cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of charge transport and transfer in molecular switch tunnel junctions of bistable catenanes and rotaxanes

Abstract The processes by which charge transfer can occur play a foundational role in molecular electronics. Here we consider simplified models of the transfer processes that could be present in bistable molecular switch tunnel junction (MSTJ) devices during one complete cycle of the device from its low- to high- and back to low-conductance state. The bistable molecular switches, which are composed of a monolayer of either switchable catenanes or rotaxanes, exist in either a ground-state co-conformation or a metastable one in which the conduction properties of the two co-conformations, when measured at small biases (+0.1 V), are significantly different irrespective of whether transport is dominated by tunneling or hopping. The voltage-driven generation (±2 V) of molecule-based redox states, which are sufficiently long-lived to allow the relative mechanical movements necessary to switch between the two co-conformations, rely upon unequal charge transfer rates on to and/or off of the molecules. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been used to image the ground state of the bistable rotaxane in MSTJ-like devices. Consideration of these models provide new ways of looking at molecular electronic devices that rely, not only on nanoscale charge-transport, but also upon the bustling world of molecular motion in mechanically interlocked bistable molecules.
Hausdorff dimension of the image of additive processes

Abstract Let X t be any additive process in R d . There are two lower indices β T ′ , β T ″ and an upper index β T for T ∈ ( 0 , ∞ ) such that for any Borel set E ⊂ [ 0 , T ] , dim H X ( E ) ≥ ( β T ″ dim H E ) ∧ d , dim H X ( E ) ≥ β T ′ dim H E if β T ′ ≤ d , and dim H X ( E ) ≤ β T dim H E , where X ( E ) = { X s : s ∈ E } for E ∈ B ( R + ) and dim H denotes the Hausdorff dimension. When X t is a Levy process, β T = β , β T ′ = β ′ , and β T ″ = β ″ , where β , β ′ , β ″ are Blumenthal and Getoor’s indices.
g -Treatment ridit analyses: Resampling permutation methods

Abstract A g-treatment extension of the classical two-treatment ridit analysis is introduced. Concerns regarding distributional assumptions for ridit analyses are avoided by employing data dependent resampling methods. Upper-tail P -values based on resampling permutations are obtained for the g-treatment ridit analyses.
Electron microscopy of the interaction of african swine fever virus with ferritin-conjugated antibody

Abstract Two isolates of African swine fever virus were studied by electron microscopy of interactions with ferritin-conjugated antibody, complement fixation, and agar gel diffusion precipitin tests. The viruses, Lisbon-57 and Tengani, were tested with anti-body to the Lisbon-57, Tengani, Salamanca, and Hinde isolates. Correlation of the data from these three independent methods indicates that the similarities between isolates are greater than the differences and that, perhaps, no differences exist.
Physician-pharmacist collaboration, reduced drug use and hospitalization rates, and gentamicin dosing.

Physician–pharmacist collaboration Carter et al.1 reported that “a physician and pharmacist collaboration intervention achieved significantly better mean BP and overall BP control rates compared with a control group.” Six clinics were randomized to a control (n = 3; 210 patients) or intervention (n = 3; 192 patients) group. Educational lectures, published national guidelines, and clinical trial evidence were provided to physicians at all six clinics before the study. Pharmacists made clinical recommendations to physicians consistent with the guidelines. Research nurses collected blood pressure (BP) values using standardized guidelines. Clinical pharmacists at control sites did not provide direct care to patients but continued to answer physicians’ general treatment questions. During 6 months’ follow-up, mean adherence levels rose by 8.1% in the control group versus 55.4% in the intervention group, and BP was controlled in 29% of the control group and nearly 64% of patients in the intervention group. Implications. A model that is gaining favor in primary care delivery is the “medical home” model. The cornerstone of this model is demonstrable enhancement of the collaboration among health providers in an individual patient’s care. An important discussion point in the health care debate focuses on demonstrations of the added value of a pharmacist in patients’ medical home. This study provides credible and scientifically rigorous evidence. This article should be in the repertoire of supporters of pharmacy–physician collaboration and those advocating collaborative care agreements.
An experimental test of noise-dependent voice amplitude regulation in Cope's grey treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis

One strategy for coping with the constraints on acoustic signal reception posed by ambient noise is to signal louder as noise levels increase. Termed the 'Lombard effect', this reflexive behaviour is widespread among birds and mammals and occurs with a diversity of signal types, leading to the hypothesis that voice amplitude regulation represents a general vertebrate mechanism for coping with environmental noise. Support for this evolutionary hypothesis, however, remains limited due to a lack of studies in taxa other than birds and mammals. Here, we report the results of an experimental test of the hypothesis that male grey treefrogs increase the amplitude of their advertisement calls in response to increasing levels of chorus-shaped noise. We recorded spontaneously produced calls in quiet and in the presence of noise broadcast at sound pressure levels ranging between 40 dB and 70 dB. While increasing noise levels induced predictable changes in call duration and rate, males did not regulate call amplitude. These results do not support the hypothesis that voice amplitude regulation is a generic vertebrate mechanism for coping with noise. We discuss the possibility that intense sexual selection and high levels of competition for mates in choruses place some frogs under strong selection to call consistently as loudly as possible.
Particle sizing by means of the forward scattering lobe

The angular distribution of scattered light in the main lobe of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a particle changes rapidly with its size, but is largely independent of its refractive index. Even when the particle is so small (diameter less than a few wavelengths) that its forward lobe must be calculated from the Mie theory, the relative angular distribution within the central part is found to be given approximately by the Fraunhofer formula with obliquity factor, even for particles smaller than one wavelength, except near a minimum in the particle extinction efficiency factor calculated from the Mie theory. A measurement of the ratio between the scattered intensities at a pair of convenient angles within the lobe can thus give a useful estimate of the size of spherical and nonspherical particles without knowing their refractive index. The sizing error caused by the narrowing of the lobe near an extinction minimum is acceptable for many practical purposes, and can in any case be detected by comparing the size estimates derived from measurements at two different wavelengths. Families of curves for sizing by this simple procedure have been prepared. Sideways scattering instruments have been preferred hitherto because of their easier construction. A realization of their possibilities for sizing unknown particles should, however, stimulate the development of suitable forward scattering instruments.
Insulin Resistance in Genetically Obese, Hyperglycemic Mice

The relationships between obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance have been studied in mice with congenital obesity (obob). Plasma glucose and insulin of future obese mice were indistinguishable from those of future normal weight mice prior to weaning and the onset of obesity in affected animals. Insulin sensitivity as determined by in vitro uptake of 2-deoxyglucose by intact diaphragm muscle was demonstrable prior to weaning in obob mice. Plasma insulin first rose significantly at age 26 to 32 days, preceding hyperglycemia. By 6 weeks insulin resistance was well developed, as shown by markedly elevated plasma insulin to glucose ratios and poor response of diaphragm muscle to insulin in vitro. Subsequent further rises in plasma insulin paralleled body weight rather than plasma glucose. No abnormalities in diaphragm muscle structure were seen by electron microscopy, suggesting that insulin resistance was not structurally determined. Intravenous and oral glucose tolerances were diabet...
Indium tin oxide-free semi-transparent inverted polymer solar cells using conducting polymer as both bottom and top electrodes

Abstract Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated as a transparent cathode to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) in inverted polymer solar cells. Increasing the thickness of the PEDOT:PSS electrode leads to a reduction in transparency and sheet resistance which lowers the photocurrent but increases the fill factor of the solar cells. The offset of photocurrent and fill factor as the thickness is increased leads to a saturation of the power conversion efficiency to ∼3%. These electrodes were applied to flexible substrates showing similar device performance to glass based devices. Cyclic bending test of these flexible polymer electrodes show improved conversion efficiency retention (∼92%) when compared to flexible ITO based electrodes (∼50%) after 300 bend cycles. In addition to using PEDOT:PSS as a cathode replacement for ITO in inverted solar cells, its use as a semi-transparent anode replacement to Ag is also examined. Semi-transparent inverted solar cells fabricated with ITO as the cathode and PEDOT:PSS as the top anode electrode were demonstrated showing efficiencies of ∼2.51% while replacement of both ITO and Ag with PEDOT:PSS as both the cathode and anode show efficiencies of ∼0.47%.
The Calculation of Atomic Weights from Nuclear Reaction Energies

In a previous paper the atomic weights of several light elements were calculated from nuclear reaction energies using the known values of the atomic weights of He4 and H1. In the present paper it is shown that the atomic weights can be obtained from the reaction energies without making any use of atomic weights determined by other methods. Any atom may be supposed formed by the combination of neutrons and hydrogen atoms according to the reaction equation z 1H1 + ( w - z ) 0 n 1 = zA w + zE w , where z E w denotes the energy of formation of the atom z A w . If we consider N different elements including 1H1 and n 1 then we have N — 2 energies of formation. If the energies of formation are known then the energy of any nuclear reaction may be calculated.
Tandem α-Cyano Enamine/Enolate Alkylations on Bicyclic Lactams: Asymmetric Carbocycle and Heterocycle Synthesis

The alkylation of cyano enamines 1 and 7 with α,ω-dihalides (or dihalide equivalents), followed by hydrolysis to reveal the lactam carbonyl, provided lactams 8 and 10 containing a tethered electrophile. Intramolecular cyclization of the pendant halide onto the lactam enolate provided tricyclic lactams 9 and 13, which were subjected to a second enolate alkylation to form a quaternary stereocenter. In the case of nor-ephedrine tricyclic lactam 13, the intermolecular was highly endo selective, and the resultant lactams 14 were subjected to partial reduction and hydrolytic auxiliary cleavage to provide enantiopure octalones 16 and 17. From this chemistry came the synthesis of the “Woodward ketone” 19, an intermediate in the total synthesis of a number of steroids. Finally, the methoxymethyl bicyclic (or tricyclic) lactams 33 were shown to undergo nonreductive cleavage of the chiral auxiliary to provide 3,4-dihydropyridones containing a quaternary center.
Air pollution in developing and developed nations: A pooled cross‐sectional time series regression analysis

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to test a few explanations of environmental pollution. In particular the focus is on carbon dioxide emissions as an indicator of environmental pollution. A number of explanations such as the Malthusian are presented. Data are collected on carbon dioxide emissions and a number of social and economic determinants from the World Resource Institute Data Base. Using pooled cross‐sectional time series regression analysis, models of pollution for developing and developed nations are tested separately. Results of the analysis suggest that the processes of pollution are dissimilar across developing and developed nations. Policy implications of the findings are also presented.
Teleological principles in science

In the search for elementary particles, such principles are used as Gell‐mann's that ‘anything which is possible is compulsory’. This is an example of a teleological principle according to which the scientist tries to realize in science the kind of world that he desires on prior emotional grounds. Mendeleev's classical discovery of the Periodic Law and Table of Elements was thus guided by his mystical values. A mechanistic anti‐teleologist such as Jacques Loeb was indeed a crypto‐teleologist who wished science to fulfil his radical, socialistic aims. Hoyle's ‘perfect cosmological principle’ projected conservative values, while such conceptions as Oppenheimer's ‘catastrophic collapse’, and Mach's Principle likewise had their teleological bases. Anti‐mystical and individualistic values inspired Bridgman's operationism. A ‘perfect operational principle’ would stipulate that every imaginable state of affairs would be operationally differentiable from others. Teleological principles are essential to the functi...
Pseudo‐Hydroxide Extraction in the Separation of Sodium Hydroxide from Aqueous Solutions Using Alkyl Phenols

Abstract Pseudo‐hydroxide extraction of sodium hydroxide from aqueous solution using four alkyl phenols of nearly identical molecular weight in 1‐octanol at 25°C was examined to understand the effect of alkyl substituents. The order of extraction strength among the four alkyl phenols tested was 4‐tert‐octylphenol>3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenol>2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol>2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol. A good correlation with phenol pK a was observed, indicating that extraction strength is determined by phenol acidity, as modified by steric effects in proximity to the phenol –OH group. The effective partition ratios (P eff) of two phenols from 1 M NaOH solution were determined, showing that the phenols remain predominantly in the 1‐octanol phase even when converted to their sodium salts. However, the hydrophobicity of the tested phenols may not be sufficient for process purposes. The equilibrium constants for the governing extraction equilibria were determined by modeling the data using the program SXLSQI, support...
Mathematics and Science Attitudes of African-American Middle Grade Students Identified as Gifted: Gender and Grade Differences.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether significant gender and grade differences existed in the mathematics and science attitudes of 117 African‐American middle grade students identified as gifted using the Fennema‐Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scales (Fennema & Sherman, 1976) and Attitude Survey of Junior High Science (Fisher, 1973). Subjects came from communities that were culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse, and had lower middle to middle socioeconomic class backgrounds. They ranged in age from 11 to 13 years. They were pulled out from their classes and administered both instruments in groups. A two‐way analysis of variance revealed significant gender differences in attitude toward success in mathematics and perceptions of mathematics as a male domain. No significant grade differences or interactions were found in any of the variables.
A simple correction to the first-order shear deformation shell finite element formulations

The present work concentrates on the development of correct representation of the transverse shear strains and stresses in Mindlin-type displacement-based shell finite elements. The formulation utilizes the robust standard first-order shear deformation shell finite element for implementation of the proposed representation of the transverse shear stresses and strains. In this manner the need for the shear correction factor is eliminated. In addition, modification to any existing shell finite element for the correct representation of transverse shear quantities is minimal. Some modifications to correct Mindlin-type elements are presented in the literature. These modifications correct the distribution of the transverse shear stresses only and use the constant transverse shear strains through the thickness. As compared to the above, the present formulation uses the correct distribution and is consistent for both transverse shear stresses as well as transverse shear strains.
Fat in all the wrong places.

Obesity and a rare, congenital absence of fat cells are associated with damaging levels of fat in various tissues, and diabetes. Leptin helps to remedy these problems by causing oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria.
Mechanisms of Indomethacin-Induced Alterations in the Choline Phospholipid Metabolism of Breast Cancer Cells

Human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) exhibit an increase in phosphocholine (PC) and total choline-containing compounds, as well as a switch from high glycerophosphocholine (GPC)/low PC to low GPC/high PC, with progression to malignant phenotype. The treatment of human breast cancer cells with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin, reverted the high PC/low GPC pattern to a low PC/high GPC pattern indicative of a less malignant phenotype, supported by decreased invasion. Here, we have characterized mechanisms underlying indomethacin-induced alterations in choline membrane metabolism in malignant breast cancer cells and nonmalignant HMECs labeled with [1,2-13C]choline using 1H and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Microarray gene expression analysis was performed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes. In breast cancer cells, indomethacin treatment activated phospholipases that, combined with an increased choline phospholipid biosynthesis, led to increased GPC and decreased PC levels. However, in nonmalignant HMECs, activation of the anabolic pathway alone was detected following indomethacin treatment. Following indomethacin treatment in breast cancer cells, several candidate genes, such as interleukin 8, NGFB, CSF2, RHOB, EDN1, and JUNB, were differentially expressed, which may have contributed to changes in choline metabolism through secondary effects or signaling cascades leading to changes in enzyme activity.
Characterizing the photon spectrum generated in the DARHT AXIS-I diode

An array of photon diagnostics have been deployed on a high power relativistic electron beam diode. Surface flashover of a carbon fiber velvet cathode generates a discharge from which electrons are accelerated through a 17.8 cm diode. This discharge is assumed to be a hydrocarbon mixture. A small portion of the off energy electrons accelerated during the rise and fall of the 80 ns FWHM pulse impact the beam pipe and generate a flux of 0.1–4 MeV photons. The principal objective of these experiments is to quantify the dynamics of the hard X-ray and gamma-ray flux generated in the diode region, in addition to quantifying dynamics of the visible photons generated, and the ion species of the surface discharge on the velvet cathode. A qualitative comparison of different diagnostic results are presented, which include time resolved measurements with X-ray PIN diodes, a PMT, and CCD images. In addition initial visible spectroscopy measurements will also be presented.
Kodu game lab, a few lessons learned

Kodu Game Lab is a complete, 3-D game development environment designed to be accessible to children as young as 9 years old. The core of Kodu is a custom visual programming language, which blends ease of use with expressibility.
Mechanism of xanthine oxidase catalyzed biotransformation of HMX under anaerobic conditions.

Abstract Enzyme catalyzed biotransformation of the energetic chemical octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) is not known. The present study describes a xanthine oxidase (XO) catalyzed biotransformation of HMX to provide insight into the biodegradation pathway of this energetic chemical. The rates of biotransformation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were 1.6 ± 0.2 and 10.5 ± 0.9 nmol h−1 mg protein−1, respectively, indicating that anaerobic conditions favored the reaction. The biotransformation rate was about 6-fold higher using NADH as an electron-donor compared to xanthine. During the course of reaction, the products obtained were nitrite (NO2−), methylenedinitramine (MDNA), 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB), formaldehyde (HCHO), nitrous oxide (N2O), formic acid (HCOOH), and ammonium (NH4+). The product distribution gave carbon and nitrogen mass-balances of 91% and 88%, respectively. A comparative study with native-, deflavo-, and desulfo-XO and the site-specific inhibition studies showed that HMX biotransformation occurred at the FAD-site of XO. Nitrite stoichiometry revealed that an initial single N-denitration step was sufficient for the spontaneous decomposition of HMX.
The lack of technical basis for requiring a ten thousand year prediction for nuclear waste management

There is no technical basis for setting a time limit of 10,000 years on the regulated performance of a nuclear waste repository. First, accurate prediction of releases for such periods is not possible. Second, there is nothing unique about 10,000 years. Third, equally toxic materials, which never transform to non-toxic substances by radioactive decay, have no long-term requirements. And fourth, over a 10,000 year time frame, social and natural disasters will dwarf the worst possible outcomes of repository placement. Analyses could be required to extend as long as doses above current radiation protection guidelines are possible (perhaps several million years), but these results should be recognized as qualitative information rather than evidence of quantitative compliance with exact numerical limits. Concern for what will happen over long times can be addressed for the next several hundred years by maintaining waste retrievability. At that time, uncertainty about future performance should have been reduced significantly.
The acetylation of histamine in normal and enterectomized rats.

Abstract The in vivo acetylation of histamine has been demonstrated in normal and enterectomized rats following subcutaneous histamine administration. These data demonstrate that acetylation of histamine can occur outside of the intestinal tract.
Nature’s underwater adhesive specialist.

Abstract That water and adhesion are in conflict is a widely held view in industry, yet paradoxically, all adhesive events in living organisms occur in the presence of water. The marine mussel serves as an appropriate model to illustrate how Nature designs adhesives to resist the subversive effects of water. In constructing an underwater holdfast, the mussel is concerned with four prerequisites for good adhesion: (1) removing weak boundary layers; (2) spreading the adhesive over the surface; (3) forming strong bonds between the adhesive and the surface; and (4) setting or cross-linking the adhesive.
The Reactions of Alkynlcyclophosphazenes with Metal Carbonyls

Abstract The reaction of N3P3F5C≡CR (R=Ph, Me3Si, n-C4H9) with CO2(CO)8, leads to N3P3F5C≡CR·CO2 (CO)6. The corresponding reaction with 2,2-N3P3F4,(C≡CPh)2, produces the novel, structurally characterized, tetracobalt species 2,2-N3P3F4 C≡CR·CO2 (CO)6)2. In the case of the previously reported N3P3F5C≡CPh complex, we now report that reaction with excess phosphazene leads to the cyclotrimerized material 1,2,4-(N3P3F5)3Ph3C6(I). Detailed dynamic 19F NMR spectroscopy studies of this material shows detectable barriers to rotation about the phosphorus-carbon bond of the central arene. The reaction of a more reactive catalyst, η5-C5H5Co(CO)2, with N3P3F5 C≡CPh gives rise to a variety of cyclooligomerized products. A cyclodimerized material, (N3P3F5)2Ph2C2(II) is isolated as the colbalt stabilized entity II·CoCp. The carbonyl insertion product of the cyclodimerized complex has been isolated as well as I and its colbalt complex I·CoCp (which is believed to contain an η4 arene). The reaction of Fe(CO)5, with N3P3F5C...
Stratospheric sulphate production and the photochemistry of teh Antartic circumpolar vortex

Recent measurements of enhanced ozone depletion in springtime in the Antarctic circumpolar vortex1 were accompanied by observations of unusual behaviour of stratospheric aerosol2. Enhanced concentrations of condensation nuclei (CN) were observed above 20km. Some photochemical models predict elevated hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations in the vortex. Here I point out that high OH concentrations provide a sufficient source of CN through reaction with carbonyl sulphide (OCS) to account for the observed increase in CN mass. Other mechanisms for CN enhancement are inconsistent with timescales or the vertical structure inferred from aerosol observations. The CN enhancement provides partial support for photochemical models of ozone depletion in the vortex.
Where is rhodopsin

THE structure of the ROS disk membrane is an open question and more data are needed to resolve it. Essential new data are rapidly becoming available and after answering Vanderkooi's criticisms of our previous interpretation1 we shall briefly comment on the current data.
Regulation of microRNA processing in development, differentiation and cancer.

microRNA (miRNA) is a class of small, noncoding, regulatory RNAs. The ∼ 21 nt mature miRNA is processed from larger precursor molecules following a coordinated series of events. In theory, miRNA processing may be regulated at any of these steps. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated various steps in the miRNA biogenesis process for which regulation occurs. RNA editing of miRNA precursors, SNPs or mutations in the miRNA precursors, regulation by RNA binding proteins, alterations in the levels of key processing proteins, as well as a number of unknown mechanisms contribute to the regulation of miRNA processing. This article reviews the available literature on the regulation of miRNA processing that occurs within normal cells, during development or in diseases such as cancer.
Fracture roughness scaling and its correlation with grain boundary network structure

Abstract Roughness scaling laws for intergranular cracks deviate from self-affine (fractal-like) behavior at length scales related to the polycrystalline microstructure. We consider two versions of the same alloy material with many of the same microstructural length scales but differing in their processing history: one conventional and one grain boundary engineered. The engineered material, processed to contain a high fraction of “special” grain boundaries, fails more slowly and more isotropically. We present evidence that the difference is determined by processes related to clusters of twin-related grains, shown through analysis of scales of the fracture roughness measured with confocal microscopy and the special grain boundary network determined by electron backscatter diffraction. Above the cluster scale, the fracture roughness exponents in the two materials are nearly indistinguishable (confirming theoretical predictions); below this scale conventional cracks exhibit correlations indicating consistently weak paths for crack propagation, suggesting percolation of “random” boundaries.
A methodology for test and evaluation of information retrieval systems

Abstract : Information retrieval systems are discussed in terms of their purpose and function. The essential components of an information retrieval system are defined. A methodology for evaluating the comparative performance of systems is developed. Specific measures and methods of analysis of results are presented. (Author)
Relation of Bucatunna Clay Member (Byram Formation, Oligocene) to Geology and Ground Water of Westernmost Florida

Correlation by electric logs, lithology, and fossils indicates that the Bucatunna Clay Member of the Byram Formation (middle Oligocene) extends eastward from its type locality in Mississippi into westernmost Florida. The Bucatunna dips southwest about 30 feet per mile and thickens from a featheredge 8 miles east of the Okaloosa-Walton County line, Florida, to a maximum of 215 feet near Pensacola. In the Florida panhandle the Bucatunna rests unconformably upon limestones of late Eocene age and is overlain conformably by limestones of late Oligocene age. Within the area the Bucatunna is a gray, silty to sandy clay consisting chiefly of illite and containing foraminifers, ostracods, mollusks, and other organisms of Oligocene age. The Bucatunna Clay Member is a hydrologically important aquiclude below which ground water is under artesian pressure. In places the clay prevents the salt water below from rising and contaminating the fresh water above. In the northern half of the area the Bucatunna is probably underlain by several hundred feet of fresh water which as yet is virtually untapped by wells. Rapid settlement and industrialization of the area suggest that this supply of fresh water may become important; for to the south, the Bucatunna is underlain only by salt water.
In vivo effects of three calcium blockers on chickens with inherited muscular dystrophy

Abstract Genetically homozygous Line 413 dystrophic chickens were given in separate trials daily i.p. injections of aqueous solutions of the calcium blocker drugs, diltiazem, verapamil, or nifedipine. At a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day, drug therapy in each case significantly prolonged the functional ability of the dystrophic chickens as quantitated regularly by a standardized test for righting ability. Enhanced functional ability, however, was not generally accompanied by a decrease in the usually high plasma creatine kinase activity. In addition, there was no change in the pectoralis muscle mass or protein with any of the drug treatments. Moreover, no significant reduction in the abnormally high total muscle calcium was found with calcium blocker treatment. Also, there was no marked change in the histopathology of muscle from the drugtreated dystrophic chickens. We concluded that drugs with calcium entry blocker activity offer only limited benefit in retarding dystrophic symptoms expressed in the chicken (viz., short-term enhancement in righting ability).
Comment on “Nudges and Cultural Variance”

In this brief commentary, I suggest Selinger and Whyte are essentially correct in their criticism of the Nudge approach advocated by Thaler and Sunstein. I use some examples from road behavior and traffic planning to amplify the criticism that the simple behavioral economics approach fails to take account of the embedding of humans and technology in the wider social and cultural context.
Identification of a 100-kDa Phosphoprotein in Developing Murine Embryos as Elongation Factor 2

Abstract Protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism for several functions. Although the complex control of organogenesis and growth most likely includes such mechanisms, few reports have examined protein phosphorylation in the developing mammal. The identification and characterization of mammalian embryonic phosphoproteins will allow a greater understanding of the regulation and mechanisms of developmental processes. Phosphorylation of the endogenous mouse proteins during development revealed a 100-kDa protein, located in the cytosolic fraction, to be the major substrate. The Ca2+-calmodulin kinase inhibitors, trifluoperazine and ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N′-tetraacetic acid, inhibited this phosphorylation. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (H-7)- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, as well as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, had no effect. One- and two-dimensional phosphoamino acid analysis indicated that phosphothreonine was the major phosphorylated amino acid. To determine the identity of this protein, the 100-kDa band was isolated and submitted for amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing. The N-terminal sequence Val-Asn-Phe-Thr-Val-Asp-Gln-Ile-Arg-Ala-Ile-Met-Asp-Lys, was identical to the N-terminal sequence of human, hamster and rat elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Western blotting analysis confirmed that the 100 kDa protein was EF-2. Our results of phosphorylated EF-2 in the developing mouse are in agreement with those reported in the avian embryo. However, our results differ in that phosphotyrosine detected in avian embryos could not be detected in murine embryos. This is the first report to demonstrate EF-2 in the developing mammalian embryo and its specific phosphorylation pattern. Our data suggest that the functional phosphoregulation of elongation factor 2 during protein synthesis in mammals is conserved from the developing embryo to the adult and thus emphasizes the importance of EF-2 in normal development and survival.
Adverse Outcome With Delay in Identification of Catatonia in Elderly Patients

All three patients to show catatonia at a teaching veterans' hospital over a 1-year period were over 60 years old. Each experienced delays of 2–5 months in identification of catatonia and adverse events attributable to the delay (e.g., pulmonary embolus, physical restraint, pneumonia, mislabeling as "advanced dementia," Do Not Resuscitate orders, and death). These outcomes suggest that geriatric patients with unrecognized catatonia are at high risk for major adverse events.
The collection policy reborn: a practical application of web‐based documentation

Purpose – Aims to compare and contrast different collection policies and shows a practical application of web‐based documentation.Design/methodology/approach – The article is a case study and general review that discusses how significant numbers of libraries today are posting collection policies on the web, how these policies may differ in form and practice from those of the past, and how the Howard‐Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane University developed and applied one such policy of its own. It also discusses examples of relevant literature and other collection policy web sites.Findings – Its implications point to the value of developing sets of narrative collection policy statements focusing on specific academic disciplines and of beginning the policy‐making process with an assessment of the academic profile of the university that the library supports.Originality/value – General discussion of collection policies has been absent from the literature for some time and the article should be valuable to thos...
The Assault upon Kings and Tyrants in the Moses Tradition

The biblical traditions concerning Moses in the book of Exodus and Numbers contain an obvious critique of tyrannical kings and their oppressive deeds, as dramatically metaphored by pharaoh and his ...
Hemoglobin levels in persons of tibetan ancestry living at high altitude.

SummaryThe mean hemoglobin level of persons of Tibetan ancestry living at 4000 m in the Nepal Himalayas was found similar to that expected at an altitude of 2300 m and an arterial O2 saturation of 92%. Plasma volumes were normal, and deficiency states and hemoglobinopathies were not significant. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed.The authors thank Dr. B. R. Baidya, Director General, and Dr. N. K. Shah, Chief Epidemiologist, His Majesty's Government Directorate of Health Services, Nepal, for their approval and assistance in carrying out this study, and Drs. C. R. Valeri and C. G. Zaroulis of the U.S. Naval Blood Research Laboratory, Chelsea, MA, for the 2,3-DPG, ATP and lactate levels. Supported by PHS Grant No. 5 R07 AI 10048-13.
Adjuvant vs. salvage radiotherapy for patients at high risk for recurrence after radical prostatectomy

Prostate cancer patients with adverse pathologic factors (i.e., positive surgical margin, pT3 disease) after radical prostatectomy are more likely not cured (>60%) than cured by surgery alone. Adjuvant radiotherapy compared with observation reduces recurrence by 49% to 57%, may improve overall survival, and improves long-term quality of life without increased long-term patient-reported urinary or gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Despite these results, adjuvant radiotherapy is uncommonly received by patients with these adverse factors.We discuss the rationale for adjuvant therapy as part of oncologic treatment and potential reasons why patients do not receive adjuvant radiotherapy in prostate cancer. We conclude that patients need a thorough discussion regarding the potential benefits and harms of both approaches (watch and wait vs. adjuvant radiotherapy) to make an informed decision.
Obstetric and Perinatal Outcomes of Dichorionic Twin Pregnancies According to Methods of Conception: Spontaneous Versus In-vitro Fertilization

We have observed the inconsistent findings from various studies on twin pregnancy outcomes obtained by assisted reproductive technology and spontaneous conception. In most studies, however, the concrete chorionicity, regarded as a confounding factor for predicting the perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies, has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to compare obstetric and perinatal outcomes of only the dichorionic twin pregnancies according to the methods of conception: spontaneous and in-vitro fertilization (IVF). The twin pairs with dichorionicity reported from 1995 to 2008 were investigated and we divided them into two groups which consisted of 286 and 134 twins by spontaneous conception and IVF, respectively. Odds ratios for associations between IVF and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed after adjustment for maternal age and parity. There were no risk differences between the two groups regarding the obstetric complications, which include preterm delivery, preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes, preeclampsia, placenta previa, and abruption. Any differences were not shown in the two groups for the risk estimates of perinatal outcomes, such as low birthweight, very low birthweight, small for gestational age, Apgar scores of < 7 at 5 minutes, discordance in birthweights, congenital anomalies and mortality. However, twins conceived after IVF were less likely to be admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit than those conceived spontaneously (adjusted OR 0.488; 95% confidence interval 0.261-0.910). In the cases of dichorionic twins, IVF may not be associated with adverse perinatal and obstetric outcomes compared with spontaneous conception.
Potentiation of alkylating chemotherapy by dual function nitrofurans in multi-cell spheroids and solid tumors

Abstract The cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing potential of four dual function nitrofurans was determined in human HT-29 multi-cell spheroids and rodent KHT sarcoma solid tumors. Spheroids were treated with a range of doses of the bioreductive drugs for a period of up to 48 h and the extent of cell kill was assessed at various times after treatment. Cytotoxicity was determined using a clonogenic cell-survival assay. The results demonstrated that two of the nitrofurans were even more toxic to spheroid cells than was the potent bioreductive nitroimidazole aziridine RSU 1069. The dose of the nitrofuran which, after a 24-h exposure, led to a survival value between 0.5 and 1.0, then was chosen for subsequent studies aimed at assessing the ability of these agents to potentiate the efficacy of the nitrosourea CCNU. Exposure to this chemotherapeutic agent was for a period of 1 h. The results indicated that all four dual function nitrofurans enhanced the cell killing of the conventional chemotherapeutic agent by factors ranging from 1.1 to 1.7. Subsequent studies evaluated the therapeutic benefit of combining these bioreductive agents and CCNU in KHT sarcoma-bearing C3H/HeJ mice. The nitrofurans were administered i.p. 0.5 h prior to the chemotherapy and tumor response was assessed by measuring the survival of clonogenic KHT cells 22–24 h after treatment. Normal tissue toxicity was determined using a bone marrow stem cell (CFU-GM) assay. Combining these bioreductive agents with CCNU increased the tumor cell kill by factors of 1.2 to 1.7. Bone marrow toxicity increased with CCNU dose, but the addition of the nitrofurans failed to enhance this endpoint of normal tissue toxicity.
On the limits to rational learning

Abstract This paper summarizes recent work of Foster and Young (2001), which shows that some games are unlearnable in principle by perfectly rational players. That is, under any learning rule – including Bayesian updating of common priors – the players’ strategies fail to come close to Nash equilibrium with probability one. Furthermore at least one of them is unable to predict the behavior of the other in an asymptotic sense. This result can be interpreted as an “uncertainty principle” that applies to some kinds of interactive learning problems.
Development of Graben Associated with the Initial Ruptures of the Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Well over one hundred separate graben formed in association with ocean opening can be recognized around the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. The graben are linked forming an elab orate network of triple-rift systems. Some rifts developed to form ocean but many failed. The stratigraphic and structural history of these rift structures is varied and helps to illuminate the processes that operate at continental rupture. Rifting has been commonly accompanied by basaltic vulcanism and rapid accumulation of several kilometers of sediment. Horsts within the graben strongly influence early sediment distribution. Generally, rift faulting ceases about the time of onset of normal marine sedimentation but there are a few exceptions and some graben formed at ocean opening have influenced sediment distribution more than 100 m.y. later. Although tensional structures predominate strike-slip and compressional structures have developed locally in the graben. The rivers bringing the largest amounts of sediment into the Atlantic during the last 150 m.y. have prograded along failed rift arms formed at continental rupture. In some cases their deltas have come to lie on oceanic crust.
An improved one-tube RT-PCR protocol for analyzing single-cell gene expression in individual mammalian cells

It is well known that gene expression is regulated at the level of individual cells, and more evidence is now emerging that heterogeneity of cell regulation is orders of magnitude greater than previously thought. In order to detect meaningful variations in transcription levels, it is necessary to measure gene expression at single cell levels rather than in bulk cells, where individual differences or heterogeneity could be lost. In this work, we report an improved reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol which allows the direct measurement of gene expression in one tube (5-25 microl of total PCR mixture) at the single mammalian cell level. The protocol employs a new cell lysis buffer, and involves no RNA isolation or nested PCR steps, significantly reducing the possibility of contamination and errors. We successfully applied this protocol in qRT-PCR and linear-after-the-exponential (LATE)-PCR to analyze selected genes of various expression levels from three cell lines. Although further characterization of RNA stability is important, the preliminary results showed that gene expression heterogeneity could be common among members of genetically identical cell populations. The protocol illustrated can be utilized for a wide array of applications without much modification, such as cancer cell analysis and preimplantation genetic diagnostics. In addition, the protocol is based on intercalator-based (SYBR Green PCR) chemistry, which is less expensive and suitable for high-throughput platforms.
Metabolism of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside the dietary precursor to the intestinally derived lignan enterolactone in humans

Secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside (SDG), a natural dietary lignan of flaxseeds now available in dietary supplements, is converted by intestinal bacteria to the mammalian lignans enterodiol and enterolactone. High levels of these lignans in blood and urine are associated with reduced risk of many chronic diseases. Our objective was to determine the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of SDG in purified flaxseed extracts under dose-ranging and steady-state conditions, and to examine whether differences in secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside purity influence bioavailability. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed on healthy postmenopausal women after oral intake of 25, 50, 75, 86 and 172 mg of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside. Extracts differing in secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside purity were compared, and steady-state lignan concentrations measured after daily intake for one week. Blood and urine samples were collected at timed intervals and secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol and enterolactone concentrations measured by mass spectrometry. Secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside was efficiently hydrolyzed and converted to secoisolariciresinol. Serum concentrations increased rapidly after oral intake, peaking after 5–7 h and disappearing with a plasma elimination half-life of 4.8 h. Maximum serum concentrations of the biologically active metabolites, enterodiol and enterolactone were attained after 12–24 h and 24–36 h, respectively, and the half-lives were 9.4 h and 13.2 h. Linear dose-responses were observed and secoisolariciresinol bioavailability correlated (r2 = 0.835) with cumulative lignan excretion. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of extracts differing in purity, and steady-state serum lignan concentrations were obtained after one-week of daily dosing. In conclusion, this study defines the pharmacokinetics of secoisolariciresinol-diglycoside and shows it is first hydrolyzed and then metabolized in a time-dependent sequence to secoisolariciresinol, enterodiol and ultimately enterolactone, and these metabolites are efficiently absorbed.
Hypertension and Cognitive Function

Cumulative evidence implicates hypertension in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Although it may not presently be possible to completely differentiate the effects of treatment and control of hypertension itself from those of the medication used to achieve such treatment goals, efforts directed at the treatment and control of hypertension can have significant public health impact.
Verbal, Heart Rate, and Skin Conductance Responses to Sexual Cartoons:

Verbal, heart rate, and skin conductance responses were measured while 20 male and 20 female subjects viewed antimale and antifemale sexual cartoons. The verbal ratings indicated that males preferred both types of cartoons more than females. However, no differences between heart rate and skin conductance measures were noted between the sexes. Skin conductance indicated that both sexes produced greater response to the antimale than the antifemale cartoons. Also, heart rates decelerated 5 sec. after presentation of the cartoons. Skin conductance seems to reflect a possible emotional reaction to the cartoons, whereas heart rates may reflect an information-processing component.