cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain Above the Injury Level

Pain above the injury level is predominantly musculoskeletal in origin and involves the structures of the upper extremity that must assume increased mobility and weight-bearing stresses in performance of transfers and wheelchair propulsion. This article discusses the recognition, diagnosis, and management of painful issues of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand. A brief discussion is presented on pain entities that are familiar to pain treatment centers but possibly not to other health care workers, namely chronic fatigue syndrome and facet syndrome.
Dynamic Sensor Network Configuration in InfoSymbiotic Systems Using Model Singular Vectors

Abstract Data assimilation is an important data-driven application (DDDAS) where measurements of the real system are used to con- strain simulation results. This paper describes a methodology for dynamically configuring sensor networks in data assimilation systems based on numerical models of time-evolving differential equations. The proposed methodology uses the dominant model singular vectors, which reveal the directions of maximal error growth. New sensors are dynamically placed such as to minimize an estimation error energy norm. A shallow water test problem is used to illustrate our approach.
General surgery residency program websites: usefulness and usability for resident applicants.

Abstract Objective To assess the content of general surgery residency program websites, the websites' potential as tools in resident recruitment, and their “usability.” Design The homepages of general surgery residency programs were evaluated for accessibility, ease-of-use, adherence to established principles of website design, and content. Investigators completed a questionnaire on aspects of their online search, including number of mouse-clicks used, number of errors encountered, and number of returns to the residency homepage. Setting The World Wide Web listings on the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) of the American Medical Association (AMA). Participants A total of 251 ACGME-accredited general surgery residency programs. Results One hundred sixty-seven programs (67%) provided a viable link to the program's website. Evaluators found an average of 5.9 of 16 content items; 2 (1.2%) websites provided as many as 12 content items. Five of the 16 content items (program description, conference schedules, listing of faculty, caseload, and salary) were found on more than half of the sites. An average of 24 mouse-clicks was required to complete the questionnaire for each site. Forty-six sites (28%) generated at least 1 error during our search. The residency homepage was revisited an average of 5 times during each search. On average, programs adhered to 6 of the 10 design principles; only 6 (3.6%) sites adhered to all 10 design principles. Two of the 10 design principles (use of familiar fonts, absence of frames) were adhered to in more than half of the sites. Our overall success rate when searching residency websites was 38%. Conclusions General surgery residency programs do not use the World Wide Web optimally, particularly for users who are potential residency candidates. The usability of these websites could be increased by providing relevant content, making that content easier to find, and adhering to established web design principles.
Negotiating Equality through Ritual: A Consideration of Late Natufian and Prepottery Neolithic A Period Mortuary Practices

Mortuary rituals, specifically secondary mortuary practices with the socially sanctioned removal of all or some parts of the deceased, are a powerful means of social integration during periods of social, economic, or environmental change. Integrating ethnographic data on the social impact of secondary mortuary ceremonies with archaeological evidence from the Late Natufian and Prepottery Neolithic A periods of the south-central Levant, this study explores how the development and maintenance of intentional secondary mortuary rituals, such as with the removal and reburial of skulls, served as powerful communal acts that symbolically and physically linked communities and limited the perception or reality of social differentiation. Continuity within, and meanings behind, secondary mortuary practices during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene prompts the researcher to reevaluate previous interpretations of the relationship(s) among the appearance of formalized social inequality, food production, and the definition of personal relations within Levantine Neolithic communities.
THE ENGINEER AND CIVILIZATION

To sum up the whole matter, the engineer, either as an individual or as a collective type, is simply a link in the chain of human progress-a chain the links of which, in one form or another, run back into a past removed from our own time by tens of thousands of years, to go to no higher figures. With the trend of human progress as it now is, he seems, moreover, to be a very necessary link. He has taken upon himself the peculiar function of developing and translating into use for the needs of civilization the constructive materials of the earth and the inorganic energies of nature, and in connection with the exercise of such function he has acquired peculiar and weighty duties and responsibilities.
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in neonatal care unit.

To the Editor: Tschudin-Sutter et al. provide convincing evidence of transfer of an extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli strain from a mother to her vaginally delivered twins, then from the neonates to a health care worker and other neonates in a neonatal care unit (1). This finding advances our understanding of how extended-spectrum β-lactamase–positive (and, by extension, other antimicrobial drug–resistant or virulent strains) E. coli can spread within the community. However, the authors’ use of the term infection for the asymptomatic colonization that was observed, including in the mother (who had asymptomatic bacteriuria), is potentially misleading. This term could perpetuate a line of thinking that is all too common among clinicians and leads to unnecessary antimicrobial drug use, thereby ironically aggravating the problem of antimicrobial drug resistance. Although the first paragraph of their report implicitly acknowledges the distinction between infection and colonization, the rest of the report (including the abstract) uses the terms infection or infected interchangeably with colonization or colonized. Examples include “Subsequently, infection spread by healthcare worker contact with other neonates,” “a healthcare worker also was infected,” and “a urinary tract infection developed....” One wonders why, in the absence of genitourinary symptoms, the (postpartum) mother’s urine was cultured and why the positive culture prompted antimicrobial drug therapy. This seeming misinterpretation by the mother’s providers of what probably was a harmless colonization state as representing acute disease, and their all too typical response (i.e., antimicrobial drug therapy), are to be discouraged (2). More cautious use of terminology, to emphasize the distinction between colonization and infection (which have radically different therapeutic implications), may help refine clinicians’ thinking and practice in this regard, thereby promoting improved antimicrobial drug stewardship and slowing the antimicrobial drug resistance epidemic.
Remodeling the Global Development Landscape: the China Model and South-South Cooperation in Latin America

Abstract China's explosive growth and growing international influence have prompted policy makers and scholars to question how that country will reshape the global development landscape. While Western observers have used the concept of the China Model to describe China's development strategies and the potential threat they pose to Western liberal traditions, Chinese policy makers have promoted South–South cooperation to emphasise China's goal of a harmonious world order based on nation-state sovereignty and mutual benefits. This article explores these two competing organising principles with a focus on how each concept frames global development politics and China's relations with its development partners. Drawing on ethnographic research on China's new relationship with Costa Rica, I examine the assumptions and effects of these concepts in terms of how they shape specific development encounters. These examples suggest the intransigence of historical development inequalities and identities, which both supp...
A high-resolution banding pattern idiogram of Monodelphis domestica chromosomes (marsupialia, mammalia)

A high-resolution G-banding pattern idiogram, an R-banding pattern, and the precise identification of the NOR-bearing autosomal pair are presented for Monodelphis domestica.
Expression of the mRNAs for the insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins during development of porcine ovarian follicles.

We examined the expression of the mRNAs for the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and two of their binding proteins (BPs), IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3, in individual follicles of the porcine ovary. Follicular development was synchronized with a progestin (altrenogest). Individual follicles were isolated on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after progestin withdrawal. No IGFBP-3 mRNA was detected. While IGF-II mRNA was easily detected, the levels of expression did not change. IGF-I and IGFBP-2 mRNAs increased and decreased, respectively, with follicle development until day 7 when IGF-I expression declined. Regression analysis of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 mRNA expression was performed to assess the relative strength of correlations with day, diameter and steroid concentrations as covariates. IGFBP-2 mRNA was correlated with both day and diameter (r = -.713 and -.705, respectively, n = 24) and neither estrogen (E2) nor progesterone (P4) contributed to the fit. While IGF-I mRNA expression was correlated to both day (r = .483) and diameter...
Chronic Daily Headache in Children and Adolescents

Chronic daily headaches (CDH) in children and adolescents is reviewed. Three major forms of CDH exist: transformed migrane, chronic tension type headache, and new-onset daily persistent headache. Diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.
Control of Electron Transfer in Nitric-oxide Synthases SWAPPING OF AUTOINHIBITORY ELEMENTS AMONG NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE ISOFORMS

To clarify the role of the autoinhibitory insert in the endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) nitric-oxide synthases, the insert was excised from nNOS and chimeras with its reductase domain; the eNOS and nNOS inserts were swapped and put into the normally insertless inducible (iNOS) isoform and chimeras with the iNOS reductase domain; and an RRKRK sequence in the insert suggested by earlier peptide studies to be important (Salerno, J. C., Harris, D. E., Irizarry, K., Patel, B., Morales, A. J., Smith, S. M., Martasek, P., Roman, L. J., Masters, B. S., Jones, C. L., Weissman, B. A., Lane, P., Liu, Q., and Gross, S. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29769–29777) was mutated. Insertless nNOS required calmodulin (CaM) for normal NOS activity, but the Ca2+ requirement for this activity was relaxed. Furthermore, insert deletion enhanced CaM-free electron transfer within nNOS and chimeras with the nNOS reductase, emphasizing the involvement of the insert in modulating electron transfer. Swapping the nNOS and eNOS inserts gave proteins with normal NOS activities, and the nNOS insert acted normally in raising the Ca2+ dependence when placed in eNOS. Insertion of the eNOS insert into iNOS and chimeras with the iNOS reductase domain significantly lowered NOS activity, consistent with inhibition of electron transfer by the insert. Mutation of the eNOS RRKRK to an AAAAA sequence did not alter the eNOS Ca2+ dependence but marginally inhibited electron transfer. The salt dependence suggests that the insert modulates electron transfer within the reductase domain prior to the heme/reductase interface. The results clarify the role of the reductase insert in modulating the Ca2+ requirement, electron transfer rate, and overall activity of nNOS and eNOS.
THE EFFICIENCY OF NUCLEAR MIXING DURING HETEROKARYON FORMATION IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA

HETEROKARYONS BETWEEN biochemical mutants of Neurospora crassa grow normally on minimal medium provided that the components are of the same mating type and are genetically compatible (Beadle and Coonradt, 1944; Gross, 1952; Garnjobst, 1953; Holloway, 1955). Such heterokaryons are ordinarily produced by hyphal fusion in superimposed inocula from homokaryotic stocks. Under these conditions there is absolute selection for heterokaryosis, and consequentlv no indication of whether the fusions are rare or frequent. The nuclear mixing in small. closely packed masses of germinating conidia must be fairly efficient, since it makes practicable the procedure for homology testing of recessive lethal mutations (Atwood and Mukai, 1953). The nuclear ratio in this type of inoculum is known to influence the ratio in heterokaryons (Pittenger and Atwood, 1954), but the input and final ratios are usually unequal. Therefore, it seemed important to learn the extent to which mingling of compatible nuclei is limited by the fusion process. Experiments were devised to distinguish the effect of such a partial barrier from that of other selective forces. It will be seen that there is no appreciable restriction on nuclear mixing under the conditions described. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN.-The procedure adopted is the mixing of multinucleate conidia of a heterokaryotic stock containing, for instance, nuclear types X and Y with those of a homokaryotic stock containing nuclear type Z. The nuclear constitution of heterokaryotic conidia produced by the resultant culture is then analyzed. The frequencies with which conidia from this culture contain the combination of X and Z, separate prior to mixing, and X and Y nuclei, which were partially associated in heterokaryotic conidia before mixing, serve as a measure of the ratio of Y to Z in the three-component heterokaryon. This ratio is then compared with the input ratio of Y and Z nuclei. Barring, interfering factors, similarity of these ratios will signify a high efficiency of nuclear mixing. In order to minimize selection, the Y and Z nuclei carry the same biochemical mutant locus and differ only by an albino marker which is thought to be selectively neutral. Thus the first-formed complexes, XZ, are in competition with selectively equivalent pre-existing XY complexes. The experiment is then repeated in a reciprocal manner by mixing homokaryotic Y conidia with conidia of an XZ heterokaryon. This provides a check on the selective neutrality of the albino marker and its associated genome.
Risk of Rupture in AAA and Vulnerable Plaques: Patient Based FSI Simulation

Two separate fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulations were performed: a patient-specific Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) geometry, and an idealized coronary vulnerable plaque (VP) geometry. VP FSI simulations were later performed in patient based geometries reconstructed from intravascular (IVUS) measurements.(AAA): The patient specific AAA FSI simulation was carried out with both isotropic and anisotropic wall properties. An orthotropic material model was used to describe wall properties, closely approximate experimental results [1]. Results show peak wall stresses are dependent on the geometry of the AAA and the region of highest stress corresponds to expected failure location. The ability to quantify stresses developing within the aneurysm wall based on FSI simulations will facilitate clinicians to reach informed decisions in determining rupture risk of AAA and the need for surgical intervention.(Vulnerable Plaque): To study the risk of rupture of a vulnerable plaque in an idealized coronary artery geometry, an FSI simulation was performed. This model of vulnerable plaque includes vessel wall with calcification spot embedded in the fibrous cap, and a lipid core. Identifying rupture risk, regions susceptible to failure and the contribution of the various components were studied. This work led to predicting the rupture risk in patient specific geometries. The results show the upstream side of vulnerable plaque fibrous cap has the highest stresses. The presence of the calcified spot is shown to enhance stresses within the fibrous cap, significantly contributing to its risk of rupture.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effects of Hurricane Ivan on water quality in Pensacola Bay, Florida

Pensacola Bay, Florida, was in the strong northeast quadrant of Hurricane Ivan when it made landfall on September 16, 2004 as a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. We present data describing the timeline and maximum height of the storm surge, the extent of flooding of coastal land, and the magnitude of the freshwater inflow pulse that followed the storm. We computed the magnitude of tidal flushing associated with the surge using a tidal prism model. We also evaluated hurricane effects on water quality using water quality surveys conducted 20 and 50 d after the storm, which we compared with a survey 14 d before landfall. We evaluated the scale of hurricane effects relative to normal variability using a 5-yr monthly record. Ivan's 3.5 m storm surge inundated 165 km2 of land, increasing the surface area of Pensacola Bay by 50% and its volume by 230%. The model suggests that 60% of the Bay's volume was flushed, initially increasing the average salinity of Bay waters from 23 to 30 and lowering nutrient and chlorophylla concentrations. Additional computations suggest that wind forcing was sufficient to completely mix the water column during the storm. Freshwater discharge from the largest river increased twentyfold during the subsequent 4 d, stimulating a modest phytoplankton bloom (chlorophyll up to 18 μg l−1) and maintaining hypoxia for several months. Although the immediate physical perturbation was extreme, the water quality effects that persisted beyond the first several days were within the normal range of variability for this system. In terms of water quality and phytoplankton productivity effects, this ecosystem appears to be quite resilient in the face of a severe hurricane effect.
Bluetooth Worms: Models, Dynamics, and Defense Implications

Recent occurrences of mobile worms like Cabir, Mabir and CommWarrior have created growing concerns over the security of data stored on mobile devices such as cell phones and PDAs. These worms have in common that they all use Bluetooth communication as their infection channel. In order to prepare effective defense strategies against such worms, we study the nature, characteristics, and spreading dynamics of Bluetooth worms in the safe environment of simulation. Our key findings are: (i) Mobility may not boost the Bluetooth worm propagation; instead, link instability owing to it has negative impact on the worm spreading speed; (ii) The inherent capacity constraints imposed by the wireless channel (e.g. interference) and the specifics of the Bluetooth protocol can significantly slow down the Bluetooth worm propagation; (iii) Intelligently designed worms can improve their propagation speed to a noticeable degree by strategically selecting worm model parameters or exploiting out-of-band propagation capabilities.
SCARED TO DEATH? THE EFFECTS OF INTIMIDATION AND CONSUMPTION IN PREDATOR–PREY INTERACTIONS

Predation is a central feature of ecological communities. Most theoretical and empirical studies of predation focus on the consequences of predators consuming their prey. Predators reduce prey population densities through direct consumption (a density- mediated interaction, DMI), a process that may indirectly affect the prey's resources, com- petitors, and other predators. However, predators can also affect prey population density by stimulating costly defensive strategies. The costs of these defensive strategies can include reduced energy income, energetic investment in defensive structures, lower mating success, increased vulnerability to other predators, or emigration. Theoretical and empirical studies confirm the existence of these induced costs (trait-mediated interactions, TMIs); however, the relative importance of intimidation (TMI) and consumption (DMI) effects remains an open question. We conducted a meta-analysis assessing the magnitude of both TMIs and DMIs in predator-prey interactions. On average, the impact of intimidation on prey de- mographics was at least as strong as direct consumption (63% and 51% the size of the total predator effect, respectively). This contrast is even more pronounced when we consider the cascading effects of predators on their prey's resources: density effects attenuated through food chains, while TMIs remained strong, rising to 85% of the total predator effect. Predators can thus strongly influence resource density even if they consume few prey items. Finally, intimidation was more important in aquatic than terrestrial ecosystems. Our results suggest that the costs of intimidation, traditionally ignored in predator-prey ecology, may actually be the dominant facet of trophic interactions.
Analog VLSI Processor Implementing the Continuous Wavelet Transform

We present an integrated analog processor for real-time wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of continuous temporal signals covering the audio frequency range. The processor performs complex harmonic modulation and Gaussian lowpass filtering in 16 parallel channels, each clocked at a different rate, producing a multiresolution mapping on a logarithmic frequency scale. Our implementation uses mixed-mode analog and digital circuits, oversampling techniques, and switched-capacitor filters to achieve a wide linear dynamic range while maintaining compact circuit size and low power consumption. We include experimental results on the processor and characterize its components separately from measurements on a single-channel test chip.
The product of consecutive integers is never a power

has no solution in integers with k >_ 2, 1 >_ 2 and n >_ 0 . (These restrictions on k, 1 and n will be implicit throughout this paper .) The early literature on this subject can be found in Dickson's history and the somewhat later literature in the paper of Oblath [5] . Rigge [6], and a few months later Erdos [1], proved the conjecture for 1 = 2 . Later these two authors [1] proved that for fixed 1 there are at most finitely many solutions to (1) . In 1940, Erdos and Siegel jointly proved that there is an absolute constant c such that (1) has no solutions with k > c, but this proof was never published . Later Erdos [2] found a different proof ; by improving the method used, we can now completely establish the old conjecture . Thus we shall prove
Effect of monomeric sequence on nanostructure and water dynamics in Nafion 117

We studied the effect of polar/nonpolar sequences on the structure and water transport of Nafion 117 with 20 wt.% water by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Although the systems show clear hydrophilic/hydrophobic segregation in all conditions studied, we observe that increased blockiness leads to better phase segregation, with the anionic moieties unevenly distributed in the interface leaving big hydrophobic patches of polymer/water contact. The vehicular diffusion of water and hydronium was not affected by the blockiness.
Response to Letter by Charidimou et al Regarding Article, “Blood Pressure Reduction, Decreased Diffusion on MRI, and Outcomes After Intracerebral Hemorrhage”

Response: Nishikawa1 notes that we found a high incidence of decreased diffusion (DD) in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage compared with other studies. We are glad that he agrees, and his unpublished data confirm, that whether DD is common is not the issue, but rather, how common it is. A few methodological differences may account for the differences between cohorts. Patients in the sample reported by …
All-Electronic 1-Cycle Carrier-Relaying Equipment - Relay Operating Principles [includes discussion]

carrier-relaying equipment theco-ordinationofindividual relays isanimportant factor inthecorrect operation ofthe equipment. Itisthepurpose ofthis paper todescribe theoperating principles ofthevarious electronic relays employed intheall-electronic carrier-relaying equipment,andtopoint outthefeatures that havebeenincluded toobtain 1-cycle operation andwhichatthesametime guarantee co-ordination betweenterminals. Incompanion papers theneed forahigh-speed relaying equipment,' the over-all operating principles,2 andperformance evaluation' arepresented indetail. A directional-comparison relaying equipment mustperform thefollowing functions: detection ofabnormal system conditions, determination offault location, transmission ofblocking signal tothe remoteterminal, discrimination between short circuits andother abnormal system conditions suchaspowerswings and momentary powerreversals, andcontrol ofcircuit-breaker tripcurrent. These functions areprovided inagroupofelectronic relays whichoperate onthefollowing principles:
Capillary penetration failure of blood suspensions.

Abstract Blood suspension fails to penetrate a capillary with radius R less than 50 μm even if the capillary is perfectly wettable. This invasion threshold is attributed to three red blood cells (RBCs) segregation mechanisms—corner deflection at the entrance, the intermediate deformation-induced radial migration and shear-induced diffusion within a packed slug at the meniscus. The shear-induced radial migration for deformable particles endows the blood cells with a higher velocity than the meniscus to form the concentrated slug behind the meniscus. This tightly packed slug has a higher resistance and arrests the flow. Rigid particles and rigidified blood cells result in wetting behavior similar to that seen for homogeneous liquids, with decreased RBC migration towards the capillary centerline and reduction of packing. Corner deflection with a radial drift velocity accelerates the radial migration for small capillaries. However, deformation-induced radial migration is the key mechanism responsible for penetration failure. This sequence of mechanisms is confirmed through videomicroscopy and scaling theories were applied to capture the dependence of the critical capillary radius as a function of RBC concentrations.
Product Change Intensity, Product Advantage, and Market Performance: An Empirical Investigation of the PC Industry

Product change decisions, such as the frequency of new product introductions, can impact product performance characteristics, sales, and market share of several generations of products and, therefore, a firm's long-term survival and growth. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of a firm's product change frequency, also referred to as product change intensity. A conceptual model linking a firm's product change intensity to its product advantage—and, in turn, to its market performance—with strategic product change orientation and technology competence as moderating effects, was used as a foundation for the study's hypotheses. These were tested using hierarchical and linear regressions, based on survey data collected from 55 U.S. companies in the personal computer (PC) industry. The analysis confirmed that a PC firm's product rate of change is positively associated with its product advantage and that its product advantage, in turn, is positively associated with its market share and growth performance. However, the hypothesized moderating effects were not confirmed. Rather, a firm's product change orientation and its level of technology competence are more likely to have a direct impact on product advantage. The implications of these findings are that, in general, firms that release new products frequently will have them viewed more favorably by the market than products with lower change intensities. Also, firms with higher levels of competence in the product technology domain tend to create products with greater market attraction. Finally, more radical changes to PC product architectures may pay off better than relatively minor changes. These results may not apply to other industries due to the specific design of personal computers and the nature of this fast-paced market. Neither do the findings necessarily apply to all firms regardless of those firms' specific product and market strategies. More research is necessary to understand how a firm's adopted strategy, and the industry in which it operates, affect the relationships demonstrated in this study.
Effects of nevirapine and efavirenz on HDL cholesterol levels and reverse cholesterol transport in mice

Objective The mechanism by which non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) increase HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) in HIV+ patients and the benefits of this with respect to cardiovascular risk are not known. Studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that NNRTIs have a beneficial effect on HDL-C and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT).
Sorption of trace organics and engineered nanomaterials onto wetland plant material

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are sources for emerging pollutants, including organic compounds and engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), which then flow into aquatic systems. In this article, natural attenuation of pollutants by constructed wetland plants was investigated using lab-scale microcosm and batch sorption studies. The microcosms were operated at varying hydraulic residence times (HRTs) and contained decaying plant materials. Representative organic compounds and ENMs were simultaneously spiked into the microcosm influent, along with a conservative tracer (bromide), and then monitored in the effluent over time. It was observed that a more hydrophobic compound-natural estrogen achieved better removal than a polar organic compound – para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA), which mimics the behaviour of the tracer. Batch sorption experiments showed that estrogen has higher sorption affinity than pCBA, highlighting the importance of sorption to the plant materials as a removal process for the organic contaminants in the microcosms. Wetland plants were also found a potential sorbent for ENMs. Two different ENMs (nano-silver and aqueous fullerenes) were included in this study, both of which experienced comparable removal in the microcosms. Relative to the tracer, the highest removal of ENMs and trace organics was 60% and 70%, respectively. A more than two-fold increase in HRT increased the removal efficiency of the contaminants in the range of 20–60%. The outcome of this study supports that plant materials of wetlands can play an important role in removing emerging pollutants from WWTP effluent.
Fast temporal neural learning using teacher forcing

A methodology for faster supervised temporal learning in nonlinear neural networks is presented. The authors introduce the concept of terminal teacher forcing and appropriately modify the activation dynamics of the neural network. They also indicate how teacher forcing can be decreased as the learning proceeds. In order to make the algorithm more tangible, the authors compare its different phases to an important aspect of learning inspired by a real-life analogy. The results show that the learning time is reduced by one to two orders of magnitude with respect to conventional methods. The authors limited themselves to an example of representative complexity. It is demonstrated that a circular trajectory can be learned in about 400 iterations. >
An Annotated List of the Buprestidae (Coleoptera) Known to Occur in Honduras

Abstract The 167 species and subspecies of Buprestidae known to occur in Honduras are listed. Each species name is annotated with departmental records based on literature records and specimens. Six species are known only from Honduras, and 75 species and two subspecies represent new country records. Most species records come from the departments of Atlantida, Comayagua, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, Olancho, and Yoro.
Transfer-Free Selective Area Synthesis of Graphene Using Solid-State Self-Segregation of Carbon In Cu/Ni Bilayers

/Arenvironment.Noadditionalcarbonsourcewasprovided.TheCuﬁlmpartiallyevaporated during growth, leaving a graphene layer above and beneath the Ni ﬁlm. A wet etch step allowed complete removal of themetals, resulting in continuous graphene coverage of the surface. A simple pattered synthesis of graphene was performed using thistechnique demonstrating the ability to control the growth of graphene to speciﬁc regions over large areas of the wafer.© 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.016306jss] All rights reserved.Manuscript submitted March 4, 2013; revised manuscript received April 23, 2013. Published May 7, 2013.
Instantaneous Force-Velocity-Length Determinants in the Contraction of Heart Muscle

The relations of force and velocity during the course of shortening of heart muscle have been explored using the cat papillary muscle. It has been shown that at any instant during contraction the course of muscle shortening is described by the instantaneous relations of force-velocity and muscle length. The three dimensional force-velocity length diagram allows for greater generalization in the analysis of contraction of heart muscle than has been afforded by the analysis of force and velocity relative to initial muscle length alone, and provides a useful construct for portraying a given contractile state of heart muscle. A change in the velocity coordinate of this diagram (Vmax) with or without a change in the force coordinate (Po) serves to define a change in the contractile state of heart muscle.
Erectile dysfunction in mice lacking the large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium (BK) channel

Penile erection is dependent on the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKGI) pathway. One important target of PKGI in smooth muscle is the large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel, which upon activation hyperpolarizes the smooth muscle cell membrane, causing relaxation. Relaxation of arterial and corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) is necessary to increase blood flow into the corpora cavernosa that leads to penile tumescence. We investigated the functional role of BK channels in the corpus cavernosum utilizing a knock-out mouse lacking the Slo gene (Slo−/−) responsible for the pore-forming subunit of the BK channel. Whole-cell currents were recorded from isolated CCSM cells of Slo+/+ and Slo−/− mice. Iberiotoxin-sensitive voltage- and [Ca2+]-activated K+ currents, the latter activated by local transient calcium releases (calcium sparks), were present in Slo+/+ CCSM cells, but absent in Slo−/− cells. CCSM strips from Slo−/− mice demonstrated a four-fold increase in phasic contractions, in the presence of phenylephrine. Nerve-evoked relaxations of precontracted strips were reduced by 50%, both in strips from Slo−/− mice and by blocking BK channels with iberiotoxin in the Slo+/+ strips. Consistent with the in vitro results, in vivo intracavernous pressure exhibited pronounced oscillations in Slo−/− mice, but not in Slo+/+ mice. Furthermore, intracavernous pressure increases to nerve stimulation, in vivo, were reduced by 22% in Slo−/−mice. These results indicate that the BK channel has an important role in erectile function, and loss of the BK channel leads to erectile dysfunction.
Thermal Structure of the Mesopause Region (80–105 km) at 40°N Latitude. Part I: Seasonal Variations

Abstract Sodium wind/temperature lidar measurements taken throughout the diurnal and annual cycles at Urbana, Illinois (40°N, 88°W), from February 1996 through January 1998 are used to characterize the seasonal behavior of solar thermal tides in the mesopause region between 80 and 105 km. The 24-, 12-, 8-, and 6-h tides are investigated. Between 80 and 92 km the diurnal temperature variation is influenced mainly by in situ heating associated with solar UV absorption by O3 (∼5 K amplitude at 85 km) and by an upwardly propagating wave originating from tidal sources in the troposphere and stratosphere. Above 100 km, there is also a strong diurnal signature due to in situ heating from solar UV absorption by O2 (∼3 K amplitude at 102 km). The phase analysis shows this oscillation to be evanescent or downward propagating with maximum amplitude near local noon. The middle region between 92 and 100 km contains very little diurnal variation, which appears to be caused by destructive interference of the direct sola...
Ontogeny of vasoconstrictor neurohypophysial hormone function in rats

This in vitro study examined the ontogeny of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) compared with norepinephrine (NE)-mediated contraction in rat thoracic aortas. Aortas from three age groups (2-3 days, 6-7 days, and 12 wk) of Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Ring segment resting length was adjusted to optimize tension developed to a dose that produces half-maximal tension of NE in Krebs solution (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) and gassed with 95% O2-5% CO2. Cumulative dose-response curves were generated for KCl (5-100 mM), NE (10(-10)-10(-5) M), AVP, and AVT (both 10(-10)-10(-6) M) in the presence and absence of a selective V1 vasopressinergic inhibitor, [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid), 2-(O-methyl)tyrosine]arginine vasopressin ([d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP). A progressive increase in sensitivity among all age groups was found for KCl and NE. There was a slight decrease in sensitivity to both AVP and AVT in the 1st wk. Maximum contractile response to NE increased between 2-3 and 6-7 days, whereas no change was observed for KCl, AVP, or AVT. AVP- and AVT-mediated contractions were selectively inhibited by [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]-AVP. These results suggest 1) receptor-mediated contractility is present from 2 days of age for NE, AVP, and AVT; 2) sensitivity to KCl and NE increases progressively during postnatal development, whereas sensitivity to AVP and AVT slightly decreases in the 1st wk with no progressive age-related increase by 12 wk; 3) AVP and AVT mediate contraction via a similar V1-like receptor.
The Evaluation of the Acute Abdomen

Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons for visits to the emergency room. Although for the majority of patients, symptoms are benign and self-limited, a subset will be diagnosed with an “acute abdomen,” as a result of serious intra-abdominal pathology requiring emergent evaluation and treatment. An expeditious workup is necessary when evaluating patients presenting with acute abdominal pain to determine the most likely cause of their symptoms and determine whether or not emergent operative intervention is necessary. The most appropriate therapy should then be initiated with the patient’s clinical status optimized. The workup should first include a thorough but efficient acquisition of the patient’s history and physical examination followed by the judicious use of laboratory and radiologic studies. The evaluation of patients with acute abdominal pain can pose a diagnostic challenge for physicians as patients may present with atypical symptoms that interfere with the usual pattern recognition that often guides decision making.
The Possibilities for Scientific Use of High-Energy Lasers: From Now to the NIF

The relationship of the NIF mission to the future use of high-energy lasers for scientific research is discussed. A brief outline of the reasons that scientific use is being encouraged is followed ...
Violence in health care. What nurse managers need to know

About 10% to 15% of the violence in the United States occurs in the workplace. Health care workers in particular face dramatically higher risks for nonfatal assault. Nonviolent crisis interventions and a detailed violence management and prevention plan prepare nurse managers for any situation.
Evaluation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for Identifying Members of the Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Complex in Southern Africa

Chromosomally and electrophoretically identified field samples of members of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex from southern Africa and colony material were used to test the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method of identification. The samples included An. arabiensis Patton, An. quadriannulatus Theobald, and An. merus Donitz. Only one of the 217 specimens examined was disputed. Twenty specimens (9%) were reamplified because of the presence of multiple bands or lack of amplification after the first assay. Specimens of An. merus from this region displayed both the diagnostic An. merus PCR band as well as the An. quadriannulatus band, possibly because of interspecific hybridization or random variation within the population. This work extends the geographical range over which the PCR technique has been verified to southern Africa.
The Malayan Union Controversy, 1942-1948

The Second World War set Malaya upon a new course and forced British planners to rationalize the structural anomalies that had kept Malay constitutionally disunited and racially divided. The revolutionary plan unveiled was the Malayan Union which sought to embrace the Malay states and the Straits Settlements, excluding Singapore, under a constitutional union, and to confer, for the first time, political rights on Malaya's non-Malay population through the creation of common citizenship. This provoked an impassioned constitutional controversy which threatened to undermine the very basis of British rule in Malaya and forced the British, barely three months later, to scrap their experiment. This book unravels the inside story of how the Federation of Malaya was formed in February 1948 in the face of an attempt by British planners to form a constitutional union.
The Nixon-Kissinger Foreign Policy System and U.S.-European Relations: Patterns of Policy Making

No single model adequately explains the American foreign policy-making process. At least six models are required, singly or in some combination, to understand recent American foreign policy formation under the Nixon Administration. The six models are: democratic politics, organizational process/bureaucratic politics, the royal-court model, multiple advocacy, groupthink, and shared images or mind-sets. After a review of the rules of the foreign policy game in Washington and the main elements of the Nixon-Kissinger National Security Council system, the article seeks to apply the models to a number of cases in recent American policy making toward Europe. U.S.-Soviet relations, the “Year of Europe,” and Nixon's New Economic Policy of August 1971 are examined as cases of royal-court decision making. A second category of cases exhibits mixed patterns of decision making: SALT, the Berlin negotiations, U.S. troops in Europe, MBFR, and U.S. trade policy. Bureaucratic variables alone explained policy outcomes in international economic policy making in the autumn of 1971, and an organizational process model was found to be dominant generally in the formation of recent international monetary policy, led by the Treasury Department. The conclusion considers the relationships between the models and certain kinds of policies.
Verification Test of Determining Cyanide in Wine by Using Cyanide Reagent Strip Test

[Objective] To prove the accuracy of determining cyanide in wine by using cyanide reagent strip test method through standard addition test. [Methods] Different concentrations of cyanide-standard solution were added in wine samples, and then were determined by cyanide reagent strip test kit.[Results] The results of the test in water samples were more accurate; in wine samples the test can determine whether they contains cyanide, but the results were not accurate.[Conclusion] Cyanide reagent strip test method is fast and simple, and is suitable for quantitative determination in water samples and qualitative determination in wine samples.
Study on the the main influence factors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia

Objective To explore the main influence factors of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia(NHB),and to provide the clinical basis for the control and prevention of NHB. Methods A total of 147NHB patients hospitalized in Danyang People's Hospital from October 2010to October 2011was selected as case group,122normal infants delivered in same hospital at the same period were recruited as control group.The serum bilirubin levels of infants were measured and the questionnaires to their parents were used for data collection.Multifactor logistic regression analysis was conducted to screening the mainly factors of the NHB. Results There were no significant differences in sex ratio,general data of patients and the control group in age(P0.05).9factors,including low birth weight,cesarean section,the lack of breast milk,meconium aspiration syndrome,elderly primipara,pregnancy-induced hypertension,infection,asphyxia,intrauterine distress were the main influencing factors of NHB. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of elderly primipara,splits the palace production,meconium aspiration syndrome and infection in children with these perinatal risk factors,actively feeding and timely monitoring and intervention of serum bilirubin level,achieve the purpose of prevention and control of NHB.
Spectroscopic Imaging of Metal-Enhanced Upconversion on Plasmonic Substrates

We use spectroscopic imaging to investigate the enhancement of infra-red to visible upconversion in rare-earth doped nano-particles (NaYF4:Yb:Er) supported on nano-fabricated plasmonic substrates consisting of square lattices of Au nano-pillars fabricated by electron beam lithography and designed to support a surface plasmon polariton at frequencies which are nearresonant with the rare-earth ion (Yb3+) absorption. We observe a systematic enhancement in the efficiency of upconversion associated with the interaction of the co-doped nano-particles with the plasmonic substrate. Spectrally-resolved imaging provides a massively parallel means of assessing the range of achievable enhancement and its relation to the specific configuration of the substrate / upconverting nano-particle system. Spectrally-resolved reflectivity of the plasmonic substrates confirms the role of the surface plasmon polariton in the upconversion enhancement. Experimental results are compared to Finite Difference Time Domain simulations of the frequency-dependent reflectivity of these metallic nanostructures.
Systematic Detection of Noncanonical NF-κB Activation

In unstimulated cells, NF-κB dimers usually exist as latent complexes in the cytoplasm with the IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB) proteins or IκB-like protein p100, the precursor of NF-κB2 mature form p52. Accordingly, there are two major mechanisms leading to NF-κB activation: inducible degradation of IκBs and processing of p100 to generate p52 (selective degradation of the C-terminal IκB-like sequence of p100), which are termed the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways, respectively. While activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway plays critical roles in a wide range of biological processes, the noncanonical NF-κB pathway has important but more restricted roles in both normal and pathological processes. Systematic detection of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway activation is very important for understanding the physiological role of this pathway in biological processes, and for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of related diseases. We describe here the methods we employ to detect noncanonical NF-κB activation in cells and tissues. These methods are immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Noncanonical NF-κB-induced gene expression changes can be determined by gene array analysis and quantitative real-time PCR.