cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carians in Sardis

Ten years ago an article in these pages stressed the importance of detailed analysis of the traditions involving the Carians, and archaeological evidence was used to check the assertions of the literary record. In that instance the extremer version of the tradition in question was shown to be largely inexact, while the less extreme preserved the probable truth of the Carians' habitual use of certain military devices. That the ghost of pan-Carianism should be well and truly laid is all to the good; yet I hope to show here that the literary record, such as it is, of the presence of Carians in the Lydian capital is reasonably substantiated by the archaeological and epigraphic material. Herodotos' Carian source pointed to an old relationship between the Lydians and Carians, symbolised by the temple of Carian Zeus at Mylasa and by the kinship of the eponymous heroes Car and Lydus. According to this source linguistic affinities existed between Lydians and Carians. In Strabo's time Lydians and Carians together inhabited the plain of the Maeander, though the Carians evidently exercised sole possession of the land to the south of the river. In the late seventh and sixth centuries, however, Lydians and Carians lived cheek by jowl in Aphrodisias, and there is good archaeological and epigraphic evidence for a Lydian community in the city. Whether this means that we must attempt to redraw the boundary between Lydian- and Carian-speakers (if such a boundary is logically acceptable) or whether the Lydians represented a trading community in a foreign (if friendly) city, remains to be seen. There is some evidence to suggest that Carians were present in archaic Smyrna, and epigraphic documentation for their presence, if not in Ephesos, at any rate at Belevi. They had a natural interest in their northern neighbours.
Functional status and well-being of children representing three cultural groups: Initial self-reports using the chq-cf87

Abstract The CHQ-CF87 was constructed to measure the self-perceived physical and psychosocial well-being of children ten years of age and older using 10 multi-item Likert-type summated rating scales. This study augments previous work about children's self-reported health status using the CHQ-CF87 by examining tests of item scaling assumptions and differences in health scores as reported by children representing three predominant cultural groups in the US (African-American, Spanish-American and Caucasian). The quality of CHQ data was evaluated based on tests of items scaling assumptions, internal consistency reliability coefficients using Cronbach's alpha, data completeness rates, and within scale response consistency. Test sites included a middle school in a moderately-sized suburb in the northeast (N = 278), an attention deficit hyperadivity disorder (ADHD) clinic in the Boston area (N=56), and a hemodialysis clinic associated with Children's Hospital in Los Angeles, CA (N=20). General linear models adju...
Adaptively Rational Retrospective Voting

Since the seminal work of Key (1966), Kramer (1971), and Nordhaus (1975), retrospective voting has been a major component of voting theory. However, although these views are alive empirically (Lewis-Beck and Stegmaier, 2000; Franzese, 2002; Hibbs, 2006), most theorizing assumes rational citizens. We suspect that Key had a less heroic view of voter cognition, and we formalize his verbal theory accordingly. Our model is based on two axioms: if an incumbent performed well (above voter A’s aspiration) then A becomes more likely to vote for the incumbent; A is less likely to do so if the incumbent performed poorly (below A’s aspiration). We then prove that such citizens, though lacking ideologies, endogenously develop partisan voting tendencies. This result is robust against perceptual errors (citizens evaluating an incumbent’s performance incorrectly). We also show that the best-informed voters, who perceive performance most accurately, are the most partisan.
Wave‐equation extended images for semblance and depth focusing velocity analysis

Conventional velocity analysis applied to images produced by wave-equation migration makes use either of moveout information from space-lags, or of focusing information from timelags. However, more robust velocity estimation methods can be designed to take advantage at the same time of the moveout and focusing information provided by the migrated images. Such joint velocity estimation requires characterization of the analytic moveout surface defined for space-lag and time-lag common-image gathers. The analytic expressions for such surfaces are nonlinear, but reduce naturally to the conventional space-lag (linear) and time-lag (nonlinear) moveout functions. A joint migration velocity analysis technique exploiting the entire extended imaging condition information has the potential to benefit from the robustness of depth focusing analysis and of the high resolution of conventional semblance analysis.
Effects of electrode layer composition/thickness and electrolyte concentration on both specific capacitance and energy density of supercapacitor

Abstract In this paper, the effects of several experimental conditions, such as electrode layer binder content, conducting carbon content, electrode layer thickness, as well as electrolyte concentration, on both the specific capacitance and energy density of a BP2000 carbon-based supercapacitor are investigated using both cyclic voltammetry and a galvanic charging–discharging curve. The electrode layer studied contains Super C45 carbon as the conducting additive, PTFE as the binder, and Na2SO4 as the aqueous electrolyte, respectively. With the purpose of optimizing the electrode layer structure, 15 wt% of Super C45 and 5 wt% of PTFE in the electrode layer with a thickness of 100 μm, are found to be the best composition in terms of improving both specific capacitance and energy density. Regarding the effect of electrolyte concentration in the range of 0.1–1.0 M, 0.5 M of Na2SO4 gives the best performance.
Classifying the Photophysical Dynamics of Single- and Multiple-Chromophoric Molecules by Single Molecule Spectroscopy

The single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy of various isolated single-chromophoric dye molecules and multiple-chromophoric conjugated polymer molecules has been investigated. For each system the transient fluorescence “intensity”, ICW(t) (i.e., detected photons/dwell time), has been recorded with continuous wave (CW) irradiation. ICW(t) has been analyzed to yield an occurrence histogram for the different “intensities”, H(I), and an intensity time-autocorrelation function CI(t). The histograms H(I) for the various examples show highly diverse behavior with one, two, or even three peaks as well as “flat regions”. The different features in the histograms are shown to arise from distinct photophysical processes. From the study of model systems, characteristic features in the intensity histograms and autocorrelation functions are shown to result from photon shot noise, “blinking” due to triplet bottlenecks, spectral diffusion due to environmental fluctuations, and interchromophoric energy transfer. Classifi...
Nonlocal current algebra and N = 2 superconformal field theory in two dimensions

Abstract We present a new construction of the unitary highest weight representations of the N = 2 superconformal algebras in two dimensions. This construction is based on the non-local current in the ZN conformal theory and a free scalar field. It provides a physical realization of all the unitary N = 2 superconformal field theories by critical systems. The correlation functions of the theories can be calculated through this construction.
Serial section reconstruction of the black yeast,Aureobasidium pullulans by means of high voltage electron microscopy

Cultures ofAureobasidium pullulans were grown on a defined medium which enhanced hyphal growth over yeast-type growth. The hyphae at 24 hours postinoculation were prepared for high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). Serial thick sections (0.5 μm) were observed by means of HVEM operating at 1,000 kV. Tracings of cell walls and major cytoplasmic organelles were made on clear acetate sheets which were subsequently spaced at appropriate vertical heights in order to facilitate cell reconstruction. It was found that the majority of mitochondrial profiles were interconnected forming a highly reticulate mitochondrial network. No cells were found to contain a single mitochondrion, but several large mitochondrial networks were consistently located along the cell periphery and around nuclei and with only a few extensions into the central region of the cell. To a great extent vacuoles were connected by channels. A few individual small isolated vacuoles were also present. The vacuole system, unlike that of the mitochondria, was prominently located in the central region of the cell. Also located in the central region were from three to seven spherical nuclei which showed no indication of interconnections.
Evidence-Based Spiritual Practice: Using Research to Inform the Selection of Spiritual Interventions

This article defines and illustrates the concept of evidence-based spiritual practice. Research suggests many practitioners use spiritual interventions in practice, but have received little training on spirituality during their social work education. To assist practitioners enhance the effectiveness of their services, this articles discusses the process of operationalizing the evidence-based framework to inform the use of spirituality in clinical settings. Given the distinguishing role that empirical research plays in the evidence-based movement, the article focuses on the role that research can play in selecting spiritual interventions. The article concludes with a discussion of how practitioners might access relevant research on spirituality and posits that Google Scholar may be useful in this regard, particularly for practitioners unaffiliated with an academic institution.
The strain energy of a spheroidal inclusion and its application to b.c.c.-h.c.p. martensitic transformation

Abstract The strain energy of a spheroidal inclusion was evaluated exactly using the Eshelby theory. Numerical results for an oblate spheroid are presented in a parametric form in terms of the transformation strain tensor. Using atomistic transformation mechanisms, the transformation strain was determined for b.c.c.-h.c.p. martensitic transformation in Ti and its alloys. The lattice correspondence satisfied the Burgers relationship and the c a -ratio in the product phase was taken as 1.586. The habit plane was predicted on on the basis of the strain energy minimization principle. Results of the calculation indicate that the strain energy is minimized when the morphology of h.c.p. Ti martensite is a thin disc-shaped inclusion lying on a plane close to (11 X)B, where X is equal to 1.2–1.3. This habit plane is in excellent agreement with experimental observations. The present approach is discussed in detail and compared with the crystallographic theory based on the invariant plane strain hypothesis.
Time-dependent mean-field approach to molecule-surface scattering at finite temperatures

Abstract Theories are presented for the phonon inelastic scattering of molecules from surfaces. Both the molecule and the surface and bulk vibrations of the solid are treated in a fully quantum mechanical fashion. The models can include one- or multiphonon interactions and are thus applicable to both heavy and light gas species at both high and low beam energies. The method is a mean-field approach in that both the molecule and the bath are evolved simultaneously and self-consistently. The result is that the molecular wavefunction obeys a Schrodinger-like equation, but propagates on a gas-surface interaction potential which is both time- and temperature-dependent. The theory is easily implemented using spectral grid or semiclassical time-dependent scattering techniques, with only a small increase in computer requirements. The model is extended to the specific cases of atom- and diatom-metal scattering. Results are presented for H2, HD, D2, He, Ne and Ar scattered from metal surfaces.
Determining the spatial and temporal patterns of climate changes in China's western interior during the last 15 ka from lacustrine oxygen isotope records†

China's western interior is a climatologically complex region, where climatic conditions are primarily controlled by the westerly jet stream and the Asian monsoon system. Observations reveal that the δ18O signatures of these atmospheric elements as expressed in their meteoric waters are different, and these differences are reflected in the lacustrine systems that are ultimately fed by the meteoric waters. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition of 17 lacustrine δ18O records from this area clearly reveals the spatial and temporal structures of climate changes during the last 15 ka. The first EOF mode, dominated by sites in the NW sector, captures the temperature effect on the variability of the δ18O dataset. We interpret the variations through time in the amplitude of this mode to be indicative of changes in summer air temperature. The second EOF mode, heavily weighted by sites in the SE sector, reveals the ‘amount effect’ on δ18O, and thus its amplitude time series indicates changes in the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon. Our EOF-based reconstructions of regional climate are generally consistent with the δ18O records of ice cores, cave speleothems and marine carbonates. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpreting the Soviet subsididzation of Eastern Europe

In trade among the members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), prices of raw materials are lower and those of manufactured goods higher than comparable world prices. Because the Soviet Union is a net exporter of raw materials to, and net importer of manufactures from, the other CMEA countries, it benefits less from CMEA trade than it would from trading with the rest of the world, and the other CMEA members benefit more. This redistribution of the gains from trade is generally seen as a form of subsidization. One explanation of these subsidies is that they represent Soviet payments for political and military benefits provided by East European regimes; another is that the subsidies compensate Eastern Europe for the economic burden imposed by central planning and extensive economic ties to the Soviet Union. I argue that neither of these explanations is consistent with the type of economic and political relations that one would expect of the Soviet and East European regimes. In their place I offer an alternative explanation based on the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage. The distribution of CMEA subsidies is shown to reflect the distribution of gains from trade that would arise among any group of economies forming a preferential trading scheme. I also argue that the willingness of members to belong to CMEA, even at the expense of paying subsidies, is that CMEA can be viewed as a club that provides benefits to members while imposing costs that may to some extent be unequal and unpredictable.
High-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry of triazine herbicides

Abstract Five classes of triazine herbicides were studied by combined high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (HLPC—MS). Separations were done on a reversed-phase C 8 column, using acetonitrile—water as the mobile phase, followed by in-line UV and mass spectral analysis. Positive and negative ion mass spectra were recorded. For most of the triazines both positive and negative ion spectra obtained with the direct liquid introduction HPLC—MS probe interface give molecular ion information. Most of the triazine studies were more sensitive in the positive ion mode than in the negative ion mode.
An integral diffusion model for area and point sources

Abstract The traditional flux‐gradient model for lateral diffusion in the atmosphere has the flux of pollutants related to the concentration gradient. The model investigated in this paper has the flux related to an integral of a weighted concentration difference. The classic solution for diffusion from an elevated point source was obtained from this integral diffusion model without the necessity of assuming variable coefficients. The integral diffusion model was used to confirm that the solution for an area source having finite width is accurately approximated by the solution for an area source having infinite width.
Familial systemic lupus erythematosus in males

Several families in which systemic lupus erythematosus predominates in males are presented. The disease primarily manifested itself in the sons and in the male parents. Females in some of the families had other autoimmune diseases such as idiopathic thrombocy-topenic purpura or symptoms suggestive of a lupus diathesis. It is suggested that the sons inherited the disease from their fathers in these families. The disease in the patients had some similarity to the disease in BXSB mice.
Interference effects on the photoluminescence intensity of molecules near a dielectric surface

Abstract The photoluminescent intensity of a molecule near a dielectric interface has been investigated theoretically as a function of separation between the molecule and interface. The intensity is expressed by means of functions which have been derived previously. Numerical results have been calculated for the case of a luminescent coating near a semiconductor surface; these results are compared with recent experimental data on tetracene fluorescence near Si and GaAs surfaces.
Class interface design: designing for correctness

Abstract We present heuristics for the design of correct and understandable class interfaces. Following these heuristics, we design a number of rigorously specified classes. Each example class is first designed around a minimal set of fully defined features. This minimal set may be extended, possibly through inheritance, to a more complete and usable collection for a particular application. We use the Eiffel language to present the examples as it provides the most extensive support for our ideas; however, our heuristics are language independent. Our goal is to foster discussion of standards for class interface design.
PI3K/Akt: getting it right matters

The Akt serine/threonine kinase (also called protein kinase B) has emerged as a critical signaling molecule within eukaryotic cells. Significant progress has been made in clarifying its regulation by upstream kinases and identifying downstream mechanisms that mediate its effects in cells and contribute to signaling specificity. Here, we provide an overview of present advances in the field regarding the function of Akt in physiological and pathological cell function within a more generalized framework of Akt signal transduction. An emphasis is placed on the involvement of Akt in human diseases ranging from cancer to metabolic dysfunction and mental disease.
Abandoning Evolution: The Forgotten History of Antievolution Activism and the Transformation of American Social Science

ABSTRACTFrom its inception, antievolution activism has been aimed not only at the natural sciences but also, and almost as often, at the social sciences. Although almost entirely overlooked by scholars, this activism played a significant part in the development of American social science in the early twentieth century. Analyzing public writings and private papers of antievolution activists, academic social scientists, and university officials from the 1920s, this essay recalls this forgotten history, showing how antievolution activism contributed to the abandonment of evolutionary theory and the adoption of a set of secular, scientific, and professional characteristics that have come to define much of modern social science.
Mastitis Therapy for Cows with Elevated Somatic Cell Counts or Clinical Mastitis

Abstract Intramammary treatment with a broad spectrum antibiotic was evaluated for cows treated after a single high monthly somatic cell count or for cows with clinical mastitis. Forty-three quarters of 36 cows were treated after a high somatic cell count, and 56 quarters of 48 cows were treated after clinical symptoms. There was no significant decrease of cell count in response to treatment in the high somatic cell group. Organisms were isolated from 70% of the pretreatment quarter samples, but only 13% of the isolates were major pathogens. Bacteriological cure rate for major and minor pathogens combined was 23.3%. Treatment costs (antibiotics and discarded milk) were $38.19 per animal treated. Organisms were isolated from 70% of the pretreatment quarter samples of the clinical group. Forty-nine percent of the isolates were major pathogens. Bucket and quarter somatic cell counts decreased following treatment. Production rose posttreatment almost back to normal. Bacteriological cure rate was 21.6% for major and minor pathogens combined with 37% of the cured quarters becoming reinfected with minor pathogens during the monitoring period. The predominant minor pathogens isolated micrococci and coagulase negative staphylococci. The predominant major pathogens were Streptococcus uberis and coliforms.
Professing the Creative Process While Striving to Maintain Ideals

(2000). Professing the Creative Process While Striving to Maintain Ideals. Art Therapy: Vol. 17, Is art therapy a profession or an idea?, pp. 82-86.
A New Species of Hymenodora (Decapoda, Oplophoridae) From the Northeastern Pacific

Eine neue Garnele vom nordostlichen Pazifik, Hymenodora acanthitelsonis n. sp. (Familie Oplophoridae), wird beschrieben. Sie unterscheidet sich von den anderen Arten der Gattung Hymenodora dadurch, dass der Vorderrand des ersten Pleonalsegment einen deutlich ausgepragten Lappen oder Zahn besitzt, der den hinteren Rand des Carapax uberschneidet. Ausserdem besitzt sie ein Telson, dessen Endstuck seitlich mit Dornen bewaffnet ist. Diese Merkmale, die man fruher nur Systellaspis aber nicht Hymenodora zugeschrieben hat, konnen daher nicht mehr als Unterscheidungsmerkmale zwischen diesen zwei Gattungen gelten. Hymenodora acanthitelsonis hat die kleinen, wenig pigmentierten Augen und Mundgliedmassen, die fur die Gattung Hymenodora typisch sind.
Policy, Place, and Perpetrators: Using NIBRS to Explain Arrest Practices in Intimate Partner Violence:

This study presents the results of a multilevel analysis of arrest outcomes in intimate partner incidents reported to the police. Using NIBRS data for 2000 in combination with data from other sources, we investigate how arrest policies, levels of urbanization, incident circumstances and offender characteristics influence arrest outcomes in domestic violence incidents. Our results indicate that arrest outcomes for intimate partner violence are influenced not only by mandatory arrest legislation, but also by level of urbanization and incident circumstances. The findings demonstrate the need for continued research that considers agency-level as well as offender- and incident-level characteristics in accounting for arrest outcomes.
The Role of Tracheostomy in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Abstract Background . Tracheostomy tube (TT) insertion for respiratory failure in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has been associated with an early mortality rate of 100%. We have reviewed our experience with tracheostomy to determine if there is a role for this procedure among certain subgroups. Methods . A retrospective review was conducted of 47 patients diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who underwent tracheostomy from 1988 to 1995. Patients were divided into three groups based on indications for tracheostomy: group 1, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP); group 2, non-PCP pneumonia; and group 3, others (including neurosyphilis, endocarditis, and trauma). Results . All groups were similar with regard to demographic details and laboratory values (mean age, 38 ± 1.4 years; 95% male; CD4 count=21.8 ± 3.6 cells/μL). In the vast majority of cases the decision to place a TT was elective. Forty-three percent of all patients had signed do not resuscitate orders before endotracheal tube intubation. The mean time from endotracheal tube to TT insertion was 14.1 ± 1.6 days. Early mortality after TT placement was dismal (91%) for group 1 patients but significantly better (47%) in group 2 patients ( p = 0.04). Early mortality usually occurred within 3 weeks of TT placement (range, 1 to 54 days). The cause of pneumonia (PCP versus non-PCP) was the only statistically significant variable in predicting outcome. For those who survived to TT removal (26%), the average time to removal of TT was 67 ± 11 days. Long-term survival was noted in 8 group 2 patients (mean, 584 days) and in 2 group 1 patients (450 days). Conclusions . Outcome after tracheostomy in patients with AIDS is generally poor. Patients with PCP should not undergo TT placement; however, patients with non-PCP pneumonia have a reasonable expected survival and should undergo the operation.
Nonlocality, entanglement witnesses, and supra-correlations

While entanglement is believed to underlie the power of quantum computation and communication, it is not generally well understood for multipartite systems. Recently, it has been appreciated that there exists proper no-signaling probability distributions derivable from operators that do not represent valid quantum states. Such systems exhibit supra-correlations that are stronger than allowed by quantum mechanics, but less than the algebraically allowed maximum in Bell-inequalities (in the bipartite case). Some of these probability distributions are derivable from an entanglement witness W, which is a non-positive Hermitian operator constructed such that its expectation value with a separable quantum state (positive density matrix) rsep is non-negative (so that Tr[W r]l 0 indicates entanglement in quantum state r). In the bipartite case, it is known that by a modification of the local no-signaling measurements by spacelike separated parties A and B, the supra-correlations exhibited by any W can be modeled as derivable from a physically realizable quantum state r. However, this result does not generalize to the n-partite case for ng2. Supracorrelations can also be exhibited in 2- and 3-qubit systems by explicitly constructing "states" O (not necessarily positive quantum states) that exhibit PR correlations for a fixed, but arbitrary number, of measurements available to each party. In this paper we examine the structure of "states" that exhibit supra-correlations. In addition, we examine the affect upon the distribution of the correlations amongst the parties involved when constraints of positivity and purity are imposed. We investigate circumstances in which such "states" do and do not represent valid quantum states.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
News Aggregation and Content Differences in Online Cancer News

Gatekeepers usually control news information. However, recent technological advancements might require rethinking previous gatekeeping hierarchies. Aggregation algorithms currently filter and present news information to millions of American Internet users daily. A content analysis demonstrates significant differences between health news content retrieved from Web sites that aggregate their articles from many sources (e.g., Google News), and those that focus on providing news from a limited number of sources (e.g., CNN.com). Explanations for these content differences are discussed, as are implications concerning health information seeking and Internet news consumption.
Dose-Response Relationships Between Hypothalamic PIF and Prolactin Release by Rat Pituitary Tissue in Vitro

A negative log-dose relationship was demonstrated when different amounts of rat hypothalamic extract containing prolactin-inhibiting activity (PIF) were incubated with rat anterior pituitary tissue, and the amounts of prolactin released were measured. Use of male rat pituitary glands in the incubation system proved to be more sensitive and showed less variability in response than when female ratpituitary tissue was incubated with hypothalamic extract. Rat cerebral extract at several dose levels had no significant effect on pituitary prolactin release in vitro. These results indicate that PIF exists as a specific hormone in the hypothalamus, and that the in vitro method is suitable for measuring changes in hypothalamic PIF content produced by different physiological states. {Endocrinology 80: 1170, 1967)
Short-wave cone input to the red-green opponent channel.

Abstract de Monasterio and Gouras (1977) have shown that the short-wave lobe of tri-phasic, red-green opponent ganglion cells in rhesus and cynomologus monkeys results from interaction between middle- and long-wave sensitive cones. They have argued that the same is true for the human red-green system. We show that the short-wave red lobe of the human red-green system as determined by hue cancellation must result from the interaction of all three cone types with the short-wave receptor predominating.
Spawning of witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus L.) in the Newfoundland-Labrador area of the northwest Atlantic as a function of depth and water temperature

Abstract Witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) were examined for reproductive development from nine locations in the Newfoundland-Labrador area of the northwest Atlantic. The spawning season was long in most locations, with the time of main spawning varying throughout the area. In the east, intensive spawning occurred during March-June with little variation in mean temperature throughout the area. At similar depths in the more westerly areas, on the other hand, spawning was most intensive during January-February, but at mean temperatures higher than those in the other areas investigated.
Genetics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an update.

Purpose of reviewJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refers to a collection of chronic arthritides in children, and the major subtypes of JIA are similar to the subtypes of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Several genetic variants influencing susceptibility to JIA have been identified, including
MANAGING READ-ONLY DATA ON ARBITRARY NETWORKS WITH FULLY DISTRIBUTED CACHING

In a large information system, the amount of cache space available to store read-only replicas of data may be limited. Since acquiring these data from their sources may be an expensive and time-consuming operation, it is essential to make efficient use of the available cache space. This cache space may be unevenly distributed over a large number of loosely coupled sites. An intelligent caching strategy is needed to insure that replicas are created often enough that they can be inexpensively reached when necessary, but not so often that important data are forced out to make room. We present such a strategy, which we have developed for use in ALIBI, a networked resource discovery and information retrieval system. The TCF Strategy, as it is called, allows individual sites to adjust their level of cache turnover to provide better overall performance. This novel approach could no doubt be beneficially applied in other distributed systems which use caching. We include discussion and simulation results supporting the efficiency of the TCF Strategy.
DIFFUSION OF HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAYS THROUGH MATTER. III. REFINEMENT OF THE SOLUTION OF THE DIFFUSION EQUATION

In Part I of the present series of papers an approximate equation was derived governing the diffusion of high energy gamma-rays through matter. In Part II an approximate solution of this diffusion equation was obtained in the energy region where the total gamma-ray cross section was substantially independent of energy. In the present paper, by consideration of the methods employed in obtaining the solution in II, a refinement of the solution is carried out which reduces the errors introduced by the approximations made both in the energy distribution and the angular distribution of the multiply-scattered gamma-rays. The solution is also modified to take into partial account the effect of small variations of the total gamma-ray cross section with energy. An upper and lower bound on the solution is obtained when the cross section is independent of energy.
A school-based mental health consultation curriculum

Abstract Many articles have been written about mental health consultation and school-based consultation, but little has been written about how consultants are to be prepared for their role. Other authors focus on the theory or process aspects of the approach but do not take the next step in specifying what neophite consultants need to learn. The following paper presents one position on consultation that integrates a theoretical model, a process model, and a curriculum for training school-based mental health consultants. Elements of the proposed curriculum include: ethics, relationship building, maintaining rapport, defining problems, gathering data on what has already transpired, gathering data on the client, sharing information, generating interventions, supporting interventions, and following up and disengaging.
An Argument for the Extrinsic Grounding of Mass

Several philosophers of science and metaphysicians claim that the dispositional properties of fundamental particles, such as the mass, charge, and spin of electrons, are ungrounded in any further properties. It is assumed by those making this argument that such properties are intrinsic, and thus if they are grounded at all they must be grounded intrinsically. However, this paper advances an argument, with one empirical premise and one metaphysical premise, for the claim that mass is extrinsically grounded and is thus an extrinsic disposition. Although the argument concerns mass characterized as a disposition, it applies equally well whether mass is a categorical or dispositional property; however, the dispositional nature of mass is relevant to some important objections and implications discussed.
Thrombin Receptors Activate Go Proteins in Endothelial Cells to Regulate Intracellular Calcium and Cell Shape Changes

Abstract Thrombin receptors couple to Gi/o, Gq, and G12/13 proteins to regulate a variety of signal transduction pathways that underlie the physiological role of endothelial cells in wound healing or inflammation. Whereas the involvement of Gi, Gq, G12, or G13 proteins in thrombin signaling has been investigated extensively, the role of Go proteins has largely been ignored. To determine whether Go proteins could contribute to thrombin-mediated signaling in endothelial cells, we have developed minigenes that encode an 11-amino acid C-terminal peptide of Go1 proteins. Previously, we have shown that use of the C-terminal minigenes can specifically block receptor activation of G protein families (1). In this study, we demonstrate that Go proteins are present in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). Moreover, we show that thrombin receptors can stimulate [35S]guanosine-5′-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding to Go proteins when co-expressed in Sf9 membranes. The potential coupling of thrombin receptors to Go proteins was substantiated by transfection of the Go1 minigene into HMECs, which led to a blockade of thrombin-stimulated release of [Ca2+]i from intracellular stores. Transfection of the β-adrenergic kinase C terminus blocked the [Ca2+]i response to the same extent as with Go1 minigene peptide, suggesting that this Go-mediated [Ca2+]i transient was caused by Gβγ stimulation of PLCβ. Transfection of a Gi1/2 minigene had no effect on thrombin-stimulated [Ca2+]i signaling in HMEC, suggesting that Gβγ derived from Go but not Gi could activate PLCβ. The involvement of Go proteins on events downstream from calcium signaling was further evidenced by investigating the effect of Go1 minigenes on thrombin-stimulated stress fiber formation and endothelial barrier permeability. Both of these effects were sensitive to pertussis toxin treatment and could be blocked by transfection of Go1minigenes but not Gi1/2 minigenes. We conclude that the Go proteins play a role in thrombin signaling distinct from Gi1/2 proteins, which are mediated through their Gβγ subunits and involve coupling to calcium signaling and cytoskeletal rearrangements.
Insights into the complex regulation of rpoS in Borrelia burgdorferi.

Co-ordinated regulation of gene expression is required for the transmission and survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in different hosts. The sigma factor RpoS (σS), as regulated by RpoN (σ54), has been shown to regulate key virulence factors (e.g. OspC) required for these processes. As important, multiple signals (e.g. temperature, pH, cell density, oxygen) have been shown to increase the expression of σS-dependent genes; however, little is known about the signal transduction mechanisms that modulate the expression of rpoS. In this report we show that: (i) rpoS has a σ54-dependent promoter that requires Rrp2 to activate transcription; (ii) Rrp2Δ123, a constitutively active form of Rrp2, activated σ54-dependent transcription of rpoS/P-lacZ reporter constructs in Escherichia coli; (iii) quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) experiments with reporter cat constructs in B. burgdorferi indicated that Rrp2 activated transcription of rpoS in an enhancer-independent fashion; and finally, (iv) rpoN is required for cell density- and temperature-dependent expression of rpoS in B. burgdorferi, but histidine kinase Hk2, encoded by the gene immediately upstream of rrp2, is not essential. Based on these findings, a model for regulation of rpoS has been proposed which provides mechanisms for multiple signalling pathways to modulate the expression of the σS regulon in B. burgdorferi.
Formation and dissipation of adlayer domains during electrooxidation of carbon monoxide on ordered monocrystalline and disordered platinum and rhodium surfaces as probed by FTIR spectroscopy

Abstract The stability of adlayer domains (“islands”) of carbon monoxide formed during electrooxidation on ordered and disordered monocrystalline platinum and rhodium electrodes in aqueous 0.1M HClO 4 has been characterized by means of real-time surface FTIR spectroscopy. The presence of such domains is discerned in part from the retention of high-frequency CO stretching ( v CO ) bands for both terminal and twofold bridging CO, characteristic of close-packed adlayer structures, during electrooxidative CO removal down to low average coverages, θ. Further evidence for the presence of stable adlayer domains on ordered Pt(111) and Pt(100) was obtained by sequential dosing and partial electrooxidation of 13 CO followed by 12 CO dosing. The dipole-dipole coupling properties of such adlayers indicate partial segregation of the isotopic forms. Subsequent rapid electrooxidation of these mixed isotope layers yields initially preferential formation of 12 CO 2 , pointing to the presence of reactive domain regions on the ordered surfaces. While the adlayer domains are stable for extended periods (ca. 1 h) on most ordered monocrystalline surfaces, they undergo relaxation on Pt(100) as discerned from decreases in the v CO frequency with time at a fixed θ as well as with decreasing coverage. The dissipation of adlayer structures on disordered monocrystalline Pt and Rh was also observed during slow potentiostatic oxidation from θ-induced v CO frequency decreases, which become progressively greater for longer oxidation timescales. Similar findings were also obtained for CO on both mechanically polished and annealed polycrystalline platinum; domain dissipation is especially facile on the former surface. Such electrooxidation-induced CO domain dissipation is attributed to the nucleation of the reaction front at surface defect sites. The stability of adlayer domains during electrooxidation on most ordered surfaces, and for short reaction timescales on disordered surfaces, is ascribed to a lower density of nucleation sites operative under these conditions.
A study of the precision and accuracy of peak quantification in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in time.

Abstract Simulated chromatographic data were used to determine the precision and accuracy in the estimation of peak volumes (i.e., peak sizes) in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in time (LC × LC). Peak volumes were determined both by summing the areas in the second dimension chromatograms and by fitting the second dimension areas to a Gaussian peak. The Gaussian method is better at predicting the peak volume than the moments method provided there are at least three second dimension injections above the limit of detection (LOD). However, when only two of the second dimension signals are substantially above baseline, the accuracy and precision of the Gaussian fit method become quite poor because the results from the fitting algorithm become indeterminate. Based on simulations in which the modulation ratio ( M R = 4 1 σ / t s ) and sampling phase ( ϕ ) were varied, we conclude for well-resolved peaks that the optimum precision in peak volumes in 2D separations will be obtained when the M R is between two and five, such that there are typically four to ten second dimension peaks recorded over the eight σ width of the first dimension peak. This sampling rate is similar to that suggested by the Murphy–Schure–Foley criterion. This provides an RSD of approximately 2% for the signal-to-noise ratio used in the present simulations. The precision of the peak volume of experimental data was also assessed, and RSD values were in the range of 4–5%. We conclude that the poorer precision found in the LC × LC experimental data as compared to LC may be due to experimental imprecision in sampling the effluent from the first dimension column.
Gonad morphology, sexual development, and colony composition in the obligate coral-dwelling damselfish Dascyllus aruanus

Gonad morphology and colony composition support the existing supposition that the obligate coral-dwelling damselfish Dascyllus aruanus has a protogynous hermaphroditic sexual pattern. Adults had either an active ovary containing vitellogenic oocytes, an ovotestis, or a spermiated testis and were classified as adult female, hermaphrodite, or adult male, respectively. Among individuals having male function, the testis (or testis portion of the ovotestis) takes the form of an unrestricted spermatogonial lobular testis. Among hermaphrodites having an ovotestis, a small proportion of individuals had a gonad in which both the ovarian and testicular portions were inactive (inactive hermaphrodites), whereas the majority had a predominantly testicular ovotestis that contained spermatozoa (male-active hermaphrodites). The size range of individuals within gonadal classes indicates that all D. aruanus first develop an ovariform gonad. Some individuals then undergo ovarian maturation to become adult females while others develop testicular tissue to form an ovotestis and become male-active hermaphrodites. Subsequently, progressive loss of ovarian tissue results in the development of a secondary testis from an ovotestis with the retention of a residual, afunctional lumen among adult males. The wide size range of individuals having an ovotestis suggests that some hermaphrodites function as adult females before developing testicular tissue while other individuals do not pass through an adult female stage. If this is the case, D. aruanus exhibits a diandric protogynous hermaphroditic sexual pattern. The apparent prolonged retention of an ovotestis with both healthy oocytes and an ovarian-type lumen in a spermiated ovotestis, as well as a functional sex ratio of 1:1 for adult females:adult males plus male-active hermaphrodites also raises the possibility that D. aruanus may be capable of bidirectional sex change during the hermaphroditic stage. Such a capability would be highly adaptive for a species having limited mobility and unpredictable recruitment of new colony members resulting in unpredictable mating opportunities.
New results on input-to-state stability for nonlinear time-delay systems with applicationsy

In this work we discuss some results on stability analysis for nonlinear systems with time-delays. A central theme of the work is to treat state variables with time-delays as disturbances and uncertainties. The advantage of such an approach is that by exploring the robust stability properties of a system with disturbances, one may obtain various properties for a system with time-delays.
Murine bone marrow transplantation as a novel approach to studying the role of macrophages in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis

In recent years, the development of transgenic and gene targeting technologies have made the mouse a powerful model to dissect the contribution of various genes to lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis susceptibility. Here, murine bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is presented as a method to investigate the role of the macrophage in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. This approach has been successfully implemented in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice, which develop severe hyperlipidemia and extensive aortic and coronary atherosclerosis. BMT was performed as a way to deliver macrophages with the normal complement of the apoE gene to the apoE-deficient mice. BMT resulted in the appearance of apoE in plasma, in a sustained drop in cholesterol levels, and in the normalization of the lipoprotein profile. In addition, BMT protected the apoE-deficient mice from diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. These data demonstrate that extrahepatic apoE secreted into the plasma compartment is functionally active and promotes lipoprotein clearance, and establish BMT as a novel approach to dissecting the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism. In addition, these findings show that the liver is not the obligatory target organ in gene therapy of dyslipidemia, and suggest the use of the macrophage as a vehicle.
A Low Emittance Configuration for Spear

The quality of synchrotron radiation beams from SPEAR, in particular the brilliance of undulator radiation, can be improved significantly by reducing the emittance of the stored electron beam. A reduction of the horizontal emittance by a factor of 3.5 to a value of 130 nanometer-radians (nm-r) at 3 GeV has been achieved by using stronger focussing, mainly in the horizontal plane. The low emittance configuration also reduces the dispersion and vertical beta functions in the straight sections, making them more suitable for wigglers. The higher betatron tunes lead to a larger phase advance between the two kickers, which has to be corrected during injection by shunting current from some quadrupoles. The configuration was optimized within SPEAR hardware limitations and tested for dynamic aperture with the tracking program PATRICIA. After implementation of this scheme, beam was successfully injected and accumulated. The measured emittance of the stored beam was in agreement with calculations. Presently the configuration is being made operational.
Evaluation of mean velocity and turbulence measurements with ADCPs

To test the ability of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) to measure turbulence, profiles measured with two pulse-to-pulse coherent ADCPs in a laboratory flume were compared to profiles measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, and time series measured in the acoustic beam of the ADCPs were examined. A four-beam ADCP was used at a downstream station, while a three-beam ADCP was used at a downstream station and an upstream station. At the downstream station, where the turbulence intensity was low, both ADCPs reproduced the mean velocity profile well away from the flume boundaries; errors near the boundaries were due to transducer ringing, flow disturbance, and sidelobe interference. At the upstream station, where the turbulence intensity was higher, errors in the mean velocity were large. The four-beam ADCP measured the Reynolds stress profile accurately away from the bottom boundary, and these measurements can be used to estimate shear velocity. Estimates of Reynolds stress with a three-beam ADCP and turbulent kinetic energy with both ADCPs cannot be computed without further assumptions, and they are affected by flow inhomogeneity. Neither ADCP measured integral time scales to within 60%.