.001) than did S kids (60, 71 and 77 g/day for S, BA and BS, respectively), although BW gain of S in Week 3–4 was greater ( P P =0.05; BA versus BS, P P =0.03) for BA and BS than for S (0.52, 0.59 and 0.58 for S, BA and BS, respectively). The incidence of scours was 17, 21 and 31% for S, BA and BS kids, respectively ( P >0.10). These results reflect that crossbreeding with Boer goats can improve growth of young kids and, thus, potentially increase economic returns for goat producers.
Ancillary data services of NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility

Abstract JPL's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) has primary responsibility for design and implementation of the SPICE ancillary information system, supporting a wide range of space science mission design, observation planning and data analysis functions. NAIF also serves as the ancillary data node of the Planetary Data System (PDS). As part of the PDS, NAIF archives SPICE and other ancillary data produced by flight projects. NAIF then distributes these data, and associated data access software and high-level tools, free of charge, to researchers funded by NASA's Office of Space Science, and to the broader space science community to the extent NAIF resources and NASA and JPL policy permit. This paper describes the SPICE system, identifies current and future SPICE applications, and summarizes customer support offered by NAIF. This information is current as of Spring 1995.
Quantitative analyses of myelofibrosis by determining hydroxyproline.

Background: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are blood malignancies manifested in increased production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets. Myelofibrosis is a subtype of MPNs characterized by the formation of scar-like tissues in the bone marrow due to abnormal hematopoiesis. It is considered a disease of both hematopoietic stem cells and stem cell niches. Patients with myelofibrosis have very poor prognosis, and there is no effective treatment so far. Myelofibrosis has routinely been detected by using histochemical staining methods which produce qualitative rather than quantitative results. In this study, we developed a quantitative assay of bone marrow myelofibrosis in JAK2V617F transgenic mice by determining hydroxyproline. Methods: The JAK2V617F transgenic mice's tissue was collected to detect the bone marrow myelofibrosis. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism program. Differences of samples between two groups were accessed using t tests. P values less than 0.05 (2-tailed) were considered significantly different. Results: We developed a quantitative method for detecting myelofibrosis by analyzing the content of hydroxyproline, a modified amino acid largely restricted to collagen which forms the fibrotic structure in bone marrow tissues. Our study also demonstrated age-dependent development of bone marrow myelofibrosis in JAK2V617F transgenic mice. Conclusions: In the present study, we have developed a new method for detecting bone marrow myelofibrosis by analyzing hydroxyproline contents. The method is highly sensitive and accurate. It provides more accurate, representative, and quantitative information than histochemical analyses. We believe that this method should find wide applications for analyzing the progression of myelofibrosis and efficacy of drug treatment.
An overview of interfacial tension as a component of freeze stress in winter cereal plants

Abstract Consideration of what might happen at liquid interfaces between ice and hydrophilic plant substances has led to the definition of an adhesive constraint. Equilibration of freezing by a shift in the intensity of melting would result from a shift in activation energy with a corresponding change in latent heat. Measured calorimetrically, the latent heat of freezing water associated with cellulose at −10 ° C was found to equal the heat of hydration, and these were calculated to be less than the latent heat of freezing of free water. This decrease in latent heat is an energy of adhesion; full development requires absence of solutes. Adhesive interactions predominate as freezing begins in hardy winter cereal plants, and these help to control the initial growth of ice. As the temperature decreases and freezing progresses, hydrolysis of fructan provides periplasmic sugar, which changes freeze stress from adhesive to osmotic.
Ping-pong sample times on a linear array halve the Nyquist rate [antenna array signal processing]

Staggering the sample times for alternate elements of a linear antenna array is shown to halve the usual Nyquist sample-rate bound of twice the one-sided signal bandwidth while preserving alias-free mapping between spectral components and plane waves in the far field. This approach can be used on transmit or receive and with lowpass or bandpass sampling, and it can involve analog up- or down-conversion between data conversion and the array. The usual element-spacing bound of half a wavelength at the upper RF band edge is replaced with a quarter-wavelength bound at the center of the Nyquist sampling band referred to RF, a reduction only for bandpass sampling.
More Notes on Pragmatism

of his time, who responded to the world around him, to his background and training, to the issues of his day. Science is not the same now, nor education, nor democracy. Some of Dewey's ideas are still relevant, but one cannot expect an intact sest of ideas to apply to the world 80 years later. Philosophy relies for its concepts, examples, and arguments on the changing world around it, as well as on historic antecedents. Nothing is eternal. Not philosophy, not Dewey. References
Toward the Theoretical Measurement of Ethnic Identity

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric qualities of two theoretical subscales of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM), Ethnic Identity Exploration and Ethnic Identity Commitment, that have been supported in research with early adolescent samples. The study was conducted to further validate the MEIM as a two-factor measure of the theoretical constructs of ethnic identity exploration and ethnic identity commitment. This study was conducted with 134 African American girls residing in a southeastern city. Psychometric support was found for the use of a subset of items derived from the MEIM that assesses the constructs of ethnic identity exploration and ethnic identity commitment. Discussion regarding the psychometric quality of the two-factor model is presented.
New implementation of the Billingsley clutter model for GMTI data cube generation

Internal clutter motion (ICM) places significant limits on the effectiveness of STAP clutter suppression techniques, for example in achieving the smallest minimum detectable velocity in GMTI radar surveillance applications. To simulate this effect with maximum fidelity, the required correlation must be impressed on the returns from individual scatterers during the construction of the data cube. Doing so can represent a substantial computational burden on the simulation process when a clutter scene is characterized by many millions of individual pixels. Such numbers are typical when using high fidelity SAR maps as the basis of the clutter model. The paper reports on a fast computational technique for wind-blown clutter simulation that works within a flexible data-generation system employing real high-fidelity IFSAR maps with co-registered elevation data as ground truth.
Multimedia Learning Theories and Online Instruction

Online library instruction has not traditionally been designed based on educational learning theories. Rather, much of it has been designed in the structure and format of print, with little thought given to the pedagogical approaches that support Web-based earning. Several relevant multimedia learning theories are surveyed in this article and compared with two versions of the same library tutorial—an HTML tutorial, and a streaming audio and video tutorial.
More Notes on the Text of Hesiod

These notes are a supplement to those which formed the second part of my ‘Hesiodea’. In part they result from re-examination of manuscripts and papyri undertaken for a projected commentary on the Theogony . In discussing the text of Hesiod a prime necessity is a new system of sigla. Rzach's system has the grave disadvantage that in the three extant poems the same manuscript is denoted by different letters, and conversely the same letter denotes different manuscripts.
Resonant population cycles in temporally fluctuating habitats

Experiments with the flour beetle Tribolium have revealed that animal numbers were larger in cultures grown in a periodically fluctuating volume of medium than in cultures grown in a constant volume of the same average size. In this paper we derive and analyze a discrete stage-structured mathematical model that explains this phenomenon as a kind of resonance effect. Habitat volume is incorporated into the model by the assumption that all rates of cannibalism (larvae on eggs, adults on eggs and pupae) are inversely proportional to the volume of the culture medium. We tested this modeling assumption by conducting and statistically analyzing laboratory experiments. For parameter estimates derived from experimental data, our model indeed predicts, under certain circumstances, a larger (cycle-average) total population abundance when the habitat volume periodically fluctuates than when the habitat volume is held constant at the average volume. The model also correctly predicts certain phase relationships and transient dynamics observed in data. The analyses involve a thorough integration of mathematics, statistical methods, biological details and experimental data.