cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue Harmonic Imaging Improves Organ Visualization in Trauma Ultrasound When Compared with Standard Ultrasound Mode

The focused abdominal sonography for trauma (FAST) examination is complicated by brightly lit trauma bays, limited time, and body habitus. Recently, new ultrasound (US) technology has become available that improves organ visualization in abdominal scans. Objective: The hypothesis was that a new US mode, tissue harmonic (TH) imaging, improves visualization of critical organ relationships in the FAST examination by making use of previously unused frequencies. The authors performed a blind, prospective observational study to compare the images obtained in typical FAST views with those obtained in standard US and TH modes. Methods: Blunt trauma patients presenting to a level I trauma center between April and September 2000 were enrolled on a convenience basis. Typical FAST views were obtained in standard and TH modes. The emergency ultrasonographer (EU) switched between modes for each view, optimizing the gain each time. Multiple digital still images were made with all indications of the mode used disguised. For each view on a patient, the best image in each mode was selected in a blinded fashion. Three experienced EUs, blinded to the mode used, rated each image pair for resolution, detail, and total image quality as previously defined on a ten-point Likert scale, 10 being the best for each category. Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), and interobserver correlation were calculated. Results: A total of 76 image groups (39 of Morison's pouch, 20 splenorenal, and 17 bladder) from 52 patients were rated. Tissue harmonics produced improved resolution, detail, and quality when compared with the standard US mode, with median scores of 6.7 vs. 6.0, 6.7 vs. 6.0, and 6.3 vs. 6.0, respectively. The differences of 0.7 (95% CI = 0.4 to 0.93), 0.7 (95% CI = 0.4 to 0.93), and 0.33 (95% CI = 0.17 to 0.67) were statistically significant, with p = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0003, respectively. There was good interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.79). Conslusions: Tissue harmonics produced FAST images higher in detail, resolution, and total image quality than standard-mode US images.
Mechanisms of tumor suppressor protein inactivation by the human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins

Abstract There are now several examples where experimental and epidemiologic data have implied a causative role for viruses in human cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is found in approximately 90% of cervical cancers. Only a subset of the HPV types that infect the anogential tissues, however, are associated with cancer. Interestingly, only the cloned DNA of this subset is capable of immortalizing human primary genital keratinocytes in culture. The oncoproteins of the HPVs are encoded by the E6 and E7 genes. Analogous to the oncoproteins of certain other DNA tumor viruses, the E6 and E7 proteins have been shown to functionally inactivate the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRB, respectively. We will review what is known of the mechanisms by which the E6 and E7 proteins inactivate these tumor suppressors and the evidence that these activities are related to the transforming capabilities of the HPVs associated with cancer.
Articulatory Inconsistencies in the Speech of Normal Children

The spontaneous speech of three children about three years old was recorded and transcribed into CnV syllabic units. Cn represents any number of consonants preceding a vowel and is not lexically constrained. Inconsistent production of /s/ and /z/ was found to be related to motor sequencing constraints independent of word boundaries. The results support a model of speech physiology as well as theoretical formulations of child speech production within an adult phonological system.
Effect of aerosolized PGE1 on the ductus arteriosus of neonatal swine

Abstract Background Inhaled PGE1 (IPGE1) is a potential pulmonary vasodilator in neonatal respiratory failure. However, its effect on the patency of the ductus arteriosus (DA) has not been described. Objective To investigate the effect of IPGE1 on the DA in healthy piglets. Design/methods IPGE1 (1200 ng/kg/min) [Study] or nebulized saline [Control] was administered using a jet nebulizer. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed prior to (T0) and after 24 h of aerosol therapy (T24). The DA was also evaluated histomorphologically at autopsy. Results Fifteen piglets, 1–9 days old (study = 9; control = 6), were evaluated for DA patency. Study piglets received IPGE1 for 12–24 h. TTE was performed on 12 piglets at T0. Nine animals showed no ductal flow and 3 (1 study, 2 control) had a small DA. TTE at T24 in 5 animals showed no change in DA. At autopsy, the ductal diameter and histologic maturity stage were comparable in study and control animals. Conclusions High dose IPGE1 given for 12–24 h does not exert significant effect on the DA of healthy term piglets as evaluated by echocardiography and histomorphology. We conclude that ductal patency in neonates is influenced not only by prostaglandins but also by factors like hypoxemia, prematurity, and heart disease.
American Politics and the Liberal Arts College

This paper argues that mainstream approaches to teaching American politics not only fail to give students the intellectual tools they need to become effective citizens, they also help to legitimize the market values that threaten liberal arts curriculums today. The American Political Development (APD) approach to teaching American politics is best suited for teaching a critical civic education and nurturing democratic values, such as civic engagement, public service, and social solidarity, at liberal arts colleges. Moreover, liberal arts colleges provide a particularly effective educational setting for taking an APD approach to American Politics.
Mindfulness meditation for alcohol relapse prevention: a feasibility pilot study.

Objectives:Meditation is a promising treatment for alcohol dependence. This 16-week prospective case series was designed to gather preliminary data about the efficacy of meditation for relapse prevention and to evaluate study methods feasibility.Methods:Nineteen adult alcohol-dependent graduates of
Derepression of single-stranded DNA-binding protein genes on plasmids derepressed for conjugation, and complementation of an E. coli ssb -mutation by these genes

Plasmid single-stranded DNA-binding protein genes complement the E. coli ssb-1 mutation, and partially restore capacity for DNA synthesis, DNA repair (direct role as well as role in SOS induction) and general recombination. Plasmid mutants derepressed for fertility derived from R1, R64 and R222 show a higher level of complementation compared to the parental repressed plasmids. Derepressed mutants of R222 synthesize more RNA which hybridizes with the ssb gene of the F factor than does the original R222 plasmid. This indicates that plasmid ssb genes are regulated coordinately with fertility genes.
Ethnography in Counseling Psychology Research: Possibilities for Application

The emphasis placed on prolonged engagement, fieldwork, and participant observation has prevented wide-scale use of ethnography in counseling psychology. This article provides a discussion of ethnography in terms of definition, process, and potential ethical dilemmas. The authors propose that ethnographically informed methods can enhance counseling psychology research conducted with multicultural communities and provide better avenues toward a contextual understanding of diversity as it relates to professional inquiry. Ethnography constitutes a major focus in the psychological literature; however, debates continue regarding the usage of these qualitative methods (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000a). Despite the fact that ethnographic methods fall within the purview of postpositivism and constructivism–interpretivism frameworks, positivists, postpositivists, and postmodernists currently argue over the definition of ethnography and criteria for evaluating ethnographic work. This article seeks to explore the meanings and manifestations of ethnography, as well as the utility of these methods for counseling psychology. We begin with definitions of ethnography. Next, we delineate the various types of ethnography used in contemporary social science research. Third, we explore concrete strategies for conducting ethnographic research. Ethical concerns and practices to establish validity and trustworthiness are also highlighted. Finally, we provide a discussion of challenges and recommendations for future directions in the use of ethnographic methods in counseling psychology.
Evaluation of materials selection criteria for composite optical limiters

Methods for predicting the refractive indices of materials are evaluated with respect to the design criteria for composite optical limiters. The efficiency of a nonlinear Christiansen optical limiter is dependent upon refractive index of the individual phases of the composite device and their comparative response characteristics. The overall performance of the structure-property relationships for the linear refractive indices is generally excellent within the training sets; however, the accuracy of an individual case sample is challenged by the low energy case requirements. Outside the general class of materials for which these methods were designed, significant degradation occurs as a result in incomplete parameterizations or compounding errors of imprecise predictions. Accurate predictions of linear and nonlinear refractive indices by TDHF methods are more problematic, yet these techniques demonstrate sensitivity to chemical bonding environments.
Effect of Ideal, Organic Nanoparticles on the Flow Properties of Linear Polymers: Non-Einstein-like Behavior

The effect of nanoscopic, shape persistent polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles on the rheological properties of linear PS is studied and a dramatic viscosity reduction is observed. This is an ideal blend which simplifies enthalpic interactions between the components and can be used to delineate the effect of particle size on the properties of the blends. Homogeneous blends are assured through small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments which establish the absence of phase segregation (depletion flocculation) in the nanoparticle-polymer blend. We previously found that nanoparticles reduce the viscosity of high molecular mass linear PS when the interparticle gap is smaller than the linear polymer size. In the present study, we find that such confinement of entangled polymers is necessary for the viscosity reduction since lower concentrations provide a viscosity increase. Furthermore, the behavior is found to be dependent on the presence or absence of entanglements and confinement is seemingly not important for unentangled polymers. It is proposed that constraint release caused by the addition of nanoparticles is responsible for some of the observed changes in viscosity although it is suspected this is a very complicated phenomenon and introduction of free volume by the nanoparticles is certain to play a key role.
Promoting ‘Good Practice’ in Sex Trafficking Cases:

This article explores ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases with respect to the following three points: (1) clarification of what is meant by ‘good practice’; (2) sensitivity to cross-national and comparative criminal justice practice when considering replication of ‘good practice’ between jurisdictions; and (3) the ‘place’ of the victim in different criminal justice jurisdictions. The article does not offer descriptive accounts of ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases, but critiques suggestions for ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases that are made without due consideration of what is currently on offer for victims of crime in general. Examples from the author's research on policy recommendations for ‘good practice’, and examples of criminal justice practice in selected EU member states, are briefly referred to as illustrating some of the problems encountered when promoting ‘good practice’ in sex trafficking cases.
The ideological connection: Or, smuggling in the goods, Part II

The study of political ideologies and belief systems typically has been focused around the notions of logical and psychological constraint. Originally offered by Philip E. Converse, these have long served American political science as the standard conceptions of the nature of ideological connections.la I shall criticize this logical/psychological constraint distinction for affording neither necessary nor sufficient conditions for ideological connection. On this basis, I shall propose a reinterpretation of the research findings of the belief systems literature. Then pushing beyond criticism to construction, I shall propose an alternative account of ideological connection. This new account has important implications for not only the Converse-inspired study of belief systems, but also the numerous other recent attempts to formulate a more viable conception of ideology.
The use of phase-type distributions in inventory-control models

This article investigates the use of phase-type distributions to model the demand process and the replenishment leadtimes in the standard reorder-point/order-quantity model of inventory control. Our main result is that the marginal distribution of leadtime demand has a discrete phase-type distribution with the same number of phases as the leadtime distribution, regardless of the complexity of the inter-demand times. This result leads to relatively tractable formulas for several standard performance criteria.
Understanding the effect of heteroatoms on structural and electronic properties of conjugated polymers

Abstract Heteroatom-containing conjugated polymers are promising candidates for designing efficient polymer solar cells. However, fundamental understanding of the role of heteroatoms on structure-property relationships of these polymers is not yet fully understood. This work, based on first-principles calculations at the molecular level, uncovers how fluorine and oxygen introduction on poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDT-BT) affect structural and electronic properties. Systematic computations of torsional defects, energy gaps, molecular electrostatic potential surfaces and dipole moments are carrier out for PCPDT-BT and its fluorine and oxygen derivatives. We found that oxygen derivative favors lowest energy planar conformation, low energy gaps and high ground to excited state dipole differences. The present results further suggest that oxygenation might increase charge dissociation and reduce charge recombination in the excited state, supporting the recent experimental findings.
Rearing larval grass shrimp in the laboratory

Abstract Two inexpensive methods were developed for rearing grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) in the laboratory. A total of 70% of the 144 larvae reared in individual compartments lived to 21 days of age. About 56% of the 379 raised in groups survived to a like age. The method of rearing larvae in a group had the advantage of easier maintenance.
Assimilation of trace elements by the mussel, Mytilus edulis: effects of diatom chemical composition

Mussels have been widely used as bioindicators of coastal contamination, and recent reports have demonstrated that metals are accumulated from both the dissolved phase and from ingested food. In the winter and spring of 1995, we examined the influence of the chemical composition of food (protein content, trace element concentrations and ratios in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudomana) on the assimilation of six trace elements (Ag, Am, Cd, Co, Se and Zn) in the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.). Differences of up to 38% in diatom protein content had no major influence on the assimilation of any trace element or carbon. Protein assimilation in M. edulis examined with a 35S radiotracer was also independent of protein content in the diatoms. Similarly, Se assimilation in mussels was not affected by the different Se concentrations in the diatoms. Cd assimilation increased with increasing Cd concentration, presumably due to higher desorption of Cd under acidic conditions typical of the mussel gut. Zn assimilation was inversely related to Zn concentration in the food particles, implying a partial regulation of this metal in the mussels. There was no evidence of any interaction of Cd and Zn in their assimilation by the mussels. These results suggest that mussels are highly responsive, in an element-specific way, to some components of ingested food (e.g., metal concentration), but other food components (such as the biochemical composition of the algae) have little effect on assimilation.
Glucose level and myocardial recovery after warm arrest.

Abstract Background . During induced cold ischemia for cardiac operations, increasing glucose concentration is not thought to enhance myocardial protection and may detrimentally affect recovery. However, during "warm aerobic" arrest, increased glucose availability as substrate could enhance postischemic metabolic and functional recovery, as during and after ischemia, myocytes shift preference for substrate from fatty acids to glucose. Unfortunately, hyperglycemia may also increase patient susceptibility to neurologic injury. Methods . This experiment was designed to study the optimal dose of glucose and its effect on function during warm arrest. Isolated, retrograde-perfused rabbit hearts received multidose cardioplegia containing increasing concentrations of glucose, from 0 to 88 mmol/L, and underwent 120 minutes of "warm" 34°C global ischemia. Osmolarities were adjusted equivalently. Results . After 34°C ischemia, hearts treated with 5 to 88 mmol/L glucose showed significantly better functional recovery than those treated with 0 to 1 mmol/L glucose. However, the addition of 22 mmol/L glucose demonstrated optimal recovery with no further incremental enhancement with more glucose. Additional hearts receiving 0 or 22 mmol/L glucose had high-energy phosphates, lactate, CO 2 , and pH measured. The 22 mmol/L glucose hearts demonstrated active metabolism and significantly better recovery of high-energy phosphate levels than controls. Conclusions . Increasing glucose level modestly during warm arrest enhanced recovery, but profound hyperglycemia did not incrementally improve this effect, mandating a cautious use of glucose.
The Law: Textbooks and the President's Constitutional Powers

For many college students, enrollment in an introductory course on American government and politics will constitute their only detailed orientation to U. S. constitutional principles. What they read in introductory textbooks about presidential power will significantly inform and shape their understanding of the authority wielded by the nation's chief executive. How do introductory texts portray the president's constitutional powers? This essay argues that text books pay insufficient attention to the source and limits of presidential authority. Moreover, descriptions of executive powers are apt to leave students in a state of confusion. In view of all this, students as citizens are ill-equipped to assess and evaluate sweeping assertions of execu tive power. As a consequence, it will be difficult for citizens to check presidential abuses of power. Each year, approximately one million college and university students across the United States enroll in an introductory course on American government and politics. For many, and perhaps most of these students, "Political Science 101" will represent their only exposure to the principles and practices of American government. What they carry away from that experience in the form of lectures, classroom discussions, and reading assignments will significantly inform and shape their comprehension of government and politics, and perhaps mold their behavior as citizens. Assuming that students read the textbooks assigned to them, it is a fair deduction that their impressions and understand ing of governmental powers?legislative, executive, and judicial?will be influenced by authors' descriptions and explanations, even accounting for instructors' corrections and clarifications of textbook discussion and commentary. If true, we might wonder how pres idential power is discussed, portrayed, and described in 101 textbooks. How will student readers, transformed into citizens, and perhaps active and participatory citizens, come to understand the constitutional powers vested in the Office of the Presidency? In the face
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: At the Crossroads of Development and Tumor Metastasis

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a highly conserved cellular program that allows polarized, immotile epithelial cells to convert to motile mesenchymal cells. This important process was initially recognized during several critical stages of embryonic development and has more recently been implicated in promoting carcinoma invasion and metastasis. In this review, we summarize and compare major signaling pathways that regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transitions during both development and tumor metastasis. Studies in both fields are critical for our molecular understanding of cell migration and morphogenesis.
Near Infrared Emitting Dye Di-4-ANBDQBS for Recording Action Potentials in Isolated Cardiomyocytes

The use of voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) for noninvasive measurement of action potentials (AP) in isolated cells is limited by photodynamic damage. Here we tested a new red-shifted VSD Di-4-ANBDQBS as an optical AP (OAP) reporter. Methods: Guinea-pig ventricular myocytes were loaded with Di-4-ANBDQBS (18.4-73.6 μM), paced (CL=1-2s) and imaged (excitation, 660 nm laser, emission, >750 nm) in an inverted microscope (40x objective) using an EMCCD camera at 860 frames/s. The VSD signal was integrated over the cell image. Results: Limited exposure to laser (700 ms every 5 min) yielded OAPs with fast upstrokes (2-3 ms), stable duration (APD) and signal-to-noise (SNR) exceeding 20 for at least 30 min. The OAP faithfully followed the electrical AP obtained via patch pipette (Figure) yielding a high correlation between the respective APD measurements (R2=0.985). Longer laser exposures (10 s on/50 s off for 5 minutes) caused APD prolongation which could be alleviated by reducing laser power and/or dye concentration at the expense of reduced SNR. Conclusion: With careful consideration of laser exposure, Di-4-ANBDQBS shows significant promise for noninvasive AP recordings in cardiomyocytes with an acceptable SNR.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Research advocacy: why every scientist should participate.

In the United States, a generation and more has passed since widespread sustained political involvement by students in the affairs of the nation, such as the movement to oppose the war in Vietnam. Today's students and post-doctoral fellows have no first-hand memory of broad, organized efforts to convince the government that represents them to shift its priorities significantly. This has presented a special challenge to ensuring the continued vigor of the biomedical research enterprise. Why should scientists invest precious time to advocate for biomedical research?
SYNTHESIS AND CONFORMATIONAL PROPERTIES OF A RECOMBINANT C-PROPEPTIDE OF HUMAN TYPE III PROCOLLAGEN

A cDNA was prepared that coded for the signal peptide of type III procollagen linked to the complete C-propeptide of the protein. The cDNA was then used to express the protein in a baculovirus recombinant system. Recombinant protein was recovered as a trimer from the medium of transfected cells in a yield of 1 to 2.5 mg per liter. Mapping of peptide fragments with and without reduction indicated that the protein contained the expected interchain disulfide bonds. Analysis by circular dichroism suggested that the conformation of the protein corresponded to the native conformation. Therefore, the protein should be appropriate for further tests of its biological function and analysis of structure by X-ray diffraction.
Validation Testing of the Rational Behavior Inventory.

Two hundred twenty-two students at Michigan State University completed a questionnaire including the Rational Behavior Inventory (RBI), the Srole Anomia scale, Lane's Authoritarianism scale, a ten-...
The Great Dinosaur Extinction Controversy

In 1980 a scientific upheaval was triggered by the advent of the Alvarez-Berkeley group hypothesis. It explained the death of the dinosaurs and most of the life on Earth 65 million years ago by effects of the impact of a meteorite 10 km wide. Although numerous previous impact hypotheses had been largely ignored, that of the Alvarez group arrested the attention of scientists because it was based on an unprecedented form of evidence: highly anomalous concentrations of platinum group elements in seemingly meteoritic ratios within the pinkie-thick Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary clay.
Stability criteria for complex ecosystems

Analysis of stability criteria for different types of complex ecological network shows key differences between predator–prey interactions, which are stabilizing, and competitive and mutualistic interactions, which are destabilizing. Writing in Nature 40 years ago, Robert May questioned a central belief in ecology. The accepted wisdom was that complex ecosystems were more stable than simpler ones, but May proved that sufficiently large or complex ecological networks tend towards instability. Since then, much work in theoretical ecology has centred on learning why specific non-random networks are stable in practice. Stefano Allesina and Si Tang have analysed stability criteria for different types of realistic networks, and found key differences between predator–prey interactions, which are stabilizing, and competitive and mutualistic interactions, which are destabilizing. Forty years ago, May proved1,2 that sufficiently large or complex ecological networks have a probability of persisting that is close to zero, contrary to previous expectations3,4,5. May analysed large networks in which species interact at random1,2,6. However, in natural systems pairs of species have well-defined interactions (for example predator–prey, mutualistic or competitive). Here we extend May’s results to these relationships and find remarkable differences between predator–prey interactions, which are stabilizing, and mutualistic and competitive interactions, which are destabilizing. We provide analytic stability criteria for all cases. We use the criteria to prove that, counterintuitively, the probability of stability for predator–prey networks decreases when a realistic food web structure is imposed7,8 or if there is a large preponderance of weak interactions9,10. Similarly, stability is negatively affected by nestedness11,12,13,14 in bipartite mutualistic networks. These results are found by separating the contribution of network structure and interaction strengths to stability. Stable predator–prey networks can be arbitrarily large and complex, provided that predator–prey pairs are tightly coupled. The stability criteria are widely applicable, because they hold for any system of differential equations.
On the lay-out of the midgut rudiment in Loligo pealei (LeSueur).

Die Abschnurung von Teilen des ungefurchten Eicortex in der prospektiven Mittel- und Enddarmregion beiLoligo pealei fuhrt zum Fehlen der entsprechenden Darmteile in spateren Stadien. Dies zeigt, dass die zusammenhangenden Anlagen des Mittel- und Enddarmkomplexes von Anfang an in Form eines lateral weit ausladenden Epithelstreifens vorliegen.
Thermodynamical scaling of the glass transition dynamics.

Classification of glass-forming liquids based on the dramatic change in their properties upon approach to the glassy state is appealing, since this is the most conspicuous and often-studied aspect of the glass transition. Herein, we show that a generalized scaling, $\mathrm{log}(\ensuremath{\tau})\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{V}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is a material constant, yields superpositioning for ten glass formers, encompassing van der Waals molecules, associated liquids, and polymers. The exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ reflects the degree to which volume governs the temperature and pressure dependence of the relaxation times.
STOKES MULTIPLIERS FOR THE ORR-SOMMERFELD EQUATION

The comparison equation method is used to study the outer expansions of the solutions of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation. All but one of these expansions are multiple-valued and must therefore exhibit the Stokes phenomenon. One of the major aims of the present paper is to obtain first approximations to the Stokes multipliers which describe the continuation of these expansions on crossing a Stokes line in the complex plane. By restricting the domains of validity of these expansions appropriately we can insure that all of the expansions are ‘complete ’ in the sense of Olver and this is an essential feature of the work. The resulting approximations show that, in some sectors, a sharp distinction can no longer be made between approximations of inviscid and viscous type. A consistent first-order approximation to the characteristic equation in the complete sense is derived and compared with the more usual second-order approximation of Poincare type. Calculations of the curve of neutral stability for plane Poiseuille flow clearly show that a first approximation in the complete sense provides a substantially better approximation to the neutral curve than a second approximation in the Poincare sense.
Crackles (Rales) in the Interstitial Pulmonary Diseases

There is renewed interest in the classification and methods of recording adventitious pulmonary sounds. This is a study of the importance of fine crackles (rales) in the diagnosis and estimation of the severity of diffuse infiltrative pulmonary disease. Among 272 cases documented by lung biopsy, bilateral fine crackles were heard in 60 percent of those with interstitial pneumonias and asbestosis but in only 20 percent of those with sarcoidosis and other granulomatoses. These incidences were identical in 335 patients diagnosed clinically. In 322 selected ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, fine crackles were recorded in only 10 to 12 percent, while coarse crackles were not uncommon in patients with chronic bronchitis. In workers exposed to asbestos, crackles correlated with exposure. In serial studies of such workers, the occurrence of crackles alone appeared to be a random event, while among those with crackles together with one other of five criteria, almost one-half developed asbestosis within four to six years. Fine crackles correlated with pathologic severity, with radiographic honeycombing, and with physiologic abnormalities.
Membrane associated phospholipoproteins of Bacillus licheniformis 749

The membrane-bound penicillinase of Bacillus licheniformis 749/C is a phospholipoprotein that differs from the hydrophilic exoenzyme in that its polypeptide chain carries an additional 25 residues (mostly hydrophilic) with phosphatidylserine as the NH2-terminus. To determine if other phospholipoproteins are present in the plasma membrane, the penicillinase-inducible strain 749 was grown without inducer in the presence of [2-3H] glycerol. Electrophoretic separation of the membrane proteins (after removel of free lipids) showed an association of 3H-activity with certain of the proteins which could not be broken by lipid solvents and strongly denaturing conditions. Pronase digestion of the membrane proteins (after solvent extraction) released phosphatidylserine, thus indicating the covalent linkage of protein and phospholipid. Treatment of the isolated membranes with trypsin solubilized the protein portion of some of the phospholipoproteins (as with penicillinase), but not the 3H-labelled fragment. Penicillinase should be considered as the first observed example of a group of phosphatidylserine-containing proteins present in the plasma membrane of B. licheniformis 749 and 749/C.
Void-strengthening in aluminum and its nature

Abstract Temperature and strain rate dependence of yield strength were used to analyze the nature of aluminum strengthened by the formation of voids. Aluminum rods 99.999% pure were quenched and heat treated to form voids with an approximate density of 1013–1014 voids/cm3. Voids in selected samples were observed by electron microscopy. The yield strength of the void strengthened samples was measured at various temperatures from 77 to 593 K and at two strain rates, 3.33 × 10−2/s and 1.67 × 10−3/s. Tests at room temperature and at 77 K were made at various strain rates. The similarity of Coulomb's approach to void strengthening and that of Orowan stress with Ashby's dipole criterion was observed, and it was determined that the extent and effectiveness of void strengthening depends primarily on void density and much less on void size. The amount of strengthening obtained at room temperature was found to be consistent with the estimates. Compared to annealed aluminum, void strengthened aluminum is more susceptible to the instability of plastic flow at low temperatures; its temperature dependence of yield strength varies in different temperature ranges and shows a higher strain rate sensitivity of yield strength.
Summertime Potential Evapotranspiration in Eastern Washington State

AbstractThe demands for water in agricultural regions depend on the rate of evapotranspiration (ET). Daily records of potential ET (pET) are available from the late 1980s through the present for five stations in eastern Washington State (George, Harrah, LeGrow, Lind, and Odessa) through the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Agricultural Weather Network (AgriMet) under the auspices of the Bureau of Reclamation. These records reveal a secular increase in the summer (June–August) mean pET over the period 1987–2014. This increase can be attributed largely to an increase in solar irradiance of 20–30 W m−2 over the same period. The seasonal mean solar irradiance accounts for approximately 35%–50% of the variance in the interannual variations in seasonal mean pET at the individual stations and for approximately 60% of the variance from a five-station average perspective. The period of analysis includes a mean increase of temperature of about 0.3°C (10 yr)−1, and the variability in temperature relates more to the yea...
Continuous-wave vs. Pulsed Infrared Laser Stimulation of the Rat Prostate Cavernous Nerves

Optical nerve stimulation has recently been developed as an alternative to electrical nerve stimulation. However, recent studies have focused primarily on pulsed delivery of the laser radiation and at relatively low pulse rates. The objective of this study is to demonstrate faster optical stimulation of the prostate cavernous nerves using continuouswave (CW) infrared laser radiation, for potential diagnostic applications. A Thulium fiber laser (λ = 1870 nm) was used for non-contact optical stimulation of the rat prostate cavernous nerves, in vivo. Optical nerve stimulation, as measured by an intracavernous pressure (ICP) response in the penis, was achieved with the laser operating in either CW mode, or with a 5-ms pulse duration at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 Hz. Successful optical stimulation was observed to be primarily dependent on a threshold nerve temperature (42-45 °C), not an incident fluence, as previously reported. CW optical nerve stimulation provides a significantly faster ICP response time using a laser with lower power output than pulsed stimulation. CW optical nerve stimulation may therefore represent an alternative mode of stimulation for intra-operative diagnostic applications where a rapid response is critical, such as identification of the cavernous nerves during prostate cancer surgery.
THE EXISTENCE OF A HEXAMERIC INTERMEDIATE WITH MOLTEN-GLOBULE-LIKE PROPERTIES IN THE THERMAL DENATURATION OF BOVINE-LIVER GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE

Abstract We have studied the thermal denaturation of hexameric beef-liver glutamate dehydrogenase by itself and in the presence of ADP and guanidine-HCl by a variety of techniques. In differential scanning calorimetry studies, the observed melting temperature and total enthalpy of denaturation show no dependence on protein concentration, but do show a significant dependence on the scan rate. This suggests that the overall denaturation process is irreversible and kinetically controlled. Isothermal unfolding kinetics from spectrophotometry confirm this result. The size of the protein, as shown by quasi-elastic light scattering measurements, does not change during the denaturation process. We interpret these results in terms of the following model: N 6 ⇌ N ′ 6 →6 U (→F) where N 6 and N′ 6 are, respectively, the native hexamer and a hexameric, highly folded high-enthalpy species, U is the unfolded monomer and F is some final aggregated state. The kinetic intermediate, N′ 6 , possesses the properties of one definition of a molten globule, having a very high enthalpy and a hexameric compact structured form. This “molten globule” is an obligatory intermediate in the unfolding pathway of the protein. The stabilization of the protein by ADP is due to the modulation of the high-enthalpy two-state predenaturational E ⇌ E′ transition, resulting in the lowering of the energy of the native state of the protein.
Development of infrared instrumentation for the Chicago Adaptive Optics System

With the increasing number of adaptive optics (AO) systems being developed for major observatories, it is important to understand the requirements and the capabilities of the IR instrumentation that will utilize these systems. During the past two years, we have constructed and upgraded an IR camera system based on the NICMOS 3 IR array for the Chicago Adaptive Optics System (ChAOS). ChAOS is a high order adaptive optics system built by Edward Kibblewhite and his research group for use at the ARC 3.5 Meter Telescope. The IR camera has been used with the AO system during several observing runs and achieved near diffraction limited images form 1 to 2.3 microns. We present these early imaging result and discuss several of the unique problems faced by this camera. We will also discuss the potential capabilities of AO instruments and discuss our observing plans for the near future. Finally we describe our ongoing development of an IR spectrograph for the system.
Radiation-induced Depression of Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses to Bacteriophage φX 174 in vitro

WHOLE body X-irradiation depresses or enhances the antibody response depending on the dosage and its temporal relationship to injection of antigen in the animal1. Using organ cultures of rabbit lymph nodes, we succeeded in initiating both primary and secondary types of antibody response to bacteriophage φX 174 in vitro2,3. The experiments reported here (a) test this in vitro system for its use in the study of radiation effects on the antibody response, (b) further elucidate the mechanisms of radiation-induced enhancement of the primary antibody response, and (c) compare radiosensitivity of primary and secondary responses initiated in the cultures.
Fatal flaws in agbiotech regulatory policies

The major national regulatory regimes for agbiotech products fail to satisfy scientific legitimacy on several counts.
The Declining American Maritime Industries: An Unsolved Problem, 1860–1940

The phenomenon of change lies at the core of economic and business history. Otherwise, in common with other branches of economics, we would be engaged in the dull task of describing and explaining the static state of the classical and neoclassical theorists. The historical economist deals with the field of dynamic economics on the largest possible scale. Furthermore, unlike the theorists of dynamic economics, he is under obligation to deal with actual situations as they have arisen, and to reach judgments in the light of all-important observable factors. This is a difficult assignment.
ESPN: Efficient server placement in probabilistic networks with budget constraint

The notion of probabilistic network has been used to characterize the unpredictable environment in wireless communication networks or other unstable networks. In this paper, we are interested in the problem of placing servers in probabilistic networks subject to budget constraint, so as to maximize the expected number of servable clients that can successfully connect to a server. We study this problem in both the single-hop model and the multi-hop model. We discuss the computational complexity of this problem and show that it is NP-hard under both models.We then develop efficient approximation algorithms, which produce solutions provably close to optimal. If the costs of candidate locations are uniform, when extra budget is available in the future, the progressive feature of our algorithms allows for placing additional servers instead of relocating all the servers, while retaining the guaranteed performance. Results of extensive experiments on different topologies confirm the performance of our algorithms compared to the optimal algorithm and other heuristic algorithms.
Laboratory experiments using NI ELVIS

This correspondence describes some experiments using the national instrument educational laboratory virtual instrumentation suite (NI ELVIS) in our undergraduate electronic laboratories. Most undergraduate laboratories are becoming poorly equipped due to rising cost of laboratory equipment. Compared to its traditional counterparts, NI ELVIS provides a low-cost solution for laboratory instrumentation since a suite of virtual instruments operating through a plug-in data acquisition (DAQ) board and a proto-board is readily available at relatively low cost. We have performed some experiments in electronics utilizing NI ELVIS. Sample of the experiments and results are presented here.
An analysis of the 2006 congressional elections: does campaign spending matter?

The results of research on the effects of political campaign expenditures on congressional elections are somewhat mixed although most suggest that incumbent campaign spending has a minimal to no statistically significant effect on election outcomes, whereas challenger spending has a rather significant effect. This study differs from the prior research by including as an explanatory variable the percentage of registered voters who have the same party affiliation as the candidate. Results suggest that spending by both the incumbent and the challenger have significant effects on the percentage of votes obtained, while the percentage of own party affiliation has a positive, but minimal, effect. Finally, it was found that incumbents possess a 24-point advantage over their challengers; this result may partially explain why incumbents are re-elected over 90% of the time.
Purification of Equine Gonadotropin and Its Effect on the Appearance of Antigonadotropic Substances in Human Sera12

THE PRESENCE of antigonadotropic substances in human sera following treatment with equine gonadotropin (pregnant mare serum) has been demonstrated in men and women (1, 2). Tests for the presence of these antigonadotropic substances in human sera indicated that they were initially present about 10 weeks after treatment was instituted and increased in titer with continued therapy. Furthermore, these antigonadotropic substances remained in the serum for months after cessation of treatment. Therefore, if the equine gonadotropic activity is nullified by the body as is indicated by our tests in mice and rats, then continued treatment with the hormone would be essentially valueless. Whether the antigonadotropic evocating factor is the actual hormone or the nonhormonal material in the extract remains be determined with crystalline preparations. However, extracts of different degrees of purity have been investigated and Gordon (3) has recently shown in tests in rabbits and rats, using 4 pregnant mare serum prepara...
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Associated with Intrathecal Vancomycin

OBJECTIVETo report a case of nonreversible bilateral sensorineural hearing loss resulting from administration of intrathecal vancomycin.CASE SUMMARYA 63-year-old white man with newly diagnosed pre–B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia developed Corynebacterium jeikeium meningitis associated with an Ommaya reservoir. The patient was treated with intravenous vancomycin for several days without symptomatic improvement, and intrathecal vancomycin was added to the treatment regimen. Difficulty in the patient's hearing was noted after the first intrathecal dose and he experienced complete hearing loss after the second intrathecal dose. An audiogram was performed and the patient was diagnosed with cranial nerve VIII bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The Ommaya reservoir was removed and the patient was successfully treated with linezolid.DISCUSSIONOtotoxicity with intravenous vancomycin has been documented in multiple case reports, but this adverse effect has not been reported with intrathecal vancomycin. Cerebro...
Radiation generation from plasma-based accelerators

Summary form only given. Laser wakefield accelerators (LWFAs), in which an intense laser pulse is used to drive a large amplitude plasma wave, have demonstrated the production of relativistic electron bunches. In the self-modulated regime of the LWFA, the bunch contains several nC of charge with a broad electron energy distribution, the tail of which exceeds 100 MeV. By a variety of methods, these electron bunches can be used to generate short-pulse radiation from the THz to the hard X-ray regimes. Coherent transition radiation is generated when the electron bunch crosses the plasma-vacuum boundary. Since the bunch is short (on the order of the laser pulse length), the bunch radiates coherently for wavelengths longer than the bunch length. This results in coherent radiation in the THz regime in which the radiated energy scales as the square of the number of electrons in the bunch. Other mechanisms exist for generating radiation in the X-ray regime. As the electrons are accelerated through the plasma, they undergo transverse oscillations (betatron motion) caused by the transverse electric field of the plasma wave (wake). The electrons then produce incoherent synchrotron radiation at a wavelength given by /spl lambda//sub /spl beta///2/spl gamma//sup 2/, where /spl lambda//sub /spl beta// is the betatron wavelength (which can be on the order of 1 mm or less) and /spl gamma/ is the relativistic factor of the electron. Alternatively, an external, counter-propagating laser pulse can be used to scatter off the relativistic electron bunch. In this case, photons are generated by Thomson backscattering at a wavelength given by /spl lambda//sub 0//4/spl gamma//sup 2/, where /spl lambda//sub 0/ is the laser wavelength (on the order of a micron). The theory underlying these mechanism will be described, as well as comparisons to recent results at LBNL and elsewhere.
Clusters, networks, and firm innovativeness

This paper extends current knowledge of industry clusters by disentangling the effects of networks from cluster (i.e., distinctly geographic) mechanisms on firm performance as well as by studying the influence of these different mechanisms on firms located inside and outside the industry cluster. It also highlights the importance of simultaneously modeling multiple networks which may differentially influence important firm outcomes. In the paper, I model the innovativeness of Canadian mutual fund companies as a function of their geographic location—inside or outside the industry cluster of Toronto—and of their centrality in networks of managerial and institutional ties. I find that locating in the industry cluster as well as centrality in the managerial tie network enhances firm innovation, while centrality in the institutional tie network does not. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.