cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An empirical investigation of anti-spyware software adoption: A multitheoretical perspective

We performed an empirical investigation of factors affecting an individual's decision to adopt anti-spyware software. Our results suggested that an individual's attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and denial of responsibility significantly affected anti-spyware adoption intention. Also, relative advantage and compatibility showed a significant effect on attitude, visibility, and image on subjective norm, and trialability, self-efficacy, and computing capacity on perceived behavioral control. Interestingly, moral obligation, ease of use, and perceived cost were not as significant as was originally expected.
Comparison of pyrite (FeS2) synthesis mechanisms to reproduce natural FeS2 nanoparticles found at hydrothermal vents

Abstract Here we report the synthesis of pyrite in micrometer and nanometer sizes and with varied morphology. The purpose of these syntheses was to mimic natural pyrite nanoparticles recently found at hydrothermal vents, and to better understand the formation processes of these nano and micrometer sized particles. The duration of synthesis, surfactant used, and chemical mechanism of pyrite formation were all found to have an effect on resultant size and morphology. Yields of pyrite were sometimes low as our goal was to stop growth quickly after nucleation, in order to mimic hot vent fluids (350 °C) emanating to cold ocean bottom waters (2 °C). Natural nanoparticles forming under these conditions have currently been identified at diverse hydrothermal vents including Lau Basin, the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR), and the East Pacific Rise (EPR). These natural nanoparticles were variable in size and morphology, with aggregates of 50–350 nm diameter being the most prevalent. Syntheses occurring via the H2S pathway mimicked natural nanoparticles more closely than syntheses via the polysulfide pathway. One synthesis reported is suggestive of a pyrite/pyrrhotite equilibrium, indicating that we have succeeded in mimicking redox conditions similar to those that occur at certain hydrothermal vents.
Plasmid accumulation reduces life span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aging in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is under the control of multiple pathways. The production and accumulation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) is one pathway that has been proposed to bring about aging in yeast. To test this proposal, we have developed a plasmid-based model system to study the role of DNA episomes in reduction of yeast life span. Recombinant plasmids containing different replication origins, cis-acting partitioning elements, and selectable marker genes were constructed and analyzed for their effects on yeast replicative life span. Plasmids containing the ARS1 replication origin reduce life span to the greatest extent of the plasmids analyzed. This reduction in life span is partially suppressed by a CEN4 centromeric element on ARS1 plasmids. Plasmids containing a replication origin from the endogenous yeast 2 mu circle also reduce life span, but to a lesser extent than ARS1 plasmids. Consistent with this, ARS1 and 2 mu origin plasmids accumulate in approximately 7-generation-old cells, but ARS1/CEN4 plasmids do not. Importantly, ARS1 plasmids accumulate to higher levels in old cells than 2 mu origin plasmids, suggesting a correlation between plasmid accumulation and life span reduction. Reduction in life span is neither an indirect effect of increased ERC levels nor the result of stochastic cessation of growth. The presence of a fully functional 9.1-kb rDNA repeat on plasmids is not required for, and does not augment, reduction in life span. These findings support the view that accumulation of DNA episomes, including episomes such as ERCs, cause cell senescence in yeast.
On the kinetical interaction of high-temperature deformation mechanisms

Abstract Kinetic interaction of deformation mechanisms is considered on the basis of Onsager's theory. It is shown that the rate-controlling deformation mechanism affects the others more strongly than vice versa. The applicability of this approach for experimental determination of the rate-controlling mechanism in plastic deformation is illustrated for the case of grain boundary sliding and diffusional creep.
The elementary fibril and supermolecular structure of cellulose in soft wood fiber.

A study is made of the elementary fibril of cellulose in wood, using negatively stained sections. An elementary fibril is found to occur in this material similar to that found in cotton, ramie, and jute, studied before. It is concluded, therefore, that the elementary cellulose fibril is a universal structural unit of natural cellulose. The arrangement of the elementary fibrils in the cell walls of soft wood is described.
“D.O. or Die”: Identity Negotiation Among Osteopathic Medical Students

Doctors of osteopathic medicine (D.O.s) have historically faced an uphill battle to gain professional legitimacy and credibility in a U.S. medical culture dominated by allopathic medicine. Today, struggles surrounding the negotiation of a professional osteopathic identity can be found among osteopathic medical students who actively debate the merits of a potential change in the D.O. designation. This study examines identity construction by analyzing osteopathic medical students' accounts of identity that reveal certain ways they negotiate their emerging professional selves. By merging current literature on identity negotiation from health and organizational communication, we highlight the complex relationship between the discursive construction of professional identity and the embodied and material consequences of becoming a D.O.
Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Breathlessness in Advanced Stages of Malignant and Nonmalignant Diseases

Breathlessness is a common and distressing symptom for patients in the advanced stages of diseases, particularly with lung cancer, motor neuron disease, and chronic lung and heart diseases. Pharmacologic interventions alone often are not able to relieve breathlessness. Therefore, nurses should be updated on the best practice related to nonpharmacologic interventions in managing the symptoms effectively for providing comfort.
Identification of IgA, IgG, lysozyme, albumin, α‐amylase and glucosyltransferase in the protein layer adsorbed to hydroxyapatite from whole saliva

IgA, IgG, albumin, lysozyme, alpha-amylase and glucosyltransferase were identified in the saliva coat which forms on hydroxyapatite exposed to whole saliva. It is suggested that these proteins may be involved in binding microorganisms to saliva coated hydroxyapatite in model studies.
Down-regulation of IL-2 receptor α (CD25) characterizes human γδ-T cells rendered resistant to apoptosis after CD2 engagement in the presence of IL-12

We recently identified a CD2-mediated, IL-12-dependent signaling pathway that inhibits apoptosis in mitogen-stimulated human γδ-T cells. Here we show that γδ-T cells which acquire resistance to mitogen-induced apoptosis upregulate IL-12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL-12Rβ1); in contrast, γδ-T cells which remain sensitive to mitogen-induced apoptosis fail to express IL-12Rβ1. Next we show that γδ-T cells which are rendered resistant to mitogen-induced apoptosis attenuate their expression of the IL-2 receptor α chain (IL-2Rα/CD25), this in part accounting for their acquired resistance to IL-2-induced death. In contrast, apoptosis-sensitive γδ-T cells are shown to persist in their expression of IL-2Rα/CD25, thus remaining sensitive to IL-2-induced death. Moreover, we show that apoptosis-resistant, but not apoptosis-sensitive, γδ-T cells display an enhanced responsiveness to IL-15, a finding in keeping with the known function of IL-15 as a growth and survival factor. Finally, we present evidence to suggest that this differential responsiveness to IL-15 occurs in part by the increased expression of the IL-15Rα chain on apoptosis-resistant γδ-T cells, compared to apoptosis-sensitive γδ-T cells. The biological and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Limited diversity of γδ antigen receptor genes of thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells

T cells bearing gamma delta antigen receptors constitute minor populations in most peripheral lymphoid tissues but represent the major populations of T cells in certain epithelia, including the epidermis. We show that murine dendritic epidermal cell (dEC) clones express V gamma and V delta gene segments, which are rare in adult T cells but predominate in fetal thymocytes. Analysis of the junctions of the rearranged gamma and delta genes shows a striking homogeneity among the receptors of five dEC clones. Our data support a model in which dECs represent one of perhaps several waves of emigrants from the early fetal thymus, and imply a role for dECs in immune surveillance that is distinct from that of alpha beta- and other gamma delta-bearing T cells.
Liberacion con guia metalica angulada de protesis endovasculares aorticas para zonas de anclaje tortuosas

Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 90 anos de edad con aneurisma suprarrenal, infrarrenal, e iliaco bilateral con un aumento de diametro significativo durante el intervalo de seguimiento, tratado con colocacion de protesis endovascular. Debido a la importante angulacion del cuello del aneurisma infrarrenal, se detecto una endofuga de tipo 1a, que se trato satisfactoriamente con una extension o cuff aortico. Se uso una nueva tecnica de extension del cuff sobre una guia metalica angulada para acomodar la tortuosidad aortica. El caso de este paciente representa el primer informe publicado sobre el uso de esta tecnica para tratar las zonas de anclaje anguladas.
Influence of Threading Dislocations on Lifetime of Gate Thermal Oxide

The reliability of gate oxides is a fundamental issue for realizing SiC MOSFETs. Many reports said that crystal defects shorten the lifetime of the gate oxide. And, epi defects, the basal plane dislocations and threading screw dislocations (TSD) are considered killer defects. However, because of the high TSD density of commercial SiC wafers, the exact relationship between other kinds of dislocations with lifetime has not been revealed. On the other hand, RAF wafers that we developed have low TSD density, so it is easy to evaluate the relationship between other kinds of dislocations and lifetime. By using RAF wafers, in this study, we clarified the relationship between the lifetime of the gate oxide and crystal defects. We fabricated MOS diodes and measured their lifetimes by TDDB (Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown) measurement. The breakdown points were defined by the photo-emission method. Finally, we classified the defects by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). As the results, it was clarified that threading edge dislocation (TED) decreases the lifetime as does TSD, which earlier reports said. The lifetime of the gate oxide area, in which a TED is included, was shorter by one order of magnitude than a wear-out breakdown. And, the TSD was two orders.
Using spirituality after an adult CF diagnosis: cognitive reframing and adherence motivation.

Chronic illness is a significant stressor; the majority of Americans cope utilizing spirituality. Numerous studies demonstrate links between spiritual coping and health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether persons diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) as adults use spirituality to cope and influence disease management. Semi-structured interviews were completed and analyzed using grounded theory. Data saturation was reached following twelve interviews (83% female); representing 100% participation of those approached and 48% of eligible adults. Persons with late-life CF diagnoses used spirituality to make meaning, understanding themselves in a collaborative partnership with their pulmonologist and God. Supporting themes were: (a) God's intervention depended on treatment adherence and (b) spiritual meaning was constructed through positively reframing their experience. The constructed meaning differed from that of adult parents of children with CF. Late-life diagnosed adults focused on p...
Differences in Rates of Diarrhea in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Receiving Lopinavir‐Ritonavir or Nelfinavir

Study Objective. To determine and compare rates of diarrhea in patients receiving an antiretroviral regimen containing lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir and in patients who received these drugs sequentially. Design. Retrospective cohort analysis. Setting. Hospital-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic. Patients. Four hundred one participants in the HIV Atlanta VA Cohort Study who were prescribed lopinavir-ritonavir or nelfinavir from 1996–2002. Measurements and Main Results. Chart review identified episodes of diarrhea that potentially were associated with an antiretroviral agent. Data collected included antidiarrheal agents dispensed, baseline viral load and CD4+ cell counts, demographic variables, and previous therapy. Diarrhea associated with an antiretroviral regimen occurred in 175 (49%) of 354 patients receiving nelfinavir and 17 (17%) of 99 patients receiving lopinavir-ritonavir (p<0.001). Treatment for the diarrhea occurred in 118 (33%) of 354 patients receiving nelfinavir and 9 (9%) of 99 receiving lopinavir-ritonavir (p<0.001). Patients in the lopinavir-ritonavir group were more likely to have received highly active antiretroviral therapy and azithromycin than patients receiving nelfinavir, and they had lower baseline CD4+ cell counts (p≤0.01 for each comparison). The average number of months/person-year of diarrhea treatment was 2.0 for the nelfinavir group and 0.13 for the lopinavir-ritonavir group. Of the 10 antiretroviral-naive patients who received lopinavir-ritonavir, none needed treatment for diarrhea, whereas 78 (36%) of 217 antiretroviral-naive patients who received nelfinavir required treatment for diarrhea. Of the 52 patients who had been taking nelfinavir and were switched to lopinavir-ritonavir, they were more likely to start antidiarrheal treatment while taking nelfinavir (14 [27%]) than while receiving lopinavir-ritonavir (3 [6%]) (p=0.004). Conclusions. Patients receiving lopinavir-ritonavir were significantly less likely to have diarrhea or to require treatment for diarrhea than patients receiving nelfinavir. The same results occurred when the drugs were given to the same patients sequentially (nelfinavir followed by lopinavir-ritonavir). The diarrhea associated with lopinavir-ritonavir was less frequent, less severe, and shorter in duration than diarrhea associated with nelfinavir.
Copper Binding to Mouse Liver S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase and the Effects of Copper on Its Levels

The dissociation constant and stoichiometry of copper binding to mouse liver S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH) was determined as part of characterizing the possible roles of SAHH in copper metabolism. Copper (64Cu(II)) binding was measured by an ultrafiltration method in the presence of EDTA as a competing ligand. The KD was 3.9 +/- 0.7 x 10(-16) M, and the stoichiometry was one g atom of copper per 48-kDa subunit. Western blots indicated that the liver contains approximately 12 times more SAHH than the kidney, which in turn contains approximately 5 times more SAHH than the brain. The high concentration and copper affinity of SAHH in the liver may contribute to the liver's ability to preferentially accumulate copper, and the low levels of SAHH in the brain may contribute to the sensitivity of the brain to copper deficiency. The effects of genetic defects of copper metabolism and copper deficiency on SAHH were also determined. Normal SAHH levels were detected in brindled mouse liver, kidney, and brain. However, SAHH from brindled mouse liver eluted abnormally from phenyl Superose columns implying an effect of the brindled mouse defect on SAHH protein structure. Hepatic cytosols from the toxic milk mouse contained approximately 42% the amount of SAHH detected in controls, and hepatic levels of SAHH were also decreased by approximately 45% in copper-deficient mice. The binding properties of SAHH and the effects of abnormal states of copper metabolism on its levels are consistent with significant roles for SAHH in normal and abnormal copper metabolism. SAHH may have roles in regulating tissue copper levels and the distribution of intracellular copper.
Progression of atypical ductal hyperplasia/carcinoma in situ of the pancreas to invasive adenocarcinoma

Although atypical ductal hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ of the pancreas have been well-documented, the natural history and rate of progression of these lesions are unknown. We report two patients, 68 and 52 years of age, who underwent Whipple's procedures for chronic pancreatitis. Histologic sections of the pancreas from both patients showed numerous foci of atypical ductal hyperplasia/carcinoma in situ that extended to the surgical margins of resection. Twenty-nine years after the Whipple's procedure, the first patient had a fine needle aspiration biopsy of a mass in the residual pancreas. The fine needle aspirate and cell block showed a conventional infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the pancreas. Nine years after the Whipple's procedure, the second patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy for a mass involving the body and tail of the pancreas that histologically proved to be a conventional infiltrating ductal carcinoma. These two cases suggest that progression of atypical ductal hyperplasia/carcinoma in situ of the pancreas to invasive carcinoma may take many years. This information about the natural history of these lesions may provide impetus for early detection and improved therapy and survival. Specimens of chronic pancreatitis obtained by Whipple's procedure provide surgical pathologists with the opportunity to search and become familiar with atypical ductal lesions of the pancreas not associated with invasive carcinoma.
Smoking during pregnancy: Reduction via objective assessment and directive advice

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy was examined in a cross-sectional descriptive study ( N =411) and a randomized intervention trial ( N =139). Self-report and expired air carbon monoxide (CO) assessments conducted at routine prenatal clinic visits revealed a high prevalence of smoking among all patients (51%), especially young Caucasian women (68%). Smokers were randomized into a usual care condition or a minimal intervention condition consisting of a brief letter that provided feedback about CO elevations and recommended smoking cessation. Cessation was significantly greater among the intervention group (11.6%) than the control group (1.4%) at the following clinic visit. The significant difference between groups was not maintained at the last prenatal visit (13.0% vs. 5.7%), due to an increase in cessation among controls. The simplicity and efficacy of this approach, combined with its capacity to contact large portions of high-risk smokers, suggest substantial public health utility if broadly implemented.
Multiply Situated Strategies? Multi-Sited Ethnography and Archeology

Recent literature hails George Marcus’ multi-sited ethnographic strategy as a potentially useful approach for juxtaposing relations that transcend conventional spatiotemporal boundaries of archeological sites. Emerging from these discussions is what has been labeled multi-sited archeology, adapted from multi-sited ethnography to serve archeologists’ interests in comparing locales, multi-scalar connections, and local–global relations. Following a brief overview of multi-sited ethnographic principles, a review of the archeological literature exposes how archeologists are increasingly engaged with parts of multi-sited ethnography in practice, but in ways that remain, in our critical discussions, largely disengaged with the genealogy and idiosyncrasies of the approach’s foundational elements. Convergences and disjunctures between multi-sited strategies in ethnographic and in archeological practice are explored; these provide the basis for suggesting what might be a multi-sited archeology, illustrated here by a case study about the early New England iron industry. While multi-sited ethnography clearly cannot be a copy-and-paste application in archeology, its distinctiveness and usefulness in archeological comparisons is open to debate.
Limitation on the Amount of Accessible Information in a Quantum Channel

We prove a new result limiting the amount of accessible information in a quantum channel. This generalizes Kholevo's theorem and implies it as a simple corollary. Our proof uses the strong subadditivity of the von Neumann entropy functional $S(\ensuremath{\rho})$ and a specific physical analysis of the measurement process. The result presented here has application in information obtained from ``weak'' measurements, such as those sometimes considered in quantum cryptography.
Clinical measurements of central dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism: reliability and interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid acid monoamine metabolite measures.

Abstract Concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid were measured with and without probenecid pretreatment in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients and inmate controls. Values were obtained for the errors of the methods (both 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid), and for intra-individual variation among some sequential samples. Baselines values for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid correlated positively with the increment after probenecid in individual subjects. Following the administration of probenecid, cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid showed a significant positive correlation. In clinical studies, not only absolute values for these cerebrospinal fluid acid amine metabolites but also their ratio must be considered in the interpretation of results. The use and interpretation of these measures in clinical studies is briefly reviewed.
1021 RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS(RSV)IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED CHILDREN(IC)

We prospectively studied in′74-′80 winters 353 children 3-5 yr old hospitalized with culture proven RSV to compare IC to normals (N). 30 were potentially IC: 13(group M) were on chemotherapy for malignancy or had immunodeficiency disease(ImD)(3); 17 in Group S were on steroids for 2mo-3 yr for non-malignant conditions. Their RSV illness is compared to 323 N(Table). In M most were nosocomial with lower respiratory disease(LRD) in all, even 3-5 yr olds (RSV from lung in 1), vs only ≤2yr olds in S and N. RSV shedding patterns(Table) from sequential nasal washes of M and S were compared to N, matched for age and disease. M had significantly greater titers & longer shedding. S also shed more virus than N. These findings suggest that immunosuppression for malignancy or ImD predisposes to more severe RSV illness and greater viral replication. Steroid treatment alone in other diseases may have allowed greater shedding initially but did not appear to result in more severe RSV illness.
Magnesium deprivation decreases cellular reduced glutathione and causes oxidative neuronal death in murine cortical cultures.

Abstract The vulnerability of cultured cortical neurons to oxidative injury is an inverse function of the extracellular Mg 2+ concentration. In order to test the hypothesis that depolarization-enhanced release of reduced glutathione (GSH) contributes to this phenomenon, we assessed the effect of Mg 2+ deprivation on cellular and medium glutathione levels. Incubation of mixed neuronal and glial cultures in Mg 2+ -free medium resulted in a decline in cellular total glutathione (GSx) within 8 h, without change in oxidized glutathione (GSSG); no effect was seen in pure glial cultures. This decrease in cellular GSx was associated with a progressive increase in GSx but not GSSG in the culture medium. Cellular GSH loss was not attenuated by concomitant treatment with antioxidants (ascorbate, Trolox, or deferoxamine), but was prevented by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Mg 2+ deprivation for over 24 h produced neuronal but not glial death, with release of about 40% of neuronal lactate dehydrogenase by 48–60 h. Most of this cytotoxicity was prevented by treatment with either antioxidants or MK-801. These results suggest that Mg 2+ deprivation causes release of neuronal reduced glutathione via a mechanism involving excessive NMDA receptor activation. If prolonged, cellular GSH depletion ensues, leading to oxidative neuronal death.
Small fiber diameter fibro-porous meshes: Tissue response sensitivity to fiber spacing

The purpose of this research was to determine if fiber spacing for small fiber diameter fibro-porous meshes affected tissue response in vivo. Disk-shaped polyurethane meshes, with mean fiber diameters of 7.6 μm and fiber spacing between 6 and 68 μm, were implanted in rat subcutaneous dorsum for 5-week intervals and then prepared for light microscopy and morphological analysis. Results showed that implants with 12- to 68-μm spacing had no histologically apparent fibrous capsule around the perimeter, a result different from that for 6-μm spacing samples that had a capsule around a mean of 34.2% of the perimeter. For the 12- to 68-μm spacing range, a mean of 21.0% of individual fibers within the meshes were encapsulated. Qualitatively, it appeared that larger fibers were encapsulated more frequently than smaller ones. When nodeless or baggy meshes were implanted, cells tended to cluster three or more fibers into groups and then encapsulate each group. Over the 6- to 68-μm spacing range, cell nuclei volume fraction within the meshes increased from the 6- to the 29-μm spacing (p = 0.000) and then decreased from the 29- to the 68-μm spacing (p = 0.015). There was a trend of an increase in local vessel volume fraction with spacing over the 6- to 68-μm range, though the relationship was weak. The results indicate that the reason for the lack of encapsulation of small-fiber fibro-porous meshes is not exclusively a pore boundary explanation, as is proposed for small-pore porous meshes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 335–342, 2005
The Relative Accuracy of a Questionnaire Compared With Pedigree Analysis in Genetic Risk Assessment for Infertility

Purpose: For infertile couples family history assessment can add valuable information about genetic infertility and possible risks for offspring. We created a genetic questionnaire for eliciting family history and asked whether it could capture information similar to a pedigree.Materials and Methods: Infertile male patients completed a genetic questionnaire and had a pedigree obtained by a genetic counselor. We assessed the accuracy of the questionnaire to elicit family history information compared to the gold standard pedigree.Results: Of 93 patients 76 (82%) patients indicated relevant genetic information. A comparison of the 2 methods revealed that 61 (80%) patients failed to report key genetic information on the questionnaire that was ascertained by the pedigree. Assessment of 5 relevant family history elements revealed that the questionnaire missed 75% or more of stillbirths, birth defects, developmental delay/learning disabilities/mental retardation, recurrent miscarriages and congenital heart defec...
Applying evidence to palliative care

Objectives To discuss the evidence-based practice process for palliative care, from defining a clinical problem to implementation and evaluation of an evidence-based practice change. Data sources Professional experience, literature, practice guidelines, and web sites related to evidence-based practice and palliative care. Conclusion Nurses caring for patients needing palliative care need evidence from multiple sources. Using a systematic process to find and appraise evidence followed by strategically planning for implementation and evaluation of evidence-based practice changes optimizes the likelihood of enhanced patient care. Implications for nursing practice The integration of evidence-based practices into palliative care nursing will empower nurses to promote optimal patient outcomes and decrease practice variability.
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Revisited: Structure Elucidation and Metabolic Engineering

Fatty acids are primary metabolites synthesized by complex, elegant, and essential biosynthetic machinery. Fatty acid synthases resemble an iterative assembly line, with an acyl carrier protein conveying the growing fatty acid to necessary enzymatic domains for modification. Each catalytic domain is a unique enzyme spanning a wide range of folds and structures. Although they harbor the same enzymatic activities, two different types of fatty acid synthase architectures are observed in nature. During recent years, strained petroleum supplies have driven interest in engineering organisms to either produce more fatty acids or specific high value products. Such efforts require a fundamental understanding of the enzymatic activities and regulation of fatty acid synthases. Despite more than one hundred years of research, we continue to learn new lessons about fatty acid synthases' many intricate structural and regulatory elements. In this review, we summarize each enzymatic domain and discuss efforts to engineer fatty acid synthases, providing some clues to important challenges and opportunities in the field.
Probing acid sites in MAPO-36 by solid state NMR

An ordering of magnesium is observed in the as-synthesized MAPO-36 molecular sieve. Upon calcination, part of the magnesium is removed from the sample and part occupies extraframework positions thus rendering a random distribution of magnesium in the lattice. The shoulder observed in the31P spectrum of the calcined sample is assigned to P(3Al, 1Mg) sites in conflict with the earlier assignment to P-OH groups. The bridging hydroxyl groups located at these sites are detected in the1H MAS spectrum at 3.6 ppm. Further, MAPO-36 catalyzed acetone conversion to mesityloxide that cracked at elevated temperature to yield acetic acid and aliphatics.
Enfoldment and Infinity: An Islamic Genealogy of New Media Art, by Laura U. Marks

(2011). Enfoldment and Infinity: An Islamic Genealogy of New Media Art, by Laura U. Marks. Design and Culture: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 409-411.
Ni partitioning between diopside and silicate melt: A redetermination by ion microprobe and recognition of an experimental complication

The capabilities of and potential problems with ion microprobe analysis are illustrated in the determination of Ni distribution between silicate melt and diopside as a function of concentration. Samples of diopside and a melt in the albite-anorthite-diopside system were doped with Ni to levels of 5.22 and 1.08 wt % and 1060, 138, 42 and 30 ppm, and with 3 ppm of Ni-63, and characterized by both electron and ion microprobe techniques. Measurements of Ni-62 distribution by the ion probe method give a ratio of 1.87 for the ratio of count rates in the diopsides with the glass, which is slightly lower than the value of 2.05 obtained from beta-track mapping. The measurements required the secondary ion signal to be linear with concentration in the range measured, and a calibration to correct for differential secondary ion yields from different phases. It is found, however, that partition coefficients measured for Ni-58 and Ni-60 are not constant with Ni concentration, probably due to Ni migration during crystallization. The results thus show ion microprobe analyses to be feasible for simultaneous measurements of distributions of more than one element, and of elements inappropriate for beta-track mapping or electron probe analysis.
Ontogenetic differences in heterostylous plants and implications for development from a herkogamous ancestor.

Abstract Alternative ontogenetic pathways among heterostylous species of Rubiaceae may reflect differences in their evolutionary histories. In this study, measurements were taken at different developmental stages on a series of long-styled (LS) and short-styled (SS) buds of the heterostylous taxa Psychotria chiapensis, P. poeppigiana, and Bouvardia ternifolia (all Rubiaceae). Results indicated that modifications in growth rates of stamens relative to corollas in all three species led to differences in anther heights between LS and SS flowers. Distinct style heights for LS and SS flowers of P. chiapensis and P. poeppigiana originate in the earlier stages of bud development and are maintained as styles elongate at equal rates. This contrasts with B. ternifolia, which has differences in style heights resulting from unequal relative growth rates between floral morphs. The “approach herkogamous” floral morphology, defined by having stigmas positioned above anthers, has been proposed as a potential evolutionary...
On the information-based measure of covariance complexity and its application to the evaluation of multivariate linear models

This paper introduces a new information-theoretic measure of complexity called ICOMP as a decision rule for model selection and evaluation for multivariate linear models. The development of ICOMP is based on the generalization and utilization of the covariance complexity index of van Emden (1971) in estimation of the multivariate linear model. ICOMP is motivated by Akaike's (1973) Information Criterion (AIC), but it is a different procedure than AIC. In linear or nonlinear statistical models ICOMP uses an information-based characterization of: (i) the covariance matrix properties of the parameter estimates of a model starting from their finite sampling distributions, and (ii) the complexity of the inverse-Fisher information matrix (i-FIM) as a new criterion of achievable accuracy of the model As a result, it provides a trade-off between the accuracy of the parameter estimates and the interaction of the residuals of a model via the measure of complexity of their respective covariances. It controls the risk...
Aggregation as a factor in loss of viral titer in seawater

Abstract The failure of a large percentage of previously monodispersed virus added to artificial seawater to pass through membrane filters which would exclude the passage of aggregates indicated that extensive aggregation was taking place in artificial seawater. The loss of viral titer in artificial seawater was found to be directly related to salinity as was the extent of aggregation. Aggregation also appeared to be taking place in natural seawater, but was not as extensive. Viral clumps formed in both natural and artificial seawater could be disaggregated by an increase in the amount of organic matter or a decrease in salinity. Aggregation may play a role in the initial decline of viral titer in seawater, as well as to reduce the number of “infectious foci” present in seawater.
Cytologic Manifestations of Cervical and Vaginal Infections: I. Epithelial and Inflammatory Cellular Changes

We used multiple logistic regression to analyze microbiological and clinical correlates of inflammatory and epithelial cell changes on Papanicolaou-stained cervical smears in patients from a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Among randomly selected patients, increased numbers of histiocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the presence of transformed lymphocytes were associated withChlamydia trachomatisinfection, while increased lymphocytes were associated withTrichomonas vaginalisinfection; minimal squamous atypia was associated with yeast infection; and moderate squamous atypia and koilocytosis were associated with cervical condylomata visualized by colposcopy. Among patients referred for cervicitis,C trachomatisinfection was also associated with reactive or atypical metaplastic cells. Distinct inclusions were seen by Papanicolaou smear in only 22% ofC trachomatisinfections. In randomly selected patients, however, the presence of transformed lymphocytes or increased histiocytes had a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 75%, and a positive predictive value of 50% in relation to isolation ofC trachomatis, and could therefore be used for selection of patients for confirmatory testing forC trachomatisinfection. (JAMA1985;253:989-996)
Accuracy of Proportion Estimators: a Simple Rule.

We consider the sample survey type problem of estimating the proportionp of a finite population of sizeN having a given attribute by the proportion $$\hat p$$ of successes in a random sample (with or without replacement) of sizer from the population. Our main result indicates that $$\hat p \pm 1/\sqrt r $$ is always at least a 91.0% confidence interval (C.I.) for the parameterp. We show that $$h(p) = h(p;r,N) = \Pr ob\{ |\hat p - p| \leqslant 1/\sqrt {r\} } $$ is at least as large under the hypergeometric model of simple random sampling without replacement as it is under the corresponding binomial model of random sampling with replacement. The significance of our main result is that it is a good, easily stated accuracy rule, holding for allr, N, andp, which can easily be understood by the layman when assessing accuracy of the estimator $$\hat p$$ and discussing the relationship between accuracy and sample size.
Differences in Murine Leukaemia Virus-specific DNA Sequences in Normal and Malignant Cells

IN many mouse strains, RNA tumour virus information is transmitted vertically (inherited) perhaps as part of the cell genome1,2. The activation of type C virus replication in cells from low leukaemia incidence mouse strains3 and from ‘virus-free’ cell lines4 by halogenated pyrimidines suggests that all mouse cells may contain murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) information, often in an unexpressed form. Indeed, proponents of the ‘oncogene’ hypothesis have predicted a complete copy of type C virus information in the genome of all somatic cells2.
A simple wireless power transfer scheme for implanted devices

Efforts to transfer power wirelessly began in earnest with the commissioning of Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe tower in 1901 which used the disturbed charge of ground and air method for wireless power transfer at large distances. Modern day efforts, however, have largely been concentrated on using resonant magnetic induction coupling for powering consumer electronics and other portable devices. Of particular interest to us in this paper is using wireless power transfer for powering biomedical implanted devices for biosensing, drug delivery or therapeutic applications. Two parameters that are used to characterize any wireless power transfer scheme are its Power Delivered to the Load (PDL) and Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE). Designs have been proposed that maximize PDL and/or PTE for various applications, usually resulting in a tradeoff between the two. Here, we will analyze our design based on both criteria and compare our model against pre-existing schemes as a means of comparison.
Solution structure of the cysteine-rich domain of the Escherichia coli chaperone protein DnaJ.

Abstract The solution structure of the cysteine-rich (CR) domain of Escherichia coli DnaJ has been solved by NMR methods. The structure of a 79 residue CR domain construct shows a novel fold with an overall V-shaped extended β-hairpin topology. The CR domain is characterized by four C-X-X-C-X-G-X-G sequence motifs that bind two zinc ions. Residues in these two zinc modules show strong similarities in the grouping of resonances in the 15N-1H HSQC spectrum and display pseudo-symmetry of the motifs in the calculated structures. The conformation of the cysteine residues coordinated to the zinc ion resembles that of the rubredoxin-knuckle, but there are significant differences in hydrogen bonding patterns in the two motifs. Zinc 15N-1H HSQC titrations indicate that the fold of the isolated DnaJ CR domain is zinc-dependent and that one zinc module folds before the other. The C-X-X-C-X-G-X-G sequence motif is highly conserved in CR domains from a wide variety of species. The three-dimensional structure of the E. coli CR domain indicates that this sequence conservation is likely to result in a conserved structural motif.
A novel proteolytic activity in serum processes rat prohaptoglobin.

Abstract The heterotetrameric plasma glycoprotein rat haptoglobin previously was shown to be synthesized by hepatocytes in a precursor form, prohaptoglobin, which contains one α-subunit region and one β-subunit region. Two of these molecules, each with a molecular weight of 45,000, are joined by a disulfide bond and subsequently the subunit regions of each polypeptide are separated by site-specific proteolysis, yielding the tetrameric native protein. Although some of this processing occurs intracellularly, a substantial proportion of the prohaptoglobin is secreted [ J. M. , T. H. Haugen, and E. C. Heath (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258 , 7858–7869 ]. However, a proteolytic activity was found in rat plasma and serum which also is capable of site-specific cleavage of prohaptoglobin. Further investigation of this novel activity has demonstrated that it cleaves prohaptoglobin accurately, in the same site-specific manner as the intracellular protease, and that it most likely is not a serine protease or a metalloenzyme but can be inhibited by sulfhydryl-reactive compounds. Furthermore, it appears to be synthesized and secreted by hepatocytes, and thus may be identical to the intracellular processing protease.
Fractal analysis to characterize ruggedness changes in tapped agglomerated food powders.

Samples of commercial instant coffee and instant skim milk were exposed to attrition in a tap density tester. Digital images of the projected outlines of individual particles were obtained and the Fractal dimension of their profiles was computed with three different algorithms. Results show that the mean apparent Fractal value of the agglomerates varied with the number of tappings.
Critical behavior of random resistor networks near the percolation threshold

We use low-density series expansions to calculate critical exponents for the behavior of random resistor networks near the percolation threshold as a function of the spatial dimension $d$. By using scaling relations, we obtain values of the conductivity exponent $\ensuremath{\mu}$. For $d=2$ we find $\ensuremath{\mu}=1.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, and for $d=3$, $\ensuremath{\mu}=1.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, in excellent agreement with the experimental result of Abeles et al. Our results for high dimensionality agree well with the results of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$-expansion calculations.
Working cast verification.

Abstract The procedure described can allow correlation of clinical recordings of the patient's centric position with articulated working casts, thereby potentially eliminating most of the occlusal adjustments required when the restoration is seated in the mouth.
Point estimation in learning models

Abstract The problem of point estimation for several forms of the all-or-none learning models is examined. Possible estimation procedures leading to estimators satisfying small sample optimality criteria are presented, and asymptotic distribution theory for large sample estimators is described. Several approaches to the problem are presented, and, when possible, comparisons are made among the estimators obtained.
Numerical Investigation of Dual-Mode Operation in a Rectangular Scramjet Flowpath

Three-dimensional turbulent simulations with combustion modeling are employed to understand fundamental phenomena encountered in the Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation Flight 2 scramjet flowpath. Experimental data from the ground-test campaign as well as a grid resolution study are used to validate the results of the simulations. These confirmed results are then leveraged to explain the physics of dual- and scramjet-mode operation in a steady sense, including detailed examinations of shock structure, boundary-layer separation, and combustion chemistry. Simulations of the flight and ground tests are compared in order to characterize the effects of the inlet on the boundary-layer development and internal shock structures. Overall, agreement with ground-test data is excellent, and the simulations show highly complex three-dimensional structures in the flowpath. Boundary-layer separation induced shock–boundary-layer interactions dominate dual-mode operation, whereas at higher Mach number...
Design of multivariable variable structure system for nonlinear time-varying systems using nonlinear switching surfaces

Using nonlinear switching surfaces, a multivariable variable structure system (VSS) for nonlinear time-varying systems in the presence of disturbances and parameter variations is proposed. In the previous sliding mode control, the switching surfaces are linear functions and therefore the speed of response is relatively low. To overcome this problem, the proposed method improves the speed of response and good transient response is thus obtained. An example has shown its effectiveness in controlling the nonlinear time-varying systems.
Adroxazine, a hormone of the adrenals that stimulates the rate of replication of bone marrow stem cells

Treatment of normal animals with the thymothyroid hormone, leucogenenol, increases the rate at which appropriate committed precursor cells of the bone marrow develop sequentially into their corresponding functional cells: neutrophils, lymphocytes and red blood cells. Hence following treatment with leucogenenol, at a time that is dependent on the quantity of leucogenenol injected, there is a temporary increase in the bone marrow of the relative concentrations of early forms of committed cells such as myeloblasts. However, following treatment of bilaterally adrenalectomized rats with leucogenenol the early forms of committed cells in the bone marrow, such as myeloblasts, instead of showing a temporary relative increase show a temporary significant decrease in concentration. A new compound, adroxazine, C34H65NO2, was isolated from the methanol extract of bovine adrenal tissue. This compound, on injection into bilaterally adrenalectomized rats, causes leucogenenol to have the same effect on the development of their bone marrow cells as it does in normal rats. Adroxazine is present in the cortex of the adrenals and in blood serum. It is suggested that the population of primitive replicating cells is controlled by the concentration of adroxazine in the serum.
Study of cationic UV curing and UV laser ablation behavior of coatings sensitized by novel sensitizers

Abstract To improve the laser ablation performance of cycloaliphatic epoxide cationic UV curable coatings, two novel reactive sensitizers were synthesized and characterized and their effect on coating properties examined. The sensitizers were synthesized based on the reaction between naphthalene or anthracene derivatives and monomers or oligomers used in the coating system. HPLC and GC-MS confirmed the formation of the desired products. Three coating systems based on cycloaliphatic epoxide with either oxetane or polycaprolactone polyol were formulated with the reactive sensitizers. The sensitized coatings had higher conversion during UV curing in the oxetane containing formulation and did not deter the curing in the polyol containing formulation. Better UV laser ablation performance was observed in all sensitized coatings compared to the controls. Coatings with the anthracene based sensitizer even had better laser ablation performance than a commercial polyimide. The sensitized coatings had higher hardness, T g and crosslink density while the adhesion and solvent resistance were not affected. An optimal amount of sensitizer was found for each coating formulation in terms of UV curing behavior. The relationship between coating T g and laser ablation behavior was investigated and it was found that the higher the T g and crosslink density, the poorer the laser ablation performance.