cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
OVERANXIOUS PATIENTS: Author's response

ers would be inexcusable and reflect such gross disregard for patients’ dignity and well-being that it would qualify as torture. This is also why in our article we referenced Amnesty International’s 1999 report of a Portuguese prisoner who had to extract his own tooth for lack of dental services. But, even if one were to restrict the label “torture” to instances of intentional harmdoing, such that a failure to provide basic dental care does not constitute torture, it is still a serious ethical offense, for we are dealing with two different classes of duties. The dentist’s obligation vis-avis torture is primarily a negative duty—that is, a duty not to participate in this practice. Except for Article 9, which calls on dentists to actively denounce and report instances of torture, every other article in the new FDI World Dental Federation Policy Statement: Guidelines for Dentists Against Torture (Box 2 on page 1672 of our article) instructs dentists to not support, not condone, not participate in torture. As long as dentists don’t partake, they behave ethically. Yet, when it comes to dental care of prisoners, it is not enough to remain passive and do nothing. When the state imprisons citizens, thereby taking away their ability to provide for themselves, the state takes on the obligation to feed, house and clothe the inmates and to provide basic health care to alleviate disease and pain. The dental community, which is part of the society that chooses to incarcerate some of its members, shares in the positive duty to provide prisoners with adequate basic dental care. The exact scope of this obligation is a topic that cannot be addressed here. But it is a positive and, hence, more demanding duty than the negative duty not to engage in torture. Professional nonaction toward the dental needs of inmates is already an ethical offense. Dr. Dello Russo has advanced the dialogue regarding torture by his thoughtful response. We remain indebted to him for his insights. Richard D. Speers, DDS President International Dental Ethics and Law Society Toronto
Factors Affecting the Accumulation of Homocyst(e)ine in Rats Deficient in Vitamin B-6

Factors that may affect the concentration of accumulated homo- cyst(e)ine in rats deficient in vitamin B-6 were studied. Hepatic cystathionine synthase activity in vitamin B-6 deficient rats was 41.5% of control and plasma protein-bound and free homocyst(e)ine concentrations were significantly increased; however, among deficient rats there was no correlation between the concentration of homocyst(e)ine and the activity of hepatic cystathionine synthase. The plasma protein-bound homocysteine concentration did not fluctuate with time of day, but a decrease in bound homocysteine was found when blood was sampled repeatedly from the same animal during a 24-hour period. A 24-hour fast resulted in a reduction in plasma homocyst(e)ine to concentrations not different from those of control animals. The protein content of the diet affected growth but not food intake of rats. Feeding a 10% versus a 60% casein diet did not change the concentration of accumulated homocyst(e)ine. Of the factors examined, only food restriction significantly affected plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration in rats deficient in vitamin B-6. It is speculated that decreased and sporadic food intake in rats deficient in vitamin B-6 may be responsible for the large fluctuations in homocyst(e)ine concentration observed in these animals over time. J. Nutr. 114: 103-111, 1984.
Highly scalable verifiable encrypted search

In encrypted search, a server holds an encrypted database of documents but not the keys under which the documents are encrypted. The server answer keyword queries from a client with the list of documents matching the query.
Waldo Gifford Leland: Archivist by Association

This article traces the life and archival-related accomplishments of Waldo Gifford Leland (1879-1966), historian, surveyor of archival repositories in America and in France, father of the American Historical Association's Conference of Archivists, archival theorist, J. Franklin Jameson's key lieutenant in the battle for the establishment of the National Archives, second president of the Society of American Archivists, and long time head of the American Council of Learned Societies. Special attention is given to Leland's affiliation with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, his activities as AHA secretary, and his close relations with Jameson. Also discussed are Leland's support for the archival educational activities of Ernst Posner and Leland's efforts to keep the position of Archivist of the United States free from partisan politics. The article explains how the SAA's Leland Prize for noteworthy publications owes its origins to an excess of money collected for the portrait painting of Leland which ha...
Revisiting Montana: Indian Treaty Rights and Tribal Authority Over Nonmembers on Trust Lands

In a series of cases beginning with its 1981 decision in Montana v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court has diminished the civil authority of Indian tribal governments over nonmembers within the tribes' territories. Initially, the Court confined itself to hobbling tribes' inherent sovereign authority over non-tribal members only on non-Indian ("fee") lands within reservations. In 2001, however, the Court ruled for the first time that a tribe did not possess inherent jurisdiction over a lawsuit against state officers that arose on Indian ("trust") lands. What that decision, Nevada v. Hicks, means for general tribal authority over nonmembers on Indian lands is not clear, however, and lower federal courts are struggling to interpret it. The primary issue is whether Hicks intended the Montana approach to extend to all nonmembers on trust lands or whether the decision in Hicks is confined to its particular set of facts. That uncertainty could lead to further inroads on the inherent sovereign authority of tribes.The Court in Montana, however, recognized a second approach to tribal authority over nonmembers on trust land: the tribal treaty right of use and occupation. Although the Court held that those treaty rights are extinguished on fee lands, it agreed that the rights survive on trust lands. This Article argues that the treaty rights argument — that Indian tribes have rights to govern nonmembers on trust lands recognized by treaty and treaty-equivalent — must be resurrected. If inherent tribal authority over nonmembers on trust lands is under increasing judicial attack, tribes may assert their treaty right to govern as a path to ensure their sovereignty on Indian lands.
Control with distributed sensing on a large flexible spacecraft

The effective use of optical instruments in vibration control systems on spacecraft are described. These instruments sense relative deflection between targets fixed to a spacecraft and a detector. A linear quadratic Gaussian design process is presented and applied to a large flexible ground test facility, the Mini-Mast, for validation. For the design, nine optical targets are used, and their signals are emulated with noncontacting position transducers. Three torque wheel actuators are used for damping augmentation. Results are dramatic, indicating an improvement in damping from 3% to 30% of critical. The tests prove the effectiveness of the procedure in designing vibration damping systems. Additionally, a linear quadratic Gaussian design using a larger number of targets is presented. It is proposed that for large numbers of closely spaced targets one should implement the average value of the gains between adjacent targets to reduce the sensitivity of the Kalman filter to an individual target output. >
ESTROGEN-STIMULATED, MEMBRANE­ INITIATED RECEPTOR-LIGAND INTERACTIONS IN VASCULAR CELLS

17β-estradiol(E2)is thought to play a pivotal role in regulating female cardiovascular, skeletal, and mental health. The vascular endothelium is a continuous cellular monolayer which forms the luminal lining and governs the homeostatic state of all blood vessels. E2 is believed to prevent endothelial dysfunction that is otherwise characteristic of the early and reversible phase of many forms of vascular pathology 1. A vast majority of these protective actions are directly and indirectly manifested by augmentation of the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), due primarily to acute and chronic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In this review, we will emphasize the results from our laboratory with respect to membrane estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated rapid signaling in vascular endothelial cells (EC). There have been important and related studies published by other groups and are presented elsewhere in this book. Readers are referred to the pertinent chapter for additional excellent references.
Field Studies Involving the Sex-attractant Pheromones of the Western and Northern Corn Rootworm Beetles

A “sticky”-trap bioassay system for the pheromones of the western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera LeConte, and northern corn rootworm (NCR), Diabrotica longicornis (Say), is described. Living female beetles of both species and WCR pheromone extract were tested. Males of both species were strongly attracted to virgin females of either species, as well as to this extract. Male WCR and NCR responded to pheromone sources at different times of day. The NCR were most active around midnight, with virtually none coming to traps during daylight hours. Male WCR had a bimodal pattern, being more active before sunset and again after sunrise, but the pattern was less rigid than that of the NCR. The study could not demonstrate comparable emission patterns in female beetles. Relationships between trap catch and temperature, wind speed, dew point depression, solar radiation intensity, and male population are discussed. The virgin female beetles were, on the average, 3 or 4 days old before becoming attractive but then retained the ability to attract males for at least a month unless mating occurred. Mated females were not generally attractive. Males of both species appeared most active within a meter of the ground, and neither species was responsive to traps baited with WCR pheromone extract set at 2 m. Several considerations for using pheromone traps to survey populations are discussed.
Valproic acid-ketoconazole interaction in normal, hypoalbuminemic, and uremic sera : Lack of interaction in uremic serum caused by the presence of inhibitor

Summary:Ketoconazole is an antifungal agent widely used in the management of patients with fungal infection, especially in patients with acute acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ketoconazole is 99% bound to serum albumin and may interact with valproic acid, an anticonvulsant with 90% to 95%
Structural Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody-Maytansinoid Immunoconjugate.

Structural characterization was performed on an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC), composed of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), mertansine drug (DM1), and a noncleavable linker. The DM1 molecules were conjugated through nonspecific modification of the mAb at solvent-exposed lysine residues. Due to the nature of the lysine conjugation process, the ADC molecules are heterogeneous, containing a range of species that differ with respect to the number of DM1 per antibody molecule. The DM1 distribution profile of the ADC was characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), which showed that 0–8 DM1s were conjugated to an antibody molecule. By taking advantage of the high-quality MS/MS spectra and the accurate mass detection of diagnostic DM1 fragment ions generated from the higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) approach, we were able to identify 76 conjugation sites in the ADC, which covered approximately 83% of all the putative conjugation site...
Informed Trading, Information Asymmetry, and the Chinese B-Share Discount Puzzle

In this study, we intend to address the question of whether local traders in the Chinese A- and B-markets are better informed than foreign traders or not? We employ a rational expectation model with heterogeneous agents in order to analyze the dynamic relationship between trading volume and stock returns’ autocorrelation that can spillover between both markets. Consistent with Chan et al. (2008), we find local traders to be better informed than foreign traders in China’s equity markets. At the same time, we find that the A-market was the source of all important information that determines future price movements, during the pre-liberalization period.
Heterogeneous depression trajectories in multiple sclerosis patients.

Abstract Background Trajectories of depression over time may be heterogeneous in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Describing these trajectories will help clinicians understand better the progression of depression in MS patients to aid in patient care decisions. Methods Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was applied to 3507 MS patients using an electronic health records (EHR) data base to identify subgroups of MS patients based on self-reported depression screening (PHQ-9). Latent trajectory classes were used for group comparisons based on baseline clinical characteristics. Results Three subgroups were found characterized by high (10.0% [of participants]), wavering above and below moderate (26.2%) and low and variable (63.8%) depression level trajectories. The subpopulation trajectories, respectively, were also characterized by high, moderate and low MS disability at baseline. In contrast, the overall average trajectory was slightly declining and below the moderate depression threshold. Conclusion The LCGA approach described in this paper and applied to MS patients provides a template for improved use of an EHR data base for understanding heterogeneous depression screening trajectories. Clinicians may use such information to more closely monitor patients that are expected to maintain high or unstable depression levels.
Dynamic deep-water circulation in the northwestern Pacific during the Eocene: Evidence from Ocean Drilling Program Site 884 benthic foraminiferal stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C)

New benthic foraminiferal δ 18 O and δ 13 C data from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 884 (northwestern Pacific) add significant structure to a previous lower resolution record; our higher resolution detail and comparisons with published isotopic records provide new insights into paleoceanographic changes in the northwestern Pacific from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene. From the early-middle until the mid-middle Eocene (ca. 49–43 Ma), a comparison of the Site 884 δ 18 O values with published ODP δ 18 O records from the Pacific (Site 1218), Atlantic (Site 1260), and Southern Ocean (Site 689) reveals that these basins were bathed by a common water mass, probably originating from the Southern Ocean, or by different water masses having a similar δ 18 O signature. From the mid-middle until the early-late Eocene (ca. 42–37 Ma), the Site 884 record reveals increasing complexity in deep-water circulation. The relatively low Site 884 δ 18 O values suggest that the northwestern Pacific was bathed by a water mass that was warmer than at the other Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean sites used in this study. Based on the relatively low δ 13 C values at Site 884, there are two possible scenarios for the origin of this northwestern Pacific water mass: (1) nutrient-rich surface waters downwelling at the higher latitudes of the North Pacific (Bering Sea); or (2) warm saline deep waters originating at low latitudes (possibly from the Tethys). In the late Eocene (ca. 36.5 Ma), the Site 884 δ 18 O and δ 13 C values increased, becoming more similar to Sites 1218 (Pacific), 1053 (Atlantic), and 689 (Southern Ocean), indicating an additional change in deep-water circulation, with a deep-water mass originating from the Southern Ocean bathing the northwestern Pacific.
The effects of donor:acceptor intermolecular mixing and acceptor crystallization on the composition ratio of blended, spin coated organic thin films

In this work, we used poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor and four different perylene diimide (PDI) acceptor molecules as model systems used in blended, spin cast thin films. We analyzed the change in the composition ratio of P3HT with respect to each PDI compound in films compared to the composition ratio of their parent solutions. The PDI molecules varied by the length of the branched side group moieties that are attached at the imide N-positions. The lengthening of these side chains hinders thin film crystallization. When P3HT is blended with the smallest branched side chain PDI, a 71% decrease in the donor : acceptor molar ratio is obtained while this ratio changes by 9% when P3HT is blended with the largest branched side chain PDI. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction measurements confirm that the crystal structures of the PDI acceptor materials decrease as the length of the side chains increase. We attribute the change in the donor : acceptor ratios in these films to phase separation and aggregation effects. Smaller PDI molecules form larger crystals in the films, which enhances the acceptor interaction with the substrate. In contrast, PDI molecules with longer side chains exhibit better miscibility with the P3HT donor molecules, which reduces substrate–acceptor interactions and produces more uniform films. As a result of these effects, the films containing PDI molecules with longer side chains have composition ratios more similar to the casting solutions from which they were made.
Observation of Coherent Local Surface Phonons on Clean GaAs Surfaces

Coherent phonons localized to the top 4 atomic layers of the surface are generated by a single 35 fs laser pump pulse and detected by measuring the second-harmonic generated by a time-delayed 35 fs probe pulse.
Antibiotic resistance. Control strategies

Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide concern. Over the past several decades, antibiotic resistance has increased to many respiratory pathogens as well as aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Recently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have become important hospital pathogens. Antibiotic resistance is not related to a particular antibiotic structure and is not dependent upon mechanism of antibiotic action. The volume of use per se does not increase antimicrobial resistance. This article discusses control strategies and identifies which antibiotics are associated with the emergence of resistant organisms.
Trash Collection and Disposal in Los Angeles: A Comparative Anatomy

A hidden infrastructure supports Los Angeles and its consumption. Millions of people consume countless products and services, yet most have only vague notions of where these things come from and where they are going. This paper investigates both historical and contemporary trash collection and disposal Los Angeles with a special emphasis on early city ordinances.
The ON Crossover Circuitry Shapes Spatiotemporal Profile in the Center and Surround of Mouse OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells.

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are often grouped based on their functional properties. Many of these functional properties, such as receptive field size, are driven by specific retinal circuits. In this report, we determined the role of the ON bipolar cell mediated crossover circuitry in shaping the center and surround of OFF RGCs. We recorded from a large population of mouse RGCs using a multielectrode array while pharmacologically removing the ON-bipolar cell-mediated crossover circuit. OFF sustained and transient responses to whole field stimuli are lost under scotopic conditions, but maintained under photopic conditions. Though photopic light responses were grossly maintained, we found that photopic light response properties were altered. Using linear receptive field mapping, we found a significant reduction in the antagonistic surround and a decrease in size of the receptive field center. Using a novel approach to separate the distinct temporal filters present in the receptive field center, we see that the crossover pathway contributes specifically to the sluggish antagonistic filter in the center. These results provide new insight into the role of crossover pathways in driving RGCs and also demonstrate that the distinct inputs driving the receptive field center can be isolated and assayed by RGC activity.
The Caribbean Cartography of Samuel Fahlberg

Swedish born in Halsingland and educated in Stockholm, Dr. Samuel Fahlberg (1758–1834) came to the Caribbean to the island of St. Barthelemy (“St. Barths”) in 1784 as a physician and Government Secretary when it was relinquished by France to Sweden. Two years later, he became the Provincial Medical Officer and the Customs Inspector and Cashier, and in 1803 he also became the Director of Survey of the tiny colony and mapped it extensively for the Swedish West India Company. But because of the ongoing problems between Sweden and France over the island and his too close an association with the island’s pro-British faction, Fahlberg eventually was forced to flee under threat to “lose his life, honour, and property” to the neighboring Dutch islands of St. Eustatius (1810–1816 and 1829–1834) and St. Maarten in (1816–1829). He remained in St. Maarten and St. Eustatius (“Statia”) as a doctor, surveyor, cartographer, architect, and artist for most of the three remaining decades of his life until his death in St. Eustatius in 1834. During these years, Fahlberg produced several excellent and important maps of these Caribbean islands and their towns, plantations and estates, and fortifications.
18F-Fluoride Imaging and Other Plaque-Seeking Diagnostic Strategies: Understanding the Reality and Setting the Ground Rules….

Identification and passivation of high-risk plaques prior to a clinical event should help prevent myocardial damage in patients with coronary atherosclerosis.1 However, it is becoming clear that chasing individual plaques may not be the best strategy. Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease and numerous plaques, in many vascular beds, may enlarge and result in plaque rupture.2 Therefore, the status and rate of evolution toward stability or instability of lesions is probably more important. During the process of maturation, high-risk plaques may undergo subclinical plaque ruptures and accelerate plaque expansion.3,4 High-risk plaques characteristically demonstrate optical coherence tomography (OCT)–detectable thin fibrous caps,5 computed tomographic (CT) angiography (CTA)–based large necrotic cores,6,7 and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–positron emission tomography (PET)–related evidence of plaque inflammation.8 Core neovascularity and intraplaque hemorrhage contribute to instability. It is difficult to identify precise threshold points for these high-risk plaque characteristics that might trigger an event. However, the study of the pathophysiology of plaque vulnerability has advanced our understanding of acute coronary syndromes, and serial noninvasive imaging might derisk development of medical interventions for calming such lesions,9 even though a favorable pharmacological manipulation may not necessarily result in superior outcomes.10 See Article by Lee et al In addition to the large necrotic cores and inflamed thin fibrous caps, lesions with spotty calcification are associated with acute clinical events.11 Microcalcifications measuring >5 μm are common in the fibrous cap of atheroma12 but are too small to be identified by clinical CT. However, when vascular specimens are studied ex …
Punk primers and reggae readers: Music and politics in British children’s literature:

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, British punk and reggae artists united to fight racism throughout society. Young people embraced the ideology of these musical forms, and many wrote about and published their experiences with racism and the police, and their desire to change society. Children’s and young adults’ highly politicized writing contrasted with that of adults who wrote about punk and reggae during the 1970s and 1980s. Adult authors divorced the music from its political meaning by focusing solely on punk and reggae style, yet left the threat of police oppression to thoroughly remove any appeal to young readers. The rejection of punk and reggae ideology by mainstream adult authority was so successful that later incarnations of punk and reggae children’s books either allied the music with the authorities or turned it into commodified nostalgia.
Measuring Thermal Gradient in HAMR Using Pseudorandom Bit Sequences

The downtrack thermal gradient (DTTG) is a key metric determining the performance of heat-assisted magnetic recording heads. It describes the change in temperature with respect to the position at the recording point, which determines the transition width and consequently the linear density capability. Here, we present a method for measuring the DTTG by stepping the laser power while writing a series of pseudorandom bit sequences (PRBSs). The sharp change in laser power changes the diameter of the thermal spot produced in the media by the laser and near-field transducer, which in turn produces a shift in the location of the written transitions. The magnitude of this shift is measured from the readback signal and may be used to calculate the thermal gradient. The PRBS-based technique described here has the additional advantage of enabling corrections for a number of errors in the calculation of the thermal gradient, including the nonlinear dependence of the transition shift on the magnitude of the laser power modulation and changes in the curvature due to the change in the size of the thermal spot.
Theoretical Perspectives on Narcissism and Social Media: The Big (and Beautiful) Picture

Narcissism and social media use are intertwined and possibly causally related phenomena. Empirical research on narcissism and social media has been ongoing for a decade. The main purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of these research findings and review a selection of theoretical models that may be useful for understanding narcissism and social media. These models include personality/trait theories as well as perceptual, self-regulation, network, and cultural models. Some of the limitations and controversies in this literature are highlighted and avenues for future research suggested. The chapter focuses primarily on grandiose narcissism, although some research pertaining to vulnerable narcissism is also to be included.
The Hidden Symptoms of Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and can have a wide range of presentations and disability levels. As a common neurological disease affecting those of working age, it has long been considered an adult disease. However, over the past 15 years, pediatric onset, defined as occurring in those ages 17 and younger, has become increasingly recognized and characterized. Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) represents only 3–5% of the MS population, making it a rare disorder of childhood. Rather than the typical physical disabilities associated with adult MS, pediatric patients often are neurologically intact but have “invisible” or hidden neuropsychiatric symptoms such as cognitive involvement and mood disorders, along with fatigue. It is also important to distinguish the initial onset of MS in a pediatric patient from the monophasic illness of acute disseminating encephalomyelitis (ADEM).
Abstract P265: History of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Early Manifestation of Vasomotor Symptoms 8-10 Years Post Delivery

Introduction: Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) have excess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the years following delivery compared with women with uncomplicated pregnancies, ...
Leniency for Lethal Ladies: Using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model to Examine Gender-Based Sentencing Disparities:

Research has shown that female offenders typically receive differential treatment in the criminal justice system in comparison to their male counterparts, even for extreme crimes like murder. This ...
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Obesity

Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies have been found to be effective for managing pediatric obesity and supporting family-based change pertaining to health behavior. This chapter provides information, materials, and a case example that will assist practitioners in implementing these strategies with a cognitive-behavioral focus. Recommendations for assessing quality of life, dietary and physical activity regimens, and anthropometrics at clinic sessions are described. Strategies and examples of clinician-led approaches to intervention are provided, including education components, stimulus control, child behavior management, and utilizing sources of social support. Additionally, the chapter describes adaptations of treatment strategies for specific age groups and commonly encountered challenges in pediatric obesity intervention.
Capturing Language Diversity Through Representative Samples

Usage-based theories of language, such as reduction, reanalysis, analogical extension, propagation and entrenchment, offer explanations of the state of a language at one point in time based on the ways it was used in a prior point in time. We can test these theoretical constructs with representative samples, following Laplace’s (Essai philosophique sur les probabilites. Paris: Courcier, 1814) estimate of the population of the French Empire. Laplace’s methods can be misapplied in numerous ways, particularly by choosing a biased sample or by sampling from an inapplicable frame. An ideal corpus would have a balance of genres that matches the input that authors experience, and a corpus of theater is an initial step toward that ideal.
Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Use Among African American Women in HIV Care

African-American (AA) women are overrepresented among women with HIV (WWH). In the United States, psychiatric disorders are prevalent among WWH and associated with adverse outcomes. However, little research has examined psychiatric disorders among AA WWH. 315 AA women who were hazardous/heavy drinkers (HD) or moderate/non-drinkers (ND) were recruited from an HIV clinic in a study on alcohol use disorders. We compared sample prevalence of Axis-1 psychiatric diagnoses using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV with those from general population AA women in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). While 29.9% of general population AA women had any lifetime disorder, 66.9% of HD and 62.4% of ND WWH met criteria for a lifetime Axis-1 disorder. Specifically, lifetime PTSD and lifetime MDD were over threefold higher; current PTSD and current MDD respectively were 11-fold and threefold higher. PTSD was the most frequent comorbid diagnosis. HD and ND WWH did not differ in prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses despite significantly higher rates of substance use among HD women. Diagnostic evaluation and intervention for psychiatric disorders should be a priority in HIV medical care settings to improve health outcomes. Interventions should be tailored to address the particular stressors, challenges, and resiliencies among AA WWH.
Priorities for potato research in developing countries: results of a survey

International institutions such as the International Potato Center (CIP) strive to provide “global public goods” in the form of improved technologies applicable to large regions of the developing world. To identify priorities for potato improvement, CIP conducted a survey of knowledgeable potato scientists in developing countries to elicit their perspectives on the most important constraints facing poor and small-scale potato growers in their countries. Respondents scored productivity or other constraints according to their importance in the region or country where they worked. Mean and weighted mean scores were estimated to provide a group judgment of the most important constraints facing potato farmers in developing countries. The five highest-ranking needs described by the survey respondents are: (1) control of late blight fungal disease (through varietal resistance and crop management); (2) improved genetic material for high and stable yield potential, suitable for consumption (new cultivars and prebreeding); (3) improved supply of quality potato seed (seed systems management and seed production); (4) control of viruses and their vectors (through varietal resistance, seed production and crop management); and (5) control of bacterial wilt (through varietal resistance and crop management). These five needs were ranked high in all or most of the potato-growing regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Exceptions were bacterial wilt control, which was a top-ranked need primarily in sub-Saharan Africa and east and southeast Asia, and virus control, which scored relatively low in Latin America. Priority rankings did not change when survey responses were weighted by potato area and poverty incidence of the country for which respondents reported.
A ROR2 Coding Variant is Associated with Craniofacial Variation in Domestic Pigeons

Vertebrate craniofacial morphogenesis is a highly orchestrated process that is directed by evolutionarily conserved developmental pathways. Within species, canalized developmental programs typically produce only modest morphological variation. However, as a result of millennia of artificial selection, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) displays radical variation in craniofacial morphology within a single species. One of the most striking cases of pigeon craniofacial variation is the short beak phenotype, which has been selected in numerous breeds. Classical genetic experiments suggest that pigeon beak length is regulated by a small number of genetic factors, one of which is sex-linked (Ku2 locus). However, the molecular genetic underpinnings of pigeon craniofacial variation remain unknown. To determine the genetic basis of the short beak phenotype, we used geometric morphometrics and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping on an F2 intercross between a short-beaked Old German Owl (OGO) and a medium-beaked Racing Homer (RH). We identified a single locus on the Z-chromosome that explains a majority of the variation in beak morphology in the RH x OGO F2 population. In complementary comparative genomic analyses, we found that the same locus is also strongly differentiated between breeds with short and medium beaks. Within the differentiated Ku2 locus, we identified an amino acid substitution in the non-canonical Wnt receptor ROR2 as a putative regulator of pigeon beak length. The non-canonical Wnt (planar cell polarity) pathway serves critical roles in vertebrate neural crest cell migration and craniofacial morphogenesis. In humans, the ROR2 locus has been identified in several large genome-wide association studies of three-dimensional (3D) normal-range facial variation and homozygous ROR2 mutations cause autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome, a rare congenital disorder characterized by skeletal abnormalities, including a widened and shortened facial skeleton. Our results illustrate how the extraordinary craniofacial variation among pigeons can reveal genetic regulators of vertebrate craniofacial diversity.
Oscillations of sterile neutrinos from dark matter decay eliminates the IceCube-Fermi tension

IceCube has observed a flux of cosmic neutrinos, with a ``bump'' in the energy range $10\ensuremath{\lesssim}E/\mathrm{TeV}\ensuremath{\lesssim}100$ that creates a $3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ tension with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray data from the Fermi satellite. This has been interpreted as evidence for a population of hidden cosmic-ray accelerators. We propose an alternative explanation of this conundrum on the basis of cold dark matter which decays into sterile neutrinos after oscillations produce the bump in the cosmic neutrino spectrum.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis with lung involvement in isolation and multisystem disease: staging, natural history, and comparative survival.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a histiocytic neoplasm that can involve the lungs as single system (LCH-SSL) or multisystem disease (LCH-MSL). The role of full-body radiographic staging to determine whether patients have LCH-SSL or LCH-MSL is unclear. Long-term outcomes of LCH-SSL versus LCH-MSL and multisystem without lung involvement (LCH-MSNL) are unknown. A retrospective study of adult LCH patients seen at our center from January 2000 to 2020 was performed. In Part 1, we addressed utility of whole-body staging imaging among those presenting with isolated pulmonary signs or symptoms. Staging was defined as fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (CT) or whole-body CT obtained within 3 months of diagnosis. In Part 2, we examined the frequency of developing extra-pulmonary disease over time and mortality in patients with LCH-SSL. In Part 3, we compared the overall survival of LCH-SSL, LCH-MSL, and LCH-MSNL. Part 1: 240 patients with LCH were identified. A total of 112 (47%) had pulmonary signs or symptoms at presentation. Thirty-four (30%) underwent radiographic staging and only one showed evidence of extra-pulmonary disease. Part 2: 108 (45%) were LCH-SSL. Median follow-up duration of 4.5 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9-6.0). None developed extra-pulmonary disease. Part 3: 5-year survival: 94% (95% CI: 84%-98%) for LCH-SSL, 78% (95% CI: 59%-90%) for LCH-MSL, and 75% (95% CI: 53%-89%) for LCH-MSNL. LCH patients presenting with isolated pulmonary signs or symptoms rarely have extra-pulmonary involvement at the time of diagnosis and generally do not develop extra-pulmonary progression. LCH-SSL has the best overall survival, while LCH-MSL and LCH-MSNL have similar clinical outcomes.
The challenges of using detailed chemistry model for simulating direct injection spark ignition engine combustion during cold-start:

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of gasoline spark-ignited engine combustion has been extensively discussed using both detailed chemistry mechanisms (e.g., SAGE) and flamelet models (e.g...
Identifying the News in Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts Revisions: An Alternative to the Random Walk Expectation

Previous research indicates that analysts’ forecasts are superior to time series models as measures of investors’ earnings expectations. Nevertheless, research also documents predictable patterns i...
Evaluation and the Teaching of Ethics

During the past decade, extraordinary pressures have been exerted upon governmental bodies and regulatory agencies to become more cost-effective. As a result, policymakers charged with controlling public funds and with their expenditure for public projects have become increasingly concerned with the demonstrable effects and visible products of investments in research and social welfare programs. The need to legitimate the expenditure of public monies has become particularly pressing in the academic and scientific research sectors, where the difficulties of securing funds for basic research in the natural sciences and clinical medicine are familiar policy issues. Those seeking government grants for the arts and for higher education are now confronted by the same difficulties.
Whose Opinions Count in Educational Policymaking

The success of some advocacy organizations in advancing their preferred policies despite questionable evidence of the effectiveness of these policies raises questions about what contributes to successful policy promotion. We hypothesize that some education-focused organizations are advancing their agendas by engaging media, with individuals who may not possess traditionally defined educational expertise. Using two distinct expert lists, we examined relationships between measures of expertise and educational impact. We found non-significant positive relationships between these measures with a list of experts complied by a conservative think tank, while a second list from a university-based center showed a significant positive relationship. We conclude that media impact is at best loosely coupled to expertise. This issue should be explored in greater depth because deleterious outcomes are more likely if individuals are more successful in shaping policy discussion based on criteria outside of expertise.
FACTORS AFFECTING RELIABILITY OF URBAN BUS SERVICES

Attitudinal surveys have indicated that travel time reliability is an important attribute of urban transportation services affecting choice of mode of travel. Yet there is no generally accepted measure of transport reliability, nor is much known about factors affecting this parameter. This study was conducted to test a particular measure of reliability, the inverse of the standard deviation of point-to-point travel times, using data from bus services in the Chicago area. The selected measure was found to be a useful and easily collected indicator of service reliability. Reliability measured in this form was found to be significantly degraded by increasing route length, increasing intensity of intersection control (particularly traffic signal density), increasing traffic volumes, and, with less certainty, increasing bus passenger loadings. Several strategies for increasing urban bus transit reliability are suggested.
Auditory and Visual Defects Resulting from Symptomatic and Subclinical Congenital Cytomegaloviral and Toxoplasma Infections

Sensorineural hearing loss was present in ten of 59 (17%) patients with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (three of eight born with symptomatic and seven of 51 born with subclinical infection). The defect was bilateral in eight, moderate to profound in eight, and of progressive nature in two. Hearing loss did not occur in 21 patients with natal CMV infection nor in seven of 12 patients with congenital toxoplasmosis. Histopathologic and immunofluorescent studies of the inner ear in two of three neonates who died with severe infection revealed that viral antigens were widely distributed in cochlear structures. Eye pathology was associated only with congenital Toxoplasma (nine of 12) and CMV (seven of 43) infections. Visual impairments were more prominent and severe in those born with symptomatic infections, exclusively so with CMV. However, ocular defects, in particular chorioretinitis, developed after birth in five of eight patients born with asymptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis. These data firmly establish clinically inapparent congenital CMV infection as a major public health problem and confirm the fact that congenital toxoplasmosis may be associated with late-appearing, debilitating chorioretinitis.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Equilibrium Turbulent Boundary Layers

This paper describes the simulation of turbulent boundary layers by direct numerical solution of the three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations, using a spectral method. The flow is incompressible, and Re δ * = 1000 for most cases. The equations are written in the similarity coordinate system and normalized by the local friction velocity. Periodic streamwise and spanwise boundary conditions are then imposed. A family of nine “equilibrium” boundary layers, from the strongly accelerated “sink” flow to Stratford’s separating flow, is treated. Good general agreement with experiments is observed. The effects of the pressure gradient and of the Reynolds number are discussed.
Technology-supported systemic reform: an initial evaluation and reassessment

This paper reports and reflects on the use of information technology to support a systemic reform effort in rural, geographically distributed schools. An evaluation conducted after a year and a half of effort indicated limited use of the technology outside of face-to-face events. We reassess the potential roles of technology in systemic reform in terms of the communities and practices to be supported and the tension between supporting and changing practice.
Image watermarking based on wavelet hard thresholding

In this paper, we present a robust watermarking technique that uses the wavelet based hard thresholding concept for image denoising to determine the wavelet coefficients to be watermarked. A multi-bit watermark is embedded into the discrete wavelet coefficients of a still image. A corresponding blind watermark extraction algorithm is proposed. The proposed method is compared with other multiresolution watermarking methods. The simulation results show that the proposed method provides better performance under most attacks including JPEG compression.
Design and characterization of planar integrated passive component for power converters

This paper proposes the planar passive components integration technology for power converters to investigate the technology feasibility. The planar passive components integration technology with the advantage of component amounts reduction, compact volume, better thermal management, high reliability and potential cost saving is an enabling platform technology for power converters miniaturization. It is introduced to combine inductor (L), capacitor(C) and transformer (T) into a single integrated passive component (L-C-T) to replace the discrete passive components. The manufacture process is fully compatible with PCB process by using embedded capacitor materials. Innovative integration structures with magnetic flux decoupling for planar integrated L-C-T component are proposed. Electromagnetic modeling method with higher accuracy has been developed to predict integrated L-C-T component parameters and electromagnetic field distribution. The prototype of integrated L-C-T component has been tested with promising performance. Planar passive components integration technology application outlook is presented finally.
The Political Relevance of Emotions: “Reassessing” Revisited

Ladd and Lenz (2008) question a central claim of affective intelligence theory (AIT), namely that anxiety affects political judgments indirectly by reducing the role of predispositions and increasing the role of contemporary information. They claim that alternative hypotheses, especially the notion that emotions are simply rationalizations of political preferences, better explain the role of emotion in politics. Their ultimate conclusions, however, rest on an overly narrow view of both theory and evidence. Even if one accepts Ladd and Lenz's reanalysis of survey data, there is insufficient evidence to cast aside either AIT or the hypothesis that anxiety affects the mode of political judgment. AIT explains a broad range of political relationships that are unchallenged by the reassessment and which cannot be explained by the offered alternatives. Moreover, numerous experimental studies reject the alternative explanations in favor of an exogenous, often interactive role for anxiety. AIT will surely require amendment, if not abandonment, someday. Competing theories of emotion already exist and, unlike the alternative championed by Ladd and Lenz, these theories too suggest a meaningful role for emotion in political judgment and behavior. For now, given all of the research to date, AIT is a robust competitor, scarcely in need of being “salvaged.” Burgeoning research on the political relevance of emotions will benefit from further debates, replications, and extensions, as long as new claims and evidence are put in proper perspective.
Do Police Learn from Lawsuit Data

A compelling new theory argues that lawsuit data collection has a deterrent effect on police misconduct. If this theory is correct, why has the number of police misconduct cases still increased over time? Does the trend continue if police departments consistently gather lawsuit data? A § 1983 dataset, which is introduced in this paper, provides an answer. This dataset shows that lawsuit data collection does not correlate with better deterrence of § 1983 cases. The dataset therefore indicates that police departments may not learn from lawsuit data.