cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherently strained in-plane atomic layer heterojunctions

Semiconductor heterojunctions (HJs) have played a critical role in many modern electronic and photonic devices. The emergence of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) as a new class of two-dimensional semiconducting materials creates exciting new opportunities to push semiconductor heterostructures toward a new frontier. Vertically stacked van der Waals heterostructures have been quickly recognized as a powerful platform to create atomically thin heterostructures.1 Recently, attention has been directed to the creation of monolayer ‘lateral heterojunctions’ with a line interface between two different TMDs, pushing semiconductor HJs to a new dimension. In late 2014, three papers published simultaneously, demonstrating direct growth of lateral heterojunctions using chemical vapor deposition.2, 3, 4 The papers demonstrated growth including both lattice matched and mismatched HJs; however, the interfaces were not chemically abrupt (that is, diffuse interface). In particular, the lattice mismatched system (for example, WS2-WSe2) displayed a compositional transition width of 40 nm. Presumably, the gradual composition alleviates the abrupt change of the lattice constant, similar to the epitaxial growth of conventional heterostructures with a large lattice mismatch. Conventional wisdom suggests a chemically abrupt lateral interface in a lattice mismatched system would be difficult to achieve. In contrast, in 2015 by using a two-step process, Li et al.5 reported the successful growth of lattice-mismatched lateral HJs of WSe2–MoS2 with an atomically abrupt compositional interface as shown schematically in Figure 1a. This system is coherently strained judging by the high Photoluminescence efficiency of individual TMDs. This scenario is similar to the growth of coherently strained InAs quantum dots in GaAs, although in this case, compositional mixing at the interface has been difficult to eliminate. Thus, an atomically abrupt compositional interface in a system with such a large lattice mismatch comes as a pleasant surprise.
Molecular Hydrogen in Amorphous Silicon

Proton NMR studies on hydrogen in numerous plasma deposited a-Si:H thin film samples over many years have established that there are primarily two dipolar broadened lines, representing different distinct degrees of proton clustering involving most of the contained hydrogen. In addition, both of these configurations were thought to be hydrogen tightly bonded to silicon. However, deuteron magnetic resonance established long ago that a substantial fraction of the hydrogen (deuterium) population was a weakly bonded species, very different than the silicon bonded hydrogen typically seen in infrared measurements. Deuteron magnetic resonance can easily distinguish bond strength because deuterons have spin, an electric quadrupole moment, and are sensitive to electric field gradients. The much weaker deuteron dipolar coupling results in NMR line shapes and widths that are determined by distributions of electric field gradients and angular averages about the applied magnetic field direction. The primary features of the deuteron line shape are a sharp powder-pattern Pake doublet attributed to the tightly silicon bonded species and a broad central Gaussian component originally interpreted as a weakly bound component, but now recognized as molecular deuterium and HD trapped in the amorphous equivalent of T-sites. This latter result is confirmed by spin-echo double resonance experiments using 1H and 29Si nuclides, which reveal a very appreciable population of molecular hydrogen in T-like sites. NMR line shape subtractions also indicate that the majority of this species resides in the less-clustered hydrogen phase. Also a comparison of the T-site molecular hydrogen fraction with measured photoresponse, combined with light-induced changes in the DMR line shape, indicate that this species is in regions of a-Si:H that control the optoelectronic properties of the material.
Building on Place: A Conceptual Foundation for Civic Discourse in Public Administration

This article responds to the question of whether public administra tors should work to encourage citizen identification with community as a way to build social capital. More specifically, the paper articu lates a rationale for public administration's utilization of place? physical environment?as a mechanism to support the emergence of robust, active civil society. The article describes a fundamental diffi culty facing many public organizations, the current responses pro posed by the civil society literature and its limits, and develops a conceptual framework that may prove useful in overcoming those limits. Based on this framework, the article concludes with the pres entation of a preliminary model that details some of the specific ways administrators can utilize the proposed framework.
Effects of Inbreeding and Social Factors on the Reproduction of Young Female Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii

Effects of father-daughter inbreeding and reproductive inhibition among young female deermice ( Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii ) are investigated in this study. Young female deermice were put into four social groups: 1) father-daughter pairs; 2) a proven male and unrelated young female; 3) both parents and a 21-day old daughter; 4) a father, daughter, and unrelated older female. All females in these social groups were examined for seven reproductive parameters until the young females were 180 days old. Father-daughter and unrelated pairs of mice were similar in the number of parous females, age at first reproduction, number of litters per female, offspring per litter, and total offspring per female. Weights of the inbred offspring at two days old were significantly smaller, and survival of offspring to 21 days old was significantly less than of offspring produced by unrelated parents. The effect of the mother and unrelated adult female (Groups 3 and 4) was complete inhibition of reproduction in the young females. While none of the daughters reproduced, both classes of older females continued to reproduce normally. The reproduction of adult females in Groups 3 and 4 was equivalent to that of the young females alone with adult males, except for a lower survival rate among the offspring in the father-daughter groups. These results contradict the model proposed by Skryja (1978) that delayed reproduction of a daughter by her mother may increase the daughter's inclusive fitness.
Retromammillary Inhibition of Gortically Induced Movement

SummaryA rostral midbrain area, the stimulation of which inhibits cortically-induced movement in the cat, has been described.
A Type Selection Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Shipboard Gun Weapon System Based on AHP

Aimming at the problem of many restraining elements that cannot be given attention to two or more things in shipboard gun weapon system type selection disposition decision-making,a set of methods and models of comprehensive optimization shipboard gun weapon system type selection disposition proposal based on AHP is built.Many variable factors are considered in the model,such as operational capacity,whole life-span periodic charge,development period,installation adaptation,engineering feasibility and development potential,etc.The method and model realize optimization decisions of shipboard gun weapon system type selection disposition problem.The large caliber main gun weapon system development type selection as model application example is given.
Laboratory suggestions: the results of bone biopsy with a new instrument.

Sixty-eight patients underwent bone biopsy with the Vilaghy-Zellerman instrument. The good quality and lack of artifact in the tissue samples obtained are discussed and the reliability of this type of bone biopsy in a variety of bone and bone marrow diseases is described.
Choroidal Thickness Changes After Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Background The results regarding changes of choroidal thickness following intravitreal ranibizumab injections in the literature are controversial. Vascular endothelial growth factor A is implicated in pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The suspected unchanged choroidal layer thickness after intravitreal injections of ranibizumab suggests a possible protection of the outer blood–retinal barrier in the human eye.
A clinical method for the determination of human albumin by means of a precipitin reaction.

Abstract The results of routine estimation of human albumin by different methods were compared. It was found that the immunologic method appeared to be superior to the chemical methods and gave reliable results with sera containing different amounts of albumin. Because of the minute quantity of albumin required for each analysis and the specificity of the test, the immunologic method also has been found useful to estimate the excretion of albumin in the urine of nephrotic patients and to determine the amount of albumin in the spinal fluid. 9
Prospects for Desalination in the United States—Experiences From California, Florida, and Texas

Abstract In recent decades, exponentially growing water demand, shrinking water resources, and recurring extreme droughts in many regions of the United States have compelled scientists and policymakers to rethink the future of water availability and water management. Since the 1950s, desalination has been applied in many US states as a viable solution to those problems, providing 2 billion gallons per day of desalinated water in 2013 alone. Despite its high production efficiency, flexibility, and reliability in times of drought, in most cases desalination is still not cost competitive compared with water from traditional sources (groundwater and surface water). By means of the SWOT analysis, this chapter identifies and discusses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges for desalination in the United States. Using examples from California, Florida, and Texas (the leading states on the US desalination market), the chapter demystifies common fears and risks and points out solutions from practice for improving cost efficiency and sustainability of desalination.
Dermatofibroma of the eyelid with monster cells

Dermatofibromas are most frequently encountered in women on the lower extremities, often after minor trauma. A recurrent lesion of the right lower eyelid developed in a 64-year-old woman. It harbored "monster cells" that were large, with either multiple nuclei or a single, large, convoluted, and hyperchromatic nucleus. The presence of these cells does not signify a malignant transformation. The background cells were either histiocytoid (many were adipophilin positive), spindled cells, or dendritiform cells without mitoses. Factor XIIIa, CD68, and CD163 immunostaining was positive, and a subpopulation of CD1a+ Langerhans cells was intermixed. Facial and eyelid dermatofibromas are more likely to recur and deserve wider, tumor-free surgical margins. Their microscopic differential diagnosis includes a cellular scar, peripheral nerve tumor, atypical fibrous xanthoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
Managing and servicing physical oceanographic data at a NASA Distributed Active Archive Center

The NASA Earth Science Data Information Systems Project funds and operates 12 Distributed Active Archive Center(s) (DAAC) throughout the United States. Of these 12 centers, the Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC) is committed to providing long term archival, distribution and stewardship for NASA physical oceanographic data, primarily derived from space-born satellite systems, but also including a growing set of recent and future in situ observations from the SPURS-1 and SPURS-2 campaigns. Notable NASA missions supported include: Seasat, TOPEX/Poseidon, NSCAT, QuikSCAT, ISS-RapidScat, Jason-1, Jason-2/OSTM, GRACE, Aquarius, GHRSST, and MODIS. The following interagency and international missions are also supported by PO.DAAC: AVHRR, Coriolis, DMSP, MetOp-A, MetOp-B, Oceansat-2. The PO.DAAC currently holds 525 datasets in public distribution, spanning the following observational parameters: sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, ocean color, ocean surface currents, ocean surface wind speed, ocean surface wind direction, sea surface height, significant wave height, ocean water mass/thickness, and sea ice age. A hundred of these datasets are available in near-real-time. Datasets are distributed through a variety of open-source access protocols including FTP, OPeNDAP, and THREDDS. FTP will soon be phased out in favor of a recently introduced HTTPS PO.DAAC Drive interface that supports WebDAV and interoperable machine-to-machine communication. OPeNDAP supports remote data/metadata query, subset, and download. THREDDS provides the features of OPeNDAP with the additional feature of temporal aggregation. PO.DAAC also offers proprietary tools and services to further enhance the data discovery, visualization and analysis experience, including but not limited to: State of the Ocean, Web Services (data/metadata discovery and extraction), HiTIDE Level-2 subsetter, Live Access Server (LAS), Webification (w10n-sci), and Rich Site Summary (RSS) Datacasting. To assist with provenance of datasets, PO.DAAC has implemented DOIs for the data it distributes so that they can be properly cited. There is a user forum and helpdesk that contains data recipes and via which users can get guidance. In summary, this presentation aims to provide a general overview of PO.DAAC's web portal and data holdings along with a set of illustrative examples leading prospective data users into the practical utility of its tools and services.
A range of possibilities: Assessing geographic variation in climate sensitivity of ponderosa pine using tree rings

Abstract Climate change has emerged as a major threat to biodiversity, but there have been few assessments of variability in sensitivity to climate across species’ ranges. We examined the sensitivity of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), a common, commercially important tree species found throughout the western United States, to climate variability using tree rings mostly from the International Tree Ring Data Bank (161 chronologies) and multiple climate products for 1930–1979. We compared interannual tree ring variation to water-year precipitation (wy ppt), May-July vapor pressure deficit (MJJ VPD), April-July precipitation (AMJJ ppt) and average winter (Dec-Feb) minimum temperature (winter tmn). We mapped growth-climate correlations for each variable and applied hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis to identify five main groups of climate sensitivities, one of which contained mostly climate-insensitive populations. Ponderosa pine growth was positively correlated with wy ppt and AMJJ ppt and negatively correlated with MJJ VPD throughout its range, but sensitivities were greater in the Southern Rockies and Northern Great Plains than in Pacific and Southwestern populations. Sensitivities to winter tmn were weaker than responses to other climate variables, but Pacific and interior populations mostly demonstrated positive and negative responses, respectively. In summary, our analyses revealed the general pattern that interior populations of ponderosa pine were more climate-sensitive than Pacific populations, but there is considerable heterogeneity in sensitivity throughout the species’ range. Sensitivities to climate variables were related to position along corresponding climate gradients for all variables except MJJ VPD, but the unevenness of these relationships suggests a role of local adaptation. Our results illustrate the variation in climate response for a uniquely wide-ranging species and suggest that “leading” and “trailing” range edge concepts can oversimplify patterns of species exposure to climate change.
Modulation of action potentials using PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer microwires.

We describe the use of PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer microwires to modulate action potentials in single cells. PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer microwires are electrochemically synthesized with diameters ranging from 860 nm to 4.5 μm and conductivities of ~30 S/cm. The length of the microwires is controlled by the spacing of the electrodes used for the electrochemical polymerization. We demonstrate the use of these microwires to control the action potentials of cardiomyocytes, showing that the cellular contractions match the frequency of the applied voltage. Membrane integrity assays confirm that the voltage delivered by the wires does not damage cells. We expect the conducting polymer microwires will be useful as minimally invasive devices to control the electrical properties of cells with high spatial precision.
Using complexity science and negotiation theory to resolve boundary-crossing water issues

Abstract Many water governance and management issues are complex. The complexity of these issues is related to crossing of multiple boundaries: political, social and jurisdictional, as well as physical, ecological and biogeochemical. Resolution of these issues usually requires interactions of many parties with conflicting values and interests operating across multiple boundaries and scales to make decisions. The interdependence and feedback among interacting variables, processes, actors and institutions are hard to model and difficult to forecast. Thus, decision-making related to complex water problems needs be contingent and adaptive. This paper draws on a number of ideas from complexity science and negotiation theory that may make it easier to cope with the complexities and difficulties of managing boundary crossing water disputes. It begins with the Water Diplomacy Framework that was developed and tested over the past several years. Then, it uses three key ideas from complexity science (interdependence and interconnectedness; uncertainty and feedback; emergence and adaptation) and three from negotiation theory (stakeholder identification and engagement; joint fact finding; and value creation through option generation) to show how application of these ideas can help enhance effectiveness of water management.
How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation

The study reports on a meta-analysis of attempts to correct misinformation (k = 65). Results indicate that corrective messages have a moderate influence on belief in misinformation (r = .35); howev...
Free to Litigate or Free from Litigation: Balancing Plaintiff's Rights with Court Considerations and Defendants' Interests in Hudson v. City of Chicago

The doctrine of res judicata and the rule against claim splitting require a plaintiff to plead and to litigate all relevant claims in the same action.1 The general goals of these two rules are to ensure accuracy, efficiency, and fairness in the legal system.2 Even though these three goals should work in tandem, courts have begun placing paramount importance upon the concept of efficiency, or judicial economy.3 This
Developability Assessment and Risk Management During Drug Discovery

This chapter will focus on how to overcome biopharmaceutical and technical hurdles of a given compound during drug discovery and determine a go/no-go development path utilizing minimum resources, material and time. An early assessment of developability and associated risks during drug discovery can expedite the candidate selection process, enable developable candidates to move faster into clinic and weed out non-developable candidates sooner rather than later.
Mushrooms, Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) - Generating

Gyromitrin-containing mushrooms include the Gyromitra esculenta , Gyromitra fastigiata , Gyromitra infula , Gyromitra gigas complex, and Gyromitra ambigua . Gyromitra esculenta is also known as the ‘false morel.’ These mushrooms contain hydrazines, hydrazones, and hydrazides. Gyromitrin is a hydrazone that is rapidly broken down upon heating or in acid media to N , N methyl formyl hydrazine (monmethylhydrazine, MMH) and acetaldehyde. Ingestion of these mushrooms can cause gastrointestinal, neurological, renal, and hematological effects.
Growth control of root architecture

Publisher Summary Root systems provide the foundation for shoot growth and reproductive success. Efforts have traditionally been focused on the visible, aboveground characters of plants, while root systems have been relatively ignored. The view must be extended into the soil to confront fundamental issues as water and nutrient limitations. Root system architecture (RSA) refers to the spatial organization of the root system in its growing environment, which reflects its capability to extract resources. This chapter reviews root architecture through the various aspects that influence its growth. It examine the endogenous genetic control of root development, how it is influenced by internal and external cues to shape the overall growth of the root system, and how evolutionary factors may or may not constrain architecture. Plants not only sense and respond to their environment, but also actively manipulate their surroundings by chemical secretions and alliances with mutually beneficial organisms. Technological approaches that are useful to study the genetic basis of root architecture from an agricultural standpoint are also considered in this chapter.
Sprocket: A Serverless Video Processing Framework

Sprocket is a highly configurable, stage-based, scalable, serverless video processing framework that exploits intra-video parallelism to achieve low latency. Sprocket enables developers to program a series of operations over video content in a modular, extensible manner. Programmers implement custom operations, ranging from simple video transformations to more complex computer vision tasks, in a simple pipeline specification language to construct custom video processing pipelines. Sprocket then handles the underlying access, encoding and decoding, and processing of video and image content across operations in a highly parallel manner. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of the Sprocket system on the AWS Lambda serverless cloud infrastructure, and evaluate Sprocket under a variety of conditions to show that it delivers its performance goals of high parallelism, low latency, and low cost (10s of seconds to process a 3,600 second video 1000-way parallel for less than $3).
Immune cells and CNS physiology: Microglia and beyond

Recent advances have directed our knowledge of the immune system from a narrative of "self" versus "nonself" to one in which immune function is critical for homeostasis of organs throughout the body. This is also the case with respect to the central nervous system (CNS). CNS immunity exists in a segregated state, with a marked partition occurring between the brain parenchyma and meningeal spaces. While the brain parenchyma is patrolled by perivascular macrophages and microglia, the meningeal spaces are supplied with a diverse immune repertoire. In this review, we posit that such partition allows for neuro-immune crosstalk to be properly tuned. Convention may imply that meningeal immunity is an ominous threat to brain function; however, recent studies have shown that its presence may instead be a steady hand directing the CNS to optimal performance.
Moral Communities and Institutional Misconduct: A Reassessment of Religious Contextual Influences on Inmate Behavior:

Most of the research into religious influences on inmate misconduct has been undertaken with respect to personal religious participation. However, the religious environment of prisons offers potent...
Deep Pathway Analysis V2.0: A Pathway Analysis Framework Incorporating Multi-Dimensional Omics Data

Pathway analysis is essential in cancer research particularly when scientists attempt to derive interpretation from genome-wide high-throughput experimental data. If pathway information is organized into a network topology, its use in interpreting omics data can become very powerful. In this paper, we propose a topology-based pathway analysis method, called DPA V2.0, which can combine multiple heterogeneous omics data types in its analysis. In this method, each pathway route is encoded as a Bayesian network which is initialized with a sequence of conditional probabilities specifically designed to encode directionality of regulatory relationships defined in the pathway. Unlike other topology-based pathway tools, DPA is capable of identifying pathway routes as representatives of perturbed regulatory signals. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our model by applying it to two well-established TCGA data sets, namely, breast cancer study (BRCA) and ovarian cancer study (OV). The analysis combines mRNA-seq, mutation, copy number variation, and phosphorylation data publicly available for both TCGA data sets. We performed survival analysis and patient subtype analysis and the analysis outcomes revealed the anticipated strengths of our model. We hope that the availability of our model encourages wet lab scientists to generate extra data sets to reap the benefits of using multiple data types in pathway analysis. The majority of pathways distinguished can be confirmed by biological literature. Moreover, the proportion of correctly indentified pathways is 10 percent higher than previous work where only mRNA-seq and mutation data is incorporated for breast cancer patients. Consequently, such an in-depth pathway analysis incorporating more diverse data can give rise to the accuracy of perturbed pathway detection.
Charge transport in metal–organic frameworks for electronics applications

In recent years, functional electronic nanomaterials have made significant strides from advancements in the interplay of physics, chemistry, materials science, and computational research. However, synthetically tunable electronic materials are a long-standing, but elusive, technological goal. More recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of nanoporous, hybrid inorganic–organic crystalline solids, have garnered attention as a novel class of electronic nanomaterials. The aim of this perspective is to (i) highlight the charge transport behavior of recently discovered (2017–2019) electronic MOFs and (ii) recommend future directions for improvement of intrinsically and extrinsically conductive MOFs for MOF-based electronics.
Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in the Era of Tyrosine Kinase and Immuno-Oncology Checkpoint Inhibitors

The role for cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has evolved with advancements in systemic therapy. During the cytokine-based immunotherapy era, CN provided a clear survival benefit and was considered standard of care in management of mRCC. The development of targeted systemic therapy directed at the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway altered the treatment paradigm and accentuated the importance of risk stratification in treatment selection. This article reviews the literature evaluating the benefit of CN during the evolution of systemic therapy and provides clinical recommendations for current utilization of CN in patients with mRCC.
User Preference Based Energy-Aware Mobile AR System with Edge Computing

The advancement in deep learning and edge computing has enabled intelligent mobile augmented reality (MAR) on resource limited mobile devices. However, today very few deep learning based MAR applications are applied in mobile devices because they are significantly energy-guzzling. In this paper, we design a user preference based energy-aware edge-based MAR system that enables MAR clients to dynamically change their configuration parameters, such as CPU frequency and computation model size, based on their user preferences, camera sampling rates, and available radio resources at the edge server. Our proposed dynamic MAR configuration adaptations can minimize the per frame energy consumption of multiple MAR clients without degrading their preferred MAR performance metrics, such as service latency and detection accuracy. To thoroughly analyze the interactions among MAR configuration parameters, user preferences, camera sampling rate, and per frame energy consumption, we propose, to the best of our knowledge, the first comprehensive analytical energy model for MAR clients. Based on the proposed analytical model, we develop a LEAF optimization algorithm to guide the MAR configuration adaptation and server radio resource allocation. Extensive evaluations are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed analytical model and LEAF algorithm.
Observation of State and Topology in DC Networks

This paper copes with the state estimation and topology identification problems in direct current (DC) networks. This problem is challenging due to binary decisions and nonlinear relations between sensor measurements and state variables. We introduce a non-convex nuclear norm estimator whose non-convexity is addressed by incorporating two inertia terms. In the presence of noise, penalty terms are integrated into the objective function to estimate unknown noise values. Numerical results for the modified IEEE 9-bus, 14-bus, and 30-bus systems corroborate the merits of the proposed technique. Furthermore, this technique is experimentally validated for a converter-augmented 14-bus system in a real-time hardware-in-the-loop platform.
When Culture Influences Genes: Positive Age Beliefs Amplify the Cognitive-Aging Benefit of APOE ε2.

Objectives Most studies of aging cognition have focused on risk factors for worse performance and on either genetic or environmental factors. In contrast, we examined whether two factors known to individually benefit aging cognition may interact to produce better cognition: environment-based positive age beliefs and the APOE ϵ2 gene. Method The sample consisted of 3,895 Health and Retirement Study participants who were 60 years or older at baseline and completed as many as 5 assessments of cognition over 8 years. Results As predicted, positive age beliefs amplified the cognitive benefit of APOE ϵ2. In contrast, negative age beliefs suppressed the cognitive benefit of APOE ϵ2. We also found that positive age beliefs contributed nearly 15 times more than APOE ϵ2 to better cognition. Discussion This study provides the first known evidence that self-perceptions can influence the impact of a gene on cognition. The results underscore the importance of combined psychosocial and biological approaches to understanding cognitive function in older adults.
A Multiband Bianisotropic FSS With Polarization-Insensitive and Angularly Stable Properties

In this letter, a novel bianisotropic omega frequency selective surface (FSS) is presented. The distinctive feature of the surface is that it offers simultaneous absorptive and partial reflective operation at seven frequency bands that range from the C -band to the K -band. The maximum absorption (∼ 99%) from one side is obtained at 14.312 GHz, while reflection from the other side remains between 75% and 99%. Moreover, the FSS provides the same behavior for any arbitrarily oriented linear polarized wave as well as circularly polarized waves. Furthermore, the surface is stable against oblique incidences of up to 60° at the lower frequency bands. The proposed FSS has potential applications in Fabry–Perot cavity antennas with reduced radar cross-section.
On some counter examples of the bivariate and multivariate normal distributions: A brief survey

We present some counterexamples of the classical and non-classical bivariate and multivariate normal distributions to widen our knowledge of these distributions. We hope that this paper will provid...
High-Altitude Explosion Properties of the Hydrogen-Oxygen System in Vented Tanks

One of the problems which concerns the man-rating of a vehicle such as the Saturn is the evaluation of the explosion or detonation hazard arising in the interstage from the presence of liquid and/or solid hydrogen and oxygen. This situation can arise because of leakage, engine chill-down and conditioning or rupture of feed lines, etc. at altitudes above 60,000 ft. Results of a previous program have already been reported [1] in which the effect of ambient pressure, mixture ratio, ignition source and confinement on the ignition and reaction phenomena of the condensed phase hydrogen-oxygen system were studied.
Ship and Satellite Bio-Optical Research in the California Bight

Complementary ship and satellite (Nimbus-7 - CZCS) bio-optical data from the Southern California Bight are being used to make a quantitative assessment of the chlorophyll concentration in these waters and its spatial and temporal variability.
Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens: The Trial of Socrates

In the archonship of Laches (400/399) Anytus, Meletus, and Lycos brought a public indictment against Socrates. It read: Swearing an oath Meletus the son of Meletus of Pitthos brought a public action against Socrates the son of Sophroniscus of Alopeke; he said Socrates was guilty of not believing in the gods that the city believed in, and that he brought into the city other new divinities. Further, he is guilty of corrupting the young. The punishment is death. (Diogenes Laertius 2.40) Meletus as the main accuser was liable to a fine of 1,000 drachma if fewer than one fifth of the jurors found Socrates guilty. Thus began the trial of Socrates. It ended when the jurors voted 280 to 221 for a guilty verdict and when they followed with a vote for the penalty of death. Meletus did not have to pay any fine. WHY WAS SOCRATES EXECUTED? The trial of Socrates has served for many generations as a symbol of the violation of freedom of expression, the case that sets the individual committed to the “examined life” against a city that can find in this examination impiety and the corruption of the young. It is the incident that speaks to all who fear oppression for the expression of one's beliefs and thoughts. As J. S. Mill writes in On Liberty : Mankind can hardly be too often reminded that there was once a man named Socrates, between whom and the legal authorities and public opinion of his time there took place a memorable collision. […]
A climate‐induced threshold in hydrologic response in a semiarid ponderosa pine hillslope

[1] The temporal evolution of spatial hydrologic patterns in systems with strong seasonality in water availability is poorly understood. In this study, we use a distributed hydrologic model to explore the switching between local (vegetative) and nonlocal (topographic) factors in a semiarid ponderosa pine hillslope. Our modeling effort is focused on identifying threshold behavior in the hillslope response due to wetting during the North American monsoon (NAM). We calibrate the model to distributed surface soil moisture data for one summer and then test the model against a broader range of observations over multiple seasons. Model simulations are then used to identify vegetation and topographic controls on spatial patterns in soil moisture and runoff generation. Vegetation patterns primarily influence the hydrologic response during dry summer periods leading to patchiness related to the ponderosa pine stands. The spatial response switches to fine-scale terrain curvature controls during persistently wet NAM periods. Thus, a climatic threshold involving rainfall and weather conditions during the NAM is identified in the hillslope response when sufficient lateral soil moisture fluxes are activated by high rainfall amounts and the lower evapotranspiration induced by cloud cover. The spatial variability of hillslope soil moisture and runoff generation also increases due to the crossing of this threshold in the seasonal rainfall distribution. Our findings point to the influence of topography and lateral fluxes during summer periods of high wetness in forested hillslopes of the southwestern United States.
Research Spotlight: Climate response to melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

[1] The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) could collapse in the future as the rising sea level and warming climate destabilize the sheet. Previous studies have shown that melting of WAIS could contribute to several meters of global sea level rise over the next few centuries. Some studies have pointed to evidence that WAIS has collapsed in the past during previous interglacial periods, which could give clues to what might happen in the future. To gain additional insight into how the Earth's climate would respond to a collapse of WAIS, Menviel et al. simulated the effects on global climate and the carbon cycle of a massive meltwater discharge from the collapse of the ice sheet. They found that a large meltwater discharge into the Southern Ocean would lead to a substantial cooling of the Southern Ocean, causing a northward expansion of the sea ice margin. Southern Hemisphere westerly winds would intensify. Furthermore, the formation of cold Antarctic Bottom Water would be suppressed, and subsurface warming would take place in areas where Antarctic Bottom Water is formed under present-day conditions. This subsurface warming would lead to positive feedback that would accelerate the melting of the ice sheet. (Paleoceanography, doi:10.1029/2009PA001892, 2010)
Some notes on the security of the timed efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication scheme

RFC4082 specifies the Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA) scheme as an Internet standard for stream authentication over lossy channels. In this paper, we show that the suggested assumptions about the security of the building blocks of TESLA are not sufficient. This can lead to implementations whose security relies on some obscure assumptions instead of the well-studied security properties of the underlying cryptographic primitives. Even worse, it can potentially lead to insecure implementations. We also provide sufficient security assumptions about the components of TESLA, and present a candidate implementation whose security is based on block ciphers resistant to related-key cryptanalysis.
Chemical occlusion at the uterotubal junction in monkeys.

Abstract The current population explosion has stimulated interest in finding a simple transcervical approach to female sterilization. This experiment was designed to evaluate the potential of effecting tubal occlusion by producing a chronic lesion in the myometrium surrounding the lumen of the Fallopian tube. The method chosen was the injection of a chronic tissue irritant (paraformaldehyde) transcervically into the uterine cornua. Paraformaldehyde in aqueous suspension, with the use of various concentrations, was injected into the cornual area of monkey uteri. The histologic results were inconsistent and poor. Another group of monkeys was injected with paraformaldehyde suspended in absolute ethanol. This resulted in histologic evidence of an acute and chronic lesion in the myometrium in 90 per cent of the animals treated. The details and results of this experiment are described. The potential of using paraformaldehyde in an absolute ethanol suspension injected into the human uterine cornua as a means of producing permanent sterilization is discussed.
Merger Control under China's Anti-Monopoly Law

This paper explores the factors that drive merger outcomes under China's Anti-Monopoly Law (AML). The paper overcomes the problem of a small number of published merger decisions through a unique practitioner survey of antitrust lawyers across multiple jurisdictions. This survey captures transactions contemplated, but never undertaken (deterred by the merger regime), as well as mergers notified for approval under the AML. The survey allows for broader inferences to be drawn about the development of Chinese antitrust. These include: the welfare standard used in merger analysis, what industrial policy and other political factors may impact merger enforcement, as well as issues of institutional design, transparency, and delay.
Consensus-based imaging using ADMM for a Compressive Reflector Antenna

This paper describes a novel norm-one-regularized, consensus-based imaging algorithm, based on the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM), that can be used by a high-sensing-capacity Compressive Reflector Antenna (CRA). The proposed method outperforms current state of the art iterative reconstruction algorithms in terms of computational cost; and it ultimately enables the use of a CRA in quasi-real-time, compressive sensing imaging applications.
Sample splitting with Markov chains

Sample splitting techniques play an important role in constructing estimates with prescribed influence functions in semi-parametric and nonparametric models when the observations are independent and identically distributed. This paper shows how a contiguity result can be used to modify these techniques for the case when the observations come from a stationary and ergodic Markov chain. As a consequence, sufficient conditions for the construction of efficient estimates in semi-parametric Markov chain models are obtained. The applicability of the resulting theory is demonstrated by constructing an estimate of the innovation variance in a nonparametric autoregression model, by constructing a weighted least-squares estimate with estimated weights in an autoregressive model with martingale innovations, and by constructing an efficient and adaptive estimate of the autoregression parameter in a heteroscedastic autoregressive model with symmetric errors.
Quantification, Qualification and Context A Reply to Stanley and Szabó

Rejetant l'approche semantique de la restriction du domaine de quantification defendue par J. Stanley et Z. G. Szabo, l'A. definit le discours vague en termes de non-litteralite de la phrase et adopte la conception pragmatique de la quantification implicite. Examinant le role de la qualification et du contexte, l'A. avance l'hypothese de domaines variables, en reponse a la critique qui lui adressent Stanley et Szabo dans l'article precedent.
New phases induced by hydrogen reduction and by subsequent oxidation of L2CuO4 (L=La,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd).

We report the synthesis of new compounds {ital L}{sub 2}CuO{sub 3.5} ({ital L}=Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd) and La{sub 2}CuO{sub 3.67}, obtained by heating conventionally prepared {ital L}{sub 2}CuO{sub 4} powders in a 5 mol % H{sub 2}/He atmosphere at low temperatures ({approx equal}300 {degree}C). The structures of the La, Pr, and Nd compounds appear related to that of Sr{sub 2}CuO{sub 3}, whereas those of the Sm, Eu, and Gd compounds are different. A new Nd{sub 2}CuO{sub 4}-type ({ital T}{prime}) La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4+{delta}} system was synthesized by oxidation of La{sub 2}CuO{sub 3.67} at 300--500 {degree}C; the oxygen contents are exceptionally high, ranging from 4.10 to 4.42. Annealing La{sub 2}CuO{sub 3.67} above 620 {degree}C in oxygen converts it to the original K{sub 2}NiF{sub 4}-type ({ital T}-phase) structure, but with excess oxygen (up to 4.06) and with smaller orthorhombicity compared to the La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4} starting material. Oxidation of the other {ital L}{sub 2}CuO{sub 3.5} phases ({ital L}=Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd) above 300 {degree}C leads to recovery of the original {ital T}{prime} structures, with oxygen contents ranging from 3.98 (Eu,Gd) to 4.03 (Nd). Magnetization measurements in a field of 50 G did not reveal superconductivity in any of the samples above 5 K.
Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P-450IA in cancer-prone Hudson River tomcod

Messenger RNA and genomic DNA from Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) from the cancer prone Hudson River population and two rivers in Maine were screened for size polymorphisms in cytochrome P-450IA. In northern blot analysis, we found that approximately 10% (16 of 176) of Hudson tomcod exhibited a polymorphism in P-450IA hybridizable mRNA not seen in any tomcod from Maine. All tomcod displayed a 3.0 kb P-450IA mRNA while variant individuals exhibited an additional 2.2 kb P-450IA mRNA band. Southern blot analysis on these same fish confirmed the genetic basis of this polymorphism. All individuals exhibited a single P-450IA hybridizable DNA fragment while tomcod with the variant genotype also displayed a second smaller (< 1 kb) DNA fragment. The results of multiple restriction enzyme digests on these DNA's suggest that this polymorphism represents a second smaller P-450IA allele in these fish. This is the first demonstration of multiple forms of the cytochrome P-450IA gene in any species of fish.
Policy implementation in an international setting: a case study of China and the 1995 united nations conference on women

For successful implementation, policy goals should be clear, shared by affected parties, and linked to implementation efforts. Leadership, capable implementers, adequate resources, and an ability to control the external environment are also necessary for successful policy implementation. In the case of China hosting the 1995 Fourth United Nations Conference on Women, these factors were not present. This study describes the problems of implementation as they are illustrated by this case and makes suggestions on how policies can be carried out in an international setting. These suggestions include the recognition of cultural differences, the acceptance of the fact that politics shapes policy decisions and implementation, and the establishment of structures and processes to resolve any conflicts that arise.
Load balancing in a locally distributed DB system

Most previous work on query optimization in distributed database systems has focused on finding optimal or near-optimal processing plans based solely on static system characteristics, and few researchers have addressed the problem of copy selection when data is replicated. This paper describes a new approach to query processing for locally distributed database systems. Our approach uses load information to select the processing site(s) for a query, dynamically choosing from among those sites that have copies of relations referenced by the query. Query compilation is used to produce a statically-optimized logical plan for the query, and then a dynamic optimization phase converts this logical plan into an executable physical plan at runtime. This paper motivates the separation of static and dynamic optimization, presents algorithms for the various phases of the optimization process, and describes a simulation study that was undertaken to investigate the performance of this approach. Our simulation results indicate that load-balanced query processing can provide improvements in both query response times and overall system throughput as compared to schemes where execution sites are either statistically or randomly selected.
Critical questions in materials science and engineering for successful development of fusion power

It is the general conclusion of all national programs that the development of high-performance reduced-activation structural materials is essential for the successful development of fusion power. In this paper, the experience gleaned from previous programs to develop materials for high temperature structural applications is used to identify and discuss some of the most critical issues that must be addressed in the development of candidate materials for fusion structural applications. Critical issues discussed include radiation-induced solute segregation and implications on phase stability in the development of high-performance alloys/ceramics; the effects of very large amounts of helium on mechanical properties and the implications for alloy design/development; development of high temperature design methodology and incorporation of radiation effects into this methodology; the effects of radiation damage on flow localization, and the implications and approach to control the phenomena; and considerations of mass transfer and corrosion in complex fusion systems.
Distribution correlations in Sb (n, p) Sn

The title reaction was studied at 14 MeV neutron energy and over the ranges 0 to 3 MeV excitation and 0 to 60°. It is demonstrated that the forward-peaked contribution is relatively concentrated at high proton energy and gives rise to most of the spectral group structure, and that the angle-insensitive portion has a smooth spectrum rising with decreasing proton energy. The isotropic portion does not fit the theoretical compound nucleus spectrum but is consistent with a process of incomplete compound nucleus formation. Total cross-section for the ranges of energy and angle studied is (22±4) mb. of which 20% is the anisotropic contribution.