cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedded phase change material microinclusions for thermal control of surfaces

Abstract The performance and lifetime of sensors, microelectronic devices, mini air vehicle components and other systems can benefit from maintenance of a constant temperature profile or a local temperature that does not exceed a pre-selected, critical value during short-term transient loading events. In this work, the utility of surfaces featuring phase change materials (PCMs) encapsulated within micro-reservoirs was evaluated as a passive thermal management system for mitigation of transient temperature spikes. Patterned silicon substrates with 40 μm diameter, 10 μm deep trenches were prepared by reactive ion etching in an Ar/CF 4 plasma. The features were filled with an organic phase change material possessing a high latent heat and known to undergo melting at a target operating temperature of approximately 60 °C. An infrared microscope was used to produce temporally and spatially resolved temperature maps of the surface during heating. When a constant heat flux of approximately 200 W m − 2 was used for uniform heating of the sample area from 50 to 75 °C the PCM encapsulated materials demonstrated an isothermal plateau period lasting 5–8 s near the PCM melting point. A similar plateau was also observed during cooling below the PCM melting point. From the isothermal time during heating the areal thermal energy storage density was estimated to be approximately 800 J m − 2 , close to that predicted by the calculated volume of PCM contained within the sample. The effects of PCM inclusions on surface temperature gradients during pulsed laser heating were also investigated. An infrared (980 nm) laser at a fixed power and repetition rate was focused into a 1 mm diameter beam on surfaces with and without PCM encapsulation for rapid heating (analogous to heating from resistive contacts in microelectronic circuits) of different duration from 0.5 to 5.0 s. The surface temperature stayed below the desired temperature limit for 100 mW laser pulses lasting up to 2 s in duration. Transient temperature profiles of Si/PCM surfaces showed that micro-scale volumes of embedded phase change material stored sufficient quantities of heat to stabilize and otherwise control surface temperatures for potentially useful periods of time in selected applications.
Generating ideals in real holomorphy rings

point x in X we consider the stalk Ox,, of c?, at x as a subring of F(X). Recall that the set X(R) of R-rational points of X is nonempty if and only if the field F(X) is formally real (cf., for example, [ 11). We define the subring g(X) of F(X) by a(x)= n b.
Predictive Ansatz for fermion mass matrices in supersymmetric grand unified theories.

In this paper we present a new {ital Ansatz} for fermion mass matrices in the context of supersymmetric grand unified theories. We are able to fit the 13 parameters, associated with quark and lepton masses and mixing angles, and the ratio of Higgs vacuum expectation values (VEV's) which enters any supersymmetric theory, in terms of 8 input parameters; hence, we have 6 predictions. The top quark is predicted to have a mass in the range 176 to 190 GeV, where the upper bound results from the assumption of perturbative unification, and the lower bound is sensitive to the experimental value of {ital V}{sub {ital c}{ital b}}. Predictions are also made for {ital m}{sub {ital s}}, {ital m}{sub {ital s}}/{ital m}{sub {ital d}}, {vert bar}{ital V}{sub {ital u}{ital b}}/{ital V}{sub {ital c}{ital b}}{vert bar}, the ratio of Higgs VEV's, and the {ital CP}-violating phase of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix.
Boolean implication networks derived from large scale, whole genome microarray datasets

We describe a method for extracting Boolean implications (if-then relationships) in very large amounts of gene expression microarray data. A meta-analysis of data from thousands of microarrays for humans, mice, and fruit flies finds millions of implication relationships between genes that would be missed by other methods. These relationships capture gender differences, tissue differences, development, and differentiation. New relationships are discovered that are preserved across all three species.
Effect of Sonication on Cotton Preparation with Alkaline Pectinase

Pectinase bioscouring of greige cotton fabric is a very promising new approach for preparing cotton textiles for subsequent wet processing treatments such as mercerizing, bleaching, dyeing, printing, or finishing. Such biopreparation of greige cotton fabric is an energy efficient and environmentally benign process. Our research has shown that at the laboratory scale, introducing ultrasonic energy into the reaction chamber during enzymatic scouring of the greige cotton fabric significantly improves pectinase efficiency, but does not decrease the tensile strength of cotton fabric. In line with our previous data, current research also confirms that sonication of pectinase processing solutions does not impair the complex structures of the enzyme molecules, but significantly improves their performance. Data show that alkaline pectinase appears to be a more efficient agent for biopreparation of greige cotton than acidic pectinase, resulting in better wettability and whiteness. We also establish that the combina...
E-cadherin, a new mixer in the Yamanaka cocktail.

Dramatic changes in cell fate occur in development, cancer and reprogramming to the pluripotent state (induced pluripotency). Cells are morphologically defined in vivo by their epithelial or mesenchymal nature. During development, some cells undergo epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) or mesenchymal‐to‐epithelial transitions (METs) as a natural step in the adoption of particular cell fates in most tissues (Acloque et al , 2009). A characteristic of epithelial cancers is an EMT and subsequent invasion of the underlying mesenchyme as a prerequisite for the malignant phenotype (Acloque et al , 2009). Shinya Yamanaka first demonstrated that fibroblasts—typical mesenchymal cells—can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state (atypical epithelial) by expression of transcription factors associated with pluripotency (Takahashi & Yamanaka, 2006). This discovery was followed by the observation that a MET event occurs early in the reprogramming process (Stadtfeld et al , 2008). > …forced expression of a Yamanaka cocktail including E‐cad is able to drive induced pluripotency, even in the absence of OCT4 As the precise steps and mechanisms of reprogramming to the pluripotent state are mostly obscured in a ‘black box’, it is important to uncover the mechanisms of MET that underlie this process. For decades, proteins such as E‐cadherin (E‐cad) have acted as markers of the epithelial state and are known to be downregulated during an EMT. E‐cad is a transmembrane protein that dimerizes with cadherin molecules on adjacent cells to form adherens junctions. It also interacts with various proteins inside the cell including α‐catenin, β‐catenin and p120, which then interact with the cytoskeleton (Perez‐Moreno et …
Numerical Simulation of Magnetohydrodynamic Flows

The development of a versatile computational tool for the solution of turbulent magnetohydrodynamic flows is presented. The flow solver can simulate the full magnetohydrodynamic equations or simplified equations based on the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation. Both laminar and turbulent flows are investigated. The Baldwin‐Lomax turbulence model evaluates the eddy viscosity to represent turbulence. Modifications accounting for the presence of a magnetic field are presented to extend its range of application to magnetohydrodynamic flows. The modification of the turbulence model is performed based on the turbulent Hartmann flow. The numerical solutions are compared with existing analytical solutions and experimental data, for low- and high-speed magnetohydrodynamic flows.
Meteoritic Dust and the Production of Metastable Nitrogen Molecules

The part played by metastable nitrogen molecules and metastable nitrogen atoms in laboratory studies of auroral and night-sky spectra is reviewed. The indication, by recent discoveries, that surfaces play an important role in the production of metastable entities in the laboratory, is used as the basis for an hypothesis regarding the role of meteoritic dust in the upper atmosphere. It is suggested that the relatively large concentration of metastable molecules in the 40-70-mile region of the upper atmosphere can be ascribed to the presence there of meteoritic dust particles which act as surfaces for the production of these molecules. The luminescence of ZnCO3 in the presence of active nitrogen suggests the possibility of a similar phenomenon with meteoritic material as the luminescing particles. Finally, the remarkable similarity between laboratory night-sky and auroral spectra and the natural spectra of the night sky and the aurorae is accounted for by the previously mentioned part played by meteoritic dust. Experimental verification of this hypothesis by Professor F. C. Leonard and the writer is proposed.
Frames as Codes

This chapter reviews the development of finite frames as codes for erasures and additive noise. These types of errors typically occur when analog signals are transmitted in an unreliable environment. The use of frames allows one to recover the signal with controllable accuracy from part of the encoded, noisy data. While linear binary codes have a long history in information theory, frames as codes over the real or complex numbers have only been examined since the 1980s. In the encoding process, a vector in a finite-dimensional real or complex Hilbert space is mapped to the sequence of its inner products with frame vectors. An erasure occurs when part of these frame coefficients is no longer accessible after the transmission. Additive noise can arise from the encoding process, such as when coefficients are rounded, or from the transmission. This chapter covers two of the most popular recovery algorithms: blind reconstruction, where missing coefficients are set to zero, and active error correction, which aims to recover the signal perfectly based on the known coefficients. The erasures can be modeled as either having a deterministic or a random occurrence pattern. In the deterministic regime it has been customary to optimize the frame performance in the worst-case scenario. Optimality for a small number of erasures then leads to geometric conditions such as the class of equiangular tight frames. Random erasure models are often used in conjunction with performance measures based on averaged reconstruction errors, such as the mean-squared error. Frames as codes for erasures are also closely related to recent results on sparse recovery. Finally, fusion frames and packet erasures introduce an additional structure which imposes constraints on the construction of optimal frames.
The Art of Children's Book Selection: A Labyrinth Unexplored

As teachers increase their use of trade books and literature as the core of reading instruction, children will be faced with increasing numbers of decisions about how to select books for their own reading. This study demonstrated that when children select books there is a generalizable routine or pattern that is learned and followed by most children. On the other hand, refinements or elaborations on that basic routine are best demonstrated by “outlier” behaviors atypical to the basic routine of book selection. This study also showed that children typically select books based upon the physical characteristics of the book and a holistic, implicit value attachment to a book representing preferences. Limitations, both external and internal such as time limits, check out limits, personal limitations and self concept, influence children's books selection behaviors. The shelving of books at or below eye‐level positively influenced the likelihood that a book would be selected by a student. And finally, children k...
Material selection for three level transition using Quantum well structure

Nanostructured devices (Quantum dot and Quantum well) have been proposed as a way to overcome the Shockley-Quiesser limit of a single junction solar cell as they have the potential to show three quasi Fermi levels. In this paper the material combinations that can be used in a Quantum Well solar cell to realize a multiple quasi-Fermi level device will be discussed. The calculations were done on different possible combinations of direct band gap III–V semiconductors, with the effect of strain being taken into account by applying 6 band K.p model. A detailed balance calculation was done on the materials selected to determine their maximum efficiency under 1 sun AM0. The material combination of Al 0.63 In 0.37 As as the barrier and InAs 0.16 P 0.84 as the well with InP as the substrate is found to be the best material combination giving a theoretical efficiency of 43% under 1 sun AM0, compared to the maximum three-level efficiency of 47% under the same conditions.
A framework to predict voltage collapse in power systems

A framework based on region-wise partitioning is presented which accounts for several of the mechanisms to predict voltage collapse and can serve as a basis for comparing the effectiveness of performance indices to predict on-line, voltage collapse problems in power systems. The basis of the framework is the voltage stability (VS) region, which accounts for both static and dynamic mechanisms of voltage collapse. Based on the VS region, static and dynamic performance indices, are defined to predict the static mechanisms of voltage collapse in the input or injection space and the dynamic mechanism in the post-contingency state space respectively. >
Discovery of Genetic Variants of the Kinases That Activate Tenofovir in a Compartment-specific Manner

Tenofovir (TFV) is used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention. TFV requires two phosphorylation steps to become pharmacologically active; however, the kinases that activate TFV in cells and tissues susceptible to HIV infection have yet to be identified. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), vaginal, and colorectal tissues were transfected with siRNA targeting nucleotide kinases, incubated with TFV, and TFV-monophosphate (TFV-MP) and TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) were measured using mass spectrometry-liquid chromatography. Adenylate kinase 2 (AK2) performed the first TFV phosphorylation step in PBMC, vaginal, and colorectal tissues. Interestingly, both pyruvate kinase isozymes, muscle (PKM) or liver and red blood cell (PKLR), were able to phosphorylate TFV-MP to TFV-DP in PBMC and vaginal tissue, while creatine kinase, muscle (CKM) catalyzed this conversion in colorectal tissue. In addition, next-generation sequencing of the Microbicide Trials Network MTN-001 clinical samples detected 71 previously unreported genetic variants in the genes encoding these kinases. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that TFV is activated in a compartment-specific manner. Further, genetic variants have been identified that could negatively impact TFV activation, thereby compromising TFV efficacy in HIV treatment and prevention.
Parallel Microprocessor Architecture as Building Block Module for Implementation of Static Connected MIMDs: Architectural Design of Building Block Module

The development of a multiprocessor chip design based upon the Building Block concept which enables the implementation of various static connected multiprocessor topologies. The chip is designed such that each processor node is internally connected and associated with an adjacent processor node. Each processor node has its own external communication paths. This feature allows the individual processor nodes connection to external I/O peripherals/devices or to another multiprocessor chip for the implementation of any given multiprocessor task.
Hybrid dynamic thermal management based on statistical characteristics of multimedia applications

Recently multimedia applications become one of the most popular applications in mobile devices such as wireless phones, PDAs, and laptops. However, typical mobile systems are not equipped with cooling components, which eventually causes critical thermal deficiencies. Although many low-power and low-temperature multimedia playback techniques have been proposed, they failed to provide QoS (Quality of Service) while controlling temperature due to the lack of proper understanding of multimedia applications. We propose Hybrid Dynamic Thermal Management (HDTM) which exploits thermal characteristics of both multimedia applications and systems. Specifically, we model application characteristics as the probability distribution of the number of cycles required to decode a frame. We also improve existing system thermal models by considering the effect of work-load. This scheme finds an optimal clock frequency in order to prevent overheating with minimal performance degradation at runtime.The proposed scheme is implemented on Linux in a Pentium-M processor which provides variable clock frequencies. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, we exploit three major codecs, namely MPEG-4, H.264/AVC and H.264/AVC streaming. Our results show that HDTM lowers the overall temperature by 15°C and the peak temperature by 20°C , while maintaining frame drop ratio under 0.2% compared to previous thermal management schemes such as feedback control DTM [8], Frame-based DTM [5] and GOP-based DTM [15].
SGNP: an essential Stress Granule/Nucleolar Protein potentially involved in 5.8s rRNA processing/transport.

Background: Stress Granules (SG) are sites of accumulation of stalled initiation complexes that are induced following a variety of cellular insults. In a genetic screen for factors involved in protecting human myoblasts from acute oxidative stress, we identified a gene encoding a protein we designate SGNP (Stress Granule and Nucleolar Protein). Methodology/Principal Findings: A gene-trap insertional mutagenesis screen produced one insertion that conferred resistance to sodium arsenite. RT-PCR/39 RACE was used to identify the endogenous gene expressed as a GFP-fusion transcript. SGNP is localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleolus and defines a non-nucleolar compartment containing 5.8S rRNA, a component of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Under oxidative stress, SGNP nucleolar localization decreases and it rapidly co-localizes with stress granules. The decrease in nucleolar SGNP following oxidative stress was accompanied by a large increase in nucleolar 5.8S rRNA. Knockdown of SGNP with shRNA increased global mRNA translation but induced growth arrest and cell death. Conclusions: These results suggest that SGNP is an essential gene that may be involved in ribosomal biogenesis and translational control in response to oxidative stress.
Inhibitor of DNA-binding 4 contributes to the maintenance and expansion of cancer stem cells in 4T1 mouse mammary cancer cell line

The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis proposes that CSCs are the root of cancer. CSC-targeted therapies may prevent cancer relapse and provide more effective treatment. The expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, as assessed by the Aldefluor assay, has been recognized as a marker of CSCs in breast cancer. Inhibitors of DNA-binding proteins (IDs) have an important role in stem cell differentiation. In this study, we examined IDs necessary for the regulation of stem properties in Aldefluor(pos) 4T1 cells. When the expression profile of IDs in Aldefluor(neg) and Aldefluor(pos) 4T1 cells was compared, qRT-PCR analysis showed that ID4 expression was highly upregulated in Aldefluor(pos) 4T1 cells. In addition, knockdown of ID4 expression suppressed the properties of CSCs, including their sphere-forming ability and side population phenotype. The findings suggest that ID4 may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.
Response of rat muscle to acute resistance exercise defined by transcriptional and translational profiling

To further understand molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle hypertrophy, expression profiles of translationally and transcriptionally regulated genes were characterized following an acute bout of maximally activated eccentric contractions. Experiments demonstrated that translational mechanisms contribute to acute gene expression changes following high resistance contractions with two candidate mRNAs, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α), targeted to the heavier polysomal fractions after a bout of contractions. Gene profiling was performed using Affymetrix Rat U34A GeneChips with either total RNA or polysomal RNA at one and six hours following contractions. There were 18 genes that changed expression at one hour and 70 genes that were different (60 genes increased:10 genes decreased)at six hours after contractions. The model from this profiling suggests that following high resistance contractions skeletal muscle shares a common growth profile with proliferating cells exposed to serum. This cluster of genes can be classified as ‘growth’ genes and is commonly associated with progression of the cell cycle. However, a unique aspect was that there was induction of a cluster of tumour suppressor or antigrowth genes. We propose that this cluster of ‘antigrowth’ genes is induced by the stress of contractile activity and may act to maintain skeletal muscle in the differentiated state. From the profiling results, further experiments determined that p53 levels increased in skeletal muscle at 6 h following contractions. This novel finding of p53 induction following exercise also demonstrates the power of expression profiling for identification of novel pathways involved in the response to muscle contraction.
A chemotactic signaling surface on CheY defined by suppressors of flagellar switch mutations.

Abstract CheY is the response regulator protein that interacts with the flagellar switch apparatus to modulate flagellar rotation during chemotactic signaling. CheY can be phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in vitro, and evidence indicates that CheY-P is the activated form that induces clockwise flagellar rotation, resulting in a tumble in the cell's swimming pattern. The flagellar switch apparatus is a complex macromolecular structure composed of at least three gene products, FliG, FliM, and FliN. Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli has identified fliG and fliM as genes in which mutations occur that allele specifically suppress cheY mutations, indicating interactions among these gene products. We have generated a class of cheY mutations selected for dominant suppression of fliG mutations. Interestingly, these cheY mutations dominantly suppressed both fliG and fliM mutations; this is consistent with the idea that the CheY protein interacts with both switch gene products during signaling. Biochemical characterization of wild-type and suppressor CheY proteins did not reveal altered phosphorylation properties or evidence for phosphorylation-dependent CheY multimerization. These data indicate that suppressor CheY proteins are specifically altered in the ability to transduce chemotactic signals to the switch at some point subsequent to phosphorylation. Physical mapping of suppressor amino acid substitutions on the crystal structure of CheY revealed a high degree of spatial clustering, suggesting that this region of CheY is a signaling surface that transduces chemotactic signals to the switch.
Influence of tumour necrosis factor-α polymorphism-308 and atopy on irritant contact dermatitis in healthcare workers.

Background. Chronic irritant hand dermatitis is an issue for healthcare workers and may negatively impact infection control. Objectives. We examined the effects of a G to A transition at position −308 on the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene on chronically damaged skin of healthcare workers during exposure and recovery from repetitive hand hygiene, after intensive treatment, and on the irritant response in normal skin. Patients/Materials/Methods. In 68 healthcare workers with irritant hand dermatitis, we genotyped TNF-α−308 and measured the epidermal response via quantitative digital imaging, erythema, dryness, and barrier integrity. Results. Excess hand erythema decreased with hand hygiene exposure and increased during time off for AA/GA genotypes, but had opposite effects for GG. AA/GA had smaller reductions in dryness with lotion treatment and larger reductions in excess erythema than GG. The atopic diathesis and heightened neurosensory irritation resulting from water and lactic acid significantly influenced the responses. Repeated exposure to water and sodium lauryl sulfate (0.05, 0.1%) produced higher erythema in normal skin for AA/GA than for GG. Conclusions. This study provides evidence that the TNF-α polymorphism at −308 and an atopic history impact the severity of irritation and recovery from exposure and response to treatment for common hand skin products in both chronic irritant hand dermatitis and normal skin.
Maximum in the minimum: Biogeography of land snails from the Ningbing Ranges and jeremiah Hills, northeast Kimberley, Western Australia

Abstract The Ningbing Ranges and Jeremiah Hills are home to what is perhaps the greatest concentration of short range restricted e ndemic species found anywhere in the world. A radiation of more than 28 mainly allopatric species of camaenid land snails is packed into 52 km of limestone hills. The median linear range of a species is 1.65 km; the median area range is 0.825 km2. Located in the far northeastern tip of Western Australia between the east bank of the Ord River and the Northern Territory border, the Ningbing Ranges and Jeremiah Hills are Devonian limestone reef remnants, generally much less than 500 meters wide, that rarely reach 50–60 meters in height. The Ningbing Ranges have a length of 43.5 km; the Jeremiah Hills occupy a triangular area some 8.4 km on a side. Most of this remarkable diversity occurs within three restricted endemic genera of the pulmonate land snail family Camaenidae – Ningbingia Solem, 1981 with six species and one subspecies; Turgenirubulus Solem, 1981 with eight species; a...
Making the Invisible Visible: A Cross-Sector Analysis of Gender-Based Leadership Barriers

Despite an abundance of educated, qualified women in the workforce, they continue to be underrepresented at the top of institutional leadership hierarchies. Theories of gendered organizations explain that work processes reproduce gendered structures of society in the workplace. These processes advantage men while forming barriers to women's success. This paper extends critical human resource development (HRD) theory by applying the concept of sexism hidden in the workplace to leadership and by outlining both social and organizational practices that create gender inequities in leadership. Our cross-sector analysis of women leaders in religion and higher education revealed twenty-seven gender-based leadership barriers which operate at the macro, meso, and micro levels of society. We argue that most current efforts to promote women into leadership focus one by one on only a few barriers, primarily those within organizations, while failing to take into account the wide variety of barriers and their prevalence across all societal levels. We offer strategies to address barriers across all three levels to help organizations create gender-equitable leadership environments.
Factors affecting progesterone in milk for pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle.

SUMMARY Concentration of progesterone in milk was used to diagnose pregnancy in 508 dairy cows. Diagnosis of cows as pregnant and not pregnant by milk progesterone on day 21 post-breeding had 76 and 98% agreement, respectively, with diagnosis by palpation or return to oestrus. Overall agreement was 85%. Fourteen cows were classified as questionable. Of cows returning to oestrus after 30 days post-breeding, 64% were determined to be not pregnant by milk progesterone on day 21. Breed of cow did not affect the accuracy of diagnosis. Use of either extracted or non-extracted milk for progesterone analysis gave similar results for pregnancy diagnosis. Diagnosis by concentration of progesterone in milk was not improved by expressing progesterone as progesterone per unit fat or progesterone per milking. Pregnancy diagnosis by progesterone determination in milk at day 21 or day 23 post-breeding had a greater percentage agreement with diagnosis by palpation than diagnosis by milk progesterone on day 19, day 25, day 27, or day 29 post-breeding.
Effects of medium chain length triglyceride (MCT) on serum lipids and lipoproteins in familial hyperchylomicronemia (dietary fat-induced lipemia) and dietary carbohydrate-accentuated lipemia

Abstract Three siblings with familial hyperchylomicronemia (dietary fat-induced lipemia) and two subjects with "carbohydrate-accentuated" lipemia were studied during periods of strictly controlled diets. Corn oil, coconut oil, mixed, naturally occurring dietary fats, and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) consisting of 98 per cent C 8 and C 10 fatty acids, were fed in amounts contributing 40 per cent to 70 per cent of calories. In the siblings with hyperchylomicronemia (due to prolonged retention, of chylomicrons in the blood beacuse of a defective lipoprotein lipase system), marked reduction in serum triglyceride levels occurred when MCT was the sole source of dietary fat. Simultaneously with the reduction in serum triglyceride levels, there was an increase, both relative and absolute, in the amount of very low-density lipid (d f 20 to 400 lipoproteins rather than as chylomicron (S f > 5,000) lipid. When a fat-free diet was provided two of the siblings with hyperchylomicronemia, serum triglyceride levels were as low as, or lower than, those observed when MCT was the sole source of fat. The data provide additional evidence that the hyperglyceridemia in these subjects is due to excessive chylomicronemia, and that C 8 and C 10 fatty acids are not utilized for chylomicron triglyceride synthesis in the intestine to any appreciable degree. The feeding of formula diets containing MCT as the sole source of fat to the subjects with dietary carbohydrate—accentuated lipemia did not lower serum triglyceride levels, in comparison with corn oil or coconut oil. Lower serum triglyceride levels were observed when these subjects were fed diets in which 70 per cent rather than 40 per cent of the calories came from fat, regardless of the nature of the fat. MCT appeared less effective than corn oil or coconut oil in this respect. Serum cholesterol levels varied with triglyceride levels and were lowest when the sole source of dictary fat was corn oil.
Abstract IA04: Targeting DNA repair in ovarian cancer therapy.

Large-scale genomic studies have shown that half of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) have alterations in genes regulating homologous recombination (HR) repair. Loss of HR accounts for the genomic instability and replicative stress of EOCs and for their cellular hyperdependence on alternative poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP)-mediated DNA repair mechanisms. On the basis of this hyperdependence, in 2014, the FA approved the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, for patients with advanced ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations, whose tumors are HR deficient. Previous studies have implicated the DNA polymerase POLQ in an error-prone pathway required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, referred to as alternative endjoining (alt-EJ). In Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, POLQ functions in alt-EJ and in the maintenance of genome stability at sites of G-quadruplex structures. Whether POLQ interacts with canonical DNA repair pathways to prevent genomic instability at stalled replication forks has remained unknown. We have recently demonstrated an inverse correlation between HR activity and POLQ expression in EOCs (Ceccaldi R. et al, Nature, 518: 258-262, 2015). While knockdown of POLQ in HR-proficient cells upregulates HR activity and RAD51 nucleofilament assembly, knockdown of POLQ in HR-deficient EOCs results in enhanced cell death. Consistent with these results, genetic inactivation of an HR gene (Fancd2) and Polq in mice results in embryonic lethality. Moreover, POLQ contains a repeat of RAD51 binding motifs, and it blocks D-loop formation and recombination. Importantly, PARP1 activity is required for the recruitment of POLQ to sites of DNA repair, accounting, in part, for the PARP1 hyperdependence of HR-deficient ovarian tumor cells. Taken together, these results reveal a synthetic lethal relationship between the HR pathway and PARP1/POLQ-mediated alternative end-joining in EOCs, and identify POLQ as a novel druggable target for ovarian cancer therapy. Such inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of PARP inhibitor-resistant ovarian cancers. Citation Format: Alan D. D9Andrea. Targeting DNA repair in ovarian cancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
Closure of the bladder Neck in Spinal Cord Injury Patients with Urethral Sphincteric Incompetence and Irreparable Urethral Pathological Conditions

AbstractTotal urinary incontinence developed secondary to incompetence of the urethral closing mechanism in 8 spinal cord injury patients who were on Foley catheter drainage (5 patients) or suprapubic cystostomy (3 patients). All patients had irreparable urethrocutaneous fistulas and 4 had urethroperineal erosion. Closure of the bladder neck with drainage via a suprapubic cystostomy tube was used to divert the urinary stream. Bladder neck closure was successful in alleviating total urethral urinary incontinence in all patients. However, suprapubic abdominal leakage developed in 2 patients. This procedure should be recommended cautiously when a maximal bladder capacity greater than 125 cc cannot be maintained unless concomitant augmentation cystoplasty also is considered.
Impacts of advanced diesel combustion operation on soot nanostructure and reactivity

Advanced diesel combustion, accomplished via a single pulse fuel injection and high levels of exhaust gas recirculation, is shown to be a path to reduce oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter si...
Classification of digital modulation schemes in multipath environments using higher order statistics

Advancements in digital signal communications have brought a large variety of modulation schemes for transmitting signals. Consequently, reliable detection of the modulation scheme embedded in the received signal has become an important issue in communications. In this research study, a digital signal modulation classifier has been developed using higher order statistical algorithms to detect the modulation scheme in the signals received. The algorithm to identify the modulation schemes is based on the eighth order cumulants extracted from the signals. Noisy channel characteristics of the wireless system was taken into consideration in the design of the algorithm to allow detection of signals with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading and multipath Ricean fading channels at various levels of Signal to Noise Ratios (SNRs). This paper describes the developed digital signal modulation classification algorithm, and its demonstration on several types of communication signals. The robustness and capabilities of the modulation classification developed are established for reliable detection of the communication signals.
The Theory and Practice of Yash Pal Ghai Respecting Legal Education

Yash Pal Ghai (hereinafter Ghai) has had a long, still continuing, career in law. During that time he has served many legal roles, as an educator, researcher, counsel to private parties, conciliator/mediator for disputing groups or interests, and, most famously of all, as a drafter and interpreter of constitutions throughout the world. In this paper I will focus on legal education. I will attempt to state Ghai’s views, espoused early in his career and maintained throughout, about what legal education should be or aspire for. I will conclude by raising a few questions about the practice of legal education in East Africa in the many years since Ghai concluded his period as a legal educator here.
Numerical Simulation of Cloud Seeding using a Three-Dimensional Cloud Model

This preliminary study is concerned with the numerical modeling of cloud seeding effects in three dimensions for the deep convective cloud case of 19 July 1981 from the CCOPE field experiment. The observed cloud was relatively isolated and grew rapidly to about 11 km height. An extensive anvil was produced. For the first time in our 3D modeling efforts, a silver iodide (Agl) seeding agent is introduced into a three-dimensional cloud model. Ice and precipitation formation occurs 2 min earlier in the seeded case. Maximum mixing ratios show only slight increases (about 5% for graupel/hail) compared to the unseeded case. Domain totals of graupel/hail and rain indicate a more pronounced seeding effect, consistent with surface rainfall estimates of a 20% increase for the seeded case. For the 3D case in this study, 10% of the Agl remains unactivated, caught in a dead zone of virtually no net transport to the southeast of the cloud around 4 km AGL. The use of an inert agent, sulfur hexafluoride, for comparison purposes helps to illustrate the region of activated Agl.
Impact of hypercholesterolemia on cardiac K+ channels

P hypercholesterolemia is well known to be a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Our studies focus on the impact of cholesterol on two types of inwardly-rectifying K+ channels expressed in cardiomyocytes: classical inward rectifiers Kir channels (Kir2) that play a major role in maintaining cardiac membrane potential and G-protein gated Kir (GIRK or Kir3) channels that play an important role in the regulation of atrial action potential. Paradoxically, our studies show that elevation of membrane cholesterol in vitro and in vivo has opposite effects on Kir2 and Kir3 channels in the same cells. Specifically, enriching cardiomyocytes with cholesterol in vitro suppresses the activity of Kir2 channels but enhances the activity of Kir3 channels. Furthermore, plasma dyslipidemia in vivo also have opposite effects on these channels in freshly-isolated cardiomyocytes. Both effects are mediated by a decrease or increase in the open probability of Kir2 and Kir3 respectively. Even more surprising, even though cholesterol has opposite effects on the function of Kir2 and Kir3, both effects are abrogated by a specific mutation indicating that they share some structural determinants. These studies are discussed in terms of the structural-mechanistic insights into cholesterol regulation of Kir channels and in terms of the physiological/ pathological impact of these coupled effects on cardiac function.
New insights into nitrate dynamics in a karst groundwater system gained from in situ high-frequency optical sensor measurements

Abstract Understanding nitrate dynamics in groundwater systems as a function of climatic conditions, especially during contrasting patterns of drought and wet cycles, is limited by a lack of temporal and spatial data. Nitrate sensors have the capability for making accurate, high-frequency measurements of nitrate in situ, but have not yet been evaluated for long-term use in groundwater wells. We measured in situ nitrate continuously in two groundwater monitoring wells —one rural and one urban—located in the recharge zone of a productive karst aquifer in central Texas in order to resolve changes that occur over both short-term (hourly to daily) and long-term (monthly to yearly) periods. Nitrate concentrations, measured as nitrate-nitrogen in milligrams per liter (mg/L), during drought conditions showed little or no temporal change as groundwater levels declined. During aquifer recharge, extremely rapid changes in concentration occurred at both wells as documented by hourly data. At both sites, nitrate concentrations were affected by recharging surface water as evidenced by nitrate concentrations in groundwater recharge (0.8–1.3 mg/L) that were similar to previously reported values for regional recharging streams. Groundwater nitrate concentrations responded differently at urban and rural sites during groundwater recharge. Concentrations at the rural well (approximately 1.0 mg/L) increased as a result of higher nitrate concentrations in groundwater recharge relative to ambient nitrate concentrations in groundwater, whereas concentrations at the urban well (approximately 2.7 mg/L) decreased as a result of the dilution of higher ambient nitrate concentrations relative to those in groundwater recharge. Notably, nitrate concentrations decreased to as low as 0.8 mg/L at the urban site during recharge but postrecharge concentrations exceeded 3.0 mg/L. A return to higher nitrate concentrations postrecharge indicates mobilization of a localized source of elevated nitrate within the urbanized area of the aquifer. Changes in specific conductance were observed at both sites during groundwater recharge, and a significant correlation between specific conductance and nitrate (correlation coefficient [R] = 0.455) was evident at the urban site where large (3-fold) changes in nitrate occurred. Nitrate concentrations and specific conductance measured during a depth profile indicated that the water column was generally homogeneous as expected for this karst environment, but changes were observed in the most productive zone of the aquifer that might indicate some heterogeneity within the complex network of flow paths. Resolving the timing and magnitude of changes and characterizing fine-scale vertical differences would not be possible using conventional sampling techniques. The patterns observed in situ provided new insight into the dynamic nature of nitrate in a karst groundwater system.
Lifetime Risk of a Diagnosis of HIV Infection in the United States

Abstract Purpose To estimate lifetime risk of receiving an HIV diagnosis in the United States if existing infection rates continue. Methods We used mortality, census, and HIV surveillance data for 2010 to 2014 to calculate age-specific probabilities of an HIV diagnosis. The probabilities were applied to a hypothetical cohort of 10 million live births to estimate lifetime risk. Results Lifetime risk was 1 in 68 for males and 1 in 253 for females. Lifetime risk for men was 1 in 22 for blacks, 1 in 51 for Hispanic/Latinos, and 1 in 140 for whites; and for women was 1 in 54 for blacks, 1 in 256 for Hispanic/Latinas, and 1 in 941 for whites. By risk group, the highest risk was among men who have sex with men (1 in 6) and the lowest was among male heterosexuals (1 in 524). Most of the states with the highest lifetime risk were in the South. Conclusions The estimates highlight different risks across populations and the need for continued improvements in prevention and treatment. They can also be used to communicate the risk of HIV infection and increase public awareness of HIV.
Abstract 29: Biodegradable Elastomeric Polyurethane Scaffolds Mechanically Matching With Native Heart Muscle

Introduction: Biodegradable cardiac patches need to be mechanically matching with native heart muscle, in order to provide appropriate mechanical support to rapidly restore heart functions and promote tissue remodeling for myocardial infarction (MI) management. Here, we utilized chemical molecular design to develop biodegradable elastomers with low initial modulus and then process them into porous scaffolds mechanically matching with native heart muscle. Methods and Results: We synthesized various amorphous copolymers including poly (δ-valerolactone-co-e-caprolactone) (PVCL) and poly (ether ester) triblock copolymers with various molecular weights and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weights (PVCL-PEG-PVCL). The polyurethanes were then synthesized from PVCL or PVCL-PEG-PVCL as a soft segment, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as a hard segment and putrescine as a chain extender. The polyurethane products were presented as PU-PEGx-VCLy, where x and y refer to molecular weights of PEG and PVCL, respectively. Five polymers including PU-VCL 2k , PU-VCL 6K , PU-PEG 1K -VCL 1K , PU-PEG 1K -VCL 6K and PU-PEG 2K -VCL 6K were obtained. All polymers gradually degraded in phosphate buffer solution and enzyme solution. The 3T3 fibroblasts can grow and proliferate on all polymer film surface within 5 day culture, indicating the polymers have good cellular compatibility. PU-VCL 6K , PU-PEG 1K -VCL 6K and PU-PEG 2K -VCL 6K were further processed into porous scaffolds using thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). The PU-PEG 2K -VCL 6K scaffold at wet state had 0.19 ± 0.08 MPa initial modulus, which has no significant difference from initial modulus (0.19 ± 0.04 MPa) of the native porcine heart muscle. But the tensile strength of this scaffold is lower than that of heart muscle, which requies to be improved in the future. Conclusions: A new family of biodegradable elastic polyurethanes was synthesized and processed into porous scaffolds. The scaffolds showed promising mechanical match with heart muscle. These biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds would find opportunities to be used as a cardiac patch for heart infarction treatment.
Surveying the opinions of Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police toward officers carrying and administering naloxone.

ABSTRACTBackground: Recent legislation in Pennsylvania allows police officers to administer naloxone to individuals in an opioid overdose. Pressure has subsequently been placed on police departments to adopt naloxone programs. Objective: To survey Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police regarding potential obstacles to officer-administered naloxone, and their overall opinion toward such programs. Methods: A confidential survey was administered at the Annual Conference for the Pennsylvania Chiefs of Police Association and online over the organization’s listserv. Respondents rated their level of concern toward four potential obstacles on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. A fifth question asked the degree to which they agree that the benefits of naloxone programs outweigh the risks. Results: Of 180 attendees, 36 Chiefs of Police responded at the conference and 48 to the online survey. The potential agitation of revived victims was their largest reported concern, with 60% responding either a 4 or 5; this was followed by offi...