cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A real-time method to simultaneously measure linear energy transfer and dose for proton therapy using organic scintillators.

Purpose: The light generated in organic scintillators depends on both the radiation dose and the linear energy transfer (LET). The LET dependence leads to an under-response of the detector in the Bragg peak of proton beams. This phenomenon, called ionization quenching, must be corrected to obtain accurate dose measurements of proton beams. This work exploits the ionization quenching phenomenon to provide a method of measuring LET and auto correcting quenching. Methods: We exposed simultaneously four different organic scintillators (BCF-12, PMMA, PVT, and LSD; 1mm in diameter) and a plane parallel ionization chamber in passively scattered proton beams to doses between 32 and 43 cGy and fluence averaged LET values from 0.47 to 1.26 keV/µm. The LET values for each irradiation condition were determined using a validated Monte Carlo model of the beam line. We determined the quenching parameter in the Birk’s equation for scintillation in BCF-12 for dose measurements. One set of irradiation conditions was used to correlate the scintillation response ratio to the LET values and plot a scintillation response ratio versus LET calibration curve. Irradiation conditions independent from the calibration ones were used to validate this method. Comparisons to the expected values were made on both the basis of dose and LET. Results: Among all the scintillators investigated, the ratio of PMMA to BCF-12 provided the best correlation to LET values and was used as the LET calibration curve. The expected LET values in the validation set were within 2%±6%, which resulted in dose accuracy of 1.5%±5.8% for the range of LET values investigated in this work. Conclusion: We have demonstrated the feasibility of using the ratio between the light output of two organic scintillators to simultaneously measure LET and dose of therapeutic proton beams. Further studies are needed to verify the response in higher LET values.
Virtualization Infrastructure and Related Security Issues

Virtualization is a process through which one can create something that is there in effect and performance but in reality not there – that is virtual. It is a physical abstraction of the company computing resources like storage, network servers, and memory. VMware.com, a software developer and a global leader in the virtualization market, defines virtualization as a process in which software creates virtual machines (VMs) including a virtual machine monitor called “hypervisor,” which allocates hardware resources dynamically and transparently so that multiple operating systems, called “guest operating systems,” can run concurrently on a single physical computer without even knowing it [1]. For example, using software virtualization, one can, using the existing underlying hardware and software resources like operating systems, create and run several independent virtual operating systems on top of one physical operating system using the existing hardware resources to execute independent system tasks. Hardware virtualization also takes the same concept where several servers or client machines can be created based on one underlying hardware. The virtualization concept has been with us for some time.
Trilobite malformations and the fossil record of behavioral asymmetry

Malformations of trilobites are classified as healed injuries, teratological conditions, and pathological conditions. An improved method of recognizing such malformations combines information about the conditions under which cell injury can occur, the processes by which animal tissues react to injury, and trilobite morphology. Study of healed injuries of polymeroid trilobites shows that injuries attributed to sublethal predation tend to be most commonly preserved on the pleural lobes, the posterior half of the body, and the right side. Statistically significant differences in the number of predation scars between the right and left sides is interpreted as evidence of right-left behavioral asymmetry in some predators of trilobites or the trilobites themselves. Asymmetrical, or lateralized, behavior in present-day animals is one manifestation of handedness, and is usually related to a functional lateralization of the nervous system. Evidence of behavioral lateralization in some Paleozoic predators or prey suggests that those organisms also possessed lateralized nervous systems. Right-left differences in preserved predation scars on trilobites date from the Early Cambrian (Olenellus Zone), and are the oldest known evidence of behavioral asymmetry in the fossil record. Other examples of structural or behavioral asymmetry from the fossil record of animals are cited. Lateralization is recognized in representatives of the Arthropoda, Annelida, Bryozoa, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Chordata, and Conodonta, and in trace fossils.
Outcomes Following Endoscopic Stapes Surgery

There are limited studies describing the surgical and hearing outcomes following endoscopic stapes surgeries, despite the burgeoning interest and excitement in endoscopic ear surgery. Current studies have demonstrated that endoscopic stapes surgery is safe and has similar audiologic outcomes when compared with microscopic stapes procedures. However, preliminary studies show decreased postoperative pain in endoscopic cases compared with microscopic controls. In regards to possible endoscopic advantages, these few studies demonstrate mixed results when comparing the need to remove the bony medial external auditory canal wall to improve visualization and access to the oval window niche.
Surgery of Epilepsy

The surgical outcome in 34 patients between 2 and 15 years of age who were operated on for medically intractable seizures is reported from the Neurosurgical Clinic, University Clinical Center, Visegradska 26, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Glioma classification and translational application in clinics

G are the most common type of primary brain tumors in adults and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality. Defining glioma sub-types based on objective genetic and molecular signatures may allow for a more rational, patient specific approach to therapy in the future. Applying two unsupervised machine-learning methods to 159 glioma patient gene expression profiles ranging from low to high grade gliomas, we have established a glioma classification model containing six distinct sub-types. These sub-types are validated using three additional data-sets and annotated for underlying molecular functions. To translate this glioma classification model into clinical application, we developed a web-based tool, GliomaPredict, for assigning new patients into our molecular sub-types. The classification model also facilitates us to study glioma progression mechanism in cohered and to design targeted clinical trials.
A geografia social do zika no Brasil

A crise do virus do zika, como todas as doencas, e um indicador da desigualdade que persiste no Brasil mesmo apos decadas de democracia. O zika ilustra disparidade nao apenas em termos de classe e com a variedade de questoes que se conectam com classe, como genero e raca. Questoes eticas relacionadas ao virus do zika tambem tem impactos diferenciais em termos de escolhas reprodutivas, no uso de produtos quimicos para a pulverizacao e no desenvolvimento de mosquitos geneticamente modificados. Ao utilizarem um conjunto multidisciplinar de metodos baseados em historia, antropologia e ecoepidemiologia, os autores mostram como a crise atual do zika e parte do historico de saude no Brasil com as relacoes muitas vezes tensas entre atores estatais e populacao em geral.
Optimized method for isolating highly purified and functional porcine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells

Numerous protocols exist for isolating aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells from small animals. However, establishing a protocol for isolating pure cell populations from large animal vessels that are more elastic has been challenging. We developed a simple sequential enzymatic approach to isolate highly purified populations of porcine aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. The lumen of a porcine aorta was filled with 25 U/ml dispase solution and incubated at 37°C to dissociate the endothelial cells. The smooth muscle cells were isolated by mincing the tunica media of the treated aorta and incubating the pieces in 0.2% and then 0.1% collagenase type I solution. The isolated endothelial cells stained positive for von Willebrand factor, and 97.2% of them expressed CD31. Early and late passage endothelial cells had a population doubling time of 38 hr and maintained a capacity to take up DiI-Ac-LDL and form tubes in Matrigel®. The isolated smooth muscle cells stained highly positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin, and an impurities assessment showed that only 1.8% were endothelial cells. Population doubling time for the smooth muscle cells was ∼70 hr at passages 3 and 7; and the cells positively responded to endothelin-1, as shown by a 66% increase in the intracellular calcium level. This simple protocol allows for the isolation of highly pure populations of endothelial and smooth muscle cells from porcine aorta that can survive continued passage in culture without losing functionality or becoming overgrown by fibroblasts.
Max progressive network update

Datacenter network always needs to be updated so that it can adapt to frequent traffic changes and constantly achieve high network utilization. However, the quality of service can be easily reduced by unexpected transient link congestion, which may be caused by variable link transmission latency during flow migration. Furthermore, when network administrators reallocate bandwidth resource without taking flow path information into consideration, deadlocks among flows waiting for link resources unavoidably block the updating process. In this paper, we prove it is NP-hard to find a feasible updating plan with the minimum number of rate-limiting flows when deadlocks occur. We propose a buffer-assisted schedule, Max Progressive Updating Method (MAPUM), to update network in a consistent and efficient way. Extensive simulations prove that MAPUM accomplishes network updating in a lossless and effective way.
“What Should I Do?”: Young Women’s Reported Dilemmas with Nude Photographs

Sexting and sending nude and semi-nude photographs continues to be at the forefront of discourse pertaining to adolescence. While researchers have explored consequences for sexting, less is known about the challenges adolescents face when making decisions about sending photographs. Using online personal accounts posted by adolescents, this study explores young women’s reported dilemmas with sending nude photographs to their peers. A thematic analysis of 462 stories reveals that young women received conflicting messages which told them both to send and refrain from sending photographs. In addition to sending photographs in the hope of gaining a relationship, young women also reported sending photographs as the result of coercion by male counterparts in the form of persistent requests, anger, and threats. Young women attempted to navigate young men’s coercive behaviors yet frequently resorted to compliance. Refusal was often met with repeated requests or threats. Alternative tactics were largely absent from young women’s stories, indicating that young women do not have tools to successfully navigate the challenges they face.
Of poisons and parasites-the defensive role of tetrodotoxin against infections in newts.

Classical research on animal toxicity has focused on the role of toxins in protection against predators, but recent studies suggest these same compounds can offer a powerful defense against parasites and infectious diseases. Newts in the genus Taricha are brightly coloured and contain the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), which is hypothesized to have evolved as a defense against vertebrate predators such as garter snakes. However, newt populations often vary dramatically in toxicity, which is only partially explained by predation pressure. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between TTX concentration and infection by parasites. By systematically assessing micro- and macroparasite infections among 345 adult newts (sympatric populations of Taricha granulosa and T. torosa), we detected 18 unique taxa of helminths, fungi, viruses and protozoans. For both newt species, per-host concentrations of TTX, which varied from undetectable to >60 μg/cm2 skin, negatively predicted overall parasite richness as well as the likelihood of infection by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and ranavirus. No such effect was found on infection load among infected hosts. Despite commonly occurring at the same wetlands, T. torosa supported higher parasite richness and average infection load than T. granulosa. Host body size and sex (females > males) tended to positively predict infection levels in both species. For hosts in which we quantified leucocyte profiles, total white blood cell count correlated positively with both parasite richness and total infection load. By coupling data on host toxicity and infection by a broad range of micro- and macroparasites, these results suggest that-alongside its effects on predators-tetrodotoxin may help protect newts against parasitic infections, highlighting the importance of integrative research on animal chemistry, immunological defenses and natural enemy ecology.
Predicting patient exposure to nickel released from cardiovascular devices using multi-scale modeling

Abstract Many cardiovascular device alloys contain nickel, which if released in sufficient quantities, can lead to adverse health effects. However, in-vivo nickel release from implanted devices and subsequent biodistribution of nickel ions to local tissues and systemic circulation are not well understood. To address this uncertainty, we have developed a multi-scale (material, tissue, and system) biokinetic model. The model links nickel release from an implanted cardiovascular device to concentrations in peri-implant tissue, as well as in serum and urine, which can be readily monitored. The model was parameterized for a specific cardiovascular implant, nitinol septal occluders, using in-vitro nickel release test results, studies of ex-vivo uptake into heart tissue, and in-vivo and clinical measurements from the literature. Our results show that the model accurately predicts nickel concentrations in peri-implant tissue in an animal model and in serum and urine of septal occluder patients. The congruity of the model with these data suggests it may provide useful insight to establish nickel exposure limits and interpret biomonitoring data. Finally, we use the model to predict local and systemic nickel exposure due to passive release from nitinol devices produced using a wide range of manufacturing processes, as well as general relationships between release rate and exposure. These relationships suggest that peri-implant tissue and serum levels of nickel will remain below 5 μg/g and 10 μg/l, respectively, in patients who have received implanted nitinol cardiovascular devices provided the rate of nickel release per device surface area does not exceed 0.074 μg/(cm2 d) and is less than 32 μg/d in total. Statement of significance The uncertainty in whether in-vitro tests used to evaluate metal ion release from medical products are representative of clinical environments is one of the largest roadblocks to establishing the associated patient risk. We have developed and validated a multi-scale biokinetic model linking nickel release from cardiovascular devices in-vivo to both peri-implant and systemic levels. By providing clinically relevant exposure estimates, the model vastly improves the evaluation of risk posed to patients by the nickel contained within these devices. Our model is the first to address the potential for local and systemic metal ion exposure due to a medical device and can serve as a basis for future efforts aimed at other metal ions and biomedical products.
Hardline Policies, Blocked Mobility, and Immigrant Entrepreneurs

This chapter focuses on shifts in immigration legislation at the turn of the twenty-first century because, as others have observed, such policy became increasingly punitive at the close of the twentieth century. The primary evidence presented in this chapter shows that in the context of growing social distancing, greater scapegoating, and blocked economic mobility, more immigrants from Mexico now turn to entrepreneurship. It is a known survivors’ strategy, even if the returns to Mexican immigrants are lower than they have historically been for other disadvantaged groups.
Intraoperative lumpectomy cavity margin analysis with far-red fluorescence to reduce volume of tissue excised during breast cancer lumpectomy surgery.

e12605Background: Obtaining clear margins in breast cancer lumpectomy surgery is made difficult by complex tumor geometry and lack of rapid, accurate approaches for intraoperative margin assessment...
Types of Gaseous Nebulae

A gaseous nebula is an ionized low-density plasma, very large in size compared with laboratory or even stellar dimensions. There exist a great variety of these objects. Densities range from a few ions and electrons/cm3 to perhaps 1012/cm3, beyond which point the plasma resembles the photosphere or chromosphere of a stellar atmosphere. We restrict our attention to ionized plasmas that emit observable spectral lines and continua. The gas kinetic temperatures of these objects, as measured by speeds of ions and electrons, range from a few thousand degrees in galactic diffuse nebulae to several hundred thousands or even millions in the highly attenuated bubbles associated with supernova events. Our main attention, however, will be devoted to objects with gas kinetic temperatures between 5000°K and 30,000°K.
Integral Transforms with Modified Bessel Functions as Kernel

A representation of a given function f(x) by means of a double integral involving modified Bessel functions of order v is $$ f(x) = {{(\pi {\text{i)}}}^{{ - 1}}}{\text{ }}\int\limits_{{c - i\infty }}^{{c + i\infty }} {{{I}_{v}}} (tx){{(tx)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}dt\int\limits_{0}^{\infty } {{{k}_{v}}} (ut){{(ut)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}f(u)du $$ or also $$ f(x) = {{(2\pi {\text{i)}}}^{{ - 1}}}{\text{ }}\int\limits_{{c - i\infty }}^{{c + i\infty }} {[{{I}_{v}}} (tx) + {{I}_{{ - v}}}(tx)]{{(tx)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}dt\int\limits_{0}^{\infty } {{{k}_{v}}} (ut){{(ut)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}f(u)du $$ This is equivalent with the pair of inversion formulas $$ g(y;v) = \int\limits_{0}^{\infty } f (x){{(xy)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}{{k}_{v}}(xy)dx $$ (1) $$ f(x) = {{(\pi {\text{i}})}^{{ - 1}}}\int\limits_{{c - i\infty }}^{{c + i\infty }} g (y,v){{(xy)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}{{I}_{v}}(xy)dy $$ (2) or $$ g(y;v) = \int\limits_{0}^{\infty } f (x){{(xy)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}_{v}(xy)dx $$ (3) $$ f(x) = {{(2\pi {\text{i)}}}^{{ - 1}}}\int\limits_{{c - i\infty }}^{{c + i\infty }} g (y;v){{(xy)}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}[{{I}_{{ - v}}}(xy)]dy $$ (4) Since for v = ± ½ $$c $$ the equations (3) and (4) become $$ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{{\left( {2{{\pi }^{{ - 1}}}} \right)}}^{{ \frac{1}{2} }}}g\left( {y;\pm \frac{1}{2} } \right) = \int\limits_{0}^{\infty } {f\left( x \right)} {{e}^{{ - xy}}}dx} \\ {f\left( x \right) = {{{\left( {2\pi i} \right)}}^{{ - 1}}}\int\limits_{0}^{\infty } {\left( {2{{\pi }^{{ - 1}}}} \right)g\left( {y;\pm \frac{1}{2} } \right){{e}^{{xy}}}dy} n} \\ \end{array} $$ These are the Laplace transform formulas.
Inter-hospital transfer and patient outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.

Background Inter-hospital transfer (IHT, the transfer of patients between hospitals) occurs regularly and exposes patients to risks of discontinuity of care, though outcomes of transferred patients remains largely understudied. Objective To evaluate the association between IHT and healthcare utilisation and clinical outcomes. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting CMS 2013 100 % Master Beneficiary Summary and Inpatient claims files merged with 2013 American Hospital Association data. Participants Beneficiaries≥age 65 enrolled in Medicare A and B, with an acute care hospitalisation claim in 2013 and 1 of 15 top disease categories. Main outcome measures Cost of hospitalisation, length of stay (LOS) (of entire hospitalisation), discharge home, 3 -day and 30- day mortality, in transferred vs non-transferred patients. Results The final cohort consisted of 53 420 transferred patients and 53 420 propensity-score matched non-transferred patients. Across all 15 disease categories, IHT was associated with significantly higher costs, longer LOS and lower odds of discharge home. Additionally, IHT was associated with lower propensity-matched odds of 3-day and/or 30- day mortality for some disease categories (acute myocardial infarction, stroke, sepsis, respiratory disease) and higher propensity-matched odds of mortality for other disease categories (oesophageal/gastrointestinal disease, renal failure, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, renal failure, chronic obstructivepulmonary disease, hip fracture/dislocation, urinary tract infection and metabolic disease). Conclusions In this nationally representative study of Medicare beneficiaries, IHT was associated with higher costs, longer LOS and lower odds of discharge home, but was differentially associated with odds of early death and 30 -day mortality depending on patients’ disease category. These findings demonstrate heterogeneity among transferred patients depending on the diagnosis, presenting a nuanced assessment of this complex care transition.
Two classes of extracellular Cu-only SODs for fungal pathogens

Our lab recently characterized a new class of Cu-only SODs in fungi. Members of this class are the only extracellular SODs found in this kingdom. Unlike the well-characterized Cu/Zn SODs, they lack the zinc site and have an unusually open copper site. Interestingly, Candida albicans encodes three extracellular SOD enzymes: SOD4, 5, and 6. SOD5 has been previously characterized and shown to combat the ROS produced by the host immune system as well as react with superoxide produced by the fungi itself. Like SOD5, SOD4 is also a highly active Cu-only SOD, but the two SODs diverge at the expression and functional levels. SOD5 is predominantly expressed during hyphal morphogenesis of C. albicans. Conversely, SOD4 is specifically upregulated during iron starvation by an iron-responsive transcription factor. p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Helvetica} Both proteins were detected in the cell wall of cells grown in Fe-deficient media during hyphal morphogenesis and a small fraction of both were secreted into the extracellular environment. SOD4 did not affect the ability of C. albicans to uptake various iron sources in vivo and we hypothesize that its upregulation is a response to a host environment. We also examined the extracellular SODs in three closely related Candida spp. including the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris. We find that all three have Fe-regulated EC-SODs like SOD4, but only fungi that undergo morphogenesis have an EC-SOD induced during hyphal formation, as is the case with SOD5 in C. albicans.
Reduction and Mitigation of Thermal Injuries: What Can Be Done?

Soon after the introduction of the crashworthy fuel system and Nomex flight apparel, morbidity and mortality rates from thermal injuries in aviation were reduced to zero. Although the incidence of aircraft mishaps involving postcrash fires have remained the same, there has been a recent increase in thermal injury morbidity. These case reports describe three different aircraft accidents in which fire was caused by factors other than the crashworthy fuel system. They also describe sustained thermal injuries and compare them to personal protection equipment. We found that the condition of the personal protective equipment and unauthorized use of unapproved apparel were responsible for the sustained injuries. We maintain that personal protection equipment is effective if worn in the manner for which it was designed. We believe that the lessons learned apply to all military operations where the risk of fire is high, not solely aviation. A proactive program focused on education would reduce the thermal injury morbidity.
Traumatic brachial arteriovenous fistula

Abstract Acquired arteriovenous fistula (AVF) are rare in the pediatric population. We report a 15-year-old boy who sustained a ballistic ball (BB) gun pellet injury to the left forearm leading to formation of a traumatic branchio-brachial AVF. He underwent successful open repair of his fistula using a vein patch graft. We share our management of this rare case and review management of pediatric arteriovenous fistulas.
A 6-Year-Old-Boy with Proximal Leg Muscle Weakness and Facial Weakness

The child in this vignette presented with proximal leg muscle weakness and facial weakness. He had normal creatine kinase, normal electromyography and muscle biopsy showed features consistent with nemaline myopathy (NM) which was caused by NEB mutation. NM is clinically and genetically heterogeneous; NEB mutations are the most common cause of autosomal recessive NM. The histologic hallmark of NM is the presence of nemaline rods within the muscle fibers which are best visualized in modified Gomori trichrome stain.
Effect of tonsillectomy on cognition in preschool children with sleep-disordered breathing

* Abbreviations: BIA — : Brief Intellectual Ability CHAT — : Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial NEPSY — : Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment OAHI — : Obstructive Apnea-Hypopnea Index OSA — : obstructive sleep apnea OSDB — : obstructive sleep-disordered breathing POSTA — : Preschool Obstructive Sleep Apnea Tonsillectomy Adenoidectomy RCT — : randomized controlled trial Adenotonsillectomy represents 15% of all surgical procedures in children <15 years of age.1,2 The primary indication for adenotonsillectomy has shifted over the last 20 years from recurrent throat infections to obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).3 OSDB includes disorders ranging from primary snoring to OSA and can result in a significant negative impact on quality of life and other health-related consequences. Specifically, OSDB has been associated with a decrease in IQ, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, emotional lability, enuresis, and learning impairment.4 Although the exact relationship between OSDB and neurocognitive deficit is unclear, 1 hypothesis is that respiratory disruptions lead to sleep fragmentation and episodic hypoxia, promoting systemic inflammatory changes and vascular changes in specific parts of the brain, resulting in impaired daytime functioning.5–7 Although disruptions sometimes result in excessive daytime somnolence (as in adults), in young children, it is more common to observe hyperactivity, impulsivity, and poor attention span.8–11 Some evidence exists that OSDB treatment may result in improvement in these sequelae12–14; however, little evidence on this subject addresses the preschool age group (3–5 years of age). The Preschool Obstructive Sleep Apnea Tonsillectomy … Address correspondence to David O. Francis, MD, MS, Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 600 Highland Ave, K4/7, Madison, WI 53794. E-mail:dofrancis{at}wisc.edu
Challenges of Comparative Jury Research: A Norwegian Case Study (Utfordringer ved komparative juryundersøkelser: Tilfellet Norge)

English Abstract: This article considers the issue of meaningful lay participation in legal systems. The case considered is the Norwegian legal system during a historic time of transition away from all-layperson juries. Drawing on sixteen months of ethnographic research, the study included court observation and interviews with judges, prosecutors, former lay decision-makers, defense attorneys, and other participants in the country’s longstanding jury debate. A conclusion that emerges is that presumptions of the commensurability of all-layperson juries and mixed courts demand attention to the specific social and cultural contexts of the states that support them. Ethnographic research demonstrates that all-layperson juries in Norway face practical and procedural checks that differentiate them from juries in other settings, and that also reflect distinctive understandings of social equality that pervade society. The article concludes that in the process of explicitly and implicitly limiting the discretion of all-layperson jurors by setting aside verdicts and evaluating evidence in legal instructions, legal professionals in Norway evince confidence that mixed courts of lay and professional citizens facilitate collaborative and just verdicts. Norwegian Abstract: Artikkelen omhandler lekfolks deltakelse i ulike rettssystemer. Studien tar utgangspunkt i det norske rettssystemet, samtidig som endringen fra juryordning til meddomsrett pagar. Gjennom 16 maneder med etnografiske undersokelser tar studien for seg observasjoner fra norske rettssaler samt intervjuer med dommere, representanter fra patalemyndigheten, lekfolk, forsvarere og andre som har deltatt i debatten om den norske juryordningen. Et funn er at komparativ forskning pa juryordninger og meddomsrett krever at man ser hen til den sosiale og kulturelle konteksten. Studien viserat juryordningen i Norge star overfor praktiske og prosessuelle utfordringer som skiller den fra andre lands juryordninger, og som ogsa reflekterer oppfatningen om social likhet som gjennomsyrer det norske samfunnet. I motsetning til at fagdommerne bade eksplisitt og implisitt begrenser juryens kompetanse, ved a kunne sette til side juryens kjennelser og a komme med bevisvurderinger I rettsbelaeringen, legger en blandet rett med sa vel fagdommere som legdommere til rette for samarbeid og rettferdige avgjorelser.
Musicophilia in Mumbai: performing subjects & the metropolitan unconscious: by Tejaswini Niranjana, Durham, Duke University Press, 2020, xii+238 pp., £21.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4780-0818-7

Tejaswini Niranjana’s Musicophilia in Mumbai explores a version of India’s modernity that is absent from the discussions of capital flows, infrastructure, and globalization dominating work on citie...
A History of Infrared Extinction at CTIO, Chile, and a Possible Connection with the El Niño Phenomenon

Extinction coefficients and sensitivity values in the JHKL bandpasses measured on nearly 200 clear nights of observing between 1978 and 1992 on the 1.5 m and the Blanco 4 m telescopes at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory are presented and discussed. Analysis of these data shows the following: there are seasonal variations in both the extinction coefficients and sensitivity values that are qualitatively consistent with expected variations in the amount of H2O in the atmosphere—relatively high in the summer months, lower in the winter months. The linear correlation coefficients between most of these quantities are statistically significant. The yearly mean values of these quantities also show significant variability of a few hundredths of a magnitude. The correlations between these yearly means are again consistent with variations in the H2O content of the atmosphere. At least some of these longer term variations are closely correlated with quantitative measures of the strength of the atmospheric and oceanic El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon.
Study the effect of the skull in light illumination and ultrasound detection paths in transcranial photoacoustic imaging

Skull tissue greatly degrades the photoacoustic signal in a transcranial photoacoustic imaging system. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of transcranial photoacoustic imaging, by studying the effect of skull in both illumination path and acoustic detection path, and determine the maximum skull thickness through which accurate photoacoustic imaging is feasible without any post processing.
Peer Assessment in Medical Student Education: A Study of Feasibility, Benefit, and Worth.

BackgroundDirect experience with medical procedures is an important component of medical school training, yet opportunities for medical students have dwindled for various reasons. To offset this, s...
How Useful Is CPI Price Data for Spatial Price Adjustment in Poverty Measurement? A Case from Ghana

Measuring and comparing the levels of household welfare and poverty in a country require cost-of-living differences across regions to be properly adjusted. In measuring the spatial cost of living, the recent literature underscores the importance of detailed product quality information in the price data. Taking advantage of the price data availability in Ghana, this case study explores the Consumer Price Index price data as a source for spatial price measurement. It applies the country product dummy method to the Consumer Price Index price data and compares the results with other methods based on different price data. The empirical analysis indicates a potential bias in estimating spatial prices stemming from the lack of product quality information and, therefore, suggests the potential usefulness of the Consumer Price Index price data for spatial price adjustment in poverty analysis in low- and middle-income countries.
Understanding the role of race, gender and age in request to consent search drivers

This study sought to understand the issue of racial profiling in police requests to consent search the driver. The social conditioning model was applied as a theoretical explanation of the officer ...
Ermittlung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten aus relaxationskinetischen Meßergebnissen, gewonnen bei verschiedenen Ionenstärken

Das Dimerisierungsgleichgewicht geladener Molekule 2Mz⇌D2z wurde als einfaches Modellsystem gewahlt, um — unter Verwendung von bei verschiedenen Ionenstarken gewonnenen relaxationskinetischen Mesergebnissen — die Bestimmung ionenstarkenunabhangiger Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten und der thermodynamischen Gleichgewichtskonstante zu demonstrieren.
Locke on Slavery and Inalienable Rights

Slavery is so vile and miserable an Estate of Man, and so directly opposite to the generous Temper and Courage of our Nation; that ‘tis hardly to be conceived, that an Englishman, much less a Gentleman, should plead for't. So begins the first of Locke's Two Treatises of Government. But this Englishman, gentleman, and self-styled ‘lover of liberty’ was not himself above pleading for slavery when it suited him. That plea has been an embarrassment to his admirers ever since. Locke attempted to legitimize slavery by portraying it as a form of punishment for crimes committed where no central political authority or justice system exists. If a victim of an assault is entitled to take his attacker's life in self-defense, Locke reasoned, he must also be entitled to take his attacker's liberty.
Characterizing the cost of oviposition in insects: a dynamic model

The development of a consensus model of insect oviposition has been impeded by an unresolved controversy regarding the importance of time costs versus egg costs in mediating the trade-off between current and future reproduction. Here I develop a dynamic optimization model that places time and egg costs in a common currency (opportunity costs expressed as decreased lifetime reproductive success) so that their relative magnitudes can be compared directly. The model incorporates stochasticity in host encounter and mortality risk as well as behavioral plasticity in response to changes in the age and egg load of the ovipositing female. The dynamic model's predictions are congruent with those of a simpler, static model: both time- and egg-mediated costs make important contributions to the overall cost of oviposition. Modest quantitative differences between the costs predicted by the static versus dynamic models show that plasticity of oviposition behavior modulates the opportunity costs incurred by reproducing females. The relative importance of egg-mediated costs increases substantially for oviposition events occurring later in life. I propose that the long debate over how to represent the cost of oviposition should be resolved not by advocating the pre-eminence of one sort of cost above all others, but rather by building models that represent the complementary roles of different costs. In particular, both time and egg costs must be recognized to produce a general model of insect oviposition that incorporates a realistic representation of the cost of reproduction.
Elastic plastic analysis of growing cracks

The elastic--plastic stress and deformation fields at the tip of a crack which grows in an ideally plastic solid under plane strain, shows small scale yielding conditions. Results of an asymptotic analysis suggests the existence of a crack tip stress state similar to that of the classical Prandtl field, but containing a zone of elastic unloading between the centered fan region and the trailing constant stress plastic region. The near tip expression for the rate of opening displacement delta at distance r from the growing tip is found to have the form delta-. = ..cap alpha.. J-./sigma/sub o/ + ..beta..(sigma/sub o//E) a-. ln(R/r) but the presence of the elastic wedge causes ..beta.. to have the revised value of 5.08 (for Poisson ratio ..nu.. = 0.3); also, (a = crack length, sigma/sub o/ = yield strength, E = elastic modulus, and J denotes the far-field value), and (1-..nu../sup 2/)K/sup 2//E for the small scale yielding conditions considered. The parameters ..cap alpha.. and R cannot be determined from the asymptotic analysis, but comparisons with finite element solutions suggest that, for small amounts of growth, ..cap alpha.. is approximately the same for stationary and growing cracks, and R scales approximately with the sizemore » of the plastic zone, being about 15% to 30% larger. For large scale yielding, a similar form applies with possible variations in ..cap alpha.. and ..beta.., in cases which maintain triaxial constraint at the crack tip. In the fully yielded case R is expected to be proportional to the dimension of the uncracked ligament. Model crack growth criterion requiring a critical delta at some fixed r from the tip, is re-examined in light of the more accurate solution. Results suggest that the J versus ..delta..a relation describing growth is dependent on the extent of yielding. It is suggested that this dependency might be small for highly ductile materials, provided that a similar triaxial constraint is maintained in all cases.« less
Carcinosarcoma of the ovary

Abstract Twenty-three cases of ovarian carcinosarcoma are assessed. Attention is given to clinical and pathologic characteristics as well as to treatment and survival information. Theories of pathogenesis and the importance of correct diagnosis are discussed. No evidence was found to support the theory that these neoplasms generally arise in areas of ovarian endometriosis. The patients were typically postmenopausal and had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Unlike many other types of ovarian cancer, survival was extremely poor, irrespective of clinical stage or treatment modality.
Liquefaction during 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

Liquefaction-induced ground failures caused major damage during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. An analysis of published reports shows that lateral-spreading landslides were the most pervasive and most damaging type of ground failure associated with liquefaction. Bridges, roadways, pipelines, and buildings suffered considerable damage. Pipeline failures were particularly critical in San Francisco, cutting off the water supply to the city and thus indirectly contributing to the substantial post earthquake fire damage. Flood plain, deltaic, and loose sand fill deposits were particularly vulnerable to lateral spreading failure. Recent borehole data from four lateral spreading locations show that loose, saturated sand underlies each site at shallow depths. Flow landslides developed on several sandy slopes but did little damage because of sparse development in the affected areas. No clear evidence of bearing capacity failures beneath buildings was found; however, settlement of several embankments may have been a consequence of liquefaction. In several instances ground failures caused by liquefaction have recurred at the same location during successive large earthquakes.
Detection of antibody to cytomegalovirus-induced early antigens and comparison with four serologic assays and presence of viruria in blood donors.

Abstract Five hundred blood donors were evaluated for cytomegalovirus (CMV) viruria, antibody to CMV early antigens (EA-ab), CMV seropositivity by two screening assays, and CMV-specific immunoglobulin M by two methods. Three donors were viruric, EA-ab positive, and seropositive; two viruric donors were immunoglobulin M positive.
Structural optimization of finite deformation elastoplasticity using continuum-based shape design sensitivity formulation

Abstract A continuum-based shape design sensitivity formulation and optimization method is proposed for finite deformation elastoplasticity. In response analysis, the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and plastic parts is used for the hyperelasticity-based elastoplastic constitutive model with respect to the intermediate configuration. In design sensitivity analysis, the shape variation at the undeformed configuration is taken using a design velocity concept and then is transformed to the current configuration to recover the updated Lagrangian formulation. The design sensitivity equation of the direct differentiation method is solved at each time step without iteration. The effect of using different reference frames for response analysis and sensitivity analysis is discussed in detail. The path-dependency of the sensitivity is due to the evolutions of the intermediate configuration and the internal plastic variables. A numerical example is shown to confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed computational method using a vehicle bumper optimization.
Fractal analysis of rainfall observed in two different climatic regions

Abstract The importance of high-resolution rainfall data to understand the intricacies of the dynamics of hydrological processes and describe them in a sophisticated and accurate way has been increasingly realized. The present study investigates the general suitability of fractal (or scaling) theory for understanding the rainfall behaviour and transforming rainfall data from one time scale to another. The study, employing a multi-fractal approach, follows the research undertaken earlier by the author (Sivakumar, 2000) employing a mono-fractal approach in which some preliminary indication as to the possibility of existence of (multi-) fractals was obtained. Rainfall data of three different resolutions, six-hourly, daily, and weekly, observed over a period of 25 years in two different climatic regions: a subtropical climatic region (Leaf River basin, Mississippi, USA); and an equatorial climatic region (Singapore) are analysed. The existence of multi-fractal behaviour in the rainfall data is investigated us...
A gas-counting method for determination of carbon-14 of proteins labeled with both carbon-14 and iodine-131.

Abstract The Bernstein-Ballentine gas-counting method has been used for determining the activity of C 14 -labeled carbon dioxide produced from protein labeled with both C 14 and I 131 . A slight modification of the oxidation mixture used by Van Slyke et al. (5) makes the Van Slyke combustion procedure (1, 4) applicable to the production of carbon dioxide from doubly labeled protein. The ninhydrin technique (2) is also suitable for releasing C 14 -labeled carbon dioxide from hydrolyzates of protein labeled with both C 14 and I 131 .
Dynamic response by means of functions of matrices

Abstract A method to predict the dynamic response of a linear nonconservative system with nonsymmetric parameter matrices, due to a discretized forcing function is developed. The method is based on sampled-data techniques widely used in modern control theory. However, instead of appealing to the state space approach which recasts the equations of motion into a first order system, the numerical integration is attempted directly on the second order differential equations as given. Finally, a sample problem considered in a previous matrix exponential method is worked out by the method developed here. The results indicate that the approach is well-suited for problems where the input data is known in digitized form.
Solution sol-gel synthesis and phase evolution studies of cordierite xerogels, aerogels and thin films

Abstract A sol-gel process employing silicon alkoxide, chelated aluminum sec-butoxide, and magnesium acetate as starting precursors, was used to synthesize cordierite xerogels, aerogels and thin films. The xerogels were prepared using normal drying conditions, while supercritical drying conditions were employed to synthesize the aerogels. Thin films were grown by spin coating polymerized sols on (100) silicon substrates. The aerogel and xerogel powders as well as thin films were studied for phase evolution and phase stability using X-ray diffraction. All three forms indicated the formation of the μ-cordierite phase at 900°C. In addition, the aerogels and thin films showed evolution of other phases. The initiation of the μ → α cordierite transformation was observed in the temperature range 1000–1100°C for both the xerogels and thin films, while μ-cordierite obtained from the aerogels showed a much higher stability and transformed to α-cordierite only at 1200°C.
Ductal morphogenesis in the mouse mammary gland: Evidence supporting a role for epidermal growth factor☆

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen for a variety of cells in vitro, but studies on its effects in vivo and its possible role as a natural growth regulator are few. Using slow-release plastic implants, capable of delivering EGF to small regions of the gland over a period of several days, we have shown that EGF reinitiated ductal growth and morphogenesis in growth-static glands of ovariectomized mice. The effects of implanted EGF were confined to the zone around the implant and were time and dose dependent. Unimplanted glands in the same animal were unaffected. Local effects included (1) the formation of new ductal growth points (end buds), (2) the restoration of normal end bud histomorphology and the reappearance of a stem (cap) cell layer, (3) the reinitiation of epithelial DNA synthesis, and (4) an increase in ductal diameter. No lobulo-alveolar or hyperplastic growth was seen. Competitive binding assays and autoradiography were used to characterize EGF receptor activity in growing and static glands. High and low affinity receptors were demonstrated in each tissue, while 125I-EGF autoradiography revealed differential, specific binding of the ligand to certain epithelial and stromal elements. In the epithelium, label was concentrated in the cap cells of the end buds and in myoepithelial cells of the mammary ducts. Stromal cell label was heaviest adjacent to the epithelium in the end bud flank and subtending ducts, suggesting the induction of stromal EGF receptors by mammary epithelium. Because exogenous EGF is both a mitogenic and morphogenetic factor in this tissue and can serve as a locally acting substitute for known systemic mammogens such as estrogen and prolactin, it must be considered a strong candidate for a naturally occurring mammary tissue mitogen.
Medium-Frequency Crossed-Loop Radio Direction Finder with Instantaneous Unidirectional Visual Presentation

A radio direction finder is described which uses a crossed-loop collector system, electronic switch, single superheterodyne receiver, and synchronous rectifier to produce an instantaneous unidirectional visual indication of the direction of arrival of an electromagnetic wave. Design data and operating characteristics are considered, with details given of the new components.
Extension of the Tryptophan χ2,1 Dihedral Angle - W3 Band Frequency Relationship to a Full Rotation: Correlations and Caveats

The correlation of the UVRR νW3 mode with the tryptophan χ2,1 dihedral angle [Maruyama and Takeuchi (1995) J. Raman Spectrosc. 26, 319; Miura et al. (1989) J. Raman Spectrosc. 20, 667; Takeuchi (20...