cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Design, Development and Implementation of Bank Licensing Policies and Procedures in Zambia (1980-2000)

Abstract This study reviews the design, development and implementation of licensing policies in the years preceding the 1995-1997/98 bank failures in Zambia (1980-1994), and the licensing reforms that were followed thereafter (1995-2000). It documents important weaknesses in licensing practices that hindered regulatory effectiveness: inadequate minimum capital standards, insufficient ownership/management quality assessments, inadequate consideration of the convenience and needs of the financial sector and political interference in the licensing process. In addressing these and other weaknesses, however, the paper calls for research on prudential entry requirements to go beyond identifying desirable minimum requirements to establishing practical tools and techniques for regulators, especially for evaluating the quality of prospective bank owners and managers. It nevertheless cautions against adopting an overly cautious licensing policy, especially towards domestic banks as they provide valuable services to...
A New Genus of Nematodes from the Domestic Rabbit

In rabbits maintained for experimental purposes at this Department, there has been collected from the stomach on a number of occasions a nematode showing certain affinities with the genus Graphidium Railliet and Henry, 1909. The parasite in question, however, differs from the type species of that genus in characters which must be regarded of more than specific value and it has therefore been assigned to a new genus. It has only recently been noticed in our rabbits. I am indebted to Dr Smith for calling my attention to it. Whether the parasite had heretofore been overlooked in autopsy examinations or has been recently introduced cannot be said. It seems probable that it originated from a wild host and is indigenous to this continent. It was first noticed after our rabbits had been transferred to quarters where they had access to the ground.
Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Disordered Semiconductor Alloys at High Temperatures

The high-temperature thermal conductivity of a disordered semiconductor alloy is derived using the Klemens-Callaway theory. It is assumed that the reciprocal relaxation times depend on frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{4}$ for strain and mass point defects and as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ for normal and umklapp three-phonon anharmonic processes. The thermal conductivity is expressed in terms of the lattice parameters and mean atomic weights of the alloy and its constituents. Agreement is obtained between theory and published experimental data on Ge-Si alloys at temperatures 300-1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and on (Ga,In)As alloys at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, using the value 2.5 for the ratio of umklapp to normal relaxation times. It is found that the large thermal resistivity of Ge-Si alloys is predominantly due to mass defect scattering, whereas that of (Ga,In)As alloys is mainly due to strain scattering.
The role of upper hybrid waves in magnetic reconnection

[1] Wind observations of upper hybrid (UH) waves adjacent to a magnetic X-line are compared with simultaneous Wind electron observations to clarify wave-electron interactions. Electron beams and “football” (T∥ > T⟂) distributions accompany the UH waves. The energy density of the inward-directed beams, at 10−14 J/m3, is sufficient to supply the free energy for the waves. The electron beams may be part of the larger Hall current system, and the UH wave/electron instability represent a Hall current dissipation process (i.e., an effective resistance) which removes energy as the currents travels along the separatrix.
Considerations For The Design Of An Experimental Test Facility For Measurement Of Propagation Characteristics Of Mid-IR Fibers

Recent advances in mid-IR (2-12 μm) optical fibers require that more serious consideration be given to the development of measurement techniques and the design of equipment to characterize these fibers and measure the propagation characterostics. In this paper, a review of the measurement techniques for characterizing mid-IR fibers is presented. The important properties of the sources and detectors suitable for these measurements are summarised. Currently used measuring systems and the typical measurement made on infrared fibers are reviewed.
The efficiency of advance-purchase discounts in the presence of aggregate demand uncertainty

Abstract The pricing behavior of two airlines is examined - one is operated by a welfare-maximizing social planner, the other by an unregulated monopolist. Total capacity is fixed and aggregate demand is uncertain. It is shown that advance-purchase discounts can assist in attaining an efficient allocation of capacity when it is not feasible to operate a spot market on the day of the flight. It is further shown that the planner may offer larger or smaller discounts than the monopolist.
An Exploration of the Effects of Strong Radio-Frequency Fields on Micro-Organisms in Aqueous Solutions

Radio-frequency power generators have been widely used in many industrial heating operations. Limited applications have been made in the treatment of food, where internally induced heat has been used to inactivate enzymes, as well as to pasteurize or sterilize the material.
Expression of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome p450 1A in intertidal fish (Anoplarchus purpurescens) exposed to environmental contaminants.

Abstract Whether P-glycoproteins (P-gps) like those which confer multidrug resistance in tumor cell lines are important in adaptation to chemicals in natural populations of vertebrates exposed to contaminant mixtures is the focus of this study. P-gp expression was examined in the intertidal fish high cockscomb blenny (Anoplarchus purpurescens) exposed to crude oil or pulp mill effluent. The relationship between P-gp expression and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) induction also was investigated. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed that levels of P-gp expression in the bile canaliculi were three- to five-fold greater in oil exposed fish than in control fish. Levels of P-gp expression were highly correlated with hepatic CYP1A levels previously measured in these fish. In fish from sites near pulp mills, P-gp expression in freshly caught fish did not correlate with proximity to pulp mills. However, hepatic P-gp expression levels in freshly caught fish were 14-fold higher than in fish from those sites that were depurated in clean water for 6 weeks. CYP1A levels were also elevated in liver of freshly caught as compared with depurated fish. Expression of neither CYP1A nor P-gp was elevated in depurated fish exposed to sediment and food from within the original pulp mill effluent stream. Depurated fish, which were injected with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist s-naphthoflavone (BNF) showed an expected induction of CYP1A but no induction of P-gp. These results suggest that in blennies, unlike CYP1A, P-gp expression is not regulated by the AHR pathway; although P-gp and CYP1A both may be induced by some compounds in petroleum and unidentified xenobiotics at field sites. While our data indicate that CYP1A and P-gp are not coordinately regulated, these proteins may play complementary roles in cellular detoxification. Thus the elevation of P-gp activity may be an important mechanism of multixenobiotic resistance for organisms, such as intertidal fish, which are commonly exposed to anthropogenic contaminants and naturally occurring toxins.
Use of blood components containing red cells by donors of allogeneic bone marrow

Bone marrow transplantation is performed for an increasing number of disorders. Although much has been written about blood transfusion in bone marrow recipients, there is little information dealing with blood transfusion in bone marrow donors. We examined the records of 129 consecutive allogeneic bone marrow transplants to determine blood use by bone marrow donors. We attempted to correlate blood transfusion requirements with a number of variables in both donors and recipients of bone marrow. The volume of marrow harvested correlated closely with the number of units of blood transfused (r = 0.82). When these two variables were expressed as a percent of estimated blood volume, the correlation improved slightly (r = 0.85). Although the volume of marrow correlated highly with the total number of mononuclear cells harvested (r = 0.92), the correlation between total cells harvested and number of units of blood transfused was not as high (r = 0.75). By knowing the number of marrow cells the recipient requires for transplantation, the volume of donor marrow required and donor blood transfusion requirements can be estimated. In most instances, autologous blood could be used exclusively, thus eliminating the risks associated with homologous blood transfusion.
Pulse sound generation, anterior swim bladder buckling and associated muscle activity in the pyramid butterflyfish, Hemitaurichthys polylepis

Acoustic behaviors are widespread among diverse fish taxa but mechanisms of sound production are known from relatively few species, vary widely and convergent mechanisms are poorly known. We examined the sound production mechanism in the pyramid butterflyfish, Hemitaurichthys polylepis, a member of the socially and ecologically diverse reef fish family Chaetodontidae. In the field, fish produce pulse trains at dusk during social interactions that are probably related to mate attraction and courtship. In laboratory experiments, sound production was synchronized to high-speed video to determine body movement associated with sound generation. In addition, electromyography (EMG) recordings tested the activity of six candidate muscles. Fish produced individual pulses with a mean peak frequency of 97 Hz in rapid succession. EMG experiments show that anterior hypaxial muscles contract at high bilaterally synchronous rates (up to 120 Hz) in near perfect association with rapid inward buckling visible outside the body over the anterior swim bladder. Muscle activity often showed EMG doublets that occurred within the time of a single sound pulse but was not sustained. Buckling and sound pulse rates correlated strongly (R(2)≈1.00) and sound pulse rate measured over two successive pulses (maximum of 38 pulses s(-1)) was lower than muscle firing rate. These results show that the extrinsic swim bladder muscles of pyramid butterflyfish involve single contractions that produce pulses in a manner similar to distantly related teleosts, but involve a novel doublet motor-neuron firing pattern. Thus, the sound production mechanism in pyramid butterflyfish is likely convergent with several percomorph taxa and divergent from the related chaetodontid genus Forcipiger.
The determination of the orientation of a uniformly rotating or rapidly rotating vehicle utilizing the outputs from solar sensors and a lateral magnetometer.

Longitudinal and lateral axes orientation of uniformly rotating or rapidly rotating vehicle utilizing outputs from solar sensors and lateral magnetometer
Thermal chemistry of iodomethane on Ni(110). 1. Clean and hydrogen-predosed surfaces

The thermal chemistry of iodomethane on Ni(110) single-crystal surfaces was studied by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The activation of the C−I bond occurs by 150 K, and produces methyl surface moieties. Hydrogen desorption is always seen, in one peak at 350 K at low coverages and in additional lower temperature regimes above a 1.0 langmuir CH3I exposure. Methane is also produced, in an initial peak at 274 K for 1.0 langmuir, and mainly in a second feature at 238 K on saturated surfaces. Additional experiments with CD3I and with coadsorbed hydrogen or deuterium indicate that the hydrogenation step of methyl to methane is controlled by the population of surface hydrogen, which originates either from decomposition of some of the methyl intermediates and/or from preadsorption. Interestingly, and in contrast to what is observed on Ni(100) or Ni(111) surfaces, some production of heavier hydrocarbons is seen on this Ni(110) surface at about 188 K at high CH3I cover...
On estimates for the ratio of errors in best rational approximation of analytic functions

Let E be an arbitrary compact subset of the extended complex plane C with nonempty interior. For a function f continuous on E and analytic in the interior of E denote by p n (f; E) the least uniform deviation of f on E from the class of all rational functions of order at most n. In this paper we show that if f is not a rational function and if K is an arbitrary compact subset of the interior of E, then Π n k=0 (ρ k (f; K)/ρ k (f; E)), the ratio of the errors in best rational approximation, converges to zero geometrically as n → ∞ and the rate of convergence is determined by the capacity of the condenser (∂E, K). In addition, we obtain results regarding meromorphic approximation and sharp estimates of the Hadamard type determinants.
Training structural SVMs when exact inference is intractable

While discriminative training (e.g., CRF, structural SVM) holds much promise for machine translation, image segmentation, and clustering, the complex inference these applications require make exact training intractable. This leads to a need for approximate training methods. Unfortunately, knowledge about how to perform efficient and effective approximate training is limited. Focusing on structural SVMs, we provide and explore algorithms for two different classes of approximate training algorithms, which we call undergenerating (e.g., greedy) and overgenerating (e.g., relaxations) algorithms. We provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of both types of approximate trained structural SVMs, focusing on fully connected pairwise Markov random fields. We find that models trained with overgenerating methods have theoretic advantages over undergenerating methods, are empirically robust relative to their undergenerating brethren, and relaxed trained models favor non-fractional predictions from relaxed predictors.
Propagation of torsional waves in a circular elastic rod

Das Problem eines unendlichen kreiszylindrischen Halbstabes, dessen Endquerschnitt mit beliebigen Torsionsspannungen belastet ist, wird auf Grund der strengen dreidimensionalen Elastizitatstheorie gelost. Die Losungsmethode besteht aus einer Integraltransformationstechnik mit asymptotischer Inversion fur eine frequenzmodulierte Stufenfunktion. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Gultigkeit eines «dynamischen Saint-Venant-Prinzips» von der betreffenden Frequenzkomponente abhangt.
An object based architecture for a digital compression camera

One of today's most exciting multimedia applications is the integration of video conferencing technology into the desktop computing environment. This technology has its roots in the telecommunications industry and its use in the desktop systems has created some interesting technical challenges. This paper explores limitations with traditional approaches to video conferencing and then introduces an object based approach which leverages built-in platform functionality. If utilizes a mostly software strategy along with the creation of a digital compression camera. The camera integrates video compression hardware with the optics and attaches to existing systems over a pervasive interface. The result is interoperable, standards based video conferencing at dramatically lower price points.
Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Tocopherols and Retinol in Human Plasma

A rapid, selective and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the detection and quantification of tocopherols and retinol in human plasma. Alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol and retinol are assayed using fluorescence detection. Excitation/emission wavelengths are 295/330 nm and 325/470 nm for the analysis of both tocopherols and retinol, respectively. Retinol acetate is employed as the internal standard. The reversed-phase method incorporates gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and acetonitrile. Separation of vitamin compounds is achieved using a bridged ethyl hybrid C18 column. The retention times for retinol, retinol acetate, gamma-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol are 1.6, 1.8, 3.9 and 4.3 min, respectively. The limits of quantification for retinol, gamma-tocopherol and alpha-tocopherol were 0.02, 0.02 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. The assay method is suitable for the analysis of tocopherols and retinol in human plasma. The method may be applied following the ingestion of foods fortified with these fat-soluble vitamins.
Myelin movements in mature mammalian peripheral nerve fibers

Mature mouse and cat peripheral nerve fibers have been examined in vitro by time-lapse photography. Some Schmidt-Lanterman clefts which were open at the start closed later; other were seen to open and then to close, some of them more than once. The implications of these movements are considered, especially in regard to the question of the passage of materials from the endoneurial connective tissue spaces to the axon. Myelin movements other than those occurring at the Schmidt-Lanterman clefts consisted primarily of the development and frequent regression of indentations of the myelin sheath. A single evagination was seen to develop and then to recede. These myelin movements suggest that previously described invaginations and evaginations of the myelin sheath, including flaps of “redundant myelin”, are not static but rather that they are in a state of movement, forming and regressing at intervals. The possible functional significance of the development and regression of myelin sheath indentations in relationship to axoplasmic flow is discussed.
Estimating blood needs for very-low-birth-weight infants.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are crucial for the care of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. These infants frequently require multiple, small-volume RBC transfusions, with potential exposure to multiple donors. Optimal protocols provide dedicated RBC units to reduce exposures and avoid RBC wastage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective, single-institution review of RBC transfusions in VLBW infants. The RBC volume transfused during the entire hospitalization (VTH) and that transfused at 35 days were determined for all infants, 401 to 1250 g at birth, admitted to a Level III neonatal intensive care unit from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2002. Multivariable models identified perinatal factors associated with volume transfused. RESULTS: The 640-infant cohort had a median birth weight (BW) of 818 g and gestational age (GA) of 26 weeks. Most infants (546 or 85%) required at least one RBC transfusion. Median number of RBC transfusions was 3 (range, 0-30) and median volume transfused was 82 mL (range, 9-737 mL). Of 328 infants who received all transfusions within a 35-day period, only 5 (1.5%) required at least 200 mL. VTH was inversely related to BW and GA. Multivariable models identified BW, GA, age at first transfusion, and use of inotropes as variables associated with higher volume transfused. CONCLUSION: Few VLBW infants use an entire RBC unit. One dedicated unit shared by two or more infants should meet their transfusion needs. GA, BW, and markers of illness severity predict increased RBC volume requirements.
Fuzzy behavior fusion for reactive control of an autonomous mobile robot: MARGE

A distributed heterogeneous network of fuzzy control agents has been developed for reactive behavior-based control of an autonomous mobile robot This methodology allows the authors' vehicle, MARGE, to perform realistic tasks in unstructured environments. Control actions for the robot are generated by a colony of independent agents that compete and cooperate to determine the emergent motion of the vehicle. Fuzzy rules are used to implement a diverse array of real-time functions within one simple development environment. The authors' multi-layer approach differs from other methods that perform the fuzzy inference mapping in one step. Real-time control without special hardware is possible by using a singleton centroid calculation and by breaking complex behaviors down into simple modules. >
A comparison of linear and chaotic measures for rat hippocampal eeg during different vigilance states

The correlation dimension was used in this paper as a quantifier to describe the chaotic behavior of sleep EEG recorded from the hippocampus of adult rats during vigilance states of quiet-waking, slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep. A modified Grassberger-Procaccia method was implemented to compute the correlation integral using a Euclidean distance normalized by the embedding dimension. The performance of the correlation dimension as a measure to characterize the sleep EEG was compared to the quantitative measures derived from linear autoregressive models. Even though linear and chaotic measures are based on completely different theories and concepts, our experimental results have indicated them both effective in capturing the characteristic differences of sleep EEG during various states. The preliminary results have also shown the correlation dimension being particularly effective in emphasizing the differences in regard to the chaotic behavior between the EEG activity in SWS and QW and REM sleep.
Does the Pareto distribution adequately describe the size‐distribution of lakes?

When it comes to evaluating lakes at regional and global scales, a key need is accurate estimates of the abundance and size-distribution of lakes, which are usually described with the Pareto distribution. We demonstrate the considerable uncertainty that truncation in the lower tail of the Pareto distribution introduces into lake abundance estimates and the selection of the lake size-distribution. Truncation in the lower tail eliminates lakes below a certain size and is generally performed because small lakes are not accurately represented on maps. When simulated data are truncated to mimic available lake size data, non-Pareto distributions are visually and statistically indistinguishable from the Pareto distribution. The Pareto distribution may be one of many possible forms that mimic the global lake size-distribution in the upper tail, but the fit of the Pareto to the lower tail is uncertain, largely because the abundance of small lakes is uncertain. Some other potential size-distributions, such as the lognormal distribution, predict abundances of small lakes to be orders of magnitude lower than do the Pareto distribution predictions. Highly resolved regional lake size data for the Adirondack Mountains of New York and the Northern Highland Lake District of Wisconsin do not conform to the Pareto distribution. Lake sizes on Mars also do not conform to the Pareto. Uncertainty in the lake size-distribution seriously limits understanding of the significance of lakes as repositories of organic carbon as well as the calculation of global greenhouse gas emissions from these systems.
The Mutation Rate and Cancer

The stability of the human genome requires that mutations in the germ line be exceptionally rare events. While most mutations are neutral or have deleterious effects, a limited number of mutations are required for adaptation to environmental changes. Drake has provided evidence that DNA-based microbes have evolved a mechanism to yield a common spontaneous mutation rate of approximately 0.003 mutations per genome per replication (Drake 1991). In contrast, mutation rates of RNA viruses are much larger (Holland et al. 1982) and can approach the maximum tolerable deleterious mutation rate of one per genome (Eigen and Schuster 1977; Eigen 1993). Drake calculates that lytic RNA viruses display spontaneous mutation rates of approximately one per genome while most have mutation rates that are approximately 0.1 per genome (Drake 1993). This constancy of germline mutation rates among microbial species need not necessarily mean constancy of the somatic mutation rates. Furthermore, there need not be a constant rate for somatic mutations during development. In this review, we consider mutations in cancer, a pathology in which there appears to be an increase in the rate of somatic mutations throughout the genome. Moreover, within the eukaryotic genome, as in microbes, there are "hot-spots" that exhibit unusually high mutation frequencies. It seems conceivable to us that many tumors contain thousands of changes in DNA sequence. The major question is: how do these mutations arise, and how many are rate-limiting for tumor progression?
Tuning system-dependent applications with alternative MPI calls: a case study

This paper shows the effectiveness of using optimized MPI calls for MPI based applications on different architectures. Using optimized MPI calls can result in reasonable performance gain for most of MPI based applications running on most of high-performance distributed systems. Since relative performance of different MPI function calls and system architectures can be uncorrelated, tuning system-dependent MPI applications by exploring the alternatives of using different MPI calls is the simplest but most effective optimization method. The paper first shows that for a particular system, there are noticeable performance differences between using various MPI calls that result in the same communication pattern. These performance differences are in fact not similar across different systems. The paper then shows that good performance optimization for an MPI application on different systems can be obtained by using different MPI calls for different systems. The communication patterns that were experimented in this paper include the point-to-point and collective communications. The MPI based application used for this study is the general-purpose transient dynamic finite element application and the benchmark problems are the public domain 3D car crash problems. The experiment results show that for the same communication purpose, using alternative MPI calls can result in quite different communication performance on the Fujitsu HPC2500 system and the 8-node AMD Athlon cluster, but very much the same performance on the other systems such as the Intel Itanium2 and the AMD Opteron clusters.
A Review of Cellularization Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Whole Organs

With the advent of whole organ decellularization, extracellular matrix scaffolds suitable for organ engineering were generated from numerous tissues, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney and pancreas, for use as alternatives to traditional organ transplantation. Biomedical researchers now face the challenge of adequately and efficiently recellularizing these organ scaffolds. Herein, an overview of whole organ decellularization and a thorough review of the current literature for whole organ recellularization are presented. The cell types, delivery methods, and bioreactors employed for recellularization are discussed along with commercial and clinical considerations, such as immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and FDA regulation.
Flow Cytometric Identification and Functional Characterization of Immature and Mature Circulating Endothelial Cells

Objective— We sought to identify and characterize 2 distinct populations of bona fide circulating endothelial cells, including the endothelial colony-forming cell (ECFC), by polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC), colony assays, immunomagnetic selection, and electron microscopy. Methods and Results— Mononuclear cells from human umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood were analyzed using our recently published PFC protocol. A population of cells containing both ECFCs and mature circulating endothelial cells was determined by varying expressions of CD34, CD31, and CD146 but not AC133 and CD45. After immunomagnetic separation, these cells failed to form hematopoietic colonies, yet clonogenic endothelial colonies with proliferative potential were obtained, thus verifying their identity as ECFCs. The frequency of ECFCs were increased in cord blood and were extremely rare in the peripheral blood of healthy adults. We also detected another mature endothelial cell population in the circulation that was apoptotic. Finally, when comparing this new protocol with a prior method, we determined that the present protocol identifies circulating endothelial cells, whereas the earlier protocol identified extracellular vesicles. Conclusion— Two populations of circulating endothelial cells, including the functionally characterized ECFC, are now identifiable in human cord blood and peripheral blood by PFC.
The Major Snow Avalanche Cycle of February 1986 in the Western United States

Snow avalanches are a significant hazard in mountainous environments around the world. This paper investigates the major February 1986 avalanche cycle that occurred in the western United States, and broadly analyzes the avalanche, snowpack, and weather conditions at twenty sites. These analyses suggest that the avalanche cycle resulted from the interaction of a relatively `normal' snowpack with an exceptional storm event, which was particularly noteworthy for the amount of precipitation it produced. Composited 500-hPa anomaly maps show the event resulted from an uncommonly persistent blocking pattern that resulted in a strong zonal flow and copious moisture being funneled over the western United States. Understanding severe and widespread avalanche cycles may improve our long-term forecasting of these events, and help mitigate theresulting avalanche activity.
Editorial Commentary: Are Blood Concentrations Enough for Establishing Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Relationships?

different pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) magnitudes: free drug T>MIC for 50% and 100% of the dosing interval and >4 times the MIC for 50% and 100% of the dosing interval. These are reasonable parameters as maximum killing by β-lactams occurs at concentrations approximately 4– 5t imes the MIC, and maintaining maximum killing for the entire dosing interval could possibly shorten the duration of the infection. The authors limited most of their evaluation to the infected patients. Unfortunately, only 73% of the patients had an organism recovered and only 34% of those had a MIC determined. This was appropriately listed as a limitation of the
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF DIAGNOSIS, HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND OUTCOMES IN 24 PATIENTS

Background. Adenocarcinomas of the sinonasal cavity are unusual tumors with variable clinical courses. Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review be- tween 1980 and 2001. Results. Twenty-four patients (17 men) with sinonasal adenocarcinoma were identified. Nasal obstruction was the most common presenting symptom (75%), and the nose was the most common site of involvement (83%). Eleven tumors (46%) were high grade (grade 3 or 4). Twenty-three patients (95%) underwent an attempt at surgical excision, with tumor recurrence or residual disease in seven. Age and tumor grade were associated with overall survival, and tumor grade and intra- cranial extension were associated with death from disease. Conclusions. Presentation and treatment for nasal adeno- carcinoma vary widely. Some low-grade variants of nasal adenocarcinomas seem to be associated with a more favorable prognosis and, depending on the extent of the tumor, can be treated with less-aggressive therapy. A 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 27: 370-375, 2005
Zinc deficiency in man: its origins and effects

The occurrence of zinc deficiency in man remained unsuspected until the 1960s. Since then, however, our understanding of the clinical importance of human zinc deficiency has grown rapidly. Zinc depletion has been demonstrated or suggested to be responsible for a variety of clinical features, ranging from minor aberrations of normal growth patterns and subtle impairments of taste perception to life-threatening disease states. The latter have been observed most frequently as a result of an inherited defect in zinc absorption and from feeding intravenously without adding zinc to the infusates. Notable clinical features of severe zinc deficiency states include a florid acro-orificial rash, behavioural changes, poor appetite, severe disturbance of normal growth and development, impaired reproductive performance, and frequent infections associated with abnormalities of the immune system. In general, the biochemical correlates of these clinical features remain poorly defined. While the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of severe zinc deficiency states is quite straightforward, existing techniques are inadequate for the detection of sub-optimal zinc nutrition. This difficulty presents a major challenge as there is evidence that mild or moderate zinc deficiency states are quite common in certain population groups. Though there is reason for particular concern about the zinc status of some socially deprived groups, inadequate zinc intake is also a potential problem in more affluent population groups. The occurrence of zinc deficiency is frequently associated with dietary factors that have an unfavourable effect on zinc absorption, for example phytate, and with a variety of special circumstances including premature delivery. There is evidence that the absorption of zinc from human milk is especially favourable. There is an outstanding need for further research to achieve a clearer understanding of the origins, incidence and effects of human zinc deficiency.
Detection and tracking of superimposed non-stationary harmonics

Detection and estimation of multiple narrowband components in a time-series is a difficult signal processing problem that shows up in many applications. The authors propose a parametric approach to the problem and examine an algorithm based on singular value decomposition to estimate and track the parameters. The model suggested for each narrowband component is a sinusoid with slowly varying amplitude and frequency. The algorithm proposed provides the noise reduction associated with very long averaging intervals, and yet tolerates significant drift of parameters (instantaneous amplitudes and frequencies) over the averaging interval. >
Noise in Submicron Devices

The essential problem in noise theory is relating local, microscopically produced fluctuations at an interior point to the observable, fluctuations in the macroscopic terminal currents and voltages. A variety of schemes for this have been developed, and a good review can be found in van Vliet et al. (1) The oldest scheme is the “salami” method, in which the device is subdivided into slices. Each slice possesses a local noise source, and a noise voltage appears across the slice as a result. The total mean square noise voltage is the sum of the mean square noise voltages of the individual slices. This summation process ignores correlations between slice noise voltages. In more sophisticated variants, a tensor Green’s function is defined, which relates fluctuations in field at point x to fluctuations in current or carrier density at point x’. The terminal noise voltage then is an integral over the product of the Green’s function and the noise source. The terminal mean square noise voltage is then the mean of the product of two such integrals. This mean involves a two-point spatial correlation function for the noise source. Although such spatial correlations of the microscopic fluctuations do exist, they are generally ignored.
Oxidative Cell Injury and Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae

Morphological and biochemical evidence cited herein appear to support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species play a role in the injury of endothelial cells by R. rickettsii. Cell injury may be initiated by the release of superoxide during rickettsial internalization, and subsequent injury may be caused either by this radical or by other reactive oxygen species. Although cells apparently respond appropriately to the generation of superoxide by increasing de novo synthesis of superoxide dismutase, normal antioxidant defenses such as detoxification of peroxides seem to be compromised as a result of infection. Thiol (glutathione)levels decrease within the first 24 hr following infection, and the activities of key antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and G-6-PD are reduced, in some cases by more than 80% by 48 hr postinfection. These breaches in the integrity of antioxidant defenses may be sufficient to render cells susceptible to reactive oxygen species. Presently, evidence for this type of rickettsia-induced cell injury exists only for R. rickettsii. Further studies are necessary to determine if other organisms belonging to the genus Rickettsia also are capable of causing oxidant-mediated injury.
Fungal metabolites and chinese herbal medicine as immunostimulants

On the planet earth there are approximately eighty thousand to a hundred thousand species of fungi among the two million different kinds of living organisms. While some fungi may cause disease in plants or animals, others are useful in fermentation, as food staff, or sources of medicine. Since the discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1929, numerous antibiotics have been derived from various fungi [1]. More than 30 groups of fungal metabolites have been developed as important antibiotics during the brief period of 1929–1972 (see Table I).
Online Learning in Tensor Space

We propose an online learning algorithm based on tensor-space models. A tensorspace model represents data in a compact way, and via rank-1 approximation the weight tensor can be made highly structured, resulting in a significantly smaller number of free parameters to be estimated than in comparable vector-space models. This regularizes the model complexity and makes the tensor model highly effective in situations where a large feature set is defined but very limited resources are available for training. We apply with the proposed algorithm to a parsing task, and show that even with very little training data the learning algorithm based on a tensor model performs well, and gives significantly better results than standard learning algorithms based on traditional vectorspace models.
ANCIENT AND MODERN HARBORS: A REPEATING PHYLOGENY

The Minoans and Phoenicians appear to have developed a very superior "lay" understanding of waves and currents, which led to the development of remarkable concepts in working with natural forces in their coastal engineering works. For example, the Phoenicians developed a "continuous self-flushing" harbor at Tyre and possibly a "flushable" harbor for the removal of sand and silt at Sidon. It would appear that developments of this type were the outgrowth of the close association with and acute observation of nature that occurs where a coastal people learn to work with currents and sail, in the absence of technology for harnessing large amounts of power. However, harbor design became markedly stereotyped following the development of large engineering corps with the capacity for rapid and massive construction. The earlier innovative, natural concepts in harbor design appear to have become obscured by the end of the Roman era, and have remained relatively unused to this day. In view of man's present extensive intervention in the coastal zone, mostly based on "brute force" technology, a careful study of the ancients' ability to work with nature provides valuable insight for today's problems.
Multimodality Nonlinear Optical Imaging

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, sum-frequency generation and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy are combined on the same platform for multimodality imaging of complex biological systems such as the central nervous system and atherosclerotic lesions.
Influence of Transporting Pathway on Gas Accumulation Efficiency

A study on the types of gas transporting pathway and their influence of large and medium gas fields of China suggests that there are six types of gas transporting pathways, i.e. fault, combination of fault and unconformity, sandbody, combination of fault and sandbody, combination of unconformity and sandbody and unconformity. The most important is the fault transporting pathway, the second is the combination of fault and unconformity, the third is sandbody and combination of fault and sandbody, and the last is unconformity and combination of unconformity and sandbody. The types of gas transporting pathway was influenced by the types of basin, types of structures zone in the basin and the spatial relation of source and reservoir. According to gas reserves, gas-bearing areas and accumulation ages of large and medium gas fields in China, and a calculation of gas accumulation efficiency, gas fields of China are divided into three types of high, middle and low efficiency. Through the analysis of relation between gas accumulation efficiency and types of gas transporting pathway, fault, sandbody and combination of fault and unconformity are considered to have higher gas accumulation efficiency, and are favorable for gas to form large gas fields quickly.
How to Cover Most of a Point Set with a V-Shape of Minimum Width

A V-shape is an innite polygonal region bounded by two pairs of parallel rays emanating from two vertices (see Figure 1). We describe a randomized algorithm that, given n points and an integer k 0, nds the minimum-width V-shape enclosing all but k of the points with probability 1 1=n c for any c > 0, with expected running time O(cn 2 (k + 1) 4 logn(logn log logn + k)).
Mechanisms of recovery from mechanical injury of renal tubular epithelial cells

The mechanism(s) whereby a denuded renal tubular epithelial cell surface becomes reestablished remains unknown. We therefore measured the rate of renewal of mechanical wounds made in confluent monolayers of two established renal tubular epithelial cell lines. We found that wounds of MDCK cells heal at a faster rate than wounds of LLC-PK1 cells. The magnitude of wound healing did not differ when cells grown on plastic were compared with cells grown on fibronectin, laminin, or collagen. Irradiation (4,000 rads) of MDCK and LLC-PK1 cells significantly reduced indexes of proliferation (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and thymidine uptake) without affecting wound healing. Serum and epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhance whereas transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) impairs wound healing. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates wound healing at low concentrations and inhibits healing at high concentrations in MDCK cells while not affecting healing of LLC-PK1 cell wounds at any concentration. Several interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, and IL-6) did not affect wound healing in either cell type. Healing of LLC-PK1 but not MDCK cells was impaired by exposure to a peptide containing a RGD sequence. Conversely, healing of MDCK but not LLC-PK1 cells was impaired by the REDV tetrapeptide. Healing of both LLC-PK1 and MDCK was impaired by heparin but not by the LDVPS peptide. These results demonstrate that mechanical wounds of LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells heal, at least in part, by migration. Healing is regulated by serum and growth factors including EGF, HGF, and TGF-beta 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A typology of the here-and-now: issues in group therapy.

ABSTRACTThis article categorizes the range of here-and-now issues and behaviors that occur in group therapy and are the legitimate concern of the group. It distinguishes those internal events that occur as an integral part of the group process from those external issues that occur in members daily lives and that they bring to the group for its attention. These problems are further categorized by whether they are structural in nature or interactionist in nature. Thus here-and-now group behaviors can be categorized by whether they are (1) internal structural, (2) internal interactionist, (3) external structural, or (4) external interactionist.
God and Knowledge by Acquaintance and Description

In an earlier Chapter I suggested that the distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description is that between direct and indirect knowledge.1 Knowledge by acquaintance is a matter of the direct cognitive awareness of some one. Knowledge by description is a matter of indirect knowledge of some thing or person. I argued that direct knowledge was foundational of indirect knowledge. There were four features of knowing by acquaintance to which I drew particular attention, namely: 1 Knowing by acquaintance is personal. It has a first hand quality about it necessarily. This is not to say that it is private, for it must admit of some description. It is by making some such description that what we know by acquaintance passes out of private experience into the world of public truth. 2 Knowing by acquaintance is non-transferrable. This is but to say that I cannot have your experience and you cannot have mine. It does not mean that we cannot have similar experiences and describe them to one another. 3 Knowing by acquaintance admits of degree and development. This is illustrated in that it makes sense to speak of knowing something or some one better. 4 Knowing by acquaintance is always more than the sum total of knowledge by description. No amount of description can be the same as the experience of knowing by acquaintance. However, if there is said to be no possibility of giving a description of what is claimed to be known by acquaintance then the claim to knowledge by acquaintance makes no sense.
Reduced-order physics-based modeling and experimental parameter identification for non-Faradaic electrical double-layer capacitors

Abstract Electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs, also known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors) are energy storage devices that possess very long cycle life and high power density, but typically have lower energy density than lithium-ion cells. Applications that require both high energy and power density may use hybrid energy-storage systems built using a combination of EDLC and lithium-ion cells. Optimal controls for such systems must be physics-based to optimize the performance they deliver while maximizing life, as performance and degradation are determined by electrochemical variables internal to the devices and not by externally measurable values. Further, for practical application, the models used in the controls must be simple and share a common framework. Accordingly, in this paper we develop a reduced-order physics-based model of a non-Faradaic EDLC that has the same form as a model previously reported for a lithium-ion cell. We show how to determine model parameter values from simple laboratory tests using standard lab equipment, not requiring device teardown to do so. We validate the model against data collected from a commercial EDLC.
Non-conventional Trademarks Under United States Law: An Unbounded New Frontier of Branding

This chapter explores the legal principles underlying trademark law and theorises the functions of a trademark in post industrial information society or in a “sharing economy”. At one time in the U.S. the legal boundaries of a mark were readily limited to visual words or symbols, and the scope of trademark protection was narrowly circumscribed to the specific of goods or services for which the mark served as an identifier in commerce. Later, trademark protection extended to complementary goods based on a judicial understanding of consumer perception in an evolving marketplace. Overtime, as mark holders found new ways to use designations in the marketplaces, courts (and the legislature) have extended trademark protection to protect what in at least some circumstances are in reality new business models. Consequently, trademarks are no longer just words and symbols or even (as we learned in the 1990s) a single colour(s) and trade dress. Today, trademark law also protects attributes such as motion, shape, sound scent, taste, and touch. The logical limit of modern trademark theory is the limit of the human organism’s sensory perception; and in time, as technology improves human perception, this frontier of trademark law too will continue to expand. Whether this unlimited expansion of the subject matter of trademark is good public policy is an open question.