cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Registering Cortical Surfaces Based on Whole-Brain Structural Connectivity and Continuous Connectivity Analysis

We present a framework for registering cortical surfaces based on tractography-informed structural connectivity. We define connectivity as a continuous kernel on the product space of the cortex, and develop a method for estimating this kernel from tractography fiber models. Next, we formulate the kernel registration problem, and present a means to non-linearly register two brains’ continuous connectivity profiles. We apply theoretical results from operator theory to develop an algorithm for decomposing the connectome into its shared and individual components. Lastly, we extend two discrete connectivity measures to the continuous case, and apply our framework to 98 Alzheimer’s patients and controls. Our measures show significant differences between the two groups.
Clinical Evidence of a Protective Role for CXCL5 in Coronary Artery Disease Progression in the Elderly

Advanced age is associated with higher risk for cardiovascular disease and poor prognosis in patients with established cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the pathophysiology underlying CAD in older ...
Evaluation of two public genome references for chinese hamster ovary cells in the context of rna-seq based gene expression analysis.

RNA-Seq is a powerful transcriptomics tool for mammalian cell culture process development. Successful RNA-Seq data analysis requires a high quality reference for read mapping and gene expression quantification. Currently, there are two public genome references for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the predominant mammalian cell line in the biopharmaceutical industry. In this study, we compared these two references by analyzing 60 RNA-Seq samples from a variety of CHO cell culture conditions. Among the 20,891 common genes in both references, we observed that 31.5% have more than 7.1% quantification differences, implying gene definition differences in the two references. We propose a framework to quantify this difference using two metrics, Consistency and Stringency, which account for the average quantification difference between the two references over all samples, and the sample-specific effect on the quantification result, respectively. These two metrics can be used to identify potential genes for future gene model improvement and to understand the reliability of differentially expressed genes identified by RNA-Seq data analysis. Before a more comprehensive genome reference for CHO cells emerges, the strategy proposed in this study can enable more robust transcriptome analysis from CHO cell RNA-Seq data. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1603–1613. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Efficacy of Low-intensity Vibration to Improve Bone Health in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease Is Highly Dependent on Compliance and Muscle Response

Rational and Objectives Low intensity vibration (LIV) may represent a nondrug strategy to mitigate bone deficits in patients with end-stage renal disease. Materials and Methods Thirty end-stage renal patients on maintenance hemodialysis were randomized to stand for 20 minutes each day on either an active or placebo LIV device. Analysis at baseline and completion of 6-month intervention included magnetic resonance imaging (tibia and fibula stiffness; trabecular thickness, number, separation, bone volume fraction, plate-to-rod ratio; and cortical bone porosity), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (hip and spine bone mineral density [BMD]), and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (tibia trabecular and cortical BMD; calf muscle cross-sectional area). Results Intention-to-treat analysis did not show any significant changes in outcomes associated with LIV. Subjects using the active device and with greater than the median adherence (70%) demonstrated an increase in distal tibia stiffness (5.3%), trabecular number (1.7%), BMD (2.3%), and plate-to-rod ratio (6.5%), and a decrease in trabecular separation (−1.8%). Changes in calf muscle cross-sectional area were associated with changes in distal tibia stiffness (R = 0.85), trabecular bone volume/total volume (R = 0.91), number (R = 0.92), and separation (R = −0.94) in the active group but not in the placebo group. Baseline parathyroid hormone levels were positively associated with increased cortical bone porosity over the 6-month study period in the placebo group (R = 0.55) but not in the active group (R = 0.01). No changes were observed in the nondistal tibia locations for either group except a decrease in hip BMD in the placebo group (−1.7%). Conclusion Outcomes and adherence thresholds identified from this pilot study could guide future longitudinal studies involving vibration therapy.
Review of Design, Construction, and Capabilities of an Air Bladder Load Test Facility (ABLTF) at BCERL for Structural Experimental Enclosure Studies

Building enclosures are critical to a building and are truly a multidisciplinary system. From a structural perspective, they must resist many types of loadings, particularly as they are the first line of protection to the occupants against external and environmental loading. With the recent interest in designing systems to be multi-hazard resistant, new innovative systems need to be created, existing systems need to be studied for applicability, and underperforming systems need to be upgraded using some strengthening methods. In multi-hazard resistant design, it is critical that wall systems resist blast loading. Currently, a few established methods exist to test enclosure systems to resist blast loads. Here, a discussion on the testing protocols and different facility capabilities and differences are detailed. This paper discusses a case study of the creation and illustration of the capabilities of a versatile air bladder load test facility (ABLTF) for out-of-plane structural experimental enclosure studies to meet the needs of multi-hazard static and dynamic loading of wall specimens. The paper offers a review of different types of facilities that have been constructed in other laboratories for similar purposes and provides the necessary information and guidance for generating the type of facility presented here, with safety in mind, particularly when facility space is limited.
Mitochondrial-related consequences of heat stress exposure during bovine oocyte maturation persist in early embryo development.

Hyperthermia during estrus has direct consequences on the maturing oocyte that carries over to the resultant embryo to compromise its ability to continue in development. Because early embryonic development is reliant upon maternal transcripts and other ooplasmic components, we examined impact of heat stress on bovine oocyte transcripts using microarray. Oocytes were matured at 38.5oC for 24 h or 41.0oC for the first 12 h of in vitro maturation; 38.5oC thereafter. Transcriptome profile was performed on total (adenylated + deadenylated) RNA and polyadenylated mRNA populations. Heat stress exposure altered the abundance of several transcripts important for mitochondrial function. The extent to which transcript differences are coincident with functional changes was evaluated by examining reactive oxygen species, ATP content, and glutathione levels. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels were increased by 6 h exposure to 41.0oC while cytoplasmic levels were reduced compared to controls (P 0.05). Collectively, results indicate that direct exposure of maturing oocytes to heat stress may alter oocyte mitochondrial processes/function, which is inherited by the early embryo after fertilization.
Writing about Workers, Reflecting on Dictatorship and Neoliberalism: Chilean Labor History and the Pinochet Dictatorship

This article explores the trajectory of Chilean labor history and its recent efforts to study workers’ experiences under the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship (1973–1990). Influenced by the impact of dictatorship on Chilean society as well as global historiographical debates, Labor Studies became an interdisciplinary and transnational field in Chile. This article focuses on the different academic traditions that have intersected with and contributed to the study of workers’ experiences under the dictatorship. It considers the multiple origins of New Labor Studies and includes the social history of both rural and urban movements, labor sociology, feminist historiography, and transnational history. It also looks at the multiple debates taking place in Chile and in other parts of the world. Bringing them together offers the opportunity to see the intersections, collaborations, and influences that have made the study of Chilean workers a dynamic field.
TranscriptClean: variant-aware correction of indels, mismatches and splice junctions in long-read transcripts.

Motivation Long-read, single-molecule sequencing platforms hold great potential for isoform discovery and characterization of multi-exon transcripts. However, their high error rates are an obstacle to distinguishing novel transcript isoforms from sequencing artifacts. Therefore, we developed the package TranscriptClean to correct mismatches, microindels and noncanonical splice junctions in mapped transcripts using the reference genome while preserving known variants. Results Our method corrects nearly all mismatches and indels present in a publically available human PacBio Iso-seq dataset, and rescues 39% of noncanonical splice junctions. Availability and implementation All Python and R scripts used in this paper are available at https://github.com/dewyman/TranscriptClean.
Socrates’ Motives and Human Wisdom in Plato’s Theages

Hadley argues that Plato’s Theages counters the charges of Aristophanes’ Clouds that Socrates is impious and corrupts the young. Hadley pursues the character of Plato’s response by exploring the relation between Socrates’ wisdom and his invocation of the daimonion. Hadley shows, more specifically, that one’s interpretation of the daimonion will bear decisively on how one understands the putatively philanthropic character of Socrates’ activity.
Design of Circular Corrugated Waveguides to Transmit Millimeter Waves at ITER

AbstractLow-loss circular waveguides will be needed for a large number of millimeter-wave transmission lines on ITER, including those transmitting electron cyclotron power and diagnostic signals. In order to provide low-loss transmission, the waveguides need to be several wavelengths in diameter. Corrugating the walls reduces the loss further not only in straight runs but also at bends, and makes the waveguide robust against small deformations. We present results of theoretical calculations showing that these properties can be maintained over very wide bandwidths suitable for ITER applications. The computer code used to make these calculations is based on a space-harmonic analysis of the fields. Measurements on waveguides are described that validate the theory for corrugated waveguides semiquantitatively. Tolerances on the corrugation geometry, waveguide bore, waveguide junctions, input Gaussian beam alignment, and waveguide support alignment are discussed. It is shown that the low-loss properties of corr...
Analyzing Trade-Offs Between Fuels Management, Suppression, and Damages from Wildfire

With expenditures to suppress wildfires in the United States increasing rapidly during the past couple of decades, fire managers, scientists, and policy makers have begun an intense effort to develop alternative approaches to managing wildfire.
Clinical Evaluation of Alloantibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation

The presence of preformed antibodies against alloantigens has been clearly demonstrated to be the primary barrier to successful allogeneic solid organ transplantation. While antibodies to Human Leukocyte Antigens are the antibodies most closely associated with both hyperacute, acute, and chronic antibody mediated rejection, antibodies to numerous other alloantigens have been described. Antibodies against the ABO system antigens, MICA, and endothelial cell antigens have all been described as mediators of humoral rejection of solid organ grafts. The important role of alloantibody in mediating immunologic rejection has led to the development of highly sensitive and robust methods for detection and definition of alloantibody in both pre and posttransplant patients. Sensitive and accurate detection of alloantibody, as well as accurate interpretation of the results, is critical to maximize the success of allogeneic solid organ transplantation.
Hormonal effects on the neural retina: I. Glutamine synthetase development in the retina and liver of the normal and triiodothyronine-treated rat

Abstract Glutamine synthetase, as measured by its glutamyl transferase activity, is highest in the neural retina of the rat but is also present in non-neural tissues such as liver. Except for liver, the tissue distribution of transferase activity appears to parallel that of synthetase activity. Hepatic enzyme activity rises in late fetal life and again at birth, while retinal activity remains at a low level. Triiodothyronine increases enzyme activity in both tissues when administered to the fetus in late gestation. Higher enzyme levels are also apparent in both tissues 24 hr after hormone injection on postnatal day 1. During the second postnatal week, enzyme levels rise sharply in both tissues. Effects of neonatal hormone injection are no longer observed after approximately day 11. Thyroid hormone injection on day 9 or 15 increases the level of the hepatic enzyme within 24 hr but does not affect the retinal enzyme. Different patterns of enzyme development and response to hormone stimulus are thus observed in neural and non-neural tissue. The major increases in activity, however, occur concurrently in both tissues at the time of maximal functional maturation of the retina.
Arthroscopic Primary Cruciate Repair in the Multiligament Injured Knee

Multiligamentous injuries of the knee (MLIK) are rare and devastating injuries. The literature regarding the optimal management of MLIK is both inconsistent and confusing, thus creating numerous controversies regarding the best treatment strategies for the MLIK. One of the most controversial topics is the role of acute repair versus reconstruction of the damaged ligaments. While allograft reconstructive techniques are the most widely used for the majority of patients, repair techniques can be very effective in selected situations. Despite the many benefits of primary repair, recent trends are moving in favor of reconstruction for all injuries. Our experience with arthroscopic primary repair of the cruciate ligaments has been very promising in strictly indicated patients. Patients with avulsion injuries of the ACL or PCL from the femoral or tibial footprint are the most likely to benefit from acute primary arthroscopic repair. It is not advisable to utilize repair for cruciate ligaments with midsubstance injuries. The described technique can and should be used as one tool in the surgical armamentarium used to treat the MLIK. Patient outcomes will be dependent on the prudent management of associated bony, articular, soft tissue, and collateral ligament injuries. The surgeon must apply appropriate surgical indications, demonstrate the technical ability to perform this challenging surgery, and communicate closely with the patient and physical therapist postoperatively to optimize results.
Fatal Attraction: Cytomegalovirus-Encoded Chemokine Homologs

Members of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) subfamily of betaherpesviruses infecting primates and rodents encode divergent proteins with sequence characteristics and activities of chemokines, a class of small, secreted proteins that control leukocyte migration and trafficking behavior. Human CMV genes UL146 and UL147 encode proteins with sequence characteristics of CXC chemokines, whereas, murine CMV encodes a CC chemokine homolog (MCK-2). Human CMV UL146 encodes a neutrophil-attracting chemokine denoted viral CXC chemokine-1 (vCXCL1) that is as potent as host IL-8 and functions via the CXCR2 receptor, one of two human IL-8 receptors. Murine CMV MCK-2 is composed of a chemokine domain derived from open reading frame (ORF) m131 (and denoted MCK-1) as well as a domain derived from m129 that does not have sequence similarity to any known class of proteins. A synthetic version of murine CMV m131 (MCK-1) protein carries out many of the activities of a positive-acting chemokine, including transient release of intracellular calcium stores and cell adhesion of peritoneal macrophage populations. In the context of the viral genome and infection of the mouse host, the m131-m129 (MCK-2) gene product confers increased inflammation, higher levels of viremia, and higher titers of virus in salivary glands, consistent with a role in promoting dissemination by attracting an important mononuclear leukocyte population. Other characterized primate CMVs, but not other primate betaherpesviruses, encode gene products similar to human UL146 and UL147. Other characterized rodent CMVs encode a gene product similar to the murine CMV chemokine homolog, although not as a spliced gene product. Thus chemokines, like viral proteins that downmodulate MHC class I expression or have sequence homology to host MHC class I proteins, have evolved in primate and rodent CMVs to carry out an analogous set of immunomodulatory functions during infection of the host even though they arise from distinct origins.
Constructing New Knowledge in Industrial Archaeology

Field schools in industrial archaeology (IA) are unusual within academic archaeology, a fact that reflects the unusual relationship between IA and other types of archaeology in the landscape of academic bureaucracies. In this essay, we offer some personal observations on how the field school experience contributes to building new knowledge in this field. Some of our concerns are unique to teaching IA, or if not unique, at least more particular for collaborations surrounding Industrial Heritage.
N-Gami, a Variation of Origami.

ORIGAMI is the ancient Japanese art of folding objects from a single sheet of paper without cutting or pasting. A variation, N gami, can be studied as a follow-up project after a study of the Platonic solids. Admit tedly, the Platonic solids are easier to con struct, appear more frequently in mathematics, and have much greater cultural significance. The investigation of other solids, however, gives students a chance to participate in solving a new geometric problem in its natural mathematical development. First, they play with the concepts; then they formulate and prove or disprove their conjectures. Thus the students are participating mathema ticians rather than spectators. A word of caution?whenever models are being constructed by folding, the folds must be made with the same precision and exactness that is required when the equivalent lines are formed with a ruler and compass. Let the students fold square pieces of paper as shown in figure 1 to obtain fold lines that
Community health workers in pediatric asthma education programs in the United States: A systematic literature review

The involvement of community health workers (CHWs) has been shown to be effective at improving health outcomes for those who suffer from chronic diseases. This systematic review provides an overvie...
Millimeter-wave antennas

With the continually increasing demand for bandwidth, and the development of components for higher and higher frequencies, millimeter-wave systems are finding numerous applications of a commercial nature rather than being limited to military and scientific applications only. Since active device performance deteriorates with increasing frequency, the performance of the antenna becomes critical as we go higher into the millimeter-wave band. This paper presents a review of some of the recent developments in the field of millimeter-wave antennas. Finally, some details of a specific antenna for imaging are given, illustrating the benefits and challenges of fabricating such antennas.
Exploring the capabilities of mobile devices in supporting deep learning

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have unleashed a new wave of applications on mobile devices, such as various intelligent personal assistants. Most of these applications rely on the use of cloud resources to perform deep learning. With increasingly more powerful mobile devices, users can perform more deep learning tasks on the devices. In addition, learning on the devices has important advantages, such as personalization, privacy, and responsiveness; however, a good understanding of the capabilities of modern mobile devices in supporting deep learning is generally lacking. To address this gap in knowledge, this paper presents a comprehensive study on performing training and inference on mobile devices. It develops TensorFlow+, an extension of the widely used TensorFlow framework, to enable training DNNs on devices and use the available GPUs to accelerate the learning tasks. The study focuses on four aspects: 1) the performance impact of the network architecture; 2) the effectiveness of using accelerators for learning on mobile devices; 3) the resource and battery usages of training and inference; and 4) the performance impact on other applications running on the devices. The results show that the size (width and depth) of a network as well as the types of layers that it uses are important to not only meeting the device's capability but also to the performance of learning. The study also shows that hardware acceleration is important to both improving the speed of learning and reducing the impact on other applications on the device.
Perception of local and non-local vowels by adults and children in the South

This study assessed the ability of Southern listeners to accommodate extensive talker variability in identifying vowels in their local Appalachian community in the context of sound change. Building on prior work, the current experiment targeted a subset of spectrally overlapping vowels in local and two non-local varieties to establish whether adult and child listeners will demonstrate the local dialect advantage. Listeners responded to isolated target words, which minimized the interaction of multiple linguistic and dialect-specific features. For most vowel categories, the local dialect advantage was not demonstrated. However, adult listeners showed sensitivity to generational changes, indicating their familiarity with the local norms. A differential response pattern in children suggests that children perceived the vowels through the lens of their own experience with vowel production, representing a sound change in the community. Compared with the adults, children also relied more on stress cues, with increased confusions when the vowels were unstressed. The study provides evidence that identification accuracy is dependent upon the robustness of cues in individual vowel categories—whether local or non-local—and suggests that the bottom-up processes underlying phonetic vowel categorization in isolated monosyllables can interact with the top-down processing of dialect- and talker-specific information.This study assessed the ability of Southern listeners to accommodate extensive talker variability in identifying vowels in their local Appalachian community in the context of sound change. Building on prior work, the current experiment targeted a subset of spectrally overlapping vowels in local and two non-local varieties to establish whether adult and child listeners will demonstrate the local dialect advantage. Listeners responded to isolated target words, which minimized the interaction of multiple linguistic and dialect-specific features. For most vowel categories, the local dialect advantage was not demonstrated. However, adult listeners showed sensitivity to generational changes, indicating their familiarity with the local norms. A differential response pattern in children suggests that children perceived the vowels through the lens of their own experience with vowel production, representing a sound change in the community. Compared with the adults, children also relied more on stress cues, with inc...
Simulation Analysis on Partial Discharge Signals Produced by Multiple Insulation Defects in GIS

In this paper, the simulation analysis on partial discharge (PD) signals produced by multiple insulation defects in gas insulated substation (GIS) has been researched by the simulation software of electromagnetic field (XFDTD). The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the single partial discharge signal is the linear convolution of the partial discharge current signal and its corresponding impact response in GIS. The mixed partial discharge signals are the linear mixtures of every partial discharge signal.
Performance assessment of Hybrid-Maize model for rainfed, limited and full irrigation conditions

Abstract Hybrid-Maize model was evaluated for its performance for simulating maize growth, grain yield, soil water content (SWC) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) under full irrigation treatment (FIT), limited irrigation (50, 60 and 75 % of FIT) and rainfed using long-term (2005–2010) and field-measured data in Nebraska, USA. Current version of the Hybrid-Maize model was found to be unsatisfactory for estimating maize growth and water balance components or grain yield. In most cases, significant differences (p
Convergence Innovation in the Digital Age and in the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis

Abstract Sustainable innovation is imperative for organizational survival and success in the turbulent market environment of the digital age, especially more so in the current COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This paper presents convergence innovation (CI), powered by the exponential fusion effect of the various objects, technologies, ideas, and strategies, as a new sustainable core competence of organizations. We present the concept of CI including its autonomous ecosystem enabled by advanced technologies, unique life cycle features, relationships with other innovation approaches, and its purpose of value creation for the stakeholders and beyond (for the greater good). The paper also explores how CI can be a catalyst for managing the current COVID-19 pandemic and charting the path to post crisis. The study makes contributions to both innovation literature and to practicing managers with new insights on sustainable innovation strategies for organizational performance and beyond.
Punch Typing: Alternative Method for Text Entry in Virtual Reality

A common way to perform data entry in virtual reality remains using virtual laser pointers to select characters from a flat 2D keyboard in 3-dimensional space. In this demo, we present a data input method that takes advantage of 3D space by interacting with a keyboard with keys arranged in three dimensions. Each hand is covered by a hemisphere of keys based on the QWERTY layout, allowing users to type by moving their hands in a motion similar to punching. Although the goal is to achieve a gesture more akin to tapping, current controllers or hand tracking technology doesn't allow such high fidelity. Thus, the presented interaction using VR controllers is more comparable to punching.
III-V-on-Si Tandem Solar Cells

Kaitlyn VanSant received a bachelor’s degree in Astronomy-Physics from Whitman College, a master’s degree in Physics from Portland State University, and a PhD in Materials Science from Colorado School of Mines. Her PhD research focused on the design, fabrication, and characterization of 3- and 4-terminal III-V-on-Si tandem solar cells. She is also interested in photovoltaic failure and degradation modes at both the cell and module level. She is currently a NASA Postdoc Program Fellow conducting perovskite solar cell research for space applications, as part of a collaboration between NASA’s Glenn Research Center and NREL. Emily Warren received her BS in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University, then studied Engineering for Sustainable Development at Cambridge before completing her PhD in Chemical Engineering at Caltech in 2013. She is a staff scientist at NREL. Her research interests include high- efficiency tandem photovoltaics, semiconductor growth and processing, and new architectures for solar fuel generation. Adele Tamboli received her PhD in Materials from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2009, followed by postdoctoral research in Applied Physics at the California Institute of Technology. She currently works in the Materials Science Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado and holds a joint appointment at the Colorado School of Mines. Her research focuses on improved device architectures for multijunction solar cells, including three- and four-terminal, III-V/Si tandems. She also has an active research program in the discovery and development of new semiconductor materials for energy applications.
Association of Insulin Resistance and Higher Oncotype DX™ Recurrence Score.

Black women with breast cancer have a worse overall survival compared with White women; however, no difference in Oncotype DX™ (ODX) recurrence scores has been observed to explain this health disparity. Black women are also disproportionately affected by insulin resistance. We evaluated whether insulin resistance is associated with a higher ODX recurrence score and whether there is a difference between White and Black women to explain disparate clinical outcomes. A subgroup analysis of patients in a multi-institutional cross-sectional study evaluating differences in insulin resistance between White and Black women was performed. Women diagnosed with a new hormone receptor-positive, HER2/neu-negative breast cancer with an ODX recurrence score were identified. Fasting blood glucose and insulin measurements were used to calculate the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score, a method for assessing insulin resistance, and compared against ODX scores. Overall, 412 women (358 White women, 54 Black women) were identified. Compared with White women, Black women had a higher body mass index (30 vs. 26 kg/m2, p < 0.0001), higher HOMA-IR score (2.4 vs. 1.4, p = 0.004), and more high-grade tumors (30% vs. 16%, p = 0.01). There was a direct positive association with an increasing ODX score and HOMA-IR (p = 0.014). On subset analysis, this relationship was seen in White women (p = 0.005), but not in Black women (p = 0.55). In women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, increasing insulin resistance is associated with a higher recurrence score; however, this association was not present in Black women. This lack of association may be due to the small number of Black women in the cohort, or possibly a reflection of a different biological disease process of the patient’s tumor.
Profiles of Naturalistic Attentional Trajectories Associated with Internalizing Behaviors in School-Age Children: A Mobile Eye Tracking Study.

The temperament profile Behavioral Inhibition (BI) is a strong predictor of internalizing behaviors in childhood. Patterns of attention towards or away from threat are a commonality of both BI and internalizing behaviors. Attention biases are traditionally measured with computer tasks presenting affective stimuli, which can lack ecological validity. Recent studies suggest that naturalistic visual attention need not mirror findings from computer tasks, and, more specifically, children high in BI may attend less to threats in naturalistic tasks. Here, we characterized latent trajectories of naturalistic visual attention over time to a female stranger, measured with mobile eye tracking, among kindergarteners oversampled for BI. Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) revealed two latent trajectories: 1) high initial orienting to the stranger, gradual decay, and recovery, and 2) low initial orienting and continued avoidance. Higher probability of membership to the “avoidant” group was linked to greater report of internalizing behaviors. We demonstrate the efficacy of mobile eye tracking in quantifying naturalistic patterns of visual attention to social novelty, as well as the importance of naturalistic measures of attention in characterizing socioemotional risk factors.
Liberal Catholicism in the Church of England

This article focuses on the genesis of liberal Catholicism in England from 1822 to roughly 1848, with particular reference to Cardinal Newman’s Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864). Newman’s reflections re...
Betting strategies, market selection, and the wisdom of crowds

We investigate the limiting behavior of trader wealth and prices in a simple prediction market with a finite set of participants having heterogeneous beliefs. Traders bet repeatedly on the outcome of a binary event with fixed Bernoulli success probability. A class of strategies, including (fractional) Kelly betting and constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) are considered. We show that when traders are willing to risk only a small fraction of their wealth in any period, belief heterogeneity can persist indefinitely; if bets are large in proportion to wealth then only the most accurate belief type survives. The market price is more accurate in the long run when traders with less accurate beliefs also survive. That is, the survival of traders with heterogeneous beliefs, some less accurate than others, allows the market price to better reflect the objective probability of the event in the long run.
Pancreatic Response to Dietary Trypsin Inhibitor: Variations Among Species

Inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes are distributed throughout various foods used for human consumption as well as throughout animal feeds. These inhibitors are predominately found in plant foodstuffs and have been associated with the lower protein digestibility of untreated or unprocessed plants used as dietary sources of protein. Because of the importance of plants for human foods as well as their importance in animal feeds, the metabolic and nutritional effects of protease inhibitors have been investigated in a variety of animal species. Most of this research has dealt with the inhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin that are found in soybeans. The objective of this paper is to critically examine the variability among species in the response to diets which contain trypsin inhibitors.
The calcium content of the body in relation to that of the food.

The importance of calcium in normal development accompanying growth, and the purely scientific interest in the so-called law of the minimum, have both emphasized the desirability of more extended investigations of the relation between the calcium intake and the calcium content of the growing body.In the present investigation, chemical analyses have been made of the bodies of large numbers of rats which, starting from comparable heredity and nutritional backgrounds and with all factors other than food maintained strictly uniform, had received food of differing calcium content. The calcium content of the diet was varied in two ways: (1) by varying the ratio of two natural foods of widely different calcium content wheat and milk; (2) by feeding specially designed laboratory diets in which calcium, in the form of calcium lactate, was the sole variable factor. In both cases vitamin D was amply supplied.It was thus found that individuals otherwise well nourished but with low calcium intake do grow up with calci...
Price It and They Will Buy: How E85 Can Break the Blend Wall

Biofuel mandates in 2014 and 2015 are scheduled to push ethanol consumption beyond the E10 blend wallâ€”the amount of ethanol that can be easily consumed in the United States in a 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline blend. Numerous interest groups and academics are calling on the Environmental Protection Agency to cut back on scheduled mandate increases because of the uncertainty of the cost and exactly how ethanol consumption can be increased beyond E10. The uncertainty centers around the position of the "beyond-E10" demand curve for ethanol, which simply measures the response of ethanol consumption to lower ethanol prices at ethanol quantities above 13 billion gallons. Some oil companies argue that there is no demand for ethanol above 13 billion gallons so that it is physically impossible for them to mandate using ethanol. Others argue that there may be a demand curve, but that possible consumption quantities are quite limited. The reason why there is uncertainty about the position of ethanol demand above 13 billion gallons is because we have no US data to observe consumption above the E10 blend wall. However, insight into the question of what the demand curve might look like can be obtained by estimating the demand for E85 by owners of flex vehicles using data from Brazilian drivers who choose between ethanol and gasoline largely based on relative costs per mile. A key difference between Brazil and the United States is that in Brazil every station sells both ethanol and gasoline, whereas US drivers must search for a station that sells E85. We account for this difference by calculating the additional distance that must be traveled by owners of US flex vehicles to a station that sells E85. The further the distance the greater the fuel savings must be from E85. The resulting demand curve for ethanol above the E10 blend wall suggests E85 consumption of about one billion gallons if E85 were priced to generate a six percent reduction in fuel costs. If the price were lowered further to generate a 15 percent reduction then about two billion gallons could be consumed, and a 30 percent reduction would be needed to induce three billion gallons of consumption. These estimates do not account for the increase in the size of the flex vehicle fleet in 2013 and 2014 or the likely increase in the number of stations that will find E85 an attractive fuel to sell. These results suggest that rather than being a physical barrier to increased ethanol consumption, the E10 blend wall is an economic barrier that can be overcome by increasing the incentive for drivers to use E85 to fuel their vehicles. Current RIN (Renewable Identification Numbers) prices are high enough to achieve modest increases in ethanol consumption above 13 billion gallons and to create incentives to increase the ability to consume lower-carbon ethanol in 2016 and beyond.
Systems Modeling for Z-IFE Power Plants

A systems model has been developed for Z-IFE power plants. The model includes cost and performance scaling for the target physics, z-pinch driver, chamber, power conversion system and target/RTL manufacturing plant. As the base case we consider the dynamic hohlraum target and a thick liquid wall chamber with flibe as the working fluid. Driver cost and efficiency are evaluated parametrically since various options are still being considered. The model allows for power plants made up of multiple chambers and power conversion units supplied by a central target/RTL manufacturing plant. Initial results indicate that plants with few chambers operating at high yield are economically more attractive than the 10-unit plant previously proposed. Various parametric and sensitivity studies have been completed and are discussed.
Slouching toward Discretion

Against this general background it turns to several recent "hot spots" of procedural controversy and assesses them in terms of the degree of discretionary activity. Although this examination confirms the views of the critics that discretionary activity has indeed increased, I view these developments with less alarm than some others. For one thing, there have been legal reactions ― by appellate courts, Congress, and the rulemakers ― that respond to the concerns raised by certain kinds of procedural discretion. I conclude that, even if the current activity holds risks, it is not clear that these risks have been realized often, or that any alternative measures to deal with the forces that stimulated these changes are likely to present themselves. Indeed, it is noteworthy that increased judicial supervision of litigation ― the feature of recent American development that sparks most controversy among academics ― appears to be an international phenomenon, and not just an American one.
Poverty and social transfers in Poland

Since January 1990, Poland's social safety net has changed greatly. Unemployment benefits were introduced, for example, because of escalating unemployment (about 15 percent of the labor force at the end of 1993). The cost of the social safety net has risen sharply since the transition began, both absolutely and as a fraction of GDP. In 1993, social transfers accounted for 18.7 percent of GDP, as follows: 1) pensions=14.9 percent; 2) unemployment benefits=1.9 percent; 3) family allowance and other social insurance=1.4 percent; and 4) social assistance=0.5 percent. To investigate the present system's impact on income distribution, the author uses the household budget survey data for January-June 1993, the first complete survey of the Polish population. The conventional benchmark for measuring poverty in Poland, the social minimum, has become largely irrelevant, as 55 percent of the people fall below that spending level. Using two other measures, the author finds that in 1993 26.3 percent of the population had an expenditure level (per adult equivalent) below the minimum wage, and 14.4 percent were spending at a level below the minimum pension. He discusses four proposals for improving the ability of social transfers (other than pensions) to reduce poverty. These proposals are either budget-neutral or imply only modest increases in the total amount of transfers. One, income-testing the family allowance and doubling that amount for large households. This would reduce poverty from 14.4 to 13.2 percent - and, among large households, from 43 to 28 percent. Two, reducing eligibility for the family allowance from 20 to 18 years and taxing the allowance; providing income-tested daycare vouchers for young children. This would make the family allowancee more progressive. Reducing eligibility and taxing the allowance would raise poverty about one percent point, which would be largely offset by the daycare vouchers. Three, improving income testing for social assistance. More than half or current beneficiaries are not poor. A 20 percent improvement in targeting would reduce poverty by about 0.3 percentage points. Four, extending eligibility for unemployment benefits for low-skilled unemployed members of the labor force in large households. This would increase benefits by about 7 percent, but reduce poverty about 0.4 percent points - benefiting especially the poorest part of the population.
Corneal Subbasal Nerve Density: A Comparison of Two Confocal Microscopes

Purpose.To compare subbasal nerve densities estimated from images recorded by the tandem scanning and the ConfoScan 4 confocal microscopes.Methods.Confocal microscopy was used to estimate subbasal nerve density in 62 corneas of 40 subjects (18 corneas of 18 normal subjects and 44 corneas of 22 patie
Comparative Assessment of Status and Opportunities for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage and Radioactive Waste Disposal in North America

Aside from the target storage regions being underground, geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) and radioactive waste disposal (RWD) share little in common in North America. The large volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) needed to be sequestered along with its relatively benign health effects present a sharp contrast to the limited volumes and hazardous nature of high-level radioactive waste (RW). There is well documented capacity in North America for 100 years or more of sequestration of CO2 from coal-fired power plants. Aside from economics, the challenges of GCS include lack of fully established legal and regulatory framework for ownership of injected CO2, the need for an expanded pipeline infrastructure, and public acceptance of the technology. As for RW, the USA had proposed the unsaturated tuffs of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, as the region’s first high-level RWD site before removing it from consideration in early 2009. The Canadian RW programme is currently evolving with options that range from geologic disposal to both decentralized and centralized permanent storage in surface facilities. Both the USA and Canada have established legal and regulatory frameworks for RWD. The most challenging technical issue for RWD is the need to predict repository performance on extremely long timescales (104–106 years). While attitudes toward nuclear power are rapidly changing as fossil fuel costs soar and changes in climate occur, public perception remains the most serious challenge to opening RW repositories. Because of the many significant differences between RWD and GCS, there is little that can be shared between them from regulatory, legal, transportation or economic perspectives. As for public perception, there is currently an opportunity to engage the public on the benefits and risks of both GCS and RWD as they learn more about the urgent energy–climate crisis created by greenhouse gas emissions from current fossil fuel combustion practices.
Estimating Idiosyncratic Volatility and Its Effects on a Cross-Section of Returns

We apply a new econometric method -- the generalized method of moments under a common shock -- to estimate idiosyncratic volatility premium and average idiosyncratic stock volatility. In contrast to the popular two-pass estimation approach of Fama and MacBeth (1973), the method requires using only a cross-section of return observations. We apply it to cross-sections of weekly U.S. stock returns in January and October 2008 and fiÂ…nd that during these months, the idiosyncratic volatility premium is nearly always negative and statistically signiÂ…cant. The results also indicate that the average idiosyncratic stock volatility increased by at least 50% between January and October.
Reminding About Tagged Objects Using Passive RFIDs

People often misplace objects they care about. We present a system that generates reminders about objects left behind by tagging those objects with passive RFID tags. Readers positioned in the environment frequented by users read tags and broadcast the tags’ IDs over a short-range wireless medium. A user’s personal server collects the read events in real-time and processes them to determine if a reminder is warranted or not. The reminders are delivered to a wristwatch-sized device through a combination of text messages and audible beeps. We believe this leads to a practical and scalable approach in terms of system architecture and user experience as well as being more amenable to maintaining user privacy than previous approaches. We present results that demonstrate that current RFID tag technology is appropriate for this application when integrated with calendar information.
Computing the Topological Relationship of Complex Regions

Topological predicates between spatial objects have always been a main area of research on spatial data handling, reasoning, and query languages. The focus of research has definitely been on the design of and reasoning with these predicates, whereas implementation issues have been largely neglected. Besides, design efforts have been restricted to simplified abstractions of spatial objects like single points, continuous lines, and simple regions. In this paper, we present a general algorithm which is based on the well known plane-sweep paradigm and determines the topological relationship between two given complex regions.
The Origin of Galactic Magnetic Fields

There are two suggested origins for the observed galactic magnetic fields: the primordial origin and the dynamo origin. In this lecture the dynamo origin is discussed and criticized. It is pointed out that if the interstellar medium in which the dynamo operates is infinitely conducting the dynamo will not behave properly but will amplify the chaotic part the magnetic field more rapidly than the mean part. An approximate criteria for flux freezing is derived taking into account the fact that the interstellar medium is partially ionized. It is shown that flux freezing occurs for fields larger than approximately 10-10 gauss. For larger fields the dynamo amplification only results in chaotic fields, at variance with observed fields in galaxies.