cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow-Growing and Extended-Duration Seismicity Swarms: Reactivating Joints or Foliations in the Cahuilla Valley Pluton, Central Peninsular Ranges, Southern California

Three prolific earthquake swarms and numerous smaller ones have occurred since 1980 in the Mesozoic igneous plutonic rocks of the Perris block of the Peninsular Ranges, Southern California. The major swarms occurred in 1980–1981, 1983–1984, and 2016–2018, with the latest swarm still ongoing. These swarms have no clear mainshock, with the largest events of M_L 3.6, M_L 3.7, and M_w 4.4. Each successive swarm had larger cumulative seismic moment release with about 314 and 411 events of M ≥ 1.5, while the third swarm has produced about 451 events of M ≥ 1.5 (as of September 2018). The concurrent strike‐slip faulting occurred on north to northwest striking planes but with no orthogonal northeast trending seismicity alignments. These shallow swarms are probably driven by intrablock Pacific‐North America plate boundary stress loading of the two bounding major late Quaternary strike‐slip faults, the Elsinore and San Jacinto faults. The state of stress within the Cahuilla Valley pluton has a ~40° angle between the maximum principal stress and the average trend of the swarms, suggesting that migrating pore fluid pressures aid in the formation and growth of zones of weakness. These swarms, which last more than 600 days each, exhibit clear bilateral spatial migration for distances of up to ~7–8 km and reach their full length in about 20 months. The slow spatial‐temporal development of the swarms corresponds to a fluid diffusivity of 0.006 to 0.01 m2/s, consistent with very low permeability rocks as expected for this block. There is no geodetic or other evidence for a slow slip event driving the swarms.
New Directions in Critical Race Theory and Sociology: Racism, White Supremacy, and Resistance:

Critical Race Theory (CRT) provides a highly generative perspective for studying racial phenomena in social, legal, and political life, but its integration with sociological theories of race has no...
Pharmacologic Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Several pharmacologic therapies are available to treat exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This systematic review of 68 trials examines the comparative effectiveness and harms o...
The Utility of Choice-Enhancing Language in Emergency Preparedness Messages: An Application of Psychological Reactance Theory.

Objective: This study uses psychological reactance theory as a framework for designing effective emergency preparedness messages. Psychological reactance is the motivational state that occurs when individuals perceive their freedom to be threatened. From the standpoint of persuasive message design, reactance is an undesirable outcome that should be avoided whenever possible. Methods: Participants (N = 174) were randomly assigned to view 1 of 2 emergency preparedness messages (choice-enhancing language [“the choice is yours”] vs choice-restricting language [“you must”]) in a between-subjects-posttest-only online survey experiment. Results: Structural equation modeling revealed that choice-restricting language resulted in greater freedom threat and subsequent reactance. Reactance resulted in a diminished attitude and subsequent intention to prepare an emergency kit. Conclusion: Public health practitioners would benefit from the inclusion of choice-enhancing language in their public communications, alongside the exclusion of choice-restricting language. Pretesting of messages is recommended to avoid eliciting reactance and subsequent boomerang effects.
Childhood disadvantage, neurocognitive development and neuropsychiatric disorders: Evidence of mechanisms

Purpose of review Children living in socioeconomically disadvantaged households have excess risks of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems. The purpose of this review is to synthesize evidence for mechanisms that may contribute to these excess risks. Recent findings The majority of the 60 studies included in our review focused on children's neurocognitive development and behavioural problems. About half conducted mediation analyses of factors in the family and neighbourhood environments, including access to resources (e.g. cognitive inputs within the home environment) and exposure to stressors (e.g. negative parenting practices), as well as neurobiological embedding of childhood disadvantage. In addition, many studies conducted moderation analyses of factors that were hypothesized to interact with (i.e. exacerbate or mitigate) the harmful effects of childhood disadvantage. Summary Many of the factors that contribute to the excess risk of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric problems among children in disadvantaged households are potentially modifiable (e.g. cognitively stimulating materials, parental language input, cultural resources, parental stress and psychopathology, negative parenting, neighbourhood violence). If their causality is ultimately established, they could be targets for the prevention and reduction of disparities. The continued search for mechanisms should not detract from work to reduce and hopefully eliminate children's exposure to disadvantage.
Development of a physical mobility prediction model to guide prosthetic rehabilitation

Background Prosthetic rehabilitation decisions depend on estimating a patient's mobility potential. However, no validated prediction models of mobility outcomes exist for people with lower-limb amputation (LLA). Objectives To develop and test predictions for self-reported mobility after LLA, using the Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility (PLUS-M). Study design This is a retrospective cohort analysis. Methods Eight hundred thirty-one patient records (1,860 PLUS-M observations) were used to develop and test a neighbors-based prediction model, using previous patient data to predict the 6-month PLUS-M T-score trajectory for a new patient (based on matching characteristics). The prediction model was developed in a training data set (n = 552 patients) and tested in an out-of-sample data set of 279 patients with later visit dates. Prediction performance was assessed using bias, coverage, and precision. Prediction calibration was also assessed. Results The average prediction bias for the model was 0.01 SDs, average coverage was 0.498 (ideal proportion within the 50% prediction interval = 0.5), and prediction interval was 8.4 PLUS-M T-score points (40% improvement over population-level estimates). Predictions were well calibrated, with the median predicted scores falling within the standard error of the median of observed scores, across all deciles of the data. Conclusions This neighbors-based prediction approach allows for accurate estimates of PLUS-M T-score trajectories for people with LLA.
A Review and Conceptual Analysis of Cancer Pain Self-Management.

Abstract Objectives In this concept analysis article, we will clarify the concept “self-management of cancer pain” by identifying related antecedents, attributes, and consequences to further refine the conceptual and operational definitions of the concept. Design A review was conducted. Review/Analysis Methods The Walker and Avant method was used for this concept analysis. Data sources CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycInfo were searched systemically.A total of eight studies on “self-management of cancer pain or self-care of cancer pain” published between 2004 and 2019 were identified. Results Attributes for self-management of cancer pain include self-efficacy, integration of methods for pain relief into daily life, decision-making related to pain management, process for solving pain-related issues, and initiation of interactions with healthcare professionals. Antecedents include knowledge regarding pain assessment and management, cognitive abilities, motivation, undergoing pain treatment, patient education and counseling, social support, and accountability from all parties involved. Consequences include pain control, improved quality of life, and increased opioid intake. Conclusions Self-management of cancer pain was reported to be a self-regulation process with the aim to encourage patients to use skills attained through development of self-efficacy, so they can actively participate in their pain management. This outcome may enhance their quality of life by decreasing their pain, depression, and anxiety and increasing the availability of social support.
Increased Regional Pannexin1 (Px1) Channel Expression linked to Focal Ischemia is Pro-Arrhythmic During Stress

Mice with the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-linked TnT-I79N mutation develop arrhythmias during physiological stress. In isolated hearts these arrhythmias are linked to regional ischemia (no decrease in global coronary flow) which causes regional hypoxia and cellular energy deprivation and results in regional conduction velocity slowing and increased arrhythmia susceptibility (84.7% vs 14.3% in control). To test if regional hypoxia/ischemia also occurred spontaneously in vivo in TnT-I79N mice, we measured mRNA expression of genes up-regulated by hypoxia (GLUT1, TUBB3, Px1) and found increased expression (0.3fold, 3fold, 10fold respectively). To determine the spatial distribution of Px1-hypoxia marker we first subjected Px1 -βGal reporter mice to coronary ligation and demonstrate that Xgal staining is limited to the perfusion bed of the ligated artery. Then we crossed the TnT-I79N with the Px1 reporter mice and found that Xgal staining increased in a spatially non-uniform “patchy” distribution, consistent wi...
Optimal H ∞ norm computation for MIMO systems with multiple RHP zeros

This paper generalizes Chang and Pearson's computation of optimal H∞ norm to the case with multiple right-half-plane zeros. Sarason's interpolation theory is used to reduced the problem to a simple eigenvalue or singular value computation.
Cell renewal in the human cervix uteri

Abstract DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis is examined in biopsies of the normal ecto- and endocervix in groups of normal, sequentially cycled, and pregnant women. Basal cells and parabasal cells are found to represent two different proliferative subpopulations. The cells of the lower parabasal cell layers are the main source for cell renewal. The basal cells are believed to serve as reserve cells. No significant difference is found between the H 3 indices in the sequentially cycled group. Attention is given to an irregular pattern of DNA synthesis in the transitional zone. In pregnancy this pattern resembles that found in mild dysplasia. H 3 -leucine incorporation is confined to basal and parabasal cell layers. RNA synthesis includes in addition the intermediate cell layers. The pattern of normal DNA synthesis is compared with that of dysplastic lesions and carcinoma in situ. Consideration is given to the possible role of replicating cells in cancerogenesis of the cervix uteri.
INHIBITION OF ALGAE BY NYSTATIN

Lampen, J. O. (Rutgers, the State University, New Brunswick, N. J.), and Peter Arnow. Inhibition of algae by nystatin. J. Bacteriol. 82:247–251. 1961.—The polyenic antibiotic nystatin inhibited the growth of a broad range of algae at concentrations of 1 to 30 μg per ml. Organisms included in the Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, and Cyanophyta were inhibited, but a Bacillariophyceae was insensitive. Nystatin was lethal at concentrations which completely prevented growth. The polyene was absorbed by sensitive algae from aqueous medium. Nystatin produced K+ leakage, but did not inhibit dark respiration or photosynthetic oxygen production. The effects of the antibiotic on algae appear to be similar in many ways to those on yeast.
Studies on Variation in Virulence of Poliomyelitis Virus. I. The Loss and Gain of Virulence of the Mouse-Adapted Type III Virus.

Abstract An observation of sudden loss or gain of mouse virulence of the mouse-adapted type III poliomyelitis virus, Leon strain (designated as LH substrain) was described. The virus lost its mouse virulence after one or two passages in monkey testicular tissue culture. This variant, designated as LH-a, remained mouse nonvirulent after 15 consecutive passages in monkey testicular tissue culture followed by 15 passages in monkey kidney tissue culture. However, it was again made mouse virulent at its 18th tissue culture passage by a single passage in monkey testicular or kidney tissue grafted onto chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos.
The functional anatomy of limbic status epilepticus in the rat. II. The effects of focal deactivation

Limbic status epilepticus was induced in awake, unrestrained rats by electrically stimulating the anterior piriform cortex or the basal amygdaloid nucleus for about 40 min. As described in the preceding article (White and Price, 1993), one of four stable forms of status may be induced. Each form is characterized on the basis of its behavioral and electroencephalographic manifestations, and its distinct patterns of 14C-2-deoxyglucose uptake and Fos-like immunoreactivity. This study was directed at identifying the epileptogenic foci of the two major forms of status, types II and III, by deactivating the basal amygdaloid nucleus, ventral hippocampal formation, amygdalohippocampal area, or anterior piriform cortex during these seizure states. Infusions of the local anesthetic lidocaine, the GABA agonist muscimol, or a vehicle solution alone were made into each of these structures during ongoing type II or type III status. The major finding is that deactivation of the basal amygdaloid nucleus terminated both types of status. This indicates that the basal nucleus is primarily responsible for the generation of widespread status epilepticus activity. Deactivation of the ventral hippocampal formation did not terminate the subconvulsive levels of status, but did prevent the recurrent development of sustained seizures with facial and forelimb clonus that characterize type III status. These models of status epilepticus may be particularly important for understanding seizure mechanisms that are not dependent upon the hippocampal formation. The possible clinical relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to temporal lobe epilepsy.
Creative Funding Opportunities for Interscholastic Athletic Programs

Athletic programs nationwide are facing budget constraints like never before. Pay-to-play programs are becoming commonplace. School districts are providing less and less funding for athletics. Still worse, many high school athletic programs are being cut entirely from the scholastic school setting. Coaches and athletic directors are being forced to find additional sources of funding to keep their programs afloat. This article presents an overview of popular community initiatives provided by corporations, teams, foundations and public entities. Private and public sources of additional funding are discussed, as well as key steps to assist interscholastic athletic program leaders in soliciting help and resources from the identified sources.
Topological Games and Hyperspace Topologies

The paper proposes a unified description of hypertopologies, i.e. topologies on the nonempty closed subsets of a topological space, based on the notion of approach spaces introduced by R. Lowen. As a special case of this description we obtain the abstract hit-and-miss, proximal hit-and-miss and a big portion of weak hypertopologies generated by gap and excess functionals (including the Wijsman topology and the finite Hausdorff topology), respectively. We also give characterizations of separation axioms T0, T1, T2, T3 and complete regularity as well as of metrizability of hypertopologies in this general setting requiring no additional conditions. All this is done to provide a background for proving the main results in Section 4, where we apply topological games (the Banach–Mazur and the strong Choquet game, respectively) to establish various properties of hypertopologies; in particular we characterize Polishness of hypertopologies in this general setting.
A REVIEW OF ONLINE DIVORCE EDUCATION PROGRAMS

Divorce education programs first surfaced over four decades ago. Today, many states mandate parents to participate in a divorce education program before their dissolution can be finalized. Changes in the technological landscape have allowed innovative practitioners to create online divorce education programs, yet these programs have not been formally evaluated for quality. Adapting a research design for evaluating face-to-face programs, we created an online divorce education review form and reviewed online divorce education programs that parents use to meet court-mandated requirements. Results reveal that online programs have significant potential to help divorcing parents, yet there are areas of online program content and instructional strategies that can be improved. Program content that includes legal and court focused topics or modules, or that offer advice for families facing special circumstances such as domestic violence, could be enhanced. Additionally, most of the instructional strategies were passive. With this research, recommendations were made for improving program content and instructional strategies for online divorce education programs.
Heterogeneity of crystallographic texture in friction stir welds of aluminum

Over the past decade, friction stir welding (FSW) has rapidly become an important industrial joining process, particularly in the aluminum industry. Included among the advantages of FSW are such important attributes as improved weld strength and the elimination of cracking and porosity. During the friction stir process, the metal undergoes a tortuous deformation path that is not yet fully understood. The crystallographic texture that evolves during FSW contains sharp spatial gradients that undoubtedly influence the integrity of the weld and surrounding region in subsequent performance. The locally measured textures are discussed in the context of the material flow required to produce such textures, ultimately resulting in an estimate of the flow field present during FSW.
Recognition memory for words and pictures at short and long retention intervals.

In two experiments, subjects studied a long series of words and pictures for recognition. Retention intervals varied from several minutes to a few months. The complicated testing procedures in Experiment I required the use of a traditional correction for guessing to obtain estimates of subjects’ memory performance. A comparable, but simpler, design in Experiment II permitted the calculation of sensitivity and bias measures. In both studies, pictorial memory was superior to verbal memory at all retention intervals tested, and this advantage was essentially constant over time. In addition, the experiments identified an increasing tendency to call verbal test items "old" over time. Bias scores in Experiment H revealed that subjects adopted a more lenient criterion in responding to words than to pictures, and increased leniency was noted for both item types over time. Explanations of the results are offered in terms of differences in initial encoding and of a loss of discrimination between experimental and extraexperimental materials.
Additivity of True Metabolizable Energy Values as Measured with Roosters, Broiler Chicks, and Poults

Abstract True metabolizable energy (TME) values were determined for five feed ingredients (yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, corn gluten meal, menhaden fish meal, and poultry byproduct meal), and three combinations of these ingredients, using Single Comb White Leghorn roosters, 6-week-old broiler males (Cobb), and 6-week-old male turkey poults (Large White). There was generally good agreement in the TME values between roosters, broilers, and poults although the values for broilers tended to be slightly lower than for roosters or poults. Values for the ingredient combinations as assayed with the three classes of birds showed differences of 3% or less between “predicted” and “determined” in seven of nine comparisons, indicating a satisfactory degree of additivity of TME values for these ingredients.
Improving the quality of predictions using textual information in online user reviews

Online reviews are often accessed by users deciding to buy a product, see a movie, or go to a restaurant. However, most reviews are written in a free-text format, usually with very scant structured metadata information and are therefore difficult for computers to understand, analyze, and aggregate. Users then face the daunting task of accessing and reading a large quantity of reviews to discover potentially useful information. We identified topical and sentiment information from free-form text reviews, and use this knowledge to improve user experience in accessing reviews. Specifically, we focus on improving recommendation accuracy in a restaurant review scenario. We propose methods to derive a text-based rating from the body of the reviews. We then group similar users together using soft clustering techniques based on the topics and sentiments that appear in the reviews. Our results show that using textual information results in better review score predictions than those derived from the coarse numerical star ratings given by the users. In addition, we use our techniques to make fine-grained predictions of user sentiments towards the individual topics covered in reviews with good accuracy.
Job Market or Marriage Market? Life Choices for Southern Women Educated at Northern Colleges, 1875–1915

Margaret Preston, a member of a prominent family from Lexington, Kentucky, attended Bryn Mawr College from 1904 to 1906, initially against her will. Letters between Margaret and her parents while she was away at school reveal a homesick young woman, at first uninterested in scholarship. She complained that the other girls were “ugly and look disagreeable” and that she had bags under her eyes because “Bryn Mawr is a warranted beauty-destroyer.” In her second year, however, as Margaret began to develop academically, she focused less on returning home, beauty, and boys and more on her classes. She ignored her mother's requests for her to leave Bryn Mawr early for Christmas vacation in order to attend a dance, because she would lose credit if she missed class. Although she had earlier told her mother that she would have preferred that her aunt fund a trip to Europe rather than her education at Bryn Mawr, she now suggested that if she stayed four years to complete her degree, she might have a chance to graduate with honors. Apparently, her aunt did not choose to extend her financial support because Margaret stayed only two years. However, she returned home to Lexington a more bold and self-confident woman.
Synchronizing processors with memory-content-generated interrupts

Implementations of the “Lock-Unlock” method of synchronizing processors in a multiprocessor system usually require uninterruptable, memory-pause type instructions. An interlock scheme called read-interlock, which does not require memory-pause instructions, has been developed for a dual DEC PDP-10 system with real-time requirements. The read-interlock method does require a special “read-interlock” instruction in the repertoire of the processors and a special “read-interlock” cycle in the repertoire of the memory modules.When a processor examines a “lock” (a memory location) with a read-interlock instruction, it will be interrupted if the lock was already set; examining a lock immediately sets it if it was not already set (this event sequence is a read-interlock cycle). Writing into a lock clears it.Having the processor interrupted upon encountering a set lock instead of branching is advantageous if the branch would have resulted in an effective interrupt.
Developmental milestones and disclosure of sexual orientation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths

Abstract A total of 63 males and 54 females from the southeastern United States who averaged 20 years of age (range=14–27) answered a questionnaire concerned with coming-out milestones, disclosure, and self-esteem for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths. The mean ages for first awareness of same-sex attraction (11 years), first same-sex sexual contact (16 years), and first disclosure of their sexual identity (17 years) were similar to other recent young samples. The order of these milestones varied among subgroups of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, and proportions who were out to one or both parents differed for bisexuals and African Americans. The findings suggest diverse individual trajectories as opposed to an invariant sequence of coming-out experiences and highlight the need for greater attention to individual differences in sexual orientation identity development.
LONG-TERM TREATMENT FOR LIFETIME DISORDERS ?

MAJOR psychiatric disorders characteristically are lifetime in duration. Some, such as mood or panic disorders, tend to be episodic and recurrent; others, exemplified best by schizophreniatypically have more chronic, persistent courses punctuated with exacerbations. When confronted with long-term disorders, clinicians must consider a sequence of questions that pertain to long-term maintenance treatment: (1) What medications are available to help prevent relapse, and at what dosage must they be given to be efficacious? (2) What is the risk of relapse if long-term treatment is stopped, and how does this compare with the risk when treatment is sustained? (3) How severe are the risks or side effects associated with maintenance regimens? (4) Are there clinical or laboratory predictors that might foretell when a relapse might be expected so that risky treatments could be withheld until signs of impending relapse appear? (5) What are the safety, sideeffect, and financial cost-benefit ratios associated with
Scatterer density estimation near a boundary from a single A-line echo

Abstract A method of estimating scatterer concentration near a concentration gradient using the data of a single received waveform is reported. It is shown theoretically that for random scatterers obeying the Born approximation the volume density near a boundary is proportional to the square of the ratio of the amplitude of the boundary echo whose magnitude spectrum is normalized, to the echo standard deviation from inside the scatterer medium. In the case that the scattering signal from the boundary displays strong coherency, normalization is not required. The theory is shown to be confirmed by experiment for cases in which the above ratio is much larger than unity.
Serial Time Encoded Amplified Microscopy (STEAM) for high-throughput detection of rare cells

Optical imaging is the most widespread and versatile diagnostics and inspection tool in use today. While most of the current research in imaging is aimed at improving the spatial resolution to below the diffraction limit [1], there are numerous applications that demand improvement in temporal resolution [2]. Imagers with high temporal resolution are needed for studying fast phenomena such as shockwaves, chemical dynamics in living cells, neural activity, laser ablation, and microfluidics biochips. High-speed imaging is ever more important in microscopy because over the micrometer scale, even slow moving phenomena require high temporal resolution [2].
Glucocorticoid modification of spinal dopamine receptor activation by apomorphine.

The effects of an intensive short-term glucocorticoid (e.g. triamcinolone) regimen in cats have been studied on the actions of the dopamine (DA) receptor agonist apomorphine (APO) on spinal lumbar primary afferent excitability (dorsal root reflex or DRR) and monosynaptic reflex (MSR) transmission. Glucocorticoid dosing significantly decreased the APO-induced depression of the spinal DRR, but not the similar action of APO on the MSR. This complex effect of triamcinolone on spinal dopaminergic activation by APO may represent a differential action of glucocorticoid on two types of spinal DA receptors with one type, but not the other, undergoing partial desensitization.
Effects of α1-adrenergic stimulation on normal and hypertrophied mouse hearts. Relation to caveolin-3 expression

Background: Modulation of the transduction efficiency through G-protein coupled receptors, caused by external stimulation, is essential in designing antihypertrophic treatment strategies in the dysfunctional heart. We compared protein-kinase C (PKC)-dependent regulation of positive inotropic effect via α1-adrenoreceptor (ADR)/Gq protein in hyperdynamic versus hypertrophied myocardium. Methods: Inotropic (work performing isolated heart) and cellular effects of α1-adrenoreceptor stimulation were studied in nontransgenic (Ntg) and transgenic (Tg) mice with cardiac specific overexpression of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels (L-type VDCC). Results: Transgenic hyperdynamic and hypertrophic myocardium (due to overexpression of the L-type VDCC α1 subunit) were characterized by a lack of positive inotropic effect (PIE) to α1-ADR stimulation with phenylephrine (PE), as compared to a positive response in Ntg hearts. This was partially restored by PKC inhibition with chelerythrine and staurosporine only at the hyperdynamic stage. The inability of PKC inhibition to increase positive inotropy was associated with markedly decreased cardiac-specific caveolin-3 expression, and no changes in Gαq, PLC-β1, caveolin-1 and α1-adrenoreceptor expression. Conclusion: In the hyperdynamic myocardium, PKC activation may be one of the switches responsible for an impaired α1-adrenergic positive inotropic response. In the hypertrophied myocardium, the interruption of the transduction from Gαq-protein coupled receptors to downstream effectors may be due to the down-regulation of caveolin-3 expression.
Accelerating Monte Carlo Markov chain convergence for cumulative-link generalized linear models

The ordinal probit, univariate or multivariate, is a generalized linear model (GLM) structure that arises frequently in such disparate areas of statistical applications as medicine and econometrics. Despite the straightforwardness of its implementation using the Gibbs sampler, the ordinal probit may present challenges in obtaining satisfactory convergence. We present a multivariate Hastings-within-Gibbs update step for generating latent data and bin boundary parameters jointly, instead of individually from their respective full conditionals. When the latent data are parameters of interest, this algorithm substantially improves Gibbs sampler convergence for large datasets. We also discuss Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) implementation of cumulative logit (proportional odds) and cumulative complementary log-log (proportional hazards) models with latent data.
Public Administration and Planning in Rural Areas

Many public planners work in rural jurisdictions or small towns, and these individuals are expected to initiate, formulate, implement, and evaluate community plans. The problems faced by rural-based planners are distinct from the issues faced by urban or metropolitan planning agencies and need considerable special attention and study. This article reviews the literature that has been recently published in the field of U.S. rural public administration as it relates to the planning functions in small towns and rural areas.
Gravity field analysis of Sio Guyot: An isostatically compensated seamount in the Mid-Pacific Mountains

Positive gravity anomalies indicate two dense conduits or eruptive centers beneath the northern summit of Sio Guyot, western Mid-Pacific Mountains. The low amplitude of the positive anomalies and the gravity lows flanking the guyot can be explained by crust 2.5 times the normal Pacific Ocean crustal thickness extending to a depth of 22 ± 2 km. The excess mass of the seamount is 100% locally isostatically compensated by the mass deficit below; this compensation may result from flexural loading and voluminous sill injection near a former ridge-crest transform fault system trending roughly ENE and NNW.
Quantification of external urethral sphincter and bladder activity during micturition in the intact and spinally transected adult rat.

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the effect of chronic mid-thoracic spinal cord transection on the time course of external urethral sphincter (EUS) and bladder activity associated with micturition events in the rat. Adult female Sprague–Dawley rats, either spinally intact or transected (T9–T10), were anesthetized with urethane and set up for continuous flow urodynamic recording of bladder intravesical pressure (BP) and EUS electromyography (EMG). Spinal transections were performed under isoflurane anesthesia 1–8 weeks prior to the terminal experiment. Four major differences between intact and transected rats were observed: 1) While the frequency of micturition events in the intact rat was dependent upon the rate of bladder filling, the bladder contraction and associated EUS activation in transected rats exhibited an intrinsic rhythm that was independent of the rate of bladder filling and post-transection survival time. 2) EUS activation was augmented at the beginning of active bladder contraction in the transected rat, indicating an amplified guarding reflex. 3) Phasic EUS activity at the peak of bladder contraction (EUS bursting) in the intact rat was markedly reduced or absent in the transected rat. 4) The sustained tonic EUS activity following bladder relaxation in the intact rat was absent in the transected rat. These data are discussed in the context of understanding the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) induced destrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD).
On the composition of Riemann integrable functions

The student of ‘advanced calculus’ encounters proofs that a composition of continuous functions is continuous and that a composition of differentiable functions is differentiable (the chain rule). When the question ‘Is the composition of Riemann integrable functions itself Riemann integrable?’ is posed, a standard counterexample is usually given (often as an exercise) and the matter is dropped. We offer here a closer analysis of the question by making certain conjectures and either proving or disproving them in a fashion consistent with the goals of the first proof course in mathematical analysis.
The food of a community of East African freshwater fishes

Quantitative data on the food of the fishes inhabiting Lake Mcllwaine, Rhodesia, show that the feeding of the dominant species in this community (Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), Hydrocynus vittatus (Castelnau), Tilapia melanopleura Dumeril, Tilapia mossamhica Peters, Tilapia macrochir Boulenger, Labeo altivelis Peters, and Gnathonemus macrolepidotus (Peters)) covers a wide spectrum, and almost all elements of the potential food supply are utilized. Exceptions are noted, however, and the introduction of the Indian carp, Catla catla (Cuv. & Val.), is advocated in order to utilize the large blooms of phyto- and zooplankton. The oligochaete, Branchiura cf. sowerbyi, which forms over 50% of the benthic biomass is also not utilized as a source of fish food. However, no fish species is known to feed on oligochaetes to any large extent. Predation by the Tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus, is shown to have severe effects upon recruitment to the valuable Tilapia fishery, and the reduction of the abundance of H. vittatus by means of selective fishing techniques is advocated.
The FUBR-1B irradiation experiment — Tritium release and physical stability of solid breeder materials

The FUBR-1B irradiation experiment in EBR-II has provided important information on the irradiation behavior of candidate lithium solid breeder materials in a high neutron spectrum. The solid breeder materials include Li2O, LiAlO2, Li1ZrO3, Li8ZrO6 and Li4SiO4 pellets and LiAlO2 spheres. The irradiation behavior of the materials was characterized for the temperature range from 400 to 900 ° C. The amount of tritium retained by the solid breeder materials, as well as swelling and physical stability, was determined for specimens removed after the first period of irradiation. LiAlO2, Li2ZrO3, and Li8ZrO6 exhibited excellent dimensional stability during irradiation while the dimensional stability of Li2O was found be dependent on the microstructure. The amount of retained tritium is compared to similar closed capsule experiments and extends the data to burnups as high as 1.6 × 1021 at/cc.
Cross‐cultural training of European and American managers in Morocco

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the training provided to US and European expatriates in Morocco, and subsequently build the body of knowledge for international HRD in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).Design/methodology/approach – The study used the models of Black and Mendenhall and Mendenhall and Oddou, subdividing the skills needed to be successful in a foreign country into three categories of skills; maintenance of self, interpersonal skills, and cognitive skills. The population for the study comprises 109 private companies in Morocco, with 34 responding, resulting in a response rate of 31 per cent.Findings – Pre‐departure training was provided to all respondents, but none indicated receiving any training post‐arrival. None of the respondents' spouses or children received any training. Further, there was no tuition in Arabic, and very few received tuition in French. Co‐workers, locals, and neighbors were found to be major factors in assisting expatriates' adjustment.Research li...
Mechanisms That Mediate Negative Regulation of the Thyroid-stimulating Hormone α Gene by the Thyroid Hormone Receptor *

A group of transcriptional cofactors for nuclear hormone receptors, referred to as corepressors (CoRs) and coactivators (CoAs), has been shown to induce transcriptional silencing and hormone-induced activation, respectively, of genes that contain positive hormone response elements. Transcriptional silencing by CoRs involves the recruitment of histone deacetylases (HDACs), whereas ligand-dependent activation is associated with the recruitment of CoAs, which possess or recruit histone acetyltransferases (HATs). In a reciprocal manner, negatively regulated genes are stimulated by nuclear receptors in the absence of ligand and are repressed in response to ligand binding to receptors. We show here that negative regulation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone alpha (TSHalpha) promoter by the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) involves a novel mechanism in which the recruitment of CoRs by TR is associated with transcriptional stimulation and histone acetylation. Expression of excess HDAC reverses the stimulation mediated by the TR.CoR complex, consistent with a pivotal role for acetylation in this event. Addition of the ligand, 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), induces transcriptional repression of the TSHalpha promoter and is associated with the loss of histone acetylation. T3-dependent repression is blocked by phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein, or by inhibition of HDAC, indicating that receptor action is subverted by maneuvers that stimulate histone acetylation of the target gene. We propose that negative regulation of a subset of genes by TR involves the active exchange of CoRs and CoAs with intrinsic promoter regulatory elements that normally strongly induce histone acetylation and transcriptional activation.
Purification and amino-terminal protein sequence analysis of the mumps virus fusion protein

Abstract The fusion (F) protein of mumps virus was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using an anti-F monoclonal antibody. The F protein was reduced and alkylated, and the F1 and F2 chains were isolated by high-pressure size exclusion chromatography. Twenty-three amino acid residues from the amino terminus of each chain were identified following automated Edman degradation. The amino-terminal sequence of the F1 chain was homologous to previously reported F1 sequences from three other paramyxoviruses (simian virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus). Secondary structure predictions suggest an a-helical conformation for the mumps virus F1 amino-terminal sequence. A helical wheel model of the paramyxovirus F1 NH2 terminus is presented which defines conserved and variable arcs of the helix and provides a spatial representation of this critical functional domain of the paramyxovirus fusion protein.
A puzzle about responses and congruence of meaning

Ordinarily permutation of the words 'Cicero' and 'Tully' will change the truth value of this sentence and only one of the permutations will make it true. The truth of (1) depends upon the detailed, highly idiosyncratic behavior of an individual. There is a great deal of data showing that fine distinctions will exist between any two words, no matter how frequent they both are in the individual's vocabulary or how frequently they serve as approximate synonyms. The point of this kind of example is that there is no fixed relation of synonymy that will patch it up my proposed solution in terms of a hierarchy of congruences is set forth in the next section.
DISCUSSION PAPER: DUAL EFFECTS OF TUMOR, ANTIGENS: INDUCTION OF TUMOR RESISTANCE, OR TUMOR GROWTH ENHANCEMENT*

TA3-HA nonspecific tumors growing in ascites form shed their membrane components into the ascites fluid. This product can induce tumor growth enhancement if given together with or after i.p. tumor inoculation in relatively large quantities, but if given i.m. in small quantities, several days before tumor challenge, the mice show an elevated resistance to the tumor. The strictly strain-specific TA3-St line does not release such membrane components into the ascites fluid. It has also been found that the TA3-HA cells have a larger membrane fluidity than the TA3-St cells, as measured by membrane microviscosity, using the Shinitzki procedure. Isolation and gross chemical analysis of the TA3-Ha ascites fluid component was carried out. Results, so far, indicate that the active site of this product is probably carbohydrate in nature. The possible mode of action of such component in tumor growth enhancement is most probably by overwhelming and neutralizing immunocytes capable of recognition and eventually cytotoxic action.
Carrier-envelope phase dynamics of octave-spanning dispersion-managed Ti: sapphire lasers

The carrier-envelope phase dynamics of few-cycle octave-spanning Ti:sapphire lasers are analyzed based on a numerical one-dimensional dispersion-managed laser model. The dominant contribution to the carrier-envelope phase shift with respect to intracavity energy arises from the asymmetric impact of self-steepening on pulse formation and laser output. We show that this term is larger by a factor of four than the energy-dependent round trip phase and is thus more significant than in the corresponding result for conventional soliton lasers. Frequency shifts due to the Raman effect are studied and found to be of minor impact for octave-spanning lasers.
Ordered subset analysis in genetic linkage mapping of complex traits

Etiologic heterogeneity is a fundamental feature of complex disease etiology; genetic linkage analysis methods to map genes for complex traits that acknowledge the presence of genetic heterogeneity are likely to have greater power to identify subtle changes in complex biologic systems. We investigate the use of trait-related covariates to examine evidence for linkage in the presence of heterogeneity. Ordered-subset analysis (OSA) identifies subsets of families defined by the level of a trait-related covariate that provide maximal evidence for linkage, without requiring a priori specification of the subset. We propose that examining evidence for linkage in the subset directly may result in a more etiologically homogeneous sample. In turn, the reduced impact of heterogeneity will result in increased overall evidence for linkage to a specific region and a more distinct lod score peak. In addition, identification of a subset defined by a specific trait-related covariate showing increased evidence for linkage may help refine the list of candidate genes in a given region and suggest a useful sample in which to begin searching for trait-associated polymorphisms. This method provides a means to begin to bridge the gap between initial identification of linkage and identification of the disease predisposing variant(s) within a region when mapping genes for complex diseases. We illustrate this method by analyzing data on breast cancer age of onset and chromosome 17q [Hall et al., 1990, Science 250:1684-1689]. We evaluate OSA using simulation studies under a variety of genetic models.
Comparison of acebutolol and propranolol therapy for ventricular arrhythmias.

The effects of acebutolol, a new investigational cardioselective beta blocker, and propranolol on ventricular arrhythmias were compared in 14 patients with more than 30 premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) per hour. Each patient served as their own control, receiving both drugs and placebo in random sequence and in double-blind fashion, with an intervening one-week, drug-free period. Each drug was given for a two-month period, the maximum acebutolol dosage reaching 600 mg tid and the maximum propranolol dosage 80 mg tid. Seventy-two-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring assessed arrhythmia frequency for each study period. Mean PVC counts did not significantly differ during the two control periods. Acebutolol decreased mean PVC count by 65% (P less than .02), with eight patients exhibiting a 70% or greater decrease. Only three patients exhibited a similar decline with propranolol. The incidence of PVCs was not significantly decreased by propranolol. Acebutolol reduced the number of couplets by 70% (P less than .04), whereas propranolol did not significantly affect couplets. At the dosage of 600 mg tid, acebutolol was well tolerated, effectively suppressed total PVCs and couplets, and appeared to be more effective than propranolol administered at 80 mg tid.
Gauge-independent minimal electromagnetic coupling

The interaction of the electromagnetic field with charged particles is frequently described by a quasi-invariant Lagrangian and consequently by a Hamiltonian that is gauge dependent. A systematic procedure is given for obtaining a gauge-independent Lagrangian and hence a gauge-independent Hamiltonian. The analysis which is mainly concerned with nonrelativistic charged particles in external electromagnetic fields is similar to Mandelstam's gauge-independent and path-dependent quantum field theory.
Observation of magnetic-field-induced superconductivity in a heavy-fermion antiferromagnet: CePb3.

We report here an entirely new phenomenon, namely magnetic-field-induced superconductivity in Ce${\mathrm{Pb}}_{3}$, a system which at zero field is a heavy-fermion antiferromagnet. This phenomenon is novel in several respects. It is the first reported heavy-fermion magnetic-field-induced superconductor. It is also the first reported magnetic-field-induced superconductor that is also an antiferromagnet. Moreover, it has the simplest crystal structure, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au, of any known heavy-fermion or magnetic-field-induced superconductor.
Elastic scattering in the Zipoy-Voorhees metric

The elastic scattering of test particles from an oblate static source is examined. The elastic cross section for scatterings in the equatorial plane is calculated and compared to the Schwarzschild cross section. Equations determining the critical angular momentum as a function of energy and oblateness are derived.
Women's representation in parliament: The role of political parties

Parties vary substantially in the proportion of women they send to parliament. I examine how party characteristics affect women's representation in the parliamentary parties of 12 advanced industrial nations over time. Four party-level factors have some explanatory power: organizational structure, ideology, women party activists and gender-related candidate rules. A temporal sequence is proposed in which these factors and electoral rules directly and indirectly affect women's representation. Women party activists and gender-related rules are the more direct mechanisms affecting women's legislative representation. Further, New Left values and high levels of women activists within the party both enhance the likelihood that gender-related candidate rules will be implemented.