cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A connectionist model of context-based memory reconsolidation in the hippocampus: the role of sleep

Context-based memory reconsolidation has been studied in human and animal models [1]. In these paradigms, subjects learn two lists of items on two different days and are asked to recall the first list on day 3. Subjects who learn the two lists in the same spatial context make significantly more errors on day 3 than subjects who learn the lists in different contexts. This result suggests that contextual information may be linked to item information during memory formation or consolidation, and that this link is responsible for intrusions of items from the second list into the first list during recall when the lists were learned in identical contexts. The neural mechanisms underlying this process are unknown, but experimental studies have suggested that the hippocampus may be critical. Experimental work has shown that the dorsal and ventral portions of the hippocampus may implement qualitatively different functions in memory and spatial navigation [2], and that the proximal and distal portions of CA1 may carry information related to self-motion and sensory perception respectively [3]. We hypothesize that the dorso-ventral and proximal-distal anatomical differentiations of this structure may explain some of the experimental data on memory reconsolidation. To test this hypothesis, we built a connectionist model of the hippocampus (figure ​(figure1).1). The model is implemented using EMERGENT [4]. In this model, the dorsal stream carries predominantly item information, while the ventral stream carries spatial contextual information. In both streams, the distal CA1 encodes items using inputs from the lateral entorhinal cortex, while the proximal CA1 encodes spatial context using medial entorhinal cortical inputs. We train and test the model as in the experiments. Figure 1 Model architecture. Separate and interacting ‘object’ and ‘context’ streams shown in blue and red respectively, with explicit output ‘guesses’. We found that object representation overlap as well as additional, extraneous learning can explain how context affects recall performance and produce intrusions as observed experimentally. We then selectively lesion the network to investigate which component of the hippocampus affects context based memory recall. In addition, we use the model to understand memory reactivation during sleep. Sleep is simulated by presenting small amounts of noise in the input layers. We found that this noise partially re-activated the memory representations of objects that were previously learned. These partial memories were then set as inputs and were re-processed by the network. This in turn made these memories resilient to interference from new items learned at a later time as was shown experimentally [5]. The model will allow for an investigation of why certain items have preferential memory reactivation during sleep. Furthermore, the model may be used to explain recent experimental data showing that presenting specific external stimuli during sleep may influence the memory consolidation process [6].
The March 1993 Superstorm Cyclogenesis: Incipient Phase Synoptic- and Convective-Scale Flow Interaction and Model Performance

Abstract The incipient stages of the 12–14 March 1993 “superstorm” (SS93) cyclogenesis over the Gulf of Mexico are examined. Noteworthy aspects of SS93 include 1) it is the deepest extratropical cyclone ever observed over the Gulf of Mexico during the 1957–96 period, and 2) existing operational prediction models performed poorly in simulating the incipient cyclogenesis over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. A dynamic-tropopause (DT) analysis shows that SS93 is triggered by a potent potential vorticity (PV) anomaly as it crosses extreme northern Mexico and approaches the Gulf of Mexico. The low-level environment over the western Gulf of Mexico is warmed, moistened, and destabilized by a persistent southerly flow ahead of the approaching PV anomaly. Ascent and a lowering of the DT (associated with a lowering of the potential temperature) ahead of the PV anomaly contributes to further destabilization that is realized in the form of a massive convective outbreak. An examination of the National Centers for Envi...
Hindi Language and Its Dialects

In Chap. 1, we discussed the basics of voice identification process, which is very useful to forensic expert, in order to correctly identify the speaker. In this study, we are trying to establish the identity of a person on the basis of his/her dialectal accent. Therefore, it is recommended to have a basic knowledge of the native language and its dialects.
Thin Films of 3He -- Implications on the Identification of 3 He -A

Recently the identification of 3He-A with the axial state has been questioned. It is suggested that the A-phase can actually be in the axiplanar state. We point out in the present paper that experiments in a film geometry may be useful to distinguish the above two possibilities. In particular a second order phase transition between an axial and an axiplanar state would occur as a function of thickness or temperature.
Drugs for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease

Drugs that are used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory disorders suppress natural processes that contribute to the signs and symptoms of inflammation. Drugs that are used to treat simple forms of arthritis such as gout and osteoarthritis relieve pain and swelling and improve mobility. These agents are often referred to as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In the absence of known infection, chronic inflammation with strong immune components is termed autoimmune. Drugs that are used to treat autoimmune arthritides such as rheumatoid arthritis and the reactive arthritides (psoriatic arthritis and Reiter’s syndrome) act not only to suppress inflammation but also to modify the disease process by impairing the expression of the immune components of the inflammation. These latter drugs are often referred to as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). DMARDs can act as immunomodulators or as immunosuppressive agents. Autoimmune disorders without attendant inflammation are generally treated with immunosuppressive drugs alone. Antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs are listed in Table I.
The Caravan as Mobile Technology: Nyamwezi Long-Distance Caravans in German East Africa

For Europeans in East Africa in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, caravans of human porters were prime examples of the inefficiency and waste of labour caused by lack of technological development. In this paper, in contrast, I consider Nyamwezi long-distance caravans in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century East Africa as a social technology of mobility, based on well-developed forms of organising skilled labourers. I argue that the expertise, material resources, and access to labour needed to dispatch caravans were neither evenly distributed within early colonial Tanzania, nor monopolized by the colonial state as was rail technology. Instead, caravan organization in the early colonial period drew on and transformed networks of patronage and training established in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This broad distribution of expertise and access facilitated the use of caravans to extend the reach of the colonial rail network, while also allowing some Africans to bypass the German rail monopoly. Although colonial frameworks of technological development opposed modern rail technology to backward caravans, caravan technology – and the networks on which it relied – was crucial in mediating and limiting the role railways played in supporting German colonial power.
Decoding the Disciplines: An Approach to Scientific Thinking:

The Decoding the Disciplines methodology aims to teach students to think like experts in discipline-specific tasks. The central aspect of the methodology is to identify a bottleneck in the course c...
Egg Parasitism in Symmerista canicosta Populations in Connecticut

Telenomus sp., and to a lesser extent, Trichogramma sp., were important in the regression phase of a gradation of Symmerista canicosta Franclemont, the so-called redhumped oakworm. Two years following the outbreak, Telenomus parasitized more than 80% of the eggs near ground level. When parasite populations were moderate, Telenomus tended to be most abundant near ground level whereas Trichogramma tended to be most abundant in the upper parts of the forest. When populations of Telenomus were dense, parasitization was high at all levels in the forest. Both parasites successfully parasitized S. canicosta eggs in the laboratory.
Commissioning Test on Seawater Flue Gas Desulphurization Control System for 1000MW Power Units

The structure,commissioning process and result of seawater flue gas desulphurization(FGD) control system for 1 000 MW units in Huaneng Haimen Power Plant are described.The seawater in the FGD system absorbs SO2 in flue gas by once-through mode and dispenses with recycling devices;the control system,as a remote control station,monitors the distributed control system(DCS) of unit;the automatic guide blade control of booster fan adopts single-loop proportion integration(PI) plus feedforward pattern,and uses the relation curve of total air supply quantity signal and guide blade opening of booster fan as the feedforward for automatic control.Practical operation monitoring results show that the systematic desulphurization rate reaches 97.8% and meets the design requirement.
Gendered Stories, Hybrid Methods

Mayock describes the current state of play of gender in the workplace, provides a simple definition of “gender shrapnel,” and explains why gender shrapnel is a problem for everyone in the workplace. With an approach that aligns with institutional ethnography, Mayock provides stories about gender in the workplace and interweaves data, thus framing the inner workings of her own institution in terms of national rhetoric surrounding higher education and gender dynamics. This chapter also defines Meyerson’s and Scully’s “tempered radicalism” and outlines the rest of Gender Shrapnel in the Academic Workplace.
The Social Complexities of Commingled Remains

The chapter examines social and ethical dilemmas raised by commingled remains as they are understood and experienced by surviving families. Drawing on the example of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with its complicated network of mass graves, the analysis focuses on the social impacts of commingling: (1) the challenges of reassociating remains (not only the forensic obstacles at hand but also questions of time and place); (2) the problems inherent in partial remains and obligations individual families have to surviving kin of other missing persons; and (3) theological considerations about discrete bodies, burial rites, and remains that cannot be reassociated with individually identified skeletal material. While grounded in the specific case of the Srebrenica genocide, the discussion broaches topics that have arisen in other mass fatality identification efforts, including victims of the 9/11 World Trade Center attack and remains recovered from the Korean War.
Chiasmatic-Hypothalamic Tumors in Children

Gliomas of the optic pathway are usually reported as a single entity. Martin and Cushing1 found 0.84% of 823 tumors in all age groups to be gliomas of the optic pathways. They noted difficulty in determining the site of origin of these tumors, since they often extend from the retro-orbital optic nerve and chiasm into the hypothalamus and vice versa. In children and adolescents the incidence (3% of 700 brain tumors)2 of optic pathway gliomas is higher than in adults.
Catalysis of Sulfite Oxidation Adds to the Array of Biologically Relevant Reactions of Cationic Mn(III) Porphyrins, Widely Known as SOD-Mimics

Sulfite is generated in vivo as a result of metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. Sulfite is consumed as antioxidant/preservative in food, beverages and medications. We are also consuming it through exposure to major environmental pollutant - sulfur dioxide. The enzyme sulfite oxidase (SO) is responsible for the detoxification of sulfite to sulfate, which is subsequently excreted into urine. The SO deficiency is one of the most common causes of sulfite hypersensitivity and toxicity. Herein we report for the first time the ability of cationic Mn(III) N-substituted pyridyl(imidazolyl)-porphyrins (MnPs) to catalyze sulfite oxidation. Originally developed as SOD mimics, MnPs operate at Mn III P/Mn II P reduction potential that is highly compatible with reduction potentials of numerous biomolecules and reactive species, among them superoxide, peroxynitrite, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, thiols, and ascorbate. At least 4 oxidation states of Mn in MnPs (+2, +3, +4 and +5) are involved in their actions which may occur via one- or two-electron transfers. We are here providing evidence, based on spectrophotometric measurements, that several analogs of MnP are able to catalyze sulfite oxidation one-electronically via employing Mn III P/Mn II P redox couple. The reaction proceeds through generation of sulfite radical anion as an intermediate species characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping studies using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). Clark electrode measurements of the MnP/sulfite system indicated that molecular oxygen is also involved, both in regeneration of Mn III P and further oxidation of sulfite radical to sulfate. Such redox further substantiates tight connections of MnP bioeffects to sulfur biology and indicates that we are still in infancy with regards to fully understanding the plethora of reactions of redox-active drugs. The MnP/sulfite cycling is the reminiscence of redox behavior of MnP/ascorbate system, which has been used successfully in tumor models, suggesting its therapeutic potential. Support: NC Biotechnology# 2016-BIG-6518
Prehydrated One-Electron Attachment to Azido-Modified Pentofuranoses: Aminyl Radical Formation, Rapid H-Atom Transfer, and Subsequent Ring Opening.

Methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-α-d-lyxofuranoside (1a) and methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranoside (2) were prepared from d-xylose or d-arabinose, respectively. Employing ESR and DFT/B3LYP/6-31G* calculations, we investigated (i) aminyl radical (RNH·) formation and (ii) reaction pathways of RNH·. Prehydrated electron attachment to 1a and 2 at 77 K produced transient azide anion radical (RN3·–) which reacts via rapid N2 loss at 77 K, forming nitrene anion radical (RN·–). Rapid protonation of RN·– at 77 K formed RNH· and –OH. 15N-labeled-1a confirmed this mechanism. Investigations employing in-house synthesized site-specifically deuterated derivatives of 1a (e.g., CH3 (1b), C4 (1c), and C5 (1d)) established that (a) a facile intramolecular H atom transfer from C5 to RNH· generated C5· and RNH2. C5· formation had a small deuterium kinetic isotope effect suggesting that this reaction does not occur via direct H atom abstraction. (b) Subsequently, C5· underwent a facile unimolecular conversion to ring-opened C4·. Id...
IRIER: A Decision-Support Model for Optimal Energy Retrofit Investments

AbstractThe importance of energy efficiency investment has grown substantially in recent decades, although research into the decision-making processes under energy saving uncertainties has been fai...
Adsorption-Coupled Diffusion of Gold Nanoclusters within a Large-Pore Protein Crystal Scaffold

Large-pore protein crystals (LPCs) are ordered biologically derived nanoporous materials exhibiting pore diameters greater than 8 nm. These substantial pores distinguish LPCs from typical nanoporous scaffolds, enabling engineered LPC materials to readily uptake, immobilize, and release macromolecular guests. In this study, macromolecular transport within an LPC environment was experimentally and computationally investigated by studying adsorption-coupled diffusion of Au25(glutathione)18 nanoclusters within a cross-linked LPC scaffold via time-lapse confocal microscopy, bulk equilibrium adsorption, and hindered diffusion simulation. Equilibrium adsorption data is congruent with a Langmuir adsorption model, exhibiting strong binding behavior between nanoclusters and the scaffold. The standard Gibbs free energy of binding is equivalent to −37.2 kJ/mol, and the maximum binding capacity of 1.25 × 103 mg/g corresponds to approximately 29 nanoclusters per LPC unit cell. The hindered diffusion model showed good a...
Perovskite tandem solar cells with greater than 25% efficiency and enhanced stability (Conference Presentation)

We have deposited perovskite solar cells with a bandgap of 1.68 eV onto heterojunction silicon solar cells that by themselves have an efficiency of 21% to create a 1 square centimeter monolithic tandem solar cell with an efficiency of 25.3%. We have also made all-perovskite tandems using a new ABX3 perovskite composition containing a mixture of tin and lead on the B site that have greater than 20% efficiency. With solar cells packaged between two sheets of glass with rubber edge seals, we have passed the industry standard 1000 hour 85°C 85% humidity damp heat test as well as 200 cycles between 85°C and -40°C. One of the keys to obtaining high efficiency and stability was optimizing the composition of cesium and formamidinium on the A site and iodine and bromine on the X site. We will show how light -induced phase separation occurs when there is too much bromine in the films. Another crucial step towards improving stability is the use of atomic layer deposition to deposit a tin oxide buffer layer on the perovskite that enables the sputter deposition of an indium tin oxide transparent electrode. ITO is less reactive with perovskites than the metals that are typically used in perovskite solar cells. The ALD layer has minimal parasitic absorption and prevents shunting. Our progress towards achieving 30% power conversion efficiency and passing even more aggressive stability tests will be presented.
America's West: A History, 1890–1950

The American West has influenced important national developments throughout the twentieth century, not only in the cultural arena, but also in economic development, in political ideology and action, and in natural resource conservation and preservation. Using regionalism as a lens for illuminating these national trends, America's West: A History, 1890–1950 examines this region's history and explores its influence on the rest of America. Moving chronologically from the late nineteenth- to the mid-twentieth century, David M. Wrobel examines turn-of-the-century expansion, the Progressive Era, the 1920s, the Great Depression and the New Deal, World War II, and the early Cold War years. He emphasizes cultural and political history, showing how developments in the West frequently indicated the future direction of the country.
Tau Imaging in Parkinsonism: What Have We Learned So Far?

Background Positron emission tomography ligands are now available that bind to tau proteins in the brain, providing the exciting opportunity to assess the presence and distribution of tau in vivo in living patients. Methods This manuscript performed a systematic review of studies that have performed tau PET imaging in patients with parkinsonian disorders. Pubmed was searched up to November 2017, and the review included case reports and patient-control studies. Results Most tau-PET studies have utilized the [18F]AV-1451 ligand, with a few using the [11C]PBB3 and [18F]THK-5351 ligands. Elevated cortical tau-PET uptake has been observed in Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies, presumed to be related to Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. Mild patterns of tau-PET uptake have been observed in subcortical structures in progressive supranuclear palsy and subcortical structures and motor cortex in corticobasal syndrome, although discrepancy with autoradiographic studies that show lack of binding to 4-repeat tau and "off-target" binding observed in subcortical structures limits interpretation of these findings. Findings in frontotemporal dementia with tau mutations are variable, but elevated signal is most pronounced in mutations with deposition of both 3 and 4-repeat tau. Elevated tau-PET uptake has also been observed in multiple system atrophy, a synucleinopathy. Conclusion The value of the current generation of tau-PET ligands varies across Parkinsonian syndromes depending upon underlying variability in tau pathology and "off-target" binding. More work is needed to understand the biological basis of binding and more specific tau PET ligands are needed to study parkinsonian disorders.
Basic Algebra I, second edition. By Nathan Jacobson.

(1986). Basic Algebra I, second edition. By Nathan Jacobson. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 8, pp. 665-667.
Existence Theorems on Solvability of Constrained Inclusion Problems and Applications

Let X be a real locally uniformly convex reflexive Banach space with locally uniformly convex dual space X * . Let T : X ⊇ D ( T ) → 2 X * be a maximal monotone operator and C : X ⊇ D ( C ) → X * be bounded and continuous with D ( T ) ⊆ D ( C ) . The paper provides new existence theorems concerning solvability of inclusion problems involving operators of the type T + C provided that C is compact or T is of compact resolvents under weak boundary condition. The Nagumo degree mapping and homotopy invariance results are employed. The paper presents existence results under the weakest coercivity condition on T + C . The operator C is neither required to be defined everywhere nor required to be pseudomonotone type. The results are applied to prove existence of solution for nonlinear variational inequality problems.
Learning to think

Ray Wilder has been president of both the major mathematical organizations in the U.S.; he was a member of the National Academy, and the author of several books and many articles. When he was 80, fifteen years after he retired from the University of Michigan, he told me that his days of study were definitely not over (and neither was the feel ing of pressure that makes one study): he was still reading mathematics, going to colloquia, and trying to keep up with what was going on.
Evaluation of Peritoneal Membrane Permeability

Total removal of fluid and solutes during peritoneal dialysis depends on both the dialysis prescription (ie, the number, length, and timing of the dwells and the volume and contents of the dialysis solution) and the permeability of the peritoneal membrane. Peritoneal membrane permeability determines the rate of solute equilibration between body fluids and the solution within the peritoneal cavity and is, therefore, a significant determinant of the solute removal rate. The relationship between fluid removal during peritoneal dialysis and the properties of the peritoneal membrane is more complex; peritoneal ultrafiltration is inversely related to the permeability of the peritoneal membrane to osmotic solutes but is directly related to the hydraulic conductivity of the peritoneal membrane. The peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is widely used as the standard method for evaluating peritoneal membrane permeability, and results from the PET can be used to determine the type of peritoneal dialysis therapy optimal for the permeability characteristics of the patient's peritoneal membrane. Simple extrapolations from the PET can only provide qualitative estimates of the dialysis dose required for various types of peritoneal dialysis. More accurate estimates of the required dialysis dose can be provided by mathematical models of peritoneal fluid and solute transport, but these models require calculation of the permeability-area product or mass transfer-area coefficient of the peritoneal membrane. Although the latter approach shows promise for improving peritoneal dialysis prescriptions, determination of the delivered dose of peritoneal dialysis can, at present, only be assessed by directly measuring total 24-hour solute and fluid removal.
Surface Induced Dissociation and Soft Landing Techniques in Mass Spectrometry

The advent of soft ionization techniques, notably electrospray and laser desorption ionization methods, has extended mass spectrometric methods to large molecules and molecular complexes. This both greatly expands applications of mass spectrometry and makes the activation and dissociation of complex ions an integral part of large molecular mass spectrometry. A corollary of the much greater number of internal degrees of freedom and high density of states associated with molecular complexity is that internal energies much higher than the dissociation energies for competing fragmentation processes are required for observable fragmentation in timescales sampled by mass spectrometers. This article describes the kinetics of surface-induced dissociation (SID), a particularly efficient activation method for complex ions. Two very important characteristics of SID are very rapid, sub-picosecond activation and precise control of ion internal energy by varying ion collision energy. The nature of the surface plays an important role in SID, determining both efficiency and mechanism of ion activation. Surface composition and morphology strongly influence the relative importance of competing reactions of SID, ion capture (soft landing), surface reaction, and neutralization. The important features of SID and ion soft landing are described briefly in this article and more fully in the recommended Further Reading list.
From Number Crunching to Spirituality

In extending their generous invitation to prepare this autobiographical chapter, John Smart and Alan Bayer kindly assured me of two things: (1) that accepting the invitation did not necessarily constitute an admission that I was “over-the-hill”; and (2) that the chapter did not have to be strictly autobiographical and that they would welcome some comments about what’s been going on in our field.
Identifying Disease Network Dysregulation Through Expression Mean, Variance, and Distribution Changes

Network-based approaches to identifying gene expression signatures of disease have been shown to be more reproducible, accurate, and biologically informative than single-gene markers. Differential expression statistics are most commonly used to rank and select nodes within biological networks. Disease heterogeneity and disease-specific mechanisms may create changes in gene expression distributions that are not captured by differential expression analysis. We implemented a disease network identification algorithm using four unique statistical metrics, based on changes in mean expression, expression variance, and overall expression distribution changes. Using three publicly available gene expression datasets, we evaluated the size, strength, and disease classification performance of the identified subnetworks in cancer and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) cohorts. Identified subnetworks for all three datasets had significant enrichment of disease signal over individual genes, based on ${p}$ -value. Further, novel and unique subnetworks were identified by each statistical metric, including changes in expression variance related to BRCA1 in breast cancer, and changes in blood coagulation in PTSD. Subnetwork-based biomarkers also slightly improved prediction performance over individual gene markers. This approach could provide a novel network-based framework for understanding and predicting gene expression signals of disease.
Accurate optical measurements of stable and radioactive carbon isotopologues of CO2

We report the cavity ring-down spectroscopy of 14C, 13C and 12C isotopologues of CO2 in the near- and mid-infrared, measurements which yielded accurate transition intensities, mole fraction determinations, and isotope ratios.
Executive Function Skills in School-Age Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Association With Language Abilities

Purpose This article reviews research on executive function (EF) skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the relation between EF and language abilities. The current study assesse...
Role of Ca2+ in Mediating Plant Responses to Extracellular ATP and ADP

Among the most recently discovered chemical regulators of plant growth and development are extracellular nucleotides, especially extracellular ATP (eATP) and extracellular ADP (eADP). Plant cells release ATP into their extracellular matrix under a variety of different circumstances, and this eATP can then function as an agonist that binds to a specific receptor and induces signaling changes, the earliest of which is an increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]cyt). This initial change is then amplified into downstream-signaling changes that include increased levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, which ultimately lead to major changes in the growth rate, defense responses, and leaf stomatal apertures of plants. This review presents and discusses the evidence that links receptor activation to increased [Ca2+]cyt and, ultimately, to growth and diverse adaptive changes in plant development. It also discusses the evidence that increased [Ca2+]cyt also enhances the activity of apyrase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) enzymes that function in multiple subcellular locales to hydrolyze ATP and ADP, and thus limit or terminate the effects of these potent regulators.
Prospective associations of perceived unit cohesion with postdeployment mental health outcomes.

BACKGROUND Prior investigations have found negative associations between military unit cohesion and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, most relied on cross-sectional data and few examined relationships of unit cohesion to other mental disorders. This study evaluates prospective associations of perceived unit cohesion with a range of mental health outcomes following combat deployment. METHODS U.S. Army soldiers were surveyed approximately 1-2 months before deployment to Afghanistan (T0); and 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), and 9 months (T3) after return from deployment. Logistic regression was performed to estimate associations of perceived unit cohesion at T0 with risk of PTSD, major depressive episode (MDE), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), alcohol or substance use disorder (AUD/SUD), and suicidal ideation at T2 or T3 among soldiers who completed all study assessments (N = 4,645). Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and Army service characteristics, predeployment history of the index outcome, and deployment stress exposure. RESULTS Higher perceived unit cohesion at T0 was associated with lower risk of PTSD, MDE, GAD, AUD/SUD, and suicidal ideation at T2 or T3 (AORs = 0.72 to 0.85 per standard score increase in unit cohesion; P-values < 0.05). Models of incidence of mental disorders and suicidal ideation among soldiers without these problems predeployment yielded similar results, except that perceived unit cohesion was not associated with incident AUD/SUD. CONCLUSIONS Soldiers who reported strong unit cohesion before deployment had lower risk of postdeployment mental disorders and suicidal ideation. Awareness of associations of perceived unit cohesion with postdeployment mental health may facilitate targeting of prevention programs.
Assessing the influence of risk/need domains on probation completion among a sample of offenders with mental illness

A significant body of research has illustrated that the Risk/Need/Responsivity (RNR) paradigm is predictive of recidivism for a variety of offenders, including those with mental illness. This paper...
Amartya Sen’s nonideal theory

Amartya Sen argues that Rawls’s theory is not only unnecessary in the pursuit of justice, but it may even be an impediment to justice in so far as it has discouraged more useful work. Against what ...
Happiness and Joy

Happiness and joy involve feelings of positive engagement which are prototypically expressed through the face, voice, and body. Joyful smiles tend to be strong and involve both eye constriction (the Duchenne marker) and mouth opening. Through approximately 2 months of age, joyful expressions are primarily rooted in physiological arousal. Positive emotional expressions then quickly become more social, occurring in face-to-face interactions with caregivers as infants increasingly derive psychological meaning from individuals and events. Beginning in the second half of the first year of life, infants’ expressions of positive emotion are increasingly incorporated into patterns of intentional communication. Between 1 and 2 years of age, positive expressivity is increasingly responsive to parental affective cues during pretense play. Preschoolers’ between 2 and 5 years of age utilize specific forms of positive emotion expressions to foster affiliation with their peers. By 8 years of age, children voluntarily control their expressions of positive emotion depending on the interpersonal context. These early expressions of joy are associated with later social competence, including reduced behavioral inhibition and reticence in reaction to novelty, compliance with parental requests, tolerance of new experiences, and attachment security. Further, positive expressivity is also linked to later life outcomes, primarily life satisfaction and overall well-being in adulthood. Positive emotion expression varies as a function of gender as well as cultural differences in the emotional significance and perceptions of positive expressions. Finally, the development of joyful expressivity is differentially sensitive to a variety of risk conditions, including maternal depression, prematurity, infant blindness, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder.
Extracting Domain Information using Deep Learning

Across various scientific domains, digital publication of technical documents, often in the form of conference/journal article submissions, are the first accessible instance of new human knowledge in these respective fields. Synthesizing and curating this information is a slow and difficult process and often requires non-trivial human expertise. Given the ever increasing rate of these publications and the natural limitations of manual approaches, a computational solution to this problem is the paramount need of the hour. One of the central tasks is to extract important phrases and terminologies from scientific article. Although many tools are available to extracting keywords and named entities from a document, a key challenge is to determine how important they are with regard the context of the entire document. In some cases, important entities to an article might be a new vocabulary that haven't, or rarely, appeared from previous data. In other cases, there are also many other existing entities that are less important for the particular article but weighted more significantly from models based on prior knowledge. In this paper, we investigate how deep learning methods may be used to address this issue.We have developed a computational tool to provide entity extraction and expert curation functionality. The tool has been integrated with the publication pipeline used in American Society of Plant Biologists. Using the author feedback mechanism in our deployed tool we were able to create a expert user annotated dataset based on articles submitted over an entire year. Using this new gold standard dataset for supervised training, we are now able to contrast several methods for the entity extraction task. We use the NeuroNER tool to investigate the effectiveness of deep neural network in this task and also contrast it with other tools using a variety of different methods such as ABNER (using CRF) and DIVE (using an ensemble of regular expression rules, keyword dictionaries and ontology files). Our results show that DIVE ensemble of methods have higher precision scores than pre-trained CRF models included in ABNER. However, early results from NeuroNER training with on author annotations shows very promising improvement on predicting the important words from the documents.
North America: Central Cordillera

Abstract Growth of Laurentia, the North American craton, occurred along the margins of the Archean Wyoming province during the Paleoproterozoic. Laurentia was part of the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic. The supercontinent was rifted during Neoproterozoic to Cambrian time eventually forming a passive margin along the western margin of Laurentia. Accreted oceanic terranes were added to the western margin of Laurentia during the mid-Paleozoic to Late Jurassic, forming a collage of oceanic rocks, including numerous ophiolitic complexes. A continental magmatic arc developed in the early Mesozoic. During the Late Cretaceous, the magmatic arc extended the length of the Central Cordillera. A forearc sedimentary basin and subduction complex lay seaward of the magmatic arc. Synchronous with the magmatic arc was the development of a retroarc fold-and-thrust belt, flexural foreland basin, and igneous and metamorphic complexes in the hinterland of the orogenic belt. An orogenic plateau existed during the Cretaceous-Paleogene in the hinterland, and it collapsed in the Neogene. The foreland of the thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt was fractured by a thick-skinned belt of basement-involved uplifts, which extended from southwestern Montana to central New Mexico. During the Tertiary (Eocene-Miocene) the hinterland igneous and metamorphic complexes were unroofed by plastic-to-brittle extensional detachment faults that rooted into the mid-crust. The late Cenozoic history of this circum-Pacific orogen is characterized by partitioning of deformation and magmatism into discrete magmatotectonic zones related to ongoing subduction of oceanic lithosphere, evolution of the San Andreas transform-fault system, northwestward migration of the Mendocino triple junction, and intraplate continental lithosphere extension.
Gender Disparity in Trauma Surgery: Compensation, Practice Patterns, Personal Life, and Wellness.

Abstract Background We sought to understand differences in surgical practice, compensation, personal life, and health and wellness between male and female trauma surgeons. Methods An electronic survey study of members of The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma was carried out. Using univariate and bivariate analyses, we compared the differences in surgical practice, compensation, family life, and health status among female and male trauma surgeons and used chi-squared tests for categorical variables. Analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 25, IBM). Results The overall response rate was 37.4%. Women reported working more than 80 h a week more commonly (30% versus 23%; P Conclusions This study highlights contemporary disparities in salaries, practice, and family life between male and female trauma surgeons. Overall, trauma surgeons do not report gender-based differences in health and wellness metrics but have ongoing disparity in compensation and family life.
MORPHINE: SITES OF ACTION IN GUANOSINE NUCLEOSIDE PATHWAY: 38

Though cyclic GMP (cGMP) has been strongly implicated in morphine's analgetic action, the relationship between pharmacologic activity of morphine and brain levels of cGMP is not yet well understood. Here, we investigated effects of morphine on cGMP metabolism. Brain slices were incubated in tonometer at 37°C with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate/glucose buffer, pH 7.35, constant flow of O2/CO2 (20:5) and 2.90 × 10−1 mM of substrate cGMP or 5'-GMP. Sequentially withdrawn aliquots of incubation mixture were analyzed by HPLC. Control brain slices yielded primary metabolic products, GMP, guanosine (GUS), guanine, xanthine, and inosine. Accumulation of guanosine agreed with evidence demonstrating that nucleoside phosphorylase is rate limiting. Chromatographic findings of inosine from samples of human brain slices incubated with cGMP or 5'-GMP as substrate extended our earlier report of 5'-GMP reductase activity in rat brain. No uric acid was detected. Morphine (1.46 × 10−2 mM) significantly reduced rate of cGMP and 5'-GMP metabolisms resulting in latent GUS accumulation substantially increased over control values. Our data suggest that morphine alters purine metabolism by inhibiting cGMP phosphodiesterase and 5'-nucleotidase. This may ultimately assist in establishing both biological significance of cGMP metabolites and multiple actions of morphine on the central nervous system. Supported by NIH/MBRS Grant RR 0809-12.
KidSpell: A Child-Oriented, Rule-Based, Phonetic Spellchecker

For help with their spelling errors, children often turn to spellcheckers integrated in software applications like word processors and search engines. However, existing spellcheckers are usually tuned to the needs of traditional users (i.e., adults) and generally prove unsatisfactory for children. Motivated by this issue, we introduce KidSpell, an English spellchecker oriented to the spelling needs of children. KidSpell applies (i) an encoding strategy for mapping both misspelled words and spelling suggestions to their phonetic keys and (ii) a selection process that prioritizes candidate spelling suggestions that closely align with the misspelled word based on their respective keys. To assess the effectiveness of, we compare the model’s performance against several popular, mainstream spellcheckers in a number of offline experiments using existing and novel datasets. The results of these experiments show that KidSpell outperforms existing spellcheckers, as it accurately prioritizes relevant spelling corrections when handling misspellings generated by children in both essay writing and online search tasks. As a byproduct of our study, we create two new datasets comprised of spelling errors generated by children from hand-written essays and web search inquiries, which we make available to the research community.
Persistence of peanut allergen-derived peptides throughout excessive dry thermal processing

Abstract Scope Commercial dry roasting of peanuts can result in accumulation of extensively heated peanut residue in ovens. These residues could pose a potential allergenic risk if residues are transferred to food products subsequently processed in the oven. Peanut residues can be detected in food products using antibody-based methods, but detection is greatly affected by thermal processing. We investigated the detectability of peanut allergens after excessive thermal processing using mass spectrometry (MS). Methods and results Peanut kernel halves were roasted in a muffle furnace, ground, robustly extracted, and probed by immunoblot with sera from patients with peanut allergy (anti-peanut IgE) and anti-peanut IgG. Extracts were further analyzed by MS. After 8 h at 176 °C, detectable allergenic protein content, by MS, decreased 54.6-fold, with surviving contiguous regions sufficient to bind IgE to Ara h 3. Conclusions Failure to detect peanut residues with antibody-based methods should not be regarded as an indication of the absence of peanut residues as robust extractions coupled with MS were able to identify peanut from some of these processed samples. Peanut residues should be physically removed prior to thermal processing as reliable existing antibody-based methods are inadequate to detect peanut residues after extensive heating of products.
Fourier Domain Pruning of MobileNet-V2 with Application to Video Based Wildfire Detection

In this paper, we propose a deep convolutional neural network for camera based wildfire detection. We train the neural network via transfer learning and use window based analysis strategy to increase the fire detection rate. To achieve computational efficiency, we calculate frequency response of the kernels in convolutional and dense layers and eliminate those filters with low energy impulse response. Moreover, to reduce the storage for edge devices, we compare the convolutional kernels in Fourier domain and discard similar filters using the cosine similarity measure in the frequency domain. We test the performance of the neural network with a variety of wildfire video clips and prune system performs as good as the regular network in daytime wild fire detection, and it also works well on some night wild fire video clips.
Interpersonal Predictors of Suicide Ideation and Attempt Among Early Adolescents

Despite the growing epidemic of suicide ideation and attempt in adolescents, there is a lack of theory-based, empirical research to shed light on these issues in this population and inform school c...
Empiric ablation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in the absence of a mappable trigger: Prospective feasibility and efficacy of pacemap matching to defibrillator electrograms.

Background Catheter ablation strategies for ventricular fibrillation (VF) and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT) are not established when spontaneous triggers are rare or absent. Objective The purpose of this study was to report the feasibility and efficacy of a novel empiric ablation strategy of pacemapping to stored implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) template electrograms (SITE) of the clinical premature ventricular contraction (PVC) trigger. Methods Fifteen patients with drug-refractory VF/PMVT receiving defibrillator shocks without identifiable and mappable PVC triggers were prospectively analyzed. The protocol incorporated systematic pacemapping from known arrhythmogenic sites (moderator band/right ventricular [RV] papillary muscles, left conduction system/Purkinje network, outflow tracts) with real-time comparison between the paced ICD electrogram (EGM) morphology and SITE. Results Regions within the left Purkinje network yielded the best pacemap match for the SITE of the clinical PVC trigger in 55% of ablation targets (left posterior fascicle 6, left septal fascicle 1, left anterior fascicle 5), followed by the RV moderator band region in 14% (n = 3), RV papillary muscles in 13% (n = 3), periaortic region in 14% (n = 3), and left ventricular anterolateral papillary muscle in 4% (n = 1). Freedom from ICD therapies off antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) was 64% at 6 months and 48% at 12 months. Shock burden was reduced from 4 (2–6) to 0 (0–1) (P = .001), and use of AADs was reduced from 2 (1–2) to 0 (0–1) (P = .001). Conclusion In the absence of a mappable trigger, an empiric strategy of interrogating the Purkinje network, papillary muscles, and outflow tract regions by pacemap matching with SITE of the clinical PVC is feasible to guide ablation. A significant reduction in VF/PMVT therapy burden and AAD utilization was observed after a single procedure.
Interdisciplinary Education for Urban Planning

Reasons why the civil engineer is interested in urban planning and why civil engineers are logical and wise choices for leadership roles in urban planning are examined. Education of civil engineers, for this role, at the graduate level should include the development of an appreciation of the many disciplines that contribute to urban planning and the ability to give comprehensiveness to the urban plan.
Twenty Years of the Sociology of Mental Health: The Continued Significance of Gender and Marital Status for Emotional Well-Being

Since the formation of the Mental Health Section of the American Sociological Association in 1992, scholars have made significant progress in our understanding of the social determinants of gender and marital status differences in emotional well-being. In this chapter, I summarize some broad themes that have emerged from the past two decades of scholarship on gender, marital status, and mental health, broadly defined—highlighting theoretical continuities and new developments, methodological innovations as well as important substantive findings. While earlier research focused on documenting gender and marital status differences in symptoms of depression and generalized psychological distress, this new wave of research pays close attention to the larger social, economic, and cultural context in which men’s and women’s lives are embedded, the proximate social conditions under which their social roles and relationships are emotionally beneficial or distressing as well as the different ways in which they express emotional disturbance. Overall, the large body of scholarship on these separate but highly interrelated topics indicates that despite profound social change in gender and marital patterns that have been occurring in the U.S. since the last quarter of the 20th century, gender and marital status continue to shape the mental health of adults in the early part of 21st century.