cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of interferon alpha genes expression

Abstract Type I interferons (IFNA and IFNB) belong to the group of inflammatory cytokines that are expressed in eukaryotic cells as an early response to viral infection. While the IFN B is encoded by a single gene, IFNA are represented by a large family of structurally related genes that are expressed preferentially in cells of lymphoid lineage. The IFNA genes show differential expression as well as cell type specificity which reflects the transcriptional inducibility of the respective promoter regions. Expression of IFNA genes in infected cells is transient, independent of cellular protein synthesis and is inhibited in the presence of tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C inhibitors. The virus response element (VRE) present in the promoter region of these genes functions as a virus-specific enhancer and confers expression in infected cells. Lack of expression of individual murine IFNA genes cen be related both to the presence of the silencing region(s) outside of the VRE as well as by mutations within the VRE. Two overlapping regulatory domains, AF-1 and interferon regulatory factors (IRF-1) play a critical role in the transcriptional activation of the IFNA promoter region by viral infection.
The Magnitude of Acute and Chronic Alcohol Abuse in Trauma Patients

Objective: To assess the incidence of acute alcohol intoxication and the proportion of trauma patients with evidence of chronic alcohol abuse. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Regional level I trauma center. Participants: Patients aged 18 years and older admitted with blunt or penetrating trauma. Main Outcome Measures: Admission blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (SMAST), and biochemical markers for chronic alcohol abuse. Results: Of the 2657 patients enrolled, 47.0% had a positive BAC and 35.8% were intoxicated (BAC ≥100 mg/dL) on admission to the emergency department. Intoxicated patients were more likely to be 25 to 34 years old, male, and nonwhite; the highest proportion of intoxicated patients was among victims of stab wounds. Three fourths of acutely intoxicated patients had evidence of chronic alcoholism as indicated by a positive SMAST, and 25% to 35% of acutely intoxicated patients had biochemical evidence of chronic alcohol abuse. Conclusions: The high prevalence of both acute intoxication and chronic alcoholism in trauma patients indicates the need to diagnose and appropriately treat this pervasive problem in trauma victims. (Arch Surg. 1993;128:907-913)
Multiple Character Analysis of Canis lupus, latrans, and familiaris, With a Discussion of the Relationships of Canis niger

A multiple character analysis was undertaken of a broadly representative sample of three species: Canis lupus (wolf), C. latrans (coyote), and C. familiaris (dog). These species are clearly and significantly distinguished by the technique of linear discrimination. The analysis provides a basis for the identification of skulls not obviously distinguishable by size or other diagnostic characters. Early populations of Canis n. niger and C. n. gregoryi (red wolf) are compared with the three species above and are found to form a cluster with lupus and to be sharply distinct from the other two species. Additional comparisons show that while lupus lycaon and niger both overlap with lupus , they are distinct from each other. This entire cluster is quite distinct from latrans , with niger being the farthest removed. A sample population of C. n. gregoiyi , from the edge of the extending range of C. latrans , was examined and found to show too great a range of variation to be attributed to a single species.
Using Bibliotherapy to Enhance Probation and Reduce Recidivism

Prior research indicates that probation programs that include efforts to change cognitive orientations and social patterns can enhance their effectiveness. This article reports an evaluation of an ...
The atomic arrangement of interstitials in molybdenum ordered solutions

The concentration wave approach is used to predict the atomic arrangement of both octahedral and tetrahedral interstitials in molybdenum ordered solutions. A comparison of the predicted ordered phases with experimental studies shows good agreement in the molybdenum-oxide and-carbide systems.
TEMPORAL UTILITY PROFILES OF ACTIVITIES AND TRAVEL: UNCERTAINTY AND DECISION MAKING

This paper further develops the concept of analyzing the temporal utility profiles of actions, i.e. activities accompanied by the associated effort such as travel. This approach integrates elements of different approaches aimed at studying travel behavior, such as activity-based approaches, utility maximization theory and dynamic analysis. It generally intends to broaden the context of studying human travel behavior by focusing primarily on activities as a primary reason for travel. The nature of the competition among alternative chains of actions is discussed within a modified context of utility maximization theory. The issue of constraints in travel-related choices is explored. Introduction of the uncertainty element appears to contribute toward further refinement of the utility profile concept. Extensions of the proposed approach as well as its potential applications are discussed.
An Axiomatic Approach to Cost Allocation for Public Investment

Abstract : The authors developed a cost allocation scheme for collective investments which had such properties as total costs being covered and insensitivity to ordering of simulataneous demands. In this paper one will derive the same scheme from a set of axioms. These axioms may be viewed as a constitution which participants in a collective investment agree to as being a fair way of allocating costs. The cost allocation principle is to be agreed to prior to agreement on the amount of investment; the amount of investment is then determined by collective bargaining. (Author)
Fate of parental reovirus in infected cell

Abstract Parental reovirus is not completely uncoated after infection to yield free genome RNA. Instead it is converted into a subviral particle which contains besides 10 segments of double-stranded RNA and A-rich RNA, all core polypeptides namely λ1, λ2, μ1, and σ2 and a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 65,000 which is derived from the outer capsomere protein μ2 by cleavage. Isolated partially uncoated particles catalyze the synthesis of virus specific messenger RNA. Late during the replication cycle partially uncoated particles are converted into particles with a slightly higher density in CsCl than the virus by the addition of newly synthesized polypeptide σ3.
The interpretation of quantum mechanics through1935

I first define what I mean by the term ‘interpretation’, then trace some of the major developments in attempts to fashion an interpretation of quantum mechanics from its early mathematical formulation (ca. 1925) up through the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paper, Bohr's response to it, and Schrodinger's insights on entanglement, in 1935. In the process, I question some of the conventional wisdom about how a unified interpretation emerged.
What is Social Economics

Is there such a field as social economics? Let us begin by providing some justification (the sceptics may call this rationalisation) for asking the question. The very fact that we are gathered here in Fresno ought to be a reassurance that, indeed, there does exist such a field. But this reassurance amounts to little more than a Descartian feeling of, “I think, therefore I am”. Some people question implicitly or explicitly whether there is such a field of enquiry called social economics. If you think this statement needs empirical support, consider the following:
Contractile protein preparations from frozen rabbit muscle.

Abstract Commercial freshly frozen rabbit muscle has been used as a source of actin and actomyosin. Investigation of these protein preparations shows them to be comparable to standard preparations with respect to the following properties: 1. 1. ATP-induced dissociation of actomyosin and reassociation in solution. 2. 2. Contraction of surface-spread actomyosin fibers in the presence of ATP. 3. 3. Repeated polymerization and depolymerization of actin. 4. 4. Yield, purity, and molecular weight of actin. Thus a more onvenient, cheaper, and less wasteful source of rabbit muscle is available for the preparation of contractile proteins.
Hidden Genes Genetic Optimization for Variable-Size Design Space Problems

This paper introduces the biologically inspired concept of hidden genes genetic algorithms; they search for optimal solutions to global optimization problems of multimodal objective functions with a variable number of design variables. A fixed chromosome length is assumed for all solutions in the population. Each chromosome is divided into effective and ineffective segments. The effective segment includes the design variables for that solution. The ineffective segment includes only hidden genes. Hidden genes are excluded in objective function evaluations. The effect of the hidden genes on the convergence of the genetic algorithm is studied. Two test cases are presented.
Wildlife crime and enforcement

This issue of the International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice is the second in a series of two special issues devoted to environmental and natural-resource crime. In keeping w...
171 HEMODYNAMIC BASIS FOR RENAL FAILURE IN REYE SYNDROME

The relationship of intravascular volume depletion (IVVD) to hemodynamics and renal failure in Reye syndrome (RS) was studied in three comatose children managed with mannitol osmotherapy (dosage total 7 ± 0.7 gm/kg) without barbiturate loading. Common hemodynamic parameters proved insensitive indicators of IVVD, remaining elevated (CVP 8 ±2 torr, PWP 10 ± 2 torr, MAP 109 ± 30 torr, CI 3.2 ± 0.9 1/min/m2) despite microcardia, reduced stroke index (25 ± 8 ml/beat/m2), and intense peripheral vasoconstriction (SVR 33 ± 7 units). Nonoliguric renal failure (hourly output 2.7 ± 1.2 ml/kg) developed in 2 of 3 cases (peak BUN 50 ± 2 mg/dl and peak creatinine 3.3 ± 0.5 mg/dl). Peak serum osmolality was 337 ± 6 mOsm/1. Systemic vasoconstriction responded to volume expansion on 6 occasions (5% albumin 11 ± 6 ml/kg) with a 38% decrease (P=0.005) in SVR (20.5 ± 2 units) and a 41% increase (P=0.047) in stroke index (35 ± 12 ml/beat/m2). Filling pressures rose slightly (CVP 10 ± 2 torr, PWP 11 ± 3 torr), MAP fell slightly (92 ± 11 torr), and CI rose (P=0.010) by 28% (4.1 ± 0.7 1/min/m2). Fluid challenge effects were transient but diagnostic. Renal failure resolved with liberalized fluid intake. The data suggest that a vasoconstrictive response to IVVD may cause a redistribution of renal blood flow and play a role in the development of renal failure in RS.
Antarafacial Mediation of Oxygen Delivery by a Phenylsulfinyl Group in the Epoxidation of Proximal Double Bonds: Intramolecular Trapping of an Early Pummerer Intermediate with Stereoelectronic Control

Stereospecific intramolecular antarafacial epoxidation of a double bond via an early Pummerer reaction intermediate has been demonstrated. The intermediate is presumably generated via trifluoroacetylation of a sulfoxide precursor. Ionization of trifluoroacetate would formally generate a dipositive "sulfenium" equivalent. This species attacks an otherwise unactivated, proximal olefinic linkage in an antiperiplanar fashion, with trifluoroacetate serving as the nucleophile. Proposed mechanistic intermediates were characterized structurally (in several cases by crystallographic means) and shown to serve as precursors en route to the final antarafacial epoxides. The sense of the cyclization seems to be driven by principles inherent in Markovnikov's rule.
Patch test results in psoriasis patients on biologics.

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive patch tests in patients with psoriasis receiving biologics and whether these results differ from those of patients with psoriasis not on biologics. Methods An institutional review board-approved retrospective chart review was conducted for patients with psoriasis patch tested January 2002-2012 at Tufts Medical Center. Patients had a history of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and patch testing as identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 696.1, 696.0, and 95044, respectively, in their records. Patients were tested to a modified North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard and cosmetics series. Readings were performed at 48 hours and 72 to 96 hours. The North American Contact Dermatitis Group grading system was used to grade reactions. Results Fifteen patients with psoriasis on biologics (cases) and 16 patients with psoriasis not on biologics (control subjects) were studied. The biologics used were ustekinumab (n = 7), etanercept (n = 4), adalimumab (n = 3), and infliximab (n = 1). Eighty percent (12/15) of cases had at least 1 positive reaction compared with 81% (13/16) of the control subjects; 67% (10/15) of cases had 2+ reactions compared with 63% (10/16) of the control subjects, and 27% (4/15) of cases had 3+ reactions, compared with 38% (6/16) of control subjects. These differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions Given the limitation of small numbers of patients, biologics do not appear to influence the abilities of patients with psoriasis to mount a positive patch test.
Experimental study of fuel decomposition and hydrocarbon growth processes for practical fuel components: heptanes

Abstract C1 to C12 stable hydrocarbons, soot volume fraction, major species, and gas temperature have been measured in a series of methane/air coflowing nonpremixed flames whose fuel was separately doped with 5000 ppm of five heptane isomers. The temperatures, residence times, major species concentrations, and heptane consumption rates were similar in each flame, so the large differences in hydrocarbon product concentrations result from the direct chemical effects of the heptanes. The heptanes increased the maximum soot volume fraction in the order trimethylbutane > dimethypentanes > n-heptane, which is also the order of increasing number of branches. The species measurements indicated that this occurred because the more-branched heptanes produced more propene and butene and less ethylene, and therefore formed more propargyl radical through dehydrogenation or H-abstraction/β scission pathways. The results are a useful database for testing detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms of fuel decomposition and hydrocarbon growth from large alkanes.
Survey Results of the Ethical Beliefs of Business Students.

Abstract Gaps in professional judgment and personal moral standards are perpetual problems across many sectors of society. This article reports the results of a survey that was conducted at four universities to examine the ethical beliefs and attitudes of current business students. The behaviors that current business students believed to be most unethical were (a) taking a test for someone else and (b) obtaining answers from someone else during an exam. The behaviors that they were less certain about were (a) studying from someone else's notes and (b) failing to report unfavorable errors in grading.
Recent Research in the Southern Highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica

Recent research on the southern highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica has investigated topics of interest to all archaeologists. Although best known for studies on the development of early social complexity, research in the region also has addressed hunter/gatherer subsistence patterns, early sedentism, the origins of food production, the development of the state, migration, the construction of social identity, political economy, and the collapse of complex societies. Research has accelerated in the past ten years, fueled by efforts of scholars from a number of disciplines. Recent paleo-ecological studies have provided much needed data for understanding human social action against the backdrop of the natural environment, while the region also has been the scene for testing numerous innovative theories of social change. Studies of identity and its manifestation in material culture have been especially productive.
Detection of Water Droplet Size and Anion Species by Nonlinear Optical Scattering

The liquid-air interface causes the droplet to act as an optical cavity which provides large internal fields and feedback. The stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectra of micrometer-size water droplets containing different anions (e.g., NO, SO, and PO) can be generated by a single laser pulse and detected by an optical multichannel analyzer. When the spontaneous Raman intensity of the ν1 mode of the anions is larger than that of the O-H stretching mode of water, the SRS spectra consist of the peak at ν1 and multiple peaks of nearly equal wavelength separation within the O-H stretching mode of water. These multiple peaks are associated with the morphology-dependent resonances of a sphere and the refractive index of water. Thus, the wavelength spacing of these SRS peaks provides information on the droplet radius. At higher anion concentrations, sequentially pumped SRS involving the ν1 anion mode can also be detected at Raman shifts equal to 2ν1 and equal to the O-H stretching mode plus ν1. The Raman shift of the ν1 mode in wavenumbers provides molecular specific information.
Joint maximum likelihood estimator for pupil and image plane data

Laser imaging through atmospheric turbulence is a challenging problem due primarily to turbulence near the aperture. Amplitude measurements of the return beam in the aperture plane are less sensitive to near-field turbulence, but contain limited information about the Fourier phase of the target image. We propose a method of using deconvolution of laser speckle degraded imagery, together with pupil plane techniques, to produce coherent image reconstructions with spatial resolution not limited by the atmospheric conditions. The technique is demonstrated using computer simulation.
Estimating relative noise to signal in DNA microarray data

A method was proposed for estimating noise relative to signal in microarray data. A signal to noise index, SNI, was defined and used to measure the level of signal compared to the noise contained in two microarray data sets. Simulations were conducted to generate the quantitative relationship between the SNI and its measurement of relative noise. The method was applied to two well known microarray data sets. Relative noise was estimated for both data sets, and the results were consistent with the observations in the original papers, demonstrating the proposed method is reliable for estimating relative noise in microarray data.
Small mammals on Massachusetts islands: the use of probability functions in clarifying biogeographic relationships.

Thirty-three insular small mammal communities along the coast of Massachusetts (USA) were surveyed to investigate the biogeographic relationships of the insular communities and to examine the distribution patterns of individual species. Nine species of terrestrial small mammals were observed in the total insular fauna, whereas thirteen occurred on the mainland. The species-area relation yielded a z value of 0.06, which is the lowest value yet reported for insular mammal communities.
Interval prediction for Pareto and exponential observables

Abstract The prediction of single and multiple Pareto or translated exponential observables is addressed within a Bayesian framework. In particular the probability that a given fraction out of a finite number of potential observables be in a prescribed finite or infinite interval is calculated. This generalizes previous work which we restricted to the one-sided infinite interval case.
Optical absorption by atomically doped carbon nanotubes under strong atom–field coupling

Abstract We analyze optical absorption by atomically doped carbon nanotubes with a special focus on the frequency range close to the atomic transition frequency. We derive the optical absorption line-shape function and, having analyzed particular achiral nanotubes of different diameters, predict the effect of absorption line splitting due to strong atom–vacuum–field coupling in small-diameter nanotubes.
Determination of the flux pinning force of ?-Ti ribbons in Nb46.5wt% Ti produced by heat treatments of varying temperature, duration and frequency

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the effect of varying the heat treatment temperature, the duration and the frequency on the microstructure of high current density Nb-Ti superconducting composites. It was found that multiple heat treatment and drawing cycles produced between 16 and 25 vol % ofα-Ti precipitate. The longer and more frequent were the heat treatments, the greater was the volume fraction of precipitate. An increase in the number of heat treatment and drawing cycles significantly reduced the size of the precipitates formed at heat treatment size. If the composites were drawn to final wire size following final heat treatment, theα-Ti precipitates were distorted into folded sheets which appeared as ribbons in transverse cross-section, with average thickness varying from 1.6 nm to 2.6 nm. The specific flux pinning force of the ribbons varied from 360 to 260 N m−2 and was found to decrease with ribbon thickness. Some evidence of an extrinsic limit on theJc was provided by a study of the filament cross-section variability and the resistive transition index.
Chemical degradations of pyrogenic polytitanosiloxane coatings

Abstract We investigated the vulnerability of pyrogenic polytitanosiloxane (PTS) coatings to attack by 1.0 M NaOH and 1.0 M H 2 SO 4 solutions. Exposure to NaOH caused breakage of the Si-O-Si bond, thereby producing water-soluble Na-related silicate and hydroxylated silicon compounds. The formation of such reaction products severely damaged the coatings. During treatment with H 2 SO 4 , SO 4 2− preferentially reacts with the TiO 2 formed in PTS layers, rather than with the Si-O-Si and Si-O-Ti linkages. The formation of water-soluble titanium sulphate in this reaction led to pitting of the coatings.
On the optimality of Krylov information

Abstract Let F be an orthogonally invariant class of nonsingular matrices. Examples of such F are symmetric matrices and positive definite matrices. For the problems of solving a system of linear equations or of finding an eigenpair of a matrix, we show that the minimal residual algorithm using Krylov information has almost minimal complexity. The general results are used to derive tight complexity bounds for several classes of matrices.
1001-27 Rapid Thrombolysis in Experimental Coronary Artery Bypass Grafts

CABG thrombosis is a common disorder without adequate therapy. To assess the effects of selective laser thrombolysis (LT) in CABG, aortocoronary bypasses were created and completely thrombosed in nine swine. Maximal thrombus removal was achieved with pulsed dye laser light (577 nm, 1 μs pulse, 3 Hz, 64 mJ/pulse) by fluid catheter for 6.7 ± 1 min. Graft flow and thrombosis were assessed by angio with global and grafted segment myocardial function measured by epicardial echo at constant load. Mean graft size: 8 mm × 6 cm. Prior to therapy, grafts had no flow (TIMIO) and complete thrombosis for 60 min. TIMI flow post LTwas 2.8 ± 0.4 (p l 0.001) with focal residual mural thrombus. 90 min post LT, graft appearance and flow were unchanged. Wall motion (WM) scored from normal (1) to dyskinetic (4). Index = total WM/14 segments. Occlusion 90 min postLT Global EF 0.49 ± 0.09 0.55 ± 0.04 NS Index 1.7 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 (p l 0.05) Grafted Region Wall Motion 4 1 (p l 0.01) %Wall Thick. - 5 31 (p l 0.01) Conclusions 1) LT is able to rapidly remove large amounts of thrombus in CABG. 2) Thrombus removal by LT does not cause detectable changes in regional cardiac function. 3) High patency rates persist 90 min. post LT.
On the Mechanism of Gating Charge Movement of ClC-5, a Human Cl−/H+ Antiporter

ClC-5 is a Cl−/H+ antiporter that functions in endosomes and is important for endocytosis in the proximal tubule. The mechanism of transport coupling and voltage dependence in ClC-5 is unclear. Recently, a transport-deficient ClC-5 mutant (E268A) was shown to exhibit transient capacitive currents. Here, we studied the external and internal Cl− and pH dependence of the currents of E268A. Transient currents were almost completely independent of the intracellular pH. Even though the transient currents are modulated by extracellular pH, we could exclude that they are generated by proton-binding/unbinding reactions. In contrast, the charge movement showed a nontrivial dependence on external chloride, strongly supporting a model in which the movement of an intrinsic gating charge is followed by the voltage-dependent low-affinity binding of extracellular chloride ions. Mutation of the external Glu-211 (a residue implicated in the coupling of Cl− and proton transport) to aspartate abolished steady-state transport, but revealed transient currents that were shifted by ∼150 mV to negative voltages compared to E268A. This identifies Gluext as a major component of the gating charge underlying the transient currents of the electrogenic ClC-5 transporter. The molecular events underlying the transient currents of ClC-5 emerging from these results can be explained by an inward movement of the side chain of Gluext, followed by the binding of extracellular Cl− ions.
Proximal and distal influences on ligand binding kinetics in microperoxidase and heme model compounds.

We use laser flash photolysis and time-resolved Raman spectroscopy of CO-bound heme complexes to study proximal and distal influences on ligand rebinding kinetics. We report kinetics of CO rebinding to microperoxidase (MP) and 2-methylimidazole ligated Fe protoporphyrin IX in the 10 ns to 10 ms time window. We also report CO rebinding kinetics of MP in the 150 fs to 140 ps time window. For dilute, micelle-encapsulated (monodisperse) samples of MP, we do not observe the large amplitude geminate decay at ∼100 ps previously reported in time-resolved IR measurements on highly concentrated samples [Lim, M., Jackson, T. A., and Anfinrud, P. A. (1997) J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2, 531−536]. However, for high concentration aggregated samples, we do observe the large amplitude picosecond CO geminate rebinding and find that it is correlated with the absence of the iron-histidine vibrational mode in the time-resolved Raman spectrum. On the basis of these results, the energetic significance of a putative distal pocket CO ...
Pyrrolopyrimidine nucleosides II. the total synthesis of 7-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines related to toyocamycin†

The first synthesis of a 7-β-D-ribofuranosylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine by direct ribosidation of a preformed pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine has now been accomplished via the fusion procedure. Subsequent functional group transformations furnished the 6-methyl-thio derivative of the nucleoside antibiotic toyocamycin. Preparation of the 1-, 3- and 7-methyl isomers of 4-amino-5-cyano-6-methylthiopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine was accomplished and has provided an unequivocal assignment for the actual site of ribosidation by a comparison of ultraviolet absorption spectra. Factors utilized for the assignment of anomeric configuration are discussed.
Effect of Wheat Genotype and Environment on Relationships Between Dough Extensibility and Breadmaking Quality

ABSTRACT Dough extensibility affects processing ease, gas retention, and loaf volume of finished products. The Kieffer dough extensibility test was developed to assess extensibility of small dough samples and is therefore adapted for use in breeding programs. Information is lacking on relationships between wheat growing environments and dough properties measured by the Kieffer dough extensibility test. This study documents the variability of dough extensibility (Ext), maximum resistance to extension (Rmax), and area under the extensibility curve (Area) in relation to breadmaking quality, and the effect of wheat growing environments. Mixograph, Kieffer dough extensibility, and bake tests were performed on flour milled from 19 hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown during three growing seasons (2007-2009) at six South Dakota locations. Although both genotype and environment had significant effects on Kieffer dough extensibility variables, environment represented the largest source of v...
Calibration of mammoth (Mammuthus) dispersal into North America using rare earth elements of Plio-Pleistocene mammals from Florida

The first appearance of mammoth (Mammuthus) is currently used to define the beginning of the Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age at about 1.4 Ma. Thereafter, mammoth fossils are common and widespread in North America until the end of the Pleistocene. In contrast to this generally accepted biochronology, recent reports have asserted that mammoth occurs in late Pliocene (ca. 2.5 Ma) alluvium from the Santa Fe River of northern Florida. The supposedly contemporaneous late Pliocene fossil assemblage from the Santa Fe River that produced the mammoth specimens actually consists of a mixture of diagnostic Blancan (late Pliocene) and late Rancholabrean (latest Pleistocene) species. Fossil bones and teeth of the two mammalian faunas mixed together along the Santa Fe River have significantly different rare earth element (REE) signatures. The REE signatures of mammoth are indistinguishable from those of Rancholabrean mammals, yet they are different from those of diagnostic Blancan vertebrates from these same temporally mixed faunas of the Santa Fe River. Thus, no evidence for late Pliocene mammoth exists in Florida, and mammoth fossils remain reliable biochronological indicators for Irvingtonian and Rancholabrean terrestrial sequences throughout mid- and lower-latitude North America.
SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF SEVERAL CHLORINATED PHENOXY-ACIDS BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Abstract Two procedures for the quantitative determination of micro-amounts of 2,4-dichloro-, 2,4,5-trichloro-, and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acids are described. The first procedure is based on the separation of the methyl esters by gas—liquid chromatography and the colorimetric determination of collected fractions as the hydroxymate—Fe (III) complex. The second procedure involves the formation of the 14 C-methyl esters, their separation by gas—liquid chromatography and the radioassay of collected fractions by liquid—scintillation spectrometry.
Angioedema with Normal Laboratory Values: The Next Step

When faced with a patient with recurrent swelling, a thorough laboratory evaluation to determine the underlying etiology ensues. When the laboratory work-up is unrevealing, health care practitioners are frequently left in a quandary. This review will attempt to provide up-to-date information on how to approach the diagnosis and management of angioedema in a patient with normal laboratory values. The subtypes that will be reviewed in detail include: hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor (HAE with normal C1INH), drug-induced angioedema, and idiopathic angioedema. We present literature to aid the physician in the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
A novel mechanism for the Na+-K+ ATPase.

A novel mechanism for the Na+K+ ATPase is proposed. The key feature is that it allows for active transport utilizing only a single hydrophobic polypeptide helix spanning the membrane as the active translocating group. Interconversions between two helical forms, α and II in this scheme, are catalyzed by vectorial movement of dehydrated cations through the helical region. The driving force for the helix-helix transitions is provided by strain induced by ATP binding to the hydrolysis site on the membrane surface. A reaction diagram is provided which accounts for many of the unusual features of ion translocation without the need for multiple alkali cation sites or co-operative interaction in a multimeric complex. Examination of a space-filling model of the proposed helix-ion complex indicates that the alkali cations are probably pumped with paired negative counterions at all times. It is suggested that similar structures might be responsible for the activity of other enzymes which couple chemical reactions with ionic movement.
The people v. the principle of legality in the People's Republic of China

Abstract The history of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1949 makes it apparent that the principle of legality is ideological anathema to the Party leadership there. In Western jurisprudence, in anthropology of law and in the nascent field of sociology of law, the development of the principle of legality has consistently been seen as a necessary foundation for the positive evolution of any legal system. The use of law in China in the recent past raises fundamental questions about this premise. The Chinese experience suggests a new hypothesis as to legal development for laboratory and field testing. This article will review the Chinese experience and formulate that hypothesis.
Primary Vascularization of Allografts Governs Their Immunogenicity and Susceptibility to Tolerogenesis

We investigated the influence of allograft primary vascularization on alloimmunity, rejection, and tolerance in mice. First, we showed that fully allogeneic primarily vascularized and conventional skin transplants were rejected at the same pace. Remarkably, however, short-term treatment of mice with anti-CD40L Abs achieved long-term survival of vascularized skin and cardiac transplants but not conventional skin grafts. Nonvascularized skin transplants triggered vigorous direct and indirect proinflammatory type 1 T cell responses (IL-2 and IFN-γ), whereas primarily vascularized skin allografts failed to trigger a significant indirect alloresponse. A similar lack of indirect alloreactivity was also observed after placement of different vascularized organ transplants, including hearts and kidneys, whereas hearts placed under the skin (nonvascularized) triggered potent indirect alloresponses. Altogether, these results suggest that primary vascularization of allografts is associated with a lack of indirect T cell alloreactivity. Finally, we show that long-term survival of vascularized skin allografts induced by anti-CD40L Abs was associated with a combined lack of indirect alloresponse and a shift of the direct alloresponse toward a type 2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-10)-secretion pattern but no activation/expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Therefore, primary vascularization of allografts governs their immunogenicity and tolerogenicity.
Diagnosis of Perioperative Coagulopathy—Plasma versus Whole Blood Testing

In the course of laboratory-guidedhemostatic therapy for patients with major bleeding, the timing ofdiagnosis may affect not only the timing of hemostatic inter-vention but also the efﬁcacy of such intervention, becausecoagulation status dynamically changes (often for the worse) overtime (Fig 1). Alternatively, the ratio-based transfusion approach(eg, a 1:1 ratio of plasma to red blood cells [RBCs]) has been usedat major trauma centers in the United States.
Transient stability of superconducting alternators

A simulation study is performed for the purpose of determining the transient stability characteristics of superconducting alternators. This simulation is compared with an equal area criterion method. It is found that superconducting machines have good transient stability characteristics, that field forcing is not particularly helpful nor necessary. It is also found that the equal area criterion is useful for computing critical clearing times, if voltage behind subtransient reactance is held constant.
A Grainless Semantics for Parallel Programs with Shared Mutable Data

We provide a new denotational semantic model, based on ''footstep traces'', for parallel programs which share mutable state. The structure of this model embodies a classic principle proposed by Dijkstra: processes should be treated independently, with interference occurring only at synchronization points. As a consequence the model makes fewer distinctions between programs than traditional trace models, which may help to mitigate the combinatorial explosion triggered by interleaving. For a sequential or synchronization-free program the footstep trace semantics is equivalent to a non-deterministic state transformation, so the new model supports ''sequential'' reasoning about synchronization-free code fragments. We show that footstep trace semantics is strictly more abstract than action trace semantics and suitable for compositional reasoning about race-freedom and partial correctness. The new model can be used to establish the soundness of concurrent separation logic. We include some example programs to facilitate comparison with earlier models, and we discuss briefly the relationship with a recent model by John Reynolds in which actions have discernible starts and finishes.
History and Aesthetics of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge

This paper is a study of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge. Othmar Ammann’s bridge, completed in 1939, has strong similarities to the ill-fated Tacoma Narrows, sharing many structural characteristics. While the New York bridge has served well for two-thirds of a century, the deck has oscillated noticeably for most of its lifetime; in attempts to calm these motions, the Whitestone has undergone an unusual number of retrofits—in 1940, 1946, 1988, and a new retrofit begun in 2003. From a historical perspective, these retrofits have kept pace with the development of suspension bridge technology, each representing the state of the art at the time they were implemented. We can therefore view the Whitestone as a valuable physical record of developments in the profession’s understanding of structural vibrations and aerodynamics. The goal of this paper is to place these retrofits in context, as well as to evaluate them on technical and aesthetic levels.
Velocity distributions of analyte molecules in matrix-assisted laser desorption from computer simulations

The mass dependence of the velocity distributions of analyte molecules in matrix-assisted laser desorption is analyzed based on the results of molecular dynamics simulations. The spread of the velocities along the direction of the flow is found to be independent of the mass of the analyte molecules and to reflect the entrainment of the analyte molecules in the expanding matrix. The radial velocity distributions for both matrix molecules and analyte molecules of different masses, on the other hand, fit well to a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution with the same temperature, suggesting the association of the spread in the radial velocities with the thermal motion in the plume. A consistent analytical description of the complete velocity distribution for matrix molecules and analyte molecules of different masses is proposed based on the approximation of a range of stream velocities and a single temperature in the ejected plume. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MetaOCaml server pages: web publishing as staged computation

Modern dynamic web services are really computer programs. Some parts of these programs run off-line, others run server-side on each request, and still others run within the browser. In other words, web publishing is staged computation, either for better performance, or because certain resources are available in one stage but not another. Unfortunately, the various web programming languages make it difficult to spread computation over more than one stage. This is a tremendous opportunity for multi-stage languages in general, and for MetaOCaml in particular.We present the design of MetaOCaml Server Pages. Unlike other languages in its genre, the embedded MetaOCaml code blocks may be annotated with staging information, so that the programmer may safely and precisely control which computation occurs in which stage. A prototype web server, written in OCaml, supports web sites with both static and dynamic content. We provide several sample programs and demonstrate the performance gains won using multi-stage programming.
Physical and optical characterization of multifunctional 3-D self-assembled photonic crystals containing embedded features

The unifying goal of our research program is the development of selfand directed-organization as a general paradigm for the formation of highly functional nanomaterials with complex, threedimensionally embedded architectures. Specific applications where this paradigm will result in advanced materials include three-dimensional photonic crystal based chemical and biological sensors, self-assembled waveguides, and nanoparticle assemblies. Characterization of these structures requires the combination of traditional hard materials microscopy techniques, and the microscopy approaches common for biological samples. Interfacing both these approaches allows for a much more detailed picture of the self-assembled structures than would be possible through traditional routes only. We use combinations of FIB, TEM, SEM, confocal and 2-photon microscopy, and tissue fixation routes to prepare and analyze our samples.
Influence of carbon dioxide enrichment, ozone and nitrogen fertilization on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf and root composition

The objective of this study was to test whether elevated [CO2], [O3] and nitrogen (N) fertility altered leaf mass per area (LMPA), non-structural carbohydrate (TNC), N, lignin (LTGA) and proanthocyanidin (PA) concentrations in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves and roots. Cotton was grown in 14 dm3 pots with either sufficient (0·8 g N dm−3) or deficient (0·4 and 0·2 g N dm−3) N fertilization, and treated in open-top chambers with either ambient or elevated (+ 175 and + 350 μmol mol−1) [CO2] in combination with either charcoal-filtered air (CF) or non-filtered air plus 1·5 times ambient [O3]. At about 50 d after planting, LMPA, starch and PA concentrations in canopy leaves were as much as 51–72% higher in plants treated with elevated [CO2] compared with plants treated with ambient [CO2], whereas leaf N concentration was 29% lower in elevated [CO2]-treated plants compared with controls. None of the treatments had a major effect on LTGA concentrations on a TNC-free mass basis. LMPA and starch levels were up to 48% lower in plants treated with elevated [O3] and ambient [CO2] compared with CF controls, although the elevated [O3] effect was diminished when plants were treated concurrently with elevated [CO2]. On a total mass basis, leaf N and PA concentrations were higher in samples treated with elevated [O3] in ambient [CO2], but the difference was much reduced by elevated [CO2]. On a TNC-free basis, however, elevated [O3] had little effect on tissue N and PA concentrations. Fertilization treatments resulted in higher PA and lower N concentrations in tissues from the deficient N fertility treatments. The experiment showed that suppression by elevated [O3] of LMPA and starch was largely prevented by elevated [CO2], and that interpretation of [CO2] and [O3] effects should include comparisons on a TNC-free basis. Overall, the experiment indicated that allocation to starch and PA may be related to how environmental factors affect source–sink relationships in plants, although the effects of elevated [O3] on secondary metabolites differed in this respect.
Cloning and characterization of fiber type-specific ryanodine receptor isoforms in skeletal muscles of fish

We have cloned a group of cDNAs that encodes the skeletal ryanodine receptor isoform (RyR1) of fish from a blue marlin extraocular muscle library. The cDNAs encode a protein of 5,081 amino acids wi...
Genetic regulation of prepartum dry matter intake in Holstein cows

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for dry matter intake (DMI) in prepartum nonlactating and in lactating Holstein cows. Measurements were recorded on cows from Iowa State University (ISU) and the University of Florida (UF) dairy herds. Individual feed intake data were recorded daily at ISU from approximately 30 d prepartum through 150 d in milk (DIM). Individual intakes from cows at UF were recorded for approximately 42 d pre- and postpartum. Prepartum DMI traits were defined as DMI on d -15 (multiparous) or d -8 (primiparous) relative to calving date (DRYDMI), DMI on d -1 before parturition (CALVEDMI), and the negative of the slope of a regression line fitted through the last 14 (multiparous) or 7 (primiparous) days before calving (DEC). Lactation DMI traits were defined as DMI at 30 DIM (DMI30) and 100 DIM (DMI100; ISU data only). The final data set included 245 primiparous and 221 multiparous cows from ISU, and 125 multiparous cows from UF. Heritability estimates were 0.43, 0.64, 0.32, and 0.62 for DRYDMI, CALVEDMI, DEC, and DMI30, respectively. The estimate of heritability for DMI100 (ISU only) was 0.52. The genetic correlation between DRYDMI and DMI30 was 0.97. Thus, DMI prepartum is a moderately heritable trait that is highly correlated with intake during early lactation. Genetic correlations between DEC and DMI during lactation were lower and similar to standard error estimates (-0.24 ± 0.22 for DEC and DMI30 for combined data, and -0.13 ± 0.27 for DEC and DMI100 in ISU data). Thus, selection for altered DMI during lactation may not dramatically affect the depression in intake that occurs before parturition.
Real-Time Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Living Cells Using a Novel Fluorescent Protein Reporter

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathology of many conditions, including cardiovascular, inflammatory and degenerative diseases, aging, muscular dystrophy, and muscle fatigue. NADPH oxidases (Nox) have recently gained attention as an important source of ROS involved in redox signaling. However, our knowledge of the source of ROS has been limited by the relatively impoverished array of tools available to study them and the limitations of all imaging probes to provide meaningful spatial resolution. By linking redox-sensitive GFP (roGFP) to the Nox organizer protein, p47phox, we have developed a redox sensitive protein to specifically assess Nox activity (p47-roGFP). Stimulation of murine macrophages with endotoxin resulted in rapid, reversible oxidation of p47-roGFP. In murine skeletal muscle, both passive stretch and repetitive electrical stimulation resulted in oxidation of p47-roGFP. The oxidation of p47-roGFP in both macrophages and skeletal muscle was blocked by a Nox specific peptide inhibitor. Furthermore, expression of p47-roGFP in p47phox deficient cells restored Nox activity. As Nox has been linked to pathological redox signaling, our newly developed Nox biosensor will allow for the direct assessment of Nox activity and the development of therapeutic Nox inhibitors.
A Shocking View of Economic History

Economics, like geology, is an historical science. Geology has made incredible advances by accepting it is an historical, rather than a laboratory science. Economic historians can help economics make similar advances by adopting the research strategies of modern geology. Intensely empirical and global in their range, today's geologists focus on the historical remains of shocking, usually catastrophic, events in the earth's past. Already empirical and global, economic historians have ample shocks to study whether their specialty is population, technology, or institutions. A few examples of the possibilities should stimulate us to reinvigorate our parent disciplines of economics and history.