cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Response to Eculizumab Therapy

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) has a high mortality rate if not detected and treated early. While in the past, it was associated with renal failure in children, today, it has become increasingly identified among adults. Due to recent advances in the pathogenesis of aHUS and other major thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA), diagnosing it has become a lot easier. We present a case of a 62-year-old man who was initially thought to have thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), but after further evaluation was diagnosed with aHUS. We will discuss how to distinguish aHUS from other major TMA and the role of eculizumab in the management of aHUS.
Systematic analysis of a spin-susceptibility representation of the pairing interaction in the two-dimensional Hubbard model

A dynamic cluster quantum Monte Carlo algorithm is used to study a spin-susceptibility representation of the pairing interaction for the two-dimensional Hubbard model with an on-site Coulomb interaction equal to the bandwidth for various doping levels. We find that the pairing interaction is well approximated by $\frac{3}{2}\overline{U}{(T)}^{2}\ensuremath{\chi}(K\ensuremath{-}{K}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, with an effective temperature and doping dependent coupling $\overline{U}(T)$ and the numerically calculated spin susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(K\ensuremath{-}{K}^{\ensuremath{'}})$. We show that at low temperatures, $\overline{U}$ may be accurately determined from a corresponding spin-susceptibility based calculation of the single-particle self-energy. We conclude that the strength of the $d$-wave pairing interaction, characterized by the mean-field transition temperature, can be determined from a knowledge of the dressed spin susceptibility and the nodal quasiparticle spectral weight. This has important implications with respect to the questions of whether spin fluctuations are responsible for pairing in the high-${T}_{c}$ cuprates.
Computed tomography in urologic patients: Preliminary assessment

Computed tomography (CT) body scanning has specific application to the precise diagnosis of urologic disease. The advantage of visualizing the density of normal and abnormal tissue provides new accuracy in evaluation of renal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic masses. The penetration of the pelvic cavity allows the urologist to assess local, nodal, and skeletal involvement from prostatic and bladder neoplasms in a single diagnostic examination. Cost/efficacy analysis and the role of computed tomography in patient managment must await further review and experience.
Toward A New Behaviorism: The Case Against Perceptual Reductionism

Contents: Preface. Introduction: The Way Things Are. Barriers Between Theories and Mechanisms. The Case Against Perceptual Neuroreductionism. The Case Against Cognitive Reductionism. Toward a New Behaviorism -- A Summary and Some Conclusions. Emerging Principles.
Trading hard hats for combat helmets: The economics of rebellion in eastern Ukraine

Using new micro-level data on violence in Eastern Ukraine, this paper evaluates the relative merits of ‘identity-based’ and ‘economic’ explanations of civil conflict. The first view expects rebellion to be most likely in areas home to the geographic concentration of ethnolinguistic minorities. The second expects more rebel activity where the opportunity costs of insurrection are low. Evidence from the armed conflict in Ukraine supports the second view more than the first. A municipality’s prewar employment mix is a more robust predictor of rebel activity than local ethnolinguistic composition. Municipalities more exposed to trade shocks with Russia experienced a higher intensity of rebel violence throughout the conflict. Such localities also fell under rebel control earlier – and took longer for the government to liberate – than municipalities where the labor force was less dependent on exports to Russia.
A spatial Schur type LS algorithm and its pyramid systolic array implementation

A Schur type spatial least-squares (LS) algorithm is developed to solve the spatial LS estimation problem by order recursion in which the correlation matrix is neither Toeplitz nor near-to-Toeplitz. A pyramid systolic array, which has highly modular structures and localized communication, is designed to calculate not only the filter parameters but also the LDU composition of the inverse cross-correlation matrix at every clock phase. This pyramid array can be mapped onto a two-dimensional systolic array which has a simpler structure. The normalized versions of Levinson and Schur type spatial LS algorithms, as well as their pyramid systolic array implementation, can also be derived. >
Biology of common β receptor–signaling cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF

IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF are related hematopoietic cytoines that are important for allergic inflammation. The receptors for human IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF are members of the hematopoietin receptor superfamily and are comprised of a cytokine-specific alpha chain and the common beta chain that is shared among these cytokines for signaling. Each of these cytokines contributes to the differentiation and function of leukocyte subpopulations and have clinical importance in protective immunity and in the pathophysiology of a spectrum of immunologic diseases that are as diverse as allergy and asthma, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and malignancies. Delineating the biology of these cytokines is enabling the development of new strategies for diagnosing and treating these diseases and modulating immune responses.
Isolation and characterization of a cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase-encoding cDNA from mouse liver.

Abstract A series of overlapping cDNA clones encoding AHD-2, the constitutive liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase of the mouse, were isolated from λgt11 libraries by screening with antibody and hybridization probes. Together, these clones span 2036 bp, virtually the entire Ahd-2 transcript. The protein corresponding to the cDNA contains 501 amino acids (aa) with a predicted M r of 54467. The aa sequence is 87% and 84% identical to liver cytosolic AHDs of human and horse, respectively. Major and minor transcription start points ( tsp ), located 43 and 44 bp upstream from the ATG codon, respectively, were identified by primer extension analysis. The sequence of a 700-bp genomic fragment containing the first exon and 546 bp of 5'-flanking DNA was determined. TATA and CCAAT motifs are located 31 and 73 bp, respectively, from the major tsp .
Oral Contraceptive and Postmenopausal Estrogen Effects on Lipoprotein Triglyceride and Cholesterol in an Adult Female Population: Relationships to Estrogen and Progestin Potency

A study of the prevalence of hyperlipidemia has been conducted among female telephone company employees using oral contraceptive steroids or estrogenic hormones. This paper relates hormone formulation and estogen⁄progestin potency to triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in total plasma and lipoprotein fractions and relative lipid composition. Changes in these lipid parameters are of interest because they may predict atherosclerosis risk. Results in 148 hormone users are compared with those in 306 nonhormone users. All data are adjusted for the effects of age, relative body weight, cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake. Triglyceride concentrations in whole plasma, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) are elevated 1.5- to 2.5-fold with increasing estrogen potency. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) triglyceride concentration is elevated to a similar degree among oral contraceptive users regardless of estrogen potency, but there is no significant effect of postmenopausal ...
8.6.2 Maintainability Considerations for Software Intensive Systems

This paper reflects one aspect of an overall research initiative to better understand and articulate the “cause and effect” relationship between design causes and operational effects. Here the specific focus is on “before the fact” system maintainability. Maintenance considerations for software intensive systems must be addressed early in design and must focus on the entire system life cycle. Use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components in system architectures reinforces this need. COTS usage can be readily observed in modern commercial and defense systems. Such architectures are often characterized by an evolving physical baseline (technology refreshment) driven by obsolescence considerations. This paper proposes aspects of a framework to evaluate system architectures, with a particular focus on system maintainability and with the objective of positively influencing the long-term cost of operational maintenance.
Phylogenetic signal in the community structure of host-specific microbiomes of tropical marine sponges

Sponges (Porifera) can host diverse and abundant communities of microbial symbionts that make crucial contributions to host metabolism. Although these communities are often host-specific and hypothesized to co-evolve with their hosts, correlations between host phylogeny and microbiome community structure are rarely tested. As part of the Earth Microbiome Project, we surveyed the microbiomes associated with 20 species of tropical marine sponges collected over a narrow geographic range. We tested whether (1) univariate metrics of microbiome diversity displayed significant phylogenetic signal across the host phylogeny; (2) host identity and host phylogeny were significant factors in multivariate analyses of taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity; and (3) different minimum read thresholds impacted these results. We observed significant differences in univariate metrics of diversity among host species for all read thresholds, with strong phylogenetic signal in the inverse Simpson’s index of diversity (D). We observed a surprisingly wide range of variability in community dissimilarity within host species (4% to 73%); this variability was not related to microbial abundance within a host species. Taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity were significantly impacted by host identity and host phylogeny when these factors were considered individually; when tested together, the effect of host phylogeny was reduced, but remained significant. In our dataset, this outcome is largely due to closely related host sponges harboring distinct microbial taxa. Although the identity of specific microbial taxa varied substantially among host sponges, closely related hosts tended to harbor microbial communities with similar patterns of relative abundance. We hypothesize that microbiomes with low D might be structured by regulation of the microbial community by the host or by the presence of competitively dominant symbionts that are themselves under selection for host specificity.
Comparison of the rates of exchange of lead in the blood of newly born infants and their mothers with lead from their current environment

Abstract Newly born infants (n = 15) were monitored for 6 months after birth or for longer periods to evaluate the changes in isotopic composition and lead concentration in infants as compared with that in women from the same population groups and to determine the clearance rates of lead from blood in the infants. These data represent the first published results for serial blood sampling in a relatively large cohort of newly born infants. Blood lead concentrations decrease from the cord to samples taken at 60 to 90 days and then increase by amounts varying from negligible to 166%. In spite of concern about individual susceptibility to lead pharmacokinetics, changes in isotopic ratio followed a smooth decrease over time for 9 of the 11 infants born to migrant parents, and the patterns of variation were quite reproducible. Data for 2 of 4 infants born to multigenerational Australian parents exhibited little change in isotopic ratio over time, and in the other two cases, the changes were attributed to diet. The rate of exchange (t 1/2 ) for the migrant infants of lead in blood derived from the mother during pregnancy and the lead from the current environment was calculated by using a linear function and ranged from 65 to 131 (91 ± 19, mean ± SD) days. The half-lives for the exchange of skeletal and environmental lead for 7 of the 8 women before significant mobilization of lead from the maternal skeleton ranged from 50 to 66 (59 ± 6) days. One explanation for the longer halflives for infants as compared with the mothers may be the proportionally higher contribution of current environmental (Australian) lead in the infants at parturition. Exchanges of lead in infants are more complex than for the adults, reflecting inputs from sources such as maternal skeletal lead during breast feeding. (J Lab Clin Med 1999;133:171-8)
Atomic resolution protein structure determination by three-dimensional transferred echo double resonance solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

We show that quantitative internuclear N15–C13 distances can be obtained in sufficient quantity to determine a complete, high-resolution structure of a moderately sized protein by magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The three-dimensional ZF-TEDOR pulse sequence is employed in combination with sparse labeling of C13 sites in the β1 domain of the immunoglobulin binding protein G (GB1), as obtained by bacterial expression with 1,3-C13 or 2-C13-glycerol as the C13 source. Quantitative dipolar trajectories are extracted from two-dimensional N15–C13 planes, in which ∼750 cross peaks are resolved. The experimental data are fit to exact theoretical trajectories for spin clusters (consisting of one C13 and several N15 each), yielding quantitative precision as good as 0.1 A for ∼350 sites, better than 0.3 A for another 150, and ∼1.0 A for 150 distances in the range of 5–8 A. Along with isotropic chemical shift-based (TALOS) dihedral angle restraints, the distance restraints are incorporated into simu...
Evolving a fuzzy goal-driven strategy for the game of Geister: An exercise in teaching computational intelligence

This paper presents an approach to designing a strategy for the game of Geister using the three main research areas of computational intelligence. We use a goal-based fuzzy inference system to evaluate the utility of possible actions and a neural network to estimate unobservable features (the true natures of the opponent ghosts). Finally, we develop a coevolutionary algorithm to learn the parameters of the strategy. The resulting autonomous gameplay agent was entered in a global competition sponsored by the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society and finished second among eight participating teams.
Exploiting mineness for scatterable minefield detection

In a typical minefield detection problem, the minefield decision is based on the number of detected targets in a given field segment. The detected target locations are obtained by an anomaly detector, such as the RX, using constant target rate (CTR) or constant false alarm rate (CFAR) thresholding. Specific shape and spectral features at the detection locations are used to assign "mineness" or "non-mineness" measures to the detections, which are further used for false alarm mitigation (FM). The remaining detections after FM are used to assign a minefield metric based on a spatial point process (SPP) formulation. This paper investigates how this "mineness" attribute of the detected targets can be exploited to improve the performance of scatterable minefield detection over and above that which is possible by FM. The distribution of the detections in the segment is formulated as a marked point process (MPP), and the minefield decision is based on the log-likelihood ratio test of a binary hypothesis problem. An elegant, linear complexity algorithm is developed to maximize this log-likelihood ratio. An iterative expectation maximization algorithm is used to estimate the unknown probability of the detection of mines. The minefield detection performance, based on SPP with false alarm mitigation and MPP formulation under both CTR and CFAR thresholding methods, is compared using thousands of simulated minefields and background segments.
What Length Scales Control the Dynamics of Miscible Polymer Blends

The segmental dynamics of miscible polymer blends have been the focus of much recent research since the two constituents typically appear to experience different average dynamic environments. It has been suggested that these results can be attributed to concentration fluctuations coupled to chain connectivity effects. However, the relative importance of these two factors in determining chain dynamics is unresolved. Here we assess the importance of concentration fluctuations and also the magnitude of self-concentrations experienced by a test segment by analyzing literature values of the mean segmental relaxation times of the components of several miscible polymer blends and a disordered tetrablock copolymer. The self-composition derived in this manner is used to estimate the cooperative length scale which controls segmental dynamics, a quantity for which no first principles theory exists. Using a Taylor series expansion, we show that concentration fluctuations can strongly affect the mean relaxation time o...
Quantization of Two Classical Models by Means of the BRST Quantization Method

An elementary gauge-non-invariant model and the bosonized form of the chiral Schwinger model are introduced as classical theories. The constraint structure is then investigated. It is shown that by introducing a new field, these models can be made gauge-invariant. The BRST form of quantization is reviewed and applied to each of these models in turn such that gauge-invariance is not broken. Some consequences of this form of quantization are discussed.
Emotions and the research interview: What hospice workers can teach us

AbstractInterviewing about death and loss can bring up unexpected emotions for respondents and interviewers. Positivist social scientific research methods often either ignore the emotions of the researcher, or argue that emotional expressions are to be avoided in research, even when the topic is thought to inspire intense feelings – like death and dying. This article argues for taking an alternative position toward emotions in death and dying research. Using data from over two years of participant observation and 34 semi-structured interviews with hospice workers, I illustrate one potential way to productively and ethically share emotions during a research interview. This approach includes learning and being open to the ‘moderated cry’, which involves minimal tears, the absence of sobbing, and an overt acknowledgment of the emotional reaction. This article illustrates the ways respondents in this research used the moderated cry as well as the value of reconsidering prohibitions on emotions in research.
A Recursive Formulation for Constrained Mechanical System Dynamics: Part III. Parallel Processor Implementation

ABSTRACT A high speed dynamic simulation algorithm that exploits emerging parallel processor computer technology is presented. Medium grain parallelism is defined by the graph structure of a mechanism and the recursive algorithm derived in parts I and II of this paper, for both open and closed loop systems. An off-road vehicle with a suspension system that has eight closed loops is used to illustrate the parallel processor algorithm. A shared memory multiprocessor is used to implement the algorithm and to investigate parallel processing speed-up and overhead. Real-time simulation of a ground vehicle is demonstrated.
Evaluation of Human Perception of Degradation in Document Images

Large degradations in document images impede their readability as well as substantially deteriorating the performance of automated document processing systems. Image quality metrics have been defined to correlate with OCR accuracy. However, this does not always correlate with human perception of image quality. When enhancing document images with the goal of improving readability, it is important to understand human perception of quality. The goal of this work is to evaluate human perception of degradation and correlate it to known degradation parameters and existing image quality metrics. The information captured enables the learning and estimation of human perception of document image quality.
A Ni-Fe-Cu Center in a Bifunctional Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase/ Acetyl-CoA Synthase

A metallocofactor containing iron, sulfur, copper, and nickel has been discovered in the enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA (coenzyme A) synthase from Moorella thermoacetica (f. Clostridium thermoaceticum ). Our structure at 2.2 angstrom resolution reveals that the cofactor responsible for the assembly of acetyl-CoA contains a [Fe 4 S 4 ] cubane bridged to a copper-nickel binuclear site. The presence of these three metals together in one cluster was unanticipated and suggests a newly discovered role for copper in biology. The different active sites of this bifunctional enzyme complex are connected via a channel, 138 angstroms long, that provides a conduit for carbon monoxide generated at the C-cluster on one subunit to be incorporated into acetyl-CoA at the A-cluster on the other subunit.
All-optical scheme for strongly enhanced production of a Bose-Einstein condensate of dipolar molecules in the vibronic ground state

We consider two-color heteronuclear photoassociation of a dual-species Bose-Einstein condensate into a Bose-Einstein condensate of dipolar molecules in the J=1 vibronic ground state, where a free-ground laser couples atoms directly to the ground state and a free-bound laser couples the atoms to an electronically excited state. This problem raises an interest because heteronuclear photoassociation from atoms to near-ground-state molecules is limited by the small size of the target state. Nevertheless, the addition of the electronically excited state creates a second pathway for creating molecules in the vibronic ground state, leading to quantum interference between direct photoassociation and photoassociation via the excited molecular state, as well as a dispersivelike shift of the free-ground resonance position. Using LiNa as an example, these results are shown to depend on the detuning and intensity of the free-bound laser, as well as the semiclassical size of both molecular states. Whereas strong enhancement enables saturation of the free-ground transition, coherent conversion from a two-species condensate of atoms to a condensate of dipolar molecules in the vibronic ground state is only possible for a limited range of free-bound detunings near resonance.
Review of Mechanics and Applications of Auxetic Structures

One of the important mechanical properties of materials is Poisson’s ratio, which is positive for most of the materials. However, certain materials exhibit “auxetic” properties; that is, they have a negative Poisson’s ratio. Thus auxetic and non-auxetic materials exhibit different deformation mechanisms. A specific microscopic structure in the auxetic materials is important for maintaining a negative Poisson’s ratio. Based on their distinct nature auxetic materials execute certain unique properties in contrast to other materials, which are reviewed in this paper. Thus auxetic materials have important applications in the biomedical field which are also a part of this review article. Many auxetic materials have been discovered, fabricated, and synthesized which differ on the basis of structure, scale and deformation mechanism. The different types of auxetic materials such as auxetic cellular solids, microscopic auxetic polymers, molecular auxetic materials, and auxetic composites have been reviewed comprehensively in this paper. Modeling of auxetic structures is of considerable importance and needs appropriate stress strain configurations; thus different aspects of auxetic modeling have also been reviewed. Packing parameters and relative densities are of prime importance in this regard. This review would thus help the researchers in determining and deciding the various aspects of auxetic nature for their products.
MOVPE of AlN and GaN by using novel precursors

Abstract The technique of low pressure MOVPE has been used to grow thin films of AlN and GaN on silicon and (0001) sapphire substrates using the single-source precursors diethylaluminum azide [Et2AlN3]3 (DEAA) and diethygallium azide [Et2GaN3]3 (DEGA). In-situ growth rate measurements have been performed for AlN growth on Si substrates. For comparison with conventional MOVPE growth, epitaxial films of AlxGa1−xN have also been deposited from triethylgallium (TEG), triethylaluminum (TEAl) and NH3 under similar conditions. The properties of the grown films are discussed in terms of precursor selection and growth conditions.
A morphologic study of opportunistic cerebral toxoplasmosis.

The morphology of toxoplasma and its interaction with the cellular elements of the brain were studied in a patient who died of extensive cerebral toxoplasmosis superimposed on Hodgkin's disease. The cerebral lesions were devoid of inflammatory cellular response and contained numerous organisms mostly in isolated multiplying forms in neurons, glia and vascular walls. Encysted forms containing multiplying organisms were seen infrequently. Intracellular parasite was identified in normal-appearing neuropil. The mode of multiplication and cyst formation of toxoplasma appeared basically similar to that described under experimental conditions. In addition, a rapid evolution of the cerebral lesions was suggested by computerized tomography. This study suggests that tissue necrosis in human cerebral toxoplasmosis is the result of an increased rate of multiplication and enhanced cellular invasiveness of the parasite most likely related to impaired cellular immunity as has been postulated by clinical and experimental data.
Carbon dynamics of estuarine ponds receiving treated sewage wastes

The carbon dynamics of six estuarine ponds at Morehead City, North Carolina, were measured from August 1969 through August 1970. Three waste ponds received secondary treated sewage effluent and three served as controls. Total organic levels were determined by combustion with a Beckman total carbon analyzer. Inorganic levels were calculated from temperature, pH, and carbonate alkalinity. Carbon dioxide diffusion across the air-water interface was measured with a floating plastic dome and an infrared gas analyzer. Carbon metabolism was determined from diurnal changes in total inorganic carbon. From October through April the wastereceiving ponds were characterized by an intense bloom of a small alga,Monodus guttula. During the bloom organic levels reached 75 mg C per 1. The warmer months were characterized by a more diverse flora and organic concentrations averaging 25 mg per 1. Organic levels in the control ponds seldom were greater than 10 mg per 1. CO2 diffused constantly out of the control ponds due to input of high alkalinity water supersaturated with inorganic carbon. During the bloom in the waste ponds diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere was as high as 0.5 g C per m2 per day. CO2 diffused into the water constantly because the high uptake rate of inorganic carbon by the small algae reduced the levels in the water to less than 5 mg per 1. Gross production of the waste receiving ponds avearaged 2,86 g C per m2 per day during the bloom and 2.44 during the non-bloom period. The average productivity of the control ponds was 1.7. Corrections for CO2 diffusion were significant in the control ponds and in the waste ponds during theMonodus bloom. Availability of carbon from diffusion and respiratory regeneration seemed to limit phytoplankton productivity during the bloom. The annual budgets for the two sets of ponds were distinctly different. For the control ponds, the input of organic matter was nearly equal to losses indicating almost no net production of organic material. A high net loss of organic material and a net gain of inorganic carbon for the waste ponds reflected the net productive nature.
Introduction: History, Theory, and the Democratic Peace

Spencer pleasant, conversation among political scientists about democratic peace theory.1 The essays that follow present the reactions of a group of them to a historian's account of how republican states have avoided war. All of the contributors have published work that intersects with democratic peace theory. Whereas James Lee Ray is a proponent of the theory,2 Christopher Layne critiques it from a political realist perspective.3 Etel Solingen offers a 'coalitional explanation' for whether states decide to engage in international conflicts, and reminds us that democratic peace theory is challenged by domestic-level analyses.4 Miriam Fendius Elman reveals the connection between realist and institutional variants of democratic peace theory, and suggests scope conditions for when the latter are likely to prove useful.5 First, however, Weart explains his methodology and analyses four recent cases. Weart's work offers a useful starting point for discussing the status and prospects of democratic peace theory if only because historians rarely contribute to the debate. Not being a member of any of the paradigmatic schools that populate the international relations subfield of political science, Weart may offer a fresh look at familiar questions. In addition, by reaching far and wide in search of supporting evidence, his work reinforces the welcome move among scholars of international relations towards analysis of case studies drawn from more distant and less familiar periods. Lastly, Weart argues in favour of a particularly clear and unconditional
Bilateral thalamic infarcts due to occlusion of the Artery of Percheron and discussion of the differential diagnosis of bilateral thalamic lesions

The Artery of Percheron is a rare vascular variant in which a single dominant thalamoperforating artery arises from one P1 segment and bifurcates to supply both paramedian thalami. Occlusion of this uncommon vessel results in a characteristic pattern of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts with or without mesencephalic infarctions. We report a case of a 31-year-old man with acute bilateral thalamic infarcts and a truncated Artery of Percheron demonstrated on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Occlusion of the vessel was presumably due to embolism from a patent foramen ovale that was subsequently closed. The case presentation is followed by a discussion of bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts including the causes and clinical presentation. The differential diagnosis of vascular and nonvascular etiologies of bilateral thalamic lesions is also discussed.
Efficiency of short-pulse type-I second-harmonic generation with simultaneous spatial walk-off, temporal walk-off, and pump depletion

We have developed a theory which for the first time predicts the efficiency of type-I second-harmonic generation (SHG) with simultaneous spatial and temporal walk-offs and with pump depletion. In order to validate our theory, we have compared its predictions with a numerical solver. We also have measured the conversion efficiency for type-I SHG in experiments with /spl sim/120--fs laser pulses in BBO and LBO crystals long enough that both temporal and spatial walk-off are important. Comparison supports our theoretical analysis. Our theory provides a useful tool for estimating SHG efficiency with pulsed sources in both nondepletion and depletion regions.
Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing attention

Yantis and Jonides (1984) demonstrated that the detection of a target in visual search was markedly enhanced when the target was presented as an abruptly onset character embedded among other characters whose presentation was not characterized by abrupt onset. This effect was attributed to a shift of attention caused by abrupt onset. In the present article, we report experiments investigating whether abrupt onset is simply one member of a large class of stimulus characteristics, all of which are capable of capturing attention. To test this possibility, we compared abrupt onset with differences in stimulus luminance and hue to determine whether these also could elicit shifts of attention. They could not.
Aerobic capacity in late adolescents infected with HIV and controls.

Objectives : The objective of this study was to determine if aerobic capacity was diminished in late adolescents infected with HIV compared to controls matched for age, gender, and physical activity level. Study design : This study was a quasi-experimental cross sectional analysis. Subjects (11 female, four male) were 15 late adolescents with HIV (18 &#45 0.03 years) (CD4: 499.2 &#45 37.5 cells/mm 3, viral load: 22043 &#45 9976.6 copies/ml, haematocrit: 36.4 &#45 1.2) and 15 age, gender, and activity level matched controls (18 &#45 0.03) who underwent maximal treadmill exercise testing, while oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, ventilation, and ECG data were simultaneously recorded via open circuit spirometry and electrocardiography. Results : Peak oxygen consumption ( p < 0.003), peak treadmill stage ( p < 0.003), treadmill duration ( p < 0.004), and oxygen pulse ( p < 0.009) were lower in those infected with HIV compared to controls. Functional aerobic impairment was observed in the late adol...
A unique neurofilament from Torpedo electric lobe: sequence, expression, and localization analysis.

Abstract: A set of cDNA clones encoding a protein highly homologous to the mammalian middle-size class of neurofilaments (NF-M) was characterized. The amino acid similarity between the Torpedo and rat NF-M approaches 90% in the amino-terminal “rod-like”domain and is significantly lower in the carboxy-terminal tail. The Torpedo protein contains 13 tandem repeats of a unique six amino acid core, containing a Lys-Ser-Lys putative phosphorylation site. Surprisingly, the 3’untranslated region contains stretches of 80-90% nucleic acid homology with the mammalian, but not with the chicken sequences. This homology is greater than much of the coding region, suggesting that the 3’untranslated region of the message has an important functional role, perhaps governing RNA stability or localization. This Torpedo NF-M mRNA is expressed specifically in the electric lobe and was not detected in other tissues, including brain and spinal cord. A polyclonal antibody generated against a fusion protein synthesized in E. coli detects a 150-kDa protein in the electric lobe and organ, as well as a small amount of material in the brain. Cytochemical studies reveal immunoreactivity in electromotor neuron axons and terminals. Specific expression of neurofilament genes in subsets of central neurons may be important in determining the morphology and functional characteristics of specific neuronal subtypes.
Establishing backcountry use quotas: An example from Mineral King, California

Increasing levels of visitor use and consequent resource damage have necessitated that backcountry use restrictions be established in the Mineral King area of Sequoia National Park, California. In this paper we review the steps taken in developing a trailhead quota system. The availability of acceptable campsites, based on a detailed inventory of site distribution and impact, was used to quantitatively derive use capacities for each camp area. Wilderness permit data on visitor dispersal patterns from the major trailheads, including length of stay at each camp area, were then used to translate the area capacities into daily trailhead quotas that would assure that these capacities were not surpassed. The general approach is applicable to any backcountry area, although large complex areas may require the use of available computer simulation models.
11-MeV Proton Optical-Model Analysis

An optical-model analysis of elastic scattering of 11-MeV protons from 24 nuclei in the mass range $^{45}\mathrm{Sc}$ to $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ is presented. The data analyzed include 18 angular distributions which we have measured and the previously published 10.5-MeV elastic-polarization data. An average set of geometrical parameters is determined for the data, and the real radius parameter of this potential is substantially larger than normally used at higher energies. The analysis performed with a fixed geometry, but allowing the well depths to be readjusted independently for each nucleus, reveals a very smooth dependence of the real-well depth as a function of mass number. However, the real-well depths fail to follow the expected isospin dependence of the optical potential.
EVIDENCE FOR TRANSMISSION OF LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES TO TUBERCULIN BY BREAST-FEEDING

The possibility that cell-mediated immunity could be acquired by breast-feeding was evaluated in a prospective study of 26 tuberculin positive and 9 negative puerperal mothers and their infants. 13 infants of the positive and all the infants of negative mothers were breast-fed. Tuberculin-reactive T cells were found in colostrum and early milk of most positive but in none of the negative nursing mothers. A significant number (8/13) of infants born to positive mothers had tuberculin-reactive peripheral blood T cells after 4 weeks of breast-feeding compared with bottle-fed infants (1/13) of positive mothers or breast-fed infants (0/9) of negative mothers. Examination of cord blood for tuberculin-reactive T cells provided no significant evidence of transplacental transmission of responsiveness to tuberculin. The results suggest that breast-fed infants may passively acquire T cell responsiveness to a specific antigen by ingestion of breast milk.
Management of Bronchopleural Fistula After Lobectomy

Bronchopleural fistula after lobectomy is fortunately a rare complication. In years past, this complication was encountered far more frequently. However, the morbidity associated with this complication is still significant. Bronchopleural fistulas develop in patients who are at increased risk of surgical morbidity because of their concomitant medical problems or as a result of chemotherapy for lung cancer or immunosuppression in transplant patients. These patients often present in a moribund, septic state, making their treatment even more difficult. Nevertheless, evaluation and management of these patients should proceed in a logical stepwise fashion. Evaluation of the patient with a bronchopleural fistula should proceed in a logical, stepwise manner form diagnosis to pulmonary rehabilitation.
Oxidation of sulfur compounds IV: The photo-oxidation of CH3SH

Abstract The photo-oxidation of CH3SH has been studied at 296 ± 1 K by both direct photolysis of CH3SH and 253.7 nm and photolysis of (CH3S)2 above 280 nm in the presence of CH3SH and O2. The direct photolysis of CH3SH in the presence of O2 produces H2, SO2, H2S, CH3SCH2SCH3 and (CH3S)2 as products. When (CH3S)2 is photolyzed in the presence of CH3SH and O2, no H2, SO2 or H2S is observed but CH3SCH2SCH3 is produced. Thus the formation of H2, SO2 and H2S does not come from CH3S oxidation but is associated with the hydrogen atom produced in the photolysis of CH3SH, while CH3SCH2SCH3 comes from the oxidation of CH3S radicals. The competition for hydrogen atoms by CH3SH and O2 via the reactions was measured from both the H2 and the SO2 yields. The ratio k17/k20 is (1.07 ± 0.09) × 10−3 Torr−1 with O2 as a chaperone from the H2 data, and about the same value is obtained from the SO2 data. If k20 is taken as (5.5 ± 0.5) × 10−32 cm6 s−1, the k17 is about (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10−12 cm3 s−1. From isotopic substitution measurements it was shown that CH3SCH2SCH3 was produced from two CH3S radicals and one CH3SH molecule. C3H8S2 is not formed directly from CH3S since its formation requires the presence of O2, but may be produced from both CH3S(O)2 and CH3SO4 radicals reacting with CH3SH. It was also seen that CD3S and the oxygenated CD3S radicals can exchange with (CH3S)2 to give CH3SSCD3.
In Vivo percutaneous absorption of acetochlor in the rhesus monkey: Dose-response and exposure risk assessment

Abstract Percutaneous absorption of three topical dose levels of [ 14 C]acetochlor in the rhesus monkey were determined for exposure risk assessment. The topical doses were 30.7, 0.43 and 0.03 mg acetochlor in 40 μl commercial formulation and aqueous dilutions thereof, spread over 10 cm 3 skin surface area (lower abdominal). The dosing area was not covered. The skin application time was 24 hr. The dosed skin surface area was washed with 50% soap (Ivory R Liquid) and water at the end of the 24-hr dosing period. An intravenous dose of 0.43 mg was also administered to determine the excretory kinetics of acetochlor in the rhesus monkey. The same four monkeys were used for all dose administrations. Bioavailability was determined by radioactivity disposition in blood, urine and faeces. Percutaneous absorption was 23.1 ± 8.7, 17.3 ±5.9 and 4.9 ± 1.4% for 0.03, 0.43 and 30.7 mg doses, respectively. Assuming a constant state of absorption, the hourly exposure flux (μmg/cm 2 /hr) was 0.03 ± 0.01 for the 0.03 mg dose (3 μ g/cm 2 ). Increasing the dose approximately 15-fold to 0.43 mg (43 μg/cm 2 ) resulted in a 10-fold increase in flux to (0.3 μ g/cm 2 /hr). Increasing the dose a further 70-fold to 30.7 mg (3070 μg/cm 2 ) resulted in only another 21-fold increase in flux (6.3 ±1.8 μ g/cm 2 /hr). Thus, the efficiency of absorption (%) decreased with increased topical dose, but the amount (mass/flux) of acetochlor absorbed always increased with increased dose. Plasma levels of topical acetochlor at the high dose were detectable at 1 hr and continued at a relatively steady level through the 24-hr dosing period. After the skin surface wash (24 hr) plasma levels decreased but were still detectable at the last 168-hr sampling period. Acetochlor, recently EPA approved as an herbicide for corn crops, is carcinogenic; however, farmers will use half as much acetochlor/acre as other herbicides. The percutaneous absorption of acetochlor is equal to that of alachlor. Therefore, human exposure based on one-half usage suggests that human risk assessment should be one-half all other factors being equal.
Investigation of Wellbore Integrity Factors in Historical Oil and gas Wells for CO2 Geosequestration in the Midwestern U.S.

Abstract A systematic investigation was completed to evaluate wellbore integrity factors for oil and gas wells in the Midwestern U.S. in relation to CO 2 geosequestration. In this region, over one million oil and gas wells have been drilled, and there is a perception that many areas are not suitable for geosequestration. The project focused on Michigan and Ohio as study areas. Records were obtained for over 280,000 wells. Plugging and abandonment reports were tabulated for 1,730 wells, and 278 cement bond logs were analyzed with a systematic method to grade the cement present in the well. Sustained casing pressure was monitored and analyzed for cement defect factor on thirteen wells in various configurations. The data was summarized with maps and graphs. The test site assessments provide examples of the steps and costs necessary to address wells in the region. Results indicate that a variety of well construction and plugging approaches were used over time, but many of the geologic formations being considered for CO 2 storage are not penetrated by many wells. The project provided practical tools for CO 2 storage applications including: database of well parameters, systematic cement bond log evaluation tool, and sustained casing pressure analysis method for cement defect factor.
Nuclear regulation of HLA class I genes in human trophoblasts.

PROBLEM: Human trophoblast expression of class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes is unique in that there is no classical gene expression, but nonclassical HLA-G is expressed and only by cytotrophoblast cells. This differential expression of classical versus nonclassical class I genes suggests tissue specific regulation. Recently, a negative regulatory element (NRE), 180 bp 5′ to transcription initiation was identified in a murine embryonal carcinoma cell line that markedly inhibited class I gene expression (Flanagan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 83:3145–3149). METHOD: Here we analyzed the human HLA-A2 gene for a putative NRE sequence and determined whether such a sequence is capable of binding to factors present in a variety of class I-null cell lines. RESULTS: Sequence analysis revealed that the NRE for human HLA-A2 is identical to that for mouse H-2Ld. Using gel shift assays with nuclear extracts (NE) from a variety of cell types, we demonstrated specific binding to the HLA-A2 NRE sequence. The choriocarcinoma cell lines JEG and BeWo and the F9 cells (all negative for classical gene expression) contained this DNA binding factor(s). This binding factor was not present in NE from lymphocytes or a variety of other cell lines that were positive for classical gene expression. CONCLUSION: Human trophoblasts appear to have a tissue specific nuclear binding factor that may down regulate classical class I expression upon binding to the NRE sequence. The HLA-G gene does not have this NRE region thus enabling its expression by these cells.
Detection and quantitation of raw fish aeroallergens from an open-air fish market.

Abstract Background: IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to fish is a clinically relevant problem, particularly in several European countries. Although most allergic reactions to fish are caused by ingestion, occupational exposures to seafood allergens by inhalation have been correlated with respiratory symptoms. In Madrid, patients with fish allergy have exhibited respiratory symptoms after visits to an open-air fish market. Objective: We sought to study the possibility of passively aerosolized fish allergen in an open-air fish market through air sampling and a competitive IgE immunoassay. Methods: Air samples were collected on polytetrafluoroethylene filters by using air samplers. Samples were collected on 41 different days from both an open-air fish market and an outdoor residential area. Fish allergens were specifically quantified by competitive IgE immunoassay by using pooled sera from fish-sensitive individuals. A raw fish extract (10 mg of dry weight/mL) was used as the reference standard. Results: Allergen was quantified in all 39 fish market air samples (2-25 ng/m 3 ). The residential air samples contained no detectable allergen. The analytic limit of detection was 2 ng, allowing detection of 0.4 ng/m 3 for the air volumes collected. A concentrated (30-fold) pool of fish market air samples was tested in serial dilutions and demonstrated an identical regression line to that of the raw fish standard. Conclusion: By using air sampling and an immunochemical analytic technique, fish allergen is detectable in the air of an open-air fish market. Avoidance of a food allergen, such as fish, should include preventing exposure to aerosolized particles through inhalation in relevant environments. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:166-9.)