cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Taxonomy of Switching Techniques

Many switching techniques, ranging from the well-known circuit- and packet-switching to new switching techniques proposed for optical (WDM) networks such as wavelength-routing and optical burst switching (OBS) will be described and compared in terms of their suitable applications and implementation technologies. This chapter’s emphasis will be on the unique characteristics of optical networks and issues related to optical switching techniques. In particular, we will discuss how OBS can be effective in building the next generation Optical Internet.
Hypertension in Obese Black Women is Not Caused by Increased Sympathetic Vascular Tone

BackgroundBlack women have one of the highest prevalence rates of hypertension and obesity in the United States. We previously reported that sympathetic activation induced by obesity is a significa...
Delay in State Adoption of Newborn Screening Tests.

* Abbreviations: CCHD — : critical congenital heart disease MPS I — : mucopolysaccharidosis I RUSP — : Recommended Uniform Screening Panel SACHDNC — : Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children SCID — : severe combined immunodeficiency Newborn screening is a critical public health intervention. Every year, thousands of newborns are diagnosed with a disease via newborn screening; this allows for timely treatment that decreases morbidity and mortality and generates considerable health care savings. In 2005, the Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (SACHDNC) proposed the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP), consisting then of 29 core conditions to adopt as the national newborn screening standard. The RUSP’s core conditions and any future additions had to meet 3 inclusion criteria: the disorder must be detectable within 48 hours of birth, the screening test must be sensitive and specific, and early detection must enable early treatment to secure proven benefit.1 Adding a condition to the RUSP is a rigorous, multistep process. Petitioners must write a report to the SACHDNC, presenting an overview of the condition, treatment efficacy and availability, validation of a laboratory test with available follow-up confirmatory testing, and a prospective population pilot study. Meeting these criteria can prove challenging. For example, the addition of mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) and adrenoleukodystrophy were delayed because both diseases have a relatively unaffected carrier population, raising concern as to whether screening would pick up carrier patients. The SACHDNC then makes recommendations to the Secretary on the basis of an independent external evaluation regarding both inclusion criteria and feasibility. States are not legally bound by the … Address correspondence to Stephanie R. Morain, MPH, PhD, Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Suite 310D, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: stephanie.morain{at}bcm.edu
Large and realistic models of amorphous silicon

Abstract Amorphous silicon (a-Si) models are analyzed for structural, electronic and vibrational characteristics. Several models of various sizes have been computationally fabricated for this analysis. It is shown that a recently developed structural modeling algorithm known as force-enhanced atomic refinement (FEAR) provides results in agreement with experimental neutron and X-ray diffraction data while producing a total energy below conventional schemes. We also show that a large model (∼ 500 atoms) and a complete basis is necessary to properly describe vibrational and thermal properties. We compute the density for a-Si, and compare with experimental results.
Combinatorics of Finite Sets. By Ian Anderson

(1989). Combinatorics of Finite Sets. By Ian Anderson. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 5, pp. 463-464.
Neo-Liberal Managerialism and Professionalization in U.S. Schools

When faced with the challenge of organizing mass education systems at the advent of the modern era, national or state governments the world over chose public bureaucracies. In the field of public education, historically, bureaucracy grew up together with professionalism, mutually supportive of, yet in tension with each other. Both, according to Weber (Gerth and Mills in From Max Weber: essays in sociology. Oxford University Press, New York, 1946), advance the rationalization of work and create defined statuses, based on expertise, authority, and seniority, but they manage to do so with different principles. Bureaucracy is at the core rule-bound and static, exerting hierarchical control. Professionals, on the other hand, carry out their work in a logic of public trust and collegiality by flexibly applying theoretical precepts and abstract knowledge, acquired through formal training, to concrete circumstances in the presumably best interest of their clients. Across countries and systems, forms of accommodation between public bureaucracies and the professions have differed widely as have degrees of professionalization for the employees working in these systems.
Chemokines and ischemic stroke

Chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) play a vital role in the development and function of the immune system. In addition to this well characterized role, recent evidence has suggested chemokines may be produced by both neurons and glial cells in response to various stimuli, thus implicating chemokines in a number of neurological disorders, including ischemic stroke, trauma, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and brain tumors.
RDF Analysis of Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Parameters in MOSFET Devices

A perturbation technique is developed for the analysis of random doping induced fluctuations (RDF) of small-signal equivalent circuit parameters in semiconductor devices. This technique is based on the computation of the doping sensitivity functions of parameters of interest by using the admittance matrix parameters and is applied to the study of RDF of equivalent circuit parameters in a 40-nm channel length MOSFET. The presented technique can be easily extended to the analysis of RDF in other semiconductor devices such as SOI, HEMT, etc.
The Responsivity Principle: Determining the Appropriate Program and Dosage to Match Risk and Needs

The purpose of this chapter is to describe how simulation modeling can be used to identify the best use of the limited resources available to corrections and community corrections agencies through the application of the risk–need–responsivity model (Andrews et al. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17:19–52, 1990; Andrews & Bonta, The psychology of criminal conduct, Lexis Nexis, 2010). It builds on the parameter estimates developed in Chap. 5 by using those profiles to identify the appropriate program content and dosage to individuals’ risk level and needs. Simulation modeling can offer a number of insights to assist criminal justice agents in determining what types of programs (content and dosage) individuals’ need and the capacity of the jurisdiction to provide truly responsive programming to assist individuals under supervision. This chapter describes the development of individual program-level assignment based on risk and need profiles. Six program levels are described representing a continuum of care using increasing intensities of programming targeting different levels of needs. For individuals, key contributors to program-level assignment are risk level based on criminal history, dependence on hard drugs, multiple criminogenic needs (especially the Big Four), and presence of multiple destabilizing factors (e.g., unstable housing, dysfunctional family, low education). The program classification tool is designed to identify which level a program or intervention serves based on characteristics such as target, dosage (clinical hours), content, and staff credentials. Once individuals and programs have been classified, individuals can be match to programs within the appropriate program level to meet their needs. The chapter concludes with a discussion of pilot tests of this model using data from state and local criminal justice agencies.
The Changing Economic Conditions of the World

The global economic environment is in a state of constant change. All the world’s nations have had to learn how to cope with economic dynamics in order to maintain or raise standards of living for their residents. In terms of competition within the global electronics market, changing macroeconomic conditions have greatly influenced the competitive positions of trading countries. In order to discuss international trade patterns and evaluate the economic performance of electronics industries and companies, we need an overview of the changing economic environment of the world.
Dogon existential(-presentative) proclitics: Syntax, semantics, evolution

In Dogon languages, locational-existential ‘be (somewhere), exist’ and possessive ‘have’ are conjugatable stative quasi-verbs. They are regularly preceded by an unconjugated proclitic here labeled “existential.” The proclitic also occurs before stative verbs like ‘be sitting (seated)’ derived from dynamic, i.e. aspect-marking, verbs (‘sit down’). In some Dogon languages it may also precede nonspatial statives (‘know’, ‘want’), and under various conditions also dynamic verbs in certain TAMP (including polarity) categories. The existential proclitic is disallowed under negation, after a focalized constituent, and in relatives. Where it is not blocked in that way, for ‘have’ it is obligatory, and for ‘be’ it functions as a default locational, obligatory if no more specific locational is present. The proclitic is therefore part of several functional subsystems: existential (including possessive), spatial, information structure (focalization), and TAMP. It originated as a discourse-definite locational adverb ‘there’. Its grammaticalization paths have diverged from those of its Doppelgangers such as English there, likely because of an ancient presentative bias.
Abstract P066: A Meta-Analysis of Protective Effect of Allopurinol in Preventing Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background: Contrast- induced nephropathy (CIN) is an a major adverse outcome of both diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization procedures. It has been assoicated with prolonged hospitaliz...
Patient perspectives on use of electronic health records for research recruitment

EHR phenotyping offers the ability to rapidly assemble a precisely defined cohort of patients prescreened for eligibility to participate in health-related research. Even so, stakeholders in the process must still contend with the practical and ethical challenges associated with research recruitment. Patient perspectives on these matters are particularly important given that the success of research recruitment depends on patients’ willingness to participate. We conducted 15 focus groups (n = 110 participants) in four counties in diverse regions of the southeastern US: Appalachia, the Mississippi Delta, and the Piedmont area of North Carolina. Based on a hypothetical study of a behavioral intervention for type 2 diabetes, we asked about the acceptability and appropriateness of direct investigator versus physician-mediated contact with patients for research recruitment, and whether patients should be asked to opt in or opt out of further contact in response to recruitment letters. For initial contact, nearly all participants said it would be acceptable for researchers to contact patients directly and three-fourths said that it would be acceptable for researchers to contact patients through their physicians. When we asked which would be most appropriate, a substantial majority chose direct contact. Themes that arose in the discussion included trust and transparency, decision-making power, the effect on research, and the effect on patient care. For response expectations, the vast majority of participants said both opt-in and opt-out would be acceptable—typically finding neither especially problematic and noting that both afford patients the opportunity to make their own decisions. External validity relies heavily on researchers’ success enrolling eligible patients and failure to reach accrual targets is a costly and common barrier to advancing scientific knowledge. Our results suggest that patients recognize multiple advantages and disadvantages of different research recruitment strategies and place value on the implications not just for themselves, but also for researchers and healthcare providers. Our findings, including rich qualitative detail, contribute to the body of empirical and ethical literature on improving research recruitment and suggest specific ways forward as well as important areas for future research.
Adding Value in Radiology Reporting

Abstract The major goal of the radiology report is to deliver timely, accurate, and actionable information to the patient care team and the patient. Structured reporting offers multiple advantages over traditional free-text reporting, including reduction in diagnostic error, comprehensiveness, adherence to national consensus guidelines, revenue capture, data collection, and research. Various technological innovations enhance integration of structured reporting into everyday clinical practice. This review discusses the benefits of innovations in radiology reporting to the clinical decision process, the patient experience, the cost of imaging, and the overall contributions to the health of the population. Future directions, including the use of artificial intelligence, are reviewed.
Racial Colorblindness and Confidence in and Likelihood of Action to Address Prejudice.

In this study, we examined the association between racial colorblindness and inaction to address prejudice. Conceptualized as a type of legitimizing ideology that maintains societal inequality, we hypothesized that colorblindness would be associated with less confidence in and lower likelihood of engaging in action to address prejudice. Our study examined the role of affective variables in explaining the link between colorblindness and inaction, as well as explored potential racial group differences. We used multigroup structural equation modeling analysis to test for measurement and structural invariance of our hypothesized model across White, Asian American, and Underrepresented racial minority (i.e., African American, Latinx American, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Native American, and Multiracial students from Underrepresented groups) college students. In Study 1 (n = 1,125), we found that greater colorblindness was indirectly associated with less confidence in action through affective variables (e.g., intergroup empathy, and positive and negative emotions during intergroup interactions). In Study 2 (n = 1,356), we found that greater colorblindness was indirectly related to less likelihood of action through intergroup empathy. In both studies, we demonstrated measurement and structural invariance across racial groups, indicating that our hypothesized model functioned similarly across White, Underrepresented, and Asian American students. Our findings have implications for future research and practice to challenge colorblindness and to promote engagement in actions to reduce prejudice.
Beliefs about losing control, obsessions, and caution: An experimental investigation.

Abstract Fear of acting on unwanted impulses (e.g., stabbing a loved one) and avoidance of threatening stimuli (e.g., knives) are common phenomena in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive models of OCD suggest that maladaptive beliefs underlie the development and maintenance of symptoms. The goal of this experiment was to determine whether beliefs about losing control over one's behaviour lead to experiencing anxiety and intrusive thoughts while approaching stimuli that are commonly feared in OCD, and to behaving more cautiously while interacting with the stimuli. Undergraduate participants (N = 128) were provided with false feedback about the meaning of their intrusive thoughts: “having intrusive thoughts means that you are likely to lose control over your behaviour” versus “intrusive thoughts are normal”. Participants were then asked to approach sharp knives in a stepwise manner (i.e., behavioural approach test; BAT). Afterwards, they sorted the stimuli in a knife block as quickly as possible. Participants with higher (versus lower) beliefs about losing control experienced significantly increasing anxiety throughout the BAT. They also remembered experiencing more intrusive thoughts throughout the protocol and perceived themselves as less cautious while sorting the knives. Interestingly, objective measures of intrusive thoughts and caution were not significantly different between conditions.
Chapter 48 – Overlap Syndromes

Overlap syndromes are inflammatory rheumatic conditions in which patients have clinical manifestations suggestive of multiple distinct immune diseases. The diseases most commonly involved in overlap syndromes include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, and myositis. The most well-characterized overlap syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), is defined by anti-RNP autoimmunity along with features of at least two of these four conditions, and very often includes sufficient lupus manifestations to fulfill the SLICC lupus classification criteria. Overlap syndromes are generally less common than the conditions they encompass; the prevalence of MCTD, for example, is approximately one-twentieth that of SLE. Some autoantigen systems are particularly linked with overlap syndromes, such as RNP in MCTD. Overlap syndromes provide unique opportunities to understand links between autoimmunity and end organ immune targeting. While insights can be extrapolated from studies of disease processes present in overlap, few treatment trials have focused specifically on overlap syndromes themselves.
HY-POP: Hyperparameter optimization of machine learning models through parametric programming

Abstract Fitting a machine learning model often requires presetting parameter values (hyperparameters) that control how an algorithm learns from the data. Selecting an optimal model that minimizes error and generalizes well to unseen data becomes a problem of tuning or optimizing these hyperparameters. Typical hyperparameter optimization strategies involve discretizing the parameter space and implementing an iterative search procedure to approximate the optimal hyperparameter and model selection through cross-validation. Instead, for machine learning algorithms that are formulated as linear or quadratic programming (LP/QP) models, an exact solution to the hyperparameter optimization problem is obtainable through parametric programming without any approximation. First, the hyperparameter optimization problem is posed more naturally as a bilevel optimization. Second, using parametric programming theory, the bilevel optimization is reformulated into a single level problem. Exact solutions to the hyperparameter optimization problem for LASSO regression and LP L1-norm support vector machine (SVM) are derived and validated on example data.
Implications of the lacking relationship between cognitive task and self report measures for psychiatry

At the heart of science is measurement, and the quality of measurements limits the quality of the resulting conclusions. In psychiatric research, the most common measurement has traditionally been through self-report, using scales that assess the degree and frequency of psychiatric symptoms. However, self-report has largely been eschewed within biological and computational psychiatry for lacking the ability to provide mechanistic insights into the disorders in question. Instead, researchers now focus primarily on task-based measures of behavior combined with model-based analyses. This approach is thought to allow a deeper insight into the underlying neural and computational mechanisms whose dysfunction ultimately gives rise to psychiatric symptoms and illness. Indeed, the RDoC framework is explicitly built around these underlying neurocognitive dimensions. The measures proposed in the framework are meant to assess the function of mechanisms instead of or in addition to the frequency and severity of symptoms. The subjective nature of self-report, compared to the seemingly objective nature of cognitive tasks in combination with sophisticated computational models, has led many researchers to move away from the former.
Incentive Compatible Cost Sharing of a Coalition Initiative with Probabilistic Inspection and Penalties for Misrepresentation

This research proposes cost sharing mechanisms such that payments for a coalition initiative are allocated among players based on their honest valuations of the initiative, probabilistic inspection efforts, and deception penalties. Specifically, we develop a set of multiobjective, nonlinear optimization problem formulations that alternatively impose Bayesian incentive compatible, strategyproof, or group strategyproof mechanisms with generalized cost sharing and penalty functions that can be tailored to specific applications. Any feasible solution to these problems corresponds to a Bayesian game with stochastic payoffs wherein a collectively honest declaration is a Bayes–Nash equilibrium, a Nash equilibrium in dominant strategies, or a collusion resistant Nash equilibrium, respectively, and wherein an optimal solution considers the central authority’s relative priorities between inspection and penalization. In addition to this general framework, we introduce special cases having specific cost sharing and penalty functions such that the set of mechanisms are budget-balanced-in-equilibrium and proportional by design. The convexity of the resulting mathematical programs are examined, and formulation size reductions due to constraint redundancy analyses are presented. The Pareto fronts associated with each multiobjective optimization problem are assessed, as are computer memory limitations. Finally, an experiment considers the clustering of available valuations and the player probability distributions over them to examine their effects.
Aortic aneurysm and dissection in pregnancy: A case report.

Abstract We describe a 24-year-old pregnant woman at 34 weeks of gestation who presented to a community hospital with sharp chest pain radiating to her back. She was found to have a 6 cm ascending aortic aneurysm despite not having any established risk factors. She was transported by air ambulance to a tertiary-care hospital. She delivered a live female neonate via cesarean delivery. Her postpartum course was notable for multiple episodes of chest pain and multiple imaging studies that were read as negative for aortic dissection. Definitive valve surgery was postponed by the cardiothoracic surgeons to allow for recovery from severe preeclampsia, treatment of endometritis, and due to concerns for uterine bleeding while on anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. She was eventually transferred to another hospital in another state for valve-sparing surgery. During transport, she developed a pulmonary embolism, and after arrival an aortic dissection was confirmed. She received a mechanical aortic valve replacement and the aneurysm was repaired. She returned home and recovered without complication. A gene panel revealed a heterozygous pathogenic variant of the Filamin A gene. Aortic aneurysms during pregnancy are rare, and aortic dissections are more rare. We recommend expeditious surgical treatment, a heightened index of suspicion, and testing for a genetic cause of aneurysm when diagnosed in a pregnant or postpartum woman with no known risk factors.
Essentials of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine fellowship: an overview.

Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (NPM) fellowship programs have undergone constant evolution since their first appearance in the 1960s. This article is the first in a seven-part series (Table 1) that critically evaluates the essentials of neonatology fellowship clinical and research education, performance assessment, and administrative support necessary to support NPM fellowship programs. This overview article will provide background on the history of NPM fellowship programs and provide a framework for the article series. Table 1 Essentials of NPM fellowship article series. Essentials of NPM fellowship Part 1: Overview of NPM fellowship Description of the evolution of NPM Fellowship Part 2: Clinical education and experience Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of clinical education in NPM fellowship Part 3: Scholarship opportunities and threats Scholarship requirements during NPM fellowship Part 4: Innovations in medical education Critical analysis of current educational practices and andragogical innovations in NPM fellowship Part 5: Evaluation of competence and proficiency using milestones Assessment of NPM fellows during training using competency-based medical education principles Part 6: Program administration Administrative infrastructure and stakeholders necessary to run a NPM fellowship program Part 7: Careers in NPM Career preparation and opportunities for NPM fellowship graduates.
Ability of the Social Skills Rating System-Teacher Version to Discriminate Behavior Disordered, Emotionally Disturbed and Nonhandicapped Students

This study examined whether the Social Skills Rating System-Teacher version (SSRS-T) could discriminate groups of students in four categories: (a) Behavior Disordered/Mild (BD: n =16), (b) Emotiona...
Prospective Validation of the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU to Screen for Delirium in Infants Less Than 6 Months Old

OBJECTIVES ICU delirium is a predictor of greater morbidity and higher mortality in the pediatric population. The diagnostic obstacles and validity of delirium monitoring among neonates and young infants have yet to be fully delineated. We sought to validate the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU in neonates and young infants and determine delirium prevalence in this young population. DESIGN Prospective cohort study to validate the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU for the assessment of ICU delirium in neonates and young infants compared with the reference standard, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. SETTING Tertiary medical center PICU, including medical, surgical, and cardiac patients. PARTICIPANTS Infants less than 6 months old admitted to the PICU regardless of admission diagnosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We enrolled 49 patients with a median age of 1.8 months (interquartile range, 0.7-4.1 mo), 82% requiring mechanical ventilation. Enrolled patients were assessed for delirium in blinded-fashion by the research team using the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and independently assessed by the psychiatry reference rater using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria. A total of 189 paired assessments were completed, and the Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU performed with a sensitivity of 95% (95% CI, 89-100%), specificity of 81% (68-90%), "negative and positive predictive values" of 97% (94-100%) and 69% (55-79%), respectively, compared with the reference rater. Delirium prevalence was 47%, with higher rates of 61% observed among neonates (< 1 mo old) and 39% among infants 1-6 months old. CONCLUSIONS The Preschool Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU is a valid screening tool for delirium monitoring in infants less than 6 months old. Delirium screening was feasible in this population despite evolving neurocognition and arousal architecture. ICU delirium was prevalent among infants. The consequence of acute brain dysfunction during crucial neurocognitive development remains unclear. Future studies are necessary to determine the long-term impact of ICU delirium and strategies to reduce associated harm in critically ill infants.
Small bowel hemorrhage from check point inhibitor enteritis: a case report.

Background There is rising utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for a growing number of metastatic malignancies. While gastrointestinal side effects of ICI are common, isolated ICI-induced enteritis leading to small bowel hemorrhage is rare. Case presentation A 71-year-old man with a previously resected right colon adenocarcinoma on atezolizumab and recently treated Clostridioides difficile presented with acute on chronic abdominal pain and non-bloody diarrhea. A CT scan revealed enteritis of the duodenum and jejunum without colitis. Initial endoscopic work-up revealed many clean-based non-bleeding duodenal ulcers to the third portion of the duodenum and normal rectosigmoid mucosa. The patient initially improved on steroids but was readmitted on day after discharge with hematochezia and hemorrhagic shock. Repeat CT showed improvement in enteritis; however, repeat push enteroscopy revealed multiple duodenal and jejunal ulcers, two with visible vessels requiring endoscopic intervention. He continued to have significant hemorrhage requiring transfusions despite IV methylprednisolone. Conventional angiogram revealed multiple sites of active extravasation, and he underwent small bowel resection and subsequent IR embolization due to persistent bleeding. He was then started on infliximab 10 mg/kg with resolution of his small bowel hemorrhage and diarrhea. Conclusions Severe isolated ICI-enteritis is rare and can lead to clinically significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Patients with severe ICI-enteritis on endoscopy should be carefully monitored for steroid refractory disease for consideration of step-up therapy such as infliximab.
Investigating dynamic relations between factual information and misinformation: Empirical studies of tweets related to prevention measures during COVID-19

Abstract During COVID-19, misinformation on social media has affected people's adoption of appropriate prevention behaviors. Although an array of approaches have been proposed to suppress misinformation, few have investigated the role of disseminating factual information during crises. None has examined its effect on suppressing misinformation quantitatively using longitudinal social media data. Therefore, this study investigates the temporal correlations between factual information and misinformation, and intends to answer whether previously predominant factual information can suppress misinformation. It focuses on two prevention measures, that is, wearing masks and social distancing, using tweets collected from April 3 to June 30, 2020, in the United States. We trained support vector machine classifiers to retrieve relevant tweets and classify tweets containing factual information and misinformation for each topic concerning the prevention measures? effects. Based on cross-correlation analyses of factual and misinformation time series for both topics, we find that the previously predominant factual information leads the decrease of misinformation (i.e., suppression) with a time lag. The research findings provide empirical understandings of dynamic relations between misinformation and factual information in complex online environments and suggest practical strategies for future misinformation management during crises and emergencies.
Weighted Norm Estimates for Singular Integrals with LlogL Kernels: Regularity of Weak Solutions of Some Degenerate Quasilinear Equations

The purpose of this paper is to summarize some known results about two different types of problems. A number of open questions related to each of the problems are indicated. The presentation is largely descriptive; no proofs are given, but they can be found in the appropriate papers listed among the references.
Abnormal movement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the Immotile Cilia Syndrome. Cinemicrographic analysis.

Abstract Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) moving on a flat substrate in vitro tend to make fewer turns and persist in a particular direction during periods of rapid movement. It has been suggested that this persistence of unidirectional movement is modulated by the cellular cytoskeleton, particularly the arrangement of microtubules and associated structures. A cinemicrographic analysis of the movement of PMN from five subjects with the Immotile Cilia Syndrome (ICS) showed that there was an abnormality of movement characterized by an increased tendency to turn, resulting in a more tortuous path of movement than seen with controls. Since subjects with ICS are known to have an abnormality of microtubule-associated structures and function of their cilia, it is possible that the abnormalities of ciliated cells and PMN may be the result of the effects of the underlying genetic defect upon microtubule-associated functions in both cell types.
Uncheatable Distributed Computations

Computationally expensive tasks that can be parallelized are most efficiently completed by distributing the computation among a large number of processors. The growth of the Internet has made it possible to invite the participation of just about any computer in such distributed computations. This introduces the potential for cheating by untrusted participants. In a commercial setting where participants get paid for their contribution, there is incentive for dishonest participants to claim credit for work they did not do. In this paper, we propose security schemes that defend against this threat with very little overhead. Our weaker scheme discourages cheating by ensuring that it does not pay off, while our stronger schemes let participants prove that they have done most of the work they were assigned with high probability.
Green Cities: Urban Growth and the Environment (Chapter One)

The Brookings Institution Press has just published my new book. This pdf presents the introduction of this book. Rapid urban growth and suburban sprawl have heightened concern in many quarters about sustainable development. Are economic growth and environmental health always mutually exclusive goals? Nearly everyone would choose to pursue both given the chance, but many believe that it would be overly optimistic - perhaps naive - to expect both. Green city proponents, however, do hope to realize both ambitions. What exactly is a green city? What does it mean to say that San Francisco is greener than Houston, or that Vancouver is a green city while Beijing is not? When does urban growth lower environmental quality, and when does it produce environmental gains? These are the questions that drive this smart and engaging book. In Green Cities, Matthew Kahn surveys the burgeoning economic literature on the environmental consequences of urban growth. He discusses the environmental Kuznets curve, which theorizes that the relationship between environmental quality and per capita income follows a bell-shaped curve. The heart of the book unpacks and expands this notion by tracing the environmental effects of economic growth, population growth, and suburban sprawl. Kahn considers how cities can deal with the environmental challenges produced by growth. His concluding chapter addresses the role of cities in promoting climate change and asks how cities in turn are likely to be affected by this trend. Kahn considers the evidence for and against rival perspectives throughout the book. Despite being labeled as purveyors of a dismal science, economists are often quite optimistic about the relationship between urban development and the environment. In contrast, many ecologists remain wary of the environmental consequences of free-market growth. Green Cities does not try to settle this dispute. Instead, it marshals data and arguments to convey the excitement of an ongoing debate, enabling readers to formulate well-informed opinions and priorities on this critically important issue.
The effect of body temperature on the murine electroretinogram.

Purpose: To study the effect of body temperature on the murine electroretinogram (ERG). Methods: The corneal ERG elicited by a strobe flash from dark-adapted mice was recorded using a saline wick electrode while measuring rectal temperature continuously. The mouse was placed within a cylindrical coil of tubing through which water circulated from a temperature controlled bath. The body temperature of the mouse was changed stepwise between 30 and 37 °C. Results: ERGs of approximately normal configuration were recorded at body temperature ranging between 30 and 37 °C. The maximum amplitude of the a- and b-waves varied linearly with temperature. The rate of change of b-wave amplitude was about 100 μV/degree. At 30 °C, maximum b-wave amplitude was about 400 μV; at 37 °C it was about 1000 μV. A change in body temperature produced a rapid change in ERG amplitude. Conclusion: The murine ERG is very sensitive to changes in temperature. In order to monitor the ERG accurately over time, continuous recording of body temperature is essential.
Orbital anastomoses of the anterior deep temporal artery

Summary. The anterior deep temporal artery may provide a major collateral pathway to the intracranial circulation through anastomoses with branches of the ophthalmic artery, t~eview of carotid angiograms in 26 patients with internal carotid artery occlusive disease revealed anterior deep temporal to ophthalmic artery anastomoses in 16 cases. This route of collateral blood flow was associated in most instances with total occlusion of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery. Three eases demonstrating the angiographie anatomy of the anterior deep temporal artery and its potential anastomoses with branches of the ophthalmic artery are presented. Anastomoses orbitaires de l'art~re temporale profonde antdrieure Rdsumd. L'art~re temporale profonde antdrieure peut @tre ~ l'origine de circulation colaS@rule grgee ~ ses annstomoses avec l'art~re ophtalmique. Une telle anastomose a @t6 eonstat6e 16 lois sur 26 cas de thrombose de l'art@re carotide interne. Anastomosen der A. temporalis ant. zur Orbita Zusammenfassung. (~ber.die A. temporalis anterior ist fiber A~astomosen zu den Asten der A. ophthalmica ein Kollateral-Kreislauf zu den intraeraniellen Gef~fiabschnitten mSglich. Bei 26 Patientea mit einem A. carotis interna-Verschlul~ zeigte sich dieser Kreislauf in 16 F~Ilem Es wird fiber 3 F~lle ausffihrlich berichtet, bei denen die angiographische Anatomie der A:. temporalis anterior und die mSglichen Anastomosen mit Asten der A. ophthMmica besproehen wird.
Quantifying spread in three-dimensional rotation data: comparison of nonparametric and parametric techniques

While there have been recent advances in distributional theory and parametric inference for 3-D rotation data, applications still exist where it is difficult to identify an appropriate distribution for modeling. In these instances, nonparametric inference may be preferred. In this paper, a measure of spread for 3-D rotation data, called the average misorientation angle, is introduced and bootstrapping is developed for this measure. Existing parametric inference methods for estimating spread in 3-D rotations are compared to the bootstrapping procedure through a simulation study. The bootstrapping technique is then used in a materials science application where existing distributions do not appear to provide an adequate fit.
Respiratory chain of a pathogenic fungus, Microsporum gypseum: effect of the antifungal agent pyrrolnitrin

Pyrrolnitrin has been reported to inhibit Bacillus megaterium primarily by forming complexes with phospholipids and to block electron transfer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae between succinate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and coenzyme Q. We found that pyrrolnitrin inhibited respiration of conidia of Microsporum gypseum. In mitochondrial preparations, pyrrolnitrin strongly inhibited respiration and the rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase. The rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase, the succinate-cytochrome c reductase, and the reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol by either NADH or succinate were inhibited to a lesser extent. However, the activity of cytochrome oxidase was not affected by pyrrolnitrin. The extent of reduction of flavoproteins by NADH and succinate, measured at 465 - 510 nm, was unaltered; however, the reduction of cytochrome b, measured at 560 - 575 nm, was partially inhibited by pyrrolnitrin. The level of totally reduced cytochrome b was restored with antimycin A. We, therefore, concluded that the primary site of action of this antifungal antibiotic is to block electron transfer between the flavoprotein of the NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome b segment of the respiratory chain of M. gypseum.
The Flux‐Form Semi‐Lagrangian Spectral Element (FF‐SLSE) method for tracer transport

The spectral element dynamical core has been demonstrated to be an accurate and scalable approach for solving the equations of motion in the atmosphere. However, it is also known that use of the spectral element method for tracer transport is costly and requires substantial parallel communication over a single time step. Consequently, recent efforts have turned to finding alternative transport schemes which maintain the scalability of the spectral element method without its significant cost. This article proposes a conservative semi-Lagrangian approach for tracer transport which uses upstream trajectories to solve the transport equation on the native spectral element grid. This formulation, entitled the Flux-Form Semi-Lagrangian Spectral Element (FF-SLSE) method, is highly accurate compared to many competing schemes, allows for large time steps, and requires fewer parallel communications over the same time interval than the spectral element method. In addition, the approach guarantees local conservation and is easily paired with a filter which can be used to ensure positivity. This article presents the dispersion relation for the 1D FF-SLSE approach and demonstrates stability up to a Courant number of 2.44 with cubic basis. Several standard numerical tests are presented for the method in 2D to verify correctness, accuracy and robustness of the method, including a new test of a divergent flow in Carteisan geometry.
A Criterion for Flatness in Minimal Area Metrics that Define String Diagrams

It has been proposed that the string diagrams of closed string field theory be defined by a minimal area problem that requires that all nontrivial homotopy curves have length greater than or equal to 2π. Consistency requires that the minimal area metric be flat in a neighbourhood of the punctures. The theorem proven in this paper, yieds a criterion which if satisfied, will ensure this requirement. The theorem states roughly that the metric is flat in an open set,U if there is a unique closed curve of length 2π through every point inU and all of these closed curves are in the same free homotopy class.
Compliance With Intended Use of Bar Code Medication Administration in Acute and Long-Term Care: An Observational Study

Objective: To identify the types and extent of workaround strategies with the use of Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA) in acute care and long-term care settings. Background: Medication errors are the most commonly documented cause of adverse events in hospital settings. Scanning of bar codes to verify patient and medication information may reduce medication errors. Method: A prospective ethnographic study was conducted using targeted observation. Fifteen acute care and 13 long-term care nurses were directly observed during medication administration at small, medium, and large Veterans Administration hospitals to detect workaround strategies. Results: Noncompliance with recommended practices was observed in all settings and facilities. A larger proportion of acute care nurses than long-term care nurses scanned bar-coded wristbands to identify patients (53% vs. 8%, p = .016). A larger proportion of acute care nurses than long-term care nurses administered barcoded medications immediately after scann...
Molecular Modeling Studies of a Ferric Hexadentate 3-Hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone Complex and an Analogue by Molecular Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics, and Free Energy Perturbation Simulations

For the design of ligands specific for iron(III), it is important to explore the molecular conformations of both the ligand and the metal complex since they are responsible for the thermodynamics of the chelation process. The conformational behavior of ferric hexadentate N,N,N-tris[2-(3-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-1-yl)acetamido]ethylamine complex (coded as FeCP130) was investigated both in vacuo and in aqueous solvent. Two conformations are of interest in this complex. One is referred to as “in” conformation, where the tertiary amine N atom and the free electron pair point toward the metal atom and the other, the “out” conformation, where the same N atom points “out”, away from the metal atom. Both molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulation studies show that the “in” conformation is more stable than the “out” conformation. By use of the free energy perturbation method, the relative free energy difference between the two conformations was determined and contributions from both enthalpy and...
Two Novel Techniques to Screen Abies Seedlings for Resistance to the Balsam Woolly Adelgid, Adelges piceae

Since its introduction into the Southern Appalachians in the 1950s, the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae Ratzeburg (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), has devastated native populations of Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. (Pinales: Pinaceae), and has become a major pest in Christmas tree plantations requiring expensive chemical treatments. Adelges piceae—resistant Fraser fir trees would lessen costs for the Christmas tree industry and assist in the restoration of native stands. Resistance screening is an important step in this process. Here, four studies directed toward the development of time— and cost—efficient techniques for screening are reported. In the first study, three methods to artificially infest seedlings of different ages were evaluated in a shade—covered greenhouse. Two—year—old seedlings had much lower infestation levels than 7 year—old seedlings. Placing infested bark at the base of the seedling was less effective than tying infested bark to the seedling or suspending infested bolts above the seedling. Although the two latter techniques resulted in similar densities on the seedlings, they each have positive and negative considerations. Attaching bark to uninfested trees is effective, but very time consuming. The suspended bolt method mimics natural infestation and is more economical than attaching bark, but care must be taken to ensure an even distribution of crawlers falling onto the seedlings. The second study focused on the density and distribution of crawlers falling from suspended bolts onto paper gridded into 7.6 × 7.6 cm cells. Crawler density in a 30 cm band under and to each side of the suspended bolt ranged from 400 to over 3000 crawlers per cell (1 to 55 crawlers per cm2). In the third study, excised branches from 4 year—old A. fraseri and A. vetchii seedlings were artificially infested with A. piceae to determine whether this technique may be useful for early resistance screening. The excised A. fraseri branches supported complete adelgid development (crawler to egg—laying adult), and very little adelgid development occurred on A. vetchii branches. The fourth study compared infestation levels and gouting response on excised versus intact branches of 4 year—old A. fraseri seedlings from three different seed sources, and excised branches from 4 year—old and 25 year—old trees. There were no differences in infestation levels between excised versus intact branches nor in very young versus mature trees; gouting response was observed only on intact branches.