cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of μ- and δ-Opioid–Receptor Antagonists on the Stimulus Properties of Cholecystokinin

Abstract Melton and Riley recently reported that the relatively selective μ-opioid–antagonist naloxone potentiated the stimulus properties of the gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK). To assess whether such opioid potentiation is limited to activity at the μ-receptor subtype, in the present experiment the effects of the highly selective δ-antagonist naltrindole on CCK's stimulus properties were examined. Because in the initial report of naloxone's potentiation of CCK a relatively high, nonphysiologic dose of CCK (i.e., 13 μg/kg) was used as the training drug, in the current analysis subjects were trained to discriminate 5.6 μg/kg CCK from its vehicle and the assessments and comparisons of the effects of naloxone and naltrindole were based on this dose. Specifically, rats were administered 5.6 μg/kg CCK before saccharin–LiCl pairings and the CCK vehicle before saccharin alone. With such training, they rapidly acquired the drug discrimination, avoiding saccharin consumption when it was preceded by CCK and consuming the same saccharin solution when it was preceded by its vehicle. In subsequent generalization tests, doses of CCK that were ineffective in suppressing saccharin consumption (i.e., did not substitute for the training dose of CCK) did result in the suppression of saccharin consumption when combined with doses of the μ antagonist naloxone that alone had no effect on saccharin intake. On the other hand, the highly selective δ-opioid–receptor antagonist naltrindole was ineffective in potentiating the effects of CCK. Specifically, when naltrindole was combined with ineffective doses of CCK, subjects drank at control levels. The ability of naloxone to potentiate CCK's stimulus effects is consistent with a range of other demonstrations of the role of the μ-opioid–receptor subtype in CCK–opioid interactions, although the specific basis for the interaction remains unknown. Given recent findings on the effects of δ agonists and antagonists on CCK-induced activity, the failure of naltrindole to potentiate CCK's stimulus effects may be due to the absence of δ activity within this preparation, rather than the absence of δ mediation of CCK–opioid interactions in general.
SYNTHESES OF CIS- AND TRANS-TETRAAMMINEDICHLORORUTHENIUM(III) CHLORIDE

Abstract The syntheses of the salts cis - and trans -tetraamminedichlororuthenium(III) chloride are reported. The two isomers are precursors to a number of di-substituted ruthenium(II) and (III) complexes.
A Modeling View of Breakthrough Innovation

AbstractIn this article we present a dynamic modeling framework, which facilitates an evaluation of a breakthrough innovation. One of the powerful aspects of this framework is its robustness. This process helps identify directions that increase the probability for finding possible breakthrough ideas and eventually products. This framework facilitates the initial evaluation of individual projects and also has value in evaluating accepted projects as they progress. Lastly, this framework is instrumental in the critical “go, no-go” decision, which inevitably happens somewhere along the line for most revolutionary products.
E-Commerce Infusion Into Business Education—Encompassing the Realities of an Emerging Business Model

Abstract Researchers surveyed 287 business educators regarding the infusion of e-commerce topics such as success factors, government regulation, and protection of intellectual property, into current business education programs at both the secondary and postsecondary levels. The survey also investigated respondents' personal involvment in e-commerce transactions or learning. The findings suggest that e-commerce is not being highly emphasized or integrated into existing business education programs.
Formal Synthesis of (+)- and (-)-Perhydrohistrionicotoxin: A "Double Henry"/Enzymatic Desymmetrization Route to the Kishi Lactam(1).

Both antipodes of the Kishi lactam (3), the versatile intermediate for the synthesis of the perhydrohistrionicotoxin (pHTX) alkaloids, have been prepared. The synthetic route involved a "double Henry" condensation between glutaraldehyde and nitroacetal 5 giving meso dioxanyldiol 4 which was acetylated and reduced to afford meso dioxane amide 8. Ultrasound-promoted deacetalization of 8 followed by Wittig olefination and reduction provided meso amide ester 10. Hydrolysis of 10 with aqueous acid followed by dehydrative cyclization with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide gave lactamdiol 11. Acetylation of 11 gave meso diacetate 2 which was an excellent substrate for esterase-mediated hydrolysis to hydroxyacetate 12. Deoxygenation of 12 using a Barton protocol, followed by Zemplen deacylation and Swern oxidation, gave the (-)-antipode of the Kishi lactam (3). Moffatt oxidation of hydroxyacetate 12 followed by ketal protection and Zemplen deacylation gave ketalalcohol 19. Barton deoxygenation of 19 followed by ketal hydrolysis gave (+)-3.
Creation as an Ecumenical Problem: Renewed Belief through Green Experience:

Loss of a sense of creaturehood and of members has occurred across the lines of divided churches in a secular context. The author explores the question whether green experience of nature can be a p...
BRIDGING THE DIGITAL DIVIDE: HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN CHANGE HIGHER EDUCATION DELIVERY FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Employers looking to fill jobs want applicants with solid technology skills and postsecondary training. Technology is a critical part of every industry, and students must know how to use it effecti...
Wealth Impact of Dividend Changes Within the Insurance Industry

This study examines the market reaction when announcements of large dividend increases are made by more versus less rate‐regulated firms in the same industry. The insurance industry was chosen because property/liability insurers are rate‐regulated more than life/health insurers. The abnormal returns are positive and significant for all insurers but smaller than those found in previous cross‐sectional studies. Abnormal returns for the less rate‐regulated life/health insurers during the dividend increase announcement period are significantly greater than those of the more rate‐regulated property/liability insurers.
Aerosol measurements in central Alaska, 1982–1984

Abstract Atmospheric aerosols in subarctic central Alaska were studied for two winter seasons. Both optical absorptivity and excess (non-marine) sulfate undergo seasonal variation similar to that reported in Arctic locations (maximum in late spring and minimum in summer), but the magnitudes are a factor of two smaller than in the Arctic. The meridional variation in aerosol blackness and sulfur content (cleaner air to the south) is contrary to the trend in the Scandinavian Arctic and is interpreted to indicate the existence of pollution sources generally north and west, outside of Alaska's borders. Aerosol size varies with air temperature. Submicrometer aerosol mass and geometric mean diameter (GMD) increase as temperature decreases. Aerosols in all air masses studied were rich in volatile particles. The volatility suggests the presence of aqueous solutions of H 2 SO 4 . On the basis of (a) the relativity high aerosol volatility, and (b) the opposite trends between mean diameters and air temperature, it is conjectured that condensation of H 2 SO 4 vapor may be an important mechanism for aerosol evolution in the winter (dark) polar troposphere.
Structure and diversity of T-lymphocyte antigen receptors alpha and gamma in Xenopus.

Short primer PCR directed at conserved regions of amino acid sequence within the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain variable (V) regions was used to amplify putative TCRγ V region amplicons from stage 45 Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) mRNA (cDNA). An adult Xenopus spleen cDNA library was screened using the Vγ and a putative TCRVα amplicon. Full copy length cDNAs containing the specific PCR-derived Vα and Vγ amplicons were recovered at relatively low frequency. Probes complementing the TCRα and TCRγ constant (C) regions were employed to isolate equivalent numbers of additional TCR α and TCR γ cDNAs in an unbiased (non-V-based) manner. Few Vγ genes appear to be expressed relative to the highly diverse expression of V α genes in equivalent numbers of cDNAs that were analyzed. Two TCRγ C regions differ at only two positions; whereas two TCRα C regions differ at 33 coding positions as well as in their respective 3′ untranslated regions, consistent with two independent loci. However, genomic Southern blots revealed considerably higher numbers of hybridizing bands when probed with C γ than with C α. A potential novel mechanism of diversification is suggested by an unusual TCR α cDNA in which the V region can be translated in two frames through utilization of two closely linked V genes and an alternative splicing process. This process produces a translatable cDNA that is not readily predictable from the genomic locus utilizing normal recombination and splicing mechanisms.
Thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Abstract A series of five nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) was studied on polymeric octadecylsilica using methanol and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The thermodynamic and kinetic behavior was examined as a function of ring number, annelation structure, and position of the nitrogen atom. The retention factors for the NPAHs are smaller than those for the parent PAHs in methanol, while the converse is true in acetonitrile. The changes in molar enthalpy are relatively comparable in both mobile phases with 1-aminopyrene having values of −5.0 ± 0.2 kcal/mol in methanol and −6.3 ± 0.7 kcal/mol in acetonitrile (1 cal = 4.184 J). However, the rate constants from mobile to stationary phase (ksm) and from stationary to mobile phase (kms) demonstrate large differences as a function of mobile phase. For example, the rate constants kms for 1-aminopyrene and 4-azapyrene are 675 and 62 s−1, respectively, in methanol at 303 K. In contrast, the same solutes demonstrate rate constants of 3.47 and 3.9 × 10−3 s−1, respectively, in acetonitrile. The activation energies for transfer from mobile phase to transition state (ΔE‡m) and from stationary phase to transition state (ΔE‡s) also differ as a function of mobile phase. For example, the activation energies ΔE‡s for 1-aminopyrene are 21 and ∼0 kcal/mol, whereas those for 4-azapyrene are 19 and 23 kcal/mol, in methanol and acetonitrile, respectively. Based on these thermodynamic and kinetic results, the relative contributions from the partition and adsorption mechanisms are discussed.
β-Hydroxysilanes in the synthesis and labelling of unsaturated pheromones

Abstract The use of β-hydroxysilanes to protect olefins during catalytic hydrogenation and deuteration is described. Either (Z)- or (E)- olefins can be stereoselectively regenerated from the key intermediates.
A STUDY OF TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOLVENT REFINED COAL (SRC) PROCESS USING NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Twenty-two trace elements have been measured by INAA in materials produced in the Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) pilot plant. The elements As, Sb, Se, Hg, Ni, Br, Na, K, Cr, Sc, Fe, Co, Cs, Ce, Rb, Th, Sr, Ba, Tb, Eu, Sm and Lu were measured in coal, SRC, insoluble residues, solvents, and process waters. The liquefaction process produces a fuel lower in toxic trace elements than the parent coal. Elemental balances indicate that except for As, and Hg the SRC and insoluble residues contain more than 80% of the trace elements found in the coal. Evidence is presented indicating significant organic binding of As, Se, Hg, Br, Ni, and Co in the SRC.
Function of collagen: blood pressure in lathyritic rats.

COLLAGEN constitutes approximately one-third of the body protein in mammals. While its significance in maintaining form is obvious, little is known of its possible role in physiological processes. Discovering functions of collagen would be of particular importance in regard to ageing. Physical properties of collagen change markedly with age, presumably because of increased cross-linkages, but these changes have not been related to the decrease in efficiency of physiological processes characteristic of ageing. The changes in collagen with age and their possible significance have recently been reviewed1.
Functional MRI of facial emotion processing in left temporal lobe epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) may negatively affect the ability to recognize emotions. This study aimed to determine the cortical correlates of facial emotion processing (happy, sad, fearful, and neutral) in patients with well-characterized left TLE (LTLE) and to examine the effect of seizure control on emotion processing. We enrolled 34 consecutive patients with LTLE and 30 matched healthy control (HC) subjects. Participants underwent functional MRI (fMRI) with an event-related facial emotion recognition task. The seizures of seventeen patients were controlled (no seizure in at least 3months; LTLE-sz), and 17 continued to experience frequent seizures (LTLE+sz). Mood was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). There were no differences in demographic characteristics and measures of mood between HC subjects and patients with LTLE. In patients with LTLE, fMRI showed decreased blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in the hippocampus/parahippocampus and cerebellum in processing of happy faces and increased BOLD signal in occipital regions in response to fearful faces. Comparison of groups with LTLE+sz and LTLE-sz showed worse BDI and POMS scores in LTLE+sz (all p<0.05) except for POMS tension/anxiety (p=0.067). Functional MRI revealed increased BOLD signal in patients with LTLE+sz in the left precuneus and left parahippocampus for "fearful" faces and in the left periarcheocortex for "neutral" faces. There was a correlation between the fMRI and Total Mood Disturbance in the left precuneus in LTLE-sz (p=0.019) and in LTLE+sz (p=0.018). Overall, LTLE appears to have a relatively minor effect on the cortical underpinnings of facial emotion processing, while the effect of seizure state (controlled vs. not controlled) is more pronounced, indicating a significant relationship between seizure control and emotion processing.
Effects of cyclohexylamine on the fertility of male rats

Abstract Cyclohexylamine (CHA) was tested for possible dominant lethal mutations in male rats. Female rats were mated with CHA-treated males and were then examined for the number of corpora lutea, total number of implantations and the number of implantations regarded as early deaths. The results showed significant pre-implantation loss in females mated during wk 1 and 2 after intraperitoneal treatment of the males with 100 or 300 mg CHA/kg. The number of early deaths was not significant. An average of 35% of the ova flushed 48 hr after insemination from the oviducts of females mated with CHA-treated males showed no cleavage and did not exhibit two pronuclei. This indicated that fertilization had not occurred. It is concluded that the pre-implantation loss in females mated with CHA-treated males results from some mechanism other than that of dominant lethal mutation.
TiltType: accelerometer-supported text entry for very small devices

TiltType is a novel text entry technique for mobile devices. To enter a character, the user tilts the device and presses one or more buttons. The character chosen depends on the button pressed, the direction of tilt, and the angle of tilt. TiltType consumes minimal power and requires little board space, making it appropriate for wristwatch-sized devices. But because controlled tilting of one's forearm is fatiguing, a wristwatch using this technique must be easily removable from its wriststrap. Applications include two-way paging, text entry for watch computers, web browsing, numeric entry for calculator watches, and existing applications for PDAs.
Faculty Perceptions of Plagiarism

The study was conducted to determine whether faculty perceptions of plagiarism differ from reality. Faculty do acknowledge the problem exists, our goal was to determine whether faculty had an accurate understanding of the extent of plagiarism.
Experimental methods and correlation of solid—liquid mass transfer in fluidized beds

Abstract Solid—liquid mass transfer in gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds is studied experimentally to clarify conflicting results in the literature which may be due to experimental procedure, equipment, or operating conditions. Particle tethering is found to affect measurement of the mass transfer, but the magnitude of the difference is a function of type of tether, column diameter, and flow regime. Effects of phase hold-ups and particle mixing are addressed, as well as liquid and gas superficial velocities. Correlation of the mass transfer coefficient is then discussed in light of the results of this study and the literature. In particular, correlations based on the energy dissipation model are reviewed in detail with respect to their qualitative and quantitative accuracy. A new correlation is then developed to account for the enhancement of the mass transfer due to the energy input to the system by the gas phase over that of the liquid—solid fluidized bed base case. The correlation accurately predicts the trends of the mass transfer with gas and liquid superficial velocities, particle and liquid properties, and phase hold-up.
Molecular dynamics study of thermal desorption of Xe from Ag(111) surface

Abstract In this paper we perform nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations on thermal desorption of Xe from the Ag(111) surface. Instantaneous density profiles, time-of-flight spectra, and the angular distribution of the desorbed atoms are investigated. The simulation results are compared with those obtained from simple gas-phase theoretical models.
Deghosting and Free-Surface Multiple Attentuation of Multi-Component OBC Data

Summary Inverse scattering multiple attenuation (ISMA) is a method for removing free-surface multiple energy while preserving primary energy. The other key feature of ISMA is that no knowledge of the subsuface is required in its application. I have adapted this method to multicomponent ocean bottom cable (OBC) data (i.e., to arrays of sea floor geophones and hydrophones) by selecting a subseries made of even terms of the current scattering series used in the free-surface multiple attenuation of conventional marine surface seismic data (streamer data). This subseries approach (SISMA) allows me to remove receiver ghosts (receiver-side reverberations) and free-surface multiples (source-side reverberations) in multi-component synthetic and real OBC data. I have processed each component separately. Like ISMA, SISMA preserves primary energy and does not require any knowledge of the subsurface. Moreover, the preprocessing steps of muting for the direct wave and of interpolating for missing near offsets are no longer needed. The knowledge of source signature is still required. The existing ways of satisfying this requirement for streamer data can be used for OBC data without modification. SISMA differs from the present dual-field deghosting method used in OBC data processing in that it does not assume a horizontally flat sea floor nor does it require the knowledge of the acoustic impedance below the sea floor. Furthermore, it attenuates receiver ghosts as well
We Do Too Have Morals: On Rational Choice in the Classroom

J urg Steiner has argued (PS, 1990) that it may be harmful for us to teach positive variants of "hard-line" rational choice theory in our political science classes. He claims that it alienates students and instructs them in the ways of bad citizenship. His conclusion makes the narrow point that "as teachers we should be much more aware of the political implications of this teaching. . ." (p. 49), but the essay, as indicated by the subtitle "A Research Agenda and a Moral Question," addresses a much larger agenda. Steiner would have us condition research and teaching on the moral acceptability of prescriptions flowing from research findings. I argue that rational choice theory does have a valuable moral component and that it is reasonable to teach rational choice theory in the classroom. I Rational choice has made a substantial contribution to positive theory and empirical research in political science. This has been documented in this issue of PS by Dow and Munger, who observe that articles based on rational choice make up an increasingly significant portion of our professional research literature. Steiner's objection focuses not on the positive value of the theory, but on the morality of rational choice theory and its use in the classroom. Given the positive value of the theory, I have grave misgivings about debating its morality. There should be a strong presumption against censoring otherwise reasonable ideas from the classroom simply because some people find them distasteful. In general and over the long run, I believe that the beneficial applications of research outweigh the disadvantageous ones. There are many examples to support this predisposition, perhaps the most famous being the attempt to censor Galileo's teaching that the earth revolves around the sun. Censoring current theories from the classroom forestalls research and improvements that mitigate the ill effects of applications. If we do not reject Steiner's argument on these general grounds, we should move on to consider the morality of rational choice in the classroom. The remainder of this essay investigates some particular rational choice theories: social choice, candidate behavior, and collective action. The principal arguments are that (1) the theory has an internally consistent set of normative
L2 Norm as a Measure of Stability for a Postural Control Model

This paper presents analysis of a one degree of freedom human postural control model. The central nervous system is captured in the model as an intermittent control law. Parametric and stability analysis of this single degree-of-freedom model are presented. The L2 Norm of the response is used as a measure of stability. This study shows that joint stiffness and associated time delay parameter are the most sensitive towards the response dynamics. In addition, a comparison of parametric linear stability boundary with the L2 Norm estimates is presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Phase I study of weekly gemcitabine as a radiation sensitizer for unresectable pancreatic cancer

Abstract Purpose: To determine the maximal tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of weekly gemcitabine with concurrent radiotherapy (RT) in patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Methods and Materials: Patients who had locally advanced or recurrent unresectable pancreatic cancer were eligible. Gemcitabine was administered as a 30-min infusion once weekly for a total of five cycles during the course of RT. The starting dose of gemcitabine was 350 mg/m 2 /wk. Doses were escalated by increments of 25% in successive cohorts of 3–6 patients. RT was delivered at 180 cGy/d to a total dose of 5400–5580 cGy to the gross tumor volume. Results: Nineteen patients were entered in this study through three dose levels (350–550 mg/m 2 /wk). The maximal tolerated dose was determined to be 440 mg/m 2 /wk. The DLTs were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and failure to receive all five cycles of gemcitabine. Other non-DLTs included 16 Grade III toxicities, which consisted of thrombosis, infection, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, constipation, diarrhea, and fatigue. One patient at each gemcitabine dose level experienced Grade IV vomiting, and the patient at the 550 mg/m 2 dose developed Grade IV anorexia. Conclusion: The maximal tolerated dose of gemcitabine when administered as a 30-min infusion once weekly during RT for unresectable pancreatic cancer was found to be 440 mg/m 2 /wk. The DLTs were neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and failure to receive all five cycles of chemotherapy. Concurrent gemcitabine and RT is reasonably well tolerated and deserves additional evaluation against the current standard of care.
An Analysis of Predictors of Instruction Work Effort.

Various measures are presently utilized for the purposes of determining faculty teaching effort and assigning teaching loads. This study investigates how well the predictor variables of credit hours, student credit hours, contact hours, and student contact hours correlate with faculty self-report measures of time-use for each class taught. Additionally, the question of differences among measures of faculty work effort per class when faculty are classified by academic rank was investigated. The findings of this study indicate that of the commonly used measures of total faculty effort for a class only contact hours are a reliable measure, and neither the level of instruction nor the academic rank of the teacher have much to do with the faculty member's effort as measured in time for a class.
Coloring night-vision imagery with statistical properties of natural colors by using image segmentation and histogram matching

A natural color mapping method has been previously proposed that matches the statistical properties (mean and standard deviation) of night-vision (NV) imagery to those of a daylight color image (manually selected as the "target" color distribution). Thus the rendered NV image appears to resemble the target image in terms of colors. However, in this prior method the colored NV image may appear unnatural if the target image's "global" color statistics are too different from that of the night vision scene (e.g., it would appear to have too much green if much more foliage was contained in the target image). Consequently, a new "local coloring" method is presented in the current paper, and functions to render the NV image segment-by-segment by using a histogram matching technique. Specifically, a false-color image (source image) is formed by assigning multi-band NV images to three RGB (red, green and blue) channels. A nonlinear diffusion filter is then applied to the false-colored image to reduce the number of colors. The final grayscale image segments are obtained by using clustering and merging techniques. The statistical matching procedure is merged with the histogram matching procedure to assure that the source image more closely resembles the target image with respect to color. Instead of using a single target color image, the mean, standard deviation and histogram distribution of a set of natural scene images are used as the target color properties for each color scheme. Corresponding to the source region segments, the target color schemes are grouped by their scene contents (or colors) such as green plants, roads, ground/earth. In our experiments, five pairs of night-vision images were initially analyzed, and the images that were colored (segment-by-segment) by the proposed "local coloring" method are shown to be much more natural, realistic, and colorful when compared with those produced by the "global-coloring" method.
Retrieval processes in restructuring: Answer to Keane

In a comment on the attempt by Ohlsson (1984) to interpret the Gestalt theory of restructuring and insight in information processing terms, Keane argues that memory retrieval is central to restructuring and that Ohlsson ignores higher-order memory organizations. Careful comparison between Ohlsson's and Keane's hypotheses about what kind of retrieval occurs in restructuring reveals that they take different stands on three well-known issues in the study of knowledge representation: semantic vs. episodic memory, declarative vs. procedural knowledge, and “small” vs. “large” memory units. Since humans obviously have several types of memory units, both types of retrieval processes may be involved in restructuring.
Sampling of air pollutants with support-bonded chromatographic phases

Abstract Support-bonded silicones, such as (C18H37SiO3/2)n on various types of Chromosorb, can be used to trap organic vapors from the atmosphere. The trapped compounds can then be extracted and the concentrated extracts analyzed by various analytical techniques.
A Study of New Hampshire×Barred Columbian Chicks from Two Days of Age to Ten Weeks of Age 1. Growth; Organ Weights; Liver Fat and Protein; Femur and Tibia Fat and Ash of Chicks Fed a Ration Free of Antibiotics and Coccidiostats

Abstract CHEMICAL analyses of chick organs and bones have not been reported for chicks sampled at successive age periods under identical conditions. Sturkie (1954) does not give data on the chemical components of chick organs and bones. When the values for chemical constituents of chick organs and bones have been established for chicks fed rations free of antibiotics and coccidiostats, then chemical analyses can be used to evaluate the effect of antibiotics and coccidiostats on chick organs and bones. This paper reports the findings in chicks fed a ration free of antibiotics and coccidiostats. MATERIALS AND METHODS New Hampshire×Barred Columbian cockerels were obtained at two days of age and fed ad libitum a chick ration (Table 1) free of antibiotics and coccidiostats until they were ten weeks of age. The ration (Table 1) is a broiler ration used by the Poultry Division of the University of Illinois. The chicks were wing …
The Khokhlov - Zabolotskaya - Kuznetsov (KZK) equation with power law attenuation

The Khokhlov - Zabolotskaya - Kuznetsov (KZK) equation is a parabolic approximation to the Westervelt equation that models the effects of diffraction, attenuation and nonlinearity. The original form of the attenuation term in the KZK model yields frequency squared attenuation. However, for soft tissues, the attenuation follows a power law with respect to frequency with a power law exponent between 1 and 1.5. A KZK model that incorporates the effects of frequency-squared attenuation is presently included in FOCUS, the ‘Fast Object-oriented C++ Ultrasound Simulator’, and a nonlinear KZK simulation that accounts for power law attenuation is also needed. When the KZK equation is combined with the power law wave equation [4], a continuous wave KZK model with power law attenuation is obtained. Simulation results are evaluated in both linear lossy media and nonlinear lossy media. Simulations in the linear lossy medium are evaluated with the KZK approach and compared to results obtained with the fast nearfield method in FOCUS. The results match well in the paraxial region but differ elsewhere. The effects of nonlinearity are then included in CW KZK calculations that model the contributions from several different harmonics. The nonlinear pressure field is generated by a spherically focused transducer with an aperture radius of 7.5mm and a radius of curvature of 60mm. The peak pressure on the surface of the transducer is 1.5MPa and the fundamental frequency is 1MHz. The lossy medium is defined for brain with β = 4.3, α = 0.6 dB/cm/MHzy, and y = 1.46, and blood with β = 4.05, α = 0.16 dB/cm/MHzy, and y = 1.2. The number of harmonics computed in each simulation is Nmax = 20. The pressure fields for the first four harmonics are shown.
Critical notes regarding the dislocation of Chicanos by the Spanish‐language television industry in the United States

Abstract The growth of the Spanish‐speaking Hispanic population in the United States has fostered the creation of an extensive Spanish‐language media industry. In particular, while the Spanish‐language media industry has expanded in correspondence with the growth of the Spanish‐speaking Hispanic population in the United States, Spanish‐language television has done so in order to capitalize on the consumer and commercial value of the population. In doing so, we argue in this article that the Spanish‐language media industry serves to dislocate Chicanos in US society by not promoting their sociocultural and ethnolinguistic identity.
Monitoring protein–small molecule interactions by local pH modulation

We have developed a technique for sensing protein-small molecule and protein-ion interactions in bulk aqueous solution by utilizing a pH sensitive dye, 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein, conjugated to free lysine residues on the surfaces of designated capture proteins. The fluorescein intensity was found to change by about 6% and 15% for small molecule and ion binding, respectively. The assay works by modulating the local electric fields around a pH sensitive dye. This, in turn, alters the dye's apparent pK(A) value. Such changes may result directly from the charge on the analyte, occur through allosteric effects related to the binding process, or result from a combination of both. The assay was used to follow the binding of Ca(2+) to calmodulin (CaM) and thiamine monophosphate (ThMP) to thiamine binding protein A (TbpA). The results demonstrate a binding constant of 1.1 μM for the Ca(2+)/CaM pair and 3.2 nM for ThMP/TbpA pair, which are in excellent agreement with literature values. These assays demonstrate the generality of this method for observing the interactions of small molecules and ions with capture proteins. In fact, the assay should work as a biosensor platform for most proteins containing a specific ligand binding site, which would be useful as a simple and rapid preliminary screen of protein-ligand interactions.
Stochastic Hill's equations for the study of errant rocket burns in orbit

The problem of errant rocket burns in low Earth orbit is of growing interest, especially in the area of safety analysis of nuclear powered spacecraft. The development of stochastic Hill's equations provides a rigorous mathematical tool for the study of such errant rocket maneuvers. These equations are analyzed within the context of a theory of linear dynamical systems driven by a random white noise. It is established that the trajectories of an errant rocket are realizations of a Gauss-Markov process, whose mean vector is given by the solution of a deterministic rocket problem. The time-dependent covariance matrix of the process is derived in an explicit form.
Square area integral estimates for subharmonic functions in NTA domains

In this paper, we prove a good-λ inequality between the nontangential maximal function and the square area integral of a subharmonic functionu in a bounded NTA domainD inRn. We achieve this by showing that a weighted Riesz measure ofu is a Carleson measure, with the Carleson norm bounded by a constant independent ofu. As consequences of the good-λ inequality, we obtain McConnell-Uchiyama's inequality and an analogue of Murai-Uchiyama's inequality for subharmonic functions inD.
Framework Materials Composed of Transition Metal Oxide Clusters

Transition metal oxide clusters and their derivatives, which are important in such diverse fields as analytical chemistry, biochemical and geochemical processes, chemical sensing, catalysis, materials science, and medicine offer an unmatched variety of attractive building block units for the design and development of new materials whose properties could possibly be correlated with their constituent units at the molecular level. For example, these clusters may provide structural motifs for the rational synthesis of new metal oxide based catalysts and novel surfaces. Although the technique of bringing suitable transition metal oxide units together to generate new chemical systems with desirable properties remains underdeveloped, recent progress made in preparing new framework materials are encouraging. By adopting essentially one-pot synthetic approach, a series of novel framework materials, composed of well defined vanadium oxide clusters {V 18 O 42 (XO 4 )}, of general formulation- (Cat) m [M a L 12 V 18 H b O 42 (XO 4 )] n− .cH2O. (Cat = Li+, N2H5+; m = 0, 2, 6; M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, etc.; a = 3; b = 0, 6; X = V, S; L = H2O; n = 0, 2, 6; c = 24, 30) have been prepared and characterized. These are reviewed with reference to the synthesis, structure and physicochemical properties of the newly prepared representative framework solids.
An Easy Solution to Mini Lights Out.

(2001). An Easy Solution to Mini Lights Out. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 57-59.
Getting Clear About the “Sign Rule”

The question of the "validity" of the "sign-rule" has been a source of continuing disagreement among sociologists. Some of the confusion surrounding this question can be dispelled by focusing on the problem of providing satisfactory interpretations for calculi constructed to represent various commentators' versions of acceptable "sign-rule" arguments. It is shown that the formulae of a calculus constructed to represent standard sign rule arguments must be interpreted in terms of propositions asserting that rankings of objects in virtue of one property are identical to rankings in virtue of another property. A system constructed on the basis of "the assumption of high correlations" is shown to involve distinctions between the logical forms of the premises and the conclusions of key arguments. This sharply limits the deductive power of this system. A third system, constructed on the basis of the "causal modeling" view of the sign rule, is shown to require an interpretation which renders the procedure irrelevant to the construction and testing of general theories. IT IS UNDENIABLE that discourse in the area of sociology loosely designated by the term "theory construction" exercises considerable leverage over discourse in the rest of the discipline. By setting a conception of what constitutes a "theory," it molds the purposes of sociological investigation, serves to direct the sociologist in the framing of research problems, and serves to determine what are to constitute the obstacles to his inquiries (their "methodological" problems). Yet, discussion of the questions of "theory construction" is hampered by infuriating impediments. Chief among these is a certain evasiveness on the part of its prominent figures in the face of serious issues, especially issues of an
Emission dynamics from doped crystals of (CH 3 ) 4 NMnCl 3 (TMMC): Exciton trapping in a one-dimensional lattice

The emission decay curves from (${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$${)}_{4}$${\mathrm{NMnCl}}_{3}$ [tetramethylammonium manganese chloride (TMMC)] crystals doped with small amounts of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ deviate dramatically from simple exponential form. Consistent with the linear chain structure of TMMC, the curves are adequately described by decay expressions derived for exciton trapping in one-dimensional systems. Analysis of the data indicates that exciton migration in TMMC is nearly one-dimensional with an intrachain hopping frequency at room temperature of ${10}^{11}$ to ${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and an interchain hopping frequency of only ${10}^{2}$ to ${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The presence of small concentrations of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$, a scattering impurity, greatly reduces the rate of exciton trapping. The temperature dependence of the decay curves suggests an energy barrier of 800 to 1000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for migration along the chains in TMMC.
Interferon alfacon-1 (Infergen®) 15 mcg in the treatment of naive chronic hepatitis C patients, three vs. five times a week

Interferon alfacon-1 (Infergen®) 15 mcg in the treatment of naive chronic hepatitis C patients, three vs. five times a week
The Prussian Theory of Monarchy

During the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when absolute monarchy was the prevailing governmental type in Europe, the principle was very generally held by the rulers, and not infrequently acted upon, that the people of a state, together with their lands and other goods and chattels, were, in a very real sense, the property of their king and constituted his patrimonium. That this view should have prevailed, is historically explainable. The entire feudal system, out of which the modern monarchy had evolved, was founded upon the idea that the ownership of land carried with it, as one of its incidents, the right of political rulership. When, then, by a process of development, the king had obtained a supremacy over his feudal lords, when his “peace” had become higher than theirs, and had extended over the whole country, and when these lords and those who in turn held of them were forced to concede that they held their lands by a conditional grant from the king, their liege lord, the idea that the monarch was the owner of the entire realm was complete. In him lay the final legal title to all land. All other persons had “tenures” rather than rights of ownership. And, as for the people themselves, the idea that one person might be another person's “man” or “woman” was universal. The influence of these ideas on recent political conceptions may be indicated by recalling that serfdom did not disappear from Germany until well into the nineteenth century.This patrimonial conception of monarchy explains the accepted idea that the throne might be inherited, or willed away by testament, like a piece of property, and that it might be bought and sold, and acquired by marriage. It explains also the recognized right of the king to requisition, upon occasion, the goods of his subjects, and even to sell those subjects themselves to foreign powers, as, for example, was done when the Hessian soldiers were sold by their ruler to England for use against the Americans in the Revolutionary War.
Identification of First-Instar Aedine Mosquito Larvae of Minnesota (Diptera: Culicidae)

The emphasis in mosquito identification has been centered for the most part on the fourth-instar, or mature, larval stage and on both sexes of the adult forms. Some stress in recent years has been placed on pupal and egg morphology; however, as pointed out by Bohart (1954) and others, in comparison with the vast amount of literature on these stages, the amount of work published on the identification of early-instar mosquito larvae has been relatively slight. Regardless of the reasons for this, it would be, for instance, of immeasurable value to a person studying mosquito ecology to be able to identify directly to species any larval stage of the mosquito that he might collect. It is hoped that this paper, even though limited to Minnesota Aedes, will contribute further to the ability to recognize first-instar Aedes larvae and that it will serve as an added stimulus to workers in other geographical areas to collect and assimilate materials in a similar manner.
Cochlear trajectory in pediatric patients

Objectives/Hypothesis As cochlear implantation increases, surgeons are noting possible anatomical differences in pediatric population. Outcome objectives were to study pediatric temporal bone anatomy using high-resolution temporal bone imaging, and analyze the anatomical differences in group 1 (<12 months) versus group 2 (1–4 years) versus group 3 (5–10 years) versus group 4 (10–18 years). Study Design Retrospective chart and radiologic review. Methods A retrospective chart and radiologic review of pediatric patients undergoing high-resolution computer tomography of the temporal bones from April 2001 to February 2013 was conducted. Scans were reviewed to record the transmastoid angle and transcanal angle. Results Seven hundred fifty patients were identified. A total of 1,426 ears were reviewed. The age range was 8 days to 21 years. Of the patients, 57.0% (n = 407) were male. The patients were divided into four groups: group 1 (<12 months), group 2 (1–4 years), group 3 (5–10 years), and group 4 (10–18 years). The transmastoid angle was observed to have variability. Significant differences were observed between groups 2 and 3 (P = .0028) and groups 2 and 4 (P = .0432). Analysis on the transcanal angle was performed. Significant differences existed between age groups 1 and 3 (P = .0150), groups 1 and 4 (P = .0038), and groups 2 and 4 (P = .0358). Conclusions Considerable variation exists in pediatric temporal bones. The largest difference in the transmastoid angle was seen in children aged 1 to 4 years. The largest variability in the transcanal angle is between the infant ( 4 years of age. These differences are surgically relevant for round window identification and facial nerve safety during cochlear implant surgery in infants. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 125:961–965, 2015
Erratum to: Rho Kinase Regulation of Fibroblast Migratory Mechanics in Fibrillar Collagen Matrices

Address correspondence to W. Matthew Petroll, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA. Electronic mail: matthew.petroll@utsouthwestern.edu The online version of the original article can be found under doi: 10.1007/s12195-010-0106-2. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2010 ( 2010) p. 195 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-010-0120-4
Optimal Design of Non-Regenerative MIMO Wireless Relays

Given a multiple-antenna source and a multiple-antenna destination, a multiple-antenna relay between the source and the destination is desirable under useful circumstances. A non-regenerative multiple-antenna relay, also called non-regenerative MIMO (multi-input multi-output) relay, is designed to optimize the capacity between the source and the destination. Without a direct link between the source and the destination, the optimal canonical coordinates of the relay matrix are first established, and the optimal power allocations along these coordinates are then found. The system capacity with the optimal relay matrix is shown to be significantly higher than those with heuristic relay matrices. When a direct link is present, upper and lower bounds of the optimal system capacity are discussed.
Fuses for Spaceflight Applications

The impact of hard-vacuum environment upon fuse performance is considered. It was found that by controlling the sealed-in atmosphere as well as its leak rate level, fuse stability could be augmented. Also, development work is cited on a solid state fuse: one that should have extremely stable characteristics in a vacuum.
Evolution of vertebrate E protein transcription factors: comparative analysis of the E protein gene family in Takifugu rubripes and humans.

E proteins are essential for B lymphocyte development and function, including immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement and expression. Previous studies of B cells in the channel catfish (Ictalurus pu...
THE USE OF ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN STUDIES OF FREE AND BOUND DIVALENT CATION: THE MEASUREMENT OF MEMBRANE POTENTIALS IN MITOCHONDRIAfn1

Observations reported earlier and in this paper on the pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane can be interpreted to imply increasing alkalinization of the mitochondrial matrix during divalent cation transport when such transport takes place in the absence of a permeable counter ion. In addition there is a sizable increase in intramitochondrial binding as pH increases. These observations also indicate that in the presence of permeable anions, which can dissociate within the mitochondrial matrix so as to contribute a proton, such alkalinization does not occur.
Cost-benefit analysis of using heuristics in ACGP

Constrained Genetic Programming (CGP) is a method of searching the Genetic Programming search space non-uniformly, giving preferences to certain subspaces according to some heuristics. Adaptable CGP (ACGP) is a method for discovery of the heuristics. CGP and ACGP have previously demonstrated their capabilities using first-order heuristics: parent-child probabilities. Recently, the same advantage has been shown for second-order heuristics: parent-children probabilities. A natural question to ask is whether we can benefit from extending ACGP with deeper-order heuristics. This paper attempts to answer this question by performing cost-benefit analysis while simulating the higher-order heuristics environment. We show that this method cannot be extended beyond the current second or possibly third-order heuristics without a new method to deal with the sheer number of such deeper-order heuristics.