cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single-case research designs in clinical child psychiatry.

Abstract Single-case designs refer to a methodological approach that can be used to-investigate the efficacy of treatment with the individual patient. The designs permit scientifically valid inferences to be drawn about the effects of treatment and hence offer advantages over alternative strategies such as the uncontrolled case study or open study that are used with the individual case. The present article discusses the need for and utility and requirements of single-case designs in clinical child psychiatry. The underlying rationale and essential characteristics are presented and illustrated in several clinical cases. The feasibility of integrating assesment and design requirements of single-case research into clinical practice, the ethical issues such an integration may raise, and generality of findings from research on the single-case are also discussed.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES II. THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST

The preparation of complement-fixing antigens for the Coxsackie group of viruses (C virus) is described. This includes the manufacture of crude antigens, their subsequent treatment with protamine sulfate to remove non-specific interfering substances, and their concentration by ultracentrifugation. The plate complement fixation technique of Fulton and Dumbell is described in detail as it has been used for the Coxsackie viruses. Seven strains of C virus have been cross-tested in the plate complement fixation test and have been found to belong to six immunologically distinct types. The temporal pattern of complement-fixing antibodies in human beings infected with two types, Ohio-1 and Easton-2, respectively, has been studied. In the former the antibodies rise to a peak rather late in convalescence (3rd month) and in the latter, complement-fixing antibodies are already present at high levels in the acute phase serum. The problems of serodiagnosis are briefly discussed.
Fuzzy logic resource manager: decision tree topology, combined admissible regions and the self-morphing property

A fuzzy logic algorithm has been developed that automatically allocates electronic attack resources distributed over different platforms in real-time. The controller must be able to make decisions based on rules provided by experts. The fuzzy logic approach allows the direct incorporation of expertise. Genetic algorithm based optimization is conducted to determine the form of the membership functions for the fuzzy root concepts. The resource manager is made up of five parts, the isolated platform model, the multi-platform model, the fuzzy EA model, the fuzzy parameter selection tree and the fuzzy strategy tree. Automatic determination of fuzzy decision tree topology using a genetic program, an algorithm that uses the theory of evolution to create other algorithms is discussed. A tree originally obtained from expertise is compared to a tree evolved using a genetic program. The tree created by the genetic program is superior for some applications to one constructed solely based on expertise. The concept of self-morphing trees, i.e., decision trees that can change their own computational complexity in real-time is introduced. The strategy tree concept and how various fuzzy concepts overlap in phase space to create a more robust resource manager are considered. Finally, methods of validating the algorithm are discussed.
Theoretical studies of the magneto‐crystalline anisotropy: Monolayer Co

Using our newly developed state tracking method and eliminating the coupling between quasidegenerate pairs of states at the Fermi surface in advance, highly stable and precise results for the magneto‐crystalline anisotropy energy are obtained for a Co monolayer film in a first principles calculation with a small number of k points (421 in the full Brillouin zone). The easy direction of magnetization is found to lie in the layer plane in contrast to the Fe monolayer when both match their lattice constant to the same Cu(001) substrate. This result is explained in terms of their electron occupation and differences in the spin‐orbit coupling between their occupied and empty states.
Influence of exercise intensity on the presence, distribution, and size of thallium-201 defects.

Abstract The effects of two levels of exercise intensity on the size and location of thallium-201 defects were compared in 22 patients with known ischemic coronary artery disease. A symptom-limited incremental exercise test was performed followed (> 48 hours) by submaximal steady-state exercise at 70% of the peak heart rate achieved during the incremental test. Planar thallium-201 myocardial scans obtained after each protocol were analyzed by means of both visual qualitative and computerized quantitative methods. After incremental exercise all patients exhibited reversible thallium-201 defects, and submaximal exercise still resulted in reversible defects in 20 (91%) patients. However, the size of the ischemic area and the degree of ischemia were significantly reduced by both qualitative and quantitative criteria after submaximal exercise. Therefore interpretation of thallium-201 scans with regard to severity of disease and prognosis should take into account exercise intensity.
The Effect of Streamwise Vortices on the Frost Growth Rate in Developing Laminar Channel Flows

Abstract An experimental study is presented to assess the influence of streamwise vortices on frost growth in a steady, developing, laminar channel flow. Using a simple model and scale analysis, frost growth rate (ablimation) data are normalized with respect to temperature, humidity and time. Measurements from baseline experiments in a rectangular channel are found to be accurately correlated using the proposed scaling relation. Upon introducing streamwise vortices in the channel flow, frost growth still follows the scaling relation, but local growth rates were observed to increase by more than 7% in regions where the streamwise vortices induce a surface-normal flow toward the frost surface. Frost thickness measurements, flow visualization, and deposition patterns are used to explain these findings.
Sensory Responses in Solution vs Solid State: A Fluorescence Quenching Study of Poly(iptycenebutadiynylene)s

A new series of poly(p-phenylenebutadiynylene)s has been synthesized with unique polymer structural features. In these systems each of the p-phenylene units in the conjugated backbone is the core of a rigid three-dimensional iptycene scaffold. The fluorescence quenching properties of these polymers in response to a series of electron-deficient aromatic compounds have been investigated in both solution and the solid state. It was found that in solution these polymers displayed higher quenching sensitivity toward studied quenchers compared to a more open-structure iptycene-containing poly(p-phenyleneethynylene). The quenching behaviors of the conjugated polymer were shown to be strongly influenced by the configuration of the incorporated iptycences. The thin films investigations revealed differences in both the fluorescence quenching and the recovery processes. Distinct behaviors indicated that the fluorescence quenching in the solid state is dictated by different factors than those in solution. Our results...
Synovial Chondromatosis Surrounding the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint: A Case Report

Synovial chondromatosis is a benign synovial tumor that rarely occurs in the foot. We present a case of a 36-year-old male who underwent surgical excision of primary synovial chondromatosis of the ...
Acid catalyzed intramolecular conjugate addition as a route to trans hydrindane systems

Abstract A stereocontrolled acid catalyzed intramolecular conjugate addition and its application in the enantioselective synthesis of trans hydrindanes are described.
Determination of Rottlerin, a Natural Protein Kinases C Inhibitor, in Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Mouse Xenografts by RP-HPLC Method

Rottlerin is a natural polyphenolic ketone isolated from the pericarps of Mallotus phillippinensis. In previous studies we showed that parenteral administration of rottlerin reduced tumor growth in murine xenograft models of pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and validated method for the quantitative determination of rottlerin in plasma and tumor tissues of mice fed a rottlerin diet. A xenograft model of pancreatic cancer was prepared by injection of 2×106 HPAF-II cells subcutaneously into nude mice. One week before tumor implantation, mice were randomly allocated to standard diet (AIN76A) and standard diet supplement with 0.012% rottlerin (n=6 per group). Mice were sacrificed after 6 weeks on diets. Rottlerin was extracted from the plasma and tissues using protein precipitation-extraction and analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC-DAD method. The same HPLC method was also applied to determine rottlerin levels in conditioned culture media and in cell lysates from HPAF-II cells exposed to 25 µM concentration of rottlerin. A substantial amount of rottlerin was detected in tumor (2.11 ± 0.25 nmol/g tissue) and plasma (2.88 ± 0.41 µM) in mice fed rottlerin diet. In addition, significant levels of rottlerin (57.4 ± 5.4 nmol/mg protein) were detected in cell lysates from rottlerin-treated HPAF-II cells. These data indicate that rottlerin is efficiently absorbed in cells and tissues both in vivo and in vitro and suggest a strong potential for rottlerin as a preventive or adjuvant supplement for pancreatic cancer.
Poroviscoelasticity of transversely isotropic cylinders under laboratory loading conditions

Abstract The analytical poromechanics solution for the stresses, pore pressure, fluid flux, strains, and displacements of transversely isotropic saturated cylinders under general time-dependent loading is extended in this paper to account for the intrinsic viscoelastic nature of the porous matrix as well as the compressible interstitial fluid flow, simulating saturated poroviscoelastic geo-materials and bio-materials under some of the most encountered laboratory testing conditions: unconfined compression, confined compression, unjacketed triaxial, jacketed triaxial, and oedometer tests. Numerical examples are demonstrated for biological tissues in unconfined and confined compression tests with cyclic loading and rocks under triaxial configuration with confinement and linear-ramp axial loading.
Experimental evaluation of digital control schemes for nuclear reactors

Experiments have been conducted on the 5 MWt fission reactor, MITR-II, in which fault-tolerant control schemes were tested and evaluated under both transient and steady-state conditions. These control systems incorporated on-line detection, isolation and reconfiguration of faulty equipment, sensor calibration, measurement estimation, and information display in given controller structures [1, 2]. Among the techniques studied were ones simulating operator instructions, heuristic programing including both adaptive and learning theory routines, and predictive methods. Each method studied resulted in digital control of reactor power via analysis of a validated estimate of plant conditions (power, temperature, flow) obtained from the plant's sensors. The control schemes also used estimates of reactivity obtained via either balances or an analytic measurement employing inverse kinetics [1, 3].
Family Interventions with Law Enforcement Officers

Law enforcement officers (LEOs) work in highly stressful conditions. The protective police culture reinforces social isolation that increases stress. For the LEO, the major sources of stress are: the ambiguous framework in which discretionary decisions are made; the danger of dealing with lawbreakers; public suspicion and disdain; and the lack of community and organizational support. The elevated level of stress can lead to the LEOs experiencing burnout, alcoholism and substance abuse, marital discord, depression, suicide, and a host of other personal problems. Practical suggestions are offered regarding how the family therapist can implement interventions with LEOs and their family members.
Marketing and Internet Professionals' Fiduciary Responsibility: A Perspective on Spyware

ABSTRACT While Internet usage has become a widely accepted marketing vehicle, ethical issues continue to develop without clear guidance. Today controversies abound regarding “passive devices” technologies for collecting information about Internet users. Passive data collection techniques include such software devices as adware, cookies, spyware, and web bugs. This paper reviews these software devices and presents a “cultural lag” perspective to explain the lack of clear ethical guidelines for their use. Fiduciary considerations are proposed as a basis for ethical guidelines, codes of ethics of major computer programming, information systems, and marketing professional associations are reviewed, and recommendations are offered to facilitate the development and acceptance of appropriate guidelines.
C-KIT AND URETERAL PERISTALSIS

ABSTRACTPurpose: c-kit encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor that is required for the differentiation of a wide variety of cells during embryogenesis, including pacemaker cells of the gut. Functional expression of this tyrosine kinase receptor is required for gut peristalsis and c-kit expression has recently been documented in the adult murine urinary tract. In this study we analyzed the temporal onset of c-kit expression during ureter morphogenesis in vivo and determined if c-kit activity is essential for ureteral peristalsis in vitro.Materials and Methods: The kidneys and ureters of gestational days 12.5 to 17.5 WT mice were isolated and frozen sections were prepared for analysis of c-kit, α-smooth muscle actin and uroplakin expression by immunocytochemical techniques. In addition, ureters were isolated from gestational day 15.5 mouse urogenital systems and cultured at the air/medium interface on 0.4 um pore polycarbonate membrane filters with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/fetal calf serum in the pres...
Investigation of supported iron Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts by Moessbauer spectroscopy

The carburization of the iron in a 10% Fe on Al2O3 (Alon-C) catalyst has been followed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The studies were made mostly at 270–285 °C and the catalyst was exposed to CO/H2 and CO/He gas mixtures. The decarburization by H2 was also studied. The principal carbides found are χ-carbide, Fe2.5C, e′-carbide, Fe2.2C with a tendency for a preponderance of the latter at long reaction times. The carburization by CO is promoted by the presence of H2, even in a small concentration. The promoting action of H2 seems to be related to the ease of carburizing a particle with a well-reduced surface. Adding water to CO/H2 slows the carburization rate without slowing the carbon deposition rate. Similar experiments with 10% Fe/SiO2 (Cab-O-Sil) catalyst give similar results. Rates are somewhat reduced, but there is no qualitative change introduced by the different support.
The Centercept: An Estimable and Meaningful Regression Parameter:

Linear regression is a mathematical model that is employed broadly throughout all of social science research. The choice of parameterization for linear models has important substantive and statistical implications. This article examines the typical parameterization chosen, which includes a parameter for slope and a parameter for the y-intercept. The article demonstrates that the centercept has an interpretive advantage over the traditionally used y-intercept and that the centercept is typically estimated more accurately.
Unification under a mixed prefix

Abstract Unification problems are identified with conjunctions of equations between simply typed λ-terms where free variables in the equations can be universally or existentially quantified. Tow schemes for simplifying quantifier alternation, called Skolemization and raising (a dual of Skolemization), are presented. In this setting where variables of functional type can be quantified and not all types contain closed terms, the naive generalization of first-order Skolemization has several technical problems that are addressed. The method of searching for pre-unifiers described by Huet is easily extended to the mixed prefix setting, although solving flexible-flexible unification problems is undecidable since types may be empty. Unification problems may have numerous incomparable unifiers. Occasionally, unifiers share common factors and general of these are presented. Various optimizations on the general unification search problem are as discussed.
Boron neutron capture therapy for malignant gliomas.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) represents a promising modality for a relatively selective radiation dose delivery to the tumour tissue. Boron-10 nuclei capture slow ‘thermal’ neutrons preferentially and, upon capture, promptly undergo 10B(n,α)7Li reaction. The ionization tracks of energetic and heavy lithium and helium ions resulting from this reaction are only about one cell diameter in length (∼ 14 μm). Because of their high linear energy transfer (LET) these ions have a high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for controlling tumour growth. The key to effective BNCT of tumours, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the preferential accumulation of boron-10 in the tumour, including the infiltrating GBM cells, as compared with that in the vital structures of the normal brain. Provided that a sufficiently high tumour boron-10 concentration (∼109 boron-10 atoms/cell) and an adequate thermal neutron fluence (∼ 1012 neutrons/ cm2) are achieved, it is the ratio of the boron-10 concentration in t...
Broadcasting, space, and sovereignty in India

This article posits that a spatial discourse can be discerned in broadcasting and media policies in India that has framed nationalism, globalization, sovereignty, and citizenship. Through a range of spatial practices, India’s nation-state has historically elaborated two overlapping modalities of power: national sovereignty from 1947 to 1990, and governmentality since 1991. To understand the spatial discourses and the modalities of power we need to move beyond methodological nationalism: that is, explanations that treat state as a container and a fixed entity, where social relations are organized within territorially bounded national spaces. The article demonstrates that the spatial discourse of the state can be grasped through a transnational framework that considers national and international as part of the wider global field of relations.
Imagined and actual limb selection: A test of preference

Imagined and actual motor performance were compared to determine what factor(s) drive limb selection for programming movements in contralateral hemispace. Forty right-handed blindfolded subjects were asked to ‘reach’ via auditory stimulus for a small object placed at multiple locations in hemispace. Two conditions were included: arms uncrossed and arms crossed. With the uncrossed condition, responses were similar. With arms crossed, subjects had the choice of keeping the limbs crossed, reacting to proximity, or uncrossing the arms to reach ipsilaterally. In this condition subjects `imagined' that they would maintain the crossed position and reach with the hand closest to the stimulus in both right and left hemispace. However, during ‘actual’ reaching, responses differed. For left-field stimuli, participants kept the arms crossed, but in response to right-field stimuli, subjects preferred to uncross the limbs in order to reach with the dominant hand. These findings suggest that while motor dominance is the primary factor in limb choice for action in ipsilateral hemispace, it appears that object proximity drives limb selection for reaching in contralateral hemispace.
Metabolic studies of leukocytes of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

In contrast to the results of previously published reports, no significant abnormalities of quantitative tetrazolium dye reduction, oxygen consumption, or the hexose monophosphate shunt were found in the leukocytes of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.
Material removal during abrasive impregnated brush deburring of micromilled grooves in NiTi foils

Abstract While abrasive impregnated brushes have been used extensively for deburring of machined parts, understanding of the associated mechanics of material removal is lacking. This paper investigates the dependence of brush deburring rate, surface roughness and change in foil thickness on spindle speed and brush nominal penetration during brush deburring of 25 μm thick Nitinol (NiTi) foils. Analysis of the surface after brushing shows that both ploughing and chip formation occur in the process. It is also seen that at bristle tip velocities of about 7 m/s the penetration of abrasives into the foil is dominated by initial contact forces while at about 2 m/s it is dominated by bristle stiffness. Long, slender burrs are removed by fatigue fracture under cyclic loading of the bristles. Burr roots are removed in small chunks as cracks formed by abrasive indentation propagate under cyclic loading of the bristles. A model based on Hertzian contact mechanics is proposed to predict the rate of indentation during brushing and is validated using experiments. The surface roughness initially reduces but subsequently increases with further brushing. Change in foil thickness in all cases is ≤1 μm. A fracture mechanics model for predicting the deburring rate is also proposed and validated.
Strategy enhancement of serial motor skill acquisition

Male high school students (N = 75) were randomly assigned to five groups in order to learn a curvilinear repositioning task. Five conditions were compared: (1) analogous imagery, (2) relevant labeling, (3) irrelevant labeling, (4) kinesthetic, and (5) control. Six positions, each different for each trial, had to be learned in sequence for 10 trials. An analysis of absolute and variable error scores indicated the general superiority of the imagery group over the other groups. Analysis of the percentage of correct responses at each criterion position demonstrated the effectiveness of imagery and relevant labeling.
Quantitative phenotypic variation in single normal and malignant cells from liver and breast occurs along a geometric series.

Single cell variability in albumin content of normal rat hepatocytes and hepatoma cells and in a specific breast surface antigen content in normal and malignant human mammary epithelial cells was studied by a quantitative immunoperoxidase method. The range of variability was nearly 10-fold for both normal and malignant cells. This wide range of single cell heterogeneity was generated very rapidly in clonal colonies of less than 30 hepatoma cells. By a grid test for periodicity that we devised, and also by Fourier transform analysis, the distribution of albumin content in single hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, and of a breast surface antigen content in normal and malignant breast cells, was shown to be discontinuous, where the cells distributed with a periodicity that fit a geometric series, of which consecutive values differed by a factor of √2. The fit to this geometric series was best for normal cells. Significant quantal shifts occurred at a high rate (>10−2 per cell per generation) and to higher and lower levels with equal probability. These results demonstrate that geometric phenotypic variability is a normal phenomenon and should be taken into account when studying gene regulation and population dynamics.
A Library of Single-Crystal Metal−Tin Nanorods: Using Diffusion as a Tool for Controlling the Morphology of Intermetallic Nanocrystals

We describe a unified and general template-based strategy for synthesizing a library of morphology-controllable M−Sn (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Ru) intermetallic nanorods. The reaction of β-Sn nanorod templates with appropriate metal salt solutions under reducing conditions yields single-crystal intermetallic nanorods of CoSn3, Ni3Sn4, Cu6Sn5, Ag4Sn, AuSn, PtSn, and RuSn2. Temperature plays a key role in maintaining the morphology of the β-Sn nanorod templates in the final M−Sn products and also selectively generating spherical nanocrystals vs dense nanorods vs hollow nanorods, in some cases (e.g., CoSn3) within the same system. These observations are linked to the diffusion process, and accordingly, the melting points of the transition elements used in this study can help us understand and predict the morphologies that can be formed, as well as the lowest temperature at which a particular intermetallic compound can form using low-temperature solution routes.
Functional Dissection and Molecular Characterization of Calcium-sensitive Actin-capping and Actin-depolymerizing Sites in Villin

All proteins of the villin superfamily, which includes the actin-capping and -severing proteins such as gelsolin, scinderin, and severin, are calcium-regulated actin-modifying proteins. Like some of these proteins, villin has morphologically distinct effects on actin assembly depending on the free calcium concentrations. At physiological calcium (Ca2+) villin nucleates and bundles actin, whereas at higher concentrations it caps (>50 microm) and severs (>200 microM) actin filaments. Although Ca(2+)-binding sites have been described in villin, the functional characterization of these sites has not been done previously. In the present study we functionally dissect the calcium-dependent actin-capping and -depolymerizing sites in villin. Our analysis reveals that villin binds Ca2+ with a Kd of 80.5 microM, a stoichiometry of 5.97, and a Hill's coefficient of 1.2. Using the NMR structure of villin 14T and the gelsolin-actin/Ca2+ crystal structure, six putative sites that result in Ca(2+)-induced conformational changes were identified in human villin and confirmed by mutational analysis. Molecular dynamics studies support the mutational analysis and provide a model for structural difference in the A93G mutant that prevents the calcium-induced conformational changes in the S1 domain of villin. Furthermore, we determined that villin expresses at least two types of Ca(2+)-sensitive sites that determine separate functional properties; site 1 (Glu-25, Asp-44, and Glu-74) regulates actin-capping, whereas sites 1 and 2 (Asp-86, Ala-93, and Asp-61), together with the intra-domain calcium-sensitive sites in villin, regulate actin depolymerization by villin. This is the first study that employs sequential mutagenesis to biochemically and functionally characterize the calcium-sensitive sites in villin. Such mutational analysis and functional characterization of the actin-capping and -depolymerizing sites are unknown for other proteins of the villin family.
David Lewis on indicative and counterfactual conditionals

It may seem hard to imagine an argument more decisive than this, but, in fact, without considerable further argument not provided by Lewis, it does not establish what it is intended to establish. The argument is directed against the view, briefly alluded to, that indicative and counterfactual conditionals do not differ in their structure as conditionals, but differ only in giving different indications concerning the truth value of the antecedent, i.e., indicative conditionals express no commitment concerning the truth value of the antecedent whereas counterfactuals express a commitment to the falsehood of the antecedent.2 Lewis holds that this view cannot be correct because it is possible to find pairs of conditionals which are otherwise the same except that one is indicative, the other counterfactual, where the indicative conditional is probably true, but the counterfactual conditional may well be false. If that is right and Lewis's specimen pair of conditionals is intended to show that it is right then, as Lewis concludes, there must be more to the difference
Bayes and medical imaging: it's time to make priors a priority

Bayesian approaches to the analysis of medical images have gained in popularity in the last two decades, in spite of their computational complexity, because they offer a consistent framework for dealing with problems such as model selection and the proper tradeoffs between measurements and prior expectations. A Bayesian approach to the analysis of medical images requires that one give thought to the specification of an image prior which reflects what we know about human anatomy and the broad spatial characteristics of the distribution of disease within the body. We present an approach, based on Markov random fields, to developing prior distributions for medical image analysis and show some preliminary results.
The Libertine’s Two Bodies: Moral Persona and Free Thought in Early Modern Europe

In the fourteenth century, there was a bishop in France who claimed that he strictly obeyed celibacy in his capacity as bishop, while being happily married, in his capacity as baron. 1 This may see...
The disintegration energy of 113Sn why have PL/PK measurements yielded incorrect values?

Abstract The P L / P K method of determining the ϵ-capture decay energy fails badly in the case of 113 Sn. We suggest that the discrepancies in the measured values may be due to variable amounts of 250 d 119 Sn m present in the 115 d 113 Sn samples.
Nonmarital Co-parenting: Knowledge Building for Practice:

The number of children born in the U.S. to nonmarried parents is increasing, and these children are at risk of deleterious outcomes. However, little is known about relationships between unmarried fathers and mothers. Based on a review of extant empirical research and on a multilevel social systems theoretical framework, a practice model is proposed that identifies 12 key factors for further knowledge-development: child well-being, mother's well-being, father's well-being, mother-child relationship, father-child relationship, mother-father relationship, maternal extended family relationships, paternal extended family relationships, neighborhood characteristics, mother's family background, father's family background, and public services and institutional structures. Implications for multilevel approaches to social work practice include needed interventions at both macro and micro levels that address poverty, housing and neighborhood stabilization, employment, child care, human capital development, health an...
The innate basis of food-hoarding decisions in grey squirrels: evidence for behavioural adaptations to the oaks

Rodents selectively cache acorns of red oak species (subgenus Erythrobalanus; RO) over those of white oaks (subgenus Quercus; WO) because of perishability of early-germinating WO acorns. On occasion, at least three species of tree squirrels also will cache white oak acorns, but only after they excise acorn embryos, thereby preventing germination. Failure to observe embryo excision of acorns in several other mammal species led us to hypothesize that tree squirrels may have an innate tendency to perform embryo excision and possibly the differential caching of RO and WO acorns. To test this, we evaluated the hoarding decisions of eight captive-reared (naive) eastern grey squirrels, Sciurus carolinensis, with no previous experience with acorns and four wild-caught squirrels. Squirrels were presented individually with pairs of dormant RO and nondormant WO acorns (two species) and pairs of dormant and nondormant RO acorns over a 2-month period. Both naive and wild-caught squirrels selectively cached dormant RO acorns more often than those of one WO species (Quercus alba), but showed a much weaker response to other pairs of dormant and nondormant acorns. Naive squirrels also removed the radicles of germinating acorns, and on occasion, attempted to excise embryos of germinating acorns. We conclude that there is a strong innate basis for some of the hoarding decisions made by tree squirrels, strengthening an emerging argument that tree squirrels show specific behavioural adaptations to the oaks.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN SERUM LEVELS OF GROWTH HORMONE AND MOBILIZATION OF FAT DURING EXERCISE IN MAN

Mobilization of fat into the blood, evidenced by increased plasma levels of glycerol, was detectable 5–10 min. after healthy men in the post-absorptive state began to exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a work load of 400 Kgm./min. Plasma levels of immunoreactive human growth hormone (IRHGH) did not change until after 20 min. of exercise, rose rapidly until 60 min. and then began to fall. No detectable fall in plasma level of glucose preceded the rise in IRHGH. These results are incompatible with a major role for growth hormone in mobilization of fat during such exercise. When subjects were given nicotinic acid before exercising, fat mobilization was blocked, but the pattern of increase in levels of IRHGH was not altered during the first hr. of exercise. IRHGH levels continued to increase until exercise was stopped and then fell more slowly than in control subjects. The rise in IRHGH during exercise does not, therefore, depend upon prior mobilization of fat, but such mobilization may inhibit its continued secretion.
iFold: a platform for interactive folding simulations of proteins

Summary: We built a novel web-based platform for performing discrete molecular dynamics simulations of proteins. In silico protein folding involves searching for minimal frustration in the vast conformational landscape. Conventional approaches for simulating protein folding insufficiently address the problem of simulations in relevant time and length scales necessary for a mechanistic understanding of underlying biomolecular phenomena. Discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) offers an opportunity to bridge the size and timescale gaps and uncover the structural and biological properties of experimentally undetectable protein dynamics. The iFold server supports large-scale simulations of protein folding, thermal denaturation, thermodynamic scan, simulated annealing and pfold analysis using DMD and coarse-grained protein model with structure-based Gō-interactions between amino acids. Availability: http://ifold.dokhlab.org Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Predicting successful induction of oocyte maturation after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger

main results and the role of chance: Peak E2 on the day of trigger (r ¼ 0.19, P , 0.001), post-trigger LH (r ¼ 0.12, P ¼ 0.009) and progesterone (r ¼ 0.47, P , 001) and LH rise (r ¼ 0.18, P , 0.001) all positively correlated with the number of total and mature oocytes retrieved. The true incidence of empty follicle syndrome was 1.4% (7/508). There was no post-trigger LH or progesterone cut-off value for the prediction of oocyte yield. However, all cases of empty follicle syndrome occurred in patients with post-trigger LH ,15 IU/l and P ≤ 3.5 ng/ml. The findings of this study may also be due to chance since it was a retrospective study and not prospectively designed. limitation, reasons for caution: This is a retrospective chart review and therefore subject to bias. Serum hormone measurements were performed between 8 and 12 h after GnRHa trigger rather than a standardized time period following trigger administration. Therefore, peak levels of LH may have been missed due to the short ascending limb of LH rise lasting approximately 4 h after GnRHa trigger. wider implications of the findings: The results of this study can be generalized to high responders utilizing a GnRH antagonist protocol for COH and a GnRHa for the induction of oocyte maturation. The use of alternative stimulation regimens or medications will limit the ability to generalize the results of this study to other populations. study funding/competing interest(s): This study was not funded, and there are no conflicts of interest. trial registration number: n/a
Imaging of the Saphenous Vein Graft Bypass of the Cavernous Carotid Artery

PURPOSE To describe the radiographic appearance of the interpositional carotid saphenous vein graft and to compare the efficacy of MR angiography with conventional angiography in determining graft patency and identifying graft irregularities. METHODS The authors examined saphenous vein graft bypasses of the cavernous carotid artery in 14 patients using CT, MR, and conventional and MR angiography. RESULTS The course of the graft was typically more inferior, lateral, and anterior than the course of the native vessel. Mild irregularities were found in four of the grafts, but all four "filled out" in a period of months. Time-of-flight angiography was comparable to conventional angiography in four of five patients. Phase-contrast angiography was comparable to conventional angiography in nine of nine cases. CONCLUSIONS MR angiography is a useful screening modality in the postoperative evaluation of vascular grafts.
The National Science Foundation (seminar session): funding opportunities for CS faculty through the CCLI program

A new program in undergraduate education at the National Science Foundation is the Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) program. CCLI has two tracks that are of particular interest to CS faculty members. They are the Educational Materials Development (EMD) and the Adaptation and Implementation (A&I) tracks. The focus of the EMD track is to develop, test and implement new materials or practices for national dissemination. The focus of the A&I track is to adapt and implement existing innovative materials or practices within a particular institution.Both of these tracks offer opportunities for funding for CS faculty concerned about improving the quality of CS undergraduate education. Projects can encompass a broad range of activities, from individual courses and laboratories through comprehensive projects that impact entire curricula or programs across multiple departments or institutions. Funding can be requested for all items normally supported by NSF, such as equipment and personnel. The next CCLI program deadline date is June 7, 2000, making the seminar very timely for people interested in developing a proposal.
Delayed skin wound repair in proline-rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 knockout mice

Proline-rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase family. We used Pyk2 knockout (Pyk2-KO) mice to study the role of Pyk2 in cutaneous wound repair. We report th...
An adaptive bandwidth reservation scheme for high-speed multimedia wireless networks

In the next generation high-speed wireless networks, it is important to provide quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees as they are expected to support multimedia applications. This paper proposes an admission control scheme based on adaptive bandwidth reservation to provide QoS guarantees for multimedia traffic carried in high-speed wireless cellular networks. The proposed scheme allocates bandwidth to a connection in the cell where the connection request originates and reserves bandwidth in all neighboring cells. When a user moves to a new cell and a handoff occurs, bandwidth is allocated in the new cell, bandwidth is reserved in the new cell's neighboring cells, and reserved bandwidth in more distant cells is released. The amount of bandwidth to reserve is dynamically adjusted, reflecting the current network conditions. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated through simulations of realistic cellular environments. The simulated network consists of a large number of cells, mobile users with various movement patterns are assumed, and a variety of multimedia applications (e.g., audio phone, video conference, video on demand, file transfer, etc.) is considered. It is shown that the proposed scheme provides small handoff dropping probability (i.e., the probability that handoff connections are dropped due to a lack of bandwidth) and achieves high bandwidth utilization.
The entry of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs into the central nervous system

The ability of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs to enter the brain is a critical issue in the treatment of many viral brain diseases, including HIV-related neurologic disease. Much of the literature concerning nucleoside analog entry into the nervous system focuses on drug levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), equating these with drug levels in the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) as though the two compartments intermix freely. We review the anatomic and physiologic aspects of drug entry into CSF and into brain ECF, as well as the exchange processes between these two compartments. In most instances drug concentrations in the CSF and ECF compartments bear little relationship to one another and using CSF concentrations to extrapolate brain ECF concentrations may significantly overestimate the latter. Accepted terminology and methodology for making measurements of blood-brain barrier function are discussed. Studies of brain uptake that express results as brain:plasma ratios, or that have used microdialys...
Role of metabolism and receptor responsiveness in the attenuated responses to Angiotensin II in mice compared to rats.

Abstract Chronic infusion of Angiotensin II (AngII) to rats is a well-characterized model for determining AngII physiology. Genetic manipulations have strengthened knowledge of AngII; however, they do not permit an increase in AngII to be initiated at a selected age, duration and dose. Therefore, exogenous AngII administration remains an important technique to define its biological effect. We previously noted that infusion of AngII to mice had minimal effects compared to the same dose given to rats. In this study, we compared the effects of chronic infusion of the same dose of AngII to C57BL/6 mice and Sprague–Dawley rats, two commonly used rodent models. Rats administered AngII exhibited reductions (by 22%) in body weight, which were not evident in mice. AngII increased blood pressure by 54 mm Hg in rats, but had no effect in mice. Vascular histology demonstrated that AngII caused medial hypertrophy in rats, with adventitial expansion in mice. Plasma concentrations of AngII and its catabolic fragments were elevated (twofold) in mice compared to rats. Angiotensin receptor affinity, density and distribution were similar in rats and mice. Infusion of AngII decreased AngII receptor density in the kidney (by 78%) and spleen (by 29%) of mice, but had no effect in rats. AngII produced a sustained contractile response in rat aortic strips, but minimal responses in mouse aorta. These results demonstrate that differences in circulating angiotensin peptides, AngII receptor regulation, and vascular reactivity contribute to diminished responses to AngII infusion in mice compared to rats. Results from this study suggest that considerably higher doses of AngII may be required to elicit physiologic effects of AngII in mice.
Metaphysics within the Limits of Phenomenology: Balthasar and Husserl on the Nature of the Philosophical Act

This article compares the accounts Edmund Husserl and Hans Urs von Balthasar offer of the ultimate philosophical act: the transcendental reduction and contemplation of the fourfold difference, respectively. It argues that Husserl's method precludes from the outset the raising of the question of being, and that as a consequence, all four of the distinctions that Balthasar describes must ultimately collapse in his phenomenology. An adequate response to Husserl must attend, at least implicitly, to the whole of the fourfold difference in all of its dimensions. The article concludes with a brief reflection on the significance of metaphysics for Christianity and the significance of Christianity for metaphysics.
Monitoring Daily Function in Persons With Transfemoral Amputations Using a Commercial Activity Monitor: A Feasibility Study

Objective To assess in a feasibility study the mobility of persons with transfemoral amputations using data collected from a popular, consumer-oriented activity monitor (Fitbit). Design Observational cohort study. Setting Research hospital outpatient evaluation. Participants Nine subjects with transfemoral amputations (4 women and 5 men, ages 21-64 years) and Medicare functional assessments (K level) of K3 (n = 7), K2 (n = 1), and K4 (n = 1). Methods One-week monitoring of physical activity using the Fitbit One activity monitor. Main Outcome Measures Daily estimates of step counts, distance walked, floors/stairs climbed, calories burned, and proprietary Fitbit activity scores. For each day, the amount of time in each of the following levels of activity was also reported: sedentary, lightly active, fairly active, and highly active. Results The percentage of movement time above the fairly active level had a predictable relationship to the designated K level. The average activity measures show decreased levels of activity for obese subjects (body mass index >30). Estimated step counts were highly predictive/redundant with estimated miles walked without setting individual stride lengths. Using linear regression prediction models, calorie estimates were found to be highly dependent on subject age, height, and weight, whereas the proprietary activity score was independent of all 3 demographic factors. Conclusions This feasibility study demonstrates that the Fitbit activity monitor estimates the activity of subjects with transfemoral amputations, producing results that correlate with their K-level functional activity classifications. The Fitbit activity score is independent of individual variations in age, weight, and height compared with estimated calories for this small sample size. These tools may provide useful insights into prosthetic use in an at-home environment.
Coupled Radiation/conduction Heat Transfer in Ceramic Liners for Diesel Engines

Abstract The radiant barrier effectiveness of ceramic liners for diesel engine cylinders is investigated through a high-order radiative transfer model coupled to a finite-difference solution of the energy equation. The results are compared with those from an earlier study that used the two-flux method. The two-flux results are found to be in error by up to 13%, but the qualitative conclusions of the earlier study are still valid.
Protons, Deuterons and Flow

Proton and deuteron m_T spectra and rapidity densities at y=1.9-2.3 are presented for central SS, SPb and PbPb collisions. The inverse slopes increase with system size and mass. The radius parameter, R_G, extracted from ratios of the spectra increases with system size. R_G is proportional to 1/\sqrt{m_T} consistent with transverse flow and NA44's HBT results.
Scapulothoracic and glenohumeral contributions to motion in children with brachial plexus birth palsy.

Background Brachial plexus birth palsy occurs in 0.4 to 4.6 of every 1000 live births, with residual shoulder dysfunction in approximately one third of cases. Clinical measures, such as the Mallet classification, provide no insight into the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral contributions to tested global shoulder movements. This study describes the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral components of shoulder motion during the modified Mallet test. Methods Twelve children with Erb’s palsy (C5-6) and 8 children with extended Erb’s palsy (C5-7) were recruited. The unaffected limbs of 6 subjects were also tested. Locations of markers placed on the thorax, humerus, and scapula were recorded in a neutral position and each of the modified Mallet positions. Scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, and humerothoracic helical displacements and acromion process linear displacements were compared between groups. Results The brachial plexus birth palsy groups exhibited significantly smaller glenohumeral displacements in all modified Mallet positions and significantly larger scapulothoracic displacements in the global external rotation and hand to mouth positions. Discriminant function analysis using only humerothoracic variables correctly classified 76.9% of subjects. Discriminant function analysis incorporating scapulothoracic, glenohumeral, and acromion process displacement variables produced accuracy of 92.6%. Conclusions Children with brachial plexus birth palsy demonstrated decreased glenohumeral contributions to achieve every modified Mallet position and increased scapulothoracic contribution in two positions compared with the unaffected group. Different scapulothoracic and glenohumeral strategies were identified between groups. Finally, scapulothoracic and glenohumeral components of shoulder motion are more specific than humerothoracic measures to diagnostic classification.