cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative perspectives on e-government and H1N1: Mexico and the United States

The 2009 H1N1 pandemic created the occasion for novel uses of e-government applications and information technology to enable effective responses on the part of the Mexican and United States governments in communicating with health care workers and citizens to curtail the spread of the virus. This panel features two government professionals working at the heart of the response in each country, and presents their reflections on the strategies used and the lessons that can be drawn from their experiences.
Treatment of contact separation in Eulerian high‐speed multimaterial dynamic simulations

SUMMARY A frictionless contact separation treatment in a sharp-interface Eulerian framework is presented to handle the general situation of high-speed impact and separation of materials. The algorithm has been developed for an established Eulerian-based Cartesian grid multimaterial flow code in which the interfaces are tracked in a sharp manner using a standard narrow-band level set approach. Boundary conditions have been applied using a modified ghost fluid method for elasto-plastic materials. The sharp-interface treatment maintains the distinct interacting interfaces without smearing the contact zone while also removing the difficulties associated with Lagrangian moving mesh entities in contact-separation situations. The algorithm has been tested and verified against experimental and numerical results for three different problems in the high strain rate regime, which involve contact, separation and sliding of materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of lipid spray beads for the delivery of water-soluble materials to a marine suspension-feeder, the Manila clam Tapes philippinarum (Deshayes 1853)

We describe the development and evaluation of a new microparticle for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to suspension feeders. Spray beads successfully incorporated materials dissolved in an aqueous phase or as dry particulate, within a triacylglyceride bead composed of tripalmitin, 600 mg g−1 tripalmitin/400 mg g−1 triolein, or 600 mg g−1 tripalmitin/400 mg g−1 fish oil. Riboflavin was successfully incorporated (up to 44 mg g−1 lipid) and retained (up to 98% over 24 h in seawater) as dry particles in all three mixtures of lipid. Aqueous oxytetracycline hydrochloride or polymeric dye were incorporated (45.6 mg g−1 lipid and 18.1 mg g−1 lipid, respectively) and retained best (99% and 94%, respectively) in spray beads composed of tripalmitin. The addition of triolein or fish oil to the lipid bead reduced incorporation and retention efficiencies for aqueous core materials by up to 75%. Manila clam seed readily ingested and digested lipid microparticles, spray beads and lipid-walled microcapsules. Microparticles composed of tripalmitin were excreted with their payloads intact. Intact microparticles composed of 600 mg g−1 tripalmitin/400 mg g−1 fish oil were largely absent in faecal strands suggesting successful release and delivery of microparticle contents to clams. Spray beads composed of tripalmitin softened with 400 mg g−1 fish oil represent an effective microparticle type for delivering low-molecular weight, water-soluble materials to aquatic suspension feeders.
Approximate statistical dynamics of a genetic feedback circuit

Auto-regulation, a process wherein a protein negatively regulates its own production, is a common motif in gene expression networks. Negative feedback in gene expression plays a critical role in buffering intracellular fluctuations in protein concentrations around optimal value. Due to the nonlinearities present in these feedbacks, moment dynamics are typically not closed, in the sense that the time derivative of the lower-order statistical moments of the protein copy number depends on high-order moments. Moment equations are closed by expressing higher-order moments as nonlinear functions of lower-order moments, a technique commonly referred to as moment closure. Here, we compare the performance of different moment closure techniques. Our results show that the commonly used closure method, which assumes a priori that the protein population counts are normally distributed, performs poorly. In contrast, conditional derivative-matching, a novel closure scheme proposed here provides a good approximation to the exact moments across different parameter regimes. In summary our study provides a new moment closure method for studying stochastic dynamics of genetic negative feedback circuits, and can be extended to probe noise in more complex gene networks.
A computational model for an open-cycle gas core nuclear rocket

A computational model of an open-cycle gas core nuclear rocket (GCR) is developed. The solution is divided into two distinct areas--thermal hydraulics and neutronics. To obtain the thermal-hydraulic solution, a computer code is written that solves the Navier-Stokes, energy, and species diffusion equations. The two-dimensional transport code TWODANT is used to obtain the neutronics solution. The thermal-hydraulic and neutronic models are coupled, and the solution proceeds in an iterative manner until a consistent power density profile is obtained. Various open-cycle GCR designs are evaluated. First, it is assumed that the fuel and propellant do not mix. In this ideal case, it is found that the limiting factor in determining thrust and specific impulse is the maximum allowable wall heat flux. Following this simplified study, the results from a complete thermal-hydraulic/neutronic solution are presented, and the use of alternate fuels and propellants is considered. Next, a parametric design study is conducted that examine the rocket performance of the open-cycle GCR as a function of various design and operational parameters. It is found that fuel containment is very adversely affected by high reactor power or rocket acceleration. Finally, some concepts are discussed that could help improve fuel containment.
Gender and Migration in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca

In this paper we examine the gendered nature of international and internal migration that originates in the central valleys of Oaxaca Mexico. Our goals are to define migration patterns and outcomes for Oaxacan women from the central valleys region and note the differences that mark migrant men and women. We use ethnographic data from anthropological research in 12 of Oaxacas central valley communities to argue that local concepts of what defines correct behaviour (for both men and women) are critical to the outcomes and the differences that exist in the practices of migrant men and women. (authors)
Fractographic analysis of gaseous hydrogen induced cracking in 18Ni maraging steel

Electron microscope fractographic analysis supplemented an extensive study of the kinetics of gaseous hydrogen assisted cracking in 18Ni maraging steel. Temperature determined the crack path morphology in each steel which, in turn, was directly related to the temperature dependence of the crack growth rate. Crack growth in the low temperature regime proceeded along prior austenite grain boundaries. Increasing the temperature above a critical value produced a continuously increasing proportion of transgranular quasi-cleavage associated with lath martensite boundaries. The amount of transgranular cracking was qualitatively correlated with the degree of temperature-induced deviation from Arrhenius behavior. Fractographic observations are interpreted in terms of hypothesized mechanisms for gaseous hydrogen embrittlement. It is concluded that hydrogen segregation to prior austenite and lath martensite boundaries must be considered as a significant factor in developing mechanisms for gaseous embrittlement of high strength steels.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, Mission to Guinea-Bissau

The Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights conducted an official visit to Guinea-Bissau from 23 February to 1 March 2014. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur outlines the challenges that Guinea-Bissau is facing in implementing measures to address poverty and in ensuring the rights of those living in poverty.Guinea-Bissau ranks as one of the poorest countries in the world, with a consistent decline of investment in essential social services such as health care and education. The Special Rapporteur is particularly concerned about the disproportionate vulnerability of certain groups, especially women, as well as obstacles to poverty reduction such as political instability, corruption and impunity.This Special Rapporteur provides recommendations to ensure that relevant policies and programmes are implemented to enable those living in extreme poverty to enjoy their human rights on an equal basis with the rest of the population.
JUVENILE DIVERSION AS AGENCY POLICY: A TWENTY-YEAR PERSPECTIVE

Studies of youth service bureaus are usually based on a sample of such agencies over a relatively short time frame and typically focus on whether diversion actually occurred. The study reported here examines a single youth service bureau over a 20-year period, with a total client population of some 47,000 during this period, with a focus on diversion as agency policy. We were interested in learning whether a youth service bureau, established with LEAA funding in the heyday of popularity for diversion as correctional policy, continued to emphasize diversion as popularity and funding waned. Our findings indicate that this agency maintained its emphasis on diversion, not because of funding agency pressure, but because diversion is sound policy.
Training System and Vine Spacing Impact Vine Growth, Yield, and Fruit Composition in a Vigorous Young ‘Noiret’ Vineyard

An experimental vineyard was planted in Geneva, NY, in 2007 to determine the impact of training system [low bilateral cordon with vertical shoot positioning (LVSP), high wire bilateral cordon (HWC)], vine spacing (1.8 and 2.4 m), and root system [own-rooted, grafted onto ‘101–14 Mgt’ (Vitis riparia · Vitis rupestris)] on vine growth, yield, fruit composition, and wine quality of the recently-released winegrape ‘Noiret’ (Vitis hybrid). Yield components were generally unaffected by training system in 2009, but vines spaced at 2.4 m had about six fewer clusters per meter of canopy, lower pruning weights by 0.24 kg m, and clusters that were 0.01 kg greater in mass compared with vines spaced at 1.8 m. In 2010, HWC yielded 0.98 kg m more than LVSP, and had a higher crop load ratio by 0.8. Larger vine spacing increased yield by 0.32 kg m and increased crop load ratio by 0.3. Grafted vines increased yield by 0.36 kg m and crop load ratio by 0.3. Training system and vine spacing had minimal impact on fruit composition in both years. Rank sum analysis indicated a consumer preference for the aroma of wines from the HWC/2.4-m treatment compared with wines from the LVSP/ 1.8-m treatment in 2009, and a consumer preference for the aroma of wines from the HWC/1.8-m treatment compared with wines from the LVSP/1.8-m treatment in 2010. Results suggest that the LVSP system is not a suitable choice for vigorous ‘Noiret’ vines because of low yields, low crop load ratios, and low preference rankings of LVSP wines by the consumer sensory panel.
DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS OF ALCOHOL USE IN RELATION TO THE PERSISTENCE AND DESISTANCE OF SERIOUS VIOLENT OFFENDING AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN AND CAUCASIAN YOUNG MEN

This study examined the association of alcohol use with the persistence and desistance of serious violent offending among African American and Caucasian young men from adolescence into emerging adulthood. Five violence groups were defined: nonviolent, late-onsetters, desisters, persisters, and one-time offenders. We examined alcohol use trajectories for these groups spanning 12 through 24/25 years of age using a four-piecewise linear growth model s 12-14, 14-18, 18-21, and 21-24/25 years of age. The persisters and desisters reported the highest levels of drinking at 13 years of age. From 14 to 18 years old, however, the late-onsetters showed a higher rate of increase in drinking, compared with the persisters and desisters. Starting at 18 years of age, the desisters' drinking trajectory started to resemble that of the nonviolent group, who showed the highest rate of increase in drinking during emerging adulthood. By 24/25 years of age, the persisters could not be distinguished from the late-onsetters, but they were lower than the nonviolent and one-timer groups in terms of their drinking. At 24/25 years old, the desisters were not significantly different from the other violence groups, although they seemed most similar to the nonviolent and one-timer groups. We found no evidence that the association between drinking and violence differed for African Americans and Caucasians. The findings suggest that yearly changes in alcohol use could provide important clues for preventing violent offending. Language: en
A further clarification of OCRA and its properties in response to Wang and Wang (2005)

This is an exposition written in response to the claims in Wang and Wang (2005) about the problems with the method of OCRA, operational competitiveness rating analysis, for gauging the relative performances of a set of operating entities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix: report of seven cases and review of the literature.

There have been 158 recorded cases of adenocarcinoma of the appendix reported in the literature. Seven additional cases are documented. The great majority of patients have symptoms of acute appendicitis or appendiceal abscess when first seen. Appendectomy with right hemicolectomy yields the best long-term survival rates.
Grain growth simulation of [001] textured YBCO films grown on (001) substrates with large lattice misfits: prediction of misorientations of the remaining boundaries

We study the effects of (1) the variation of grain boundary energy with misorientation and (2) the large lattice misfit (>3%) between the films and substrates on grain growth in films by method of Monte Carlo simulations. The results from the grain growth simulation in YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) films was found to concur with previous experimental observation of preferred grain orientations for YBCO films deposited on various substrates such as (001) magnesium oxide (MgO) and (001) yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The simulation has helped us to identify three factors influencing the competition of these [001] tilt boundaries. They are: (1) the relative depths of local minima in the boundary energy vs. misorientation curve, (2) the number of combinations of coincidence epitaxy (CE) orientations contributing to the exact misorientation for each of the high-angle-but-low-energy (HABLE) boundaries, and (3) the number of combinations of CE orientations within the angular ranges bracketing each of the exact HABLE boundaries. Hence, these factors can be applied to clarify the origin of special misorientations observed experimentally.
Ethanol increases cholinergic and decreases GABAergic neuronal expression in cultures derived from 8-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres: interaction of ethanol and growth factors

Abstract We have shown that ethanol exposure during embryogenesis affects a variety of parameters of neuronal growth both in ovo and in vitro. Moreover, we have found that growth factors significantly attenuate the in ovo neurotoxicity produced by ethanol. In this study, we further examined the direct effects of ethanol exposure on neuron-enriched cultures derived from 8-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres consisting primarily of differentiated neurons. In addition, we examined the interaction of ethanol and nerve growth factor (NGF) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) when the growth factors were given concomitantly with ethanol. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were used as markers for cholinergic and GABAergic neuronal phenotypic expression, respectively. We found that ethanol alone enhanced ChAT and reduced GAD activities in a dose-dependent manner. NGF and EGF given alone enhanced the expression of both neuronal phenotypes. When NGF was given concomitantly with ethanol at C4–8 the decline in GAD produced by ethanol was reversed. The effects of concomitant administration of ethanol and growth factors on ChAT activity revealed that ethanol interfered with the increases produced by the growth factors and especially with NGF when given alone. We conclude from these findings that ethanol may interfere with neuronal phenotypic expression by altering neuronal responsiveness to neurotropic signals important for neuronal differentiation.
Order, chaos and nuclear dynamics☆

The relation between the order-to-chaos transition in the dynamics of independent classical particles in a container, and the transition from an elastic to a dissipative response of the container to shape changes, is studied by means of computer simulations. The validity of the wall formula for energy dissipation is confirmed in the case of containers whose surfaces are rippled according to Legendre polynomials P3, P4, P5, P6, in which case the particle trajectories are largely chaotic, as revealed by Poincare sections in phase space. The opposite limit of an elastic response is illustrated by means of spheroidal containers of various eccentricities, for which the particle trajectories are integrable and the phase space is foliated by tori. Fission-like deformations are also considered, for which the response of the container changes from elastic to dissipative with increasing deformation. Idealized giant-dipole oscillations of the gas are studied for spherical as well as deformed containers. A generalization of the wall formula valid for long times (i.e., for arbitrarily large excitations of the gas) is constructed. The principal lesson of these studies is that a gas of independent particles in a time-dependent container does not behave at all like a gas.
Neuropeptide feedback modifies odor-evoked dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory neurons

Many neurons release classical transmitters together with neuropeptide co-transmitters whose functions are incompletely understood. Here we define the relationship between two transmitters in the olfactory system of C. elegans, showing that a neuropeptide-to-neuropeptide feedback loop alters sensory dynamics in primary olfactory neurons. The AWC olfactory neuron is glutamatergic and also expresses the peptide NLP-1. Worms with nlp-1 mutations show increased AWC-dependent behaviors, suggesting that NLP-1 limits the normal response. The receptor for NLP-1 is the G protein-coupled receptor NPR-11, which acts in postsynaptic AIA interneurons. Feedback from AIA interneurons modulates odor-evoked calcium dynamics in AWC olfactory neurons and requires INS-1, a neuropeptide released from AIA. The neuropeptide feedback loop dampens behavioral responses to odors on short and long timescales. Our results point to neuronal dynamics as a site of behavioral regulation and reveal the ability of neuropeptide feedback to remodel sensory networks on multiple timescales.
Elemental and chemical-state mapping of boron carbide fracture surfaces

Abstract Samples of commercial B 4 C and of reactive hot-pressed B 9 C were fractured in situ in a scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) system. The B 4 C fracture surfaces showed small areas of pore structures, as well as larger relatively smooth areas. Impurities (Cu, Si, S, Ca, N, O and Cr) were found in trace amounts in the pore areas. SAM maps were made of most of these impurities. The nitrogen was found by Auger lineshape in point Auger electron spectroscopy scans to be in the compound BN. Carbon was found on the surface in both boron carbide and as graphite. SAM was used to seperately map B in B 4 C and B in BN, as well as C in B 4 C and C in graphite, in a pore region. In the smooth areas of B 4 C fracture surfaces fewer impurities were found. The carbon occured in B 4 C and in localized carbon-rich areas which had graphite surface layers. In contrast, only B and C were found on the B 9 C fracture surfaces; but the distributions of these elements were not homogenous. Carbon was found both in elemental form as graphite and chemically bound to boron as a carbide. In comparison with the graphite regions on the B 4 C surfaces, the graphite areas on the B 9 C fracture surfaces were not localized. The total surface area was nearly balanced between graphite and carbide regions. Argon ion bombardment revealed the graphite areas to be less than 100 nm thick.
The Influence of Unionism Upon Earnings

Introduction: scope of the paper, 263. — I. Unionism and earnings, 1933–45: the data, 264; analysis of relative wage movements, 267. — II. Alternative hypotheses: differences in skill, 274; urban and rural industries, 275; proportion of women, 276; degree of monopoly, 277; expanding and contracting industries, 277; summary of these considerations, 279. — III. Unionism and earnings, 1890–1926: Douglas' data, 280; appraisal of the indexes, 281; a more fundamental objection, 282. — IV. Implications, 284.
Neurophysiological field potential analysis by microcomputer.

Abstract A system is described for digitizing, storing, displaying, analyzing, and creating hardcopy drawings of electrophysiological field potential data, based on the Apple II microprocessor. The system uses commercially available hardware and user oriented software written in BASIC.
Vibrational progressions in the valence ionizations of transition metal hydrides: Evaluation of metal-hydride bonding and vibrations in (η5-C5R5)Re(NO)(CO)H [R = H, CH3]

The first examples of vibrational structure in metal−ligand σ-bond ionizations are observed in the gas-phase photoelectron spectra of CpRe(NO)(CO)H and Cp*Re(NO)(CO)H [Cp = η5-C5H5, Cp* = η5-C5(CH3)5]. The vibrational progressions are due to the Re−H stretch in the ion states formed by removal of an electron from the predominantly Re−H σ-bonding orbitals. A vibrational progression is also observed in the corresponding ionization of the deuterium analogue, Cp*Re(NO)(CO)D, but with lower vibrational energy spacing as expected from the reduced mass effect. The vibrational progressions in these valence ionizations are directly informative about the nature of the metal-hydride bonding and electronic structure in these molecules. Franck−Condon analysis shows that for these molecules the Re−H or Re−D bond lengthens by 0.25(1) A when an electron is removed from the Re−H or Re−D σ-bond orbital. This bond lengthening is comparable to that of H2 upon ionization. Removal of an electron from the Re−H or Re−D bonds lea...
On the convergence of a class of generalized steffensen's iterative procedures and error analysis

We consider a class of generalized Steffensen's methods for solving nonlinear equations without any derivative. We establish successful the existence-convergence theorem of generalized Steffensen's iteration under the Kantorovich-Ostrowski's conditions and present an upper bound, but it is not optimal. These conclusions contain the special case of Steffensen's method [6]. In the mean time, we compare the accurate error bound of Newton's method with error bounds of generalized Steffensen's methods, we show that latter is less than former.
The Putative bZIP Transcripton Factor BzpN Slows Proliferation and Functions in the Regulation of Cell Density by Autocrine Signals in Dictyostelium

The secreted proteins AprA and CfaD function as autocrine signals that inhibit cell proliferation in Dictyostelium discoideum, thereby regulating cell numbers by a negative feedback mechanism. We report here that the putative basic leucine zipper transcription factor BzpN plays a role in the inhibition of proliferation by AprA and CfaD. Cells lacking BzpN proliferate more rapidly than wild-type cells but do not reach a higher stationary density. Recombinant AprA inhibits wild-type cell proliferation but does not inhibit the proliferation of cells lacking BzpN. Recombinant CfaD also inhibits wild-type cell proliferation, but promotes the proliferation of cells lacking BzpN. Overexpression of BzpN results in a reduced cell density at stationary phase, and this phenotype requires AprA, CfaD, and the kinase QkgA. Conditioned media from high-density cells stops the proliferation of wild-type but not bzpN− cells and induces a nuclear localization of a BzpN-GFP fusion protein, though this localization does not require AprA or CfaD. Together, the data suggest that BzpN is necessary for some but not all of the effects of AprA and CfaD, and that BzpN may function downstream of AprA and CfaD in a signal transduction pathway that inhibits proliferation.
Inactivation of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase by (Z)-4-amino-6-fluoro-5-hexenoic acid: Identification of an active site residue

Abstract (Z)-4-Amino-6-fluoro-5-hexenoic acid is a mechanism-based inactivator of pig brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) aminotransferase. An active site residue to which this inactivator attaches is Cys-294. This is the first time a residue other than the lysine to which PLP is bound has been implicated in active site labeling.
Monthly indices of the post‐smolt growth of Atlantic salmon from the Drammen River, Norway

Indices of the monthly post-smolt growth of three maturity groups of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from the Drammen River in Norway were examined. Scale samples were collected from 1983 to 2003, providing a retrospective growth history for 2854 individuals. Overall post-smolt growth of all three maturity groups decreased throughout the study period. When the post-smolt year was segmented into 8 monthly indices, there was a significant decline in growth during the fourth and fifth month, typically months of maximum growth. The pre-fishery abundance of one and two sea-winter fish from Norway also showed a decline throughout the study period and was positively correlated to the post-smolt growth of fish returning to the Drammen River. Freshwater growth was negatively correlated to the pre-fishery abundance, thus indicating that factors affecting post-smolt growth during the fourth and fifth months at sea may be responsible for declining return numbers in Norway.
954-1 Cost-Effectiveness of Early Cardioversion Guided by Transesophageal Echocardiography for Hospitalized Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Transesophageal echo (TEE)-guided early cardioversion has been proposed as a strategy for hospitalized patients with new atrial fibrillation (AF). Such an approach would serve to minimize the cost/risk of anticoagulation and eliminate the need for a second hospitalization for cardioversion at the cost/risk of TEE. To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the TEE approach, we examined the cost per quality-adjusted life year (OALY) for 4 strategies: I) anticoagulation for 1 mo followed by cardioversion; II) transthoracic echo (TTE) and 1 mo anticoagulation followed by cardioversion; III) TTE, with TEE if TTE (-); 1 mo anticoagulation if TTE (+) or TEE (+); and IV) no TTE; initial TEE with 1 mo anticoagulation if TEE (+); early cardioversion if TEE (-). All strategies are assumed to include 1 mo of anticoagulation following cardioversion. The baseline assumed risk of thromboembolism was 0.8% for all strategies. The hemorrhagic risk was assumed at 0.96% for the first mo and 0.32% the second mo of anticoagulation. We used costs rather than hospital charges. Results TEE-guided early cardioversion [without initial TTE; Strategy IV] dominates all other strategies in that it is the least costly and most effective. Current conventional therapy [Strategy II] costs over $400/pt more, without change in OALY. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the hemorrhagic risk drives the analysis, but the results are stable over a broad range of risks and costs, including a 2/3rds reduction in the hemorrhagic complication rate. There would also be no change in the outcome if the initial TTE were eliminated from conventional therapy. Conclusion TEE-guided early cardioversion (without initial TTE) is both the least expensive and the most effective strategy for hospitalized patients with new AF. Future trials studying the use of TEE for treatment of new AF should consider elimination of the initial TTE study and careful assessment of hemorrhagic complications.
X-Ray Absorption Coefficients of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Absorption coefficients of water and six organic liquids for x-rays of wave-lengths 0.2 to 0.98 A.---A large accurate spectrometer was used to disperse the rays from a Coolidge tube, whose current and voltage were kept constant within 0.1 per cent., and the beam entering the ionization chamber was so narrow that the range of wave-length included was only from 1.7 to 3 per cent. of the mean. The absorption cells, either 1 cm. or 10 cm. deep, were placed 10 cm. in front of the ionization chamber; therefore the absorption measured includes scattering. The variation with wave-length, at least between 0.35 and 0.98 \AA{}., was found in all cases to be in accordance with the equation $\ensuremath{\mu}=A+B{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{3}$, where for water, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, heptane and cyclohexanol the values for $A$ are 3.5, 15.3, 19.0, 21.7, 24.2, 21.5 and 20.5, respectively, and those for $B$ are 44.5, 74.9, 85.3, 98.3, 113.6, 87.3 and 121.0, respectively. These values give the coefficients for a gram molecule of each liquid in a cell 1 ${\mathrm{cm}.}^{2}$ in cross section.Mass absorption coefficients of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen for x-rays of wave-lengths from 0.25 A. to 0.98 A., computed from the above measurements, are as follows: ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{H}=0.37+0.28{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{3}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{C}=0.18+1.01{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{3}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{O}=0.16+2.785{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{3}$. The remarkable agreement between these values for carbon and oxygen, and Hewlett's values for graphitic carbon and liquid oxygen prove the validity of the additive law. The curve for hydrogen suggests that the absorption of this element does not follow the cube law for wave-lengths shorter than 0.65 \AA{}., but is nearly constant down to 0.4 \AA{}.
Aggression in Psychoses

Most individuals diagnosed with a mental illness are not violent, but some mentally ill patients commit violent acts. PubMed database was searched for articles published between 1980 and November 2013 using the combination of key words “schizophrenia” or “bipolar disorder” with “aggression” or “violence.” In comparison with the general population, there is approximately a twofold increase of risk of violence in schizophrenia without substance abuse comorbidity and ninefold with such comorbidity. The risk in bipolar disorder is at least as high as in schizophrenia. Most of the violence in bipolar disorder occurs during the manic phase. Violence among adults with schizophrenia may follow two distinct pathways: one associated with antisocial conduct and another associated with the acute psychopathology, particularly anger and delusions. Clozapine is the most effective treatment of aggressive behavior in schizophrenia. Emerging evidence suggests that olanzapine may be the second most effective treatment. Treatment nonadherence greatly increases the risk of violent behavior, and poor insight as well as hostility is associated with nonadherence. Nonpharmacological methods of treatment of aggression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are increasingly important. Cognitive behavioral approaches appear to be effective in cases where pharmacotherapy alone is not sufficient.
Selective blockade of β-adrenoceptors by 1-(p-allylphenoxy)-3-isopropylamino-2 propanol hydrochloride (H 64/52) in the anaesthetized dog

1. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties of 1-(p-allylphenoxy)-3-isopropylamino-2-propanol hydrochloride (H 64/52) on the cardiovascular and bronchomotor responses to isoprenaline have been determined in the anaesthetized dog.2. H 64/52 selectively blocked the isoprenaline-induced increase in heart rate, contractile force and reduction in airway pressure in the same dose range.3. H 64/52 produced a minimal blockade of vascular beta-adrenoceptors which was apparent only when the isoprenaline-induced fall in diastolic pressure was considered. No significant vascular beta-adrenoceptor blockade with H 64/52 could be shown with the femoral arterial flow or hind-limb perfusion studies.4. These results further support the hypothesis that several different beta-adrenoceptor subtypes exist in the dog. The beta-adrenoceptors subserving cardiac stimulation and bronchodilation appear to be similar and both differ from the beta-adrenoceptor subserving vasodilatation.
POTT'S PUFFY TUMOR AND EPIDURAL ABSCESS ARISING FROM PANSINUSITIS

Abstract Background Sinusitis is a common disorder that can result in rare but serious complications including periorbital or orbital cellulitis, intracranial abscess or meningitis, subperiosteal scalp abscess (“Pott's puffy tumor”), osteomyelitis, and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Case Report We report a case of a 41-year-old man who presented to our Emergency Department with pansinusitis. He did not obtain recommended follow-up treatment after discharge and 26 days later returned with a persistence of sinusitis, Pott's puffy tumor, and an intracranial abscess caused by Streptococcus intermedius. The patient required multiple otolaryngological and neurosurgical interventions and was treated with long-term antibiotic therapy. Conclusions Pott's puffy tumor is a complicated infection that requires intravenous antibiotic and surgical treatment. Diagnosis is made by contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan. Early treatment significantly contributes to favorable outcome and decreases the risk of further complications such as epidural abscess.
A direct method for the calculation of alloreactive CD4+ T cell precursor frequency.

Background. Direct measurement of the precursor frequency of alloreactive CD4 + T cells has been impossible due to the lack of a specific means of determining the absolute number of daughter cells generated with each division in a repertoire of stimulated T cells. Methods. Responder lymphocytes were fluorescently labeled and adoptively transferred into irradiated allogeneic stimulator mice or incubated in vitro with irradiated stimulator splenocytes. After a 65- to 70-hr stimulation period, responder cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results. The precursor frequency of dividing CD4 + T cells was determined both in vivo and in vitro. The observed number of alloreactive daughter cells generated with each round of division was used to calculate the frequency of alloantigen-specific CD4 + T cells. Conclusions. A novel method for the direct calculation of the frequency of alloreactive CD4 + T cells is described. This technique allows the determination of changes in the frequency of alloreactive T cells that might underlie tolerance to alloantigens.
On the computation of emissions from exhaust gas composition measurements

This paper presents a calculation technique and related computer program to yield mass emission rates from measured exhaust gas composition and fuel flow rate or fuel plus air flow rate (if air flow rate is measured). The sensitivity of the computed emission rates to the method of calculation and experimental measurement errors is investigated. It is recommended that published emission rates be the average of the rates computed by several different methods, as discussed in this paper, to minimize the effort of experimental the effect of experiment variations in measurement. This, plus use of the computer program presented, would standardize the assumptions used in computing emissions and minimize differences in reported emission rates from different laboratories.
Economical Methods for Accurate Vehicle Tracking

Accurate vehicle localization is frequently a requirement of tracking applications. Cost, however, often becomes a limiting factor rather than tolerable error in applications requiring better than 1 meter of accuracy. In this paper methods are proposed to provide accurate vehicle localization using off the shelf components, with the goal being accuracy down to 4 cm at 80 km/hr. The technologies proposed include the use of regular GPS, laser and ultrasonic rangefinders, optical mouse sensors, and accelerometers. Methods will also be discussed for calculating position from accelerometer data with a discussion of current results and future plans for combining GPS and accelerometer data.
Multifaceted Leptin Network: The Molecular Connection Between Obesity and Breast Cancer

High plasma levels of leptin, a major adipocytokine produced by adipocytes, are correlated with increased fat mass in obese state. Leptin is emerging as a key candidate molecule linking obesity with breast cancer. Acting via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine manner, leptin impacts various stages of breast tumorigenesis from initiation and primary tumor growth to metastatic progression. Leptin also modulates the tumor microenvironment mainly through supporting migration of endothelial cells, neo-angiogenesis and sustaining recruitment of macrophage and monocytes. Various studies have shown that hyperactive leptin-signaling network leads to concurrent activation of multiple oncogenic pathways resulting in enhanced proliferation, decreased apoptosis, acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype, potentiated migration and enhanced invasion potential of tumor cells. Furthermore, the capability of leptin to interact with other molecular effectors of obese state including, estrogen, IGF-1, insulin, VEGF and inflammatory cytokines further increases its impact on breast tumor progression in obese state. This article presents an overview of the studies investigating the involvement of leptin in breast cancer.
Role of urethral electromyography in predicting outcome of Burch retropubic urethropexy.

Abstract Objective: To establish preoperative urethral electromyographic parameters that predict which women are unlikely to be cured of genuine stress incontinence by Burch retropubic urethropexy procedures. Study Design: Eighty-nine women who underwent preoperative urodynamic testing with urethral electromyography and retropubic urethropexy for genuine stress incontinence were prospectively studied. Raw electromyographic signals were processed by an electromyographic instrument equipped with automated motor unit analysis software programs. Quantitative electromyographic software was used to analyze the electrical activity of the urethral sphincter with use of mean rectified voltage (MRV)—mean amplitude calculated over the entire tracing after the waveform is rectified—with women at rest and during voluntary urethral squeezing, repetitive coughing, and bladder filling. Objective outcomes were determined 3 months after the operation with single-channel cystometrograms performed while subjects were standing. Nonparametric statistical analyses included the χ 2 test of association for nominal data and the Mann-Whitney test for comparison of population medians. Results: All women had urethral hypermobility and met our standard clinical criteria for retropubic urethropexy. Fifteen women had incomplete follow-up data and were excluded from final analysis. Fifty-nine of 74 women (80%) were objectively cured, and 15 women had persistent genuine stress incontinence. Women who were cured did not differ from those who were not cured in age, parity, menopausal status, maximum urethral closure pressure, Valsalva leak point pressure, maximum cystometric capacity, detrusor instability, or prolapse stage. Women with persistent genuine stress incontinence were more likely to have had previous pelvic operations ( P = .01). There were no differences in any electromyographic parameters at rest, with urethral squeezing, or during bladder filling between the groups. Women who were objectively cured had larger MRV values with repetitive coughing ( P = .05) and larger increases from resting MRV values (ΔMRV) with repetitive coughing ( P = .04). Twenty-seven of 30 women with MRV values ≥25 μV with repetitive coughing were cured (positive predictive value [PPV] = 90%; negative predictive value [NPV] = 32%), and 22 of 24 women with more than a 10-μV increase in resting MRV values with repetitive coughing (ΔMRV > 10 μV) were cured (PPV = 92%; NPV=29%). If women had both an MRV value ≥25 μV and a ΔMRV value >10 μV, the PPV was 100%; however, the NPV remained at 30%. Conclusion: Women who were cured of genuine stress incontinence with Burch retropubic urethropexy procedures had better motor unit action potential activation with repetitive coughing than women with persistent genuine stress incontinence. Urethral electromyography may be used to assess the neuromuscular integrity of the striated urethral sphincter and to help predict which women will have successful retropubic urethropexy procedures. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:51-5.)
Social stigma and quality of life among rural-to-urban migrants in China: a comparison with their rural counterparts.

Social stigma has been identified as a major concern in healthcare. Its association with quality of life among migrants is rarely assessed. Using data collected through a cross-sectional survey among 1006 rural-to-urban migrants and 1020 rural residents in China this study examines the experience of stigmatization in relation to four domains of quality of life. Rural-to-urban migrants perceived a higher level of social stigma and a lower level of quality of life than their rural counterparts. Multiple regressions indicated the importance of social stigma in accounting for subjective quality of life for migrants. In addition personal income family economic status and health status were positively associated with increased quality of life. Social stigma has a significant influence on quality of life among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Future interventions should seek to improve public attitudes to rural-to-urban migrants and generate action to eliminate stigma discrimination and prejudice.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE QUANTUM THEORY OF TRANSPORT AND GALVANOMAGNETIC PHENOMENA

Current research in the quantum theory of transport phenomena is reviewed. Solid state and statistical mechanical considerations necessary for an understanding of the phenomena are outlined. The correlations between observed transport phenomena and parauneters of transport theory are described. Calculations are carried out for the case of conductivity in the presence of a magnetic field. The main ideas of Boltzmann-type transport theory are reviewed. Such transport problems as relaxation, diffusion, and absorption are outlined. (T.F.H.)
Levodopa normalizes exercise related cortico-motoneuron excitability abnormalities in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Objectives : To measure exercise induced changes in cortico-motoneuron excitability in Parkinson's disease (PD) before and after levodopa. Methods : Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered at 10% above resting motor threshold in 9 PD and 8 control subjects. Each subject performed repetitive isometric wrist extension at 50% of the baseline maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 30s with 3s rest between extensions until fatigued, defined as the inability to generate force at more than 25% of the baseline MVC. We recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the resting extensor carpi radialis muscle before (baseline), during, and after fatiguing exercise. Baseline electromyographic activity was closely monitored. We compared absolute MEP amplitudes between PD and controls, before and after levodopa, during baseline, exercise, and recovery periods. We correlated absolute MEP amplitudes with an objective measure of fatigability. Results : PD subjects in the "off" state had increased absolute MEP amplitudes compared with controls. The effect was present in all 3 exercise periods. These differences disappeared after levodopa. Post-exercise facilitation was clear for PD subjects before and after levodopa, but post-exercise depression was not significant. Absolute MEP amplitude showed negative correlation with objective fatigability for PD subjects before levodopa. Conclusions : Levodopa normalized the increased cortico-motoneuron excitability in PD patients before, during, and after fatiguing exercise. Significance : This study demonstrated the abnormal cortico-motoneuron excitability associated with motor fatigue in PD.
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis: a new neurocutaneous syndrome

SUMMARY Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis is a congenital neurocutaneous disorder with the distinguishing histopathological features of dysgenesis and neoplasia of the adipose tissue. The dominant clinical features of the syndrome include convulsions beginning in infancy, mental retardation, and unilateral cutaneous and ophthalmological lesions with ipsilateral cerebral malformations. A patient with this rare disorder of ectomesodermal dysgenesis has been studied in order to classify clinically and histologically the associated skin lesions. To our knowledge, this is the fourth case of encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis reported in the English literature.
Minimally supervised induction of grammatical gender

This paper investigates the problem of determining grammatical gender for the nouns of a language starting with minimal resources: a very small list of seed nouns for which gender is known or via translingual projection of natural gender. We show that through a bootstrapping process that uses contextual clues from an unannotated corpus and morphological clues modeled with suffix tries, accurate gender predictions can be induced for five diverse test languages.
Reducing The Detection Complexity By Using 2×2 Multi-Strata Space-Time Codes

The multistrata space-time codes were proposed by Wachsmann et al. to increase the spectral efficiency of orthogonal space-time block codes. However, these codes lack two things: 1) their performance is worse than codes designed using number theory like the Golden code. 2) The advantages of their structure were never exploited in reducing the detection complexity. In this paper, it is shown how the multistrata structure can potentially reduce the detection complexity of the sphere decoder in the uncoded case and a simple means of generating bit log-likelihood ratios in a bit-interleaved coded modulation scenario is presented. Simulation results show that the obtained code has a very small performance penalty compared to the Golden code in the uncoded case and outperforms it in bit-interleaved coded modulation.
Microinjection of the δ-opioid receptor selective antagonist naltrindole 5′-isothiocyanate site specifically affects cocaine self-administration in rats responding under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement

Abstract Whether the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) system can modulate behavioral effects of cocaine remains equivocal. We examined whether site- and subtype-selective blockade of DORs within the rat mesocorticolimbic system affects cocaine self-administration. The DOR antagonist naltrindole 5′-isothiocyanate (5′-NTII; 5 nmol) was microinjected into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), or amygdala (AMYG) in rats self-administering 1.5 mg/kg cocaine under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Intra-NAcc 5′-NTII significantly decreased cocaine self-administration, while 5′-NTII administration into the VTA significantly increased cocaine-maintained responding. 5′-NTII administration into the AMYG produced no effect. These data support a site-specific role of DORs in cocaine's behavioral effects.
Distance-regular Isometric Subgraphs of the Halved Cubes

We classify distance-regular graphs that are isometrically embeddable into halved cube graphs.