cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on Copper Metabolism: XVII. Further Observations on the Anemia of Copper Deficiency in Swine

1. The morphology of the erythrocytes has been studied in 22 normal swine, 65 swine deficient in copper, and 16 swine deficient in iron. The mean values (± the standard deviation) for the volumes of packed red cells in the three groups were 42 ± 2.5, 21 ± 6.6, and 21 ± 6.1 ml/100 ml., respectively. The mean values for the mean corpuscular volumes were 55 ± 3.1, 43 ± 7.1, and 36 ± 5.3, respectively. The mean values for the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were 33 ± 1.1, 29 ± 2.3, and 28 ± 3.0, respectively. 2. The addition of 11 water-soluble B vitamins, 4 fat-soluble vitamins, ascorbic acid, and minerals (with the exception of copper) to the copper-deficient milk diet did not prevent or delay the development of anemia, modify the morphology of the red cells or alter the degree of hypoferremia. 3. The normoblasts in the marrow of a copper-deficient pig were similar morphologically to those in the marrow of a pig deficient in iron. 4. The intravenous administration of one Gm. of iron, given prior to the development of copper-deficiency, did not delay or prevent the development of anemia. 5. It is concluded that the anemia of copper-deficiency in swine is morphologically similar to the anemia due to iron deficiency in swine.
Post-Face Cultural Studies of Numeracy

Re-emphasizing our agenda for this special issue as marking the shift from epistemological to ontological concerns in social science inquiry, Patti Lather locates it in challenging the orthodoxies ...
Integration of Dermatology-Focused Physical Diagnosis Rounds and Case-Based Learning within the Internal Medicine Medical Student Clerkship:

Background: Over half of dermatologic conditions are seen by nondermatologists, yet medical students receive little dermatology education. Medical students in the clinical years of training at our institution felt insecure in their physical diagnosis skills for dermatologic conditions. Objective: The objective of this study was to implement dermatology-focused curricula within the Internal Medicine (IM) Core Clerkship to increase student confidence in diagnosing skin diseases. Methods: Two dermatology-focused sessions were integrated into the IM Clerkship. A faculty dermatologist leads students on a dermatology-focused physical diagnosis “Skin Rounds”, where patients are seen at the bedside and students practice describing skin lesions and forming a differential diagnosis. Students also participate in a case-based active learning session. A dermatologist selects images of common skin conditions that students describe utilizing appropriate terminology and offer a differential diagnosis. The impact of these sessions was assessed through survey-based student feedback and by comparing the results from the IM Shelf Exam before and after intervention. Results: A total of 74 students completed the skin rounds survey (32% response rate). About 99% (n = 73) of students felt that skin rounds were effective and useful, and 92% (n = 68) of students reported that they felt more confident in describing skin lesions afterward. A total of 43 students completed the case-based learning session survey (37% response rate), and 98% (n = 42) of students strongly agreed or agreed that the session was effective and useful. Performance on the dermatologic questions of the IM Shelf Exam was analyzed. While not statistically significant at P < 0.05, students improved from an average of 77% correct responses before intervention to 79% afterward (P = 0.60). Conclusions: Our case-based and bedside teaching interventions were met with high satisfaction from medical students and increased their confidence in describing skin lesions. This intervention can serve as a model to improve dermatology education and can be adapted to utilize the IM clerkship to address curriculum inadequacies at other institutions.
Phosphatidylethanol in Postmortem Brain and Serum Ethanol at Time of Death.

Background Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) is a metabolite of ethanol (EtOH), and its concentration in whole blood samples is a direct biomarker of alcohol consumption. Because PEth is also present in the brain and incorporated in lipid membranes, it can be used to classify deceased individuals on alcohol consumption status at the time of death. The purpose of this study was to detect PEth homologs in postmortem brains of individuals known to have had alcohol use disorder (AUD) and to determine the relationship between serum alcohol at the time of death and PEth in the cerebellum (CE) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC). Methods Postmortem brain was collected and stored according to standard protocol. Psychiatric symptoms experienced prior to death were obtained by next of kin psychological autopsy to categorize subjects. Thirty male subjects were chosen for analyses: 10 with AUD with positive serum EtOH levels present at time of autopsy (AUD-W), 10 with AUD without positive serum EtOH levels (AUD-WO), and 10 controls. PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 were quantified in 50 mg of CE and OFC of human postmortem brain using HPLC and mass spectrometric detection (triple quadrupole). Results Results of this study were as follows: (i) PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 were detected in the CE and OFC of all subjects diagnosed with AUD, (ii) PEth 16:0/18:1 levels were about 10-fold higher than PEth 16:0/18:2 in all subjects and both areas of brain, (iii) AUD-W subjects had higher PEth homolog levels in CE and OFC than controls and AUD-WO subjects, (iv) PEth 16:0/18:1, but not PEth 16:0/18:2, levels in CE and OFC of AUD-W subjects correlated significantly with serum EtOH levels at the time of death. Conclusions Quantification of combined PEth homolog levels in postmortem human brain is a good candidate as a diagnostic factor to classify drinking status, especially for those with AUD at the time of death. For alcohol research studies with postmortem brain, verification of drinking status is essential.
The ASD Family–School Collaborative Model

Increase understanding of the important role parent’s play in the educational decisions for their child Increase understanding of the Family–School Collaborative Model used in the ASD Program Model Increase understanding of the various considerations in developing and applying a Family–School Collaborative Model in your school
Dielectric Function of Uniform Electron Gas

The dielectric function of the uniform electron gas at zero temperature has been calculated in the self-consistent Hartree-Fock (SHF) approximation.
Exploring the relationship between pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and sustainability of an innovative science teaching approach

Abstract This study identified common patterns in Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) of three exemplary teachers who have voluntarily sustained the implementation of an argument-based inquiry approach, and explored how those patterns relate to their sustained implementation. Results indicate that teachers’ orientations aligned with argument-based inquiry, especially as to how students learn, are essential for their sustained implementation. Their orientations are strongly connected with two other components of PCK (i.e., Knowledge of Student Understanding and Knowledge of Instructional Strategies and Representations), which mutually interact with the sustainability of the implementation.
Characterizing the seasonal cycle of upper-ocean flows under multi-year sea ice

Abstract Observations in the Arctic Ocean suggest that upper-ocean dynamics under sea ice might be significantly weaker than in the temperate oceans. In particular, observational evidence suggests that currents developing under sea ice present weak or absent submesoscale ( O ( 1 ) Rossby number) dynamics, in contrast with midlatitude oceans typically characterized by more energetic dynamics at these scales. Idealized numerical model results of the upper ocean under multi-year sea ice, subject to realistic forcing, are employed to describe the evolution of the submesoscale flow field. During both summer and winter under multi-year sea ice, the simulated submesoscale flow field is typically much less energetic than in the midlatitude ice-free oceans. Rossby numbers under sea ice are generally consistent with geostrophic dynamics ( R o ∼ O ( 10 − 3 ) ). During summer, ice melt generates a shallow mixed layer ( O ( 1 ) m) which isolates the surface from deeper, warmer and saltier waters. The Ekman balance generally dominates the mixed layer, although inertial waves are present in the simulations during weakening and reversals of the ice-ocean stress. During winter, mixed-layer deepening (to about 40 m depth), is associated with convection driven by sea-ice growth, as well as ice-ocean shear-driven entrainment at the base of the mixed layer. Submesoscale activity is observed to develop only rarely, when winter convective mixing is laterally inhomogeneous (i.e., in the presence of sea-ice leads or spatially inhomogeneous sea-ice thickness) and when this coincides with weak ice-ocean shear-driven mixing. These submesoscale features are diagnosed with particular focus on their implications for ocean-to-ice heat fluxes.
Pulmonary Toxicities from Checkpoint Immunotherapy for Malignancy

Checkpoint immunotherapy with agents targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 has transformed the landscape of oncologic therapy. Immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), including significant pulmonary toxicities, have been observed in patients treated with these agents. The incidence, timing, clinical features, and outcomes of pulmonary IRAEs are quite variable, emphasizing the importance for clinical vigilance as these therapies become more ubiquitous in the treatment of a spectrum of malignancies. Outcomes are generally favorable when toxicity is recognized early and treated promptly.
Better than average: Analyzing distributions to understand robot behavior in a multi-agent area coverage problem

Building robots, even for performing simple tasks, requires the designer to assess performance using various parameters. However, sometimes the best solution is not the one that performs best on average. Hence, other ways of evaluating performance are necessary. We ran a broad parameter sweep for an agent-based simulation of a robotic area coverage task with very simple agent controllers in four different task environments. Analysis of the results emphasizes the importance of considering the entire distribution across randomized starting conditions, and not just the mean overall performance, when assessing the effectiveness of parameter settings. Our findings indicate the potential for robotic system designers to constrain or specify the qualities of system performance distributions.
Pyloroplasty (Heineke-Mikulicz and Finney), Operation for Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer: Surgical Legacy Technique

Pyloroplasty is now primarily used in patients undergoing emergency surgery for massive hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer when other methods of control have failed. A vagotomy may be added if the patient is noncompliant with medical therapy (see Chaps. 29 and 30).
Mixotrophic activity and diversity of Antarctic marine protists in austral summer

Identifying putative mixotrophic protist species in the environment is important for understanding their behavior, with the recovery of these species in culture essential for determining the triggers of feeding, grazing rates and overall impact on bacterial standing stocks. In this project, mixotroph abundances determined using tracer ingestion in water and sea ice samples collected in the Ross Sea, Antarctica during the summer of 2011 were compared with data from the spring (Ross Sea) and fall (Arctic) to examine the impacts of bacterivory/mixotrophy. Mixotrophic nanoplankton were usually less abundant than heterotrophs, but consumed more of the bacterial standing stock per day due to relatively higher ingestion rates (1-7 bacteria mixotroph-1 h-1 vs. 0.1-4 bacteria heterotroph-1 h-1). Yet, even with these high rates observed in the Antarctic summer, mixotrophs appeared to have a smaller contribution to bacterivory than in the Antarctic spring. Additionaly, putative mixotroph taxa were identified through incubation experiments accomplished with bromodeoxyuridine labeled bacteria as food, immunoprecipitation (IP) of labeled DNA, and amplification and high throughput sequencing of the eukaryotic ribosomal V9 region. Putative mixotroph OTUs were identified in the IP samples by taxonomic similarity to known phototroph taxa. OTUs that had increased abundance in IP samples compared to the non-IP samples from both surface and chlorophyll maximum (CM) depths were considered to represent active mixotrophy and include ones taxonomically similar to Dictyocha, Gymnodinium, Pentapharsodinium and Symbiodinium. These OTUs represent target taxa for isolation and laboratory experiments on triggers for mixotrophy, to be combined with qPCR to estimate their abundance, seasonal distribution and potential impact.
Meditation: A Performance Booster for BCI Applications

A key factor that a typical Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) demands of operators is concentration of mind. A focused mind is more effective in controlling a BCI. One way to improve mental concentration is meditation. Past studies have demonstrated the positive effect of long-term meditation (month-long to year-long) on BCI performance. In this study, we examined the impact of short-term meditation (10-15 minutes long). We explored two guided meditation techniques of mindfulness: 1) open monitoring, and 2) mindful breathing. A brain-controlled toy helicopter was used as a testbed. Five participants volunteered in the experiment in which they were exposed to an emotional stressor of a violent video gameplay followed by operating the helicopter through mental concentration. A brief meditation intervention was introduced between the video gameplay and the BCI task. The results reveal that, in comparison to the control trial, participants were able to lift the helicopter for longer time durations after meditation. Furthermore, this performance improvement was significantly greater than the participants achieved by sitting idle.
Intentional Faith: An Alternative View of Faith Development

Faith was defined as the search for an integrating center of value and meaning that is cognitional in nature, developmental in process, and transcendental in its dimensions. An original psychometric measure was constructed and tested in two samples in a midwestern metropolitan area. The life span sample of Catholics (N = 509) ranged in ages 18–84, median age 49. Respondents were 40% male, 60% female. The sample of college students (N = 303) had a mode age of 19, but was ethnically and religiously diverse. The results indicated that the covariance structure of the scale was equivalent for the two samples. The scale clearly measures 4 independent aspects of faith: Self and Moral development, God and Death, Ritual, and Authority. Reliability was established for four developmental Ways of Faith, based on Bernard Lonergan's intentionality analysis: Common Sense Faith, Thoughtful Faith, Responsible Faith, and Transcendent Faith. The data suggested that faith development may be best conceived as a continuous reworking of one's faith, rather than a sequence of acquisition and abandonment of beliefs. A mixed pattern of modest gender, age, and attachment effects was found for the Ways of Faith. A measure of self-church identification was found to be a consistent correlate of faith development.
Egg formation in cassin's auklet

-Female Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) were given oral doses of lipophilic and proteophilic dyes during their prelaying period. Yolk ring structure in freshly laid eggs was analyzed to determine the timing of yolk deposition using the dye-stained layer as a date marker within the yolk. Additional information from necropsies of five females killed at specific intervals during the formation of a replacement egg indicated that only a single follicle enlarges in the ovary during a reproductive event and this yolk requires about 8 days to complete rapid yolk deposition (RYD). Once RYD is completed, the egg is not laid for a period of 4.2 ? 1.0 days, an interval termed the lag period (Astheimer et al. 1979). Albumen synthesis appears to begin at, or just before, completion of the yolk and continues until approximately 1 day before oviposition. During this time, however, the yolk remains in the follicle. Replacement eggs are laid 14.5 ? 1.7 days following egg removal or natural loss. Combining the above information with egg composition data, the daily deposition of lipid and protein from the female into the egg was computed. Evidence from the size distribution of small (<5 mm) primordial follicles suggests that the auklet ovary undergoes a cycle of follicular growth and atresia before a single follicle is selected for RYD. Based on these findings, and the correlation between initiation of spring egg laying and decreased sea surface temperatures for Farallon Island auklets, I suggest that the onset of RYD is modulated by environmental conditions. Received 26 August 1985, accepted 17 February
CIRCOAST: a statistical hypothesis test for cellular colocalization with network structures.

Motivation Colocalization of structures in biomedical images can lead to insights into biological behaviors. One class of colocalization problems is examining an annular structure (disk-shaped such as a cell, vesicle or molecule) interacting with a network structure (vascular, neuronal, cytoskeletal, organellar). Examining colocalization events across conditions is often complicated by changes in density of both structure types, confounding traditional statistical approaches since colocalization cannot be normalized to the density of both structure types simultaneously. We have developed a technique to measure colocalization independent of structure density and applied it to characterizing intercellular colocation with blood vessel networks. This technique could be used to analyze colocalization of any annular structure with an arbitrarily shaped network structure. Results We present the circular colocalization affinity with network structures test (CIRCOAST), a novel statistical hypothesis test to probe for enriched network colocalization in 2D z-projected multichannel images by using agent-based Monte Carlo modeling and image processing to generate the pseudo-null distribution of random cell placement unique to each image. This hypothesis test was validated by confirming that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) exhibit enriched colocalization with endothelial cells forming arborized networks in culture and then applied to show that locally delivered ASCs have enriched colocalization with murine retinal microvasculature in a model of diabetic retinopathy. We demonstrate that the CIRCOAST test provides superior power and type I error rates in characterizing intercellular colocalization compared to generic approaches that are confounded by changes in cell or vessel density. Availability and implementation CIRCOAST source code available at: https://github.com/uva-peirce-cottler-lab/ARCAS. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ocular amyloid imaging at the crossroad of Alzheimer’s disease and age-related macular degeneration: implications for diagnosis and therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are important disorders of aging, but significant challenges remain in diagnosis and therapy. Amyloid-beta (Aβ), found in the brain and a defining feature of AD, has also been observed in the retina in both AD and AMD. While current diagnostic modalities for detecting Aβ in the brain are costly or invasive, Aβ in the retina can be noninvasively and conveniently imaged using modern photonic imaging systems such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Moreover, since many of these retinal changes occur before degenerative changes can be detected in the brain, ocular amyloid biomarkers could be utilized to detect AD as well as AMD in their earliest stages when therapy may be most effective in halting disease progression. Novel technologies to quantify retinal biomarkers have the potential to facilitate early diagnosis and noninvasive monitoring of disease progression with important therapeutic implications.
Input-output relations in the Georgia economy

This chapter describes the economic structure of Georgia through a more thorough examination of the input-output tables and attempts to interpret some of the relationships uncovered in this examination. In Chapter 2 we pointed out the organization of an input-output table into four quadrants, each describing a part of the economy: Quadrant I identifies consumer behavior, Quadrant II details the interindustry structure of the economy; Quadrant III outlines payments to owners of resources, and Quadrant IV sketches non-market transfers in the economy. This chapter looks at these quadrants to derive an empirical profile of the Georgia economy.
Convective and stratiform components of a Winter Monsoon Cloud Cluster determined from geosynchronous infrared satellite data

The horizontal precipitation structure of cloud clusters observed over the South China Sea during the Winter Monsoon Experiment (WMONEX) is analyzed using a convective-stratiform technique (CST) developed by Adler and Negri (1988). The technique was modified by altering the method for identifying convective cells in the satellite data, accounting for the extremely cold cloud tops characteristic of the WMONEX region, and modifying the threshold infrared temperature for the boundary of the stratiform rain area. The precipitation analysis was extended to the entire history of the cloud cluster by applying the modified CST to IR imagery from geosynchronous-satellite observations. The ship and aircraft data from the later period of the cluster's lifetime make it possible to check the locations of convective and stratiform precipitation identified by the CST using in situ observations. The extended CST is considered to be effective for determining the climatology of the convective-stratiform structure of tropical cloud clusters.
Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams

Crystal growth can be called, in a wide sense, the science and technology of controlling phase transitions that lead to a (single crystalline) solid. Hence thorough knowledge of the thermodynamics of phase transitions and skill in deducing from phase diagrams the consequences for crystal growth are among the keys to efficient work in that area. In this chapter we will familiarize ourselves with the thermodynamic basis of phase diagrams. The discussion will first center upon liquid-solid equilibria and later expand the concepts to vapor-condensed phase equilibria. This general presentation is then illustrated in Chap. 4 with a broad discussion of specific systems and the consequences of their phase equilibria for the selection of specific crystal growth techniques. Large parts of this chapter are structured after a monograph on principles of phase diagrams by GORDON [3.1]. The presentation has also benefited from recent reviews by YEH [3.2] and KROGER [3.3]. For supplementary reading a more advanced presentation by PELTON and THOMPSON [3.33] is particularly recommended.
Spatio-Temporal Control of Nutrient Pollution from Organic Waste

Abstract Better management of anthropogenic organic waste and other primary sources of nutrient pollution such as agricultural, municipal, and industrial waste, will reduce the human impact on the environment. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a major environmental impact from organic waste and nutrient pollution. HABs can pose severe threats to human health due to the release of dangerous toxins in fresh or marine water that can negatively affect public health, increase treatment costs for drinking water, and cause enormous economic loss in industries that depend on clean water. In this study, the effect of decisions made in the organic waste supply chain (SC) on reducing the potential for HABs is investigated by integrating three types of models: a SC optimization model, a nutrient transport model, and an algae growth model. This contribution presents a comprehensive spatio-temporal management strategy for short-term HAB reduction by adjusting components in the SC, including technologies, logistics, nutrient management plans (NMPs) or environmental costs, and seasonal waste storage planning. In addition, it is presented a case study of the Upper Yahara Watershed in the State of Wisconsin to illustrate the practicability of this modeling framework.
Hawaiʻi's Dry Grasslands and Shrublands

Abstract This paper is a status assessment of Hawaiʻi's dry grasslands and shrublands, including its pre-human condition; current status, stressors, and conservation efforts; and future viability. Dry grasslands and shrublands in Hawaiʻi, including dry cliffs, generally have a hot and dry climate with relatively low annual rainfall and are characterized by being located in lowland, montane-subalpine, or alpine zones. These zones are differentiated by elevation and climate, which primarily dictate which species can exist in them ( Gagne and Cuddihy, 1999 ). Prior to human arrival, dry grasslands and shrublands occurred on all of the main Hawaiian islands as well as Nihoa and Mokumanamana (Necker) in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands. Currently, they are still found on the same islands. However, the extent of the native species-dominated parts of this ecotype has greatly reduced in size. In addition to native sub-ecotypes, introductions of nonnative species resulted in two new sub-ecotypes referred to as introduced dry grasslands and introduced dry shrublands, which have become widespread. Our assessment of dry grassland and shrubland viability, defined as the likelihood of persistence over the long term, is based on the concepts of resiliency, redundancy, and representation. The main stressors to dry grasslands and shrublands have been identified as invasive ungulates, invasive plants, invasive herbivores, fire, drought, natural disasters, climate change, and human development. Conservation efforts help to protect and restore native areas of dry grasslands and shrublands, and largely depend upon the actions of Federal, State, private, and multi-agency partnerships. The level of these conservation efforts and their impact on stressors determines the future viability of Hawaiʻi's dry grasslands and shrublands.
Evaluation of Two Optical Probes for Imaging the Integrin α v β 6 - In Vitro and In Vivo in Tumor-Bearing Mice.

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate two αvβ6-targeted fluorescent imaging agents. The integrin subtype αvβ6 is significantly upregulated in a wide range of epithelial derived cancers, plays a key role in invasion and metastasis, and expression is often located at the invasive edge of tumors. αvβ6-targeted fluorescent imaging agents have the potential to guide surgical resection leading to improved patient outcomes. Both imaging agents were based on the bi-PEGylated peptide NH2-PEG28-A20FMDV2-K16R-PEG28 (1), a peptide that has high affinity and selectivity for the integrin αvβ6: (a) 5-FAM-X-PEG28-A20FMDV2-K16R-PEG28 (2), and (b) IRDye800-PEG28-A20FMDV2-K16R-PEG28 (3). Peptides were synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis and standard Fmoc chemistry. Affinity for αvβ6 was evaluated by ELISA. In vitro binding, internalization, and localization of 2 was monitored using confocal microscopy in DX3puroβ6 (αvβ6+) and DX3puro (αvβ6−) cells. The in vivo imaging and ex vivo biodistribution of 3 was evaluated in three preclinical mouse models, DX3puroβ6/DX3puro and BxPC-3 (αvβ6+) tumor xenografts and a BxPC-3 orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. Peptides were obtained in > 99% purity. IC50 values were 28 nM (2) and 39 nM (3). Rapid αvβ6-selective binding and internalization of 2 was observed. Fluorescent intensity (FLI) measurements extracted from the in vivo images and ex vivo biodistribution confirmed uptake and retention of 3 in the αvβ6 positive subcutaneous and orthotopic tumors, with negligible uptake in the αvβ6-negative tumor. Blocking studies with a known αvβ6-targeting peptide demonstrated αvβ6-specific binding of 3. Two fluorescence imaging agents were developed. The αvβ6-specific uptake, internalization, and endosomal localization of the fluorescence agent 2 demonstrates potential for targeted therapy. The selective uptake and retention of 3 in the αvβ6-positive tumors enabled clear delineation of the tumors and surgical resection indicating 3 has the potential to be utilized during image-guided surgery.
Training upcoming academicians through interviews of pharmacy resident teaching certificate leaders.

Background: Discovering methods of Residency Teaching Certificate Programs (RTCPs) will allow for collaboration in developing best practices to ensure both high quality of programming and outcomes for participants. Objective: The primary objective of this project is to describe and compare how RTCPs are conducted in the state of Ohio. Secondarily, to identify current practices in assessing RTCPs in both programmatic effectiveness and individual resident teaching outcomes. Methods: The seven coordinators of the seven Ohio RTCPs (n=7) were contacted via email and asked to participate in an IRB-approved interview, either in-person or telephonically. Standardized questions were developed to inquire about six categories of interest: demographics/background, administration/logistics, content, assessment of the resident, program financing, and program continuous quality improvement (CQI). All seven programs participated in interviews. Data was coded by multiple members of the research team for presentation in aggregate form. Results: RTCPs include seminar days at the respective pharmacy colleges; however, the number, length, and content of seminars vary. The majority of programs (n=5) stated using inherited curriculum and materials passed down from previous coordinators. While each RTCP requires participants to submit a teaching portfolio, only three of seven programs assess the summative portfolios. All programs (n=7) award participants a certificate based on completion of requirements without a defined minimum performance standard. Two programs are collecting participant feedback after every session for CQI however no programs are completing an annual programmatic assessment of resident outcomes. The majority of coordinators (n=7) are interested in collaborating and sharing “best practices” between RTCPs in the state. Conclusions: Although published and available resources exist surrounding the development and delivery of RTCPs, in Ohio, their use varies greatly. The most striking outcomes highlighted the lack of resident and program assessment of outcomes in RTCPs. The research has brought forth ideas of ways to improve these programs through resident assessment, program assessment and also leads to reflection and innovation around the best way to deliver these programs.
Chapter 6 – Tension elements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses “Concepts of Tension on Structural Elements.” Tension on materials such as wood and steel are discussed. Various examples are given to calculate the tensile load to compute the elongation or change in length for a predetermined steel bar of known cross-section. When nuts and bolts are driven into steel plates, the inherent strength of the structure/material is weakened by some degree. With steel, internal tensile forces are generally uniform throughout the entire length of the element, yielding would result in extremely large deformations. On the other hand, if yielding commenced on the net area (where bolt holes reduce the gross area), the part of the element subjected to yield strains would be limited to the local area around the bolts, and excessive deformations would not occur. This study shows just how much loss of structural strength takes place. The process of joining one part to another by bolts/ rivets are compulsory in any structure of any magnitude. Thus, the combined effects of such joints and the resultant effect on the entire structure as a whole and of the building materials in particular are vital to the designer.
A Survey of Clinicians Evaluating an Online Prelicensure Oncology Nursing Elective.

Abstract Objectives Despite a growing population of individuals with cancer, there is limited oncology content in prelicensure nursing curricula. A distance learning oncology nursing elective course creates an option for integration into nursing programs. The purpose of this article is to describe curriculum development for an online oncology elective course using feedback and expertise from oncology nurses. Data Sources An online oncology course curriculum was developed and then shared with 70 oncology nurse experts to elicit feedback on course objectives, content, teaching strategies, and evaluation methods using a survey and open-ended questions. Conclusion Experts agreed course objectives, content, teaching strategies, and evaluation methods were clear and comprehensive. Curriculum revisions were made based on recommendations from expert clinicians. A curriculum table for this proposed course is presented. Nursing Implications for Practice There is a need for oncology nursing curriculum in prelicensure programs. Educators should consider innovative ways of increasing academic-practice partnerships in curriculum development.
Positioning the Model Bacterial Organelle, the Carboxysome.

ABSTRACT Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) confine a diverse array of metabolic reactions within a selectively permeable protein shell, allowing for specialized biochemistry that would be less efficient or altogether impossible without compartmentalization. BMCs play critical roles in carbon fixation, carbon source utilization, and pathogenesis. Despite their prevalence and importance in bacterial metabolism, little is known about BMC “homeostasis,” a term we use here to encompass BMC assembly, composition, size, copy-number, maintenance, turnover, positioning, and ultimately, function in the cell. The carbon-fixing carboxysome is one of the most well-studied BMCs with regard to mechanisms of self-assembly and subcellular organization. In this minireview, we focus on the only known BMC positioning system to date—the maintenance of carboxysome distribution (Mcd) system, which spatially organizes carboxysomes. We describe the two-component McdAB system and its proposed diffusion-ratchet mechanism for carboxysome positioning. We then discuss the prevalence of McdAB systems among carboxysome-containing bacteria and highlight recent evidence suggesting how liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) may play critical roles in carboxysome homeostasis. We end with an outline of future work on the carboxysome distribution system and a perspective on how other BMCs may be spatially regulated. We anticipate that a deeper understanding of BMC organization, including nontraditional homeostasis mechanisms involving LLPS and ATP-driven organization, is on the horizon.
Combined Excision of Costal Cartilage and Rib Plating For Slipped Rib Syndrome.

Slipped rib syndrome is often underdiagnosed and can be a source of significant discomfort and frustration for patients. Multiple conservative treatment approaches and surgical procedures have been described in the literature without a definitive standard. We present a case report utilizing two surgical techniques. This includes the excision of the affected costal cartilage in conjunction with placement of bioabsorbable rib plates. This technique could reduce the risk of recurrence as well as restore normal chest wall structure and function.
Somatization disorder

There are many new developments regarding somatization disorder, which is among the most difficult and cumbersome of the psychiatric disorders encountered in neurology practice. Diagnostic criteria have been revised to facilitate clinical care and research. The differential diagnosis includes neurologic disorders (eg, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy), systemic medical disorders, and other psychiatric disorders (eg, mood and anxiety disorders, conversion disorder, malingering, and factitious disorder). Many patients have one or more of these illnesses comorbid with somatization disorder. Finally, somatization disorder demands creative biopsychosocial treatment planning by the neurologist, psychiatrist, and other health professionals.
High-order Accurate Schemes for Maxwell-Bloch Equations with Material Interfaces

Efficient and high-order accurate FDTD schemes are developed for nonlinear dispersive models in active multi-level media with material interfaces in 2D and 3D arbitrary geometry. The considered nonlinear systems are multi-level generalizations of 2-level optical Maxwell-Bloch equations. Arbitrary numbers of atomic levels and macroscopic polarization vectors can be accounted for in the multi-level atomic (MLA) system. The MLA models are suitable for modeling active media with various properties, such as lasing, saturable absorption, reverse saturable absorption, etc. Composite overlapping grids are employed to handle complex geometry with material interfaces, using locally conforming curvilinear grids for curved boundaries and interfaces and Cartesian grids for the rest. The developed high-order schemes allow compact stencils in time integration, and efficient point-wise update of the numerical solutions.
Enabling Conducting Polymer Applications: Methods for Achieving High Molecular Weight in Chemical Oxidative Polymerization in Alkyl- and Ether-Substituted Thiophenes

Polythiophenes (PTs) constitute a diverse array of promising materials for conducting polymer applications. However, many of the synthetic methods to produce PTs have been optimized only for the prototypical alkyl-substituted example poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Improvement of these methods beyond P3HT is key to enabling the widespread application of PTs. In this work, P3HT and two ether-substituted PTs poly(2-dodecyl-2H,3H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine) (PEDOT-C12) and poly(3,4-bis(hexyloxy)thiophene) (PBHOT) are synthesized by the FeCl3-initiated oxidative method under different conditions. Polymerization was carried out according to a common literature procedure (“reverse addition”) and a modified method (“standard addition”), which differ by the solvent system and the order of addition of reagents to the reaction mixture. Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) was performed to determine the impact of the different methods on the molecular weights (Mw) and degree of polymerization (Xw) of the polymers relative to polystyrene standards. The standard addition method produced ether-substituted PTs with higher Mw and Xw than those produced using the reverse addition method for sterically unhindered monomers. For P3HT, the highest Mw and Xw were obtained using the reverse addition method. The results show the oxidation potential of the monomer and solution has the greatest impact on the yield and Xw obtained and should be carefully considered when optimizing the reaction conditions for different monomers.
Race, Adolescent Exposure to Segregation, and Adulthood Residential Mobility into and out of Lower-Poverty Neighborhoods

Little research has sought to understand the association between adolescent exposure to segregation and Black-White differences in mobility into and out of neighborhoods of greater economic resources in adulthood. Prior research has typically adopted a narrow conception of neighborhood economic resources, specifying neighborhoods with poverty rates below 20% as non-poor vis-a-vis poor neighborhoods that possess poverty rates of 20% or more. Research using this conception has shown that Blacks are more likely to reside in poor neighborhoods than Whites. However, neglecting segregation’s association with mobility into more economically-advantaged communities misses how segregation structures exposure to opportunity for Blacks and Whites. We assess this theme using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics linked to population censuses. We demonstrate that adolescent segregation, measured aspatially with the dissimilarity index and spatially with the index of spatial proximity, decreases Blacks’ probability of moving to lower-poverty neighborhoods—neighborhoods that we define as having poverty rates of less than 10%—and raises their chances of migrating into higher-poverty neighborhoods in adulthood—neighborhoods with poverty rates greater than or equal to 10%. Whites’ mobility patterns suggest that adolescent segregation increases their probability of moving into and out of lower-poverty neighborhoods as adults. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms that perpetuate Black-White stratification, while pointing to potential policy changes to ameliorate racial differences in exposure to areas of greater economic advantage as well as improving the equitability of investment in higher-poverty communities.
Persons with Parkinson's disease show impaired interlimb coordination during backward walking

Abstract Introduction Although there is growing literature supporting the implementation of backward walking as a potential rehabilitation tool, moving backwards may precipitate falls for persons with Parkinson's disease. We sought to better understand interlimb coordination during backward walking in comparison to forward walking in persons with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. Methods We assessed coordination using point estimate of relative phase at each participant's preferred walking speed. Results Persons with Parkinson's disease demonstrated impaired interlimb coordination between the more affected arm and each leg compared to controls, which worsened during backward walking. Conclusion For those with Parkinson's disease, inability to output smooth coordinated movement of the more affected shoulder may impair coordination during forward and, especially, backward walking. Our findings provide new information about backward walking that can allow clinicians to make safer, more effective therapeutic recommendations for persons with Parkinson's disease.
Cuba and the Imf: Conflicts Over the Nature of the State and Sovereign Debt in the Emerging Global Economic System

The issue of sovereign debt - its character and effect - is really part of the much larger battle between two fundamentally opposed visions of the nature and character of the nation-states in general, and debtor states in particular, and of the global system that maintains the market for such transactions. The dominant vision, firmly grounded in private law, posits that growth can occur only in a tightly integrated global economy founded on trade liberalization, privatization, and macrostability. When the state fails to pay its debts, it ought to be treated like any other failed corporate enterprise -- a stay on debt collection efforts, broad enforcement of absolute priority, creditor approval of the proposed reorganization plan, and well protected new interim financing pending restructuring. Opposing the dominant vision is an anti-corporatist approach grounded in public law and the subordination of economics and markets to political control in the furtherance of deliberate state public policy and planning. States fail because it is in the interest of dominant states to use sovereign debt as a means of perpetuating subordination and a hierarchy of power among states. When a state fails to pay its debts, the focus ought to be on the creditor, and the fairness of the debt in terms of the larger public policy concerns - development, and the maximization of living standards for all individuals through state planning. The paper first explores the normative foundations of each vision and its consequences for dealing with the borrowings of nation-states. For this purpose, the paper concentrates on two actors who most starkly highlight the opposing views. For the dominant vision, the focus is on Anne Krueger, the First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, and specifically on her proposal to create a bankruptcy model for sovereign state debt restructuring. For the opposing vision, the focus is on Fidel Castro Ruz, the President of the Republic of Cuba and specifically on his elaboration of a critique of the dominant vision of global economic development championed by the IMF. These actors nicely distill the positions subject to analysis in this paper. The implications of each for the shape and character of international regulation, and of the state as an actor in the context of the emerging global system of economic and political regulation, are then explored. In particular, the paper contextualizes the Castro vision within the developing positions of the United Nations Human Rights establishment in Geneva and the Roman Catholic Church on globalization and sovereign debt in opposition to the market driven system elaborated through the IMF and well illustrated by Krueger's proposal for state discipline through bankruptcy.
Receptor-mediated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of interferon-beta 1a in humans.

Purpose. An integrated receptor-based pharmacokinetic/pharmaco- dynamic (PK/PD) model of interferon-β 1a (IFN-β 1a) previously developed for monkeys was used to capture the time-course of drug and induced neopterin concentrations after intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) dosing in humans. Methods. Data were extracted from the literature by digitalization. Single-dose (3 IV doses and 1 SC dose) PK/PD profiles were simultaneously fitted using the basic model and the ADAPT II computer program. Additional submodels incorporating neutralizing antibody formation and negative feedback inhibition were applied to account for drug accumulation and lower than expected neopterin concentrations encountered after multiple-dosing (1 SC dose every 48 hs). Results. The basic model jointly-captured the nonlinear PK behavior of the drug and induced neopterin concentrations after all single doses. Slow and incomplete absorption (F = 0.33) of the SC dose resulted in prolonged drug concentrations reflective of flip-flop kinetics. Despite lower drug concentrations, SC dosing produced a similar neopterin profile as compared with the IV doses; however, with a longer time to peak effect and slightly higher neopterin concentrations at later time points. The PD component of the model represents a modified precursor-dependent indirect response model driven by the amount of internalized drug-receptor complex. The latter stimulated a 6-fold increase in the production of the neopterin precursor (Smax = 5.89). Drug accumulation and lower than expected neopterin concentrations after multiple dosing were also captured after the inclusion of the submodels. Conclusions. The present integrated PK/PD model for IFN-β 1a is mechanistic in nature with receptor-mediated disposition and dynamics and was successfully applied to human clinical data.
Politics as a Process Structured in Space and Time

This paper argues for the value of seeing politics as a process that is structured across space and time. A brief review of recent debates about redistribution illustrates the importance of structural features of politics but the limits of Schumpeterian models based on cross-sectional time series estimations that ascribe major outcomes to a small number of variables operating seamlessly across space and time. As an alternative, the viability of historical institutionalism is challenged by a second wave of work that sees institutions as instruments in the hands of actors and institutional transformation as the consequence of continuous incremental change. However, I argue that the core insight of this second wave, which is to see institutions as the product of social coalitions, is compatible with the view that history is structured into critical junctures and periods of stability, characterized by different types of politics, and opens up significant issues about how the politics of these periods are related. In addition to forming lists of causal variables, there is much to be gained by refining our overarching models of politics that focus on interactions among those variables and how they are structured over space and time.
A Student's Guide to Lagrangians and Hamiltonians

Part I. Lagrangian Mechanics: 1. Fundamental concepts 2. The calculus of variations 3. Lagrangian dynamics Part II. Hamiltonian Mechanics: 4. Hamilton's equations 5. Canonical transformations: Poisson brackets 6. Hamilton-Jacobi theory 7. Continuous systems Further reading Index.