cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context-Mediated Behavior for AI Applications

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are often faulted for their brittleness and slowness. In this paper, we argue that both of these problems can be ameliorated if the AI program is context-sensitive, making use of knowledge about the context it is in to guide its perception, understanding, and action. We describe an approach to this problem, context-mediated behavior (CMB). CMB uses contextual schemas (c-schemas) to explicitly represent contexts. Features of the context are used to find the appropriate c-schemas, whose knowledge then guides all aspects of behavior.
Connecting to Communities: Powerful Pedagogies for Leading for Social Change

This chapter explores the use of powerful pedagogies such as service-learning, cultural immersion, and community-based research to enhance leadership development. Four key principles are presented that describe how leadership educators can facilitate community-based learning in a way that creates an optimal learning environment for students, while also engaging ethically with individuals and organizations in the community.
Dynamic Model Studies of Ruck-A-Chucky Bridge

The prototype bridge is a 1,300-ft (400-m) span box-girder type with a horizontal radius of 1,500 ft (458 m) and supported on 48 cables individually anchored to the canyon walls. The model scale selected was 1/200 and a distorted model was constructed to study the global behavior of the system to ground shaking applied in all three coordinates. Preliminary testing included the measurement of static live-load response, system damping, and natural frequencies and mode shapes. These are compared with the results of linear analysis. Shaking tests were conducted on a 20-ft x 20-ft (6.1-m x 6.1-m) two-component table. The principal dynamic behavior is shown in the form of time-history plots of selected quantities, and maximum response values are compared with linear analysis. It is concluded that linear analysis provides dynamic response data accurate enough for design purposes, that cable vibrations have little influence on the gross behavior of the system, and that the system damping is not appreciably affected by the cable system.
Addiction Treatment Within U.S. Correctional Facilities: Bridging the Gap Between Current Practice and Evidence-Based Care.

The United States leads the world in creating prisoners. This epidemic of incarceration is largely due to the “War on Drugs,” which has resulted in criminalization of the disease of addiction. Half of prisoners have an active substance use disorder yet a minority receives formal treatment. Opioid agonist maintenance is among the most effective treatments for opioid use disorder. Maintenance treatment reduces illicit opioid use, crime, recidivism, and cost, yet few correctional facilities provide this lifesaving treatment. Increased access to opioid agonist maintenance as well as reexamination of drug policy is necessary to address this costly and morbid incarceration epidemic.
Survival of yogurt-containing organisms and Lactobacillus gasseri (ADH) and their effect on bacterial enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy and hypochlorhydric elderly subjects.

The effect of the live bacterial yogurt cultures, namely Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and a mucosal adhering strain of Lactobacillus gasseri (ADH) on small intestinal and fecal bacterial characteristics was examined in 10 elderly subjects with atrophic gastritis and 23 elderly normal volunteers (11 received yogurt and 12 received ADH). Neither S thermophilus nor L bulgaricus was recovered from the stomach or small intestine of subjects fed yogurt or pasteurized yogurt. ADH was recovered from gastric or small intestinal aspirates in three of four subjects and in the stools of four of five subjects diagnosed with atrophic gastritis. In 11 of 12 normal subjects, ADH was isolated from stools. There was a significant reduction in fecal bacterial enzyme activity in both normal volunteers and subjects with atrophic gastritis after being fed with viable ADH. Adherent strains of bacteria such as ADH are likely to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract and thus have greater metabolic effects
Skeletal coccidioidomycosis : imaging findings in 19 patients

Objective. The objective of this study was to describe the distribution and radiologic appearance of skeletal coccidioidomycosis in 19 documented cases. Design and patients. Medical records of 19 patients (17 men, 2 women; age range 17–62 years, mean age 34 years) with clinically confirmed skeletal coccidioidomycosis were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were studied with plain radiography (n=19), skeletal scintigraphy (n=6), computed tomography (CT) (n=5), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=1). Results. Multiple lesions were seen in 11 of 19 patients (58%). Of a total of 46 lesions, 27 (59%) were described as punched-out lytic, 10 (22%) as permeative/destructive, and 9 (17%) as involving a joint and/or disk space. Lesions were identified in almost every bone (with the exception of the facial bones, ulna, carpus, and fibula) and were most commonly found in the axial skeleton (20 of 46; 43%). Conclusion. Skeletal coccidioidomycosis is frequently multicentric and may involve almost any bone. The axial skeleton is the most common site of involvement. Lesions are usually well demarcated but may present with an ill-defined border and permeative type of bone destruction, especially in the spine. Joint involvement is not uncommon. Plain radiographs are effective in the initial evaluation of bones and joints, scintigraphic studies can identify disseminated disease, and CT and MRI are effective in determining soft tissue involvement and spinal abnormalities.
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype F: identification of substrate recognition requirements and development of inhibitors with low nanomolar affinity.

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs A−G) are zinc metalloendoproteases that exhibit extraordinary specificities for proteins involved in neurotransmitter release. In view of the extreme toxicities of these molecules, their applications in human medicine, and potential for misuse, it is of considerable importance to elucidate the mechanisms underlying substrate recognition and to develop inhibitors, with the ultimate goal of obtaining anti-botulinum drugs. We synthesized peptides based on vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) to investigate the substrate requirements of BoNT F, which cleaves VAMP between residues Q58 and K59. The minimum substrate was a peptide containing VAMP residues 32−65, which includes only one of the two VAMP structural motifs thought to be required for botulinum substrate recognition. BoNT F exhibited a strict requirement for residues D57 (P2), K59 (P1‘), and L60 (P2‘), but peptides containing substitutions for R56 (P3), Q58 (P1), and S61 (P3‘) were cleaved. Therefore, the P2, P1‘, an...
The Dam1 kinetochore complex harnesses microtubule dynamics to produce force and movement.

Kinetochores remain attached to microtubule (MT) tips during mitosis even as the tips assemble and disassemble under their grip, allowing filament dynamics to produce force and move chromosomes. The specific proteins that mediate tip attachment are uncertain, and the mechanism of MT-dependent force production is unknown. Recent work suggests that the Dam1 complex, an essential component of kinetochores in yeast, may contribute directly to kinetochore–MT attachment and force production, perhaps by forming a sliding ring encircling the MT. To test these hypotheses, we developed an in vitro motility assay where beads coated with pure recombinant Dam1 complex were bound to the tips of individual dynamic MTs. The Dam1-coated beads remained tip-bound and underwent assembly- and disassembly-driven movement over ≈3 μm, comparable to chromosome displacements in vivo. Dam1-based attachments to assembling tips were robust, supporting 0.5–3 pN of tension applied with a feedback-controlled optical trap as the MTs lengthened ≈1 μm. The attachments also harnessed energy from MT disassembly to generate movement against tension. Reversing the direction of force (i.e., switching to compressive force) caused the attachments to disengage the tip and slide over the filament, but sliding was blocked by areas where the MT was anchored to a coverslip, consistent with a coupling structure encircling the filament. Our findings demonstrate how the Dam1 complex may contribute directly to MT-driven chromosome movement.
Gas chromatographic determination of cocaine in whole blood and plasma using a nitrogen-sensitive flame ionization detector

A procedure is described for the determination of as little as 20 ng of cocaine from 1 ml of whole blood or plasma. Methods are also given for the storage of whole blood or plasma containing cocaine as well as for whole blood or plasma extracts. Blood levels in patients receiving intranasal cocaine for topical anesthesia while undergoing rhinoplasty are also presented.
Similarities in the bioluminescence from the Pennatulacea

Abstract 1. The in vivo bioluminescence spectra of six species of cnidarians from the subclass Alcyonaria, order Pennatulacea, have been examined. They are all strikingly similar having as a predominant feature a narrow green emission peak with a maximum at 19 640 cm−1 (509 nm). Each of these spectra is structured with a shoulder in the region of 18 500 cm−1 (540 nm) and in some cases another shoulder in the 21 000-cm−1 (475-nm) region. 2. A protein bound green-fluorescent chromophore has been isolated from each of these animals. The fluorescence spectra of these chromophores are identical. Their peak position, 19 640 cm−1 (509 nm), and narrow structured character strongly suggest that they represent the emitter responsible for the corresponding parts of the bioluminescence spectra. 3. The data indicate that in each of these Pennatulids, the overall bioluminescence spectrum can be explained as the combination of two emitting species, the fluorescence of the green-fluorescent, protein-bound chromophore and the broad blue fluorescence typical of the in vitro reactions.
The recognition of multiple spatial patterns: a case study from the French upper paleolithic

Abstract A pattern recognition approach to spatial analysis is applied to artifact distributions from the Magdalenian site of Pincevent, Section 36. Patterning is investigated using a κ-means cluster analysis that permits iterative mapping of artifact distributions at several scales of spatial complexity. Multiple scales of patterning are recognized in the Pincevent distributions. These patterns are assessed in terms of those discovered by the excavators through intensive visual inspection of the materials. Basic concordance is seen between these two approaches. Finally, the analysis detects more detailed patterning. A relationship between artifact abundance and location seems to hold constant throughout the site.
Problems in studying and defining pubertal events.

Problems in studying and defining pubertal events during early adolescence are examined in this paper. Whether puberty is best characterized as a social construction or as a physical event and whether early adolescence is best considered a transitional or distinct life period are discussed. Then, the markers or life events associated with puberty and possible boundaries of early adolescence are considered. Finally, possible models for studying pubertal change are discussed, focusing on timing of events, mediated effects, biobehavioral interaction, and cumulative risk models.Puberty: The time of life in which the two sexes begin first to be acquainted.- Samuel JOhnson.
A Framework for Family Visiting for Children in Long-Term Foster Care:

Research has determined that family visiting for children in long-term foster care can be beneficial for children; however, there is a demonstrated gap between research and practice. This article r...
Competitive inhibitors of rabbit hepatic microsomal steroid 12α-hydroxylase☆

Abstract The sterols 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (I) and 5α-cholestane-3α,7α-diol (II) are competitive inhibitors for rabbit hepatic microsomal preparations of steroid 12α-hydroxylase with apparent Ki, values of 56 and 93 μM, respectively. To ascertain the optimum structure for a substrate with maximal enzymic activity, nine sterols or steroidal acids containing the 7α-hydroxy-4-en-3-one or 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5α configuration were prepared and studied as inhibitors with enzyme preparations in the presence of NADPH, oxygen and appropriate cofactors. Although each of these compounds exhibited competitive inhibition, the best inhibitor for sterol (I) was 7α,25-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (IV) (Ki 36 μM). Steroidal acids (3-oxo-7α-hydroxychol-4-enoic acid and 3-oxo-7α-hydroxy-4-cholene-24-carboxylic acid) were poor inhibitors (Ki 1080 and 654 μM, respectively). For sterol (II) the best inhibitors were sterol (IV) (Ki 35 μM) and 5α-cholestane-3α,7α,25-triol (VIII) (Ki 45 μM). The 12α-hydroxylated products of sterols (I) and (IV) were less tightly bound to the enzyme (Ki 88 and 98 juM, respectively) in the presence of sterol (II). Allochenodeoxycholic acid (Ki 495 μM) was not a good inhibitor for sterol (II). 12α-Hydroxylated products of sterols (IV) and (VIII) were isolated from larger scale incubations, separated by HPLC and identified by mass spectrometry.
Studies in Duck Nutrition 2. Studies of Protein and Unidentified Vitamin Requirements

Abstract THE protein requirements of ducklings have received relatively little attention. Horton (1932) found that a ration containing 19 percent protein produced definitely superior results when compared to the results obtained with a ration containing 12 percent protein. Hamlyn, Branion, and Cavers (1934) concluded from their experiments that the optimum protein level for growing Pekin ducklings is about 18 percent or less. Very little research work has been done on the requirements of the duck for unidentified vitamins. Hegsted and Stare (1945) reported that ducks grew poorly on purified diets unless a source of unidentified factors was supplied. They found, however, that the then unidentified “L. casei factor” (folic acid) was capable of replacing most of the activity of crude liver extract for ducks fed purified diets. In view of the lack of information on these subjects, an investigation was undertaken in this laboratory to determine, more precisely, the protein requirements . . .
The work of Gian-Carlo rota on invariant theory

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explain Gian-Carlo Rota’s work on invariant theory; second, to place this work in a broad historical and mathematical context. Rota’s work falls under three specific cases: vector invariants, the invariants of binary forms, and the invariants of skew-symmetric tensors. We discuss each of these cases and show how determinants and straightening play central roles. In fact, determinants constitute all invariants in the vector case; for binary forms and skew-symmetric tensors, they constitute all invariants when invariants are represented symbolically. Consequently, we explain the symbolic method both for binary forms and for skew-symmetric tensors, where Rota developed generalizations of the usual notion of a determinant. We also discuss the Grassmann algebra, with its two operations of meet and join, which was a theme which ran through Rota’s work on invariant theory almost from the very beginning.
Introduction to extensible languages

It has been such a long time since I have seen so many familiar faces shouting among so many familiar ideas. Discovery of something new in programming languages, like any discovery, has somewhat the same sequence of emotions as falling in love. A sharp elation followed by euphoria, a feeling of uniqueness, and ultimately the wandering eye (the urge to generalize). I hope that Extensible Languages will have a long enough appeal for us in this rapidly changing world that we can draw from its juices.
Cylindrical accuracy control based on stochastic modeling and forecasting compensation

Abstract A new compensatory control strategy has been developed for improving the form accuracy in realtime condition. This scheme is based on obtaining an error model of the tool error measured in-process then forecasting the error at the cutting point to compensate for it with the appropriate compensatory action. This approach is a combination of in-process gaging, stochastic modeling based on recursive parameter estimation, forecasting compensation with minimum variance, and real-time compensatory action. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, a physical compensatory control system has been developed and implemented for the purpose of on-line control of cylindricity in boring operations. Basically, the overall control system involves a closed-loop system and consists of an in-process laser-based cylindricity' measurement system, microcomputer and precise piezoelectric actuator systems. The effectiveness of this proposed strategy was confirmed through on-line cutting experiment.
Localization of the Gene AVG for the Antiviral Expression of Immune and Classical Interferon to the Distal Portion of the Long Arm of Chromosome 21

The responses of normal fibroblasts and of fibroblasts trisomic and monosomic for chromosome 21 to exogenously administered virus-induced (classical) and phytohemagglutinin-induced (immune) human interferon were determined. The virus-induced interferon was obtained from leukocytes treated with Sendai virus and from neonatal foreskin fibroblasts treated with Newcastle disease virus. With both classical and immune interferons, the mean response of the trisomic cell lines was three times that of the normal cells, whereas that of the monosomic lines was half or less that of the normal cells, Furthermore, a line trisomic for only the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 21 (q21 leads to qter) also demonstrated increased sensitivity to virus- and phytohemagglutinin-induced interferons, a fact that indicated that the gene responsible for the antiviral effect of interferon, AVG, is located on this part of chromosome 21. Responses to the two categories of interferon (virus-induced and phytohemagglutinin-induced) of individual cell lines of different degrees of sensitivity were strongly correlated (r=0.79). It is concluded, therefore, that despite their physical and antigenic differences, the antiviral expressions of both classical and immune interferons are ultimately mediated by the same genetic locus, AVG.
Nationwide survey on the posting of minimum speed limit signs on Interstate freeways

This paper presents the results of the mail out survey conducted in the United States to unveil the current state of practice related to the posting of minimum speed limit signs on Interstate freeway system. The analysis of the survey results has revealed that half of the country (25 states) posts the minimum speed limit on Interstate freeways. The most common posting is 40 mph. There are few states that post 45 mph and 55 mph in some sections on Interstate freeways. The survey results has also discovered that many states raised the maximum speed limits on Interstate freeways as the consequence of the National Highway System (NHS) designation Act of 1995 without revising or studying the effect of the existing minimum speed limits on traffic operation. Implications for future research relates to a multi state study which will evaluate the relevance of minimum speed limits on speed variability that is created by the posting of minimum speed limit.
Clinical and histologic spectrum of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I — associated lymphoma involving the skin

Abstract Background: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is associated with infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Objective: The objective was to describe the clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic features in three patients with ATL involving the skin. Methods: Clinical histories and skin biopsy specimens were reviewed. Immunophenotypic studies were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes (three patients) and on skin biopsy specimens (one patient). Results: Serologic testing in each patient was positive for HTLV-I. Specific cutaneous lesions of ATL were diverse. Histologic features included markedly epidermotropic lymphoid infiltrates and dermal aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages resembling granulomas. One patient died 3 months after diagnosis; the other two are alive with residual lymphoma. Conclusion: A spectrum of clinical, histologic, and immunophenotypic features are seen in ATL involving skin. Those cases with a chronic course may resemble mycosis fungoides clinically and histologically. Serologic testing for HTLV-I is recommended in all patients with cutaneous lymphoma from endemic areas and in those with other risk factors for HTLV-I infection.
SPACE–TIME MEASURES OF DEMAND FOR SERVICE: BRIDGING LOCATION MODELLING AND ACCESSIBILITY STUDIES THROUGH A TIME‐GEOGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

Demand for service in location modelling is often evaluated based on the spatial proximity of fixed and static reference locations of demand (e.g. home) to a facility, which ignores person‐specific...
Rain Deposition of Pesticides in Coastal Waters of the South Atlantic Bight

Concentrations of currently used pesticides were measured in surface waters of the South Atlantic Bight immediately after a major storm event that deposited significant rainfall (200−300 mm) in the coastal region. A plume of freshened water (salinity at least 2‰ lower than surrounding 36.2‰ salinity waters) was detected offshore. A concurrent study determined that the freshened plume was the result of rainfall. Concentrations of atrazine, metolachlor, and trifluralin were enriched inside the freshened plume (by a factor of approximately 2−6) as compared to surface waters outside the plume, providing direct evidence of rain deposition of these pesticides. Calculated rain end-member concentrations were higher than local river end-members. Estimated quantities of pesticides deposited in the freshened plume during the 2−3-day event ranged from 130 to 490 kg of atrazine, from 95 to 120 kg of metolachlor, and from 10 to 27 kg of trifluralin. These values represent approximately 4−10%, 3−5%, and 1−3% of the esti...
High-Fidelity Simulation of Transitional Flows Past a Plunging Airfoil

This investigation addresses the simulation of the unsteady separated flows encountered by a plunging airfoil under low-Reynolds-number conditions (Rec 6 ◊ 10 4 ). The flow fields are computed employing a previously developed and extensively validated high-fidelity implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES) approach. In order to permit comparison with available experimental measurements, calculations are performed first for an SD7003 airfoil section at an angle of attack o = 4 plunging with reduced frequency k = 3.93 and nondimensional amplitude ho = 0.05. Under these conditions, it is demonstrated that for Rec = 10 4 , transitional effects are not significant and that the dynamic-stall vortices remain fairly coherent as they propagate along the airfoil. For Rec = 4 ◊ 10 4 , the dynamic-stall vortex system is laminar at is inception, however shortly afterwards, it experiences an abrupt breakdown associated with the onset of spanwise instability effects. A detailed description of this transition process near the leading edge is provided. The computed phased-averaged structures for both values of Reynolds number are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. As a second example, the suppression of static stall at high angle of attack ( o = 14 ) is investigated using high-frequency small-amplitude vibrations (k = 10,ho = 0.005). At Rec = 6 ◊ 10 4 , separation is completely eliminated in a time-averaged sense, and the mean drag is reduced by approximately 40%. The instantaneous flow is characterized by the periodic generation of dynamic-stall vortices near the leading edge and by their subsequent transition as they convect close to the airfoil. For Rec = 10 4 , significant reduction of the timeaveraged separation region is still possible with transitional effects present in the aft-portion of the airfoil. For larger forcing amplitude (ho = 0.04,Rec = 10 4 ), a very intriguing regime emerges. The dynamic stall vortex moves around and in front of the leading edge and experiences a dramatic breakdown as it impinges against the airfoil. As a result, the phased-averaged flow displays no coherent vortices propagating along the airfoil upper surface. This new flow structure is also characterized in the mean by the existence of a strong jet in the near wake which manifests in a high value of net thrust. The present study demonstrates the importance of transitional effects for low-Reynolds-number maneuvering airfoils, as well as the suitability of the ILES approch for exploring such flow regime.
Factors influencing the willingness to mentor 1st‐year faculty in physical education departments

This study of mentoring 1st‐year faculty in physical education departments focused on individual reasons for mentoring and organizational factors inhibiting or facilitating mentoring. A phenomenological research design was used to examine the mentoring relationship between 1st‐year faculty and physical education department Chairs (N = 5), and a constant comparative analysis of personal portraits provided themes and categories. Results illustrate the need for department Chairs to initiate the mentoring relationship with 1st‐year faculty, provide department orientation programs, schedule regular meetings, and encourage interdisciplinary efforts within and outside the department.
Expectancy effect: Impact of pill administration on cognitive performance in healthy seniors

Expectancy or placebo effects on cognitive function have not been well studied. To determine the effect of taking pills on cognitive function, 40 participants were randomly assigned to a pill or no-pill condition. Healthy seniors who took a 2-week supply of methylcellulose pills, which they were told was an experimental cognitive enhancer, were compared to seniors not taking any pills. There were 2 primary outcome measures defined prior to the study-Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Word List delayed recall and Stroop color word task time-as well as 7 other cognitive outcome measures. There was a significant effect of pill taking on the 2 primary outcome measures. There was also an effect of pill taking on choice reaction time and Word List immediate recall but not on the other 5 secondary cognitive outcome measures. In an exploratory analysis of potential predictors of the expectancy effect, perceived stress and self-efficacy but not personality traits interacted with the pill-taking effect on cognitive function. Further characterizing and understanding this observed expectancy effect is important to maximize cognitive health and improve clinical trial design.
Pulmonary embolism in heart failure.

Case Presentation: A 71-year-old man with coronary artery disease, left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction, 30%), and recent admission for heart failure presented with acute dyspnea and hypoxemia. A pro-brain–type natriuretic peptide level was elevated at 2450 pg/mL (normal <350 pg/mL). Chest x-ray demonstrated cardiomegaly and small bilateral pleural effusions. After an hour of diuresis, the patient developed systemic arterial hypotension and worsened hypoxemia, prompting cardiology consultation. Based on the absence of rales on physical examination and lack of pulmonary edema on chest x-ray, an alternative diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) was suggested, and contrast-enhanced chest tomography (CT) was obtained. Chest CT demonstrated large bilateral proximal PE. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which encompasses deep vein thrombosis and PE, is an increasingly common and challenging complication of heart failure. The relative risk of PE is at least double that of patients without heart failure and increases as LV systolic function declines.1 PE patients with heart failure have a higher overall mortality rate than those without heart failure (17% versus 10%).2 In addition, PE is an independent predictor of death or rehospitalization among heart failure patients.3 ### Risk Factors Heart failure patients often have a high medical acuity and multiple risk factors that amplify the risk of VTE.4 The increased risk of VTE observed with heart failure itself has been attributed to reduced flow caused by low cardiac output and abnormalities of hemostasis, platelet function, and endothelial function. Central venous catheters and leads from implantable cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers are common among heart failure patients and have been shown to increase the risk of upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. Heart failure patients tend to be older, and VTE in the elderly is problematic.5 ### Hemodynamics Acute PE increases pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular (RV) afterload through direct physical obstruction, hypoxemia, and pulmonary …
US Policy Response to the Wildfire Fuels Management Problem: An Analysis of the News Media Debate about the Healthy Forests Initiative and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act

The Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI) and Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA) represent major policy and legislative responses to the wildfire fuels management problem in the USA. This study examined the nature and evolution of the news media discussion and debate about these policy initiatives. Computer content analysis was used to analyse favourable and unfavourable beliefs about HFI/HFRA expressed in about 2800 news stories and editorials published from August 1, 2002 through December 31, 2004. The most frequently mentioned favourable beliefs that emerged included the view that HFI/HFRA will (1) reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire, (2) protect people, communities, and property, and (3) cut red tape and speed up decision making processes. The most commonly expressed unfavourable beliefs included the view that HFI/HFRA (1) is an excuse to increase logging, (2) will weaken environmental protections, and (3) will reduce public input. Some evidence was found of a gradual shift in the media discussion...
Association of a History of Systemic Hypertension With Mortality, Thrombotic, and Bleeding Complications Following Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome

Chronic hypertension is a well established risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease; however, its prognostic significance after a non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome remains to be established. Data from 15,414 patients included in six randomized Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trials (TIMI 3B, TIMI 11A, TIMI 11B, TIMI 12, the Orbofiban in Patients With Unstable Coronary Syndromes [OPUS]-TIMI 16, and the Treat Angina With Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy With an Invasive or Conservative Strategy [TACTICS]-TIMI 18) were analyzed. A history of hypertension was present in 10,998 (71.35%) patients; comorbidities and higher TIMI risk scores were more likely in these patients. However, positive troponin and ST-segment deviations were less frequent among hypertensive patients. After multivariate analysis, the history of hypertension was associated with more adverse outcomes, specifically the composite end point of death/myocardial infarction at 30 days and 1 year (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-1.81; p<0.001 at 1 year) than in patients without this history. An independent relationship was also observed with mortality (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.34-2.16; p<0.001 at 1 year), myocardial infarction (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.23-1.82; p<0.001 at 1 year), recurrent ischemia (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11-1.38; p<0.001 at 1 year), and major bleeding (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.03-2.06; p=0.036 at 30 days). It was concluded that chronic hypertension remains an independent marker for major short- and long-term cardiac adverse outcomes after non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.
Race, Gender, and Opinion Toward Black and Female Presidential Candidates

Using data from the 1974 and 1978 General Social Surveys, public opinion toward blacks and women as presidential candidates was explored. We tested the hypotheses that white males would be least likely to support presidential candidates from both groups, while black females would be the most likely to express this support. We found that although blacks in general were more supportive of black candidacies than were whites, women were not consistently more supportive of female candidates. While black women were more likely than black males to support female candidates, among whites few gender differences were found. Lee Sigelman is Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science, University of Kentucky. Susan Welch is Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 48:467-475 ? 1984 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 0033-362X/84/0048-467/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.96 on Sat, 03 Sep 2016 05:49:47 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 468 LEE SIGELMAN AND SUSAN WELCH issues have not been joined (see Peek and Brown, 1980, for a preliminary move in this direction). When we think of the two issues jointly, four possibilities emerge, as indicated in Table 1. Cells I and IV contain the two polar opposite types-those who say they would vote for neither a black nor a woman, and those who say they would be willing to vote for both. Between the polar types fall the intermediate types-those who would be willing to vote for a black but not a woman (Cell III) and those who would vote for a woman but not a black (Cell II). Using this fourfold classification, we should be able to determine whether blacks and women are the targets of one set of individuals who are generally opposed to "outgroup" candidacies, or whether different types of people comprise the opposition to blacks and women.
Arizona Construction Labor: A Case Study of Union Decline

Labor relations in the Arizona construction industry provide an interesting and informative case study of what occurs when unions push costs beyond what the market will bear. The industry was highly unionized, even including the homebuilding sector, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when a series of strikes and major wage and benefit increases led one sector after another in the industry to turn to open-shop contractors. The construction unions and unionized contractors attempted to counter this move by agreeing to wage, benefit, and rule concessions, but the trend to open-shop work continued. Currently, the unions control only a small segment of the work with little prospect of improvement. Although special factors may have reduced union power more in the Arizona construction industry than nationally, developments in this state do indicate a probable decline in the national union share of work beyond what was found in the 1984 nationwide study.
Improved Sensitivity to Insulin in Obese Subjects Following Weight Loss Is Accompanied by Reduced Protein.Tyrosine Phosphatases in Adipose Tissue

Insulin resistance in adipose tissue in human obesity is associated with increased protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity and elevated levels of the PTPases leukocyte common antigen-related PTPase (LAR) and PTP1B. To determine whether the improved insulin sensitivity associated with weight loss in obese subjects is accompanied by reversible changes in PTPases, we obtained subcutaneous adipose tissue from seven obese subjects (mean body mass index [BMI], 40.4 kg/m2) before and after a loss of 10% of body weight and again after a 4-week maintenance period. Weight loss was accompanied by an 18.5% decrease in overall adipose tissue PTPase activity (P = .015) that was further reduced to 22.3% of the control value (P = .005) at the end of the maintenance period. By immunoblot analysis, the abundance of LAR was decreased by 21% (P = .04) and abundance of PTP1B was decreased by 40% (P < .004) after the initial weight loss, and the decreases persisted during the maintenance period. Enhanced insulin sensitivity following weight loss, evident from a 26% decrease in fasting insulin levels (P < .05), was also closely correlated with the reduction in the abundance of both LAR (R2 = .80, P < .01) and PTP1B (R2 = .64, P = .03). These results support the hypothesis that LAR and PTP1B may be reversibly involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and may be therapeutic targets in insulin-resistant states.
The Impact of the CEO Pay Gap on Firm Competitive Behavior

The authors investigate how pay differences between the CEO and the rest of the members of the top management team influence a firm's competitive behavior as reflected in the observable and purposeful competitive moves launched by the firm. Using data from the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, the authors found a positive relationship between the CEO pay gap and the volume and complexity dimensions of firm competitive behavior. The authors discuss both theoretical and managerial implications of these findings as they relate to important topics such as competitive strategy, corporate governance, and executive compensation.
THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION CLASSROOM AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: TWO VIEWS. I. TOWARD A LATITUDE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

(1972). THE SPEECH COMMUNICATION CLASSROOM AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: TWO VIEWS. I. TOWARD A LATITUDE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 85-88.
Some attitudinal and cognitive consequences of thought

Abstract A “reinterpretation of inconsistent cognitions” explanation of the previous finding that thought about an object tends to polarize attitudes toward that object was tested. Under the assumption that ambiguity facilitates reinterpretation, ambiguity of inconsistent information and opportunity for thought were manipulated. Consistent with expectations, (a) thought resulted in attitude polarization and this effect was increased with ambiguity (p
Theory of weak scattering of stochastic electromagnetic fields from deterministic and random media

The theory of scattering of scalar stochastic fields from deterministic and random media is generalized to the electromagnetic domain under the first-order Born approximation. The analysis allows for determining the changes in spectrum, coherence, and polarization of electromagnetic fields produced on their propagation from the source to the scattering volume, interaction with the scatterer, and propagation from the scatterer to the far field. An example of scattering of a field produced by a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-correlated partially polarized source and scattered from a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-correlated medium is provided.
Transient ischemic attacks: predictability of future ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack events

The short-term risk of an ischemic stroke after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) is estimated to be approximately 3%-10% at 2 days, 5% at 7 days, and 9%-17% at 90 days, depending on active or passive ascertainment of ischemic stroke. Various risk prediction scores are available to identify high-risk patients. We present here a pragmatic review of the literature discussing the main scoring systems. We also provide the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each scoring system. Our review shows that scoring systems including brain imaging and vascular imaging are better at risk prediction than scores that do not include this information.
Prevention of lipofuscin development in neurons by anti-oxidants.

It was documented that ageing is associated with a progressive and highly significant proliferation of the total number of light microscopically visible lipofuscin granules in the grey substance of sections of the cervical spinal cord of Balb/c mice. The mean total numbers (±standard errors) of lipofuscin granules in standard sections of the glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed, epon embedded spinal cords that were examined with a phase contrast light microscope in 1 week, 1 month, 8 months and 18 months old mice were 0, 269±56, 1101±82 and 2464±318, respectively. The population densities of multiglobular lipofuscin units as seen with the electron microscope in random spinal cord neurons of the same 4 age groups corresponded well with the above quantitative, light microscopic data.
Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles

The way that nutrients cycle through atmospheric, terrestrial, oceanic and associated biotic reservoirs can constrain rates of biological production and help structure ecosystems on land and in the sea. On a global scale, cycling of nutrients also affects the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Because of their capacity for rapid growth, marine microorganisms are a major component of global nutrient cycles. Understanding what controls their distributions and their diverse suite of nutrient transformations is a major challenge facing contemporary biological oceanographers. What is emerging is an appreciation of the previously unknown degree of complexity within the marine microbial community.
Economic Implications of Some Citizen-Initiated Legal Mechanisms for Solving Environmental Quality Problems

T HE individual may feel powerless when confronted with the complexity of solving problems of pollution. But it may be possible for a private citizen (or group) to have significant influence through court action initiated against polluters or public agencies that do not carry out their responsibilities. Common law provisions such as nuisance, trespass, and water rights provide legal bases for suits against polluters. Generally the individual must have been damaged in some way to use those remedies. Nuisance actions have been used
Effect of Alloying on the Fermi Surface of Copper

The variation of $〈111〉$ neck cross section and of $〈111〉$ belly/neck ratio with alloy concentration have been measured in a number of rather dilute (0.1%) alloys of zinc, cadmium, aluminum, nickel, and palladium in copper. The scattering (Dingle) temperatures for neck and belly oscillations in these alloys have also been measured. The results for the nontransitional additives show good agreement with a rigid-band, simple heterovalent scatterer model. The results for a single palladium alloy were inconclusive, but those for the nickel alloys are best interpreted on the basis of Friedel's "virtual bound level" model, with about 0.4 electrons per nickel atom left in the conduction band. The "effective scattering temperature" of nickel for neck electrons in copper is found to be appreciably lower than that for belly electrons, in contrast with the approximate 1.5:1 ratio found for the nontransitional impurities.
Effect of metabolic state on phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination of normal human erythrocytes.

Abstract A reproducible quantitative assay for the lectin-mediated agglutination of human erythrocytes, depending on different rates of settling of agglutinated and non-agglutinated erythrocytes, was developed. This assay was used to study the aggregation of human erythrocytes by phytohemagglutinin-P. The aggregation of human erythrocytes by phytohemagglutinin-P was found to depend upon the metabolic state of the cells. Metabolically depleted erythrocytes agglutinated much less readily than did similar cells supplied with adenosine. this was not due to swelling and rigidity of the cells, since erythrocytes in hypotonic solution did not exhibit significantly altered phytohemagglutinin-P agglutination. Metabolically depleted erythrocytes, or erythrocytes from blood stored 8 weeks, lysed and resealed in the presence of ATP, were agglutinated by phytohemagglutinin-P to a much greater extent than control samples without ATP. The presence of Mg 2+ , either alone or with ATP, had little effect on the agglutinability of the resealed membranes. Low concentrations of Ca 2+ (0.2 mM) had little effect on agglutinability, although high Ca 2+ (5 mM) inhibited agglutinability of the resealed membranes somewhat. Both metabolically depleted erythrocytes and depleted erythrocytes, previously treated with adenosine, when treated with trypsin released similar amounts of sialic acid. The agglutinability of the trypsinized adenosine-supplemented cells increased more readily than did that of trypsinized metabolically depleted cells. The agglutination of erythrocytes was not affected by cytochalasin B (40 μg/ml). Vinblastine (0.2 mM) caused depleted erythrocytes to agglutinate similarly to adenosine-supplemented erythrocytes, but had no effect on the agglutination of adenosine-supplemented erythrocytes. It is concluded that ATP in the human erythrocyte probably participates in the modulation of phytohemagglutinin-P agglutinability. This is not a consequence of the more rigid membrane known to accompany ATP depletion in the erythrocyte, or of the effect of ATP levels on Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ content. It appears likely that ATP modulates human erythrocyte phytohemagglutinin-P agglutinability through interaction, direct or indirect, with a membrane-associated component, which might also be sensitive to vinblastine.
Motivational influences on word recognition: III. Parafoveal processing differs from foveal processing

Food words and negatively emotional words were presented in one visual field at a time (Experiments 1 and 2) or in two visual fields concurrently (Experiments 3 and 4), in order to enable us to assess (1) to what extent motivation and word characteristics affect parafoveal and foveal word processing in comparable ways and (2) whether differences between parafoveal and foveal processing are due primarily to the initial encoding of a word by a single hemisphere or by two hemispheres. Motivation in interaction with word category had a significant effect only when viewing was partly foveal (Experiment 3). Moreover, the initial encoding of the words by two hemispheres, as opposed to one, could not account for clear-cut differences between parafoveal and foveal processing. Word characteristics effects, when significant, were evident only for right-field processing, and not for left-field processing.
Report From Massachusetts: Employers Largely Support Health Care Reform, And Few Signs Of Crowd-Out Appear

Based on a 2007 survey of 1,056 randomly selected Massachusetts firms, this paper presents findings about employers’ attitudes about, knowledge of, and responses to recently enacted reform legislation. A majority of Massachusetts employers agree that all employers bear some responsibility for providing health benefits, firms not offering benefits should be required to pay a “fair share” contribution up to $295 annually per employee, and employers with ten or fewer employees should not be exempt from this requirement. Only 24 percent of employers with 3–50 workers are familiar with the Connector purchasing pool. About 3 percent of Massachusetts small employers intend to drop coverage, similar to national figures.