cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MOUSE LUNG: SOME REMARKS REGARDING THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE ALVEOLAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE

The fine structure of the alveolar basement membrane of mouse lung was discussed on the basis of three electron micrographs. The basement membrane, i.e., the intercellular layer between endothelium and alveolar epithelium, was found to be of variable width. In its thin parts it appeared rather homogeneous, and did not reveal well defined layers of fibrils. In its thicker portions, some of which may be due to oblique sectioning, cell fragments could be seen lying inside the basement membrane layer. Their exact nature was not determined. In other thickened portions of the membrane bundles of slender (about 23 to 25 mµ) fibrils were found and were tentatively interpreted as collagen fibrils, in spite of the fact that a periodicity could not be observed.
Horseradish Peroxidase Catalyzed Synthesis of Polycardanol Microcapsules

Polymers synthesized from naturally derived monomers are valuable since they decrease the reliance on petroleum based feed stocks. Cashew nut shell oil (CNSL) is a side-product from processing of edible Cashew nuts of Annacardium occidentale. One of the major components of CNSL is cardanol, which is a phenol derivative having an unsaturated pentadecyl substituent in the ‘meta’ position with varying amount of unsaturation (no double bonds to three double bonds). The substituent in the meta position can also be hydrogenated to yield completely saturated hydrogenated cardanol. Cardanol can be utilized to stabilize the dispersions of oil in water and vice versa since it displays amphiphilic behavior owing to the phenolic head and the C15 aliphatic tail. Here we report the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed polymerization of cardanol at oil water interface to obtain polycardanol microcapsules. A synthetic analogue of hydrogenated cardanol, 3-pentadecylphenol (3PDP), was also oxidatively polymerized at the ...
Collecting Highly Parallel Data for Paraphrase Evaluation

A lack of standard datasets and evaluation metrics has prevented the field of paraphrasing from making the kind of rapid progress enjoyed by the machine translation community over the last 15 years. We address both problems by presenting a novel data collection framework that produces highly parallel text data relatively inexpensively and on a large scale. The highly parallel nature of this data allows us to use simple n-gram comparisons to measure both the semantic adequacy and lexical dissimilarity of paraphrase candidates. In addition to being simple and efficient to compute, experiments show that these metrics correlate highly with human judgments.
L-Arginine in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases

OBJECTIVE:To examine the role of L-arginine in the management of cardiovascular diseases.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1966–April 2000) of review articles, using the search terms arginine, nitric oxide, and cardiovascular diseases, was conducted. After reviewing these articles, primary studies using the search terms arginine, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure were reviewed.STUDY SELECTION:English-language human studies were selected and evaluated based on quality of review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Small-scale studies have demonstrated that intravenous L-arginine augments endothelial function by enhancing vasodilation and reducing monocyte adhesion. Oral supplementation demonstrated similar effects as well as improvement of exercise ability in patients with cardiovascular diseases.CONCLUSIONS:L-arginine improves the management of multiple cardiovascular diseases. However, most published human studies are small. Before therapy can be routinely recommende...
An algorithm for drum storage management in time-sharing systems

An algorithm for efficiently managing the transfer of pages of information between main and secondary memory is developed and analyzed. The alogorithm applies to time-shared computer systems that use rotatlng magnetic drums as secondary storage devices. The algorithm is designed to provide efficient system performance when referenced pages are predominantly pre-loaded. However, the algorithm also provides optimum results for systems where all pages are loaded on demand. The nature of the improved performance which can be derived from page pre-loading strategy is discussed. Simulation results are presented which plot system performance as a function of main memory size.
The Fanconi anemia group C gene product: Signaling functions in hematopoietic cells

Seventy years ago, the Swiss pediatrician Guido Fanconi reported a family in which three children had not only aplastic anemia but a number of congenital defects as well [1]. Since that time, the syndrome has been reported many times and its clinical heterogeneity is now widely recognized. In fact, Fanconi anemia (FA) is sometimes diagnosed in adulthood and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypoplastic or aplastic anemias in young adults as well as in children. The disease is rare, with a prevalence of 1–5 per million (reviewed in [2]), but is complicated by life-threatening bone marrow failure, an extraordinary risk of myelodysplasia [3], and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, and an increased risk of epithelial malignancies [4,5]. FA has been classified as a chromosomal instability syndrome since the discovery by Schroeder et al. [6] that metaphases from FA cells showed an increased number of spontaneous breaks. A decade later, Sasaki and Tonomura [7] reported the phenomenon of hypersensitivity to crosslinking agents that was to become the foundation of the current diagnostic test for FA. Cytogenetic analysis of metaphase cells, usually lymphocytes cultured with phytohemagglutinin, after exposure to low doses of diepoxybutane (DEB) [8] or mitomycin C (MMC) [9] reveal characteristically abnormal chromosomes. Auerbach reported that metaphases from affected cells treated with 0.1 micrograms/ mL DEB exhibited a 175-fold increase in chromosome breakage compared with metaphases of normal lymphocytes [8]. A remarkable abnormality, termed “radial” chromosome forms (Fig. 1), are most noticeable in MMCtreated cells and less so with DEB. Some cytogenetics laboratories, ours included, use both agents in every case for the sake of completeness. Genetic heterogeneity Somatic cell fusion studies have shown that FA is genetically heterogeneous, with at least eight complementation groups (A through G and including D1 and D2) having been identified thus far [10]. The genes corresponding to groups A ( FANCA ), C ( FANCC ), G ( FANCG ), D2 ( FANCD2 ), E ( FANCE ), and F ( FANCF ) have been cloned [11–16]. However, the FA gene products reveal strong homologies neither to one another nor to any known protein. This has led to a multi-institutional push to identify the function of these novel proteins in both somatic and germ cells.
Discussion: Cotton and the Southern Economy, 1965–1975

Dr. Sayre's paper ably emphasizes the very large problems Southern producers face in the future. In discussing the cotton economy within which Southern cotton producers must operate, Dr. Sayre emphasizes the restrictions imposed upon Southern cotton production by the trends in demand and in yields during the past decade. Southern cotton producers must necessarily tailor their participation in the production of cotton in the United States to the twin restrictions imposed by demand for cotton and government programs for cotton. Dr. Sayre discusses past trends in demand in the first part of his paper and, on the basis of these past trends, implies in "Alternative 2" that government programs should permit the accumulation of surplus stocks to maintain production and income of cotton producers. I do not think it is necessary to assume that trends in demand need follow those of the past 10 years, nor has cotton consumption trended downward in recent years.' If more optimistic demand conditions should exist, the need for the absorption of the excess production into government-held stocks would no longer exist or would exist to a relatively small extent. Lower market prices for cotton in the past year stimulated U. S. mill consumption to the extent of about 600,000 bales. The additional consumption of cotton mentioned above has occurred at a time when our imports of cotton textiles are at an all-time high. From January through May 1965, the imports of cotton textiles were about 19.5 percent above imports during the same months a year earlier.2 At the same time that this increase in cotton consumption occurred, consumption of rayon on the cotton spinning system first leveled off and then started to decline. In other words, the price decline for cotton has successfully met competition from rayon. The consumption of noncellulosic manmade fibers has increased sharply and steadily for many years. Consumption of these fibers has continued
Assisted reproductive technology with donor gametes: the need for patient preparation.

There are certainly no definitive answers to the questions raised by the use of donor gametes in reproduction, as there are no definitive answers to any of life's most difficult questions. The loss of fertility is usually an unexpected, invisible, deeply painful wound for those couples who are considering the use of donor gametes. As they address the psychological issues of these techniques, they must also heal the wounds created by infertility. This type of grieving and examination of feelings takes time and information. The medical community needs to encourage each couple to resolve the issues around infertility and to use available personal, professional, and written resources to address the dilemmas raised by the use of donor gametes prior to embarking on this type of treatment. In so doing, the couple will reduce the likelihood that the means of conceiving their children will become a source of major conflict in their family. In 1932 Aldous Huxley prophesied the destructive consequences of scientific accomplishment without social involvement and psychological guidance. He said: "The sciences of matter can be applied in such a way that they will destroy life or make the living of it impossibly complex and uncomfortable...unless used as instruments by biologists and psychologists." It is our concern that the procedures for enabling infertile couples to become parents may, if not accompanied by acknowledgment of the unique challenges which they create for all participants in the process, make the living of life "impossibly complex and uncomfortable" for the very families we are trying to help.
Social Setting, Stigma Management, and Recovering Drug Addicts:

Our research in the area of substance absue has taught us how problematic the stigma attached to addiction is for everyone-from the individual addict to the members of the society at large. It is our position that such stigma exacerbates social problems, rather than alleviating them. We believe that punitive social policies such as the current drug laws, are self-defeating. All of the problems related to stigma, such as general societal ignorance and intolerance, social isolation and reduced opportunities for addicts, increased stress and disrupted social interactions, are more likely to promote group segregation and resource deprivation than to deter the activity which leads to addiction. We would support instead the humane social campaign to destigmatize addiction. Through various educational strategies and changes in the allocation of resources, positive identity construction and group affliation and acceptance, and opportunity for all can be promoted.
Solution NMR of Polypeptides Hyperpolarized by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

Hyperpolarization of nuclear spins through techniques such as dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can greatly increase the signal-to-noise ratio in NMR measurements, thus eliminating the need for signal averaging. This enables the study of many dynamic processes which would otherwise not be amenable to study by NMR spectroscopy. A report of solid- to liquid-state DNP of a short peptide, bacitracin A, as well as of a full-length protein, L23, is presented here. The polypeptides are hyperpolarized at low temperature and dissolved for NMR signal acquisition in the liquid state in mixtures of organic solvent and water. Signal enhancements of 300–2000 are obtained in partially deuterated polypeptide when hyperpolarized on 13C and of 30–180 when hyperpolarized on 1H. A simulated spectrum is used to identify different resonances in the hyperpolarized 13C spectra, and the relation between observed signal enhancement for various groups in the protein and relaxation parameters measured from the hyperpolarized sample...
Automatic Goal-Oriented hp -Adaptivity Without Error Estimates

We propose and test a fully automatic, goal-oriented hp-adaptive strategy for elliptic problems. The method combines two approaches: the standard goaloriented adaptivity based on a simultaneous solution of the primal and dual problem, and a recently proposed automatic hp-adaptive strategy based on minimizing the projection-based interpolation error of a reference solution.
The Evolution of the Concept "CBD" and Relevant Problems

The idea of CBD evolves a lot with time.The development of information economics and the knowledge economy needs a CBD to be built as an information center,and financial business should play the main role.In China,a positive policy needs to be executed in order to accelerate the construction of information infrastructure and the reform of financial market.A plan is necessary to consider the following aspects including informationization,credit construction,transparency of policies,environmental protections,and crises-management.An interdisciplinary research on theoretical and empirical CBD should be made.
Analysis on correlation between dust events and number of outpatients with childhood respiratory disorders

Objective To understand the effect of dust events on the health of respiratory system of children,and to provide reference basis for the prevention and therapy of childhood respiratory disorders caused by dust particles.Methods The daily outpatient number of childhood respiratory disorders from Month 1st to May 31 st in 2011,2012 and 2013were obtained from 6third-grade class-A hospitals in Changchun City.After excluding the long-term trend,meteorological factor and random interference by model ARIMA,regression analysis was used to analyze the association between dust events and the daily outpatient number of childhood respiratory disorders.Results The changes in temperature,relative humidity,daily average temperature,SO2 and NO2in the dust event days had no significant differences compared with the non-dust event days in the past three years(P0.05);the concentration of PM10 in dust events was increased significantly(P0.05);the wind speeds were increased significantly in 2012 and 2013(P0.05).The dust events had an effect on the number of daily outpatients of childhood respiratory disorders,and it was lag effect.Compared with the non-dust event days,the amount of daily outpatients of childhood respiratory disorders was increased significantly in post dust event days 2 and 3(P 0.05).Conclusion The dust events has correlation with the daily outpatient number of childhood respiratory disorders with the lag effect.
Defining the health care product to ensure quality and manage costs.

The frenzy of health care reform activity now led by the Clinton Administration's American Health Security Act of 1993 might end in the worst of all possible outcomes: a new government entitlement program financed by business and a global budget. Unbridled entitlement could drive utilization of benefits to the maximum and, with a budget cap, guarantee rationing. So far, the administration has talked about expanding access and controlling costs--not about the health care product. Given the threat that change poses for vested interests, time will undoubtedly lapse before final implementation of a new system. Unless physicians involved in health management seize the opportunity during this window of opportunity to help shape the future of health care delivery, the likelihood of preserving the U.S. health care delivery system as we know it will be dim indeed.
Supporting Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: The Motivations and Experiences of Peer Mentors

Abstract Although peer-mentoring relationships are critical to including youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities in postsecondary educational settings, little is known about the moti...
The Effects of Visual Deprivation: Implications for Sensory Prostheses

Normally, early stages of sensory processing are organized in a modular fashion with sensory information passing from the relevant sensory organ (whether it be retina or cochlea) to a hierarchy of specialized cortical regions which process increasingly complex attributes of the incoming sensory information. Responses within each pathway are primarily driven by a single sensory modality, especially within early stages of this hierarchy. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in how these sensory pathways can be modified by experience, both in development and in adulthood. When a sense is lost, especially early in life, significant cortical reorganization is observed. A significant body of research has begun to describe positive aspects of this reorganization, characterizing how processing within the remaining intact senses adapt to compensate for the missing sense. However, though less studied, neural reorganization also has potential negative effects, resulting in a gradual deterioration in the ability to process the missing sense. Here we discuss the implications of this reorganization for the ability to restore sight, either through standard medical interventions or through implantation of a sensory prosthesis. First, deterioration as a result of sensory deprivation can seriously limit the ability to restore sight. Second, understanding the cortical changes that occur as a result of deprivation can help guide clinicians toward developing rehabilitation strategies that are suited to take advantage of the natural plasticity of the brain.
Communicative Democracy and Solidarity Across Racial and Sexual Differences

Building on Iris Marion Young’s account of communicative democracy, this chapter explores how to foster relations of solidarity for the formation of heterogeneous publics and of a pluralistic democratic culture. Drawing lessons from feminist and queer activism, the essay elucidates how multiple publics can be mobilised to join struggles for justice, arguing for Young’s social connection model of responsibility. The essay proposes the notion of chained action as a way of understanding shared (rather than merely collective) responsibility and community action in the struggle towards justice.
Rights as a “Live, Motivating Principle”: The Path toward Legalism

On May 15, 1947, shortly after President Truman sounded the opening bell in what would become the Cold War, the Social Security Board's Bureau of Public Assistance announced the theme for that year's series of professional staff meetings: “The Right to Public Assistance.” The choice fit the times. Just weeks later, a high-profile commission of the United Nations would begin drafting a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A presidentially appointed Committee on Civil Rights, meanwhile, was tackling America's widely recognized “Negro problem.” And within the world of public welfare, rights language was fast becoming a staple of federal-state communications. The right to public assistance was also an apt topic for study in 1947 because it seemed so elusive. About a month before the bureau's announcement, prominent social work educator and former government administrator Donald Howard appeared before the National Conference of Social Work with a set of disturbing stories. One was about a public assistance officer who kept on his wall, just opposite the door, “the pictures of six Negroes whom he had helped to ‘send over the road’” – by which he meant helped send to prison, presumably for defrauding the agency. The officer posted the pictures because of the “sobering effect” he thought they had on black Americans seeking assistance. Howard described another welfare administrator who wrote complaint letters to himself from a fictitious “Citizens Committee” whenever he saw a public assistance recipient driving an automobile or drinking in a bar. These would be presented to the profligate individual as evidence that the community's sympathy had worn thin. So much the better if the applicant pleaded for reconsideration: the administrator would give him the opportunity to swear “never again [to] visit a tavern or drive a car,” after which something might be done to get him back on the relief rolls. Less disturbing but far more pervasive were the accounts of “grossly inadequate” benefit levels and long waiting times between applications and aid. “Sure, there's a tree that grows in Brooklyn,” Howard noted, referencing Betty Smith's popular 1943 novel about a family flourishing amid poverty, but “there are many more that wither and die.” America could do better, he stressed, and so could federal aid administrators.
Generic aversion and observational learning in the over-the-counter drug market

Generic aversion and observational learning in the over-the-counter drug market 1 Mariana Carrera 2 Case Western Reserve University Sofia Villas-Boas 3 University of California- Berkeley December 11, 2015 DRAFT ABSTRACT. In a set of four-week labeling interventions at six locations of a national retailer, we tested three hypotheses for consumer aversion to generic OTC drugs: lack of information on the comparability of generic and brand drugs, inattention to the price difference between generic and brand drugs, and biased priors about quality or risk that can be shifted through information on peer purchase rates. We use a difference-in-differences approach to measure the average treatment effects of each type of information. We find that observational learning, through posted information on the purchases of other customers, increases generic purchase shares significantly, while the other types of information have no effect. We thank Stefano DellaVigna, Ulrike Malmendier, Mark Votruba, and seminar participants at U.C. Berkeley, Case Western, Kent State, Vanderbilt, and Duke University for helpful comments. We thank the retailer, whom we cannot name, for sharing data and allowing us to conduct a field experiment. Department of Economics, 11119 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, Ohio. Mariana.carrera@case.edu Agricultural and Resource Economics, Berkeley, California. sberto@berkeley.edu
Heat capacity of superconducting La 1.85 Sr 0.15 CuO 4

The heat capacity has been obtained for a sample of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ which is superconducting with a transition temperature ${T}_{c}$=31 K. Although the heat capacity is dominated by the lattice in the vicinity of ${T}_{c}$, it has nonetheless been possible to observe the superconducting transition, thus verifying that this is bulk superconductivity. A lower limit is established for the heat-capacity anomaly of \ensuremath{\Delta}C/${T}_{c}$=(20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5) mJ/mole ${K}^{2}$. Combined with estimates of the electronic heat capacity \ensuremath{\gamma}, this leads to 2\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\Delta}C/\ensuremath{\gamma}${T}_{c}$\ensuremath{\le}10, compared with the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer value of 1.43, which places this material well into the strong-coupling regime.
Implementing Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: A Wayne State University Case Study

Comprehensive school physical activity programs (CSPAPs) have been highlighted by numerous public health and education agencies for their potential to improve the health and academic achievement of American youth. A CSPAP integrates physical activity throughout the school environment before, during and after school by engaging educators, children, families and community organizations. As the design, implementation and evaluation of effective CSPAP programs has inched forward, so has the call for physical education teacher education (PETE) programs to prepare the next generation of physical educators with the skills and knowledge needed to one day lead CSPAP efforts in K-12 schools. The purpose of this article is to showcase efforts in the PETE program at Wayne State University (WSU) to embed CSPAP training into the preparation of future teachers. The WSU PETE program is in the middle of programmatic reform to integrate CSPAP content and professional experiences in three ways. First, CSPAP training is inte...
AN UPDATE ON LOW DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR LUNG CANCER SCREENING

Since the publication of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) showing a mortality reduction with use of low dose computed tomography (LDCT) there has been considerable interest about the use of this modality to screen for lung cancer. This article reviews the NLST and current evidence behind screening for lung cancer in smokers. It also attempts to look at different lung cancer risk models to help better define the ideal target population and lastly touches on the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in patients at high risk of lung cancer.
Belirsizlik Hatları: Kuzey Kafkasya Sınır Bölgeleri [Lines of Uncertainty: The Frontiers of the North Caucasus]

The type of frontier history needed fort the North Caucasus, and for other Russian frontiers as well, should draw upon developments in the historiography of the American frontier in the last twenty years. Turnerian type of frontier history has finally been abandoned, with its free White settlers moving west to “vacant” lands and gloriously creating American individualism and democracy in the process. In its place, historians are writing about a more complicated process, involving people of various colors and nations, environmental manipulation, cultural mixing, social stratification and grand myth making. Three trends in American frontier historiography are particularly promising for Russian historians, generally fitting under the rubrics of environmental history, social history and ethnohistory. The purpose of this paper is not to explore any one of these in great depth, but to justify a frontier conceptualization for one borderland region of Russia and to sketch out what such a history might entail.
Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration.

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to replace lost neurons and regenerate axonal pathways. However, during nervous system development, neuronal migration and axonal extension often occur along pathways formed by other cells, referred to as "living scaffolds". Seeking to emulate these mechanisms and to design a strategy that circumvents the inhibitory environment of the CNS, this manuscript presents a protocol to fabricate tissue engineered astrocyte-based "living scaffolds". To create these constructs, we employed a novel biomaterial encasement scheme to induce astrocytes to self-assemble into dense three-dimensional bundles of bipolar longitudinally-aligned somata and processes. First, hollow hydrogel micro-columns were assembled, and the inner lumen was coated with collagen extracellular-matrix. Dissociated cerebral cortical astrocytes were then delivered into the lumen of the cylindrical micro-column and, at a critical inner diameter of 97% cell viability and were virtually exclusively comprised of astrocytes expressing a combination of the intermediate filament proteins glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. These aligned astrocyte networks were found to provide a permissive substrate for neuronal attachment and aligned neurite extension. Moreover, these constructs maintain integrity and alignment when extracted from the hydrogel encasement, making them suitable for CNS implantation. These preformed constructs structurally emulate key cytoarchitectural elements of naturally occurring glial-based "living scaffolds" in vivo. As such, these engineered living scaffolds may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms in vitro or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding following CNS degeneration in vivo.
Race/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Resulting Spread of Obesity and “Adult-Onset” Diabetes Epidemics Among Adolescents

Obesity among adolescents and young adults is a growing public health concern and disproportionately affects certain race/ethnic groups more than others. This chapter discusses how socioeconomic status, eating behavior, and exercise behavior as adolescents can help explain disparities in obesity rates among race/ethnic groups as young adults.
Storage Over IP: When Does Hardware Support Help?

This paper explores the effect of the current generation of hardware support for IP storage area networks on application performance. In this regard, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of three competing approaches to build an IP storage area network that differ in their level of hardware support: software, TOE (TCP Offload Engine) and HBA (Host Bus Adapter). The software approach is based on the unmodified TCP/IP stacks that are part of a standard operating system distribution. For the two hardware-based approaches (TOE, HBA), we experimented with a range of adapters and chose a representative adapter for the current generation of each of the hardware approaches. The micro-benchmark analysis reveals that while hardware support does reduce the CPU utilization for large block sizes, the hardware support can itself be a performance bottleneck that hurts throughput and latency with small block sizes. Furthermore, the macro-benchmark analysis demonstrates that while the current generation of the hardware approaches may have the potential to provide performance improvements in CPU-intensive applications, overall the analysis does not demonstrate any performance benefits in database, scientific and email benchmarks. The analysis in this paper points out that a disparity in the processing power between the host and the adapter is the primary cause of the performance bottleneck in the current generation of the hardware approaches. The paper aims to guide the designers of the next generation of hardware-assisted adapters to better leverage the increasing processing power in the host. In particular, future adapters should be capable of handling small operations at wire speed.
Classroom Assessment Tasks and Tests

Classroom assessment is the process of observing, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting evidence that can be used to draw inferences and inform decision making. Effective classroom assessment requires that teachers have a clear and complete understanding of the learning goals, have tasks that will allow them to see if these goals are being met, and finally, have the ability to interpret the evidence collected from these observations. We briefly describe two broad categories of assessment and then discuss some different types of classroom assessment, how they are designed, and the types of evidence and inferences we can expect to get from them.
Problems in the experimental determination of substrate-specific H+/O ratios during respiration

Krabet al. (1984) have recently tried to resolve the long-standing controversy as to whether the mechanistic H+/O coupling ratio for electrons passing through sites II and III of the mammalian electron transport chain to O2 is 6 or 8. Using a mathematical model they concluded that the higher number reported by Costaet al. (1984) was an overestimate because of the unaccounted for delayed response of the O2 electrode. Responding to criticisms of Lehningeret al. (1985), they have recently used (Krab and Wikstrom, 1986) an improved mathematical model which shows that the higher number found by Costaet al. was probably due to an inadequate accounting for the effects of the proton leak process which accompanies the translocation process. The impression is left that the situation is now resolved in favor of the lower number. We agree that the procedures of Costaet al. do not properly account for the leak process, and provide further evidence in this paper of the magnitude of the problem. However, we disagree that the number 6.0, favored by Wikstromet al., rests on any more solid experimental support. We provide evidence here for this conclusion and raise the question as to whether or not any unique, fixed, integral number exists for the H+/O ratio accompanying the oxidation of a particular substrate.
Flexible line ratings in stochastic unit commitment for power systems with large-scale renewable generation

The thermal ratings of overhead transmission lines are typically conservative, which leads to underutilization of transmission assets. In this paper, we propose an optimization model that accounts for the inherent flexibility in line ratings of thermal restricted transmission lines. We determine, in a stochastic unit commitment framework, when and which line can and should adopt higher ratings (calculated based on anticipated weather conditions and loading) as part of the recourse actions. Such recourse decisions in the second stage models the capability of the transmission system to provide flexibility to mitigate the variability of renewable generation. Flexible line ratings in the recourse help improve first-stage commitment decisions. Numerical tests conducted on both IEEE 118 system and a network representing the Central European System demonstrate that with flexible line ratings recourse, the expected operation cost can be substantially reduced without degrading reliability.
Immunity, immunomodulation, and antibiotic alternatives to maximize the genetic potential of poultry for growth and disease response

Abstract Multiple challenges confront the increasing demand for wholesome poultry food products, including governmental restrictions on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), nutritional requirements to obtain maximum growth potential, understanding crosstalks among the immunity–microbiota–neuroendocrine system in the gut to maximize intestinal efficiency, high-density production conditions, waste management, and the emergence of infectious pathogens, particularly those that emerge in the antibiotic-free animal production environment. Although in-feed antibiotics have dramatically increased the efficiency of commercial poultry production over the last 50 years, we are now faced with an increasing global crisis concerning the heightened use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and the emergence of multidrug-resistant superbugs that threaten disease management in animals and humans. Therefore, much interest has focused on the development of alternative, antibiotic-free methods of commercial poultry production. Initially, alternatives to antibiotics included any strategies that replace AGPs, but now include any feed additives or treatment that will allow antibiotic-free animal production to prevent and/or treat diseases. These newer disease control strategies can be classified broadly into those that are directly cytotoxic against infectious agents or remove pathogenic toxins, including vaccines, hyperimmune antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, and bacteriophages, and those that augment non-specific host immunity and gut health, including phytochemicals, adjuvants, prebiotics, and probiotics. Furthermore, because the gut microbiota influences various physiological aspects of the immune response, brain function, and gut health, most antibiotic alternatives are expected to promote beneficial microbes that will benefit host physiological responses. However, there is a timely need to better understand the role of the microbiota in gut health if we want to use microbes to modulate the host response to enhance growth performance. This review will highlight current knowledge of host immunity in poultry, and various strategies to modulate host immunity, growth performance, and disease responses to guide the development of alternatives to reduce the use of antibiotics, using a few selected alternatives and a description of their efficacy and modes of action.
Associations between environmental pollutants and larval amphibians in wetlands contaminated by energy-related brines are potentially mediated by feeding traits

Energy production in the Williston Basin, located in the Prairie Pothole Region of central North America, has increased rapidly over the last several decades. Advances in recycling and disposal practices of saline wastewaters (brines) co-produced during energy production have reduced ecological risks, but spills still occur often and legacy practices of releasing brines into the environment caused persistent salinization in many areas. Aside from sodium and chloride, these brines contain elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids (lead, selenium, strontium, antimony and vanadium), ammonium, volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, and radionuclides. Amphibians are especially sensitive to chloride and some metals, increasing potential effects in wetlands contaminated by brines. We collected bed sediment and larval amphibians (Ambystoma mavortium, Lithobates pipiens and Pseudacris maculata) from wetlands in Montana and North Dakota representing a range of brine contamination history and severity to determine if contamination was associated with metal concentrations in sediments and if metal accumulation in tissues varied by species. In wetland sediments, brine contamination was positively associated with the concentrations of sodium and strontium, both known to occur in oil and gas wastewater, but negatively correlated with mercury. In amphibian tissues, selenium and vanadium were associated with brine contamination. Metal tissue concentrations were higher in tadpoles that graze compared to predatory salamanders; this suggests frequent contact with the sediments could lead to greater ingestion of metal-laden materials. Although many of these metals may not be directly linked with energy development, the potential additive or synergistic effects of exposure along with elevated chloride from brines could have important consequences for aquatic organisms. To effectively manage amphibian populations in wetlands contaminated by saline wastewaters we need a better understanding of how life history traits, species-specific susceptibilities and the physical-chemical properties of metals co-occurring in wetland sediments interact with other stressors like chloride and wetland drying.
Modern Britain, 1750 to the Present

This wide-ranging introduction to the history of modern Britain extends from the eighteenth century to the present day. James Vernon's distinctive history is weaved around an account of the rise, fall and reinvention of liberal ideas of how markets, governments and empires should work. The history takes seriously the different experiences within the British Isles and the British Empire, and offers a global history of Britain. Instead of tracing how Britons made the modern world, Vernon shows how the world shaped the course of Britain's modern history. Richly illustrated with figures and maps, the book features textboxes (on particular people, places and sources), further reading guides, highlighted key terms and a glossary. A supplementary online package includes additional primary sources, discussion questions, and further reading suggestions, including useful links. This textbook is an essential resource for introductory courses on the history of modern Britain.
Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Scoring System for Distinguishing Early Osteoarthritis Disease States: A Feasibility Study.

Early detection of osteoarthritis (OA) remains a diagnostic challenge owing to insensitive diagnostic techniques currently available. Herein a new semiquantitative scoring system, based upon contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CECT) imaging, is described for further refinement of early OA disease staging. Trochlear ridge cartilage defects were surgically created in the femoropatellar joint of an adult horse (ACUC approved protocols). Seven weeks post-surgery, CECT imaging was performed on a clinical scanner after intra-articular injection of a cationic iodinated contrast agent, CA4+, into both injured and control femoropatellar joint compartments. The femoral cartilage surface was densely biopsied, and specimens were assessed for visual (Outerbridge score), functional (equilibrium compressive modulus), and biochemical (glycosaminoglycan content) measures of cartilage quality. Cartilage CECT attenuation was compared with cartilage quality measures using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to establish attenuation thresholds for distinguishing among cartilage quality levels. CECT imaging identifies macroscopically damaged cartilage regions and in morphologically identical tissue provides moderately sensitive and specific semiquantitative segregation of cartilage quality based upon CECT attenuation, reflecting both glycosaminoglycan content and compressive stiffness of cartilage area under the curve (AUC = 0.83 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-0.93] for distinguishing poor quality and AUC = 0.76 [95% CI: 0.65-0.90] for distinguishing healthy quality cartilage). A semiquantitative 6-point scoring system-the Osteoarthritis Attenuation and Morphological Assessment (OAMA) score-is proposed as a tool for assessing cartilage quality from CECT images. The OAMA scoring system expands the current disease staging capability of early OA by inclusion of morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical assessments. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2138-2148, 2019.
Erratum to: Australasian Sequestrate Fungi 19: Hysterangium colossum sp. nov.

In naming the new species Hysterangium colossum (Elliott et al. 2015), we indicated that the epithet colossum was based on the Latin equivalent of the English adjective “colossal”. This Latin noun is actually “colosseus”, and so we have to make an orthographic correction as the correct Latin adjectival termination for “colossal” is “…eum” (Simpson 1959: 116). The species epithet must therefore be corrected to “colosseum”. This does not affect the valid publication of the name in our paper (Art. 32.2).
Lack of HLA Class I Ligands for Autologous Inhibitory KIR Is Associated with Improved Survival Following Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Children with Neuroblastoma.

Background: In hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for hematologic malignancies, natural killer (NK) cells contribute to tumor eradication such that leukemia patients lacking the HLA class I ligand for the donor NK inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) have lower relapse rates and longer survival. Since myeloablative chemotherapy followed by autologous HSCT (ASCT) improves survival for children with high risk neuroblastoma (a tumor sensitive to NK killing) we hypothesize that NK cells may be active in this setting and that KIR-HLA combinations where the patient lacks HLA class I ligands for autologous KIR may be associated with improved clinical outcomes. Methods: 155 children with high risk neuroblastoma received myeloablative chemotherapy followed by ASCT between 1992 and 2004. Most patients received anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 and 13-cis-retinoic acid following ASCT. HLA and KIR genotyping was performed. Patients were segregated according to those with or without HLA class I ligand for autologous inhibitory KIR. We examined the 3 inhibitory KIR groups with identified class I ligands: KIR2DL2/2DL3, which recognize HLA-CAsn80(HLA-C1 group), KIR2DL1 recognizing HLA-C Lys80(HLA-C2 group), and KIR3DL1 recognizing HLA-Bw4; as well as 6 activating KIR and 2 KIR haplotype groups. Overall survival and progression-free survival were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and hazard ratios by Cox regression. No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. Comparisons of each end point were based on the log-rank statistics. Results: 66% of the 155 children lacked at least 1 HLA ligand for his/ her inhibitory KIR. With median followup of 66.8 months, patients lacking a KIR ligand (n=103) had a 45% lower risk of death compared with patients with all HLA ligands present (n=52) (HR 0.55; 95% CI 0.33–0.90; P=0.015). Similarly, for progression-free survival, the risk of relapse or death was 39% lower for patients lacking an HLA ligand for inhibitory KIR (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.39–0.97; P=0.035). In particular, patients lacking the HLA-C1 ligand for KIR2DL2/2DL3 experienced an overall survival benefit (HR 0.34; 95% CI 0.11–1.09; P=0.060). Activating KIR and KIR haplotypes were not associated with survival. Conclusion: Among children with high risk neuroblastoma undergoing ASCT, improved overall and progression-free survival is associated with the absence of one or more HLA class I ligands for the patient’s NK cell inhibitory KIR receptor. KIRHLA immunogenetics may therefore be a novel genetic indicator of prognosis for patients undergoing ASCT. Mechanistically, these findings imply that NK tolerance is modified after ASCT, and that KIR-HLA genotypes may also play a role in antibodybased immunotherapy, since most of these patients received 3F8 antibody. These findings require confirmation in a larger prospective study.
Drug Metabolism: Cytochrome P450

Abstract Cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes are the major catalysts of oxidation of all drugs. Of the 57 human P450, 2/3 have been demonstrated to be capable of oxidizing or reducing some drugs but P450s 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 are involved in most drug oxidations. Some other P450s can also be involved, and even some P450s whose roles are mainly in steroid metabolism can oxidize drugs (e.g., 11A1, 46A1). P450s are regulated by a number of factors and by genetics, inducers, and inhibitors. Thus, individuals vary considerably in drug metabolism by P450s, and P450s are a major basis for idiosyncratic drug responses and drug-drug interactions. Knowledge about P450s has led to better pre-clinical approaches to human pharmacokinetic and drug safety issues. The general mechanism of drug oxidation involves a chemical intermediate in P450 reactions termed Compound I (formally FeO3 +). Consideration of basic kinetic schemes with P450s reveals several interesting features, some of which can lead to issues in extrapolation and to problems in the analysis of inhibitor data. At least 40% of the human P450s now have X-ray crystal structures available. Due to the conformational flexibility of P450s the de novo prediction of catalytic selectivity is still challenging.
A Machine Learning Clustering Algorithm for Sensorless Multilevel Converters

A method to determine the individual cell voltage in a multilevel converter through the output voltage is introduced. This technique can estimate the cell voltages without any knowledge of the controller switching sequence and can provide updated voltages within a quarter cycle. Estimates are obtained by using k-means algorithm to cluster the measured output data and determine cell voltage levels. Experimental results show that this technique can be applied in real time applications to add resiliency or reduce number of voltage sensors.