cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Potential Energy Surfaces of Multimachine Power Systems Using Computer Graphics

This paper reports on undergraduate student involvement in a research project at Iowa State University. The undergraduate project used computer graphics as a tool to investigate the shape of the potential energy surfaces for a multimachine power system. The over-all research project is concerned with the application of the Transient Energy Function (TEF) method in direct transient stability analysis of power systems. The computer graphics used in the undergraduate project are associated with some sophomore-junior level courses. The students used the package in a creative and challenging way to generate information concerning the shape of a function of n-variables (specifically the potential energy), which is difficult to conceptualize. The problem was alleviated by plotting the potential energy with respect to two variables at a time, thus providing a three-dimensional projection of an (n + 1) dimensional surface. The project has provided a better physical insight to a complex analytical problem. It has also given undergraduate students in their junior year a sample of the challenging problems available in the area of computer-aided power system analysis.
Initial experience with the Palmaz stent for aortoiliac stenoses.

The initial 37 consecutive patients to be treated at our institution with the Palmaz stent placed in the aortoiliac arteries were retrospectively reviewed. In these patients, 50 stenoses and six occlusions were treated with 128 stents. Nine patients with combined iliac and common femoral obstruction underwent common femoral endarterectomy and profundaplasty with intraoperative iliac artery angioplasty and stent application. Stenoses were reduced from 57±17% to 1±5% (p<0.01), and peak systolic pressure gradients across the lesions were reduced from 45±30 mm Hg to 1.3±3.4 mm Hg (p<0.01). Symptoms resolved in 27 patients and improved in eight patients. One patient died and four patients were treated nonoperatively for complications. During a mean follow-up of 12 months (6 to 21 months), six patients had recurrence of symptoms (16%) and four patients died of other diseases. Routine arteriograms after 6 months in 19 patients demonstrated recurrent mild to moderate stenoses (9% to 43%) in six patients (32%), but only two were symptomatic (11%). Secondary procedures included reexpansion of aortic and iliac stents in two patients and aortofemoral bypass in two patients. Early results suggest the efficacy of the Palmaz stent in the management of aortoiliac stenoses and its use intraoperatively in conjunction with surgical correction of outflow. Close follow-up of these patients by multidisciplinary groups is warranted.
Toxicity of peppermint monoterpenes to the variegated cutworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Toxicity of five monoterpenes to the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hubner, was evaluated. Larvae fed for 6 d from the beginning of the fifth stadium on semi defined artificial diet fortified with pule gone (0.05%, 0.1%), menthol (0.1%, 0.2%), or menthone (0.2%) weighed less than controls. Reduced growth was the result of feeding inhibition in larvae fed menthone and pule gone and to molting abnormalities in larvae receiving menthol. Menthol completely inhibited pupation at doses approximating those in peppermint (0.05-0.2% wet wt). Limonene (0.2%), menthone (0.1%, 0.2%), and pule gone (0.1%) also inhibited pupation. Growth, feeding, and pupation were not affected when larvae ingested limonene (0.05% or 0.1%) or α-pinene (0.05-0.2%). Growth, maximum weight, and pupal weight of neonate larvae fed artificial diet fortified with menthol, menthone (0.05%), Iimonene (0.05%), α-pinene (0.05%), or pule gone (0.025%) did not differ from those of controls. However, larval mortality was significantly higher in menthone and pule gone treatments than in the controls. The median lethal dose for pule gone applied topically to sixth instars was 1,077 μg/g; for menthone, 2,478 μg/g; and for a-pinene, 7,925 μg/g. Piperonyl butoxide synergized the latter two effects. Suspensions of midgut microsomesfrom sixth instars metabolized all five monoterpenes as indicated by disappearance of NADPH.
CPI-C: an API for distributed applications

Distributed applications have fostered the standardization of application programming interfaces for the underlying communication services. Three popular communication models—remote procedure calls, messaging and queuing, and conversations—support distributed applications across different networking protocols and physical media. Access to the conversational services of Advanced Program-to-Program Communication and Open Systems Interconnection-Distributed Transaction Processing is provided by the Common Programming Interface for Communications (CPI-C), a standard, easy-to-use interface for communication programming. This paper introduces the basic concepts of CPI-C, describes the conversation services available to programs, and presents examples of CPI-C programming.
A concept for evaluating the performance of wet radomes for phased-array weather radars

A novel analytical method for evaluating the electrical performance of a flat, tilted radome for a dual-polarized phased-array antenna under rain conditions is presented. Attenuation, reflections and induced cross-polarization are evaluated for different rainfall conditions. A new radome model is presented which takes into account the properties of the skin surface, area, inclination, radome structure, and rainfall rate. The radome is modeled as consisting of multiple layers, including a wet layer. Attenuation and propagation effects through the radome are characterized using a transmission line equivalent circuit model. Knowledge of the rainfall rate and surface properties of the radome is used to determine the radome performance. Calculated results are compared with radar data obtained with the NEXRAD and CASA systems, where good agreement between measurements and simulations was found.
McMinn's Color Atlas of Human Anatomy

4th edition, by P.H. Abrahams, R.T. Hutchings, and S.C. Marks, Jr. 352 pp., London: Mosby, 1998. $63.00 (soft cover $45.00).
Reexamination of the Si(100) surface reconstruction.

Arguments in favor of 2 × 2-type reconstructions and against a purely 2 × 1 reconstruction on the Si(100) surface are presented. These are based on (1) total-energy calculations, (2) the extra (1/2, 1/2) diffuse intensities observed in He and electron diffraction experiments, (3) a comparison of the experimental and calculated surface state band dispersions, and (4) the observation in angle resolved photoemission measurements of two surface states with equal binding energies but differing by a (1/2, 1/2)-type wave vector.
A unique right end–enhancer complex precedes synapsis of Mu ends: the enhancer is sequestered within the transpososome throughout transposition

Assembly of the Mu transpososome is dependent on interactions of transposase subunits with the left (L) and right (R) ends of Mu and an enhancer (E). We have followed the order and dynamics of association of these sites within a series of transpososomes prior to and during formation of a three-site complex (LER), engagement of Mu ends by the transposase active site (type 0 complex), cleavage of the ends (type I complex) and their transfer to target DNA (type II complex). LER appears to be preceded by a two-site complex (ER) where E and R are interwrapped twice, as in the mature transpososome. At each stage thereafter, the overall topology of five DNA supercoils is retained: two between E and R, one between E and L and two between L and R. However, L–R interactions within LER appear to be flexible. Unexpectedly, the enhancer was seen to persist within the transpososome through cleavage and strand transfer of Mu ends to target DNA.
Abnormalities of the coronary circulation in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum

To identify developmental aspects and establish morphologic criteria useful for clinical recognition of sinusoids and coronary artery abnormalities in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum, we studied 17 autopsy hearts with this lesion. Hearts from age- and weight-matched infants served as controls. There were two stillborn fetuses, 12 full-term neonates, and 3 infants. None of the eight hearts with normal or large-sized right ventricular chambers had sinusoids or coronary artery abnormalities. Five of nine hearts with small right ventricular chambers had sinusoids; all five lacked trabecular and outlet portions of the ventricle. Four of these five contained major coronary artery abnormalities: atrophy of one or both coronaries proximal to a communication between a sinusoid and the coronary artery. We conclude (1) there is a strong association between the presence of sinusoids and coronary anomalies, supporting the developmental concept of abnormal persistence of embryonic right ventricular sinusoid--coronary artery communications in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum; (2) the absence of trabecular and outlet portions of the small right ventricle indicates a strong possibility of coronary artery abnormalities; and (3) this initial report of a fully-developed lesion in a mid-gestation fetus documents that the coronary artery problem may arise early in fetal life.
Ceramide signaling in mammalian epidermis

Ceramide, the backbone structure of all sphingolipids, as well as a minor component of cellular membranes, has a unique role in the skin, by forming the epidermal permeability barrier at the extracellular domains of the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, which is required for terrestrial mammalian survival. In contrast to the role of ceramide in forming the permeability barrier, the signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites have not yet been recognized. Ceramide and/or its metabolites regulate proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in epidermal keratinocytes. Recent studies have further demonstrated that a ceramide metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate, modulates innate immune function. Ceramide has already been applied to therapeutic approaches for treatment of eczema associated with attenuated epidermal permeability barrier function. Pharmacological modulation of ceramide and its metabolites' signaling can also be applied to cutaneous disease prevention and therapy. The author here describes the signaling roles of ceramide and its metabolites in mammalian cells and tissues, including the epidermis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
Preventable Readmissions to Surgical Services: Lessons Learned and Targets for Improvement

Background Hospital readmissions are under intense scrutiny as a measure of health care quality. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has proposed using readmission rates as a benchmark for improving care, including targeting them as nonreimbursable events. Our study aim was to describe potentially preventable readmissions after surgery and to identify targets for improvement. Study Design Patients discharged from a general surgery service over 8 consecutive quarters (Q4 2009 to Q3 2011) were selected. A working group of attending surgeons defined terms and created classification schemes. Thirty-day readmissions were identified and reviewed by a 2-physician team. Readmissions were categorized as preventable or unpreventable, and by target for future quality improvement intervention. Results Overall readmission rate was 8.3% (315 of 3,789). The most common indication for initial admission was elective general surgery. Among readmitted patients in our sample, 28% did not undergo an operation during their index admission. Only 21% (55 of 258) of readmissions were likely preventable based on medical record review. Of the preventable readmissions, 38% of patients were discharged within 24 hours and 60% within 48 hours. Dehydration occurred more frequently among preventable readmissions (p Conclusions A minority of readmissions may potentially be preventable. Targets for reducing readmissions include addressing the clinical issues of infection and dehydration as well as improving discharge planning to limit both early and short readmissions. Policies aimed at penalizing reimbursements based on readmission rates should use clinical data to focus on inappropriate hospitalization in order to promote high quality patient care.
Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation of Grain Sorghum-Based Low Protein Diets for Growing-Finishing Pigs

Abstract Myer, R.O. and Gorbet, D.W. 2004. Crystalline amino acid supplementation of grain sorghum-based low protein diets for growing-finishing pigs. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 25: 85–90. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of crystalline lysine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan supplementation of grain sorghum based, low protein diets for growing and finishing pigs (from 31 to 114 kg avg. body wt.). Three similar trials, each with 60 crossbred pigs were done and each involved a comparison of nutritionally adequate grain sorghum-based diets formulated with 1) soybean meal (47%) as the supplemental source of amino acids (control) or with 2) L-lysine HCl, L-threonine, DL-methionine and L-tryptophan plus enough soybean meal to meet the requirements of the other amino acids. Overall, dietary treatment had no effect (P>0.10) on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, average loin area, backfat thickness or estimated carcass lean percentage. Overall average dail...
Ambipolar Diffusion in a Magnetic Field

Diffusion of ions in a plasma across a magnetic field is shown to be not ambipolar in character in most arc experiments. Owing to the highly anisotropic conductivity of the medium, the ions diffuse across the field at their own intrinsic rate. Space-charge neutralization is maintained by slight adjustments of the currents in the direction of the magnetic field lines. The discrepancy between theory and experiment noted by Bohm is thus resolved and no additional mechanisms, such as plasma oscillations, need be postulated.
Cognitive Gains and Losses of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease During Frequent Practice

This longitudinal study of two patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), on 12 experimental tasks, was designed to identify a measure of cognitive decline in AD patients that would be sensitive to ch...
Effects of drug transporters on volume of distribution

Recently, drug transporters have emerged as significant modifiers of a patient’s pharmacokinetics. In cases where the functioning of drug transporters is altered, such as by drug-drug interactions, by genetic polymorphisms, or as evidenced in knockout animals, the resulting change in volume of distribution can lead to a significant change in drug effect or likelihood of toxicity, as well as a change in half life independent of a change in clearance. Here, we review pharmacokinetic interactions at the transporter level that have been investigated in animals and humans and reported in literature, with a focus on the changes in distribution volume. We pay particular attention to the differing effects of changes in transporter function on the three measures of volume. Further, trends are discussed as they may be used to predict volume changes given the function of a transporter and the primary location of the interaction. Because the liver and kidneys express the greatest level and variety of transporters, we denote these organs as the primary location of transporter-based interactions. We conclude that the liver is a larger contributor to distribution volume than the kidneys, in consideration of both uptake and efflux transporters. Further, while altered distribution due to secondary interactions at tissues other than the liver and kidneys may have a pharmacodynamic effect, these interactions, at least at the blood-brain barrier, do not appear to significantly influence overall distribution volume. The analysis provides a framework for understanding potential pharmacokinetic interactions rooted in drug transporters as they modify drug distribution.
Normal fault thermal regimes: conductive and hydrothermal heat transfer surrounding the Wasatch fault, Utah

The thermal regime across an active normal fault is affected by tectonic processes of exhumation and erosion of the footwall and burial and sedimentation on the hanging wall. An enhanced thermal regime in the footwall is juxtaposed against a thermally depressed regime in the hanging wall causing significant two-dimensional (2D) heat flow. These thermal processes have been simulated with 2D numerical models and applied to the Wasatch fault of central Utah. Simulations included variable fault angles of 90o, 60o, and 45o and a vertical displacement profile accounting for hanging wall and footwall tilt. After 20 m.y. of fault movement, 60o fault, isotherms are displaced1 km on the footwall and hanging wall. Furthermore, model surface heat flow is enhanced by 25% above the footwall and depressed by 15% above the hanging wall 10 km from the fault trace; the heat flow transition has a half width of 10 km. Present-day surface heat flow was compiled for 23 sites along the Wasatch Front. Heat flow has a mean value of 92 mW =m 2 (standard deviation 25 mW=m 2 ) but, unlike model predictions, does not show a discernible variation in heat flow across the fault. Part of the discrepancy between predicted and observed conductive heat flow may be caused by groundwater which recharges in the uplifted footwall, is heated in the subsurface, and discharges as thermal water along the range bounding fault or into the hanging wall valley. Flow rates and water temperatures from 29 tectonic hot springs along the Wasatch Front indicate a minimum hydrothermal thermal power loss of 90 MW or 0.24 MW per kilometer of strike along the fault. This thermal power is equivalent to a heat flow of 21 mW=m 2 captured uniformly between the range crest and range front, and discharged in hot springs. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Fermions and spherically symmetric monopoles

Abstract The interaction of fermions with monopoles is analyzed for general spherically symmetric monopoles of arbitrary strength and massless fermions in arbitrary representations of the gauge group. The results are based on a solution to the Dirac equation in the field of the monopole, valid in the point limit and in all partial waves. The partial waves in which non-conservation of global charges may occur are identified. A two-dimensional lagrangian is derived, which includes the Coulomb interactions generated by the complete abelian subgroup of the unbroken gauge group. The fermions are represented by a set of doublets with a boundary condition that reflects the structure of the core. We derive a simple formula for the conservation laws of this model which determine all scattering processes completely. The results have a consistent interpretation in terms of anomalies and field configurations with non-trivial winding number. We give an explicit construction of the zero modes for all helicity-violating multi-fermion condensates. The formalism is applied to several higher strength monopoles in SO(10) based models.
The ecological - Societal underpinnings of Everglades restoration

The biotic integrity of the Florida Everglades, a wetland of immense international importance, is threatened as a result of decades of human manipulation for drainage and development. Past management of the system only exacerbated the problems associated with nutrient enrichment and disruption of regional hydrology. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) now being implemented by Federal and State governments is an attempt to strike a balance between the needs of the environment with the complex management of water and the seemingly unbridled economic growth of southern Florida. CERP is expected to reverse negative environmental trends by “getting the water right”, but successful Everglades restoration will require both geochemical and hydrologic intervention on a massive scale. This will produce ecological trade-offs and will require new and innovative scientific measures to (1) reduce total phosphorus concentrations within the remaining marsh to 10 µg/L or lower; (2) quantify and link ecolo...
Pushover of Hybrid Coupled Walls. I: Design and Modeling

This paper discusses the design and modeling of a lateral load resisting system comprised of reinforced concrete walls coupled by steel beams i.e., hybrid coupled walls. A number of prototype systems with various levels of coupling are proportioned according to a proposed design method that ensures that a specific degree of coupling is achieved. Detailed finite-element models are created to study the pushover response of the designed prototype systems. The developed models account for the effect of material inelasticity, concrete cracking, opening and closure of the gap between the embedded steel beams and the walls, and geometric nonlinearity. The developed finite-element models are validated through comparisons with test results of a number of reinforced concrete walls and wall-beam subassemblages. Various performance measures are proposed to judge and compare the behavior of the various systems. The behavior of the systems and comparisons between their performance under pushover loading are discussed i...
Strategic Adaptation to Deregulation

This article provides a framework for strategic adaptation to deregulation drawing on the lessons learned in the United States. A firm can adapt to deregulation by the mix of productmarket and domain management strategies that it chooses. The strategies open to a firm in turn depend upon its resource endowment and strategic predisposition. Since it is difficult to alter either of these at short notice, it is imperative that a firm that is faced with deregulation in its environment initiates these transformations in anticipation of change.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in the Greater Roadrunner ( Geococcyx californianus )

We report the development of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus), a terrestrial cuckoo distributed in the US Southwest and Mexico. These markers will be useful for population genetics and molecular ecology studies of this bird.
Sickle Cell Anaemia, Genetic Variations, and the Slave Trade to the United States

Examination of the DNA of individuals with sickle cell anaemia who reside in various geographical areas in Africa has led to the conclusion that the gene for this genetic disease arose separately in three different locations. Similar studies of sickle cell anaemia patients in the United States provide considerable information about the frequency in the United States of these three genetic variations. On the basis of such data, it is possible to estimate the percentage of slave imports from a given African locale into the United States. When this is done, there is general concordance with previous conclusions from such sources as language studies, shipping data, etc.
The timing and laminar profile of converging inputs to multisensory areas of the macaque neocortex

Two fundamental requirements for multisensory integration are convergence of unisensory (e.g. visual and auditory) inputs and temporal alignment of the neural responses to convergent inputs. We investigated the anatomic mechanisms of multisensory convergence by examining three areas in which convergence occurs, posterior auditory association cortex, superior temporal polysensory area (STP) and ventral intraparietal sulcus area (VIP). The first of these was recently shown to be a site of multisensory convergence and the latter two are more well known as 'classic' multisensory regions. In each case, we focused on defining the laminar profile of response to the unisensory inputs. This information is useful because two major types of connection, feedforward and feedback, have characteristic differences in laminar termination patterns, which manifest physiologically. In the same multisensory convergence areas we also examined the timing of the unisensory inputs using the same standardized stimuli across all recordings. Our findings indicate that: (1) like somatosensory input [J. Neurophysiol., 85 (2001) 1322], visual input is available at very early stages of auditory processing, (2) convergence occurs through feedback, as well as feedforward anatomical projections and (3) input timing may be an asset, as well as a constraint in multisensory processing.
How well do we know the flux of CO2 from land‐use change?

Five new estimates of global net annual emissions of carbon from land use and land-use change collectively describe a gradually increasing trend in emissions, from ∼0.6 PgC yr -1 in 1850 to ∼1.3 PgC yr -1 in the period 1950–2005, with an annual range that varies between ±0.2 and ±0.4 PgC yr -1 of the mean. All estimates agree in the upward trend from 1850 to ∼1950 but not thereafter. In recent decades, when rates of land-use change and biomass density should be better known than in the past, the estimates are more variable. Most analyses have used three quasi-independent estimates of land-use change that are based on national and international agricultural and forestry data of limited accuracy in many countries. Further, the estimates of biomass used in the analyses have a common but limited literature base, which fails to address the spatial variability of biomass density within ecosystems. In contrast to the sources of information that have been used to date, a combination of existing ground and remote sensing data are available to determine with far higher accuracy rates of land-use change, aboveground biomass density, and, hence, the net flux of carbon from land use and land-use change. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00473.x
Secoemestrin D, a Cytotoxic Epitetrathiodioxopiperizine, and Emericellenes A–E, Five Sesterterpenoids from Emericella sp. AST0036, a Fungal Endophyte of Astragalus lentiginosus1

A new epitetrathiodioxopiperizine, secoemestrin D (1), and five sesterterpenoids bearing a new carbon skeleton, emericellenes A–E (2–6), together with previously known fungal metabolites, sterigmatocystin (7), arugosin C (8), and epiisoshamixanthone (9), were obtained from the endophytic fungal strain Emericella sp. AST0036 isolated from a healthy leaf tissue of Astragalus lentiginosus. The planar structures and relative configurations of the new metabolites 1–6 were elucidated using MS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. All compounds were evaluated for their potential anticancer activity using a panel of six tumor cell lines and normal human fibroblast cells. Only metabolites 1 and 7 showed cytotoxic activity. More importantly, secoemestrin D (1) exhibited significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 0.06 to 0.24 μM and moderate selectivity to human glioma (SF-268) and metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cell lines.
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of (S)-(2-[18F]fluoro-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl L-alanine, (S)-[18F]-FMEDOPA, a potentially improved imaging agent for the presynaptic dopaminergic nervous system.

Abstract The synthesis and preliminary rat biodistribution studies of (S)-(2-[ 18 F]fluoro-4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl l-alanine, (S)-[ 18 F]-FMEDOPA, a potentially improved imaging agent for the presynaptic dopaminergic nervous system, are reported. (S)-[ 18 F]-FMEDOPA produces a higher striatumto-cerebellum (SC) radioactivity ratio than the currently used PET imaging agent, (S)-[ 18 F]-FDOPA, does at 180 min after administration.
The Qatar Unified Imaging Project (QUIP)

Abstract VCUQatar was recently granted QNRF funding to spearhead a highly collaborative and distributed project to advance knowledge of Qatar's history, traditions and culture. The Qatar Unified Imaging Project (QUIP) will identify and map the dispersed collections of Qatar's primary source materials in Qatar, India, Britain, and Denmark, then distribute selected results of that research from an open-access digital repository. The research team offers expertise in Gulf history, preservation, digitization, information access and education. Our expected outcome is the discovery and documentation of rich resource collections that will be made accessible for the benefit of the community and scholars without causing further deterioration of the original artifacts. QUIP will be an accessible resource to further the understanding of Qatar and the Arabian Gulf in relation to the rest of the world. Research will build on the work of the Qatar National Museum and the Ministry of Culture and expand access to disparate materials collected from or on Qatar, from the 18th to the 20th century. QUIP will produce a mapping of cultural orientation and a founding collection of digitized primary source materials. Using the European data structure and standardized metadata for classification of digital objects, ensures data portability and interoperability. QUIP will be sustained through collaborative partnerships with Qatar's cultural institutions, integration of the larger community of stakeholders and Qatar's commitment to UNESCO's Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage.
Clinical application of intensity-modulated radiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.

Abstract Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) offers technical advantages over conventional external beam radiotherapy (CXRT) that might prove clinically advantageous in the management of gynecologic malignancies. Especially in the case of locally advanced cervical cancer, IMRT provides an opportunity to improve the therapeutic ratio by allowing a selective combination of normal tissue dose reduction and/or concomitant integrated boost dose to the tumor. The clinical and biologic rationale for IMRT in this setting is presented here, and pertinent technical considerations such as the delineation of relevant clinical and planning target volumes are discussed. The capacity for IMRT-mediated normal tissue sparing is illustrated by example and review of the literature. Furthermore, for a small cohort of patients with locally advanced or recurrent cervical cancer treated with concomitant integrated boost IMRT and concurrent chemotherapy, preliminary clinical observations of toxicity and tumor response are presented. Concomitant integrated boost IMRT appears clinically tolerable and efficacious in this setting, and formal clinical investigation is warranted as a means of exploiting the fraction-size dependence of radiosensitizers in common clinical use. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Fluorescent Colored Stimuli Automatically Attract Visual Attention: An Eye Movement Study

Fluorescent colored materials possess qualities that can lead to enhanced visibility and safety. However, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this enhanced visual conspicuity. Previous studies using visual search paradigms suggest that the enhanced conspicuity of fluorescent colors stems from top-down attentional mechanisms; and, offer no support for the claim that fluorescent colored stimuli can automatically attract visual attention in a strictly bottom-up fashion. As an alternative to visual search techniques, the present study investigated eye movement behavior to ascertain whether an unexpected presentation of a fluorescent colored stimulus would be likely to capture initial visual fixations to the onset of a multi-stimulus array. Results of the study indicate that, compared to non-fluorescent colored stimuli, the fluorescent colored target was much more likely to elicit initial fixations. Contrary to previous studies, these findings support the claim that fluorescent colors can automat...
The association between systemically administered radioisotopes and subsequent malignant disease

There is a long history recording the association of x radiation and the subsequent development of malignant tumors. For systemically administered isotopes this came into prominence when Martland discovered the association between cancer, particularly of the bone, and ingestion of radioactive isotopes by radium dial painters. This association was amplified by the development of cancer in patients given thorotrast as a contrast medium for diagnostic radiologic examination. Acute leukemia was reported 30 years ago in patients with polycythemia vera treated with $sup 32$P. Acute leukemia also occurs in patients with polycythemia vera treated only with phlebotomy or drugs. A controlled study is now underway to provide a more definite answer to question what is the incidence of acute leukemia in patients with polycythemia vera treated by phlebotomy alone, chlorambucil, or $sup 32$P. $sup 131$I for the treatment of hyperthyroidism probably does not induce cancer, but in the doses used for thyroid cancer there was an increased incidence of neoplasms (12/200 in one study). This was higher than the expected incidence of neoplasms. The doses of radioactive isotopes used currently for diagnostic purposes have not induced cancer, but it is difficult and probably impossible to verify this with absolute certainty. (auth)
High frequency heterodyne spectroscopy with current-modulated diode lasers

The use of current-modulated semiconductor lasers for optical heterodyne spectroscopy has been investigated at modulation frequencies up to 2.6 GHz. The current modulation produces a simultaneous frequency and amplitude modulation of the laser output. A characteristic heterodyne spectrum occurs when the modulated laser probes a narrow absorption line. In order to analyze the measured spectra, a complete line shape theory has been derived for heterodyne spectroscopy with frequency- and amplitude-modulated laser light. The results show how the obtained signals depend on the modulation frequency and the phase difference between the frequency and the amplitude modulation. The measurement technique permits investigation of the FM-AM phase difference of current-modulated semiconductor lasers.
Nuclear war: Illustrative effects of atmospheric smoke and dust upon solar radiation

It has recently been suggested that following a nuclear exchange there might be a significant reduction in surface temperature over land areas, due to the impact upon the radiation budget of the surface-atmosphere system of smoke produced by fires and of dust injected into the stratosphere by ground bursts. The present study addresses several aspects of this possible radiative perturbation, such as the unusual nature of the climate response to the perturbation, a description of differences which are inherent within existing model studies, an evaluation of radiative transfer assumptions which have been employed in existing model studies, and illustrative latitudinal and diurnal variability of the smoke-dust impact upon solar radiation.
DEPRESSED MATERNAL LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO PHYTOHÆMAGGLUTININ IN HUMAN PREGNANCY

Abstract There is a significant reduction in the maternal lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (P.H.A.) in most pregnant women. Plasma in 10% concentration from pregnant women does not reduce the lymphocyte responses of non-pregnant controls to P.H.A. These findings support the hypothesis that there is depressed cell-mediated immunity in pregnant women as shown by the reduction in lymphocyte responses to P.H.A., certain microorganisms, malignancies, homografts, and the conceptus.
Diversity and specificity in transcriptional regulation: the benefits of heterotypic dimerization

Many eukaryotic transcription factors contain domains that mediate the formation of homo- and heterodimers. The widespread occurrence of such domains suggests that they are important to the genetic regulatory apparatus. In this review we explore the contributions that heterotypic dimerization may make to the generation of regulatory diversity.
The resemblances of colors

If we consider the class of shapes and the class of the colours, then both classes exhibit the following interesting but puzzling characteristics which it would be agreeable to understand: (a) the members'of the two classes all have something in common (they are all shapes, they are all colours) (b) but while they have something in common, they differ in that very respect (they all differ as shapes, they all differ as colours) (c) they exhibit a resemblance-order based upon their intrinsic natures (triangularity is like circularity, redness is more like orangeness than redness is like blueness), where closeness of resemblance has a limit in identity (d) they form a set-of-incompatibles (the same particular cannot be simultaneously triangular and circular, or red and blue all over).'
Thermal runaway of nylon 6–10 during drawing under constant load

Anhydrous nylon 6–10 filaments were cold drawn (by propagation of a preexisting neck) under constant load. The extension rate i, which is proportional to the neck velocity, was observed to be a continuous function of the load up to a certain critical extension rate ic above which i increased discontinuously (“runaway”) by approximately two orders of magnitude. If the filaments is in N2 gas, ic ≃ 0.4 cm/min, whereas if it is in He gas, ic ≃ 1 cm/min. The structure of the drawn filament produced by runaway is an opaque, microvoid structure which, after a suitable change in load, forms first in the center of a filament and spreads toward the surface. This instability is attributed to the heating of the shoulder of the neck during neck motion. An analysis based on the measured activation enthalpy for neck motion and the thermal properties of nylon and the gas is used to predict ic values that are in rough agreement with experiment.
Effect of some proliferative and environmental factors on the toxicity of mitomycin C to tumor cells in vitro

Mitomycin C (MC) was more toxic to EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells in vitro under hypoxia than under aerobic conditions. This was evidenced both in survival curves defining the toxicity of treatment with a constant dose of MC given for different periods of time and in survival curves defining the effect of a 1-hr treatment with different concentrations of MC. Cultures preincubated for different periods from 1 to 6 hr in hypoxia all had similar MC sensitivities. In contrast, cultures preincubated in hypoxia for 4 hr then "reoxygenated" before MC treatment had the same sensitivities as cultures which had never been hypoxic. This shows that the oxygenation at the time of MC exposure, rather than the preincubation protocol, was the parameter determining cell sensitivity. Exponentially-growing (proliferating) and plateau-phase (quiescent) cultures had similar MC survival curves; neither type of culture repaired potentially lethal damage when held for up to 24 hr in HBSS after MC treatment. The sensitivity of the cells increased as the pH of the culture medium was decreased to low values (pH 7.0-6.0), but extracellular pH had no significant effect on the cytotoxicity of MC over the physiologic range (7.0-7.4). These data suggest that differences in the metabolic characteristics of cells that are hypoxic and aerobic during MC treatment, rather than perturbations of the cell proliferation patterns, the PLDR capacity of the cells, or the extracellular pH during the hypoxic incubation, are responsible for the different sensitivities of aerobic and hypoxic cells to MC in vitro.
EXPLAINING FIRM CAPITAL STRUCTURE: THE ROLE OF AGENCY THEORY VS. TRANSACTION COST ECONOMICS

The study of capital structure has increasingly gained importance in strategic management research. Paradigms derived from organizational economics have also gained popularity in explaining firm actions. Agency theory and transaction cost economics represent two such paradigms that rely on the notion of market imperfections. Notwithstanding the similarities between them, these two offer different explanations of the role of debt and equity in a firm. The governance abilities of the financing structures and the nature of assets of the firm provide two key sources of differences. Viewing capital structure from transaction cost economics gives rise to predictions that are contradictory to those presented by agency theory. It is argued that the extant evidence mainly supports the transaction cost viewpoint. Two organizational phenomena-leveraged buyouts and product diversification-are used to highlight the comparison.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ETHNOBIOLOGY

The literature on climate change has grown immensely during the last several decades, ranging from physical science to social science and the arts and humanities (e.g., see the journal Climate Change and recent special issues of the journals Anthropocene and Ecology and Society). It is unequivocal among scholars from many backgrounds that anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems contribute to global warming and climate change (IPCC 2013). The effects of changing climate are now experienced by people across cultures, worldwide. The impacts of environmental change on culture are most transparent at local scales, and ethnobiologists, as students of human-biota interactions at various times and in many places, are well positioned (and perhaps obliged) to compile, record, interpret, and share vignettes about these interactions during this period of accelerated global environmental change. In this context, a special issue on climate change and ethnobiology is timely and socially relevant. An ethnobiological perspective is holistic, combining biology, anthropology, geography, and ecology, intermingling with local and traditional knowledge within and across cultures (Albuquerque and Medeiros 2012, 2013; Anderson 2010; Wolverton et al. 2014). Unlike the pure social scientist, the solitary poet, the experimental physical scientist, or the historian, the ethnobiologist blends perspectives from many seemingly disparate scholarly and cultural backgrounds (Nabhan 2013; Nabhan et al. 2011; Saslis-Lagoudakis and Clarke 2013; Wolverton 2013). Ethnobiologists share a deep and abiding concern for nature, outdoor places, and living things—such as people, plants, animals, and fungi. However, the ethnobiological perspective is more far-ranging than the natural sciences because although there are vertical warps and horizontal wefts of time and space in biota, culture is recognized as cross-woven through the tapestry of life. Thus, this special issue is not simply a compilation of anthropological studies of climate change impacts. Nor is any study presented here purely an ecological assessment of shifts in biotic composition and patterns in biogeography. Some of the studies lean towards biology, others lean toward ethnoecology, and some are inherently geographic; but each study also engages local people in places where they experience environmental change. In addition, this collection of articles represents, to various degrees, collaborations that engage members of local
On integration of a cyclic soil plasticity model

Performance of three classes of explicit and implicit time-stepping integrators is assessed for a cyclic plasticity constitutive model for sands. The model is representative of an important class of cyclic plasticity models for soils and includes both isotropic and nonlinear kinematic hardening. The implicit algorithm is based on the closest point projection method and the explicit algorithm follows a cutting-plane integration procedure. A sub-stepping technique was also implemented. The performance of these algorithms is assessed through a series of numerical simulations ranging from simulations of laboratory tests (such as triaxial and bi-axial compression, direct shear, and cyclic triaxial tests) to the analysis of a typical boundary value problem of geotechnical earthquake engineering. These simulations show that the closest point projection algorithm remains stable and accurate for relatively large strain increments and for cases where the mean effective stress in a soil element reaches very small values leading to a liquefaction state. It is also shown that while the cutting plane (CP) and sub-stepping (SS) algorithms provide high efficiency and good accuracy for small to medium size strain increments, their accuracy and efficiency deteriorate faster than the closest point projection method for large strain increments. The CP and SS algorithms also face convergence difficulties in the liquefaction analysis when the soil approaches very small mean effective stresses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the Crithidia fasciculata mRNA Cycling Sequence Binding Proteins

The Crithidia fasciculata cycling sequence binding protein (CSBP) binds with high specificity to sequence elements in several mRNAs that accumulate periodically during the cell cycle. Mutations in these sequence elements abolish both cycling of the mRNA and binding of CSBP. Two genes, CSBPA and CSBPB, encoding putative subunits of CSBP have been cloned and were found to be present in tandem on the same DNA molecule and to be closely related. CSBPA and CSBPB are predicted to encode proteins with sizes of 35.6 and 42.0 kDa, respectively. Both CSBPA and CSBPB proteins have a predicted coiled-coil domain near the N terminus and a novel histidine and cysteine motif near the C terminus. The latter motif is conserved in other trypanosomatid species. Gel sieving chromatography and glycerol gradient sedimentation results indicate that CSBP has a molecular mass in excess of 200 kDa and an extended structure. Recombinant CSBPA and CSBPB also bind specifically to the cycling sequence and together can be reconstituted to give an RNA gel shift similar to that of purified CSBP. Proteins in cell extracts bind to an RNA probe containing six copies of the cycling sequence. The RNA-protein complexes contain both CSBPA and CSBPB, and the binding activity cycles in near synchrony with target mRNA levels. CSBPA and CSBPB mRNA and protein levels show little variation throughout the cell cycle, suggesting that additional factors are involved in the cyclic binding to the cycling sequence elements.
RNA catalysis, thermodynamics and the origin of life.

The RNA World Hypothesis posits that the first self-replicating molecules were RNAs. RNA self-replicases are, in general, assumed to have employed nucleotide 5ʹ-polyphosphates (or their analogues) as substrates for RNA polymerization. The mechanism by which these substrates might be synthesized with sufficient abundance to supply a growing and evolving population of RNAs is problematic for evolutionary hypotheses because non-enzymatic synthesis and assembly of nucleotide 5ʹ-triphosphates (or other analogously activated phosphodiester species) is inherently difficult. However, nucleotide 2ʹ,3ʹ-cyclic phosphates are also phosphodiesters, and are the natural and abundant products of RNA degradation. These have previously been dismissed as viable substrates for prebiotic RNA synthesis. We propose that the arguments for their dismissal are based on a flawed assumption, and that nucleotide 2ʹ,3ʹ-cyclic phosphates in fact possess several significant, advantageous properties that indeed make them particularly viable substrates for prebiotic RNA synthesis. An RNA World hypothesis based upon the polymerization of nucleotide 2ʹ,3ʹ-cyclic phosphates possesses additional explanatory power in that it accounts for the observed ribozyme “fossil record”, suggests a viable mechanism for substrate transport across lipid vesicle boundaries of primordial proto-cells, circumvents the problems of substrate scarcity and implausible synthetic pathways, provides for a primitive but effective RNA replicase editing mechanism, and definitively explains why RNA, rather than DNA, must have been the original catalyst. Finally, our analysis compels us to propose that a fundamental and universal property that drives the evolution of living systems, as well as pre-biotic replicating molecules (be they composed of RNA or protein), is that they exploit chemical reactions that already possess competing kinetically-preferred and thermodynamically-preferred pathways in a manner that optimizes the balance between the two types of pathways.