cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics to Compare Geostrophic Velocities Measured by the Jason, TOPEX, and Poseidon Altimeters

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test is used to compare probability density functions (PDFs) of geostrophic velocities measured by the TOPEX, Poseidon, and Jason altimeters. Velocity PDFs are computed in 2.5° by 2.5° boxes for regions equatorward of 60° latitude. Although velocities measured by the TOPEX and Jason altimeters can differ, on the basis of the K-S test the velocities are statistically equivalent during the ∼200 day period when the satellites followed the same orbit. Full records from TOPEX, Poseidon, and Jason show less agreement, which can be attributed to temporal variability in ocean surface velocities and differing levels of measurement noise.
The Effect of Angled Osteochondral Grafting on Contact Pressure: A Biomechanical Study

BackgroundFlush osteochondral plugs can reduce contact pressure compared with an empty defect in the articular cartilage. However, incongruities such as graft angulation have an unknown effect.HypothesisIncongruity of the articular cartilage after osteochondral transplantation affects articular surface contact pressure.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsAn 80-N load was applied with a material testing system for 120 seconds to the femoral condyles of 50 fresh swine knees. Contact pressures were measured using Prescale super low film. Five conditions were tested: (1) intact articular surface; (2) surface with 4.5-mm-diameter circular defect; (3) defect grafted with a flush 4.5-mm-diameter plug from the contralateral condyle; (4) defect grafted with a 30 ° angled 4.5-mm-diameter plug, with lower edge flush (tip elevated with respect to the adjacent surface); and (5) defect grafted with a 30 ° plug, with tip flush to the adjacent surface (lower edge sunk). Angled grafts were obtained using a rota...
Advances in Pediatric Neurovirology

Viral infections of the pediatric central nervous system (CNS) encompass a broad spectrum of both perinatally and postnatally acquired diseases with potentially devastating effects on the developing brain. In children, viral infections have been associated with chronic encephalopathy, encephalitis, demyelinating disease, tumors, and epilepsy. Older diagnostic techniques of biopsy, viral culture, electron microscopy, gel-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral titer quantification are being replaced with more rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time and microarray-based PCR technologies. Advances in neuroimaging technologies have provided for earlier recognition of CNS injury without elucidation of specific viral etiology. Although the mainstay therapy of many pediatric neurovirologic diseases, aside from HIV, includes intravenous acyclovir, much work is being done to develop novel antiviral immunotherapies aimed at both treating and preventing pediatric CNS viral disease.
Childhood Cancer for the Primary Care Physician

Childhood cancer is rare among childhood diseases and requires a high index of suspicion by the primary care physician to entertain the possibility of cancer when managing common childhood diseases. This article presents an overview of common pediatric cancers, their presentations, and how the primary care physician can work up patients whom they suspect have a malignancy. The goal is to help primary care doctors in early recognition and appropriate referral of patients, in order for patients to receive required specialized care in a timely manner.
Dislocation Arrangements in Stress Gradients

The equilibrium positions of screw and edge dislocations moving in a stress gradients, after emission from source, are determined for groups of 10 to 50 dislocations for various stress gradients and distances between the source and the position where the critical resolved shear stress is located. Die Gleichgewichtslagen von Schrauben- und Stufenversetzungen, die nach Emission aus einer Quelle im Spannungsgradienten wandern, werden fur Gruppen von 10 bis 50 Versetzungen fur verschiedene Spannungsgradienten und Abstande zwischen der Quelle und der Position, wo die kritische Schubspannung erreicht ist, bestimmt.
Office Rent Determinants in the Chicago Area

This paper analyzes 1990 office asking rents in the Chicago metropolitan area. It carefully specifies a measure of the present value of a lease, taking account of important properties of rent offers. This present value is the dependent variable in the statistical analysis. The sample data analyzed pertain to 543 offices that contain about 80% of the office space in the metropolitan area. The present value of asking rents is related to many building characteristics and to each building's location. The analysis demonstrates that asking rents depend on about fifteen characteristics of the building and on a careful specification of its location.
Large-area NbN superconducting nanowire avalanche photon detectors with saturated detection efficiency

Superconducting circuits comprising SNSPDs placed in parallel—superconducting nanowire avalanche photodetectors, or SNAPs—have previously been demonstrated to improve the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by increasing the critical current. In this work, we employ a 2-SNAP superconducting circuit with narrow (40 nm) niobium nitride (NbN) nanowires to improve the system detection efficiency to near-IR photons while maintaining high SNR. Additionally, while previous 2-SNAP demonstrations have added external choke inductance to stabilize the avalanching photocurrent, we show that the external inductance can be entirely folded into the active area by cascading 2-SNAP devices in series to produce a greatly increased active area. We fabricated series-2-SNAP (s2-SNAP) circuits with a nanowire length of 20 μm with cascades of 2-SNAPs providing the choke inductance necessary for SNAP operation. We observed that (1) the detection efficiency saturated at high bias currents, and (2) the 40 nm 2-SNAP circuit critical current was approximately twice that for a 40 nm non-SNAP configuration.
Changes in the Healthy Beverage Index in Response to an Intervention Targeting a Reduction in Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption as Compared to an Intervention Targeting Improvements in Physical Activity: Results from the Talking Health Trial

The recently developed Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) was designed to evaluate overall beverage intake quality (including total fluid consumption and beverage calories), yet no known intervention studies have assessed longitudinal changes to the HBI. The objective of this investigation was to assess changes in HBI scores in response to a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) reduction trial as compared to a physical activity comparison group. Participants were enrolled into a six-month, community-based, controlled behavioral trial and randomized into either a SSB reduction group (SIPsmartER) or a physical activity group (MoveMore). Correlations and multilevel mixed-effects linear regression with intention-to-treat analyses are presented. Total HBI score significantly increased for SIPsmartER (n = 149) (mean increase = 7.5 points (5.4, 9.7), p ≤ 0.001) and MoveMore (n = 143) (mean increase = 3.4 points (1.6, 5.2), p ≤ 0.001) participants, with a significant between group effect (p ≤ 0.05), over the six-month intervention. Other significant changes in HBI components for SIPsmartER included increased SSB and total beverage calorie scores, and decreased low-fat milk and diet soda scores. Changes in total HBI scores were significantly correlated with changes in total Healthy Eating Index-2010 scores (r = 0.15, p ≤ 0.01). Our findings suggest that individual HBI component scores, beyond the SSB component, are influenced by intervention strategies that primarily focus on SSB reduction.
Influence of Perivascular Adipose Tissue on Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Responsiveness

Virtually every blood vessel in the body is surrounded to some degree by adipose tissue. A potential role for perivascular adipose tissue as a neurohumoral regulator of vascular responsiveness was studied. Thoracic aortae obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats were cut into rings for use in a standard in vitro smooth muscle bath set-up. The vessels were either cleaned of surrounding adipose tissue or left intact. Contractile responses to KCl and phenylephrine as well as relaxation responses to acetylcholine, isoproterenol and sodium nitroprusside were not different between cleaned and intact tissues. However, a significant decrease in the sensitivity to norepinephrine was observed in intact vessels. This altered response was corrected by prior treatment with desipramine plus deoxycorticosterone. Contractile responses of aortic ring preparations to tyramine and a potassium-free physiological solution were significantly greater in intact tissues. Electrical stimulation resulted in no response in cleaned tis...
Agaro-oligosaccharides: a new frontier in the fight against colon cancer?

the human gut represents one of the most diverse bacterial ecosystems. These bacteria live in a mutualistic state with the host; however, when this homeostatic balance is perturbed by an alteration in bacterial community composition and function (dysbiosis), it can lead to disruption of normal host
ABCs of Safety and Quality for the Pediatric Resident and Fellow

The role of resident and fellow trainees in patient-centered improvement processes is critical to a health care system's success. There is a growing impetus to incorporate patient safety and quality improvement into the educational framework of physicians in training. As part of the Next Accreditation System, practice-based learning and improvement and systems-based practice domains mandate that residents and fellows be assessed on their ability to enhance the quality of care and advocate for patient safety. Best practices for incorporating quality improvement and patient safety into the curriculum of residents and fellows remains an area of interest for educators.
Impact of Stirofos Oral Larvicide on the Seasonal Abundance of House Flies in Dairy Cow Manure in Central Arizona

An intensive study of fly populations in accumulated bovine manure was conducted from mid-Apr. through mid-Oct., 1975, on 2 dairy farms in the Mesa-Chandler area of south-central Arizona. Fly populations were sampled by water flotation of pupae from manure, emergence trapping of adults, and from resting adult counts. Musca domestica L. was the major noxious symbovine dipterous species. The effect of the feed additive insecticide, stirofos, on the fly populations was evaluated. Reduction of fly population ranged from 27–87%, depending upon the sampling method.
Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Recovered From a Large Urban Hospital Population: The Bellevue Experience From 1973 to 1984

A retrospective analysis of serotypes and groups of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered over a 12-year period (1973-1984) from pediatric and adult patients ( > 18 years old) at a large urban hospital is presented. The majority of the 3,302 pneumococcal isolates (2,807, or 85%) were from the respiratory tract, 68% were from adults, and 30% were from children. Of the respiratory isolates from adults, the most common serotypes and groups recovered were, in decreasing order: 3, 19, 9, 23, 4, and 6; and from children, the most common were: 19, 3, 6, 23, 15, and 18. The remaining 15% (495) of the isolates were from patients with either meningitis and/or bacteremia, with 433 (87%) from adults and 62 (13%) from children. From these body sites, the most common types and groups were 4, 3, 8, 14, 9, and 19 from adults and 14, 6, 18, 19, 23, and 4 from children. Approximately 89% of these types and groups are represented in the 23-valent vaccine. Although other investigators have reported corresponding arrays of isolates represented in the vaccine, the contrasts in serotypes underscore regional differences which may be germane to future vaccine formulations.
On the Importance of High Frequency Gravity Waves for Ice Nucleation in the Tropical Tropopause Layer

Recent investigations of the influence of atmospheric waves on ice nucleation in cirrus have identified a number of key processes and sensitivities: (1) ice concentrations produced by homogeneous freezing are strongly dependent on cooling rates, with gravity waves dominating upper tropospheric cooling rates; (2) rapid cooling driven by high-frequency waves are likely responsible for the rare occurrences of very high ice concentrations in cirrus; (3) sedimentation and entrainment tend to decrease ice concentrations as cirrus age; and (4) in some situations, changes in temperature tendency driven by high-frequency waves can quench ice nucleation events and limit ice concentrations. Here we use parcel-model simulations of ice nucleation driven by long-duration, constant-pressure balloon temperature time series, along with an extensive dataset of cold cirrus microphysical properties from the recent ATTREX high-altitude aircraft campaign, to statistically examine the importance of high-frequency waves as well as the consistency between our theoretical understanding of ice nucleation and observed ice concentrations. The parcel-model simulations indicate common occurrence of peak ice concentrations exceeding several hundred per liter. Sedimentation and entrainment would reduce ice concentrations as clouds age, but 1-D simulations using a wave parameterization (which underestimates rapid cooling events) still produce ice concentrations higher than indicated by observations. We find that quenching of nucleation events by high-frequency waves occurs infrequently and does not prevent occurrences of large ice concentrations in parcel simulations of homogeneous freezing. In fact, the high-frequency variability in the balloon temperature data is entirely responsible for production of these high ice concentrations in the simulations.
Investigation on the rodent infestation and the SARS-Cov gene analysis in rats around the living environment of the first case with SARS in 2004

To investigate rodent infestation and the SARS-Cov gene analysis around the living environment of the first case with SARS in 2004 in order to explore the possibility of rodents as the vector or origin of SARS, the rat infestation had been investigated by visual observation of rat signs and by rat trap approach, and the specific SARS-Cov gene was detected by means of nested RT-PCR in lung tissues and the anus swabs of rats in Lijiang Garden where the first case of SARS was found . The amplified products of PCR were analyzed by sequencing and DNASTAR software. It was found that there was serious rat infestation around the living environment of the first patient, in which the rat signs were found in 13 rooms out of 50 rooms in or around the target building, a percentage of the positive rat signs approaching up to 26%. Sixty-two rat signs were found in the length of accumulative 2000 m in the environment around the target building. Totally,15 rodents and 24 Suncus murinus were caught in 190 rat traps placed in Lijiang Garden, and 39 lung tissues and 39 anus swab samples were subjected to molecular analysis by nested RT-PCR approach. Altogether, 3/6 positive lung tissue samples and 1/6 positive anus swab samples of Rattus rattus were found in this kind of approaches. The homologies of the gene nucleotide sequences between the amplified gene products and the target remnants of SARS-Cov were 95% to 96%. It is concluded that both the serious rat infestation in the living environment of the first case of SARS in 2004 and the SARS-Cov genes exist in the rodents caught in these environments.
Individualized Homeopathy: A Consideration of Its Relationship to Psychotherapy

Abstract Objectives: The benefit and potential mechanisms of action of homeopathy have long been debated. Almost entirely neglected has been the study of individualized homeopathy (IH) as a form of psychotherapy, which incorporates factors that are common to most therapies while using processes that are specific to IH. Methods: Recent research into the therapeutic components of IH is reviewed; similarities and differences between IH and other forms of psychotherapy are also described. Results: IH includes elements found in humanistic therapy and narrative medicine and additionally incorporates idiographic material in treatment selection. It is structured in a manner that takes maximum advantage of the components of the placebo effect, which could further expand its effectiveness beyond those conditions thought usually amenable to psychotherapy. Conclusions: It is possible that IH entails specific psychotherapeutic processes in addition to possible therapeutic action of the homeopathic remedy, but the rela...
Using narratives to convey knowledge in decision making support systems

Information systems, and specifically decision making support systems, present information to users in a variety of modes--raw data, tables, graphs, and others. Rarely, if ever, does an information system present information to users in a narrative or story-based format. The last three decades have seen a variety of research articles that have presented an argument, an example, or a reference to what can be termed narrative-based information systems (NBIS). This chapter traces this history as they contribute to the development of NBIS. This chapter traces this history as they contribute to the development of NBIS. Previous work has come from multiple disciplines and multiple streams within Information Systems. To date, there has been very little work done in this area, and it is hypothesized that the reason is in part due to the multi-disciplinary approach and the lack of a unified effort. In order to further the efforts of this area of research, a conceptual model of the history is developed. The paper concludes with areas for future research.
Yield Strength Testing in Human Cadaver Nasal Septal Cartilage and L-Strut Constructs

ImportanceTo our knowledge, yield strength testing in human nasal septal cartilage has not been reported to date. An understanding of the basic mechanics of the nasal septum may help surgeons decid...
ANGELMAN SYNDROME: IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND OTHER MOVEMENT SETTINGS

The primary purpose of this review of the literature is to improve the support given to those with Angelman syndrome in physical education and other movement settings. The additional purpose is to call attention to a rare neurodevelopment disorder that people are often unfamiliar with, by introducing you to some children with Angelman syndrome, explaining the genetic mechanisms in layman terms, and addressing concerns when learners with complex disabilities are included in physical education and other movement settings.
Has the Time For Vancomycin Powder Arrived?: Commentary on an article by Adam I. Edelstein, MD, et al.: "Intra-Articular Vancomycin Powder Eliminates Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus in a Rat Model of a Contaminated Intra-Articular Implant".

The role of intra-articular vancomycin powder to prevent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is unclear. Although vigorous studies have shown a correlation between the use of intrawound vancomycin powder and a decreased rate of surgical site infection1-3, such studies were performed only in spine or trauma settings. Unfortunately, prospective randomized studies require a tremendous effort both financially and in terms of time …
Consequences of Transfusing Blood Components in Patients With Trauma: A Conceptual Model

Transfusion of blood components is often required in resuscitation of patients with major trauma. Packed red blood cells and platelets break down and undergo chemical changes during storage (known as the storage lesion) that lead to an inflammatory response once the blood components are transfused to patients. Although some evidence supports a detrimental association between transfusion and a patient's outcome, the mechanisms connecting transfusion of stored components to outcomes remain unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide critical care nurses with a conceptual model to facilitate understanding of the relationship between the storage lesion and patients' outcomes after trauma; outcomes related to trauma, hemorrhage, and blood component transfusion are grouped according to those occurring in the short-term (≤30 days) and the long-term (>30 days). Complete understanding of these clinical implications is critical for practitioners in evaluating and treating patients given transfusions after traumatic injury.
Acute Kidney Injury after First Stage Joint Revision for Infection: Risk Factors and the Impact of Antibiotic Dosing

Abstract Background Scarce literature exists regarding risk factors associated with post-operative acute kidney injury (AKI) after first stage revision procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for AKI and the efficacy of intra-articular antibiotics in infection eradication. Methods We retrospectively identified 247 patients who underwent a two-stage revision procedure for the treatment of hip or knee periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).We applied previously published diagnostic criteria for AKI to determine its incidence and risk factors for its development. Results A 26% incidence of AKI was found following first stage joint revision for infection. Higher BMI (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.13, p=0.02), lower baseline hemoglobin (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.96, p=0.03) and existence of a comorbid condition (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.26-5.64, p=0.01) were significant risk factors for AKI. Neither a higher dose of vancomycin (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88-1.11, p=0.83) nor tobramycin (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.77-1.04, p=0.15) used in the cement spacer increased the risk of AKI. Each unit increase in vancomycin dose in the cement spacer decreased the odds of failing to clear the infection at 1 and 2 years by a factor of 0.82 (95% CI 0.70-0.95; p=0.01). Conclusions AKI after first stage revision procedures for PJI occurs more commonly than previously reported. Patients with identified risk factors should be managed carefully with attention paid to hemoglobin levels, to avoid AKI after this procedure. Further research is needed to determine the optimal local antibiotic type and dosing to maximize infection clearance and minimize potential side effects.
Variation in Emergency Department vs Internal Medicine Excess Charges in the United States

Importance Uninsured and insured but out-of-network emergency department (ED) patients are often billed hospital chargemaster prices, which exceed amounts typically paid by insurers. Objective To examine the variation in excess charges for services provided by emergency medicine and internal medicine physicians. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective analysis was conducted of professional fee payment claims made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services for all services provided to Medicare Part B fee-for-service beneficiaries in calendar year 2013. Data analysis was conducted from January 1 to July 31, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Markup ratios for ED and internal medicine professional services, defined as the charges submitted by the hospital divided by the Medicare allowable amount. Results Our analysis included 12 337 emergency medicine physicians from 2707 hospitals and 57 607 internal medicine physicians from 3669 hospitals in all 50 states. Services provided by emergency medicine physicians had an overall markup ratio of 4.4 (340% excess charges), which was greater than the markup ratio of 2.1 (110% excess charges) for all services performed by internal medicine physicians. Markup ratios for all ED services ranged by hospital from 1.0 to 12.6 (median, 4.2; interquartile range [IQR], 3.3-5.8); markup ratios for all internal medicine services ranged by hospital from 1.0 to 14.1 (median, 2.0; IQR, 1.7-2.5). The median markup ratio by hospital for ED evaluation and management procedure codes varied between 4.0 and 5.0. Among the most common ED services, laceration repair had the highest median markup ratio (7.0); emergency medicine physician review of a head computed tomographic scan had the greatest interhospital variation (range, 1.6-27.7). Across hospitals, markups in the ED were often substantially higher than those in the internal medicine department for the same services. Higher ED markup ratios were associated with hospital for-profit ownership (median, 5.7; IQR, 4.0-7.1), a greater percentage of uninsured patients seen (median, 5.0; IQR, 3.5-6.7 for ≥20% uninsured), and location (median, 5.3; IQR, 3.8-6.8 for the southeastern United States). Conclusions and Relevance Across hospitals, there is wide variation in excess charges on ED services, which are often priced higher than internal medicine services. Our results inform policy efforts to protect uninsured and out-of-network patients from highly variable pricing.
Light and temperature control the seasonal distribution of thaumarchaeota in the South Atlantic bight.

Mid-summer peaks in the abundance of Thaumarchaeota and nitrite concentration observed on the Georgia, USA, coast could result from in situ activity or advection of populations from another source. We collected data on the distribution of Thaumarchaeota, ammonia-oxidizing betaproteobacteria (AOB), Nitrospina, environmental variables and rates of ammonia oxidation during six cruises in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) from April to November 2014. These data were used to examine seasonality of nitrification in offshore waters and to test the hypothesis that the bloom was localized to inshore waters. The abundance of Thaumarchaeota marker genes (16S rRNA and amoA) increased at inshore and nearshore stations starting in July and peaked in August at >107 copies L-1. The bloom did not extend onto the mid-shelf, where Thaumarchaeota genes ranged from 103 to 105 copies L-1. Ammonia oxidation rates (AO) were highest at inshore stations during summer (to 840 nmol L-1 d-1) and were always at the limit of detection at mid-shelf stations. Nitrite concentrations were correlated with AO (R = 0.94) and were never elevated at mid-shelf stations. Gene sequences from samples collected at mid-shelf stations generated using Archaea 16S rRNA primers were dominated by Euryarchaeota; sequences from inshore and nearshore stations were dominated by Thaumarchaeota. Thaumarchaeota were also abundant at depth at the shelf-break; however, this population was phylogenetically distinct from the inshore/nearshore population. Our analysis shows that the bloom is confined to inshore waters during summer and suggests that Thaumarchaeota distributions in the SAB are controlled primarily by photoinhibition and secondarily by water temperature.
Negotiating Martinican identity amid French universalism

In attempts to conceptualize identity formation in the French Caribbean, authors and literary scholars have championed different movements such as Negritude, Creoleness, and Creolization. However, ...
A Model for the Assessment of Human Recombinant Interleukin 2 (RIL2) Coated Erythrocytes as a Delivery System for Immunotherapy

A carrier system for IL2 is needed in order to circumvent the toxicity associated with high dose interleukin 2 (IL2) administration and its rapid clearance from circulation. Erythrocytes (RBC) coated with recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL2) provide a means of delivering IL2 into the system in a continuous, low dose manner which in turn maintains a low, potentially non-toxic, IL2 concentration. Murine RBC coated with rIL2 (RBC-rIL2) induce cytotoxicity (21–31%) upon cytotoxic testing of spleens cells stimulated in vivo. Using the murine Meth A sarcoma model, the effectiveness of this RBC-rIL2 vehicle is demonstrated in vivo by a 84% reduction in tumor size as compared to the soluble rIL2 treated mice. Moreover, the RBC-rIL2 vehicle is able to induce tumoricidal cytotoxicity with very low rIL2 concentrations (about 10,000 I.U. of rIL2 per mouse). These results indicate that rIL2 retains its biological activity when bound to the RBC and therefore could prove useful as a therapeutic delivery system for cancer treatment.
Exploration of Diverse Reactive Diad Geometries for Bifunctional Catalysis via Foldamer Backbone Variation

What is the best spatial arrangement of a pair of reactive groups for bifunctional catalysis of a chemical transformation? The conformational versatility of proteins allows reactive group geometry to be explored and optimized via evolutionary selection, but it has been difficult for chemists to identify synthetic scaffolds that allow broad comparative evaluation among alternative reactive group geometries. Here we show that a family of helices, adopted predictably by oligomers composed partially or exclusively of β-amino acid residues, enables us to explore a range of orientations for a pair of pyrrolidine units that must work in tandem to catalyze a crossed aldol reaction. Thus, the crossed aldol reaction serves as an assay of reactive diad efficacy. We have chosen a test reaction free of stereochemical complexity in order to streamline our study of reactivity. The best geometry enhances the initial rate of product formation by two orders of magnitude. Our findings raise the possibility that rudimentary ...
An Episode in the History of PreCrime

This article traces the rise of “predictive” attitudes to crime prevention. After a brief summary of the current spread of predictive policing based on person-centered and place-centered mathematical models, an episode in the scientific study of future crime is examined. At UCLA between 1969 and 1973, a well-funded “violence center” occasioned great hopes that the quotient of human “dangerousness”—potential violence against other humans—could be quantified and thereby controlled. At the core of the center, under the direction of interrogation expert and psychiatrist Louis Jolyon West, was a project to gather unprecedented amounts of behavioral data and centrally store it to identify emergent crime. Protesters correctly seized on the violence center as a potential site of racially targeted experimentation in psychosurgery and an example of iatrogenic science. Yet the eventual spectacular failure of the center belies an ultimate success: its data-driven vision itself predicted the Philip K. Dick–style PreCrime policing now emerging. The UCLA violence center thus offers an alternative genealogy to predictive policing. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Histories of Data and the Database edited by Soraya de Chadarevian and Theodore M. Porter.
The Impact of the Ad Hoc Tribunals on the International Criminal Court

The ad hoc tribunals (the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) played an important role in catalyzing the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC). First, they demonstrated that international criminal justice was possible, even if it would not be easy. Second, they demonstrated that creating ad hoc tribunals in response to atrocities was not a sustainable solution. The ad hoc tribunals also influenced the shape of the Rome Statute and the drafters of the Rome Statute incorporated many of the features of the ad hocs into it. At the same time, however, the ICC was also a reaction to the ad hoc tribunals and the drafters of the Rome Statute sought to remedy what they perceived as the ad hocs’ flaws. This essay explores these two ideas in more detail: 1) how is the ICC indebted to the ad hocs?; and 2) how is the ICC is a reaction to them?
4 Dimensional waypoint generation for conflict-free trajectory based operation

Abstract This paper systematically investigates the safety implications of a new 4-dimensional air traffic management paradigm by quantitatively identifying conditions where conflict-free trajectories can be guaranteed by only using 4-dimensional waypoints. Towards this end, a concept called Trajectory Inclusion is first introduced based on geometry and physics-driven proofs and analysis. Strategies to achieve conflict-free trajectories are then developed and further explained with a leader–follower example. It is found out that the time-based waypoints alone can guarantee conflict-free trajectories if certain initial conditions are satisfied. In general, the results of this paper enhance the understanding of time-based management capabilities, and help formulate better time-based instructions to reduce unnecessary tactical maneuvers and improve the overall performance of the airspace, one of the main promises Trajectory Based Operations (TBO). Specifically, the algorithmic scheme created for the leader–follower example can be applied directly to Flight-deck Interval Management, a future concept of TBO.
Multi-Modal Object Tracking and Image Fusion With Unsupervised Deep Learning

The number of different modalities for remote sensors continues to grow, bringing with it an increase in the volume and complexity of the data being collected. Although these datasets individually provide valuable information, in aggregate they provide additional opportunities to discover meaningful patterns on a large scale. However, the ability to combine and analyze disparate datasets is challenged by the potentially vast parameter space that results from aggregation. Each dataset in itself requires instrument-specific and dataset-specific knowledge. If the intention is to use multiple, diverse datasets, one needs an understanding of how to translate and combine these parameters in an efficient and effective manner. While there are established techniques for combining datasets from specific domains or platforms, there is no generic, automated method that can address the problem in general. Here, we discuss the application of deep learning to track objects across different image-like data-modalities, given data in a similar spatio-temporal range, and automatically co-register these images. Using deep belief networks combined with unsupervised learning methods, we are able to recognize and separate different objects within image-like data in a structured manner, thus making progress toward the ultimate goal of a generic tracking and fusion pipeline requiring minimal human intervention.
Correlating Anticancer Drug Delivery Efficiency with Vascular Permeability of Renal Clearable Versus Non-renal Clearable Nanocarriers.

Enhancing tumor targeting of nanocarriers has been a major strategy for advancing clinical translation of cancer nanomedicines. Herein, we report a head-to-head comparison between 5 nm renal clearable and 30 nm non-renal clearable gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) in the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). While the two DDSs themselves had comparable tumor targeting, we found their different vascular permeability played an even more important role than blood retention in the delivery and intratumoral transport of DOX, of which tumor accumulation, efficacy, and therapeutic index were enhanced 2, 7, and 10-fold, respectively, for the 5 nm DDS over 30 nm one. These findings indicate that ultrahigh vascular permeability of renal clearable nanocarriers can be utilized to further improve anticancer drug delivery without the need for prolonged blood retention.
Divisive Normalization by Valence and Motivational Intensity in the Primary Sensorimotor Cortices (PMd, M1 and S1)

Abstract Our brain’s ability to represent vast amounts of information, including continuous ranges of reward values spanning orders of magnitude, with neurons with limited dynamic range, may be possible through divisive normalization. Recently, our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. In order to determine if divisive normalization plays a role in the sensorimotor cortices when considering non-sensorimotor variables, such as valence and motivational intensity, we had two non-human primate subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96-channel electrode arrays in the somatosensory, motor and premotor cortices (S1, M1, and PMd, respectively). Utilizing divisive normalization models, we show that there are non-linear relationships between neural firing rates, valence, and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of relationships between neural activity and the representation of reward and punishment: linear, sigmoidal and hyperbolic. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations, which if not utilizing divisive normalization models appear skewed toward motivation. We found that one NHP subject showed a stronger representation of these variables post-cue while the other was more sensitive to the postresult period, with these subject-specific differences consistent between the three brain regions and both the post-cue and post-feedback periods within subject, despite the between subject differences. Significance Statement Brain computer interfaces (BCI) translate user’s movement intentions from neural activity in sensorimotor cortices into cursor, or robotic motion. Reinforcers, such as reward and punishment, induces changes in our emotional/affective state, and how this influences the sensorimotor cortices has clinical meaning towards the development of stable (BCIs), as a trials reward value changes the directional tuning function of sensorimotor cortical neurons (Zhoa et al. 2018, Ramakrishnan et al. 2017). It has been shown that trial values can lead to divisive normalization within brain regions involved in decision making. Here we show divisive normalization to both valence and motivational intensity is prevalent in the sensorimotor cortex of non-human primates (PMd, M1 and S1), and should be considered towards affect agnostic BCIs.
The Social Life of Legionellae

Legionellae were initially characterized by criteria typically used to describe an autonomous unicellular organism. Bacteria of the genus Legionella were described as gram-negative, aerobic, and rod shaped with one or more polar or lateral flagella. A more complete ecological profile of legionellae will provide the scientific basis for selecting the most appropriate host for pathogenesis studies as well as studies to identify procedures to control amplification of the bacteria in certain environments. Analysis of bacterial group behavior represents the most recent facet in the study of the ecology of legionellae. In building water systems, legionellae are most frequently detected in biofilms of plumbing fixtures and heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment. The complex nutrients available with biofilms have led some researchers to propose that the biofilm might allow the survival and multiplication of legionellae outside a host cell. If legionellae can multiply extracellularly within biofilms, the study and characterization of this phenomenon could have tremendous impact on control strategies for the prevention of legionellosis. Researchers have only begun to characterize the interaction of legionellae with the microbial community. Controlling legionellae within biofilms may lead to the most effective control measures to prevent legionellosis.
Traversing and sculpting scape through pattern development: Blending the natural and the built to promote ambiance in early architectural education

In the formative years of their education, beginning design students are often equipped with several predetermined biases and stereotypical notions about architecture, with specific design intentions centered around how architecture should look, rather than how it should perform. The intent of this paper is to dispel these preconceptions by addressing the iterative design process through conceptual parameters of pattern and module creation, population, and manipulation in an effort to provide students with an alternative perspective for how architecture can create a dialogue with its environment and facilitate the transition from “thing seeing” to “pattern seeing.” In two projects examined in this paper, students were asked to initiate the design process by exploring and testing the inherent strengths and constraints of pattern formations through the lens of a scape and constructed assembly, each of which would focus on principles of ambiance and spatial qualities, rather than relying on traditional architectural typologies. By developing these conceptual projects, students were able to break away from their preconceptions of what architecture is, and instead focus on what architecture could be with a reinvention of the design process.
The pharmakon of 'If': working with Steven Shapin's A Social History of Truth.

Whilst the ‘local culture’ of experimental natural philosophy in seventeenth-century England drew on ‘resources’ supplied by the gentlemanly identity of men like Robert Boyle, this culture found much of its distinctiveness in a series of exclusions having to do with faith, gender and class. My concern in this essay is less with these exclusions, and the distinctions they enabled, than with their surreptitious returns. Following from this, as a heuristic strategy, I will try to understand how Boyle and Co. used and reacted to, repressed and cathected, that which they sought to exclude. By charting the movements of exile and return across the contested frontiers of class, gender and faith, truth and lies, authenticity and performance, we can, I believe, fruitfully complicate our understandings of both the social history of truth, and the social history of our ‘post-truth’ predicament.
Supporting the Covenant: Family and Community Table of Contents and Introduction

This book will discuss the interplay of norms and families from a number of perspectives. It will tie theoretical and empirical observations to subjects of current law reform as varied as cohabitation, custody, grandparent visitation, payment for household work and domestic violence. Relevant norms and what is called social capital affect family members’ relationships with each other, that is, within the family community. They also govern the way outside communities interact with families, and social capital built within the family influences commercial and public relationships that do not directly involve families at all. Law reform, even from the best of intentions, often misfires because norms and the impact of social capital are not considered.
O8B.1 Risk of heat related illness in latino agricultural workers: environmental temperature and activity levels

Introduction Farmworkers are at risk of heat related illness (HRI). The main contributors are thought to be environmental temperatures and activity levels, but the association has not been objectively assessed. Methods California farmworkers were monitored for one work-shift each in the summers of 2014 and 2015. Interviewers recorded personal and demographic information. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was collected in minute intervals over the shift as were accelerometer activity data from each participant. This data was grouped into physiologically meaningful 15 min increments, with the average used for analysis. Data from the previous 15 min were used to predict current activity. Generalized Additive Modeling was used to determine the form of the association between WBGT and activity level. This information was used to build an appropriate repeated measures model including demographics and work-related attributes. Results Final analyses included 318 Latina/o farmworkers. Only 70 subjects (22%) were a healthy BMI, and 115 subjects (36%) were considered obese (BMI ≥30). None were underweight. The majority of participants were paid hourly (n=233, 73%) as opposed to piece-rate (n=85, 27%). Activity counts averaged 452, or a low intensity activity level. In the final repeat measures model, work activity was inversely associated with WBGT, for every oC increase in WBGT activity decreased by 4.5 counts (95% CI 1.2–7.6) P 0.01. Other independent negative associations with activity were found with age and male gender. An interaction was found between piece-rate workers and gender. Male piece rate workers did not decrease activity levels with WBGT, but females and hourly paid workers did. Conclusion In general, farmworkers decrease their work activity with increasing environmental heat. Men, especially piece-rate workers are less likely to decrease their activity levels putting them at increased risk of HRI.
The Effects of Election Day Festivals and Early Voting Center Festivals on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment Conducted During the 2018 Midterm Election

During the final weeks of the 2018 general election, #VoteTogether coordinated a series of non-partisan election festivals designed to encourage voter turnout in targeted precincts across the country. Building on prior experiments that assessed the effects of Election Day festivals on voter turnout in municipal, state, and presidential elections, the current study evaluates this get-out-the-vote tactic in the context of federal midterm elections. A total of 57 pairs of precincts were randomly assigned to treatment or control; in treatment locations, local groups received small grants to coordinate pre-event publicity and hold outdoor festivals near polling locations on Election Day. A separate experiment evaluated the effectiveness of festivals held at early voting centers; here, random assignment determined which of seven pairs of locations received a festival. Festivals held on Election Day appear to have had no positive effect on turnout in 2018. Insufficient pre-event publicity may have undercut the effectiveness of this tactic. On the other hand, festivals held in early voting centers were highly effective, raising turnout by 3.5 percentage points.
Critical assessment of the FeC and CO bond strength in carboxymyoglobin: a QM/MM local vibrational mode study

The interplay between FeC and CO bonding in carboxymyoglobin (MbCO) and the role of potential hydrogen bonding between the CO moiety and the side chains of the surrounding protein amino acids have been the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies. In this work, we present a quantitative measure for the intrinsic FeC and CO bond strength in MbCO, as well as for CO⋯H bonding, based on the local vibrational mode analysis, originally developed by Konkoli and Cremer. We investigated a gas phase model, two models of the wild-type protein, and 17 protein mutations that change the distal polarity of the heme pocket, as well as two protein mutations of the heme porphyrin ring. Based on local mode force constants, we could quantify for the first time the suggested inverse relationship between the CO and FeC bond strength, the strength of CO⋯H bonding, and how it weakens the CO bond. Combined with the natural orbital analysis, we could also confirm the key role of π back donation between Fe and the CO moiety in determining the FeC bond strength. We further clarified that CO and FeC normal modes couple with other protein motions in the protein environment. Therefore, normal mode frequencies/force constants are not suited as bond strength descriptors and instead their local mode counterparts should be used. Our comprehensive results provide new guidelines for the fine-tuning of existing and the design of MbCO models with specific FeC, CO, and CO⋯H bond strengths. Graphical abstract