cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of Water Vapor Sorption by Pharmaceutical Powders

Water vapor sorption by pharmaceutical powders was studied by methods designed to yield data suitable for use in the preparation and stability testing of pharmaceuticals such as capsules, tablets, etc. The study yielded sorption-desorption isotherms near room temperature that permit the estimation of water sorption behavior of these powders in normal atmospheric conditions.
Some Basic Issues in Networked Control Systems

The era of a world connected by networks, especially by Internet, has imposed new challenges to control theory and application, and in the same time, provided new opportunities for their research and development. This paper introduces the concept of networked control systems and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of networked control systems. Network-induced delays and the driven-modes of nodes in networked control systems are discussed primarily. The main purpose here is to initiate a discussion and call for efforts from more experts in control and automation, so that a complete and scientific theory for networked control systems can be established soon.
Osteogenic potentials with joint-loading modality

Osteogenic potentials with a novel joint-loading modality were examined, using mouse ulnae as a model system. Load-induced deformation of rigid bone is known to generate interstitial fluid flow and stimulate osteogenesis. However, in most of the previous studies, loads were applied to cortical bone. In the current study, we addressed the question of whether deformation of the epiphysis underneath the joint would enhance bone formation in the epiphysis and the diaphysis. In order to answer the question, we applied lateral loads to a mouse elbow and conducted a bone histomorphometric analysis, as well as measurements of strains and streaming potentials. Compared to the no-loading control, the histomorphometric results showed that 0.5-N loads, applied to the elbow at 2 Hz for 3 min/day for 3 consecutive days, increased the mineralizing surface (two- to threefold), the rate of mineral apposition (three- to fivefold), and the rate of bone formation (six- to eightfold) in the ulna. Strain measurements indicated that strains of around 30 µstrain, induced with the joint-loading modality, were under the minimum effective strain of around 1000 µstrain, which is considered necessary to achieve strain-driven bone formation. To evaluate the induction of fluid flow with the joint-loading modality, streaming potentials were measured in separate experiments, using mouse femurs ex vivo. We found that the streaming potentials correlated to the magnitude of the load applied to the epiphysis (r2 = 0.92), as well as the flow speed in the medullary cavity (r2 = 0.93). Taken together, the findings of the current study support the idea of joint-loading driven osteogenesis, through a mechanism that involves the induction of fluid flow in cortical bone.
Identifiability of individual contributions in a threshold public goods experiment

Abstract This paper experimentally examines how information affects behavior in a threshold public goods game. Three treatments investigate how subjects react to varying amounts of information about the contribution behavior of other group members. Results suggest that revealing anonymous information about others' contributions leads to a significant decrease in contributions and an increase in the variance of contributions. In contrast, when individual contributions are identified by subject number, average contributions increase and the variance of contributions decreases significantly.
Feedback control of the bending response of ionic polymer-metal composite actuators

Many physical models of ionic polymer have been developed. However, these models are not suitable for use in the design of control systems for Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite(IPMC) actuators. In this paper an empirical model of IPMC is developed and used for closed-loop control. The empirical model is developed by measuring the step response of 20mm x 10mm IPMC actuator in a cantilever configuration . Using this empirical model, a compensator was designed using a linear observer-estimator in state space. Since the IPMC has a slow time constant, it cannot be used to actuate high frequency signals. The design objectives were to constrain the control voltage to less than 2 Volts and minimize the settling time by using feedback control. The controller was designed using Linear Quadratic Regulator(LQR) techniques which reduced the number of design parameters to one variable. This LQR parameter was varied and simulations were performed which showed settling time of 0.15 seconds for closed-loop as compared to a open-loop settling time of 7 seconds. The maximum control input varied from 1.1 Volts to 2.5 Volts for the simulations depending on the LQR parameter. The controller was later used in experimentation to check simulations. Results obtained were consistent to a high degree. Closed-loop settling time was observed to be 0.95 seconds and the maximum control input was less than 2.3 Volts. Experimentation also revealed a high overshoot and oscillations before settling which occurred due to the excitation of IPMC at its natural frequency. Thus, need to include the higher frequency dynamics was highlighted.
Evaluation of special communications-grade fibers in interferometric and microbend sensors for measurements with ambient temperature fluctuations

Special, relatively inexpensive communications grade fibers have been developed to minimize the effects of humidity and temperature on lightwave propagation. Two of these fibers, hermetic and dual-coat, were tested in interferometric (Mach-Zehnder type) and microbend sensing configurations. The results are compared both with theory and identical measurements using standard single-coat fiber. Axial strain (interferometer) and transverse displacement (microbend) were measured at 20 degree(s)C intervals from ambient to 80 degree(s)C. In both the interferometric and microbend configurations, only the sensing portion of the fiber was heated. The ambient relative humidity was not controlled but was monitored during the experiments. Measurements were made with displacements at frequencies up to 1 kHz. In the interferometric sensor, the static sensitivity of the hermetic and dual-coat fibers changed very little over the temperature range while the sensitivity of standard single-coat fiber decreased by 20%. Low frequency sensitivity of the microbend sensor with single-coat fiber was 40 dB higher at 80 degree(s)C relative to 20 and 40 degree(s)C, while responses measured using dual- coat and hermetic fibers were less sensitive to changes in temperature. The results indicate that fiber designed to minimize the effects of humidity and temperature on communications may be used in sensing applications to minimize or eliminate unwanted response to fluctuations in ambient temperature.
Sensitivity of surface flux simulations to hydrologic parameters based on an uncertainty quantification framework applied to the Community Land Model

Uncertainties in hydrologic parameters could have significant impacts on the simulated water and energy fluxes and land surface states, which will in turn affect atmospheric processes and the carbon cycle. Quantifying such uncertainties is an important step toward better understanding and quantification of uncertainty of integrated earth system models. In this paper, we introduce an uncertainty quantification (UQ) framework to analyze sensitivity of simulated surface fluxes to selected hydrologic parameters in the Community Land Model (CLM4) through forward modeling. Thirteen flux tower footprints spanning a wide range of climate and site conditions were selected to perform sensitivity analyses by perturbing the parameters identified. In the UQ framework, prior information about the parameters was used to quantify the input uncertainty using the Minimum-Relative-Entropy approach. The quasi-Monte Carlo approach was applied to generate samples of parameters on the basis of the prior pdfs. Simulations corresponding to sampled parameter sets were used to generate response curves and response surfaces and statistical tests were used to rank the significance of the parameters for output responses including latent (LH) and sensible heat (SH) fluxes. Overall, the CLM4 simulated LH and SH show the largest sensitivity to subsurface runoff generation parameters. However, study sites with deepmore » root vegetation are also affected by surface runoff parameters, while sites with shallow root zones are also sensitive to the vadose zone soil water parameters. Generally, sites with finer soil texture and shallower rooting systems tend to have larger sensitivity of outputs to the parameters. Our results suggest the necessity of and possible ways for parameter inversion/calibration using available measurements of latent/sensible heat fluxes to obtain the optimal parameter set for CLM4. This study also provided guidance on reduction of parameter set dimensionality and parameter calibration framework design for CLM4 and other land surface models under different hydrologic and climatic regimes.« less
On the path-dependence of the fracture locus in ductile materials - Analysis

Abstract The effect of loading path on the fracture locus was examined theoretically by means of cell model calculations. Two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element analyses were conducted to simulate plastic deformation of a material containing a periodic distribution of initially spherical voids. In the cell model, failure is defined to correspond to an abrupt loss of overall load bearing capacity. The cylindrical unit cells were subjected to loading along several radial paths, characterized by constant values of stress triaxiality. The strain-to-failure was recorded for each path and the locus relating it to triaxiality was thus uniquely determined. The process was repeated for a set of non-radial loading paths in which uniaxial loading was applied up to some strain level, followed by loading at constant triaxiality. For these cases, the time-weighted average value of stress triaxiality was used to plot the fracture locus. It was found that the failure locus for nonradial loadings differs substantially from that for radial paths. In fact, the nonradial locus does not represent a one-to-one relationship between average triaxiality and strain-to-failure. In addition, by varying the strain level E e ∗ at which the load path is changed, a family of failure loci is generated, indexed by E e ∗ .
Ritmos de resistencia en la ficción de Anacristina Rossi

Se analizan las relaciones de sentido, incluidos los componentes simbolicos, entre algunas de las manifestaciones de la musica afroamericana y afrocaribenas (el blues y el reggae ) y dos novelas de la escritora costarricense Anacristina Rossi. Se describe el papel que desde el punto de vista espiritual y psicologico desempena en las protagonistas de ambas novelas. La integracion de la musica es parte de la configuracion del discurso narrativo, y un modo de representar la busqueda de la identidad, las interrogantes politicas y la comprension de una existencia, al mismo tiempo esperanzada y amenazada por las circunstancias historicas y sociopoliticas. An analysis is provided of semantic relations, including symbolic elements, between certain forms of Afro-American music and Afro-Caribbean music (blues and reggae) and two novels by the Costa Rican author Anacristina Rossi. The role music plays in the main characters of both novels is discussed from spiritual and psychological perspectives. The integration of music is part of the formation of the narrative discourse and it is a way of representing the search for identity, political questions and the comprehension of an existence which is both fostered and threatened by historical and sociopolitical circumstances.
State-space and ARMA stochastic realization algorithm for nonstationary processes

A special class of nonstationary processes, namely, those generated by constant parameter models with finite starting time is considered. Using the interaction matrix for the process under consideration, a state-space realization algorithm is developed. Next a simple examination of this realization leads to the ARMA stochastic realization. Order reduction property is built into the realization algorithm. Application to reduced-order Kalman filtering is also presented.
The conserved AAA-ATPase Msp1 confers organelle specificity to tail-anchored proteins

The accuracy of tail-anchored (TA) protein targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) depends on the Guided Entry of Tail-Anchored (Get) protein targeting machinery. The fate of TA proteins that become inappropriately inserted into other organelles, such as mitochondria, is unknown. Here, we identify Msp1, a conserved, membrane-anchored AAA-ATPase (ATPase associated with a variety of cellular activities) that localizes to mitochondria and peroxisomes, as a critical factor in a quality control pathway that senses and degrades TA proteins mistargeted to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Pex15 is normally targeted by the Get pathway to the ER, from where it travels to peroxisomes. Loss of Msp1 or loss of the Get pathway results in the redistribution of Pex15 to mitochondria. Cells lacking both a functional Get pathway and Msp1 accumulate increased amounts of Pex15 on the OMM and display severely dysfunctional mitochondrial morphology. In addition, Msp1 binds and promotes the turnover of a Pex15 mutant that is misdirected to the OMM. Our data suggest that Msp1 functions in local organelle surveillance by extracting mistargeted proteins, ensuring the fidelity of organelle specific-localization of TA proteins.
Interspecific interactions in a methane-utilizing mixed culture.

A two-member methane-utilizing mixed culture of bacteria, formed by combining two pure cultures isolated from a naturally occurring methane-utilizing mixed culture, was studied in continuous culture. From the nutritional requirements and substrate ranges of the pure cultures, a mechanism for the interspecific interactions occurring in the mixed culture was proposed. Product formation kinetics were determined in continuous culture for each product involved in the proposed mechanism. From this proposed mechanism a mathematical model was derived based on simple material balance equations around a single-stage chemostat. The steady-state predictions of this model were compared to experimental results obtained from continuous-culture experiments with the two-member methane-utilizing mixed culture. Interspecific interactions occurring in two-member methanol-utilizing and three-member methane-utilizing mixed cultures have also been discussed.
Molecular circuits of resolution in the eye.

Lipid autacoids have well-established key roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Eicosanoids derived from ω-6 arachidonic acid (AA) have long been recognized for their roles in cardiovascular and renal functions, and vascular tone, as well as regulating inflammatory and immune functions. It is now appreciated that AA is a substrate for generating lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties, namely lipoxins (i.e., LXA4), which are an integral component for the successful execution of beneficial and essential acute inflammatory responses. In addition to AA, the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) also serve as substrates to generate potent and protective autacoids, such as resolvins and neuroprotectin (i.e., NPD1), respectively. These ω-3–derived signals may mediate the remarkable protective action of essential dietary ω-3 PUFAs. Formation and bioactivity of lipid mediators in the eye are relatively unexplored and of considerable interest, as the eye contains highly specialized tissues, including the transparent avascular and immune-privileged cornea, and the neuro-retina. A rapidly emerging field has identified key biosynthetic enzymes, receptors, and temporally defined endogenous formation of ω-3– and ω-6–derived protective lipid circuits in the eye. Protective endogenous roles of LXA4 and NPD1 have been established utilizing lipidomic analysis, knockout mice, and pharmacological, genetic, and dietary manipulation, providing compelling evidence that these intrinsic lipid autacoid circuits play essential roles in restraining inflammation, promoting wound healing, inhibiting pathological angiogenesis, and providing neuroprotection in the delicate visual axis.
Risk Factors for Adverse Outcomes by Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in a Contemporary Heart Failure Population

Background— Although heart failure (HF) is a syndrome with important differences in response to therapy by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), existing risk stratification models typically group all HF patients together. The relative importance of common predictor variables for important clinical outcomes across strata of LVEF is relatively unknown. Methods and Results— We identified all members with HF between 2005 and 2008 from 4 integrated healthcare systems in the Cardiovascular Research Network. LVEF was categorized as preserved (LVEF ≥50% or normal), borderline (41%–49% or mildly reduced), and reduced (≤40% or moderately to severely reduced). We used Cox regression models to identify independent predictors of death and hospitalization by LVEF category. Among 30 094 ambulatory adults with HF, mean age was 74 years and 46% were women. LVEF was preserved in 49.5%, borderline in 16.2%, and reduced in 34.3% of patients. During a median follow-up of 1.8 years (interquartile range, 0.8–3.1), 8060 (26.8%) patients died, 8108 (26.9%) were hospitalized for HF, and 20 272 (67.4%) were hospitalized for any reason. In multivariable models, nearly all tested covariates performed similarly across LVEF strata for the outcome of death from any cause, as well as for HF-related and all-cause hospitalizations. Conclusions— We found that in a large, diverse contemporary HF population, risk assessment was strikingly similar across all LVEF categories. These data suggest that, although many HF therapies are uniquely applied to patients with reduced LVEF, individual prognostic factor performance does not seem to be significantly related to level of left ventricular systolic function.
Transfer of human skills to neural net robot controllers

The focus of this study is to examine the teaching data for training the neural network: whether or not the sample data provide a consistent mapping from inputs to outputs, whether some significant information is missing in the measurement of human operations, and whether the network may converge to the global minimum where the network produces a correct mapping. Conditions for a given data sample to satisfy in order to generate a consistent mapping are obtained by using Lipschitz's condition, which is known as a condition for the continuity of functions. Prior to the training of neural networks, sample data are examined and validated with Lipschitz's condition, which guarantees the consistency. This validation method is applied to a skill transfer problem of deburring robots in order to demonstrate the approach. >
Response of Yellow Perch to Changes in the Benthic Invertebrate Community of Western Lake Erie

Abstract In the western basin of Lake Erie, benthic invertebrate abundance and community composition have changed dramatically over the past five decades, as have abundance and growth of yellow perch Perca flavescens. Before 1950, large benthic invertebrates dominated the benthic community of the western basin. Yellow perch readily consumed Hexagenia larvae, caddisfly larvae, amphipods, chironomids, and zooplankton. From 1960 through 1980, large-bodied benthic invertebrates were eliminated from the western basin, and yellow perch relied primarily on smaller chironomids and zooplankton as forage. Growth rates and abundance of yellow perch declined through this period in the western basin, in part because of food limitation. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, large benthic invertebrates, including Hexagenia spp., caddisfly larvae, and amphipods recolonized the basin, and yellow perch again readily consumed them. Additionally, daily food consumption by adult yellow perch in the 1990s was marginally more ...
Pump-probe spectroscopy of the hydrated electron in reverse micelles

Ultrafast spectroscopy was used to investigate the excited state dynamics and photochemistry of the hydrated electron in the water pool of a reverse micelle (RM) comprised of water and the surfactant, AOT, dissolved in an isooctane solution. Solvated electrons were generated in the isooctane solvent by photoionization (three photons of 400 nm). The isooctane-solvated electrons were observed to rapidly attach to the RM and relax in the water pool within 1 ps. A second 400 nm excitation pulse was employed to excite the equilibrated hydrated electron in the RM water pool, inducing an electron transfer reaction with the surfactant molecules. The ultrafast data as a function of RM size offer new insights on spatial confinement effects on the chemistry and relaxation dynamics of excess electrons in nanometer-sized water pools.
PREDICTION OF JOB SATISFACTORINESS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

Summary.-A five-variable regression equation was developed to predict the job satisfactoriness of 146 secondary teachers as perceived by their principals; the model was then cross-validated on a calibration sample of 146 teachers. The screening sample gave a multiple R of ,476, which held on cross-validation to .38. Best predictor was job satisfaction, followed by certification status, time of decision to teach, marital status, and GPA. A similar procedure attempted to build a model to predict job satisfai they represented a 20% random sample (stratified by school population size) of the total school population of the state. The principals of the 69 schools provided data on job satisfactoriness. The teachers included 115 men, 177 women; 85 were in their first year, 100 in the second year, and 107 in
Chondroma of the Tongue

Soft tissue chondroma is a rare lesion that has been reported in various organs including brain, nasopharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, liver, urinary bladder, fallopian tube, skin, and oral mucosa. We report a chondroma occurred on the tongue of a 38-year-old-woman. She presented with an asymptomatic, several-millimeter, firm papule on the lateral border of the tongue. She had been healthy otherwise, and the lesion had been present for about 9 to 10 months without change in size. Possibility of sialolith was considered clinically. Microscopic examination revealed a well-circumscribed, lobular, subepithelial lesion composed of mature hyaline cartilage. No cytologic atypia of chondrocytes was noted. The overlying squamous mucosa was unremarkable. Chondromas may occur in association with Maffucci’s syndrome, Ollier’s disease, CREST syndrome, and Carney’s triad. However, in most cases, such as in this case, it is solitary and not associated with the preceding entities.
Large Batch Freezing of Bull Semen: Effect of Time of Freezing and Fructose on Fertility

Large-scale batch freezing of bull semen should be done in a processing schedule that yields the highest fertility and when it can be fitted efficiently into the work schedule. Conflicting reports have appeared on survival and fertility of bull sperm frozen within a few hours of semen collection or on the next day. To study this problem, a factorially arranged experiment with semen from 10 bulls was conducted, comparing whole milk-glycerol semen extender with and without fructose, and semen frozen in 0.5-ml straws after 4 versus 18 h of equilibration at 5°C. Both fructose and 18 h of equilibration resulted in a small but significant improvement in freeze-thaw survival of sperm. A field trial followed with replicated semen collections from nine bulls processed in a whole milk-glycerol control extender frozen after 4 h of equilibration versus the addition of 1.25% (wt/vol) fructose to whole milk glycerol divided to freeze sperm after 4 and 28 h of equilibration. Semen from these bulls was used to inseminate 14,775 first-service cows. The 56-d nonreturn rates obtained for these three treatments were 74.7, 74.3, and 73.9%, respectively. As there was no difference in fertility, it would appear that programs to freeze sperm in whole milk extenders the same day of collection or the day after semen collection should yield equivalent results.
Highly epitaxial ferroelectric thin films with optimized dielectric properties

Improving the dielectric properties of the highly epitaxial ferroelectric thin films for high frequency tunable microwave elements has been a global target in the past several years. Recently, we have developed a unique technique to achieve the giant dielectric tunability of 80% with extremely low dielectric insertion loss of 0.001 at 1.0 MHz and 0.005 at 12 GHZ from the additional Mn doping (Ba,Sr)TiO3 thin films on (001) MgO. The high frequency (10?30 GHz) dielectric measurements also demonstrate that the Mn:BSTO films are excellent in both dielectric property and very low insertion loss values of only 0.2 dB at 10 GHz and more than 1.5 dB at 30 GHz. On the other hand, we also systematically investigated the highly epitaxial (Pb,Sr)TiO3 and Ba(Ti,Zr)O3 thin films on (001) MgO. The high frequency dielectric property measurements on the as-grown thin films exhibit excellent dielectric properties such as large tunability, low dielectric loss, and good stability. These results indicate that highly epitaxial ferroelectric thin films are good candidates for developing the high-frequency, room-temperature tunable microwave devices.
CLARREO Approach for Reference Intercalibration of Reflected Solar Sensors: On-Orbit Data Matching and Sampling

The implementation of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission was recommended by the National Research Council in 2007 to provide an on-orbit intercalibration standard with accuracy of 0.3% $(k = 2)$ for relevant Earth observing sensors. The goal of reference intercalibration, as established in the Decadal Survey, is to enable rigorous high-accuracy observations of critical climate change parameters, including reflected broadband radiation [Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)], cloud properties [Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)], and changes in surface albedo, including snow and ice albedo feedback. In this paper, we describe the CLARREO approach for performing intercalibration on orbit in the reflected solar (RS) wavelength domain. It is based on providing highly accurate spectral reflectance and reflected radiance measurements from the CLARREO Reflected Solar Spectrometer (RSS) to establish an on-orbit reference for existing sensors, namely, CERES and VIIRS on Joint Polar Satellite System satellites, Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer and follow-on imagers on MetOp, Landsat imagers, and imagers on geostationary platforms. One of two fundamental CLARREO mission goals is to provide sufficient sampling of high-accuracy observations that are matched in time, space, and viewing angles with measurements made by existing instruments, to a degree that overcomes the random error sources from imperfect data matching and instrument noise. The data matching is achieved through CLARREO RSS pointing operations on orbit that align its line of sight with the intercalibrated sensor. These operations must be planned in advance; therefore, intercalibration events must be predicted by orbital modeling. If two competing opportunities are identified, one target sensor must be given priority over the other. The intercalibration method is to monitor changes in targeted sensor response function parameters: effective offset, gain, nonlinearity, optics spectral response, and sensitivity to polarization. In this paper, we use existing satellite data and orbital simulation methods to determine mission requirements for CLARREO, its instrument pointing ability, methodology, and needed intercalibration sampling and data matching for accurate intercalibration of RS radiation sensors on orbit. We conclude that with the CLARREO RSS in a polar 90 $^{\circ}$ inclination orbit at a 609-km altitude, estimated intercalibration sampling will limit the uncertainty contribution from data matching noise to 0.3% $(k = 2)$ over the climate autocorrelation time period. The developed orbital modeling and intercalibration event prediction will serve as a framework for future mission operations.
Unsettling Engagements: On the Ends of Rapport in Critical Ethnography

The authors attempt to frame the essays in this issue of Qualitative Inquiry by arguing that an increasing emphasis on forms of “critical ethnography” in a variety of ethnographically informed disc...
From homemade to store bought: Annoying Orange and the professionalization of YouTube:

This article examines the culture of YouTube in order to illustrate the way that value generated by YouTube prosumers becomes utilized by capital, while also indicating the dissolution of the boundaries between media platforms as YouTube evolves into a commercially driven medium. The development of Annoying Orange from “amateur” content to television series and cultural phenomenon exemplifies the processes, whereby everyday user-generated content on YouTube becomes fodder for corporate media.
β-blockers protect against dispersion of repolarization during exercise in congenital long-QT syndrome type 1.

Introduction Beta-blocker therapy reduces syncope and sudden death in long-QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1), but the mechanism of protection is incompletely understood. This study tested the hypothesis that beta-blockade reduces QT prolongation and dispersion of repolarization, measured as the T peak-to-end interval (Tpe), during exercise and recovery in LQT1 patients.
Energy conservation in sensor network data ferrying: A reinforcement metalearning approach

Given multiple widespread stationary data sources such as ground-based sensors, an unmanned aircraft can fly over the sensors and gather the data via a wireless link. When sensors have limited energy resources, network lifetime can be extended by reducing the power that the sensors use for communication with the aircraft. Complex vehicle and communication dynamics and imperfect knowledge of the environment make accurate system models difficult to acquire and maintain, so we present a reinforcement learning approach that allows the data-ferrying aircraft to optimize data collection trajectories and sensor power use in situ, obviating the need for system identification. By allowing the ferry aircraft to fly longer trajectories, we learn energy-conserving radio transmission policies that are significantly better than hand-coded heuristics. Furthermore, we introduce a meta-level reinforcement learner that makes energy policy learning faster and more robust, and that transfers knowledge acquired in earlier tasks to new data-ferrying tasks.
Intranasal Immunization of Guinea Pigs with an Immunodominant Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Peptide Conjugate Induces Mucosal and Humoral Antibodies and Protection against Challenge

Guinea pigs immunized intranasally with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin-linked peptide, corresponding to the prominent G-H loop of the VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus, raised substantial levels of antipeptide and virus-neutralizing antibodies in sera and of peptide-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in nasal secretions. In groups of animals immunized intranasally without adjuvant, 86 percent were fully protected upon challenge with homotypic virus. Surprisingly, animals given the peptide conjugates plus the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin were afforded only partial protection in that primary lesions were observed in most animals, although spread to other feet was prevented. These results indicate that intranasal inoculation with the peptide offers a potential route of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease and may be useful for eliciting protection in the upper respiratory tracts of susceptible animals.
A set of courses for teaching secure software development

A good percentage of the software deployed in industrial/commercial applications is of poor quality, it is unnecessarily complex, and contains numerous flaws that can be exploited by attackers. Every day the press reports of attacks to web sites or databases around the world, resulting in millions of dollars in direct or indirect losses. This situation does not appear to improve. There are several reasons for this situation, including the pressure to bring products to the market quickly, the complexity of modern software, the lack of knowledge about security of most developers, and others. Until recently the only vendors' response to problems of security was to provide patches to fix the latest vulnerability found. However, patches are clearly not the best solution: it is hard for system administrators to keep up with the latest patches and the patch itself may open new possibilities for attack. There are two basic approaches to improve application security: 1) examine final production code and look for possible problems, e.g., buffer overflow conditions [How03] or 2) plan for security from the beginning. We believe that the solution lies in developing secure software from the beginning, applying security principles along the whole lifecycle. As indicated, a good part of the problem is that developers are not, in general, acquainted with security development methods. We see the use of patterns as a fundamental way, even for developers with little experience, to implicitly apply security principles.
Sampling Methods as Abundance Indices for Adult Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Citrus

Beat sampling and two type of traps, cup traps and Tedders traps, were evaluated as sampling methods to detect and estimate population densities of adult Diaprepes abbreviatus L. weevils newly colonizing young citrus trees. The study was conducted over a 65-wk period across a 0.25-ha area of 80 citrus trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] (1.2-1.5 m tall). Beat samples were taken weekly to determine the number of trees infested and number of new adult weevils per tree. Sixteen of the 80 trees studied were each monitored weekly using one of the following trapping methods: cup traps in trees, cup traps on a stake in the ground within the tree drip line, cup traps on a stake in the ground outside of the drip line, Tedders traps on the ground within the drip line, and Tedders traps on the ground outside of the drip line. Weevils collected each week from trees and traps were removed from the study site. Based on the coefficients associated with Taylor's power law, the optimum numbers of trees to sample for an SEM equal to 25% of the mean estimate decreased from 50 trees at a mean of 0.5 new weevils per tree to 30 trees at a mean of 0.8 new weevils per tree. A significant relationship was found between the weekly mean number of new weevils per tree and the proportion of trees infested, a binomial relationship that could be further explored in the search for a sampling program for adult D. abbreviatus. Regression analyses indicated that three of the trapping methods served at least as weak indices of the presence and abundance of new weevils: cup traps in trees, Tedders traps inside the dripline and Tedders traps outside the dripline. Cup traps in trees and Tedders traps inside the dripline captured the most weevils and most frequently detected weevils. Although relatively inefficient as abundance indices of populations of new weevils, these two trapping methods appeared to have some value with respect to signaling when weevils first appeared in trees during the spring.
Ferroptosis: Death by Lipid Peroxidation

Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death driven by loss of activity of the lipid repair enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and subsequent accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly lipid hydroperoxides. This form of iron-dependent cell death is genetically, biochemically, and morphologically distinct from other cell death modalities, including apoptosis, unregulated necrosis, and necroptosis. Ferroptosis is regulated by specific pathways and is involved in diverse biological contexts. Here we summarize the discovery of ferroptosis, the mechanism of ferroptosis regulation, and its increasingly appreciated relevance to both normal and pathological physiology.
A resonant ionization laser ion source at ORNL

Abstract Multi-step resonance laser ionization has become an essential tool for the production of isobarically pure radioactive ion beams at the isotope separator on-line (ISOL) facilities around the world. A resonant ionization laser ion source (RILIS) has been developed for the former Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The RILIS employs a hot-cavity ion source and a laser system featuring three grating-tuned and individually pumped Ti:Sapphire lasers, especially designed for stable and simple operation. The RILIS has been installed at the second ISOL production platform of former HRIBF and has successfully provided beams of exotic neutron-rich Ga isotopes for beta decay studies. This paper reports the features, advantages, limitations, and on-line and off-line performance of the RILIS.
Oliver Wendell Holmes and the Democratic Foundations of the First Amendement

Throughout American history, freedom of speech had been one of the most intensely debated issues on the national agenda. In his famous dissent in Abrams v. U.S. in 1919, Oliver Wendell Holmes argued that the First Amendment prohibited punishment of speech critical of the government. Though the Court did not immediately accept Holmes's views on free speech, his theory of the First Amendment set forth in the Abrams dissent would influence the development of civil liberties law throughout the twentieth centrury. Holmes has been called the "legendary father of modern First Amendment jurisprudence." Revisionist historians, however, have drawn a different picture of Holmes and his free speech views. They point to opinions written by Justice Holmes prior to Abrams - opinions like Schenk v. U.S. - in which he failed to recognize First Amendment rights and the value of free speech.The story of Holmes's transformation in free speech views from Schenck to Abrams tells in a capsule the story of America's constitutional transformation in free speech law in the twentieth century. Holmes's evolution of a free speech theory served as both a guide for and preview of the later liberalization of First Amendment interpretations in the courts. It is this transformation and his pioneering First Amendment theory in Abrams that makes Holmes a champion of the First Amendment.
Serial Transmission of Plant Viruses by Cutting Implements during Grafting

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Laboratory Evaluation of Vairimorpha necatrix (Microspora: Microsporidia) as a Control Agent for the Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The microsporidium, Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer), was evaluated for potential use as a biological control agent for black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), larvae. The LC50 of V. necatrix was determined for third, fourth, and fifth instars. LC50 values increased ca. 10-fold between instars. A grape pomace bait that incorporated V. necatrix spores was also bioassayed. LC50 values for this formulation increased with instars; a 17-fold difference occurred between third- and fifth-instar black cutworms.
Irvine Heinly Page, MD (1901–1991)

The former director of research at the Cleveland Clinic is remembered for his substantial contributions to medicine, especially in the field of hypertension research.
Partially Unwinding Sanctions: The Problematic Construct of Sanctions Relief in the JCPOA

By partially unwinding the sanctions regime against Iran, the United States has sought to achieve two goals: provide Iran some meaningful level of economic relief such that it carries through with its commitment to scale back its nuclear program, while preserving the U.S.’s architecture of sanctions that target Iran for non-nuclear reasons. Barring any additional actions by policymakers, this paper argues that the United States has unwound sanctions based on legal distinctions that make it unlikely that it can achieve these goals. The paper concludes by sketching possible solutions for U.S. policymakers.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvis

With the advances in imaging technology and particularly magnetic resonance imaging and spiral computed tomography, questions have been raised whether these expensive modalities are affordable and cost effective. Although individual procedures are expensive, if applied as part of a logical decision trees, with proper indications and without duplications and redundancies they can obviate hospitalization and more costly exploratory laparotomy with its increase in morbidity and mortality. However, less costly techniques like ultrasound have their place as the primary approach, and it is important to know where problem-solving CT or MR is needed. MR in particular can provide information about the type of congenital anomaly and allow then the optimal surgical approach. This can result in approximation of chances for conception, successful pregnancy and child bearing. Similarly, the distinction between adenomyosis and leiomyomas is of great importance (when uterine preservation is requested), and at present only MR can make this distinction which leads to therapeutic decisions and patient counseling. In carcinoma of the cervix, staging with MR can determine whether radical surgery or radiation therapy will be the proper treatment approach. In carcinoma of the endometrium, patients with papillary serous carcinoma, high grade lesions, and patients presenting as poor risks for surgical staging will benefit from staging with MR. Lastly, as over 40% of patients with carcinoma of the ovary are understaged at the time of initial laparotomy, imaging findings may lead to more appropriate surgical approaches. With respect to the choice of imaging, at present CT is the primary and MR is a problem-solving modality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Concepts in Programming Languages: Portability and Safety: Java

The Java programming language was designed by James Gosling and others at Sun Microsystems. The language, arising from a project that began in 1990, was originally called Oak and was intended for use in a device affectionately referred to as a set-top box . The set-top box was intended to be a small computational device, attached to a network of some kind, and placed on top of a television set. There are various features a set-top box might provide. You can imagine some of your own by supposing that a web browser is displayed on your television set and, instead of a keyboard, you click on icons by using some buttons on your remote control. You might want to select a television program or movie or download a small computer simulation that could be executed on the computational device and displayed on your screen. A television advertisement for an automobile might allow you to download an interactive visual tour of the automobile, giving each viewer a personalized simulation of driving the car down the road. Whatever scenario might appeal to you, the computing environment would involve graphics, execution of simple programs, and communication between a remote site and a program executed locally. At some point in the development of Oak, engineers and managers at Sun Microsystems realized that there was an immediate need for an Internet-browser programming language, a language that could be used to write small applications that could be transmitted over the network and executed under the control of any standard browser on any standard platform.
Post-exercise syncope: Wingate syncope test and visual-cognitive function

Adequate cerebral perfusion is necessary to maintain consciousness in upright humans. Following maximal anaerobic exercise, cerebral perfusion can become compromised and result in syncope. It is unknown whether post-exercise reductions in cerebral perfusion can lead to visual-cognitive deficits prior to the onset of syncope, which would be of concern for emergency workers and warfighters, where critical decision making and intense physical activity are combined. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to determine if reductions in cerebral blood velocity, induced by maximal anaerobic exercise and head-up tilt, result in visual-cognitive deficits prior to the onset of syncope. Nineteen sedentary to recreationally active volunteers completed a symptom-limited 60° head-up tilt for 16 min before and up to 16 min after a 60 sec Wingate test. Blood velocity of the middle cerebral artery was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound and a visual decision-reaction time test was assessed, with independent analysis of peripheral and central visual field responses. Cerebral blood velocity was 12.7 ± 4.0% lower (mean ± SE; P < 0.05) after exercise compared to pre-exercise. This was associated with a 63 ± 29% increase (P < 0.05) in error rate for responses to cues provided to the peripheral visual field, without affecting central visual field error rates (P = 0.46) or decision-reaction times for either visual field. These data suggest that the reduction in cerebral blood velocity following maximal anaerobic exercise contributes to visual-cognitive deficits in the peripheral visual field without an apparent affect to the central visual field.
Ventricular arrhythmias associated with left ventricular noncompaction: Electrophysiologic characteristics, mapping, and ablation

Background Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a primary cardiomyopathy that can present with recurrent ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Data on the benefit of catheter ablation of VAs in LVNC are lacking. Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the electrophysiologic features and outcomes of catheter ablation of VAs in LVNC. Methods The cohort consisted of 9 patients (age 42 ± 15 years) with diagnosis of LVNC based on established criteria and VA (ventricular tachycardia [VT] in 3 and frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in 6) despite treatment with a mean of 2 ± 1 antiarrhythmic drugs. Ablation sites were identified using a combination of entrainment, activation, late/fractionated potential ablation, and pace-mapping. Results A total of 8 patients (89%) had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (mean ejection fraction 40% ± 13%). Patients who presented with VT had evidence of abnormal electroanatomic substrate involving the mid- to apical segments of the LV, which matched the noncompacted myocardial segments identified by preprocedural magnetic resonance imaging or echocardiography. In patients presenting with frequent PVCs, the site of origin was identified at the papillary muscles (50%) and/or basal septal regions (67%). After median follow-up of 4 years (range 1–11) and a mean of 1.8 ± 1.1 procedures, VAs recurred in 1 patient (11%). Significant improvement in LV function occurred in 4 of 8 cases (50%). No patients died or underwent heart transplantation. Conclusion The VA substrate in patients with LVNC and VT typically involves the mid-apical LV segments, whereas focal PVCs often arise from LV basal–septal regions and/or papillary muscles. Catheter ablation is safe and effective in achieving good VA control over long-term follow-up in most patients.