cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic Instability and Rapid Gene Silencing in Newly Formed Arabidopsis Allotetraploids

Allopolyploid hybridization serves as a major pathway for plant evolution, but in its early stages it is associated with phenotypic and genomic instabilities that are poorly understood. We have investigated allopolyploidization between Arabidopsis thaliana (2 n = 2 x = 10; n , gametic chromosome number; x , haploid chromosome number) and Cardaminopsis arenosa (2 n = 4 x = 32). The variable phenotype of the allotetraploids could not be explained by cytological abnormalities. However, we found suppression of 20 of the 700 genes examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism of cDNA. Independent reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analyses of 10 of these 20 genes confirmed silencing in three of them, suggesting that ∼0.4% of the genes in the allotetraploids are silenced. These three silenced genes were characterized. One, called K7, is repeated and similar to transposons. Another is RAP2.1 , a member of the large APETALA2 (AP2) gene family, and has a repeated element upstream of its 5′ end. The last, L6, is an unknown gene close to ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE on chromosome 1. CNG DNA methylation of K7 was less in the allotetraploids than in the parents, and the element varied in copy number. That K7 could be reactivated suggests epigenetic regulation. L6 was methylated in the C. arenosa genome. The present evidence that gene silencing accompanies allopolyploidization opens new avenues to this area of research.
The critical role of intracellular zinc in adenosine A2 receptor activation induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury

Exogenous zinc can protect cardiac cells from reperfusion injury, but the exact roles of endogenous zinc in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury and in adenosine A(2) receptor activation-induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury remain unknown. Adenosine A(1)/A(2) receptor agonist 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido) adenosine (NECA) given at reperfusion reduced infarct size in isolated rat hearts subjected to 30min ischemia followed by 2h of reperfusion. This effect of NECA was partially but significantly blocked by the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), and ZnCl(2) given at reperfusion mimicked the effect of NECA by reducing infarct size. Total tissue zinc concentrations measured with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) were decreased upon reperfusion in rat hearts and this was reversed by NECA. NECA increased intracellular free zinc during reperfusion in the heart. Confocal imaging study showed a rapid increase in intracellular free zinc in isolated rat cardiomyocytes treated with NECA. Further experiments revealed that NECA increased total zinc levels upon reperfusion in mitochondria isolated from isolated hearts. NECA attenuated mitochondrial swelling upon reperfusion in isolated hearts and this was inhibited by TPEN. Similarly, NECA prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) caused by oxidant stress in cardiomyocytes. Finally, both NECA and ZnCl(2) inhibited the mitochondrial metabolic activity. NECA-induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury is mediated by intracellular zinc. NECA prevents reperfusion-induced zinc loss and relocates zinc to mitochondria. The inhibitory effects of zinc on both the mPTP opening and the mitochondrial metabolic activity may account for the cardioprotective effect of NECA.
Sec5, a member of the exocyst complex, mediates Drosophila embryo cellularization.

Cellularization of the Drosophila embryo is the process by which a syncytium of ∼6000 nuclei is subdivided into discrete cells. In order to individualize the cells, massive membrane addition needs to occur by a process that is not fully understood. The exocyst complex is required for some, but not all, forms of exocytosis and plays a role in directing vesicles to appropriate domains of the plasma membrane. Sec5 is a central component of this complex and we here report the isolation of a new allele of sec5 that has a temperature-sensitive phenotype. Using this allele, we investigated whether the exocyst complex is required for cellularization. Embryos from germline clones of the sec5ts1 allele progress normally through cycle 13. At cellularization, however, cleavage furrows do not invaginate between nuclei and consequently cells do not form. A zygotically translated membrane protein, Neurotactin, is not inserted into the plasma membrane and instead accumulates in cytoplasmic puncta. During cellularization, Sec5 becomes concentrated at the apical end of the lateral membranes, which is likely to be the major site of membrane addition. Subsequently, Sec5 concentrates at the sub-apical complex, indicating a role for Sec5 in the polarized epithelium. Thus, the exocyst is necessary for, and is likely to direct, the polarized addition of new membrane during this form of cytokinesis.
Adjacent Sequences Influence DNA Repair Accompanying Transposon Excision in Maize

Mobile elements transposing via DNA intermediates often leave small rearrangements, or "transposon footprints," at sites where they excise. Each excision event leaves its own footprint and, at any given site, these vary in size and sequence. Footprint formation involves DNA repair of sequences flanking the element. We have analyzed the footprints formed by a 2-kb Ds element excising from six different sites in exons of the maize waxy (Wx) gene. We find that groups of footprints left at individual sites are surprisingly nonrandom; different excision products predominate consistently at each site. Less frequent footprints left by each insertion appear related to the predominant type. The data suggest that flanking sequences affect the DNA repair processes associated with element excision. Two models have been proposed to explain footprint formation, one featuring a 5' exonuclease and the other featuring hairpin loop formation and an endonuclease. Our data have interesting implications for both these models. Evidence is also presented to support the presence of a separate excision mechanism that can remove Ac/Ds elements without leaving any footprint and that operates in parallel with the footprint-forming mechanism.
A Computational Comparison of Alternatives to Including Uncertainty in Structured Population Models

Two conceptually different approaches to incorporate growth uncertainty into size-structured population models have recently been investigated. One entails imposing a probabilistic structure on all the possible growth rates across the entire population, which results in a growth rate distribution model. The other involves formulating growth as a Markov stochastic diffusion process, which leads to a Fokker-Planck model. Numerical computations verify that a Fokker-Planck model and a growth rate distribution model can, with properly chosen parameters, yield quite similar time dependent population densities. The relationship between the two models is based on the theoretical analysis in [7].
Shaping senior leader officer talent: using a multi-dimensional model of talent to analyze the effect of personnel management decisions and attrition on the flow of Army Officer talent throughout the officer career model

Army Officer requirements for operational talent decline precipitously with increasing rank. While 80 percent of Junior Officers serve in operational billets, only 20 percent of Senior Leaders serve in operational billets. Yet despite this operational talent requirement inversion, Army development efforts tend to focus disproportionately on building operational talent. Moreover, career progression through the rank of General Officer tends to excessively favor officers who have spent most of their career in operational billets. By opening additional opportunities for officers who serve outside of operational billets to reach senior leader ranks, and by exposing more officers to opportunities that develop non-operational talents, the Army can mitigate against talent gaps at senior ranks. This analysis employs discrete event simulation to quantify the extent to which attrition, promotion, and the dynamically changing need for two types of talent (operational and non-operational) impact the distribution of talent available across the Army's officer ranks.
Cue Effects on Memory for Location When Navigating Spatial Displays

Participants maneuvered a rat image through a circular region on the computer screen to find a hidden target platform, blending aspects of two well-known spatial tasks. Like the Morris water maze task, participants first experienced a series of learning trials before having to navigate to the hidden target platform from different locations and orientations. Like the dot-location task, they determined the location of a position within a two-dimensional circular region. This procedure provided a way to examine how the number of surrounding cues (1, 2, or 3) affects the memory for spatial location in navigation. Memory performance was better when there were more cues and when targets were close to cues, consistent with the idea that cues bolster fine-grain memory, especially in proximal regions. Early and late measures of bias in memory reflected biases in a direction toward the nearest cue, implicating a cue-based category structure of the navigational space. Collectively, results suggest cue-based spatial memory representations that have been inferred from the dot-location task generalize to a navigation task within a simple, computer-based environment, as demonstrated by the good fits of the spatial model developed for the dot-location task (Fitting, Wedell, & Allen, 2005, 2007).
Architectural timing verification and test for super scalar processors

We address the problem of verification and testing of super scalar processors, from the point of view of correctness of [Bprogram execution time. Trace-driven architectural si[Bmulation methods are commonly used in current industrial practice to estimate cycles-per-instruction performance of a candidate processor organization, prior to actual implementation. We present a novel set of strategies for testing the timing correctness of processors as represented in an architectural timing model ("timer"). We focus on two main aspects of the theory: (a) deriving architectural test sequences to cover possible failure modes, defined in the context of a pipeline flow state transition fault model; and (b) deriving loop test kernels to verify steady-state (periodic) behavior of pipeline flow, against analytically predicted signatures. We develop the theory in the context of an example super scalar processor and its timer model. >
Phenotypic and genotypic association of epithelial IL1RL1 to human TH2-like asthma

Background Severe asthma remains poorly characterized, although it likely consists of at least 1 phenotype with features of T H 2-like inflammation. IL1RL1 , encoding both the IL-33 receptor, ST2L, and decoy receptor, sST2, has been genetically associated with asthma, though the mechanism for susceptibility remains unknown. Objective Given previous data supporting a role for IL1RL1 in T H 2 inflammation, we hypothesized that ST2L expression might be increased in T H 2-like asthma and that expression levels would be associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL1RL1 , possibly explaining its genetic relationship with asthma. We also sought to evaluate the regulation of ST2L and sST2 in vitro . Methods Endobronchial brushings and biopsies were obtained and expression of ST2L compared by severity levels, as well as by T H 2-like biomarkers. Subjects were genotyped and the relationship of dichotomous expression of ST2L and sST2 to single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL1RL1 were determined. Epithelial cells were grown in air-liquid interface culture, and ST2L and sST2 responses to IFN-γ and IL-13 were evaluated. Results ST2L expression was increased in severe asthma ( P = .02) and associated with multiple indicators of T H 2-like inflammation, including blood eosinophils ( P = .001), exhaled nitric oxide ( P = .003), and epithelial CLCA1 ( P P = .001) mRNA expression. Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL1RL1 were found in relation to dichotomous expression of both ST2L and sST2. sST2 expression was associated with IFN-γ expression in bronchoalveolar lavage, while inducing its expression in vitro in primary human epithelial cells. Conclusion Both pathologic and genetic approaches support a role for IL1RL1 in severe asthma, as well as T H 2-lke asthma, suggesting that targeting this pathway may have therapeutic benefits.
Differences in outcomes between patients treated with single- versus dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators: a substudy of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II.

Objectives: We sought to evaluate the influence of single- versus dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) on the occurrence of heart failure and mortality as well as appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapy in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADIT-II). Background: In MADIT-II, ICD therapy in patients with a prior myocardial infarction and ejection fraction ≤0.30 was associated with a 31% reduction in risk of mortality when compared to conventionally treated patients. An unexpected finding was an increased occurrence of hospitalization for heart failure in the ICD group. Methods: Data from 717 patients randomized to ICD therapy with single- or dual-chamber pacing devices in MADIT-II were retrospectively analyzed. Endpoints selected for analysis included death from any cause, new or worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization, death or heart failure, appropriate therapy for ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF), and inappropriate ICD therapy for atrial fibrillation or supraventricular tachycardia. Results: A total of 404 single-chamber ICDs (S-ICDs) and 313 dual-chamber ICDs (D-ICDs) were implanted. Patients receiving D-ICDs were at a higher risk at baseline than those receiving S-ICDs, with older age, higher NYHA class, more frequent prior CABG, wider QRS complex, more LBBB, higher BUN level, a history of more atrial arrhythmias requiring treatment, and a longer time interval from their index myocardial infarction to enrollment. While there was a trend toward an increase in adverse outcomes in the D-ICD group, no statistically significant differences in heart failure or mortality were observed between S-ICD versus D-ICD groups. Conclusions: Patients with D-ICDs had a nonsignificant trend toward higher mortality and heart failure rates than patients with S-ICDs.
Rurality and Nursing Home Quality: Evidence From the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey

Purpose of the Study: To evaluate the impact of rural geographic location on nursing home quality of care in the United States. Design and Methods: The study used cross-sectional observational design. We obtained resident- and facility-level data from 12,507 residents in 1,174 nursing homes from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. We used multilevel regression models to predict riskadjusted rates of hospitalization, influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, and moderate to severe pain while controlling for resident and facility characteristics. Results: Adjusting for covariates, residents in rural facilities were more likely to experience hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16 –1.94) and moderate to severe pain (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.35–2.09). Significant facility-level predictors of higher quality included higher percentage of Medicaid beneficia ries, accreditation status, and special care programs. Medicare payment findings were mixed. Significant resident-level predictors included dementia diagnosis and being a “long-stay” resident. Implications: Rural residents were more likely to reside in facilities without accreditations or special care programs, factors that increased their odds of receiving poorer quality of care. Policy efforts to enhance Medicare payment approaches as well as increase rural facilities’ accreditation status and provision of special care programs will likely reduce quality of care disparities in facilities.
United States Transport Advance and Externalities: A Reply

Is a railroad like a toy wind-up set, the locomotive moving endlessly, stupefyingly around a single circle of track? Or, as I believe, is it more like a fancy set, with various sidings, and connecting routes? Professor Weiss assumes that the carrying capacity of a railroad is bounded by its ability to store all its freight cars on the main line. And the view he (somewhat incorrectly) attributes to me—that “for every starting point there are 10 miles of clear road ahead”—is nothing more than the belief that a real railroad is not a simple circle. For railroad sidings do exist for inventorying cars. And connecting railroads that move cars out of a particular system do exist. Economists who contrast the productive capacity of Ford and GM rarely worry about whether a week's production can be stored within the factory. Entrepreneurs envisaged slack variables before they were baptised as such. (If sidings did not exist, or were a significant portion of the cost of one transport system but not another, matters might be quite different.)
Arterial baroreceptors and brain histamine contribute to bradycardia to peripheral hyperosmolality

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the bradycardic response to peripheral hyperosmolality in conscious rats is dependent on afferent baroreceptor mechanisms and whether central histamine H2 receptors play a role in baroreflex-mediated changes in heart rate (HR). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded continuously during a 30-min infusion of 2.5 M NaCl (10 microliters.100 g-1.min-1) hypertonic saline (HTS). HTS infusion significantly increased MAP (21 +/- 4 mmHg) and reduced HR (-62 +/- 10 beats/min) in rats with intact arterial baroreceptors. In sinoaortic-denervated rats, HR remained unchanged from control despite a significant increase in MAP. After intracerebroventricular (lateral ventricle) administration of cimetidine or ranitidine (H2-receptor antagonists) in intact rats, HTS infusion significantly increased MAP (19 +/- 2 and 17 +/- 2 mmHg, respectively) but the bradycardia was abolished (-12 +/- 10 and -10 +/- 10 beats/min, respectively). In contrast, central H2-receptor blockade did not alter reflex HR responses to the intravenous administration of phenylephrine and nitroprusside or to the central administration of histamine or angiotensin II. These results indicate that the bradycardic response to HTS infusion is mediated through the arterial baroreceptor reflex and involves in part a selective histaminergic pathway.
Internal weathering in quartz grains

While most research on quartz weathering has focused primarily on surface textures and morphologies, very little is known about the internal weathering of quartz. This study demonstrates that internal weathering is ubiquitous in quartz. Internal weathering is measured in terms of porosity, which represents mass loss from the quartz grain, hence silica lost through dissolution. Mass loss calculated from porosity suggests higher-than-expected rates of quartz dissolution in the terrestrial environment. Internal weathering occurs through various grain defects, and is classified into several forms (in decreasing order of frequency): fractures, enlarged grain boundaries, holes, and networks. These features may be distinguished from occasional artifact voids left by laboratory procedures. The most intensely weathered grains exhibit large fractures and extensive networks, and occasionally contain secondary weathering products within the void areas. The presence of internal weathering in quartz supports field and ...
Challenges in Synthesizing Surrogate PHI in Narrative EMRs

Preparing narrative medical records for use outside of their originating institutions requires that protected health information (PHI) be removed from the records. If researchers intend to use these records for natural language processing, then preparing the medical documents requires two steps: (1) identifying the PHI and (2) replacing the PHI with realistic surrogates. In this chapter we discuss the challenges associated with generating these realistic surrogates and describe the algorithms we used to prepare the 2014 i2b2/UTHealth shared task corpus for distribution and use in a natural language processing task focused on de-identification.
Use of additives to enhance the properties of cottonseed protein as wood adhesives

Abstract Soy protein is currently being used commercially as a “green” wood adhesive. Previous work in this laboratory has shown that cottonseed protein isolate, tested on maple wood veneer, produced higher adhesive strength and hot water resistance relative to soy protein. In the present study, cottonseed protein and soy protein isolates were tested on different wood types, and cottonseed protein again showed better performance relative to soy protein. Furthermore, the effects of several protein modifiers were evaluated, including amino acids, fatty acids, and other organic molecules with cationic or anionic charges. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and adipic acid gave improved performance when included with cottonseed protein isolate whereas no significant effect was observed on soy protein isolate. Both dry adhesive strength and hot water resistance were tested. The enhanced performance observed with these additives provides an additional incentive for the use of cottonseed protein in this application.
Tunable Swelling and Rolling of Microgel Membranes

The tunable swelling and rolling of films assembled via layer-by-layer (LbL) methods from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (pNIPAm-co-AAc) microgels and poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) have been systematically studied. Microgel/PEI films assembled at pH 7.4 display a high degree of in-plane swelling at low pH that dramatically increases the film area and drives self-delamination from the substrate to form a free-standing film. The degree of film swelling can be controlled by the size of microgels used in film fabrication. Taking advantage of this feature, self-rolled scrolls can be easily obtained from microgel/PEI films prepared from microgels of two different sizes. The rolling direction can be controlled by the assembly of different size microgels in different film strata, and the final shape of the scrolls can be controlled by scratching the desired film edges. The present work contributes to a deeper understanding of microgel/PEI film swelling properties and introduces a facile and novel method t...
Ultrathin, Flexible Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Silicon Nanowires and PEDOT:PSS

Recently, free-standing, ultrathin, single-crystal silicon (c-Si) membranes have attracted considerable attention as a suitable material for low-cost, mechanically flexible electronics. In this paper, we report a promising ultrathin, flexible, hybrid solar cell based on silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The free-standing, ultrathin c-Si membranes of different thicknesses were produced by KOH etching of double-side-polished silicon wafers for various etching times. The processed free-standing silicon membranes were observed to be mechanically flexible, and in spite of their relatively small thickness, the samples tolerated the different steps of solar cell fabrication, including surface nanotexturization, spin-casting, dielectric film deposition, and metallization. However, in terms of the optical performance, ultrathin c-Si membranes suffer from noticeable transmission losses, especially in the long-wavelength region. We describe the ex...
Nineteen New Genera and 82 New Species of Cremnorrhinina from Australia, Including Analyses of Host Relationships and Distributions (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae: Cremnorrhinini)

ABSTRACT The tribe Cremnorrhinini, subtribe Cremnorrhinina, is recognized for the first time as occurring in Australia. Existing collections allow for the description of the following 19 new genera within which 82 new species of the group are placed: Adunatiphylus, Asterophylus, Austroplagiognathus, Bifidostylus, Dicyphylus, Eremotylus, Grandivesica, Gyrophallus, Halophylus, Lepidophylus, Maculiphylus, Monospiniphallus, Myoporophylus, Myrtophylus, Omnivoriphylus, Proteophylus, Pulvillophylus, Spinivesica, and Telophylus. Documentation is provided in the form of a subtribal diagnosis, key to genera, diagnoses and descriptions of all genera and species, color habitus images of males (and females where available) of all species, distributional maps, illustrations of male genitalic structures, images of the endosoma of all species and female genitalic structures in representative species, and scanning electron micrographs of representative morphology within the group based on a sample of nine genera. Host-pla...
Comparative Analysis on Reliability Index of Chinese and American Generators

There are differences in reliability index and statistics data analysis of generating units in different countries,which brings difficulties to reliability index exchange.Therefore,the paper compares reliability evaluation method in China with that in U.S.in terms of definition of reliability and index calculation formula;besides,it compares reliability index data in China with that in U.S.from 2006 to 2010 in terms of operating factor,equivalent available factor,forced outage rate and unplanned outage times to analyze fundamental reasons of difference in reliability management and statistics data of generators in the two countries.By analyzing the causes for the differences,planning construction and operational management at power side is promoted in China.
Automated pictographic illustration of discharge instructions with Glyph: impact on patient recall and satisfaction

Objectives First, to evaluate the effect of standard vs pictograph-enhanced discharge instructions on patients’ immediate and delayed recall of and satisfaction with their discharge instructions. Second, to evaluate the effect of automated pictograph enhancement on patient satisfaction with their discharge instructions. Materials and Methods Glyph, an automated healthcare informatics system, was used to automatically enhance patient discharge instructions with pictographs. Glyph was developed at the University of Utah by our research team. Patients in a cardiovascular medical unit were randomized to receive pictograph-enhanced or standard discharge instructions. Measures of immediate and delayed recall and satisfaction with discharge instructions were compared between two randomized groups: pictograph (n = 71) and standard (n = 73). Results Study participants who received pictograph-enhanced discharge instructions recalled 35% more of their instructions at discharge than those who received standard discharge instructions. The ratio of instructions at discharge was: standard = 0.04 ± 0.03 and pictograph- enhanced = 0.06 ± 0.03. The ratio of instructions at 1 week post discharge was: standard = 0.04 ± 0.02 and pictograph-enhanced 0.04 ± 0.02. Additionally, study participants who received pictograph-enhanced discharge instructions were more satisfied with the understandability of their instructions at 1 week post-discharge than those who received standard discharge instructions. Discussion Pictograph-enhanced discharge instructions have the potential to increase patient understanding of and satisfaction with discharge instructions. Conclusion It is feasible to automatically illustrate discharge instructions and provide them to patients in a timely manner without interfering with clinical work. Illustrations in discharge instructions were found to improve patients’ short-term recall of discharge instructions and delayed satisfaction (1-week post hospitalization) with the instructions. Therefore, it is likely that patients’ understanding of and interaction with their discharge instructions is improved by the addition of illustrations.
A Methodology for Robust Comparative Life Cycle Assessments Incorporating Uncertainty

We propose a methodology for conducting robust comparative life cycle assessments (LCA) by leveraging uncertainty. The method evaluates a broad range of the possible scenario space in a probabilistic fashion while simultaneously considering uncertainty in input data. The method is intended to ascertain which scenarios have a definitive environmentally preferable choice among the alternatives being compared and the significance of the differences given uncertainty in the parameters, which parameters have the most influence on this difference, and how we can identify the resolvable scenarios (where one alternative in the comparison has a clearly lower environmental impact). This is accomplished via an aggregated probabilistic scenario-aware analysis, followed by an assessment of which scenarios have resolvable alternatives. Decision-tree partitioning algorithms are used to isolate meaningful scenario groups. In instances where the alternatives cannot be resolved for scenarios of interest, influential parame...
Is there a role for antibiotic prophylaxis in transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy

Purpose There are few data to guide the physician on the use of prophylactic antibiotic(s) for prostate brachytherapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) rate after performing transperineal interstitial permanent prostate brachytherapy (TIPPB) in conjunction with cystoscopy. Materials and methods One-hundred twenty-five patients underwent TIPPB and cystoscopy. All patients received intravenous perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. No postimplant antibiotic medication was prescribed. All patients were evaluated at 1-month follow- up for symptomatic UTI. No screening (U/A, C+S) was performed for asymptomatic patients. Any UTI within 1 month of TIPPB was considered a complication and scored as an infection. Results Of 125 patients who underwent TIPPB and cystoscopy, one patient (1%) developed a symptomatic UTI. In our study, a one-time perioperative intravenous dose of cefazolin (Ancef) without additional postoperative antibiotics resulted in an overall symptomatic UTI rate of 1%. Hence, additional postoperative antibiotics may not be warranted, thus providing a cost saving (500 mg of ciprofloxacin orally, two times a day for 5 days at a cost of $44.95) and reducing the potential risk of antibiotic resistance. Conclusions When cystoscopy is used in conjunction with TIPPB, perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended. However, due to the low infection rate expected from TIPPB, postimplant antibiotic use is not recommended. As a result of the low infection rate anticipated from TIPPB and cystoscopy, a large multiinstitutional trial is needed to determine the necessity of antibiotic prophylaxis for TIPPB and cystoscopy.
Excited-state collisions of trapped 85Rb atoms.

We descrbe a new method for measuring excited-state collisions between optically trapped atoms. With this method, trap-loss collision rates are deduced from the loading behavior of clouds of trapped atoms in the regime where radiation trapping limits the atom density. Our measurements indicate that $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ trap-loss collisions occur at significantly smaller rates than expected both from previous work on Cs and from recent models. In addition, the dependence of the trap-loss collisions on the frequency of the light used to excite the atom pairs is also different from that of Cs, suggesting that assumptions about the dynamics in these models need modification.
The Effect of External Ventricular Drain Use in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Background Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) commonly presents with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and remains a highly disabling form of stroke. External ventricular drains (EVDs) are associated with decreased short-term mortality, but indications for use and outcomes benefit are controversial. Methods A multi-institutional, retrospective analysis of 563 patients with spontaneous ICH from 2010 to 2014 was performed with multivariate regression modeling. Primary outcomes were patient mortality and functional status with modified Rankin Scale score. To control for differences in patient and clinical characteristics influencing EVD utilization, a propensity score analysis was performed with patient-specific predicted probability of EVD use. Results The multivariable logistic regression model showed odds of EVD use increased with younger age, lower ICH volume, ICH located outside the brainstem, increasing IVH volume, and concurrent IVH; the model showed high discriminability for EVD use (area under the receiver operating curve 0.84, R 2 McFadden = 0.27). The use of EVD was associated with lower 30-day mortality in patients with ICH score of 4 (odds ratio = 0.09, P = 0.002), greater ICH volume (>11 cc, odds ratio = 0.47, P = 0.019), and lower initial GCS ( P = 0.003) in propensity score-adjusted analyses, as well as a trend toward lower mortality in patients with IVH and greater modified Graeb score. There was no benefit to morbidity in patients receiving an EVD. Conclusions Among a large, multi-institutional cohort, this statistical propensity analysis model accurately predicted EVD use in ICH. EVD use was associated with a trend towards decreased mortality but greater modified Rankin Scale score for functional outcomes.
Emotions in “Black and White” or Shades of Gray? How We Think About Emotion Shapes Our Perception and Neural Representation of Emotion:

The demands of social life often require categorically judging whether someone's continuously varying facial movements express "calm" or "fear," or whether one's fluctuating internal states mean one feels "good" or "bad." In two studies, we asked whether this kind of categorical, "black and white," thinking can shape the perception and neural representation of emotion. Using psychometric and neuroimaging methods, we found that (a) across participants, judging emotions using a categorical, "black and white" scale relative to judging emotions using a continuous, "shades of gray," scale shifted subjective emotion perception thresholds; (b) these shifts corresponded with activity in brain regions previously associated with affective responding (i.e., the amygdala and ventral anterior insula); and (c) connectivity of these regions with the medial prefrontal cortex correlated with the magnitude of categorization-related shifts. These findings suggest that categorical thinking about emotions may actively shape the perception and neural representation of the emotions in question.
Abstract 3324: A novel role for PAK4 in the regulation of EMT and stemness in glioblastoma

Glioblastomas (GB) are the most aggressive of primary brain tumors with high rates of tumor recurrence and poor prognosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the dynamic transdifferentiation process which leads to acquisition of invasiveness, stem-like characteristics and drug resistance in tumor cells. A small fraction of radio- and chemo-resistant cancer stem cells (CSC) with a capacity of self-renewal is considered to be crucial for tumor recurrence. Our previous studies indicated high levels of expression of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) in GBs and confirmed its role in the regulation of proliferation, migration and invasion. Here, we aimed to determine whether PAK4-regulated invasiveness was associated with mesenchymal transition of glioma cells and to delineate the essential signaling events that governed EMT and maintenance of stemness in GBs. PAK4 overexpression in glioma cells resulted in loss of E-cadherin and Zo-1 and a significant increase in N-cadherin and vimentin levels. Conversely, shRNA-mediated PAK4 downregulation led to loss of mesenchymal phenotype and markers in glioma cell lines. Further, irradiation (IR, 8 Gy) treatments significantly elevated PAK4 expression and nuclear localization in correlation with increased EMT in glioma cells. FACS analysis and western blotting indicated an enrichment of CD133+ CSCs with high expression of CD133 and Nestin in IR-treated cells. In order to study the significance IR-induced EMT and stemness with PAK4 nuclear translocation, we performed a transcription factor (TF) interaction array with immunoprecipitated PAK4 as bait, which revealed nuclear-PAK4 association with PPARγ and other TFs. Moreover, immunoprecipitation, ChIP and re-ChIP experiments showed IR-induced PAK4 binding with PPARγ nuclear receptor complex and recruitment on the PPREs of NADPH oxidase-1 promoter and elevated Nox1 expression in IR-treated cells. PAK4-knockdown suppressed the IR-induced EMT and stemness in the glioma cells lines. In line with these in vitro results, mouse orthotopic intracranial xenograft experiments showed decreased tumor growth and N-cadherin expression in tumors from PAK4-shRNA expressing cells when compared with controls. These results strongly support a role for PAK4 in the regulation of IR-induced EMT and stemness via PPARγ/Nox1 signaling and provide a rationale for PAK4 as a new therapeutic target against glioblastoma and suggest a potential for overcoming radioresistance in these tumors. Citation Format: Divya Kesanakurti, Jihong Xu, Rao S. Jasti, Vinay K. Puduvalli. A novel role for PAK4 in the regulation of EMT and stemness in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3324. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3324
A new system theoretic classifier for detection and prediction of epileptic seizures

A system theoretic computational approach has been recently proposed as a generalization of probabilistic networks for modeling complex systems. The computational approach, fuzzy measure-theoretic quantum approximation of an abstract system (FMQAS), generates a system measure between each pair of system objects as a relative measure of association incorporating, through a hierarchical iterative procedure, both the local and global significance of the interaction. FMQAS provides the basis for a new classification algorithm. A preliminary modification of this classification algorithm for temporal sequences is used to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) data obtained in the temporal neighborhood of a seizure episode to obtain distinct state descriptions (patient invariant characterizations) of the seizure states. This state characterization enables seizure detection before onset with sufficient time to warn the individual or execute actions to abort the seizure formation.
The APA’s Amicus Attempts to Influence the Supreme Court

About half the time the American Psychological Association submits an amicus brief to the Supreme Court, the Court’s eventual decision is consistent—or at least partly consistent—with the APA’s position. This chapter examines in detail some cases that reflect, for want of a better term, “success” on the APA’s part. That is not to say that in all of these cases the APA’s position was directly reflected in the wording of the decision; the brief may have achieved some success by causing the Court to think about new issues, even if the process is not clearly discernible in the eventual published opinion. The examples that follow reflect such qualifications.
Making sound waves: selected papers from the 2016 annual conference of the National Hearing Conservation Association.

In 2016, the National Hearing Conservation Association (NHCA) (http://www.hearingconservation.org), held its annual meeting in San Diego, California, with the theme of the meeting “Making Sound Wav...
Electron–Biomolecule Collision Studies Using the Schwinger Multichannel Method

We review applications of the Schwinger multichannel method to low-energy electron collisions with polyatomic molecules of biological interest. After briefly describing the method, its implementation, and its strengths and limitations, we turn to a discussion of specific molecular systems, with an emphasis on studies related to radiation damage to DNA mediated by secondary electrons. Throughout, we situate our results in the context of calculated and experimental data on electron scattering, dissociative attachment, and other relevant processes.
Early Goal-Directed Therapy: The History and Ongoing Impact on Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

Abstract The use of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock, a practice put forth by Dr. Rivers et al. in 2001, ushered in a new era of targeted sepsis therapy. After its publication, several further studies helped validate the protocolized approach to sepsis management, ultimately leading to its incorporation into the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. Since that time, however, a trio of large multi-center randomized controlled trials have taken place to evaluate the efficacy of EGDT when compared with usual care and have demonstrated that strict adherence to the entirety of the original EGDT protocol is unnecessary for improved outcomes. Some recommendations, such as higher goal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and liberal crystalloid fluid resuscitation, are likely harmful. Despite controversy over a number of the recommendations, early identification of sepsis, source control, and prompt empiric antibiotic administration remain the mainstay of treatme...
Synergy, Quantum Probabilities, and Cost of Control

A standard control problem is analyzed using quantum probabilities. There are some advantages of conducting the analysis using the axiomatic structure of quantum probabilities: (1) there is synergy associated with bundling activities together, and, hence, a demand for the firm; (2) information occupies a central place in the analysis; (3) accounting information questions can be related to other information sciences. The main result is that control costs decline when aggregate performance measures are used; aggregation arises naturally. An implication is that the common practice of acquiring individual measures may be misguided in an environment where synergy is a first order effect. Also, double entry accounting appears well suited for processing information in a synergistic context.
Fear of Heterogeneity in the Study of Human Populations and the Statistical Artifacts It Produces

There are few absolute statements worth risking in characterizing bio-behavioral research with living human populations. One exception might be: Whatever the population, whatever the response, living human populations are heterogeneous.
Relative values of longitudinal, cross-sectional and mixed data collection in community studies.

A multidisciplinary approach to anthropometric methods of nutritional assessment is obviously indicated, and this is endorsed by the backgrounds of those attending the present conference.
Semiconductor-Metal Transition in Ti 2 O 3

We present a free-energy description of a smooth semiconductor-metal transition based on a two-band model and including electron-electron Coulomb energy and lattice-displacement energy. The assumption that the lattice-displacement energy plays a weak, secondary role appears to be needed to obtain good qualitative agreement with a number of experimental observations in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Teaching User-Centered Design for More Sustainable Infrastructure through Role-Play and Experiential Learning

AbstractCivil infrastructure systems that fail to achieve intended goals drain financial resources and erode public willingness to invest in future upgrades and new systems. Starting the engineerin...
Has Dodd–Frank affected bank expenses?

This paper examines the potential effects of the Dodd–Frank Act of 2010 on banks’ noninterest expenses. Using data on U.S. bank holding companies from 1995 through 2016, we test whether noninterest expenses increase following the passage of the Dodd–Frank Act or in relation to the number of banking regulations implemented after Dodd–Frank. We analyze subsamples of banks above and below $10 billion in total assets and consider total noninterest expenses, salaries, non-salary expenses, and specific subcategories of non-salary expenses: legal, consulting, auditing, and data processing. Non-salary expenses for both large and small banks show a one-time increase after Dodd–Frank, while salary expenses tend to increase with regulations. The results indicate that total noninterest expenses for the banking system are higher on average by more than $50 billion per year compared to before the Dodd–Frank Act.
Access to Books, Libraries, and Information: Cultural Right, Human Right

This chapter turns to UNESCO’s role in developing and articulating the notion of cultural rights as human rights within the context of the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In particular, Article 19 regarding freedom of expression and freedom to information, Article 26 regarding education, and Article 27 regarding culture have been linked conceptually and practically to UNESCO from the time of their drafting. UNESCO’s 1948 Summer School for Librarians and its 1949 Human Rights Exhibition and Manifesto for Libraries provided innovative and influential ways for UNESCO to educate people all over the world that they had the right to expect and demand public libraries and free and open access to information and publications.
A Reflective Rubric-Creating Activity that Enhances Teachers’ Mathematical Habits of Mind

As schools and teachers in the U.S. fine-tune their implementation of mathematics standards promoting college and career readiness, the number of support resources continues to expand. One resource focus experiencing significant growth involves sample items and tasks asserting alignment with the college and career ready mathematical content and practice standards. Such samples regularly identify both the content standards addressed and the mathematical habits of mind that students have the potential to engage in. Consistently absent are evaluation criteria articulating how engagement and demonstration of associated mathematical practices can be assessed, concurrent with content. The authors discuss the development of rubrics that attempt to faithfully assess the integration of mathematical content and practice standards and highlight the benefits to mathematics teachers, coaches, professional developers, and mathematics teacher educators of engaging in such reflective rubric-creating activities.
A new spin on flight control

![Graphic][1] Imagine designing a fly: you would need wings of course, three body segments, six legs, big red eyes and antennae. Unless you are already a fly enthusiast, you might not realize that you also need to include the halteres: small dumbbell-shaped appendages whose evolutionary
Experimental determination of the critical spin-glass correlation length in single-crystal CuMn

Using high resolution superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry we have made detailed measurements of the waiting time effect of the thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) decays on a single-crystal $\mathrm{Cu}\mathrm{Mn}(6%)$ spin-glass sample near ${T}_{g}$. We have systematically mapped the rapid decrease of the characteristic timescale ${\mathrm{tw}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, approaching ${T}_{g}$ from below, for waiting times ranging from 100 to 100 000 s. Using ${\mathrm{tw}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ to determine the length scale of the growth of correlations during the waiting time, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{TRM}}$ (observed in both numerical studies and experiment), we observe both growth of ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{TRM}}$ in the spin-glass phase and then a rapid reduction very close to ${T}_{g}$. We interpret this reduction in ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{TRM}}$, for all waiting times, as being governed by the critical correlation length scale ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{crit}}=a{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}}$.