cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viral and Prion Infections

Abstract Many human diseases are due to viruses. These agents consist of genomes of either DNA or RNA inside a protein shell. Despite this deceptive simplicity, virus infections are less well understood than bacterial diseases, largely because viruses cannot be grown alone in culture but depend on a host cell. Until recently, protection against virus diseases relied on public health measures and vaccination. Only since the late 1980s have a significant number of specific antiviral agents become available.
Transboundary Water Resources and Wetlands

Transboundary river basins cover 60% of Africa, so countries share water as co-riparians under a treaty or convention. Given the erratic rainfall patterns and the effects of climate change, countries will face challenges in meeting future water needs for domestic, industrial, power, and irrigation uses. Commonalities in international arrangements to control transboundary water resources include joint management , water share rules , equity , environmental sustainability , benefit-sharing, data and information sharing . Game theoretic approaches have been used to explain nations’ behavior in transboundary water resource sharing. Countries seek a relational outcome in transboundary water negotiations and have established River Basin Organizations to achieve the coordination objective. Another topic of international concern is wetlands and their beneficial use as a source of income and ecological preservation. Private parties who have attempted to build on land declared as a wetland have faced court action.
Cooling the Heat Island in Compact Urban Environments: The Effectiveness of Chicago's Green Alley Program

Abstract To build 21st century sustainable cities, officials are installing alternative infrastructure technologies to reduce atmospheric environmental problems such as the urban heat island (UHI). The purpose of this study is to further our understanding of how ground-level UHI mitigation strategies in compact urban areas impact air temperatures. The term ‘cool pavement’ refers to both reflective and porous pavements. While cool pavements are identified as UHI mitigation strategies, we evaluated their in-situ effectiveness on air and surface temperatures. Using a case-control research design, we measured the impact of these pavements on air temperature relative to conventional asphalt in alleys. In locations where high vertical walls constrained the release of solar radiation, reflective pavements increased air temperatures. In two neighborhoods, reflective concrete increased daytime 3-meter air temperatures by 0.9° C and 0.5° C respectively and had no influence on nighttime temperatures. Unlike reflective pavement, porous pavements permit percolation and may contribute to cooling through evaporation. However, our research illustrated that porous asphalt and porous concrete increased maximum daytime air temperatures by 0.8° C and 0.5° C and did not lower nighttime air temperatures. While porous concrete pavers had significantly warmer midday air temperatures, it was the only cool pavement strategy to yield lower early evening air temperatures relative to conventional asphalt. Even immediately after rain events, the air temperatures above the porous pavements were not significantly cooler. This research demonstrates our need to evaluate real world installations of cool pavement to determine their actual impact on decreasing summertime temperatures.
The terminally ill, access to investigational drugs, and FDA rules.

Though there are channels through which terminally ill patients can access some experimental drugs that have not yet received FDA approval for marketing to the public, in general those drugs must already be proven safe and effective.
Archival adaptation to climate change

Discussion of the likely impacts of climate change on archives is significantly deficient in the archival profession. Archives hold rare and unique materials that are irreplaceable and institutiona...
Chronic Graft-Versus-Host (cGVHD) after Non-Myeloablative Stem Cell Transplantation (NST) with Rituximab-Containing Conditioning Regimens for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

Non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation is an effective strategy to reduce the incidence of acute (a) GVHD, a major risk factor for the development of chronic (c) GVHD. However, in NST there is evidence of at least a similar incidence of cGVHD compared with myeloablative transplants despite the lower incidence of aGVHD. Objective: To evaluate the incidence, natural history and outcome of cGVHD following NST in patients (pts) with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Methods: All pts were treated with NST with Fludarabine/Cyclophosphamide/Rituximab conditioning regimen (I. Khouri. Blood 2001), and tacrolimus/methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis. Risk factors for the occurrence of de novo cGVHD were evaluated using Cox regression analysis. Results: 78 pts were treated: follicular lymphoma (n=47; 60%), diffuse large cell (n=16; 21%), and mantel cell lymphoma (n=15; 19%). Median age was 53 years (21–68). Donors were matched sibling (69/78; 88%), other related (n=3; 4%) and matched unrelated (n=6; 8%). Stem cell source was peripheral blood for related transplants and bone marrow for unrelated donor transplants. Median number of prior chemotherapy regimens was 3 (1–10). All pts but 5 (6%) had chemo-sensitive disease prior to transplant. Median follow up among survivors was 35 months (3–70). Grade I–IV aGVHD occurred in 25 pts (32%), II–IV in 15 (19%), and III–IV in 5 pts. There were 30 cases of cGVHD (3-yr cumulative incidence of 46%; 95% CI 35–60) including 20 de novo (3 yr cumulative incidence of 39%; 95% CI 27–56) and 10 with relapsing/progressive disease. Median time of onset of de novo GVHD was 277 days (126–798). Overall survival since the diagnosis of cGVHD was 92% (95% CI 54–99) in the novo group compared with 43% (95% CI 11–72) in the relapsing/progressive group. cGVHD was the primary cause for the only death in the de novo group and for 4 of 5 deaths in the relapsing/progressive group. Patients’ characteristics (age, gender, donor-recipient histocompatibility, diagnosis, prior autologous transplantation, number of prior chemotherapy regimens, disease status prior to transplant (CR/PR), B2microglobulin, LDH, IPI, and patient/donor CMV serostatus), graft characteristics (CD34 and CD3 positive cells dose) and post-transplant course (CMV reactivation within 100 days post NST, chimerism at day 30 and day 90 post NST, time to tacrolimus taper, and use of DLI) were not significantly associated with the occurrence of de novo cGVHD. Conclusions: Despite a reduction in aGVHD, the incidence of cGVHD was comparable to that described after myeloablative regimens. Furthermore, there was a high incidence of de novo cGVHD, but a low cGVHD-related mortality. The lack of conclusive risk factors, including those traditionally associated with acute GVHD, emphasizes the potentially different pathophysiology and epidemiology of these 2 diseases.
User-Centric Account Management with Heterogeneous Password Changing

There are a plethora of password changing programs available for users and systems administrators to use. Most of the existing password changers, however, fall short in some way. Either they are still text based, requiring users to use unfamiliar tools in unfamiliar environments, or they are part of an all encompassing framework - designed to completely supplant the entire existing account creation, maintenance and distribution process. Our program is designed, first, to be usable without training or human support. Second, it is designed to use existing distribution databases such as NIS and LDAP. We integrate many of the features of prior password changers such as the Cracklib library, character classes, and rules for password selection. We try to provide easy extensibility both in terms of database support and by providing other user-focussed programs that use the same authentication framework.
Beyond Evidence-Based Interventions for Teen Pregnancy Prevention

This article examines how the field of adolescent sexual health came to embrace evidence-based interventions (EBIs); whether or not this approach is effective in meeting the needs of adolescents, especially those at high risk for teen pregnancy; concerns related to the scaling up of EBIs; and identifies issues which must be resolved as we move forward.
A Test Pattern Quality Metric for Diagnosis of Multiple Stuck-at and Transition faults

The test patterns computed for detecting the manufacturing defects in the electronic circuits are generally insufficient for diagnosis. The test set compaction and failure log truncation lead to loss of critical failure observations that diagnosis might depend on. In this context, it is beneficial to know the diagnostic usefulness of failures so that we can log the more useful failures instead of logging the initial failures. In this paper, we evaluate three metrics to gauge such diagnostic usefulness in real-time by observing the circuit responses on the tester. We implement a pattern selection framework for failure logging and compare the results with those achieved by logging the initial failures. Using one of our proposed metrics, we were able to improve the diagnosis quality for a significant number of faulty instances of ISCAS'89 and IWLS'05 benchmarks having 1-7 inserted stuck-at and transition faults.
THE CHILD'S CONCEPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTER

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the child's conception of the experimenter. The child's understanding of subtle linguistic and social conventions can well influence his performance on tasks that are intended to measure his cognitive functioning. The understanding of linguistic conventions can well influence performance in the class inclusion problem. Children perform better on class inclusion problems when they are presented verbally than when they are presented pictorially. This difference is because of a perceptual set induced by the pictorial presentation that leads the child to compare subclasses rather than to compare subclass with superclass. The effect of a perceptual set is only superimposed on factors of a more intrinsic nature, relating to the child's level of cognitive development. With respect to the class inclusion problem, the difference between verbal and pictorial conditions is the largest for children at a relatively advanced state of development.
P-38 Morecambe bay to beijing – a hospice journey from tragedy to friendship

As part of our 30th anniversary celebrations in 2016 we organised our first overseas challenge to the Great Wall of China. Morecambe has a tragic history with the Chinese community because of the Morecambe Bay cockling disaster in 2004. Working with the local Chinese community we launched the trek and persuaded 31 people to make the journey. The Chinese community wholeheartedly supported our ambition to do something positive to bring the two parts of the world together in a constructive way. After a year of fundraising, the campaign raised almost £100 k net. On the last day of the trek a small group visited the Hospice in Beijing. We were welcomed by the Hospice President, shown around the ward, attended a ‘Day Hospice’ session and exchanged gifts. Although the Beijing hospice was full to capacity and felt chaotic at times, the professionals caring for the patients had the same unique ethos that we do in our hospice. Indeed, their values of Care, Compassion and Collaboration mirror our own hospice values. We discussed views of death and dying with our Chinese hosts. Their approach to spiritual care was different as patients were mainly Buddhists and were quite happy to discuss their ‘next life’ plans with us. One woman told us she was definitely coming back as a man! A group of Buddhist monks lived in the courtyard of the hospice and were always on hand to help the transition from one life to the next. Since our return, we have continued to work closely with the Chinese community via a network group called ‘Communities Together’. We are planning a ‘Faith at the end of Life’ workshop in November where representatives from all the major faith groups and communities in our area will discuss attitudes, customs and beliefs around death and dying.
The Repeal of Graduated Corporate Tax Rates

Section 11 applies a bracket system to corporations, imposing lower tax rates on lower amounts of corporate income. Similarly, section 1 applies a bracket system to individuals. The bracket system in section 1 is intended to adjust the tax rate to the taxpayer’s standard of living. Modest and subsistence incomes bear little or no income tax. Higher incomes bear tax rates as high as 35 percent. By contrast, the bracket system of section 11 bears no relation to standards of living. Corporations are artificial entities that do not have variable standards of living. Moreover, the income level of a corporation bears no relation to the standards of living of its shareholders. The bracket system of section 11 may induce privately held businesses to incorporate because it effectively provides corporations with high-income shareholders in the top individual tax bracket access to two sets of low tax brackets, one under section 1 and a second under section 11. This proposal would repeal the lower tax brackets in section 11 and apply the top corporate rate, currently 35 percent, to all corporations. This change would eliminate the incentive for business owners to incorporate to receive the lower corporate tax rates. More significantly, repealing the lower corporate marginal rates could increase annual tax revenue by an estimated $3 billion.
Telemedicine utilisation in a paediatric sports medicine practice: decreased cost and wait times with increased satisfaction

Objectives Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication to provide healthcare remotely. We sought to quantify time/cost savings and satisfaction between a cohort of telemedicine and inperson visits in a tertiary paediatric orthopaedic clinic. Methods Time for clinical visits and wait times were compared between telemedicine and inperson visits. Costs to patients and department were also calculated for both visit types. Parents completed a five-item satisfaction survey regarding their telemedicine experience. Results Visit times (15 vs 68 min, P Conclusion Telemedicine can be used in a sports medicine setting to provide care that reduces costs while maintaining high levels of patient satisfaction. Level of evidence Level III.
Light pollution may create demographic traps for nocturnal insects

Abstract Light pollution impacts both intra- and inter-specific interactions, such as interactions between mates and predator–prey interactions. In mobile organisms attracted to artificial lights, the effect of light pollution on these interactions may be intensified. If organisms are repelled by artificial lights, effects of light pollution on intra- and inter-specific interactions may be diminished as organisms move away. However, organisms repelled by artificial lights would likely lose suitable habitat as light pollution expands. Thus, we investigated how light pollution affects both net attraction or repulsion of organisms and effects on intra- and inter-specific interactions. In manipulative field studies using fireflies, we found that Photuris versicolor and Photinus pyralis fireflies were lured to artificial (LED) light at night and that both species were less likely to engage in courtship dialogues (bioluminescent flashing) in light-polluted field plots. Light pollution also lowered the mating success of P. pyralis. P. versicolor is known to prey upon P. pyralis by mimicking the flash patterns of P. pyralis, but we did not find an effect of light pollution on Photuris–Photinus predator–prey interactions. Our study suggests, that for some nocturnal insects, light-polluted areas may act as demographic traps, i.e., areas where immigration exceeds emigration and inhibition of courtship dialogues and mating reduces reproduction. Examining multiple factors affecting population growth in concert is needed to understand and mitigate impacts of light pollution on wildlife.
Using Virtual Reality to Study Health in the Home

Managing one’s own healthcare has been progressively changing from occurring at hospitals and healthcare facilities to one’s own day–to–day living environment. Due to this change, studying how people care for themselves becomes more challenging as visiting people in their living environments is intrusive and often logistically challenging. LiDAR scanning technology allows for highly detailed capture and generation of 3D models. With proper rendering software, virtual reality (VR) technology enables the display of LiDAR models in a manner that provides immersion and presence of feeling like one is situated in a scanned model. This document describes the combination of using LiDAR and VR technology to enable the study of health in the home. A research project involving the study of how home context affects diabetic patients’ ability to manage their health information in the home is presented as an example. The document finishes by discussing other potential health care applications that could use similar methodologies as those introduced to improve health in the home for additional chronically ill populations.
The Antitumor Drug LB-100 Is a Catalytic Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PPP2CA) and 5 (PPP5C) Coordinating with the Active-Site Catalytic Metals in PPP5C.

LB-100 is an experimental cancer therapeutic with cytotoxic activity against cancer cells in culture and antitumor activity in animals. The first phase I trial (NCT01837667) evaluating LB-100 recently concluded that safety and efficacy parameters are favorable for further clinical testing. Although LB-100 is widely reported as a specific inhibitor of serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2AC/PPP2CA:PPP2CB), we could find no experimental evidence in the published literature demonstrating the specific engagement of LB-100 with PP2A in vitro, in cultured cells, or in animals. Rather, the premise for LB-100 targeting PP2AC is derived from studies that measure phosphate released from a phosphopeptide (K-R-pT-I-R-R) or inferred from the ability of LB-100 to mimic activity previously reported to result from the inhibition of PP2AC by other means. PP2AC and PPP5C share a common catalytic mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that the phosphopeptide used to ascribe LB-100 specificity for PP2A is also a substrate for PPP5C. Inhibition assays using purified enzymes demonstrate that LB-100 is a catalytic inhibitor of both PP2AC and PPP5C. The structure of PPP5C cocrystallized with LB-100 was solved to a resolution of 1.65A, revealing that the 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarbonyl moiety coordinates with the metal ions and key residues that are conserved in both PP2AC and PPP5C. Cell-based studies revealed some known actions of LB-100 are mimicked by the genetic disruption of PPP5C These data demonstrate that LB-100 is a catalytic inhibitor of both PP2AC and PPP5C and suggest that the observed antitumor activity might be due to an additive effect achieved by suppressing both PP2A and PPP5C.
Theory of mind and suicide ideation and attempt in adolescent inpatients.

Abstract Background Suicide ideation and attempt are alarmingly prevalent in adolescents, and even more so for youth in psychiatric settings. Interpersonal factors have been emphasized as important in the etiology and maintenance of suicide ideation and attempt in adolescents. Evaluating social cognitive deficits offers important insight into processes underlying interpersonal problems associated with suicide ideation and attempt; however little social-cognitive research has been conducted in this area. The aim of the current study was to explore the relation of theory of mind (ToM) impairments and suicide ideation and attempt among adolescent inpatients. Methods A sample of 391 adolescent inpatients completed measures on ToM, suicidal ideation and attempt, clinical symptoms and sociodemographics. Results Binary logistic regression analyses revealed significant relations between excessive ToM (hypermentalizing) and two suicide outcome variables (suicide ideation in the past four weeks, suicide attempt in the past year), while covarying for sociodemographics and multiple clinical symptom scales. Conclusions Excessive ToM, or over-attributing the mental/emotional states of others, appears to share a salient relation to recent suicidal thoughts and behavior in adolescent inpatients. Current findings may indicate that interventions incorporating social cognitive components (e.g., Mentalization Based Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) may be of promise to treating youth with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and excessive ToM. Limitations The current study uses cross-sectional data and discrepancies exist in time periods assessed by primary measures.
Variability of aerosol mass and number concentrations during taconite mining operations.

This study characterized concentration metrics of airborne nanoparticles and their time series across major operations of a taconite mine through monitoring respirable and ultrafine particle concen...
Unisensory and Multisensory Responses in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): Effects of Spatial Congruence

Abstract While it is generally accepted that structural and functional brain deficits underlie the behavioral deficits associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), the degree to which these problems are expressed in sensory pathology is unknown. Electrophysiological measures indicate that neural processing is delayed in visual and auditory domains. Furthermore, multiple reports of white matter deficits due to prenatal alcohol exposure indicate altered cortical connectivity in individuals with FASD. Multisensory integration requires close coordination between disparate cortical areas leading us to hypothesize that individuals with FASD will have impaired multisensory integration relative to healthy control (HC) participants. Participants’ neurophysiological responses were recorded using magnetoencephalography (MEG) during passive unisensory or simultaneous, spatially congruent or incongruent multisensory auditory and somatosensory stimuli. Source timecourses from evoked responses were estimated using multi-dipole spatiotemporal modeling. Auditory M100 response latency was faster for the multisensory relative to the unisensory condition but no group differences were observed. M200 auditory latency to congruent stimuli was earlier and congruent amplitude was larger in participants with FASD relative to controls. Somatosensory M100 response latency was faster in right hemisphere for multisensory relative to unisensory stimulation in both groups. FASD participants’ somatosensory M200 responses were delayed by 13 ms, but only for the unisensory presentation of the somatosensory stimulus. M200 results indicate that unisensory and multisensory processing is altered in FASD; it remains to be seen if the multisensory response represents a normalization of the unisensory deficits.
Disability-Free Life Trends at Older Ages: Implications for Longevity Risk Management

Longevity risk, which is typically portrayed as the problem of people outliving their assets, can be viewed as both an aggregate and an individual-level issue. A related issue is that of ‘active life,’ an individual-level phenomenon, or ‘active life expectancy’ (ALE), an aggregate phenomenon. During their lifetimes, members of a covered population may alternate between ‘active’ and ‘disabled’ status; the average amount of time spent in the ‘active’ state is, for the cohort, its ‘active life expectancy.’ ALE does not appear to have consequences for aggregate longevity risk, but it may have major implications at the individual level. A transition from active to disabled status may signal a shorter-than-expected remaining lifetime, with implications for the speed at which one should draw down one’s assets. Moreover, those with severe care needs but lacking access to family-provided care and long-term care insurance may find that they need to draw down their assets in order to achieve eligibility for Medicaid-funded care services. Indeed, Medicaid and family-provided elder care can be viewed as a particular form of ‘public-private partnership’ for sharing the risks of late-life care needs.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a community soccer organization in the United States: the case of Asheville City Soccer Club

The impact of and response to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic varied among sports organizations around the world. At the top tier of the American soccer pyramid, Major League Soccer (MLS) playe...
Ethical, Compassionate, and Cost-Effective Approach to Health Care Decisions of Unrepresented Patients: A Bioethics Quality Improvement Project.

ABSTRACT Background Unrepresented patients are defined as patients who lack capacity and do not have surrogate decision makers. Non-emergent medical treatment of unrepresented patients is often not provided due to lack of a surrogate or is delayed due to lengthy court proceedings resulting in increased suffering and increased length of stay. Development of an institutional policy that allows a multidisciplinary team to make medical decisions for unrepresented patients, provides an ethically sound, legally viable, medically appropriate, and financially responsible solution. Methods A retrospective review of de-identified bioethics logs over a 2-year period was conducted after the implementation of an Unrepresented Patient Committee policy. The primary outcomes were 1) total number of consults received and 2) average time to convene committee meeting. Results There was a substantial increase in unrepresented consult requests from an average of 2 requests per year prior to 2015 to 23 requests in 2015 and 20 requests in 2016. The committee meetings were convened on average within 4.8 days of a consult request in 2015 and within 5.8 days in 2016. Implementation of this policy in lieu of a court petition led to a considerable reduction in the time for decision making resulting in better clinical care and decreased length of stay with an estimated cost avoidance of $1,968,250 over the study period. Conclusion Implementing an Unrepresented Patient Committee policy has created an avenue for ethical and collective decision making, improved quality and efficiency of medical care delivery, reduced length of stay, and decreased healthcare costs.
THE “CORDIAL MAN”: A LATIN AMERICAN CONCEPT IN THE BRAZILIAN ESSAY

This article analyzes Sergio Buarque de Holanda’s Roots of Brazil (1936), a seminal book in the Brazilian essayist tradition. Discussion begins with the limits of Brazil’s search for national specificity, so as to consider Brazilian cultural formation as a projection of its colonial Iberian roots. In this context, the “cordial man” emerges as a metaphor for the lack of public space in Brazil. On the one hand, the cordial man is a product of turn-of-the-century debates on Latin American exceptionalism, a figure almost capable of withstanding the disillusions of the modern world. On the other hand, the cordial man offers Buarque de Holanda a window into the limits of democratic liberalism and the personalistic political traditions of Latin America: an impasse discussed at length but never resolved in Roots of Brazil. Ultimately, the book permits a deeper questioning of the collective pulses and individual desires that, together, form the matter to which populism would respond, a political form temporarily capable of meeting the people’s demands.
‘A woman before a person’: teachers navigating gender roles during international experiences

While studies have explored the affordances and limitations of teachers’ international experiences in developing their critical global perspectives, few have attempted to understand what teachers o...
Understanding the mechanism of froth flotation of molybdenite using oily collectors from a perspective of thinning and rupture of thin liquid film

Abstract Froth flotation of molybdenite is commonly achieved using hydrocarbon oils as the collector. The insoluble hydrocarbon oils adsorb on molybdenite surfaces, resulting in an increase in its surface hydrophobicity and thereby its flotation recovery. However, the underlying mechanism on a microscopic scale was poorly understood. In this study, the effect of insoluble oily collectors on thinning and rupture of thin liquid films (TLFs) between air bubbles and molybdenite face surfaces has been investigated by monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the TLFs using a synchronized tri-wavelength reflection interferometry microscope (STRIM) as well as by drop size and contact angle measurements. Two hydrocarbon oils, namely kerosene and dodecane, have been studied. The result from the STRIM measurements shows that the TLF is stable in a 1 mM NaCl solution between an air bubble and a molybdenite face surface despite the molybdenite face being hydrophobic. The TLF becomes unstable when the surface is treated in both dodecane and kerosene emulsion solutions and ruptures at a critical rupture thickness of 60–340 nm. The film rupture is predominantly attributed to the instability of the TLFs between air bubbles and oil droplets adsorbed on the molybdenite surfaces. It is found that both the thinning kinetics and the rupture thicknesses of the TLFs correlate with both the coverage and sizes of the oil droplets on molybdenite surfaces. Kerosene exhibits a better dispersibility in DI water than dodecane, and therefore performs better as the collector than dodecane from a perspective of film stability. The present work provides new insight into the underlying mechanism of oily collectors in the froth flotation of molybdenite and other naturally hydrophobic minerals. The result obtained from this study enables the development of new oil collectors in the future.
Machine learning predicts nucleosome binding modes of transcription factors

Most transcription factors (TFs) compete with nucleosomes to gain access to their cognate binding sites. Recent studies have identified several TF-nucleosome interaction modes including end binding (EB), oriented binding, periodic binding, dyad binding, groove binding, and gyre spanning. However, there are substantial experimental challenges in measuring nucleosome binding modes for thousands of TFs in different species. We present a computational prediction of the binding modes based on TF protein sequences. With a nested cross-validation procedure, our model outperforms several fine-tuned off-the-shelf machine learning (ML) methods in the multi-label classification task. Our binary classifier for the EB mode performs better than these ML methods with the area under precision-recall curve achieving 75%. The end preference of most TFs is consistent with low nucleosome occupancy around their binding site in GM12878 cells. The nucleosome occupancy data is used as an alternative dataset to confirm the superiority of our EB classifier. We develop the first ML-based approach for efficient and comprehensive analysis of nucleosome binding modes of TFs.
Bivalves rapidly repair shells damaged by fatigue and bolster strength

Hard external armors have to defend against a lifetime of threats yet are traditionally understood by their ability to withstand a single attack. Survival of bivalve mollusks thus can depend on the ability to repair shell damage between encounters. We studied the capacity for repair in the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus by compressing live mussels for 15 cycles at ∼79% of their predicted strength (critically fracturing 46% of shells), then allowing the survivors 0, 1, 2 or 4 weeks to repair. Immediately after fatigue loading, mussel shells were 20% weaker than control shells that had not experienced repetitive loading. However, mussels restored full shell strength within 1 week, and after 4 weeks shells that had experienced greater fatiguing forces were stronger than those repetitively loaded at lower forces. Microscopy supported the hypothesis that crack propagation is a mechanism of fatigue-caused weakening. However, the mechanism of repair was only partially explained, as epifluorescence microscopy of calcein staining for shell deposition showed that only half of the mussels that experienced repetitive loading had initiated direct repair via shell growth around fractures. Our findings document repair weeks to months faster than demonstrated in other mollusks. This rapid repair may be important for the mussels' success contending with predatory and environmental threats in the harsh environment of wave-swept rocky coasts, allowing them to address non-critical but weakening damage and to initiate plastic changes to shell strength. We highlight the significant insight gained by studying biological armors not as static structures but, instead, as dynamic systems that accumulate, repair and respond to damage.
NSAIDs and Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists

While narcotics remain the primary drug class for the treatment of perioperative pain, there is strong interest in utilizing alternative analgesics with the goal of reducing narcotic-related side effects such as hypoventilation, nausea, and constipation. Three categories of medication useful for this multimodal analgesia are the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and the α2-adrenergic agonists. Since their analgesic properties show a ceiling effect, they usually cannot be used as the sole agent for postoperative pain. These classes of medication provide pain relief via non-opioid pathways and are frequently combined with narcotics for additive effect. In addition, NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and α2-agonists have therapeutic uses distinct from pain relief, and their versatility makes them valuable tools in the perioperative period.
Scattering on the Moduli Space of N=4 Super Yang-Mills

We calculate one-loop scattering amplitudes in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory away from the origin of the moduli space and demonstrate that the results are extremely simple, in much the same way as in the conformally invariant theory. Specifically, we consider the model where an SU(2) gauge group is spontaneously broken down to U(1). The complete component Lagrange density of the model is given in a form useful for perturbative calculations. We argue that the scattering amplitudes with massive external states deserve further study. Finally, our work shows that loop corrections can be readily computed in a mass-regulated N=4 theory, which may be relevant in trying to connect weak-coupling results with those at strong coupling, as discussed recently by Alday and Maldacena.
Unidirectional vs. simultaneous bidirectional source synchronous signaling

This paper describes a case study of electrical design optimization methodology for a high-speed point-to-point source-synchronous differential simultaneous bidirectional (SiBiDi) and unidirectional interface. Strengths and weaknesses of each signaling approach are explored and tradeoffs to optimize both are described. These physical links are typically used to interconnect multiple processor subsystems to build symmetric multi-processor (SMP) systems, as well as to connect input/output (I/O) subsystems across relative long distance.
Estimates of the Precursor Frequency of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes against Antigens Controlled by Defined Regions of the H-2 Gene Complex: Comparison of the Effect of H-2 Differences Due to Intra-H-2 Recombination VS Mutation

Lymph node cells were sensitized in a limiting dilution assay against B10.D2 (H-2d) and the frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL.P) precursors was determined. A mean CTL.P frequency of 0.047% was observed when responding strains differed from the stimulators at the entire H-2 gene complex. When intra-H-2 recombinant strains were sensitized against B10.D2, lower frequencies of CTL.P were observed. Responding strains that differed from the stimulators at the H-2K-end only had 2- to 6-fold more CTL.P compared to strains sensitized against the D-end only. In order to study the CTL.P frequency against minor antigenic differences, the B10.D2 (M504-H-2da) mutant strain, which carries a mutation with an antigenic gain-loss in the D-region of H-2d, was examined. This mutant showed an identical CTL.P frequency against H-2d as H-2D-end recombinant strains. Therefore, this H-2 mutant (M504) has either undergone extensive mutation or the qualitative nature of the antigenic loss in this strain results in a high CTL.P frequency against the strain of origin.
Innovation and Climate Action Planning

Problem: Cities play a fundamental role in the production of greenhouse gases and, as a result, are places where proactive mitigation and adaptation can occur. While increasing numbers of municipalities have revised or developed climate action plans (CAPs), our understanding of the impetus to plan for the climate challenge, processes for creating climate plans, and their resultant form remains limited. Purpose: We analyzed municipal CAPs to understand both their processes and their products, including the extent to which they represent innovation in planning. We ask the following questions: 1) Why do localities decide to undertake climate action planning, and what are the plans’ chief drivers and obstacles? 2) How have localities structured their climate action planning processes? 3) How frequently are particular types of actions included in local CAPs, and how do localities determine which to adopt? Methods: We read and evaluated the content of 20 CAPs from municipalities of a range of sizes and location...
Influence of Fatty Acids on the Electrophoretic Behavior of Proteins with Special Reference to Pituitary Hormones and Thyroglobulin

Abstract Fatty acids in a 30,000 to 100,000 x g ultracentrifugal pellet from pituitary glands, liver, and muscle were found to be responsible for an observed alteration of the disc electrophoretic behavior of a number of proteins. Three principal fatty acids were found in the pellet (oleic, palmitic, and stearic) and, of the three, oleic was the most effective in causing the alteration. When analyzed electrophoretically (pH 9.5) with fatty acid or the ultracentrifugal pellet, prolactin and growth hormone, as well as hemoglobin and myoglobin, were converted to forms that migrated in the pre-albumin area and at the electrophoretic buffer front. Aggregated prolactin dissociated to lower molecular weight material; the 19 S component of thyroglobulin was converted to the 12 S form, together with higher molecular weight substances. Muscle aldolase, which normally migrates as one electrophoretic component, showed at least four new bands when analyzed with oleic acid. Alteration of the electrophoretic pattern could be demonstrated with the 100,000 x g pellet before extraction of fatty acids, and even with some crude extracts. Addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate to extracts or ultracentrifugal pellets increased the amount of alteration but was without effect when purified fatty acids were used. Deoxycholate and divalent metal ions prevented alteration in all cases. Modification of electrophoretic patterns by the extracts and pellets was proportional to the sample height if the disc electrophoretic method was used and was minimal when the concentrating gel was eliminated. Sample height effects were not detectable when purified fatty acids were used. Alteration of electrophoretic pattern occurred only under alkaline conditions. Serum albumin and transferrin were unaffected. No alteration of the electrophoretic patterns was caused when red cell stroma or bacterial cell wall was mixed with purified proteins. The studies indicate that caution should be used in interpreting disc electrophoretic patterns when fatty acids are present, as in the analysis of mitochondrial and microsomal preparations. The work also suggests a possible use of fatty acids and disc electrophoresis in the study of protein dissociation.
Information fusion method for system identification based on sensitivity analysis

Considers the identification of a parametrized time-invariant nonlinear plant using a smooth model such as a sigmoid nonlinear network. There is measurement noise associated with the plant parameters as well as with its input and output. An initial plant model is obtained by utilizing the domain-specific knowledge in terms of the fundamental plant equations, which in general only partially capture the plant dynamics. Once the initial model is fixed, measurements are collected on the plant parameters and input/output. We show that the independently and identically distributed (iid) measurements can be fused with the initial plant model by recomputing the parameters. The updated parameters yield a more accurate identifier of the original plant both in the parameter space and the input/output space. The method is based on empirical versions of the closed-form solutions derived in the nuclear engineering literature for an ideal version of the problem based on sensitivity analysis. We show the asymptotic convergence of our computational procedure as well as derive its finite sample results. We illustrate the method using an identifier based on a sigmoid feedforward neural network.
Chapter 2 Biogenesis and Sorting of Plasma Membrane Proteins

Publisher Summary The cell surface membrane is the boundary between a cell and its environment. In case of polarized epithelial cells, the apical plasma membrane is frequently the boundary between an organism and its environment. The plasmalemma possesses the elements that endow a cell with the capacity to converse with its environment. Plasmalemmal receptor and transducer proteins allow the cell to recognize and respond to various external influences. Membrane-associated proteins anchor cells to their substrata and mediate their integration into tissues. Many properties of a given cell type may be attributed to the protein composition of its plasma membrane. Most cells go to large lengths to control the nature and distribution of polypeptides that populate their plasmalemmas. Cells regulate the expression of genes encoding plasma membrane proteins. Proteins destined for the insertion into the plasma membrane pass through a complex system of processing organelles prior to arriving at their site of ultimate functional residence. Each of these organelles makes a unique contribution to the maturation of these proteins as they transit through them. This chapter discusses the postsynthetic steps involved in the biogenesis of plasma membrane proteins. The chapter discusses some of the events common to all plasmalemmal polypeptides, with special emphasis on those that contribute directly to the character of the cell surface. The chapter then discusses the specializations, associated with cell types, possessing differentiated cell surface sub-domains. The chapter highlights some of the important and fascinating questions confronting investigators interested in the cell biology of the plasma membrane.
THE FIRST TWENTY‐ONE YEARS OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND

The veterinary literature of 1966–1986 was searched for articles and books related to the use of diagnostic ultrasound in animals. There were 492 references, categorized as follows: general, 30; small animal applications, 169; large animal applications, 248; blood pressure measurement, 23; ultrasound-guided biopsy, 4; miscellaneous, 18.
Real-time wide area tracking: hardware and software infrastructure

In recent years, large number of cameras have been installed in freeway and road environments. While the use of some of these cameras is being automated through computer vision, few computer vision systems allow for true wide-area large scaled automation. This paper describes a distributed computing system capable of managing an arbitrarily large sensor network using only common computing and networking platforms. The architecture is capable of handling many common computer vision tasks, as well as the inter-sensor communication necessary for developing new algorithms which employ data from multiple sensors. This system is tested with an algorithm which tracks moving objects through a prototype camera network with non-overlapping fields or view in a college campus environment This algorithm allows the system to maintain the identity of a tracked objects as it leaves and enters the fields of view of individual sensors. Such an algorithm is necessary for applications which require tracking objects over large distances or over long periods of time in an environment without complete sensor coverage.
Interfacing email tutoring: Shaping an emergent literate practice

Abstract A growing consensus within writing center literature regards the various modes of computer-mediated collaboration as discrete literate practices with literate aims different than those of face-to-face collaboration. My descriptive analysis of 29 online writing lab (OWL) sites for email tutoring—currently the most popular mode of computer-mediated collaboration—considers how email tutoring site interfaces represent the literate practice of email tutoring, shaping expectations and experiences consistent with its literate aims. The analysis suggests that email tutoring interfaces articulate what can be taxonomized as first - and second-level representations of their services. Within these levels of representation, interfaces gather information from collaborative participants through means that can be characterized as simple , intermediate , and extensive . In addition, how individual OWLs represent the tutors who participate in email tutoring can be placed along a continuum from functional to personal emphases. In conclusion, I assert that an important aspect of theorizing the future of technology and literacy in the writing center is current attention toward how the actual OWL interfaces allowing for online collaboration shape emergent computer-mediated literate practices such as email tutoring.
Eye-Tracking Study of Complexity in Gas Law Problems.

This study, part of a series investigating students' use of online tools to assess problem solving, uses eye-tracking hardware and software to explore the effect of problem difficulty and cognitive processes when students solve gas law word problems. Eye movements are indices of cognition; eye-tracking data typically include the location, duration, and sequence of subjects' fixations on the visual representations. Such information is not usually discovered using conventional assessment methods (e.g., written examinations and scores) when measurements of cognitive performance or task difficulty are needed. The results of this study reveal that when compared to successful ones, unsuccessful students spend more time considering their solutions and fixating more on the questions as they attempt to solve the problem. These results demonstrate that eye-tracking is a useful new approach for exploring problem difficulty and student cognitive activities in chemical education research.
The new reproductive technology: problem or solution?

Feminist literature in the last two decades has criticised the increasing medicalisation of reproduction (Gordon, 1977; Ehrenreich and English, 1978; Ruzek 1978; Petchesky, 1980). To many feminist scholars, reproductive technologies are just a new form of medical interference with women’s bodies. In this chapter I examine the arguments of a variety of books and articles which present the feminist analysis of technology and procreation. In addition, I draw on the proceedings of several conferences which have dealt with the impact of reproductive technologies on the lives of women.
Irreversibility and creativity in neurodynamics

Abstract This paper presents an approach to formalization of the concept of creativity in connection with the new architecture of neural networks based upon non-Lipschitzian dynamics. A new nonlinear phenomenon—terminal chaos caused by failure of the Lipschitz condition at equilibrium points of dynamical systems is introduced. It is shown that terminal chaos has a well-organized probabilistic structure which can be predicted and controlled. This gives an opportunity to exploit this phenomenon for information processing. It appears that chaotic states of neurons activity are associated with a higher level of cognitive processes such as generalization and abstraction. The relationship between creativity, irreversibility and unpredictability in neurodynamics are discussed. The theory is illustrated by examples.