cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
If One Doesn’t Get You Another One Will Formerly Incarcerated Persons’ Perceptions of Discrimination

Research on prisoner reentry has largely neglected the perspective of formerly incarcerated persons concerning the stigma and discrimination they face in society. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by examining whether formerly incarcerated persons perceive themselves to be discriminated against due to their membership in 10 disadvantaged groups, and if these perceptions are related to self-esteem. The findings indicate the vast majority of men and women feel discriminated against for one reason, with most indicating multiple reasons. Moreover, the findings provide support for past research indicating that perceptions of discrimination are negatively related to self-esteem.
Spectro-temporal studies of XeCl excimer laser-induced arterial wall fluorescence

We report on spectro-temporal fluorescence studies of cadaver femoral arterial walls at different stages in the progression of atherosclerosis. After excitation with a Xe-Cl excimer pulse, the time course of the fluorescence spectrum was recorded over time, and time-resolved multispectral analysis was performed. Then, under the assumption of linearity, we derived a linear spectro-temporal kernel (a weighting function) which describes the temporal behavior of the fluorescence process independently of the pulse width of the photoexcitation. The data analysis revealed both static and dynamic fluorescence characteristics which exhibited a good correlation with histological findings.
Protein expression of brain endothelial cell E-cadherin after hypoxia/aglycemia: influence of astrocyte contact.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from any changes in homeostasis brought about by pathological conditions. Cerebrovascular permeability is an important factor in the development of cerebral edema following stroke [M. Plateel, E. Teissier, R. Cecchelli, Hypoxia, dramatically increases the nonspecific transport of blood-borne proteins to the brain. J. Neurochem. 68 (1997) 874-877] and any changes in its function can have detrimental neurological consequences. Recently, research has shown that an in vitro model of the BBB is sensitive to short exposures of hypoxia/aglycemia and that changes in endothelial cell calcium flux may be responsible for structural and functional variations in the BBB during ischemic stress [T.J. Abbruscato, T.P. Davis, Combination of hypoxia/aglycemia compromises in vitro BBB. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 289 (1999) 668-675]. Present experiments investigated bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell (BBMEC) expression of a Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, which has been shown to be important for blood-brain barrier function [D. Pal, K.L. Audus, T.J. Siahaan, Modulation of cellular adhesion in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells by a decapeptide. Brain Research 747 (1997) 103-113]. Since it is believed that astrocyte-endothelial cell interaction is crucial for maintenance of in vivo BBB characteristics, we have attempted to optimize our isolation and culturing techniques to produce a reliable, in vitro model of the BBB that is suitable to study pathological conditions. Immunofluoresence experiments showed positive staining for E-cadherin, yet failed to show any change in cellular distribution of E-cadherin upon hypoxic/aglycemic exposure. In addition, culturing BBMECs with C6 conditioned medium (CM) had no effect on the localization of E-cadherin. Western blotting experiments showed that BBMECs express E-cadherin and this protein is decreased in a time dependent manner after various hypoxic/aglycemic exposures when endothelial cells are cultured alone or with C6 astrogliomas grown on a separate culture surface. When C6 astrocytes are grown directly opposed to endothelial cells, with a porous membrane between, we observed a slight attenuation in the decreased BBMEC expression of E-Cadherin after hypoxia/aglycemia exposure. This work has shown that the mammalian brain endothelial/astrocyte co-culture system is a useful model for studies of pathological conditions where BBB characteristics are maintained.
Trehalase from the dormant spore ofDictyostelium discoideum

Abstract Following purification of dormant spores of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum , trehalase (α,-α′-trehalose-1- d -glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.28) activity was solubilized by a freeze-thaw cycle followed by passage of the crude homogenate through a French pressure cell. Enzyme specific activity for spore trehalase was 1.8 nmol/min/mg, a value no greater than 10% of that observed for the crude myxamoebal enzyme. Assay of samples of myxamoebal and spore enzyme singly and after they were mixed together resulted in values additive for trehalase activity from the two cell types. Enzymatic activity was stable to repeated freeze-thaw cycles, storage at 6°C, and temperatures up to about 50°C. Based upon analysis of kinetic data with Arrhenius plots, theQ 10 and energy of activation were estimated (between 30 and 40°C) as 1.95 and 12.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The pH and temperature optima for maximal activity were 5.5 and 46 to 50°C, respectively. The apparentK m for spore trehalase was 1.2 m M trehalose as estimated from Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plots of initial velocity data versus substrate concentration. Electrophoretic characterization of the spore enzyme indicated the presence of a single peak of trehalase and that the latter had a relative mobility equal to that of the enzyme purified from vegetative myxamoebae (i.e., isozyme I). The developmentally regulated form of trehalase, i.e., isozyme II, was not detectable.
The Relationship between Knowledge and Child and Caregiver Distress during the Medical Examination for Child Sexual Abuse

When child sexual abuse is suspected, a child sexual abuse–related medical examination is recommended to ensure the child's well-being. While the extant research has sought to identify factors influencing child distress during this examination, only recently have studies began examining variables that may be directly associated with the child or with the medical setting. Knowledge of the child sexual abuse–related medical examination is one medical-related variable that has been implicated in child and caregiver distress during the examination. The current study contributes to the existing literature by investigating associations among examination knowledge in relation to caregiver and child anxiety at the time of a child sexual abuse–related medical examination, taking into account ethnicity, past child abuse, injury to child as result of abuse, and caregiver response to disclosure. Sixty-eight children and their nonoffending caregiver were assessed. Results indicated that understanding of the examinatio...
Environmental temperature modulates the rate of synthesis of egg-laying hormone inAplysia

Synthesis of egg-laying hormone by the neuroendocrine bag cells ofAplysia californica is approximately twofold higher in summer than in winter. To determine whether this seasonal variation in peptide synthesis is triggered by seasonal variations in ocean temperature, animals were obtained at various times of the year and held for prolonged periods at either 15 or 20°C prior to measuring hormone synthesis. Rates of synthesis in winter animals held at 20°C began to increase after two weeks, reaching a level twice that of 15°C animals by six weeks. Cooling to 15°C blocked the rise in hormone synthesis that normally occurs between May and June and reduced synthesis in summer animals to values typical of winter. It is concluded that the seasonal modulation of neurohormone synthesis is due to changes in environmental temperature.
PEM fuel cell current regulation by fuel feed control

Abstract We demonstrate that the power output from a PEM fuel cell can be directly regulated by limiting the hydrogen feed to the fuel cell. Regulation is accomplished by varying the internal resistance of the membrane–electrode assembly in a self-draining fuel cell with the effluents connected to water reservoirs. The fuel cell functionally operates as a dead-end design where no gas flows out of the cell and water is permitted to flow in and out of the gas flow channel. The variable water level in the flow channel regulates the internal resistance of the fuel cell. The hydrogen and oxygen (or air) feeds are set directly to stoichiometrically match the current, which then control the water level internal to the fuel cell. Standard PID feedback control of the reactant feeds has been incorporated to speed up the system response to changes in load. With dry feeds of hydrogen and oxygen, 100% hydrogen utilization is achieved with 130% stoichiometric feed on the oxygen. When air was substituted for oxygen, 100% hydrogen utilization was achieved with stoichiometric air feed. Current regulation is limited by the size of the fuel cell (which sets a minimum internal impedance), and the dynamic range of the mass flow controllers. This type of regulation could be beneficial for small fuel cell systems where recycling unreacted hydrogen may be impractical.
Selection of stably transfected cells expressing a high level of fetal muscle nicotinic receptors.

We had earlier found that the numbers of mouse muscle nicotinic receptors expressed on the surface of individual cells of a stably transfected clonal line of quail fibroblasts varied from cell to cell (Kopta and Steinbach: J Neurosci 14:3922–3933, 1994). We have now used repeated selective passages of these clonal cells to produce a population of cells which expresses a greater and more uniform number of surface receptors per cell. The increased level is stable over many cell divisions, and over many half-lives for the metabolic degradation of the surface receptors. Selection was performed by adhesion to a surface coated with a monoclonal antibody to a surface epitope on the muscle receptor, followed by expansion of the most tightly attached population of cells. Studies of the selected cells show that the surface receptors contain all four subunits of the muscle nicotinic receptor, and the functional properties of the receptors appear normal. The metabolic stability of the surface receptors is not altered, while the amount of mRNA for the subunits is increased in the selected population of cells. These observations indicate that the more likely reason for increased expression is a transcriptional effect, and that translational or posttranslational changes are unlikely. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
19F nuclear magnetic resonance observations of aldehyde dismutation catalyzed by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase

Abstract We have examined aspects of the second catalytic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver (LADH), which involves an apparent dismutation of an aldehyde substrate into alcohol and acid in the presence of LADH and NAD. Using the substrate p-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde, we have observed various bound complexes by 19F NMR in an effort to further characterize the mechanism of the reaction. The mechanism appears to involve the catalytic activity of LADH · NAD · aldehyde complex which reacts to form an enzyme · NADH · acid complex. The affinity of the acid product for LADH · NADH is weak and the acid product readily desorbs from the ternary complex. The resulting LADH · NADH can then react with a second molecule of aldehyde to form NAD and the corresponding alcohol. The result is the conversion of two molecules of aldehyde to one each of acid and alcohol, with LADH and NAD acting catalytically. This sequence of reactions can also explain the slow formation of acid product observed when alcohol and NAD are incubated with the enzyme.
A Doctor's Response to Torture

Stepping off the plane in an unfamiliar country, jet-lagged, and unable to speak a word of the native language, I was a little disoriented. I met my patient at the hotel in less than an hour of my ...
A Synoptic Perspective of the Record 1-2 May 2010 Mid-South Heavy Precipitation Event

aMERICaN METEOROLOGICaL SOCIETy | 611 AffiliAtions: Durkee, Campbell, berry, JorDan, GooDriCh, mahmooD, anD Foster—Meteorology Program, Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky Corresponding Author: Joshua D. Durkee, Department of Geography and Geology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY 42101 E-mail: joshua.durkee@wku.edu
Asymptotic oscillator tracking performance analysis for distributed massive MIMO systems

This paper considers the problem of estimating and tracking channels in a distributed transmission system with N t transmit nodes and N r receive nodes. Since each node in the distributed transmission system has an independent local oscillator, the effective channel between each transmit node and each receive node has time-varying phase and frequency offsets which much be tracked and predicted to facilitate coherent transmission. This paper presents a unified state-space model in which a single node aggregates all of the observations and tracks all of the channel states in the system. To quantify the performance of this tracking system, the steady-state prediction covariance is analyzed. Since the dimension of the prediction covariance matrix grows proportionally to the product N t N r , the resulting discrete-time algebraic Riccati equation is difficult to solve for large systems, e.g., distributed massive MIMO systems. It is shown, however, that the structure of the dynamic model allows the steady-state prediction covariance to be efficiently calculated irrespective of the number of transmit and receive nodes. An asymptotic analysis is also presented for systems with a large number of transmit and receive nodes with closed-from results for all of the elements in the asymptotic prediction covariance as a function of the carrier frequency, oscillator parameters, and channel measurement period. Numeric results confirm the analysis and demonstrate the effect of the oscillator parameters on the ability of the distributed transmission system to achieve coherent transmission.
Low-frequency Korotkoff signal analysis and application

The low frequency (LF) components of the Korotkoff signal are recorded, analyzed, and applied in the derivation of blood pressure estimates. The LF components are found to be the dominant feature of the Korotkoff signal throughout the entire occlusive cuff deflation cycle, and a sharp rise in the energy of these components is found to correlate with the occurrence of systolic pressure. This feature is applied in 2 separate energy thresholding algorithms which produce estimates of systolic blood pressure which correlate well (r=0.907 and r=0.938) with those systolic pressure derived via the auscultatory technique. >
Note on the Quantum-Mechanical Theory of Measurement

In recent notes by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen and by Bohr, attention has been called to the fact that certain results of quantum mechanics are not to be reconciled with the assumption that a system has independently real properties as soon as it is free from mechanical interference. We here investigate in general, and in abstract terms, the extent of this disagreement. When suitably formulated, such an assumption gives to certain types of questions the same answers as does quantum mechanics; this is true of the formulas usually given in discussions of the theory of measurement. There exists, however, a general class of cases in which contradictions occur. That such contradictions are not restricted to the abstract mathematical theory, but can be realized in the commonest physical terms, is shown by the working out of an example..
Toward A Framework for Sustainable Cyber-Physical Energy Systems: Frequency Regulation Revisited

Abstract In this paper we propose a possible framework for sustainable cyber-physical energy systems. Given any physical ecological system and its social governance which defines its objectives, the two combined represent a Socio-Ecological System (SES). Motivated by the general SES framework for sustainability proposed by a recent Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom, we define a Socio-Ecological Energy System (SEES) framework first, its core variables and second-order variables whose characteristics can be used to assess the likelyhood of an SEES being sustainable. We then propose that such system can be greatly shaped by directly embedding cyber into its core variables, resources, governance and users. However, due to vast spatial dispersion of core variables and their poor mobility, it is not possible to align the second-order variables within an SEES without engineering a network system, both physical and cyber. This leads to introducing the taxonomy of deeper-order variables and interaction variables relevant for modeling the physical system. The objectives of cyber system design are to use sensing, communications, computing and control to coordinate the physical interactions variables to best align temporal and spatial characteristics of the core variables. Examples of several qualitatively different SEES architectures are shown in support of the main conjecture in this paper that not all architectures need the same cyber. Cyber, as everything else, must be designed with clear objectives. Recent trends toward smart grids are discussed using the proposed taxonomy. Simple examples are shown to illustrate the type of sensing and observation required by the controllers to ensure pre-defined performance. The inter-dependencies between the complexity of observation and control, on one side, and the performance are illustrated in light of frequency regulation for qualitatively different power grid architectures.
Clinical outcomes after treating acute coronary syndrome patients with a drug-eluting stent: results from REWARDS-EMI (Endeavor for Myocardial Infarction Registry).

Abstract Background Drug-eluting stents have shown promising clinical results in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of Endeavor® zotarolimus-eluting stent (EZES) implantation in an ACS population and to compare these results with those obtained in patients treated with sirolimus-eluting (SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES). Methods This prospective study included 1481 consecutive ACS patients (72% myocardial infarction, age 65 ± 13 years, 62% male) treated with a drug-eluting stent: (SES, n = 925; PES, n = 417; EZES, n = 139). The primary end point was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 2 years, defined as the composite of death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization. Two-year follow-up was obtained in all patients. Results Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were mostly similar. Unadjusted 2-year MACE and death rates were lower in the EZES group than in the SES and PES groups (MACE: 18.7% vs. 25.3% vs. 30.2%, p = 0.02; death: 10.1% vs. 16.4% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.002, respectively). The rate of definite stent thrombosis at 2 years was lower in the EZES group without statistically significant difference (0.7% vs. 2.9% SES vs. 1.7% PES, p = 0.16). After adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics, EZES use was an independent correlate for 2-year MACE (vs. SES, hazard ratio 0.65, p = 0.049; vs. PES, hazard ratio 0.57, p = 0.01). Conclusion In an ACS patient population, a lower long-term MACE rate was observed in patients treated with an EZES when compared to treatment with first-generation drug-eluting stents. The use of EZES in contemporary practice has excellent long-term outcome in terms of low rates of revascularization and clinical events.
Excess mortality of girls in the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s: patterns, correlates and gaps in research.

Abstract. Comparative research on girls' excess mortality in the Middle East is rare. Estimates from the United Nations suggest that absolute excess mortality of girls was not universal in the 1970s and was uncommon by the 1980s. Compared with historical Northwest Europe at similar levels of boys' under-five mortality, however, girls' under-five mortality was high in both periods. Studies of the allocation of food and health care suggest that parents invested less and provided less curative care to girls than boys where girls' excess mortality was greatest. Urbanization and women's relative economic opportunity account for much of the variation in relative mortality. Unexplained excess mortality of girls in the Middle East compared with historical Northwest Europe may be attributable to differences in socio-cultural, political, and economic systems that influence the forms of discrimination exercised against girls; however, inadequate measurement of these variables limits their consideration in comparativ...
Surface diffusion of stearic acid on aluminum oxide

By means of infrared internal reflection spectroscopy we measured the time dependence of the surface concentration of stearic acid molecules over a well defined region of the surface. The molecules were diffusing into this region from a source comprising a compressed monolayer or bulk crystalline material outside the field of view. By these measurements in conjunction with solutions to the diffusion equations we determined the diffusion coefficient Ds of stearic acid on the (0001) plane of α-alumina. We also determined the dependence of Ds upon the amount of water coadsorbed on the surface. When the surface was free of reversibly adsorbed water, Ds had a value of about 2 × 10−7 cm2/s. As the surface coverage of coadsorbed water increased to about a monolayer Ds increased to a maximum value of about 4 × 10−5 cm2/s. With further additions of surface water Ds then decreased and became less than 10−8 cm2/s at coverages slightly less than about two monolayers. In the region of its maximum value the temperature dependence of Ds indicated an activation energy for the diffusion process of about 26 kcal/mole.
Steady-state motion of a plate with a discontinuous mass

Abstract An “exact” solution employing the normal mode approach is presented for the steady-state motion of a plate of arbitrary shape and with arbitrary boundary conditions that is provided with a discontinuous mass. The plate is viscously damped and the excitation is furnished in the form of distributed and/or concentrated loads that vary sinusoidally. The rigid mass, which may act as a vibration damper, can be applied to any point in the structure. Experimental studies with a mechanical model corroborate the theoretical results. Results of the analysis are applied to cantilever and simply-supported square plates subjected to base excitation and discrete loads. The effects of all system parameters, including damper location and mass ratio, mode shapes, viscous damping, and excitation frequency are determined. It is found that the system under consideration is an efficient device for reducing the vibration of plates, particularly cantilevered ones.
Separable polynomials over finite dimensional algebras

In [5] it was shown that for a polynomial P of precise degree n with coefficients in an arbitrary m-ary algebra of dimension d as a vector space over an algebraically closed fields, the zeros of P together with the homogeneous zeros of the dominant part of P form a set of cardinality nd or the cardinality of the base field. We investigate polynomials with coefficients in a d dimensional algebra A without assuming the base field k to be algebraically closed. Separable polynomials are defined to be those which have exactly nd distinct zeros in [Ktilde] ⨷k A [Ktilde] where [Ktilde] denotes an algebraic closure of k. The main result states that given a separable polynomial of degree n, the field extension L of minimal degree over k for which L ⨷k A contains all nd zeros is finite Galois over k. It is shown that there is a non empty Zariski open subset in the affine space of all d-dimensional k algebras whose elements A have the following property: In the affine space of polynomials of precise degree n with co...
DUCHESS: a high level information system

The amount of time which has elapsed between Liebritz's first theoretical description of a computing machine and today's commonplace use of digital computers as extensions of Man's intellectual faculties is a little more than three hundred years. This period has witnessed the birth and death of many trends in the art of mechanical computing, some no more than fads and others becoming established as fundamental truths which are now accepted as axioms of computer science. One of the most firmly established of these latter trends is the quest for generality. As early as 1833, Charles Babbage discerned that in the ideal computing machine, the human operator should have completely flexible control not only over the data to be processed, but also over the algorithms.
Effects of food deprivation, age, time of day, and gamma irradiation on attraction of Mexican fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to two synthetic lures in a wind tunnel

The physiological condition of Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) affected their attraction to 2 similar but qualitatively different synthetic lures in wind-tunnel bioassays. The 2 lures were BioLure (ammonium acetate and putrescine) and AMPu (ammonium carbonate, methylamine HCl, and putrescine). Effects of food deprivation on attraction to the lures were smaller than the effects of sex, time of day, and irradiation. Sugar-fed, protein-starved flies were attracted more strongly than other hunger-status groups to the lures. Sugar-starved, protein-starved females were less responsive than other groups of females to AMPu. Protein-starved males were more responsive than protein-fed males to BioLure. Females were nearly twice as responsive as males to the lures. Both lures were more attractive to females early and late in the photophase and more attractive to males during midphotophase. Gamma irradiation of flies greatly reduced their attraction to both lures. Fly age from 6 to 17 d after eclosion had little effect on attraction to the lures. AMPu was more than twice as attractive as BioLure summed over all wind-tunnel experiments. A field test using BioLure and AMPu on sticky traps confirmed the greater attractiveness of AMPu to laboratory-colony flies.
The Contribution of Structural Disorder to Diffuse Phase-Transitions in Ferroelectrics

Simple crystal-chemical arguments were used to suggest that in the ferroelectric perovskite lead-scanium-tantalate (PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3) the B-site cations in this simple ABO3 structure should be close to the boundary between order and disorder. Both polycrystal ceramic and single crystal materials of this composition have been grown. In this study X-ray powder diffraction is used to identify the strong superlattice reflections associated with the ordering of scandium and tantalum ions in the B-site, and to demonstrate quantitatively how the degree of ordering can be modified by suitable thermal treatment. Thermal changes associated with the ferroelectric Curie temperature have been measured by differential scanning calorimetry and show very clearly the manner in which the diffuse (broadened) transition in this crystal is sharpened by increase in the B-cation ordering.
Synergistic Application of Four Remedial Techniques at an Industrial Site

The soil and ground water at a General Motors plant site were contaminated with petroleum products from leaking underground storage tanks. Based on the initial assessment, the site was complex from the standpoint of geology (clay layers), hydrology (a recharge zone with a perched water table), and contaminant (approximately 4800 gallons of mixed gasoline and oil). After a thorough study of remedial alternatives, a synergistic remedial approach was adopted including pump and treat, product removal, vapor extraction, and bioventing. The system was designed and implemented at the site through 22 dual-extraction wells. Over a 21-month period, 4400 gallons of gasoline and oil were removed from the system, including 59 percent by vapor extraction, 28 percent by bioventing, and 13 percent by pump and treat. Synergism between the various remedial methods was demonstrated clearly. Ground water pump and treat lowered the water table, allowing air to flow for vapor extraction. The vacuum applied for vapor extraction increased the ground water removal rate and the efficiency of pump and treat. The vapor extraction system also added oxygen to the soil to stimulate aerobic biodegradation.
Evaluation of 3-D feature relating positional error

Position tolerance is a three dimensional geometric specification used to control the location of features of size with respect to a set of datum features or with respect to each other. Among features of size, hole is perhaps most frequently encountered in the production of industrial parts. To control the relationship between a set of holes, feature relating position tolerance (referred to as FRTZ) is used. FRTZ is applied to ensure proper assembly between mating parts. Assessment of feature relating positional error is a difficult task due to the absence of a datum reference frame whose function is to impose translational and rotational constraints on the part. Existing techniques for the assessment of FRTZ are either too expensive, or time consuming and inaccurate. This paper presents a mathematical model of three-dimensional feature-relating positional error and proposes a sound methodology for its evaluation. The results of performance analysis indicate that the proposed methodology is robust, accurate and efficient. The procedure has been implemented in a computer-aided inspection system.
UHV microscopy of the reconstructed Au(001) surface

Abstract We investigate the microstructure of the reconstructed Au(001) surface using ultra-high vacuum transmission electron microscopy (UHV-TEM). Bulk single crystal Au(001) surfaces were prepared via standard metallographic techniques followed by repetitive cleaning of the surface with ion milling and annealing. After a clean surface was obtained, the (001) surface was found to reconstruct into two nearly orthogonal domains of dimensions (5 × n ) where n ranges between 15 and 21. The unit cell vectors of the surface cell are parallel to the 〈110〉 directions of the unreconstructed fcc (001) surface. Analysis of the diffuse scattering and dark field micrographs indicates that the surface is sheared with a complicated domain and periodicity structure which depends upon the local geometry of the substrate.
Lectin histochemical localization of galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine in glycoconjugates of the rat vomeronasal organ, with comparison to the olfactory and septal mucosae.

The localization of α-D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine sugar residues of glycoconjugates in the vomeronasal organ, olfactory mucosa, and septal organ in the nasal mucosae of rats was investigated using lectinohistochemical techniques combined with bright-field, epifluorescence, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Glycoconjugates in the mucomicrovillar complex of the vomeronasal organ contained all the sugar residues investigated, whereas glycoconjugates in the mucociliary complex of the olfactory mucosa and septal organ contained only N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Vomeronasal receptor neurons expressed glycoconjugates with terminal α-D-galactose and β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, whereas olfactory and septal receptor neurons expressed glycoconjugates with only N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. Secretory granules of glands of the vomeronasal organ contained glycoconjugates with terminal α-D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, whereas those of the Bowman's glands and glands of septal organ contained glycoconjugates with only internal N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. The results demonstrate that the glycoconjugates expressed by vomeronasal receptor neurons and glands contain terminal α-D-galactose and β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sugar residues that are not expressed by analogous cells in the olfactory mucosa and septal organ.
Extracellular Signal Regulated Protein Kinase and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase are Involved in m1 Muscarinic Receptor-Enhanced Interleukin-2 Production Pathway in Jurkat Cells

We have previously shown that m1 and m2 muscarinic receptors were expressed on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBL) and that pre-stimulation of these receptors enhanced phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Possible intracellular signal pathways of muscarinic receptors to regulate IL-2 production were examined in human T cell line Jurkat cells. Pretreatment of the cells with muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine M (Oxo-M), enhanced IL-2 production induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/A23187, while Oxo-M by itself did not affect IL-2 production. The enhancement of IL-2 production by Oxo-M was inhibited by 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) an m1/m3 receptor antagonist. When the cells were pretreated with AF-DX116, an m2 antagonist, the IL-2 production enhanced by Oxo-M was further stimulated. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that m1 and m2 muscarinic receptors exist on Jurkat cells.The stimulation of m1 receptors enhanced the PMA/A23187-induced binding activity to AP-1 consensus sequences in IL-2 promoter and production of c-Fos and c-Jun protein. The stimulation of m1 receptors did not modify the DNA binding of NF-κB, NF-AT or Oct-1. When m1 receptors were stimulated, activities of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were increased, while p38 MAPK was not affected. Incubation with Oxo-M induced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i, which was abolished by pretreatment with 4-DAMP. Treatment with cyclosporin A markedly decreased the PMA/A23187-induced IL-2 promoter activity. This treatment, however, did not affect the enhancement of the promoter activity induced by m1 receptor stimulation.The results suggest that transcription factor AP-1 is involved in the m1 receptor-mediated enhancement of IL-2 transcript in Jurkat cells, and that pathways via MAPK/ERK and JNK, but not via p38 MAPK, are involved in the m1 receptor-mediated enhancement of IL-2 promoter activity.
COPPER SORPTION MECHANISMS ON SMECTITES

Due to the importance of clay minerals in metal sorption, many studies have attempted to derive mechanistic models that describe adsorption processes. These models often include several different types of adsorption sites, including permanent charge sites and silanol and aluminol functional groups on the edges of clay minerals. To provide a basis for development of adsorption models it is critical that molecular-level studies be done to characterize sorption processes. In this study we conducted X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopic experiments on copper (II) sorbed on smectite clays using suspension pH and ionic strength as variables. At low ionic strength, results suggest that Cu is sorbing in the interlayers and maintains its hydration sphere. At high ionic strength, Cu atoms are excluded from the interlayer and sorb primarily on the silanol and aluminol functional groups of the montmorillonite or beidellite structures. Interpretation of the XAFS and EPR spectroscopy results provides evidence that multinuclear complexes are forming. Fitting of extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectra revealed that the Cu-Cu atoms in the multinuclear complexes are 2.65 A apart, and have coordination numbers near one. This structural information suggests that small Cu dimers are sorbing on the surface. These complexes are consistent with observed sorption on mica and amorphous silicon dioxide, yet are inconsistent with previous spectroscopic results for Cu sorption on montmorillonite. The results reported in this paper provide mechanistic data that will be valuable for modeling surface interactions of Cu with clay minerals, and predicting the geochemical cycling of Cu in the environment.
Ca2+ regulation by Ca-ATPase in relation to DDT's action on the lobster nerve.

Abstract 1. The role of an ecto-ATPase in the nerve cord of the walking leg of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, was studied by using DDT as a specific inhibitor of this enzyme. 2. By using isolated nerve cords, the rates of 45Ca2+ uptake and release by the intact nerves were studied. Though the bulk (approximately 80%) of the Ca2+ efflux and influx was found to be due to the exchange of ions between the external medium and the extracellular space in the nerve cord, the remaining portion of Ca2+ exchange is due to processes involving the nerve cells. 3. By using a suspended cell preparation, it was determined that at least a portion of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ exchange is carried out by an ecto Ca-ATPase. 4. The role of this enzyme appears to maintain a proper level of surface Ca2+ in the nerve membrane. 5. Inhibition of this Ca-ATPase by DDT explains why DDT-poisoned axons are unstable and prone to excitation, since axons which lack Ca2+ are known to exhibit the same characteristics.
Investigating the role of attentional resources in the irrelevant speech effect.

Irrelevant words can be disruptive to performance, and the frequency of usage of the irrelevant words has affected the magnitude of such disruption (Buchner & Erdfelder, 2005). The finding of word frequency differences in the magnitude of the irrelevant speech effect (ISE) implicated a role for attentional processes. Using a different conceptualization of attention, researchers have found that individual differences in working memory capacity did not predict the magnitude of the ISE, which questioned the role of attentional control (Beaman, 2004; Sorqvist, 2010). The current study investigated aspects of the construct of attention and the ISE, using both individual and developmental difference approaches. Results showed no significant difference between serial recall performances in the presence of high or low word frequency distractors. Furthermore, effects of working memory capacity differences were not found, but children displayed a larger ISE than college students. The weight of the evidence appears against an attentional resource view of the ISE.
Crustal Thermal Processes and the Interpretation of Thermochronometer Data

Many thermochronology studies focus on extracting the thermal history of a sample using fission-track length distributions and track annealing models (e.g., Ketcham 2005, and references therein). Recent developments in measuring the 3He/4He concentration profile across apatite grains (e.g., Shuster and Farley 2005) offer a new approach for quantifying sample cooling histories over a broader range of temperatures with the (U-Th)/He system. The motivation behind calculating thermal histories from thermochronometer data has traditionally been to date events such as the onset of exhumation or fault motion, erosion, or for quantifying hydrocarbon maturation in sedimentary basins. The calculation of thermal histories from thermochronometer data is a routine aspect of most thermochronology studies and produces valuable geologic information. A relevant question for thermochronology studies is what can be learned from forward modeling crustal thermal fields from principles of heat conduction and advection beyond what is already learned from the thermal history extracted from the data? Forward modeling of crustal thermal fields requires a physically based model for heat transfer in the geologic setting of interest. Specific geologic processes such as magmatism, fault motion, fluid flow, as well as the kinematic, topographic, and erosional evolution of an orogen can significantly influence the thermal history of thermochronometer samples. These processes can be simulated with thermal models and then compared to thermochronometer derived cooling histories and ages. Thus, predicted thermal histories and thermochronometer ages generated under a known set of conditions can be compared to observed thermal histories and ages to quantify the geologic processes associated with sample cooling. To answer the question posed earlier, forward modeling crustal thermal fields allows robust, or at least constrained, interpretations of what geologic events could have occurred to produce an observed suite of thermochronometer ages. Hence, comparison of thermochronometer data with model predicted thermal histories …
Carbon Dioxide Laser Serial Microtrapdoor Flap Excision of Subglottic Stenosis

• The recent development of microspot micromanipulators for the carbon dioxide laser with 250-μm spot sizes has greatly facilitated the extension of endolaryngeal procedures to children and neonates. It is possible to accurately develop microtrapdoor flaps within the limited exposures in the pediatric subglottis. We have used serial microtrapdoor flaps in the excision of subglottic scar tissue in eight children. In five children, the stenosis was improved with relief of stridor. In three children, the flaps were used as an adjunct to laryngotracheoplasty. The surgical techniques of this procedure are detailed in this report. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:676-679)
An experiment to measure the recombination rate of oxygen

The feasibility of an experiment to measure the recombination rate of oxygen is examined using the ideal-dissociating-gas model. The experiment is to be performed in a shock tube, the shock-heated (and dissociated) gas being cooled by passing it through a Prandtl-Meyer expansion, and then allowed to recombine in a constant-area channel. At appropriate densities and shock Mach numbers it is found that recombination takes place in a distance suitable for a laboratory experiment.Using this technique, the recombination rate of oxygen has been measured at 2700 ˚K. To determine the recombination rate, the absorption of ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 2283 a measured 11 cm downstream of the expansion was compared with absorptions calculated for various values of the recombination rate constant.The measured value of the recombination rate constant of oxygen is in agreement with values calculated from dissociation rate measurements.
Human d-amphetamine drug discrimination: methamphetamine and hydromorphone.

Abstract Standard measures of subjective and discriminative effects of drugs were compared in 5 human volunteers. Subjects responded on a second-order color-tracking procedure, where 30 mg of d-amphetamine served as a discriminative stimulus for one response and its absence as the discriminative stimulus for another response. Self-reported subjective effects were assessed concurrently using the single-dose questionnaire, subscales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory, and several analogue rating scales. On different days following discrimination acquisition, varying doses of d-amphetamine, methamphetamine, and hydromorphone were administered. In these test sessions, either response was reinforced. Methamphetamine and d-amphetamine occasioned dose-related increases in d-amphetamine appropriate responding; hydromorphone did not. Methamphetamine and d-amphetamine occasioned dose-related increases in reports of the drug received being most like "speed"; hydromorphone occasioned dose-related increases in reports of the drug received being most like "dope." All three drugs occasioned dose-related increases in reports of drug liking, and increases in the morphine-benzedrine group, amphetamine, and benzedrine group scales of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. This experiment demonstrated that although explicit discriminative control of behavior by a drug may covary with drug identification, it does not necessarily covary with other self-reported subjective effects. Thus, the complementary nature of the data provided by drug discrimination and standard subjective-effects measures provides quantitative and qualitative data useful in studying both relatively novel compounds and the behavioral biology of psychoactive drugs in general.
AN ANALYSIS OF MITOSIS IN LIVER RESTORATION.

1. Following partial hepatectomy in the rat, there is a latent period of 1 day during which the rapidly growing organ shows no increase in cell number. Mitosis then begins rapidly, following a brief pre-mitotic period of visible nuclear changes. 2. It can be shown that the increase in cell number during the ensuing 48 hours follows a formula of the type dN/dt = ke-kt. , beyond this time it is retarded more than this simplified formula would predict. The average mitosis rate at 1, 2, and 3 day intervals after operation follows the same formula; from this the duration of each mitosis is calculated to be about 49 minutes. It is not necessary to assume that amitotic division plays an important part, and no such divisions have been seen by the writers. 3. The percentage of cells in mitosis in a single hypertrophying liver varies widely from hour to hour, so that a single mitosis count tells nothing about the growth rate. The fluctuations occur at different times in different livers. It appears that no great number of mitoses begin or end simultaneously. 4. Mitoses are evenly distributed throughout the liver and throughout each lobule; there is no preponderance near the bile duct cells. 5. The mean initial mitosis rate (at 24 hours after operation) is 2.13 per cent, and it diminishes from then on. This rate is very similar to that in early embryo heart and tissue cultures of mesenchyme. In individual specimens the rate can be over 8 per cent. This rapid rate occurs without signs of cell dedifferentiation.
The Changing Right to the City: Urban Renewal and Housing Rights in Globalizing Shanghai and Mumbai:

This article examines the changing housing rights regimes amidst the urban renewal currently underway in Shanghai and Mumbai. We examine the policies and regulations that govern residential securit...
Electrical Resistivity Mapping of Landscape Modifications at the Talgua Site, Olancho, Honduras

Geophysical reconnaissance in 1995 provided information useful in developing a successful strategy for the 1996 field season in resistivity mapping of subsurface cultural features at Talgua Village, an archaeological site in eastern Honduras. Ground truth excavations confirmed that high-resistivity anomalies detected by modified dipole–dipole apparent resistivity pseudosections correlate with a layer of small cobbles imported to fill low spots of this prehistoric settlement. Resistivity measurements reveal that mounds on this site were erected on normal subsoil, while at least one plaza was originally a topographic low that has been filled. The volume of imported stones is at least 500 m3, which represents a significant public improvement effort. Similar imported fill under the rest of Talgua Village could be mapped by similar means, and other prehistoric sites of the region could be geophysically tested for similar features. Resistivity profiles provide archaeologists with a quick, inexpensive, accurate, and noninvasive method of determining the extent of landscape modification at Talgua Village. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exploiting refactoring in formal verification

In previous work, we introduced Echo, a new approach to the formal verification of the functional correctness of software. Part of what makes Echo practical is a technique called verification refactoring. The program to be verified is mechanically refactored specifically to facilitate verification. After refactoring, the program is documented with low-level annotations, and a specification is extracted mechanically. Proofs that the semantics of the refactored program are equivalent to those of the original program, that the code conforms to the annotations, and that the extracted specification implies the program's original specification constitute the verification argument. In this paper, we discuss verification refactoring and illustrate it with a case study of the verification of an optimized implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) against its official specification. We compare the practicality of verification using refactoring with traditional correctness proofs and refinement, and we assess its efficacy using seeded defects.