cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of dissolved organic carbon and iron effects on water color between a forest and pasture-dominated fine-scale catchment in a Central Appalachian region, West Virginia

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and iron (Fe) have been observed to be the important contributors to surface water brownification. Additionally, the DOC quality influences water color by forming Fe-DOC complexes that provide additive effects and is influenced by dominant land use type within watersheds. However, the influence of quantity and quality of DOC on Fe and water color is poorly understood in headwater streams. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DOC and Fe on water color in forest (FC) and pasture (GFC) fine-scale watersheds to remove the confounding effects of climate and soil parent material. Significant differences of DOC, Fe, and water absorbance at 420 nm (a420) between FC and GFC were found (p < 0.05). A dominant contribution to water color was from DOC (95.5 − 63.7%) with a decreasing trend when Fe increased from 0.011 to 0.258 mg L−1. There were no significant interactions between FC and GFC and Fe on either a420/DOC (p = 0.06) or specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) (p = 0.30). Increasing values of a420/DOC and SUVA254 were significantly associated with increasing Fe concentration (p < 0.01). Significant interactions were found between FC and GFC and Fe on spectral slope ratio (S ratio) (p < 0.01). The response rate of S ratio with increasing Fe per unit was 0.235 for GFC while it was − 11.043 for FC. These differences indicate that land use may change the quality of DOC, influence Fe-DOC interactions, and thus affect water color. Linking the effects of soil Fe and DOC and headwater Fe and DOC may help identify optimal management practice to mitigate surface water brownification.
Paradigmatic Studies in Midwestern Cave Science

Ten fields of cave science in the Midwestern USA are examined from the standpoint of the dominant paradigms in those fields: Karst, geology, hydrogeology, sedimentology, meteorology, biology, spring ecology, paleontology, archeology, and rock art. The paradigm chosen for examination in each field generally has roots in the nineteenth century, so as to give it some historical depth, but not so remote as to have little relevancy to ongoing, contemporary research. It was found that the dominant paradigms arose within the Midwest itself in some cases, diffusing to the outside, while in others it was imported from surrounding areas.
Randomized weakly admissible meshes

A weakly admissible mesh (WAM) on a continuum real-valued domain is a sequence of discrete grids such that the discrete maximum norm of polynomials on the grid is comparable to the supremum norm of polynomials on the domain. The asymptotic rate of growth of the grid sizes and of the comparability constant must grow in a controlled manner. In this paper we generalize the notion of a WAM to a hierarchical subspaces of not necessarily polynomial functions, and we analyze particular strategies for random sampling as a technique for generating WAMs. Our main results show that WAM's and their stronger variant, admissible meshes, can be generated by random sampling, and our analysis provides concrete estimates for growth of both the meshes and the discrete-continuum comparability constants.
Research on Hybrid Real-time Simulation Interface of RTDS Digital and Physical Model

Digital real-time simulation of physical mixing can connect renewable energy and new energy storage micro-grid physical systems to real-time simulation systems for research and testing. This paper selects ITM interface algorithm to implement digital physical hybrid real-time simulation of energy system. Through its digital-to-analog interface with external photovoltaic equipment to form a digital physical closed loop system. A hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform for photovoltaic grid-connected system is designed. In this paper, the characteristics of photovoltaic grid-connected systems are studied using a digital-physical hybrid hardware-in-the-loop simulation method. Multidimensional tests such as photovoltaic inverter function and dynamic performance tests and microgrid stability tests are performed, to verify the accuracy and stability of the digital-analog hybrid real-time simulation interface. The simulation provide an economical, stable and accurate test platform for future new energy grid-connected equipment testing.
MO-DE-BRA-01: Enhancing Radiation Physics Instruction Through Gamification and E-Learning

Purpose: This project sought to “gamify” the instruction of radiation interaction physics concepts for technology students. Gamification applies game mechanics and user interactions in active learning contexts. In one part of this project, a self-guided eModule was developed for conceptual radiation interaction instruction. In a second part, a web-based game, Particle Launch (http://particle-launcher.ist.unomaha.edu), was created to challenge students to quickly apply radiation interaction concepts in a way that is stimulating and motivating. Methods: The eModule, focused on conceptual interaction physics, was designed in Adobe Captivate and incorporates animation, web videos, and assessment questions in order to generate student interest. Navigating the whole module takes 40 minutes for beginners. Assessments after three main sections are comprised of 3–4 questions randomly selected from a question pool. In collaboration with the University of Nebraska at Omaha’s College of Information Science and Technology, the Particle Launch game was created with the Unity gaming engine and designed with a game-play look and feel. The object of the game is to utilize different particles, energies, and directions to destroy a target given a limited number of resources and time to complete the task. A rewards system encourages accurate shots. Results: The eModule part of the project encourages a flipped classroom model in which class time is devoted to application of concepts rather than information-based lectures. Currently, eModule assessments are not tracked but this feature could be incorporated to encourage participation. Furthermore, in a class of five technology students, the game was found to be fun and engaging and had the effect of reinforcing basic concepts from the eModule. Conclusion: Gamification has significant potential to alter medical physics instruction. Game-play feedback is an important part of the learning process. Students found Particle Launch inviting and challenging and further research could help game design. This project was generously supported by the Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs and the University of Nebraska Medical Center.
Detonation Waves and Propulsion

The possibility of using a detonation wave as the key combustion system for supersonic propulsion is examined. A brief review of propagating detonations is provided first. This review emphasizes the unique and unstable nature of the coupling between reaction zone and shock waves that characterize detonations. The theory of idealized, steady, oblique detonation waves and their reaction zone structure are summarized. The evidence for the existence of stabilized or steady oblique detonations is discussed. Experiments with multiple layers of explosive and projectiles fired into explosive gases are examined. There are a variety of reasons that these previous studies have failed to produce stabilized detonations. A brief catalog of difficulties is provided and based on analogies with our knowledge of propagating detonations, a set of criteria are proposed for the existence and stability of stabilized detonations. The problems of initiation and instability are examined for the situation of a flow over a wedge.
IMPACT: A Proposal for Realizing the Economic Potential of University Research

University research has formed the foundation for many of the most significant U.S. technological advancements. However, many more ideas are left on the shelves and in the laboratories of academe, waiting to be discovered. Although thousands of university innovations have been transformed into startups and new products in the last three decades, there exists an even greater opportunity for economic and societal impact through ideas generated at major research universities. This white paper proposes an approach for the United States federal government to accelerate and make accessible the great potential from the breakthrough innovations arising from academic research. This pilot initiative would invest a small amount of federal funding to coax existing research results into the U.S. commercial marketplace through ten local demonstration sites. Funding would equal $2 million per year, per university, for five years. These local sites would nurture a culture of entrepreneurship within each university, create and enhance the innovation ecosystem around each university, and provide the resources necessary for researchers to effectively translate their ideas into societal impact. The three key components of each program would be: gap funding, community-building, and mentoring and education, though other aspects are welcome. The results would be measurable, reproducible, and scaleable. Ultimately, a successful demonstration program would lead to a Phase II where the program is institutionalized on a wider scale across the country, successfully accelerating existing efforts to turn university research into economic and societal impacts in the form of innovations that improve the lives of American citizens.
Oligosaccharide sequences of endothelial cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan with affinity for lipoprotein lipase.

Abstract Lipoprotein lipase (LpL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins at the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium. This enzyme is bound via electrostatic interactions to heparan sulfate (HS). The specific endothelial cell surface HS oligosaccharide sequences that are necessary for binding of LpL to HS have not been characterized. To identify this LpL-binding oligosaccharide sequence, oligosaccharides were isolated from bovine aortic endothelial cell-derived HS and assessed for LpL binding properties. Endothelial HS chains that were isolated from endothelial total cell-associated proteoglycans were deacetylated by complete hydrazinolysis, cleaved with nitrous acid (pH 4.5), and reduced with [3H]NaBH4. The resulting fragments composed of N-sulfated glucosamine-rich oligosaccharides terminating with [3H]2,5-anhydromannitol (AManR) were chromatographed on a LpL-Sepharose column. A high affinity decasaccharide was isolated and characterized. Disaccharide analysis of this decasaccharide indicated that it yielded only the disaccharide IdceA(2-SO4)-->AManR(6-SO4) on treatment with nitrous acid at low pH. Therefore, the sequence of the LpL-binding decasaccharide is [IdceA(2-SO4) alpha 1-4GlcNSO4(6-S0(4)) alpha 1-4]4-IdceA(2-SO4) alpha 1-4AManR(6-SO4) and is distinct from those that bind antithrombin and basic fibroblast growth factor. Partial depolymerization of endothelial HS chains with hydrazine/high pH nitrous acid treatment gave rise to lipase-binding oligosaccharides larger than decasaccharide. However, further complete depolymerization of these oligosaccharides resulted in only a high affinity decasaccharide composed of repeating disaccharide units of [IdceA(2-SO4) alpha 1-4GlcNSO4(6-S0(4))]. These results indicate that the decasaccharide is the active fragment that binds to LpL with high affinity. Molecular modeling studies of the decasaccharide indicate that it presents a linear array of negatively charged sulfate groups that may adopt a favorable disposition to bind to peptide region(s) comprised of basic amino acid residues of LpL with high affinity.
ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR MINORITY REPRESENTATION IN ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS

We present mathematical models for the evolution over time of the proportion of minorities in an academic department or similarly selected group of constant size. Using the models, we analyze both the steady-state and time-dependent behavior of the proportion of minorities, and also obtain a means of evaluating the effectiveness of a department's hiring history. We derive a number of surprising results with importance to institutional hiring policy and affirmative action; and we also present methods, suggested by the model and its behavior, to improve departmental hiring practices.
Limbless Tetrapods and Snakes with Legs

A debate is raging among evolutionary biologists about the origins of snakes: did the ancestors of our modern day slippery serpents slither out of the sea or were they always land dwellers. [Greene and Cundall][1] explain the evidence for and against a marine origin for snakes. In particular, the finding of a new, almost complete, Cretaceous snake fossil with well-developed hindlimbs in the Middle East ([ Tchernov et al .][2]) suggests that the ancestors of snakes may have been landlubbers after all. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5460/1939 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5460/2010
Three dimensional nonlinear inversion for diffuse optical tomography

We show results for full three-dimensional nonlinear inversion of the parameters of a diffusive partial differential equation, specifically for an optical tomography application. We compute functional derivatives of the parameters with respect to the mean-squared error using the adjoint field method, and implement two forms of regularization. In the first, a penalty term is introduced into the error functional, and in the second, the solution to the inverse problem is assumed to belong to a parametrized class of functions. In the case where this assumption is correct, our results demonstrate that the parameters can recovered with high accuracy, yielding a better inversion result than the traditional Tikhonov-type approach.
Oculomotor assessments of executive function in preterm children.

Objective To use objective, nonverbal oculomotor tasks to assess executive function and infer the neural basis of impairments in preterm children. Study design Cross-sectional study of preterm children age 9-16 years (n = 69; mean gestational age 29 weeks) and full-term controls (n = 43). Tasks assessed sensorimotor function (reflexive prosaccades); resistance to peripheral distracters (fixation); response inhibition, response preparation, and execution of a voluntary saccade (antisaccades); and spatial working memory (memory-guided saccades). Group differences were analyzed using ANOVA. We used linear regression to analyze the contributions of age, sex, gestational age, and white matter category to task performance. Results Preterm children did not differ from controls on basic sensorimotor function, response inhibition, and working memory. Compared with controls, preterm children showed greater susceptibility to peripheral distracters (P = .008) and were slower to initiate an inhibitory response (P = .003). Regression models showed contributions of age and white matter category to task performance. Conclusions Preterm children show intact basic sensorimotor function and demonstrate difficulties in processes underlying executive control, including increased distractibility and prolonged response preparation. These limitations may reflect specific neural abnormalities in fronto-subcortical executive control of behavior. (J Pediatr 2012;161:427-33).
Linear and externally-bilinear multidimensional systems

Linear q-dimensional (q-D) systems and externally-bilinear q-D systems are investigated. Externally-bilinear q-D systems arise in the study of multidimensional signal processors containing signal multipliers. For example, it is shown that the cross-correlation between two locally-stationary 2-D signals can be computed using an externally-bilinear 2-D system. A class Lq of linear q-D systems and a class Bq of externally-bilinear q-D systems are defined and then a 1-1 and onto correspondence is constructed between Bq and L2q for each fixed positive integer q. Via this correspondence, it is shown that results on stability and recursive realizations of a linear 2q-D system can be carried over to the corresponding externally-bilinear q-D system.
Striatal muscarinic receptors: regulation by dopaminergic agonists.

Abstract The effects of apomorphine on the binding properties of striatal muscarinic receptors were investigated using the specific muscarinic antagonist, [ 3 H](−)3-quinuclidinyl benzilate ([ 3 H](−)QNB). When binding measurements were made in 50 mM sodium/HEPES buffer, pH 7.4, containing Mg +2 , the binding of [ 3 H](−)QNB was consistent with the presence of two binding sites; 57% of the sites had a high affinity dissociation constant of 0.030 nM whereas the remaining sites had a low affinity dissociation constant of 0.64 nM. Apomorphine (1.0 μM) enhanced the binding of [ 3 H](−)QNB by an apparent conversion of low to high affinity sites. A variety of other agents were screened for their ability to enhance [ 3 H](−)QNB binding, and a pattern generally consistent with a dopaminergic effect was observed although some evidence for a β-adrenergic effect was demonstrable. The potent neuroleptics haloperidol, spiperone and sulpiride failed to antagonize the apomorphine enhancement of [ 3 H](−)QNB binding as well as some adrenergic antagonists. However, the potent inhibitors of the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase, α-flupenthixol and fluphenazine, specifically blocked the apomorphine enhancement of [ 3 H](−)QNB binding with K i values of approximately 0.1 μM.
Calories, fat and cancer.

The experiments reported are part of our effort to dissociate the tumor-enhancing effects of dietary fat and high caloric intake. Rats either were fed ad libitum diets containing 4% corn oil or their calories were restricted by 40% and their diets contained 13.1% corn oil. Incidence of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumors was 80% in rats fed ad libitum and 20% in those fed the calorie-restricted diets. Incidence of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon tumors was 100% in rats fed ad libitum and 53% in those whose caloric intake was restricted by 40%. The tumor yield (tumors per tumor-bearing rat) was significantly lower in rats on caloric restriction. In another series, rats were fed diets containing 5, 15 or 20% corn oil ad libitum or were fed calorie-restricted (by 25%) diets which provided 20 or 26.6% corn oil (therefore, the same absolute amount of fat was consumed in each of the pair-fed groups). Tumor incidence and tumor yield in the two calorie-restricted groups were similar to those seen in the rats fed 5% fat ad lititum; tumor burden (total g of tumor) was 45–65% lower in the calorie-restricted rats. The data suggest that caloric intake is a more stringent determinant of tumor growth than fat intake.
Experimental studies of ponderosa pine. II. Quantitative genetics of morphological traits

Study using formal half-sib quantitative genetics methodologies to address the question of intervarietal differentiation and heritabilities in ponderosa pine seedling material
Quarkonium as a probe of QCD matter

Heavy quarkonium is a sensitive probe of QCD matter — this is why strong “anomalous” J/ψ suppression observed recently by the NA50 Collaboration at CERN has attracted considerable attention. Is it an unambiguous signal of the quark-gluon plasma, or just a peculiar combination of mundane nuclear effects? This talk is a mini-review of the existing theoretical explanations.
Homologous regulation of prostaglandin E2 receptors in rat renal medulla

Abstract Prostaglandin (PG) receptors are present on enzymatically dissociated cells from the rat renal medulla and are subject to homologous regulation both in vivo and in vitro . One hour after injection of 100 μg of 16,16′-dimethyl-PGE 2 , the number of PGE 2 binding sites on renal cells declines to 40% of controls. In vitro exposure of renal cells to PGE 2 or dimethyl-PGE 2 also results in a time- and concentration-dependent “down” regulation of prostaglandin receptors. In the absence of indomethacin in the incubation medium, endogenously synthesized prostaglandins mediate a similar time-dependent loss of cell-associated receptors. This loss is reversible since, after agonist removal and reincubation of the cells at 37 °C, there is a rapid (within 15 min) reappearance of PGE 2 receptors (to 60–93% of controls). Reappearance occurs whether down regulation is induced in vitro by endogenously synthesized prostaglandins, added PGE 2 or dimethyl-PGE 2 , or in vivo after injection of dimethyl-PGE 2 . Cycloheximide does not affect down regulation but significantly prevents subsequent recovery of the receptors. In contrast, neither colchicine nor chloroquine influences homologous regulation of renal prostaglandin receptors. These results document an agonist-induced reversible cycling of renal prostaglandin receptors which may determine the effectiveness of prostaglandin action in normal and pathologic states.
OR/MS support to senior managers in the public sector: two cases

Through two case examples this paper illustrates that senior public managers at even the highest levels can be, and regularly are, helped by OR/MS people and/or their tools, approaches, and ways of thinking. Thus, it questions the continuing belief evidently held by some in the OR/MS community that it does not, or cannot, happen for a variety of reasons, which they then proceed to spell out.
Integrated force method versus displacement method for finite element analysis

A novel formulation termed the integrated force method (IFM) has been developed in recent years for analyzing structures. In this method all the internal forces are taken as independent variables, and the system equilibrium equations (EE's) are integrated with the global compatibility conditions (CC's) to form the governing set of equations. In IFM the CC's are obtained from the strain formulation of St. Venant, and no choices of redundant load systems have to be made, in constrast to the standard force method (SFM). This property of IFM allows the generation of the governing equation to be automated straightforwardly, as it is in the popular stiffness method (SM). In this report IFM and SM are compared relative to the structure of their respective equations, their conditioning, required solution methods, overall computational requirements, and convergence properties as these factors influence the accuracy of the results. Overall, this new version of the force method produces more accurate results than the stiffness method for comparable computational cost.
Evaluation of direct-detection and indirect-detection active matrix, flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) for digital mammography

Initial results from an examination of the performance of small-area, high-spatial-resolution, active matrix, flat-panel imager (AMFPI) prototypes, under conditions relevant to mammographic imaging, are reported. These prototypes are based on two 512x512 pixel designs: (a) a 75 μm pitch indirect-detection array incorporating a continuous photodiode surface operated with a 34 mg/cm 2 Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb phosphor screen and with a 150 μm thick structured CsI(Tl) scintillator on a fiber-optic plate (which was designed to provide high spatial resolution at the expense of light output); and (b) two 100 pm pitch direct-detection arrays with ∼47 pm and ∼100 pm thick PbI 2 photoconductive coatings. These arrays were specifically developed to examine the performance of AMFPI technology in high-resolution applications. Results from empirical studies of fundamental pixel signal performance are presented and serve to verify the correct functioning of both prototype designs. From such empirical studies, a variety of parameters were extracted for use in a theoretical assessment of the potential imaging performance of the prototypes. In this assessment, calculations of DQE (based on the cascaded systems formalism) were performed as a function of exposure, additive noise level, and spatial frequency to examine the sensitivity of the prototype designs to these parameters. For the indirect-detection prototype, DQE performance with the phosphor screen (up to ∼48%) is greater, under some conditions, than that of high-performance mammographic film-screen systems. However, in the case of the CsI(Tl) converter, better overall performance would probably be attained by trading off spatial resolution for higher light output. For the direct-detection prototype, the DQE performance of the array with the ∼47 pm thick PbI 2 coating is predicted to be as high as ∼75%. The calculations also indicate that, due to the relatively modest x-ray sensitivities thus far observed for this material, the performance will degrade at low mammographic exposures and at additive noise levels in excess of several thousand electrons. This predicted performance is encouraging although questions remain concerning the effects of the comparative low sensitivity and high degree of charge trapping and release exhibited by the PbI 2 prototypes.
Reconstruction of depth-4 multilinear circuits with top fan-in 2

We present a randomized algorithm for reconstructing multilinear ΣΠΣΠ(2) circuits, i.e., multilinear depth-4 circuits with fan-in 2 at the top + gate. The algorithm is given blackbox access to a polynomial f ∈ F[x1,...,xn] computable by a multilinear ΣΠΣΠ(2) circuit of size s and outputs an equivalent multilinear ΣΠΣΠ(2) circuit, runs in time poly(n,s), and works over any field F. This is the first reconstruction result for any model of depth-4 arithmetic circuits. Prior to our work, reconstruction results for bounded depth circuits were known only for depth-2 arithmetic circuits (Klivans & Spielman, STOC 2001), ΣΠΣ(2) circuits (depth-3 arithmetic circuits with top fan-in 2) (Shpilka, STOC 2007), and ΣΠΣ(k) with k=O(1) (Karnin & Shpilka, CCC 2009). Moreover, the running times of these algorithms have a polynomial dependence on |F| and hence do not work for infinite fields such as Q. Our techniques are quite different from the previous ones for depth-3 reconstruction and rely on a polynomial operator introduced by Karnin et al. (STOC 2010) and Saraf & Volkovich (STOC 2011) for devising blackbox identity tests for multilinear ΣΠΣΠ(k) circuits. Some other ingredients of our algorithm include the classical multivariate blackbox factoring algorithm by Kaltofen & Trager (FOCS 1988) and an average-case algorithm for reconstructing ΣΠΣ(2) circuits by Kayal.
Haloacetaldehyde polymers and macromolecular asymmetry

Polyhaloaldehydes play a special role in aldehyde polymerization. The most prominent trihaloacetaldehyde polymer, polytrichloroacetaldehyde, opened the door to new concepts in polymer chemistry: first, cryotachensic polymerization, the separation of the initiation step from the propagation steps with the ceiling temperature principle for the fabrication of insoluble and infusible polymers, and second, the concept of macromolecular asymmetry and stereospecific and conformationally specific polymerization. Trichloroacetaldhyde could be readily polymerized with a wide range of anionic (and also some cationic) initiators. When the anionic polymerization was initiated with chiral anions, it gave polychloral of one helix sense. To understand the genesis of the polymerization, the oligomerization was investigated to learn how the stereochemistry of the polymerization was established, also in chiral form. All 10 fluoro-, chloro-, and bromo-substituted trihaloacetaldehydes were synthesized as necessary and polymerized, and the polymers were investigated. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2623–2634, 2000
An Inquiry into Adjustable Speed Operation of a Pumped Hydro Plant Part 1 - Machine Design and Performance

The possibility of variable speed operation of a pumped hydro plant is proposed by providing an asynchronous tie between the hydro site and main ac grid. Variable speed operation results in a substantial improvement in system efficiency and improved system performance, as well as new flexibility in hydro plant siting and machine design. The problems associated with applying conventional synchronous generator technology to adjustable speed are evaluated and problem areas are identified.
Partitioning of hydrophobic probes into lipopolysaccharide bilayers

Lipophilic solutes permeate rapidly through lipid bilayer membranes. However, the outer membrane of enteric bacteria, which is composed of a lipopolysaccharide monolayer outer leaflet and the glycerophospholipid inner leaflet, shows extremely low permeability to hydrophobic solutes. In order to examine the cause of this exceptionally low permeability, the lipid/water partition behavior of various lipophilic probes was determined by using lipopolysaccharides of various chemotypes and glycerophospholipids. With all probes, under many different conditions, the lipopolysaccharide/water partition coefficients were generally about an order of magnitude smaller than the phospholipid/water partition coefficients, and this result is consistent with the low permeability of the lipopolysaccharide monolayer, and hence the asymmetric bilayer found in the outer membrane. Furthermore, organic polycations significantly increased the partition of N-phenylnaphthylamine into lipopolysaccharides, a result again consistent with the permeability-increasing effect of such cations on intact outer membrane. Very defective, 'deep rough' lipopolysaccharides of chemotypes Rd2, Rd1 and Re, had only slightly (20-75%) higher partition coefficients in comparison with the more complete lipopolysaccharides, and this difference is probably not enough to explain the approximately 100-fold increase in lipophile permeability seen in deep rough strains.
Using loss location and loss magnitude manipulation for slip gain tuning in field oriented induction machine controllers

This work investigates loss location and loss magnitude manipulation via slip gain tuning in indirect field oriented induction machine drives. By using finite element analysis (FEA), the spatial distribution of the losses and the extent to which the distribution is manipulated via control tuning of the slip gain is investigated. Practical slip gain tuning variations across the full operating range, such as low speed when convection-based heat transfer is less effective, as well as high speed, are investigated. In addition, the dynamic performance corresponding to loss location manipulation tuning is investigated and documented. In this work, it is seen that using inadequate slip gain for field orientation reduces the total rotor losses within the machine. There is an opportunity to balance the shift of rotor loss to stator loss with the marginal degradation in torque dynamic performance when the slip gain is reduced for loss location manipulation. This work leads to a systematic method for understanding how loss location and magnitude change as a function of indirect field oriented controller tuning, with a goal of expanding the controller tuning paradigm to add a loss location objective to the classical dynamic torque performance objective.
Multidimensional radiative transfer: Applications to planetary coronae

Abstract A numerical solution to the integral equation for radiative transfer by resonance reradiation in an isothermal spherical atmosphere is described. The method presented is 100 times more efficient than earlier spherical radiative transfer models. The new model can accommodate density variations in the full three dimensional space and includes effects due to the presence of pure absorbers. Complete frequency redistribution is assumed for photon scattering. Applications of this model to the problem of solar photons scattered by atomic hydrogen in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars are described, and limb and disk profiles, as well as equivalent mean disk intensities for Venus, Earth and Mars, are presented.
Bovine Papillomavirus E5 Protein Induces the Formation of Signal Transduction Complexes Containing Dimeric Activated Platelet-derived Growth Factor β Receptor and Associated Signaling Proteins

The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein binds to the cellular platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta receptor, resulting in constitutive activation of the receptor and cell growth transformation. By subjecting extracts from E5-transformed or PDGF-treated cells to velocity sedimentation in sucrose gradients, activated PDGF beta receptor complexes were separated from monomeric, inactive receptor. Rapidly sedimenting activated complexes contained oligomeric (apparently dimeric), tyrosine-phosphorylated PDGF beta receptor, the E5 protein, and associated cellular signaling proteins including the p85 subunit of phosphoinositol 3'-kinase, phospholipase Cgamma, and Ras-GTPase activating protein. These signaling proteins made the major contribution to the increased sedimentation rate of the activated receptor complexes. Pairwise analysis of components of these complexes indicated that multiple signaling proteins and the E5 protein were simultaneously present in the activated complexes. Our results also showed that the E5 protein and PDGF activated only a small fraction of the total PDGF beta receptor, that not all receptor molecules associated with the E5 protein were tyrosine-phosphorylated, and that signaling proteins could bind to hemiphosphorylated receptor dimers. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for the assembly of multiprotein, activated PDGF beta receptor complexes in response to the E5 protein.
Comment on "Thermal contraction of carbon fullerenes and nanotubes".

A Comment on the Letter by Y.-K. Kwon, S. Berber, and D. Tomanek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 015901 (2004). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
The effects of supraphysiological doses of corticosteroids in hypotensive liver failure.

: Background: In septic shock, supraphysiological doses of corticosteroids reduce norepinephrine requirements. We reviewed our experience of this treatment in hypotensive liver failure. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 20 patients with liver failure who were treated with supraphysiological doses of hydrocortisone because of norepinephrine dependence. We compared their norepinephrine requirements, outcome, microbiology and incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding to an historical control group treated with norepinephrine but not corticosteroids. Results: After 48 h of steroid treatment, the median norepinephrine dose was reduced (0.14 µg/kg/min to 0.08 µg/kg/min; P < 0.05) while the blood pressure over the same period of time did not change significantly (67.3 mm Hg to 70 mm Hg). Duration of ITU stay was longer in the steroid treated group (13.5 days vs 3 days; P < 0.05) but survival was similar in both groups. There were 23 episodes of positive bacterial cultures after norepinephrine was started in the steroid treated group, compared with 18 episodes in the control group. More of the positive cultures were due to resistant organisms in the steroid treated group (65% vs 17% in the control group; P < 0.002). There was no significant bleeding due to gastrointestinal inflammation in either group. Conclusions: Supraphysiological doses of corticosteroids reduce norepinephrine requirements in hypotensive liver failure. They do not improve survival but may extend time to find a suitable donor in those awaiting urgent liver transplantation.
ANATOMICAL LOCALIZATION OF SKF-38393-INDUCED BEHAVIORS IN RATS USING THE IRREVERSIBLE MONOAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST EEDQ

This study was designed to localize the population of dopamine D1-like receptors involved in grooming and oral movements elicited by systemic administration of the D1-selective agonist SKF-38393. Receptors in specific dopamine terminal regions were inactivated by intracranial injection of the nonselective irreversible antagonist N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). The effect of these injections on behaviors induced by systemic administration of SKF-38393 (10 mg/kg) was measured 48 hours later. The specific populations of D1-like receptors inactivated by the EEDQ injections were identified as a loss of 3H-SCH-23390 binding in a given region using quantitative autoradiography. EEDQ (1.5 micrograms/microliters/side) injected into the nucleus accumbens (NAc) did not alter SKF-38393-induced behaviors. Similarly, injection of EEDQ into the medial caudate-putamen (CPu) failed to alter these behaviors. In contrast, EEDQ (0.15-1.5 micrograms/microliters/side) injected into the lateral CPu decreased both SKF-38393-induced grooming and oral movements, with complete blockade of grooming observed at the highest dose. To determine whether this effect of EEDQ was due to inactivation of D1-like receptors, separate groups of animals were pretreated with SCH-23390 (3 mg/kg, S.C.) 15 min prior to injection with EEDQ. Pretreatment with SCH-23390 prevented the disruption of SKF-38393-induced behaviors, as well as the loss of 3H-SCH-23390-labeled binding sites observed after injection of EEDQ into the lateral CPu. EEDQ injections that produced disruption of SKF-38393-induced behaviors were associated with a greater loss of binding in the lateral CPu relative to other regions examined including the NAc, medial CPu, and globus pallidus. Furthermore, EEDQ injections that produced the greatest loss of 3H-SCH-23390 binding in the latter three regions did not disrupt SKF-38393-induced behavior. These results demonstrate that stimulation of D1-like receptors in the lateral CPu is necessary for behaviors induced by systemic administration of SKF-38393. The results also demonstrate the utility of this "receptor lesion" technique to localize receptor-mediated behaviors.
Anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using an individualized approach

Abstract Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. Recently, there has been a shift in interest towards reconstruction techniques that more closely restore the native anatomy of the ACL. This review paper discusses our approach to individualized anatomic ACL reconstruction, including the anatomy of the ACL, the physical exam, imaging modalities, the surgical technique for anatomic reconstruction including pre- and intraoperative considerations and our postoperative rehabilitation protocol.
WE‐E‐304A‐07: Clinically Relevant FROC Analysis

Purpose: While it has been established that the free‐response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) method generally yields more statistical power than the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method in localization tasks, it is not clear if the higher power is clinically‐relevant. Clinically‐relevant power is defined as the sensitivity of an analysis method to a modality induced change in the detectability (e.g., contrast) of clinically‐relevant lesions. The purpose of this work was to develop a new clinically‐relevant figure or merit and compare the powers of ROC, traditional FROC and the new FROC method. Method and Materials: In traditional lesion‐based FROC the y‐axis is normalized to the total number of lesions and the different clinical‐relevance of lesions is not taken into account. In case‐based analysis the y‐axis is normalized to the total number of abnormal cases and the method accounts for different clinical‐relevance of lesions. A case‐based figure of merit was developed that weights the lesions according to their clinical importance, and the search‐model simulator was used to compare the statistical powers of ROC and lesion‐based and case‐based FROC for case sets with two lesions per abnormal case, one with zero weight (e.g., a benign lesion) and the other with unit weight (e.g., a high‐morbidity lesion). The modality effect was modeled by changing the contrast and probability of the lesion being found during search. Results: Unless the modality effect decreased the contrast of the unit‐weight lesions, the power for case‐based analysis was comparable to lesion‐based FROC. Either FROC method exceeded the power of ROC. Conclusion: Case‐based analysis is expected to better correlate with clinical outcome. It does not sacrifice the statistical power of traditional FROC.
Color transparency and J/ζ formation in antiproton-nucleus collisions

Abstract It has been pointed out by Brodsky that p p exclusive formation of the J/ζ in a nuclear target should be characterized by anomalously small initial state p absorption in the nucleus. This effect is due to the small impact separation of the antiquarks in the antiproton, corresponding to a small color moment, and is called color transparency. First evidence for color transparency has been seen at Brookhaven in large angle pp elastic scattering in nuclei above 9.5 GeV/c. The possibility of p p formation of the J/ζ using a nuclear gas jet target and the E-760 chramonium detector ion the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator Ring has been considered. Preliminary estimates suggest that detection of color transparency in such an arrangement is possible, provided background rejection is better than 103–104 compared with the signal. Further details may be found in an earlier publication.
Behavior of asphalt mastic films under laboratory controlled humidity conditions

Abstract Normal and shear pull-off strength of asphalt mastic films are measured at three relative humidity (RH%) conditions. Mastic films of size 5 mm2 with thickness ranges from 0.193 to 0.210 mm were prepared in between two aggregate slices. Laboratory RH conditioning was applied by aqueous solution of potassium acetate (25% RH), potassium carbonate (49% RH), and sodium chloride (71% RH) in enclosed desiccators. After humidity conditioning, one aggregate slice was attached to the base of a testing frame, and pull-off force was applied on the other aggregate slice. Load–displacement curves indicate that mastic films show ductile behavior at 71% RH conditioning and brittle behavior at 49% and 25% RH conditioning while normal pull-off strength is measured. Average yield and ultimate strength for 71% RH is the lowest compared to those at 49% and 25% RH. The ductile nature of mastic films at high RH% influences the shear pull-off strength by showing higher shear pull-off strength. Average shear strength of mastic films increases with an increase in relative humidity.
Thinking differently about cervical cancer screening in high-risk populations.

N p s s m d m P s a f m Cervical cancer has become endemic in the U.S., affecting about 12,000 women each year with disproportionate impact among African-American andHispanic women. Although use of Paps has dramatcally reduced the incidence of cervical cancer in the U.S. nd other industrialized countries, the level of endemicty has persisted for several years—likely evidence of a ystems-level failure in public health. There is an emerging recognition that traditional approaches to cervical cancer screening may have reached their limits, necessitating a reevaluation based on emerging science. Policy conversations should continue to consider evolving diagnostic technology and also distinguish between screening and diagnosis in order to ensure that prevention efforts reach women who are likely at highest risk for cervical cancer. Two decades ago, the field of cervical cancer prevention was dramatically altered by the realization that persistent infection with high-risk human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary oncogenic agent. It is now estabished that two HPV types (Types 16 and 18) account for bout 70% of cervical cancers, and remaining high-risk ypes constitute the balance. Establishing the connection etween HPV, a sexually transmitted infection, and cerical cancer was a critical first step. Translating the conection to health practice and policy for the reduction of ervical cancer remains challenging and has proven omewhat problematic in the U.S. Several issues warrant onsideration. The first issue has to do with diagnostic and screening echnologies and the policy that supports their use. Once he connection between cervical cancer and HPV was stablished, the collective task was to identify the relative ffectiveness of the diagnostic tools.With the evolution of PV DNA technology, it is no longer clear that Paps
Ranking algorithms for digital forensic string search hits

This research proposes eighteen quantifiable characteristics of allocated files, unallocated clusters, and string search hits contained therein, which can be used to relevancy rank string search output. We executed a 36-term query across four disks in a synthetic case (''M57 Patents'' from DigitalCorpora.org), which produced over two million search hits across nearly 50,000 allocated files and unallocated clusters. We sampled 21,400 search hits from the case, extracted the proposed feature values, trained binary class (relevant/not-relevant) support vector machine (SVM) models, derived two relevancy ranking functions from the resultant model feature weights, and empirically tested the ranking algorithms. We achieved 81.02% and 85.97% prediction accuracies for the allocated and unallocated models, respectively. Further research is needed to validate these algorithms in a broader set of real-world cases, and/or adapt the algorithms to improve their robustness. Nonetheless, this research provides an important starting point for research into digital forensic search hit relevancy ranking algorithms. We proposed an initial set of relevancy ranking features and obtained very promising empirical results. The ability to achieve rank-ordered list output for search queries in digital forensics, similar to what web browsing and digital library users enjoy, is extremely important for digital forensic practitioners to reduce the analytical burden of text string searching - a valuable analytical technique.
Out-of-atlas likelihood estimation using multi-atlas segmentation.

Purpose: Multi-atlas segmentation has been shown to be highly robust and accurate across an extraordinary range of potential applications. However, it is limited to the segmentation of structures that are anatomically consistent across a large population of potential target subjects (i.e., multi-atlas segmentation is limited to “in-atlas” applications). Herein, the authors propose a technique to determine the likelihood that a multi-atlas segmentation estimate is representative of the problem at hand, and, therefore, identify anomalous regions that are not well represented within the atlases. Methods: The authors derive a technique to estimate the out-of-atlas (OOA) likelihood for every voxel in the target image. These estimated likelihoods can be used to determine and localize the probability of an abnormality being present on the target image. Results: Using a collection of manually labeled whole-brain datasets, the authors demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework on two distinct applications. First, the authors demonstrate the ability to accurately and robustly detect malignant gliomas in the human brain—an aggressive class of central nervous system neoplasms. Second, the authors demonstrate how this OOA likelihood estimation process can be used within a quality control context for diffusion tensor imaging datasets to detect large-scale imaging artifacts (e.g., aliasing and image shading). Conclusions: The proposed OOA likelihood estimation framework shows great promise for robust and rapid identification of brain abnormalities and imaging artifacts using only weak dependencies on anomaly morphometry and appearance. The authors envision that this approach would allow for application-specific algorithms to focus directly on regions of high OOA likelihood, which would (1) reduce the need for human intervention, and (2) reduce the propensity for false positives. Using the dual perspective, this technique would allow for algorithms to focus on regions of normal anatomy to ascertain image quality and adapt to image appearance characteristics.