cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Bedside to Bench: summary from the American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging Research Conference on Comorbidity and Multiple Morbidity in Older Adults

Most aging patients have multiple concurrent health problems. However, most current medical practice and research are largely based on a single disease model, failing to account for the simultaneous presence of multiple conditions. Clinical trials, practice guidelines, and pay-for-performance schemes may thus have limited applicability in older patients. We report on the 2005 American Geriatrics Society/National Institute on Aging conference on Comorbid Disease and Multiple Morbidity in an Aging Society. The two-day conference was designed to clarify concepts of multiple concurrent health conditions; explore implications for causation, health, function and systems of care; identify important gaps in knowledge; and propose useful next steps. While the conference did not attempt to standardize terminology, we here develop the concepts of comorbidity, multiple morbidity, condition clusters, physiological health, and overall health as they were used. The present report also summarizes sessions addressing the societal burden of comorbidity, and clinical research on particular diseases within the framework of comorbidity concepts. Next steps recommended include continuing clarification of terms and conceptual approaches, consideration of developing and improving measures, as well as developing new research directions.
Protein inactivation in mycobacteria by controlled proteolysis and its application to deplete the beta subunit of RNA polymerase

Using a component of the Escherichia coli protein degradation machinery, we have established a system to regulate protein stability in mycobacteria. A protein tag derived from the E. coli SsrA degradation signal did not affect several reporter proteins in wild-type Mycobacterium smegmatis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Expression of the adaptor protein SspB, which recognizes this modified tag and helps deliver tagged proteins to the protease ClpXP, strongly decreased the activities and protein levels of different reporters. This inactivation did not occur when the function of ClpX was inhibited. Using this system, we constructed a conditional M. smegmatis knockdown mutant in which addition of anhydrotetracycline (atc) caused depletion of the beta subunit of RNA polymerase, RpoB. The impact of atc on this mutant was dose-dependent. Very low amounts of atc did not prevent growth but increased sensitivity to an antibiotic that inactivates RpoB. Intermediate amounts of RpoB knockdown resulted in bacteriostasis and a more substantial depletion led to a decrease in viability by up to 99%. These studies identify SspB-mediated proteolysis as an efficient approach to conditionally inactivate essential proteins in mycobacteria. They further demonstrate that depletion of RpoB by ∼ 93% is sufficient to cause death of M. smegmatis.
Gender, sexual orientation, and disordered eating

Abstract While most patients with bulimia nervosa are heterosexual women, a significant number of men with bulimia nervosa are gay males, suggesting that gay men, more than heterosexual men, may be at risk for developing eating disorders. This study compared the food-related attitudes and behaviors of heterosexual men and women in contrast with those of lesbians and gay men, attempting to find whether one's sexual orientation may contribute to differential risk. Two thousand employees were randomly selected from a large health care corporation, of whom 805 returned a completed questionnaire including Stunkard and Messick's (1985) Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition Scales. A stratified random sample was drawn to include demographically comparable groups of 25 lesbians, 50 gay men, 75 heterosexual women, and 75 heterosexual men. Women were less satisfied with their appearance at their present weight and expressed more restraint and more negative feelings after bingeing than did men. Heterosexual women were...
Processing of thick-film electrodeposited thallium oxide superconductors

Abstract Thick-film Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconductors (TBCCO) were synthesized on Ag foil and ceramic substrates using an electrodeposition process. The influence of Ag, initial stoichiometry, and reaction conditions on the phase development of TBCCO films were studied. Films deposited and reacted with no additional thallium source showed 1223 as the major phase, whereas films reacted using a two-zone thallation process showed 2223 as the primary phase formation. The TBCCO samples electrodeposited on Ag foil and annealed using the two-zone thallation process showed a critical current density of 3.2 × 10 4 A/cm 2 at 76 K in zero field. The highest critical current density for films reacted without any additional thallium source was near 10 4 A/cm 2 at 76 K in zero field.
Hsp90 Inhibition: Elimination of Shock and Stress

The 90 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90) represent a class of molecular chaperones responsible for the maturation and stabilization of many oncogenic proteins. Disrupting the ability of ATP to bind and facilitate the operation of Hsp90 has emerged as a promising approach toward cancer chemotherapeutic development. While numerous Hsp90 inhibitory scaffolds have been identified, progress through the clinic has revealed many obstacles that should be addressed in future analogue development. Recent reports of the complications, pitfalls, and downstream effects associated with Hsp90 inhibition are discussed herein, in hopes of providing a reference that can be used to guide the future design of Hsp90 inhibitory scaffolds.
Calculations of transonic flow about an airfoil in a wind tunnel

A combined experimental and numerical study was performed to include wind-tunnel wall interference effects in calculations for airfoil flows at transonic speeds. Pressure-survey-tube and laser-Doppler velocimeter measurements were made in the flow field about an airfoil in the 2- by 2-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel at Ames Research Center. The results were then used as boundary data in a Navier-Stokes code modified by incorporating a pressure condition on the upper and lower computational boundaries. Comparison of calculated results and experimental data obtained from the surface of the airfoil indicates that the pressure-boundary condition is particularly effective in moving the shock to a position near that observed experimentally when the flow remains attached. For flows with large separation, shock position and viscous-layer properties are not well predicted, principally because of the inadequacies of the algebraic turbulence models employed with the method.
Dysphagia: Initial Symptom of an Ectopic Hyperfunctioning Parathyroid Adenoma

ACUTE pancreatitis, acute arthritis, or features of the multiple endocrine adenoma syndrome may be the initial manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. It is rare, however, for the simple bulk of a parathyroid adenoma, or its ectopic location, to dominate a patient's initial complaints. In the case reported here, none of the expected symptoms of hyperparathyroidism were present, but the unusual tumor location led to its discovery and to the subsequent chemical verification of primary hyperparathyroidism. Report of a Case A 35-year-old woman, previously in excellent health, had a two-year history of increasing difficulty in swallowing and a five-month history of intermittent aching pain radiating from the angle of the right mandible to the right ear. Fatigue, polyuria, polydypsia, constipation, renal calculi, or fractures had not occurred. Family history was noncontributory. Blood pressure was 140/90 mm Hg, funduscopic and slit lamp examination results were normal, hair and nails were normal, and neurofibromata were
Transfer of Acquired Information by Brain Extracts

An earlier finding that learned behaviour can be transferred to naive subjects by injection of extracts of brains from trained animals is re-examined by a less ambiguous method. The possibility of transfer is confirmed, but the mechanisms involved are still obscure.
Software engineering for the Keck II Telescope Control System

The Keck II telescope control system is a completely new design from the Keck I system. The entire software project, design, implementation and commissioning, has taken 16 months from inception in January 1995 to completion of all major subsystems in April 1996. First light took place in January 1996, and scientific quality images were taken in April 1996. Full operations are planned for October 1996. This paper focuses on the management and software engineering practices and the software tools that made it possible to complete a project of this magnitude with the limited time and resources at our disposal. Areas of potential software sharing and collaboration with other observatories are also discussed.
Physics with monoenergetic neutrons below 100 MeV

Abstract Monoenergetic neutron scattering data have been reported in the past few years with neutrons up to 26 MeV and some data extended up to 40 MeV. This paper discusses the physics to be attained by pursuing these studies to higher neutron energies. To accomplish these measurements it is important to have an accelerator developed to the production of monoenergetic neutrons. A discussion on desirable properties of suitable monoenergetic neutron sources and a possible design for and accelerator is presented.
Interaction of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP) and JAK2: AFABP/aP2 as a regulator of JAK2 signaling.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP/aP2) facilitates the intracellular solubilization and trafficking of lipids within the aqueous environment of the cell. Studies in the AFABP/aP2 knock-out mouse suggest that the protein may have roles in cellular processes broader than lipid transport. We present herein the finding that AFABP/aP2 interacts with JAK2 in a fatty acid-dependent manner. This interaction was established using yeast two-hybrid analysis, co-immunoprecipitation from adipose tissue, and 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as in 293 cells overexpressing JAK2 and AFABP/aP2. Mutational analysis of AFABP/aP2 (R126L/Y128F) revealed that fatty acid binding activity is necessary for the interaction and that Asp18 of the helix-turn-helix motif forms a component of the interaction domain. Mutational analysis of JAK2 (Y1007F/Y1008F) revealed that AFABP/aP2 associates with the basal unphosphorylated form of the protein. Interleukin-6, but not interleukin-10, stimulated phosphorylation of STAT3, and induction of SOCS3 mRNA expression were potentiated in a time- and dose-dependent manner in macrophage cell lines derived from AFABP/aP2-EFABP/mal1 double knock-out mice relative to cells from wild type animals. These results suggest that ligand-bound AFABP/aP2 binds to and attenuates JAK2 signaling and establishes a new role for AFABP/aP2 as a fatty acid sensor affecting cellular metabolism via protein-protein interactions.
High temperature thermodynamic investigation of the titanium-rich portion of the titanium-iridium system by knudsen cell mass spectrometry

Abstract The vapor pressure of titanium in the titanium-rich solid Ti-Ir alloys has been determined by means of the Knudsen cell mass spectrometry in the temperature range 1480 – 1770 K for alloys with NTi = 0.93, 0.885 and 0.796 (eutectic composition). The activities of titanium were evaluated as 0.54 and 0.32 for the NTi = 0.93 and NTi = 0.885 compositions of the β phase, respectively, and 2.59 × 10−2 for theNTi = 0.796 eutectic composition (β and γ phases), at the average temperature of 1623 K. Using, in addition, the data for the Ir-rich portion of the Ti-Ir system (NTi = 0.5,NTi = 0.4 and NTi = 0.25) previously obtained in our laboratory by Choudary et al., the activities of Ir were evaluated for the binary system by the GibbsDuhem treatment of the titanium activities, and the corresponding Gibbs energies of formation were derived. The enthalpy of formation at 298 K for Ti3Ir (γ phase, NTi = 0.75) was found to be −92.0 ± 14.6 kJ (g atom)−1.
Bodily “Touch” and Racial Formation in Milton Murayama's ALL I ASKING FOR IS MY BODY

Milton Murayama's All I Asking for Is My Body depicts the complex process of racial formation of the Nisei (second-generation Japanese immigrants in the United States) sons of the Oyama family in H...
Band-Edge Steepness Obtained From Esaki/Backward Diode Current–Voltage Characteristics

While science has good knowledge of semiconductor bandgaps, there is not much information regarding the steepness of the band edges. We find that a plot of absolute conductance, I/V versus voltage V , in an Esaki diode or a backward diode will reveal a best limit for the band tails, defined by the tunneling joint density of states of the two band edges. This joint density of states will give information about the prospective subthreshold swing voltage that could be expected in a tunneling field-effect transistor. To date, published current-voltage characteristics indicate that the joint band-tail density of states is not steep enough to achieve 90 mV/decade.
Making Campaign News User Friendly: The Lessons of 1992 and Beyond

Surveys of the electorate routinely disclose that knowledge about politics, including elections, is appallingly low. Using content analysis and information-processing data, the argument is presented that such results are inevitable, despite the public's political astuteness, because the presentation of political information by the American media does not suit the information-processing capabilities and habits of average Americans. The article suggests how campaign coverage might be changed to make it more user friendly.
Constructing Distinct Curves with Isomorphic Jacobians

Abstract We show that the hyperelliptic curvesy2=x5+x3+x2−x−1 andy2=x5−x3+x2−x−1 over the field with three elements are not geometrically isomorphic, and yet they have isomorphic Jacobian varieties. Furthermore, their Jacobians are absolutely simple. We present a method for constructing further such examples. We also present two curves of genus three, one hyperelliptic and one a plane quartic, that have isomorphic absolutely simple Jacobians
Energy Balance in Vortex-Induced-Vibration of an Inverted Pendulum

High resolution Digital Particle Image Velocimetry has been used to measure terms in the integral fluid energy transport equation. These data have been incorporated into a scientifically rigorous Hamilton’s Principle approach for modeling fluid-structure interactions. The interaction being modeled is the vortex-induced motion of a circular cylinder mounted like an inverted pendulum in a water tunnel. This paper describes the experimental methodology used to acquire key modeling data, i.e. kinetic energy transport and work across the boundaries of an integral control volume. There is also a presentation of a simple analysis showing that competition between vortex shedding and cylinder oscillation frequencies give rise to observed beating phenomena.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Stationary formulas for computing the response in eddy-current NDE

Stationary or variational formulations have been proven to be useful in a number of electromagnetic problems. This paper presents such a formulation for the response in the eddy-current NDE problem. It thus provides an approach to estimating the response due to arbitrary defects in cases where a reasonable “first guess” for the current distribution responsible for the scattered fields can be obtained.
Learned helplessness and in vivo hippocampal norepinephrine release

Abstract Hippocampal norepinephrine release was measured using in vivo microdialysis in rats before and after exposure to inescapable tail shock stress and after testing for learned helplessness. Rats that did not develop learned helplessness after stress had higher basal norepinephrine release after stress than rats developing learned helplessness or than control rats. After the shuttlebox test for learned helplessness, K+-stimulated norepinephrine release was lower in learned helpless than in nonhelpless or control rats. These results confirm an important role for the hippocampal noradrenergic system in differential behavioral responses to stress.
Identification of some marine oil constituents by chromatography

A scheme for the separation and identification of some constituents of marine oils was developed. A preliminary separation on a silicic acid column with five solvent systems was followed by further separation and identification on silicic acid impregnated glass-fiber filter paper. This method can be used successfully for qualitative determinations, but the irregularities in the density of the glass paper prevent an accurate quantitative assay.
Notes on the use of wood refugia by Physella heterostropha (say) in a thermally disturbed swamp

Physella heterostropha size distributions and densities were measured in Pen Branch delta, a thermally altered swamp of the Savannah River, South Carolina. During cessation of thermal input, measurements were taken in a highly impacted area and more natural area. Of the three substrates sampled, logs, small woody material and benthos, snail density was highest on small pieces of submerged wood and < 20% of the snails on logs were out of the water. Following resumption of thermal input, snail density was four times higher on logs than previously measured. Snails responded to elevated water temperatures by congregating in a narrow band slightly above the water. Snail size did not appear to affect their response. However, the thermal history of the snails influenced their behaviour and survival rates. Logs may be a potential refuge for snails when water temperature are greater greater than 38°C. However, our results indicate that long-term survival in this manner may be impossible.
Behavioral ecology and the future of archaeological science

The future of archaeological science relies as much (if not more) on theoretical as on methodological developments. As with anything in biology, explaining past human behavior will require the application of evolutionary theory. As with anything in archaeology, theory is useless without clear ties to a material record. Human behavioral ecology (HBE) has become one of the central theoretical frameworks in archaeological science by providing a broad conceptual toolkit for linking principles of natural selection to operational hypotheses about variability in behavior and its material consequences. Here we review the general approach and outline cases where applying HBE models can contribute to key research issues in archaeology. These examples illustrate how foundational applications of HBE are being built upon to explain complex and diverse phenomena ranging from the origins of agriculture to the emergence of institutionalized inequality. With each case, we outline avenues where this research strategy can advance archaeological science into the future.
Building a geographic info-structure for sustainable development planning on a small island developing state

As small island developing states work towards economically and environmentally sustainable development, they lack many of the financial, technical, and information management resources available in larger, more developed countries. The ability to acquire geographic information and integrate it into decision-making processes is particularly difficult. Yap, a member of the Federated States of Micronesia, exemplifies many small island developing states in its effort to develop an informational infrastructure. This paper describes the early steps of on-going work by Yapese scientists, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations, and Queens University of Charlotte to start a successful GIS program. It is intended that this program will contribute to a future planning support system. Early application of Yap's GIS has resulted in a dramatic reduction in area of an invasive grass (Imperata cylindrica) and increased knowledge and use of GIS by Yapese decision-makers.
Dominance and Diversity in Land Plant Communities: Numerical relations of species express the importance of competition in community function and evolution

Most plant communities consist of several or many species which compete for light, water, and nutrients. Species in a given community may be ranked by their relative success in competition; productivity seems to be the best measure of their success or importance in the community. Curves of decreasing productivity connect the few most important species (the dominants) with a larger number of species of intermediate importance (whose number primarily determines the community's diversity or richness in species) and a smaller number of rare species. These curves are of varied forms and are believed to express different patterns of competition and niche differentiation in communities. It is probably true of plants, as of animals, that no two species in a stable community occupy the same niche. Evolution of niche differentiation makes possible the occurrence together of many plant species which are partial, rather than direct, competitors. Species tend to evolve also toward habitat differentiation, toward scattering of their centers of maximum population density in relation to environmental gradients, so that few species are competing with one another in their population centers. Evolution of both niche and habitat differentiation permits many species to exist together in communities as partial competitors, with distributions broadly and continuously overlapping, forming the landscape's many intergrading communities.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA VARIATION WITHIN AND BETWEEN SPECIES OF THE PAPILIO MACHAON GROUP OF SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES.

Species limits and phylogenetic relationships in the Papilio machaon species group are potentially confounded by a complex pattern of Pleistocene range fragmentation, hybridization, and ecological race formation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction-site analysis has been used to define genetic affinities and genetic population structure within this species group. The distribution of mtDNA haplotypes generally confirms prior phylogenetic hypotheses and species delineations, but there is poor correspondence between ecological races and mtDNA haplotypes. The amount and distribution of mtDNA sequence variation within species vary among species, reflecting differences in current patterns of gene flow and/or historical population structure. In spite of wing pattern characters that ally them with P. polyxenes, both P. joanae and P. brevicauda have mtDNA that is closely related to that of P. machaon. We suggest that P. joanae and P. brevicauda are of hybrid origin.
Prostate cancer: the benefits of multidisciplinary prostate cancer care.

The essential element of a multidisciplinary approach to patient care brings together prostate cancer specialists to educate patients and involve them in their medical decisions, which brings with it many benefits. Now, there is evidence that this approach also improves clinical outcomes in prostate cancer.
EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE AND SOLUBLE ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS BY ZOOPLANKTON1

The rate of excretion of phosphorus by zooplankton in natural waters has been estimated by several investigators. Several orders of magnitude have been suggested for the rate, and its importance in the cycle of phosphorus has been said to be great by some (Gardiner 1937; Riley 1951; Harris 1959)) and said to be negligible by others (Steele 1959; Rigler I96I). Marshall and Orr ( 1955)) Conover ( 1956)) Cushing ( cited by Rigler 1961)) and Rigler ( 1961) measured the production of phosphate by single species of planktonic crustacea. Marshall and Orr ( 1961) and Conover ( 1961) estimated phosphorus turnover in Calanus finmarchicus from the rate of loss of Ps2. Gardiner ( 1937) and Harris (1959) measured the production of phosphate by freshly collected net plankton. The use of fresh plankton offers a more direct answer to the ecological question of the total excretion of phosphorus by all zooplankton. We estimated the rate of excretion of both orthophosphate and soluble organic phosphorus compounds by zooplankton from three types of water, taking precautions to avoid confusion of bacterial production of phosphorus compounds with excretion of similar compounds by the zooplankton. Plankton was collected from several locations over the continental shelf at a distance of I2 miles from shore, beyond any great
Rheology of Dendrimers. I. Newtonian Flow Behavior of Medium and Highly Concentrated Solutions of Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimers in Ethylenediamine (EDA) Solvent

Steady shear flow properties of an extensive family of dendrimers were examined for the first time in medium to high concentration solutions. For this, the first seven generations of ethylenediamine (EDA) core−polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, having molecular weights from about 500 to almost 60 000 in 30 to 75 wt % solutions in ethylenediamine (EDA) were used. It was found that these dendrimer solutions exhibited typical Newtonian flow behavior as manifested by direct proportionality of the shear stress to the shear rate (i.e., constant viscosity with respect to both shear stress and shear rate) over the entire range of shear stress and shear rate studied. In addition to this, there was no abrupt change in the slope of the shear viscosity vs molecular weight relationship, indicating that these dendrimers do not interpenetrate to form transient quasi-networks of the “entanglement”-type typically found for long-chain linear or randomly branched macromolecules, nor do they engage in “sticking” interactions...
Ecosystems modelling methodologies: desirable computer assistance

The construction of a simulation model proceeds from a statement of objectives, through hypothesis choice and formulation, to computer implementation and model experiments. Even the best of the modern simulation languages provide good support for only a portion of these activities. Ideally, we might specify objectives and environment and have the "system" develop the appropriate simulation model. We do not appear to be ready for such a system for several reasons: 1. The way in which objectives specify model structure is quite an art at the present, and while scenarios can be constructed in which certain properties of the model structure are clearly dictated by objectives, as yet the full model structure does not follow algorithmically from objectives; 2. A language for objective specification is needed. A natural language is too broad and ambiguous; 3. Ecosystem theory is not yet up to the task of defining, in detail, the ecosystem that would exist in a given environment although certain properties of that system can be predicted.
Ku-Band Tunnel Diode Amplifier for the Intelsat-V Communication Satellites

A space qualified Ku-Band tunnel diode amplifier is described. This low noise receiver amplifier, which provides 14±0.1 dB gain in the 14 - 14.5 GHz Band with noise figure of 5.35 dB, is presently used in the INTELSAT-V Communication Satellites.
On revenue in the generalized second price auction

The Generalized Second Price (GSP) auction is the primary auction used for selling sponsored search advertisements. In this paper we consider the revenue of this auction at equilibrium. We prove that if agent values are drawn from identical regular distributions, then the GSP auction paired with an appropriate reserve price generates a constant fraction (1/6th) of the optimal revenue. In the full-information game, we show that at any Nash equilibrium of the GSP auction obtains at least half of the revenue of the VCG mechanism excluding the payment of a single participant. This bound holds also with any reserve price, and is tight.Finally, we consider the tradeoff between maximizing revenue and social welfare. We introduce a natural convexity assumption on the click-through rates and show that it implies that the revenue-maximizing equilibrium of GSP in the full information model will necessarily be envy-free. In particular, it is always possible to maximize revenue and social welfare simultaneously when click-through rates are convex. Without this convexity assumption, however, we demonstrate that revenue may be maximized at a non-envy-free equilibrium that generates a socially inefficient allocation.
Muscarinic receptor‐mediated activation of nitric oxide synthase

The potent vasodilator factor released from endothelial cells upon activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors has recently been identified as nitric oxide (NO). This discovery has sparked intensive research efforts aiming at understanding the functional role of this short-lived, highly reactive free radical. As a result, it has been shown that NO is a very important second messenger involved in a wide spectrum of physiological functions. One important aspect that differentiates NO from other second messengers is that NO is a traveling messenger that diffuses out of the cells of its origin to produce marked effects in neighboring cells. This paper provides a synopsis of the diverse biological roles of NO and the mechanisms of its generation upon activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Drug Dev.
Foreword by Guest Editor Professor Mary Pat Treuthart

Abstract I greatly appreciate the opportunity to serve as the guest editor of this special issue on domestic violence. Since its inception in 2012, the International Review of Law under the stewardship of Dr. Jon Truby of the College of Law at Qatar University has featured articles on a range of legal issues with global and regional significance. The vision of His Highness Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, former Emir of the State of Qatar, provided the impetus for the creation of this bilingual, open access journal. The ongoing support and leadership of the current Emir, His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani, has allowed the International Review of Law to flourish.
Quantitative Parameter-Free Prediction of Simulated Crystal-Nucleation Times

We present direct comparisons between simulated crystal-nucleation times and theoretical predictions using a model of aluminum, and demonstrate that a quantitative prediction can be made. All relevant thermodynamic properties of the system are known, making the agreement of our simulation data with nucleation theories free of any adjustable parameters. The role of transient nucleation is included in the classical nucleation theory approach, and shown to be necessary to understand the observed nucleation times. The calculations provide an explanation on why nucleation is difficult to observe in simulations at moderate undercoolings. Even when the simulations are significantly larger than the critical nucleus, and when simulation times are sufficiently long, at moderate undercoolings the small concentration of critical nuclei makes the probability of the nucleation low in molecular dynamics simulations.
Dissociation of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α studied by gel permeation chromatography

Abstract The structure of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was studied using gel permeation chromatography. At an initial protein concentration of 0.4 mg/ml, the TNF-α exists as a compact trimer with a Stokes radius of 2.3 ± 0.1 nm. This trimer dissociates as the protein concentration is decreased, and this dissociation is effected by pH. At the lower protein concentrations at pH 6.0 a species with a Stokes radius of 1.9 ± 0.1 nm, possibly monomer, is evident. This species is not obvious at pH 7.0, but instead a species with a Stokes radius of 2.2 ± 0.1 nm appears.
396 SELECTIVE SYSTEMIC VASOCONSTRICTION WITH PRESERVED CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING GBS-INDUCED PULMONARY HYPER TENSION IN PIGLETS: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO PPHN?

Pharmacologic therapy directed at selectively lowering pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) has been largely unsuccessful. As an alternative approach, we have modelled PPHN in septic piglets, and achieved selective elevation of systemic blood pressure (BP) while preserving cardiac output (CO). Piglets (n=4) were anaesthetized, intubated, and ventilated. BP, PAP, and CO were measured directly and continuously. Pulmonary hypertension was induced by intravenous infusion of serotype Ib Group B Streptococci (GBS) @ approximately 5 × 107 organisms/kg/min. After 30 minutes of GBS infusion, PAP had risen by 225 ± 972 (S.D;), CO fell by 32 ± 7%, (both p < 0.01) and BP fell by 1 ± 6% (p = N.S.). While GBS continued, infusions of Nitroglycerin (NG) @ 16 mcg/kg/min plus Epinephrine (EPI) @ 2 mcg/kg/min were begun. After 1 hour of NG + EPI, BP had risen by 41 ± 18% (p < 0.01), while PAP fell by 3 ± 18% and CO fell by 18 ± 24% (both p = N.S.). Conclusions: 1) PPHN can be modelled by GBS infusion in piglets. 2) NG + EPI selectively elevated BP without raising PAP in this model. 3) NG + EPI induced selective elevation of systemic BP without significantly decreasing CO. 4) Selective systemic vasoconstriction with preserved CO may be a feasible strategy for human infants with PPHN.
Mast-Cell Heterogeneity: Functional Comparison of Purified Mouse Cutaneous and Peritoneal Mast Cells

To investigate the functional heterogeneity of mouse mast cells, we extracted and purified cutaneous and peritoneal mast cells from 10- to 18-week-old BALB/c mice and compared their responses to secretagogues. Cutaneous mast cells (CMC) were extracted from mouse ears after digestion with hyaluronidase and collagenase in MEM containing 25% fetal calf serum and purified on a discontinuous Percoll gradient. The histamine content of cells obtained from the 30/40% interface was 1.0 +/- 0.1 pg/cell (mean +/- SE), with a mast-cell purity of 68.6 +/- 4.4% and a viability of greater than 93%. Peritoneal mast cells (PMC) were obtained by lavage with modified Tyrode's buffer followed by purification on 22.5% and 3-9% metrizamide gradients. The histamine content of cells was 12.2 +/- 0.8 pg/cell, with a mast-cell purity of 95.9 +/- 0.6% and a viability of greater than 95%. Histamine release induced by A23187 from CMC peaked at 3.0 microM A23187 (19.1 +/- 4.2%), at 3.0 min (22.3 +/- 2.3%), and at 30 degrees C (17.6 +/- 2.6%). In contrast, histamine release from PMC peaked at 8.0 microM of A23187 (49.4 +/- 12.1%) and at 15.0 min (48.5 +/- 12.2%). Release of histamine from PMC was observed at all the temperatures tested from 22 to 45 degrees C. Histamine release from CMC and PMC induced by A23187 was calcium dependent. Histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from CMC peaked at 0.5 micrograms/ml of compound 48/80 (23.0 +/- 7.4%) and at 5.0 min incubation (16.3 +/- 2.0%), whereas release from PMC peaked at 10.0 micrograms/ml (31.9 +/- 2.6%); release from PMC was similar at all the time points examined (1-15 min). Histamine release induced by substance P (SP) from both CMC and PMC peaked at 5.0 microM (18.8 +/- 6.6% and 12.6 +/- 3.7%, respectively); however, the maximal release from CMC occurred at 3.0 min (18.2 +/- 3.2%) and from PMC at 30.0 min (11.4 +/- 2.0%). SP-induced histamine release from CMC was calcium dependent, whereas release from PMC was only partially inhibited by EDTA. This study demonstrated that functional heterogeneity exists between these two populations of mast cells.
Factor Analysis of the Parent Experience of Racial Socialization Scale

This investigation examined the factor structure and validity evidence for the Parent Experience of Racial Socialization Scale (PERS). Exploratory factor analysis found four interpretable factors a...
The risk of subsequent fractures in community-dwelling men and male veterans with hip fracture.

More than one-third of the 300,000 hip fractures that occur each year among the elderly in the United States occur in men, with a rate in white men of approximately 19 per 1,000 person-years (1). The 1-year mortality after hip fracture is up to 33%, and there are also substantial economic, functional, and psychological burdens (2–9). However, little is known about the risk of subsequent fractures in these men. We hypothesized that men with hip fractures would have a significantly greater rate of subsequent skeletal fractures than men of the same age without hip fracture.
A genealogy of queer theory

Series Foreword - Robert Dawidoff Acknowledgments Introduction: The Proliferation of Queers 1. Foucault Didn't Know What He Was Doing, and Neither Do I 2. I Am the Very Model of the Modern Homosexual: Gay Male Historians and the History of Sexuality 3. Gender Difference: Feminist Scholars on the Truth of Gender and Sexuality 4. Shrinking History: Queer Theory, Psychoanalysis, and Genealogy 5. A Georgia Sodomite in King Henry's Court: The Rhetorical History of "Homosexuality" in Law and Politics Conclusion: On the Cost of Telling the Truth Notes Bibliography Index
Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and NADPH oxidase in lead-induced hypertension.

Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and NADPH oxidase in lead-induced hypertension. Background Earlier studies from this laboratory have revealed the presence of oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of lead-induced hypertension (HTN). We have further shown evidence of increased hydroxyl radical (·OH) and superoxide production in lead-treated rats and cultured endothelial cells. This study was designed to determine whether oxidative stress in animals with lead-induced HTN is associated with dysregulation of the main antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) or increased superoxide producing enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase [NAD(P)H]. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to lead-exposed and control groups. Animals in the lead-exposed group were provided with drinking water containing 100 ppm lead acetate for 12 weeks. The control group was provided with regular drinking water. At the conclusion of the experiment, immunodetectable Cu Zn SOD, Mn SOD, CAT, GPX and gp 91 phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase were determined by Western analysis in the kidney, brain and left ventricle of control and lead-exposed rats. Subgroups of the study animals were treated with IV infusion (180 μmol/kg/h) of the superoxide trapping agent, tempol, and arterial pressure and urinary nitric oxide (NO) metabolite (NO x ) excretion were determined. Results Lead exposure for 12 weeks resulted in a marked rise in systolic blood pressure, a significant reduction in urinary NO x excretion, a significant increase in kidney and brain Cu, Zn SOD, a significant increase in brain and insignificant increase in kidney and heart gp 91 phox. In contrast, Mn SOD, CAT and GPX in the kidney, brain and left ventricle were unchanged. Incubation with lead acetate did not alter SOD activity in vitro. Infusion of tempol significantly lowered arterial pressure and raised urinary NO x excretion in the lead-exposed group (but had no effect in the control group) pointing to increased superoxide production in the lead-exposed animals. Conclusion Animals with lead-induced hypertension exhibited oxidative stress which was associated with mild up-regulation of superoxide-generating enzyme, NAD(P)H oxidase, with no evidence of quantitative SOD, CAT or GPX deficiencies.
Antibiotic-Resistant Organisms Cultured from Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Inhabiting Estuarine Waters of Charleston, SC and Indian River Lagoon, FL

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from estuarine waters of Indian River Lagoon, FL (IRL) and Charleston, SC (CHS) were cultured to screen for microorganism colonization and to assess antibiotic sensitivity. Swabs (n = 909) were collected from the blowhole, gastric fluid, and feces of 171 individual dolphins The most frequently cultured organisms were Plesiomonas shigelloides (n = 161), Aeromonas hydrophila (n = 144), Escherichia coli (n = 85), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (n = 82). In descending frequency, organisms demonstrated resistance to erythromycin, ampicillin, and cephalothin. Human and animal pathogens resistant to antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine were cultured. Escherichia coli (E. coli) more often was resistant in IRL dolphins. Three cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were found at CHS. Emergence of antibiotic resistance is not confined to humans. Bottlenose dolphins may serve as sentinels for transfer of resistance from humans and animals or indicate that antibiotics are reaching the marine environment and causing resistance to emerge through selective pressure and genetic adaptation.
Adsorption Characteristics of Sol-Gel Gd–Pd/TiO2 Catalysts in Reduction of Nitric Oxide with CH4: DRIFTS and TPD

Abstract Palladium and gadolinium–palladium catalysts supported on titania were studied for the catalytic reduction of NO by CH 4 . In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to identify adsorbed species under NO, NO+CH 4 , and NO+CH 4 +O 2 flows. NO adsorption resulted in formation of various nitrogen-oxo adspecies such as bridged/bidentate nitrate, monodentate nitrate, nitro, and linear NO. The thermal stability of these species is examined and related to the NO desorption features observed in temperature-programmed-desorption profiles. Even at room temperature, CH 4 was found to adsorb on the surface and hinder the NO adsorption. The Pd 0 sites were essential for dissociative adsorption of methane. Under conditions where the catalyst was fully active for NO reduction, NH 3 was seen to form as molecularly adsorbed species on Lewis acid sites. It appears that hydrogen abstraction from methane is a prerequisite for the formation of NH x species, which are believed to act as a reducing agent for adsorbed NO, although direct interaction of nitro/nitroso species with surface CH x remains a possibility. The Gd addition was found to change the catalytic chemistry significantly, possibly due to its high electropositivity, which helps stabilize the electron density at the Pd sites.
A biomechanical model of artery buckling

The stability of arteries under blood pressure load is essential to the maintenance of normal arterial function and the loss of stability can lead to tortuosity and kinking that are associated with significant clinical complications. However, mechanical analysis of arterial bent buckling is lacking. To address this issue, this paper presents a biomechanical model of arterial buckling. Using an elastic cylindrical arterial model, the mechanical equations for arterial buckling were developed and the critical buckling pressure was found to be a function of the wall stiffness (Young's modulus), arterial radius, length, wall thickness, and the axial strain. Both the model equations and experimental results demonstrated that the critical pressure is related to the axial strain. Arteries may buckle and become tortuous due to reduced (subphysiological) axial strain, hypertensive pressure, and a weakened wall. These results are in accordance with, and provide a possible explanation to the clinical observations that hypertension and aging are the risk factors for arterial tortuosity and kinking. The current model is also applicable to veins and ureters.
Incidence of ceramic liner malseating in Trident acetabular shell.

The low wear rates associated with ceramic hip articulations have made them a popular bearing for younger patients. Although few complications have been observed, one report revealed several instances of incomplete seating of the ceramic liner in the metallic shell. We performed a cohort study of consecutive THAs using a ceramic-ceramic bearing. Radiographic analysis showed 50 (7.2%) of the group of 694 hips had evidence of incomplete seating of the liner in the metallic shell. Although we observed no adverse effects at 6 to 12 weeks, we encourage surgeons to carefully assess liner placement in the metal shell at the time of surgery to avoid this unintended consequence and to assess placement at the time of followup so patients can be properly followed when incomplete seating is identified. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Naturalism and the problem of moral knowledge

A partir de la typologie du realisme moral, partage entre intuitionnisme et reductionnisme, puis entre objectivisme et relativisme, l'A. montre que seule la version du reductionnisme critiquee par G.E. Moore permet une connaissance empirique des propositions morales sans recours a l'intuition.
The impact of synaptic depression following brain damage: A connectionist account of “access/refractory” and “degraded-store” semantic impairments

Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Neuropsychological studies of patients with acquired semantic impairments have yielded two distinct and contrasting patterns of performance in a spoken-word/picture-matching task (Warrington & Cipolotti, 1996). Patients labeled access/refractory are strongly influenced by presentation rate, semantic relatedness of distractors, and repetition, yet they seem relatively unaffected by lexical frequency. Degraded-store patients, on the other hand, are strongly affected by lexical frequency but are less affected by presentation rate, semantic relatedness, or repetition. Our account of these patterns of performance is based on the distinction between two different types of neurological damage: (1) damage to neuromodulatory systems that function to amplify neural signals while suppressing normal refractory-like effects and (2) damage to connections between groups of neurons that encode semantic information and are sensitive to frequency/familiarity. We present a connectionist model that learns to map spoken-word input to semantic representations and that incorporates a particular form of neural refractoriness referred to as synaptic depression, as well as a simple form of neuromodulation. We show that the model is capable of accounting for the contrasting patterns of semantic impairment under these two different forms of damage and, furthermore, demonstrate how it is capable of handling several documented cases that are exceptions to the basic patterns of impairment. Several predictions and limitations of the present model are discussed.
Overhang Test Structure Deposition Profiles of Pulsed Plasma Fluorocarbon Films from Hexafluoropropylene Oxide, 1,1,2,2‐Tetrafluorethane, and Difluoromethane

Films from pulsed plasmas of hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (C 2 H 2 F 4 ), and difluoromethane (CH 2 F 2 ) were deposited onto overhang test structures to investigate the different film formation mechanisms. Four growth mechanisms were considered: direct or ion-induced deposition, low-pressure CVD (LPCVD) from neutral species, redeposition, and sputtering. All of the films investigated were dominated by direct or ion-induced deposition, but the role of the other mechanisms varied with both pulse conditions and precursor choice. Growth from continuous plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) from HFPO showed significant sputtering but little LPCVD or redeposition. The opposite behavior resulted from pulsed HFPO plasma films, which showed considerable contributions from LPCVD and redeposition growth, but no obvious sputtering. As with the pulsed HFPO films, 10/100 pulsed plasma films from C 2 H 2 F 4 and CH 2 F 2 also exhibit LPCVD and redeposition growth, but little sputtering. However, redeposition was found to play a smaller role in the HFPO system than that of the other two precursors. The similarity of the C 2 H 2 F 4 and CH 2 F 2 film profiles can be attributed to their similar pulsed plasma chemistries, whereas the non-hydrofluorocarbon HFPO has a significantly different pulsed plasma chemistry, and therefore a different profile. In all cases, systematic trends in the film growth profiles were observed with the dimension of the opening separating the two cantilevers of the test structure. Tensile stress on the order of 1.3 GPa was observed for the continuous HFPO film, whereas compressive stresses of -1.2 and -1.8 GPa were seen in the C 2 H 2 F 4 and CH 2 F 2 films, respectively.