cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of α,ω-bis(2,6-dimethylphenol)-poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) by phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of 2,2-di(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propane

α,ω-Bis(2,6-dimethylphenol)-poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO-2OH) was synthesized by the radical-cation phase transfer catalyzed polymerization of 4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenol (1) in the presence of 2,2-di(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propane (2). Copolymerization experiments were performed by a liquid-liquid two phase, benzene/1.5 N NaOH (aq), phase transfer catalyzed reaction with tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAH) or tricaprylmethyllammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) catalysts. A series of copolymerization experiments were performed with 1/2 molar ratios of 4/1, resulting in PPO-2OH with Mn in the range of 2200–3200 g/mol. Phase transfer catalyzed etherification of the PPO-2OH chain ends with p-chloromethylstyrene was used to synthesize α,ω-bis(vinylbenzyl ether)s of the PPO-2OH (PPO-2VBE). The chain microstructure and the fuctionality of both PPO-2OH and PPO-2VBE was studied by 200 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
Electromagnetic Models for Antenna Performance, EMC, and Biological Effects

This paper describes several models which have been developed at Georgia Tech for the analysis of antennas, EMC, and biological effects. These models include algorithms based upon the plane-wave-spectrum scattering-matrix analysis, the geometrical theory of diffraction, and the method of moments. In addition, statistical models for antenna coupling, for out-of-band antenna performance, and for scattering by complex structures are discussed. In each case, the model results are compared with measured data to assess the accuracy of the modeling technique.
What Makes Shabti Slave

The first part of this paper considers why small funerary figures called shabtis, were willing to slave in the Beyond for deceased Egyptians. The proposed answer is that they agreed in return for being given "life" by the craftsman. It is well understood that ancient Egyptians were willing to utilize standard legal forms to mediate between the earthly and supernatural dimensions. However, consideration of the "contract" between craftsmen and shabtis casts new light on the nature of ancient Egypt's labor market and, more specifically, on the prevalence of resorting to contractual slavery. The second part of the paper uses economic analysis to reinforce the suggestion that temple ateliers probably earned a substantial profit by marketing shabtis. La premiere partie de cet article envisage les raisons pour lesquelles les figurines funeraires appelees oushebtis consentaient a servir les Egyptiens comme esclaves dans l'au-dela. Nous proposons que ces figurines acceptaient ce role en echange de la « vie » que leur insufflaient les artisans. Il est bien connu que les anciens Egyptiens employaient des formulaires juridiques comme mode de mediation entre le domaine terrestre et celui du surnaturel. L'examen du « contrat » passe entre artisans et oushebtis eclaire neanmoins d'un jour nouveau la nature du marche du travail dans l'Egypte ancienne, notamment le recours repandu a l'esclavage contractuel. Dans la seconde partie de l'article, une analyse economique confirme que la vente des oushebtis assurait vraisemblablement des profits substantiels aux ateliers des temples.
In Vitro Arterial Perfusion of the Dog Adrenal

A technique is described for surgical removal and in vitroarterial perfusion of the dog adrenal gland. The left adrenal was perfused at 38C under a hydrostatic pressure of 55 mg Hg for 50, 120, or 180 min with Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing glucose. Perfused adrenals neither gained weight nor was there visible evidence of adrenal swelling. Secretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) continued at a basal level of 0.2–1.3 ¼g/min throughout control perfusions. Pulse addition of ACTH at 30 and 70 min into affluent perfusate increased 17-OHCS secretion between 1.4–14.1 ¼g/min and 1.4–11.4 ¼g/min. respectively. These secretory levels approximated those levels reported for blood perfused dog adrenals in vivo. The results suggested that the dog adrenal secreted high quantities of corticoids in vitro without the presence of an extra-adrenal source of steroid precursors. (Endocrinology 94: 822, 1974)
Bimodality in tropical water vapour

Probability distribution functions of tropospheric water vapour in the tropics are shown to be commonly bimodal. This bimodality implies sharp gradients between dry and moist regimes in space and time. A method of testing for and quantifying bimodality is introduced. Using this method, the bimodality of water vapour is surveyed in satellite and in situ observations, as well as in global model re-analysis data and simulations. The bimodality suggests that the radiative drying time after an injection of moisture by convection is short (1–2 days) compared to a homogenizing time, whether physical (mixing) or mathematical (averaging). It is shown that the local bimodality found in cloud-model simulations and in situ point measurements disappears with modest time averaging (18 h and 200 km), but then reappears on the global-scale, where dry and moist regions are separated so widely that synoptic- and large-scale mixing times exceed the drying time-scale. Large discrepancies exist in the ability to reproduce the global-scale bimodality by global model re-analysis and simulations. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Azo dye-α-cyclodextrin adduct formation☆

Abstract Association constants for the complexation of a series of azo dyes with α-cyclodextrin have been determined by means of changes in uv-visible spectra in aqueous solution at pH 7.0, an ionic strength of 0.15 M and at 25 and 35°C. Association constants for some of the systems were also determined in water-dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures. All dyes were azobenzenes with a hydroxy group at the 4′ position of one ring and a carboxy group at the 4 position of the other ring. The results were interpreted as demonstrating that the carboxy end of the dye entered the cavity of the α-cyclodextrin. An electrostatic model failed to account for all of the trends in the data. A view of the binding process involving a hydration shell in the region of the primary hydroxy groups of the cyclodextrin is presented.
Cultural diversity in instructional design for technology-based education

The article presents a research which discusses the cultural diversity in instructional design for technology-based education. The research suggests barriers encountered in implementing technology in the classroom exist on a national, school, teacher, and computer level. The main barrier that schools face in using technology effectively in the classroom is cultural lag. The second barrier to the effective use of technology in the classroom concerns teacher attitudes. The author stated that as educators explore ways to enhance the learning potential for all students, it becomes clear that some populations of students have different needs that will have to be addressed if they are to increase their chances of benefiting from technology.
Thermodynamics of the (lanthanum + strontium + copper + oxygen) high-Tc superconductors I. Heat capacities of SrCuO2, Sr2CuO3, and Sr14Cu24O41

Abstract The subambient heat capacities of three (SrO)x(CuO)y inter-oxide samples with x = y = 1; x = 2, y = 1; and x = 1, y = 2, were measured as a part of an investigation into the chemical thermodynamics of the high-Tc superconducting system (lanthanum + strontium + copper + oxygen). No anomalous contribution to the heat capacity was observed over the experimental region. The heat capacity of the Sr14Cu24O41 phase was derived from that of the mixed phase of nominal composition x = 1, y = 2. All samples exhibit a Debye-like behavior at low temperatures with finite linear electronic terms. Thermophysical properties at selected temperatures are presented and compared for the three compounds. The values of Smo at 298.15 K for the three compounds Sr 1 2 Cu 1 2 O , Sr 2 3 Cu 1 3 O , and Sr 14 38 Cu 24 38 O 41 38 were: 5.828·R, 5.953·R, and 6.032·R, respectively.
RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF BOLUS VS CONTINUOUS TUBE-FEEDING IN PREMATURE INFANTS.† 1441

To determine the optimal method for tube-feeding premature infants we conducted a randomized trial of bolus (B) vs continuous (C) feeding in premature infants stratified by gestational age and intent to breast feed. Once feeding was initiated, infants maintained their respective feeding method until full oral feeding was established. Growth, feeding tolerance, medication usage, nutrient absorption, lactase activity (lactose/lactulose ratio in urine), and intestinal permeability (mannitol/lactulose ratio in urine) were assessed. Groups B (n=81) and C (n=77) were similar in birth weight (1.0± 0.2 kg, mean ± SD), gestation (28 ± 1 wk), receipt of antenatal steroids (B:n=39,C:n=47), deaths (B:n=6,C:n=4), necrotizing enterocolitis (B:n=13,C:n=8), sepsis (B:n=31,C:n=36), need for GI surgery(B:n=9,C:n=10), and receipt of oxygen, steroids, diuretics, and duration of parenteral nutrition. Milk was initiated at 11 ± 6 d in each group. Group B achieved full tube-feeding sooner than C (26 ± 8 vs 35 ± 29 d, p=0.05). Feeding tolerance, as measured by the% occurrence of any gastric residual volume > 0 ml (41 ± 12% vs 56 ± 12%,p 2 ml/kg (9 ± 8% vs 17 ± 7%,p 50% of 3-h feeding (1 ± 2% vs 2± 3%, p=0.04) was significantly more common in B than C. Group B needed significantly less therapy for gastroesophageal reflux than C(p=0.03). There were no differences in the absorption and retention of nitrogen, fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, or copper between Groups B and C. Urinary excretion of Ca, however, was significantly greater in B vs C (4± 3 vs 3 ± 2 and 7 ± 5 vs 4 ± 2 mg/kg/d, at 6 and 9 wk, respectively, p<0.01). Lactase activity, intestinal permeability, and growth were not affected by feeding method. These data indicate that the bolus feeding method is associated with more rapid attainment of full tube-feeding, better feeding tolerance, less need for anti-reflux therapy but no advantage with respect to growth.
Is amenorrhea a critical criterion for anorexia nervosa

The significance of amenorrhea as a criterion for anorexia nervosa was examined. Twelve nonamenorrheic women treated for anorexia were compared with 40 women meeting full DSM-IV criteria. The nonamenorrheic group displayed the same high levels of eating disorder, body-image disturbance, and psychopathology as the amenorrheic group, as measured by the following variables: body-size overestimation on the Image Marking Procedure; body distortion on the Body Distortion Questionnaire; eating disorder on the Eating Disorder Inventory; depression on the Beck Depression Inventory; psychopathology on the MMPI; and external locus of control on the Rotter Locus of Control Scale. Amenorrhea does not appear to be a useful criterion for distinguishing full-syndrome anorexia nervosa from partial-syndrome cases.
Gel Strength Enhancement by Addition of Microbial Transglutaminase during Onshore Surimi Manufacture

Surimi from Alaska pollock flesh was manufactured onshore with microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). Effect of MTGase was investigated by evaluating breaking strength and deformation of gels from MTGase-treated surimi with and without setting at 30 o C. Quantitative analysis of e-(γ-glutamyl)lysine (GL) crosslink was also carried out to monitor the MTGase reaction. In set gels, breaking strength and GL crosslink increased, and myosin heavy chain decreased correspondingly with MTGase concentration. These changes were smaller in gels prepared without setting. Results suggest that surimi gel could be improved through the formation of GL crosslinks by added MTGase in surimi
Integrating workforce communication into senior design

Workforce communication skills are essential to engineers' job success, but research shows that engineering graduates do not have the level of oral and written communication skills that jobs require. At Georgia Institute of Technology, the results of interviews with engineers, supervisors, and senior executives have been used to integrate workforce communication skills into Industrial Engineering Senior Design. The process used to collect the data is described along with the resulting educational approach. The incorporation of the identified workforce communication skills into the capstone course is then detailed. Preliminary feedback is reported and extensions to other engineering disciplines are discussed.
Materials for high temperature electrochemical applications: Automotive sensors, catalysts and traps

Abstract Extensive emissions and fuel economy directives are stimulating the development of every more sophisticated sensors, catalyst systems and emissions traps with improved performance and self-evaluation capabilities. For the development of such systems, deeper insights are required to understand the often complex interplay between the chemical state of the material and its electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. Three examples, illustrating how information gained about the defect, electronic and transport structure of oxide materials can be used to optimize sensor and catalyst properties, are presented. Also discussed are means for in situ monitoring of the status of exhaust catalysts and traps.
Zinc deficiency and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity. Comparative effects on epididymis and testis of rats.

Dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (DC) is highly active in the testis and epididymis of rats and increases during pubertal development. Zinc deficiency during this period depresses the activity of DC in the testis. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of zinc deficiency on epididymal DC activity. Comparisons were made between changes seen in this organ and those observed in testis. Three dietary treatments were used; zinc-deficient, fed ad libitum; zinc-adequate, pair-fed to the deficient group; and zinc-adequate, fed ad libitum. Results confirmed that testicular DC is affected negatively by zinc deficiency. DC activity was also lower in the epididymis of zinc-deficient rats than in control rats. These effects apparently were specific relative to changes in activity of other enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the epididymis was not affected by zinc deficiency and it was depressed in the testis. Gamma-glytamyl transferase activity in the epididymis was not affected by zinc deficiency but it was elevated in the testis. The results of this study suggest that part of the effect of zinc deficiency on sexual maturity in the male rat may be caused by reduced activity of DC. This enzyme is thought to be required for maturation and development of sperm cells.
Globalization and the Emergence of For-Profit Higher Education

Globalization and the revolution in technological communications are major forces of change in higher education. This environment, when coupled with the needs of adult learners and the rising costs of tuition at traditional colleges and universities, has stimulated the emergence of for-profit, degree-granting higher education in the United States. This paper examines the growth of for-profit higher education, provides a cost/ profit analysis, and gives examples of for-profit universities that are increasing inter- national in scope. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these developments for traditional colleges and universities.
Copyright, Free Speech, and Democracy: Eldred v. Ashcroft and Its Implications for Technical Communicators

This article explains the Constitution's intellectual property provision and its goals, then deconstructs the Supreme Court's decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft as a means to unravel the pieces in the complex relationship among the constitutional provision, the First Amendment, and copyright. The article then considers how an understanding of the relationship of these elements can be helpful for considering the positions of technical communicators as both users and producers of intellectual products.
Long-term status of temporomandibular joint function and functional occlusion after orthodontic treatment

Abstract The status of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function and functional occlusion was evaluated by means of a questionnaire and a detailed clinical examination in a group of seventy-five subjects between 25 and 55 years of age who had been treated orthodontically with full fixed appliances at least 10 to 35 years previously, during adolescence. The findings were compared to those of a control group of adults with untreated malocclusions. The findings indicate that in patients who underwent orthodontic treatment many years previously the prevalence of TMJ signs/symptoms is similar to that of a control group of adults with untreated malocclusions. However, a trend exists which suggests that subjects who have undergone extensive fixed appliance orthodontic treatment many years previously may possibly have a lower prevalence of TMJ problems than a similar group of adults with untreated malocclusions. A similar high prevalence of nonfunctional occlusal contacts occurred in the orthodontically treated and control groups. Also, a high prevalence of mandibular shift from the retruded contact to the intercuspal position was evident in both groups, with the shift being significantly greater in the control group than in the orthodontic group. When subjects in the orthodontic and control groups were combined, no relationship was evident between subjects exhibiting signs or symptoms of TMJ dysfunction and the presence of nonfunctional occlusal contacts and mandibular shifts.
‘Just a little hint’: bisexual-specific microaggressions and their connection to epistemic injustices

A growing body of evidence indicates disproportionate rates of mental health disorders among bisexual women compared to both heterosexual and lesbian women. Such disparities are often attributed to stressors related to minority status, including experiences of prejudice and discrimination. Prior research has made little distinction between the prejudicial experiences of bisexual groups as compared to lesbian/gay groups. Based on qualitative data gathered in focus groups with 10, predominantly White, bisexual-identified women, which occurred in a large city in the USA, we posit that differences in prejudicial experiences do exist for bisexual groups, and that such differences reside in the realms of the epistemic, yet have very real implications for bisexual women's daily lived experiences. We discuss everyday slights and insults, also known as microaggressions, reported by the participants vis-a-vis their bisexual identity. These bisexual-specific microaggressions include hostility; denial/dismissal; unin...
Willingness to Buy New Ethnic Produce Items: A Study of Latino Consumers from Mexico and Puerto Rico in the Eastern United States

The purpose of this study was to predict Latinos’, consumers from Mexico and Puerto Rico, willingness to buy ethnic produce recently introduced or new to market. Specifically, we analyzed and compared socioeconomic characteristics of 542 Mexican and Puerto Rican consumers and expressed value judgments on their willingness to buy ethnic produce that has been recently introduced or new to market. This study was based on a primary data set collected from interviewing 542 Latino consumers (Mexico and Puerto Rico origin). A bilingual questionnaire was prepared in Spanish and English for Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in 16 states (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia) and Washington, DC. Attributes that contributed toward willingness to buy new ethnic produce include respondent’s expenditure on total produce and ethnic produce, perceptions such as the importance of store availability, language, willingness to buy locally grown, organic, genetically modified, and country of origin labeled produce items. This information will assist market intermediaries and farmers better understand Latino consumers’ (Mexico and Puerto Rico group) perceptions and factors that drive willingness to buy ethnic produce that is recently introduced or new to market.
Business Incorporations: Their Nature and Significance

The study of business incorporations was undertaken with several purposes in mind. Incorporations—while they may reflect other things in a more or less significant manner—can give a very good picture of one stage of enterpreneurial activity. The large entrepreneur is, of course, better represented in the data on corporations than is the small businessman; and the entrepreneur of recent years is better represented than the entrepreneur of an earlier date, since at that time the corporation was less widely used. Nevertheless, one who studies data on newly chartered companies can see the development of the economy from an unused standpoint. Moreover, since entrepreneurs' ideas about business projects ought to be reflected in the number and character of business incorporations, a study of charters should add to our knowledge of the operation of business cycles. It should also lead to a better understanding of the corporation itself, since new light would be thrown on the history of state competition for the business of creating the corporations of this country. State rivalry for the chartering business has been a powerful factor in moulding the corporation to the changing needs of our economy. This adaptation might—or might not—have been brought about as efficiently by some other device, but that is a problem in itself.
Clinic-Integrated Behavioral Intervention for Families of Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Randomized Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVE: To test the effect on diabetes management outcomes of a low-intensity, clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Families ( n = 390) obtaining care for type 1 diabetes participated in a 2-year randomized clinical trial of a clinic-integrated behavioral intervention designed to improve family diabetes management practices. Measurement of hemoglobin A1c, the primary outcome, was obtained at each clinic visit and analyzed centrally. Blood glucose meter data were downloaded at each visit. Adherence was assessed by using a semistructured interview at baseline, mid-study, and follow-up. Analyses included 2-sample t tests at predefined time intervals and mixed-effect linear-quadratic models to assess for difference in change in outcomes across the study duration. RESULTS: A significant overall intervention effect on change in glycemic control from baseline was observed at the 24-month interval ( P = .03). The mixed-effect model showed a significant intervention by age interaction ( P < .001). Among participants aged 12 to 14, a significant effect on glycemic control was observed ( P = .009 for change from baseline to 24-month interval; P = .035 for mixed-effect model across study duration), but there was no effect among those aged 9 to 11. There was no intervention effect on child or parent report of adherence; however, associations of change in adherence with change in glycemic control were weak. CONCLUSIONS: This clinic-integrated behavioral intervention was effective in preventing the deterioration in glycemic control evident during adolescence, offering a potential model for integrating medical and behavioral sciences in clinical care. * Abbreviations: HbA1c — : hemoglobin A1c
Benefiting from creative activity: The positive relationships between creative activity, recovery experiences, and performance-related outcomes

Employees have limited personal time to engage in activities that enable them to recover from a demanding work environment and perform at a high level. To evaluate the importance of non-work creative activity, we conducted two studies that examine the relationships between non-work creative activity, recovery experiences, and performance-related behaviours at work. Study 1 included employees who provided self-rated performance-related outcomes, whereas Study 2 included employees with other-rated (co-workers and subordinates) performance-related outcomes. Creative activity was positively associated with recovery experiences (i.e., mastery, control, and relaxation) and performance-related outcomes (i.e., job creativity and extra-role behaviours). The mediating effects of recovery experiences were examined to better understand the underlying processes involved in the relationship between creative activity and performance-related outcomes. Creative activity was found to have both indirect effects and direct effects on performance-related outcomes, but the effects varied by the type of performance-related outcome. The results indicate that organizations may benefit from encouraging employees to consider creative activities in their efforts to recover from work. Practitioner points Organizations should increase employee awareness of the benefits of creative activity on recovery. Many companies already provide information to employees regarding the importance of specific activities (e.g., eating habits, exercise) on physical health. Information on activities that influence recovery � a psychological health consequence � should be included in the informational resource provided to employees. Organizations may consider professional development opportunities for employees that involve creative activities while away from work. Creative activities are likely to provide valuable experiences of mastery and control, but may also provide employees experiences of discovery that uniquely influence performance-related outcomes. Opportunities used by large organizations, such as Zappos Inc., include employees bringing their artwork to work to decorate their offices. Other options include memberships to art studios, creative writing resources, and access to musical instruments.
Effects of anion substitution on hydration behavior and water uptake of the red-spotted toad, Bufo punctatus: is there an anion paradox in amphibian skin?

Amphibians absorb water osmotically across their skins and rely on chemosensory information from the skin to assess the suitability of hydration sources. The time spent with skin in contact with a moist surface provides a quantitative measure of their ability to perceive the ionic and osmotic properties of aqueous solutions. Dehydrated toads given hyperosmotic (250 mM) solutions of NaCI or Na-gluconate showed significantly longer periods of hydration behavior on the gluconate solution, but they lost water osmotically when immersed in either solution. Similarly, dehydrated toads given 250 mM solutions of NaCI, Na-acetate, Na-phosphate or Na-gluconate showed a progressively greater length of hydration time on solutions with the larger mol. wt anions. These results are consistent with the chemosensory phenomenon previously described in mammalian tongue as 'anion paradox'. On dilute (50 mM) solutions of NaCl or Na-gluconate, the hydration time was not different between anions, despite toads gaining water more rapidly when immersed in dilute NaCI than in Na-gluconate solutions. The differing behavioral results with hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic salt solutions suggest that chemosensory transduction through toad skin involves both transcellular and paracellular pathways.
Aided Symbol-Infused Joint Engagement

When characterizing the social communication skills of children with developmental and physical disabilities, researchers may need to account for special considerations, particularly if the children have severe communication disabilities. These children may require means other than spoken language to communicate their needs and thoughts to others if their communication needs are unmet through natural speech production. These means or forms of communication are known as augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This article discusses aided symbol-infused joint engagement, a form of joint attention that might be useful when characterizing the joint engagement states of children with communication difficulties who require the use of AAC. The theoretical, empirical, and clinical implications of aided symbol-infused joint engagement are discussed.
Privacy Protected ELF for Private Computing on Public Platforms

Private computing on public platforms (PCPP) is a new technology designed to enable secure and private execution of applications on remote potentially hostile public platforms. PCPP uses a host assessment to validate a host's hardware and software configuration and then uses 4 active security building blocks which together allow an application to remain unaltered, unmonitored, and unrecorded before, during, and after execution on the public platform. Privacy protected ELF (PPELF) is the building block used by PCPP to protect application executable code while it is stored on the public platform and to provide a secure binary load mechanism. PPELF is an encrypted binary executable format and methodology which uses just in time decryption during the executable load procedure. In this paper we describe the PPELF file format, our new PPELF binary format loader, and our updates to the GLIBC ELF interpreter to support PPELF. We also provide experimental results detailing the initial load-time and run-time penalty associated with the use of PPELF.
Stability of child behavioral style in the first 30 months of life Single timepoint and aggregated measures

The current study examined the stability of temperament over time. Observers and mothers rated child behavior at eight timepoints across three assessment waves (8, 15, and 30 months of age). Intern...
The lesion methodology: contrasting views from adult and child studies.

A traditional approach for examining brain–behavior relations has been the lesion method. This method assumes a direct correspondence between the cognitive process compromised and the site of lesion. Historically, studies with adults have used this framework to map brain functions. In contrast, studies of children with early injury have addressed quite different issues. Developmental animal lesion studies and pediatric neuropsychology studies have focused on the level of plasticity exhibited following early injury. Resilency in behavioral development has suggested change in the underlying neural substrate. A new set of studies has applied converging, MRI-based methods to examine anatomical and functional development in intact brain regions following early injury and compared these data with behavioral outcomes on the same children. The findings reveal an interaction between early injury and normal mechanisms of development, which manifest as atypical behavioral, structural, and functional development. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 266–277, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10031
The effectiveness of face detection algorithms in unconstrained crowd scenes

The 2013 Boston Marathon bombing represents a case where automatic facial biometrics tools could have proven invaluable to law enforcement officials, yet the lack of robustness of current tools in unstructured environments limited their utility. In this work, we focus on complications that confound face detection algorithms. We first present a simple multi-pose generalization of the Viola-Jones algorithm. Our results on the Face Detection Data set and Benchmark (FDDB) show that it makes a significant improvement over the state of the art for published algorithms. Conversely, our experiments demonstrate that the improvements attained by accommodating multiple poses can be negligible compared to the gains yielded by normalizing scores and using the most appropriate classifier for uncontrolled data. We conclude with a qualitative evaluation of the proposed algorithm on publicly available images of the Boston Marathon crowds. Although the results of our evaluations are encouraging, they confirm that there is still room for improvement in terms of robustness to out-of-plane rotation, blur and occlusion.
Chemotactic tube-foot responses of the spongivorous sea star Perknaster fuscus to organic extracts of sponges from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Studies were continued to investigate the ability of secondary metabolites sequestered in Antarctic sponges to cause feeding deterrent responses (tube foot retractions) in a common predator of Aritarctic sponges, the sea star Perknaster fuscus. Lipophilic (dichloromethane/methanol) and hydrophilic (methanol/water) extracts of 15 new species of Antarctic marine sponges were tested for their ability to induce sustained tubefoot retraction. One additional species, Cinchyra antarctica, was re-tested from a previous study because we discovered a colour morph that was of comparative interest. Employing established protocols, sponge extracts were imbedded in silicone and presented to an extended tube-foot on the tip of a glass rod. Extracts of ten of the 15 new species of sponges (67%) caused significantly longer tube-foot retractions than controls. Among all sponges tested, significant tube-foot retraction activity was primarily associated with dichloromethane/methanol extracts (eleven sponge species or colour morphs), while significant tube-foot retraction activity was less common in response to methanol/water extracts (three sponges species or colour morphs). Both lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts from the sponges C. antarctica (yellow morph) and Scolymastia joubini elicited significant tube-foot retraction activity, suggesting that more than one compound from these speciesmight elicit tube-foot retractions in P. fuscus. Overall these findings lend considerable support to the hypothesis that there has been significant evolutionary selection for chemical defences among Antarctic marine sponges in McMurdo Sound, in contrast to earlier biogeographic selection models that predicted low levels of chemical defences in polar marine invertebrates.
Attitude Dynamics/Control of Dual-Body Spacecraft with Variable-Speed Control Moment Gyros

The dynamics equations of a spacecraft consisting of two bodies mutually rotating around a common gimbal axis are derived by the use of the Newton‐Euler approach. One of the bodies contains a cluster of single-gimbal variable-speed control moment gyros. The equations include all of the inertia terms and are written in a general form, valid for any cluster configurations and any number of actuators in the cluster. A guidance algorithm has been developed under the assumtion that the two bodies of the spacecraft are optically coupled telescopes that relay laser signals. The reference maneuver is found by the imposition of the connectivity between the source and the target on the ground. A new nonlinear control law is designed for the spacecraft attitude and joint rotation by the use of Lyapunov’s direct method. An acceleration-based steering law is used for the variable-speed control moment gyros. The analytical results are tested by numerical simulations conducted for both regulation and tracking cases. I. Introduction T HE dynamics and control of multibody spacecraft are a challenging problem because of the complexity of the dynamics equations and the time-varying inertia of the system. The problem becomes even more interesting when gimbaled momentum exchange devices are considered to control attitude. Control moment gyros (CMGs) are unique among attitude control actuators because they can provide high output torque without using expendable fuels and can provide a level of precision and continuity unachievable with jet thrusters. Indeed, CMGs have been used for decades on space stations and on military spacecraft when fast slewing capability and high pointing accuracy were required. The use of CMGs is also currently under consideration for several future civil spacecraft requiring high agility (as in Refs. 1 and 2). A main drawback to the use of CMGs is the presence of singular gimbal-angle configurations at which the CMG cluster is unable to produce the required torque, or, in some cases, any torque at all. 3−5 Many previous studies have considered the problem of the dynamics and control of spacecraft by the use of single-gimbal CMGs.
BRADLEY'S PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

In order fully to understand them, his views on religion need to be understood in their context. The two principal factors which shaped those views were, the sceptical turmoil that characterized English thought about religion at the time in which he wrote, and his own distinctive philosophical doctrines. During the second half of the nineteenth century, largely due to the rapid advance of the scientific world view, religious belief was felt to be under threat to a greater degree than ever before, and when Bradley writes about religion it is clear from his tone that he is writing on behalf of a subject which, with little confidence in itself, feels called upon to defend its every tenet and even its very existence. There were many responses to this sceptical challenge and the growth in idealistic philosophy at the end of the nineteenth century was itself one of them, but for Bradley, rather than using philosophy to serve the ends of religion, it is the concerns of religion which must be made to fit in with those of philosophy. The scope, shape and significance of Bradley's pronouncements about religion are all firmly shaped by his logical and metaphysical considerations. His philosophy of religion is marked by an ill-fitting and uncomfortable
Channel surfing: defending wireless sensor networks from interference

Wireless sensor networks are susceptible to interference that can disrupt sensor communication. In order to cope with this disruption, we explore channel surfing, whereby the sensor nodes adapt their channel assignments to restore network connectivity in the presence of interference. We explore two different approaches to channel surfing: coordinated channel switching, where the entire sensor network adjusts its channel; and spectral multiplexing, where nodes in a jammed region switch channels while nodes on the boundary of a jammed region act as radio relays between different spectral zones. For spectral multiplexing, we have devised both synchronous and asynchronous strategies to facilitate the spectral scheduling needed to improve network fidelity when sensor nodes operate on multiple channels. In designing these algorithms, we have taken a system-oriented approach that has focused on exploring actual implementation issues under realistic network settings. We have implemented these proposed methods on a testbed of 30 Mica2 sensor nodes, and the experimental results show that these strategies can each repair network connectivity in the presence of interference without introducing significant overhead.
Efficient Market Mechanisms for Network Resource Allocation

We study the interaction between buyers and sellers of several indivisible goods (or items). A buyer wants a combination of items while each seller offers only one type of item. The setting is motivated by communication networks in which buyers want to construct routes using several links and sellers offer transmission capacity on individual links. Agents are strategic and may not be truthful, so a competitive equilibrium may not be realized. To ensure a good outcome among strategic agents, we propose a combinatorial double auction. We show that a Nash equilibrium exists for the associated game with complete information, and more surprisingly, the resulting allocation is efficient. We then consider competitive analysis in the continuum model of the auction setting and show that the auction outcome is a competitive equilibrium.
Are rural hospices at a financial disadvantage? Evidence from California.

Abstract Concerns have been voiced about financial pressures faced by rural hospices, because of possible implications for hospice access in rural areas. To assess whether financial performance differs between existing urban and rural hospices, we used the 2003 California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development survey to compare revenues, costs, and profitability (with and without charitable donations). We adjusted for factors related to financial performance, including agency size, years in operation, profit status, whether hospices were freestanding or chain-, home-health-, or hospital-based, and the proportion of patients by insurance type and referral source, race/ethnicity, and diagnosis. One hundred forty-four (91%) hospices were urban, and 14 (9%) were rural. Mean values per patient for total revenue, total cost, and post-tax profit were $7203, $7440 and −$256, respectively, for urban hospices and $6726, $6274 and $452, respectively, for rural hospices. Compared with urban hospices, rural hospices were at least as profitable per patient-day (+$33, P = 0.15). They were significantly more profitable (+$47, P = 0.05) when charitable donations were excluded. In summary, we found that in California, rural hospices fared no worse financially than urban hospices. These counterintuitive findings underscore the need to examine urban-rural hospice financial differences using a national sample.
Species turnover between Afromontane and eastern African lowland faunas: patterns shown by amphibians

Abstract. Following the recognition of a discrete East African lowland amphibian fauna (Poynton, 1990), this paper investigates the possible recognition of an Afromontane amphibian fauna in southern Africa. Species turnover in a transect from the Mozambique/KwaZulu-Natal border area through Swaziland to the Eastern Transvaal highveld is described, and compared with previously described transects through Mozambique to Zimbabwe, and KwaZulu-Natal to the central Free State. Turnover in the Swaziland transect shows two peaks. Marked turnover at the edge of the interior plateau is taken to indicate an eastern border of an Afromontane fauna; the other peak, at the western edge of the coastal lowland, is taken to mark the border of an East African lowland fauna. A transition zone with a transitional assemblage occurs on the plateau slopes between the two borders. The Zimbabwean transect shows a similar pattern. The KwaZulu-Natal to Free State transect shows a broad transition from upland to lowland assemblages, which parallels the extensive intermingling of upland and lowland floristic elements in that area. A north-south turnover across the three transects shows northern species becoming progressively excluded from highland areas as they extend southwards, while southern species become limited to the highlands as they extend northwards. The cohesive north-south turnover pattern is consistent with the idea of a single Afromontane biogeographical unit, which can be related to a tropical East African lowland unit through a complex pattern of species turnover.
Acute Glomerulonephritis in a Patient With Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

It is generally assumed that acute tubular necrosis is the etiology of renal failure that can occur during the course of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). However, histologic examination of kidneys has been mainly limited to autopsy cases of fulminant infections. Acute glomerulonephritis due to glomerular immune complex deposition has not been reported in RMSF. We describe a case of acute oliguric renal failure that developed more than 2 weeks following the onset of RMSF. Renal biopsy showed acute glomerulonephritis with inflammatory cell infiltration and subendothelial immune deposits. Thus, acute glomerulonephritis should be in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure that occurs in RMSF.
The Rényi-Ulam pathological liar game with a fixed number of lies

The q-round Renyi-Ulam pathological liar game with k lies on the set [n] := {1,....,n} is a 2-player perfect information zero sum game. In each round Paul chooses a subset A ⊆ [n] and Carole either assigns 1 lie to each element of A or to each element of [n]\A. Paul wins if after q rounds there is at least one element with k or fewer lies. The game is dual to the original Renyi-Ulam liar game for which the winning condition is that at most one element has k or fewer lies. Define Fk*(q) to be the minimum n such that Paul can win the q-round pathological liar game with k lies and initial set [n]. For fixed k we prove that Fk*(q) is within an absolute constant (depending only on k) of the sphere bound, 2q/ (q ≥k); this is already known to hold for the original Renyi-Ulam liar game due to a result of J. Spencer.
Modeling the Mind and the Milieu: Computational Modeling for Micro-Level Organizational Researchers

Theorists in management and organizational science rarely use computational modeling to support theoretical development or refinement, particularly at the micro level of analysis. This article argues that organizational scholars, who strive to understand dynamic behavior in a complex context, are particularly in need of the support computational models offer. Moreover, organizational scholars can build on (a) the plethora of informal theories extant in the literature and (b) the computational architectures and model building platforms developed in recent years. To increase the number of organizational scholars building and evaluating computational models, the article provides a tutorial in model building and simulation. Specifically, a new computational model is built and assessed. Surprising realizations emerge in the process. There is also an extensive section on model evaluation involving empirical observations.
Cumulant statistical adaptation of non-linear post conversion correction for TI-ADCs

Practical implementations of post conversion correction of time interleaved analog to digital converters (TI-ADCs) is of particular interest to the test and measurement community due to the demand for large instantaneous bandwidths and high dynamic ranges required by many fields. Ideally TIADCs allow for an increased sampling rate while maintaining the performance of the individual converters. In practice this is harder to achieve. Ultra wideband communications as well as direct conversion applications in RADAR also benefit from practical implementations of TI-ADCs. One such method proposed in this paper is based upon the work that was presented last year by the authors at Autotest 14 where an adaptive linear combination of nonlinear filters placed in the channels can ideally suppress the mismatches when driven by an ideal error signal. Here it is proposed that the structure can be driven by an approximate cumulant statistical adaptation these results are compared to an implementation of a non-ideal error signal generated using interpolation techniques. Various cumulants are discussed from the 1st to 8th order. These statistics are calculated using Boxcar FIR filter moving average approximations in place of averages over the entire dataset. A single channel is used as a reference and is interpolated to generate the reference samples for the second channel. This paper presents the implementation and results of the practical design applied to a behavioral TIADC model. The model is based upon off the shelf performance of 14 bit 80MSPS converters that suggest the performance of the intended implemented system and has been presented in prior works by the authors, allowing for evaluation of the new correction method in a realistic scenario. Results show that the cumulant based channelized correction scheme can suppress linear and nonlinear mismatch spurs by a significant amount, on average 35 dB up to ideal suppression in the sinusoidal input case. When a wideband QPSK input is used during adaptation, between 6dB and 20dB suppression is achieved. Design considerations will be presented including how to choose initial conditions, step size, the cumulant statistic used and adaptation time for implementations in the 2 and 4 TIADC case.