cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 Chromatography-Element Selective Detection: Interfacing of Gas Chromatography with Microwave-Induced Plasma Emission Detection (Gc-Mip)

Publisher Summary Element selective chromatographic detection aims to obtain qualitative and quantitative analysis of eluates frequently in interfering background matrices based upon their elemental constitution. Simultaneous multielement detection may also permit the determination of the empirical formulae of eluates. Element selective gas chromatographic detectors in common use include the alkali flame ionization detector (AFID), often known as the nitrogen/phosphorus detector (NPD), selective for these elements; the flame photometric detector (FPD), selective for sulfur and phosphorus, and the Hall electrolytic conductivity detector, which is selective for halogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Atomic emission spectral detection of metallic elements in gas chromatography (GC) shows something of an irony; while detection limits and selectivities are usually better than for non-metals, because of greater emission intensities and absence of background interferences in the spectral region monitored, GC applications for metallic compounds in general are less common than for non-metals. The development of many alternative plasma sources has led to a resurgence of analytical atomic emission spectroscopy in recent years. The major plasma emission sources used for gas chromatographic detection have been the microwave-induced helium plasma, under atmospheric or reduced pressure and the direct current plasma (DCP). The inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP) has been used much less for GC than as a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detector.
Five Good Reasons Not to Act on Principle (or, Why You Probably Can't Act on Principle, Anyway)

This essay challenges the popular belief that principles either can or ought to play a decisive role in guiding or justifying moral decisions. The five reasons offered here hold that principled justification: 1) denies the aporetc, and hence the paradoxical, relation among opposing principles; 2) fails to consider the pathologies produced by the single-minded assertion of particular principles; 3) excludes a consideration of the role that feeling plays in both generating the moral impulse itself and mediating the use of reason in decision-making; 4) overasserts the role of consciousness as a positive force in guiding personal conduct; and 5) presumes an inflated conception of individual moral will at the expense of the social and the relational.
Price cue utilization in product evaluations

Abstract To date, relatively little research has focused on the psychological processes underlying the use of price information in product quality evaluations when attribute information is also available and varies in strength. In this article, the heuristic-systematic model of persuasion provides the framework for examining how consumers' level of motivation and the congruency of their price-based expectations of quality with attribute-based perceptions would moderate price cue utilization in product evaluations. Consistent with predictions based on the heuristic-systematic model, the study found that price was utilized as a heuristic cue when motivation was low and subjects engaged in heuristic processing. However, when motivation was high, use of the price cue depended on the extent to which subjects' initial price-based expectations were confirmed by subsequent systematic processing of attribute information. Specifically, under congruent conditions, both price and attribute information influenced product evaluations. In contrast, under incongruent conditions, the price cue did not affect product evaluations, and attribute information alone was utilized. Conceptual and managerial implications of the results are discussed.
Social Movements, the Rise of Colorblind Conservativism, and What Comes Naturally

Last spring I spoke at a University of Oregon symposium commemorating the twenty-fi fth anniversary of the publication of Michael Omi and Howard Winant’s Racial Formation in the United States. Emerging from the presentations was equal admiration for another book, Peggy Pascoe’s What Comes Naturally. In the presentation “Challenges to the Social Constructionist View of Race in the Post-Genomic Era,” for example, sociologist Catherine Lee used Pascoe’s work to explain how the social constructionist view of race had evolved and how the emergence of interracial relations and multiracial children had stoked research on the origins of race among biologists. Others talked about the importance of Pascoe’s just-released book, and Pascoe’s presence at most of the sessions and receptions infl uenced the discussions that shaped the weekend. It might be easy to attribute this appreciation of Pascoe to the fact that we were on a campus that has long benefi ted from her wisdom as Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacifi c History and professor of ethnic studies, though I think the praise from reviewers and the many awards that What Comes Naturally has won are a testament to the infl uence she has had beyond Eugene and will continue to have for years to come.
Use of reliability measures to improve the performance of fuzzy ARTMAP networks

Neural network based signal classification systems are being applied increasingly in nondestructive evaluation to solve the inverse problem. In general, two issues not usually addressed are (i) estimation of reliability measures of the network decision and (ii) ability of the network to learn and improve its performance with time. This paper presents a signal classification system using the fuzzy ARTMAP network. Fuzzy logic based reliability measures are developed for the fuzzy ARTMAP network and used as a feedback for retraining the network to improve its performance. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated using ultrasonic data obtained from the inspection of welds in nuclear flow plant piping.
Topical Review: Translating Translational Research in Behavioral Science.

OBJECTIVE To present a model of translational research for behavioral science that communicates the role of behavioral research at each phase of translation. METHODS A task force identified gaps in knowledge regarding behavioral translational research processes and made recommendations regarding advancement of knowledge. RESULTS A comprehensive model of translational behavioral research was developed. This model represents T1, T2, and T3 research activities, as well as Phase 1, 2, 3, and 4 clinical trials. Clinical illustrations of translational processes are also offered as support for the model. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral science has struggled with defining a translational research model that effectively articulates each stage of translation and complements biomedical research. Our model defines key activities at each phase of translation from basic discovery to dissemination/implementation. This should be a starting point for communicating the role of behavioral science in translational research and a catalyst for better integration of biomedical and behavioral research.
Immobilization of Surface Active Compounds on Polymer Supports Using Glow Discharge Processes 1. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on Poly(propylene)

A new method has been developed in which a reversibly adsorbed layer of a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) is covalently immobilized in one step onto a hydrophobic substrate (poly(propylene), PP) by applying an argon plasma treatment. The adsorption of SDS from aqueous solutions onto PP surfaces was studied with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Plateau levels of adsorbed SDS were reached within 10 s using SDS solution concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC). At SDS concentrations below the CMC almost no adsorption took place, whereas at SDS concentrations above the CMC constant adsorption levels were measured. Preadsorbed SDS layers could be completely desorbed after immersion of the SDS-coated substrates in water for 90 min. If PP surfaces with preadsorbed SDS were dried and plasma-treated with an argon glow discharge and then immersed in water for 90 min, intact sulfate groups were present at the surface as shown by ion exchange and XPS measurements. This indicates that SDS preadsorbed onto PP surfaces can be immobilized by a plasma treatment. It is concluded that plasma techniques can be used to immobilize physically adsorbed surface active compounds onto substrates. This is a useful way to derivatize inert substrates with various polar or nonpolar groups.
Characterization of the role of the FluG protein in asexual development of Aspergillus nidulans.

We showed previously that a Δ fluG mutation results in a block in Aspergillus nidulans asexual sporulation and that overexpression of fluG activates sporulation in liquid-submerged culture, a condition that does not normally support sporulation of wild-type strains. Here we demonstrate that the entire N-terminal region of FluG (∼400 amino acids) can be deleted without affecting sporulation, indicating that FluG activity resides in the C-terminal half of the protein, which bears significant similarity with GSI-type glutamine synthetases. While FluG has no apparent role in glutamine biosynthesis, we propose that it has an enzymatic role in sporulation factor production. We also describe the isolation of d ominant s uppressors of Δ flu G ( dsg ) that should identify components acting downstream of FluG and thereby define the function of FluG in sporulation. The dsgA1 mutation also suppresses the developmental defects resulting from Δ flbA and dominant activating fadA mutations, which both cause constitutive induction of the mycelial proliferation pathway. However, dsgA1 does not suppress the negative influence of these mutations on production of the aflatoxin precursor, sterigmatocystin, indicating that dsgA1 is specific for asexual development. Taken together, our studies define dsgA as a novel component of the asexual sporulation pathway.
Erratum to “Categoricity in abstract elementary classes with no maximal models” [Ann. Pure Appl. Logic 141 (2006) 108–147]

Abstract In the paper “Categoricity in abstract elementary classes with no maximal models”, we address gaps in Saharon Shelah and Andres Villavecesʼ (1999) proof in [4] of the uniqueness of limit models of cardinality μ in λ-categorical abstract elementary classes with no maximal models, where λ is some cardinal larger than μ. Both [4] (Shelah and Villaveces, 1999) and [5] (VanDieren, 2006) employ set theoretic assumptions, namely GCH and Φ μ + ( S cf ( μ ) μ + ) . Recently, Tapani Hyttinen pointed out a problem in an early draft of [3] (Grossberg et al., 2011) to Villaveces. This problem stems from the proof in Shelah and Villavecesʼ (1999) [4] that reduced towers are continuous. Residues of this problem also infect the proof of Proposition II.7.2 in VanDieren (2006) [5] . We respond to the issues in Shelah and Villaveces (1999) [4] and VanDieren (2006) [5] with alternative proofs under the strengthened assumption that the abstract elementary class is categorical in μ + .
The impact of age-related dysregulation of the angiotensin system on mitochondrial redox balance.

Aging is associated with the accumulation of various deleterious changes in cells. According to the free radical and mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondria initiate most of the deleterious changes in aging and govern life span. The failure of mitochondrial reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and the formation of excessive free radicals are tightly linked to dysregulation in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). A main rate-controlling step in RAS is renin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further converted to Angiotensin II (Ang II) by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ang II binds with equal affinity to two main angiotensin receptors—type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). The binding of Ang II to AT1R activates NADPH oxidase, which leads to increased generation of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). This Ang II-AT1R–NADPH-ROS signal triggers the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels and mitochondrial ROS production in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, RAS has been implicated in the decrease of many of ROS scavenging enzymes, thereby leading to detrimental levels of free radicals in the cell.AT2R is less understood, but evidence supports an anti-oxidative and mitochondria-protective function for AT2R. The overlap between age related changes in RAS and mitochondria, and the consequences of this overlap on age-related diseases are quite complex. RAS dysregulation has been implicated in many pathological conditions due to its contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased age-related, renal and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction was seen in patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockers. The aim of this review is to: (a) report the most recent information elucidating the role of RAS in mitochondrial redox hemostasis and (b) discuss the effect of age-related activation of RAS on generation of free radicals.
Effects on Photoemission of the Spatially Varying Photon Field at a Metal Surface

Enhancement of photoionization cross sections due to spatially varying photon fields at a metal surface has been observed in the normal-emission cross sections for the surface state and Fermi level of A1(100) at photon energies between 9 eV and 23 eV. The data for Fermi-level photoexcitation are in excellent agreement with theoretical results for jellium. Below $\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}$, the predominant contribution to the photoionization matrix element comes from the spatially varying fields, which provide the momentum required for photoexcitation.
Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions of Antithrombotic Agents Used in Prevention of Ischaemic Stroke

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in the US. Primary prevention of stroke can be achieved by control of risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elevated cholesterol levels and smoking. Approximately one-third of all ischaemic strokes occur in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). The mainstay of secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke is the addition of medical therapy with antithrombotic agents to control the risk factors for stroke. Antithrombotic therapy is associated with significant medical complications, particularly bleeding.Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been shown to be as effective as high-dose aspirin in the prevention of stroke, with fewer adverse bleeding events. Aspirin has been shown to be as effective as warfarin in the prevention of noncardioembolic ischaemic stroke, with significantly fewer bleeding complications. Ticlopidine may be more effective in preventing stroke than aspirin, but is associated with unacceptable haematological complications. Clopidogrel may have some benefit over aspirin in preventing myocardial infarction, but has not been shown to be superior to aspirin in the prevention of stroke. The combination of clopidogrel and aspirin may be more effective than aspirin alone in acute coronary syndromes, but the incidence of adverse bleeding is significantly higher. Furthermore, the combination of aspirin with clopidogrel has not been shown to be more effective for prevention of recurrent stroke than clopidogrel alone, while the rate of bleeding complications was significantly higher with combination therapy. The combination of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole has been demonstrated to be more effective than aspirin alone, with the same rate of adverse bleeding complications as low-dose aspirin. When selecting the appropriate antithrombotic agent for secondary prevention of stroke, the adverse event profile of the drug must be taken into account when assessing the overall efficacy of the treatment plan.
Motivational pathways to STEM career choices: Using expectancy–value perspective to understand individual and gender differences in STEM fields

The United States has made a significant effort and investment in STEM education, yet the size and the composition of the STEM workforce continues to fail to meet demand. It is thus important to understand the barriers and factors that influence individual educational and career choices. In this article, we conduct a literature review of the current knowledge surrounding individual and gender differences in STEM educational and career choices, using expectancy–value theory as a guiding framework. The overarching goal of this paper is to provide both a well-defined theoretical framework and complementary empirical evidence for linking specific sociocultural, contextual, biological, and psychological factors to individual and gender differences in STEM interests and choices. Knowledge gained through this review will eventually guide future research and interventions designed to enhance individual motivation and capacity to pursue STEM careers, particularly for females who are interested in STEM but may be constrained by misinformation or stereotypes.
Design of Direct-Drive Mechanical Arms'

Abstract : This paper describes the design concept of a new robot based on the direct-drive method using rare-earth DC torque motors. Because these motors have high torque, light weight and compact size, we can construct robots with far better performance than those presently available. For example, we can eliminate all the transmission mechanism between the motors and their loads, such as reducers and chain belts, and construct a simple mechanism (direct-drive) where the arm links are directly coupled to the motor rotors. This elimination can lead to excellent performance: no backlash, low friction, low inertia, low compliance and high reliability, all of which are suited for high-speed high-precision robots. First we propose a basic configuration of direct-drive robots. Second a general procedure for designing direct-drive robots is shown, and the feasibility of direct drive for robot actuation is discussed in terms of weights and torques of joints. One of the difficulties in designing direct-drive robots is that motors to drive wrist joints are loads for motors to drive elbow joints and they are loads for motors at shoulders. To reduce this increasing series of loads is an essential issue for designing practical robots. We analyze the series of joint mass for a simplified kinematic model of the direct-drive robots, and show how the loads are reduced significantly by using rare-earth motors with light weight and high torque. We also discuss optimum kinematic structures with minimum arm weight. Finally, we describe the direct-drive robotic manipulator (CMU arm) developed at Carnegie-Mellon University, and verify the design theory. (Author)
Avalanche breakdown in silicon devices for contactless logic testing and optical interconnect

A silicon p---n junction that is biased in avalanche breakdown mode emits visible light. Although the efficiency of such silicon emitters is poor, their ability to modulate at GHz frequencies make them a good choice for many applications including optical interconnect and optical contactless logic testing. Results demonstrate the feasibility of an all silicon optical interconnect system and an all silicon contactless testing methodology using the silicon light emitter and standard silicon detectors. The development of truly efficient silicon light emitting would enable many new applications.
Characterization of Phosphorylation Sites on Tpl2 Using IMAC Enrichment and a Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer

Advances in analytical techniques, specifically in mass spectrometry, have allowed for both facile protein identification and routine sequencing of proteins at increased sensitivity levels. Protein...
6‐azauridine in combination chemotherapy of childhood acute myelocytic leukemia

Seventeen children with acute myelocytic leukemia were treated with a combination of 6-azauridine, 6-mercaptopurine, and vincristine. Twelve attained complete bone marrow remission, and 2 achieved good partial remissions. For maintenance therapy, patients who attained remission were randomized into 2 groups: one received 6-mercaptopurine alone; the other received a combination of 6-mercaptopurine, 6-azauridine, and vincristine. The median duration of hematologic remission in these groups was 7 and 6 months, respectively. Meningeal leukemia developed in 8 of 15 patients. The overall median survival time was 8 months; for those who attained remission it was 10.5 months. The combination of 6-azauridine, 6-mercaptopurine, and vincristine was effective for remission induction of acute myelocytic leukemia in children.
Regulation of molecular pathways in ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation.

Background Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a multifactorial phenomenon that occurs during the transplant event and frequently compromises early graft function after liver transplantation (LT). Current comprehension of molecular mechanisms and regulation processes of I/R injury lacks clarity. MicroRNA (miRNA) regulation results critical in several biological processes. Methods This study evaluated gene expression and miRNA expression profiles using microarrays in 34 graft biopsies collected at preimplantation (L1) and at 90 min postreperfusion (L2) from consecutives deceased-donor LT recipients. miRNA profiles were first analyzed. Data integration analysis (gene expression/miRNA expression) aimed to identify potential target genes for each identified miRNA from the L1/L2 differential gene expression profile. Results Pairwise comparison analyses identified 40 miRNAs and 3168 significantly differentially expressed genes at postreperfusion time compared with preimplantation time. Pathway analysis of miRNAs associated these profiles with antiapoptosis, inhibition of cellular proliferation, and proinflammatory processes. Target analysis identified an miRNA-associated molecular profile of 2172 genes involved in cellular growth and proliferation modulation by cell cycle regulation, cell death and survival, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. miRNA-independent genes involved proinflammatory molecules. Conclusion We identified a miRNA profile involved in posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms in I/R injury post-LT. A better understanding of these molecular processes involved in I/R may contribute to develop new strategies to minimize graft injury.
Measurements of unipolar potentials in the electrical field produced by an arbitrary dipole in the elliptical homogeneous lamina

Abstract A method is described by which accurate measurement of unipolar potentials may be made on the homogeneous elliptical lamina. Measurement of unipolar potentials are made with the reference potential V TW of the weighted central terminal connected to 72 electrodes on the boundary of the ellipse. The measured unipolar potentials on the model compare in a highly satisfactory manner with the theoretically predicted values obtained by programming the C. V. Nelson formula on the 650 IBM computer. The method of extending the weighting process to the three-dimensional conductor is briefly described. The properly devised averaging network must approximate the value of the integral in equations (5) or (6). Under certain circumstances an integrating electrode may be used. 9 The Wagner ground potential of Frank and Kay is a function of both dipole position and dipole rotation 2 and is an unsound reference for the measurement of unipolar potentials. The weighted or unweighted central terminal (averaging network) or the integrating electrode are, in the author's opinion, the only means by which unipolar potentials or unipolar lead vectors can be measured in models or approximated in man. 12 The general method is equally useful where the field is due to a multipole (of zero net pole strength).
The Third Face of Social Capital How Membership in Voluntary Associations Improves Policy Accountability

This article examines whether political accountability—the heart of a functioning democracy—is enhanced by citizen participation in voluntary associations. The authors contend that involvement in associations offers an easy avenue for acquiring political information, thereby aiding citizens in evaluating the president on the basis of the policies produced by the president. General Social Survey data from ten years, paired with presidential policy liberalism scores, are used to test the key hypothesis. The authors find support for the idea that membership in voluntary associations facilitates a more sophisticated policy accountability among citizens.
TCP congestion control with a misbehaving receiver

In this paper, we explore the operation of TCP congestion control when the receiver can misbehave, as might occur with a greedy Web client. We first demonstrate that there are simple attacks that allow a misbehaving receiver to drive a standard TCP sender arbitrarily fast, without losing end-to-end reliability. These attacks are widely applicable because they stem from the sender behavior specified in RFC 2581 rather than implementation bugs. We then show that it is possible to modify TCP to eliminate this undesirable behavior entirely, without requiring assumptions of any kind about receiver behavior. This is a strong result: with our solution a receiver can only reduce the data transfer rate by misbehaving, thereby eliminating the incentive to do so.
Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network-An agent-based simulation.

A typical epidemic often involves the transmission of a disease, the flow of information regarding the disease, and the spread of human preventive behaviors against the disease. These three processes diffuse simultaneously through human social networks, and interact with one another, forming negative and positive feedback loops in the complex human-disease systems. Few studies, however, have been devoted to coupling all the three diffusions together and representing their interactions. To fill the knowledge gap, this article proposes a spatially explicit agent-based model to simulate a triple-diffusion process in a metropolitan area of 1 million people. The individual-based approach, network model, behavioral theories, and stochastic processes are used to formulate the three diffusions and integrate them together. Compared to the observed facts, the model results reasonably replicate the trends of influenza spread and information propagation. The model thus could be a valid and effective tool to evaluate information/behavior-based intervention strategies. Besides its implications to the public health, the research findings also contribute to network modeling, systems science, and medical geography.
Response of multilayered composite laminates to dynamic surface loads

A theoretical investigation of the response of multilayered composite laminates to concentrated and distributed dynamic surface loads is carried out. Each layer of the laminate is assumed to be transversely isotropic and dissipative with arbitrarily oriented symmetry axis. The dissipative property of the material is modeled approximately through the introduction of a frequency-dependent damping function. A multiple transform technique is used to calculate the spectra and time histories of the displacements and stresses produced by a variety of dynamic loads, and the quantitative features of the waves produced in the laminate are determined. The methodology developed in this work is expected to be useful in the prediction of the response of composite laminates to impact loads and also in the characterization of acoustic emission (AE) sources in these materials under static and dynamic loads.
The global assimilation of information for action (GAIA) initiative: understanding the impact of climate change on national security and public health

Global Assimilation of Information for Action (GAIA) is a new initiative at The Johns Hopkins University connecting decision-makers with the research community. GAIA's focus is on the near- and long-term effects of weather, climate, and climate disruption on society and national security. The GAIA initiative, http://gaia.jhuapl.edu, makes use of collaborative tools to bring together decision makers to address focused problems in settings that range from symposia and workshops to specific socio-political-economic "games" to explore how decisions can be made and risks assessed. GAIA includes a suite of visualization tools, documentation, analyses, and social networking capabilities. Here, we will discuss the GAIA collaboration and recent GAIA projects, in particular the development of climate change national security gaming scenarios and studies in public health, and how the GAIA project can aide in assessing national security and public health concerns.
Platelets from WAS patients show an increased susceptibility to ex vivo phagocytosis.

The thrombocytopenia of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is thought to be due to both reduced platelet production and accelerated platelet consumption. We have previously demonstrated that platelets from WASP-deficient mice are consumed more rapidly in vivo than are WT platelets, and that opsonization accelerates their uptake by bone marrow- derived macrophages more than it does that of WT platelets. Here we asked whether platelets from WAS patients show similar features. We show that ex vivo phagocytosis by activated THP-1 cells of DIO-labeled platelets from a series of WAS or XLT patients is increased in comparison to that of normal control platelets. Using a numerical analysis method, we distinguish this effect from a concurrent effect on the amount of detectable fluorescent signal transferred to the macrophage per phagocytosed platelet. We show that the latter quantity is reduced by platelet WASP deficiency, as might be expected if the fluorescence transferred from these smaller platelets is more rapidl...
Automatic feature extraction and feature competition in a perceptron pattern recognizer

When the dimension N of the input vector is much larger than the number M of different training patterns to be learned, a one-layered, hard-limited perceptron with N input nodes and P neurons (P > equals Log2M) is generally sufficient to accomplish the learning- recognition task. The recognition should be very robust and very fast if an optimum noniterative learning scheme is applied to the perceptron learning process. This paper concentrates at the discussion of two special characteristics of this novel pattern recognition system: the automatic feature extraction and the automatic feature competition. An unedited video movie recorded on a series of learning-recognition experiments may demonstrate these characteristics of the novel system in real time.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Classification of Primitive Sharp Permutation Groups of Type {0, k}

The purpose in this paper is to complete the classification of primitive sharp permutation groups of type ({0, k}, n) by proving that no such group can be almost simple.
Trends in Dairy Science Education — Production

In 1956, H. P. Davis ( 7 ) c o m p a r e d the change in the faculty, courses, curricula, and equipment of one institution, the University of Nebraska, as an example of 50 yr (1906 to 1956) of progress in dairy production teaching. He concluded that: 1. Dairy production teaching now must incorporate scientific developments not only in that field but also in chemistry, bacteriology, genetics, nutrition, and animal pathology, to mention but a few. 2. Curricula for dairy production majors now contain more science, more agricultural courses, and fewer courses in liberal arts but they still aim at a broad collegiate training. 3. The academic training of faculties has lengthened. 4. The physical equipment for instruction has increased in extent, variety, and cost. He also indicated that "the past half-century has been a momentous one in scientific development, but there is no indication that the next 50 yrs will be less fruitful. This outf low of scientific facts has placed a considerable burden on dairy instructors to digest, evaluate, and incorporate the important facts so that dairy production teaching can keep pace with new developments." Some of these conclusions can be applied to the period since 1956. The outf low of scientific facts has continued at an accelerated pace, academic training of faculty has lengthened, courses and curricula have changed. The challenge to teachers is to digest information, present it in an efficient manner, motivate students, and keep pace with new developments in industry and teaching.
Dielectric Function of a Model Insulator.

A wave-number- and frequency-dependent dielectric function has been calculated for a model insulator using the random-phase approximation. The model insulator consists of a free-electron conduction band represented by a single orthogonalized plane wave (OPW) and a valence band represented by linear combinations of ionic wave functions. All energy bands are assumed parabolic and isotropic. Numerical results are obtained for Ar, KCl, CsCl, MnS, and Si, in reasonable agreement with previous calculations. Screened exchange potentials have been obtained by using an interpolation formula, and evaluated for the chlorine ion in CsCl.
Creating a Better Life: Mothering While Using Illicit Injection Drugs

Education has been demonstrated to be an effective deterrent for substance abuse. The American Nurses Association (ANA) recognized the need for education about addiction and in 1984 suggested that nursing schools add the topic to their curriculum. Since it is estimated that one of 10 certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) become addicted, this study was initiated to examine the graduate curriculum in nurse anesthesia programs.A questionnaire was adapted and distributed to 98 program administrators from schools of nurse anesthesia throughout the United States in 1994. Fifty-six of the 98 program administrators responded, constituting a 57% response rate.Program administrators from 48 programs reported an average of 22 full-time students and 14 full-time faculty. Program administrators reported that the topic of substance abuse was integrated in 82% of the schools and that only an average of 2.94 hours was dedicated to didactic learning and 1.4 hours to clinical substance abuse education. The lectu...
Hydrogen switches and sensors fabricated by combining electropolymerization and Pd electrodeposition at microgap electrodes.

Here we describe a simple electrochemical approach to fabricate devices which behave as hydrogen sensors and switches. Devices fabricated by the electrodeposition of Pd directly across a 5 μm gap interdigitated array (IDA) of gold electrodes behaved as “hydrogen sensors”. These devices had initial currents on the 10−3 A level at −0.3 V and exhibited fast and reversible decreases in current in the presence of H2 concentrations in a N2 carrier gas with an average detection limit of 400 ppm. The current decrease is due to the formation of the more resistive PdHx in the presence of H2. Devices fabricated by polyphenol electropolymerization on one set of electrodes and Pd electrodeposition on the other set behaved as “hydrogen switches”. These devices displayed very low baseline currents of 10−100 pA at −0.3 V due to the presence of polphenol in the Electrode1/Pd/Polyphenol/Electrode 2 junction, and the current increased a remarkable 7−8 orders of magnitude in the presence of ≥1.0% H2 due to volume expansion u...
Are measurements of urine enzymes useful during aminoglycoside therapy

Summary: We prospectively evaluated concentrations of β-D-galactosidase, α-L-fucosidase, β-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and lysozyme in urine from normal subjects, ambulatory patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and CF patients with previously normal renal function who were receiving intravenous aminoglycoside (AG) therapy-Enzyme activities were generally low or negligible in subjects not receiving AG. Enzymuria was documented during 12 of 13 AG treatment courses and most frequently involved β-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase excretion. In nine courses, enzymuria occurred in the absence of proteinuria or elevations of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. In three courses attended by enzymuria and evidence of nephrotoxicity, neither the time of appearance nor the magnitude of enzymuria was different from that of nonnephrotoxic patients. In two of these three treatment courses, enzymuria preceded clinical evidence of nephrotoxicity by 16 and 5 days, and in the third course enzymuria and elevation of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine occurred simultaneously. We conclude that enzymuria is not a reliable predictor of nephrotoxicity due to AG in CF patients and is not an indication to discontinue AG therapy.
Ultrasound diagnosis of meconium-stained amniotic fluid

Skeletal malformations have frequently been found in association with the Rokitansky syndrome, whereas other abnormalities (such as congenital heart lesions or syndactyly) are less common. Park et al.’ described two patients with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina associated with deafness and ear abnormalities involving the bones of the middle ear. Duncan et al.’ collected records of 30 patients with miillerian duct aplasia, renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic spinal anomaly of the Klippel-Feil type, which they named the MURCS association. Infrequent features of this association include rib anomalies, deafness, external ear defects, and facial asymmetry. All of these anomalies were present in our case. In addition, the absence of an ear canal and styloid process in association with an anomalous zygomatic arch and the temporomandibular joint are common features of the hemifacial microsomia defect found in the facioauriculovertebral spectrum. We therefore offer the hypothesis that there is a continuum of mesodermal-skeletal malformations ranging from patients with the Rokitansky syndrome with few or minor spinal abnormalities to more severely affected patients, such as the case reported here. with severe skeletal anomalies resembling the facioauriculovertebral spectrum. The patients described by Park et al.’ and Duncan et al.’ represent various intermediates of this spectrum.
Diverse manifestations of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy.

Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epithelidpathy ( A P M P P E ) is becoming a frequently described entity." The manifes­ tations of the disease, however, appear to be protean and associated with anterior and pos­ terior uveitis. This has led some authors 6 to suggest the choriocapillaris as the primary site of inflammation. Gass and Ryan and Maumenee, however, favor the retinal pig­ ment epithelium as the primary site of in­ volvement.
Detoxication activity in the gypsy moth: effects of host CO2 and NO3- availability

We investigated the effects of host species and resource (carbon dioxide, nitrate) availability on activity of detoxication enzymes in the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar. Larvae were fed foliage from quaking aspen or sugar maple grown under ambient or elevated atmospheric CO2, with low or high soil NO3− availability. Enzyme solutions were prepared from larval midguts and assayed for activity of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, esterase, glutathione transferase, and carbonyl reductase enzymes. Activity of each enzyme system was influenced by larval host species, CO2 or NO3− availability, or an interaction of factors. Activity of all but glutathione transferases was highest in larvae reared on aspen. Elevated atmospheric CO2 promoted all but transferase activity in larvae reared on aspen, but had little if any impact on enzyme activities of larvae reared on maple. High NO3− availability enhanced activity of most enzyme systems in gypsy moths fed high CO2 foliage, but the effect was less consistent for insects fed ambient CO2 foliage. This research shows that gypsy moths respond biochemically not only to interspecific differences in host chemistry, but also to resource-mediated, intraspecific changes in host chemistry. Such responses are likely to be important for the dynamics of plantinsect interactions as they occur now and as they will be altered by global atmospheric changes in the future.
The effect of correlated level shifting on noise performance in switched capacitor circuits

The relation between opamp noise and the size of the level shifting capacitor in correlated level-shifting (CLS) architectures is explored. Analysis is performed for a Split-CLS switched capacitor amplification circuit, and many of the conclusions in this paper are applicable to more general CLS architectures as well. A theoretical model for noise is developed and shown to be in good agreement with simulation. It is found that for practical design values, the size of the level-shifting capacitor only weakly influences noise performance.
The Effects of Water Stress on Some Membrane Characteristics of Corn Mitochondria

The effects of water stress on plants have been reviewed in several articles (3, 5-7, 14, 15). These reviews indicated that all plant growth processes are adversely affected at some stage of water stress. Studies of the effects of water stress on subcellular processes are few (1, 4, 13) and cause and effect relationships at this level are little understood. Several recent reports indicate an increase in cytochrome oxidase activity and ultrastructural changes in mitochondria in water-stressed roots under both in vitro and in vivo conditions (12, 13). In studying the reactions of mitochondria isolated from the shoots of water deficient etiolated corn plants, we have noted that the ion and water transport properties of the mitochondria were altered when such properties were compared to mitochondria isolated from the etiolated shoots of nonstressed plants.
The Heparin Rebound Phenomenon-Does It Offer Insights Toward Understanding the Pathobiology of Coronary Thrombosis and Its Treatment?

The heparin rebound phenomenon is a poorly characterized event occurring in patients treated with heparin. The pathobiology appears to be thrombin related; however, a primary platelet abnormality or a combination of coagulation and platelet-mediated events must also be considered. It seems likely that the initial event, in most instances plaque rupture and intracoronary thrombosis, is involved directly by establishing a procoagulant environment. The available evidence suggests further that thrombin and platelet activity are increased in most patients both locally and systemically despite heparin administration (Table 1). Several major questions remain unanswered: 1. Is heparin rebound truly a “rebound” phenomenon or is a recrudescence of procoagulant substrate following a relatively brief period of incomplete anticoagulation a more accurate description? 2. Does treatment aimed at thrombin, a near final step in the coagulation process, allow or foster a buildup of procoagulant substrate more proximally positioned in the cascade of thrombosis? 3. Do the level of anticoagulation, consistency, duration, and/or route of administration influence procoagulant events following the discontinuation of heparin? 4. Are platelets involved primarily or secondarily?
Abstract LB-94: A non-lytic, cell-based, bioluminescent HDAC assay

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) class I and II enzymes play a critical role in the normal gene regulation events of development and homeostasis, but their dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Broad spectrum inhibitors of HDAC Class I and II enzymes have been shown to achieve significant biological responses in otherwise refractory cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these inhibitors have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, more sensitive and efficient tools are needed to rapidly identify and define modulators of HDAC activity. We have recently developed a one-step, homogeneous, luminescent assay for the detection of activity in a high-throughput format from multiple HDAC Class I and II isoforms, in cell culture, enriched or recombinant sources. This luciferase-containing, “glow-type” assay reagent measures HDAC activity in a proportional manner when the pro-luciferin peptide substrate becomes deacetylated and susceptible to lysine-specific cleavage by a developer enzyme contained within the reagent. This substrate is fully cell-permeable and can directly measure HDAC activity in living cells. We will present data demonstrating assay utility with attachment-dependent and suspension cell types using representative inhibitors from the hydroxamate, short-chain fatty acid, benzamide and cyclic peptide classes. Furthermore, we will correlate HDAC inhibition profiles with initiation of caspase activity and/or other cytotoxicity biomarkers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-94.
Syntheses of Pyridine C-Nucleosides as Analogues of the Natural Nucleosides dC and dU

The syntheses of four pyrimidine C-nucleosides are described. These derivatives are designed as mimics of dC and dU, and in that respect, each can form two hydrogen bonds with complementary dG or dA residues. The minor groove O2 carbonyl in each derivative is replaced by a fluorine or a methyl group. The key carbon−carbon bond connecting the heterocycle to the carbohydrate is formed using a Heck-type palladium-mediated coupling reaction.
Replication of RNA viruses: Structure of a 6 s RNA synthesized by the Qβ RNA polymerase

Abstract The in vitro synthesis of RNA catalyzed by the Qβ RNA polymerase has been studied using a single-stranded 6 s RNA template. Whereas Qβ RNA replication results in the synthesis predominantly of single-stranded Qβ RNA, the predominant reaction product of 6 s RNA replication was found to be double stranded. When treated with formaldehyde to dissociate complementary base pairs, 6 s RNA exhibited a decrease in molecular weight as indicated by its slower sedimentation rate and faster electrophoretic mobility. 6 s RNA also exhibited a hyperchromic thermal transition indicative of double-stranded RNA and differing markedly from that of single-stranded RNA. The T m of this transition increased linearly with the logarithm of ionic strength. Renaturation of 6 s RNA below the T m occurred slowly and was also dependent upon ionic strength. Further analysis indicated that a small amount of RNA was in a singlestranded configuration. The frequencies of complementary dinucleotides in purified 6 s RNA were not equal and 10 to 20% of the RNA was hydrolyzed by pancreatic ribonuclease or by Neurospora crassa endonuclease. The electrophoretic mobilities of native and nuclease-treated 6 s RNA indicated that the single-stranded RNA may be present as “tails” at one or both termini of the molecule. Template activity of 6 s RNA was observed only with heat-denatured RNA and was lost upon renaturation.
The morphology of n and no in auroral substorms

Abstract The effects of a typical auroral electron precipitation substorm sequence on odd nitrogen species in the thermosphere have been investigated. The analysis makes use of the time dependent model of the aurora developed by Roble and Rees (1977), which couples the thermal properties to the ionospheric chemistry and transport self-consistently and includes diffusive transport of NO, N(2D) and N(4S). A substantial increase in the E-region density of NO or of N(4S) is predicted, with the result depending on the production ratio of N(2D) to N(4S) in the aurorally dominant source mechanism, electron impact dissociation of N2. A production ratio that favors N(2D) by a factor of one half or larger leads to enhancement of NO, while a ratio of 1 4 N ( 2 D )+ 3 4 N ( 4 S ) results in a buildup of N(4S). The cyclical behaviour of the substorm, i.e. alternate intervals of electron precipitation and quiet periods, accentuates the scavenging effect of the initially dominant odd nitrogen species upon the less abundant one.